bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Foreign‐born and Swedish‐born families' perceptions of psychosis care
Authors: Hultsjö Sally , Berterö Carina , Hjelm Katarina 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTThe aim of the study was to describe how foreign‐born and Swedish born families living in Sweden perceive psychosis care. Eleven foreign‐born and 15 Swedish‐born family members were interviewed and the data were analyzed using a phenomenographic approach. The findings showed three main descriptive categories: taking responsibility, access to care, and attitudes to psychosis. The degree of responsibility in the family decreased if there was easy access to care and support from health‐care staff. Knowledge of psychosis was considered to be important in order to counteract prejudiced attitudes in the family and the community. Foreign‐born families did not want to be treated differently from Swedes and stressed the importance of finding ways to communicate despite communication barriers. Foreign‐born families also were affected by their experiences of psychiatric care and different beliefs about psychosis in their home country. The results indicate how important it is that health‐care staff members treat families on equal terms. It is necessary to take the time to identify how to communicate in a good manner and to identify families' previous experiences of and beliefs about psychosis care in order to help families face prejudice in society and to see beyond the psychosis.
‘Querelle du Théâtre’: Literarische Legitimationsdiskurse (Gottsched – Schiller – Sulzer)
Authors: Zelle Carsten 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTDie ‘Querelle du Théâtre’ ist eine Verlaufsform des ‘alten Streits […] zwischen der Philosophie und der Dichtkunst’ (Platon). Der Beitrag verfolgt die ‘ewige’ Konstellation von Kunstverdikt und Dichtungslegitimation für das 18. Jahrhundert und arbeitet die epochenspezifische Modellierung dieses Spannungsverhältnisses für Früh‐, Hoch‐ und Spätaufklärung an drei dichtungstheoretischen Texten heraus: (I) Gottsched rechtfertigt das Drama in seiner Rede Die Schauspiele und besonders die Tragödien sind aus einer wohlbestellten Republik nicht zu verbannen (1729) vor jansenistischer, reformierter und pietistischer Theaterfeindlichkeit. (II) Sulzer verteidigt im Grundsatzartikel der Allgemeinen Theorie der schönen Künste (Artikel Künste; Schöne Künste, 1772/1774) die zivilisatorische Leistung der Kunst gegenüber Rousseaus 1. Discours (1750) im allgemeinen und das Drama (im Artikel Schauspiel, 1774) gegenüber dessen Lettre à d’Alembert (1758) im besonderen. (III) Schiller greift den durch Rousseaus Verdikt forcierten dichtungslegitimatorischen Diskurs des 18. Jahrhunderts im Intertext seiner ‘Schaubühnenrede’ (1784) auf und fundiert schließlich auf paradoxe Weise mit Rousseau gegen Rousseau das Konzept der ästhetischen Erziehung (1795). Dabei ist festzustellen, daß die Theaterstreitsache im 18. Jahrhundert als Vehikel bei der Umstellung des Affekthaushalts fungiert.
Das ‘Wahre’, das ‘Gute’ und die ‘Zauberlaterne der begeisterten Phantasie’1 Legitimationsprobleme der Vernunft in der Spätaufklärerischen Schwärmerdebatte
Authors: Engel Manfred 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTNach einem Abriß zur Begriffsgeschichte von Schwärmerei/Enthusiasmus untersucht der Aufsatz die Schwärmerdebatte der deutschen Spätaufklärung und ihre Fortführung in Tiecks Roman William Lovell (1795/6). Im theoretischen Diskurs wie im literarischen Text erweist sich der Schwärmer als Prüfstein, an dem die epistemologischen, moralphilosophischen und anthropologischen Legitimationsdefizite der Aufklärung im letzten Viertel des 18. Jahrhunderts kenntlich werden.
TheTextbattleand the Contention of Youth Identities Online: An Ethnographic Case Study1
Authors: Jones Samuel Hunter 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTThe topics of youth language, computer‐mediated communication (CMC) and hip‐hop language are all established fields of contemporary linguistic research. Research into the nexus of all three fields is however far less prevalent. Whilst papers have been published that provide excellent introductions to the field, little or no study has been dedicated to analysing particular aspects of the online hip‐hop world with reference to the relationship between youth identity and language. This paper exclusively documents and analyses the strategies employed bytextbattlers, who interact online in the equivalent of the traditional MC contest orbattleand spar for lyrical dominance. The analysis of the corpus suggests the potential for a culture of linguistic hypersensitivity and conscious linguistic performance to arise within this specific online hip‐hop genre, thetextbattle. It is in this sense that this genre has particular relevance to the question of how far individuals can be seen to manage consciously their identity through linguistic performance.
Spectral uniformity: a new index of broad spectrum (UVA) protection
Authors: Diffey B. 
Published: January 2009

SynopsisDespite the wide acceptance of in vitro assay for the determination of the spectral absorbance of a sunscreen product, we find that different authorities are recommending different summary metrics of this spectral profile to express the UVA or broad spectrum, protection offered by topical sunscreens. Regrettably, the situation that now prevails is not ideal and the option for rationalizing the situation in the interests of consumer‐focussed international harmonization is either the adoption of one of the existing metrics or universal acceptance of a new metric for expressing broad spectrum (UVA) protection. There may be greater harmony in adopting the second proposal and so I introduce here a new metric, which I term the spectral uniformity index, for consideration by the international sunscreen community. It is shown that this new index is aligned to the fundamental requirement of a topical sunscreen to provide a flat spectral profile, is simple to calculate and conceptually easy to understand, and correlates strongly with existing indices.
Triple‐Site Versus Standard Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Study (TRUST CRT): Clinical Rationale, Design, and Implementation
Authors: LENARCZYK RADOSŁAW , KOWALSKI OSKAR , SREDNIAWA BEATA , PRUSZKOWSKA‐SKRZEP PATRYCJA , PLUTA SŁAWOMIR , SOKAL ADAM , KUKULSKI TOMASZ , STABRYŁA‐DESKA JOANNA , WOŹNIAK ALEKSANDRA , KOWALCZYK JACEK , ZIELIŃSKA TERESA , MAZUREK MICHAŁ , STREB WITOLD , ZEMBALA MARIAN , KALARUS ZBIGNIEW 
Published: January 2009

Background: Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) reduces morbidity and mortality in patients with heart failure (HF), lowered LV ejection fraction, and wide QRS. However, many patients (≤40%) do not respond to this form of pacing. TRUST CRT is a prospective, single‐center, randomized, single‐blind, parallel, and controlled study that has been designed to treat patients with moderate to severe HF (NYHA III‐IV), QRS ≥120 ms, sinus rhythm, LV dysfunction (EF ≤ 35%), and signs of mechanical dyssynchrony. Objective: The primary objective will evaluate the 6‐month's combined endpoint of alive status, freedom from hospitalization for HF or heart transplantation, relative ≥10% increase in LV ejection fraction, ≥10% in peak oxygen consumption, and ≥10% in 6‐minute walking distance. Methods: Patients with HF receiving optimal pharmacotherapy, with LV dysfunction, mechanical dyssynchrony, wide QRS and sinus rhythm will be randomized in a 1: 1 fashion to standard or triple‐site CRT‐D. Patients will be followed for 1 week, 1, 3, and 6 months during a blind phase, then every 6 months until study completion. One hundred patients will be enrolled by the study center. Conclusions: TRUST CRT is a randomized, clinical trial in CRT candidates to evaluate the effectiveness of triple‐site pacing versus standard resynchronization in patients with HF.
Continuous Presence of Noroviruses and Sapoviruses in Raw Sewage Reflects Infections among Inhabitants of Toyama, Japan (2006 to 2008)
Authors: Iwai Masae , Hasegawa Sumiyo , Obara Mayumi , Nakamura Kazuya , Horimoto Eiji , Takizawa Takenori , Kurata Takeshi , Sogen Shun-ichi , Shiraki Kimiyasu 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTVarious genotypes of norovirus (NoV) (genogroup I genotype 1 [GI.1], -2, -4, -5, -8, -11, -12, and -14; GII.3, -4, -6, -7, -10, -13, -14, and -15), and sapovirus (SaV) (GI.1 and GI.2, GII.1, and GIV.1) were detected from raw sewage from April 2006 to March 2008, while limited numbers of genotypes of NoV (GI.8, GII.4, GII.6, and GII.13) and SaV (GII.3 and GIV.1) and of NoV (GII.4, GII.7, and GII.13) were detected from clinical cases and healthy children, respectively. During the winter 2006 to 2008, a large number of sporadic gastroenteritis outbreaks and many outbreaks caused by NoV GII.4 occurred among inhabitants in Toyama, Japan. The copy number of genomes of NoV GII detected from raw sewage changed in relation to the number of outbreaks. NoV strains of the same genotypes observed in both raw sewage and human specimens belonged to the same cluster by phylogenetic analysis and had almost identical nucleotide sequences among each genotype. These data suggest that NoVs and SaVs detected from raw sewage reflect the viruses circulating in the community, irrespective of symptoms, and that subclinical infections of NoV are common in Japan. Combined surveys of raw sewage with those of clinical cases help us to understand the relationship between infection of these viruses and gastroenteritis.
Characterization of a Monoclonal Antibody Directed against
Salmonella enterica
Serovar Typhimurium and Serovar [4,5,12:i:−]
Authors: Rementeria A. , Vivanco A. B. , Ramirez A. , Hernando F. L. , Bikandi J. , Herrera-León S. , Echeita A. , Garaizar J. 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACT

Flagellar extracts of
Salmonella enterica
serovars expressing phase 2 H1 antigenic complex (H:1,2, H:1,5, H:1,6, and H:1,7) and a mutant flagellin obtained by site-directed mutagenesis of the
fljB
gene from serovar Typhimurium at codon 218, transforming threonine to alanine, expressed in
Escherichia coli
(
fljB218

A

) were used to analyze the H1 antigenic complex. Cross-reactions were detected by Western blotting and dot blotting using commercial polyclonal antibodies against the different wild-type extracts and mutant FljB218
A
. Therefore, we produced a monoclonal antibody (MAb), 23D4, isotyped as immunoglobulin M, against H:1,2
S. enterica
serovar Typhimurium flagellin. The mutant flagellin was not recognized by this MAb. When a large number of phase 1 and phase 2 flagellin antigens of different serovars were used to characterize the 23D4 MAb, only extracts of serovars Typhimurium and [4,5,12:i:−] reacted. The protein composition of phase 1 and phase 2 extracts and highly purified H:1,2 flagellin from serovar Typhimurium strain LT2 and extract of strain 286 (serovar [4,5,12:i:−]), which reacted with the MAb, was studied. Phase 2 flagellin (FljB
H:1,2
) was detected in phase 1 and phase 2 flagellar heat extracts of serovar Typhimurium and was the single protein identified in all spots of purified H:1,2 flagellin. FliC, FlgK, and other proteins were detected in some immunoreactive spots and in the flagellar extract of serovar [4,5,12:i:−]. Immunoelectron microscopy of complete bacteria with 23D4 showed MAb attachment at the base of flagella, although the MAb failed to recognize the filament of flagella. Nevertheless, the results obtained by the other immunological tests (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Western blotting, and dot blotting) indicate a reaction against flagellins. The epitopes could also be shared by other proteins on spots where FljB is not present, such as aminopeptidase B, isocitrate lyase, InvE, EF-TuA, enolase, DnaK, and others. In conclusion, MAb 23D4 can be useful for detection and diagnostic purposes of
S. enterica
serovar Typhimurium and serovar [4,5,12:i:−] and could be also helpful for epitope characterization of flagellum-associated antigens.
Deletion of the Protein Kinase A Regulatory Subunit Leads to Deregulation of Mitochondrial Activation and Nuclear Duplication inAspergillus fumigatus
Authors: Fuller Kevin K. , Zhao Wei , Askew David S. , Rhodes Judith C. 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTProper regulation of the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) pathway is required for normal growth and development in many fungi. We have reported that deletion of the PKA regulatory subunit gene,pkaR, inAspergillus fumigatusleads to defects in germination and a hypersensitivity of conidia to oxidative stress. In this study, we further analyzed the defects of ΔpkaRconidia and found that a large proportion were abnormally larger than wild type. Because swelling and increased susceptibility to oxidative stress are characteristic of germinating conidia, we analyzed the metabolic activity of the conidia by mitochondrial staining. Whereas it required 4 h in rich medium for wild-type mitochondria to become active, ΔpkaRconidia harbored active mitochondria in the absence of a germinant. Furthermore, conidia of the mutant showed a dramatic loss in viability upon short-term storage in water, indicating starvation-induced death. Taken together, our data suggest that PKA activity regulates metabolic activation of resting conidia. Additionally, the ΔpkaRmutant displayed an abnormal abundance of hyphal nuclei and had increased transcript levels of several cell cycle regulatory genes. These data indicate an important role for PKA in the nuclear duplication cycle ofA. fumigatus.
Adenovirus-Mediated Delivery of an Anti-V Antigen Monoclonal Antibody Protects Mice against a Lethal
Yersinia pestis
Challenge
Authors: Sofer-Podesta Carolina , Ang John , Hackett Neil R. , Senina Svetlana , Perlin David , Crystal Ronald G. , Boyer Julie L. 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACT

Pneumonic plague, caused by inhalation of
Yersinia pestis
, represents a major bioterrorism threat for which no vaccine is available. Based on the knowledge that genetic delivery of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) with adenovirus (Ad) gene transfer vectors results in rapid, high-level antibody expression, we evaluated the hypothesis that Ad-mediated delivery of a neutralizing antibody directed against the
Y. pestis
V antigen would protect mice against a
Y. pestis
challenge. MAbs specific for the
Y. pestis
V antigen were generated, and the most effective in protecting mice against a lethal intranasal
Y. pestis
challenge was chosen for further study. The coding sequences for the heavy and light chains were isolated from the corresponding hybridoma and inserted into a replication-defective serotype 5 human Ad gene transfer vector (AdαV). Western analysis of AdαV-infected cell supernatants demonstrated completely assembled antibodies reactive with V antigen. Following AdαV administration to mice, high levels of anti-V antigen antibody titers were detectable as early as 1 day postadministration, peaked by day 3, and remained detectable through a 12-week time course. When animals that received AdαV were challenged with
Y. pestis
at day 4 post-AdαV administration, 80% of the animals were protected, while 0% of control animals survived (
P
< 0.01). Ad-mediated delivery of a V antigen-neutralizing antibody is an effective therapy against plague in experimental animals and could be developed as a rapidly acting antiplague therapeutic.
The Genome of
Thermosipho africanus
TCF52B: Lateral Genetic Connections to the
Firmicutes
and
Archaea
Authors: Nesbø Camilla L. , Bapteste Eric , Curtis Bruce , Dahle Håkon , Lopez Philippe , Macleod Dave , Dlutek Marlena , Bowman Sharen , Zhaxybayeva Olga , Birkeland Nils-Kåre , Doolittle W. Ford 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACT

Lateral gene transfers (LGT) (also called horizontal gene transfers) have been a major force shaping the
Thermosipho africanus
TCF52B genome, whose sequence we describe here.
Firmicutes
emerge as the principal LGT partner. Twenty-six percent of phylogenetic trees suggest LGT with this group, while 13% of the open reading frames indicate LGT with
Archaea
.
Opportunity Crises: Framework and Findings, 1918-1994
Authors: Ben-Yehuda Hemda 
Published: January 2009

This essay focuses on opportunity crisis, a neglected topic within the rubric of crisis studies. The contributions of this research are both conceptual and empirical. Conceptually, it defines opportunity crisis, outlines a framework for its analysis, distinguishes it from the standard threat crisis, and considers the differences between these two variants of international crises in terms of their onset, process and termination. Empirically, the 106 opportunity and 187 threat crises identified in the International Crisis Behavior (ICB) data set, over the 1918-1994 period, are observed in order to test several postulates on the unique attributes of an opportunity crisis, and on the distinctions between opportunity and threat cases.The study points to a clear conclusion: the stress gap, which is the conceptual distinguishing element between threat and opportunity crises, is responsible for distinctive interaction patterns and crisis outcomes specific to opportunity crisis. The findings support this pre-theory in every category with some exception regarding gravity. Indeed, opportunity crises exhibit more violent triggers and more severe gravity than threat cases. Similarly, interactions in crisis and the role of violence vary by type of crisis. Threat cases exhibit more violence in the primary crisis management technique (CMT) used by target-states and its scope tends to be more severe. Opportunity cases manifest an opposite trend: target-states use more pacific political-diplomatic CMT's, capitulating to the catalyst's demands. If violence is present, its scope is low. Termination, like interactions, varies in type between opportunity and threat crises, in correspondence with the framework postulates on content, form and legacy. The outcomes of opportunity crises tend to be definitive: victory for the initiator and defeat for the target-state, taking the form of either an imposed agreement or a unilateral act. These cases are more likely to escalate later in the course of an on-going conflict. By contrast, threat crises are more ambiguous in content and their termination is likely to take the form of a formal/semi-formal agreement or tacit understanding which reflects target-state willingness to compromise. Consequently, the post-crisis legacy of threat cases is less likely to involve future escalation among adversaries.Since this study identifies opportunity crises as distinct phenomena, separate from traditional threat crises, its theoretical implications call for future development of separate frameworks for each subgroup of international crisis and draw attention to additional research topics, such as power and regime, which affect opportunity and threat crises in world politics.
The bradykinin-degrading aminopeptidase P is increased in women taking the oral contraceptive pill
Authors: La Corte Amy L Cilia , Carter Angela M , Turner Anthony J , Grant Peter J , Hooper Nigel M 
Published: January 2009

Introduction. The renin-angiotensin and kininogen-kinin hormonal systems are critically involved in regulating blood pressure and are candidates in contributing to oral contraceptive pill (OCP)-induced hypertension.Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and aminopeptidase P (AP-P) are key enzymes in these systems and are both involved in the degradation of the vasodilator bradykinin.Methods. Circulating ACE and AP-P levels were measured by activity assay using selective fluorogenic peptide substrates in plasma samples from the Leeds Family Study. In addition, the effect of progesterone on the expression of AP-P and ACE was examined in cells.Results. Women on the OCP had higher age-adjusted plasma AP-P (mean [95% confidence interval]) (0.27 [0.23-0.32] nmol/min/ml (n = 53)) compared with women not on the OCP (0.17 [0.16-0.19] nmol/min/ml (n = 133), p < 0.001) or males (0.19 [0.17-0.20] nmol/min/ml (n = 209), p<0.001).There were no differences in the age-adjusted plasma ACE levels among the three groups. In HepG2 cells, progesterone treatment increased the AP-P protein and mRNA expression, whereas no effect of progesterone treatment was observed for ACE.Conclusion. Increased AP-P may result in increased breakdown of bradykinin.These data suggest that progesterone-induced increases in AP-P may contribute to the development of OCP-induced hypertension in susceptible Women.
Association of insertion/deletion polymorphism of angiotensin-converting enzyme gene with essential hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus in Malaysian subjects
Authors: Ramachandran Vasudevan , Ismail Patimah , Stanslas Johnson , Shamsudin Norashikin , Moin Saidi , Mohd Jas Rusni 
Published: January 2009

Introduction. The deletion (D) allele of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene has been studied in various populations in relation to hypertension (HTN) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with contradictory results.This study sought to determine the association of insertion (I)/D polymorphism of the ACE gene in hypertensive andT2DM subjects in a Malaysian population. Materials and methods. A total of 260 subjects consisting of 65 HTN, 60 T2DM, 65 T2DM with HTN and 70 controls were recruited. Genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction initially and mistyping of DD genotypes was performed with an insertion-specific primer. Results. The frequency for II, ID and DD genotypes of the ACE gene was 36.92%, 52.31% and 10.77% in HTN, 40.00%, 41.67% and 18.33% inT2DM, 30.77%, 53.85% and 15.38% inT2DM with HTN and 57.14%, 40.00% and 2.86% in controls, respectively. The frequency for the D allele was 36.92% in HTN, 39.17% in T2DM and 42.31% in T2DM with HTN compared to 22.86% in controls.The genotype and allele frequency of the ACE gene polymorphism differed significantly in patients when compared to controls (p < 0.05). Conclusion. The D allele of the ACE gene is associated with essential HTN and T2DM in Malaysian subjects.
Rac1 regulates pancreatic islet morphogenesis
Authors: Greiner Thomas U , Kesavan Gokul , Ståhlberg Anders , Semb Henrik 
Published: January 2009

Abstract

Background
Pancreatic islets of Langerhans originate from endocrine progenitors within the pancreatic ductal epithelium. Concomitant with differentiation of these progenitors into hormone-producing cells such cells delaminate, aggregate and migrate away from the ductal epithelium. The cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating islet cell delamination and cell migration are poorly understood. Extensive biochemical and cell biological studies using cultured cells demonstrated that Rac1, a member of the Rho family of small GTPases, acts as a key regulator of cell migration.

Results
To address the functional role of Rac1 in islet morphogenesis, we generated transgenic mice expressing dominant negative Rac1 under regulation of the Rat Insulin Promoter. Blocking Rac1 function in beta cells inhibited their migration away from the ductal epithelium in vivo. Consistently, transgenic islet cell spreading was compromised in vitro. We also show that the EGF-receptor ligand betacellulin induced actin remodelling and cell spreading in wild-type islets, but not in transgenic islets. Finally, we demonstrate that cell-cell contact E-cadherin increased as a consequence of blocking Rac1 activity.

Conclusion
Our data support a model where Rac1 signalling controls islet cell migration by modulating E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion. Furthermore, in vitro experiments show that betacellulin stimulated islet cell spreading and actin remodelling is compromised in transgenic islets, suggesting that betacellulin may act as a regulator of Rac1 activity and islet migration in vivo. Our results further emphasize Rac1 as a key regulator of cell migration and cell adhesion during tissue and organ morphogenesis.