bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structure and properties of an amorphus polyamide based nanocomposite
Authors: Goitisolo I. , Eguiazábal J. I. , Nazabal J. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractNanocomposites (NCs) composed of an amorphus polyamide (aPA) (Selar® PA 3426) that contains a 2:1 ratio of amide to aromatic groups, and a single alkyl tail modified organoclay (OMMT) (Nanomer® I30 TC) were prepared by melt extrusion and ulterior injection molding. Our results show minor intercalation of the aPA matrix, and a large extent of exfoliation of the OMMT in which more than 80% of individual layers were observed. The matrix showed a low degree of orientation and its effect on the modulus was negligible. Consequently, the increases in the Young's modulus were proportional to the OMMT content, which agrees with the highly exfoliated nanostructure. The Young's modulus of the NCs was 40% larger than that of the matrix at 5% OMMT content. The ductile nature of the matrix mostly maintained in the NCs, and the yield stress a showed behavior similar to that of the modulus. The experimental stiffness values of the NCs are in agreement with those predicted by Halpin–Tsai theory. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measures of agreement for vectorcardiography data
Authors: Wang Haonan 
Published: January 2009

AbstractIn this paper, nonparametric methods are proposed for quantifying agreement and disagreement between different measurement methods when the results of the measurements are rotation matrices. First, the expected squared distance between two matrices is used to quantify the measurement agreement. Two choices of such distance are considered—the Frobenius distance and geodesic distance. Second, the notion of ‘concordance correlation coefficient’, a commonly used measure of agreement, is extended to the space of rotation matrices. Such generalized concordance coefficient can be treated as a normalized expected squared distance. Since no two measurement systems can be expected to be in perfect agreement, it becomes necessary to define a notion of practical agreement. We define such a notion. Moreover, for both proposed methods, the percentile bootstrap procedure is implemented to provide a confidence interval to help make a decision concerning practical agreement/disagreement in real‐life applications. The methodology is illustrated using two data sets, one based on an application involving vectorcardiography data (Biometrika1972;59:665–676) and the other based on a synthetic data set. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Idiopathic Massive Spontaneous Hemothorax: Adhesion Disruption
Authors: Singh Shyam , Sharma Mukhand L. , Lone Reyaz A. , Wani Mehmood A. , Hussain Zahur , Mir Ishtiyaq , Vimesh Puja 
Published: January 2009

AbstractBackgroundHemothorax has been reported to occur along with spontaneous pneumothorax due to adhesion disruption. Rupture of pleural adhesions spontaneously or after unnoticeable trivial trauma causing massive hemothorax alone is rare.MethodsWe present a series of seven cases of idiopathic massive spontaneous hemothorax due to adhesion disruption, of which all required emergency thoracotomy with ligation or cauterization of bleeding adhesions.ResultsSix patients had bleeding pleural lung adhesions of which five involved the upper lobes. Another had bleeding from pleuropericardial adhesions. All patients are doing well on follow‐up.ConclusionsDisruption of pleural adhesions may cause massive hemothorax, requiring early surgical intervention. After thoracotomy the outcome in these patients is excellent.
Basic Principles and Technologies for Deciphering the Genetic Map of Cancer
Authors: Voidonikolas Georgios , Kreml Stephanie S. , Chen Changyi , Fisher William E. , Charles Brunicardi F. , Gibbs Richard A. , Gingras Marie‐Claude 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe progress achieved in the field of genomics in recent years is leading medicine to adopt a personalized model in which the knowledge of individual DNA alterations will allow a targeted approach to cancer. Using pancreatic cancer as a model, we discuss herein the fundamentals that need to be considered for the high throughput and global identification of mutations. These include patient‐related issues, sample collection, DNA isolation, gene selection, primer design, and sequencing techniques. We also describe the possible applications of the discovery of DNA changes to the approach of this disease and cite preliminary efforts where the knowledge has been translated into the clinical or preclinical setting.
Do Tumor Cavitation and Sex in Resected Stage I Non‐Small‐Cell Lung Cancer Correlate with Prognosis?
Authors: Wang Meng , Zhao Jing , Pan Yi , Su Yan‐Jun , You Jian , Zhao Xiao‐Liang , Wang Chang‐Li 
Published: January 2009

AbstractBackgroundMultiple factors have been reported as affecting the prognosis, and they affect the therapeutic outcomes of stage I non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Most studies focus on patients receiving combined‐modality therapy, whereas there are few studies that focus on patients undergoing surgery alone. The aim of this study was to identify risk factors for disease relapse and unfavorable prognosis in stage I NSCLC patients treated with surgery alone.MethodsA total of 315 stage I NSCLC patients who were treated with surgery alone as the definitive therapy were identified. Risk factors for disease relapse and unfavorable prognosis were estimated by univariate and multivariate analyses.ResultsSex, tumor pathologic stage, and cavitating lung cancer were identified as independent risk factors for relapse and overall survival using the multivariate analysis. Sex, tumor pathologic stage, and cavitating lung cancer were identified as independent risk factors for early relapse, and sex and cavitating lung cancer were independent risk factors for late relapse.ConclusionTumor cavitation, pathologic stage IB, and being male are predictors of poor outcome for patients with stage I NSCLC who undergo resection.
Clinical and molecular features of mitochondrial DNA depletion syndromes
Authors: Spinazzola A. , Invernizzi F. , Carrara F. , Lamantea E. , Donati A. , DiRocco M. , Giordano I. , Meznaric‐Petrusa M. , Baruffini E. , Ferrero I. , Zeviani M. 
Published: January 2009

SummaryMitochondrial DNA depletion syndromes (MDSs) form a group of autosomal recessive disorders characterized by profoundly decreased mitochondrial DNA copy numbers in affected tissues. Three main clinical presentations are known: myopathic, encephalomyopathic and hepatocerebral. The first is associated with mutations in thymidine kinase 2 (TK2) and p53‐induced ribonucleotide reductase B subunit (RRM2B); the second with mutations in succinate synthase A (SUCLA2) and B (SUCLG1); the third with mutations in Twinkle (PEO1), pol‐γA (POLG1), deoxyguanosine kinase (DGUOK) and MPV17 (MPV17). In this work, we review the MDS‐associated phenotypes and present our own experience of 32 MDS patients, with the aim of defining the mutation frequency of the known genes, the clinical spectrum of the diseases, and the genotype–phenotype correlations. Five of our patients carried previously unreported mutations in one of the eight MDS genes.
Evaluation of Group Genetic Counseling for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Ridge Yolanda , Panabaker Karen , McCullum Mary , Portigal‐Todd Cheryl , Scott Jenna , McGillivray Barbara 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAs demand for genetic counseling regarding hereditary cancer continues to grow, more efficient methods of providing this service must be explored. In this pilot study, group genetic counseling was offered to two different cohorts of women seeking genetic counseling for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer. Seven group sessions, designed to cover all aspects of an individual genetic counseling appointment, were conducted. Although patients were receptive to group genetic counseling, a significant proportion chose individual counseling when given the option. Advantages of group genetic counseling include shared experience and increased efficiency. Disadvantages include increased frustration at not being eligible for genetic testing, group influence on decision‐making, privacy concerns, increased need for follow‐up, and difficulty booking group appointments. Overall, the level of patient satisfaction with group genetic counseling was similar to that of individual counseling. The results of this pilot study suggest that further research is needed to determine whether group genetic counseling is an acceptable alternative to individual counseling.
Colonization patterns of mycorrhizal fungi associated with two rare orchids,CephalantherafalcataandC. erecta
Authors: Matsuda Yosuke , Amiya Aya , Ito Shin‐ichiro 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWe investigated the spatial distribution and taxonomic identity of mycorrhizal fungi colonizing the root systems of two threatenedCephalantheraspecies,C. falcataandC. erecta, in naturally regenerated forests. Peloton formation was observed in both plant species, confirming the existence of orchid mycorrhizas. ForC. falcata, mycorrhization was significantly different among individuals, ranging from 14 to 63%, and no significant difference amongC. erectaindividuals was detected (57–68%). Mycorrhization among three growth directions of roots and between orchid species was not significantly different. The spatial distribution of mycorrhizas in both orchids showed significant differences, being most frequent at an apical position. Based on DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analyses, we inferred that the families Thelephoraceae and Sebacinaceae were mycobionts forC. falcataand Thelephoraceae forC. erecta. Our findings indicated that mycorrhizal colonization occurs at a distal position from the base of these orchid root systems and that mycorrhizal fungi are restricted to few ectomycorrhizal fungal families.
Counter‐Current Carbon Dioxide Purification of Partially Deacylated Sunflower Oil
Authors: Eller F. J. , Taylor S. L. , Laszlo J. A. , Compton D. L. , Teel J. A. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractA liquid carbon dioxide counter‐current fractionation method was developed to remove by‐product fatty acid propyl esters (FAPEs) from the reaction mixture after the partial deacylation of sunflower oil. The fractionation column was 1.2 m long and separations were done at 25 °C and 8.27 MPa. Several solvent to feed ratios (S:FR) (i.e., 7.6, 15.2, 30.3 and 60.6 g/g) and feed rates (FR) (i.e., 1, 2, 2.5, 3 and 4 mL/min) at a constant S:FR of 15.2 were examined. Raffinate purity (i.e., percentage glycerides) and extract purity (i.e., percentage FAPEs) were both monitored. Percentage glycerides in both the raffinate and the extract increased with S:FR. The raffinate contained ca. 83, 97, 100 and 100% glycerides at S:FRs of 7.6, 15.2, 30.3 and 60.6, respectively. The percentage glycerides in the extracts were ca. 3, 4, 8 and 17%, respectively. With the S:FR held constant at 15.2, the raffinate purity peaked at ca. 99% glycerides at a FR of 2.5 mL/min and the extract at this FR contained ca. 96% FAPEs. The optimal S:FR and FR determined from the experimental assays was applied to large batches in both a semi‐continuous feed mode, and later in a continuous feed mode, which gave raffinates of 99.3 and 98.1% glycerides, respectively, and extracts of 97.3 and 97.2% FAPEs, respectively.
Synthesis and Characterization of the Different Soy‐Based Polyols by Ring Opening of Epoxidized Soybean Oil with Methanol, 1,2‐Ethanediol and 1,2‐Propanediol
Authors: Dai Honghai , Yang Liting , Lin Bo , Wang Chengshuang , Shi Guang 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThree soy‐based polyols intended for application in polyurethanes were prepared by ring opening the epoxy groups in epoxidized soybean oil (ESO, 0.385 mol/100 g epoxy rings) with methanol, 1,2‐ethanediol and 1,2‐propanediol in the presence of tetrafluoroboric acid catalyst. The effect of the different opening reaction reagents, different low molecular weight alcohols, on the polyols was investigated by spectroscopic, chemical and physical methods. The viscosities, viscous‐flow activation energies, molecular weight and melting point of the samples increased in the following order: polyol (3) > polyol (2) > polyol (1) > ESO [polyol (1); polyol (2) and polyol (3) represented the samples synthesized from the same epoxidized soybean oil generated by opening reactions with methanol, 1,2‐ethanediol and 1,2‐propanediol, respectively]. All the samples were crystalline solids below their melting temperature, displaying multiple melting point peaks. Compared with polyol (1), polyol (2) had a primary hydroxyl group, promoting the reactive activity of the polyol with isocyanates; polyol (3) contained large numbers of hydroxy groups, improving the properties of polyurethanes.
Minimal invasive epiphysiodesis using a modified “Canale”-technique for correction of angular deformities and limb leg length discrepancies
Authors: Ramseier Leonhard E. , Sukthankar Atul , Exner G. Ulrich 
Published: January 2009

Purpose Leg length discrepancy and angular deformities can, in contrast to adults; easily be corrected with epiphysiodesis during growth. Goal of this study was to evaluate our results of a modified Canale technique for definitive epiphysiodesis treating leg length discrepancy and also angular deformities. Methods Between 2000 and 2007, 22 patients (11 boys and 11 girls) were subjected to definitive epiphysiodesis. In total 73 hemiepiphysiodesis were performed (26 proximal tibial, 47 distal femoral). Results All patients could be followed to the end of growth. Mean follow-up was 32.2 month (range 13–76 months). In 20 patients the epiphysiodesis was planed to correct axis and leg length discrepancy. In two patients’ contralateral epiphysiodesis was performed to avoid further leg length discrepancy because of closed physis of the shorter affected side. A staged procedure was necessary in nine patients to achieve the best possible correction. No complications were seen such as wound healing, knee-joint contractures after epiphysiodesis of the distal femur and proximal tibia. In two patients three rehemiepiphysiodesis because of not fully closure of the physis had to be done. Conclusion Definitive epiphysiodesis using this modified Canale technique is a safe, minimal invasive method to correct leg length discrepancy and angular deformities if preoperative planning is performed properly.
Some Reasons for the Rediscovery and Appreciation of Mendel's Work in the First Years of the Present Century
Authors: Wilkie J. S. 
Published: January 2009

Three questions of major historical interest may be asked concerning the neglect and the rediscovery of Mendel's work.1. Why was it so little noticed between its publication in 1866 and its rediscovery in 1900?2. What factors determined its rediscovery?3. What factors favoured the rapid growth of Mendelian genetics?It is with the second and third of these questions that this paper is concerned.
Simon Bredon (c. 1300-1372) Physician, Mathematician and Astronomer
Authors: Talbot C. H. 
Published: January 2009

SynopsisSimon Bredon was one of a remarkable group of scientists who brought fame to Oxford by their achievements in the sphere of natural science, particularly in astronomy. Though his interests lay chiefly in the field of medicine, as indicated by the large collection of books on this subject which he bequeathed to his friends, he was also a mathematician and astronomer.The manuscripts of his works, still preserved at Oxford, Cambridge and the British Museum, which include an arithmetic, a commentary on the Almagest, a theory of the planets and astronomical calculations, have never been properly examined and some kind of preliminary investigation seems necessary before his true position among the Merton school of scientists can be assessed.
British and American Contributions to Electrical Communications
Authors: Marland E. A. 
Published: January 2009

SynopsisSome of the early superstitious beliefs concerning communication by means of magnets are mentioned.Some of the suggested ‘static telegraphs’ are described, together with the reasons for their failure. An account is given of the rise of the use of the electric current in the telegraph by continental workers early in the nineteenth century, and the manner in which this method became known in England. The work of Cooke and Wheatstone is briefly outlined, and the assistance given to the English workers by Joseph Henry.The development of the American telegraph in the hands of Morse is reviewed, and the similarity of the difficulties experienced by Morse and by Cooke. The origin of the relay is examined.The commercial success of the telegraph was largely due to the several needs it fulfilled, and the uses of the telegraph are enumerated.Submarine telegraphs and especially the Atlantic telegraph are described together with the mechanical and electrical difficulties associated with long distance telegraphy through cables. In this connection the work of William Thomson is very briefly reviewed.The growth of the telephone out of the telegraph at the hands of Bell in America is described, and is shown to be achieved as a result of the synthesis of Bell's knowledge of physiology and of electricity. The paper concludes with a statement of the commercial success of Bell's telephone.
Mechanics and the Royal Society, 1668-70
Authors: Hall A. Rupert 
Published: January 2009

Apart from statics, about which I shall say nothing, there were three chief centres of interest in mechanics in the 1660's:(1) the motions of pendulums;(2) the laws of motion;(3) the free fall of heavy bodies and the motion of projectiles.In the first the influence of Huygens was dominant; I have placed it so because it was of very lively contemporary concern. The second area of interest descended partly from Galileo and partly from Descartes; the third from Galileo alone. Perhaps one should consider adding a fourth area, the investigation of central forces, but this in fact did not attract much attention as yet.
Physical Optics at the Royal Society 1660–1800
Authors: Badcock A. W. 
Published: January 2009

SynopsisThe years between 1660 and 1800 were important ones in the study of light. For most of the period the work, especially in this country, was largely dominated by the theories advanced by Newton; unfortunately the protagonists of these theories were much more rigid in their approach than was Newton himself. There was, in effect, almost a century of ‘rear-guard actions’ to maintain the corpuscular theory at all costs.Fortunately, the advance of geometrical optics and the design of optical instruments was not retarded to a very great degree by this partisan approach. The workers in these fields were not, as a rule, too involved in speculation, and worked largely empirically.Some of the modifications to the original corpuscular theory are interesting. Attempts were made to explain, with varying degrees of success, total internal reflection, dispersion, interference effects, diffraction and phosphorescence. Considerable speculation about the velocity of light occurred in connection with these topics. At the same time, wave theories never completely died out and, although they were not developed until the early part of the nineteenth century, their influence was felt even in this country.
Edwardian Science and Technology: Their Interactions
Authors: Ubbelohde A. R. 
Published: January 2009

SynopsisThough quite short, the Edwardian era included a number of developments of critical importance for the interactions of science and technology. It saw the emergence of three really fundamental innovations in physics—relativity theory with its proof of the equivalence between mass and energy, quantum theory, and the disintegration of atomic nuclei. These have profoundly affected practical affairs as well as revolutionizing natural philosophy. Prominent amongst the many advances in applied science were the conquest of malaria, the mastery of aviation, the beginnings of electronics and wireless telegraphy, and the production of synthetic fertilizers by chemical industry. Successes and frustrations in British contributions to these striking changes in science and technology have an impact on history which is still being worked out.
Presidential Address: Early Years at the Royal Institution
Authors: Martin Thomas 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe paper covers a period of little more than two years in the early history of the Royal Institution, but it is the period in which the house in Albemarle Street was purchased and Count Rumford devoted all his energies to establishing in it the Institution he had conceived. The house was enlarged and adapted to its new purpose; at first a temporary and later the well-known lecture theatre were built. The first Resident Professor and lecturer in the new theatre was Thomas Garnett, whose brief and unhappy connection with the Royal Institution is recorded.
Nineteenth-Century Speculations on the Complexity of the Chemical Elements
Authors: Farrar W. V. 
Published: January 2009

SynopsisThe atomic theory of Dalton implied that there were more than 30 different kinds of matter, the chemical elements. William Prout (1815) was the first of a long line of distinguished speculators who sought to show, by argument and experiment, that this diversity overlay a more fundamental unity. Contrary to a common opinion, this was not an eccentric and unpopular movement, but involved many of the great names of nineteenth-century chemistry; and some of their speculations have proved to be very near the mark. It may be that this strong current of well-informed speculation enabled the discoveries of cathode rays and of radioactivity (which provided the first real evidence of the complexity of the atom) to be integrated into the body of science with such remarkable rapidity.
Some Early Kinetic Theories of Gases: Herapath and his Predecessors
Authors: Talbot G. R. , Pacey A. J. 
Published: January 2009

SynopsisThis paper summarizes ideas about the nature of gases proposed during the period following the discovery of Boyle's law. Particular stress is laid on the hypotheses of the Bernoullis, and later, on the equally speculative work of Herapath. Reasons for the success of Herapath's theory, and the neglect of Daniel Bernoulli's are discussed, but it has not been thought necessary to take the story beyond the initial acceptance of Herapath's theory by J. P. Joule, because the paper is concerned only with the antecedents of the modern kinetic theory.
The Women Members of the Botanical Society of London, 1836–1856
Authors: Allen D. E. 
Published: January 2009

On 6 September 1836, George White wrote from Hatton Garden to T. B. Hall in Liverpool:I see by an advertisement that [there is] a proposition to form a Society to be called the Botanical Society of London—Its objects are the advancement of Botanical Science in general but more especially systematic and descriptive Botany—the formation of a Library, Museum & Herbarium—A meeting will be held at the Crown & Anchor, Strand, tomorrow evening & it is my intention to attend it—It has been proposed thatLadiesshould be admitted!!!If the writer of those words lived up to his declared intention and did attend that or any other of the long string of inaugural meetings the Society held during the last quarter of that year, he would have been startled, perhaps even appalled to find how seriously that last-mentioned proposal had been taken. For on 3 November he would have found in the room at the Crown and Anchor Tavern (according to one report) ‘a crowded assembly of both ladies and gentlemen’. He would also have heard the founder of the Society, the nineteen-year-old Daniel Cooper, deliver a paper on the effects of light on plants, which (according to the same report) ‘excited great interest, more particularly with the ladies’. A fortnight later the meeting was again ‘numerously attended’ and again it attracted a number of the supposedly unlearned sex, some of whom by then were ‘members of the society’ unambiguously.