bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhancing the contribution of mining to sustainable development
Authors: Hobbs Jonathan C. A. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
This paper reviews recent developments aimed at improving the mining sector’s contribution to sustainable development. Mineral endowments are regarded by many development and environmental non-governmental organizations (NGOs), as a ‘curse’ and counterproductive to long-term growth and poverty reduction goals, even antithetical to sustainable development in developing countries. This paper argues that, in spite of some empirical evidence in some countries, this is not an inevitable general rule and that the mining sector offers numerous possibilities for catalysing sustainable development and attainment of the millennium development goals. This is, however, conditional upon adequate governance and social and environmental safeguards being in place. The heterogeneity of the mining sector is considered and concern is expressed for the undermanagement of the growing, albeit not new, phenomenon of artisanal and small-scale mining in developing countries. Without better management of this sector any attempts to improve the contribution of mining to sustainable development will be severely limited.
Sustainable river mining of aggregates in developing countries
Authors: Harrison D. J. , Fidgett S. , Scott P. W. , MacFarlane M. , Mitchell P. , Eyre J. M. , Weeks J. M. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Throughout the developing world, river sand and gravel is widely exploited as aggregate for construction. Sediment is often mined directly from the river channel and makes an important contribution to the national demand for aggregates. However, instream mining, if not carefully controlled, can cause significant damage to the river and its associated biota, and to the adjacent land, as well as creating conflict with other users of the river. The economic and environmental geology of river sand and gravel mining in developing countries is poorly known and there is little knowledge available to inform existing regulatory strategies. Research work on selected river systems in Jamaica and Costa Rica has generated a considerable amount of new information on resources and sediment budgets, on market and supply options, on the physical, biological and social impacts of extraction, and on best-practice legislative and mineral planning issues. A methodology has been developed for effective control of instream sand and gravel mining operations including a Code of Practice, which regulators can use for examining and reconciling the conflicting claims of sand and gravel extraction and the environment.
Sustainable mineral development: case study from Kenya
Authors: Davies T. C. , Osano O. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The last two to three decades have witnessed a rapid growth in the mining industry in Kenya. The suite of minerals includes metals such as gold, silver, copper, zinc and titanium, and industrial minerals ranging from talc and gypsum to dolomite and gemstones. Methods of exploitation, processing and beneficiation of these mineral resources can have diverse effects on the country’s socio-economic position, its varied ecosystems and general environment. The Mining Act (Cap 306) of 1940, which has been the principal Act for regulating minerals use and mining, lacks clear provisions on environmental management. This paper discusses mining guidelines set forth in a new regulatory framework known as the Environmental Management and Coordination Act of 2000, and evaluates their effectiveness and applicability by examining the proposed titanium mining project in the Kwale district. Through a major mining project, the Environmental Impact Assessment exposed the difficulties often encountered in implementing regulatory controls in all new mining ventures in Kenya, both large- and small-scale. It is submitted that the challenge of sustainability should be a major concern of the mineral industry to demonstrate not only profitability but also benefits to society and preservation of environmental integrity.
Artisanal and small-scale mining in Africa: the poor relation
Authors: D’Souza K. P. C. J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) sector in sub-Saharan Africa is a sector usually associated with conflict minerals, fatal diseases, smuggling, criminal activity and civil war. Throughout Africa the ASM sector is unfortunately viewed in a negative and distorted manner with little appreciation or understanding for the realities and hardship of miners, their families and communities. However, the sector is burdened and plagued with issues ranging from child labour, gender inequality, the spread of HIV/AIDS, environmental devastation, poor health and safety, migrant workers, lack of capital and fair markets, and conflict with the private large-scale mining sector. The paper discusses the many over-lapping and complex drivers, challenges, constraints and issues that characterize the sector and considers the potential solutions through the adoption of appropriate best practice, hopefully leading to sustainable livelihoods in the ASM sector and overall poverty alleviation. Key issues, such as institutional capacity, governance, assistance schemes, legislation, miners’ organizations, gender mainstreaming, child labour, health and safety, environmental protection, mineral trading and marketing, adding value, finance and credit, and the co-existence with the large-scale mining sector are all detailed. The paper also highlights ideas of what individual countries can do to help formalize and provide assistance to this vulnerable sector. Some of what is discussed concurs with the findings of the Mining, Minerals and Sustainable Development (MMSD) Project, the multi-donor Communities & Small-Scale Mining (CASM) initiative, the UN Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA) and UN Department for Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA) — Yaoundé Seminar on ASM in Africa, and most recently the African Mining Partnership (AMP). The bulk of this paper, however, has come from the experience gained by the author while managing and working on numerous projects commissioned by the UK’s Department for International Development (DFID), the World Bank, United Nations, various African Governments, private mining companies and NGOs in over 20 African countries.
The Gold Ridge Mine, Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands’ first gold mine: a case study in stakeholder consultation
Authors: Tolia Donn H. , Petterson M. G. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The Pacific small island state of Solomon Islands gained independence from Britain in 1978. Solomon Islands has a population of around 400 000 mainly Melanesian people distributed across six moderately sized islands and hundreds of smaller islands. The traditional economy has been based on hunter-gatherer and small-scale farming activities, with the bulk of the population residing in self-sufficient rainforest and coastal villages. Melanesians have a particularly strong cultural attachment to land, which is considered to be within the custodianship of the community at large. Individual land ownership in the Western economic sense is largely unknown. Melanesian society and culture is strong and complex. Colonial and post-independence Solomon Islands has had to face the challenges of a transition from a traditional society to a partially urbanized society and a rapidly increasing population and changing economic drivers and dynamics. Mining and mineral development is one area of economic activity that holds the promise of generating hard currency quickly to develop the country, but that needs to be achieved in a sustainable manner. Gold Ridge is situated in Central Guadalcanal, some 22 km southeast of the country’s capital town, Honiara. Gold Ridge hosts around 1.4 million ounces of epithermal volcanic-hosted gold. Ross Mining NL began the construction of Solomon Islands’ first gold mine in 1997 and operated a highly successful gold mine between 1997 and 2000, when ethnic tensions (unrelated to the mine) closed the operations. This paper documents the painstaking negotiations and planning that took place from 1993 and particularly from 1995 – 1996 which paved the way forward for the development of a gold mine within a fragile tropical rainforest environment among traditional Melanesian people who had little prior knowledge of modern mining activities.
Construction raw materials in Timor Leste and sustainable development
Authors: Carvalho Jorge F. , Lisboa José V. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Timor Leste is the newest and one of the poorer nations in the world. One of its main challenges that could lead to poverty reduction is the reconstruction and maintenance of the infrastructures that were almost completely destroyed after its independence referendum. To achieve this, there is an imperative need for construction raw materials in a country where the extractive industry is scarce and artisanal. Available geological studies deal with the island’s geology and tectonic evolution or its oil and gas potentialities. Very few broach other geological resources. A general study of the country’s territory demonstrates that Timor Leste possesses large resources in clays, limestones and sand and gravel, which can support small- to large-scale raw material extractive industries. Some selected areas have been the target of more detailed study: Venilale and Aileu, with resources for structural ceramics and whiteware respectively, and Beheda, where a crinoid-rich limestone crops out, with potential for usage as ornamental stone. These resources are suitable for non-sophisticated small-scale mining operations that should be able to accomplish environmental and social liabilities. No public policy exists for the management of these mineral resources, which is essential for the sustainable development of Timor Leste.
Capacity building of developing country public sector institutions in the natural resource sector
Authors: Stephenson M. H. , Penn I. E. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The natural resources of developing countries, particularly in a post-conflict situation, are the key to creating wealth, getting people back to work, and to improving security. However, public sector institutions like geological surveys, and government departments such as mines, energy and water ministries often need help in their vision to promote and sustainably develop their natural capital, as well as to protect the lives and livelihoods of people affected by development. Some have few physical resources, and a poorly trained and motivated workforce; others may be housed in buildings that have borne the brunt of prolonged fighting and a long period of neglect. In many developing countries, such institutions have a rather inward-facing colonial-style civil service culture that lacks the ability to liaise and engage with modern multinational investors. Unfortunately, donor organizations that seek to build the capacities of institutions do not build sufficient ‘project ownership’ and fail to incorporate into their plans the culture of the organization, or fail to integrate parts of multidisciplinary projects. Development projects supported are often perceived to reflect donor agendas rather than the needs of the recipient institution. Using experience in a number of developing country and post-conflict contexts, a methodology to plan and integrate capacity building has been developed, to help employees and management, and donor organizations, deal with these difficulties. Through training tuned to business need, institutions will develop appropriate IT and communication skills, while at the same time developing corporate understanding of the private sector, which is needed to interact successfully with it. Stakeholder analysis gauges the organization’s strengths and weaknesses and ensures coordination of aid, which takes account of the local social, political and business context. The methodology will also establish a system allowing regular cyclical business/training review, so that the institutions can adapt to further change.
Sustainable development and minerals: measuring mining’s contribution to society
Authors: Shields D. J. , Šolar S. V. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Traditional development theory focuses on two goals, income growth and poverty alleviation, and many mineral-rich developing countries have depended on resource exploitation to achieve those goals. In reality, mineral-driven economies have often experienced less growth than mineral-deficient economies. Conversely, the potential positive contributions of mineral development are often overlooked in countries with limited mineral endowment. Such under- or over-emphasis on the minerals sector can be lessened by addressing mineral development within the context of sustainable development. Each country identifies sustainability goals, with respect to social equity, environmental health, and economic growth that are appropriate to its circumstances. The contribution of mineral resources to the achievement of those goals will be similarly context dependent. In this paper we discuss the concept of sustainable mineral resource management. We then describe how indicators of sustainability can be used to measure the contribution of the minerals sector to a country’s economic development and track progress toward its overall sustainability goals. We present an example of sustainable mineral management policy and related mineral indicators from a country with a transitional economy and limited mineral resources.
Sustainable mineral development: possibilities and pitfalls illustrated by the rise and fall of Dutch mineral planning guidance
Authors: van der Meulen Michiel J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The Netherlands has major resources of sand, gravel and clay, exploited mainly for construction works and the building materials industry. As in most Western countries, mineral extraction meets with considerable societal resistance. To this end, Dutch minerals policy aims to prevent extraction by promoting economical use of materials, and the use of alternative (secondary or renewable) materials. Until recently, it also included a system of production planning to sustain supplies of regionally scarce materials. Dutch policy development is reviewed and discussed in terms of pitfalls and possibilities for mineral planning in general. Promoting secondary substitution has been quite successful, and presents an example. In contrast, the production planning system has been controversial from the start and ineffective as a result, mainly because it attempted to solve supply problems without properly addressing the underlying resistance. For this reason the system is in the process of being abandoned.
Quaternary telescopic-like alluvial fans, Andean Ranges, Argentina
Authors: Colombo F. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The largest rivers that drain the Argentine Andean Ranges are characterized by incised valleys in high mountains and by a variety of Quaternary terraces. The terraces display a fan geometry with the apex located upstream of a tributary junction. Their convex-up morphology suggests that these terraces are related to a series of alluvial fans developed where the tributaries join the main river. The succession of alluvial aggradation and degradation is controlled by local base-level variation conditioned by temporary lake development in the main river valley. All these factors give rise to the inset segmented (terraced) morphology of the fan surfaces, yielding a telescopic-like relationship. The variation in the morphology and number of terraces suggests that they are not controlled by a general/regional base level. Neither tectonic activity nor significant climatic changes account for the alluvial fans at the confluences of the tributaries and the main river. Significant variations in rainfall or thunderstorms induced by the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) could explain the genesis of these telescopic-like alluvial fans.
Morphometry and depositional style of Late Pleistocene alluvial fans: Wadi Al-Bih, northern UAE and Oman
Authors: Al-Farraj Asma , Harvey Adrian M. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Three types of alluvial-fan settings are recognized in the Wadi Al-Bih area of the Musandam Mountains, northern UAE and Oman; mountain-front fans, tributary-junction fans and steep hillslope debris cones. Three styles of fan geometry, only partly dependent on fan setting, can be recognized: telescopic fans, stacked fans and truncated fans. Each style, together with degree of confinement, reflects the topographic and geological context of the fan and its source area. The mountain-front fans are mostly unconfined fans with telescopic styles. The tributary-junction fans are confined fans, some with stacked or telescopic styles, others that have been truncated by base-level-induced toe trimming. Most of the debris cones are simple hillfoot debris cones. Standard morphometric analyses of fan areas and fan gradients in relation to drainage basin area yield results that compare with other studies, but the relationships differ between the three groups of fans, in part reflecting fan style, especially between mountain-front and tributary-junction fans. The morphometry of the debris cones is only poorly characterized by the morphometric relationships. Cone morphology most strongly reflects source-area lithology. Analysis of the residuals from the regression analyses suggests that the morphometric differences between the three groups reflect fan sedimentary processes, fan setting and fan style, particularly relating to confinement.
Differential effects of base-level, tectonic setting and climatic change on Quaternary alluvial fans in the northern Great Basin, Nevada, USA
Authors: Harvey Adrian M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractMountain-front alluvial fans in the northern Great Basin were affected by interactions between the tectonic setting, late Quaternary climatic changes and climatically induced base-level changes through fluctuations in pluvial lake levels. Four fan groups were studied on the margins of and near pluvial Lake Lahontan with varying geology and tectonic settings. All fans were affected by climatically led variations in sediment supply, but only those on steep mountain fronts adjacent to deep lakes were affected by base-level changes during lake desiccation.Relationships between fan segments and dated lake shorelines, augmented by soil and desert pavement characteristics, have enabled fan segments older and younger than the lake highstands to be identified. Major periods of fan aggradation occurred prior to the last glacial maximum and during the Holocene, with little or no fan deposition occurring during and after the last glacial maximum, at the time of high lake levels. The interactions between tectonics, climate and base-level change have produced distinctive fan geometric relationships between older and younger fan segments, also expressed in the morphometric properties of the fans. Tectonics primarily influence the fan setting, particularly the accommodation space, and interact with sediment supply rates partly related to source-area geology. The climatic signal is present in all four groups of fans, but is modified locally by a base-level signal only where deep pluvial lakes abutted to relatively high levels on fans on relatively steep mountain fronts.
Reconciling the roles of climate and tectonics in Late Quaternary fan development on the Spartan piedmont, Greece
Authors: Pope Richard J.J. , Wilkinson Keith N. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

The evolution of five alluvial fan systems is discussed in relation to chronology and possible tectonic and climatic triggering mechanisms. Two types of fan have evolved on the Spartan piedmont, Greece. First relatively large, low-angle fans, comprising four segments (Qf1–Qf4) composed of debris-flow and hyperconcentrated-flow deposits, with fluvial sediments restricted to the upper deposits of the distal segments. Second small, steep telescopically segmented fans, which consist of three segments (Qf1–Qf3), formed predominantly by debris-flow and hyperconcentrated-flow deposits. Morphological analysis of surface soils coupled with mineral magnetic and extractable iron (Fe
d
) analyses of B-horizons suggest that individual segments can be correlated across the piedmont and have equivalent age. Luminescence dating of fine-grained deposits suggests that Qf1 segments formed during marine isotope stage (MIS) 6, Qf2 segments during MIS 5, Qf3 segments during MIS 4–2, and Qf4 segments during MIS 2 and 1. Tectonics has exerted a limited influence on fan systems. Regional uplift provides the gross relief conducive for fan development. The locations of fans were determined by transfer faults of Tertiary age, while Quaternary faulting initiated short phases of fan incision. Climate change as manifested by cycles of aridity and low vegetation cover during stadials, and humidity and deciduous woodland during interglacials and interstadials, played a key role in fan evolution during the later Middle and Upper Pleistocene. Aggradation occurred during stadials, with minor deposition and intermittent erosion during most interstadials, and entrenchment during the interglacials and longer interstadials. Deposition during the Holocene is limited in extent.
Tertiary alluvial fans at the northern margin of the Ebro Basin: a review
Authors: Nichols Gary 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Tertiary alluvial fan deposits along the margin of the Ebro foreland basin north of Huesca, Spain, are remarkable for the range of sedimentological and tectonic features preserved within them. The fan deposits formed after the southern Pyrenean thrust front (the Guarga Thrust) was established in this area, forming steep topography at the basin margin in the mid-Oligocene. Some shortening continued during deposition of the earliest fans resulting in synsedimentary faults, folds and unconformities. Clast compositions in the fan conglomerate beds record unroofing of the thrust front and also reveal differences in bedrock provenance between adjacent, coeval fan deposits. Bedrock provenance also influenced processes of deposition, with fans built up of detritus derived from areas rich in gypsum and mudrock showing more evidence of debris-flow processes. Deposition by debris flows also dominated the smallest fan body, but the majority of the fans were the products of sedimentation from unconfined or poorly confined traction currents. These resulted in sheets of conglomerate in the more proximal areas. Within individual fan bodies the proportion of sandstone increases over a distance of up to 5 km to where the distal fan facies are seen as thin sandstone and mudstone beds. The fringes of the fan bodies interfinger with lacustrine and fluvial facies, which indicate a temperate-semi-aric palaeoclimate. Vertical aggradation of the fan deposits due to rising base level in the Ebro Basin in the Oligocene and early Miocene was followed by deep incision following a late Miocene base level-fall. This led to the partial erosion of the fan deposits and their spectacular exposure in the modern landscape.
Source area and tectonic control on alluvial-fan development in the Miocene Fohnsdorf intramontane basin, Austria
Authors: Wagreich Michael , Strauss Philipp E. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Middle Miocene alluvial fans in the intramontane Fohnsdorf Basin of the Eastern Alps originated along normal faults and linked strike-slip faults in a continental half-graben setting. The fans display considerable facies differences. Debris flows of the Rachau fan are characterized by a sandy matrix and large boulders, whereas debris flows of the Apfelberg fan are characterized by higher silt and clay content and smaller clasts. Key control of debris-flow facies is the lithology contrast in the fan source areas. Sand, pebbles and large outsized boulders originated predominantly from the resistant augengneiss- and amphibolite-dominated hinterland of the Rachau fan, whereas a significant higher proportion of mud and silt and smaller boulders have been derived from the Apfelberg fan catchment, which was dominated by mica schists and marble.