bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cyclical patterns in the content of advertisements
Authors: Fay Michael 
Published: June 2006

PurposeIt is a tenet of the marketing and advertising communities that the claims and appeals contained in advertisements must reflect the behaviour, aspiration or dreams of potential customers. Work undertaken in New Zealand challenged the received wisdom, suggesting that the content of advertisements exhibited marked cyclical patterns that had little to do with societal trends. This paper seeks to replicate and extend the earlier study in a larger and less derivative economic environment.Design/methodology/approachFor each year over the period 1950‐2000, the levels of usage of 58 variables in a large sample of advertisements from major UK magazines were analysed. The patterns from the resulting data were examined to determine whether deviations around long‐term secular trends were random, or whether cyclical tendencies were apparent.FindingsThe findings confirm that the generally espoused view of advertising as a mirror of society may require substantial modification. Over time periods of five to 15 years the level of usage of various claims and appeals is cyclical, and the stage of the cycle is a far more important factor than the secular trend in understanding the changing levels of usage over operational time periods.Research limitations/implicationsBecause the study is limited to advertising in UK magazines, further content analysis work is required using other media (TV) and other countries.Originality/valueThe paper argues that cyclicality is a general phenomenon of aggregated human behaviour, and consequently that advertising cycles should be viewed as a particular case of a general rule rather than a unique occurrence.
The changing contours of the psychological contract
Authors: Pate Judy 
Published: June 2006

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to propose a processual framework of psychological contract breach, which maps holistically the interactions among concepts drawn from the trust and justice literature. However, the price of a holistic picture is frequently a lack of depth of analysis of any single variable, and consequently the second part of the paper seeks to unpack a central variable, circumstances of breach.Design/ methodological approachDraws on findings from a four‐year qualitative study and investigates the psychological contractin situ. The issue of circumstances of breach was explored inductively by applying in‐depth employee case histories using theory‐based sampling.FindingsKey findings indicate that breach may occur as a result of direct or indirect organisational actions. Further the degree of reaction may differ according to the type of trigger (i.e. a distributive, procedural or interactional justice issue) and also the extent to which the organisation is held responsible.Research limitations/ImplicationsBased on an in‐depth study of one organisation over time; further research is required to ascertain the generalisability of the key findings.Practical implicationsThe implications for the practice of management surround the issue of unanticipated results of actions. Changes to substantive, distributive justice issues are likely to result in psychological contract violation or rupture unless handled with care. The repercussions of relationship fracture include diminished employees attitude and, perhaps more importantly for the organisation, negative behaviour.Originality/valueThe key contribution of the paper is that it presents a new model of psychological contract and elucidates a key aspect of the holistic model using empirical data.
Social dialogue and vocational training in Europe
Authors: Winterton Jonathan 
Published: June 2006

PurposeTo explore social dialogue over vocational education and training in Europe, comparing the role of the social partners in different national training systems and different industrial relations contexts.Design/methodology/approachA survey of European member states (EU15 before enlargement) and two EFTA countries addressed to the national agencies or ministries responsible for vocational education and training and representing the contacts of the CEDEFOP Refernet network, supplemented by a literature review and discussions with the social partners at European level.FindingsThroughout Europe the social partners have a formal role in developing vocational training policy and are involved in implementation, particularly at sector and local levels. While the structures of participation vary according to the degree of state regulation and the locus of training, social partner involvement is extensive irrespective of the nature of the regulatory framework.Research limitations/implicationsOnly 13 countries responded to the survey and respondents were not always aware of workplace developments. The gaps were addressed through the literature and discussions but inevitably the study is not comprehensive.Practical implicationsValuable information for those seeking to identify common and good practice in social dialogue to improve the quality and relevance of vocational training.Originality/valueA useful baseline study of the role of the social partners in vocational education and training in Europe.
A time‐domain finite element homogenization technique for lamination stacks using skin effect sub‐basis functions
Authors: Dular P. , Gyselinck J. , Krähenbühl L. 
Published: June 2006

PurposeTo develop a homogenization technique to directly and efficiently take the eddy current effects in laminated magnetic cores within time domain finite element (FE) analyses.Design/methodology/approachThe technique is developed for being used within a 3D magnetodynamic b‐conform FE formulation, e.g. using a magnetic vector potential. To avoid a fine FE discretization of all the laminations of a magnetic core, this one is considered as a source region that carries predefined current and magnetic flux density distributions describing the eddy currents and skin effect along each lamination thickness. Both these distributions are related and are first approximated with sub‐basis functions. Through the homogenization or averaging of the sub‐basis functions contributions in the FE formulation, the stacked laminations are then converted into continua, thus implicitly considering the eddy current loops produced by parallel magnetic fluxes. The continuum is then approximated with classical FE basis functions and can be defined on a coarser discretization.FindingsThe developed method appears attractive for directly and efficiently taking into account within finite element analyses the eddy current effects, i.e. the associated losses and magnetic flux reduction, that are particularly significant for high frequency excitations. The time domain analysis allows the consideration of both non‐linear and transient phenomena.Originality/valueThe averaging of sub‐basis functions contributions, describing fine distributions of fields, in an FE formulation leads to an original way of homogenizing laminated regions. The proposed method is naturally adapted for time domain analyses and in some sense generalizes what can be done more easily in the frequency domain.
Inclusion of a stress‐dependent Preisach model in 2D FE calculations
Authors: Benabou A. , Vandenbossche L. , Gyselinck J. , Clenet S. , Dupré L. , Dular P. 
Published: June 2006

PurposeMechanical stress can heavily affect the magnetic behaviour law in ferromagnetic materials. This paper, aims to take into account the effect of mechanical stress into a hystreresis model. This model is implemented in a finite element analysis code and tested in the case of a simple system.Design/methodology/approachA simple extension of the classical Preisach model is proposed, in which a function linked to the Preisach density is parameterized using the mechanical stress as a supplementary parameter. The methodology is based on experimental measurements for identifying the required function. As a first approach, a linear interpolation is used between the measurements in order to have a continuous evolution of the magneto‐mechanical behaviour. This model has been tested in the case of a steel sheet in which width is not constant in order to obtain a non‐uniform distribution of stress and magnetic flux density.FindingsThe model can predict the magneto‐mechanical behaviour with a good accuracy in the case of tensile stress. Implementation of the model in finite element analysis has shown that the model can predict the behaviour of steel sheet subject to a non‐uniform stress distribution.Originality/valueThis paper shows that a classical hysteresis model can be extended to take into account the magneto‐mechanical behaviour. This is useful for the design of electrical machines which are subject to non‐negligible mechanical stress.
Slot harmonics in cage motors due to saturation of a main magnetic circuit
Authors: Sobczyk Tadeusz , Weinreb Konrad , Sułowicz Maciej , Węgiel Tomasz , Warzecha Adam 
Published: June 2006

PurposeTo study effects in the Fourier spectra of cage motor phase currents due to saturation of the main magnetic circuit by the fundamental MMF harmonic.Design/methodology/approachAn idea of an equivalent magnetizing current is applied, which allows to consider an influence of all currents of stator and rotor windings on the main magnetic circuit permeability. The energy base approach is used to write machine equations and the harmonic balance method is used to determine the Fourier spectra of currents.FindingsIt has been shown that the saturation generate additional harmonics in phase currents, which are shifted by 100 Hz from the so called slot harmonics.Research limitations/implicationsA model and a solving method allows to predict all slot harmonics quantitatively, but qualitative difference of the Fourier spectra to measurement still exist.Practical implicationsMore precise prediction of the Fourier spectra of stator phase currents for on‐line diagnostic systems.Originality/valueA circuit model of a cage motor accounting for saturation by slot harmonics and an algorithm for determination of additional components in the phase current Fourier spectra.
Hysteresis losses in soft magnetic composite materials
Authors: Zidarič Bogomir , Zagirnyak Mykhaylo , Lenasi Konrad , Miljavec Damijan 
Published: June 2006

PurposeTo analyze the Jiles and Atherton hysteresis model used for hysteresis losses estimation in soft magnetic composite (SMC) material.Design/methodology/approachThe Jiles and Atherton hysteresis model parameters are optimized with genetic algorithms (GAs) according to measured symmetric hysteresis loop of soft magnetic composite material. To overcome the uncertainty, finding the best‐optimized parameters in a wide predefined searching area is done with the proposed new approach. These parameters are then used to calculate the hysteresis losses for the modeled hysteresis. The asymmetric hysteresis loops are also investigated.FindingsThe classical GAs are good optimization methods when a pre‐defined possible set of solutions is known. If no assumption on solutions is present and a wide searching area range for parameter estimation is selected then the use of the new approach with nested GAs gives good results for symmetric hysteresis loops and further for the estimation of hysteresis losses.Research limitations/implicationsThe use of the Jiles and Atherton hysteresis model for asymmetric hysteresis must be explored further. Only one set of optimized Jiles and Atherton hysteresis model parameters used for estimation of hysteresis losses gives good results for only symmetric hysteresis loops. These parameters have limitations for asymmetric hysteresis loops.Practical implicationsNested GAs are a useful method for optimization when a wide searching area is used.Originality/valueThe originality of the paper is in the establishment of nested GAs and their application in Jiles and Atherton hysteresis model parameters optimization. Also, original is the use of the Jiles and Atherton hysteresis model for hysteresis loop description of soft‐magnetic composite material.
Identification of the induction motor parameters at standstill using soft computing methods
Authors: Orlowska‐Kowalska Teresa , Lis Joanna , Szabat Krzysztof 
Published: June 2006

PurposeThe paper sets out to deal with the off‐line identification of induction motor (IM) parameters at standstill. Determination of values of the IM parameters is essential in sensorless drives with regard to accuracy and quality of the control system.Design/methodology/approachThe presented identification method is based on the reconstruction of stator current response to the forced stator voltage step change; thus the cost function is defined in the classical form of the mean squared error between the computed and experimental data. The identification via evolutionary algorithms (EAs) is presented. The considered problem is continuous and thus a continuous version of EA is suggested as more suitable.FindingsThis approach has been shown to have several advantages over classical optimisation methods like the ability to cope with ill‐behaved problem domains exhibiting attributes such as: discontinuity, time‐variance, randomness, and, what is particularly important in this application, the ability to cope with the signals disturbed by noises. Owing to this ability the EAs could be implemented directly for the identification of IM parameters not only in simulations but also in the industrial applications for the motor control, though the electrical signals acquired from real motor and used as input data in the identification procedures are to a large extent disturbed by the electrical noises.Originality/valueTwo versions of the suggested approach are compared: the EA with hard selection and with soft selection. Both algorithms were tested in a simulation and experimental set‐up using digital signal processor for control and signal processing of the voltage inverter‐fed IM drive. Satisfactory results were obtained for the identification procedure based on the selected EA.
Distribution of the potential and current density in the electrode of the PEM fuel cell
Authors: Kurgan Eugeniusz , Schmidt Paweł 
Published: June 2006

PurposeDistribution of the electric potential and current density in the electrode of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell.Design/methodology/approachMulticomponent model based on Maxwell‐Stefan equations is used to formulate generalized Fick's law. Next, mass conservation laws for gas components and equation of continuity for current density vector are formulated.FindingsThe problem is expressed by three non‐linear partial differential equations in total molar contraction of the gas mixture, oxygen and water vapor concentration describing multicomponent Maxwell‐Stefan mass transport and fourth equation for electric potential distribution. The final system of partial differential equations describing the problem is highly non‐linear and mutually coupled not only directly but also through the non‐linear boundary condition and is solved by finite element method.Research limitations/implicationsThere are some convergence problems for some sets of the material parameters. Only one part of the fuel cell was modeled.Practical implicationsThis approach allows one to calculate all important parameters required to develop and design the practical systems as well to optimize the performance from the geometrical and material parameters point of view.Originality/valueThe presented approach combines distribution of mass transport using Maxwell‐Stefan model and electric potential described by Laplace equation.
A serial AC voltage controller using bipolar matrix‐reactance chopper
Authors: Fedyczak Zbigniew , Frąckowiak Leszek , Jankowski Maciej 
Published: June 2006

PurposeAims to focus on steady state and transient state analysis of basic properties of new solution for a single‐phase serial AC voltage controller. Furthermore, simulation and experimental test results of 3 kVA models are provided to confirm and verify the theoretical approach.Design/methodology/approachPresents a converter with auxiliary transformer and bipolar PWM AC matrix‐reactance chopper (MRC), based on Ćuk B2 topology. The MRC has the possibility of bipolar AC voltage conversion with magnitude of voltage transformation function greater than 1. The peak voltage detection method in the control circuit is applied to fast control of the load voltage changes. The steady state and transient state theoretical analysis based on averaged models of the presented controller is used. There is a four‐terminal description of the basic properties in the presented approach.FindingsIn the proposed solution only half the number of switches compared with the case of full bridge matrix chopper solution is used. The nominal load voltage can be obtained even for 50 per cent step‐down of the supply voltage.Originality/valuePresents new topology and properties of single‐phase serial AC voltage controller.
Aspects of a theory of systemic construction
Authors: Bulz Nicolae 
Published: June 2006

PurposeTo consider aspects of a theory of systemic construction by discussing two concepts which will assist in our understanding of the surrounding world which it is considered is made of both systemic and non‐systemic entities.Design/methodology/approachConsiders how these entities (metasystem, network, transitron etc.) can be conceived and defined. Systemic frames notions are presented and examples of systems given. Discusses the historic use of the word “system” and systemic thinking and its varieties.FindingsDiscovered that on the basis of these concepts, an understanding of the surrounding world can be achieved which is not homogeneous but made of both systemic and non‐systemic entities. These can change when certain systemic properties are reached as well as in their specific degrees in their limitations and paradoxes.Originality/valueIntroduces an original approach to the life support system by proposing concepts that are discussed and defined and that will provide cyberneticians and systemists with a revised view of systemic thinking.
Maleic anhydride grafted LLDPE modified polyamide and fabrics waste containing PET blends
Authors: Jeziórska R. 
Published: June 2006

PurposeTo convert the post‐production polyethylene terephthalate (PET)‐containing fabrics waste into new value‐added polymeric materials using maleic anhydride grafted linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE‐g‐MAH) for improved toughness and to optimise the results of such a modification.Design/methodology/approachFor effective toughening, various blends were made of polyamide 6 (PA) and post‐production PET‐containing fabrics waste (PET) by incorporating different concentrations of maleic anhydride grafted, linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE‐g‐MAH). The reactions of LLDPE‐g‐MAH with blend components were studied by Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy, solubility behaviour of the products in formic acid and rheological measurements. Blends investigated were prepared in a co‐rotating twin‐screw extruder and characterised by differential scanning calorimetry and scanning electron microscopy. The static tensile property and impact strength of the blends were also measured.FindingsThe modification of polyamide 6 and post‐production PET‐containing fabrics waste using LLDPE‐g‐MAH showed significant enhancement of impact and interfacial adhesion over the unmodified one. The modification caused a chemical linkage between LLDPE‐g‐MAH and blend components which led not only to forming PA‐co‐LLDPE‐g‐MAH‐co‐PET copolymers, but also to ensuring the intrinsically strong chemical bonds across LLDPE‐g‐MAH phase/PET phase/PA matrix interface, which was the main cause to the improved impact strength and interface adhesion. The optimum results were obtained at 10 per cent of LLDPE‐g‐MAH.Research limitations/implicationsThe post‐production PET‐containing fabrics waste used in the present context was defibrated before processing.Practical implicationsThe method developed provided a simple and practical solution to recycling and improving the toughness of post‐production PET‐containing fabrics waste.Originality/valueThe method of recycling post‐production PET‐containing fabrics waste was novel and the new polymeric materials obtained could find numerous applications such as hybrid films, fibres and engineering polymers.
Toughened epoxy with amine functional aniline formaldehyde condensate (AFAFC)
Authors: Maity T. , Samanta B.C. , Dalai S. , Banthia A.K. 
Published: June 2006

PurposeTo evaluate the improvement of mechanical and thermal properties of cured epoxy modified with amine functional aniline formaldehyde condensate (AFAFC) along with the optimum result of modified epoxy.Design/methodology/approachFor effective toughening, different compositions were made by adding various concentration of AFAFC to epoxy. The impact, adhesive, tensile and flexural strengths of the modified and the unmodified epoxy were characterized by dynamic mechanical analysis. Thermo gravimetric of modified epoxy was also reported.FindingsThe modification of epoxy resin using AFAFC showed significant enhancement of mechanical strength over unmodified epoxy. The reason behind this is that in the initial stage of cure the AFAFC are miscible with the epoxy and form a homogeneous solution. This good mixing promotes the chemical reaction and network formation. During the curing process, as the molecular weight increases, the component separates with in the reaction medium to form a second dispersed phase.Research limitations/implicationsThe toughening agent AFAFC have been synthesized by using aniline and formaldehyde. Besides this, by changing the amine and aldehyde, another toughening agent could be synthesized and the efficiency of modification of epoxy resin using these could also be studied.Originality/valueAFAFC modified epoxy could be used in the field of coating, casting, adhesives, potting and encapsulation of semiconductor devices.
Study of thermal behaviour of lac resin using specular reflectance spectroscopy
Authors: Bhatia D. , Sarkar P.C. , Alam M. 
Published: June 2006

PurposeTo determine molecular level changes occurring in lac resin, due to the effect of thermal stress at different levels of temperature and baking times.Design/methodology/approachFilms of lac resin were applied on tin panels and baked at 100 and 200°C for different time intervals. The baked films were examined by specular reflectance spectroscopy, as they were otherwise difficult to examine through conventional IR techniques, using KBr pellet method. The results obtained were compared and correlated with work reported by earlier authors using wet chemical methods.FindingsNo significant spectroscopic change was observed on heating lac resin films at 100°C for different time intervals, as compared to air‐dried (parent) lac films. However, it was observed that when the films were baked at 200°C, the spectroscopic data indicated anhydride formation in the oligomers, due to heating effects.Research limitations/implicationsChemical researches on lac resin have been typically limited by lack of modern tools, due to the difficult and unique nature of the material. The present method to determine molecular level changes in lac due to heating effects, using state‐of‐art instrumentation and computational technique opens a new vista in this field of research.Practical implicationsLac resin still has a significant place in the surface coating industry, typically in food applications, insulating vanishes, etc. The results obtained indicate that lac‐based baking compositions, when baked at 200°C, exhibit improved characteristics, in terms of adhesion, scratch hardness and even acid resistance. Such an improvement can be attributed unequivocally to the formation of anhydride linkage as evident from spectroscopic data.Originality/valueAs of now, there is no report of specular reflectance data on lac resin and its derivatives. This paper represents the first attempt to obtain and correlate reflectance data on lac. It also highlights the convenience of the method and the scope of sophisticated data analysis, using computational methods.