bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical and serological response in humans following immunization with gripax influenza vaccine
Authors: Morag Abraham , Levy Reuven , Weil Gilda , Zakay‐Rones Zichria 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA commercial trivalent formol‐inactivated influenza vaccine (Gripax) was tested. The vaccine consisted of equal amounts of A/England/321/77 (H3N2), B/Hong Kong/8/73, and A/USSR/99/177 (H1N1) strains.One hundred four females were injected intramuscularly. Eighty‐eight (74.6%) were 17–24 yr old and 16 (15.4%) were 29–45 yr old. Seventy subjects were immunized with 1,200 IU, 24 with 1,680 IU, and 10 with 2,400 IU.A follow‐up for adverse side effects was carried out during 72 hr following vaccination. There was no absence from work or school, nor did the subjects develop any systemic symptoms (fever and malaise). Local reactogenic effects were minor and included painless erythema and induration of low degree, which were observed in small numbers of the recipients and lasted for no more than 24–48 hr. Localized, axillary lymphadenopathy was noted in one subject.Seventy‐four paired sera samples were tested for hemagglutination inhibition (HI) response. A highly reactive response to A/England and B/Hong Kong strains was observed, as evidenced by an at‐least fourfold increase of titers. There was no significant change when a dose of 400 IU or more was given: An 83.6% and 89.4% response was, respectively, recorded for A/England and 69.0% and 73.6%, respectively, for B/Hong Kong. However, when the dose of A/USSR was increased, the response was significantly elevated from 56.0 to 84.2%. All the sera tested for neuraminidase inhibition antibody showed a satisfactory response.Regardless of the dose, a single administration of the vaccine sufficed to confer a high degree of immunity against the “old” circulating strains: 94–100% against A/England and 79–90.9% against B/Hong Kong. Immunization with 400 IU of the recent strain A/USSR conferred immunity in 50.9% of the cases, whilc the administration of a dose equal to or larger than 560 IU elicited a far higher rate of immunity‐89.4%. The high quality of the vaccine is evidenced by the conversion rate from nonimmune to the immune state, as well as by the lack of undesirable side effects.
Two distinct types of non‐A, non‐B hepatitis in a cardiovascular surgical unit
Authors: Ohori Hitoshi , Nagatsuka Yasuko , Kanno Atsushi , Abe Yasuyuki , Ishida Nakao 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe incidence of non‐A, non‐B hepatitis in a cardiovascular surgical unit was examined among the 204 patients who received blood transfusion and extracorporeal circulation while undergoing open heart surgery during April 1979 to December 1981. Among 115 adult patients (20 to 69 years old) 46 (43%) developed non‐A, non‐B hepatitis, whereas the incidence in younger patients (1 to 19 years old) was much lower (21.8%, 19 out of 89).When monthly incidence was examined during the study period, two nosocomial epidemics, the first during September 1979 to February 1980 and second during October 1980 to January 1981, were found. When clinical features such as maximum ALT level and the proportion of icterus were examined, the features of the above two epidemics were taken to be different from those consistently observed through the study period. The epidemic type hepatitis not only resulted in more severe clinical features than the nonepidemic type, but the sera of the former contained immune complexes at a higher rate (80%) than did the latter (7.6%).
Isolation and Identification of Enteric Adenoviruses
Authors: Wigand R. , Baumeister H. G. , Maass G. , Kühn J. , Hammer H. J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThirty‐four out of 64 faecal samples with adenovirus particles, as seen by electron microscopy, were found to contain adenovirus 40 or 41 by direct isolation and neutralization in Chang's conjunctival cells, mostly within one week. (Ad40 and 41 candidate viruses are serologically related.) 6 other adenovirus specics were isolated; 6 samples gave equivocal results, and 18 were negative. A genus‐specific ELISA with an antihexon coat yielded positive results in 40 out of 55 samples; the test failed to identify adenovirus antigen in 10 out of 17 specimens, which were found negative by culture. All of them were negative by immunfluorescence of inoculated Chang cell cultures. Hence the failures are probably due to insufficient amount of virus in the samples. The predominance of only two adenovirus species associated with gastroenteritis in children and the ease of cultivating and identifying them should help to elucidate their etiological significance.
Phosphonoformic acid‐inhibitable nucleotide incorporation as a measure of hepatitis B viral DNA polymerase activity
Authors: Lin Hsiang Ju , Kwan Jenny Ping‐Wan , Wu Pui‐Chee , Chak Winnie 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis paper describes an assay for hepatitis B DNA polymerase which is based on the use of phosphonoformic acid (PFA), a known inhibitor of the viral enzyme, with particulate fractions prepared from blood plasma or serum. The assay makes possible the measurement of the viral enzyme activity in the presence of DNA polymerases unrelated to hepatitis B. The activities of the latter were largely but incompletely suppressed in the presence of 0.4 M KCl, and they were altogether excluded from nucleotide incorporation which was inhibited by PFA. Thus, particulate fractions obtained from HBsAg‐negative blood had mean DNA polymerase activities of 1 ± 1 (SD) pmol/liter/hr with a lower 90th percentile range of 0–3 pmol/liter/hr. Particulate fractions prepared from blood that was positive for both HBsAg and HBeAg had polymerase activities of 58 ± 66 pmol/liter/hr with an upper 90th percentile range of 4–322 pmol/liter/hr. PFA concentration was optimized using a commercial preparation of the inhibitor, in which the degree of purity was determined. The method utilizes 3H‐labeled deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates and is performed on 6 ml of plasma or serum. The effects of precursor concentration and specific activities on the rate of nucleotide incorporation were studied, and the optimal combinations were indicated. Other parameters of the proposed assay were also studied.
Characterization of rotaviral RNA isolated from children with gastroenteritis in two hospitals in rotterdam
Authors: Buitenwerf J. , Alphen M. Muilwijk‐Van , Schaap G. J. P. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractRotavirus RNA was extracted from stools collected from children with gastroenteritis in two hospitals in Rotterdam. Electrophoresis of the RNAs showed that at least 19 different electropherotypes were isolated from stools collected in the period from 1977 to 1982. It was possible to identify the index case in some hospital‐acquired cases of rotaviral gastroenteritis.
A risk index for the prediction of the incidence of non‐A, non‐B posttransfusion hepatitis in open‐heart surgery patients
Authors: Nagatsuka Yasuko , Ohori Hitoshi , Kanno Atsushi , Abe Yasuyuki , Togoh Takao , Ishida Nakao 
Published: March 2007

AbstractRisk factors related to the occurrence of non‐A, non‐B posttransfusion hepatitis (PTH) were statistically analyzed in 204 patients (115 adults and 89 children) who received blood transfusion and extracorporeal circulation during open‐heart surgery. The PTH incidence, irrespective of age or body weight, was affected by both transfusion volume and circulation time, ie, the incidence increased cumulatively with the increment of these two variables. Based upon such statistical analysis, a “PTH‐risk index,” from which one can objectively predict the probability of PTH, was devised by the summation of standardized transfusion volumes (Vs) and circulation time (Ts). As a result, a high correlation between the obtained PTH‐risk index and actual incidence was found. The obtained straight regression line between PTH‐risk index and the actual incidence rate enabled us to predict the incidence of PTH in open‐heart surgery patients.
An antigen/antibody system specific for an epidemic non‐A, non‐B hepatitis in patients of a cardiovascular surgical unit
Authors: Ohori Hitoshi , Kanno Atsushi , Nagatsuka Yasuko , Yamada Ei , Onodera Shiroh , Tateda Akira , Abe Yasuyuki , Togoh Takao , Ishida Nakao 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe antigen/antibody systems specific for non‐A, non‐B hepatitis (NANB) were studied using urine samples as the antigen source and sera for the antibody source. Two immunologically distinct systems, SO‐antigen/anti‐SO and MI‐antigen/anti‐MI were discovered. This paper deals chiefly with the characterization of the SO‐antigen, which was associated with an epidemic‐type non‐A, non‐B hepatitis found during September 1979 to February 1980 (first outbreak) and October 1980 to January 1981 (second outbreak) in the Cardiovascular Surgical Unit of Tohoku University Hospital. All patients who developed non‐A, non‐B hepatitis during the first and second epidemic periods had SO‐antigen in their urine (24 out of 24). After the epidemic, however, the detection rate of SO‐antigen gradually decreased among patients in the same unit, although posttransfusion non‐A, non‐B hepatitis continued to be found.The initial detection of SO‐antigen occurred at or just after the elevation of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels during the episode of hepatitis and persisted in most cases throughout the elevated period. Anti‐SO antibody was detected relatively late (eight months after blood transfusion, in most cases) and apparently persisted longer than five years.The immunological and physicochemical properties of SO‐antigen were also studied. It appeared to be neither a plasma protein nor a liver tissue component when the crossreactivity of SO‐antigen was examined by the immunodiffusion method. Absorption with insolubilized human serum and liver tissues failed to affect the anti‐SO antibody activity. The molecular weight of SO‐antigen was estimated to be 250,000, the sedimentation coefficient to be 11.0 S, and the buoyant density in CsCl to be 1.215 g/cm3. Electron microscopy showed that the SO‐antigen corresponded with uniform particles with a mean diameter of 11 nm. Sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE) analysis of SO‐antigen revealed only a single protein band corresponding to molecular weight 38,000.
Immunoperoxidase localization of papillomavirus antigen in cutaneous warts and bowenoid papulosis
Authors: Braun Lundy , Farmer Evan R. , Shah Keerti V. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractUsing the immunoperoxidase technique and a broadly cross‐reactive antiserum which detects infection with any papillomavirus, papillomavirus capsid antigen was demonstrated in 25 of 48 cutaneous papillomas and in two of 38 cutaneous dysplasias. Both positive dysplastic lesions were diagnosed on histopathologic examination as bowenoid papulosis. Antigen‐positive cutaneous warts were scattered in all age categories and at all body sites. In addition, there was little variation in antigen expression by morphologic type of wart. Antigen was localized in the nucleus of superficial epithelial cells. The amount of staining was variable, with some warts showing large numbers of stained nuclei. In other warts only isolated cells stained. In both cases of bowenoid papulosis, small foci of positively stained cells were observed. The finding of papillomavirus antigen in two of 21 cases of bowenoid papulosis is suggestive of an etiologic relationship between this lesion and a papillomavirus. An examination of antigen‐negative cases of bowenoid papulosis for a papillomavirus genome will be necessary to confirm these results.
Characterization of vilyuisk virus as a picornavirus
Authors: Lipton Howard L. , Friedmann Adam , Sethi Pradip , Crowther John R. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe V‐1 strain of Vilyuisk virus, isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid of a chronic case of encephalomyelitis in Siberia and subsequently passaged 41 times in mice, was examined to determine its serological relationship to Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) and encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus and some physicochemical characteristics of the virion. On the basis of virion size (28 nm), icosahedral symmetry, buoyant density (1.33 g/ml), sedimentation coefficient (150S), and capsid polypeptide profile, Vilyuisk virus appears to belong to the family Picornaviridae. Acute phase mouse antisera were used to study the antigenic relatedness of Vilyuisk, GDVII (the prototypic strain TMEV), and EMC viruses by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results indicate that Vilyuisk and GDVII viruses are similar but distant subtypes, and that Vilyuisk and EMC viruses are unrelated.
Ultrastructural alterations in hepatocytes and sinus endothelia in experimental non‐A, non‐B hepatitis in chimpanzees with and without immunoglobulin prophylaxis
Authors: Spichtin Hans‐Peter , Eder Gerald , Gudat Fred , Krey Gunthild , Bianchi Leonardo 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThree chimpanzees were inoculated with an infectious factor VIII preparation. Two of the chimpanzees received in addition a human immunoglobulin preparation as used for prophylaxis in humans. All three chimpanzees developed an acute limited non‐A, non‐B hepatitis as judged from light and electron microscopic markers after an incubation period of two weeks. The use of immunoglobulin did not prevent the infection. A prolonged incubation of 15 weeks, however, was observed in one animal when alanine aminotransferase (ALT) elevation was used as criterion of infection. In the electron microscope, non‐A, non‐B hepatitis was characterized by tubular structures, spongelike inclusions and attaching curved membranes, in the absence of nuclear viruslike particles. An additional finding were viruslike particles in crystalline arrays which were found in the cytoplasm of sinusoidal‐lining endothelial cells and tubuloreticular complexes.
Junin virus activity in two rural populations of the Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF) endemic area
Authors: Weissenbacher Mercedes C. , Sabattini Marta S. , Avila María M. , Sangiorgio Patricia M. , De Sensi María R. F. , Contigiani Marta S. , Levis Silvana Del C. , Maiztegui Julio I. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTo determine the prevalence of inapparent infection with Junin virus among the rural population and its relation to the clinical disease, a serological study was carried out in two zones of the endemic area of Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF). From the first appearance of AHF in the zones (1963) and the moment of the survey (1977), 14 years had passed. A total of 695 serum samples were obtained, 540 from Córdoba and 155 from Buenos Aires. Of the 695 serum samples, 83 were positive for neutralizing antibodies against Junin virus. Total infection (clinical and inapparent cases) reached 11.6% and 12.03% in the Buenos Aires and Córdoba zones, respectively, showing that the total prevalence of infection in two zones separated by 320 miles, are very much alike. In Córdoba province, the prevalence of clinical infection was 7.59%, while that for inapparent infection was 4.44%. Values for the Province of Buenos Aires were 9.67% and 1.93%, respectively.In addition to a low prevalence of inapparent infections, the results of this survey show that roughly 90% of the population is susceptible to contract the disease; this stresses the need to immunize susceptible individuals in the endemic area.
Indirect and reverse radioimmunoassays and their apparent specificities in the detection of antibodies to enteroviruses in human sera
Authors: Torfason Einar G. , Frisk Gun , Diderholm Hans 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIndirect radioimmunoassays (RIAs) of IgM and IgG antibodies to enteroviruses have been developed, using coxsackieviruses B1 and B3, and echoviruses 11 and 30. The titres of IgM and IgG were assayed in paired sera from patients infected with one of these viruses or coxsackieviruses A7, A9, A16, B2, B4, B5 or echoviruses 4, 17, or 25. Both IgM and IgG were found in almost all serum pairs with each of the four viruses used as an antigen, and there were no certain differences between titres obtained with homologous and heterologous antigens. The convalescent phase specimens contained significantly higher titres compared with the acute phase specimens, the difference being most pronounced for IgG. Of the specimens from patients with nonenterovirus infections, a relatively high percentage contained IgM and IgG against enterovirus antigen. However, no increases in titres were seen between acute and convalescent specimens. When specimens from younger patients, aged 2 days to 22 months, without evidence of enterovirus infections, were assayed with enterovirus antigen, the frequency of IgM titres was seen to increase with age. Almost all specimens from newborns were negative, whereas the specimens from 12‐ to 22‐month‐old children showed a high frequency of IgM titres. In specimens from patients aged 2 days to 8 months, the ratio between IgM and IgG titres increased with age, probably due to a loss of maternal IgG. The IgG titres in specimens from 8.5‐ to 22‐month‐old children were similar to the titres of specimens from the patients with nonenterovirus infections.A reverse IgM assay was also developed, using the same viruses and serum specimens as for the indirect assays. In contrast to the indirect IgM assay, the reverse IgM assay was apparently type specific, provided that the amount of labeled virus was carefully standardized. The reverse IgM RIA detected and identified antibody responses better than the neutralization test. Attempts to develop a reverse IgG assay were promising concerning the specificity, but the sensitivity was low.
Community‐acquired non‐A, non‐B hepatitis: Clinical characteristics and chronicity
Authors: Sampliner Richard E. , Woronow Daniel I. , Alter Miriam J. , Smallwood Linda A. , Tabor Edward , Deinhardt Friedrich , Roggendorf Michael , Gerety Robert J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe characteristics of 86 patients with acute non‐A, non‐B hepatitis were compared to 23 patients with acute hepatitis A and 76 with acute hepatitis B by medical record reviews of patients seen at 5 hospitals in Baltimore, Maryland, as part of case‐control study of viral hepatitis. Results of serum aminotransferase levels, bilirubin, albumin, and prothrombin times alone could not distinguish the type of viral hepatitis because of extensive overlap. The alanine aminotransferase range for non‐A, non‐B hepatitis was 56 to 1819 IU/liters, for hepatitis A 250 to 1995 IU/liters, and for hepatitis B 203 to 2120 IU/liters. The ranges of aspartate aminotransferase and bilirubin for the types of hepatitis also overlapped. Fewer patients with non‐A, non‐B hepatitis or hepatitis A had a prolonged prothrombin time compared to patients with hepatitis B. Hepatic encephalopathy was seen only in two patients with hepatitis B.Forty‐two percent of non‐A, non‐B hepatitis patients followed for 6 months or longer continued to have elevated alanine aminotransferase levels. Chronic alanine aminotransferase elevation was independent of the source of infection: transfusion, parenteral drug use, or all other sources. Prolonged follow‐up is necessary to evaluate chronicity in patients with non‐A, non‐B hepatitis.
The immune response of healthy nigerian adults to small doses of hepatitis B vaccine: Comparison of 10‐ and 20‐μg doses
Authors: Ayoola E. A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe immunogenic effect of hepatitis B vaccine (H‐B‐vax) was evaluated in 120 seronegative healthy Nigerians. Three doses of the vaccine were given at 0, 1, and 6 months. Serial blood samples were tested 1 month after each vaccination for hepatitis B surface antibody (anti‐HBs) and antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti‐HBc). Of 60 vaccines given 20 μg of the vaccine, 40% had significant anti‐HBs response 1 month after the first dose, 70% after the second dose, and 91.7% after the third dose. In the 60 vaccines given 10‐μg doses, the seroconversion rates were 35, 73.3, and 90%, respectively. It is concluded that this vaccine in 10‐μg doses is as effective as the larger doses in producing anti‐HBs. The administration of small doses would reduce the cost of large‐scale vaccination programs in developing countries.
Isolation and characterization of liver‐derived hepatitis B e antigen
Authors: Budkowska Agata , Petit Marie‐Anne , Karwowska Sylwia , Roszuk Danuta 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTwo subpopulations of hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) were isolated from a human liver infected with hepatitis B virus. HBeAg extracted from liver homogenate subsequent to treatment with buffered 3 M NaSCN or 0.5 M MgCl2 banded at the density of 1.13 g/cm3 in CsCl and was polydispersed on gel filtration. In contrast, HBeAg released with phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS) was detected mainly at a density of 1.20 g/cm3 in a CsCl gradient and consisted of low molecular weight species on gel chromatography. Polypeptides of 40,000 and 45,000 daltons were found in NaSCN and PBS‐released HBeAg preparations, respectively. The results are interpreted as suggestive that liver HBeAg is a dimer of the major core particle polypeptide in different physicochemical forms.
Comparative immunogenicity studies on epstein‐barr virus membrane antigen (MA) gp340 with novel adjuvants in mice, rabbits, and cotton‐top tamarins
Authors: Morgan A. J. , Epstein M. A. , North J. R. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe effectiveness of immunisation of mice, rabbits, and cotton‐top tamarins with small amounts of EB virus MA glycoprotein gp340, incorporated into artificial liposomes, has been compared using various routes of injection with or without additional adjuvants. Liposomes containing gp340 gave specific high titre antibodies after i.p. or i.v. administration, and the addition of lipid A to the liposomes resulted in a significant enhancement of the response. Antibodies generated by the above procedure were virus neutralising and bound gp340 specifically. These findings indicate an advantageous approach for use with a prototype vaccine for the prevention of EB virus infection.
Delta agent infection in melbourne
Authors: Hoy J. F. , Hansson B. G. , Dimitrakakis M. , Gust I. , Lucas C. R. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractEvidence of infection with delta agent was sought in 284 patients with acute hepatitis B referred to Fairfield Hospital, Melbourne, between July 1, 1981, and June 30, 1982 and in 127 hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carriers. Acute and convalescent serum samples from the patients with acute hepatitis B and single or multiple sera from the HBsAg carriers were tested for delta antigen (δL ag) and/or antibody (anti‐δL) by solid‐phase radioimmunoassay (SPRIA). Evidence of infection was detected in 14.4% of patients with acute hepatitis B and 7.1% of chronic HBsAg carriers. Eighty‐eight percent of those in whom delta agent infection was demonstrated were intravenous drug users.