bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE IMMUNE RESPONSE OF THE MAMMARY GLAND AND REGIONAL LYMPH NODE FOLLOWING ANTIGENIC STIMULATION
Authors: Outteridge PM , Rock JD , Lascelles AK 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe changes in the antibody and cellular content of milk and mammary lymph have been studied in ewes given intramammary infusions of various antigens. Killed Brucella abortus, Salmonella typhi and Salmonella pullorum, the antigens used in the experiments, were infused into one udder half while the other served as a control.Apart from a transient increase in the neutrophil content of the milk immediately following the infusion, there was no difference in the cell content of the milk of the infused or control glands throughout the experiments on lactating sheep. There was a relatively small increase in plasmablasts and plasma cells in the efferent lymph from the mammary gland following intrammary infusion compared with that following subcutaneous injection. There was at the most only a slight increase in antibody litre in the milk following infusion into mammary glands of lactating sheep and in all experiments the litre in plasma was higher than that in milk. On the other hand there was a substantial rise in antibody titre in the secretion from involuting glands. After two infusions at 10‐day intervals the litres in the secretion from the involuting gland and in the lymph draining it were many times higher than that in plasma. These results suggest that much of the antibody in involution milk was locally synthesized. Killed Salmonella typhix “O” organisms were infused into the glands of two pregnant ewes 2‐6 weeks before parturition. This resulted in high litres in the colostrum and in the milk for at least three months of the next lactation. The antibody titre of the milk from the infused side was higher than that of the control side and plasma.
CHANGES IN THE PHOSPHATE CONTENT OF MYCOBACTERIA PRODUCED BY ISONIAZID AND ETHAMBUTOL
Authors: Youatt Jean 
Published: December 2007

SummaryMycobacteria cultures of different ages showed a reduction in the content of an acid‐labile phosphorus‐containing fraction (tentatively identified as inorganic polyphosphate) in the presence of isonicotinic acid hydrazide (isoniazid) and ethambutol. This change occured without an increase in the dry weight of the cultures and it is suggested, therefore, that a degradative process rather than a blocked synthesis is involved. Further experiments suggest that this effect is secondary to the initial action of both isoniazid and ethambutol. Other recent reports of the effects of isoniazid on cell composition are reviewed.
RATE OF HAEMOGLOBIN SYNTHESIS AFTER BLOOD LOSS IN SHEEP AND THE INFLUENCE OF DIETARY PROTEIN
Authors: Shutt DA , McDonald IW 
Published: December 2007

SummaryIn intact sheep a moderate degree of experimental anaemia (6 g. Hb. per cent), maintained by daily bleeding, provoked a marked increase in the rate of haemoglobin synthesis. The maximal rate of haemoglobin synthesis achieved was about 3½ times the nomal rate — equivalent to the production of 0·25 g. Hb. per day per kg. body weight. Haemoglobin concentration in blood was maintained at 6g. Hb. per cent partly at the expense of the reserve haemoglobin in the spleen. Haemodilution was observed during bleeding, followed by haemoconcentration during the recovery period.Splenectomized sleep responded to single massive bleeding or repeated daily bleeding with an increase in the rate of haemoglobin synthesis and in the retention of dietary nitrogen.Comparison of the rate of haemoglobin synthesis on two levels of protein intake (65 g. and 145 g. crude protein per sheep per day) Suggested that the rate of haemoglobin synthesis was independent of dietary protein within the limits examined, but the level of the circulating mass ol haemoglobin after recovery from bleeding was probably Influenced by the protein intake.
CYTOTOXICITY OF ENDOTOXIN IN VITRO
Authors: Kessel RWI , Braun W 
Published: December 2007

SummaryA method to assay the eytotoxic effects of endotoxin on guinea pig macrophages in vitro is described. It employs monolayers in a serum‐free maintenance solution, and the effects of endotoxin are assessed by the proportion of cells taking tip Trypan Blue six to eight hours later. The kinetics indicate that macrophages may be affected relatively rapidly after exposure to endotoxin, but that in any population there is a small proportion of refractory cells. Large increments in the amount of endotoxin are necessary to change the proportion of affected cells. Guinea pig serum interferes with the cyto‐toxicity of endotoxins in vitro. Possible mechanisms of the endotoxin‐elicited cell injury are discussed.
THE INDUCTION OF RESPIRATORY DEFICIENT MUTANTS IN A YEAST BY HYDROGEN PEROXIDE AND THE EFFECT OF pH ON THE MUTATION RATE
Authors: McBrien BP 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe use of hydrogen peroxide as an inducer of the respiratory deficient (RD) state in cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been investigated. When low concentrations of peroxide are added continuously to continuous cultures of the yeast, there is an increased production of RD mutants which lack cytochrome a and cytochrome b, but do contain cytochrome c and cytochrome c peroxidase. The rate of this mutation was found to increase as the pH of the medium was raised from pH 4·5 to pH 8·5.It is suggested that the induction of RD mutants may involve a primary reaction of free radical nature.
EFFECT OF HEAT DURING DRYING ON SURVIVAL OF BACTERIA IN DESICCATES
Authors: Annear DI 
Published: December 2007

SummaryDesiccates of Salmonella ndolo in sodium glutamate were exposed to 100° for various periods before sealing. Recoveries of viable organisms from such desiccates after further exposure to 100° and after storage at 45° were much higher than from unheated controls.Slow rehydration of the heated desiccates with nutrient broth yielded higher recoveries than did rapid rehydration.
RECOVERIES OF STRIGOMONAS ONCOPELTI, LEPTOSPIRAE AND REITER'S TREPONEME FROM DESICCATES AFTER STORAGE FOR FIVE YEARS
Authors: Annear DI 
Published: December 2007

SummaryDesiccates of Strigomonas oncopelti, four species of leptospirae and the Reiter trcponeme have yielded viable organisms after storage for five years at 4°. At room temperature only the treponeme was successfully preserved.
THE INDUCED FORMATION OF PENICILLINASE IN STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
Authors: Coles NW , Gross R 
Published: December 2007

SummarySome properties of the induction of penicillinase in Staphylococcus aureus, using benzyl penicillin and cloxacillin as inducers, are described. Optimal conditions for induction are indistinguishable from those supporting growth. In a chemically‐defined medium, glucose, amino acids, potassium, magnesium and phosphate were found to be required for induction, and an — SH compound stimulatory. With penicillin as inducer, the formation of penicillinase parallels the loss of viability of the cells. It is concluded that only cells which have commenced to grow have the ability to express their capacity for penicillinase production. Data are presented which support the hypothesis of involvement of an unstable specific messenger RNA in the induced synthesis of penicillinase. Using actinomycin D, a half‐life of 51 seconds has been determined for the turnover rate of penicillinase‐specific messenger RNA compared with 46 seconds for the half‐lift of 14C‐uracil in cold trichloroacetic acid insoluble material in S. aureus under similar conditions.
EFFECTS OF INTRAVITREOUS INJECTION OF DRUGS ON THE CHOLINESTERASE OF THE RETINA
Authors: Rose SAM , Glow Peter H 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe cholinesterase activity of excised retinas was measured after intravitreous, intramuscular, and intracarotid injection of various combinations of diisopropylfluorophosphate, octamethylpyrophosphoramide, 1,3 bis (4‐hydroxyi‐minoethylpyridinium) propane dibromide (C434) and acetylcholine.Cholinesterase activity of the retina could be manipulated independently in each eye, without systemic effects, by intravitreous injection of drugs even if these drugs would not have penetrated from the blood to the retina. The advantages of using retina for biochemical and pharmacological studies on neural tissues are discussed.
GROWTH OF DIPLOID AND HETEROPLOID TISSUE CULTURES IN THE PRESENCE OF SOME ANTIBIOTICS
Authors: Tomkins GA , Ferguson Jean 
Published: December 2007

SummarySeveral antibiotics were tested for their toxicity on three cell types—the heteroploid H.Ep.2 cell line, primary cynomolgus monkey kidney cells, and a diploid human embryonic skin line. The elimination of specific contaminants by particular antibiotics is discussed, and suitable concentrations of the antibiotics for use in tissue cultures are recommended. Kanamycin, neomycin, fungizone, chloramphenicol, viomycin and polymyxin B are suitable antibiotics for the elimination of the micro‐organisms most frequently encountered as contaminants of tissue cultures.
THE SUITABILITY OF SILVERED LEAF MONKEY (PRESBYTIS CRISTATUS) KIDNEY CELL CULTURES FOR TESTING POLIOVIRUS VACCINES
Authors: Thayer JR 
Published: December 2007

SummaryKidney cell cultures prepared from eight silvered leaf (Presbytis cristatus) monkeys had a sensitivity to the three poliovirus types, either untreated or formaldehyde‐treated, at least equal to that observed for cynomolgus kidney cell cultures under similar conditions. Simian foamy virus or other agents which would produce a cytopathic effect were not detected in the silvered leaf cell cultures.
THE PRODUCTION OF ANTIBODY IN THE PRESENCE OF INTERFERON
Authors: Anderson SG 
Published: December 2007

SummaryNormal mice were injected with one or other of two antigens, the polysaccharide specific soluble substance of type III pneumococci and the MEL strain of type A influenza virus.The time of appearance and titre of serum antibody to each antigen were determined.No evidence was found for an inhibitory effect of interferon on the production of antibody.
CHANGES IN THE VIRULENCE AND ANTIGENIC STRUCTURE OF STRAINS OF MYXOMA VIRUS RECOVERED FROM AUSTRALIAN WILD RABBITS BETWEEN 1950 AND 1964
Authors: Fenner Frank , Woodroofe Gwendolyn M 
Published: December 2007

SummaryVirulence tests were carried out on 300 strains of myxoma virus obtained from the rabbit‐infested parts of Australia during the year 1963‐1964. The general distribution of strains among virulence grades did not differ greatly from that found in the previous Australian survey in 1958‐1959. No highly virulent strains were recovered, and judging from the samples tested, the distribution of strains of various degrees of virulence was not influenced by recent inoculation campaigns.All strains were tested for the soluble antigens they produced in skin lesions in rabbits. One strain from Victoria and one from New South Wales failed to produce a soluble antigen which was a major component of the standard laboratory strain, and of all the other field strains tested.
AUTORADIOGRAPHIC OBSERVATIONS ON THE LOCATION OF DNA— AND RNA— SYNTHESIZING CELLS IN RAT POPLITEAL LYMPH NODESM
Authors: Miller JJ 
Published: December 2007

Summary3H‐thymidine and 3H‐cytidine have been used to study the histological localization of DNA‐ and RNA‐synthesizing cells in popliteal lymph nodes from untreated, immunized and neonatally thymectomized rats. Active cell proliferation, as measured by 3H‐thymidine incorporation, was demonstrated in the medulla of unstimulated nodes from normal and from neonatally thymectomized rats. After an immunological stimulus, an early increase in medullary cell proliferation was associated with a similar but less intense reaction in the cortex. A partial dissociation between the sites of cell proliferation and the sites of most active RNA synthesis was noted. Cells with the highest apparent RNA‐synthetic rates were found predominantly in the cortex. Reticular cells, histiocytes, and plasma cells were found to retain labelled RNA longer than the other cells of the lymph nodes.The ability to achieve considerably more intense labelling in popliteal lymph node cells than in the rest of the lymphoid system by hind foot‐pad injections of 3H‐nucleosides was confirmed. However, attempts to use this finding for a study of lymph node cell migration were complicated by a failure to obtain adequate numbers of labelled cells after injection of 3H‐thymidine, and by the difficulty of finding a dose of 3H‐cytidine which labelled small lymphocytes in the popliteal nodes but not blast cells in other organs. It was possible, however, to demonstrate lymphocyte migration within 30 minutes of selective labelling of one popliteal node. Small numbers of migrant cells were found in other lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and ileal submucosa.
THE CATECHOLAMINES IN LIZARD HEART
Authors: Cooper CJ , de la Lande IS , Tyler MJ 
Published: December 2007

SummaryFluorimetric assay of nine samples of auricles of the Sleepy Lizard Tiliqua rugosa yielded mean noradrenaline and adrenaline contents of 2·54 and 0·34 μg./g. tissue respectively. The ratio of noradrenaline to adrenaline was consistently high despite considerable variation in the total catecholamine content, and was confirmed by parallel bioassay on three samples of pooled auricles. Reserpine in the relatively high dose of 20 mg./Kg. depleted the tissues of total catecholamines. The findings are interpreted as evidence that noradrenaline is the sympathetic transmitter in the lizard, and support the results of an earlier study which emphasised the similar pharmacological properties of sympathetic nerve transmission in the lizard and mammalian hearts.
MECHANISM OF INDUCTION OF IMMUNOLOGICAL TOLERANCE
Authors: Mitchell Judith , Nossal GJV 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe purpose of the experiments was to study the distribution and fate of a population of antigen molecules responsible for the induction of a state of immunological tolerance in the newborn rat. Salmonella flagellin and other antigens were labelled with carrier‐free I125 to give substitution rate approaching or exceeding 1 radioactive atom per molecule. Tolerance was induced in 2 ways: either by a single injection of a dose of about 100 μg or by a course of injections of 1 μg given twice per week for 8 weeks. Rats were killed at intervals and the antigen distribution pattern was studied by scintillation counting and autoradiography.The results showed that antigen handling in the newborn rat was substantially different from that previously reported in adult rats. Phagocytosis of antigen was never a prominent feature in newborn rats, even when opsonins in the form of immune serum had been passively injected. The outstanding feature was an extremely diffuse distribution of antigen throughout all lymphoid tissues, including the thymus.In rats receiving a single, large dose of antigen at birth, the initial concen tration of antigen scattered diffusely throughout the lymphoid, system was high. Autoradiographs suggested the presence of thousands of molecules per cell. This level fell progressively over the next few weeks, reaching a concentration of around 1 molecule per cell by 3 to 4 weeks. Scattered antigen was also seen in the tissues of rats receiving the twice weekly injections, but these tended to develop the adult pattern of antigen localization as they matured.In both types of experiment, detectable labelled antigen disappeared from the lymphoid system before tolerance was totally lost.
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF Fl AND BACKCROSS HYBRIDS BETWEEN “HIGH LEUKAEMIA” (AKR) AND “AUTOIMMUNE” (NZB) MOUSE STRAINS
Authors: Holmes Margaret C , Burnet FM 
Published: December 2007

SummaryWhen female NZB mice were crossed with male AKR, the F1 hybrids were more long‐lived than either parent.Conversion from negative to positive Coombs test occurred much later than in NZB mice and 3–4 months earlier in F1 females than in males.Kidney lesions were much rarer, but when they occurred they were of the same quality as in NZB mice. The incidence in backcrosses would suggest that a single gene pair is concerned.Thymic lesions in the F1 group showed both the pre‐lymphoma nodules of AKR and the germinal centres and other changes characteristic of NZB. Both were much more extensive in female than in male mice.Development of primary thymoma was delayed and many of the “prelymphoma” nodules showed no sign of activity, and would presumably not have initiated a frank lymphoma‐leukaemia.Lymphomatous tumours commencing in the thymus or elsewhere had a lower incidence and appeared later in the F1 than in AKR. In the backeross to AKR a considerable number of early thymomas of AKR type were seen.Reticulum cell tumours of the spleen (48), plasmacytomas (16), and lymphoepithelial tumours of the thymus (5) were found amongst 161 neoplastic conditions in the 3 groups.
VARIATIONS WITH AGE IN THE PLASMA IRON AND TOTAL IRON‐BINDING CAPACITY IN DAIRY CALVES
Authors: Bremner KC 
Published: December 2007

SummaryPlasma iron concentrations and total iron‐binding capacity were determined in dairy calves of both sexes at various ages from birth to 15 months. In most of the calves examined, plasma iron concentrations increased considerably at some time between 1 and 3 weeks after birth, declining within the next few days to levels similar to those found in adult cattle. Values for total iron‐binding capacity increased sharply after birth, reaching maximum values between 1 and 5 weeks later. Values then declined up to the age of 3 months. In calves aged from 3 to 15 months, plasma iron levels of female calves decreased with age, and by 15 months were significantly lower than those of male calves of the same age. Total iron‐binding capacity values of male calves increased with age from 3 to 15 months, but no significant difference in this index between sexes was observed at any one age.
THE SEPARATION OF DIFFERENT CELL CLASSES FROM LYMPHOID ORGANS
Authors: Shortman Ken 
Published: December 2007

SummaryLymph node cells are retained by columns of siliconed glass beads (60–90 μ diameter) when cell suspensions are passed through the columns at 4°. Trapping of cells is almost complete when serum is absent from the suspension medium, but decreases with increasing serum concentration. Cells trapped by the columns may be recovered by disrupting the bed of beads. The retention seems to depend on both simple filtration and physical adsorption effects.Under certain conditions the cells form a series in order of their probability of retention, namely: Damaged cells > blasts > plasma cells > small lymphocytes > erythrocytes. This has been the basis for three separation procedures: (1) Removal of damaged cells from cell suspensions; (2) separation of suspensions into a series of fractions differing in the relative proportions of various cell types; (3) purification of small lymphocytes.Small lymphocytes, free from damaged cells, were purified by filtration through the column to select the 9% least adherent cells. Contaminants included 5% erythrocytes, but less than 0·1% of other cell types. The level of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesizing cells was reduced 70‐fold compared to the original suspension, and the preparation showed a relatively narrow size range distribution.
MECHANISM OF INDUCTION OF IMMUNOLOGICAL TOLERANCE
Authors: Austin Caroline M , Nossal GJV 
Published: December 2007

SummaryRats were rendered tolerant to the Salmonella flagellar antigen fg by multiple injections of monomeric flagellin, starting at birth. When such rats were challenged in adult life, they responded normally to a variety of unrelated antigens such as sheep and chicken red blood cells, C16 phage, and bovine serum albumin.Two H antigens, i and d, were then chosen on the basis of exhaustive serological study which showed them to be unrelated to fg. It was shown that rats tolerant to fg also exhibited a substantial degree of tolerance to the other Salmonella antigens. However, they were not tolerant when challenged with Proteus vulgaris flagellin or a variety of other antigens.When normal adult rats were given an injection of fg flagella and, 6 weeks later, an injection of i flagella, the primary response to the antigen i was significantly depressed.Thus, there seems to be an immunological relationship of a unique kind between Salmonella flagellar antigens, particularly exemplified by i and fg. While there is no trace of antigenic overlap in their in vitro behaviour, prior injection of one alters the immunogenicity of the other. The significance of these findings for theories of antibody production and tolerance is discussed.
THE SEPARATION OF SODIUM AND POTASSIUM‐ACTIVATED ADENOSINE‐TRIPHOSPHATASE FROM A SODIUM OR POTASSIUM INHIBITED ADENOSINE‐TRIPHOSPHATASE OF CARDIAC MUSCLE
Authors: Potter Helen A , Charnock JS , Opit LJ 
Published: December 2007

SummarySalt extraction of sheep or guinea‐pig cardiac muscle was employed to obtain two adenosine‐triphosphatase preparations. After extraction of cardiac muscle homogenate with 1 M lithium bromide, an insoluble adenosine‐triphosphatase preparation was obtained which was activated by sodium and potassium ions and which could then be inhibited by the cardiac glycoside ouabain. By using 1 M potassium chloride in place of lithium bromide a soluble adenosine‐triphosphatase system was extracted which required calcium ions for activation, but which was not activated by sodium and potassium, nor was the activity inhibited by ouabain. Inhibition of the sodium and potassium activated adenosine‐triphosphatase of cardiac muscle by low concentrations of ouabain (half maximal 4 × 10−6 M) suggest that this cardiac adenosine‐triphosphatase displays similar sensitivity to cardiac glycosidcs as “transport” adenosine‐triphosphatase preparations obtained from brain and kidney tissue. It is concluded that the insoluble sodium and potassium activated adenosine‐triphosphatase of cardiac muscle may be a major site for the pharmacological effects of cardiac glycosides.
IMMUNOASSAY OF PARATHYROID HORMONE IN BOVINE PLASMA
Authors: Melick RA 
Published: December 2007

SummaryUsing an antiserum to bovine parathyroid hormone, the levels of parathyroid hormone in bovine plasma have been measured by radioimmunoassay. These ranged from 320 to 1840 μμg per ml. with a mean value of 937 μμg per ml. The results are very similar to those reported for cattle. Much less activity was found in plasma from other species. suggesting limited cross reactivity of the antiserum.
THE EFFECT OF DIMETHYL SULPHOXIDE ON HEPATIC CELLS OF RATS
Authors: Shilkin KB , Papadimitriou JM , Walters MN‐I 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe dipolar aprotic solvent dimethyl sulphoxide, although generally used in biology to preserve cells, is shown to be capable of producing morphological changes in hepatocytcs of the rat. These changes have features similar to those caused by other hepatotoxins. The damage due to dimethyl sulphoxide is not prevented by compounds stabilizing the cell membrane. The substance probably exerts its effect by alteration of the selective permeability of the cell membrane.
THE EFFECT OF TRAUMATIC SHOCK ON METABOLISM OF ETHYL ALCOHOL IN MICE
Authors: Lykke AWJ , Kosche ER 
Published: December 2007

SummaryIn three controlled experiments using 32 quartets of litter‐mate male white mice the rates of whole‐body metabolism of ethyl alcohol after intraperitoneal injection of ethyl alcohol were found to be significantly slower in animals in which a fracture of the femur was produced at the time of the injection of alcohol. Pretreatment with nicotinamide at a dosage of 500 mg./kg. body‐weight caused a significant retardation of the rate of metabolism of alcohol, whereas pretreatment of fasting mice with nicotinamide at a dosage of 50 mg./kg. body‐weight significantly accelerated the rate of metabolism of alcohol. There was no significant interaction between pretreatment with either nicotinamide or diphosphopyridinenucleotide and treatment by fracturing the femur on the rate of whole‐body metabolism of alcohol.It is concluded that the retardation of the rate of whole‐body metabolism of ethyl alcohol in mice in states of traumatic shock is not caused by diminished availability of diphosphopyridinenucleotide.