bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An emulsifier‐free core–shell polyacrylate/diacetone acrylamide emulsion with nano‐SiO2 for room temperature curable waterborne coatings
Authors: Wang Rong‐Min , Lv Wei‐Hua , He Yu‐Feng , Wang Yan , Guo Jun‐Feng 
Published: February 2009

AbstractAn emulsifier‐free core–shell polyacrylate emulsion, containing nano‐SiO2 nanoparticles in the core and diacetone acrylamide (DAAM) in the shell, has been successfully prepared by emulsifier‐free seeded emulsion polymerization. The effects of reaction temperature, dropping time, nano‐SiO2 and initiator contents, and variation of the composition of core monomers on the amount of coagulum, particle size, and monomer conversion have been investigated. The particle morphology and the distribution of emulsion particles have been measured by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering. The keto‐carbonyl groups on the surface of the polyacrylate emulsion nanoparticles reacted with adipic dihydrazide (ADH) to form a film with a cross‐linked network structure at room temperature. Therefore, the emulsifier‐free core–shell emulsion could be used as a two‐component room temperature curable waterborne coating. It was also found that the properties of the coating were clearly superior after using the cross‐linker. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Factors influencing the duration of pregnancy termination with vaginal misoprostol for fetal abnormality
Authors: Dickinson Jan E. , Doherty Dorota A. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractObjectiveEvaluation of factors influencing the duration of second‐trimester pregnancy interruption with vaginal misoprostol for fetal abnormality.MethodsAll medical terminations ≥13 weeks of gestation 1/1997 to 12/2007 were prospectively identified. Cases receiving vaginal misoprostol 400 µg 6‐hourly were extracted from the database and outcomes reviewed.ResultsThis consecutive case series comprised 1066 women. Median maternal age was 31 years [interquartile range (IQR) 26, 36] and 15.4% had at least one prior cesarean delivery. Principal indications for termination were aneuploidy (37.6%), neural tube defects (15.9%) and cardiac anomalies (9.4%). Median gestation at termination was 19.5 weeks (IQR 17.9, 21). Median abortion interval was 16.1 h (IQR 12, 23.5). Lower maternal age (median duration 17.6 vs 15.2 vs 13.6 h, age < 30 vs 30–39 vs > 40 years, p < 0.001), nulliparity (median duration 19 vs 14.3 h, nulliparous vs parous, p < 0.001) and increasing gestation (median duration 13 vs 17.8 h, <16 vs >20 weeks, p < 0.001) were associated with abortion prolongation. Controlling for gestation, age and parity, apart from musculoskeletal abnormalities (associated with abortion prolongation, p = 0.03), the specific fetal anomaly did not influence duration.ConclusionsThree factors: nulliparity, younger maternal age and increasing gestation, were associated with abortion prolongation. Apart from musculoskeletal abnormalities, the fetal anomaly had no impact on abortion duration. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Paediatric homoeopathy in Germany: results of the German health interview and examination survey for children and adolescents (KiGGS)
Authors: Du Yong , Knopf Hildtraud 
Published: February 2009

AbstractPurposeDespite growing pressure against homoeopathy, an unexpected resurgence in the use of homoeopathy has been reported. It is of interest to examine the use of homoeopathy and user profiles among children in Germany.MethodsLast‐week homoeopathy use was recorded among 17 450 children aged 0–17 years who participated in the 2003–2006 German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS). The complex sample method was used to estimate the prevalence of, and factors associated with, homoeopathy use.ResultsNine hundred and fifty‐one homoeopathic preparations were used by 718 children (weighted prevalence 4.6%). Nearly half of the homoeopathic preparations were obtained by prescriptions from medical doctors or Heilpraktiker (non‐medical practitioners) and used most often to treat certain self‐limiting conditions. About 60% of homoeopathy users concomitantly received conventional medicines. Homoeopathy use was closely related to socioeconomic factors, with a significantly higher prevalence rate found in the 0–6 year age group [prevalence 6.2%, odds ratio 2.2, 95% confidence intervals (CIs) 1.7–2.9], among children residing in the former West Germany [5.1%, 2.2(1.5–3.2)] or the south of Germany [6.6%, 1.7(1.3–2.4)], among children with a poor health status [6.8%, 3.0(2.2–4.2)], with no immigration background [5.3%, 3.7(2.2–6.1)], who received breast‐feeding >6 months [7.6%, 2.1(1.6–2.9)], were from upper social‐class families [7.4%, 1.8(1.1–2.8)] and whose children's mothers were college educated [7.2%, 1.6(1.2–2.2)].ConclusionsPaediatric homoeopathy is quite popular in Germany, particularly among children from families with a higher socioeconomic status. The high level of paediatric homoeopathy use in Germany warrants a critical review to determine whether it is evidence based and cost‐effective. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Review on use of German health insurance medication claims data for epidemiological research
Authors: Hoffmann Falk 
Published: February 2009

AbstractPurposeThe objective was to evaluate the use of German health insurance claims data on medications over the last 10 years by a review of published studies.MethodsPubMed and Scopus were searched for relevant studies published in 1998 through 2007.ResultsA total of 70 studies were included. Use of these data increased from 32 reports (45.7%) between 1998 and 2005 to 38 (54.3%) over the last 2 years (2006–2007). Over half of the studies (57.1%; n = 40) were written in English and the most frequent research types were health service utilization (51.4%; n = 36) and cost analyses (18.6%; n = 13). In most of the studies (65.7%; n = 46), medication data were linked with other health care utilization claims (e.g. hospitalization data and physicians' outpatient services). Data validity was not taken into consideration in 40.6% (n = 13) of the 32 studies that also analysed hospitalization or physicians' outpatient diagnoses.ConclusionsGerman health insurance medication claims data were increasingly used for research purposes over the last 10 years. Especially methodological and validation studies are clearly needed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relationship between thiazolidinedione use and cardiovascular outcomes and all‐cause mortality among patients with diabetes: a time‐updated propensity analysis
Authors: Habib Zeina A. , Tzogias Leonidas , Havstad Suzanne L. , Wells Karen , Divine George , Lanfear David E. , Tang Jeffrey , Krajenta Richard , Pladevall Manel , Williams L. Keoki 
Published: February 2009

AbstractPurposeTo investigate the association of the thiazolidinediones (TZDs), rosiglitazone, and pioglitazone, together and individually on the risk of cardiovascular outcomes and all‐cause mortality, using time‐updated propensity score adjusted analysis.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study in a large vertically integrated health system in southeast Michigan. Cohort inclusion criteria included adult patients with diabetes treated with oral medications and followed longitudinally within the health system between 1 January 2000 and 1 December 2006. The primary outcome was fatal and non‐fatal acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Secondary outcomes included hospitalizations for congestive heart failure (CHF), fatal, and non‐fatal cerebrovascular accidents (CVA) and transient ischemic attacks (TIA), combined coronary heart disease (CHD) events, and all‐cause mortality.Results19 171 patients were included in this study. Use of TZDs (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) with propensity adjustment (PA), 0.92; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.73–1.17), rosiglitazone (aHR with PA, 1.06; 95%CI 0.66–1.70), and pioglitazone (aHR with PA, 0.91; 95%CI 0.69–1.21) was not associated with a higher risk of AMI. However, pioglitazone use was associated with a reduction in all‐cause mortality (aHR with PA, 0.60; 95%CI 0.42–0.96). Compared with rosiglitazone, pioglitazone use was associated with a lower risk of all outcomes assessed, particularly CHF (p = 0.013) and combined CHD events (p = 0.048).ConclusionsOur findings suggest that pioglitazone may have a more favorable risk profile when compared to rosiglitazone, arguing against a singular effect for TZDs on cardiovascular outcomes. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Swelling and hydrolytic degradation behaviour of pH‐responsive hydrogels of poly[(N‐isopropylacrylamide)‐co‐(methacrylic acid)] crosslinked by biodegradable polycaprolactone chains
Authors: París Rodrigo , Quijada‐Garrido Isabel 
Published: February 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: Stimuli‐responsive hydrogels are typically obtained from non‐biodegradable monomers. The use of biodegradable crosslinkers can overcome this limitation. In this context, the main aim of this work was to use modified polycaprolactone as a crosslinker in the preparation of pH‐responsive hydrogels based on N‐isopropylacrylamide and methacrylic acid to give poly[(N‐isopropylacrylamide)‐co‐(methacrylic acid)] (P(N‐iPAAm‐co‐MAA)).RESULTS: Poly(caprolactone) dimethacrylate macromonomer was synthesized and successfully employed as crosslinker with various ratios in the synthesis of well‐known pH‐responsive hydrogels of P(N‐iPAAm‐co‐MAA). The swelling properties of these degradable hydrogels were investigated. They practically do not swell at pH = 2, but exhibit a very high swelling capacity in distilled water and in solutions of pH = 7. In addition, degradation studies at pH = 12 showed that the hydrolysis of the ester groups in the polycaprolactone chains produces, after a relatively short time, the total solubilization of the polymer chains.CONCLUSION: The hydrogels under study have certain characteristics that could make them good candidates for use as matrices in controlled drug delivery. On the one hand, they do not swell in acid pH solution (stomach conditions) but they swell extensively at neutral pH. On the other hand, they became rapidly water soluble following degradation. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Review of choice and use of antidepressants
Authors: Bleakley Stephen 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIn the first of a new series of articles on the major psychiatric drug groups, produced in association with the College of Mental Health Pharmacists, the author discusses the use of antidepressants through a review of the most recent clinical literature. Pharmacology, interactions and side‐effects as well as drug choice and information to give to patients are described. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Interface Ltd
A comprehensive study of (CH3)2CHOC(S)SC(O)OCH3using matrix isolation technique, X‐ray analysis, spectroscopic studies and theoretical calculations
Authors: Tobón Yeny A. , Romano Rosana M. , Hey‐Hawkins Evamarie , Boese Roland , Védova Carlos O. Della 
Published: February 2009

AbstractPotassium isopropyl xanthate, (CH3)2CHOC(S)SK, reacts with methyl chloroformiate ClC(O)OCH3to yield (methoxycarbonyl) (2‐propoxythiocarbonyl) sulfide, (CH3)2CHOC(S)SC(O)OCH3. This novel xanthogen formate was characterized by1H and13C{1H} NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and IR and Raman spectroscopy. The structure of a single crystal of (CH3)2CHOC(S)SC(O)OCH3was determined by X‐ray diffraction analysis at 173 K. The conformational properties have been studied by liquid IR and Raman spectroscopy, matrix isolation spectroscopy together with photochemical studies and quantum chemical calculations (HF and B3LYP methods with the 6‐31+G* basis set). The analysis of the IR spectrum of liquid (CH3)2CHOC(S)SC(O)OCH3suggests the presence of two conformers in equilibrium at room temperature. However, in the photochemical matrix study, an equilibrium of three conformers was detected. These forms were further characterized by theoretical calculations. Different photolysis products, such as CH3OC(O)SCH(CH3)2, OCS, CO, CO2and CS2, were identified by matrix spectroscopy. The IR absorptions of CH3OC(O)SCH(CH3)2, for which literature data are scarce, were analysed in the light of the results of appropriate theoretical calculations. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Isothermal crystallization kinetics and melting behavior of poly(ethylene terephthalate)/barite nanocomposites
Authors: Ge Chunhua , Ding Peng , Shi Liyi , Fu Jifang 
Published: February 2009

AbstractPoly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)/Barite nanocomposites were prepared by direct melt compounding. The effects of PET‐Barite interfacial interaction on the dynamic mechanical properties and crystallization were investigated by DMA and DSC. The results showed that Barite can act as a nucleating agent and the nucleation activity can be increased when the Barite was surface‐modified (SABarite). SABarite nanoparticles induced preferential lamellae orientation because of the strong interfacial interaction between PET chains and SABarite nanoparticles, which was not the case in Barite filled PET as determined by WAXD. For PET/Barite nanocomposites, the Avrami exponent n increased with increasing crystallization temperature. Although at the same crystallization temperature, the n value will decrease with increasing SABarite content, indicating of the enhancement of the nucleation activity. Avrami analyses suggest that the nucleation mechanism is different. The activation energy determined from Arrhenius equation reduced dramatically for PET/SABarite nanocomposite, confirming the strong interfacial interaction between PET chains and SABarite nanoparticles can reduce the crystallization free energy barrier for nucleus formation. In the DSC scan after isothermal crystallization process, double melting behavior was found. And the double endotherms could be attributed to the melting of recrystallized less perfect crystallites or the secondary lamellae produced during different crystallization processes. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 47: 655–668, 2009
Bio‐based nanocomposites composed of photo‐cured epoxidized soybean oil and supramolecular hydroxystearic acid nanofibers
Authors: Shibata Mitsuhiro , Teramoto Naozumi , Someya Yoshihiro , Suzuki Sakuya 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA mixture of epoxidized soybean oil (ESO), (R)‐12‐hydroxystrearic acid (HSA) and a photoinitiator for cationic polymerization in the ESO/HSA weight ratio 10/1 was heated to 100 °C and gradually cooled to room temperature to give bio‐based gelatinous material. The photo‐curing of the gel afforded a nanocomposite composed of crosslinked ESO and supramolecular HSA nanofibers. The transmission electron microscopy observation of the photo‐cured ESO/HSA revealed that dendritic clusters of HSA nanofibers are formed in the crosslinked ESO matrix. In the differential scanning calorimetry chart of the ESO/HSA, a thermal transition from the mesophase composed of supramolecular nanofibers to isotropic state was observed at 67 °C (ΔH = 22.6 J/g‐HSA), while the Tm of crystalline HSA is 77.7 °C (ΔHm = 159 J/g‐HSA). Tensile strength at 20 °C of the ESO‐HSA was ∼80% higher than that of photo‐cured ESO without HSA. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 47: 669–673, 2009
Nonisothermal crystallization kinetics and determination of surface‐folding free energy of PP/EVA/OMMT nanocomposites
Authors: Goodarzi Vahabodin , Jafari Seyed‐Hassan , Khonakdar Hossein Ali , Monemian Seyed‐Ali , Hässler Rüdiger , Jehnichen Dieter 
Published: February 2009

AbstractCrystalline structures, nonisothermal crystallization behavior and surface folding free energy of polypropylene (PP)/poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate) (EVA) blend‐based organically modified montmorillonite (OMMT) nanocomposites were investigated by use of wide angle X‐ray scattering (WAXS) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) techniques. Nonisothermal crystallization kinetic analysis was performed using Avrami equation modified by Jeziorny as well as combined Avrami‐Ozawa method. Surface folding free energy and activation energy for PP and nanocomposite samples were also determined employing Hoffman‐Lauritzen's and Vyazovkins's approaches, respectively. The results obtained from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that presence of EVA, which attracts most of the layered silicates, reduces number density of heterogeneous nuclei in the matrix and as a consequence, decreases the nucleation rate. Incorporation of EVA, PP‐g‐MA and OMMT results in a decrease of the chain surface folding free energy level. It was shown that although, OMMT acts as a barrier against the PP macromolecular motion but interestingly, it increases the overall crystallization rate. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 47: 674–684, 2009
Versatile route for tuning optical properties of poly(2‐methoxy‐5‐(2′‐ethylhexyloxy)‐1,4‐phenylenevinylene)
Authors: Changsarn Sutheerat , Traiphol Rakchart , Pattanatornchai Thanutpon , Srikhirin Toemsak , Supaphol Pitt 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIn this contribution, we report a versatile method for tuning optical properties of poly(2‐methoxy‐5‐(2′‐ethylhexyloxy)‐1,4‐phenylenevinylene) (MEH‐PPV) in its solution with 1,2‐dichloroethane, accomplished by reacting with pyridinium formate (PF), a volatile organic salt. We can systematically control the positions of absorption and photoluminescent (PL) spectra of MEH‐PPV by adjusting the concentration of PF in the solution. The addition of 10 vol % PF caused a blue‐shift in the absorption spectra by about 65 nm. When the concentration of PF decreased to 0.1 vol %, the blue‐shift occurred to a lesser extent, about 25 nm. The measurements of PL spectra showed similar behaviors. The λmax shifted from 558 nm to 546 and 552 nm when 10 and 0.1 vol % of PF were added, respectively. The changes of PL colors from orange to yellow and green, respectively, were observed by naked eyes. Structural investigation by nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier‐transformed infrared spectroscopy indicated that the changes of the optical properties were due to chemical modifications along the main chain and the side groups of MEH‐PPV. These results implied a simple route for engineering the HOMO–LUMO energy gap of MEH‐PPV, which could be utilized in advanced applications such as organic light‐emitting devices and solar cells. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 47: 696–705, 2009
Hydrogen bonding and crystallization in biodegradable multiblock poly(ester urethane) copolymer
Authors: Wang Wei , Wang Wenshou , Chen Xuesi , Jing Xiabin , Su Zhaohui 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe hydrogen bonding and crystallization of a biodegradable poly(ester urethane) copolymer based on poly(L‐lactide) (PLLA) as the soft segment were investigated by FTIR. On slow cooling from melt, the onset and the progress of the crystallization of the urethane hard segments were correlated to the position, width, and relative intensity of the hydrogen‐bonded NH stretching band. The interconversion between the “free” and hydrogen‐bonded NH and CO groups in the urethane units in the process was also revealed by 2D correlation analysis of the FTIR data. The crystallization of the PLLA soft segments was monitored by the ester CO stretching and the skeletal vibrations. It was revealed that the PLLA crystallization was restricted by the phase separation and the urethane crystallization, and at cooling rates of 10 °C/min or higher, the crystallization of the PLLA soft segments was prohibited. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 47: 685–695, 2009
On the interplay between viscoelasticity and structural relaxation in glassy amorphous polymers
Authors: Grassia Luigi , D'Amore Alberto 
Published: February 2009

AbstractPolymer glasses are rheologically complex materials whose viscoelastic response is a function of the kinetics of structural relaxation. To circumvent the complexity, several experimental loading protocols have been established over the years, but the results have not led to a unifying concept. From a theoretical point of view, we tackled the problem by coupling the structural relaxation kinetics with the constitutive equation for linear viscoelasticity written in the reduced time domain. In this article, we substantiate the reliability of our approach. Geometrical descriptions and thermodynamic rules motivated a constitutive coupling of viscoelastic and structural relaxation phenomena, and that represents the novelty in our theory. The axial creep response is simulated following the thermal/mechanical loading sequence known as Struik's Protocol. Simulation is extended to a vanishing stress, and we showed that the time‐aging time superposition procedure holds true above a given stress threshold. Furthermore, we extend our study to a single‐step stress relaxation experiments to predict the glass densification that occurs in uniaxial tension (known as “volume implosion”) and compression. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 724–739, 2009
Orientation of cylindrical microdomains of triblock copolymers byin situstress–strain‐ birefringence measurements
Authors: Shimizu Kenichi , Saito Hiromu 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe orientation behavior of polystyrene‐block‐hydrogenated polyisoprene‐block‐polystyrene (SEPS) with cylindrical microdomains of polystyrene (PS) dispersed in the rubbery segments was investigated by simultaneous measurements of stress and birefringence during uniaxial stretching. The stress increased sharply with strain below the yield strain and then it gradually increased. In contrast, the birefringence changed little below the yield strain, increased sharply with strain above the yield strain up to a strain of 0.5, and then gradually increased. The characteristic birefringence behavior is attributed to the form birefringence induced by the orientation and the parallel arrangement of the cylindrical microdomains associated with the orientation of the rubbery segments. The orientation function of the cylindrical microdomainsfevaluated by analyzing the form birefringence agrees well with that obtained from the SAXS result. Thefwas almost zero below the yield strain and it increased sharply with strain up to a strain of 0.5 and then was constant above a strain of 0.5. These results suggest that the orientation of the cylindrical microdomains occur above the yield strain up to a strain of 0.5 and that the orientation does not increase above a strain of 0.5 in spite of the continuous orientation of the rubbery ethylene–propylene segments. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 47: 715–723, 2009