bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Durable Press Finishing of Cotton with N-Methylolacrylamide Using Non-Peroxidic Polymerization Initiators
Authors: Welch Clark M. 
Published: March 2008

A study is presented of the use of the water-soluble azo compound 4,4'-azobis(4- cyanovaleric acid) and its salts as nonoxidative free radical polymerization initiators for durable press finishing of cotton with N-methylolacrylamide. The azo initiators show less tendency to tender and discolor cotton fabric during high temperature curing than does ammonium persulfate. Two-stage curing at 110° and 160° was used to induce vinyl polymerization, foltowed by cellulose crosslinking in the pres ence of zinc salts serving both as co-catalysts for polymerization and as Lewis acid catalysts for cellulose crosslinking by poly(NMA). Phosphoric acid-monosodium phosphate buffer also served to minimize tendering. Adding catalytic amounts of phosphonium salts such as THP sulfate or phosphate as oxygen scavengers, in the presence and absence of azo initiator and co-catalysts, increased the efficiency of NMA polymerization in air. It is possible to eliminate completely the loss of flex abrasion resistance normally encountered in printcloth finishing to durable press appearance ratings of 4.0-4.2, and to improve Accelerotor abrasion resistance relative to conventionally treated fabric. Increased tearing and breaking strength retention were also imparted. The treated fabrics were more supple and possessed a lower bending moment than did the original untreated printcloth.
Load-Deformation Behavior of Three-Dimensional Crimped Filaments: Theoretical Analysis and Experimental Verification
Authors: Gupta D.K. , El-Shiekh Aly 
Published: March 2008

A theoretical analysis of the load-contraction behavior of a crimped filament, whose axes lie in a three-dimensional space, is presented. Three first order nonlinear si multaneous differential equations describe the deformed shape of the filament in space. These equations are solved numerically using suitable crimp boundary con ditions to analyze the load-contraction behavior and the deformed shape of a false- twist crimped filament. A bicomponent fiber model is considered as a special case of false-twist crimp with an original helix angle of 90° in the helically set filament. To verify the theory developed, polyester and nylon 6 monofilaments were heat- set in helical shapes of different radii and helix angles to produce false-twist and bicomponent models. Experimental results show an excellent correlation with the predicted values.
Comparison of Performance Characteristics of Seven Fusible Interfacings
Authors: Koenig Sharon K. , Kadolph Sara J. 
Published: March 2008

Performance characteristics of seven fusible interfacings (one from each category of fusible interfacings readily available) were investigated. The interfacings were fused to a common face fabric of 65% polyester/35% cotton broadcloth and subjected to standard testing procedures to evaluate and compare their effect on the face fabric's ability to perform in three areas: laundering (including dimensional stability, sepa ration of face fabric and interfacing, and appearance after laundering), wrinkle re covery (appearance and recovery angle), and drape. All fusible interfacings exhibited some shrinkage in both directions and separated from the face fabric after five laundering cycles. Each kind of interfacing produced a distinct manner of surface distortion of the face fabric. All specimens received unacceptable appearance ratings after five launderings, but three specimens received acceptable ratings after ironing. All specimens received unacceptable wrinkle recovery appearance ratings. Application of fusible interfacing affected the face fabric's ability to recover from creasing. Application of fusible interfacings significantly affected the drape of the face fabric, with each interfacing type exhibiting a different drape con figuration that could be attributed to the physical structure of the interfacing fabric.
A Microscopical Study of Residual Oily Soil Distribution on Fabrics of Varying Fiber Content
Authors: Obendorf S.K. , Namasté Y.M.N. , Durnam D.J. 
Published: March 2008

Microprobe techniques were used to study the distribution of residual triolein, a major constituent of human sebum, within yams of varying fiber content. Fabrics of acrylic, polyester, nylon, cotton, and polyester/cotton were soiled with triolein, aged for 16 hours at 38°C, and washed at 38°C with a heavy-duty, unbuilt liquid detergent. After five soil-age-wash cycles, specimens were prepared for analysis by electron microscopy. For fibers of all chemical types, backscattered electron images and electron beam X-ray microanalysis showed high concentrations of triolein in the interfiber capillaries of the yarns and on the fiber surfaces. Oil appeared in beads on the surfaces of acrylic and nylon fibers and on polyester fibers from the polyester/ cotton blend that had a durable press finish. Unfinished polyester fibers, both round and trilobal, had a more uniform coating of oil around the fiber surfaces. Radiotracer analysis indicated that less residual oil was present on the nylon fabric than on the fabrics containing other synthetic fibers. The distribution of oil, however. was similar for these fabrics. Little or no triolein was observed in the interior of any of the synthetic fibers. Cotton fibers had large deposits in the crenelated surfaces and in the lumen, as well as in the interfiber spaces. Dewaxed cotton fabric retained 10% less triolein than the cotton fabric that had not been extracted with an organic solvent. The 50% polyester/50% cotton fabric with a durable press finish had a lower amount of residual oil on it than the unfinished fabric. '
Mechanics of Texturing Thermoplastic Yarns Part X: Effect of Frictional Snubbing on Pseudo False Twisting During Set Texturing
Authors: Hsu Peter , Backer Stanley 
Published: March 2008

The occurrence of temporary twist in a torque stretch yarn passing through the resetting heater is confirmed. Separate measurements are made of threadline torque development during reheating of the yarn and of the corresponding twist required to relieve said torque. These data are used in a graphical explanation of the uptwist/ untwist phenomenon that occurs in the resetting heater and is termed pseudo false twisting because of the absence of a mechanical device. The presence of a snub pin in the threadline downstream of the second heater modifies the yarn torque level across the resetting zone, reducing uptwist levels and suppressing residual torque of the set textured yarn. A graphical explanation of the pin effect is also provided.
Effect of Preheating and Alkali Treatment on Crease Recovery of Rayon Fabrics
Authors: Matsukawa Saburo , Sakurai Kensuke , Nakamura Yoshiharu , Tonami Hiroaki 
Published: March 2008

The effect of various pretreatments on rayon fabrics before resin finishing was studied to clarify the mechanism of improvement in dry and wet crease recovery given by resin finishing. Preheating or alkali pretreatment enhanced dry crease recovery when using a reactant-type resin, but at the expense of improvement in wet crease recovery. To clarify the mechanism of improvement in dry and wet crease recovery by these pretreatments, infrared deuteration, x-ray diffraction, and lateral order distribution were carried out. Results are discussed taking into consideration the distribution of resin in the fibers and the water sensitive hydrogen bonds, which were effective only in dry crease recovery.
Effect of Bound Water on Tensile Properties of Native Cellulose
Authors: Nakamura Kunio , Hatakeyama Tatsuko , Hatakeyama Hyoe 
Published: March 2008

Tensile properties of native cotton cellulose having various water contents from 0% to 50% in weight were measured. X-ray diffraction patterns of samples containing sorbed water were also measured. The dimensional change of the cross section of a single fiber was observed under a microscope. The amount of bound water found in cotton cellulose was estimated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Tensile strength, elongation, aqd elasticity of cotton fibers varied with water content; however, these values leveled off at about 20% water content. The half width of diffraction peak (002) obtained from x-ray diffractometry increased as the amount of sorbed water increased, and then attained a constant value at about 20% water content. The results obtained by DSC showed that values of 20% water content agreed well with the amount of bound water.
Dispersion and Polar Force Components of Surface Tension of Oily Soils
Authors: Saito Masako , Yabe Akihiko 
Published: March 2008

The surface tension and the dispersion and polar components of the surface tension for fatty acids, fatty alcohols, and triglycerides were estimated by contact angle mea surements in order to apply these concepts to a detergency study. An extended Fowkes' equation was adopted for the calculation. γL of liquid oils (fatty acids, C4-Cs; fatty alcohols, C4-C11) at 293 K decreases slightly with increasing chain length. The contribution of γLd to γL is 90% or more. γS of fat oils (fatty acids, C12-C 18; fatty alcohols, C14-C18, triglycerides, C 12-C18) at 293 K increases with small carbon chain length and decreases when the carbon chain length increases. Triglyceride is the lowest surface energy solid among these three kinds of fats. γ S of decanoic acid, 1-dodecanol and 1-tetradecanol at 283 K (solid state), is larger than γL of the same materials at 313 K (liquid state).
Residual Oily Soil Distribution on Polyester/Cotton Fabric After , Laundering with Selected Detergents at Various Wash Temperatures
Authors: Breen N.E. , Durnam D.J. , Obendorf S.K. 
Published: March 2008

The reduction of wash water temperatures to conserve energy and the changes in detergent formulations in response to environmental concerns have intensified the already difficult consumer problem of soil removal by laundering. In this investigation, the effect of wash temperature on the extent of oily soil penetration into a durable press polyester/cotton fabric was studied using wash temperatures of 4, 27, 38, and 49°C and three different detergents. The total amounts of residual oleic acid were determined by radiotracer analysis, and the distribution of the oil was evaluated by backscattered electron images and electron beam x-ray microanalyses. At all wash temperatures, the two built, heavy-duty powdered detergents removed a larger amount of oleic acid than the unbuilt, heavy-duty liquid detergent. Higher wash temperatures increased the removal of oleic acid from the polyester/cotton fabric for all detergents. The largest improvement in oil removal with increase in wash temperature was observed for the unbuilt, heavy-duty liquid detergent. With increased wash temperature, the concentration of oil was markedly reduced in the crenulations of the cotton fibers and the small interfiber spaces between closely spaced polyester or cotton fibers. These decreases in concentration of oil in capillaries within the yam structure with increase in wash temperature were larger for the unbuilt, heavy-duty liquid than for either of the built, heavy-duty powdered detergents.
Evaluation of a Series of Reactive Ionic, Nonionic, and Hydrophobic Compounds as Antistatic Agents for Wool
Authors: Lewis D.M. , Pailthorpe M.T. 
Published: March 2008

Over thirty reactive, ionic, and nonionic compounds were evaluated as possible antistatic agents for wool. The reactive groups included mono- and dichloro-s-triazine, epoxy, γ-chlorohydrin, β-sulphato ethyl sulphone, aceto-s-thiosulphate, and chlo roacetyl groups. The ionic groups were sulphonate, sulphate, sulphamate, carboxylate, phosphonate, and quarternary ammonium groups; the nonionic groups were poly ethylene glycols (PEGs) ranging in molecular weight from 200 to 6000. Anionic and hydrophobic groups have little effect on electrical resistance mea surements, in marked contrast to the cationics. For nonionics, as the molecular weight of the PEG increased, the electrical resistance decreased, reaching a minimum at molecular weight 600 after which the electrical resistance increased, until for PEGs of molecular weight exceeding 2000, the antistatic effect was lost. A synergism appears to exist between the PEG600 and cationic groups both in simple mixtures of the two compounds and for covalently bonded products made from them. On the basis of these observations, an idealized model antistat is proposed which should allow the production of wash fast antistatic wool.
Mechanism of Light Fading of Azo Dyes on Polyvinyl Chloride and Poly(ethylene Terephthalate)
Authors: Shah C.D. , Jain D.K. 
Published: March 2008

A series of monoazo compounds based on phenyl azo-β-naphthol and phenyl azo-8-hydroxyquinoline were applied to polyvinyl chloride and poly(ethylene terephthalate), respectively. From the relation between the electron attracting or withdrawing properties of the substituents in the benzene nucleus and relative fading rates, the conclusion was that the fading reaction in both the dye-fiber systems is probably oxidative. This conclusion agrees with that from an earlier analysis of fading products of anthraquinone disperse dyes on polyester. It is therefore clear that both polyvinyl chloride and poly(ethylene terephthalate) conform with the general observation that fading on any nonprotein is oxidative, provided the oxygen has access to the dye.Lightfastness of phenyl azo-β-naphthol dyes on polyvinyl chloride and that of phenyl azo-8-hydroxyquinoline dyes on poly(ethylene terephthalate) was very low. Also, in both the systems, the dyes in the substrate were in the form of a collection of particles of many different sizes.
SRRC Carding Cleaner for Cleaning and Shortening Wool Fiber
Authors: Shepard Charles L. 
Published: March 2008

A carding cleaner, developed at the Southern Regional Research Center for opening and cleaning cotton fiber, was adapted to clean and shorten the length of scoured wool fibers. Investigations were conducted with two types of wire clothing on both cylinders, a fine wire clothing having a high tooth density and a coarse wire clothing having a low tooth density, and two velocity differentials between cylinders. The effects of these conditions on removing trash and shortening the length of the fibers were examined using eight grades of scoured wool. The study showed the cylinders clothed with these wires significantly reduced the length of the wool fibers. It further indicated a low velocity differential between cylinders clothed with coarse wire cleaned the scoured wool as well as the fine wire cylinders and with an improved fiber length distribution.
A New and Effective Method for Removing DMDHEU Crosslinks from Cotton 1
Authors: Abhyankar Prashant N. , Beck Keith R. , Ladisch Christine M. , Rowland Stanley P. 
Published: March 2008

A new and relatively simple method for removing zinc nitrate-cured DMDHEU crosslinks from cotton cellulose is reported. The method entails boiling the finished fabric in 23% NaOH for 10 minutes. Removal of the finish was verified by nitrogen and formaldehyde analyses and by wrinkle recovery measurements. Little change in viscometric degree of polymerization (dpv), copper number, carboxyl content, breaking strength, and abrasion resistance of an untreated control fabric subjected to alkaline hydrolysis indicated that the stripping method was nondegradative. Losses in breaking strength and flex abrasion resistance produced in the cotton fabric upon treatment with DMDHEU were almost completely restored by resin stripping. Relatively small increases in reducing groups and carboxyl content and a dp loss of only about 13% (500 out of 3700) indicated that treatment of cotton with the DMDHEU/zinc nitrate system produced little chemical damage in the cellulose.
Permeability of Soil-Geotextile Systems
Authors: Wei K.Y. , Vigo T.L. , Goswami B.C. , Duckett K.E. 
Published: March 2008

A specially designed laboratory-type permeameter was used to characterize liquid flow behavior through various combinations of soils and geotextile fabrics subject to different flow rates and hydrostatic pressures of water. Spunbonded geotextiles made from two different fiber types ( e.g., polyester and polypropylene) were selected for the study. Volume flow rates were varied up to 21 cm/second by adjusting hydrostatic pressure differences from 2.5 to 76.2 cm. The results suggest single layer barriers of the geotextiles alone have small effects on flow rates of water, but sand-geotextile combinations exhibited strikingly different behavior. In prewashed soil-geotextile combinations, the permeability decreased non linearly with increasing depth of soil above the fabrics, independent of the supporting fabric. For soils that were not prewashed, however, fine particles in suspension settled at the soil-water interface to produce an almost impervious layer or cake structure. This caking was a function of time and became the controlling factor of flow throughout the composite. High clogging in even thin fabrics was observed when sand was replaced by fine material such as Kaolite. The behavior was different than that of the fine material in unwashed sand. In addition, geotextile fabrics showed low resiliency to recovery from cyclic compression. The practical interpretation of this is that the porosity of the fabric may decrease significantly with time if incorporated into structures that are subject to compressive forces.
Detergency Study: Comparison of the Distribution of Natural Residual Soils After Laundering with a Variety of Detergent Products
Authors: Webb Joan J. , Obendorf S. Kay 
Published: March 2008

Five commercial laundry detergents were evaluated using natural soil obtained from facial wipes. The largest observed difference between products was in their removal of particulate soil from the yarn surfaces. The effectiveness of particulate soil removal was related to the surfactant/builder system, with the phosphate built, anionic powdered detergent being the most effective, and the built liquids being more effective than the unbuilt liquid detergents. For all detergent products tested, electron beam x-ray mi croanalysis indicated that the largest percentage of residual oil was located in the interfiber capillaries of the yarn structure, followed by the secondary walls, the lumen, and the crenulation of cotton fibers. Little or no oil was observed in the interior of polyester. The large variation in soil level between facial wipes prepared by different panelists had an effect on the concentration of the oil within the fibrous structures. The type of laundry detergent used also influenced the concentration of residual oily soil found in selected locations within and around the cotton and polyester fibers. Fiber surfaces retained less oil when the fabrics were laundered with the powdered detergents than when washed with the liquid detergents, but there were no differences in performance between the liquid and powdered detergents in removing oil from the lumen, crenulation, or secondary walls of cotton. The phosphate built powdered de tergent with anionic surfactants removed oily and particulate soil from yam surfaces more completely than the carbonate built powdered detergent with nonionic surfac tants. In comparison, the distribution of residual oil within the yarn structure was the same after laundering with the two powdered detergents. The citrate built liquid had higher concentrations of residual oil in the crenulation of the cotton fiber and on the fiber surfaces than the other liquid detergents. Since the differences between products were small, it appears that the factors limiting the detergency of oil from fabric structures are the same for all the detergent products evaluated.
Future Time Perspective of Delinquents and Non-Delinquents
Authors: Landau Simha F. 
Published: March 2008

This study investigated the assumption that both delinquency and institutionalization independently have a limiting effect on the range of future time perspective (FTP). For this purpose four main groups took part in the study: institutionalized delinquents (prison inmates); institutionalized non-delinquents (soldiers); non-institutionalized delinquents (delinquents on probation); and non-institutionalized non-delinquents (vocational students). The data were consistent with the hypotheses: the prisoners showed the shortest FTP, while vocational students showed the longest. The soldiers' and the probationers' FTP was longer than that of the prisoners but shorter than that of the vocational students. Within the army and the prison, the range of FTP shortened as the subject approached release. Besides the practical implications of the findings, this study demonstrates the need to control in a proper way the factor of institutionalization when studying personality or behavioral aspects of delinquents. The need for further research on this topic is emphasized in order to ascertain the generalizability of the results of this study.
Academic demands related to listening skills
Authors: Powers Donald E. 
Published: March 2008

A literature review was conducted in order to identify various parameters underlying listening comprehension. The results of this review were used as a basis for a survey of faculty in six graduate fields as well as undergraduate English faculty. The purpose of the survey was to a) obtain faculty perceptions of the importance to academic success of various listening skills and activities, b) assess the degree to which both native and non-native speakers experience difficulties with these skills or activities, and c) determine faculty views of alternative means of evaluating these skills. Faculty perceived some listening skills as more important than others for academic success. These included nine skills in particular that were related primarily to various aspects of lecture content (e.g. identifying major ideas and relationships among them). As might be expected, faculty perceived that non- native students experience more difficulty than native students with all listening activities, and that non-native students have disproportionately greater difficulty with some activities, such as following lectures given at different speeds and comprehending or deducing the meaning of important vocabulary. With respect to measuring listening comprehension, some general approaches and specific item types were judged to be more appropriate than others. These included tasks that entail answering questions involving the recall of details as well as those involving inference or deductions. The results of the survey are used to suggest further research on the construct validity of the Listening Comprehension section of the TOEFL.
Calibrating graded assessments: Rasch partial credit analysis of performance in writing
Authors: Pollitt Alastair , Hutchinson Carolyn 
Published: March 2008

Language tests have until now followed one or other of two strategies, focusing either on the difficulty of the questions or on the quality of the performance, but never on both. This article describes the use of the partial credit form of the Rasch model in the analysis and calibration of a set of writing tasks. Qualitative assessments of components of writing competence are rescaled to take into account the empirical difficulty of each grade in each assessment, in order to pro vide more generalisable measures of writing ability. To exploit this kind of test analysis in assessing language production, it is necessary that the tasks be carefully controlled and that the assessment scales and criteria be adapted to suit the specific demands of each task. The analysis shows the pattern of grade difficulties across task competents and this pattern is dis cussed in some detail. For these tasks at least, it appears that the difficulty of minimally engaging with a task is highly task specific whereas the difficulty of achieving competence in the task depends more on competence in the compo nents of writing skill.