bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Image analysis and resolution for detection-based synthetic-aperture passive source localization
Authors: Cheney Margaret , Scharf Louis , Rhilinger Matthew , Moore Cole , Celestin Andre 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This paper follows a detection-theoretic approach for using synthetic-aperture measurements, made at multiple moving passive receivers, in order to form an image showing the locations of stationary sources that are radiating unknown electromagnetic or acoustic waves. The paper starts with a physics-based model for the propagating fields, and, following the general approach of McWhorter et al (2023 arXiv:2302.06816, IEEE Open J. Signal Process.
4 437–51), derives a detection statistic that is used for the image formation. This detection statistic is a quadratic function of the data. Each point in the scene is tested as a possible hypothesized location for a source, and the detection statistic is plotted as a function of location. Because this image formation process is nonlinear, the standard linear methods for determining resolution cannot be applied. This paper shows how to analyze the detection image by first writing the noiseless image as a coherent sum of shifted complex ambiguity functions of the source waveform. The paper then develops a technique for calculating image resolution; resolution is found to depend on the sensor-source geometry and also on the properties (bandwidth and temporal duration) of the source waveform. Optimal filtering of the image is given, but a simple example suggests that optimal filtering may have little effect. Analysis is also given for the case in which multiple sources are present.
An adaptive anisotropic bilateral filtering method for mesh data in scale space
Authors: Su Ling-Jie , Li Wen-Long , Cheng Yu-Qi , Wang Dong-Fang , Jiang Cheng , Yang Wen-Tao , Zhang Hai-Wen , Xu Wei 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Three-dimensional mesh data of parts, such as blades and engine bodies, have been widely used in industrial fields. Due to the different kinds of noise during mesh acquisition and the machining deficiency of parts, the mesh quality tends to be insufficient for subsequent operations. Therefore, mesh denoising is a necessary and critical procedure to improve mesh quality. Existing methods commonly apply geometry features smoothing, which may also create unexpected results, such as volume shrinkage and blurring of sharp edges. This paper proposed an adaptive anisotropic bilateral filtering method for mesh data in scale space. Firstly, the mesh is decomposed into a smooth base with low frequency and a height vector field with high frequency based on scale space theory. The denoising of the vertex spatial field is transformed into the denoising of the height vector field, aiming to only consider high-frequency information. Secondly, the bilateral filter scheme with the anisotropic Gaussian kernel is proposed to denoise the height vector field, removing noise mixed with features. The parameters in the bilateral filter scheme are chosen adaptively by maximizing the designed probability density function. The mean square angular error of the proposed method is less than 0.15 rad, which is superior to the general-purpose algorithms, for instance, Laplacian filtering, bilateral mesh filtering and bilateral normal filtering algorithm.
Small data-driven semantic segmentation of wear debris in ferrography images
Authors: Xi Yinhu , Zhang Nan , Li Bo 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The segmentation of wear debris images is a prerequisite for ferrographic analysis, and uncertainties and errors in wear debris segmentation will inevitably affect the subsequent analysis. In this work, a small-data semantic segmentation model of wear debris images is constructed based on HRNetv2 for ferrography images acquired by using an online visual ferrography. A major advantage of the current model is that fewer ferrography images are required for training, and fewer iterations are needed. The current work is performed for ferrography images with both clean oil and contaminated oil, and good segmentation results can be found. Specially, the experimental results show that the current model can achieve accurate segmentation of wear debris images with mean intersection over union values of 91.47% and mean pixel accuracy values of 96.48%.
An equation for the ‘weather glass’
Authors: Jewess Michael 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The ‘weather glass’, containing air and (usually) water, is a compact barometer, less accurate but more convenient than the Torricellian barometer of 1644. The weather glass pre-dates the Torricellian barometer, and coexisted with it until it was out-competed from about 1860 by the more accurate, comparably compact aneroid barometer. Today, the weather glass is sold as an elegant interior decoration and is also constructible in a student laboratory. Elementary physics allows one to model its response to changing pressure at constant temperature and also the adjustments that need to be made if the temperature varies. In an air- and water-containing weather glass, the principal factor affecting movements of the water level is the expansion and contraction of the atmospheric nitrogen, oxygen, and argon in a headspace above the water, well represented by the ideal gas law. The water acts primarily as a piston allowing the expansion and contraction to be observed. In contrast, Torricellian and aneroid barometers respond directly to the pressure difference between the atmosphere and a vacuum.
A mechanical device to demonstrate the composition of two simple harmonic motions
Authors: Hu Lian 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The slot link mechanism can project uniform rotation to a simple harmonic motion (SHM), based on which, the device including two sliding table systems has been prepared. These two sliding table systems can be stacked up and down, and each of them can produce a tunable mechanical SHM using a stepper motor. When the upper sliding table system is attached to the lower one and both are turned on, the motion of the sliding table of the upper component is the composition of the two SHMs. With the help of a self-powered LED, a violet laser, and a movable phosphorescent foil, this mechanical device can visualize the composition of the SHMs in the same and mutual perpendicular directions including the beat phenomenon and Lissajous figures. In addition to demonstrating several typical compositions of two SHMs, this device can also highlight the vector characteristics of mechanical vibration and demonstrate the tilted Lissajous figures.
A spectacular demonstration of energy transformation in an internal combustion engine
Authors: Holovko Mykola , Kryzhanovskyi Serhii , Matsyuk Viktor 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The structure and operating principle of a four-stroke internal combustion engine are usually demonstrated using the cut-away model of an internal combustion engine or its computer animation. However, by observing the operation of the engine mechanism, the understanding of the main essence, which consists of the transformation of thermal energy from the combustion of gasoline into the mechanical energy of the piston movement is lost. This work describes the demonstration of the ignition and combustion of the fuel mixture and the transformation of thermal energy generated by the combustion of gasoline into the mechanical energy of the piston. A paper rocket is used instead of a piston for the spectacle of the experiment. This demonstration does not leave anyone from the audience indifferent. The dependence of rocket flight height on the mass of burned gasoline was established.
A blurring correction method suitable to analyze quantitative x-ray images derived from energy-resolving photon counting detector
Authors: Kobayashi Daiki , Hayashi Hiroaki , Nishigami Rina , Maeda Tatsuya , Asahara Takashi , Kanazawa Yuki , Katsumata Akitoshi , Kimoto Natsumi , Yamamoto Shuichiro 
Published: March 2024

Abstract

Objective. The purpose of this study is to propose a novel blurring correction method that enables accurate quantitative analysis of the object edge when using energy-resolving photon counting detectors (ERPCDs). Although the ERPCDs have the ability to generate various quantitative analysis techniques, such as the derivations of effective atomic number (Z
eff) and bone mineral density values, at the object edge in these quantitative images, accurate quantitative information cannot be obtained. This is because image blurring prevents the gathering of accurate primary x-ray attenuation information. Approach. We developed the following procedure for blurring correction. A 5 × 5 pixels masking region was set as the processing area, and the pixels affected by blurring were extracted from the analysis of pixel value distribution. The blurred pixel values were then corrected to the proper values estimated by analyzing minimum and/or maximum values in the set mask area. The suitability of our correction method was verified by a simulation study and an experiment using a prototype ERPCD. Main results. When Z
eff image of aluminum objects (Z
eff = 13) were analyzed without applying our correction method, regardless of raw data or correction data applying a conventional edge enhancement method, the proper Z
eff values could not be derived for the object edge. In contrast, when applying our correction method, 82% of pixels affected by blurring were corrected and the proper Z
eff values were calculated for those pixels. As a result of investigating the applicability limits of our method through simulation, it was proven that it works effectively for objects with 4 × 4 pixels or more. Significance. Our method is effective in correcting image blurring when the quantitative image is calculated based on multiple images. It will become an in-demand technology for putting a quantitative diagnosis into actual medical examinations.
One-dimensional simulation and validation of divertor detachment induced through nitrogen seeding on HL-2A
Authors: Zhou Yulin , Dudson Benjamin , Wu Ting , Wang Zhanhui , Xia Tianyang , Zhong Cailai , Gao Jinming , Du Hailong , Fan Dongmei 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Divertor detachment is a promising method to solve the power exhaust problem in tokamak devices or even in future magnetic fusion reactors. In this work, a detachment experiment (HL-2A shot #38008) with mixed gas seeding (60% nitrogen and 40% deuterium) is simulated using the SD1D module in BOUT++. In the process from attachment to detachment, the target electron temperature and the target ion saturation current in simulations are found to be consistent with the experimental results measured by Langmuir probes on the target plate. In order to understand the underlying detachment mechanism on HL-2A, this work analyses the role of different particle species in the cases with different seeding rates. It shows that the plasma density varies little and the density of neutrals (

D

and

D

2

) slightly decreases with the increase of nitrogen seeding rate, such that plasma–neutral interactions cannot effectively reduce plasma energy and plasma momentum in the divertor. The case with a high seeding rate predicts that increasing seeding rate cannot reach a target temperature lower than

2.5

eV

, which is the required temperature for strong plasma–molecule interactions. Thus, the plasma–molecule interactions may not be important in the divertor during nitrogen seeding. This work also studies the parallel forces including (1) force due to the parallel electric field, (2) friction forces, (3) ion- and electron-thermal forces, and (4) collisional reactions (e.g. charge exchange recombination and ionisation). It is found that the friction force between nitrogen ions and other particle species (primarily

D

+

) is the dominant force towards the target, while ion- and electron-thermal forces are the dominant force pushing nitrogen ions back to upstream. Parallel forces determine the parallel distribution of nitrogen impurities, and therefore decide the region of nitrogen radiation.
Validated edge and core predictions of tungsten erosion and transport in JET ELMy H-mode plasmas
Authors: Kumpulainen H A , Groth M , Brezinsek S , Casson F , Corrigan G , Frassinetti L , Harting D , Romazanov J ,   JET contributors
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Predictive edge and core simulations of tungsten (W) erosion and transport in JET ITER-like wall plasmas are shown to be consistent with the experimentally inferred W density in the main plasma, within the uncertainty inherited from the measurements of the deuterium plasma conditions and from the W density measurements. The ERO2.0 code is applied to predicting the W erosion and edge transport, whereas JINTRAC predicts W transport from the pedestal top to the core plasma. The studied plasma scenarios range from L-mode to the highest-performance deuterium ELMy H-mode in JET.
Flexible field-effect transistors with high-quality and uniform single-layer graphene for high mobility
Authors: Park Hyunjin , Kwon Jimin , Seo Jihyung , Kim Kiho , Kim Yun Ho , Jung Sungjune 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In this work, a fully flexible graphene field-effect transistor with high carrier mobility is reported. Patterned high-quality and uniform single-layer graphene films are successfully realized by combining the selective growth on a patterned copper foil and the direct transfer method to minimize degradation factors. The selectively grown single-layer graphene is directly transferred to the target substrate through the deposition of poly-para-xylylene (Parylene) C. The quality of the graphene films is confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. The analysis reveals that the use of Parylene C as the substrate, gate dielectric, and encapsulation layer has the advantage of reducing the scattering by the optical phonons and charge puddles. The estimated residual carrier density is 1.72 × 1011 cm−2, and the intrinsic hole and electron carrier mobilities are found to be as high as 10 260 and 10 010 cm2 V−1 s−1, respectively. This study can pave the way for the development and mass production of high-performance and fully flexible graphene electronics.
Normally-off GaON/p-GaN gate HEMTs with selective plasma oxidation: from structural characterization, performance improvement to physical mechanism
Authors: Wu Nengtao , Xing Zhiheng , Luo Ling , Li Guoqiang 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In this letter, a p-GaN gate high-electron-mobility transistor (HEMT) with a high threshold voltage and better gate reliability was demonstrated by using selective plasma oxidation (SPO) and an additional low-temperature annealing step before gate metal is evaporated. After the SPO, a gallium oxynitride (GaON) dielectric layer was formed on the surface of p-GaN under the gate metal, and was studied by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), secondary ion mass spectrometry, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersion spectroscopy. In addition, the fabricated metal/GaON/p-GaN gate HEMT exhibited a large threshold voltage (V
TH) improvement from 1.46 V to 2.47 V. Furthermore, the forward gate breakdown voltage (V
GS,BD) increased from 7.55 V to 11.10 V, and the maximum forward gate operating voltage (V
GS-max) significantly improved from 5.0 V to 7.80 V for a ten-year lifetime with a 63.2% failure rate. Kelvin probe force microscopy reveals that the surface potential increased after SPO, and the shift of valence band maximum obtained by XPS spectra was 0.7 eV lower than that of the p-GaN, which further improves the Schottky barrier height at the gate metal/GaON interfaces to holes, thereby improving V
TH and reducing I
GS of the device. As a barrier layer, GaON suppressed the injection of carrier into the depletion region under a high electric field and enhanced the reliability of the gate.
Effect of two-dimensional non-local screening on characteristics of transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers
Authors: Mughnetsyan Vram , Manaselyan Aram , Movsisyan Ashot , Kirakosyan Albert 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
On the basis of the theory developed for the dielectric function of atomic thin layer insulating materials (Cudazzo et al 2011 Phys. Rev. B 84 085406), some characteristics of transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers are calculated in the framework of variational method. This method initially was designed to work for very weak or strong magnetic fields, but it is also in very good agreement with the numerical results obtained for intermediate magnetic fields. The expressions of the energy and effective radius of the ground impurity state, depending on the effective screening parameter of the problem, are obtained both without and with magnetic fields.
Numerical and experimental assessment of tilted-helical fiber orientation effects on deformation of pneumatic soft actuators
Authors: Shabani Majid 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Pneumatic actuation of fiber-reinforced soft-material slender structures, and specifically inflatable cylinders, plays a key role in soft robotics, particularly for generating sought deformations in terms of, e.g. elongation, expansion, torsion, and bending. Fiber-reinforced tubes were widely investigated, in particular by considering regular helical patterns for the fibers, and multiple sets of fibers were introduced for achieving relatively richer deformations such as coiling (i.e. combined bending and torsion). However, coiling can be obtained even by introducing a single tilted-helical fiber, thus potentially simplifying actuator design and implementation. Therefore, in this study, we numerically investigated the effect of fiber orientation on the coiling behavior of tilted-helical fiber-reinforced cylindrical actuators. Specifically, we used finite element numerical simulations to determine the effect of fiber pitch and tilt angle on the curvature and twist angle of an inflated cylindrical actuator, and we assessed numerical results based on corresponding experiments. Finally, we addressed a preliminary design chart based on the inverse map linking coiling to the corresponding pitch and tilt angle. Our results take an initial step for the design of tilted-helical fiber-reinforced actuators, with potential application to a wider class of inflatable soft actuators to program a desired coiled configuration through the integration of a single tilted-helical fiber.
Flutter analysis of laminated fiber-reinforced magnetorheological elastomer sandwich plate resting on an elastic foundation using an improved first-order shear deformation theory
Authors: Aboutalebi Reza , Eshaghi Mehdi 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Magnetorheological elastomers (MREs) are polymers with viscoelastic properties that can be adjusted by manipulating the magnetic field. When MREs are combined with reinforcing fabrics, a new category of materials known as MRE composites (MRECs) can be created, which not only possess the characteristics of MREs but also enhance their rigidity. This study focuses on investigating the supersonic aeroelastic instability of a rectangular sandwich plate with a laminated MREC core layer and functionally graded materials with porosities as face layers. Additionally, the sandwich plate is supported by an elastic foundation and subjected to supersonic airflow. This investigation presents an improved first-order shear deformation theory, postulating a parabolic distribution of shear stresses. Consequently, the transverse shear stresses are rendered as zero at the surface of every individual layer; thus, the requirement for shear correction in this theory is eliminated. In addition, 8-node elements are implemented to circumvent the necessity for distinct handling of shear-locking. The aeroelastic pressure acting on the structure is considered using first-order piston theory. Micromechanical approaches, such as Halpin‐Tsai and rule of mixture approaches, are employed to determine the effective mechanical properties of the core and face layers. The dynamic equations of the structure are derived using Hamilton’s principle and the finite element method. The study also examines the impact of different magnetic fields, fiber volume fraction, elastic foundation factors, layering angles, geometry, and boundary conditions on flutter frequency.
Hydrostatic pressure and temperature effects on nonlinear optical properties in harmonic-Gaussian asymmetric double quantum wells
Authors: Sayrac M , Dakhlaoui H , Mora-Ramos M E , Ungan F 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The paper examines the linear and non-linear optical characteristics of an electron in harmonic Gaussian asymmetrical double quantum wells, taking into account thermodynamic variables such as temperature and hydrostatic pressure. Numerical calculations by considering the effective mass and parabolic band approximation are performed. The electron contained within an asymmetric double well generated by the sum of a parabolic and Gaussian potential has its eigenvalues and eigenfunctions determined using the diagonalization approach. For nonlinear optical coefficients, the density matrix expansion is used. Wavefunctions and energy levels vary as an effect of the applied fields. In harmonic Gaussian asymmetrical double quantum wells, the total optical absorption coefficient (TOAC), the relative refractive index changes (RRIC), and second harmonic generation (SHG) have all been theoretically investigated. The magnitude and position of the resonant peaks are significantly influenced by the hydrostatic pressure and temperature effects. With controllable coupling and externally applied hydrostatic pressure and temperature, the potential model presented in this study can be used to simulate and manipulate the optical and electronic properties of the asymmetric double-quantum heterostructures, such as double quantum dots and wells.
Dynamics of small precession orbit of a massive-charged particle in five-dimensional Reissner-Nordström spacetime model
Authors: Alamsyah Rangga P , Fitriani Arine , Aninda Meini , Saptari Sitti A , Alatas Husin 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This report discusses the dynamics of the small precession orbit of a massive-charged particle by using the Reissner-Nordström metric with an additional spatial dimension. The event horizon of a massive-charged object in the 5–dimension was smaller than that in the 4–dimension. The difference in the size of the massive-charged object event horizon has implications for the spacetime region that can trap massive-charged particles in bound orbits. The spacetime region in the 5–dimension was narrower than that in the 4–dimension. Based on a specific condition, we found that the small precession orbital formalism of massive-charged particles in the 5–dimension implies smaller orbital precession fluctuations than those in the 4–dimension. We applied a dynamical system approach to analyze the dynamics of related small precession motions.
Investigation of facet evolution on Si surfaces bombarded with Xe ions
Authors: Hans Sukriti , Kumar Parida Basanta , Augustine Sebin , Pachchigar Vivek , P Sooraj K , Ranjan Mukesh 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This study investigates the formation of facets on Si surface under Xe ion irradiation using an ion energy of 0.5 keV. By examining the effects of ion incidence angle (60° –85°), fluence (4.5 × 1018 to 1.35 × 1019 ions/cm2), and temperature (RT to 200 ◦C), we explore the evolution of facets. The surface roughness displays a distinct trend, reaching its peak when the ion incidence angle is 80°, which indicates the formation of faceted structures due to a sudden change in roughness. Additionally, temperature studies highlight the important role of temperature in enhancing facet arrangement. To support experimental findings, numerical simulation using Anisotropic Kuramoto-Sivashinsky (AKS) equation is employed. These simulations provide valuable insights into the dynamics of facet evolution, allowing us to better understand how curvature-dependent sputtering yield, dispersion, and diffusion collectively influence the formation and morphology of facets on the Si surface under Xe ion irradiation.