bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
There's no business like snow business! Marketing skiing into the 21 st century
Authors: Hudson Simon 
Published: March 2007

In maturing markets, European ski destina tions and tour operators are being forced to address both product and market issues in a more businesslike fashion. This paper begins by looking at tourism overall, and the place of the skiing market within the industry. A summary of the evolution of winter sports is followed by an examination of the world ski market with particular focus on the UK. An analysis of the consumer, the destinations they frequent, the operators who package skiing products, and the distribution structure of the industry, is succeeded by an evaluation of that part of the industry responsible for ski clotlrirrg and equipment. The author then looks at the impact of snowboarding, and contends that the growth and impulse for innovation in the winter sports business is coming from snow boarding rather than conventional skiing. Based on this critical artalysis of the industry, the author makes recommendations for successfully marketing the sport into the 21st century, suggesting that the European industry should consider emulating certain marketing strategies employed in North America. In particular, more effort is required to encourage the potential market to partici pate. Although attempts have been made to segment the skiing market, identifying and understanding potential markets has never been a priority. The author concludes that if more people are to be tempted on to the slopes, then marketing policies of both destinations and operators in Europe will have to be increasinly aggressive.
ENB Campus
Authors: Judd Katy 
Published: March 2007

The past few years has seen much amalgamation of colleges of nursing and midwifery, and the integration of these colleges into higher education. The resulting changes have often meant an increase in the numbers of nursing students at an institution, and an increase in the amount of lecturers' time spent in the classroom. It could be argued that education has become more resource intensive, and that open and distance learning methods are increasingly being considered. This article considers an educational resource accessed via electronic means- the Campus 2000 network. Part of this network is maintained by the English National Board for Nursing, Midwifery and Health Visiting (ENB) and is known as ENB Campus.
Symposium on HOSPITAL MIDWIFERY versus DOMICILIARY MIDWIFERY
Authors: Chetwynd Eve 
Published: March 2007

The paper outlines the increase in hospitalization of maternity cases during recent years, and reviews the probable reasons, from the mother's point of view, for the present pressure on maternity beds. The lack of domestic help in the home is dealt with in detail, and the need of a more comprehensive home help service. The writer deals at some length with the standard snecessary to ensure the safety of the mother and child during pregnancy, labour and the lying-in period in domiciliary practice, stressing the need of co-operation from all concerned to guarantee that these standards do not fall short of those offered by the hospitals.
Combined analysis and test of earthquake‐resistant circuit breakers
Authors: Fischer Edward G. , Daube William M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractFollowing the severe earthquake damage at San Fernando in 1971, it became of technical and perhaps psychological importance to demonstrate that properly re‐designed electrical equipment is able to withstand even worse transient vibration phenomena which can be produced in an earthquake simulator laboratory. This has been accomplished for one column of a 500 kV gas circuit breaker and the test results are used to qualify the much larger original 3‐column assembly by means of a computer‐aided structural analysis. Since the equipment exhibited some closely spaced, cross‐coupled modes of vibration, a valuable comparison could be obtained between the effects produced by El Centro 1940 ground acceleration and those for a more purposeful sine beat vibration input. The latter can be adjusted to produce definite stresses and fatigue effects in specific parts of the equipment due to quasi‐resonance response.
Soil‐pile interaction in vertical vibration
Authors: Nogami T. , Novak M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe interaction between a soil layer and an end bearing pile is theoretically investigated. The pile is assumed to be vertical and elastic, the soil is considered as a linear visco‐elastic layer with hysteretic type damping. The layer alone is solved first and the wave modes of the layer are used in the analysis of the pile response. The pile response to a harmonic load is obtained in a closed form and used to define stiffness and damping at the level of the pile head. The dimensionless parameters of the problem are identified. A parametric study is conducted to determine the main features of the response and of the equivalent stiffness and damping. The validity of equivalent viscous damping is examined. A comparison is made with the simpler plane strain theory used previously and its accuracy is assessed.
Seismic wave effects on soil‐structure interaction
Authors: Scanlan R. H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractOne of the most common hypotheses implicit in the seismic analyses of structures is that the earthquake input motion is identical at all points beneath the structure. Very little experimental evidence presently is available to supplant this viewpoint. However, one may infer a spatially distributed surface motion of the soil if the earthquake is simply assumed to consist of a complex of surface waves traversing the plan of the structural site.Under these conditions, as shown in the paper, the effects of passing waves must be integrated over the structural area to obtain their net effects as exciting functions to the structure. When this is done for individual Fourier components of the quake, one important result is the diminution or ‘self‐cancelling’ effect of some inputs, particularly for those waves the wavelengths of which are comparable to the dimensions of the structure, or shorter. Another important effect is the torsional excitation of the structure.The present paper is not necessarily aimed at replacing present analysis methods but at discussing some of the effects which will inevitably be entrained by the introduction of any information or hypotheses regarding the spatial distribution of earthquake motions. This analysis tends to suggest why higher frequencies are of lesser importance for a structure having a large rigid foundation.
Vertical vibration of rigid bodies with rectangular bases on elastic media
Authors: Awojobi A. O. , Tabiowo P. H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractDual double integral equations completely representing the mixed boundary‐value problem of the vertical vibration of rigid bodies with rectangular bases on semi‐infinite elastic media are exactly formulated for the first time. An exact solution of these equations—even for the static case—is at present formidable, but an approximate solution is given by reducing the pair of dual double integral equations to another pair which shows an approximate relation between the three‐dimensional and axi‐symmetric systems. This new method is used to generate response curves for Poisson's ratio 0.25 and side ratios 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, from known results for circular bases, for the dynamic problem. Results obtained by using this technique are in good agreement with experiments in Reference 3 where expanded rubber is used as the elastic medium. The present theory which is applicable for any Poisson's ratio also shows some measure of agreement with the theory of Elorduy et al.4 which is limited, by its numerical nature, to a Poisson's ratio of 0.25.
Earthquake response analysis considering non‐proportional damping
Authors: Clough Ray W. , Mojtahedi Soheil 
Published: March 2007

AbstractNon‐proportional damping may be defined as a form of linear viscous damping which introduces coupling between the undamped modal co‐ordinate equations of motion. The standard mode superposition method of earthquake response analysis therefore cannot be employed with non‐proportionally damped structures. In this paper, several methods for analysing the dynamic response of non‐proportional damped structures are outlined. It is concluded that the most efficient procedure is to express the response in terms of a truncated set of undamped modal coordinates and to integrate directly the resulting coupled equations. The effectiveness of the method is demonstrated by a numerical example.
Dynamic response of rigid foundations of arbitrary shape
Authors: Wong H. L. , Luco J. E. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAn approximate numerical procedure for calculation of the harmonic force‐displacement relationships for a rigid foundation of arbitrary shape placed on an elastic half‐space is presented. This procedure is used to evaluate the vertical, rocking and horizontal compliance functions for rigid rectangular foundations and the vertical compliance for a rigid square foundation with an internal hole. Several comparisons between the results obtained by the proposed approach and other methods are also presented.
Illness perception in eating disorders and psychosocial adaptation
Authors: Marcos Yolanda Quiles , Cantero Ma Carmen Terol , Escobar Cristina Romero , Acosta Gonzalo Pagán 
Published: March 2007

AbstractObjectiveThe current study is based on the framework of the Self‐Regulatory Model of Illness (SRM). The aim of this work was to examine perception of illness in eating disorder (ED) patients and investigate whether illness perception is related to psychosocial adaptation in these patients.MethodA total of 98 female ED patients completed the specific eating disorders Spanish version of the Revised Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ‐R) and a range of adjustment variables including the Psychosocial Adjustment to Illness Scale (PAIS) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD).ResultsED patients reported a moderate number of physical symptoms, and perceived their illness as controllable, treatable, highly distressing, as a chronic condition and with serious consequences. Emotional representation was the most significant dimension related to emotional adjustment. Illness identity and cure dimensions were the most significant dimensions associated with psychosocial adaptation.ConclusionThis study shows that patients' illness perceptions are related to illness adaptation. Illness identity was associated with emotional and psychosocial adjustment, and having faith that treatment may control the illness was related to positive benefits for ED. These results suggest that a psychological intervention, which addresses patients' illness representations, may assist in their adjustment to ED. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Microstructure in solid polymers
Authors: Schoon T. G. F. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractElectron microscopy can only yield information about polymers in the solid state. Preparative methods have been developed which consisted of replica techniques; thin films stained with uranyl acetate, sodium tungstate or phosphotungstic acid; and extraction replicas. Results suggest an ordered sequence of structures from: (i) the stereochemically defined chain molecule which tends to form; (ii) a folded structure to minimise free energy; (iii) a structure which can be resolved in the electron microscope and is roughly spherical in shape‐this structure is dependent on molecular weight up to a certain figure after which it is independent as is a constant for the material; and (iv) aggregates of structure (iii), either in the form of chains resembling a string of pearls or a pile of aggregated spheres.
Effect of hostile environments on adhesive joints: IV. dynamic testing
Authors: Kerr C. , Orman S. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA rapid test procedure has been devised for determining the effect of environment on the mechanical properties of polymeric materials and on the strength of adhesive joints. The adverse effect of water on aluminium‐epoxide joints has been confirmed, but the effect has been shown to be due to a stress‐hydrolysis of primary chemical bonds rather than interference with hydrogen bonding. The use of scanning electron microscopy has shown that joints tested in dry conditions fail in adhesion, while those tested in aqueous environments fail within a boundary layer. The presence of high concentrations of an electrolyte retards the ingress of water into an epoxide polymer, and reduces the disruptive effect of water on aluminium‐epoxide joints.
Angular distribution of rayleigh scattering from randomly branched polycondensates
Authors: Kajiwara K. , Burchard W. , Gordon M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe angular dependence of scattered light, P(X), from randomly branched homopolycondensates was calculated by using moment‐generating functions. Analytical expressions could be derived both for Gaussian sub‐chains and for sub‐chains obeying random flight statistics. For small X values (region of scattered visible light), P(X) can be well approximated by Zimm's formula:

which holds for linear (f = 2) and branched polycondensates as well. At large X values (X‐ray small angle scattering), however, strong deviations from the linear Zimm formula appear. The effect of excluded volume alters the mean‐square radius of gyration but has no detectable influence on the shape of the particle scattering factor.
Mechanism of film formation of latices
Authors: Vanderhoff J. W. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe following mechanism is proposed for latex film formation. Initially, the latex particles move about freely, with characteristic Brownian motion. As the water evaporates, their motion becomes more restricted, and eventually the water‐air interfacial tension forces them together in a packed array, with their double layers hindering their further mutual approach. The continued evaporation of the water exerts a force to overcome this repulsion, so that the double layers are ‘ruptured’ and a polymer‐polymer contact is formed. This brings the polymer‐water interfacial tension into play, to reinforce and complement the water‐air interfacial tension. If the combined forces are sufficient to deform the polymer spheres, they form a continuous film. This film becomes more homogeneous upon ageing; there occurs a further gradual coalescence, the rate of which depends upon the polymer structure and during which any incompatible substance is exuded to the surface.
Mass transfer and thermodynamic effects in emulsion polymerisation
Authors: Brooks B. W. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe course of emulsion polymerisation is shown to depend on the water‐solubility of the monomers concerned. With insoluble monomers, the mass transfer rate of monomer to polymer particles can sometimes be exceeded by the polymerisation rate, and viscosity within the particles is appreciable throughout the course of the reaction. Thus, surfactant is adsorbed before monomer droplets disappear. With more soluble monomers, mass transfer rates of monomer are high and since the equilibrium concentration of polymer in particles is low the monomer droplets disappear early in the reaction. Consequently, water‐insoluble monomers often conform to Smith‐Ewart behaviour, whereas water‐soluble monomers do not. With water‐soluble monomers the final particle number is proportional to the cube of the initial surfactant concentration.
Photochemical degradation of thermoplastics
Authors: Fitton S. L. , Haward R. N. , Williamson G. R. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe general mechanism of polymer photodegradation is outlined, and various aspects are then discussed with reference to polyolefins, particularly polyethylene. It is shown that various impurities accelerate degradation and that carbonyl groups play a complex role in the process. Polyolefins can be stabilised against photodegradation by incorporation of suitable u.v. stabilisers or pigments, and the principles involved, including the synergism between u.v. stabilisers and antioxidants, are discussed.
High‐pressure trimerisation of aromatic nitriles
Authors: Bartlett R. K. , O'neill G. , Savill N. G. , Thomas S. L. S. , Wall W. F. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe conversion of benzonitrile to triphenyl‐s‐triazine by heating under high pressure is promoted by ammonia and, more advantageously, by benzamidine. Extension of the reaction to suitable aromatic dinitriles produces crosslinked resins of considerable thermal stability and good mechanical properties, but the slowness of the polymerisation reduces its potential technological usefulness.
C'était François Mitterrand
Authors: Laberge Yves 
Published: March 2007

C'était François Mitterrand,, Jacques
Attali,, Paris, Éditions Fayard, Collection : Documents Fayard,
2005, 446 p.Rien qu'en France, plus d'une centaine de livres ont
été publiés sur la présidence de
François Mitterrand (1916–1996), et plusieurs biographies
sont parues autour de 2006 pour souligner le dixième anniversaire
de sa mort. Toutefois, parmi ces multiples références, le
présent ouvrage mérite une attention toute
particulière. Auteur d'une quarantaine de livres,
principalement des essais rigoureux et des romans, Jacques Attali a aussi
été le plus proche conseiller du président
François Mitterrand, non seulement durant ses deux septennats (soit
entre 1981 et 1995), mais dès 1974, lorsque ce dernier était
déjà candidat socialiste aux élections
présidentielles. Les deux hommes se sont côtoyés,
presque quotidiennement, durant une vingtaine d'années. Cet
ouvrage, le quatrième que Jacques Attali consacre à
l'ancien président français, est à la fois un
portrait, une biographie partielle, une suite de souvenirs très
précis et une critique déchirante à propos d'un
homme jugé admirable – mais au passé obscur et
secret.
Shaping the Future: Nietzsche's New Regime of the Soul and Its
Ascetic Practices
Authors: Lampert Laurence 
Published: March 2007

Shaping the Future: Nietzsche's New Regime of the Soul and
Its Ascetic Practices, Horst Hutter, Lanham MD: Lexington Books,
2006, pp. xvii, 222.Everyone interested in Nietzsche should read this book. Long pondered
and passionately argued, its devotion to Nietzsche and Nietzsche's
texts results in a Nietzsche worthy of our closest attention yet
ill-treated by standard academic approaches. Basic to Hutter's
reading of Nietzsche is his recognition, against the grain today, that
here is a philosopher, a human singularity, yes, a wise man, who commands
our attention because he has achieved an understanding of the human past
and present that enables him to take responsibility for the human
future.
Retribution and Reparation in the Transition to Democracy
Authors: Quinn Joanna R. 
Published: March 2007

Retribution and Reparation in the Transition to Democracy,
Jon Elster, ed., New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006, pp. 341.Retribution and Reparation in the Transition to Democracy is
a useful addition to the burgeoning scholastic field of transitional
justice. The essays in the book are authored by several well-known and
other lesser-known scholars, including Luc Huyse, Claus Offe and Alex
Boraine. Collectively, the essays tackle two of the major themes of
transitional justice: retribution and reparation.
Between Private and Public International Law: Exorbitant Jurisdiction as Illustrated by the Yukos Case
Authors: Moss Giuditta Cordero 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe article analyses one specific aspect of the long and complicated proceedings in which the Russian oil company Yukos was involved: the question of jurisdiction relating to the application that Yukos made to a court in Houston, Texas, to open bankruptcy proceedings under chapter 11 of the US Bankruptcy Code and thus grant protection against the creditors to permit restructuring of the company. Yukos being a Russian company burdened by massive debt connected with taxes owed to the Russian authorities, and virtually the totality of its as-sets being located on Russian territory, the first question that arises is how it is possible for a court in the United States to have jurisdiction in this case. This article examines the question of extraterritorial jurisdiction in civil cases, from the point of view of both private and public international law.
The Immigrants and the Crisis
Authors: Schierup Carl-Ulrik 
Published: March 2007

The present economic crisis manifests itself in rising unemployment rates. All over Western Europe immigrants have been hit the hardest by unem ployment. Unemployment is especially pronounced among immigrant youth - 'the second generation' This presents a senous threat to the efforts to integrate immigrants into the Western European societies. A crisis of 'integration policy' will be intrinsically connected to a more general crisis: the crisis of 'the welfare state' facing global restructuring of capitalism and the changing political scene in Western Europe. The article will draw a general sketch of the restructunng of the industrial system of Western Europe, the impact of this on the migratory system, and on the employment perspectives of immigrants The attempts to formulate policies of 'integration' will be discussed from this perspective. In connection with this, I will also address the issue of whether one can talk about conscious attempts to educate 'the second generation' to be a 'future underclass' of Western Europe.'
Do Trade Unions Have a Future? The Case of Denmark
Authors: Bild Tage , Jørgensen Henning , Lassen Morten , Madsen Morten 
Published: March 2007

This article analyses union membership among members of the Danish Trade Union Congress (LO). In contrast to most studies about union futures, it takes a subjective membership perspective by drawing empirically on an original database established by the authors. First, we show that there exists a widespread commitment to the union parallel with a very strong connection to the firm. The values of members are highly individualized, favouring non-material needs and interests and strongly supporting the public welfare system. Secondly, solidarity has changed; it has certainly not disappeared, but, in line with the trends of decentralization of the negotiation system, it has become more oriented towards the narrow relations in the workplace and at the local society level. The thesis of everyday solidarity seems to be confirmed. The relatively strong membership commitment is offset by abundant criticism of the union leaders who, in the eyes of the members, are primarily running an apparatus more than they are providing activities in which the members can involve themselves and take part democratically. The final judgement is that the unions in Denmark have a future if they articulate and negotiate the interests of their members. This future seems highly conditional upon sensitive listening on the part of the leaders. In creating a fundament for formulating policies, they must hear what members think and want and they must use democratic decision-making procedures congruent with the integrity of their members. Contingent on these measures, unions probably have a good opportunity to survive and develop in a post-industrial society dominated by rules and norms of 'service capitalism'.
"Society as a Factory"
Authors: Gupta Krishna Prakash 
Published: March 2007

Social Sciences in modern China are transformed from purely academic disciplines into strategic studies of manipulated change. In this transformation, social scientists are no longer professionally trained elites but voluntary workers engaged in the 'sacred' task of implementing Maoist policies and programmes. The process of change involves substantive restructuring of curricula, research methodology and goals of social science education. In its totality, it is neither a Marxist-Leninist experiment nor a Soviet-type socialistic reform. The Maoist approach has to be understood strictly in terms of its Chinese context. It reveals dilemmas of continuity and change, relative to the higher-order structure of Chinese values. These dilemmas persist in the current 'revolutionary reforms" of social sciences. This paper is part of a larger research project on Higher Education in China.