bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of additional illumination and fertilization on seasonal changes in fine‐scale grassland community structure
Authors: Eek Liina , Zobel Kristjan 
Published: May 2006

Abstract. Fine‐scale structure of a species‐rich grassland was examined for seasonal changes caused by manipulated changes in the availability of above and below‐ground resources (additional illumination with the help of mirrors and fertilization) in a field experiment. If changes induced by fertilization — which are expected to lead to a reduction in small‐scale diversity —are due to intensified light competition, they should be compensated for by additional light input.Permanent plots of 40 cm × 40 cm were sampled by the point quadrat method at three angles (60°, 90° and 120° from the horizontal North‐South direction), using a laser beam to position the quadrats, in early July and early September. The applied treatments did not cause apparent changes in plant leaf orientation. The degree of spatial aggregation of biomass increased seasonally in fertilized, non‐illuminated plots: greater productivity at a constant light supply led to a faster growth rate of potentially dominant species, as compared to the subordinate ones. Additional illumination mitigated this effect of fertilization, indicating that the observed changes in biomass aggregation were due to increased light competition.There was a considerable seasonal decrease of variance ratio (ratio of observed variance of richness at a point and variance expected at random) in fertilized only and in illuminated only plots. In fertilized plots this was due to the positive relationship between biomass aggregation and expected variance of richness. Biomass constancy occurs to be inversely related to deficit in variance of richness. In illuminated plots, in contrast, only the observed variance of richness decreased seasonally, indicating a more uniform use of space by different species. Evidently, a deficit in variance of richness can be caused by drastically different processes, showing that the variance ratio statistic may not have a significant explanatory value in fine‐scale community studies.
On the Date of the Defeat of C. Pescennius Niger at Issus
Authors: Platnauer Maurice 
Published: May 2006

What may be called the orthodox view of the chronology of the revolt of Gaius Pescennius Niger during the early years of Septimius-Severus' principate is roughly as follows :—Some time in the late spring of A.D. 193 both Septimius and Niger, then governors of Pannonia and Syria respectively, assumed the imperial title. The war occasioned by these rival claims opened in the neighbourhood of Byzantium somewhere in the autumn of the same year and consisted in a series of engagements of which the most noteworthy took place at Cyzicus, Nicaea, the Cilician Gates and Issus, ending with the total defeat of Niger on the last-named field. This defeat occurred in the autumn of 194 and was followed by the pursuit and death of the unsuccessful claimant on the banks of the Euphrates in the early winter of that year.
Computability and Recursion
Authors: Soare Robert I. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractWe consider the informal concept of “computability” or “effective calculability” and two of the formalisms commonly used to define it, “(Turing)computability” and “(general)recursiveness”. We consider their origin, exact technical definition, concepts, history, general English meanings, how they became fixed in their present roles, how they were first and are now used, their impact on nonspecialists, how their use will affect the future content of the subject of computability theory, and its connection to other related areas.After a careful historical and conceptual analysis of computability and recursion we make several recommendations in section §7 about preserving theintensionaldifferences between the concepts of “computability” and “recursion.” Specifically we recommend that: the term “recursive” should no longer carry the additional meaning of “computable” or “decidable;” functions defined using Turing machines, register machines, or their variants should be called “computable” rather than “recursive;” we should distinguish the intensional difference between Church's Thesis and Turing's Thesis, and use the latter particularly in dealing with mechanistic questions; the name of the subject should be “Computability Theory” or simplyComputabilityrather than “Recursive Function Theory.”
A General Framework for Priority Arguments
Authors: Lempp Steffen , Lerman Manuel 
Published: May 2006

The degrees of unsolvability were introduced in the ground-breaking papers of Post [20] and Kleene and Post [7] as an attempt to measure theinformation contentof sets of natural numbers. Kleene and Post were interested in the relative complexity of decision problems arising naturally in mathematics; in particular, they wished to know when a solution to one decision problem contained the information necessary to solve a second decision problem. As decision problems can be coded by sets of natural numbers, this question is equivalent to: Given a computer with access to an oracle which will answer membership questions about a setA, can a program (allowing questions to the oracle) be written which will correctly compute the answers to all membership questions about a setB? If the answer is yes, then we say thatBisTuring reducibletoAand writeB≤TA. We say thatB≡TAifB≤TAandA≤TB. ≡Tis an equivalence relation, and ≤Tinduces a partial ordering on the corresponding equivalence classes; the poset obtained in this way is called thedegrees of unsolvability, and elements of this poset are calleddegrees.Post was particularly interested in computability from sets which are partially generated by a computer, namely, those for which the elements of the set can be enumerated by a computer.
Counterexamples of the 0-1 Law for Fragments of Existential Second-Order Logic: an Overview
Authors: Bars Jean-Marie Le 
Published: May 2006

AbstractWe propose an original use of techniques from random graph theory to find a Monadic(Minimal Scott without equality) sentence without an asymptotic probability. Our result implies that the 0-1 law fails for the logics(FO2) and](Minimal Gödel without equality). Therefore we complete the classification of first-order prefix classes with or without equality, according to the existence of the 0-1 law for the correspondingfragment. In addition, our counterexample can be viewed as a single explanation of the failure of the 0-1 law of all the fragments of existential second-order logic for which the failure is already known.
New Directions in Descriptive Set Theory
Authors: Kechris Alexander S. 
Published: May 2006

§1. I will start with a quick definition of descriptive set theory: It is the study of the structure of definable sets and functions in separable completely metrizable spaces. Such spaces are usually calledPolish spaces. Typical examples are ℝn, ℂn, (separable) Hilbert space and more generally all separable Banach spaces, theCantor space2ℕ, theBaire spaceℕℕ, the infinite symmetric groupS∞, the unitary group (of the Hilbert space), the group of measure preserving transformations of the unit interval, etc.In this theory sets are classified in hierarchies according to the complexity of their definitions and the structure of sets in each level of these hierarchies is systematically analyzed. In the beginning we have theBorelsets in Polish spaces, obtained by starting with the open sets and closing under the operations of complementation and countable unions, and the correspondingBorel hierarchy(sets). After this come theprojective sets, obtained by starting with the Borel sets and closing under the operations of complementation and projection, and the correspondingprojective hierarchy(sets).There are also transfinite extensions of the projective hierarchy and even much more complex definable sets studied in descriptive set theory, but I will restrict myself here to Borel and projective sets, in fact just those at the first level of the projective hierarchy, i.e., theBorel(),analytic() andcoanalytic() sets.
An Application of Category-Theoretic Semantics to the Characterisation of Complexity Classes Using Higher-Order Function Algebras
Authors: Hofmann Martin 
Published: May 2006

AbstractWe use the category of presheaves over PTIME-functions in order to show that Cook and Urquhart's higher-order function algebra PVω defines exactly the PTIME-iunctions. As a byproduct we obtain a syntax-free generalisation of PTIME-computability to higher types.By restricting to sheaves for a suitable topology we obtain a model for intuitionistic predicate logic with -induction over PVω and use this to re-establish that the provably total functions in this system are polynomial time computable. Finally, we apply the category-theoretic approach to a new higher-order extension of Bellantoni-Cook's system BC of safe recursion.
The Pergamene Frieze
Authors: Farnell L. R. 
Published: May 2006

In the reconstruction of the Pergamene frieze from the fragments which have come to the Berlin Museum much progress has been recently made, and it is now possible to follow—in respect of some of the slabs—a tolerably clear order to which certain mechanical or external signs in the stones themselves would appear to point. And this is a clue more helpful than that which the affinity of style or the natural relations of the figures can afford. It is partly on such grounds as these that the slab on which Dionysos appears has been assigned to the south-east corner of the staircase, and it has been conjectured that near to this, perhaps immediately on its right, was one on which was seen the form of a winged god whose left arm holds a shield, and whose right arm, wielding a sword, is swung over his head against a fallen antagonist.The giant has sunk on his knee, and is raising in supplication or defence his left arm that dimly appears through the shaggy fell that envelopes it. A right hand grasping a stone, the fragments of a knee just lifted from the ground, are placed beneath, and probably belong to him. The drapery of the god is arranged for dramatic effect, as the exomis leaves the right side bare, so that the action gains force and clearness of expression. The composition can make no claim to originality, its forms are highly sculpturesque, and had long been a tradition of sculpture: a metope on the east front of the Parthenon (Michaelis, No. xiii.), on which a scene from the gigantomachy is represented, is the earliest source to which we can directly trace this motive.
Various Works in the Pergamene Style
Authors: Farnell L. R. 
Published: May 2006

The chief object of this paper is to record and classify the various monuments which on the ground of subject-matter or style may claim to be connected with Pergamene work. It may be well also to notice by way of introduction what we can gather from ancient testimony.Of most of the existing works that I shall mention I have had personal knowledge, and where I have had to rely merely on published representations of them, I can only bring them forward for the purpose of suggesting to those who have direct acquaintance with them to consider them from this point of view. The theory which I wish to work out—a theory already suggested by others—is that certain fields of Greco-Roman and late Roman art have received a deep and abiding impress from Pergamon. That this should be a priori probable does not need elaborate proof; Rome was the heir of the Pergamene kingdom, and had always friendly intimacy with it, and we hear of many Pergamene works being transferred to Rome by Nero (Dio Chrys. 644 R.): between certain Roman and certain Pergamene myths there was a close analogy, which coloured the artistic representation of them: the struggle of the Pergamene kingdom with the Gauls, or—to speak perhaps more correctly—with Antiochus Hierax supported by Gallic mercenaries, was the most recent counterpart to the struggle of Rome with the barbarians: it was the Pergamene school—as Professor Brunn was the first to demonstrate—who idealized and fixed for artistic representation the type of the northern barbarian and really created historic sculpture, and I think that it can be shown that their rendering of this type became conventionalized and remained traditional throughout many centuries.
Excavations in Cyprus. Third Season's Work—Polis tes Chrysochou
Authors: Munro J. Arthur R. 
Published: May 2006

The main object of the third season's work of the Cyprus Exploration Fund was the excavation at Salamis, of which the results were published in the last number of this Journal. But, as was there mentioned, a small additional sum of money was procured to continue the previous season's work at Polis tes Chrysochou. It was especially important that the field known to us as Site T should be excavated, both because it promised to yield objects of rare beauty and interest, and because the results of the previous operations were, as was pointed out in last year's report, of little scientific value owing to the character of the evidence on which they were based, and required to be tested by further excavation on more trustworthy sites. Before leaving England, therefore, I had written to Mr. J. W. Williamson asking him to negotiate a contract, which (our departure having produced a good effect on the owner's mind) he was fortunately able to secure. To him and to Mr. Cecil Smith, who was most active in procuring the funds, the execution of the project is largely due.It was near the end of June before work was started at Poli. H. A. Tubbs had been called home by other engagements, so that I was deprived of his cooperation for the remainder of the season. Poli is not to be commended as a summer residence. The heat in the valley is intense, fevers are more easily caught than avoided, and every drop of water fit to drink has to be brought an hour's journey on a donkey. The excavation was uneventful. The only incident which interrupted its course was an attempt by the joint-owner of one of the sites to conclude a contract on his own behalf and defraud his partners of their share of the price, a malpractice which was at once detected by the ever watchful Commissioner, and cost us a couple of days.
Stairs to Pandroseum at Athens
Authors: Fergusson J. 
Published: May 2006

Mr. Murray's suggestion, in the last issue of Hellenic Studies, that a great flight of steps led from the higher level of the ground between the Parthenon and the Erechtheum to the court of the Pandroseum, is certainly ingenious, and on first sight so plausible, that many no doubt will accept it as explaining a difficult point on the topography of the Acropolis at Athens. There are, however, reasons which induce me to hesitate before admitting it to be a solution of the problem, whileas the question which it raises is both interesting and important, I am desirous of an opportunity for stating some of the reasons which make me pause before assenting to his proposal.In the first place, a flight of steps extending 70 feet in one direction and with the return measuring nearly 100 feet altogether, is so remarkable a feature, that it is difficult to understand how it comes that neither Pausanias, nor any other author, ancient or modern, makes any allusion to it. Even the celebrated dog of Philochorus who—after Pausanias—is the most important witness for the arrangement of this temple, would hardly have rushed through the Temple of Minerva Polias, down into the Pandroseum, had this magnificent flight of stairs afforded him far more obvious access to the altar of Jupiter Herceios under the olive-tree, where he sought shelter.
III.—Had the People of Pre-historic Mycenae a Weight Standard?
Authors: Ridgeway W. 
Published: May 2006

In a former paper in this Journal (Vol. viii.) it was maintained that the Greeks had a weight standard long before the introduction of coined money from Asia, the unit of which was the same as the Attic-Euboic system (130—135 grains Troy) of historical times, and that in the Homeric poems the gold Talanton and cow represented the same value, the unit of metal being adjusted to the more primitive unit of barter. The evidence then adduced was of a purely literary nature, as it was not in my power to appeal to any actually existing weights. I have since obtained some data of a concrete kind which, I think, lends some support to my former contention.Dr. Schliemann (Mycenae and Tiryns, p. 354) found (in the tomb south of the Agora at Mycenae) ‘four spirals of thick quadrangular, and seven spirals of thick round gold wire, five plain gold rings, and a similar one of silver, of which a selection is represented under No. 529. ‘I remind (adds Dr. Schliemann) the reader that similar spirals and rings of thick gold wire occur in the wall paintings of the Egyptian tombs. They are supposed to have served as presents, or perhaps as a medium of exchange.’ These rings are now at Athens, and my friend Mr. E. A. Gardner of Gonville and Caius College, the Director of the British School at Athens, has kindly procured for me their weights. Before going further I wish it to be clearly understood that I do not assume the rings to be what is called ring-money, but I think that I am justified in assuming that they are ornaments probably made on a given weight.
The Early Ionic Alphabet
Authors: Gardner Ernest A. 
Published: May 2006

Mr. Petrie's excavations at Naucratis, in the first season (1884–5), threw new light on many branches of classical archaeology: and a full share has fallen upon epigraphy. That science, indeed, has acquired new facts which not only form an important addition where additional evidence was most needed, but also necessitate a modification of certain theories which have hitherto been regarded as certain and fundamental. It is difficult, though not impossible, to reconstruct a portion of the foundations without injuring the edifice built thereon. But this attempt must be made, if we would neither ignore newly discovered material, nor allow its discovery to shake our confidence in the whole complicated structure of facts and theories that constitutes the science of epigraphy.In the chapter on the inscriptions which was incorporated with Mr. Petrie's Memoir, the present writer endeavoured to give to the earliest records of dedication their true interpretation, and to assign to them what seemed their due place in the history of the Greek alphabet. But, with another season's work in prospect, it appeared premature to do more than this, or to draw general conclusions which further discoveries might again modify.
The Lombards and Venetians in Euboia (1205—1303.)
Authors: Bury John B. 
Published: May 2006

§ 1. Introductory. The history of Euboia during its occupation by the Latins is, according to Mr. Freeman, ‘the most perplexed part of the perplexed Greek history of the time.’ If we turn for information on the subject to Finlay, our one English authority on the period, we find no attempt at a consecutive account of it, merely some allusions; the history of Negroponte is a missing chapter in Finlay, which the present paper is an attempt to supply. It is also hoped that it will help to clear up some of the perplexities which beset the subject.Before Hopf the history of this island was almost a blank. Historical investigations concerning the Franks in Romania may be divided into three periods, represented by Ducange in the seventeenth century, Buchon 1825–1846, and Hopf 1850–1870. Buchon's publication of the (with which Ducange indeed had become acquainted, but not until his Histoire de Constantinople sous les Empereurs français had been published), his discovery of the Livre de la Conqueste in Brussels, the new documents, treaties and diplomas, which he brought to light, opened a new era and stimulated a fresh study of the ‘perplexed’ history. Nothing was required now but German diligence and exhaustiveness to ransack archives and fill up the gaps, and German accuracy to correct the slips made by that französische Nonchalance of which Hopf says even Buchon was occasionally (stellenweise) guilty.
Theseus and Skiron
Authors: Ely Talfourd 
Published: May 2006

Panofka has remarked that till 1833 only three works of art were known representing Theseus in the act of hurling Skiron into the sea, and that one of the three was known to us only through the description by Pausanias.The active wielding of spade and shovel during the last half century has done much for the elucidation of many an ancient myth; yet, with a few exceptions (as the Euphronios cup from Caere), the monuments have told us little of Skiron.For this dearth two causes have been suggested: the absence of a universal religious importance in the case of such local legend; and, secondly, the unsuitability of the theme for display of artistic power. The death of Skiron, unlike that of the Minotaur, is the close of a drama simple and isolated in plot and action, whereas the fate of the Cretan monster is closely bound up with the fortunes of a heroine, and leads on to her union with an Olympian god. The myths that gathered round the house of Minos were a fruitful field for the artist as well as for the poet.Again, the adventures of Theseus with the Amazons were shared with the national hero of Hellas. They brought upon the scene a host of combatants whose graceful forms lent themselves to the display of artistic skill, while their foreign dress and equipments admitted of the greatest variety of treatment. The myth of the Centaurs presents a struggle in which savage power combines with heroic types of beauty to produce a vivid and brilliant picture.
The Text of the Homeric Hymns
Authors: Allen T. W. 
Published: May 2006

This Hymn, whether from the simplicity of its narrative or from accident, presents fewer textual difficulties than any of the four larger compositions. Serious corruptions there are none, and the notes it is necessary to write are occasioned rather by the misplaced activity of critics than by real obscurities in the tradition.Literature since 1886 is confined to the contributions of A.' Ludwich, Rheinisches Museum 1888, p. 566, and R. Peppmüller, Philologus 1889 p. 13 sqq. Accounts of the Goddess (which however do not bear materially on the Hymn) are given by Roscher in the first volume of his Lexicon, Tümpel in the new Pauly-Wissowa, vol. 1, and by Mr. Farnell, Cults of Greek States, vol. 2.
On some Black-figured Vases recently acquired by the British Museum
Authors: Walters H. B. 
Published: May 2006

Since the publication of the official catalogue (Volume II.) in 1893 the British Museum has been enriched by several black-figured vases of considerable interest and importance, which I propose to describe and discuss in this paper. Excluding the Odysseus and Kirke vase which I published in vol. xiii of this Journal, the total number amounts to eight, one of which bears an artist's signature, while another is a unique example of a very interesting class. Three others again are interesting from a typological point of view. I will take the vases in a roughly chronological order.Corinthian oinochoe, 8 in. high, from Aegina (Fig. 1). It has a trefoil mouth and squat neck round which is a moulded ring. The handle does not rise above the mouth of the vase, and is quite plain, with cylindrical section. The vase is in good condition, except that the foot is somewhat chipped, and the black varnish is dull and frayed on the lip. It has been imperfectly fired, and the varnish has turned to red in some places. The clay ground is of a buff colour, and the clay itself appears to be rather gritty in texture.