bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolution, Development, and Initial Function of the Mammalian Neocortex: Response of the Germinal Zones to Endothermy
Authors: Smart I.H.M. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractIn the mouse the release of neocortical neurons from the periventricular germinal layers of the forebrain commences towards the ventral margin of the lateral pallium at the level of the interventricular foramen and is propagated from there across the lateral wall of the hemisphere. In the adult cortex the origin of the gradient corresponded to the ventral portion of the somatotopic map of the body, that is, to the area representating structures derived from the embryonic branchial arches, namely, the peri‐oral region and laryngo‐pharyngeal masticatory apparatus. Branchial arch nerves also innervate the fore‐ and mid‐gut and all the related exocrine and endocrine glands. This suggests that the mammalian neocortex evolved from a visceral integration area in a positionally equivalent area in the pallium of a reptilian ancestor which expanded in relation to extensive changes taking place in the visceral and branchial systems of the body during the transition from reptilian ectothermy to mammalian endothermy. The practical problem facing early mammals was to acquire and process the extra energy required to sustain a continuously high metabolic rate. Improvements to the food processing capabilities of the visceral and branchial systems and the expansion of their neural control were important components in the conglomerate of changes required to sustain the increased energy demands of endothermic tissues. Endothermy also bestowed the ability to sustain greater numbers of metabolically expensive neurons and this, in turn, required an appropriate response from the cell production mechanisms in the periventricular germinal layers. Anat Rec, 291:28–48, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Die Wahner Heide. Eine alte Kulturlandschaft der Extraklasse
Authors: Gotzmann Inge , Ferber Dirk 
Published: December 2007

AbstractDie südöstlich von Köln gelegene Wahner Heide wurde lange als Geheimtipp unter Naturfreunden gehandelt. Seit dem Rückzug der belgischen Streitkräfte aus dem Truppenübungsplatz und Naturschutzgebiet rückt diese reizvolle Heide‐ und Moorlandschaft ins Interesse der Öffentlichkeit. Das Eldorado der Arten‐ und Biotopvielfalt wird für viele ein neu zu entdeckendes Naherholungsziel.
Biologie auf der Suche nach ihrer Identität. 200 Jahre Theoriengeschichte – Teil 2
Authors: Penzlin Heinz 
Published: December 2007

AbstractDer zweite Teil unserer Reise durch 200 Jahre Biologiegeschichte behandelt die Evolutions‐ und die Endosymbiontentheorie sowie die einheitlichen Mechanismen der Vererbung und des Stoffwechsels und schließt mit der Erkenntnis ab, dass die Biologie ihre “Suche nach Identität” nur aus sich selbst heraus im Rahmen einer zu schaffenden “Theoretischen Biologie” abschließen kann. Der erste Teil dieses Artikels erschien in BIUZ 5/2007 und reichte von der Einführung des Begriffes “Biologie” bis hin zur Zellen‐ und Urzeugungstheorie.
Nobelpreis 2007 in Medizin: Herstellung von knockout‐Mäusen
Authors: Graw Jochen 
Published: December 2007

AbstractVor 20 Jahren, 1987, erschien in der Zeitschrift “Cell” eine Veröffentlichung, die die Welt der Genetik und der biomedizinischen Forschung revolutionierte: Kirk Thomas und Mario Capecchi berichteten über die gezielte Abschaltung des Hprt‐Gens der Maus. Am Ende ihres Artikels schrieben sie lapidar: “Das hier beschriebene Protokoll könnte für gezielte Mutationen in jedem Gen benutzt werden.” Im Herbst 2007 wurden Mario R. Capecchi, Martin J. Evans und Oliver Smithies für die Vorarbeiten, die zu diesem Durchbruch führten, mit dem Nobelpreis in Medizin ausgezeichnet.
Carl von Linné
Authors: Irsch Wilhelm 
Published: December 2007

AbstractDer Schwede Carl Linnaeus (1707‐1778), dessen Geburtstag sich am 23. Mai diesen Jahres zum 300. Male jährte, hat allen Tier‐ und Pflanzenarten einen zweiteiligen Namen verpasst und durch diese Einführung der binären Nomenklatur ein heilloses Durcheinander bei Benennungen und Zuordnungen beendet – zu einer Zeit, in der durch Entdeckungen und Eroberungen die Zahl der bekannten Arten sprunghaft zugenommen hatte.
BEE‐onik – Lernen von den Waben der Honigbiene
Authors: Tautz Jürgen 
Published: December 2007

AbstractWabenstrukturen sind wegen ihrer statischen Eigenschaften optimale Lösungen für viele bautechnische Probleme. Auch durch ihre dynamischen Fähigkeiten nehmen sie eine Spitzenstellung ein. Honigbienen erzeugen auf ihren Waben kontrollierte Mini‐Erdbeben, die mechanische Energie als Kommunikationssignale auf eine Art und Weise in der Wabe ausbreiten, deren Grundlagen nun in die Technik übertragen werden sollen.
Sansibar: Wege zurück zur nachhaltigen Fischerei
Authors: Aboud Salma Mohammed , Kronberg Inge 
Published: December 2007

AbstractSansibar, Gewürzinsel Afrikas – Perle des indischen Ozeans – Paradies für Schnorchler: So schwärmen Reiseführer von der Inselgruppe an der Ostküste Afrikas. Berühmt und berüchtigt ist Sansibar für den Gewürz‐ und Sklavenhandel früherer Jahrhunderte. Der damalige Reichtum ist vergangen, ein Ausbau von Fischerei und Tourismus soll die Versorgung der Bevölkerung zukünftig sichern und neue Devisen bringen. Von der Küste werden Entwicklungsimpulse für ganz Tansania erhofft. Der verständliche Wunsch nach einem wirtschaftlichen Aufschwung macht ein nachhaltiges Management besonders wichtig.
Biofuels – Economic Aspects
Authors: Festel G. W. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractAssuming an oil price of US$60 per barrel, both biodiesel and bioethanol produced from wheat are not profitable in Europe. The producers' high margins are only due to the current mineral oil tax concessions. At present, biomass‐to‐liquid (BTL) fuel also cannot be produced competitively. At the assumed oil price, only bioethanol and biobutanol produced on a large scale from lignocellulose‐containing raw materials have the potential to be produced competitively. Analyses of the technologies used in this field show that in Europe there are interesting new technological developments for the hydrolysis, fermentation and purification step.
Hospital lymph node counts and survival after radical cystectomy
Authors: Hollenbeck Brent K. , Ye Zajoun , Wong Sandra L. , Montie James E. , Birkmeyer John D. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractBACKGROUND.Several studies suggest that patients in whom more lymph nodes are examined have improved survival after radical cystectomy for bladder cancer. Despite growing calls for using lymph node counts as a hospital quality indicator, it has not been established that hospitals that obtain more lymph node have better outcomes.METHODS.Using the national Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)‐Medicare linked database (1992–2003), all patients undergoing radical cystectomy for cancer were identified (n = 3603). Hospitals were ranked and sorted into 3 evenly sized groups: low (no patients with ≥10 lymph nodes removed), medium (up to 20% of patients), and high (greater than 20% of patients). Survival rates were assessed for each hospital group, adjusting for potentially confounding patient and hospital characteristics.RESULTS.On average, low lymph node count hospitals had higher observed mortality rates compared with high lymph node count hospitals (unadjusted hazards ratio [HR], 1.25; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.13–1.39). Low lymph node count hospitals tended to treat patients who were older, had more comorbidity, were of lower socioeconomic status, had higher admission acuity, and had lower procedure volumes. After adjusting for these differences, low lymph node count hospitals tended to have slightly higher mortality (adjusted HR, 1.12; 95% CI, 0.99–1.27), although this finding did not reach statistical significance. Similar findings were evident when other thresholds (lymph node counts ≥5, ≥14, and ≥20) were used.CONCLUSIONS.Hospitals with high lymph node counts tend to have higher survival rates after radical cystectomy for bladder cancer. However, this effect is modest and is explained, in large part, by confounding patient and hospital factors. Cancer 2008. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Expression of receptors for glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor family ligands in sacral spinal cord reveals separate targets of pelvic afferent fibers
Authors: Forrest Shelley L. , Keast Janet R. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractNerve growth factor has been proposed to mediate many structural and chemical changes in bladder sensory neurons after injury or inflammation. We have examined the expression of receptors for the glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family within sensory terminals located in the sacral spinal cord and in bladder‐projecting sacral dorsal root ganglion neurons of adult female Sprague‐Dawley rats. Nerve fibers immunolabelled for GFRα1 (GDNF receptor), GFRα2 (neurturin receptor), or GFRα3 (artemin receptor) showed distinct distribution patterns in the spinal cord, suggesting separate populations of sensory fibers with different functions: GFRα1‐labeled fibers were in outer lamina II and the lateral‐collateral pathway and associated with autonomic interneurons and preganglionic neurons; GFRα2‐labeled fibers were only in inner lamina II; GFRα3‐labeled fibers were in lamina I, the lateral‐collateral pathway, and areas surrounding dorsal groups of preganglionic neurons and associated interneurons. Immunofluorescence studies of retrogradely labelled bladder‐projecting neurons in sacral dorsal root ganglia showed that ∼25% expressed GFRα1 or GFRα3 immunoreactivity, the preferred receptors for GDNF and artemin, respectively. After cyclophosphamide‐induced bladder inflammation, fluorescence intensity of GFRα1‐positive fibers increased within the dorsal horn, but there was no change in the GFRα2‐ or GFRα3‐positive fibers. These studies have shown that GDNF and artemin may target bladder sensory neurons and potentially mediate plasticity of sacral visceral afferent neurons following inflammation. Our results have also revealed three distinct subpopulations of sensory fibers within the sacral spinal cord, which have not been identified previously using other markers. J. Comp. Neurol. 506:989–1002, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bulbospinal neurons of the rat rostromedial medulla are highly collateralized
Authors: Lefler Ya'Ara , Arzi Anat , Reiner Keren , Sukhotinsky Inna , Devor Marshall 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe rostromedial medulla participates in a large variety of sensory, motor, and autonomic functions. We asked whether individual bulbospinal neurons in this region have localized, target‐specific terminal arbors or whether they collateralize broadly in the spinal cord. Collateralization was quantified along three spinal axes, rostrocaudal, left‐right, and dorsoventral, by using double retrograde labeling. Fluorogold was applied to one target, and cholera toxin B chain (CTB) was applied to the second. We determined the prevalence of neurons that retrogradely label with both tracers in the constituent nuclei of the rostromedial medulla, the raphe nuclei, the gigantocellular reticular nucleus (Gi, bilaterally), the Gi pars alpha (GiA, bilaterally), and the midline medullary reticular formation. A large fraction of neurons in each of these nuclei had bulbospinal projections, ranging from ≥56% for the raphe nuclei to ≥14% for the Gi. For reasons discussed, these values are probably underestimates. Most of the neurons that projected to the lumbar spinal cord also projected to the cervical cord. Likewise, most neurons that projected to the ventral horn also had a collateral branch in the dorsal horn. However, relatively few had bilateral projections; most projected ipsilaterally or contralaterally. A considerable degree of collateralization was also seen among vestibulospinal neurons. The high level of collateralization of the descending projections of the rostromedial medulla suggests that neurons in this area ultimately act on peripheral target tissues or functions that are widely distributed in the body, or that they play a generalized modulatory role across functional modalities, rather than playing specific topographically delimited roles. J. Comp. Neurol. 506:960–978, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Variational approach to the free‐discontinuity problem of inverse crack identification
Authors: Tsotsova R. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThis work presents a computational strategy for identification of planar defects (cracks) in homogenous isotropic linear elastic solids. The underlying strategy is a regularizing variational approach based on the diffuse interface model proposed by Ambrosio and Tortorelli. With the help of this model, the sharp interface problem of crack identification is split into two coupled elliptic boundary value problems solved using the finite element method. Numerical examples illustrate the application of the proposed approach for effective reconstruction of the position and the shape of a single crack using only the information collected on the surface of the analyzed body. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Forgotten pioneers of color order. Part I: Gaspard Grégoire (1751–1846)
Authors: Kuehni Rolf G. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractSome 100 years before Albert Munsell developed his color order system, French silk merchant and inventor of a technology for producing works of art in silk velours, Gaspard Grégoire, introduced a color order system based on the color attributes hue, (relative) chroma, and lightness. Conceived in the mid‐1780s, an atlas with 1350 samples was produced before 1813 and found use in French Royal manufacturing operations and educational institutions. It was followed a few years later by one with 343 samples. Grégoire's work was subsequently overshadowed by Michel‐Eugene Chevreul's more complicated and less intuitive hemispherical system of 1839. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 33, 5–9, 2008
A relationship between zero‐grayness luminance by Evans and perceived brightness of spectrum colors
Authors: Nayatani Yoshinobu , Sakai Hideki 
Published: December 2007

AbstractAn important finding in the present study is that “zero‐grayness luminance” proposed by Evans gives approximately the same perceived brightness for spectrum colors irrespective of hues. The luminance values with the same perceived brightness for spectrum colors are directly derived on the basis of VCC method proposed by the senior author. It corresponds to the spectral luminosity function Vb2(λ;VCC). In the study process, we had some doubts on the luminosity function CIE Vb2(λ) on the heterochromatic brightness match. In other words, CIE Vb2(λ) may not be used for scientific study. The problem is discussed in Appendix briefly. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 33, 19–26, 2008
The effect of experience on the development of tactual‐visual transfer in pigtailed macaque monkeys
Authors: Batterson Virginia Gunderson , Rose Susan A. , Yonas Albert , Grant Kimberly S. , Sackett Gene P. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe study described here is the first to experimentally demonstrate the effects of experience on the development of tactual‐visual transfer. Infant pigtailed macaque monkeys (Macaca nemestrina) were reared from birth to 2 months of age in special cages that allowed the separation of tactual and visual experience. When assessed on a battery of measures at the end of the 2‐month period, animals reared without the opportunity to integrate information across the two sensory modalities performed at chance levels on a paired‐comparison measure of tactual‐visual transfer and performed worse than controls in a visually guided reaching task. After living in the standard laboratory environment for 2 additional months, they were reassessed. While their visually guided reaching now no longer differed from that of controls, they continued to perform at chance on the tactual‐visual transfer assessment and their performance on this task was significantly worse than the control groups. Performance on visual acuity and visual recognition memory measures did not differ between groups at either age, suggesting that the deficit was limited to tactual‐visual functioning. The results are discussed in terms of a possible sensitive period during which specific environmental input is required for the development of normal tactual‐visual cross‐modal processing. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 50: 88–96, 2008.
Exploratory behavior in mice selectively bred for developmental differences in aggressive behavior
Authors: Hood Kathryn E. , Quigley Karen S. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe development and expression of exploratory behavior was assessed in the Cairns lines of Institute for Cancer Research (ICR) mice that were selectively bred for differences in aggressive behavior, with a high‐aggressive 900 line, low‐aggressive 100 line, and control 500 line. Four paradigms were employed. Developmental changes were evident in the complex novel arena, with older males faster to contact a novel object, and ambulating more than young males. Within the control 500 line, older males showed longer latency to emerge from the home cage, and shorter latency to contact novel objects. In the 900 line, younger males showed this same pattern. R. B. Cairns proposed that line differences in aggressive behavior arise through alterations in developmental timing [Cairns et al. [1983] Life‐span developmental psychology (Vol. 5). New York: Academic Press; Gariépy et al. [2001] Animal Behaviour 61: 933–947]. The early appearance of mature patterns of exploratory behavior in 900 line males supports this interpretation. The 900 line males also appear to be behaviorally inhibited in novel settings such as the light–dark box and the neohypophagia paradigm, compared to the 500 and 100 lines (Experiments 1, 2, and 4). Moreover, in the most complex apparatus, the novel arena, 900 line males were slowest to exit the home cage, and fastest to contact a novel object. The apparent contrast in these parameters of exploratory behavior is discussed in relation to T. C. Schneirla's [1965 Advances in the study of behavior (Vol. 1). New York: PN Academic] approach–withdrawal theory. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 50: 32–47, 2008.
A biological window on psychological development
Authors: Gariépy Jean‐Louis , Blair Clancy 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe articles in this special issue of Developmental Psychobiology were presented in May 2005 at an international institute on developmental science hosted by the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Conducted annually at one of the participating universities, these meetings are intended to foster collaboration and build consensus on specific theoretical, methodological, and analytical issues faced by developmentally oriented researchers. The overall goal of the 2005 meeting, titled “Integrating Biology and Developmental Science,” was to identify different ways by which a developmental study of psychological phenomena in their joint biological and behavioral aspects may shed new light on their organization in the individual. The six contributions to this special issue illustrate how a biological window on developmental processes can further this scientific endeavor. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 50: 1–3, 2008.
Endotoxin hyperresponsiveness upon CD4+ T cell reconstitution in lymphopenic mice: control by natural regulatory T cells
Authors: De Wilde Virginie , Benghiat Fleur Samantha , Novalrivas Magali , Lebrun Jean‐François , Kubjak Carole , Oldenhove Guillaume , Verdebout Jean‐Marc , Goldman Michel , Le Moine Alain 
Published: December 2007

AbstractNatural CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (nTreg) have been shown to control graft‐versus‐host disease after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Herein, we considered the possibility that the beneficial action of nTreg upon immune reconstitution in lymphopenic hosts involves dampening of the inflammatory response induced by bacterial products. We first observed that transfer of syngeneic CD4+CD25– T cells in RAG‐deficient mice dramatically enhanced release of inflammatory cytokines and associated pathology upon endotoxin injection. Interferon (IFN)‐γ produced by T cells undergoing homeostatic proliferation was shown to be involved in the endotoxin hyperresponsiveness induced by CD4+ T cell reconstitution. Co‐transfer of CD4+CD25+ nTreg with CD4+CD25– T cells inhibited the expansion of IFN‐γ‐producing T cells and reduced endotoxin responses in RAG–/– mice. We conclude that (1) CD4+ T cell reconstitution sensitizes lymphopenic hosts to endotoxin‐induced pathology and (2) nTreg prevent this process by limiting the emergence of IFN‐γ‐producing cells.
Two Novel Flexible Multidentate Ligands for Crystal Engineering: Syntheses, Structures, and Properties of CuII, MnII Complexes with N‐[(3‐Carboxyphenyl)sulfonyl]glycine and N,N′‐(1,3‐Phenylenedisulfonyl)bis(glycine)
Authors: Ma Lu‐Fang , Wang Yao‐Yu , Wang Li‐Ya , Liu Jian‐Qiang , Wu Ya‐Pan , Wang Jian‐Ge , Shi Qi‐Zhen , Peng Shie‐Ming 
Published: December 2007

AbstractOne novel N‐[(3‐carboxyphenyl)sulfonyl]glycine (H3L1) ligand (1) was prepared in high yield, and its structure was determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Reaction of H3L1 with Mn(ClO4)2·6H2O at different pH values gave two new dinuclear complexes: [Mn2(HL1)2(phen)4]·16H2O (2) and [Mn2L1(phen)4(H2O)]ClO4·3H2O (3) (phen = 1,10‐phenanthroline). Additionally, two copper(II) complexes, [K2Cu(L2)2(H2O)2]n (4) and [CuL2(H2O)]2·2H2O (5), involving another novel ligand, N,N′‐(1,3‐phenylenedisulfonyl)bis(glycine) (H2L2), were prepared by a one‐pot reaction of 1,3‐phenylenebis(sulfonyl chloride), glycine, and KOH or triethylamine in the presence of CuII ions. A self‐assembled (H2O)30 cluster containing a puckered (H2O)12 ring core was found in 2, which presents a new mode of association of water molecules not predicted theoretically or previously observed experimentally. Furthermore, 2 forms a 2‐D supramolecular structure through hydrogen bonding and unique π–π stacking interactions. In 3, there also exist discrete trimeric water clusters. The identity of the base determines the specific structural characteristics of 4 and 5. When potassium hydroxide was used for the synthesis of 4, it led to a 3‐D copper(II)–potassium(I) coordination polymer; when triethylamine was used, paddle‐wheel dinuclear units of copper(II) carboxylate were produced. Magnetic measurements show that there are weak antiferromagnetic interactions in 2–4. In 5 the χMT vs. T curve shows a minimum at 110 K and a climb from 110 K to 5 K, then a long‐range antiferromagnetic ordering occurs, as revealed by a decrease in χMT with T. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)