bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VENTRICULAR FLUID PRESSURE AND THE NEUROPATHOLOGY OF RAISED INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE
Authors: ADAMS J. HUME , GRAHAM D. I. 
Published: May 2008

The relationship between ventricular fluid pressure and the neuropathology of raised intracranial pressureThe brains from 56 patients whose ventricular fluid pressure had been continuously monitored during life have been subjected to a neuropathological analysis. This has shown that the morphological criterion of a significantly high intracranial pressure during life is pressure necrosis in one or both parahippocampal gyri. In patients known to have had a high ventricular fluid pressure, there is also a high incidence of pressure necrosis in the cingulate gyrus and infarction in the medial occipital cortex (‘calcarine infarction’), but these changes do not occur in the absence of pressure necrosis in the parahippocampal gyri. Conventional maeroscopic tentorial and supracallosal herniae may occur without the intracranial pressure having been high. There was no correlation between pressure necrosis in the parahippocampal gyri and hypoxic necrosis in the hippocampus: this suggests that a high intracranial pressure is not an important factor in the pathogenesis of such hypoxic necrosis. It is concluded that the neuropathologist can state with a high degree of accuracy post mortem if intracranial pressure has been significantly high, i. e. an increase associated with a pressure differential between the supratentorial and infratentorial compartments, even when it has not been monitored clinically.
MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN THE ‘DYING‐BACK’ PROCESS—AN HYPOTHESIS IMPLICATING COENZYMES
Authors: SCHOENTAL R. , CAVANAGH J. B. 
Published: May 2008

Annotation. Mechanisms involved in the ‘dying‐back’ process—an hypothesis implicating coenzymesAttention is drawn to the occurrence of the ‘dying back’ type of neuronal degeneration in several vitamin deficiencies and in many toxic neuropathies. It is suggested, hypothetically, that these toxic substances may be inactivating or in other ways interfering with the function of cofactors in the axons of peripheral nerves. It is further suggested from this that the distal distribution of the axonal lesions in such toxic neuropathies may depend upon the distance from the source of materials and of enzymes that would normally be derived from the cell soma for the synthesis and supply of new cofactors upon which survival of the axon will depend. This hypothesis suggests a number of different experimental approaches to this basic neuronal lesion.
NEUROGLIA IN THE INTERNAL GRANULAR LAYER OF THE DEVELOPING RAT CEREBELLAR CORTEX
Authors: LEWIS P. D. , FüLÖP Z. , HAJÓS F. , BALÁZS R. , WOODHAMS P. L. 
Published: May 2008

Neuroglia in the internal granular layer of the developing rat cerebellar cortexIn the first week after birth, a proliferating cell population identifiable as astrocytes is a prominent constituent of the developing internal granular Layer of the rat cerebellar cortex. This population becomes less prominent in the second postnatal week, and by 12 days proliferation within it has fallen to a low level. At 6 days, the dividing astrocytes of the internal granular layer have a cell cycle time of 19.5 h and an estimated turnover time of between 36 and 72 h. These figures are comparable to those obtained for other proliferating cell populations in the 6 day old brain, and contrast with previously published data suggesting much slower rates of neuroglial division in the early postnatal cerebellum.
EFFECTS OF METHYLMERCURY ON IN VIVO PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN ISOLATED CEREBRAL AND CEREBELLAR NEURONS
Authors: SYVERSEN T. L. M. 
Published: May 2008

Effects of methylmercury on in vivo protein synthesis in isolated cerebral and cerebellar neuronsA preparative method is described for the bulk isolation of two neuronal populations from cerebellum, namely the granule cell and Purkinje cell bodies. This isolation method was used for studying in vivo effects of methylmercury on protein synthesis. The experimental rats were given a single i.p. dose of 10 mg/kg methylmercury. Mercury levels are reported in blood, total brain, cerebral neurons and two cerebellar neuron populations. The methylmercury was shown to inhibit incorporation of radioactive leucine into protein. The time course and degree of inhibition were dependent on cell type. The highest inhibition was found in neurons which are morphologically the most mercury sensitive species of the cells tested.
PRIMARY AMYLOIDOSIS WITH INVOLVEMENT OF THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Authors: HORDER JOAN M. , TREIP C. S. 
Published: May 2008

Primary amyloidosis with involvement of the peripheral nervous systemAn unusual case of primary amyloidosis with peripheral neuropathy, due to severe involvement of the peripheral nerves and posterior root ganglia, is described. The possible significance of the changes in the posterior root ganglia is discussed. The sympathetic nervous system was also severely involved, although disturbances of autonomic function were slight.
PROGRESSIVE MULTIFOCAL LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY: ULTRASTRUCTURAL FINDINGS IN TWO BRAIN BIOPSIES
Authors: MAZLO MARIA , HERNDON R. M. 
Published: May 2008

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: ultrastructural findings in two brain biopsiesCerebral biopsies from two patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy due to SV40 (Case 1) and JC viruses (Case 2) have been examined by light and electron microscopy. No features permitting the morphologic differentiation of the diseases caused by the two agents were found. In the first case, intranuclear viral inclusions were seen in satellite oligodendrocytes in the cerebral cortex as well as in oligodendrocytes in the white matter. In this case demyelination developed in the absence of an inflammatory response. Extensive oligodendrocyte proliferation was evident, and phagocytosed myelin debris was found in both oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. In the second case extensive perivascular and tissue infiltration with plasma cells and evidence of viral multiplication in astrocytes were found. Demyelination occurred in the absence of macrophages in the first case which supports the conclusion that the demyelination in PML is due to the cytolytic effect of the virus on oligodendrocytes and is not an immunopathologic process.
EFFECT OF UNDERNUTRITION DURING THE SUCKLING PERIOD ON THE INDUSIUM GRISEUM AND ROSTRAL PART OF THE MOUSE ANTERIOR COMMISSURE
Authors: STURROCK R. R. , SMART J. L. , DOBBING J. 
Published: May 2008

Effect of undernutrition during the suckling period on the indusium griseum and rostral part of the mouse anterior commissureThe indusium griseum and rostral part of the anterior limb of the anterior commissure were examined quantitatively in normal mice and in mice undernourished during the suckling period and subsequently rehabilitated. Both groups were examined at 5 months of age. In the indusium griseum no significant difference was found between the number of neurons or neuroglia in the well‐nourished and undernourished animals. There was a large decrease in the number of glia in the rostral part of the anterior limb which also showed a decrease in length and cross‐sectional area. These results confirm that the effects of undernutrition are most marked in areas in which growth is maximum during the period of stress.
AXONAL AND DORSAL ROOT GANGLION CELL CHANGES IN EXPERIMENTAL ALLERGIC NEURITIS
Authors: KING R. H. M. , THOMAS P. K. , POLLARD J. D. 
Published: May 2008

King R.H.M., Thomas P.K. & Pollard J.D. (1977) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology 3, 471486Axonal and dorsal root ganglion cell changes in experimental allergic neuritisObservations have been made on experimental allergic neuritis in guinea pigs induced by the inoculation of rabbit sciatic nerve combined with Freund's adjuvant. Axonal lesions were observed most often in the later stages of the acute disease and in animals with a chronic relapsing course. They consisted of axonal interruption and regeneration, and ‘reactive’ axonal changes in demyelinated and remyelinated fibres, and in fibres of normal appearance that may have possessed lesions at some other point along their course. Abnormalities were not detected in anterior horn cells. Loss of dorsal root ganglion cells was rare, but invasion of the cells by lymphocytes which were present within large intracellular vacuoles, was at times conspicuous. The axonal and dorsal root ganglion cell changes may represent a ‘bystander’ effect in a cell‐mediated delayed hypersensitivity reaction.
VACUOLATION IN THE HUMAN CEREBRAL CORTEX AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO THE INTERVAL BETWEEN DEATH AND AUTOPSY AND TO SYNAPSE NUMBERS: AN ELECTRONMICROSCOPIC STUDY
Authors: GIBSON P. H. , TOMLINSON B. E. 
Published: May 2008

Gibson P.H. & Tomlinson B.E. (1979) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology5, 1–7Vacuolation in the human cerebral cortex and its relationship to the interval between death and autopsy and to synapse numbers: an electron microscopic studyVacuolation in the human cerebral cortex resulting from swelling of cell processes after death was measured in electron micrographs in material obtained up to 69 hours post mortem from subjects with no known neurological abnormality. Vacuolation was found to increase significantly up to 30–35 hours after death and then to decrease. Accompanying this change was a significant reduction in the numbers of recognizable synapses which probably resulted from compression due to the vacuolation rather than from post‐mortem disintegration.
RESTITUTION OF BROMODEOXYURIDINE‐INDUCED CHANGES IN CEREBELLAR DEVELOPMENT
Authors: YU WAN‐HUA AMY 
Published: May 2008

Yu W‐H. A. (1979) Neuropathology and Applied Neuropathology5, 41–48Restitution of bromodeoxyuridine‐induced changes in cerebellar developmentPreviously, it was shown that bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) in 2‐day‐old rats caused hypoplasia of the external cerebellar granular layer. Significant restitution was achieved after removal of BrdU by an increase in the rate and duration of prolifer‐ative activity of the EGL cells, but abnormal cerebellar cytoarchitecture remained detectable at 35 days of age due mainly to polarity changes in the regenerated cells. The present report concerns repair of the EGL after giving BrdU to 7‐day‐old rats i.p. (15 mg/100 g body weight) twice daily for 3 days and killed at 15 days‐of‐age. Now, the regenerative capacity of the EGL was severely curtailed. The proliferative activity of the EGL of the treated animals was similar to normal controls and there was no change in the orientation of either the EGL cells or the parallel fibers. The only noticeable differences were a decrease in the width of the molecular layer and the presence of unusually elongated primary dendrites in many Purkinje cells of the BrdU treated rats. It was concluded that lengthening of the cell cycle time had slowed down the removal of BrdU and thus reduced the regenerative potential of the EGL at this age.
PSEUDO‐INTRACELLULAR COLLAGEN TANGLES IN HUMAN SPINAL GANGLIA
Authors: KOGA M. , OYANAGI S. , OYAKE Y. 
Published: May 2008

Pseudo‐intracellular collagen tangles in human spinal gangliaA new structure was found in the spinal ganglia of 6 out of 215 human autopsy cases with various disorders. It was composed of ballooned cells fully packed with fibrillar structures showing the same staining properties as collagen. Ultrastructurally the fibrillar structures were bundles of collagen fibres with a striation of about 70nm periodicity, and they were enclosed by the cell membrane invaginated in a very complex manner into the cytoplasm. This structure, which we named ‘pseudo‐intracellular collagen tangle’, was considered to result from a disturbance in the releasing process of collagen fibre from fibroblasts. The aetiology of the structure is unknown, but it might represent one of regressive or senile changes in human spinal ganglia.
THE DENSITY OF NEURONS IN THE HUMAN HIPPOCAMPUS
Authors: DAM A. MOURITZEN 
Published: May 2008

Mouritzen Dam A. (1979) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology5, 249–264 The density of neurons in the human hippocampusThe aim of this study was to determine the density and pattern of distribution of the neurons in the human hippocampus, and twenty‐nine brains of healthy individuals were examined. The cells counted in each unit area were the pyramidal cells in the H‐fields and the granule cells. Difference in density was found between all H‐fields. The neuronal density was highest in the H2‐fields. The density decreased through the transitional area H1–2 and H1, with the lowest density in H3. The neuronal density increased in all H‐fields in the antero‐posterior direction, while the granule cells decreased in density. In the individual brain there was a positive correlation found respectively between high and low cell density in the different H‐fields. The pyramidal cell density decreased in persons more than 68 years old. No difference was found between neuronal cell density in the two sides of the brain. Sex did not influence the neuronal cell density.
A QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF CELL PROLIFERATION IN EPENDYMA AND CHOROID PLEXUS IN THE POSTNATAL RAT BRAIN
Authors: CHAUHAN A. N. , LEWIS P. D. 
Published: May 2008

A quantitative study of cell proliferation in ependyma and choroid plexus in the postnatal rat brainProliferative activity in forebrain ependyma and choroid plexus epithelium was studied in rats aged up to 42 days by means of autoradiography after injection cf [3H]‐thymidine. Labelling indices were higher in the lateral than in the third ventricle, while values for choroid plexus epithelium were lower than those for ependyma. In all areas examined, labelling indices showed a similar pattern of decline in the first two postnatal weeks reaching by day 12 a level about 20–30% of that on day 1. This low level, corresponding to a turnover time of 130 days for ependyma, was maintained thereafter up to day 42, indicating the persistence of proliferation in the young adult.
WIDESPREAD INTRANUCLEAR NEURONAL CORPUSCLES (MARINESCO BODIES) ASSOCIATED WITH A FAMILIAL SPINAL DEGENERATION WITH CRANIAL AND PERIPHERAL NERVE INVOLVEMENT
Authors: JANOTA I. 
Published: May 2008

Case report. Widespread intranuclear neuronal corpuscles (Marinesco bodies) associated with a familial spinal degeneration with cranial and peripheral nerve involvementWidespread intranuclear, paranucleolar, acidophilic corpuscles, known as Marinesco bodies, were found in association with degeneration of the posterior columns of the spinal cord, posterior root ganglia and cranial nerves. The patient was a man dying at the age of 45 years. Neurological examination of his sister (aged 51 years) indicates that she is suffering from the same disease. The cases appear to belong to the predominantly spinal form of spino‐cerebellar degenerations or Friedreich's ataxia. This report, which includes an electron microscope examination, considers the pathological significance of Marinesco bodies.
CHRONOLOGICAL STUDY OF ULTRASTRUCTURAL CHANGES IN THE PERIPHERAL NERVES IN MAREK'S DISEASE
Authors: LAWN A. M. , PAYNE L. N. 
Published: May 2008

Chronological study of ultrastructural changes in the peripheral nerves in Marek's diseaseA chronological study was made of the ultrastructural changes in peripheral nerves following inoculation of 1‐day‐old chicks with a neurogenic strain of Marek Disease virus. No virus particles were found in nerves. Cellular infiltration of nerves was detected as early as 5 days after inoculation and by 3 weeks some nerves contained proliferative lesions which possessed many of the ultrastructural features characteristic of normal, reactive lymphoid tissue. About 4 weeks after inoculation, coinciding with the onset of neurological signs, areas of widespread demyelination appeared within these lesions; lymphocytes and macrophages penetrated and destroyed the myelin sheath, but spared Schwann cells and most axons. Later oedematous, sparsely infiltrated B type lesions were observed, some of which contained demyelin‐ated nerve fibres undergoing repair; these were therefore a stage in the regression of the proliferative lesions. Our observations do not favour the hypothesis that cellular infiltration of nerves in Marek's disease is the direct result of auto‐sensiti‐zation to normal myelin. They are consistent with the hypothesis that demyelination is a secondary feature and that the primary lesions are preferential sites for immune demyelination.
A BASIC PROGRAM TO CORRECT FOR SPLIT CELL ERROR IN PARTICLES CLASSIFIED BY THE LOGARITHM OF THEIR PROFILE AREAS
Authors: MILLER A. K. H. 
Published: May 2008

A BASIC program to correct for split cell error in particles classified by the logarithm of their profile areasA program is presented, written in the BASIC computer language, to correct the errors which occur when cell profiles are counted in thin sections of tissue. Given the numbers of profiles in each of M size classes, and the thickness and area of the sections examined, the program calculates the number of cells in each of these classes per mm3 of tissue. The mathematical method is briefly described and it is shown that a useful level of accuracy may be obtained when the correction procedure is used in the study of non‐spherical cells.
ATYPICAL AXON‐SCHWANN CELL RELATIONSHIPS IN THE COMMON PERONEAL NERVE OF THE DYSTROPHIC MOUSE: AN ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDY
Authors: JAROS E. , BRADLEY W. G. 
Published: May 2008

Abstracts Jaros E. & Bradley W.G. (1979) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology 5, 133–147Atypical axon‐Schwann cell relationships in the common peroneal nerve of the dystrophic mouse: an ultrastructural studySeveral atypical features of myelination of the peripheral nervous system are reported in common peroneal nerve of dystrophic mice (129 Re J dy/dy): (i) central nervous system‐like contact between myelin sheaths of adjacent nerve fibres; (ii) nodes and internodes of myelinated fibres enwrapped with cytoplasmic processes of Schwann cells from adjacent nerve fibres; (iii) Schwann cells of adjacent nerve fibres co‐operating in formation of a single myelin sheath; and (iv) a single Schwann cell myelinating two separate axons. In view of the presence of similar features of myelination in the central nervous system, where the myelin producing cells lack basement membrane, we suggest that in the dystrophic peripheral nerves the development of these features can be attributed to the partial deficiency of the Schwann cell basement membrane. Two types of widened nodes of Ranvier are also identified: (i) nodes with paranodal damage; and (ii) nodes without paranodal damage. In addition, abnormal features of myelination are described which are likely to represent altered Schwann celliaxon relationships during demyelination and remyelination and/or decreased myelinating ability of Schwann cells. We interpret these findings as indicating a metabolic disorder of Schwann cells. They provide an experimental model for the investigation of factors involved in the origin and maintenance of the structural organization of peripheral nerve.
THYROID DEFICIENCY AND CELL DEATH IN THE RAT CEREBELLUM DURING DEVELOPMENT
Authors: PATEL A. J. , RABIÉ A. 
Published: May 2008

Thyroid deficiency and cell death in the rat cerebellum during development.The [3H]‐DNA content of the cerebellum remained constant during a period from 4 h to 8–9 days after the administration of [3H]‐thymidine both to normal rats at 6 and 12 days of age and to thyroid deficient rats at 6 days. On the other hand, when [3H]‐thymidine was given to 12‐day‐old thyroid deficient rats, a progressive decrease in the cerebellar content of [3H]‐DNA was observed during the first 4 days after the injection. These findings, together with previous results showing a markedly elevated pyknotic index in the internal granular layer of the 12‐day‐old hypothyroid cerebellum, are consistent with there being an increased death of newly formed and differentiating granule cells in thyroid deficiency towards the end of the second week of postnatal life.
NUCLEAR INCLUSIONS IN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE
Authors: TOPER S. , BANNISTER C. M. , LINCOLN J. , MANN D. M. A. , YATES P. O. 
Published: May 2008

Toper S., Bannister CM., Lincoln J., Mann D.M.A. & Yates P.O. (1980) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology 6, 245–253Nuclear inclusions in Alzheimer's diseaseBiopsy samples of parietal cortex from seven patients undergoing atrio‐ven‐tricular shunt operations have been examined electron microscopically. Five were suffering from Alzheimer's disease, while two were subjects with normo‐tensive hydrocephalus following previous head injuries. Intranuclear neuronal, inclusions of three types were found. Most frequent was the intranuclear rodlet, which was commonly observed in four of the patients with Alzheimer's disease, but in one block only from one of the hydrocephalus cases. The other two types, namely the spherical inclusion body and the vermicellar‐like inclusion, were found less commonly and in only two cases. No inclusions were seen in glial nuclei.
CYTOPLASMIC INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS IN CULTURED GLIAL CELLS
Authors: SOTELO J. , TOH B. H. , LOLAIT S. J. , YILDIZ A. , OSUNG O. , HOLBOROW E. J. 
Published: May 2008

Sotelo J., Toh B.H., Lolait S.J., Yildiz A., Osung O. & Holborow E.J. (1980) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology 6, 291–298Cytoplasmic intermediate filaments in cultured glial cellsMonolayer cultures of rat glial cells derived from 12 to 14 day fetal spinal cords and rat C6 glioma cells were examined for immunofiuorescent reactivity with human or rabbit autoantibodies to intermediate filaments and with rabbit antibody to GFAP. The embryonic glial cells and C6 glioma cells reacted identically with both. Protoplasmic astrocytes gave immunofiuorescent staining of an intricate network of cytoplasmic filaments while fibrous astrocytes and C6 glioma cells gave diffuse cytoplasmic staining of the cell body and cell processes. Cells, pretreated with colchicine or vinblastine, showed staining of thick coils of peri‐nuclear, circum‐nuclear, or juxta‐nuclear filaments. The observations suggest that intermediate filaments in glial cells contain unique antigenic determinants as well as antigenic determinants shared with intermediate filaments in other cell types.
ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE INFLAMMATORY INFILTRATE IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM OF THE GUINEA‐PIG WITH EXPERIMENTAL ALLERGIC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS
Authors: ALLSOPP GRETA , ROTERS SILENE , TURK J. L. 
Published: May 2008

Allsopp G., Roters S. & Turk J.L. 1980 Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology 6,109–118Isolation and characterization of the inflammatory infiltrate in the central nervous system of the guinea‐pig with experimental allergic encephalomyelitisThe inflammatory infiltrate of the central nervous system in acute experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in the guinea‐pig has been isolated and characterized. Inflammatory cells found over the surface of the brain and spinal cord and within the leptomeninges have been isolated by washing, and were subsequently identified by a number of methods. By light microscopy approximately 60% were lymphocytes, 30% were cells of the mononuclear phagocyte series, and 5% were neutrophils: the occasional plasma cell and eosinophil were also identified. E, EA and EAC rosetting tests were used to determine the proportions of T lymphocytes (both early and late), and cells with Fc and C3 receptors respectively. Particular attention was paid to cells of the mononuclear phagocyte series bearing Fc and C3 receptors to determine whether any change or loss of these receptors was apparent. The percentage of phagocytic cells from the brain and spinal cord washes was also determined. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy showed that a large proportion of the inflammatory infiltrate consisted of cells of the mononuclear phagocyte series. This study therefore confirms that the cells of the mononuclear phagocyte series play a predominant role in EAE.