bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MENTAL SIDE REACTIONS IN PAEDIATRIC ANAESTHESIA
Authors: Benson Francis , Reinand Tom 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYPsychological complications after a stay in hospital are found more often in very young children than in older ones.Such complications as a result of hospital admission occur more frequently in children who have previously displayed signs of nervousness.Children in whom anaesthetic induction was carried out using rectal injection of pentothal show a significantly lower incidence of mental sequelae after a period in hospital than those who were anaesthetised by the inhalation method.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGPsychologische Komplikationen nach einem Spitalsaufenthalt werden bei Kleinkindern häufiger als bei älteren Kindern gefunden.Solche Komplikationen als Folge einer Spitalsaufnahme kommen häufiger bei Kindern vor, die bereits vorher Zeichen von Nervosität gezeigt haben.Kinder, bei denen die Narkoseeinleitung mittels rectaler Instillation von Pentothal ausgeführt worden war, zeigten einen significant geringeren Befall psychischer Spätfolgen nach einem Spitalsaufenthalt als solche, die mittels Inhalationsmethoden narkotisiert worden waren.
ESTIMATION OF SUCCINYLCHOLINE BLOOD LEVELS
Authors: Kvisselgaard Niels , Moya Frank 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYA method of estimating serum concentrations of succinylcholine using a modification of the frog rectus abdominis technique is described.Serum levels after single intravenous injections of 100–500 mg succinylcholine were measured in 21 patients. Concentrations were determined in 14 additional patients who received continuous intravenous infusions of the drug.Regardless of the magnitude of the initial dose, the serum concentrations of succinylcholine fell to very low levels within 30 seconds of administration. Following the first half minute the reduction in concentration was gradual and took 4 minutes to reach minimally detectable levels (1 μg/ml).Additional in‐vitro experiments, which eliminated diffusion distribution effects, were used to study the rate of destruction of succinylcholine by freshly drawn blood.It was concluded that the in‐vivo decay curve of succinylcholine may be considered to be representing two partially overlapping events: rapid enzyme destruction of succinylcholine during the steep fall, and diffusion and distribution during the gradual drop.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGEs wird eine Methode zur Bestimmung der Serumkonzentration von Succinylcholin beschrieben, die eine Modifikation der Frosch‐Rectus‐Technik darstellt.Bei 21 Patienten wurde der Serumspiegel nach Einzel‐i.v.‐Injektionen von 100–500 mg Succinylcholin gemessen. Bei weiteren 14 Patienten wurden die Konzentrationen während der Verabreichung einer kontinuierlichen i.v. Infusion des Mittels bestimmt.Ohne Rücksicht auf die Grösse der Initialdosis fielen die Serumkonzentrationen von Succinylcholin innerhalb von 30 Sekunden nach der Verabreichung auf sehr niedrige Niveaus. Nach der ersten halben Minute war die Konzentrationsverminderung nur mehr eine schrittweise und es dauerte 4 Minuten, um einen gerade noch feststellbaren Serumspiegel (1 μg/ml) zu erreichen.Zusätzliche in‐vitro‐Experimente, die den Verteilungseffekt durch Diffusion vermieden, wurden angestellt, um die Abbaugeschwindigkeit von Succinylcholin in frisch abgenommenem Blut zu studieren.Es konnte der Schluss gezogen werden, dass die Abbaukurve von Succinylcholin in‐vivo sich aus 2 einander teilweise überschneidenden Komponenten zusammensetzt: rasche enzymatische Zerstörung von Succinylcholin während des steilen Abfalles und Diffusion und Verteilung in den Geweben während des schrittweisen Absinkens.
TREATMENT OF FULMINANT TOXAEMIA OF PREGNANCY WITH GANGLION BLOCKADE
Authors: Samuelsson Stig , Vinnars Erik 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYIn 12 patients with severe, often life‐threatening toxaemia of pregnancy, administration of a ganglion blocking agent was followed in all but one case by an immediate fall in blood pressure.Seven patients with eclampsia had, between them, 33 fits before treatment was started, as against seven during treatment. The latter fits were mild and short‐lived.Severe hypotension occurred in one case, but otherwise there were no complications, and all the mothers survived.Urinary output was favourably affected.Two infants died; both were premature. Ganglion blockade may have been a contributing factor in one of these deaths.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGBei 12 Patienten mit schwerer, oft lebensbedrohlicher Schwangerschafttoxikose führte die Verabreichung eines Ganglienblockers in alien Fällen mit einer Ausnahme zu einem sofortigen Absinken des Blutdruckes.7 Patienten mit Eklampsie hatten zusammen insgesamt 33 Anfälle vor Beginn der Behandlung und nur 7 während der Behandlung. Die letzteren verliefen mild und waren von kurzer Dauer.In einem Fall kam es zu einer schweren Hypotonie, sonst wurden keine Komplikationen beobachtet. Alle Mütter überlebten.Die Harnausscheidung wurde günstig beeinflusst.2 Neugeborene starben, beide waren Frühgeburten. Bei einem dieser Todesfälle könnte die Ganglienblockade ein zusätzlich schädigender Faktor gewesen sein.
POTENTIATION OF THE NEUROMUSCULAR EFFECT OF SUCCINYLCHOLINE BY TETRAHYDRO‐AMINO‐ACRIDINE
Authors: Gordh T. , Wahlin Å. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYClinical tests have been made of a new anticholinesterase, tetrahydro‐aminoacridine (Tacrin or THA), reported to be a synergist of succinylcholine. In all 50 cases in which it was given, THA prolonged the effect of succinylcholine. The greatest advantage of this agent is that it reduces the quantity of succinylcholine administered per time unit. It therefore allows succinylcholine to be used in lengthy operations, without the necessity of doses apt to produce a dual block. Another advantage of THA is that it lacks the curaremimetic properties of hexafluorenium bromide, and therefore cannot contribute to the occurrence of such a block.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGEs wurden klinische Untersuchungen mit einer neuen Anticholinesterase durchgeführt, dem Tetrahydro‐amino‐acridin (Tacrin oder THA), einem Synergisten des Succinylcholins. THA verlängerte in alien 50 Fällen, bei denen es angewendet wurde, die Wirkung des Succinylcholins. Der grösste Vorteil dieses Mittels ist, dass es die notwendige Gesamtmenge des in der Zeiteinheit zu verabreichenden Succinylcholins herabsetzt. Es wird dadurch möglich, Succinylcholin auch bei längeren Operationen zu verwenden, ohne dass dabei ein dualer Block entsteht. Ein weiterer Vorteil des THA ist, dass es nicht die curareartigen Eigenschaften des Hexafluoreniumbromids besitzt und daher nicht zum Auftreten eines solchen Blocks beitragen kann.
INFLUENCE OF LOCAL ANAESTHETICS WITH VASOCONSTRICTORS UPON CIRCULATION AND METABOLISM
Authors: Nordqvist P. , Dhunér K. G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY

The vasoconstrictors epinephrine and norepinephrine added to the local anaesthetics lidocaine and mepivacaine do not diminish, but rather increase, the frequency of changes in pulse rate and blood‐pressure level during surgery. One possible exception is for epinephrine when the patient during surgery is exposed to reflex stimulation of the vagus. This conclusion is based upon a large series of recorded clinical anaesthesias.
Oxygen consumption and blood‐sugar level in the patients rise when the vasoconstrictors epinephrine and norepinephrine are added to local anaesthetics in major anaesthesias. This conclusion is based on a double‐blind study.

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG

Der Zusatz der Vasoconstrictoren Epinephrin und Norepinephrin zu den Lokalanästheticis Lidocain und Mepivacain vermindert nicht, sondern erhöht vielmehr die Häufigkeit von Veränderungen der Pulsfrequenz und des Blutdrucks im Verlauf von Operationen. Eine mögliche Ausnahme liegt für Epinephrin dann vor, wenn der Patient während der Operation einer Reflexstimulation des Vagus ausgesetzt ist. Jede Schlussfolgerung basiert auf einer grossen Reihe von genau registrierten klinischen Anaesthesien.
Der Sauerstoffverbrauch und der Blutzuckerspiegel der Patienten steigen, wenn die Vasoconstrictoren Epinephrin und Norepinephrin für grössere Anaesthesien dem Lokalanaestheticum zugesetzt werden. Diese Schlussfolgerung basiert auf einer Doppel‐Blind‐Untersuchung.
A CLINICO‐STATISTICAL COMPARISON OF THE RESULTS OBTAINED BY SUCCINYLDICHOLINE AND SUCCINYLDI‐SULPHACHOLINE IN GENERAL SURGICAL ANAESTHESIA
Authors: Rizzi R. 
Published: December 2008

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGWenn man die beobachteten Wirkungen, die Vorteile und Nachteile der beiden zum Vergleich stehenden Mittel zusammenfasst, kann man sagen, dass die Verabreichung von Succinyldisulphacholin mit Ausnahme der laryngealen Reflexe nicht von so günstigen oder ungünstigen Erscheinungen begleitet ist, dass man es als besser oder schlechter als Succinyldicholin bezeichnen kann. Aus unserer klinisch‐statistischen Analyse kann der Schluss gezogen werden, dass Succinyldisulphacholin, obwohl es doch nicht das ideale Muskelrelaxans ist, sehr wohl seinen Platz in der täglichen Anaesthesiepraxis finden wird, ebenso wie dies für Succinyldicholin bereits heute zutrifft.
Halothane and Methoxyflurane in Ophthalmic Anaesthesia
Authors: Tammisto T. , Hämäläinen Leila , Tarkkanen Leena 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYHalothane and methoxyflurane were compared in ophthalmic anaesthesia. Methoxyflurane was administered to 230 and halothane to 332 patients. The following advantages with methoxyflurane—as compared with halothane—were observed: slightly better cardiovascular stability, reduced tendency to bleeding, centrally fixed eyes in light levels, smoother emergence from anaesthesia in children. As disadvantages may be listed: slower induction, slower emergence from anaesthesia, prolonged vomiting in rare cases, and less pronounced ocular hypotonia. As regards the odier factors studied (respiratory depression, postoperative restlessness, vomiting and need of analgesics, costs), no differences were noted.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGHalothan und Metoxyfluran wurden bei Narkosen in der Ophthalmologic vergleichen. 230 Patienten erhielten Metoxyfluran, 232 Halothan. Im Vergleich zu Halothan ergaben sich mit Metoxyfluran die folgenden Vorteile: etwas stabilere Kreislaufverhältnisse, verminderte Blutungstendenz, mittelständig fixierte Augen in leichter Narkose und störungsfreieres Erwachen der Kinder. Als Nachteile müssen angeführt werden: langsamere Einleitung und langsameres Erwachen aus der Narkose, länger anhaltendes Erbrechen in seltenen Fällen und weniger ausgeprägte Senkung des intraokulären Druckes. Bezüglich der anderen untersuchten Faktoren (Atemdepression, postoperative Unruhe, Erbrechen, Erfordernis von Analgetika und Kosten) konnten keine Unterschiede festgestellt werden.
Central nervous action of interleukin‐1 mediates activation of limbic structures and behavioural depression in response to peripheral administration of bacterial lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Konsman J. P. , Veeneman J. , Combe C. , Poole S. , Luheshi G. N. , Dantzer R. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractAlthough receptors for the pro‐inflammatory cytokine interleukin‐1 have long been known to be expressed in the brain, their role in fever and behavioural depression observed during the acute phase response (APR) to tissue infection remains unclear. This may in part be due to the fact that interleukin‐1 in the brain is bioactive only several hours after peripheral administration of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). To study the role of cerebral interleukin‐1 action in temperature and behavioural changes, and activation of brain structures during the APR, interleukin‐1 receptor antagonist (IL‐1ra; 100 μg) was infused into the lateral brain ventricle 4 h after intraperitoneal (i.p.) LPS injection (250 μg/kg) in rats. I.p. LPS administration induced interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) production in systemic circulation as well as in brain circumventricular organs and the choroid plexus. Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) infusion of IL‐1ra 4 h after i.p. LPS injection attenuated the reduction in social interaction, a cardinal sign of behavioural depression during sickness, and c‐Fos expression in the amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. However, LPS‐induced fever, rises in plasma corticosterone, body weight loss and c‐Fos expression in the hypothalamus and caudal brainstem were not altered by i.c.v. infusion of IL‐1ra. These findings, together with our previous observations showing that i.c.v. infused IL‐1ra diffuses throughout perivascular spaces, where macrophages express interleukin‐1 receptors, can be interpreted to suggest that circulating or locally produced brain IL‐1β acts on these cells to bring about behavioural depression and activation of limbic structures during the APR after peripheral LPS administration.
Is my antibody‐staining specific? How to deal with pitfalls of immunohistochemistry
Authors: Fritschy Jean‐Marc 
Published: December 2008

AbstractImmunohistochemistry is a sensitive and versatile method widely used to investigate the cyto‐ and chemoarchitecture of the brain. It is based on the high affinity and selectivity of antibodies for a single epitope. However, it is now recognized that the specificity of antibodies needs to be tested in control experiments to avoid false‐positive results due to non‐specific binding to tissue components or recognition of epitopes shared by several molecules. This ‘Technical Spotlight’ discusses other pitfalls, which are often overlooked, although they can strongly influence the outcome of immunohistochemical experiments. It also recapitulates the minimal set of information that should be provided in scientific publications to allow proper evaluation and replication of immunohistochemical experiments. In particular, tissue fixation and processing can have a strong impact on antigenicity by producing conformational changes to the epitopes, limiting their accessibility (epitope masking) or generating high non‐specific background. These effects are illustrated for an immunoperoxidase staining experiment with three antibodies differing in susceptibility to fixation, using tissue from mice processed under identical conditions, except for slight variations in tissue fixation. In these examples, specific immunostaining can be abolished depending on fixation strength, or detected only after prolonged postfixation. As a consequence, antibody characterization in immunohistochemistry should include their susceptibility towards fixation and determination of the optimal conditions for their use.
Body size frequency distributions in African mammals are bimodal at all spatial scales
Authors: Kelt Douglas A. , Meyer Marc D. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTAim To examine frequency distributions of body sizes for mammal assemblages at several spatial scales and assess the generality of results heretofore obtained only for North and South America.Location Africa.Methods Terrestrial African mammals were allocated to major biomes, and regional and local assemblages were extracted from published and unpublished literature. We produced body size frequency distributions for local, regional, biomic and continental distributions, both for whole assemblages and for three foraging strata, and compared these with several standard metrics (e.g. mean and median size, interquartile range, skew, bimodality, etc.). Differences between distributions were quantified usingt‐tests and analysis of variance.Results African mammal faunas exhibit features in common with those of North and South America, most notably the gradual reduction in the modality and skew of body size distributions with decreasing spatial scale. Unlike other continents, however, the African mammal fauna exhibits a bimodal frequency distributions at all spatial scales. Our data suggest a role for competitive interactions in local assembly, as documented elsewhere, but further data on locally interacting assemblages are needed.Main conclusions The African fauna appears unique in the expression of bimodality at all spatial scales. The presence of a secondary mode at large body size may reflect co‐evolutionary adjustments to proto‐human hunters and consequent escape from anthropogenic Pleistocene extinctions, but the absence of species of intermediate body size (c. 250–4000 g) remains anomalous and is not readily explained by either historical or modern (ecological) factors. For the African mammal fauna, a key question in understanding the role of history versus ecology may not be why there are so many large species, but why there are so few intermediate‐sized species.
Prevalence of multiple sclerosis in Buenos Aires, Argentina using the capture‐recapture method
Authors: Cristiano E. , Patrucco L. , Rojas J. I. , Cáceres F. , Carrá A. , Correale J. , Garcea O. , Gold L. , Tessler J. , Kremenchutzky M. 
Published: December 2008

Background:  Scarce data exist about multiple sclerosis (MS) prevalence in South America. The objective of the study is to determine the prevalence of MS in a high populated area from Argentina (Greater Buenos Aires Metropolitan area) using the capture‐recapture methodology.Methods:  Greater Buenos Aires is the generic denomination that refers to the megalopolis comprised by the autonomous city of Buenos Aires and the surrounding conurbation of the province of Buenos Aires. The study was carried out taking July 1996 as the prevalence month. We used capture‐recapture method to estimate the prevalence of MS cross matching registries from four MS Centers.Results:  A total of 803 registries were obtained from the four lists. Log‐linear model for capture‐recapture method was used to analyze the data. The population of the area based on the 1990 census was 12 594 974; the number of MS cases estimated amongst sources interactions were between 1833 and 2359; the prevalence estimated ranged from 14 to 19.8 cases per 100 000 inhabitants.Conclusions:  This is the first study to provide epidemiological data on the prevalence of MS in a large population in Argentina (Greater Buenos Aires Metropolitan area). Further epidemiological studies will clarify the true prevalence of MS in South America.
Association between hyperglycemia, heart failure and mortality in stroke patients
Authors: Dziedzic T. , Slowik A. , Pera J. , Szczudlik A. 
Published: December 2008

Background:  Acute hyperglycemia predicts increased mortality after stroke. The aim of our study was to determine if acute stroke patients with hyperglycemia suffer from increased rate of in‐hospital adverse events which could influence survival such as pneumonia, heart failure and myocardial infarction.Methods:  In a retrospective study with prospective follow‐up, 689 patients with first‐ever ischaemic stroke and high frequency of cardiovascular diseases were eligible. Follow‐up period was 1–7 years (14 308 person‐months).Results:  The frequency of in‐hospital heart failure and nosocomial pneumonia was the highest in patients without pre‐hospital diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and with fasting glucose ≥7 mmol/l (50% and 20.2%, respectively) and the lowest in patients without pre‐hospital diagnosis of diabetes and fasting glucose ≤6.1 mmol/l (12.3% and 8.1%). On multivariate analysis fasting glucose was significantly associated with risk of in‐hospital heart failure (OR: 1.12, 95% CI: 1.01–1.23), but not with pneumonia. Glucose level was an independent predictor of mortality only when statistical model did not include heart failure as a variable.Conclusions:  In stroke patients with hyperglycermia increased rate of heart failure could be responsible for higher mortality.
Prevalence of migraine, tension‐type headache and trigeminal neuralgia in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Putzki N. , Pfriem A. , Limmroth V. , Yaldizli Ö. , Tettenborn B. , Diener H. C. , Katsarava Z. 
Published: December 2008

Background:  Prevalence rates of headache in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients varied widely in recent studies. This study aimed to investigate the 1 year prevalence of headache in MS compared with the general population.Methods:  Population‐based case–control study in Germany.Results:  We included 491 patients with definite MS (68% female, mean age 45.3 years, 63.7% relapsing remitting MS, mean Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) 3.2, 106 treated with interferon‐β, 53 with glatiramer acetate, 271 untreated) and 447 age and gender matched controls. Headache was diagnosed with a validated questionnaire according to the International Headache Society Criteria. Headache prevalence was 56.2% (tension type headache 37.2%, migraine 24.6%). Headache prevalence rates did not differ from controls. Headache was not associated with disability or treatment. Trigeminal neuralgia was found in 6.3% of MS cases.Conclusion:  Results suggest that headache in MS patients reflects comorbidity in most conditions.
Differences in grey and white matter atrophy in amnestic mild cognitive impairment and mild Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Balthazar M. L. F. , Yasuda C. L. , Pereira F. R. , Pedro T. , Damasceno B. P. , Cendes F. 
Published: December 2008

Background:  Grey matter (GM) atrophy has been demonstrated in amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and mild Alzheimer’s disease (AD), but the role of white matter (WM) atrophy has not been well characterized. Despite these findings, the validity of aMCI concept as prodromal AD has been questioned.Methods:  We performed brain MRI with voxel‐based morphometry analysis in 48 subjects, aiming to evaluate the patterns of GM and WM atrophy amongst mild AD, aMCI and age‐matched normal controls.Results:  Amnestic mild cognitive impairment GM atrophy was similarly distributed but less intense than that of mild AD group, mainly in thalami and parahippocampal gyri. There were no difference between aMCI and controls concerning WM atrophy. In the mild AD group, we found WM atrophy in periventricular areas, corpus callosum and WM adjacent to associative cortices.Discussion:  We demonstrated that aMCI might be considered a valid concept to detect very early AD pathology, since we found a close proximity in the pattern of atrophy. Also, we showed the involvement of WM in mild AD, but not in aMCI, suggesting a combination of Wallerian degeneration and microvascular ischaemic disease as a plausible additional pathological mechanism for the discrimination between MCI and AD.
Dijon’s vanishing lead with regard to low incidence of stroke
Authors: Béjot Y. , Osseby G. V. , Aboa‐éboulé C. , Durier J. , Lorgis L. , Cottin Y. , Moreau T. , Giroud M. 
Published: December 2008

Background:  Towards the end of the 20th century, the city of Dijon, France, had a lower incidence of stroke than that found in other studies. It was hypothesized that genetic and environmental factors were responsible for this so‐called French paradox. We aim to evaluate recent changes in stroke incidence to determine whether or not the Dijon exception still exists.Methods:  The population‐based stroke registry of Dijon ascertained all first‐ever strokes from 2000 to 2006. We calculated incidence to compare recent results with those obtained from a previous study period (1985–1999) and those of other population‐based studies covering both the end of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century.Results:  From 2000 to 2006, 1205 strokes were recorded. Crude and age‐standardized incidence (to European and World population) rates were respectively 113, 107 and 72/100 000/year. No change was observed between 1985–1999 and 2000–2006, whereas other studies reported declining incidence.Conclusion:  The incidence of stroke in Dijon remained lower than that found in similar studies, but the difference compared with results observed for the 20th century is shrinking. Therefore, the Dijon exception is decreasing, suggesting that it was rather an advance in prevention strategies that has diminished.
Nokia as an Environmental Policy Actor: Evolution of Collaborative Corporate Political Activity in a Multinational Company*
Authors: KAUTTO PETRUS 
Published: December 2008

AbstractAlthough companies have been studied quite widely as political actors, the majority of this research has treated companies as a homogeneous group. This article inquires how Nokia, a multinational corporation, has anticipated legislation initiatives and how it has tried to influence policy development in interaction with industry associations and EU institutions.