bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Paediatric liaison service
Authors: Black Jennie , Wright Barry , Williams Christine , Smith Rob 
Published: October 2008

Aims and methodTo discuss the working of a new paediatric liaison service. To review paediatric referrals to a child and adolescent mental health service (CAMHS) 21 months before and 21 months after the establishment of this service.ResultsOne hundred and eighty-three children were discussed in the 21 months after the new service was set up. There was a rise in referral to CAMHS from 72 to 120. Non-attendance rates from paediatric referrals also rose. Likely reasons for these changes are discussed, and include an increase in referrals of children with somatisation.Clinical implicationsInterdisciplinary liaison appears to carry many advantages, but is likely to increase referral rates to the CAMHS. This has both clinical and resource implications.
Evaluating family therapy in a child and adolescent mental health service
Authors: Partridge Ian , Redmond Carol , Williams Chris , Black Jennie , Richardson Greg 
Published: October 2008

Aims and methodWithin a mental health service for children and their families a range of treatment options should be offered. We discuss the organisation of family therapy as one mode of treatment within a generic child and adolescent mental health service. It is based upon a review of all referrals during a 12-month period (April 1997–March 1998).ResultsThis review showed a high rate of non-attendance for first appointments, that the family therapy offered an effective forum for assessment and that a brief focused model of intervention could be effective within a generic service.Clinical implicationsThis review has lead us to modify our deployment of family therapy as a treatment option: this modification has implications in terms of resource utilisation and of the clinical use of family therapy.
Using the Health of the Nation Outcome Scales in clinical practice
Authors: James Michael , Kehoe Robert 
Published: October 2008

Aims and methodTo describe the implementation of a plan to use a validated outcome measure in the care and treatment of people with severe mental illness within a district general hospital psychiatric service. Multiple techniques were necessary to promote actual change of practice.ResultsA survey of practice found 77% of full Care Programme Approach patients to have recorded Health of the Nation Outcome Scales (HoNOS) scores in their care plans one year after the beginning of the implementation plan.Clinical implicationsIt is possible to incorporate the use of HoNOS in to everyday practice but it takes a lot of time, effort and resources. Mental health services may require a clearer indication from the NHS Executive regarding the use of such outcome scales before committing themselves.
User involvement in care planning
Authors: Lawson Mike , Strickland Chrissie , Wolfson Paul 
Published: October 2008

Aims and methodTo assess the extent of user involvement in care planning, from the users' perspective. Fifty Care Programme Approach (CPA) meetings across five consultant teams were included using quota sampling. Data concerning user involvement was collected by direct observation, semi-structured interviews with users and keyworkers and a review of CPA documentation.ResultsUser involvement in needs assessment and decision-making was poor, as was knowledge of care planning and information provision to users.Clinical implicationsLimited resources and conflict resulting from the more containing aspects of the CPA remain obstacles for user involvement. Possible improvements include user led needs assessment, information pack provision and limiting attendance at CPA meetings.
Update on the use of new anticonvulsants as mood stabilisers
Authors: Maidment Ian 
Published: October 2008

Aims and methodThe aim of the study was to assess and update the data related to the use of lamotrigine, gabapentia topiramate and tiagabine as mood stabilisers. The published trials and case reports were collated from searches of the Cochrane Collaboration, Medline and Micromedex from January 1985 to January 1999. The manufacturers were also contacted.The search included other aspects of the usage of these anticonvulsants, such as side-effects and drug interactions.ResultsMost of the data are in the form of anecdotal case reports and small scale open studies. The majority of the trials lack a placebo arm and do not use standard rating scales or standard diagnostic criteria. The usefulness of the results is partly limited by the short durations and small sample sizes. Furthermore, it is often unclear whether concomitant medication was altered.Therefore, any conclusion of effectiveness requires confirmation in double-blind placebo-controlled studies to eliminate any false-positive response due to bias, placebo effects or random variability. There is also possibility of false-negative selection bias, as the early data tends to relate to a more refractory population. The use of these newer anticonvulsants as mood stabilisers is currently under investigation in a clinical trial programme.Clinical implicationsThere are no studies comparing the new anticonvulsants either with each other or with established agents. There is less evidence supporting the use of the newer anticonvulsants in bipolar disorders compared with established agents. The newer anticonvulsants should be used as third- or fourth-line agents. There is more data supporting the use of lamotrigine and gabapentin.
Characterization of Nanoparticles in an Aqueous Solution with Bound Water Molecules Using Pulsed Field Gradient Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Authors: Kato Haruhisa , Takahashi Kayori , Saito Takeshi , Kinugasa Shinichi 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
The slow diffusion of water molecules in a polystyrene latex (PS-latex) nanoparticle solution was observed using the pulsed field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance (PFG-NMR) method. The measured diameter of the PS-latex nanoparticle was approximately 32 nm, and the slowly diffusing water was attributed to the small amount of water molecules bound strongly by PS-latex particles.
Preparation of Polybenzoxazine/Ionic Liquid Hybrids
Authors: Kawauchi Takehiro , Ohara Minori , Hirai Shoko , Takeichi Tsutomu 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
We successfully prepared a novel hybrid of polybenzoxazine (PBa) and ionic liquids (ILs), such as 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate (BMICF3SO3) by the polymerization of benzoxazine in the presence of IL. The obtained hybrid film at 20 wt % BMICF3SO3 content had higher tensile strength and elongation at break than those of the pristine PBa film without sacrificing the modulus. The hybrid also showed high Tg and degradation temperature evidenced by DMA and TGA.
Mesomorphic Behavior of Bent-shaped Molecules with Non-aromatic Central Core Based on Bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)methane
Authors: Lee Seng Kue , Shi Lu , Tokita Masatoshi , Watanabe Junji 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
New homologous series of bent-shaped molecules with non-aromatic central core based on bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)methane were studied comparing with the conventional bent-shaped molecules with aromatic central core.
Hydrothermal Synthesis and Structural Characterization of an Inorganic–Organic Hybrid Sandwich-type Germanotungstate
Authors: Wang Jingping , Chen Guo , Wang Wei , Niu Jingyang 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
A novel inorganic–organic hybrid germanotungstate (H2en)5[{Ni(Hen)}2Ni2(GeW9O34)2]·8H2O (1) has been hydrothermally synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, IR, ESR spectra, TG-DTA, and X-ray diffraction. The title compound consists of a tetra-NiII-substituted sandwich-type anion [{Ni(Hen)}2Ni2(GeW9O34)2]10−, where two monoprotonated en (en = ethylenediamine) ligands have replaced the two external water molecules of the well-known rhombohedral Ni4O16 core.
Fabrication of Nickel Nitrate Hydroxide Microsphere with Inheriting Morphology to β-Ni(OH)2 and NiO
Authors: Tang Changlin , Li Guangshe , Li Liping 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
This work reports on a phase-controlled approach to nickel nitrate hydroxide solid microsphere. This novel weakly ferromagnetic sphere is constructed by nanoparticles as a consequence of the reactions between ethanol and the nitrate species. This sphere is also proved to show distinct morphology-inheriting feature as to the formation of β-Ni(OH)2 or NiO that has potential applications in electrochemical cells and gas sensors.
Novel Biodegradable Copoly(amino acid)s Based on 6-Aminocaproic Acid and l-Proline
Authors: Zhang Weipeng 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Novel biodegradable copoly(amino acid)s based on 6-aminocaproic acid and l-proline were prepared by melt polycondensation and characterized by IR and 1H NMR. They showed high mechanical properties with high viscosity ranging from 0.72 to 1.70 dL/g. Enzymatic degradation showed that with increasing proline content the enzymatic degradation rate of the copolymers increased. The cellular interaction of copolymer films and HEK 293 cells was observed using SEM; cells adhered and spread well on the material surfaces.
Hidden Consequences of Success in Pediatrics: Parental Health-Related Quality of Life—Results From the Care Project
Authors: Hatzmann Janneke , Heymans Hugo S. A. , Ferrer-i-Carbonell Ada , van Praag Bernard M. S. , Grootenhuis Martha A. 
Published: October 2008

CONTEXT. The number of parents who care for a chronically ill child is increasing. Because of advances in medical care, parental caring tasks are changing. A detailed description of parental health-related quality of life will add to the understanding of the impact of caring for a chronically ill child. This will contribute to pediatric family care.
OBJECTIVE. Our goal was to determine the health-related quality of life of parents of chronically ill children compared with parents of healthy schoolchildren.
DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS. A survey of 533 parents of children with chronic conditions (10 diagnosis groups, children aged 1–19 years, diagnosed &gt;1 year ago, living at home) and 443 parents of schoolchildren was conducted between January 2006 and September 2007. Parents were approached through Emma Children's Hospital (which has a tertiary referral and a regional function) and through parent associations. The comparison group included parents of healthy schoolchildren. Health-related quality of life was assessed with the TNO-AZL Questionnaire for Adult's Health Related Quality of Life.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE. Health-related quality of life measures gross and fine motor function, cognitive functioning, sleep, pain, social functioning, daily activities, sexuality, vitality, positive and depressive emotions, and aggressiveness. The health-related quality of life of the study group was compared with that of the comparison group, and effect sizes were estimated. The percentages of parents at risk for a low health-related quality of life were compared with the 25th percentile scores of the comparison group.
RESULTS. Parents of chronically ill children had a significantly lower health-related quality of life. Subgroup analysis showed lower health-related quality of life on sleep, social functioning, daily activities, vitality, positive emotions, and depressive emotions in disease-specific groups. On average, 45% of the parents were at risk for health-related quality-of-life impairment.
CONCLUSIONS. Parents of chronically ill children report a seriously lower health-related quality of life, which should receive attention and supportive care if necessary. A family-centered approach in pediatrics is recommended.
Omitting types for finite variable fragments and complete representations of algebras
Authors: Andréka Hajnal , Németi István , Ahmed Tarek Sayed 
Published: October 2008

AbstractWe give a novel application of algebraic logic to first order logic. A new, flexible construction is presented for representable but not completely representable atomic relation and cylindric algebras of dimensionn(for finiten> 2) with the additional property that they are one-generated and the set of allnbynatomic matrices forms a cylindric basis. We use this construction to show that the classical Henkin-Orey omitting types theorem fails for the finite variable fragments of first order logic as long as the number of variables available is > 2 and we have a binary relation symbol in our language. We also prove a stronger result to the effect that there is no finite upper bound for the extra variables needed in the witness formulas. This result further emphasizes the ongoing interplay between algebraic logic and first order logic.
The number of openly generated Boolean algebras
Authors: Geschke Stefan , Shelah Saharon 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis article is devoted to two different generalizations of projective Boolean algebras: openly generated Boolean algebras and tightly σ-filtered Boolean algebras.We show that for every uncountable regular cardinal κ there are 2κ pairwise non-isomorphic openly generated Boolean algebras of size κ > ℵ1 provided there is an almost free non-free abelian group of size κ. The openly generated Boolean algebras constructed here are almost free.Moreover, for every infinite regular cardinal κ we construct 2κ pairwise non-isomorphic Boolean algebras of size κ that are tightly σ-filtered and c.c.c.These two results contrast nicely with Koppelberg's theorem in [12] that for every uncountable regular cardinal κ there are only 2κ isomorphism types of projective Boolean algebras of size κ.
An exponential lower bound for a constraint propagation proof system based on ordered binary decision diagrams
Authors: Krajíček Jan 
Published: October 2008

AbstractWe prove an exponential lower bound on the size of proofs in the proof system operating with ordered binary decision diagrams introduced by Atserias, Kolaitis and Vardi [2]. In fact, the lower bound applies to semantic derivations operating with sets defined by OBDDs. We do not assume any particular format of proofs or ordering of variables, the hard formulas are in CNF. We utilize (somewhat indirectly) feasible interpolation.We define a proof system combining resolution and the OBDD proof system.
Maximal irredundance and maximal ideal independence in Boolean algebras
Authors: Monk J. Donald 
Published: October 2008

Recall that a subset X of an algebra A is irredundant iff x ∉ 〈X∖{x}〉 for all x ϵ X, where 〈X∖{x}) is the subalgebra generated by X∖{x}. By Zorn's lemma there is always a maximal irredundant set in an algebra. This gives rise to a natural cardinal function Irrmm(A) = min{∣X∣: X is a maximal irredundant subset of A}. The first half of this article is devoted to proving that there is an atomless Boolean algebra A of size 2ω for which Irrmm(A) = ω.A subset X of a BA A is ideal independent iff x ∉ (X∖{x}〉id for all x ϵ X, where 〈X∖{x}〉id is the ideal generated by X∖{x}. Again, by Zorn's lemma there is always a maximal ideal independent subset of any Boolean algebra. We then consider two associated functions. A spectrum functionSspect(A) = {∣X∣: X is a maximal ideal independent subset of A}and the least element of this set, smm(A). We show that many sets of infinite cardinals can appear as Sspect(A). The relationship of Smm to similar “continuum cardinals” is investigated. It is shown that it is relatively consistent that Smm/fin) < 2ω.We use the letter s here because of the relationship of ideal independence with the well-known cardinal invariant spread; see Monk [5]. Namely, sup{∣X∣: X is ideal independent in A} is the same as the spread of the Stone space Ult(A); the spread of a topological space X is the supremum of cardinalities of discrete subspaces.
Portal Vein Glucose Sensors Do Not Play a Major Role in Modulating Physiological Responses to Insulin-Induced Hypoglycemia in Humans
Authors: Rossetti Paolo , Porcellati Francesca , Lucidi Paola , Busciantella Ricci Natalia , Candeloro Paola , Cioli Patrizia , Santeusanio Fausto , Bolli Geremia B. , Fanelli Carmine G. 
Published: October 2008

OBJECTIVE—Experimental data from animal studies indicate that portal vein glucose sensors play a key role in the responses to slow-fall hypoglycemia. However, their role in modulating these responses in humans is not well understood. The aim of the present study was to examine in humans the potential role of portal vein glucose sensors in physiological responses to insulin-induced hypoglycemia mimicking the slow fall of insulin-treated diabetic subjects.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Ten nondiabetic subjects were studied on two different occasions during intravenous insulin (2 mU · kg−1 · min−1) plus variable glucose for 160 minutes. In both studies, after 60 min of normal plasma glucose concentrations, hypoglycemia (47 mg/dl) was induced slowly (60 min) and maintained for 60 min. Hypoglycemia was preceded by the ingestion of either oral placebo or glucose (28 g) given at 30 min.
RESULTS—Plasma glucose and insulin were not different with either placebo or glucose (P &gt; 0.2). Similarly, counterregulatory hormones, substrates, and symptoms were not different with either placebo or glucose. The Stroop color and colored words subtest of the Stroop test deteriorated less (P &lt; 0.05) with glucose than placebo.
CONCLUSIONS—In contrast to animals, in humans, prevention of portal hypoglycemia with oral glucose from the beginning of insulin-induced slow-fall hypoglycemia has no effect on sympathoadrenal and symptomatic responses to hypoglycemia.
Retinol-Binding Protein 4 in Twins
Authors: Ribel-Madsen Rasmus , Friedrichsen Martin , Vaag Allan , Poulsen Pernille 
Published: October 2008

OBJECTIVE—Retinol-binding protein (RBP) 4 is an adipokine of which plasma levels are elevated in obesity and type 2 diabetes. The aims of the study were to identify determinants of plasma RBP4 and RBP4 mRNA expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and skeletal muscle and to investigate the association between RBP4 and in vivo measures of glucose metabolism.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—The study population included 298 elderly twins (aged 62–83 years), with glucose tolerance ranging from normal to overt type 2 diabetes, and 178 young (aged 25–32 years) and elderly (aged 58–66 years) nondiabetic twins. Peripheral and hepatic insulin sensitivity was assessed by a euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp, and β-cell function was estimated from an intravenous glucose tolerance test.
RESULTS—The influence of environmental versus genetic factors in the regulation of plasma RBP4 increased with age. Plasma RBP4 was elevated in type 2 diabetes and increased with duration of disease. Plasma RBP4 correlated inversely with peripheral, but not hepatic, insulin sensitivity. However, the association disappeared after correction for covariates, including plasma adiponectin. Plasma retinol, and not RBP4, was inversely associated with insulin secretion. SAT RBP4 expression correlated positively with GLUT4 expression and inversely with glucose tolerance. Skeletal muscle RBP4 expression reflected intramuscular fat, and although it was suppressed by insulin, no association with insulin sensitivity was evident. RBP4 expression was not associated with circulatory RBP4.
CONCLUSIONS—In conclusion, our data indicate that RBP4 levels in plasma, skeletal muscle, and fat may be linked to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes in a secondary and noncausal manner.
Liver Is the Site of Splanchnic Cortisol Production in Obese Nondiabetic Humans
Authors: Basu Rita , Basu Ananda , Grudzien Meagan , Jung Paul , Jacobson Peer , Johnson Michael , Singh Ravinder , Sarr Michael , Rizza Robert A. 
Published: October 2008

OBJECTIVE—To determine the contribution of liver and viscera to splanchnic cortisol production in humans.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—D4 cortisol was infused intravenously; arterial, portal venous, and hepatic venous blood was sampled; and liver and visceral fat were biopsied in subjects undergoing bariatric surgery.
RESULTS—Ratios of arterial and portal vein D4 cortisol/cortisoltotal (0.06 ± 0.01 vs. 0.06 ± 0.01) and D4 cortisol/D3 cortisol (1.80 ± 0.14 vs. 1.84 ± 0.14) did not differ, indicating that no visceral cortisol production or conversion of D4 cortisol to D3 cortisol via 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD-1) occurred. Conversely, ratios of both D4 cortisol to cortisoltotal (0.05 ± 0.01; P &lt; 0.05) and D4 cortisol to D3 cortisol (1.33 ± 0.11; P &lt; 0.001) were lower in the hepatic vein than in the portal vein, indicating production of both cortisol and D3 cortisol by the liver. The viscera did not produce either cortisol (−8.1 ± 2.6 μg/min) or D3 cortisol (−0.2 ± 0.1 μg/min). In contrast, the liver produced both cortisol (22.7 ± 3.90 μg/min) and D3 cortisol (1.9 ± 0.4 μg/min) and accounted for all splanchnic cortisol and D3 cortisol production. Additionally, 11β-HSD-1 mRNA was approximately ninefold higher (P &lt; 0.01) in liver than in visceral fat. Although 11β-HSD-2 gene expression was very low in visceral fat, the viscera released cortisone (P &lt; 0.001) and D3 cortisone (P &lt; 0.01) into the portal vein.
CONCLUSIONS—The liver accounts for all splanchnic cortisol production in obese nondiabetic humans. In contrast, the viscera releases cortisone into the portal vein, thereby providing substrate for intrahepatic cortisol production.
Quality of Care for Patients With Type 2 Diabetes in Primary Care in Norway Is Improving
Authors: Cooper John Graham , Claudi Tor , Jenum Anne Karen , Thue Geir , Hausken Marie Fjelde , Ingskog Wibeche , Sandberg Sverre 
Published: October 2008

OBJECTIVE—To assess changes in the quality of care in Norway for patients with type 2 diabetes.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Two cross-sectional surveys were examined that identified all patients (n = 1,470 in 1995 and n = 2,699 in 2005) with type 2 diabetes attending 33 general practices in 1995 and 2005.
RESULTS—Between 1995 and 2005, there were significant improvements in the proportion of patients for whom important laboratory analyses, smoking habits, height, weight, and referral to eye examination were recorded. Mean A1C declined from 7.74 to 7.15%, systolic blood pressure from 150.0 to 140.4 mmHg, and cholesterol from 6.28 to 5.0 mmol/l (P &lt; 0.001, age and sex adjusted). The 10-year risk of coronary heart disease for an average male patient declined from 42 to 29%.
CONCLUSIONS—There have been substantial improvements in type 2 diabetes primary care in Norway that are potentially related to major improvements in health outcomes.