bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A simplified procedure for quantification of potato glycoalkaloids in tuber extracts by H.p.l.c.; comparison with ELISA and a colorimetric method
Authors: Hellenäs Karl‐Erik 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAn improved high‐performance liquid chromatography (h.p.l.c.) procedure for determination of glycoalkaloid levels in potato tubers has been developed in which Sep‐Pak cartridges replace the commonly used alkaline precipitation for clean‐up of tuber extracts. Glycoalkaloids are extracted from fresh tuber tissue into an aqueous medium, the extract is submitted to clean‐up and α‐solanine and α‐chaconine are quantitatively separated on a reversed phase column with ethanolamine modifier added to the mobile phase. Potato tubers were comparatively analysed for their glycoalkaloid content by this and two other methods: a recently developed immunoassay (ELISA) and a colorimetric procedure representing the traditional chemical approach. Agreement between the h.p.l.c. and the other methods was good.
Nutritional value of acid stabilised silage and liquefied fish protein
Authors: Stone Frederick E. , Hardy Ronald W. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractFish silage made by a conventional method (pH 4.0) contained a variety of active enzyme systems which not only hydrolysed fish proteins to short peptides and free amino acids, but also caused the degradation of free amino acids to ammonia and other metabolic products. Acid‐stabilised fish silage (pH 2.0) contained only those polypeptides released by endogenous pepsins with only slight accumulation of free amino acids and degradation products. Liquefied fish which was autolysed for less than 1 h at 60°C at physiological pH (6.2–6.6) and then pasteurised and acidified to pH 4.0 contained polypeptides of intermediate length which remained stable. These processes provide a means for adjusting the peptide and free amino acid content of autolysed fish protein to suit the nutritional requirements of a variety of aquatic and terrestrial species.
Production of antisera against sterigmatocystin hemiacetal and its potential for use in an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay for sterigmatocystin in barley
Authors: Morgan Michael R. A. , Kang Angray S. , Chan Henry W.‐S. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractHighly specific antisera of high titre to sterigmatocystin hemiacetal has been produced in rabbits and used to set up a microtitration plate enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Novel conjugation procedures were used in synthesis of both immunogen and the material used to make the assay solid phase. The assay has been validated for the determination of sterigmatocystin in barley—extraction conditions are such that the toxin is converted quantitatively to the more soluble hemiacetal form.
The subunit structure and stability of conglutin δ, a sulphurrich protein from the seeds of Lupinus angustifolius L.
Authors: Lilley Glenn G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe oligomeric structure and stability of conglutin δ, the 2S sulphur‐rich lupin seed protein, has been studied. Molecular weights were determined by sedimentation equilibrium methods in the analytical ultracentrifuge. Conglutin δ2 (Mr 14 000, 2S), the most abundant form, was composed of one large (˜9600) and one small polypeptide chain linked by disulphide bonds. The minor oligomeric form, conglutin δ1 (Mr 28 000, 2.8S), was a disulphide‐linked dimer of conglutin δ2. Each form was capable of reversible association and at low ionic strength (neutral pH), the conglutin δ1 momomer associated to a homogeneous dimer (Mr 56 000, 4.1S). Calculated frictional ratios (f/f0 ˜ 1.28–1.49) suggested that the three different forms were asymmetric. Spectral studies (ORD/CD) showed that conglutins δ1 and δ2 were rich in alpha‐helix (˜38%) unlike the major 7S and 11S legume seed storage proteins. The helical structure was unusually stable both to heat and chemical denaturants; below 60°C (at neutral pH) the helix remained unaffected and only partial denaturation occurred at higher temperatures. Nevertheless, complete denaturation was achieved (at 20°C) in high concentrations of guanidine hydrochloride (greater than 6.5 M). The stability was due to the presence of disulphide cross‐links; with the addition of reducing agent, as little as 1 M guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl) was sufficient for denaturation of the helical structure. Titration experiments showed a single buried tyrosine (pK 11.4) which could be exposed (pK 10.2) in 6 M GuHCl.
Degradation in muscle fibre‐connective tissue junctions in the spotted trevalla (seriolella punctata) examined by scanning electron microscopy
Authors: Bremner H. Allan , Hallett Ian C. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe junctions between the muscle fibres and the connective tissues of the myocommata in the spotted trevalla (Seriolella punctata Forster) were investigated by scanning electron microscopy. In prerigor muscle, the fine collagen fibrils which arise from the myocommata to form the muscle cell envelope were evident. After the fish were stored several days in ice, progressive deterioration was observed in these fibrils. The structure and the degradation was similar in nature to that reported previously in blue grenadier.
Hastening of leaf senescence in the processing of green tea leaf to black tea
Authors: Ullah Mohammed R. , Bordoloi Ashok K. , Gogoi Nogen 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe current system of processing green tea leaf (Camellia sinensis) to produce black tea involves a long period, especially because of the withering process practised in acquiring leaf senescence which is essential to impart fullness to the resulting tea liquors. Hastening leaf senescence by artificial withering at temperatures favourable to enzymic transformations accelerated the process and considerably shortened the manufacture of black teas.
Comparison of methods to describe the kinetics of digestion and passage of fibre in sheep
Authors: Aitchison Elisabeth , Gill Margaret , France James , Dhanoa Mewa S. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA mathematical model is described which was developed with the objective of analysing and interpreting data from rumen‐emptying studies to estimate rates of digestion (kd) and passage (kp) in sheep offered hay once daily. It assumed that first‐order kinetics applied to digestion in and passage from the rumen within a 24 h feeding cycle. The model predictions of kd and kp were compared with rates of digestion estimated by incubation of the hays in dacron bags and rates of passage determined using chromium‐mordanted hay, in the same experiments. The predictions for rates of passage determined over the period 5–15 h postfeeding were lower than those determined from the chromium‐mordant data and the simulations indicated that the fractional rate of passage during feeding was higher than that recorded in the postfeeding period. This suggests either that more than one fractional rate constant applies within a 24 h period, or that first‐order kinetics do not apply. The estimates for kd were considerably higher than those determined in dacron bags. Evaluation of the ability of the combined dacron bag and mordant techniques to estimate extent of digestion by comparison with in‐vivo digestibility values indicated that the extent of digestion was underestimated. The predictions obtained from the rumen‐emptying data were much closer to the in‐vivo values.
Effects of eight tillage treatments on a tropical alfisol: Maize growth and yield
Authors: Lal Rattan 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe effects of eight methods of preplanning tillage systems were investigated on maize growth and yield for eight consecutive crops grown from 1980 to 1983 on an Alfisol in south‐west Nigeria. The tillage systems were: (A) no‐till with residue mulch, (B) no‐till with chiselling in the row zone to 50 cm depth, (C) mouldboard ploughing followed by (fb) harrowing, (D) disc ploughing fb rotovation, (E) no‐till without residue mulch, (F) mouldboard ploughing at the end of rains, (G) mouldboard ploughing fb two harrowings with residue mulch (H) mouldboard ploughing fb two harrowings and ridging. In seasons with infrequent rains and long dry spells, seedling emergence was significantly suppressed on ridged plots (treatment H). The 1500 h soil temperature on the ridged seedbed (H) at 5 cm depth exceeded 40°C, and was about 10°C more than in no‐till with mulch (A). The oxygen diffusion rate (ODR) at 10 cm depth was the most in the no‐till mulch and the least in the furrow bottoms. The soil moisture reserve was larger in the no‐till plots than in the ploughed treatments. Plant height and vigour were adversely affected on ridges in seasons with frequent dry spells. In these seasons, maize grain yield declined with the increasing intensity of mechanical tillage. For the eight seasons, the cumulative benefits in grain yield of all the no‐till treatments were 1.76 and 0.32 tonnes ha−1 in comparison with ridges (H) and ploughed (C, D, F, G) treatments, respectively. The mean seasonal yield was 3.37 and 1.00 t ha−1 for the first and second seasons respectively. The seasonal fluctuations in grain yield were related to rainfall amount and the length of growing season.
Body composition and feed intake of young pigs postweaning
Authors: Tullis J. Bronwyn , Whittemore Colin T. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThirty‐five female Large White pigs were weaned at 14 days of age, penned individually, given a single diet and slaughtered serially at 25, 40, 55 and 70 days of age. A control group was fed to appetite throughout while three groups were subjected to feed restriction at various ages postweaning. For the periods 25 to 40, 40 to 55, 55 to 70 days of age pigs fed to appetite gained 321 (±19.9), 532 (±35.4) and 601 (±35.5) g liveweight day−1. Pigs restricted between 25 and 55 days, followed by refeeding from 55 to 70 days, gained 192 (±14.0), 169 (±44.8) and 508 (±81.0) g liveweight day−1; pigs restricted between 40 and 55 days, followed by refeeding from 55 to 70 days, gained 425 (±42.8), 409 (±49.6) and 480 (±70.1) g liveweight day−1. A group given 200 g feed day−1 gained 42 (±4.2) g liveweight daily between 25 and 70 days. Refed groups did not differ significantly from controls in their feed intakes for the period 55 to 70 days, either in absolute intakes or in feed intake kg−1 mean liveweight. Refed pigs grew no faster, and made no greater protein gains than controls of equivalent weight; however, lipid gains were elevated.
The saponin content and sapogenol composition of the seed of 13 varieties of legume
Authors: Price Keith R. , Curl Caralyn L. , Fenwick G. Roger 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe total saponin content of various legume seeds together with their sapogenol composition have been determined. Extraction of the defatted flours was effected with methanol and subsequent acid hydrolysis yielded the soyasapogenols which were analysed using gas and thin‐layer chromatography. The saponin levels ranged from 0–0.65% for defatted seed while the major sapogenol present in these saponins was soyasapogenol B. The figures obtained are compared with those previously reported and reasons are suggested for the discrepancies.
Nutritive value of rapeseed meal: Effects of individual glucosinolates
Authors: Vermorel Michel , Heaney Robert K. , Fenwick G. Roger 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn the first of a series of studies on the nutritional value of rapeseed meal, rats were fed diets containing six individual glucosinolates over a period of 29 days. The diets included progoitrin and gluconapin both of which are major components of high glucosinolate rapeseed cultivars. No reduction of feed intake or growth rate was noted and thyroid weights were significantly affected only by the progoitrin diet, which also produced small increases in the weights of the livers and kidneys. There was no depression of plasma thyroid hormone levels.
The use of soya bean, sunflower and lupin seeds in the preparation of protein bases for nutritious beverages
Authors: Taha Fakhriya S. , Mohamed Samira S. , El‐Nockrashy Ahmed S. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSeed meal of soya bean, sunflower and lupin, and mixtures were examined for the preparation of protein bases suitable for nutritious beverages. Single step and successive extractions with aqueous calcium hydroxide solutions and water effect complete extraction of meal nitrogen. The calcium hydroxide extracted proteins of meal samples had an isoelectric pH of 5.0 at which 63–81% of the soluble protein was precipitated. Two successive extractions with calcium hydroxide and water had an isoelectric pH range of 4.4–4.6 and give maximum precipitation of 67% of the extracted protein. A detailed procedure is given for the preparation of creamy or light greyish coloured protein, readily soluble in water, with improved amino acid pattern.
The in‐vitro metabolism of D, L‐lactic acid by rumen microorganisms
Authors: Newbold Charles J. , Williams Alan G. , Chamberlain David G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractBacterial and protozoal fractions, isolated by centrifugation and filtration from the rumen of sheep given various diets, were used to examine the in‐vitro metabolism of both the D(‐) and L(+) isomers of lactic acid. The rate of disappearance of both the D‐ and L‐lactic acid isomers in protozoal incubations was up to 15 × higher than the rate of disappearance in bacterial incubations, which was relatively constant at between 0.04 and 0.073 lactate per g protein per h for cells recovered from animals receiving various diets. However, the rate of lactate disappearance in the protozoal fraction varied from 0.133 g per g protein per h with a barley/hay diet to 1.12 g per g protein per h with a silage diet. L‐Lactate disappeared more rapidly than the D‐lactate in all protozoal incubations. It was confirmed that the disappearance of lactate associated with the protozoal fraction did not originate from adherent or associated bacteria.Further fractionation of the protozoal population by differential filtration showed that lactate only disappeared when incubated with entodiniomorphid protozoa and not with holotrich protozoa.Endogenous propionate and butyrate production by the entodiniomorphid ciliates was stimulated by 100% in the presence of lactate. It was calculated that on certain diets up to 30% of the volatile fatty acids formed from lactate could be protozoal in origin.
Variation in the natural enrichment of 15N in apple trees and soils
Authors: Atkinson David , Johnson Martin G. , Crisp Carol M. , Maude Gillian , Mercer E. Reuben 
Published: October 2006

AbstractLeaf, wood and soil materials taken from an established apple orchard contained 15N in excess of atmospheric levels. Enrichments were highest (0.380 atom%) in surface soil and lowest in leaves (0.376 atom%). Enrichments varied over the course of a single season, being generally higher in late summer (August) and autumn (November) than in June and July. The patterns of variation in enrichment suggested that assessments of tree to tree variation for leaves should be made; but time variation for surface soil would be more important.
Physico‐chemical changes in guava (Psidium guajava L.) during development and maturation
Authors: Yusof Salmah , Mohamed Suhaila 
Published: October 2006

AbstractGuava of the Vietnamese variety is commercially grown in Malaysia. To obtain a better understanding of the fruit, the physical and chemical changes occurring during development and maturation were studied.The weight increase, reduction in hardness, total pectin content, and changes in glucose and ascorbic acid levels showed a sigmoid curve. The maximum weight and glucose increases occurred between weeks 10 and 12. Reduction in hardness, and changes in pectin and ascorbic acid content occurred most between weeks 12 and 14. Reduction in chlorophyll content, and increase in fruit diameter, fructose content and water soluble pectin fraction showed a more linear change. Fructose level was highest among the three sugars (fructose, glucose and sucrose) monitored during maturity. The density of the fruit increased rapidly at the beginning, remained constant between weeks 4 and 12 and then decreased again.The moisture content increased rapidly at first, followed by a more gradual increase and remained constant after week 14. The pH and percentage titratable acidity of the Vietnamese guava fluctuated, being fairly acidic at week 4 (pH 4.5), least acidic at week 10 (pH 5.4) and acidic again on maturity (pH 4.05). The tannin level was high in immature guava but dropped drastically after week 8, and remained at a constant low level after week 10. Soluble pectin increased during development and maturity. Insoluble pectin (NaOH soluble) increased during development but was converted to soluble pectin during maturity (after week 14).
Nutritional evaluation of high protein genotypes of pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum (L.) leeke)
Authors: Singh Pheru , Singh Umaid , Eggum Bjorn O. , Kumar Kambham A. , Andrews David J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThree high protein (HP) inbred lines (700112, WC‐190 and B‐816) of pearl millet were studied for their nutritional quality and the results compared with those of normal protein varieties. The protein content of HP lines showed an average increase of 60% but the starch and soluble sugars together and the fat content decreased by 40 and 20%, respectively. Total dietary fibre of the HP lines was about 10% higher. A decrease (about 20%) in the albumin fraction was associated with an increase in prolamin in HP lines. The amino acid composition of the HP lines remained normal except for an approximately 16% decrease in lysine. However, the total amount of lysine in the sample increased by an average of 37%, as a result of a substantial increase in protein content. True protein digestibility was very high for each line but, expectedly, the biological value was markedly lower. The values for utilisable protein were highest for high protein genotypes. Digestible energy was high in all the genotypes, although slightly lower values were obtained for the HP lines; this was attributed to the fibre fractions.
Characteristics and composition of the pulp oil and cake of the African pear, Dacryodes edulis (G. don)
Authors: Lam H. J. , Omoti Umoru , Okiy Dere A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe pulp of the African pear, Dacryodes edulis, was investigated for its nutritional quality and oil characteristics. The crude protein, fat, fibre and carbohydrate contents were 25.9, 31.9, 17.9 and 13.5%, respectively. The pulp was found to contain significant levels of Ca, Mg, K and P. The fatty acid profiles showed a saturated fatty acid content of 50.85% and an unsaturated fatty acid content of 49.14%. The predominant fatty acids were palmitic and oleic acids. The saponification value and iodine value were 201.4 and 59.6. The amino acid profiles showed high contents of the essential amino acids lysine, leucine and threonine.
Iron availability from bread—traditional versus Chorleywood
Authors: Fairweather‐Tait Susan J. , Symss Lisa L. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe effect of two different baking procedures, traditional long fermentation and the Chorleywood process, on iron availability from white bread was measured in rats using 59Fe as an extrinsic label and whole‐body counting. There was no significant difference in Fe absorption between the two breads; the availability of added Fe (reduced Fe powder) was similar to that of FeSO4.
Protease inhibitors in germinating echinocloa (Echinocloa fruneutacea) seeds: Changes in protease inhibitory activities during germination
Authors: Udupa Saraswati L. , Pattabiraman Thillaisthanam N. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAntitryptic activity in echinocloa seedlings disappeared completely by the seventh day during germination, whereas antichymotryptic activity remained at a level comparable with that of the dormant seeds. Purified trypsin/chymotrypsin inhibitor from dormant echinocloa seeds was used as a substrate to study the nature of proteases arising during germination. A carboxyl protease localized in the root portion of the seedlings was responsible for the inactivation of the seed inhibitor with reference to the loss of antitryptic activity, and a thiol protease diminished its antichymotryptic activity in vitro. The shoot portion of the seedlings contained both antichymotryptic activity and antitryptic activity. The root extract preferentially destroyed the antitryptic activity of the shoot extract. The data suggest that the trypsin/chymotrypsin inhibitor of echinocloa seed is inactivated and mobilized during plant growth and that a new inhibitor appears in the shoot portion of the plant during growth.
Effects of plant population on soil structure, soil moisture depletion and on yield of cassava (Manihot esculentd) on an Ultisol in Southeast Nigeria
Authors: Opara‐Nadi Oliver , Lal Rattan 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe effects of four cassava populations (8, 10, 13 and 20 × 103 plants per ha−1) on soil physical properties, moisture retention characteristics, moisture potential profiles and moisture depletion patterns were compared with uncropped plots receiving no cultivation of an Ultisol in the humid region in eastern Nigeria. The growing of cassava decreased the bulk density of 0–10 cm depth by 17% in comparison with the uncultivated soil (1.53 Mg m−3). The bulk density of the 10–20 cm depth was higher for the cropped than the uncropped control plots. The moisture retention below a suction of pF 2.4 for 0–10 cm depth was less for the uncultivated control than for soil growing cassava. The reverse was found in moisture retention characteristics of the 20–40 cm depth especially for low suction ranges of pF below 0.8. The 0–10 cm soil layer of uncropped control dried more rapidly than the cropped soil. Below 10 cm, however, cassava depleted moisture reserves more rapidly than in uncropped control. The effect of plant population on soil moisture depletion was more conspicuous within than between rows. Significant differences in water flux and in water uptake from different horizons were observed among various population densities. The total water loss was the highest for the least plant population for the between‐row zone, and for the highest population for the within‐row zone. Plant population had no effect on tuber and stalk yield.
Seasonal variations of chemical composition in prickly pear (Opuntia ficus‐indica (L.) miller)
Authors: Retamal Norma , Durán José M. , Fernández Jesús 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe moisture, ash, free reducing sugar, starch, ether extractive, crude protein, amino acid and the heat energy contents of young and mature cladodes of Opuntia ficus‐indica, with or without fruits, are described. The measurements were made in each of the following stages of development: vegetative growth (March), full vegetative development, and at the beginning of fructification (October). Independently of developmental stage (different cladode types) the highest values were reached always in young cladodes in the following months: moisture content in March and October; ash and free reducing sugars in March; starch and ether extractive in September and October; crude protein in March and July. Crude fibre was maximal in September and global heat energy in October. The nutritive and caloric value of cladodes are compared to other products used for livestock nutrition.