bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chronic Sleep Reduction: Daytime Vigilance Performance and EEG Measures of Sleepiness, With Particular Reference to “Practice” Effects
Authors: Horne J.A. , Wilkinson S. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTSix pairs of young adult 8‐hr sleepers were divided equally into two groups, Reduction (R) and Control (C). They adhered to strict bed and arising times for six weeks. Additionally, R subjects reduced their sleep systematically to an average of 6 hrs per night. Following a baseline week, and on a weekly basis, “yoked” pairs of subjects, one from each group, were assessed for daytime sleepiness during prolonged vigilance performance, and by EEG measurement. All‐night sleep EEGs were taken on R subjects before and at the end of the reduction. There were no significant differences between the groups for any of the daytime sleepiness measures, but both groups displayed significant “practice” effects over the weeks. R subjects experienced no major difficulties, except for some tiredness around awakening and lunchtime. Overall daytime sleepiness was not increased. Reduction was at the expense of REM and stage 2 sleep, and led to significant declines in sleep onset latency and in stages W + 1 at nighttime. SWS was not affected. This level of reduction in young adults seems to be achieved relatively easily.
Stability of Pathway‐Hemisphere Differences in the Auditory Event‐Related Potential (ERP) to Monaural Stimulation
Authors: Connolly John F. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe evidence for ERP manifestations of contralateral dominance in the auditory pathways is not entirely compelling. The effect when found has involved either latency or amplitude of a variety of components obtained from averaged or subtraction waveforms. Also, the effect appears to have as much to do with hemisphere as pathway differences. The objectives of this experiment were to establish whether a specific ERP peak reflected contralateral dominance, to assess its long‐term stability, and to clarify the apparent pathway‐hemisphere interactions which result from monaural stimulation. Ten male subjects were tested on 6 occasions (generally weekly intervals). On each occasion, 76 monaural tones were presented while EEG was recorded at C2, P2, T3, and T4 referred to linked earlobes. P70, N120, and P200 peak amplitudes and latencies and N1–P2 amplitudes were examined. N120 amplitudes proved to be larger at the temporal site contralateral to the ear stimulated. This contralateral dominance effect was observed on all 6 occasions for right ear stimuli and on all but one occasion for left ear stimuli. N1–P2 amplitudes less reliably reflected contralateral dominance because possible hemisphere effects appeared with this measure. Methodological issues related to assessment of ERP contralateral dominance and to the variety of effects seen in the literature are discussed. The data are examined with reference to neurophysiological substrates thought to underlie auditory ERPs. Finally, the utility of a stable ERP phenomenon in assessing drug or pathology effects is evaluated.
Heart Rate Deceleration in REM Sleep: An Orienting Reaction Interpretation
Authors: Taylor W.B. , Moldofsky H. , Furedy J.J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTEye‐bursts (EBs) in REM sleep are associated with “active'’dream reports. Heart rate (HR) and T‐wave amplitude (TWA) were studied during EBs, quiescent intervals (Q), and pre‐EBs in REM sleep of 18 normal subjects. A clear and significant HR deceleration (HRD) emerged, which began 3 seconds before eye‐bursts, but there were no coincident changes in TWA. Assuming EBs to be an instance of stimulus intake, the psychological interpretation of these phasic HRDs is that they are attentional orienting responses. Moreover, if TWA reflects predominantly sympathetic myocardial influence, then the absence of EB‐asssociated TWA changes may suggest a vagal rather than sympathetic physiological mechanism.
Blood, Sweat, and Tears: Individual Differences in Autonomic Self‐Perception
Authors: Katkin Edward S. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper analyzes the role of autonomic activity and its perception in the experience and expression of emotion. A series of experiments is described in which an objective methodology for the assessment of heartbeats is developed and used to test a variety of hypotheses about the relationships among heartbeat perception, arousal, and emotion. The data indicate that there are substantial individual differences in the ability to learn to detect heartbeats. Primary among these individual differences is gender–males appear to learn the discrimination more readily than females. Further, when arousal is induced either by physical or psychological stimuli, accuracy of heartbeat detection is increased. The accuracy of heartbeat detection is also related to self‐report of affective experience, and may be subserved by functions of the right cerebral hemisphere. The role of cardiodynamics in heartbeat perception is also discussed.
Behavioral Genetic Approaches to Psychophysiological Data
Authors: Boomsma Dorret I. , Gabrielli William F. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTBehavioral genetic techniques have been developed to study the genetic and environmental contributions to individual differences in behavior, including covariances between different types of behaviors and stability of behaviors. Several studies have shown that certain psychophysiological characteristics appear to have heritable components. Therefore, it would seen appropriate that behavioral genetic techniques should be generalized for application to psychophysiological data. After reviewing general behavioral genetic methodology, this paper summarizes classical and new biometrical genetic techniques for both univariate and multivariate analyses, suggesting how these techniques are appropriate for the study of psychophysiological data and the relationship between psychophysiological variables and behavioral measures
Heart Rate and Oxygen Consumption during Mental Arithmetic, a Video Game, and Graded Exercise: Further Evidence of Metabolically‐Exaggerated Cardiac Adjustments?
Authors: Turner J. Rick , Carroll Douglas 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTHeart rate, plus various metabolic and ventilatory indices, were monitored while 20 young male subjects were exposed to a video game and a stressful mental arithmetic task. Measurements were also made while subjects undertook graded isotonic exercise. All measures changed as a function of psychological challenge, and during exercise physiological activity increased as an orderly function of workload. For each subject, heart rate was plotted against oxygen consumption over the various exercise loads. For the majority of subjects the analogous data points for the video game and mental arithmetic lay reliably above the exercise heart rate‐oxygen consumption regression lines. When these regression lines were used to predict heart rate values during psychological challenge, the predicted values were significantly less than the values actually recorded for both tasks; although the discrepancy between predicted and actual values was on average greater with mental arithmetic, the difference was not statistically reliable. Pre‐stressor baseline conditions were also associated with heart rate levels greater than predicted, albeit to a lesser extent. Finally, while both stressors produced heart rate adjustments additional to expectancies, inter‐task consistency was low.
The Effects of Discrimination Training on Voluntary Control of Cephalic Vasomotor Activity
Authors: Fudge Ronald , Adams Henry E. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe present study was conducted to test Brener's calibration theory of visceral learning. It was hypothesized that training in discrimination of cephalic vasomotor responses would enhance acquisition of voluntary and biofeedback control of cephalic vasomotor response. Four groups were given discrimination training to detect either constriction, dilation, both constriction and dilation, or given false feedback. All groups were then given biofeedback training in constriction. All groups were assessed on discrimination accuracy, acquisition of biofeedback control of constriction, and voluntary control of dilation and constriction.The results indicated that discrimination of cephalic vasomotor responses can be learned and that this skill facilitates the acquisition of biofeedback and voluntary control of vasomotor responses. This facilitation occurs only if discrimination training is given for the specific response to be learned. The data suggest that discrimination of the relevant response is a necessary but not sufficient condition for acquisition of voluntary control in biofeedback learning.
Relationship Between Stimulus Intensity and the P300
Authors: Papanicolaou Andrew C. , Loring David W. , Raz Naftali , Eisenberg Howard M. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe effect of stimulus intensity on the P300 component of the averaged auditory evoked potential was examined in healthy young adults. Although no effect on P300 amplitude was present, increasing loudness was inversely related to P300 latency. These data demonstrate a partial dependence of P300 on stimulus parameters, and underscore the importance of determining the hearing ability of subjects and patients in studies employing P300 as an index of information processing speed.
P300 and S‐R Compatibility: A Reply to Magliero et al.
Authors: Ragot Richard , Renault Bernard 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTSome recent papers have been devoted to simultaneous analysis of RT and P300 latency effects with S‐R compatibility. This, indeed, can be particularly fruitful since it may provide some insight into response choice, a crucial stage of information processing taking place between stimulus analysis and response production. Apparent contradictions have arisen between these studies because of the different kinds of S‐R compatibilities involved. The aim of this reply is to emphasize the discrepancies between experimental designs that use semantic versus spatial compatibilities.
Semantic, Evaluative, and Self‐Referent Processing: Memory, Cognitive Effort, and Somatovisceral Activity
Authors: Cacioppo John T. , Petty Richard E. , Morris Katherine J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTwenty‐six subjects performed orthographic, grammatical, evaluative, and self‐referent orienting tasks. During each trial, integrated facial and forearm EMG activity, HR, and T‐wave amplitude were monitored; following each trial, response latency and either reported task difficulty (Replication 1) or cognitive effort (Replication 2) were assessed; and recall was assessed at the conclusion of the session. Recall was poorest when words were judged in terms of their orthographic appearance, moderate when words were judged in terms of their grammatical or evaluative features, and best when words were judged for their self‐descriptiveness, even though response latency was longest and reported effort was greatest for the grammatical task. Results also revealed that somatovisceral responses varied across tasks, with clear differences emerging between semantic and nonsemantic processing and between evaluative and self‐referent processing. Results suggest that cognitive effort, rather than encoding efficacy, influences task‐evoked somatic responses.
Effects of Age and Sex on the Endogenous Brain Potential Components During Two Continuous Performance Tasks
Authors: Friedman David , Boltri John , Vaughan Herbert , Erlenmeyer‐Kimling L. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTEvent‐related potentials (ERPs) were recorded during two versions of the continuous performance test (CPT) from 74 adolescents grouped into 6 yearly age intervals (12–17) in a cross‐sectional study of the effects of age and sex on the cognitive ERPs. The two CPTs differed in their processing complexity, with Task B requiring an additional stage of information processing not needed for performance on Task A. The effects of Stimulus (Signal/Non‐Signal), Task (A/B), and Electrode Location (FZ/CZ/PZ/OZ) were highly similar to those reported by Friedman, Vaughan, and Erlen‐meyer‐Kimling (1981) for a subsample (N = 30) of this group of subjects. New findings were highlighted by the analyses of the effects of age and sex on the six electrophysiological events (N150, P240, P350, P450, P550, Slow Wave) recorded during these CPTs. Principal Components Analysis (PCA) was used in an attempt to reduce overlap among components, with the factor scores compared to the baseline to peak measures. Modest age effects were found for P450 (classical P300), with the pattern of findings suggestive of differences in processing strategies between the older and younger adolescents. PCA performed on the first 408 ms of the ERP epoch yielded a component corresponding to an early‐onset endogenous negativity which showed a decrease in amplitude with increments in chronological age. Effects of sex were found for P550 and Slow Wave. While the pattern of results may indicate differences between males and females in cognitive processing mode, the design of these CPTs does not allow a functional association between these components and the modes of processing that have been reported to differentiate males and females. The data highlight the importance of including age and sex as variables whenever investigations of cognitive ERPs are undertaken.
Caffeine Affects Cardiovascular Responses to Stress
Authors: Lane James D. , Williams Redford B. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe effects of caffeine on cardiovascular activity at rest and during psychological stress were examined in 33 healthy male college students who did not normally ingest caffeinated products. Caffeine (250 mg) and placebo were administered double‐blind in separate sessions. Heart rate, blood pressure, and forearm blood flow and vascular resistance were assessed at rest and during the stressful, competitive performance of a mental arithmetic task. Comparisons of caffeine and placebo sessions revealed that caffeine elevated resting blood pressure 4–6 mmHg, an effect which added to the elevation produced by stress. Caffeine did not affect resting forearm blood flow but potentiated the forearm blood flow response to stress and led to higher levels of flow during stress. No caffeine effects appeared in heart rate or in task performance. Family history of hypertension and Type A behavior were examined as potential modulating factors of caffeine effects but results were generally negative. These results suggest possible mechanisms through which caffeine could enhance the pathogenic effects of stress on the cardiovascular system.
Cardiovascular Responsivity, Type A Behavior, and Parental History of Heart Disease in Young Women
Authors: Lawler Kathleen A. , Schmied Lori A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to examine the physiological responsiveness of Type A and Type B women during interpersonal and individual, competitive stressors. Extreme groups of Types A and B college‐age women were monitored on heart rate and blood pressure while they engaged in an oral history quiz and the Stroop color/word test. Subjects were also subdivided by presence or absence of family history of coronary heart disease. Types A and B women did not differ on blood pressure levels or reactivity; Type A women did show a trend toward a greater increase in heart rate to the color/word task. Women with a positive family history had higher levels of systolic and a trend toward higher levels of diastolic blood pressure. There were no significant interactions of Type A/B with family history. Our conclusion is that Type A behavior is only very weakly, if at all, associated with physiological responsivity in young adult women.
Steady State Evoked Responses: Correlations with Human Cognition
Authors: Wilson Glenn F. , O'Donnell Robert D. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper describes data which for the first time show correlations between the visual steady state evoked response (SSER) and human cognitive activity. Individual subjects exhibit characteristic evoked potential phase relationships to flicker stimuli, and these were found to be related to the individual's speed of response in a memory scanning task. In addition, evoked response phase lags to different flicker frequencies were related to the component processes involved in the task. The brain's response to high frequency flicker is related to the sensory input portion of a memory scanning task while the response to medium frequency flicker is related to the memory look‐up aspects of this task.
Heart Rate Reactivity and Type A Behavior as Modifiers of Physiological Response to Active and Passive Coping
Authors: Lovallo William R. , Pincomb Gwendolyn A. , Wilson Michael F. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTWe examined the long term predictivity of heart rate reactivity (HRR) and its relation to cardiovascular and biochemical activity during rest and during tasks requiring active and passive coping. HRR was determined in 28 young men by measuring peak heart rate change to cold pressor one year after performing tasks eliciting active and passive coping. Heart rate change to cold pressor was significantly correlated with change to active coping (r= .65, p<.01) and to passive coping (r= .53, p<.01). Responses to the tasks were equivalent for Type A and B subjects. On the other hand, high HRRs were significantly more reactive than low HRRs with the effect being most apparent during active coping. HRR appeared to be a trait stable over one year which predicted enhanced cardiac, neuroendocrine, and neuromuscular response.
A Dose‐Response Study of Sleep Loss and Spontaneous Sleep Termination
Authors: ÅKerstedt Torbjörn , Gillberg Mats 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTRecent concepts of sleep/wake regulation have emphasized circadian influences and largely disregarded homeostatic ones. The present experiment was designed to study sleep loss homeostasis while minimizing confounding circadian influences. Eight male subjects participated in the study. Night sleep was curtailed across four conditions to yield 0, 2, 4, or 8 hrs of sleep. The effects were studied on subsequent day sleep begun at 1100h and spontaneously terminated. Total sleep time (TST), Stage 2 (S2), and Stages 3+4 (SWS) showed very strong dose‐dependent increases with increasing loss. REM sleep did not respond. After maximum sleep loss TST and S2 doubled whereas SWS increased fivefold. Sleep did not terminate until the prior loss of SWS had been recovered. The total SWS recovery approximately matched the loss. TST, S2, and REM failed to recover more than limited amounts of the loss. The results show that homeostatic influences on sleep may be much larger than usually acknowledged and that SWS closely, although not perfectly, reflects the “active component’ of sleep homeostasis.
The Alerting Effects of Naps in Sleep‐Deprived Subjects
Authors: Lumley Mark , Roehrs Timothy , Zorick Frank , Lamphere James , Roth Thomas 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe effect of napping for varying durations after one night of sleep deprivation was examined. Sleep latency tests were used to determine levels of sleepiness/alertness at 2, 4, 6, and 8 hrs following a morning nap of 0, 15, 30, 60, or 120 min duration. Ten normal‐sleeping, young adult volunteers spent two consecutive days and the intervening night in the sleep laboratory on each of five weeks. Baseline sleep latencies were recorded the first day, sleep was deprived that night, a nap was taken at 0900 hrs, and sleep latencies were again recorded on the second day. The naps had differential alerting effects related to their duration, but none of the naps returned mean sleep latency for the 8 hrs to its basal levels. Alertness increased with nap duration, reaching its highest level with a 60‐min nap; the 120‐min nap was no more alerting than the 60‐min nap. During the second hour of the 120‐min nap, sleep became more fragmented with more shifts to stage 1 sleep or wake. Increased alertness was not strongly related to the sleep stage composition of the naps, the best predictor being minutes of slow wave sleep. Increased alertness was not detected until the second latency test 4 hrs after napping.
Behavioral Control Over Sleeping Respiration in Normals for Ten Consecutive Nights
Authors: Badia Pietro , Harsh John , Balkin Thomas 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTBehavioral control over sleeping respiration in 5 healthy college students was tested over 10 consecutive nights and 1 additional night 1–2 weeks later. Participants were polygraphically recorded each night and the records scored using standardized criteria. They were informed while awake that tones (.5 s on/off, 4000 Hz) would be presented to them (variable interval schedule, X̄=7.5 min) during nighttime sleep and that their task was to terminate them by taking a deep breath. Behavioral control over respiration was maintained over the 10 nights. Latency to respond gradually increased over the first 5 nights and then leveled out for the remaining 5 nights. On the test night, 1–2 weeks following Night 10, latency to respond was similar to Nights 1 and 2. Percentage of time spent in each sleep stage and the pattern of arousals to tones and responses were similar to earlier reports (more stage 1, less stage 3–4; frequent arousals). It was concluded that behavioral control over sleeping respiration can be obtained and maintained in normal college students over at least 10 nights but a limiting factor may be the increase in response latency.
The Influence of Latency Jitter in Principal Component Analysis of Event‐Related Potentials
Authors: Möcks Joachim 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTPrincipal component analysis of event‐related potentials is known to be suspect when underlying components have varying latency. In this note it is theoretically shown that approximately an additional component may be assumed, being the time‐derivative of the underlying component. Validity of this approximation is demonstrated in a simulation study.
EOG‐Based Recording and Automated Detection of Sleep Rapid Eye Movements: A Critical Review, and Some Recommendations
Authors: Boukadoum A.M. , Ktonas P.Y. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper presents a critical discussion of methods used for the recording and the automated detection of sleep rapid eye movements (REMs) via electro‐oculographic (EOG) methodologies. Specifically, the paper elaborates on: 1) various EOG montages for sleep eye movement recording, 2) AC vs. DC coupling for EOG signal amplification, 3) artifact presence and elimination thereof via filtering of the EOG signal, and 4) available EOG‐based automated methods for REM detection. Recommendations for the development of an “optimum’ automatic sleep REM detection system based on EOG recordings are presented as well.
Multiple P3s to Emotional Stimuli and Their Theoretical Significance
Authors: Johnston Victor S. , Miller David R. , Burleson Mary H. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTEvent‐related potentials (ERPs) were recorded to both predictive (consonant‐vowel‐consonant) and feedback (picture) stimuli as subjects learned associations between these stimuli. The consonantvowel‐consonants (CVCs) were selected for lack of emotional content while the pictures (PICs) varied in emotional value (Learning Group; N=20). A second group of subjects was exposed to the same CVC‐PIC stimuli but was required only to count the number of different CVCs and PICs (Counting Group; N=20). A principal components analysis with varimax rotation was performed on ERPs to PICs and revealed multiple late positive components (P3 and P4) and a slow positive wave (SPW). In both groups, the P3 and P4 factors varied with the emotional value of the stimuli. The learning group had a larger SPW than the counting group, and disconfirmed predictions elicited larger P4s than confirmed predictions. For CVC stimuli, only P4 increased as subjects learned CVC‐PIC relationships. From the similar scalp and temporal distributions of P3 and P4, as well as their functional similarity, it was concluded that these two factors reflect the same neural process which is activated by the emotional value of stimuli. One possible function of this process is suggested.