bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Body Politic
Authors: Sapp Jan 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter discusses how cell theory revolutionized the concept of the individual. A plant or an animal was no longer conceived of as a singular entity constructed out of cellular tissue. What was important was that the cell was alive — it possessed all the attributes of life. The cell state, dawn of protistology, the term “cell” as a misnomer, and the theory formulated by the Freiburg zoologist August Weismann are discussed.
The Egg
Authors: Sapp Jan 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter discusses the diverging views of embryologists and geneticists about heredity and evolution. The two main reasons for this stemmed from research started in the 19th century. First, experimental embryologists were not concerned with adaptive changes to adult organisms. They were not concerned with the differences between individual varieties and species, but rather with the larger similarities and differences in the structural plans underlying different organismic types. They were interested in the form of the embryo and in the orderly changes during development — in how the parts of the organisms come together in space and time. Second, while geneticists and neo-Darwinian evolutionists maintained that changes in the nuclear chromosomal genes of eggs and sperm were the basis of evolution, many embryologists insisted that the cytoplasm of the egg played the primary role in heredity and development.
Conceiving a Master Molecule
Authors: Sapp Jan 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the discovery of DNA. The discovery of DNA as the basis of the gene, how it is reproduced, and how it affects protein synthesis was the pinnacle of life sciences in the 20th century. Gene splicing, recombinant DNA, transgenic organisms (or genetically modified plants and animals), and the patenting of genes from microbes to humans all have roots in fundamental discoveries in molecular biology during the 1950s and 1960s. The molecular approach to the gene involved a merger of microbiology and genetics using three techniques from physics and chemistry: (i) radioisotopes were used to help identify DNA as the basis of the gene; (ii) X-ray crystallography was used to reveal the three-dimensional structure of proteins and of DNA; and (iii) chromatography was used to analyze the composition of DNA and proteins.
“BELOVED OF SO MANY”: THE MANY FACES OF A WOMAN IN PUBLIC
Authors: Gallman J. Matthew 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Perhaps more than any woman of her day, Anna Elizabeth Dickinson came of age in the public eye. Between her first public appearance at age seventeen and her tribute to Abraham Lincoln after the president was assassinated, a few months before her twenty-third birthday, she had been on the road as much as she had been at home. In those five crucial years Dickinson's life and the nation's history had become intertwined, as each was shaped and redefined in the midst of the Civil War. For the young orator these were years when she learned to present different faces to different audiences while complete strangers and intimate friends constructed their own versions of her true identity. She was a figure who engendered profound emotions, even love, in almost complete strangers, while also earning the quasi-official sobriquet “America's Joan of Arc” for her public role. By the middle of the Civil War Dickinson had established herself as a highly successful professional orator and a political voice to be reckoned with.
A REPUTATION DEFENDED
Authors: Gallman J. Matthew 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Even before Anna Dickinson left Interpines, she had already begun her campaign to repair her reputation and resurrect her public career. For the next five or six years Dickinson devoted her energies to a series of legal battles. She hoped that these trials would both restore her good name and win her financial reward. Each battle had its own complex strategies, delays, and frustrations, and over the years she worked with a variety of lawyers. In the end she would win more judgments than she lost, but the biggest victories remained out of her reach.
CONCLUSION: MEMORIES AND LEGACIES
Authors: Gallman J. Matthew 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Anna Dickinson was nearly seventy years old when she returned to Goshen with George and Sallie Ackley in 1910. It would be tempting to conclude that the once-famous orator settled into the life of a recluse, but more accurate to say that she lived the life of an elderly woman out of the public eye. Despite the many illnesses that had plagued her earlier life, Dickinson lived for more than twenty years in Goshen before dying on October 22, 1932, less than a week before her ninetieth birthday. In 2001 the Sons of the Union Veterans of the Civil War, Camp 124, Department of New York, erected a plaque at Dickinson's gravesite in Goshen, New York, and a second one at the home where she once lived. This chapter chronicles Dickinson's memories and legacies as “America's Joan of Arc”.
Introduction
Authors: Gorlizki Yoram , Khlevniuk Oleg V. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This introductory chapter begins with a description of Stalin's relationship with his entourage in the years after World War II. It tells the story of an aging and distrustful despot who habitually picked on and humiliated his companions, and sought to infect the ruling circle with the suspicions and insecurities that characterized his own mental world. Such actions seem to confirm a widespread perception of Stalin in these years as a vain, capricious, and highly unstable individual, who was bent on petty revenge and short-term personal domination. However, this book argues that Stalin's behavior after the war followed a clear political logic. This was, in part, the logic of a dictator seeking to preserve his power in conditions of old age and chronic ill health. An overview of the succeeding chapters is presented.
“The Glory of God Is Intelligence”
Authors: Givens Terryl C. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Education is fundamental in Mormonism. Joseph Smith studied Hebrew, and established a School of the Prophets and the University of Nauvoo. Print culture was central to the Mormon church, and early leaders like Orson Pratt and Parley Pratt laid the foundations for an intellectual tradition. Early Mormon intellectual culture was capacious enough to accommodate Darwin and evolution, though that would change.
“Zion Shall Be Built”
Authors: Givens Terryl C. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The first Mormon structure was the Kirtland Temple, followed by the grander Nauvoo Temple. In Utah, Mormons built ward houses (often called chapels), tabernacles, and more temples. Their architecture is eclectic and derivative. Functional and pragmatic are the norm. They also pioneered city planning and built a literal Zion.
“On a Cannibal Island”
Authors: Givens Terryl C. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Disapproval of theater goes back to the Puritans, and was typical in most religious traditions. Mormons built the Salt Lake Theatre soon after arrival in the Valley. Young forebad tragedy, but it flourished anyway. They pioneered little theater and the road show. Several pageants continue to be more evangelistic than dramatic.
Developing an HR Infrastructure for Knowledge Retention
Authors: DeLong David W. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter describes HR processes and practices needed to address four common problems that organizations must address to retain knowledge and develop workforce capabilities in an era of changing workforce demographics. Key elements of an effective HR infrastructure include skills inventory systems that allow managers to evaluate their existing knowledge base, succession planning and career development processes, and phased retirement policies. Culture change is discussed, which is increasingly necessary to create the characteristics of a retention culture that enhances retention of both high performing employees and critical knowledge.
Transferring Implicit and Tacit Knowledge
Authors: DeLong David W. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter recognizes that successful retention of essential implicit knowledge and tacit knowledge requires more indirect practices that focus on creating a positive context for knowledge transfer. These practices are described with detailed examples of how they are used specifically to enhance knowledge retention. Approaches described in this chapter include storytelling, mentoring or coaching, after-action reviews, and communities of practice. Each section includes critical success factors to consider during implementation.
Back to Siberia
Authors: Znamenski Andrei A. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The picture of shamanism in the modern imagination is not complete without exploring how Soviet Marxism viewed this phenomenon and what happened with shamanism under communism and beyond. Shamanism became the symbol of obscurantism and conservatism, which corresponded to Karl Marx's famous dictum that, by its nature, religion was the “opiate of the people” used by ruling elites to mask their domination over the laboring masses. This chapter describes Soviet attempts to theorize about shamanism using Marxism and the efforts made to eradicate it. The settings, events, and people that contributed to the return of shamanism into native Siberian life in the 1990s are discussed. This resurgence of Siberian indigenous spirituality is considered in the context of a global mind, body, and spirit culture.
Epilogue
Authors: Znamenski Andrei A. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This epilogue looks at the growing popularity of the shamanism idiom and the correlation with the emergence of neo-shamanism to anti-modern sentiments in Western intellectual culture. Since the 1960s, Western academics and spiritual seekers have increasingly questioned the modes of thinking associated with the Enlightenment and, more broadly, with the Western tradition in general. More often than not, this tradition is viewed as devoid of spiritual and ecological values. In some respects, the present rise of anti-modernism in the West is a reminder of the Romanticism movement in Europe in the early 19th century, the first reaction to the advances of the Enlightenment. In fact, much of anti-modernism in current humanities and many ideas popular in nature spiritualities can be traced to Romantic writers and philosophers. Like their intellectual predecessors, modern Western seekers and many academics crusade against materialistic science and lament the emptiness of modern Western life, looking to non-European traditions and to European antiquity for spiritual feedback. This line of thought that is critical of modernity has been visibly present in Western tradition since the age of the Enlightenment.
Close Up
Authors: North Michael 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter discusses the opposition among modernist writers to the addition of sound to film, using as particular example the early film journal, Close Up, edited in part by the poet HD. It shows how the cosmopolitanism possible for silent film fostered the notion that film imagery constituted a universal language. Within this utopian hope there was a complex resistance to the foreign and even the international itself that appears particularly in portrayals of race.
Du Bois, Johnson, and the Recordings of Race
Authors: North Michael 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter describes an abiding distinction in African American writing between sight, which seems divisive and prejudicial, and sound, which is identified with community solidarity and expression. It argues that this distinction is harder to uphold in the case of later writers such as James Weldon Johnson, especially considering his participation in mass entertainment, where sound is just as distant and commodified as sight. It also shows the difficulty this poses for Johnson's program of redefining race in cultural terms.
6 Bundles
Authors: Olson Eric T. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter considers Hume's proposal that we are made up entirely of particular mental states and events: the bundle view. An argument for the bundle view is based on the claim that the traditional idea of substance is dismissed. The bundle view is then shown to follow naturally from widely held claims about diachronic and synchronic personal identity. Reid's objection that bundles of thoughts cannot be thinkers is elaborated and endorsed. It is then argued that the bundle view cannot easily avoid the thinking‐animal problem. There follows a critical discussion of two related views: that we are bundles of universals and that we are something like computer programs. Both are found to be hopeless.
Introducing and Defining the Concept of a New Religion
Authors: Melton J. Gordon 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
In the 1980s, the term “new religion” replaced “cult” when referring to the many relatively new Eastern, esoteric, and other religious movements emerging in the predominantly Christian West. Subsequent to its appearance, the term has undergone a process of refinement as scholars have sought more precisely to define exactly what characteristics designated a new religion. Based on an overview of the hundreds of new religions now operating in the East, new religions are now defined as those groups on the fringe of culture that both deviate substantially from the dominant Christianity (unlike sect groups) now practiced in the west, and lack ties with any ethnic religions traditionally identified with the belief and practices of the new religion (especially the Eastern religions). New religions often become well known for their identification with violence, active proselytization, and various questionable beliefs and practices.
The Meaning and Significance of New Religious Movements
Authors: Dawson Lorne L. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
While the number of people involved in new religious movements (NRMs) is small, the attention they have received in the popular media and academic discourse suggest a greater significance. In the popular media, NRMs are most often seen as a social problem. In academic studies, they are more often associated with processes of social change and the critique of modernity. In the literature, there are four interpretive frameworks for understanding the significance of NRMs when viewed as a response to the social conditions of modernity. The first sees them as part of the protest against modernity. The second sees them as forums for modern social experimentation. The third identifies them with the re-enchantment of the modern world. The fourth suggests they are born of attempts to adapt to the social and psychological tensions created by a dialectic of trust and risk in late modern societies.
Social Building Blocks of New Religious Movements: Organization and Leadership
Authors: Rochford Jr. E. Burke 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter considers a number of questions and issues central to leadership and organization within new religions. Four key issues are explored: the social and historical context in which new religions have emerged; the distinctiveness of new religious organizations and how they differ from other religious collectivities; the role and fate of charismatic leadership; and the factors that influence the success, failure, and overall development of new religious movements. Attention is given to new religions as oppositional cultures and how the emergence of family life has altered both their pattern of social organization and relationship to mainstream society. A series of class exercises and research-based projects are included to aid teachers and students.
Origin of the Winner's Curse
Authors: Anandalingam G. , Lucas Henry C. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The winner’s curse, at its core, is driven by information asymmetry because the buyer does not know the true value of the acquisition. Overpayment occurs beyond auctions; in fact, the possibility of overpaying arises in a large number of business decisions. The problem is further exacerbated in competitive bidding situations when there are other potential buyers and time to make decisions is compressed. Overvaluing an acquisition has led to reductions in gains, high debt loads, and decreases in the stock price of the firm involved. All of these situations are examined with a combination of accessible theory and very current examples.
The mad scramble to acquire optical technology
Authors: Anandalingam G. , Lucas Henry C. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The 1990s saw an incredible amount of excitement about optical networking technology. Many start-up companies with potentially viable new technology seemed very “hot” to investors, especially venture capital firms and well established technology companies in telecommunications like Lucent, Nortel, and Cisco. There was a mad scramble to either invest in or acquire a number of these new start-up companies including Chromatis, Ignitus, Sycamore, Lightera, etc. Winners ended up paying billions of dollars for companies with commercially unproven technology or technology that could be emulated by others. Over the past two years, the optical networking industry has lost over $500 billion in investor value, and it offers a good example of market factors leading to the winner’s curse.
Winning is not everything
Authors: Anandalingam G. , Lucas Henry C. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter examines the reasons why winner’s curse is endemic in contemporary business, whether in the US or globally. Many important business decisions have the potential to encounter the winner’s curse, but not all of them do. It is argued that certain conditions play a role in a manager’s (especially senior manager’s) susceptibility to the curse. These specific behaviors and expectations are outlined.
The Power of Conversational Strategies
Authors: Shuy Roger W. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Following Foucault and R. Lakoff, power is defined and differentiated from persuasion. The approach used here is more like that of Sornig — manipulative seduction — especially since these strategies are used to influence the understandings of people other than the persons to whom they are addressed (juries), and they focus on a time period that is not the same as the time frame in which they were spoken. Powerful speakers depend on their power not being recognized. With the exception of language in the courtroom itself, most of the research on language power is focused on a speaker’s lack of power. In contrast, this study shows the opposite — the actual power held by certain speakers in the undercover context.
Eleven Little Ambiguities and How They Grew in a Business Fraud Case: US v. Paul Webster and Joe Martino
Authors: Shuy Roger W. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter describes an actual case that has been anonymized by request of counsel. It shows how seemingly innocuous words and expressions, such as “exposure”, “clean it up”, “credibility”, “profit sharing”, “involved”, “quid pro quo”, and others were used ambiguously by undercover agents to make conversations with targets to give the appearance of illegality. In this case, their ambiguity strategy failed.
Discourse Ambiguity in a Contract Fraud Case: US v. David Smith
Authors: Shuy Roger W. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Government contracts can be very complex, as illustrated by this 1997 case involving a Texas-based manufacturer of helicopters. It was made even more complicated by the fact that the company was a subsidiary of a French corporation that could legitimately make sales to other countries without the Texas company’s involvement or knowledge. The contract in question was eligible for the US Foreign Military Financing Program (FMF), created to promote the interests of domestic American businesses by providing funds to eligible allies to support their costs. Smith, president of the US company, was the target of a federal investigation concerning his knowledge of possible misuse of FMF funding. Over a two-year period, one of Smith’s employees secretly tape-recorded conversations with Smith that the government believed showed his complicity in contract fraud. Linguistic analysis of the ambiguity of the words and expressions used in these conversations, among other things, showed that Smith was not guilty.
Scripting by Requesting Directives and Apologies in a Sexual Misconduct Case: Idaho v. J. Mussina
Authors: Shuy Roger W. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter describes an actual case that was anonymized at the request of counsel. Joseph Mussina was a physician who had previously performed an abortion for an immigrant client who kept calling his office about her physical and marital problems. In a bizarre series of calls to him during his busy office hours, she at first tried to get the doctor to script her about what she should tell her husband since she falsely believed the doctor wanted to marry her. Later, she tried to elicit an apology from him for having sexual relations with her during her previous visits. These taped conversations were the entire evidence used against the doctor. Linguistic analysis showed that he never admitted to having engaged in any inappropriate behavior. The speech act of apologizing is central to this analysis.
Police Camouflaging in an Obstruction of Justice Case: US v. Brian Lett
Authors: Shuy Roger W. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
After graduating from law school in 2001, Lett’s first client was enmeshed in a Minnesota telemarketing fraud case. Tape-recorded conversations between Lett and an undercover officer posing as a VISA fraud investigator led the prosecution to think that Lett and his client requested that officer to steal investigative records and to use his influence to remove the US Postal Inspector from the case. Linguistic analysis of these recordings showed that the undercover agent camouflaged his weak representations of illegality with legal-sounding words and expressions.
INTRODUCTION
Authors: Shuy Roger W. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This book is about language evidence, not the more commonly known physical evidence such as DNA or fingerprints. The cases described will include the discourse of targets such as millionaires, average people, business tycoons, salesmen, and lawyers. All who suddenly find themselves embroiled in criminal cases that demonstrate the various ways that unfair and deceptive conversational strategies can be used on anyone. Although no claims are made that such strategies are widely used by all law enforcement, when they are employed, perhaps because of their own professional vision, the analysis of a forensic linguist can be helpful.
Negotiating Multiple Identities
Authors: Hodge Caroline Johnson 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter uses a model of multiple identities — in which individuals and groups might embody several ethnic or other identities, situationally emphasizing one while downplaying others — as an interpretive framework for Paul. It argues that we can interpret both Paul's own identity as multiple and shifting and Paul's prescription for gentile salvation in terms of multiple identities. When he begins his mission work, Paul reprioritizes components of his own identity to be a teacher of gentiles, the ethnic and religious other. Paul then must orchestrate similar but much more radical changes for gentiles who are baptized into Christ. Paul's rhetorical task, especially in Romans and Galatians, is to explain to gentile believers how their new composite identity works: how they must rearrange previous components and make room for new ones. This reading challenges the “fusion theory”, which argues (mostly based on Galatians 3:28) that Paul advocates and erasure of identity.