bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genomics of Foam Cells and Nonfoamy Macrophages From Rabbits Identifies Arginase-I as a Differential Regulator of Nitric Oxide Production
Authors: Thomas Anita C. , Sala-Newby Graciela B. , Ismail Yasmin , Johnson Jason L. , Pasterkamp Gerard , Newby Andrew C. 
Published: December 2006

Objective—Conversion of macrophages to foam cells is a critical step in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. We sought to identify genes differentially regulated in foam cells, since these are likely to include new targets for intervention.Methods and Results—We used suppression subtraction hybridization to compare foam cells and nonfoamy macrophages isolated from subcutaneous granulomas of rabbits fed a cholesterol-rich or normal chow diet and confirmed upregulation of 3 genes, including matrix metalloproteinase-12 (mRNA 2.0-fold,P<0.005; protein 3.9-fold,P<0.03). Arginase-I mRNA showed the biggest decrease among 11 downregulated genes in foam cells (2.7-fold,P<0.001) and was accompanied by significantly reduced arginase enzymatic activity (60-fold,P<0.01). Arginase-I competes for substrate L-arginine with nitric oxide synthase and consequently nitric oxide production was significantly increased (3-fold,P<0.02) in foam cells compared with nonfoamy macrophages despite no difference in nitric oxide synthase isoenzyme expression. We validated upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase-12 and downregulation of arginase-1 in foam cells of rabbit and human atherosclerotic plaques.Conclusions—Our study identified several differentially expressed genes in foam cells and nonfoamy macrophages derived from live rabbits. The altered pattern of gene expression in foam cells is likely to influence atherosclerosis formation and stability.
Prediction and Diagnosis of Tropical Cyclone Formation in an NWP System. Part I: The Critical Role of Vortex Enhancement in Deep Convection
Authors: Tory K. J. , Montgomery M. T. , Davidson N. E. 
Published: December 2006

This is the first of a three-part investigation into tropical cyclone (TC) genesis in the Australian Bureau of Meteorology’s Tropical Cyclone Limited Area Prediction System (TC-LAPS), an operational numerical weather prediction (NWP) forecast model. The primary TC-LAPS vortex enhancement mechanism is presented in Part I, the entire genesis process is illustrated in Part II using a single TC-LAPS simulation, and in Part III a number of simulations are presented exploring the sensitivity and variability of genesis forecasts in TC-LAPS. The primary vortex enhancement mechanism in TC-LAPS is found to be convergence/stretching and vertical advection of absolute vorticity in deep intense updrafts, which result in deep vortex cores of 60–100 km in diameter (the minimum resolvable scale is limited by the 0.15° horizontal grid spacing). On the basis of the results presented, it is hypothesized that updrafts of this scale adequately represent mean vertical motions in real TC genesis convective regions, and perhaps that explicitly resolving the individual convective processes may not be necessary for qualitative TC genesis forecasts. Although observations of sufficient spatial and temporal resolution do not currently exist to support or refute this proposition, relatively large-scale (30 km and greater), lower- to midlevel tropospheric convergent regions have been observed in tropical oceanic environments during the Global Atmospheric Research Programme (GARP) Atlantic Tropical Experiment (GATE), the Equatorial Mesoscale Experiment (EMEX), and the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE), and regions of extreme convection of the order of 50 km are often (remotely) observed in TC genesis environments. These vortex cores are fundamental for genesis in TC-LAPS. They interact to form larger cores, and provide net heating that drives the system-scale secondary circulation, which enhances vorticity on the system scale akin to the classical Eliassen problem of a balanced vortex driven by heat sources. These secondary vortex enhancement mechanisms are documented in Part II. In some recent TC genesis theories featured in the literature, vortex enhancement in deep convective regions of mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) has largely been ignored. Instead, they focus on the stratiform regions. While it is recognized that vortex enhancement through midlevel convergence into the stratiform precipitation deck can greatly enhance midtropospheric cyclonic vorticity, it is suggested here that this mechanism only increases the potential for genesis, whereas vortex enhancement through low- to midlevel convergence into deep convective regions is necessary for genesis.
Lower-Stratospheric and Upper-Tropospheric Disturbances Observed by Radiosondes over Thailand during January 2000
Authors: Ogino Shin-Ya , Sato Kaoru , Yamanaka Manabu D. , Watanabe Akira 
Published: December 2006

Lower-stratospheric and upper-tropospheric disturbances over Thailand during 12–21 January 2000 were studied using the Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (GEWEX) Asian Monsoon Experiment-Tropics (GAME-T) intensive rawinsonde observations with fine temporal sampling intervals of 3 h. Analysis was focused on the wind disturbances with a period shorter than about 10 days. Frequency spectra showed three distinct peaks: a 1-day period above a height of 20 km, a near-inertial period around 19 and 27 km, and periods of 2.5–9 days (or longer) in the height range of 12–17 km. The wave with a 1-day period was interpreted as a diurnal tide. A comparison with the migrating tide in the global-scale wave model showed that the observational results had larger amplitude and shorter vertical wavelength than the model. The difference between the observation and the model may be caused by the superposition of the nonmigrating tide. The wave with the near-inertial period was interpreted as an internal inertial gravity wave. A hodograph analysis was performed in order to investigate the wave properties. It was found that the wave, which appeared at a height around 19 km (just above the tropopause level), propagated southwestward with a ground-based group velocity of about 1.4 m s−1. The longer period disturbances, which appeared at heights of 12–17 km, had layered structures with the vertical scales of 2–4 km. They were considered to be due to inertial instability, based on the fact that the potential vorticity of the background atmosphere was nearly zero and that their phase structures were consistent with theory. It was shown by a backward trajectory analysis that the air parcel with negative potential vorticity had its origin in equatorial Indonesia. It was also shown by a forward trajectory analysis that the air parcel was transported to the Pacific south of Japan. This is consistent with the existence of similar layered disturbances that are shown using rawinsonde data at a station there.
Accelerated Iterative Method for Solving Steady Problems of Linearized Atmospheric Models
Authors: Watanabe Masahiro , Jin Fei-fei , Pan Lin 
Published: December 2006

A new approach, referred to as the accelerated iterative method (AIM), is developed for obtaining steady atmospheric responses with a zonally varying basic state. The linear dynamical operator is divided into two parts, one associated with the zonally symmetric component and the other with the asymmetric component of the basic state. To ensure an accelerated convergence of the iteration to the true solution, the two parts of the operator are modified by adding and subtracting an identical “accelerating” operator. AIM is shown to be an efficient scheme well suited for computing the higher-resolution, steady atmospheric response of barotropic and more so of baroclinic numerical models linearized about a zonally varying basic state. A preliminary application of AIM to the T42 baroclinic model linearized about the observed winter (December–February) climatology is presented. A series of steady responses forced by the diabatic heating and transient eddy forcing, both estimated from reanalysis data for individual winters during 1960–2002, captures a certain part of the observed interannual variability associated with dominant teleconnection patterns, such as the North Atlantic Oscillation and the Pacific–North American pattern. Thus, AIM should be a useful tool for the diagnostic studies of the low-frequency variability of the atmosphere.
Opposing Effects of Reflective and Nonreflective Planetary Wave Breaking on the NAO
Authors: Abatzoglou John T. , Magnusdottir Gudrun 
Published: December 2006

Planetary wave breaking (PWB) over the subtropical North Atlantic is observed over 45 winters (December 1958–March 2003) using NCEP–NCAR reanalysis data. PWB is manifested in the rapid, large-scale and irreversible overturning of potential vorticity (PV) contours on isentropic surfaces in the subtropical upper troposphere. As breaking occurs over the subtropical North Atlantic, an upper-tropospheric PV tripole anomaly forms with nodes over the subtropical, midlatitude, and subpolar North Atlantic. The northern two nodes of this tripole are quite similar to the spatial structure of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), with positive polarity. Nonlinear reflection is identified in approximately a quarter of all PWB events. Following breaking, two distinct circulation regimes arise, one in response to reflective events and the other in response to nonreflective events. For reflective events, anomalies over the North Atlantic rapidly propagate away from the breaking region along a poleward arching wave train over the Eurasian continent. The quasi-stationary wave activity flux indicates that wave activity is exported out of the Atlantic basin. At the same time, the regional poleward eddy momentum flux goes through a sign reversal, as does the polarity of the NAO. For nonreflective events, the dipole anomaly over the North Atlantic amplifies. Diagnostics for nonreflective events suggest that wave activity over the Azores gets absorbed, allowing continued enhancement of both the regional poleward eddy momentum flux and the positive NAO.
Results of Arthroscopic Fixation of Osteochondritis Dissecans Lesion of the Knee with Cylindrical Autogenous Osteochondral Plugs
Authors: Miura Kazutomo , Ishibashi Yasuyuki , Tsuda Eiichi , Sato Hideki , Toh Satoshi 
Published: December 2006

Background In situ fixation of unstable lesions of osteochondral dissecans of the knees with cylindrical osteochondral autograft transplantation has been reported to provide excellent results with healing of the osteochondral dissecans fragment. Purpose To evaluate the clinical results and magnetic resonance imaging findings of the osteochondral dissecans of knees treated with in situ fixation of the osteochondral fragments with osteochondral autograft transplantation. Study Design Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods Twelve knees (12 patients; mean age, 16.0 years) with osteochondral dissecans lesions were treated with in situ fixation with autogenous osteochondral plugs. The mean lesion size was 2.4 cm2 (range, 1.0-4.9 cm2). The osteochondral dissecans lesions were located on the medial femoral condyle in 10 patients and on the lateral femoral condyle in 2 patients. Seven lesions were located in the weightbearing area. The International Cartilage Repair Society classification in arthroscopic findings was grade II in 1 patient, grade III in 8 patients, and grade IV in 3 patients. All patients were evaluated with the Hughston Rating Scale form with the mean follow-up at 4.5 years (range, 2.8-5.9 years). The interface between the osteochondral fragment and subchondral bone and changes in donor site of the osteochondral graft were evaluated with T2-weighted magnetic resonance image up to 12 months postoperatively. Results The Hughston Rating Scale scored 8 knees as excellent, 3 as good, and 1 as fair. The interface between the osteochondral fragment and subchondral bone had disappeared on magnetic resonance image by 3 months postoperatively in all cases. No complications arising from the donor site area were observed. Signal intensity of donor site changed from high signal preoperatively to homogeneous surrounding cancellous bone by 1 year postoperatively. Conclusion Biological fixation of the osteochondral dissecans lesion with cylindrical osteochondral autograft provided healing of the osteochondral fragments.
Relationship of Chronic Ankle Instability to Muscle Activation Patterns during the Transition from Double-Leg to Single-Leg Stance
Authors: Van Deun Sara , Staes Filip F. , Stappaerts Karel H. , Janssens Luc , Levin Oron , Peers Koen K.H. 
Published: December 2006

Background Impaired muscle activation may predispose subjects to develop chronic ankle instability. It has been suggested that impairments are found not only in structures around the injured ankle but also around the more proximal joint complexes. Hypothesis Subjects with chronic ankle instability were expected to show later onset times for lower limb and trunk muscle activation when compared with control subjects. They were expected to show less variability in muscle activation patterns compared with the control group. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods Thirty control subjects and 10 subjects with chronic ankle instability participated in the study. The onset of muscle activity of 14 muscles of the lower limb and trunk was measured during the transition from a double-leg stance position to a single-leg stance position in eyes-open and eyes-closed test conditions. Results Subjects with chronic ankle instability showed significantly later onset times for the ankle, hip, and hamstring muscles compared with control subjects. They used a similar muscle activation pattern in both test conditions, whereas control subjects adjusted their activation pattern according to the condition. Conclusions Differences in muscle activation patterns between subjects with chronic ankle instability and control subjects occur not only around the ankle but also around other joints. Subjects with chronic ankle instability show less variability in muscle activation patterns between test conditions. Clinical Relevance Knowledge of muscle activation patterns in the whole lower limb and trunk in noninjured subjects and the differences found in chronic ankle instability subjects broadens the physical therapy approach to the treatment of chronic ankle instability.
Biomechanical Evaluation of 4 Techniques of Distal Biceps Brachii Tendon Repair
Authors: Mazzocca Augustus D. , Burton Kevin J. , Romeo Anthony A. , Santangelo Stephen , Adams Douglas A. , Arciero Robert A. 
Published: December 2006

Background Recent technical improvements have led the way to a resurgence of the single-incision approach for repair of distal biceps tendon injuries. There has been no biomechanical evaluation of all these techniques with comparison to the standard 2-incision bone tunnel technique. Hypothesis There will be no difference under cyclic loading and ultimate failure between the 2-incision bone tunnel technique, suture anchor repair, interference screw, and EndoButton techniques for the repair of distal biceps tendon ruptures. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods Sixty-three fresh-frozen cadaveric elbows were randomly assigned to 4 treatment groups (bone tunnel, EndoButton, suture anchor, interference screw). Cyclic loading was then performed from 0° to 90° at 0.5 Hz for 3600 cycles with a 50-N load. A differential variable reductance transducer was placed between the radius and distal tendon to determine displacement. The construct was then pulled to failure at 120 mm/min. Results A multiple analysis of variance revealed no statistically significant difference for displacement among the 4 repair techniques. Displacement using the bone tunnel was 3.55 mm, EndoButton was 3.42 mm, suture anchor was 2.33 mm, and interference screw was 2.15 mm. There was a statistically significant greater load to failure with EndoButton (440 N) than suture anchor (381 N), bone tunnel (310 N), or interference screw (232 N) (P < .001). Conclusion The EndoButton technique had the highest load to failure. Clinical Relevance These data demonstrate the EndoButton to be the strongest repair technique, with no failures during cycling at physiologic loads and with the largest load to failure. These findings are important in maximizing surgical results and stability and suggest that the construct can tolerate early postoperative active range of motion.
Eccentric Training and an Achilles Wrap Reduce Achilles Tendon Capillary Blood Flow and Capillary Venous Filling Pressures and Increase Tendon Oxygen Saturation in Insertional and Midportion Tendinopathy
Authors: Knobloch Karsten , Schreibmueller Louisa , Kraemer Robert , Jagodzinski Michael , Richter Martinus , Zeichen Johannes , Vogt Peter M. 
Published: December 2006

Background Eccentric training has been demonstrated to decrease pain in patients with Achilles tendinopathy. Whether an Achilles wrap in addition to eccentric training changes parameters of tendon microcirculation in insertional and midportion tendinopathy is not known. Study Design Randomized clinical trial; Level of evidence, 2. Methods One hundred twelve subjects were recruited. A laser Doppler system assessed capillary blood flow, tissue oxygen saturation, and postcapillary venous filling pressure. Group A performed daily eccentric training for 12 weeks with additional daily Achilles wrap (AirHeel™, 54 tendons of 54 patients), while group B performed the same eccentric training only (64 tendons of 59 patients). Results Ninety-one patients (81%) completed the 12-week training period. Tendon oxygen saturation increased significantly in group A at the insertion (70% ± 11% to 75% ± 7%, P = .001) and distal midportion (68% ± 12% to 73% ± 9%, P = .006); this increase was greater than that in group B (69% ± 11% vs 68% ± 15%, P = .041 vs A). Postcapillary venous filling pressures were significantly reduced in group A at 5 of 8 positions at 2 and 8 mm tendon depths (up to 26%, P = .003), while only in 3 of 8 positions in group B (up to 20%, P = .001). Pain on the visual analog scale was 5.1 ± 2.1 vs 3.2 ± 2.7 (A,–37.3%, P = .0001) and 5.5 ± 2.1 vs 3.6 ± 2.4 (B, P = .0001,–34.6%) (P = .486 for A vs B). Conclusion Tendon oxygen saturation was increased, and capillary venous clearance facilitated using an Achilles wrap in addition to a daily 12-week eccentric training program. Achilles wrap and eccentric training increased subjective assessment of Achilles tendinopathy, while pain level reduction remained the same in both groups.
Thermal models and clay diagenesis in the Tertiary-Cretaceous sediments of the Alava block (Basque-Cantabrian basin, Spain)
Authors: Arostegui J. , Sangüesa F. J. , Nieto F. , Uriarte J. A. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractDiagenesis in the Cretaceous and Tertiary sediments of the Alava Block (Basque- Cantabrian basin) has been studied using the clay mineralogy (X-ray diffraction) of cuttings from three representative wells of a N—S cross-section. More than 5500 m of various lithologies (marls, mudstones and sandstones) have been drilled in the northern part of the domain, and 2100 m in the southern zone. The illitization of smectite and the disappearance of kaolinite, due to diagenesis, are the most characteristic features in the northern well. Evolution of smectite to illite has been differentiated into four zones, from top to bottom of the series, each showing specific I-S interstratified clay assemblages. The disappearance of smectite and the distribution of kaolinite in the other two wells are explained based on source-area considerations. Burial and thermal history have been reconstructed, revealing a northward increase in thermal flow until the Oligocene (Alpine orogeny paroxysm). In the northern well, the thermal model suggests temperatures of 160 and 270°C for the disappearance of smectite (R0) and illite-smectite (I-S) mixed-layer R1 clay minerals, respectively. The disappearance of kaolinite is related to a temperature of 230°C, a temperature never attained in the other two wells. Retardation of these processes, in relation to temperature values in the literature, is a consequence of the poor reactivity of marly lithologies, due to the low availability of cations. In this regard, the scarcity of reactants (K-bearing phases) and the absence of pathways (low permeability) for their access and circulation imply that illitization could have taken place in a closed system, by diffusion, on a very small scale, i.e. that of the original smectite grains.
A new kaolinite order index based on XRD profile fitting
Authors: Aparicio P. , Galán E. , Ferrell R. E. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe determination of kaolinite order-disorder by X-ray diffraction is problematic due to overlapping peaks from associated kaolin minerals and X-ray amorphous phases. This paper presents a new index (Aparicio-Gala´n-Ferrell index — AGFI), measured on 02land 11lreflections after decomposing individual peaks in the complex diffraction band in an effort to reduce interferences. The new index was tested with three kaolins, of varying structural order, and their admixtures containing different percentages of quartz, feldspar, illite, smectite, chlorite, halloysite and Fe hydroxides and silica gels. The AGFI is highly correlated with the percentage of low-defect kaolinite and the Hinckley Index. It is not as prone to interference by associated minerals and X-ray amorphous phases as other indices. The AGFI can be used to determine kaolinite order-disorder in a wide variety of kaolins and kaolinitic rocks; the only prerequisite is that the kaolinite content should be >10 wt.% in order for the results to be reproducible.
Elemental behaviour during the process of corrosion of sekishu glazed roof-tiles affected by Lecidea s.lat. sp. (crustose lichen)
Authors: Watanabe K. , Ohfuji H. , Ando J. , Kitagawa R. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractElemental behaviour, during the process of weathering of glazed sekishu roof-tiles affected by Lecidea s.lat. sp. (a crustose lichen), was investigated using optical and fluorescence microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and transmission electron microscopy. Sekishu roof tiles have an opaque reddish brown glaze on their surfaces which consist of an alkali feldspar-type X-ray amorphous glass recrystallized at 1200°C. Optical and fluorescence microscopy revealed the presence of corrosion pits (at a depth of ∼50 μm) at the lichen-glaze interface. Elemental mapping by FE-SEM identified the concentrations of Ti and Fe in the section of the glazed tile analysed. The behaviour of C was correlated with those elements, suggesting the possibility of biomineralization.