bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interplay of International Law and Cyberspace: State Sovereignty Violation, Extraterritorial Effects, and the Paradigm of Cyber Sovereignty
Authors: Chatinakrob Thanapat 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Information and communication technology (ICT) threats, involving malicious use of ICTs, pose substantial risks to global security and stability. These threats, emanating from State and non-State actors, endanger economic growth, societal well-being, and human safety. The existing international legal framework struggles to adequately confront these challenges, resulting in issues concerning State sovereignty, cyber-attacks on critical infrastructure, and the emergence of cyberspace sovereignty. Cyber-attacks targeting key infrastructure can undermine sovereignty by aiding another State’s territorial control. The enforcement of cyberspace legislation, whether regional or intra-State, can infringe upon other States’ sovereignty due to cross-border repercussions. Despite the presence of numerous international and regional regulations, enforcement remains lacking. The concept of cyberspace sovereignty has arisen with technological advancements, signifying a need for digital realm sovereignty. Yet, this form of sovereignty is narrower compared to territorial sovereignty. This article delves into the nexus between international law, State sovereignty, and ICT threats, along with the progression of cyberspace sovereignty. Through qualitative analysis of primary and secondary sources, it examines the application of existing international law in the digital landscape. By scrutinizing these intricacies, the paper endeavors to comprehend the contemporary challenges posed to international law and explore potential resolutions.
Preferences for labour regulation: endowments versus beliefs
Authors: Duval Romain , Ji Yi , Papageorgiou Chris , Shibata Ippei , Spilimbergo Antonio 
Published: March 2024

SUMMARY
Are preferences for labour regulations driven by individuals’ own endowments or their beliefs? To address this question, we conducted a cross-country survey on people’s opinions on employment protection legislation – an area where reform has proven to be difficult and personal interests is at stake. We find that individuals’ beliefs contribute two to three times more than their own endowments and personal pay-offs. A randomized information treatment confirms that beliefs can explain views about regulations, but beliefs can also change with new information. Our results are robust to several checks, including to alternative estimation techniques and samples.
Sphingolipid diversity in Candida auris: unraveling interclade and drug resistance fingerprints
Authors: Ali Basharat , Kumar Mohit , Kumar Praveen , Chauhan Anshu , Usmani Sana Akhtar , Rudramurthy Shivaprakash M , Meis Jacques F , Chakrabarti Arunaloke , Singh Ashutosh , Gaur Naseem A , Mondal Alok K , Prasad Rajendra 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In this study, we explored the sphingolipid (SL) landscape in Candida auris, which plays pivotal roles in fungal biology and drug susceptibility. The composition of SLs exhibited substantial variations at both the SL class and molecular species levels among clade isolates. Utilizing principal component analysis, we successfully differentiated the five clades based on their SL class composition. While phytoceramide (PCer) was uniformly the most abundant SL class in all the isolates, other classes showed significant variations. These variations were not limited to SL class level only as the proportion of different molecular species containing variable number of carbons in fatty acid chains also differed between the isolates. Also a comparative analysis revealed abundance of ceramides and glucosylceramides in fluconazole susceptible isolates. Furthermore, by comparing drug-resistant and susceptible isolates within clade IV, we uncovered significant intraclade differences in key SL classes such as high PCer and low long chain base (LCB) content in resistant strains, underscoring the impact of SL heterogeneity on drug resistance development in C. auris. These findings shed light on the multifaceted interplay between genomic diversity, SLs, and drug resistance in this emerging fungal pathogen.
Accurate Detection of Convergent Mutations in Large Protein Alignments With ConDor
Authors: Morel Marie , Zhukova Anna , Lemoine Frédéric , Gascuel Olivier 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Evolutionary convergences are observed at all levels, from phenotype to DNA and protein sequences, and changes at these different levels tend to be correlated. Notably, convergent mutations can lead to convergent changes in phenotype, such as changes in metabolism, drug resistance, and other adaptations to changing environments. We propose a two-component approach to detect mutations subject to convergent evolution in protein alignments. The “Emergence” component selects mutations that emerge more often than expected, while the “Correlation” component selects mutations that correlate with the convergent phenotype under study. With regard to Emergence, a phylogeny deduced from the alignment is provided by the user and is used to simulate the evolution of each alignment position. These simulations allow us to estimate the expected number of mutations in a neutral model, which is compared to the observed number of mutations in the data studied. In Correlation, a comparative phylogenetic approach, is used to measure whether the presence of each of the observed mutations is correlated with the convergent phenotype. Each component can be used on its own, for example Emergence when no phenotype is available. Our method is implemented in a standalone workflow and a webserver, called ConDor. We evaluate the properties of ConDor using simulated data, and we apply it to three real datasets: sedge PEPC proteins, HIV reverse transcriptase, and fish rhodopsin. The results show that the two components of ConDor complement each other, with an overall accuracy that compares favorably to other available tools, especially on large datasets.
Oncologic drug repository programs in the United States: a review and comparison
Authors: Heater Natalie K , Kircher Sheetal , Weldon Christine , Trosman Julia , Benson Al 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
As cancer affects 40% of all Americans during their lifetime, the financial burden of cancer care represents a significant contribution towards the overall cost of health care in the United States. Cancer drug repository programs offer a unique solution for patients who have limited financial ability to access medications while reducing medical waste. We reviewed all state legislation in the United States regarding cancer drug repository programs. Five states have oral anticancer drug (OACD)–specific drug repository programs, while 28 states have generalized drug repository programs. Iowa's statewide, mail-order OACD repository program is the preeminent example of an effective and efficient program, which should be replicated across the country. Many states have passed legislation allowing for drug repository programs but have struggled to translate such legislation into active programs due to lack of funding and management. We offer recommendations across policy, manufacturing, institutional, health care professional, and patient domains in order provide optimal patient care.
MAPK20-mediated ATG6 phosphorylation is critical for pollen development in Solanum lycopersicum L.
Authors: Wang Yu , Xie Dongling , Zheng Xuelian , Guo Mingyue , Qi Zhenyu , Yang Ping , Yu Jingquan , Zhou Jie 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In flowering plants, male gametogenesis is tightly regulated by numerous genes. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) plays a critical role in plant development and stress response, while its role in plant reproductive development is largely unclear. The present study demonstrated MAPK20 phosphorylation of ATG6 to mediate pollen development and germination in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). MAPK20 was preferentially expressed in the stamen of tomato, and mutation of MAPK20 resulted in abnormal pollen grains and inhibited pollen viability and germination. MAPK20 interaction with ATG6 mediated the formation of autophagosomes. Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) analysis showed that ATG6 was phosphorylated by MAPK20 at Ser-265. Mutation of ATG6 in wild-type (WT) or in MAPK20 overexpression plants resulted in malformed and inviable pollens. Meanwhile, the number of autophagosomes in mapk20 and atg6 mutants was significantly lower than that of WT plants. Our results suggest that MAPK20-mediated ATG6 phosphorylation and autophagosome formation are critical for pollen development and germination.
Escape Velocity—the Launch of Microbiome Therapies
Authors: Kelly Brendan J , Kwon Jennie H , Woodworth Michael H 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Food and Drug Administration approval of the first microbiome therapies represents a true expansion the treatment paradigm for Clostridioides difficile but raises new questions about the future role of fecal microbiota transplantation. The authors outline the advances in microbiome therapeutic development that have addressed fecal microbiota transplantation’s (FMT's) inherent limitations of safety and scalability. The authors also suggest that as microbiome therapeutic development continues for other indications, FMT will likely remain a necessary model of human microbiota dynamics for translational research.
Nitrous oxide inhibition of methanogenesis represents an underappreciated greenhouse gas emission feedback
Authors: Yin Yongchao , Kara-Murdoch Fadime , Murdoch Robert W , Yan Jun , Chen Gao , Xie Yongchao , Sun Yanchen , Löffler Frank E 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) are major greenhouse gases that are predominantly generated by microbial activities in anoxic environments. N2O inhibition of methanogenesis has been reported, but comprehensive efforts to obtain kinetic information are lacking. Using the model methanogen Methanosarcina barkeri strain Fusaro and digester sludge-derived methanogenic enrichment cultures, we conducted growth yield and kinetic measurements and showed that micromolar concentrations of N2O suppress the growth of methanogens and CH4 production from major methanogenic substrate classes. Acetoclastic methanogenesis, estimated to account for two-thirds of the annual 1 billion metric tons of biogenic CH4, was most sensitive to N2O, with inhibitory constants (KI) in the range of 18–25 μM, followed by hydrogenotrophic (KI, 60–90 μM) and methylotrophic (KI, 110–130 μM) methanogenesis. Dissolved N2O concentrations exceeding these KI values are not uncommon in managed (i.e. fertilized soils and wastewater treatment plants) and unmanaged ecosystems. Future greenhouse gas emissions remain uncertain, particularly from critical zone environments (e.g. thawing permafrost) with large amounts of stored nitrogenous and carbonaceous materials that are experiencing unprecedented warming. Incorporating relevant feedback effects, such as the significant N2O inhibition on methanogenesis, can refine climate models and improve predictive capabilities.
The influence of steroidal implants and manganese sulfate supplementation on growth performance, trace mineral status, hepatic gene expression, hepatic enzyme activity, and circulating metabolites in feedlot steers
Authors: Smerchek Dathan T , Rients Emma L , McLaughlin Amy M , Henderson Jacob A , Ortner Brock M , Thornton Kara J , Hansen Stephanie L 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Angus-cross steers (n = 144; 359 kg ± 13.4) were used to assess the effect of dietary Mn and steroidal implants on performance, trace minerals (TM) status, hepatic enzyme activity, hepatic gene expression, and serum metabolites. Steers (n = 6/pen) were stratified by BW in a 3 × 2 factorial. GrowSafe bunks recorded individual feed intake (experimental unit = steer; n = 24/treatment). Dietary treatments included (MANG; 8 pens/treatment; Mn as MnSO4): (1) no supplemental Mn (analyzed 14 mg Mn/kg DM; Mn0); (2) 20 mg supplemental Mn/kg DM (Mn20); (3) 50 mg supplemental Mn/kg DM (Mn50). Within MANG, steers received a steroidal implant treatment (IMP) on day 0: (1) no implant; NO; or (2) combination implant (Revalor-200; REV). Liver biopsies for TM analysis and qPCR, and blood for serum glucose, insulin, non-esterified fatty acids, and urea-N (SUN) analysis were collected on days 0, 20, 40, and 77. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block with a factorial arrangement of treatments including fixed effects of Mn treatment (MANG) and implant (IMP) using PROC MIXED of SAS 9.4 using initial BW as a covariate. Liver TM, serum metabolite, enzyme activity, and gene expression data were analyzed as repeated measures. No MANG × IMP effects were noted (P ≥ 0.12) for growth performance or carcass characteristic measures. Dietary Mn did not influence final body weight, overall ADG, or overall G:F (P ≥ 0.14). Liver Mn concentration increased with supplemental Mn concentration (MANG; P = 0.01). An IMP × DAY effect was noted for liver Mn (P = 0.01) where NO and REV were similar on day 0 but NO cattle increased liver Mn from days 0 to 20 while REV liver Mn decreased. Relative expression of MnSOD in the liver was greater in REV (P = 0.02) compared to NO and within a MANG × IMP effect (P = 0.01) REV increased liver MnSOD activity. These data indicate current NASEM Mn recommendations are adequate to meet the demands of finishing beef cattle given a steroidal implant. Despite the roles of Mn in metabolic pathways and antioxidant defense, a basal diet containing 14 mg Mn/kg DM was sufficient for the normal growth of finishing steers. This study also provided novel insight into how implants and supplemental Mn influence genes related to arginine metabolism, urea synthesis, antioxidant capacity, and TM homeostasis as well as arginase and MnSOD activity in hepatic tissue of beef steers.
Osteoporosis under psychological stress: mechanisms and therapeutics
Authors: Xu Hao-Kun , Liu Jie-Xi , Zhou Ze-Kai , Zheng Chen-Xi , Sui Bing-Dong , Yuan Yuan , Kong Liang , Jin Yan , Chen Ji 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Psychological stress has been associated with the onset of several diseases, including osteoporosis. However, the underlying pathogenic mechanism remains unknown, and effective therapeutic strategies are still unavailable. Growing evidence suggests that the sympathetic nervous system regulates bone homeostasis and vascular function under psychological stress, as well as the coupling of osteogenesis and angiogenesis in bone development, remodeling, and regeneration. Furthermore, extracellular vesicles (EVs), particularly mesenchymal stem cell extracellular vesicles (MSC–EVs), have emerged as prospecting therapies for stimulating angiogenesis and bone regeneration. We summarize the role of sympathetic regulation in bone homeostasis and vascular function in response to psychological stress and emphasize the relationship between vessels and bone. Finally, we suggest using MSC–EVs as a promising therapeutic method for treating osteoporosis in psychological stress.
Probability and natural deduction
Authors: Boričić Joksimović Marija , Ikodinović Nebojša , Stojanović Nenad 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
We develop a system of basic probability reasoning founded on two great logical concepts, Gentzen’s natural deduction systems and Carnap–Popper probability of sentences. Our system makes it possible to manipulate with probabilized sentences and justify their causal relationships: if probabilities of sentences $A$ and $B$ are in $[r,1]$ and $[s,1]$, respectively, then the probability of sentence $C$ belongs to $[t,1]$, i.e. $A^{r},B^{s}\vdash C^{t}$, for $r,s,t\in [0,1]$. We prove that our system is sound and complete with respect to the traditional Carnap–Popper type probability semantics. This approach opens up a new perspective of proof-theoretic treatment of sentence probability, potentially allowing immediate algorithmic use of the pure syntactic convenience of natural deductions in programming.
Hiding in John Rechy’s Closet
Authors: Miranda Joseph Isaac 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
John Rechy is not interested in representation. Yet Rechy’s refusal to engage with identity using the terms offered to ethnic and queer writers has puzzled critics of his work. This article contends with John Rechy’s evasive novel, City of Night (1963), to reconsider Rechy’s attachment to refusal as a formal and political project that confounds any effort to portray a stable transparent minority subject. Through the novel’s rejection of disclosure and recognition, City of Night moves against forms of political stability (normative coupling, categorical identification, and property ownership) to feature ephemeral spaces in which minoritized people gather and shift around at the very moment the US state is restricting and criminalizing Mexican movement and sedimenting heteronormativity into law. By attending to evasion and refusal, I push the boundaries of Rechy criticism that have found City of Night devoid of politics or attachments to ethnic identity. Rather, I argue that the novel moves against individuation to offer ephemeral moments of entanglement with queer racialized Others through the composite form and figure of the “outsider.” Located in the unincorporated mass or crowd, City of Night’s attachment to the “outsider” thinks across difference to reveal the ways racialization underpins the policing of movement, heteronormativity, and citizenship in the mid-twentieth century. Ultimately, Rechy’s aesthetics of refusal registers the under-examined affinities between migrant, laborer, queer, and brown at the very moment the United States sought to restrict how we think about identity and politics in public.
The role of carbon in red giant spectro-seismology
Authors: Banks Kirsten A , Martell Sarah L , Tinney C G , Stello Dennis , Hon Marc , Reyes Claudia , Priest James , Buder Sven , Montet Benjamin T 
Published: March 2024

ABSTRACT
Although red clump stars function as reliable standard candles, their surface characteristics (i.e. Teff, log g, and [Fe/H]) overlap with those of red giant branch stars, which are not standard candles. Recent results have revealed that spectral features containing carbon (e.g. CN molecular bands) carry information correlating with the ‘gold-standard’ asteroseismic classifiers that distinguish red clump from red giant branch stars. However, the underlying astrophysical processes driving the correlation between these spectroscopic and asteroseismic quantities in red giants remain inadequately explored. This study aims to enhance our understanding of this ‘spectro-seismic’ effect by refining the list of key spectral features predicting red giant evolutionary state. In addition, we conduct further investigation into those key spectral features to probe the astrophysical processes driving this connection. We employ the data-driven The Cannon algorithm to analyse high-resolution (R ∼ 80 000) Veloce Rosso spectra from the Anglo-Australian Telescope for 301 red giant stars (where asteroseismic classifications from the TESS mission are known for 123 of the stars). The results highlight molecular spectroscopic features, particularly those containing carbon (e.g. CN), as the primary indicators of the evolutionary states of red giant stars. Furthermore, by investigating CN isotopic pairs (that is, 12C14N and 13C14N), we find suggestions of statistically significant differences in the reduced equivalent widths of such lines, suggesting that physical processes that change the surface abundances and isotopic ratios in red giant stars, such as deep mixing, are the driving forces of the ‘spectro-seismic’ connection of red giants.
Inferring the dark matter splashback radius from cluster gas and observable profiles in the FLAMINGO simulations
Authors: Towler Imogen , Kay Scott T , Schaye Joop , Kugel Roi , Schaller Matthieu , Braspenning Joey , Elbers Willem , Frenk Carlos S , Kwan Juliana , Salcido Jaime , van Daalen Marcel P , Vandenbroucke Bert , Altamura Edoardo 
Published: March 2024

ABSTRACT
The splashback radius, coinciding with the minimum in the dark matter radial density gradient, is thought to be a universal definition of the edge of a dark matter halo. Observational methods to detect it have traced the dark matter using weak gravitational lensing or galaxy number counts. Recent attempts have also claimed the detection of a similar feature in Sunyaev–Zel’dovich (SZ) observations of the hot intracluster gas. Here, we use the FLAMINGO simulations to investigate whether an extremum gradient in a similar position to the splashback radius is predicted to occur in the cluster gas profiles. We find that the minimum in the gradient of the stacked 3D gas density and pressure profiles, and the maximum in the gradient of the entropy profile, broadly align with the splashback feature though there are significant differences. While the dark matter splashback radius varies with specific mass accretion rate, in agreement with previous work, the radial position of the deepest minimum in the log-slope of the gas density is more sensitive to halo mass. In addition, we show that a similar minimum is also present in projected 2D pseudo-observable profiles: emission measure (X-ray), Compton-y (SZ), and surface mass density (weak lensing). We find that the latter traces the dark matter results reasonably well albeit the minimum occurs at a slightly smaller radius. While results for the gas profiles are largely insensitive to accretion rate and various observable proxies for dynamical state, they do depend on the strength of the feedback processes.
The X-ray enhancements of radio-loud quasars at high redshift: new results at z = 4–7
Authors: Zuo Zihao , Zhu Shifu , Brandt W N , Garmire Gordon P , Vito F , Wu Jianfeng , Xue Yongquan 
Published: March 2024

ABSTRACT
Highly radio-loud quasars (HRLQs; log R &gt; 2.5) at z ≳ 4 show apparent enhanced X-ray emission compared to matched HRLQs at lower redshifts, perhaps due to a redshift-dependent fractional contribution to the X-ray luminosity from inverse-Compton scattering of cosmic microwave background photons (IC/CMB). Using new Chandra observations and archival X-ray data, we investigate this phenomenon with an optically flux-limited sample of 41 HRLQs at z = 4–5.5 all with sensitive X-ray coverage, the largest sample utilized to date by a wide margin. X-ray enhancements are assessed using X-ray-to-optical flux ratios and spectral energy distributions. We confirm the presence of X-ray enhancements at a 4.9–5.3σ significance level, finding that the median factor of enhancement is ≈1.8 at our sample median redshift of z ≈ 4.4. Under a fractional IC/CMB model, the expected enhancement at lower redshifts is modest; e.g. ≈4 per cent at z ≈ 1.5. We also investigate a sample of seven radio-loud quasars (RLQs; log R &gt; 1) at even higher redshifts of z = 5.6–6.8, using new and archival X-ray data. These RLQs also show evidence for X-ray enhancements by a median factor of ≈2.7 at a 3.7–4.9σ significance level. The X-ray spectral and other properties of these z = 5.6–6.8 RLQs, however, pose challenges for a straightforward fractional IC/CMB interpretation of their enhancements.