bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estrogen‐induced cholestasis results in a dramatic increase of b‐series gangliosides in the rat liver
Authors: Majer Filip , Trnka Ladislav , Vítek Libor , Jirkovská Marie , Mareček Zdeněk , Šmíd František 
Published: March 2007

AbstractHepatic ganglioside composition was investigated in normal and cholestatic Wistar rats. Cholestasis was induced by 17α‐ethinylestradiol (EE; 5 mg/kg body weight s.c. for 18 days). As compared with controls, the EE administration resulted in severe cholestasis, as indicated by biochemical as well as morphological signs. Gangliosides isolated from the liver tissue were separated by TLC, with resorcinol‐HCl detection and densitometric evaluation. As compared with controls, the total hepatic lipid sialic acid content in cholestatic rats was increased almost 2‐fold (44.3 ± 15.2 vs 79.1 ± 9.0 nmol/g wet weight of liver tissue, p < 0.01). This increase was primarily due to the increase of ganglioside GD1a (3.6 ± 1.0 vs 11.8 ± 3.0 nmol/g wet weight of liver tissue, p = 0.001), as well as to the enormous up‐regulation of b‐series gangliosides GD3 (0.08 ± 0.03 vs 2.0 ± 1.2 nmol/g wet weight of liver tissue, p = 0.002), GD1b (0.1 ± 0.06 vs 5.4 ± 1.6 nmol/g wet weight of liver tissue, p = 0.002) and GT1b (0.06 ± 0.03 vs 6.4 ± 2.6 nmol/g wet weight of liver tissue, p = 0.002). As the majority of gangliosides are concentrated in cell membranes, our findings suggest that dramatic increase of b‐series gangliosides might contribute to the protection of hepatocytes against the deleterious effects of cholestasis. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anatomy and quantitation of the subscapular nerves
Authors: Tubbs R. Shane , Loukas Marios , Shahid Kameron , Judge Tanya , Pinyard Jeremy , Shoja Mohammadali M. , Slappey John B. , McEvoy William C. , Oakes W. Jerry 
Published: March 2007

AbstractInformation regarding branches of the brachial plexus can be of utility to the surgeon for neurotization procedures following injury. Sixty‐two adult cadaveric upper extremities were dissected and the subscapular nerves identified and measured. The upper subscapular nerve originated from the posterior cord in 97% of the cases and in 3% of the cases directly from the axillary nerve. The upper subscapular nerve originated as a single nerve in 90.3% of the cases, as two independent nerve trunks in 8% of the cases and as three independent nerve trunks in 1.6% of the cases. The thoracodorsal nerve originated from the posterior cord in 98.5% of the cases and in 1.5% of the cases directly from the proximal segment of the radial nerve. The thoracodorsal nerve always originated as a single nerve from the brachial plexus. The lower subscapular nerve originated from the posterior cord in 79% of the cases and in 21% of the cases directly from the proximal segment of the axillary nerve. The lower subscapular nerve originated as a single nerve in 93.6% of the cases and as two independent nerve trunks in 6.4% of the cases. The mean length of the lower subscapular nerve from its origin until it provided its branch into the subscapularis muscle was 3.5 cm and the mean distance from this branch until its termination into the teres major muscle was 6 cm. The mean diameter of this nerve was 1.9 mm. The mean length of the upper subscapular nerve from its origin to its termination into the subscapularis muscle was 5cm and the mean diameter of the nerve was 2.3 mm. The mean length of the thoracodorsal nerve from its origin to its termination into the latissimus dorsi muscle was 13.7 cm. The mean diameter of this nerve was 2.6 mm. Our hopes are that these data will prove useful to the surgeon in surgical planning for potential neurotization procedures of the brachial plexus. Clin. Anat. 20:656–659, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sensory innervation of mandibular teeth by the nerve to the mylohyoid: Implications in local anesthesia
Authors: Stein Pamela , Brueckner Jennifer , Milliner Matthew 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTraditionally, the nerve to the mylohyoid has been considered a motor nerve. However, dissection and clinical studies have challenged this dogma implicating the nerve to the mylohyoid as a nerve of accessory sensory innervation to mandibular teeth. Within the infratemporal fossa, the nerve to the mylohyoid branches from the inferior alveolar nerve and may be anesthetized with an inferior alveolar nerve block. However, because of the variability in location of branching and the potential barriers formed by both the pterygomandibular fascia and the sphenomandibular ligament, the nerve to the mylohyoid may escape anesthesia in an inferior alveolar nerve block. This may prevent profound local anesthesia of the mandibular teeth and may account, at least in part, for the high failure rate of the inferior alveolar nerve block. Alternative local anesthesia procedures may be employed to ensure adequate anesthesia of the nerve to the mylohyoid is achieved. This review provides a background of anatomical and clinical research of the nerve to the mylohyoid and outlines techniques suggested for providing a neural blockade of the nerve to the mylohyoid. Clin. Anat. 20:591–595, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomic variation of the 5th extensor tendon compartment and extensor digiti minimi tendon
Authors: Tanaka Toshikazu , Moran Steven L. , Zhao Chunfeng , Zobitz Mark E. , An Kai‐Nan , Amadio Peter C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAnatomic variation within the 5th extensor compartment may contribute to the development of tenosynovitis and limit the usefulness of the extensor digiti minimi (EDM) for tendon transfer. The purpose of this study was to assess the anatomic variation of the EDM tendon and its surrounding retinaculum, with particular attention to anatomical variation between specimens. Forty‐one fresh cadaver hands were dissected. The length of the 5th compartment retinaculum was noted. The incidence of an intercompartmental septum was noted in each specimen as well as the type of tendinous attachments present between the EDM and extensor digitorum communis (EDC) tendons. The presence and length of any accessory retinacular bands distal to the edge of proper extensor retinaculum was also noted. Only one specimen contained a single EDM tendon, while 71% (n = 29) of specimens contained two slips and 23% (n = 9) had three slips; 24% (n = 10) of EDC tendons had no slip to the small finger, while 61% (n = 25) of specimens had a single slip to the small finger. The EDC's contribution to the small finger was found to be an independent tendon in 42% of cases (n = 17), while 34% (n = 14) of specimens were found to have a common EDC slip, which branched to both the ring and small finger. Three EDM tendons divided distal to the extensor retinaculum, while the remaining EDM tendons divided beneath or proximal to the extensor retinaculum. Seventy‐three percent (n = 30) of the specimens had an accessory retinacular band surrounding the EDM tendon identified at the base of the 5th metacarpal. Eighty‐eight percent (n = 36) of hands had a septum between the EDM slips. The surgeon should be aware of variability within the 5th dorsal compartment in cases of trauma and in cases of tendon transfer. In our series 30 of 41 specimens were noted to contain an accessory dorsal retinacular band surrounding the EDM and 36 specimens were noted to contain a septum within the 5th compartment. The presence of an accessory retinacular band surrounding the EDM at the level of the 5th metacarpal base is an anatomic finding that requires further investigation. Clin. Anat. 20:677–682, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anomer‐Selective Glycosidase Inhibition by 2‐N‐Alkylated 1‐Azafagomines
Authors: Lopez Lopez Oscar , Bols Mikael 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAlkylation of 1‐azafagomine at the 2‐N position was achieved by reductive amination of 1‐N‐acetyl‐3,4,6‐tri‐O‐benzyl‐1‐azafagomine by using aldehydes, palladium hydroxide, and hydrogen in EtOAc/water/acetic acid followed by deprotection. The 2‐N‐butyl, hexyl, heptyl, nonyl, decyl, and 3‐phenylpropyl derivatives were made in this manner, and were tested for inhibition of α‐glucosidase from yeast, and of β‐glucosidase from almonds. The new compounds were stronger β‐glucosidase inhibitors than 1‐azafagomine, but weaker α‐glucosidase inhibitors.
Quantitative assessment of regional left ventricular function with cardiac MRI: Three‐dimensional centersurface method
Authors: Beohar Nirat , Flaherty James D. , Davidson Charles J. , Vidovich Mladen I. , Brodsky Adam , Lee Daniel C. , Wu Edwin , Bolson Edward L. , Bonow Robert O. , Sheehan Florence H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractObjectives: The purpose of this study was to provide the first in vivo validation of a three‐dimensional (3D) method to quantify regional left ventricular (LV) function with cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging after myocardial infarction (MI). Background: Current cardiac methods to analyze LV function are limited by geometric assumptions and observer biases. Methods: MI was induced percutaneously by 90‐min proximal left circumflex artery balloon occlusion in 25 Yucatan minipigs. Cine and contrast‐enhanced (CE) CMR imaging was performed at 5 days (n = 21) and 8 weeks (n = 22) post‐MI. Twelve control animals without MI were also imaged. Regional wall thickening was measured orthogonal to the myocardial wall using the centersurface method. The left ventricle was divided into 16 segments (six basal 60°, six middle 60°, four apical 90°). Normal ranges for segmental wall thickness and wall thickening were defined as mean ± 2D in control hearts. Hypokinesis was defined as a segmental thickening value below the normal range. Results: Hypokinesis following MI was identified in the inferior, inferolateral and anterolateral segments when compared with controls and corresponded to areas of infarction by CE CMR. The aggregate wall thickening was also expressed as a percentage at 5 days (Infarct zone: 15% ± 16% vs. NonInfarct zone 33% ± 20%, P < 0.001) and 8 weeks (Infarct zone 20% ± 20% vs. NonInfarct zone 32% ± 22%, P < 0.001). Conclusions: The centersurface method can quantify regional wall thickening and spatially identify regions of abnormal function in 3D after MI without relying on geometric assumptions. This method may be a valuable tool to quantify regional LV function in the assessment of myocardial viability, ischemia, infarction, and the response to therapeutic interventions. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hypnosis induces a changed composition of brain oscillations in EEG: a case study
Authors: Fingelkurts Alexander A. , Fingelkurts Andrew A. , Kallio Sakari , Revonsuo Antti 
Published: March 2007

AbstractCognitive functions associated with the frontal lobes of the brain may be specifically involved in hypnosis. Thus, the frontal area of the brain has recently been of great interest when searching for neural changes associated with hypnosis. We tested the hypothesis that EEG during pure hypnosis would differ from the normal non‐hypnotic EEG especially above the frontal area of the brain. The composition of brain oscillations was examined in a broad frequency band (1–30 Hz) in the electroencephalogram (EEG) of a single virtuoso subject. Data was collected in two independent data collection periods separated by one year. The ‘hypnotic’ and ‘non‐hypnotic’ conditions were repeated multiple times during each data acquisition session. We found that pure hypnosis induced reorganization in the composition of brain oscillations especially in prefrontal and right occipital EEG channels. Additionally, hypnosis was characterized by consistent right‐side‐dominance asymmetry. In the prefrontal EEG channels the composition of brain oscillations included spectral patterns during hypnosis that were completely different from those observed during non‐hypnosis. Furthermore, the EEG spectral patterns observed overall during the hypnotic condition did not return to the pre‐hypnotic baseline EEG immediately when hypnosis was terminated. This suggests that for the brain, the return to a normal neurophysiological baseline condition after hypnosis is a time‐consuming process. The present results suggest that pure hypnosis is characterized by an increase in alertness and heightened attention, reflected as cognitive and neuronal activation. Taken together, the present data provide support for the hypothesis that in a very highly hypnotizable person (a hypnotic virtuoso) hypnosis as such may be accompanied by a changed pattern of neural activity in the brain. Copyright © 2007 British Society of Experimental & Clinical Hypnosis. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Elucidating the Mechanism of the Asymmetric Aza‐Michael Reaction
Authors: Phua Pim Huat , Mathew Suju P. , White Andrew J. P. , de Vries Johannes G. , Blackmond Donna G. , Hii King Kuok (Mimi) 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe mechanism of the palladium‐catalysed asymmetric aza‐Michael addition of aniline to α,β‐unsaturated N‐imide was examined from several aspects using a combination of techniques, including X‐ray crystallography, mass spectrometry, NMR, UV/Vis spectroscopy, and kinetic studies. The binding of aniline to the dicationic palladium(II) metal centre was found to occur in two consecutive steps: The binding of the first aniline is fast and reversible, whereas the binding of the second aniline is slower and irreversible. This occurs in competition with the binding of the N‐imide, which forms a planar six‐membered chelate ring with the metal centre; coordinating through the 1,3‐dicarbonyl moiety. Isotopic labelling revealed that the addition of N‐H occurs in a highly stereoselective manner, allowing the synthesis of optically active β2‐ and β2,3‐amino acid derivatives. The stereochemistry of the addition is postulated to be syn. In situ kinetic studies provided evidence for product inhibition. The binding of the N‐imide to the catalyst was found to be the rate‐limiting step. Aniline was found to be an inhibitor of the pre‐catalyst. The study culminated in the design of a new reaction protocol. By maintaining a low concentration of the aniline substrate during the course of the reaction, significant enhancement of yield and enantioselectivity can be achieved.
Homochiral oligopeptides via surface recognition and enantiomeric cross impediment in the polymerization of racemic phenylalanine N‐carboxyanhydride crystals suspended in water
Authors: Nery Jose Geraldo , Eliash Ran , Bolbach Gerard , Weissbuch Isabelle , Lahav Meir 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAs part of our program on the search of possible prebiotic routes for the formation of oligopeptides of homochiral sequence (isotactic) from racemic precursors in aqueous environment, we report the polymerization of racemic crystals of phenylalanine N‐carboxyanhydrides, enantioselectively tagged with five deuterium atoms, suspended in water containing various amine initiators. Racemic mixtures of isotactic oligopeptides, comprising up to 25 repeat units of the same handedness, as the dominant component for each length, were observed in a MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry analysis. The racemic mixtures of the peptides could be desymmetrized by initiating the polymerization reaction with water‐soluble methyl esters of either enantiopure α‐amino acids or dipeptides. A three‐step mechanism is proposed to account for these results: (i) Surface recognition of the chiral initiator by the chiral sites present at specific faces of the crystal; (ii) Oligopeptide elongation at the polymer/crystal interface; and (iii) Self‐assembly of the short isotactic peptides into racemic antiparallel β‐sheets as templates followed by cross‐enantiomeric impediment in the growth of enantiomeric chains at the peptide β‐sheet/crystal interface. Chirality 19:612–624, 2007 © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Parallel kinetic resolution of an oxazolidinone using a quasi‐enantiomeric combination of [D,13C]‐isotopomers of pentafluorophenyl 2‐phenyl propionate
Authors: Coumbarides Gregory S. , Dingjan Marco , Eames Jason , Flinn Anthony , Northen Julian 
Published: March 2007

AbstractParallel kinetic resolution of Evans' phenylglycine derived oxazolidinone using an equimolar combination of quasi‐enantiomeric active esters (derived from [D,13C]‐labeled 2‐phenylpropionic acid) was achieved. The levels of stereocontrol were high, leading to products with predictable configurations. Chirality, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Strategic use of preparative chiral chromatography for the synthesis of a preclinical pharmaceutical candidate
Authors: Leonard William R. , Henderson Derek W. , Miller Ross A. , Spencer Glenn A. , Sudah Osama S. , Biba Mirlinda , Welch Christopher J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe modern use of preparative chromatography in pharmaceutical development is illustrated by the case of a recent preclinical candidate from these laboratories. The synthesis of the candidate employed a coupling of two enantiopure intermediates, each of which could be resolved using preparative chiral chromatography. SFC screening was employed to identify the enantioselective stationary phases, and semipreparative SFC methods derived from this screening were used to produce gram amounts of enantiopure intermediate for initial studies. However, initial larger scale resolution required the translation of the SFC methods to HPLC conditions. Preparative chiral HPLC on a 30‐cm i.d. column was then used to produce enantiopure intermediates which were coupled to give 170 g of the preclinical candidate. Subsequent preparation of the candidate at larger scale for later‐stage clinical evaluation employed an improved synthesis in which one component was constructed by asymmetric synthesis. Resolution of the other component, now a more advanced intermediate, was carried out using newly obtained large‐scale SFC equipment. Some discussion is presented on the varying strategies whereby preparative chiral chromatography can be used to support either short‐term or long‐term synthetic goals in preclinical pharmaceutical development. Chirality, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of the linkage of MYRIP and MYO7A to melanosomes by RAB27A in retinal pigment epithelial cells
Authors: Klomp Adriana E. , Teofilo Karen , Legacki Erin , Williams David S. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe apical region of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) typically contains melanosomes. Their apical distribution is dependent on RAB27A and the unconventional myosin, MYO7A. Evidence from studies using in vitro binding assays, melanocyte transfection, and immunolocalization have indicated that the exophilin, MYRIP, links RAB27A on melanosomes to MYO7A, analogous to the manner that melanophilin links RAB27A on melanocyte melanosomes to MYO5A. To test the functionality of this hypothesis in RPE cells, we have examined the relationship among MYRIP, RAB27A and MYO7A with studies of RPE cells in primary culture (including live‐cell imaging), analyses of mutant mouse retinas, and RPE cell fractionation experiments. Our results indicate that the retinal distribution of MYRIP is limited to the RPE, mainly the apical region. In RPE cells, RAB27A, MYRIP, and MYO7A were all associated with melanosomes, undergoing both slow and rapid movements. Analyses of mutant mice provide genetic evidence that MYRIP is linked to melanosomes via RAB27A, but show that recruitment of MYRIP to apical RPE is independent of melanosomes and RAB27A. RAB27A and MYRIP also associated with motile small vesicles of unknown origin. The present results provide evidence from live RPE cells that the RAB27A‐MYRIP‐MYO7A complex functions in melanosome motility. They also demonstrate that RAB27A provides an essential link to the melanosome. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Impact of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) kinase mutations, EGFR gene amplifications, and KRAS mutations on survival of pancreatic adenocarcinoma
Authors: Lee Jeeyun , Jang Kee‐Taek , Ki Chang‐Seok , Lim Taekyu , Park Young Suk , Lim Ho Yeong , Choi Dong‐Wook , Kang Won Ki , Park Keunchil , Park Joon Oh 
Published: March 2007

AbstractBACKGROUND.Erlotinib, in combination with gemcitabine, has shown clinical benefits in pancreatic adenocarcinoma patients. The presence of EGFR mutations and increased EGFR copy numbers in pancreatic adenocarcinoma was explored.METHODS.Sixty‐six pancreatic cancer patients were included in the analysis. The EGFR mutation was analyzed by DNA sequencing of exons 18–21 in the tyrosine kinase domain. KRAS mutation was analyzed by sequencing codons 12, 13, and 61. Quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction was performed to analyze the copy number of EGFR.RESULTS.In the current study the EGFR mutation was harbored in only 1 (1.5%) of the 66 inoperable or metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma patients. Amino acid substitution was detected in exon 20 of the EGFR gene. Increased EGFR copy numbers (≥3.0 per cell) were detected in 26 (41%) patients. There was only 1 patient, who had a highly increased EGFR copy number (≥6.0 per cell), who died, 2.1 months from the date of diagnosis. The EGFR amplification did not significantly influence survival in pancreatic adenocarcinoma patients (P = .935). Thirty‐two (49%) of the 65 pancreatic adenocarcinomas examined harbored a point mutation in codons 12 (n = 31) and 61 (n = 1) of the KRAS gene. The presence of a point mutation in codon 12 adversely influenced survival of pancreatic cancer patients (P = .030).CONCLUSIONS.The incidence of somatic mutations in the tyrosine kinase domains of EGFR was very low and the increased gene copy number of EGFR did not significantly influence survival. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Kallikrein 7 enhances pancreatic cancer cell invasion by shedding E‐cadherin
Authors: Johnson Sarah K. , Ramani Vishnu C. , Hennings Leah , Haun Randy S. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractBACKGROUND.Pancreatic cancer (PaC) is characterized by local invasion and early metastasis. Serine proteases have been associated with invasion and metastasis of many cancers due to their ability to degrade extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and to activate other proteases; thus, the serine proteases expressed in PaC were investigated.METHODS.An expression profile of serine proteases was generated from both normal and malignant pancreatic tissues using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐based screen and differential expression of kallikrein 7 was examined by reverse‐transcriptase PCR (RT‐PCR) and immunohistochemical analyses. The ability of human kallikrein 7 (hK7) to cleave the epithelial cell adhesion molecule E‐cadherin was tested in vitro using both recombinant E‐cadherin and BxPC‐3 cells and the effects of hK7 proteolytic activity on pancreatic cell invasion and aggregation were examined.RESULTS.Expression profiling revealed that kallikrein 7 (KLK7) was overexpressed in pancreatic adenocarcinomas and its differential expression was confirmed by RT‐PCR analysis. hK7 was observed in neoplastic cells of all tumors examined with moderate‐to‐intense staining in 70% of tumors examined (16/23). In contrast, only 15% of nonmalignant tissue specimens (2/13) displayed moderate hK7 staining, whereas the remaining specimens yielded weak, if any, immunoreactivity. Using in vitro assays, hK7 was shown to cleave E‐cadherin and the soluble E‐cadherin fragment produced significantly enhanced Panc‐1 cell invasion through ECM proteins with a corresponding reduction in Panc‐1 cell aggregation.CONCLUSIONS.These results suggest that aberrant expression of KLK7 plays an important role in PaC and provides novel insight into the effects of elevated hK7 proteinase activity in this, and perhaps other, adenocarcinomas. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.