bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Solvent effect on geometry and nonlinear optical response of conjugated organic molecules
Authors: Yu. Balakina Marina , Nefediev Sergey E. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractIn this paper the effect of solvents of different polarity (chloroform and acetone) on the geometry and static electric properties (dipole moment, polarizability, and first hyperpolarizability) of four nonlinear optical (NLO) chromophores is studied within the framework of the Polarizable Continuum Model (PCM) at the Self‐consistent Field (SCF) level. The standard 6‐31G** basis set is used for the chromophore geometry optimization both in the gas phase and in the solvents, and a moderate‐size aug‐cc‐pVDZ* basis set is used for the calculation of electric properties of the chromophores under study. The effect of the solvent on the geometrical parameters of the chromophores is shown to be insignificant. However, to avoid inaccuracies in estimation of first hyperpolarizability, the use of chromophore geometries, optimized in a solvent, is recommended for chromophores with a rather long conjugation bridge between electron‐donating and electron‐withdrawing groups. The solvent effect on the calculated values of first hyperpolarizability results in its strong enhancement by a factor of 2.9–2.3 in the case of chloroform and by a factor of 3.9–2.8 in the case of acetone, the effect being somewhat attenuated with the lengthening of the conjugation bridge in the series of chromophores. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006
FTIR study of the CO adsorption over Pt/MFI catalysts: Ab initio interpretation
Authors: Nesterenko N. S. , Avdey A. V. , Ermilov A. Yu 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe state and dispersion of Pt supported on MFI catalysts with different contents have been studied using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Experimentally predicted Pt‐containing complexes were simulated by density functional theory (DFT) for CO frequency shift estimation and determination of the relative intensities. According to DFT calculation and experimental data, a new interpretation was proposed. A new approach for estimation of the Pt dispersion based on IR spectra of adsorbed CO has been developed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006
Starch Modification Using Reactive Extrusion
Authors: Xie Fengwei , Yu Long , Liu Hongshen , Chen Ling 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis paper presents a review of the principle and technologies in reactive extrusion and their application in starch modification and preparation of starch derivatives, such as starch graft copolymers, glycosides, cationic starch, or oxidized starch. The applications of reactive extrusion in producing other biopolymers are also touched. Flexibility and efficiency of reactive extruders as reactors for biopolymers are particularly noteworthy.
Properties and Flocculation Efficiency of Highly Cationized Starch Derivatives
Authors: Krentz Dirk‐Oliver , Lohmann Claudia , Schwarz Simona , Bratskaya Svetlana , Liebert Tim , Laube Johannes , Heinze Thomas , Kulicke Werner‐Michael 
Published: March 2006

AbstractIn this study the flocculation efficiency of cationic starch derivatives of varying degrees of substitution (DS) and different amylose/amylopectin ratios was investigated and compared to structural properties. The molar masses, Mw, radii of gyration, RG, and the molar mass distributions of the starch samples were determined by applying the method of flow field‐flow‐fractionation combined with multi‐angle light scattering and interferometric refractometry. In dewatering experiments potato starch derivatives of differing DS have optimum dosages that correspond to their cationicity. The lowest flocculant dosage yielding maximum dewatering results was determined for the most strongly substituted sample (DS = 1.48), while the least substituted starch derivative (DS = 0.28) showed the highest flocculant demand. Furthermore, the molar mass distribution and coil dimensions of derivatives seem to have a great influence on flocculation efficiency, because a 1.5‐fold increase in molar mass can compensate a 1.5‐fold decrease in DS. Toxicological investigations on synthetic and natural flocculants employing hens fertile egg screening test (HEST) led to the conclusion that cationic starches of DS < 0.95 are less toxic than commercial synthetic flocculants. When the results of flocculation experiments and toxicological data were taken into account, a moderate DS of 0.6 was deemed to give the best compromise between dewatering efficiency, cost‐effectiveness and ecological safety.
Effect of Moisture on Hydrothermal Modification of Yam Dioscorea hispida Dennst Starch
Authors: Tattiyakul Jirarat , Naksriarporn Tarin , Pradipasena Pasawadee , Miyawaki Osato 
Published: March 2006

AbstractStarch from Thai yam Dioscorea hispida Dennst; locally known as kloy kao niaw (KKN), was hydrothermally modified (HM) at moisture contents (MC) between 13 and 30 g water/100 g starch (wb) at 90°C for 10 h. All treatments caused a decrease in swelling power and amylose leaching, and an increase in gelatinization temperature of the starch indicating a strengthened network within the starch granule. However, when setting 7 g starch/100 g (wb) gelatinized starch dispersion to gel and subjecting the samples to dynamic rheological tests, only HM KKN starch modified at 13 g water/100 g starch (wb) gave starch gel with higher complex modulus (G*) when compared to native KKN starch gel over the test frequency range (0.001 to 30 Hz). The X‐ray diffraction pattern revealed that KKN starch granule's crystalline structure changed from B to C‐type when modified at 13 g water/100 g starch (wb) and stayed unchanged when modified at 18 to 30 g water/100 g starch (wb).
Short‐Chain‐Length Distribution in Debranched Rice Starches Differing in Gelatinization Temperature or Cooked Rice Hardness
Authors: Nakamura Yasunori , Sato Aya , Juliano Bienvenido O. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractTropical nonwaxy and waxy rice starches differing in gelatinization temperature and previously characterized by high‐performance gel permeation chromatography of debranched amylopectin were subjected to capillary electrophoresis of debranched starch to measure their amylopectin chain ratio (ACR, ratio A chains/A + B1 chains). The ACR data confirmed that low gelatinization temperature (GT) starch contained S‐type (ACR ≥ 0.23) amylopectin and intermediate‐high GT starch had L‐type (ACR <0.20) amylopectin. ACR not only influenced GT, gelatinization enthalpy and ease of attack of starch granules by HCl and amylase, but affected also the extent of amylopectin staling of starch gels. Two japonica and two indica×japonica South Korean rices with low‐amylose low‐GT starch also contained S‐type amylopectin.
Physical Properties of Yellow Alkaline Noodles from Near‐isogenic Wheat Lines with Different Wx Protein Deficiency
Authors: Tanaka Yuko , Miura Hideho , Fukushima Michihiro , Ito Miwako , Nishio Zenta , Kim Sun‐Ju , Hashimoto Naoto , Noda Takahiro , Takigawa Shigenobu , Matsuura‐Endo Chie , Yamauchi Hiroaki 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis paper reports the results of a study of the relationship among the amylose content of flours and the physical properties, such as the texture, of yellow alkaline noodles (YAN) prepared from these flours. For this purpose, we used eight types of near‐isogenic flours with different Wx protein deficiency under the Chinese Spring genetic background. With the use of the near‐isogenic lines, it was possible to achieve similar flour characteristics, with the exception of the amylose content of starch in YAN, and to analyze clearly the effects of the amylose content on the physical properties of YAN. The results of this study indicated that the breaking force and breaking force/breaking deformation of YAN made from the eight lines basically decreased and that the elastic index, on the contrary, increased, when the amylose content of starch from the flours was reduced. The breaking force and elastic index of gels from the flours and starches of the eight lines showed similar tendencies to those described above with regard to YAN. These results showed that the physical properties of YAN are greatly influenced by the amylose content of the flour and the properties of the starch gel. A sensory evaluation of YAN indicated that noodles from the flours of single‐null types, which lack either the Wx‐A1 or the Wx‐B1 protein but particularly the former, had somewhat lower hardness and better elasticity and smoothness than those made from flour having all three Wx genes. The results basically corresponded to those of the physical properties of boiled YAN. These facts suggest that wheat with a somewhat lower amylose content, when compared to wild‐type wheat, is suitable for producing YAN with acceptable texture, especially when considering the elasticity and smoothness.
Experimental study of the friction and wear behaviour of a polymer disc/primer coating combination used in ball‐joints by means of large‐scale testing
Authors: Samyn P. , De Baets P. , Van Paepegem W. , Degrieck J. , Van Schepdael L. , Gerber A. , Leendertz J.S. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe surfaces of a heavily loaded ball‐joint were initially covered with a sliding spray, and suffer wear. A solution is found by incorporating ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) discs with a carbon fibre/epoxy reinforced ring as sliding material into the chairs of the structure. The ball side is covered with a zinc phosphate primer coating. For design purposes the local static and dynamic behaviour of the hybrid UHMWPE discs in contact with steel or Zn‐coated counterfaces should be large‐scale tested in terms of their loading capacity, low friction and wear resistance. Also the influence of creep and wear on friction is examined. After the large‐scale verification tests in laboratory, a good correlation is found with a test in the field. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Load dependence and lifetime studies of self‐assembled monolayers
Authors: Hild W. , Ahmed S.I.‐U. , Hungenbach G. , Scherge M. , Schaefer J.A. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractA comparative study of the microtribological properties of native oxide on Si (100), Si (100) coated with octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) and perfluorode‐cyltrichlorosilane (FDTS) self‐assembling monolayers (SAMs) is presented. The frictional properties between these samples and a bare silicon sphere were examined using a microtribometer. Microfriction was investigated as a function of the normal load and relative humidity. Also, the microfriction of OTS‐ and FDTS‐coated surfaces was studied as a function of sliding time and normal load to examine the lifetime of these monolayers. Confirming the results of earlier studies, in the microtribological regime OTS and FDTS significantly reduce the friction force in comparison to the bare, native oxide covered (hydrophilic) silicon surface. The friction vs. normal load curve of oxide‐covered surfaces as well as the SAMs can be described by contact mechanics. Lifetime measurements of the SAMs, examined as a function of the normal load and relative humidity, indicate that the OTS monolayers wear quickly in both dry and moist environments, while the lifetime of FDTS monolayers appears to increase in moist environments. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oscillating sliding wear behaviour of SiC, TiC, TiB2, 59SiC–41TiB2 and 52SiC–24TiC–24TiB2 materials up to 750°C in air
Authors: Wäsche R. , Yarim R. , Klaffke D. , Hartelt M. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe tribological behaviour of different monolithic and composite ceramics was evaluated in the temperature range between room temperature and 750°C. The test method was oscillating sliding with a ball‐on‐disk arrangement in an SRV machine. Alumina balls were used as counter body. The friction behaviour was determined on‐line, and the wear behaviour was determined from calculations on the basis of wear scar dimensions and profilometric measurements. The friction depends on temperature and shows an increase for most materials for increasing temperature; the smallest friction at all temperatures is found for monolithic TiC. The wear behaviour shows different trends for the different materials. In tests against SiC a maximum of wear is found at 500°C, for TiC at 200°C and for TiB2 at 750°C. The composite ceramics suffer the smallest wear of all materials in the range from 200°C to 500°C. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Endoscopy‐assisted Breast‐Conserving Surgery for Early Breast Cancer
Authors: Lee Eun‐Kyu , Kook Shin‐Ho , Park Yong‐Lai , Bae Won‐Gil 
Published: March 2006

AbstractPurposeBreast‐conserving surgery is now accepted as one of the standard therapeutic options for stages I and II breast cancers. Although breast‐conserving surgery can help retain a good breast shape, a long marked scar would be a disadvantage. Endoscopic surgery can be performed via a small and remote incision that becomes inconspicuous after surgery. To improve the cosmetic outcome, endoscopic breast‐conserving surgery, which can be performed through minimal axillary and periareolar semicircular incisions, was undertaken.Methods and materialsFrom October 2002 to October 2004, 20 breast cancer patients whose tumor sizes were less than 3 cm and who were clinically node negative without invasion to the skin and pectoralis major muscle underwent endoscopic breast‐conserving surgery. First, endoscopic dye‐guided sentinel node biopsy was done through a low transverse axillary incision lateral to the pectoralis major muscle. The subpectoral pocket was gently created by Vein Harvest under the view of endoscopic monitor. We made the periareolar semicircular incision to create the skin flap and to resect the tumor‐containing quadrant by using Visiport and PowerStar scissors. Frozen‐section biopsies were done to rule out tumor invasion to the resection margin. Patient characteristics, tumor characteristics, operation time, and amount of bleedings were all evaluated.ResultsThe mean age of patients was 45 (range: 25–64). The mean tumor size was 2.2 cm (range: 0.2–4.0 cm). The average operation time of the early 9 cases, except the 3 cases that underwent axillary‐node dissection, was 178 minutes, and that of the later 8 cases was 130 minutes (P < 0.001). The mean amount of operative bleeding was 184 ± 130 ml. There were no major complications.ConclusionEndoscopic breast‐conserving surgery is a new technique that can minimize the long operation scar of classic breast‐conserving surgery. In properly selected cases, our results showed the maximized cosmetic satisfaction of the breast cancer patients and a shortened operation time after the learning period, promising it could be an alternative to the classic breast‐conserving surgery.
Selective Modified Radical Neck Dissection for Papillary Thyroid Cancer—Is Level I, II and V Dissection Always Necessary?
Authors: Caron N. R. , Tan Y. Y. , Ogilvie J. B. , Triponez F. , Reiff E. S. , Kebebew E. , Duh Q. Y. , Clark O. H. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBackgroundThere is ongoing controversy as to the indications for and extent of lateral cervical lymphadenectomy for patients with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). While most now agree that prophylactic lymph node dissections (LND) play no role, at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) we limit LND selectively on a level by level basis, and resect only the levels thought to harbor disease or to be at increased risk of metastases. This initial ‚selective LND’ usually includes levels III and IV (due to the well‐documented increased likelihood of metastases to these levels) and levels I, II, and V are included when there is clinical or radiological evidence of disease or increased risk of it.MethodsA retrospective review of the clinical charts and hospital records of 106 consecutive patients who had metastatic PTC and who underwent at least one lateral cervical LND at UCSF between January 1995 and December 2003 was carried out. Data were collected to assess which patients had levels I, II, and/or V included in their initial ipsilateral and/or contralateral LND and to determine the recurrence rates at these levels if they had previously been excised compared with if they had not. Chi‐squared and Fisher exact tests were utilized for statistical comparison, where appropriate.ResultsA total of 140 initial lateral LND were performed: 104 ipsilateral and 36 contralateral. In these initial LND, 3.9%, 72.5%, and 18.6% of patients had levels I, II, and V resected on the ipsilateral side, and 2.9%, 60.0%, and 37.1% of patients had levels I, II, and V resected on the contralateral side. Recurrence at levels I and V was uncommon in all patient populations. Recurrence at level II was 19% ipsilaterally and 10% contralaterally when the level was previously resected and 21% ipsilaterally and 14% contralaterally when the level was not previously resected. There was no statistically significant difference in recurrence at level II when the level had previously been resected compared with when it had not.ConclusionsIf utilized in the appropriate patient population, a selective approach to lateral cervical LND for PTC can be a successful alternative to the routine modified radical LND. Levels I and V do not require resection unless there is clinical or radiological evidence of disease. Guidelines for which patients may be considered for this less aggressive approach to level II nodal metastases are suggested.
Expression of Prostate‐Specific Membrane Antigen in Normal and Malignant Human Tissues
Authors: Kinoshita Yoshihisa , Kuratsukuri Katsuyuki , Landas Steve , Imaida Katsumi , Rovito Peter M. , Wang Ching Y. , Haas Gabriel P. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBackgroundProstate‐specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is upregulated in androgen‐dependent prostate carcinoma and it has been targeted for immunotherapy and diagnosis of this cancer. However, this protein is also expressed in other tissues. The objective of this study is to investigate its expression in normal and malignant human tissues.MethodsUsing monoclonal antibodies 24.4E6 (specific for residues 638–657) and 7E11.C5 (specific for the transmembrane domain of PSMA), immunohistochemical detection of PSMA was performed in surgical specimens.ResultsProstate‐specific membrane antigen was detected in the epithelium of prostate, urinary bladder, proximal tubules of kidney, liver, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon, breast, fallopian tubes and testicular seminiferous tubules, hippocampal neurons and astrocytes, ependyma, cortex and medulla of the adrenal gland, and ovary stroma. It was also detected in neoplasms of the prostate, kidney, urinary bladder, stomach, small intestine, colon, lung, adrenal gland, and testis. It was not detected in normal seminal vesicles or the lung.ConclusionsThese findings demonstrate that PSMA is widely distributed in normal tissues, and, depending on the tumors, its expression is up‐ or down‐regulated, or unchanged. The broad distribution of PSMA may make it suitable for the diagnosis and therapy of a wide variety of tumors.
Laparoscopic Lysis of Adhesions
Authors: Szomstein Samuel , Menzo Emanuele Lo , Simpfendorfer Conrad , Zundel Nathan , Rosenthal Raul J. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBackgroundIntra‐abdominal adhesions constitute between 49% and 74% of the causes of small bowel obstruction. Traditionally, laparotomy and open adhesiolysis have been the treatment for patients who have failed conservative measures or when clinical and physiologic derangements suggest toxemia and/or ischemia. With the increased popularity of laparoscopy, recent promising reports indicate the feasibility and potential superiority of the minimally invasive approach to the adhesion‐encased abdomen.MethodsThe purpose of this study was to assess the outcome of laparoscopic adhesiolysis and to provide technical tips that help in the success of this technique.ResultsThe most important predictive factor of adhesion formation is a history of previous abdominal surgery ranging from 67%–93% in the literature. Conversely, 31% of scars from previous surgery have been free of adhesions, whereas up to 10% of patients without any prior surgical scars will have spontaneous adhesions of the bowel or omentum. Most intestinal obstructions follow open lower abdominopelvic surgeries such as colectomy, appendectomy, and hysterectomy. The most common complications associated with adhesions are small bowel obstruction (SBO) and chronic pain syndrome. The treatment of uncomplicated SBO is generally conservative, especially with incomplete obstruction and the absence of systemic toxemia, ischemia, or strangulation. When conservative treatment fails, surgical options include conventional open or minimally invasive approaches; the latter have become increasing more popular for lysis of adhesions and the treatment of SBO. Generally, 63% of the length of a laparotomy incision is involved in adhesion formation to the abdominal wall. Furthermore, the incidence of ventral hernia after a laparotomy ranges between 11% and 20% versus the 0.02%–2.4% incidence of port site herniation. Additional benefits of the minimally invasive approaches include a decreased incidence of wound infection and postoperative pneumonia and a more rapid return of bowel function resulting in a shorter hospital stay. In long‐term follow up, the success rate of laparoscopic lysis of adhesions remains between 46% and 87%. Operative times for laparoscopy range from 58 to 108 minutes; conversion rates range from 6.7% to 43%; and the incidence of intraoperative enterotomy ranges from 3% to 17.6%. The length of hospitalization is 4–6 days in most series.ConclusionsLaparoscopic lysis of adhesions seems to be safe in the hands of well‐trained laparoscopic surgeons. This technique should be mastered by the advanced laparoscopic surgeon not only for its usefulness in the pathologies discussed here but also for adhesions commonly encountered during other laparoscopic procedures.
Variations in liver and blood copper concentrations in young beef cattle raised in north-west Spain: associations with breed, sex, age and season
Authors: Miranda M. , Cruz J. M. , López-Alonso M. , Benedito J. L. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of breed and other factors (age, sex and season) on copper (Cu) accumulation by calves reared in a region in north-west Spain where pig slurry is widely used for slurry fertilization, and where cattle typically have hepatic Cu concentrations above the generally accepted safe-adequate levels. In December 2000 and August 2001, paired liver and blood samples were obtained at slaughter from 532 male and female Galician Blond, Holstein-Friesian and Galician Blond×Holstein-Friesian calves, aged between 6 and 10 months, from 434 different farms. Samples were acid-digested and Cu concentrations determined by ICP-OES. Holstein-Friesian calves showed significantly higher mean Cu concentrations both in the liver (80·6 mg/kg fresh weight) and blood (0·891 mg/l) than Galician Blond calves (50·4 mg/kg and 0·748 mg/l respectively) and crosses between the two breeds (61·3 mg/kg and 0·829 mg/l respectively). Holstein-Friesian was the breed with the highest percentage (42%) of calves with hepatic Cu concentrations above safe-adequate levels (25 to 100 mg/kg fresh weight) and Galician Blond the breed with the highest proportion (29%) of hypocupraemia during the winter sampling. Considering all breeds, hepatic Cu levels were higher in males (63·8 mg/kg) than in females (53·5 mg/kg) and significantly increased with age in summer. A significant three-way breed×sex×age interaction was observed for liver Cu but this may be attributable to the small number of animals in some groups, having a confounding effect on the analysis. A significant sex×age×season interaction was also observed which could indicate greater male dominance in summer, so that they consume more forage (and thus more Cu) than females. Calves slaughtered in winter showed significantly lower mean blood Cu concentration (0·703 mg/l) than calves slaughtered in summer (0·940 mg/l).