bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Management of febrile neutropenia in pediatric oncology patients: A Canadian survey
Authors: Boragina Mariana , Patel Hema , Reiter Stephanie , Dougherty Geoffrey 
Published: May 2006

AbstractBackgroundTraditionally, febrile neutropenia in pediatric oncology patients has been managed aggressively with hospital admission and intravenous antibiotics. Recent studies suggest that less intensive interventions are effective for selected children. Study of Canadian practice patterns may help better understand the current context of care for these patients.ProcedureWe carried out a cross‐sectional mailed survey of the 17 tertiary pediatric centers in Canada. A 36‐item questionnaire gathered information on oncology department characteristics, the existence of protocols for management of febrile neutropenia, use of outpatient therapy or early discharge, criteria used to identify patients at low risk, and opinions of oncologists.ResultsA total of 16 (94%) completed questionnaires were returned, reflecting a treatment population of approximately 2,100 children with febrile neutropenia/year. Three out of seventeen centers carry out exclusively traditional management. The remaining 14 offer modified treatment for low risk children. The majority (n = 10) carry out an early discharge approach. Two thirds of the episodes of febrile neutropenia are treated this way with good results. The rest (n = 4) implement complete outpatient management. Approximately 120 patients benefit from this annually, with a reportedly high success rate. Most specialists agreed on the benefits of decreased hospitalization for children with cancer. However, about half considered the level of evidence is not sufficient to fully implement complete outpatient management.ConclusionsVariations in the treatment of pediatric febrile neutropenia have been extensively implemented across Canada. However more evidence, ideally in the form of multicenter clinical trials, appears to be needed to further safely modify practice. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007;48:521–526. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Blood safety and the choice of anti‐hemophilic factor concentrate
Authors: Valentino Leonard A. , Oza Veeral M. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractHemophilia is a congenital disorder due to the deficiency of the activity of factor VIII (classical hemophilia A) or IX (Christmas disease or hemophilia B). Bleeding is common and may result in long‐term complications or even death. Bleeding may be treated or prevented by infusion of factor concentrates however these drugs are not without risk. Clinicians often feel ill prepared to provide accurate and impartial information regarding these drugs. This review will provide the reader with an historical yet up to date perspective on blood safety as it relates to the choice of concentrates to treat hemophilia. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2006;47:245–254. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stem cell transplantation for polycythemia vera
Authors: Reinhard Harald , Klingebiel Thomas , Lang Peter , Bader Peter , Niethammer Dietrich , Graf Norbert 
Published: May 2006

AbstractPolycythemia vera (PV) is a rare disease in children. A 9‐year‐old male was diagnosed following laboratory results acquired because of an acute appendicitis. Regular phlebotomy was performed for over 2 years followed by α‐interferon treatment. At the age of 12 years, HLA‐matched unrelated stem cell transplantation including T‐cell depletion was done. The conditioning regimen consisted of busulfan, cyclophosphamide, and ATG. Chimerism was monitored during the whole post‐transplant period. A single dose of donor T‐lymphocytes was given at month 3. One year after transplantation, chimerism was complete. The patient is in complete remission and shows no signs of transplant‐related morbidity at month 78. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;50:124–126. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Do medulloblastoma tumors meet the food and drug administration criteria for anti‐erbB2 therapy with trastuzumab?
Authors: Entz‐Werle Natacha , Velasco Valérie , Neuville Agnès , Geoerger Birgit , Mathieu Marie‐Christine , Guerin Eric , Kehrli Pierre , Gaub Marie‐Pierre , Vassal Gilles , Grill Jacques 
Published: May 2006

AbstractSeveral publications have recently focused on the erbB2 receptor in pediatric medulloblastomas (MBs) and its prognostic consequence. We determined erbB2 expression in 23 MBs at diagnosis. After DNA extraction, quantitative PCR targeting the erbB2 gene was performed and correlated with FISH analysis and immunohistochemistry. The samples were representative of the spectrum of the disease apart from the absence of large cell MBs. Using the tools validated for breast cancers by the FDA, we did not observe any expression or amplification of erbB2 and hence we speculate that MBs are not a good target for treatment with anti‐erbB2 antibodies. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;50:163–166. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Audit of young people with type 1 diabetes transferring from paediatric to adult diabetic services
Authors: Johnston P , Bell PM , Tennet H , Carson D 
Published: May 2006

AbstractFive years ago a new Young Persons' clinic was set up at the Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, to facilitate transfer from paediatric to adult services. Following establishment of the new clinic, this audit was carried out to ascertain attendance of those transferring to adult diabetic clinics, to identify reasons for non‐attendance, and to provide a basis for improving transfer. Outcome measures following transfer were HbA1c and number of failed appointments. Over a two‐year period 33 patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus transferred to the adult diabetic clinics at the Royal Victoria Hospital, and four transferred to other hospitals. Six of those patients supposed to transfer to the adult diabetic clinic at the Royal Victoria Hospital were not seen over the two‐year follow up. Only six patients attended all scheduled appointments. Following transfer, attendance was rated good in 36%, moderate in 33% and poor in 30%. Attendance did not appear to be related to control following transfer. There was an impression of better attendance at the Young Persons' clinic compared to those who transferred to the routine adult clinic. Whilst the new clinic can be considered successful, significant concerns remain about attendance around the time of transfer from paediatric to adult services. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Marked insulin resistance in pregnancy
Authors: Evans KM , Millward BA 
Published: May 2006

AbstractNormal pregnancy is a state of relative insulin resistance, with gestational diabetes (GDM) developing in up to 10% of women in the UK. Both obesity and polycystic ovarian syndrome predispose to GDM; the underlying insulin resistance may necessitate large insulin doses and present challenges for antenatal diabetes management. We report on a lady with polycystic ovarian syndrome and subfertility, initially treated with metformin, who developed GDM and marked insulin resistance. Throughout her pregnancy, insulin requirements escalated considerably, to over 5000 units. Despite concerted efforts, antenatal glycaemic targets were not reached, and a macrosomic infant was born at 36 weeks. Maternal post‐partum testing has confirmed type 2 diabetes mellitus. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Practical aspects in the usage of U‐500 insulin
Authors: Garg R , Johnston V , Mcnally PG , Davies MJ , Lawrence IG 
Published: May 2006

AbstractU‐500 insulin is five times the concentration of conventional U‐100 insulin, which is routinely used in the United Kingdom. Its use has been reported in severely resistant patients with type 2 diabetes requiring large insulin doses, with its use improving glycaemic control. There are no clear guidelines or indications on its use. This article discusses the practical aspects on the use of U‐500 insulin. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Weight management for the obese patient in primary care: is a commercially available weight loss programme the answer?
Authors: Clark M 
Published: May 2006

AbstractObesity affects both physical health and psychological well‐being and is one of the biggest obstacles to the management of type 2 diabetes. Commercial weight loss programmes have been shown to be better than standard management, and in some areas in the UK general practitioners are now enlisting commercial slimming organisations to help patients lose weight. One such approach is called ‘Slimming on Referral’, which has reported some short‐term success to date without the robust methodology of a longitudinal randomised controlled trial to support these findings. Results from this study are in line with a substantial body of previous research which indicates that interventions for obesity demonstrate moderate success in promoting short‐term weight loss. There is, however, almost no evidence that the vast majority of people can maintain clinically significant weight loss over the long term and virtually everyone returns to their baseline weight. Furthermore, research suggests that weight fluctuation may have profound effects on psychological and physical health. The present paper highlights the need to reappraise the management of obesity in type 2 diabetes in the light of these research findings, and suggests an approach to treatment which would help patients to limit the associated physical and psychological costs and importantly ensure that the treatment itself does not compound their difficulties. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structured diabetes education in Sweden
Authors: Annersten M , Frid A , Dahlberg G , Högberg M , Apelqvist J 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe overall goals for the treatment of diabetes are to prevent acute and long‐term complications and maintain a good quality of life. The St Vincent Declaration and the Swedish National Guidelines for the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus describe patient education in self‐treatment as a prerequisite for the achievement of these goals. This survey aimed to evaluate the presence of structured patient education (in advance planned education), its organisation, staffing and goals, and the results in out‐patient diabetes care in Sweden.A questionnaire consisting of 35 open and closed questions was mailed to 1250 diabetes educated nurses working in hospitals and primary health care in the entire country.Responses were received from 583 (47%) nurses. Structured diabetes patient education was performed by 486 nurses. It was usually organised by nurses and performed in co‐operation with doctors (55%), dietitians (38%), chiropodists (36%), and social workers (9%). The sessions took place individually at pre‐scheduled visits (80%), or as group education (26%). Fifty‐one percent described explicit goals for the education, most commonly: general knowledge about diabetes, improved metabolic control and increased safety. The structured education was evaluated by 51% of which the HbA1c level at the next scheduled visit was the most frequently used evaluation method (44%), followed by home monitored blood glucose values (37%) and a structured evaluation form (17%). The goals had been achieved to a great or quite great extent by 67% of the responding nurses.To the extent that structured patient education takes place, nurses are usually responsible for its performance. It takes place individually as well as in groups. Many nurses lack evident goals for the education and sufficient evaluation methods.It was concluded that there is confusion about the content of structured education vs information activity. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interfacial properties of amphiphilic natural polymer systems based on derivatives of chitin
Authors: Desbrières Jacques , Babak Valery G 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThis short review highlights characterizations of amphiphilic polysaccharide systems based on chitin derivatives. Two routes are detailed: grafting hydrophobic moieties onto the macromolecular backbone and the addition of an oppositely charged surfactant to form an electrostatic complex. Attention to the surface tension, kinetics of adsorption, and formation of a structural adsorption layer is used to inform a comparison of the various interfacial properties of these systems. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Monte Carlo simulation of AB diblock copolymer between surface and substrate and comparison of experimental results
Authors: Wu Ningjing , Zheng Anna , Huang Yongmin , Yao Wenbin , Liu Honglai 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe morphologies of AB diblock copolymer film between the substrate and surface were investigated via Monte Carlo simulations on simple cubic lattices. The morphological dependence of the diblock copolymer thin film on the thickness, as well as the composition and interactive intensity has been mainly studied. With the increase of A‐segments fraction, various microdomain morphologies including regular parallel stripe‐like, mesh‐like, and normal lamella near the region of the surface were generated in this work. The morphology of thin films of asymmetric diblock copolymer was found to form cylinders in a bulk system when Lz was equal to 30. The morphologies of PS‐b‐PDMS diblock copolymer films have been studied via atomic force microscopy (AFM) and transition electron microscopy (TEM) measurements. The surface morphology of the PS‐b‐PDMS copolymer thin film shows a mesh‐like microphase separated structure, and PDMS continuous phase protruded on the PS dispersed phase. The surface composition of PS‐b‐PDMS copolymer thin films was measured by means of X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and ATR‐IR. The comparison results show that the experimental observations are in good agreement with the simulation results. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 1835–1845, 2006
Formation and transformation of smectic polypropylene nanodroplets
Authors: Jin Y. , Hiltner A. , Baer E. , Masirek R. , Piorkowska E. , Galeski A. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractA dispersion of isotactic polypropylene (PP) nanoparticles was produced by interfacially‐driven breakup of PP nanolayers. Layer‐multiplying coextrusion was used to fabricate an assembly of 257 alternating PP nanolayers about 12 nm thick sandwiched between thicker polystyrene (PS) layers. Characterization by thermal analysis and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD) confirmed that PP crystallized primarily in the smectic form when confined as nanolayers. When the layered assembly was heated into the melt, the PP nanolayers broke up to form a dispersion of PP droplets in a PS matrix. After solidification, particle size analysis revealed that 90% of the PP was present as 30 nm nanoparticles. The particles were small enough and numerous enough that most did not contain a primary nucleus. When cooled from melt at 10 °C min−1, the droplets crystallized by homogeneous nucleation at 40 °C. The droplets were found to be in the smectic form by WAXD. Because crystallization occurred below the temperature of the smectic to α‐form transformation, the intermediate smectic form was stable and did not convert to the α‐form until heated above 70 °C. This result provided direct evidence for an intermediate smectic phase in the process whereby homogeneous nucleation leads to α‐form crystals in confined nanoparticles. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 1795–1803, 2006
The use of Flory–Huggins parameters as a measure of interactions in polymer‐filler systems
Authors: Milczewska Kasylda , Voelkel Adam 
Published: May 2006

AbstractAny quantitative information on the strength of interactions between inorganic filler and polymer is substantial for the future application of the composite. The magnitude of adhesion of two phases may be deduced from results collected by various experimental techniques. Polyether‐urethane/modified carbonate‐silicate fillers systems containing different amount of filler (5, 10, and 20 wt %) were the materials investigated. We propose to express the magnitude of modified filler/polymer interactions by Flory–Huggins χ parameter. It may be deduced from the results collected by inverse gas chromatographic (IGC) experiment. We have also tried to explain the influence of the solvent on values of the evaluated parameters and to check the usefulness of some of presented methods to minimize Δχ effect. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 1853–1862, 2006
Variation of Musca domestica L. acetylcholinesterase in Danish housefly populations
Authors: Kristensen Michael , Huang Jing , Qiao Chuan‐Ling , Jespersen Jørgen B 
Published: May 2006

AbstractAnti‐cholinesterase resistance is in many cases caused by modified acetylcholinesterase (MACE). A comparison was made of toxicological data and AChE activity gathered from 21 field populations and nine laboratory strains of houseflies, Musca domestica L., to elucidate the best way of generating data to provide advice for management strategies and gathering information for resistance risk assessment on the organophosphates azamethiphos and dimethoate and the carbamate methomyl, which have been the primary insecticides used against adult houseflies in Denmark. Cluster analysis was performed and > 2000 houseflies were assigned to one of three phenotypes based on total acetylcholinesterase activity as well as inhibition by azamethiphos, methomyl or omethoate. A cluster, i.e. a phenotype, with high total AChE activity and high sensitivity to azamethiphos and less sensitivity to inhibition by methomyl and omethoate was shown to be linked to methomyl resistance. It was not possible to define any clusters that could be linked to azamethiphos or dimethoate resistance. The five mutations V180L, G262A, G262V, F327Y and G365A causing anticholinesterase resistance in houseflies were all identified in the Danish housefly strains. The data are very heterogeneous, and a correlation of molecular genetic background and resistance of phenotypes is not obvious with the available data. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Below bandgap transitions in an AlGaN/GaN transistor heterostructure observed by photoreflectance spectroscopy
Authors: Kudrawiec R. , Syperek M. , Misiewicz J. , Rudziński M. , Grzegorczyk A. P. , Hageman P. R. , Larsen P. K. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractPhotoreflectance (PR) spectroscopy has been applied to study the optical transitions in an AlGaN/GaN transistor heterostructure at room temperature. A strong PR feature at ∼3.37 eV has been observed besides PR features related to the band‐to‐band absorption in GaN and AlGaN layers. This feature has been attributed to an electron transition between the valence band and a donor‐like state located ∼50 meV below the conduction band. Such a transition is possible to observe in absorption‐type experiment (such as PR spectroscopy) at room temperature because the donor‐like state is ionized by the strong electric field existing in GaN layer. The existence of the electric field with a magnitude of ∼233 kV/cm has been confirmed by the observation of GaN‐related Franz‐Keldysh oscillations in the PR spectra. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Growth of high‐quality AlN at high growth rate by high‐temperature MOVPE
Authors: Fujimoto N. , Kitano T. , Narita G. , Okada N. , Balakrishnan K. , Iwaya M. , Kamiyama S. , Amano H. , Akasaki I. , Shimono K. , Noro T. , Takagi T. , Bandoh A. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractAlN layers were grown by high‐temperature MOVPE. A systematic analysis of high‐temperature growth of AlN was carried out and the resultant layers were analyzed by X‐ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy. The structural quality and the morphology of AlN layers improve with rising growth temperature. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Analysis of dependence of electroluminescence efficiency of AlInGaN LED heterostructures on pumping
Authors: Rozhansky I. V. , Zakheim D. A. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe work is devoted to explanation of the decrease of external quantum efficiency (QE) with increase of pumping density typically observed for AlInGaN heterostrucures. It is shown as a result of numerical modeling that while the increase of QE at low pumping density is due to the competition between radiative and non‐radiative recombination, the decrease of QE at large pumping density is caused by decrease of injection efficiency for the holes into the active area. A modified LED heterostructure is suggested, for which the effect of QE decreasing is not expected. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Growth of Fe doped semi‐insulating GaN on sapphire and 4H‐SiC by MOCVD
Authors: Rudziński M. , Desmaris V. , van Hal P. A. , Weyher J. L. , Hageman P. R. , Dynefors K. , Rödle T. C. , Jos H. F. F. , Zirath H. , Larsen P. K. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractWe report a study of iron doped GaN layers grown on sapphire and SiC by Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD) using ferrocene as the Fe precursor. The influence of iron doping on the electrical, structural and morphological properties of the GaN layers was studied. A resistivity of 6x103 Ωcm and higher was achieved in contrast to 3 Ωcm for the undoped film. Defect selective etching showed that Fe doping increases the threading dislocation (TD) density which might be responsible for the increase in resistivity. A turn‐on, turn‐off effect is described and a memory effect which is responsible for a decrease of the surface quality of the samples. In situ annealing of the susceptor and the use of a clean liner after each growth run helps to reduce this effect and maintain the good quality of GaN layers. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Critical aspects of high temperature MOCVD growth of AlN epilayers on 6H‐SiC substrates
Authors: Balakrishnan K. , Fujimoto N. , Kitano T. , Bandoh A. , Imura M. , Nakano K. , Iwaya M. , Kamiyama S. , Amano H. , Akasaki I. , Takagi T. , Noro T. , Shimono K. , Riemann T. , Christen J. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractAlN layers have been grown on 6H‐SiC substrates at high temperatures. Single step growth of AlN did not yield high quality layers. A novel two step method involving the growth of AlN layer on already grown and relaxed AlN was found to be effective in getting better quality layers as evidenced by structural and morphological analyses. Microcracks and nano‐island surfaces of the first grown AlN acted as naturally patterned trenches and were found to help in achieving high quality AlN layers. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Radio‐frequency MBE growth of cubic GaN on BP(001)/Si(001) hetero‐structure
Authors: Kikuchi T. , Somintac A. S. , Odawara M. , Udagawa T. , Ohachi T. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractZincblende gallium nitride (c‐GaN) was grown on zincblende boron monophosphide (BP)/silicon (001) using radio‐frequency plasma‐assisted molecular‐beam epitaxy (RF‐MBE). In spite of near perfect lattice‐match coordination between c‐GaN and BP, the initial nucleation of c‐GaN was 3D island formation due to imperfect wetting. Using cross‐sectional electron backscatter diffraction pattern (x‐EBSD), it was found that dislocations were eliminated with an increase of epilayer thickness of c‐GaN, and finally 99.4% c‐GaN (001) was achieved. The (2x2) and (4x1) reconstructions of the surface of almost pure c‐GaN (001) were confirmed by reflection high‐energy electron diffraction (RHEED) under arsenic‐contamination‐free conditions. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)