bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The transporter CefM involved in translocation of biosynthetic intermediates is essential for cephalosporin production
Authors: Teijeira Fernando , Ullán Ricardo V. , Guerra Susana M. , García-Estrada Carlos , Vaca Inmaculada , Martín Juan F. 
Published: October 2008

The cluster of early cephalosporin biosynthesis genes (pcbAB, pcbC, cefD1, cefD2 and cefT of Acremonium chrysogenum) contains all of the genes required for the biosynthesis of the cephalosporin biosynthetic pathway intermediate penicillin N. Downstream of the cefD1 gene, there is an unassigned open reading frame named cefM encoding a protein of the MFS (major facilitator superfamily) with 12 transmembrane domains, different from the previously reported cefT. Targeted inactivation of cefM by gene replacement showed that it is essential for cephalosporin biosynthesis. The disrupted mutant accumulates a significant amount of penicillin N, is unable to synthesize deacetoxy-, deacetyl-cephalosporin C and cephalosporin C and shows impaired differentiation into arthrospores. Complementation of the disrupted mutant with the cefM gene restored the intracellular penicillin N concentration to normal levels and allowed synthesis and secretion of the cephalosporin intermediates and cephalosporin C. A fused cefM-gfp gene complemented the cefM-disrupted mutant, and the CefM–GFP (green fluorescent protein) fusion was targeted to intracellular microbodies that were abundant after 72 h of culture in the differentiating hyphae and in the arthrospore chains, coinciding with the phase of intense cephalosporin biosynthesis. Since the dual-component enzyme system CefD1–CefD2 that converts isopenicillin N into penicillin N contains peroxisomal targeting sequences, it is probable that the epimerization step takes place in the peroxisome matrix. The CefM protein seems to be involved in the translocation of penicillin N from the peroxisome (or peroxisome-like microbodies) lumen to the cytosol, where it is converted into cephalosporin C.
Characterization of a phenylacetate–CoA ligase from Penicillium chrysogenum
Authors: Koetsier Martijn J. , Jekel Peter A. , van den Berg Marco A. , Bovenberg Roel A. L. , Janssen Dick B. 
Published: October 2008

Enzymatic activation of PAA (phenylacetic acid) to phenylacetyl-CoA is an important step in the biosynthesis of the β-lactam antibiotic penicillin G by the fungus Penicillium chrysogenum. CoA esters of PAA and POA (phenoxyacetic acid) act as acyl donors in the exchange of the aminoadipyl side chain of isopenicillin N to produce penicillin G or penicillin V. The phl gene, encoding a PCL (phenylacetate–CoA ligase), was cloned in Escherichia coli as a maltose-binding protein fusion and the biochemical properties of the enzyme were characterized. The recombinant fusion protein converted PAA into phenylacetyl-CoA in an ATP- and magnesium-dependent reaction. PCL could also activate POA, but the catalytic efficiency of the enzyme was rather low with kcat/Km values of 0.23±0.06 and 7.8±1.2 mM−1·s−1 for PAA and POA respectively. Surprisingly, PCL was very efficient in catalysing the conversion of trans-cinnamic acids to the corresponding CoA thioesters [kcat/Km=(3.1±0.4)×102 mM−1·s−1 for trans-cinnamic acid]. Of all the substrates screened, medium-chain fatty acids, which also occur as the side chains of the natural penicillins F, DF, H and K, were the best substrates for PCL. The high preference for fatty acids could be explained by a homology model of PCL that was constructed on the basis of sequence similarity with the Japanese firefly luciferase. The results suggest that PCL has evolved from a fatty-acid-activating ancestral enzyme that may have been involved in the β-oxidation of fatty acids.
Will You Be My CF Mentor?
Authors: Staub Kenneth J. , McCarthy Mary Pat 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
This article defines “mentor” and “supervisor” as the terms relate to the Issues and Ethics Statement put forth by ASHA in 2007. In addition, the article provides the reader with a rationale for using the term “mentor” instead of “supervisor”, as well as provides a framework for establishing a mentoring relationship during the clinical fellowship experience
Successful Supervisory Training Initiatives in Formative Assessment
Authors: Varnedoe Danielle , Murphree-Holden Crystal , Dixon Sharon 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Effective training of external practicum site supervisors is a challenge to university training programs. The number of sites and supervisors, distance, time and cost factors all contribute to the need to find efficient methods of providing supervisors with crucial information pertinent to clinical training. The key components to training supervisors on current certification standards and principles of formative assessment learning are the primary focus of this article. Successful methods for providing this information using both traditional formats and technological advances are described in detail. All methods are easily replicable in order to meet the specific training requirements of individual programs in speech-language pathology and audiology.
Identifying and Assisting At-Risk Graduate Students: Process and Outcome Factors
Authors: Schober-Peterson Debra , O’Rourke Colleen M. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Graduate students in Communication Disorders may be identified as “at-risk” for a variety of reasons. Challenges to successful completion of a graduate degree include academic difficulty, clinical difficulty, or inappropriate professional behavior. This article will describe the benefits of formative assessment as it relates to working with “at-risk” students and will describe the “at-risk” process used to identify, assist, and track students in the Communication Disorders program at Georgia State University. In addition, the article will provide data regarding the outcome of early identification of student difficulty over a three year period of study. Finally, we provide several observations on situations we have faced and how they have been addressed by our program faculty.
Conflict: Your Role in How It Ends
Authors: Culbertson Deborah 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Conflict in the workplace is commonplace, yet many health care providers seek to either ignore conflict or confront it in a manner that might lead to personal attacks and/or prevent future collaboration. Health care practitioners and supervisors can learn about the nature of conflict, sources of conflict, and ways to manage and limit conflict. Practitioners and supervisors are jointly responsible for working toward conflict resolution. If effective strategies are used, then conflict can lead to innovative solutions and deepened trust. This article presents information about workplace conflict and strategies for effectively dealing with it.
The Coaching Process in Higher Education
Authors: Koch Carol 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Excellence in teaching is a standard to which educators aspire. The developmental nature of effective teaching strategies implies the need to provide ongoing and continual support for junior level faculty. Showers (1985) described coaching as a process that involves assistance in learning. Therefore, coaching involves assistance without judgment. Through case study illustration, the coaching process framework will be examined within the context of a university instructor desiring to enhance teaching performance.
A Comparison of Three Teaching Techniques in Anatomy and Physiology
Authors: Carpenter Linda J. , Boh Andrea L. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
The relative impact on student learning of three active learning strategies was studied. Sixty-three students in an undergraduate anatomy and physiology class used study guides for the respiration section, study guides combined with group quizzes for the phonation section, and study guides combined with student response systems (clickers) for the articulation and resonance section. Learning was measured by administering weekly quizzes, and student satisfaction was evaluated by a survey at the end of the third section of the course. Quiz scores were significantly higher under the clicker condition; students preferred clickers, but found the study guides to be most educationally beneficial. Study guides helped students organize information prior to class; clickers reassured them about what they had learned.
Differentiating ASD From DLD in Toddlers
Authors: Paul Rhea , Chawarska Katyrzyna , Volkmar Fred 
Published: October 2008

AbstractFailure to begin speaking, or acquiring words and word combinations, is the most common presenting problem in young children. For children with very limited communication skills, it can be difficult to differentiate between children suffering from autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and those with a more circumscribed delay in language development (DLD). This article reviews evidence derived from studies of toddlers who present with poor communication and social skills and summarizes characteristics of early development in these children to assist clinicians in differentiating between ASD and DLD in toddlers.
Acupuncture as a Treatment Technique for Aphasia and Cognitive Impairments
Authors: Laures-Gore Jacqueline , Marshall Rebecca Shisler 
Published: October 2008

Abstract

Purpose:
In response to the growing interest and use of acupuncture by Americans who are searching for effective treatments of aphasia and cognitive impairments, this paper serves to (a) briefly explain the technique of acupuncture, (b) describe its biologic mechanisms, and (c) summarize studies investigating the effectiveness of acupuncture in treating cognitive impairment associated with vascular dementia and stroke-related language impairments.

Methods:
Published reports of the use and effectiveness of acupuncture in treating cognitive impairments related to vascular dementia and aphasia related to stroke are reviewed and reported.

Results and Conclusions:
Rigorously designed studies investigating acupuncture and vascular neuropathologies are too few in number to produce any definite conclusions about the efficacy of this technique in treating aphasia related to stroke or cognitive impairments related to vascular dementia. Although there is some empirical evidence indicating that acupuncture may be a valuable adjunct to conventional therapies, speech-language pathologists should remain cautious of acupuncture's promise until further, well-designed studies are conducted.
Herbal Contributions to the Management of the Multi-Factorial Cognitive Disorders — Alzheimer's Disease and Vascular Dementia
Authors: Hecht S. Wyler 
Published: October 2008

Abstract

Purpose:
Multi-factorial disorders of cognition such as Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia are increasing as the general population ages. The small number of drugs currently approved for the treatment of such disorders provide palliative and temporary benefit with only modest efficacy; thus, it stands to reason that alternative approaches should be explored.

Method:
Certain plants and plant derivatives are currently under study for their effects on memory and other domains of cognition. These plants and the compounds derived from them have minimal adverse effects and have multi-functional properties (anti-oxidant, pro-cholinergic, antiplatelet aggregation, amyloid beta peptide inhibiting) with relevant application in the treatment of dementia and other cognitive impairment. This paper reviews four herbal medicines (Ginkgo biloba, Bacopa monniera, Huperzine Alpha, and Vinpocetine) with varying degrees of proven benefit for the treatment of dementias and other cognitive impairment.

Results and Conclusions:
These herbal medicines are promising alternative or adjunct treatment modalities. The plants or plant derivatives discussed here have, in many cases, proven to be equally or more effective than conventional drug therapy in the treatment of dementia.
RTI Services for Children With Mild Articulation Needs: Four Years of Data
Authors: Taps Jennifer 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
This article summarizes 4 years of data from San Diego Unified School District's Speech Improvement Class model for students with mild articulation needs. The district made a gradual shift from special education to general education. Data demonstrate that most students complete the class in 17-20 treatment hours. Three factors have been fundamental to the success of this program: the Articulation Resource Center, ongoing professional development, and a well-defined set of procedures. Challenges and concerns are also discussed. Overall, speech-language pathologists in San Diego Unified are implementing this class effectively and have branched out into other response to intervention supports.
Response to Intervention: Grassroots Efforts in Ohio
Authors: Jillson Kathryn D. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
While states and school districts work to grasp the Response to Intervention (RTI) process, speech-language pathologists question their role in this process and the skills needed to fully participate in RTI. Is it possible to put into place response to intervention elements that are beneficial to students, even if the framework is not in place throughout the district? This article will review Ohio's history regarding (RTI). The current support for RTI within the state and the needs expressed by school-based speech-language pathologists in respect to RTI will be discussed and considerations for the future will be provided.
Tissue Engineering Applications for Cleft Palate Reconstruction
Authors: Gupta Deepak M. , Panetta Nicholas J. , Longaker Michael T. , Lorenz H. Peter 
Published: October 2008

AbstractCleft palate is a common birth defect that carries significant biomedical and psychosocial implications throughout the lives of affected children and their families. To date, numerous etiopathogenetic factors have been identified that can lead to isolated and syndromic forms of cleft palate. The management of patients with cleft palate has improved significantly over the last several decades with important surgical advances and an increasingly multidisciplinary approach to patient care. Technological innovations have become focused on improving functional results, with current research and clinical reports of cleft palate reconstruction promising even greater improvements and further “minimalization” of surgery in the future. As part of this evolution, research in tissue engineering approaches for cleft palate reconstruction promise increased functionality, improved aesthetics, fewer complications, and reduced disease burden. The current review discusses several aspects of tissue engineering research that promise innovation in cleft palate repair including distraction osteogenesis, biologic implants, fetal surgery, in utero medical therapy, and prevention.
Estimation of ejection fraction and stroke volume using single- and biplane magnetic resonance imaging of the left cardiac ventricle
Authors: Thunberg P. , Emilsson K. , Rask P. , Kähäri A. 
Published: October 2008

Background: In cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), left ventricular stroke volume (SV) and ejection fractions (EF) are occasionally calculated using single-plane and biplane ellipsoid models. In previous studies, the calculated SV and EF using single- and biplane ellipsoid models have been compared to reference values calculated from short-axis (SA) images. In these studies, however, it has been emphasized that through-plane motion of the basal SA images represents an important source of error, which may result in incorrect reference values. Purpose: To compare the calculated SV and EF using single-plane and biplane ellipsoid models with SV and EF calculated from SA images in which compensation was made for through-plane motion. Material and Methods: A group of 20 patients who underwent MRI examination were included in the study. SV and EF were calculated using the stack of SA images (which had been compensated for through-plane motion) and compared to the SV and EF calculated according to the single- and biplane ellipsoid models. Results: The mean difference between the single-plane model and the reference was -0.3±6.5 for EF and 7.2±17.1 ml for SV. Corresponding comparison between the biplane method and the reference resulted in a mean difference of 0.3±6.1 for EF and 11.8±14.9 ml for SV. Conclusion: The results from this study show that left ventricular EF can be adequately estimated using the single- and biplane ellipsoid models, while SV tends to be overestimated using both geometrical models.
F-Box Protein DOR Functions As a Novel Inhibitory Factor for Abscisic Acid-Induced Stomatal Closure under Drought Stress in Arabidopsis
Authors: Zhang Yu'e , Xu Wenying , Li Zhonghui , Deng Xing Wang , Wu Weihua , Xue Yongbiao 
Published: October 2008

AbstractGuard cells, which form stoma in leaf epidermis, sense and integrate environmental signals to modulate stomatal aperture in response to diverse conditions. Under drought stress, plants synthesize abscisic acid (ABA), which in turn induces a rapid closing of stoma, to prevent water loss by transpiration. However, many aspects of the molecular mechanism for ABA-mediated stomatal closure are still not understood. Here, we report a novel negative regulator of guard cell ABA signaling, DOR, in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The DOR gene encodes a putative F-box protein, a member of the S-locus F-box-like family related to AhSLF-S2 and specifically interacting with ASK14 and CUL1. A null mutation in DOR resulted in a hypersensitive ABA response of stomatal closing and a substantial increase of drought tolerance; in contrast, the transgenic plants overexpressing DOR were more susceptible to the drought stress. DOR is strongly expressed in guard cells and suppressed by ABA treatment, suggesting a negative feedback loop of DOR in ABA responses. Double-mutant analyses of dor with ABA-insensitive mutant abi1-1 showed that abi1-1 is epistatic to dor, but no apparent change of phospholipase Dα1 was detected between the wild type and dor. Affymetrix GeneChip analysis showed that DOR likely regulates ABA biosynthesis under drought stress. Taken together, our results demonstrate that DOR acts independent of phospholipase Dα1 in an ABA signaling pathway to inhibit the ABA-induced stomatal closure under drought stress.
IMPa-4, anArabidopsisImportin α Isoform, Is Preferentially Involved inAgrobacterium-Mediated Plant Transformation
Authors: Bhattacharjee Saikat , Lee Lan-Ying , Oltmanns Heiko , Cao Hongbin , Veena  , Cuperus Joshua , Gelvin Stanton B. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractSuccessful transformation of plants by Agrobacterium tumefaciens requires that the bacterial T-complex actively escorts T-DNA into the host's nucleus. VirD2 and VirE2 are virulence proteins on the T-complex that have plant-functional nuclear localization signal sequences that may recruit importin α proteins of the plant for nuclear import. In this study, we evaluated the involvement of seven of the nine members of the Arabidopsis thaliana importin α family in Agrobacterium transformation. Yeast two-hybrid, plant bimolecular fluorescence complementation, and in vitro protein–protein interaction assays demonstrated that all tested Arabidopsis importin α members can interact with VirD2 and VirE2. However, only disruption of the importin IMPa-4 inhibited transformation and produced the rat (resistant to Agrobacterium transformation) phenotype. Overexpression of six importin α members, including IMPa-4, rescued the rat phenotype in the impa-4 mutant background. Roots of wild-type and impa-4 Arabidopsis plants expressing yellow fluorescent protein–VirD2 displayed nuclear localization of the fusion protein, indicating that nuclear import of VirD2 is not affected in the impa-4 mutant. Somewhat surprisingly, VirE2–yellow fluorescent protein mainly localized to the cytoplasm of both wild-type and impa-4 Arabidopsis cells and to the cytoplasm of wild-type tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) cells. However, bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays indicated that VirE2 could localize to the nucleus when IMPa-4, but not when IMPa-1, was overexpressed.
Chromosomal Phylogeny and Karyotype Evolution in x=7 Crucifer Species (Brassicaceae)
Authors: Mandáková Terezie , Lysak Martin A. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractKaryotype evolution in species with identical chromosome number but belonging to distinct phylogenetic clades is a long-standing question of plant biology, intractable by conventional cytogenetic techniques. Here, we apply comparative chromosome painting (CCP) to reconstruct karyotype evolution in eight species with x=7 (2n=14, 28) chromosomes from six Brassicaceae tribes. CCP data allowed us to reconstruct an ancestral Proto-Calepineae Karyotype (PCK; n=7) shared by all x=7 species analyzed. The PCK has been preserved in the tribes Calepineae, Conringieae, and Noccaeeae, whereas karyotypes of Eutremeae, Isatideae, and Sisymbrieae are characterized by an additional translocation. The inferred chromosomal phylogeny provided compelling evidence for a monophyletic origin of the x=7 tribes. Moreover, chromosomal data along with previously published gene phylogenies strongly suggest the PCK to represent an ancestral karyotype of the tribe Brassiceae prior to its tribe-specific whole-genome triplication. As the PCK shares five chromosomes and conserved associations of genomic blocks with the putative Ancestral Crucifer Karyotype (n=8) of crucifer Lineage I, we propose that both karyotypes descended from a common ancestor. A tentative origin of the PCK via chromosome number reduction from n=8 to n=7 is outlined. Comparative chromosome maps of two important model species, Noccaea caerulescens and Thellungiella halophila, and complete karyotypes of two purported autotetraploid Calepineae species (2n=4x=28) were reconstructed by CCP.
Ethics in international business
Authors: Hurn Brian J. 
Published: October 2008

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to emphasise the importance of the study of ethics in an international context in business courses.Design/methodology/approachThe paper begins with proposed learning outcomes. It examines, using contemporary examples, the increased importance of corporate social responsibility (CSR), the implications of national and international legislation concerning ethical issues and the need for sound overall corporate governance. It concludes with analysis of recent progress towards sustaining ethical standards. The various key ethical dilemmas which occur in business are examined using recent examples, both from the UK and internationally.FindingsThe paper presents an optimistic analysis of recent progress made in the development of ethical standards in business, including suggestions for future good practice, both internationally and at company level.Originality/valueThe paper emphasises the importance of sound governance, which is fundamental to the success in fostering ethical practices in international business.