bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
13 Op. 54/55 (1788)
Authors: Grave Floyd , Grave Margaret 
Published: May 2008

AbstractNoted for timbral brilliance and an accent on taxing first-violin delivery, this set, Op. 54/55, is traditionally linked to the violinist Johann Tost, who served as a middleman in its sale. Extroverted and intensely energetic, especially in the fast outer movements, these works display a wide tonal range, an enriched harmonic syntax, fast tempos, and streamlined surface activity. Whereas slow movements feature expressive soloistic embellishment (notably the ternary variation design of Op. 54/3, the gypsy lament of Op. 54/2, and the concerto-style Op. 55/1), the finales concentrate on compositional intrigue — especially Op. 55/1, with its synthesis of fugue (looking back to Op. 20) and rondo (as in Op. 33), and Op. 54/2, famous for the incomparably witty inspiration of a form that thwarts expectations at virtually every turn. Chromatic harmony figures prominently through inflections within phrases and remote tonal excursions within themes.
16 Op. 76 ([?1796‐] 1797)
Authors: Grave Floyd , Grave Margaret 
Published: May 2008

AbstractInitially published in 1799 by Longman, Clementi & Co. and Artaria (having initially been reserved for use by its dedicatee, Count Erdödy), Op. 76 is uniquely rich and diverse in technique and style, embracing tried-and-true strategies of the composer's well-loved earlier quartets while at the same time evidently accommodating a thirst for novelty on the part of his increasingly sophisticated admirers. Reaching beyond the subtle artistry of Op. 64 and the theatrics of Op. 71/74, these works are marked by a unique rhetorical intensity as they expand the horizons of string-quartet technique and expression through such means as relentless motivic development and volatile minor-key discourse; but they also highlight the striking purity of unembellished melodic lines in slow movements. Especially distinctive are the numerous movements that embody continuously developmental or end-weighted designs.
The Ghost of Freedom
Authors: King Charles 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The Caucasus mountains rise at the intersection of Europe, Russia, and the Middle East. A land of astonishing natural beauty and a dizzying array of ancient cultures, the Caucasus for most of the twentieth century lay inside the Soviet Union, before movements of national liberation created newly independent countries and sparked the devastating war in Chechnya. Combining riveting storytelling with insightful analysis, The Ghost of Freedom is the first general history of the modern Caucasus, stretching from the beginning of Russian imperial expansion to the triumph of nationalism after the Soviet Union's collapse. In evocative and accessible prose, Charles King reveals how tsars, highlanders, revolutionaries, and adventurers have contributed to the fascinating history of this borderland. Based on new research in multiple languages, the book shows how the struggle for freedom in the mountains, hills, and plains of the Caucasus has been a perennial theme over the last two hundred years—a struggle that has led to liberation as well as to new forms of captivity. The book sheds light on the origins of modern disputes, including the ongoing war in Chechnya, conflicts involving Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan, and debates over oil from the Caspian Sea and its impact on world markets. Ranging from the salons of Russian writers to the circus sideshows of America, from the offices of European diplomats to the villages of Muslim mountaineers, The Ghost of Freedom paints a rich portrait of one of the world's most turbulent and least understood regions.
Nations and Revolutions
Authors: King Charles 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
In the early twentieth century, the Caucasus witnessed the rise of urban environments. Tbilisi became the jewel in the crown of the Russian Caucasus, the center of administrative and cultural life. The growth of Baku, a classic boomtown, was fueled by the oil industry. Urban life also created the crucible for the emergence of local nationalism. At the end of the First World War, the south Caucasus formed three independent republics: Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia. These short‐lived countries were soon conquered by the Bolsheviks and made part of the new Soviet Union. Later, the region experienced both modernization and violence at the hands of Lavrenti Beria and Joseph Stalin, both originally from the Caucasus itself.
Conclusion: Continental Shift
Authors: King Charles 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Can the Caucasus ever be considered part of Europe? This concluding chapter assesses the future directions of politics and society in the Caucasus, both the three independent countries of the south (Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia) and the various north Caucasus republics of Russia. The European Union has shown increasing interest in the region since the late 1990s, but the United States and Russia remain the two powers whose interests are most affected by developments there.
The Letter of the Score
Authors: Hamilton Kenneth 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter analyses the evolving attitudes regarding strict adherence to the musical score or otherwise, aided by a discussion of the development of editing, of Urtext editions, and of the piano from the late 18th- to the 20th-century. It is argued that musicians today often treat a musical score with an unhistorical and pedantic reverence unlikely to have been the norm during the time most standard-repertoire scores were themselves written.
2 Hair in the Material Culture and Art of the Ancient Near East
Authors: Niditch Susan 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter explores the ways in which ancient Near Eastern visual representations may shed light on the role and significance of hair in ancient Israel. Critical throughout are the ways in which artists of various ancient Near Eastern cultures portrayed Israelites and their neighbors. Work with the artistic representations and the material culture of hair underscores critical methodological issues pertaining to the way we see and to the psychological, social, and political dimensions of hair as sign and symbol. The study points further to the complex relationships between hair and identity in cultural and multicultural settings. Important resources include possible depictions of Israelite warriors in the Egyptian relief of Merneptah at Karnak, depictions of Philistines from Medinet Habu, the drawings on storage jars from Kuntillet Ajrud, Judean pillar figurines, the Assyrian depiction of the Israelite king Jehu paying obeisance to Shalmaneser III, and the Assyrian Lachish reliefs.
5 Absent Hair
Authors: Niditch Susan 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter explores a set of biblical texts dealing with the loss or absence of hair: the tale of David's envoys in 2 Samuel 10:4–5; related texts concerning conquest and images of shaving; passages discussing mourning practices and other ritual passages; and finally the significant contrasts drawn by biblical writers between hairy and smooth men. The stories of Esau and Jacob, Elijah and Elisha, and Joseph as prisoner versus Joseph as servant of Pharaoh are discussed. Saul Olyan has explored a number these texts with insight, cautioning the reader to pay special attention to shaving in context. He notes, however, that many passages concerning the elimination of hair involve some sort of alteration in status, such as a return to a state of purity after a period of uncleanness or a marking of the death of a loved one and the reintegration to the realm of the living after the loved one's demise.
6 Letting Down Her Hair or Cutting It Off
Authors: Niditch Susan 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter explores two rituals patterns involving women and hair. One is a ceremony prescribed for a married woman accused of adultery by her husband in the absence of witnesses or other tangible proof (Numbers 5:11–31). It is a particularly troubling passage for modern appropriators of biblical material, with its implications concerning men’s abusive power and women’s subjugation. A key symbol of the ritual involves the woman’s hair and the difficult-to-translate term pr‘, explored in connection with heroic hair and the uncut hair of the Nazirite vow. The second symbolic complex involves the treatment of one of the most valuable and vulnerable spoils of war, captured women (Deuteronomy 21:10–14). If an Israelite man desires one of these women as a wife, he may take her, but she is first transformed by ritual actions, among which is the shaving of her hair. Both passages are disturbing, multilayered, and thought provoking regarding gender, cultural identity, and transformation.
7 Conclusions
Authors: Niditch Susan 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This brief concluding chapter reviews major findings and reflects on the theoretical framework of the monograph. Allusions are made to the work of the various anthropologists, sociologists, biblicists, scholars of religion, art historians, and scholars of women's studies whose models and methodological approaches have informed this study. Key themes emerge involving the relationship of hair to cultural perceptions and projections. In ancient Israel, portrayals of and attitudes toward hair involve issues of gender, ethnicity, holiness, aesthetics, leadership, and economic status.
Hidden Children of the Holocaust
Authors: Vromen Suzanne 
Published: May 2008

AbstractAt the time of the Nazi invasion in May 1940, Belgium was a Catholic country with linguistic divisions between north and south. The Catholic Church was the only institution untouched by the German occupiers. Therefore many hunted Jews sought the Church's help, which was spontaneously extended by the lower clergy. The book is based on unstructured interviews with formerly hidden children, with nuns who sheltered them, and with two surviving escorts who worked for the Committee for the Defense of Jews resistance network and took the children from their families to convents willing to hide them. The interviews detail from the point of view of both nuns and children how the children were integrated into daily convent life and how they reacted to Catholic rituals and socialization. The lives are framed by their historical context. The chapter on the escorts and on the Committee for the Defense of Jews leads to a general discussion of the different facets of the Belgian resistance. A chapter on memory and commemoration then traces the emergence of the concept of the hidden child and the construction of collective memories. The chapter also addresses the formal recognition of rescuers as “Righteous Among the Nations” and offers an in‐depth interpretation of Yad Vashem, the memorial institution of Israel. At the same time, it uncovers how gender initially played a major role in the recognition of priests and nuns who were rescuers. The struggle for the souls of some orphaned Jewish children who were baptized during the war and whose return to the Jewish community was contested is discussed as a particularly painful episode. This book contributes to Holocaust literature written in English about Belgium, a country given relatively too little attention. With its focus on commemoration, the book also adds to the understanding of how memory is institutionalized and reinforced by mnemonic practices.
The Nuns
Authors: Vromen Suzanne 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter draws on interviews with surviving nuns to show that mothers superior were responsible for accepting children in the convents and that they did so while maintaining all possible secrecy about their actions. Not only children were hidden in convents, sometimes right under the noses of the occupiers, but also entire families as well as young people who avoided labor conscription. Jewish children were expected to go to mass and were treated like all the other boarders, a strategy that, from the point of view of nuns, served to conceal them. In the contemporary interviews nuns argue that at the time hidden Jewish children were not coerced into baptism and communion; they depict rescue in a humanitarian light. In running the convents in wartime, German nuns facilitated relationships with the German occupiers. Assuring a sufficient food supply demanded great skill and the occasional recourse to collective resources from other orders. In the nuns' recollections the fear of bombardments is the most vivid one. The chapter affirms the nuns' general active stance and highlights many facets of the entrepreneurial and affective authority of mothers superior. In conclusion the contributions of these mothers superior to the Resistance and to rescue have been taken for granted and not accorded the recognition that they deserve.
The Escorts and the Resistance
Authors: Vromen Suzanne 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe chapter opens with lengthy interviews with two non‐Jewish women members of a resistance organization, the Committee for the Defense of Jews (CDJ). These women picked up Jewish children from their homes and families and placed them in hiding places throughout the country. Paule Renard, a social worker, and Andrée Geulen, a teacher, describe how they joined the resistance committee and their difficult and heartbreaking assignments. Geulen also emphasizes the important roles of women in the CDJ and the cooperation she received from Church authorities. After the war, Renard kept silent about her war activities, while Geulen remained very involved in the lives of the rescued children and has become an iconic figure of the resistance. Both were named as Righteous Among the Nations, an honor conferred on rescuers of Jews by the State of Israel at the initiative of the rescued. The chapter then discusses the formation of the CDJ as a resistance network organized by Jews for Jews with the cooperation of non‐Jews, especially that of Yvonne Nèvejean, the head of the National Children's Bureau (Oeuvre Nationale de l'Enfance; ONE) overseeing children's homes. After providing a larger picture of the varied resistance networks that developed in Belgium, the chapter concludes that, with a few exceptions such as the CDJ, women resistors were given mainly auxiliary roles and that after the war the resistance movement had little effect on social change.
Epilogue
Authors: Vromen Suzanne 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe organization of the Committee for the Defense of Jews was a remarkable ecumenical achievement transcending religious and political differences and overcoming xenophobia in a country where 94 percent of the Jewish population was foreign born. The convents as closed institutions were in a particularly favorable position to offer safe hiding places. The cooperation of the mothers superior was essential to successful rescue. The motives of rescuers in general are discussed and the Belgian case examined. The question of how the former hidden children were affected by their experiences is raised, as well as how they deal with these experiences today. As for the issue of commemoration, in France recent ceremonies honoring the French Righteous have come to symbolize and unify all resisters, while in Belgium an extensive report on the collaboration of the Belgian administration with the Nazi occupiers has recently been published. The book's focus on the Belgian Righteous is therefore more than ever timely.
9 Representations of Voluntary Arm Movements in the Motor Cortex and Their Transformations
Authors: Georgopoulos Apostolos P. , Karageorgiou Elissaios 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter discusses the neural mechanisms of voluntary movements in the motor cortex — a major node in the brain network of initiation and control of such movements. Specifically, it discusses the neural mechanisms of reaching movements in space with respect to the encoding of movement parameters in the activity of single cells and the decoding of information from neuronal populations. This decoding scheme can be used to monitor the processing of movement-related information in various contexts and, ultimately, to drive motor prostheses.
10 Events and Actions as Dynamically Molded Spatiotemporal Objects: A Critique of the Motor Theory of Biological Motion Perception
Authors: Bingham Geoffrey P. , Wickelgren Emily A. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe motor theory of biological motion perception hypothesizes that motor commands (or records thereof) are used to recognize human event recognition, motor theory, biological motion perception movements when they are visually perceived. However, current theories of human action render this motor theory redundant. This chapter argues that motor commands are not responsible for the specific forms of different kinds of movements such as running or walking. Rather, passive dynamical organizations are used to generate forms of movement that are then controlled by parametrically adjusting the dynamics. However, it is the dynamically generated movement forms that can provide the information that allows biological motions to be perceived and recognized for what they are. This possibility has been systematically investigated in a number of studies inspired by an ecological approach to visual event perception. The approach hypothesizes that lawfully generated information must be available to allow perception and support recognition. Trajectory forms generated by event dynamics would provide such information. The studies have shown that trajectory forms can be used by human observers to recognize events.
12 Retrieving Information from Human Movement Patterns
Authors: Troje Nikolaus F. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter discusses a computational framework used to retrieve stylistic information from visual human locomotion patterns over the past years. The algorithm was initially developed to identify and analyze sex-specific differences between walkers. It was then changed and further improved and applied to a number of different problems and questions in the context of pattern recognition from biological motion. The general framework and details of the algorithm are provided. Studies where the algorithm was applied are summarized. Finally, the role of the proposed framework in understanding the very complex class of stimuli that our visual system copes with so easily, its value as a model for human perception, and potential ways to generalize and improve it are discussed.
15 The Role of Segmentation in Perception and Understanding of Events
Authors: Schwan Stephan , Garsoffky Bärbel 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Somewhere along the line of cognitive processes going from perception to recounting, a transition must take place by which this continuous stream of events is segmented into a sequence of discrete units. This chapter analyzes event segmentation. Darren Newtson's model of the perceptual and cognitive mechanisms of event segmentation is discussed. According to this model, observers are not confined to one invariant type of segmenting over a given course of events. Instead, the definition of event segments results from a complex interplay of both characteristics of the observed event and of personal factors, the latter ranging from stable cognitive traits to observational goals, prior knowledge, and mood states. As a consequence, variations in segmentations have been shown to have a substantial impact on higher cognitive processes such as memorization, causal attribution, decision making, or experience of time.
16 Geometric Information for Event Segmentation
Authors: Shipley Thomas F. , Maguire Mandy J. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter examines how perceptual processes help segment events, begin the complex process of giving meaning to the flux of change around each of us, and ultimately give us the social graces to differentiate friend from foe. It briefly considers the scope of this problem and then addresses in detail an analysis that focuses on how object paths play a vital role in event segmentation.
20 Dynamics and the Perception of Causal Events
Authors: Wolff Phillip 
Published: May 2008

AbstractWe use our knowledge of causal relationships to imagine possible events. We also use these relationships to look deep into the past and infer events that were not witnessed or to infer what can not be directly seen in the present. Knowledge of causal relationships allows us to go beyond the here and now. This chapter introduces a new theoretical framework for how this very basic concept might be mentally represented. It proposes an epistemological theory of causation — that is, a theory that specifies the nature of people's knowledge of causation, the notion of causation used in everyday language and reasoning.
2 “Censorship is Abhorrent to General Macarthur”
Authors: Casey Steven 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
As soon as the first U.S. troops reached Korea, the U.S. military established guidelines for dealing with war correspondents. MacArthur set the tone. Convinced that he could control media coverage through a mixture of optimistic communiqués and blunt threats, MacArthur rejected a formal censorship regime. But it was a decision that soon caused problems. MacArthur's command was upset by much of the early reporting, which focused on the brutal realities of battlefield defeat. Correspondents, for their part, protested at the lack of official cooperation in all areas, from inadequate briefings to antiquated communications. And back in Washington, officials were deeply worried by the stories emanating from the front, especially the claims that the government was hiding the true level of casualties, not to mention the allegations that it had left the country dangerously exposed to the military challenge from the communist world.
7 Mobilizing with the Utmost Speed
Authors: Casey Steven 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
In the middle of December, Truman and his senior advisers announced their broader policy response to the Chinese intervention. They would massively expand and expedite the nation's overall Cold War mobilization posture. They also proposed sending additional troops to Europe. And, to drive home the extent of the crisis, the president declared a state of emergency. In Congress, nationalist Republicans immediately challenged this new program, sparking a “great debate” that focused mainly on the desirability of sending additional U.S. troops to Europe. As mobilization gathered pace, labor unions also rebelled, convinced that the government had frozen them out of the policy process. These were serious challenges, but ultimately the administration was able to beat them away, helped partly by the more vigorous rhetoric senior officials adopted in the aftermath of China's intervention.
8 Why Korea?
Authors: Casey Steven 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The massive Chinese intervention also led many Americans to question the wisdom of the Korean War: in January 1951, one Gallup poll even found that two‐thirds of the public wanted to withdraw from Korea altogether. Although the administration had successfully defused the broader debate over Cold War mobilization, it had far more trouble explaining why it was necessary for Americans to continue fighting and dying in faraway Korea. In fact, the government's mobilization campaign was part of the problem: in the first months of 1951, senior officials spent so much time trying to win the “great debate” that they said very little about Korea. But even efforts to reach out to the mass public by using emotive letters or the power of Hollywood movies largely backfired.