bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
AN APPLICATION OF SURFACE GEOPHYSICAL TECHNIQUES TO THE STUDY OF WATERSHED HYDROLOGY1
Authors: Shields Ronald R. , Sopper William E. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe applicability of geophysical methods to experimental watershed research is demonstrated by a study of a 106‐acre forested watershed in central Pennsylvania. Data from a shallow seismic refraction study and an electrical resistivity study of the watershed were used to determine the depth of soils, their volumes, depth to bedrock, configuration of the bedrock surface and delineation of the bedrock surface and delineation of the water table. With this information on the subsurface conditions, the hydrologic properties of the watershed were described in greater detail. This information will be of value in explaining the watershed's response to various watershed treatment practices that eventually will be used.SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONSData from a study using the shallow seismic refraction method and electrical resistivity method were used on an experimental watershed to determine the depth, volume, and water‐storage characteristics of the soil mantle and its relationship to the water table and underlying bedrock. The seismic survey grid system, which covered the entire 106‐acre watershed, established 154 geophone locations for depth measurements. Results were used to plot vertical and horizontal profiles depicting the subsurface conditions of the watershed. Water‐storage capacities were calculated for each major soil type and also for the entire soil mantle of the watershed.
AN OBJECTIVE METHOD OF THUNDERSTORM FORECASTING FOR WASHINGTON NATIONAL AIRPORT, WASHINGTON, D.C.1
Authors: Dudley Bowman II Harold , Shulman Mark D. , Romboski Lawrence D. , Chilko Daniel M. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe literature was reviewed in order to determine the variables likely to be important in forecasting thunderstorms. A stepwise discriminant analysis was performed on these variables to determine those significantly related to thunderstorm occurrence. Eight variables were selected. These were then used to produce a forecasting equation by means of the linear discriminant analysis technique. This equation was then tested against the Showalter and Total Totals indexes for forecasting skill, and was found to have higher skill.
PROPOSAL FOR A U.S. NATIONAL WATER ATLAS1
Authors: Heindl L. A. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe U.S. National Committee for the International Hydrological Decade is proposing a National Water Atlas as a contribution to the improvement of the quality of information available for this Nation's large‐scale planning and management studies. The atlas would provide hydrological maps of the United States and its principal basins and of its territories. The nationwide maps would be at a scale of 1:5,000,000 and the 17 principal basins at 1:2,500,000. The principal basins will be those delineated by the Water Resources Council. Wherever feasible and appropriate, the data will be presented with a common standard period of record, preferably 1941–70, as a base. Map subjects would include station networks, radiation, precipitation, snow and ice, evaporation, atmospheric vapor fluxes, surface‐water discharge, ground‐water storage and discharge, chemical quality, sediment discharge, water temperatures, and soil moisture. The list of maps subjects and types of data shown within each subject are flexible and open‐ended so that additional maps could be added to the atlas as information is available or as new needs arise.
LAND TREATMENT IN WATERSHED PROGRAM AREAS1
Authors: Gambell Ernest L. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTSeveral types of watershed program areas, principally but not solely those operated under authority of the Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act, are greatly altering the American landscape for good. While structural measures tend to be the most spectacular feature of these watersheds, land treatment measures (soil, water, woodland, and wildlife conservation practices) actually are basic to the long term stability and maximum contributions of these watershed programs.
WATER AS A COMMODITY IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE1
Authors: Whetstone George A. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTInternational trade in water has been pioneered by coastal or island city‐states, by areas subject to boundary revision after a water supply system had been established, by informal accommodations among good neighbors, and by co‐riparians agreeing to negotiate on compensation as an element in water allocation. Specific examples are described.Formulations of criteria for an equitable agreement for possible transfers of Canadian water to the United States have been published by Laycock and by Kuiper. Many other Canadians have expressed serious concern over the long‐range implications of water export and have frequently proposed restrictions which they believe that Canada should insist upon in any negotiations. Explicitly or implicitly in nearly all Canadian discussion of water export is the conviction that international transfer, should it be permitted at all, should occur at some mutually satisfactory point or points on the border with all questions or sources and routes within Canada being left to the agencies within Canada selected by the Canadians for the task.
THE LOCAL‐STATE‐FEDERAL TEAM APPROACH TO FLOODPLAIN MANAGEMENT1
Authors: Weathers John W. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTResults of the establishment of a Local Flood Relations program in 1953 by TVA are discussed. In 16 years TVA has produced local floodplain information reports for 126 communities. As of September 1, 1969, 66 valley communities had adopted floodplain provisions in their zoning ordinances or subdivision regulations, or both. The local‐state‐Federal team approach to floodplain management is viable and any other appears to be doomed to failure.A floodplain management program can be expected to succeed as a collaborative effort at all levels of government, each playing the part and assuming the responsibilities best fitted to it. Most of us now accept that our flood problems will not be solved by engineering works alone or even in combination with upstream land management. The solution requires a linking of broad community planning with traditional engineering works. This means that the local, state, and Federal objectives and policies must be effectively coordinated. This method has been developed and satisfactorily applied in the Tennessee Valley during the past decade.The need for more effective means for coping with mounting local flood losses was recognized by the Tennessee Valley Authority and led to the establishment of its Local Flood Relations program in 1953. Since a working relationship with the people of the Valley and their state and local institutions had been carefully nurtured by TVA for over twenty years, it was only natural that the new program would also be a cooperative one.
WATER FOR HOUSTON1
Authors: Allen H. Cecil 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTHouston, the Nation's sixth largest city, is taking appropriate steps to assure an adequate water supply for its industrial and population needs for the year 2000.Houston's situation is unusual in that it now relies on groundwater sources for 80 percent of its domestic water supply but must convert this system to depend on surface water for 60 percent of its total supply source.Problems concerning the conversion are not only varied but complex. Surface water is more costly. Reservoirs that meet the plans and standards of state and federal water authorities as well as conveyance and treatment facilities must be developed. In the case of Houston, the total groundwater withdrawal rate must be increased but at the same time shifted from one area to another because of subsidence problems. Solutions to these problems require careful engineering study as well as economic and sociological planning.
A DESIGN FOR LOW FLOW CONTROLS1
Authors: Blanchard Bruce J. , DeCoursey Donn G. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe determination of the total flow of an alluvial stream by rating a gaging station with a current meter may not be sufficiently accurate for a water yield study. If a large part of the total water yield consists of low flow, a means for accurate measurement must be employed. A technique for the design of a low flow control is described in this paper. Eight low flow controls have been designed on streams of the Southern Plains Watershed Research Center, Chickasha, Oklahoma. Field calibration measurements from these installations have been used to verify the design technique.
MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF GULF COAST ESTUARIES1
Authors: Hann Roy W. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe environmental pollution problems prevalent in gulf coast estuaries are a cause of great concern to those in water quality management. This paper outlines the dominant characteristics which affect the properties of these estuaries including geography, tide and current effects, wind effects, salinity and density regime, nature and level of waste discharge, low inflow levels, dredging effects and present quality levels.Two basic levels of analytical modeling which are useful in water quality management are presented. The first is a relatively crude completely mixed estuarine model which permits economical evaluation of varying parameters. The second is a very general steady state model which permits analysis of stratified systems. The ESTPOL computer language designed to simplify the use of the steady state model is described.The practical use of the analytical models as management tools for the solution of Texas Estuarine quality problems is demonstrated.
FLOW METERS FOR WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT1
Authors: Replogle John A. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTRegulated water flow is an essential feature of modern civilization. Effective use of water resources by industrial, agricultural, and municipal processes, as well as domestic conveniences, require controlled flow systems. Closely related to this regulation is the requirement for flow measurement, the techniques of which have developed over many centuries. Because of the relatively long history of flow metering and the multitude of improvements and new developments, a complete coverage of the subject is beyond the scope of this paper. Greater emphasis is placed on describing new developments and less conventional methods that are most usable for water resource applications and research studies, and less emphasis on older, generally familiar devices. Because of the diverse requirements in water measurement, few devices can be regarded as having no possible application. The selection of the most usable devices is somewhat arbitrary. Thus, at least passing mention will be made of most known devices for all fluids, and the reader guided to reference material for more complete coverage of a particular device or system.
CRITICAL EVALUATION OF CERTAIN METHODS OF UNSTEADY GROUNDWATER HYDRAULICS1
Authors: Karadi Gabor M. , Krisek Raymond J. , Beahea Manual 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe basic theories and fundamental assumptions usually employed in the solution of unsteady groundwater flow problems are reviewed critically. The best known method of analysis for such problems is based on the Dupuit‐Forchheimer approximation and leads to a nonlinear parabolic differential equation which is generally solved by linearization or numerical methods. The accuracy of the solution to this equation can be improved by use of a different approach which does not employ the Dupuit Forchheimer assumption, but rather is based on a semi‐numerical solution of the Laplace equation for quasi‐steady conditions. The actual unsteady process is replaced by a sequence of steady‐state conditions, and it is assumed that the actual unsteady flow characteristics during a short time interval can be approximated by those associated with “average” steady state flow. The Laplace equation is solved by a semi‐discretization method according to which the horizontal coordinate is divided into subintervals, while the vertical coordinate is maintained continuous. The proposed method is applied to a typical tile drainage problem, and, based on a comparison of calculated results with experimental data, the method is evaluated and practical conclusions regarding its applicability are advanced.
PROBABLE MAXIMUM PRECIPITATION FOR THE LOWER RIO GRANDE1
Authors: Riedel John T. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTTo aid in planning and design of additional flood protection on the Lower Rio Grande, the Hydroraeteorological Branch prepared a probable maximum precipitation study for the International Boundary and Water Commission (United States and Mexico) and the Republic of Mexico. Five drainages from 2,000 to over 17,000 square miles in area between Falcon and Anzalduas Dams including Rio San Juan and Rio Alamo in Mexico are the areas of concern. The great rains of hurricane Beulah, September 19–24, 1967 verified that additional protection is needed. Procedures for estimating probable maximum precipitation (PMP) are described. A particular problem was to estimate rainfall potential for the Sierra Madre Oriental in Rio San Juan and Alamo drainages. These mountains form a north‐south windward‐facing slope and barrier of over 7000 feet in elevation. A detailed study was made of rains from hurricane Beulah. The storm produced the greatest known rain depths in North America for 50,000 square miles or greater, and durations longer than 48 hours.
ENFORCEMENT LIMITATIONS IN WATER QUALITY CONTROL1
Authors: Stein Murray 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe Federal role in the enforcement of water quality requirements is of recent development. It began with the enactment in 1956 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act as permanent law. It has been expanded by successive amendments to the Act to cover the pollution of navigable as well as interstate waters which endangers the health or welfare of persons, and to cover violations of water quality standards established for interstate waters. Two different enforcement procedures are prescribed in the law to be followed in the two types of enforcement actions. While questions have arisen of jurisdiction, States' rights, and disregard or duplication of local efforts, such questions do not lastingly impede the exercise of Federal enforcement authority and are of value in establishing a body of precedents. Limitations have their basis in the statutory distinctions between interstate and intrastate pollution which govern the application of the enforcement authority, even though a case of intrastate pollution may be as serious or more serious than a case of interstate pollution. An additional limitation results from the statutory time intervals between procedural stages in an action. Lack of data is a limitation but can always be overcome and at most causes delay. State laws which protect the confidentiality of required reports are more of a limitation. Investigative teams may obtain the needed information, however, for consideration in public meetings. Public support for effective water quality control measures, especially enforcement, and for the expenditures needed to enhance the environment, is widespread. Such support may be instrumental in modifying or eliminating existing statutory limitations.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF A MODEL TO EVALUATE HYDROLOGIC RISK IN WATER RESOURCE SYSTEM DESIGN1
Authors: Bathke William L. , Freund R. J. , Conner J. R. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTIn this paper, a procedure for analyzing a water resource system with special emphasis on evaluation of acceptable economic risk due to occasional failures to deliver water is proposed. The basic methodology includes the development of a simple mathematical model which describes the physical hydrologic and economic characteristics of a single reservoir irrigation and city water supply system and an evaluation of economic benefits of the system with full and partial deliveries of water. The system is simulated for various combinations of decision variables (system magnitudes) and an optimum design is obtained by response surface technology. Emphasis is placed on the basic model and methodology although, in order to introduce some realism, the procedure is applied to data based on the existing reservoir system on the South Concho River in West Central Texas.
REGIONAL WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT GREAT MIAMI RIVER, OHIO1
Authors: Thomas Richard F. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe Miami Conservancy District was organized shortly after the disastrous flood of March 1913 to provide flood protection to municipalities along the Great Miami River. The District system is a classic solution which was entirely locally financed and is now operated and maintained by special benefit assessments on 45,000 parcels of property, 9 cities and 5 counties.
EFFECTIVE WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN THE URBAN SETTING1
Authors: Flaek J. Ernest , Hill Duane W. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTWater resources management in the urban areas of the United States to be effective must include dimensions far beyond water supply and sewerage. This paper concerns itself with those problem areas of water resource management outside of potable water supply and sanitary sewers. These areas include flood plain management, greenways and blueways, storm water, vistas of waterways, and other attributes of living in or near a water‐related environment.The perceptions and attitudes of the concerned public and community power structure must be known in order to manage the water environment effectively. Methods of measuring these perceptions and attitudes are described and ways in which the resulting citizen‐resource can be tapped and used as a management device are explored.
THE ATMOSPHERIC WATER BALANCE AND THE HYDROLOGY OF LARGE RIVER BASINS1
Authors: Rasmussen James L. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe concept of using the atmospheric water balance technique in the study of the hydrology of large (greater than 105km2) river basins is described. The atmospheric water balance technique consists of determining the spacial and time distributions and fluxes of water vapor through the atmospheric volume overlying the basin. The quantity precipitation minus evaporation at the earth's surface is determined as a residual of the computation. A review of the results of various experiments employing this technique is provided.The incorporation of the technique in a study of the hydrology of a large river basin is demonstrated by showing the results of a study of the hydrometeorology of the Upper Colorado River Basin. The example covers the study of eleven winter seasons, November through April, 1957–1968.The seasonal accumulation of water over the basin as determined by the atmospheric water balance is highly correlated with annual runoff. Correlation coefficient r = .8. The daily evaporation rate during dry days varies by a factor of two over the winter season, and is shown to be related to the incoming solar radiation intensity.
FACTORS THAT AFFECT ACTIVATED SLUDGE PHOSPHATE RELEASE1
Authors: Randall Clifford W. , Huloher Bruce S. , King Paul H. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe activated sludge process can remove significant amounts of phosphorus from sewage, but the removal efficiency is usually significantly reduced by the release of phosphate back to solution during subsequent treatment steps. This research presents a study of soluble phosphate release from activated sludge with emphasis on defining the factors that affect such release and the actual release mechanisms.Laboratory units were used for experimental purposes. The experiments were designed to study the relationship between soluble phosphate release and various environmental factors such as redox potential (ORP), dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, solids concentration, solids destruction, and sulfate salt addition. The effect of substrate utilization on phosphate uptake and the relationship between uptake characteristics and subsequent phosphate release were also studied.The results show that some phosphate storage occurs during aerobic substrate utilization. Following substrate utilization, activated sludge phosphate release is directly related to the amount of biological stress the organisms are subjected to, and the mechanism of release is primarily cell lysis. The phosphate released per unit sludge under anoxic conditions is relatively constant. Under normal environmental conditions, neither ORP or pH change have a significant affect on phosphate release.
SYSTEM ECONOMIC RESPONSE TO WATER QUANTITY AND QUALITY ‐ FUNDAMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS1
Authors: Hendricks D. W. , Dixon N. P. , Whaley R. S. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe relationship between water quantity, water quality, and system economic response to permutations of these variables on any given water use, and the allocation of water among competing uses is outlined by means of a conceptual model. The effect of the quantity‐quality variable mix on a given use is called the “intensive effect,” and the allocation mix on the total system is the “extensive effect.” The elements of the model are best described by the partial sketch of the flow diagram, outlined below in terms of symbols.
APPLYING GRADIENT PROJECTION AND CONJUGATE GRADIENT TO THE OPTIMUM OPERATION OF RESERVOIRS1
Authors: Lee E. S. , Waziruddin S. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe recent versions of nonlinear programming techniques such as the conjugate gradient and the gradient projection algorithms are used to obtain the optimal operating conditions of a multiple reservoirs system with multiple purposes. These algorithms are compared with other techniques in the literature. The conjugate gradient method incorporates the advantages of both the generalized Newton‐Raphson, also known as the quasilinearization technique, and the gradient approach while avoiding their major drawbacks. To illustrate the technique, a water resources system with three reservoirs and a tabular objective function is solved by the two algorithms.
OPERATIONS RESEARCH STUDY OF WATER RESOURCES
Authors: Kisiel Chester C. , Duokstein Luaien 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTApplications of systems methodology to water problems of the Tucson basin are summarized. Natural recharge is estimated by means of a discrete convolution relation in which the unit impulse response of an aquifer is derived from basic hydro‐dynamic laws. A temporal model of sequences of wet and dry periods during the summer thunderstorm season is based on a multiple linear regression equation that relates total rainfall amount during the wet period to the duration of the wet period and volume of peak rainfall. A spatial model predicts point rainfall frequency of maximal and minimal amounts of thunderstorm rainfall. A static management model allocates Tucson groundwater, Avra Valley water, Colorado River water, and reclaimed waste water to municipal, industrial, and agricultural users within a pricing framework. For a range of pricing policies the model clearly demonstrates the opportunity costs to the community by use of higher‐priced water supplies such as Colorado River water in lieu of Tucson groundwater. The role of worth of data studies in relation to data analysis, model building and management studies is also introduced.
CLOUDS AND PRECIPITATION IN THE TEXAS HIGH PLAINS1
Authors: Haragan Donald R. , Jehn Kenneth H. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTA study of the relationship among cloudiness, precipitable water vapor, stability and precipitation is presented for the Texas High Plains. A study of clouds during periods of above‐normal rainfall indicates that precipitation during late fall and winter is associated with stratiform clouds which develop in conjunction with cyclonic activity. Spring and summer precipitation is most highly correlated with cumuliform clouds characteristic of convective activity. Investigation of other macroscale atmospheric features indicates that wet periods are further characterized by atmospheric instability and above‐normal amounts of precipitable water vapor and water‐vapor flux. Dry periods are associated with atmospheric circulation patterns which either serve to cut off the supply of low‐level moisture, produce subsidence and consequent atmospheric stability, or both.