bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determination of Al(III) activation conditions for white bentonite used for cottonseed oil bleaching by robust design
Authors: Caglayan Mustafa Oguzhan 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe optimum Al(III) activation conditions for white bentonite (Ordu, Turkey), used as a bleaching agent for cottonseed oil, were investigated. AlCl3–clay suspension was hydrolyzed in situ using NaOH to investigate possible pillars. Five controllable factors that mainly affect the activation process were specified as initial AlCl3 concentration (F1), OH−/Al3+ molar ratio (F2), NaOH volumetric flow‐rate (F3), cation‐exchange temperature (F4) and thermal treatment temperature (F5). Each factor was examined at four levels by using a robust (Taguchi) design to determine optimum activation conditions. The response variable of each experimental run was taken as bleaching efficiency, which is defined in terms of absorbance at 420 nm. The effect of desired levels of factors to the system response was compared using the signal‐to‐noise (S/N) ratio. An importance factor (IF) was suggested in order to compare the affectability of each factor to the response variable by using the integrated area under the S/N ratio curves. The most important factor affecting bleaching efficiency was F5, followed in sequence by F2 > F1 > F4 > F3. The availability of AlO species after activation in the clay crystal structure was determined by FTIR analysis. The optimum levels of each factor for Al3+ activation of clay were F1 5 meq g−1 clay, F2 2.0, F3 1200 mL h−1, F4 25 °C and F5 700 °C. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
An isozyme analysis of four species in the family Cyprinidae: genetic, taxonomic and germplasm significance
Authors: Jiang Jian‐Guo , Xiong Quan‐Wei 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe tissue distribution of products of 35 enzymatic loci (19 enzyme systems and soluble protein) was examined with different buffer systems and gel thicknesses to identify optimal polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic conditions for allozymic and isozymic studies of the black carp (Mylopharyngodon picius), grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus), silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and bighead carp (Aristichys nobilis). Relative levels of enzyme activity are reported for extracts prepared from brain, eye, heart, kidney, liver and muscle. The results showed that the difference within species tissues was greater than that among species; the results showed that the differences of activity between tissues within species was greater than among species; however Acp, Adh, Amy, Cat, Est, Ichh, Gtdh, Mdhp, Pox, Iddh and SP activities present differences among the four species and could be used as genetic markers of species. The electrophoretogram characteristics of Cox, Ldh and G6pdh can be employed as the markers for distinguishing the Leuciscinae and Hypophthalmichthyinae. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
A short‐cut DNA extraction from cod caviar
Authors: Aranishi Futoshi , Okimoto Takane , Ohkubo Makoto 
Published: November 2005

AbstractCaviars represent the most consumed form of fish roe products. Due to high demand, ingredient roes of fish are often susceptible to illegal substitution with those of related fish. This study developed a simple and inexpensive protocol enabling the rapid extraction of DNA of acceptable quality and amount to PCR amplification from both cod caviars and their ingredient pollack roes. The protocol was based on extracting total genomic DNA from eggs using urea and a Chelex 100 chelating resin, and could be completed in less than 15 min. Approximately 8 µg of DNA were reproducibly obtained from single eggs of cod caviars and pollack roes in eight individual experiments, and the quality and amount of DNA were sufficient to serve as template for hundreds of PCR reactions of polymorphic DNA markers for phylogenetic analysis. Being applicable to various caviars, this protocol can be useful to detect illegal substitution among ingredient roes of related fishes in PCR‐based food inspection. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Antioxidant properties of commercial soft and hard winter wheats (Triticum aestivum L.) and their milling fractions
Authors: Liyana‐Pathirana Chandrika M. , Shahidi Fereidoon 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe total phenolic content (TPC), total antioxidant activity (TAA), 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging capacity, inhibition of coupled oxidation in a β‐carotene–linoleate model system, iron(II) chelation activity and inhibition of copper‐induced oxidation of human low‐density lipoprotein (hLDL) cholesterol of 80% ethanolic extracts of soft and hard winter wheat samples and their milling fractions, namely flour, germ, bran and shorts, were investigated. Soft wheat extracts examined demonstrated higher TPC and TAA compared to those of hard wheat extracts. The germ fraction possessed the highest TPC, followed by bran, shorts, whole grain and flour for both wheat types examined. The TAA of both wheat types showed similar results except that shorts performed better than bran in this assay. Free radical scavenging properties of whole grain and milling fractions of both soft and hard wheat samples were examined against DPPH radical. The germ and flour fractions demonstrated the highest and lowest DPPH radical scavenging activity, respectively, among wheat fractions. Wheat extracts were also efficient in preventing bleaching of β‐carotene, which is also known to be free radical mediated. In the iron(II) chelation assay the flour extracts demonstrated excellent activity, while the germ extracts showed a weak activity. The trends were similar in both soft and hard wheat for the iron(II) chelation assay. Wheat extracts also inhibited copper‐induced oxidation of hLDL. In LDL oxidation assay, wheat extracts performed better than the reference antioxidant, ferulic acid. Thus wheat phenolics may serve as effective antioxidative components as measured by in vitro techniques. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Influence of bovine lactoferrin and lactoferricin on cytokine expression in LPS‐treated cultivated bovine blood cells
Authors: Prgomet Christian , Peters Solveig , Pfaffl Michael W 
Published: November 2005

AbstractLactoferrin (LF), an iron‐binding glycoprotein, and a bactericidal pepsin‐derived fragment of LF, lactoferricin (LFcin), are involved in host defense mechanisms via bacteriostatic activity and immuno‐regulatory properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of bovine LF and LFcin on the synthesis of immunologically important factors in leukocytes [white blood cells (WBC)] and monocytes. Monocytes were isolated from bovine blood using antibody‐coated magnetic beads and cultured in parallel to WBC. Cells were treated with LF or LFcin and with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Various pro‐inflammatory [tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin‐1 (IL‐1) and IL‐6] and anti‐inflammatory (IL‐10) cytokine mRNA expression responses were quantified via a one‐step real‐time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). Furthermore, the gene expression for TNFα and IL‐10 and the transcriptional activity of nuclear transcription factor kappa B (NF‐κB) were measured after 0, 1, 2, 4 and 8 h. LF, LFcin and LPS strongly up‐regulated the mRNA expression of all investigated cytokines, with peaks after 1 or 2 h for TNFα and IL‐10. The magnitude of increase varied from modest (6‐fold) to dramatic (64‐fold). In contrast to LF and LPS treatment, LFcin induced a slight increase in TNFα mRNA in both cell culture types, which continued to be expressed at a higher level after 8 h. Compared with LPS‐stimulated cells a combination of LF and LPS did not alter the TNFα and IL‐10 expression. Simultaneous treatment of LFcin and LPS could increase the TNFα mRNA production, in contrast to LPS treatment alone. The effects of all agents used on cytokine mRNA expression were dose dependent. The NF‐κB gene expression in monocytes and leukocytes was not affected by the treatment with LF and LFcin. The ability of LF and LFcin to bind free LPS and to interfere with the LBP/CD14 pathway has been suggested to restrain the activity of this bacterial immuno‐stimulatory compound. These studies could not reveal these neutralizing effects because LF and LFcin showed no inhibitory activities on the cytokine production at several LPS concentrations. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Monitoring the stepwise phytate degradation in the upper gastrointestinal tract of pigs
Authors: Kemme Paul A , Schlemmer Ulrich , Mroz Zdzislaw , Jongbloed Age W 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe degradation and formation of inositol phosphates as affected by microbial phytase and gastrointestinal enzyme activities during the passage of phytate through the stomach and small intestine were studied in two experiments with four barrows and three collection periods. The degradation and formation of inositol phosphates were measured at the duodenal and ileal sites using Cr‐NDR, TiO2and Co‐EDTA as indigestible markers. In experiment 1, the effect of graded doses ofAspergillus nigerphytase (0, 150 and 900 FTU Natuphos®kg−1), added to a maize–soybean meal‐based diet with very low intrinsic phytase activity on the degradation of phytate and the formation of inositol phosphates during digestion in the stomach and small intestine was investigated. In experiment 2, three different mixtures of inositol phosphates, produced byAspergillus nigerphytase, containing mainly high, intermediate and low phosphorylated inositol phosphates, were added to the same maize–soybean meal‐based diet as used in experiment I. The fate of the inositol phosphates during digestion in the stomach and small intestine was studied. Experiment 1 showed that the extent of phytate degradation was dependent of the graded dietary phytase activities. At high phytase activity (900 FTU kg−1of diet), strong phytate degradation occurred and the once hydrolysed phytate was rapidly dephosphorylated to lower inositol phosphates (mainly inositol di‐ and triphosphates). Intermediate inositol phosphates, such as inositol tetraphosphates, were quantitatively unimportant in duodenal and ileal digesta. At a phytase activity of 150 FTU kg−1of diet, a broader spectrum of intermediate inositol phosphates was determined, which was probably due to a slower breakdown of phytate. Experiment 2 showed as a predominant result that lower inositol phosphates such InsP4and InsP3were degraded, whereas InsP2accumulated in the duodenal and ileal digesta. No substantial disappearance of phytate from the stomach and small intestine was found when high concentrations of soluble phytate were added to the diet, which indicates that no substantial phytate absorption occurs in the upper part of the pig gut. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Ultratraces analysis of organochlorine pesticides in drinking water by solid phase extraction coupled with large volume injection/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
Authors: Brondi Silvia H. G. , Spoljaric Fernanda C. , Lanças Fernando M. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThis study describes an SPE coupled with large volume injection (LVI) analytical method for the analysis of organochlorine pesticides, BHC (α, β, Δ), aldrin, endosulfan (α, β), endrin, dieldrin, and DDT, from aqueous samples. Determination was carried out by GC with MS. The LODs of organochlorine pesticides were determined at 10 ng/L concentration levels, and the results show that SPE‐LVI‐GC/MS has the potential to accurately determine organochlorine pesticides in water, as it avoids analyte classes in the various steps of a typical extraction procedure.
Regional learning networks: the reality
Authors: Kiely Julia A. , Armistead Colin 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to report on two consecutive regional learning networks operating over a two‐year period. The reality of setting up and operating learning networks and the learning emanating from them for network participants and those facilitating the process is captured through case study. The research methodology incorporates features of action research and collaborative inquiry. The experience gained from the set up and operation of the learning networks is captured and shared. The study concludes by offering guidelines for developing and maintaining learning networks. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Photoablation of inner limiting membrane and inner retinal layers using the Erbium:YAG‐laser: An in vitro study
Authors: Hoerauf Hans , Brix Alexandra , Winkler Jörg , Droege Gerit , Winter Christian , Birngruber Reginald , Laqua Horst , Vogel Alfred 
Published: November 2005

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesTo explore the potential of Er:YAG‐laser irradiation for precise and tractionless retinal tissue and inner limiting membrane ablation.Materials and MethodsWe used free‐running Er:YAG‐laser irradiation (λ = 2.94 µm) transmitted either through a 10 cm long low‐OH‐quartz fiber or a 2 m long sapphire fiber that produced a more homogenous light distribution at the fiber tip. Retinal ablation in porcine retinal explants was performed under air or perfluorodecaline (PFD). Ablation depth was evaluated by optical coherence tomography (OCT) and from histologic sections.ResultsA radiant exposure of 5.0 J/cm2 delivered through a low‐OH‐quartz fiber and PFD caused a complete transsection of the neurosensory retina. Radiant exposures between 3.5 and 2.0 J/cm2 resulted in marked variations of ablation depth and adjacent thermal damage. By contrast, laser pulses of 4.0 and 3.0 J/cm2 transmitted through the sapphire fiber produced more homogenous defect patterns and less thermal damage. Close to the ablation threshold, with 1.0–2.0 J/cm2, ablation was limited to a 10–20 µm thin layer of the neural retina.ConclusionsWe achieved in vitro ablation of inner retinal layers, but could not produce selective and reproducible ILM removal. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Encapsulation of High Biocompatible Hydrophobe Contents in Nonionic Nanoparticles by Miniemulsion Polymerization of Vinyl Acetate or Styrene: Influence of the Hydrophobe Component on the Polymerization
Authors: Bathfield Mael , Graillat Christian , Hamaide Thierry 
Published: November 2005

AbstractSummary: Encapsulation of hydrophobic compounds in non ionic nanoparticles can easily be performed directly by miniemulsion polymerization of vinyl acetate or styrene with Pluronic F68 as nonionic surfactant and AIBN as initiator. Triglycerides from fatty acid (Miglyol®) or mixture of benzyl benzoate and oligocaprolactones have been used as the hydrophobe component in order to get biocompatible systems. Latexes containing 50% organic phase have been obtained with up to 50% Mygliol engulfed in the nanoparticles. The influence of these hydrophobic compounds on kinetics and molecular weight distribution has been investigated, emphasizing a particular behavior with each one of the two different monomers and compared with the classical hexadecane.
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Narrowly Distributed Surfactant‐Free Polystyrene Latex with a Water‐Soluble Comonomer
Authors: Qiu Dong , Cosgrove Terence , Howe Andrew M. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractSummary: The surfactant‐free synthesis of latex polymers of styrene and sodium styrenesulfonate (NaSS) was investigated. The development of size and size distribution of the particles was studied by photo‐correlation spectroscopy (PCS) and transmission electronic microscopy (TEM). The effects of NaSS concentration and the order of addition of reactants were examined in detail. The results showed that the particle size decreases with an increase in the styrene sulfonate concentration. The polydispersity index can be reduced by mixing NaSS with styrene homogeneously before adding initiator, but this leads to a slightly larger mean particle size.TEM image of surfactant‐free polystyrene latex made by the modified method.magnified imageTEM image of surfactant‐free polystyrene latex made by the modified method.
Unique Effects of Cyclodextrins on the Formation and Colorimetric Transition of Polydiacetylene Vesicles
Authors: Kim Jong‐Man , Lee Joo‐Seob , Lee Ji‐Seok , Woo Sang‐Yoon , Ahn Dong June 
Published: November 2005

AbstractSummary: The effects of cyclodextrins (CDs) on the formation and color changes of polymerized 10,12‐pentacosadiynoic acid (PCDA) vesicles have been investigated. The strategy used in this study focuses on three different stages in which the CDs can play a role. Among the cyclodextrins investigated, α‐CD had most prominent effect on the perturbation of the ordered structures of the PCDA vesicles. Solid precipitates, formed by the PCDA vesicles in the presence of α‐CD were shown to be PCDA ‐ α‐CD inclusion complexes by using DSC, FTIR and 1H NMR analysis. The results of studies using 4‐nitrophenol as an inhibitor and the consideration of inner and outer diameters of cyclodextrins have led to the conclusion that the color induced by the cyclodextrins is due to the formation of inclusion complexes with the polydiacetylene.Photograph of the polydiacetylene liposomes after 1 h in the presence of 10 mM of the three different cyclodextrins in a HEPES buffer solution.magnified imagePhotograph of the polydiacetylene liposomes after 1 h in the presence of 10 mM of the three different cyclodextrins in a HEPES buffer solution.
Novel Network Polymeric Phthalocyanines: Synthesis and Characterization
Authors: Bilgin Ahmet , Yağcı Çiğdem , Yıldız Ufuk 
Published: November 2005

AbstractSummary: New p‐xylylenebis‐(oxa‐thia‐propan) bridged metal‐free and metallophthalocyanine polymers were synthesized. The metal‐free phthalocyanine polymer (3) was prepared by the reaction of a tetranitrile monomer with 1,8‐diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec‐7‐ene (DBU) in pentanol. Ni‐ and Co‐phthalocyanine polymers were prepared by reaction of the tetranitrile compound with the chlorides of Ni(II) and Co(II) in quinoline. Cu‐ and Zn‐phthalocyanine polymers were prepared by the reaction of the tetranitrile compound with the acetates of Cu(II) and Zn(II) and DBU in amyl alcohol. Yellow PbO and Fe(CO)5 were used to prepare Pb‐ and Fe‐analog polymers, respectively. The Co‐phthalocyanine polymer was also prepared using ethylene glycol instead of quinoline in the presence of the catalyst ammonium molybdate. (3) was chemically doped with iodine. The electrical conductivities of the polymeric phthalocyanines measured as gold sandwiches were found to be 10−9–10−7 S · cm−1 in a vacuum and in argon. The electrical conductivity of iodine doped metal‐free phthalocyanine (3a) was found to be approximately 57 times higher than that of the undoped version. The extraction ability of (3) was also evaluated in THF using transition metal picrates, such as Ag1+, Hg2+, Pb2+, Cd2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+. The extraction affinity of (3) for Ag1+ was found to be highest in the heterogeneous phase extraction experiments. All the novel compounds were characterized using elemental analysis, UV‐Vis, FT‐IR, NMR and MS spectral data and DSC.Synthesis of new network polymeric phthalocyanines.magnified imageSynthesis of new network polymeric phthalocyanines.
Synthesis of Propylene/1‐Butene Copolymers with Ziegler‐Natta Catalyst in Gas‐Phase Copolymerizations, 1
Authors: Silva Fabricio M. , Lima Enrique L. , Pinto José C. , McKenna Timothy F. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractSummary: The appropriate choice of comonomers can be used to create a wide range of polymer properties, leading to considerable improvement of product performance. Experimental runs were performed to evaluate the effect of 1‐butene on the crystallinity, the melt temperature and the molecular weight distribution (MWD) of the final propylene/1‐butene copolymer resins. According to the results obtained, the melt temperature of the copolymer material can be reduced significantly compared to that of the polypropylene homopolymer. The incorporation of 1‐butene into the copolymer chain leads to a decrease of the sealing initiation temperatures of propylene polymer resins. GPC analyses of copolymer samples showed that 1‐butene concentration does not seem to significantly influence either the shape of the MWD or the polydispersity indexes for a given set of reaction conditions. Therefore, a family of propylene/1‐butene random copolymers grades can be successfully developed for gas phase processes for packaging and film applications.
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Silica/Polyamide Nanocomposite Synthesis via an Original Double Emulsification Process in Miniemulsion
Authors: Boutti Salima , Bourgeat‐Lami Elodie , Zydowicz Nathalie 
Published: November 2005

AbstractSummary: A new method for the encapsulation of inorganic charges by an organic polymer by a reactive double emulsification process is proposed. This work is especially novel since it is highly unusual to encounter polymerization reactions in such a double emulsification process. Silica was first synthesized in cyclohexane using a sol–gel process in an inverse microemulsion in the presence of a non‐ionic surfactant (nonylphenyl ether polyoxyethylene), tetraethoxysilane, and concentrated ammonia. The coupling agent, 3‐aminopropyl triethoxysilane, was then grafted onto the surface of the silica nanoparticles. In a third step, direct miniemulsions were prepared from the microemulsion containing the functionalized silica nanoparticles. The miniemulsions were prepared using sodium dodecylsulfate as the surfactant and cetyl alcohol as the costabilizer. Finally, an interfacial polycondensation occurred between a diamine added to the external phase and sebacoyl chloride in solution in the dispersed phase. The formation of polyamide latexes was proven using infrared spectroscopy, and observation of the nanocomposites by transmission electron microscopy showed mean diameters of 100 nm.TEM micrograph of silica/polyamide nanocomposite particlesmagnified imageTEM micrograph of silica/polyamide nanocomposite particles
Unusual Intercalation of Cationic Smectite Clays with Detergent‐Ranged Carboxylic Ions
Authors: Chou Chih‐Cheng , Chiang Ming‐Li , Lin Jiang‐Jen 
Published: November 2005

AbstractSummary: The organic intercalation of cationic smectite clays is achieved by using alkali salts of alkyl carboxylic acids, instead of using conventional quaternary ammonium salts as ionic exchanging agents. Various organic acid salts, such as CH3(CH2)16COO−Na+, can be incorporated into divalent montmorillonite (M2+‐MMT) with a 30–40 wt.‐% organic embedding and an X‐ray diffraction basal spacing of 43 Å from the pristine 10 Å. The intercalation is generalized for carboxylate salts of different alkyl lengths and for alkali metal ions, including sodium and potassium ions, but is specific for the divalent MMT clay. This new type of organic species for clay modification allows the preparation of organoclays in the absence of quaternary ammonium salts. It is proposed that the organic embedding is driven by the formation of a thermodynamically stable RCOO−/M2+/SiO− complex.Graphical illustration of the carboxylic acid salt complex with the divalent cations on silicate K10.magnified imageGraphical illustration of the carboxylic acid salt complex with the divalent cations on silicate K10.
Tuning the Reactivity of N,O,O,O‐Non‐Metallocene Catalysts for α‐Olefin Polymerization: Issues Related to Ligand Symmetry and Derivatization
Authors: Sudhakar Padmanabhan , Sundararajan Govindarajan 
Published: November 2005

AbstractSummary: Titanium‐based precatalysts, bearing C3 or pseudo‐Cs symmetric aminotriol ligands, upon activation with methylaluminoxane, polymerize hex‐1‐ene to give polymers of high molecular weight, i.e., 50 000 and 600 000, respectively, with low dispersity, 1.2–1.4, and high isotacticity, 85–60%, depending on the overall symmetry of the precatalysts, but when one arm of the aminotriol ligands is methylated to yield C2 or meso aminodiol ligands, their corresponding titanium catalysts gave higher‐molecular‐weight polyhexenes, 300 000 to 250 000, with lower dispersities, 1.07–1.11, which possibly suggests living polymerization, with activities 200–500 times greater than that of the parent C3 and pseudo‐Cs catalysts.
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