bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The liberation of free fatty acids in potato slices at low temperature
Authors: Hallberg Marianne Lilja 
Published: January 2007

Free fatty acids (FFA) are liberated in the first stages of potato granule production. In this study, the liberation of FFA was examined in model experiments. Potato slices were exposed to conditions resembling the first stages of the industrial process, which was of the “add‐back type”. The slices were kept at 9°C in the dark and, after various periods of time (up to two hours), the amount and composition of the FFA liberated at the surface and in the middle of the potato slices were analyzed by gas chromatography.The liberation of FFA was more pronounced at the surface of the slices than in the middle. The polyunsaturated fatty acids, linoleic acid and linolenic acid, were liberated to a greater extent than the saturated fatty acids. The experiment was repeated at 4°C and the results obtained were very similar. The lower temperature did not decrease the rate of FFA liberation. But, in thin potato strips, which have a larger total surface of damaged membranes than the potato slices, considerably more FFA were liberated.The amount and composition of FFA also were analyzed in potato slices from the industrial process for potato granule production. Before the blanching bath (76°C for 12–15 min) only minor amounts of FFA were liberated but during the blanching there was a substantial liberation of FFA at the surface of the potato slices. After the blanching bath there were no more FFA liberated at the surface of the slices but in the middle of the potato slices the liberation of FFA continued until the potato slices reached the steamcooking bath.
Application of UNIFAC to vegetable oil‐alkane mixtures
Authors: Fornari Tiziana , Bottini Susana , Brignole Esteban A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe prediction of the vapor‐liquid equilibria of vegetable oil‐hexane mixtures is studied. Activity coefficients are calculated by the UNIFAC model. Different entropic contributions to activity coefficients from the literature are analyzed. These modifications improve the performance of the original UNIFAC model in vapor‐liquid equilibrium calculations.
Quantitation of volatile compounds in heated triolein by static headspace capillary gas chromatography/infrared spectroscopy‐mass spectrometry
Authors: Mahungu Symon M. , Hansen Steven L. , Artz William E. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractStatic headspace and capillary gas chromatography/infrared spectroscopy‐mass spectrometry were used to collect, separate, identify and quantitate the oxidative and thermal decomposition products in heated triolein. Approximately 4 L of triolein was heated in a deep‐fat fryer at 190°C for 12 h each day for a total of 60 h, until it contained>‐20% polymeric material. The concentration of heptane and octane increased after 12 h heating, then decreased upon further heating, while the concentration of volatile aldehydes decreased gradually during heating. After 12 h of heating, the concentrations of the major volatiles changed as follows: heptane (16.36 to 30.17 ppm), octane (24.48 to 40.77 ppm), heptanal (21.68 ppm to 9.11 ppm), octanal (35.53 to 36.64 ppm), nonanal (68.95 to 43.16 ppm), (E)‐2‐decenal (135.00 to 89.00 ppm) and (E)‐2‐undecenal (88.50 to 61.00 ppm). After 60 h of heating, when the oil contained over 20% polymeric material, the concentrations of heptane, octane, heptanal, octanol, nonanal, (E)‐2‐decenal and (E)‐2‐undecenal were 5.16, 4.39, 5.45, 7.02, 18.07, 12.50 and 6.00 ppm, respectively.
Functional properties of protein extracted from flaked, defatted, whole corn by ethanol/alkali during sequential extraction processing
Authors: Myers Deland J. , Hojilla‐Evangelista Milagros P. , Johnson Lawrence A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractFunctional properties (solubility, foaming capacity and stability, emulsifying capacity, emulsion stability, heat coagulability, heat gelation and film formation) of protein extracted by 45% ethanol/55% 0.1 M NaOH from flaked, defatted, undergermed corn during the Sequential Extraction Process (SEP) were evaluated and compared with those of a laboratory‐prepared soy protein concentrate. SEP is a new approach to corn fractionation that recycles the ethanol produced from the fermentation of cornstarch to unstream steps of protein extraction and the simultaneous extraction of corn oil and dehydration of the ethanol. Freeze‐dried corn protein extracts contained at least 80% crude protein (dry basis), which is indicative of protein concentrates. SEP protein concentrates had solubilities in water of greater than 80% at pH values of 7 or above and were significantly more soluble than the soy protein concentrate at pH above 3. SEP corn proteins also showed better heat stabilities and greater emulsifying capacities and emulsion stabilities. Dilute dispersions (0.1%) of corn protein produced substantial but less stable foams. Corn proteins produced films similar to zein and soy protein films but were unable to form heat‐induced gels. These results indicate that SEP produces a protein concentrate with functional properties suitable for food and industrial uses.
Separation of vitamin E and γ‐oryzanols from rice bran by normal‐phase chromatography
Authors: Diack Moustapha , Saska Michael 
Published: January 2007

AbstractFive commercial silicas [Nova‐Pak, μPorasil (Waters, Milford, MA), Kromasil (Eka Nobel, Bohus, Sweden) Spherisorb (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) and Select‐KP (Biotage, Charlottesville, VA)] were tested for their efficiency in separating vitamin E and γ‐oryzanol components from saponified rice bran extracts, with the perspective of future large‐scale purification of the various compounds. The effects of mobile phase composition, eluent flow rate, column temperature and the physical properties of the silica on the selectivity and analysis time were studied. All silicas except Select‐KP gave baseline separation of the vitamin E components with isooctane/ethyl acetate (97.5∶2.5) at room temperature. However, only the 4‐μm Nova‐Pak spherical silica gave adequate resolution of the oryzanols into two distinct fractions with an analysis time ofcirca 20 min. Other analytical conditions, i.e., the content of the polar modifier in the mobile phase, temperature and flow rate, can be used to optimize the separation once the silica had been chosen. Speed of separation is enhanced by increasing the polarity of the eluent, temperature and flow rate, while the selectivity is reduced only slightly. The Nova‐Pak silica appears resistant to deactivation from both residual water in the mobile phase and polar components left over after sample clean‐up and is suitable for preparative separation of the target compounds.
Polymerization of vegetable oils and their uses in printing inks
Authors: Erhan S. Z. , Bagby M. O. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractInk vehicles were prepared by the polymerization of vegetable oils. By controlling the polymerization conditions, the desired viscosity, color and molecular weight could be achieved for a variety of vegetable oils with a broad range of iodine values and fatty acid compositions. The effect of temperature and catalyst on polymerization rates were evaluated, and polymerization rate constants were calculated. Of the oils tested, the polymerization rate constant of safflower oil was the highest, followed by soybean, sunflower, cottonseed and canola oils in decreasing order. Use of a catalyst shortened the heating time by about 25–50% or lowered the polymerization temperature requirement by 25–30°C.
Nonvolatile components produced in triolein during deep‐fat frying
Authors: Hansen Steven L. , Myers Michelle R. , Artz William E. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractTriolein was heated at 190°C (375°F) in a deep‐fat fryer for 12 h/day until high‐performance size‐exclusion chromatography indicated polymer formation had exceeded 20%. Increases in the free fatty acid, total acid value, food oil sensor andp‐anisidine values upon heating indicated that thermal oxidation and degradation of triolein had occurred. After the initial sample (day 0), the peroxide values decreased to very low values. The amount of polymeric triacylglycerol material increased during heating. Linear regression analysis of percent polymer vs. heating time indicated that the sample would contain ≥20% polymers after 51.1 h of heating. Capillary supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) was used to determine the percentage of triolein remaining after 12, 24, 36, 48 and 60 h of heating, which was 68.6, 53.9, 35.9, 33.0 and 19.0%, respectively. The average reaction rate constant (apparent first‐order) for the change in triolein concentration, SFC, during heating was 0.0256±0.0011 h−1.
Kinetics of the Kreis test through response surface methodology
Authors: Narasimhan Shanthi , Sarva Mangala G. K. , Vasanth Kumar A. K. , Chand Nagin , Rajalaksmi D. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe Kreis test is one of the procedures for early detection of oxidative products of fats and oils. The reaction is complicated, sensitive and continuous. The kinetics of the Kreis test have been studied as a function of reagent, phloroglucinol, oil quantity and incubation period for three oils with different fatty acid profiles, storage life and presence of compounds other than triglycerides. A central composite rotatable design with each factor at five levels required 20 experiments for each oil. The results of experiments carried out in duplicate have been examined by analysis of variance, and polynomials of appropriate degree were fitted to the data. The polyhedron search method was used to compute optimum conditions for carrying out the test for each oil. Three‐dimensional graphs were generated to bring out the differences in the oils and the kinetics for each oil. Though “compromised” optimized conditions have been reported, the results indicate the necessity of more detailed investigation into the reaction.
Lipase‐catalyzed incorporation of n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids into vegetable oils
Authors: Huang Kuan‐hsiang , Akoh Casimir C. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe ability of immobilized lipases IM60 fromMucor miehei and SP435 fromCandida antarctica to modify the fatty acid composition of selected vegetable oils by incorporation of n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids into the vegetable oils was studied. The transesterification was carried out in organic solvent with free acid and ethyl esters of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) as acyl donors. With free EPA as acyl donor, IM60 gave higher incorporation of EPA than SP435. However, when ethyl esters of EPA and DHA were the acyl donors, SP435 gave higher incorporation of EPA and DHA than IM60. When IM60 and free acid were used, the addition of 5 μL water increased EPA incorporation into soybean oil by 4.9%. With ethyl ester of EPA as acyl donor, addition of 2 μL water increased EPA incorporation by 3.9%. For SP435, addition of water up to 2μL resulted in increased EPA incorporation, but the incorporation declined when the added water exceeded this amount. The addition of water increased the EPA incorporation into Trisun 90 after 24 h reaction but not the reaction rate at early stages of the reaction.
Interaction of soy isolate with polysaccharide and its effect on film properties
Authors: Shih Frederick F. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractWhen soy isolate was mixed with sodium alginate, the two polymers interacted to form electrostatic complexes. They also formed varying degrees of covalent bonding, depending on reaction time and the presence or absence of the reducing agent sodium cyanoborohydride. On the other hand, soy isolate and propyleneglycol alginate (PGA) formed mostly covalent complexes at alkaline pH. The interaction of soy protein with polysaccharide maintained or improved its solubility and emulsifying activity, particularly when covalent bonds were involved. The alkylated complexes also showed better film‐making properties. However, protein‐PGA films were more readily formed and had greater stability in water than the protein‐alginate films.
Enrichment of γ‐linolenic acid from evening primrose oil and borage oilvia lipase‐catalyzed hydrolysis
Authors: Syed Rahmatullah M. S. K. , Shukla V. K. S. , Mukherjee K. D. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractLipase‐catalyzed selective partial hydrolysis of evening primrose (Oenothera biennis L.) seed oil and borage (Borago officinalis L.) seed oil led to an increase in the level of γ‐linolenic acid (GLA; 18∶3n−6) in the unhydrolyzed acylglycerols. Thus, in evening primrose oil, the GLA level could be raised from 9.4% in the starting material to 46.5% in the unhydrolyzed acylglycerols by means of a lipase fromCandida cylindracea. Selective hydrolysis of borage oil with Pancreatin led to an increase in the GLA content from 20.4% in the oil to 33.5% in the unhydrolyzed acylglycerols. Partial hydrolysis of borage oil with lipase fromC. cylindracea raised the GLA content of the acylglycerols to 47.8%.
Enzymatic synthesis of geranyl acetate inn‐hexane withCandida antarctica lipases
Authors: Claon Paul A. , Akoh Casimir C. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractGeranyl acetate is an important flavor and fragrance compound. Two immobilizedCandida antarctica lipases, SP382 and SP435, were investigated for their use in the synthesis of geranyl acetate by direct esterification. Yields between 95 and 99% molar conversion were obtained with 2 and 15% (w/w reactants) of SP435 and SP382 lipases, respectively. Optimum yields were obtained at 0.1M acetic acid and 0.12M geraniol after 16‐h incubation. No inhibitory effect was observed at increasing concentrations of geraniol. Addition of 60% (w/w reactants) water led to 50 and 60% reduction in the esterification activity of SP382 and SP435 lipases, respectively. The best yields were obtained at added water contents between 0–5% (w/w reactants). Solvents with a logP value of 0.85 or more gave reaction yields of more than 80% molar conversion. Higher logP values did not necessarily lead to higher conversion yields. The immobilized lipase SP382 was still active after reusing ten times in the direct esterification reaction.
Diffuse‐reflectance Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy of vegetable oil triglyceride adsorption on silicic acid
Authors: Adhikari C. , Proctor A. , Blyholder G. D. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe adsorption of triglyceride by silicic acid from hexane miscellas was observed with diffuse‐reflectance Fouriertransform infrared spectroscopy. Triglyceride was adsorbed by hydrogen bonding to silanol groups through the ester carbonyl group. Addition of isopropanol (IPA) to the triglyceride‐hexane solution prior to adsorption resulted in unchanged triglyceride adsorption on silicic acid despite IPA's ability to adsorb on silicic acid and hydrogen‐bond with triglyceride. Washing the triglyceride, adsorbed on silicic acid, with hexane containing IPA resulted in partial desorption of the triglyceride and a small amount of IPA being adsorbed. Triglyceride desorption into fresh hexane‐IPA is due to the establishment of a new equilibrium of lipid and IPA between hexane and silicic acid. The relative strengths of all the possible pairwise interactions among triglyceride, IPA and silicic acid are revealed by the relative amounts of adsorption under various conditions.
Supercritical fluid fractionation of thermally oxidized canola oil
Authors: Hansen Steven L. , Artz William E. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSupercritical fluid extraction procedures were developed to fractionate thermally oxidized canola oil. Canola oil was heated in a sealed glass ampoule for 72 h at 200°C in a forced‐convection oven. After heating, the percentages of triacylglycerol (TAG) trimer, dimer, monomer and lowermolecular weight (LMW) compounds in the heated oil sample (as determined by high‐performance size‐exclusion chromatography) were 3.0, 8.4, 81.3 and 7.3%, respectively. The LMW compounds included diacylglycerols, monoacylglycerols and free fatty acids. Fractions of TAG monomer of approximately 98% purity were isolated after extraction at 408 atm for 45 min. After a second extraction at 442 atm for 45 min, a TAG dimer fraction of 95% purity was isolated. Recoveries of TAG monomer and dimer were 96 and 87%, respectively.
Improved ozonolysis method for analysis of total n−3 fatty acids during hydrogenation of fish oils
Authors: Jacobsen Laila S. , Jart Aage 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA rapid and precise method for determining the total amount of n−3 fatty acids in small samples of fish oil is presented. The oil is ozonized at −10°C in hexane solution, and the ozonides are subsequently reduced with triphenyl‐phosphine at 40°C. The propanal formed is quantitated by capillary gas chromatography. The method was utilized to follow the industrial hydrogenation of a fish oil, and it was demonstrated that the n−3 double bonds were simultaneously reduced to one‐sixth as the iodine value decreased to one‐half.
Detergent‐hard water interactions in machine dishwashing
Authors: Vance Robert F. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractInsufficient detergent concentration has recently been recognized as a major contributor to film formation on glassware in machine dishwashing. The film is shown to consist largely of calcium tripolyphosphate, Ca5(P3O10)2; evidence is cited for the presence of a silicate, probably calcium metasilicate, as well. Systematic variation of detergent concentration and of water hardness allows construction of a response surface describing conditions of maximum and minimum rates of film formation. The extent of film formation is minimized when the ionic ratio of Ca or Mg or both to tripolyphosphate is 1:1 and maximized when the ratio is 5:2. These ratios correspond to the 1:1 chelate and the uncharged precipitate, Ca5(P3O10)2, respectively. The implications of this treatment to other detergency processes are also considered.
Extent of thermal decomposition of indole glucosinolates during the processing of canola seed
Authors: Campbell L. D. , Slominski B. A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA series of samples representing various stages of canola seed processing were obtained from two commercial processing plants to assess the extent of thermal degradation of indole glucosinolates during the crushing process. The individual glucosinolate content of all samples was determined along with the content of indole glucosinolate thermal degradation products [indoleacetonitriles and thiocyanate ion (SCN)]. Only minor decomposition of indole glucosinolates was evident prior to the desolventization stage of seed processing. Major decomposition of indole glucosinolates occurred in the desolventization of seed processing with little or no effect during meal drying. Indoleacetonitriles (3‐indoleacetonitrile and 4‐hydroxy‐3‐indoleacetonitrile) and SCN together accounted for 45–60% of the degraded indoles in the samples studied.
Effect of water content on volatile compounds derived from soybean oils in cans
Authors: Wu Chung‐May , Liou Su‐Er 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSoybean oil‐water cans with different soybean oil/water ratios were prepared and stored. The volatiles and POV values of these samples were monitored. Water in cans caused the production of larger amounts of volatiles just after sterilization, however, during the storage period, cans without water had a higher rate of production of volatile compounds. It was postulated that POV values do not reflect the changes of volatile compounds in cans.
A colorimetric determination of fatty acids as a new assay of lipases in reverse micelles
Authors: Walde Peter 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA new simple spectrophotometric method is described for the determination of the free fatty acid content in triglyceride oils or other lipophilic samples. The method utilizes phenol red as fatty acid indicator, which is solubilized phenol red as fatty acid indicator, which is solubilized in reverse micelles formed by AOT [sodiumbis(2‐ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate] in isooctane. Fatty acid determinations in vegetable oils can be carried out rapidly with oil samples of less than 100 mg. The acid value of three different oils tested agreed quite well with the acid value obtained for the same samples with another colorimetric determination using cupric acetate.The method can be extended to a continuous determination of fatty acids which are released during the initial stage of a lipase catalyzed hydrolysis of triglyceride substrates in reverse micelles. This new sensitive lipase assay has been applied for a lipase ofPseudomonas bacteria with lipase concentrations as low as 0.1 μg/ml. Using trioctanoylglycerol as substrate in 50 mM AOT/isooctane with wo=[H2O]/[AOT]=11.1 (pH 9.0), the apparent overall Michaelis‐Menten constant (Km′app,ov) is 27 mM and the turnover number (kcat) 44 sec−1.
Applicability of Weimer‐Cooper’s distribution model for ethoxylated products
Authors: Sallay Peter , Farkas Laszlo , Rusznak Istvan 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe Natta‐Mantica distribution constants characterizing the molecular mass distribution of ethoxylated product mixtures, discussed in an earlier paper, cannot be considered real constants because their values depend on the average degree of ethoxylation (Weibull‐Törnquist effect). As the average degree of ethoxylation is included in the starting equation of the Weimer‐Cooper’s model, it was applied in an attempt to characterize the molecular mass distribution of an ethoxylated fatty alcohol. However, only a qualitative approximation of the distribution was possible with the Weimer‐Cooper’s constants. Consequently, the constants had to be calculated separately from measured mass distribution data. It was demonstrated that the two models predict the same constants when they are in modified form.
Inhibition of aflatoxin production inAspergillus flavus infected cotton bolls after treatment with neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf extracts
Authors: Zeringue Hampden J. , Bhatnagar Deepak 
Published: January 2007

AbstractIn separate treatments, a spore suspension ofA. flavus (control), an aqueous leaf extract of the subtropical neem tree plus a spore suspension ofA. flavus, or an aqueous neem leaf extract followed by anA. flavus spore suspension were injected 48 hr later onto the surfaces of locks of developing cotton bolls (30‐day post anthesis). Thirteen days after the treatments, the seeds from the locules were harvested and both fungal growth and aflatoxin production were determined. Fungal growth was unaffected by the treatments but the seeds from locules receiving both neem leaf extracts andA. flavus simultaneously exhibited 16% inhibition of aflatoxin production, while the seeds in locules receivingA. flavus spores 48 hr after neem extract was added exhibited >98% inhibition in aflatoxin production. Neem leaf extracts contain an aflatoxin inhibiting factor, however, the neem leaf extract may need to translocate from the fibrous locule surface to the seed, prior to the fungal inoculation, for maximal effect.