bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Bible and Multiscripturality in South Africa: Moving Beyond the Boon-or-Bane Debate1
Authors: Punt Jeremy 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA nominally Christian country, South Africa abounds with varieties of Christianity, all of which ultimately subscribe to the Bible as foundation document. Often, however, the appropriation of the Bible as a symbol is as much a problem as different and radically opposing interpretations of it: ownership of the Bible is widely contested and biblical hermeneutics is truly a site of struggle. However, not only is the need for an ecumenical approach to the Bible becoming increasingly pronounced, but ecumenicity will have to be broadened out to include multiscripturality as well. South Africa is simply also a multi-religious country with a number of other religions with their scriptures in close attendance. This demands a reappropriation of the Christian Bible as scripture amidst many other scriptures, and requires the development of an adequate, responsible and relevant multiscripturality. At the same time, it is necessary to move beyond over-simplified 'realist' options for conceptualising scripture and its role in religion. Perceiving scripture as activity rather than texts allows for investigating the interrelationship between scripture and identity, within a more adequate theology of scripture.
Die God Is Onse God ...1 Hymns, Hymnals and the National Identity of the Afrikaner2
Authors: Kloppers Elsabé 
Published: November 2007

AbstractIn this article the convergence of the religion and national identity of the Afrikaner is examined and related to the influence of these views on the hymnological tradition of the Afrikaner. It is argued that some metrical psalms used to be particularly popular especially because of the parallels seen between Israel of the Bible and the Afrikaner nation. The hymns or metrical psalms usually sung on the Day of the Covenant are significant in indicating the `national' hymns - hymns or metrical psalms that played a role in promoting national identity. Folk hymn tunes that may be seen as part of the national heritage, and the influence of hymnals in Afrikaans on the national identity are discussed. It is shown that an overbearing demand for preservation and protection of the national heritage' has hampered the development of a true Afrikaans hymnody and that an inspired new Afrikaans hymnody is still to be developed.
An Ethical Appraisal of the Third World Debt Crisis
Authors: Motlhabi Mokgethi B.G. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe aim of this article is not to investigate the Third World debt crisis in detail. Rather, it is to determine the work that has been done so far to provide an ethical perspective to or critique of the crisis and to make a personal assessment of this crisis. To achieve this goal, only some of those aspects of the debt crisis are highlighted which appear to be of ethical significance. Thousands of books have been written on the debt issue in general and the debt crisis itself, in particular. However, the amount of work that has been done to address the issue specifically from an ethical or theological perspective is quite negligible. It is hoped that this paper will make a small contribution to filling some of this gap.
Crossan's Historical Jesus as Healer, Exorcist and Miracle Worker
Authors: Craffert Pieter F. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractNo single Jesus profile in the last decade has generated more scholarly discussion and public interest than that of John Dominic Crossan. It is, however, not generally emphasised, that in his construction Jesus was also a healer, exorcist and miracle worker. This study consists of a critical discussion of the evidence, method and interpretive framework employed by Crossan. From an alternative construction of cross-cultural interpretation by means of medical anthropology, it is argued that on the basis of Crossan's evidence, it is impossible to conclude that Jesus was a healer or exorcist. However, such research provides a framework for appreciating the historicity of the type of healing, exorcistic and miracle stories ascribed to Jesus.
Mortality and preoperative cardiac function in vascular amputees: an N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) pilot study
Authors: Riemersma Marcel , Dijkstra Pieter U. , van Veldhuisen Dirk Jan , Muskiet Frits A.J. , van den Dungen Jan A.M.M. , Geertzen Jan H.B. 
Published: November 2007

Objective: To determine preoperative ventricular function in vascular amputees by measuring N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and to analyse the relationship between NT-proBNP levels and 30-day postoperative mortality. Design: Prospective pilot study. Subjects and methods: In 19 patients planned for a lower limb amputation for non-reconstructable peripheral arterial disease NT-proBNP was measured the day before amputation. Results: Four amputees died within 30 days after the amputation. In 17 of 19 patients NT-proBNP values were found more than 2 standard deviations above the age corrected reference value. Pre-amputation NT-proBNP levels did not differ significantly between non-survivors and survivors (P = 0.162). Conclusion: Preoperative NT-proBNP levels are not significantly related to 30-day mortality after lower limb amputation procedure. Preoperative NT-proBNP levels are very high, indicating that serious ventricular dysfunction may be present in vascular amputees.
Developing Cultural Competence as a Framework for Anti-heterosexist Social Work Practice
Authors: Charnley Helen M. , Langley Jackie 
Published: November 2007

• Summary: This article examines the continuing marginalization of sexual orientation in social work practice. Taking the findings and recommendations of a small scale exploratory study as our starting point, we review United Kingdom (UK) research on social work and sexual orientation and illustrate the contradictions and constraints in implementing effective strategies for change. We explore the potential of cultural competence as a framework for developing anti-heterosexist practice. • Findings: Current cultural competence frameworks have potential for developing anti-heterosexist practice through attention to awareness and understanding of attitudes, knowledge and skills. But they are limited by weak attention to underpinning theory, to the application of principles in practice, the complex reality of multi-cultural membership and the application of cultural competence at an organizational level. • Applications : These findings have utility for social work students, educators and trainers, for the development of professional standards, for social work practice and supervision, and for organizations in creating inclusive learning and working environments and resisting heterosexism in social work.
The Relevance of Bourdieu for Social Work
Authors: Garrett Paul Michael 
Published: November 2007

• Summary: The article welcomes social work's seemingly new interest in Pierre Bourdieu. However, it is important to recognize the problems inherent in his mammoth contribution. • Findings: First, Bourdieu can often present his readers with challenges which make it difficult to grasp his core arguments. Here, major obstacles include: Bourdieu's prose style; the sheer scale of his `output' and related matters; the fact that most readers (perhaps especially those situated outside the French intellectual field and its associated cultural milieu) might fail to recognize key contextual factors only hinted at in his work; the misleading labels frequently attached to Bourdieu (for example, `Marxist' or `postmodernist'). The second area of difficulty relates to aspects of the theoretical content of Bourdieu's contribution. It is argued that his lack of engagement, even flawed contributions, relating to issues pivoting on multiculturalism, `race' and ethnicity is important. Furthermore, Bourdieu's conceptual apparatus possibly lays too great an emphasis on the dulled passivity of social actors, particularly the working class. Finally, his ideas on the function of the state can be viewed as problematic. • Applications : If social work is going to evolve a more Bourdieusian form of theory and practice then there is a need to take into account the insights which his work provides and to address the problems which it presents.
Inflammatory cell microlocalisation and airway dysfunction: cause and effect?
Authors: Siddiqui S. , Hollins F. , Saha S. , Brightling C. E. 
Published: November 2007

Airway inflammation is a critical feature of the airway diseases asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). There is emerging evidence that structural cells play a key role in the development and perpetuation of the inflammatory response and are pivotal in the development of the changes in the airway structures that lead to airway remodelling.To date, little attention has been given to the localisation of inflammatory cells to airway structures or the potential interactions between these intimately located cells. However, it is likely that interactions between inflammatory and structural cells in the airway contribute enormously to the pathophysiology of asthma and COPD.Indeed, recent evidence suggests that mast cells localised to the airway smooth muscle bundle may be important in the development of airway hyperresponsiveness in asthma.In the present article, the authors aim to summarise: 1) the current understanding of which inflammatory cells locate to airway structures; 2) the proposed mechanisms that may be involved in mediating this microlocalisation; 3) the possible consequences of interactions between inflammatory and structural cells; and 4) the pressing need to investigate whether modulating these interactions is beneficial in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Hypothesis: social defeat is a risk factor for
schizophrenia?
Authors: Selten Jean-Paul , Cantor-Graae Elizabeth 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe increased schizophrenia risks for residents of cities with high levels
of competition and for members of disadvantaged groups (for example migrants
from low- and middle-income countries, people with low IQ, hearing
impairments or a history of abuse) suggest that social factors are important
for aetiology. Dopaminergic dysfunctioning is a key mechanism in
pathogenesis. This editorial is a selective literature review to delineate a
mechanism whereby social factors can disturb dopamine function in the brain.
Experiments with rodents have shown that social defeat leads to dopaminergic
hyperactivity and to behavioural sensitisation, whereby the animal displays
an enhanced behavioural and dopamine response to dopamine agonists.
Neuroreceptor imaging studies have demonstrated the same phenomena in
patients with schizophrenia who had never received antipsychotics. In
humans, the chronic experience of social defeat may lead to sensitisation
(and/or increased baseline activity) of the mesolimbic dopamine system and
thereby increase the risk for schizophrenia
Opiate dependence and pregnancy: 20-year follow-up study
Authors: Whitty Marie , O'Connor John 
Published: November 2007

AIMS AND METHODThis study examined the 20-year outcome of 55 women who were pregnant and using opiates in 1985 and were attending the Drug Treatment Centre and Advisory Board, Dublin. We established outcome across a number of variables, including mortality, psychiatric and physical morbidity, psychosocial functioning, ongoing drug misuse and outcome of offspring.RESULTSAt 20-year follow-up 29 women (53%) were deceased. HIV was the commonest cause of death, accounting for 17 deaths (59%). Those who were alive at follow-up displayed high rates of unemployment (84%), illicit substance misuse (74%) and most were dependent on state-subsidised accommodation (78%).CLINICAL IMPLICATIONSMortality was higher in our group compared with other long-term follow-up samples. These findings suggest that such participants and their offspring require intensive long-term support and treatment.
Treatment or prison: service user and staff experiences of drug treatment and testing orders
Authors: Kouimtsidis Christos , Reynolds Martina , Asamoah Victor 
Published: November 2007

AIMS AND METHODThe drug treatment and testing order (DTTO) is a treatment option imposed by courts and the first multi-agency initiative in the treatment of substance misuse in the UK. We used separate focus groups for service users and staff involved with DTTOs in Hertfordshire to qualitatively investigate their experiences of the orders. Interviews were recorded and analysed using grounded theory methods.RESULTSAnalysis highlighted areas of concern related to the central issue of forced treatment, which was more challenging for staff than for service users. The area of most concern was multiagency collaboration.CLINICAL IMPLICATIONSMulti-agency initiatives require extensive liaison across agencies.
Effects of independently altering body weight and body mass on the metabolic cost of running
Authors: Teunissen Lennart P. J. , Grabowski Alena , Kram Rodger 
Published: November 2007

SUMMARYThe metabolic cost of running is substantial, despite the savings from elastic energy storage and return. Previous studies suggest that generating vertical force to support body weight and horizontal forces to brake and propel body mass are the major determinants of the metabolic cost of running. In the present study, we investigated how independently altering body weight and body mass affects the metabolic cost of running. Based on previous studies, we hypothesized that reducing body weight would decrease metabolic rate proportionally, and adding mass and weight would increase metabolic rate proportionally. Further, because previous studies show that adding mass alone does not affect the forces generated on the ground, we hypothesized that adding mass alone would have no substantial effect on metabolic rate. We manipulated the body weight and body mass of 10 recreational human runners and measured their metabolic rates while they ran at 3 m s–1. We reduced weight using a harness system, increased mass and weight using lead worn about the waist, and increased mass alone using a combination of weight support and added load. We found that net metabolic rate decreased in less than direct proportion to reduced body weight, increased in slightly more than direct proportion to added load (added mass and weight), and was not substantially different from normal running with added mass alone. Adding mass alone was not an effective method for determining the metabolic cost attributable to braking/propelling body mass. Runners loaded with mass alone did not generate greater vertical or horizontal impulses and their metabolic costs did not substantially differ from those of normal running. Our results show that generating force to support body weight is the primary determinant of the metabolic cost of running. Extrapolating our reduced weight data to zero weight suggests that supporting body weight comprises at most 74% of the net cost of running. However, 74% is probably an overestimate of the metabolic demand of body weight to support itself because in reduced gravity conditions decrements in horizontal impulse accompanied decrements in vertical impulse.
Energy availability influences microclimate selection of hibernating bats
Authors: Boyles Justin G. , Dunbar Miranda B. , Storm Jonathan J. , Brack Virgil 
Published: November 2007

SUMMARY
Many species hibernate to conserve energy during periods of low food and water availability. It has long been assumed that the optimal hibernation strategy involves long, deep bouts of torpor that minimize energy expenditure. However, hibernation has ecological (e.g. decreased predator avoidance) and physiological (e.g. sleep deprivation) costs that must be balanced with energy savings; therefore, individuals possessing sufficient energy reserves may reduce their use of deep torpor. We tested the hypothesis that energy (fat)availability influences temperature selection of two fat-storing bat species during hibernation. We predicted that individuals with small energy reserves would select colder temperatures for hibernation in order to minimize energy expenditure, while individuals with larger energy reserves would choose warmer temperatures to minimize the costs of hibernation. Results from our field experiment indicate that little brown myotis (Myotis lucifugus)hibernating in warm microclimates were significantly heavier than individuals hibernating in cooler microclimates. To determine if energy availability was mediating this relationship, we limited fatty acid availability with mercaptoacetate (MA) and quantified its effect on torpid metabolic rate(TMR) and thermal preference of big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus). Administration of MA caused a 43% drop in TMR at 10°C and caused bats to choose significantly colder temperatures for hibernation. Our results suggest that fat-storing bats minimize torpor expression using both physiological and behavioral mechanisms.
Aerial hawking and landing: approach behaviour in Natterer's bats, Myotis nattereri (Kuhl 1818)
Authors: Melcón Mariana L. , Denzinger Annette , Schnitzler Hans-Ulrich 
Published: November 2007

SUMMARY
We compared the flight and echolocation behaviour of a vespertilionid bat(Myotis nattereri) approaching a large stationary or a small moving target. Bats were trained to either land on a landing grid or to catch a moving tethered mealworm. When closing in on these two targets, the bats emitted groups of sounds with increasing number of signals and decreasing pulse interval and duration. When pursuing the mealworm, the approach phase always ended with a terminal group consisting of buzz I and buzz II. When landing, the bats emitted either a terminal group consisting of buzz I alone,with one or two extra pulses, or a group consisting of buzz I and buzz II. In all situations, buzz I ended on average between 47–63 ms prior to contact with the target of interest, which is approximately the reaction time of bats. Therefore, the information collected in buzz II does not guide the bats to the target. The relevant part of the approach phase to reach the target ends with buzz I. The basic sound pattern of this part is rather similar and independent of whether the bats approach the large stationary or the small moving target.
Unphosphorylated twitchin forms a complex with actin and myosin that may contribute to tension maintenance in catch
Authors: Funabara Daisuke , Hamamoto Chieko , Yamamoto Koji , Inoue Akinori , Ueda Miki , Osawa Rika , Kanoh Satoshi , Hartshorne David J. , Suzuki Suechika , Watabe Shugo 
Published: November 2007

SUMMARY
Molluscan smooth muscle can maintain tension over extended periods with little energy expenditure, a process termed catch. Catch is thought to be regulated by phosphorylation of a thick filament protein, twitchin, and involves two phosphorylation sites, D1 and D2, close to the N and C termini,respectively. This study was initiated to investigate the role of the D2 site and its phosphorylation in the catch mechanism. A peptide was constructed containing the D2 site and flanking immunoglobulin (Ig) motifs. It was shown that the dephosphorylated peptide, but not the phosphorylated form, bound to both actin and myosin. The binding site on actin was within the sequence L10 to P29. This region also binds to loop 2 of the myosin head. The dephosphorylated peptide linked myosin and F-actin and formed a trimeric complex. Electron microscopy revealed that twitchin is distributed on the surface of the thick filament with an axial periodicity of 36.25 nm and it is suggested that the D2 site aligns with the myosin heads. It is proposed that the complex formed with the dephosphorylated D2 site of twitchin, F-actin and myosin represents a component of the mechanical linkage in catch.
Duration of socialization influences responses to a mirror: responses of dominant and subordinate crayfish diverge with time of pairing
Authors: May Holly Y. , Mercier A. Joffre 
Published: November 2007

SUMMARYReflective surfaces have been shown previously to modify behaviour in socialized crayfish. Socializing crayfish by pairing them for two weeks established a hierarchy with one dominant and one subordinate crayfish per pair. Dominant crayfish exhibited specific behaviours, such as cornering,turning and crossing, more frequently in a reflective environment than in a non-reflective environment. After 2 weeks of pairing, subordinate crayfish did not respond in this manner but, instead, performed more reverse walking in a reflective environment. The present study investigated how the length of social pairing affects the response to mirrors. Crayfish from a communal tank were paired for 30 min or for 3 days, and their activity was videotaped for 20 min in a test aquarium lined with mirrors on one half and a non-reflective matte lining on the other half. Crayfish housed in the communal tank were used as a comparison group. After 30 min of pairing, dominant and subordinate crayfish responded similarly to the reflection, showing essentially the same pattern for seven of nine behaviours examined. After 3 days of pairing,dominant crayfish continued to respond to the reflection in essentially the same way, but subordinate crayfish behaved differently, showing differences in seven out of nine behaviours. Thus, the pattern of responses of dominant and subordinate crayfish to reflection diverged with time of pairing.
Use of active steering in railway bogies to reduce rail corrugation on curves
Authors: González F , Pérez J , Vinolas J , Alonso A 
Published: November 2007

The aim of the current paper is to assess the ability of active steering systems to prevent the development of rail corrugation in curves. For that, the corrugation growth rates obtained for a passive vehicle are compared with those obtained for active vehicles (in the current work two strategies for active steering are described and implemented: relative angle control and yaw moment control). The procedure for the calculation of the corrugation growth is described: first the quasi-static creepages produced during curve negotiation are calculated by means of a railway simulator program (SIMPACK) in different cases. Second, these obtained creepages are introduced in a non-linear corrugation model that evaluates dynamic variations in normal and tangential wheel rail contact forces. Finally, on the basis of these forces, the evolution of the rail profile is determined. The paper includes results of the selected control strategies that show the potentiality of active steering systems in reducing corrugation growth rates.
Use of a genetic algorithm to optimize wheel profile geometry
Authors: Novales M , Orro A , Bugarín M R 
Published: November 2007

Wear is a very important subject for railway administrations. Therefore, it would be of interest to develop a methodology for designing wheel profile geometry in order to improve its behaviour in relation to this subject. Until now, existing approaches of this kind are based on the statistical study of wear wheel profiles, but this do not consider the characteristics of vehicles and railway tracks, and in addition, it is not an option when a vehicle is going to run, for example, over two different types of track over which mixed running has not previously happened. In the current paper, a new general methodology is presented for improving wheel profiles in relation to certain physical phenomena that arise during the running of the vehicle over the tracks. This methodology is based on the genetic algorithm (GA) technique. To show the power of this procedure, it is applied to an application case (of a tram-train in Spain), in which great improvements in the behaviour of wheel profile are achieved. In the light of this application, the importance of definition of indexes which control the evolution of the GA is shown.