bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic variation within two linguistic Amerindian groups: Relationship to geography and population size
Authors: Callegari‐Jacques Sidia M. , Salzano Francisco M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractNine Carib and eight Tupi groups were studied for a minimum of eight common polymorphic systems and compared in terms of genetic distances using the methods of Nei and Edwards. Two levels of genetic information were distinguished, one with a maximum of 20 loci and another with a maximum of 12 loci considered. The dendrograms produced consistent, reproducible results, independent of the method used, when a minimum of ten polymorphic systems were included in the analysis. Irrespective of the number of systems or the method used, the Tupi showed two to three times higher average interpopulation genetic distances than the Carib groups, which may be due to their lower average population sizes, allowing for the action of genetic drift and/or founder effects, as these two sets of populations do not differ significantly in geographic range, years of contact with non‐Indians, or degree of acculturation.
Spondylolysis and its relationship to degenerative joint disease in the prehistoric Southeastern United States
Authors: Bridges Patricia S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSpondylolysis, a fatigue fracture in the neural arch of lumbar vertebrae, is common in Eskimos and some athletes. In Archaic Indians from northwestern Alabama, 17% of males and 20% of females with complete lumbar regions showed this defect. It is found at a fairly early age in adult males in this group, but in females it does not appear until after age 40 years. Spondylolysis is associated with higher levels of osteoarthritis around the fifth lumbar vertebra, where this defect typically occurs. Otherwise, there is little relationship between its presence and degenerative joint disease, especially in the weight‐bearing joints. The incidence in young males may be related to activities necessitating a high level of mobility around the lumbar spine. The late occurrence in females suggests that osteoporosis may have been a contributing factor.
Allocation and discrimination based on human odontometric data
Authors: Kieser J. A. , Groeneveld H. T. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis study contrasts the confience with which individuals may be grouped and then re‐allocated on the basis of odontometric data. These data are derived from the mesiodistal and buccolingual diameters of 202 Len‐gua Indians of Paraguay (100 males, 102 females), 125 Caucasoid schoolchildren (59 male, 66 female), and 206 Negroes (106 male, 100 female). Multivariate intergroup discrimination is effected by means of canonical and stepwise discriminant analysis, whilst allocation is evaluated by means of posterior and typicality probabilities. Bias is reduced by means of a jackknifing procedure. High levels of discriminatory confidence (each Wilk's Lambda, P < 0.01) are matched by high percentage correct classification (Caucasoid, 67.4–75.0%; Negro, 71.0–77.3%; Amerindian, 65.2–78.1%). However, these results are not matched by allocatory procedures: only 21.7% of caucasoids, 21.4% of Negroes, and 28.8% of Amerindians could be re‐allocated with probabilities in excess of 80%. It is concluded that while multivariate discriminant techniques may be usefully employed in the separation of different populations, individuals may not be assigned with the same degree of confidence, even with an a priori knowledge of their group membership.
Structural adaptations of the femur and humerus to arboreal and terrestrial environments in three species of macaque
Authors: Burr David B. , Ruff Christopher B. , Johnson Cary 
Published: February 2006

AbstractOne reason to measure cross‐sectional structural properties of primate long bones is to define mechanically relevant complexes of traits that describe the adaptation of bone to different biomechanical environments. This can be effectively accomplished when congeneric species having different postural and locomotor behaviors are compared. This paper compares the cross‐sectional geometry of the femur and humerus in three behaviorally different macaque species as a basis for defining such patterns. Cross‐sectional moments of inertia in the standard anatomical planes were calculated at five locations along the diaphyses of the femur and humerus in Macaca fascicularis, M. nemestrina, and M. mulatta. The data suggest that the “barrel‐shaped” femur is associated with behaviors for which long limbs and small body size are an asset. This may be associated with, but is not restricted to, leaping behaviors. The data also suggest that structural rigidity of the femur and humerus is greater per unit body weight in primates that spend significant amounts of time in terrestrial environments than in those that are more restricted to climbing in arboreal environments.
Biomechanics of cross‐sectional size and shape in the hominoid mandibular corpus
Authors: Daegling David J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMandibular cross sections of Pan, Pongo, Gorilla, Homo, and two fossil specimens of Paranthropus were examined by computed tomography (CT) to determine the biomechanical properties of the hominoid mandibular corpus. Images obtained by CT reveal that while the fossil hominids do not differ significantly from extant hominoids in the relative contribution of compact bone to total subperiosteal area, the shape of the Paranthropus corpora indicates that the mechanical design of the robust australopithecine mandible is fundamentally distinct from that of modern hominoids in terms of its ability to resist transverse bending and torsion. It is also apparent that, among the modern hominoids, interspecific and sexual differences in corpus shape are not significant from a biomechanical perspective.While ellipse models have been used previously to describe the size, shape, and subsequent biomechanical properties of the corpus, the present study shows that such models do not predict the biomechanical properties of corpus cross‐sectional geometry in an accurate or reliable manner.The traditional “robusticity” index of the mandibular corpus is of limited utility for biomechanical interpretations. The relationship of compact bone distribution in the corpus to dimensions such as mandibular length and arch width may provide a more functionally meaningful definition of mandibular robusticity.
Race differences in pubic symphyseal aging patterns in the male
Authors: Katz Darryl , Suchey Judy Myers 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA well‐documented multiracial sample of 704 male pubic bones allows for rigorous testing for racial differences in pubic symphyseal metamorphosis. The relationship between estimated age (using a modified Todd six‐stage system) and age is examined as a function of race (White, Black, Mexican). One set of analyses incorporates linear regression models, while a second set does not impose such structure on the relationship. The latter analyses incorporate analysis of variance and related procedures. Significant differences in age are found across racial groups; it is seen that Blacks and Mexicans with advanced pubic symphyseal patterns tend to have lower ages than Whites. We do not address the question of causality, which may involve genetic factors and/or environmental variables such as diet, alcoholism, or drug abuse.
Bone strontium in pregnant and lactating females from archaeological samples
Authors: Blakely Robert L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBecause plants and animals consume or absorb different amounts of strontium and calcium, anthropologists are able to use strontium/calcium (Sr/Ca) ratios from archaeologically recovered human bone to estimate the relative contributions of meat and plants to paleodiets. Often females exhibit higher Sr/Ca ratios than males, a fact usually attributed to lower meat intake among women. However, in vivo and in vitro experiments with laboratory animals show that pregnancy and lactation elevate maternal bone strontium and depress maternal bone calcium because 1) strontium is discriminated against in favor of calcium in the transport of ions to the placenta and mammary glands and 2) pregnancy and lactation facilitate absorption of alkaline earth metals from the gut. In this study, bone Sr/Ca ratios and strontium concentrations were compared between reproductive‐age females, postmenopausal females, and adult males from two late prehistoric Native American sites in Georgia: the King site (N = 43) and the Etowah site (N = 51). At the King site, the mean Sr/Ca ratio of females was over 14% greater than that of males. At Etowah, the mean strontium level of reproductive‐age females exceeded that of postmenopausal females by almost 25%. Most of the difference, it is argued, is due to pregnancy and lactation. A dietary preference among pregnant and lactating women for foods high in alkaline earths, particularly nuts and corn, may also be partially responsible. Until we assess the influence variables other than nutrition exert on trace element concentrations, our reconstructions of paleodiets will be suspect.
Porotic hyperostosis: Relationship between orbital and vault lesions
Authors: Stuart‐Macadam Patty 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe exact nature of the relationship between orbital and skull vault lesions of porotic hyperostosis has remained a controversial issue among anthropologists. Many researchers believe that lesions in both areas are related and have a common etiology; others remain unconvinced of any relationship and prefer to consider orbital and vault lesions as separate conditions with their own etiology. This paper explores the issue by comparing data on microscopic, macroscopic, radiographic, and demographic aspects of orbital and vault lesions from both clinical and anthropological studies. The results of these comparisons support the views that there is a relationship between lesions on both areas and that they share a common etiology.
Anatomical brain asymmetry in monkeys: Frontal, temporoparietal, and limbic cortex in Macaca
Authors: Heilbroner Peter L. , Holloway Ralph L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMeasurements evaluating possible cerebral hemispheric asymmetries were taken by hand on frontal, parietal, and temporal cortex on 60 formalin‐fixed Macaca mulatta and Macaca fascicularis brain specimens. No statistically significant (P < 0.05) right/left side differences in the mean length of four sulci in visual‐processing areas of the cortex were found. The sulcus adjacent to the region cytoarchitecturally homologous to the motor speech area in the human brain did not show pronounced asymmetry. In both species, however, a small parietal lobe sulcus showed greater development on the left hemisphere than in the right. In measurements made using digital planimetry, right/left side differences in the area of the dorsal cingulate gyrus were not found. Behavioral evidence suggests that monkeys do not exhibit a consistent pattern of cerebral dominance for functions associated with most of these regions of the brain.
Gestation length, metabolic rate, and body and brain weights in primates: Epigenetic effects
Authors: Little Bertis B. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe relationship of brain and body weights can be expressed in log‐log regression: log (brain weight) = log (A) + B log (body weight). To investigate further the weights' similarity, gestation length and brain and body weights were determined from the literature for 46 primate genera. The results of allometric and path regression analyses suggest that the relationship between brain and body weights may not be mainly pleiotropic in the order Primates. The correlation between brain and body weights appears to be due to epigenetic factors in hyperplastic growth related to time constraint by gestation length and to energy utilization limitations imposed by metabolic rate.
Variations in blood supply allocations for quadrupedal and for bipedal posture and locomotion
Authors: Abitbol M. Maurice 
Published: February 2006

AbstractHemodynamics and orthodynamics were investigated in quadrupeds (dogs) and in bipeds (humans). The subjects were investigated at rest in supine or lateral posture, in quadrupedal and then in bipedal posture, and during locomotion. Quadrupedalism in humans was with subjects on their hands and knees. Bipedalism in dogs was on hindlimbs with the forelimbs held by a technician. Blood flow in the main arteries of the body (aorta, external and internal carotid, subclavian, and femoral) was measured by sonography. Positional variations between the main bones of the body were determined from X‐rays. This study investigated the reallocation of blood supply to different regions of the body when it switches from quadrupedal to bipedal posture and locomotion. Compared with resting posture, the principal findings are 1) cardiac output shows a minimal increase for humans in bipedal stance and a noticeable increase for dogs as well as humans in quadrupedal stance; 2) quadrupedal stance in humans and dogs and bipedal stance in dogs require increased blood supply to the muscles of the neck, back, and limbs, while human bipedal stance requires none of these; 3) cerebral blood flow (internal carotid) in humans did not change as a result of bipedal posture or locomotion, but showed a noticeable drop in quadrupedal posture and an even further drop in quadrupedal locomotion. The conclusion is that erect posture and encephalization produced a noticeable readjustment and reallocation of blood flow among the different regions of the body: This consisted in shifting a large volume of blood supply from the musculature to the human brain.
Blood genetic markers in the Chinese of two eastern provinces
Authors: Saha N. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA total of 205 Han Chinese from two eastern provinces (155 from Fujien and 50 from Hopeh) were tested for the distribution of six blood groups—A1A2BO, MN, Rhesus (CcDEe), Lewisa, Kell (Kk) and Fya—four serum proteins—albumin and haptoglobin types; transferrin and groupspecific component subtypes—haemoglobin, and twelve red cell enzyme systems—glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase, 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, lactate and malate dehydrogenases; acid phosphatase, esterate‐D, glyoxalase I, adenylate kinase, glucose‐phosphate isomerase, phosphoglucomutase (locus 2), and superoxide dismutase types; and phosphoglucomutase (locus 1) subtypes.The frequencies of blood groups were more or less within the reported frequencies in the Chinese. However the frequency of le was much lower in the present series. The Chinese are characterized by low p1, Ro, k, le, and a high Fya in general. P2 was lacking in the Chinese. There were some differences in the blood group frequencies in the two provinces.The frequencies of Hp alleles; Tf and Gc subtypes show characteristic mongoloid features with high Hp1, TfD, and GcIF. The frequency of TFC2 was higher in the Fujien province than that in Hopeh.At the hemoglobin locus only one Hb AD was detected, while the frequency of the β‐thalassemia trait was 0.03. No red cell G6PD deficiency or variant was detected. The distribution of red cell enzymes showed Mongoloid characteristics with low PGDC, AK2, ESD1, GLO1, and higher Pa. PGM1 subtypes also had Mongoloid characteristics with lower PGM2+ and higher PGM2−. The phenotypic distribution of all the fifteen polymorphic loci was at Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium in both the Chinese populations.
Allogrooming, partner choice, and dominance in male anubis baboons
Authors: Easley Stephen Phillip , Coelho Anthony M. , Taylor Linda L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis study was designed to test the hypothesis that among unrelated male baboons (Papio cynocephalus anubis) in single‐gender social groups there is no significant association between dominance status and allogrooming performance. The hypothesis was tested using behavioral measures obtained by focal animal sampling techniques. The results indicate that unrelated male baboons established well‐defined linear dominance hierarchies, formed allogrooming relationships with one another, and exhibited a nonrandom distribution of allogrooming; however, there were no significant relationships between dominance rank and the frequency of allogrooming. We further tested our results by grouping individuals into three dominance status classes (high, middle, and low) and comparing the classes. Analysis of variance demonstrated no significant differences in rates of allogrooming by dominance class. These results suggest that dominance did not account for the variation in observed allogrooming behavior: Dominance status did not appear to determine the frequency with which animals groomed others, the number of grooming partners, or frequency of grooming that any individual received in comparison to that performed. High‐ranking animals did not have significantly more grooming partners than low‐ranking animals, and there appeared to be little competition within the groups for subordinates to groom high‐ranking animals. When age, kinship, and group tenure are controlled, performance and reception of allogrooming are not strongly associated with dominance in single‐gender social groups of male anubis baboons.
Seasonal or ecological differences in diet and molar microwear in Cebus nigrivittatus
Authors: Teaford Mark F. , Robinson John G. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractDental microwear analyses have raised new hopes and questions for functional morphologists. One hope is that analyses will allow insights into subtle dietary differences of extinct species. One major question is whether seasonal and/or habitat differences in dental microwear are reliably detectable.The extensive collections of Cebus nigrivittatus obtained by the Smithsonian Venezuelan Project allowed us to examine seasonal and habitat differences in dental microwear. Specimens were collected from three distinct ecological life zones that are distinguished by both the amount of rainfall and its seasonability. Environmental variation is generally correlated with variation in resource availability which, in C. nigrivittatus, affects diet. Published field studies indicate that these animals depend more on dry hard fruit and chitinous invertebrates during drier times and succulent fruits and caterpillars during wetter times of the year.As in previous microwear analyses, epoxy replicas were prepared from dental impressions, and the replicas were examined under a scanning electron microscope. Two micrographs were taken of facet 9 on M2 of each specimen. Mean values for the proportion of pits (vs. scratches), pit wdith, and scratch width were computed for each of 62 individuals and compared between ecological zones and collecting dates by using a multiple comparison test.Results indicate that, while seasonal differences in molar microwear in C. nigrivittatus are perhaps reliably detectable, 1) they are small in magnitude, 2) they are only detectable in certain ecological life zones, and 3) they are not of the order of magnitude that will obscure major interspecific differences in molar microwear such as those between C. apella and C. nigrivittatus.
Endocranial suture closure in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Falk Dean , Konigsberg Lyle , Helmkamp R. Criss , Cheverud James , Vannier Michael , Hildebolt Charles 
Published: February 2006

AbstractEndocasts from skulls of 330 rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) of known age are scored for closure of nine bilateral and three unilateral sutures or segments of sutures. A variety of tests reveals a strong relationship between age and stages of suture closure, although increasingly broad confidence intervals prevent sutures from being very useful for precisely aging older macaques. The order in which endosutures begin to close, as well as that in which closure is finally achieved, is determined for macaques, and these sequences compared to those for endosutures of humans (Todd and Lyon, 1924). The basilar suture is the earliest to close, while the masto‐occipital and rostral and caudal squamosal sutures achieve closure quite late in both species. On the other hand, humans and macaques differ in their schedules for the sphenofrontal suture and in the initiation of closure for the rostral portion of the squamosal suture. Two sutures close significantly sooner on the right than on the left side (the rostral squamosal and masto‐occipital) and asymmetry favoring closure of the right lateral lambdoid suture also approaches significance at the 0.05 level. No sutures close significantly sooner on the left side. It is suggested that macaque sutures may close from the inside out, that endosutures are more sensitive than ectosutures for detecting sequences in which cranial sutures begin to close, and that directional asymmetries in suture closure of macaques may be related to minor asymmetries in brain/skull shape (petalias).
Craniometrical variation among South American prehistoric populations: Climatic, altitudinal, chronological, and geographic contributions
Authors: Rothhammer Francisco , Silva Claudio 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe independent contributions of climate, altitude, chronology, and geographic location of archeological sites to craniometrical variation are analyzed in a sample of 1,119 skulls from South America. Geographic location is responsible for the highest proportion of craniometrical variation, followed by climate and altitude. It is concluded that geographic isolation has partially prevented gene flow from counterbalancing craniometrical microdifferentiation produced by founder effect.
Temporal aspects of biological distance: Serial correlation and trend in a prehistoric skeletal lineage
Authors: Konigsberg Lyle W. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA number of previous studies have examined biological variability within individual human skeletal samples, using internal chronology as an explanatory source for variation. In this paper time series and matrix comparison methods are used to examine temporal serial correlation and trend of biological characteristics within a skeletal sample. These methods follow appropriately upon the assumption that the processes of genetic drift and migration lead to temporal autocorrelation of the mean genotype within individual genetic lineages. In the current analysis, using skeletal material from the Pete Klunk Mound Group, temporal serial correlation is demonstrated between samples from different mounds. This indicates that a previous provisional archaeological ordering of the mounds is probably correct. Absence of temporal trend for any of the nonmetric traits examined here suggests a lack of directional evolutionary forces operating on these traits.
Canine “honing” in Australopithecus afarensis
Authors: Greenfield Leonard O. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe maxillary canines of Australopithecus afarensis show a distal wear facet that extends from the apex of the crown to a point near the distal cingulum. Although these facets bear a superficial resemblance to the honing facets found on the projecting portions of the canines of other anthropoids, a more detailed examination provided in this paper shows that they are not homologous or functionally equivalent. The facets are not related to the use of the maxillary canine as a weapon or as an additional masticatory surface. Instead, their presence in A. afarensis represented a blunting or dulling of the posterior edge of C so that its occulusion with P3 would be consistent with cheek tooth occlusion.