bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social influences on remembering: Intellectual, interpersonal and intergroup components
Authors: Stephenson Geoffrey M. , Kniveton Bromley H. , Wagner Wolfgang 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWhen people recall an event collaboratively we may expect the product to be influenced by the combined cognitive resources of the group, interpersonal acquaintance of the members, and social competition engendered by salient intergroup considerations. Using undergraduate students and serving police officers as subjects, a range of experimental conditions was established which varied on the three factors of cognitive resources of the participants (Cognitive Resources), interpersonal acquaintance of the participants (Interpersonal Acquaintance) and professional salience (Professional Salience) of the recall material. Participants answered a questionnaire concerning a police interrogation they had witnessed, and rated how much confidence they had in their answers. Multiple regression revealed statistically significant associations between (i) Cognitive Resources and number of correct answers, (ii) Interpersonal Acquaintance and confidence for implicational errors, and (iii) Professional Salience and (a) number of implicational errors and (b) confidence in confusional errors. The theoretical implications for our understanding of memory as a social process are discussed, and the practical implications for courtroom testimony briefly described.
Priming aggressive thoughts: The effect of the anticipation of a violent movie upon the aggressive behaviour of the spectators
Authors: Leyens Jacques‐Philippe , Dunand Muriel 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn order to examine the effects of filmed violence expectancy, male subjects were induced to think that they would watch an aggressive or neutral movie. The behavioural measures of aggression of the potential viewers were collected via an interaction aggressometer that allowed subjects to manipulate the level of aversiveness of electric shocks supposedly delivered to others. Main results indicated that the mere anticipation of viewing an aggressive movie was already effective in producing the usual instigation effect of filmed violence. Evidence was also provided indicating that degree of physical provocation influenced subjects' aggressive responses. The results are discussed in terms of Berkowitz' (1984) cognitive‐neoassociation analysis; anticipating a violent movie may prime aggressive behaviour.
Cognitions and behaviour in a hierarchy: Mulder's power theory revisited
Authors: Bruins J. Jan , Wilke Henk A. M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn this study, Mulder's power theory consisting of the power distance reduction tendency (PDR) of less powerful group members towards more powerful others, and the power distance enlargement tendency (PDE) of more powerful group members towards less powerful others, is investigated. In particular, two different interpretations of the relationships Mulder hypothesized between power distance and power tendencies are examined. In Experiment 1 no support was found for the interpersonal interpretation. Evidence for the intrapersonal interpretation was found only for the PDE.The most remarkable difference between these results and the results of previous experiments was that we did not find any consistent support for an increased interpersonal PDR with smaller power distance. Therefore, in Experiment 2 a more extensive investigation was undertaken focusing on interpersonal measures similar to the one used earlier by Mulder and his co‐workers. Results of these measures yielded support for the interpersonal interpretations of both tendencies. In the discussion an explanation for the obtained results is offered that departs from the (in) stability of the power hierarchy.
Ingroup bias as a function of salience, relevance, and status: An integration
Authors: Mullen Brian , Brown Rupert , Smith Colleen 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis paper reports the results of a meta‐analytic integration of the results of 137 tests of the ingroup bias hypothesis. Overall, the ingroup bias effect was highly significant and of moderate magnitude. Several theoretically informative determinants of the ingroup bias effect were established. This ingroup bias effect was significantly stronger when the ingroup was made salient (by virtue of proportionate size and by virtue of reality of the group categorization). A significant interaction between the reality of the group categorization and the relative status of the ingroup revealed a slight decrease in the ingroup bias effect as a function of status in real groups, and a significant increase in the ingroup bias effect as a function of status in artificial groups. Finally, an interaction between item relevance and ingroup status was observed, such that higher status groups exhibited more ingroup bias on more relevant attributes, whereas lower status groups exhibited more ingroup bias on less relevant attributes. Discussion considers the implications of these results for current theory and future research involving the ingroup bias effect.
Status protection in high status minority groups
Authors: Ellemers Naomi , Doosje Bertjan , Van Knippenberg Ad , Wilke Henk 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe present study investigated the conditions under which group members try to obtain membership in another group, or are motivated to protect their group membership when they risk losing it. One hundred and twenty‐nine high school students participated as subjects in a laboratory experiment. Subjects were divided into two groups, allegedly on the basis of their problem solving style. The relative size (minority/majority) and status position (high/low) of the subject's group, as well as the permeability of group boundaries (permeable/impermeable) were manipulated as independent variables in a 2×2×2 factorial design. The main dependent variables were the extent to which individuals valued their group membership, and identified with their group. The main results are that membership in a group with high status is considered more attractive than membership in a low status group, This differential evaluation of high and low status groups is more extreme in minority groups than in groups of majority size. Furthermore, when group boundaries are permeable, members of high status minorities show relatively strong ingroup identification, indicating a strengthening of ties with their own group when an alternative (majority) group affiliation is possible. However, our expectation that permeable group boundaries would result in diminished ingroup identification in low status minorities was not confirmed. Some additional data suggest that unsatisfactory membership in a low status group is resolved in a different way.
Prototypicality of arguments and conformity to ingroup norms
Authors: Knippenberg Daan Van , Wilke Henk 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSocial categorization is claimed to elicit a tendency to conform to ingroup norms, which may result in attitude change after exposure to information on the opinions of other ingroup members. It was hypothesized that the degree to which arguments represented ingroup norms, i.e., were prototypical, would affect their potential influence on attitudes, such that prototypical arguments would be perceived as being of higher quality and would elicit more attitude change. Moreover, prototypical arguments were expected to elicit more argument elaboration. Two experiments were designed to test these predictions. In Experiment 1 subjects were exposed to both a set of pro and a set of contra arguments, while one of the sets was allegedly prototypical of ingroup attitudes. In Experiment 2 subjects were exposed to either prototypical or a‐prototypical pro or contra arguments allegedly originating from in‐ or outgroup. In both studies conformity to ingroup norms was observed. In addition, prototypical ingroup arguments elicited higher quality ratings in the first study. Indications of higher elaboration of prototypical ingroup arguments were found.
Framing in terms of ‘high‐risk groups’ versus ‘risky practices’ and prognoses of HIV infection
Authors: Spears R. , Abraham S. C. S. , Abrams D. , Sheeran P. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA quasi‐experimental field‐study (n = 314) investigated the consequences of framing the problem of HIV infection in terms of ‘risky practices’ versus ‘high risk groups’. It was reasoned that respondents in the risky practices frame would be more conscious of the risks to people in general leading them to make more pessimistic prognoses of HW spread than those for whom the issue had been framed in terms of high risk groups. This hypothesis was strongly supported on three related indices, and results also indicated more pessimistic prognoses by female than male respondents. The implications of these findings for framing AIDS related issues are discussed.
Cognitive models of stereotype change: (2) Perceptions of homogeneous and heterogeneous groups
Authors: Hewstone Miles , Johnston Lucy , Aird Peter 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe reported study compared change in stereotypic perceptions of homogeneous and heterogeneous groups, when subjects were presented with a pattern of stereotype‐inconsistent information that was either concentrated in two extreme group members or dispersed across six members. Results pro vided some support for the ‘conversion’ model (in which stereotypes change in response to salient instances) in the case of a homogeneous group, where stereotypical responding was lower in concentrated than dispersed conditions. In the heterogeneous‐group conditions, there was no effect of pattern. In addition, subjects' estimates of stereotype‐consistent information were higher, and of inconsistent information were lower, and they perceived more members as typical, and fewer as atypical, when the target group was heterogeneous versus homogeneous. There was also support for the ‘subtyping’ model (in which disconfirming individuals are isolated from other group members) in the concentrated conditions. A theoretical account of these findings is given in terms of stereotype change via salience for homogeneous groups, and the need to integrate research on cognitive models of stereotype change and perceived group variability.
Self‐denial as a paradox of political and regional social identity: Findings from a study of 16– and 18–year‐olds
Authors: Abrams Dominic , Emler Nicholas 
Published: May 2007

AbstractData from a survey of 4591 16‐19‐year‐olds from four parts of Britain demonstrate that a North‐South divide is manifested both economically and politically. Southerners are materially better off and more supportive of the Conservative party. Adopting a social identity analysis of sectional effects, we hypothesized that party political support is a manifestation of identification with locality, and also that political support, rather than perceived deprivation, would be associated with intentions to stay in or move out of ones locality. Results revealed that Labour supporters in the north of England, and Conservative supporters in the south were most committed to their locality. In Scotland, where nationalism is more directly linked to political parties, those who supported the Scottish Nationalist Party or Labour Party identified more strongly with Scotland and had less intention to leave, but also perceived their situation as more disadvantaged than did Conservatives. These findings are interpreted as supporting a social identity approach to political support and geographical occupational mobility. We suggest that despite the apparent irrationality of self‐denying perceptions and choices, these may also serve self‐preserving functions in the longer term.
Asking Difficult Questions: Task Complexity Increases the Impact of Response Alternatives
Authors: Bless Herbert , Bohner Gerd , Hild Traudel , Schwarz Norbert 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn providing behavioural frequency reports, respondents use the range of the response alternatives as a frame of reference, resulting in higher estimates on scales that offer high rather than low values. The present study demonstrates that the size of this effect increases with increasing question difficulty.
Counterfactual processing and the correspondence between events and outcomes: Normality versus value
Authors: Bouts Patrick , Spears Russell , Van Der Pligt Joop 
Published: May 2007

AbstractKahneman and Tversky (1982) have proposed a simulation heuristic such that perceivers tend to substitute ‘normal’ antecedent events for exceptional ones in psychologically ‘undoing’ a given outcome. Recently Gavanski and Wells (1989) have demonstrated that exceptional outcomes tend to be perceived as caused by exceptional events and normal outcomes by normal events, a finding more in line with the representativeness heuristic than this ‘normalization’ principle. We argue that representativeness may be determined by the evaluative tone of events as well as by probability—namely that positive events are assumed to underlie positive outcomes and negative events, negative outcomes. Both normality and value were independently manipulated in order to test the relative effects of each of these factors. In contrast to Gavanski and Wells our data indicate that preference was given to the similarity of value between events and outcome for undoing both positive and negative and normal and exceptional outcomes. Some implications of these findings for counterfactual processing are discussed.
Positive‐negative asymmetry in normative data
Authors: Tuohy A. P. , Stradling S. G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThree samples, consisting of 200 traits, 200 nouns and 200 verbs taken from the Toglia et al. (1978) verbal norms, were analysed for evidence of positive‐negative asymmetry. Within each sample the items were ordered on a general positive‐negative index, and a systematic series of dichotomizations was carried out, ranging from S per cent negative to 95 per cent negative. It was found that the partial correlation of pleasingness with the positive‐negative dichotomization increased as a linear function of the informational complexity of the negative class of words, for all three word types. The partial correlation of familiarity increased as a similar function of the positive class of words, but only for traits. The results are discussed in terms of Peeters and Czapinski's (1990) positive‐negative asymmetry model, and Scherer's (1984) component model of emotion.
Mood effects on the organization of person information
Authors: Bless Herbert , Hamilton David L. , Mackie Diane M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSubjects in a positive, neutral, or negative mood were presented with behaviour descriptions exemplifying different categories to investigate mood effects on the organization of person information. Subjects were instructed either to form an impression about the person performing the behaviours (impression set) or to memorize the behaviours (memory set). Neutral mood subjects showed higher recall and more clustering under impression instructions than under memory instructions, replicating previous findings. Regardless of instructions, subjects in both positive and negative mood showed recall as high as that shown by those in a neutral mood under impression set. Subjects in a positive mood showed considerable clustering regardless of instruction set, whereas subjects in a negative mood showed little clustering regardless of instructional set. Thus, recall appeared to be mediated by different processes in the positive and negative mood conditions. Results are consistent with the interpretation that different affective states influence processing styles which in turn mediate recall.
Dissonance reduction and causal explanation in a forced compliance situation
Authors: Beauvois Jean‐Léon , Rainis Natacha 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn a free choice forced compliance situation, subjects had to perform a tedious task. Then, just before having to evaluate the task's interest, certain subjects were provided an arbitrary positive feedback regarding their performance, others a negative feedback and others no information at all concerning their performance. Afterwards, all subjects were administered a questionnaire concerning their theories of causal explanations, which enabled us to compute an externalization score. Evaluation of the task was affected by the feedback's nature: Subjects who received the negative feedback found the task more interesting. Causal theories, however, were only affected by actual performance: the most efficient subjects were those who presented the more external orientation of causal theories. These results are in agreement with the radical conception of dissonance theory.
Computation of turbulent flows using a finite calculus–finite element formulation
Authors: Oñate E. , Valls A. , García J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWe present a formulation for analysis of turbulent incompressible flows using a stabilized finite element method (FEM) based on the finite calculus (FIC) procedure. The stabilization terms introduced by the FIC approach allow to solve a wide range of fluid flow problems at different Reynolds numbers, including turbulent flows, without the need of a turbulence model. Examples of application of the FIC/FEM formulation to the analysis of 2D and 3D incompressible flows at large Reynolds numbers exhibiting turbulence features are presented. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Calculation of nonlinear aerodynamic characteristics of a wing using a 3‐D panel method
Authors: Cho Jeonghyun , Cho Jinsoo 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe nonlinear aerodynamic characteristic of a wing is investigated using the frequency‐domain panel method. To calculate the nonlinear aerodynamic characteristics of a three‐dimensional wing, the iterative decambering approach is introduced into the frequency‐domain panel method. The decambering approach uses the known nonlinear aerodynamic characteristic of airfoil and calculates two‐variable decambering function to take into consideration the boundary‐layer separation effects for the each section of the wing. The multidimensional Newton iteration is used to account for the coupling between the different sections of wing. The nonlinear aerodynamic analyses for a rectangular wing, a tapered wing, and a wing with the control surface are performed. Present results are given with experiments and other numerical results. Computed results are in good agreement with other data. This method can be used for any wing having different nonlinear aerodynamic characteristics of airfoil. The present method will contribute to the
analysis of aircraft in the conceptual design because the present method can predict the nonlinear aerodynamic characteristics of a wing with a few computing resources and significant time. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preliminary clinical measurement of the expression of B‐cell activating factor in Chinese systemic lupus erythematosus patients
Authors: Lin Zhou , Dan‐Rong Yang , Xiao‐Qing Tu , Hao Wang , Hong‐Lian Geng , Xian‐Tao Kong , Ren‐Qian Zhong , Jiyu Li 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIt has recently been found that excessive serum B‐cell activating factor (BAFF) production triggers severe autoimmune disorders in mice resembling systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Whether such dysregulation in circulating levels of BAFF results from overexpression of BAFF gene in clinical patients with SLE is still unclear. In this study, we investigated the relationship between the expression of BAFF and SLE. Here, circulating levels of BAFF were measured in 59 Chinese patients with SLE using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In addition, we have quantified the specific mRNA levels of BAFF in unstimulated peripheral‐blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs) using real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Serum samples of all SLE patients were also assayed for quantitative immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, IgM) and anti‐double‐stranded DNA (anti‐dsDNA) antibody levels, and compared with samples from 40 healthy control subjects. Serum BAFF levels in all SLE patients were significantly elevated (P<0.001) and correlated with the levels of IgG and the titers of anti‐dsDNA antibody (r=0.442, r=0.85, P<0.00). More importantly, 66% (39/59) of these SLE patients had significantly higher levels of blood BAFF mRNA, closely paralleling with serum BAFF levels (r=0.652, P<0.001). Dysregulation of BAFF is relatively common in Chinese patients with SLE. Excessive serum BAFF production may result from overexpression of the BAFF gene. BAFF also plays an important role in activating specific autoreactive B cells and modulating the production of autoantibodies. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 21:183–187, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Improved method to calculate the antibody avidity index
Authors: Perciani C.T. , Peixoto P.S. , Dias W.O. , Kubrusly F.S. , Tanizaki M.M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe methods currently used to determine the immunoglobulin avidity index (AI) require the choice of a reference point in the ELISA titration curve. Since both curves, with and without denaturating reagents, seldom run in parallel, the AI value becomes highly dependent on this reference. The new method for AI calculation presented here takes into account the whole data of the ELISA titration curve in which the final numerical AI is the average of each point. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 21:201–206, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High‐molecular intestinal alkaline phosphatase in chronic liver diseases
Authors: Ooi Kinue , Shiraki Katsuya , Morishita Yoshitaka , Nobori Tsutomu 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe presence of high‐molecular intestinal alkaline phosphatase (HIALP) different from bone ALP detected in the α2β region was recently clarified. In this study we used a novel method in which HIALP was detected after conversion to ALP5 by protease to investigate the clinical significance of the appearance of HIALP in patients with chronic liver disease. The subjects were 241 patients with chronic liver disease. When a decrease in ALP3 in the α2β region and an increase in ALP5 in the β region were noted, the patient was judged HIALP‐positive. In the patients with chronic liver disease, the total ALP activity (T‐ALP) increased with progression of the pathology in the order of chronic hepatitis (CH), liver cirrhosis (LC), and hepatocellularcarcinoma (HCC). HIALP appeared in 22.4% and 49.3% of patients with CH and LC, respectively, but the positivity rate decreased to 30.4% in HCC. As autoimmune liver diseases, primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) were investigated. T‐ALP was lower in PBC+AIH than in LC and HCC, but the HIALP‐positive rate was high (44.4%). The HIALP‐positive rate was dependent on ABO blood groups, and was high in blood groups B and O. In conclusion, the HIALP‐positive rate was particularly high in patients with chronic liver disease, and was related to the pathological progression, which suggests that the method is clinically useful. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 21:133–139, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.