bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Benjamin Bourdon (1860-1943) : fondateur du laboratoire de psychologie et de linguistique expérimentales à l'Université de Rennes (1896)
Authors: Nicolas Serge 
Published: November 2007

Summary: Benjamin Bourdon (1860-1943) : Founder of the Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Linguistics at the University of Rennes (1896).
This is a commemorative paper (1896-1996) for the celebration of the centenary of the creation of the Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Linguistics by Benjamin Bourdon (1860-1943). This laboratory was the first one to be created by afrench university (Rennes). After a grant obtained at the «agrégation» of philosophy in 1886, Bourdon decided to visit German universities. Introduced by a letter from Ribot, he was received by Wundt at Leipzig and observed to the experiments which were taking place in the laboratory. On his return to France, he prepared his PhD and as a « chargé de cours» inaugurated for the first time a course in experimental psychology at a provincial University (1891). A few years later he established his laboratory (1896) when he was appointed professor of philosophy.
Key words : Benjamin Bourdon, Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Linguistics ofthe University of Rennes, history of psychology.
Pour un code de conduite des chercheurs dans les sciences du comportement humain
Authors: Caverni Jean-Paul 
Published: November 2007

Summary: Towards a code of ethics for researchers in the behavioral
The term «ethics», usually associated with Philosophy, has henceforth fallen into common use: it refers to principles and constraints that are required in any human activity with the goal of protecting life and respecting the person. Behavioral sciences and experimental psychology, among others, are concerned with Ethics.
In most countries with standardized scientific practices, ethical concerns in behavioral research have been endorsed by scientists and research institutions. Codes of to-be-followed behaviors have been proposed, as well as to-be-consulted authorities. Nothing like this has taken place in France. No code regarding the specific behavioral research has yet been proposed. There are no ethic commitees in universities. Ethical questions have been the responsability of legislators, notably with the law of person protection in biomedical research.
After examining the law concerning behavioral research (and subsequent problems) and those from codes of the American Psychological Association (APA) and the British Psychological Society (BPS), the author proposes a code for scientists' behaviors in human behavioral sciences and how to put it into practice. The challenge is great. For scientists, it concerns the right to be responsible. For research participants, it concerns the respective share between the right of selfishness on one hand and the duty of solidarity on the other hand.
Key words : code of conduct, ethics, behavioral sciences.
La conscience syntaxique chez les préadolescents : question de méthodes
Authors: Gaux Christine , Gombert Jean Émile 
Published: November 2007

Summary : Syntactic awareness in preadolescents : Methodological issues.
Paradigms used to test syntactic awareness are not without controversy. Some disagreements remain about the nature of syntactic knowledge tested and the level of control that they require. In the present study, participants were presented a task designed in such a way that an intentional analysis needed to be completed. Participants had to reproduce in a correct sentence, a morphemic or syntactic agrammaticality presented in another sentencial context. This replication task was compared with other tasks generally used in syntactic awareness assesment. Thus, seven syntactic tasks were proposed to 83 6th grade pre-adolescents : repetition, judgment, correction, location and 3 versions of replication. Analyses of variance, component analyses and fixed order regression controlling influence of IQ and memory span, indicated that replication tasks behaved differently from other tasks. These data provide strong support for the interest of replication tasks.
Key words : psycholinguistics, syntactic awareness, morphemic and syntactic agrammaticalities, preadolescent.
Mode de présentation et organisation de l'information dans l'acquisition de connaissances spatiales
Authors: Blanc Nathalie , Tapiero Isabelle 
Published: November 2007

Résumé
Le but de cette recherche est d'étudier quelles sont les conditions de présentation des informations (mode et organisation) qui permettent la construction de représentations spatiales. La comparaison de la représentation spatiale d'une île construite à partir d'un texte descriptif avec celle construite à partir de la perception visuelle de l'emplacement des éléments géographiques de cette île indique que la qualité du modèle spatial construit dépend du mode de présentation des informations. Nos résultats indiquent également que les effets de l'organisation de la présentation des informations (linéaire versus non linéaire) dépendent du mode de présentation de ces informations.
Mots-clés : modèle de situation spatial, représentations spatiales, organisation des informations, mode de présentation des informations.
L'introduction de l'enseignement de la psychologie scientifique en France : Théodule Ribot (1839-1916) à la Sorbonne (1885)
Authors: Nicolas S. 
Published: November 2007

Summary : The introduction of scientificpsychology in France : Théodule Ribot (1839-1916) at the Sorbonne (1885).
The present paper was written with two aims in mind : (1) to explore the context of the introduction of psychology in the French University System, and (2) to present thefirst course of experimental psychology by Th. Ribot at the Sorbonne on December 7, 1885. The Sorbonne was the first french University that recognized this new science founded in Germany by Fechner and Wundt. In France this recognition was relatively late due to the negative influence of spiritualist philosophy. The introduction of psychology was due to political, institutional, and intellectual contexts. First, the political and philosophical contexts of the time are presented. Second, the discussions at the Sorbonne concerning the foundation of the first course of experimental psychology are exposed. Finally, the whole first course of psychology, which presents a great interest for history of French psychology, is presented before concluding on the circumstances of the end of this course in February 1888.
Key words : Ribot, history of psychology, Sorbonne.
Le rôle du genre grammatical au cours de la reconnaissance de noms
Authors: Andriamamonjy P. 
Published: November 2007

Summary : The role of grammatical gender during word recognition
This article concerns the role of grammatical gender during noun recognition. It starts with a description of French grammatical gender. This description shows that there is no rule of general application that accounts for the noun repartition in masculine and feminine categories. However, the nominal categorization system reveals formal regularities related to the distribution of noun endings in the two categories of gender. For example, the ending « -at » mostly appears in masculine nouns. Thus, the probabilily for a noun ending in « -at » to be masculine is higher than its probability to be feminine. Several studies have shown that French speakers have an implicit knowledge of these regularities and exploit thern in order to categorize a noun or a pseudo-word.
The absence of categorization rules suggests that grammatical gender information is associaled to each noun in the mental lexicon and the presence of exploited regularities suggests that gender information might be retrieved without access to the noun representation. There is no representational model that postulates a double way to retrieve gender information. However, it is precisely the hypothesis of a double way that allows for an influence of grammatical gender during the recognition of isolated nouns. Recent data are compatible with this hypothesis. Finally, the article provides a review of experimental data concerning the role of grammatical gender on word recognition by investigating the influence of gender information provided by the context in which a noun appears. Research reveals an influence of grammatical context, although the interpretation ofthis influence remains controversial.
Key words : grammatical gender, word recognition.
Aller au-delà des tests de signification traditionnels : vers de nouvelles normes de publication
Authors: Lecoutre Bruno , Poitevineau Jacques 
Published: November 2007

Résumé
II y a de bonnes raisons de penser que le rôle des tests de signification usuels dans la recherche en psychologie sera considérablement réduit dans un proche avenir. Les résultats des analyses statistiques traditionnelles devraient être systématiquement complétés ( « au-delà des seuls seuils observés p » ) pour inclure systématiquement la présentation d'indicateurs de la grandeur des effets et leurs estimations par intervalles. Ces procédures pourraient rapidement devenir de nouvelles normes de publication. Dans cet article, nous passons d'abord en revue les principaux abus des tests de signification et les solutions de rechange proposées. Parmi celles-ci, des méthodes d'intervalle de confiance (fréquentistes) et des méthodes d'intervalles de crédibilité (fiducio-bayésiens) permettent d'estimer l'importance réelle des effets, et en particulier d'apprécier leur caractère négligeable ou notable. À partir d'un exemple numérique, nous illustrons ces méthodes pour l'analyse de contrastes entre moyennes dans un plan d'expérience complexe, en considérant à la fois les effets bruts et les effets relatifs (calibrés). Nous discutons les similitudes et les différences des approches fréquentistes et bayésiennes, leur interprétation correcte et leur utilisation pratique.
Mots-clés : grandeur de l'effet, effets bruts et relatifs, inférence statistique, tests de signification, intervalles de confiance, méthodes bayésiennes.
Privation de contrôle et traitement de l'information : critique de l'approche de la motivation pour le contrôle et propositions alternatives
Authors: Ric François 
Published: November 2007

Summary : Control deprivation and information processing : A critical evaluation of the control motivation hypothesis and propositions for alternative interpretations.
Control motivation theory is considered as the dominant explanation for the effects of control deprivation on subsequent social information processing. According to this position, control deprivation heightens a fundamental motivation to restore control that results in a more careful processing of incoming information. In this article, a critical analysis of this position is presented. It is argued that the available experimental data do not clearly support control motivation theory. Moreover, this position cannotfully explain some results found in this research area. Four alternative explanations based on the reactance-learned helplessness integration are proposed. According to these theoretical proposais, the effects of control deprivation on subsequent information processing vary depending on the amount of control deprivation experienced and on the difficulty ofthe task. It is argued that these propositions are consistent both with the results found in control deprivation research and with findings in other areas (such as social power and depressives' social perception) in which control deprivation is hypothesized to be an important factor.
Key words : control deprivation, information processing, control motivation.
L'interprétation des discordances compétence-performance dans le développement cognitif. L'exemple de la quantification de l'inclusion
Authors: Perret Patrick 
Published: November 2007

Summary : Competence-performance discrepancies in cognitive development. The case of class-inclusion reasoning
This paper explores, through the example of the class inclusion literature, the major hypotheses that have been proposed to account for competence-performance discrepancies in the course of cognitive development. It is shown that these hypotheses focused successively on each ofthe three parameters stated by Flavell and Wohlwill's initial model. A first set of empirical studies has established that performance varies as a function of task-related variables. A second set, making use of tasks with more complex logical demands, accounts for performance variability by a lack of logical competence that is supposed to emerge at adolescence. From a third perspective, competence is available early and discrepancies resuit from the inefficient inhibition of competing knowledge structures. After a discussion of the theoretical difficulties met by these alternative explanatory frameworks, we suggest that a « knowledge-levels » approach is necessary to coordinate the various hypotheses.
Key words : cognitive development, competence-performance, inhibition, knowledge-levels, class inclusion.
Psychologie de la connaissance des objets. Catégories et propriétés, tâches et domaines d'investigation
Authors: Tijus Charles-Albert , Cordier Françoise 
Published: November 2007

Résumé
La « catégorie » est une entité cognitive à laquelle correspondent des mécanismes, des processus, des opérations et des actions dénommés sous le terme générique de « catégorisation ». Tous les domaines de recherche de la psychologie utilisent ce concept et des moyens d'investigation associés. L'objectif de cet article est de présenter une revue critique des diverses utilisations de ce concept dans les différentes disciplines de la psychologie, ainsi que les tâches expérimentales qui servent à étudier ce concept pour aboutir à une description comparative aussi complète que possible de ce qui apparaît être un des concepts fondamentaux de la psychologie.
Mots-clés : catégorie, tâches de catégorisation, taxonomie, domaines de la psychologie.
Normes de production catégorielle pour 38 catégories sémantiques : étude sur des sujets jeunes et âgés
Authors: Marchal André , Nicolas Serge 
Published: November 2007

Résumé
Cet article propose un recueil de normes de production catégorielle en français recueillies chez 85 sujets jeunes et 85 sujets âgés pour 38 catégories sémantiques. Ces normes seront utiles aux chercheurs dans le domaine de l'étude de la mémoire, du vieillissement et du langage. La première partie présente, par ordre décroissant, le nombre et le pourcentage de production de chaque item en référence à une catégorie donnée, tandis que la seconde partie présente le nombre de production en première position de chaque item en référence à une catégorie.
Mots-clés : normes de production catégorielle, sujets jeunes et âgés.
Contribution de la conscience phonologique et de la mémoire de travail aux difficultés en lecture : étude auprès d'enfants dyslexiques et apprentis lecteurs
Authors: Demont Elisabeth , Botzung A. 
Published: November 2007

Résumé
Une étude longitudinale sur deux ans est réalisée afin d'étudier la contribution de la conscience phonologique et des deux composants de la mémoire de travail (boucle articulatoire et processeur central) aux performances en lecture d'enfants dyslexiques appariés lors de la première évaluation sur l'âge lexique à des enfants apprentis-lecteurs. L'étude a un double objectif. Le premier est de déterminer l'efficience des enfants dans le traitement des composants phonologiques et leur mémoire de travail et d'étudier le développement des mécanismes impliqués dans l'apprentissage de la lecture et ses difficultés. Le deuxième objectif concerne la manière dont les habiletés de traitement des composants phonologiques et la mémoire de travail sont reliées à l'efficience ultérieure en lecture. Il s'agit plus particulièrement de déterminer si elles contribuent de manière spécifique à la variance dans les performances en lecture. De façon générale, les enfants dyslexiques témoignent de difficultés importantes et persistantes avec la représentation explicite de l'information phonologique et de manière corollaire avec les habiletés en identification de mots. Nos résultats s'avèrent ainsi consistants avec l'hypothèse d'un déficit spécifique dans le développement des habiletés phonologiques chez les enfants dyslexiques. Ainsi, un déficit général dans le traitement phonologique est à la base des difficultés en lecture des dyslexiques. Par ailleurs, les analyses de régression à ordre fixé ont montré que la conscience phonologique est le meilleur prédicteur des habiletés ultérieures en identification de mots et la mémoire de travail le meilleur prédicteur des habiletés en compréhension.
Mots-clés : dyslexie développementale, lecture, conscience phonologique, mémoire de travail, boucle articulatoire, processeur central.
Normes d'âge d'acquisition pour 400 mots monosyllabiques
Authors: Ferrand Ludovic , Grainger Jonathan , New Boris 
Published: November 2007

Summary : Age-of-acquisition norms for 400 monosyllabic French words.
This paper presents a database of age of acquisition norms developed for experimental research in psycholinguistics. It contains age-of-acquisition norms for 400 words in the French language, collected from a group of 40 French speakers. These norms are freely accessible on the Web al the following address : http://www.lexique.org/
Key words : age of acquisition, printed frequency.
L'approche écologique de la cognition sociale et son impact sur la conception des traits de personnalité
Authors: Leonova Tamara 
Published: November 2007

Summary : The ecological approach to social cognition and its impact on the conception of personality traits
During the eighties and nineties, researchers in cognitive, developmental and social psychology became increasingly interested in the ecological approach to visual perception proposed by James J. Gibson (1950, 1966, 1979). This approach is founded on the concepts of direct perception and affordances. The goal of this paper is to justify, from a theoretical point of view, the extension of the affordance concept to the field of cognition, especially social cognition. In the first part, we set out the broad outlines of the ecological approach to perception, its origins and basic concepts, as well as some theoretical and empirical studies based upon this approach in developmental psychology. The second part deals with the extension ofthe ecological approach to social cognition. First, we state four principles ofthe ecological approach to social perception as formulated by Mc Arthur and Baron (1983), and then review the empirical research conducted by defenders of the ecological position. Finally, we present arguments infavour of the extension of the affordance concept to the field of cognition. The concluding sections are devoted to the conception of personality traits as affordances and the summary of empirical evidence supporting this view. The implications of an ecological conception of personality traits are discussed.
Key words : perception, social cognition, affordances, personality traits.
La confiance dans les décisions collectives : une question de garanties
Authors: Augustinova Maria , Drozda-Senkowska Ewa , Lasticova Barbara 
Published: November 2007

Summary : Confidence in collective decisions
Past research suggests that a consensual decision made by a heterogeneous group is perceived as more credible than a consensual decision made by a homogeneous group. In this paper we focus on the origine of this heuristic of heterogeneity and on limits of its use.
We suggest that the credibility of a collective decision is not only a function of information about group composition (heterogeneous vs. homogeneous) but also depends on other information, namely information about the group decision-making process, whether it is available or inferred. Results of three studies are consistent with this hypothesis : the effect of information about group composition on credibility ratings is moderated by the information about its decisional consistency (Study 2) and about the efficiency of information sharing during a group discussion (Study 3). Credibility ratings are only a function ofthe heterogeneity heuristic when no explicit information about group decision-making process is given to individuals judging the credibility of collective decision (Study 1).
Key words : group heterogeneity, credibility, consensus, social verification.
Désirabilité et utilité sociale de 308 adjectifs de personnalité et 297 professions
Authors: Le Barbenchon Emmanuelle , Cambon L. , Lavigne Frédéric 
Published: November 2007

Résumé
139 étudiants ont évalué la désirabilité et l'utilité sociale de 308 adjectifs de personnalité et de 297 professions. Les évaluations moyennes et les écart types sont donnés pour chaque item et pour chaque type d'évaluation (désirabilité et utilité sociale). Pour chaque item un t de Student a été calculé entre les deux évaluations. Les corrélations entre ces évaluations et trois autres normes de désirabilité (en anglais et en français) varient entre .87 et .96.
Mots clés : désirabilité, utilité sociale, adjectifs, professions.
Renan à la recherche d'un Surdieu
Authors: Séginger Gisèle 
Published: November 2007

In a century's attempt to safe a spiritual dimension, in a time of prevailing religios criticism, Renan's itinerary is exemplary. He made a strange bet consisting in the conciliation of rationalism and idealism while denying them one after the other at the same time. He pretends having a continying dialogue with tod out of the boundaries of religion. He gives multiple synonymous names to god ans multiplies thoughts references, going on endessly from on the another as if the only form possible of heroism were doubt, as if it were also the only acte of authentic faith to address to a « super-God » one cannot name.
From our point of view we will see in this fragmentation and uncertainty of this way of thinking not only the search of a parodoxical ethic of truth which renders doubt its supreme value but also the fractures of an exemplary reflexion which is emerging in the research of its time, a research which plays with its ambiguities and its contradictions in its own elaboration.
Microwave‐Induced Controlled Purification of Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes without Sidewall Functionalization
Authors: Chen Y. , Iqbal Z. , Mitra S. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA microwave‐induced controlled method for the purification of single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) by removing residual metal catalysts and carbonaceous impurities is reported. Compared to conventional strong acid treatment, this one‐step method uses dilute acids and complexing agents and reduces the reaction times to the order of minutes. Furthermore, the SWCNTs retain their chemical and physical properties and are not functionalized. Electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and atomic absorption (AA) spectrometry studies were used to characterize the purified SWCNTs.