bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of chronic drinking on verb generation: an event related potential study
Authors: Bijl Suzanne , de Bruin Eveline A. , Böcker Koen E. , Kenemans J. Leon , Verbaten Marinus N. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn alcohol dependent individuals, abnormalities in brain functioning have been revealed using event‐related potential (ERP) methods. In the present study, we investigated whether in non‐alcohol dependent drinkers functioning of the brain is also compromised as a function of recent and lifetime drinking history (LDH).An ERP verb generation task consisting of two conditions (generating verbs describing the use of visually presented nouns versus reading nouns aloud) was used; subtracting ERPs in the latter condition from those in the former should reveal the sequence of brain processes involved in verb generation. Four groups were included, consisting of individuals drinking either lightly, moderately, heavily, or excessively (overall mean age 46.6 years). Participants were sober at the time of testing. Although the excessive group had the highest per cent retrieval errors, there was no continuous relationship between this score and amount of alcohol consumption. However, number of glasses per week affected differential ERPs associated with verb generation both at short (120–220 ms, mid‐frontal sites) and at longer latencies (from 700 ms on),left‐temporal and right‐frontal electrode sites (T7, F6).It is concluded that moderate, heavy, and excessive drinkers, compared to light drinkers, show abnormal brain potentials associated with verb generation over frontal and temporal areas. Moderate to excessive drinking alters some but not all brain processes involved in verb generation. In particular the frontal and temporal brain areas appear to be vulnerable for the effects of chronic lifetime drinking. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The historical origins of US exchange market intervention policy
Authors: Bordo Michael D. , Humpage Owen , Schwartz Anna J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis paper examines the historical precedents of US exchange market intervention. Before 1934 we describe operations by the Second Bank of the United States, the US Treasury and the Federal Reserve. We then examine the operations of the Exchange Stabilization Fund, created in 1934 as a Treasury Department agency. Our study, based on unique, unpublished sources, analyses ESF dealings with the Banque de France and the Bank of England before and after the Tripartite Agreement of 1936. Finally, using unique data we discuss US efforts from 1961 through 1972 to defend the dollar's parity under the Bretton Woods System. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inductive effects in radicals calculated from DFT energies; substituted bicyclo[2.2.2]octan‐1‐yloxy radicals
Authors: Böhm Stanislav , Exner Otto 
Published: April 2007

AbstractEnergies of a series of 4‐substituted 1‐oxybicyclo[2.2.2]octan‐1‐yloxy radicals with 18 various substituents were calculated within the framework of the DFT theory at the levels UB3LYP/6‐311+G(d,p)//UB3LYP/6‐311+G(d,p) and UB3LYP/6‐311++G(2df,p)//UB3LYP/6‐311+G(d,p) and compared with similar series of the parent alcohols, their deprotonated and protonated forms calculated at the levels B3LYP/6‐311+G(d,p)//B3LYP/6‐311+G(d,p) and B3LYP/6‐311++G(2df,p)//B3LYP/6‐311+G(d,p). The two levels are of the same performance and both are sufficient for molecules of this type according to comparison with scarce experimental gas‐phase acidities and basicities. The substituent effects were analyzed in terms of isodesmic equations. In addition to strong dependence on the substituent inductive effect, a slight dependence on the electronegativity of the first atom of the substituent was proven in certain cases. In all aspects, there is no qualitative difference between the effects on radicals and on similar closed shell species. Radicals behave as slightly electron deficient; the substituent effect is weaker than that on the ions but stronger than on neutral molecules. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2007.
Computational chemistry development of a unified free energy Markov model for the distribution of 1300 chemicals to 38 different environmental or biological systems
Authors: Cruz‐Monteagudo Maykel , González‐Díaz Humberto , Agüero‐Chapín Guillermín , Santana Lourdes , Borges Fernanda , Domínguez Elena Rosa , Podda Gianni , Uriarte Eugenio 
Published: April 2007

AbstractPredicting tissue and environmental distribution of chemicals is of major importance for environmental and life sciences. Most of the molecular descriptors used in computational prediction of chemicals partition behavior consider molecular structure but ignore the nature of the partition system. Consequently, computational models derived up‐to‐date are restricted to the specific system under study. Here, a free energy‐based descriptor (ΔGk) is introduced, which circumvent this problem. Based on ΔGk, we developed for the first time a single linear classification model to predict the partition behavior of a broad number of structurally diverse drugs and other chemicals (1300) for 38 different partition systems of biological and environmental significance. The model presented training/predicting set accuracies of 91.79/88.92%. Parametrical assumptions were checked. Desirability analysis was used to explore the levels of the predictors that produce the most desirable partition properties. Finally, inversion of the partition direction for each one of the 38 partition systems evidences that our models correctly classified 89.08% of compounds with an uncertainty of only ±0.17% independently of the direction of the partition process used to seek the model. Other 10 different classification models (linear, neural networks, and genetic algorithms) were also tested for the same purposes. None of these computational models favorably compare with respect to the linear model indicating that our approach capture the main aspects that govern chemicals partition in different systems. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2007
The administration of naked plasmid DNA into the liver induces antitumor innate immunity in a murine liver metastasis model
Authors: Yonenaga Yoshikuni , Mori Akira , Fujimoto Akihisa , Nagayama Satoshi , Tachibana Tsuyoshi , Onodera Hisashi , Uemoto Shinji 
Published: April 2007

AbstractBackgroundGene therapy is a promising strategy against advanced cancer; however, the safety of viral vectors and the effectiveness of non‐viral vectors have not yet been established. Recently, a hydrodynamics‐based procedure was reported to be an effective and safe method to deliver and transduce DNA into the liver. Herein, we propose a strategy for liver metastasis by a hydrodynamics‐based procedure to deliver naked non‐coding plasmid DNA (pDNA) into the liver as an immunocompetent organ.Methods and resultsMice received a rapid intravenous (i.v.) injection of naked pDNA in a large volume of saline (0.1 ml/g body weight). The single administration of a naked non‐coding pDNA by the hydrodynamics‐based procedure before tumor cell inoculation strongly suppressed liver metastasis formation. However, the usual i.v. injection (200 µl/body) of the same dose of naked pDNA could not suppress liver metastasis formation. Following the methylation of CpG sequences within the pDNA using CpG methylase, injection of the methylated pDNA by the hydrodynamics‐based procedure could not suppress liver metastasis formation. Gadolinium chloride pretreatment did not interfere with this antitumor effect, but anti‐asialo GM1 antiserum treatment did. These findings indicated that natural killer (NK) cells, not Kupffer cells, were involved in this antitumor effect. The NK cytotoxic activities of liver mononuclear cells were strongly enhanced after receiving a naked pDNA by the hydrodynamics‐based procedure.ConclusionsThese observations suggest that unmethylated CpG motifs in pDNA stimulated immune cells, resulting in the activation of NK cells in the liver to suppress liver metastases in a murine model. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cause‐related marketing: a new perspective on achieving campaign objectives amongst fast moving consumer goods
Authors: Royd‐Taylor Lyvia 
Published: April 2007

Abstract

In recent years the UK has seen a proliferation of cause‐related marketing (CRM) campaigns amongst fast moving consumer goods (FMCGs). These campaigns present a mine‐field of choices facing brand managers, the most critical being which campaign design will meet the required objectives. This paper presents two alternative approaches to CRM, namely the persuasion and salience approaches, by which campaign objectives may be achieved.

The persuasion approach is characterized by the use of CRM as a sales promotion tool to build brand share and win consumers. The salience approach, however, seeks to utilize CRM in order to defend brand share by increasing brand meaning amongst existing consumers and encouraging brand trial amongst non‐users.

The paper explores both approaches to CRM throughout the campaign planning process and concludes that the salience route should be favoured over the persuasion alternative which threatens to undermine what is a potentially powerful tool for FMCG brand managers.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Beyond administration: redefining the challenge of regulatory change
Authors: Hackman Katarina 
Published: April 2007

Abstract

The corporate and financial sectors are facing increasing regulation, however, many of the reforms to date have been criticized for being only partially successful.

This paper examines the approach used for the introduction of Financial Services Reform (FSR) for general insurers in Australia, which has received significant criticism.

It was found that the approach adopted by the regulator for implementation of FSR was largely administrative, with a focus on technical definitions and compliance by companies. However, the recognition of the diversity of stakeholders and the complexity of change involved in implementing FSR effectively was lacking.

Based on this research, it is argued that while efficient administration is necessary it is not sufficient for effective implementation of new regulations.

Change initiatives are also required for all stakeholders reinforced by appropriate incentives for regulators and companies, with measurable and relevant benefits for customers and the community.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation and characterization of high‐quality rice bran proteins
Authors: Adebiyi Abayomi P , Adebiyi Ayobamitale O , Ogawa Tomohisa , Muramoto Koji 
Published: April 2007

AbstractRice bran contains 120–200 g kg−1 protein in addition to a large amount of fat, carbohydrate, and phytic acid. Rice bran protein (RBP) fractions were refined by a two‐step preparation to eliminate residual carbohydrate. The first step involved the sequential extraction of defatted rice bran into RBP fractions using their distinct solubility to give 37 g kg−1 of albumin, 31 g kg−1 of globulin, 27 g kg−1 of glutelin, and 2 g kg−1 of prolamin. In the second step, carried out by dissolving in respective solvent and isoelectric precipitation, the protein content of each fraction increased from 69% to 97% for albumin, from 71% to 90% for globulin, from 74% to 83% for glutelin, and from 18% to 20% for prolamin. The low protein content in the prolamin fraction might be due to its low solubility in the protein assay. Emulsifying stability index and surface hydrophobicity increased in the second‐step preparation of albumin and globulin, but not of glutelin. Emulsifying properties of RBPs were lower than that of a soybean protein isolate. Denaturation temperatures and enthalpy values of denaturation for albumin, globulin, glutelin, and prolamin were 50.1 °C/1.2 J g−1, 79.0 °C/1.8 J g−1, 74.5 °C/3.0 J g−1, and 78.5 °C/8.1 J g−1, respectively. No significant differences in the denaturation temperatures and enthalpy values of denaturation of RBP fractions were obtained with these two‐step preparations (P < 0.05). Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Hydrogen peroxide concentration measured in cultivation substrates during growth and fruiting of the mushrooms Agaricus bisporus and Pleurotus spp.
Authors: Savoie Jean‐Michel , Salmones Dulce , Mata Gerardo 
Published: April 2007

AbstractHydrogen peroxide is suspected of being highly implicated in mushroom nutrition and in substrate bleaching during cultivation. The parameters for measuring H2O2 in compost samples were examined and the methodology was applied to samples from both compost colonized by cultivars and wild isolates of Agaricus bisporus, and wheat straw or coffee pulp colonized by Pleurotus spp. Laccase and peroxidase activities were also measured. H2O2 concentration measured after heating at 80 °C for inactivating laccases and peroxidases was probably both H2O2 pre‐existing in the compost and H2O2 generated from quinones and active oxygen species. This potential H2O2 concentration increased during the vegetative growth for all the strains, in agreement with a direct relationship between H2O2 concentration and active biomass of A. bisporus or Pleurotus spp. in their cultivation substrates. Correlations were observed between H2O2 concentration and manganese peroxidase activity in cultivation substrates at the stage of primordia formation. At this stage of development, H2O2 generation via biotic or abiotic mechanisms should be an important physiological trait of mushrooms. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of treatment with α‐galactosidase, tannase or a cell‐wall‐degrading enzyme complex on the nutritive utilisation of protein and carbohydrates from pea (Pisum sativum L.) flour
Authors: Urbano Gloria , López‐Jurado María , Porres Jesús M , Frejnagel Sławomir , Gómez‐Villalva Elena , Frías Juana , Vidal‐Valverde Concepción , Aranda Pilar 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe effect of treatment with α‐galactosidase, tannase or a cell‐wall‐degrading enzyme complex under optimal conditions of pH, temperature and length of incubation time on the chemical composition and nutritive utilisation of protein and carbohydrates from pea (Pisum sativum L.) flour was studied. Soaking of pea flours in combination with enzyme treatment led to reductions of 77–90% in the levels of α‐galactosides, and of 60–80% in the levels of trypsin inhibitor activity, increasing the content of total available sugars, which was highest in the pea flour treated with the cell‐wall‐degrading enzyme complex. All the treatments assayed caused a significant improvement in daily food intake, whereas the nutritive utilisation of protein was not increased in any of the pea products tested when compared to the raw pea flour. However, all the soaking and enzymatic treatments led to a significant improvement in daily weight gain associated with a higher dietary intake of food and total available sugars. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
On the homogenization of some linear problems in domains weakly connected by a system of traps
Authors: Amaziane B. , Pankratov L. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe aim of the paper is to study the asymptotic behaviour of solutions of second‐order elliptic and parabolic equations, arising in modelling of flow in cavernous porous media, in a domain Ωε weakly connected by a system of traps 𝒫ε, where ε is the parameter that characterizes the scale of the microstructure. Namely, we consider a strongly perforated domain Ωε ⊂Ω a bounded open set of ℝ3 such that Ωε =Ω1ε ∪Ω2ε ∪𝒫ε ∪ Wε, where Ω1ε, Ω2ε are
non‐intersecting subdomains strongly connected with respect to Ω, 𝒫ε is a system of traps and meas Wε → 0 as ε → 0. Without any periodicity assumption, for a large range of perforated media and by means of variational homogenization, we find the homogenized models. The effective coefficients are described in terms of local energy characteristics of the domain Ωε associated with the problem under consideration. The resulting homogenized problem in the parabolic case is a vector model with memory terms. An example is presented to illustrate the methodology. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spherical harmonics in a non‐polar co‐ordinate system and application to Fourier series in 2‐sphere
Authors: Nasir H. M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA new non‐polar spherical co‐ordinate system for the three‐dimensional space is introduced. The co‐ordinate system is composed of six local co‐ordinate systems mapped from six faces of a cube on to the 2‐sphere. Weakly orthogonal and orthogonal spherical harmonics are constructed in this co‐ordinate system. The spherical harmonics are easily computable functions consisting of polynomials and square root of polynomials. Examples of finite Fourier series computations are given in terms of the new spherical harmonics to demonstrate their immediate applicability. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Accuracy of repetitive nerve stimulation for diagnosis of the cramp–fasciculation syndrome
Authors: Harrison Taylor B. , Benatar Michael 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe goal of this retrospective cohort study was to test the hypothesis that the cramp–fasciculation syndrome (CFS) represents a disorder of peripheral nerve hyperexcitability and to evaluate the accuracy of repetitive nerve stimulation (RNS) for its diagnosis. A consecutive series of 108 patients were evaluated with posterior tibial RNS at 1, 2, and 5 HZ. Abnormal peripheral nerve excitability was defined by the presence of afterdischarges, cramp potentials, or continuous motor unit activity. RNS demonstrated abnormal nerve hyperexcitability in 29 of 36 subjects (81%) with CFS, defined operationally by the presence of both muscle cramps and fasciculations. Based on receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, tibial RNS correctly classified the presence or absence of CFS in 75% of subjects. These results suggest that CFS represents a form of peripheral nerve hyperexcitability and, furthermore, that RNS is a clinically useful test for CFS. Muscle Nerve, 2007
Modelling of paste flows subject to liquid phase migration
Authors: Patel M. J. , Blackburn S. , Wilson D. I. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractParticulate pastes undergoing extrusion can exhibit differential velocities between the solid and liquid phases, termed liquid phase migration (LPM). This is observed experimentally but understanding and predictive capacity for paste and extruder design is limited. Most models for LPM feature one‐dimensional analyses. Here, a two‐dimensional finite element model based on soil mechanics approaches (modified Cam‐Clay) was developed where the liquid and the solids skeleton are treated separately. Adaptive remeshing routines were developed to overcome the significant mesh distortion arising from the large strains inherent in extrusion.Material data to evaluate the model's behaviour were taken from the literature. The predictive capacity of the model is evaluated for different ram velocities and die entry angles (smooth walls). Results are compared with experimental findings in the literature and good qualitative agreement is found.Key results are plots of pressure contributions and extrudate liquid fraction against ram displacement, and maps of permeability, liquid velocity and voids ratio. Pore liquid pressure always dominates extrusion pressure.The relationship between extrusion geometry, ram speed and LPM is complex. Overall, for a given geometry, higher ram speeds give less migration. Pastes flowing into conical entry dies give different voids ratio distributions and do not feature static zones. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A hybrid element formulation for the three‐dimensional penalty finite element analysis of incompressible fluids
Authors: Jog C. S. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis work presents a hybrid element formulation for the three‐dimensional penalty finite element analysis of incompressible Newtonian fluids. The formulation is based on a mixed variational statement in which velocity and stresses are treated as independent field variables. The main advantage of this formulation is that it bypasses the use of ad hoc techniques such as selective reduced integration that are commonly used in penalty‐based finite element formulations, and directly yields high accuracy for the velocity and stress fields without the need to carry out smoothing. In addition, since the stress degrees of freedom are condensed out at an element level, the cost of solving for the global degrees of freedom is the same as in a standard penalty finite element method, although the gain in accuracy for both the velocity and stress (including the pressure) fields is quite significant. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Late cardiac effects of anthracycline containing therapy for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Rathe Mathias , Carlsen Niels L.T. , Oxhøj Henrik 
Published: April 2007

AbstractBackgroundAt present about 80% of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) will be cured following treatment with multi‐drug chemotherapy. A major concern for this growing number of survivors is the risk of late effects of treatment. The aim of this study was to determine whether signs of cardiomyopathy were present in patients treated in childhood with cumulative anthracycline doses of less than 300 mg/m2.ProcedureEvaluation of cardiac function in a cohort of 63 long‐term survivors in first continuous remission following treatment of ALL with multi‐drug chemotherapy including anthracyclines was performed using standard M‐mode echocardiography and tissue doppler imaging (TDI). Associations between age at diagnosis, cumulative dose of anthracycline, sex, length of follow‐up, and deviations from normal values in M‐mode echocardiograms were evaluated using univariate and multivariate regression analysis. TDI data were compared to normal values using Wilcoxon matched‐pairs signed‐ranks test.ResultsBy standard M‐mode echocardiography the most significant findings were diastolic dilation of the left ventricle, thinner interventricular septum (IVS), decreased left ventricular mass (LVM) in females, follow‐up dependent dilation of the left ventricle in systole and follow‐up dependent decrease in ejection fraction (EF). TDI abnormalities included signs of early diastolic dysfunction and myocardial hypertrophy, and were also found in structures that appeared normal by M‐mode echocardiography.ConclusionsThis study adds to the growing evidence that even low to moderate doses of anthracyclines might lead to progressive cardiac dysfunction. It is important that children treated with anthracyclines receive life long follow‐up for signs of cardiomyopathy. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007;48:663–667. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.