bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Chemical Studies on Plant Polyphenols and Formation of Black Tea Polyphenols
Authors: Tanaka Takashi 
Published: November 2008

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Self‐Healing Elastomer
Authors: Wietor Jean‐Luc , Sijbesma Rint P. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Toward Living Radical Polymerization
Authors: Moad Graeme , Rizzardo Ezio , Thang San H. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Reporting on community investment
Authors: Tsang Stephen , Welford Richard , Brown Michelle 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThis paper provides a better understanding of current practices of the reporting about community investment, performance and impact in terms of approach, type of information, reporting by sectors and geographical locations as well as how this relates to the Global Reporting Initiative guidelines. A total of 72 sustainability reports were selected for this analysis, 58 of which followed the most recent GRI Reporting Framework. Our findings suggest that companies find it very difficult to articulate their community engagement objectives. There is a great deal of emphasis on philanthropy and employee volunteering, the impact of which is rarely evaluated. Whilst companies report on inputs and performance, very few are able to report in a meaningful way on the outputs and impacts of their community investment. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
The in vitro genotoxic effects of a commercial formulation of α‐cypermethrin in human peripheral blood lymphocytes
Authors: Kocaman Ayşe Yavuz , Topaktaş Mehmet 
Published: November 2008

Abstractα‐Cypermethrin, a highly active pyrethroid insecticide, is effective against a wide range of insects encountered in agriculture and animal husbandry. The potential genotoxicity of a commercial formulation of α‐cypermethrin (Fastac 100 EC, containing 10% α‐cypermethrin as the active ingredient) on human peripheral lymphocytes was examined in vitro by sister chromatid exchange (SCE), chromosomal aberrations (CAs), and micronucleus (MN) tests. The human lymphocytes were treated with 5, 10, 15, and 20 μg/ml of α‐cypermethrin for 24‐ and 48‐hr. α‐Cypermethrin induced SCEs and CAs significantly at all concentrations and treatment times and MN formation was significantly induced at 5 and 10 μg/ml of α‐cypermethrin when compared with both the control and solvent control. Binuclear cells could not be detected sufficiently in the highest two concentration of α‐cypermethrin (15 and 20 μg/ml) for both the 24‐ and 48‐hr treatment times. α‐Cypermethrin decreased the proliferation index (PI) at three high concentrations (10, 15, and 20 μg/ml) for both treatment periods as compared with the control groups. In addition, α‐cypermethrin reduced both the mitotic index (MI) and nuclear division index (NDI) significantly at all concentrations for two treatment periods. The PI and MI were reduced by α‐cypermethrin in a concentration‐dependent manner during both treatment times. In general, α‐cypermethrin showed higher cytotoxic and cytostatic effects than positive control (MMC) at the two highest concentrations for the 24‐ and 48‐hr treatment periods. The present study is the first to report the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of commercial formulation of α‐cypermethrin in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An experimental study of fire development in deep enclosures and a new HRR–time–position model for a deep enclosure based on ventilation factor
Authors: Moinuddin Khalid A. M. , Thomas Ian R. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe behaviour of fire within a deep (high‐depth‐to‐height ratio) enclosure with various openings at one end has been studied experimentally. Sixteen fuel trays were placed within an 8.0m long × 2.0m wide × 0.6m high steel enclosure. The experiments confirmed previous smaller‐scale experiments, which showed that the fires in deep enclosures are strongly influenced by the ventilation and are not at all uniform throughout the depth of the enclosure. The severity of exposure of structural members is much more severe close to the ceiling near the front of the enclosure compared with the back of the enclosure. Based on the test data that can be found in this report, as well as other well‐known tests, a heat release rate–time–position model is proposed for fire development in deep enclosures. The same sets of test data are also used to evaluate other model predictions. Finally, a recommendation is made to choose a model based on the shape of the enclosure (i.e. deep, wide, square, etc.). Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Treatment with selective estrogen receptor modulators regulates myelin specific T‐cells and suppresses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Authors: Bebo Bruce F. , Dehghani Babak , Foster Scott , Kurniawan Astrid , Lopez Francisco J. , Sherman Larry S. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractSteroidal estrogens can regulate inflammatory immune responses and may be involved in the suppression of multiple sclerosis (MS) during pregnancy. However, the risks and side effects associated with steroidal estrogens may limit their usefulness for long‐term MS therapy. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) could provide an alternative therapeutic strategy, because they behave as estrogen agonists in some tissues, but are either inert or behave like estrogen antagonists in other tissues. In this study, we investigated the ability of two commercially available SERMs (tamoxifen and raloxifene) to regulate myelin specific immunity and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice. Both tamoxifen and raloxifene suppressed myelin antigen specific T‐cell proliferation. However, tamoxifen was more effective in this regard. Tamoxifen treatment reduced the induction of major histocompatibility complex II by lipopolysaccharide stimulated dendritic cells and decreased their ability to activate myelin specific T‐cells. At lower doses, tamoxifen was found to increase the levels of Th2 transcription factors and induce a Th2 bias in cultures of myelin‐specific splenocytes. EAE symptoms and the degree of demyelination were less severe in mice treated with tamoxifen than in control mice. These findings support the notion that tamoxifen or related SERMs are potential agents that could be used in the treatment of inflammatory autoimmune disorders that affect the central nervous system. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neural transition from short‐ to long‐term memory and the medial temporal lobe: A human evoked‐potential study
Authors: James Clara , Morand Stéphanie , Barcellona‐Lehmann Sandra , Michel Christoph M. , Schnider Armin 
Published: November 2008

AbstractRecent studies indicated that the human medial temporal lobe (MTL) may not only be important for long‐term memory consolidation but also for certain forms of short‐term memory. In this study, we explored the interplay between short‐ and long‐term memory using high‐density event‐related potentials. We found that pictures immediately repeated after an unfilled interval were better recognized than pictures repeated after intervening items. After 30 min, however, the immediately repeated pictures were significantly less well recognized than pictures repeated after intervening items. This processing advantage at immediate repetition but disadvantage for long‐term storage had an electrophysiological correlate: spatiotemporal analysis showed that immediate repetition induced a strikingly different electrocortical response after 200–300 ms, with inversed polarity, than new stimuli and delayed repetitions. Inverse solutions indicated that this difference reflected transient activity in the MTL. The findings demonstrate behavioral and electrophysiological dissociation between recognition during active maintenance and recognition after intervening items. Processing of novel information seems to immediately initiate a consolidation process, which remains vulnerable during active maintenance and increases its effectiveness during off‐line processing. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Degradation of C.I. Acid Red 88 aqueous solution by combination of Fenton's reagent and ultrasound irradiation
Authors: Song Ya‐Li , Li Ji‐Tai , Chen Hua 
Published: November 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND: Pollution caused by industrial wastewater has become a common problem for many countries. In particular, dye pollutions from industrial effluents disturb human health and ecological equilibrium. The discharge of highly colored synthetic dye effluents is aesthetically displeasing and can damage the receiving water body by impeding penetration of light. Azo dyes can be reduced to more hazardous intermediates on anaerobic conditions. Therefore, an effective and economic treatment of effluents containing a diversity of textile dyes has become a necessity for clean production technology for textile industries. Herein we wish to report the degradation of Acid Red 88 by the combination of Fenton's reagent and ultrasound irradiation.RESULTS: The results show that the combination of ultrasonic irradiation and Fenton's reagent is effective for the degradation of Acid Red 88 aqueous solution. Furthermore, it can achieve better results than either Fenton's reagent or ultrasound alone. The optimum conditions for the degradation of Acid Red 88 aqueous solution were 1.96 mmol L−1 H2O2, 0.108 mmol L−1 Fe2+, pH 3.0, and ultrasonic irradiation frequency of 40 kHz. A degradation efficiency of 98.6% was achieved within 135 min.CONCLUSION: We have provided an efficient and convenient procedure for the degradation of Acid Red 88 aqueous solution. In the present procedure, the azo linkage of Acid Red 88 is broken and some carbonyl compounds are formed, but the complete mineralization of dye cannot be achieved. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Platelet gel does not improve peripheral nerve regeneration: An electrophysiological, stereological, and electron microscopic study
Authors: Piskin Ahmet , Kaplan Suleyman , Aktaş Abit , Ayyildiz Mustafa , Raimondo Stefania , Aliç Taner , Bozkurt H. Hakan , Geuna Stefano 
Published: November 2008

AbstractAlthough use of platelet gel (PG) for promoting tissue regeneration is a popular approach because of its capacity to accelerate tissue regeneration, to our knowledge, its effects on peripheral nerve have still not been elucidated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate effects of PG on sciatic nerve regeneration using electrophysiology, stereology, and electron microscopy. The study was performed using five groups of rats: sham operated (Sham), collagen tube conduit (CT), collagen tube conduit plus platelet gel (CT + PG), autogenous nerve graft (ANG), and primary repair (PR) groups. Gap length for CT and CT + PG groups is 1 cm. Electrophysiology showed that nerve conduction velocity was not different among experimental groups; the amplitude of compound action potential of PR group was significantly higher than other groups. Examination of the nerves showed that Sham group not only had a larger axon diameter but also a thicker myelin sheath. A higher number of myelinated axon was found in both ANG and PR groups in comparison to Sham, CT, and CT+PG groups. There is no significant difference between morphological quantities of CT+PG and CT group. It was expected that regeneration degree of the nerve fibers of CT+PG group would be better than CT group, which was the control group permitting to disclose the presence of a positive effect of PG on nerve regeneration, but this was not the case. Therefore, our results suggest that PG does not improve axon regeneration after microsurgical reconstruction of a nerve gap by collagen tubes. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2009.
Organic–inorganic hybrid membranes prepared from the sol–gel process of poly(butyleneadipate‐co‐terephthalate) and TiO2
Authors: Lin Chien‐Hong , Chang Ching‐Han , Jao Win‐Chun , Yang Ming‐Chien 
Published: November 2008

AbstractOrganic–inorganic hybrids based on poly(butyleneadipate‐co‐terephthalate)/titanium dioxide (PBAT/TiO2) hybrid membranes were prepared via a sol–gel process. The PBAT/TiO2 hybrid membranes were prepared for various PBAT/TiO2 ratios. The resulting hybrids were characterized with a morphological structure, hydrophilicity, biodegradability, and thermal properties. The results showed that macrovoids underwent a transition into a sponge‐like membrane structure with the addition of TiO2. After sol–gel transition, a strong interaction between the inorganic network and polymeric chains led to an increase in glass transition temperature (Tg), thermal degrading temperature, and hydrophilicity, and hence a higher biodegradability. According to X‐ray diffraction measurements of the crystal structure of the hybrid, the presence of TiO2 did not change the crystal structure of PBAT. TiO2 networks are uniformly dispersed into the PBAT matrix and no aggregation of TiO2 networks in the hybrid membranes was observed through the small angle X‐ray scattering measurements. Thus, the sol–gel process of PBAT and TiO2 can be used to prepare a hybrid with higher application temperature and faster biodegradation rate. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Self‐assembled structures in blends of disordered and lamellar block copolymers: SAXS, SANS and TEM study
Authors: Holoubek Jaroslav , Baldrian Josef , Lednický František , Lal Jyotsana 
Published: November 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND: The phase behaviour of copolymers and their blends is of great interest due to the phase transitions, self‐assembly and formation of ordered structures. Phenomena associated with the microdomain morphology of parent copolymers and phase behaviour in blends of deuterated block copolymers of polystyrene (PS) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), i.e. (dPS‐block‐dPMMA)1/(dPS‐block‐PMMA)2, were investigated using small‐angle X‐ray scattering, small‐angle neutron scattering and transmission electron microscopy as a function of molecular weight, concentration of added copolymers and temperature.RESULTS: Binary blends of the diblock copolymers having different molecular weights and different original micromorphology (one copolymer was in a disordered state and the others were of lamellar phase) were prepared by a solution‐cast process. The blends were found to be completely miscible on the molecular level at all compositions, if their molecular weight ratio was smaller than about 5. The domain spacing D of the blends can be scaled with Mn by D ∼ Mn2/3 as predicted by a previously published postulate (originally suggested and proved for blends of lamellar polystyrene‐block‐polyisoprene copolymers).CONCLUSIONS: The criterion for forming a single‐domain morphology (molecularly mixed blend) taking into account the different solubilization of copolymer blocks has been applied to explain the changes in microdomain morphology during the self‐assembling process in two copolymer blends. Evidently the criterion, suggested originally for blends of lamellar polystyrene‐block‐polyisoprene copolymers, can be employed to a much broader range of block copolymer blends. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Self‐assembling properties of ionic‐complementary peptides
Authors: D'Auria Gabriella , Vacatello Manuela , Falcigno Lucia , Paduano Luigi , Mangiapia Gaetano , Calvanese Luisa , Gambaretto Roberta , Dettin Monica , Paolillo Livio 
Published: November 2008

AbstractSelf‐complementary synthetic peptides, composed by 8 and 16 residues, were analyzed by CD, NMR and small angle neutron scattering (SANS) techniques in order to investigate the relevance of charge and hydrophobic interactions in determining their self‐assembling properties. All the sequences are potentially able to form fibrils and membranes as they share, with the prototype EAK16, a strictly alternating arrangement of polar and nonpolar residues. We find that 16‐mer peptides show higher self‐assembling propensities than the 8‐mer analogs and that the aggregation processes are favored by salts and neutral pH. Peptide hydrophobic character appears as the most relevant factor in determining self‐assembling. Solution conformational analysis, diffusion and SANS measurements all together show that the sequences with a higher self‐assemble propensity are distributed, in mild conditions, between light and heavy forms. For some of the systems, the light form is mostly constituted by monomers in a random conformation, while the heavy one is constituted by β‐aggregates. In our study we also verified that sequences designed to adopt extended conformation, when dissolved in alcohol‐water mixtures, can easily fold in helix structures. In that media, the prototype of the series appears distributed between helical monomers and β‐aggregates. It is worth noticing that the structural conversion from helical monomer to β‐aggregates, mimics β‐amyloid peptide aggregation mechanisms. Copyright © 2008 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
FTIR spectroscopic studies on aggregation process of the β‐amyloid 11–28 fragment and its variants
Authors: Juszczyk Paulina , Kołodziejczyk Aleksandra S. , Grzonka Zbigniew 
Published: November 2008

AbstractAggregation of Aβ peptides is a seminal event in Alzheimer's disease. Detailed understanding of the Aβ assembly process would facilitate the targeting and design of fibrillogenesis inhibitors. Here, conformational studies using FTIR spectroscopy are presented. As a model peptide, the 11–28 fragment of Aβ was used. This model peptide is known to contain the core region responsible for Aβ aggregation. The structural behavior of the peptide during aggregation provoked by the addition of water to Aβ(11–28) solution in hexafluoroisopropanol was compared with the properties of its variants corresponding to natural, clinically relevant mutants at positions 21–23 (A21G, E22K, E22G, E22Q and D23N). The results showed that the aggregation of the peptides proceeds via a helical intermediate, and it is possible that the formation of α‐helical structures is preceded by creation of 310‐helix/310‐turn structures. Copyright © 2008 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Online immobilized metal affinity chromatography/mass spectrometric analysis of changes elicited by cCMP in the murine brain phosphoproteome
Authors: Ding S. , Bond A. E. , Lemière F. , Tuytten R. , Esmans E. L. , Brenton A. G. , Dudley E. , Newton R. P. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractAn automated online immobilized metal affinity chromatography/high‐performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometric (IMAC‐HPLC/MS/MS) method was developed to study cytidine 3′,5′‐cyclic monophosphate (cCMP)‐specific protein phosphorylation, analogous to a previously successful offline IMAC method using microvolume IMAC pipette tips. The optimized method identified murine brain phosphoproteins selectively modified by challenge with cCMP, using manual interpretation of the results to confirm both phosphorylation and selectivity of response to cCMP. A number of proteins identified by this strategy have potential roles in hyperproliferation, a previously reported response to elevated levels of cCMP. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of contemporaneous component loading for extrapolated primary loads in wind turbines
Authors: Natarajan Anand , Holley William E. , Penmatsa Reveendra , Brahmanapalli Bhanu Chandar 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThis paper describes the statistical identification of component loading occurring at the same instant as an extrapolated primary 50 year extreme load. As it is not feasible to simulate a full lifetime of fluctuating wind turbine loads to determine the largest extreme value, extrapolation to a 50 year or other desired long‐term return period is performed based on limited simulation data. For specific wind turbine component design, it is required to identify other simultaneously applied loading corresponding to this long‐term extrapolated load level. This identification is performed using statistical methods, since an appropriate loads simulation time series directly giving loads at the extrapolated load level is unavailable. The statistical behavior of each contemporaneous load in the simulation time series that was used to determine the extrapolated load is illustrated by the histogram. Since this histogram is in general skewed, the mean value of the corresponding data may not be an appropriate value for such contemporaneous loads. Instead, in this paper, a value corresponding to the mode of the estimated probability distribution function of the contemporaneous load is used. The robustness of ascertaining this most probable contemporaneous load is also investigated. The application of this process of identification of contemporaneous extreme loads is also applied to cases wherein the extrapolated load is a resultant load value, for which a suitable vector direction for the extreme resultant load is chosen. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Safety‐factor calibration for wind turbine extreme loads
Authors: Moriarty Patrick 
Published: November 2008

AbstractProper prediction of long‐term extreme values for operating wind turbine loads and deflections is a critical component of wind turbine design. Direct observations or simulations of long‐term extremes are not yet available; therefore, these predictions rely on some combination of large numbers of simulations and extrapolation. Extrapolation methods themselves can have significant uncertainty, and they also require that the wind turbine designer have a greater level of statistical expertise—factors that make the methods less attractive for industrial application. As an alternative to extrapolation, safety factors can be calibrated using techniques that allow designers to use smaller data sets. To calculate such factors, a series of simulations was used to extrapolate 50 year extreme values for a 5 MW wind turbine. Two methods are proposed for calculating such safety factors: one based on the mean and standard deviation of extreme values, and one based on the median of extreme values. Through a process of random sampling without replacement, the safety factor based on the median of extreme values was found to be less variable and also more independent of the number of simulations. The safety factors required were as large as 1.7, or were only 1.25 if rotor thrust loads were considered the dominant design drivers. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.