bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Results of a Preliminary Study of Ignitions in Flat vs. Crevice Configurations
Authors: Wanna J.T. , Chen P.L. 
Published: March 2007

A newly designed crevice mockup support module was used in a study by seven labs to evaluate lab-to-lab and operator-to-operator variability on ignitions in the flat and crevice configurations. Two commercial upholstery fab rics and two experimental cigarettes were used in the study. The two cigarettes were tested in flat configurations with one fabric, and one cigarette was tested in the crevice configuration with the second fabric. Results from this preliminary study showed that lab-to-lab variability for the crevice configuration and for one of the flat configurations was not statistically significant. Operator-to-operator variability for the flat configurations in the seven labs was not statistically signifi cant. However, for the crevice configuration operator-to-operator variability was statistically significant for three of the seven labs. This study showed that using a newly designed mockup support system, crevice testing can be performed in many labs with low lab-to-lab variability. In this ini tial trial, operator-to-operator variability for the crevice configuration was lower than expected. It is anticipated that this variability can be reduced significantly with further operator training.
Effect of Excess Charge in Cellulosic Polyelectrolyte Complexes on the Blood Compatibility
Authors: Ito Hiraku , Miyamoto Takeaki , Inagaki Hiroshi , Iwata Hiroo , Matsuda Takehisa 
Published: March 2007

The effect of excess charge in cellulosic polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) on the blood compatibility was examined in detail. For this purpose, various ex cess charge PECs were prepared from a quaternary ammonium derivative of hydroxyethyl cellulose (Q-HEC) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). The blood compatibility of the PECs was evaluated by three different test methods; Lee- White, platelet adhesion and contact phase activation tests, as well as by the "Quenched Lee-White test" which determines time-variant changes in the differentiated hematological responses during whole blood coagulation. The three test results showed that relative coagulation time of whole blood is very long and almost independent of the mole ratio of polycation to polyanion components within the mole ratios examined, but platelet adhesion increases with increasing mole ratios of polycation/polyanion in the PEC, while contact phase activation of plasma coagulation increases with decreasing mole ratio. However, the "Quenched Lee-White test" revealed that platelet counts and quantity of the hematological factors measured after 15 min are independent of the excess charge on PECs and maintained at the considerably high level even at 60 min of exposure time, indicating weak interaction of blood with PECs irrespective of surface charge excess. This may result in good antithrom bogenicity in both in vivo and in vitro under longer-term experiments.
Antiadhesive Collagen Membrane with Heparin Slow Release
Authors: Noishiki Yasuharu , Miyata Teruo 
Published: March 2007

A collagenous antiadhesive membrane with slow heparin release was tested in animal studies and found to exhibit antiadhesion activity. The antiadhesive membrane was prepared by crosslinking protamine to purified human amnion and then ionically binding heparin to the protamine. The amount of bound heparin was proportional to the protamine content in the collagen. The heparin was found to slowly release in vivo over a period of one month. The heparinized amnion was evaluated in canines. A portion of the serous membrane was removed from the intestine and the heparinized amnion was sutured onto the site. Observations up to 687 days after surgery revealed that the heparinized amnion showed satisfactory antiadhesion efficacy. Mesothelial cell proliferation lining on the site and normal wound healing was observed with no scar formation. The amnion was incorporated into the tissue and grad ually resorbed. In contrast, all unheparinized amnion controls showed consid erable adhesion and severe scar formation with distortion of the healed in testine. Two out of the four control dogs died of intestinal obstruction.
The Principle of Subsidiarity and the Social Policy of the European Community
Authors: Spicker Paul 
Published: March 2007

The idea of 'subsidiarity' has been gaining influence within the European Community. 'Subsidiarity' is based on a view of society in which responsibilities are conditioned by the closeness of people's relationships. Intervention at higher levels of society has to be seen as subsidiary to the obligations of smaller social units. Applied more narrowly in the context of the Community, subsidiarity has been taken to refer to a functional division of administrative responsibilities, although at times the principle is referred back to its wider usage; it implies an emphasis on decentralization and diversity. The gradual expansion of European interventions in national social policies has depended on a strategy of developing precedents and competence. The idea of subsidiarity, used virtually as a synonym for national sovereignty, has been enlisted to oppose this trend. Although the principle does limit the scope of a supranational organization, there is still scope for a European social policy which establishes principles and develops other kinds of solidarity. If, moreover, the issue is genuinely one of subsidiarity, it implies not only that the European Commission must limit and devolve its powers, but also that wherever possible national governments should do the same.
Economic Strategies, Welfare Regimes and Gender Inequality in Employment in the European Union
Authors: Perrons Diane 
Published: March 2007

Female participation in paid employment has in creased significantly in recent decades throughout Europe, but despite the existence of equal opportuni ties policies the position of women in the labour market remains a subordinate one. There are how ever, significant differences between European Union countries in terms of the extent of inequality. Using data from Eurostat, and a methodology simi lar to the United Nations human development index, a composite index of gender inequality in employ ment is devised and estimated for countries in the EU in order to identify more precisely the extent of variation in gender differences. These differences in gender inequality in employ ment are linked to relationships between the state, the economy and society, more specifically, in terms of welfare regimes and regulatory frameworks. Pre liminary results indicate marked differences in the extent of gender inequality between social demo cratic and liberal market economies with varying performances in the more corporatist and in the southern or peripheral economies suggesting that any harmonization of social policy in the EU should be towards rather than away from more social demo cratic regimes if gender equality in employment is considered to be a desirable social goal.
Human Values in the Plays of Kālidāsa: Some Glimpses
Authors: Sen Shekhar 
Published: March 2007

The values framework of a society is best reflected in contemporary literature. This essay is an attempt to identify the values that influenced the socio-political behaviour of the people of times of Kālidāsa. How relevant are those values now? Nature plays an important role in Kālidāsa's plays. Part I of this essay deals with this aspect of his plays. This value is certainly coterminous with the growing consciousness about protection of ecology in modern times. Part II of the essay deals with another important aspect of Indian philosophy—with out sorrow, without pain, pleasure cannot be achieved. Part III of the essay discusses general social values which emerge from the plays. Part IV describes the political and administrative values that guided the actions of the kings and rulers.
Relationship Between Parental Attitudes Toward Physical Activity and the Attitudes and Motor Competence of Their Daughters
Authors: Melcher Nancy , Sage George H. 
Published: March 2007

The purposes of this study were (1) to assess the relationship between high school girls' motor competence and the attitudes of their parents and themselves toward the six dimensions of physical activity as measured by Kenyon's Attitude Toward Physical Activity Inventory (ATPA), and (2) to investigate the relationships between the girls' attitudes toward physical activity and their parents attitudes toward physical activity. Subjects were 242 tenth grade girls and their parents. There was no significant relationship between the motor competence of the daughters and their mothers' attitude toward physical activity. There was a signifi cant relationship between the motor competence of the daughters and their fathers' attitude toward physical activity, when the father viewed physical activity as an ascetic expression. Two attitudinal dimensions of the daughters were significantly related to their own motor competence scores; these were when physical activity was viewed as a social experience and when it was viewed as the pursuit of vertigo. There were low positive relationships between the daughters' attitude scores and both mothers' and fathers' attitude scores on the six dimensions of physical activity. With the exception of two dimensions, all of the correlations were signifi cant at the .01 level.
Competition and Cooperation: A Sociocultural Perspective
Authors: Allison Maria T. 
Published: March 2007

The processes of competition and cooperation have frequently been discussed as sport specific states which have not been linked to the larger sociocultural context in which they are found. Thus, beyond the behavioural manifestations of competition and cooperation as task states, the meanings and definitions of each will vary to quite a degree by culture. The purpose of this paper is to: 1) briefly review the major orientations to competition and cooperation, 2) present an analysis of the nature and form of each which emerge in a specific culture — the Navaho Indian culture of the southwestern United States; and 3) draw from this data in order to present an alternate theoretical framework which can link the processes to various cultural dimensions. At this point in the analysis several trends are apparent. Current discussions of competition and cooperation present quasistatic, uni-dimensional conceptuali zations of the processes as they exist in the sport setting. Specificailly, many current conceptualizations do not account for the antecedent meanings and perceived consequences of competition and cooperation in a culture. Each of these factors will affect the way in which the processes become expressed in a game context. Secondly, the specific form which competition and cooperation take in a culture seems to be closely tied to the nature of the relationship and respon sibility of the individual to the group. Each of these points will receive further elaboration utilizing specific data from the context of sport in Navaho society.
Sport and Art
Authors: Saraf M.J. 
Published: March 2007

The question of connections between sport and art becomes particularly actual: it is related as well with the development of sport itself and its variants, as with its spectacular side which is especially emphasized by the mass media, above all by TV. The analysis if this question shows, at any rate, three aspects. The first — the most controversial: whether sport is art, or not. The second is a problem of sports spectacles and their main components. The third — are artistic questions, appearing in the course of development of contemporary sport. The associating of sport with art, the putting of an identity mark between them, results, to our mind, from the fact, that one magnifies the alleged compositional uniformity of the sports phenomenon and the one of artistic effect. However, firstly, this uniformity is of syntactic character only (arranging, putting together), secondly-semantic (transmission of significant substance) and sigmatic (rela tion to the received subject). The assumptions of sport and art are essen tially different. From this we draw the conclusion to the effect, that one cannot trans fer to sport the laws ruling art and build a sport spectacle according to these laws. The spectacular value is one of the most important conditions making the existence and development of sport possible. It arises on the basis of objective action of sports fights rules of composition, irrespective of whether it is a fight against an opponent, or weight, against speed, or highness. These are the vicissitudes of the fight, its consistency, that make the effect of the compositional structure of sport, the base of its spectacular value. Therefore many of the sports branches demand not only a stage-setting, but simply cannot exist without it. That is just why the rules of aesthetic perception, the rules of stage-setting of sports undertakings are of the same importance in sport as canon in music, or composition in fine arts. Finally, the crucial aspects of cooperation between sport and art appear in connection with the necessity of organization of space and creation of conditions for sports activity. Sport creates ground itself a specific atmosphere — these are various implements, equipment and sports symbols. There takes place a complex entanglement of interests of sport and architecture, of applied and monumental art — this question demands a separate study.
Sport and Youth Culture
Authors: Anders Georg 
Published: March 2007

Despite all endeavours for activating different groups of the population sport is also today a domain of the youth. Persons at the age up to 20 among athletes are by far overrepresented in comparison to their share in the population. The sports club, at this age, does not only very far reduce to the background all other forms of organization of leisure time activities but forms far more the most popular type of participation in voluntary organizations. In contrast to many common ideas this fact holds true for all social groups. The quota of persons who at least once a month are engaged in extracurricular sports activities or who are organized in sport clubs, is at the age between 16 and 20 nearly as high in the lower classes as it is in the middle classes. Only after the 20th year of age the curves of participation in sports are diverging fairly well in the social groups, i.e. the members of lower social classes where obviously sport is considered as a typical behaviour of youth, are withdrawing from sport. The same holds true for the engagement in leisure time activities in general. The strong social differentiations in the level of participation in sports in general, in the type of the chosen sports discipline and leisure time activities and in the membership in voluntary organizations are fully implemented only with adults. Obviously, sport belongs to the elements of an independent youth culture in leisure time which also comprises the female members of lower classes, who at higher age are especially diverging from the activity samples of middle classes.
A Revisit to Social and Cultural Preconditions of Top Level Sport
Authors: Seppänen Paavo 
Published: March 2007

No achievement in high performance sport can be understood without reference to extraordinary personal motivation and effort. The basis of motivation and effort lies, however, in the culture and other social preconditions of sporting life. The data based on the Olympic success of different nations strongly support this kind of hypothesis. The role of the countries with the heritage of Western civilization - for which the idea of progress is highly characteristic—has been dominant in Olympic history. Since the 1930's when the importance of the Olympic Games and other great sports events was fully realized, international sport success has become one of the primary weapons in the struggle for hegemony between the big power blocs. Especially the success of the Soviet Union and its allies has been conspicious during the past two decades. The growing dominance of socialist countries apparently has its roots both in the high achievement ethics characteristic of Western civilization in general, and in the special preconditions provided for such more or less technical activities as sports and performing arts. On the other hand, the high achievement potential of the market economy countries of the western camp is more pluralistic and less goal oriented, dispersing achievements rather than focusing them on a certain type of activity such as Olympic success.
Sport as a Manifestation of Cultural Heritage in Nigeria
Authors: Akindutire Isaac Olu 
Published: March 2007

Sport and culture are known to bear similar identity. Culture typifies the social, moral conduct, the norm and an acceptable behavioural pattern of an individual within a society. Sport, on the other hand, serves as a role model, enabling the participants to possess the proper mental and physical traits to be emulated by other members of a society. Sport also serves as an appropriate channel through which the behaviour accepted by custom may be regulated. It can be seen through the values and functions of both sport and culture that they are mutually related, and one may be used to project the other. This paper, therefore, makes a critical analysis of the concepts of sport and culture; identifies some cultural activities of the major ethnic groups in Nigeria; examines the relationship between sport and culture; and assesses the manifestation of sport through the cultural activities of Nigerian citizens.
Sport and Social Change in the Japanese Rural Community
Authors: Matsumura Kazunori 
Published: March 2007

Sport sociologists in Japan are now facing the great task of rethinking their sociological methodologies. There are several reasons for this. 1) The leisure policy of the Japanese government, which had been strongly connected to economical development, has been greatly changed. (The "Resort Act" which aims to promote leisure activities by making rural areas open to resort development.) 2) Sport sociologists in Japan have tended not to pay attention to the drastic social changes in which have occurred in rural areas. 3) New theoretical developments in American and European schools of sociology have arisen and they provide the means for Japanese scholors to approach these devlopments. Focusing on the works of Bourdieu and Mandles would surely aid Japanese sport sociologists to break through the current deadlock in dealing with Japan's new sociological environment.
Sports Technology and Choice of Location Individual Evaluation of Sports Facilities
Authors: Bökemann Dieter 
Published: March 2007

This paper is a regional approach to sports economy. Starting from a macroeconomic position sport is defined as consumer technology the development of which is regarded in the context of evolution theory using product cycle argument. Sports preferences and demand for sports activities microanalytically are explained by social milieu factors. Hypotheses are formulated how individual skills and talents on one hand and locational attributes on the other affect individual sports preferences and determine the prices for sports facilities.
Writing Apprehension in Beginning Accounting Majors
Authors: Faris Kay A. , Golen steven P. , Lynch David H. 
Published: March 2007

With writing skills receiving increased emphasis in the accounting curriculum, edu cators need to explore the potential barriers to writing that students may experience. The primary purpose of this study was to determine whether accounting majors have higher levels of writing apprehension than students in other majors. Also stud ied was whether gender, age, and grades in Freshman Composition were related to the level of writing anxiety. A sample of students responded to items on the Writing Apprehension Test to measure their writing apprehension. The students also identi fied their gender, age, major, and grades in Freshman Composition. Significant differences do exist in level of writing apprehension based on grades in Freshman Composition but not based on a student's age or gender choice. Most important, accounting majors did show significantly greater appre hension than non-accounting majors.
Revision: Indicadores del deterioro de la calidad proteica y del valor nutritivo de la leche / Review: Indicators of damage of protein quality and nutritional value of milk
Authors: Ferrer E. , Alegría A. , Farré R. , Abellán P. , Romero F. 
Published: March 2007

The nutritional value of milk can be negatively affected by thermal treatments. The quality of the proteins can be modified as a consequence of a set of reactions, the most important of which are the interactions between protein and carbohydrates, also known as Maillard reactions. These reactions can also occur when the storage conditions of moisture and temperature are unfavorable. The differ ent thermal treatments involved in processing milk (pasteurization, sterilization, drying, etc.) lead to different steps of the Maillard reaction and therefore to the formation of different compounds that can be useful as chemical markers of milk alteration, or more exactly of protein alteration. Estimating these markers is useful in monitoring the changes, especially those related to proteins, that happen during processing and storage. A review of the literature on the markers used to evaluate the modi fications that milk undergoes during thermal treatment and subsequent storage was carried out, focusing mainly on proteins. Special attention was paid to the analytical aspects. The chemical mark ers taken into account can be classified into two groups according to their relation with the Maillard reaction: 1. Specific markers of Maillard reaction: undesirable compounds (furosine, lisinoalanine, histidinalanine, furfurals, melanoidins); loss of nutrients (available lysine). 2. Non-markers of Maillard reaction: galactose; lactulose; protein-reducing substances; denaturation of protein; in vitro digestibility of proteins; others—pH, viscosity, free fatty acids.
Confronting crisis in the European steel industry: diagnosis and strategy
Authors: Pichierri Angelo 
Published: March 2007

At the time of the 1974 crisis, the European steel industry had long been in decline. The crisis of the 1970s was not the beginning of the process but a pow erful accelerating factor. The almost complete inability of most of the actors involved to take the available indicators into account is explained by an unfor tunate combination of structural characteristics of the industry (cyclical fea tures, time needed for strategy implementation, barriers to exit) and subjective beliefs and ideologies. For many years, the typical behavior of most steel industry actors was an example of parametric rationality (do as before) or overcompensation (do as before, but more). In very few cases was decline perceived and dealt with be fore the crisis. Increasingly, strategies of management of decline are adopted, aimed at lowering and distributing the social and economic costs of contrac tion. Given its nature and costs, this strategy is typically implemented by actors (national governments, the Commission of the European Communities) other than those directly involved.