bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
World's First Application of "Self-Locating" Technology for Re-Entry of Milled Casing Windows
Authors: Bailey Ernest C. , Steele David J. , Tank Willard J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Traditionally, operators have had limited options for conducting remedial work on lateral re-entries through milled-casing windows. This limitation is due to the necessity of using a "bent joint" of pipe to guide tools through the window. If a bent joint of pipe cannot be attached to the end of the assembly (e.g. a drilling assembly), a whipstock is required to deflect the assembly out the window. Setting a conventional whipstock requires the use of orienting tools that add significantly to the wellcost.
This paper describes the world's first applications of unique technology that helps solve these problems by facilitating the exiting of milled-casing windows with service tool assemblies during remedial operations. The system uses the patent-pending "self-locating" lateral re-entry technology as an integral component of the Lateral Re-entry Whipstock to assure the proper orientation and elevation of the whipstock tool face with the casing exit window.
The technology described in this paper has bearing on TAML Level II 1 junction re-entry operations for clean out, production enhancement, increased reservoir drainage, zonal isolation, and re-completion of lateral wellbores in multilateral completions.
Effect of Finite Conductivity Horizontal Well on Transient-Pressure Behavior
Authors: Baba Abdessatar , Tiab Djebbar 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This study investigates the effect of horizontal wellbore hydraulics on the early time dynamic behavior of horizontal wells. A finite conductivity model has been developed to couple infinite-conductivity horizontal well model based on uniform flux solution and finite conductivity wellbore hydraulic model.
A sensitivity study is presented to show: The effect of horizontal well conductivity on production distribution along the wellbore at different time-steps, including early time radial flow, intermediate time linear flow and late time radial flow.The effect of wellbore length on the magnitude of wellbore-pressure drop under different values of Horizontal Well Conductivity, CHD, and Reynolds number, NRe.The effect of pipe roughness, Rp.The effect Reynolds number at the downstream end of the well, NRe.
The new finite conductivity model is evaluated by setting a computer programs using Mathlab programming. The programs can include any friction factor correlation and production scheme.
Type curves, of dimensionless pressure and pressure derivative versus dimensionless time, are obtained for different values of horizontal well conductivity and Reynolds number. These sets of curve can be used for type curve matching techniques.
Correlations of the additional pressure drop due to finite conductivity solution over infinite conductivity solution, ΔPD(tD), are presented for different values of dimensionless well length, LD, horizontal well dimensionless conductivity, CHD, Reynolds number, Re, and pipe roughness, Rp.
Literature Review on Correlations of the Non-Darcy Coefficient
Authors: Li Dacun , Engler Thomas W. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Darcy's law can not describe fluid flow accurately when the flow rate is high. In most cases in the recovery process, fluid flow is governed by Darcy's law. But when the flow rate is very high, for an instance, near the wellbore, Darcy's law is inadequate to describe fluid flow.
In 1901, Forchheimer put forward a classical equation, known as the Forchheimer equation, to make up the deficiency encountered by Darcy's law at high flow rates. He added a non-Darcy term into the Darcy flow equation. The non-Darcy term is the multiplication of the non-Darcy coefficient, fluid density, and the second power of velocity. One of the most important aspects in determining the non-Darcy effect is to estimate the non-Darcy coefficient as accurately as possible.
In this paper, theoretical and empirical correlations of the non-Darcy coefficient in one-phase and multi-phase cases in the literature are reviewed. Most researchers have agreed that the non-Darcy effect is not due to turbulence but to inertial effect. The non-Darcy coefficient in wells is usually determined by analysis of multi-rate pressure test results, but such data are not available in many cases. So, people have to use correlations obtained from the literature. This paper summarizes many correlations in the literature, and will provide a good reference for those who are interested in the investigation of the non-Darcy effect in the recovery process.
Analysis of Factors Affecting Microscopic Displacement Efficiency in CO2 Floods
Authors: Sehbi Baljit S. , Frailey Scott M. , Lawal Akanni S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The displacement efficiency of a CO2 flood has two components: microscopic and macroscopic displacement efficiency. This work focuses on the factors that affect microscopic displacement efficiency. The factors are pressure, temperature, oil composition, CO2 purity, fluid properties, and reservoir pore configurations. These factors contribute to the phase behavior of a particular CO2 flood. Mixing as a result of diffusion improves microscopic displacement efficiency as compared to mixing by dispersion, which decreases microscopic displacement efficiency. Phase behavior governs the development and sustenance of CO2 miscibility with crude oil at reservoir conditions. Lower injection rates and higher residence time increases mass transfer between the oil and CO2. Improved transfer leads to oil swelling and viscosity and surface tension reduction that improve microscopic displacement efficiency. Uniform pore geometry and favorable pore structure causes higher microscopic displacement efficiency. The presence of dead-end pores decreases the displacement process. The volume and distribution of water within the pore affects the contact area between CO2 and the crude oil and can impede the miscibility process. As possible, this work quantifies the affect some of the factors have on microscopic displacement efficiency and suggests means of improving the displacement process.
Effects of Carbon Dioxide Curtailment on a Technically Successful CO2 Flood
Authors: Frailey Scott M. , Lawal Akanni S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The cessation of CO2 injection may be the result of poor reservoir response, low oil prices, or near the end of a CO2 project. The focus of this paper is to describe the effect of CO2 injection curtailment on oil recovery and production in a technically successful CO2 flood of an oil reservoir. The CO2 curtailment is sustained over a significant period of time while water is injected. Following the curtailment, CO2 is again injected.
Early EOR literature covers CO2 and miscible gas injection in the presence of very high water saturation. The key issues are phase behavior, surface tension, viscosity, and oil stripping, which are described in terms of curtailment and the subsequent affect on oil production.
A survey of pertinent literature has been conducted to infer the impact CO2 curtailment has on reservoir performance. Preliminary findings are that the curtailment of CO2 leads to a permanent loss in reserves and production rate. Scenarios that may alleviate these losses such as reduced CO2 injection instead of complete curtailment are addressed.
Corrosion Consequences of Oxygen Entry Into Sweet Oilfield Fluids
Authors: Martin Richard L. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper contains the results of laboratory and field tests where the corrosion system was carbon steel exposed to oilfield brines containing dissolved carbon dioxide and oxygen. Both uninhibited and inhibited systems were examined. The results are analyzed and placed in context with previously reported work dealing with related systems.
Oilfields, in general, have less gas pressure as they mature. Ingress of oxygen into well annuli, into the vapor space in tanks, and through pump packing becomes more commonplace as a result. The corrosion consequences of this condition can now be quantified and corrective action can be taken to avoid equipment replacement and production losses.
To the author’s knowledge, no report of a systematic treatment of this subject exists in corrosion literature. Quantification of the effects, recognition of duration, and influence of corrosion inhibitor chemical types are among the novel contributions of this paper.
Some of the significant conclusions from the work concern the magnitude and persistency of corrosion acceleration by oxygen in sweet fluids. At common oil well temperatures, acceleration was in the order of 10 to 30 mpy per part per million of oxygen. The concentration of oxygen was not reduced preferentially from these solutions but occurred at approximately the same rate as reduction of dissolved carbon dioxide (undissociated carbonic acid) concentration. Inhibition of corrosion in CO2/O2 systems was more difficult that in CO2 alone but could be accomplished.
Slickline-Deployed Electro-Mechanical Intervention System: A Cost-Effective Alternative to Traditional Cased-Hole Services
Authors: Foster Jerry , Clemens Jack , Moore Darrell W. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
During the ‘90s, the introduction of battery powered electro-mechanical intervention tools increased the versatility of slickline service and changed its image from a simple method that performed mechanical workovers to a complex service technology that could provide safe, cost-efficient alternatives for: locating downhole tubular goods/profilesproducing quality logs from downhole memory surveys at half the cost of traditional servicesaccurate depth measurement for support of all new completion technologiessetting packers without explosivesperforating or cutting tubing or casing.
Slickline has again expanded its capabilities. In addition to its proven performance for well remediation, maintenance, and pressure control applications, the new enhancements to the self-powered slickline tools can now be used to perform diagnostic and conformance control functions requiring memory production logging.
Applications that require electrical initiation or mechanical manipulation at the tool interface can now be performed with slickline and battery power, insulating the tools from the surface equipment. Mechanical signals transmitted through the wire control the tool start and stop functions and provide real time position telemetry. As a result of the advances in service tools, slickline has increased the scope of its services without a compromise to operational safety and job efficiency and offers the most cost efficient services in well workovers.
The case histories will describe how the electro-mechanical intervention tools provide a cost-effective alternative to traditional cased-hole logging systems for many applications as well as many operations that traditionally had to be performed by other service options.
Waterflooding: Review of West Texas Experience
Authors: Adisoemarta Paulus S. , Frailey Scott M. , Lawal Akanni S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A tremendous effort has been made by the oil industry and others over the past seventy years to develop an understanding of multiphase fluid flow through porous media. A vast literature of concepts, field and laboratory data, experimental techniques and mathematical expressions has been developed. Many parameters believed to be pertinent have been investigated, such as connate water saturation, relative permeability saturation relations, sample wettability, and waterflood scaling (including the effect of such variables as pore size, flow rate, viscosities and interfacial tension of the fluids, sample size, and the effect of a third phase such as free gas). Other works investigated are the development of the Buckley-Leverett concept of fluid displacement, the laboratory determination of relative permeability, and the development of waterflood scaling theory aimed directly toward calculating reservoir performance from laboratory data. This paper reviews waterflood management practices in West Texas and provides ways of implementing successful waterflood project.
Saturation Exponent n in Well Log Interpretation: Another Look at the Permissible Range
Authors: Adisoemarta Paulus S. , Anderson George A. , Frailey Scott M. , Asquith George B. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Saturation exponent n in Archie’s water saturation equation is the exponent value in water saturation that establishes the relationship between water saturation of the rock to the ratio of fluid filled rock resistivity to the actual rock resistivity. Most theoretical derivations show that there is no exponent or that n is equal to one. However, decades of results from core analyses and openhole log analyses show n greater than one and most often assumed to be two.
Most of the literature is in agreement that the saturation exponent is affected by wettability and saturation history (drainage or imbibition). Furthermore, the saturation exponent depends on rock type, primarily the manner in which the conductive water is connected and configured. Several authors quote values of n ranging from as low as 1 to over 20 for strongly oil wet rocks. Too often an assumed value is accepted as correct.
This paper reevaluates the relationship between water saturation and rock resistivities in order to determine the significance of n and make recommendations on improving an assumed value for n.
Surfactants Oil Displacement System in High Salinity Formations: Research and Application
Authors: Wang Yefei , Wang Lushan , Li Jiyong , Zhao Fulin 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Aimed for the need of oil displacement in high salinity formations where the normal nonionic and anionic surfactants are inefficient because of salting out or cloud point phenomena[1], A novel structure surfactant(LF) with nonionic and anionic hydrophilic group is put forward and synthesized. The said surfactant is soluble in 30% NaCl brine, and shows good surface activity in brine with 100,000mg/L salinity concluding 5,000mg/L CaCl2. By analysizing the volume fraction-salt concentration phase graph, the salt tolerance property of LF, petroleum sulfonate and their combined system is comparatively studied , LF is excellent, the proportional increment of LF in combined system will improves salt tolerance property of the combined system. In any different brine , water/n-decane Interfacial tension is high if only LF or petroleum sulfonate is used, but Interfacial tension will reach super low if the combined system is appropriately used as long as water salinity is enough high(higher than 20,000mg/L). By adjusting the proportion of LF and petroleum sulfonate in combined system, water/oil Interfacial tension can always reach super low regardless of water salinity, so the system can be particularly used as oil displacement agent in high salinity formations. The paper presents three oil displacement and one chemical tuff and puff formulations consisted of LF and KPS, which were suitable for high salinity formations in Zhongyuan oil field.
The temperatures of four test zone are 86.9°C, 65.0°C, 82.5°C and 82.5°C, the salinities are 88,540 mg/L, 55,028 mg/L, 14,9127mg/L and 195,000 mg/L, the room recovery improvement all exceed 19%.
Now the four field tests get along favorably, verifying good result and indicating bright application prospect.
Residual Processing in FCC
Authors: Guzmán J. D. , Ruiz M. D. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
When the company decided to participate in the international market, it became necessary to increase the throughput in the Refinery. At that moment, fuel oil had a very low price, so there was no incentive to increase the feed to the Topping units once the capacity of the vacuum and coker units was surpassed.
After a strategic analysis an opportunity was founded in the operations of the two cat crackers. The idea of feeding these units with atmospheric bottoms and converting them into valuable products, showed a very good economic return. This was based in the fact that both crackers were operating in a low utilization mode.
Foamed Cement Selection for Horizontal Liners Proves Effective for Zonal Isolation—Case History
Authors: Harlan Tony D. , Foreman Jay M. , Reed Shawn D. , Griffith James E. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper describes the reasons for and execution of four foamed cement jobs to provide zonal isolation for a 4 ½-in. horizontal liner. Foamed cement was selected as the most effective means to help achieve all of the following objectives:
High mud displacement in a small annulus Hole cleaning on the low side of the hole No free water or gas channel development Low slurry fluid loss Containment of stimulation treatment in selected porosity streaks Prevention of cement sheath cracking
The benefits of foamed cement vs. non-nitrified cement as they relate to the above objectives are explained in the body of the paper. From the analysis, foamed cement can be a far superior and effective means of providing long-term zonal isolation when compared to conventional, non-nitrified cements.
The paper also outlines steps taken to execute the foamed cementing operation on horizontal liners of four Wyoming wells. Included are best practices for pre-job analysis and planning, job execution, and post-job evaluation.
Case Studies on New Methods of Technology Transfer and Development
Authors: Kiker Robert D. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The PTTC poster session"s theme is to illustrate a new method of technology transfer that was developed as a joint venture between the PTTC and World Oil magazine. The Petroleum Digest, a supplement to World Oil, was the vehicle developed for technology transfer of case studies to independent operators. Independents, in particular, rely on field-oriented case studies when they consider applying new technologies. PTTC supplies the case study technology results and World Oil publishes the case studies.
3D-Reservoir Characterization and Reservoir Management Study
Authors: Gaber Nabil Salah , Hughes Samuel C. , Afify Hassan A.A. , Stoner Douglas T. , Artigas Gabriel T. , Mercado Gary M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
An extensive, multi-discipline field study was completed in 1999 on the October J Nubia reservoir, located in the Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Although this field is relatively small (7 active wells, 132 MMBO OOIP) as compared to other Gupco's fields, the study proved worthwhile, generating three development prospects, all of them have been drilled and resulted in a rate increase of 6000 BOPD and a reserve gross of 6.6 MMBO.
The study team built a comprehensive, 3-dimensional Earthvision reservoir property model which was an excellent building block for understanding reservoir volumes and performance. The property model provided the tools necessary to understand fluid migration across faults in a 3dimensional setting. The structural analysis began with the reinterpretation of a full-field, 3-dimensional seismic data set. The structural model was then populated with petrophysical parameters to produce the property model.
Extensive reservoir performance mapping also helped our understanding of fluid movement within the reservoir and helped identify areas of bypassed pay. As an example, watercut maps constructed for each of the fourteen reservoir subzones helped determine primary pathways of water encroachment.
The reservoir is a tilted fault block encompassing 750 acres. The producing formation is the highly prolific carboniferous Nubia sandstone with an average gross pay thickness of 600 feet, net pay thickness of 375 feet, porosity of 23 percent, and permeability in the darcy range. The reservoir has a fairly strong natural waterdrive, helping maintain reservoir pressure above the bubble point.
Even though the reservoir was forecasted to recover 48% of the original oil-in-place, the study located three areas of poor sweep. The three authorized drilling prospects are estimated to recover an additional, risk-weighted reserves of 9 MMBO. In addition, a detailed zonal performance analysis helped identify perforation and conformance work in existing wells, which should recover an additional 3 MMBO. The resulting property model and reservoir development plan now provide the operational tools necessary for managing this property for the next several years.
An Integrated Work-Flow Model to Characterize Unconventional Gas Resources: Part II—Formation Evaluation and Reservoir Modeling
Authors: Rushing J. A. , Newsham K. E. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper presents a systematic methodology to describe and characterize unconventional natural gas reservoirs. We have modified the Petrophysical Integration Process Model (PIPM), originally developed at Amoco (Gunter, et al,1,2), for specific applications to unconventional gas systems. Our modified PIPM, which is divided into four discrete analysis stages, integrates data from multiple sources and different reservoir scales. In this paper, we describe each PIPM stage and show how petrophysics can be used as the critical link between geology and reservoir engineering. Although we illustrate the process with examples from a tight gas sand study, the modified PIPM is applicable to other unconventional gas systems. The ultimate goal of this process modeling is to build realistic three-dimensional wellbore and reservoir flow models to predict future performance and optimize field development.
Hole Shape from Ultrasonic Calipers and Density While Drilling – A Tool for Drillers
Authors: Maeso Carlos , Tribe Ian 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A number of calipers and hole size indicators (be they by direct measurement or derived) have been introduced with the logging while drilling (LWD) suite of measurements. These include ultrasonic calipers, derived density calipers, and electrical calipers from resistivity tools. Qualitative indications of borehole shape can also be derived from Pe and density measurements which can be affected by tool standoff. The traditional uses of borehole shape measurements have been principally aimed at petrophysicists, reservoir engineers, and geologists for completion strategy, hole volume determination, correction of electrical logs, borehole stability, and borehole size for images. In this paper we summarize additional applications for drillers: To assess the borehole quality related to the drilling process and borehole assembly being used.To diagnose wellbore stability problems while drillingTo identify hole quality which may affect running the completion or wireline tools
Hole shape analysis is carried out by processing azimuthal ultrasonic caliper, Pe, and density data into 1D, 2D, or 3D images to illustrate the borehole shape. Processing of images or caliper curve data in real time enables decisions to be made about modification of the BHA or reconsider drilling practice for the remainder of the well.
An obvious application of the images is to visualise the severity and nature of any borehole breakout occurring and to take necessary steps to resolve the problem, for example by increasing mud weight.
Our results of processing a number of wells highlight that in many cases the shape of the borehole can be directly related to the drilling process. Examples are shown of boreholes drilled by rotary steerable assemblies and mud motors (with different stabilizer configurations and different drilling modes). Timely feedback of this information to the driller allows changes in the style of drilling or BHA to improve the borehole shape and therefore drilling efficiency. This in turn should lead to an improved shaped borehole and better petrophysical data. Understanding the effects of the drilling process can also allow differentiation of drilling induced shape artefacts and geological reasons for borehole shape changes (e.g. zones of instability or breakout).
Information on the shape of the borehole also improves the decisions made for completion strategies where mechanical calipers are not being run. Applications include understanding borehole shape for expandable screens and cement volumes.