bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lawns have vertical stratification
Authors: Roxburgh Stephen H. , Watkins Anni J. , Wilson J. Bastow 
Published: May 2006

Abstract. Vertical stratification was examined in a closely‐mown lawn, at both the beginning and end of the mowing/regrowth cycle. Two treatments were examined: Undisturbed, which had been maintained as lawn for 30 yr, and Mechanically Perturbed, on which succession was occurring, after complete removal of vegetation 9.5 months previously.There was significant vertical stratification at both stages of the mowing/regrowth cycle, i.e. even immediately after mowing to a height of 3 cm, and in both treatments. There was general consistency of the vertical role of species during the cycle and between treatments. Relative vertical positions were not closely correlated with absolute leaf heights. However, in no case was the vertical position of a pair of species significantly reversed during the cycle or between treatments. No mutually cyclic vertical relations between species were seen.It is concluded that vertical stratification occurs in even the shortest communities, it starts to develop quite early in succession, and it is dependent largely on the intrinsic properties of the species, their height and (at least in lawns) their recovery from defoliation.
Interactions between annuals and woody perennials in a Western Australian nature reserve
Authors: Hobbs R. J. , Atkins L. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract. We studied the interactions between woody perennial species and native and non‐native annual species in a number of vegetation types within a nature reserve in the Western Australian wheatbelt. In particular, we examined the responses of annuals to perennial canopy removal, fire, soil disturbance and nutrient additions, and the effects of removal of annuals on perennial seedling regeneration.Experimental shrub removal significantly increased the abundance of annuals in a dense shrubland dominated by Allocasuarina campestris, but had no effect in a more open species‐rich sandplain heath. Soil disturbance and nutrient addition in the heath area had no significant influence on annual abundance until three years after treatment. Fire had no clear effect on annual abundance in the heath within the reserve, but promoted a large increase in non‐native species within an adjacent roadverge. A pattern of increased soil nutrient levels was accompanied by greatly increased non‐native annual abundance beneath individual trees of Santalum spicatum.Exploratory laboratory bioassay experiments indicated that several woody perennials produced leachates that were capable of reducing the germination or growth of the introduced grass Avena fatua, indicating that allelopathy may be an important component of the interaction between the annual and perennial components.Within a woodland community, fire temporarily reduced the abundance of annual species and increased the establishment of perennial seedlings. Field experiments showed that annuals significantly reduced the survival of seedlings of the shrub Allocasuarina campestris.Our results indicate that intact native vegetation canopies effectively prevent invasion by non‐native annuals, and that regeneration by native perennials is likely to be inhibited by the presence of an abundant annual cover.
Seed size, establishment sites and species coexistence in a Chilean rain forest
Authors: Lusk Christopher H. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract. Seedling densities on the forest floor and on elevated microsites (logs and stumps) were compared for eight woody species in a temperate rain forest in southern Chile. Degree of association with elevated microsites varied significantly between species, showed no systematic relationship with reported shade tolerance, but was significantly negatively correlated with seed mass. Large‐seeded Podocarpus nubigena established preferentially on undisturbed forest floor sites, whereas seedlings of small‐seeded species such as Nothofagus nitida and Laurelia philippiana were found mainly on fallen logs and stumps. The abundance of large seedlings and saplings of N. nitida on logs/stumps, and the growth forms of canopy trees, confirm that recruitment of this species occurs mainly on decaying wood. The relationship between seed size and microsite preferences may be caused by effects of seed size on (1) ability to establish in forest floor litter and (2) retention of seeds on logs.Seedling occupancy of logs and stumps varied with state of decay. Few seedlings of any species were present on logs in the early stages of decay. N. nitida established earlier than the other species, attaining maximum abundance on wood in the middle decay classes. Species richness and overall seedling abundance were highest on wood in advanced stages of decay.Seed size differences are suggested as a determinant of differential utilization of forest floor heterogeneity, and hence of plant species coexistence.
Gap characteristics and replacement patterns in the Knysna Forest, South Africa
Authors: Midgley Jeremy J. , Cameron Michael C. , Bond William J. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract. We investigated gap formation and gap replacement in the Knysna Forest. Most (70 %) trees died standing, most gaps were small (median gap size of 35 m2; Gap diameter/Canopy height ratio of 0.24) and were formed by a single dead individual. No large differences were found among the more common species in terms of the size of gaps they created when they died or in the size of gaps they colonised. This is probably because the more common species are shade tolerant and they established before the gaps were formed. Regenerating individuals were almost never found on root mounds in pits or on logs.There were no indications of specific replacement patterns. In contrast, random replacement appears to be the dominant pattern for the more common species. Overall successional patterns suggest that the forest is relatively stable. We conclude that the gaps/non‐gaps paradigm is not as useful as a lottery paradigm for explaining gap dynamics in the Knysna Forest.
Towards an ecological basis for the conservation of subalpine heath‐grassland on the upper ridges of the Vosges
Authors: Schnitzler Annik , Muller Serge 
Published: May 2006

Abstract. The subalpine oligotrophic heath‐grasslands, assigned to the Pulsatillo‐Vaccinietum and Violo‐Nardetum, occurring at the upper ridges in the Vosges at 1100 ‐ 1300 m a.s.l. are of conservational interest because they form natural, mature and stable ecosystems. The Pulsatillo‐Vaccinietum is particularly rich in endemic plant species and subspecies due to a local oceanic‐subarctic climate and the continuous occurrence of the community throughout the Holocene period, when the association was not affected by changes in the prevailing environmental conditions.After a period of abandonment during and after World War II, agriculture was intensified through mineral fertilization and liming, sometimes mowing, and even ploughing and sowing.Seven pastures were selected to estimate the present plant biodiversity. Losses of biodiversity were assessed on the Kastelberg ridge by diachronic analysis of the vegetation composition and structure over the last 30 years.Species diversity changed in both associations through a decrease in the abundance of oligotrophic, acidophilic species, typical of the mountains of western Europe, and an extension of grassland types of the Violo‐Nardetum trifolietosum.Strategies for a return to more natural conditions include the abandonment of fertilization and liming, except locally around farms. Regular mowing is needed in order to decrease the nutrient level of the sites.
Truth Definitions, Skolem Functions and Axiomatic Set Theory
Authors: Hintikka Jaakko 
Published: May 2006

§1. The mission of axiomatic set theory. What is set theory needed for in the foundations of mathematics? Why cannot we transact whatever foundational business we have to transact in terms of our ordinary logic without resorting to set theory? There are many possible answers, but most of them are likely to be variations of the same theme. The core area of ordinary logic is by a fairly common consent the received first-order logic. Why cannot it take care of itself? What is it that it cannot do? A large part of every answer is probably that first-order logic cannot handle its own model theory and other metatheory. For instance, a first-order language does not allow the codification of the most important semantical concept, viz. the notion of truth, for that language in that language itself, as shown already in Tarski (1935). In view of such negative results it is generally thought that one of the most important missions of set theory is to provide the wherewithal for a model theory of logic. For instance Gregory H. Moore (1994, p. 635) asserts in his encyclopedia article “Logic and set theory” thatSet theory influenced logic, both through its semantics, by expanding the possible models of various theories and by the formal definition of a model; and through its syntax, by allowing for logical languages in which formulas can be infinite in length or in which the number of symbols is uncountable.
Hyperfinite Law of Large Numbers
Authors: Sun Yeneng 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe Loeb space construction in nonstandard analysis is applied to the theory of processes to reveal basic phenomena which cannot be treated using classical methods. An asymptotic interpretation of results established here shows that for a triangular array (or a sequence) of random variables, asymptotic uncorrelatedness or asymptotic pairwise independence is necessary and sufficient for the validity of appropriate versions of the law of large numbers. Our intrinsic characterization of almost sure pairwise independence leads to the equivalence of various multiplicative properties of random variables.
Une Preuve Formelle et Intuitionniste du Théorème de Complétude de la Logique Classique
Authors: Krivine Jean-Louis 
Published: May 2006

Introduction. Il est bien connu que la correspondance de Curry-Howard permet d'associer un programme, sous la forme d'un λ-terme, à toute preuve intuitionniste, formalisée dans le calcul des prédicats du second ordre (voir, par exemple [3]). Cette correspondance a été étendue, assez récemment, à la logique classique moyennant une extension convenable du λ-calcul (voir [1, 4, 5, 6]). Chaque théorème formalisé en logique du second ordre correspond donc à une spécification de programme.Il se pose alors le problème, en général tout à fait non trivial, de trouver la spécification associée à un théorème donné; autrement dit, de déterminer le comportement opérationnel commun aux λ-termes associés aux diverses démonstrations formelles du théorème considéré.Cette question est résolue ici pour le théorème de complétude de la logique classique.La première étape consiste à formaliser convenablement ce théorème en logique du second ordre. Ce travail est fait complètement dans la section 1. Il a comme sous-produit, peut-être inattendu, de montrer que ce théorème est prouvable en logique intuitionniste du second ordre (section 2). Ceci, toutefois, à condition d'introduire une légère variante de la notion de modèle, en admettant un modèle supplémentaire trivial, où toute formule est satisfaite.On notera, à ce sujet, que des preuves intuitionnistes du théorème de complétude de la logique intuitionniste, utilisant des variantes de la notion de modele de Kripke, ont été données par H. Friedman [7] et W. Veldman [8]. On remarquera également qu'un argument de G. Kreisel [2] montre que le théorème de complétude habituel de la logique intuitionniste n'a pas de preuve intuitionniste.
Formalization in Philosophy
Authors: Hansson Sven Ove 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe advantages and disadvantages of formalization in philosophy are summarized. It is concluded that formalized philosophy is an endangered speciality that needs to be revitalized and to increase its interactions with non-formalized philosophy. The enigmatic style that is common in philosophical logic must give way to explicit discussions of the problematic relationship between formal models and the philosophical concepts and issues that motivated their development.
A Statue of the Youthful Asklepios
Authors: Wroth Warwick 
Published: May 2006

The marble statue of a youthful male figure holding in his left hand a snake-encircled staff, which is reproduced in the accompanying plate, was found by Smith and Porcher at Cyrene, and is now in the collection of the British Museum. By its original discoverers this figure was named Aristaeus: an attribution which has been adopted, though with some hesitation, in the Museum Guide to the Graeco-Roman Sculptures. As, however, this attribution seems more than doubtful, it may be well to lay before the readers of the Hellenic Journal some additional remarks upon the subject, and to direct special attention to a statue which is not among those photographed in the History of Discoveries at Cyrene, and which has not, hitherto, been figured elsewhere.The statue now to be described is four feet five and a half inches in height, and represents a young and beardless male figure standing facing. His right hand rests upon his hip, and under his left arm is a staff round which is coiled a serpent. The lower half of the body is wrapt in a himation, the end of which falls over the left shoulder, leaving the chest and the right arm uncovered. The hair is wavy and carefully composed, but does not fall lower than the neck: around the head is a plain band, above which has been some kind of crown or upright headdress: the top of the head has been worked flat. On the feet are sandals, and at the side of the left foot is a conical object which has been called a rude representation of the omphalos, but which is, in all probability, a mere support.
Numismatic Commentary on Pausanias, I
Authors: Imhoof-Blumer F. , Gardner Percy 
Published: May 2006

The following paper is the first of a series of two or three which will bring into contact the extant coins of Greece and the text of Pausanias, thus furnishing to many passages of the traveller's writings a running numismatic commentary.The main object we have set before us is to collect and set forth the numismatic reproductions of works of art mentioned by Pausanias; but we have not excluded any numismatic types which at all illustrate the cults and the legends mentioned by him as existing in the various cities of Peloponnesus.The importance of the work cannot be doubted when we consider that in the case of many of the statues mentioned by Pausanias the only copies known are those upon coins; we may therefore hope to reconstruct from numismatic evidence, at least the general schemes of many great works of art wholly lost, and thus furnish very important material for recovering the history of Greek art; especially the history of the succession of types of the chief deities of Greece, which is a subject of great and increasing interest to archaeologists.Generally speaking, the coins on which we can place the most reliance as sources of information as to the monuments are those of Hadrian and the Antonines. These coins are also the best in point of execution; and we may add that they are contemporary with the travels of Pausanias.
Amphora-Handles from Antiparos
Authors: Gardner Percy 
Published: May 2006

Mr. Bent has brought from Antiparos, and the British Museum has acquired, several of those stamped handles of diotae which have been the subject of numerous papers by various savants, and of a special work by M. Dumont (Inscriptions Céramiques).To record the find-spots of the several classes of these handles is a matter of some importance, because they furnish us with archæological evidence in a matter of great complexity, where archæological evidence is rare and desirable—in the matter of ancient Greek commerce, its marts and its course. The stamped handles which bear the names of Rhodian magistrates and potters are, as is well known, found in all parts of the Levant from Kertsch to Egypt and Sicily; those which derive from Cnidus are also found in many places; Thasian handles are found chiefly on the shores of the Euxine sea, but at Athens and elsewhere also. Why Rhodes, Cnidus, and Thasos should in Hellenistic times have almost monopolized the trade in wine, or why these states should have monopolized the custom of using stamps for handles of wine-jars, we do not know. But the latter statement at all events must be true: there are but very few other known sources of stamped handles.
The Processes of Greek Sculpture, as shown by some Unfinished Statues in Athens
Authors: Gardner E. A. 
Published: May 2006

There are several unfinished statues now in the National Museum at Athens which seem not to have attracted as yet the attention they deserve. Whatever be the reason which has led the ancient sculptor to leave them unfinished, they are full of instruction to the modern student. In them we almost seem to see the artist at his work, and to be admitted to his studio. Even if they were given up because of a flaw or a mistake, that very mistake may teach us more as to the methods of the artist than many a completed statue. Fortunately, also, these unfinished statues in Athens illustrate various periods, from the archaic to one which is certainly later than the finest; and thus we are able to see what changes, if any, took place in the technique of sculpture during this interval, and, above all, we are not forced to generalize as to Greek sculpture from isolated examples of only one place or period.Our first example (Fig. 1) is a statue about ⅔ of life size, which was seen by Ross (Inselreise, I. p. 41) lying just below the quarries at Naxos, where he saw also the well-known colossal unfinished statue. There can therefore be little doubt as to the place where it was made; it was evidently never finished, perhaps because the sculptor saw his proportions would not come right, and so remained where it was, until it was transported to the National Museum at Athens. It happens most fortunately that this statue is—or was going to be—a typical example of the first period of Greek sculpture.
Excavations in Caria
Authors: Paton W. R. 
Published: May 2006

Mr. Newton in his History of Discoveries, p. 583, gives the following account of an excursion to the peninsula which lies to the west of Budrum (Halikarnassus) where he was then excavating:—We next proceeded to examine the hill with the level top. This hill is called Assarlik.Ascending from this gateway we passed several other lines of ancient walls, and on gaining the summit of the hill found a platform artificially levelled. There are not many traces of walls here. The sides of the hill are so steep on the north and east that they do not require walls. The platform terminates on the north-east in a rock rising vertically for many hundred feet from the valley below. The top of the rock is cut into beds to receive a tower. The view from this platform is magnificent.[After brief mention of several tombs passed in the way down, Mr. Newton proceeds:]The acropolis which anciently crowned the rock at Assarlik must have overlooked a great part of the peninsula and commanded the road from Halicarnassus to Myndus and Termera. From the number of tombs here, and their archaic character, it may be inferred that this was a fortress of some importance in very early times.
A Suggested Restoration of the Great Hall in the Palace of Tiryns
Authors: Middleton J. Henry 
Published: May 2006

In his very minute and accurate description of the Tirynthian Palace, Dr. Dörpfeld has almost wholly confined himself to the discussion of what actually exists or can with certainty be inferred from existing evidence, and has not committed himself to a conjectural restoration of any part of this most interesting building.I venture therefore to offer to the Hellenic Society a proposed restoration of the Great Hall—the Homeric Megaron as Dr. Dörpfeld and other able archaeologists hold it to be.This restoration is based partly on the evidence of the existing remains, partly on what may be called structural necessity, and partly on the analogy of other buildings or ancient sculptured reliefs.Fig. 1 shows the front of the Hall, the αἴθουσα δόμου opening from the Great Court. The conjectural parts are the exact heights of the structure, including the pillars, antae and doors, and the form of the roof. The clearest proofs exist of the diameters of the antae and pillars, the width of the doorways with their double doors on revolving pivots. The steps are in perfect preservation, and so is part of the very carefully formed concrete floor with its incised and coloured pattern in red squares separated by blue bands.
The Greek Treatise on the Sublime: its Modern Interest
Authors: Roberts W. Rhys 
Published: May 2006

A few months ago the authorities of the British Museum announced the discovery of some of the lost odes of Bacchylides, the contemporary of Pindar. Hitherto Bacchylides has been known only in fragments, none of them exceeding a dozen lines in length. Now we are promised over a thousand lines, of which as many as two hundred belong to a single ode. The discovery is, thus, one of considerable importance. Directly, it will reveal Bacchylides himself more fully; indirectly, it may be expected to throw light on many points of collateral interest. One such point is the relation of Pindar to the poetry of his time, another is the value of the literary judgments of some of the ancient critics. By both the links just mentioned the subject of this paper associates itself with the discovery.The author of the Treatise on the Sublime frames an estimate of Bacchylides which seems likely to be confirmed by a fuller knowledge of his poems. He ranks him below Pindar for the same reason that he ranks Hyperides below Demosthenes. Correctness is not to be compared, says he, with genius: flawlessness is no match for inspiration. It is not a little remarkable that, in the case of Hyperides no less than in that of Bacchylides, the preservation of papyrus manuscripts in the sands of Egypt has enabled the modern world to test and verify this estimate.
Some Observations on the Persian Wars: 3. The Campaign of Plataea
Authors: Munro J. A. R. 
Published: May 2006

Mardonius reoccupied Athens, Herodotus tells us (ix. 3), in the tenth month after Xerxes had taken it, that is to say not earlier than June of the next year. The pause in the war lasted therefore far beyond the winter. Both parties were no doubt anxious to gather the new harvest, but there were also other reasons for their delay.Mardonius had been left in a difficult situation. The forces at his disposal were, it is true, still formidable. First, he had his own division, which we have seen reason to suppose was one of the six Persian corps ď armée, 60,000 strong. In confirmation of that estimate it may be noted that Herodotus assigns to him one sixth of Xerxes' army, which he conceives to have been the levy of the whole empire; and that if we compare the details of Mardonius' division (viii. 113, ix. 31.) with the catalogue of Xerxes' host (vii. 61–5), and reckon a myriad for each contingent of infantry (Immortals: θωρηκοφόροι: Medes: Sacae and Bactrians: Indians), we get 50,000 infantry, which with 10,000 cavalry gives the exact composition conjectured for a Persian army corps. The small drafts incorporated according to Herodotus from other contingents may be assumed, to have filled up the gaps made in the ranks by the first campaign. Second, Mardonius had his Greek auxiliaries, say 20,000 men, including the valuable Thessalian and Boeotian cavalry. Herodotus (ix. 32) estimates the Greek contingents at 50,000 men, but he expressly says that he has no authority for their numbers, and both probability and analogy (e.g. vii. 185, viii. 66) are against so high a computation.