bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Ontogeny of Apomorphine‐Induced Alterations of Neostriatal Dopamine Release: Effects on Spontaneous Release
Authors: Andersen Susan L. , Gazzara Russell A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe effects of apomorphine (0.05, 0.1, and 1.0 mg/kg, s.c.) on the extracellular levels of dopamine and the dopamine metabolite 3, 4‐dihydroxyphenylacetic acid were studied through the use of in vivo microdialysis in the neostriatum of developing and adult rats. Fifteen‐minute samples were collected from urethane‐anesthetized rats 5, 10–11, 21–22, and 35–36 days old and adults and quantified by HPLC with electrochemical detection. Apomorphine attenuated extracellular levels of dopamine in all age groups, suggesting that the dopamine autoreceptor modulating release in the neostriatum is functional by 5 days of age. A dose‐response effect of apomorphine on extracellular dopamine was observed in all age groups except at 10–11 days of age. Extracellular levels of 3, 4‐dihydroxyphenylacetic acid were also significantly decreased in all age groups, consistent with the hypothesis that synthesis‐modulating dopamine autoreceptors in the neostriatum are functional by 5 days of age. Apomorphine had a significantly greater effect on extracellular 3, 4‐dihydrpxyphenylacetic acid levels at the 0.05 and 0.1 mg/kg doses in the 5‐ and 10–11‐day‐old age groups compared with the other ages. Absolute levels of extracellular dopamine were significantly attenuated at 5 days of age compared with the other ages, and absolute levels of extracellular 3, 4‐dihydroxyphenylacetic acid monotonically increased with age.
Sex Differences in Acute Swim Stress‐Induced Changes in the Binding of MK‐801 to the NMDA Subclass of Glutamate Receptors in Mouse Forebrain
Authors: Akinci Muallã K. , Johnston Graham A. R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAcute swim stress (3 min at 32°C) in mice produces increases in the binding of MK‐801 to the NMDA subclass of glutamate receptors to forebrain membranes prepared from male mice. Scatchard analyses indicate that the observed increases in the binding of MK‐801 in membranes from male mice are the result of changes in the affinity and density of low‐affinity binding sites and in the density of high‐affinity binding sites. In female mice, any changes in the binding of MK‐801 appear to be much less pronounced and restricted to the low‐affinity binding sites. These results are in contrast to the situation with binding to GABA receptors where acute swim stress increases GABA binding in forebrain membranes much more in female than in male mice. This indicates significant sex differences in the responses of receptors for the major excitatory and inhibitory transmitters to acute swim stress. These rapid changes in MK‐801 binding may result from changes in endogenous modulators as appears to be the case in the acute swim stress‐induced changes in GABA binding. As with GABA binding, the endogenous modulators are likely to include steroids, the sex differences reflecting differences in modulation by gonadal steroids and the stress‐induced changes reflecting differences in modulation by adrenal steroids. Estradiol, progesterone, and corticosterone treatments have been reported by other workers to influence the properties of glutamate receptors.
Lithium Decreases Membrane‐Associated Protein Kinase C in Hippocampus: Selectivity for the α Isozyme
Authors: Manji Husseini K. , Etcheberrigaray René , Chen Guang , Olds James L. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWe investigated the effects of lithium on alterations in the amount and distribution of protein kinase C (PKC) in discrete areas of rat brain by using [3H]phorbol 12, 13‐dibutyrate quantitative autoradiography as well as western blotting. Chronic administration of lithium resulted in a significant decrease in membrane‐associated PKC in several hippocampal structures, most notably the subiculum and the CA1 region. In contrast, only modest changes in [3H]phorbol 12, 13‐dibutyrate binding were observed in the various other cortical and subcortical structures examined. Immunoblotting using monoclonal anti‐PKC antibodies revealed an isozyme‐specific 30% decrease in hippocampal membrane‐associated PKC α, in the absence of any changes in the labeling of either the β(I/II) or γ isozymes. These changes were observed only after chronic (4 week) treatment with lithium, and not after acute (5 days) treatment, suggesting potential clinical relevance. Given the critical role of PKC in regulating neuronal signal transduction, lithium's effects on PKC in the limbic system represent an attractive molecular mechanism for its efficacy in treating both poles of manic‐depressive illness. In addition, the decreased hippocampal membrane‐associated PKC observed in the present study offers a possible explanation for lithium‐induced memory impairment.
Inhibition of β‐Amyloid Production by Activation of Protein Kinase C
Authors: Gabuzda Dana , Busciglio Jorge , Yankner Bruce A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe cellular factors regulating the generation of β‐amyloid from the amyloid precursor protein (APR) are unknown. Activation of protein kinase C (PKC) by phorbol ester treatment inhibited the generation of the 4‐kDa β‐amyloid peptide in transfected COS cells, a human glioma cell line, and human cortical astrocytes. An analogue of diacylglycerol, the endogenous cellular activator of PKC, also inhibited the generation of β‐amyloid. Activation of PKC increased the level of secreted APP in transfected COS cells but did not significantly affect the level of secreted APP in primary human astrocytes or in the glioma cell line. Cell‐associated APP and the secreted APP derivative, but not β‐amyloid, were phosphorylated on serine residues. Activation of PKC did not increase the level of APP phosphorylation, suggesting that PKC modulates the proteolytic cleavage of APP indirectly by phosphorylation of other substrates. These results indicate that PKC activation inhibits β‐amyloid production by altering APP processing and suggest that β‐amyloid production can be regulated by the phospholipase C‐diacylglycerol signal transduction pathway.
GABA Alters GABAA Receptor mRNAs and Increases Ligand Binding
Authors: Kim Helen Y. , Sapp Douglas W. , Olsen Richard W. , Tobin Allan J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn addition to its role as an inhibitory neurotransmitter, γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) influences the cytodifferentiation of developing neurons both in culture and in vivo. Here, we report some of the targets of GABA action and the mechanism through which GABA acts. In primary cultures of cerebellar granule cells, GABA specifically stimulates an increase in the levels of mRNAs for α 1 and β 2 GABAA receptor subunits. The GABAA agonist 4, 5, 6, 7‐tetrahydroisoxazolo [5, 4‐c]pyridin‐3‐ol (THIP) mimics this effect, and the GABAA antagonist bicuculline prevents it. In addition, GABA and THIP trigger an increase in the number of GABA binding sites. This increase parallels that seen in vivo, where the total number of GABAA receptor sites increases during postnatal cerebellar development. It is interesting that the period of the greatest increase in the number of receptor sites coincides with the development of the granule cells. Taken together, our data suggest that GABA may play an important role during maturation of cerebellar granule cells by influencing the number and composition of its own receptors.
Psychological Symptomatology Among Palestinian Adolescents Living with Political Violence
Authors: Al‐Krenawi Alean , Lev‐Wiesel Rachel , Mahmud A. Sehwail 
Published: October 2006

Background:  The study examined the impact of the level of exposure to political violence on the psychological symptomatology of Palestinian adolescents in the West Bank, an area affected by the ongoing political violence between Israel and the Palestinian Authority.Method:  A random sample of 1775 participants (54.1% males, 45.9% females) between the ages of 12–18 was administered a self‐report questionnaire consisting of three measures: demographic variables, domestic violence, political violence events and psychological symptomatology (BSI).Results:  Results indicated that the average psychological symptomatology was higher among those who were exposed to political violence events compared to those who were not; the level of hostility was significantly higher in those who were exposed to each of the political violence events. However, the factors that contributed most to psychological symptomatology were parental violence toward children and violence among siblings.
Heritage, Identity and Belonging: African Caribbean Students and Art Education
Authors: Dash Paul 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis article addresses the issue of Caribbean cultural under‐representation in school art departments. It argues that diasporic subjects are not seen and their cultures not recognised precisely because their contributions to the way we live are indivisible from the mainstream. This in contradistinction to some groups whose cultures and heritages are relatively distinct and separate from Western mores. Our ways of understanding culture do not take this into account. Yet diasporic contributions to the way we live have buttressed Western lifestyles since the beginning of the slave trade. The article argues that this relationship, characterised by multiple entanglements, must be recognised if Caribbean cultural identities are to be seen and valued. In doing so it challenges the way we construct notions of cultural heritage and belonging, and promotes the adoption of more risk‐taking pedagogies possibly based on contemporary practices.
Power, Freedom and Resistance: Excavating the Design Jury
Authors: Webster Helena 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThere can be little argument that the design jury features as a key symbolic event in the education of the architect. However, whilst the centrality of the design jury as a site for learning disciplinary skills, beliefs and values is now widely acknowledged, there continues to be considerable disagreement about what is learnt and how. While critical pedagogues argue that the design jury is a critic‐centred event that coerces students into conforming to hegemonic notions of habitus, those who promote reflective practice see it as a student‐centred event in which a critical dialogue with experts supports students' construction and reconstruction of their own habitus. This article, inspired by Michel Foucault's writings on the analytics of power, reports on the findings of a yearlong ethnographic study carried out in one British school of architecture that sought to excavate ‘what really goes on’ in the design jury.
Mood and Anxiety Disorders in Chronic Headache
Authors: Baskin Steven M. , Lipchik Gay L. , Smitherman Todd A. 
Published: October 2006

Although most individuals with recurrent headache disorders in the general population do not experience severe psychopathology, population‐based studies and clinical investigations find high rates of comorbidity between headache and mood and anxiety disorders. When present, psychiatric disorders may complicate headache treatment and portend a poorer treatment response. The negative prognosis associated with psychiatric comorbidity emphasizes the importance of the identification of psychopathology among those with headache beginning at an early age, and suggests that the treatment of psychiatric comorbidity is warranted to improve the outcome of headache management.In this article we describe the mood and anxiety disorders most commonly associated with migraine, tension‐type headache, and chronic daily headache. We provide recommendations for the assessment of comorbid mood and anxiety disorders as well as a brief overview of treatment options. Last, we discuss the clinical implications of mood and anxiety disorders on the treatment and outcome of headache.
Levator Labii Superioris Muscle Transposition to Treat Oromaxillary Sinus Fistula in Three Horses
Authors: BRINK PALLE 
Published: October 2006

Objective— To describe surgical transposition of the levator labii superioris muscle to treat oromaxillary sinus fistula in horses.Study Design— Clinical study.Animals— Three horses with chronic oromaxillary sinus fistula.Methods— After severing its tendinous insertion, the muscle belly of the levator labii superioris muscle was retracted and transposed through the oromaxillary sinus fistula. The tendon exited the oral cavity through a full‐thickness buccal incision created adjacent to the oral end of the fistula and was then tunneled subcutaneously in a ventral direction before being anchored by sutures to the cheek tissues.Results— Fistulae healed with few complications and with good cosmetic and functional results.Conclusions— Oromaxillary sinus fistula associated with molariform tooth loss in horses can be treated successfully by transposition of the levator labii superioris muscle.Clinical Relevance— Transposition of the levator labii superioris muscle should be considered for resolution of chronic oromaxillary sinus fistula in horses.
Computed Tomographic Documentation of a Comminuted Fourth Carpal Bone Fracture Associated with Carpal Instability Treated by Partial Carpal Arthrodesis in an Arabian Filly
Authors: WASELAU MARTIN , BERTONE ALICIA L. , GREEN ERIC M. 
Published: October 2006

Objective—To report treatment of a unilateral comminuted fourth carpal bone (C4) fracture associated with carpal instability by partial carpal arthrodesis (PCA) of the middle carpal joint (MCJ) and carpometacarpal joint (CMCJ).Study Design—Case Report.Animals—An 8‐month‐old Arabian filly.Methods—A C4 slab fracture was diagnosed radiographically; however, fracture comminution was conclusively diagnosed after computed tomographic (CT) imaging. PCA of the MCJ and CMCJ was performed with 2 narrow dynamic compression plates.Results—PCA provided appropriate carpal stability and correct limb alignment immediately after surgery. Complete bony fusion with substantial carpal flexion and no lameness at walk or light trot was observed 8 months after surgery.Conclusions—Carpal CT was successfully used to define fracture configuration after standard radiographic examination failed to delineate comminution. PCA was selected because of joint instability and lateral carpal collapse of MCJ and CMCJ and can be successfully used to treat comminuted C4 slab fractures associated with carpal instability. Moderate MCJ osteoarthritis without radiocarpal joint involvement allows pain‐free, substantial carpal flexion and thus, return to low‐level pleasure riding may be possible.Clinical Relevance—CT imaging may more adequately characterize traumatic carpal bone injury, particularly, when carpal bone fracture configuration cannot be determined on standard radiographs. Early PCA of the MCJ and CMCJ is an useful alternative to treat comminuted C4 slab fractures that cannot be reconstructed.
Standing Surgical Removal of Inspissated Guttural Pouch Exudate (Chondroids) in Ten Horses
Authors: PERKINS JUSTIN D. , SCHUMACHER JIM , KELLY GER , GOMEZ JORGE H. , SCHUMACHER JOHN 
Published: October 2006

Objective—To report use of a modified Whitehouse approach in standing horses for management of inspissated guttural pouch empyema.Study Design—Retrospective study.Animals—Adult horses (n=10) with guttural pouch empyema.Methods—Inspissated exudate in 1 or both guttural pouches was removed surgically through a modified Whitehouse approach, with the horses standing and sedated. Medical records of affected horses were reviewed to determine history; physical, endoscopic, and radiological examination findings; surgical technique; complications, and outcome.Results—All horses had purulent nasal discharge; 3 horses had dysphagia, 2 had recurrent laryngeal neuropathy on the side affected by guttural pouch empyema, and 1 had persistent soft palate displacement. Inspissated exudate was removed safely without causing apparent discomfort. Eight horses returned to their previous level of athletic activity after surgery; 1 horse dysphagic before surgery, was euthanatized because of persistent dysphagia after surgery, and 1 horse died 1 week after surgery for unknown reasons.Streptococcus equisubspequiwas isolated from the affected guttural pouch of 3 horses.Conclusions—Inspissated exudate can be removed surgically from the guttural pouch in standing horses through a modified Whitehouse approach.Clinical Relevance—To eliminate risks associated with general anesthesia and avoid surgical suite contamination, removal of chondroids can be performed in standing sedated horses through a modified Whitehouse approach.
Adiposity, fatty acid composition, and delta‐9 desaturase activity during growth in beef cattle
Authors: SMITH Stephen B. , LUNT David K. , CHUNG Ki Y. , CHOI Chang B. , TUME Ron K. , ZEMBAYASHI Meiji 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTOleic acid (18:1n‐9) is the most abundant fatty acid in bovine adipose tissue. Because most of the lipid in bovine muscle is contributed by intramuscular adipocytes, oleic acid also is the predominant fatty acid in beef. In many species, the concentration of oleic acid in adipose tissue is dictated by the average concentration of oleic acid in the diet, but in ruminant species such as beef cattle, oleic acid is hydrogenated largely to stearic acid by ruminal microorganisms. In these species, the concentration of oleic acid in adipose tissue is dependent upon the activity of Δ9 desaturase, encoded by the stearoyl coenzyme A desaturase (SCD) gene. Expression of the SCD gene is essential for bovine preadipocyte differentiation, and desaturase gene expression and catalytic activity increase dramatically as adipose tissue mass increases after weaning. Feeding a hay‐based diet to American Wagyu steers to a typical Japanese bodyweight endpoint (650 kg) markedly stimulated desaturase enzyme activity as well as the accumulation of both oleic acid and intramuscular lipid, but the increase in oleic acid and intramuscular lipid was much less in hay‐fed Angus steers. Increasing the concentration of oleic acid improves the palatability and healthiness of beef, and Korean Hanwoo and Japanese Black (and American Wagyu) seem especially well adapted to accumulate oleic acid in their adipose tissue.
Effects of fat coated rumen bypass lysine and methionine on performance of dairy cows fed a diet deficient in lysine and methionine
Authors: WATANABE Kazumasa , FREDEEN Alan H. , ROBINSON Peter H. , CHALUPA William , JULIEN William E. , SATO Hiroyuki , SUZUKI Hiroyuki , KATOH Kazuo , OBARA Yoshiaki 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTTwo experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of fat coated rumen bypass lysine (RPLys) and methionine (RPMet) on the lactation performance of dairy cows. In Experiment 1, three lactating cows were supplied with RPLys and fat coated DL‐Met which was highly protected (H‐RPMet) as an indigestible marker, and total fecal emission was collected for 72 h following administration. Measuring the proportional difference in fecal excretion of lysine derived from RPLys relative to methionine derived from H‐RPMet, the intestinal availability of RPLys was estimated to be 66.2%. In Experiment 2, 20 multiparous Holstein cows producing approximately 40 kg/day of milk were assigned to two treatments; fed RPLys (16 g/day as lysine) and RPMet (6.5 g/day as methionine) or none (control) from 5 to 21 weeks postpartum. The consumption of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber were significantly more in the control cows throughout the experimental period. Their milk protein yield, the contents of their milk protein and milk fat were higher by 0.03 kg (P = 0.03), 0.06% (P < 0.001) and 0.11% (P = 0.07), respectively, in the treatment group compared to the control. These results suggest that the RPLys and RPMet used in this study improved the lactation performance of dairy cows.
Possibility of vancomycin‐resistant enterococci transmission from human to broilers, and possibility of using the vancomycin‐resistant gram‐positive cocci as a model in a screening study of vancomycin‐resistant enterococci infection in the broiler chick
Authors: SAKAI Yuri , TSUKAHARA Takamitsu , USHIDA Kazunari 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTIn this study, vancomycin‐resistant enterococci (VRE) from humans and vancomycin‐resistant gram‐positive cocci (VRPC) from pigs were examined for their ability to transmit in the chick intestine (Experiment 1). A model study on the spread speed of VRPC was also estimated from chick to chick under semi‐production conditions with different administration routes (not inoculated, oral administration to a chick, sprayed on the floor) (Experiment 2). Furthermore, the disappearance of VRPC from their litter with composting processes was examined (Experiment 3). Each of six chicks was inoculated with VRPC or VRE at 1 day old in Experiment 1. All the chicks had VRPC or VRE in their glandular stomach at 22 days of age. In Experiment 2, 6 floor pens covered with sawdust were prepared and 20 chicks were allotted to each pen. The chicks were inoculated with VRPC at 1 day of age. The VRPC were detected in each group in cloacal swabs at 2 days of age (detection rate; 20–80%). And they were also detected in the not‐inoculated group. The VRPC detection rate gradually decreased, and detection was rare (0–10%) in the packing chicks (50 days old). VRPC were detected in the litter of each pen in Experiment 2. A composting process was effectively used to eliminate VRPC by the 6th week (Experiment 3).
On the origin of the ultramassive white dwarf GD50
Authors: Dobbie P. D. , Napiwotzki R. , Lodieu N. , Burleigh M. R. , Barstow M. A. , Jameson R. F. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
We argue on the basis of astrometric and spectroscopic data that the ultramassive white dwarf GD 50 is associated with the star formation event that created the Pleiades and is possibly a former member of this cluster. Its cooling age (∼60 Myr) is consistent with it having evolved essentially as a single star from a progenitor with a mass M &gt; 6 M⊙, so we find no need to invoke a white dwarf–white dwarf binary merger scenario to account for its existence. This result may represent the first direct observational evidence that single-star evolution can produce white dwarfs with M &gt; 1.1 M⊙, as predicted by some stellar evolutionary theories. On the basis of its tangential velocity, we also provisionally identify the ultramassive (M∼ 1.2 M⊙) white dwarf PG 0136 + 251 as being related to the Pleiades. These findings may help to alleviate the difficulties in reconciling the observed number of hot nearby ultramassive white dwarfs with the smaller number predicted by binary evolution models under the assumption that they are the products of white dwarf mergers.
How to analyse and develop healthy menus in foodservice
Authors: Veiros Marcela Boro , Da Costa Proença Rossana Pacheco , Kent‐Smith Luiza , Hering Bethania , De Sousa Anete Araújo 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn addition to playing a pivotal role in assessing customer satisfaction, menus play an important role in the foodservice production process. Additionally, the type and quality of foods offered on menus may have a direct correlation with health promotion. To verify the nutritional quality of menus, a qualitative assessment method – the Qualitative Evaluation of Menu Components (QEMC) – is being proposed. The method is derived from the Standard QEMC and offers variations such as the Buffet QEMC and the Portugal QEMC. Menu items can be improved during the planning stage when using this assessment, which allows for corrections prior to production. These changes can lead to a healthier and more attractive menu from the sensory point of view, fulfilling the role of relieving hunger and feeding with quality, thus promoting health through the foods offered.