bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of bovine viral diarrhea virus infections in alpacas in the United States
Authors: Topliff Christina L. , Smith David R. , Clowser Sharon L. , Steffen David J. , Henningson Jamie N. , Brodersen Bruce W. , Bedenice Daniela , Callan Robert J. , Reggiardo Carlos , Kurth Kathy L. , Kelling Clayton L. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Objective—To determine the prevalence of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV)–infected alpaca herds in the United States and investigate factors associated with seropositive herd status and, subsequently, determine the proportion of animals within seropositive alpaca herds that are persistently infected (PI) carriers for BVDV, obtain information regarding previous herd exposure to BVDV, determine titers of anti-BVDV antibodies of dams, and ascertain whether individual seropositive crias had received supplemental colostrum at birth.
Design—Prevalence study.
Animals—63 alpaca herds with ≥ 12 registered female alpacas.
Procedures—250 alpaca breeders were randomly selected from 562 eligible herds listed in the Alpaca Owner and Breeders Association membership directory and mailed a voluntary participation request. Sixty-three alpaca breeders participated in the study. From each herd, blood samples from ≥ 4 crias were tested for BVDV, BVDV RNA, and serum neutralizing antibodies against BVDV. A region of the genome of BVDV recovered from PI crias was sequenced to determine genetic homology.
Results—Among the 63 herds, 16 (25.4%) had seropositive crias and 4 (6.3%) had PI crias. Infections in 3 of the 4 herds with PI crias were linked as evidence by the genetic homologies of viruses. In addition to PI crias, feeding supplemental colostrum was associated with herd seropositivity.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results confirmed the importance of BVDV infections in alpacas in the United States and highlighted the importance of determining the BVDV infection status of animals before they are commingled to limit exposure of herds to BVDV infection.
Humoral response to an equine encephalitis vaccine in healthy alpacas
Authors: Bedenice Daniela , Bright Amy , Pedersen Douglas D. , Dibb Jack 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Objective—To determine humoral responses to an equine encephalitis vaccine in healthy alpacas.
Design—Clinical trial.
Animals—39 healthy alpacas on 1 farm and 86 healthy alpacas on a second farm.
Procedures—All alpacas were given 3 doses IM of a bivalent, killed-virus equine encephalitis vaccine, with 4 weeks between doses. Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) virus neutralizing antibody responses were determined with a plaque reduction neutralization assay every 14 days in alpacas on the first farm and 70 days after the first dose of vaccine on the second farm.
Results—For alpacas on the first farm, geometric mean virus neutralizing antibody titer peaked 2 weeks after the third vaccine dose was given (ie, day 70). At this time, 29 of 38 (76%) animals were seropositive for antibodies against EEE virus, and percentage of animals ≤ 2 years old that were seropositive (16/17) was significantly higher than percentage of animals > 6 years old that were seropositive (1/5). For alpacas on the second farm, 76 (88%) were seropositive on day 70, and percentage of animals ≤ 2 years old that were seropositive (24/24) was significantly higher than percentage of animals > 6 years old that were seropositive (27/33). For both farms, geometric mean titer on day 70 was significantly higher in animals < 2 years old than in animals > 6 years old.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that inoculation of alpacas with 3 doses of a bivalent, killed-virus equine encephalitis vaccine induced a humoral antibody response against EEE virus.
COMPARISON OF HIGH FLEXION DESIGN AND POSTERIOR STABILIZATION PROSTHESES OF TOTAL KNEE ARTHROPLASTY BY GAIT ANALYSIS
Authors: Tsai Wen-Chi , Chen Sheng-Chang , Lu Tung-Wu , Liu Hwa-Chang 
Published: February 2009

Introduction: The primary goal of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is to resolve knee destruction and associated problems at the end stages of diseases such as osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. High satisfactory rate has been reported in terms of pain relief and correction of deformity. However, the method for objective assessment of the outcome, such as range of motion (ROM) and quantitative evaluation of the clinical outcome of TKA, is to be confirmed. The purpose of this study was mandatory to investigate the ROM objectively and the newly designed prostheses. Materials and methods: The study was done in randomly selected patients who received dynamic measurement of knee function. Twenty-six patients participated in the study. They were divided into two groups (13 patients in A and 13 patients in B group), according to the knee prostheses they had received. Basic knee functions were evaluated in various dynamic activities, including nonweight bearing status of knee flexion, level walking, kneeling, and squatting, using computerized gait analysis techniques (Vicon 512 system). Passive knee ROM and static alignment were measured using traditional goniometer. HSS scores, physical, and neural examination were recorded. Results: After comparing patients in almost similar criteria, results have shown that there was no significant difference between two types of knee prostheses in randomly selective patients. Conclusion: Newly designed prostheses for achieving higher flexion angle cannot guarantee to provide better knee flexion for every patient. A patient, who can achieve higher knee flexion in pre-operative status, will have high flexion results in post-operative result. In other words, poor knee flexion function in pre-operation will lead to poor knee flexion function in post-operation status. Minor prosthesis design has little to do with the surgical outcome of knee flexion.
Identification of physical problems of major palm leaf manuscripts collections in Sri Lanka
Authors: Alahakoon CNK 
Published: February 2009

A survey of the largest collection of palm-leaf manuscripts was carried out in order to find out its maintenance, flaws, problems relating to the preservation and conservation programmes in Sri Lanka. Altogether, 717 manuscripts were taken to study the collections. The main research tools were a record sheet, a self administered questionnaire followed by interviews. 10% of each collection was selected as samples of the study and a simple random sampling method was applied. Data analysis was done by using SPSS statistical analysis package. The survey of visual observation and the viva-voce interviews revealed that most flaws of the manuscripts have taken place due to lack of awareness of the condition of the storage area, lack of experts in the field and insufficient equipment to control the hazards of the environment of the stack areas of some repositories. In the management process, application of new technology is not much practiced due to non availability of the infrastructure and the trained personnel in these repositories. The significant finding of the study revealed that a workable preservation and conservation policies and establishment of conservation units and cleaning programmes are needed. doi: 10.4038/jula.v10i0.318 Journal of the University Librarians Association of Sri Lanka (Vol. 10) 2006 p.54-65
The Role of the Librarian of a Research library: with relevant to field of Agriculture
Authors: Gunasekara RM 
Published: February 2009

Any research library provides specialized information facilities to its user community. Therefore the librarian in a research library has to play a vital role in satisfactory its readers. Present paper briefly describes the functions and responsibilities of a librarian in a research library. doi: 10.4038/jula.v9i0.313 Journal of the University Librarians Association of Sri Lanka (Vol. 9) 2005 p.62-69
Synthesis of Aliphatic (S)‐α‐Hydroxycarboxylic Amides using a One‐Pot Bienzymatic Cascade of Immobilised Oxynitrilase and Nitrile Hydratase
Authors: van Pelt Sander , van Rantwijk Fred , Sheldon Roger A. 
Published: February 2009

Abstractmagnified imageA one‐pot bienzymatic cascade combining a hydroxynitrile lyase (Manihot esculenta, E.C. 4.1.2.10) and a nitrile hydratase (Nitriliruptor alkaliphilus, E.C. 4.2.1.84) for the synthesis of enantiopure aliphatic α‐hydroxycarboxylic amides from aldehydes is described. Both enzymes were immobilised as cross‐linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs). Stability tests show that the nitrile hydratase CLEAs are sensitive to water‐immiscible organic solvents as well as to aldehydes and hydrogen cyanide (HCN), but are remarkably stable and show useful activity in acidic aqueous environments of pH 4–5. The cascade reactions are consequently carried out by using a portionwise feed of HCN and moderate concentrations of aldehyde in acidic aqueous buffer to suppress the uncatalysed hydrocyanation background reaction. After optimisation, this method was used to synthesise five different kinds of aliphatic α‐hydroxycarboxylic amides from the corresponding aldehydes with good yields and with enantiomeric purities comparable to those obtained for the α‐hydroxynitriles in the microaqueous hydrocyanation using hydroxynitrile lyase and an excess of HCN.
Glutamate receptors on myelinated spinal cord axons: II. AMPA and GluR5 receptors
Authors: Ouardouz Mohamed , Coderre Elaine , Zamponi Gerald W. , Hameed Shameed , Yin Xinghua , Trapp Bruce D. , Stys Peter K. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractObjectiveGlutamate receptors, which play a major role in the physiology and pathology of central nervous system gray matter, are also involved in the pathophysiology of white matter. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for excitotoxic damage to white matter elements are not fully understood. We explored the roles of AMPA and GluR5 kainate receptors in axonal Ca2+deregulation.MethodsDorsal column axons were loaded with a Ca2+indicator and imaged in vitro using confocal microscopy.ResultsBoth AMPA and a GluR5 kainate receptor agonist increased intraaxonal Ca2+in myelinated rat dorsal column fibers. These responses were inhibited by selective antagonists of these receptors. The GluR5‐mediated Ca2+increase was mediated by both canonical (ie, ionotropic) and noncanonical (metabotropic) signaling, dependent on a pertussis toxin–sensitive G protein/phospholipase C–dependent pathway, promoting Ca2+release from inositol triphosphate–dependent stores. In addition, the GluR5 response was reduced by intraaxonal NO scavengers. In contrast, GluR4 AMPA receptors operated via Ca2+‐induced Ca2+release, dependent on ryanodine receptors, and unaffected by NO scavengers. Neither pathway depended on L‐type Ca2+channels, in contrast with GluR6 kainate receptor action.1Immunohistochemistry confirmed the presence of GluR4 and GluR5 clustered at the surface of myelinated axons; GluR5 coimmunoprecipitated with nNOS and often colocalized with neuronal nitric oxide synthase clusters on the internodal axon.InterpretationCentral myelinated axons express functional AMPA and GluR5 kainate receptors, and can directly respond to glutamate receptor agonists. These glutamate receptor–dependent signaling pathways promote an increase in intraaxonal Ca2+levels potentially contributing to axonal degeneration. Ann Neurol 2009
Titelbild: Heterogeneously Hybridized Porous Coordination Polymer Crystals: Fabrication of Heterometallic Core–Shell Single Crystals with an In‐Plane Rotational Epitaxial Relationship (Angew. Chem. 10/2009)
Authors: Furukawa Shuhei , Hirai Kenji , Nakagawa Keiji , Takashima Yohei , Matsuda Ryotaro , Tsuruoka Takaaki , Kondo Mio , Haruki Rie , Tanaka Daisuke , Sakamoto Hirotoshi , Shimomura Satoru , Sakata Osami , Kitagawa Susumu 
Published: February 2009

AbstractEin poröses Kupferkoordinationsgerüst wuchs epitaktisch als Einkristall auf der Einkristalloberfläche eines porösen Zinkkoordinationsgerüsts, wie S. Kitagawa et al. in ihrer Zuschrift auf S. 1798 ff. beschreiben. Im Bild sind die Strukturbeziehungen zwischen dem Kupfer‐ und dem Zinkgerüst zu sehen, die durch röntgenographische Untersuchung der Oberflächen mit Synchrotronstrahlung erhalten wurden; epitaktisches Wachstum in der Ebene unter Rotation kompensiert die unterschiedlichen Gitterkonstanten der beiden Kristalle.magnified image
Innentitelbild: A Synthetic Lectin for O‐Linked β‐N‐Acetylglucosamine (Angew. Chem. 10/2009)
Authors: Ferrand Yann , Klein Emmanuel , Barwell Nicholas P. , Crump Matthew P. , Jiménez‐Barbero Jesus , Vicent Cristina , Boons Geert‐Jan , Ingale Sampat , Davis Anthony P. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractKohlenhydrate sind schwer zu fassen – selbst für natürliche Rezeptoren –, wenn sie in Wasser vorliegen, da ihre Hydroxygruppen dem Lösungsmittel ähneln und auf diese Weise wie eine Tarnung wirken. In ihrer Zuschrift auf S. 1807 ff. beschreiben A. P. Davis et al. einen synthetischen Rezeptor, der die wichtige β‐N‐Acetylglucosaminyl(β‐GlcNAC)‐Einheit bemerkenswert effizient bindet. Der Rezeptor zeigt gute Affinitäten und hervorragende Selektivitäten, selbst gemessen an natürlichen Kohlenhydrat‐bindenden Proteinen.magnified image
Cover Picture: Heterogeneously Hybridized Porous Coordination Polymer Crystals: Fabrication of Heterometallic Core–Shell Single Crystals with an In‐Plane Rotational Epitaxial Relationship (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 10/2009)
Authors: Furukawa Shuhei , Hirai Kenji , Nakagawa Keiji , Takashima Yohei , Matsuda Ryotaro , Tsuruoka Takaaki , Kondo Mio , Haruki Rie , Tanaka Daisuke , Sakamoto Hirotoshi , Shimomura Satoru , Sakata Osami , Kitagawa Susumu 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA porous copper coordination framework grew epitaxially as a single crystal on the surface of a single crystal of a porous zinc coordination framework, as described by S. Kitagawa and co‐workers in their Communication on page 1766 ff. The picture shows the structural relationship between the copper and zinc frameworks, which has been unveiled by synchrotron surface X‐ray diffraction measurements; in‐plane rotational epitaxial growth compensates for the different lattice constants of the two crystals.magnified image
Photoluminescence, FTIR, and electrical characterization of samarium(III) chloride‐doped polyaniline
Authors: Ameen Sadia , Ali Vazid , Zulfequar M. , Mazharul Haq M. , Husain M. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe synthesized polyaniline (PANI) is doped with different concentrations of Samarium(III) chloride (SmCl3). The electrical conductivity of doped PANI samples has been measured in the temperature range (300–400K). It has been found that dc conductivity increases with the increase of dopant concentration. Different parameters, based on the conductivity, such as pre‐exponential factor (σ0) and activation energy (ΔE) have also been calculated. These parameters exhibit information about the nature and suitability of the dopant. Doped samples are characterized by FTIR and photoluminescence studies, which show the interaction of dopant with PANI. Two sharp peaks of different intensities from PL spectra at 388 and 604nm have appeared in doped PANI, which might be due to the effect of SmCl3. It has been observed that SmCl3 (dopant) shows noticeable changes in the electrical and spectroscopic properties of doped PANI. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Modular process for the flexible synthesis of magnetic beads—Process and product validation
Authors: Hickstein Birgit , Peuker Urs Alexander 
Published: February 2009

AbstractHere we present a modular process for the flexible production of magnetic beads with variable magnetic properties and anion or cation exchanger functionalities. Magnetic beads are used in bio‐separations and downstream processing to remove a valuable substance from e.g., a fermentation broth (Magnetic Fishing). The magnetic beads we are presenting here consist of a composite material, containing nanoscale magnetite and ion exchanger particles which are embedded into a polymer matrix. With this composite concept, anion and cation exchanger properties are available in magnetic beads with different matrix polymers (PVB, PVA, PMMA, and PVAc). The content of magnetite was varied in a range between 0 and 40 wt %, ion exchanger particles between 0 and 60 wt % and the matrix polymer between 20 and 60 wt %. The magnetic bead characteristics, which determine the application properties, are shown. Thermo gravimetrical analyses, FTIR spectra and measurements of the ion exchange capacity prove the different properties in respect to the magnetic beads composition. In an adsorption experiment, it was possible to achieve a maximum capacity of 270 mg/g for β‐galactosidase with PVB‐beads. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Crystallization kinetics and melting behavior of poly[(trimethylene terephthalate)‐co‐(29 mol % ethylene terephthalate)] copolyester
Authors: Chen Ming , Ko Chi‐Yun , Wang Hui‐Chen , Chen Ren‐Yi , Wang Chuan‐Liang , Lu Hsin‐Ying , Tseng I‐Min 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe copolyester was characterized as having 71 mol % trimethylene terephthalate units and 29 mol % ethylene terephthalate units in a random sequence according to the NMR spectra. Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) was used to investigate the isothermal crystallization kinetics in the temperature range (Tc) from 130 to 170°C. The melting behavior after isothermal crystallization was studied using DSC and temperature‐modulated DSC by varying the Tc, the crystallization time, and the heating rate. The DSC thermograms and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction patterns reveal that the complex melting behavior involves melting‐recrystallization‐remelting and different lamellar crystals. As the Tc increases, the contribution of recrystallization gradually falls and finally disappears. A Hoffman‐Weeks linear plot yields an equilibrium melting temperature of 198.7°C. The kinetic analysis of the growth rates of spherulites and the change in the morphology from regular to banded spherulites indicate that a regime II→III transition occurs at 148°C. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Aerosol growth and activation in polluted air masses over a tropical metropolis in the Indian sub‐continent
Authors: Varun Raj S. , Ghosh S. , Sivakumar B. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractAir pollution can affect cloud formation in more than one way. When the pollutant gases are condensable (e.g. oxides of sulphur), then the process of aerosol activation is eased to a certain extent aiding cloud formation. However, polluted days are often characterised by low updraught speeds which inhibit aerosol growth. In this study, we have critically examined the aerosol activation process in a polluted coastal environment where both effects are present. We have concentrated on the Chennai region (one of the largest cities in the world) of the Indian sub‐continent because its pace of industrialisation is increasing rapidly, adding to increasing SO2 pollution over the years. Air masses over Chennai contain a mixture of aerosol particles including NaCl, because of its proximity to the Bay of Bengal, along with ammonium sulphate. We have used observational data along with a detailed microphysical chemical parcel model to study cloud activation effects. We find that over Chennai, often the presence of the condensable pollutant vapour (SO2) more than compensates for the low updraught speeds by lowering the level of maximum super saturation significantly. This latter effect favours the activation of ammonium sulphate as well as NaCl aerosol particles. We have undertaken a systematic analysis to quantify the relative strengths of these two competing effects and find that even with low updraught speeds, oxides of sulphur can perturb the activation domain comprising a mixture of aerosol particles to such an extent that aerosol particles in polluted environments often grow efficiently. This effect is non‐intuitive in the sense that one associates smaller cloud droplet sizes with polluted air masses. This is the first microphysical modelling study for the Indian sub‐continent where National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) observations have been applied to cloud microphysical processes. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
A DNA replicon system for rapid high‐level production of virus‐like particles in plants
Authors: Huang Zhong , Chen Qiang , Hjelm Brooke , Arntzen Charles , Mason Hugh 
Published: February 2009

AbstractRecombinant virus‐like particles (VLPs) represent a safe and effective vaccine strategy. We previously described a stable transgenic plant system for inexpensive production and oral delivery of VLP vaccines. However, the relatively low‐level antigen accumulation and long‐time frame to produce transgenic plants are the two major roadblocks in the practical development of plant‐based VLP production. In this article, we describe the optimization of geminivirus‐derived DNA replicon vectors for rapid, high‐yield plant‐based production of VLPs. Co‐delivery of bean yellow dwarf virus (BeYDV)‐derived vector and Rep/RepA‐supplying vector by agroinfiltration of Nicotiana benthamiana leaves resulted in efficient replicon amplification and robust protein production within 5 days. Co‐expression of the P19 protein of tomato bush stunt virus, a gene silencing inhibitor, further enhanced VLP accumulation by stabilizing the mRNA. With this system, hepatitis B core antigen (HBc) and Norwalk virus capsid protein (NVCP) were produced at 0.80 and 0.34 mg/g leaf fresh weight, respectively. Sedimentation analysis and electron microscopy of transiently expressed antigens verified the efficient assembly of VLPs. Furthermore, a single replicon vector containing a built‐in Rep/RepA cassette without P19 drove protein expression at similar levels as the three‐component system. These results demonstrate the advantages of fast and high‐level production of VLP‐based vaccines using the BeYDV‐derived DNA replicon system for transient expression in plants. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009;103: 706–714. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of co‐cultures of meniscus cells and articular chondrocytes on PLLA scaffolds
Authors: Gunja Najmuddin J. , Athanasiou Kyriacos A. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe knee meniscus, a fibrocartilaginous tissue located in the knee joint, is characterized by heterogeneity in extracellular matrix and biomechanical properties. To recreate these properties using a tissue engineering approach, co‐cultures of meniscus cells (MCs) and articular chondrocytes (ACs) were seeded in varying ratios (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100) on poly‐L‐lactic acid (PLLA) scaffolds and cultured in serum‐free medium for 4 weeks. Histological, biochemical, and biomechanical tests were used to assess constructs at the end time point. Strong staining for collagen and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) was observed in all groups. Constructs with 100% MCs were positive for collagen I and constructs cultured with 100% ACs were positive for collagen II, while a mixture of collagen I and II was observed in other co‐culture groups. Total collagen and GAG per construct increased as the percentage of ACs increased (27 ± 8 µg, 0% AC to 45 ± 8 µg, 100% ACs for collagen and 12 ± 4 µg, 0% ACs to 40 ± 5 µg, 100% ACs for GAG). Compressive modulus (instantaneous and relaxation modulus) of the constructs was significantly higher in the 100% ACs group (63 ± 12 and 22 ± 9 kPa, respectively) when compared to groups with higher percentage of MCs. No differences in tensile properties were noted among groups. Specific co‐culture ratios were identified mimicking the GAG/DW of the inner (0:100, 25:75, and 50:50) and outer regions (100:0) of the meniscus. Overall, it was demonstrated that co‐culturing MCs and ACs on PLLA scaffolds results in functional tissue engineered meniscus constructs with a spectrum of biochemical and biomechanical properties. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009;103: 808–816. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.