bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of polyacid architecture and polycation molecular weight on lateral diffusion within multilayer films
Authors: Brito Jordan , Shah Parin Purvin , Aliakseyeu Aliaksei , Sukhishvili Svetlana A. 
Published: March 2024

Despite the potential use of polyelectrolyte multilayers for biomedical, separation, and energy applications, their dynamic properties are not sufficiently understood. In this work, center-of-mass diffusion of a weak polyacid—poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) of linear and 8-arm architecture (L-PMAA and 8-PMAA, respectively) and matched molecular weight—was studied in layer-by-layer (LbL) assemblies with poly(diallyldimethylammonium) chloride (PDADMAC) of varied molecular weight. The film deposition at low-salt, acidic conditions when PMAA was only partially ionized yielded thicker, more diffused layers with shorter PDADMAC chains, and bilayer thickness decreased for multilayers constructed with longer PDADMAC. The molecular architecture of PMAA had a weak effect on film growth, with bilayer thickness being ∼20% larger for L-PMAA for the films constructed with the shortest PDADMAC (35 kDa) and identical film growth for L-PMAA and 8-PMAA with the longest PDADMAC (300 kDa). The exposure of the multilayer films to 0.2M NaCl triggered a reduction in PMAA ionization and significant lateral diffusivity of fluorescently labeled PMAA molecules (PMAA*), with diffusion coefficients D ranging from 10−13 to 10−12 cm2/s, as determined by the fluorescence recovery after photobleaching technique. For all the films, polymer mobility was higher for star polyacids as compared to their linear counterparts, and the dependence of PMAA diffusion coefficient D on PDADMAC molecular weight (D ∼ M−n) was relatively weak (n &lt; 0.6). However, 8-PMAA demonstrated an approximately doubled power exponent compared to the L-PMAA chains, suggesting a stronger effect of the molecular connectivity of the partner polycation molecules on the diffusion of star polyelectrolytes.
Revisiting the benzene excimer using [2,2] paracyclophane model system: Experiment and theory
Authors: Haggag Omer , Baer Roi , Ruhman Sanford , Krylov Anna I. 
Published: March 2024

We report high-level calculations of the excited states of [2,2]-paracyclophane (PCP), which was recently investigated experimentally by ultrafast pump–probe experiments on oriented single crystals [Haggag et al., ChemPhotoChem 6 e202200181 (2022)]. PCP, in which the orientation of the two benzene rings and their range of motion are constrained, serves as a model for studying benzene excimer formation. The character of the excimer state and the state responsible for the brightest transition are similar to those of the benzene dimer. The constrained structure of PCP allows one to focus on the most important degree of freedom, the inter-ring distance. The calculations explain the main features of the transient absorption spectral evolution. This brightest transition of the excimer is polarized along the inter-fragment axis. The absorption of the light polarized in the plane of the rings reveals the presence of other absorbing states of Rydberg character, with much weaker intensities. We also report new transient absorption data obtained by a broadband 8 fs pump, which time-resolve strong modulations of the excimer absorption. The combination of theory and experiment provides a detailed picture of the evolution of the electronic structure of the PCP excimer in the course of a single molecular vibration.
Phonon-mediated ultrafast energy- and momentum-resolved hole dynamics in monolayer black phosphorus
Authors: Gao Siyuan , Wang Yu-Chen , Zhao Yi 
Published: March 2024

The electron–phonon scattering plays a crucial role in determining the electronic, transport, optical, and thermal properties of materials. Here, we employ a non-Markovian stochastic Schrödinger equation (NMSSE) in momentum space, together with ab initio calculations for energy bands and electron–phonon interactions, to reveal the phonon-mediated ultrafast hole relaxation dynamics in the valence bands of monolayer black phosphorus. Our numerical simulations show that the hole can initially remain in the high-energy valence bands for more than 100 fs due to the weak interband scatterings, and its energy relaxation follows single-exponential decay toward the valence band maximum after scattering into low-energy valence bands. The total relaxation time of holes is much longer than that of electrons in the conduction band. This suggests that harnessing the excess energy of holes may be more effective than that of electrons. Compared to the semiclassical Boltzmann equation based on a hopping model, the NMSSE highlights the persistence of quantum coherence for a long time, which significantly impacts the relaxation dynamics. These findings complement the understanding of hot carrier relaxation dynamics in two-dimensional materials and may offer novel insights into harnessing hole energy in photocatalysis.
Structural and mechanistic basis of the central energy-converting methyltransferase complex of methanogenesis
Authors: Aziz Iram , Kayastha Kanwal , Kaltwasser Susann , Vonck Janet , Welsch Sonja , Murphy Bonnie J. , Kahnt Jörg , Wu Di , Wagner Tristan , Shima Seigo , Ermler Ulrich 
Published: March 2024

Methanogenic archaea inhabiting anaerobic environments play a crucial role in the global biogeochemical material cycle. The most universal electrogenic reaction of their methane-producing energy metabolism is catalyzed by
N
5
-methyl-tetrahydromethanopterin: coenzyme M methyltransferase (MtrABCDEFGH), which couples the vectorial Na
+
transport with a methyl transfer between the one-carbon carriers tetrahydromethanopterin and coenzyme M via a vitamin B
12
derivative (cobamide) as prosthetic group. We present the 2.08 Å cryo-EM structure of Mtr(ABCDEFG)
3
composed of the central Mtr(ABFG)
3
stalk symmetrically flanked by three membrane-spanning MtrCDE globes. Tetraether glycolipids visible in the map fill gaps inside the multisubunit complex. Putative coenzyme M and Na
+
were identified inside or in a side-pocket of a cytoplasmic cavity formed within MtrCDE. Its bottom marks the gate of the transmembrane pore occluded in the cryo-EM map. By integrating Alphafold2 information, functionally competent MtrA–MtrH and MtrA–MtrCDE subcomplexes could be modeled and thus the methyl-tetrahydromethanopterin demethylation and coenzyme M methylation half-reactions structurally described. Methyl-transfer-driven Na
+
transport is proposed to be based on a strong and weak complex between MtrCDE and MtrA carrying vitamin B
12
, the latter being placed at the entrance of the cytoplasmic MtrCDE cavity. Hypothetically, strongly attached methyl-cob(III)amide (His-on) carrying MtrA induces an inward-facing conformation, Na
+
flux into the membrane protein center and finally coenzyme M methylation while the generated loosely attached (or detached) MtrA carrying cob(I)amide (His-off) induces an outward-facing conformation and an extracellular Na
+
outflux. Methyl-cob(III)amide (His-on) is regenerated in the distant active site of the methyl-tetrahydromethanopterin binding MtrH implicating a large-scale shuttling movement of the vitamin B
12
-carrying domain.
Is animation always better for learning Chinese characters?
Authors: Yang Juan , Peng Rui 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The present study investigated the effect of animations on Chinese character learning in multimedia presentations. In particular, we examined whether animations focusing on different knowledge of characters would yield different performance among students learning Chinese characters. The role of the animations which focused on the etymology of Chinese characters was tested in Experiment 1 with twelve English secondary school students. The results found that etymological animations were superior to flashcards for learners in recognizing forms of Chinese characters but not for understanding their meanings. In Experiment 2, the effect of animations which focused on demonstrating stroke order along with the audio explanations and on-screen written texts was addressed with 60 Thai secondary school students. The results revealed that animations demonstrating stroke order did not provide learners with advantages in orthographic learning. However, the findings support the redundant principle that static imagery and spoken and written text together facilitated character learning. In addition, the study showed that the students’ pace and flexibility of learning, the level of character difficulty, and students’ active processing have significant roles in character learning performance in a multimedia settings. This study provides implications for the design of multimedia instruction in foreign language acquisition and sheds light on the theoretical assumptions of dual-coding theory regarding learners’ cognitive loads in multimedia processing.
Reconsidering linguistic nativism from an interdisciplinary, emergentist perspective
Authors: Breyl Michael 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
For decades, interdisciplinary research efforts have accumulated insights that diminish the significance of the
classic nature versus nurture dichotomy, instead calling for a nuanced, multifactorial approach to ontogeny. Similarly, the role
of genes in both phylogeny and ontogeny, once seen as rather deterministic, is now conceptualized as highly dependent on
environmental factors, including behavior. Linguistic theories have, in principle, made an effort to incorporate these changing
views. However, the central claim of the given paper is that this apparent compliance with biological insights remains
superficial. As such, considerable disconnects between linguistic theory and what is known about the biological underpinnings of
complex traits persist, negatively impacting pertinent views on language acquisition, language universals and the evolution of
language. Given the breadth of these fields of study, the aim of this paper is to tackle the root of the problem: It begins by
sketching out linguistic nativism as conceptualized within generativism, pointing to aspects within this position that stand in
conflict with the interdisciplinary literature. It will then review select areas of research in a succinct manner in order to
substantiate the criticism and characterize the counterposition as found within the biological sciences. The paper will culminate
in addressing these disconnects on conceptual grounds, i.e. invoking the term emergence as employed in
neuroscience as a possible means to reconcile those biological insights with linguistic nativism.
Challenging Gender Roles and Expectations in Outdoor Field Experiences
Authors: Sassaman Steven 
Published: March 2024

Summary
Though field experiences require equitable contributions from each member in order to be successful, western socialized gender norms often find themselves playing out as participants who identify as women tend to take the “caretaker” role in tasks such as campsite setup and cooking while those who identify as men often focus on the technical aspects of the activity itself. This case study explores how this frequent dynamic can be challenged and leveraged as an opportunity to more broadly identify how socialized gender norms negatively impact society as a whole.

Information
© CAB International 2024
Inclusion, Access, and Intersectionality in the Outdoors: A Rock Climbing Case Study of the Salt Lake Area Queer Climbers (SLAQC) Organization
Authors: Hernandez Leandra H. , Kastellec Matthew , Zheng Rue 
Published: March 2024

Summary
In this case study, we explore our experiences as three of the co-organizers of the Salt Lake Area Queer Climbers (SLAQC) organization, a rock climbing queer advocacy organization based in Salt Lake City. Matty is a queer, cisgender white man, Lea is a queer/pansexual Latina, and Rue is a queer Chinese-American. All of us have been climbing for several years, and Lea and Matty were both active in the Salt Lake Climbers Alliance organization, as well. Utah is a predominantly white, conservative, and religious state, and in spite of obstacles, we have created a homeplace for queer climbers. Our organization breaks down access barriers, gear barriers, and more through partnerships with local gyms, local climbing affinity groups such as Color the Wasatch, gear organizations, and queer climbing guides. In this case study, we explore best practices that we utilize to frame our events and our community outreach, rooted within principles of intersectionality, and reflect upon the 1-year anniversary of SLAQC.

Information
© CAB International 2024
Not Just Rapids: Navigating Gendered Performance in the Whitewater Rafting Industry
Authors: Schenkemeyer Mandy , Blevins Maria 
Published: March 2024

Summary
Ideal archetypes of outdoor guides often conjure images of strong men with beards and flannel. While guiding industries are, in fact, man-dominated, many women have been successful in gaining and maintaining employment in outdoor professions. Feminist scholars have outlined concepts of gender performances. Within guiding industries, many women have been adapted by performing masculinity. This case study stems from a larger project examining gender dynamics and issues of harassment within the whitewater raft guiding community. We outline the specific ways in which a dominant masculinity is described by interviewees and the subsequent practices they adopt. Specifically, we discuss how women have enacted masculinity through toughness, assertive communication, and sexual humor. We highlight how these expectations are exclusionary and can be opposed. Through these examples and related literature, we re-envision work cultures that no longer require the additional labor of navigating masculinist environments in order to be accepted and successful.

Information
© CAB International 2024
The magnetic field does not perform work—or does it?
Authors: Schmidt Heinz-Jürgen , Bröcker Thomas 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
We investigate the question discussed in the literature as to whether the magnetic field can perform work using two models that describe interacting magnetic dipoles. In the first model, the dipoles are realized by rigidly rotating charge clouds, whereas in the second model, one of the two dipoles is described by a real macroscopic spin density. The theoretical foundations of the second model are formulated in a recently published paper. We derive equations of motion and detailed energy balance for both models when the initial magnetic moments are parallel to the connecting line of the initial dipole positions. In this scenario the ‘large’ dipole remains stationary and generates an external magnetic field in which the ‘small’ dipole is accelerated. The answer to the title question depends on the choice of criteria for ‘work of the magnetic field’.
Tunable optical bistability of two-dimensional tilted Dirac system
Authors: Pandey Vivek , Bhalla Pankaj 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
We study the phenomenon of controlling the light by light known as the optical bistability for the two-dimensional tilted Dirac system. Using the Boltzmann approach under relaxation time approximation, we find that the optical bistability can be controlled by the nonlinear response of the system. For the prototype, we consider an inversion symmetry broken system. We find that the optical bistability associated with the nonlinear response is tunable with the strength of the tilt, gap and chemical potential. The resulting features suggest the inputs for the development of future-generation optical devices.
Temporal Variation of Phosphate Contamination In Tropical Epikarst Springs, Gunungsewu Karst Area, Indonesia
Authors: Satrio F A , Singgih A , Cahyadi A , Adji T N 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Epikarst springs in less developed karst areas typically have predominant diffuse flows where groundwater chiefly moves through spaces between rock grains. This might lead to different flow characteristics between flow dominated by diffuse and dominated by large conduits resulting from dissolution processes. This research aimed to analyze the multitemporal characteristics of phosphate contamination of epikarst spring water in the Gunungsewu Karst Area, Java Island, Indonesia. Phosphate levels were determined from the spring water samples collected every two weeks for nine months to encompass two seasons characteristic of tropical environments: dry and rainy. Results show that the phosphate concentration of the Gedaren Spring exceeded the water quality standard at different times, was likely high in the rainy season and low in dry season and showed positive correlation with rainfall and flow discharge. Further, it was identified that the phosphate was probably generated by agricultural activities or different sources from sulfate and nitrate, as indicated by their weak positive correlations between phosphate-sulfate or phosphate-nitrate.
Prospective Peri-Urban Areas Around the New Capital City of Nusantara, Indonesia: Sustainable Development and New Urban Agenda Perspectives
Authors: Budiman P W , Musthofa A , Reinhart H 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In 2022, the Indonesian Parliament passed the historical new capital city bill, commencing the relocation of the country’s capital from Jakarta to Nusantara in Kalimantan Timur. This relocation has been predicted to impact the surrounding areas by, for instance, triggering (peri-)urbanization. This research aimed to analyze the locations and roles of peri-urban areas and discuss the processes that drive their emergence and development in the context of the New Urban Agenda. For this purpose, potential peri-urban areas were determined by examining three spatial elements: the development level, accessibility, and position of a village (administrative unit) relative to the capital. Supporting primary data were acquired through a field survey, and secondary data were obtained from the Village Potential Statistics (PODES) from BPS-Statistics Indonesia. Results show that the identified potential peri-urban areas had the following characteristics: (1) situated within the new capital’s development zone, (2) directly adjacent to the capital, (3) having a high level of development and adequate access to the capital, and (4) currently parts of the peri-urban areas of Samarinda and Balikpapan Cities. According to the New Urban Agenda, peri-urban areas can help provide open green space to support rural-urban linkage and perform the new capital’s ecological functions.
Reducing the Susceptibility of Flood Supplier Areas in Gondang Micro-Catchment, Bojonegoro, East Java Province: a Flood Disaster Mitigation Effort
Authors: Hanindityasari L , Auliyani D , Wahyuningrum N , Supangat A B 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Flood disaster mitigation begins with reducing the susceptibility of flood supplier areas. This task can be accomplished by mapping the flood-supplier susceptibility and then deciding on long-term flood mitigation actions following the susceptibility level of the land and the legal status of its area. Pacal reservoir has Gondang as one of its catchment areas. During the rainy season, the spillway releases water immediately because the inflow exceeds capacity. To maximize water storage, reduce Pacal reservoir input, and prevent downstream flooding, the land cover must be improved. This paper will investigate the Gondang micro-flood-prone catchment’s locations and propose mitigation strategies. The legal status of the land is used, as well as Climate Hazards Group Infrared Precipitation with Station data (CHIRPS), Digital Elevation Model (DEM), and Google Imagery from 2014 and 2020. Paimin’s Equation was used to assess the flood risk. The findings indicate that the Gondang micro-catchment is susceptible to flood suppliers on a low to a high level. Changes in land cover during 2014-2020 resulted in alterations to the susceptibility level of the area. The legal status of the area has had an impact on land cover management. The simulation results of reforestation and maintenance of dense forests in forest areas, as well as regreening activities in agricultural areas, can improve land with high susceptibility to moderate levels, which accounts for 20.9% of micro-catchment areas. All of these proposed activities are expected to control the Pacal Reservoir’s inflow during the rainy season by increasing soil infiltration and reducing runoff.
Assessing Social Vulnerability to Coastal Hazards: A Case Study of Bandar Lampung City Coastal Area
Authors: Asbi A M , Mardiatno D , Ruslanjari D 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Bandar Lampung City’s coastal area is highly susceptible to coastal hazards due to its location within the subduction zone of the Indo-Australian and Eurasian tectonic plates. Additionally, the presence of the Anak Krakatau volcano in the Sunda Strait further increases the vulnerability of the city’s coast to natural disasters. This study analyses the current social vulnerability in the coastal area of Bandar Lampung City. The aim is to provide a starting point for disaster management and policy planning in the city. To determine the level of social vulnerability in the coastal area of Bandar Lampung City, social vulnerability mapping is conducted by overlaying four indices: population, population density, sex ratio, and dependency ratio. The data indicates that there is significant variation in the level of social vulnerability among the coastal areas of Bandar Lampung City. Specifically, 8 out of 25 villages in the coastal area of Bandar Lampung City exhibit high levels of social vulnerability. The villages of Bumi Waras, Pesawahan, and Keteguhan have the highest levels of social vulnerability in the coastal area of Bandar Lampung City. As revealed by this study, the indicators of population size and dependency ratio have the most significant impact on the level of social vulnerability. These findings are expected to provide valuable input to stakeholders in their efforts to reduce social vulnerability in coastal areas.
Groundwater Management in Coastal Area of Batang Regency to Anticipate Sea Water Intrusion
Authors: Primacintya V A , Purnama I L S , Mawaddah M R 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Of the water sources that exist on earth, almost all of human’s daily water needs such as drinking, bathing and washing are sourced from groundwater. Uncontrolled extraction of groundwater can cause various impacts on the environment, such as lowering of the groundwater level and seawater intrusion. Efforts to manage groundwater need to be carried out so that its availability is always maintained. The initial step of this effort is to formulate a management model as a basis for policy determination. For this reason, in this study a dynamic modeling simulation was carried out using dinamic program. The results of the research show that the priority for groundwater management efforts in the coastal area of Batang Regency is to reduce the use of groundwater for the domestic sector which can be done through saving groundwater use or by increasing the capacity of the local water company. Besides that, management through artificial recharge by making infiltration wells or biopore holes is also effective in maintaining the availability of groundwater in this area.