bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The acquisition of two phonetic cues to word boundaries
Authors: REDFORD MELISSA A. , GILDERSLEEVE-NEUMANN CHRISTINA E. 
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACTThe study evaluated whether durational and allophonic cues to word boundaries are intrinsic to syllable production, and so acquired with syllable structure, or whether they are suprasyllabic, and so acquired in phrasal contexts. Twenty preschool children (aged 3 ; 6 and 4 ; 6) produced: (1) single words with simple and complex onsets (e.g.nailvs.snail); and (2) two-word phrases with intervocalic consonant sequences and varying boundary locations (e.g.this nailvs.bittysnail). Comparisons between child and adult control productions showed that the durational juncture cue was emergent in the four-year-olds' productions of two-word phrases, but absent elsewhere. In contrast, the allophonic cue was evident even in the three-year-olds' productions of single words. Perceptual judgments showed that age- and type-dependent acoustic differences translated into differences in listener behavior. The differential acquisition of the two juncture cues is discussed with reference to the acquisition of articulatory timing control.
Approximate characterizations of projectivity and injectivity for Banach modules
Authors: PIRKOVSKII A. YU. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractWe characterize projective and injective Banach modules in approximate terms, generalizing thereby a characterization of contractible Banach algebras given by F. Ghahramani and R. J. Loy. As a corollary, we show that each uniformly approximately amenable Banach algebra is amenable. Some applications to homological dimensions of Banach modules and algebras are also given.
Boundary links are self delta-equivalent to trivial links
Authors: SHIBUYA TETSUO , YASUHARA AKIRA 
Published: October 2007

AbstractSelf Δ-equivalence is an equivalence relation for links, which is stronger than link-homotopy defined by J. W. Milnor. It was shown that any boundary link is link-homotopic to a trivial link by L. Cervantes and R. A. Fenn and by D. Dimovski independently. In this paper we will show that any boundary link is self Δ-equivalent to a trivial link.
Finitary and Artinian-finitary groups
Authors: WEHRFRITZ B. A. F. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractLet M be a module over the ring R. The finitary automorphism group of M over R is

and the Artinian-finitary automorphism group of M over R is

We continue our study begun in [9] and [12] of the relationship between these two in some ways similar, but actually quite different types of automorphism group. Our study here involves the generalized finitary group $\{{\rm g} \in {\rm Aut}_{\rm R}{\rm M}{:}\,{\rm M}({\rm g} - 1)$ embeds into some finitely generated R-module which does not fit our earlier pattern of generalized finitary groups as described in [8].
The Sydney University Stellar Interferometer: A Major Upgrade to Spectral Coverage and Performance
Authors: Davis J. , Ireland M. J. , Chow J. , Jacob A. P. , Lucas R. E. , North J. R. , O'Byrne J. W. , Owens S. M. , Robertson J. G. , Seneta E. B. , Tango W. J. , Tuthill P. G. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractA new beam-combination and detection system has been installed in the Sydney University Stellar Interferometer working at the red end of the visual spectrum (λλ 500–950 nm) to complement the existing blue-sensitive system (λλ 430–520 nm) and to provide an increase in sensitivity. Dichroic beam-splitters have been introduced to allow simultaneous observations with both spectral systems, albeit with some restriction on the spectral range of the longer wavelength system (λλ 550–760 nm). The blue system has been upgraded to allow remote selection of wavelength and spectral bandpass, and to enable simultaneous operation with the red system with the latter providing fringe-envelope tracking. The new system and upgrades are described and examples of commissioning tests presented. As an illustration of the improvement in performance the measurement of the angular diameter of the southern F supergiant δ CMa is described and compared with previous determinations.
Russia's Conquest and Pacification of the Caucasus: Relocation Becomes a Pogrom in the Post-Crimean War Period
Authors: Brooks Willis 
Published: October 2007

“The history of Russia is the history of a nation that colonized itself.”Russia's greatest historian has affirmed that the expansion of Russian rule, particularly its method, is of fundamental significance in understanding the course of Russian history, and the establishment of Russian power in the Caucasus has attracted as much scholarly attention as any other region where Russian imperialism spread in the last two centuries. Russia's finest literary figures, scholars of the most divergent bent, Russian participants in the conquest and, of course, native inhabitants themselves have examined geographic, political, military and economic, as well as cultural and other factors that would explain how the many non-Slavic peoples of this strategically critical region were incorporated into the tsarist empire. From such a literature a lengthy list of quite diverse tactics are testimony to the deep concern Russian leaders had about integrating its divergent societies in the Caucasus into the Russian empire. The tsarist ideal was stated in the simplest language when Nicholas I endorsed a report in 1833 that would force the native inhabitants of the Caucasus to “speak, think, and feel Russian.” Not surprisingly, one of the striking qualities of the tsarist, Soviet and, to a great degree, Western literature is that it often focuses, as does this essay, on the frustrations Great Russians experienced while attempting to conquer, pacify and assimilate the multi-ethnic peoples of the Caucasus within the Russian-dominated empire. In addition, while charting the demographic vagaries of the Caucasus most scholars have concentrated on the creeping in-migrations of Cossacks and others from the internal Russian provinces and on the relocation of mountain tribesmen (gortsy) from their inaccessible villages (auly) to valley floors where watchful Russians could “civilize” them. What is strikingly absent from such literature, part of what this essay attempts to provide, is an examination of the policy considerations that led to such decisions, particularly in the post-Crimean War period.
The Hungarians in East Central Europe: A Demographic Profile
Authors: Sebök László 
Published: October 2007

The following tables have been compiled on the basis of published census data. In many instances this has necessitated explanatory footnotes for the following reasons:1. The oldest census results used in the tables are taken from the 1910 Austrian and Hungarian census based on “language” and “religion” categories. The later census results are usually based on declared “nationality.” A significant consequence of this difference is that in the Austrian and Hungarian census Jews can be found either among the German- or the Hungarian-speaking population, while in subsequent census results they are always designated a separate “nationality.” For this reason, additional information is provided in some of the footnotes regarding the Jews.
Kazakstan and Xinjiang: Regional Players in the World Economy
Authors: Nadyrov Sharip 
Published: October 2007

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the large international companies of the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region (XUAR) began to emphasize collaboration with the former Soviet republics because of opportunities for new markets and raw materials. There are several basic problems, however, demanding serious research into such trade prospects:(1) The definition of economic and technological variants in the division of labor among Russia, Central Asia, and the People's Republic of China (P.R.C.), including the roles of Kazakstan and Xinjiang.(2) Defining needs and prioritizing units of production, labor, transportation, etc.(3) Macropolitical and macroeconomical forecasts of the situations in Russia, Central Asia, and China.(4) Research on the optimum forms of cooperation.
A note on 𝐿₂-estimates for stable integrals with drift
Authors: Kurenok Vladimir 
Published: October 2007

Let

X
X

be of the form

X
t

=

∫
0
t

b
s

d

Z
s

+

∫
0
t

a
s

d
s
,
t
≥
0
,

X_t=\int _0^tb_sdZ_s+\int _0^ta_sds, t\ge 0,

where

Z
Z

is a symmetric stable process of index

α
∈
(
1
,
2
)

\alpha \in (1,2)

with

Z
0

=
0

Z_0=0

. We obtain various

L
2

L_2

-estimates for the process

X
X

. In particular, for

m
∈

N

,
t
≥
0
,

m\in \mathbb N, t\ge 0,

and any measurable, nonnegative function

f
f

we derive the inequality
\[

E

∫
0

t
∧

τ
m

(
X
)

|

b
s

|

α

f
(

X
s

)
d
s
≤
N
‖
f

‖

2
,
m

.

{\mathbf E}\int _0^{t\land \tau _m(X)}|b_s|^{\alpha }f(X_s)ds\le N\|f\|_{2,m}.

\]
As an application of the obtained estimates, we prove the existence of solutions for the stochastic equation

d

X
t

=
b
(

X

t
−

)
d

Z
t

+
a
(

X
t

)
d
t

dX_t=b(X_{t-})dZ_t+a(X_t)dt

for any initial value

x
0

∈

R

x_0\in \mathbb R

.
Enhancement of esophageal carcinogenesis in acid reflux model rats treated with ascorbic acid and sodium nitrite in combination with or without initiation
Authors: Kuroiwa Yuichi , Okamura Toshiya , Ishii Yuji , Umemura Takashi , Tasaki Masako , Kanki Keita , Mitsumori Kunitoshi , Hirose Masao , Nishikawa Akiyoshi 
Published: October 2007

Combined treatment with sodium nitrite (NaNO2) and ascorbic acid (AsA) has already been shown to promote rat forestomach carcinogenesis, possibly due to nitric oxide generation under acidic conditions. We hypothesized that a similar effect might occur in the esophagus when the luminal pH is decreased by acid reflux. To clarify this possibility, reflux esophagitis model rats (F344 male) were coadministered 0.2% NaNO2 in the drinking water and 1% AsA in the diet. After 32 weeks of the combined treatment, a significant increase in the incidence of epithelial hyperplasias of the lower‐middle and lowest parts of the esophagus were observed compared with the basal‐diet group, along with exacerbation of dysplasia and extension of the lesions. Additionally, one squamous cell papilloma was found only in the combined‐treatment group. Subsequently, we confirmed the enhancing effects of NaNO2 and AsA cotreatment in the rat N‐bis(2‐hydroxypropyl)nitrosamine‐initiated esophageal tumorigenesis model. The incidence of hyperplasia was enhanced in all segments, along with the incidence and multiplicity of squamous cell papillomas in the lowest segment of the esophagus. Thus, the data demonstrate that combined treatment with NaNO2 and AsA exerts promoting effects on rat esophageal carcinogenesis under acid reflux conditions, as in the forestomach. These findings suggest that the risk of excessive intake of a combination of nitrite and antioxidants for esophageal carcinogenesis is appreciable, particularly in patients with reflux esophagitis. (Cancer Sci 2008; 99: 7–13)
Effects of direct Cedrol inhalation into the lower airway on autonomic nervous activity in totally laryngectomized subjects
Authors: Umeno Katsumi , Hori Etsuro , Tsubota Masahito , Shojaku Hideo , Miwa Takaki , Nagashima Yoshinao , Yada Yukihiro , Suzuki Toshiyuki , Ono Taketoshi , Nishijo Hisao 
Published: October 2007

What is already known about this subject • Relationships between smell sensation and autonomic changes have been studied extensively.• However, the possibility that odorants may also act on the lung and lower airway remains unknown. What this study adds • The present results provide the first evidence that the lung and lower airway exert an inhibitory influence on the cardiovascular system in response to Cedrol (odorant) in the air under physiological conditions.AimsPrevious studies reported that Cedrol (odorant) inhalation (CI) induced changes in autonomic balance and baroreceptor sensitivity (BRS) in both healthy subjects and anosmic patients. This suggests that Cedrol may act on the lower airway, and that the pulmonary system may exert an inhibitory influence on the cardiovascular system.MethodTo test the above possibility, vaporized Cedrol (64.0 ± 7.7 10−9m) or blank air was directly inhaled through the lower airway from a hole in the trachea, but not through the upper airway, using totally laryngectomized subjects. During the experiment, ECG, systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressures were measured. Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous activity was estimated by spectral analyses of variability in these parameters (heart rate variability (HRV), SBP variability (SBPV) and DBP variability (DBPV)). BRS was computed from transfer gain between SBP and the R‐R interval of the ECG.ResultsSBP and DBP significantly decreased during CI, although there were no significant differences in HR and respiratory rate. BRS significantly increased during CI. The low frequency components of SBPV and DBPV (indices for sympathetic activity) significantly decreased during CI, while high frequency components of HRV (an index for parasympathetic activity) significantly increased.ConclusionsThe present experiment using totally laryngectomized patients replicated the similar results in healthy subjects who inhaled Cedrol through the nose, suppression of sympathetic outflow and increase in parasympathetic outflow. These results demonstrated that Cedrol acts on the lower airway and pulmonary system, and suggest a new target for drug therapy of hypertension.
Imprint cytology of vacuum‐assisted breast biopsy specimens: a rapid diagnostic tool in non‐palpable solid lesions
Authors: Oikonomou V. , Fotou M. , Zagouri F. , Sergentanis T. N. , Nonni A. , Athanassiadou P. , Drouveli T. , Patsouris E. , Kotzia E. , Zografos G. C. 
Published: October 2007

Objective:  Imprint cytology provides a rapid preliminary diagnosis shortly after the completion of breast biopsy. This study aims to assess the validity of imprint cytology for the pre‐operative diagnosis of non‐palpable mammographic solid lesions excised by vacuum‐assisted breast biopsy (VABB).Methods:  Seventy‐two women with non‐palpable Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System 3 and 4 mammographic solid lesions without microcalcifications underwent VABB on the stereotactic Fischer’s table with 11‐G Mammotome vacuum probes. Imprint samples were examined (Diff‐Quick stain, modified Papanicolaou stain and May‐Grünwald–Giemsa). The cores were dipped into a CytoRich Red Collection fluid for a few seconds in order to obtain samples with the use of the specimen wash. After the completion of cytological procedures, the core was prepared for routine pathological study. The pathologist was blind to the preliminary cytological results. The cytological and pathological diagnoses were comparatively evaluated.Results:  The sensitivity of the cytological imprints for cancer was 90%. The specificity of the method for cancer diagnosis was 100%. Two precursor lesions were present in the material: one case of atypical ductal hyperplasia, which was successfully detected, and one case of lobular neoplasia, which escaped detection. The cytological imprints were inadequate in four out of 72 cases (5.6%), but none of them were included within the malignant subgroup.Conclusions:  Imprint cytology seems to be an important adjunctive tool in the management of patients with non‐palpable mammographic solid lesions. Its very satisfactory sensitivity and optimal specificity could establish its use in general clinical practice.
The progamic phase and seed formation in Armoracia rusticana
Authors: Winiarczyk K. , Bednara J. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe progamic phase is a period of specific interaction between the male gametophyte and the pistil tissues and is very important for proper seed development in plants. The aims of this study were to investigate the events during the progamic phase in Armoracia rusticana, to examine a plant’s capability of sexual reproduction and to obtain vital seeds under natural conditions. There were very few pollen grains on the stigmas at anthesis stage. The incompatibility reaction between the stigma cells and pollen grains was observed by using fluorescence microscopy. A series of ovary cross‐sections revealed a high accumulation of Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS)‐positive globules in all the embryo sacs. About 33% of ovules in the ovary were fertilized, but only 3% of them were able to germinate into seedlings.
Unusual Vaginal Angiomatous Neoformation in a 3‐year Old Pug
Authors: Beccaglia M , Battocchio M , Sironi G , Luvoni GC 
Published: October 2007

ContentsA 3‐year‐old female pug (8 kg bodyweight) was referred by a local veterinarian for evaluation of vaginal bleeding. Historically, the owner indicated chronic haematic vaginal discharge initiated approximately 3 months ago, overall good appetite and slight general dullness. Two months prior to the visit, the bitch had been spayed by the local veterinarian, but vaginal bleeding persisted after surgery. Following a general examination and complete blood analysis, a genital tract examination was performed and, through vaginal endoscopy, a red, smooth, and apparently broad‐based vaginal mass was found. An episiotomy was performed and on surgical exploration, the bleeding site was determined to be on the surface of a mass composed of two congested, adjacent cylindrical structures, symmetric to the vaginal sagittal midline, broad‐based and quite regular on the surface. The mass appeared to be well delimited from the surrounding tissue by a thin capsula, and each cylindrical structure had a tributary vessel. Ectopic and dysplastic corpora cavernosa of the clitoris characterized by angiomatous proliferation, cavernous haemangioma and vascular hamartoma were considered in the differential diagnosis. The presence of small intralesional nerves identified by S100 immunostaining was used as a diagnostic clue to classify this unusual vaginal angiomatous neoformation as vascular hamartoma.
Radical radiotherapy with high‐dose‐rate brachytherapy for uterine cervix cancer long‐term results†
Authors: Khor TH , Tuan JKL , Hee SW , Tham IWK 
Published: October 2007

SummaryThe aim of this is to report the results of radical radiotherapy in carcinoma of the cervix treated by high‐dose rate (HDR) intracavitary brachytherapy and external beam radiotherapy (XRT) at a single centre in Singapore. This is a retrospective analysis of 106 consecutive cases with histologically proven cervical cancer, treated by HDR brachytherapy and XRT at the Mount Elizabeth Hospital from 1990 to 1993. External beam radiotherapy to the pelvis was delivered with 6 MV photons, to 45–50.4 Gy in 1.8 Gy fractions. High‐dose‐rate brachytherapy comprised two to three applications of an intrauterine tandem with paired ovoids, to a median dose of 18 Gy to point ‘A’, carried out during XRT. All 106 patients completed treatment. Their ages ranged from 32 to 80 years (median 57 years). Most patients presented with stage II or III disease (44 and 37%, respectively) and with squamous cell carcinoma (91%). Median follow‐up time was 59 months (range 2–169 months). The 5‐year relapse‐free survival rate across all stages was 71%. The corresponding overall survival rate was 69%. Local control was achieved in 86 patients (81%); six patients had residual disease (6%), and 14 patients had local recurrence (13%). Fourteen patients developed metastatic disease (13%). On univariate analysis, tumour stage, haemoglobin level, number of brachytherapy treatments and overall treatment time were found to be prognostic factors for overall survival. Late complications were mild (Radiation Therapy Oncology Group score 1–2), except for one patient with grade 4 rectal toxicity. The complication rates were 8, 14 and 45%, respectively, for the rectum, bladder and vagina (stenosis). The use of two to three fractions of HDR intracavitary brachytherapy in addition to pelvic XRT achieves good outcomes.
What is a large breast? Measuring and categorizing breast size for tangential breast radiation therapy
Authors: Dundas KL , Atyeo J , Cox J 
Published: October 2007

SummaryDespite consensus in published studies that larger‐breasted patients who undergo radiation therapy tend to suffer from more severe acute skin reactions and a more adverse cosmetic outcome, there appears to be no consensus on the definition of a ‘large breast’. This paper describes an analysis of breast size that was undertaken on 50 patients and compares this data with other published studies. The desired outcome for the study was to formulate a definition of ‘large breast size’ that would be appropriate for Australian patients and that could be determined simply and quickly in busy radiation oncology clinics. Analysis suggests that cup and brassiere size may be used to separate breast size into two categories. On the basis of published data and results from this study, it is recommended that patients with a cup size ≥D or a bra size ≥18 could be categorized as having large breasts, with all other patients considered average in size.
Polymorphisms of interferon‐γ and interferon‐γ receptor 1 genes and pulmonary tuberculosis in Koreans
Authors: HWANG Jung Hye , KIM Eun Joo , KIM Su Yeon , LEE Shin‐Hye , SUH Gee Young , KWON O Jung , JI Yongick , KANG Miyeon , KIM Duk‐Hwan , KOH Won‐Jung 
Published: October 2007

Background and objective:  Many genetic variations are thought to be risk factors for the development of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). The association of interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) and IFN‐γ receptor 1 (IFN‐γR1) gene polymorphisms with pulmonary TB is controversial. This study examined the association between IFN‐γ and IFN‐γR1 gene polymorphisms and pulmonary TB among Koreans.Methods:  Eighty patients with culture‐confirmed pulmonary TB and 80 controls were studied. Polymorphisms of the IFN‐γ gene at position +874 were determined using the amplification refractory mutation system PCR assay, and the IFN‐γR1 gene was genotyped at positions −611, −270, −56 and +95 employing matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry using genomic DNA.Results:  The genotype and allele frequencies of the IFN‐γ and IFN‐γR1 gene polymorphisms did not differ significantly between the patients with pulmonary TB and controls.Conclusions:  The IFN‐γ and IFN‐γR1 gene polymorphisms do not appear to be responsible for host susceptibility to pulmonary TB in the Korean population.
Calcitonin gene‐related peptide mediates acid‐induced lung injury in mice
Authors: AOKI‐NAGASE Tomoko , NAGASE Takahide , OH‐HASHI Yoshio , KURIHARA Yukiko , YAMAGUCHI Yasuhiro , YAMAMOTO Hiroshi , NAGATA Taiji , KURIHARA Hiroki , OUCHI Yasuyoshi 
Published: October 2007

Background and objective:  Acid‐induced lung injury from aspiration is one of the most important causes of ARDS. Calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) is a neuropeptide that has various biological actions. The current study investigated whether CGRP might have pathophysiological roles in acid‐induced lung injury.Methods:  The investigations employed CGRP gene‐disrupted mice––mutant mice (CGRP–/–) and their littermate controls (CGRP+/+). Anaesthetized and mechanically ventilated mice received 2 mL/kg HCl (pH = 1.5) intratracheally. Lung wet‐to‐dry weight ratios were calculated to assess pulmonary oedema, total and differential cell counts of the BALF were determined, and measurements of myeloperoxidase activity were performed.Results:  Acid‐induced lung injury was characterized by an increase in lung permeability and respiratory failure. Disruption of the CGRP gene significantly attenuated acid‐induced injury, oedema and respiratory failure.Conclusions:  This study suggests that CGRP is involved in the pathogenesis of acute lung injury caused by acid aspiration and CGRP mutant mice may provide an appropriate model to study molecular mechanisms in this context.