bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neuropsychological Complications of IDDM in Children 2 Years After Disease Onset
Authors: Northam Elisabeth A , Anderson Peter J , Werther George A , Warne Garry L , Adler Robert G , Andrewes David 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To compare the neuropsychological profiles of children with IDDM with a community control group at two time points: 3 months after disease onset and 2 years after the baseline assessment.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A total of 123 children (age 3–14 years) with recent IDDM onset were compared with 129 community control subjects, stratified for age and sex, on standardized measures of general intelligence, attention, speed of processing, memory, learning, executive skills, and behavioral adjustment soon after diagnosis and 2 years later. Exclusion criteria were premorbid evidence of central nervous system disease or trauma, or English not spoken in the home.

RESULTS
There were no differences between children with IDDM and control subjects on any measure at the initial assessment 3 months after disease onset. Two years later, children with IDDM tended to show a less positive change, relative to control subjects, in their standardized scores on measures of general intelligence, and significantly so on the vocabulary (P &lt; 0.01) and block design (P &lt; 0.05) subtests. Multivariate group differences were also apparent on speed of processing (P &lt; 0.05) and learning (P &lt; 0.01) subtests, reflecting smaller developmental gains in the children with IDDM when compared with control subjects.

CONCLUSIONS
The findings are consistent with previous reports, suggesting that IDDM is associated with an increased risk of mild neuropsychological dysfunction. The skills most affected in this cohort were information processing speed, acquisition of new knowledge, and conceptual reasoning abilities. Clinicians and educators should be made aware of the risk of specific neuropsychological deficits in children with IDDM.
Induction of β-Cell Rest in Type 1 Diabetes: Studies on the effects of octreotide and diazoxide
Authors: Björk Elisabeth , Berne Christian , Karlsson F Anders 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the inhibitory effects of octreotide and diazoxide on insulin secretion in patients with type 1 diabetes and measurable levels of circulating C-peptide.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Diazoxide was given to six patients during a 7-day period (100 mg three times daily), followed by a 3-week washout. Subsequently, octreotide (50 micrograms, three times daily) was administered subcutaneously for 7 days. Pre- and post- prandial blood glucose and serum C-peptide concentrations were measured before medication (control) and on day 7 of each medication period. Glucagon-stimulated C-peptide was determined in the morning before medication and on the day after each treatment period.

RESULTS
Diazoxide inhibited glucagon-stimulated C-peptide secretion (mean increment 0.08 nmol/l vs. 0.18 nmol/l, P &lt; 0.05), whereas octreotide had no such effect. Both reduced the pre- and postprandial serum C-peptide concentrations (P &lt; 0.05), octreotide being the more potent in this respect. A reduction in basal and meal-related blood glucose was observed during octreotide treatment, whereas the glucose concentrations tended to be higher during treatment with diazoxide than during the 24-h control period.

CONCLUSIONS
The study indicates that the two drugs reduce insulin output by different mechanisms. Diazoxide inhibits hormonal release directly on the beta-cells, whereas octreotide exerts its effect indirectly, presumably by multiple actions on insulin sensitivity and insulin-releasing hormones. The results suggest that each drug is capable of inducing beta-cell rest in type 1 diabetes.
The Prevalence of Cutaneous Manifestations in IDDM Patients and Their Association With Diabetes Risk Factors and Microvascular Complications
Authors: Yosipovitch Gil , Hodak Emmilia , Vardi Pnina , Shraga Ilana , Karp Moshe , Sprecher Eliott , David Michael 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
The aim of our study was to evaluate the frequency of skin manifestations, including the diabetic hand syndrome, in young IDDM patients. In addition, we studied the relation of the cutaneous manifestations to diabetes duration, glycemic control, and microvascular complications.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
The frequency of skin manifestations, including the diabetic hand syndrome, were examined in 238 IDDM patients (disease duration &gt;5 years) and 122 healthy control subjects in a cross-sectional study. In addition, we studied the relation of the cutaneous manifestations with diabetes duration, glycemic control, BMI, microvascular complications, and stratum corneum hydration using a stepwise logistic regression.

RESULTS
Diabetic skin manifestations were detected in 168 of 238 (71%) IDDM patients and in 18 of 122 (14%) of the control subjects. Ichthyosiform skin changes of the shins, scleroderma-like skin changes, tinea pedis, and dry scaly palms were detected in 48 vs. 7%, 39 vs. 0%, 32 vs. 7%, and 21 vs. 0.8% of the patients and control subjects, respectively. In the diabetic patients, a significant association was found between ichthyosis of the shins and sclerodermalike skin changes of the hand (P &lt; 0.001) and between scleroderma-like skin changes and the skin dryness of the palms (P &lt; 0.0001). When diabetic risk factors were considered, diabetes duration was significantly associated with scleroderma-like skin changes and ichthyosis of the shins (P &lt; 0.0001). The latter was also found to be related to diabetic retinopathy (P &lt; 0.0001). Keratosis pilaris was present in 21% of the patients versus 9% in control subjects and was found to be exclusively associated with high BMI.

CONCLUSIONS
Acquired ichthyosis is a common finding and the most prevalent skin manifestation in young IDDM patients. The development of several skin manifestations in insulin-dependent patients seems to be related to duration of diabetes and to development of diabetic microvascular complications.
Ratio of Motor Nerve Conduction Velocity to F-Wave Conduction Velocity in Diabetic Neuropathy
Authors: Ohgaki Kimiko , Nakano Koji , Shigeta Hirofumi , Kitagawa Yoshihiro , Nakamura Naoto , Iwamoto Kazuhide , Makino Masahiro , Takanashi Yoshiaki , Kajiyama Shizuo , Kondo Motoharu 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To investigate the usefulness of a new parameter, the ratio of motor nerve conduction velocity to F-wave conduction velocity (M/F ratio), for the differential diagnosis of diabetic neuropathy.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Nerve conduction studies were conducted in 95 patients with diabetic neuropathy, 44 nondiabetic patients with peripheral neuropathy, and 24 normal control subjects. Nondiabetic patients with neuropathy were grouped by clinical diagnosis as follows: segmental demyelination (n = 15), axonal neuropathy (n = 11), alcoholic polyneuropathy (n = 4), and other polyneuropathy (n = 14). Motor nerve conduction velocity (MCV) of post-tibial nerves, sensory nerve conduction velocity (SCV) of sural nerves, and F-wave conduction velocity (FWCV) of post-tibial nerves were measured by standardized techniques. The M/F ratio was calculated from these measurements.

RESULTS
The MCV and SCV of diabetic patients were significantly slower and the M/F ratio was significantly lower than those of normal subjects: MCV, 43.7 ± 5.4 vs. 47.1 ± 2.9 m/s, P &lt; 0.001; SCV, 44.7 ±11.1 vs. 48.3 ± 5.7 m/s, P &lt; 0.05; M/F ratio, 0.84 ± 0.09 vs. 0.90 ± 0.06, P &lt; 0.001. The FWCV of nondiabetic patients with neuropathy was significantly slower (40.0 ± 6.3 vs. 48.3 ± 4.0 m/s, P &lt; 0.001) and the M/F ratio was significantly higher (1.04 ± 0.12, P &lt; 0.001) than that of normal subjects, respectively. Although MCV, SCV, and FWCV were correlated with age in normal control subjects, the M/F ratio was independent of age in the diabetic as well as the nondiabetic patients with neuropathy.

CONCLUSIONS
Results suggest that the M/F ratio, which is influenced by the neuronal damages in the distal segment of peripheral nerves, is useful in the differential diagnosis of diabetic neuropathy.
Arrhythmias and Mortality After Myocardial Infarction in Diabetic Patients: Relationship to diabetes treatment
Authors: Davis Timothy M E , Parsons Richard W , Broadhurst Robin J , Hobbs Michael S T , Jamrozik Konrad 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To assess the relationship between clinical course after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and diabetes treatment.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Retrospective analysis of data from all patients aged 25–64 years admitted to hospitals in Perth, Australia, between 1985 and 1993 with AMI diagnosed according to the International Classification of Diseases (9th revision) criteria was conducted. Short- (28-day) and long-term survival and complications in diabetic and nondiabetic patients were compared. For diabetic patients, 28-day survival, dysrhythmias, heart block, and pulmonary edema were treated as outcomes, and factors related to each were assessed using multiple logistic regression. Diabetes treatment was added to the model to assess its significance. Long-term survival was compared by means of a Cox proportional hazards model.

RESULTS
Of 5,715 patients, 745 (12.9%) were diabetic. Mortality at 28 days was 12.0 and 28.1% for nondiabetic and diabetic patients, respectively (P &lt; 0.001); there were no significant drug effects in the diabetic group. Ventricular fibrillation in diabetic patients taking glibenclamide (11.8%) was similar to that of nondiabetic patients (11.0%) but was lower than that for those patients taking either gliclazide (18.0%; 0.1 &gt; P &gt; 0.05) or insulin (22.8%; P &lt; 0.05). There were no other treatment-related differences in acute complications. Long-term survival in diabetic patients was reduced in those taking digitalis and/or diuretics but type of diabetes treatment at discharge had no significant association with outcome.

CONCLUSIONS
These results do not suggest that ischemic heart disease should influence the choice of diabetes treatment regimen in general or of sulfonylurea drug in particular.
The Reliability and Validity of a Brief Diabetes Knowledge Test
Authors: Fitzgerald James T , Funnell Martha M , Hess George E , Barr Patricia A , Anderson Robert M , Hiss Roland G , Davis Wayne K 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To examine the reliability and validity of a brief diabetes knowledge test. The diabetes knowledge test has two components: a 14-item general test and a 9-item insulin-use subscale.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Two populations completed the test. In one population, patients received diabetes care in their community from avariety of providers, while the other population received care from local health departments. Cronbach's coefficient a was used to calculate scale reliability for each sample. To determine validity, patient group differences were examined. It was hypothesized that test scores would be higher for patients with type 1 diabetes, for patients with more education, and for patients who had received diabetes education.

RESULTS
The coefficient as for the general test and the insulin-use subscale indicate that both are reliable, α ≥ 0.70. In the community sample, patients with type 1 diabetes scored higher than patients with type 2 diabetes on the general test and the insulin-use subscale. In the health department sample, patients with type 1 scored higher than patients with type 2 on the insulin-use subscale. For both samples, scores increased as the years of formal education completed increased, and patients who received diabetes education scored higher than patients who did not.

CONCLUSIONS
Although the samples differed demographically, the reliability and validity of the test were supported in both the community andthe health department samples. This suggests that the test is appropriate for a variety of settings and patient populations.
Codon 972 Polymorphism of the Insulin Receptor Substrate-1 Gene in Impaired Glucose Tolerance and Late-Onset NIDDM
Authors: Yamada Kentaro , Yuan Xiaohong , Ishiyama Satomi , Shoji Singo , Kohno Shusuke , Koyama Ken-Ichi , Koyanagi Atsuko , Koyama Wasaku , Nonaka Kyohei 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To assess the relevance of a Gly→Arg substitutionin codon 972 of the insulin receptor substrate-1 gene in impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and NIDDM.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
The genotype of 1,106 Japanese subjects consisting of 310 subjects with NIDDM, 305 subjects with IGT, and 491 normal control subjects was analyzed by an allele-specific assay using polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism.

RESULTS
The frequency of the variant allele was not different between subjects with NIDDM (0.021) and normal control subjects (0.020). However, subjects with IGT showed a significantly higher prevalence of the variant allele (0.041, P = 0.027). We found two homozygous individuals for the variant; both had IGT with mild insulin resistance. The allelic frequency tended to be lower in normal control subjects aged &gt;50 years than in younger control subjects. Conversely, in the subjects with IGT or NIDDM, the Gly972Arg substitution was more frequently found in subjects aged &gt;50 years. Furthermore, NIDDM patients with the variant allele had older ages of diagnosis than patients without the variant.

CONCLUSIONS
The codon 972 variant may be associated with IGT anda subset of lateonset NIDDM in the elderly Japanese population.
Validation of a Diabetes-Specific Quality-of-Life Scale for Patients With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Bott Uwe , Mühlhauser Ingrid , Overmann Hubert , Berger Michael 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To validate a diabetes-specific quality-of-life scale and to assess its psychometric properties in a large sample of patients with type 1 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
To assess the quality of diabetes care in a population-based study, a representative sample of 684 patients with type 1 diabetes was examined. A total of 657 patients (42% female; mean age 36 years; mean diabetes duration 18 years) completed the diabetes-specific quality-of-life scale (DSQOLS), which comprised 64 items on individual treatment goals (10 items), satisfaction with treatment success (10 items), and diabetes- related distress (44 items). Statistical examinations covered factor analysis, internal consistency of subscales, and construct and discriminant validity.

RESULTS
Factor analysis of the 44 items on diabetes-specific burdens revealed six reliable components (Cronbach's α): social relations (0.88), physical complaints (0.84), worries about future (0.84), leisure time flexibility (0.85), diet restrictions (0.71), and daily hassles (0.70). All six subscales were significantly correlated with a validated well-being scale (r = -0.35 to -0.53, P &lt; 0.001) and treatment satisfaction (r = 0.28 to 0.43, P &lt; 0.001). Physical complaints (r = 0.24) and worries about future (r = 0.17) showed the highest correlations with HbA1c (P &lt; 0.001). A flexible insulin therapy, a liberalized diet, the absence of late complications, and a higher social status were significantly associated with more favorable scores in different domains.

CONCLUSIONS
The DSQOLS is a reliable and valid measure of diabetes-specific quality of life. The scale is able to distinguish between patients with different treatment and dietary regimens and to detect social inequities. Use of the DSQOLS for assessment of individual treatment goals as defined by the patients may be helpful to identify motivational deficits and to tailor individual treatment strategies.
Do Postmenopausal Women With NIDDM Have a Reduced Capacity to Deposit and Conserve Lower-Body Fat?
Authors: Stoney Rachel M , Walker Karen Z , Best James D , Ireland Paul D , Giles Graham G , O'Dea Kerin 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To compare regional body fat distribution and sex hormone status of postmenopausal women with NIDDM with those of age- and BMI-matched normoglycemic women.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
The regional body fat distribution and sex hormone status of 42 postmenopausal women with NIDDM were compared with those of 42 normoglycemic women matched for age and BMI, who served as control subjects. Body composition was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and testosterone were measured in serum.

RESULTS
Although the levels of total body fat were similar between the two groups, the women with NIDDM had significantly less lower-body fat (LBF) (P &lt; 0.01) than the control subjects matched for age and BMI. This pattern of fat deposition in women with NIDDM was accompanied by an androgenic hormone profile, with decreased SHBG concentration and an increased free androgen index (P &lt; 0.05 and P &lt; 0.01, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS
A reduced capacity to deposit and/or conserve LBF may be an independent factor associated with (or may be a marker of) the metabolic manifestations of the insulin resistance syndrome in women with NIDDM. The possibility that the smaller relative accumulation of LBF is a consequence of the androgenic hormonal profile should be investigated in future studies.
Pubertal Growth in ID DM Is Determined by HbA1c Levels, Sex, and Bone Age
Authors: Ahmed Marion L , Connors Matthew H , Drayer Nick M , Jones Jennifer S , Dunger David B 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
In cross-sectional studies of subjects with IDDM, the relationship between suboptimal pubertal growth, glycemic control, and abnormal insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGFI) levels has proved difficult to define. The objective of this study was to examine these relationships in a longitudinal prospective study.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A total of 46 children (23 boys) were measured every 3 months, and their bone age was assessed annually. Blood samples were obtained for HbA1c, 1GF-I, and C-peptide. Growth data were compared with national standards, and 1GFI data were compared with a parallel longitudinal study of normal schoolchildren. Data were analyzed as SD scores (mean ± SD).

RESULTS
The onset of puberty was not delayed, although in the girls, bone age was advanced (bone age, 11.48 ± 1.01 years vs. chronological age, 10.93 ± 0.86 years “mean ± SD”; P = 0.04). The timing of peak height velocity (PHV) was normal in both sexes, but the magnitude was reduced in girls (PHV SDS = −0.56 ± 0.90, P &lt; 0.02), and reductions in height SDS between diagnosis and final height were observed (P = 0.014). At PHV, 1GF-1 levels were reduced in both sexes, and there were no sex differences in HbA1c levels and insulin doses. 1GF- 1 SDS correlated with insulin dose (r = 0.47, P = 0.004) but not with PHV SDS, whereas HbA1c correlated negatively with PHV SDS in both sexes (r = −0.35, P = 0.03). In a stepwise multiple regression analysis, the major determinants of PHV SDS were HbA1c (P = 0.04), sex (P = 0.0007), and bone age (P = 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS
We conclude that the magnitude of the pubertal growth spurt is related to HbAlc levels in both sexes, but it is reduced only in girls. This sexual dimorphism cannot be explained by differences in 1GF-I levels and may relate to the bone age advance at the onset of puberty in the girls.
Variants of the Fatty Acid-Binding Protein 2 Gene Are Not Associated With Coronary Heart Disease in Nondiabetic Subjects and in Patients With NIDDM
Authors: Saarinen Laura , Pulkkinen Arto , Kareinen Anu , Heikkinen Sami , Lehto Seppo , Laakso Markku 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To investigate the association of variants of the fatty acid-binding protein (FABP) 2 gene with coronary heart disease (CHD) in nondiabetic subjects and in patients with NIDDM.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Cross-sectional study included 135 nondiabetic and 79 NIDDM subjects with stenosis (&gt;50%) in at least two coronary arteries. A group of 81 healthy nondiabetic men without CHD served as a control population. All exons and intron-exon junctions of the FABP2 gene were amplified with the polymerase chain reaction, and variants were screened with the single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis.

RESULTS
The allele frequency of an amino acid polymorphism (alanine→threonine) in codon 54 of exon 2 of the FABP2 gene was 0.26 in nondiabetic subjects with CHD and 0.27 in NIDDM subjects with CHD. Other variants (GTA 118 GTC, GCGCA→GCACA in the 3'- noncoding region, and the number of ATT repeats in intron 2) also did not associate with CHD.

CONCLUSIONS
The variants of the FABP2 gene are not likely to contribute to the risk of CHD in Finnish nondiabetic and NIDDM subjects.
Mapping Genes for NIDDM: Design of the Finland—United States Investigation of NIDDM Genetics (FUSION) Study
Authors: Valle Timo , Tuomilehto Jaakko , Bergman Richard N , Ghosh Soumitra , Hauser Elizabeth R , Eriksson Johan , Nylund Stella J , Kohtamäki Kimmo , Toivanen Liisa , Vidgren Gabriele , Tuomilehto-Wolf Eva , Ehnholm Christian , Blaschak Jillian , Langefeld Carl D , Watanabe Richard M , Magnuson Victoria , Ally Delphine S , Hagopian William A , Ross Edna , Buchanan Thomas A , Collins Francis , Boehnke Michael 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To map and identify susceptibility genes for NIDDM and for the intermediate quantitative traits associated with NIDDM.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We describe the methodology and sample of the Finland-United States Investigation of NIDDM Genetics (FUSION) study. The whole genome search approach is being applied in studies of several different ethnic groups to locate susceptibility genes for NIDDM. Detailed description of the study materials and designs of such studies are important, particularly when comparing the findings in these studies and when combining different data sets.

RESULTS
Using a careful selection strategy, we have ascertained 495 families with confirmed NIDDM in at least two siblings and no history of IDDM among the first-degree relatives. These families were chosen from more than 22,000 NIDDM patients, representative of patients with NIDDM in the Finnish population. In a subset of families, a spouse and offspring were sampled, and they participated in a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test (FSIGT) analyzed with the Minimal Model. An FSIGT was completed successfully for at least two nondiabetic offspring in 156 families with a confirmed nondiabetic spouse and no history of IDDM in first-degree relatives.

CONCLUSIONS
Our work demonstrates the feasibility of collecting a large number of affected sib-pair families with NIDDM to provide data that will enable a whole genome search approach, including linkage analysis.
Apolipoprotein E Polymorphism and Renal Function in German Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Authors: Werle Egon , Fiehn Walter , Hasslacher Christoph 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To examine the association of renal function in diabetic patients with apolipoprotein (apo) E polymorphism.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Apo E genotypes, lipid and lipoprotein serum levels, creatinine clearance (CCr), and excretion of marker proteins were determined in German type 1 (IDDM; n = 162) and type 2 (NIDDM; n = 124) diabetic patients. Albumin and immunoglobulin (Ig) G are considered to reflect charge-size permselectivity of the glomerular capillary basement membrane, and increased alpha 1-microglobulin (MG) excretion indicates compromised reabsorptive capacity of the renal tubules.

RESULTS
Patients with NIDDM had higher lipid levels and lower CCrs than patients with IDDM. In patients with IDDM, age- and sex-adjusted analysis of variance showed an association between apo E genotypes and CCr, and the Jonckheere-Terpstra test demonstrated a decreasing glomerular filtration rate in the following order of genotypes: ε4ε4/ε4ε3 &gt; ε3ε3 &gt; ε2ε2/ε2ε3. Multiple linear regression analyses revealed that in patients with IDDM, the ε2 allele was a negative predictor of CCr and a positive predictor of urinary excretion of albumin, IgG and α 1-MG independent from HDL and LDL cholesterol, TG concentration, age, and sex.

CONCLUSIONS
Apo E polymorphism influences serum lipoprotein levels in patients with IDDM and NIDDM. Apo E polymorphism may be a renal risk factor of clinical relevance in normolipidemic patients with IDDM.