bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differential expression of voltage‐activated calcium currents in zebrafish retinal ganglion cells
Authors: Huang Luoxiu , Li Lei 
Published: May 2006

AbstractWe report a study on the characterization of voltage‐activated calcium currents (ICa) in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and the topographic distribution of RGCs that express different types of ICa in zebrafish retinas. In acutely isolated zebrafish RGCs, both high‐voltage‐activated (HVA; peak activation potential +7.4 ± 1.1 mV) and low‐voltage‐activated (LVA; peak activation potential –33.0 ± 1.2 mV) ICa were recorded. HVA ICa were recorded in all of the tested RGCs, whereas LVA ICa were recorded in approximately one‐third of the tested cells. In RGCs that expressed both HVA and LVA ICa, the two currents were readily separated by depolarizing the cell membrane to different voltages from different holding potentials. Among RGCs that expressed LVA ICa, some cells expressed large LVA ICa (up to 130 pA), whereas others expressed small LVA ICa (approximately 20 pA). RGCs that expressed large and small LVA ICa were designated as class I and class II cells, respectively, and RGCs that expressed only HVA ICa were designated as class III cells. The topographic distribution of cell classes was similar in various areas of the retina. In the nasal‐ventral retina, for example, class III cells outnumbered class I and class II cells by 10.8‐ and 2.6‐fold, respectively. In the temporal and dorsal retinas, the density of class III cells slightly decreased, whereas the density of class I and class II cells increased. The differential expression of ICa in RGCs may correlate with the development and function of the retina. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A comparative evaluation of random and site‐specific immobilization techniques for the preparation of antibody‐based chiral stationary phases
Authors: Franco Elliott J. , Hofstetter Heike , Hofstetter Oliver 
Published: May 2006

AbstractIn this study, one random and four site‐directed conjugation strategies were applied to immobilize an mAb, which stereoselectively binds toL‐amino acids, onto silica particles. The resulting chiral stationary phases (CSPs) were used for enantiomer separation of the model‐analyteD,L‐phenylalanine and further examined in frontal affinity chromatography. Although random immobilization of the antibody onto discuccinimidyl carbonate‐activated silica resulted in a CSP that enabled baseline separation of the enantiomers ofD,L‐phenylalanine, the amount of available binding sites was considerably lower compared to the CSPs prepared by site‐directed strategies. Immobilization of antibodyviaits carbohydrate chains, either directlyviahydrazone bonds between the support and the protein or indirectlyviabinding carbohydrate‐biotinylated antibody to streptavidin‐derivatized silica, resulted in medium column efficiencies. Higher amounts of available active sites were obtained by immobilizing the antibody indirectly through the “crystallizable fragment (Fc)” receptor protein A/G. The best results with regard to amount of available binding sites and column efficiency were obtained by first biotinylating the antibody specifically at its C‐termini using carboxypeptidase Y and immobilizing the biotinylated antibody on streptavidin‐derivatized silica.
Melt Structure and its Transformation by Sequential Crystallization of the Two Blocks within Poly(L‐lactide)‐block‐Poly(ε‐caprolactone) Double Crystalline Diblock Copolymers
Authors: Hamley I. W. , Parras P. , Castelletto V. , Castillo R. V. , Müller A. J. , Pollet E. , Dubois P. , Martin C. M. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractSummary:Sequential crystallization of poly(L‐lactide) (PLLA) followed by poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) in double crystalline PLLA‐b‐PCL diblock copolymers is studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), polarized optical microscopy (POM), wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (WAXS) and small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS). Three samples with different compositions are studied. The sample with the shortest PLLA block (32 wt.‐% PLLA) crystallizes from a homogeneous melt, the other two (with 44 and 60% PLLA) from microphase separated structures. The microphase structure of the melt is changed as PLLA crystallizes at 122 °C (a temperature at which the PCL block is molten) forming spherulites regardless of composition, even with 32% PLLA. SAXS indicates that a lamellar structure with a different periodicity than that obtained in the melt forms (for melt segregated samples). Where PCL is the majority block, PCL crystallization at 42 °C following PLLA crystallization leads to rearrangement of the lamellar structure, as observed by SAXS, possibly due to local melting at the interphases between domains. POM results showed that PCL crystallizes within previously formed PLLA spherulites. WAXS data indicate that the PLLA unit cell is modified by crystallization of PCL, at least for the two majority PCL samples. The PCL minority sample did not crystallize at 42 °C (well below the PCL homopolymer crystallization temperature), pointing to the influence of pre‐crystallization of PLLA on PCL crystallization, although it did crystallize at lower temperature. Crystallization kinetics were examined by DSC and WAXS, with good agreement in general. The crystallization rate of PLLA decreased with increase in PCL content in the copolymers. The crystallization rate of PCL decreased with increasing PLLA content. The Avrami exponents were in general depressed for both components in the block copolymers compared to the parent homopolymers.Polarized optical micrographs during isothermal crystallization of (a) homo‐PLLA, (b) homo‐PCL, (c) and (d) block copolymer after 30 min at 122 °C and after 15 min at 42 °C.magnified imagePolarized optical micrographs during isothermal crystallization of (a) homo‐PLLA, (b) homo‐PCL, (c) and (d) block copolymer after 30 min at 122 °C and after 15 min at 42 °C.
Familial essential tremor with apparent autosomal dominant inheritance: Should we also consider other inheritance modes?
Authors: Ma Shaochun , Davis Thomas L. , Blair Marcia A. , Fang John Y. , Bradford Yuki , Haines Jonathan L. , Hedera Peter 
Published: May 2006

AbstractA positive family history is present in many patients with essential tremor (ET), but twin studies and segregation analysis have suggested that ET is not entirely a genetic disorder. Two genetic loci have been identified in autosomal dominant (AD) ET and polymorphisms in the DRD3 and HS1‐BP3 genes have been proposed as the possible susceptibility factors for ET. There is also evidence for further genetic heterogeneity. We evaluated 4 unrelated large kindreds with ET with an apparent AD mode of transmission. Each kindred spanned at least 3 generations and contained at least 13 living affected subjects who met criteria for definitive ET. None of the pedigrees had evidence for inheritance of ET from both parents. Known genetic ET loci were excluded in these families. We detected a preferential transmission of ET in every kindred and the proportion of affected offspring varied from 75% to 90% (P < 0.05) in the generations with complete ascertainment. Our data indicate that non‐Mendelian preferential transmission of an affected allele is a feature in many ET kindreds with multiple affected members and an apparent AD mode of inheritance. ET may have a complex etiology. Additional genetic models need to be considered, including an interaction of susceptibility genes and environmental risk factors. © 2006 Movement Disorder Society
Natural linewidth chemical shift imaging (NL‐CSI)
Authors: Bashir Adil , Yablonskiy Dmitriy A. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe discrete Fourier transform (FT) is a conventional method for spatial reconstruction of chemical shifting imaging (CSI) data. Due to point spread function (PSF) effects, FT reconstruction leads to intervoxel signal leakage (Gibbs ringing). Spectral localization by imaging (SLIM) reconstruction was previously proposed to overcome this intervoxel signal contamination. However, the existence of magnetic field inhomogeneities creates an additional source of intervoxel signal leakage. It is demonstrated herein that even small field inhomogeneities substantially amplify intervoxel signal leakage in both FT and SLIM reconstruction approaches. A new CSI data acquisition strategy and reconstruction algorithm (natural linewidth (NL) CSI) is presented that eliminates effects of magnetic field inhomogeneity‐induced intervoxel signal leakage and intravoxel phase dispersion on acquired data. The approach is based on acquired CSI data, high‐resolution images, and magnetic field maps. The data are reconstructed based on the imaged object structure (as in the SLIM approach) and a reconstruction matrix that takes into account the inhomogeneous field distribution inside anatomically homogeneous compartments. Phantom and in vivo results show that the new method allows field inhomogeneity effects from the acquired MR signal to be removed so that the signal decay is determined only by the “natural” R2 relaxation rate constant (hence the term “natural linewidth” CSI). Magn Reson Med, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Error and convergence of two numerical schemes for stochastic differential equations
Authors: Ewald Brian D. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractWe examine the convergence and error rate of two stochastic numerical schemes using the method of proof used by G. N. Mil'shtein (Theory Prob Appl 19 (1974), 557–562). © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2006.
Identification of a novel amplicon at distal 17q containing the BIRC5/SURVIVIN gene in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumours
Authors: Storlazzi CT , Brekke HR , Mandahl N , Brosjö O , Smeland S , Lothe RA , Mertens F 
Published: May 2006

AbstractPrevious studies have suggested that amplification of genes, notably the TOP2A gene, on chromosome arm 17q may be important for the development of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour (MPNST). In order to study the frequency, distribution, and chromosomal organization of rearrangements at 17q, interphase and metaphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) were used to evaluate copy number changes at 17q in 28 MPNSTs. Increased copy numbers were seen for the ERBB2 and TOP2A genes in eight and nine cases, respectively, supporting a potential role for these two genes in MPNST tumourigenesis. Net gain of distal 17q material was observed in 16 of the 28 MPNSTs, with high‐level gain in three cases, and was associated with poor outcome. Among the 26 patients for whom follow‐up data were available, gain of distal 17q was present in 11 of 12 tumours that had metastasized, compared with 4 of 14 of those that had not metastasized. Detailed FISH mapping analysis of metaphase spreads identified a 2 Mb commonly gained/amplified region at 17q25. Among the genes mapping to this region, BIRC5, which encodes the baculoviral IAP repeat‐containing protein 5/survivin protein, is a strong candidate target gene for amplification, as it has been previously shown to be overexpressed in neurofibromatosis type 1‐associated MPNST. Three other genes that co‐amplified with BIRC5 represent other potential candidate genes: PTDSR involved in apoptosis; SEPT9 overexpressed in human malignant brain tumours; and SOCS3 involved in cell survival and differentiation of neurons. Copyright © 2006 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Isolation and characterisation of selected germander diterpenoids from authenticated Teucrium chamaedrys and T. canadense by HPLC, HPLC‐MS and NMR
Authors: Sundaresan P. Ramnathan , Slavoff Sarah A. , Grundel Erich , White Kevin D. , Mazzola Eugene , Koblenz Daniel , Rader Jeanne I. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractTeucrium species, such as germander, are rich in neo‐clerodane diterpenoids and have been used in traditional folk medicine for their stimulant, diuretic, antipyretic and antiseptic properties. However, the furano neo‐clerodane diterpenoids present in germander have been implicated in the in vivo hepatotoxicity of this botanical. In this study, authenticated germander (Teucrium chamaedrys L. and Teucrium canadense L.) was used as the source material. Methanol extracts of powdered plant material were prepared and analysed by HPLC using Synergi® Max‐RP columns with monitoring at 220 nm. Limited amounts of teucrin A and other diterpenoid standards were analysed on a Synergi Max‐RP column in order to determine their retention times and to generate calibration curves. The same standards were subjected to concurrent mass spectral analysis. Teucrin A and diterpenoids such as dihydroteugin, teuflin, teuflidin and teucvidin were tentatively identified in the plant extracts by HPLC‐MS and 1H‐NMR experiments. For the isolation of teucrium diterpenoids on a semipreparative scale, a solid‐phase extraction method was developed for the first time using styrene divinylbenzene and strata‐X sorbents for teucrin A and teuflin, respectively. Semi‐preparative HPLC of the methanol extract of the powdered aerial parts of Teucrium plants was carried out on a semipreparative Synergi Max‐RP column with photodiode array detection in order to confirm the identities of some diterpenoids by HPLC‐MS and NMR. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel polymerizable N‐aromatic maleimides as free radical initiators for photopolymerization
Authors: Wang Hongyu , Wei Jun , Jiang Xuesong , Yin Jie 
Published: May 2006

AbstractFour kinds of polymerizable N‐aromatic maleimides (MIs)—4‐[(4‐maleimido)phenoxy]benzophenone (MPBP), 4,4′‐bis[(4‐maleimido)phenoxy]benzophenone (BMPBP), 4‐maleimidobenzophenone (MBP), and 4,4′‐bismaleimidobenzophenone (BMBP)—were synthesized as free radical photoinitiators, by introducing directly N‐phenylmaleimide groups or maleimide groups into the molecule of benzophenone (BP). Compared with BP, their UV‐visible spectra have a significantly red‐shifted maximum absorption. The maximum absorption of MIs containing bifunctional maleimide groups is slightly larger than the corresponding monofunctional ones. Choosing an unsaturated tertiary amine N,N‐dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) as coinitiator, the photopolymerization of 1,6‐hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA), initiated by these four MIs, was studied through photo‐DSC. The results show that all the MIs are dramatically more efficient than BP. Among them, MPBP is the most efficient, in which the polymerization rate is almost three times as high as that of the BP system. Photoinitiators containing bifunctional maleimide groups, though having higher final conversion, are less efficient than the corresponding monofunctional ones. These polymerizable photoredox systems significantly reduced the migration of the active species, leading to their higher efficiency. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis and thermal cure of diphenyl ethers terminated with acetylene and phenylacetylene
Authors: Wang Fan , Xu Jinfeng , Zhang Jian , Huang Farong , Shen Yongjia , Du Lei 
Published: May 2006

AbstractTwo kinds of novel compounds, diphenylacetylene diphenyl ether (DPADPE) and diacetylene diphenyl ether (DADPE), were prepared and polymerized under heating. Raman, DSC and 13C CP/MAS NMR analyses were used for studying the polymerization reaction. DPADPE and DADPE have melting points at 190 and 79 °C, with exothermic peaks of the DSC curves at 375 and 215 °C for curing, respectively. Raman and 13C CP/MAS NMR spectra show that DPADPE could be cured at a temperature higher than 300 °C and DADPE at a lower temperature of higher than 150 °C. The kinetic parameters for the thermal crosslinking reactions were obtained by the Ozawa method and the results show that the apparent activation energy is 152 kJ mol−1 for DPADPE and 109 kJ mol−1 for DADPE. An ene–yne Straus product appears in the cured DADPE, whereas this product has not been identified in the cured DPADPE. The cured DPADPE and DADPE demonstrate good thermal and thermo‐oxidative stability. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Continuous reaction system to investigate the dispersion polymerization of vinyl monomers in supercritical carbon dioxide
Authors: Giaconia Alberto , Filardo Giuseppe , Scialdone Onofrio , Galia Alessandro 
Published: May 2006

AbstractA laboratory‐scale continuous reaction system using a stirred tank reactor was assembled in our laboratory to study the dispersion polymerization of vinyl monomers in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2). The apparatus was equipped with a suitable downstream separation section to collect solid particles entrained in the effluent stream from the reactor, whose monomer concentration could be measured online with a gas chromatograph. The dispersion polymerization of methyl methacrylate in scCO2 was selected as a model process to be investigated in the apparatus. The experiments were performed at 65 °C and 25 MPa with 2,2′‐azobisisobutyronitrile as the initiator and a reactive polysiloxane macromonomer as a surfactant to investigate the effect of the mean residence time of the reaction mixture on the monomer conversion, polymerization rate, polymer molecular weight, and particle size distribution. The results were compared with those obtained in batch polymerizations carried out under similar operative conditions. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 4122–4135, 2006
Molecular size and conformational effects on oligophenylene's electronic and vibrational properties
Authors: Ivanović N. , Radisavljević I. , Marjanović D. , Bojanić S. , Carreras C. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractElectronic and vibrational properties of phenylene‐based oligomers from biphenyl P2P to para‐sexiphenil P6P, and their dependence on torsion angle are calculated using semiempirical quantum mechanic (AM1, ZINDO/S) and ab initio linear combination of atomic orbitals methods. The systematic relations between molecular size and geometry, and numerous molecular properties have been established, providing the basis both for the spectroscopic identification of different structures that could appear during material processing and for tailoring of devices with desired properties. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 1783–1794, 2006
Atomistic packing models for experimentally investigated swelling states induced by CO2 in glassy polysulfone and poly(ether sulfone)
Authors: Heuchel Matthias , Böhning Martin , Hölck Ole , Siegert Martin R. , Hofmann Dieter 
Published: May 2006

AbstractAtomistic packing models have been created, which help to better understand the experimentally observed swelling behavior of glassy polysulfone and poly (ether sulfone), under CO2 gas pressures up to 50 bar at 308 K. The experimental characterization includes the measurement of the time‐dependent volume dilation of the polymer samples after a pressure step and the determination of the corresponding gas concentrations by gravimetric gas‐sorption measurements. The models obtained by force‐field‐based molecular mechanics and molecular dynamics methods allow a detailed atomistic analysis of representative swelling states of polymer/gas systems, with respect to the dilation of the matrix. Also, changes of free volume distribution and backbone mobility are accessible. The behavior of gas molecules in unswollen and swollen polymer matrices is characterized in terms of sorption, diffusion, and plasticization. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 1874–1897, 2006
Captan and fenitrothion dissipation in field‐treated cauliflowers and effect of household processing
Authors: Fernández‐Cruz María L , Barreda Mercedes , Villarroya Mercedes , Peruga Arantzazu , Llanos Susana , García‐Baudín José M 
Published: May 2006

AbstractField trial studies have been performed with captan and fenitrothion on cauliflower to propose maximum residue limits and to study the dissipation of the pesticides. Residue levels have been determined at different times following good laboratory practice using gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. The behaviour of residue levels of these compounds after household processing has been analysed using gas chromatography with electron capture detection. Seven days after treatment, residue levels of captan could be detected, but not of fenitrothion. The half‐lives of dissipation for captan and fenitrothion were calculated as 0.9 and 1.8 days respectively. Washing did not significantly affect the residual amounts of captan and fenitrothion observed in raw vegetables; however, after cooking, captan had degraded completely, whereas residue levels of fenitrothion were not modified significantly. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Cuticular uptake of xenobiotics into living plants. part 2: influence of the xenobiotic dose on the uptake of bentazone, epoxiconazole and pyraclostrobin, applied in the presence of various surfactants, into Chenopodium album, Sinapis alba and Triticum aestivum leaves
Authors: Forster W Alison , Zabkiewicz Jerzy A , Liu Zhiqian 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThis study has determined the uptake of three pesticides, applied as commercial or model formulations in the presence of a wide range of surfactants, into the leaves of three plant species (bentazone into Chenopodium album L. and Sinapis alba L., epoxiconazole and pyraclostrobin into Triticum aestivum L.). The results have confirmed previous findings that the initial dose (nmol mm−2) of xenobiotic applied to plant foliage is a strong, positive determinant of uptake. This held true for all the pesticide formulations studied, although surfactant concentration was found to have an effect. The lower surfactant concentrations studied showed an inferior relationship between the amount of xenobiotic applied and uptake. High molecular mass surfactants also produced much lower uptake than expected from the dose uptake equations in specific situations. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Cuscore Statistics to Monitor a Non‐stationary System
Authors: Nembhard Harriet Black , Valverde‐Ventura René 
Published: May 2006

AbstractWe investigate the monitoring of a process subject to minimum mean‐squared error feedback control using cumulative score (Cuscore) charts. Specifically, we design Cuscore statistics to discover spike, step, bump, and ramp signals hidden in non‐stationary disturbance for feedback‐controlled processes. We develop the adjustment and monitoring policies for combinations of process dynamics, disturbance, and signal that are practical in industry. We also address issues of detection probabilities and distributions using simulation. A manufacturing case study is used to illustrate the utility of the Cuscore approach. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Towards a science of systems
Authors: Troncale Len 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThree unique and still timely aspects of Miller's text Living Systems were his citation of 173 specific ‘cross‐level’ hypotheses, his unification of a vast number of phenomena from the biomedical sciences to the social sciences using a consistent taxonomy of seven hierarchical levels and 20 subsystems, and his consistent effort to make systems hypotheses more testable. This article describes and discusses 20 similarities and dissimilarities between ‘cross‐level hypotheses’ and the transdisciplinary ‘linkage propositions’ between 100 systems processes used in an alternative ‘system of system's processes’. It contrasts Miller's use of 20 ‘critical subsystems’ versus use of these 100 ‘systems isomorphies’ as the basis for classification and application of systems knowledge. It also presents analysis of empirical data published in peer‐reviewed natural science journals to ‘test’ the validity of Miller's hierarchical levels with some unexpected preliminary results. It relates Miller's biomedically‐based vision of ‘measurable systems parameters’ to the tenets of the new field of Systems Pathology. The paper concludes with an evaluation of Miller's contributions in terms of recent developments in the natural sciences, systems science and the newer complex systems movement. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.