bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
KRAS Mutation Status Is Predictive of Response to Cetuximab Therapy in Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Lièvre Astrid , Bachet Jean-Baptiste , Le Corre Delphine , Boige Valérie , Landi Bruno , Emile Jean-François , Côté Jean-François , Tomasic Gorana , Penna Christophe , Ducreux Michel , Rougier Philippe , Penault-Llorca Frédérique , Laurent-Puig Pierre 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (anti-EGFR) cetuximab has been proven to be efficient in metastatic colorectal cancer. The molecular mechanisms underlying the clinical response to this drug remain unknown. Genetic alterations of the intracellular effectors involved in EGFR-related signaling pathways may have an effect on response to this targeted therapy. In this study, tumors from 30 metastatic colorectal cancer patients treated by cetuximab were screened for KRAS, BRAF, and PIK3CA mutation by direct sequencing and for EGFR copy number by chromogenic in situ hybridization. Eleven of the 30 patients (37%) responded to cetuximab. A KRAS mutation was found in 13 tumors (43%) and was significantly associated with the absence of response to cetuximab (KRAS mutation in 0% of the 11 responder patients versus 68.4% of the 19 nonresponder patients; P = 0.0003). The overall survival of patients without KRAS mutation in their tumor was significantly higher compared with those patients with a mutated tumor (P = 0.016; median, 16.3 versus 6.9 months). An increased EGFR copy number was found in 3 patients (10%) and was significantly associated with an objective tumor response to cetuximab (P = 0.04). In conclusion, in this study, KRAS mutations are a predictor of resistance to cetuximab therapy and are associated with a worse prognosis. The EGFR amplification, which is not as frequent as initially reported, is also associated with response to this treatment. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(8): 3992-5)
Kelvin–Helmholtz Billows in the Eyewall of Hurricane Erin
Authors: Aberson Sim D. , Halverson Jeffrey B. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
A photograph of vertically aligned Kelvin–Helmholtz billows in the eastern eyewall of Hurricane Erin on 10 September 2001 is presented. The vertical shear instability in the horizontal winds necessary to produce the billows is confirmed with a high-altitude dropwindsonde observation. This shear instability is not known to be common in tropical cyclone eyewalls and is likely only in cases with a very large eyewall tilt. However, research and reconnaissance aircraft pilots need to be aware of the possibility of their existence, along with other types of hazardous conditions, in such rare circumstances.
Eastern North Pacific Hurricane Season of 2004
Authors: Avila Lixion A. , Pasch Richard J. , Beven John L. , Franklin James L. , Lawrence Miles B. , Stewart Stacy R. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe 2004 eastern North Pacific hurricane season is reviewed. It was a below-average season in terms of number of systems and landfalls. There were 12 named tropical cyclones, of which 8 became hurricanes. None of the tropical storms or hurricanes made landfall, and there were no reports of deaths or damage. A description of each cyclone is provided, and track and intensity forecasts for the season are evaluated.
An Investigation of Summer Precipitation Simulated by the Canadian Regional Climate Model
Authors: Jiao Yanjun , Caya Daniel 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
In the present paper, a 5-yr baseline integration for the period 1987–91 was carried out over a Pan-Canadian domain to validate the performance of the third-generation Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM). The CRCM simulated the large-scale circulation over North America well; it also correctly captured the seasonal variability of surface temperature and reproduced the winter precipitation over North America realistically. However, the CRCM systematically overestimated the summer precipitation over the continent when compared with the observed values.
Extensive experiments have been conducted to trace down the sources of error of summer precipitation. Particular attention has been given to the water-vapor-related physical parameterization processes such as the mass flux convection scheme in the CRCM. Experiments involving spectral nudging of the specific humidity toward the values of large-scale driving data enabled the authors to link overestimation with abundant water vapor accumulated in the lower boundary layer resulting from an excessive amount of moisture stored in the soil. A strong boundary layer mixing process from the third generation of the Canadian Atmospheric General Circulation Model was then implemented into the CRCM along with an adjustment to the soil water holding capacity. A final analysis of a 14-month experiment showed that these modifications significantly improved the simulation of summer precipitation over North America without adversely affecting the simulation of winter precipitation.
Book Reviews
Authors: Lev Benjamin 
Published: April 2006

The range of books reviewed is wide, covering theory and applications in operations research, statistics, management science, econometrics, mathematics, computers, and information systems (no software is reviewed). In addition, we include books in other fields that emphasize technical applications. Publishers who wish to have their books reviewed should send them to Professor Benjamin Lev. We list the books received; not all books received can be reviewed because space is limited. Those who would like to review books are urged to send me their names, addresses, and specific areas of expertise. We commission all reviews and do not accept unsolicited book reviews. Readers are encouraged to suggest books that might be reviewed or to ask publishers to send me copies of such books. The authors or editors of the books reviewed in this issue are Michael Bartholomew-Biggs, Saul I. Gass, Arjang A. Assad, W. Li, Massimo Paolucci, Roberto Sacile, Suresh Sethi, Hanqin Zhang, Qing Zhang, and William T. Ziemba.
Novel Porphyrin Conjugates with a Potent Photodynamic Antitumor Effect: Differential Efficacy of Mono‐ and Bis‐β‐cyclodextrin Derivatives In Vifro and In Vivo
Authors: Kralova Jarmila , Synytsya Alla , Pouckova Pavla , Koc Michal , Dvorak Michal , Kral Vladimir 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTIn the present study we investigated the photosensitizing properties of two novel mono‐ and bis‐cyclodextrin tetrakis (pentafluorophenyl) porphyrin derivatives in several tumor cell lines and in BALB/c mice bearing subcutaneously transplanted syngeneic mouse mammary carcinoma 4T1. Both studied sensitizers were localized mainly in lysosomes and were found to induce cell death by triggering apoptosis in human leukemic cells HL‐60. In 4T1 and other cell lines both apoptotic and necrotic modes of cell death occurred depending on drug and light doses. Mono‐cyclodextrin porphyrin derivative P(β‐CD)l exhibited stronger in vitro phototoxic effect than bis‐cyclodextrin derivative P(β‐CD)2. However, in vivo P(β‐CD)2 displayed faster tumor uptake with maximal accumulation 6 h after application, leading to complete and prolonged elimination of subcutaneous tumors within 3 days after irradiation (100 J cm‐2). In contrast, P(β‐CD)1 uptake was slower (48 h) and the reduction of tumor mass was only transient, reaching the maximum at the 12 h interval when a favorable tumor‐to‐skin ratio appeared. Thus, P(β‐CD)2 represents a new photosensitizing drug displaying fast and selective tumor uptake, strong antitumor activity and fast elimination from the body.
Simultaneous Two‐photon Excitation of Photofrin in Relation to Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Karotki Aliaksandr , Khurana Mamta , Lepock James R. , Wilson Brian C. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTPhotodynamic therapy (PDT), the use of light‐activated drugs (photosensitizers), is an emerging treatment modality for tumors as well as various nononcologic conditions. Single‐photon (1‐γ) PDT is limited by low specificity of the photo‐sensitizer, leading to damage to healthy tissue adjacent to the diseased target tissue. One solution is to use simultaneous two‐photon (2‐γ) excitation with ultrafast pulses of near‐IR light. Due to the nonlinear interaction mechanism, 2‐γ excitation with a focused beam is localized in three dimensions, allowing treatment volumes on the order of femtoliters. We propose that this will be valuable in PDT of age‐related macular degeneration (AMD), which causes blindness due to abnormal choroidal neovasculature and which is currently treated by 1‐γ PDT. Here, Photofrin has been used as the photosensitizer to demonstrate proof‐of‐principle of 2‐γ killing of vascular endothelial cells in vitro. The 2‐γ absorption properties of Photofrin were investigated in the 750–900 nm excitation wavelength range. It was shown that 2‐γ excitation dominates over 1‐γ excitation above 800 nm. The 2‐γ absorption spectrum of Photofrin in the 800–900 nm excitation wavelength range was measured. The 2‐γ cross section decreased from about 10 GM (1 GM = 10‐5 cm4 s/photon) at 800 nm to 5 GM at 900 nm. Adherent YPEN‐1 endothelial cells were then incubated with Photofrin for 24 h and then treated by PDT at 850 nm where the 1‐γ contribution was negligible. Cell death was monitored with the use of 2‐γ scanning laser microscopy. The light doses required for killing were high (6300 J cm‐2 for ∼50% killing), but 2‐γ cytotoxicity was unequivocally demonstrated. Although Photofrin is, per se, not a good choice for 2‐γ PDT due to its low 2‐γ cross section, this work provides baseline data to guide the development of novel photosensitizers with much higher 2‐γ cross sections (>100 GM), which will be required for 2‐γ PDT of AMD (and other conditions) to be clinically practical.
Le Théâtre Mandingue (Soudan Français)
Authors: Labouret Henri , Travélé Moussa 
Published: April 2006

Les pièces satiriques, objet de cette étude, se jouent chaque année en pays mandingue, dans certains villages malinké et bamana des cercles de Bougouni et de Bamako; c'est-à-dire, dans la partie méridionale du Soudan français.Cette région est remarquable à plus d'un titre. Elle a vu se former au moyen âge, grandir, et décliner à la fin du XVIe siècle un des plus puissants empires du monde, le royaume de Mali ou Melli, dont les souverains entretinrent des relations avec le Maroc, l'Égypte, l'Arabie et le Portugal. Elle est le berceau d'une civilisation qui surprit tous les voyageurs arabes ayant eu l'occasion de l'observer. L'un d'eux, Ibn Batouta, traversa en 1351-2 une partie de l'immense territoire soumis au monarque de l'époque, le Mansa ou Massa Suleyman Keita, et qui s'étendait alors du Sahara à la forêt dense, et de la Nigeria actuelle au Sénégal; il fut vivement frappé de l'organisation administrative de ce pays, de la pompe déployée à la cour, et surtout de l'ordre et de la sécurité qui régnaient partout.
Renaissance Problems in Calvin's Theology1
Authors: Trinkaus Charles 
Published: April 2006

Professor Roy W. Battenhouse has recently presented us with a most stimulating and perceptive essay on “The Doctrine of Man in Calvin and in Renaissance Platonism.” In it he argued that the general mode of Calvin's thought about the states of man—innocent, fallen, and saved—conformed to the pattern of Renaissance neoplatonist ideas of the different levels of human existence. Although the specific conclusions and content of Calvin's thinking (e.g., predestination and the denial of free will) were on their face diametrically opposed to those of Pico della Mirandola and Ficino,Calvin's rejection of humanism for theology, and of reason for revelation, seems to have been a rejection more often of conclusions than of basic definitions and assumptions… . Calvin's doctrine of man may have a subterranean dependence on the very Renaissance optimism and rationalism which Calvin sought to reprove and chasten.
European Vernacular Works in Latin Translation
Authors: Grant W. Leonard 
Published: April 2006

This essay is no more than a first attempt at a tentative exploration of an astonishingly wide topic. Every reader will be able to detect omissions and inadequacies for himself, but I hope that in a study such as the present no apology will be required.A number of years ago, quite by accident, I ran across Latin translations of Niccolò Machiavelli's Historie fiorentine (Florence, 1537) and Discorsi ([Rome], 1531). Later on, I was able to examine a large number of such Latin versions of European vernacular works in the Bodleian Library and the British Museum. I hope eventually to be able to treat the topic in full; in the meantime, the following sketch will give some idea, however inadequate, of how much and what sort of material one can expect to find.
Valeurs ethiques et spirituelles en musique
Authors: Daniélou Alain 
Published: April 2006

Nous vivons dans un âge qui se flatte d'extrême spécialisation. Chaque science tend à devenir une science en soi, indépendante des autres sciences, ce qui fait que les divers aspects de notre pensée, de nos efforts, de nos intérêts sont facilement divergents et sans coordination. Les arts comme les sciences deviennent une recherche abstraite. lis veulent se developper à l'état pur, en vase clos, en dehors de toute convention et souvent de tout contexte psychologique ou humain.La musique joue-t-elle dans notre vie un rôle moral et spirituel? Annoblit-elle notre vie et nos sentiments ? embellit-elle notre existence ? Ces conceptions utilitaires nous surprennent un peu et nous font rire. Elles semblent refléter une mentalité d'un autre âge. Elles font penser aux preoccupations des magiciens, à l'art des guérisseurs.
Acculturation and Musical Tradition
Authors: List George 
Published: April 2006

The recent rapid development of the means of communication and the concomitant pervading influence of Western technology upon non-Western cultures has produced musical as well as economic and social change. The world's societies are now in flux and their musical traditions cannot but be affected.In this paper no attempt will be made to discuss in any depth the acculturative process as exhibited by any one culture. It is rather my purpose to survey the scope of the changes occurring and to suggest a loose classification of the forms the changes are assuming.
Traditional Elements as a Creative Source for Composition
Authors: Mayuzumi Toshiro 
Published: April 2006

In general, it can be said the Oriental has a deeper sensitivity to delicate timbres than has the Occidental. In the folk and traditional music of Japan there are innumerable exquisite combinations of timbre which make it possible to achieve delicate forms of musical expression without the help of other musical elements such as melody, rhythm, harmony and counterpoint.In Japan's primitive conception of aesthetics, music was closely related to nature. We can find many examples wherein the actual sounds of nature have been sublimated to musical expression. This is especially true in the field of theatrical music.
Remarks on Hindemith's Contrapuntal Technique
Authors: Tischler Hans 
Published: April 2006

There are two basic approaches to counterpoint, one based on consonance, the other on independent melodic-rhythmic progressions. As a conservative, Hindemith employs counterpoint in the first sense only, yet uses dissonant counterpoint, the dissonance being the result of (1) non-traditional chords, (2) an extended application of non-harmonic notes, (3) certain melodic tehniques, and (4) polytonality.These approaches were illustrated by examples from his Ludus tonalis. Under (1) the use of three-seven, four-seven, and five-seven chords was discussed. All of these and their inversions are employed not only as structural harmonies, but also often as the result of non-harmonic notes, and they lead to frequent parallel sevenths. As to (2), non-harmonic notes serve to bring about dissonance clashes between parts. They are freely used, but their function remains always clear; often their resolutions are delayed to provoke further clashes. They also serve to counteract the romantic effect of chromaticism.
Relations of Spanish Folk Song to the Gregorian Chant*
Authors: Anglès Higini 
Published: April 2006

The sacred chant of Rome, apart from its liturgical value, is of importance to musicology. In it there lives on as a substratum the remembrance of popular traditional songs. Also from Roman Chant there came the development of polyphonic music and the art of instrumental variation in Europe. In addition, it was the origin of a great number of vernacular religious chants associated with the different Christian creeds. I consider, therefore, that I am justified in claiming that the liturgical chant of the Roman Church represents a musical repertory of the highest order which can be regarded as an artistic patrimony not only of the Christian Church but of all mankindThe central corpus of the Roman Chant—known since the ninth century as “Gregorian Chant”—was already in existence during the eighth and ninth centuries. In it there are to be found reminiscences of eastern and western song of the most remote epochs: musical elements of the most ancient cultures which would have been lost for ever, had not Pontifical Rome recollected them and conserved them in its liturgy.
The Hasidic Nigun—Ethos and Melos of a Folk Liturgy
Authors: Avenary Hanoch 
Published: April 2006

Hasidism, the last of the Jewish mystical movements, created a characteristic wordless vocal melody which is called in Hebrew nigun. These nigunim are often used as an extension of the existing liturgy, and serve as a prelude or postlude to the traditional prayers; there may even be devotional gatherings during which only these nigunim are heard.Hasidism originated in Eastern Europe about 1750. It spread quickly over the Jewish diaspora in the Slavic countries, and is still alive in many communities such as Jerusalem, Safad, London, New York and elsewhere. It is the latest, but not the sole mystical movement that attracted masses of the people. Disastrous persecutions were often followed by a withdrawal of the Jews into an inner life beyond grim reality.
Hebrew Recitative-Types in Hungary
Authors: Szabolcsi Bence 
Published: April 2006

The paper was introduced by a short historical survey of Jewry in Hungary from Roman times until 1944, when a great part of the Jews was displaced and annihilated. Attention was called to three aspects of their musical traditions.(1)Their liturgical service representing a local fusion of the Ashkenazic rite of Eastern Middle Europe, which since the middle of the nineteenth century was supplanted by the so-called Sulzerian Viennese reform-liturgy.(2)The family ceremonies in which Jewry preserved many more original traits, fairly rich local variants, peculiar lection- and blessing-types, archaic-primitive ditties, tritonic and pentatonic patterns and also a signal- or fanfare-like intonation, connected with certain public functions.(3)The secular melodies which were influenced by Eastern European and also by Hungarian folk songs and dance melodies; in this respect they remind one of analogous phenomena in the cultural history of the Spanish, Italian and German Jews.
The Notation for Continuous Gradual Change of Pitch
Authors: Lin Ehr 
Published: April 2006

The purpose of this paper is to show the most convenient system of notation of continuous gradual change of pitch (CGC) within the possibilities of our present five-line staff of musical notation. Fig. I shows the three most characteristic types of CGC:Type A: The increase of pitch per unit of time is constant.Type B: The increase of pitch per unit of time increases.Type C: The increase of pitch per unit of time decreases.Of these, type A appears to be less frequently used than the other two.
The Hammered Dulcimer in Ellis County, Kansas
Authors: Sackett S. J. 
Published: April 2006

The principal immigrant group in Ellis County, Kansas, is the so-called German-Russians. In 1763 Catherine the Great of Russia issued a manifesto designed to stimulate German colonization in the Volga region. By 1768 these people had founded 104 colonies along the banks of the Volga and Karaman rivers. Those who later emigrated to Ellis County came from nineteen of these villages. The first group of emigrants came to Topeka in 1875, and immigration to the United States ended in 1878.As they had done in Russia, the German-Russian people retained their customs and traditions in their new environment. They continued speaking German, and by no means all learned English; even today among the third generation there are a few who speak German more fluently than English. A recent collection has brought together more than a hundred of their folk songs.
Noah in British and American Folksong
Authors: Utley Francis Lee 
Published: April 2006

This paper began as the somewhat casual assembly of songs about Noah as a consequence of a much more extended survey of Aarne-Thompson Tale Type 825, The Devil in the Ark, and other folk expansions of the Flood story. Close work with the songs has shown a totally unexpected result far beyond that of the theme chosen. A book has evolved which promises to provide a new, or at least intensified, method for attacking the long-neglected problem of classification and analysis of the non-narrative folk song.The centre of interest is some forty English and American folk-song entities, a few of them narrative, but the great bulk lyrical, with all the inferable fluidity of that adjective. Such a thematic approach also has discovered some fifteen or more literary versions, including such names as Chesterton, Kipling, Kenneth Grahame, and the Freemason tradition, and an equal number of non-English songs: Sorbian and Ukrainian, German and Swedish, French, Latin, and a sixteenth-century macaronic poem.
The Repertoire of a Traditional Gaelic Singer in the Outer Hebrides: With Reference to Versions of Her Songs Known in Canada
Authors: Collinson Francis 
Published: April 2006

From the early years of this century, the islands of the Hebrides have provided us, through the work of a very small number of collectors, with a stream of folk songs of great beauty and interest.Now, from the small island of Vatersay at the southern end of the island chain, comes a find as exciting as any yet discovered, in the form of over 460 songs, many of them not previously known to us, from the lips of a single singer, by name Nan Mackinnon or, to give her her Gaelic patronymic, Nan Eachainn Fhionnlaigh. Credit for the initial discovery in 1952 of this treasure-hoard must go to Donald Macpherson of Barra. Further work of recording, transcription and documentation of her repertoire has fallen to me and to my colleague James Ross, formerly of the School of Scottish Studies. Much of the importance of the find lies in the fact that these songs are the direct inheritance of an older island community, that of the Isle of Mingulay, now uninhabited.
The Scales of Some Central Australian Songs
Authors: Caughie Catherine 
Published: April 2006

The Central Australian aborigines make remarkable use of slight pitch alterations in their singing. It was this feature of their music which prompted me to make a more accurate and detailed study of the scales used in the songs I have already transcribed from T. G. H. Strehlow's collection of recordings.The method used to determine the accurate frequency of all notes was as follows. An audio oscillator type A57321 was warmed, then plugged through a speaker alongside which another speaker reproduced the required notes from the recording. (The speed of the turntable was checked before use.) Each note of the chosen verse was taken separately and repeated until the note produced by the oscillator corresponded to it. Here some error could occur, as it was impossible to have the two notes sounding together for any length of time. It was therefore necessary to sound one and immediately follow it by the other.