bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Donor–Acceptor C60‐Containing Polyferrocenylsilanes: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications in Photodiode Devices
Authors: Nanjo Masato , Cyr Paul W. , Liu Kun , Sargent Edward H. , Manners Ian 
Published: January 2008

AbstractA series of polyferrocenylsilane (PFS) random copolymers containing covalently bound pendant [C60]fullerene groups, the first well‐characterized metallopolymers with pendant C60 units, have been prepared and characterized. The fullerene content of the prepared copolymers ranges from 7 to 24% relative to monomer unit. The desired copolymers were synthesized in three steps: metal‐catalyzed ring opening polymerization of sila[1]ferrocenophanes was performed to synthesize random copolymers of poly(ferrocenylmethylphenylsilane‐co‐ferrocenylchloromethylsilane); the resulting random PFSs were then functionalized by reaction with 11‐azido‐1‐undecanol to give PFSs with pendant azide groups; the desired donor–acceptor C60‐containing PFSs were then synthesized by the reaction of the azide group in the side chains with C60 in toluene at 110 °C. The resulting C60‐containing PFSs are air‐stable and soluble in aromatic solvents, chloroform, or THF. The UV‐vis spectra of these materials show broad absorption up to 800 nm. Thin films of these materials were examined as the active layer in rare examples of all solid‐state sandwich‐type diode devices based on ferrocene‐fullerene dyads. The devices exhibit photoconducting and photovoltaic responses, with an open circuit potential of ca. 0.3 V under white light illumination.
The Effect of Morphological Modification on the Electrochemical Properties of SnO2 Nanomaterials
Authors: Park Min‐Sik , Kang Yong‐Mook , Wang Gou‐Xiu , Dou Shi‐Xue , Liu Hua‐Kun 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe electrochemical performances of 1D SnO2 nanomaterials, nanotubes, nanowires, and nanopowders, are compared to define the most favorable morphology when SnO2 nanomaterials are adopted as the electrode material for lithium‐ion batteries. Changes in the morphology of SnO2 are closely related with its electrochemical performance. Some SnO2 nanomaterials feature not only an increased energy density but also enhanced Li+ transfer. The correlation between the morphological characteristics and the electrochemical properties of SnO2 nanomaterials is discussed. The interesting electrochemical results obtained here on SnO2 nanomaterials indicate the possibility of designing and fabricating attractive nanostructured materials for lithium‐ion batteries.
Stereoselective and Enantioselective Electrochemical Sensing of Monosaccharides Using Imprinted Boronic Acid‐Functionalized Polyphenol Films
Authors: Granot Eran , Tel‐Vered Ran , Lioubashevski Oleg , Willner Itamar 
Published: January 2008

AbstractImprinted polymer films for the selective analysis of D‐glucose and D‐mannose are prepared by the co‐electropolymerization of phenol with a 3‐hydroxyphenyl boronic acid‐monosaccharide complex containing D‐glucose or D‐mannose on a Au support. The analysis of the monosaccharides is based on a competitive electrochemical assay that employs the ferrocene‐modified‐monosaccharides as the redox labels. Similarly, enantioselectivity is demonstrated by the imprint of D‐glucose recognition sites in the polymer and the application of the redox‐active indicator.
Fügen von glasfaserbewehrten Betonplatten und Betonschalen durch Vorspannung
Authors: Burtscher Stefan L. , Dallinger Sonja , Ambro Sebastian Zoran , Kollegger Johann 
Published: January 2008

AbstractGlasfaser‐ oder textilbewehrte Betonplatten sind für dünnwandige Flächentragwerke wegen ihren guten mechanischen Eigenschaften und ihrer ausgeprägten Duktilität besonders geeignet. Diese Platten werden zumeist als Fertigteile hergestellt und können für den Bau von Schalen und Platten optimal eingesetzt werden. Für die Herstellung von großflächigen Flächentragwerken ist jedoch eine praktikable Fügetechnik notwendig. Das Fügen der Platten wird hier durch Vorspannung bewerkstelligt, wodurch es möglich ist, lediglich stumpf gestoßene Platten so miteinander zu verbinden, dass sie neben Normalkräften auch Momente in der Fuge übertragen können. In experimentellen Untersuchungen wurden die verwendeten Platten und die Fügetechnik getestet. Abschließend wurde noch ein Bogen mit hoher Schlankheit präsentiert, der mit dieser Fügetechnik gebaut wurde.
Probabilistische Bewertung von Stahlbetonbauteilen unter Naturbrandbeanspruchung
Authors: Hosser Dietmar , Schnetgöke Ralf , Klinzmann Christoph 
Published: January 2008

AbstractVor allem beim brandschutztechnischen Nachweis von Sonderbauten wird vermehrt eine schutzzielorientierte Vorgehensweise angewandt. Die Quantifizierung der Sicherheit ist in diesen Fällen nur durch einen vollprobabilistischer Nachweis möglich. Dieser Aufsatz zeigt das prinzipielle Vorgehen bei der probabilistischen Nachweisführung und stellt die entsprechenden Verfahren vor. Am Beispiel einer Stahlbetonstütze wird die notwendige Verknüpfung der numerischen Tragwerksanalyse, von Naturbränden und den zuverlässigkeitsorientierten Methoden dargestellt.
Usefulness of the CANFOR‐S for measuring needs among mentally disordered offenders resident in medium or low secure hospital services in the UK: a pilot evaluation
Authors: Long Clive G. , Webster Paula , Waine Jo , Motala Jamilah , Hollin Clive R. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractBackground The short form of the forensic version of the Camberwell Assessment of Needs (CANFOR‐S) (Thomas et al., 2003) is of potential value in all clinical forensic settings, but so far reported mainly with high security hospital patients.Aims To conduct a pilot study of the feasibility of using the CANFOR‐S in medium and low security hospital units and to report preliminary findings there.Methods Thirty‐six of 38 patients on one medium secure ward for women, one low secure ward for women and one low secure ward for men, all in the same hospital, agreed to participate in the study. Staff and patients completed the CANFOR‐S as part of a larger formal assessment package.Results All the women and 18 of the 20 men completed the CANFOR‐S. It was found to be easy and quick (25 minutes) to use, and acceptable. Staff and patient ratings were similar on all but one item: needs with regard to safety to others, with staff consistently rating more. Men and women were similar in number of needs, but had different needs profiles. Those in medium security were generally more needy than those in low security.Conclusions and implications for practice The CANFOR‐S is feasible for clinical practice, with results perceived as useful in treatment planning by patients and staff. More widespread use could improve service planning. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Renal artery stenting with two simultaneous protection devices
Authors: Plich Michael , Klein Roberto 
Published: January 2008

AbstractPurpose:To describe a new technique for distal protection during stenting of a bifurcated renal artery using two simultaneous filter devices.Case Report:A 70‐year‐old patient underwent angiography of a single functional kidney. Severe proximal, nonostial narrowing of an early bifurcated renal artery was found. Two AngioGuard filter protection devices were placed, one in each branch. A balloon mounted stent was advanced over both wires simultaneously till they reached divergence point, expanded fully, and the protection devices were retrieved. No complications were observed and the final result was good.Conclusion:The concomitant use of two protection devices is feasible in a particular anatomy context. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hydrogen Production from a Fluidized‐bed Coal Gasifier with In Situ Fixation of CO2–Part I: Numerical Model
Authors: Lu J. , Yu L. , Zhang X. P. , Zhang S. J. , Dai W. B. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractIn order to attempt to eliminate global warming effects, it is highly desirable that new technologies with lower or zero emission of CO2 to the environment are developed. In this work, a high‐pressure fluidized‐bed coal gasifier for H2 production with in situ fixation of CO2 is simulated by a comprehensive two‐dimensional model. The Eddy Dissipation Concept (EDC) model is first adopted in the pulverized coal gasification model to simultaneously describe the turbulent mixing and detailed chemical kinetics. The developed model is verified with experimental results. The simulated concentrations for the gas product agree well with the experimental data. The simulated distributions for gas temperature and velocity correlate well with the reaction mechanism and experimental phenomena.
Exergoeconomic Analysis of Heat Exchanger Networks for Optimum Minimum Approach Temperature
Authors: Zun‐long J. , Qi‐wu D. , Min‐shan L. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractHeat exchanger networks (HENs) design for optimum minimum approach temperature is presented using exergoeconomic analysis. Cold and hot utilities are integrated with process streams into T‐H plots, forming balanced composite curves, based on pinch technology. Exergy consumption of heat transfer in HENs is calculated using subsection integral on balanced composite curves. Exergy consumption expense substitutes utilities cost as operating cost. The objective function based on exergoeconomics is proposed, which determines the optimum minimum approach temperature of HENs. Numerical results in the cases demonstrate the validity of the proposed approach. Some measures of decreasing energy consumption are disclosed in the dealing process as well.
Application of Particle Measurement Technology in Process Intensification
Authors: Ruscitti O. , Franke R. , Hahn H. , Babick F. , Richter T. , Stintz M. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe competitive pressure in the chemical industry makes it necessary to take measures that enable processes to be drastically improved in order to remain competitive also in the future. For the development and implementation of such process‐intensive measures, it is expedient to perform a complete analysis of the process of interest. This approach is demonstrated using a size reduction process for a particulate active substance as an example. Correlations between the dispersion characteristics and quality characteristics of the product were found using two complementary methods of particle measurement technology, ultrasonic spectroscopy and laser diffraction. These methods make it possible to analyze the efficiency of the comminution apparatuses, but also of the processes. Ultrasonic spectroscopy can be used as a measurement method for local process control.
Enolic Schiff Base Aluminum Complexes and Their Catalytic Stereoselective Polymerization of Racemic Lactide
Authors: Pang Xuan , Du Hongzhi , Chen Xuesi , Wang Xianhong , Jing Xiabin 
Published: January 2008

AbstractA series of enolic Schiff base aluminum(III) complexes LAlR (where L=NNOO‐tetradentate enolic Schiff base ligand) containing ligands that differ in their steric and electronic properties were synthesized. Their single crystals showed that these complexes are five‐coordinated around the aluminum center. Their coordination geometries are between square pyramidal and trigonal bipyramidal. Their catalytic properties in the solution polymerization of racemic lactide (rac‐LA) were examined. The modifications in the auxiliary ligand exhibited a dramatic influence on the catalytic performance. Lengthening the backbone from C2 alkylene to C3 alkylene resulted in remarkable enhancement of both the stereoselectivity and the polymerization rate because of the increasing flexibility of the diimine backbone. Electron‐withdrawing substituents in the diketone also highly improved the activity and the stereoselectivity. Among these complexes, 4 b had the highest activity and the stereoselectivity owing to the C3 alkylene backbone and the two gem‐methyl groups on the middle carbon atom. The value of the polymerization rate constant (kp) catalyzed by 4 b in 70 °C was 1.90 L mol−1 min−1, the activation energy of the polymerization (35.4 kJ mol−1) was calculated according to the Arrhenius equation. Other factors that influenced the polymerization, such as the polymerization time, the temperature, and the monomer concentration, are also discussed in detail.
Correlation of Delocalization Indices and Current‐Density Maps in Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Authors: Fias Stijn , Fowler Patrick W. , Delgado Juan Luis , Hahn Uwe , Bultinck Patrick 
Published: January 2008

AbstractUsing multicentre delocalization indices, the ring current maps of a large set of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are reconstructed and compared with ab initio computations of the same maps in the pseudo‐π version of the ipsocentric approach to magnetic response. The quality of the comparison indicates that both delocalization and ring current approaches capture the same information about the aromatic nature of the PAH. Aromaticity as a global property, requires knowledge of more than single circuits, but the present results suggest no need to introduce a “multidimensional character” for aromaticity.
Glycerol Etherification over Highly Active CaO‐Based Materials: New Mechanistic Aspects and Related Colloidal Particle Formation
Authors: Ruppert Agnieszka M. , Meeldijk Johannes D. , Kuipers Bonny W. M. , Erné Ben H. , Weckhuysen Bert M. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractGlycerol is an attractive renewable building block for the synthesis of di‐ and triglycerols, which have numerous applications in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. In this work, the selective etherification of glycerol to di‐ and triglycerol was studied in the presence of alkaline earth metal oxides and the data are compared with those obtained with Na2CO3 as a homogeneous catalyst. It was found that glycerol conversion increased with increasing catalyst basicity; that is, the conversion increases in the order: MgO<CaO<SrO<BaO. The best selectivity values for (di‐ + tri‐) glycerol (>90 % at 60 % conversion) are obtained over CaO, SrO, and BaO. For these catalysts no substantial acrolein formation was observed. Furthermore, at the start of the reaction mainly linear diglycerol was produced, whereas at higher conversion degrees branched diglycerol started to form. In another series of experiments different types of CaO materials were prepared. It was found that these CaO‐based materials not only differed in their surface area and number of basic sites, but also in their Lewis acid strength. Within this series the CaO material possessing the strongest Lewis acid sites had the highest catalytic activity, comparable to that of BaO, pointing towards the important role of Lewis acidity for this etherification reaction. Based on these observations a plausible alternative reaction scheme for glycerol etherification is presented, which considers the facilitation of the hydroxyl leaving process. Finally, the stability of the catalytic solids under study was investigated and it was found that colloidal CaO particles of about 50–100 nm can be spontaneously generated during reaction. Catalytic testing of these CaO colloids, after isolation from the reaction medium, revealed a very high etherification activity. Understanding the nature of these Ca‐based colloids opens new opportunities for investigating supported colloidal particle catalysts to take advantage of both their hetero‐ and homogeneous nature.
Molekulare Modellierung und Simulation für das Prozessdesign
Authors: Eckl B. , Vrabec J. , Hasse H. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractDie molekulare Modellierung und Simulation bietet einen bislang kaum genutzten Zugang zur Bestimmung von thermophysikalischen Stoffdaten für verfahrenstechnische Anwendungen. Durch steigende Rechnerleistung und methodische Entwicklungen wird sie zunehmend auch für die Industrie interessant. In diesem Beitrag wird die Vorgehensweise bei der molekularen Modellierung von realen Reinstoffen und Mischungen vorgestellt. Die entwickelten molekularen Modelle wurden eingesetzt, um verschiedene thermische und kalorische Stoffdaten sowie Transportgrößen vorherzusagen. Es zeigt sich eine deutliche Überlegenheit der molekularen Modelle gegenüber phänomenologischen Gleichungen bezüglich Extrapolationsfähigkeit und Übertragbarkeit. Daneben wird die molekulare Modellierung und Simulation in das Umfeld verwandter Methoden eingeordnet und versucht die bestehenden Grenzen aufzuzeigen.
Simulation von Entlastungsvorgängen bei Rektifikationskolonnen
Authors: Staak D. , Repke J.‐U. , Wozny G. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractEine auf dynamischer Simulation basierende Methode zur Auslegung von Sicherheitsventilen und Berstscheiben für Kolonnen bzw. zur notwendigen Überprüfung der vorhandenen Entlastungskapazität bei Prozessänderung wird vorgestellt. Die Entwickelung, Implementierung und erfolgreiche Validierung an einer Versuchsanlage erfolgte für ein rigoroses Kolonnenmodell zur Beschreibung von Druckentlastungsvorgängen. Auch zweiphasige Druckentlastungen können beschrieben werden. Damit ist das Modell universell anwendbar. Designänderungen wie die Anzahl der Trennstufen, Komponenten, Durchmesser oder Dynamik des Sicherheitsventils lassen sich schnell abgebilden.
Anwendung der modellbasierten Versuchsplanung zur Ermittlung von Kinetikparametern bei Grenzflächenreaktionen
Authors: Kalem M. , Bertakis E. , Pfennig A. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractReaktivextraktion verbindet Reaktion und Extraktion in einem Prozessschritt und ist damit ein Ansatz zur Prozessintensivierung. Zur Modellierung des reaktiven Stofftransports in Kolonnen ist es notwendig, die kinetischen Parameter der chemischen Reaktion zu bestimmen. Bisher ist eine Vielzahl von Laborexperimenten dafür notwendig. Optimale Versuchsplanung kann als ein Tool angesehen werden, um die experimentellen Bedingungen so zu wählen, dass das durchgeführte Experiment hinsichtlich der unbekannten Modellparameter maximale Information liefert und sich dadurch die Anzahl der notwendigen Experimente verringern lässt. In dieser Arbeit wird gezeigt, wie die Geometrie einer Versuchsapparatur zur Ermittlung der Kinetikparameter optimiert werden kann.
Hydraulische Untersuchungen zur Steigerung der Kapazität von Böden in Destillationskolonnen
Authors: Jödecke M. , Friese T. , Schuch G. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractExperimentelle Untersuchungen zur Hydraulik von Hochleistungsbödenelementen wurden in einer mit Luft und Wasser betriebenen Versuchskolonne mit einem Durchmesser von 0,5 m durchgeführt. Die Untersuchungen beinhalteten hydraulische Messungen von neuen Ventiltypen, von abgeschnittenen Schächten und von Abscheideelementen auf den Böden. Außerdem wurde der Einfluss der Trägerorientierung auf die Kapazitätsgrenzen eines Bodens analysiert sowie die Belastungsgrenzen einiger spezieller Typen von Hochleistungsböden bestimmt. Die experimentellen Ergebnisse zu den abgeschnittenen Schächten belegen einen großen Arbeitsbereich dieser Bauarten von Ablaufschächten. Untersuchungen zum Einsatz von Abscheideelementen auf Böden ergaben, dass die obere Belastungsgrenze der Böden signifikant erhöht werden kann. Dies ist aber nur bei geringen spezifischen Flüssigkeitslasten möglich. Das optimale Design eines Abscheideelements und der optimale Lückengrad sind Gegenstand weiterer Untersuchungen. Die Exploration zum Einfluss der Trägerorientierung eines Kolonnenbodens auf die Kapazität des Bodens führte zu dem Ergebnis, das kein Einfluss auf die obere Belastungsgrenze zu beobachten ist, wenn die Träger in Richtung der Flüssigkeitsströmung gerichtet sind. Bei quer zur Flüssigkeitsströmung angeordneten Trägern ist ein Einfluss auf die Belastungsgrenze der Böden zu erkennen.
Stofftransport bei der Pervaporation mizellbildender Gemische
Authors: Hartwig T. , Schaber K. , Köhler M. , Braun A. M. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractWässrige Mischungen, die Tenside und in Mizellen solubilisierte, schlecht wasserlösliche flüchtige organische Komponenten (VOCs) enthalten, lassen sich sehr gut mit synthetischen nichtporösen Komposit‐Membranen durch organophile Pervaporation trennen, wobei das Tensid vollständig durch die Membran zurückgehalten wird. Den Stofftransport durch die Membran kann man mit bekannten Lösungs‐/Diffusions‐Mechanismen beschreiben. Dahingegen sind die in der flüssigkeitsseitigen Grenzschicht ablaufenden Vorgänge äußerst komplex. Diese kann aus zwei Zonen bestehen: Direkt an der hydrophoben Membranoberfläche bildet sich bei Verwendung bestimmter Tenside eine mehrlagige Tensidschicht aus. Die darüber liegende wässrige Zone ist durch eine simultane Diffusion von Molekülen und von Mizellen gekennzeichnet. In dem vorliegenden Beitrag wird auf der Basis experimenteller Daten der Stofftransport mit einem Mehrschichtenmodell beschrieben, das auch den simultanen Stofftransport von Molekülen und Mizellen einschließt.
C68 Fullerene Isomers, Anions, and their Metallofullerenes: Charge‐Stabilizing Different Isomers
Authors: Chen De‐Li , Tian Wei Quan , Feng Ji‐Kang , Sun Chia‐Chung 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe complete set of 6332 classical isomers of the fullerene C68 as well as several non‐classical isomers is investigated by PM3, and the data for some of the more stable isomers are refined by the DFT‐based methods HCTH and B3LYP. C2:0112 possesses the lowest energy of all the neutral isomers and it prevails in a wide range of temperatures. Among the fullerene ions modeled, C682−, C684− and C686−, the isomers C682−(Cs:0064), C684−(C2v:0008), and C686−(D3:0009) respectively, are predicted to be the most stable. This reveals that the pentagon adjacency penalty rule (PAPR) does not necessarily apply to the charged fullerene cages. The vertical electron affinities of the neutral Cs:0064, C2v:0008, and D3:0009 isomers are 3.41, 3.29, and 3.10 eV, respectively, suggesting that they are good electron acceptors. The predicted complexation energy, that is, the adiabatic binding energy between the cage and encapsulated cluster, of Sc2C2@C68(C2v:0008) is −6.95 eV, thus greatly releasing the strain of its parent fullerene (C2v:0008). Essentially, C68 fullerene isomers are charge‐stabilized. Thus, inducing charge facilitates the isolation of the different isomers. Further investigations show that the steric effect of the encaged cluster should also be an important factor to stabilize the C68 fullerenes effectively.
Impact of therapeutic advances on hypoglycaemia in type 2 diabetes
Authors: Boyle Patrick J. , Zrebiec John 
Published: January 2008

AbstractPatients with type 2 diabetes experience hypoglycaemia less frequently than those with type 1 diabetes. Some protection against hypoglycaemia is afforded by the relatively intact glucose counter‐regulatory pathways that characterize the pathophysiology of early type 2 diabetes. To some extent, this protection explains why hypoglycaemic episodes in intensively treated individuals with type 2 diabetes, when they occur, are rarely severe. As diabetes progresses and therapy intensifies to achieve recommended glycaemic goals, hypoglycaemia frequency and severity increase. Thus, when it comes to instituting intensive therapy, fear of hypoglycaemia may contribute to health‐care providers' ‘clinical inertia’. Because maintaining glycaemic control is so important to both public and individual health, many new therapies and technologies have been developed. This manuscript reviews and considers whether these advancements in therapy make glycaemic goals easier to achieve by minimizing hypoglycaemia. Putting the hypoglycaemia experienced by type 2 diabetes patients into appropriate clinical perspective, the impact of recent progress made in pharmacotherapy, drug delivery systems, and BG monitoring on hypoglycaemia incidence is largely positive. The extent to which this progress can effect improvement over traditional therapies will, however, depend upon patient (and provider) education, motivation and behaviour change. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.