bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The golden jubilee of colour in the CIE 1931–1981
Authors: Wright W. D. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe system of colorimetry defined by the CIE in 1931 was the culmination of the pioneering determinations of the colour‐mixture curves by Maxwell, König, and Abney in the 19th century. American workers then made major contributions in the form of the 1922 Colorimetry Report of the Optical Society of America and the data adopted by the CIE in 1924 as the standard Vλ curve. The colour‐matching data for the 1931 CIE standard observer were provided by Guild and the author in England, but it was a race against time to get the form of the system agreed in time for its adoption at the 1931 meeting of the CIE.
International intercomparison of absolute reflectance scales
Authors: Budde Wolfgang , Erb Wolfgang , Hsia Jack J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAn intercomparison of the absolute reflectance scales of NBS, Washington, D.C. (USA), NRC, Ottawa (Canada), and PTB, Braunschweig (FRG) was organized by sending two samples of Russian opal glass MS‐20 to the three laboratories. An additional exchange of a Halon sample between NBS and NRC was arranged. The results of this intercomparison are presented. They show that the three different geometries used at the three laboratories yield values which agree to within ±0.1%.
Chromatic adaptation and π mechanisms
Authors: Walraven Jan , Werner John S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAdaptive hue shifts of the achromatic point were measured in conditions in which a test field was presented as a flashed increment on steady chromatic backgrounds. The variables investigated were background chromaticity, luminance, and stimulus contrast. The results could be accounted for quantitatively by a mechanistic model with the following properties: discounting of the (steady) background, or ac‐coupled signal processing; cone spectral sensitivities as estimated by Vos and Walraven; and receptor‐specific gain controls that have the same action spectra and gain characteristics as Stiles' π5, π4, and (modified) π1 mechanisms.
Saturation as a function of test‐field size and surround luminance
Authors: Troscianko Tom S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDirect scaling procedures were used to estimate the apparent saturation (colourfulness) of chromatic test fields as a function of (1) the ratio of the luminance of a test field to that of an achromatic surround, and (2) the test‐field subtense. It was found that saturation was maximised when the test field and surround were at an approximate brightness match, and that increasing the test‐field size in the range of 10.0'–10.0° caused a monotonic increase in saturation in the presence of relatively dim surrounds, but if the surrounds were brighter than the test field, a peak saturation was found for 1° test fields. These findings are consistent with a model of the visual system in which separate comparisons are made of (a) centre and surround luminance, and (b) centre chromatic and achromatic activity.
The role of L‐type horizontal cells in the opponent‐color process
Authors: Toyoda J. , Kujiraoka T. , Fujimoto M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIt has been suggested that the interaction among horizontal cells, including a negative feedback to cones, plays an indispensable role in the transduction from a trichromatic to an opponent‐color process. To test this hypothesis, L‐and RG‐type horizontal cells were recorded simultaneously in the carp retina and the effect of polarization by current of L‐type cells on RG‐type cells was studied. In some pairs, hyperpolarization of an L‐type cell elicited a depolarizing response in an RG‐type cell. The effect of polarization of L‐type cells was also observed in some cones. Depolarizing responses of RG cells were thus shown to be mediated by L‐type cells, possibly through a feedback pathway to cones. The same type of interaction was also observed between RG‐ and RGB‐type cells.
New observations concerning red–green color defects
Authors: Pokorny Joel , Smith Vivianne C. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe majority of research on X‐chromosomal defects has been with a 2° field of view. The studies concur in a view of dichromacy as a loss or reduction system, and anomalous trichromacy as an alteration system. According to this view, protanopes have no functional LWS (long‐wave‐length‐sensitive) photopigment; deuteranopes have no functional MWS (middle‐wavelength‐sensitive) photopigment. With larger fields of view, dichromats show trichromacy which is mediated by rods at low photopic luminances, and by anomalous cones for retinal illuminances above 1000 trolands. These studies suggest that the same (or similar) anomalous (L'WS) photopigment is formed at the protan locus and the same (or similar) anomalous (M'WS) photopigment is formed at the deutan locus for both the anomalous trichromatic and dichromatic forms of the defects. Family studies reveal that intrafamilial variability in chromatic discrimination is less than interfamilial variation. A possible interpretation of such studies is that multiple, rather than three or four, alleles may be involved in X‐chromosomal color‐vision defects, with the alleles determining the proportion of functional anomalous cones.
The appearance of colors produced by a minimum‐energy stimulus and two pairs of fundamental colors
Authors: Hasegawa Takashi 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis article presents the results of experiments designed to measure the color appearance produced by a minimum‐energy stimulus within very small color fields and exposed for a very short duration. The experiments also revealed the common nature of colors in both spatial and temporal reductions. The hue is shifted toward either red or green and then toward a line connecting yellow and blue on the chromaticity diagram. The decrease and increase in saturation and brightness, respectively, correspond to this variation in hue. The nature of the results pertaining to the mechanism of color perception led to the assumption that a color‐sensation mechanism consisting of two pairs of fundamental colors acted functionally. These fundamental colors were calculated from the variations of the results obtained in color space, and were defined respectively as 513C, 510, 585, and 484 nm.
Fluorescent standards
Authors: Grum F. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA number of fluorescent materials have been examined by various organizations and committees with the aim of selecting a suitable set of samples for working standards of fluorescence. The luminescent reference materials (standards) that will best satisfy the industrial requirements are solids prepared for front‐surface illumination. These standards, according to the CIE subcommittee on luminescence, preferably should be thin and turbid to simulate products, which are mostly opaque. Since such standards will be used in an industrial environment, they should be rugged, reusable, and very stable to laboratory light and atmosphere. Stability is the most important quality; absolute calibration is not required for industrial use. The needs for the colorimetric and photometric applications of luminescent reference materials appear to be best satisfied by materials used in the front‐surface mode and having, as an additional requirement, a measurable diffuse reflectance. This article describes the requirements which should be met, gives the reasons why these standards of fluorescence are needed and by whom, and describes the optical materials considered by various organizations such as the CIE and ISCC.
Daytime colorimetry of retroreflective materials
Authors: Terstiege Heinz 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe daytime color of retroreflective materials is a mixture of sensations caused by diffusely reflected light plus a small amount of retroreflected light, the exact mixture depending on the illumination geometry and the goniophotometric characteristics of the material. The most nearly comparable results of color measurement can be obtained with instruments having 45°/0° geometry instead of sphere geometry. Spectrophotometers or colorimeters can be used. The calibration of these instruments is discussed. Most specifications for the daytime color of retroreflective materials call for the use of CIE standard illuminant D65. However, one can use colorimeters designed to give color coordinates for illuminant C provided that color standards calibrated for D65 are used.
The photometry of retroreflectors using a computer‐controlled four‐axis goniometer
Authors: Johnson Norbert L. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA photometric range for measurement of retroreflectance using a computer‐controlled four‐axis goniometer for positioning the test specimen and a computer‐controlled observation‐angle drive is described. The four‐axis goniometer allows for positioning of all types of retroreflectors in the CIE (α, β1, β2, ϵ) geometric system and has the flexibility to provide direct angular positioning in other geometric systems. The observation‐angle drive allows accurate alignment of the observation angle at variable test distances. Included is a description of the calibration methods used to insure photometric accuracy and stability for the duration of the measurement. The control of both the photometric and geometric systems uses peripheral devices interfaced to a central computer. Computer programs are outlined that provide output in terms of selected sets of angles at which measurements are required to verify performance in user specifications. Also described are graphic outputs of retroreflectance versus angle which are used to characterize the intrinsic performance of retroreflective materials.
Small and moderate color differences. IV. Color‐difference‐perceptibility ellipses in surface‐color space
Authors: Rich Danny C. , Billmeyer Fred W. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractModerate (0.5–1.5 CIELAB units) color differences in surface colors were scaled visually to obtain color‐dif‐ference‐perceptibility ellipses. The ellipse orientations appeared to be independent of the size of the color differences over the range indicated, and were consistent with literature results obtained with visual colorimeters. In the uivid greenish yellow region, the experimental ellipse orientation agreed with the Munsell spacing but not with the orientation of the CIELAB ellipse. In the deep greenish blue region, the experimental ellipse orientation agreed belter with the results of Wyszecki and Fielder than with the orientation of the MacAdam PGN ellipse.
Physiological response to color: A critical review
Authors: Kaiser Peter K. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractPhysiological human responses to color as evidenced by the electroencephalogram, galvanic skin response, blood pressure, heart rate, respiration rate, eyeblink frequency, and oxiometry are reviewed. A casual reading of the descriptive literature on the human response to color leads one to the conclusion that color can have rather specific physiological effects. It is concluded from this review that there are reliably recordable physiological responses to color in addition to those generally associated with vision. However, it may be that some are indirect effects mediated by cognitive responses to color.
Kubelka‐munk analysis of absorptance in the presence of scattering, including surface‐reflection correction to transmittance
Authors: Shah H. S. , Billmeyer Fred W. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe absorption of optical radiation by an (incidentally) fluorescent absorbing material was studied in the presence of substantial amounts of scattering. If surface‐reflection corrections are neglected, the apparent absorptance of the system is “enhanced” in the presence of scattering. However, in this case attempts to use the Kubelka‐Munk turbid‐medium theory to compute the results do not lead to an accurate and adequate explanation. If surface‐reflection corrections are applied, all observed phenomena can be explained, but a negative enhancement is predicted. A new Saunderson‐type correction equation for surface reflection of the diffuse internal transmittance is derived and applied. Fluorescence does not contribute to the phenomena studied since measurements were limited to wavelengths outside the fluorescent emission spectral region.
Metric coefficients for CIE color‐difference formulas
Authors: Macadam David L. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractMetric coefficients, for which formulas are given for the CIELUV and CIELAB color‐difference equations, are compared graphically and with published values for one observer, PGN. The corresponding chromaticity differences for any deviation from any point in the CIE x,y chromaticity diagram are easily determined from the metric coefficients.
Comparison of methods for assessing observer metamerism
Authors: Nayatani Yoshinobu , Hashimoto Kenjiro , Takahama Kotaro , Sobagaki Hiroaki 
Published: June 2007

AbstractStudies on observer metamerism reported so far are classified into two series. One is studies based on the color‐matching functions of Stiles's 20 observers. The other is experimental studies by using the Davidson and Hemmendinger (D‐H) Color Rule and color‐normal actual observers. The large discrepancy of the degree of observer metamerism between the above two series of studies was analyzed by using the color‐matching functions of Stiles's 20 observers and the D–H Color Rule. The results confirmed that the discrepancy in the observer‐metamerism indices was caused by different computational procedures used for deriving the indices.
Successive heterochromatic brightness matches for a LED display
Authors: Ronchi Lucia R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAn experiment is described in which red and green pointlike sources are flashed in succession on nearby locations on the retina of the eye. While keeping the intensity of the green light fixed, the red's intensity is varied until a heterochromatic brightness match is attained. As the retinal image is more and more defocussed by the use of a blurring lens, less and less red light is needed to match the green reference light, both in the central retina and at moderate eccentricities, while the far periphery shows an insensitivity to blur. The result is tentatively explained by extending to peripheral vision some speculations concerning the brightness–luminance discrepancy in central vision. As a practical implication, it is noted that the photometric assessment of small sources, holding for the plane in which the eye is at focus, may exhibit deviations even as large as 0.5 log units when passing to defocussed locations.
The first color education in Japan
Authors: Ogata Kohji 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe Meiji era (1868–1912) stands out as a period of radical modernization in Japan. For this reason, the Meiji Government paid special attention to the introduction of Western culture and civilization into modern Japanese society. Irozu (Color Chart) as the first attempt at color education in Japan resulted from one of these attempts at modernization. Iro‐zu was a direct copy of Willson's Charts for object lessons which were prevalent in the United States at that time. Willson's Charts themselves had been substantiated by color science in the Western world, especially the works of the English chemist Field and the French chemist Chevreul. On the contrary, Iro‐zu education almost abandoned the scientific meanings which Willson's Charts carried. According to the reformation of the educational system in 1879, Iro‐zu education was gradually reduced. Though Iro‐zu education lasted only five or six years, it has great importance as it marks the beginning of color education in Japan.
Growth and photoluminescence properties of CdS solid solution semiconductor
Authors: Chen Fuyi , Jie Wanqi 
Published: June 2007

AbstractPhotoluminescence (PL) emitted from Cd1‐xZnxS and CdS1‐ySey solid solution semiconductor was significantly stronger than PL from the pure CdS and CdSe semiconductor. The samples were prepared using an improved Se‐S‐Na2S flux route. Photoluminescence in Cd1‐xZnxS crystal was brightly yellow at the room temperature under VU radiation. The phase and composition of the solid solution was measured by the XRD and was confirmed by UV‐NIS spectrum as x of 0.3 and y of 0.2. The enhanced photoluminescence was presumably due to the introduction of extra defect (vacancies) by solid solution action and consequently the increasing of luminescence center concentration. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Synthesis, characterization and X‐ray crystal structure of guanidinuim (pyridine‐2,6‐dicarboxylato)(pyridine‐2,6‐monocarboxylato) zincate(II) mono pyridine‐2,6‐dicarboxylic acid tetrahydrate
Authors: Aghabozorg H. , Sadr‐Khanlou E. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA new complex of Zinc(II) and guanidinium pyridine–2,6–dicarboxylate proton transfer compound, (GnH)2 (pydc), was synthesized and characterized using IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy and single crystal X–ray diffraction. The chemical formula and space group of the resulting complex is (GnH)[Zn(pydc)(pydcH)] · (pydcH2) · 4H2O, P 1 where the final R value is 0.0310 for 13287 reflections collected. The [Zn(pydc)(pydcH)]– anions and the (GnH)+ counter‐cations form a three‐dimensional solid‐state structure by a variety of noncovalent interactions such as ion pairing, hydrogen bonding and π–π stacking which are going to be discussed. (© 2007 WILEY ‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
In vivo imaging in experimental preclinical tumor research–A review
Authors: Wessels J. T. , Busse A. C. , Mahrt J. , Dullin C. , Grabbe E. , Mueller G. A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe multiparametric molecular cell and tissue analysis in vitro and in vivo is characterized by rapid progress in the field of image generation technologies, sensor biotechnology, and computational modeling. Fascinating new potentials in unraveling the detailed functions of single cells, organs, and whole organisms are presently emerging and permit the close monitoring i.e. tumor development or basic cell development processes with an unprecedented multiplicity of promising investigative possibilities. To answer basic questions of in vivo tumor development and progression fluorescence based imaging techniques provide new insights into molecular pathways and targets. Genetic reporter systems (eGFP, DsRED) are available and high sensitive detection systems are on hand. These techniques could be used for in vitro assays and quantified e.g. by microscopy and CCD based readouts. The introduction of novel fluorescent dyes emitting in the near infrared range (NIR) combined with the development of sensitive detector systems and monochromatic powerful NIR‐lasers for the first time permits the quantification and imaging of fluorescence and/or bioluminescence in deeper tissues. Laser based techniques particularly in the NIR‐range (like two‐photon microscopy) offer superb signal to noise ratios, and thus the potential to detect molecular targets in vivo. In combination with flat panel volumetric computed tomography (fpVCT), questions dealing e.g. with tumor size, tumor growth, and angiogenesis/vascularization could be answered noninvasively using the same animal. The resolution of down to 150 μm/each direction can be achieved using fpVCT. It is demonstrated by many groups that submillimeter resolutions can be achieved in small animal imaging at high sensitivity and molecular specificity. Since the resolution in preclinical small animal imaging is down to ∼10 μm by the use of microCT and to subcellular resolutions using (∼1 μm) microscope based systems, the advances of different techniques can now be combined to “multimodal” preclinical imaging and the possibilities for in vivo intravital cytometry now become within one's reach. © 2007 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Effect of pollution control on corporate financial performance in a transition economy
Authors: Earnhart Dietrich , Lizal Lubomir 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis study analyzes the effect of pollution control on corporate financial performance in a transition economy. In particular, it assesses whether better pollution control, as measured by lower air pollutant emissions, improves or undermines financial success, as captured by accounting‐based measures of financial performance, e.g. profitability. For this assessment, this study analyzes the effect of air pollution control using a panel of Czech firms for the years 1996–1998. The analytical results indicate that better pollution control neither improves nor undermines financial success. These results provide no support for the hypothesis that pollution prevention, generated by improved production processes, led to lower costs, and thus, greater profitability. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Integration and communication as central issues in Dutch negotiated agreements on industrial energy efficiency
Authors: Bressers Hans , de Bruijn Theo , Dinica Valentina 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper analyses specific aspects of the implementation of the second multi‐annual agreement for energy efficiency concluded in the Netherlands with various industrial sectors for the period 2002–2010. The agreement is a follow‐up on a previous negotiated agreement that was generally seen as successful. This successor aims at stretching the limits of feasible and reasonably cost‐effective improvements in energy efficiency. In order to achieve this, so‐called ‘expansion themes’ were included that typically urge communication and tuning between companies as they exceed the level of individual companies: sustainable products, sustainable industrial estates, sustainable transport and logistics and sustainable energy. While the potential benefits are very promising, the first years of implementation mostly taught lessons on the difficulties that have to be overcome in order to achieve these. This paper will discuss the emerging obstacles and positive experiences with the implementation of the expansion theme measures. Special attention will be given to the role of the ‘consultation groups’, which supervise the implementation of the sector agreements and consist of representatives of the relevant industry sector organization, government and an advisory agency. This follow‐up consultation after the agreement is concluded to play an important role in stimulating integration issues such as the coherence of the energy efficiency measures in the sector, the tuning with other environmental and energy policies of government and the mutual trust between the partners.The paper is based on the official evaluation of this negotiated agreement by the authors, which was commissioned by the Dutch ministry for economic affairs. The results are not only informative on this particular negotiated agreement, but also provide lessons on the integration and communication aspects of this policy strategy in general. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Liquid Crystal Imidazolium Salts: Towards Materials for Catalysis and Molecular Electronics
Authors: Suisse Jean‐Moïse , Douce Laurent , Bellemin‐Laponnaz Stéphane , Maisse‐François Aline , Welter Richard , Miyake Yasuo , Shimizu Yo 
Published: June 2007

Abstract1,3‐Bis(4‐alkyloxyphenyl)‐3H‐imidazol‐1‐ium trifluoromethanesulfonates, alkyl = CH3(CH2)n–1, n = 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16, can be derived from the analogous 4‐alkyloxyphenylamines. These imidazolium salts exhibit a lamellar liquid‐crystal mesophase between 99 °C and 191 °C. The smectic‐A phase was fully characterised by polarising optical microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and X‐ray diffraction. We report also the synthesis, lamellar crystal structure and catalytic activity of the PdII complex of the (deprotonated) carbene form of one of these salts. In addition, we measured the charged carrier mobilities in the mesophase.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)