bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Review of Past Research on Dendrometers
Authors: Clark Neil A. , Wynne Randolph H. , Schmoldt Daniel.L. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The purpose of a dendrometer is to measure tree diameter. Contact and noncontact dendrometers accomplish this task by collecting different metrics, including girth or distance between tangent points on a tree stem. Many dendrometers have been developed in the last quarter century and many have been retired. This article summarizes instrument developments and application results, contains an interpretation of the results, and provides guidance for dendrometer selection. FOR. SCI. 46(4):570–576.
Potential Effect of Stand Structure on Belowground Allocation
Authors: Dean Thomas J. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Stand structure affects two key variables that affect biomass allocation to the stem: leaf area and height to the center of the crown. By translating wind forces into a bending moment, these variables generate bending stress within a stem. The uniform-stress axiom of stem formation can be used to calculate current stem mass for a given bending moment and stem allocation for changes in bending moment over a time period. Stem allocation probably affects allocation to fine roots since the stem precedes the root system on the chain of carbohydrate sinks, and total net primary production is a linear function of leaf area. This study indirectly supports this link between stand structure and belowground allocation. A regression model based on the relationship between bending moment and stem allocation explained 98% of the variation in stand-level stem production of a 12-yr-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantation subjected to factorial combinations of irrigation and fertilization. Further-more, relative fine-root allocation was inversely related to relative stem allocation and increases in apparent bending stress. Corresponding associations between bending stress and relative allocation between the stem and fine roots appear to exist for other species, providing additional support for the proposed link. FOR. Sci. 47(1):69–76.
Linking Growth and Yield and Process Models to Estimate Impact of Environmental Changes on Growth of Loblolly Pine
Authors: Baldwin V. Clark , Burkhart Harold E. , Westfall James A , Peterson Kelly D. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
PTAEDA2 is a distance-dependent, individual tree model that simulates the growth and yield of a plantation of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) on an annual basis. The MAESTRO model utilizes an array of trees in a stand to calculate and integrate the effects of biological and physical variables on the photosynthesis and respiration processes of a target tree on an hourly basis. PTAEDA2 sums the quantities for individual trees to obtain stand results; MAESTRO computes values for one tree at a time. These models were linked to provide a tool for further understanding stand, climatic, and edaphic effects on tree and forest productivity. PTAEDA2 predicts the characteristics of trees grown at a given stand density, on a given site, for a given length of time. These characteristics (outputs) are then used as direct inputs into MAESTRO which assesses the expected impact of environmental changes on tree function. The results from MAESTRO are fed back into PTAEDA2 to update future predictions by modifying the site index driver variable of the growth and yield model. An equation that predicts changes in site index as a function of net photosynthesis, age, and trees per unit area is the backbone of the dynamic linkage. The model changes required to link PTAEDA2 to MAESTRO were developed and reported earlier. This article reviews the earlier work and reports research results quantifying the relationships between net photosynthesis and the PTAEDA2 growth predictors, thus providing the basis for the MAESTRO to PTAEDA2 feedback process and integration of these two models. FOR. Sci. 47(1)77–82.
Modeling Annual Carbon Uptake for the Indigenous Forests of New Zealand
Authors: Whitehead David , Leathwick John R. , Walcroft Adrian S. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A regional estimate of annual gross carbon uptake for the indigenous forests of New Zealand is presented. Carbon uptake for forest canopies occupying 59,311 sites on a 1 km grid (25% of the total land area) is estimated daily using a leaf-level photosynthesis–stomatal conductance model with appropriate scaling procedures (Leuning et al. 1995), and a model of site water balance. For each site, estimates of monthly climate data, soil physical properties, root-zone depth, and nitrogen availability were matched from maps. Forest type was distinguished into 18 classes and values for the maximum rate of carboxylation, Vcmax0, were assigned according to the ratio of conifer to broadleaved trees and nitrogen availability. Mean annual carbon uptake across all sites was 1.5 kg m-2. Variability between sites was attributable principally to the value for Vcmax0, followed by temperature. The effects of water stress integral, air saturation deficit, and solar radiation on carbon uptake were much less. Mean radiation conversion efficiency (ratio of carbon uptake to intercepted solar radiation) was low at 0.79 kg GJ-1, consistent with low nitrogen availability. The analysis highlights the sensitivity of carbon uptake to physiological characteristics and nitrogen status and thus the need to determine values for photosynthesis parameters for trees growing in field conditions. FOR. Sci. 47(1):9–20.
Nutrient Supply and Fertilization Efficiency in Midrotation Loblolly Pine Plantations: A Modeling Analysis
Authors: Ducey Mark , Allen H. Lee 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
We simulated the 10 yr macronutrient budgets for 14 installations in a regionwide midrotation loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) fertilization study using NUTREM, a simplified model of carbon and nutrient uptake and distribution. Each installation includes 2–4 replications of N and P addition in a two-way factorial design. By approximating the constraints on nutrient use as elements in a linear programming problem, and estimating the parameters of the problem using least squares, we were able to identify baseline soil supply rates and fertilization efficiencies for N and P for each installation. Estimated N supply ranged from 47 kg ha-1 yr-1 to 103 kg ha-1 yr-1, while P supply ranged from 5.5 to 12.4 kg ha-1 yr-1. Fertilization efficiencies were extremely variable, ranging from 23% to 100% for N and 0% to 78% for P. A lower bound to the baseline supply rate was identified for K, Ca, and Mg for each site. While only three sites were P-limited, P limitation was imminent on all sites with operational doses of applied N. While the accuracy of NUTREM is limited by the availability of basic process-level data, the method suggests possibilities for predicting growth response to nutrient amendments. FOR. Sci. 47(1):96–102.
Forest Resources, Government Policy, and Investment Location Decisions of the Forest Products Industry in the Southern United States
Authors: Sun Changyou , Zhang Daowei 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In this article, the results of an initial attempt to estimate the effects of state attributes on plant location and investment expenditure were presented for the forest products industry in the southern United States. A conditional logit model was used to analyze new plant births, and a time-series cross-section model to assess the total capital expenditure. Significant positive effects were found for personal income and forest inventory, and negative effects were found for population density. In the short run, tax and energy costs had negative impacts on new plant births in a state, while in the long run, stumpage price and environmental stringency had negative effects on the capital expenditure. Sensitivity of model specification was documented, and policy implications were discussed. For. Sci. 47(2):169–177.
Uncertainty, Debt, and Forest Harvesting: Faustmann Revisited
Authors: Fina Mark , Amacher Gregory S. , Sullivan Jay 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Debt is a common feature of forestland ownership, yet it has not been formalized in previous work on uncertainty and forestry decision-making. We extend Faustmann-based price search models by introducing a debt obligation that landowners feel pressure to pay off in finite time. We assume a price arrival process that is more general than in previous search models and allows for multiple unknown offers each period. The motivation for paying off debt could be the high costs of searching for another price offer, costs of renegotiating or refinancing debt, increasing interest charges, or landowner preferences for eliminating debt. The decision problem and associated reservation price strategy depend on a comparison of costs and benefits of waiting to harvest. The timing of debt-payoff date is the critical feature of our model. We show that a debt-payoff date implies a certain path of reservation prices over time and ultimately affects harvesting behavior. The direction and magnitude of effect depends on forest maturity. We also investigate how the reservation price–debt payoff date relationship depends on debt in future rotations, nontimber income, amenity benefits, and single versus infinite rotations. Although these ideas, particularly the inclusion of amenities and nontimber income, are absent from the conventional price search literature, we show they have important effects on the optimal reservation price strategy when landowners feel pressure to pay off debts in finite time. FOR. SCI. 47(2):188–196.
The Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization, Rock Type, and Habitat Type on Individual Tree Mortality
Authors: Shen Guanghong , Moore James A. , Hatch Charles R. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
An individual tree mortality model for nitrogen fertilized Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca [Beissn.] Franco) stands was developed using data from permanent research plots located throughout the inland Northwest. The proposed linear logistic model included the following independent variables: a dummy variable for the two habitat types, a set of dummy variables for the five rock types, a set of dummy variables for the three N fertilizer treatments, diameter at breast height, crown ratio, and crown competition factor. The results show that N fertilization, rock type, and habitat type significantly affect individual tree mortality. The probabilities of tree mortality on fertilized plots were greater than those on control plots and increased with increasing N fertilizer application rates. Trees growing on granitic and metasedimentary rocks had lower foliar potassium concentration and exhibited greater probabilities of mortality than did those growing on other rocks. The probabilities of mortality for trees growing on sedimentary rocks were very low. Moist sites had lower soil fertility and produced higher mortality rates than dry sites. Furthermore, the N fertilization response ratio, defined as the annual mortality probability of a fertilized tree over the annual mortality probability of a unfertilized tree with identical tree and stand characteristics, was estimated based on the mortality model. The response ratios were nearly constant (about 1.4) across a range of tree diameters for all rock types with the 224 kg N treatment. The response ratios were also nearly constant (about 2.1) across a range of tree diameters for all rock types with the 448 kg N treatment. Finally, the mortality prediction model passed a validation test on independent data not used in model development. For. Sci. 47(2):203–213.
Design of Regular Landscape Fuel Treatment Patterns for Modifying Fire Growth and Behavior
Authors: Finney Mark A. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Patterns of disconnected fuel treatment patches that overlap in the heading fire spread direction are theoretically effective in changing forward fire spread rate. The analysis presented here sought to find the unit shape and pattern for a given level of treatment that has the maximum effect on forward spread rate. This occurs when the treatment units cause the fire to spread through them at the same rate as it spreads around them. Simulations suggested that these treatment patterns reduce the spread rate or fireline intensity over much of the area burned, even outside the treatment units where the fire was forced to flank. The ideal patterns are theoretically scale independent, allowing for flexible application across heterogeneous landscapes. The topology of these patterns has implications for designing landscape-level fuel treatment patterns and for understanding spatial dynamics of fuel patterns across landscapes. FOR. SCI. 47(2):219–228.
Human Demographic Trends and Landscape Level Forest Management in the Northwest Wisconsin Pine Barrens
Authors: Radeloff Volker C. , Hammer Roger B. , Voss Paul R. , Hagen Alice E. , Field Donald R. , Mladenoff David J. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The effects of landscape pattern on forest ecosystems have been a recent focus in forest science. Forest managers are increasingly considering landscape level processes in their management. Natural disturbance patterns provide one baseline for such management. What has been largely ignored is the pattern of human habitation patterns (i.e., housing), on landscapes. The objective of this study is to discuss landscape level management options for the northwest Wisconsin Pine Barrens based on both landscape ecology and the human demographics of the region. Using the 1990 U. S. Decennial Census we examined current housing density, seasonal housing unit concentration, historic housing density change and projected future housing densities. These data were related to land cover and land ownership data using a GIS. Housing density increase was particularly pronounced in the central Pine Barrens, an area where seasonal housing units are common. Lakes and streams were more abundant in areas that exhibited highest growth. Within national forest lands, 80% of the area contained no housing units. In contrast, only 12% of the area in small private land ownership contained no housing. These results are integrated with previous studies of presettlement vegetation and landscape change to discuss landscape level management suggestions for the Pine Barrens. For. Sci. 47(2):229–241.
Diameter Growth Models Using Minnesota Forest Inventory and Analysis Data
Authors: Lessard Veronica C. , McRoberts Ronald E. , Holdaway Margaret R. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program of the USDA Forest Service North Central Research Station (NCRS) has begun replacing the 12- to 13-yr periodic inventory cycles for the states in the North Central region with annual inventories featuring measurement of approximately 20% of all plots in each of the 11 states each year. State reports on summaries of the forest resources will be produced every 5 yr. As a method of updating information on plots not visited in the current year, NCRS is developing nonlinear, individual-tree, distance-independent annual diameter growth models for species groups. The models, formulated as the product of an average diameter growth component and a modifier component, were calibrated on Minnesota FIA data from stands that were generally undisturbed, of mixed ages and of mixed species. The dependent variable is annual diameter growth. The independent variables include crown ratio, crown class, stand basal area, stand basal area larger than the subject tree, physiographic class, and latitude and longitude of plot locations. The model predictions at both the individual-tree level and plot level have negligible bias, and the models may be easily recalibrated to include new data sets obtained from the annual inventories. For. Sci. 47(30):301–310.
Modeling and Prediction of Forest Growth Variables Based on Multilevel Nonlinear Mixed Models
Authors: Hall Daniel B. , Bailey Robert L. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In this article, we describe estimation and prediction methods for nonlinear modeling of forest growth variables that are subject to nested sources of variability. The multilevel nonlinear mixed-effects models that we consider are useful for a variety of forestry applications, but we concentrate on the problem of estimating, and making projections from, growth curves for tree height based on longitudinal data grouped by location. Wolfinger and Lin consider estimating equation approaches to fitting more general nonlinear mixed-effects models, and we adapt their zero-expansion estimating equations to the multilevel case. We develop methods of prediction based on these models that allow predictions of future height both for individual trees and for plot averages. We illustrate these methods by fitting and making predictions from a Chapman-Richards type growth model for tree height data from a loblolly pine spacing study in Putnam County, Georgia. The mean and variance of prediction errors based on our methods are examined by means of cross-validation. We provide a more complete and unified presentation of linearization-based estimation and prediction based on multilevel nonlinear mixed-effects models than has previously appeared in the forestry literature, and we argue that these models lead to substantial advantages in growth and yield prediction over traditional forestry methods. FOR. SCI. 47(3):311–321.
Effects of Gypsy Moth on Radial Growth of Deciduous Trees
Authors: Naidoo Robin , Lechowicz Martin J. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
We investigated the effect of gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) larval abundance on annual radial growth of preferred, intermediate, and avoided host trees: northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.), sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.), and white ash (Fraxinus americana L.), respectively. Individual trees were surveyed for gypsy moth larvae from 1979 to 1992 in a chronically infested forest on a drought-prone site in southwestern Québec. Increment cores were collected from 156 oaks, 39 maples, and 39 ash, and annual radial growth indices from 1950 to 1992 were calculated for each species. Growth was corrected for the influence of climate using regression models. For red oak, the average number of gypsy moth larvae per tree explained 73% of the variance in growth not explained by climate. Sugar maple and white ash growth was not correlated with gypsy moth larval numbers. These results are consistent with gypsy moth host preferences and provide evidence that nonepidemic levels of gypsy moth larvae can have a significant negative effect on the radial growth of individual trees. For. Sci. 47(3):338–348.
The Self-Thinning Surface
Authors: Bi Huiquan 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This article introduces a generalized expression of the self-thinning rule, B = KSα Nβ, where B is stand biomass per unit area, N is stand density, S is relative site index, and K, α and β are parameters. On log scales, this equation becomes a self-thinning surface that defines a density-dependent upper frontier of stand biomass over a gradient of site productivity for a given species. This equation is formulated for parameter estimation as a stochastic frontier function with two error components that have different distributional properties. As an example, maximum likelihood estimates of the self-thinning surface and its confidence envelope were shown for Pinus radiata (D. Don). Furthermore, site occupancy was estimated through one of the error components of the stochastic frontier function. The conditional response of mortality at any given site occupancy was revealed by using regression quantiles. Light mortality was associated with increases in site occupancy, while heavy mortality caused a reduction in site occupancy. Changes in the estimated site occupancy had a linear relationship with changes in log stand density. The dynamic interplay between site occupancy and mortality, together with the random external effects on the self-thinning frontier, was suggested to drive the growth trajectories of individual stands during stand growth and self-thinning. Consequently, individual stands seldom travel along their self-thinning frontiers but are more likely to converge toward them during the self-thinning phase of stand development. FOR. SCI. 47(3):361–370.
Modeling the United States Housing Sector
Authors: Montgomery Claire A. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
New residential construction and improvement of existing housing account for most of the solid wood products consumption in the United States. It is important for forest policy analysts and those interested in wood products markets to understand the implications of changes in macroeconomic variables on housing markets and, hence, on wood products markets and forests. In past studies of U.S. housing markets used for long-run forest policy analysis, the time series properties of the macroeconomic data used to estimate the models were ignored. To the extent that estimation results are sensitive to those properties, the resulting model forecasts may be misleading. This study reports a structural model of the housing sector in the United States estimated using five alternative specifications to account for the time series properties of the data. Estimation results were compared, and model forecast performance was evaluated. Several stable estimation results emerged. However, further investigation is indicated for some potentially important relationships that were sensitive to model specification. FOR. SCI. 47(3):371–389.
Benefits of Forest-Owner Collaboration and Imperfect Capital Markets
Authors: Uusivuori Jussi , Kuuluvainen Jari 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This article examines the effects of capital market imperfections on the optimal harvest of nonindustrial private forest owners and the potential of collaborative stand management and timber selling to counteract these effects. Monetary benefits of two-owner collaboration are derived under a binding borrowing constraint, and when borrowing and lending rates of interest differ. It is shown that collaboration offers a way to reduce the welfare loss of capital-market imperfections by permitting landowners to restore, at least partially, the separability of consumption and timber production decisions. Pooling stands enables landowners to take better advantage of the value growth of timber and to increase the profitability of their forest holdings. FOR. SCI. 47(3):428–436.
Recursive Preferences in Forest Management
Authors: Peltola Jukka , Knapp Keith C. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Expected net present value (ENPV) is a commonly used criterion in optimal forest management; however, this only applies to risk neutrality. If the owner has other risk preferences, then a utility function should be used. Expected utility is the most common way to handle stochasticity in an atemporal framework, but is problematic in intertemporal problems.Recursive preferences overcome a variety of the difficulties associated with expected utility in stochastic control problems.
Recursive preferences (RP) are applied here to forest management. The effects of risk aversion and intertemporal substitution on optimal management are weighed using this framework. Compared to ENPV, RP with empirically plausible levels of intertemporal substitution implies substantially increased harvest levels in the early years, which drastically reduces the stock growth rate. In contrast, risk aversion has little or no impact on optimal management except for an infinite elasticity of intertemporal substitution. In this instance, increasing risk aversion lowers the time to steady-state and the level of steady-state forest stocks. For. Sci. 47(4):455–465.