bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
English Language Ability and Mental Health Service Utilisation: A Census
Authors: Stuart Geoffrey W. , Minas I. Harry , Klimidis Steven , O'connell Siobhan 
Published: November 2007

Objective: To explore the relationship between English language proficiency and mental health service utilisation. Methods: In September 1993, a sample census was conducted of all mental health services in the State of Victoria, including public and private hospital wards, outpatient consultations provided by psychiatrists and clinical psychologists, and primary mental health care provided by general practitioners. Response rates ranged from 37% for monolingual general practitioners (GPs) to 96% for inpatient units. Particular emphasis was placed on patients' English language proficiency and the role played by bilingual clinicians. Results: Over 80% of inpatients received a diagnosis of either dementia or psychosis. This proportion was even greater in the case of patients with English language difficulties. The latter group of patients underutilised specialist outpatient services, and those using these services were less likely to receive psychotherapy than fluent English speakers. They utilised GPs for mental disorder at at least the same rate as other patients. There was a marked preference for bilingual GPs, with 80% of patients with poor English language skills consulting GPs who spoke their native language. Conclusion: There appears to be considerable underutilisation of specialist mental health services by patients who are not fluent in English. The liaison-consultation model of psychiatric care may be an effective way of addressing this problem, given the important role already played by bilingual GPs in the psychiatric care of those whose native language is not English.
Psychiatrists Working in Primary Care: A Survey of General Practitioners' Attitudes
Authors: Barber R. , Williams A. Sved 
Published: November 2007

Objectives: To collect information on current working arrangements between general practitioners (GPs) and mental health professionals and to assess GPs' attitudes towards developing closer working practices with psychiatrists in the primary care setting. Method: Six hundred and three GPs from South Australia were surveyed with questionnaires. Main outcome measures included information about existing primary care links between GPs and mental health professionals, GPs' preferred working arrangements with psychiatrists in the primary care setting and their attitude towards developing these practices, including perceived obstacles, advantages and disadvantages. Results: One hundred and eighty-one completed questionnaires were returned. One in 11 GPs returning the questionnaire (RGPs) had established primary care links with a psychiatrist, 1 in 6 with clinical psychologists and 1 in 17 with psychiatric nurses and social workers. RGPs held positive attitudes towards developing closer links at their work settings with psychiatrists when it leads to improved collaboration and access to psychiatrists. Reservations were expressed about the public weakening of the GPs' primary care role. Conclusions: The joint needs of clinical care and GPs' further training in psychiatry could be addressed by further development of schemes to attract psychiatrists to work in primary care settings. This is mostly viewed very positively by GPs, although the percentage of GPs responding make these conclusions tentative. It is more likely to occur with changes to current funding of both private psychiatric care and GP remuneration, with a recognition of time spent in liaison.
A Death at Darwin
Authors: Ellard John 
Published: November 2007

Each of us is marching inexorably towards his or her own death. Fortunately for us for most of our lives we do not know when it will happen and how it will happen. If we are particularly fortunate it will come suddenly, painlessly and unheralded; there are less happy alternatives. Doctors do not save lives; when it is within our skill we postpone death and diminish suffering. We can do no more.
A snowdrift index based on SNOWPACK model calculations
Authors: Lehning Michael , Doorschot Judith , Bartelt Perry 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe SNOWPACK model developed at the Swiss Federal Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research is a one-dimensional momentum, mass- and energy-balance model. Its current version includes important features such as a numerical solution of the instationary heat-transfer and creep/settlement equations, a complete surface-energy balance, phase changes, water transport and snow microstructure development (metamorphism). The microstructural parameters are linked to the thermal conductivity and the snow viscosity. The new snowdrift routine uses the modelled snow to determine a threshold friction velocity The drift model describes the local mass flux of snow, distinguishing between a saltation and suspension contribution. The snow-cover model adapts to erosion (or deposition) due to drifting and blowing snow. The drift formulation improves the seasonal snow-cover simulation considerably for stations that show a significant influence of snow transport. From the mass-flux calculation, a snowdrift index results that provides valuable information on local snowdrift for avalanche warning.
Evidence for recent climate change from ice cores in the central Himalaya
Authors: Dahe Qin , Mayewski Paul A. , Wake Cameron P. , Shichang Kang , Jiawen Ren , Shugui Hou , Tandong Yao , Qinzhao Yang , Zhefan Jin , Desheng Mi 
Published: November 2007

AbstractComparison of the terminus locations of Rongbuk Glacier, Mount Everest, measured in 1966 and 1997 shows that in the past 30 years the glacier has retreated 170–270 m equivalent to a retreat speed of 5.5–8.7 m a–1 . During summer 1997, a 15 m firn core was recovered from Dasuopu glacier (28°23’ N, 85°44’ E; 7000 m a.s.D on the northwest margin of Xixabangma Feng, Xizang (Tibet). The seasonal variations of δ18O values in the core indicate that monsoon signals are clearly recorded in the glacier. δ18O values are controlled by the amount effect in the monsoon season; more negative δ18O is representative of the monsoon season in snow layers. Analysis of the relationship between ice-core δ18O, sampled from 6500 m a.s.l. on the north side of Mount Everest, and instrumental series representing regional-scale precipitation, atmospheric circulation and temperature suggests a change in the relative influence of these parameters on δ18O since the 1940s. The results of the comparison add to and lengthen the sparse array of instrument data available for the Tibetan (Qinghai-Xizang) Plateau and demonstrate a recent decline in moisture flux for at least the southern part of the plateau. Glacier retreat, associated with a recent increase in temperature in the region, is coincident with this period of decreased moisture flux.
The response of a glacier to a surface disturbance: a case study on Vatnajökull ice cap, Iceland
Authors: Aðalgeirsdóttir G. , Gudmundsson G. H. , Björnsson H. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractIn the course of a tremendous outburst flood (jökulhlaup) following the subglacial eruption in Vatnajökull, Iceland, in October 1996, a depression in the surface of the ice cap was created as a result of ice melting from the walls of a subglacial tunnel. The surface depression was initially approximately 6 km long, 800 m wide and 100 m deep. This ˚canyon" represents a significant perturbation in the geometry of the ice cap in this area where the total ice thickness is about 200–400 m. We present results of repeated measurements of flow velocities and elevation changes in the vicinity of the canyon made over a period of about 2 years. The measurements show a reduction in the depth of the canyon and a concomitant decrease in surface flow towards it over time. By calculating the transient evolution of idealized surface depressions using both analytical zeroth- and first-order theories, as well as the shallow-ice approximation (SIA) and a finite-element model incorporating all the terms of the momentum equations we demonstrate the importance of horizontal stress gradients at the spatial scale of this canyon. The transient evolution of the canyon is calculated with a two-dimensional time-dependent finite-element model with flow parameters (the parameters A and n of Glen’s flow law) that are tuned towards an optimal agreement with measured flow velocities. Although differences between measured and calculated velocities are comparable to measurement errors, the differences are not randomly distributed. The model is therefore not verified in detail. Nevertheless the model reproduces observed changes in the geometry over a 15 month time period reasonably well The model also reproduces changes in both velocities and geometry considerably better than an alternative model based on the SIA.
The treatment of meltwater retention in mass-balance parameterizations of the Greenland ice sheet
Authors: Janssens Ives , Huybrechts Philippe 
Published: November 2007

AbstractRetention of meltwater runoff by percolation and/or refreezing in the snowpack cannot be neglected when studying the surface mass balance of the Greenland ice sheet. In this paper, we make a detailed comparison of several treatments proposed in the literature to account for this process in large-scale mass-balance parameterizations. The melt on the Greenland ice sheet is calculated with a revised degree-day model using updated datasets of surface elevation and precipitation rate on a 5 km grid. Crucial model parameters are recalibrated by comparing mass-balance characteristics with available observations on a regional basis. We discuss the role of meltwater retention in the light of the overall mass balance of the Greenland ice sheet and its sensitivity to climatic change, and display patterns of effective-retention fractions for the various methods. As a main conclusion it appears that overall results are quite similar for the various models, but that meltwater retention has a large spatial variation not described by the simple treatments. Using the most comprehensive retention model, the sensitivity of the runoff is found to be +0.35 mm ˚C–1 of sea-level change per year. We also present a new map of the different zones (facies) that characterize the accumulation area of the Greenland ice sheet, which is useful for interpreting field data and calibrating satellite observations.
Climate on tundra and thoughts on causes of regional climate differences
Authors: Ohmura Atsumu 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe Axel Heiberg Island Expedition of McGill University, Montreal, Canada, led by the late Fritz Müller was the cradle for a number of scientific investigations, not all of them glaciological. During the four years 1969–72, the tundra climate was investigated in the Expedition Area, encompassing about 100 km2 on the mid-west coast of Axel Heiberg Island, Nunavut, Canada. This series of studies identified the main features of the tundra climate, clarified its causal processes and contributed to an understanding of the differences between tundra climates and those of the neighboring regions with glaciers, ocean surfaces and boreal forests. A fundamental consideration of climate processes on a global scale was conceived during this time. Some significant results are recorded here to commemorate Fritz Müller’s contributions as a polar scientist and a university educator.
Derivation of ice thickness and bedrock topography in data-gap regions over Antarctica
Authors: Warner Roland C. , Budd W. F. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractAn approach to deriving the thickness of the Antarctic ice sheet and inferring the bedrock elevation to fill in gaps in the compilations of ice-thickness observations is presented. It combines assumptions about the general state of balance of the ice sheet and of the dynamics of ice flow, with information about ice accumulation and the topography of the ice-sheet surface elevation to infer the ice thickness and bedrock. A simplified version of the scheme already shows the potential of this approach, as is demonstrated by an application to the Lambert Glacier basin, East Antarctica.
Geometry and the deformation of pack ice: II. Simulation with a random isotropic model and implication in sea-ice rheology
Authors: Ukita Jinro , Moritz Richard E. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractIn this paper, we extend the analysis of geometry and deformation of pack ice initiated in part I by considering random isotropic geometry using the Poisson line process. The model is used to estimate opening, ridging and sliding coefficients for more realistic geometry than the idealized simple and regular geometry considered in part I. We then derive the shape of yield curves by applying minimization of the maximum shear stress to a linear combination of the estimated ridging and sliding coefficients. It is found that isotropic crack geometry results in a sine-lens shape for the yield curve if sliding makes no contribution to the energy dissipation. By contrast, when sliding contributes, the shape of the yield curve becomes teardropped. These results suggest the presence of a consistent relationship between large-scale characterization of inter-floe interactions and small-scale (crack and lead) ridging processes.
Sea-ice model validation using submarine measurements of ice draft
Authors: Shy Timothy L. , Walsh John E. , Chapman William L. , Lynch Amanda H. , Bailey David A. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractSea-ice thickness distributions from 12 submarine cruises under the North Pole are used to evaluate and enhance the results of sea-ice model simulations. The sea-ice models include versions with cavitating fluid and elastic-viscous-plastic rheologies, and versions with a single thickness and with multiple (5–27) thicknesses in each gridcell. A greater portion of the interannual variance of observed mean thickness at the Pole is captured by the multiple-thickness models than by the single-thickness models, although even the highest correlations are only about 0.6. After The observed thickness distributions are used to ˚tune" the model to capture the primary mode of the distribution, the largest model-data discrepancies are in the thin-ice tail of the distribution. In a 41 year simulation ending in 1998, the model results show a pronounced decrease of mean ice thickness at the Pole around 1990; the minimum simulated thickness occurs in summer 1998. The decrease coincides with a shift of the Arctic Oscillation to its positive phase. The smallest submarine-derived mean thickness occurs in 1990, but no submarine data were available after 1992. The submarine-derived thicknesses for 1991 and 1992 are only slightly smaller than the 12–case mean.
Spatial distribution of net surface accumulation on the Antarctic ice sheet
Authors: Glovinetto M. B. , Zwally H. J. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractAn isopleth map showing the spatial distribution of net mass accumulation at the surface on the Antarctic ice sheet, excluding Graham Land, the Larsen Ice Shelf and eastern Palmer Land, is produced based on field data from approximately 2000 sites. A database of accumulation values for 5365 gridpoint locations with 50 km spacing is interpolated from the isopleth map, giving a bulk accumulation of 2151 Gt a–1 and a mean of 159 kg m–2 a–1 for an area of 13.53 × 106 km2. Following the implementation of deflation and ablation adjustments applicable to sectors of the coastal zone, the accumulation values are reduced to 2020 Gt a–1 and 149 kg m–2 a–1. The new accumulation distribution is compared with another recent distribution, which was based on essentially the same field data using different analysis and interpolation criteria. Differences between the distributions are assessed using residuals for the 50 km gridpoint locations and by comparing average accumulation values for 24 drainage systems. The assessment based on residuals indicates that the two distributions show patterns of accumulation that are coherent at the continental scale, a shared attribute underscored by a small mean residual value of 6 kg m–2 a–1 (a difference of <4%). However, the regional assessment based on average accumulation values for the drainage systems shows differences that are larger than the assessment error (>22%) for six systems that collectively comprise approximately 4/10 of the ice-sheet area and 3/10 of the accumulation.
Verification of a hydrometeorological model of glacierized basins
Authors: Kuhn Michael 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA hydrometeorological model designed for climatological applications with monthly time-steps and 100 m altitude intervals was calibrated with runoff and climate data on five small, glacierized basins in the Silvretta mountains, Austria (46°55’ N, 10° 10’ E). These basins are exposed to similar synoptic weather conditions but differ in their altitude ranges and glacier covers, enabling the model to be tested for a variety of physical conditions. The structure of the model, the data input and the calibration and tuning procedures are described. Sensitivities of the model to temperature and precipitation changes are derived and applied to annual and decadal values of T and P, respectively. Judged by the difference between observed and calculated sums of runoff, simulation of decadal values is satisfactory, while annual simulations and measurements have rms differences of the order of 200 mm.
Alpine Younger Dryas glaciers as palaeo-precipitation gauges
Authors: Kerschner Hanns , Kaser Georg , Sailer Rudolf 
Published: November 2007

AbstractMoraines of the Younger Dryas ˚Egesen Stadial", which are widespread features in the Alps, are a valuable terrestrial data source for quantitative palaeoclimatic studies. The depression of the early Younger Dryas (Egesen-I) equilibrium-line altitude (ELA) shows a distinct spatial pattern. It was greatest (about –450 to –500 m vs present day) m areas exposed towards the west and northwest. In the central, more sheltered valleys it was on the order of –300 m or less. Summer temperature depression, which can be derived from the Younger Dryas timberline depression, was on the order of –3.5 K. The stochastic glacier-climate model of Ohmura and others (1992), which relates summer temperature and precipitation at the ELA, is used to infer precipitation change. Results are compared with those obtained from the glacial-meteorological approach of Kuhn (1981a). The two models produce highly similar results. During the early Younger Dryas, climate in the central valleys of the Alps seems to have been considerably drier than today In areas open to the west and northwest, precipitation seems to have been the same as today or even slightly higher. These results, which are based on a rather dense network of data points, agree well with results from permafrost-climate studies and the more qualitative information from palaeobotanical research. They also support the results from atmospheric general circulation models for the Younger Dryas in Europe, which point towards a more zonal type of circulation.
Characteristics of summer energy balance on the west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula
Authors: Braun Matthias , Schneider Christoph 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe characteristics of summer energy budgets in the ablation zones during the summer at the surface of two glaciers in the Antarctic Peninsula are investigated and compared to the findings of previous studies. The study areas are located on King George Island (62° S) and in Marguerite Bay (68° S). The summer energy balance was computed from automatic weather station data. The results reveal that turbulent heat fluxes dominate over radiation balance in Marguerite Bay whereas on King George Island ablation is driven by net radiation. The summer energy balance on King George Island reflects the more maritime subpolar climate along the northwest tip of the peninsula in contrast to a more continentally toned polar climate in Marguerite Bay and areas further south. The terms of the energy balances are partitioned very differently but ad-vection from northerly directions causes the highest summer snowmelt rates at both study sites. It is concluded that sensitivity studies should consider not only the mean air-temperature increase, but also possible changes in other climate parameters.
In situ stress tensor measured in an Alaskan glacier
Authors: Pfeffer W. T. , Humphrey N. F. , Amadei B. , Harper J. , Wegmann J. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractAn experimental program at Worthington Glacier, Alaska, U.S.A., has yielded the first in situ measurement of the full stress tensor in glacier ice. Measurements were made with an array of stiff (low-compliance) normal-force sensors frozen into a borehole at 120 m depth. Freezing in temperate ice was accomplished by a down-hole heat exchanger which extracted heat at a rate of 15 W. Under slowly varying stress conditions, relaxation of stress anomalies by viscous creep following drilling of the hole and installation of the sensors allows for equilibration of measured stresses with far-field stresses. Equilibration of local and far-field stresses was confirmed and pressure sensors calibrated in laboratory experiments prior to the field program. Results of the stress measurements show principal axes of the stress tensor oriented in directions consistent with the geometry of the glacier and broadly consistent with measured englacial strain rate. The magnitudes of stress-tensor components are more error-prone and more sensitive to uncertainty in sensor magnitude than uncertainty in sensor orientation. Mean stress determined by pressure measurements agrees with estimated lithostatic overburden to within approximately 15%. Unexpected results include a stress perturbation lasting about 5 days that caused a rotation of the orientations of the principal stress axes of approximately 5° about an axis pointing in the down-flow direction.
Simulation of microwave emission from physically modeled snowpacks
Authors: Wiesmann Andreas , Fierz Charles , Mätzler Christian 
Published: November 2007

AbstractDetailed knowledge of snowpack properties is crucial for the interpretation and modeling of thermal microwave radiation. Here we use two well-known snow models, Crocus and SNTHERM, to obtain snow profiles from meteorological data. These profiles are compared with pit profiles and used as input to the Microwave Emission Model of Layered Snowpacks (MEMLS) for the simulation of microwave radiation. The snow-profile data can be applied almost directly. Adaptation is needed only in the conversion of the grain-size used in the snow models to the correlation length used in the emission model; it is based on empirical fits. The resulting emissivities are compared with in situ microwave measurements. The computed snow depths are in good agreement with observations. Comparison of selected profiles shows that Crocus is in good agreement with the pit profile, but the density of simulated melt-freeze crusts is underestimated. The SNTHERM profiles show no such crusts, and the density deviates from the pit profiles. The computed temporal behavior of the snowpack emissivity is reasonable. Comparison of selected situations with in situ measurements indicates good agreement. However, the polarization difference tends to be underestimated because of inaccuracies in the simulation of density profiles. The results show the potential of combined snow-physical and microwave-emission models for understanding snow signatures and for developing snow algorithms for microwave remote sensing. Based on the frequency-selective penetration and on the high sensitivity to snow texture, density and wetness, microwave radiometry can offer a new dimension to snow physics. Potential applications are described.