bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Whole‐Stream Response to Nitrate Loading in Three Streams Draining Agricultural Landscapes
Authors: Duff John H. , Tesoriero Anthony J. , Richardson William B. , Strauss Eric A. , Munn Mark D. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractPhysical, chemical, hydrologic, and biologic factors affecting nitrate (NO3−) removal were evaluated in three agricultural streams draining orchard/dairy and row crop settings. Using 3‐d “snapshots” during biotically active periods, we estimated reach‐level NO3− sources, NO3− mass balance, in‐stream processing (nitrification, denitrification, and NO3− uptake), and NO3− retention potential associated with surface water transport and ground water discharge. Ground water contributed 5 to 11% to stream discharge along the study reaches and 8 to 42% of gross NO3− input. Streambed processes potentially reduced 45 to 75% of ground water NO3− before discharge to surface water. In all streams, transient storage was of little importance for surface water NO3− retention. Estimated nitrification (1.6–4.4 mg N m−2 h−1) and unamended denitrification rates (2.0–16.3 mg N m−2 h−1) in sediment slurries were high relative to pristine streams. Denitrification of NO3− was largely independent of nitrification because both stream and ground water were sources of NO3− Unamended denitrification rates extrapolated to the reach‐scale accounted for <5% of NO3− exported from the reaches minimally reducing downstream loads. Nitrate retention as a percentage of gross NO3− inputs was >30% in an organic‐poor, autotrophic stream with the lowest denitrification potentials and highest benthic chlorophyll a, photosynthesis/respiration ratio, pH, dissolved oxygen, and diurnal NO3− variation. Biotic processing potentially removed 75% of ground water NO3− at this site, suggesting an important role for photosynthetic assimilation of ground water NO3− relative to subsurface denitrification as water passed directly through benthic diatom beds.
Trapping Efficiencies of Cultivated and Natural Riparian Vegetation of Northern Laos
Authors: Vigiak Olga , Ribolzi Olivier , Pierret Alain , Sengtaheuanghoung Oloth , Valentin Christian 
Published: May 2008

AbstractIn northern Laos, intensification of cultivation on sloping land leads to accelerated erosion processes. Management of riparian land may counteract the negative impacts of higher sediment delivery rates on water quality. This study assessed water and sediment concentration trapping efficiencies of riparian vegetation in northern Laos and the effect of cultivation of riparian land on water quality. Runoff flowing in and out of selected riparian sites was monitored by means of open troughs. In 2005, two native grass, two bamboo, and two banana sites were monitored. In 2006, adjacent to steep banana, bamboo, and native grass sites, three upland rice sites were established and monitored. Water trapping efficiency (WTE) and sediment concentration trapping efficiency (SCTE) were calculated on an event basis; means and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated with a bootstrapping approach. Confidence intervals were large and overlapping among sites. Seepage conditions severely limited trapping efficiency. Native grass resulted in the highest WTE (95% CI, −0.10 to 0.23), which was not significantly different from zero. Banana resulted in the highest SCTE (95% CI, 0.06–0.40). Bamboo had negative WTE and SCTE. Median outflow runoff from rice sites was nine times the inflow. Median outflow sediment concentration from rice sites was two to five times that of their adjacent sites and two to five times the inflow sediment concentration. Although low‐tillage banana plantation may reduce sediment concentration of runoff, cultivation of annual crops in riparian land leads to delivery of turbid runoff into the stream, thus severely affecting stream water quality.
Survival Potential of Escherichia coli and Enterococci in Subtropical Beach Sand: Implications for Water Quality Managers
Authors: Hartz A. , Cuvelier M. , Nowosielski K. , Bonilla T. D. , Green M. , Esiobu N. , McCorquodale D.S. , Rogerson A. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractFecal bacteria have traditionally been used as indicator organisms to monitor the quality of recreational waters. Recent work has questioned the robustness of traditional indicators, particularly at seawater bathing beaches. For example, a study of Florida beaches found unexpectedly high abundances of Escherichia coli, fecal coliforms, and enterococci in beach sand. The aim of the present study was to explain these abundances by assessing the survival of E. coli and enterococci in beach sand relative to seawater. We used a combination of quantitative laboratory mesocosm experiments and field observations. Results suggested that E. coli and enteroccocci exhibited increased survivability and growth in sand relative to seawater. Because fecal bacteria are capable of replicating in sand, at least under controlled laboratory conditions, the results suggest that sand may be an important reservoir of metabolically active fecal organisms. Experiments with “natural” mesocosms (i.e., unsterilized sand or water rich in micropredators and native bacteria) failed to show the same increases in fecal indicators as was found in sterile sand. It is postulated that this was due to predation and competition with indigenous bacteria in these “natural” systems. Nonetheless, high populations of indicators were maintained and recovered from sand over the duration of the experiment as opposed to the die‐off noted in water. Indicator bacteria may wash out of sand into shoreline waters during weather and tidal events, thereby decreasing the effectiveness of these indicators as predictors of health risk and complicating the interpretations for water quality managers.
Zinc Fractionation in Contaminated Soils by Sequential and Single Extractions: Influence of Soil Properties and Zinc Content
Authors: Voegelin Andreas , Tokpa Gerome , Jacquat Olivier , Barmettler Kurt , Kretzschmar Ruben 
Published: May 2008

AbstractWe studied the fractionation of zinc (Zn) in 49 contaminated soils as influenced by Zn content and soil properties using a seven‐step sequential extraction procedure (F1: NH4NO3; F2: NH4–acetate, pH 6; F3: NH3OHCl, pH 6; F4: NH4–EDTA, pH 4.6; F5: NH4–oxalate, pH 3; F6: NH4–oxalate/ascorbic acid, pH 3; F7: residual). The soils had developed from different geologic materials and covered a wide range in soil pH (4.0–7.3), organic C content (9.3–102 g kg−1), and clay content (38–451 g kg−1). Input of aqueous Zn with runoff water from electricity towers during 26 to 74 yr resulted in total soil Zn contents of 3.8 to 460 mmol kg−1 In acidic soils (n = 24; pH <6.0), Zn was mainly found in the mobile fraction (F1) and the last two fractions (F6 and F7). In neutral soils (n = 25; pH ≥6.0), most Zn was extracted in the mobilizable fraction (F2) and the intermediate fractions (F4 and F5). The extractability of Zn increased with increasing Zn contamination of the soils. The sum of mobile (F1) and mobilizable (F2) Zn was independent of soil pH, the ratio of Zn in F1 over F1+F2 plotted against soil pH, exhibited the typical shape of a pH sorption edge and markedly increased from pH 6 to pH 5, reflecting the increasing lability of mobilizable Zn with decreasing soil pH. In conclusion, the extractability of Zn from soils contaminated with aqueous Zn after decades of aging under field conditions systematically varied with soil pH and Zn content. The same trends are expected to apply to aqueous Zn released from decomposing Zn‐bearing contaminants, such as sewage sludge or smelter slag. The systematic trends in Zn fractionation with varying soil pH and Zn content indicate the paramount effect of these two factors on molecular scale Zn speciation. Further research is required to characterize the link between the fractionation and speciation of Zn and to determine how Zn loading and soil physicochemical properties affect Zn speciation in soils.
Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal from Domestic Strength Synthetic Wastewater Using an Alternating Pumped Flow Sequencing Batch Biofilm Reactor
Authors: Rodgers Michael , Wu Guangxue , Zhan Xinmin 
Published: May 2008

AbstractNutrient removal from domestic strength synthetic wastewater by an alternating pumped flow sequencing batch biofilm reactor (APFSBBR) was investigated in this laboratory study. The APFSBBR comprised two reactor tanks (Reactors 1 and 2) with two identical biofilm modules of vertical tubular plastic media with a high specific surface area, one in each tank. The APFSBBR was operated in cycles of four phases: fill, anaerobic, aerobic, and draw. During the fill phase, Reactor 1 was half‐filled with domestic strength synthetic wastewater. During the subsequent anaerobic phase, most of the phosphorus release took place from the submerged biofilm in this reactor. In the aerobic phase, the wastewater was circulated by pumps between Reactors 1 and 2, resulting in denitrification at the start of the aerobic phase due to low oxygen concentrations, followed by nitrification and luxury uptake of phosphorus when oxygen concentrations increased. During the draw phase, Reactor 2 was half‐emptied of the treated water. At the chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) loading rates on the total biofilm area of 3.20 g COD, 0.33 g TN, and 0.06 g TP m−2 d−1, the removal efficiencies were 97, 85, and 92% for COD, TN, and TP, respectively.
Fertilizer Residence Time Affects Nitrogen Uptake Efficiency and Growth of Sweet Corn
Authors: Zotarelli L. , Scholberg J. M. , Dukes M. D. , Muñoz‐Carpena R. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractUnderstanding plant N uptake dynamics is critical for increasing fertilizer N uptake efficiency (FUE) and minimize the risk of N leaching. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of residence time of N fertilizer on N uptake and FUE of sweet corn. Plants were grown in 25 L columns during the fall and spring to mimic short‐term N uptake dynamics. Nitrogen was applied either 1, 3, or 7 d before a weekly leaching event, using KNO3 solution (total of 393 kg N ha−1). Residence times (tR) were tR–1, tR–3, and tR–7 d before weekly removal of residual soil N. Plant N uptake was calculated by comparing weekly N recovery from planted with non‐planted columns. During the fall, N uptake values at 70 d after emergence were 59, 73, and 126 kg N ha−1 During the spring, corresponding values were 54, 108, and 159 kg N ha−1 A linear response of plant growth and yield to the tR was observed under cooler conditions, whereas a quadratic response occurred under warmer conditions. There was correlation between root length density and yield. It is concluded that increasing N fertilizer residence time, which is indicative of better irrigation practices, enhanced overall sweet corn growth, yield, N uptake, and FUE, consequently reduced the risk of N being leached below the root zone before complete N uptake.
Effect of dietary nutrients on osteochondrosis lesions and cartilage properties in pigs
Authors: Frantz Nolan Z. , Andrews Gordan A. , Tokach Michael D. , Nelssen Jim L. , Goodband Robert D. , DeRouchey Joel M. , Dritz Steve S. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate dietary ingredients involved in cartilage and bone metabolism and their influence on osteochondrosis lesions in swine.
Animals—80 crossbred gilts (mean initial weight, 39 kg).
Procedures—Pigs (10 pigs/treatment) were fed a corn–soybean meal basal (control) diet or the basal diet supplemented with additional minerals (copper and manganese or silicon), amino acids (proline and glycine; a combination of leucine, isoleucine, and valine; or methionine and threonine), or fatty acids (provided by fish oil) for 84 days. Pigs were then slaughtered and the distal portion of the left femur was collected for determination of osteochondrosis lesions at the femoral condyle. After evaluation of external joint surfaces, the distal portion of the femur was sectioned to evaluate lesions in the growth plate and articular cartilage. Additionally, a cartilage specimen was obtained from the patella for analysis.
Results—Pigs fed diets containing high amounts of methionine and threonine or the diet containing all additional ingredients had significantly lower total severity scores, compared with scores for pigs fed the control diet or a diet supplemented with fish oil. Pigs fed diets containing additional proline and glycine, copper and manganese, methionine and threonine, or all additional ingredients had significantly lower overall scores, compared with scores for pigs fed the control diet or a diet supplemented with fish oil.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Dietary manipulation decreased the severity of osteochondrosis lesions, compared with results for pigs fed a control diet. However, additional research on optimal concentrations and combinations of dietary components is needed.
Effects of temperature and handling conditions on lipid emulsion stability in veterinary parenteral nutrition admixtures during simulated intravenous administration
Authors: Thomovsky Elizabeth J. , Backus Robert C. , Mann F. A. , Richmond Cynthia K. , Wagner-Mann Colette C. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Objective—To determine whether lipid particle coalescence develops in veterinary parenteral nutrition (PN) admixture preparations that are kept at room temperature (23°C) for > 48 hours and whether that coalescence is prevented by admixture filtration, refrigeration, or agitation.
Sample Population—15 bags of veterinary PN solutions.
Procedures—Bags of a PN admixture preparation containing a lipid emulsion were suspended and maintained under different experimental conditions (3 bags/group) for 96 hours while admixtures were dispensed to simulate IV fluid administration (rate, 16 mL/h). Bags were kept static at 4°C (refrigeration); kept at 23°C (room temperature) and continuously agitated; kept at room temperature and agitated for 5 minutes every 4 hours; kept static at room temperature and filtered during delivery; or kept static at room temperature (control conditions). Admixture samples were collected at 0, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours and examined via transmission electron microscopy to determine lipid particle diameters. At 96 hours, 2 samples were collected at a location distal to the filter from each bag in that group for bacterial culture.
Results—Distribution of lipid particle size in the control preparations and experimentally treated preparations did not differ significantly. A visible oil layer developed in continuously agitated preparations by 72 hours. Bacterial cultures of filtered samples yielded no growth.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Data indicated that the veterinary PN admixtures kept static at 23°C are suitable for use for at least 48 hours. Manipulations of PN admixtures appear unnecessary to prolong lipid particle stability, and continuous agitation may hasten lipid breakdown.
Collection and analysis of peritoneal fluid from healthy llamas and alpacas
Authors: Cebra Christopher K. , Tornquist Susan J. , Reed Shannon K. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Objective—To describe a technique for abdominocentesis in camelids and report peritoneal fluid biochemical and cytologic findings from healthy llamas and alpacas.
Design—Prospective study.
Animals—17 adult llamas and 5 adult alpacas.
Procedures—Right paracostal abdominocentesis was performed. Peritoneal fluid was collected by gravity flow into tubes containing potassium-EDTA for cell count and cytologic evaluation and lithium heparin for biochemical analysis. Blood samples were collected via jugular venipuncture into heparinized tubes at the same time. Cytologic components were quantified. Fluid pH and concentrations of total carbon dioxide, sodium, potassium, chloride, lactate, and glucose were compared between peritoneal fluid and venous blood.
Results—All but 3 camelids had peritoneal fluid cell counts of < 3,000 nucleated cells/μL, with < 2,000 neutrophils/μL and < 1,040 large mononuclear cells/μL. All but 1 had peritoneal fluid protein concentrations of ≥ 2.5 g/dL. Peritoneal fluid of camelids generally contained slightly less glucose, lactate, and sodium and roughly equal concentrations of potassium and chloride as venous blood.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Peritoneal fluid was collected safely from healthy camelids. Compared with blood, peritoneal fluid usually had a low cell count and protein concentration, but some individuals had higher values. Electrolyte concentrations resembled those found in blood. High cell counts and protein concentrations found in peritoneal fluid of some healthy camelids may overlap with values found in diseased camelids, complicating interpretation of peritoneal fluid values.
Relativistic perihelion precession of orbits of Venus and the Earth
Authors: Biswas Abhijit , Mani Krishnan 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Among all the theories proposed to explain the “anomalous” perihelion precession of Mercury’s orbit first announced in 1859 by Le Verrier, the general theory of relativity proposed by Einstein in November 1915 alone could calculate Mercury’s “anomalous” precession with the precision demanded by observational accuracy. Since Mercury’s precession was a directly derived result of the full general theory, it was viewed by Einstein as the most critical test of general relativity from amongst the three tests he proposed. With the advent of the space age, the level of observational accuracy has improved further and it is now possible to detect this precession for other planetary orbits of the solar system — viz., Venus and the Earth. This conclusively proved that the phenomenon of “anomalous” perihelion precession of planetary orbits is a relativistic effect. Our previous papers presented the mathematical model and the computed value of the relativistic perihelion precession of Mercury’s orbit using an alternate relativistic gravitational model, which is a remodeled form of Einstein’s relativity theories, and which retained only experimentally proven principles. In addition this model has the benefit of data from almost a century of relativity experimentation, including those that have become possible with the advent of the space age. Using this model, we present in this paper the computed values of the relativistic precession of Venus and the Earth, which compare well with the predictions of general relativity and are also in agreement with the observed values within the range of uncertainty.
Three-dimensional dissipative optical solitons
Authors: Mihalache Dumitru 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
A brief overview of recent theoretical results in the area of three-dimensional dissipative optical solitons is given. A systematic analysis demonstrates the existence and stability of both fundamental (spinless) and spinning three-dimensional dissipative solitons in both normal and anomalous group-velocity regimes. Direct numerical simulations of the evolution of stationary solitons of the three-dimensional cubic-quintic Ginzburg-Landau equation show full agreement with the predictions based on computation of the instability eigenvalues from the linearized equations for small perturbations. It is shown that the diffusivity in the transverse plane is necessary for the stability of vortex solitons against azimuthal perturbations, while fundamental (zero-vorticity) solitons may be stable in the absence of diffusivity. It has also been found that, at values of the nonlinear gain above the upper border of the soliton existence domain, the three-dimensional dissipative solitons either develop intrinsic pulsations or start to expand in the temporal (longitudinal) direction keeping their structure in the transverse spatial plane.
Immunopathogenesis of psoriatic arthritis: Recent advances
Authors: Stavropoulos Panayiotis , Goules Andreas , Avgerinou Georgia , Katsambas Andreas 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Psoriatic Arthritis (PsA) is a chronic inflammatory arthritis associated with psoriasis. The pathophysiology of PsA includes genetic, environmental and immunologic factors. Recent studies revealed the dynamic role of the immune system in the pathogenesis of the disease. Adhesion molecules, proinflammatory cytokines, angiogenic factors and metalloproteinases appear to orchestrate the inflammatory response in PsA. This article summarizes the current immunologic findings and suggests future therapeutic and researching approaches in the field of PsA.
Entropy criterion of random states for granular material in a mixing process
Authors: Masiuk Stanisław , Rakoczy Rafał , Kordas Marian 
Published: May 2008

AbstractMathematical assessment of homogenisation progress of the granular material mixing process is presented. The mixing process was realised using a vessel in the form of two partly penetrating horizontal cylinders equipped with two multi-ribbon agitators. The experimental system consisted of three sets of particles of different colour. Random states of the mixed granular material were characterised by the sampling procedure at different moments of the mixing process. Informational entropy as well as the flow of quantum of information were applied to describe the progress of the homogenisation process. Analysis of this process was based on experimental investigations in the form of informational entropy patterns and described by means of the average informational entropy or the quantum of information.
Synthesis and electrical properties of CuBr2 complexes with 1,10-phenanthroline monohydrate
Authors: Taşcıoǧlu Sülin , Kakı Esra , Arı Mehmet 
Published: May 2008

AbstractUsing 1,10-phenanthroline monohydrate and CuBr2 in molar ratios of 1:1 and 2:1, in CH3OH/H2O (ϕr = 1:1), the complexes [(phen)CuBr2]2, (I), and {[(phen)2CuBr]Br·H2O}, (II), have been prepared. The hydrogen bondings and aqua bridges between coordinated and noncoordinated bromides of II have been observed by XRD. Complex II has a triclinic crystal structure with distorted trigonal bipyramidal coordination geometry. Possibilities of ligand exchange with hydroxide or ammonia have been examined in both complexes. While the mononuclear complex II is stable in a refluxed ammonia solution and the complex {[phen)2CuBr]Br·3H2O}, (IV), trihydrate of II, is obtained; the binuclear complex I reacts with the ammonia solution to replace one of its bromides in the subunits with hydroxide to give {[(phen)2Cu2Br2(OH)2]·4H2O}, (III). Structural and electrical properties of the complexes have been investigated by elemental analysis, vibrational and electronic spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, TGA, XRD and the four-point probe method. The temperature coefficients of resistivity and the activation energies of the complexes have also been obtained. All complexes behave as intrinsic semiconductor in the temperature range of 310–440 K.
Preparation and antiplatelet activity of glycidic acid derivatives
Authors: Jampílek Josef , Brojerová Eliška , Doležal Martin , Kuneš Jiří , Jun Daniel 
Published: May 2008

AbstractArylalkanoic acid derivatives exhibit a variety of biological effects. In the current publication some of new glycidic acid derivatives were prepared via the Darzens condensation. The synthetic approach, analytical and spectroscopic data of all newly synthesized compounds are presented. The prepared compounds were evaluated as potential inhibitors of arachidonic acid-induced platelet aggregation and their activity was compared with that of acetylsalicylic acid as the standard. (±)-Ethyl 3-{4-[(4-methoxyphenyl)sulfanyl]phenyl}-3-methyl-cis-oxirane-2-carboxylate (IC50 = 0.07 mmol L−1) and (±)-3-{4-[(4-methoxyphenyl)sulfanyl]phenyl}-3-methyl-cis-oxirane-2-carboxylic acid (IC50 = 0.06 mmol L−1) showed the highest antiplatelet activity against arachidonic acid-induced platelet aggregation comparable with the standard. Structure-activity relationships between the chemical structure, lipophilicity, and the antiplatelet activity of the evaluated compounds are discussed.