bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Data in generative grammar: The stick and the carrot
Authors: Featherston Sam 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper is intended to lay out for broader discussion some arguments for the importance of data in work in generative syntax. These are accepted by many linguists, but a significant number of others still seem reluctant to accept them. The basic claim is that it is no longer tenable for syntactic theories to be constructed on the evidence of a single person's judgements, and that real progress can only be made when syntacticians begin to think more carefully about the empirical basis of their work and apply the minimum standards we propose. We advance two groups of reasons for syntacticians to do this, negative and positive. The negative ‘stick’ group concerns the inadequacy of current practice. We argue that linguists are producing unsatisfactory work with these methods. Data quality is a limiting factor: a theory can only ever be as good as its data base. The positive ‘carrot’ group concerns the descriptive and theoretical advantages which become available with more empirically adequate data. We hope to tempt linguists to adopt new methods by showing them the insights which better data makes available.
The wolf in sheep's clothing: Against a new judgement-driven imperialism
Authors: Bornkessel-Schlesewsky Ina , Schlesewsky Matthias 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In this commentary, we discuss the limitations of linguistic judgements by comparing them to a variety of other empirical data types. In particular, we show that judgements are inherently multimensional in that they incorporate a range of linguistic and extra-linguistic influences, which cannot be teased apart by only considering the final judgement itself. Judgements of the gradient and time-insensitive type therefore give rise to the same interpretation problems as those faced by introspection. Thus, while we agree with Featherston that an improvement of data replicability in theoretical linguistics is highly desirable, we disagree with his claim that gradient judgements can provide significantly more grammatically-relevant information than other types of empirical data.
Empirical evidence and theoretical reasoning in generative grammar
Authors: Grewendorf Günther 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In his paper “Data in generative grammar: the stick and the carrot”, Sam Featherston offers an interesting plea for a change in linguistic methodology. He criticizes the “inadequate praxis” of the majority of generative linguists to use their own intuitive judgments as evidence for their syntactic hypotheses. He claims that with this bad scientific practice, which has not changed in the thirty years after Greenbaum's (1977) harsh criticism of “dubious” empirical reasoning, generative linguists are producing unsatisfactory work and are thus undermining the reputation of syntax. On the basis of their introspective judgments, they have stated wrong empirical generalizations and, as a consequence, suggested inadequate theoretical accounts. As an alternative for the better he postulates “that theory building requires a better basis than this” and calls upon generative linguists to take more care with their data and to subject their theoretical claims to objective empirical tests such as acceptability rating experiments which are carried out with multiple informants, permit multiple degrees of well-formedness, and use multiple lexical variants of the structures to be checked. He illustrates the benefits of this empirical strategy with experiments on object-related anaphors in German as well as on that-trace and superiority effects in German, and thereby demonstrates how syntacticians have been led astray by their intuitive judgments.
Természetes testnyílásokon keresztül történő sebészet: a NOTES technikar
Authors: Wéber György , Hossein Bahri , Ferencz Andrea 
Published: December 2007

Absztrakt
A Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery (NOTES) a természetes testnyílásokon keresztül bevezetett, majd transluminalisan (transgastricus, -colonicus, -vaginalis vagy -vesicalis) a hasüregbe jutott flexibilis endoscoppal, illetve ennek továbbfejlesztett változataival végzett hasi műtéteket jelenti. Elvileg a módszer lehetőséget nyújt az invazivitás és a posztoperatív fájdalom további csökkentésére, a posztoperatív hasfali sérvek elkerülésére és a kozmetikai eredmények javítására. Bár a módszer kísérleti fázisban van, és számos alapvető kérdés még válaszra vár, az intenzív kutatások sok elvi és technikai újdonsággal gyarapíthatják a minimálisan invazív sebészet lehetőségeit.
Jelen közlemény áttekintést kíván nyújtani a NOTES technika hazai és nemzetközi kísérletes eredményeiről, klinikai vonatkozásairól.
Kraske-amputációval kezelt rectumcarcinomák időskorú betegekenr
Authors: Góbor László , Czeyda-Pommersheim Ferenc , Mátrai Zoltán , Köves István 
Published: December 2007

AbsztraktA Kraske-műtét alkalmazása olyan lehetőség, amely idős, rossz általános állapotú (kísérőbetegségekkel terhelt) rectumdaganatos beteg esetén a szövődmények és a műtéti megterhelés minimalizálását teszi lehetővé, természetesen megjegyzendő, hogy a Kraske-amputáció nem váltja ki a hagyományos rectumresectio vagy abdominoperinealis rectumamputatio onkológiai radikalitását. Osztályunkon az elmúlt hat évben 382 rectumresectio során 154 abdominoperinealis rectumexstirpatiot, 219 Dixon-műtétet végeztünk, valamint 9 alkalommal fokozott műtéti rizikójú betegnél alsó-középső harmadi rectumtumor miatt Kraske-amputációt, utóbbiaknál rövid távon 50% feletti túlélést biztosítva. Ezen kilenc műtéttel kapcsolatos tapasztalatainkról számolunk be.
A hypertrophiás hegek intralaesionalis szteroid és polisziloxán-tapaszos kezelésének összehasonlító klinikai vizsgálatar
Authors: Kelemen Ottó , Kollár Lajos , Menyhei Gábor 
Published: December 2007

Absztrakt
A kóros hegek leggyakoribb formái a hypertrophiás hegek, ezen belül is a lineáris vagy más néven sebészi (műtéti) hypertrophiás hegek. A különböző manuális szakmák beavatkozásai nyomán jelentős és növekvő számú beteganyag termelődött ki az elmúlt évek során, ezért a szerzők vizsgálataikat ebben a hegtípusban végezték. A nagyszámú eset lehetővé tette és megkönnyítette a homogén betegcsoportok kialakítását. A szerzők a 2001. április 01. és 2004. március 31. közötti időszakban kezelt mintegy 200 beteg közül pontosan meghatározott szempontok alapján válogattak ki 24 beteget. Egy-egy 12 főből álló csoportot kezeltek polisziloxán-tapasszal (PSZT), illetve intralaesionalis szteroiddal (ILS), a saját terápiás protokolljaik szerint. Mivel a hegkezelési protokollok napjainkban még nem egységesek és általánosan elfogadottak, ezért megvizsgálták a két, leggyakrabban használt és széles körben elfogadott hegkezelő módszernek a protokollban elfoglalt helyét. A beteganyag legfontosabb jellemzőinek bemutatását követően ismertetik és elemzik a klinikai adatokat. Mindkét betegcsoportban szignifikáns terápiás eredményt értek el. Az intralaesionalis szteroid kezelés azonban hatásosabbnak bizonyult, mert a kívánt terápiás válasz gyorsabban jött létre és tovább tartott. Az eredmények megerősítették mindkét módszernek a protokollokban elfoglalt helyét, és egyben további következtetésre is lehetőséget adtak. Az elsődleges hypertrophiás hegek kezelésében első vonalbeli módszerként javasolt a polisziloxán-tapasz, és másodvonalbeliként az intralaesionalis szteroid. A kiújult hypertrophiás hegek polisziloxán-tapaszos kezelésével szerzett tapasztalataik alapján – mivel a módszer az esetek döntő többségében hatástalannak bizonyult – a szerzők javasolják az intralaesionalis szteroid medikáció első vonalbeli alkalmazását. Ennek a terápiás protokollnak a meghatározására további vizsgálatokat terveznek.
Mamma carcinoma solitaer nyelőcső-metastasisa 17 éves remissio utánr
Authors: Kovács Ottó , Kotsis Lajos , Krasznai Géza 
Published: December 2007

Absztrakt
A szerzők egy olyan 63 éves nő esetét ismertetik, akinél mamma carcinoma miatt végzett radikális mastectomia után 17 évvel dysphagia lépett fel. A CT-felvételeken juxtaoesophagealis mediastinalis tumor ábrázolódott. A jobb oldali thoracotomiából elvégzett exploráció és a biopszia a primer mamma carcinoma metastaticus adenocarcinomáját derítette ki a nyelőcső falában. Palliatív, minimálisan invazív nyelőcső-intubatiót alkalmaztak. Az immun-hisztokémiai vizsgálat alapján műtét utáni hormon-, majd irradiatiós kezelést vezettek be. 8 hónappal a terápia után a beteg jó általános állapotban volt. Ezen rendkívül ritka nyelőcső-elváltozás diagnózisa a gyanú által diktált EUS-en és mély nyelőcső-biopszián nyugszik. A mamma carcinoma biológiája alapján célszerű ezekben az esetekben radiokemo- vagy hormonkezeléssel kiegészített palliatív nyelőcső-intubatiót vagy stentelést végezni.
Ectopiás máj videothoracoscopos eltávolításar
Authors: Gehér Pál , Füredi Árpád , Kecskés László István 
Published: December 2007

AbsztraktSzerzők egy 14 éves leány mellkasában elhelyezkedő ectopiás máj esetét ismertetik. Az elváltozást ernyőfényképszűréssel fedezték fel, és műtéti eltávolítása történt. Az eset kapcsán rövid szakirodalmi áttekintés készült.
Mitochondrial DNA Variation in the Ozark Highland Members of the Banded Sculpin Cottus carolinae Complex
Authors: Kinziger Andrew P. , Goodman Damon H. , Studebaker Rebecca S. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe goal of this study was to determine whether variation in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence data is concordant with morphological divergence in the five Ozark Highlands members of the complex of banded sculpin Cottus carolinae: Eyelash sculpin, fringehead sculpin, Black River race, grotto sculpin, and midlands race. We generated a phylogenetic hypothesis for the banded sculpin complex based on a data set composed of 841 base pairs of mtDNA (ATPase‐8 and ATPase‐6) for 58 individuals representing all banded sculpin complex members that occur in the Ozark Highlands and comparative material collected outside of the highlands. Divergence in mtDNA was found to be generally concordant with morphological distinctiveness in the fringehead sculpin, eyelash sculpin, Black River race, and grotto sculpin; however, genetic divergence of these taxa was generally low (sequence divergence maximum = 0.2‐1.4%) relative to the marked morphological distinctness exhibited by these taxa. In contrast, the midlands race was recovered as nonmonophyletic and contained a relatively large amount of within‐race sequence divergence (uncorrected p‐distance = 0‐5%), illustrating that this race is poorly understood.
N-nitrosodimethylamine formation during treatment with strong oxidants of dimethylamine containing water
Authors: Andrzejewski P. , Nawrocki J. 
Published: December 2007

The aim of the paper is the evaluation of the possibility of NDMA formation, as a result of strong oxidants reacting with DMA. Summarized results of investigations on N-nitrosodimethylamine formation as a result of dimethylamine reactions with chlorine dioxide, ozone and hydrogen peroxide are presented. Preliminary results of experiments on NDMA formation as a result of DMA reactions with permanganate are also shown.
The experiments on dimethylamine reactions with chlorine dioxide, hydrogen peroxide and permanganate were carried out at room temperature under static conditions. Ozonation experiments were carried out at room temperature in a semi-continuous mode. Water samples from all experiments described above were collected during the experiment itself and subsequently analyzed with HPLC-IE with UV-Vis detector at 230 nm. NDMA formation was also confirmed by GC-LRMS.
NDMA forms as a result of chlorine dioxide, ozone, hydrogen peroxide or permanganate reactions with dimethylamine. both in the presence as well as in the absence of ammonia ions. The presence of nitrites and nitrates in a post-reaction mixture suggests that NDMA are formed as the result of DMA reactions with nitrites. Thus the mechanism of NDMA formation with these oxidants is different than that described by Mitch et al. and Choi et al.
The results also showed a conversion ratio of DMA to NDMA of even up to a single percent (with relation to amines), a simultaneous decrease of NDMA formation potential with a decrease of pH, however, in the case of chlorine dioxide application, a maximum conversion ratio was observed, as well the NDMA formation potential is strongly dependent on the oxidant/DMA ratio.
Monitoring, removal and risk assessment of cytostatic drugs in hospital wastewater
Authors: Lenz K. , Mahnik S.N. , Weissenbacher N. , Mader R.M. , Krenn P. , Hann S. , Koellensperger G. , Uhl M. , Knasmüller S. , Ferk F. , Bursch W. , Fuerhacker M. 
Published: December 2007

Cytostatic agents are applied in cancer therapy and subsequently excreted into hospital wastewater. As these substances are known to be carcinogenic, mutagenic and toxic for reproduction, they should be removed from wastewater at their source of origin.
In this study the fate and effects of the cancerostatic platinum compounds (CPC) cisplatin, carboplatin, oxaliplatin, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and the anthracyclines doxorubicin, daunorubicin and epirubicin were investigated in hospital wastewater. Wastewater from the in-patient treatment ward of a hospital in Vienna was collected and monitored for the occurrence of the selected drugs. A calculation model was established to spot the correlation between administered dosage and measured concentrations. To investigate the fate of the selected substances during wastewater treatment, the oncologic wastewater was treated in a pilot membrane bioreactor system (MBR) and in downstream advanced wastewater treatment processes (adsorption to activated carbon and UV-treatment). Genotoxic effects of the oncologic wastewater were assessed before and after wastewater treatment followed by a risk assessment.
Monitoring concentrations of the selected cytostatics in the oncologic wastewater were in line with calculated concentrations. Due to different mechanisms (adsorption, biodegradation) in the MBR-system 5 - FU and the anthracyclines were removed &lt; LOD, whereas CPC were removed by 60%. In parallel, genotoxic effects could be reduced significantly by the MBR-system. The risk for humans, the aquatic and terrestrial environment by hospital wastewater containing cytostatic drugs was classified as small in a preliminary risk assessment.
Algebraic Logic, Where Does it Stand Today?
Authors: Ahmed Tarek Sayed 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThis is a survey article on algebraic logic. It gives a historical background leading up to a modern perspective. Central problems in algebraic logic (like the representation problem) are discussed in connection to other branches of logic, like modal logic, proof theory, model-theoretic forcing, finite combinatorics, and Gödel's incompleteness results. We focus on cylindric algebras. Relation algebras and polyadic algebras are mostly covered only insofar as they relate to cylindric algebras, and even there we have not told the whole story. We relate the algebraic notion of neat embeddings (a notion special to cylindric algebras) to the metalogical ones of provability, interpolation and omitting types in variants of first logic. Another novelty that occurs here is relating the algebraic notion of atom-canonicity for a class of boolean algebras with operators to the metalogical one of omitting types for the corresponding logic. A hitherto unpublished application of algebraic logic to omitting types of first order logic is given. Proofs are included when they serve to illustrate certain concepts. Several open problems are posed. We have tried as much as possible to avoid exploring territory already explored in the survey articles of Monk [93] and Németi [97] in the subject.
Geometric Cardinal Invariants, Maximal Functions and a Measure Theoretic Pigeonhole Principle
Authors: Steprāns Juris 
Published: December 2007

AbstractIt is shown to be consistent with set theory that every set of reals of size ℵ1 is null yet there are ℵ1 planes in Euclidean 3-space whose union is not null. Similar results will be obtained for other geometric objects. The proof relies on results from harmonic analysis about the boundedness of certain harmonic functions and a measure theoretic pigeonhole principle.
What is Tarski'sCommonConcept of Consequence?
Authors: Jané Ignacio 
Published: December 2007

AbstractIn 1936 Tarski sketched a rigorous definition of the concept of logical consequence which, he claimed, agreed quite well with common usage—or, as he also said, with thecommonconcept of consequence. Commentators of Tarski's paper have usually been elusive as to what this common concept is. However, being clear on this issue is important to decide whether Tarski's definition failed (as Etchemendy has contended) or succeeded (as most commentators maintain). I argue that the common concept of consequence that Tarski tried to characterize is not some general, all-purpose notion of consequence, but a rather precise one, namely the concept of consequence at play in axiomatics. I identify this concept and show that Tarski's definition is fully adequate to it.
Classification from a Computable Viewpoint
Authors: Calvert Wesley , Knight Julia F. 
Published: December 2007

Classification is an important goal in many branches of mathematics. The idea is to describe the members of some class of mathematical objects, up to isomorphism or other important equivalence, in terms of relatively simple invariants. Where this is impossible, it is useful to have concrete results saying so. In model theory and descriptive set theory, there is a large body of work showing that certain classes of mathematical structures admit classification while others do not. In the present paper, we describe some recent work on classification in computable structure theory.Section 1 gives some background from model theory and descriptive set theory. From model theory, we give sample structure and non-structure theorems for classes that include structures of arbitrary cardinality. We also describe the notion of Scott rank, which is useful in the more restricted setting of countable structures. From descriptive set theory, we describe the basic Polish space of structures for a fixed countable language with fixed countable universe. We give sample structure and non-structure theorems based on the complexity of the isomorphism relation, and on Borel embeddings.Section 2 gives some background on computable structures. We describe three approaches to classification for these structures. The approaches are all equivalent. However, one approach, which involves calculating the complexity of the isomorphism relation, has turned out to be more productive than the others. Section 3 describes results on the isomorphism relation for a number of mathematically interesting classes—various kinds of groups and fields. In Section 4, we consider a setting similar to that in descriptive set theory. We describe an effective analogue of Borel embedding which allows us to make distinctions even among classes of finite structures. Section 5 gives results on computable structures of high Scott rank. Some of these results make use of computable embeddings. Finally, in Section 6, we mention some open problems and possible directions for future work.
Schemata: The Concept of Schema in the History of Logic
Authors: Corcoran John 
Published: December 2007

AbstractSchemata have played important roles in logic since Aristotle'sPrior Analytics. The syllogistic figures and moods can be taken to be argument schemata as can the rules of the Stoic propositional logic. Sentence schemata have been used in axiomatizations of logic only since the landmark 1927 von Neumann paper [31]. Modern philosophers know the role of schemata in explications of the semantic conception of truth through Tarski's 1933 Convention T [42]. Mathematical logicians recognize the role of schemata in first-order number theory where Peano's second-order Induction Axiom is approximated by Herbrand's Induction-Axiom Schema [23]. Similarly, in first-order set theory, Zermelo's second-order Separation Axiom is approximated by Fraenkel's first-order Separation Schema [17]. In some of several closely related senses, a schema is a complex system having multiple components one of which is atemplate-textorscheme-template, a syntactic string composed of one or more “blanks” and also possibly significant words and/or symbols. In accordance with aside conditionthe template-text of a schema is used as a “template” to specify a multitude, often infinite, of linguistic expressions such as phrases, sentences, or argument-texts, calledinstancesof the schema. The side condition is a second component. The collection of instances may but need not be regarded as a third component. The instances are almost always considered to come from a previously identified language (whether formal or natural), which is often considered to be another component. This article reviews the often-conflicting uses of the expressions ‘schema’ and ‘scheme’ in the literature of logic. It discusses the different definitions presupposed by those uses. And it examines the ontological and epistemic presuppositions circumvented or mooted by the use of schemata, as well as the ontological and epistemic presuppositions engendered by their use. In short, this paper is an introduction to the history and philosophy of schemata.
Closing the Circle: An Analysis of Emil Post's Early Work
Authors: de Mol Liesbeth 
Published: December 2007

AbstractIn 1931 Kurt Gödel published his incompleteness results, and some years later Church and Turing showed that the decision problem for certain systems of symbolic logic has a negative solution. However, already in 1921 the young logician Emil Post worked on similar problems which resulted in what he called an “anticipation” of these results. For several reasons though he did not submit these results to a journal until 1941. This failure ‘to be the first’, did not discourage him: his contributions to mathematical logic and its foundations should not be underestimated. It is the purpose of this article to show that an interest in the early work of Emil Post should be motivated not only by this historical fact, but also by the fact that Post's approach and method differs substantially from those offered by Gödel, Turing and Church. In this paper it will be shown how this method evolved in his early work and how it finally led him to his results.
Degree Structures: Local and Global Investigations
Authors: Shore Richard A. 
Published: December 2007

The occasion of a retiring presidential address seems like a time to look back, take stock and perhaps look ahead.Institutionally, it was an honor to serve as President of the Association and I want to thank my teachers and predecessors for guidance and advice and my fellow officers and our publisher for their work and support. To all of the members who answered my calls to chair or serve on this or that committee, I offer my thanks as well. Your work was both needed and appreciated.A major component of the efforts of the Association is devoted to our publications. My first important task as President was to deal with the need to reorganize the reviews section of the JSL and eventually to move it to the BSL. Appropriately enough, my first administrative job for the Association, some thirty years ago, was to serve on a committee to plan a reorganization of the reviews. I thank all those who helped with this transition and who took over the task of running the new reviews section. I hope that it will be another thirty years before further major changes are needed in this area and that someone else will be making them.