bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DSM‐III: rationale, basic concepts, and some differences from ICD‐9
Authors: Skodol A. E. , Spitzer R. L. 
Published: August 2007

This paper reviews the major innovations in approach to psychiatric diagnosis incorporated into DSM‐III. These include the classification of mental disorders according to shared descriptive clinical features, the use of specified diagnostic criteria for making psychiatric diagnoses, and the multiaxial system of patient evaluation. It describes the principal revisions of diagnostic concepts in DSMIII from several areas of classification, such as Schizophrenia and Affective Disorders, that account for some of the differences between DSM‐III and ICD‐9. The rationale for the changes in approach and in basic diagnostic concepts at the time of DSM‐III's publication is presented. More recent evidence concerning the validity of newly‐conceptualized categories is also included.SummaryTo summarize, the differences in diagnostic categories that exist between DSM‐III and ICD‐9 may not be as extensive as would appear at first glance. Those that do exist are more with respect to diagnostic concepts that underlie the classification than between the rubrics themselves. One task now is to assess the extent of differences that would have an effect on statistical comparisons between the United States and other countries, and to answer the question can DSM‐III categories and codes be easily and reliably translated into the corresponding ICD‐9 code? But beyond statistical evaluations, the conceptual differences in major areas such as Schizophrenia and Affective Disorders should be assessed for their validity. Our hope is that the innovations in approach incorporated in DSM‐III and the revisions in diagnostic concepts will prove helpful in making psychiatric diagnosis a more rational and clinically useful enterprise.
Who become long‐stay patients in a psychiatric hospital?
Authors: Rud J. , Noreik K. 
Published: August 2007

The present study was undertaken at Dikemark Hospital where the authors studied all first‐time admissions in 1970, over a period of 4–5 years. The aim was to study the course of the illness, focusing on the problem: who become long‐stay patients in a psychiatric hospital? Which factors relate to prolonged hospital stay and chroni‐city? Is it possible, at an early stage, to predict the “chronic”? Is it possible to do more to prevent chronicity of patients in psychiatric hospitals? These were some of the questions to be studied.We present here some of the results of the inquiry. The conclusion is: it is important to make greater efforts to diagnose patients in danger of becoming long‐stay patients. The following proposal is put forth and argued for: all patients staying in hospital for more than 6 months should be examined and reassessed by an interdisciplinary team with regard to intensive treatment and possible rehabilitation.
ABO blood groups in obsessional illness – state and trait
Authors: McKeon J. P. , McColl D. 
Published: August 2007

Evidence for an association between ABO blood groups and obsessive‐compulsive neurosis has been reported (Rinieris et al. (1978)). Our study examines this hypothesis and the relationship between ABO phenotypes and personality traits in obsessive‐compulsive neurosis.ABO blood types in 70 patients with obsessive‐compulsive neurosis was determined and their distribution compared with that of a blood donor population. Premorbid personality was rated in 56 of the patient sample using a close relative as informantThis study failed to show an association between ABO phenotypes and obsessive‐compulsive neurosis or premorbid personality traits. These results are discussed in the light of previous positive findings and in the context of the general criticisms of blood groupdisease association studies.
Comparison of nitrazepam with triazolam in insomniac outpatients
Authors: Dahl L. E. , Dencker S. J. , Lundin L. , Kullingsjö H. 
Published: August 2007

The short‐acting hypnotic, triazolam 0.5 mg, was compared in a 7‐day double‐blind study with the longer acting drug, nitrazepam 5 mg. Of the 60 patients enrolled, 29 in each drug treatment group completed the study and were evaluated.All significant differences found favoured triazolam. On the first night, triazolam was found to be significantly more effective than nitrazepam in inducing and maintaining sleep and in increasing its overall duration. The patients' subjective preference, reflecting the depth of sleep experienced and the effect of the medication, reached highly significant levels in favour of triazolam. Later in the study the differences between the drugs disappeared although the depth of sleep as judged in the study was better with triazolam.
Bromocriptine in the treatment of the alcohol‐withdrawal syndrome
Authors: Borg V. , Weinholdt T. 
Published: August 2007

A 10‐day random double‐blind study on the effect of bromocriptine versus placebo in severe alcohol‐withdrawal symptoms was conducted in 60 alcoholics. The effect of bromocriptine – a dopamine agonist – was significantly better than placebo in ameliorating the following symptoms: anxiety, restlessness, depression, tremor, sweating and nausea as well as the total score of these symptoms. Also in the evaluation of specific symptoms according to a symptom check list of psychiatric, behavioural and social aspects, and in a global evaluation, bromocriptine was clearly superior to placebo. Serum prolactin studied on the first and tenth day of the survey showed a significant increase occurring in the placebo‐treated patients. Side effects related to the use of bromocriptine were negligible.Our findings support recent experimental evidence that alcohol‐withdrawal symptoms, at least in part, are related to a transient dopaminergic dysfunction in the brain.
The benzodiazepine/GABA receptor complex during severe ethanol intoxication and withdrawal in the rat
Authors: Hemmingsen R. , Braestrup C. , Nielsen M. , Barry D. I. 
Published: August 2007

The benzodiazepine/GABA (gammaaminobutyric acid) receptor complex was investigated during severe ethanol intoxication and withdrawal in the rat. The intragastric intubation technique was used to establish physical ethanol dependence in the animals. Cerebral cortex from male Wistar rats was studied 1) after 3 1/2 days of severe ethanol intoxication, 2) during the ethanol withdrawal reaction and 3) in a control group.The effect of GABA‐ergic activation by muscimol and THIP (4,5,6,7‐tetrahydroisoxazole(5,4‐c)pyridin‐3‐01) on 3H‐diazepam binding was unchanged during ethanol intoxication and withdrawal, as was the affinity constant (KD) and the maximal number of binding sites (Bmax) for 3H‐flunitrazepam. In conclusion, the benzodiazepine/GABA receptor complex is unlikely to play any causal part in physical ethanol dependence.
Effect of the benzodiazepine derivative estazolam in patients with auditory hallucinations
Authors: Lingjærde O. 
Published: August 2007

The main aim of this study was to test the effect of the triazolo‐benzodiazepine, estazolam, on auditory hallucinations. Fifty‐eight patients (28 male, 30 female) with auditory hallucinosis that had responded poorly to neuroleptics alone, were included; most patients were chronic schizophrenics, and most patients were maintained on previous neuroleptic treatment during the trial. Each patient was treated for three consecutive 3‐week periods, and randomly allocated to receive estazolam (1 + 1 + 4 mg) either in the first and third, or in the second period. Similar‐looking placebo tablets were given in the control periods. There were seven dropouts, three of them due to somnolence on estazolam.In both treatment groups there was a significant (but not significantly different) improvement during the first 3‐week period, with regard to both global clinical state and auditory hallucinations. During the second and third periods, however, the two groups differed significantly, in that improvement of global state and hallucinosis was seen on estazolam, and deterioration on placebo. It is concluded that estazolam (as an addition to neuroleptics) had a significantly better effect than placebo on the global clinical state, on the frequency of, and attitude towards the hallucinations, and also on the single symptoms “Compulsive thoughts” and “Visual hallucinations” (items in the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale). There were few side effects except drowsiness.Possible pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between benzodiazepines and neuroleptics are discussed briefly.
Psychological epidemic in Hong Kong I. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY
Authors: Wong S. W. , Kwong B. , Tam Y. K. , Tsoi M. M. 
Published: August 2007

A total of 413 school students were taken ill with symptoms from an alleged poisonous gas affecting two different geographic locations at the same time and without influencing the residents in the neighbourhood. Symptoms were mainly subjective and almost all were discharged from hospital the same day. Vigorous endeavours by authorities had failed to discover the offending agent.By the use of epidemiological methods, the present study attempted to investigate the nature of and the significant contributing factors related to the episode. The psychological nature was confirmed both by demonstration of positive characteristics as well as by the exclusion of organicity.There was no direct evidence that teachers, headmasters, parents or the mass media had significant influence on the aetiology of the epidemic, albeit their influence could still be an indirect one. Regarding symptom formation, there was evidence that peer influences were more important than an individual's own previous experiences.
A double blind comparison of lofepramine, imipramine and placebo in patients with primary depression
Authors: Feighner J. P. , Meridith C. H. , Dutt and J. E. , Hendrickson G. G. 
Published: August 2007

The results of a double blind trial in which 139 patients with primary depression were randomly assigned to either lofepramine (46), imipramine (48), or placebo (45) are discussed.After treatment with either active drug, lofepramine or imipramine, the clinical outcome was significantly greater than with placebo. No significant differences were found in clinical responses between lofepramine and imipramine.With regard to reported side effects, however, a statistically significant lower number of severe and/or moderate side effects were reported for the lofepramine group than for the imipramine group. In particular, for severe and/or moderate occurrences of dry mouth, the statistically significant lower incidence in favor of lofepramine is by almost a factor of 3 (8 lofepramine vs 21 imipramine patients).
The treatment of extreme shyness in maladjusted childrei by implosive, counselling and conditioning approaches
Authors: Lowenstein L. F. 
Published: August 2007

This article deals with the reason why little research has been conducted into the area of timidity or shyness in children, and the effect this has on their socialisation and learning.The study attempts to define and treat the problem of timidity by: reducing anxiety both general and specific; developing greater assertiveness in the child's behaviour; promoting the ability to communicate effectively with other people; discovering and treating the areas which are creating feelings of inadequacy by reducing or eliminating them; investigating parental background and trying to influence this, and attempting to decrease over‐sensitivity.A control group of 11 and an experimental group of 11 are studied and treated after random sampling. The duration of study is 7 months. They are treated for 6 months and followed up by reassessment of both groups 2 weeks after the 6‐month period. The sample is assessed by the MPI (Maudsley Personality Inventory) and a rating scale. Among the implosive approaches used is the forcing of the individual to react by promoting an emotion such as anger, or even verbal or physical attack, to develop communication of some kind. Individuals are therefore forced to participate in activities such as swimming and games, experience loud noises in music, are involved in drama therapy and encouraged to mix with members of the opposite sex. Additionally, behaviour therapy is used including the shaping of increasingly assertive responses. Timidity is modified statistically by showing an improved reading ability and through the measurement of extroversion on the MPI. No such change is reported in the control group. Changes in reading, spelling and maths are also in the expected desired direction.
Time Course for Effects of Sulpiride and Chlorpromazine on Monoamine Metabolite and Prolactin Levels in Cerebrospinal Fluid from Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: Härnryd C. , Bjerkenstedt L. , Gullberg B. , Oxenstierna G. , Sedvall G. , Wiesel F‐A 
Published: August 2007

Abstract Schizophrenic patients were treated with the dopamine (DA)‐2 receptor blocking drug sulpiride (800 mg daily) or the non‐selective DA receptor blocking compound chlorpromazine (400 mg daily). Samples of lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood were drawn before and after 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks of treatment. Concentrations of the monoamine metabolites HVA, MOPEG and 5‐HIAA in CSF and of prolactin (PRL) in CSF and serum were determined.In both treatment groups there were significant and similar elevations of HVA concentrations. HVA levels reached peaks after 1 to 2 weeks treatment and subsequently declined almost to the pretreatment level after 8 weeks. CSF and serum levels of PRL reached maximal levels within 2 weeks and remained stable at that level in both treatment groups. There were significantly higher PRL levels in sulpiride‐ than in chlorpromazine‐treated patients, Women had higher PRL elevations in CSF in both treatment groups. The HVA/PRL ratio in CSF was significantly reduced in the sulpiride but not in the chlorpromazine group. After 1 week there was a significantly elevated 5‐HIAA level in the chlorpromazine but not in the sulpiride group. In both groups, the MOPEG concentrations were significantly reduced in relation to pretreatment levels. The reduction was significantly more pronounced in the chlorpromazine group.The results indicate that sulpiride affects central DA metabolism in a similar way as chlorpromazine when administered in doses that induce antipsychotic effects. After both drugs evidence was obtained for the development of tolerance to the effect on the receptors that regulate HVA levels in the CSF but not to receptors regulating PRL release. The different effects of the drugs on PRL, 5‐HIAA and MOPEG levels indicate that sulpiride has a more specific effect than chlorpromazine on dopaminergic mechanisms.
Hippocampal deafferentation: transplant‐derived reinnervation and functional recovery
Authors: DUNNETT S. B. , GAGE F. H. , BJÖRKLUND A. , STENEVI U. , LOW W. C. , IVERSEN S. D. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA brief review is provided of the capacity of neural tissue transplants to reinnervate the deafferented hippocampus and repair functional deficits induced by the lesion. The techniques for transplantation of solid pieces of embryonic septum, locus coeruleus or raphe nuclei, or tissue suspensions of embryonic septum, to the adult rat hippocampus are described. Such grafts manifest good long‐term survival. provide a good reinnervation of the hippocampus that is histochemically and biochemically appropriate and specific, can establish ultrastructural synaptic contacts with the host, and are electrophysiologically active. Rats with septal grafts manifest recovery of the capacity to learn certain aspects of radial 8‐arm maze, T‐maze alternation and Morris water‐maze tasks. Rats with locus coeruleus grafts manifest an amelioration of lesion‐induced hyperactivity. It is concluded that neural tissue transplantation provides a powerful new tool in the study of the functional organization of the hippocampus and its various neurotransmitter‐specific afferent systems.
Effects of some polycyclic drugs on gastric secretion and on the healing of duodenal ulcers
Authors: Wilson J.A. , Boyd E.J.S. , Wormsley K.G. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT‐Polycyclic drugs such as the dibenzazapine trimipramine have been shown to accelerate the healing of gastric and duodenal ulcers, possibly by inhibiting gastric secretion. We have therefore compared the effects of three polycyclic drugs (trimipramine, mianserin and quisultidine) on nocturnal and pentagastrin‐stimulated gastric secretion. The patterns of the effects of the three drugs on gastric secretion differed. Although pentagastrin‐stimulated secretion of acid was inhibited by trimipramine (13%), mianserin (38%), and quisultidine (29%), overnight gastric secretion was inhibited by mianserin (37%) and quisultidine (78%) but increased by trimipramine (16%). In view of its gastric inhibitory actions, the effects of mianserin on the healing of duodenal ulcers have been studied. In a pilot open trial seven out of eight duodenal ulcers healed after four weeks of treatment with mianserin 60 mg at night. A controlled, randomized long‐term study is now scheduled in order to assess the role of mianserin in the management of ulcer disease.
PSYCHIATRIC HOSPITALIZATION IN ITALY BEFORE AND AFTER 1978
Authors: Morosini P. L. , Repetto F. , De Salvia D. , Cecere F. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe available information system in Italy does not allow to adequately evaluate the change in patterns of hospitalization that have taken place after the 1978 Mental Health Act came into force. There are huge differences among Northern and Southern Italy and inside these areas. On average, the reduction of public psychiatric hospitals activity had begun around 70′s. People living in these hospitals at the census day January 1st were about 75,000 in the first years of the 70′s, were 58,000 in 1977 and further decreased to 38,000 in 1981 (67.6 per 100,000 total population). This decrease was not counterbalanced either by private psychiatric hospitals, or by the newly opened Psychiatric Departments in general hospitals. Scant or no information is available on intermediate facilities, and on follow‐up of discharged inpatients.
THE END OF THE MENTAL HOSPITAL: A review of the psychiatric experience in Trieste
Authors: Dell'Acqua Giuseppe , Dezza Maria Grazia Cogliati 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper describes the closing of the mental hospital in Trieste and the establishing of a comprehensive community mental health service, over a period of 13 years from 1971. In 1971 the hospital had 1058 patients. By 1975 there were 656 patients, 403 of whom were guests, in effect ordinary citizens who had nowhere else to live. The paper describes this dramatic and innovative transformation, the rearrangement of wards, the abolition of shock therapies, the establishment of many flats and group homes, the starting of a cleaning cooperative employing ex‐patients to do the work they previously did as “ergotherapy”, the first mass exodus of the patients into the city.The paper goes on to describe the opening of 7 mental health centres between 1975 and 1977 and the present existing network of services. At this time the hospital buildings were converted into a variety of uses for the benefit of the local people.It describes in greater detail the philosophy and practice of one of these centres at Barcola and how the dialectical relationship between staff and client works to create a flexible and responsive service.It ends by repeating the assertion that the closure of the mental hospital is a first necessary step towards an improved mental health service for everyone.
Perphenazine Decanoate in sesame oil vs. Perphenazine Enanthate in sesame oil: A comparative study of pharmakokinetic properties and some clinical implications
Authors: Knudsen Peder , Hansen Lars Bolvig , Larsen Niels‐Erik 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTTen schizophrenic inpatients were each treated with perphenazine enanthate (PE) and perphenazine decanoate (PD). Following a cross‐over study design it was possible to evaluate differences in plasma profiles between the two preparations, and to relate these to encountered side effects. All patients had previously been receiving neuroleptic treatment and had been diagnosed according to DSM‐III. The dosage and intervals between injections were on an individual basis.The results indicate that at all dosage levels, the decanoate preparations showed significantly lower peak plasma concentrations of perphenazine. Extrapyramidal side effects and sedation were also less pronounced after the administration of PD. The more even and flat plasma concentrations obtained with PD, may facilitate plasma monitored therapy by using minimum concentration values.
Long‐term Depot Neuroleptic Treatment With Perphenazine Decanoate I
Authors: Knudsen Peder , Hansen Lars Bolvig , Højholdt Karsten , Larsen Niels‐Erik 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTIn an open, prospective 12 month study of perphenazine decanoate (PD), 42 psyhchotic patients diagnosed according to DSM‐III were treated with a fixed depot interval and an individual dose, guided by gas chromatographic perphenazine plasma concentration monitoring combined with clinical evaluation. Degree of illness was rated using a social‐psychiatric CGI‐scale and extrapyramidal side effects were evaluated by means of a modified Simpson and Angus rating scale. After six months of treatment, a statistically significant improvement was found (p < 0.001). During the last six months a further slight reduction in mean CGI‐scores was observed. Mild to moderate extrapyramidal side effects occurred in 9 patients (21%) principally during the initial phase of therapy. No other side effects or changes in blood chemistry were found during the study. Plasma concentrations of perphenazine increased during the initial 3 months and stabilized hereafter. There were however, large intra‐ and inter‐individual variations in the perphenazine plasma concentration/dose ratio. In addition, it was observed that plasma concentrations of perphenazine were significantly higher in patients who had been treated with neuroleptics for more than 10 years compared to those who had been treted 5 years or less. This observation indicates gradual development of tolerance to neuroleptic treatment.This study demonstrates that PD is a safe and effective remedy for maintenance therapy in psychotic patients.
Suicide in southwestern Greece 1979–1984
Authors: Beratis S. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTStudy of suicide in a province of southwestern Greece (population 295,000) from 1979 through 1984 demonstrated: 1) mean suicide rate 0.48/10,000 population/year; 2) significant increase of the suicide rate in men after the age of 65, but not in women; 3) significantly higher suicide rate in men from rural than from urban areas; 4) significantly higher suicide rate in men than in women from rural areas, no difference in urban areas; 5) differences in suicide frequency or age at suicide were observed between subjects of different marital status; 6) violent methods of suicide were most frequently used; and 7) psychological disorders were the most frequent causes of suicide. Many of these findings are observed for the first time. Some may be related to the characteristics of the population studied, whereas others may also be present in other populations.
Characteristics of a good ward atmosphere
Authors: Friis S. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThirty‐five short term wards were evaluated with the WAS and a good milieu index. The results indicated that psychotic and non‐psychotic patients need different types of atmosphere. Psychotic patients seem to benefit primarily from a milieu with a high level of Support, Practical orientation and Order and organization, and a low level of Anger and aggression, whereas non‐psychotic patients seem to benefit mostly from a milieu with a high level of all subscales except for two: the level of Staff control ought to be low and the level of Anger and aggression ought probably to be intermediate.