bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Corticotrophin, growth hormone and prolactin deficiencies with hypoaldosteronism and corticosteroid-reversible hypothyroidism in Sheehan's syndrome. Clinical and anatomical correlations
Authors: Jordan Richard M. , Cook David M. , McDonald Walter J. , Houghton Donald C. , Kendall John W. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
Deficiencies of corticotrophin (ACTH), growth hormone, and prolactin were documented in a woman with diabetes mellitus and Sheehan's syndrome. The patient's ACTH deficit appeared to be secondary to a hypothalamic abnormality since on two occasions the patient had a marked plasma ACTH response to vasopressin but not to insulin induced hypoglycaemia. It is postulated that the deficits of these three adenohypophysial hormones were instrumental in causing a severely impaired aldosterone secretory capacity in response to sodium restriction and an angiotensin infusion. In addition, the patient had an unusual form of thyroid dysfunction that was in part reversed with hydrocortisone replacement. The patient's unfortunate death during a hypoglycaemic crisis allowed correlation between her extensive antemortum endocrine testing and her pathologic anatomy.
Adrenocortical function in idiopathic haemochromatosis
Authors: Charbonnel B. , Chupin M. , Lucas B. , Chupin F. , Guillon J. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
In idiopathic haemochromatosis, excessive iron deposits include adrenal cortex, and mainly the zona glomerulosa. In this view, we measured basal and poststimulative values of plasma cortisol, aldosterone and renin activity (RA) in two groups of patients: 1) 9 normal-salt repleted subjects (NSR) who were subjected to iv ACTH and furosemide tests, 2) 10 patients who were subjected to chronic salt depletion (CSD), to iv ACTH and furosemide tests. The results were compared with two groups of 7 healthy volunteers (NSR and CSD). In the patients, basal cortisol values were either normal or increased in cases of poorly controlled diabetes (21 ± 2.1 μg/100 ml, P < 0.01) and cortisol increase after ACTH injection was normal (to 43.3 ± 4.3 μg/100ml). In the 9 NSR patients, basal aldosterone (7.75 ± 1.5 ng/100 ml) and RA (1.55 ± 0.27 ng/ml/h) values were normal; aldosterone and RA rose after furosemide injection: these increases were similar in these patients (respectively to: 13.5 ± 2.2 ng/100 ml and 4.3 ± 0.6 ng/ml/h) and in the 7 NSR controls. In the 10 CSD patients, basal aldosterone and RA values were always increased (26.5 ± 3.2 ng/100 ml and 8.5 ± 2.3 ng/ml/h) as much as in the 7 CSD controls. After ACTH administration, aldosterone values (26.1 ± 4 in NSR patients, 54 ± 8 ng/100 ml in CSD patients) were the same as in the two control groups. This study suggests that there is no adrenocortical deficiency in idiopathic haemochromatosis, in spite of excessive iron deposits in the adrenal cortex.
No inhibition of corticotrophin (ACTH)-hypersecretion in adrenal insufficiency by somatostatin
Authors: Jara-Albarrán A. , Bayort J. , Caballero A. , Eusebio R. , García-Peris P. , Toledano E. , Pérez-Modrego S. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
Somatostatin (250 μg as a bolus iv and 250 μg as a I h infusion) was administered to 6 patients with primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison's disease).
The fall in plasma ACTH during the infusion period ranged between 0–30% with a mean reduction of 11.2 ± 11.6%.
These findings suggest that with the method employed, somatostatin is not an inhibitor of ACTH secretion in a condition in which glucocorticoids are lacking.
Inhibition of LH-stimulated cyclic AMP formation in pre-ovulatory rat granulosa cells by follicular fluid
Authors: Nordenström Knut , Sjögren Anita , Hamberger Lars 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
Immature female rats were injected sc with a single dose of PMSG to induce growth and maturation of ovarian follicles. In the morning of prooestrus the rats were given a single ip injection of LH (10 μg/rat) or 0.154 m NaCl, 2 h prior to sacrifice. Granulosa cells were isolated from the pre-ovulatory follicles and incubated in Krebs bicarbonate buffer, for 1 h with or without in vitro addition of various test substances. Following incubation the amounts of cAMP in tissue plus medium were determined.
It was found that the isolated granulosa cells exposed to LH in vivo responded to the addition of LH in vitro with a production of high amounts of cAMP, i.e. these cells were not refractory to LH stimulation and in fact responded better than granulosa cells isolated from ovaries not exposed to LH in vivo. The addition to the incubation medium of follicular fluid (FFl) obtained from pre-ovulatory follicles decreased the effect of LH in vitro when added at a final concentration of 1% and completely abolished it at a concentration of 3%. Removal of steroids from the FFl did not influence the inhibitory effect and the addition of a phosphodiesterase inhibitor (IBMX) in vitro did not alter the results in principle.
These results point to the existence of a factor in the FF1 which interacts with the sensitivity of the isolated preovulatory granulosa cells to repeated exposures to LH. Characterization of this factor is subject to further investigations.
Reduced glucose incorporation to triglycerides following chronic exposure of human fat cells to growth hormone
Authors: Nyberg Gudrun , Boström Stig , Johansson Rolf , Smith Ulf 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
Using the tissue culture technique we have recently demonstrated that long-term exposure of human adipose tissue to human growth hormone (GH) in vitro leads to an impairment in glucose incorporation into triglycerides. This effect was further studied in the present investigation. Biopsies of human adipose tissue which had been cultured for one week with or without GH were studied in subsequent short-term incubations where the conversion of glucose to CO2 and to total lipids was determined. The formation of CO2 was not changed by previous exposure of the biopsies to GH whereas the incorporation of glucose into triglycerides was reduced by about one third. Total glucose metabolism, as determined from the sum of the two pathways, was significantly reduced.
The activities of three glycolytic enzymes were determined in biopsies of human adipose tissue which had been cultured with or without GH for one week. The activity of phosphofructokinase was reduced, while the hexokinase and the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities were unchanged.
The diminished activity of phosphofructokinase, the enzyme considered to be rate-limiting for glycolysis in human fat cells, may be responsible for the decreased rate of glucose metabolism found.
Isolation of the insulin binding alpha-one serum globulin by gelfiltration and immunosorption1
Authors: Gjedde Flemming , Gjedde Bodil 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
A radioactive alpha-one globulin, formed after infusion of labelled insulin into cats, was purified by gelfiltration and by immunosorption on immobilized antibodies against insulin. Judged by crossed immunoelectrophoresis the protein appeared to be pure. Only a fraction, about 17 per cent, of the radioactive globulin was retained by the immunosorption column. However, antibodies raised in rabbits against this protein could precipitate nearly all of the alpha-one globulin.
Clinical trial with levo-norgestrel and testosterone oenanthate for male fertility control
Authors: Føgh Marie , Corker Charles S. , McLean Helen , Hunter William M. , Petersen Ivan Bruunshuus , Philip John , Schou Geert , Skakkebæk Niels E. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
Two groups of six men took levo-norgestrel (250 or 500 μg daily) by mouth and testosterone oenanthate (200 mg monthly, intramuscurlarly) for six months. A three months placebo period preceded the medication which was followed by a recovery phase of 6–10 months. Two volunteers withdrew due to side effects. The five men taking the low doses of levo-norgestrel (250 μg) exhibited a reduction in sperm count, but not to azoospermia. The high dose of levo-norgestrel (500 μg) was more effective, sperm count was reduced to < 6 × 106/ ml in 3 of 5 volunteers and to < 17 × 106/ml in the remainder. s-Testosterone, LH and FSH were decreased by the treatment. The men had no toxicological side effects or changes in libido and potency. During the recovery period sperm counts, sperm morphology, s-testosterone, LH and FSH returned to normal levels.
Testosterone metabolism in human bone
Authors: Schweikert H. U. , Rulf W. , Niederle N. , Schäfer H. E. , Keck E. , Krück F. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
The conversion of [1,2,6,7-3H]testosterone2 to [3H]dihydrotestosterone has been assessed in ground spongiosa of normal and osteoporotic bone. The tissue was obtained from 23 patients, 18 women, 3 men and 2 children who were undergoing orthopedic surgery.
The formation of dihydrotestosterone was demonstrated in all samples examined. The half maximum rate of dihydrotestosterone formation occurred at a substrate concentration of 0.3 μm a value similar to that reported for dihydrotestosterone formation in other androgen target organs.
Under the standardized conditions utilized in this study the rate of dihydrotestosterone formation did not differ significantly in normal as compared to osteoporotic bone. Furthermore, the conversion of testosterone to androstenedione was also similar in osteoporotic and normal bone.
Based on these studies it seems reasonable to conclude that dihydrotestosterone rather than testosterone is the active intracellular androgen in human bone since in other androgen target tissues androgen action is mediated by dihydrotestosterone if 5α-reductase is present.
The role of oestrogens on gonadotrophin secretion in the testicular feminization syndrome1
Authors: Medina Martha , Ulloa-Aguirre Alfredo , Fernández Maria A. , Pérez-palacios Gregorio 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
The role of oestrogens on gonadotrophin secretion was assessed in three related patients with the complete form of testicular feminization syndrome. Serum LH and FSH levels were measured before and after I.RH stimulation as well as before, during and after chronic clomiphene citrate administration. Moderately elevated LH basal levels with a significant LH rise following I.RH were observed. Normal or even low FSH level with poor response to LRH were found in all subjects.
Administration of clomiphene citrate resulted in a significant serum LH increase without any change of FSH. Following castration both LH and FSH rose and a normal response to LRH was observed.
These results were interpreted as demonstrating that, while endogenous oestrogens modulate LH secretion in patients with androgen unresponsiveness, it plays no role in regulating FSH secretion and suggested that a factor of testicular origin without androgenic or oestrogenic activity is responsible for FSH regulation.
Cyclic AMP release from normal human thyroid slices in response to thyrotrophin
Authors: Bidey Stephen P. , Marshall Nicholas J. , Ekins Roger P. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
Slice preparations of normal human thyroid tissue were incubated in vitro with TSH. The cyclic AMP contents of slices were determined at intervals up to 120 min, and cyclic AMP in the incubation medium was also estimated for each incubation period. Slice cyclic AMP levels were related both to incubation time and TSH dose. In response to 10 mU TSH/ml, slice cyclic AMP levels were maximal within 60 min, and were not significantly changed at 120 min. Cyclic AMP was detectable in the medium within 10 min of slice exposure to TSH, and increased throughout the initial 60 min of incubation. Cyclic AMP release during this period was dependent on both TSH dose and incubation time. Between 60–120 min, however, cyclic AMP release partially lost its TSH dose-dependency, and 0.5–5.0 mU TSH/ml were equipotent with respect to the final medium cyclic AMP level attained. Slices incubated without TSH released only small amounts of cyclic AMP, and maximal levels were attained within 20 min. In contrast to the adenylate cyclase response of thyroid membrane preparations, which was stimulated by NaF, suggesting that cyclic AMP release was not a result of the stimulation of damaged cells.
These findings demonstrate the importance of cyclic AMP release from human thyroid slices, following in vitro exposure to TSH, and suggest that, after incubation periods such as are used for the functional biodetection of thyroid stimulators, the magnitude of cyclic AMP release may be of quantitative significance.
The relation between gastrin, gastric acid and thyroid function disorders
Authors: Wiersinga W. M. , Touber J. L. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
Hvpergastrinaemia was found in 11 out of 24 untreated hyperthyroid patients (Graves' disease or nodular goitre). Seven patients had a co-existent (autoimmune) atrophic gastritis. In the remaining 17 patients plasma T3 was positively related to plasma gastrin, and negatively to gastric acid output; there was no relation between gastrin levels and acid output. Acid instillation into the stomach revealed a normal negative feedback of acid upon gastrin release.
Sixteen hyperthyroid patients were restudied when euthyroid. Plasma gastrin decreased from 171 (51–1188) ng/l before treatment to 69 (39–392 ng/l after treatment (P < 0.002), and maximal acid output increased from 1.55 (0.00–22.75) to 8.03 (0.00–26.60) mmol H+/h (P < 0.01) (median values; range in brackets). However, in 4 patients with complete achlorhydria before and after treatment plasma gastrin decreased to the same extent as in the patients with gastric acid secretion.
We conclude that thyrotoxic hypergastrinaemia cannot be fully explained by the low gastric acid output in hyperthyroidism.
Uptake of L-triiodothyronine into human cultured lymphocytes
Authors: Holm Ann-Charlotte , Wong K. Y. , Pliam Nathan B. , Jorgensen Eugene C. , Goldfine Ira D. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
The cellular uptake of [125I]L-triiodothyronine and its analogues was investigated in IM-9 human cultured lymphocytes. Uptake of L-triiodothyronine was one half maximal within 15 min of incubation and maximal within 45 min. The efflux of the hormone followed first order kinetics having a one half time of 15 min. Treating the cells with either the mitochondrial inhibitors antimycin-A and potassium cyanide, or lowering the incubation temperature to 12°C, markedly reduced uptake.
The uptake of [125I]L-triiodothyronine was saturable having an affinity constant (Kd) of 110 nm. When thyroid hormone analogues were studied D-triiodothyronine and triiodothyroacetic acid (analogues known to bind avidly to nuclear receptors) competed only weakly with [125I]L-triiodothyronine for uptake. These findings indicated the importance of the intact L-alanine side chain of the thyroid hormone molecule for its uptake into lymphocytes. Other studies, with cultured rat hepatocytes, demonstrated a similar saturable uptake system for [125I]L-triiodothyronine. These studies suggest, therefore, that the uptake of thyroid hormones and their analogues into cells may be an important step in the biological actions of these hormones.
Stimulation of residual insulin secretion by glibenclamide in insulin dependent diabetics
Authors: Burke B. J. , Sherriff R. J. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
Residual insulin secretion, reflected by the presence of C-peptide in serum and urine, has been demonstrated in 5 of 10 insulin-requiring diabetics of less than 10 years' duration tested. The C-peptide response, in the C-peptide secretors, showed a significant increase in both serum and urine after 4 weeks' treatment with 15 mg glibenclamide daily in addition to their usual insulin regime although no beneficial effects in metabolic control were detected. It is suggested that glibenclamide might be a useful adjunct to insulin therapy in insulinrequiring diabetics who still secrete C-peptide.
Study of the role of adrenocortical cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP on ascorbic acid depletion and corticosteroidogenesis by analysis of circadian rhythms
Authors: Guillemant Josette , Reinberg Alain , Guillemant Serge 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
cAMP, cGMP and ascorbic acid were each measured in the adrenal cortex of young adult male rats killed in groups of 8 animals at around 08.00, 12.00, 18.00, 20.00, 00.00 and 04.00. The animals had been synchronized with natural daylight (07.00–19.00) and darkness alternation for 2 weeks. Plasma corticosteroids were determined in blood samples collected at the time of killing. The results were analyzed by both conventional and cosinor statistical methods. The existence of circadian rhythms was confirmed with P < 0.005 for the four variables studied. The extreme values ranged between 65 ± 4.3 (sem) and 745 ± 101 nm for corticosterone, 9.06 ± 0.4 and 13.23 ± 0.92 pmol/mg protein for cAMP, 0.69 ± 0.05 and 1.6 ± 0.17 pmol/mg protein for cGMP and 147 ± 7 and 218 ± 16 nmol/mg protein for ascorbic acid. The estimated acrophases were located at ≅ 21.00 for plasma corticosterone, at ≅ 11.00 for adrenocortical ascorbic acid (the corresponding nadir being located at ≅ 23.00), at ≅ 01.00 for cAMP and at ≅ 07.00 for cGMP. Expressing the data as the ratio of cAMP to cGMP reveals a circadian variation with a 21.00 peak synchronous with the corticosterone acrophase and just preceding the ascorbic acid nadir. A highly significant (P < 0.001) increase in corticosterone and a less significant (P < 0.05) decrease in ascorbic acid occurred until 16.00, whereas the cAMP levels remained low and constant. During the same period the cGMP levels decreased very significantly (P < 0.001). These phase relationships suggest that under physiological conditions, the action of corticotropin for both corticosteroidogenesis and ascorbic acid depletion might be mediated by the relative concentrations of cAMP and cGMP.
Effects of insulin treatment on the activities of phosphoprotein phosphatase and its inhibitors
Authors: Chang L. Y. , Huang L. C. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
An increase in glycogen synthase phosphatase (phosphoprotein phosphatase) activity was observed in the rat skeletal muscle extract following insulin administration. The phosphoprotein phosphatase activity present in the muscle extract from insulin treated rats was observed to remain elevated after the extract had been subjected to a molecular sieve chromatography. These results indicate that the stimulatory effets of insulin is due to modification of phosphatase itself or some macromolecular weight modifiers.
The heat-stable protein inhibitors of the phosphoprotein phosphatase were isolated from skeletal muscle of insulin treated and control rats and their inhibitory potencies were compared over a wide range of protein concentrations. The inhibitory potency in the insulin treated rat skeletal muscle was found to be significantly less than that in the control muscle. Since type-1 inhibitor is well-known to be active only after being phosphorylated by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, we suggest that the observed change in phosphoprotein phosphatase inhibitor potency is most likely mediated by an alteration in the phosphorylation state of type-1 inhibitor.
In vivo sequential model for thyroglobulin iodination
Authors: Miquelis R. , Simon C. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
In order to study sequential events at the follicular level, thyroglobulin (Tg) iodination kinetics were followed by double labelling experiments. The experiments were performed on two groups of rats receiving 50 μg (group 50) and 5 μg (group 5) of iodine daily. The rats were isotopically equilibrated with 125I. Each subgroup received a single dose of 131I at various periods of time between 2 and 48 h. The renewal kinetic curves, displayed by the iodine specific radioactivity (SRA = 0/00 of injected dose, μg 127I) show that, in both groups, Tg SRA presents two maxima, the first at about 6 h, the second at about 48 h, when, as shown for group 50, the SRA of the precursor iodide decreases monotically. This is interpreted as the result of two iodination steps: 1) a direct iodination of newly exocytosed Tg molecules, 2) a delayed iodination on Tg molecules previously stored within the colloid. The Tg SRA ratio between the two maxima indicates that the renewal assured by the delayed iodination is 2.5 times greater than that assured by direct iodination in group 50, while resting equal in group 5. For both groups, the hormonal renewal, in comparison to the iodotyrosine renewal, increases during the direct iodination, but stays constant after the delayed maximum value is reached: it is concluded that the higher hormogenesis efficiency could only be reached after the delayed iodination, probably because of higher iodine content of Tg molecules. These results emphasize the importance of the role of the Tg molecules stored in the colloid in the process of iodide organification and indicate that iodination, for the greater part, does not take place on de novo synthesized Tg molecules.
Comparison of intraperitoneal, intraportal and intravenous insulin infusion
Authors: Poulsen J. S. Dirch , Smith Mogens , Deckert Marja , Deckert Torsten 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
In order to avoid complications induced by long-term infusions of insulin into the portal vein, we examined the effect of intraperitoneal (ip) insulin infusion on arterial plasma insulin and glucose concentrations in 6 pigs, made diabetic by a constant intravenous (iv) infusion of glucose, epinephrine and propranolol.
Insulin was infused by an electromechanical programmable mini-pump (Pharmaject Micro Infusion System®, Pharmacia Electronics) as a booster injection of 46 mU highly purified porcine insulin Leo®/kg body weight, followed by 3 infusion periods of 30 min each with stepwise decreasing infusion rates of 1.6–0.8 and 0.2 mU/kg/min in a total volume of 192 μ1. Insulin was infused in a peripheral vein, a portal vein and into the peritoneal cavity.
A steep rise of arterial plasma insulin was demonstrated followed by a slow and identical decline in the peripheral and portal experiments, whereas only a small increase of plasma insulin was seen in the ip experiment, indicating insufficient absorption of insulin from the peritoneal cavity. The decrease of plasma glucose was identical in the peripheral and portal vein experiments, indicating that insulin infused in the portal vein does not seem to have a higher hypoglycaemic effect, than insulin infused in a peripheral vein.
Intraperitoneal insulin infusion seems not to be a practical substitute for iv insulin infusion.
Corticotropin- and lysine-vasopressin induced changes of plasma corticosteroids and testosterone in the adult male pig
Authors: Hahmeier W. , Fenske M. , Pitzel L. , Holtz W. , König A. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.
Intravenous injection of 10.0 μg/kg body weight synthetic corticotropin (1-24 ACTH) into chronically cannulated boars resulted in significantly elevated plasma corticosteroid and testosterone levels between 20 and 140 min (corticosteroids) and 20–80 min (testosterone) after injection. Administration of lysine-vasopressin (LVP) at doses of 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 IU/kg body weight elicited a significant increase of plasma corticosteroids between 20 and 40 min after injection; on the other hand, plasma testosterone concentrations tended to fall when compared to pre-treatment levels.
From our results it can be concluded that exogenously applied ACTH can effectively stimulate the release of corticosteroids and testosterone. Intravenous administration of LVP results in significantly, although not maximally increased plasma corticosteroid concentrations; the release of endogenous ACTH induced by LVP injection, on the other hand, appeared to be too small to stimulate testosterone release significantly.