bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investment as the Achilles Heel of Globalisation?: The Ongoing Conflict between the Rights of Capital and the Rights of States
Authors: Blackwood Elizabeth , McBride Stephen 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Efforts to extend global trade and investment governance seem at an impasse. Many disputes, including over investment rules, the focus of this article, and continued controversies over inequality and fairness in the global economy have contributed to the collapse of various trade and investment initiatives. Especially in the investment area, the collapse of mulilateral initiatives has led to bilateral “solutions” – the number of bilateral investment treaties (BITs) and investment chapters included in bilateral or small group free trade agreements has increased. These are frequently depicted as evidence that the investment protection goals of the capital exporting states, especially the US, are being achieved by bilateral means. However, this article shows that while the bilateral route does enhance capital's rights at the expense of state autonomy, the process is far from an inexorable, linear progression. There has been more contestation and the results are more uneven than is often conceded. In particular there is considerable variation in the contents of BITs and most continue to leave space for states to design economic development policies and retain some leverage over the uses of foreign investment. The US model of investment protection may have made inroads but in its full form it is the exception rather than the rule. The struggle between relative rights of capital and of states remains intense and is one of the central factors that explain the impasse in extending the reach of global economic governance institutions.
Stranded on the Common Ground: Global Governance and State Power in England and Canada
Authors: Lee Simon 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
In the policy debates about international competitiveness, the ubiquity of the entrepreneur has become so widespread as to occupy the common ground of political economy. However, at the heart of this debate, the seminal work of Michael Porter has tended to overlook the importance of decentralised democratic political institutions for competitive advantage. This article compares policies for fostering innovation in England and Canada to contrast the competitive advantage to be derived from the centralised English and decentralised Canadian polities respectively. The conclusion drawn is that, on almost every measure, the decentralised framework of the Canadian state provides a more effective discovery process for entrepreneurship than the centralised prescription of policy and resources fostered in England during the tenure of the Blair Governments.
Giving Credit where it's Due: Public Policy and Household Debt in the United States, the United Kingdom and Canada
Authors: Montgomerie Johnna 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
The dominant account of rising household indebtedness in the United States, the United Kingdom and Canada claims that current economic stimuli, namely low nominal interest rates and rising property markets, are the key reasons debt has grown so rapidly since the mid-1990s. By drawing on key theoretical assumptions from neoclassical economics, policy makers have argued that rising debt levels since the mid-1990s shows that households are rational agents taking advantage of cheaper credit to purchase assets; thus, the equilibrating effect of market society translates into a balance between rising debt and rising assets. This article puts forward an alternative framework for evaluating potential contributing factors of rising household indebtedness in the United States, the United Kingdom and Canada by evaluating the long-term impacts of policies implemented to achieve non-inflationary growth. Using a neo-Gramscian method of analysing historical structures, it is argued that growing household indebtedness was not an inevitable outcome of the policy of non-inflationary growth. Instead, it was most likely a product of a confluence of forces as rising demand for credit by households (due to downward pressure on wages) combined with increased supply of credit (as banks sought profitable returns in a liberalised market) to generate indebtedness. By locating the specific policy processes that contributed to mass household indebtedness this article tries to more accurately understand the origins and effects of politically-led structural change.
Hidden Community Development among the Urban Poor: Informal Settlers in Metro Manila
Authors: Nakanishi Toru 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
This article investigates how informal urban settlers autonomously and substantially organise and develop their own communities in Metro Manila. Such a community is neither one which has been introduced by an outside third party nor one which has been organised by the residents to realise concrete objectives. We can verify that a community of informal settlers emerges in the guise of village endogamy networks, which arise paradoxically from chronic poverty and are formed without recognition. The deepening of these networks provides families with incentives to reside permanently in their locality and undertake collective action to obtain property rights. Such networks spread across many sites of poverty in Metro Manila at the same time, and build open stages for enhancing and sharing local knowledge, which can be mobilised for development by the urban poor.
Selective Outrage and Unacknowledged Fantasies: Re-thinking Papua, Indonesia and Australia
Authors: Aspinall Edward 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
This article discusses the public controversy that occurred in Australia after the arrival of 43 asylum seekers from the Indonesian province of Papua in early 2006. Noting that human rights abuses elicit greater public attention in Australia when they occur in Papua than in any other Indonesian province, the article examines several explanations for the relatively great Australian interest in the Papua issue. Among these are a tendency to romanticise independence movements, a propensity to be most interested in human rights issues when they occur in such contexts, the prevalence of several popular myths about Indonesia in Australian society, as well as the influence of resurgent fantasies about Australia's role in the region. The article suggests that one narrative framework for understanding the Papua issue has become dominant in Australia (the framework promoted by independence supporters), and that its dominance impedes rounded appreciation of the dynamics of the conflict.
Contours of the Post-Staples State: The Reconstruction of Political Economy and Social Identity in 21st Century Canada
Authors: Hutton Thomas A 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIn this essay I will be advancing an argument that the national development trajectory is in transition from a “mature staples” phase to a “post-staples” era, signifying not only a new phase of industrial restructuring, but also profound shifts in social development and the structures and operations of the state. This emergent development trajectory is shaped by a mélange of influences which includes new rounds of industrial restructuring, the repositioning of cities and settlements within the Canadian urban hierarchy and (more decisively) international networks, and influential social movements (including multiculturalism and environmentalism). My notion of a “post-staples” state – is not intended as an “absolute”, as even episodes of quite fundamental and far-teaching industrial and socioeconomic change necessarily encompass a sublation of conditions, both contemporary and historical, rather than a complete and totalising break with the past. Rather, these concepts represent ventures in capturing important new phases of economic change, together with the complex social, cultural, spatial and political causalities and outcomes that comprise basic shifts in development mode. It is important to recognise, however, that this “post-staples” political economy is not a “non-staples” one. That is, many regions of the country remain at the stage of a “mature” staples political economy functioning under a Ricardian state system. Moreover, despite the many efforts of Canadian governments to promote “knowledge-based” industries such as software and computer games which have few, if any, material inputs, most of the industries and activities towards which knowledge has been directed in Canada, are classic staples ones such as agriculture (genetically-modified foods), forestry (new pulp and paper techniques, biologically-enhanced silviculture), fisheries (aquaculture) mines (enhanced reclamation) and energy (hydrogen fuels, renewables, offshore drilling and tar sands production. The Post-staples direction of Canada’s political economy then, is complex and nuanced but represents elements of continuity with earlier stages in Canada’s economic history, not a decisive break with the past.
The New Agriculture: Genetically-Engineered Food in Canada
Authors: Moore Elizabeth 
Published: October 2008

AbstractAgriculture in Canada is a mature staples industry. However it also contains some elements of a post-staples sector notably in trends towards an increasingly high technological component of basic foodstuffs. This is evident in the increasing mechanisation of farm production, the increasing sophistication of food inspection processes and other developments of industrial farming, but reaches its apogee in the use of sophisticated gene-splicing to produce genetically-engineered crops and livestock. The application of genetic engineering to agriculture remains controversial in the early years of the 21st century, however, rendering problematic any possible transition of agriculture from a staples to a post-staples industry.
The Future of Non-State Authority on Canadian Staples Industries: Assessing the Emergence of Forest Certification
Authors: Cashore Benjamin , Auld Graeme , Lawson James , Newsom Deanna 
Published: October 2008

AbstractVirtually all of the literature on Canada as a “staples state” has focused on two related topics: the impact of a historically staples-based economy on the development of the Canadian state’s structure, function and policy outcomes; and, given these historical influences, the ability and capacity state officials might have to veer Canada off this “hinterland” pathway by facilitating a more diversified Canadian economy less dependent on the US “metropole”. While these foci are important, the dramatic arrival in the 1990s of Non-State Market Driven (NSMD) governance systems that focus largely on regulating staples extracting sectors such as forestry, fisheries, and mining, has raised important new questions for students of the staples state.
The Judiciary’s Role in Good Governance in Korea
Authors: Kim Joongi 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
This paper will focus on the role that the judiciary has played in improving public sector governance in Korea. It will argue that the increased level of enforcement has become a cornerstone for the consolidation of rule of law and good governance. The paper will concentrate particularly on enforcement through the level of judicial sentencing against senior public officials who have committed violations in two areas: campaign financing and election laws, and anti-corruption laws. The paper focuses on the judicial treatment that senior public officials such as National Assembly persons or senior bureaucrats have received under the legal system. In the end, the paper will offer some comparative lessons that can be learned from the Korean experience.
Improving Administrative Performance in Malaysia: The More Difficult Next Steps in Reform
Authors: Lim Hong-Hai 
Published: October 2008

AbstractDespite past reforms, the Malaysian bureaucracy has lagged behind rising expectations. This paper reviews past reforms and suggests changes in reform strategy and measures for improving both the capacity and the will of public officials needed to raise administrative performance to meet domestic and global pressures. Combining technological and political perspectives, it argues that improving the will of public officials is both more important and more difficult than improving their capacity. Improving the will to perform promises significant gains in performance, but it requires reforms, mainly strengthening public control and making the bureaucracy more representative, that entail significant sacrifice of the interests of entrenched elites and groups. Malaysia has reached a juncture where she has to confront politically more difficult choices in administrative reform than in the past.
Reforming the Centralised State: Assessing Decentralisation Paradigms in the Drinking Water Sector in the Philippines
Authors: Singh Satyajit 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Institutional reforms in the drinking water sector in the Philippines have taken the shape of “privatisation” and “decentralisation”. This paper reviews the working of these new institutions in the form of water utility, association and cooperatives in the province of Oriental Negros in the Philippines. While highlighting the important role that the provision of safe drinking water can play in poverty alleviation, this paper questions the ability of these reforms in addressing pressing concerns of poverty and access to water services. The case studies also point to the inability of this model to address wider concerns related to the public goods nature of water. Yet, decentralisation is not synonymous with privatisation and this paper points to the different paradigms of decentralisation (with varying degrees of private and public elements) in the water sector. The paper argues that the decentralisation vision enacted in Local Government Code of 1991 provides an opportunity for the state to deprivatise the drinking water sector and affirm the pivotal role of the local government in the provision of public goods.
Problems, Policies and Ethics in Health Care
Authors: Rogers Wendy A 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
There are three factors necessary for the successful implementation of a policy. First, a problem has to be identified in a way that invites action. Second, there must be a policy that fits the problem in question. And third, there must be the political will to tackle the problem with the policy. Each of these factors is necessary but not sufficient for policy development; implementation requires a happy conjunction of all three. To date there has been little overt ethical analysis in relation to policy development by those identifying as ethicists. This paper describes three potential roles for ethics analysis in the problem-policy-politics nexus, arguing that ethicists have a role to play in the identification of problems and in the substantive and procedural evaluation of policies. In addition, wherever ethics language is used overtly, ethicists have a duty to investigate and offer critiques of the notions in question, both on their own merits and against accepted usage and normative frameworks.
Policy as Ethics: Sterilisation of Girls with Intellectual Disability
Authors: Jewell Paul 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Any public policy could be seen as an ethical issue, but only some are represented as such and debated using ethical terms. If a policy is generally accepted by the community, then it will not be seen as a controversy meriting debate. If a policy is contentious, protagonists may call upon a variety of paradigms to advance their positions or seek resolution, using, for example, legal arguments, or medical justifications. If there is no such agreed paradigm, the controversy may be framed as an ethical issue.
An illustrative example is the debate concerning the sterilisation of young women who have intellectual disabilities. Are there any circumstances in which it is justifiable for parents to arrange for the sterilisation of their daughter who has an intellectual disability such that she is unable to make such a decision for herself ? There is a debate about the role and responsibilities of the family in deciding whether or not to seek sterilisation, and, in contrast, the role of the state in demanding that such decisions be monitored and authorised. The issue is fundamentally ethical, but attempts to resolve it have been medical and legal. The debate has been conducted through the procedures of guardianship boards and courts, through academic articles, and in mass media. The problem is seen by some as a private matter, by others as a medical one, by some as an example of prudence and care and by others as an example of eugenics.
This paper offers an explanation of why some issues are deemed by the community to be ethical in nature. It provides an ethical analysis of the sterilisation debate, reveals an over-emphasis on rights at the expense of other ethical strategies and concludes that informed ethical commentary can further resolution where medically informed legal approaches have been unsatisfactory.
Contesting Representations of Poverty: Ethics and Evaluation
Authors: Bletsas Angelique 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis paper starts from the proposition that poverty is a contested concept and that debates about poverty are about more than questions of measurement and technical definition. Debates about poverty, I argue, are ultimately debates about the appropriate role of governments in the alleviation of poverty, and hence are about governance. On these grounds I claim that evaluations of competing conceptions of poverty should be interrogated not merely for their technical or epistemological soundness, but also on ethical grounds.To develop this argument, I explore representations of poverty in government policy. I look briefly at the Commonwealth Government’s understanding of poverty and more comprehensively at the South Australian Government’s Social Inclusion Unit. I find that, in both examples, poverty is represented to be an outcome of the poor choices of individuals, and proceed to reflect upon the inadequate ethical and governmental commitments that I find this particular representation of poverty entails.
Design Principles for Policy Mixes: Cohesion and Coherence in ‘New Governance Arrangements’
Authors: Howlett Michael , Rayner Jeremy 
Published: October 2008

AbstractNew Governance Arrangements (NGAs) have emerged as a lively topic in comparative policy studies and are often proposed as solutions to complex policy problems like environmental or health protection. However, assessing the merits and demerits of particular arrangements or instrument mixes is difficult. The paper proposes a variety of tools to tackle the often-overlooked problem of identifying and inventorying the instruments found in instrument mixes and assessing their likelihood to produce optimal results. A framework is developed for evaluating the likelihood of successful implementation of NGA's that exploits the fact that new policy development is almost always constrained by previous policy choices which have become institutionalized. The degree to which this institutionalization has occurred is seen as variable and the implementation to depend on a number of well-understood processes such as increasing returns and other kinds of positive feedback; sunk costs; and incremental policy learning. The applicability of the framework is demonstrated in the context of NGAs found in the forestry sector.
Modern Regulatory Policy – Ideals and Practice
Authors: Christensen Tom , Laegreid Per 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIn this article we examine the preconditions for fulfilling the aims of regulatory reform, exemplified through the case of Norway. We cover both the process of regulatory reorganization and decision-making within established regulatory structures. We argue that regulatory agencies operate in a complex political-administrative context and that we must combine instrumental and institutional perspectives to understand how they work in practice. This is done by applying a transformative approach that embraces organizational-structural elements, interests, cultural components and features from the institutional environment. We describe how a new regulatory reform policy has been introduced in Norway and focus on agency reform processes in two policy areas and on regulatory practice in two regulatory agencies. The main picture is that there is a loose coupling between the OECD regulatory policy ideal and a) general Norwegian regulatory policy; b) the reorganization of regulatory agencies in specific policy areas; and c) regulatory practice in individual cases.
The Divided Profession: The interplay of research, policy, and practice
Authors: Laws David 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
The integration of knowledge and action is often discussed in terms of dyadic relationships between knowledge and policy or knowledge and practice. Experience with these relationships is reviewed and a research-policy-practice triad is proposed as an alternative that better captures the dynamics that are evident in experience. The model of a divided profession is suggested as a way to capture and address that tensions that characterize relationships in the triad and undermine efforts to relate knowledge and action.
Establishing a Constitutional Court? An alternative political culture approach – the Israeli case
Authors: Doron Gideon , Meydani Assaf 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIn the beginning of January 2002, the Israeli parliament (The Knesset) rejected a proposal that had been filed two years earlier advocating the establishment of a constitutional court of law. This article explains the legislative process in Israel and places it within the framework of the political-public dialogue about establishing a special constitutional court of law, outside the legal system, which would function solely as a critic of constitutional issues.The central claim we shall present stresses the role of the major divisions that exist in Israeli society, and the existence of an alternative political culture. These two factors, combined with the existing institutional structure, make it hard for the political system to cope with issues that require a change in public policy. Due to this phenomenon, the public has taken pro-active steps involving increased petitions to the high court that may help in the process of public decision-making or force the politicians to alter the existing institutional structure.
Moltmann's dismissal of divine impassibility: Warranted?
Authors: Castelo Daniel 
Published: October 2008

AbstractA key feature of Jürgen Moltmann's doctrine of God is his dismissal of divine impassibility as a heretical importation of Hellenistic metaphysics. This argument is a broader one assumed among many detractors of this theological tenet that is illegitimate given its rushed historical judgements. By dismissing the important features divine impassibility provided by past articulations, Moltmann offers a doctrine of God that in many ways repeats or avoids problems within the (im)passibility debates. Rather than dismissing divine impassibility from the onset, Moltmann would have benefited from a more careful appraisal of this axiom, one that would have chastened and enlivened his project within the ongoing conversation of God's relationship to suffering.