bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Initial Levels of Sweat Duct Filling and Skin Hydration on Electrodermal Response Amplitude
Authors: Edelberg Robert 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe many problems encountered in efforts to demonstrate conformance of electrodermal responses with the Law of Initial Value have been thought by Lykken and Venables to stem in part from the operation of independent central and peripheral factors. This study was an attempt at separate examination of the peripheral determinants of initial value effects using animal preparations in which the central component was interrupted. Standard electrical stimuli to sympathetic nerves were used to assess the effect of various procedures calculated to change the hydration of the corneum or to change the initial level of sweat in the ducts. Drying of the corneum can cause a marked potentiation in SRR amplitude. Increase in initial degree of duct filling does likewise. These findings are consistent with a circuit model that emphasizes the shunting effect of the corneum on the contribution of ductal resistance changes to total resistance change. Effects on SCR amplitude are more complex. The complicating effect of immediately prior activity on initial value relationships calls for considerable caution in the design and interpretation of behavioral studies that involve electrodermal measurement.
REM and NREM Sleep Reports: Comparison of Word Frequencies by Cognitive Classes
Authors: Antrobus John 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe difference between Sleep Stages 1 REM (rapid eye movement) and NREM (non REM) in reported dreaming is compared to several word frequency measures of characteristics of sleep mentation reports. Total Recall Frequency (total word frequency minus pauses, fillers, corrections, repetitions and commentary) discriminated REM from NREM with approximately the same strength as did global ratings of Dreaming. Although incremental repeated measures multivariate tests showed that each contributed some unique variance to the REM/NREM criterion, the unique portions were trivial in size. Frequencies of words that describe speech and visual imagery during sleep accounted for smaller portions of the REM/NREM variance. To the extent that a simple word frequency recall measure accounts for the same variance that such complex measures as dreaming and imagery share with REM/NREM, we may conclude that judges of Dreaming implicitly rely on a dimension similar to the Total Recall Freq. It is proposed that the cognitive difference between REM and NREM is essentially one of attention and memory. Given the high perceptual thresholds of REM sleep, the events attended to and stored in memory are necessarily unrelated to the surrounding environment and therefore differ from waking thought.
Psychophysiological Assessment of Statements About Pain
Authors: Salamy Joseph G. , Wolk David J. , Shucard David WM. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA psychophysiological procedure was developed to study the interaction of physiological activity and verbal statements in pain patients. This procedure compared skin potential and heart rate changes occurring during designated baseline, anticipation, reception, processing, and responding stages of a question‐answer sequence, in 7 chronic pain patients and 7 non‐patient controls. Pain, emotional, and neutral type questions were randomly presented. It was found that the processing of pain questions produced significantly larger physiological changes in pain patients than in the non‐pain controls. Such differential psychophysiological responsivity may serve as a basis for the early recognition of chronic pain syndrome and the detection of malingering.
Psychopathy and Selective Attention During Performance of a Complex Perceptual‐Motor Task
Authors: Jutai Jeffrey W. , Hare Robert D. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAutonomic and electrocortical activity were recorded while prison inmates with high (H) and low (L) ratings of psychopathy were presented with a series of binaural tone pips, either by themselves (passive attention) or while video games were being played (selective attention). During selective attention the subjects were told that the tone pips were irrelevant to the primary task, the video games. The N100 component of the auditory evoked potential was used as an index of attention paid to the tone pips, while performance on the video games was considered to be a reflection of attentiveness to the primary task. There were no group differences in N100 amplitude or latency during passive attention, supporting the results from several previous studies. During selective attention Group H gave small N100 responses to the tone pips during each video game trial, including the first one, while Group L gave large N100 responses to the tone pips during the first trial, and small responses during later trials. Both groups performed equally well during the first few trials, but while the performance of Group L continued to improve, that of Group H deteriorated over the last few trials. The results were interpreted in terms of limited capacity models of attention, and provided some support for the hypothesis that psychopaths allocate a relatively large proportion of their attentional resources to things of immediate interest, effectively ignoring other stimuli.
Recovery of Performance During Sleep Following Sleep Deprivation
Authors: Rosa Roger R. , Bonnet Michael H. , Warm Joel S. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTVery few studies have systematically examined recovery of performance after sleep deprivation. In the present study, 12 young adult males were sleep deprived for periods of 40 and 64 hrs. Each period was preceded by baseline nights of sleep and followed by two recovery nights of sleep. Immediate recall and reaction time were tested at 2300, 0145, 0400, 0615, and 0830 during baseline, deprivation, and recovery nights. Performance efficiency showed a progressive decline after 2 hrs of recovery sleep following both periods of deprivation. Return to baseline was apparent after 4 hrs of steep following 40 hrs awake and after 8 hrs of sleep following 64 hrs awake. These results suggested that, in terms of behavioral efficiency, an equal amount of sleep is not required to compensate for sleep lost.
The Effects of Directional Facial Cues on Electrodermal Conditioning to Facial Stimuli
Authors: Dimberg Ulf , ÖHman Arne 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe present two Experiments demonstrate that the orientation of angry facial expressions is a critical cue when faces serve as conditioned stimuli during aversive electrodermal conditioning. Experiment 1 demonstrated that responses conditioned to angry faces directed toward the subjects showed significant resistance to extinction whereas responses conditioned to angry faces directed away extinguished immediately during extinction. Experiment 2 was designed to investigate whether the orientation factor was effective only during extinction, i.e. whether the orientation was a performance variable, or if the observed effect originated from factors active during acquisition, i.e. if the orientation primarily influenced learning. When the orientation was shifted between the acquisition and the extinction phase, it was found that it did not matter what direction the faces had during acquisition; it was only during extinction that the faces needed to be directed toward the subjects to evoke persistent responding. These results suggest that the subjects acquired a conditioned response to the angry face regardless of its direction, but that this learning effect remained only when the angry face was directed toward the subject during extinction.
Opto‐Electronic Belts for Recording Respiration in Psychophysiological Experimentation and Therapy
Authors: Strasburger Hans , Klenk Dieter 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA temperature‐compensated and a simpler, non‐compensated respiration measuring belt based on an infrared light sensing principle are described. The systems are designed to overcome shortcomings in usual respiration monitoring methods applicable to: 1) a respiratory‐sinus‐arrhythmia quantification study, and 2) a portable circulation monitoring system. Both devices have a rugged and lightweight construction, are comfortable for subjects, relatively free from artifacts, are of low cost, and are simply interfaced to recording apparatus. Additionally, the temperature‐compensated version allows for DC‐recording, permitting monitoring of breath‐holding, which is not feasible with conventional transducers. The simple construction of the non‐compensated version makes it especially suitable to routine therapy and monitoring applications. Use of two temperature‐compensated belts measuring thoracic and abdominal circumference allows for breath‐volume calibration by multiple linear regression with reliabilities between 75 and 95%. The mathematical basis for this calibration procedure is discussed in detail.
Dependence of Skin Conductance Reactions and Skin Resistance Reactions Upon Previous Level
Authors: Boucsein Wolfram , Baltissen Ruediger , Euler Manfred 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTWhen results from an earlier investigation of skin resistance reaction and skin conductance reaction taken from parallel sites were reanalyzed, a surprising discrepancy between these measures was noted. At high levels of noise stimuli (90dB and above), skin resistance reaction amplitudes decrease with the number of trials whereas skin conductance reaction amplitudes increase. This divergence can be understood in terms of level dependence of both skin conductance reaction and skin resistance reaction. Because of opposite trends in resistance and conductance level shifts in the course of the experiment, skin resistance reaction measures yield decreasing values, even if the “true” reaction were constant, whereas SCR measures tend to overestimate the reaction. After a correction based upon empirically‐determined level dependence the two measures give comparable results.Theoretical considerations underlying the empirical correction procedures are discussed based upon a simple electrical model of the skin, and recommendations are made for use of AC measurement in electrodermal activity research.
Forearm Blood Flow Responding Prior to Voluntary Isometric Contraction
Authors: Roberts Richard J. , Weerts Ted C. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTSrain‐gauge plethysmography was used to study phasic forearm blood flow (FBF) responding, which has been presumed to occur in human subjects prior to voluntary muscular contraction. In a two‐group design, 10 subjects performed a 7‐s, fixed‐foreperiod, reaction‐time (RT) task in which static handgrip was the required RT response; 10 additional subjects in a High Incentive (HI) condition performed a more stressful delayed avoidance task. Bilateral FBF and HR were computer‐sampled over the preparatory interval (PI) and transformed into second‐by‐second measures. Mean FBF estimates were also obtained by averaging over the entire PI. HI subjects were found to manifest significantly greater mean FBF prior tro motor responding than did subjects performing the nonstressful RT taks. Such preparatory FBF responding was task‐specific, occurring only in the Arm to be performing the signalled RT response. Furthermore, this task‐specific, phasic increase in averaged mean FBF was observed to occur in subjects' left and right arms. Trend analysis and visual inspection of second‐by‐second FBF waveforms demonstrated a gradual decline in flow rate over the course of the preparatory interval under all experimental conditions. HR responding manifested the characteristic triphasic waveforms, with higher heart rate and augmentation of acceleratory and terminal deceleratory components exhibited by the HI group. the findings suggest that human phasic FBF responding can be influenced by motoric and motivational factors as well as by demands for sensory intake behavior.
Behavioral Control of Respiration in Sleep
Authors: Badia Pietro , Harsh John , Balkin Thomas , Cantrell Peggy , Klempert Allen , O'Rourke Diane , Schoen Lawrence 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThree experiments are presented involving behavioral control of sleeping respiration during all‐night sleep recording. Probability and latency of the breathing response to an auditory signal revealed that control over sleeping respiration was obtained in all sleep stages and was maintained over several nights. This control was especially marked when failure to respond was punished (contingency procedure) by increasing the intensity of the signal (Experiments 2 and 3). Few awakenings occurred to the signal but signs of brief arousal (bursts of alpha activity, increases in EMG activity, EEG “speeding”) often accompanied the behavioral response. Overall sleep patterns were only minimally disrupted by the procedure. Demonstrating behavioral control over sleeping respiration may be a promising step toward the development of behavioral therapies for certain sleep apnea disorders and hypoventilation syndromes.
Effects of Behavioral Control and Type A Behavior on Cardiovascular Responses
Authors: van Schijndel Martin , De Mey Hubert , Näring Géerard 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to examine the relationship between degree of behavioral control and cardiovascular changes in 60 adult males performing an anagram solution task, and (b) to assess the interaction between behavioral control and type of subject (A vs. B). Three conditions were used, differing from each other in the percentage of solvable anagrams (100, 50, and 30%). Systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and heart rate (HR) were measured before, during, and after the anagram task. In all conditions, during‐task SBP, DBP, and HR were significantly elevated above baseline. Blood pressure (BP) elevations appeared to be curvilinearly related to degree of behavioral control, i.e., more elevated in the 50% than in the 100% and 30% conditions. HR changes did not differ among conditions. Concerning the Type A behavior pattern, the results revealed significantly greater BP elevations for Type A than for Type B subjects, especially in the 50% condition, thereby confirming that the physiologic correlates of Type A behavior are predominantly evoked in challenging circumstances. Findings were discussed in the light of results of cardiovascular and endocrinological research. Consideration was given to the possible role of disengagement in the 30% condition and to differences in the pattern of responding between As and Bs.
Task Difficulty, Type A Behavior Pattern, and Cardiovascular Response
Authors: Contrada Richard J. , Wright Rex A. , Glass David C. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTForty‐one young male subjects performed either an easy or moderately difficult arithmetic task with the opportunity to earn a monetary incentive if they did well. Cardiovascular (heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure) and subjective responses were assessed immediately prior to and 5 min following task performance. Results indicated greater systolic (SBP) responses during the Pre‐task period for subjects expecting to perform the difficult task. Behavior pattern classifications based on the Jenkins Activity Survey revealed Higher Pre‐task heart rate (HR) elevations among Type As compared to Bs in the Difficult task condition, and greater Pre‐task SBP responses in As compared to Bs irrespective of task difficulty. There also was some evidence of an association between SBP reactivity and scores on the Thurstone Activity scale. Change‐scores reflecting SBP and HR reactivity were correlated in the Pre‐task period of the Difficult but not the Easy condition. Predictions regarding the impact of motivational arousal upon goal attractiveness were not supported, possibly for methodological reasons.
On P300 Latency and Correlational Inference
Authors: Polich John 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe use of statistical correlations to determine the underlying relationships between P300 latency, memory function, and aging is discussed. Similar correlational patterns obtained over a variety of subject populations can strengthen inferences about the specific associations among these variables. Partial correlation techniques can facilitate such inferences only when all factors are linearly related.
Thyroid Function in Normals: Influences on the Electroencephalogram and Cognitive Performance
Authors: Tucker Don M. , Penland James G. , Beckwith Bill E. , Sandstead Harold H. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTRecently it has been suggested that thyroid function may influence neuropsychological processes not only as a result of thyroid disease but also through normal neurophysiologic adaptive mechanisms. In 69 normal university students, levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroxine (T4), and triiodothyronine (T3) were assayed in blood samples and related to measures of cognitive performance and to spectral measures of the EEG recorded during cognitive performance. Significant relationships were found between T3 levels and delta power in the EEG from occipital leads, with higher T3 associated with less EEG power in the left hemisphere and greater power in the right hemisphere. Higher T3 levels were associated with poorer performance on several cognitive tasks, particularly for males, although the males with higher T3 levels also showed faster correct responses on a word fluency task. These results seem to support the hypothesis that an individual's characteristic level of thyroid function is relevant to normal neuropsychological processes.
Finger Pulse Volume as a Measure of Anxiety in Response to Evaluative Threat
Authors: Smith Timothy W. , Houston B. Kent , Zurawski Raymond M. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTPrevious research has validated finger pulse volume (FPV) as a measure of anxiety in response to threat of physical harm. The present study evaluated FPV as a measure of anxiety in response to a social‐evaluative threat. Physiological and self‐report measures of anxiety were recorded while subjects anticipated and responded to an interview in either high or low stress conditions. Results indicated that FPV was sensitive to the stress manipulation during both periods and was correlated with self‐reported anxiety during the anticipation period. The findings were discussed in terms of FPV as a physiological index in the assessment of anxiety.
Facilitated Recall Following RFM And NREM Naps
Authors: Schoen Lawrence S. , Badia Pietro 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA novel procedure was used to assess (a) the differential effects of REM and SWS on retention and (b) whether these sleep stages enhanced recall for different types of information. In a 2 × 2 factorial design, subjects were given non‐meaningful and meaningful verbal learning tasks. Learning took place either early in the morning or late in the afternoon. Following learning subjects either slept or remained awake for a 2‐hr retention interval, after which recall was assessed. Sleep for morning subjects was composed of stages 1, 2 and rapid eye movement sleep while sleep for afternoon subjects was composed of stages 1, 2 and slow wave sleep. Retention for both tasks was better following periods of sleep than following periods of wakefulness but no differences in recall were observed after REM vs. NREM naps.
Bilateral Electrodermal Activity During Differential Cognitive Hemispheric Activation
Authors: Fedora Orestes , Schopflocher Donald 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTIn an attempt to reconcile inconsistent results reported to date, 27 dextral males were administered two separate procedures to examine the effects of hemisphere‐specific cognitive tasks on bilateral electrodermal activity. The first procedure used arithmetic problems and slide visualizations to activate the left and right hemispheres respectively; the second procedure used aural proverbs and visualization problems. Neither procedure produced the expected electrodermal response magnitude asymmetry across tasks. While the potential effects of uncontrolled variables are discussed, these results question the robustness of the relationship between differential hemispheric activation and asymmetric electrodermal response magnitudes.
Phasic T‐Wave Amplitude and Heart Rate Changes as Indices of Mental Effort and Task Incentive
Authors: Scher Hal , Furedy John J. , Heslegrave Ronald J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe sensitivities of T‐wave amplitude (TWA) and heart rate (HR) to manipulations of the mental effort (ME) and incentive associated with performance of the backward digit span task were investigated. The experimental task was so chosen because it could be administered without requiring subjects to speak during its performance, thus minimizing the intrusion of respiratory and motor artifacts. The ME required during task performance was manipulated by varying the number of digits presented, creating Hard and Easy trials. The incentive for subjects to perform well was varied by the threat of the delivery of a noxious noise stimulus, which was ostensibly contingent upon adequate performance on some (Test) but not other (Practice) trials.TWA attenuation and HR acceleration were greater on the Hard as compared to the Easy Trials, and on the Test as compared to the Practice trials. No interactions between the ME and Incentive factors emerged for either cardiac variable. These results suggest that the effort and the incentive of subjects during mental work may be indexed reliably by phasic changes in TWA and HR. The conjoint use of these two cardiac measures may also elucidate the involvement of the two autonomic branches during task performance.
On‐Line Minicomputerized Measurement of Cardiopulmonary Function On a Breath‐By‐Breath Basis
Authors: Langer Alan W. , Hutchenson J. Stanford , Charlton John D. , McCubbin James A. , Orist Paul A. , Stoney Catherine M. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAn on‐line minicomputer‐based system for determining breath‐by‐breath respiratory gas exchange (oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production), ventilation (tidal volume, respiratory period, and minute ventilation), partial pressures of end‐tidal oxygen and carbon dioxide, and heart rate is described. The system software includes routines for calibration, signal acquisition and processing, and disk storage of breath‐by‐breath data. The software is written in Fortran IV and runs under Digital Equipment Corporation's RT‐11 system monitor. On‐line (real time) computations of breath‐by‐breath data include instantaneous corrections of: 1) expired gas flow for alterations in gas viscosity, and 2) expired gas fractions for gas analyzer response characteristics. Additional programming provides rapid data reduction and averaging over a user‐selected time base. Twelve healthy male volunteers were monitored at rest and during 10‐min bouts of exercise at 300, 600, and 900 kpm · min‐1, and during recovery. Both the transient and steady state alterations in cardiopulmonary response to these exercise tests were found to compare favorably with standard values established in the exercise physiology literature. The sensitivity and accuracy of this method to monitor both phasic and tonic alterations in cardiopulmonary function during stress underscores its suitability for a wide range of psychophysiologic applications.