bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Attributes of the radiographic standard of reference for the National Health Examination Survey
Authors: Pyle S. Idell , Waterhouse Alice M. , Greulich William Walter 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn 1964, this standard was prepared at the request of the National Center for Health Statistics so that the skeletal age of the bones in the growing hand and wrist could be read from the films of the children and youths–age 5 to 18 years—from 40 areas of the United States who have been included in the National Health Survey.The major directive from the National Center was to prepare a standard so that a skeletal age could be assigned to each growing bone without any reference to the sex or the age of the subjects in the Survey.Between 1928 and 1964, the attributes of the present standard had been tested in the United States and abroad using films of children and youths of all races and several forms of standards. The widely‐used radiographic form was chosen.Contact‐size prints of 26 films of the hand and wrist were arranged as a maturity series to illustrate transitional osseous features which appear in the radiographic shadows of each bone during growth. A description of these features and standardized bone ages for males completed each standard plate.Copies of a Manual containing the standard as used by the NHS film readers, details of its preparation, bone age equivalents for females related to the 26 standard films, and some new examples of use of bone ages will be provided for participants to this evaluation of skeletal age standards for children and youths.
The essential characteristics of a rating system
Authors: Tanner J. M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe principles of the Tanner‐Whitehouse‐Healy system for assessing skeletal maturity will be described and in particular the statistical basis for the scores given to each stage of each bone in the hand and wrist. The uses of the system, particularly in clinical cases, will be discussed together with reliability of the ratings.A revised system will be presented in which a part of the stages are amalgamated and the possibility of dropping some of the bones will be discussed. General discussion will be invited on the logical basis for selecting certain stages of certain bones as superior to others as assessors of maturity.
The use of the Greulich‐Pyle method in a longitudinal growth study
Authors: Johnston Francis E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe Greulich‐Pyle method of assessing skeletal maturity is essentially suited to cross‐sectional analyses, though it may be used retrospectively in longitudinal studies, through the technique of regression analysis. When applied to the serial records of 120 Philadelphia children, considerable variability in maturation rate may be observed. This variability is both within and between‐individuals. While most seems to be random, there is the strong suggestion that individuals who are, during infancy and early childhood, slow maturers, speed up to greater‐than‐average rates during middle childhood and adolescence; the opposite may be inferred in those who are initially rapid maturers. Though these findings were consistent in the Philadelphia sample, they may be artifacts of the Greulich‐Pyle standards.
Reproducibility of rating stages of osseous development. (Tanner‐Whitehouse system)
Authors: Medicus Hildegard , Grøn Anna‐Marie , Moorrees Coenraad F. A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe descriptions of stages of hand‐wrist development by Tanner and Whitehouse were used for assessment of skeletal maturation in the Forsyth longitudinal twin study, because this method facilitates direct comparison of rate and pattern of development between individuals.In a sample of 300 hand‐wrist radiographs, reproducibility of ratings by the same observer ranged from 72 to 87%. Assessment by two observers produced equally high agreement for the short and long bones and only slightly lower agreement for the round bones. Differences did not exceed one stage except in rare instances. Each observer produced consistent ratings over time, but the second observer rated at a slightly lower level.The findings at stage level revealed areas of major disagreement in ratings owing to factors such as the definition and duration of stages as well as the interpretation of the radiographic image.Further research relating the attainment of the various stages of the hand‐wrist bones with other developmental events is needed to determine which maturity indicators and which developmental centers are most valuable clinically.
Comparison of Tanner‐Whitehouse and Greulich‐Pyle methods in a large scale Danish survey
Authors: Andersen Else 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn Denmark no systematic investigation of skeletal development had been made prior to this investigation which involved 1009 school children aged 7–18 years in a transverse examination. The skeletal age was estimated according to the American atlas of Greulich‐Pyle. The English system of Tanner‐Whitehouse was also applied. In this latter method the stage of development of 20 selected bones in the hand and wrist is rated on a scale of 8 (in one case 9) possible stages. Each bone is awarded points according to its stage of development. These points are totalled for the 20 bones and reference to a table gives the skeletal age. The problem with this system is that the later stages of carpal bone development cannot be reliably placed on the scale. Their point system is calculated in such a way that a difference of one stage in rating of a single carpal bone in older children would give rise to a difference of up to two years in the skeletal age estimation. For younger children the method is, however, quite reliable. The investigation has shown that Greulich‐Pyle's atlas can be applied to Danish children of 7‐18 years of age provided that a correction of six months is made. A variable error of about four months was found when using Greulich‐Pyle compared to about two months with Tanner‐Whitehouse.
Choice of area for assessment
Authors: Cobb W. Montague 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMultiple areas for assessment of skeletal maturity of an individual (hand, foot, knee, elbow, shoulder, hip) provide the broadest basis for accurate appraisal. Such studies are becoming progressively less feasible because: (1) the amount of radiation exposure involved may not be permitted; and (2) the greater time, expense and technical assistance required may not be justified by the knowledge yielded.For most statistical series it is desirable today to limit radiographs to one area. The left hand, including lower forearm, would seem the area of choice. It is most convenient, permits maximum subjects cooperation, is cheapest, most rapidly done, and may be repeated most often without objection. Uniformity and clarity of radiograms are also easiest to obtain. Standardization of techniques for use with both fixed and portable machines by widely separated workers is most readily attained.For special purposes the choice of area must be determined by the information sought. Special measures will often have to be devised to answer the questions being investigated.
Problems in combining skeletal age for an individual
Authors: Lee M. M. C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMaturity imbalance between bones from different areas of the body, or between different bones in the same area or even between different centers within the same bones, are not an infrequent experience in doing radiographic assessment of skeletal maturation. Data from previous works have demonstrated tremendous variation concerning the pattern, degree, and causes of the imbalance. In view of the incomplete and contradictory knowledge concerning the mechanism producing such imbalance, it was only recommended to obtain the unweighted arithmetic mean of all the separately assessed bones as the overall skeletal age for an individual. It was hoped, however, that enthusiastic collection of new data on multiple bone assessments would soon take place which would facilitate a further recognition of the significance in skeletal maturity imbalance.
Dysharmonic maturation of the hand in the congenital malformation syndromes
Authors: Poznanski Andrew K. , Garn Stanley M. , Kuhns Lawrence R. , Sandusky Sam T. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn many congenital malformation syndromes the pattern of hand‐wrist development does not fit the sequence pictured in the Greulich‐Pyle atlas. Not infrequently, there is a difference in maturation level of carpal and phalangeal centers in excess of that found in clinically normal children. Usually, the carpal centers are less developed than the phalangeal centers, whereas overall skeletal maturation is retarded (as in trisomy 18) or advanced (as in cerebral gigantism). In still other conditions, specific carpal centers are disproportionately delayed. By way of example, the capitate is differentially delayed in epiphyseal dysplasia, the lunate in homocystinuria, and the scaphoid in Fanconi's anemia and other radial hypoplasia syndromes. Side to side (i.e., bilateral) asymmetries may also occur in the developing hand, as in paralysis, in conditions involving increased local vascularity (as in hemangioma and rheumatoid arthritis) or in conditions associated with decreased vascularity.In the presence of excessive dysharmonic development or major bilateral asymmetry, with or without agenesis of one or more hand bones, assigning meaningful bone ages in congenital malformation syndromes becomes difficult. On the other hand, the degree and pattern of dysharmonic maturation may be helpful in diagnosis.
Some aspects of the analysis of hand‐wrist bone‐age readings
Authors: Peritz E. , Sproul A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractPrincipal components analysis was applied to the individual center bone‐age readings from the study outlined by Sproul and Peritz ('71) in the preceding paper. The first two components are amenable to a simple interpretation. The first one is a general skeletal maturity factor, which can be expressed as a weighted mean bone‐age, with slightly higher weights attached to the metacarpals and phalanges II to V than to the other bone centers. The second component is a measure of the contrast between hand‐bone and finger‐bone ages, with generally high positive weights for the bone‐ages of radius and carpals, low weights for metacarpals and negative weights for phalanges. The weights for the first component vary little between races and sexes or with children's height. The weights for the second component are less homogeneous. The first component accounts for some two thirds of the variability; the second component accounts for roughly nine percent of it. Mean values for the first two components vary considerably with the children's height. Various other results relating the first two components to height and parents' height are presented. An analysis of the correlation matrices of individual center bone ages revealed particularly high correlations (0.8 to 0.9) within rows, with the exception of thumb bone centers.
Some African fossil foot bones: A note on the interpolation of fossils into a matrix of extant species
Authors: Oxnard Charles E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractCertain fossil foot bones (a terminal toe phalanx from Olduvai, specimens of tali from Spy, Skhūl, Olduvai, Kromdraai, Songhor and Rusinga) have been investigated by other workers using the multivariate statistical approach. The conclusions of their studies have, in the main, been based upon examination of early canonical variates alone. It is demonstrated here that if the full analyses (generalized distances) are taken into account, then almost exactly opposite conclusions obtain. The terminal toe phalanx from Olduvai is widely different from those of modern men; the Neandertal tali differ more from modern human bones than previously realized; the specimens from Olduvai, Kromdraai, Songhor and Rusinga are all completely dissimilar from both African ape and modern human tali.
Morphologic characteristics of the Alaskan Eskimo dentition. II. Carabelli's Cusp
Authors: Bang Gisle , Hasund Asbjörn 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA study of coastal and inland Alaskan Eskimos revealed that a faintly developed Carabelli's cusp was present in 42.7%. No sex difference in the occurrence of Carabelli's cusp was evident and no family showed any difference in the distribution of the frequencies when each family was compared to the rest of the population.A general tendency toward a higher prevalence of Carabelli's cusp in the coastal Eskimos may be due to more admixture with white people along the coast.Alaskan Eskimos have a significantly higher frequency of Carabelli's cusp than do Aleuts.Statistical evaluation revealed that in the Alaskan Eskimo dentition the formation of Carabelli's cusp is independent of the size of the molars and the suppression of the third molars.
Problems in the interpretation of Ramapithecus: With special reference to anterior tooth reduction
Authors: Conroy Glenn C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe dental proportions of Ramapithecus specimen FT 1271‐2 (from Fort Ternan, Kenya) have been compared with undoubted fossil pongids from the Miocene of East Africa. Compared to its Miocene pongid contemporaries, Ramapithecus exhibits distinct anterior tooth reduction both in its incisor and canine dimensions. This distinction is most clearly seen in comparisons of Ramapithecus with pongids of similar cheek tooth size, i.e., Dryopithecus africanus and Pan paniscus. The differences in dental proportions between the phylogenetic lines of D. africanus to Pan and Ramapithecus to Homo are discussed in terms of various dietary hypotheses. The similarities in dental proportions of Gorilla and Ramapithecus illustrate their non‐frugivorous dietary preferences, but have little or no value as far as the taxonomic assessment of Ramapithecus is concerned.
Morphology of the orbital region in adults following the cleft lip/palate repair in childhood
Authors: Farkas Leslie G. , Lindsay William K. , Vanderby Meindert B. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractFour measurements and two qualitative signs related to the orbits of 145 adult Caucasian cleft lip/palate patients operated on in childhood were compared with similar data on 100 normal Caucasian Canadians. The average interorbital distance in male patients with unilateral and bilateral cleft lip/palate was greater than in controls, while the interorbital distance in both male and female patients with isolated cleft palate was the same as that in controls. A hypertelorism increased interorbital distance of greater than 2 S.D. above the normal was recorded in 10 cleft patients out of 145, the maximum in male cleft patients being 48 mm and in female cleft patients 38 mm.Orbital eye fissure length asymmetry was seen only in the cleft study group while a dislocation of the eye fissure levels in the frontal plane was found both in patients with clefts and in controls. No direct relationship was found between the extent of the cleft and the incidence of hypertelorism, nor between the site of the cleft and eye fissure asymmetry in unilateral cleft lip/palate patients.The epicanthic fold was significantly more frequent in cleft lip/palate patients (28/145) than in controls (10/100). Anti‐mongoloid eye fissure type was recorded only in patients with cleft but mongoloid eye fissure was present both in patients with clefts and controls.
Developmental implications of dichotomous ossification sequences in the wrist region
Authors: Garn Stanley M. , Sandusky Sam T. , Miller Richard L. , Nagy Jerrold M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAs shown in radiographs of 3,764 children of European ancestry under 11 years of age, there are 55 dichotomous (present‐absent/absent‐present) ossification sequences for nine wrist region centers in boys and 48 such sequences for girls, with statistically significant sexual dimorphism in more than half of the “alternative” sequences. Substantial samples of Meso‐American origin (“Chicanos”) and largely‐African origin (“Blacks”) evidence additional dichotomous ossification sequences, with clear population differences, while Down's syndrome children (47,G +) show a major excess of the numerically rarer sequences of the wrist region.
Genetic drift and polygenic inheritance
Authors: Livingstone Frank B. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe interaction of random gene drift and selection was studied by computer simulation for two quantitative traits, which were considered to approximate stature and skin color differences in human populations. The expected effects of gene drift, fixation of alleles and reduction of genotypic and phenotypic variances, were found in the simulation. Stabilizing selection, which seems to be the type of selection operating on these traits, was found to increase the effects of gene drift. Since there seems to be no evidence of reduction in phenotypic and presumably genotypic variability in small human populations, the applicability of these simple genetic models to human traits raises problems for which several possible solutions exist.
Relationships between the frontal sinus and climatic conditions: A skeletal approach to cold adaptation
Authors: Koertvelyessy T. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractPrevious studies in physical anthropology, using superficial facial features, show that the relationship between human facial morphology and climate is not clear. An alternate approach to the problem is the investigation of the deeper facio‐anatomical structures (i.e., cranial sinuses and/or foramina) in relation to climatic variables. The present investigation statistically analyses the relationship between climatic conditions (wind chill equivalent temperatures and absolute humidities) and the occurrence and size of frontal sinuses in 153 Eskimo crania. Conditional results from tests of significance of differences and correlation suggest a relationship between low wind chill equivalent temperatures and small frontal sinus surface areas. These results are interpreted in light of cranial sinus function and environmental physiology.
New australopithecine endocast, SK 1585, from Swartkrans, South Africa
Authors: Holloway Ralph L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe new SK 1585 endocast, found by Dr. Brain at Swartkrans, 1966, is that of a robust australopithecine, matching the endocast of the Olduvai Hominid 5 in volume, and being almost identical to it in morphology. Aside from Olduvai Hominid 5 it is the only robust australopithecine endocast complete enough to permit easy reconstruction, as only a small portion of the frontal lobe is missing. While the gyral and sulcal patterns are not clear, there are a number of features indicating that the brain is not that of a pongid, but that is has been reorganized to a hominid pattern, particularly the occipital, parietal, and temporal lobes.
Frostbite in a pre‐Columbian mummy
Authors: Post Peter W. , Donner Donald D. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractRadiographs of a prehistoric inhabitant of the Atacama desert show pathological bone changes which are consistent with frostbite, gangrene and autoamputation. The burial position of the body suggests a reversal of sex roles during life, possibly resulting from the frostbite injuries.
Cold response, body form, and craniofacial shape in two racial groups of Hawaii
Authors: Steegmann A. T. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe goals of this research were two. A first aim was to determine relationships between craniofacial anatomy and craniofacial response to cold, and a second, to apply the results to historical and evolutionary models.Detailed anthropometric measurements were taken on 58 young men native to Hawaii; 33 were of Japanese descent, and 25 of European ancestry. Facial and other temperatures were recorded during 70 minutes of cooling at 0°C. Heat loss was enhanced by ten foot‐per‐second air movement.Though the Europeans showed more cold‐induced vasodilation at facial sites, there were cross‐sample correlation agreements which suggested that temperatures remain lower in the presence of high cheek thickness, protrusive malar area, and probably a smaller, shorter head. Consequently, the Coon‐Garn‐Birdsell “cold‐engineered face,” based on a frostbite selection model, is rejected, and an effort is made to fit Asiatics, Europeans and European Neanderthals to current findings.Additional detail is presented on shape‐temperature regressions as well as simple racial comparisons for cranio‐facial shape, body build, and temperature.
An anthropometric study of northeastern Brazilians
Authors: Eveleth Phyllis B. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractNearly 200 males from a distinct Brazilian population referred to as “Nordestinos” were examined for 11 bodily measurements, two derived measurements, four indices, and nine anthroposcopic observations. The population, formed principally from a mixture of Portuguese whites, Bantu Negroes, and Brazilian Indians inhabits a marginal area characterized by extreme poverty. They are small to medium in stature with leg length slightly shorter than sitting height. They are broad‐headed, and more than half have broad faces and medium nose shapes. The majority have brown eyes and black hair. A total of 36.9% show normal occlusion. The hybrid population is more variable in many metrical traits than Xingú Indians of Brazil. In stature and cephalic index and in a number of other characters the averages do not lie in an intermediate position between those of the parental populations even when these traits are distinct in the latter.
Red cell enzyme polymorphisms in Punjabis in north India
Authors: Papiha S. S. , Roberts D. F. , Wig N. N. , Singh Sarbjit 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSeven red cell isoenzyme systems were investigated on a sample of 140 Punjabis from Hoshiarpur and Chandigarh, shown to be representative by comparison of their blood group frequencies with other samples from the area. Phenotype and gene frequencies are given for adenosine deaminase, adenylate kinase, acid phosphatase, 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucomutase locus 1 and 2, lactate dehydrogenase and phosphohexose isomerase. The high frequencies of the ADA2 and AK2 genes in Indian samples and the presence of the rare variant 3‐1 of phosphohexose isomerase are confirmed.
Population genetics of chimpanzee blood groups
Authors: Wiener A. S. , Gordon E. B. , Socha W. W. , Moor‐Jankowski J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA series of 60 chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) were tested for their human‐type A‐B‐O blood groups and for ten simian‐type blood factors. Of the 60 chimpanzees four were group O and 56 group A; combining this with our previous results, among 274 chimpanzees there were 36 group O and 238 group A.Gene frequency analysis of the V‐A‐B types (determined by three antisera, anti‐Vc, anti‐Ac and anti‐Bc) of the 60 chimpanzees indicated inheritance by four allelic genes, namely, the amorphic gene v and the three additional alleles vA, vB and V. This theory allows for the existence of ten genotypes but only seven V‐A‐B phenotypes, since the type V.AB is excluded.Gene frequency analysis confirmed that Cc and cc are contrasting antigens determined by corresponding allelic genes. The distribution of the C‐c‐E‐F types among the 60 chimpanzees, as well as among 133 chimpanzees previously tested, is compatible with the postulation of five allelic genes, namely, the amorph c, and the alleles CE, CF, CEF and the very rare allele C.The blood factor Gc appears to define a separate blood group system, independent of the V‐A‐B and C‐E‐F systems. The newly defined blood factor Lindsay appears to be related to the V‐A‐B system, while factor Hc may be related to the C‐E‐F system.