bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bending Theory for Fiber-Reinforced Beams
Authors: Hu M.Z. , Kolsky H. , Pipkin A.C. 
Published: March 2007

The Saint-Venant theory of beams cannot account for constraints against cross- sectional warping, and for this reason it gives results that are inaccurate near fixed ends and at points where the warping changes abruptly, as under concentrated side loads. In highly anisotropic materials such as fiber-reinforced composites, the cumulative effect of such inaccuracies may be significant in some circumstances. In the present paper we present an approximate theory of the bending of cross-ply fiber-reinforced composites that is simpler than the exact theory of elasticity but is capable of accommodating any given displacement boundary conditions and arbi trarily varying side loads. As an illustration, the theory is applied to the problem of a tip-loaded cantilever with a fixed end. In this problem the theoretical results agree with elementary beam theory (with a particular choice of the shear correction factor) except in a relatively long end-effect region near the clamped end. To test the theory, cantilever specimens of a cross-ply fiberglass (Scotchply 1002) were prepared and stressed in a standard Instron testing machine. Strain distributions were monitored with resistance strain gauges, and deflections were measured with dial gauges. The strain distributions in the end-effect region were found to be much closer to those predicted by the present theory than to those predicted by the Saint-Venant theory. The deflection measurements did not agree with either theory, presumably because of rotation of the specimen in the clamps.
The Use of Guided Imagery as an Adjunct To Medical Diagnosis and Treatment
Authors: Jaffe Dennis T. , Bresler David E. 
Published: March 2007

Therapeutic guided imagery offers a variety of opportunities for a patient to gather information about unconscious, physical processes within his or her physical body, and to alter them. These methods are of particular use as an extension of traditional medical approaches. They are useful for both diagnosis and treatment. This article presents some thoughts about the nature of the imagery process, and examples of imagery treatment methods for physical illness drawn from the authors' clinical practice. The rationale for the effect of imagery is rooted in psychophysiological research which suggests that the nervous system can be contacted by two fundamentally different types of language: metaphoric and verbal. These languages correlate with brain hemispheres. Imagery is primarily a right brain, metaphorical method of communication, which is linked directly with the unconscious and the physical functions of the nervous system. This article offers examples of the use of imagery to obtain diagnostic information, for relaxation, to make positive suggestions to alter physical processes, and in the discovery of an inner adviser.
Buddhist Responses to Violence and War
Authors: Rothberg Donald 
Published: March 2007

In this article, Buddhist resources for a socially engaged spirituality are identified by outlining classical and contemporary Buddhist responses to violence and war. The basic teachings of the Buddha on violence and killing as well as transformative practices designed to eliminate the roots of violence are examined, considering also some historical Buddhist departures from nonviolence. Contemporary "engaged" Buddhism and its expansion of traditional teachings and practices to apply to contemporary social settings are discussed. The article closes with a discussion of some concerns and problems related to this latter approach. Violence never ceases through hatred. It is only through love that it ceases. This is an ancient law. -Gautama Buddha, in the Dhammapada
Thomas Szasz and Our Right to Drugs: Cracking the Constitution
Authors: Haskell Robert E. 
Published: March 2007

The work of Thomas Szasz and his position on drug policy and drug addiction is presented through his latest work, Our Right to Drugs: The Case for a Free Market, the main thesis of which is that individuals have a constitutional right to drugs. Szasz links this right with other rights such as the right to control one's body, the right to property, and the right to die. His position is shown to emanate consistently from a single philosophical premise and is outlined by textual citations from his writings. Szasz's intellectual importance is then suggested. Rationality is strengthened by defiance; that is why it is indifferent to consensus and eschews coercions. -Thomas Szasz, M.D. The Untamed Tongue
Signal Detectability Theory and the Evaluation of Prediction Tables
Authors: Fergusson D.M. , Fifield J.K. , Slater S.W. 
Published: March 2007

The Theory of Signal Detectability (TSD) is a branch of information theory devised to handle problems in the study of communication between information sources and receivers over noisy channels. The user of a criminological prediction device faces a similar problem in having to make decisions, with associated costs and pay-offs, from uncertain evidence. This application of signal detection theory in the criminological context is discussed with particular reference to (a) the well known base rate problems in prediction studies; (b) the problem of finding indices of predictive power which are independent of the base rate; (c) the various implications and uses of the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve in evaluating prediction devices. These properties are illustrated by reference to an example taken from research into the area of juvenile offending.
La paroisse, moyen d'intégration religieuse et sociale
Authors: Lercaro G. 
Published: March 2007

Bologna, with its 410,000 inhabitants, faces a number problems on account of its rapid growth. Many immigrants, coming from the countryside around Bolo na, from Ferrara and from the South of Italy, have settled on its rapidly growing borders. Living conditions often leave much to be desired. They certainly do not favour social integration. A campaign to build a number of new churches was launched in the Diocese of Bologna. A plan fort the creation of thirty new parishes was adopted in 1955. It indicated the site of each of the new churches according to sound town planning principles. The new parishes, as the various witnesses show, call for team work directed to build up new commu nities. The faithful take an active part in this effort. Integration is achieved on the social as well as at the religious level. This is particularly due to a series of efforts realised at the parish level and directed towards young men and women.
Parental Images and Representations of God
Authors: Vergote Antoine , Aubert Catherine , Houard Jean 
Published: March 2007

Depuis une dizaine d'années, le « Centre de Psychologie de la Religion » de Louvain s'est attaché à l'étude empirique des figures parentales en tant que médiatrices de la repré sentation de Dieu chez les sujets contemporains. L'instrument élaboré consiste en une liste de 36 qualités, 18 qualités ex pressément paternelles, c'est-à-dire attribuées généralement à la figure du Père, et 18 qualités maternelles, que les sujets doivent associer d'abord aux deux images parentales et ensuite à la figure de Dieu. Et ce, sur une échelle unipolaire à 7 degrés. L'analyse des données fut réalisée essentiellements grâce à la technique des différences sémantiques de Osgood, qui permet de soumettre des significations à des mesures quantitatives et de comparer des profils en terme de distance sémantique. L'échelle sémantique fut élaborée en langue néerlandaise et adaptée ensuite en français. espagnol et anglais. Un des résultats les plus importants fut l'établissement expérimental de la plus grande complexité de la figure pater nelle par rapport à la netteté de la figure maternelle et, par là, du pouvoir symbolique plus grand de l'image du Père dans la médiation de la figure divine. Outre cette analyse globale, les différentes recherches se livrèrent à une étude différentielle très poussée, axée sur les variables pertinentes du sexe, de l'âge et de la formation intellectuelle des sujets. Ensuite, on mit au point un instrument plus complet (32 qualités) et surtout mieux validé grâce à une série d'analyses factorielles. Ce questionnaire, réalisé en langue anglaise, reflète plus étroite ment de la mentalité nord-américaine que le questionnaire original établi sur une population belge néerlandophone. Enfin, receuillant toutes les données fournies par les travaux antérieurs, on entreprit une étude interculturelle, faisant inter venir 4 continents, dans le but de vérifier dans quelle mesure les résultats obtenus par les recherches précédentes étaient dépendants de facteurs culturels.
Religion et bureaucratie — Le problème de l'organisation religieuse
Authors: Kaufmann Franz Xavier 
Published: March 2007

The author notes that despite the work of Troeltsch and Weber, later sociology did not provide substantial treatment of the organizational aspects of religious phenomena. This shortcoming both on the theoretical and empirical level can perhaps be explained by the fact that churches have a ten dency to conceal the problems of their organization behind a quasi-theology, and sociologists do not always avoid the images and interpretations that the churches provide of them selves. The author then cites three reasons which seem to militate in favor of a more thorough analysis of the organizational and bureaucratic aspects of the churches' activity. He also pro poses several ways of reflecting on the faithful's changing per ception of the Catholic Church as well as its democrati zation.
Aspects of Kinship and the Rise of Jehovah's Witnesses in Japan
Authors: Wilson Bryan 
Published: March 2007

Depuis la fin de la deuxième guerre mondiale, la séculari sation s'est très rapidement répandue au Japon. Ce phénomène est lié à l'effondrement de la religion d'Etat (le Shintoisme), à la diminution d'importance du culte des ancètres et au phénomène, mondialement répandu, de l'accroissement des « rôles professionnels anonymes ». Dans le Japon con temporain, la religion traditionnelle n'est plus qu'un vestige du passé. La vie religieuse la plus intense se concentre désor mais au sein des vastes « Associations Bouddhiques de Laics », les « nouvelles religions ». Dans le contexte de vie de plus en plus rationalisé du japon, les méthodes et l'organisation des Témoins de Jéhovah semblent très bien convenir. Au cours des trois dernières années, le nombre de Témoins au Japon s'est accru plus rapidement que dans n'importe quel autre pays du monde et la quantité de Témoins qui sont devenus des pionniers du Mouvement est également beaucoup plus importante qu'ailleurs. L'attrait du Mouvement est certainement renforcé par son style de vie égalitaire, par la conviction absolue et la tranquilité d'esprit qu'il fournit quant à l'avenir, par la force que procure l'appartenance soumise au groupe et par les conseils éclairants qu'il fournit dans de nombreuses situations délicates de la vie, y compris les relations familiales et l'iducation des enfants. Le Mouvement semble se conformer à la vie japonaise bien mieux que d'autres organisations d'inspiration chrétienne. D'un questionnaire auquel répondirent 377 Témoins de Tokyo, il ressort que les femmes jouent un rôle très important dans le Mouvement. Un grand nombre de ceux qui répondirent à ce questionnaire étaient célibataires et beaucoup d'entre eux n'avaient aucun parent au sein du Mouvement. Les commen taires émis au cours des interviews laissent apparaître claire ment que pour beaucoup l'attrait du Mouvement réside dans la discipline, la gentillesse et les qualités se substituant à la parenté dont les Témoins font manifestement preuve.
Flame Retardants for Cotton Using APO and APS-THPC Resins
Authors: Reeves Wilson A. , Drake George L. , Chance Leon H. , Guthrie John D. 
Published: March 2007

A new group of polymers made by reacting tris(1-aziridinyl)phosphine oxide, referred to as APO, or tris(1-aziridinyl)phosphine sulfide, referred to as APS, with tetrakis- (hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride, referred to as THPC, are good permanent-type flame retardants for cotton. All three of the compounds are water-soluble crystalline materials. The application of APO- or APS-THPC resins to textiles consists of padding fabric in an aqueous solution of the compounds, drying the fabric, curing it at about 140° C. for about 5 min. to polymerize the compounds, and then rinsing the fabric to remove any unpolymerized material. About 8% of the resins in 8-oz. cotton twill or sateen is adequate to make the fabric pass the vertical flame test before or after 15 launderings with synthetic detergents, followed by an acid fluoride sour after each laundering. The flame resistance is also very durable to boiling alkaline soap solutions. The properties of fabric treated with these new polymers are, in general, excellent. The hand and strength of the fabric is only slightly different from that of untreated fabric. The flame-resistant fabrics are resistant to rot and mildew.
The Theory of Dyeing Cellulosic Fibers
Authors: Valko Emery I. 
Published: March 2007

The theory of dyeing was developed in the last 25 years, rather lately compared with the history of the synthetic dye industry. This delay was, to a certain extent, unavoidable, since sufficient knowledge of the submicroscopic structure of fibers and of the nature of aqueous dye solutions was not previously available. More recent develop- . ments of the theory are characterized by refinements in details and by its application to specific problems. A complete theory of substantivity has still to await the elucidation of molecular attraction forces by chemical physics, but this does not hinder the basic understanding of the dyeing phenomena. As a main achievement of the theory, mass action laws are formulated which explain and describe the equilibrium of dye absorption. Since the cellulose dyes are ionized and absorbed as ions, cellulose dyeing from the standpoint of absorption equilibrium is more complex than the dyeing of acetate and synthetic fibers with non-ionic disperse dyes. This fact fully explains the tremendous effect of salt observed in direct dyeing of cellulose. It also defines the place of cellulose dyeing in the general framework of a unitary theory of dyeing. The kinetics of dyeing is based on the concept that the rate-determining process in dyeing is the diffusion of the dye from the surface of the fiber into its interior. It can be considered as the second main achievement of the theory that it gives a satis factory description and explanation of the rate of dyeing. The third achievement of the theory of dyeing is the explanation of the trans formations of the dye in the fiber. This was studied by X-ray diffraction and light absorption measurements. The results indicate that soluble dyes and dye-formers are absorbed in monomolecular form by the fiber, but after they are insolubilized, they exhibit in many cases a tendency to crystallize. This explains the behavior of azoic and vat dyes on aftertreatment. The theory provides the dyer with an understanding of his everyday problems, and enables him to supplant empirical craft by scientifically controlled methods. This will be accelerated as the validity of the theory is generally recognized and accepted as a basis for teaching and learning the technology of textile dyeing.
The study of industrial labour in post-colonial India—The formal sector: An introductory review
Authors: Breman Jan 
Published: March 2007

In post-colonial India labour came to be closely associated with industrial work. The agrarian-rural mode of production would come to an end soon to be replaced by large- scale enterprises making use of modern technology and situated in urban localities. The drift of labour from the countryside towards middle- and large-sized cities seemed to herald the approaching transformation towards the type of society that had emerged in the developed part of the world. Employment in the organised sector of the urban economy, although absorbing only a minor portion of the total workforce outside agriculture, became the main focus of studies on work and labour. According to strongly held views the quality of labour left much to be desired and this became a major argument in explaining the low productivity in industry. The Indian worker, rooted in traditional structure and culture was blamed for his—the notion of gender was practically absent—lack of commitment. The growth of India's industrial proletariat was by and large an urban phenomenon. The profile of the emerging workforce is discussed in terms of caste and class, skill formation and employment modalities. Trade unions were instrumental in raising wages, improving conditions of work and dignifying industrial work through labour legislation. But again, this all remained the prerogative of a small segment of industrial workers who found a niche in the formal sector economy.
“Fact” and “Value” in the Thought of Peter Winch
Authors: Brandon William P. 
Published: March 2007

Collingwood's... descendants... will be engaged in conceptual analysis not unlike other modern forms of conceptual analysis but not so isolated, in principle and in practice, from the panorama of the human past, from the rich diversity of contemporary cultures, and from the perplexities of individual experience in art, religion, the privacies of thought, and the publicity of action. They will search out the a priori elements in experience and the empirical genesis of thought. They may try, although they will surely fail, to make the scope of philosophy as wide as life itself, and this attempt would at least be not unwelcome in a time when some of the descendants of Socrates try, although they too will fail, to make the scope of philosophy as narrow as an academic department. Louis O. Mink
Resources, Capacities, and Ownership
Authors: SHAPIRO IAN 
Published: March 2007

Though the Earth, and all inferior Creatures be common to all Men, yet every Man has a Property in his own Person. This no Body has any Right to but himself. The Labour of his Body, and the Work of his hands, we may say, are properly his. Whatsoever then he removes out of the State that Nature hath provided, and left it in, he hath mixed his Labour with, and joyned it to something that is his own, and thereby makes it his Property. It being by him removed from the common state Nature placed it in, hath by his labour something annexed to it, that excludes the common right of other Men. For this Labour being the unquestionable Property of the Labourer, no Man but he can have a right to what that is once joyned to, at least where there is enough, and as good left in common for others. John Locke, Second Treatise of Government, section 27
“Our Complicated System”
Authors: READ JAMES H. 
Published: March 2007

It has been remarked that there is a tendency in all Governments to an augmentation of power at the expense of liberty. But the remark as usually understood does not appear to me well founded.... It is a melancholy reflection that liberty should be equally exposed to danger whether the Government have too much or too little power, and that the line which divides the extremes should be so inaccurately drawn by experience. Madison, letter to Jefferson, October 17, 1788
Cross-Level Challenges for Communication Research
Authors: PRICE VINCENT , RITCHIE L. DAVID , EULAU HEINZ 
Published: March 2007

The articles appearing in this special issue illustrate both the opportunities and the difficulties involved in cross-level communication theory and research.1 They highlight many of the key concepts and questions that surface in discussions of levels of analysis, and extend our thinking about several topical domains within the field by exploring cross-level relationships. The articles also present a variety of arguments, criticisms, and often conflicting suggestions. In short, these essays faithfully reflect the complexities and confusions that attend efforts to close what has been termed “the micro-macro gap” (Eulau, 1986, chap. 3). In this epilogue, we offer our own reflections on some of the issues raised and positions taken in the articles. Because the notion of crossing levels in research implicates both our methods of inquiry and the structure of our theories in various ways, our outline is twofold. First, we discuss some basic conceptual and methodological considerations for cross-level research. Next we turn to matters of theory construction, discussing more generally the ways in which communication researchers can achieve better cross-level theory and research. Along the way, we hope to illustrate some key points of convergence among the articles.
Differences in Text Comprehension Amongst 7-8-Year-Old Children
Authors: Fletcher J. , Pumfrey P. D. 
Published: March 2007

The aim of this research was to compare the effectiveness of the three receptive language modes of oral reading, silent reading and listening, for comprehension of short pieces of text. Thirty-six children were used in the study, aged between 7:06 and 8:06 years old. Three parallel passages at two levels of the Neale Analysis of Reading Ability (NARA) were used as texts. The order of presentation of each mode, and the particular text used for each mode, were both varied as part of the design. A complex Analysis of Variance design was used, incorporating the following independent variables: (a) Reading Attainment of children; (b) Sex of children; (c) Order of presentation of text; (d) Mode of presentation of text; (e) Form of text. The dependent variable was NARA comprehension scores. Interaction effects were noted between certain combinations of the Independent Variables of Attainment, Sex, Form and Order. The Level 1 reading task did not discriminate effectively between the different attainment groups. As a consequence of this, the attitude of certain groups of children to the task seemed to affect their performance more than did their level of attainment. At both Levels 1 and 2 of the NARA the results demonstrated significant differences between the mode groups, with the silent reading group performing more poorly than either the oral reading or listening groups. This was thought to be because: (a) The subjects were free to establish meaning whilst listening, and this assisted comprehension. (b) The subjects' act of verbalization in the oral reading mode, helped to establish meaning.