bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Caspase-mediated cleavage of the exosome subunit PM/Scl-75 during apoptosis
Authors: Schilders Geurt , Raijmakers Reinout , Malmegrim Kelen CR , Walle Lieselotte Vande , Saelens Xavier , Vree Egberts Wilma , van Venrooij Walther J , Vandenabeele Peter , Pruijn Ger JM 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Recent studies have implicated the dying cell as a potential reservoir of modified autoantigens that might initiate and drive systemic autoimmunity in susceptible hosts. A number of subunits of the exosome, a complex of 3'→5' exoribonucleases that functions in a variety of cellular processes, are recognized by the so-called anti-PM/Scl autoantibodies, found predominantly in patients suffering from an overlap syndrome of myositis and scleroderma. Here we show that one of these subunits, PM/Scl-75, is cleaved during apoptosis. PM/Scl-75 cleavage is inhibited by several different caspase inhibitors. The analysis of PM/Scl-75 cleavage by recombinant caspase proteins shows that PM/Scl-75 is efficiently cleaved by caspase-1, to a smaller extent by caspase-8, and relatively inefficiently by caspase-3 and caspase-7. Cleavage of the PM/Scl-75 protein occurs in the C-terminal part of the protein at Asp369 (IILD369↓G), and at least a fraction of the resulting N-terminal fragments of PM/Scl-75 remains associated with the exosome. Finally, the implications of PM/Scl-75 cleavage for exosome function and the generation of anti-PM/Scl-75 autoantibodies are discussed.
Grand Canonical Monte Carlo Simulation Study of Hydrogen Storage in Ordered Mesoporous Carbons at 303 K
Authors: Kowalczyk Piotr , Jaroniec Mietek , Solarz Lech , Terzyk Artur P. , Gauden Piotr A. 
Published: February 2007

Results of Grand Canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulations of hydrogen storage at 303 K in ordered mesoporous carbons (OMCs) which are inverse replicas of cubic Im3¯m silica are presented. Of the ones investigated here, the highest gravimetric total storage of hydrogen (ca. 2 wt% at P = 22 MPa and 303 K) was observed for the OMC replica of the cubic Im3¯m material which was characterized by the largest lattice parameter and internal pore radius of the carbon sphere (a = 9.98 nm and Rint ≈ 3.0 nm). However, the corresponding volumetric density of hydrogen did not exceed 17 kg H2/m3. The highest excess storage was observed for a threshold value given approximately by a ≈ 7.98 nm and Rint ≈ 2.4 nm. Above this value, the excess storage and volumetric density of hydrogen did not change. The adsorption was dominated by the bulk storage, with the adsorbent serving as a tank whose storage properties were governed by the available space for hydrogen molecules (bulk storage) and not by physical adsorption (i.e. densification of the supercritical fluid on the walls of the porous material). The calculated average value for hydrogen adsorption in internal spaces was twice as high as in the internal spaces of the spherical cavities, i.e. in the lattice parameter range of the Im3¯m OMC replicas that were studied experimentally at 303 K. Our calculations indicate that the calculated maximum gravimetric weight per cent and volumetric density of hydrogen lay well below the target of 2010 for 6.0 wt% and 45 kg H2/m3 indicated by the United States Department of Energy. The storage of hydrogen at 303 K and P < 22 MPa in the OMC replicas of the cubic Im3¯m silica was effective against compression of the hydrogen fluid. However, it was not sufficiently effective to justify the application of these materials for the development of fuel cells for the automobile industry.
Children of the Pátria: Representations of Childhood and Welfare State Ideologies at the 1922 Rio de Janeiro International Centennial Exposition
Authors: Wadsworth James E. , Marko Tamera L. 
Published: February 2007

The child does not only belong to the family .... Child rearing is no longer purely a question of family order, it embraces a multitude of interests for the social order .... The problem of childhood is the greatest national dilemma.Brazilian hygienist Dr. Alfredo Ferreira de Magalhães proclaimed his view of child welfare to an elite audience of medical, legal, political, military, and business leaders during the opening ceremonies at the 1922 First Brazilian Congress for the Protection of Childhood held in Rio de Janeiro. For the first time in Brazil, children had become a distinct focus of teachers, lawyers, military leaders, politicians, police, priests, judges, journalists, and novelists who struggled to incorporate liberal and positivistic ideas into public policies and institutions. Members of all classes of Brazilian society had cared for children and had lamented high rates of infant mortality well before the turn of the century. The 1920s movement, however, differed significantly from previous approaches to child welfare in Brazil. This was the first time that elites from such a wide variety of professions and positions of power insisted that the state assume responsibility for funding, implementing, and enforcing child welfare legislation and institutions.
The Spanish Colonial Military: Santo Domingo 1701-1779
Authors: Rivas Christine 
Published: February 2007

It is generally recognized that the grave military reverses of 1762 impelled Charles III “to place his American Empire on a competitive military footing.” A crucial element in this process was the “expansion of the regular, or veteran garrisons. . . .” This is not to say, of course, that there were no military establishments in the Indies before the Seven Years War. Indeed, as Allan J. Kuethe points out:
Ferdinand VI (1746-1759) had inherited from his father, Philip V (1700-1759) a promising defense system that had to its credit a dramatic victory over the British at Cartagena in 1741. But misplaced confidence arising from that very triumph … lulled Ferdinand into an unimaginative perpetuation of his father's system. . . .Yet, how different was this “promising defense system” from that put into place after 1762?
Four Key Roles for Regulation of Biotechnology: Are They Being Fulfilled at the International Level?
Authors: Rhodes Catherine 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe first stage of the argument in this paper is that regulation of the biotechnology revolution is required. Put simply, this is because there will be both positive and negative impacts of the revolution, and there is also the possibility of misuse. In each area that the revolution impacts upon, there are both harms to be avoided and benefits to be promoted. An important component of this will be identification and assessment of risks. Regulation of the biotechnology revolution at local, national and regional levels is important, but the revolution and its impacts are global, and in several issue areas coordinated state action will be required – here international regulation has an essential part to play. When looking at the global impacts of the revolution it is clear that they are not evenly distributed – the benefits of the revolution may fail to reach those who need them most. From this analysis four key roles fro regulation of the biotechnology revolution can be identified: promotion of benefits; identification, assessment and management of risks; prevention or minimisation of negative impacts; and promotion of capacity building. There are various international regulations relevant to the control of the biotechnology revolution, but they do not form a coherent set. This presents problems for fulfilment of the four roles.
Regulating Assisted Reproduction in the EU: Time for a new Directive?
Authors: Vidalis Takis 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThree decades of continuing research on assisted reproduction, particularly on IVF, offer us nowadays a large variety of methods and techniques for supporting successfully the human reproductive abilities. To give some figures, according to recent information by the European Society for Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE), during this period, more than 3 million IVF children have been born worldwide, with a pace of 200000 births per year. In Europe, we have the 56% of these births, with an annual increase of about 10%.
Current Regulation of Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products in the European Union
Authors: Muckenfuss Heide , Cichutek Klaus , Flory Egbert 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe rapid biotechnological progress has promoted the development of novel medicinal therapies which are currently changing medical practice substantially. Patients may benefit from new opportunities for the treatment of various diseases, but on the other hand new risks have to be faced. To ensure timely access of patients to innovative medicines while taking safety aspects into consideration, an appropriate legislation is needed. This review aims at giving an overview of the role of the so called “Advanced Therapy Products” in today's medical practice and describes their current regulation in the European Union (EU).
Valproic Acid Affects Membrane Trafficking and Cell-Wall Integrity in Fission Yeast
Authors: Miyatake Makoto , Kuno Takayoshi , Kita Ayako , Katsura Kosaku , Takegawa Kaoru , Uno Satoshi , Nabata Toshiya , Sugiura Reiko 
Published: February 2007

AbstractValproic acid (VPA) is widely used to treat epilepsy and manic-depressive illness. Although VPA has been reported to exert a variety of biochemical effects, the exact mechanisms underlying its therapeutic effects remain elusive. To gain further insights into the molecular mechanisms of VPA action, a genetic screen for fission yeast mutants that show hypersensitivity to VPA was performed. One of the genes that we identified was vps45+, which encodes a member of the Sec1/Munc18 family that is implicated in membrane trafficking. Notably, several mutations affecting membrane trafficking also resulted in hypersensitivity to VPA. These include ypt3+ and ryh1+, both encoding a Rab family protein, and apm1+, encoding the μ1 subunit of the adaptor protein complex AP-1. More importantly, VPA caused vacuolar fragmentation and inhibited the glycosylation and the secretion of acid phosphatase in wild-type cells, suggesting that VPA affects membrane trafficking. Interestingly, the cell-wall-damaging agents such as micafungin or the inhibition of calcineurin dramatically enhanced the sensitivity of wild-type cells to VPA. Consistently, VPA treatment of wild-type cells enhanced their sensitivity to the cell-wall-digesting enzymes. Altogether, our results suggest that VPA affects membrane trafficking, which leads to the enhanced sensitivity to cell-wall damage in fission yeast.
Toward Creating Family-Friendly Work Environments in Pediatrics: Baseline Data From Pediatric Department Chairs and Pediatric Program Directors
Authors: McPhillips Heather A. , Burke Ann E. , Sheppard Kate , Pallant Adam , Stapleton F. Bruder , Stanton Bonita 
Published: February 2007

OBJECTIVE. The objective was to determine baseline characteristics of pediatric residency training programs and academic departments in regard to family-friendly work environments as outlined in the Report of the Task Force on Women in Pediatrics.METHODS. We conducted Web-based anonymous surveys of 147 pediatric department chairs and 203 pediatric program directors. The chair's questionnaire asked about child care, lactation facilities, family leave policies, work-life balance, and tenure and promotion policies. The program director's questionnaire asked about family leave, parenting, work-life balance, and perceptions of “family-friendliness.”RESULTS. The response rate was 52% for program directors and 51% for chairs. Nearly 60% of chairs reported some access to child care or provided assistance locating child care; however, in half of these departments, demand almost always exceeded supply. Lactation facilities were available to breastfeeding faculty in 74% of departments, although only 57% provided access to breast pumps. A total of 78% of chairs and 90% of program directors reported written maternity leave policies with slightly fewer reporting paternity leave policies. The majority (83%) of chairs reported availability of part-time employment, whereas only 27% of program directors offered part-time residency options. Most departments offered some flexibility in promotion and tenure.CONCLUSIONS. Although progress has been made, change still is needed in many areas in pediatric departments and training programs, including better accessibility to quality child care; improved lactation facilities for breastfeeding mothers; clear, written parental leave policies; and flexible work schedules to accommodate changing demands of family life.
Putting it on Paper
Authors: Silver Henry M. 
Published: February 2007

The following article, written at the suggestion of the editor of PMLA∗ confines itself almost wholly to the mechanics of manuscript preparation and to the handling of proofs. It is addressed to those scholars who, from time to time, submit their writings to learned journals. It has been read by, and corrected by, editors both of other journals and of university presses.Scholarly editors seem not infrequently to be harassed by the very people who should be their pride and joy, the apples of their editorial eyes—their contributors. And this is strange, because, much as the editor needs his contributors, the more do the contributors need him.
Time Will Away
Authors: Kimball LeRoy E. 
Published: February 2007

The title of these remarks would imply a “swan song,” which they are, but perhaps the content should have some such title as “Three Good Men in the Same Boat.”The Modern Language Association is now seventy-one years old. During approximately one-half of those years—since 1920, to be exact—we have been exceedingly fortunate in having in succession three scholarly executives who have given the major portion of their waking hours to their work as Secretary and Editor: Carleton Brown (1920–34), Percy Long (1935–47), and William R. Parker, who since October 1947 has been Secretary and since 1948 Editor of PMLA.
Drayton and the Voyagers
Authors: Cawley Robert Ralston 
Published: February 2007

Few poets typify Elizabethan patriotism so completely as Michael Drayton. His most ambitious poem, Polyolbion, is a fond effort to record the chorographic intricacies of his beloved isle. But he does more than that: he often transfers his interest from landscape to human beings. Thus in the Nineteenth Song he passes easily from rivers to men, paying his homage to those responsible for English prestige at sea. The rivers Orwell and Stour reach an agreement:(156-162) And lastly they agreeThat since the Britans hence their first discoveries made,And that into the East they first were taught to trade,Besides, of all the Roads, and Havens of the East,This Harbour where they meet is reckoned for the best.Our voyages by sea and brave discoveries known,Their argument they make, and thus they sing their own.
The Wager in Cymbeline
Authors: Lawrence William Witherle 
Published: February 2007

“Why,” said la Beale Isoud,…. “ye may not be called a
good knight, but if ye make a quarrel for a lady.”Morte Darthur, x, lvi.It has long been the fashion, when Cymbeline has been under discussion, to cite Dr. Johnson's famous criticism, and indeed one feels a whimsical joy in setting down so delightful a bit of square-toed dogmatism. “This play has many just sentiments, some natural dialogues, and some pleasing scenes, but they are obtained at the expense of much incongruity. To remark the folly of the fiction, the absurdity of the conduct, the confusion of the names and manners of different times, and the impossibility of the events in any system of life, were to waste criticism upon unresisting imbecility, upon faults too evident for detection, and too gross for aggravation.” The really significant thing, however, which makes this opinion worth repeating, is that so many of the best modern critics have expressed substantial agreement with it. Sir Walter Raleigh thinks that “Johnson speaks truly and moderately,” and Dr. H. H. Furness said, “Ay, Dr. Johnson was right in his estimate of this play of Cymbeline,—the sweetest, tenderest, profoundest of almost all the immortal galaxy.” Most writers, while not agreeing directly with Johnson, have taken a half-puzzled, half-apologetic attitude; they have obviously felt what Dr. Furness calls “deterioration” here, after the splendid achievement of the great tragedies and the Roman plays.
XXIV. Sainte-Beuve and Pope
Authors: MacClintock Lander 
Published: February 2007

It was late in life that Sainte-Beuve wrote to a correspondent:Je suis resté, malgré tout, de l'école d'Horace, du chantre de la forêt de Windsor, et même en n'y mettant plus de tout de passion, je reste obstiné par ce côté de mon esprit et dans ce for intérieur de mon sentiment.This declaration is often cited as a sort of summary and synthesis of his critical theory and experience, witnessing his fixed and final preference for the Classical manner, a preference which he promptly and constantly declared after his conclusive break with the Romantics in 1838. The interest of the scholar is immediately aroused by two things in the passage: the fact that he calls the group or roll of writers whom he indicates a “school”; and more especially by the names he singles out as representing the “school” to which he declares his allegiance— Horace and Pope.
Perolopez Ranjel, Farca a Honor & Reuerencia del Glorioso Nascimiento (Early Sixteenth Century)
Authors: Gillet Joseph E. 
Published: February 2007

This play was unknown to Moratín. When it was examined by Ticknor, it was part of a volume belonging to M. Ternaux-Compans, which contained, besides, the anonymous Farça a manera de tragedia, Güete's Tesorina and Vidriana, the Radiana of Ortiz, Villalón's Tragedia de Mirrha (Medina del Campo, 1536) and the anonymous Jacinta. La Barrera's notice, probably borrowed from Ticknor, states—I believe wrongly, if I have correctly understood Ticknor—that the play was in a collection with other farces, “dos de ellas impresas en 1536.”Taken together, the descriptions of Salvá, who has given a summary of the play and reproduced 146 lines, and of Heredia, who gave an exact reproduction of the title-page, are satisfactory. Kohler, who does not seem to have known of Salvá's extracts, speaks of the piece as though it were lost and reproduces La Barrera's notice. From Ternaux-Compans the only known copy passed, now separately bound, through Salva to the Madrid Biblioteca Nacional, where it is now preserved under the signature R.3658.
The Supernaturalism of Maupassant
Authors: Atkin Ernest George 
Published: February 2007

In Recalling a story told by Turgenieff at one of Flaubert's Sunday gatherings, Maupassant writes:Personne plus que le grand romancier russe ne sut faire passer dans l'âme ce frisson de l'inconnu voilé, et, dans la demi-lumière d'un conte étrange, laisser entrevoir tout un monde de choses inquiétantes, incertaines, menaçantes. Avec lui, on la sent bien, la peur de l'Invisible, la peur de l'inconnu qui est derrière le mur, derrière la porte, derrière la vie apparente. . . . . On croit sentir, avec lui, un fil imperceptible qui nous guide d'une façon mystérieuse à travers la vie, comme à travers un rêve nébuleux dont le sens nous échappe sans cesse. Il n'entre point hardiment dans le surnaturel, comme Edgar Poë ou Hoffmann, il raconte des histoires simples où se mêle seulement quelque chose d'un peu troublant.1
Burton on Spenser
Authors: Hughes Merritt Y. 
Published: February 2007

Robert Burton has never been known as a commentator on The Faerie Queene and he certainly did not aspire to that honor, but it is my purpose in this article to show that unconsciously he left a valuable set of notes on Spenser's work. Burton was not a critic and his one critical remark about The Faerie Queene sounds oddly to-day, although readers of M. Jusserand's remarks in his Literary History of the English People on Spenser's borrowings from Ariosto will remember some ideas that chime with what Burton says in the passage in question. In his analysis of love-melancholy in the Third Part of The Anatomy of Melancholy he remarked casually:Our new Ariostoes, Boyards, Authors of Arcadia, Urania, Faerie Queene, &c., Marullus, Leotichius, Angerianus, Stroza, Secundus, Capellanus, &c., with the best of these facete modern poets have written in this kind, are but so many symptoms of love. Their whole books are a synopsis or breviary of love, the portuous of love, legends of lovers' lives and deaths, and of their memorable adventures, nay more, quod leguntur, quod laudantur, amori debent.
Rose and Cypress
Authors: Malone Kemp 
Published: February 2007

The romantic tale of Gul o Sanaubar ‘Rose and Cypress’ is one of the traductions de l'Hindoustani which Garcin de Tassy printed in 1876. In his avertissement the translator explains :j'ai réuni dans ce volume quelques-unes de mes traductions .... de récits .... publiés anciennement et depuis longtemps épuisés.... Je n'ai reproduit ni les textes, ni les préfaces, ni les notes d'érudition qui accompagnaient les premières éditions de quelques-unes de ces traductions.....
Friedrich Hebbel's Use of Jewels
Authors: Porterfield Allen W. 
Published: February 2007

The student of Friedrich Hebbel cannot proceed very far without being impressed by his robustness. To cite a single illustration of his emphatic, indeed violent, language, in his Genoveva (III, 10), Golo, having reached the climax of his illicit intentions, rushes at the heroine and exclaims: “Nun bist du mein.” A struggle ensues. Golo hurls the crucifix from Genoveva and says:. . . . Und ob der Heiland selbstSich stellen wollte zwischen Dich und mich:Zu seinen sieben Wunden gäb' ich ihmDie achte. . . .Stronger language than that can hardly be used; but in such exemplifications of rhetorical virility Hebbel's works abound.
The First Printer of Tristram Shandy
Authors: Curtis Lewis P. 
Published: February 2007

In an attempt to determine the place of issue of the first edition of the first two volumes of Tristram Shandy the biographer of Laurence Sterne, Governor Wilbur Cross, has denied the traditional belief that the book was printed at York and has written as follows:All copies of the first edition in two volumes (so far as they have been inspected by the present writer or described by others at first hand) contain on the title-page the title: “The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman,” a Greek quotation from the Encheiridion of Epictetus, the number of the volume, and the date “1760.” There is nothing more; no place of issue, no name of publisher, no name of author. It is the same for all copies extant, so far as they are known. … The notion which still half obtains that there was an earlier private edition of Tristram Shandy, perhaps bearing on the title-page “York, 1759,” is erroneous. The paper and the typography of the first edition of the first two volumes are essentially the same as those of the third and fourth volumes, which were printed in London the next year for R. and J. Dodsley. It is of course possible, though not probable, that Dodsley, in bringing out the second instalment of the book, matched the paper and the type of a York printer; but the natural inference is that Dodsley, on terms not now known, likewise had the first edition of the first instalment printed in London for Hinxman; that he kept with reluctance a bundle for the London market, and sent the rest down to York, to his former apprentice, who may be regarded as the real publisher of Tristram Shandy, in so far as it had any outside of the author. … The book was quietly placed on sale at York, without any advertisement in the local newspaper until February 12, 1760.