bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Flame‐retardancy and anti‐dripping effects of intumescent flame retardant incorporating montmorillonite on poly(lactic acid)
Authors: Li Shumao , Yuan Hua , Yu Tao , Yuan Weizhong , Ren Jie 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIn the present study, the effects of intumescent flame retardant (IFR) incorporating organically modified montmorillonite (O‐MMT) on the flame retardancy and melt stability of PLA were investigated. The flame‐retardant PLA was prepared using a twin‐screw extruder and a two roll mill. Then, the influence of IFR and MMT on flame retardancy and melt stability was thoroughly investigated by means of limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning test, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electronic microscopy, melt flow index (MFI), and parallel plate rheological experiments. The experimental results show that the IFR system in combination with MMT has excellent fire retardancy, i.e. the sample could achieve a UL94 V‐0 rating and LOI value increases from 20.1 for pristine PLA to 27.5 for the flame‐retarded PLA. MFI and rheological measurement indicate that O‐MMT significantly enhances the melt stability and suppresses the melt dripping. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MassMatrix: A database search program for rapid characterization of proteins and peptides from tandem mass spectrometry data
Authors: Xu Hua , Freitas Michael A. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractMassMatrix is a program that matches tandem mass spectra with theoretical peptide sequences derived from a protein database. The program uses a mass accuracy sensitive probabilistic score model to rank peptide matches. The MS/MS search software was evaluated by use of a high mass accuracy dataset and its results compared with those from MASCOT, SEQUEST, X!Tandem, and OMSSA. For the high mass accuracy data, MassMatrix provided better sensitivity than MASCOT, SEQUEST, X!Tandem, and OMSSA for a given specificity and the percentage of false positives was 2%. More importantly all manually validated true positives corresponded to a unique peptide/spectrum match. The presence of decoy sequence and additional variable PTMs did not significantly affect the results from the high mass accuracy search. MassMatrix performs well when compared with MASCOT, SEQUEST, X!Tandem, and OMSSA with regard to search time. MassMatrix was also run on a distributed memory clusters and achieved search speeds of ∼100 000 spectra per hour when searching against a complete human database with eight variable modifications. The algorithm is available for public searches at http://www.massmatrix.net.
A simple workflow to increase MS2 identification rate by subsequent spectral library search
Authors: Ahrné Erik , Masselot Alexandre , Binz Pierre‐Alain , Müller Markus , Lisacek Frederique 
Published: February 2009

AbstractSearching a spectral library for the identification of protein MS/MS data has proven to be a fast and accurate method, while yielding a high identification rate. We investigated the potential to increase peptide discovery rate, with little increase in computational time, by constructing a workflow based on a sequence search with Phenyx followed by a library search with SpectraST. Searching a consensus library compiled from the search results of the prior Phenyx search increased the number of confidently matched spectra by up to 156%. Additionally matched spectra by SpectraST included noisy spectra, spectra representing missed cleaved peptides as well as spectra from post‐translationally modified peptides.
Mixed valence of a delocalized system: a resonance Raman study of the tetracyanoquinodimethane radical anion
Authors: Hoekstra Ryan M. , Zink Jeffrey I. , Telo João P. , Nelsen Stephen F. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe optical absorption spectrum and resonance Raman enhancement of the lowest energy absorption band of K+7,7,8,8‐tetracyanoquinodimethane− (TCNQ) are reported and examined in the mixed valence (MV) framework. The absorption spectrum is assigned, in accordance with previous work, using Koopmans‐based calculations and the neighboring orbital model is constructed from the adiabatic orbital energies. Calculated fits of the lowest energy absorption band and the corresponding resonance Raman enhancement profiles are made using the time‐dependent theory of spectroscopy. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Karst processes and phenomena in the perennially frozen carbonate rocks of the middle Lena River basin
Authors: Spektor V. B. , Spektor V. V. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractVarious karst processes and karst phenomena at scales from the macro to the micro occur in the cryolithozone of the middle Lena River basin. Karst processes have a warming impact on the enclosing perennially cryotic rocks and favour the formation of intra‐permafrost taliks at depths ranging from a few to several tens of metres. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mesotrione control and pigment concentration of large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis) under varying environmental conditions
Authors: McCurdy James D , McElroy J Scott , Kopsell Dean A , Sams Carl E 
Published: February 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: Mesotrione is a carotenoid biosynthesis‐inhibiting herbicide currently labeled for crabgrass (Digitaria spp.) control. Mesotrione control of large crabgrass has been reported to vary with temperature and relative humidity; however, the effect of irradiance on mesotrione efficacy has not previously been reported. Likewise, little is known about pigment concentrations of Digitaria spp. The present research investigated the effects of mesotrione on large crabgrass, Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop., control and pigment concentrations under varying irradiance at three temperatures.RESULTS: Mesotrione (0.28 kg ha−1) control of large crabgrass did not differ between temperature levels (18, 26 and 32 °C). Control was similar at tested irradiance levels (600, 1100 and 1600 µmol m−2 s−1). Mesotrione reduced large crabgrass chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total carotenoid concentrations, as well as chlorophyll a to b ratios. Treated plant bleaching was highest 7 days after treatment (DAT) but decreased by 21 DAT. Treated plants were less than 10% necrotic 3 and 7 DAT but nearly 35% necrotic 21 DAT. Treated large crabgrass bleaching was highest and photochemical efficiency was lowest 7 DAT. These results indicate that some plant recovery occurs prior to 21 DAT.CONCLUSION: Although mesotrione efficacy has previously been reported to vary according to environmental factors, mesotrione control of large crabgrass did not vary with measured temperature and irradiance levels in this study. On account of crabgrass convalescence, secondary applications of mesotrione may control large crabgrass more effectively when applied prior to 21 DAT. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Preparation of SnS films by low temperature sulfurization
Authors: Minemura Takehiro , Miyauchi Keisuke , Noguchi Koji , Ohtsuka Kenichi , Nakanishi Hisayuki , Sugiyama Mutsumi 
Published: February 2009

AbstractPolycrystalline tin sulfide (SnS) films were grown by sulfurization of Sn precursor at low temperatures of 120–220 °C. The p‐ type conductivity SnS film grown at 170 °C comprises densely packed 3–5‐μm‐diameter columnar grains, which is appropriate for use in photoabsorption layers of solar cells. The SnS film had an optical bandgap of about 1.3 eV. Using an appropriate SnS film, n ‐CdS/p ‐SnS heterojunction was fabricated on Mo‐coated soda‐lime glass substrates. These results are the first step toward realizing an optical device as a solar cell using a SnS film grown using sulfurization. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Mechanisms of hopping conductivity of p‐CdSb:Ni in magnetic field
Authors: Laiho R. , Lashkul A. V. , Lisunov K. G. , Lähderanta E. , Shakhov M. A. , Zakhvalinskii V. S. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractHopping conductivity in single crystals of the group II‐V anisotropic diluted magnetic semiconductor p‐CdSb:Ni, oriented along the [100] (# 1), [010] (# 2) and [001] (# 3) axes, is investigated in zero and pulsed magnetic fields B. At B = 0 the Mott variable‐range hopping (VRH) conductivity is observed in # 2, and the Shklovskii‐Efros VRH conductivity in # 1 and # 3 at T ≤ 2.5 K. However, in weak fields of B < 6 T temperature dependence of the resistivity gives evidence for the Mott VRH conductivity in # 1 below ∼ 4.2 K, whereas in # 2 and # 3 the nearest‐neighbour hopping (NNH) conductivity is observed between 3–4.2 K and between 1.5–4.2 K, respectively. Eventually, in high magnetic fields of B up to ∼ 15 T and T ≤ 4.2 K only the NNH conductivity is observed in all investigated samples. The analysis of the resistivity data yields the set of microscopic parameters, such as the localization radius, the widths of the Coulomb gap and of the impurity band, the density of the localized states and the anisotropy coefficients, as well as the values of the acceptor concentration and the dielectric permittivity. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Thin‐film layers and multilayer nano‐structures with controllable properties
Authors: Goncharova O. , Gremenok V. , Kravchenko V. , Leonova T. , Zaretskaya E. , Bente K. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractCorrelations between the electrical and optical properties of the experimental periodical multilayers and reference thin film layers with defined microstructure have been investigated. The results indicate that thin film multilayers composed of nanolayers with thicknesses 150–10 nm might be suggested as low‐cost materials with controllable microstructure and properties. High‐quality multilayer structures with dielectric and semiconductor nanocrystals prepared by thermal evaporation show properties, which is related to high‐quality nanocrystals, but at the same time depends strongly on the defect content, especially as far as their 1–2 ps nonlinearities are concerned. Critical factors are nanocrystal purity and metal excess collection in their boundaries regions. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Impurity band conduction and negative magnetoresistance in p‐ZnSnAs2 thin films
Authors: Asubar Joel T. , Jinbo Yoshio , Uchitomi Naotaka 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe previously reported transport properties data of the undoped ZnSnAs2 grown on semi‐insulating InP substrates by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) have been reviewed and analysed. We have found out that the temperature dependence of Hall coefficient and resistivity can be well explained by the impurity band model proposed by Isomura and Tomioka. By using the said model, we were able to resolve the experimentally obtained carrier concentration pexp and mobility μexp into valence band carrier concentration pv with mobility μv and acceptor band carrier concentration pa with mobility μa. The computed apparent values papp and μapp are in good agreement with pexp and μexp, respectively. To support the validity of the model, we also have confirmed the presence at low temperatures of negative magnetoresistance expected if impurity band conduction is predominant. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Persistent phenomena in the electrical characteristics of solar cells based on Cu(In,Ga)S2
Authors: Krysztopa A. , Igalson M. , Papathanasiou N. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractCurrent‐voltage and capacitance‐voltage characteristics of ZnO/CdS/CuInGaS2 solar cells have been measured in order to investigate persistent changes induced by the reverse bias stress or light soaking. Significant metastable fill factor loss after red illumination under reverse bias condition has been observed. We show a correspondence between relaxation times of the capacitance and photovoltaic parameters after all treatments proving that defects in the absorber are responsible for the changes. Similar phenomena have been observed in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 based devices, therefore we propose similar explanation – negative‐U defects in Cu(In,Ga)S2 which create a highly negatively charged layer close to the interface. They are responsible also for a difference between current transport in the dark and under illumination. Moreover, these defects seem to be a source of an limitation of the open circuit voltage in these devices. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Neutralization of local and systemic toxicity of Daboia russelii venom by Morus alba plant leaf extract
Authors: Chandrashekara K. T. , Nagaraju S. , Nandini S. Usha , Basavaiah  , Kemparaju K. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractAntivenom therapy is the current best therapy available for the treatment of fatal snake envenomation. However, the antivenom offers less or no protection against local effects such as extensive edema, hemorrhage, dermo‐, myonecrosis and inflammation at the envenomed region. Viperidae snakes are highly known for their violent local effects and such effects have been commonly treated with plant extracts without any scientific validation in rural India. In this investigation Morus alba plant leaf extract has been studied against the Indian Vipera/Daboia russelii venom induced local and systemic effects. The extract completely abolished the in vitro proteolytic and hyaluronolytic activities of the venom. Edema, hemorrhage and myonecrotic activities were also neutralized efficiently. In addition, the extract partially inhibited the pro‐coagulant activity and completely abolished the degradation of Aα chain of human fibrinogen. Thus, the extract processes potent antisnake venom property, especially against the local and systemic effects of Daboia russelii venom. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In vitro Derby Imaging of Cancer Biomarkers Using Quantum Dots
Authors: Ko Mee Hyang , Kim Soonhag , Kang Won Jun , Lee Jung Hwan , Kang Hyungu , Moon Sung Hwan , Hwang Do Won , Ko Hae Young , Lee Dong Soo 
Published: February 2009

AbstractSemiconductor quantum dots (QDs), which have broad absorption with narrow emission spectra, are useful for multiplex imaging. Here, fluorescence derby imaging using dual color QDs conjugated by the AS1411 aptamer (targeting nucleolin) and the arginine–glycine–aspartic acid (targeting the integrin αvβ3) in cancer cells is reported. Simultaneous fluorescence imaging of cellular distribution of nucleolin and integrin αvβ3 using QDs enables easy monitoring of separate targets in the cancer cells and the normal healthy cells. These results suggest the feasibility of a concurrent visualization of QD‐based multiple cancer biomarkers using small molecules such as aptamer or peptide ligands.
Differential Requirement for Nucleostemin in Embryonic Stem Cell and Neural Stem Cell Viability
Authors: Nomura Jun , Maruyama Masayoshi , Katano Miyuki , Kato Hidemasa , Zhang Jiaxing , Masui Shinji , Mizuno Yosuke , Okazaki Yasushi , Nishimoto Masazumi , Okuda Akihiko 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Stem cells have the remarkable ability to self-renew and to generate multiple cell types. Nucleostemin is one of proteins that are enriched in many types of stem cells. Targeted deletion of nucleostemin in the mouse results in developmental arrest at the implantation stage, indicating that nucleostemin is crucial for early embryogenesis. However, the molecular basis of nucleostemin function in early mouse embryos remains largely unknown, and the role of nucleostemin in tissue stem cells has not been examined by gene targeting analyses due to the early embryonic lethality of nucleostemin null animals. To address these questions, we generated inducible nucleostemin null embryonic stem (ES) cells in which both alleles of nucleostemin are disrupted, but nucleostemin cDNA under the control of a tetracycline-responsive transcriptional activator is introduced into the Rosa26 locus. We show that loss of nucleostemin results in reduced cell proliferation and increased apoptosis in both ES cells and ES cell-derived neural stem/progenitor cells. The reduction in cell viability is much more profound in ES cells than in neural stem/progenitor cells, an effect that is mediated at least in part by increased induction and accumulation of p53 and/or activated caspase-3 in ES cells than in neural stem/progenitor cells.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
In‐situ observation of chemical state change of sulfur in solid targets during MeV proton irradiation
Authors: Tada T. , Fukuda H. , Hasegawa J. , Oguri Y. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractChange of fine structures of K x‐ray spectra for sulfur compound targets during MeV proton irradiation was observed in‐situ using a high‐resolution wavelength‐dispersive (WD) x‐ray spectrograph. Five standard samples of sulfur with different chemical states (MoS2, Na2SO3, (NH4)2SO4, Na2SO4, and Na2S2O3) were prepared for this measurement. The proton energy, beam current, and beam spot diameter were 2 MeV, 25–120 nA, and 16 mm2, respectively. We found that the sulfur Kα1 line energy for the Na2SO3 sample (originally S4+) became higher with increase of the proton dose. After irradiation of more than 108 Gy, the Kα1 energy for the Na2SO3 sample was nearly equal to that for the Na2SO4 sample (originally S6+). This result indicates that most of the S4+ on the Na2SO3 target surface has changed into S6+ through the irradiation. Dependence of the chemical state change on the absorption dose and beam current density is also discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bullae Ablation in Primary Spontaneous Pneumothorax
Authors: Liu Yun‐Hen , Chao Yin‐Kai , Wu Yi‐Chen , Hsieh Ming‐Ju , Wu Ching‐Yang , Lu Ming‐Shian , Liu Chien‐Ying , Ko Po‐Jen , Liu Hui‐Ping 
Published: February 2009

AbstractBackgroundThe benefit of bullae ablation for the management of primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP) has been established. However, various modalities for bullae ablation have been reported from different centers.ObjectiveThe present study aimed to assess whether endoloop ligation of bullae was as effective as staple bullectomy for preventing the recurrence of pneumothorax.MethodsBetween January 1993 and December 2003, 226 patients (203 men and 23 women) with PSP were recorded and retrospectively reviewed. One hundred thirty (57.5%) patients were treated with endoloop ligation of bullae and the other 96 (42.5%) were treated with staple bullectomy. Mechanical abrasion was performed in all patients after bullae ablation.ResultsThe recurrence rate of pneumothorax was 6.2% (8 patients) in the endoloop ligation group and 17.7% (17 patients) in the staple bullectomy group (p = 0.006). The postoperative complication rate was 14.6 and 20.8% in the endoloop ligation and staple bullectomy groups, respectively (p = 0.221). The long‐term chest discomfort rate after endoloop ligation and staple bullectomy was 14.6 and 13.5%, respectively (p = 0.819)ConclusionsEndoloop ligation of bullae is as effective as mechanical staple bullectomy for the management of bullae in primary spontaneous pneumothorax.
Bilateral Neck Exploration in Primary Hyperparathyroidism—When Is It Selected and How Is It Performed?
Authors: Moalem Jacob , Guerrero Marlon , Kebebew Electron 
Published: February 2009

AbstractBackgroundAlthough most patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) are ideal candidates for minimally invasive parathyroidectomy, some will have more than one enlarged gland and require bilateral neck exploration to achieve biochemical cure. We evaluated the clinical evidence for when to choose bilateral neck exploration for patients with PHPT.MethodsWe searched PubMed for English‐language studies published from 1996 to 2008. The level of clinical evidence was determined according to the criteria proposed by Sackett (Chest 95[2 Suppl]:2S, 1989), and the grade of recommendation was established according to the criteria proposed by Heinrich et al. (Ann Surg 243:154, 2006).ResultsLevel III–IV evidence shows that patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) 1 and PHPT should have a bilateral neck exploration (grade C recommendation). Only level IV evidence indicates that patients with familial PHPT should do so (no recommendation). Although most patients with MEN 2A have single‐gland disease, bilateral neck exploration is still indicated, because they will have either a therapeutic or prophylactic total thyroidectomy for medullary thyroid cancer. A history of head and neck irradiation is associated with PHPT, but the risk of multi‐gland parathyroid disease is apparently no higher than in sporadic cases (level IV evidence, no recommendation). Previous or current lithium therapy confers a higher risk of multi‐gland disease (25%–45%; level IV–V evidence), which may require bilateral neck exploration. Preoperative localizing studies reliably identify most patients with single‐gland but not multi‐gland disease (level II–IV evidence). Negative localizing studies confer an approximately 50% risk of multi‐gland disease and indicate that bilateral neck exploration is necessary. If two localizing studies are concordant, few patients will require bilateral neck exploration (level IV, no recommendation).ConclusionsNo level I or II evidence reliably identifies preoperative clinical risk factors for determining which patients should have routine bilateral neck exploration for multi‐gland disease or for intraoperative decision making to convert to bilateral neck exploration. Imaging studies are positive in most patients (level II). No randomized studies exist to determine when a bilateral neck exploration is indicated based on clinical risk factors or imaging studies that may suggest multi‐gland disease.
Vacuum‐Assisted Closure of Postoperative Abdominal Wounds: A Prospective Study
Authors: Subramonia Sriram , Pankhurst Sarah , Rowlands Brian J. , Lobo Dileep N. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractBackgroundWe aimed to study outcome in patients with an open abdomen in whom the abdominal vacuum‐assisted closure system (V.A.C.® Therapy™) was used to provide temporary cover and achieve wound closure.MethodsAll patients in whom V.A.C. Therapy was used to manage laparotomy wounds between February 2006 and May 2007 at a University Teaching Hospital were followed up prospectively until successful completion or stoppage of V.A.C. Therapy.ResultsOf the 51 consecutive patients (33 male), V.A.C. Therapy was used to manage a laparostomy in 10 patients and abdominal wound dehiscence in 41. Median (IQR) duration of V.A.C. Therapy was 17 (7–26) days. Wound healing was achieved in 31 (61%) patients, four of whom had additional surgery to assist wound closure. The rest healed by secondary intention. Treatment was withdrawn due to therapy‐related complications in nine patients and due to medical or logistical reasons in seven. Four patients died while on therapy. While most V.A.C. Therapy‐related problems were minor, two patients developed enteric fistulae that necessitated surgical repair. At a median (IQR) follow‐up of 8 (4–13) months, 18 patients had stable cutaneous coverage with no incisional hernia, 12 developed an incisional hernia, 9 were lost to follow‐up, and 12 died.ConclusionsV.A.C. Therapy is a useful adjunct in the management of the open abdomen and should be considered in the treatment of this problem. Restoration of cutaneous and fascial integrity of the abdominal wall, the risk of fistulisation, and the cost‐effectiveness of this therapy require further evaluation.