bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Median effective dose of isoflurane, sevoflurane, and desflurane in green iguanas
Authors: Barter Linda S. , Hawkins Michelle G. , Brosnan Robert J. , Antognini Joseph F. , Pypendop Bruno H. 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Objective—To determine the median effective dose (ED50; equivalent to the minimum alveolar concentration [MAC]) of isoflurane, sevoflurane, and desflurane for anesthesia in iguanas.
Animals—6 healthy adult green iguanas.
Procedure—In unmedicated iguanas, anesthesia was induced and maintained with each of the 3 volatile drugs administered on separate days according to a Latin square design. Iguanas were endotracheally intubated, mechanically ventilated, and instrumented for cardiovascular and respiratory measurements. During each period of anesthesia, MAC was determined in triplicate. The mean value of 2 consecutive expired anesthetic concentrations, 1 that just permitted and 1 that just prevented gross purposeful movement in response to supramaximal electrical stimulus, and that were not different by more than 15%, was deemed the MAC.
Results—Mean ± SD values for the third MAC determination for isoflurane, sevoflurane, and desflurane were 1.8 ± 0.3%, 3.1 ± 1.0%, and 8.9 ± 2.1% of atmospheric pressure, respectively. The MAC for all inhaled agents was, on average, 22% greater for the first measurement than for the third measurement.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Over time, MACs decreased for all 3 agents. Final MAC measurements were similar to values reported for other species. The decrease in MACs over time may be at least partly explained by limitations of anesthetic uptake and distribution imposed by the reptilian cardiorespiratory system. Hence, for a constant end-tidal anesthetic concentration in an iguana, the plane of anesthesia may deepen over time, which could contribute to increased morbidity during prolonged procedures.
Effects of phenylbutazone alone or in combination with flunixin meglumine on blood protein concentrations in horses
Authors: Reed Shannon K. , Messer Nathaniel T. , Tessman Ronald K. , Keegan Kevin G. 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Objective—To assess effects of treatment with phenylbutazone (PBZ) or a combination of PBZ and flunixin meglumine in horses.
Animals—24 adult horses.
Procedure—13 horses received nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in a crossover design. Eleven control horses were exposed to similar environmental conditions. Treated horses received PBZ (2.2 mg/kg, PO, q 12 h, for 5 days) and a combination of PBZ and flunixin meglumine (PBZ, 2.2 mg/kg, PO, q 12 h, for 5 days; flunixin meglumine, 1.1 mg/kg, IV, q 12 h, for 5 days). Serum samples were obtained on day 0 (first day of treatment) and day 5, and total protein, albumin, and globulin were measured.
Results—1 horse was euthanatized with severe hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia, and colitis during the combination treatment. Comparisons revealed no significant difference between control horses and horses treated with PBZ alone. There was a significant difference between control and treated horses when administered a combination of PBZ and flunixin meglumine. Correction for horses with values >2 SDs from the mean revealed a significant difference between control horses and horses administered the combination treatment, between control horses and horses administered PBZ alone, and between horses receiving the combination treatment and PBZ alone. Gastroscopy of 4 horses revealed substantial gastric ulcers when receiving the combination NSAID treatment.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Analysis of results of the study indicates the need for caution when administering a combination NSAID treatment to horses because the detrimental effects may outweigh any potential benefits.
Gentamicin concentrations in synovial fluid and joint tissues during intravenous administration or continuous intra-articular infusion of the tarsocrural joint of clinically normal horses
Authors: Lescun Timothy B. , Ward Michael P. , Adams Stephen B. 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Objective—To compare gentamicin concentrations achieved in synovial fluid and joint tissues during IV administration and continuous intra-articular (IA) infusion of the tarsocrural joint in horses.
Animals—18 horses with clinically normal tarsocrural joints.
Procedure—Horses were assigned to 3 groups (6 horses/group) and administered gentamicin (6.6 mg/kg, IV, q 24 h for 4 days; group 1), a continuous IA infusion of gentamicin into the tarsocrural joint (50 mg/h for 73 hours; group 2), or both treatments (group 3). Serum, synovial fluid, and joint tissue samples were collected for measurement of gentamicin at various time points during and 73 hours after initiation of treatment. Gentamicin concentrations were compared by use of a Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA.
Results—At 73 hours, mean ± SE gentamicin concentrations in synovial fluid, synovial membrane, joint capsule, subchondral bone, and collateral ligament of group 1 horses were 11.5 ± 1.5 μg/mL, 21.1 ± 3.0 μg/g, 17.1 ± 1.4 μg/g, 9.8 ± 2.0 μg/g, and 5.9 ± 0.7 μg/g, respectively. Corresponding concentrations in group 2 horses were 458.7 ± 130.3 μg/mL, 496.8 ± 126.5 μg/g, 128.5 ± 74.2 μg/g, 99.4 ± 47.3 μg/g, and 13.5 ± 7.6 μg/g, respectively. Gentamicin concentrations in synovial fluid, synovial membrane, and joint capsule of group 1 horses were significantly lower than concentrations in those samples for horses in groups 2 and 3.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Continuous IA infusion of gentamicin achieves higher drug concentrations in joint tissues of normal tarsocrural joints of horses, compared with concentrations after IV administration.
Serum and synovial fluid concentrations of keratan sulfate and hyaluronan in dogs with induced stifle joint osteoarthritis following cranial cruciate ligament transection
Authors: Budsberg Steven C. , Lenz Mary Ellen , Thonar Eugene J-M. A. 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Objective—To examine longitudinal changes in serum and synovial fluid concentrations of keratan sulfate (KS) and hyaluronan (HA) after cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) transection in dogs.
Animals—12 clinically normal adult mixed-breed dogs.
Procedure—Following CCL transection in the right stifle joint, KS and HA concentrations were determined in serum and neat (undiluted) synovial fluid prior to and 1, 2, 3, and 12 months after surgery. Postsurgical dilution of synovial fluid was corrected by use of urea as a passive marker.
Results—Synovial fluid KS and HA concentrations decreased at 1, 2, and 3 months after surgery in operated stifle joints, compared with baseline values. Synovial fluid KS concentration decreased in unoperated stifle joints at 1 month. A decrease in synovial fluid KS concentration was found in operated stifle joints, compared with unoperated stifle joints, at 2 and 3 months, and a decrease in synovial fluid HA concentrations was also found in operated stifle joints, compared with unoperated stifle joints, at 1, 2, and 3 months. Serum KS concentrations increased from baseline values at 3 months after surgery. Hyaluronan concentrations in operated stifle joints were lower than baseline values at 1, 2, and 3 months. Urea-adjusted synovial fluid concentrations revealed that dilution did not account for the decline in biomarker concentrations.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The initial decrease and subsequent increase in synovial fluid concentrations of HA and KS may be caused by an acute inflammatory response to surgical intervention that negatively affects cartilage metabolism or an increase in production of immature proteoglycans.
Characterization of experimentally induced post-traumatic osteoarthritis in the medial femorotibial joint of horses
Authors: Bolam Courtney J. , Hurtig Mark B. , Cruz Antonio , McEwen Beverly J. E. 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Objective—To study osteoarthritis in the equine medial femorotibial (MFT) joint after a single traumatic injury.
Animals—10 mature horses.
Procedure—In vitro explant cultures were used to determine injury threshold for stifle joint cartilage. Contusive impacts were applied to the medial femoral condyle (MFC), and horses were followed for 84 (n = 5) and 180 days (5). Synovial fluid samples were collected every 14 days for determination of sulphated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) concentrations. Radiographic and lameness evaluations were performed. Gross and histologic descriptions, and immunohistochemistry, cartilage sGAG content determination, and cartilage aggregate modulus determination were performed at the MFC impact site (MFCi), MFC nonimpact site (MFCn), and medial tibial plateau (MTP).
Results—Synovial fluid sGAG concentration decreased significantly on days 14, 28, 42, and 56 in all horses. Macroscopic and microscopic articular lesions developed within all MFT joints. No radiographic abnormalities were observed. Mild lameness was evident in several horses. No significant differences were found between short-term and longterm cohorts of horses with respect to histologic scores and TUNEL results. On immunohistochemistry, MFCi was positive for COL2–¾Cshort. International Cartilage Repair Society scores differed significantly between short-term and long-term cohorts of horses. In all horses, sGAG concentrations were significantly decreased at the MFCi, compared with the MFCn.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Use of contusive impacts on the MFC of horses results in cartilage lesions that are similar to those described clinically, supporting trauma as a contributing factor in the natural pathogenesis of osteoarthritis.
Evaluation of the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of intravenously and orally administered amiodarone in horses
Authors: De Clercq Dominique , Baert Kris , Croubels Siska , van Loon Gunther , Maes An , Tavernier Rene , Deprez Piet , De Backer Patrick 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Objective—To determine the clinical effects and pharmacokinetics of amiodarone after single doses of 5 mg/kg administered orally or intravenously.
Animals—6 healthy adult horses.
Procedure—In a cross over study, clinical signs and electrocardiographic variables were monitored and plasma and urine samples were collected. A liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry method was used to determine the percentage of protein binding and to measure plasma and urine concentrations of amiodarone and the active metabolite desethylamiodarone.
Results—No adverse clinical signs were observed. After IV administration, median terminal elimination half-lives of amiodarone and desethylamiodarone were 51.1 and 75.3 hours, respectively. Clearance was 0.35 L/kg•h, and the apparent volume of distribution for amiodarone was 31.1 L/kg. The peak plasma desethylamiodarone concentration of 0.08 μg/mL was attained 2.7 hours after IV administration. Neither parent drug nor metabolite was detected in urine, and protein binding of amiodarone was 96%. After oral administration of amiodarone, absorption of amiodarone was slow and variable; bioavailability ranged from 6.0% to 33.7%. The peak plasma amiodarone concentration of 0.14 μg/mL was attained 7.0 hours after oral administration and the peak plasma desethylamiodarone concentration of 0.03 μg/mL was attained 8.0 hours after administration. Median elimination half-lives of amiodarone and desethylamiodarone were 24.1 and 58.6 hours, respectively.
Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Results indicate that the pharmacokinetic distribution of amiodarone is multicompartmental. This information is useful for determining treatment regimens for horses with arrythmias. Amiodarone has low bioavailability after oral administration, does not undergo renal excretion, and is highly protein-bound in horses.
Fractionation of calcium and magnesium in equine serum
Authors: Lopez Ignacio , Estepa Jose C. , Mendoza Francisco J. , Mayer-Valor Rafael , Aguilera-Tejero Escolastico 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Objective—To establish reference values for protein-bound, ionized, and weak-acid complexed fractions of calcium and magnesium in equine serum and determine stability of ionized calcium (iCa) and ionized magnesium (iMg) in serum samples kept under various storage conditions.
Animals—28 clinically normal horses.
Procedure—Total calcium (tCa) and magnesium (tMg) in equine serum were fractionated by use of a micropartition system that allows separation of protein-bound calcium (pCa) and magnesium (pMg) and ultrafiltrable calcium (μCa) and magnesium (μMg) fractions. Serum concentrations of iCa and iMg were measured in the ultrafiltrate by use of selective electrodes. Serum concentration of complexed calcium (cCa) or magnesium (cMg) was calculated by subtracting iCa or iMg from μCa or μMg, respectively.
Results—Mean ±SE serum tCa concentration was 3.26 ± 0.06 mmol/L. Calcium fractions were as follows: pCa, 1.55 ± 0.03 mmol/L (47.4 ± 0.9%); iCa, 1.58 ± 0.03 mmol/L (48.5 ± 0.7%); and cCa, 0.13 ± 0.02 mmol/L (4.1 ± 0.9%). Serum tMg concentration was 0.99 ± 0.04 mmol/L. Magnesium fractions were as follows: pMg, 0.33 ± 0.04 mmol/L (33.3 ± 4.2%); iMg, 0.57 ± 0.02 mmol/L (57.6 ± 1.7%); and cMg, 0.09 ± 0.02 mmol/L (9.1 ± 1.9%). Refrigeration (4°C) did not affect iCa values, whereas iMg declined by 8% after 120 hours. Neither iCa nor iMg was affected by freezing (−20°C).
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In equine serum, iMg is less stable than iCa; thus, when serum samples are not going to be analyzed promptly, freezing may be preferable to refrigeration for storage.
Use of helical computed tomography for measurement of thyroid glands in clinically normal cats
Authors: Drost Wm Tod , Mattoon John S. , Weisbrode Steven E. 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Objective—To determine the dimensions and volume of thyroid tissue in clinically normal cats by use of computed tomography.
Animals—8 cats.
Procedure—Helical computed tomography images (2-mm collimation) were acquired from the cranial aspect of the second cervical vertebra through the caudal aspect of the fourth cervical vertebra. Data were acquired before contrast medium administration (n = 7 cats) and immediately after contrast medium enhancement (1 cat). Length, width, and height measurements of each thyroid lobe were made by use of transverse, dorsal, and sagittal plane images. Thyroid lobe volume was estimated by use of 3 methods.
Results—All thyroid lobes were histologically normal. Mean dimensions for a thyroid lobe were 16.5 × 2.00 × 4.31 mm (length × width × height) using only data from transverse images. Mean thyroid lobar volume was 113.75 mm3 using the sum of areas method. Mean total volume of thyroid tissue was 215.25 mm3 using the sum of areas method.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results may be useful for computed tomography evaluation of abnormal thyroid glands in cats, which warrants investigation.
Evaluation of gastrointestinal permeability and mucosal absorptive capacity in dogs with chronic enteropathy
Authors: Allenspach Karin , Steiner Joerg M. , Shah Bhavin N. , Berghoff Nora , Ruaux Craig , Williams David A. , Blum Juerg W. , Gaschen Frederic 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Objective—To assess intestinal mucosal function by measuring permeability and absorptive capacity in dogs with chronic enteropathy (CE) before and after treatment and to determine whether those variables were correlated with clinical disease activity or histologic scoring of intestinal biopsy specimens.
Animals—29 dogs with CE.
Procedure—Dogs were designated as having dietresponsive CE or CE requiring glucorticoid treatment. Severity of clinical signs was assessed by calculating the canine inflammatory bowel disease activity index (CIBDAI). Histologic severity of intestinal infiltration was assessed before and after 4 weeks of treatment in the diet-responsive group and before and after 10 weeks of treatment in the glucocorticoid group. Gastrointestinal permeability and mucosal absorptive capacity were assessed by use of intragastric administration of a solution containing lactulose, rhamnose, xylose, 3-O-methylglucose, and sucrose. Urine was collected 6 hours after administration of the sugar solution to determine urinary lactulose-to-rhamnose (L:R), xylose-to-methylglucose (X:M), and sucrose-to-methylglucose (S:M) ratios.
Results—Median CIBDAI scores decreased significantly in both groups of dogs after treatment. However, the median histologic grade of intestinal biopsy specimens did not change with treatment in either group. There were no significant differences in L:R, X:M, or S:M ratios after treatment in either group and no significant correlations between L:R, X:M, or S:M ratios and CIBDAI or histologic scores.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results of tests for intestinal permeability and mucosal absorptive capacity were not useful indicators of clinical disease activity as assessed by the CIBDAI or the sever ity of infiltration as indicated by histologic evaluation.
Immunologic responses against hydrolyzed soy protein in dogs with experimentally induced soy hypersensitivity
Authors: Puigdemont Anna , Brazís Pilar , Serra Montserrat , Fondati Alessandra 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Objective—To assess whether dogs with experimentally induced type I hypersensitivity against soy protein would respond to soy hydrolysate and develop cutaneous or gastrointestinal tract reactions after intradermal and oral challenge exposure.
Animals—12 naïve Beagle pups (9 sensitized and 3 control dogs).
Procedure—9 dogs were sensitized against soy protein by administration of allergens during a 90-day period. After the sensitization period, serum concentrations of soy-specific IgE were determined and an intradermal test was performed to confirm the dogs were sensitized against soy protein. An intradermal challenge test and an oral challenge test with native and hydrolyzed soy protein were conducted on 6 sensitized and 2 control dogs.
Results—High serum concentrations of soy-specific IgE and positive results for the intradermal test were observed for the 9 sensitized dogs after completion of the sesitization process. Sensitized dogs challenge exposed with hydrolyzed soy protein had a reduced inflammatory response after intradermal injection and no clinical response after an oral challenge exposure, compared with responses after intradermal and oral challenge exposure with native soy protein.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Soy-sensitized dogs did not respond to oral administration of hydrolyzed soy protein. Thus, hydrolyzed soy protein may be useful in diets formulated for the management of dogs with adverse reactions to food.
Evaluation of the effects of animal age, concurrent bacterial infection, and pathogenicity of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus on virus concentration in pigs
Authors: Cho Jenny G. , Dee Scott A. , Deen John , Guedes Alonso , Trincado Carlos , Fano Eduardo , Jiang Yin , Faaberg Kay , Collins James E. , Murtaugh Michael P. , Joo Han Soo 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the influences of animal age, bacterial coinfection, and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) isolate pathogenicity on virus concentration in pigs.
Animals—Twenty-one 2-month-old pigs and eighteen 6-month-old pigs.
Procedure—Pigs were grouped according to age and infected with mildly virulent or virulent isolates of PRRSV. The role of concurrent bacterial infection was assessed by infecting selected pigs with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae 21 days prior to inoculation with PRRSV. On alternating days, blood and swab specimens of nasal secretions and oropharyngeal secretions were collected. On day 21 after inoculation with PRRSV, selected tissues were harvested. Concentrations of PRRSV were determined by use of quantitative real-time PCR and expressed in units of TCID50 per milliliter (sera and swab specimens) or TCID50 per gram (tissue specimens).
Results—Concentrations of virus were higher in blood and tonsils of pigs infected with virulent PRRSV. Pigs infected with virulent PRRSV and M hyopneumoniae had significantly higher concentrations of viral RNA in lymphoid and tonsillar tissue. Coinfection with M hyopneumoniae resulted in a higher viral load in oropharyngeal swab specimens and blood samples, independent of virulence of the PRRSV isolate. Two-month-old pigs had significantly higher viral loads in lymph nodes, lungs, and tracheal swab specimens than did 6-month-old pigs, independent of virulence of the PRRSV isolate.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Multiple factors affect PRRSV concentration in pigs, including pathogenicity of the PRRSV isolate, age, and concurrent infection with M hyopneumoniae.
Association between incubation time and genotype in sheep experimentally inoculated with scrapie-positive brain homogenate
Authors: Bulgin Marie S. , Sorensen Sharon J. , Matlock Mary E. 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Objective—To compare incubation time and clinical signs of scrapie in codon 136/171 alanine-valine/gluta-mine-glutamine (AVQQ) experimentally inoculated sheep with that in sheep with the more common 136/171 AAQQ genotype.
Animals—60 Suffolk sheep.
Procedure—Twenty-seven 171 QQ ewes purchased from 2 private flocks were bred with a 171 QQ Suffolk ram before being inoculated with a 20% solution of scrapie-positive brain homogenate (5 mL, PO) from sheep containing genotypes 136/154/171 AA/argi-nine-arginine (RR)/QQ, AVRRQQ, and VVRRQQ that had died of scrapie. Ewes had 33 lambs, which were inoculated in the same manner on the day of birth.
Results—All 16 genotype 136/154/171 AVRRQQ sheep that died of scrapie were 9 to 11 months of age; clinical signs lasted 1 day to 3 weeks with no wasting and only mild pruritus. The first AARRQQ sheep died with typical clinical signs of scrapie 27 months after inoculation, and 14 were still alive 37 to 42 months after inoculation. The 136/171 AVQQ sheep had minimal accumulation of modified cellular protein (PrPSC) as determined by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining within affected cells; thus the severity of clinical signs and time of death were not associated with brain lesions or the amount of PrPSC in brain tissue of 136/154/171 AVRRQQ sheep as determined by IHC staining.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The rapid incubation time may have been influenced by the codon 136 genotype, a new unreported valine (V)-dependent strain of scrapie similar to strain SSBP/1, or the inoculum may have contained a traditional strain and a V-dependent or SSBP/1-like strain of scrapie.
Phase I trial and pharmacokinetic analysis of ifosfamide in cats with sarcomas
Authors: Rassnick Kenneth M. , Moore Antony S. , Northrup Nicole C. , Kristal Orna , Beaulieu Bernard B. , Lewis Lionel D. , Page Rodney L. 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Objective—To determine the maximally tolerated dose (MTD) and dose-limiting toxicosis (DLT) of ifosfamide in tumor-bearing cats.
Animals—38 cats with resected, recurrent, or metastatic sarcomas.
Procedure—The starting dosage of ifosfamide was 400 mg/m2 of body surface area, IV, and dosages were increased by 50 to 100 mg/m2 in cohorts of 3 cats. To protect against urotoxicosis, mesna was administered at a dosage equal to 20% of the calculated ifosfamide dosage. Diuresis with saline (0.9% NaCl) solution before and after administration of ifosfamide was used to minimize nephrotoxicosis. Samples for pharmacokinetic analysis were obtained after the MTD was reached.
Results—38 cats were entered into this phase I study and were administered a single dose of ifosfamide at various dosages. The MTD was 1,000 mg/m2, and neutropenia was the DLT. Seven of 8 episodes of neutropenia were on day 7 after treatment, and 1 cat developed severe neutropenia on day 5. Adverse effects on the gastrointestinal tract were generally mild and self-limiting, the most common of which was nausea during ifosfamide infusion. One cat had signs consistent with a drug-induced hypersensitivity reaction. There were no episodes of hemorrhagic cystitis or nephrotoxicosis. Correlations between pharmacokinetic variables and ifosfamide-associated toxicoses were not found. Preliminary evidence of antitumor activity was observed in 6 of 27 cats with measurable tumors.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The dosage of ifosfamide recommended to treat tumor-bearing cats is 900 mg/m2 every 3 weeks. This dosage should be used in phase II clinical trials.