bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Notes On Gas Well Performance
Authors: Miller B.J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
THIS IS AN ACADEMIC PAPER WITH THE PURPOSE OF ILLUSTRATING THE EFFECT ON GAS WELL PERFORMANCE OF CHANGES IN VISCOSITY AND GAS DEVIATION FACTOR WITH PRESSURE DEPLETION, OF COOLING OF THE FLOWING GAS AS THE PRESSURE IS REDUCED AT THE WELL BORE, AND OF "TURBULENCE" OCCURRING IN THE LARGER PASSAGES AS GAS FLOWS TOWARD THE WELL BORE. EACH OF THESE THREE EFFECTS PASSAGES AS GAS FLOWS TOWARD THE WELL BORE. EACH OF THESE THREE EFFECTS IS DESCRIBED INDEPENDENTLY OF THE REMAINING TWO USING SELECTED EXAMPLE WELLS. THE BASIC EQUATION FOR THE FLOW OF GAS THROUGH A POROUS MEDIA IS QUOTED FROM THE LITERATURE WITH THE HOPE THAT WORKING FROM THIS BASIS WE MAY BETTER UNDERSTAND GAS WELL PERFORMANCE. THE EQUATION IN GENERAL USE TODAY IS AS APT AS THE TERM "BACK-PRESSURE". A FURTHER NEED IN PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY IS A WORD OR WORDS BETTER DESCRIBING WHAT IS CALLED HERE TURBULENCE IN POROUS MEDIA.
IN AN ACADEMIC PAPER OF THIS TYPE CONCLUSIONS ARE NATURALLY LIMITED TO A PLEA TO STUDY THE PERFORMANCE OF ACTUAL GAS WELLS TO DETERMINE THE EFFECT OR LACK OF EFFECT OF THE COMPONENTS DESCRIBED HERE. THE JUSTIFICATION FOR SUCH A STUDY IS THE NEED FOR A MORE ACCURATE METHOD FOR PREDICTION OF DELIVERABILITY OF INDIVIDUAL GAS WELLS DURING THE IMPENDING GAS SHORTAGE.
Optimizing High Temperature Steam Stimulation Operations
Authors: Angove T.J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Continental Oil Company began cyclic steaming operations in Cat Canyon Field, Santa Barbara County, California in 1965. Since that time, Conoco has encountered some unusual problems resulting from the high temperatures and pressures required to steam wells up to 4300 feet in depth.
Several different techniques have been tried in order to eliminate casing failures and reduce operating costs to a point where steaming is economical. These experiments have resulted in the adoption of a standardized completion procedure for new wells; several techniques for steaming older wells with conventional completions; and methods for scheduling and selecting the best wells to be steamed, including the amount of steam to be injected into each well. The success of these procedures is illustrated by the increasing production and lower per barrel operating cost.
This discussion will involve examples of the different methods employed to make steam stimulation a profitable venture as well as reasons for the success or failure of each method.

Introduction
In 1965 Continental Oil Company began cyclic steam injection operations in the Cat Canyon Field in Santa Barbara County, California. Prior to steaming, Conoco was producing approximately 1000 BOPD from 36 wells. The economics at that time were very poor. The original steam stimulation program utilized one steam poor. The original steam stimulation program utilized one steam generator and has since been expanded to include four steam generators. Early results were somewhat discouraging because of casing failures caused by the high temperatures required to obtain high quality steam. Through improved casing protection techniques, these problems have been reduced to a point where cyclic steam operations have become profitable. In June, 1970, Conoco produced over 120,000 barrels of oil from the 76 wells in the Sisquoc reservoir which is under the influence of cyclic steam injection. Approximately 60,000 barrels of this total is attributable to steam stimulation. The average sale price of the crude was $1.58 per barrel. Operating costs have been reduced by over 25% and are well below a dollar per gross barrel of oil produced.
Continental holds five leases in which the Sisquoc reservoir produces in the Cat Canyon Field. produces in the Cat Canyon Field.
Project Rulison: A Status Report
Authors: Reynolds Miles , Bray Bruce G. , Mann Robert L. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Project Rulison was designed to use underground nuclear technology to determine the potential of this technique for commercial development of the deep, thick, lenticular, low permeability Mesaverde Formation of the Rulison Field in Garfield County, Colorado. A method of stimulation, far greater in magnitude and efficiency than conventional hydraulic fracturing, is needed to recover this gas at economic rates.
The Project Rulison exploratory well, R-EX, was completed in May, 1968. Detailed testing of this well provided data on geology, hydrology and reservoir characteristics. The data obtained from the testing have been used to determine the flow capacity of the Mesaverde reservoir. The reservoir characteristics were then used as input data to make predictions of post-shot reservoir performance in the nuclear stimulated well.
A nuclear explosive with a design yield of 40 kilotons was emplaced in a 10-3/4" hole at a depth of 8426' below ground surface and detonated on September 10, 1969. Appraisal of the data taken at shot time indicate that the explosive behaved as predicted. The explosion was completely contained underground as predicted and no major seismic damage occurred.
The post-shot drilling program, to re-enter the chimney, and test program, to determine the degree of reservoir stimulation achieved, are discussed. Data taken during the initial phases of the post-shot re-entry and evaluation phase will be given.
A Corporate Outlook Toward Our Environment
Authors: Granberry R.C. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Although the current problems involving pollution of the environment result primarily pollution of the environment result primarily from the demands and activities of an expanding population, industry — and particularly the population, industry — and particularly the petroleum industry — has expressed a disproportionate petroleum industry — has expressed a disproportionate share of pollution concern. The petroleum industry, aware that the products and materials handled by it and its customers can contribute to pollution, has long practiced environmental conservation while meeting the energy needs of the nation. Increasing public disfavor stemming from widely publicized incidents demands, however, that the industry should adopt objectives and appropriate even more capital to further improve environmental conservation performance.

Introduction
I am sure that this group is primarily concerned with our environment from the standpoint of the producing segment of the oil industry and in the corporate attitude toward the specific problems which that particular segment of our industry creates. In order to discuss these problems in the proper perspective, however, I think it important that we first review the history of 'pollution' from its first beginnings to its present status.
Contamination of the air and water dates from the beginning of life on earth. Volcanic eruptions, dust storms, forest fires, and pollen from plants poured contaminants into pollen from plants poured contaminants into the air; run off from rains and melting snow washed silt into the rivers; and man contributed his part by dumping trash and wastes into the streams, and in building fires which produced smoke and soot. The Industrial produced smoke and soot. The Industrial Revolution accelerated man's contamination of the earth, and as technology advanced more machines and factories began emitting contaminants. Thus, while industrialization was raising man's standard of living, it was simultaneously lowering the quality of his most vital resources of air and water.
Today, just as in the past, both men and machines contribute to the problem. Increased contamination of our air and water with its undesirable and even dangerous side effects stems directly from the ever widening activities of more and more people. Industry is not the main source of pollution.
A New Blowout Control Technique
Authors: Rowley Kermit G. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Wells blowing out of control have long been a scourge to the oil industry. As more and more emphasis began being placed on pollution control, it became evident that a pollution control, it became evident that a better method of controlling "blow-outs", particularly in offshore areas, should be devised. particularly in offshore areas, should be devised. It was imparative that this method minimize pollution. pollution. This paper discusses such a method as devised by Tenneco Oil Company. Steps employed are as follows for offshore wells:
Holes are cut below the water line in the succeeding casing strings to expose the tubing. The tubing is "hot-tapped" and a crimp is applied to the tubing at a distance above the hot-tap hole. Lost circulation material is introduced through the hot-tap hole and is carried up to the crimped area by the escaping well fluids. This lost circulation material forms an impermeable plug and the well then is killed by pumping through the hot-tap hole.
Advantages of this method are:
The well effluent can be allowed to burn until the well is under control, thus preventing surface pollution. preventing surface pollution. All work is performed underwater where there is little danger of fire or explosion. Control of the well should be faster because there is no need to remove surface debris prior to initiating the control method. A smaller and less expensive work force should be required.
Microbiological Aspects Of Oil Pollution
Authors: Traxler Richard W. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Observations from the Torrey Canyon episode indicate that seawater-oil emulsions are formed which make it difficult to estimate oil loss by evaporation. The oil itself had little injurious biological effect. The major biological damage was caused by detergent treatment. The biological damage was primarily on the shoreline and in the sublittorial zone. These findings were confirmed in the case of the Arrow accident on the Novia Scotia coast in 1970. There is evidence that natural microbial population are active in the degradation of spilled petroleum. The feasibility of using bacterial systems for cleanup is discussed, and a brief discussion is presented on the effect of pollution in the ocean. Preliminary studies in Alaska and Louisiana Preliminary studies in Alaska and Louisiana indicate that bacteria normally found in the ocean are capable of petroleum degradation even at low temperatures.

Text
Today there is considerable discussion on the topic of the environment and the pollution of it by human forces. This is not a new topic for discussion since man has always been a polluter of his environment. In the late 13th polluter of his environment. In the late 13th century, Florence, Italy, had a vigorous enterprise consisting of wool and grain merchants and moneylenders, all of this bringing the city immense riches and a bustling economy. The city had schools, paved streets, well-run hospitals and ordinances against unsanitary butchering and against smoke nuisance from burning coal. These may have been among the first pollution ordinances enacted to protect the environment. The scientific, as well as the lay communities, have become polarized on this issue in 1970. There are those who spell the doom of mankind at the one pole, and at the other pole those who claim the whole business of environment and pollution is just a fad that it is hoped will pollution is just a fad that it is hoped will soon pass away. As with any polarized situation there is a middle which separates the two extremes.
The subject of marine pollution was brought to the attention of the general public early in 1967, when the Torrey Canyon was grounded off the English coast, with the release of 117,000 tons of crude oil. Since 1967, this episode is usually referred to as the "Torrey Canyon disaster". A rather complete account is available in the report of the Plymouth Laboratory of the Marine Biological Asso. of the United Kingdom.
Some of the findings from this episode were that the formation of emulsions with seawater made it difficult to predict the rate of oil loss by evaporation, but that the drift of the oil could be easily predicted. The oil in the open water was found to have little biological effect except for the destruction of sea birds.
Threshold Displacement Pressure - Considerations for Caprocks of Abnormal Pressure Reservoirs
Authors: Katz Donald L. , Ibrahim Maher A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Threshold displacement pressures were measured for shale caprocks of underground gas storage reservoirs and found to be as high as 2,000 psi or more. These measurements were under approximate simulated reservoir conditions. As a result, some new considerations have been set forth as to the possible mechanisms of sealing of abnormal or geo-pressured reservoirs.
The presence of abnormal pressure reservoirs, information gathered while drilling them and some physical properties of rocks under abnormal pressures were reviewed to shed light on these new considerations. Field examples of abnormal pressure reservoirs in the Gulf Coast were analyzed.
A new concept based on the surface phenomena in shales has been developed phenomena in shales has been developed explaining the retention of hydrocarbon fluids below caprock of abnormal pressure reservoirs. The process of compaction, its rate and the decrease of permeability under effect of overburden pressure have been suggested as some of the controlling factors leading to the present capillary sealing of abnormal pressure present capillary sealing of abnormal pressure reservoirs.

Introduction
Before the inception of American Gas Asso. research project PR26-47 on threshold displacement pressure in gas storage, consideration had been pressure in gas storage, consideration had been given to Gulf Coast reservoirs with geo-pressures of as much as 0.8 lb/ft of depth. The caprocks to these reservoirs must have a severe pressure gradient in them similar to the pressure gradient in caprocks submitted to high threshold displacement pressure tests. It was known that these values could be as high as 2,000 psi or more and that study of these abnormal pressure reservoirs in the Gulf Coast might shed some light on the threshold pressure displacement phenomenon. The question may be raised as to what extent this naturally occurring high pressure reservoir can be used to verify that high threshold displacement pressure can be expected for high quality pressure can be expected for high quality caprocks. In looking into the matter, some new considerations are set forth as to the possible mechanism for the abnormal pressure reservoir and its overlying caprock of reaching its present state. There appears to be no doubt present state. There appears to be no doubt that surface phenomena are involved in the forces which retain the hydrocarbon fluids below the caprock; these forces are the same as those which retain natural gas in underground storage reservoirs with positive delta pressures.
Early Reservoir Modeling of Trading Bay Unit Hemlock Formation
Authors: Elliott W.H. , Diver C.J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
With considerable foresight, the Working Interest owners in the Trading Bay Unit approved the first performance prediction for the Hemlock reservoir before the first development well was spudded in the Unit. This study and subsequent ones have been made utilizing a high speed digital computer and a program which simulates flow of one, two or three fluid phases in one, two or three dimensions within a reservoir model composed of several thousand grid cells. The fluid flow simulator has been described in published papers. papers. The incentives which prompted the engineering representatives to recommend expenditures for computer simulation and management to approve the expenditures are outlined. In essence; these incentives are proper reservoir management and effective utilization of reservoir energy (either natural or induced) to (1) sustain a high field producing rate, (2) increase the recovery from the reservoir, and (3) minimize investments, particularly by drilling only the required wells. The objectives and major results of the important performance predictions and pressure history matches that have been made are pressure history matches that have been made are reviewed.
A number of problems typical of preliminary studies have been encountered, and additional problems will occur in the future. The problems problems will occur in the future. The problems involve simulating fluid flow in the reservoir, in the well bores and at the surface. Thus far, adequate solutions to the various problems have been obtained and the studies have been successfully completed.
It is concluded that early simulations of historical performance and early performance predictions can be advantageous and profitable. predictions can be advantageous and profitable. However, engineers should carefully outline all objectives, review the five ingredients of an effective application of simulation models as outlined and proceed to recommend a study that may cost tens of thousands of dollars only if economically justified.
Tundra Restoration: Two-Year Response Study of Generic Related Grass Types Introduced onto Disturbed Prudhoe Bay Area Tundra
Authors: McGrogan J.F. , Neubauer J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Disturbance or destruction of the tundra has an adverse effect on its ability to provide protective insulation for the permafrost. A protective insulation for the permafrost. A method for repair is desired.
The tundra is a biological insulating mat, 2 to 4 inches thick, supported by a top soil layer 6 to 18 inches. The soil is made up of silt, sand and organic matter and supports Arctic flora growth. A tundra restoration experiments was initiated on disturbed tundra in May 1969 under the sponsor-ship of the petroleum companies currently operating in the Prudhoe Bay area of the Alaskan North Slope.
This report describes the introduction and establishment of certain winter hardy grasses to the PUT #5 abandoned drill and results obtained after a two year study.
Prior to seeding, a soil analysis was made which indicated severe nutrient deficiencies. This information provided a basis for a special fertilizer formation.
Seeds and fertilizer were applied in June 1969. Unfavorable weather and soil conditions delayed germination for a period of 14 to 18 days. For the same reason, seedling growth achieved only 1 1/2 to 3 1/2 inches by the end of August 1969.
Sampling studies in March 1970 showed that certain grass types on the fertilized plots could be predicted to survive the plots could be predicted to survive the severe winter. This was confirmed in June 1970.

Introduction
The land mass above the Arctic Circle is well known for its permafrost and tundra. In winter, air temperatures can dip below -60 degrees F. and wind velocities can exceed 50 mph. In contrast, the Arctic summer tundra is a biological paradise.
Permafrost is permanently frozen earth material and tundra is the confining skin or vegetative insulating layer on top. The permafrost takes many forums, one of which is permafrost takes many forums, one of which is pure ice just below the surface as shown in pure ice just below the surface as shown in Fig. 1. An active layer between the permafrost and tundra cover freezes and thaws each year. The tundra mat on top controls the thickness of this active layer. this mat supports vegetation.
The Development of a Well Completion System for Deep Permafrost
Authors: Blount Elmo M. , Prueger Nick J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The "systems approach" when used in developing a well completion system for producing wells through deep permafrost demonstrated producing wells through deep permafrost demonstrated its value in adapting well operations to unique circumstances and environments. This method of problem solving, often used by aerospace and problem solving, often used by aerospace and defense industries, provides the discipline for an integrated group of specialists in considering the effects of the modification of specific equipment and components on the total system.
The completion system for North Slope wells uses 700 ft of 2-1/2-in. thick polyurethane insulation around 7-in. OD casing to keep the upper 500 ft of permafrost from thawing while the well is producing at high rates for more than 20 years. Additional insulation can be added at a later date from 700 ft to the bottom of the permafrost if it is necessary to further protect the well by limiting the thaw radius. protect the well by limiting the thaw radius. The weight of all the casing strings is transferred down hole rather than through the wellhead. A packing gland-type wellhead allows the production casing to "grow" due to thermal expansion.
Illustrations depict three different approaches considered for completion systems of North Slope wells, a schematic of Mobil's completion system, thaw profiles for insulation to 700 ft and for insulation to 2,000 ft and an arrow diagram showing the interrelations of drilling and production problems which must be considered when adapting a completion system to a unique environment.

Introduction
With exploratory efforts increasing in remote areas and unusual environments, well completion systems are becoming more complicated to adapt to these environments. Altering a conventional completion procedure or piece of completion equipment to cope with a specific problem can often create unforeseen problems in problem can often create unforeseen problems in other parts of the procedure. When conventional procedures are changed to solve a particular procedures are changed to solve a particular problem, a technique is needed which will help problem, a technique is needed which will help view the well as a complete system. One such technique, the "systems approach", used recently by space- and defense-oriented industries to help organize and coordinate problem-solving assignments, was used by Mobil to develop a well completion system for North Slope wells.
At first glance one may think this is what is done subconsciously - or may ask what is the difference in the systems approach and the tried and proven scientific method.
Transportation Of Oil From The Arctic The Trans Alaska Pipeline
Authors: Patton E.L. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A group of seven oil companies has formed the Alyeska Pipeline Service Company to design, construct, operate and maintain the trans-Alaska pipeline system. The total pipeline will be approximately 789 miles long, pipeline will be approximately 789 miles long, some 641 miles of which will be across Federal lands. The project will include pump stations, camp sites for use during construction, airfields for use during both construction and operation of the line, a communications system, and material sites for construction and access roads. The terminal site at Valdez will consist of a tank farm and dock facilities from which ocean-going tankers will transport crude oil to markets. Prior to construction of the pipeline north Prior to construction of the pipeline north of the Yukon River, a road will be built for access and the movement of equipment, materials and personnel during pipeline construction activity. This road, proposed to become a part of the State of Alaska Highway System part of the State of Alaska Highway System will be approximately 373 miles in length, of which about 365 miles will traverse public lands. Of the approximately 586,000 square miles of land in Alaska, the project will utilize about one one-hundredth of one percent of the total. percent of the total. The project is now more than a year behind its original schedule as a result of a court injunction stemming from the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, and an injunction based on Native claims to Alaskan land.
PROJECT DESCRIPTION The major components of the system will be the pipe and associated structural elements, an origin station, pump stations, terminal facilities, a communication system, a pipeline monitoring system, a seismic monitoring system, and access roads.