bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Cardinal’ grape parentage: a case of a breeding mistake
Authors: Akkak A. , Boccacci P. , Botta R. 
Published: May 2007

The grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is one of the most widely grown fruit plants, with table grapes accounting for at least 20% of the total world production. A few traditional table grape cultivars have achieved great international prominence. Among the most important cultivars is ‘Cardinal’, a historical Californian grapevine obtained by E. Snyder and F. Harmon in 1939 by crossing ‘Flame Tokay’ (syn. ‘Ahmer Bou Amer’) with ‘Ribier’ (syn. ‘Alphonse Lavallée’) at the Horticultural Field Station of Fresno, Calif.. In the course of DNA typing grapevine varieties collected in Algeria and other Mediterranean countries, we found, surprisingly, that ‘Cardinal’ could not result from this cross. Here, we present molecular genetic evidence that ‘Cardinal’ has no parentage relationship with ‘Flame Tokay’. We also show, for the first time, that ‘Flame Tokay’ is a mutant version, at the VVS5 microsatellite locus, of the table grape ‘Ahmer Bou Amer’, which is considered its synonym.
Development and characterization of 248 novel microsatellite markers in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus)
Authors: Pardo B.G. , Fernández C. , Hermida M. , Vázquez-López A. , Pérez M. , Presa P. , Calaza M. , Alvarez-Dios J.A. , Comesaña A.S. , Raposo-Guillán J. , Bouza C. , Martínez P. 
Published: May 2007

The turbot is a flatfish species of great relevance to marine aquaculture in Europe. Only a limited number of microsatellites have been isolated to date in this species. To increase the number of potentially useful mapping markers, we screened simple sequence repeat (SSR) - enriched genomic libraries obtained from several di-, tri-, and tetranucleotide tandem repeat motifs. A total of 248 new polymorphic microsatellites were successfully optimized. The efficiency of the protocol applied (6.4%) was higher than that in other studies of fish that used the same method. Dinucleotide and perfect microsatellites were predominant in this species; the (AC)n motif was the most frequent class of repeat. Polymorphism and structural properties at these loci, together with 30 variable loci previously reported in turbot, were evaluated in 6 wild individuals. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 10, with an average of 4.046. The microsatellite markers characterized in this study will contribute to the development of the turbot genetic map, which can be used for quantitative trait locus (QTL) identification, marker-assisted selection programs, and other applications to improve its culture.
STS markers for the wheat yellow rust resistance geneYr5suggest a NBS–LRR-type resistance gene cluster
Authors: Smith P.H. , Hadfield J. , Hart N.J. , Koebner R.M.D. , Boyd L.A. 
Published: May 2007

Two sequence-tagged site (STS) markers for the wheat yellow rust resistance (R) gene Yr5 have been derived through the identification and characterization of linked amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs). The sequences of the 2 AFLP markers partially overlap with one another, but belong to discrete loci: S19M93-140 completely cosegregates with Yr5, whereas S23M41-310 maps at a distance of 0.7 cM. The DNA sequence of S23M41-310 shows significant homology with the 3′ end of nucleotide-binding site (NBS) - leucine-rich repeat (LRR) - type R-genes, in particular with orthologues of the rice bacterial blight R-gene Xa-I. The distinct genetic location of the 2 AFLP loci suggests that Yr5 falls within an R-gene cluster. Because neither sequence forms part of a detectable transcription product, we propose that the Yr5 R-gene cluster includes R-gene analogues and pseudogenes. A Yr5 flanking simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker has also been identified, which allows Yr5 to be effectively incorporated, along with other R-genes for yellow rust, into elite wheat genetic backgrounds, through marker-assisted selection.
Quantitative genetic analysis of flowering time in tomato
Authors: Jiménez-Gómez José M. , Alonso-Blanco Carlos , Borja Alicia , Anastasio Germán , Angosto Trinidad , Lozano Rafael , Martínez-Zapater José M. 
Published: May 2007

Artificial selection of cultivated tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L.) has resulted in the generation of early-flowering, day-length-insensitive cultivars, despite its close relationship to other Solanum species that need more time and specific photoperiods to flower. To investigate the genetic mechanisms controlling flowering time in tomato and related species, we performed a quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis for flowering time in an F2mapping population derived from S. lycopersicum and its late-flowering wild relative S. chmielewskii . Flowering time was scored as the number of days from sowing to the opening of the first flower (days to flowering), and as the number of leaves under the first inflorescence (leaf number). QTL analyses detected 2 QTLs affecting days to flowering, which explained 55.3% of the total phenotypic variance, and 6 QTLs for leaf number, accounting for 66.7% of the corresponding phenotypic variance. Four of the leaf number QTLs had not previously been detected for this trait in tomato. Colocation of some QTLs with flowering-time genes included in the genetic map suggests PHYB2, FALSIFLORA, and a tomato FLC-like sequence as candidate genes that might have been targets of selection during the domestication of tomato.
Cytological Changes in the Cerebrospinal Fluid following Intrathecal Methotrexate Treatment
Authors: Peter Agnes 
Published: May 2007

In two patients of meningeal leukemia, the changes of CSF cell pattern following intrathecal methotrexate (MTX) therapy were serially examined by light microscopy. The first case reacted well to cytostatic treatment. 72 h after the first intrathecal MTX injection, an alteration of the chromatin structure could be observed in the nucleus	of CSF blast cells; there was a condensation of the heterochromatin, a fragmentation of the nucleus and a dispersal of the chromatin into the cytoplasm. With the therapy-resistant patient No. 2, 72 h after intrathecally administered MTX, the rate of blast cells did not change, and nuclear damage has manifested itself by a rarefaction and disappearance of the chromatin substance. There is strong evidence that these nuclear changes are due to intrathecal MTX treatment. Such changes, however, may not be considered to be specific.
Strategic, Financial, and Design Implications of Extended Producer Responsibility in Europe: A Producer Case Study
Authors: Mayers C. Kieren 
Published: May 2007

Extended producer responsibility (EPR) legislation, making producers responsible for financing and organizing take‐back and recycling of waste batteries, packaging, end‐of‐life vehicles (ELVs), and waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE), has been or is currently in the process of being implemented in 29 different countries in Europe following introduction of European Union directives. This article reviews the potential impacts of EPR for waste batteries, packaging, and WEEE on producers distributing products in Europe through a case study of Sony Computer Entertainment Europe (SCEE)—responsible for marketing and distribution of PlayStation products.There are presently more than 250 producer responsibility organizations (PROs) established to meet EPR obligations in Europe, which contrasts to the single national recycling schemes founded in the late 1990s. SCEE estimates it avoided anetcostof €408,000 in 2005 by introducing competitive review of PRO services (against a total net take‐back cost of €401,000).To meet increasingly extensive compliance obligations, SCEE has initiated new activities, with considerable implications for the company's legal, sales data administration, procurement, accounting, and product and packaging approval practices.Considering the ultimate aim of EPR to establish economic incentives for improved product design, several significant political and practical obstacles are described from SCEE's case and industry situation. Although the principle of EPR is indeed interesting, its practical application in Europe may require refinement. Producers, given adequate support by policy makers, still have opportunities to develop new processes under the WEEE Directive to facilitate design for the environment.
Using Satellite Observations to Constrain Parameterizations of Gravity Wave Effects for Global Models
Authors: Alexander M. Joan , Barnet Christopher 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Small-scale gravity waves are common features in atmospheric temperature observations. In satellite observations, these waves have been traditionally difficult to resolve because the footprint or resolution of the measurements precluded their detection or clear identification. Recent advances in satellite instrument resolution coupled to innovative analysis techniques have led in the last decade to some new global datasets describing the temperature variance associated with these waves. Such satellite observations have been considered the best hope for quantifying the global properties of gravity waves needed to constrain parameterizations of their effects for global models. Although global maps of averaged gravity wave temperature variance have now been published from a variety of different instruments on Earth-orbiting platforms these maps have not provided the needed constraints. The present paper first summarizes what has been learned from traditional temporally and spatially averaged analyses of satellite gravity wave observations and why new analysis methods are needed. Then an alternative is offered to these traditional analyses that recognizes the fact that the waves occur in large-amplitude events, or wave packets, that can be analyzed individually and in a statistical sense with probability density functions. For this purpose the authors present some examples of the occurrence of short-horizontal-scale waves appearing in Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) radiance measurements and present statistics on the wave properties compiled over 1 month of data for a geographic region over Patagonia, South America.
On the Forcing of Inertia–Gravity Waves by Synoptic-Scale Flows
Authors: Plougonven Riwal , Zhang Fuqing 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Studies on the spontaneous emission of gravity waves from jets, both observational and numerical, have emphasized that excitation of gravity waves occurred preferentially near regions of imbalance. Yet a quantitative relation between the several large-scale diagnostics of imbalance and the excited waves is still lacking.
The purpose of the present note is to investigate one possible way to relate quantitatively the gravity waves to diagnostics of the large-scale flow that is exciting them. Scaling arguments are used to determine how the large-scale flow may provide a forcing on the right-hand side of a wave equation describing the linear dynamics of the excited waves. The residual of the nonlinear balance equation plays an important role in this forcing.
Stratosphere–Troposphere Exchange and Its Relation to Potential Vorticity Streamers and Cutoffs near the Extratropical Tropopause
Authors: Sprenger Michael , Wernli Heini , Bourqui Michel 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Two distinct dynamical processes near the dynamical tropopause (2-PVU surface) and their relation are discussed in this study: stratosphere–troposphere exchange (STE) and the formation of distinct potential vorticity (PV) structures in the form of stratospheric and tropospheric streamers and cutoffs on isentropic surfaces. Two previously compiled climatologies based upon the 15-yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Re-Analysis (ERA-15) dataset (from 1979 to 1993) are used to establish and quantify the link between STE and these PV structures.
An event-based analysis reveals a strong relation between the two processes. For instance, on isentropes below 320 K, 30%–50% of the stratospheric streamers are associated with downward STE. In the reverse perspective, between 60% and 80% of all STE events between 290 and 350 K are found in the vicinity of at least one PV structure. On different isentropes, the averaged downward (STT) and upward (TST) mass fluxes associated with PV structures are quantified.
As a novel quantity, the activity of a particular PV structure is measured as the STT/TST flux per unit length of its boundary on the considered isentropic level. The STT activity for stratospheric streamers and the TST activity of tropospheric streamers reach similar values of 3 × 109 kg km−1 h−1. Thereby, the flux is not uniformly distributed along a streamer’s boundary. STT (TST) is found preferentially on the upstream (downstream) side of stratospheric streamers, and vice versa for tropospheric streamers. This asymmetry is lost for cutoffs, for which an essentially uniform distribution results along the boundaries.
Finally, the link between STE and PV structures shows considerable geographical variability. Particularly striking is the fact that nearly all deep STT events (reaching levels below 700 hPa) over central Europe and the North American west coast are associated with a stratospheric streamer.
Cloud-Resolving Model Simulations of KWAJEX: Model Sensitivities and Comparisons with Satellite and Radar Observations
Authors: Blossey Peter N. , Bretherton Christopher S. , Cetrone Jasmine , Kharoutdinov Marat 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Three-dimensional cloud-resolving model simulations of a mesoscale region around Kwajalein Island during the Kwajalein Experiment (KWAJEX) are performed. Using observed winds along with surface and large-scale thermodynamic forcings, the model tracks the observed mean thermodynamic soundings without thermodynamic nudging during 52-day simulations spanning the whole experiment time period, 24 July–14 September 1999. Detailed comparisons of the results with cloud and precipitation observations, including radar reflectivities from the Kwajalein ground validation radar and International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) cloud amounts and radiative fluxes, reveal the biases and sensitivities of the model’s simulated clouds. The amount and optical depth of high cloud are underpredicted by the model during less rainy periods, leading to excessive outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) and insufficient albedo. The simulated radar reflectivities tend to be excessive, especially in the upper troposphere, suggesting that simulated high clouds are precipitating large hydrometeors too efficiently. Occasionally, large-scale advective forcing errors also seem to contribute to upper-level cloud and relative humidity biases. An extensive suite of sensitivity studies to different microphysical and radiative parameterizations is performed, with surprisingly little impact on the results in most cases.
Personal Digital Assistant Data Capture: The Future of Quality of Life Measurement in Prostate Cancer Treatment
Authors: Matthew Andrew G. , Currie Kristen L. , Ritvo Paul , Nam Robert , Nesbitt Michael E. , Kalnin Robin W. , Trachtenberg John 
Published: May 2007

Purpose This article examines the potential use of personal digital assistant (PDA) data capture systems for real-time linear monitoring of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in prostate cancer research and clinical care. Methods We discuss the benefits and potential issues of using PDA data capture in the clinical health care setting. In addition, we describe the development and potential use of a PDA data capture system specific to managing HRQOL in prostate cancer treatment. Conclusion Follow-up health care clinics require a practical and systematic process of HRQOL data capture and analysis. Traditional paper questionnaire data capture is problematic. Data manipulation required for clinical decision-making is impractical for patient feedback on same-day clinic visits. Furthermore, the process of transforming paper questionnaire data to analysis-quality data can compromise data integrity. In contrast, research findings confirm the acceptability, ease of use, and reliability of PDAs in capturing data across health care settings, including the collection of serial HRQOL data. The main concern for PDA capture systems is the ability to compare respondent's answers between the paper and PDA questionnaire. Other challenges included patients reporting a lack of computer literacy and/or poor eyesight, as well as initial start-up costs. If issues are successfully addressed, the use of a PDA data capture system, such as the PDA HRQOL system at Princess Margaret Hospital's Prostate Centre, allows for valid and economical data collection with the possibility of linear real-time measurement of changes in HRQOL. Accordingly, there appears to be significant potential for PDA data collection of serial HRQOL in prostate cancer clinic settings.
Symmetry Driven Self-Assembly of Metallo-Supramolecular Architectures
Authors: Albrecht Markus , Fröhlich Roland 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
The self-assembly of well-defined metallosupramolecular aggregates highly depends on the symmetry of the ligands as well as of the metals. Approaches in which symmetry considerations allow the stepwise—“hierarchical”—assembly of helicate-type complexes from very simple catechol derivatives are described. In addition helicates and meso-helicates are stereoselectively obtained by the use of linear ligands possessing the relevant symmetry element for the formation of either diastereomer (even–odd principle). In case of helicates, this allows the preparation of enantiomerically pure complexes. Finally, the self-assembly of tetrahedral M4L4 complexes is described using either constrained flexible or highly predisposed rigid ligands.
Functionalities of a Nanoporous Crystal 12CaO·7Al2O3 Originating from the Incorporation of Active Anions
Authors: Hayashi Katsuro , Hirano Masahiro , Hosono Hideo 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
A cage structure formed in a positively charged lattice framework of 12CaO·7Al2O3 (C12A7) is utilized to incorporate and release chemically unstable anions, imparting chemical and electronic activities to this material. High concentrations of oxygen radical anions, i.e. O− and O2−, are formed efficiently in these cages under a high oxygen activity condition. The O− ion, which is the strongest oxidant among all the reactive oxygen species, can be extracted from the cages into an external vacuum by applying an electric field with thermal assistance. In contrast, hydrogen-reduction processes allow the formation of hydride (H−) ions in the cage. H− ion-incorporated C12A7 exhibits a persistent insulator–conductor conversion upon irradiation with ultraviolet-light or electron-beam. The irradiation-induced conversion mechanism and electronic transport characteristics are discussed on the basis of experimental evidence and first-principle theoretical calculations. Electrons released from the H− ions are trapped by the cages and subsequent inter-cage hopping of the electrons is responsible for the electrical conduction. Furthermore, a severe reducing environment enables us to substitute electrons almost completely for anions in the cages, forming a stable inorganic electride. Finally, the formation of these active anions in this material is examined in terms of electronic structures, thermodynamics, and structural features of the cage.
Group-Inclusion Complex and Its External High Pressure Effect in O-Methylated β-Cyclodextrin as Compared with Unmodified β-Cyclodextrin
Authors: Sueishi Yoshimi , Tobisako Hideto , Kotake Yashige 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
High static pressure was applied to the inclusion complex of a modified β-cyclodextrin, heptakis(2,6-di-O-methyl)-β-cyclodextrin (DM-β-CD), and the influence of O-methylation on the inclusion equilibrium was investigated. Guest molecules to be included by cyclodextrin were stable nitroxide radicals, α-substituted 2,4,6-trimethoxybenzyl(t-butyl)nitroxides. Each guest molecule had more than one bulky group that can form ESR-spectroscopically separable isomeric inclusion complexes. Previously, using selected nitroxide probes, group-inclusion equilibrium in DM-β-CD has been shown to be significantly altered as compared with unmodified β-CD. Thus, we investigated group-inclusion equilibria in DM-β-CD under high static pressure by employing high pressure ESR spectroscopy, and compared the data with that for unmodified β-CD. The reaction volume (ΔV) of the inclusion equilibrium, a unique parameter which is calculated only from pressure dependence data, showed a drastic shift in some DM-β-CD group-in complexes, such as cyclohexyl- and s-butyl-in complex. We concluded that the O-methylation mediated changes in the hydrophobic void space and the number of residual water molecules in the CD cavity are causal factors for the difference.
6,6″-Azobis(2,2′-bipyridine) and Its Dinuclear Ruthenium Complex: A Comparative Study with Positional Isomers
Authors: Otsuki Joe , Kurihara Izumi , Imai Arata , Hamada Yuki , Omokawa Nobuyuki 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
The azobis(bipyridine) ligand 6,6″-azobis(2,2′-bipyridine) (6-azobpy) was prepared as a new member of the family of azopolypyridine derivatives. This compound undergoes reversible trans/cis photoisomerization. Reaction of 6-azobpy and [Ru(bpy)2Cl2] afforded a dinuclear complex [{Ru(bpy)2}2(μ-6-azobpy)]4+. An analogue with deuterated bpy fragments was also prepared to help clarify the 1H NMR signals in the part of the 6-azobpy ligand. The analysis of 1H NMR spectra clearly identified the structure of the complex, in which the Ru2+ ions are chelated by the bpy parts of the bridging 6-azobpy ligand. Electronic absorption and electrochemical properties are characterized by the presence of a low-lying π* level of the bridging ligand, manifested by a metal-to-ligand charge-transfer band extending down to 800 nm and by two consecutive one-electron reduction waves at relatively less negative potentials in cyclic voltammetry. These properties were compared with those of previously reported positional isomers with the help of density functional theory (DFT), time-dependent DFT, and ZINDO calculations. The analysis of the redox couple of Ru3+/2+ showed that the redox potentials differ slightly between the diastereomers and that there is an intermetallic electronic interaction.
Structural Characterization of a Dioxovanadium(V) Complex with 4,8-Dihydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acid
Authors: Moriuchi Toshiyuki , Nishiyama Masahito , Beppu Tomohiko , Hirao Toshikazu , Rehder Dieter 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
4,8-Dihydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic acid (1) possessing quinoline-N, hydroxy-O, and carboxy-O donor functions was demonstrated to serve as a tridentate ligand in the complexation with NH4VO3, affording the cis-dioxovanadium(V) complex 2. Each molecule of 2 was found to be packed in a hexagonal molecular arrangement through π–π interaction in the crystal packing, creating a channel cavity which was occupied by water molecules that form a one-dimensional water chain.