bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Once-Daily Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy for HIV-Infected Children: Safety and Efficacy of an Efavirenz-Containing Regimen
Authors: Scherpbier Henriëtte J. , Bekker Vincent , Pajkrt Dasja , Jurriaans Suzanne , Lange Joep M. A. , Kuijpers Taco W. 
Published: February 2007

OBJECTIVE. To improve adherence and virologic suppression, we assessed the feasibility and effectiveness of a once-daily regimen of efavirenz with 3 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors as first-line or second-line highly active antiretroviral therapy in a cohort of HIV-1–infected children.METHODS. HIV-1–infected children naive to efavirenz were treated with a combination of efavirenz, abacavir, didanosine, and lamivudine in an observational, prospective, single-center study. Virologic failure-free survival was assessed with Kaplan-Meier analysis. The CD4+ T-cell increase was estimated by using a generalized linear model incorporating repeated measurements.RESULTS. Thirty-six children received the study medication for a median of 69 weeks. Virologic failure-free survival rates were 76% and 67% after 48 weeks and 96 weeks, respectively. No significant difference was found in efficacy between first-line and second-line highly active antiretroviral therapy. All children receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy showed a sustained CD4+ T-cell increase, irrespective of virologic suppression. Growth rates improved with highly active antiretroviral therapy. Study medication administration was stopped for 14 children, mostly because of nonadherence (4 cases) or virologic rebound (5 cases) and because of adverse events (unrelated death and grade 2 liver toxicity) in 2 cases. Lipid abnormalities and abacavir-related hypersensitivity were not observed.CONCLUSIONS. For the first time, once-daily highly active antiretroviral therapy is demonstrated to be a safe, convenient, and potent antiretroviral regimen for HIV-1–infected children.
DNA‐Binding Affinities and Sequence Specificities of Protoberberine Alkaloids and Their Demethylated Derivatives: A Comparative Study
Authors: Qin Yong , Chen Wen‐Hua , Pang Ji‐Yan , Zhao Zhong‐Zhen , Liu Liang , Jiang Zhi‐Hong 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBerberrubine (1a), jatrorubine (2a), and palmatrubine (3a) have been chemically prepared by partial demethylation of berberine (1), jatrorrhizine (2), and palmatine (3), respectively. Their interactions with calf thymus (CT) DNA, poly(dA‐dT)⋅poly(dA‐dT), poly(dG‐dC)⋅poly(dG‐dC), and eight AT‐rich 12‐mer double‐stranded DNAs have been investigated by means of competitive ethidium bromide (EB) displacement experiments. The results showed that DNA‐binding affinities of these protoberberine alkaloids have been significantly improved by partial demethylation, and that all of these alkaloids have the preferable binding affinities with AT‐rich DNA. Especially, the sequence specificities of DNA‐binding of demethylated derivatives 1a, 2a, and 3a had changed to a certain extent when compared with the parent alkaloids 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The binding mode of these alkaloids was further confirmed by UV spectroscopic titration experiments. All the compounds bind to double‐stranded DNA most probably via an intercalating mode.
Preparation and PCR‐Amplification Properties of a Novel Amphiphilic Poly(N‐vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) Copolymer
Authors: Zhang Lifen , Liang Yong , Meng Lingzhi , Lu Xiaoju , Liu Yunhai 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA novel amphiphilic copolymer, P(NVP‐co‐TrpAMT) (9) was prepared, comprising hydrophilic N‐vinylpyrrolidone (NVP; 8) and hydrophobic ‘N‐[(tert‐butoxy)carbonyl]tryptophanamido‐N′‐methacryl thiourea’ (TrpAMT; 7) segments. The amphiphilic copolymer 9 was characterized by 1H‐NMR, GPC‐MALLS, TEM, and MTT assay. It has a critical micelle concentration (cmc) of 45.7 mg/l in aqueous solution, and good biocompatibility in vivo. According to TEM, the polymer is mostly present as spherical micelles in water, with a diameter of ca. 60–90 nm. In the presence of 0.1 μg/ml of 9, the PCR amplification of the GC‐rich β‐actin was efficiently enhanced. Also, the fluorescence intensity of the reporter dye SYBR Green I was increased by 26% at the 14th cycle during real‐time PCR of plasmid pUC18 DNA.
Environmentally Friendly, Efficient Resolution of Racemic Secondary Alcohols by Lipase‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Transesterification in Ionic Liquids in the Presence of Organic Bases
Authors: Wu Xiao‐Mei , Xin Jia‐Ying , Sun Wei , Xia Chun‐Gu 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe lipase‐catalyzed enantioselective transesterification of racemic secondary alcohols was studied using vinyl acetate as acyl donor in two imidazolium‐based ionic liquids vs. hexane (Scheme), both in the absence and presence of catalytic amounts of organic bases such as triethylamine (Et3N) or pyridine. The organic bases generally enhanced both the rate and enantioselectivity of the reaction. Further, the system 1‐butyl‐3‐methyl‐1H‐imidazolium hexafluorophosphate/Candida antarctica lipase B ([bmim][PF6]/CALB) could be readily recycled four times without significant loss in activity or enantioselectivity (Table 4).
A Water‐Soluble, Octacationic Zinc Phthalocyanine as Molecular Probe for Nucleic Acid Secondary Structure
Authors: Zhang An‐Ming , Huang Jing , Weng Xiao‐Cheng , Li Jin‐Xi , Ren Li‐Ge , Song Zhi‐Bin , Xiong Xiao‐Qin , Zhou Xiang , Cao Xiao‐Ping , Zhou Yan 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe interaction between CT‐DNA and the zinc phthalocyanine ZnPc (1) was studied by UV/VIS and fluorescence titration, as well as by thermal denaturation. ZnPc was found to strongly bind to CT‐DNA (Kapp=7.35×105  M−1) in a non‐intercalative mode. The photosensitized cleavage of pBR322 DNA was found to efficiently proceed via singlet‐oxygen (1O2) production. Further, ZnPc (1) caused site‐specific scission of guanine (G) bases around the bulge of the hairpin oligonucleotides OD1–OD3, as clearly shown by gel‐electrophoresis experiments.
Immunological Adjuvant Effect of Ginsenoside Rh4 from the Roots of Panax notoginseng on Specific Antibody and Cellular Response to Ovalbumin in Mice
Authors: Yang Zhi‐Gang , Ye Yi‐Ping , Sun Hong‐Xiang 
Published: February 2007

AbstractGinsenoside Rh4 (1), a saponin isolated from the roots of Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen, was evaluated for its haemolytic activity and adjuvant potential on specific antibody and cellular response to ovalbumin (OVA) in mice. Compound 1 showed a slight haemolytic effect, its concentration inducing 50% of the maximum haemolysis (HD50 value) being 407±12 μg/ml using a 0.5% suspension of red blood cells. Compound 1 significantly increased the concanavalin A (Con A)‐, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐, and OVA‐induced splenocyte proliferation in OVA‐immunized mice especially at a dose of 25 μg (P<0.05, P<0.01, or P<0.001). The OVA‐specific serum IgG, IgG1, and IgG2b antibody levels were also significantly enhanced by 1 at a dose of 25 μg compared to the OVA control group (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Moreover, the enhancing effect of 1 on the OVA‐specific IgG2b antibody responses to OVA in mice was more significant than that of Alum (Al(OH)3 gel; P<0.01). These results suggest that 1 could be safely used as adjuvant with low or non‐haemolytic effect.
Cyclopeptides from Sagina japonica (Caryophyllaceae)
Authors: Jia Ai‐qun , Tan Ning‐hua , Zhou Jun 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTwo new cyclic peptides, named sajaponicin C (1) and sajaponicin D (2), were isolated from the whole plants of Sagina japonica (Caryophyllaceae). Their structures were determined as cyclo(Pro2‐Leu2‐Tyr‐Leu1‐Phe1‐Pro3‐Phe2‐Pro1) (1) and cyclo(Pro1‐Pro2‐Pro3‐Pro4‐Phe1‐Gly‐Thr‐Ser‐Phe2‐Ile‐Tyr) (2) on the basis of spectroscopic data, especially by two‐dimensional (2D) NMR techniques.
Water‐Soluble Dendritic Core–Shell‐Type Architectures Based on Polyglycerol for Solubilization of Hydrophobic Drugs
Authors: Türk Holger , Shukla Anuj , Alves Rodrigues Paula Cristina , Rehage Heinz , Haag Rainer 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSince many potential drugs are poorly water soluble, there is a high demand for solubilization agents. Here, we describe the synthesis of dendritic core–shell‐type architectures based on hyperbranched polyglycerol for the solubilization of hydrophobic drugs. Amphiphilic macromolecules containing hydrophobic biphenyl groups in the core were synthesized in an efficient three‐ or four‐step procedure by employing Suzuki‐coupling reactions. These species were then used to solubilize the commercial drug nimodipine, a calcium antagonist used for the treatment of heart diseases and neurological deficits. Pyrene was also used as a hydrophobic model compound. It turned out that the transport properties of the dendritic polyglycerol derivatives, which are based on hydrophobic host–guest interactions, depend strongly on the degree and type of core functionalization. In the case of the multifunctional nimodipine, additional specific polymer–drug interactions could be tailored by this flexible core design, as detected by UV spectroscopy. The enhancement of solubilization increased 300‐fold for nimodipine and 6000‐fold for pyrene at a polymer concentration of 10 wt %. The sizes of the polymer–drug complexes were determined by both dynamic light scattering (DLS) experiments and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and extremely well‐defined aggregates with diameters of approximately 10 nm in the presence of a drug were observed. These findings together with a low critical aggregate concentration of 4×10−6 mol L−1 indicate the controlled self‐assembly of the presented amphiphilic dendritic core–shell‐type architectures rather than a unimolecular transport behavior.
Biology‐Oriented Synthesis of Stereochemically Diverse Natural‐Product‐Derived Compound Collections by Iterative Allylations on a Solid Support
Authors: Umarye Jayant D. , Leßmann Torben , García Ana B. , Mamane Victor , Sommer Stefan , Waldmann Herbert 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA strategy aiming at the introduction of stereocenters into polymer‐bound natural‐product‐derived and ‐inspired compound collections is presented. Treatment of immobilized aldehydes with Brown's pinene‐derived allylboranes results in the stereoselective formation of homoallylic alcohols with up to 89 % ee (ee=enantiomeric excess). Subsequent iterative ozonolysis–allylation sequences with up to three allylations on a solid support give access to 1,3‐polyols with different relative configurations. Esterification with acryloyl chloride and final ring‐closing metathesis yields α,β‐unsaturated δ‐lactones with multiply oxygenated side chains, a substructure found in a group of natural products with a broad range of biological activity. The flexibility of the approach is exemplified by the parallel synthesis of all eight diastereomers of cryptocarya diacetate on a solid support. The individual isomers are obtained in overall yields of 40–60 % over 10 steps and with 63–85 % diastereoselectivity for the major isomer.
Synthesis and Liquid Crystalline Properties of Mono‐, Di‐ and Tri‐O‐alkyl Pentaerythritol Derivatives Bearing Tri‐, Di‐ or Monogalactosyl Heads: The Effects of Curvature of Molecular Packing on Mesophase Formation
Authors: Dumoulin Fabienne , Lafont Dominique , Huynh Thai‐Lê , Boullanger Paul , Mackenzie Grahame , West Jon J. , Goodby John W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSelf‐organisation and self‐assembly are critical to the stability of synthetic and biological membranes. Of particular importance is consideration of the packing arrangements of the various molecular species. Both phospho‐ and glycolipids can pack in ways in which curvature can be introduced into self‐organised or self‐assembled systems. For instance, it is known that the degree of curvature can affect the structures of any condensed phases that are formed. In this article we report on a systematic study in which we have varied the shapes of glycolipids and examined the condensed phases that they form. In doing so, we have also unified the shape dependency of lyotropic liquid crystals with those of thermotropic liquid crystals. In order to undertake this systematic study a range of different pentaerythritol derivatives was synthesized, which covers combinations of one to three alkyl chains of different lengths (6,7,9,10,11,12,14,16 carbon atoms) and three to one galactosyl heads. Mono‐ and di‐O‐galactosyl derivatives were prepared directly by glycosylation of the corresponding alcohols using 2,3,4,6‐tetra‐O‐benzoyl or acetyl‐α‐D‐galactopyranosyl trichloroacetimidate or bromide as the donors; the tri‐O‐galactosyl derivatives were synthesized from O‐alkyl‐O‐benzyl di‐O‐galactosyl pentaerythritol intermediates, followed by de‐O‐benzylation and glycosylation steps. All of the fully deprotected products were obtained by standard methods, and their self‐organising and self‐assembling properties examined.
The risk of renal impairment in hormone‐refractory prostate cancer patients with bone metastases treated with zoledronic acid
Authors: Oh William K. , Proctor Kevin , Nakabayashi Mari , Evan Carolyn , Tormey Lauren K. , Daskivich Timothy , Antràs Lucia , Smith Michael , Neary Maureen P. , Duh Mei Sheng 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBACKGROUNDBisphosphonates have been used to treat bone metastases in hormone‐refractory prostate cancer (HRPC), but certain agents have been associated with renal toxicity. For this observational study, the authors assessed the risk of renal impairment in patients with HRPC who received zoledronic acid from December 1999 to April 2005.METHODSA comprehensive medical records review was performed in a major tertiary oncology center (n = 122 patients). The primary outcome of renal impairment was defined as an increase ≥0.5 mg/dL or ≥1.0 mg/dL over baseline creatinine value if the baseline value was <1.4 mg/dL or ≥1.4 mg/dL, respectively. A risk factor analysis was conducted using the Andersen‐Gill extension to the Cox proportional hazards model.RESULTSRenal impairment was observed in 23.8% of patients. The risk of renal impairment increased with an extended duration of zoledronic acid therapy (<6 months, 11.1%; ≥24 months, 26.3%) and previous pamidronate treatment (45.5% vs 19.0% for patients with no prior pamidronate). A significantly greater risk of renal impairment was associated with increasing age at zoledronic acid initiation, prior pamidronate use, and a history of renal disease, hypertension, or smoking (P ≤ 0.05).CONCLUSIONSIn an outpatient clinic setting, the risk of renal impairment among patients with HRPC who received zoledronic acid was greater than the risk reported previously in clinical trials. Cancer 2007 © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Mediastinal nodal staging of nonsmall cell lung cancer using integrated 18F‐FDG PET/CT in a tuberculosis‐endemic country
Authors: Kim Yoon Kyung , Lee Kyung Soo , Kim Byung‐Tae , Choi Joon Young , Kim Hojoong , Kwon O Jung , Shim Young Mog , Yi Chin A , Kim Ha Young , Chung Myung Jin 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBACKGROUNDIntegrated 18fluorine fluorodeoxyglucose (18F‐FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) has shown somewhat variable sensitivity and specificity for mediastinal nodal staging in granulomatous disease endemic areas. The purpose of the study was to prospectively evaluate the efficacy of PET/CT for mediastinal nodal staging in nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients in a tuberculosis‐endemic country.METHODSProspective assessment of the diagnostic efficacy of integrated PET/CT for detecting mediastinal nodal metastasis was performed in 674 patients (M:F ratio = 502:172; mean age, 61 years) with NSCLC. Patients underwent an integrated PET/CT examination and subsequent surgical nodal staging (by mediastinoscopy only in 121 patients and by thoracotomy in 553). Nodes showing greater 18F‐FDG uptake than mediastinum at PET without benign calcification or high attenuation >70 household unit (HU) at unenhanced CT were regarded as being positive for malignancy. The histologic nodal assessment results were used as reference standards.RESULTSOf 2477 mediastinal nodal stations evaluated in 674 patients, 275 (11%) stations in 180 (27%) patients proved to be malignant. On a per‐person basis, the overall sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of PET/CT for mediastinal nodal staging were 61% (110 of 180), 96% (473 of 494), and 86% (583 of 674), respectively. On a per‐nodal station basis, they were 46% (126 of 275), 98% (2154 of 2202), and 92% (2280 of 2477).CONCLUSIONSIntegrated PET/CT provides high specificity and reasonably high accuracy, but somewhat low sensitivity for mediastinal nodal staging of NSCLCs. The high specificity is achieved at the expense of sensitivity by interpreting calcified nodes or nodes with high attenuation at CT, even with high FDG uptake at PET, as benign in a tuberculosis‐endemic region. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Quantitative analysis of neuronal diversity in the mouse olfactory bulb
Authors: Parrish‐Aungst S. , Shipley M.T. , Erdelyi F. , Szabo G. , Puche A.C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractOlfactory sensory information is processed and integrated by circuits within the olfactory bulb. Golgi morphology suggests the olfactory bulb contains several major neuronal classes. However, an increasingly diverse collection of neurochemical markers have been localized in subpopulations of olfactory bulb neurons. While the mouse is becoming the animal model of choice for olfactory research, little is known about the proportions of neurons expressing and coexpressing different neurochemical markers in this species. Here we characterize neuronal populations in the mouse main olfactory bulb, focusing on glomerular populations. Immunofluorescent labeling for: 1) calretinin, 2) calbindin D‐28K (CB), 3) parvalbumin, 4) neurocalcin, 5) tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), 6) the 67‐kDa isoform of GAD (GAD67), and 7) the neuronal marker NeuN was performed in mice expressing green fluorescent protein under the control of the glutamic acid decarboxylase 65kDa (GAD65) promoter. Using unbiased stereological cell counts we estimated the total numbers of cells and neurons in the bulb and the number and percentage of neurons expressing and coexpressing different neurochemical populations in each layer of the olfactory bulb. Use of a genetic label for GAD65 and immunohistochemistry for GAD67 identified a much larger percentage of GABAergic neurons in the glomerular layer (55% of all neurons) than previously recognized. Additionally, while many glomerular neurons expressing TH or CB coexpress GAD, the majority of these neurons preferentially express the GAD67 isoform. These data suggest that the chemospecific populations of neurons in glomeruli form distinct subpopulations and that GAD isoforms are preferentially regulated in different neurochemical cell types. J. Comp. Neurol. 501:825–836, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chemical organization of the macaque monkey olfactory bulb: III. Distribution of cholinergic markers
Authors: Porteros Ángel , Gómez Carmela , Valero Jorge , Calvo‐Baltanás Fernando , Alonso José Ramón 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe distribution patterns of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were studied in the olfactory bulb (OB) of three species of macaque. AChE was detected by a histochemical method and ChAT immunoreactivity by immunocytochemistry. Similar results were observed in all species analyzed. With the exception of the olfactory nerve layer, all layers of the macaque monkey OB demonstrated a dense innervation of AChE‐ and ChAT‐positive fibers. The distribution patterns of AChE‐ and ChAT‐labeled fibers were similar for both cholinergic markers, although the number of AChE‐labeled fibers was clearly higher than the number of ChAT‐immunoreactive fibers. The highest density of AChE and ChAT‐stained fibers was observed in the interface between the glomerular layer and the external plexiform layer and in the internal plexiform layer. Dense bundles of labeled fibers were observed in the caudal OB, coursing from the olfactory peduncle. All ChAT‐immunopositive elements were identified as centrifugal fibers, derived from neurons caudal to the OB. Neither olfactory fibers nor intrinsic neurons were observed after ChAT immunocytochemistry. However, a few AChE‐positive cells were observed in the glomerular layer and in both external and internal plexiform layers. These neurons were presumably identified as periglomerular cells, superficial short‐axon cells, and/or external tufted cells and deep short‐axon cells. Contrary to other neurotransmitters and neuroactive substances, the distribution patterns of ChAT and AChE activities in the macaque monkey OB closely resembled the patterns described in macrosmatic mammals and showed laminar differences with the distribution pattern observed in humans. J. Comp. Neurol. 501:854–865, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential distribution of hyperpolarization‐activated and cyclic nucleotide‐gated channels in cone bipolar cells of the rat retina
Authors: Fyk‐Kolodziej Bozena , Pourcho Roberta G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe hyperpolarization‐activated and cyclic nucleotide‐gated (HCN) channel isoforms HCN1, HCN2, and HCN4 were localized by immunofluorescence in the rat retina. Double labeling with the vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT1) was used to identify bipolar cell axon terminals in the inner retina. The HCN1 channel was localized to two cell types with differing intracellular distributions, insofar as staining was seen in the dendrites of a putative OFF‐type cone bipolar cell and in the axon terminals of an ON‐type bipolar that ramifies in stratum 3 (s3) of the inner plexiform layer (IPL). Staining for HCN4 was seen in two sets of bipolar axon terminals located in s2 and s3 and positioned between the two bands of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) staining. The cells that ramify in s2 were identified as type 3 cone bipolar cells and the cells that ramify in s3 cells as a subclass of type 5 cone bipolars. The latter group, designated here as type 5b, exhibit diffuse axon terminals and can be distinguished from the narrowly stratifying type 5a cells. Double labeling showed that type 5b cone bipolar cells express both HCN1 and HCN4 as well as HCN2. Superposition of HCN channel labeling with VGLUT1 staining confirmed the presence of a cone bipolar cell whose terminals ramify in the same stratum of the IPL as type 5b cells but that do not express these HCN channels. J. Comp. Neurol. 501:891–903, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.