bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Towards a Bio‐Based Industry: Benign Catalytic Esterifications of Succinic Acid in the Presence of Water
Authors: Budarin Vitaly , Luque Rafael , Macquarrie Duncan J. , Clark James H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe biorefinery of the future will need to integrate bioconversion and appropriate low environmental impact chemical technologies (Green Chemistry) so as to produce a wide range of products from biomass in an economically effective and environmentally acceptable manner. The challenge for chemists is to develop chemistry that works with fermentation‐derived dilute, aqueous mixtures of oxygenated chemicals (platform molecules) rather than the petroleum‐derived non‐aqueous, non‐oxygenated feedstocks we have been working with for 50+ years and to avoid energy intensive and wasteful concentration and purification steps. Here we show that a new family of tuneable mesoporous carbonaceous catalysts derived from starch can be used to accomplish efficient chemistry in aqueous solution. Our new aqueous catalytic chemistry relies on the ability to adjust the surface properties including the hydrophobicity–hydrophilicity balance of mesoporous Starbons by carbonisation at different temperatures (250–750 °C). Simple treatment of these materials with sulfuric acid then provides a series of porous solid acids that can function under a range of conditions including dilute aqueous solution. The reactions of succinic acid (platform molecule) in aqueous alcohol demonstrate the outstanding activities of these new catalysts.
Choline‐Derivative‐Based Ionic Liquids
Authors: Pernak Juliusz , Syguda Anna , Mirska Ilona , Pernak Anna , Nawrot Jan , Pra̧dzyńska Aleksandra , Griffin Scott T. , Rogers Robin D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA total of sixty‐three choline derivative‐based ionic liquids in the forms of chlorides, acesulfamates, and bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imides have been prepared and their physical properties (density, viscosity, solubility, and thermal stability) have been determined. Thirteen of these salts are known chlorides: precursors to the 26 water‐soluble acesulfamates, 12 acesulfamates only partially miscible with water, and 12 water‐insoluble imides. The crystal structures for two of the chloride salts—(2‐hydroxyethyl)dimethylundecyloxymethylammonium chloride and cyclododecyloxymethyl(2‐hydroxyethyl)dimethylammonium chloride—were determined. The antimicrobial (cocci, rods, and fungi) activities of the new hydrophilic acesulfamate‐based ILs were measured and 12 were found to be active. The alkoxymethyl(2‐hydroxyethyl)dimethylammonium acesulfamates have been shown to be insect feeding deterrents and thus open up a new generation of synthetic deterrents based on ionic liquids. The alkoxymethyl(2‐decanoyloxyethyl)dimethylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imides have also been shown to act as fixatives for soft tissues and can furthermore be used as substitutes for formalin and also preservatives for blood.
Synthesis and Characterization of a Layered Chlorozincophosphate Templated by Protonated 4‐Methylpiperidine.
Authors: Kefi R. , Lefebvre F. , Ben Nasr C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Nanopowders and Crystals in (Y1‐xNdx)3Al5O12 System: Preparation and Properties.
Authors: Lipinska L. , Lojko L. , Klos A. , Ganschow S. , Diduszko R. , Ryba‐Romanowski W. , Pajaczkowska A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
L‐Proline‐Catalyzed Direct Intermolecular Asymmetric Aldol Reactions of 1‐Phenylthiocycloalkyl Carboxaldehydes with Ketones. Easy Access to Spiro‐ and Fused‐Cyclobutyl Tetrahydrofurans and Cyclopentanones.
Authors: Bernard Angela M. , Frongia Angelo , Guillot Regis , Piras Pier P. , Secci Francesco , Spiga Marco 
Published: May 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Palladium(II) and Gold(I) Complexes of a New O‐Functionalized N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Ligand: Synthesis, Structures, and Catalytic Application.
Authors: Ray Lipika , Shaikh Mobin M. , Ghosh Prasenjit 
Published: May 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
N‐Nosyl as a Stereoselectivity‐Improving and Easily Removable Group in the O‐Glycosylation of D‐Allal and D‐Galactal‐Derived Allyl Aziridines. Stereospecific Synthesis of 4‐Amino‐2,3‐unsaturated‐O‐glycosides.
Authors: Di Bussolo Valeria , Romano Maria Rosaria , Pineschi Mauro , Crotti Paolo 
Published: May 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Transfer Hydrogenation of Ketones Catalyzed by 1‐Alkylbenzimidazole Ruthenium(II) Complexes.
Authors: Oezdemir Ismail , Sahin Neslihan , Cetinkaya Bekir 
Published: May 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Stereoselective Intramolecular 1,3‐Dipolar Nitrile Oxide Cycloaddition Reaction of N‐Formyl‐β‐nitroamides.
Authors: Kadowaki Ayako , Nagata Yoshiaki , Uno Hidemitsu , Kamimura Akio 
Published: May 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Domino Ring‐Opening/Recyclization Reactions of Doubly Activated Cyclopropanes as a Strategy for the Synthesis of Furoquinoline Derivatives.
Authors: Zhang Zhiguo , Zhang Qian , Sun Shaoguang , Xiong Tao , Liu Qun 
Published: May 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Magnesium Perchlorate as a New and Highly Efficient Catalyst for the Synthesis of 2,3‐Dihydro‐1,5‐benzothiazepines.
Authors: Khatik Gopal L. , Kumar Raj , Chakraborti Asit K. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Fluorinated Organic Materials for Electronic and Optoelectronic Applications: The Role of the Fluorine Atom
Authors: Babudri Francesco , Farinola Gianluca M. , Naso Francesco , Ragni Roberta 
Published: May 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Phase 2 randomized trial of primary endocrine therapy versus chemotherapy in postmenopausal patients with estrogen receptor‐positive breast cancer
Authors: Semiglazov Vladimir F. , Semiglazov Vladislav V. , Dashyan Garik A. , Ziltsova Elena K. , Ivanov Vadim G. , Bozhok Alla A. , Melnikova Olga A. , Paltuev Ruslan M. , Kletzel Alexander , Berstein Lev M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBACKGROUND.Few studies have compared primary neoadjuvant endocrine therapy with neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer patients. The need for preoperative chemotherapy with doxorubicin or taxanes may be reduced in postmenopausal patients with estrogen receptor (ER)‐positive and/or progesterone receptor (PgR)‐positive tumors. This randomized, controlled, phase 2 study evaluated the efficacy of neoadjuvant chemotherapy compared with endocrine treatment with aromatase inhibitors in postmenopausal women with ER‐positive and/or PgR‐positive breast cancer.METHODS.Eligible patients were randomly assigned to receive neoadjuvant anastrozole 1 mg/day (n = 61) or exemestane 25 mg/day (n = 60) for 3 months or doxorubicin 60 mg/m2 with paclitaxel 200 mg/m2 (four 3‐week cycles). Study end points included overall objective response determined by palpation, mammography, and ultrasound, and the number of patients who qualified for breast‐conserving surgery and radiotherapy.RESULTS.Clinical objective response was 64% in the endocrine therapy and chemotherapy treatment groups. Median time to clinical response was 57 and 51 days with aromatase inhibitors and chemotherapy, respectively (P > .05). Rates of pathological complete response (3% vs 6%) and disease progression (9% vs 9%) did not differ significantly in the endocrine therapy or chemotherapy group, respectively (P > .05). Rates of breast‐conserving surgery were slightly higher in the endocrine group (33% vs 24%; P = .058). The most frequent toxicities from chemotherapy were alopecia (79%), grade 3/4 neutropenia (33%), and grade 2 neuropathy (30%). Endocrine treatment was well tolerated. No deaths occurred during the preoperative treatment.CONCLUSIONS.Preoperative neoadjuvant endocrine therapy with aromatase inhibitors was well tolerated and resulted in rates similar to chemotherapy in overall objective response and breast‐conserving surgery in postmenopausal women with ER‐positive and/or PgR‐positive tumors. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Functional connections within the human inferior frontal gyrus
Authors: Greenlee Jeremy D.W. , Oya Hiroyuki , Kawasaki Hiroto , Volkov Igor O. , Severson Meryl A. , Howard Matthew A. , Brugge John F. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe highly convoluted and cytoarchitectonically diverse inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) of humans is known to be critically involved in a wide range of complex operations including speech and language processing. The neural circuitry that underlies these operations is not fully understood. We hypothesized that this neural circuitry includes functional connections within and between the three major IFG subgyri: the pars orbitalis, pars triangularis, and pars opercularis. To test this hypothesis we employed electrical stimulation tract‐tracing techniques in 10 human patients undergoing surgical treatment for intractable epilepsy. The approach involved delivering repeated bipolar electrical stimuli to one site on the IFG while recording the electrical response evoked by that stimulus from a 64‐contact grid overlying more distant IFG sites. In all subjects, stimulation of a site on one subgyrus evoked polyphasic potentials at distant sites, either on the same subgyrus or on an adjacent subgyrus. This provided prima facie evidence for a functional connection between the site of stimulation and the sites of the evoked response. The averaged evoked potentials tended to aggregate as response fields. The spatial spread of a response field indicated a divergent projection from the site of stimulation. When two or more sites were stimulated, the resulting evoked potentials exhibited different waveforms while the respective response fields could overlap substantially, suggesting that input from multiple sites converged but by engaging different neural circuits. The earliest deflection in the evoked potential ranged from 2 to 10 msec. No differences were noted between language‐dominant and language‐nondominant hemispheres. J. Comp. Neurol. 503:550–559, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The different mechanisms of insulin sensitizers to prevent type 2 diabetes in OLETF rats
Authors: Choi Sung Hee , Zhao Zheng Shan , Lee Yong Jik , Kim Soo Kyung , Kim Dae Jung , Ahn Chul Woo , Lim Sung Kil , Lee Hyun Chul , Cha Bong Soo 
Published: May 2007

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the effects of pioglitazone and metformin treatment during pre‐diabetic period for the prevention of diabetes in a rat model.MethodsOLETF rats aged 18‐weeks, were treated with pioglitazone (10 mg/kg/day) and metformin (300 mg/kg/day) for 10 weeks from their pre‐diabetic period. We measured weight, lipid profiles, fat distribution, glucose tolerance, and pancreatic insulin content.ResultsProminent weight gain (mostly subcutaneous fat area) was observed in the pioglitazone‐treated OLETF (O‐P) ratsversussignificant weight loss was observed in the metformin‐treated OLETF (O‐M) rats. Pioglitazone reversed the serum triglyceride (TG) and FFAs levels to normal (TG 0.46 ± 0.04vs0.88 ± 0.05 mmol/l in LETO). At the age of 28 weeks, the O‐P rats showed completely normal glucose tolerance, and the glucose disposal rate (GDR) was markedly improved (25.6 ± 0.4vs20.6 ± 0.5 mg/min/kg in O‐C,p< 0.05). The O‐M rats also showed an improved fasting glucose and GDR level, but not as much as those with O‐P rats. The pancreas insulin contents were much improved in the O‐P rats (22.9 ± 1.2vs18.8 ± 1.3 nmol/pancreas in O‐M rats,p< 0.05) with histological improvement.ConclusionThe pre‐diabetic treatment with pioglitazone, despite significant weight gain, completely prevents to develop diabetes and enhances beta cell function with preservation of islet cell changes. Metformin treatment was also effective, but mainly by ameliorating the insulin resistance with marked reduction in body weight. The reversal of dyslipidaemia and the fat redistribution might contribute to the greater improvement of pioglitazone treatment compared to metformin in OLETF rats. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Arousal and evaluative extremity in social judgments: A dynamic complexity model
Authors: Paulhus Delroy L. , Lim David T. K. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA dynamic complexity model is used to explain some effects of emotional arousal on retrieval of social information. Two hypotheses are presented: (1) emotional arousal reduces the cognitive complexity of social perception, and (2) these reductions in complexity result in polarized evaluations of social targets. In Study I, where arousal was operationalized as exam apprehension. Evaluations of famous target figures were polarized under arousal. In Study 2, where arousal was induced with loud white noise, arousal reduced cognitive complexity and polarized evaluations. The polarization of evaluative judgments seems to hinge on the fact that evaluation is the primary dimension in person perception: under arousal, evaluation becomes relatively stronger as secondary dimensions are discarded. Hence, evaluative judgments become more extreme. Other supportive evidence is summarized and the model is compared with other competing frameworks.
Social perception: A test of the role of arousal in self‐evaluation maintenance processes
Authors: Achee John , Tesser Abraham , Pilkington Constance 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSocial prediction was used to examine the causal role of physiological arousal in self‐ evaluation maintenance (SEM) processes. Subjects' level of arousal was manipulated by having half of the subjects engage in physical exercise and half of the subjects relax prior to receiving performance feedback on high and low relevance tasks. On each task, subjects were given an opportunity to predict the performance of a friend or a stranger. The SEM modelpredicts that the more relevant the task the less charitable one's perception of another S performance, particularly a close other. Subjects in the high arousal condition showed a pattern of behaviour which was significantly closer to that predicted by the SEM model than subjects in the low arousal condition. Thus arousal appears to play a causal role in the unfolding of SEM behavrours.
The role of mood and message ambiguity in the interplay of heuristic and systematic processing
Authors: Bohner Gerd , Chaiken Shelly , Hunyadi Piroska 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe mechanisms by which mood states influence attitude judgments in persuasion settings are delineated in terms of current dual‐process theorizing. With an emphasis on mechanisms that may operate when the evaluative implications of message content are ambiguous. In a preliminary test of hypotheses concerning such circumstances, college‐aged subjects were put into a happy or sad mood and then read a message containing unambiguous strong, unambiguous weak, or ambiguous arguments, which was attributed to a highly credible source (heuristic cue) When message content was ambiguous, sad (as compared to happy) subjects' attitudes were more influenced by heuristic processing, and their message‐related thoughts were biased by the heuristic cue. These and other results are discussed within a dual‐processing framework, and compared to other social cognition theorizing on the impact of affect on social judgment.
Do people avoid sitting next to someone who is facially disfigured?
Authors: Houston Vicky , Bull Ray 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMost psychological research on the social effects of facial appearance has compared ‘normal’ with attractive faces whereas little work has been concerned with the possible differences in reactions to disfigured and ‘normal’ faces. Yet many cranio‐facial surgeons wish to know whether their disfigured patients are reporting reality when they complain that members of the public avoid or react negatively to them. This study finds that people travelling on a suburban railway significantly avoided sitting next to someone who appeared to have a facial port‐wine stain. It is concluded that facially disfigured people's accounts of avoidant behaviour towards them are probably the results of correct perceptions.
The perceived impact of the mass media: Reconsidering the third person effect
Authors: Duck Julie M. , Mullin Barbara‐Ann 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCommunication scholars describe a pervasive ‘third person effect’ wherein people see mass media as more likely to affect other people than themselves. Two experiments are reported demonstrating that this effect is not a universal response to the issue of social influence, but occurs in specific social comparative contexts. In Experiment I respondents judged the impact on self and other of three types of media content‐negative content, positive content, and public service campaigns. Comparison others varied on two dimensions, vagueness and closeness. A third person effect was found for both negative and positive content, but was more pronounced for negative content. The effect was also more pronounced in comparisons with vague and distant others. In contrast, respondents saw themselves as relatively vulnerable to influence from public service campaigns. Moreover, the direction of perceived self‐other differences varied with respondents' perceptions of the desirability of the intended influence. In Experiment 2 respondents judged the impact on self and other of media violence and drink‐driving campaigns. Results confirmed a perception of relative invulnerability to negative content and indicated that comparisons with vague others, and particularly with vague‐distant others like ‘the average person’, facilitate such perceptions. Perceived self‐other differences on the issue of drink‐driving were less evident and varied with the perceived desirability of the intended influence. Results are discussed in terms of the ego‐defensive and self‐enhancing functions of social comparisons.
A face with a cue: exploring the inevitability of person categorization
Authors: Martin Douglas , Macrae C. Neil 
Published: May 2007

AbstractRecent research has explored the dynamics of categorical thinking, with debate centering on the putative automaticity of this process. In a further investigation of this topic, the current inquiry assessed the influence of critical category‐cueing facial features on overt (i.e., category identification) and covert (i.e., category priming) measures of sex categorization. The results revealed that when a critical sex‐specifying facial cue (i.e., hairstyle) was present, priming effects emerged even under suboptimal processing conditions (i.e., facial blurring). When this cue was absent, however, priming no longer occurred. Interestingly, category identification was largely unimpeded by feature removal or facial blurring. Taken together, these results underscore the efficiency of categorical thinking and the importance of task objectives and feature‐based processing in person perception. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Carbon Nanofiber–Polystyrene Composite Electrodes for Electroanalytical Processes
Authors: Rassaei Liza , Sillanpää Mika , Bonné Michael J. , Marken Frank 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCarbon nanofibers provide an active and well‐defined high surface area material for electroanalytical processes. In this study a novel procedure is suggested for compacting carbon nanofiber (CNF) materials (diameter typically 100–200 nm) with a polystyrene (PS) binder and additives into highly conducting and re‐polishable CNF‐PS composite electrodes. Three types of carbon nanofibers (Pyrograf III, 70–200 nm diameter) and a range of compositions are surveyed. A 33 wt% carbon nanofibers in polystyrene electrode provides optimum electrical conductivity and reactivity.
Cationic gemini surfactant as dynamic coating in CE for the control of EOF and wall adsorption
Authors: Liu Qian , Li Yanqing , Tang Fei , Ding Li , Yao Shouzhuo 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe cationic gemini surfactant ethylene bis(1‐dodecyldimethylammonium) dibromide was used as a dynamic coating to control EOF and prevent wall adsorption of basic proteins in CE for the first time. This gemini surfactant shows a more powerful capability in EOF reversal than traditional single‐chained surfactant. The gemini surfactant reverses the EOF at a concentration level even less than 0.01 mM, and the EOF magnitude is affected by surfactant concentration, pH, ionic strength, and ions added in buffer. Highly efficient and rapid protein separation (N >300 000) was obtained with buffer containing 2 mM gemini surfactant under pH ranging from 3 to 6. The effects of surfactant and buffer concentration on protein separation were investigated in detail. Under the optimal conditions, good repeatability (RSD of migration time <0.6% for run‐to‐run and <2.5% for day‐to‐day assays) and recovery (>90%) of tested proteins were obtained. This new dynamic coating is also suitable for biosample analysis.
Judging interpretations: But is it rigorous? trustworthiness and authenticity in naturalistic evaluation
Authors: Schwandt Thomas A. , Lincoln Yvonna S. , Guba Egon G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis chapter situates Guba and Lincoln's chapter within the broad philosophical debate about the justifiability of interpretations.The emergence of a new paradigm of inquiry (naturalistic) has, unsurprisingly enough, led to a demand for rigorous criteria that meet traditional standards of inquiry. Two sets are suggested, one of which, the “trustworthiness” criteria, parallels conventional criteria, while the second, “ authenticity” criteria, is implied directly by new paradigm assumptions.