bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF MATERNAL MALNUTRITION ON THE PROGENY IN THE RAT. STUDIES IN VITRO OF ADIPOSE TISSUE LIPOGENESIS AND LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE ACTIVITY FOLLOWING FRUCTOSE FEEDING
Authors: McLeod Katrine I , Nestel PJ , Goldrick RB 
Published: November 2007

SummaryWhen female rats are fed a protein‐deficient diet (6% protein by weight) for 2 weeks prior to and during gestation, the offspring exhibit deficits in body weight, epididymal fat pad weight and the size and number of adipocytes which cannot be corrected by an adequate post‐natal diet. However, the plasma cholesterol, triglyceride and glucose concentrations are similar in the progeny of normally‐fed (control) and protein‐deficient (test) dams.Studies of adipose tissue lipogenesis mid lipoprotein lipase activity were carried out in the absorptive or fasted states in 10‐ or 30‐week‐old control and test progeny that had either been fed a chow diet or chow plus a 20% fructose supplement in the drinking water for 2 weeks. Fructose feeding produced similar rises in the plasma triglyceride concentration in test and control progeny, the rise being more evident in older progeny. With chow feeding alone, the incorporation in vitro of glucose into both glyceride‐glycerol and glyceride‐fatty acids per adipocyte was similar in test and control groups at each age. With one exception (basal incorporation into glycerol in older lest progeny), fructose feeding increased both basal and insulin‐stimulated incorporation of glucose into glyceride‐glycerol and glyceride‐fatty acid but to a significantly smaller extent in the test progeny. With the exception of fructose‐fed test progeny, there was a rise in baseline glycerol production with age in all groups tested in the absorptive State but a fall with age when tested in the fasted state. There was also a marked reduction of fatty acid synthesis with age in all groups, and the values obtained in the fasted state were significantly lower than those in the absorptive state. Release of adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase was similar in test and control progeny when expressed in terms of unit numbers of adipocytes and was unaffected by fructose feeding.
THE TADPOLE TAIL AS A MODEL FOR DECOMPRESSION STUDIES
Authors: Gooden BA 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe tail of the tadpole of Litoria etoingi (Anura. Hylidae) has been used to visualise directly the growth and reabsorption of gas bubbles in living tissue following decompression. Intravascular bubbles were observed to move along the vascular arcades of the transparent tail fins after rapid decompression from 600 pounds per square inch. Some blood vessels became so distended with gas that they ruptured at intervals along their length mid the bubbles extended into the extravascular tissue. It is therefore suggested that this preparation provides a useful model for studies on the effects of rapid decompression.
EFFECT OF CYCLOLEUCINE AND PARACHLOROPHENYLALANINE ON PHENYLALANINE REABSORPTION IN THE RENAL TUBULE OF THE RHESUS MONKEY
Authors: Lines DR 
Published: November 2007

SummaryAs cycloleucine and parachlorophenylalanine are known to affect phenylalanine metabolism, their effect on renal tubular handling of a phenylalanine load was studied. The addition of either substance to an intravenous infusion of phenylalanine did not decrease renal tubular reabsorption of phenylalanine in the Rhesus monkey. However, both cycloleucine and parachlorophenylalanine increased glomerular filtration rate as measured by inulin clearance.
ROLE OF TRIGEMINAL, OLFACTORY, CAROTID SINUS AND AORTIC NERVES IN THE RESPIRATORY AND CIRCULATORY RESPONSE TO NASAL INHALATION OF CIGARETTE SMOKE AND OTHER IRRITANTS IN THE RABBIT
Authors: McRitchie RJ , White SW 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe contributions of different afferent pathways to the reflex apnoea in expiration, mild hypertension and marked bradycardia evoked in unanaesthetized rabbits by nasal inhalation of cigarette smoke, formaldehyde, ammonia and benzene vapour were defined according to a factorial experimental design. Animals were used with (1) trigeminal nerve ablation, (2) olfactory bulb ablation, (3) total and selective section of the carotid sinus and aortic nerves, and (4) combinations of the above lesions. Trigeminal afferents are the primary source of the respiratory and circulatory disturbance. Olfactory afferents cannot initiate the respiratory and circulatory disturbance but weakly potentiate the apnoea induced by trigeminal stimulation. Arterial baroreceptor mechanisms contribute to the evoked bradycardia. Arterial chemoreceptor mechanisms do not contribute to the circulatory effects, but act to terminate the induced apnoea.
OVINE PROINSULIN – IDENTIFICATION AND IMMUNOLOGICAL SIMILARITY TO BOVINE PROINSULIN
Authors: Ellis M Jane , Donald RA , Arcus AC , Livesey JH 
Published: November 2007

SummaryOvine proinsulin has been partially purified and characterised and shown to be immunologically similar to bovine proinsulin.Gel filtration of ovine insulin crystals followed by insulin radioimmunoassay of the effluent fractions indicated a small peak of insulin immunoreactivity characterised by a higher molecular weight than insulin. This material co‐eluted with porcine proinsulin tracer when refiltered on Sephadex, and on poly‐acrylamide gel electrophoresis was shown to contain a protein component corresponding to porcine proinsulin.Tryptic digestion converted both the immunoreactivity and the radioactivity of 125 I‐labelled crude ovine proinsulin from the proinsulin to the insulin elution position on Sephadex. Following reduction of the disulphide bonds with dithiothreitol, the labelled material partially retained a single‐chain form as expected for proinsulin, but showed some of the cleavage characteristics of insulin or insulin‐like conversion intermediates.In a specific bovine proinsulin radioimmunoassay, the crude ovine proinsulin exhibited parallelism and considerable cross‐reactivity whereas ovine insulin and porcine proinsulin showed little cross‐reaction.These results suggest that there is an insulin precursor, proinsulin, in sheep as reported in other species. Furthermore, the immunological properties of ovine proinsulin imply that its molecular structure is more closely related to that of bovine proinsulin than porcine proinsulin.
THE INFLUENCE OF REPLACING SODIUM BY POTASSIUM IONS ON UPTAKE OF NORADRENALINE IN THE RABBIT EAR ARTERY
Authors: Waterson JG , De La Lande IS 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe uptake of exogenous noradrenaline into sympathetic nerves in the rabbit ear artery was demonstrated readily when sodium ions were present in the perfusion fluid but not when the sodium was replaced by potassium. The findings are discussed in relation to the potentiating action of cocaine on responses of the artery to noradrenaline.
ACTIVATION OF THORACIC DUCT LYMPHOCYTES FROM CONGENITALLY ATHYMIC “NUDE” MICE BY MITOGENIC STIMULI IN VITRO
Authors: Kearney JF , Reade PC 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThoracic duct lymphocytes from congenitally athymic “nude” mice were used as a source of B‐lymphocytes in a study of the activation of B‐cells by various mitogenic stimuli.Bacterial lipopolysaccharide produced a response in the “nude” lymphocyte population which was equivalent to that obtained with thoracic duct lymphocytes from normal littermates. The mitogens concanavalin A, phytohaemagglutinin and the mixed lymphocyte reaction produced a poor response in “nude” mouse thoracic duct lymphocytes while pokeweed mitogen which has been shown to activate both T‐ and B‐cells in other systems showed very little stimulatory activity on this relatively pure population of B‐lymphocytes.
THE KINETICS OF MOUSE THORACIC DUCT LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION BY MITOGENS IN VITRO
Authors: Kearney JF , Reade PC 
Published: November 2007

SummaryMouse thoracic duct lymphocytes responded vigorously to the mitogens phytohaemaeglutimn, concanavalin A, pokeweed mitogen and bacterial lipopolysaccharide in a dialysis membrane culture system. Characteristic responses were induced by each mitogen in this population of lymphocytes as observed by light microscope autoradiography and tritiated thymidine uptake. The kinetics of these responses were dependent on mitogen concentration.The T‐cell activating mitogens, phytohaemagglutinin and concanavalin A, produced the most marked lymphocyte activation, while pokeweed mitogen and bacterial lipopolysaccharide produced a lesser response. The differentiation of thoracic duct lymphocytes to plasmacytoid cells was noted in cultures stimulated by pokeweed mitogen.
THE ADOPTIVE TRANSFER OF FIRST‐SET ALLOGRAFT RESPONSES BY RECIRCULATING SMALL LYMPHOCYTES IN THE RAT
Authors: Dorsch Susan , Roser B 
Published: November 2007

SummaryWhile the immunological competence of recirculating, small lymphocytes in the thoracic duct lymph is well documented, there is no unequivocal evidence that these are the cells which mediate the rejection of first‐set allografts in vivo. This evidence was sought by assaying the capacity of thoracic duct lymphocytes from normal donors to adoptively restore primary skin allograft responses to recipients in which these responses had been suppressed by irradiation. It was found that 30 million thoracic duct lymphocytes were sufficient to restore rejection of allogeneic skin with a normal first‐set tempo. The cell type responsible was identified as the recirculating small lymphocyte by showing that those cells which migrated from blood to lymph in heavily irradiated syngeneic rats were equally competent to restore first‐set allograft responses. The specificity of this restoration was shown using thoracic duct lymphocytes from tolerant donors which restored activity against third party allo‐antigens but not against antigens of the strain to which the donor was tolerant. These results establish that recirculating small lymphocytes mediate the destruction of first‐set allografted tissue in vivo.
ERYTHROCYTIC GALACTOKINASE ACTIVITY IN NEONATAL AND ADULT BLOOD FROM VARIOUS MAMMALIAN SPECIES
Authors: Harley JD , Irvine Susan , Gupta JD 
Published: November 2007

SummaryWide variation exists between various mammalian species with regard to erythrocytic galactokinase activity. In man, the galactokinase activity is approximately double in neonatal than adult erythrocytes, suggesting the possibility that activity of this enzyme may be stimulated as a result of exposure of the human foetus to galactose during pregnancy. However, no consistent pattern emerged from testing various other mammalian species, in that the mean neonatal and adult erythrocytic galactokinase ratio ranged from 0·73 in guinea‐pigs to 3·77 in rats. While the wide variations observed in both neonatal and adult erythrocytes remain unexplained, the high neonatal: adult ratio of erythrocytic galactokinase activity observed in humans and rats may reflect an evolutionary process of adaptation to post‐natal exposure in two species known to be susceptible to galactose cataractogenesis.
THE DERMAL RESPONSE TO KILLED AND VIABLE ALLOGENEIC AND XENOGENEIC CELLS IN THE DUCK
Authors: Bell RG 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe response which followed the subcutaneous injection of allogeneic or xenogeneic cells into the duck was followed by measuring increases in skin thickness at the site over a period of 5‐7 days. It was shown that killing of allogeneic lymphoid cells with peroxide abrogates the local swelling that untreated cells produce. Xenogeneic lymphoid or non‐lymphoid cells also produced strong local reactions in the skin, but these reactions were not influenced by killing of these cell types with peroxide.It was suggested that the basis for the reactivity to allogeneic and xenogeneic cells in the duck was different, the former relying on an interaction of host tissue elements with donor lymphoid cells for which the viability of donor cells was a pre‐requisite. The latter response, however, represented a recognition of, and a response to, the antigens presented by xenogeneic cells. On the basis of these results, it was concluded that the duck has the capacity to respond peripherally to antigenic challenge.
ANTIGEN‐INITIATED B LYMPHOCYTE DIFFERENTIATION
Authors: Schlegel RA 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe response to the hapten NIP (4‐hydroxy‐3‐iodo‐5‐nitrophenylacetic acid) presented on the carrier POL (polymerised bacterial flagellin) in culture was found to be basically similar to the response in vivo. Primary immunisation gave unusual kinetics, peaking at 3 days, whereas a secondary response gave a normal peak at 4‐5 days. The primary response was exclusively IgM, whereas the secondary response was exclusively IgM, exclusively IgG or a combination of the two, depending on the priming protocol.Studies with athymic mice and anti‐θ treated T cells demonstrated that a primary IgM response could be obtained in the absence of T cells, although the presence of T cells in vitro did appear to enhance the response. The IgG response was totally dependent on T cells. The addition of in vivo flagellin‐primed T cells produced effective collaboration with NIP‐primed B cells in the production of an IgG response.Addition of β‐mercaptoethanol to the culture medium failed to enhance either the primary IgM or secondary IgG response to NIP‐POL.The cell dose response curve of unprimed cells was non‐linear under normal conditions, but could be made linear by the addition of irradiated cells to produce a constant number of cells per culture. The antigen dose response curve gave a sharp optimum, with no significant difference between primed and unprimed cells.
CELL PROLIFERATION KINETICS OF ENDOGENOUS AND EXOGENOUS ERYTHROID SPLEEN COLONIES IN LETHALLY IRRADIATED MICE
Authors: Hasthorpe Suzanne , Hodgson GS 
Published: November 2007

SummaryTwo types of spleen colony formation have been compared with respect to the kinetics of erythroid cells. Endogenous colonies were obtained using phenylhydrazine treatment followed by lethal total body irradiation and exogenous colonies derived from normal bone marrow transplanted into irradiated animals. Individual colonies of both endogenous and exogenous types were scored for 3HTdR labelling index (LI), mitotic index (MI) and vincristine mitotic accumulation. Then; was no significant difference in kinetic behaviour of erythmid colonies in the endogenous compared with the exogenous situation.Erythroid colonies from both endogenous and exogenous sources were classified into three separate groups, “early”, “intermediate” and “late” on the basis of their morphological appearance. When this classification was later taken into account there were no differences in kinetic behaviour between “early”, “intermediate” and “late” colonies of endogenous as compared to the respective classes of exogenous colonies. Labelling indices of “early”, “intermediate” and “late” colonies fell into three distinct groups having mean corrected labelling indices of approximately 75%, 63% and 47%, respectively. The mean nuclear diameter of cells in “early” colonies was significantly greater than of cells in “intermediate” and “late” colonies, cells of the latter two having similar mean nuclear diameters.The only significant difference observed between the endogenous and exogenous colonies was that the erythroid to granulocytic colony ratio was considerably higher for endogenous colonies. This may be attributed to the presence of an environment more favourable to erythroid development in spleens of mice which have haemolytic anaemia.
SUBSURFACE LOCATION OF NON‐AGGLUTINATING ANTIGENS OF LEPTOSPIRA INTERROGANS (SEROTYPE BIFLEXA)
Authors: Graves S , Faine S 
Published: November 2007

SummaryNeither monoprecipitin rabbit antiserum against precipitating antigen ‘d’ nor ‘e’ of Leptospira interrogans (serotype biflexa) would agglutinate whole leptospires, even at very low antiserum dilution.By means of antibody fluorescent labelling and anti‐globulin cross‐linking techniques, antigen ‘d’ and ‘e’ were shown to be subsurface in cellular location.
RELATIVE SPECIFICITIES OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS REACTING WITH AXIAL FILAMENT ANTIGENS OF LEPTOSPIRA
Authors: Chang Annabella , Faine S 
Published: November 2007

SummaryFour different antisera to different serotypes of Leptospira interrogans (Pyrogenes zanoni, Ballum castelloni Castellan 3, Autumnalis rachmati Rachmat, Autumnalis djasiman Djasiman) were fractionated by DEAE‐cellulose column chromatography and sucrose density gradient centrifugation to separate the γM and γG components reacting as precipitins in gels with axial filament preparations.Cross‐reactions of whole antiserum and of immunoglobulin fractions showed that the order of increasing specificity was whole serum and γM, slow γG and fast γG.
THE EFFECTS OF MENTAL ARITHMETIC ON HAND BLOOD FLOW
Authors: Ludbrook J , Vincent Annette H 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe effects of mental arithmetic on heart rate, arterial blood pressure, hand blood flow and resistance to hand blood flow have been tested. Heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure always increased. In cool conditions, when resting hand blood flow was less than 4·9 ml/100 ml/min, mental arithmetic caused no change in resistance to hand blood flow. Under warm conditions, when resting hand blood flow was greater than 4·9 ml/100 ml/min, mental arithmetic caused a sustained rise in resistance to blood flow in the hand.
QUANTITATIVE STUDIES ON THE RESPONSE OF NORMAL AND LEUKAEMIC LYMPHOCYTES TO PHYTOHAEMAGGLUTININ
Authors: Shaw JM , Hagon EE , Vincent PC , Gunz FW 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe dose response curves of purified normal and chronic lymphocytic leukaemic lymphocytes to highly purified phytohaemagglutinin in 3‐ and 6‐day cultures have been defined.Normal lymphocytes cultured for 3 days were maximally stimulated by low concentrations of phytohaemagglutinin, in the range 0·4 to 1·4 μg phyto‐haemagglutinin/106 cells/ml. Higher concentrations of phytohaemagglutinin caused no further stimulation.Normal lymphocytes cultured for 6 days showed a progressively greater response to increasing concentrations of phytohaemagglutinin up to 15 μg phytohaemagglutinin/106 cells/ml.Chronic lymphocytic leukaemic lymphocytes responded subnormally to all ranges of phytohaemagglutinin concentrations tested, in both 3‐ and 6‐day cultures. The shape of the dose response curve resembled the normal curve in 2 of 5 cases of chronic lymphocytic leukaemic lymphocytes studied in 3‐day cultures, and in all 7 cases studied in 6‐day cultures. No evidence could be adduced of a consistently greater response of chronic lymphocytic leukaemic lymphocytes in 6‐day compared with 3‐day cultures.Five hours’ exposure of normal lymphocytes to an optimum phytohaemagglutinin dose did not result in maximum H3‐thymidine incorporation after 3 days in culture.
THE ORIGIN OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS IN INTESTINAL SECRETION OF SHEEP
Authors: Cripps AW , Husband AJ , Lascelles AK 
Published: November 2007

SummaryStudies were made on the origin and mechanism of transfer of IgG1, IgG2, IgA and IgM into the secretion of isolated loops of jejunum of unanaesthetized sheep. IgA was the major immunoglobulin in intestinal secretion, although considerable quantities of IgG1 and IgG2 were also present. Secretion: serum radioactivity ratios for IgG1 and IgG2 were similar, indicating that they were transferred into intestinal secretion with equal facility. Specific radioactivities of the various immunoglobulins in serum and secretion were compared and the results suggested that all the IgG2 and most of the IgG1 were derived from blood plasma, whereas only a trivial amount of the IgA was plasma‐derived. The slow equilibration of IgM, together with its relatively short biological ‘half‐life', prevented accurate assessment of plasma contribution of this immunoglobulin.
ANTIGEN‐INITIATED B LYMPHOCYTE DIFFERENTIATION. CHARACTERISATION OF THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY IMMUNE RESPONSES OF NORMAL AND ATHYMIC MICE TO THE HAPTEN 4‐HYDROXY‐3‐IODO‐5‐NITROPHENYLACETIC ACID PRESENTED ON THE CARRIER POLYMERISED BACTERIAL FLAGELLIN
Authors: Schlegel RA 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe hapten 4‐hydroxy‐3‐iodo‐5‐nitrophenylacetic acid (NIP) has been coupled to polymerised bacterial flagellin (POL) to produce a linear array of repetitive antigenic determinants. The kinetics and nature of the immune response to this antigen have been studied in normal and athymic nude mice.The primary immune response by normal mice involved exclusively IgM antibody‐forming cells (AFC), whereas the response by normal mice primed to the NIP determinant consisted of IgG as well as IgM AFC. Both the primary and secondary IgM responses by nude mice were unimpaired, whereas the IgG response was absent, indicating that thymus derived (T) lymphocytes were not necessary for complete expression of the IgM response but were essential for the production of an IgG response.The kinetics of the primary IgM response in normal as well as nude mice were unusual, giving a peak at 3 rather than 4‐5 days and giving a cycling response after the initial decline. However, the kinetics of the IgM response in both normal and nude NIP‐primed mice were normal with a peak at 4‐5 days. This suggests that the primary response to NIP‐POL may be the characteristic response of true “virgin” AFC‐progenitors rather than the response of pre‐immunised AFC‐progenitors.
COMPARISON OF BIOREACTIVE AND IMMUNOREACTIVE GASTRIN
Authors: Hansky J , Royle JP , Korman MG 
Published: November 2007

SummaryFasting serum gastrin has been compared by radioimmunoassay and a rat bioassay in normal subjects and patients with duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer, pernicious anaemia and Zollinger‐Ellison syndrome.Although the level of sensitivity of the bioassay was at least 5,000 times less than that of the immunoassay, all patients with Zollinger‐Ellison syndrome and 12 of 17 patients with duodenal ulcer showed a positive response in the rat bioassay. By contrast. 1 of 13 patients with pernicious anaemia showed a positive rat bioassay despite significantly raised levels of immunoreaetive gastrin, similar to those found in the Zollinger‐Ellison syndrome.The finding of positive bioassayable gastrin in the patients with duodenal ulcer and Zollinger‐Ellison syndrome thus suggests the presence of “gastrin‐like” material or other gastric acid stimulants which are not measured by the radioimmunoassay. The negative bioassay results in the group with pernicious anaemia suggest that this additional “gastrin‐like” material, present in the duodenal ulcer and Zollinger‐Ellison patients, is not present in pernicious anaemia.
ANTIBACTERIAL MECHANISMS IN THE INTESTINE
Authors: Knop Jürgen , Rowley Derrick 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe elimination of 32‐P‐labelled V. cholerae 569B from the gastrtointestinal tract of infant mice (6‐day‐old) and the role of passively administered antibacterial antibody in this process have been studied. Whereas infant mice removed the oral inoculum to some degree by the same mechanisms found in adult mice, antibody treatment of the bacteria increased the efficiency of these considerably. Antibody sensitization led to a more rapid mechanical removal of the organisms from the small intestine and the bacteria remaining in the intestine were killed more efficiently.
IRON AND ANAEMIA IN THE NEONATAL MOUSE
Authors: Loh TT 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe relationship between changes in the blood picture and iron metabolism in the neonatal mouse, from birth to 20 days of age, was studied. From the time of birth the haemoglobin, haematocrit and erythrocyte count dropped and reached their lowest values on day 5. The values then increased rapidly to exceed the day 0 values between 10 and 15 days of age. This phenomenon is analogous to the ‘neonatal anaemia’ cited in other newborn mammals, and it has been suggested to be an iron‐deficiency anaemia. As reflected by the negligible increase in body iron over the first 5 days, a poor dietary source could be one of the contributing factors. This condition is further accentuated by the animal's inability to utilize dietary iron effectively for erythropoiesis. Other factors such as shortened erythrocyte survival and haemodilution may also have been involved. The erythrocytes were macrocytic at birth but gradually became normocytic as the mouse grew older.