Heat Exchange
Authors: Shah Ramesh K. , Mueller Alfred C. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Classification of Heat Exchangers2.1.Classification According to Construction2.1.1.Tubular Heat Exchangers2.1.1.1.Shell‐and‐Tube Exchangers2.1.1.2.Double‐Pipe Heat Exchangers2.1.1.3.Drip‐Type Heat Exchangers2.1.2.Plate‐Type Heat Exchangers2.1.2.1.Plate Heat Exchangers2.1.2.2.Spiral‐Plate Heat Exchangers2.1.3.Extended‐Surface Heat Exchangers2.1.3.1.Plate ‐ Fin Heat Exchangers2.1.3.2.Tube ‐ Fin Heat Exchangers2.1.4.Regenerators2.2.Classification According to Process Function2.2.1.Condensers2.2.2.Liquid‐to‐Vapor Phase‐ChangeExchangers2.2.2.1.Chemical Evaporators2.2.2.2.Reboilers2.2.2.3.Waste Heat Boilers3.Heat Exchanger Design Methodology4.Criteria for Heat Exchanger Selection4.1.General Selection Criteria4.1.1.Design Variables4.1.2.General Selection Guidelines4.2.Shell‐and‐Tube Exchangers4.2.1.Tubes4.2.2.Tube Pitch and Layout4.2.3.Baffles4.2.4.Shells4.2.5.Front‐End Heads4.2.6.Rear‐End Heads4.2.7.Nozzles5.Basic Heat‐Transfer and Pressure‐Drop Analysis5.1.Basic Equations and Definitions of Heat‐Transfer Analysis5.2.Dimensionless Methods for Exchanger Heat‐Transfer Analysis5.3.Extensions of the Basic Heat‐Transfer Theory5.3.1.Longitudinal Wall Heat Conduction5.3.2.Variable Overall Heat‐Transfer Coefficients5.4.Exchanger Pressure‐Drop Analysis5.4.1.Plate ‐ Fin Exchangers5.4.2.Tube ‐ Fin Exchangers5.4.3.Regenerators5.4.4.Plate Heat Exchangers6.Single‐Phase Heat‐Transfer and Pressure‐Drop Correlations6.1.Basic Concepts and Dimensionless Groups6.2.Theoretical Solutions and Correlations for Simple Geometries6.2.1.Fully Developed Flows6.2.2.Hydrodynamically Developing Flows6.2.3.Thermally Developing Flows6.2.4.Simultaneously Developing Flows6.3.Empirical Correlations for Complex Geometries6.3.1.Tubular Exchangers6.3.2.Plate Exchangers6.3.3.Extended Surface Exchangers7.Two‐Phase Heat‐Transfer and Pressure‐Drop Correlations7.1.Flow Patterns7.2.Two‐Phase Pressure‐Drop Correlations7.2.1.Intube Pressure Drop7.2.2.Shellside (Tube Bundle) Pressure Drop7.2.3.Other Geometries7.3.Heat‐Transfer Correlations for Condensation7.3.1.Condensation Inside a Horizontal Tube7.3.2.Condensation Inside a Vertical Tube7.3.3.Condensation Outside Horizontal Tube Bundles7.3.4.Condensation over Finned Tubes7.3.5.Condensation Outside Vertical Tube Bundles7.3.6.Condensation of Mixtures7.4.Heat‐Transfer Correlations for Boiling and Evaporation7.4.1.Intube Forced Convective Boiling7.4.2.Intube Critical Heat Flux7.4.3.Shellside Forced Convective Boiling7.4.4.Shellside Critical Heat Flux8.Thermal Design for Single‐Phase Heat Exchangers8.1.Introduction8.2.Shell‐and‐Tube Exchangers8.2.1.Segmental Baffles8.2.1.1.Shellside Heat Transfer8.2.1.2.Shellside Pressure Drop8.2.2.Disk‐and‐Doughnut Baffles8.2.3.Rod Baffles8.2.4.Design Procedure9.Thermal Design for Multiphase Heat Exchangers9.1.Condensers9.1.1.Considerations in Condenser Design9.1.2.Condenser Types and Their Characteristics9.1.2.1.Shellside Condensers9.1.2.2.Tubeside Condensers9.1.2.3.Air‐Cooled Condensers9.1.3.Condensation of Mixtures9.1.4.Mean Temperature Difference9.1.5.Desuperheating9.1.6.Subcooling9.2.Vaporizers9.2.1.Kettle and Internal Reboiler Design9.2.2.Horizontal Shellside Thermosiphon Reboiler Design9.2.2.1.Pressure Balance in the Recirculation Loop9.2.2.2.Shellside Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop9.2.2.3.Design Methods and Special Considerations9.2.3.Vertical Thermosiphon Reboiler Design9.2.3.1.Pressure Balance in the Recirculation Loop9.2.3.2.Flow Regimes and Heat Transfer9.2.3.3.Approximate Design Methods9.2.4.Special Design Considerations9.2.5.Mean Temperature Difference9.2.6.Common Problems with Reboilers in Practical Applications10.Flow‐Induced Vibrations10.1.Vibration Analysis10.2.Design Guidelines for Vibration Prevention10.2.1.Tube Vibration10.2.2.Acoustic Vibration11.Flow Maldistribution11.1.Causes of Flow Maldistribution11.1.1.Mechanical Design, Basic Geometry, and Tolerances11.1.2.Self‐Induced Maldistribution11.1.3.Mixed‐Phase Flow11.1.4.Fouling11.2.Consequences of Maldistribution11.2.1.Shell‐and‐Tube Exchangers11.2.2.Other Exchangers11.3.Recommendations for Shell‐and‐Tube Exchangers12.Fouling