bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interactions between a Supercell and a Quasi-Stationary Frontal Boundary
Authors: Blanchard David O. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The case presented here is submitted as an example of a previously undocumented type of interaction between a supercell thunderstorm and a frontal boundary. During the afternoon of 8 June 1995, a supercell thunderstorm formed near a quasi-stationary frontal boundary and then moved northeast across Beaver County in the Oklahoma Panhandle. Its motion took it away from the boundary and deeper into the cool air. As the storm matured and strengthened, a portion of the boundary to the south of the supercell moved northward and briefly became entrained in the low-level circulation of the storm. This northward advance of the boundary was subsequently followed by a southward motion back to near its original location. High-density spatial and temporal observations from the Oklahoma Mesonet and the Verification of the Origins of Rotation in Tornadoes Experiment (VORTEX) Mobile Mesonetwork are presented to document the northward advance of the boundary into the supercell circulation.
Insight and Psychosis: Comparing the Perspectives of Patient, Entourage and Clinician
Authors: Tranulis Constantin , Corin Ellen , Kirmayer Laurence J. 
Published: May 2008

Background: The construct of insight in psychosis assumes congruence between patient and clinician views of the meaning of symptoms and experience. Current definitions and measures of insight do not give systematic attention to the impact of interpersonal, cultural and socio-economic contexts. Aims: We hypothesized that socio-cultural factors influence insight in patients with schizophrenia. Methods: We tested this hypothesis through comparison of insight in 18 triads, each composed of a patient, a family member and a clinician. The sample consisted of patients who were first diagnosed with psychosis in the last two years, and who were either immigrants from Africa or the Caribbean Islands, or Canadian born. Insight was assessed by analysis of narratives collected from patients, family members and clinicians for a research project on the negotiation of treatment. Each narrative was scored for insight along multiple dimensions with the Extracted Insight Scale (EIS), developed for this project. Results: There was a significant correlation of insight on the EIS between patients and family members ( r = 0.51, p = 0.03) but not between patient and clinician or family and clinician. The mean levels of insight across the three groups were comparable. Qualitative analysis of the illness narratives suggested that insight was based on the meanings constructed around psychotic experiences and that the process of interpreting and attributing psychotic experiences reflected each person's cultural background, life experiences, and other social determinants, especially stigma. Conclusion: Forms of insight can occur in the context of discordance or disagreement with the clinician's opinion. We present a testable model of the socio-cultural determinants of insight that can guide future studies.
The Experience of Hopelessness in a Population of Greek Cancer Patients Receiving Palliative Care
Authors: Mystakidou Kyriaki , Parpa Efi , Tsilika Eleni , Pathiaki Maria , Hatzipli Ioanna , Galanos Antonis , Vlahos Lambros 
Published: May 2008

Background: Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS) has been translated and validated in many languages. Aim: The validation of the English version of BHS in advanced cancer patients receiving palliative treatment in Greece. Methods: The final sample was 112 advanced cancer patients. Internal consistency, item-total correlations, and test—retest using four different approaches were calculated for the assessment of the reliability. Construct validity was used by examining correlations between BHS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD-Depression) and the Schedule of Attitudes toward Hastened Death (SAHD). Known-groups validity was also assessed by detecting group differences according to disease severity as measured by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status. Univariate and multivariate analyses were constructed to explore the relationship between hopelessness, depression, hastened death and the patients' demographic and clinical characteristics. Results: One factor solution was yielded accounted for 46.64% of the variance. The test—retest reliability was satisfactory ( p < 0.0005). Validity as performed using known-group analysis showed good results. Most significant correlations were found between BHS, ECOG ( p = 0.018) and gender ( p = 0.08). The strongest predictors were gender ( p = 0.050) and ECOG ( p = 0.045). Conclusions: BHS seemed to be a useful instrument to assess pessimistic attitude and hopelessness in a Greek cancer population, with valid psychometric properties.
The Eugenic Legacy in Psychology and Psychiatry
Authors: Pilgrim David 
Published: May 2008

Background: Assumptions about genetic differences in human mental characteristics can be traced in large part to the eugenic movement, ascendant at the turn of the 20th century. Material: This paper offers historical case studies, of `innate general cognitive ability' and `psychiatric genetics', in order to appraise the eugenic legacy in current psychology and psychiatry. Discussion: Reviewing the work of representatives, Cyril Burt, Franz Kallmann and Eliot Slater, along with their research networks, it is argued that eugenics remains a quiet but powerful background influence in modern-day psychology and psychiatry. Conclusion: At the turn of the 21st century, eugenics remains an important area of inquiry, reflection and education for those in the inter-disciplinary field of social psychiatry.
An Assessment of Post-Tsunami Psychosocial Training Programmes in Tamilnadu, India
Authors: Thara R. , Rao K. , John S. 
Published: May 2008

Background: After the Tsunami struck Tamilnadu in India in 2004, a spate of psychosocial training programmes were held by a host of agencies, both government and non-government. Aim: This study is an empirical approach to the assessment of the psychosocial training programmes held after tsunami. The nature and quality of training received by the community level workers (CLWs) and the interventions carried out by them are described. Methods: CLWs were interviewed using a questionnaire to assess details about training and interventions carried out by them. Qualitative information was also gathered both from CLWs and the community. A comparison was made between CLWs of government, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and those belonging to self-help groups. Results: While most CLWs seemed to have benefited greatly from the training programmes, they had several suggestions to make about refining its quality. Multiple programmes, not well coordinated, resulted in a lot of overlap. The community was generally happy with the interventions provided and felt that they were necessary for about six months at least. One-to-one interventions are preferred to group activities, except in the case of children. Conclusions: Psychosocial support (PSS) training programmes after a disaster situation will need to be coordinated by a nodal agency. Too many players on the field with their own agenda do not benefit the community and can well be a waste of resources.
Moving from readers to customers to clients in the Business & IP Centre at the British Library
Authors: Infield Neil 
Published: May 2008

News from the National: The British Library Business & IP (Intellectual Property) Centre at the British Library will be contributing opinion pieces about their insights into business information on a regular basis. This item looks at how they responded to unexpected demands from visitors, which led to them developing new services and re-evaluating the ways in which they interacted with customers.
Bioinformatic analyses of mammalian 5'-UTR sequence properties of mRNAs predicts alternative translation initiation sites
Authors: Wegrzyn Jill L , Drudge Thomas M , Valafar Faramarz , Hook Vivian 
Published: May 2008

Abstract

Background
Utilization of alternative initiation sites for protein translation directed by non-AUG codons in mammalian mRNAs is observed with increasing frequency. Alternative initiation sites are utilized for the synthesis of important regulatory proteins that control distinct biological functions. It is, therefore, of high significance to define the parameters that allow accurate bioinformatic prediction of alternative translation initiation sites (aTIS). This study has investigated 5'-UTR regions of mRNAs to define consensus sequence properties and structural features that allow identification of alternative initiation sites for protein translation.

Results
Bioinformatic evaluation of 5'-UTR sequences of mammalian mRNAs was conducted for classification and identification of alternative translation initiation sites for a group of mRNA sequences that have been experimentally demonstrated to utilize alternative non-AUG initiation sites for protein translation. These are represented by the codons CUG, GUG, UUG, AUA, and ACG for aTIS. The first phase of this bioinformatic analysis implements a classification tree that evaluated 5'-UTRs for unique consensus sequence features near the initiation codon, characteristics of 5'-UTR nucleotide sequences, and secondary structural features in a decision tree that categorizes mRNAs into those with potential aTIS, and those without. The second phase addresses identification of the aTIS codon and its location. Critical parameters of 5'-UTRs were assessed by an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) for identification of the aTIS codon and its location. ANNs have previously been used for the purpose of AUG start site prediction and are applicable in complex. ANN analyses demonstrated that multiple properties were required for predicting aTIS codons; these properties included unique consensus nucleotide sequences at positions -7 and -6 combined with positions -3 and +4, 5'-UTR length, ORF length, predicted secondary structures, free energy features, upstream AUGs, and G/C ratio. Importantly, combined results of the classification tree and the ANN analyses provided highly accurate bioinformatic predictions of alternative translation initiation sites.

Conclusion
This study has defined the unique properties of 5'-UTR sequences of mRNAs for successful bioinformatic prediction of alternative initiation sites utilized in protein translation. The ability to define aTIS through the described bioinformatic analyses can be of high importance for genomic analyses to provide full predictions of translated mammalian and human gene products required for cellular functions in health and disease.
Unexpected diversity of cnidarian integrins: expression during coral gastrulation
Authors: Knack Brent A , Iguchi Akira , Shinzato Chuya , Hayward David C , Ball Eldon E , Miller David J 
Published: May 2008

Abstract

Background
Adhesion mediated through the integrin family of cell surface receptors is central to early development throughout the Metazoa, playing key roles in cell-extra cellular matrix adhesion and modulation of cadherin activity during the convergence and extension movements of gastrulation. It has been suggested that Caenorhabditis elegans, which has a single β and two α integrins, might reflect the ancestral integrin complement. Investigation of the integrin repertoire of anthozoan cnidarians such as the coral Acropora millepora is required to test this hypothesis and may provide insights into the original roles of these molecules.

Results
Two novel integrins were identified in Acropora. AmItgα1 shows features characteristic of α integrins lacking an I-domain, but phylogenetic analysis gives no clear indication of its likely binding specificity. AmItgβ2 lacks consensus cysteine residues at positions 8 and 9, but is otherwise a typical β integrin. In situ hybridization revealed that AmItgα1, AmItgβ1, and AmItgβ2 are expressed in the presumptive endoderm during gastrulation. A second anthozoan, the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis, has at least four β integrins, two resembling AmItgβ1 and two like AmItgβ2, and at least three α integrins, based on its genomic sequence.

Conclusion
In two respects, the cnidarian data do not fit expectations. First, the cnidarian integrin repertoire is more complex than predicted: at least two βs in Acropora, and at least three αs and four βs in Nematostella. Second, whereas the bilaterian αs resolve into well-supported groups corresponding to those specific for RGD-containing or laminin-type ligands, the known cnidarian αs are distinct from these. During early development in Acropora, the expression patterns of the three known integrins parallel those of amphibian and echinoderm integrins.
A spatial dissection of the Arabidopsis floral transcriptome by MPSS
Authors: Peiffer Jason A , Kaushik Shail , Sakai Hajime , Arteaga-Vazquez Mario , Sanchez-Leon Nidia , Ghazal Hassan , Vielle-Calzada Jean-Philippe , Meyers Blake C 
Published: May 2008

Abstract

Background
We have further characterized floral organ-localized gene expression in the inflorescence of Arabidopsis thaliana by comparison of massively parallel signature sequencing (MPSS) data. Six libraries of RNA sequence tags from immature inflorescence tissues were constructed and matched to their respective loci in the annotated Arabidopsis genome. These signature libraries survey the floral transcriptome of wild-type tissue as well as the floral homeotic mutants, apetala1, apetala3, agamous, a superman/apetala1 double mutant, and differentiated ovules dissected from the gynoecia of wild-type inflorescences. Comparing and contrasting these MPSS floral expression libraries enabled demarcation of transcripts enriched in the petals, stamens, stigma-style, gynoecia, and those with predicted enrichment within the sepal/sepal-petals, petal-stamens, or gynoecia-stamens.

Results
By comparison of expression libraries, a total of 572 genes were found to have organ-enriched expression within the inflorescence. The bulk of characterized organ-enriched transcript diversity was noted in the gynoecia and stamens, whereas fewer genes demonstrated sepal or petal-localized expression. Validation of the computational analyses was performed by comparison with previously published expression data, in situ hybridizations, promoter-reporter fusions, and reverse transcription PCR. A number of well-characterized genes were accurately delineated within our system of transcript filtration. Moreover, empirical validations confirm MPSS predictions for several genes with previously uncharacterized expression patterns.

Conclusion
This extensive MPSS analysis confirms and supplements prior microarray floral expression studies and illustrates the utility of sequence survey-based expression analysis in functional genomics. Spatial floral expression data accrued by MPSS and similar methods will be advantageous in the elucidation of more comprehensive genetic regulatory networks governing floral development.
Quantum dots in axillary lymph node mapping: Biodistribution study in healthy mice
Authors: Robe Anne , Pic Emilie , Lassalle Henri-Pierre , Bezdetnaya Lina , Guillemin François , Marchal Frédéric 
Published: May 2008

Abstract

Background
Breast cancer is the first cause of cancer death among women and its incidence doubled in the last two decades. Several approaches for the treatment of these cancers have been developed. The axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) leads to numerous morbidity complications and is now advantageously replaced by the dissection and the biopsy of the sentinel lymph node. Although this approach has strong advantages, it has its own limitations which are manipulation of radioactive products and possible anaphylactic reactions to the dye. As recently proposed, these limitations could in principle be by-passed if semiconductor nanoparticles (quantum dots or QDs) were used as fluorescent contrast agents for the in vivo imaging of SLN. QDs are fluorescent nanoparticles with unique optical properties like strong resistance to photobleaching, size dependent emission wavelength, large molar extinction coefficient, and good quantum yield.

Methods
CdSe/ZnS core/shell QDs emitting around 655 nm were used in our studies. 20 μL of 1 μM (20 pmol) QDs solution were injected subcutaneously in the anterior paw of healthy nude mice and the axillary lymph node (ALN) was identified visually after injection of a blue dye. In vivo fluorescence spectroscopy was performed on ALN before the mice were sacrificed at 5, 15, 30, 60 min and 24 h after QDs injection. ALN and all other organs were removed, cryosectioned and observed in fluorescence microscopy. The organs were then chemically made soluble to extract QDs. Plasmatic, urinary and fecal fluorescence levels were measured.

Results
QDs were detected in ALN as soon as 5 min and up to 24 h after the injection. The maximum amount of QDs in the ALN was detected 60 min after the injection and corresponds to 2.42% of the injected dose. Most of the injected QDs remained at the injection site. No QDs were detected in other tissues, plasma, urine and feces.

Conclusion
Effective and rapid (few minutes) detection of sentinel lymph node using fluorescent imaging of quantum dots was demonstrated. This work was done using very low doses of injected QDs and the detection was done using a minimally invasive method.
Immune responses toPneumocystis murinaare robust in healthy mice but largely absent in CD40 ligand-deficient mice
Authors: Hernandez-Novoa Beatriz , Bishop Lisa , Logun Carolea , Munson Peter J , Elnekave Eldad , Rangel Zoila G , Barb Jennifer , Danner Robert L , Kovacs Joseph A 
Published: May 2008

AbstractPneumocystis is a pathogen of immunocompromised hosts but can also infect healthy hosts, in whom infection is rapidly controlled and cleared. Microarray methods were used to examine differential gene expression in the lungs of C57BL/6 and CD40 ligand knockout (CD40L-KO) mice over time following exposure to Pneumocystis murina. Immunocompetent C57BL/6 mice, which control and clear infection efficiently, showed a robust response to infection characterized by the up-regulation of 349 primarily immune response-associated genes. Temporal changes in the expression of these genes identified an early (Week 2), primarily innate response, which waned before the infection was controlled; this was followed by primarily adaptive immune responses that peaked at Week 5, which coincided with clearance of the infection. In conjunction with the latter, there was an increased expression of B cell-associated (Ig) genes at Week 6 that persisted through 11 weeks. In contrast, CD40L-KO mice, which are highly susceptible to developing severe Pneumocystis pneumonia, showed essentially no up-regulation of immune response-associated genes at Days 35–75. Immunohistochemical staining supported these observations by demonstrating an increase in CD4+, CD68+, and CD19+ cells in C57BL/6 but not CD40L-KO mice. Thus, the healthy host demonstrates a robust, biphasic response to infection by Pneumocystis; CD40L is an essential upstream regulator of the adaptive immune responses that efficiently control infection and prevent development of progressive pneumonia.
3′,5′-Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate Response Element Binding Protein Up-Regulated Cytochrome P450 Lanosterol 14α-Demethylase Expression Involved in Follicle-Stimulating Hormone-Induced Mouse Oocyte Maturation
Authors: Ning Gang , Ouyang Hong , Wang Songbo , Chen Xiufen , Xu Baoshan , Yang Jiange , Zhang Hua , Zhang Meijia , Xia Guoliang 
Published: May 2008

AbstractCytochrome P450 lanosterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51) is a key enzyme in sterols and steroids biosynthesis that can induce meiotic resumption in mouse oocytes. The present study investigated the expression mechanism and function of CYP51 during FSH-induced mouse cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) meiotic resumption. FSH increased cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) RIIβ level and induced cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation and CYP51 expression in cumulus cells before oocyte meiotic resumption. Moreover, CYP51 and epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like factor [amphiregulin (AR)] expression were blocked by 2-naphthol-AS-Ephosphate (KG-501) (a drug interrupting the formation of CREB functional complex). KG-501 and RS21607 (a specific inhibitor of CYP51 activity) inhibited oocyte meiotic resumption, which can be partially rescued by progesterone. These two inhibitors also inhibited FSH-induced MAPK phosphorylation. EGF could rescue the suppression by KG-501 but not RS21607. Furthermore, type II PKA analog pairs, N6-monobutyryl-cAMP plus 8-bromo-cAMP, increased PKA RIIβ level and mimicked the action of FSH, including CREB phosphorylation, AR and CYP51 expression, MAPK activation, and oocyte maturation. All these data suggest that CYP51 plays a critical role in FSH-induced meiotic resumption of mouse oocytes. CYP51 and AR gene expression in cumulus cells are triggered by FSH via a type II PKA/CREB-dependent signal pathway. Our study also implicates that CYP51 activity in cumulus cells participates in EGF receptor signaling-regulated oocyte meiotic resumption.
Fatigue mechanics of TiC-based cemented carbides
Authors: Sergejev F , Preis I , Hussainova I , Kübarsepp J 
Published: May 2008

The aim of this work was to investigate fracture and fatigue behaviour of TiC—Ni/Fe cermets under monotonic and cyclic loading. The fracture toughness KIc was determined by a conventional testing method (using single edge notched beam) and evaluated by an indentation technique (indentation fracture toughness (IFT)). Results from both experimental routines were analysed and compared with the reference hardmetal – WC-10 wt% Co. As the result, a novel sequence for estimation of the IFT for TiC- and WC-based cemented carbides is presented. The transverse rupture strengths RTZ and fatigue strengths σf at a given life (107 cycles) were obtained by the testing of unnotched and notched specimens with the three-point bending scheme. Considering that the fatigue lifetime of cemented carbides is given by the subcritical crack growth of pre-existing defects, a linear elastic fracture mechanics approach is attempted to assess fatigue life—fatigue crack growth relationships for the studied materials. The reliability of used fatigue mechanics approach is proved by the excellent agreement observed between estimated and experimentally determined values for fracture toughness and fatigue strength of the investigated materials.