bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of family members on nurse assistants: What helps, what hurts
Authors: Looman Wendy J. , Noelker Linda S. , Schur Dorothy , Whitlatch Carol J. , Ejaz Farida K. 
Published: May 2006

This qualitative study focuses on nurse assistant reports of both positive and negative behaviors exhibited by family members of cognitively impaired residents. The information reported is obtained from in-person interviews with 114 nurse assistants in 5 skilled nursing facilities (3 philanthropic, 2 proprietary) in Greater Cleveland, Ohio. Nurse assistants were predominantly female (89 percent), white (60 percent), with a mean age of 33, and had been caring for cognitively impaired nursing home residents for an average of five years. Content analyses of nurse assistants’ responses reveal five categories of family members’ positive behaviors and four categories of negative behaviors. This article focuses on these themes and suggests topics for educational interventions for family members and nurse assistants who care for cognitively impaired nursing home residents. Topics include coping with family members’ feelings of guilt and related behaviors, understanding longstanding family relationship issues, and understanding possible reasons for decisions family members make regarding care of their relatives.
Gender differentials in the evolution of cigarette smoking habits in a general European adult population from 1993–2003
Authors: Costanza Michael C , Salamun Julien , Lopez Alan D , Morabia Alfredo 
Published: May 2006

Abstract

Background
Describe the recent evolution of cigarette smoking habits by gender in Geneva, where incidence rates of lung cancer have been declining in men but increasing in women.

Methods
Continuous cross-sectional surveillance of the general adult (35–74 yrs) population of Geneva, Switzerland for 11 years (1993–2003) using a locally-validated smoking questionnaire, yielding a representative random sample of 12,271 individuals (6,164 men, 6,107 women).

Results
In both genders, prevalence of current cigarette smoking was stable over the 11-year period, at about one third of men and one quarter of women, even though smoking began at an earlier age in more recent years. Older men were more likely to be former smokers than older women. Younger men, but not women, tended to quit smoking at an earlier age.

Conclusion
This continuous (1993–2003) risk factor surveillance system, unique in Europe, shows stable prevalence of smoking in both genders. However, sharp contrasts in age-specific prevalence of never and former smoking and of ages at smoking initiation indicate that smoking continues a long-term decline in men but has still not reached its peak in women.
Lumbar Puncture Ordering and Results in the Pediatric Population: A Promising Data Source for Surveillance Systems
Authors: Kimia Amir , Brownstein John S. , Olson Karen L. , Zak Victor , Bourgeois Florence T. , Mandl Kenneth D. 
Published: May 2006

Background:
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is incorporating laboratory data into real‐time surveillance systems. When normal patterns of laboratory test orders and results are modeled, aberrations can be detected. Because many test orders are available electronically well before results, atypical patterns of test ordering may signal outbreaks.
Objectives:
The authors sought to characterize baseline patterns in the ordering and early results of lumbar punctures, motivated by the possibility of using these data for real‐time surveillance for early detection of meningitis or encephalitis outbreaks.
Methods:
Retrospective cohorts of pediatric emergency department patients at a single hospital (1993–2003) and from the National Hospital and Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (1992–2000) were used for analysis.
Results:
Test ordering exhibits seasonal patterns, with monthly peaks in January and August (p < 0.0001). For the hospital cohort, the rate of cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis exhibits seasonal patterns (p < 0.0001), with a peak from August to October. This is strongly associated with the rate and pattern of clinical neurologic disease (p < 0.0001). A long‐term secular decline in daily test ordering is evident, dropping from 5.3 to 2.9 in the hospital sample, and from 371.8 to 185.3 in the national sample (p < 0.001). The long‐term rate of pleocytosis has declined (p < 0.0001), though the yield of testing for pleocytosis has improved (p = 0.0104).
Conclusions:
Laboratory test patterns correspond with those of clinical disease and are a promising source of surveillance data. Using such data for real‐time monitoring requires specific adjustments for patient age, periodicities, and secular trends.
Glucocorticoid Receptor Activation Signals through Forkhead Transcription Factor 3a in Breast Cancer Cells
Authors: Wu Wei , Zou Min , Brickley Deanna R. , Pew Travis , Conzen Suzanne D. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractActivation of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) plays a critical role in the stress response of virtually all cell types. Despite recent advances in large-scale genomic and proteomic data acquisition, identification of physiologically relevant molecular events downstream of nuclear hormone receptor activation remains challenging. By analyzing gene expression changes 30 min after dexamethasone (Dex) treatment, we previously found that immediate induction of serum and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase-1 (SGK-1) expression is required for GR-mediated mammary epithelial cell survival signaling. We now report that activation of the GR mediates Forkhead transcription factor 3a (FOXO3a) phosphorylation and inactivation in mammary epithelial cells. GR-mediated induction of SGK-1 expression is required for FOXO3a inactivation; additional growth factor stimulation is not required. To further explore the gene expression changes that occur downstream of GR-mediated FOXO3a inactivation, we analyzed temporal gene expression data and selected GR-down-regulated genes containing core FOXO3a binding motifs in their proximal promoters. This approach revealed several previously unrecognized transcriptional target genes of FOXO3a, including IGF binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3). Endogenous IGFBP-3 expression was confirmed to be dependent on the GR-SGK-1-FOXO3a signaling pathway. Moreover, GR activation decreased FOXO3a-induced apoptosis in SK-BR-3 breast cancer cells. Collectively, our data suggest that GR-mediated FOXO3a inactivation is an important mechanism contributing to glucocorticoid-mediated mammary epithelial cell survival.
Anion Sensing with Luminescent Tris(β-diketonato)europium(III) Complexes and Naked-Eye Detection of Fluoride Anion
Authors: Tsukube Hiroshi , Onimaru Aki , Shinoda Satoshi 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Four kinds of tris(β-diketonato)europium(III) complexes were demonstrated to form highly coordinated complexes with inorganic anions and to exhibit anion-dependent luminescence. Their luminescence profiles were significantly dependent on the natures of β-diketonato ligands and external coordinative anions: Tris[3-(heptafluorobutyryl)-2-bornanonato]europium(III) complex gave F− anion-enhanced luminescence, and tris(6,6,7,7,8,8,8-heptafluoro-2,2-dimethyl-3,5-octadionato)europium(III) complex responded to HSO4− and CH3CO2− anions. Although the employed europium complexes included similar β-diketonato ligands, UV and IR characterizations and luminescence lifetime measurements revealed that the structure of the β-diketonato ligand had significant influences on anion coordination and sensing behaviors of the europium complex. Since the observed anion-enhanced luminescence was high enough to be detected by the naked eye, visual detection of the F− anion in an aqueous sample was realized with the tris[3-(heptafluorobutyryl)-2-bornanonato]europium(III) complex.
Redox Behavior and Catalytic Oxidation Reactions of Alcohols by a New Ruthenium(III)–Dioxolene–Amine Complex of Bis(2-pyridylmethyl)-2-aminoethylamine
Authors: Miyazato Yuji , Wada Tohru , Tanaka Koji 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
A ruthenium–dioxolene–amine complex, [RuIII(NH2-L)(Bu2sq)](PF6)2·0.5H2O (NH2-L = bis(2-pyridylmethyl)-2-aminoethylamine, Bu2sq− = 3,5-di-tert-butylsemiquinonate), was newly prepared. The complex undergoes spontaneous one-electron reduction under basic conditions in MeOH and works as an electrocatalyst in the oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde under electrolysis at +0.4 V (vs SCE).
A Study of Amidocarbonylation Reactions Catalyzed by Pd/HZSM-5
Authors: Yang Ke Wu , Jiang Xuan Zhen 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
A HZSM-5-supported palladium catalyst, which was prepared by the conventional impregnation method, was utilized in amidocarbonylation reactions. Several important parameters were optimized to give moderate to excellent yields. The catalyst recycling of Pd/HZSM-5, for the first time, was achieved for at least four run times without depreciation of catalytic activity. The studies of TEM images revealed that agglomeration of the palladium species of Pd/HZSM-5 catalyst was avoided after reaction, which was quite different from the case of Pd/C catalyst.
The Catalytic Friedel-Crafts Acylation Reaction Using a Catalyst Generated from GaCl3 and a Silver Salt
Authors: Mukaiyama Teruaki , Ohno Takashi , Nishimura Takashi , Suda Shinji , Kobayashi Shu 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
In the presence of a catalyst generated from GaCl3 and a silver salt (AgClO4 or AgSbF6), the Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction of aromatic compounds such as anisole and veratrole with acid anhydrides smoothly proceeds to afford the corresponding aromatic ketones in high yields.
An Organic Radical Ferromagnet
Authors: Kinoshita Minoru , Turek Philippe , Tamura Masafumi , Nozawa Kiyokazu , Shiomi Daisuke , Nakazawa Yasuhiro , Ishikawa Masayasu , Takahashi Minoru , Awaga Kunio , Inabe Tamotsu , Maruyama Yusei 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
The γ-phase crystal of 2-(4′-nitrophenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-4 5-dihydro-1H−imidazol-1-oxy-3-N-oxide is shown to become a bulk ferromagnet below about 0.65 K from the measurements of magnetization of magnetic susceptibility and heat capacity.
Preparation of a Radioactive Multitracer Solution from Gold Foil Irradiated by 135 MeV/nucleon 14N Ions
Authors: Ambe Shizuko , Chen Shao Yong , Ohkubo Yoshitaka , Kobayashi Yoshio , Iwamoto Masako , Yanokura Minoru , Ambe Fumitoshi 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
An irradiation facility and a radiochemical procedure for preparing a radioactive multitracer solution are reported. Gold foil was irradiated with 135 MeV/nucleon 14N-ion beam. The foil was dissolved in aqua regia and precipitation of gold as metal with hydrogen peroxide yielded a carrier- and salt-free multitracer solution.
A Laser Flash Photolysis Study of Transient Bis(triphenylphosphine)platinum(0)
Authors: Oishi Shigero , Suzuki Keita 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Transient spectra were obtained for bis(triphenylphosphine)platinum(0) (ε410: 630 dm3 mol−1 cm−1), to which O2 and diphenyacetylene coordinated with second-order rate constants of 2.4 × 104 and 1.2 × 106 dm3 mol−1 s−1 respectively.
Effect of Ti(Oi-Pr)4 on Stereoselectivity of Halocyclization of 2-Substituted 4-Pentenoic Acid and 4-Penten-1-ol
Authors: Kitagawa Osamu , Sato Tomohiro , Taguchi Takeo 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Iodolactonization of 2-substituted (N-sulfonylamino, hydroxyl and hydroxymethyl groups)-4-pentenoic acid with NIS or I2 in the presence of Ti(Oi-Pr)4 gave the γ-lactone with increased 1,3-cis-selectivity. Stereoselectivity in the haloetherification of 2-hydroxymethyl-4-penten-1-ol was reversed by the addition of Ti(Oi-Pr)4
A Novel Fluorescent Photochromic Compound for Two-Photon Three-Dimensional Optical Memory Devices
Authors: Itoh Kenjy , Tazuke Shigeo , Sisido Masahiko 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
A novel photochromic compound, 1,2-di(2-naphthyl)cycloheptene, was synthesized. The compound photoreacted to give dibenzo-dihydrophenanthrene and the latter was found to fluoresce with a high quantum yield. The photoreaction could be induced by a simultaneous two photon absorption when excited at 630 nm. A possible application of the fluorescence-detected two-photon reactions to three-dimensional optical memory devices is discussed.
Organic Electroluminescence of Styryl Type Dyes on Vacuum Deposited Thin Films
Authors: Saitoh Yasushi , Matsuoka Masaru , Nakao Yutaka , Kitao Teijiro 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Some styryl type dyes, such as 2-(4-Dimethylaminostyryl)benzoxazole (1), were found to be useful as novel emitting materials for the electroluminescent (EL) device. The EL devices with hole transporting layer have more efficiency than that with only emitting layer, but the electron trans porting layer do not work effectively. The EL intensity of the H-type device with 1 was 3.8 cd/m2 at the dc bias voltage of 60 volt.
The Effect of Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Synthetic Cationic Amphiphiles on DNA Transfection
Authors: Akao Tetsuyuki , Osaki Tetsurou , Mitoma Jun-ya , Ito Akio , Kunitake Toyoki 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Bilayer membranes of double-chain ammoium amphiphiles were utilized for DNA transfection into eukaryotic cells. The efficiency of the DNA transfection was much higher when fluid, vesicler bilayers were used than when rigid, helical bilayers were used.
Stereostructures of Unique 13-Membered Carbocyclic Cembranolides from the Soft Coral Lobophytum pauciflorum
Authors: Iguchi Kazuo , Kitade Makoto , Yamada Yasuji , Ichikawa Akio , Ohtani Ikuko , Kusumi Takenori , Kakisawa Hiroshi 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
The relative and absolute configurations of the 13-membered carbocyclic cembranolides (lobophytol and lobophytol acetate) isolated from the soft coral Lobophytum pauciflorum were established on the basis of detailed spectroscopic analysis and chemical transformations.
Carbon Dioxide Fixation Competed with Proton Addition to Methyl Acrylate
Authors: Nagao Hirotaka , Miyamoto Hajime , Tanaka Koji 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
The controlled potential electrolysis of CO2-saturated CH3CN containing (Bu4N)3[Mo2Fe6S8(SEt)9], methyl acrylate, BU4NBF4, and molecular sieves 4A at −1.60 – −1.70 V vs. SCE gave –OOCCH2CH(C(O)OCH3)COO–, –OOCCH2CH2C(O)OCH3, CH3CH(C(O)OCH3)COO–, and CH3CH2C(O)OCH3. The formation of those products may be explained in terms of a nucleophilic attack of either activated CO2 or H+ on the two-electron reduced cluster, followed by an electrophilic attack of free CO2 or H+ to olefinic carbons.
Mixed-valence States of 57Fe Atoms Produced in 57Co-labelled [CoFe2O(CH2ICO2)6(H2O)3] and [CoFe2O(CH2BrCO2)6(H2O)3]
Authors: Sato Takuma , Ishishita Kiyomi , Katada Motomi , Sano Hirotoshi , Aratono Yasuyuki , Sagawa Chiaki , Saeki Masakatsu 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Mixed-valence states of 57Fe atoms produced by EC-decay in 57Co-labelled [CoFe2O(CH2ICO2)6(H2O)3] and [CoFe2O(CH2BrCO2)6(H2O)3] were studied by means of emission Mössbauer spectroscopy. It was found that [CoFe2O(CH2ICO2)6(H2O)3] and [CoFe2O(CH2BrCO2)6(H2O)3] show a temperature-dependent trapped-to-averaged valence state and a temperature-independent trapped-valence state, respectively.
Synthesis and Properties of N-Cyano Derivatives of Trideca-, Pentadeca-, Heptadeca-, and Nonadecaazafulvenes
Authors: Ojima Juro , Higuchi Hiroyuki , Sata Yoichi , Yamamoto Hiroyuki , Koizumi Toru , Iyoda Masahiko , Yamamoto Gaku 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
The title azafulvene analogs were synthesized by the reaction of the corresponding annulenones with N,N′-bis(trimethylsilyl)carbodiimide. The 1H NMR spectra reveal that these compounds show larger tropicity than the corresponding dicyanofulvenes and annulenones.
Another Example of a Rare Reaction of Coordinated Nitro Ligand to Give Monooxygen Ligand. From trans-[Ru(NO2)2(PY)4] to trans-[Ru(ONO)(O)(py)4]+
Authors: Satoh Katsuyuki , Kuroda Hiroshi , Nagao Hirotaka , Matsubara Katsushi , Howell F Scott , Mukaida Masao , Kakihana Hidetake 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
trans-[Ru(NO2)2(Py)4] is oxidized chemically to give trans-[Ru(ONO)(O)(py)4]+, via the formation of a precursor species, trans-[Ru(NO2)(H2O)(py)4]+. The process was confirmed by electrochemical investigations.
Role of Negative Charge on Acidic Lipids in the Interaction with Human Growth Hormone-Releasing Factor
Authors: Honda Shinya , Shiraki Masaru , Ohashi Shinichi , Uedaira Hatsuho 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
It was proved that a negative charge on acidic lipid was indispensable for the interaction between human growth hormone-releasing factor fragment (hGRF(1–29)NH2) and lipid. The characteristic conformational changes of the peptide were observed by CD spectroscopy on addition of several acidic lipids, whereas such changes were not observed on addition of neutral lipids.
Selective and Convenient Enzymatic Separation of Geometric Isomers of N-Protected-α-dehydrophenylalanine Esters
Authors: Shin Chung-gi , Seki Masashi 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Selective enzymatic hydrolysis of a mixture of (Z)- and (E)-N-protected-ΔPhe-OMe with α-chymotrypsin A took place to give (Z)-ΔPhe-OH and (E)-APhe-OMe.
Kaolin Minerals from Chinmen Island (Quemoy)
Authors: Chen Pei Yuan , Wang Ming Kuang , Yang Deng Shiu , Chang Shyun Sheng 
Published: May 2006

AbstractChinmen Island is located in the west of the Taiwan Strait, 15 km from the coast of mainland China. Mesozoic granitic gneiss forms the basement rocks of the island. High-defect kaolin deposits, both major sedimentary and minor residual types of clays, have been mined for ceramic uses for many years. The objectives of this study were to characterize the kaolin deposits and to discuss the genesis of kaolin minerals on the island. The kaolin samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction and transmission and scanning electron microscopy. In general, the particle-size distribution of the sedimentary kaolin was 0.5–5.0% sand, 15–55% silt and 30–85% clay. In the clay fraction, the ratio of kaolinite to illite ranged from 9:1 to 3:1. The sedimentary kaolin materials were originally transported by river from mainland China. Kaolinite occurred generally as pseudo-hexagonal platelets of ∼1 µm in diameter. The residual kaolin minerals resulted from the argillization of granitoid rocks by in situ weathering which possibly occurred during the Pleistocene. The residual kaolin contained more tubular halloysite.
Optimum Thread Rolling Process that Improves SCC Resistance
Authors: Kephart AR 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Accelerated testing in environments aggressive for the specific material have shown that fastener threads that are rolled after strengthening heat treatments have improved resistance to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) initiation. For example, intergranular SCC was produced in one day when machined (cut) threads of high-strength steel (ASTM A193 B-7 and A354 Grade 8) were exposed to an aggressive aqueous environment containing 8 wt % boiling ammonium nitrate and stressed to about 40 % of the steel's yield strength. In similar testing conditions, bolts that were thread rolled before heat treatment (quench and temper) had similar high susceptibility to SCC. However, threads rolled after the strengthening heat treatment exhibited no SCC after a week of exposure, even when stressed to 100 % of the B-7 alloy yield strength. Similarly, intergranular SCC was produced in less than one day when machined (cut) threads of nickel-base alloys (X-750 and aged 625) were exposed to an aggressive 750°F doped steam environment (containing 100 ppm of chlorides, fluorides, sulfates, and nitrates) and stressed to about 80 % of the alloy yield strength. In similar testing conditions, threads rolled after strengthening exhibited no SCC after 50 days of exposure. This beneficial effect of the optimum thread rolling process (i.e., threads rolled after the strengthening heat treatment) is due to the retention of large residual compressive stresses in the thread roots (notches), which mitigate the applied notch tensile stresses resulting from joint design preloads. Use of these material-specific aggressive environments—“chemical cracking” tests—can provide an accelerated test to verify that threads were, in fact, produced by the optimum thread rolling process. The chemical cracking tests could also support fastener acceptance criteria or failure analysis of fasteners with unknown or uncertain manufacturing processes. The achievement of the optimum process effects may not always be detected by more conventional methods (e.g., metallography or hardness testing).
Comparative Survey of the DCT and the Wavelet Transforms for Image Compression
Authors: Kammoun F , Fourati W , Bouhlel MS 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
In the framework of the image compression by transform coding, we studied two transformation techniques, respectively, used in the JPEG and JPEG2000 standards: the discrete cosine transform (DCT) and the wavelets transform (WT). We also studied the influence of different coding techniques on the compression rate.We compare the performances of different wavelets. The set of the techniques that we implemented have been applied on different types of images.We verified the compromise that exists between the compression rate and the quality of the reconstructed image.We noted that when we apply the wavelet transform, we succeeded with best results of those found by the use of the DCT.We note also that the quality of reconstruction is better as we increase the order of the filter associated to the Daubechies wavelets.
Evaluation of the FN 303 Less Lethal Projectile
Authors: Mesloh CT , Thompson LF 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
FN 303 less lethal launcher is at the forefront of less lethal weapons technology and exceeds the standards for accuracy and range. While the manufacturer stated maximum effective range for the FN 303 against a point target is 55 yards (50.29 m), this study found that it was possible to strike a point target at even greater ranges. Additionally, as the projectile descends quickly due to gravity and slowing velocity, an operator cannot rely on sights that are zeroed at 30 yards (27.43 m) to achieve point target strikes at 60 yards (54.86 m). This study produced a linear model to adjust an operator's point of aim to achieve the desired point of impact. At distances of 40 yards and greater, point of aim should be adjusted 13.7 in. (34.80 cm) for every additional 10 yards (9.14 m) of distance between shooter and target.
Nano‐Scale Design of TiAl Alloys Based on β‐Phase Decomposition
Authors: Appel F. , Oehring M. , Paul J. D. H. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractPhase decomposition and ordering reactions in β/B2‐phase containing TiAl alloys were utilized to establish a novel, previously unreported, type of laminate microstructure. The characteristic constituent of this microstructure are laths with a nanometer‐scale substructure that are comprised of several stable and metastable phases. Microstructural control can be achieved by conventional thermomechanical processing and leads to a structurally and chemically very homogeneous material with excellent mechanical properties. The physical metallurgy of this novel type of alloy has been assessed by transmission electron microscope investigations and mechanical testing.