bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seeing the Mystery
Authors: Pattison George 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Language must be led by what is extra-linguistic. This chapter explores ideas of vision that might inform thinking about God in language. Drawing from Bakhtin and Tillich, from an icon of Andrei Rublev, and from the film After Life, the idea of a reverse vision is developed; vision that flows back upon itself, as offering one idea of vision that might aid non-technological thinking. In light of P. Florensky’s reflections on truth, this is connected with the notion of liturgy as a site of active remembrance and hope.
Conclusion
Authors: Pattison George 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter reiterates the point that thinking about God as a counter-movement to technology is not the same as rejecting technology, but as contributing to the attempt to live humanly with technology. The idea of God explored in the book is of God as free and giving freedom, as the one who is pure possibility and yet a possible object of active remembrance within the movement of historical time. However, the question remains open whether this God will be identical to the God of Christian faith.
Ascent (and Descent)
Authors: Harrison Carol 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
The ‘revolution’ in Augustine’s thought effected by his reading of the Platonists in 386 led to two seemingly antithetical emphases: a philosophical emphasis on the immutable, eternal, incorruptible God who must be sought by moving away from bodily, temporal, mutable reality on the one hand; and a thoroughly Christian emphasis on the Creator God who has drawn human beings from nothing, and upon their absolute contingency upon Him on the other. It is argued that Augustine’s early thought can only be rightly understood when it is seen within the creative tension set up by these two apparently polarized ideas, and that it is here that his characteristic theology of a transcendent Creator and of fallen humanity’s complete and absolute dependence upon Him emerges. This chapter focuses on the ‘philosophical emphasis’ by elucidating Augustine’s early arguments for Christianity as the ‘true philosophy’, the various ways in which Augustine describes the ascent of the soul to God, the relation between faith (authority) and reason, and by comparing the early Soliloquia and Confessiones 10. It demonstrates that his ‘philosophical’ reflection is fundamentally and intrinsically Christian.
Creation from Nothing
Authors: Harrison Carol 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter examines one of the central features of Augustine’s early works which sets them apart from philosophical reflection, and provides the foundation for his early formulation of this ‘mature’ grasp of the faith: the idea of ‘creation from nothing’ — creatio ex nihilo. It demonstrates that what has been described as Augustine’s early ‘Christian philosophy’ was never less than fully integrated into his faith in a Trinitarian God, who forms human beings from nothing, reforms them through the incarnation, and inspires in them love and delight through the Holy Spirit. It argues that he never shared the classical ideal of human autonomy and self-determination to attain perfection, but that he was always acutely conscious of human beings’ created dependence upon God’s grace.
The Fall
Authors: Harrison Carol 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter examines the various ways in which Augustine talks about human fallenness and sin in the early works, and how these relate both to this understanding of creation from nothing and to the Fall of Adam and Eve. It considers how far ‘original sin’ can be legitimately spoken of in these works, and concludes that its characteristic features — human solidarity in Adam’s sin, ignorance and difficulty in willing, the role of habit, concupiscence and inability to do the good without grace — shape Augustine’s understanding from the beginning.
The Will
Authors: Harrison Carol 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter argues against scholars’ interpretations of books one to three of Augustine’s work, On Free Will. Namely, scholars who view book one as revealing Augustine’s early, optimistic estimate of the freedom and ability of the will, and books two and three as betraying the later bishop’s pessimistic conviction of the fallen will’s inability to do anything but sin without grace. It is argued that this work should be read as a unified piece. Book one sets out a theoretical picture of the freedom and ability of the will which was only possessed by Adam, while books two and three reflect on the ignorance and difficulty which characterize its operation after the Fall. Augustine’s own later comments on the work, as well as other works written at the same time, are examined in order to support this interpretation.
Grace
Authors: Harrison Carol 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This final chapter draws together the arguments discussed in the preceding chapters to build an overall picture of how Augustine describes the operation of grace in his early works, and to address some of the more contentious issues which have risen for scholars concerning its mode of operation. It examines Augustine’s early teaching on grace in relation to his reflection on divine providence, divine admonition, Christology, the role of delight, and its inspiration by the Holy Spirit, thereby demonstrating that he was always anti-Pelagian and always thoroughly ‘Augustinian’.
11 The Second Censure and the ‘Thomist Turn’
Authors: Iribarren Isabel 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter deals with the second Dominican censure against Durandus in 1316/17, representing the ‘Thomist turn’ of the controversy. The chapter brings to light the chief features of fourteenth-century elaborations of Thomism, in its twofold connection to the notion of a ‘common opinion’ and the accepted interpretation of Aristotelian metaphysics. Unlike the first censure, Durandus will no longer be judged simply against the standards of Church orthodoxy, but also on the basis of his departure from Thomist teaching. Aquinas’s promotion as a theological authority is thus being opeated on this identification with Church doctrine as a criterion for orthodoxy.
City versus Countryside: The Growth of an Urban Identity and its Meanings in Canton
Authors: Ho Virgil K.Y. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe conventional belief that China has a strong anti-urban tradition is only partially true. By the early 20th century, it became clear that the city, and ‘modern’ city in particular, had replaced the countryside as a source of pride among both urban and rural dwellers. The socio-cultural gulf between the city and the country irreversibly widened, a trend that continues to take its toll on rural China and many of its related socio-cultural values.
The Limits of Hatred: Popular Attitudes Towards the West in Republican Canton
Authors: Ho Virgil K.Y. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe Cantonese displayed acceptance of Westerners and their cultures in the late imperial and Republican period, in spite of their reputation for being xenophobic and anti-foreign since the days of the Opium War. Many people in Canton adopted an unmistakably pro-West attitude, from popular favourable perceptions of such foreign ‘imperialist enclaves’ as Hong Kong and Shameen to the advocacy for total Westernization by senior academics from a Canton university. Despite its much propagated anti-imperialist stance, the local nationalist government was, in reality, highly conciliatory when dealing with foreign powers.
The ‘Problem’ of Opium Smoking in Canton
Authors: Ho Virgil K.Y. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBoth the causes of opium consumption, and the allegedly calamitous social, political, economic, and cultural impact of opium smoking on Cantonese society were greatly exaggerated in official propaganda and scholarly writings. Opium served Canton and its urban inhabitants many positive social, cultural, economic, and political purposes, making it difficult to over-simplify the phenomenon of opium smoking as nothing but pernicious.
Gambling in Canton: Myth and Reality of a Calamity
Authors: Ho Virgil K.Y. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractEach successive political regime in Canton criticized its predecessor for legalizing gambling, and hence ‘poisoning’ its people with a long list of gaming-related social problems. In official propaganda, gambling became such a highly politicized topic that the real situation was purposely obscured. In fact, the problem of compulsive gambling was not as common as alleged. The popularity of some forms of gambling revealed the commonness of rational betting among ‘gamblers’, and the sincerity of the governments in regulating gambling.
Cantonese Opera as a Mirror of Society
Authors: Ho Virgil K.Y. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe commercial success of Cantonese opera was attributed to the industry’s eagerness and ability to ‘modernize’ the stage. These changes did not necessarily represent a total distancing from its operatic traditions, but tradition and change were ambiguously and awkwardly mixed. This period also witnessed the rise of many legendary opera stars, an unprecedented socio-cultural phenomenon that reflected the increasing importance of the masses in influencing the course of social change in the city, independent of the so-called ‘high culture’.
Dispute with Kant
Authors: Beiser Frederick 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter reexamines Schiller’s dispute with Kant in Anmut und Würde and the Ästhetische Briefe. It contends that its Kantian expositors, who have neglected crucial texts, have completely misunderstood the issues. Rather than seeing the main issue as one about the conditions of moral action, it is maintained as concerning the highest good.
A European Union with Teeth?
Authors: Howorth Jolyon 
Published: February 2006

AbstractCommon wisdom has it that European disagreements over the American-led invasion of Iraq killed the prospects for a European defense and foreign policy—but the common wisdom is wrong. In recent years, Europeans have moved fairly steadily in the direction of a meaningful European Security and Defense Policy (ESDP). The member-states remain divided on many policy issues and a number of deep obstacles remain to a strong common policy. But few now question the idea that Europe should play a greater role on the world stage, and the past several years have seen modest but concrete steps toward that goal.
Continental Divide? The Transience of Transatlantic Troubles
Authors: Rathbun Brian 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Most commentary on the recent degradation of transatlantic relations sees it as the product of differences either in “national interests” between the United States and Europe, or of deep-seated national political philosophies and styles. Yet much of the disagreement is the temporary result of divergent partisan worldviews on the two sides of the ocean. Most Europeans are to the political left of the Bush administration, and many of their substantive criticisms of Bush’s policies reflect positions in well-established Right-Left debates.
The Politics of Eurocracy: Building a New European State?
Authors: Kelemen R. Daniel 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Independent agencies like those common in the US federal government have proliferated in the EU in recent years. The EU has increasingly adopted a ‘hub and spoke’ model of bureaucracy, with independent agencies appended to the central Brussels administration. Some analyses attribute this format to the pursuit of efficient governance in a thinly-stretched ‘regulatory state’. But actually, institutional legacies and national concerns about political control in the EU have driven it much more than economic or administrative concerns.
EU Interest Representation or US‐Style Lobbying?
Authors: Greenwood Justin , Young Alasdair R. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWhile the number of interest groups competing for influence at the European level has exploded, the EU policy process is usually described as strikingly apolitical. The initial surge in interest group participation was principally a consequence of the transfer of authority to the EU, and of greater policy activity in the wake of the single market program. Subsequent efforts to integrate interest groups more fully into the policy process reflected an effort to extend democracy. The still-limited scope of EU authority, however, also restricts the successful extension of democracy at the European level.
Transatlantic Risk Perceptions, Public Health, and Environmental Concerns: Coming Together or Drifting Apart?
Authors: Kurzer Paulette 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Why has the problem of tobacco energized NGOs and policy entrepreneurs in the USA but much less in the EU? Why has transgenic food provoked similar kinds of collective responses in the EU, but much less in the USA? First, the USA and EU-15 possess different ‘cultural markers’ in that they express different values/collective preferences. Second, institutional arrangements vary and steer even similar preferences and values to produce different political results.
What Lies Beyond a Confederal Europe?
Authors: Ansell Christopher , Chen Rebecca 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe institutional frictions between the Parliament and the Commission during the ‘mad cow’ crisis are emblematic of the dynamic, unfinished nature of the federal project for Europe. The EU still retains many of the qualities of an international organization, but has also developed a government-like institutional structure. This government is conventionally described as confederal because it is dominated by its member states, but in some respects, the EU is more federal than confederal. As the complexity of EU food safety regulation illustrates, this amalgam of intergovernmental, confederal, and federal features gives the EU its distinctive character.
The EU ‘Polity’ and the Europeanization of National Polities
Authors: Schmidt Vivien A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractEuropeanization has radically altered its member states’ governance practices, but these changes have been uneven and often go unacknowledged in national political discourse. ‘Simple’ polities like Britain and France have had to make even greater adjustments than ‘compound’ polities such as Germany and Italy. National leaders’ failure to communicate fully with regard to Europeanization, however, has ensured that popular ideas about national democracy have not kept pace with EU-driven changes in national institutions. This is especially problematic for simple polities, where the challenge to traditional democratic practices and ideas is greater than in compound polities.
3 GOING NATIVE?
Authors: Scully Roger 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis chapter reviews in detail existing knowledge about the subject matter of this study. Notions of pervasive socialization processes leading to attitudinal and behavioural changes for those serving within European institutions are shown to be widespread, appearing in much popular commentary academic literature on the EU, including that on the European Parliament. However, the discussion then goes on to demonstrate that strikingly little evidence has ever been presented to show that significant socialization effects operating among members of EU institutions lead to changes in attitudes and/or behaviour in an identifiably more pro-European direction. Virtually all empirical work in this area hitherto has produced indeterminate or null findings; furthermore, coherent theoretical foundations that might underpin the assumption of actors ‘going native’ in EU institutions have almost never been explicitly developed alongside the conduct of serious empirical research.
Evidence from Voting Behaviour
Authors: Scully Roger 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis chapter examines empirical evidence on MEPs’ behaviour inside the European Parliament. Multivariate analysis of behaviour on several key votes in the chamber directly concerned with the advancement of European integration demonstrates there to be no consistent relationship between greater experience in the chamber (and thus longer exposure to the forces of socialization) and support for advancing European unity. A time-series analysis of the behaviour of new MEPs during the first months of the 1999-2004 parliament shows no tendency for them to become increasingly likely to side with their European rather than national party colleagues when these two forms of party loyalty come into conflict.
Conclusion—Becoming Europeans?
Authors: Scully Roger 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis chapter concludes the study by summarising the major findings presented and addressing some potential counter-arguments to the conclusions drawn. Three broad implications of the study are then discussed. First, what does the study tell us about the European Parliament? The EP, it is suggested, fits much less well than other EU institutions into the ‘supra-national’ category, and MEPs largely remain nationally-based politicians. Second, the implications of the findings for European integration are assessed. Socialisation effects on political elites must, it is argued, play a much more limited role in explanations of European integration than many scholars have believed. Finally, the wider implications of this study for the analysis of institutional socialisation as a general phenomenon are considered.
I The Structuring of Social Citizenship: A Theoretical Framework
Authors: Ferrera Maurizio 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe chapter surveys the “state-building” literature and discusses, in particular, the works of Stein Rokkan and of Albert Hirschman, highlighting their usefulness for studying welfare state developments. An original analytical framework is proposed for the exploration of spatial politics, based on a combination of “vocality” and “locality” options. The chapter then discusses the emergence and evolution of modern citizenship as a form of spatial closure, and proposes an interpretation of social rights as products of structuring processes.
4 Contested Social Sovereignty: Welfare States Meet the European Union
Authors: Ferrera Maurizio 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis chapter reconstructs developments of EC law (including case law) relating to social protection, and traces the differential impact that free movement and competition rules have had on the various functional schemes and tiers or pillars of provision within national welfare states. It also identifies and illustrates the new strategies of spatial politics prompted by the boundary redefinitions operated by the EU, focussing on pensions (including pension funds), health care, and social assistance. Special attention is devoted to the position of third country nationals.
Mythical Objects (2002)
Authors: Salmon Nathan 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Salmon’s account of error as accidental fiction is invoked to solve a notoriously difficult problem in philosophical logic, introduced by Peter Geach: How can it be correct to report that Hob and Nob have thoughts and beliefs concerning the same witch, when there are no such things as witches? Salmon’s answer is that Hob’s and Nob’s thoughts and beliefs concern the same mythical witch, which although not a real witch, is a real thing.
The Logic of What Might Have Been (1989)
Authors: Salmon Nathan 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
It is argued that some possible worlds are only contingently possible, and likewise that some impossible worlds are only contingently impossible. There are counterexamples to S5 modal logic and even to S4. What about B? Although there are no convincing grounds for supposing that even the actual world is only contingently possible, as far as the logic of modality is concerned (as opposed to the metaphysical reality), the actual world might instead have been impossible. The correct modal propositional logic is the simple system T.
The Limits of Human Mathematics (2001)
Authors: Salmon Nathan 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Gödel’s claim is defended that his famous incompleteness theorems yield the result, as a mathematically established fact, that the mathematical problem-solving capacity of the human mind either exceeds that of any finite machine or is incapable of solving all of mathematics’ mysteries. The issue turns on the nature of mathematical proof by the human mind. Of particular relevance is the question of whether the deductive basis of human mathematics is decidable.
A Problem in the Frege–Church Theory of Sense and Denotation (1993)
Authors: Salmon Nathan 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
An inconsistent triad to which Fregean theory, as expounded by Church, seems committed is exposed: (i) Frege’s assertion that the sense that a sentence like ‘Holmes has an older brother’ expresses when it occurs within a propositional-attitude attribution — its indirect sense — is the customary sense of ‘the proposition that Holmes has an older brother’; (ii) a Fregean solution, suggested by Church, to the traditional Paradox of Analysis; and (iii) Church’s observation that ‘Holmes has an older brother’ and ‘Holmes has an older male sibling’, even when expressing their indirect senses, can both be correctly translated by means of a single sentence of another language (expressing its own indirect sense). It is argued that the solution to this problem threatens the very heart for the Frege-Church theory.
Historical Background to the Interpretation of Aristotle's Teleology
Authors: Johnson Monte Ransome 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
According to the standard history, Aristotelian teleology and final causes were discarded in the scientific revolution in favor of the mechanical philosophy. In fact, the term teleology was invented in the eighteenth century to designate the search for evidence of god in purposes, goals, intelligence, and design manifest in nature. The background natural theology is the adaptation of Aristotelian philosophy by Greek commentators and Neoplatonists (to bring it into line with the creation myth of Plato’s Timaeus), and by Arabic and Latin commentators (to being it into line with the creationism of Islam and Christianity). But already with the scholastics, there was a move to consider final causes applicable only to cases of intentional agency, or as a heuristic for material and moving causes (later, ‘mechanistic’ causes). Kant attempted to resolve the impasse between the natural theology and heuristic perspectives in his third Critique. Kant’s view of teleology has had a profound and arguably distorting influence on the later interpretation of Aristotle’s use of ends and goods in natural science. A better starting point for the examination of Aristotle’s teleology is a treatise by Aristotle’s associate and successor, Theophratus, who in his Metaphysics presents a critical view of teleological explanations.
Teleological Notions
Authors: Johnson Monte Ransome 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
The key term of Aristotle’s teleology is “the cause for the sake of which”. Aristotle discusses in several key texts (Physics, On the Soul, Metaphysics, Eudemian Ethics) the fact that this has two different senses: aim and beneficiary. The aim of a knife is cutting, but the beneficiary is the person who does, or orders, the cutting. Aristotle uses this distinction to show how natural things have both aims and are beneficiaries of their functions. He also shows how non-natural things, such as god, can operate as causes for the sake of which, but not as beneficiaries. Eternal things (like the unmoved mover, forms of living things, the universe itself, nature, and so forth) cannot be beneficiaries, because they cannot undergo change. Thus, the beneficiaries of Aristotle’s teleology are the elements, plants, and animals that can both undergo change and have functional aims. A survey of other terms of Aristotle’s teleology, such as “nature does nothing in vain”, the terms “complete” or “perfect”, as well as “end” and “entelechy” further show the specific orientation of Aristotle’s teleology, as do his use of axiological terms such as “better” and “fine”.