bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Saucier + Perrotte Architectes
Authors: Carter Brian 
Published: April 2007

AbstractBrian Carter describes the very distinct architecture of the French‐Canadian practice Saucier + Perrotte. He explains how a string of small, well‐conceived Québécoise arts centres in the 1990s provided a formative route to designing major institutional buildings in Montreal and beyond. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Milan From Inside Out
Authors: Croci Valentina 
Published: April 2007

AbstractValentina Croci went to discuss with Cecilia Bolognesi, architect and lecturer at the Faculty of Architecture at Milan Bovisa, her new book on her home city: Design City Milan. Lusciously illustrated with new photography by Matteo Piazza, Design City Milan conveys a rich and vital visual portrait of the city. As Croci found out, while combining beautiful photography and graphic design, it also conveys a thoughtful and analytical account of the recent urban development of the metropolis through its interior spaces. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cinemetrics FAQ
Authors: McGrath Brian , Gardner Jean 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA new book by Brian McGrath and Jean Gardner questions preconceptions of the digital. Previously, working with computers has often been regarded as a simple matter of acquiring technical facility in particular software and techniques. Cinemetrics: Architectural Drawing Today argues that the full potential of digital lies not in technical finesse, but in a perceptual paradigm shift. This shift could be as seismic as the changes associated with the development of perspective in the early Renaissance. Here, McGrath and Gardner provide an FAQ on their innovative new drawing system, Cinemetrics. Inspired by cinema's visual treatment of matter‐flux, this book is set to recast architectural drawing for the 21st century. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spinal origin of human lead neuropathy: This paper marks the 150th anniversary of paralysie de plomb ou saturnine by L. Tanquerel des planches
Authors: Beritic Tihomil 
Published: April 2007

AbstractOne hundred fifty years ago a young but distinguished French scientist, L. Tanquerel des Planches, published a most comprehensive work dealing with almost every known clinical, epidemiological, and occupational aspect of lead poisoning, Traité des Maladies de Plomb ou Saturnines exposing in its second volume. Paralysie de Plomb ou Saturnine his invaluable experience on lead palsy. Among his ideas, based on a rather unique accumulation of human cases of lead palsy, the theory of the neurotoxic action of lead on the spinal cord is of outstanding importance. This site and the mode of action of lead have long been unsettled, although both the nineteenth century classics in neurology and the classics in industrial medicine of the first half of the twentieth century have contributed to solving the pathophysiology of lead palsy. The contributions from these reports, which concur with Tanquerel's assumptions, are presented and discussed. It must be emphasized, however, that only with the advent of electrophysiology has it become possible definitely to recognize the spinal cord involvement as the cause of lead neuropathy. The hypothesis of the axonal degeneration of the “dying back” variant, starting in the biochemical lesion of perikaria of the anterior horn cells in the spinal cord, is in full agreement with both the electromyographic signs of denervation and the electroneurographic normal range of conduction velocity. This presumptive conclusion confirming the spinal origin of human lead neuropathy is very much in line with the concepts of Tanquerel des Planches.
Biological monitoring of nitrous oxide exposure in surgical areas
Authors: Trevisan A. , Gori G. P. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractExposure to nitrous oxide in surgical theaters was evaluated for duration, numbers, and types of surgical procedures. The concentration of the gas in the air was 92‐444 ppm. Before and after the surgical sessions, samples of urine and expired air were collected from surgical theater personnel for gas determination. Nitrous oxide concentrations in urine and in expired air showed a good correlation with gas concentration in the air (r = 0.760 and r = 0.921, respectively). Moreover, a good correlation (r = 0.823) between gas concentration in urine and that in expired air was also found. A biological threshold limit value (TLV) of 20.6 m̈g/liter for urine and of 29.6 ppm for expired air was calculated, based on the limit of 50 ppm in the air proposed by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). Other biological TLVs corresponding to higher proposed limits (200 and 500 ppm) were also calculated.
Case‐control study on occupational exposure to diesel exhaust and lung cancer risk
Authors: Md Paolo Boffetta, , Harris Randall E. , Wynder Ernst L. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe association between lung cancer and occupations with probable exposure to diesel exhaust (DE) was studied among 2,584 cases and 5,099 hospital controls. The crudeodds ratio (OR) for probable exposure was 1.31 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.09–1.57), but adjustment for smoking and other confounders reduced the estimate to 0.95 (95% CI = 0.78–1.16). Similar results were observed for truck drivers, the only occupational category large enough for separate analysis. Data on self‐reported exposure for 477 cases and 946 controls revealed a crude OR of 1.45 (95% CI = 0.93–2.27), which was reduced to 1.21 (95% CI = 0.78–2.02) after controlling for smoking and other confounders. The present results and a review of the literature do not definitively support an etiologic association between DE exposure and elevated lung cancer risk.
Chronic neuropsychological sequelae of occupational exposure to organophosphate insecticides
Authors: Rosenstock Linda , Daniell William , Barnhart Scott , Schwartz David , Demers Paul A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe early (immediate and delayed) neurotoxic effects of acute organophosphate intoxication are well documented in the scientific literature; lack of recognition and inappropriate treatment of occupational poisonings continue. Less well understood is the potential development of chronic neuropsychological sequelae from exposures to insecticides. We undertook two cohort studies to assess chronic neuropsychologic effects of insecticide poisoning. Based, in part, on our clinical evaluation of several patients, these studies included: 1) a retrospective cohort study assessing function at least 1 year following moderate to severe poisonings among farm workers; and 2) a prospective cohort study assessing neuropsychological function before and after a season of organophosphate exposures among pesticide applicators. A typical case description, the study design, methodologic problems, and preliminary findings of these ongoing studies are presented.
Mortality from asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, respiratory system cancer, and stomach cancer among paper mill workers: A case‐referent study
Authors: Torén Kjell , Sällsten Gerd , Järvholm Bengt 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn an earlier case‐referent study from a soft‐paper mill with levels of paper dust exceeding 5 mg/m3, an increased mortality was found (OR = 3.8, p ≤ 0.05) from asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) among the employed. Furthermore, other studies on paper mill workers have also indicated an increased mortality from lung cancer. The main objectives of the present case‐referent study were to investigate the mortality from asthma, COPD, and lung cancer in two other Swedish paper mills. In these mills, the levels of paper dust have been below 3 mg/m3. The subjects for the study were all men who died between 1961 and 1985 from asthma and COPD (n = 31), respiratory cancer (n = 27), and stomach cancer (n = 33) selected in three parishes surrounding two paper mills. As referents we randomly selected about six times as many men who had died from nonmalignant nonrespiratory diseases in these parishes (n = 550). On the basis of information found in the personnel records in the mills, the men were classified into different occupational categories or as unexposed. No increased risk of asthma or COPD was found among the workers exposed to paper dust. However, it was found that there was significantly increased mortality (OR = 5.7, p ≤ 0.05) for asthma and COPD among workers in a previous log sorting department. The study also showed a significantly increased risk of lung cancer (OR = 2.1, p ≤ 0.05) among maintenance workers. There was no increased risk of stomach cancer in the study. The results from the study suggest that maintenance workers at paper mills have an increased risk of developing lung cancer, which may be an effect of earlier asbestos exposure. The increased risk for asthma and COPD among the log sorters merits further investigation. In the present study, exposure to low concentrations of paper dust was not found to increase the mortality from asthma or COPD.
Work injuries and exposures in children and young adults: Review and recommendations for action
Authors: Richter Elihu D. , Jacobs Janice 
Published: April 2007

AbstractChild labor, the penultimate form of cheap labor, is endemic in poor countries; it also occurs in affluent countries. Little information has been available on injuries, disease, and effects on growth and development in the tens of millions of children at risk. Preventive and control measures are eliminating the gross abuses, tracing and banning hazardous exposures to toxic agents, eliminating risks of injuries and ergonomic strain, providing health services for working children through the primary health care network, and developing international failsafe design standards for tools and work systems, if these children must work. There is a need to train public health professionals, pediatricians, and maternal and child health care personnel in carrying out simple descriptive epidemiologic studies and setting up interventive programs. Eliminating the worst conditions and controlling hazards where there is no imminent alternative to child labor are suggested as the basis for a two‐pronged strategy for protecting children who are forced to work.
Chromosomal abnormalities among nurses occupationally exposed to antineoplastic drugs
Authors: Milković‐Kraus Sanja , Horvat Durda 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe effect of handling antineoplastic drugs was examined in 42 nurses working in an oncology department, and the same number of nurses not exposed to antineoplastic drugs acted as controls. The exposure effect was evaluated by analysis of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) incidence and structural chromosomal abnormalities. SCE as well as chromosomal abnormalities in the exposed group were increased (p ≤ 0.001 and p ≤ 0.01, respectively). Sign test for paired sample was used for statistical assessment.
Perspectives on what we formerly called threshold limit values
Authors: Goldsmith John R. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractFrom the point of view of an epidemiologist with experience in community air quality standards, occupational health standards, radiation standards, and water quality standards, reasons are given for discarding the assumption that occupational health protection should be based on threshold concepts. The weakness of worker health protection based on prescription of maximal exposure levels is noted, regardless of whose judgement is used for such levels.
Radiographic abnormalities in asbestos insulators: Effects of duration from onset of exposure and smoking. Relationships of dyspnea with parenchymal and pleural fibrosis
Authors: Lilis R. , Miller A. , Godbold J. , Chan E. , Selikoff I. J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractChest radiographs and spirometry were evaluated in 2,907 active and retired asbestos insulators; most (86.8%) had ≥ 30 years from onset of asbestos exposure. Testing was performed in 19 cities in the United States during 1981–1983. Complete demographic, smoking, clinical, and radiologic data were obtained for 2,790 workers. This is the largest single group of insulators that has been studied. Five hundred forty‐eight (19.7%) had never smoked cigarettes, 942 (33.9%) were current cigarette smokers, and 1,300 (46.6%) were ex‐smokers. Only 439 (15.7%) workers had no radiographic evidence of asbestos‐related disease (normal chest X‐ray); 668 (23.9%) had pleural fibrosis only, 325 (11.6%) had parenchymal fibrosis alone, and 1,358 (48.7%) had both parenchymal and pleural fibrosis. The prevalence of radiographic parenchymal changes increased significantly (p < .001) from 38.6% (DURONSET < 30 years) to 70% (≥40 years). For pleural changes the comparative prevalences were 55% and 82%. Those with no history of cigarette smoking were more likely to have normal filMS than those with a history of smoking (19.2% versus 14.4% for current smokers and 15.2% among ex‐smokers), and were less likely to have parenchymal fibrosis (44.5% versus 69.7% for current smokers and 60.2% of ex‐smokers). Dyspnea, MRC grade 3 and higher, was more prevalent when pleural fibrosis was associated with interstitial pulmonary fibrosis (at all profusion levels of small opacities) than when pleural fibrosis was absent. Logistic regression analysis of factors contributing to such dyspnea showed that the presence of combined parenchymal and pleural abnormalities was a significant explanatory variable, in addition to age, smoking, and body mass (Quetelet index); the presence of parenchymal changes only or of pleural changes only, as factors contributing to dyspnea, did not reach the level of statistical significance in the regression analysis. The results of these examinations show that pleural fibrosis is a frequent finding in asbestos‐exposed groups with long‐term follow‐up and that its functional significance is not negligible. The contribution of cigarette smoking to prevalence and severity of interstitial fibrosis is an additional reason for smoking cessation among asbestos‐exposed individuals.
Silicon carbide pneumoconiosis: A radiographic assessment
Authors: Durand Pierre , Bégin Raymond , Samson Louise , Cantin André , Massé Serge , Dufresne André , Perreault Guy , Laflamme Jacques 
Published: April 2007

AbstractInterstitial lung disease and airflow limitation have been reported in silicon carbide workers but it is uncertain whether these recent observations reflect past working conditions alone (30 years ago) or both past and present conditions even if the latter have improved. To investigate this, we analyzed pairs of chest radiographs obtained in 1977 and 1984 in 128 silicon carbide plant workers. Three indices, related to density of small opacities, profusion of opacities, and presence of pleural plaques, were obtained.Student t‐tests on results obtained in each time period showed the mean density (1.02 in 1977 and 0.56 in 1984) and profusion (4.27 in 1977 and 2.13 in 1984) indices to be significantly different. However, the pleural plaque index was not different in 1984 (0.34) as compared with 1977 (0.32). There was no deterioration of the radiographic image even in groups with density ratios equal or greater than 1/1. We concluded that the actual environmental working conditions did not influence the integrity of the lung radiographic image in these workers within a time span of 6 or 7 years.
Inflammation of the visceral pleura, a nonspecific asbestos‐related pleural reaction: Chest radiograph and computed tomograph correlation
Authors: Solomon Albert , Rubin Ami‐Hai Eliezer , Bar‐Ziv Jacob , Carel Rafael 
Published: April 2007

AbstractNonspecific pleuritis, i.e., inflammation of the visceral pleura, is recognized by the presence of pleural strands on the routine posteroanterior chest radiograph. The computed tomograph counterparts of these strands are seen as interlobular septal intrusions and lenticular or wedge‐shaped subpleurai opacities. The pleural reaction is nonspecific and may be found with asbestos exposure, traumatic hemorrhagic effusions, pulmonary embolism, viral pleurisy, malignant pleural effusions, and lupus or rheumatoid effusions. The asbestos‐related pleural changes may be found alone or in association with parietal pleural plaque formation or with asbestotic lung fibrosis.
Renal cell carcinoma among architects
Authors: Lowery Jan T. , Peters John M. , Deapen Dennis , London Stephanie J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractData from a population‐based cancer registry were analyzed according to occupation and industry at the time 'of diagnosis as part of a routine surveillance of the data for associations between occupation and cancer risk. A total of 119 cases of cancer of all sites were reported among architects between 1972–1986. From a total of 2,059 renal cell carcinomas in the registry, the 13 cases were observed among male architects, aged up to 64, 3.1 were expected. Significant elevations were not observed among other professional groups. Architects are exposed to several toxic and potentially carcinogenic chemicals. We suggest that investigators with cancer registry data coded according to occupation evaluate whether an association between employment as an architect and renal carcinoma exists in their data.
Pulmonary function and pleural fibrosis: Quantitative relationships with an integrative index of pleural abnormalities
Authors: Lilis R. , Miller A. , Godbold J. , Chan E. , Selikoff I. J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractPleural fibrosis due to asbestos exposure was fully appreciated considerably later than pulmonary interstitial fibrosis due to similar exposure. This is well exemplified by the fact that pleura face on was included in the International Labour Office's International Classification of Radiographs of Pneumoconioses only in the last revision of the Classification. The functional relevance of pleural fibrosis, in particular circumscribed pleural fibrosis, has remained controversial. Since pleural fibrosis can occur at various sites (diaphragmatic plaques, chest wall in profile and face on, mediastinal) and can be of different thickness and extent, a comprehensive integrative assessment of pleural fibrosis was undertaken in order to permit a quantitative study of relationships between pleural fibrosis and pulmonary function. This approach was used for chest X‐ray films of 1,584 asbestos insulation workers examined (1981–1983); 1,185 (75%) had pleural fibrosis. The distribution pattern of the integrative pleural index was found to be different in the subgroup with circumscribed (n = 975) from that with diffuse (n = 197) pleural fibrosis, with a higher profusion of high INDEX values in the latter. Stepwise regression analysis indicated that there was a significant inverse relationship between forced vital capacity (FVC) and the integrative index of pleural fibrosis in the subgroup with circumscribed pleural fibrosis. In the subgroup with diffuse pleural fibrosis, the obliteration of costophrenic angle(s), even with pleural fibrosis of limited extent, resulted in marked decrement in FVC % predicted; higher values of INDEX did not result in additional significant reductions of FVC. In those with both parenchymal and pleural abnormalities (n = 862) the pleural index was found to make a significant contribution, independent of that of parenchymal abnormalities, to decrements of FVC. Since pleural fibrosis has gradually become the predominant radiologically detectable abnormality in asbestos exposed workers, establishing its quantifiable functional relevance is useful.
Critical review of the toxicity of methyl n‐butyl ketone: Risk from occupational exposure
Authors: Bos Peter M. J. , de Mik Gerrit , Bragt Peter C. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractMethyl n‐butyl ketone (MBK) was considered rather harmless until an outbreak of peripheral neuropathy occurred in 1973 among workers exposed to MBK. MBK easily penetrates the skin; pulmonary retention is approximately 80–85% in man. Distribution is widespread with highest levels in blood and liver; MBK also reaches the fetal tissues. MBK metabolism probably depends on the route of exposure, and is very similar to that of n‐hexane. The critical organ is the nervous system. These effects find expression as peripheral neuropathy, with potential for serious effects of the central nervous system. From the viewpoint of neurotoxicity, 2,5‐hexanedione is the most important metabolite. The neurotoxicity is potentiated by several compounds, while MBK itself potentiates the toxicity of other chemicals. From animal experiments, a no‐adverse‐effect level (NAEL) could not be established. Peripheral neuropathy may develop in workers exposed to only a few ppm of MBK. The difference in the Occupational Exposure Limits for MBK and n‐hexane, as established by several organizations, is questioned in view of the neurotoxic effects of these substances.
Respiratory disease in a textile factory in nicaragua
Authors: Velazquez Aurora M. , Christiani David C. , McConnell Rob , Eisen Ellen A. , Wilcox Margaret 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis is the first epidemiologic study conducted in a textile mill in Nicaragua using techniques and diagnostic criteria similar to those used in the United States and England. The prevalence of byssinosis and nonspecific respiratory symptoms were studied in 194 workers in a cotton mill inmanagua. Limited environmental sampling, performed using a vertical elutriator in yarn preparation and weaving areas, indicated that exposures were similar to those reported in other parts of the developing world. A modified translated version of the Medical Research Council respiratory questionnaire was administered. Pulmonary function tests were performed before and after the Monday workshift to measure across‐shift change in ventilatory function. The prevalence of byssinosis was 5.9% and all the cases occurred among exposed women. Nonspecific respiratory symptoms were also more prevalent among exposed workers. After adjusting for age, gender, smoking habit, and work tenure, the exposure odds ratios for usual cough and usual phlegm were 3.3 and 2.2, respectively. The association between exposure and across‐shift decrement in FEV, was not significant. Byssinotic workers, however, had greater decrements in FEV1% than those without byssinosis: 5.5% versus 1.8%. A consistent gender effect was observed in which both exposed and unexposed women were found to have greater across‐shift decrements in FEV, than men. The gender difference existed among long‐term workers as well as workers who had been employed less than 2 years. Results are related to cotton dust exposure, as has been documented elsewhere. The poorer health status of the women in this study population deserves follow‐up.