bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Meta‐Analysis of the Association of the Trp64Arg Polymorphism in the β3 Adrenergic Receptor with Insulin Resistance
Authors: Zhan Siyan , Ho Suzanne C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To clarify the possible association between the Trp64Arg polymorphism and insulin resistance (IR).Research Methods and Procedures: Articles evaluating the effect of the Trp64Arg polymorphism on IR were identified on the MEDLINE and PubMed databases from 1995 to February, 2004. After extraction of relevant data, main and subgroup meta‐analyses were performed to assess the differences in IR indices between Trp/Trp and Trp/Arg genotypes.Results: Forty eligible papers containing 56 subgroups were included in this meta‐analysis. Among a total of 12, 805 subjects, 21.9% had Trp64Arg mutation: 20.8%, heterozygotes and 1.1%, homozygotes. Significant associations were found between this mutation and some indices of IR. The weighted mean difference in fasting insulin, 120‐minute insulin level after oral glucose tolerance test, and homeostasis model assessment between Arg64 and Trp64 was 0.23 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.05 to 0.42] pM, 0.89 (95% CI, 0.30 to 1.48) pM, and 0.55 (95% CI, 0.14 to 0.96), respectively. Subgroup analysis further indicated that this significant association existed only in the Asian population (p < 0.01) and in the obese (p = 0.02) and diabetes subgroups (p = 0.03).Discussion: Numerous studies have been conducted to examine the relationship between the β3‐adrenergic receptor Trp64Arg polymorphism and components of IR syndrome. However, the results have been inconsistent and have led to controversy about whether this polymorphism is associated with these clinical features. The current meta‐analysis demonstrated the moderate effects of the Trp64Arg polymorphism on IR in the Asian population and in obese and diabetic subgroups.
The Impact of Calcium and Dairy Product Consumption on Weight Loss
Authors: Harvey‐Berino Jean , Gold Beth Casey , Lauber Renee , Starinski Amy 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Recent evidence suggests that diets high in calcium and dairy products are associated with lower body weight, particularly lower body fat levels. The purpose of this study was to compare weight and body fat loss on a calorie‐restricted, low‐dairy (CR) vs. high‐dairy (CR+D) diet.Research Methods and Procedures: Fifty‐four subjects (BMI 30 ± 2.5 kg/m2, 45 ± 6.6 years, 4 men) were randomly assigned to calorie‐restricted (−500 kcal/d) low‐dairy calcium (n = 29; ∼1 serving dairy/d, 500 mg/d calcium) or high‐dairy calcium (n = 25; 3 to 4 servings dairy/d, 1200 to 1400 mg/d calcium) diets for 12 months. Main outcome measures included change in weight (kilograms) and body fat (percentage).Results: There were no significant differences between groups at baseline. At 12 months, weight and body fat loss were not significantly different. Subjects in the CR vs. CR+D conditions lost 9.6 ± 6.5 vs. 10.8 ± 5.9 kg (p = 0.56) and 9.0 ± 3.8 vs. 10.1 ± 3.6 kg body fat (p = 0.37).Discussion: These findings suggest that a high‐dairy calcium diet does not substantially improve weight loss beyond what can be achieved in a behavioral intervention.
Results of Go Girls: A Weight Control Program for Overweight African‐American Adolescent Females
Authors: Resnicow Ken , Taylor Ricia , Baskin Monica , McCarty Frances 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Go Girls was a church‐based nutrition and physical activity program designed for overweight African‐American (AA) adolescent females.Research Methods and Procedures: Ten predominantly middle‐socioeconomic churches were randomized to either a high‐intensity (20 to 26 sessions) or moderate‐intensity (six sessions) culturally tailored behavioral group intervention delivered over 6 months. Each session included an experiential behavioral activity, ∼30 minutes of physical activity, and preparation and tasting of healthy foods. In the high‐intensity group, girls also received four to six telephone counseling calls. From the 10 churches, 123 girls completed baseline and 6‐month post‐test assessments. The primary outcome was BMI; secondary outcomes included waist and hip circumferences, percentage body fat estimated by bioimpedance, serum insulin, glucose, and lipids, and cardiovascular fitness at 6‐month follow‐up. Selected measures were also collected at 1‐year follow‐up.Results: At 6‐month follow‐up, the net difference between the high‐ and moderate‐intensity groups was 0.5 BMI units. This difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.20). There were no significant group differences in secondary outcomes. Girls in the high‐intensity condition, however, who attended more than three‐quarters of the sessions had significantly lower BMI and percentage body fat relative to girls in the high‐intensity group who attended fewer sessions. Findings at 1‐year follow‐up mirrored those at 6 months.Discussion: We concluded that the intervention was not effective in reducing adiposity, although there were some positive findings among high attenders. Despite the null result, the intervention was generally well received by participants. Future interventions may require greater dose and a more structured dietary change program.
The Influence of Parenting Change on Pediatric Weight Control
Authors: Stein Richard I. , Epstein Leonard H. , Raynor Hollie A. , Kilanowski Colleen K. , Paluch Rocco A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Parenting style was examined as a predictor of weight loss maintenance in behavioral family‐based pediatric obesity treatment.Research Methods and Procedures: Fifty obese children who participated in a behavioral family‐based pediatric obesity treatment were studied. Hierarchical regression tested the incremental effect of baseline parenting and parenting during treatment on children's percentage overweight change over 12 months, beyond demographics and adherence to targeted behaviors.Results: Children's percentage overweight significantly decreased at 6 (−16.3) and 12 (−11.1) months. Adherence to program goals significantly increased variance accounted for in the regression model by 10.8%, whereas adding baseline father acceptance and change in father acceptance accounted for another 20.5%. The overall model accounted for 40.6% of the variance in pediatric weight control. ANOVA showed significantly greater percentage overweight decrease from baseline for youth with fathers who increased their acceptance vs. those who decreased acceptance at 6 (−19.8 vs. −14.6) and 12 (−17.4 vs. −8.1) months.Discussion: Youth who perceive an increase in father acceptance after treatment had better changes in percentage overweight over 12 months than youth with lower ratings of father acceptance. Future directions include examining how other parenting dimensions impact pediatric obesity treatment outcome and how parental acceptance can be enhanced to improve child weight control.
Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Firefighters: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Soteriades Elpidoforos S. , Hauser Russ , Kawachi Ichiro , Liarokapis Dimitrios , Christiani David C. , Kales Stefanos N. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Obesity, despite being a significant determinant of fitness for duty, is reaching epidemic levels in the workplace. Firefighters’ fitness is important to their health and to public safety.Research Methods and Procedures: We examined the distribution of BMI and its association with major cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in Massachusetts firefighters who underwent baseline (1996) and annual medical examinations through a statewide medical surveillance program over 5 years of follow‐up. We also evaluated firefighters’ weight change over time.Results: The mean BMI among 332 firefighters increased from 29 at baseline to 30 at the follow‐up examination (2001), and the prevalence of obesity increased from 35% to 40%, respectively (p < 0.0001). In addition, the proportion of firefighters with extreme obesity increased 4‐fold at follow‐up (from 0.6% to 2.4%, p < 0.0001). Obese firefighters were more likely to have hypertension (p = 0.03) and low high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol (p = 0.01) at follow‐up. Firefighters with extreme obesity had an average of 2.1 CVD risk factors (excluding obesity) in contrast to 1.5 CVD risk factors for normal‐weight firefighters (p = 0.02). Finally, on average, normal‐weight firefighters gained 1.1 pounds, whereas firefighters with BMI ≥ 35 gained 1.9 pounds per year of active duty over 5 years of follow‐up.Discussion: Obesity is a major concern among firefighters and shows worsening trends over time. Periodic medical evaluations coupled with exercise and dietary guidelines are needed to address this problem, which threatens firefighters’ health and may jeopardize public safety.
Weight Change in Adult Life and Health Outcomes
Authors: Elliott Alison M. , Aucott Lorna S. , Hannaford Philip C. , Smith W. Cairns 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To investigate the relationship between weight change in adult life and subsequent mortality and cancer incidence in women.Research Methods and Procedures: In 1994 to 1995, all women (age range, 42 to 81) still under general practitioner observation in the United Kingdom's Royal College of General Practitioners Oral Contraception Study (n = 12 303) were sent a health survey asking about health and lifestyle issues, including current weight and weight at age 30. The main outcome measures were 6‐year all‐cause mortality and cancer incidence among different weight change deciles. Cox regression was used to calculate hazard ratios that were adjusted for: social class at recruitment, BMI at age 30, and age group, parity, smoking status, and hormone replacement therapy status in 1995.Results: Women who had been obese at age 30 were more likely to die and significantly more likely to develop cancer in the 6 years after the health survey than non‐obese respondents. Women reporting weight gains between age 30 and 1995 were significantly less likely to die during the 6 years after the health survey than those with a stable weight, whereas those with weight loss did not fare any better than those in the stable‐weight group.Discussion: Although obesity at young age was associated with subsequent mortality and cancer incidence, weight gain over a time period of 12 to 51 years appeared to be beneficial when compared with women with stable weight over the same time period. Further research is needed to confirm or refute our findings and to allow detailed examination of potential explanations for them.
Role of Weight History on Functional Limitations and Disability in Late Adulthood: The ARIC Study
Authors: Houston Denise K. , Stevens June , Cai Jianwen , Morey Miriam C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To examine associations of weight history with functional limitations and disability in white and African‐American men and women.Research Methods and Procedures: Data were from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study (n = 11, 177). Associations of recalled weight status at age 25 and weight change from age 25 to ages 45 to 64 with functional limitations, activities of daily living (ADLs), and instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) at follow‐up (ages 52 to 75) were examined using logistic regression.Results: Obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) at age 25 was associated with functional limitations and ADL and IADL impairment at follow‐up in white and African‐American men and women. For example, obese compared with normal weight (BMI, 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m2) white women had higher odds of mild [odds ratio (95% confidence interval), 1.97 (1.18 to 3.29)] and severe [9.81 (5.92 to 16.27)] functional limitations and ADL [3.48 (2.36 to 5.13)] and IADL [2.95 (2.00 to 4.33)] impairment. In African‐American women, obesity was associated with higher odds of mild [2.71 (1.14 to 6.41)] and severe [6.01 (2.53 to 14.26)] functional limitations and ADL [1.82 (1.10 to 3.00)] and IADL [2.39 (1.47 to 3.90)] impairment. Similar associations were found in men. Compared with weight maintenance (±10 lbs), large weight gain (>30 lbs) from age 25 to ages 45 to 64 was also associated with functional limitations and ADL and IADL impairment in white and African‐American men and women.Discussion: Maintenance of a healthy body weight throughout adulthood may play a role in preventing or delaying the onset of functional limitations and disability, resulting in increased quality of life and decreased health care costs.
Eligibility for Obesity Treatment and Risk of Mortality in Men
Authors: Mason Caitlin , Katzmarzyk Peter T. , Blair Steven N. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To evaluate the risk of all‐cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality associated with each outcome of the NIH obesity treatment algorithm and to examine the effects of cardiorespiratory fitness on the risk of mortality associated with these outcomes.Research Methods and Procedures: The NIH obesity treatment algorithm was applied to 18, 666 men (20 to 64 years of age) from the Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study in Dallas, TX, examined between 1979 and 1995. Risk of all‐cause and CVD mortality was assessed using Cox proportional hazards regression.Results: A total of 7029 men (37.7%) met the criteria for needing weight loss treatment [overweight (BMI = 25 to 29.9 kg/m2 or WC > 102 cm) with ≥2 CVD risk factors or obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2)]. Mortality surveillance through 1996 identified 435 deaths (151 from CVD) during 191, 364 man‐years of follow‐up. Compared with the normal weight reference group, the hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) for death from all causes were 0.63 (0.45 to 0.88), 1.23 (0.98 to 1.54), 1.05 (0.60 to 1.85), and 1.71 (1.64 to 2.31) for men who were overweight with <2 CVD risk factors, overweight with ≥2 CVD risk factors, obese with <2 CVD risk factors, and obese with ≥2 CVD risk factors, respectively. Corresponding hazard ratios for CVD mortality were 0.72 (0.38 to 1.37), 1.67 (1.12 to 2.50), 1.69 (0.67 to 4.30), and 3.31 (2.07 to 5.30). Including physical fitness as a covariate significantly attenuated all risk estimates.Discussion: The NIH obesity treatment algorithm is useful in identifying men at increased risk of premature mortality; however, including an assessment of fitness would help improve risk stratification among all groups of patients.
Obesity in the Elderly and Its Relationship with Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Taiwan**
Authors: Huang Kuo‐Chin , Lee Meei‐Shyuan , Lee Shyh‐Dye , Chang Yung‐Han , Lin Yi‐Chin , Tu Su‐Hao , Pan Wen‐Harn 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjectives: The obese elderly are at increased risk of mortality, morbidity, and functional disability. In this study, we examined the prevalence of obesity and relationship between various anthropometric indices (AI) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in the elderly.Research Methods and Procedures: A stratified multistage clustered sampling scheme was used in the Elderly Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan during 1999 to 2000. 2432 non‐institutionalized subjects (age, 72.8 ± 9.4 years; BMI, 23.6 ± 6.4 kg/m2) were recruited. The receiver operating characteristic analysis was used to compare predictive validity of CVD risk factors among various AI, including BMI, waist circumference (WC), and waist‐to‐hip ratio (WHR).Results: The prevalence of obesity was 29.0% in men and 36.8% in women by obesity criteria for Asians (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) and 13.3% in men and 21.0% in women by the Taiwanese definition (BMI ≥ 27 kg/m2). Odds ratios of acquiring various CVD risk factors increased significantly with increment of WC, WHR, and BMI. The areas under the curve predicting metabolic syndrome were all <0.8. The cut‐off values of WC corresponding to the highest sensitivity and the highest specificity in predicting various CVD risk factors were 86.2–88.0 cm in men and 82.0–84.0 cm in women, respectively.Discussion: Obesity was prevalent in the Taiwanese elderly. WC was related to CVD risk factors to a greater extent than BMI and WHR. However, none of them alone was a good screening tool for CVD risk factors. Therefore, how to apply AI prudently to screen elderly for CVD risk factors needs further research.
High‐Sensitivity C‐Reactive Protein in Japanese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Tajiri Yuji , Mimura Kazuo , Umeda Fumio 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To assess the relationship between high‐sensitivity (HS) C‐reactive protein (CRP) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) or atherosclerosis and to assess effects of strict metabolic control on the degree of inflammation and MetS in patients with type 2 diabetes.Research Methods and Procedures: Four hundred thirteen patients with diabetes were enrolled in the cross‐sectional study. Of these 413 patients, 161 patients were further admitted for 2.4 ± 0.4 weeks (mean ± SD) to investigate the change in HS‐CRP or other parameters under strict metabolic control.Results: Log‐transformed HS‐CRP value (log HS‐CRP) was strongly correlated with BMI (r = 0.448, p < 0.01). Log HS‐CRP was also correlated with the presence of MetS or each component of MetS. Furthermore, a positive significant trend in HS‐CRP levels was shown with an increasing number of MetS components (p < 0.05). Log HS‐CRP showed a significant positive correlation with carotid artery intima‐media thickness (IMT) (r = 0.152, p < 0.01). In multiple step‐wise regression analysis, BMI, hemoglobin A1c, right IMT, duration of diabetes, and triglyceride were selected as explanatory variables for log HS‐CRP (R2 = 0.412). Under strict metabolic control, HS‐CRP was significantly (p < 0.01) lower, together with lower levels of other markers for MetS. The change in HS‐CRP was significantly correlated with the change in BMI (r = 0.161, p = 0.04).Discussion: In subjects with type 2 diabetes, HS‐CRP levels are related to MetS and subclinical atherosclerosis. Strict weight management and metabolic control were associated with a reduction in HS‐CRP levels, and changes in HS‐CRP were related to changes in weight, supporting the hypothesis that lifestyle modification reduces inflammation and the risk of CHD.
Cost‐Effectiveness of a Low‐Carbohydrate Diet and a Standard Diet in Severe Obesity
Authors: Tsai Adam Gilden , Glick Henry A. , Shera David , Stern Linda , Samaha Frederick F. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Low‐carbohydrate diets have become a popular alternative to standard diets for weight loss. Our aim was to compare the cost‐effectiveness of these two diets.Research Methods and Procedures: The patient population included 129 severely obese subjects (BMI = 42.9) from a randomized trial; participants had a high prevalence of diabetes or metabolic syndrome. We compared within‐trial costs, quality‐adjusted life years (QALYs), and the incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio (CER) for the two study groups. We imputed missing values for QALYs. The CER was bootstrapped to derive 95% confidence intervals and to define acceptability cut‐offs. We took a societal perspective for our analysis.Results: Total costs during the one year of the trial were $6742 ± 6675 and $6249 ± 5100 for the low‐carbohydrate and standard groups, respectively (p= 0.78). Participants experienced 0.64 ± 0.02 and 0.61 ± 0.02 QALYs during the one year of the study, respectively (p= 0.17 for difference). The point estimate of the incremental CER was $−1225/QALY (i.e., the low‐carbohydrate diet dominated the standard diet). However, in the bootstrap analysis, the wide spread of CERs caused the 95% confidence interval to be undefined. The probabilities that the low‐carbohydrate diet was acceptable, using cut‐offs of $50, 000/QALY, $100, 000/QALY, and $150, 000/QALY, were 72.4% 78.6%, and 79.8%, respectively.Discussion: The low‐carbohydrate diet was not more cost‐effective for weight loss than the standard diet in the patient population studied. Larger studies are needed to better assess the cost‐effectiveness of dietary therapies for weight loss.
Meal Frequency and Childhood Obesity
Authors: Toschke André M. , Küchenhoff Helmut , Koletzko Berthold , Von Kries Rüdiger 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Previous studies have demonstrated an inverse association between meal frequency and the prevalence of obesity in adulthood. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between meal frequency and childhood obesity.Research Methods and Procedures: Stature and weight of 4370 German children ages 5 to 6 years were determined in six Bavarian (Germany) public health offices during the obligatory school entry health examination in 2001/2002. An extensive questionnaire on risk factors for obesity was answered by their parents. Obesity was defined according to sex‐ and age‐specific BMI cut‐off points proposed by the International Obesity Task Force. The main exposure was daily meal frequency.Results: The prevalence of obesity decreased by number of daily meals: three or fewer meals, 4.2% [95% confidence interval (CI), 2.8 to 6.1]; four meals, 2.8% (95% CI, 2.1 to 3.7); and 5 or more meals, 1.7% (95% CI, 1.2 to 2.4). These effects could not be explained by confounding due to a wide range of constitutional, sociodemographic, and lifestyle factors. The adjusted odds ratios for obesity were 0.73 (95% CI, 0.44 to 1.21) for four meals and 0.51 (95% CI, 0.29 to 0.89) for five or more meals. Additional analyses pointed to a higher energy intake in nibblers compared with gorgers.Discussion: A protective effect of an increased daily meal frequency on obesity in children was observed and appeared to be independent of other risk factors for childhood obesity. A modulation of the response of hormones such as insulin might be instrumental.
Association of Family Environment with Children's Television Viewing and with Low Level of Physical Activity
Authors: Salmon Jo , Timperio Anna , Telford Amanda , Carver Alison , Crawford David 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: This study examined associations between the family environment and children's television (TV) viewing and likelihood of being low‐active.Research Methods and Procedures: In 2001, children were recruited from 19 primary schools in Melbourne, Australia. Parents completed a questionnaire about their child's TV viewing and the family environment. Children also completed a questionnaire and wore an accelerometer for 8 days. Movement counts were used to identify low‐active children (lowest quartile). Data were analyzed in May 2004.Results: The sample consisted of 878 children (mean age = 11.5 ± 0.6 yrs). Multiple logistic regression revealed that socioeconomic status [adjusted odds ratios (AOR) = 0.4 boys], frequency families watched TV together (AOR = 2.0 boys), mothers’ (AOR = 1.8 boys; AOR = 2.5 girls) and fathers’ (AOR = 2.6 boys; AOR = 2.8 girls) TV viewing, and rules prohibiting TV during mealtimes (AOR = 0.6 boys; AOR = 0.6 girls) related to children watching TV ≥2 h/d. Variables associated with low‐level physical activity included self‐reported enjoyment of Internet use (AOR = 1.7 boys) and preference for watching TV (AOR = 2.3 girls), perception that mother uses computer a lot (AOR = 1.9 boys) and likes using the computer (AOR = 0.6 girls), fathers’ reported computer/electronic games use (AOR = 1.7 girls), frequency families used computer together (AOR = 0.4 girls), rules that TV viewing must be supervised (AOR = 1.9 boys; AOR = 0.6 girls), and having pay TV (AOR = 0.6 boys) and electronic games at home (AOR = 2.6 boys).Discussion: These findings suggest that the relationships between the family environment and TV viewing and low‐level activity are complex and that these behaviors are distinct.