bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tub toys orbit the Pacific subarctic gyre
Authors: Ebbesmeyer Curtis C. , Ingraham W. James , Royer Thomas C. , Grosch Chester E. 
Published: April 2007

In 1992, a cargo container of children's bath toys fell overboard in the middle North Pacific Ocean. Subsequently, 29,000 toys were tracked 4,000 kilometers to southeastern Alaska [Ebbesmeyer and Ingraham, 1994]. The spill's upcoming fifteenth anniversary has prompted an examination of the reports of toys stranded on shorelines around the Subarctic Gyre, a planetary vortex the size of the United States.Previous articles have reported the drift of sneakers and toys for a year or so only along the southern edge of the Pacific Subarctic Gyre [Ebbesmeyer and Ingraham, 1992, 1994]. However, continuing reports of stranded toys have stimulated curiosity about how long it would take the currents that link the Gyre's perimeter between Asia and America to transfer flotsam around the Gyre, that is, its orbital period. These currents (Figure 1) are the North Pacific Drift Current, Alaska Current/ Alaska Coastal Current, Alaskan Stream, Bering Slope Current and East Kamchatka Current, Oyashio Current, and Kuroshio. In the Bering Sea, the North Aleutian Current recurves north from Attu Island eastward along the north side of the Aleutians to merge with the Bering Slope Current.
Scientific integrity discussed
Authors: Zielinski Sarah 
Published: April 2007

Scientists need to be more aware of how their science is used and misused, and they need to speak out more often, advised several speakers at a 12 December 2006 session at the AGU Fall Meeting in San Francisco, Calif.Peter Gleick, co‐founder and president of the Pacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment, and Security, said, “Increasingly, we live in a world in which science and policy are very intertwined, where the outcomes of science affect the outcomes of policy Policy is beginning to influence science.” Gleick discussed various challenges to the integrity of science, including logical fallacies, direct abuse of the scientific process, and a lack of independence in funding. Uncertainty, a natural part of all of science, can also be abused, he said. Gleick noted that in policy making, deciding when something is certain enough can be difficult.
Mount St. Helens petrology workshop
Authors: Rowe Michael C. , Pallister John S. , Grunder Anita 
Published: April 2007

Following seismic activity in late September 2004, the current eruption of Mount St. Helens began with an explosive steam and ash emission on 1 October 2004, with hot dacite emerging from the crater floor on 11 October 2004. Nearly two years later, with more than 80 million cubic meters of erupted dacite, accompanied by rare explosions and predominantly shallow seismicity questions still remain about what initiated and what is sustaining the eruption.The U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS) Cascade Volcano Observatory (CVO) hosted the 2006 Mount St. Helens Petrology Workshop in Vancouver, Wash., on 27–30 August 2006. With many of the more than 40 workshop participants finalizing contributions to a USGS Professional Paper on the current Mount St. Helens eruption, the workshop was a timely opportunity to share results, reconcile interpretations, and plan future research.
Your role in formulating public policy
Authors: O'Riordan Catherine 
Published: April 2007

One goal of AGU is to assure that the results of our research are made available for the benefit of humanity. To achieve this goal takes the commitment of many members. There are numerous ways that you can contribute to the development of public policy that is based on sound science.How do you get started? As Soroosh Soroosian states in his editorial in this issue of Eos, a first step may be to look for opportunities to talk to people in your local community about science and how our science can be used to benefit society. Talk to school teachers and students, business organizations, the media, and elected and appointed representatives and other officials of government such as school boards and planning commissions.
Frost, Goldstein, and Korenaga awarded 2006 James B. Macelwane Medal
Authors: Burch James L. , Goldstein Jerry , Rubie David , Frost Daniel J. , Jordan Thomas H. , Korenaga Jun 
Published: April 2007

Daniel J. Frost, Jerry Goldstein, and Jun Korenaga received the James B. Macelwane Medal at the AGU Fall Meeting honors ceremony, which was held on 13 December 2006 in San Francisco, Calif. The medal is given for significant contributions to the geophysical sciences by an outstanding young scientist.Jerry Goldstein is one of the most exciting young researchers in space physics today, and his work has significantly advanced understanding of the Earth's magnetosphere. In particular, Jerry is widely recognized as the leading authority on the structure and dynamics of the Earth's plasmasphere, the region of cold plasma of ionospheric origin that is trapped in the inner portion of the magnetosphere.
Purdy awarded 2006 Maurice Ewing medal
Authors: Detrick Robert S. , Purdy G. Michael 
Published: April 2007

G. Michael Purdy was awarded the Maurice Ewing Medal at the AGU Fall Meeting honors ceremony, which was held on 13 December 2006 in San Francisco, Calif. The medal recognizes significant original contributions to the scientific understanding of the processes in the ocean; for the advancement of oceanographic engineering technology and instrumentation; or outstanding service to marine science.It is an honor for me to deliver the citation for G. Michael Purdy, the 2006 recipient of AGU's Maurice Ewing Medal. Mike Purdy has made significant and original contributions to our understanding of ocean crustal structure, been an innovative developer of marine seismic instrumentation, and served for over two decades as an important leader of the oceanographic community.
New Arctic sea ice draft data from submarines
Authors: Wensnahan Mark , Rothrock David , Hezel Paul 
Published: April 2007

Arctic sea ice thickness data from 17 newly processed submarine cruises covering over 49,000 kilometers of cruise track have now been added to the archive at the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC). This addition increases the archive by 68%, to a total of over 120,000 kilometers of track from 37 U.S. Navy and 2 Royal Navy submarine cruises. The data are actually of ice draft, the submerged portion of floating sea ice, which is about 89% of ice thickness.Declines in Arctic sea ice extent and thickness in recent decades make this an invaluable data set for research into Arctic climate variations [e.g., Tucker et al., 2001], for testing sea ice models [e.g., Rothrock et al., 2003; Miller et al., 2005], and for intercomparison with measurements of thickness by other methods [e.g., Laxon et al., 2003].
New Madrid GPS: Much ado about nothing?
Authors: Stein Seth 
Published: April 2007

Two articles in this issue address the surprising and intriguing negative result that high‐precision geodetic measurements find no compelling evidence for crustal motions in the New Madrid Seismic Zone of the central Unites States.The geodetic measurements have drawn great interest because they add another puzzle to the many surrounding New Madrid. This area is the best known case of large earthquakes within the interior of the plates, in continental lithosphere. Such earthquakes are much rarer and release much less seismic energy than those at plate boundaries. Because idealized plates are perfectly rigid, these earthquakes demonstrate that deformation occurs within plates and provide a lower bound on their rigidity. Moreover, precisely because such earthquakes are rare, they pose a hazard to areas that are less well prepared for earthquakes than areas with more active ones. Assessing the hazard is further complicated by a growing sense that earthquakes within plates migrate among seismic zones that ‘turn on,’ remain active for some time, and then ‘turn off.’
Recent observations and simulations of the Sun‐Earth system, Grand Hotel Varna, Bulgaria, 17–22 September 2006
Authors: Jordanova Vania , Roussev Ilia 
Published: April 2007

ISROSES: International Symposium on Recent Observations and Simulations of the Sun‐Earth System.Important challenges for solar‐terrestrial physics research are to advance our understanding of the Sun‐Earth system (SES) and to develop models to the level where timely and accurate predictions of space weather can be made that result in benefits to society. As more advanced technologies are placed into the space environment, our need to forecast space weather becomes more urgent. To achieve such a goal, an integrated understanding of the physical processes of the coupled Sun‐Earth system must be developed.
Surveying flash flood response in mountain streams
Authors: Carpenter Theresa M. , Taylor Stephen V. , Georgakakos Konstantine P. , Wang Jianzhong , Shamir Eylon , Sperfslage Jason A. 
Published: April 2007

During the winter season of 2005, Southern California was besieged by a series of heavy precipitation events that caused widespread flash flooding, mud slides, debris flows, and significant damage. The first event began in December (28 December 2004 to 4 January 2005), triggered mudflows and flooding in the San Bernardino Mountains, and produced a record daily rainfall total for the city of Los Angeles.The second period of heavy rainfall occurred in January (7–12 January 2005) and was widespread, extending from west of Santa Barbara to the San Bernardino Mountains in San Bernardino County and to the south including San Diego County. The peak rainfall total during the January 2005 event exceeded 700 millimeters (30 inches) over the six‐day period. Impacts included the disastrous La Conchita landslide in Ventura County, which killed 10 people and destroyed or damaged over 35 homes.
Humans “very likely” responsible for warming, Report concludes
Authors: Zielinski Sarah 
Published: April 2007

Working Group I of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) upgraded its assessment of the probability that humans are responsible for the warming of the planet in the last 50 years from ‘likely’ to ‘very likely,’ in a report on the state of the science released 2 February.The language change indicates that the likelihood that humans are responsible for the warming increased from 66% in the last assessment, which was released in 2001, to 90%. Human influences on climate can now be seen in warming of the oceans and land, temperature extremes, and changes in wind patterns, according to the report.
New funding for ocean research proposed for 2008
Authors: Zielinski Sarah 
Published: April 2007

The Bush Administration will request an additional US$143 million for coastal and marine research and conservation for Fiscal Year (FY) 2008, officials announced on 26 January.“It is clear that good stewardship of the oceans, coasts, and Great Lakes must be a national priority,” said John H. Marburger III, director of the U.S. Office of Science and Technology Policy.
Climate change report adds to evolving debate
Authors: Zielinski Sarah 
Published: April 2007

Working Group I of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) released the summary of its report on the physical basis of climate change on 2 February. The report arrives at a time when the debate in U.S. political circles has shifted from the existence of climate change to methods of mitigation and adaptation.Much of the past debate among U.S. politicians had focused on whether climate change exists and whether humans are responsible. But even some politicians who once were skeptical now find themselves believers. “It is hard not to be persuaded by the evidence,” said Rep. Bob Inglis (R‐S.C), who credited his change of heart on the growing body of scientific evidence and a recent trip to Antarctica. Inglis spoke at an 8 February hearing of the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Science and Technology.
Broecker to receive Crafoord Prize
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: April 2007

The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has selected AGU Fellow Wallace S. Broecker to receive the 1996 Crafoord Prize in Geosciences for 2006.Broecker, Newberry Professor of Earth and Environmental Sciences at the Lamont‐Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, in Palisades, N.Y., received the Maurice Ewing Medal in 1979 and the Roger Revelle Medal in 1995.
Isotopes in Palaeoenvironmental Research
Authors: Fischer Matt 
Published: April 2007

The editor of this volume notes that the intention of this book is to “show how isotopes can be applied to understanding the paleoenvironment.” With that intention, several key issues should be addressed in each chapter.These issues include: how isotopes vary on temporal and spatial scales (e.g., the timewise amplitude variation of the isotopes at different latitudes over different timescales), and statistical issues (are the statistical methods applied to the data sufficient for investigating isotope data?).
Technical problems develop in Mars satellite instruments
Authors: Zielinski Sarah 
Published: April 2007

The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) has developed technical problems in two of its six science instruments, NASA announced on 7 February. The Mars Climate Sounder, which maps the distribution of temperature, ice clouds, and dust in the planet's atmosphere, has been temporarily stowed while scientists investigate why the instrument occasionally skips steps and puts the field of view slightly out of position. The problem first appeared in December and a fix seemed to work, but the problem reappeared in mid‐January.Scientists are also investigating a problem with the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment camera, MRO's main imager. In late November, noise in the form of bad pixels developed in one of the camera's 14 detector pairs, and six other detectors have since developed the problem. Though the effect on overall image quality is small, scientists are worried that the problem could worsen.
Rudnick receives 2006 N. L. Bowen award
Authors: Lee Cin‐Ty A. , Rudnick Roberta 
Published: April 2007

Roberta Rudnick received the N.L. Bowen Award at the 2006 AGU Fall Meeting. The award recognizes outstanding contributions to volcanology, geochemistry, or petrology.One sign of a great scientist is that he or she uses fundamental observations in nature or experiments to drive questions and hypotheses on how natural processes work. Roberta satisfies all of these criteria, and more.
Managing drought in the United States: A roadmap for science and public policy
Authors: Diodato David M. , Wilhite Donald A. , Nelson Deborah I. 
Published: April 2007

By 2050, the average moisture conditions in the southwestern United States will rival the worst conditions observed in the 1953–1956 and 2000–2003 droughts. These changes will be a consequence of increased temperatures and will occur even if precipitation levels remain fairly constant. As a result, all predicted scenarios of Colorado River flow at Lees Ferry, Ariz, indicate that within 20 years, discharge there will be insufficient to meet current consumptive water resource demands.This sobering analysis was presented by Martin Hoerling and Jon Eischeid of the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration at the meeting Managing Drought and Water Scarcity in Vulnerable Environments—Creating a Roadmap for Change in the United States, presented by the Geological Society of America (GSA) in partnership with 20 other scientific organizations. Participants, including physical scientists, life scientists, social scientists, policy makers, Native Americans, water managers, and water users, represented a broad and diverse range of interests. Some preliminary findings are as follows.
Satellites to study geomagnetic storms
Authors: Kumar Mohi 
Published: April 2007

NASA's Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) mission to study geomagnetic substorms over the next two years launched on 17 February from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Fla. Substorms are visible in the atmosphere as a sudden brightening of polar auroral ribbons as they split and reorganize, and are thought to form when solar wind overloads the magnetosphere with too much energy. Substorms are closely related to space storms that can disable spacecraft, communications and navigation systems, and power grids and that can expose astronauts to high energy free electrons.Launched from a single rocket, THEMIS's five satellites will align themselves between the Sun and the Earth to view substorms; simultaneously, ground stations in Alaska and Canada will monitor auroral dynamics.
International Polar Year kicks off
Authors: Zielinski Sarah 
Published: April 2007

The International Polar Year officially began on 1 March with an opening ceremony in Paris, France, and with local celebrations held throughout the week. The festivities marked the start of the two‐year international effort to understand ongoing change in the polar regions.Previous IPYs (1882–1883 and 1932–1933) and the International Geophysical Year (1957–1958) resulted in a legacy that included the creation of maps of the polar regions, the establishment of permanent Antarctic research stations, the launch of the first satellites, and ratification of the Antarctic Treaty in 1961. Organizers of the current IPY hope that it will leave its own legacy of research, data, observation systems, and the inspiration of future scientists, said Robin Bell, chair of the U.S. National Committee for IPY and a geophysicist at Lamont‐Doherty Earth Observatory, Palisades, N.Y.
The Mayans: Climate determinism or geomagnetic determinism?
Authors: Gallet Yves , Genevey Agnès 
Published: April 2007

Climatic variations since the end of the last ice age have been large enough to influence the fate of ancient civilizations, and deciphering the exact role of climate in the history of old societies is an active and challenging domain of research [e.g., deMenocal, 2001]. This potential influence, which serves as the foundation of ‘climate determinism,’ can be viewed as the response of natural‐resource‐dependent, agriculture‐based communities to climatically driven environmental changes. In some cases, these could have provoked major damage in economic and social organization of the societies, thus paving the way for political disintegration.Could this climate variability be connected with the Earth's magnetic field? If so, a link might be found between the past geomagnetic field behavior and the history of humanity. This article explores that potential link, using a case study of the Classic Maya civilization.
Wikipedia's role in science education and outreach
Authors: Moldwin Mark B. , Gross N. , Miller T. 
Published: April 2007

Where do most students get information about space science topics? An informal survey of 300 University of California, Los Angeles freshmen indicates that Wikipedia is their first stop when researching essentially any topic. One third of student pre‐service science teachers in a Boston University natural sciences course cited Wikipedia as a reference in their class reports on planetary exploration. A survey of Google® Web‐page rankings of 20 major topics in space physics (including aurora, space weather, solar wind, etc.) found that the Wikipedia entry was on the first page for 16, was in the top three for 11, and was the highest‐ranked site for six topics (magnetic reconnection, solar variation, Van Allen Radiation Belts, ionosphere, sudden ionospheric disturbance, and magnetometer).The purpose of this note is to inform the community of the popularity of Wikipedia for introducing our field to students and the general public and to urge you to take a look at the Wikipedia entry for your area of expertise. Wikipedia articles are by nature encyclopedic and so provide students with an apparently complete source of material for use in reports and research projects. The question is, How good is the Wikipedia article compared with other top Google sites with regard to completeness and accuracy? We found that for many of the space physics key terms and concepts, Wikipedia was the most complete source of information. For many of the other top sites, basic information such as definition of the phenomena and fundamental properties (for example, average properties of the solar wind such as composition, speed, density, etc.), as well as science history and relevance of the topic to broader concepts, were either missing or difficult to find. Often the other top links focus so closely on details of a scientific study that the novice reader may not be able to understand much about the topic or concept they were originally searching for from that Web site. Thus, compared with many of the top Google hits, Wikipedia will appear to students to be an excellent reference for space science topics.
Amateur observations of atmospheric phenomena during the IGY
Authors: Schröder Wilfried 
Published: April 2007

The fiftieth anniversary of the International Geophysical Year (IGY) provides an opportunity to look back at a scientific program which is now almost forgotten. Many of the research fields of the IGY required large numbers of observers around the world, far more than could be provided by the staffs of established institutions and university research groups. It became necessary to recruit men and women from outside the normal scientific net, but with an interest inastronomy and the physics of the planet.Sydney Chapman, L.V. Berkner, M. Nicolet, V.V. Beloussov, J. Coulomb, E. Larsen, and others took a leading role in the planning of the IGY. Chapman had a personal interest in luminous phenomena of the upper atmosphere. One focus of Chapman's research had been collecting historical observations of auroras at low and middle latitude areas such as the Indian subcontinent, Greece, and the Pacific Ocean. He therefore consulted specialists such as C.W. Gartlein (Cornell University), James Paton (Edinburgh), Cuno Hoffmeister (Sonneberg), and N. Grisin, V.V. Sharonov, I.A. Khvostikov, earlier from the USSR, and others to plan and coordinate an international program of observations of auroras and other luminous phenomena of the upper atmosphere. At about this time his interest in noctilucent clouds (NLCs) was also suddenly aroused by a review containing photographs by George Witt (Sweden) that appeared in the journal Tellus.
Kamchatka volcano warnings for aviation discontinued
Authors: Zielinski Sarah 
Published: April 2007

The program that provides warnings to the international aviation community when volcanoes on Russia's Kamchatka Peninsula erupt stopped providing these notices on 1 March due to a loss of funding.As of 1 January 2007, the Federal Unitary Enterprise State Air Traffic Management Corporation of Russia halted its funding for the Kamchatka Volcanic Eruption Response Team. KVERT is a collaborative project of scientists from the Russian Institute of Volcanology and Seismology, the Kamchatka Experimental and Methodical Seismological Department, and the Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO). AVO is a cooperative program of the U.S. Geological Survey, the University of Alaska Fairbanks Geophysical Institute, and the Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys.
Outstanding student paper awards
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: April 2007

The following members received Outstanding Student Paper Awards at the 2006 Fall Meeting in San Francisco, Calif. Winners in other sections and focus groups will be announced in subsequent issues of Eos.Ting Chen, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, Scaling of seismic moment with recurrence interval for small repeating earthquakes simulated on rate‐and‐state faults.
New detailed images of the Sun
Authors: Kumar Mohi 
Published: April 2007

Newly released images of small‐scale solar structures indicate that the Sun is much more turbulent that previously known. The images, produced by the satellite Hinode (formerly known as Solar‐B), were released by NASA and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) on 21 March.Many of the recently released images focused on a large sunspot identified by scientists in December 2006. The sunspot, which was anomalous because it occurred in the declining phase of the 11‐year sunspot cycle, ejected a flare of white light and protons.