bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Competition On the Aggressive Behavior of Squirrel and Cebus Monkeys
Authors: Plotnik Rod , King Frederick A. , Roberts Lamar 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The social dominance structure and aggressive patterns in a group of four male adult squirrel monkeys and four adolescent cebus monkeys were analyzed across different test conditions. The effects on frequency and direction of aggressive interaction as well as on social dominance structure were assessed after systematically varying the size of testing area, presence or absence of reinforcement, kind of reinforcement (food or shock), and after the monkeys in each established group were separated for two weeks. Under all test conditions, the squirrel monkey's social dominance structure consisted of a dominant boss monkey and an almost completely linear hierarchy for the group. The cebus monkey's social structure consisted of a dominant boss monkey and an almost nonlinear hierarchy for the group. The presence of reinforcement, kind of reinforcement, and size of testing area were shown to have important effects on frequency but not on the direction of aggressive interactions in both the mature squirrel monkey group and immature cebus monkey group.
Social Attachment in Rats By Odor and Age
Authors: Marr John N. , Lilliston Lawrence G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe odor of rat litter-mates was experimentally modified from 3-10, 11-18, or 22-29 days of age. Acetophenone or ethyl benzoate were used during the experimental period and the natural odor was present during the other two periods. After living in the natural odor colony for another 2 weeks, Ss were compared on duration of time near each olfactory stimulus animal in an eight hour test. Ss preferred the stimulus animal characterized by the experimental odor with which they were reared. Age of exposure was not a significant factor. These results indicate that the odor of the species is learned, that the intensity of the odor is important, but that age is not a critical variable in the early learning of the species odor in the rat.
Stimulus Generalization and Responses To "Supernormal" Stimuli in the Unrewarded Pecking Behavior of Young Chicks
Authors: Goodwin Elizabeth Bird , Hess Eckhard H. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
1. Young chicks were tested daily from the age of one to nine days for unrewarded pecking preferences. 2. Those tested on stars differing in number of points pecked the most at stars having 3 or 9 points and showed a decreasing preference for intermediate stars with the 7-pointed star pecked at the least. Preference for different stars appears to be influenced by size. 3. There was a failure to obtain classical stimulus generalization effects in the groups shown a series of diamonds or a series of ovals. 4. Preference rankings for "supernormal" stimuli consisting of circles edged in different ways suggested that the preference hierarchy for two-dimensional forms may be very different when the forms are in extremely tiny size.
Nest Building in the Bengalese Finch
Authors: Slater Peter J.B. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAttempts to induce carrying of nest material in isolated male Bengalese finches by injecting testosterone, oestrogen, progesterone or prolactin were ineffective. Neither prolactin nor progesterone in the doses used appeared to affect incubation behaviour. There was a suggestion that prolactin depressed song numbers. Inexperienced birds are in general slower than experienced ones in settling down and starting to build. Monosexual male pairs start to carry more quickly when both partners have been kept in the same small group before pairing, than when they are from different groups. Most birds with previous breeding experience and which had been in the same group as their partners before pairing began to carry at a high rate immediately after pairing. The slight increase in carrying in the few days thereafter is probably attributable to the need to settle down in the new situation and to practice making a higher rate of carrying possible. It is probable that the hormonal state is appropriate for carrying at the time of pairing but that the 75% of males which do not carry in isolation are only stimulated to do so by the presence of a known mate, a nest site and an uncompleted nest. The main control of carrying thus appears to lie with external stimuli acting directly on the nervous system rather than through the meditation of endocrine changes. In the discussion it is suggested that direct effects of external stimuli may be more important in inducing long term behaviour changes during reproduction than has previously been supposed.
Sexual Initiating Behaviour By Female Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca Mulatta) Under Laboratory Conditions
Authors: Michael Richard P. , Zumpe D. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObservations were made on oppositely-sexed pairs of adult rhesus monkeys during 60-min tests when females were both intact (215 tests) and ovariectomized (196 tests). Three special gestures, named the hand-reach, head-duck and head-bob were described in female rhesus monkeys, and evidence is put forward that, like the well-known "presentation" gesture, they too served as female sexual invitations. They occurred most frequently immediately before and during the mounting sequence and ceased abruptly after the male's ejaculation. Although individually less effective than presentations in stimulating mounting by males, hand-reaches, head-ducks and head-bobs together initiated a larger total number of mounts: thus, they were important invitational gestures. Ovariectomy resulted in a dramatic decrease in the numbers of these sexual invitations as female receptivity declined. Hand-reaches, head-ducks and head-bobs possessed some of the stereotyped properties of reflexes and, unlike presentations, never occurred in non-sexual behavioural situations or in response to a non-sexual stimulus (e.g. male threat) ; they may thus provide a more direct indication of the female's motivational state.
Snake Avoidance in Feral and Laboratory Reared Squirrel Monkeys
Authors: Murray Sarah G. , King James E. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe latency of food retrieval and other behaviours in the presence of a live boa constrictor and other snake-like stimuli was observed in three groups of squirrel monkeys (adult feral, adult laboratory reared, and immature laboratory reared). The principal results were as follows: 1. Both of the laboratory reared groups retrieved food within about five or fewer sec in the presence of any stimulus, including the live snake. 2. The retrieval latencies of the adult feral group were longest in the presence of the live snake, the next longest in the presence of rubber snakes painted either gray or an approximation of the boa constrictor markings, and shortest in the presence of various rubber tubes or a gray block. This result suggests that avoidance of some snake like stimuli in the adult feral squirrel monkey is determined more by shape than by markings. 3. The habituation of the snake avoidance response was rapid for all stimuli, but occurred more slowly for the live snake than for the two rubber snakes. 4. Of the various behaviors observed in the interval between the presentation and the retrieval of food, visual scanning was predominant and occurred during 74 percent of this time.
A Study of the Postural Variations in the Foreleg of Ranatra Linearis (Insecta Heteroptera)
Authors: Cloarec Ann 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA correlation between the foreleg postures of Ranatra linearis, specific states of its alimentary canal linked with intestinal transport (checked by direct observation and dissection), and its responsiveness to an alimentary stimulus is described. The emptier the midgut, the more the forelegs are bent backwards towards the head and the further apart these two forelegs are one from the other. A study of the extinction of prey capture behaviour shows that the more the forelegs are bent backwards towards the head, (the smaller the coxa-femur angle) and the further apart the two forelegs one from the other, the more numerous the responses to repeated presentations of an alimentary stimulus will be. For a specific initial posture the responses to repeated presentations of an alimentary stimulus are less numerous if the model is presented in the part of the perceptual space above the forelegs (stimulating the visual receptors only) than if it is moved through the entire perceptual field (stimulating femoral mechanoreceptors as well as visual receptors). For a specific initial foreleg posture these responses will be more numerous if the behavioural sequence is interrupted nearer the beginning. The first responses in a series of presentations of an alimentary stimulus are always more complete than later responses. The duration of the intervals between two successive responses in a given series varies according to the initial posture of the forelegs, and so does the quantity of food eaten.
The Development of Prey Recognition and Predatory Behaviour in the American Kestrel Falco Sparverius
Authors: Mueller Helmut C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractNine hand-reared American kestrels were exposed to a series of objects, stationary and moving, ranging from a tissue-paper ball, a crude tissue-paper mouse, through stuffed and dead mice, and finally live mice. Only one bird responded consistently to paper models, and only to moving mouse-models. All birds attacked live mice, including five that had not responded to models or dead mice. Two of the five inexperienced birds attacked their first live mouse in less than 10 sec. Attacks on paper models were desultory and disoriented and are believed to represent play rather than predatory behaviour. Attacks on live mice were intense, rapid, sustained and well-oriented, with the mouse being grasped by the thorax, neck or head and biting directed to the head or neck. Eight of nine birds attacked their first mouse (live, dead, or stuffed) expertly and all nine birds achieved consistent, expert perfonnance in less than six trials. The inference is drawn that experience plays a minor role in the development of recognition, capturing and killing of mice by kestrels.
Courtship of Drosophila Melanogaster : Rejection Without Extrusion
Authors: Cook Robert 
Published: April 2008

Abstract1. The experiments reported were designed to study the courtship behaviour of male D. melanogaster with virgin and inseminated decapitated females, which do not extrude their genitalia in response to courtship, and do not move. 2. Two new elements of behaviour which occur during the male's courtship were described. The names suggested for these are 'grasping' and 'rubbing'. 3. A clear distinction was seen in the behaviour of males towards virgin and inseminated decapitated females. Fewer males courted the latter, and those males which did court did so for a shorter period. 4. The courtship to the inseminated females contained a relatively lower proportion of attempted copulation than that to virgin females. 5. Operations were conducted on the tarsi of the fore legs and sex combs of the males to elucidate aspects of their possible role in courtship. 6. Males lacking both tarsi and sex combs performed very little courtship either to virgin or to inseminated decapitated females. Males with tarsi removed below the sex combs, and those with the tarsi of the hind legs removed did not court significantly less than normals, but the relative frequency of attempted copulation in courtship was changed. 7. Removal of the sex combs, leaving the tarsi intact, led to the total absence of attempted copulation, although other elements of courtship occurred frequently. 8. Hypotheses are offered concerning the evolution of the behaviour of extrusion, and concerning the possible roles of the sex combs in courtship.
Chemical Prey Preference Polymorphism in Newborn Garter Snakes Thamnophis Sir Talis
Authors: Burghardt Gordon M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractNewborn, previously unfed garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis) respond with prey attack and tongue flicking to water based extracts prepared from the surface substances of normally eaten prey and presented on cotton swabs. The present experiments demonstrate reliable individual differences in preferred stimuli among members of the same litter. (I) Of 12 snakes tested on six different days with redworm extract, minnow extract, and distilled water, six responded reliably more to worm and one reliably more to minnow. Redworm was overall more effective than minnow. Using two ranking procedures, individual responsivity to redworm was not correlated with responsivity to minnow. Although distilled water was relatively ineffective, correlations of individual snake scores to extracts and water were high and often significant, in contrast to the low correlations between extracts. (2) Of an entire litter of 13 snakes tested on seven days with extracts from two species of earthworms and two species of fish, 11 responded significantly more to worm extracts and one significantly more to fish extracts. The two worm extracts gave almost identical overall scores and the same occurred for the two fish extracts, with the worm being more effective. While individual responsivities to the two worm or two fish extracts were highly correlated, responsivities across worms and fish were not. A few snakes discriminated between individual worm or fish extracts. (3) In 15 sibling newborn snakes tested on three concentrations (100%, 10%, 1%) of earthworm and fish extracts, most responded more to worm regardless of concentration, a 1% worm extract being more effective than 100% fish. The method of limits was used in both ascending and descending sequences. (4) In all three litters, the snakes could be divided into a few discrete groups based on the relative preference for fish or worm extracts. However, there was wide individual variation in attack frequency, attack latency, and tongue flicking in absence of prey attack. (5) The results are discussed in terms of a genetically based perceptual polymorphism. The phenomenon's possible role in the natural history and evolution of snakes, especially the interaction with feeding experience, is elaborated.
Sexual Discrimination in the Siamese Fighting Fish (Betta Splendens Regan)
Authors: Robertson C.M. , Sale Peter F. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
I. We recorded the responses of male Betta splendens when presented with various stimuli behind a transparent partition. The stimuli comprised i) live male and female B. splendens; ii) lifelike (motionless) models of male and female B. splendens; and iii) six stylised model B. splendens. The stylised models consisted of three pairs, one member of which had long male-like fins and raised opercula, and the other with short female-like fins and lowered opercula. The first pair had "aggressive", the second, "submissive", and the third, "reproductive" colouration. 2. The use of two techniques for comparing responses to the different stimuli was compared. Principal component analysis of unscaled data produced more satisfactory results than did clustering by single linkage on the basis of taxonomic distances calculated on scaled data. 3. The response by a male to a stimulus consisted of two categories of behaviour: "agonistic" display and nest-oriented activities. 4. The responses towards live males and females differed only in the relative amounts of "agonistic" and nest-oriented behaviour performed to each. A greater amount of "agonistic" behaviour was performed towards males. 5. Three main influences were found affecting a male's response to a conspecific: i) a tendency to perform all components of "agonistic" display and to inhibit performance of nest-oriented behaviour; ii) and iii) tendencies to perform particular components of the "agonistic" display. Thus the "agonistic" display was found to be complex and governed by at least three separate motivations. 6. The first influence varied according to the (perceived) sex of the stimulus, being great when the stimulus was a male, and slight when it was a female. The other two influences were independent of the nature of the stimulus. 7. Responses to lifelike, motionless models were very similar to those to live fish. 8. All male models and the "aggressive" female model were treated similarly to the live male. The other models were treated similarly to the live female. 9. A mechanism for sexual discrimination was proposed, in which a male is characterised by long fins and/or raised opercula, or, an unpatterned body. A female is characterised by short fins and a patterned body. Discrimination can be accomplished solely by use of visual stimuli.
Individual Characteristics in the Calls of Reindeer Calves
Authors: Espmark Yngve 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn a study of the individuality in the voice of reindeer calves, sound spectrograms of calls from IO equal-aged calves were analysed. The following variables were selected and measured as to the degree of inter-individual overlapping: A) Duration of the call. B) Fundamental frequency. C-E) Frequency of the first, the second and the third formant. F-G) Difference in frequency between the first and the second and between the second and the third formant. H) The shape of the fundamental. I-K) The shape of the first, the second and the third formant. The variables were considered distinct to a calf if they were overlapped to less than 25 percent by the range of the same variable in another calf. No particular variable characterized the calves throughout, but in relation to any other calf, each was characterized by one or more variables. It is suggested that the call is characterized by interaction of different features, by the "Gestalt" of the call. Although individuality has been shown in the structure of the calls, it has not yet been investigated to what extent the separate individual characteristics are actually recognized as distinctive by the mothers.
Aggressive Communication By Larus Glaucescens Iii. Description of the Displays Related To Territorial Protection
Authors: Stout John F. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis paper is a description of the aggressive activities of the Glaucous-winged Gull, Larus glaucescens. It provides a descriptive basis for the interpretation of experiments designed to elucidate the aggressive communication of this species (STOUT & BRASS, 1969; STOUT, WILCOX & CREITZ, 1969; and in progress). The descriptions of the aggressive behavior of L. glaucescens were based on the analysis of 12,000 feet of motion picture film, and on the physical analysis of a large number of sound spectrograms (sonograms) of each of the aggressive calls. The behavior observed was classified with respect to its association with attack, escape, or other aggressive interactions, and also with respect to its production by territorial defender or intruder. The Aggressive Upright, Moving Aggressive Upright, Intimidated Upright, Trumpeting, Mew, Grass-pulling, Jabbing, and Choking displays were described. The Forward display, as described for other larids, was not seen. The physical analysis of the aggressive calls of the Glaucous-winged Gull demonstrated great similarity between the Trumpeting and Yelp Calls. The Courtship, Parent-young, and Aggressive Mews were demonstrated to have consistent physical differences. It was suggested that they could each have a different function. The Choking and Alarm Calls are similar in that they have a more complex harmonic structure than the other calls. However, a differential function has already been demonstrated for these two calls (STOUT, WILCOX & CREITZ, 1969). It was hypothesized that each of these aggressive displays communicates distinct levels of threat. The combination of head level (posture), call, orientation, and movement were considered as possible factors resulting in the distinction between displays. It was suggested that the Upright Threat, Trumpeting, Mew, and Choking displays communicate increasing levels of threat in that order. This model was evaluated in relationship to experiments performed on aggressive communication by L. glaucescens.
Interaction of Predation and Intraspecific Aggression in Bluegill Sunfish Lepomis Macrochirus
Authors: Randolph Poulsen H. , Chiszar David 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSeveral parameters of predatory and aggressive behaviors were measured in bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) as a function of the social condition of the fish. Subjects were observed as 1) isolated individuals, 2) maintained pairs with complete dominance but no prior residency, and 3) temporary pairs equivalent to a resident-intruder relationship. Aggressive interactions weer also recorded during feeding sessions and during non-feeding control periods. An almost complete inhibition of feeding occurred for intruders in the temporary pairs with little or no deficit seen for submissive fish in the maintained pairs when compared to individual controls. No predatory differences were found among the dominant fish of the three groups. Aggressive behavior showed little reliable change between types of session, although all forms of aggression were much higher in the temporary pairs than in maintained pairs. In a second experiment, performed to determine the effects of the transfer procedure independent of social interaction, fish were transferred from their home tank to either an empty tank or one containing a resident conspecific. A significant decrement in predatory behavior occurred when compared to measurements taken in the home tank only when subjects were transferred to aquaria containing resident fish. The data indicated that the behavioral suppression seen in intruding subjects was due entirely to an inability to respond to both prey and aggression with the latter taking precedence. No evidence was obtained to indicate any form of motivational interdependence between the behaviors studied.
Functional Analysis of Spotted Sandpiper (Actitis Macularia) Song
Authors: Knudson Heidemann Merle , Oring Lewis W. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSpotted sandpipers, Actitis macularia, were presented with a series of experimental tape playbacks in a natural situation in order to ascertain functional components of their song. Visible responses of individuals were used as the criterion of a given tape's ability to elicit an aggressive or reproductive response. Tapes are listed in order of response eliciting strength: normal; 3 X interval, io-note; 4.00 kHz filtered; 3 X interval, 7-note; 3.15 kHz filtered tape; and backward. Lack of response to backward tape playbacks shows that figure integrity (proper temporal ordering of frequencies) is an essential feature for song recognition in spotted sandpipers. Songs with lengthened internote intervals or decreased numbers of notes elicited fewer responses than the normal tape; however, merely increasing internote intervals decreased responses very little. This indicates that number of notes and/or sequence length is important in stimulating aggressive motivation in spotted sandpipers. Response to both the 3.15 and 4.00 kHz filtered tapes indicates that lower frequencies are essential to elicit aggression. Responses indicative of low aggressive arousal were evoked by these tapes. There was somewhat higher response to the 4.00 kHz filtered tape to the 3.15 kHz filtered tape, probably due to emphasis on the higher frequencies in the former.