bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The presbycusis component in occupational hearing loss
Authors: Lebo Charles P. , Reddell Rayford C. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractIn the evaluation of suspected occupational hearing losses, an expanding part of current otologic practice, the otologist is expected to differentiate noise sequelae from other types of ear pathology and to estimate the extent to which each abnormality contributes to the total hearing disability. The audiometric identification of acoustic trauma is possible only in early cases. When the noise effects are more advanced and when they are combined with aging, the pure tone curves are nonspecific. The standard battery of audiologic tests does not help in the quantitative separation of acoustic trauma from presbycusis. Most authorities consider that when acoustic trauma and presbycusis are concomitant, the effects of each are independent and that the influences of each upon auditory acuity are simply additive.There are significant individual differences in susceptibility to acoustic trauma and in the degree of hearing deterioration which occurs with aging. While it is not yet possible to make retrospective determinations of these variances, it is feasible to make age corrections of noise‐induced hypoacusis if one averages acoustic vulnerability and aging effects. Such averaging results in some inequalities in individual cases, but the validity of this approach in large numbers of cases is justifiable because of the absence of alternatives.The authors have modified the prebycusic data of Spoor (which combine several important hearing surveys conducted in the United States and in western Europe) by changing the calibration from ASA‐1954 to ANSI‐1969 and have prepared curves which demonstrate mean aggregate hearing levels at specified frequencies according to age and sex.Two formulae for age correction are presented along with examples of each formula and the authors' evaluation.
Cristo ocular and cristo spinal reflexes: A review after 1,000 cases of vertigo
Authors: Dolowitz David A. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractVertigo and dizziness may be considered spatial disorientation. This disorientation follows malfunction (following disease or injury) of the computer‐like action of the eyes, ears, proprioceptive sense, cervical spine, cerebrum, cerebellum, autonomic system or the master control in the reticular substance.It is felt that changes in nystagmus would follow injury or disease to any of these components. Studies have been reported of the establishment of parameters of cristo ocular and cristo spinal reflexes in persons with good spatial orientation. The differential diagnosis of 1,000 cases of patients with vertigo will be compared with “normals,” establishing, where possible, a differential diagnosis.
Results in labyrinthine cryosurgery monitored by evoked response
Authors: Tabor James R. , Best Lavar , Donohoe Robert W. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractCryosurgery is one conservative approach for Ménière's disease designed to control vertigo without adversely affecting the hearing in most cases. Report is made of 47 consecutive cases of cryosurgery. All patients were unresponsive to medical therapy. During the surgical procedure, the hearing is monitored at 2,000 cycles per second, and the vestibular function is monitored by evoked response to a loud click stimuli. Initial testing for threshold at 2,000 cycles and to a click stimulus is done by the evoked response. An initial freeze at —160°C. for two minutes is done, and the vestibular and auditory function is retested. A repeat freeze is completed unless there is a definite hearing change or the vestibular recording changes as evinced by the evoked response. If necessary, a third freeze is done, depending upon vestibular and auditory threshold changes. By this method a significant improvement of vertiginous symptoms resulted in 76 to 80 percent of the patients. The results of postoperative electronystagmography suggest an increase in unilateral weakness, but all cases showed a caloric response. In general, the hearing postoperatively continued to fluctuate as before surgery, accompanied by tinnitus, fullness, and recruitment. Morbidity in the way of hearing loss and temporary facial paralysis occurs in approximately 10 percent of the patients treated in this manner. Until a more knowledgeable approach to Ménière's disease is forthcoming, cryosurgery to the lateral semicircular canal still holds a position in the armamentarium for the treatment of patients who have incapacitating vertigo.
Carcinoma of the tongue: Review of 220 cases
Authors: Schleuning Alexander J. , Summers Gordon W. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractTwo hundred twenty cases of carcinoma of the tongue were reviewed. The three‐year determinant survival of 178 cases was 32.5 percent. The five‐year determinant survival of 169 cases was 29 percent. Only five patients of 41 who developed late node metastasis survived five years. Sixtynine of 79 patients treated for cure by X‐ray therapy developed recurrence. Thirteen were salvaged by secondary treatment. Twenty‐eight of 44 patients treated surgically developed recurrences. Eight were saved by secondary treatment. Because of a high percentage of recurrences at the primary site and a poor salvage of these recurrences, combined therapy is felt to offer the best hope for improved survivals.
Das slowenische Strafrecht zum Zeitpunkt des Beitritts Sloweniens zur EU (am 1. Mai 2004)
Authors: Korošec Damjan , Ambrož Matjaž 
Published: August 2006

Abstract

A. Einleitende Bemerkungen

Das slowenische Strafgesetzbuch (StGB) wurde im September 1994 vom Parlament verabschiedet und trat am 1. Januar 1995 in Kraft. Im Jahr 1999 erfuhr es relativ unwesentliche Änderungen und Ergänzungen, jüngste Änderungen fanden im Jahr 2004 statt. Sie traten am 5. Mai 2004 in Kraft und betreffen hauptsächlich den besonderen Teil des StGB. Es handelt sich vor allem um die Verschärfung und Erweiterung der typischen Straftatbestände für die organisierte Kriminalität, die Korruption, den Terrorismus und den Menschenhandel im weiteren Sinn und die Neugestaltung einiger Sexualstraftatbestände, vor allem bezüglich der Prostitution und sexueller Angriffe auf Minderjährige. Einige dieser Neuerungen, insbesondere auf dem Gebiet der völkerrechtlichen Verbrechen, werden als Annäherung Sloweniens an den so genannten europäischen Strafrechtsraum verstanden (und in der Literatur bereits überwiegend als übereilt kritisiert) und verdienen damit am Ende dieser Darstellung besondere Aufmerksamkeit.
Movements of Adult Radio‐Tagged Bighead Carp in the Illinois River
Authors: Peters Lindsay M. , Pegg Mark A. , Reinhardt Ulrich G. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractPopulations of invasive bighead carp Hypophthalmichthys nobilis in the Mississippi River basin are rapidly increasing in size and range. However, the rate of expansion is not well understood. We used radiotelemetry to document movements of bighead carp within the LaGrange Reach of the Illinois River, Illinois, where populations have been documented since 1993. We surgically implanted radio transmitters into 42 adults in June 2003 and May–July 2004. Successful relocation of individuals decreased over time and ended in August of both years. We analyzed 132 observations from 23 adults and found a mean (±SE) movement rate of 1.70 ± 0.74 km/d. The highest movement rate was 14.33 km/d. The maximum distance traveled by an individual was 163 km upstream in 35 d, and the top 10% of movements as observed by boat were between 26.5 and 56.5 km within 3–10 d. Forty‐three percent of fish died or dropped transmitters for unknown reasons, but handling, environmental conditions, or both may have contributed to the loss. Our study is the first to document the movement rates and patterns of bighead carp within the United States and shows that adults are capable of moving considerable distances in a short time. Immediate actions to prevent or control their spread are warranted.
Seasonal and Diel Movements and Habitat Use of Robust Redhorses in the Lower Savannah River, Georgia and South Carolina
Authors: Grabowski Timothy B. , Isely J. Jeffery 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe robust redhorseMoxostoma robustumis a large riverine catostomid whose distribution is restricted to three Atlantic Slope drainages. Once presumed extinct, this species was rediscovered in 1991. Despite being the focus of conservation and recovery efforts, the robust redhorse's movements and habitat use are virtually unknown. We surgically implanted pulse‐coded radio transmitters into 17 wild adults (460–690 mm total length) below the downstream‐most dam on the Savannah River and into 2 fish above this dam. Individuals were located every 2 weeks from June 2002 to September 2003 and monthly thereafter to May 2005. Additionally, we located 5–10 individuals every 2 h over a 48‐h period during each season. Study fish moved at least 24.7 ± 8.4 river kilometers (rkm; mean ± SE) per season. This movement was generally downstream except during spring. Some individuals moved downstream by as much as 195 rkm from their release sites. Seasonal migrations were correlated to seasonal changes in water temperature. Robust redhorses initiated spring upstream migrations when water temperature reached approximately 12°C. Our diel tracking suggests that robust redhorses occupy small reaches of river (∼1.0 rkm) and are mainly active diurnally. Robust redhorses were consistently found in association with woody debris and gravel streambed sediments along the outer edge of river bends. Fish exhibited a high degree of fidelity to both overwintering and spawning areas. Our observations of long‐distance seasonal migrations suggest that successful robust redhorse conservation efforts may require an ecosystem management approach.
Effects of Physical Habitat and Ontogeny on Lentic Habitat Preferences of Juvenile Chinook Salmon
Authors: Sergeant Christopher J. , Beauchamp David A. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractWe experimentally tested the habitat preferences of juvenile Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha to evaluate whether habitat availability was limited for a lake‐rearing population in Lake Washington (Seattle, Washington). A segment of this population resides in shallow (<1 m deep), nearshore areas of the lake during January–May and migrates to saltwater at age 0. During the shallow, nearshore phase, fish are exposed to varying degrees of bottom slope, substrate, and cover (e.g., overhead docks and woody debris) formed by the natural and modified shorelines of this highly urbanized system. The effects of these three habitat variables on patch use or electivity were tested in combination with ontogeny and the presence or absence of piscivores. Fry and presmolts avoided steeper bottom slopes, but presmolt responses were strongest. Responses to substrate and cover options were weak, although fry exhibited some coherent preference for finer substrates. The habitat preferences displayed by both life stages corroborated the observations from nearshore field surveys in Lake Washington. No direct effects on habitat preference from diel period or piscivore presence were evident. These results, combined with field observations, suggest that juvenile Chinook salmon may risk exposure to predation in order to utilize preferred habitat and to forage at a high rate. Therefore, nearshore habitat restoration projects aimed at increasing preferred juvenile Chinook salmon habitat should consider this risk‐prone behavior. Future experiments in larger experimental arenas could clarify the importance of heterogeneous nearshore habitat and further examine predation effects on the productivity of lake‐rearing juvenile Chinook salmon.
Characterization of the Physiological Stress Response in Lingcod
Authors: Milston Ruth H. , Davis Michael W. , Parker Steven J. , Olla Bori L. , Clements Shaun , Schreck Carl B. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe goal of this study was to describe the duration and magnitude of the physiological stress response in lingcod Ophiodon elongatus after exposure to brief handling and sublethal air stressors. The response to these stressors was determined during a 24‐h recovery period by measuring concentrations of plasma cortisol, lactate, glucose, sodium, and potassium. Lingcod were subjected to brief handling followed by either a 15‐min or a 45‐min air stressor in the laboratory. After the 15‐min stressor, an increase in cortisol or glucose could not be detected until after 5 min of recovery. Peak concentrations were measured after 30 min for cortisol and after 60 min for glucose and lactate. Glucose and lactate had returned to basal levels after 12 h, whereas cortisol did not return to basal levels until after 24 h of recovery. Immediately following a 45‐min air stressor, all measured parameters were significantly elevated over levels in prestressor control fish. Cortisol concentrations tended to increase and reached a measured peak after 8 h of recovery, whereas glucose and lactate reached a measured peak after 1 h of recovery. Cortisol and lactate returned to basal levels within 24 h. Glucose, however, remained elevated even after 24 h of recovery. Plasma ions initially increased during the first hour of recovery, and the concentrations then declined to a level below that measured in control fish for the remainder of the 24‐h recovery period. In addition, we evaluated the effect of fish size on the stress response. There was no significant difference between the stress response of smaller (41–49‐cm [total length] and larger (50–67‐cm) lingcod after 45 min air exposure. In general, both the magnitude and duration of the primary and secondary stress responses in lingcod are comparable to those of salmonids.
An in situ assay with the microalgaPhaeodactylum tricornutumfor sediment-overlying water toxicity evaluations in estuaries
Authors: Moreira Susana Maria , Guilhermino Lúcia , Ribeiro Rui 
Published: August 2006

AbstractGiven the urgent need for ecologically relevant toxicity tools specific to estuarine systems, the main goal of the present study was to develop and evaluate the potential of an in situ algal assay for estuarine sediment-overlying water toxicity evaluations using the microalga Phaeodactylum tricornutum immobilized in alginate beads. With its simple and cost-effective design, the assay apparatus, coupled with the use of microalgae immobilized in alginate beads, allowed rapid and easy deployment as well as retrieval of assay chambers. The effectiveness of the proposed in situ assay was investigated by deploying it at two reference and six contaminated Portuguese estuaries. By deploying open chambers both with and without an artificial nutrient source and closed chambers with an artificial seawater medium, it was possible to discriminate toxic effects from those caused by differences in temperature, light, and nutrient conditions across sites. A reduction in algal growth was found at contaminated sites relative to reference sites. The strontium alginate beads used for microalgae immobilization were found to be appropriate to perform in situ assays, showing no signs of disruption or dissolution after up to 8 d of exposure in estuarine sediment-overlying waters. The proposed in situ assay was shown to be a useful tool for estuarine sediment-overlying water toxicity testing to provide relevant data concerning primary production to estuarine ecological risk assessment studies.
Determining stressor presence in streams receiving urban and agricultural runoff: Development of a benthic in situ toxicity identification evaluation method
Authors: Custer Kevin W. , Burton G. Allen , Coelho Ricardo S. , Smith Preston R. 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Determining toxicity in streams during storm-water runoff can be highly problematic because of the fluctuating exposures of a multitude of stressors and the difficulty of linking these dynamic exposures with biological effects. An underlying problem with assessing storm-water quality is determining if toxicity exists and then which contaminant is causing the toxicity. The goal of this research is to provide an alternative to standard toxicity testing methods by incorporating an in situ toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) approach. A benthic in situ TIE bioassay (BiTIE) was developed for separating key chemical classes of stressors in streams during both low- and high-flow events to help discern between point and nonpoint sources of pollution. This BiTIE method allows for chemical class fractionation through the use of resins, and these resins are relatively specific for removing nonpolar organics (Dowex™ Optipore™), ammonia (zeolite), and polywool (control). Three indigenous aquatic insects, a mayfly (Isonychia spp.), a caddisfly (Hydropsyche spp.), and a water beetle (Psephenus herricki), were placed in BiTIE chambers that were filled with natural substrates. Acute 96-h exposures were conducted at Honey Creek, New Carlisle, Ohio, USA (reference site), and Little Beavercreek, Beavercreek, Ohio, USA (impaired site). At both sites, significant (p &lt; 0.025) stressor responses were observed using multiple species with polywool or no resin (control) treatments exhibiting &lt;80% survival and resin treatments with &gt;80% survival. The BiTIE method showed stressor–response relationships in both runoff and base flow events during 96-h exposures. The method appears useful for discerning stressors with indigenous species in situ.
Effects of pesticides on soil invertebrates in laboratory studies: A review and analysis using species sensitivity distributions
Authors: Frampton Geoff K. , Jänsch Stephan , Scott-Fordsmand Janeck J. , Römbke Jörg , van den Brink Paul J. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractSpecies sensitivity distributions (SSD) and 5% hazardous concentrations (HC5) are distribution-based approaches for assessing environmental risks of pollutants. These methods have potential for application in pesticide risk assessments, but their applicability for assessing pesticide risks to soil invertebrate communities has not been evaluated. Using data obtained in a systematic review, the present study investigates the relevance of SSD and HC5 for predicting pesticide risks to soil invertebrates. Altogether, 1,950 laboratory toxicity data were obtained, representing 250 pesticides and 67 invertebrate taxa. The majority (96%) of pesticides have toxicity data for fewer than five species. Based on a minimum of five species, the best available endpoint data (acute mortality median lethal concentration) enabled SSD and HC5 to be calculated for 11 pesticides (atrazine, carbendazim, chlorpyrifos, copper compounds, diazinon, dimethoate, γ-hexachlorocyclohexane, lambda-cyhalothrin, parathion, pentachlorophenol, and propoxur). Arthropods and oligochaetes exhibit pronounced differences in their sensitivity to most of these pesticides. The standard test earthworm species, Eisenia fetida sensu lato, is the species that is least sensitive to insecticides based on acute mortality, whereas the standard Collembola test species, Folsomia candida, is among the most sensitive species for a broad range of toxic modes of action (biocide, fungicide, herbicide, and insecticide). These findings suggest that soil arthropods should be tested routinely in regulatory risk assessments. In addition, the data indicate that the uncertainty factor for earthworm acute mortality tests (i.e., 10) does not fully cover the range of earthworm species sensitivities and that acute mortality tests would not provide the most sensitive risk estimate for earthworms in the majority (95%) of cases.
Effects of dibutylphthalate and ethynylestradiol on liver peroxisomes, reproduction, and development of zebrafish (Danio rerio)
Authors: Ortiz-Zarragoitia Maren , Trant John M. , Cajaraville Miren P. 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
The aim of the present work was to study the effects of the peroxisome proliferator dibutylphthalate (DBP) and the xenoestrogen 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2) on liver peroxisomes, reproduction, and development of zebrafish (Danio rerio). In experiment 1, newly fertilized zebrafish eggs were exposed for five weeks, covering the entire period of sexual determination, to nominal concentrations of 25 and 100 μg/L of DBP and 5 μg/L of EE2. In experiment 2, adult female zebrafish were exposed for 15 d to 100 and 500 μg/L of DBP and 5 μg/L of EE2, and afterward, they were paired with untreated males to study the effects in the resultant offspring. Ethynylestradiol provoked marked mortality (∼50%) and delayed development of larvae as well as sterility of adult females, possibly related to alterations in aromatase gene expression. Ethynylestradiol up-regulated vitellogenin expression in the early life stages and increased vitellogenin synthesis and accumulation in adult females. Ethynylestradiol caused liver peroxisome proliferation in early life stages but not in adult females. Dibutylphthalate caused teratogenic effects in early life stages and mortality of the larvae obtained from exposed females. Dibutylphthalate provoked liver peroxisome proliferation and up-regulation of cytochrome P450A1 in early life stages at the end of the exposure and in adult females. Dibutylphthalate also up-regulated the expression of aromatase genes. In conclusion, the xenoestrogen EE2 caused liver peroxisome proliferation in early life stages of zebrafish, but the peroxisome proliferator DBP did not behave as a typical xenoestrogen. Overall, changes in gene expression were more marked during early life stages than in adult female zebrafish.
In situ on-line toxicity biomonitoring in water: Recent developments
Authors: Gerhardt Almut , Ingram Mary Kate , Kang Ik Joon , Ulitzur Shimon 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
—In situ on-line biomonitoring is an emerging branch of aquatic biomonitoring. On-line biomonitoring systems use behavioral and/or physiological stress responses of caged test organisms exposed in situ either in a bypass system or directly instream. Sudden pollution waves are detected by several existing single-species on-line biomonitors, which until now have been placed mostly in streamside laboratories. However, recent achievements have been multispecies biomonitors, mobile biomonitors for direct in-stream use, development of new instruments, new methods for data analysis and alarm generation, biomonitors for use in soil and sediment, and scientific research supporting responses as seen in on-line biomonitors by linking them to other biological and ecological effects. Mobile on-line monitoring platforms containing an array of biomonitors, biosensors, and chemical monitoring equipment might be the future trend, especially in monitoring transboundary rivers at country borders as well as in coastal zones.