bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
VIRUSES RECOVERED FROM MOSQUITOES AND WILDLIFE SERUM COLLECTED IN THE MURRAY VALLEY OF SOUTH‐EASTERN AUSTRALIA, FEBRUARY 1974, DURING AN EPIDEMIC OF ENCEPHALITIS
Authors: Marshall Ian D , Woodroofe Gwendolyn M , Hirsch Sylvia 
Published: August 2007

SummaryPools of mosquitoes collected in the Murray Valley in February, 1974, during an encephalitis epidemic yielded 239 isolates of 11 distinct viruses. These included 39 isolates of MVE virus, an incriminated causative agent of encephalitis in man, and 111 isolates of kunjin virus, a probable causative agent. An additional isolate of MVE virus was recovered from the serum of a white‐faced heron, Ardea novaehollandiae. The other 9 viruses comprised the Alpha‐viruses Ross River and Sindbis, the Flavivirus, Edge Hill, the Bunyaviruses, koongol and Wongal, the underfined Kowanyama virus, and 3 previously undescribed viruses. One isolate of MVE virus was recovered from a total of 180 Culex australicus, and all other isolates of all viruses were from Culex annulirostris. The combined apparent infection rate of MVE and Kunjin viruses in Cx annulirostris was 1/913. The concurrent activity of so many seemingly transient arboviruses, their wide geographical distribution and temporal considerations all weaken the widely held hypothesis that during the pre‐epidemic period MVE virus is introduced into the Murray Valley by viraemic waterbirds from distant areas of tropical enzooticity.
VARIATION IN ARBOVIRUS INFECTION RATES IN SPECIES OF BIRDS SAMPLED IN A SEROLOGICAL SURVEY DURING AN ENCEPHALITIS EPIDEMIC IN THE MURRAY VALLEY OF SOUTH‐EASTERN AUSTRALIA, FEBRUARY 1974
Authors: Marshall Ian D , Brown Bevan K , Keith Kent , Gard Geoffrey P , Thibos Elspeth 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThere was extensive and exuberant breeding of waterbirds before and during an epidemic of arboviral encephalitis in the Murray Valley of south eastern Australia in 1974. As estimated by haemagglutination inhibition tests on 432 bird sera collected between 4th and 13th February, 1974, infection with Murray Valley encephalitis virus, Kunjin virus and possibly other flaviviruses was concentrated in species of the Order Ciconiiformes (55% positive) and Pelecaniformes (41%), compared with only 5% in Anseriformes. Although Sindbis virus infections were also highest in these 2 Orders (56% and 46%, respectively), the incidence of antibodies was spread more uniformly through other Orders than with the flaviviruses: e.g. Anseriformes, 33%, Podicipitiformes, 27%. As viruses were recovered virtually only from Culex annulirostris mosquitoes, the different patterns of infection seem unrelated to host preference by mosquito species or behavioural response to mosquito attack, and suggest a specific relationship between MVE/KUN and Ciconiiformes and Pelecaniformes. The highest infection rate was 22/25 in mature rufous night herons (formerly nankeen night herons) Nyclicorax calendonicus, and here tolerance to mosquito attack was probably a contributing factor. Assays of sera from 13 horses indicated high infection rates both alphaviruses and flaviviruses.
AN NK‐LIKE CELL LIMITS THE ADOPTIVE RESPONSE FROM “PRE‐PROGENITOR” B CELLS
Authors: Shortman Ken , Wilson Anne , Baker Julie , Burton Robert C 
Published: August 2007

SummaryEvidence is presented that a dividing, Thy 1·2 positive and NK 1·2 positive cell with a suppressive effect on adoptive responses is present in the spleens of normal and athymic mice, and that its function may be enhanced by non‐specific antigenic stimulation. NK cells may thus exert a controlling function on the proliferation and differentiation of B cells.The main experimental observation is that under certain assay conditions incubation of spleen cells with 3H‐TdR in order to kill dividing, non‐specifically activated ‘pre‐progenitor’ B cells may actually give a marked increase rather than a decrease in a subsequent hapten‐specific primary adoptive response. An activated ‘suppressor’ population was proposed as the reason for this effect. This anomalous effect may be avoided and the cycle state of the B cells assessed by prior elimination of cells bearing Thy 1 antigen, together with the use of a more reliable hydroxyurea incubation to kill dividing B cells.
ISLET ALLOGRAFTING WITHOUT IMMUNOSUPPRESSION: REVERSAL OF INSULITIS‐ASSOCIATED DIABETES AND A CASE OF SPONTANEOUS JUVENILE ONSET DIABETES IN MICE
Authors: Prowse Stephen J , Steele Edward J , Lafferty Kevin J 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe development of juvenile onset diabetes may involve an auto immune response causing an insulitis and beta cell destruction. It has been suggested that replacement of the host's beta cells by transplantation may lead to the destruction of the new tissue by the same processes which caused the destruction of the original beta cells. This study does not support this proposal It was possible to reverse insulitis‐induced diabetes and spontaneous murine ‘Juvenile onset’ diabetes by transplantation of cultured islet allografts. The grafts survived and maintained normoglycaemia for periods in excess of 100 days.
RESISTANCE TO KLEBSIELLA PNEVMONIAE AND THE IMPORTANCE OF TWO BACTERIAL ANTIGENS
Authors: Cooper J McA , Rowley D 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe resistance of mice to a lethal infection with Klebsiella pneumoniae, type I, was investigated. Antibody of both IgG and IgM class produced good protection when given with an intra‐nasal inoculum of the organism. While antibody directed against capsular antigens was highly protective, so too was antibody directed against a second, non‐capsular and heat‐labile antigen. This antigen does not appear to be related to either the K or O antigens of Klebsiella and is present in several strains of Klebsiella. It is suggested that this antigen may play a role in determining resistance to this organism by humans.
IMMUNOPRECIPITATION OF BIOSYNTHETICALLY LABELLED, STAGE‐SPECIFIC PROTEINS FROM CULTURED PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM USING INHIBITORY HUMAN SERA
Authors: Myler Peter , Chiu Suying , Upcroft Jacqueline , Castelino Daniel , Kidson Chev 
Published: August 2007

SummaryProteins from synchronized continuous cultures of Plasmodium falciparum were biosynthetically labelled with [35S]methionine at ring, trophozoite, and schizont stages. Several proteins appeared to be synthesized predominantly at one stage only, especially the schizont stage. Immunoprecipitation using inhibitory human sera revealed that a variety of proteins, from all stages of parasite growth, were recognized. More proteins, especially those with high molecular weight, were precipitated from the schizont stage than from ring and trophozoite stages, but two major proteins (MW ∼ 70,000 daltons and ∼ 45,000 daltons) were recognized in all three stages.
HUMORAL AND CELL‐MEDIATED IMMUNE RESPONSES IN MURINE STRONGYLOIDIASIS
Authors: Dawkins HJS , Carroll SM , Grove DI 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe immunological changes occurring after primary and challenge infections with Strongyloides ratti in C57B1/6 mice are described. Serum IgM and IgG antibodies against Strongyloides antigen appeared one week after primary infection. The levels of antibody in both immunoglobulin classes increased markedly after secondary infection and persisted for at least 6 weeks. Immediate hypersensitivity (15 min footpad) reactions were transient after a primary infection, but were marked and persistent after a secondary infection. Arthus (5 h footpad) reactions were mild and very transient after a primary infection, but a persistent anamnestic response was seen after challenge infection. Cell‐mediated immune (24 h footpad) reactions were marked 1 week after both primary and secondary infections but were not sustained in either case. Antigen‐reactive cells were present in the mesenteric lymph nodes 1 week after primary infection and 1–4 weeks after challenge infection. No antigen‐reactive cells were noted in the spleen. Mesenteric lymph node (MLN) cells and spleen cells from infected or uninfected animals were stimulated with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) but did not differ significantly in their 3H thymidine incorporation. A transient eosinophilia was observed after primary infection and an anamnestic response was noted after challenge infection. The possible roles of these immunological responses to worm rejection and immunopathology are considered.
A MECHANISM FOR THE THIAMIN‐SPARING ACTION OF DIETARY XYLITOL IN THE RAT
Authors: Rofe Allan M , Krishnan Ravi , Bais Renze , Edwards John B , Conyers Robert AJ 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe changes induced by dietary xylitol in the gastrointestinal tract of the rat were investigated in relation to the phenomenon of vitamin‐sparing. Within 18 days of consuming a synthetic diet, deficient in thiamin, riboflavin and pyridoxine, rats ceased to grow and began to lose weight rapidly. If xylitol was then included in the diet (10% w/w), the effect of the vitamin‐deficient diet on growth was reversed. Moreover, within 3 days of the rats ingesting xylitol, the metabolism of this sugar polyol by the caecal microflora was increased 17‐fold and the caecal concentrations of thiamin and thiamin pyrophosphate were increased 5‐fold. Increases were also observed in the caecal size, the weight of the caecal contents, and the weight of the caecal wall. In contrast to the rapid changes observed within the caecum, liver thiamin pyrophosphate levels did not rise until 6–12 days after the feeding of xylitol, at which time the rats had begun to gain weight.The caecal contents were shown to contain facultative bacteria which have the ability to metabolise and grow on xylitol and which can, at the same time, synthesise thiamin. Species of the genera Klebsiella, Serratia and Micrococcus which have this ability were isolated from the caecal contents of rats. It is assumed that coprophagy is the means by which the thiamin and other vitamins synthesised by enteral bacteria become available to the host, although some absorption from the caecum cannot be excluded.
Pharmacological Onomastics: What's in a name?
Authors: Kenakin T P 
Published: August 2007

Drugs are named for their primary receptor target and overt action (agonism, antagonism) but the observation of multiple or collateral efficacies emanating from drugs activating a single receptor target is posing a challenge for drug classification and nomenclature. With increasing abilities to detect alteration in cellular function has come the identification of efficacies that are not necessarily manifest in obvious changes in cell response. Specifically, some agonists selectively activate cellular pathways, demonstrate phenotypic behaviour associated with cell type and some antagonists actively induce receptor internalization without activation. In addition, the effects of allosteric modulators can be linked to the nature of the co‐binding ligand posing a similar complication in classification and naming. Thus, accurate labels for this new generation of selective drugs may require identification of receptor partners (G‐protein type, β‐arrestin) or pathway or, in the case of allosteric modulators, identification of co‐binding ligands. The association of distinct phenotypic behaviours with molecules opens the opportunity to better associate clinical effects with distinct pharmacological properties.British Journal of Pharmacology(2008)153, 432–438; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707407; published online 13 August 2007
Cyclic GMP and protein kinase‐G in myocardial ischaemia‐reperfusion: opportunities and obstacles for survival signaling
Authors: Burley D S , Ferdinandy P , Baxter G F 
Published: August 2007

It is clear that multiple signalling pathways regulate the critical balance between cell death and survival in myocardial ischaemia–reperfusion. Recent attention has focused on the activation of survival or salvage kinases, particularly during reperfusion, as a common mechanism of many cardioprotective interventions. The phosphatidyl inositol 3′‐hydroxy kinase/Akt complex (PI3K/Akt) and p42/p44 mitogen‐activated protein kinase cascades have been widely promoted in this respect but the cyclic guanosine 3′,5′‐monophosphate/cGMP‐dependent protein kinase (cGMP/PKG) signal transduction cassette has been less systematically investigated as a survival cascade. We propose that activation of the cGMP/PKG signalling pathway, following activation of soluble or particulate guanylate cyclases, may play a pivotal role in survival signalling in ischaemia–reperfusion, especially in the classical preconditioning, delayed preconditioning and postconditioning paradigms. The resurgence of interest in reperfusion injury, largely as a result of postconditioning‐related research, has confirmed that the cGMP/PKG pathway is a pivotal salvage mechanism in reperfusion. Numerous studies suggest that the infarct‐limiting effects of preconditioning and postconditioning, exogenously donated nitric oxide (NO), natriuretic peptides, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, and other diverse drugs and mediators such as HMG co‐A reductase inhibitors (statins), Rho‐kinase inhibitors and adrenomedullin, whether given before and during ischaemia, or specifically at the onset of reperfusion, may be mediated by activation or enhancement of the cGMP pathway, either directly or indirectly via endogenous NO generation downstream of PI3K/Akt. Putative mechanisms of protection include PKG regulation of Ca2+homeostasis through the modification of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+uptake mechanisms, and PKG‐induced opening of ATP‐sensitive K+channels during ischaemia and/or reperfusion. At present, significant technical obstacles in defining the precise roles played by cGMP/PKG signalling include the heavy reliance on pharmacological PKG inhibitors of uncertain selectivity, difficulties in determining PKG activity in intact tissue, and the growing recognition that intracellular compartmentalisation of the cGMP pool may contribute markedly to the nucleotide's biological actions and biochemical determination. Overall, the body of experimental evidence suggests that cGMP/PKG survival signalling ameliorates irreversible injury associated with ischaemia–reperfusion and may be a tractable therapeutic target.British Journal of Pharmacology(2007)152, 855–869; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707409; published online 13 August 2007
Purinergic P2X receptor activation induces emetic responses in ferrets and Suncus murinus (house musk shrews)
Authors: Nagakura Y , Kakimoto S , Matsuoka N 
Published: August 2007

Background and purpose:Despite the rapid progress made in understanding the significant role played by signalling via extracellular ATP in physiology and pathology, there has been no clear information generated on its involvement in the emetic response.Experimental approach:In the present study, the emetogenic potential of extracellular ATP signalling in mammalian species was examined using ferrets and Suncus murinus (house musk shrews). A slowly degradable ATP analogue, α,β‐methyleneATP (α,β‐meATP), was used to activate the P2X receptors, and either the non‐selective P2 receptor antagonist, pyridoxal phosphate‐6‐azophenyl‐2′,4′‐disulphonic acid (PPADS), or the specific P2X3 homomer and P2X2/3 heteromer antagonist, A‐317491, were tested against the agonist‐induced response.Key results:Intraperitoneal injection of α,β‐meATP produced significant emetic responses in ferrets (1 ‐ 30 mg kg−1) and in Suncus murinus (5 ‐ 50 mg kg−1). The responses occurred frequently within the first 10 min after administration, much less frequently from 11 to 60 min and no responses occurred later than 60 min. The emetic responses were completely inhibited by intraperitoneal pre‐treatment with PPADS (100 mg kg−1) or A‐317491 (100 mg kg−1). Abdominal surgical vagotomy did not reduce the emetic response in Suncus murinus significantly.Conclusions and implications:These results for the first time indicate that the activation of P2X receptors evokes emetic responses in mammalian species. The P2X3 homomer and·or P2X2/3 heteromer in the area postrema could be responsible for the emetic response. This finding contributes to the elucidation of the roles played by extracellular ATP signalling in various emetic symptoms.British Journal of Pharmacology (2007) 152, 464–470; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707418; published online 13 August 2007
Attractor selection in a modulated laser and in the Lorenz circuit
Authors: Meucci Riccardo , Salvadori Francesco , Naimee Kais Al , Brugioni Stefano , Goswami Binoy K , Boccaletti Stefano , Arecchi F. Tito 
Published: August 2007

By tuning a control parameter, a chaotic system can either display two or more attractors (generalized multistability) or exhibit an interior crisis, whereby a chaotic attractor suddenly expands to include the region of an unstable orbit (bursting regime).
Recently, control of multistability and bursting have been experimentally proved in a modulated class B laser by means of a feedback method. In a bistable regime, the method relies on the knowledge of the frequency components of the two attractors. Near an interior crisis, the method requires retrieval of the unstable orbit colliding with the chaotic attractor.
We also show that a suitable parameter modulation is able to control bistability in the Lorenz system. We observe that, for every given modulation frequency, the chaotic attractor is destroyed under a boundary crisis. The threshold control amplitude depends on the control frequency and the location of the operating point in the bistable regime. Beyond the boundary crisis, the system remains in the steady state even if the control is switched off, demonstrating control of bistability.
Associations of functional candidate genes derived from gene‐expression profiles of prenatal porcine muscle tissue with meat quality and muscle deposition
Authors: Wimmers K. , Murani E. , Te Pas M. F. W. , Chang K. C. , Davoli R. , Merks J. W. M. , Henne H. , Muraniova M. , Da Costa N. , Harlizius B. , Schellander K. , Böll I. , Braglia S. , De Wit A. A. C. , Cagnazzo M. , Fontanesi L. , Prins D. , Ponsuksili S. 
Published: August 2007

SummaryTen genes (ANK1, bR10D1, CA3, EPOR, HMGA2, MYPN, NME1, PDGFRA, ERC1, TTN), whose candidacy for meat‐quality and carcass traits arises from their differential expression in prenatal muscle development, were examined for association in 1700 performance‐tested fattening pigs of commercial purebred and crossbred herds of Duroc, Pietrain, Pietrain × (Landrace × Large White), Duroc × (Landrace × Large White) as well as in an experimental F2 population based on a reciprocal cross of Duroc and Pietrain. Comparative sequencing revealed polymorphic sites segregating across commercial breeds. Genetic mapping results corresponded to pre‐existing assignments to porcine chromosomes or current human–porcine comparative maps. Nine of these genes showed association with meat‐quality and carcass traits at a nominal P‐value of ≤ 0.05; PDGFRA revealed no association reaching the P ≤ 0.05 threshold. In particular, HMGA2, CA3, EPOR, NME1 and TTN were associated with meat colour, pH and conductivity of loin 24 h postmortem; CA3 and MYPN exhibited association with ham weight and lean content (FOM) respectively at P‐values of < 0.003 that correspond to false discovery rates of < 0.05. However, none of the genes showed significant associations for a particular trait across all populations. The study revealed statistical–genetic evidence for association of the functional candidate genes with traits related to meat quality and muscle deposition. The polymorphisms detected are not likely causal, but markers were identified that are in linkage disequilibrium with causal genetic variation within particular populations.
Lipoxin A4 levels in asthma: relation with disease severity and aspirin sensitivity
Authors: Çelik G. E. , Erkekol F. O. , Mιsιrlιgil Z. , Melli M. 
Published: August 2007

SummaryBackground
Lipoxin (LX) A4, an endogenous anti‐inflammatory eicosanoid, has been found to be low in patients with severe asthma. However, few studies also suggested more diminished LX A4 levels in aspirin‐exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) when compared with aspirin‐tolerant asthma (ATA). It is, therefore, currently not clear whether the asthma severity or the presence of AERD has a primary role in the disturbed LX metabolism.Objective
To detect LX A4 and 15‐epi‐LX A4 levels in asthma patients with and without AERD of comparable severity.Methods
The study groups consisted of 22 subjects with AERD, 22 subjects with ATA and 10 volunteers without asthma and aspirin sensitivity. Whole‐blood samples were stimulated with calcium ionophore, A23187 (5 × 10−5 m) and A23187 (5 × 10−5 m)+aspirin (10−4 m). LX A4 and 15‐epi‐LX A4 levels were analysed by the enzyme immune assay method.Results
Severe asthma patients in both AERD [0.5 (0.8)] ng/mL and ATA [0.5 (0.45) ng/mL] groups showed diminished generation for LX A4 to stimulation with A23187 in comparison with other severity degrees in their groups (P=0.02 and 0.046, respectively). LX A4 generation in both severe groups was comparable with each other (P>0.05). Although severe cases with AERD showed a diminished capacity to generate 15‐epi‐LX A4, this did not reach statistical significance.Conclusion
This study indicated that diminished LX A4 generation was unique to severe asthma phenotype regardless of comorbid aspirin sensitivity.Clinical Implications
Lower LX A4 levels in severe asthma would suggest a possibility for LX analogues as future treatment options in these patients.