bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatial, Temporal and Product‐Use Allocation of Milk in an Imperfectly Competitive Dairy Industry
Authors: Kottke Marvin 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA multistage allocation model is designed to deal with two real‐world conditions that are bothersome in the application of spatial equilibrium models to the dairy industry. The multidimensional nature of milk allocation and the diversity of competitive structure within the industry must be faced to obtain realistic results. A set of recursive relations incorporating linear and quadratic programming formulations is used to handle the temporal and product‐use dimensions in addition to the spatial dimension. An application of the model to the New England dairy industry traces price, production, and consumption patterns over time.
A Development Planning Model for Technological Change in Agriculture
Authors: Goodwin Joseph B. , Blase Melvin G. , Colyer Dale 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis article examines a model for (1) coordinating activities in the development process and (2) inter‐temporally allocating resources required by the process. Network analysis (PERT) and recursive programming are integrated in the model, which is applied to data for a district in India. The findings provide insights into the sporadic nature of economic development and differential marginal value productivities of limiting resources over time. The integrated planning technique, resulting from the methodological study, appears to be especially useful for spotting potential bottlenecks sufficiently early to initiate action for eliminating them, thereby facilitating the development process.
“Modernization Effect” upon Exports of Agricultural Produce: South Korea
Authors: Cho Jae H. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe “demand deficiency” hypothesis, which has been used to explain the post‐1945 “export lag” of agricultural produce from non‐industrial areas, is irrelevant to the “export lag” of foodstuffs from overpopulated countries. South Korean experiences strongly suggest that a relatively high marginal propensity to consume food, combined with a relatively high price inelasticity of demand for food, makes the income redistribution consequent upon modernization a forceful factor in determining the export pattern of an underdeveloped country. Misleading export projections of foodstuffs during early stages of economic development result if income distribution effects are not taken into account.
Tariffs, Nontariff Distortions, and Effective Protection in U. S. Agriculture
Authors: Wipf Larry J. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper extends the effective‐protection concept to include tariff and nontariff trade distortions and also the entire structure of domestic farm policy measures. Nominal and effective rates of protection are then presented for disaggregated agricultural production and processing industries for the years 1958, 1963, and 1968. The estimates reveal that nontariff measures give rise to extremely high effective protection rates in certain agricultural sectors; in others, tariff and nontariff measures affecting intermediate inputs have important taxation effects. The analysis also indicates that agricultural policy changes have substantially altered the rates of protection accorded certain agricultural sectors.
A Supply Response Model for Perennial Crops
Authors: French Ben C. , Matthews Jim L. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe production of perennial crops involves planting, removal, yield, and time dimensions not similarly encountered in annual crops. A model is developed to provide a structural base for estimating response relationships that encompass these dimensions. The model rests on assumptions of rational producer behavior which takes account of possible actions of other producers and of the aggregate effect of these actions on total production and profits. Because important data series often are not available, modifications of the basic model are suggested to facilitate estimation within a more restricted empirical framework. The model is illustrated by an application to asparagus, a perennial vegetable crop.
Effectiveness of Pricing in an Indian Wheat Market: A Case Study of Khanna, Punjab
Authors: Cummings Ralph W. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAn important issue in food grain marketing in India concerns the effectiveness of competition, but there is little empirical research on which to evaluate the issue. This article analyzes pricing effectiveness in one private wholesale wheat market in north India by comparing average seasonal and spatial price differences with estimated storage and transport costs. The comparisons indicate that correspondence between average price movements and average cost differences was reasonably close.
Statistical Analysis of Identities in Random Variables
Authors: Burt Oscar R. , Finley Robert M. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA random variable of economic interest is sometimes an identity function of two or more separate variables; for example, crop income per acre is the product of price and yield. This article presents a method for partitioning the variance of such a random variable into components that can be associated with the separate random variables in the identity and interactions among them. Under some statistical assumptions on the variables involved, the converse of the partitioning procedure is useful for deriving the variance of a random variable from the moments of the separate variables of the identity.
A Policy for Public Investments in Natural Resources
Authors: Cotner Melvin L. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractBoth pessmistic and optimistic views exist concerning the effects of resource scarcity on social welfare. Early classical doctrines that assume a fixed state of technology are the theoretical underpinning for the pessimistic view. But a new concept of resources has evolved in recent years that suggests the optimistic view. Resources can be created through science and technology. Existing resources can be made more productive and new resources can be created. Economic growth is a function of adequate resources to absorb investments. Resource creation and the improved use of existing resources, then, are key elements of a policy for public investments in natural resources. From a policy standpoint, public resource improvement investments must be compared with the social benefit streams created. Furthermore, these investments must be compared with alternative investment opportunities, such as extension‐education programs, which would improve the use of existing resources.
Econometric Study of Monthly Consumption Expenditures in Rural Uttar Pradesh
Authors: Tendulkar Suresh D. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis study presents some evidence of monthly consumption functions in the rural areas of the North Indian State of Uttar Pradesh. Since this region constitutes one of the largest and least monetized in India, attention is specifically focused on the cash and kind (or non‐cash) components of (a) expenditure on food articles and (b) total consumption expenditure. Dynamic demand functions of a stock‐flow variety are obtained for these broad groups. It is shown that cash outlays act as an inventory‐adjustment mechanism whereas non‐cash expenditure indicates a habit formation process. This behavioral difference of rural households with respect to cash and non‐cash components of consumption expenditure has not yet been demonstrated and is regarded as one of the major results of this paper. With the use of a stock‐flow adjustment system, numerical estimates of the instantaneous and steady‐state equilibrium elasticities are derived with respect to total expenditure (a proxy for income) and prices.
Reliability of Supply Equations Derived from Production Functions
Authors: Wipf Larry J. , Bawden D. Lee 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper examines the reliability of supply functions derived from empirically estimated production functions. Firm‐level supply equations are derived from production functions for selected agricultural commodities, and these are used to predict firm output and to estimate supply elasticities. The results are then compared with actual or expected output and with supply elasticities estimated directly by regression analysis of time series data. Output predictions ranged from slight under‐estimates to extreme over‐estimates of actual output, with the latter being most prevalent. The derived supply elasticities were generally higher than those obtained by direct regression analysis.
Identification of sources of Salmonella organisms in a veterinary teaching hospital and evaluation of the effects of disinfectants on detection of Salmonella organisms on surface materials
Authors: Ewart Susan L. , Schott II Harold C. , Robison Rachel L. , Dwyer Roberta M. , Eberhart Susan W. , Walker Robert D. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractObjective—To determine sources ofSalmonellaorganisms in a veterinary teaching hospital, compare bacterial culture with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing for detection ofSalmonellaorganisms in environmental samples, and evaluate the effects of various disinfectants on detection ofSalmonellaorganisms on surface materials.Design—Prospective study.Sample Population—Fecal samples from 638 hospitalized horses and 783 environmental samples.Procedure—Standard bacterial culture techniques were used; the PCR test amplified a segment of theSalmonellaDNA. Five disinfectants were mixed withSalmonellasuspensions, and bacterial culture was performed. Swab samples were collected from 7 surface materials after inoculation of the surfaces withSalmonellaTyphimurium, with or without addition of a disinfectant, and submitted for bacterial culture and PCR testing.Results—Salmonellaorganisms were detected in fecal samples from 35 (5.5%) horses. For environmental samples, the proportion of positive bacterial culture results (1/783) was significantly less than the proportion of positive PCR test results (110/783), probably because of detection of nonviable DNA by the PCR test. Detection ofSalmonellaorganisms varied with the surface material tested, the method of detection (bacterial culture vs PCR testing), and the presence and type of disinfectant.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results of the present study suggested thatSalmonellaorganisms can be isolated from feces of hospitalized horses and a variety of environmental surfaces in a large animal hospital. Although recovery ofSalmonellaorganisms was affected by surface material and disinfectant, bleach was the most effective disinfectant on the largest number of surfaces tested. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2001;218:1145–1151)
Evaluation of selected-protein-source diets for management of dogs with adverse reactions to foods
Authors: Leistra Mieke H. G. , Markwell Peter J. , Willemse Ton 
Published: July 2006

AbstractObjective—To evaluate 3 commercially available selected-protein-source diets as maintenance diets in dogs with pruritus caused by adverse food reactions.Design—Randomized crossover trial.Animals—40 dogs > 6 months of age with pruritus caused by adverse reactions to foods.Procedure—Diagnosis was confirmed by use of diet elimination and provocation studies. Subsequently, dogs were fed 3 commercial diets for 3 weeks each in a randomized, blinded, crossover trial. Dogs were evaluated for pruritus, vomiting, diarrhea, and flatulence.Results—Pruritus recurred in 52.5% of dogs fed a chicken-rice diet, 47.5% of dogs fed a catfish-rice diet, and 85% of dogs fed a venison-rice diet. Overall, 95% of the dogs could be managed successfully with at least 1 of the 3 diets.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that commercially available limited-allergen diets with selected protein sources may be appropriate for long-term management of pruritus caused by adverse food reactions. Testing of various protein sources is usually required. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2001;219:1411–1414)
Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Salmonella isolates from cattle in feedlots
Authors: Dargatz David A. , Fedorka-Cray Paula J. , Ladely Scott R. , Ferris Kathleen E. , Green Alice L. , Headrick Marcia L. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility
patterns of Salmonella isolates from feedlot cattle.
Design—Cross-sectional study.
Sample Population—263 Salmonella isolates.
Procedures—Fecal samples were collected from the
floor of 2 pens in each of 100 feedlots. Two hundred
eighty Salmonella isolates were recovered after bacteriologic
culture from 38 pens. Of these, 263 isolates
were available for antimicrobial susceptibility testing
to 16 antimicrobials, using microbroth dilution breakpoint
plates.
Results—Less than 5% of isolates were resistant to
any of the antimicrobials tested, with the exception of
sulfamethoxazole (15; 5.7%) and tetracycline (61;
23.2%). Most isolates (197; 74.9%) were susceptible
to all antimicrobials tested, whereas 18 (6.8%) were
resistant to 2 or more antimicrobials. The percentage
of isolates with resistance to any antimicrobial varied
by serotype. The percentage of isolates resistant to
various antimicrobials was not related to concurrent
use of antimicrobials in the feed.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—With the
exception of tetracycline and sulfamethoxazole, resistance
of Salmonella isolates to any of the antimicrobials
was uncommon. Most isolates were susceptible
to all antimicrobials tested. Antimicrobial resistance
was not related to the presence of antimicrobials in
the ration being fed at the time of sample collection.
(J Am Vet Med Assoc 2002;221:268–272)
Comparison of polymerase chain reaction assay, bacteriologic culture, and serologic testing in assessment of prevalence of urinary shedding of leptospires in dogs
Authors: Harkin Kenneth R. , Roshto Yvette M. , Sullivan Jennifer T. , Purvis Tanya J. , Chengappa M. M. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractObjective—To compare results of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing of urine samples, serologic testing, and bacteriologic culture of urine to determine prevalence of urinary shedding of leptospires in dogs.Design—Serial case study.Animals—500 dogs evaluated serially without regard to health status.Procedure—Urine samples were examined via PCR assay and bacteriologic culture for leptospires. Blood samples were analyzed for antibodies against serovars canicola, bratislava, pomona, icterohemorrhagiae, grippotyphosa, and hardjo.Results—Titers ≥ 1:100 against at least 1 serovar were detected in 104 (20.8%) dogs, and titers ≥ 1:400 were detected in 41 (8.2%) dogs. High titers were detected most commonly to serovar grippotyphosa, followed by icterohemorrhagiae, canicola, pomona, bratislava, and hardjo. High titers to > 1 serovar were detected in 14 dogs. A positive PCR assay result was obtained in 41 (8.2%) dogs, only 9 of which had a titer ≥ 1:100. Leptospires were not cultured from the urine of any dog. Only 4 dogs had clinical leptospirosis. Overall disease prevalence was 0.8% for the 6-month evaluation period. Compared with PCR assay, serologic testing for predicting shedding had a sensitivity of 22%, specificity of 79%, positive predictive value of 9%, and negative predictive value of 92%.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Irrespective of health status, 8.2% of dogs were shedding pathogenic leptospires. Serologic testing was a poor predictor of urinary shedding. Clinically normal dogs that shed leptospires may pose a zoonotic risk to their owners. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2003;222:1230–1233)
Association between lymph node size and metastasis in dogs with oral malignant melanoma: 100 cases (1987–2001)
Authors: Williams Laurel E. , Packer Rebecca A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractObjective—To determine the association between lymph node size and metastasis and to assess measurement of lymph node size as an accurate and reliable means of tumor staging in dogs with oral malignant melanoma.Design—Retrospective study.Animals—100 dogs with histologically confirmed oral malignant melanoma.Procedure—Clinical records for dogs with oral malignant melanoma were reviewed. Data regarding size and results of cytologic or histologic examination of lymph nodes were evaluated. The association between lymph node size and metastasis was determined.Results—Forty-seven (47%) dogs, of which 23 (49%) had enlarged mandibular lymph nodes, had no cytologic or histologic evidence of metastasis. Of 53 (53%) dogs with cytologic or histologic evidence of mandibular lymph node metastasis, 37 (70%) had enlarged mandibular lymph nodes, and 16 (30%) had mandibular lymph nodes of normal size. Overall, 16 of the 40 (40%) dogs with normal-sized lymph nodes had microscopic evidence of metastatic disease. Sensitivity and specificity of lymph node size as a predictor of metastasis were 70 and 51%, respectively, and the positive and negative predictive values were 62 and 60%, respectively.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Although a significant relationship was identified between lymph node size and metastasis to the lymph node, this association did not appear strong enough to be clinically relevant. Results suggest that lymph node size alone is insufficient for accurate clinical staging of oral malignant melanoma in dogs; cytologic or histologic examination of regional lymph nodes should routinely be performed, regardless of size of those nodes. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2003;222:1234–1236)
Use of a commercially available culture system for diagnosis of Tritrichomonas foetus infection in cats
Authors: Gookin Jody L. , Foster Derek M. , Poore Matthew F. , Stebbins Marty E. , Levy Michael G. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractObjective—To evaluate the efficacy of and optimize a commercially available culture system for sensitive and specific in-clinic culture ofTritrichomonas foetusfrom cat feces.Design—Prospective study.Sample Population—Samples of freshly voided feces from 117 purebred cats and pure cultures ofT foetusobtained from a cat with chronic diarrhea.Procedure—Optimal conditions for use of the culture system, such as quantity of fecal inoculum (0.025 to 0.2 g) and cultivation temperature (25 or 37°C [98.6 or 77.0°F]), were determined. Specificity of the system was examined by attempted culture ofGiardia lambliaandPentatrichomonas hominis. Sensitivity of the system to detectT foetuswas determined by inoculation of culture system pouches with serially dilutedT foetussuspensions with and without feces.Results—Detection limit of the culture system was 1 and 1,000T foetusorganisms without and with feces from cats, respectively. Optimal fecal inoculum was < 0.1 g of feces. At 37°C, cultures yielded positive results in 24 hours; organisms remained viable for 1 to 6 days, and bacterial overgrowth was common. At 25°C, cultures yielded positive results in 1 to 11 days; organisms were long-lived, and bacterial overgrowth was uncommon. NeitherG lambliaorP hominissurvived in the culture system.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The culture system was sensitive and specific for culture ofT foetusin feces of cats. Performance was optimal when test kits were inoculated with ≤ 0.1 g of freshly voided feces and cultured at 25°C. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2003;222:1376–1379)
Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2003
Authors: Krebs John W. , Mandel Eric J. , Swerdlow David L. , Rupprecht Charles E. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractSummary—During 2003, 49 states and Puerto Rico reported 7,170 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 3 cases in human beings to the CDC. This represents a 10% decrease from the 7,967 cases in nonhuman animals and 3 cases in human beings reported in 2002. More than 91% (n = 6,556) were in wild animals, and 8.6% (614) were in domestic species (compared with 92.5% in wild animals and 7.4% in domestic species in 2002). The relative contributions of the major groups of animals were as follows: 2,635 raccoons (36.7%), 2,112 skunks (29.4%), 1,212 bats (16.9%), 456 foxes (6.4%), 321 cats (4.5%), 117 dogs (1.6%), and 98 cattle (1.4%). Compared with cases reported in 2002, the number of cases reported in 2003 decreased among all reporting groups with the exception of cats, dogs, equids, and swine. Ten of the 19 states with enzootic rabies in raccoons, the District of Columbia, and New York City reported decreases in the numbers of rabid raccoons during 2003. Tennessee reported 4 cases of indigenous rabies in raccoons during 2003, becoming the 20th state where rabies in raccoons is known to be enzootic.On a national level, the number of rabies cases in skunks during 2003 decreased by 13.2% from those reported in 2002. Texas again reported the greatest number (n = 620) of rabid skunks during 2003, as well as the greatest overall state total of rabies cases (909). As in 2002, Texas did not report any cases of rabies associated with the dog/coyote variant of the rabies virus, but did report 61 cases associated with the gray fox variant of the virus (compared with 65 cases in 2002). The 1,212 cases of rabies reported in bats during 2003 represented a decline of nearly 12% from the previous year's record high of 1,373 cases for this group of mammals. Cases of rabies reported in foxes and raccoons declined 10.2% and 8.9%, respectively, during 2003. Rabies among sheep and goats decreased from 15 cases in 2002 to 12 cases in 2003, whereas cases reported in cats, dogs, and equids increased 7.4%, 18.2%, and 8.6%, respectively. In Puerto Rico, reported cases of rabies in mongooses and dogs decreased 26.9% and 35.7%, respectively, from those reported in 2002.Three cases of rabies in human beings were reported in California, Virginia, and Puerto Rico during 2003. The Virginia case was the first reported occurrence of rabies in a human being infected with the raccoon rabies virus variant; however, the exposure history was unknown. The California and Puerto Rico cases were the result of infections with bat and dog/mongoose rabies virus variants, respectively, and each patient had a history of a bite.
Evaluation of fetal protection against experimental infection with type 1 and type 2 bovine viral diarrhea virus after vaccination of the dam with a bivalent modified-live virus vaccine
Authors: Fairbanks Kris K. , Rinehart Carol L. , Ohnesorge Wm. Charles , Loughin Marie M. , Chase Christopher C. L. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractObjective—To evaluate the efficacy of a modified-live virus (MLV) combination vaccine containing type 1 and type 2 bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in providing fetal protection against challenge with heterologous type 1 and type 2 BVDV.Design—Prospective study.Animals—55 heifers.Procedure—Heifers were vaccinated with a commercial MLV combination vaccine or given a sham vaccine (sterile water) and bred 47 to 53 days later. Heifers were challenged with type 1 or type 2 BVDV on days 75 to 79 of gestation. Clinical signs of BVDV infection, presence of viremia, and WBC count were assessed for 14 days after challenge. Fetuses were collected on days 152 to 156 of gestation, and virus isolation was attempted from fetal tissues.Results—Type 1 BVDV was not isolated in any fetuses from vaccinated heifers and was isolated in all fetuses from nonvaccinated heifers challenged with type 1 BVDV. Type 2 BVDV was isolated in 1 fetus from a vaccinated heifer and all fetuses from nonvaccinated heifers challenged with type 2 BVDV.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—A commercial MLV combination vaccine containing type 1 and type 2 BVDV given to the dam prior to breeding protected 100% of fetuses against type 1 BVDV infection and 95% of fetuses against type 2 BVDV infection. Use of a bivalent MLV vaccine in combination with a comprehensive BVDV control program should result in decreased incidence of persistent infection in calves and therefore minimize the risk of BVDV infection in the herd. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2004;225:1898–1904)