bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Review : High-pressure, microbial inactivation and food preservation
Authors: Cheftel J. Claude 
Published: March 2007

High pressure (1 to 10 kbars, i.e. 100-1000 MPa) affects biological constituents and systems. Several physicochemical properties of water are modified, such as the density, the ionic dissociation (and pH), and the melting point of ice. Pressure-induced unfolding, aggregation, and gelation of food proteins mainly depend on the effects of pressure on various noncovalent bonds and interactions. Enzyme inactivation (e.g., of ATPases) also results from similar effects, but some enzymes, including oxidative enzymes from fruits and vegetables, are strongly baroresistant. Chemical reactions, macromolecular transconformations, changes in membrane structure, or changes in crystal form and melting point that are accompanied by a decrease in volume are enhanced under pressure (and vice versa). Several of these phenomena, still poorly identified, are involved in the high inactivation ratio (5–6 logarithmic cycles) of most vegetative microbial cells: gram-negative bacteria, yeasts, complex viruses, molds, and gram-positive bacteria, in this decreasing order of sensitivity to pressure. Much variability is noted in the baroresistance of microorganisms, even within one single species or genus. Other parameters influence this resistance: pressure level, holding time (a two-phase kinetics of inactivation is often observed that prevents the calculation of decimal reduction times), temperature of pressure processing (temperatures above 50°C or between –30 and +5°C enhancing inactivation), composition of the medium or of the food (the pH having apparently little influence, but high salt or sugar concentrations, and low water contents, exerting very strong baroprotective effects). Taking into account the baroprotective effects of some food constituents and the strong resistance of some microbial strains, recent research aims at combined processes in which high pressure is associated with moderate temperature, CO2, other bacteriostatic agents, or to nonthermal physical processes such as ultrasounds, alternative currents, high-voltage electric pulses, and so forth. The safety and refrigerated shelf life of pressurized foods could be maintained or extended, while the sensorial quality should improve due to the reduced severity of thermal processing. Further research is, however, needed for the regulatory authorities to assess and accept these novel foods and processes.
initial development of an auditory continuous performance test for preschoolers
Authors: Mahone E. Mark , Pillion Joseph P. , Hiemenz Jennifer R. 
Published: March 2007

Continuous performance tests, while readily available for school-aged children, are used sparingly with preschoolers. Research assessing auditory sustained attention in preschoolers has had mixed success, partly due to the task difficulty for children under age five. In particular, three-year-old children have shown great difficulty with these tasks because of test length, number of distracter stimuli, and short lnterstimulus intervals. To address these concerns, the Auditory Continuous Performance Test for Preschoolers (ACPT-P) was developed. The ACPT-P is an auditory, computer-based, go no-go, continuous performance test, using one target stimulus and one distracter, presented with a fixed interstimulus interval over a five-minute period. This study examined the psychometric properties and initial validity of the ACPT-P in a sample of 87 typically developing preschoolers. In our sample, children as young as 36 months completed the ACPT-P with few omission or commission errors. Results also indicated a developmental trend, with improved performance with increasing age from age three to six years. Response latency and variability decreased steadily from age three to six years. The ACPT-P variability score was significantly correlated with the Conners' Parent Rating Scale-Revised (Short Form) ADHD Index, while both mean response latency and variability were significantly correlated with measures of motor persistence, praxis, graphomotor skill, and listening vocabulary. The ACPT-P appears to be a developmentally appropriate and potentially useful tool in the assessment of auditory attention in preschool children, especially because of its utility for children as young as 36 months.
Efficacy of Adderall® for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A meta-analysis
Authors: Faraone S.V. , Biederman J. 
Published: March 2007

Stimulant medication has, for many years, been the pharmacological treatment of choice for children and adults with Attention- Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Several studies have shown Adderall®, to be efficacious for measures of inattention, hyperactivity-impulsivity, aggression, disruptive behavior, and academic productivity. Although these studies provide useful information for clinicians treating ADHD children and adults, the variability in efficacy among the different types of measures used within each study has not been comprehensively examined. Thus, to provide a clearer picture of what conclusions can be drawn from these studies, we performed a meta-analysis. Data from the six available studies of standard release Adderall® show it to be efficacious for symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity- impulsivity, and aggression, as well as global ratings. Its efficacy was significant for clinician, parent, and teacher ratings, and for both fixed- and best-dose designs.
Attention Deficit Disorder and hospitalization due to injury among older adolescents in New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Lam L.T. 
Published: March 2007

The association between Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) and injuries among children has long been studied. More recently, research interest has extended to the long-term consequences of childhood ADD in adolescents and young adults, mainly focusing on motor vehicle-related accidents, but not other injuries. Very little work has investigated the associations between individual characteristics, type of injuries, outcomes, and the diagnosis of ADD upon admission of injured patients to a hospital. To investigate these associations, this study used a population-based epidemiological design that analyzed data routinely collected on patients hospitalized due to injuries. Results showed that younger, male, and more socioeconomically disadvantaged patients were more likely to be diagnosed with ADD upon admission. Significant association between different causes of injuries, in particular self-inflicted injuries, and diagnosis of ADD were also found. Patients diagnosed with ADD stayed in the hospital longer than others regardless of the cause of their injury. These results illustrate clearly that ADD is underrecognized among injured patients upon admission to hospitals. Information on the ADD status of injured patients is important for treatment decision making. A screening tool should be developed for assessing all injured patients upon admission to hospitals.
A Passion for Knowledge? a Comparative Study of Older and Younger Food Service Workers' Desire for Education
Authors: DeMicco Fred J. , Parks Sara C. 
Published: March 2007

Demographic trends will have a significant impact on the foodservice labor force. With fewer teenagers available, the commercial sector (that is, fast-food restaurants) is experiencing acute labor shortages. This trend will impact the institutional sector as commercial and institutional employers compete fora similar labor pool. The older worker will be a valuable resource in light of a shrinking laborpool and increased competition. Stereotypes regarding the training, education, and develop ment of older workers are pervasive. To achieve financial success in their food service operations, employee training, education, and development programs are necessary. Therefore, managers will have to overcome stereotype barriers and develop effective training and educational programs for older employees. Age- related stereotypes regarding education, training, and development of the older worker are explored.
Teaching Yield Management in the Hospitality Management Curriculum
Authors: DeVeau Patricia M. 
Published: March 2007

I Yield management is one of the most revolutionary innovations to impact the lodging industry ever. Yield management allows the rooms division of a hotel to control the rates being quoted and occupancy by market segment to maximize rooms revenue. By combining artificial intelligence and the knowledge of experts in a hotel, yield management can produce results that were previously unthought of. Yield management/artificial intelligence was first experimented with by Computer ized Lodging Systems, Inc. and Sonesta lnternational Hotels Corp., in April 1988. Since that time every major software vendor has made plans to introduce a similar product. Currently, the major lodging corporations are experimenting with yield management at test properties and finding the results to be financially beneficial. With these positive results in mind it is easy to see that yield management is about to make a permanent mark on the lodging industry. II This paper will attempt to provide readers with the following information: • What yield management is • How artificial intelligence works • How yield management and artificial intelligence are combined • A review of the current vendors of YM/AI • Results experienced by YM/AI users • Where and how YM/AI should be included and taught in the Hospitality Curriculum Through this analysis of yield management/artificial intelligence, the readers will gain the knowledge necessary to function and educate in this new environment. III The financial impact that YM/AI is going to have on the lodging industry in years to come is immense. Currently there are only a handful of individuals in the lodging industry who are familiar with YM/AI. If hospitality education is to fulfill its mission of preparing the future managers of the industry, current innovations must be assimi lated in the hospitality curriculum as quickly as possible. YM/AI is an innovation that provides hospitality education the opportunity to fulfill its responsibility of educating students in the use of state of the art technology prior to its complete adoption by the industry it serves.
Inclusive tours and commodification: The marketing constraints for mass-market resorts
Authors: Laws Eric , Cooper Chris 
Published: March 2007

This paper is concerned with traditional mass-market resorts and the marketing con straints that are imposed upon them by their innate characteristics and the influence of the distribution channel. As a result of these resorts' reliance upon intermediaries, inclusive tour ( IT) clientele forms the core market of many of the resorts as exempliffied by the patronage of the main Spanish resorts by clients of Northern European tour operators. This has led to the commodification of the resort product by intermediaries and the need for resorts to differentiate their offering in a highly competitive market. In recognition of these issues and the changing tourism marketplace, many resorts are currently setting new objectives for their marketing, and revising their strategies to take into account the wish to seek new ways to target and serve their preferred clients.1 How ever, inclusive holidays are a key element of business for these resorts, and the inclusive holiday industry is characterised by a high degree of differential power, where the initia tive is often vested in the major tour operators. This suggests that many mass-market resorts are unable to put into effect the strategic mar keting and planning approaches that theory often suggests as solutions to the problems faced by resorts in this stage of development. In addition, resorts are often debilitated in their attempts to implement marketing by stakeholder interests and the nature of public sector organisation. It is the aim of this paper to provide a framework for the understanding of the constraints upon the implementation of marketing that are experienced by mass- market resorts.
Rural Sewerage
Authors: Stephenson B. Ll. 
Published: March 2007

Attention is drawn to the desirability of a survey to ascertain the number of pail closets in use in homes and schools, and the need for a planned programme of conversion. Sewerage schemes in the author's district which have been put in hand to improve drainage conditions are briefly described. The author suggests that in future sewerage schemes it would be desirable to include the laying of lateral connections as part of the main scheme, and suggests that short-term loans would help property owners who wish to connect houses to a sewer, if they need them.
Complementary therapies in learning disabilities: examining the evidence
Authors: Wray J. 
Published: March 2007

Demand for alternative and complementary health care is both 'patient' and 'practitioner' generated (The Times 1996). In nursing the opportunities to improve individualized patient care through the appropriate use of such therapies appears to be a motivating factor in their use. Much of the nursing literature available focuses on the use of complementary therapies in general hospital settings and clinical practice. However, there is evidence of the use of such therapies by community nurses and in particular, learning disability nurses. Therapies considered to be of benefit in the care of people with learning disabilities are those therapies that use a 'hands-on' approach such as aromatherapy, massage, and reflexology. An examination of nursing literature and research suggests a range of different therapies is being explored by nurses within their practice, and that some evaluation-seeking evidence of effectiveness is being conducted. Aromatherapy in particular has received some attention from nurse researchers, and the evidence suggests that both a therapeutic and an experimental effect can be detected. It would appear that for people with learning disabilities the combination of the factors of oils, massage (touch) and therapist-client interaction can provide a beneficial therapeutic experience.
Life Style Issues - Debate between Men and Women in the Finnish Trade Union Movement
Authors: Holmila Marja 
Published: March 2007

This article deals with the two-year way-of-life project arranged together with the Central Organization of the Finnish Trade Unions The underlying idea of the project was to seek ways in which the trade union movement might influence people's ways of life and to make it easier to discuss such matters in a trade union context The approach of the evaluation study was action researchThe focus of the project was m some respects at variance with the principles of the labour movement The discussion about the individual's position and the place of local action turned into critical assessments about the trade union movement, especially women's position inside it The course's main results are those that shed light on the mechanisms that keep women in their traditional place in the herachy of the working class and m the hierarchy of the trade union movement.
From Ascription to Achievement? Origins, Education and Entry to the Labour Force in the Republic of Ireland during the Twentieth Century
Authors: Breen Richard , Whelan Christopher T. 
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the relationship between class of origin, educational attainment, and class of entry to the labour force, in three cohorts of men in the Republic of Ireland using data collected in 1987 The three cohorts comprise men born (i) before 1937; (ii) between 1937 and 1949; and (m) between 1950 and 1962. The paper assesses the degree of change over the three cohorts in respect of (a) the gross relationship between origins and entry class; (b) the partial effect (controlling for education) of origin class on entry class; (c) the partial effect of education (controlling for ongins) on class of entry. In broad terms the liberal theory of industrialism would imply a movement, over the three cohorts, towards (a) increasing social fluidity, (b) a weakening of the partial effect of origin class; (c) a strengthening of the partial effect of education These latter two trends should be particularly noticeable in the youngest cohort, which would, to some degree, have benefited from the introduction of free post-primary education in Ireland in 1967 Our results provide almost no support for these hypotheses. We find that patterns of social fluidity in the origin/entry relationship remain unchanged over the cohorts. The partial effect of class remains relatively constant; and, while the partial effect of education on entry class changes over the cohorts, the most striking result in this area is the declining returns to higher levels of education. While the average level of educational attainment increased over the three cohorts, the advantages accruing to the possession of higher levels of education simultaneously diminished. Taken together our results suggest that, in Ireland, those classes that have historically enjoyed advantages in access to more desirable entry positions in the labour market have been remarkably adept at retaining their advantages during the course of industrialization and through the various educational and other labour market changes that have accompanied this process.
The Soviet Union and Nordic Security
Authors: Holst Johan Jörgen 
Published: March 2007

The author distinguishes between Soviet objectives of system preservation and system extension. Soviet policies vis-à-vis the Nordic area have been conceived primarily in the context of system preservation. Thus the Soviet Union has pursued a policy of no experiments and accepts the status quo as tolerable. The preferred Soviet model is that of a neutralist and fragmented Nordic system. The Soviet naval expansion has resulted in the forward deployment of the Northern and Baltic fleets to the Greenland — Iceland — Faeroe Islands gap. There are several structural instabilities associated with a Soviet naval strategy of forward deployment. It also affects the efficacy and credibility of US reinforcements to Norway. The North European security zone'is likely to remain of considerable significance to the management of the Central Balance while oil drilling on the Norwegian continental shelf introduces a new element of uncertainty. In their negotiations with the EC the Nordic states appear to be preserving the regional equilibrium and the Soviet Union has made no serious objections.
Norway's Continental Shelf and the Boundary Question on the Seabed
Authors: Sollie Finn 
Published: March 2007

One of the most important problems that should be solved at the UN Conference on the Law of the Sea, is that of determining the exact boundary between the continental shelf, where coastal states have exclusive rights of exploration and exploitation of resources, and the deep seabed, which is to be an international area and the common heritage of mankind. With her long coastline and the generally very broad continental shelf lying off it, Norway is one of the countries which, both relatively and absolutely, have the greatest interest attached to their national seabed territories. However, the Norwegian con tinental shelf differs rather significantly from the 'international norm'. Thus, large parts of the Norwegian shelf lie at greater depths than is normal off other countries. Also, the Norwegian shelf is exceptionally broad, especially in the north, where it has a width of more than 1,000 kilometers from the coast of Finnmark to the edge fronting the deep waters of the Arctic Ocean. Because of these extreme conditions, Norway could be adversely affected if an international agreement for a fixed boundary to the extent of the dominion of the coastal state over the seabed were to be based on global averages. Such an outcome to the negotiations taking place within the framework of the UN Conference on the Law of the Sea could be especially disadvantageous on the Norwegian shelf, where a narrowly-drawn boundary could, at worst, lead to a partition of the shelf between Norway and Svalbard (Spitsbergen). With the international agree ment which applies to the Svalbard islands, and the special security policy situation which exists in the northern region, such a partition would be most unfortunate for Norway. The Norwegian 'problem' in the seabed issue arises because Norway nego tiates from a position marked by extreme natural conditions and against the back ground of a security policy situation which makes the country especially dependent on a favorable outcome.
Danish and Norwegian Alliance Policies 1948-49: A Comparative Analysis
Authors: Petersen Nikolaj 
Published: March 2007

Petersen, N. Danish and Norwegian Alliance Policies 1948-49: A Comparative Analysis. Cooperation and Conflict, XIV, 1979, 193-210. In 1949 both Denmark and Norway opted for membership in the Atlantic Pact as a solution to their increasing security problem. However, the decision processes leading up to these choices differed markedly: the Danish government had a fundamental preference for a Scandinavian solution, while the Norwegians had given top-priority to an Atlantic ar rangement. Through a systematic analysis of the factors bearing on policy formulation in the two governments the article aims at explaining their different preference structures. It is concluded that while these differences were to some extent indicated by factors in the decision-makers' operational environment, the salient factors belonged in their psychologi cal environments, i.e. the attitudes and values of decision-makers and their perception of the feasibility of various options.
Selecting Explanatory Level in International Politics: Evaluating a Set of Criteria
Authors: Mouritzen Hans 
Published: March 2007

Mouritzen, H. Selecting Explanatory Level in International Politics: Evaluating a Set of Criteria. Cooperation and Conflict, XV, 1980, 169-182. A scheme of analysis for mapping and evaluating explanations of international politics and foreign policy is established. It is discussed how selection of explanatory level is - and should be — constrained by certain characteristics of our explanatory object (our explanan dum) : its degree of abstraction, its level, its recurrence (singular/semi-recurrent/recurrent), its extension (spatial and/or temporal) and its changeability (degree of change or state of affairs). The nature and significance of the relationships between each of these attributes of explanandum and explanatory level are discussed one by one. It is argued that the relationships are neither logical, nor necessarily descriptive (i.e. describe how a number of researchers actually frame their explanations). They contain a prescriptive element, based on (1) certain general characteristics of international politics (of an empirical nature), and (2) certain formal relationships. The results are summarized in a typology of 16 explananda within the discipline of international politics. For each type, an empirical illustration is offered, and it is indicated which explanatory levels can probably be excluded (the relationships are not strong enough to give 'positive' indication of a certain explanatory level). In this way, we may be advised where we should not start our search for explanatory factors, given our concrete explanandum at hand.