bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vanishing Indians: The Social Construction of Race in Colonial São Paulo
Authors: Nazzari Muriel 
Published: February 2007

Much has been written about race and race stereotyping in Brazil in relation to African-Brazilians and their mixed African-European descendants. The situation of Indians and their mixed-blood descendants has been studied much less. In fact, the word mestizo as it is used in Spanish America does not translate well into Portuguese, for in Portuguese a mestiço can be any mixture. In the case of Brazil, it can mean either a descendant of Indian-European parents or of African-European parents.This paper studies racial classifications in seventeenth, eighteenth, and early nineteenth-century São Paulo. São Paulo was a unique region in colonial Brazil and, because of its unique history, these findings cannot be automatically extrapolated to all other parts of Brazil. São Paul was very poor, especially if compared to the northeast, and later to Minas Gerais, the center of the gold and diamond mining region. Though the town was founded in 1554, it lacked exportable natural resources until the late eighteenth century, so that the economy was partly based on the raising of a few cattle and crops for subsistence or for sale locally or to other regions of Brazil. The labor needs of Paulistas (inhabitants of São Paulo) were met through exploratory and slaving expeditions called bandeiras that replenished their Indian labor force or else provided captives to be sold to other parts of Brazil. Though there were a few African slaves in São Paulo in the seventeenth century, the settlers could not afford them in substantial numbers until the second half of the eighteenth century.
Freedom Teaching: Anarchism and Education in Early Republican Cuba, 1898-1925
Authors: Shaffer Kirwin R. 
Published: February 2007

Many individuals say to me: “those ideas that you profess are very good, but, who straightens men out? Who is capable of convincing an egoist that he ought to give up his egoism?” To this one can answer: in the same way that a religious person has convinced him to sacrifice himself for religious beliefs, and in the same way that the patriot has taught him to die defending his flag. For men to be able to live in a state of anarchy, they must be educated and this is precisely the work that has been done by those generous people who have been educators throughout the ages. To them is owed the existence of synthetization. Without these athletes of thought, progress would be in its infancy.–Julián Sánchez “¿Qué es la libertad?”Following independence from Spain in 1898, Cubans hoped to create a new independent, more egalitarian nation built on the dreams of numerous well-known revolutionaries like José Martí and Antonio Maceo as well as lesser known radicals like the anarchists Enrique Creci, Enrique Messonier, and Adrián del Valle. Like so many of their fellow residents on the island, though, the anarchists quickly grew disillusioned with independence. Their disillusionment rested on repeated U.S. military occupations, a business and commercial class that put individual profits over the well-being of all, a government that seemed to repress labor and the popular classes in order to curry favor with international and national investors, and educational systems that anarchists charged taught obedience and subservience instead of freedom.
Revolution from Within: Institutional Analysis, Transitions from Authoritarianism, and the Case of Hungary
Authors: O'Neil Patrick H. 
Published: February 2007

The Hungarian transition from socialism stands out from other examples of political change in the region, in that the ruling Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party (MSZMP) suffered an erosion of political power generated largely from within the party itself. The study shows how the Communist Party, after its destruction in the revolution of 1956, sought to institutionalize its rule through a course of limited liberalization and the broad co-optation of the populace. This policy helped create a tacit social compact with society, particularly in co-opting younger intellectuals who identified with the goals of reform socialism. However, the party eventually marginalized this group, creating an internal party opposition that supported socialism but opposed the MSZMP. Consequently, when the limits of Hungarian reform socialism became evident in the mid-1980s, rank-and-file intellectuals within the party began to mobilize against the party hierarchy, seeking to transform the MSZMP into a democratic socialist party. These “reform circles,” drawing their strength primarily from the countryside, spread to all parts of the party and helped undermine central party power and expand the political space for opposition groups to organize. Eventually, the reform circles were able to force an early party congress in which the MSZMP was transformed into a Western-style socialist party prior to open elections in 1990.The case is significant in that it indicates that the forms of transition in Eastern Europe were not simply the specific outcome of elite interaction. Rather, they were shaped in large part by the patterns of socialist institutionalization found in each country. Therefore, studies of political transition can be enriched with an explicit focus on the institutional characteristics of each case, linking the forms of transitions and their posttransition legacies to the institutional matrix from which they emerged. In short, the study argues that the way in which an autocratic order perpetuates itself affects the manner in which that system declines and the shape of the new system that takes its place.
Human cold exposure, adaptation, and performance in high latitude environments
Authors: Mäkinen Tiina M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractCold exposure is present to significant amounts in the everyday occupational and leisure time activities of circumpolar residents. A cross‐sectional population study demonstrated that Finns reported being exposed to cold on average 4% of their total time. Factors modifying cold exposure are: age, gender, employment, education, health, and amount of physical exercise. Several symptoms and complaints are associated with wintertime cold exposure and start to appear more commonly when temperatures decrease below −10°C. Urban circumpolar people do not evidently demonstrate cold acclimatization responses in terms of changes in thermoregulation, probably due to behavioral factors (adequate protective clothing, short cold exposures, and high housing temperatures). With regard to performance, we observed that moderate cold exposure, which may occur in everyday life, affects cognition negatively through the mechanisms of distraction and both positively and negatively through the mechanism of arousal (increased vigilance). It seems that especially simple cognitive tasks are adversely affected by cold, while in more complex tasks performance may even improve in mild or moderate cold. Repeated, short cold exposures in the laboratory, causing cold habituation responses, do not markedly improve neuromuscular or cognitive performance. The article discusses the functional significance of cold exposure, adaptation, and the specific environmental conditions and physiological mechanisms that affect behavior and performance in high latitude environments. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 19:155–164, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preparation, thermal and mechanical properties of POSS epoxy hybrid composites
Authors: Xiao Fei , Sun Yangyang , Xiu Yonghao , Wong C. P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPolyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) epoxy hybrid composites have attracted much research interest because of their unique structure, versatile synthetic approaches, and changeable properties through molecular tailoring. Octakis(dimethylsiloxypropylglycidyl ether)silsesquioxane and octakis(dimethylsiloxyethylcyclohexenyl epoxide)silsesquioxane were synthesized and cured with 4,4′‐methylenebis(cyclohexylamine) and 4‐methylhexahydrophthalic anhydride to prepare the highly crosslinked hybrid materials. The thermochemical data from DSC analysis and FTIR show that the curing reactions of POSS epoxy are more difficult than diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) resin because of steric hindrance. The multifunctional structure of POSS can form highly crosslinked network throughout the composites, therefore the polymer main framework is frozen and cannot move freely. Some POSS composites do not show glass transitions and the observed relaxation for other POSS composites is likely due to the motion of tethers between POSS cores. The moduli of POSS composites, which decrease slowly with temperature increasing, are much higher than that of DGEBA resins at high temperatures. Although the coefficients of thermal expansion of POSS composites are larger than that of DGEBA resins at low temperatures, they are less dependent on temperature and relatively low at high temperatures. The unique thermal and mechanical properties of POSS composites make them potential candidates for applications in high temperature and temperature variable environments. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Dynamisch‐thermisches CFD‐Verfahren mit angepaßter Regelungsmethode
Authors: Zitzmann Tobias , Pfrommer Peter , Cook Malcolm 
Published: February 2007

AbstractZur Reduktion des Zeitaufwands von dynamisch‐thermischen Langzeitsimulationen mit CFD‐Programmen wurde in kürzlich veröffentlichten Studien eine neuartige Freeze‐Flow Methode vorgestellt. Diese basiert auf der periodischen Umschaltung zwischen der volldynamischen Lösung aller Gleichungen und der ausschließlichen Lösung der Enthalpie‐Gleichungen (eingefrorene Luftströmung). Dieser Artikel beschreibt eine neue, angepaßte Regelung für diese Umschaltung, wodurch eine zusätzliche Reduzierung der Simulationszeit erzielt wird. In Tests an Modellen für die mechanische und freie Lüftung sowie der freien Konvektion im geschlossenen Raum für feste und zeitveränderliche thermische Randbedingungen wurde im Vergleich zur ununterbrochenen volldynamischen Simulation eine Simulationszeiteinsparung von bis zu 93% erreicht.
Plant genomic DNA isolation: An art or a science
Authors: Varma Astha , Padh Harish , Shrivastava Neeta 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIsolating quality DNA from tissues/cells presents a variety of problems in particular when plants are used as the source material. The specific characteristics of plants like the presence of rigid polysaccharide cell wall, pigments, chemical heterogeneity of secondary metabolites found in diverse species of plants, etc., necessitate special consideration and skill during isolation procedure. Until now, numerous protocols have been published for the purpose, but none is found to be universally applicable. Various factors starting from the selection of source material to the concentration of metabolites present in the plant decide the course of the isolation procedure. The present review is an update of various methods used for plant genomic DNA isolation, and it epitomizes the various problems faced and the solutions made to contend with them during DNA isolation from plant cells.
Process development for the production of prebiotic galacto‐oligosaccharides from lactose using β‐galactosidase fromLactobacillussp.
Authors: Splechtna Barbara , Nguyen Thu‐Ha , Zehetner Romana , Lettner Hans Peter , Lorenz Werner , Haltrich Dietmar 
Published: February 2007

AbstractGalacto‐oligosaccharides (GOS) are formed from lactose in discontinuous mode of conversion using β‐galactosidase fromLactobacillussp. (β‐gal). The discontinuous process was optimized for technical application with regard to GOS yield, enzyme preparation, reaction temperature and substrate source. It proved to be advantageous to directly apply the crude cell‐free enzyme extract for the conversion, since similar GOS yields and composition were obtained as when using the pure enzyme preparation, but expensive purification could be avoided. Reaction temperature was lowered to 17°C to limit microbial contamination when using technical substrates. Thereby GOS yield decreased from 30% to 28% of total sugars and enzyme demand increased 2.7‐fold. Whey permeate was compared to buffered lactose solution as a substrate source. The initial reaction rate was found to be 1.8 times higher for the whey permeate substrate; however, GOS yield was slightly lower (approximately 25% of total sugar at 17°C) mainly due to smaller amounts of allolactose[β‐D‐Galp‐(1→6)‐D‐Glc] and the trisaccharide β‐D‐Galp‐(1→6)‐D‐Lac formed.
Multiple left ventricular diverticuli in an asymptomatic adult: Case report and review of the literature
Authors: Tandar Anwar , Meredith Kent G. , Anderson Jeffrey L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractLeft ventricular (LV) diverticulum is a rare congenital abnormality for which the etiology, management, and natural history are very poorly understood. Although most often observed as a single diverticulum, we report a case of multiple LV diverticuli in an asymptomatic adult referred for coronary evaluation due to an abnormal electrocardiogram. LV diverticuli are often associated with other congenital malformations, but can also be found in isolation. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging provides enhanced ability to determine size, location, and morphological characteristics, which may improve lesion assessment and management. A review of the condition and reported complications is discussed. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Si/SnSb Alloy Composite as High Capacity Anode Materials for Li‐Ion Batteries.
Authors: Guo Hong , Zhao Hailei , Yin Chaoli , Qiu Weihua 
Published: February 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Peroxy‐Radical‐Mediated Chemiluminescence: Mechanistic Diversity and Fundamentals for Antioxidant Assay
Authors: Fedorova Galina F. , Trofimov Alexey V. , Vasil'ev Rostislav F. , Veprintsev Timur L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Semi‐Empirical and DFT Studies on Structures and Spectra for C78(CH2)2
Authors: Wu Shi , Teng Qi‐Wen , Chen Si‐Cong 
Published: February 2007

AbstractEighteen possible isomers of C78(CH2)2were investigated by the INDO method. It was indicated that the most stable isomer was 42,43,62,63‐C78(CH2)2, where the –CH2groups were added to the 6/6 bonds located at the same hexagon passed by the longest axis of C78(C2v), to form cyclopropane structures. Based on the most stable four geometries of C78(CH2)2optimized at B3LYP/3‐21G level, the first absorptions in the electronic spectra calculated with the INDO/CIS method and the IR frequencies of the C–C bonds on the carbon cage computed using the AM1 method were blue‐shifted compared with those of C78(C2v) because of the bigger LUMO‐HOMO energy gap and the less conjugated carbon cage after the addition. The chemical shifts of13C NMR for the carbon atoms on the added bonds calculated at B3LYP/3‐21G level were moved upfield thanks to the conversion from sp2‐C to sp3‐C.
Determination of Some Trace Metals in Environmental Samples by Flame AAS Following Solid Phase Extraction with Amberlite XAD‐2000 Resin after Complexing with 8‐Hydroxyquinoline
Authors: Duran Celal , Senturk H. Basri , Gundogdu Ali , Bulut V. Numan , Elci Latif , Soylak Mustafa , Tufekci Mehmet , Uygur Yaprak 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA procedure for preconcentration of Mn(II), Fe(II), Co(II), Cu(II), Cd(II), Zn(II), Pb(II) and Ni(II) based on retention of their complexes with 8‐hydroxyquinoline (HQ) on Amberlite XAD‐2000 resin in a column was proposed for the analysis of environmental samples by flame AAS. Various parameters such as pH, eluent type, volume, concentration, flow rate and volume of sample solution, and matrix interference effect on the retention of the metal ions were investigated. The optimum pHs for the retention of metal complexes in question were about 6 except for Mn2+ for whose value is 8. The loading capacity of the adsorbent for these metals and their recoveries from the resin under the optimum conditions were in the range 6.82–9.26 mg·g−1 and 95%–101%, respectively. The enrichment factor was calculated as 100 and the limit of detection was in the range 0.3–2.2 µg·L−1 (n=20, blank+3s). The proposed enrichment method was applied to tap water, stream water and vegetable samples. The validation of the procedure was carried out by analysis of certified reference material and standard addition. The analytes were determined with a relative standard deviation lower than 6% in all samples.
A theory for the estimation of SNR degradation caused by clock jitter in MRI systems
Authors: Hartwig Valentina , Giovannetti Giulio , Viti Vittorio , Vanello Nicola , Landini Luigi , Benassi Antonio 
Published: February 2007

AbstractRecent advances in high‐speed acquisition of MR signals demand higher levels of performance from RF receiver chain. High‐performance ADCs require a highly stable clock in terms of short‐term changes defined by the jitter specification. In this note, we propose a theory for the estimation of clock jitter influence on the final image SNR. In particular, starting from a typical RF receiver chain design specification, which is required to obtain the desired SNR, we analyze the influence of clock noise on the MR signal dynamic. The entire offset frequency range (0–10 MHz OFR) is split into two intervals according to different estimation methods. The obtained results show that, in our specific application, the jitter influence does not affect the final image SNR value. The presented methodology can be easily extended to every MR application thanks to its high flexibility; in fact, the implemented concepts allow choosing, in each case, the optimal oscillator with the desired clock jitter, or quantifying the system performance degradation. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part B (Magn Reson Engineering) 31B: 60–64, 2007
Modelling of fluid–structure interactions with the space–time finite elements: Arterial fluid mechanics
Authors: Tezduyar Tayfun E. , Sathe Sunil , Cragin Timothy , Nanna Bryan , Conklin Brian S. , Pausewang Jason , Schwaab Matthew 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe stabilized space–time fluid–structure interaction (SSTFSI) techniques developed by the Team for Advanced Flow Simulation and Modeling (T★AFSM) are applied to FSI modelling in arterial fluid mechanics. Modelling of flow in arteries with aneurysm is emphasized. The SSTFSI techniques used are based on the deforming‐spatial‐domain/stabilized space–time (DSD/SST) formulation and include the enhancements introduced recently by the T★AFSM to increase the scope, accuracy, robustness and efficiency of these techniques. The arterial structures can be modelled with the membrane or continuum elements, both of which are geometrically nonlinear, and the continuum element can be made of linearly elastic or hyperelastic material. Test computations are presented for cerebral and abdominal aortic aneurysms and carotid‐artery bifurcation, where the arterial geometries used in the computations are close approximations to the patient‐specific image‐based data. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of Nutrients at Different Salinities on Growth of the Freshwater Green Alga Scenedesmus bijugatus in Water of Narendra Pond, Puri, Orissa
Authors: Mohapatra Pradipta K. , Dash Rama C. , Panda Sobhana S. , Mishra Rabindra K. , Mohanty Rama C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe growth and biochemical composition of Scenedesmus bijugatus grown in normal and nutrient enriched Narendra Pond water was evaluated at different levels of salinity. In normal pond water (NPW) the growth was enhanced when the initial salinity of the water was doubled (to 7.2 mmol/l) but further salinity increase caused growth retardation. In nutrient enriched pond water (NEW), however, the maximum growth occurred in the culture containing 29 mmol/l of NaCl. At growth retarding salt concentrations the chlorophyll, carbohydrate, protein and lipid contents per cell decreased in both NPW and NEW while the proline content first increased and was then reduced. All nutrients, taken separately or in combination, caused growth enhancement of the alga at the three selected salinity levels. The alga showed a better halotolerance when enriched with nitrogen or phosphorus.
Subsurface Dwelling Crustaceans as Indicators of Hydrological Conditions, Oxygen Concentrations, and Sediment Structure in an Alluvial Aquifer
Authors: Mösslacher Friederike 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe relation between environmental conditions and the species composition and individual abundance of crustaceans was investigated in a shallow alluvial aquifer, located in the Danube wetlands (Lobau, Austria). Samples, consisting of groundwater, sediment, and fauna, were taken from permanent installed wells by means of a piston pump five times in a year cycle.The results show that the spatial and temporal distribution, individual abundance, and species richness of crustacean fauna is related to hydrological conditions, oxygen concentrations, and geologic structures in the alluvial aquifer. Therefore, crustaceans, divided in stygoxene, stygophile, and stygobite species, can be used as bioindicators of these environmental conditions in an aquifer. It is suggested that beside physicochemical analyses also the crustacean fauna should be considered to characterise a groundwater ecosystem.
Record of the Tropical Simocephalus mesorostris Orlova‐Bienkowskaja, 1995 (Crustacea, Cladocera) in Central Asia and First Description of Its Male
Authors: Rakhmatullaeva Gulnara , Mirabdullayev Iskandar 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSimocephalus mesorostris Orlova‐Bienkowskaja, 1995, previously recorded only in tropical regions was found in waterbodies of Uzbekistan. A short description of the female, the first description of the male and data on variability and distribution in Uzbekistan are given.