bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Poxvirus Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor (TNFR)-Like T2 Proteins Contain a Conserved Preligand Assembly Domain That Inhibits Cellular TNFR1-Induced Cell Death
Authors: Sedger Lisa M. , Osvath Sarah R. , Xu Xiao-Ming , Li Grace , Chan Francis K.-M. , Barrett John W. , McFadden Grant 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTThe poxvirus tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) homologue T2 has immunomodulatory properties; secreted myxoma virus T2 (M-T2) protein binds and inhibits rabbit TNF-α, while intracellular M-T2 blocks virus-induced lymphocyte apoptosis. Here, we define the antiapoptotic function as inhibition of TNFR-mediated death via a highly conserved viral preligand assembly domain (vPLAD). Jurkat cell lines constitutively expressing M-T2 were generated and shown to be resistant to UV irradiation-, etoposide-, and cycloheximide-induced death. These cells were also resistant to human TNF-α, but M-T2 expression did not alter surface expression levels of TNFRs. Previous studies indicated that T2's antiapoptotic function was conferred by the N-terminal region of the protein, and further examination of this region revealed a highly conserved N-terminal vPLAD, which is present in all poxvirus T2-like molecules. In cellular TNFRs and TNF-α-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) receptors (TRAILRs), PLAD controls receptor signaling competency prior to ligand binding. Here, we show that M-T2 potently inhibits TNFR1-induced death in a manner requiring the M-T2 vPLAD. Furthermore, we demonstrate that M-T2 physically associates with and colocalizes with human TNFRs but does not prevent human TNF-α binding to cellular receptors. Thus, M-T2 vPLAD is a species-nonspecific dominant-negative inhibitor of cellular TNFR1 function. Given that the PLAD is conserved in all known poxvirus T2-like molecules, we predict that it plays an important function in each of these proteins. Moreover, that the vPLAD confers an important antiapoptotic function confirms this domain as a potential target in the development of the next generation of TNF-α/TNFR therapeutics.
Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Latently Infected Neurons Differentially Express Latency-Associated and ICP0 Transcripts
Authors: Maillet Séverine , Naas Thierry , Crepin Sophie , Roque-Afonso Anne-Marie , Lafay Florence , Efstathiou Stacey , Labetoulle Marc 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACT

During the latent phase of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection, the latency-associated transcripts (LATs) are the most abundant viral transcripts present in neurons, but some immediate-early viral transcripts, such as those encoding ICP0, have also been reported to be transcribed in latently infected mouse trigeminal ganglia (TG). A murine oro-ocular model of herpetic infection was used to study
ICP0
gene expression in the major anatomical sites of HSV-1 latency, including the TG, superior cervical ganglion, spinal cord, and hypothalamus. An HSV-1 recombinant strain, SC16 110LacZ, revealed ICP0 promoter activity in several neurons in latently infected ganglia, and following infection with wild-type HSV-1 strain SC16, in situ hybridization analyses identified ICP0 transcripts in the nuclei of neurons at times consistent with the establishment of latency. Reverse transcription (RT)-PCR assays performed on RNA extracted from latently infected tissues indicated that ICP0 transcripts were detected in all anatomical sites of viral latency. Furthermore, quantitative real-time RT-PCR showed that neurons differentially expressed the LATs and ICP0 transcripts, with splicing of ICP0 transcripts being dependent on the anatomical location of latency. Finally, TG neurons were characterized by high-level expression of LATs and detection of abundant unspliced ICP0 transcripts, a pattern markedly different from those of other anatomical sites of HSV-1 latency. These results suggest that LATs might be involved in the maintenance of HSV-1 latency through the posttranscriptional regulation of ICP0 in order to inhibit expression of this potent activator of gene expression during latency.
Rhesus Macaque Polyclonal and Monoclonal Antibodies Inhibit Simian Immunodeficiency Virus in the Presence of Human or Autologous Rhesus Effector Cells
Authors: Forthal Donald N. , Landucci Gary , Cole Kelly Stefano , Marthas Marta , Becerra Juan C. , Van Rompay Koen 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTAlthough antibodies can prevent or modulate lentivirus infections in nonhuman primates, the biological functions of antibody responsible for such effects are not known. We sought to determine the role of antibody-dependent cell-mediated virus inhibition (ADCVI), an antibody function that inhibits virus yield from infected cells in the presence of Fc receptor-bearing effector cells, in preventing or controlling SIVmac251 infection in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Using CEMx174 cells infected with simian immunodeficiency virus mac251 (SIVmac251), both polyclonal and monoclonal anti-SIV antibodies were capable of potent virus inhibition in the presence of human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) effector cells. In the absence of effector cells, virus inhibition was generally very poor. PBMCs from healthy rhesus macaques were also capable of mediating virus inhibition either against SIVmac251-infected CEMx174 cells or against infected, autologous rhesus target cells. We identified both CD14+cells and, to a lesser extent, CD8+cells as the effector cell population in the rhesus PBMCs. Finally, pooled, nonneutralizing SIV-antibody-positive serum, shown in a previous study to prevent infection of neonatal macaques after oral SIVmac251 challenge, had potent virus-inhibitory activity in the presence of effector cells; intact immunoglobulin G, rather than F(ab′)2, was required for such activity. This is the first demonstration of both humoral and cellular ADCVI functions in the macaque-SIV model. ADCVI activity in nonneutralizing serum that prevents SIV infection suggests that ADCVI may be a protective immune function. Finally, our data underscore the potential importance of Fc-Fc receptor interactions in mediating biological activities of antibody.
Ketogenic HMGCS2 Is a c-Myc Target Gene Expressed in Differentiated Cells of Human Colonic Epithelium and Down-Regulated in Colon Cancer
Authors: Camarero Nuria , Mascaró Cristina , Mayordomo Cristina , Vilardell Felip , Haro Diego , Marrero Pedro F. 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
HMGCS2, the gene that regulates ketone body production, is expressed in liver and several extrahepatic tissues, such as the colon. In CaCo-2 colonic epithelial cells, the expression of this gene increases with cell differentiation. Accordingly, immunohistochemistry with specific antibodies shows that HMGCS2 is expressed mainly in differentiated cells of human colonic epithelium. Here, we used a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay to study the molecular mechanism responsible for this expression pattern. The assay revealed that HMGCS2 is a direct target of c-Myc, which represses HMGCS2 transcriptional activity. c-Myc transrepression is mediated by blockade of the transactivating activity of Miz-1, which occurs mainly through a Sp1-binding site in the proximal promoter of the gene. Accordingly, the expression of human HMGCS2 is down-regulated in 90% of Myc-dependent colon and rectum tumors. HMGCS2 protein expression is down-regulated preferentially in moderately and poorly differentiated carcinomas. In addition, it is also down-regulated in 80% of small intestine Myc-independent tumors. Based on these findings, we propose that ketogenesis is an undesirable metabolic characteristic of the proliferating cell, which is down-regulated through c-Myc-mediated repression of the key metabolic gene HMGCS2. (Mol Cancer Res 2006;4(9):645–53)
Protein Kinase-ζ Inhibits Collagen I–Dependent and Anchorage-Independent Growth and Enhances Apoptosis of Human Caco-2 Cells
Authors: Mustafi Reba , Cerda Sonia , Chumsangsri Anusara , Fichera Alessandro , Bissonnette Marc 
Published: August 2006

AbstractColonic carcinogenesis is accompanied by abnormalities in multiple signal transduction components, including alterations in protein kinase C (PKC). The expression level of PKC-ζ, an atypical PKC isoform, increases from the crypt base to the luminal surface and parallels crypt cell differentiation in normal colon. In prior studies in the azoxymethane model of colon cancer, we showed that PKC-ζ was down-regulated in rat colonic tumors. In this study, we showed that PKC-ζ is expressed predominantly in colonic epithelial and not stromal cells, and loss of PKC-ζ occurs as early as the adenoma stage in human colonic carcinogenesis. To assess the regulation of growth and differentiation by PKC-ζ, we altered this isoform in human Caco-2 colon cancer cells using stable constitutive or inducible expression vectors, specific peptide inhibitors or small interfering RNA. In ecdysone-regulated transfectants grown on collagen I, ponasterone A significantly induced PKC-ζ expression to 135% of empty vector cells, but did not alter nontargeted PKC isoforms. This up-regulation was accompanied by a 2-fold increase in basal and 4-fold increase in insulin-stimulated PKC-ζ biochemical activity. Furthermore, PKC-ζ up-regulation caused &gt;50% inhibition of cell proliferation on collagen I (P &lt; 0.05). Increased PKC-ζ also significantly enhanced Caco-2 cell differentiation, nearly doubling alkaline phosphatase activity, while inducing a 3-fold increase in the rate of apoptosis (P &lt; 0.05). In contrast, knockdown of this isoform by small interfering RNA or kinase inhibition by myristoylated pseudosubstrate significantly and dose-dependently increased Caco-2 cell growth on collagen I. In transformation assays, constitutively up-regulated wild-type PKC-ζ significantly inhibited Caco-2 cell growth in soft agar, whereas a kinase-dead mutant caused a 3-fold increase in soft agar growth (P &lt; 0.05). Taken together, these studies indicate that PKC-ζ inhibits colon cancer cell growth and enhances differentiation and apoptosis, while inhibiting the transformed phenotype of these cells. The observed down-regulation of this growth-suppressing PKC isoform in colonic carcinogenesis would be predicted to contribute to tumorigenesis. (Mol Cancer Res 2006;4(9):683–94)
Modeling and inversion of PS-wave moveout asymmetry for tilted TI media: Part 2 — Dipping TTI layer
Authors: Dewangan Pawan , Tsvankin Ilya 
Published: August 2006

Dipping transversely isotropic layers with a tilted symmetry axis (TTI media) cause serious imaging problems in fold-and-thrust belts and near salt domes. Here, we apply the modified [Formula: see text] method introduced in Part 1 to the inversion of long-offset PP and PS reflection data for the parameters of a TTI layer with the symmetry axis orthogonal to the bedding. The inversion algorithm combines the time- and offset-asymmetry attributes of the PSV-wave with the hyperbolic PP- and SS-wave moveout in the symmetry-axis plane (i.e., the vertical plane that contains the symmetry axis). The weak-anisotropy approximations for the moveout-asymmetry attributes, verified by numerical analysis, indicate that small-offset (leading) terms do not contain independent information for the inversion. Therefore, the parameter-estimation algorithm relies on PS data recorded at large offsets (the offset-to-depth ratio has to reach at least two), which makes the results generally less stable than those for a horizontal TTI layer in Part1. The least-resolved parameter is Thomsen’s coefficient [Formula: see text]that does not directly influence the moveout of either pure or converted modes. Still, the contribution of the PS-wave asymmetry attributes helps to constrain the TTI model for large tilts [Formula: see text] of the symmetry axis [Formula: see text]. The accuracy of the inversion for large tilts can be improved further by using wide-azimuth PP and PS reflections. With high-quality PS data, the inversion remains feasible for moderate tilts [Formula: see text], but it breaks down for models with smaller values of [Formula: see text] in which the moveout asymmetry is too weak. The tilt itself and several combinations of the medium parameters (e.g., the ratio of the P- and S-wave velocities in the symmetry direction), however, are well constrained for all symmetry-axis orientations. The results of Parts 1 and 2 show that 2D measurements of the PS-wave asymmetry attributes can be used effectively in anisotropic velocity analysis for TTI media. In addition to providing an improved velocity model for imaging beneath TTI beds, our algorithms yield information for lithology discrimination and structural interpretation.
PS-wave moveout inversion for tilted TI media: A physical-modeling study
Authors: Dewangan Pawan , Tsvankin Ilya , Batzle Mike , van Wijk Kasper , Haney Matthew 
Published: August 2006

Mode-converted PS-waves can provide critically important information for velocity analysis in transversely isotropic (TI) media. We demonstrate, with physical-modeling data, that the combination of long-spread reflection traveltimes of PP- and PS-waves can be inverted for the parameters of a horizontal TI layer with a tilted symmetry axis. The 2D multicomponent reflection data are acquired over a phenolic sample manufactured to simulate the effective medium formed by steeply dipping fracture sets or shale layers.The reflection moveout of PS-waves in this model is asymmetric with respect to the source and receiver positions, and the moveout-asymmetry attributes play a crucial role in constraining the TI parameters. Applying the modified [Formula: see text] method to the PP and PS traveltimes recorded in the symmetry-axis plane, we compute the time and offset asymmetry attributes of the PS-waves along with the traveltimes of the pure SS reflections. The algorithm of Dewangan and Tsvankin is then used to invert the combination of the moveout attributes of PP-, SS-, and PS-waves for the medium parameters and the thickness of the sample. It should be emphasized that the pure-mode (PP and SS) traveltimes alone are insufficient for the inversion, even if 3D wide-azimuth data are available.Our estimates of the symmetry axis tilt and layer thickness almost coincide with the actual values. The inverted model is also validated by reproducing the results of transmission experiments with both P- and S-wave sources. The transmitted SV wavefield exhibits a prominent cusp (triplication) accurately predicted by the parameter-estimation results.
Sulfated Zirconia-catalyzed One-pot Benign Synthesis of 3,4-Dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones under Microwave Irradiation
Authors: Kumar Dalip , Sundaree M Swapna , Mishra Braja Gopal 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Sulfated zirconia has been demonstrated as an efficient catalyst for the synthesis of 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones under microwave irradiation and conventional heating. The solid acid catalyst is found to be highly active for the one-pot condensation of aldehydes, urea and β-dicarbonyl compound, affording variety of 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones in excellent yields with high purity. The low cost catalyst has exhibited remarkable reactivity and recycled without any significant loss of activity.
A Practical Method for the Preparation of 4-Nitrogen-substituted Benzoic Acids
Authors: Shinozuka Tsuyoshi , Nakao Akira , Saito Keiji , Naito Satoru 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
An efficient and practical method for the preparation of 4-nitrogen-substituted benzoic acids is described. Our method consists of the aromatic substitution of 2,2,2,4′-tetrafluoroacetophenone with amines, followed by haloform reaction to the benzoic acids. In this method, even though for the less nucleophilic 7-, 8-, and 9-membered amines 1 equiv. was used, corresponding benzoic acids were obtained in moderate to excellent yield. As the experimental procedure including purification is simple, this method is applicable to large-scale syntheses.
Reviews of the 2006 Economic Report of the President
Authors: Auerbach Alan , Blank Rebecca , Feldstein Martin , Katz Michael , Rogoff Kenneth 
Published: August 2006

Editor's Note The Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) regularly reviews books of interest to the economics profession. The Economic Report of the President (ERP) falls under that purview. I have asked a handful of very prominent economists to review the 2006 ERP. Reviewers were chosen to reflect expertise on what I guessed would be key issues. The ERP in principle should provide an accurate assessment of the consensus professional views of economists on any given issue, based on the research to date. Reviewers were asked to evaluate whether the discussion in the ERP in fact accurately summarizes what we as economists know? Reviewers were given free rein over what material they would review in the ERP but were urged to focus on their areas of particular expertise. In the reviews that follow, Martin Feldstein reviews the overview chapter as well as topics relating to macroeconomics. Alan Auerbach reviews the ERP's discussion of tax-related issues, while Ken Rogoff reviews the ERP's discussion of international economic topics. Rebecca Blank writes on labor market issues in the ERP, and Michael Katz reviews the ERP's discussion of health care issues. Many thanks to the reviewers for the quick turnaround.
Ion Exchange Reactions of Clays
Authors: Lewis D. R. 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
It has been recognized for many years that many aspects of clay
technology including soil treatment and drilling mud treatment must remain
in an essentially empirical state until a basis for the understanding of ion
exchange reactions is established.
Much of the work on ion exchange reactions of clays in the past has been
directed toward establishing total exchange capacities or determining the
ionic distribution empirically. This information in general is not suitable
for the evaluation of hypotheses designed to provide a basis for
understanding the exchange reaction. When the techniques for characterizing
the various clay minerals offered the possibility of quantitative study, the
solution and exchanger phase contributions to the ionic distribution could
be experimentally evaluated in principle. The particular experimental
techniques which have been used to measure ionic distribution, however,
frequently neglected observations which are essential if the data are to he
used for testing and developing theories of ion exchange. It is now well
recognized that molecular adsorption, complex ion formation in solution, and
ion-pair formation between a mobile solution ion and a fixed exchanger group
may occur in addition to the ion exchange reaction. Therefore, if the data
are to be useful to develop theories of ion exchange, the whole system must
be selected to minimize such extraneous contributions. On the basis of
recent theoretical work, various experimental techniques art; evaluated from
the point of view of their suitability for equilibrium ion distribution
studies.
The mass action, adsorption isotherm, and Gibbs-Donnan equilibrium
formulations of the ion exchange theory are discussed as they may apply to
clay systems. Recent progress is summarized in (1) solution thermodynamics
of mixed electrolytes as it is relevant to ion exchange processes of clays,
(2) the contributions of non-ideality of the clay exchanger phase, and (S)
the work of swelling of clays which affects the ionic distributions in ion
exchange reactions.
It is concluded that the parameters which relate to the solid phase of
the exchanger and those which relate to the solution are now sufficiently
well recognized that future experiments can be planned which may more
realistically provide an experimental basis for understanding the process of
equilibrium ion exchange distributions in aqueous clay-electrolyte
systems.
Interpretation of Chemical Analyses of Clays
Authors: Kelley W. P. 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
As a means of distinguishing between the broad groups of flay minerals,
chemical analysis may be a valuable supplement to other methods, but rarely
will it remove the necessity for other methods, X-ray analysis in
particular. The two- and three-layer clay minerals may be distinguished by
the SiO2 ·
Al2O3 ratio or
SiO2 · sesquioxide ratio, but these ratios do not
provide criteria for dividing either class. Among the three-layer clays,
which embrace montmorillonite, nontronite, and the diverse hydrous micas,
non-exchangeable K is a better criterion. It seems probable that
montmorillonite, as found in bentonite deposits, does not contain
significant amounts of non-exchangeable K, whereas all known hydrous micas
contain significant, although widely variable, amounts of non-exchangeable
K.
The greatest value of chemical analysis inheres in the fact that by
means of calculation the specific nature of the isomorphism may be
determined. But the degree of confidence that can justifiably be placed in
the calculated isomorphism depends on the purity of the sample analyzed.
SiO2 as impurity may be shown by an excess of
calculated Si++++ ions, or by a deficiency of
octahedral cations. It also affects the calculated isomorphism of the
tetrahedral layers of the lattice by reducing its Al content.
On the other hand, Al2O3 as
impurity affects the calculation in the opposite way; that is, it reduces
the number of Si++++ ions per unit cell, while
increasing both tetrahedral and octahedral Al+++ ions.
Fe as impurity has essentially the same effect as Al.
In some samples it is possible to detect SiO2 as
impurity by means of calculation.
Interpretation of Chemical Analyses of Montmorillonites
Authors: Osthaus Bernard B. 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Particles of montmorillonite representing a considerable range of sizes
wow separated from crude hentonites by means of sedimentation and
supercentrifugation. Except for the effect of impurities, it was found that
base-exchange capacity was independent of particle size.
The ratios of the several exchangeable cations on the niontmorillonites
vary widely as they occur in the crude bentonites. Sodium is the dominant
cation in the Clay Spur, Wyominj, and Belle Fourche, South Dakota, samples;
calcium in those from Polkville, Mississippi, Santa Rita, New Mexico,
Chambers, Arizona, and Plymouth, Utah; in the Little Rock, Arkansas, sample,
hydrogen is the most abundant exchangeable cation. The hydrogen ion is
reflected in the low pH of the sample. The Otay, California, and Merritt,
British Columbia, samples contain more nearly equal amounts of exchangeable
calcium, magnesium, and sodium.
Formulae calculations indicate that these samples present a rather wide
range in isomorphism and, in consequence, the source of the negative charge
on the lattice is widely variable. However, the calculated charges depend,
to a large extent, on the purity of the sample. Evidence is presented that
silicon dioxide in some form is the most abundant impurity and that
significantly large amounts of uncombined silicon dioxide may be present in
the finest fractions. The Merritt, British Columbia, sample was found to
contain about 35 percent cristobalite. The corresponding particle size
fraction from Amory, Mississippi, bentonite contains considerable hydrous
mica. Unless allowance is made for impurities, the calculated lattice
positions of the electro-positive atoms, and therefore the formula derived
therefrom, are essentially meaningless.