bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mineralogy of the non-carbonate material from the Chalk of Berkshire and Oxfordshire, England
Authors: Morgan-Jones M. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThis paper presents detailed mineralogical analyses of the non-carbonate material obtained from four cored boreholes in the Chalk of Berkshire and Oxfordshire, England. Consideration is given to the relationship between the non-carbonate material and the interstitial water chemistry.Sample preparation was by means of acid digestion followed by vacuum sedimentation. Analyses were carried out using X-ray diffraction techniques.Results are presented in a semi-quantitative form based upon integrated peak intensities and are compared to those of previous studies on the Chalk of southern England. It is concluded that the zones of occurrence of the major clay minerals as demonstrated in this study are in general agreement with those established by other authors. The non-carbonate content of the Chalk increases from the concealed beds at the Fair Cross site towards the outcrop Chalk of Lambourn and Harwell. The variation in mineralogy and purity is ascribed to changing conditions of deposition and to diagenesis related to groundwater circulation.
Mineralization at Tŷ Coch, Glamorgan (Mid Glamorgan), Wales: the second occurrence of pyrobelonite
Authors: Criddle A. J. , Symes R. F. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryThe second occurrence of pyrobelonite, MnPb(VO4)(OH), first recorded at långban, Sweden, is reported. It was found with other manganese and iron minerals at the site of an abandoned 19th-century manganese mine at Tŷ Coch near South Cornelly, Mid Glamorgan, Wales. Reflectance values for pyrobelonite from Tŷ Coch, topotype material from Långban, and for two of the minerals associated with pyrobelonite at Tŷ Coch, vanadinite and hausmannite, are given. Electron-probe analyses of pyrobelonite from both localities give results that are in good agreement with its theoretical composition but disagree with the only previous published analysis.
Phosphate minerals in pallasite meteorites
Authors: Buseck Peter R. , Holdsworth Edward 
Published: December 2006

SummaryPhosphate minerals are widespread minor constituents of the pallasites. Both anhydrous primary and hydrous decomposition/alteration phosphates occur. The primary minerals, in decreasing order of abundance, are whitlockite, stanfieldite, and farringtonite, as well as a possibly new phosphate. The decomposition phosphates are compositionally heterogeneous and thus complex. Some may be new minerals. The phosphate minerals serve as the major repository for the alkali elements in pallasites, with individual crystals containing up to several percent of Na+K. Equilibrium established between coexisting phosphide and phosphate defines a relatively narrow range of ƒO2 values.
Pyroxenes from the gabbros of the Marangudzi ring complex, Rhodesia
Authors: Hossain M. T. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryChemical, X-ray, and optical analyses of eight Ca-rich pyroxenes and three coexisting Ca-poor pyroxenes from the gabbros of the Marangudzi ring complex, Rhodesia, are presented. Both the series show limited Fe-enrichment. High Ca-content of the clinopyroxenes together with their restricted Fe-enrichment, having a trend from Ca44·8Mg42·6Fe12·6to Ca42·7Mg37·7Fe19·6, could be indicative of an alkaline nature. But the presence of a Ca-poor pyroxene phase with a compositional trend between Ca2·9Mg71·2Fe25·9and Ca3·1Mg63·0Fe34·9onwards in small amounts suggests tholeiitic to calc-alkaline nature. Certain characteristics in the variation in composition of the pyroxenes confirm a transitional nature of the Marangudzi parent magma, originating at a depth comparatively greater than the normal tholeiitic magma, but less deep than alkaline magma, at a fairly high pressure. The Marangudzi pyroxenes are compared with the pyroxenes of the similar world-wide igneous complexes.
Chemical variation in a partially dolomitized Visean limestone bed, Isle of Man
Authors: Dickson J. A. D. , Barber C. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryThe analysis of an acid-soluble and acid-insoluble fraction of one systematically sampled, partially dolomitized limestone bed is reported. The original lime sediment, composed principally of skeletal remains, pellets, occasional intraclasts, detrital quartz, illite, and muscovite has been modified by the addition of calcite, dolomite, and dickite cements and has been patchily replaced by dolomite, quartz, and pyrite. Rapid chemical and mineralogical variations occur over short distances, i.e. within 10 m. Fe and Mn are both present in greater concentration in dolomite than in calcite. Dolomite itself varies in overall composition within the limestones and dolostones but is always Sr-deficient. The insoluble residue is dominated by quartz. Authigenic quartz occurs but its distribution is controlled by pre-existing detrital quartz so SiO2 distribution corresponds to a detrital arrangement. TiO2 and K2O follow the distribution of SiO2 and are believed to be sited in detrital minerals, muscovite, and other unidentified minerals. Sulphur, present in pyrite, has a patchy distribution but is deficient in totally dolomitized areas suggesting removal of pyrite during dolomitization.
The relationship of the order of crystallization of basalt melts to their classification and to the definition of rock series
Authors: Cameron E. P. , French W. J. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryBasalt composition is defined as that chemical composition which when crystallized at one atmosphere under standard conditions will yield olivine, clinopyroxene, and plagioclase as the principal silicate phases. This gives six classes of basalt defined by their order of crystallization but only four of these are encountered in rocks: class 1, olivine→clinopyroxene→plagioclase; class 2, olivine→plagioclase→clinopyroxene; class 3, plagioclase→olivine→clinopyroxene; and class 4, plagioclase→linopyroxene→olivine. Classes 5 and 6 would have clinopyroxene as the first phase. The class can be determined from the rock composition from multivariate discriminant function equations but Si, Mg, Al, and Na provide a more simple diagnosis via dis-criminant diagrams. Rock series plotted on these diagrams show systematic trends that allow the series them-selves to be classified. Each class corresponds with a commonly recognized basalt type and all four classes relate to tectonic setting groups.
Serpentine minerals from two areas of the Western Australian nickel belt
Authors: Moeskops P. G. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryInvestigation of serpentine minerals from metaserpentinized ultramafic rocks in two Archaean green-stone belts, east of Kalgoorlie, has indicated that antigorite, exhibiting a very wide range of textures in thin section, is the dominant serpentine species; however, it is locally accompanied by relict lizardite. Chrysotile occurs both in late tectonic veins and as a present-day weathering product of relict olivine. Analytical data and structural formulae on seven serpentines, characterized independently by X-ray diffraction analysis, support the chemical differences between antigorite and chrysotile postulated by earlier workers.
Claringbullite, a new hydrated copper chloride
Authors: Fejer E. E. , Clark A. M. , Couper A. G. , Elliott C. J. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryClaringbullite, Cu4CI(OH)7.nH2O where n is about 0·5, a new mineral, is reported as soft blue plates in cuprite from Nchanga open pit, Zambia and Kambowe, Mina M'sesa, Katanga. The mineral is hexagonal a 6-6708, c 9·183 Å, Z = 2. Optically, claringbullite is uniaxial negative with ω = 1·782 and ε = 1·780. Indexed powder data are given together with five electron-probe analyses of the mineral.
Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) expression and outcome in adult patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Sala-Torra Olga , Gundacker Holly M. , Stirewalt Derek L. , Ladne Paula A. , Pogosova-Agadjanyan Era L. , Slovak Marilyn L. , Willman Cheryl L. , Heimfeld Shelly , Boldt David H. , Radich Jerald P. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
We compared the gene expression profile of adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) to normal hematopoietic and non-ALL samples using oligonucleotide arrays. Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) was the highest overexpressed gene in B-cell ALL compared with the other groups, and displayed heterogeneous expression, suggesting it might have prognostic relevance. CTGF expression was examined by quantitative reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (QRT-PCR) on 79 adult ALL specimens. CTGF expression levels were significantly increased in ALL cases with B-lineage (P < .001), unfavorable cytogenetics (P < .001), and blasts expressing CD34 (P < .001). In a multivariate proportional hazards model, higher CTGF expression levels corresponded to worsening of overall survival (OS; hazard ratio 1.36, for each 10-fold increase in expression; P = .019). Further studies are ongoing to confirm the prognostic value of CTGF expression in ALL and to investigate its role in normal and abnormal lymphocyte biology.
Five members of the CEBP transcription factor family are targeted by recurrent IGH translocations in B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL)
Authors: Akasaka Takashi , Balasas Theodore , Russell Lisa J. , Sugimoto Kei-ji , Majid Aneela , Walewska Renata , Karran E. Loraine , Brown David G. , Cain Kelvin , Harder Lana , Gesk Stefan , Martin-Subero Jose Ignacio , Atherton Mark G. , Brüggemann Monika , Calasanz María José , Davies Teresa , Haas Oskar A. , Hagemeijer Anne , Kempski Helena , Lessard Michel , Lillington Debra M. , Moore Sarah , Nguyen-Khac Florence , Radford-Weiss Isabelle , Schoch Claudia , Struski Stéphanie , Talley Polly , Welham Melanie J. , Worley Helen , Strefford Jon C. , Harrison Christine J. , Siebert Reiner , Dyer Martin J. S. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractCCAAT enhancer-binding protein (CEBP) transcription factors play pivotal roles in proliferation and differentiation, including suppression of myeloid leukemogenesis. Mutations of CEBPA are found in a subset of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and in some cases of familial AML. Here, using cytogenetics, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and molecular cloning, we show that 5 CEBP gene family members are targeted by recurrent IGH chromosomal translocations in BCP-ALL. Ten patients with t(8;14)(q11;q32) involved CEBPD on chromosome 8, and 9 patients with t(14;19)(q32;q13) involved CEBPA, while a further patient involved CEBPG, located 71 kb telomeric of CEBPA in chromosome band 19q13; 4 patients with inv(14)(q11q32)/t(14;14)(q11;q32) involved CEBPE and 3 patients with t(14;20)(q32;q13) involved CEBPB. In 16 patients the translocation breakpoints were cloned using long-distance inverse–polymerase chain reaction (LDI-PCR). With the exception of CEBPD breakpoints, which were scattered within a 43-kb region centromeric of CEBPD, translocation breakpoints were clustered immediately 5′ or 3′ of the involved CEBP gene. Except in 1 patient with t(14;14)(q11;q32), the involved CEBP genes retained germ-line sequences. Quantitative reverse transcription (RT)–PCR showed overexpression of the translocated CEBP gene. Our findings implicate the CEBP gene family as novel oncogenes in BCP-ALL, and suggest opposing functions of CEBP dysregulation in myeloid and lymphoid leukemogenesis.
T−B+NK+ severe combined immunodeficiency caused by complete deficiency of the CD3ζ subunit of the T-cell antigen receptor complex
Authors: Roberts Joseph L. , Lauritsen Jens Peter H. , Cooney Myriah , Parrott Roberta E. , Sajaroff Elisa O. , Win Chan M. , Keller Michael D. , Carpenter Jeffery H. , Carabana Juan , Krangel Michael S. , Sarzotti Marcella , Zhong Xiao-Ping , Wiest David L. , Buckley Rebecca H. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractCD3ζ is a subunit of the T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) complex required for its assembly and surface expression that also plays an important role in TCR-mediated signal transduction. We report here a patient with T−B+NK+ severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) who was homozygous for a single C insertion following nucleotide 411 in exon 7 of the CD3ζ gene. The few T cells present contained no detectable CD3ζ protein, expressed low levels of cell surface CD3ε, and were nonfunctional. CD4+CD8−CD3εlow, CD4−CD8+CD3εlow, and CD4−CD8−CD3εlow cells were detected in the periphery, and the patient also exhibited an unusual population of CD56−CD16+ NK cells with diminished cytolytic activity. Additional studies demonstrated that retrovirally transduced patient mutant CD3ζ cDNA failed to rescue assembly of nascent complete TCR complexes or surface TCR expression in CD3ζ-deficient MA5.8 murine T-cell hybridoma cells. Nascent transduced mutant CD3ζ protein was also not detected in metabolically labeled MA5.8 cells, suggesting that it was unstable and rapidly degraded. Taken together, these findings provide the first demonstration that complete CD3ζ deficiency in humans can cause SCID by preventing normal TCR assembly and surface expression.
Disease burden and related medical costs of rotavirus infections in Taiwan
Authors: Lu Chun-Yi , Lauderdale Tsai-Ling , Fang Yin-Hua , Wang Chung-Yi , Ho Yu-Huai , Hung Che-Lun , Chang Luan-Yin , Lee Chin-Yun , Huang Li-Min 
Published: December 2006

Abstract

Background
The disease burden and associated medical costs of rotavirus infections in inpatient and outpatient sectors in Taiwan were examined in anticipation of the availability of new rotavirus vaccines.

Methods
The yearly national case number and medical costs for all for inpatients and outpatients with acute gastroenteritis (AGE) were extracted from the Bureau of National Health Insurance database in Taiwan according to ICD-9-CM codes. A retrospective study was also performed using records of children with AGE seen at three hospitals in Taiwan in 2001 to identify laboratory confirmed rotavirus infection cases. The annual incidence and related medical costs of AGE due to rotavirus infection were then estimated.

Results
Children <5 years old comprised 83.6% of inpatient and 62.0% of outpatient pediatric AGE cases in Taiwan in 2001. Rotavirus was the most common agent detected among AGE patients in this age group in the three hospitals, and was detected in 32.9% (221/672) of inpatient and 24% (23/96) of outpatient stool specimens tested for microbial etiologies. An estimated 277,400 to 624,892 cases of rotavirus infections sought medical care in Taiwan in 2001, equaling one in 2 to 5 children <5 years old required medical care due to rotavirus infection. The incidence of hospitalization due to rotavirus infections was 1,528–1,997/100,000 for children <5 years old. The total associated medical costs due to rotavirus infection were estimated at US $10–16 millions in Taiwan in 2001. Although the per-capita medical cost of rotavirus infection was lower in Taiwan than in the United States or Hong Kong, the personal economic burden was similar among the three places when normalized for gross national incomes per capita.

Conclusion
Infections caused by rotavirus constitute an important human and economic burden among young children in Taiwan. A safe and effective vaccine is urgently needed.
Pus3p- and Pus1p-Dependent Pseudouridylation of Steroid Receptor RNA Activator Controls a Functional Switch that Regulates Nuclear Receptor Signaling
Authors: Zhao Xiansi , Patton Jeffrey R. , Ghosh Sajal K. , Fischel-Ghodsian Nathan , Shen Ling , Spanjaard Remco A. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
It was previously shown that mouse Pus1p (mPus1p), a pseudouridine synthase (PUS) known to modify certain transfer RNAs (tRNAs), can also bind with nuclear receptors (NRs) and function as a coactivator through pseudouridylation and likely activation of an RNA coactivator called steroid receptor RNA activator (SRA). Use of cell extract devoid of human Pus1p activity derived from patients with mitochondrial myopathy and sideroblastic anemia, however, still showed SRA-modifying activity suggesting that other PUS(s) can also target this coactivator. Here, we show that related mPus3p, which has a different tRNA specificity than mPus1p, also serves as a NR coactivator. However, in contrast to mPus1p, it does not stimulate sex steroid receptor activity, which is likely due to lack of binding to this class of NRs. As expected from their tRNA activities, in vitro pseudouridylation assays show that mPus3p and mPus1p modify different positions in SRA, although some may be commonly targeted. Interestingly, the order in which these enzymes modify SRA determines the total number of pseudouridines. mPus3p and SRA are mainly cytoplasmic; however, mPus3p and SRA are also localized in distinct nuclear subcompartments. Finally, we identified an in vivo modified position in SRA, U206, which is likely a common target for both mPus1p and mPus3p. When U206 is mutated to A, SRA becomes hyperpseudouridylated in vitro, and it acquires dominant-negative activity in vivo. Thus, Pus1p- and Pus3p-dependent pseudouridylation of SRA is a highly complex posttranscriptional mechanism that controls a coactivator-corepressor switch in SRA with major consequences for NR signaling.
Low-cost patterning of thin film
Authors: Duby S , Ramsey B , Harrison D 
Published: December 2006

A novel route for the low-cost patterning of electrical thin films has been established. The process has been developed principally for the manufacture of thermocouples using high-speed reel-to-reel industrial techniques, but could be applied to the manufacture of a wide range of electronic devices including radio frequency identification (RFID) antennae, electrical interconnect, and passive electronic components. The procedure exploits high-volume processes directly to print self-removing masking layers. The process offers substantial advantages over traditional thin-film patterning methods including faster, cheaper production runs. Raw material use and wastage are greatly reduced, affording environmental benefits.
Rejecting the phonetics/phonology split
Authors: Lindblom Björn 
Published: December 2006

Abstract

Structuralism

One of the most significant developments of linguistics in the past century is undoubtedly the introduction of the distinction between form and substance. The adoption of this dichotomy was a crucial part of the launching of structural linguistics. Although today these Saussurean terms may have an obsolete ring to them, it is nonetheless true that this distinction still enjoys the status of ‘inescapable’ cornerstone of linguistic methodology. For the linguist the primary focus is on structure whereas the study of the way this structure is actualized in speaking and listening falls in the domain of performance, behavioral research and experimental phonetics.
A Limited Role for p21Cip1/Waf1 in Maintaining Normal Hematopoietic Stem Cell Functioning
Authors: van Os Ronald , Kamminga Leonie M. , Ausema Albertina , Bystrykh Leonid V. , Draijer Deanna P. , van Pelt Kyrjon , Dontje Bert , de Haan Gerald 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Several studies have suggested that the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor p21 plays a crucial role in regulating hematopoietic stem and progenitor pool size. To allow assessment of long-term stem cell functioning in vivo, we have backcrossed a p21 null allele to C57BL/6 (B6) mice, the most commonly used mouse strain in hematopoietic stem cell research. In various in vitro assays, the homozygous deletion of the p21 allele did not affect the number of hematopoietic cells in B6 mice. Furthermore, the competitive repopulation ability was not different between p21-deficient and wild-type stem cells from both young and aged (20-month-old) mice. These results show that p21 is not essential for regulation of stem cell number in steady state. When proliferative stress was applied on p21-deficient stem cells by serial transplantation of 1,500 Lin−Sca-1+c-kit+ (LSK) cells, again no detrimental effect was observed on cobblestone area-forming cell (CAFC) frequency and competitive repopulating ability. However, when bone marrow cells from mice that received 2 Gy of irradiation were transplanted, p21 deficiency resulted in a more than fourfold reduction in competitive repopulation index. Finally, we did not find major differences in cell cycle status and global gene expression patterns between LSK cells from p21-deficient and wild-type mice. Our findings indicate that the background of mice used for studying the function of a gene by genetic modification may determine the outcome. Cumulatively, our data fail to support the notion that p21 is essential for stem cell function during steady-state hematopoiesis, but may be relatively more important under conditions of cellular stress.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Risk factors associated with short-term outcome and development of perioperative complications in dogs undergoing surgery because of gastric dilatation-volvulus: 166 cases (1992–2003)
Authors: Beck Jennifer J. , Staatz Andrew J. , Pelsue Davyd H. , Kudnig Simon T. , MacPhail Catriona M. , Seim Howard B. , Monnet Eric 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate risk factors associated with death and development of perioperative complications in dogs undergoing surgery for treatment of gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV).
Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—166 dogs.
Procedures—Records of dogs with confirmed GDV that underwent surgery were reviewed. Logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with development of complications (ie, hypotension, arrhythmias, gastric necrosis necessitating gastrectomy, disseminated intravascular coagulation, peritonitis, sepsis, postoperative dilatation, postoperative vomiting, and incisional problems) and with short-term outcome (ie, died vs survived to the time of suture removal).
Results—Short-term mortality rate was 16.2% (27/166). Risk factors significantly associated with death prior to suture removal were clinical signs for > 6 hours prior to examination, combined splenectomy and partial gastrectomy, hypotension at any time during hospitalization, peritonitis, sepsis, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Partial gastrectomy was not a significant risk factor for death but was for peritonitis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, sepsis, and arrhythmias. Age, gastrectomy, and disseminated intravascular coagulation were risk factors for development of hypotension. Use of a synthetic colloid or hypertonic saline solution was associated with a significantly decreased risk of hypotension.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that the prognosis for dogs undergoing surgery because of GDV is good but that certain factors are associated with an increased risk that dogs will develop perioperative complications or die.