bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Saponins of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa): Effects of processing on their abundance in quinoa products and their biological effects on intestinal mucosal tissue
Authors: Gee J. M. , Price K. R. , Ridout C. L. , Wortley G. M. , Hurrell R. F. , Johnson I. T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractQuinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) is a valuable source of protein in some parts of South America, and it is likely to be exploited further in both developing and industrialised countries. However, quinoa seeds contain significant levels of saponins which are potential antinutrients. In the present study, the effects of processing on the quantity and composition of saponins in quinoa products were determined, and the biological effects of quinoa grain and cereal products containing high or low levels of saponins were investigated both in vitro and in vivo in the rat. Quinoa saponins were shown to be membranolytic against cells of the small intestine and to cause an increase in mucosal permeability in vitro. Unwashed bitter quinoa caused a significant food aversion and poor food conversion efficiency in rats. However, processing quinoa, during the manufacture of an infant cereal, reduced the concentration and membranolytic activity of saponins, and increased the palatability and nutritional quality of the cereal product to a level similar to that of a wheat‐based cereal product.
C18 trans monounsaturated fatty acid in the diet of the hen and its accumulation in yolk and embryo tissue
Authors: Manteca Xavier , Noble Raymond 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe presence of trans unsaturated fatty acid isomers in the diet of the hen is readily translated into significant accumulations in the yolk lipid. In turn, the processes of yolk lipid assimilation ensure subsequent uptake into the yolk sac membrane and distribution to the developing embryonic tissues. In particular the trans isomers become associated with newly synthesised cholesteryl esters originating from the yolk sac membrane which are an essential component for yolk lipid transfer and uptake by the embryo. Within the liver, the accumulation of lipid, almost wholly as cholesteryl esters, leads to the trans isomer fraction becoming a major component of the tissue. Possible metabolic consequences arising from the transfer and subsequent substantial tissue accumulation of trans unsaturated components are outlined. In the light of definitive evidence from other animal species it is suggested from the present investigations that the presence of trans unsaturated isomers in the diets of breeder hens should be reduced to a minimum.
Changes in lipids, chlorophyll pigments, hot water insoluble n and ph of alfalfa during ensiling
Authors: Makoni Nathaniel F. , Shelford James A. , Nakai Shuryo , Fisher Lorne J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis study examined (i) changes in the lipids of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) as a result of wilting and ensiling, and (ii) the breakdown of forage protein in direct cut and wilted forages following ensiling in relation to the remaining quantity of chlorophyll pigments a and b and forage pH. Lipid and malondialdehyde (MDA) were estimated in whole homogenates, chloroplast membranes and soluble fractions of freshly cut, wilted and ensiled alfalfa. Chlorophyll a and b, hot‐waterinsoluble nitrogen (HWIN) and pH were also determined during the ensiling of freshly cut and 24 h wilted alfalfa herbages. Highest levels (P < 0·05) of lipid and MDA were observed in wilted alfalfa. The soluble fractions had the lowest levels of both lipids and MDA. Chlorophyll pigments showed an initial rapid decrease, followed by gradual decrease with time of ensiling. The rate of chlorophyll b disappearance in both direct ensiled and wilted ensiled forages was significantly (P < 0·05) correlated (r = 0·81 and 0·86, respectively) to the breakdown rate of forage protein. Forage pH was also significantly (P < 0·05) correlated to the forage protein breakdown (r = 0·59 and 0·61) for direct and wilted ensiled forages, respectively. Regression analyses of pH, chlorophyll pigments a and b versus forage HWIN showed that chlorophyll b was a better predictor of alfalfa HWIN quantity. These findings suggest that peroxidation of alfalfa chloroplast membrane lipids occurred during wilting and ensiling. Alfalfa chlorophyll pigments can potentially be employed to estimate alfalfa protein quantity during ensiling. Methods that arrest chloroplast disintegration such as forage blanching could increase ruminant utilization of alfalfa silages.
Investigation of the ester‐ and ether‐linked phenolic constituents of cell wall types of normal and brown midrib pearl millet using chemical isolation, microspectrophotometry and 13C NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Morrison W. Herbert , Akin Danny E. , Himmelsbach David S. , Gamble Gary R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe cell walls of rind, parenchyma and vascular bundle fractions of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L) R Br) were isolated from two brown midrib mutants and their normal (N) near‐isogeneic line. The walls were sequentially treated with 1 M NaOH at 25°C for 20 h to determine ester‐linked phenolic acids and then with 4 M NaOH at 170°C for 2 h to determine ether‐linked phenolic constituents. The untreated walls and their residues resulting from each treatment were analyzed by microspectrophotometry and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The amount of ester‐linked p‐coumaric acid was determined by chemical analysis and found to be two to six times higher in the N line with no difference among lines in ferulic acid content. Ether‐linked ferulic acid was about 30% higher in the rind in the N line and ether‐linked p‐coumaric acid was only slightly higher with the greatest difference found in the rind tissue. Microspectrophotometry of the untreated tissues showed absorption maxima at 232–238 nm. 288–292 nm and 312–324 nm. Treatment with 1 M NaOH generally reduced or eliminated the 312–324 nm absorption, with 4 M NaOH removing the remainder of the 288–292 nm absorption. 13C NMR confirmed these reductions of aromatic functionalities by alkali treatments. The combination of techniques provides excellent correlation of two types of spectral data with chemical identification and quantitation and establishes that bmr mutants have less ester‐linked p‐coumaric acid and less ether‐linked ferulic acid, thus providing a better understanding of the factors contributing to biodegradability.
Characterization of digestion residues of alfalfa and orchardgrass leaves by microscopic, spectroscopic and chemical analysis
Authors: Akin Danny E. , Morrison W. Herbert , Himmelsbach David S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractLeaflets of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L) and leaf blade sections of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L) were digested for three consecutive incubation periods of 3 days each with rumen bacteria. Residues were then analyzed by the following methods: (i) scanning electron and light microscopy to define the botanical structures; (ii) ultraviolet absorption microspectrophotometry to characterize phenolic constituents within specific regions; (iii) NMR and midinfrared spectroscopy to determine components, linkages, and functional groups; and (iv) gas‐liquid chromatography for phenolic acids and lignin constituents after treatment with 1 M NaOH (25°C, 24 h) and 1 M NaOH followed by 4 M NaOH (170°C, 2h). Alfalfa residue consisted of extensive amounts of cuticular sheets, a network of vascular bundles, and smaller portions of cuticle overlying lignified structures associated with major vascular bundles. Orchardgrass residue consisted of large and small vascular bundles, usually without the mestome sheath surrounding phloem, and small portions of cuticle. Alfalfa lignin was more condensed but had similar proportion of ether‐linked phenolic acids compared with that of orchardgrass, while the grass lignin had substantially higher concentrations of ester‐linked p‐coumaric and ferulic acids associated with a higher proportion of carbohydrates in the residue. Alfalfa had a higher fatty ester content, likely due to the large amount of cuticle in the residue, and protein, which likely was contained within the lignin. The results provide a detailed characterization of aromatics and linkages within the most recalcitrant tissues of plants and indicate variations between non‐degradable residues of a legume and a grass.
Determination of moisture content of mushrooms by Vis—NIR spectroscopy
Authors: Roy Soumya , Anantheswaran Ramaswamy C. , Shenk John S. , Westerhaus Mark O. , Beelman Robert B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFeasibility of the determination of the moisture content of intact individual mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) by visible and near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (Vis–NIR) was studied. The convection drying method was found to be suitable to obtain reference values for the calibration equation. The standard error of the laboratory procedure ranged from 0·16 to 0·42%. Modified partial least square regression was used to develop the calibration equations. The importance of different segments of wavelength, the effect of light scattering and the use of data processing on the prediction of moisture content were evaluated. The equation obtained using the wavelength segment 600–2200 nm with first derivative and scatter correction had the best performance with a standard error of cross‐validation of 0·64%. This equation performed very well when validated using a separate set of mushrooms of the same kind as those in calibration set. This equation, however, did not perform well when using mushrooms from a different treatment. Accuracy of prediction was re‐established by adding typical spectra from the second group of mushrooms to the calibration set and performing recalibration.
Short‐chain fatty acid content and pH in caecum of rats given various sources of carbohydrates
Authors: Berggren Anna M. , Björck Inger M. E. , Nyman E. Margareta G. L. , Eggum Bjørn O. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe caecal content of short‐chain fatty acids (SCFA; acetic, propionic and butyric acid), caecal pH, fermentability and dry matter digestibility (DMD) were examined through balance experiments in rats fed 11 various indigestible carbohydrates. The following carbohydrate sources were incorporated into test diets: cellulose, oat husk, wheat bran, oat bran, pea fibre, linseed fibre, low methoxylated (LM)‐pectin, guargum, β‐glucans, neosugar and raffinose. The indigestible carbohydrates, except for those in wheat bran, oat husk and cellulose, were highly fermented, ie > 90%. Caecal pH varied between 5·6 and 7·8, with neosugar and raffinose causing the lowest pH and the fibre‐free diet and the diet with oat husk the highest. The caecal pool sizes of SCFA were highest with raffinose, β‐glucans, LM‐pectin, guargum and linseed fibre (335‐400 μmol) while pea fibre, wheat bran, oat bran and neosugar gave intermediate levels (137–227 μmol). The pool size with oat husk and cellulose was similar as with the basal diet (45–64 μmol). A high proportion of propionic acid was obtained with guargum and linseed fibre, whereas acetic acid was the predominant product in case of LM‐pectin. On the other hand, linseed fibre gave a remarkably low proportion of butyric acid. The quantity fermented and caecal pH correlated well to the amount of SCFA with most materials (r = 0·96 and r = −0·87, respectively), an exception was neosugar and in case of fermentability also oat bran. DMD values with most of the easily fermented carbohydrates were high (>96%). Exceptions were diets with β‐glucans and oat bran which caused low DMD values, about 93%. It is concluded that indigestible carbohydrates may differ in ability to lower caecal pH and to form SCFA during fermentation.
Isolates of cell types from sorghum stems: Digestion, cell wall and anatomical characteristics
Authors: Wilson John R. , Mertens David R. , Hatfield Ronald D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCell types were separated from internode 5 of sorghum stems to study the interrelationship between digestion characteristics and cell wall composition. Isolates of epidermis (EPI), sclerenchyma (SCL), vascular bundle zone (VBZ), inner vascular bundles (IVB) and pith parenchyma cells (PITH) were freeze‐dried and ground for analysis. The cell fractions were digested in rumen fluid for times between 0 and 96 h, and wall composition measured using detergent extraction procedures. In‐vitro dry matter digestibility (g kg−1 after 48 h) of cell fractions was in the order of PITH (849‐906) > IVB (794‐816) > SCL (692‐701) > VBZ (641‐679) > EPI (608‐628). Total cell wall content (CWC), indigestible CWC, and lignin content followed the inverse order. Lignin concentration on a dry matter or cell wall basis was highly correlated with indigestible wall residue after 96 h. The proportion of cell wall digested after 96 h was higher for SCL and VBZ cells (61·8‐68·2%) than for PITH cells (48·4‐56·1 %), despite the former having lignin content three to five times higher than that of PITH cells. Clearly, there were differences between the cell types in wall composition or chemical linkages between wall components that lead to the observed differences in wall digestion.
Respiration, pectolytic activity and textural changes in ripening African mango (Irvingia gabonensis) fruits
Authors: Aina J. O. , Oladunjoye O. O. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPost‐harvest changes in fruit firmness, respiration, pectinesterase (PE) and polygalacturonase (PG) activities were followed in African mango fruits during storage ripening at tropical ambient conditions (28±1°C and 68±2% RH). Respiration followed a climacteric pattern attaining a peak of 99·37 ml CO2 kg−1 hr−1 on the fifth day of storage while full ripeness (colour index—5) was attained on the tenth day. PE and PG activities increased with progressive fruit ripening attaining their optima on the fifth day (1·8 PE unit) and tenth day (27 PG units), respectively. Fruit firmness decreased as pectolytic activity increased with a concomitant reduction in the deformation force from 49 kPa in the unripe fruit to 25 kPa at the edible ripe stage.
Chemical analysis of the fruit of Vitex doniana (verbanaceae)
Authors: Ladeji Olusola , Okoye Zebulon S. C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAnalysis of black plum (Vitex doniana) indicated a fruit with useful nutritional value in tropical African diets (crude protein 27·5, lipid 49·5, sugars 842 g kg−1 DM; moisture 488 g kg−1 FW) and possibly a good shelf‐life.
Drip loss, peroxidase and sensory changes in kiwi fruit slices during frozen storage
Authors: Fúster C , Préstamo G , Cano M P 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe biochemical, sensory and drip loss changes that occur during processing and prolonged frozen storage of kiwi fruit slices (cvs Abbott and Hayward) were studied. Fruit slices were frozen at −40°C, packed in polyethylene bags and stored at −18°C for 11 months. Maturity characteristics (pH, acidity, dry matter, soluble solids) were determined on raw fruit. Objective (proteins, peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) activity, drip loss) and subjective (sensory tests) analyses were carried out during processing and storage, and indicated a good quality of the frozen kiwi fruit slices after 11 months of storage. There were significant differences (P < 0.05) between the studied varieties with respect to drip loss during frozen storage and colour after 11 months. Best results were obtained with cv Hayward. This variety showed less drip loss after thawing and after 11 months storage presented the same green colour as after freezing, while cv Abbott became yellowish‐green.
The effect of housing system on apparent digestibility in pigs, using the classical and marker (chromic oxide, acid‐insoluble ash) techniques, in relation to dietary composition
Authors: Bakker Gertruud C M , Jongbloed Age W 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe present study examined differences in faecal digestibilities of organic matter (dOM) and crude protein (dXP), between growing pigs housed either in pens as groups or individually in metabolism cages. In addition, a study was made of the influence of dietary composition on these observed differences. Four experimental diets were composed by iso‐energetic exchange of maize starch in the control diet with purified cellulose (260 g kg‐1), toasted soyabean hulls (280 g kg‐1) or renderers fat (67 g kg‐1), respectively. Both in pens and in metabolism cages, dOM and dXP were measured, using both chromic oxide (Cr2O3) and acid‐insoluble ash (AIA) as markers. In metabolism cages, the results of the marker method were compared to those of the classical method, where dOM and dXP were measured by collecting faeces quantitatively. Recoveries of both markers were measured, after a period of 10 and 3 days.With Cr2O3 as marker, pen‐housing resulted in a dOM which was on average 2.5 (1.7–4.5) units lower and a dXP averaging 4.5 (3.0–5.8) units lower than measured in the metabolism cages (P≤0.001). No significant interactions were demonstrated between housing system and dietary composition. In contrast, with AIA as marker significantly higher digestibility values were observed for pigs in pens, when fed the cellulose diet. With this diets, the dOM was on average 14.7 units higher and the dXP was on average 10.9 units higher for the penned pigs. For the pigs fed one of the other three diets, the dOM was on average 1.5 (0.1–2.7) units lower and the dXP was on average 3.7 (1.9–5.7) units lower. Thus, with AIA as a marker, the effect of housing system on digestibility interacted with the type of diet (P≤0.05 on dOM and P≤0.01 on dXP).Comparison between the marker method with the classical method, showed that Cr2O3 provided similar results. In contrast, AIA displayed significantly higher dOM and dXP, except with the cellulose diet. This could be explained by differences in the recoveries of both markers. For Cr2O3 this was close to 100% and for AIA it varied from 97% on the cellulose diet to 183% on the control diet. The analytical procedure for AIA requires more research. Shortening the measuring period from 10 to 3 days did not prove to be significant, but increased the standard deviations. It was concluded that for practical application, faecal digestibilities should be measured with penned pigs. According to the findings, under such conditions Cr2O3 is a good marker. AIA was found to be unsuitable.
β‐hydroxyacyl‐coa‐dehydrogenase (HADH) activity of unfrozen and frozen—thawed frog (Rana esculenta) legs
Authors: Pavlov Alexander , De Fernando Gonzalo D Garcia , Ordoñez Juan A , Hoz Lorenzo 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe β‐hydroxyacyl‐CoA‐dehydrogenase (HADH) activity of unfrozen and thawed frog legs was investigated. The enzyme was extracted by either immersing frog legs in phosphate buffer 0.1 M, pH 6.0 at 25°C for 15 min or pressing them between trichinoscopy glasses. The enzyme activity was assayed using acetoacetyl‐CoA as substrate and measured spectrophotometrically at 340 nm. It was possible by both extraction methods to distinguish between thawed and unfrozen samples although when the juice was obtained by pressing the HADH activity of the dilution was ∼ 1.5 times higher than that obtained by immersion. The HADH activity was significantly higher (P≤0·001) in frozen‐thawed frogs than in unfrozen legs because during freezing there is a release of HADH. No significative differences were found in the HADH activity in samples frozen in the temperature range ‐10 to ‐196°C. HADH activity was not affected by the storage time in crushed ice up to 6 days.
14C labelling of lignins of normal and bm3 maizes for fermentation studies
Authors: Mosoni Pascale , Besle Jean Michel , Maillot Marie Paule , Gorrichon Liliane 
Published: November 2006

Abstract[U‐14C] phenylalanine (phe*) and [O14CH3] sinapic acid (sin*) were infused into the cut ends of normal and bm3 maizes (anthesis stage) under or above the last node or at mid‐internode, with or without the leaf, in light or in darkness. Radioactivity was measured in the organs, and in phenolic constituents of the cell wall and saponified residues of the bases and tops of the apical inter‐node. In both maize genotype labelled under the node the radioactivity was distributed more evenly in the organs with sin* than with phe*. Infusion above the node and at mid‐internode greatly increased radioactivity in the bases and tops, respectively. Removal of the leaf only slightly increased the radioactivity, mainly in the bases, and no clear‐cut effect of darkness was observed. Phe* labelled the phenolic acids and the three lignin units, but the syringyl units of bm3 maize were only slightly labelled. Sin* specifically labelled the syringyl units, which represented the least condensed fraction of lignins. Both the native and labelled lignins were highly alkali soluble. There were differences in lignin biogenesis between the bases and tops, and between normal and bm3 maizes. The newly formed lignins were slightly different from the native lignins but had similar types of heterogeneity, with variations in the internode and between genotypes similar to those in native lignins. Provided due allowance is made for the distinguishing characteristics of newly formed lignins, the [14C‐lignin] cell walls, which are strongly labelled on complementary structures, seem suitable model substrates for fermentation studies.
Replacement of fishmeal by low‐cost animal protein as a quality fish feed ingredient for indian major carp, labeo rohita, fingerlings
Authors: Begum Nurun N , Chakraborty Subhash C , Zaher M , Abdul Mazid M , Gupta Mudadugu V 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFive formulated diets containing 350 g kg‐1 crude protein were prepared replacing 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of the fish meal content which silkworm pupae (Bombyx mori) and clam meat as a dietary protein source, and were fed to Indian major carp (Labeo rohita) fingerlings of 2.0–2.2 g size under laboratory conditions. A growth study over a period of 90 days showed that a diet containing 50% of its protein as fishmeal had significantly higher (P≤0.05) growth with values of 1.64, 1.92, 1.48 for specific growth rate, food conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio, respectively. Significantly lower growth (P≤0.05) was observed with diets having all or none of its protein as fish meal. This experiment with Labeo rohita fingerlings revealed a significantly better utilisation of the diet when half the protein in a fishmeal diet was replaced by protein in the form of silkworm pupae and clam meat.
Preliminary development of intermediate moisture, pasteurised mackerel (scomber japonicus marplantensis) chunks
Authors: Pascua Gabriela L Sanchez , Casales Maria R , Yeannes Maria I 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe objective of this study was to develop an intermediate moisture, pasteurised mackerel product combining the lowering of water activity (aw) by means of selected solutes with pasteurisation. Loss of water was achieved by soaking in an equilibrium solution containing glycerol, salt, and potassium sorbate. An optimum cooking time of 20 min in the infusion solution and an optimum immersion time of 20 h in the same solution were determined. A final aw value of 0.89 was obtained. These parameters were selected taking into account the sensory assessment, since the main problem in this kind of food is acceptance by the consumer. The product was pasteurised at 90°C for 40 min. The product obtained by this combination of conditions had a moderately sweet taste and a succulent texture.
Detection of roquefortines in penicillium roqueforti isolated from moulded maize silage
Authors: Ohmomo Sadahiro , Kitamoto Hiroko Kuze , Nakajima Tomoyoshi 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA strain (number 19) having the ability to produce some indole alkaloids was isolated from moulded maize silage, and was identical with Penicillium roqueforti. Roquefortine C was isolated from the culture broth in crystalline form as a main alkaloid and was identified as a minor alkaloid by thin‐layer chromatography (TLC) in a maize silage inoculated with the strain. Further, roquefortine A, B and D together with festuclavine were identified by TLC. The alkaloid contents in silage were analysed to be 2.40 mg kg‐1 (roquefortine A) and 1.66 mg kg‐1 (roquefortine C).