bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tensile Strength of the Cranial Cruciate Ligament in Cattle
Authors: Moss Edwin W. , Ferguson Thomas H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The ultimate tensile load of the cranial cruciate ligament of normal adult cattle was measured. The ultimate tensile load was related to the animal's live body weight and to the cross-sectional surface area of the cranial cruciate ligament.
Four groups of joints were used which were based on angle of the joint and time after slaughter that the test was made. Repeatability was determined by using paired joints from the same animals.
The results indicated a high degree of correlation between the tensile load of the cranial cruciate ligament and the animal's live body weight and the cross-sectional area of the ligament. There were no significant differences between the 4 groups tested and the repeatability was high for the tensile load, the tensile load per unit body weight, and the tensile load per unit cross-sectional area.
Effects of Succinylcholine on the Electroencephalogram of Dogs
Authors: Knecht Charles D. , Kazmierczak Kris , Katherman Anne E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Electroencephalograms of 20 dogs given succinylcholine and concurrent artificial respiration were recorded. The amplitudes of the fast activity of the electroencephalograms were approximately one-fifth that observed in awake dogs. In addition, the occurrence of slow waves (6 to 8 Hz) was more marked in those dogs treated with succinylcholine. Succinylcholine caused a low amplitude dominant activity with increased moderate amplitude low frequency waves.
Role of the Blood Platelet in the Pathogenesis and Complications of Experimental Myocardial Ischemia
Authors: Schneider Morris D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Because new evidence contradicts a classic concept that obstructive coronary thrombosis is a major cause of sudden unexpected coronary death, we investigated the dynamic nature of a triple-heiical collagen-platelet interaction in the systemic venous circulation of anesthetized/tranquilized guinea pigs. Five guinea pigs were iv injected with an aortic concentrate (457 μg/kg of body weight) containing intact native microfibrillar collagen. Dynamic changes in left ventricular pressure (lvp) and electromyocardial impulse formation and conduction (ecg) were monitored concurrently and constantly with a Grass polygraph for 30 minutes. Platelets in the systemic venous circulation reacted quickly when exposed to the collagen's stimulatory action. Two guinea pigs administered the collagen suspension died within 15 minutes. In one, a large lvp rise in millimeters of Hg (systolic/diastolic) pressure within approximately 30 s to 200/20 to 30 from a preinjection base line of 90 to 100/0 to 5 mm of Hg pressure was accompanied by a marked drop in the absolute platelet number in the circulation by 60 s. The lvp then partially receded within 40 s, but by 60 s was again elevated (200/30). By 2.25 minutes, lvp peaked (230/30); the ST-segment portion of the ecg tracings showed serious disruption in electrical conduction rhythm, and T-waves became isoelectric. In the next 3 to 10 minutes, lvp receded below base line (40/5). As lvp regressed, severe ecg conduction fiber disruptions (2:1 A-V block, 3:2 and 4:3 Wenckebach block) correlated positively with the presence of platelet aggregates in smaller arterial vessels in the lungs. In control guinea pige iv injected with heat-denatured aortic concentrate (15 mmutes at 100 C), platelets did not disappear from the circulation; changes were not detected in lvp and ecg tracings. We therefore propose that the swift lvp increase and the disruption of ecg conduction rhythm were caused by the biosynthesis and release of a burst of an ischemic chemical factor—a thromboxane A2-like substance produced by the fresh platelet aggregates in the lungs.
Effects of Tertiary Methods on Total Organic Carbon Removal in Saline, Closed-System Marine Mammal Pools
Authors: Adams Gary , Spotte Stephen 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Organic matter accumulates in marine mammal pools that are not diluted continuously with clean influent water. Some of this material may be carcinogenic or mutagenic. Four tertiary methods were tested for effectiveness in lowering the total organic carbon (toc) concentration in saline marine mammal pools. The toc concentration at the start of each trial is shown in parentheses. Ozonation alone in duplicate trials had no effect on toc during sequential contact periods of 25, 30, and 30 minutes (13.66 mg of toc/L of sample water) and 30, 30, and 30 minutes (12.85 mg of toc/L) when the dosage levels were 4.13, 4.03, and 4.52 mg of O3/L, respectively. Contacting marine mammal water with granular activated carbon in a single trial (12.91 mg of toc/L) removed approximately 37% of the toc in 10 minutes, but only an additional 11% was removed in 60 minutes. The amount removed in 10 minutes was equivalent to 20 days’ accumulation at previously determined rates of increase. Brief ozonation of the water, followed by contact with granular activated carbon, was the most effective method tested. When results of the duplicate trials (12.95 and 12.65 mg of toc/L) were averaged, the amounts of toc removed were 60% (5 minutes), 70% (10 minutes), and 78% (30 minutes). Two experiments using superchlorination (114 mg of free available chlorine/L of water contacted for 4.5 hours) reduced the toc concentration from 15.6 to 11.2 mg/L (28% reduction), and from 15.6 to 10.2 mg/L (35% reduction).
Cytoplasmic Blood Plasma Inclusions of Canine Hepatocytes Demonstration by Immunoperoxidase-Labeling Method
Authors: Abe Kenji , Shimoda Toshihiko , Shikata Toshio 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Cytoplasmic inclusions in canine hepatocytes were scattered abundantly throughout hepatic lobules. They were mainly round, measured 3 μm to 20 μm in diameter, stained eosinophilic with hematoxylin and eosin stain, and were positive for diastase-resistant periodic acid-Schiff and phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin stains. Immunoperoxidase staining revealed that most of the inclusions were positive for such blood plasma components as albumin, immunoglobulins G, Μ, A, and transferrin. Ultrastructurally, the inclusions were granular, floccular, fibrillar, or homogeneous with a low or high electron density. Fibrin fibers and erythrocytes were occasionally recognized in the inclusions. These inclusions were considered to have derived from engulfment of blood elements into hepatocytes, probably as a result of increase of the intrasinusoidal blood pressure.
Microhardness of Molar Teeth in Cattle with Fluorosis
Authors: Shearer T. R. , Britton J. L. , DeSart D. J. , Suttie J. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Cattle were fed forage containing fluoride at a yearly average of 40 mg of fluoride/kg of forage for 5 or 6 years from the time they were 4 months of age. A significant (P < 0.05) negative correlation was observed between the average microhardness of the 3rd premolar and 3rd molar enamel and the fluorosis score of the 2nd incisor. The microhardness of fluorotic outer molar enamel was only 41% of the microhardness values of enamel from control teeth not exposed to long-term fluoride, and electron probe microanalysis indicated increased fluoride concentrations in the molar coronal cementum, enamel, and dentin. Increased incisor fluorosis scores were diagnostic of softer molar enamel. When severe, such changes may have a detrimental effect on the proper mastication and subsequent nutrition of cattle with fluorosis.
Effects of Acetate on Absorption of Solute and Water from the Pig Colon
Authors: Crump M. H. , Argenzio R. A. , Whipp S. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The effect of acetate, at physiologic concentrations, on sodium and water absorption in the temporarily isolated colon of the conscious pig was studied with isotonic perfusion solutions buffered at pH 6.4 or 7.4, in which either chloride or acetate was present as the major anion. Sodium and water absorption was greater from the acetate solution when the pH was low; however, acetate reduced sodium and water absorption below that observed with the chloride solution when the pH was high. There were no significant differences observed in sodium or water absorption from the chloride solution at either pH. We conclude that the concentration of undissociated acetate influences sodium and water absorption in the colon of the pig. Such an effect may have important consequences on the reserve absorptive capacity of the colon in certain diarrheal diseases.
Ovarian Response to Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone in Postpartum Dairy Cows
Authors: Garverick H. A. , Elmore R. G. , Vaillancourt D. H. , Sharp A. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Laparotomies were performed on 17 lactating dairy cows, milked twice daily, 12 or 13 days after parturition to observe gross ovarian structures. Five cows were randomly given an im injection of saline solution and 12 cows were given 100 μg of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH). A 2nd laparotomy was performed 3 days later to observe changes in ovarian structures. In addition, the genital tract was palpated per rectum 5 to 8 days after the 2nd laparotomy, and blood samples for hormonal analysis were obtained prior to each laparotomy and palpation per rectum. Eight of 12 cows given GnRH and 2 of 5 cows given saline solution had developing corpora lutea with prominent ovulation papilla at the time of the 2nd laparotomy. Luteinized follicles were not observed. In GnRH-treated cows, 7 of 7 cows with follicles ≥ 15 mm ovulated after GnRH treatment compared (P < 0.01) with 1 of 5 cows with follicles ≤ 10 mm. Increase in plasma progesterone was not observed in GnRH-treated cows not ovulating. Thus, GnRH induced ovulation in postpartum dairy cows that had large follicles at the time of GnRH treatment.
Serum Digoxin Concentrations in Dogs Before, During, and After Concomitant Treatment with Phenobarbital
Authors: Pedersoli W. Μ. , Ganjam V. K. , Nachreiner R. F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Healthy dogs were treated once a day for 26 days with a liquid, oral dosage form of digoxin (0.022 mg/kg). From day 10 to 24 they were also given phenobarbital (12 mg/kg, sid, orally). Serum digoxin concentration was measured by a radioimmunoassay technique. Eight hours after the 2nd daily dose of digoxin had been administered, serum digoxin concentration was in the accepted therapeutic range. After 3 days of concomitant administration of digoxin and phenobarbital, serum digoxin concentration began to increase. Beginning on day 15 until day 24 (last day of combined digoxin and phenobarbital treatment), a significant (P < 0.05) increase in serum digoxin concentrations occurred. Blood urea nitrogen values remained within the normal limits throughout the study. There was no significant (P > 0.05) difference between base-line heart rate and P-R intervals and the values recorded during the investigation.
Serum Concentrations of Primidone and Its Metabolites, Phenylethylmalonamide and Phenobarbital, in the Dog
Authors: Yeary Roger A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The elimination of primidone, phenylethylmalonamide, and phenobarbital (administered iv) was studied in dogs. The elimination half-lives were primidone, 1.85 ± 0.3 (sem) hours; phenylethylmalonamide, 7.1 ± 1.45 hours; and phenobarbital, 40.9 ± 4.96 hours. Dogs given repeated oral doses of primidone for 14 or 21 days had smaller primidone serum concentrations after each dosing. Dogs given 1.0 g of primidone orally (59.2 decreasing to 50.5 mg/kg of body weight) for 21 days accumulated the phenobarbital metabolite with apparent steady-state concentrations of 10 to 20 μg/ml and phenylethylmalonamide in concentrations of 2 to 5 μg/ml. Serum primidone concentrations decreased after repeated dosing and were measurable in only 1 dog 24 hours after the 21st dose and peak concentrations of 4 to 7 μg/ml were measured at 4 hours after the 22nd dose.
Isolation of Yersinia enterocolitica from Selected Animal Species
Authors: Wooley R. E. , Shotts E. B. , McConnell J. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Yersinia enterocolitica was isolated from 5 of 1,002 fecal samples taken from laboratory rats and mice, hamsters, dogs, cats, pigs, cattle, horses, and deer. Two isolates were from dogs (2 of 202; 1%), and 1 from a pig (1 of 107; 0.9%). The 3 isolates were biotype 1. Atypical environmental Y enterocolitica was isolated from a cow (1 of 141; 0.7%) and a horse (1 of 101; 1%). Isolates were not recovered from the other animal species.
Ring-Stabilization Technique for Collection of Avian Air Sacs
Authors: Trampel D. W. , Fletcher O. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Histologic features of chicken air-sac membranes harvested with rings were compared with those of membranes collected on cards. Ring stabilization of the tissues throughout fixation, dehydration, and embedment was found to reduce markedly the artifacts and the loss of normal tissue architecture observed within the wall of card-collected air sacs.
Use of a Continuous Feline Cell Line for Virologic and Serologic Investigations of Bovine Leukemia Virus Infections
Authors: Van Der Maaten M. J. , Miller Janice M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Simple, practical, reproducible methods for the detection of bovine leukemia virus (blv) in peripheral blood leukocytes and blv-neutralizing antibodies in bovine sera are described. Virus detection is based on syncytium formation in transformed feline (F-81) cells. The use of multiwell culture plates provides practical benefits in testing large numbers of samples. Results obtained in 2 farm herds show that the agreement of serologic and virologie test results may vary considerably from herd to herd.
Experimentally Induced Caseous Lymphadenitis in Goats
Authors: Ashfaq M. K. , Campbell S. G. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Caseous lymphadenitis was experimentally induced in goats by inoculating 1 × 106 Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis by 3 routes: subcutaneous, intradermal, and submucosal. The incubation period for the development of abscesses in the present study ranged from 41 to 147 days, the average being 95.2 days. The shedding period for C pseudotuberculosis from opened abscesses ranged from 9 to 37 days, with an average of 20.3 days. The infection spread to mediastinal lymph nodes in 1 goat and to lumbar lymph nodes in 5 goats. None of the goats had abscesses in the mesenteric lymph nodes. Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis was recovered from all the abscessed lymph nodes but not from the feces or nasal secretions.
Activated Coagulation Time in Monitoring Heparinized Dogs
Authors: Green Robert A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Heparin was administered to normal dogs either iv or subcutaneously and the anticoagulant effects were monitored by determining prolongation of activated partial thromboplastin time (aptt) and activated coagulation time (act). Significant correlation was found between act and log aptt for all heparin doses. Intravenously administered heparin was rapidly cleared, with the anticoagulant effects lasting only 2 to 3 hours. One hour after iv heparin at dose levels of 100 and 200 U/kg was given, the aptt were prolonged to 1.8 and 2.8 × base-line values, respectively, whereas the act were prolonged to 1.4 and 1.6 × base-line values, respectively. Subcutaneously administered heparin was rapidly absorbed, approaching maximal anticoagulation by 2 hours. Thereafter, a fairly stable plateau of anticoagulation was maintained for 4 to 14 hours depending on dose. Two hours after administration of heparin dosages of 250, 500, 750, and 1,000 U/kg, the dog's aptt values were prolonged by 1.6, 2.4, 3.1, and 3.2 × base line, respectively. Corresponding values for act revealed prolongations of 1.3, 1.5,1.6, and 1.7 × base line. Considerable variation in aptt response to a given dose of heparin was noted, particularly in dogs given the higher heparin dosages. Subcutaneous heparin administration at a dosage of 500 U/kg maintained an aptt target value of 1.5 to 2.5 × base line for 8 hours. On the basis of the regression line equation, act = ™7.2 + 73.5 log aptt, act values corresponding to the aptt target value ranged from 92.2 to 108.5 s (1.23- to 1.45-fold base line). Monitoring anticoagulation in dogs given subcutaneous heparin is recommended at 2 hours to evaluate maximal anticoagulation effects and at 8 hours to evaluate minimal anticoagulation effects. The inexpensiveness, technical simplicity, and linear response to heparin support the use of act in monitoring heparinized dogs.
Study of Nictitating Membranes and Genitalia of Dogs with Reference to Lymphofollicular Hyperplasia and Its Cause
Authors: Jackson J. A. , Corstvet R. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Nictitating membranes of 12 dogs were excised and frozen to demonstrate, by the direct fluorescent antibody technique, the presence of a herpesvirus in the tissues. Smears and frozen sections were stained with fluorescein- conjugated canine herpesvirus antiserum. Attempts were made to demonstrate antibody to the virus in the serum of 29 dogs by the indirect fluorescent antibody technique. Serum samples were reacted with primary dog kidney cells infected with canine herpesvirus-205. Cells were then stained with fluorescein-conjugated rabbit anti-dog immunoglobulin G. Serum-neutralization tests were done with all serum samples giving a questionable-to-positive reaction in the indirect fluorescent antibody test.
Histopathologic sections were prepared of nictitating membranes from 12 dogs and were examined to determine tissue type. Plastic sections were prepared of specimens from 17 dogs. Abnormal-appearing specimens were resectioned and examined with an electron microscope. Conjunctival and genital membranes of 7 dogs were examined for chlamydia by direct smear and culture. Blood was collected from 6 other dogs, and the serum was examined for complement-fixing antibody to chlamydia.
Conjunctival and genital membranes of 12 dogs were examined culturally for mycoplasma and other bacterial agents. The membranes of 42 dogs were cultured for virus.
Transmission studies were done by inoculating normal animals with material from infected animals and by inoculating normal animals with the bacterial isolate Streptococcus canis. Dogs also were inoculated with canine herpesvirus for comparison studies.
Viral antigens were not seen in the tissue by direct fluorescent antibody tests, and antibody to the virus was not demonstrated by indirect fluorescent antibody tests. Study of histopathologic and plastic sections revealed the tissue to be predominately glandular rather than lymphoid.
Viral or chlamydial agents were not isolated. Mycoplasma and other bacterial isolates were not considered contributory to the problem. Transmission studies revealed that the condition was not transmissible to other dogs.
Adverse Effects Caused by Polypropylene and Polyvinyl Feline Urinary Catheters
Authors: Lees George E. , Osborne Carl A. , Stevens Jerry B. , Ward Gilbert E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Effects of 3 days of open indwelling urethral catheterization were evaluated in normal male cats. Commercially manufactured polypropylene and polyvinyl feline urinary catheters of sufficient length to permit constant urine drainage were compared. Catheters were similar in length, diameter, and design.
Hematuria occurred in 6 of 6 cats with polypropylene catheters and in 4 of 6 cats with polyvinyl catheters. For cats with polypropylene catheters, hematuria began within 24 hours of catheter insertion. Hematuria induced by polypropylene catheters was usually more severe in final urinalyses than that induced by polyvinyl catheters.
Catheter-induced bacteriuria was found in 5 of 6 cats with polypropylene catheters and in 3 of 6 cats with polyvinyl catheters. Staphylococci and streptococci were the most common bacterial isolates.
Microscopic lesions in urethras and bladders were significantly less severe in cats with polyvinyl catheters than cats with polypropylene catheters. With few exceptions, urethras of cats with polyvinyl catheters were microscopically indistinguishable from urethras of noncatheterized cats. Polypropylene catheters consistently induced urethritis which was most severe in some bacteriuric cats.
Severe lesions were found in the bladders of all cats with polypropylene catheters. Bladder lesions were common in cats with polyvinyl catheters, but were usually less severe than in cats with polypropylene catheters. There was no apparent relation between bacteriuria and bladder lesions.
Preliminary Investigation of a Possible Lung Worm (Parafilaroides decorus), Fish (Girella nigricans), and Marine Mammal (Callorhinus ursinus) Cycle for San Miguel Sea Lion Virus Type 5
Authors: Smith A. W. , Skilling D. E. , Brown R. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Colostrum-deprived neonatal Northern fur seal pups (Callorhinus ursinus) were exposed to San Miguel sea lion virus type 5 (smsv-5) by feeding them fish (Girella nigricans) infected with virus or fish infected with both the sea lion lung worm larvae (Parafilaroides decorus) and virus. Virus infection was demonstrated in 8 of 9 pups, and 1 of these developed a vesicular lesion on the flipper. In this sequence, P decorus larvae exposed to smsv-5 were fed to G nigricans held at 15 C in a salt water aquariums; 32 days later, these fish were killed, then fed to the fur seal pups. The vesicle developed 22 days subsequent to this and smsv-5 was reisolated from the lesion. The smsv-5 was shown to persist for at least 23 days in infected neonatal fur seals. Attempts to establish P decorus infection in Northern fur seal pups were apparently unsuccessful.
Hematologic Study of Effects of Levamisole on Stressed Cattle
Authors: Ziprin Richard L. , Steel Ellen G. , Petersen H. DelVar , Elissalde Marcel H. , McCartor Myron 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The effects of shipping stress, increased serum cortisol concentrations, and levamisole treatment on the hematologic values of cattle were studied. Complete blood counts were done on blood samples from 40 calves; samples were collected 9 times during a period that began immediately after the calves were weaned and continued through an auction barn-truck transport cycle plus 5 weeks. The object of the study was to determine whether the combination of shipping stress and levamisole treatment would alter the hematologic values (granulocytic series). There was no effect observed.
Biologic and Serologic Relationships Between Page’s and Sawata’s Serotypes of Haemophilus paragallinarum
Authors: Sawata Akira , Kume Katsumi , Nakase Yasukiyo 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Biologic and serologic relationships between Page’s serotypes A, B, and C and Sawata’s serotypes 1 and 2 of Haemophilus paragallinarum were investigated. Of the 7 Page’s serotype strains tested (which were biologically confirmed as H paragallinarum), serotype B strains Spross and 0222 (which produced a low-iridescent smooth-type colony) required V factor, but did not require chicken serum for growth. Serotype A strains 083, W, Georgia, and Germany and serotype C strain Modesto, as well as Sawata’s serotype 1 strain 221 and serotype 2 strain H-18 (which produced a high-iridescent smooth-type colony) required V factor and chicken serum for growth.
Strains 083, W, Georgia, and Germany of Page’s serotype A and Modesto strain of serotype C, as well as strain 221 of Sawata’s serotype 1 and H-18 of serotype 2, had a heat-labile, trypsin-sensitive L antigen. Because serotype A strains had serotype 1-specific antigen and common L antigen, which is shared by serotypes 1 and 2, these strains corresponded to Sawata’s serotype 1. Serotype C strain Modesto, which had serotype 2-specific antigen and common L antigen, corresponded to serotype 2. However, serotype B strains Spross and 0222 lacked serotype B-specific L antigen, and were not typeable.