bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social Status as a Predictor of Race and Gender Stereotypes in Late Childhood and Early Adolescence
Authors: Rowley Stephanie J. , Kurtz‐Costes Beth , Mistry Rashmita , Feagans Laura 
Published: January 2007

AbstractWe examined race and gender stereotypes in fourth‐, sixth‐ and eighth‐grade White and Black children. The participants reported their perceptions of the competence of Black, White, female and male children in academic domains, sports and music. In general, low‐status groups (girls and Black children) did not endorse stereotypes that reflected negatively on their own group but were likely to report stereotypes that favored their social group. High‐status groups (boys and Whites) endorsed most traditional stereotypes, whether negative or positive, for their social group. Where age differences appeared, older children were more likely than younger children to report traditional stereotypes and status effects were more pronounced. The results are discussed in terms of group enhancement and relationships between social stereotypes and self‐views.
Effect of Sociocultural Context and Parenting Style on Scholastic Achievement among Iranian Adolescents
Authors: Assadi Seyed Mohammad , Zokaei Nayereh , Kaviani Hossein , Mohammadi Mohammad Reza , Ghaeli Padideh , Gohari Mahmood Reza , Van De Vijver Fons J. R. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSchool grades, family demographics and responses to the parental authority questionnaire were assessed in 240 eighth‐grade students in the southern, central and northern parts of Tehran, Iran's capital. The result showed that poorer families with traditional values had more authoritarian attitudes toward parenting than richer families with more modern values. In contrast to the studies conducted in East Asian societies, the current study found that authoritative parenting was the style associated with the highest academic outcome. Tests of mediation and moderation effects showed that the relation between parenting style and academic outcome was independent of sociocultural context.
Biased Mentalizing in Children Aged Seven to 11: Latent Class Confirmation of Response Styles to Social Scenarios and Associations with Psychopathology
Authors: Sharp Carla , Croudace Tim J. , Goodyer Ian M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA new approach to the measurement of mentalizing is introduced. Instead of measuring the presence or absence of mentalizing capacity, the current study aimed at developing a mentalizing task that focuses on investigating biases in mentalizing through the use of ambiguous peer‐related social scenarios. The response consistency of 659 children was investigated in a community sample of children aged seven to 11. Confirmatory latent class analysis allocated children to three groups on the basis of their responses: an overly positive style (OP), a rational/neutral style (R) or an overly negative style (ON). Children classed as OP showed a greater likelihood of being above cut‐off on a population screen for externalizing disorder. Over a two‐year follow‐up period, the children who were classified as R were most likely to remain so whereas the OP and ON children were found to change group. The results are discussed in the context of social‐cognitive research in this age group. Further studies should examine the external validity of the mentalizing task because the results reported here concern only internal construct validity.
Photodynamic therapy: update 2006 Part 1: Photochemistry and photobiology
Authors: Calzavara‐Pinton PG , Venturini M , Sala R 
Published: January 2007

AbstractPhotodynamic therapy (PDT) is a two‐step therapeutic technique in which the topical or systemic delivery of photosensitizing drugs is followed by irradiation with visible light. Activated photosensitizers transfer energy to molecular oxygen, generating reactive oxygen species (ROS). The subsequent oxidation of lipids, amino acids and proteins induces cell necrosis and apoptosis. In addition, ROS indirectly stimulate the transcription and release of inflammatory mediators. The photosensitizers are selective, in that they penetrate and accumulate in tumour cells or in the endothelium of newly formed vessels while generally avoiding the surrounding healthy tissue. The mechanisms of penetration through the cell membrane and the pattern of subcellular localization strongly influence the type of cellular effect.The photobiology and photoimmunology of the haematoporphyrin (Hp) derivative and its purified, lyophilized and concentrated form porfimer sodium have been investigated over the past 30 years. However, interest in PDT in dermatology was not raised until the 1990s with the availability of a simple and effective technique, the topical application of aminolaevulinic acid (ALA) and its methyl ester (methyl aminolaevulinate, MAL) followed by irradiation with broadband red light. At the same time, several new ‘second‐generation’ synthetic sensitizers (e.g. benzoporphyrin derivatives, phthalocyanines, chlorins and porphycenes) became available. These compounds are chemically pure, highly efficient, selective and safe, while offering the advantage that the generalized skin photosensitivity they produce lasts for only a short time. They are currently under clinical evaluation but have not yet been approved for clinical use.This paper provides an overview of the chemistry of the photosensitizers, the photobiology and photoimmunology of the photodynamic reaction as well as the photophysical characteristics of the light sources available for PDT.
Evaluation of quality of life in patients with toenail onychomycosis by Polish version of an international onychomycosis‐specific questionnaire
Authors: Szepietowski JC , Reich A , Pacan P , Garlowska E , Baran E ,   on behalf of the Polish Onychomycosis Study Group
Published: January 2007

AbstractBackground  Onychomycosis is the most frequent nail disease, which could impair the patient's quality of life.Objective  The present study was undertaken to evaluate the impact of toenail onychomycosis on quality of life among Polish population.Patients and methods  Three thousand nine‐hundred and four (3904: 2269 females and 1635 males) individuals fulfilled an international onychomycosis‐specific quality‐of‐life questionnaire consisting of statements regarding social, emotional and symptoms problems. All patients had toenail onychomycosis confirmed by the positive direct microscopic examination and/or by the positive mycologic culture. Seven hundred and sixty‐seven patients simultaneously had fingernail onychomycosis. All patients were divided into subgroups according to sex, age, education level, place of living, type of onychomycosis, number of involved toenails, fingernails involvement, duration of illness and previously used antimycotic therapy.Results  Most of the patients demonstrated significantly reduced quality of life. The degree of life impairment varied between analysed subgroups. Patients with more advanced toenail onychomycosis and with fingernail involvement were more seriously affected. Both social and emotional impairments were more pronounced in female than in male patients, although there were no differences according to symptoms. Moreover, patients with better educational level and people living in towns or cities were more emotionally and socially affected by onychomycosis, although people living in the country or with poorer education level presented with significantly more severe symptoms.Conclusions  Toenail onychomycosis is still a serious medical problem, which can significantly reduce the patient's quality of life.
Combination of 308‐nm xenon chloride excimer laser and topical calcipotriol in vitiligo
Authors: Goldinger SM , Dummer R , Schmid P , Burg G , Seifert B , Läuchli S 
Published: January 2007

AbstractBackground   A large variety of therapeutic agents are being used for the treatment of vitiligo, but treatment remains a challenge. Recently, monochromatic phototherapies such as 311‐nm narrowband ultraviolet B therapy and 308‐nm xenon chloride excimer laser have been reported to be an effective and safe therapeutic option in children and adult patients with vitiligo. Single reports stipulate that the addition of topically applied calcipotriol to phototherapy increases its effectiveness.Objective  The purpose of the present pilot study was to determine if the addition of topical calcipotriol increases the efficacy of the 308‐nm xenon chloride excimer in the treatment of vitiligo.Methods  Ten patients with vitiligo with essentially bilateral symmetrical lesions were enrolled in this prospective right/left comparative, single‐blinded trial conducted over a 15‐month period. All patients received 308‐nm XeCl excimer laser therapy three times weekly. Calcipotriol ointment (Daivonex®) was applied to lesions on one side of the body twice daily.Results  After 24 treatments (8 weeks), nine patients were evaluated. Eight patients showed evidence of repigmentation on both body sides, with no significant difference between the body side treated with calcipotriol and excimer laser and the side treated with excimer laser alone. The mean repigmentation rate was 22.4% (1– 37%).Conclusion  The addition of calcipotriol ointment to 308‐nm xenon chloride excimer laser phototherapy does not significantly enhance its efficacy. Small additive effects must be investigated in a larger trial.
Photodynamic therapy: update 2006 Part 2: Clinical results
Authors: Calzavara‐Pinton PG , Venturini M , Sala R 
Published: January 2007

AbstractIn several randomized, controlled studies, the application of a standard preparation containing methyl‐aminolevulinate (MAL; Metvix®, Galderma, F), followed by red light irradiation proved effective and well tolerated in the treatment of actinic keratosis and basal cell carcinoma, and has now been approved for clinical use in European countries. A brand name aminolevulinic acid (ALA) solution (Levulan Kerastick®, Dusa Pharmaceuticals Inc., Wilmington, MA) plus blue light exposure has been approved for the treatment of actinic keratosis in the USA. Randomized and controlled studies have shown that MAL as well as ALA are also effective in the treatment of Bowen's disease. In addition, a large and growing number of open studies or case reports have evaluated its use in the treatment of a broad range of other neoplastic, inflammatory and infectious skin diseases. However, efficacy and definite advantages over standard therapies remain to be clarified because the experimental design of these studies was often poor, the number of enrolled patients was generally low, and the follow‐up was shorter than 12 months. However, these studies have suggested a few possible clinical applications worthy of further investigation. A growing number of laboratory and clinical findings suggest that several new synthetic sensitizers, besides ALA and MAL, may be helpful in the treatment of non‐melanoma skin cancers, melanoma metastasis, and selected inflammatory and infective skin diseases. These compounds are deliverable intravenously, have short half‐lives both in the blood and skin, and are highly efficient. However, they are as of yet not approved for clinical use.
Infectious complications and managements for surgical site infections in genital Paget's disease
Authors: Yamasaki O , Asagoe K , Otsuka M , Oono T , Iwatsuki K 
Published: January 2007

AbstractBackground  Extramammary Paget's disease is an intra‐epidermal carcinoma that occurs preferentially in genital areas. Patients with genital Paget's disease (GPD) sometimes develop severe post‐surgical infections because of this anatomical disadvantage.Objective  To study perioperative micro‐organisms and surgical site infection (SSI) in GPD.Methods  We examined micro‐organisms isolated from preoperative lesions, necrotic sites and infected wounds in 60 adult patients with GPD who underwent surgery at our hospital between November 1990 and December 2005. Based on the obtained microbiological data, we assessed the incidence, risk factors and treatment of SSI.Results  The colonized organisms found in preoperative GPD were Enterobacteriaceae (27.6%), methicillin‐sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) (22.4%) and coagulase‐negative staphylococci (CNS) (15.5%), among others. In the postoperative necrotic sites, the frequency of MSSA isolation was reduced to 9.4%, while Pseudomonas aeruginosa and methicillin‐resistant S. aureus (MRSA) both increased in frequency from 3.4% and 0% upon preoperative examination to 18.8% and 9.4%, respectively. The incidence of SSI was 15%. In 7 of 9 SSIs, MRSA and/or P. aeruginosa were isolated.Conclusion  We have successfully identified a number of perioperative micro‐organisms in GPD. The present observations may be extremely useful in choosing appropriate antimicrobial agents for use in the surgical treatment of GPD.
The increase in tryptase‐ and chymase‐positive mast cells is associated with partial inactivation of chymase and increase in protease inhibitors in basal cell carcinoma
Authors: Diaconu N‐C , Kaminska R , Naukkarinen A , Harvima RJ , Harvima IT 
Published: January 2007

AbstractBackground  In basal cell carcinoma (BCC), mast cells accumulate in the peritumoral stroma. The serine proteinases tryptase and chymase are the major mediators in mast cell granules and they may exert their enzymatic activity in the BCC lesion by inducing matrix remodeling and epithelial cell detachment.Objective  To analyse the numbers of mast cells showing tryptase enzyme activity, chymase enzyme activity and chymase immunoreactivity as well as the presence of chymase inhibitors α1‐antichymotrypsin (α1‐AC), α1‐proteinase inhibitor (α1‐PI) and squamous cell carcinoma antigen‐2 (SCCA‐2) in BCC.Methods  Eleven biopsies were taken from the lesion and healthy‐looking skin of 10 patients with superficial spreading BCC. The frozen biopsies were analysed enzyme‐ and immunohistochemically, and a sequential double‐staining method was applied.Results  In the BCC lesion, the number of mast cells with tryptase activity and chymase immunoreactivity was significantly increased by 2.2‐ to 2.3‐fold. Practically all tryptase‐immunopositive cells contained tryptase activity although occasional tryptase‐immunopositive cells (about 1% of total) revealed no activity. However, the ratio of cells with chymase activity to those with chymase immunoreactivity was significantly decreased from 49 ± 19% in the healthy skin to 33 ± 19% in the BCC lesion. Instead, the percentage of mast cells displaying α1‐AC or α1‐PI immunoreactivity was significantly increased by 1.7‐fold in the BCC lesion. SCCA‐2 expression was strongly increased in the malignant BCC epithelium but mostly in the suprabasal layers.Conclusions  Tryptase‐ and chymase‐positive mast cells (MCTC) increased in the BCC lesion. However, chymase is partially inactivated, possibly by the effective chymase inhibitors α1‐AC and α1‐PI. SCCA‐2 increased in BCC, but was localized mostly to the suprabasal layers, and thus it seems not to be crucial in inhibiting chymase.
Allergy to peanut oil – clinically relevant?
Authors: Ring J , Möhrenschlager M 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe increasing prevalence of food allergies (especially allergy to peanuts) has led to a discussion of how safe topical preparations containing peanut oil are with respect to allergy.The major allergens from peanuts are proteins that have been characterized at a molecular level and cloned. Clinical signs of peanut allergy symptoms can be observed on the skin (urticaria), or in the gastrointestinal and/or respiratory tract culminating in cardiovascular symptoms and anaphylactic reactions. In most cases, symptoms are elicited by oral uptake; rarely, a contact urticaria has been described. In vegetable oils, the contents of protein differ depending on the production process: crude oils contain approximately 100 times more proteins than refined oils. This has clear‐cut implications for allergic individuals. Quantitative data are available regarding elicitation of symptoms in allergic individuals with a threshold dose of 0.1–1 mg peanut allergen in oral provocation tests. There are anecdotal reports of adverse reactions after topical use of peanut oils. In one epidemiological trial, an association between topical use of skin care products containing peanut oil and the development of peanut allergy was observed; however, the data reflect a retrospective analysis without specifying skin care products containing peanut oil and also without analysing the quantity of topicals used. In contrast, oral tolerance was prevented and allergic sensitization was enhanced in a mouse model using high concentrations of peanut protein. So far, no reliable data are available regarding doses required to induce sensitization against peanut allergen via the epidermal route. A possible induction of sensitization against peanut proteins through contact with the skin via skin care products and the respective protein concentrations is a matter of speculation. Patients with atopic diseases, namely eczema, need appropriate skin care because of the disturbed skin barrier function. The benefit of avoiding damage to skin barrier functions of atopic individuals by the use of peanut protein‐containing skin care products seems to outweigh possible risks of sensitization and/or allergy induction against substances contained in those products containing refined peanut oil.
Effects of fat on the properties of halloumi cheese
Authors: THEOPHILOU PANAYIOTA , WILBEY R ANDREW 
Published: January 2007

Halloumi cheese was produced from 11 bovine milks with fat contents of 1.61–4.04%, giving a range of 32–53% fat in dry matter (FDM) in the cheeses. Starter culture and/or microparticulated whey protein (Simplesse

®

100(E)) was also added to selected batches of milk. Hardness decreased with increasing FDM, with increase in moisture and with lower pH. On sensory evaluation, there was an increase in preference score with FDM (R2 = 0.8). Inclusion of microparticulated whey protein may have had a fat mimetic effect, as preference scores otherwise decreased with increasing protein levels (R2 = 0.75).
Development of an Oriental‐style dairy product coagulated by microcapsules containing probiotics and filtrates from fermented rice
Authors: SU LIEH‐CHI , LIN CHIN‐WEN , CHEN MING‐JU 
Published: January 2007

The objectives of this study were to microencapsulate both probiotics and culture filtrates by spray drying to maintain enzyme activity and probiotic viability during storage. Thus, probiotics and culture filtrates from lao‐chao were microencapsulated by spray drying with various outlet air temperatures, and the milk‐clotting activity, survival of probiotics and physical properties of the microcapsules were determined. The end purpose was to create easy‐to‐use probiotic Kou Woan Loa cultures. In the near future, manufacturing probiotic Kou Woan Loa could be carried out by simply mixing milk with 5% microcapsules and waiting for 1 h for coagulation, which would be time saving and convenient. The present study has shown that microencapsulation of Lactobacillus acidophilus BCRC 14079, Bifidobacterium longum BCRC 14605 and culture filtrates from lao‐chao by spray drying could provide a good protection for both milk‐clotting enzymes and probiotics. The average of microcapsules size and density was 10 µm and 1.68 g/cm3, respectively. An increase in the microencapsulation efficiency of microcapsules and lower water activity was found when the outlet air temperature was raised. However, the survival of L. acidophilus and B. longum was reduced as the outlet air temperature increased. The numbers of probiotics were maintained above the recommended therapeutic minimum (107 cfu/g) throughout storage.
Property changes and cholesterol‐lowering effects in evening primrose oil‐enriched and cholesterol‐reduced yogurt
Authors: LEE SU‐JEONG , HWANG JI‐HYUN , LEE SEONG , AHN JOUNGJWA , KWAK HAE‐SOO 
Published: January 2007

The present study was carried out to investigate the changes in chemical and sensory properties and the cholesterol‐lowering effect of evening primrose oil (EPO) addition to cholesterol‐reduced yogurt. The rate of cholesterol removal reached 93.5% by β‐cyclodextrin in yogurt before EPO addition. pH, viscosity and microbial counts decreased with amounts of EPO added. The thiobarbituric acid value of cholesterol‐reduced and EPO‐enriched yogurt increased proportionally to length of storage period and amount of EPO addition, and it was significantly different between the EPO‐enriched groups than in unenriched groups in all storage periods. The production of short‐chain free fatty acids (FFA) increased with longer periods of storage. From 6 days’ storage, the amounts of short‐chain FFA in 6 and 10% EPO‐enriched groups were significantly different from other groups. Most sensory scores of 2% EPO‐enriched group were not significantly different from those of the control, whereas 6 and 10% EPO addition showed an adverse effect on sensory analysis. In blood analysis, the total cholesterol increase after 8 weeks’ feeding was dramatically lowered to 39.2% in the 10% EPO‐enriched group from 57.7% in the control. In addition, the concentration of blood triglyceride increased in the control, whereas it decreased in the 10% EPO‐enriched group. The above results indicated that EPO addition resulted in a profound lowering effect in blood lipids, although it adversely affected some sensory properties.
Optimizing cholesterol removal from cream using β‐cyclodextrin cross‐linked with adipic acid
Authors: HAN EUN‐MI , KIM SONG‐HEE , AHN JOUNGJWA , KWAK HAE‐SOO 
Published: January 2007

The present study was carried out to optimize the different conditions for cross‐linked β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) using adipic acid on cholesterol removal in cream. Different factors were β‐CD concentration, mixing temperature, mixing time and mixing speed. Cross‐linked β‐CD was prepared with adipic acid. When the cream was treated with 10% cross‐linked β‐CD, cholesterol removal was the highest at 90.7%, which was not significantly different from treatments with 15% and 20% cross‐linked β‐CD. Cholesterol removal was significantly influenced by mixing temperature, mixing time and mixing speed. After cholesterol removal from cream, the used cross‐linked β‐CD was washed for cholesterol dissociation and reused. For recycling study, the cholesterol removal in first trial was 91.5%, which was mostly same as that using new cross‐linked β‐CD. However, after 10 repeated trials using the same sample, only 83.4% of the cholesterol was removed from cream. Therefore, the present study indicated that the optimum conditions for cholesterol removal using cross‐linked β‐CD were 10%β‐CD addition, 30 min mixing with 1400 r.p.m. speed at 40°C with over 90% cholesterol removal. In addition, recycled β‐CD cross‐linked with adipic acid showed a similarly high recycling efficiency to unused β‐CD of about 90% up to the seventh trial.
Correlation study between standard plate count and flow cytometry for determination of raw milk total bacterial count
Authors: CASSOLI LAERTE DAGHER , MACHADO PAULO FERNANDO , DE OLIVEIRA RODRIGUES ANA CAROLINA , COLDEBELLA ARLEI 
Published: January 2007

Milk samples were collected in the dry season (n = 155) and in the rainy season (n = 68) to establish a correlation between electronic flow cytometry and standard plate count for the determination of total bacterial count of raw milk. Results were expressed in individual bacterial count (ibc) and colony forming unit (cfu) for electronic flow cytometry (Bactocount) and standard plate count, respectively. The accuracy of Bactocount, denoted by the residual standard deviation (s(y,x)), was 0.309 log cfu/mL. The predictive interval of estimated values was broad and it is suggested that total bacterial count should be expressed in ibc without transformation to cfu.