bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ovine Enzootic Abortion (OEA): a comparison of antibody responses in vaccinated and naturally-infected swiss sheep over a two year period
Authors: Gerber Andrea , Thoma Ruedi , Vretou Evangelia , Psarrou Evgenia , Kaiser Carmen , Doherr Marcus G , Zimmermann Dieter R , Polkinghorne Adam , Pospischil Andreas , Borel Nicole 
Published: September 2007

AbstractBackgroundPrevention and control of ovine enzootic abortion (OEA) can be achieved by application of a live vaccine. In this study, five sheep flocks with different vaccination and infection status were serologically tested using a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) specific forChlamydophila (Cp.) abortusover a two-year time period.ResultsSheep in Flock A with recent OEA history had high antibody values after vaccination similar to Flock C with naturalCp. abortusinfections. In contrast, OEA serology negative sheep (Flock E) showed individual animal-specific immunoreactions after vaccination. Antibody levels of vaccinated ewes in Flock B ranged from negative to positive two and three years after vaccination, respectively. Positive antibody values in the negative control Flock D (without OEA or vaccination) are probably due to asymptomatic intestinal infections withCp. abortus. Excretion of the attenuated strain ofCp. abortusused in the live vaccine through the eye was not observed in vaccinated animals of Flock E.ConclusionThe findings of our study indicate that, using serology, no distinction can be made between vaccinated and naturally infected sheep. As a result, confirmation of a negative OEA status in vaccinated animals by serology cannot be determined.
Immunohistological assessment of the synovial tissue in small joints in rheumatoid arthritis: validation of a minimally invasive ultrasound-guided synovial biopsy procedure
Authors: Scirè Carlo Alberto , Epis Oscar , Codullo Veronica , Humby Frances , Morbini Patrizia , Manzo Antonio , Caporali Roberto , Pitzalis Costantino , Montecucco Carlomaurizio 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to perform an immunohistological assessment of the synovial tissue from involved small joints in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and to explore the reliability of a mini-invasive ultrasound (US)-guided technique of small joint synovial biopsy for the histopathological assessment. Synovial tissue collected during arthrotomic surgery of small joints in nine patients served as the gold standard for the validation of the histological assessment. Small hand-joint synovial biopsies from an additional nine patients with erosive RA were obtained by a mini-invasive US-guided procedure, performed percutaneously by the portal and rigid forceps technique. Using digital image analysis, the area fractions of synovial macrophages (CD68 cells), T cells (CD3 cells) and B cells (CD20 cells) were measured in all high-power fields of every sample at different cutting levels. The representative sample was defined as the minimal number of high-power fields whose mean area fraction would reflect the overall mean area fraction within a percentage mean difference of 10%. For each patient, a range of three to five large samples for surgical biopsies and a range of 8–12 samples for US-guided biopsies were collected and analysed. In arthrotomic samples, the analysis of a randomly selected tissue area of 2.5 mm2 was representative of the overall value for CD68, CD3 and CD20 cells. US-guided samples allowed histological evaluation in 100% of cases, with a mean valid area of 18.56 mm2 (range 7.29–38.28 mm2). The analysis of a cumulative area of 2.5 mm2 from eight randomly selected sections (from different samples or from different cutting levels) allowed to reduce the percentage mean difference to less than 10% for CD68, CD3 and CD20 cells. In conclusion, US-guided synovial biopsy represents a reliable tool for the assessment of the histopathological features of RA patients with a mini-invasive approach.
A case study of the reproducibility of transcriptional reporter cell-based RNAi screens in Drosophila
Authors: DasGupta Ramanuj , Nybakken Kent , Booker Matthew , Mathey-Prevot Bernard , Gonsalves Foster , Changkakoty Binita , Perrimon Norbert 
Published: September 2007

AbstractOff-target effects have been demonstrated to be a major source of false-positives in RNA interference (RNAi) high-throughput screens. In this study, we re-assess the previously published transcriptional reporter-based whole-genome RNAi screens for the Wingless and Hedgehog signaling pathways using second generation double-stranded RNA libraries. Furthermore, we investigate other factors that may influence the outcome of such screens, including cell-type specificity, robustness of reporters, and assay normalization, which determine the efficacy of RNAi-knockdown of target genes.
Clozapine: national review of postcode prescribing
Authors: Downs Johnny , Zinkler Martin 
Published: September 2007

Aims and MethodWe review the prescribing rates for clozapine among all mental health trusts in England and explore whether it has changed with the introduction of NICE guidelines, generic clozapine and the Healthcare Commission ratings. Data were collected from mental health trusts in 2005–2006 and compared with a previous study from 2000. Mental health star ratings of 2004–2005 were taken from the Healthcare Commission.ResultsWe found a reduced inter-trust variability from 34-fold variation in 2000 to 5-fold variation in 2005–2006. There was a significant inverse relationship between star rating and clozapine prescribing.Clinical ImplicationsNICE guidelines and generic clozapine seem to have improved access to gold standard therapy for treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Star ratings have little bearing on the implementation of NICE guidelines.
Phosphorylation of Steroidogenic Factor 1 Is Mediated by Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 7
Authors: Lewis Aurélia E. , Rusten Marte , Hoivik Erling A. , Vikse Elisabeth L. , Hansson Magnus L. , Wallberg Annika E. , Bakke Marit 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe nuclear receptor steroidogenic factor-1 (SF1) is critical for development and function of steroidogenic tissues. Posttranslational modifications are known to influence the transcriptional capacity of SF1, and it was previously demonstrated that serine 203 is phosphorylated. In this paper we report that serine 203 is phosphorylated by a cyclin-dependent kinase 7 (CDK7)-mediated process. As part of the CDK-activating kinase complex, CDK7 is a component of the basal transcription factor TFIIH, and phosphorylation of SF1 as well as SF1-dependent transcription was clearly reduced in cells carrying a mutation that renders the CDK-activating kinase complex unable to interact with the TFIIH core. Coimmunoprecipitation analyses revealed that SF1 and CDK7 reside in the same complex, and kinase assays demonstrated that immunoprecipitated CDK7 and purified TFIIH phosphorylate SF1 in vitro. The CDK inhibitor roscovitine blocked phosphorylation of SF1, and an inactive form of CDK7 repressed the phosphorylation level and the transactivation capacity of SF1. Structural studies have identified phosphoinositides as potential ligands for SF1. Interestingly, we found that mutations designed to block phospholipid binding dramatically decreased the level of SF1 phosphorylation. Together our results suggest a connection between ligand occupation and phosphorylation and association with the basic transcriptional machinery, indicating an intricate regulation of SF1 transactivation.
Stealth and non-stealth nanocapsules containing camptothecin: in-vitro and in-vivo activity on B16-F10 melanoma
Authors: Loch-Neckel Gecioni , Nemen Daiane , Puhl Ana Cristina , Fernandes Daniel , Stimamiglio Marco Augusto , Silva Márcio Alvarez , Hangai Mirela , Silva Maria Claúdia Santos , Lemos-Senna Elenara 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Camptothecin (CPT) is an alkaloid that displays considerable antitumour activity, but clinical use has been limited by its poor water solubility and the instability of the lactone moiety (active form) in physiological media. We have therefore formulated the drug into nanocarrier systems in an attempt to improve its therapeutic properties. This study evaluates the effect of intraperitoneally administered stealth and non-stealth nanocapsules containing CPT on lung metastatic spread in mice inoculated with B16-F10 melanoma cells, and on the cytotoxic activity against B16-F10 melanoma cells in-vitro. Poly (d,l-lactide) PLA (non-stealth) and methoxy polyethylene glycol-(d,l-lactide) (PLA-PEG) (stealth) nanocapsules (49 and 66.6 kDa) were prepared by interfacial deposition of preformed polymer. CPT, as free drug or as drug-loaded nanocapsules, was administrated at a dose of 0.5 mg kg−1 at 3-day intervals for 17 days. Free drug and CPT-loaded nanocapsules reduced the number of metastatic nodules by 45.09–91.76% (P &lt; 0.05 vs positive control). However, only CPT-loaded PLA-PEG 49 kD nanocapsules significantly decreased the number of lung metastases when compared with free drug (P &lt; 0.05). The administration of CPT-loaded nanocapsules and free drug did not result in neutropenia at the administered dose. The improved effectiveness of pegylated nanocapsules was attributed to protection of the drug by nanoencapsulation and to reduced uptake of particles by macrophages located in the lymph nodes. This assumption was supported by the in-vitro study, in which both PLA and 49 kDa PLA-PEG nanocapsules containing CPT were more cytotoxic than the free drug against B16-F10 melanoma cells.
Effect of orally administered Eriobotrya japonica seed extract on allergic contact dermatitis in rats
Authors: Sun Guangchen , Zhang Yixiu , Takuma Daisuke , Onogawa Masahide , Yokota Junko , Hamada Atsuhide , Yoshioka Saburo , Kusunose Masahiko , Miyamura Mitsuhiko , Kyotani Shojiro , Nishioka Yutaka 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The anti-allergic activity of Eriobotrya japonica seeds extract (ESE) was investigated. Oral administration of ESE dramatically inhibited ear swelling due to allergic contact dermatitis caused by repeated application of two antigens, 4-ethoxymethylene-2-phenyl-2-oxazolin-5-one (oxazolone) and dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB), respectively. The increase of histamine content in inflamed ear tissue induced by oxazolone and DNFB was significantly antagonized by orally administered ESE. Eosinophil peroxidase and myeloperoxidase activity in both models was suppressed by orally administered ESE. Tumour necrosis factor-α in the inflamed region caused by repeated application of DNFB was also significantly suppressed. The findings suggest that ESE may be effective for treating allergic contact dermatitis.
D-003 does not possess oestrogenic potential in-vivo: findings of the uterotrophic assay
Authors: Noa Miriam , Mendoza Sarahí , Mas Rosa , Gámez Rafael , Valle Maikel , Pardo Balia , Gutiérrez Ariadne , Mendoza Nilda 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
D-003 is a mixture of long-chain fatty acids purified from sugarcane wax that inhibits both cholesterol synthesis prior to mevalonate formation, and lipid peroxidation. D-003 has been shown to prevent bone loss and bone resorption in ovariectomized rats, and significantly improves bone resorption markers in postmenopausal women with reduced bone mineral density. As hormone-replacement therapy, D-003 displays cholesterol-lowering and anti-resorptive effects. We have studied its potential oestrogenic activity in-vivo using the uterotrophic assay. Rats were randomly distributed into five groups: a sham-operated group and four groups of ovariectomized rats, one treated with vehicle, one with D-003 (50 mg kg−1), one with oestradiol benzoate (30 μg kg−1) and one with D-003 (50 mg kg−1) plus oestradiol benzoate (30 μg kg−1). Treatments were administered for 14 days. Ovariectomy decreased the values of relative uterus weight, epithelium cell height and endometrial thickness compared with sham-operated rats, and these effects were all significantly reduced with oestradiol benzoate, but not with D-003. Concurrent administration of D-003 and oestradiol benzoate had statistically similar effects on all variables as oestradiol benzoate alone. In conclusions, D-003 orally given at 50 mg kg−1, a dose that prevents bone loss and bone resorption in ovariectomized rats, did not display oestrogenic/anti-oestrogenic activity in-vivo, as assessed in the uterotrophic assay.
Computational modelling of convective heat transfer in a simulated engine cooling gallery
Authors: Robinson K , Wilson M , Leathard M J , Hawley J G 
Published: September 2007

Experimental data from internal combustion (IC) engines suggests that the use of proprietary computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes for the prediction of coolant-side heat transfer within IC engine coolant jackets often results in underprediction of the convective heat transfer coefficient. An experimental and computational study, based on a coolant gallery simulator rig designed specifically to reproduce realistic IC engine operating conditions, has been conducted to explore this issue. It is shown that the standard ‘wall function’ approach normally used in CFD models to model near-wall conditions does not adequately represent some features of the flow that are relevant in convective heat transfer. Alternative modelling approaches are explored to account for these shortcomings and an empirical approach is shown to be successful; however, the methodology is not easily transferable to other situations.
Thawing the frozen shoulder
Authors: Quraishi N. A. , Johnston P. , Bayer J. , Crowe M. , Chakrabarti A. J. 
Published: September 2007

This study prospectively evaluated the outcome of manipulation under anaesthesia and hydrodilatation as treatments for adhesive capsulitis. A total of 36 patients (38 shoulders) were randomised to receive either method, with all patients being treated in stage II of the disease process. The mean age of the patients was 55.2 years (44 to 70) and the mean duration of symptoms was 33.7 weeks (12 to 76). Eighteen shoulders (17 patients) underwent manipulation under anaesthesia and 20 (19 patients) had hydrodilatation. There were three insulin-dependent diabetics in each group. The mean visual analogue score in the manipulation under anaesthesia group was 5.7 (3 to 8.5; n = 18) before treatment, 4.7 (0 to 8.5; n = 16) at two months (paired t-test p = 0.02), and 2.7 (0 to 9; n = 16) at six months (paired t-test, p = 0.0006). The mean score in the hydrodilatation group was 6.1 (4 to 10; n = 20) before treatment, 2.4 (0 to 8; n = 18) at two months (paired t-test, p = 0.001), and 1.7 (0 to 7; n = 18) at six months (paired t-test, p = 0.0006). The visual analogue scores in the hydrodilatation group were significantly better than in the manipulation under anaesthesia group over the six-month follow-up period (p < 0.0001). The mean Constant score in those manipulated was 36 (26 to 66) before treatment, 58.5 (24 to 90) at two months (paired t-test, p = 0.001) and 59.5 (23 to 85) at six months (paired t-test, p = 0.0006). In the hydrodilatation group it was 28.8 (18 to 55) before treatment, 57.4 (17 to 80) at two months (paired t-test, p = 0.0004) and 65.9 (28 to 92) at six months (paired t-test, p = 0.0005). The Constant scores in the hydrodilatation group were significantly better than in the manipulated group over the six-month period of follow-up (p = 0.02). The range of movement improved in all patients over the six months, but was not significantly different between the groups. At the final follow-up, 94% of patients (17 of 18) were satisfied or very satisfied after hydrodilatation compared with 81% (13 of 16) of those receiving a manipulation. Most of our patients were treated successfully, but those undergoing hydrodilatation did better than those who were manipulated.
The nerve supply of the lumbar intervertebral disc
Authors: Edgar M. A. 
Published: September 2007

The anatomical studies, basic to our understanding of lumbar spine innervation through the sinu-vertebral nerves, are reviewed. Research in the 1980s suggested that pain sensation was conducted in part via the sympathetic system. These sensory pathways have now been clarified using sophisticated experimental and histochemical techniques confirming a dual pattern. One route enters the adjacent dorsal root segmentally, whereas the other supply is non-segmental ascending through the paravertebral sympathetic chain with re-entry through the thoracolumbar white rami communicantes. Sensory nerve endings in the degenerative lumbar disc penetrate deep into the disrupted nucleus pulposus, insensitive in the normal lumbar spine. Complex as well as free nerve endings would appear to contribute to pain transmission. The nature and mechanism of discogenic pain is still speculative but there is growing evidence to support a ‘visceral pain’ hypothesis, unique in the muscloskeletal system. This mechanism is open to ‘peripheral sensitisation’ and possibly ‘central sensitisation’ as a potential cause of chronic back pain.
‘Private Affluence and Public Squalor’? The Europeanisation of British coastal bathing water policy
Authors: Jordan Andrew 
Published: September 2007

English
A study of British coastal bathing water politics over the last 40 years reveals the extent to which the European Community has influenced a relatively stable policy area dominated by engineers and scientists, in which successive governments of different political hues defended the practice of depositing raw sewage into nearshore waters along short pipes. Together with the pressures arising from the privatisation of the water industry, European environmental ideas and policies have helped shift a previously stable policy community by offering new campaigning opportunities to environmental groups who were previously marginalised. The resulting changes in the goals and instruments of domestic policy are examined from the standpoint of Peter Hall’s model of social learning, which lays stress on the role of ideas in precipitating fundamental changes in policy over extended periods of time.
From Welfare to Work in Denmark: an alternative to free market policies?
Authors: Etherington David 
Published: September 2007

English
The Labour government’s ‘Welfare to Work’ strategy has been met with criticism on two grounds; the first relates to its free market orientation which is unlikely to reduce labour market inequalities. The second is its capacity to deliver given a stringent macro monetary policy and tight public expenditure constraints which will slow down economic growth and labour demand. In contrast with the UK, Denmark implemented a major reform of its welfare and labour market system in 1994, which essentially retains major elements of the Nordic model. The purpose of this article is to assess critically the development and implementation of the Danish labour market reform programme and consider its relevance for the UK. The article argues that Denmark offers a ‘working alternative’ to free market and neo-liberal policies. As the welfare and labour market reforms are geared towards building a skill base, increasing democracy and accountability and reducing inequality, there are important lessons and guiding principles for the UK.
Social Exclusion in Europe: paradigms of social disadvantage in Germany, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom
Authors: Cousins Christine 
Published: September 2007

English
This article reviews contemporary discussions of the concept of social exclusion in Europe and examines different paradigms of inclusion and exclusion in selected European countries. A central concern of the article is to link the literature on social exclusion with the debate on welfare regimes and labour market structures and mechanisms of social protection. Drawing on recent comparative analyses the article also considers how women and ethnic minority groups, as well as different social classes, are included or excluded in different welfare regimes.
Inequalities in Mental Health: models and explanations
Authors: Middleton Hugh , Shaw Ian 
Published: September 2007

English
There is a widely held, and influential view, that there is a causal relationship between mental ill-health and social deprivation. This article discusses these views from genetic and sociological perspectives. The main thrust of the argument is that consideration of these various views develops understanding of the similarities and differences between sociological and medical approaches to mental illness. Acknowledging the importance of all these views requires an unprecedented integration of medical and sociological approaches to mental illness.
Promoting the use of diverse sources of evidence: evaluating progress in the provision of services for people with dementia and their carers
Authors: Moriarty Jo , Manthorpe Jill , Iliffe Steve , Rapaport Joan , Clough Roger , Bright Les , Cornes Michelle 
Published: September 2007

English
This article reports on an innovatory partnership between regulatory bodies and researchers to assess progress in improving NHS, local authority and other services for older people in 10 different parts of England. It discusses how consultation exercises held as part of local inspections that fed into a national review of the National Service Framework for Older People may enlarge the evidence base for planning and service improvement purposes. The results provide an example of the need for greater debate about different sources of evidence in health and social care. There is comparatively little recent UK research-based evidence on what people with dementia and their carers think about the services they receive and policy makers may need to draw on wide-ranging sources of evidence if they are to make necessary service improvements and to develop policy initiatives.
Rapid Cortisol Assay during Adrenal Vein Sampling in Patients with Primary Aldosteronism
Authors: Mengozzi Giulio , Rossato Denis , Bertello Chiara , Garrone Corrado , Milan Alberto , Pagni Roberto , Veglio Franco , Mulatero Paolo 
Published: September 2007

AbstractBackground: Adrenal vein sampling is considered the gold standard test to identify primary aldosteronism, the most frequent form of secondary hypertension. Technical difficulties with this procedure may be overcome by monitoring cortisol concentrations in the different sampling sites during catheterization.Methods: We applied a rapid automated cortisol assay performed on a benchtop immunoassay analyzer near the operating suite during the catheterization procedures in 5 hypertensive patients. A mean of 7.8 samples (range, 5–13) were collected from the vena cava as well as from right and left adrenal veins.Results: Cortisol concentrations measured by the rapid assay and by our routine method were comparable. Two of 5 patients were found to be affected by an aldosterone-producing adenoma and 3 of 5 by a bilateral adrenal hyperplasia. Cortisol determination during the adrenal vein sampling procedure allowed a successful cannulation in all patients, including a patient in whom it was necessary to cannulate 9 different candidate right adrenal veins before finding the correct one.Conclusions: Intraoperative cortisol assays appeared safe, reproducible, simple to perform, rapid, and cost-effective. The approach represents a service-oriented model for the laboratory and can provide valuable and timely information for improving the success rate of adrenal vein catheterization.
Könyvismertetések
Authors: Ritoókné Ádám Magda , Nagybányai Nagy Olivér , Pléh Csaba , Keresztes Attila 
Published: September 2007

VárinéSzilágyiIbolya: Építészprofilok, akik a
70-es, 80-as években indultak(Ritoókné Ádám Magda) 407RacsmányMihály(szerk.): Afejlődés
zavarai és vizsgálómódszerei(Nagybányai Nagy Olivér) 409Új irányzatok
és a bejárt út
a pszichológiatörténet-írásban (Mandler,
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introduction to the history of psychology; Schultz, D. P.,Schultz, S. E.: A history of modern psychology; Greenwood,
J. D.: The disappearance of the social in
American social psychology;Bem,
S.,LoorendeJong,
H.: Theoretical issues in psychology. An
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J. (ed.)Unity in psychology: Possibility
or pipedream?;Dalton, D. C.,Evans, R. B. (eds): __