bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CheX in the Three-Phosphatase System of Bacterial Chemotaxis
Authors: Muff Travis J. , Foster Richard M. , Liu Peter J. Y. , Ordal George W. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT

Bacterial chemotaxis involves the regulation of motility by a modified two-component signal transduction system. In
Escherichia coli
, CheZ is the phosphatase of the response regulator CheY but many other bacteria, including
Bacillus subtilis
, use members of the CheC-FliY-CheX family for this purpose. While
Bacillus subtilis
has only CheC and FliY, many systems also have CheX. The effect of this three-phosphatase system on chemotaxis has not been studied previously. CheX was shown to be a stronger CheY-P phosphatase than either CheC or FliY. In
Bacillus subtilis
, a
cheC
mutant strain was nearly complemented by heterologous
cheX
expression. CheX was shown to overcome the Δ
cheC
adaptational defect but also generally lowered the counterclockwise flagellar rotational bias. The effect on rotational bias suggests that CheX reduced the overall levels of CheY-P in the cell and did not truly replicate the adaptational effects of CheC. Thus, CheX is not functionally redundant to CheC and, as outlined in the discussion, may be more analogous to CheZ.
Functional Analysis of the
Mycoplasma genitalium
MG312 Protein Reveals a Specific Requirement of the MG312 N-Terminal Domain for Gliding Motility
Authors: Burgos Raul , Pich Oscar Q. , Querol Enrique , Piñol Jaume 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT

The human pathogen
Mycoplasma genitalium
is known to mediate cell adhesion to target cells by the attachment organelle, a complex structure also implicated in gliding motility. The gliding mechanism of
M. genitalium
cells is completely unknown, but recent studies have begun to elucidate the components of the gliding machinery. We report the study of MG312, a cytadherence-related protein containing in the N terminus a box enriched in aromatic and glycine residues (EAGR), which is also exclusively found in MG200 and MG386 gliding motility proteins. Characterization of an MG_312 deletion mutant obtained by homologous recombination has revealed that the MG312 protein is required for the assembly of the
M. genitalium
terminal organelle. This finding is consistent with the intermediate-cytadherence phenotype and the complete absence of gliding motility exhibited by this mutant. Reintroduction of several MG_312 deletion derivatives into the MG_312 null mutant allowed us to identify two separate functional domains: an N-terminal domain implicated in gliding motility and a C-terminal domain involved in cytadherence and terminal organelle assembly functions. In addition, our results also provide evidence that the EAGR box has a specific contribution to mycoplasma cell motion. Finally, the presence of a conserved ATP binding site known as a Walker A box in the MG312 N-terminal region suggests that this structural protein could also play an active function in the gliding mechanism.
Traditional urinary cytology and tyrosinase RT-PCR in metastatic melanoma patients: correlation with clinical status
Authors: Savoia P , Osella-Abate S , Comessatti A , Nardò T , Marchiò C , Pacchioni D , Quaglino P , Bernengo M G 
Published: August 2007

Background:The finding of a suspicious urinary cytology is not uncommon in melanoma patients, in as much as morphology alone is often unable to distinguish the variable cytological features of melanoma cells. To date, although tyrosinase reverse transcription (RT)-PCR assay has been used to identify melanoma cells in peripheral blood and tissues, this method has not been applied to the analysis of urine samples.Methods:RT-PCR mRNA tyrosinase expression was analysed in 79 urine samples from patients with metastatic melanoma and correlated with standard morphology/immunocytology. The results were compared with the disease course and presence of genito-urinary involvement.Results:A positive RT-PCR expression was found in 18/79 urine samples from patients with metastases; four of the 18 patients had positive cytology, nine had atypical cytology, and five had negative cytology. Genito-urinary metastases were demonstrated in 27.8% tyrosinase-positive patients but in only 9.8% of the negative patients. The majority of tyrosinase-positive patients had a progressive disease unresponsive to chemotherapy. Urine samples from 20 patients with non-melanoma cancer and 20 healthy subjects were all negative.Conclusions:Our data demonstrate the higher sensitivity of RT-PCR compared with standard cytology in detection of urinary melanoma cells, and suggest that this assay could be used as an additional tool in the presence of negative or suspicious cytology.
Effect of Lean method implementation in the histopathology section of an anatomical pathology laboratory
Authors: Raab S S , Grzybicki D M , Condel J L , Stewart W R , Turcsanyi B D , Mahood L K , Becich M J 
Published: August 2007

Background:In the USA, the lack of processes standardisation in histopathology laboratories leads to less than optimal quality, errors, inefficiency and increased costs. The effectiveness of large-scale quality improvement initiatives has been evaluated rarely.Aim:To measure the effect of implementation of a Lean quality improvement process on the efficiency and quality of a histopathology laboratory section.Methods:A non-concurrent interventional cohort study from 1 January 2003 to 31 December 2006 was performed, and the Lean process was implemented on 1 January 2004. Also compared was the productivity of the Lean histopathology section to a sister histopathology section that did not implement Lean processes. Pre- and post-Lean specimen turnaround time and productivity ratios (work units/full time equivalents) were measured. For 200 Lean interventions, a 5-part Likert scale was used to assess the impact on error, success and complexity.Results:In the Lean laboratory, the mean monthly productivity ratio increased from 3439 to 4074 work units/full time equivalents (p<0.001) as the mean daily histopathology section specimen turnaround time decreased from 9.7 to 9.0 h (p = 0.01). The Lean histopathology section had a higher productivity ratio compared with a sister histopathology section (1598 work units/full time equivalents, p<0.001) that did not implement Lean processes. The mean impact, success and complexity of interventions were 2.4, 2.7 and 2.5, respectively. The mean number of specific error causes affected by individual interventions was 2.6.Conclusion:It is concluded that Lean process implementation improved efficiency and quality in the histopathology section.
A systematic review of commercial serological antibody detection tests for the diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis
Authors: Steingart Karen R , Henry Megan , Laal Suman , Hopewell Philip C , Ramsay Andrew , Menzies Dick , Cunningham Jane , Weldingh Karin , Pai Madhukar 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Conventional diagnostic tests for tuberculosis have several limitations and are often unhelpful in establishing the diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Although commercial serological antibody based tests are available, their usefulness in the diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis is unknown. A systematic review was conducted to assess the accuracy of commercial serological antibody detection tests for the diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. In a comprehensive search, 21 studies that reported data on sensitivity and specificity for extrapulmonary tuberculosis were identified. These studies evaluated seven different commercial tests, with Anda-TB IgG accounting for 48% of the studies. The results showed that (1) all commercial tests provided highly variable estimates of sensitivity (range 0.00–1.00) and specificity range 0.59–1.00 for all extrapulmonary sites combined; (2) the Anda-TB IgG kit showed highly variable sensitivity (range 0.26–1.00) and specificity (range 0.59–1.00) for all extrapulmonary sites combined; (3) for all tests combined, sensitivity estimates for both lymph node tuberculosis (range 0.23–1.00) and pleural tuberculosis (range 0.26–0.59) were poor and inconsistent; and (4) there were no data to determine the accuracy of the tests in children or in patients with HIV infection, the two groups for which the test would be most useful. At present, commercial antibody detection tests for extrapulmonary tuberculosis have no role in clinical care or case detection.
Chapter 4 The Central Basin
Authors: Harland W. Brian , Kelly Simon R. A. , Geddes Isobel , Doubleday Paul A. 
Published: August 2007

Svalbard rocks conveniently divide into younger and older rocks at about the initial 'Carboniferous' boundary. There are, however, latest Devonian strata in places continuous with Carboniferous sedimentation. The older rocks are tectonically as well as stratigraphically complex. Beginning with the sub-Carboniferous (peneplane) unconformity resting variously on Devonian and pre-Devonian strata, it expressly excludes any older rocks.
The term basin as in Central Basin applied here is used in a structural sense for what amounts to a broad brachysyncline. The accumulated strata were also formed in sedimentary basins with shifting depocentres. The most obvious is the Paleogene sedimentary and structural basin commonly referred to as the Tertiary Basin. The Central Basin excludes the western and southwestern areas (Chapters 9 and 10) where older and younger rocks are caught up in the Paleogene West Spitsbergen Orogeny. It also excludes the areas, mainly in the islands in the east, where subsidence was less marked at first and tectonic platform conditions prevailed. The younger succession, Tournaisian through Paleogene (a span of about 330 million years) has suffered only minor diastrophism in contrast to earlier events. Central Basin thus refers to the whole post Devonian cover or platform sequence in this study area.
Most mineral prospects of economic interest in Svalbard belong to these younger rocks, from the many coal deposits of which Early Carboniferous and especially Early Paleogene horizons have been exploited. Furthermore, in the search for petroleum, source rocks of Late Carboniferous Early Permian, Early to Mid-Triassic and Jurassic age have been identified
Chapter 7 Northeastern Spitsbergen
Authors: Harland W. Brian 
Published: August 2007

The land (area) considered here is bounded on the west by Wijdefjorden and on the east by Hinlopenstretet and Storfjorden. The southern boundary is somewhat indefinite. For descriptive convenience Carboniferous through Triassic stratigraphy is treated in Chapters 4 and 5 and Devonian strata to the northwest in Chapter 8. It makes geological sense for these chapter areas to overlap where they meet.
Ny Friesland was the name for most of the area under consideration. However, after the accession of the Norwegian King Olav V in 1957 his name was given to what had previously been a somewhat indefinite territory, mostly ice covered (the Terre Glacee Russe of some older maps) to the south east of Ny Friesland. Olav V Land was defined to take in some of what had been referred to as Ny Friesland and early accounts should be read with this in mind (Miloslavskiy et al. 1993, map D8G). This chapter thus concerns Ny Friesland and north western Olav V Land and for descriptive economy Ny Friesland will be used for the area where most of the older rocks crop out.
Much of the interior is covered by highland ice rather than an ice cap, meaning that the ice is not thick enough for the surface to be independent of the underlying relief. Indeed the ice cover is broken here and there by rocky cliffs of submerged valley glaciers. The three largest areas of continuous ice are Lomonosovfonna, Asgardfonna and Valhallfonna. The inland ice flows out along valley
A Low-Noise, Microprocessor-Controlled, Internally Digitizing Rotating-Vane Electric Field Mill for Airborne Platforms
Authors: Bateman M. G. , Stewart M. F. , Podgorny S. J. , Christian H. J. , Mach D. M. , Blakeslee R. J. , Bailey J. C. , Daskar D. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
This paper reports on a new generation of aircraft-based rotating-vane-style electric field mills designed and built at NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center. The mills have individual microprocessors that digitize the electric field signal at the mill and respond to commands from the data system computer. The mills are very sensitive (1 V m−1 bit−1), have a wide dynamic range (115 dB), and are very low noise (±1 LSB). Mounted on an aircraft, these mills can measure fields from ±1 V m−1 to ±500 kV m−1. Once-per-second commanding from the data collection computer to each mill allows for precise timing and synchronization. The mills can also be commanded to execute a self-calibration in flight, which is done periodically to monitor the status and health of each mill.
The 'pair of straight bodies' and 'a pair of drawers' dating from 1603 which Clothe the Effigy of Queen Elizabeth I in Westminster Abbey
Authors: Arnold Janet 
Published: August 2007

Janet Arnold left this paper virtually complete at her death in 1998. It is an important piece of work to which she had given a substantial amount of time, but it does not fit with her plans for the forthcoming volume of Patterns of Fashion: The Cut and Construction of Linen Clothes for Men and Women. However, because of the rarity of the 'pair of straight bodies' and the need to make the fruits of her research available to others, it was decided to follow Janet's own practice with one-off items of importance and to submit the article to Costume. Janet's full-scale pattern of the 'pair of straight bodies' has been scaled down to fit the page size of Costume, otherwise all the descriptions and queries are Janet's own, as are the drawings and photographs chosen to illustrate her text. She continued to work on the project after she had written the first draft text; consequently two references have been added to clarify the role of John Colte, and to illustrate the silk materials used to cover the 'bodies' made for the queen by William Jones.
The Merchant Taylors' Company of London under Elizabeth I: Tailors' Guild or Company of Merchants?
Authors: Sleigh-Johnson Nigel 
Published: August 2007

Probably the most neglected aspect of the history of the guilds and livery companies of early modern London is the ubiquitous subordinate organisation known as the 'yeomanry' or 'bachelors' company'. Many narrative histories of individual companies make only passing reference to the existence of a yeomanry, and dismiss the organisations as generally transient and insignificant. Per contra, the yeomanry of at least one of the major City livery companies represented to an extraordinary degree a company within a company in the later sixteenth century. By the time Elizabeth ascended the throne, the yeomanry body of the Merchant Taylors' Company had acquired effective responsibility for the vast majority of the Company's membership. To most contemporary and modern observers, the dazzling wealth, magnificent ceremonies and eminent members — entitled to wear the prestigious livery gown of the Company, and generally drawn from the mercantile and civic élite — were the most intriguing aspects of the history of the Merchant Taylors' Company. To the poor freemen below the livery these matters were of less significance. Part I of this article examines briefly the origins, nature and functions of the sub-company. Part II explores the degree to which this body represented the continuation of the traditions of the medieval guild of London tailors and continued to embody the aspirations and interests of its artisan members.
The Dress Must Be White, and Perfectly Plain and Simple: Confirmation and First Communion Dress, 1850–2000
Authors: Jarvis Anthea 
Published: August 2007

The basis for this article was a paper given at the Annual Symposium of the Costume Society in Norwich in 1998, on the theme of religious dress. It has been expanded with further research. This article traces the history and development of special dress worn for the sacraments of confirmation and first communion in the Church of England and the Roman Catholic Church. Before the 1850s no special dress was required; the growth of the fashion for increasingly elaborate white dresses and veils post-1850 seems to have been fostered by the growing affluence of the middle classes and by the fashion press. Special dress for Anglican confirmation declined in popularity in the later twentieth century, while dress for Catholic first communion, in contrast, has become, like dress for weddings, an occasion for an orgy of consumerism.
Modern Fashions for Modern Women: The Evolution of New York Sportswear in the 1930s
Authors: Arnold Rebecca 
Published: August 2007

This article aims to establish the significance and diversity of sportswear styles designed and manufactured in New York during the 1930s. It will assert that the 1930s was a crucial period in New York sportswear's evolution. This decade tends to be overlooked by fashion historians, who either make generalisations about American fashion in the 1930s or focus on developments in the 1940s. This article will demonstrate that the Depression era was central to sportswear's emergence as a key form of affordable, mass-produced clothing, which comprised simple, interchangeable garments that could be worn in a variety of settings. This article will establish the importance of the 1930s as a period when New York sportswear was crystallised as a design and marketing ideal. This was due to both the economic pressures of the 1930s, which made cheaper mass-produced clothing more appealing, and to shifts within the fashion industry, which saw more co-ordinated attempts to promote indigenous design. Sportswear will be discussed in terms of three key categories: active sportswear, town and country wear and resort wear. Surviving dress from American and British collections will be analysed to demonstrate the importance of these categories, and the ways in which they came to form an ideal of Americanness through their design aesthetic, as well as the way they were advertised. Garments by manufacturers such as Davidow, and designers such as Clare Potter, will be contrasted with examples from London and Paris to show how New York was gradually to evolve its own distinct styles, which would in the following decade be characterised by the term the 'American Look'. The clean lines and machine aesthetic of this style were mythologised as an expression of American national identity — as practical, rational and authentic. As the 1930s wore on, New York sportswear was increasingly linked to modern lifestyles, and thus was portrayed as ideal for women who were active, whether as college girls, housewives, career women, or through travel. The notion of femininity that it evoked linked to white, middle-class ideals, and existing assumptions about American fashion's 'democratic' approach that eschewed the élitism of European fashion therefore need to be questioned.
Nonstochastic pairing of immunoglobulin heavy and light chains expressed by chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells is predicated on the heavy chain CDR3
Authors: Widhopf George F. , Goldberg Craig J. , Toy Traci L. , Rassenti Laura Z. , Wierda William G. , Byrd John C. , Keating Michael J. , Gribben John G. , Rai Kanti R. , Kipps Thomas J. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractWe analyzed the immunoglobulin (Ig) variable heavy (IGHV) and variable light chain genes used by leukemia cells of 258 unrelated patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) found to express unmutated Ig heavy chains (IgH) encoded by a 51p1 allele of IGHV1-69 among 1846 CLL patients examined. We found each had at least 98% homology to an identified germline IGKV or IGLV gene. Within the 258 IgH, we identified heavy chain CDR3 (HCDR3) motifs encoded by certain unmutated IGHD and IGHJ genes with restricted reading frames. Frequent and restricted use of particular IGKV and IGLV genes revealed nonstochastic pairing of disparate Ig light chains (IgL) with IgH that had restricted HCDR3 motifs designated CLL69A, -B, -C, and -D. Eighty-six percent (19/22) of CLL cases that expressed motif CLL69B encoded by IGHD2-2/IGHJ6 had distinctive IgL encoded by IGKV1-39. Similarly, 83% (5/6) of samples with motif CLL69D encoded by IGHD2-2/IGHJ6 expressed IGKV3-11, 100% (25/25) with motif CLL69A encoded by IGHD3-16/IGHJ3 used IGKV3-20, and 77% (10/13) with motif CLL69C encoded by IGHD3-3/IGHJ6 expressed IGLV3-9. This study reveals nonstochastic pairing of IgH with particular IgL that is predicated upon Ig HCDR3 structure, providing compelling evidence for selection of antibodies expressed in CLL by conventional antigens.
Mouse lysocardiolipin acyltransferase controls the development of hematopoietic and endothelial lineages during in vitro embryonic stem-cell differentiation
Authors: Wang Chengyan , Faloon Patrick W. , Tan Zhijia , Lv Yaxin , Zhang Pengbo , Ge Yu , Deng Hongkui , Xiong Jing-Wei 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe blast colony-forming cell (BL-CFC) was identified as an equivalent to the hemangioblast during in vitro embryonic stem (ES) cell differentiation. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the generation of the BL-CFC remain largely unknown. Here we report the isolation of mouse lysocardiolipin acyltransferase (Lycat) based on homology to zebrafish lycat, a candidate gene for the cloche locus. Mouse Lycat is expressed in hematopoietic organs and is enriched in the Lin−C-Kit+Sca-1+ hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow and in the Flk1+/hCD4+(Scl+) hemangioblast population in embryoid bodies. The forced Lycat transgene leads to increased messenger RNA expression of hematopoietic and endothelial genes as well as increased blast colonies and their progenies, endothelial and hematopoietic lineages. The Lycat small interfering RNA transgene leads to a decrease expression of hematopoietic and endothelial genes. An unbiased genomewide microarray analysis further substantiates that the forced Lycat transgene specifically up-regulates a set of genes related to hemangioblasts and hematopoietic and endothelial lineages. Therefore, mouse Lycat plays an important role in the early specification of hematopoietic and endothelial cells, probably acting at the level of the hemangioblast.