bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Residual protection against cattle scabies afforded by ivermectin
Authors: Meleney William P. , Wright Fred C. , Guillot Frank S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Hereford calves were exposed to ca 200 active adult and mymphal psoroptic mites at intervals of 3 or 4 days after a single im injection of 200 μg of ivermeciin/kg of body weight, after dipping in 0.54% toxaphene, or no treatment. Mites established reproducing colonies on 11 of 13 untreated calves, on all of the toxaphene-dipped calves exposed more than 8 days after treatment, and on all, but 1, of the ivermectin-injected calves exposed more than 21 days after treatment. Mites did not survive long enough to establish reproducing colonies on any of the ivermectin-injected calves exposed through 21 days after treatment, on any of the toxaphene-dipped calves exposed through 8 days after treatment, or 2 of the control calves.
Localization of the sacral parasympathetic nucleus in the dog
Authors: Samson Mark D. , Reddy V. Krishna 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The extent and location of the sacral parasympathetic nucleus was studied in 6 dogs, using light microscopy. After interruption of the pelvic nerve, chromatolytic somata were observed in thionin-stained transverse serial sections (15 μm) of appropriate spinal cord segments. Maps of the sacral parasympathetic nucleus were made by plotting the chromatolytic somata in drawings of the transverse sections of the spinal cord.
The sacral parasympathetic nucleus was observed in all 3 sacral segments of the spinal cord, and in 1 dog, it also extended into the spinal cord segment Cal. The cranial end of the nucleus was contained in the caudal one-third of spinal segment SI. The location of the caudal end was variable: it was within the middle one-third of spinal cord segment S3 in 4 dogs, in the caudal pne-third of spinal cord segment S3 in 1 dog, and in the cranial one-third of spinal cord segment Cal in 1 dog. The densest clusters of somata of this nucleus were in the middle and caudal one-third of spinal cord segment S2. The somata, for the most part, were in the intermediolateral gray column and in the lateral funiculus. A small number of isolated somata also were in the intermediome-dial gray column.
Observations of abnormalities and age-related changes in the anconeal processes of swine
Authors: Nakano Takuo , Thompson James R. , Aherne Francis X. , Christian Ralph G. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Abnormalities and age-related changes in the anconeal processes of 60 boars were studied. Postmortem examination of both cubitus joints from 25 lame adolescent boars and from 5 of their nonlame contemporaries revealed cartilaginous tissue (termed cartilage plate) of varying size between the anconeal process and the ulnar diaphysis in 8 of the lame animals. The cartilage plate was fractured in both joints from 7 of these 8 animals, and joints from 6 animals with cartilage plate were associated with lesions of the semilunar articular cartilage and bone in the proximal portion of the ulna.
Postmortem examination of the joints from 30 boars (ranging in age from 1 month before birth to 1.5 years) indicated that during growth, bone developed from the ulnar diaphysis toward the cranial tip of the anconeal process. Separate ossification centers were not observed in any of the clinically normal anconeal processes studied in this group. However, microscopic observations of 1 abnormal anconeal process from a 13-week-old boar indicated that trauma may be involved in morphogenesis of a cartilage plate. Age-dependent changes were also observed in the composition of the anconeal process.
Nasal turbinate atrophy in young mice inoculated with Bordetella bronchiseptica of pig origin
Authors: Sawata Akira , Kume Katsumi 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Development of a model in experimental small animals will facilitate research on the mechanisms of nasal turbinate atrophy of swine. Atrophy of the nasal turbinate with Bordetella bronchiseptica phase I organisms of pig origin was induced by intranasal inoculation in 5-day-old or younger mice. Inoculations of phase I organisms into 10-day-old or older mice and of avirulent phase III organisms into 5-day-old or younger mice did not induce lesions of the disease, however. The lesions appeared in 40% of the susceptible-age mice which were examined at 2 weeks after inoculation and were present in 80% of the susceptible-age mice by 3 weeks. The lesions observed in young mice were similar to those reported for swine.
Proliferative, morphologic, and cytochemical characteristics of bovine bone marrow macrophage colonies in liquid culture
Authors: Al-Izzi S. A. , Maxie M. G. , Valli V. E. . 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Bovine macrophage colonies were grown in liquid medium. Serum collected from a heifer 3 hours after injection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa endotoxin promoted the growth of macrophage colonies. The optimum concentration of postendotoxin serum was 16%. The numbers of colonies increased exponentially between 3 and 6 days of incubation and leveled off at 6 days. Monoblasts, promonocytes, and macrophages were observed in these colonies. A direct linear relationship between the number of nucleated bone marrow cells cultured and the number of colonies formed was found. The macrophage colony cells were positive for nonspecific esterase activity and were negative for chloroacetate esterase activity. Weak peroxidase activity was noticed in monoblasts, promonocytes, and occasionally in macrophages.
Anesthesia in the green sea turtle, Chelonia mydas
Authors: Wood F. E. , Critchley K. H. , Wood J. R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Surgical anesthesia for green sea turtles weighing between 6 and 195 kg was achieved with the injectable anesthetics sodium pentobarbital, ketamine hydrochloride, and sodium thiopental. Induction of, duration of, and recovery from anesthesia varied among individual turtles.
Infectivity of Chlamydia psittaci of bovine and ovine origins for cultured cells
Authors: Dennis Michael W. , Storz J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The infectivity of 2 strains of Chlamydia psittaci of mammalian origin were studied in mouse L cells. Infectivity was enhanced by centrifuging the chlamydial inoculum onto the cell monolayer. Infectivity increased as force of centrifugation increased. The enhanced infectivity was not caused by centrifugal sedimentation of chlamydiae, since centrifugation longer than 10 minutes and an inoculum dose larger than 0.4 ml did not further enhance infectivity. Centrifuge-enhanced adsorption was temperature dependent, because infection was not detected when stationary or centrifuge-assisted adsorption occurred at less than 15 C. Infectivity was higher in cultures centrifuged at 37 C than in cultures centrifuged at room temperature. Treatments of cells with cycloheximide, colchicine, and hydrocortisone enhanced infectivity of chlamydiae above that of untreated cells. In addition, developing chlamydial inclusions were larger and easier to observe in colchicine-treated cells. Infectivity was thought to be enhanced in colchicine-treated cells, because cells with depolymerized microtubules provided favorable conditions for the early phases of chlamydial multiplication. Treatment of cells with cytochalasin B, carbachol, cGMP, lumicolchicine, or vinblastine did not significantly alter chlamydial infectivity.
Morphologic alteration of Anaplasma marginale in calves treated with a dithiosemicarbazone
Authors: Simpson Charles F. , Neal Fred C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Blood and clotted blood samples from 3 calves with anaplasmosis were examined by light and electron microscopies before and after the calves were treated twice with α-ethoxyethylglyoxal dithiosemicarbazone (given iv). In the treated calves anaplasma bodies were swollen and irregularly shaped and had rough surfaces when viewed by light microscopy. Posttreatment electron microscopic examinations revealed swelling and vacuolation of initial bodies of anaplasma bodies, and ballooning of the vesicular membrane surrounding the anaplasma body. Other initial bodies were ameboid in shape; this was or was not accompanied by rupture of the vesicular membrane of the anaplasma body. Necrotic, ameboid-shaped initial bodies also were seen. Some necrotic initial bodies were surrounded by a complete vesicular membrane, and others were close to a broken, curled vesicular membrane.
Interaction of bluetongue virus with preimplantation embryos from mice and cattle
Authors: Bowen R. A. , Howard T. H. , Pickett B. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Preimplantation embryos from mice and cattle were exposed to bluetongue virus in vitro to determine whether the virus would replicate in these early embryos and, if so, what pathologic consequences would ensue. A high proportion of zona pellucida-free, 2-cell embryos and morulae from mice, and morulae from cattle became infected. The infection was rapidly cytopathic in embryos from both species. Indirect immunofluorescence was used to demonstrate accumulation of virus antigen in the blastomeres of these embryos. The zona pellucida of both murine and bovine embryos provided effective protection from virus present in culture fluid.
Arterial baroreflex control of heart rate in the horse, pig, and calf
Authors: Slinker Bryan K. , Campbell Kenneth B. , Alexander John E. , Klavano Paul A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The heart rate (hr) response to stepwise changes in mean arterial pressure (map) produced by methoxamine and sodium nitroprusside was studied in conscious horses, pigs, and calves. The respective steady-state arterial baroreflex sensitivities (Δ hr/Δ map expressed as beats min−1 · mm of Hg−1) were −1.20, −1.21, and −0.39 for decreasing map and −0.08, −0.91, and −0.56 for increasing map. After parasympathetic nervous system (pns) blockade with atropine, the reflex sensitivity to decreasing map in horses and the pigs decreased to −0.62 and −0.65, respectively (P < 0.05), whereas the sensitivity in calves was not significantly different from the calves’ base-line sensitivity (P > 0.05). In pigs, the sensitivity to increasing map decreased to −0.43 after pns blockade (P < 0.05). Horses and calves had a response to small increases in map similar to that observed in the absence of pns blockade. There was no additional change in hr with larger increases in map in these 2 species. These responses indicate that varying degrees of mixed pns and sympathetic nervous system activity changes mediate the baroreflex change in hr seen for increasing and decreasing map in pigs and for decreasing map in horses. Predominantly pns activity is responsible for the response to increasing map in the horses and calves, whereas predominantly sympathetic nervous system activity is responsible for the response to decreasing map in calves. Comparisons were made between the observations in these 3 species and other mammalian species.
Protective effects of antioxidants on bitterweed (Hymenoxys odorata DC) toxicity in sheep
Authors: Kim H. L. , Anderson A. C. , Herrig B. W. , Jones L. P. , Calhoun M. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Antidotal effects of the 2 antioxidants butylated hydroxyanisole (bha) and ethoxyquin (eq) were evaluated in bitterweed (Hymenoxys odorata DC) toxicosis in sheep. Bitterweed contains a toxic sesquiterpene lactone, hymenoxon, the toxicity of which is reduced by cysteine. Both bha and eq are known to induce hepatic glutathione production in rodents. Treatment of sheep with eq (2.5 g/sheep/day for 9 days before poisoning) gave significant protection from toxic doses of bitterweed, but the protective effect of bha was insignificant. Of 6 sheep given eq in the feed, 5 survived 7 doses of bitterweed (4 g/kg/day or higher for 7 days), whereas 5 of 7 controls and 4 of 7 sheep given feed with added bha died. The added eq in the feed decreased the serum alkaline phosphatase activity and total protein, albumin, and calcium concentrations. Seemingly, eq is the first protective agent with field application potential for bitterweed toxicity.
Effects of concurrent subclinical infections by coccidia (Eimeria christenseni) and intestinal nematodes (Trichostrongylus colubriformis) on apparent nutrient digestibilities and balances, serum copper and zinc, and bone mineralization in the pigmy goat
Authors: Frandsen John C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Subclinical infections by the intestinal nematode Trichostrongylus colubriformis were established in 7 pigmy goats by inoculating each with 4,000 infective larvae 5 days/week for 18 weeks. At the start of the 14th week, 3 of the goats were orally inoculated daily with 10,000 sporulated oocysts of the coccidium Eimeria christenseni for 6 days, producing subclinical infections. During selected weeks, the goats were placed in metabolism cages to monitor feed consumption and collect orts, feces, and urine. Samples of rib, vertebra, and tibia were removed at time of death, on day 126. The superimposition of the coccidial infections on the nematode infections did not affect apparent ash, nitrogen, organic matter, or dry matter digestibilities; balances of nitrogen or phosphorus; serum copper or zinc concentrations; liveweights or feed conversion efficiencies. Mean calcium balances remained positive, although they were reduced during the first week of the superimposed coccidial infections. The mineralization of the matrix of the tibia and 4th lumbar vertebra was less in the goats with the superimposed coccidial infections than in those infected only with nematodes. Presence of the superimposed infections was associated with a decrease in the mean moisture and lipid contents of the tibia.
Regional distribution of pulmonary ventilation and perfusion in the conscious dog
Authors: Amis T. C. , Jones Hazel A. , Rhodes C. G. , Heather J. D. , Hughes J. M. B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Measurements of the regional distribution of pulmonary ventilation per unit alveolar volume and perfusion per unit alveolar volume were made in healthy conscious standing Greyhound dogs, using steady-state inhalation or infusion (iv) of the radioactive gas 81Krm (half-life 13 s) combined with inhalation equilibration and clearance of the longer-lived radioactive gas 85Krm (half-life 4.4 hours). During tidal breathing, ventilation and perfusion were uniformly distributed in the lungs of the dogs.
Plasma kinetics of digoxin in the cat
Authors: Bolton G. R. , Powell W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The biological half-life of digoxin was 33.3 ± 9.5 hours in 6 cats after a single iv injection. Longer half-lives were obtained after chronic oral administration, indicating that digoxin elimination is capacity-limited in the cat. The mean percentage of urinary excretion of digoxin after a single iv dose was 45% ± 9.7% over a 10-day period.
Toxic plasma concentrations ranged from 2.4 to 2.9 ng/ml, and 5 of 6 cats had clinical signs of toxicosis at concentrations > 2.6 ng/ml.
Prolongation of the PQ interval was seen on the ecg at nontoxic plasma concentrations in 4 of 6 cats. The most striking ecg evidence of digoxin toxicosis was ST-segment elevation seen in 3 of the 6 cats.
Changes in body fluid compartments, tissue water and electrolyte distribution, and lipid concentrations in rhesus macaques with yellow fever
Authors: Liu C. T. , Griffin M. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Rhesus macaques were inoculated subcutaneously with 40 plaque-forming units of yellow fever (yf) virus. To identify pathophysiologic mechansisms of yf, rectal temperatures and evidence of viremia were observed daily; physiologic and biochemical changes were studied on postinoculation day (pid) 5. Marked viremia was detected on pid 2 through 5, and fever was first observed on pid 4. On pid 5, blood and plasma volumes and circulatory K+ values increased, whereas rbc volume, pcv, and plasma cholesterol concentration decreased. Total lipids (mainly triglycerides) accumulated in the liver of inoculated macaques; alterations in hepatic content of water, electrolytes, and trace metals were also observed. Certain parts of the cns, skeletal muscle, skin, heart, diaphragm, and renal cortex were affected, with changes noticed in water, electrolyte, trace metal, and lipid concentrations. These tissue changes indicated that cellular metabolism was altered and that the transport mechanisms of cell membranes of certain tissues were modified by yf virus or the disease process caused by the virus. Terminal hypoglycemia (57.6 ± 12.1 mg/dl) was observed. The yf-induced intracellular dehydration of the medulla oblongata at the later stage of illness may depress the cardiovascular and respiratory centers, thus contributing to death of rhesus macaques infected with yf virus.
and brucellar titers in frozen bovine sera after 20 years of storage
Authors: Moorhouse P. D. , Hugh-Jones M. E. , Barta O. , Swann A. I. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Generally good agreement was obtained between the rankings of sera titers when originally tested (T1), and those of the same sera 20 years later (T2). At the later time, the majority of samples (88%) were in, or within 1 dilution factor of their classification at T1. Test results for Brucella abortus and Leptospira interrogans var pomona antibodies demonstrated that original titers, in the upper-lower limits of 20 to 50, had decreased over a wale range (202 to 902 ), and the later tests show that the greater the original titer, the greater the proportional decrease. Thus, titers of 20,000 at T1 had decreased by 49% to 99% and those of 200,000, by 95% to 99.8%. Variations in T2 test results were noted between some samples which had given identical results at T1.
A decrease in titer over time has been demonstrated. An estimate of the expected half-lives of sera of differing initial Leptospira antibody titers is that for each unit increase in login of the initial titer, the half-life is reduced by about 50%. The heterogeneity of the immune response is postulated as the reason for this variation.
Indirect hemagglutination for the diagnosis of Heterobilharzia americana infections in dogs
Authors: Goff W. L. , Ronald N. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
An indirect hemagglutination test was developed for the diagnosis of canine schistosomiasis. Specific-pathogen-free dogs and dogs infected with a variety of other helminths were experimentally infected with Heterobilharzia americana. Sera collected at various times after the dogs were exposed to cercariae were evaluated.
Glutaraldehyde-fixed sheep erythrocytes sensitized with whole adult worm antigens provided a stable antigen substrate when tested over a period of months. The test produced sensitive and specific diagnosis at an appropriate serum dilution. Serum dilutions < 1:80 from dogs with other helminth infections resulted in nonspecific agglutination. By postexposure day 60, coinciding with the end of the prepatent period, serum titers of dogs infected only with H americana equaled, and then surpassed, those of the other dogs.
Variation in age at death of dogs of different sexes and breeds
Authors: Bronson Roderick T. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A retrospective study of necropsy data for 2,002 dogs showed that the mean age at death of neutered dogs of both sexes exceeded that of intact dogs, but the differences were not significant. A wide variation in mean age at death of 56 breeds and cross breeds, 3.0 to 9.9 years, was found. This variation was not correlated with mean breed body weight. An attempt was made to explain the variability by finding diseases to which dogs of the short-lived breeds were particularly susceptible. This was not possible in general, since the samples of each breed were small and the total number of diseases from which they died so large. Dogs of long-lived breeds died of diseases appropriate to their age, particularly cancer, 39% of the sample. In the sample as a whole, cancer accounted for 20% of deaths at 5 years and increased to and remained between 40% and 50% from 10 to 16 years of age.
Diagnosis of Fasciola hepatica infections in sheep by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
Authors: Zimmerman G. L. , Jen L. W. , Cerro J. E. , Farnsworth K. L. , Wescott R. B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was evaluated for diagnosis of Fasciola hepatica infections in sheep maintained under isolation and drylot conditions. Sheep were exposed to various numbers (100 to 500) of metacercariae, and blood was collected for assay at regular intervals thereafter. The elisa values of controls were low and varied little. Although the elisa detected antibodies to the flukes as early as postinoculation week (piw) 2, elisa values suggested as diagnostic (1.75 times control values) did not occur until piw 6 to 8. Positive diagnosis of the infections by fecal examination for fluke eggs was not established until after piw 10. Results also indicated that elisa values were generally not correlated with magnitude of infection, concurrent nematode infections, or husbandry practices.
Effects of promethazine on hemorrhagic shock in the dog
Authors: Goetsch Dennis D. , Wilson Robert C. , Huber Thomas L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
The effects of pre- and post-treatment with promethazine, an antihistamine, in hemorrhage-shocked dogs were investigated. Survival to 6 hours was enhanced in the dogs given (im administration) the H1-receptor antagonist at 1 hour before hemorrhage was induced when compared with survivals of saline-treated control dogs (3 of 5 dogs vs 1 of 5 dogs). Furthermore, 4 of 5 dogs given (iv administration) promethazine at 30 minutes after the initial hemorrhage survived. Promethazine treatment by either route increased mean arterial pressure among surviving dogs throughout the 6-hour experimental period.
It was concluded that histamine actions on H1 receptors may be one of the factors affecting the ultimate outcome of severe hemorrhagic shock in dogs and that promethazine may be of value in blocking these adverse histamine effects.
Circulating carrier erythrocytes: Slow-release vehicle for an antileukemic drug, cytosine arabinoside
Authors: DeLoach John R. , Barton C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The human anti-cancer drug cytosine arabinoside (ara- C) was encapsulated in canine erythrocytes. When these autologous carrier cells were injected into dogs, the drug was slowly released into plasma. Erythrocyte encapsulation increased the plasma half-life of ara-C in dogs about 50-fold over that of the injected free drug. The whole blood halflife of encapsulated drug was 4.6 days and the elimination constant was 0.150 day−1. Erythrocyte encapsulation holds promise as a drug-delivering technique for treatment of some human and animal diseases, particularly with drugs that are highly toxic or have normally short biological halflife. It also could be used to sustain given concentrations of drugs.