bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bridging HSE Risk with Cost Analysis: A Model for Optimising Completion Fluid Choice
Authors: Gilbert Ylva , Kumpulainen Anna 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe hazard profile of a well construction fluid (WCF) impacts on environmental consent conditions, waste management choices and health, safety and environment (HSE) risk levels. All of these impacts can have a significant influence on the cost of the well construction operation. HSE hazards and hazard related costs should therefore be considered as an integral part of the process of choosing the most cost-effective WCF.The quantification and absolute costing of the HSE risk posed by a WCF is laborious and there is no standard or universally acceptable method for absolute calculations. In order to overcome these constraints, a transparent, systematic and operation-specific model for assessing the overall cost consequences related to the HSE hazard profile was developed. The model has first and foremost been developed as a management tool, which allows fluid HSE aspects to be taken into account on par with other variables that impinge of project economics.The model is based on relating inherent fluid HSE properties, such as ecotoxicology and occupational health hazards, to legal and corporate requirements for HSE and waste management. These requirements directly influence operational variables and consequent costs. The primary objective of the development work was to create a user friendly tool for comparing the overall effect on operational costs that different fluids may have. It includes costs related to normal operations as well as predicted cost of risk. The model also allows the costing of HSE risks associated with using a particular WCF to be related to corporate HSE policy targets.The developed model was implemented in Excel. It provides the framework for comparing the WCF options based on operation-specific data input. This paper presents the model structure and the organisation of the supporting tool, using two high-density completion fluids (cesium formate and zinc bromide brines) as example fluids. The assessment gives a clear overview of the comparative HSE risk levels and the associated financial implications of choosing one or the other of the assessed fluids. The model allows operators the possibility to reflect their individual corporate HSE values in the costing exercise through application of weighting factors By bridging the gap between cost analysis and HSE assessments, the method provides a powerful yet practical means for incorporating HSE aspects into the process of defining and selecting the most cost-effective WCF.
Operational Risk Management Tools
Authors: Melhem Georges A. , Prophet Neil 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Risk management in the petrochemical industry includes a wide variety of activities, one of which is quantitative risk assessment. The quality of a quantitative risk assessment study is highly dependent on the effectiveness of the hazard identification stage - it is essential that all applicable hazards and potential hazard scenarios are considered. When analyzing large refineries, the number of hazard scenarios can run into thousands; so it is important that these hazard scenarios have a relevant risk impact on the study results, while excluding those scenarios with negligible risk contribution. Two general types of scenarios leading to loss of containment are typically considered: "generic" and "non-generic".
This paper outlines and describes a tool to enhance operational risk management – it describes an effective methodology for streamlining hazard scenario identification and development for large, site wide, refinery quantitative risk assessments. The paper also provides practical guidance for the estimation of both "generic" and "non-generic" scenario failure rate data. Safeguards such as basic process controls and safety instrumented systems that can be used to mitigate undesirable events and to reduce risks are considered in the scenario identification and development methodology.
Managing Risks During the Transition of Dolphin Energy Project from Construction to Full Operations
Authors: Behie Stewart , Fryer Robert , Ashby Mike , Al Emadi Hassan , Al Rahbi Ali , Laczko Larry 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Dolphin Energy Limited (DEL) is a Gas processing and distribution organization that produces and exports over 2.1 billion scfd of sales quality natural gas to the UAE and Oman from the State of Qatar. From inception to completion and full operation, the project took seven years to complete.
Once construction began, the DEL project consumed some 125 million man-hours (onshore and offshore) over a period of 5 years to complete at a cost of around $US 5 billion. The facilities involved two offshore platforms each with 12 wells, two 80 km 36 inch underwater wet gas pipelines from the platforms to the onshore plant, a four train onshore sour gas processing plant, a 364km 48 inch subsea, export gas pipeline from Ras Laffan, Qatar to Taweelah UAE, a gas receiving facility and a DEL managed distribution network which supplies gas to the UAE and Oman.
The two offshore platforms were the first facilities to be constructed to allow for drilling of production wells so that wet gas supply would be available to the staged processing trains onshore as they became available. The commissioning and start-up of the onshore plant and handover of processing units was executed in phases to maximise unit readiness and minimise exposure impact on the construction workforce.
This lengthy Simultaneous Operations (SIMOPS) period offered a number of major challenges from an overall risk management perspective. A number of risk control measures were successfully implemented to manage the work resulting in a controlled start-up and absence of any serious incidents and very good overall HSE performance.
Fitness to Work
Authors: Dipple John , Marcial Lilian 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Personnel involved in incident response can be put under significant amounts of physical, thermal and emotional stress and it is unrealistic to expect them to perform either individually or as a team without proper pre assessment on real time monitoring during the incident. In this paper we will look at a well tested programme for a commercial and multi national HAZMAT incident response team that has responded to over 30 Incidents in the region over the last 12 months and how it works in practice for the permanent members of the team and also how it can be modified to be used with third party contractors to ensure that their health and safety is not compromised. The paper will cover Medical AssessmentBenchmarkingSurveillance monitoringIn field practicesFitness testing and programmes
Field results will be presented and used to demonstrate the difference that having an effective programme can make
Please note that the authors are operational personnel with a total of over 30 years of experience in this field and the paper is targeted at operational and HSE personnel rather than medical practitioners.
Risk Reduction for H2S Operations Offshore - A Mindset Change
Authors: Nevil Adkins , Refah Unsal 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
The Front End Engineering Design (FEED) for the Pearl GTL Offshore Platforms was based on a successful central North Sea sweet gas analogue with a few additions intended to address the problems of working with a highly sour process gas. As the detailed design progressed it became clear that although many of the features introduced by the FEED team were effective, certain aspects of the platform’s design could not be considered to have As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP) residual risks since the initial assumptions could not be sustained. The Risk Reduction Philosophy harmonized the various engineering and operations philosophies that had been issued on the project and provided an overview of how the major hazards would be managed to ALARP. Of particular note is the drive to design a facility with maximum inherent safety, minimum personnel exposure and ensure that Operators can access and escape the facility with minimal risk.

Inherent Safety
A facility that is inherently safe is one that is impossible to have an incident with – a facility with a design pressure of 301bar connected to a well with a maximum closed-in tubing head pressure of 275bar cannot be over-pressured. If it cannot be over-pressured there is no need for a relief valve, so the number of flanges (leak paths) is reduced therefore reducing the probability of a leak. Additionally the maintainable equipment count is reduced, thereby reducing the personnel exposure hours – a double knock in reducing individual risk per annum.

Safe access, safe escape
The demands on the Pearl platforms are very tough; very high (~98%) availability production with a minimum intervention concept targeting maintenance only every 90days with the intent of using only the safest form of transport; boat access. Metocean forecasts have shown that with a conventional boat landing the expected waiting-on-weather time for a twelve hour bunkering operation could exceed a week in winter and the probability of getting a week long period to carry out routine maintenance was around 15%. Shell’s experience in the southern North Sea in using a heave-compensated gangway, deployed from a dynamically-positioned support vessel, provided the solution and due to having an operational window of up to 2.5m significant wave height the percentage of time in which the platform is inaccessible by sea drops from 30% to 3% during the winter months. Ready access also means a ready escape in case there is a gas release on the platform thereby increasing safety.
Hydrogen Sulfide Detection in Offshore Platforms
Authors: Edward Naranjo , Kornbech Mads 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a toxic gas and one of the most common byproducts in the production of crude oil and natural gas. In offshore operations, hydrogen sulfide can be found in drilling fluids, recovered core samples or core barrels, and on downhole equipment. In most instances, the initial sources of hydrogen sulfide are small in volume, but can easily reach dangerous quantities; hence the need to protect personnel from the dangers of sour gas.
A variety of gas detection instruments are available for the detection of hydrogen sulfide. Solid state and electrochemical sensors are two widely used types in offshore installations. These instruments provide coverage at short ranges, around 1 – 5 meters, and are capable of establishing the presence of the gas at concentrations well below the Threshold Limit Value (TLV) of the gas. Equally important, the solid state and electrochemical devices offer quick response and stability. Such combination makes them suitable for use in harsh environments.
Recently ultrasonic gas leak detectors have also been employed as a last protective layer in the detection of hydrogen sulfide. Unlike point conventional detectors, the ultrasonic gas leak monitors supervise wide areas for high pressure sources of the gas. They do so by measuring the airborne ultrasound produced by a leak above a pre-defined threshold, providing a measure of the leak rate. These non-concentration based detectors do not require transport of the gas to the sensor, and in low noise environments, are capable of detecting leaks as low as 0.01 kg/s.
This paper examines the use of various detection techniques for improving the performance of hydrogen sulfide detection systems. An example of an oil and gas development project in central Asia is shown. Such case illustrates that a combination of different sensor technologies can enhance overall plant safety; and consequently, reduce the risk associated with the extraction of hydrogen sulfide in offshore facilities.
Securing Oil & Gas Assets
Authors: Mehdizadeh Yahya 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
This paper discusses the physical threat vectors that are impacting oil and gas assets. It identifies factors making these installations vulnerable, attack scenarios, and provides mitigation strategies based on physical security solutions. The concept of defense in depth is used to present technologies that can reduce and manage risk levels, while the integrated approach focuses on command and control (C2) technologies that give a holistic view to the security posture of an energy asset. This paper does not endorse or recommend specific types of deterrent technology, but options are presented to aid in fully understanding potential security solutions.
The L2 syllabus: corpus or contrivance?
Authors: Shortall Terry 
Published: October 2008

Corpus linguists have argued that corpora allow us to present lexical and grammatical patterns to language learners as they occur in real language, thereby exposing the learner to authentic target language (Mindt, 1996; Biber et al., 2002; Sinclair, 2004). And there is now a growing body of empirical research into how corpus studies can benefit ELT materials design and development (Ljung, 1990, 1991; Römer, 2004, 2005).This study investigates how the present perfect is represented in a spoken corpus and in ELT textbooks. The objective is to see whether corpus frequency data can make textbook present perfect presentation represent reality more accurately, and also whether there are sometimes pedagogic aims that may override frequency considerations.Results show that textbooks fail to represent adequately how present perfect interacts with other verb forms to create hybrid tenses such the present perfect passive. Textbooks also over-represent the frequency of structures such as the present perfect continuous. Adverbs such as yet and already are much more frequent in textbooks than in the corpus. Textbook writers seem to deliberately exaggerate the frequency of such adverbs, and arguably use them as tense markers or flagging devices so that learners will expect to see present perfect when they see yet and already. This suggests that disregard for natural frequency data may be justifiable if pedagogic considerations of this kind are taken into account.So, while corpus data provides important and useful frequency data for the teaching of grammar, pedagogic objectives may sometimes require that frequency data is disregarded.
Encoding document information in a corpus of student writing: the British Academic Written English corpus
Authors: Ebeling Signe O. , Heuboeck Alois 
Published: October 2008

The information contained in a document is only partly represented by the wording of the text; in addition, features of formatting and layout can be combined to lend specific functionality to chunks of text (e.g., section headings, highlighting, enumeration through list formatting, etc.). Such functional features, although based on the ‘objective’ typographical surface of the document, are often inconsistently realised and encoded only implicitly, i.e., they depend on deciphering by a competent reader. They are characteristic of documents produced with standard text-processing tools. We discuss the representation of such information with reference to the British Academic Written English (BAWE) corpus of student writing, currently under construction at the universities of Warwick, Reading and Oxford Brookes. Assignments are usually submitted to the corpus as Microsoft Word documents and make heavy use of surface-based functional features. As the documents are to be transformed into XML-encoded corpus files, this information can only be preserved through explicit annotation, based on interpretation. We present a discussion of the choices made in the BAWE corpus and the practical requirements for a tagging interface.
Liberté et oppression des esclaves aux Caraïbes au 18e siècle
Authors: Stinchcombe Arthur L. 
Published: October 2008

Freedom and oppression of slaves in the 18th century caribbean
The characteristics of two different social Systems, island government and the particular master-slave relationship, jointly determined the degree of freedom (or the degree of oppression) of slaves in the late 18th century Caribbean. The degree to which an island was a "slave society" that maximized slave oppression depended in turn on the degree to which it was a sugar island, and on how far thé planters of that island were internally well organized and had a powerful position in the empire government of the island. Thus, on both criteria, the Bahamas, Santo Domingo (now the Dominican Republic), had low planter power Barbados and Antigua high planter power.
Les trajectoires régionales en Afrique australe dans un contexte de récession mondiale
Authors: Blanc Marie-Odile 
Published: October 2008

Marie-Odile Blanc — Regional trajectories in Southern Africa in the context of global recession.
This text aims at explaining the reactions of southern African economies to global recession and internal crisis. The volatility of primary product rates ; their sectoral effects and the strains on internal stability may compromise the prospects of regional growth. The influence of what the author terms here as the hegemonic South African pole and its relay-economies on the region, is analysed from the asymmetrical configuration of exchanges with southern Africa.
Nouveau régime commercial et inégalités salariales en Amérique latine
Authors: Deffarges Thierry 
Published: October 2008

Thierry Defarges — The new trade regime and wage disparities in Latin America.
This article analyses the causalities between external liberalisation and the increase of wage disparities in Latin America during the 1990s. The direct effects of the international insertion of these countries on relative wage variations exist, but the main force results from the indirect effects of external liberalisation. Exposure to international competition happens to favour a qualified workforce, thus inducing an asymmetric wages adjustment that negatively affects unqualified labour. The dynamics of relative wages therefore simultaneously expresses the improvements in productive efficiency and cost-effects.
Pourquoi faut-il aider les pauvres ? Une étude critique du discours de la Banque mondiale sur la pauvreté
Authors: Lautier Bruno 
Published: October 2008

Bruno Lautier — Why should the poor be helped ? A critical study of the World Banks' stand on poverty.
For about a decade now, the struggle against poverty has been heralded as the central objective of development institutions, especially the World Bank. (That is its « raison d'être » or the essence of its existence). This priority is evermore justified on the basis of moral reasons. This article seeks to expose some inherent contradictions to such moral appeal, the covert objectives thereto and the political effects of such a strategy : the creation of a new type of citizen and a new form of government. The moral appeal as such carries the underpinnings of a political Utopia.
Les approches du système national d'innovation : les économies semi-industrialisées
Authors: Mezouaghi Mihoub 
Published: October 2008

Mihoub Mezouaghi — Approaches to national innovation systems and knowledge diffusion : what prospects for semi-industrialised economies ?
The insertion of developing countries in the international division of labour is partly determined by the specificity of the institutional arrangements as reflected by the conditions underlying the emergence of their national innovation systems. The specific, cumulative and localised character of learning processes lead to recognise its institutionalised features. On the basis of the institutionalist and evolutionary theories, the methodological approach of this author aims at exposing the obstacles to the learning dynamic in the developing countries. The diversity of the institutional configurations likely to determine the harnessing of knowledge explains the asymmetry of the economic and technological performance between countries.
Mobilité professionnelle des domestiques au Brésil (Nordeste) : une logique complexe
Authors: Anderfurhen Marie 
Published: October 2008

Marie Anderfuhren — Professional mobility of domestic servants in North East Brazil : a complex pattern.
Domestic servants have to continually device strategies out of exploitation, poor wages and the low social esteem they are held in. They thus conceal their functions, deem them temporary, hoping for better prospects. But the domestic's condition stays on, so they are forced to forge acceptable identities. The article studies the relationships between poor work conditions, the self-perceptions of the domestic servants, and the prospects of professional mobility. It shows the stigmatising effects that hamper possibilities of improvement, leading to complex strategies, such as the forging of identity.
La précarisation croissante des trajectoires de mobilité professionnelle : l'exemple de la Colombie et du Mexique
Authors: Robert Isabelle 
Published: October 2008

Isabelle Robert — The growing precariousness of professional mobility trends : examples of Columbia and Mexico.
Based on Columbian labour statistics and Mexican field surveys, this article analyses the trends of worker-mobility during the 1990s in the light of economic reforms. A comparative study shows great similarities. Having provided some coherence to the labour system, the mobility of the active force between the formal and informal sectors tends to be changing profoundly. The contributors' objective is to stress the diversity, multiplication and precariousness of professional trends resulting from deregulation and the informal tendencies of the labour market.
Cuba : la croisée des chemins
Authors: Johsua Isaac 
Published: October 2008

Isaac Johsua — Cuban Crossroads.
This article is devoted to the recent evolution of the Cuban economy. It describes the violent drop in activity following the collapse of the USSR and presents reforms introduced during the first-half of the 90s. It then exposes the following (incomplete) redressing and underlines the price that had to be paid to obtain as much. After interrogations on the perennial span of the « special period », the author concludes on the racecourse manifestly engaged in Cuba, as characterised by the negative windfalls of the new model on one hand, and the positive consequences stimulated by economic growth, on the other.
Brésil, travail et travailleurs
Authors: Cabanes Robert 
Published: October 2008

Robert Cabanes — Brazil : Labour and labourers
— Trade Unionism between corporatism and clientelism, paternalism and globalisation. Brazilian labour unionism happens to be at a crossroads characterised by the interaction between historical tendencies, current national choices (october 2002 elections) and the entry of industry into globalisation. This article attempts to assess the conditions open to its evolution by rapidly recalling its foundations and the recent history of the last 30 years.
— Perspectives of the labouring classes in Brazil. Descriptions of the foundations of a labour-culture, as drawn from family accounts, stress the importance of the domestic bases and of the reference to cooperation labour, dominating hierarchical labour. The data involved is not affected by the precariousness of employment, which is an old feature of Brazilian labour trends. The said process has always had national expressions in form of minor unions and has new decentralised forms in relation to production, thus expressing a decentralised form of local democracy.
L'économie de la cocaïne. Éléments d'analyse quantitative et qualitative
Authors: Deffarges Thierry 
Published: October 2008

Thierry Deffarges — The cocaine economy : Elements of a quantitative and qualitative analysis.
The cocaine economy is subject to imperfect and incomplete information due to its illegal nature. Besides, analyses of interactions between production and consumption are missing. The purpose of this article is thus methodological, empirical and theoretical. From a purely deductive method, the author seeks to assess the importance of cocaine supply and demand.