bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Applicability of ZnO single crystals for ultraviolet sensors
Authors: Masuoka F. , Ooba K. , Sasaki H. , Endo H. , Chiba S. , Maeda K. , Yoneyama H. , Niikura I. , Kashiwaba Y. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractPhotoconductivity of ZnO single crystals grown by a hydrothermal method for ultraviolet light was measured. The ZnO single crystals have photo response in a range of wavelengths shorter than 380 nm. O‐faces of ZnO single crystals of the c ‐plane showed higher photocurrents and wider spectral response than did Zn‐faces. It is thought that band bending at the surface regions of ZnO crystals is large at the O‐face but small at the Zn‐face, because the surface state density for electron capture at the O‐face was higher than that of the Zn‐face and, therefore, carriers generated at the surface region by UV light were effectively separated at the O‐face region before their recombination. The difference between photoresponces of the O‐face and the Zn‐face is also useful for determining the polarity of a ZnO crystal. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Raman scattering on Mn or Co doped ZnO crystals
Authors: Jouanne M. , Morhange J. F. , Szuszkiewicz W. , Gołacki Z. , Mycielski A. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractSingle crystals of bulk ZnO containing up to about 3% of Mn or Co were grown by chemical vapour transport method and characterized by Raman scattering. By comparison with Raman data taken on pure ZnO samples, a few new structures were observed in the spectra of the doped crystals. The determined frequencies of the new modes were compared with existing Raman data, corresponding to ZnO crystals containing various dopants, taken from the literature. A possible attribution of the observed modes to local impurity modes is discussed. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Mobile donors in undoped ZnO
Authors: Markevich I. V. , Kushnirenko V. I. , Borkovska L. V. , Bulakh B. M. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractDirect evidence that dominant shallow donors in undoped ZnO are mobile defects has been obtained. It has been found that these donors influence not only electrical conductivity, but also optical absorption and luminescence. Migration of mobile donors in crystal lattice, which can be already observed at 300 K, results in instability of ZnO characteristics. Common analysis of obtained results and literature data has led to the conclusion that dominant donors in undoped ZnO are zinc interstitials. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electrical properties of ZnO/GaN heterostructures and photoresponsivity of ZnO layers
Authors: Oh D. C. , Suzuki T. , Makino H. , Hanada T. , Ko H. J. , Yao T. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractWe report on the electrical properties of ZnO/GaN heterostructures and the photoresponsivity of ZnO Schottky barrier diodes for the applications of heterojunction transistors and ultraviolet photodetectors, respectivly. ZnO/GaN heterostructures exhibit a large plateau region of 6.5 V in 10 kHz capacitance‐voltage curves. Moreover, it is found that a high electron density of ∼1018 cm–3 is accumulated at the heterointerface in depth profile. ZnO Schottky barrier diodes show a rapid increase of photocurrent of ∼102 A at the long‐wavelength cutoff of 390 nm with maitaining stable diode characteristics. And, it is observed that ZnO Schottky barrier diodes respond to photosignal within 1 ∼ 2 msec with a time constant of 0.35 msec. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Trichopus zeylanicus combats fatigue without amphetamine‐mimetic activity
Authors: Tharakan Binu , Dhanasekaran Muralikrishnan , Brown‐Borg Holly M. , Manyam Bala V. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractChronic fatigue is a complex and little understood symptom for which there is no safe and effective pharmacotherapy. The present study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of Trichopus zeylanicus whole plant powder on fatigue in young Sprague Dawley rats, and aged normal and long‐living mutant Ames dwarf mice. Fatigue was evaluated by subjecting the animals to a forced swim test. Trichopus zeylanicus (250 and 500 mg/kg) treated young Sprague‐Dawley rats resisted fatigue at a significant level (p < 0.005) compared with controls by an extended swim time in the forced swim test. Oral Trichopus zeylanicus (500 mg/kg) treatment for 2 weeks significantly increased the mobility time in the aged mutant (p < 0.05) and normal mice (p < 0.01) and significantly increased the swim time in the forced swim test in the aged normal mice (p < 0.05). Amphetamine‐mimetic activity in Trichopus zeylanicus was excluded by suitable tests. These results show that Trichopus zeylanicus whole plant powder has anti‐fatigue effects in young Sprague‐Dawley rats and aged normal and mutant Ames dwarf mice providing scientific evidence for the Kani tribal practice in India. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Absorption, resonance, and near‐resonance Raman studies of the tetracyanoquinodimethane neutral and its monoanion in terms of density functional theory and complete active space self‐consistent field methods
Authors: Makowski Marcin , Pawlikowski Marek T. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe electronic structure of the 11B1u and 12B3u excited electronic states of the tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) neutral and its charged derivative are studied within the framework of complete active space self‐consistent field (CASSCF) and Becke's three‐parameter hybrid method with Lee–Yang–Parr correlation functional (B3LYP) methods applied to the level aug‐cc‐p‐VDZ basis set. Both CASSCF/aug‐cc‐p‐VDZ and B3LYP/aug‐cc‐p‐VDZ treatments provide the ground‐state and the excited state geometries; these are then used to assess the Franck–Condon (FC) parameters in the 11B1u state of the neutral TCNQ and in the 12B3u state of the TCNQ monoanion. The quality of numerical results is then tested on the base of available experimental near‐resonance and resonance Raman data. The studies are performed in terms of the vibronic model, which takes both FC and mode‐mixing (Dushinsky) effects into account. This somewhat simplified vibronic model leads to very good agreement between the theory and the Raman experiments concerning both neutral TCNQ and its monoanion. In particular, the calculated excitation profiles of the ν2 = 2215 cm−1, ν4 = 1389 cm−1, ν5 = 1195 cm−1, and ν9 = 336 cm−1 fundamentals are shown to be in excellent agreement with those for the TCNQ monoanion. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006
Separation and measurement of flame‐formed high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by size‐exclusion chromatography and laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Apicella B. , Millan M. , Herod A. A. , Carpentieri A. , Pucci P. , Ciajolo A. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe partial contribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), capable of being detected by gas chromatography (GC‐PAH), both to the total mass of the extractable organic fraction of flame‐formed carbon particulates and to its UV‐visible absorption and fluorescence spectra, has been determined by previous work. This contribution indicates the presence of PAH of molecular weight (MW) greater than 400 Da not accessible to conventional analysis. The detection of species in this higher MW range is important for both their potential toxicology and their possible role in soot formation. In the present work extracts of soots have been analyzed by linear mode laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (LDI‐TOF‐MS) to extend the MW range that can be analyzed beyond the GC‐PAH. The results have been compared with both analysis by reflector mode LDI‐TOF‐MS and the MW evaluation obtained by SEC analysis, as the shortcomings and advantages of both techniques appear to be complementary. Matching the results from the two techniques could give interesting insights in the molecular mass range between GC‐PAH and the first soot particles (of mass > 2000 Da). Mass spectra in this molecular mass range have been obtained with a main ion sequence spacing of 24 Th and a minor ion sequence also with a spacing of 24 Th but off‐set by 12 Th with respect to the main sequence. The two ion progressions have been interpreted by attributing the predominant peaks mainly to PAH with even‐carbon numbers and the smaller ones to cyclopenta‐fused ring PAH. These distributions indicate the occurrence of two competitive mechanisms in the growth of PAH and soot nucleation, i.e. the addition of acetylene (HACA mechanism) and the incorporation of pentagons by large polycyclic aromatic molecules into their aromatic bonding network. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of stable isotopes in human identification: a longitudinal study into the variability of isotopic signals in human hair and nails
Authors: Fraser I. , Meier‐Augenstein W. , Kalin R. M. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractRecent natural catastrophes with large‐scale loss of life have demonstrated the need for a new technique to provide information for disaster victim identification when DNA methods fail to yield the identification of an individual, or in other situations where authorities need to determine the recent geographical life history of people. The latter may be in relation to the identification of individuals detained on suspicion of terrorism or in relation to people‐trafficking or smuggling. One proposed solution is the use of stable isotope profiling (SIP) using isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). Exploiting the link between the isotopic signal of dietary components and the isotopic composition of body tissue, the aim of this study was to refine a non‐invasive method of analysing human material such as scalp hair and fingernails using SIP and to assess the degree of natural variability in these profiles. Scalp hair and fingernail samples were collected from British and non‐British volunteers at Queen's University Belfast every 2 weeks for a minimum of 8 months. Samples were analysed using IRMS to determine their isotopic composition for 13C, 15N, 2H and 18O. The results of this longitudinal study yielded information on the natural variability of the isotopic composition of these tissues. The data demonstrate the relatively low degree of natural variation in the 13C/15N isotopic abundance of scalp hair and fingernails whilst greater variations were recorded in the hydrogen and oxygen values of the same samples. The 15N and 18O values of nail are noticeably more variable than that of scalp hair from the same subject. A hypothesis explaining this trend is put forward based on the faster rate of formation of hair than of nails. This means that there is less time for the compounds forming hair to be affected by biochemical processes that could alter their isotopic signature. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of phthalates in milk and milk products by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Sørensen Lambert K. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractA liquid chromatographic/tandem mass spectrometric method using pneumatically assisted electrospray ionisation (LC/ESI‐MS/MS) was developed for determination of dibutyl phthalate (DBP), benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP), di‐2‐ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), di‐‘isononyl’ phthalate (DINP) and di‐‘isodecyl’ phthalate (DIDP) in milk and milk products including infant formulas. The phthalates were extracted by a mixture of tert‐butyl methyl ether and hexane from liquid samples. DBP, BBP and DEHP were removed from fats by liquid/liquid extraction into acetonitrile while DINP and DIDP were cleaned up on deactivated silica. The phthalates were detected in positive ion mode after separation on a reversed‐phase C5 analytical column. Two transition products were monitored for each compound. The detection limits related to the transition products of lowest abundance were in the range 5–9 µg/kg. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of a surface‐sampling probe electrospray mass spectrometry system for the analysis of surface‐deposited and affinity‐captured proteins
Authors: Van Berkel Gary J. , Ford Michael J. , Doktycz Mitchel J. , Kennel Stephen J. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractA combined self‐aspirating electrospray emitter/surfacing‐sampling probe coupled with an ion trap mass spectrometer was used to sample and mass analyze proteins from surfaces. The sampling probe mass spectrometer system was used to sample and detect lysozyme that had been deposited onto a glass slide using a piezoelectric spotter or murine gamma‐interferon affinity captured on a glass slide using surface‐immobilized anti‐gamma‐interferon antibody. The detection level for surface‐deposited lysozyme (spot size ≤200 µm) was approximately 1.0 fmol (∼100 fmol/mm2) as determined from the ability to measure accurately the protein molecular mass from the mass spectrum acquired by sampling the deposit. These detection limits may be sufficient for certain applications in which protein fractions from a separation method are collected onto a surface. Radiolabeled proteins were used to quantify the surface density of immobilized antibody and the efficiency of capture of the gamma‐interferon on glass and higher surface area ceramic supports. The capture density of gamma‐interferon at surface saturation ranged from about 23 to 50 fmol/mm2 depending on the capture surface. Nonetheless, mass spectrometric detection of affinity capture protein was successful in some cases, but the results were not reproducible. Thus, improvement of the sampling system, ionization efficiency and/or capture density will be necessary for practical sampling of affinity‐captured proteins. The means to accomplish improved sampling system detection limits and to increase the absolute amounts of protein captured per unit area are discussed. Published in 2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Isotopic pattern and accurate mass determination in urine drug screening by liquid chromatography/time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Ojanperä Suvi , Pelander Anna , Pelzing Matthias , Krebs Ilmari , Vuori Erkki , Ojanperä Ilkka 
Published: March 2006

AbstractAn efficient method was developed for toxicological drug screening in urine by liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry. The method relies on a large target database of exact monoisotopic masses representing the elemental formulae of reference drugs and their metabolites. Mass spectral identification is based on matching measured accurate mass and isotopic pattern (SigmaFit™) of a sample component with those in the database. Data post‐processing software was developed for automated reporting of findings in an easily interpretable form. The mean and median of SigmaFit™ for true‐positive findings were 0.0066 and 0.0051, respectively. The mean and median of mass error absolute values for true‐positive findings were 2.51 and 2.17 ppm, respectively, corresponding to 0.65 and 0.60 mTh. For routine screening practice, a SigmaFit™ tolerance of 0.03 and a mass tolerance of 10 ppm were chosen. Ion abundance differences from urine extracts did not affect the accuracy of the automatically acquired SigmaFit™ or mass values. The results show that isotopic pattern matching by SigmaFit™ is a powerful means of identification in addition to accurate mass measurement. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A tool for converting Linux device drivers into Solaris compatible binaries
Authors: McIlwain Sean , Miller Barton P. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe Linux operating system is quickly becoming a standard, attracting a wide user community and supporting a broad variety of applications and devices. Other vendors, such as Sun, have provided Linux‐compatible system call interfaces to their kernels, but are constrained by the lack of device support. To address this problem, we present a system (called PITS) to build device drivers, in this case for Solaris x86, from Linux source code. To accomplish this goal, we designed tools and Linux kernel emulation code to handle the myriad incompatibilities. These incompatibilities require the ability to resolve symbol conflicts, emulate internal Linux kernel data structures, handle module initialization, and generate module dependencies. With our method, we show that converting Linux device drivers is possible, but has a few technical difficulties. Issues arise with sparse documentation, external user interfaces, and modular driver implementations. There are also fundamental differences between the two operating systems, such as interrupt and DMA handling. We describe each of these issues and their current solutions to build a functional driver in the Solaris environment. Using the IOzone file system benchmark, we also demonstrate comparable performance between our generated SCSI driver set and their corresponding native counterparts. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distribution and persistence as aspects
Authors: Soares Sérgio , Borba Paulo , Laureano Eduardo 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis paper reports our experience using AspectJ, a general‐purpose aspect‐oriented extension to Java, to implement distribution and persistence concerns in a Web‐based information system. This system was originally implemented in Java and restructured with AspectJ. Our main contribution is to show that AspectJ is useful for implementing several persistence and distribution concerns in the considered application, but also in similar applications. We have also identified interferences between the implemented aspects and a few drawbacks in the language, so we suggest some minor language modifications that could significantly improve similar implementations. Despite those problems, we argue that the AspectJ implementation is superior to the pure Java implementation. Some of the aspects implemented in our experiment are abstract and constitute a simple aspect framework. The other aspects are application specific but we suggest that different implementations might follow the same aspect patterns. The framework and the patterns allow us to propose architecture‐specific guidelines that provide practical advice for both restructuring and implementing certain kinds of persistent and distributed applications with AspectJ. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experiment on and analysis of mobile content transformation using XSLT
Authors: Ishikawa Norihiro , Suzuki Hideharu , Ueno Hidetoshi , Gotoh Tetsuya 
Published: March 2006

AbstractMuch attention is being paid to the services that are accessed via the Internet from mobile phones and PDAs. For such mobile Internet services, the WAP Forum issued the WAP 2.0 standard based on IETF/W3C standards. WAP 2.0 adopted the subset of eXtensible HyperText Markup Language (XHTML) and Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) standardized by World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), as its markup language. The i‐mode service in Japan was launched in February 1999, and has acquired over 40 million users, as of January 2004. The markup language adopted in the i‐mode service is called i‐mode HTML, and was designed around Compact HTML. To ease the migration from i‐mode HTML to the WAP 2.0 markup language, the functional compatibility of the languages should be assured. To this end, we proposed functions unique to i‐mode HTML to the WAP Forum. The WAP Forum accepted all of our proposals. For making the migration more cost‐effective, software tools that support the transformation of i‐mode HTML content to the WAP 2.0 equivalents must be established. There are two approaches to content transformation: software‐based and rule‐based. Since the software‐based approach has some drawbacks such as a lack of extensibility and a lack of accountability, we have taken the rule‐based approach. We focused on eXtensible Stylesheet Language Transformation (XSLT) as the content transformation technique, because XSLT has been standardized by W3C for rule‐based transformation between XML contents. To technically verify the applicability of XSLT for content transformation from i‐mode HTML to the WAP 2.0 markup language, we performed an extensive XSLT transformation experiment using existing i‐mode service contents. In this paper, we describe content transformation using XSLT, overview the content transformation system, and analyze the results of the content transformation experiment. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Socioscience and ethics in science classrooms: Teacher perspectives and strategies
Authors: Sadler Troy D. , Amirshokoohi Aidin , Kazempour Mahsa , Allspaw Kathleen M. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis study explored teacher perspectives on the use of socioscientific issues (SSI) and on dealing with ethics in the context of science instruction. Twenty‐two middle and high school science teachers from three US states participated in semi‐structured interviews, and researchers employed inductive analyses to explore emergent patterns relative to the following two questions. (1) How do science teachers conceptualize the place of ethics in science and science education? (2) How do science teachers handle topics with ethical implications and expression of their own values in their classrooms? Profiles were developed to capture the views and reported practices, relative to the place of ethics in science and science classrooms, of participants. Profile A comprising teachers who embraced the notion of infusing science curricula with SSI and cited examples of using controversial topics in their classes. Profile B participants supported SSI curricula in theory but reported significant constraints which prohibited them from actualizing these goals. Profile C described teachers who were non‐committal with respect to focusing instruction on SSI and ethics. Profile D was based on the position that science and science education should be value‐free. Profile E transcended the question of ethics in science education; these teachers felt very strongly that all education should contribute to their students' ethical development. Participants also expressed a wide range of perspectives regarding the expression of their own values in the classroom. Implications of this research for science education are discussed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 43: 353–376, 2006
Primary observations on rutting behavior of the captive red goral
Authors: Xie Yan 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe rutting behavior of the red goral (Naemorhedus cranbrooki) was studied at the Breeding Center of Shanghai Zoo from September 16–November 21, 2004. Twenty‐three qualitatively distinct behavior patterns was observed. Males showed a more extensive repertoire (18 patterns, 15 carried out only by males) than did females (10 patterns, 6 carried out only by females). Smelling and licking behavior was used most by males, whereas escape was used most by females. Zoo Biol 0:1–7, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Urinary cortisol sampling: a non‐invasive technique for examining cortisol concentrations in the Weddell seal, Leptonychotes weddellii
Authors: Constable Sophie , Parslow Arana , Dutton Geoff , Rogers Tracey , Hogg Carolyn 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis study investigated the feasibility and validity of using non‐invasively collected ice urine samples to measure cortisol concentrations in Weddell seals. Radio‐immunoassays were used to determine urinary cortisol, and spectrophotometric assay was used to determine creatinine concentrations. This allowed for urinary cortisol/creatinine ratios (UCCR) to be compared between pure urine and urine collected from the ice. Urinary cortisol/creatinine ratios values of ice urine proved an effective method of studying cortisol concentrations in Weddell seals as there was no difference between pure urine and ice urine UCCR values. There were no inter‐sexual or age‐related differences in UCCR values in either pure or ice urine. Zoo Biol 0:1–8, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.