bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Uplift histories revealed by landforms of the Scandinavian domes
Authors: Lidmar-Bergström Karna 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
It has long been recognized that the Scandes (Scandinavian Mountains) consist of one dome in southern Norway and one in northern Scandinavia. In this paper a low dome is also identified in southern Sweden. The latter is associated with remains of sedimentary covers of different ages, which makes it possible to date different topographies with associated saprolites and to understand the denudational and uplift history of the dome.
The eastern flanks of the two domes in the Scandes show distinctly different topographies. The flank of the southern dome is characterized by an undulating hilly relief similar to exhumed Cretaceous surfaces in south Sweden, while the flank of the northern dome is characterized by a stepped sequence of plains with residual hills similar to Tertiary surfaces in the south. The difference in relief probably indicates different uplift histories for the two domes.
Structural and stratigraphic perspectives on the uplift and erosional history of Djebel Cherichira and Oued Grigema, a segment of the Tunisian Atlas thrust front
Authors: Baird Alastair W. , Russell Andrew J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Djebel Cherichira, a segment of the Tunisian Atlas thrust front, was structurally uplifted by at least 1650m and possibly more than 2000m by late Tortonian and post-Messinian thrusting. After late Tortonian structural uplift and erosion, Djebel Cherichira formed a topographic high with Messinian, arid to semi-arid, debris-flow fan deposits mantling the relict topography. Oued Cherichira formed in Serravallian to early Tortonian times, prior to the growth of the thrust front, as a foreland basin fluvial system ahead of the thrust structures within the thrust belt. It maintained its antecedent drainage pattern during rapid tectonic uplift of the thrust front at Djebel Cherichira. Movement on the Kredija Strike-slip Fault records the latest tectonic event in the thrust belt. This probable Early Pliocene deformation did not displace the drainage pattern, implying that much syntectonic erosion and desert pediment formation had already occurred.
Oued Grigema, a tributary of Oued Cherichira, whilst appearing to be antecedent with respect to Djebel Cherichira, is a post-tectonic, consequent stream, where at least some of the fluvial erosion and deposition is of Holocene age. Many of the present-day processes of sedimentation and erosion in Oued Grigema are analogous to those interpreted from the Messinian strata of Djebel Cherichira.
Temporal and spatial variation in suspended sediment yields from eastern North America
Authors: Conrad Catherine T. , Saunderson Houston C. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

Sediment transport data from 189 gauging stations on rivers in eastern USA and eastern Canada were used to estimate sediment yields. The length of record ranged from one to 42 years. Most stations had marked fluctuations in tonnage from one year to the next. Yields ranged spatially from 1.5 t km
−2
a
−1
to 3157 t km
−2
a
−1
when the full length of record was used. Multiquadric surfaces were generated to show time-averaged yields using five-year, ten-year, and total intervals of record. The patterns of suspended sediment yield changed when different lengths of record were used, suggesting caution when generating results from a limited record of suspended sediment data.
The significance of high planation surface in the Andes of Ecuador
Authors: Coltorti Mauro , Ollier Cliff D. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
A traverse of Ecuador crosses five planated units including two main horsts which constitute the Andean Cordillera. A single surface once extended across all units, and its formation was completed by Early Pliocene times. Vertical uplift occurred mainly in the Plio-Pleistocene. Most rock structures in the Andes result from pre-planation tectonics and have no connection with mountain building. Post-planation vertical uplift created the mountains, and uplift led to gravitational spreading. The causes of stillstand and uplift are debatable but subduction and compression fail to account for the nature, the symmetry and the timing of events in the Ecuadorian Andes.
Using fallout radionuclides in investigations of contemporary overbank sedimentation on the floodplains of British rivers
Authors: Walling D. E. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

Increased interest in the functioning of river floodplains has generated the need for more information on rates and patterns of contemporary overbank sedimentation. Traditional approaches to documenting rates of overbank sedimentation on floodplains face many practical difficulties, but recent advances in the application of the fallout radionuclides
137
Cs and unsupported
210
Pb afford greatly increased potential for assembling such information. The potential for using these two radionuclides to investigate contemporary overbank sedimentation is demonstrated by considering examples drawn from recent work undertaken by the author and his co-workers on the floodplains of British rivers. These examples are used to illustrate (1) establishment of recent chronologies for sediment cores collected from river floodplains, (2) documentation of the spatial pattern of overbank sedimentation rates, (3) quantification of conveyance losses associated with overbank sedimentation, and (4) investigation of changing rates of overbank sedimentation over the past 100 years.
Contribution of floodplain sequestration to the sediment budget of the Waipaoa River, New Zealand
Authors: Gomez Basil , Eden Dennis N. , Hicks D. Murray , Trustrum Noel A. , Peacock David H. , Wilmshurst Janet 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

Rapid vertical accretion on the Waipaoa River floodplain is conditioned by the river’s high suspended sediment load (30 000–40 000 mg l
−1
at flood stage). Cumulative sediment accumulation curves derived from three cores suggest an average (post-1850) rate of vertical accretion of
c.
60 mm a
−1
, though a 15 year lacuna in flood activity has depressed the post-1948 rate to
c.
40 mm a
−1
. Rates of aggradation during floods are several orders of magnitude larger than the time-averaged rate. Within a 44 km long reach, cross-section surveys indicate that 0.2–0.8 m of sediment was deposited between 1979 and 1990. Over this period floodplain storage accounted for 5% of the total suspended sediment load, and 16% of the suspended sediment load transported during events that exceeded bankfull stage. The Waipaoa River floodplain may be representative of floodplains bordering rivers with high suspended sediment loads, produced by rapid, episodic vertical accretion, on which overbank deposition occurs across the entire floodplain, and is complemented by channel aggradation. Such rivers are able to construct high banks. Thus channel capacities are greater and the incidence of overbank flows is less than in rivers where overbank deposition is slow relative to the rate of floodplain destruction by lateral migration. The difference between our time-averaged estimate for sequestration on the Waipaoa River floodplain and comparable estimates for actively meandering rivers, and meandering rivers with low sediment loads, reinforces the notion that there is a link between the sediment transport regime of a river and its sedimentary record. To elucidate this link it is necessary to view vertical accretion in the context of the flood events that generated it, rather than in the context of a time-averaged sediment budget.
Somerset Levels and Moors: buying off the presumptive rights of landholders to manage the land as they see fit
Authors: O’Donoghue P. J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Designations as a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) or as an Environmentally Sensitive Area (ESA) are both intended to contribute to wetland conservation in an important farming area of Somerset. The first is a compulsory scheme and was resisted strongly on its introduction, whereas the second is based on a voluntary regime. Although the relevant SSSIs are within the Somerset Levels and Moors ESA, the two schemes are not alternatives. Both involve restrictions on agricultural practice and on farming operations, and thereby have an effect on capital and revenue values. In many, but not all, cases occupiers or owners are compensated financially. Whether such compensation is adequate from the landholder’s point of view, and whether the environmental benefits obtained as a result are equal in value to the cost of the schemes depends on how these values are measured. The future of both schemes is uncertain.
The
CM
pattern as a tool for the classification of alluvial suites and floodplains along the river continuum
Authors: Bravard Jean-Paul , Peiry Jean-Luc 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

The
CM
pattern is a technique used for describing textural patterns and depositional processes. Over the last 15 years in the Rhône watershed, the
CM
pattern has been intensively used to describe the actual functioning of aquatic and terrestrial environments of the river and its tributaries. Results from this research led us to propose a global
CM
pattern more adapted to floodplain environments, on which geomorphological units are mapped according to their position within the graph. In addition, data collected on a large range of fluvial environments from outwash plains to deltas confirm the mobility of the complete
CM
pattern within the graph. Each segment of the image can shift laterally or vertically in relation to the bottom turbulence of the river and/or the unit stream power. The complete
CM
pattern of river environments also provides a broad assessment of the cohesiveness of deposits in the channel and across the adjacent floodplain, and can be used to identify each river type in the continuum from torrents to deltas.
Assessing flood duration gradients and fine-scale environmental change on ancient floodplains
Authors: Wright V. P. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Existing approaches to studying ancient floodplain deposits involve integrating lithofacies and palaeopedological data to identify medium- to long-term controls on deposition. However, deciphering short-term, annual or even seasonal events such as flooding duration and hydroperiod is rarely attempted, yet it is these that control the ecology of floodplains. An approach is presented that provides insights into the patterns of flood duration in ancient floodplain successions. The ability to identify criteria indicating frequent wetting and drying is critical and this is most easily done in successions with carbonate-dominated sediments (palustrine, hard-water systems) or where Vertisol palaeosols are present. Some ancient floodplain deposits contain metre-scale units displaying drying-out trends that reflect aggradation of the floodplain surface. Evidence of hydromorphism and Fe reduction and translocation is also critical for identifying hydromorphism related to flooding, but recognizing such effects in pre-Devonian fluvial successions will be difficult because of the low levels of organic matter in soils of that interval.
Medieval iron and lead smelting works: a geophysical comparison
Authors: Vernon Robert W. , McDonnell J. Gerry , Schmidt Armin 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Geophysical techniques (fluxgate gradiometry and magnetic susceptibility) have been applied to ten iron and two lead smelting sites in the North Yorkshire Moors National Park and the Pennines, respectively. These geophysical techniques, particularly magnetometry, are often regarded as having little application on such sites. Large quantities of iron slag, for example, can mask structures associated with the on-site industrial activity, and this may result in the incomplete or erroneous interpretation of the geophysical data. Geophysical surveys can, however, identify the strong magnetic anomalies associated with iron-smelting furnaces and to a lesser extent those associated with lead smelting. To provide a valid interpretation of such geophysical data it is important to understand the processes that have been conducted on iron and lead smelting sites. This paper compares and contrasts the geophysical responses produced by iron and lead smelting sites and provides examples of the structures that geophysical techniques may reveal on smelting sites.
Testing the potential of soil-stratigraphic palynology in podsols
Authors: Tipping Richard , Long Deborah , Carter Stephen , Davidson Donald , Tyler Andrew , Boag Brian 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

Pedological, palynological, soil-micromorphological, geochemical and soil-faunal data are presented for a weakly developed free-draining ferric podsol soil profile in which three securely dated, known-age inputs (non-native tree pollen, spheroidal carbonaceous particles,
137
Cs) have been added to the soil surface and incorporated over the last
c.
150 years, from
c.
1840
ad
. We can thus observe the mechanisms of particle incorporation over time-spans appropriate to those of pedogenic processes, and analyse the rates, depth, extent and significance of mixing processes in a soil type that has often been seen as providing secure stratigraphic contexts for subfossil pollen analysis.

Our data indicate that pollen and other particles are thoroughly and completely mixed within the L/F horizon of podsols. Mixing occurs predominantly by ingestion and bioturbation by large near-surface feeding invertebrates. Mixing is also very rapid. Transfer of pollen to lower organic horizons occurs through the liberation of pollen as large invertebrate excrement is itself ingested by enchytraeid populations, but bioturbation in these lower horizons is insufficient to move further the already-mixed pollen assemblages. The absence of earthworm populations in these acid soils means that subsequent vertical transfer to mineral horizons does not occur in any significant way. This ability of organic horizons in podsols to store pollen, the complete mixing of particles in near-surface horizons, and the prolonged time-spans over which these mixing processes can operate, indicate that resultant pollen stratigraphies are normally probably too coarse in temporal resolution to be of value in palaeoecological interpretation.
Provenancing iron ore from the Bristol Channel Orefield: the cargo of the Medieval Magor Pill Boat
Authors: Young Timothy P. , Thomas Gary R. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

A boat (built
c.
1240) foundered with a cargo including iron ore, close to the settlement of
Abergwaitha
, seaward of the modern Magor Pill (Gwent). Excavation in 1995 recovered 180 kg of mixed powder and lump ores. A source within the Bristol Channel Orefield may readily be determined from the mineralogy and texture of the lump ores. Provenancing within the orefield is more problematic. Various lines of evidence constrain the likely source of the ore as Glamorgan; including textural evidence that the ore was emplaced within substantial cavernous porosity, petrological evidence that the ore was within the Carboniferous limestone, and the presence of quartz. This raises the intriguing question of why a cargo of ore was apparently travelling towards the major ore sources in the Forest of Dean. An explanation is suggested by the likely date for the cargo of 1250–1280, during the northward expansion of the de Clare Lordship of Glamorgan, into Meisgyn (including most orebodies west of the Taff Valley) in 1246, and Is Caiach (including those east of the Taff Valley) in 1267. The de Clares are known to have undertaken large-scale iron smelting in Trelech (Gwent) in the period
c.
1240–1290. It is possible that ore from the newly secured sources was shipped to Trelech for smelting during this period of insecurity.
Geoarchaeological research into the historical relics of the South Urals: problems, results, prospects
Authors: Zaykov V. V. , Bushmakin A. P. , Yuminov A. M. , Zaykova E. V. , Zdanovich G. B. , Tairov A. D. , Herrington Richard J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
A description is given here of the major geoarchaeological research undertaken in the Southern Urals region between 1991 and 1998. General petrographic characteristics of the stone material used for the manufacture of tools in the settlements of Arkaim and Alandskoe are discussed, together with their possible raw material sources. Research has indicated that Bronze Age settlements in the region used at least nine types of copper ore. One of these, the ancient mine ‘Vorovskaya Yama’, is described. Chemical analysis of metal objects from the settlements of Arkaim, Sintashta and Kuisak show that three types of copper (pure, arsenical and argentiferous) and three kinds of bronze (arsenical, stanniferous, and nickeliferous) are used for the artefacts. Buried objects show evidence of corrosion with formation of the minerals atacamite, paratacamite, nantokite, malachite, cuprite, and tenorite. The process of corrosion in the presence of organic material has been studied and malachite, azurite and sampleite have been shown to form. Microprobe analysis of gold objects from eight burial mounds shows that, in the Bronze Age, pure native gold was used to make jewellery. The use of binary artificial alloys of gold and silver is characteristic of the Early Iron Age; in the Early Middle Ages ternary artificial alloys of gold, silver and copper were used. The composition of lead wire found in the Kuisak settlement has also been determined.
The Coastal Batholith and other aspects of Andean magmatism in Peru
Authors: Cobbing E. J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The opening of the South Atlantic ocean at 110 Ma triggered the inversion of the Casma basin and the switch from marine volcanicity to plutonism, which evolved through three distinct phases. The first was the intrusion of the Coastal Batholith which forms a well-defined linear structure over the whole coastal region and which, in the Lima segment, endured from 100 to 60 Ma, and was terminated by the formation of the ring complexes. The second was the post Incaic development of the andesitic terrestrial plateau volcanics, the Calipuy group with associated scattered plutons of tonalite and granodiorite, which extended from perhaps 50 Ma to 20 Ma, and the third was the emplacement of the high level stocks and associated ignimbrite sheets from 20 to 6 Ma. Of these the Cordillera Blanca batholith which is of trondhjemitic affinity is the most important, and it is the intrusives of this zone which are the most important economically. Many plutons within the Batholith were emplaced into the brittle crust by processes of magmatic stoping and some of the evidence for this process is presented.
Brittle behaviour of granitic magma: the example of Puente del Congosto, Iberian Massif, Spain
Authors: Fernández Carlos , Castro Antonio 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The magmatic structures appearing in the Puente del Congosto granitic outcrop (central Iberian Massif) are described in this work. They are interpreted as the result of a complex interplay between viscous (Newtonian) and brittle behaviour of granitic magma, which allowed the newer magma pulses to intrude and deform older magma batches. A model of Newtonian magma intruding a linear viscoelastic host rock may be extended with some confidence to the case of magma into magma emplacement. The resulting structures combine the characteristics of dykes and diapirs. The formation of large batholiths might be initiated or entirely accomplished by this process. In order to investigate the influence of the general stress conditions characteristic of a given tectonic regime on the strength of granitic magma, an over-simplified macroscopic model considering mixed Newtonian and brittle behaviour has been developed in this work. The brittle response is simulated by the Modified Griffith criterion, so that only rough estimates of the critical differential stresses for brittle magma behaviour can be gained. The results of this model suggest that the brittle response of viscous granitic magmas is possible for any type of tectonic regime (specially under contractional tectonics). A comprehensive, physically sound model for this viscous-brittle behaviour of granitic magma is not yet available. Integrated theoretical, experimental and field-based studies are the best way to arrive at such a complete model.
Movement of melt during synchronous regional deformation and granulite-facies anatexis, an example from the Wuluma Hills, central Australia
Authors: Sawyer E. W. , Dombrowski C. , Collins W. J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

Granulite facies anatexis (
T
≈ 900 °C) in the Wuluma Hills region of the Arunta Inlier was synchronous with deformation. During D3 contractional deformation strain was partitioned into S3 shear zones, which alternate with lower strain domains containing F3 fold hinges. Subsequent D4 deformation was minor and in part extensional.

Leucosomes in the S3 shear zones are principally veins oriented parallel, or subparallel, to the pervasive S3 foliation. Leucosomes in the F3 hinge domains are more complex, and occur parallel to anisotropy due to lithological layering, the pre-existing S1/2 foliation, S3 and fold axial planes (F3 and F4). Some leucosomes (generally high Na
2
O, low K
2
O and Rb/Sr) record melt migration paths, and other sites of melt accumulation.

All the migmatites are residual and lost melt when deformation forced melt from matrix grain boundaries, through a network of small lensoid channelways to accumulation sites in fold hinges, there larger batches of magma developed. Leucosomes in accumulation sites develop a schlieric or diatexitic appearance because inflowing melt eroded the host rocks. Later increments of D3 contractional strain overpressured the accumulated granitic magma and it migrated again to other (more stable) low pressure sites through veins generally oriented parallel to S3. Magma/melt movement stopped when the solidus was reached, or the magma reached a structurally stable site (e.g. pluton).
Partial melting and
P-T-t
evolution of LP/HT metamorphic terranes: an example from the Svecofennian K-feldspar-poor leucosome migmatite belt, Southern Finland
Authors: Mouri H. , Korsman K. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

The migmatites with Kfs-poor leucosomes from the Svecofennian domain of southern Finland are characterized by a suite of anastomosing leucosome veins and patches characterized by low and varying abundance of K-feldspar with or without cordierite. These leucosomes are generated by
in situ
melting reactions at different
P-T-a
H
2
O conditions. Microtextural analysis in conjunction with
thermocalc
calculations and geothermobarometry show that these rocks were metamorphosed under granulite facies conditions at 700–750°C, 4–5 kbar and
a
H
2
O = 0.4−0.7. The formation of cordierite coronas around garnet and the late crystallization of andalusite suggest that the final stage of the
P-T
history was characterized by decompression and cooling to within the andalusite stability field, estimated at 500–650°C and 3–4 kbar. U-Pb and Sm-Nd conventional analyses of monazite and garnet, respectively, from different parts of these migmatites (mesosomes and leucosomes) indicate that, within error limits, all leucosomes were formed at about 1878 Ma during a single tectonometamorphic event. Since there is no evidence of an earlier high-grade metamorphic event in this area, it is assumed that this is the approximate age of peak metamorphism and partial melting.