bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Keepers of the Flame: Understanding Amnesty International
Authors: Ron James 
Published: February 2007

Keepers of the Flame: Understanding Amnesty International. By
Stephen Hopgood. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2006. 249p. $49.95
cloth, $19.95 paper.As human rights promotion gradually comes to rival development and
democratization in the Western policy pantheon, more human
rights–related books appear each year. Only a minority of these are
empirically and methodologically rigorous, however, and even fewer are
theoretically adventurous. Stephen Hopgood's unique study of Amnesty
International is thus a welcome contribution from a political scientist
with anthropological instincts, and it is likely to become a classic in
the field. Hopgood immersed himself for over a year in Amnesty's
culture, rituals, and politics, and then interpreted this data with
insights from Emile Durkheim and Pierre Bourdieu. He writes clearly and
well, and his interpretations should appeal to students of transnational
organizing, human rights, and international affairs, broadly
conceived.
States, Scarcity, and Civil Strife in the Developing World
Authors: Schlichte Klaus 
Published: February 2007

States, Scarcity, and Civil Strife in the Developing World.
By Colin H. Kahl. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006. 354p.
$35.00.Environmental issues have only recently attracted more attention in
social science's reasoning about the causation of war. Even though
many scholars would probably agree with the assertion that environmental
degradation and demographic pressure play a role in the causal nexus of
many civil wars, the question of how this relation could be conceptualized
has remained open for a long time. It is the aim of Colin Kahl's book
to tackle this issue not by a mere theoretical and conceptual discussion
but by using two intensely studied cases as material to construct such a
conceptualization and to render it empirically applicable and
plausible.
The Peace of Illusions: American Grand Strategy from 1940 to the
Present
Authors: Dueck Colin 
Published: February 2007

The Peace of Illusions: American Grand Strategy from 1940 to the
Present. By Christopher Layne. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press,
2006. 290p. $29.95.For over a decade, through a series of influential articles,
Christopher Layne has been the leading advocate within the academy of an
entirely new and much more detached foreign policy strategy for the United
States, one based upon what he calls “offshore balancing.” In
The Peace of Illusions, Layne puts his argument in book form,
addressing conceptual as well as historical and policy issues.
Jeffrey C. Isaac
Authors: Isaac Jeffrey C. 
Published: February 2007

Dying to Win: The Strategic Logic of Suicide
Terrorism. By Robert Pape. New York: Random House, 2005. 352p. $25.95
cloth, $14.95 paper.Making Sense of Suicide Missions. Edited by Diego
Gambetta. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005. 392p. $45.00 cloth,
$25.00 paper.Dying to Kill: The Allure of Suicide Terror. By Mia
Bloom. New York: Columbia University Press, 2005. 280p.
$24.95.
Hayek and Popper on ignorance and intervention
Authors: KERSTENETZKY CELIA LESSA 
Published: February 2007

Abstract:Does limited social knowledgeinhibitgovernment intervention or, conversely,demandit? This article confronts these two positions, as they are respectively advocated by Hayek and Popper, and sets out to substantiate the belief that Popper's view is the more coherent one.
Services and systemic innovation: a cross-sectoral analysis
Authors: CONSOLI DAVIDE 
Published: February 2007

Abstract:This essay presents a cross-sectoral analysis of innovation in some types of services, namely air traffic control, retail banking, and health care. The provision of such services is organized in network structures whose development relies on competences and activities that cut across traditional sectoral and industrial boundaries. The conceptual background provided by the recent synthesis approach explains these features by elaborating a new concept of system of innovation. In so doing, this approach paves the way for new understanding of innovation in services as the endogenous outcome of knowledge growth within and across technologies, organizations, and institutions.
Multiple structural alignment and clustering of RNA sequences
Authors: Torarinsson Elfar , Havgaard Jakob H. , Gorodkin Jan 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMotivation: An apparent paradox in computational RNA structure prediction is that many methods, in advance, require a multiple alignment of a set of related sequences, when searching for a common structure between them. However, such a multiple alignment is hard to obtain even for few sequences with low sequence similarity without simultaneously folding and aligning them. Furthermore, it is of interest to conduct a multiple alignment of RNA sequence candidates found from searching as few as two genomic sequences.Results: Here, based on the PMcomp program, we present a global multiple alignment program, foldalignM, which performs especially well on few sequences with low sequence similarity, and is comparable in performance with state of the art programs in general. In addition, it can cluster sequences based on sequence and structure similarity and output a multiple alignment for each cluster. Furthermore, preliminary results with local datasets indicate that the program is useful for post processing foldalign pairwise scans.Availability: The program foldalignM is implemented in JAVA and is, along with some accompanying PERL scripts, available at http://foldalign.ku.dk/Contact: gorodkin@genome.ku.dk
Corticolimbic dysregulation and chronic methamphetamine abuse
Authors: Baicy Kate , London Edythe D. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAims  This review aims to present and interpret evidence that methamphetamine dependence is associated with disorder of brain function that is required for top‐down control of behavior.Approach  Presented here are findings from brain imaging studies of human research participants with histories of chronic methamphetamine abuse in the context of functional consequences and implications for treatment of their dependence on methamphetamine.Findings  Brain imaging studies have revealed differences in the brains of research participants who have used methamphetamine chronically and then abstained from taking the drug, compared with healthy control subjects. These abnormalities are prominent in cortical and limbic systems, and include deficits in markers of dopaminergic and serotonergic neurotransmitter systems, differences in glucose metabolism and deficits in gray matter. These abnormalities accompany cognitive deficits, including evidence of impaired inhibitory control.Conclusion  Cortical deficits in abstinent methamphetamine abusers can affect a wide range of functions that can be important for success in maintaining drug abstinence. These include but are not limited to modulation of responses to environmental stimuli as well as internal triggers that can lead to craving and relapse. Potential therapies may combine behavioral approaches with medications that can improve cognitive control.
Methamphetamine‐induced neural and cognitive changes in rodents
Authors: Marshall John F. , Belcher Annabelle M. , Feinstein Erin M. , O'Dell Steven J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAims Although psychostimulant drug abuse carries with it several potential health risks, the chronic abuse of amphetamines carries the danger of permanent brain injury. The purpose of these experiments is to develop animal models to understand the long‐lasting influences of methamphetamine exposure on cerebral cortex and cognitive function.Methods The approach taken is to administer a regimen of methamphetamine known to be neurotoxic to dopamine and serotonin nerve terminals in the rat, and to investigate the influences of that dosing regimen on (i) cortical neuron integrity and function using anatomical stains and (ii) novel object recognition memory.Results In rodents, repeated administration of methamphetamine during a single day produces long‐lasting damage to striatal dopamine and forebrain serotonin terminals as well as degeneration of somatosensory cortical neurons. The degeneration of somatosensory cortical neurons may represent only the most visible form of long‐term deleterious effects on cerebral cortex, as exposure of rats to methamphetamine can reduce the immediate early gene responses of neurons in widespread cortical areas, even long after exposure to the drug. Together with the death and long‐lasting functional impairments of cortical neurons, rats exposed to methamphetamine have impaired cognitive function. When tested for object recognition memory, methamphetamine‐treated rats show deficiencies lasting for at least 3 weeks after drug exposure.Conclusions Using a rodent model, these findings provide an avenue to study the cortical influences of methamphetamine and their cognitive sequelae.
Methamphetamine‐induced alterations in monoamine transport: implications for neurotoxicity, neuroprotection and treatment
Authors: Volz Trent J. , Fleckenstein Annette E. , Hanson Glen R. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAim To review studies delineating the neurotoxic effects of methamphetamine on monoamine transport in dopaminergic neurons of the striatum and nucleus accumbens.Method The scope of this review includes the English language dopamine transporter and vesicular monoamine transporter‐2 primary literature to April 2006 identified by Pubmed, Science Citation Index and SciFinder Scholar literature searches.Results Changes in the function of the plasmalemmal dopamine transporter and the vesicular monoamine transporter‐2 are key components of methamphetamine‐induced persistent dopaminergic deficits. These deficits include persistent reductions in dopamine content, dopamine transporter density and tyrosine hydroxylase activity. The striatum is susceptible to these effects of methamphetamine while the nucleus accumbens is resistant. Differences in dopamine transporter density and activity, extracellular dopamine levels and antioxidant levels in these two brain regions may, in part, account for the resistance of the nucleus accumbens.Conclusion These findings concerning the nature of methamphetamine‐induced changes in plasmalemmal and vesicular dopamine transport have very important implications for drug targets and for understanding the etiology of dopaminergic neurodegenerative processes, such as those associated with methamphetamine addiction and Parkinson's disease.
A radiation hybrid map of sheep chromosome 23 based on ovine BAC‐end sequences
Authors: Tetens J. , Goldammer T. , Maddox J. F. , Cockett N. E. , Leeb T. , Drögemüller C. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryMore than 375 000 BAC‐end sequences (BES) of the CHORI‐243 ovine BAC library have been deposited in public databases. blastn searches with these BES against HSA18 revealed 1806 unique and significant hits. We used blastn‐anchored BES for an in silico prediction of gene content and chromosome assignment of comparatively mapped ovine BAC clones. Ovine BES were selected at approximately 1.3‐Mb intervals of HSA18 and incorporated into a human–sheep comparative map. An ovine 5000‐rad whole‐genome radiation hybrid panel (USUoRH5000) was typed with 70 markers, all of which mapped to OAR23. The resulting OAR23 RH map included 43 markers derived from BES with high and unique BLAST hits to the sequence of the orthologous HSA18, nine EST‐derived markers, 16 microsatellite markers taken from the ovine linkage map and two bovine microsatellite markers. Six new microsatellite markers derived from the 43 mapped BES and the two bovine microsatellite markers were linkage‐mapped using the International Mapping Flock (IMF). Thirteen additional microsatellite markers were derived from other ovine BES with high and unique BLAST hits to the sequence of the orthologous HSA18 and also positioned on the ovine linkage map but not incorporated into the OAR23 RH map. This resulted in 24 markers in common and in the same order between the RH and linkage maps. Eight of the BES‐derived markers were mapped using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), to thereby align the RH and cytogenetic maps. Comparison of the ovine chromosome 23 RH map with the HSA18 map identified and localized three major breakpoints between HSA18 and OAR23. The positions of these breakpoints were equivalent to those previously shown for syntenic BTA24 and HSA18. This study presents evidence for the usefulness of ovine BES when constructing a high‐resolution comprehensive map for a single sheep chromosome. The comparative analysis confirms and refines knowledge about chromosomal conservation and rearrangements between sheep, cattle and human. The constructed RH map demonstrates the resolution and utility of the newly constructed ovine RH panel.
Resistance to malignant catarrhal fever in American bison (Bison bison) is associated with MHC class IIa polymorphisms
Authors: Traul D. L. , Li H. , Dasgupta N. , O'Toole D. , Eldridge J. A. , Besser T. E. , Davies C. J. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryThe Rhadinovirus ovine herpesvirus‐2 (OvHV‐2) is the most common causative agent of malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) in clinically susceptible ruminants including cattle and bison. American bison (Bison bison) are highly susceptible to clinical MCF. Nevertheless, approximately 20% of bison on ranches or in feedlots become infected with the virus without developing clinical disease. Defining the genetic basis for differences in susceptibility between bison could facilitate development of improved control strategies for MCF. One genetic region that influences susceptibility to infectious diseases is the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). In this study, a Bison bison (Bibi) DRB3 oligonucleotide microarray was used to type 189 bison from 10 herds where MCF outbreaks had occurred. Binary logistic regression was used to classify DRB3 alleles as resistant (R), susceptible (S) or neutral (N). Animals were reclassified using six DRB3 genotype categories: N/N, N/R, N/S, R/S, R/R and S/S. Analysis of homogeneity across herds showed that there was a herd effect. Consequently, a penalized logistic regression model was run with herd and genotype categories as the explanatory variables. The R/R genotype was associated with resistance to MCF (P = 0.0327), while the S/S genotype was associated with clinical MCF (P = 0.0069). This is the first evidence that MHC class IIa polymorphism is associated with resistance or susceptibility to OvHV‐2‐induced MCF.
Age‐related differences in the pharmacokinetics of stavudine in 272 children from birth to 16 years: a population analysis
Authors: Jullien V. , Raïs A. , Urien S. , Dimet J. , Delaugerre C. , Bouillon‐Pichault M. , Rey E. , Pons G. , Blanche S. , Tréluyer J. M. 
Published: February 2007

AimsTo develop a population pharmacokinetic model for stavudine in children and to investigate the consistency of the currently recommended dose based on adult target concentrations.MethodsThe pharmacokinetics of stavudine were investigated using a population approach. Individual estimates of CL/F were used to calculate the stavudine dose required to achieve the area under the concentration‐time curve reported in adults given recommended doses.ResultsStavudine pharmacokinetics were well described by a one‐compartment model with zero‐order absorption. Typical population estimates (% interindividual variability) of the apparent distribution volume (V/F) and plasma clearance (CL/F) were 40.9 l (32%) and 16.5 l h−1 (38%), respectively. Stavudine V/F and CL/F were similarly related to age. Mean calculated doses (0.61 mg kg−1 for children less than 2 weeks, 1.23 mg kg−1 for children more than 2 weeks with bodyweight less than 30 kg, and 31.5 mg for children with a bodyweight between 30 and 60 kg) were in agreement with the current paediatric doses (0.5 mg kg−1, 1 mg kg−1, and 30 mg, respectively).ConclusionsOur findings support the current recommended paediatric dosage regimens for stavudine, as they result in the same exposure to the drug as in adults.
Follow‐up of avidity and titre of anti‐myeloperoxidase antibodies in sera from patients with propylthiouracil‐induced vasculitis
Authors: Gao Ying , Chen Min , Ye Hua , Guo Xiao‐hui , Zhao Ming‐hui , Wang Hai‐yan 
Published: February 2007

SummaryObjective  Propylthiouracil (PTU) has been known to induce myeloperoxidase‐antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (MPO‐ANCA) positive vasculitis. Our previous study indicated that the increase of avidity of MPO‐ANCA might be associated with the occurrence of clinical vasculitis in patients with PTU‐induced ANCA. The current study aimed to follow‐up the avidity and titre of anti‐MPO antibodies in sequential sera from patients with PTU‐induced ANCA‐associated systemic vasculitis (AASV).Methods  Six patients with PTU‐induced vasculitis were enrolled in the current study. Serial sera in both active phase and in remission were collected. MPO‐ANCA avidity was assessed by antigen‐inhibition enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), and avidity constant (aK) was determined as the reciprocal value of the MPO molar concentration in the liquid phase resulting in 50% inhibition of anti‐MPO antibody binding to MPO in solid phase ELISA. Titres of MPO‐ANCA were determined by using serial serum dilutions in MPO‐ELISA.Results  After cessation of PTU and initiation of immunosuppressive therapy, the avidity and titre of MPO‐ANCA decreased significantly during follow‐up in sera from all the patients, and the avidity decreased much more quickly than the titres.Conclusion  Our study indicates that avidity of anti‐MPO antibodies might be more closely associated with clinical vasculitis than titre.
Influence and interaction of diabetes and lipoprotein (a) serum levels on mortality of patients with peripheral artery disease
Authors: Maca T. , Mlekusch W. , Doweik L. , Budinsky A.C. , Bischof M. , Minar E. , Schillinger M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBackground  Diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for early complications and mortality in patients with peripheral artery disease. Lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] is also suggested to be a marker of increased cardiovascular risk. We investigated the association and interaction between diabetes mellitus, lipoprotein(a) and mortality in high risk patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD).Methods  We studied 700 consecutive patients [median age 73 years, interquartile range (IQR) 62–80, 393 male (56%)] with PAD from a registry database. Atherothrombotic risk factors (diabetes, smoking, hyperlipidaemia, arterial hypertension) and Lp(a) serum levels were recorded. We used stratified multivariate Cox proportional hazard analyses to assess the mortality risk at a given patient's age with respect to the presence of diabetes and Lp(a) serum levels (in tertiles).Results  Patients with Lp(a) levels above 36 mg dL−1 (highest tertile) and insulin‐dependent type II diabetes had a 3·01‐fold increased adjusted risk for death (95% confidence interval 1·28–6·64, P = 0·011) compared to patients without diabetes or patients with non‐insulin‐dependent type II diabetes. In patients with Lp(a) serum levels below 36 mg dL−1 (lower and middle tertile), diabetes mellitus was not associated with an increased risk for death.Conclusion  Insulin‐dependent type II diabetes mellitus seems to be associated with an increased risk for mortality in PAD patients with Lp(a) serum levels above 36 mg dL−1. PAD patients with non‐insulin‐dependent type II diabetes, and patients with diabetes and Lp(a) levels below 36 mg dL−1 showed survival rates comparable to PAD patients without diabetes.
Calcium‐sensing receptor and recovery from hypocalcaemia in thyroparathyroidectomized rats
Authors: Huan J. , Martuseviciene G. , Olgaard K. , Lewin E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBackground  Plasma ionized calcium (p‐Ca2+) is kept within a very narrow range and deviations are rapidly corrected by flux of Ca2+ between extracellular fluid and the labile calcium pool at the quiescent bone surface. The calcium sensing at the bone surface represents a physiological interesting model for the rapid minute‐to‐minute regulation of p‐Ca2+. Our aim was to study whether the calcium‐sensing receptor (CaR) has a role in the rapid recovery of p‐Ca2+ from acute induced hypocalcaemia.Material and methods  Male Wistar rats were thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX). Acute hypocalcaemia in the animals was induced by infusion of EGTA (40–50 mm EGTA, 3·0 mL h−1 for 30 min). Thereafter the recovery of p‐Ca2+ was followed. Vehicle or the CaR activators, R‐568 (2 mg as a bolus twice) or gentamycin were administrated intravenously.Results  EGTA infusion resulted in significantly lower nadir of hypocalcaemia in R‐568‐ or gentamycin‐treated rats compared to vehicle‐treated rats (P < 0·01). During recovery phase p‐Ca2+ remained significantly lower in R‐568 rats (P < 0·001). As such p‐Ca2+ levels recovered to basal levels in the vehicle group within 70 min after stopping EGTA, while R‐568 or gentamycin rats remained significantly hypocalcaemic.Conclusions  The CaR activators R‐568 and gentamycin, both significantly delayed the recovery of p‐Ca2+ from acute EGTA‐induced hypocalcaemia in TPTX rats. This novel finding suggests the existence of calcium sensing by bone of importance for the rapid minute‐to‐minute regulation of p‐Ca2+.
Endovascular stent implantation for treatment of peripheral artery disease
Authors: Schillinger M. , Minar E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractEndovascular stent implantation is a rapidly emerging technology for treatment of arterial obstructions in the entire circulation. During recent years, several randomized studies evaluated the effects of stenting in lower limb arteries. We herein provide an overview on data of trials in the iliac and femoropopliteal vessel area discussing the benefits and limitations of endovascular stents. In the iliac arteries, midterm and long‐term data from one randomized trial including analysis on patency, clinical outcomes, cost‐effectiveness and quality of life indicate that balloon angioplasty with selective stenting remains the therapy of choice for endovascular revascularization. In the femoropopliteal arteries, balloon‐expanding stents were not superior to balloon angioplasty for treatment of short lesions, and self‐expanding nitinol stents also failed to show a beneficial effect in short lesions below 5 cm. However, including longer lesions, one randomized trial indicated a beneficial effect of nitinol stents in lesions with a median length around 10–12 cm. Further studies and longer follow‐up intervals are needed to confirm these data. Meanwhile, balloon angioplasty with optional stenting also remains the recommended endovascular approach for the femoropopliteal segment.