bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Prediction of the Course of Minor Psychiatric Disorders
Authors: Huxley P. J. , Goldberg D. P. , Maguire G. P. , Kincey V. A. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryRecent studies have suggested that psychosocial factors play an important part in the prediction of the course of minor psychiatric disorders. Fifty-nine new psychiatric out-patients suffering from minor disorders were assessed, using standardized clinical and social interviews, and 52 were followed up after one year and the clinical assessment repeated. Social and clinical factors were equally important predictors of the number of months ill in the survey year, but social and constitutional variables were superior in the prediction of percentage change in symptoms over the year.The results of correlation, factor and multiple regression analyses suggest that the course of minor psychiatric disorder is best predicted by three sets of variables which are, in order of importance, the patient's material social circumstances, his clinical symptoms and his ‘genetic risk’ scores.
Reported Parental Characteristics of Agoraphobics and Social Phobics
Authors: Parker Gordon 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe clinical impression that phobic patients perceive their parents as being uncaring and overprotective was investigated in a controlled study of eighty-one phobic patients. Those assigned to a social phobic group scored both parents as less caring and as overprotective, while those assigned to an agoraphobic group differed from controls only in reporting less maternal care. Intensity of phobic symptoms in the pooled sample was examined in a separate analysis. Higher agoraphobic scores were associated with less maternal care and less maternal overprotection, while higher social phobic scores were associated with greater maternal care and greater maternal overprotection.
Clomipramine and Exposure for Obsessive-Compulsive Rituals: 1
Authors: Marks I. M. , Stern R. S. , Mawson D. , Cobb J. , McDonald R. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryForty chronic obsessive-compulsive ritualizers were randomly assigned to treatment with oral clomipramine or placebo for 8 months. During weeks 4 to 7 these two groups were each randomly split into treatment by relaxation or by exposure in vivo, and during weeks 7 to 10 all patients had exposure in vivo. Double blind assessments were made at weeks 4, 7, 10, 18, 36, 62 and 114.Results are reported to one year. Clomipramine produced significant improvement in rituals, mood and social adjustment, but only in those patients who initially had depressed mood. The clomipramine effect was maximum from weeks 10 to 18 and diminished thereafter. On stopping clomipramine patients often relapsed and improved again on restarting the drug. Relaxation produced little change. Exposure produced significant lasting improvement in rituals, but less change in mood; improvement generalized to social adjustment at follow-up. Clomipramine plus exposure had a slight additive but not interactional effect. Clomipramine enhanced compliance both with exposure and with relaxation.Clomipramine is useful for compulsive ritualizers with depressed mood, but may need continuation for over a year and combination with exposure in vivo. Exposure in vivo remains the treatment of choice for rituals without depressed mood.
Social Deprivation Amongst Short Stay Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Ebringer Lorna , Christie-Brown J. R. W. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryTwo samples of newly admitted psychiatric patients were examined. Of 558 patients admitted during one year, 76 (13.7 per cent) came in from transitory accommodation or no fixed abode; of 456 patients discharged 131 (28.7 per cent) either changed address during their stay in hospital or left without known accommodation. Of 102 patients in the wards and day hospital on one day, 29 (28.4 per cent) came in from transitory accommodation or no fixed abode, 66 (64.7 per cent) were unemployed, 51 (50 per cent) were living alone. Of the 74 inpatients 30 (40.5 per cent) were homeless and 27 (36.5 per cent) had no visitors. These results indicate that many patients have lost their community supports by the time they reach hospital.
Patterns of Peptides and Protein-Associated-Peptide Complexes in Psychiatric Disorders
Authors: Trygstad O. E. , Reichelt K. L. , Foss I. , Edminson P. D. , Saelid G. , Bremer J. , Hole K. , Ørbeck H. , Johansen J. H. , B⊘ler J. B. , Titlestad K. , Opstad P. K. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryPeptidic neurones may be considered as multisignal integrators and transducers. When formation or release of peptide outstrips genetically determined breakdown capacity, overflow of peptides to the body fluids and urine may be expected. In this paper, pathological urinary chromatographic patterns of peptides are shown for genetic, functional and mixed disorders. Part symptoms of the disorders may be induced with the biologically isolated and purified peptides as well as with chemically synthesized peptides.
Myasthenia Gravis — the Difficult Diagnosis
Authors: Sneddon Joan 
Published: August 2008

SummaryTwenty-six patients with proven myasthenia gravis were interviewed to assess the length of time between onset of symptoms, presentation to the general practitioner and diagnosis. In one third the initial diagnosis was psychiatric and the average time between presentation and correct diagnosis was 2.8 years for men, 1.2 years for premenopausal women and three weeks for postmenopausal women. Diagnosis could have been made much earlier if doctors had been familiar with early symptoms in this relatively rare disease. Symptoms and signs fluctuated and were at times absent, especially in the mornings.
Physical Illness and Psychosis
Authors: Cutting J. C. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryOne hundred psychotic patients referred to a consultation service in a general hospital were compared with 50 psychotic patients without physical illness in a psychiatric unit. Background, mental and cognitive state were evaluated. In addition to providing a list of likely causes of cerebral dysfunction in such a sample, the study revealed an increased incidence of prior depression in those with cerebral dysfunction, and identified a group where psychosocial factors appeared more significant than cerebral dysfunction in determining the psychosis. The various ways in which a psychosis can be associated with a physical condition, and the various forms that it can take even when cerebral dysfunction is present, are discussed.
Cushing's Syndrome, Tryptophan and Depression
Authors: Kelly William F. , Checkley Stuart A. , Bender David A. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryFifteen patients with active Cushing's syndrome have been compared with 15 other patients who had been treated successfully for Cushing's syndrome and with 13 patients with other pituitary tumours. Depression was the main psychiatric diagnosis made by the CATEGO programme after Present State Examinations. Patients with active Cushing's syndrome were significantly more depressed (Hamilton Rating Scores), than were the other patients. Compared with the control patients, those with active Cushing's syndrome had slightly lower plasma concentrations of total tryptophan, though the concentrations of freely diffusible tryptophan were not significantly changed.
An Extrapyramidal Syndrome after Lithium Therapy
Authors: Tyrer P. , Alexander M. S. , Regan Adrienne , Lee I. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryTwo patients developed an extrapyramidal syndrome after therapy with lithium carbonate. Although the clinical features of this syndrome were indistinguishable from those of drug-induced parkinsonism, it was made worse by the anti-parkinsonian drug, orphenadrine. These findings were reproduced later under laboratory conditions when extrapyramidal symptoms and physiological tremor were recorded before and after challenge doses of orphenadrine. This unwanted effect of lithium carbonate may be explained by selective blockade of dopamine receptors.
HLA Antigens in Schizophrenia: Differences between Patients with and without Evidence of Brain Atrophy
Authors: Luchins Daniel , Torrey E. Fuller , Weinberger Daniel R. , Zalcman Steven , Delisi Lynn , Johnson Armead , Rogentine Nicholas , Wyatt Richard Jed 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA survey of 14 published studies found no consistent association between specific HLA antigens and schizophrenia. Since these studies lacked diagnostic or biological criteria, an investigation was undertaken using recognized diagnostic criteria and CT scan findings. Typing for HLA antigens at loci A, B and C was carried out on 130 patients. Among 92 black schizophrenic patients there was an increase of HLA-A2which remained significant even after correcting for the number of antigens studied. When the patients for whom CT scans were available were divided according to the presence or absence of evidence of brain atrophy, there was an increase of A2in the black schizophrenic patientswithoutevidence of atrophy, which remained significant after multiplying by the number of antigens studied. However, there was no significant increase of A2in thosewithevidence of atrophy. Similar trends held for the white population but they failed to reach significance. The need for HLA studies on biologically defined groups of schizophrenic patients is stressed.
Non-Organic Gastrointestinal Illness: A Medical and Psychiatric Study
Authors: Macdonald Alasdair J. , Bouchier Ian A. D. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryOne hundred consecutive referrals to a general medical out-patient clinic were evaluated psychiatrically under blind conditions in order to investigate the nature and occurrence of non-organic disease presenting as gastrointestinal illness. Twenty-eight patients had marked psychiatric illness with or without physical illness, and there was an association between psychiatric illness and the absence of organic disease, as determined by outcome at follow-up of 4–11 months. Patients with obsessional traits were more at risk of non-organic illness. Historical items indicating a likelihood of non-organic gastrointestinal illness included ‘nerves', ‘depression’, unhappy childhood, early parental loss and early separations from parents during childhood. Psychiatric illness often persisted after treatment for physical symptoms. Some of the techniques used in this study to identify psychiatric illness could be usefully employed in everyday practice.
A Study of Weight Reducing Diets in Psychiatric In-Patients
Authors: Knox Janet M. 
Published: August 2008

SummarySeventy-four overweight psychiatric in-patients were treated with weight reducing diets for periods varying from 6 months to 34 months. Seventy per cent lost weight and 18 per cent attained an ideal weight. Weight reducing diets should be considered an important aspect of treatment for the majority of obese patients in psychiatric hospitals regardless of the cause of obesity.
Psychometric Rating in the Assessment of Progress in Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Gomez Joan , Dally Peter 
Published: August 2008

SummaryPersonality variables and psychiatric symptoms were each assessed by inventory in 42 patients with anorexia nervosa: as in-patients initially, and during a three-year follow up. The results were used to distinguish primary from secondary cases and to monitor the clinical progress of the disorder.
Life Events, Psychiatric Disturbance and Physical Illness
Authors: Murphy Elaine , Brown George W. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe relationship between life events and the onset of organic physical illness has been studied in a group of women in the general population. The link between severe events and the onset of organic illness, which held only for women of 50 years or younger, was not a direct causal association but mediated by an intervening psychiatric disturbance of an affective kind, all occurring within a six month period. The findings are discussed in the light of the high psychiatric morbidity found in physically ill patients.
Clinical and Pharmacokinetic Factors Affecting Response to Phenelzine
Authors: Tyrer Peter , Gardner Martin , Lambourn John , Whitford Mervyn 
Published: August 2008

SummarySixty patients, 30 with depressive neurosis, 15 with anxiety neurosis and 15 with phobic anxiety states, were treated with the monoamine oxidase inhibitor, phenelzine, in two different dosage schedules for four weeks. All patients received an initial dose of 15 mg daily, increasing to 30 mg daily between the third and seventh day, but subsequently, using double-blind procedure, one group took the commonly prescribed dose of 45 mg daily and the other took 90 mg daily. Acetylator status was independently determined before the start of treatment. Each diagnostic group showed a similar response to treatment, but patients taking the higher dose improved significantly more than those taking normal dosage, and the rate of improvement, measured by weekly self-ratings, was also more rapid with higher dosage. Acetylator status did not affect clinical response. The results suggest that dosage is more important in determining clinical response to phenelzine in neurotic disorder than specific diagnosis or acetylator status.
Relationships in Healthy Volunteers Between Concentrations of Monoamine Metabolites in Cerebrospinal Fluid and Family History of Psychiatric Morbidity
Authors: Sedvall Göran , Fyrö Bengt , Gullberg Bo , Nybäck Henrik , Wiesel Frits-Axel , Wode-Helgodt Birgitta 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIn 60 physically and mentally healthy human subjects, lumbar cerebrospinal fluid was analysed by mass fragmentography for 5-HIAA, HVA and MOPEG. Individuals with a family history of psychiatric morbidity had significantly greater variation in monoamine metabolite concentrations than subjects without such a family history. In subjects with a family history of schizophrenic psychosis 5-HIAA and HVA concentrations were significantly higher than in subjects with depressive disorders within the family. For subjects with deviant 5-HIAA levels the probability of having a psychiatric family history was 2.7 times higher than in subjects with normal values. For HVA and MOPEG similar relationships, but of a lower significance level, were found. The results suggest that the cerebral monoaminergic transmitter amines play critical roles in the pathophysiology of psychotic and depressive disorders with a family disposition. They also indicate a value of monoamine metabolite determination in CSF for the prediction of family vulnerability for psychiatric morbidity in healthy subjects.
The Disabilities of Chronic Schizophrenia—their Nature and the Factors Contributing to their Development
Authors: Owens D. G. Cunningham , Johnstone Eve C. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryFive hundred and ten patients receiving long-term in-patient care for schizophrenia were examined in terms of their current mental state, cognitive functioning, neurological status and behavioural performance. The abnormalities of these areas of their present state were related to historical factors, personal details, the features of the illness at its worst and physical treatment received. Significant associations between the present state and historical factors were few and mainly concerned time and the features of the illness at its worst. Current abnormalities were not related to past physical treatment, but highly significant correlations were found between the impairments of the four areas of the present state. It is concluded that these impairments are likely to be an integral part of the disease.
Eeg Spectral Analysis in Schizophrenia
Authors: Fenton G. W. , Fenwick P. B. C. , Dollimore J. , Dunn T. L. , Hirsch S. R. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryFour channels of EEG (T4-T6, P4-02, T3-T5, P3-01) were recorded from several groups of control subjects and schizophrenia patients on analogue tape. They were later digitized and analysed by computer; power spectra were computed for 30 second epochs of EEG per channel; eyes closed, eyes open. No difference between normal controls and neurotic in-patients was apparent. An acute schizophrenic group had less alpha power, this change being confined largely to the temporal areas. A chronic outpatient sample showed less alpha and beta power, while chronic long-stay schizophrenic patients had an excess of delta power. The changes in both chronic patient groups were diffuse rather than local.
Sleep Disorder Over Time: Psychiatric Correlates Among Males
Authors: Sweetwood Hervey , Grant Igor , Kripke Daniel F. , Gerst Marvin S. , Yager Joel 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThis 18 month prospective study assessed the time course of sleep disturbances in 85 male psychiatric out-patients and 103 male non-patients. Over one-third of the patients and 5 per cent of the non-patients reported frequent symptoms of insomnia during at least 14 of the 18 months. Frequency and chronicity of insomnia were strongly associated with intensity of psychiatric symptomatology, but not with diagnosis. Minor tranquillizers and hypnotics were used frequently by patients and occasionally by non-patients, but there was little indication that they altered the course of insomnia.
Life Stress and Symptoms at the Climacterium
Authors: Greene J. G. , Cooke D. J. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryPsychological and somatic symptoms presented by women in middle life are frequently attributed to the menopause. Many writers have questioned this assumption and have placed more emphasis on environmental and personality factors. Using a life event model and a multivariate analysis technique, life stress was shown to have a significantly more powerful influence on the elevation of symptoms in a normal population of women at that age than did the menopause. Furthermore, the elevation in symptoms occurred some considerable time before that event. The finding that there was no significant increase in total life stress at that time of life suggests the presence of a vulnerability or moderating factor.
Cyclic Amp Levels in Blood Cells from a Short-Cycle Manic-Depressive Subject
Authors: Buckley Dorothy E. , Naylor Graham J. , Stansfield David A. , Brown Richard A. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryErythrocyte and leucocyte numbers and cyclic AMP content were monitored weekly in a mentally defective short-cycle manic-depressive woman. The erythrocyte count remained relatively constant but cyclic AMP content when manic was significantly higher than when depressed, and the mood and biochemical data appeared to have the same periodicity, with coincident peaks and troughs. Total leucocytes were related to mood, with peaks in the manic phase. Mononuclear cyclic AMP content varied without relation to manic or depressive phases.
A Pilot Study of Plasma Thioridazine and Metabolites in Chronically Treated Patients
Authors: Papadopoulos A. S. , Chand T. G. , Crammer J. L. , Lader S. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryPlasma concentrations of thioridazine, mesoridazine, sulphoridazine and thioridazine ring sulphoxide have been measured individually by specific gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) methods, and collectively by a radio-receptor assay, in 16 elderly in-patients during chronic treatment. The sulphoridazine level was above 0.135 μg/ml in 5 out of 6 symptomatically well-controlled patients, and below this level in 9 out of 10 who were poorly controlled. No such division was so clear for the other substances measured. A new assay for the total dopamine receptor-blocking activity of the plasma correlated highly at lower levels with the sum of drug plus metabolites obtained by GLC, but exceeded the sum at higher values. Both sulphoridazine and neuroleptic levels need further study.
A Comparison of Information Sources in the Study of Psychotic Illness
Authors: Downing A. R. , Francis A. F. , Brockington I. F. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe clinical features shown by 50 psychotic patients were documented by interviews held with the patient and next-of-kin, brief videotaped interviews and nurse rating in addition to the hospital case record. Three raters studied all the available material and made master ratings. Comparison of the ratings made at mental state interview with these master ratings showed that this interview missed a great deal of the pathology agreed to be present. The interview with the next-of-kin was helpful in identifying manic symptoms. Nurse rating based on an 8-hour period of observation was less effective overall, but highly significant associations with the master ratings were achieved in 29/57 areas studied. In four areas (uncooperative behaviour, concern for others, agitation and distractibility) it was superior to either interview.
Anticipatory Grief: A Psychosocial Concept Reconsidered
Authors: Fulton Robert , Gottesman David Jay 
Published: August 2008

SummaryFormerly anticipatory grief was viewed as a potential coping mechanism for a prospective loss. More recently it has been studied in preventive psychiatry as a determinant of the severity of post-mortem grief. The authors in a critical analysis of methodological and theoretical inconsistencies recommend a reconsideration of the concept within a psychosocial context.
Emotional Disturbance in Hearing Clinic Patients
Authors: Singerman Burt , Riedner Erwin , Folstein Marshal 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA group of outpatients scheduled for hearing evaluation were screened for psychiatric morbidity using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-30). There was an association between objective hearing loss and elevated GHQ-30 score. An association was also found between the presence of tinnitus and vestibular symptoms and elevated GHQ-30 score.
Affect and Verbal-Nonverbal Discrepancy in Schizophrenic and Non-Schizophrenic Family Communication
Authors: Hall Judith A. , Levin Smadar 
Published: August 2008

SummaryVerbal and nonverbal communication of affect was examined in schizophrenic and control families, using audio tapes and transcripts of family interactions. In Study 1, data were available for parents interacting with their schizophrenic child (index session) or with a well child (well-sibling session), and for two parent-child sessions in normal families. In Study 2, data consisted of index sessions only with schizophrenic, non-schizophrenic psychiatric, and normal families. Audio tapes were electronically filtered, and ratings were obtained on nonverbal (filtered speech) and verbal (transcript) samples. The double-bind hypotheses of different nonverbal expression of affect and greater verbal-nonverbal discrepancy in schizophrenic as compared to normal families were not supported. In both studies no overall differences were found between diagnostic groups in terms of nonverbal ratings, indicating that clinical perceptions of inappropriate and conflicted affect in schizophrenic families are not based on spontaneously produced simultaneous discrepancy between verbal and nonverbal channels of spoken communication.
ECT: I. Patients' Experiences and Attitudes
Authors: Freeman C. P. L. , Kendell R. E. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryOne hundred and sixty-six patients who had ECT in either 1971 or 1976 were interviewed. The 1976 sample represented 89 per cent of those available for interview. Their experiences of ECT and their attitudes to it are described. They found ECT a helpful treatment and not particularly frightening, but side-effects, especially memory impairment, were frequent.
Using ECT to Study Hemispheric Specialization for Sequential Processes
Authors: Horan M. , Ashton R. , Minto J. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryTwo studies are reported, citing the effects of unilateral versus bilateral electroconvulsive shock therapy on the performance of short cognitive tests. In Study 1, seven tests were administered before and after three treatment sessions The most interesting finding was that performance improved significantly on the Knox Cube Imitation test following right unilateral shock. Study 2 replicated this unexpected finding. These results were interpreted as demonstrating that the left cerebral hemisphere is specialized for the processing of sequential time-dependent information.