bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Roles of glial p75NTR in axonal regeneration
Authors: Zhou Xin‐Fu , Li Hong‐Yun 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe neurotrophin receptor p75 (p75NTR) is expressed by both neurons and glia. Nerve injury triggers up‐regulation of p75NTR in Schwann cells (SC) but not in central glia. In contrast to neuronal p75NTR, which mediates negative signals from myelin‐associated proteins resulting in neurite collapse, glial p75NTR may play a positive role in nerve regeneration by forming neurotrophin chemoattractant gradients or by competitively antagonizing the NOGO/NgR/LINGO‐1 signal through cell–cell contact or regulated intramembranous proteolysis (RIP) of p75NTR. This piece presents some recent evidence supporting this hypothesis. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
S/P and T/P phosphorylation is critical for tau neurotoxicity in Drosophila
Authors: Steinhilb Michelle L. , Dias‐Santagata Dora , Mulkearns Erin E. , Shulman Joshua M. , Biernat Jacek , Mandelkow Eva‐Maria , Feany Mel B. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe microtubule‐associated protein tau is hyperphosphorylated abnormally in AD and related neurodegenerative disorders. Many phospho epitopes created by proline directed kinases (SP/TP sites) show relative specificity for disease states. To test whether phosphorylation at the disease‐associated SP/TP sites affects tau toxicity in vivo, we expressed a form of tau in Drosophila in which all SP/TP sites are mutated to alanine. We find that blocking phosphorylation at SP/TP motifs markedly reduces tau toxicity in vivo. Using phosphorylation‐specific antibodies, we identify a positive correlation between increased phosphorylation at disease‐associated sites and neurotoxicity. We use the phosphorylation‐incompetent version of tau to show that kinase and phosphatase modifiers of tau neurotoxicity, including cdk5/p35, the JNK kinase hemipterous and PP2A act via SP/TP phosphorylation sites. We provide direct evidence in an animal model system to support the role of phosphorylation at SP/TP sites in playing a critical role in tau neurotoxicity. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neuregulins at the neuromuscular synapse: Past, present, and future
Authors: Rimer Mendell 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAt the developing vertebrate neuromuscular junction, neuregulins are growth/differentiation factors essential for terminal Schwann cell survival. Neuregulins have also been thought as the critical signals responsible for the increased transcription of acetylcholine receptor subunit genes at the neuromuscular synapse. This latter role is now highly controversial. This article reviews the evidence that has shaped the views of the neuregulins and how these views have been challenged. The most recent experiments indicate that neuregulin signaling to postsynaptic muscle fibers may modulate, rather than determine, acetylcholine receptor expression at the neuromuscular junction. Based on findings from my lab and those of others, I propose that this modulation might involve novel posttranscriptional molecular mechanisms. Finally, I also suggest that neuregulin signaling may have an important role to play in mediating the response of adult terminal Schwann cells to denervation. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
John Hunter and the origins of modern orthopaedic research
Authors: Evans Christopher H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractOrthopaedic research is a multi‐disciplinary, eclectic pursuit conducted in a scientific manner. John Hunter (1728–1793), the Founder of Scientific Surgery, was the first to engage systematically in this enterprise. Born in Scotland, Hunter moved to London to help his brother, William, run an anatomy school. This involved both the procurement and dissection of cadavers, for which activities John showed great aptitude. Further training and a spell as an army surgeon equipped him for his life's work as a practitioner, researcher and teacher. Hunter amassed an enormous collection of specimens displayed in a specially designed house he constructed in Leicester Square, and maintained an extensive menagerie and additional laboratories in Earl's Court. Many of his specimens are now housed in the Hunterian Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons in London. Among Hunter's contributions to orthopaedics are his discovery of bone remodeling, and his studies on the repair and regeneration of bone, cartilage and tendon. He developed numerous new surgical procedures, and provided detailed anatomical descriptions that often corrected received wisdom. Many of his pupils became famous in their own right and two of them founded the USA's first medical school. John Hunter died of a heart attack brought on by hospital administrators. © 2007 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 25:556–560, 2007
The extraction of beef bones with water, dilute sodium hydroxide and dilute potassium chloride
Authors: Duerr Peter E. , Earle Mary D. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTo investigate the recovery of waste meat on bones, crushed beef bones were extracted under various conditions within a temperature range of 50 to 125 ºC and a pH range of 6.3 to 11.6. The extracts were analysed for total solids, collagen, non‐collagen protein, non‐protein nitrogen, creatinine and ash. The water extraction of collagen increased and of non‐collagen protein decreased with increases in temperature up to 100 ºC and the total yield of protein markedly increased with alkaline pH.
Effect of the size of hay particles on digestion in the sheep
Authors: Alwash A. H. , Thomas P. C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractFour sheep fitted with permanent rumen cannulae were used to study the digestion of a hay diet prepared, by grinding, in four forms differing in particle size. Each form of the diet was given at two levels of feeding, 1.1 and 2.4 times the energy requirement for maintenance of bodyweight. At each level, the digestibility of organic matter and of other constituents in the diet and the mean retention time of food residues in the alimentary tract decreased from the coarsest to the most finely ground form of hay. The digestibility of organic matter (D) was related to the mean particle size (in nm) in the diet (p) such that D = 57.5 + 16.97 p2 (P < 0.001) at the low level of feeding and D = 51.5 + 23.75 p2 (P < 0.001) at the high level. There were corresponding relationships for the mean retention time of food residues (R) such that R = 69.1 + 64.0p2 (P < 0.01) and R = 49.6 + 50.2p2 (P < 0.01). There were no marked variations with the form of the hay in the rate of digestion of hay in nylon bags, or cotton threads, suspended in the rumen or in the pH or concentrations of ammonia or total or individual short‐chain fatty acids in the rumen fluid.It is suggested that changes in digestion associated with the provisions of forages in ground forms can be related to the size of particles in the ground food and the level at which it is fed.
Effect of environmental temperature on the degree of unsaturation of depot fats of pigs given different amounts of food
Authors: Fuller M. F. , Duncan W. R. H. , Boyne A. W. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Measurements were made of the iodine value (IV) of fat from seven sites on pigs which had been kept at 5, 13 or 23 ºC during their growth from 20 to 90 kg. At each temperature the pigs were given one of three levels of daily food intake.
The IV of the outer back fat exceeded that of the inner by 7.7 units at the shoulder, 6.8 units at the midback and 2.4 units at the rump.
Increasing daily food intake significantly depressed the IV of fat only at the shoulder sites.
The IV of fat at all sites fell with increasing temperature by an amount ranging from 0.22 units per 1 ºC at the midback to 0.55 units per 1 ºC in the inner shoulder fat. The IV of perinephric fat fell by 0.39 units per 1 ºC increase in temperature; that this fat was thus affected suggests that the effect of environmental temperature on fat composition is not conditioned by its effect on local tissue temperature.
It was calculated that these effects arose largely by changes in the proportions of fatty acids synthesized de novo; the exogenous fat consumed could have made only a small contribution.
Interaction of grape seed procyanidins with various proteins in relation to wine fining
Authors: Ricardo‐da‐Silva Jorge Manuel , Cheynier Veronique , Souquet Jean‐Marc , Moutounet Michel , Cabanis Jean‐Claude , Bourzeix Michel 
Published: March 2007

AbstractInteractions of grape (Vitis vinifera L) seed procyanidin dimers and trimers, galloylated or not, with various proteins (poly‐L‐prolines, gelatins, casein, dried blood and grape arabinogalactan‐protein) were studied in wine‐like model solutions. Except for casein, protein‐procyanidin complexes were produced within the first 8 h of contact. All poly‐L‐prolines presented very high affinity towards grape seed procyanidins. In general, the extent of pro‐cyanidin‐protein interaction increased with the degree of procyanidin polymerisation and the rate of galloylation, and also with protein concentration.When various protein fining treatments were applied to a young red wine, dimeric and trimeric procyanidin levels were not affected, although total phenolic levels were reduced.
Phenolics and in‐vitro degradability of protein and fibre in West African Browse
Authors: Rittner Ulrich , Reed Jess D 
Published: March 2007

AbstractRelationships among soluble phenolics, soluble and insoluble proanthocyanidins (PAC), lignin, N, neutral‐detergent fibre (NDF), and in‐vitro degradability of protein and NDF were determined in 72 West African fodder trees and shrubs. Species were collected in the semi‐arid (Niger), sub‐humid (Nigeria) and humid/sub‐humid (Benin) zones. Variation among species in chemical composition and in‐vitro degradability of protein and NDF was large. Zones did not differ in mean content of phenolic compounds. Protein degradability was negatively correlated with soluble phenolics (r = −0.34, P < 0.01) and soluble PAC (r = −0.47, P < 0.001). NDF was positively correlated with soluble PAC (r = 0.44, P < 0.001), insoluble PAC (r = 0.28, P < 0.05) and lignin (r = 0.76, P < 0.001). NDF degradability was negatively correlated with soluble PAC (r = −0.40, P < 0.001) and lignin (r = −0.59, P < 0.001). Chemical composition and in‐vitro degradability along with field observations can provide useful criteria for determining the nutritive value of browse species.
Characterisation of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies against glycinin (11S storage protein) from soya (Glycine max)
Authors: Carter Jane M , Lee Heather A , Mills E N Clare , Lambert Nigel , Chan Henry W‐S , Morgan Michael R A 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPolyclonal and monoclonal antibodies have been raised against the soya (Glycine max L) 11S storage protein, glycinin. The characteristics of the antibodies have been studied using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunoblotting techniques. The polyclonal antibodies showed strong recognition of the storage proteins from pea, and smaller but significant interactions with storage proteins from other seeds. Two monoclonal antibodies were virtually completely soya specific, recognising different continuous epitopes from the acidic polypeptides believed to be present on the surface of the native protein. A third monoclonal showed a much wider specificity in the ELISA, including the recognition of certain storage proteins from other seed types to a greater extent than soya. The epitope for this antibody may have been present on the surface of the native protein and was discontinuous, dependent on spatial organisation for recognition.
Rapid method for measuring thearubigins and theaflavins in black tea using C18 sorbent cartridges
Authors: Whitehead David L , Temple Catherine M 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis communication describes the routine use of small inexpensive C18 cartridges for rapid separation and accurate measurement of both thearubigins (TR) and theaflavins (TF) in a liquor brewed from black tea. The slow, traditional method overestimates TR content because of interference from flavonol glycosides. Comparison is also made favourably with other methods available for estimating total TF and sometimes TR in tea.
A model for predicting black tea quality from the carotenoid and chlorophyll composition of fresh green tea leaf
Authors: Taylor Sarah , Baker David , Owuor Philip , Orchard John , Othieno Caleb , Gay Clifton 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe plant pigment (carotenoid and chlorophyll) composition of fresh green leaf of tea for a selection of clones was studied in relation to the quality of black tea produced from processing the same green leaf.The plant pigment composition of the green leaf for nine Kenyan clones was monitored by HPLC at 450 nm. Using discriminant analysis it was shown that clones could be distinguished from one another on the basis of their green leaf plant pigment composition.Using step‐wise multiple regression analysis, a linear relationship was established between the levels of six green leaf plant pigments peak 5 (neochrome), peak 17 and 18 (isomers of lutein and/or lutein epoxide), peak 23 (chlorophyll b type compound), peak 26 (aurochrome) and peak 28 (β‐carotene)) and the quality of the manufactured black tea for the selected clones as assessed by tea tasters' evaluations. The model had an adjusted R‐square value of 0.912 and was significant at P≤ 0.05. The value of the relationship as a means of predicting black tea quality is discussed.
Effects of n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on endothelial function
Authors: Stanley John 
Published: March 2007

AbstractDysfunction of the vascular endothelium is an early event in the development of cardiovascular disease and methods are now available to measure endothelial function in vivo in man. Endothelial function may have advantages as an endpoint in human nutrition intervention trials over cardiovascular risk factors. Several studies have now been published on effects of the n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on endothelial function. When ingested together, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have favourable effects on vasodilation in coronary arteries, brachial arteries and the skin microcirculation. However, published studies do not agree on the effects of EPA and DHA when ingested separately. Further research is needed to resolve these disagreements and extend these observations particularly at intakes of EPA and DHA which are achievable by diet.
Study on the sensing capability of Fe‐C alloy corrosion sensing film
Authors: Luo Y. , Qiu Z. , Song S. , Dong S. , Wang H. , Yu H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn this paper, a Fe‐C alloy corrosion sensing film was fabricated on the fiber core by PVD, PVD incorporated with electroplating, and other methods. A Light Power Test System which was composed of a LD lamp‐house, a Bare Fiber Adapter (BFA) and a light power meter was used to detect the changes of lamp‐house's output power in the corrosion process of the Fe‐C alloy film. The major factors that may have some effects on the sensing capability of the Fe‐C alloy film were analyzed. The initial results show that lamp‐house's output power increases gradually with the occurrence of Fe‐C alloy film's corrosion, which accords basically with the sensing principle of the film. There are some diversities in the sensing ability of the Fe‐C alloy film fabricated by different methods. The trend of changes of lamp‐house's output power can be used as a qualitative token of the corrosion information of the Fe‐C alloy film. These data have been used for some elementary preparations for a carbon steel Fiber Optical Corrosion Sensor (FOCS).
The first elective free flap in a cardiac transplant patient
Authors: Zuker R. M. , Phillips J. , De Haas W. G. , Al‐Qattan M. M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA case of free fibula transfer for mandibular reconstruction in a cardiac transplant patient is described. The reconstructive microsurgeon should be aware of the special requirements of these immunosuppressed patients and flap transfer should be performed in specialized centers with the interaction of different specialties to make the procedure safe and successful. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of the prostacyclin analogue iloprost on patency in small arteries and veins: An experimental study in the rabbit
Authors: Salemark Lars , Knudsen Finn , Dougan Peter 
Published: March 2007

AbstractArteriotomy/intimectomy and venotomy/intimectomy were performed in the ears of 43 rabbits. Twenty were treated with iloprost given as intravenous doses of 10 μg/kg body weight (bw) administered shortly before reperfusion followed by hourly infusions (3 μg/kg b w) until 12 hrs after reperfusion. At reperfusion venous and arterial bleeding times were noted. Patency was determined at 15‐min intervals until 2 hrs after reperfusion and at 1 and 2 weeks postoperatively. As controls, 23 rabbits were given a single infusion of saline. Compared to controls, iloprost significantly prolonged arterial and venous bleeding times and significantly improved patency 2 hrs after reperfusion. One and two weeks later, however, virtually all vessels were occluded. Administered in this fashion, iloprost does not improve long‐term patency in highly traumatized small veins and arteries. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomic study of a new axial skin flap based on the cutaneous branch of the medial plantar artery
Authors: Zhang Gao‐Men , Syed Shamsuddin Ahmed , Tsai Tsu‐Min 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA new axial skin flap based on the middle cutaneous branch of the medial plantar artery was evaluated in 33 fresh cadaver legs. The vascular pedicle of the skin flap is based on the middle cutaneous artery, its venae comitantes, and segments of the great saphenous vein, if necessary. The middle cutaneous artery is the largest cutaneous branch, arising from the medial plantar artery 2.5 cm distal to its origin. The diameter of its origin is 1.2 mm, and its pedicle is 2 cm long. The midline of the flap runs from the first web space to the heel tip. The upper and lower borders of the flap are 3 to 4 cm on either side of this line. The upper border is medial to the extensor hallucis tendon, and the lower border is medial to the abductor hallucis. Distally, the border begins 2 cm proximal to the metatarsalphalangeal joint; proximally, the border is at the middle of the medial malleolus. The flap diameter can be up to 8 × 12 cm. The middle cutaneous branch of the medial plantar artery was found in all cadaver specimens, except for one with a common trunk. The new flap design leaves the major blood supply to the foot and the plantar aponeurosis intact. It is easy to harvest and may be used either as an island flap or free flap. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Microsurgical research—a personal experience
Authors: Buncke Harry J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe author recounts his 38 years in microsurgical research from the early days of needle and instrument development to the first successful experimental and clinical microvascular transplants. Selected projects are discussed relating to microvascular thrombosis, vascular spasm and various experimental models in the rat, rabbit and rhesus monkey in an anecdotal fashion. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Vascular complications after free tissue transfer
Authors: Rieck B. , Mailänder P. , Machens H. G. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractBetween 1981 and 1992, 631 cases of free tissue transfer were operated on at our clinic. Of these cases, 489 were reviewed for vascular complications. The aim of the study was to evaluate retrospectively possible correlations between complications and operative faults. Vascular complications occurred in 16%. By immediate operative revision 50% of the cases with a vascular complication could be salvaged. In general, earlier diagnosis and treatment of vascular complications after free tissue transfer prompted a higher success rate of the surgical revision. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Vascularized omental graft to brain surface in ischemic cerebrovascular disease
Authors: Yoshioka Nobutaka , Tominaga Shinsuke , Suzuki Youichi , Yamazato Keisyo , Inui Toshihiko , Nonaka Kan‐Ichi , Wakamatu Keita 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe application of vascularized omental graft for the treatment of four patients with ischemic cerebrovascular disease is presented. The superficial temporal artery and vein were used as recipient vessels, and vascular anastomosis was applied in an end‐to‐end fashion. The distal parts of the omentum were exteriorized as monitoring segments for about 1 week. Angiography and cerebral blood flow (CBF) studies were performed in all patients postoperatively. There were no major complications, and all patients showed increases of CBF and apparent clinical improvement. It is suggested that this method is effective in selected patients with ischemic cerebrovascular disease. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Continuous perioperative monitoring of microcirculatory blood flow in pectoralis musculocutaneous flaps
Authors: Banic Andrej , Sigurdsson Gisli H. , Wheatley Anthony M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractHypovolemia and hypotension in traumatized patients as well as those undergoing long‐lasting surgical procedures lead to hypoperfusion of tissues. Combined with the trauma of flap elevation and the warm ischemia during performance of the anastomoses, hypoperfusion of flap tissues may lead to flap failure. The influence of hypovolemia, ischemia and reperfusion on flap macro‐ and microcirculation was studied in an acute experiment on a new musculocutaneous pectoralis flap developed in minipigs. Using a multichannel laser Doppler system we studied, simultaneously and continuously, microcirculatory flow (MBF) in both the skin and muscle of the flap as well as in the contralateral control skin and muscle in anesthetized minipigs (n = 7). Measurements were done before and after raising the flap, after 90 min of flap ischemia, during mild to moderate hypovolemia (5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% blood loss) and during and after restoration of blood volume. Electromagnetic flowmetry was used to measure total blood flow (TBF) to the flap. All animals remained hemodynamically stable during the experiment. The flap MBF decreased by 20% in the skin and 25% in the muscle after flap elevation with no changes in the control skin and muscle. After flap ischemia and reperfusion, MBF returned to post‐elevation values while TBF showed a significant increase as compared to MBF (P<0.05). Hypovolemia caused a gradual drop in cardiac output (25%) and mean arterial pressure (40%), but both recovered above the baseline after reinfusion of shed blood. Hypovolemia also caused a 60% reduction in MBF in both flap skin and muscle, and only 20–23% in control skin and muscle (P<0.01). After reinfusion of shed blood the MBF in the flap remained 30–40% below and the TBF increased 20% over the baseline. The MBF in control skin and muscle increased more than 20% over baseline (P<0.01). It was concluded that MBF in flap skin and muscle decreased by approximately 20–25% as a consequence of flap elevation, while central parameters remained normal. It was shown that even during moderate hypovolemia, MBF in the flap might decrease to critical levels. We suggest that intensive monitoring of central hemodynamics and continuous LDF monitoring of the flap during and after surgery should be performed in order to restore the blood volume expeditiously and prevent irreversible damage to flap tissues. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.