bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fatigue Behavior of Composites with Foamed Matrix
Authors: Kurek Krzysztof , Bledzki Andrzej K. 
Published: March 2007

Fiber reinforced epoxy foams laminates are a new group of fiber compos ite materials. The microporous structure of these fiber composites is achieved by adding siloxanes as an expanding agent during the hardening reaction with amino-hardeners. Hydrogen released during the cross-linking reaction expands the polymer matrix. Fiber reinforced epoxy foams laminates have already found widespread industrial use. A foam system with glass fiber reinforcement was used in the production of the first load- bearing primary structures of fiber reinforced thermosets. The underbody of the Z1 model of BMW exhibts a high degree of inherent stiffness and strength. Fiber reinforced epoxy foams systems have also become successfully established in sports and in the electrical and building industries. Epoxy foams reinforced with glass and carbon fibers were selected for mechanical and microscopic tests. Given a micropore content of 27.4 vol. %, densities of 1.4 g/cm 3 were achieved with glass fiber fabric reinforced epoxy foams with a glass fiber content of 42 vol. %. Carbon fiber fabric epoxy foams exhibit the following values: density of 1.25 g/cm3 with a carbon fiber content of 50 vol. % and micropore content of 15 vol. %. The dynamic increasing load tests showed that the damping progress of glass fiber rein forced epoxy foams laminates does not depend on the micropore content. The damping progress by carbon fiber reinforced epoxy foams laminates is largely independent of the micropore content, the stresses at break diminish with increasing micropore content. The Wöhler fatigue tests on glass fiber fabric reinforced epoxy foams laminates with different micropore content produced similar Wöhler curves, which are relatively close together. In view of the initial results it can be assumed that the structure of the fiber reinforced epoxy foams laminates can favourably influence the dynamic characteristics of these com posite materials. There is evidence that the porous structure which is developed during the expansion of epoxy resin can restrict the crack progression. The crack progression de pends on the size and distribution of the micropores in the resin matrix. This means that the dynamic behavior of completely pore-free laminates need not always be linked to the better dynamic behavior of such materials.
Spotlight Interview
Authors: Anderton C. James 
Published: March 2007

Some experts have many valuable thoughts to offer fellow practitioners and educators in the Criminal Justice field, but little time to sit down and put them on paper. A relatively painless method of capturing these thoughts is the interview. In an hour or so, the expert can pour out information and advice garnered through years of study and experience. Therefore, the Criminal Justice Review will from time to time interview the top experts in areas where few have the luxury of taking time away from daily operations to write articles. As we begin our second year of publication, we are happy to present an interview with C. James Anderton, Esq., Chief Constable of the Greater Manchester Police. Chief Constable Anderton is the youngest man holding this position today in the United Kingdom. His career in the field of Criminal Justice has spanned the last 27 years. From 1950 until 1953, he served in the Corps of the Royal Military Police. From 1953 until 1967, he served as the Constable to the Chief Inspector in the Manchester City Police. From 1967 until 1968, he served as Chief Superintendent of the Cheshire Constabulary. From 1968 until 1972, he served as the Assistant Chief Constable of the Leicester and Rutland Constabulary. From 1972 until 1975, he served as Assistant to H. M. Chief Inspector of Constabulary for England and Wales, Home Office, in London. In 1975, he served as Deputy Chief Constable of the Leicestershire Constabulary. From 1975 until 1976, he served as Deputy Chief Constable of the Greater Manchester Police, before becoming Chief Constable of the Greater Manchester Police last year at the age of 44. Chief Constable Anderton is the holder of the Certificate of Distinction in Criminology, Manchester University, 1960. In 1974, he was the United Kingdom Delegate at the European Regional Meeting of the Fifth United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and Treatment of Offenders at Budapest, Hungary. He is also currently a lecturer at Police College, and at Keele, Manchester and London Universities. Chief Constable Anderson was interviewed by Dr. Kenneth V. Russell, who is at the Leicester Polytechnic School of Law in Leicester, England. The following is an edited transcript of the interview.
Enforcing the Blue Laws: Police Discretion and the Rule of Law
Authors: Schubert Frank A. 
Published: March 2007

The author uses the Massachusetts Sunday Closing Laws as they existed in November of 1976 as a vehicle for examining police discretion and its relationship to the rule of law. During the 1976 Christmas season many Massachusetts retailers open/v defied the Sunday Closing Laws (Blue Laws) by opening their stores. They did so because they believed themselves to be at a significant competitive disadvantage with retailers just across the Massachusetts borders in adjacent states, who could legall/ open on Sundays. They sensed that public opinion was behind them. They also knew that a justice of the Supreme Judicial Court, while refusing to enjoin the laws' enforcement, had indicated his belief that the law was unconstitutional on its face. The governor and attorney general openlv disagreed over whether the police should enforce the law. In the midst of this turmoil were the states' police chiefs who had to formulate local enfocement policies. The author mailed a questionnaire to each of the Massachusetts chiefs to determine: (1) what policy they had taken towards enforcement; (2) the reason for the police response; and (3) who had communicated with the chief in the decisionmaking process. Forty-four percent of the questionnaires were returned. The results showed that chiefs experiencing violations reported exercising broad discretion and did not uniformly comp/tv with the statutory enforcement mandate. The chiefs who prosecuted violators also reported that they became involved because of their own initiatives and not because of citizen requestsfor enforcement. The results further indicated that chiefs madefew communications with non-police persons prior to making their policy decision. The author concludes that there should be wider input into the process by which chiefs decide enforcement policy. Recommendations are also proposed by which legislatures can facilitate the structuring and control of police discretion.
The Rural County Sheriff: An Issue in Social Control
Authors: Decker Scott 
Published: March 2007

The study of criminal justice in the United States has maintained a consistent urban focus. While this is to some degree understandable, valuable comparative perspectives are lost w hen rural areas are ignored. The present study attempts to lay a groundwork for the studi' of rural police. The literature that addresses the impact of communit v and political structures upon stiles of policing is reviewed. Though they are few in number, studies that have examined rural settings indicate a marked difference in the nature of police behavior. This work attempts to document that e vpectation. This is an exploratorY studi' that wvas conducted through the use offield-research techniques. The determinants of police action were sought in a number of contexts. Both formal and informal community structures were examined to understand the motivation for police action. Like their urban counterparts, rural police patrols were observed to be primarily reactive in nature. This was due to the thorough integration of the police into the informal normative si stem. Because consensus about the tolerable limits of crime and deviance was Widespread, the sheriffs department was able to provide services largely compatible with the desires of the public. Four specific kinds of situations (trqffic offenses, drunks, domestic affairs and felonies) are presented to further illustrate this point. The behavior of rural police was most like that of urban officers in matters of less discretion felonies. The paper concludes hb, identi/fing the bulA of ruralpatrol as (consensual in nature.
Organizational Barriers To the Administration of Correctional Education: an Analysis of a Correc Tional School District
Authors: Mac Neil Pauline 
Published: March 2007

A case study of the correctional school district for New Jersey prisons identified a number of organizational barriers to the administration of educational programs in correctional institu tions. The location of the correctional school district within the state departmental structure, the nature of the relationship between the correctional school district and the correctional institu tion, and the effect of this relationship on the functioning of the correctional school district were examined. The findings suggest that the major organizational barriers to the administration of educa tional programs in correctional institutions are: (1) the correctional institution's prioritization of containment and control over the care and treatment function; (2) the low status of correctional education within the correctional institution; (3) the low decision making autonomy of the cor rectional school district in areas of staff hiring and firing, program implementation and student participation; and (4) the overall marginality of the correctional education unit both within the Department of Education and the individual correctional institution.
Circadian Inputs Influence the Performance of a Spiking, Movement-Sensitive Neuron in the Visual System of the Blowfly
Authors: Bult R. , Schuling F.H. , Mastebroek H.A.K. 
Published: March 2007

Long-term extracellular recordings from a spiking, movement-sensitive giant neuron (H1) in the third optic ganglion of the blowfly Calliphora vicina (L.) revealed periodic endogenous sensitivity fluctuations. The sensitivity changes showed properties typical of an endogenous circadian rhythm. This was true for the responses in reaction to intensity changes of visual patterns as well as for the responses elicited by pattern movement. For these two types of stimuli, the circadian fluctuations were comparable, but the envelope in the case of responses to movement was more robust. A circadian fluctuation in responses to movement is, therefore, present at the level of single elementary movement detectors. The tonic activity of the neuron was also shown to be under circadian control. In constant darkness (DD) the fluctuation was circadian, whereas in constant light it was not. The subjective light-dark (LD) transitions in the tonic activity in DD closely followed the LD transitions in the holding cages initially; that is, there was low activity at night and high activity during the daytime. The sensitivity fluctuations in response to visual stimuli led the tonic spike activity fluctuations by several hours.
Hollow Fiber Hemodialyzers for Partial Respiratory Support
Authors: Kostopoulos CH , Rasidakis A. , Moulopoulos SP 
Published: March 2007

Acute respiratory failure is still characterized by a high mortal ity rate, in spite of the development of ingenious treatment modalities involv ing mechanical ventilation and extracorporeal respiratory support. The coex istence of renal failure further complicates the outlook for respiratory failure patients. In this paper the development of the blood oxygenator and current aspects of its application are described. The concept of applying dialysis membranes for partial respiratory support is presented. An experimental animal model which was performed with A-V cannulation using dialysis membranes for partial respiratory support and simultaneous dialysis is analyzed. It is concluded that dialysis membranes are efficient for blood gas exchange and that their use in the management of the above-mentioned types of critically ill patients is promising.
The Cold War and the Appropriation of Memory: Greece After Liberation
Authors: Mazower Mark 
Published: March 2007

... He was struck by the war not as a historical, geopolitical fact but as a multiplicity, a near-infinity of private sorrows, as a boundless grief minutely subdivided without diminishment among individuals who covered the continent like dust, like spores whose separate identities would remain unknown... .For the first time he sensed the scale of the catastrophe in terms of feeling: all those unique and solitary deaths, all that consequent sorrow, unique and solitary too, which had no place in conferences, headlines, history, and which had quietly retired to houses, kitchens, unshared beds, and anguished memories... .What possible good could come of a Europe covered in this dust, these spores, when forgetting would be inhuman and dangerous, and remembering a constant torture? Ian McEwan, Black Dogs
Mechanical Properties of Cellulose Fibers Reinforced Thermoplastics
Authors: Sanschagrin B. , Sean S.T. , Kokta B.V. 
Published: March 2007

Cellulose fibers are selected as a reinforced filler for thermoplastics due to their superior mechanical properties and lower price compared to the thermoplastics. In the present study chemithermomechanical pulp of hard wood (aspen) fibers having selected aspect ratio (length/diameter) were first encapsulated with polystyrene and then mixed with polystyrene polymer at various concentrations. Mechanical properties were measured on compression molded samples containing between 10 and 40 weight percent of cellulose fibers. Experimental results show a signifi cant increase in tensile stress and modulus with fiber concentration. Using the constituent properties, an efficiency factor of stress transfer between fiber and polymer matrix was calculated and was shown to be constant for the various fiber concentrations. Theoretical predictions of tensile stress and modulus using the basic composite theory have been made. Large differences between experimental results and theoretical predictions have been observed and will be discussed in terms of fiber orientation and fiber aspect ratio.
Pultrusion Process Development of a Graphite Reinforced Polyetherimide Thermoplastic Composite
Authors: Wilson Maywood L. , Buckley John D. , Dickerson George E. , Johnson Gary S. , Taylor Edward C. , Covington Edward W. 
Published: March 2007

Developing a pultrusion process for fabricating composites using a graphite reinforced high-performance thermoplastic presents a technological challenge to the pultruder. Unlike conventional pultrusion of thermosets containing monomeric reactants and solvents which react in the pultrusion die causing polymerization, high-performance thermoplastic polymers either do not contain solvents or contain solvents which must be removed before polymerizing. In either case, consolidation is performed with rigid or boardy prepreg. In pultruding with conventional thermosetting polymers, fiber wetting and consolidation are performed at very low resin viscosities, which range from 500 to 1000 centipoises. In pultruding with high-performance thermoplastics, the die system must perform consolidation with polymers having viscosities as high as 1,000,000 centi poises or higher. Die temperatures in thermosetting pultrusion range from 149 to 204°C (300 to 400°F), whereas in thermoplastic pultrusion the die system may approach 427°C (800°F). Engineering is critical in any attempt to design a system capable of pultruding high-temperature, high-performance thermoplastics. This paper presents a methodical approach in developing a pultrusion process for polyetherimide which can also be adapted to other high-performance thermoplastics. Resin characterization and methods of testing thermoplastic pultrusions are discussed. The effective use of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), ultrasonic C-scanning, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), conventional press molding, and material properties evaluation tests in thermoplastic pultrusion development is described.
Strategic for Reforming University/State Relationships: Australia's Experience Sets Example
Authors: McGuire Harriet C. 
Published: March 2007

A 1992 World Bank report, Universities in Africa: Strategies for Stabilization and Revitalization, recommended reforms of university/state financial relationship in Africa. The article notes the similarities between universities in Australia and Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding South Africa) in 1980, when higher education on both continents was 90 percent financed by the national government, and the differences today, when almost half of Australian university income comes from sources outside core operating grants from government. Australia's policy changes, dating from the first opening to fee-paying overseas students in 1980, are described in relation to the six prerequisites for successfully reforming state-sponsored universities jet forth in the World Bank report. The Australian example shows that even in wealthy nations, movement down the path to diversified financial support for universities M not easy, and shows that the six fundamental principles recommended by the Bank have stood the test of time.
The Operation of Transnational Degree and Diploma Programs
Authors: Adams Tony 
Published: March 2007

The development of an export oriented international student program in Australia in the mid 1980 provided the impetus for Australian higher education institutions to take their programs offshore. Now a decade later, 34 of Australia s 38 universities are offering 493 programs offshore to an estimated 20,000 students, predominately under taking Australian qualifications in their own country (AVCC, 1997). This paper discusses the various models that Australian higher education institutions have used to develop these transnational programs (including twinning, moderation, distance mode, joint awards, internet delivery, franchising and campus models), and explores a number of issues in their delivery (including why programs are offered offshore, quality assurance and the rules and regulations of the home country).
An Innovation Perspective on Internationalation of Higher Education Institutionalisation: The Critical Phase
Authors: Van Der Wende Marijk 
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on the change processes that are related to the internationalization of higher education. On the basis of innovation theory, the internationalization process will be analysed with respect to its various features and stages. An overview of the different types of innovation that occur in the context of internationalization will be given. In particular the last stage of the innovation process, the institutionalisation of internationalisation, will be emphasized. The success and failure factors influencing this stage will be highlighted, thus contributing to a further insight into the sustainability of internationalization strategies, models, and efforts.
Comments on Scharpf's “Games Real Actors could Play”
Authors: Brams Steven J. 
Published: March 2007

The forum consists of comments on previously published papers and responses by authors. Unlike the Comment section in many other academic journals, the Forum includes solicited as well as unsolicited contributions. We encourage debates by actively seeking points of view contrary to those expressed in articles published in the journal. The Forum section is intended to promote an open and critical debate that contributes to the intellectual vitality and further development of rational-choice-based theory and research. Forum contributions should follow the form used by Rationality and Society and should not exceed five double-spaced pages.
Review of Literature on Culture and Pain of Adults with Focus on Mexican-Americans
Authors: Calvillo Evelyn Ruiz , Flaskerud Jacquelyn H. 
Published: March 2007

The purposes of this paper are to review the literature on culture and pain in adults, and specifically on Mexican-American beliefs about pain, and nurses' responses to patients' pain. Nurses and other health caregivers in the United States often characterize various ethnocultural groups according to their reaction to pain and their ability to tolerate pain. Cross-cultural studies have demonstrated that White Americans of Northern European origin react to pain stoically and as calmly as possible, choosing to withdraw if pain becomes intense. This response to pain has become the cultural model or norm in the United States. It is the behavior expected and valued by health caregivers. Mexican-Americans are often described as complainers who want immediate relief for their pain. Yet studies of Mexican-American culture and cross-cultural studies of the pain experience and responses of Mexican-Americans do not support this characterization. Nurses and patients assess pain differently regardless of cultural background. Both nurses and physicians tend to underestimate and undertreat the pain of their patients when compared to patients' assessment of pain. However, the ethnicity and culture of the patient influence the extent of difference between the patient's and nurse's assessment. The culture of the nurse also influences the inference of patients' physical pain and psychological distress. Based on the studies reviewed, implications are drawn for transcultural nursing practice and recommendations are made for future nursing research.
Culture Care of Euro-American Women during Childbirth: Using Leininger's Theory
Authors: Finn Julianna M. 
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this qualitative phenomenological study was discovery of the meanings of care/non-care as experienced by ten European-American women during childbirth. This research was conceptualized within Leininger's (1991) Theory of Culture Care. The research areas included: generic and professional nurse care/non-care, the phenomena of generic care by nurses; and the congruence of these constructs with Leininger's theory. The informant's descriptions of their lived experiences were analyzed using Colaizzi's (1978) phenomenologic method. Ten childbirthing women and nine nurses were interviewed to discover the generic, professional and integrated patterns of care. Findings included: 1) care universalities and diversities; 2) care preferences of European-American childbirthing women, and 3) professional nurse care as an integration of generic patterns into professional nurse care. These findings confirmed Leininger's theoretical position. The results of this study can guide transcultural nurses to know the differences and similarities between generic and professional care and integrate these two types of care into culturally appropriate care.
One-Dimensional Constitutive Behavior of Shape Memory Alloys: Thermomechanical Derivation with Non-Constant Material Functions and Redefined Martensite Internal Variable
Authors: Brinson L.C. 
Published: March 2007

A one-dimensional constitutive model for the thermomechanical behavior of shape memory alloys is developed based on previous work by Liang and Tanaka. An internal variable ap proach is used to derive a comprehensive constitutive law for shape memory alloy materials from first principles without the assumption of constant material functions. This constitutive law is of such a form that it is well suited to further practical engineering applications and calculations. A separation of the martensite fraction internal variable into temperature-induced and stress- induced parts is presented and justified, which then allows the derived constitutive law to accurately represent both the pseudoelastic and shape memory effects at all temperatures. Several numerical ex amples are given that illustrate the ability of the constitutive law to capture the unique thermome chanical behavior of shape memory alloys due to their internal phase transformations with stress and temperature.