bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Longitudinal study of veterinarians from entry to the veterinary course to 10 years after graduation: attitudes to work, career and profession
Authors: HEATH TJ 
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo describe the attitudes of veterinarians to their work, career and profession during the 10 years after graduation.DesignLongitudinal study of students who started their course at The University of Queensland in 1985 and 1986, and who completed questionnaires in their first and fifth year as students, and after one, five and 10 years as veterinarians.MethodsData from 129 (96%) questionnaires completed after 10 years as a veterinarian were coded numerically then analysed, together with data from previous questionnaires, with SAS System 7 for Windows 95.ResultAfter 10 years, almost all respondents were either very glad they had done the veterinary course (57%) or gener‐ally glad, though with some misgivings (37%). Despite this,ConclusionsMost veterinarians were glad to have done the veterinary course, but for about one‐quarter their career had not lived up to expectations and almost half would not do
Synchronisation of oestrus and reproductive performance of dairy cows following administration of oestradiol benzoate or gonadotrophin releasing hormone during a synchronised pro‐oestrus
Authors: CAVALIERI J. , MACMILLAN KL 
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo compare the use of gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) and oestradiol benzoate (ODB) administered following a synchronised pro‐oestrus on reproductive performance of lactating dairy cows and the submission rates of non‐pregnant cows following resynchronisation.DesignProcedureLactating Holstein cows enrolled in a controlled breeding program were first treated with an intravaginal progesterone releasing insert (IVP4) for 8 days, 2.0 mg of ODB intramuscular (IM) at device insertion (Day 0), an analogue of PGF2a at device removal and either 1.0 mg of ODB IM, 24 h after device removal (ODB group, n = 242), or 0.25 mg of a GnRH agonist (GnRH group, n = 152) injected IM approximately 34 h after device removal. Every cow was artificially inseminated between 49 and 56 h after removal of its insert (Day 10). Cows detected in oestrus 1 day after artificial insemination (AI) that were not detected in oestrus on the previous day were re‐inseminated on that day. All cows treated on Day 0 were resynchronised for reinsemination by insertion of a used IVP4 device on Day 23. Oestradiol benzoate at a dose of 1.0 mg was administered IM at the time of device insertion. Inserts were removed 8 days later (Day 31) and 1.0 mg of ODB was injected IM 24 h later. Those cows detected in oestrus between Days 31 and 35 were artificially inseminated. On Day 46 these cows were resynchronised for a third round of AI by insertion of an IVP4 device, used previously to synchronise cows for the first and second rounds of AI, and administration of 1.0 mg of ODB IM. Eight days later inserts were removed. Cows detected in oestrus between Days 54 and 58 were artificially inseminated. Bulls were run with the herd between rounds of AI and removed after 21 weeks of mating.ResultsTreatment with ODB or GnRH at the first synchronised pro‐oestrus did not significantly alter the reproductive performance over three rounds of AI or over a 21‐week breeding period. Treatment also did not alter submission rates at the second round of AI or the proportion of non‐pregnant and non‐return cows ('phantomapos; cows) detected and did not result in significant differences in concentrations of progesterone in plasma 10 and 18 days after removal of inserts at the first round of AI. Treatment with GnRH reduced the proportion of cows detected in oestrus at the first round of AI (36.2 vs 97.5%; P <0.001).ConclusionAdministration of GnRH compared to ODB at a synchronised pro‐oestrus results in similar reproductive performance. Treatment with GnRH reduced the proportion of cows detected in oestrus following treatment. This may offer advantages to the way AI is managed by enabling insemination at a fixed‐time and removing the need for the detection of oestrus.
Clinical skills and knowledge used by veterinary graduates during their first year in small animal practice
Authors: CLARK WT , KANE L. , ARNOLD PK , ROBERTSON ID 
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo determine the clinical skills and areas of knowledge used by veterinarians in small animal practice during their first year after graduation and the degree of assistance and supervision they received while developing these skills.Design A postal survey was sent in December 1999 to 59 veterinarians who completed their training at Murdoch University in December 1998.ProcedureThe first part of the survey asked for information on veterinary work patterns since leaving university. The second part consisted of a list of diagnostic and therapeutic skills of varying complexity and the graduates were asked to indicate whether they had used these skills in practice and whether they had been assisted or supervised while doing them. The respondents were also asked if they had had the opportunity to practise these skills as undergraduates at university or during extramural experience. In the third part the areas of knowledge used in practice were assessed by analysis of a series of consecutive cases.ResultsForty replies were received but since three graduates had done no small animal work the analysis of the skills section is based on 37 responses. Thirty graduates supplied information on 994 canine cases and 308 feline cases. The distribution of the mean work time was dogs and cats 69%, horses 13%, farm animals 11%, birds 3% and others 4%. Skills used by over 90% of graduates included general anaesthesia, examination of the tympanic membrane, taking and interpreting an abdominal radiograph, catheterising a male cat, fine needle aspiration of a mass, neutering dogs and cats, tooth scaling and extraction and treating an aural haematoma. The survey also identified the opportunities for undergraduates to practise some of these skills during extramural experience and the extent of assistance given to new graduates during their first year in practice. The areas of knowledge used in over 10% of the cases included vaccination, anaesthesia/sedation, skin/coat problems, general advice on pet health, neutering and musculoskeletal diseases.ConclusionVeterinarians, in their first year after graduation, use a wide range of complex diagnostic and therapeutic skills. Although many of these skills are acquired during the undergraduate training, a significant contribution is made by extramural practical work undertaken during the clinical years of the undergraduate course and in the first year following graduation. Practising veterinarians play an important role in providing opportunities and supervision for clinical training.
Echinococcus granulosus in wildlife in and around the Kosciuszko National Park, south‐eastern Australia
Authors: JENKINS DJ , MORRIS B 
Published: March 2008

Objective To investigate the distribution of Echinococcus granulosusi n wild dogs and foxes and hydatidosis in wildlife coexisting with foxes and wild dogs in and around Kosciuszko National Park. Design Prospective and ad hoc surveys by necropsy of definitive and intermediate hosts. Procedure Wild dogs and foxes were trapped at one location in the Kosciuszko National Park and at 7 locations around the periphery of the Park. Feral pigs, macropodid marsupials, wombats, and feral goats were collected at some of the same locations. The animals were humanely killed, their small intestines removed in the field, the contents collected, preserved and examined microscopically. All internal organs of intermediate hosts were examined for hydatid cysts. Unidentified lesions were examined histologically. Results
Echinococcus granulosustapeworms were found in wild dogs from all locations. Prevalence ranged up to 100% with worm burdens up to 300,000 worms.Prevalence in foxes ranged up to 50% in animals recovered from 5 locations. The worm burdens were usually less than 50 E granulosusper fox. Hydatid cysts were found in all macrop‐odid species. Prevalence (69%) and cyst fertility (100%) were highest in swamp wallabies (Wallabia bicolour). Prevalence of cysts in feral pigs ranged up to 49%. Less than 22% of the cysts were fertile. No cysts were found in any of the wombats or feral goats. Conclusion
Echinococcus granulosus occurs commonly in wildlife in and around the Kosciuszko National Park. High numbers of fertile cysts in swamp wallabies, a favoured dietary item for wild dogs in this region, suggests swamp wallabies are pivotal in maintaining transmission. Physical contact with wild dogs and foxes or accidental contact with wild canid faeces is a public health risk.
Field evaluations of safety and efficacy of an Australian Marek's disease vaccine
Authors: KARPATHY RC , FIRTH GA , TANNOCK GA 
Published: March 2008

Objective To demonstrate the safety and efficacy of the Marek's Disease Virus‐1 vaccine (strain BH 16) from field studies in comparison with the CVI 988 Rispens vaccine currently available in Australia.Study design A small field trial was carried out on nine breeder flocks and a larger trial on 21 breeder flocks. All chickens were obtained from a commercial hatchery and each was vaccinated at hatch with cell‐associated Herpes Virus of Turkeys vaccine. A group of chickens vaccinated with BH 16 vaccine was placed in one shed per property and the remainder were vaccinated with the Rispens vaccine and placed in the remaining sheds. At 25, 30, 35, and 40 weeks after hatch, the field veterinarian or farm manager examined all birds dying on two consecutive days in the designated placement sheds.Results In the small trial there was a significantly lower incidence of MD in birds vaccinated with the MDV‐1 vaccine compared with the Rispens vaccine (P < 0.001). In a larger trial there was no difference in the incidence of MD between the treatment groups, due possibly to a lower rate of natural challenge. Egg production results and average weekly mortality results for both groups were similar.Conclusion The present study describes an attenuated type 1 MD vaccine which is at least equivalent to a vaccine derived from the CVI 988 Rispens strain in terms of safety and efficacy when used in combination with HVT vaccine.
Isolation of Ross River virus from mosquitoes and from horses with signs of musculoskeletal disease
Authors: AZUOLAS JK , WISHART E , BIBBY S , AINSWORTH C 
Published: March 2008

Objective To report clinical and clinicopathological findings in horses naturally infected with Ross River virus (RRV) and identify likely mosquito arbovirus vector species. Procedures Veterinarians submitted serum samples from 750 horses because they suspected Ross River virus (RRV) infection. The samples were tested for the presence of IgM and IgG antibody to RRV and for the presence of virus. Mosquitoes were trapped, differentiated to species level and tested for the presence of RRV by virus isolation. Results RRV was isolated from six species of mosquitoes (Ochlerotatus camp‐torhyncus, Culex globocoxitus Cx australicus, Cx annulirostris, Cx quinquefasciatus, Anopheles annulipes) and from 13 horses with clinical signs of musculoskeletal disease. Antibody to RRV was detected in 420 of the 750 serum samples; 307 contained IgG only; 76 contained both IgM and IgG and 37 contained only IgM antibody to RRV Virus was isolated from horses with IgM antibody only. Conclusions RRV can be isolated from infected horses during the short time period when there is an overlap of clinical signs, positive IgM serology and viraemia. Early spring infections of horses may occur if RRV infected mosquito vectors are present. RRV has not been shown to cause clinical disease in horses. This is the first report of isolation of RRV from Oc camptorhyncus in the Murray region and indicates a potential for infection of humans and animals in autumn as well as in spring.
Effect of mulesing and shearing on the prevalence of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae arthritis in lambs
Authors: PATON MW , ROSE IR , SUNDERMAN FM , MARTIN M HOLM 
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo examine the effects of management practices and environment on the prevalence of arthritis in lambs.Design and populationA case‐control study was conducted on groups of lambs from 122 Western Australian sheep flocks.MethodArthritis was diagnosed by visual assessment of lambs at abattoirs by qualified meat inspectors. The prevalence was estimated from data collected from producers on culling practices for arthritis. Data on management practices and environmental variables were collected by personal interview. Stepwise logistic regression was used to measure the effects of the most important factors on the prevalence of arthritis.ResultsMulesing and shearing lambs increased the odds of high prevalence of arthritis by 7 (95% CI 1.9 ‐ 25.6) and 4.3 (95% CI 0.9 ‐ 19.6) times, respectively compared to unmarked and unshorn lambs. Lambs slaughtered between December and June had 3.7 (95% CI 0.8 ‐ 16.6) times greater odds of having a high prevalence of arthritis than lambs slaughtered in the remainder of the year.ConclusionsThis study indicates that, to decrease the risk of high prevalence of arthritis, lambs raised for meat production should not be mulesed or shorn. Recommended improvements to hygiene at mulesing such as the use of portable yards had little effect on the prevalence of arthritis.
Isolation of Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis from environmental samples collected from farms before and after destocking sheep with paratuberculosis
Authors: WHITTINGTON RJ , MARSH IB , TAYLOR PJ , MARSHALL DJ , TARAGEL C. , REDDACLIFF LA 
Published: March 2008

Objective To determine whether Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis could be isolated from soil‐pasture, faecal, water and sediment samples on farms before and after removal of sheep with paratuberculosis. Design A feasibility study and subsequent field survey.Procedure First the analytical sensitivity of radiometric culture of the organism from two types of soil was determined relative to faeces. Then soil‐pasture, faecal, water and sediment samples were collected for culture from a range of sites from 6 farms with paratuberculosis affected sheep and goats. Similar samples were collected from 20 farms at least 9 months after removal of infected stock. Results The analytical sensitivity of culture of M a para‐tuberculosisfrom soil samples was 2 orders of magnitude less than that from faeces, and environmental samples required longer incubation periods to yield significant growth in radio‐metric culture (BACTEC) medium. However, the organism was recovered from approximately 20% of 163 soil‐pasture, water and sediment samples from 6 properties with clinically‐affected animals with paratuberculosis. The positive samples were from a range of topographic sites, including open exposed and dry areas, however, low lying areas tended to have larger numbers of organisms. When the same sites were sampled again about 5 months later, only 1 was culture positive, and none were culture positive > 12 months later. Of 17 water and dam sediment samples collected from farm 6, which had long‐standing high prevalence OJD infection, only one water sample and one sediment from the same dam were culture positive. None of the 5 water samples from the other farms were culture positive. Of 96 water samples, 90 sediment samples and 93 soil samples from farms that had been destocked of infected sheep/goats for 9 to 24 months, one sediment sample from a farm in Victoria (destocked for 12 months) and two sediment samples from a farm in New South Wales (10, 19 months) were culture positive. Recontamination from cattle or water could not be excluded as a cause of the positive cultures from the second farm. Conclusion M a paratuberculosis can be detected by radiometric culture in environmental samples from farms grazed by sheep or goats with paratuberculosis. There is a relatively low likelihood of recovery of the organism from water samples from such farms, and at 5 or more months after removing stock with paratuberculosis the likelihood of positive cultures from environmental samples is very low. Although the analytical sensitivity of culture from environmental samples is less than that from faeces, surveys of environmental sites are nevertheless feasible. However, improved culture methods are needed for critical surveys and to study the movement and fate of the organism in the environment.
A retrospective study of unilateral arytenoid lateralisation in the treatment of laryngeal paralysis in 100 dogs (1992–2000)
Authors: SNELLING SR , EDWARDS GA 
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo determine the effectiveness of unilateral arytenoid lateralisation as a surgical treatment for laryngeal paralysis in dogs.DesignThe case records of 100 dogs that received a unilateral arytenoid lateralisation for laryngeal paralysis between 1992 and 2000 were reviewed. The results of questionnaires on surgical outcome, formulated for the animal owner and the referring veterinarian, were analysed. Information obtained for dogs under 10 kg and dogs over 10 kg was analysed separately.ResultsThe Labrador Retriever was the most commonly affected breed. The male:female ratio was 1.56:1 and the average age of presentation was 9.9 years. The most common month in which surgery was performed was October.The majority of owners (87.7%) felt that their dog's quality of life was improved in the 6 months after surgery. Thirty‐three percent of dogs revisited the referring clinic with a respiratory problem following unilateral arytenoid lateralisation, and 10.7% of dogs were reported as having a post‐surgical complication associated with the procedure.Following surgery, dogs under 10 kg revisited the referring veterinarian with a respiratory complication more often than dogs over 10 kg. Significantly fewer owners of dogs under 10 kg than owners of dogs over 10 kg felt that their dogs quality of life was improved by surgery (55% versus 93%).ConclusionThe majority of owners surveyed reported that unilateral arytenoid lateralisation had improved the quality of their dog's life during the first 6 postoperative months. Owner dissatisfaction with the results of surgery and the reported rate of re‐presentation (for respiratory disease) may be higher for small (<10 kg) dogs. A prospective study comparing the results of unilateral arytenoid lateralisation surgery in large and small dogs may be worthwhile in the future.
Coracoid fractures in wild birds: repair and outcomes
Authors: HOLZ PH 
Published: March 2008

Objective To describe the surgical repair of the fractured avian coracoid and compare release rates back to the wild for birds treated surgically with those treated conservatively. Design Medical records of 17 birds presented to Healesville Sanctuary with fractured coracoids were examined retrospectively. Nine birds were treated conservatively and eight birds were treated surgically. Release rates back to the wild were compared between the two groups. Results Of the nine birds treated conservatively two were released back to the wild. Of the eight birds treated surgically six were released back to the wild. Conclusions In this study greater success at returning birds with fractured coracoids to the wild was achieved with surgical repair than conservative treatment. Surgical repair is recommended for birds intended to be released back into the wild.
Monensin toxicity in preruminant dairy heifers
Authors: GABOR LJ , DOWNING GM 
Published: March 2008

Four‐to six‐week‐old calves from a seasonal dairy herd in North Western Tasmania were presented for veterinary attention due to the occurrence of sudden deaths. Necropsy examination of one of the calves revealed several small pale foci of 1cm diameter on the epicardium. Mortalities were found to be caused by monensin that was added to the milk diet as part of a vitamin/mineral commercial premix that also controlled coccidiosis.No cases of monensin toxicity in preruminant calves have been previously documented, although there have been numerous reports in older cattle and other species.
Comparison of effects of GnRH and prostaglandin in combination, and prostaglandin on conception rates and time to conception in dairy cows
Authors: LEAN IJ , PORTER JA , RABIEE AR , MORGAN WF , TRANTER WP , MOSS N , RHEINBERGER RJ 
Published: March 2008

Objective To assess the effectiveness of a gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) / prostaglandin program (GnRH‐PG‐GnRH, Ovsynch) on conception rates and time to conception of lactating dairy cows compared with a PG program (double prostaglandin injection). Design A randomised multi‐centre cohort study was conducted with 778 cows from nine dairy herds. Cows at different stages of lactation were randomly assigned, after matching for days open at the time of treatment, to either the PG or Ovsynch program. Procedure Cows on the PG program received two intramuscular injections of prostaglandin (2 mL, Prosolvin) 11 days apart. The Ovsynch program consisted of two intramuscular injections of GnRH (1 mL, Fertagyl) 9 days apart, separated by one injection of prostaglandin 40 h before the second GnRH injection. Milk samples were taken at the time of artificial insemination and assayed for progesterone by radioim‐munoassay. Results The Ovsynch program was not significantly different to PG in achieving conception, with overall conception rates of 37.6% and 41.4%, respectively, for each program. There was, however, a significant interaction between the effects of parity and treatment (P = 0.03), because conception rates were higher in older cows (parity 5 or more) on the PG program than for older cows on the Ovsynch program. There was no significant effect of treatment (P > 0.5) on time to conception after treatment, but older cows were slower to conceive (P < 0.0001). Conception rates differed (P <0.0001) among herds. Conclusion The median days to conception for both groups was 22 and mean days from treatment to conception were 36.3 ± 3.3 and 31.6 ± 2.7 for the Ovsynch and PG programs respectively, indicating that reproductive performance of cows was not significantly different with Ovsynch program or PG program. There appears to be a need to evaluate causes of reproductive failure in older cows.