bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma successfully treated with local thermotherapy using pocket hand warmers
Authors: HONMA Masaru , HASHIMOTO Makoto , IWASAKI Takeshi , IINUMA Shin , TAKAHASHI Hidetoshi , ISHIDA‐YAMAMOTO Akemi , IIZUKA Hajime 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACTApart from for cutaneous deep fungal or mycobacterial infections, thermotherapy has been used for various malignant tumors. We report a case of primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma, which responded quite well to topical thermotherapy using chemical pocket hand warmers. The treatment resulted in an immediate tumor regression without recurrence. This method is simple and might be a useful tool against solitary cutaneous lymphoma, especially of elderly patients with poor performance status or with various systemic complications.
Genetic comparison of Ug99 with selected South African races of Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici
Authors: VISSER BOTMA , HERSELMAN LIEZEL , PRETORIUS ZACHARIAS A. 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARYUsing simple sequence repeat (SSR) and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) marker analyses, the genetic structure of selected South African wheat stem rust races was compared with Ug99. SSR analysis divided the population into two distinct groups with 24.5% similarity between them. A local race, UVPgt55 (North American race notation TTKSF), grouped with Ug99 (TTKSK) with a 100% similarity. When AFLP data were included, the same groups were found, but with an increased similarity of 66.7%. Although the SSR data were unable to distinguish between all individual isolates, the AFLP data alone and in combination with the SSR data discriminated between the isolates. The grouping of individual isolates resembled the pathogenicity profile of the different races. On the basis of its similarity with Ug99, it was concluded that UVPgt55 was most probably an exotic introduction into South Africa, whereas the other races specialized locally through mutational adaptation.
Canadian consensus guidelines on long‐term nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug therapy and the need for gastroprotection: benefits versus risks
Authors: ROSTOM A. , MOAYYEDI P. , HUNT R. ,   FOR THE CANADIAN ASSOCIATION OF GASTROENTEROLOGY CONSENSUS GROUP
Published: November 2008

SummaryBackground  Nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely used, but are not without risks.Aim  To provide evidence‐based management recommendations to help clinicians determine optimal long‐term NSAID therapy and the need for gastroprotective strategies based on an assessment of both gastrointestinal (GI) and cardiovascular (CV) risks.Methods  A multidisciplinary group of 21 voting participants revised and voted on the statements and the strength of evidence (assessed according to GRADE) at a consensus meeting.Results  An algorithmic approach was developed to help manage patients who require long‐term NSAID therapy. The use of low‐dose acetylsalicylic acid in patients with high CV risk was assumed. For patients at low GI and CV risk, a traditional NSAID alone may be acceptable. For patients with low GI risk and high CV risk, full‐dose naproxen may have a lower potential for CV risk than other NSAIDs. In patients with high GI and low CV risk, a COX‐2 inhibitor plus a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) may offer the best GI safety profile. When both GI and CV risks are high and NSAID therapy is absolutely necessary, risk should be prioritized. If the primary concern is GI risk, a COX‐2 inhibitor plus a PPI is recommended; if CV risk, naproxen 500 mg b.d. plus a PPI would be preferred. NSAIDs should be used at the lowest effective dose for the shortest possible duration.Conclusion  More large, long‐term trials that examine clinical outcomes of complicated and symptomatic upper and lower GI ulcers are needed.
Identification of a nephritogenic immunodominant B and T cell epitope in experimental autoimmune glomerulonephritis
Authors: Reynolds J , Haxby J , Juggapah J K , Evans D J , Pusey C D 
Published: November 2008

Summary
Experimental autoimmune glomerulonephritis (EAG) can be induced in Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats by immunization with the non-collagenous domain (NC1) of the alpha 3 chain of type IV collagen, α3(IV)NC1. In patients with Goodpasture's disease, the major B cell epitope is located at the N-terminus of α3(IV)NC1. In order to investigate whether B and T cell responses in EAG are directed towards immunodominant peptides within the same region of rat α3(IV)NC1, we immunized WKY rats with recombinant rat α3(IV)NC1 (positive control) and five 15-mer overlapping synthetic peptides from the N-terminus of rat α3(IV)NC1: pCol(17–31), pCol(24–38), pCol(31–45), pCol(38–52) and pCol(45–59). Positive control animals immunized with α3(IV)NC1 produced an antibody response directed towards α3(IV)NC1 and pCol(24–38). Splenic T cells from these animals proliferated in response to α3(IV)NC1 and pCol(24–38). No significant antibody or T cell responses were observed to the other peptides examined. Animals immunized with pCol(24–38) developed linear deposits of immunoglobulin G on the glomerular basement membrane, albuminuria and focal necrotizing glomerulonephritis with crescent formation by week 6 after immunization. Circulating antibodies from these animals recognized pCol(24–38) and α3(IV)NC1, and their T cells proliferated in response to pCol(24–38) and α3(IV)NC1. Animals immunized with the other peptides developed no significant immune response to α3(IV)NC1 and no disease. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that a 15-mer peptide from the N-terminus of α3(IV)NC1 [pCol(24–38)] is recognized by B and T cells from rats immunized with recombinant α3(IV)NC1, and that the same peptide is capable of inducing crescentic glomerulonephritis. Identification of this immunodominant peptide will be of value in designing new therapeutic strategies for inducing mucosal tolerance in EAG, which may be applicable to patients with glomerulonephritis.
Soil carbon fluxes and stocks in a Great Lakes forest chronosequence
Authors: TANG JIANWU , BOLSTAD PAUL V. , MARTIN JONATHAN G. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractWe measured soil respiration and soil carbon stocks, as well as micrometeorological variables in a chronosequence of deciduous forests in Wisconsin and Michigan. The chronosequence consisted of (1) four recently disturbed stands, including a clearcut and repeatedly burned stand (burn), a blowdown and partial salvage stand (blowdown), a clearcut with sparse residual overstory (residual), and a regenerated stand from a complete clearcut (regenerated); (2) four young aspen (Populus tremuloides) stands in average age of 10 years; (3) four intermediate aspen stands in average age of 26 years; (4) four mature northern hardwood stands in average age of 73 years; and (5) an old‐growth stand approximately 350‐years old. We fitted site‐based models and used continuous measurements of soil temperature to estimate cumulative soil respiration for the growing season of 2005 (days 133–295). Cumulative soil respiration in the growing season was estimated to be 513, 680, 747, 747, 794, 802, 690, and 571 g C m−2 in the burn, blowdown, residual, regenerated, young, intermediate, mature, and old‐growth stands, respectively. The measured apparent temperature sensitivity of soil respiration was the highest in the regenerated stand, and declined from the young stands to the old‐growth. Both, cumulative soil respiration and basal soil respiration at 10 °C, increased during stand establishment, peaked at intermediate age, and then decreased with age. Total soil carbon at 0–60 cm initially decreased after harvest, and increased after stands established. The old‐growth stand accumulated carbon in deep layers of soils, but not in the surface soils. Our study suggests a complexity of long‐term soil carbon dynamics, both in vertical depth and temporal scale.
Spiritual crisis: a concept analysis
Authors: Agrimson Laurie B. , Taft Lois B. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractTitle.  Spiritual crisis: a concept analysis. Aim.  This paper is a report of an analysis of the concept of spiritual crisis.Background.  The term spiritual crisis has been used ambiguously in the literature, resulting in lack of clarity. A holistic approach includes spirituality in nursing care of the whole person.Data sources.  Papers available online between 1998 and 2007 in the CINAHL, Medline and PsycInfo databases were retrieved for analysis. The search engine Google was also used to examine additional references to ‘spiritual crisis’.Review methods.  Spiritual crisis, spiritual emergency and life crisis were the terms initially used to search each database. The search was expanded to include spirituality to draw more literature into the review.Findings.  Using Walker and Avant’s method of concept analysis, a definition of spiritual crisis was identified. Spiritual crisis can be described as a unique form of grieving or loss, marked by a profound questioning of or lack of meaning in life, in which an individual or community reaches a turning point, leading to a significant alteration in the way life is viewed. Possible antecedents include sudden acute illness and loss of important relationships. Potential consequences may include physical and emotional responses.Conclusion.  People with terminal illness, depression, and those who are grieving losses may be at special risk of spiritual crisis. The literature suggests an interdisciplinary approach, nurses’ self‐exploration of spirituality, and refraining from defining spirituality by religious affiliation as part of improving practice.
Effect of cold compression on precipitation and conductivityof an Al–Li–Cu alloy
Authors: KHAN A.K. , ROBINSON J.S. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryTransmission electron microscopy has been used to investigate the effect of increasing the degree of deformation applied by cold compression on the ageing kinetics and electrical conductivity response of an Al–Li–Cu alloy containing Mg and Ag. When cold compressed greater than 3%, the increased dislocation density accelerates the widespread precipitation of the T1 phase resulting in an enhanced age hardening response. The lengthening rate of T1 precipitates is also reduced in this cold compressed condition owing to the reduced local solute supersaturation, a result of the widespread precipitation of T1 plates. Cold compression by less than 3% does not increase the age hardening response, and the precipitation of GP zones/θ″ appears to be suppressed. Precipitation of the T1 phase is also not significantly enhanced compared with that of the more than 3% cold compressed conditions. The anomalous decrease in electrical conductivity is associated with the nucleation and growth of the T1 phase. Strain fields around T1 precipitates combined with the increased volume fraction of  T1 are thought to be the cause of the anomalous conductivity behaviour.
Microstructural characterization of mechanicallyactivated ZnO powders
Authors: SREĆKOVIĆ T. , BERNIK S. , ČEH M. , VOJISAVLJEVIĆ K. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryIn this paper, changes of microstructural characteristics of disperse systems during mechanical activation of zinc oxide (ZnO) have been investigated. ZnO powder was activated by grinding in a planetary ball mill in a continuous regime in air during 300 min at the basic disc rotation speed of 320 rpm and rotation speed of bowls of 400 rpm but with various balls‐to‐powder mass ratios. During ball milling in a planetary ball mill, initial ZnO powder suffered high‐energy impacts. These impacts are very strong, and large amounts of microstructural and structural defects were introduced in the milled powders. The morphology and dispersivity of particles and agglomerates of all powders were investigated by scanning electron microscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy. The specific surface area of initial ZnO powder was determined as 3.60 m2 g−1 and it increased to 4.42 m2 g−1 in mechanically activated powders. An increase of the ball‐to‐powder mass ratio led to a decrease of particle dimensions as well as increased the tendency for joining into quite compact agglomerates, that is aggregates, compared with the very loose, soft initial agglomerates. The obtained results pointed out that activation of ZnO powders produces a highly disperse, nano‐scaled mixture of small particles, that is crystallites with sizes in the range of 10–40 nm. Most of these particles are in the form of aggregates with dimensions of 0.3–0.1 μm. The crystallite and aggregate size strongly depend on milling conditions, that is ball‐to‐powder mass ratio, as shown in this investigation.
Quantitative HRTEM analysis of FIB prepared specimens
Authors: BARAM M. , KAPLAN W.D 
Published: November 2008

SummaryThe preparation of good transmission electron microscopy specimens with minimum milling damage can be very complicated, especially from a specific area in a sample. Therefore, a novel approach for transmission electron microscopy specimen preparation using a focused ion beam system is proposed, based on the use of low energy (5 kV)Ga ions and a low incident ion angle (∼1°) from a thickness of ∼500 nm until the sample is electron transparent. Transmission electron microscopy specimens prepared by this method have significantly less irradiation damage, demonstrated by successful quantitative high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy conducted on sapphire from data acquired using an aberration‐corrected field emission gun transmission electron microscopy. Quantitative analysis was conducted by iterative digital image matching. The accuracy and sensitivity of the matching process is discussed.
Maternal exposure to tobacco smoke, alcohol and caffeine, and risk of anorectal atresia: National Birth Defects Prevention Study 1997–2003
Authors: Miller Eric A. , Manning Susan E. , Rasmussen Sonja A. , Reefhuis Jennita , Honein Margaret A. ,   the National Birth Defects Prevention Study
Published: November 2008

SummaryAnorectal atresia is a congenital anomaly with mostly unknown risk factors. Studies have provided evidence of teratogenic effects of alcohol and tobacco, and animal studies have suggested that caffeine may potentiate their teratogenicity. However, it is unclear how these factors affect the risk of anorectal atresia. We analysed data from maternal telephone interviews in a multistate case‐control study with 464 infants with anorectal atresia and 4940 infants with no major birth defects. We used unconditional logistic regression to determine the association of exposure to smoking, environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), alcohol or caffeine with anorectal atresia. Effect modification by caffeine intake was assessed on additive and multiplicative scales.There was no association with alcohol intake in this analysis. However, there was some evidence of an association between anorectal atresia and maternal exposure to tobacco smoke and caffeine. Compared with non‐smokers not exposed to ETS, the crude odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval [CI] for cigarette smoking was 1.2 [95% CI 1.0, 1.5]. The association with anorectal atresia for non‐smokers exposed to ETS at home and work was OR = 2.3 [95% CI 1.2, 4.1]. Compared with the lowest level of caffeine intake (<10 mg/day), the association for the highest caffeine intake (≥300 mg/day) was OR = 1.5 [95% CI 1.0, 2.2]. Results did not change after adjustment for covariates. This study found evidence of associations between anorectal atresia and caffeine intake, cigarette smoking and exposure to ETS. Because there are currently few additional data to support these results, further study is needed.
Socio‐economic inequality in preterm birth: a comparative study of the Nordic countries from 1981 to 2000
Authors: Petersen Christina B. , Mortensen Laust H. , Morgen Camilla S. , Madsen Mia , Schnor Ole , Arntzen Annett , Gissler Mika , Cnattingius Sven , Nybo Andersen Anne‐Marie 
Published: November 2008

SummaryDuring the 1980s and 1990s, there were large social and structural changes within the Nordic countries. Here we examine time changes in risks of preterm birth by maternal educational attainment in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. Information on gestational age and maternal socio‐economic position was obtained from the NorCHASE database, which includes comparable population‐based register data of births from Denmark, Finland, Sweden and Norway from 1981 to 2000. The risks of very preterm birth (<32 gestational weeks) and moderately preterm birth (32–36 gestational weeks) were calculated by maternal educational attainment and analysed in 5‐year intervals from 1981 to 2000.Compared with mothers with >12 years of education, mothers with <10 years of education had similarly increased risks of very, and to a lesser extent moderately, preterm birth in all four countries. The educational gradient increased slightly over time in very preterm births in Denmark, while there was a slight narrowing of the gap in Sweden. In moderately preterm births, the educational inequality gap was constant over the study period in Denmark, Norway and Sweden, but narrowed in Finland. The educational gradient in preterm birth remained broadly stable from 1981 to 2000 in all four countries. Consequently, the socio‐economic inequalities in preterm birth were not strongly influenced by structural changes during the period.
Autoimmune characteristics in Japanese children diagnosed with type 1 diabetes before 5 years of age
Authors: Urakami Tatsuhiko , Suzuki Junichi , Yoshida Ayako , Saito Hiroshi , Wada Mika , Takahashi Shouri , Mugishima Hideo 
Published: November 2008

AbstractBackground:  Several studies have shown that the autoimmune features in young children with type 1 diabetes differ from those in older pediatric patients as well as adults. The purpose of the present study was to examine the prevalence of β‐cell autoantibodies, glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies (GADA), and antibodies to the protein tyrosine phosphatase‐related molecule IA‐2 (IA‐2A), at the time of diagnosis in Japanese children with type 1 diabetes who were younger than 5 years at diagnosis.Methods:  Subjects consisted of 23 Japanese children (nine boys, 14 girls), 3.1 ± 1.3 years of age at diagnosis (range, 1.1–4.8 years). The majority had severe metabolic decompensation accompanied by complete absence of β‐cell function at diagnosis. We found 41.7% to have suffered viral infections before disease onset.Results:  The prevalence of antibodies to GAD and IA‐2 at diagnosis in these subjects was significantly lower than those in older patients diagnosed after 5 years of age (31.6 % vs 86.3% and 47.1% vs 82.5%, P < 0.0001 and P = 0.0064, respectively). Among 17 patients in whom both antibodies were measured, only two (11.8%) had both GADA and IA‐2A, three (17.6%) had GADA alone, six (35.3%) had IA‐2A alone, and six (35.3%) had neither GADA nor IA2‐A.Conclusions:  Non‐autoimmune mechanisms or age‐related differences in autoimmunity could be involved in the pathogenesis of diabetes in young patients.
A frequency‐domain formulation of MCE method for multi‐axial random loadings
Authors: BENASCIUTTI D. , CRISTOFORI A. 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACTMany multi‐axial fatigue limit criteria are formalized as a linear combination of a shear stress amplitude and a normal stress. To identify the shear stress amplitude, appropriate conventional definitions, as the minimum circumscribed circle (MCC) or ellipse (MCE) proposals, are in use. Despite computational improvements, deterministic algorithms implementing the MCC/MCE methods are exceptionally time‐demanding when applied to “coiled” random loading paths resulting from in‐service multi‐axial loadings and they may also provide insufficiently robust and reliable results. It would be then preferable to characterize multi‐axial random loadings by statistical re‐formulations of the deterministic MCC/MCE methods. Following an early work of Pitoiset et al., this paper presents a statistical re‐formulation for the MCE method. Numerical simulations are used to compare both statistical re‐formulations with their deterministic counterparts. The observed general good trend, with some better performance of the statistical approach, confirms the validity, reliability and robustness of the proposed formulation.
On the determination of material parameters in crack initiation laws
Authors: BRUCKNER‐FOIT A. , HUANG X. 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACTCrack initiation along slip bands can be described by the Tanaka–Mura relation and its extensions. These relations are based on dislocation theory and determine the number of load cycles to reach a critical dislocation density for a given value of the resolved shear stress along the potential crack path. An important material parameter in these relations is the critical shear stress which is a threshold value for crack initiation, i.e. the number of cycles to crack initiation becomes infinitely high if the resolved shear stress along the potential crack path stays below this threshold value. This critical shear stress is determined using a database for microcrack initiation, microcrack growth, and coalescence obtained with a martensitic steel. The number of cracks per unit area, the so‐called crack density, was derived from this database as a function of the number of load cycles. These experimentally observed values of the crack density are compared to values obtained by simulating the crack initiation process using a random cell structure as a mesoscopic unit cell. A best fit is obtained for values of the critical shear stress between 110 and 160 MPa with the uncertainty both related to simplifications in the model and to limitations of the experimental analysis.
Anesthesia for children in Sub‐Saharan Africa – a description of settings, common presenting conditions, techniques and outcomes
Authors: OURO‐BANG’NA MAMAN ABOUDOUL‐FATAOU , KABORE RAWÉLÉGUINBASBA ARMEL FLAVIEN , ZOUMENOU EUGÈNE , GNASSINGBÉ KOMLAN , CHOBLI MARTIN 
Published: November 2008

SummaryAnesthesia in developing countries deserves special attention. The most common technique is general anesthesia (with spontaneous or manually assisted ventilation). Nonmedical anesthetists with limited training and supervision and lacking the most common drugs and anesthetic equipment administer anesthesia, usually for emergency surgery. There are important safety issues, especially for pediatric anesthesia. Regarding pediatric surgery, the major workload is due to abdominal emergencies, mainly neonatal bowel obstruction or peritonitis due to typhoid perforation. The morbidity and mortality rate for these conditions is high.
Con: anesthesia for children in the developing world should be delivered by medical anesthetists
Authors: WILSON IAIN H. 
Published: November 2008

SummarySurgical care for pediatric patients in poor countries is severely limited by the availability of surgeons, healthcare resources and investment in anesthesia services. Where a surgical service exists, a shortage of trained medical anesthetists limits the care that can be delivered. Where no doctors are available to administer anesthesia, some countries have utilized nonmedical anesthesia providers to provide a service. These providers should be integrated with, and supported by, their medical colleagues to ensure safe practice. Action at governmental level is required to resolve the difficult issues described in this paper.
Is Liquidity Symmetric? A Study of Newly Listed Internet and Technology Stocks
Authors: MICHAYLUK DAVID , NEUHAUSER KARYN 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACTImbedded in liquidity measures is an implicit assumption of symmetry. Although market microstructure models rely on this assumption, there may be directional pressure that creates differences in buy and sell liquidity. This paper develops methods of assessing asymmetric liquidity and empirically examines a sample of newly listed Internet and technology stocks that are hypothesized to be especially subject to asymmetry due to the rapid inflation and deflation of the Internet bubble. Evidence of asymmetric liquidity is observed and the level of asymmetry is found to change over time. These findings suggest that the assumption of symmetry is inconsistent with more precisely constructed market liquidity measures.