bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaporative cooling and condensation of two‐dimensional polaritons in an in‐plane harmonic potential
Authors: Berman Oleg L. , Lozovik Yurii E. , Snoke David W. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractRecent experiments have made it possible to trap microcavity polaritons in an in‐plane harmonic potential. We discuss the theory of this system and show that Bose condensation is possible, and that a method for evaporative cooling exists. The position‐dependent mixing of the exciton and photon states leads to a decreased lifetime for high‐energy states. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Annealing effects on the photoluminescence and morphology of ZnO nanowires
Authors: Francis Tam'ra‐Kay , Ueda Akira , Aga Roberto , Pan Zhengda , Collins Warren E. , Mu Richard R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractFor the fabrication of ZnO NWs, we have used Si wafers as smooth surface substrates. Gold was deposited on to the substrates with an electron beam evaporator, since it is known that gold particles can serve as the catalyst to grow ZnO NWs on substrates in Vapor‐Liquid‐Solid (VLS) method. In the VLS method, the mixture of ZnO powder and graphite was placed at 1100 °C and the substrates were at 800 °C in a two‐zone furnace. The reduction of ZnO of the source generates Zn vapor that diffuses to gold particles on Si substrates, and the oxidation of Zn‐Au alloy grows ZnO crystals. The gold deposited area has ZnO crystal growth and that the gold particles play the role of nucleation sites. ZnO crystals have the dimension of a few hundred nm wide and 2‐3 μm long under this particular condition. SEM, XRD, and PL have been used for characterization. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Excitons in AgI–oxide particle composites: AgI–SrTiO3
Authors: Fujishiro Fumito , Mochizuki Shosuke 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWe fabricated (x)AgI–(1–x)SrTiO3 fine particle composites over a wide composition range of 0–100 mol% AgI. It is found that the dispersion of SrTiO3 fine particles enhances the ionic conductivity and (0.6)AgI–(0.4)SrTiO3 has the highest ionic conductivity (1.68 × 10–4 S/cm which is two hundreds times in comparison with that of pristine AgI), for the first time. In order to clarify such ionic conductivity enhanced by dispersing SrTiO3 fine particles into AgI, the photoluminescence measurements were carried out at different temperatures between 10 K and room temperature under different photoexcitation intensities, together with the structural and morphological studies (X‐ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy). The spectra consist of free exciton luminescence band and several broad luminescence bands due to the excitons trapped at crystal defects and residual impurities. The free exciton luminescence band almost disappears at x = 0.6, which may suggest the existence of considerable number of non‐radiative traps (crystal defects) at the AgI/SrTiO3 particle interfaces. Such crystal defects may act as ionic pathways. The structural and morphological studies confirm the randomly‐stacked γAgI/βAgI heterostructures at the AgI/SrTiO3 particle interfaces. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Luminescence properties of Eu‐doped ZnO nanocrystals/polymer hybrid
Authors: Ichida Masao , Wada T. , Kachi M. , Sakamoto W. , Yogo T. , Ando H. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWe report on photoluminescence (PL) properties in the new type of Eu doped ZnO nanocrystals, nanocrystals/polymer hybrid structure, in which ZnO nanocrystal is covered and chemically bonded by organic polymer. The hybrid samples exhibit strong exciton PL band of ZnO, and weak defect PL. These results suggest that the polymer efficiently suppresses carrier recombination at the nanocrystal surface, preventing formation of defect centers. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
FT‐IR study of photo‐induced phase transition in organic charge‐transfer crystal of TTF‐CA
Authors: Itoh Chihiro , Fukuda Sigeki 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWe have studied Fourier‐transform IR‐reflection spectra of tetrathiafulvalene‐p ‐chloranil (TTF‐CA) crystal under continuous excitation by 532‐nm laser beam at 6 K. The excitation by the laser beam with the power (P) of 6.1 Wcm–2 induces an enhancement of the IR‐reflection at around 1640 cm–1, which is ascribed to the carbonyl stretching vibration of CA molecules in the neutral phase. Meanwhile, the moderate excitation with P < 3.5 Wcm–2 gives an enhancement in the intensity of the charge‐transfer (CT) reflection and a reduction of the ag ‐mode band but no change in the carbonyl stretching vibration band. The results show that there is a threshold intensity for inducing the phase transition. Both of the changes in the CT absorption and the ag ‐mode band induced below the threshold intensity decays single exponentially with a lifetime of 23 min. The result suggests that the laser excitation with intensities less than the threshold intensity lead to formation of the metastable center accompanied with dissociation of donor‐acceptor pair. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Polarization‐resolved degenerate four‐wave mixing of CdS nanocrystals in a nonresonant region
Authors: Ma S. M. , Seo J. T. , Yang Q. , Creemore L. , Battle R. , Tabibi B. , Yu W. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe third‐order susceptibilities of various concentrations of TOPO‐passivated CdS nanocrystals (NCs) with the size near the Bohr radius were investigated using polarization‐resolved degenerate four‐wave mixing (DFWM) in a nonresonant excitation region with 532 nm wavelength and 8 ns pulse width. The second hyperpolarizabilities 〈γhxxxx 〉 and 〈γhxyyx 〉 of the CdS NCs were ∼1.25 × 10–42 m5/V2 and ∼3.66 × 10–43 m5/V2, respectively. The ratio (〈γhxyyx 〉/〈γhxxxx 〉) of the hyperpolarizabilities was ∼0.29 that indicated a large contribution of electronic polarization process to the third‐order nonlinearity of CdS NCs. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Cathodoluminescence properties of GaAs/AlGaAs pyramidal cap structures with high spatial resolution
Authors: Sawada Y. , Ichimiya M. , Ashida M. , Shimomura S. , Hiyamizu S. , Itoh T. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWe have measured the excitation position dependence of the cathodoluminescence (CL) from GaAs/AlGaAs pyramidal cap structure with the spatial resolution of 30 nm. The CL spectra strongly depend on the excitation position and the CL peak, the intensity of which is the maximum under the excitation at the top of the pyramid is efficiently strong even under the excitation at the position which is 500 nm away from the top on the ridge. This result suggests the effective energy transfer toward the top of pyramid. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Optical properties of ZnO homoepitaxial thin films grown by an rf‐magnetron sputtering method
Authors: Wakaiki S. , Kim D. , Komura S. , Mizoguchi K. , Nakayama M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWe have investigated optical properties of ZnO homoepitaxial thin films grown by an rf‐magnetron sputtering method. The surface morphology observed by an atomic force microscope shows that the surface roughness is within 1.5 nm. In the reflection spectrum at 10 K, fine structures of excitonic transitions of the A and B excitons are observed. In the photoluminescence (PL) spectrum, the free exciton band is observed in addition to very sharp bound‐exciton bands, while the defect‐related band is negligibly weak, reflecting high crystallinity of the film. Furthermore, under high‐density excitation conditions, a PL band originated from the biexciton is observed. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Joining up the episodes of lifelong learning: A regional transition project
Authors: Hartnell‐Young Elizabeth , Smallwood Angela , Kingston Sandra , Harley Philip 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn this paper, we explore the rationale, process and outcomes of the Regional Interoperability Project on Progression for Lifelong Learning, a project that established a model of cross‐sector collaboration in personal development planning technology in the UK. With specific reference to the widening participation agenda, and grounded in the perspective of lifelong learners, the project tested an approach in which discrete nodes of an individual’s learning journey are joined up through technology services. The paper describes the development of conceptual and practical tools to assist transitions between various communities of learning. A set of scenarios was developed, involving study to study and study to employment, while practical tools included development of UK LeaP draft interoperability standard (BS8788)‐compliant links between ePortfolio software, and the actual test transfer of data. The results indicate that recognising the smallest individual elements in the process is important, both in a technical sense and as a means of personalising learning and assisting transition between sectors. Through developing connections between these elements, the project partners engaged in lifelong learning.
The Impact of Exporting and Export Destination on Manufacturing Wages: Evidence for Sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Milner Chris , Tandrayen Verena 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis paper investigates wage effects of trade status of African firms. Using data for manufacturing firms, we find a positive overall association between individual earnings and export status. Moreover, the skill wage premium in exporting firms is significantly higher. These results are consistent with either trade inducing higher wages in the exporting country, or with more productive (higher wage) firms self‐selecting into exporting. The results are not robust, however, to disaggregation by export destination. Exporting to outside Africa generates a negative wage premium whereas exporting to African markets yields a positive premium in export firms of the exporting country. This suggests that there is a disciplining effect on the wages of exporting firms only when exporting is to more competitive markets.
The Role of Child Emotional Responsiveness and Maternal Negative Emotion Expression in Children's Coping Strategy Use
Authors: Goodvin Rebecca , Carlo Gustavo , Torquati Julia 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis study examined the additive and interactive effects of children's trait vicarious emotional responsiveness and maternal negative emotion expression on children's use of coping strategies. Ninety‐five children (mean age = 5.87 years) and their mothers and teachers participated in the study. The mothers reported on their own negative emotion expression and the children's empathic concern and personal distress tendencies. The mothers and teachers reported on the children's use of avoidant, support‐seeking, and aggressive‐venting coping strategies. Empathic concern was positively associated with the children's use of support seeking and negatively associated with the children's use of aggressive venting, whereas personal distress showed the opposite pattern of associations. Maternal negative emotion expression moderated some associations between the children's emotional responsiveness and coping. These findings support the hypothesis that children's tendencies to experience empathic concern or personal distress indicate functionally distinct styles of emotional arousal that may have broader consequences for socially competent behavior in response to normative stressors.
Enhancing the productivity of irrigated Vertisols: a comparative study between a traditional method and surge/intermittent management
Authors: Mintesinot B. , Verplancke H. , Van Ranst E. , Mitiku H. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractVertisols cover 12% of Ethiopia and produce on average only two million tonnes of maize grain of an estimated potential of 12 million tonnes per annum. Traditional irrigation practices are inefficient and in this paper we have examined the potential for improvement by adopting surge irrigation together with scheduling to determine irrigation frequency. Traditional irrigation management (without scheduling) and surge/intermittent irrigation (with scheduling) using maize as an indicator crop were compared over two irrigation seasons. Yield, water productivity and economic productivity were determined. Surge irrigation with scheduling resulted in a yield of 2.3 times that of traditional irrigation. Water productivity and income using surge management were, respectively, 2.7 and 2.8 times that of traditional management.
Clinical and Radiographic Evaluation of the 5‐mm Diameter Regular‐Platform Brånemark Fixture:2‐ to 5‐Year Follow‐up
Authors: Tawil Georges , Mawla Muhieddine , Gottlow Jan 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT Purpose: The purpose of this study was to report the clinical results obtained with 5‐mm diameter regular‐platform Brånemark implants after 2 to 5 years of follow‐up. A secondary aim was to compare the clinical outcome to that of adjacently placed standard 3.75‐mm fixtures in the same patients under the same operative condition and in the same prosthetic construction. Materials and Methods: Sixty patients, with a mean age of 54 years, received a total of 97 5‐mm diameter regular‐platform fixtures. The majority of the implants were placed at molar sites. In 41 of the patients, 53 5‐mm diameter implants were placed adjacent to 62 standard 3.75‐mm diameter fixtures in the same prosthetic reconstruction. All implants were submerged for an average period of 4 to 6 months. Abutment connection was done according to standard protocol. The prosthetic treatment consisted of freestanding fixed bridges. Results: The cumulative survival rate of the 5‐mm diameter implants loaded for a period of 2 to 5 years was 96.9%. Only three implants failed. They were placed in type 4 bone in the posterior maxilla. Bone loss over the first year was 0.70 mm and over a 3‐year period 0.81 mm. Implants placed in type 4 bone showed significantly higher bone loss. No difference in the resorption rate could be found between the maxillary and the mandibular implants or between the various implant lengths. There was no significant difference between the bone loss around the 5‐mm diameter fixtures and the adjacent 3.75‐mm diameter standard fixtures. Conclusion: The present study demonstrated a high predictability of 5‐mm diameter regular‐platform implants when placed in the posterior maxilla and mandible.
Teeth in a Day® for the Maxilla and Mandible: Case Report
Authors: Balshi Thomas J. , Wolfmger Glenn J. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT Background: A growing body of evidence indicates that successful osseointegration of dental implants can take place in the wake of immediate loading, providing that bone quality and quantity are adequate, and patients follow postsurgical instructions carefully. Purpose: The goal of this report is to demonstrate the efficient treatment protocol based on immediate loading for both the maxilla and mandible, including extraction site locations. Materials and Methods: Following extraction of the remaining anterior mandibular teeth, 18 Brånemark implants (Nobel Biocare AB, Gothenburg, Sweden), including two zygoma and two pterygoid implants, were installed in both arches in accordance with the Teeth in a Day protocol developed by the authors 9 years ago. This protocol uses an acrylic screw‐retained prosthesis, with steel prosthetic copings embedded, supported by full‐size Brånemark implants to prevent micromotion at the bone‐to‐implant interface. Results: Only 1 of the 18 immediately loaded implants failed to osseointegrate. Three years after completion of treatment, the patient reported functioning well with no complications. Conclusions: When appropriate subjects are selected, the Teeth in a Day protocol offers patients a number of significant advantages, including condensed treatment time, reduced postsurgical discomfort, and almost instantaneous improvement in speech and masticatory function, esthetics, and patient self‐image.
Simplified Methods of Implant Treatment in the Edentulous Lower Jaw. Part II: Early Loading
Authors: Engquist Bo Bo , Åstrand Per , Anzén Bengt , Dahlgren Simon , Engquist Eva , Feldmann Hartmut , Karlsson Ulf , Nord Per Guńnar , Sahlholm Sten , Svärdström Pia 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTBackground:Most implant treatment is performed with a two‐stage surgical procedure. A disadvantage of these implant treatments is that they are time‐consuming.Purpose:The aim of the present study was to evaluate the results of early loading in the edentulous mandible and to compare those results with treatment results of one‐stage surgery followed by a healing period and with two‐stage surgery.Material and Methods:The material comprises four treatment groups with a total of 108 patients with edentulous lower jaws and 432 implants. All patients were treated with Brånemark implants (Nobel Biocare AB, Gothenburg, Sweden) with a turned surface and fixed prostheses in the lower jaw, supported by four implants. The patients in group A were treated with a one‐stage procedure, a two‐piece implant, and a 3‐month healing period before loading. Group B (control group) had a two‐stage procedure, a two‐piece implant, and a 3‐month healing period. Group C had a one‐stage procedure, a one‐piece implant, and a 3‐month healing period. Group D was treated with a one‐stage surgical procedure, a two‐piece implant, and early loading (within 3 weeks). All patients were provided with a Procera® Implant Bridge (Nobel Biocare) with a framework made by computer‐assisted milling of one piece of pure titanium. All patients have been followed up for 1 year.Results:The survival rates were 93.2 to 93.3% in the experimental groups and 97.5% in the control group. The difference was not statistically significant. The measurements of the marginal bone level demonstrated a mean bone loss of 0.8 mm between fixture insertion and the 1‐year examination in patients with early loading (group D) whereas the bone loss in patients who underwent a healing period before loading was 1.3 to 1.6 mm. The difference between the control group and the group with early loading was significant.Conclusions:Survival rates for patients treated with a one‐stage procedure were lower than survival rates for patients treated according to a “classical concept,” but the differences were not statistically significant. There was no difference between treatment results with one‐piece and two‐piece implants. The implant loss in patients with early loading was probably caused by overloading, and careful supervision of occlusal loading is recommended. Early loading gave significantly less marginal bone loss when compared with two‐stage surgery.
Colorimetric Evaluation of the Influence of Five Different Restorative Materials on the Color of Veneered Densely Sintered Alumina
Authors: KOUTAYAS SPIRIDON‐OUMVERTOS , KAKABOURA APHRODITE , HUSSEIN AMR , STRUB JORG‐RUDOLF 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT Purpose: Since the introduction of densely sintered alumina ceramic material in prosthetic dentistry for the fabrication of all‐ceramic crowns, no scientific data have been presented on the color of these restorations in combination with different restorative materials. The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the influence of five different restorative materials used for implant abutments or posts and cores on the color of veneered densely sintered alumina. Materials and Methods: Sixty discs, 0.6 mm in thickness and 10 mm in diameter, were made out of densely sintered alumina ceramic material (Procera®, Nobel Biocare, Gothenburg, Sweden) and veneered using feldspathic porcelain (AllCeram®, Ducera, Rosbach, Germany) for a total thickness of 2 mm. Ten of the discs were evaluated colorimetrically using the CIE, L*, a*, b* system (control group). In addition, 50 discs, 3 mm in thickness and identical diameter, were fabricated using the following restorative materials (five different materials used on 10 specimens each): (1) high‐precious gold alloy, (2) aluminum‐oxide ceramic material, (3) titanium metal alloy, (4) yttrium‐stabilized zirconium dioxide ceramic material, and (5) glass‐ceramic material. The 50 veneered densely sintered alumina specimens were bonded to the 50 restorative specimens using an autopolymerizing luting composite. L*, a*, b* color coordinates were measured 10 times for each veneered densely sintered alumina specimen. Color differences were calculated using the equation ΔE = [(Δ*)2+ (Δa*)2+ (Δb*)2]®. ΔE values correspond to differences between the control group and each of the five materials groups. Results: Mean color differences (ΔE) and SDs for each group were as follows: ΔE (1) = 1.42 ± 0.5, ΔE (2) = 1.53 ± 0.5, ΔE (3) = 1.55 ± 0.4, ΔE (4) = 1.95 ± 0.5, ΔE (5) = 1.23 ± 0.3. All restorative materials induced changes to the densely sintered alumina color relative to the original color. One‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests showed statistically significant differences in ΔE between the groups; however, the Student‐Newman‐Keuls test revealed that the only statistically significant difference was between groups 4 and 5. Color differences between the groups were not visually perceivable (ΔE < 2).CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCEWithin the limits of this in vitro study, veneered densely sintered alumina adhesively fixed with dentine‐like cement, successfully masks the shade of different metal or ceramic restorative materials.
Prosthetic Design Considerations for Anterior Single‐Implant Restorations
Authors: SADAN AVISHAI , BLATZ MARKUS B. , BELLERINO MIKE , BLOCK MICHAEL 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTThe anterior single‐implant restoration provides a predictable solution for the partially edentulous patient. The two main approaches in prosthesis design for the single‐implant restoration are the screw‐retained and cement‐retained restorations. Although both approaches have been proven to work from a standpoint of long‐term implant stability, other considerations arise when esthetic outcome and ease of fabrication and delivery are discussed. To guarantee a predictable outcome, the dentist should choose a design that offers maximum prosthetic versatility. Combining prosthetic versatility with ease of delivery is often a clinical and laboratory challenge. Prostheses designs that provide the freedom to select a wide variety of restorative materials may be cumbersome to deliver and maintain and vice versa. This article reviews the advantages and shortcomings of each design and provides an alternative prosthesis design that combines the favorable aspects of these two restorations.
DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS OF PRECOOKED EGG PRODUCTS AFTER HIGH‐PRESSURE PROCESSING COMBINED WITH LOW AND HIGH TEMPERATURES
Authors: JULIANO PABLO , LI BIANSHENG , CLARK STEPHANIE , MATHEWS JASON W. , DUNNE PATRICK C. , BARBOSA‐CÁNOVAS GUSTAVO V. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT The quality descriptors of precooked scrambled egg patties were evaluated after high‐pressure treatment at low and high temperatures. A commercial egg patty was thermally pressurized at 90C/0.1–675 MPa and 30–90C/675 MPa. A trained descriptive panel evaluated untreated and treated products. Additional tests included texture profile analysis, color, pH and water loss. After treatment at 30C/675 Mpa, the egg patty maintained its sensory profile. Treatments at gelation temperatures≥70C and 675 MPa increased firmness and density scores, and water loss, compared to lower temperatures. Formulation modification with xanthan gum, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and flavors reduced the instrumental hardness by 25–41%, while syneresis decreased 50–55%, in agreement with findings of smaller particle size, smoother mouthfeel and lower dryness scores. The flavor profile of modified formulation after 70C/675 MPa or 90C/675 MPa treatments was similar to controls. Reformulation with xanthan gum, EDTA and flavors allowed maintenance of initial characteristics after thermal pressurization. High‐pressure processing at low temperatures is promising for preserving precooked scrambled egg patties while retaining sensory profile at selected conditions.