bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dual mechanisms of inhibition of the immune response by enterocytes isolated from the rat small intestine
Authors: Pang Gerald , Clancy Robert , Saunders Heather 
Published: July 2007

SummaryAntigen presentation by enterocytes isolated from the rat small bowel was studied by using T cell proliferation, and immunoregulatory function in an antigen‐driven culture system, as indicator systems. Lymph node T cells obtained from rats immunized with ovalbumin (OA) failed to divide when cultured for 4 days in the presence of freshly isolated Ia+ enterocytes and OA. However, cell division was noted when enterocytes were removed after 18 h by Percoll gradient centrifugation, followed by culture of T cells for a further 4 days in the absence of antigen. The failure to divide in the primary culture was due to the secretion by enterocytes of a dialysable non‐specific inhibitor. Antigen presentation by enterocytes was specific and was inhibited by monoclonal mouse anti‐rat Ia antibody, OX6. An epithelial cell line (REC‐2) was established from normal rat small intestine. These cells expressed Ia molecules following incubation with Concanavalin‐A stimulated spleen cell supernatant, and were capable of both presenting antigen, and inducing interieukin‐2 (IL‐2) production, when cultured with primed T cells. Furthermore, Ia+ REC‐2 cells functioned as stimulators in a primary mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR). Both OA‐primed T cells activated by enterocytes and antigen, and allogeneic MLR‐activated T cells, mediated suppression which was not specific for the initiating antigen. These experiments indicated two mechanisms mediate suppression of cell division in gut mucosa. The contribution of these mechanisms to the control of inflammation at mucosal sites requires investigation.
Improvement in sensitivity of enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay for tumour necrosis factor
Authors: McLaughlin P. Jeremy , Elwood Ngaire J. , Ramadi Lanny T. , Pica Marie R. , McKenzie Ian F. C. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryVarious protocols were used in the development of enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) to improve the sensitivity and range of detection of human tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α). ELISA can provide a specific, sensitive and rapid method for detection of TNF‐α in patient's sera, and it is important that the assay used should be sufficiently sensitive to detect low levels of TNF‐α. The double sandwich ELISA proved to be the most sensitive, detecting <0080 ng/mL TNF. Of eight different protocols, one assay using a purified monoclonal antibody to human TNF‐α and rabbit polyclonal anti‐TNF‐α antibody had the greatest sensitivity and range of detection. The study illustrates methods for the development of sensitive immunoassays which may have applications in many assay systems.
Pasteurella multocida infections in mice with reference to haemorrhagic septicaemia in cattle and buffalo
Authors: Ramdani H. J. S. Dawkins , Johnson R. B. , Spencer T. L. , Adler B. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryHaemorrhagic septicaemia (HS) is an infectious disease of cattle and buffalo caused by particular serotypes of Pasteurella multocida and is one of the most economically important livestock diseases in South‐East Asia. While HS has been recognized for many years, very little is understood about the disease, primarily because of the expense of cattle and a lack of suitable animal models. The suitability of using mice to study HS was assessed using parameters such as the critical pathogenic dose, kinetics of infection, pathology of disease and resistance to reinfection. Pasteurella multocida M1404, the type strain for Carter group B, the serotype responsible for Asian HS, was injected intraperitoneally into BALB/c mice. As few as 20 colony forming units produced an overwhelming septicaemia in mice in less than 30 h. The kinetics of infection demonstrated a very rapid in vivo multiplication rate. There was no evidence of inhibition of bacterial cell growth by natural host defence mechanisms, even with the very small inocula used. The gross pathology of the disease in mice was characterized by splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy and petechial haemorrhages similar to that observed in cattle and buffalo with HS. Mice were found to develop a short‐lived resistance to reinfection following a primary infection which had been successfully treated with antibiotics. The mouse would seem to provide an ideal tool by which to study HS, but warrant further studies in order to be able to critically assess it as a model for this economically important disease.
The long‐term effectiveness of five current desensitizing products on cervical dentine sensitivity
Authors: Duran I. , Sengun A. 
Published: July 2007

summary  The aim of this study was to compare the long‐term effectiveness of five desensitizing products on 25 male and 27 female patients (total 52) aged 21–67 years (mean 36 ± 7 years) suffering from cervical dentine sensitivity. All subjects were seen by the same examiner (ID) who was blinded to the applied treatment for 3‐month clinical study. Patients were asked to record their overall sensitivity by marking a point on a 10 cm Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Two hundred and seventy‐seven sensitive teeth were treated by one of the five desensitizing products, all of which were placed following manufacturers’ instructions by the other investigator (AS). A paired (split mouth) study design was used and selection of quadrants was randomized. At the post‐treatment and at 10 days and 3 months periods, sensitivity measurements were recorded by the same investigator (ID). Statistical analysis showed that all of the VAS scores at post‐treatment evaluation points were significantly decreased compared with baseline data (P < 0·05). There was a significant reduction in mean sensitivity scores in the Protect Liner F and the Health‐Dent Desensitizer groups when compared with Fluoline varnish at the 10‐day time point (P < 0·05). At 3 months, the Protect Liner F group continued to show a significantly reduced sensitivity level when compared with Health‐Dent Desensitizer, Single Bond, Fluoline and Gluma Desensitizer (P < 0·05). The present study demonstrated that although at the end of 3‐month evaluation period all desensitizers showed lower VAS sensitivity values compared with baseline, there were differences in the level of reduction of cervical dentine sensitivity.
Cross‐cultural Differences In Beliefs And Practices That Affect The Language Spoken To Children: mothers With Indian And Western Heritage
Authors: Simmons Noreen , Johnston Judith 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBackground: Speech–language pathologists often advise families about interaction patterns that will facilitate language learning. This advice is typically based on research with North American families of European heritage and may not be culturally suited for non‐Western families.Aims: The goal of the project was to identify differences in the beliefs and practices of Indian and Euro‐Canadian mothers that would affect patterns of talk to children.Methods & Procedures: A total of 47 Indian mothers and 51 Euro‐Canadian mothers of preschool age children completed a written survey concerning child‐rearing practices and beliefs, especially those about talk to children.Outcomes & Results: Discriminant analyses indicated clear cross‐cultural differences and produced functions that could predict group membership with a 96% accuracy rate. Items contributing most to these functions concerned the importance of family, perceptions of language learning, children's use of language in family and society, and interactions surrounding text.Conclusions: Speech–language pathologists who wish to adapt their services for families of Indian heritage should remember the centrality of the family, the likelihood that there will be less emphasis on early independence and achievement, and the preference for direct instruction.
Differentiating Normal Variability From Inconsistency In Children'S Speech: normative Data
Authors: Holm Alison , Crosbie Sharon , Dodd Barbara 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBackground: In young, typically developing children, some word production variability is expected, but highly inconsistent speech is considered a clinical marker for disorder. Speech–language pathologists need to identify variability versus inconsistency, yet these terms are not clearly differentiated. Not only is it important to identify inconsistency, but also it needs to be defined and measured so that clinical decisions are evidence based. In order to understand inconsistent speech production, typical variability must be described.Aims: This paper differentiates between variability and inconsistent productions. Variability is defined as productions that differ, but can be attributed to factors described in normal acquisition and use of speech. Inconsistency is speech characterized by a high proportion of differing repeated productions with multiple error types, both segmental (phoneme) and structural errors (consonant–vowel sequence within a syllable). The study describes and quantifies the consistency of word production in typically developing children aged between 3;0 and 6;11 years.Methods and Procedures: This paper reports a large cross‐sectional study (n = 409) of the consistency of children's production of words within the same linguistic context.Outcomes and Results: The study found that the speech of typically developing children is highly consistent. Children in the youngest age group demonstrated the highest levels of variability, but it remained below 13% with 10% reflecting maturational influences.Conclusions: Inconsistent production cannot be considered a typical feature of speech development. The results inform differential diagnosis of speech disorder.
Mental Verbs And Pragmatic Language Difficulties
Authors: Spanoudis George , Natsopoulos Demetrios , Panayiotou Georgia 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBackground: Pragmatic language impairment has recently been the subject of a number of studies that attempted to illuminate classification and diagnostic issues, and identify the profile of children with pragmatic language difficulties. Although much progress has been made, the nature of pragmatic difficulties remains unclear.Aims: To contrast typically developing children with those with pragmatic difficulties and specific language impairment as well as their ability to produce and comprehend pragmatic inferences about given or presupposed knowledge in mental state verbs; and to explore the general hypothesis that children with pragmatic difficulties make some, but not all, of the pragmatic inferences necessary for successful communication.Methods & Procedures: Study groups consisted of 18 children with pragmatic language difficulties, 28 children with specific language impairment and 40 typically developing children. The groups were matched on non‐verbal intelligence and age and differed in verbal intelligence, language achievement and pragmatic ability.Outcomes & Results: The language‐impaired groups performed significantly more poorly than typically developing children on all mental verb measures. In addition, significant differences between specific language impairment and pragmatic difficulties groups were found in composite score performance, but not on individual test performance.Conclusions: Both inferential mental verb tasks (pragmatics) and non‐inferential mental verb tasks (semantics) were more difficult for the children with language impairments compared with typically developing peers. Inferential and non‐inferential abilities showed significant differences between the two language‐impaired groups in favour of the children with specific language difficulties. Children's Communication Checklist scales in conjunction with mental verb measures were found to classify the three groups well.
Two Forms Of Spoken Repetition In A Girl With Autism
Authors: Stribling Penny , Rae John , Dickerson Paul 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBackground: The talk of persons with autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) often features distinctive forms of repetition (echophenomena). Although often characterized as meaningless or inappropriate, there is evidence that such practices can sometimes have communicative functions.Aims: To investigate the interactional organization of repetition practices found in the talk of an adolescent girl with an ASD.Methods & Procedures: As part of a project examining the interactional practices of children with ASD, we video‐recorded 6 hours of activity in a school classroom for severe learning difficulty (SLD) children. This paper considers instances of repeated talk produced by a class pupil, ‘Helen’. The analysis involved assembling a collection of examples of the repeated talk which were then transcribed in detail. Conversation Analysis was used to explore the sequential contexts in which they occur and precisely how they are produced.Outcomes & Results: Two forms of repetition occur very frequently in Helen's talk: first, repeats of turn‐final lexical items from another speaker's immediately before talk (prior‐turn repeats, a form of immediate echolalia), and second, repeats of the first item within a turn such that a turn is produced consisting entirely of repeated items (within‐turn repeats). The latter appears to be a form of palilalia (repeats of one's own prior talk) that has not been widely reported in ASD. The prior turn repeats follow other speaker's initiating actions (e.g. questions) that are addressed specifically to Helen and make a response from her relevant. Helen apparently uses these to demonstrate that she has nevertheless heard, and is orienting to, that prior turn. Within‐turn repeats are tied to and bounded by the accomplishment of non‐vocal activities, e.g. handing an object to a co‐participant, such that the repetitions cease when the object has reached its recipient. The two forms of repetition frequently co‐occur to display on‐going engagement with a recipient's prior turn.Conclusions: Although Helen has limited verbal resources she is more interactionally competent than this may initially suggest. We propose that these repetition practices may constitute an adaptation to interacting with a limited lexicon. We discuss the relevance of Conversational Analysis for understanding autistic children's pragmatic competence, and the implications for remediation and further research.
The regulatory domains of CNA have different effects on the inhibition of CN activity by FK506 and CsA
Authors: Wang Hai‐long , Du Yan‐wei , Xiang Ben‐qiong , Lin Wei‐lin , Wei Qun 
Published: July 2007

AbstractCalcineurin (CN) is the common receptor for two immunophilin‐immunosuppressant complexes, Cyp‐CsA and FKBP‐FK506. Calcineurin is composed of a catalytic subunit (CNA) and a regulatory subunit (CNB). CNA contains the catalytic domain and three regulatory domains: a CNB‐binding domain (BBH, 350 ‐ 370), a calmodulin‐ binding domain (CBD, 389 ‐ 413), and an autoinhibitory domain (AID, 457 ‐ 482). To investigate the effects of these three regulatory domains on the inhibition of CN by the two drugs we constructed three C‐terminal deletion mutants: CNAabc (1 ‐ 456), CNAab (1 ‐ 388) and CNAa (1 ‐ 347). Inhibition of CNA and its derivatives by the two drugs was examined and compared with inhibition by peptides (AID [457 ‐ 482] and LCBD [389 ‐ 456], CBD and the extension of the AID were included). Our results show that the BBH is critical for inhibition of CN by Cyp‐CsA and FKBP‐FK506. The LCBD has no effect and the AID reduces the inhibition of CN by two complexes. In addition, LCBD and AID as autoinhibitors may inhibit enzyme activity via different sites.
IUBMB Life, 59: 388 ‐ 393, 2007
The Candidacidal activity of Indole‐3‐carbinol that binds with DNA
Authors: Sung Woo Sang , Lee Dong Gun 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe aim of this study was to assess the in vitro anticandidal activity of Indole‐3‐carbinol (I3C) and its mode of action against Candida albicans. The results indicated that I3C exhibited candidacidal activity in an energy‐independent manner without hemolytic effect on human erythrocytes. To understand the anticandidal mode of action of I3C, gel retardation and fluorescence quenching experiments were conducted against Candida albicans. The results suggest that I3C may exert anticandidal activity by binding to DNA. The present study indicates that I3C has considerable anticandidal activity, deserving further investigation for clinical applications.
iubmb Life, 59: 1 ‐ 5, 2007
Applications of Sleeping Beauty transposons for nonviral gene therapy
Authors: Liu Hanzhong , Visner Gary A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractVirus‐based gene therapy has advanced to clinical trials; however, this approach may result in serious adverse events including oncogenesis and the possibility of triggering fatal immune responses. Nonviral gene delivery approaches have a better safety profile, but their in vivo application has been largely limited in the past due to their inefficient delivery into cells and lack of stable chromosomal integration that is necessary for long‐term therapeutic benefit. However, recent advances suggest that the use of Sleeping Beauty transposons, a novel integrating nonviral vector system, are capable of achieving long‐lasting therapeutic levels of transgene expression in preclinical settings. These observations and other ongoing relevant studies may unlock the therapeutic potential of nonviral gene therapy for human diseases.
iubmb Life, 59: 1 ‐ 6, 2007
Compositional analysis of catch curve data, with an application to Sebastes maliger
Authors: Schnute Jon T. , Haigh Rowan 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSchnute, J. T. and Haigh, R. 2007. Compositional analysis of catch curve data, with an application to Sebastes maliger. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 218–233. This paper applies modern compositional analysis to catch curve data from a quillback rockfish (Sebastes maliger) population in British Columbia, Canada. Bubble plots and ternary diagrams portray variable age distributions and highlight distinctions between commercial and survey sample data. The models formalize important historical issues in catch curve analysis related to selectivity and recruitment variability, where a particular model corresponds to a prescribed vector of design parameters. The roles that compositional distributions (multinomial, Dirichlet, logistic-normal) can play in fishery data analysis are described, and Bayesian methods are used to examine how the distribution of a key mortality parameter depends on model choice. The framework provides a direct link between model designs and policy outcomes that depend on estimated mortalities or mortality ratios.
Estimating high resolution trawl fishing effort from satellite-based vessel monitoring system data
Authors: Mills Craig M. , Townsend Sunny E. , Jennings Simon , Eastwood Paul D. , Houghton Carla A. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Mills, C. M., Townsend, S. E., Jennings, S., Eastwood, P. D., and Houghton, C. A. 2007. Estimating high resolution trawl fishing effort from satellite-based vessel monitoring system data. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 248–255. High resolution estimates of trawling effort are needed to underpin studies of trawling impacts on species, habitats, and ecosystem processes, and to monitor responses to area closure and other management actions. Satellite-based vessel monitoring systems (VMS) were designed for fishery control and enforcement, but they provide potentially valuable source information on spatial and temporal patterns of trawling activity at multiple scales. Based on an analysis of VMS data for UK beam trawlers in the North Sea, a method is described for identifying trawling activity and estimating fishing intensity based on the minimum and maximum potential spatial extent of trawling effort from VMS data. The optimal method for identifying trawling and steaming behaviour combined speed and directionality rules and correctly identified trawling and steaming in 99% and 95% of cases, respectively. Using speed- and directionality-filtered VMS data, trawling effort can be reported as area impacted per unit time per unit area at a range of grid scales from 1 km to 100 km (10 000 km2). Trawling effort is accurately represented at a grid cell resolution of 3 km or less.
The status of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) stocks around England and Wales, derived using a separable catch-at-age model, and implications for fisheries management
Authors: Pawson Mike G. , Kupschus Sven , Pickett Graham D. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Pawson, M. G., Kupschus, S., and Pickett, G. D. 2007. The status of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) stocks around England and Wales, derived using a separable catch-at-age model, and implications for fisheries management. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 346–356. The commercial fishery for sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) around the coasts of England and Wales developed rapidly in the late 1970s and 1980s and, by 1986, involved some 3000 fishers using more than 2000 boats to make landings worth £3–4 million. The estimated annual catch of sea bass by sport-anglers was similar to the level recorded from the commercial fishery. Sampling of landings showed strong evidence of growth-overfishing in many areas, and a package of technical measures was introduced in 1990 aimed at improving the exploitation pattern and yield per recruit. This paper describes how data collected through a fishery and biological sampling programme around England and Wales over the period 1985–2004 have been utilized in a separable catch numbers-at-age model to assess the dynamics of sea bass stocks in English and Welsh coastal waters. The model output shows that recruitment improved during the 1990s and that moderate levels of fishing mortality allied to an exploitation pattern that largely avoids juvenile fish have enabled the bass population and its fishery to develop sustainably. Results are discussed in relation to model development and management of the bass fishery.
Eastern English Channel fish assemblages: measuring the structuring effect of habitats on distinct sub-communities
Authors: Vaz S. , Carpentier A. , Coppin F. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Vaz, S., Carpentier, A., and Coppin, F. 2007. Eastern English Channel fish assemblages: measuring the structuring effect of habitats on distinct sub-communities – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 271–287. Multivariate and spatial analyses are used to identify and locate fish, cephalopod, and macrocrustacean species assemblages in the eastern English Channel from 1988 to 2004. Four sub-communities with varying diversity levels were identified in relation to depth, salinity, temperature, seabed shear stress, sediment type, and benthic community nature. From 1997 to 2004, some 25% of overall community structure variance could be related to the available environmental descriptors and 20% to persistent factors such as depth, seabed shear stress, sediment, and macro-invertebrate community type. Although there may be significant interannual shifts in overall community structure and composition, the sub-communities identified persisted over time, reflecting the relative stability of the environmental conditions in this area. The diversity levels of the community appeared to have increased over the past 2 decades and to be higher in areas with soft sediments and wide temperature and salinity variations, typically coastal river plumes and estuaries where bentho-demersal species dominated. The strong spatial structure of the fish communities in the eastern English Channel reflects the different types of habitats shared by differing species assemblages. Such persistence may be useful for spatially explicit planning of human use and resource management.