bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oxygen Controls the Phosphorus Release from Lake Sediments – a Long‐Lasting Paradigm in Limnology
Authors: Hupfer Michael , Lewandowski Jörg 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe pioneer works of Einsele, Mortimer, and Ohle on the linking between phosphorus (P) and iron (Fe) cycles seven decades ago created the theoretical basis for a long‐standing paradigm among limnologists i.e., ‘oxygen controls the P release from sediments’. While many empirical studies as well as strong correlations between oxygen depletion and P release seem to support this paradigm, various field observations, laboratory experiments, and repeated failures of hypolimnetic oxygenation measures cast doubt on its universal validity. The temporal existence of a thin oxidized sediment surface‐layer could affect only fluctuations of the temporary P pool at the sediment surface but not the long‐term P retention. On longer time scales P release is the imbalance between P sedimentation and P binding capacity of anoxic sediment layers. The P retention of lake sediments strongly depends on sediment characteristics and land use of the catchment. The presence of redox‐insensitive P‐binding systems such as Al(OH)3 and unreducible Fe(III) minerals can enhance the P retention and completely prevent P release even in case of anoxic conditions. Alternative release mechanisms such as a dissolution of calcium‐bound P and decomposition of organic P under both, aerobic and anaerobic conditions, are often more important than the redox driven Fe‐coupled P cycle. Additionally, bacteria affect P cycling not only by altering the redox conditions but also by releasing P during mineralization of organic matter and by accumulation and release of bacterial P. Since microbial processes consume oxygen and liberate P it is difficult to distinguish whether oxygen depletion is the result or the cause of P release. Nowadays, the old paradigm is discarded and a paradigm shift takes place. Sedimentary P exchange ought to be considered as a complex process which is mainly determined by the amount and species of settled P as well as their subsequent diagenetic transformation in the sediment. The classical paradigm is only valid in special cases since reality is much more complex than suggested by that paradigm.Everything should be made simple as possible, but not simpler! Albert Einstein (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Control of Lacustrine Phytoplankton by Nutrients: Erosion of the Phosphorus Paradigm
Authors: Lewis William M. , Wurtsbaugh Wayne A. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractControl of lacustrine phytoplankton biomass by phosphorus is one of the oldest and most stable paradigms in modern limnology. Even so, evidence from bioassays conducted by multiple investigators at numerous sites over the last three decades shows that N is at least as likely as P to be limiting to phytoplankton growth. A number of important flaws in the evidence supporting the phosphorus paradigm have contributed to an unrealistic degree of focus on phosphorus as a controlling element. These include insufficient skeptism in interpretation of: 1) the phosphorus: chlorophyll correlation in lakes, 2) the results of whole‐lake fertilization experiments, and 3) stoichiometric arguments based on total N:total P ratios for inland waters. A new paradigm based on parity between N and P control of phytoplankton biomass in lakes seems more viable than the P paradigm. The new paradigm renews interest in the degree to which plankton communities are molded in composition by small differences in relative availability of N and P, the mechanisms that lead to a high frequency of N limitation in oligotrophic lakes, and the failure of aquatic N‐fixers to compensate significantly for N deficiency under most conditions. A new N/P paradigm still must acknowledge that suppression of P loading often will be the most effective means of reducing phytoplankton biomass in eutrophic lakes, even if N is initially limiting.From error to error one discovers the entire truth Sigmund Freud (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Is there a Paradigm Shift in Limnology and Marine Biology?
Authors: Walz Norbert , Adrian Rita 
Published: October 2008

AbstractTo celebrate the 100th anniversary of the International Review of Hydrobiology, we invited leading scientists to contribute to a special issue on Paradigm Shifts in Limnology and Marine Biology. Many of these scientists described new concepts in their highly specialized disciplines, however, not in the strict Kuhnian sense, but more as a cumulative – though nonlinear – acquisition and refinement of knowledge. Hence, a proposal for a major paradigm shift was not presented. If, however, the strict Kuhnian definition is eased somehow, anthropogenically induced global climate change may be regarded as a paradigm shift. Here, we provide a brief overview of these thought‐provoking contributions.Jedes Problem durchläuft bis zu seiner Anerkennung drei Stufen: In der ersten wird es lächerlich gemacht. In der zweiten bekämpft, in der dritten gilt es als selbstverständlich Loosely translated: “Everything at first seems ridiculous, is then attacked, and finally is accepted as a matter of course”.
attributed to Arthur Schopenhauer, 1788–1860 (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Correlating dough elastic recovery during sheeting with flour analyses and rheological properties
Authors: Ren DanQiu , Walker Charles E , Faubion Jon M 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe dough rheological behaviors of three flours having different chemical and physical properties were measured, as were changes in thickness and snapback (thickness of the machined dough sheet relative to the roll gap), immediately following sheeting. Dough snapback was determined to be a function of processing parameters, reduction ratio, and dough rest time, as well as different flour properties. The predication equation for dough snapback is based on multiple flour properties and sheeting conditions.Higher protein flours normally have stronger dough properties and larger snapback, compared with low protein flours, but also depend on the protein quality. The snapback will increase either with increased protein content, reduction ratio, or reduced rest time. Dough snapback using flour made by blending two flours 50/50 had intermediate values between the two original flours.Among the variables, Mixograph work, reduction ratio, and dough rest time were the main factors affecting the elastic characteristics of the doughs. Minimum snapback occurred with the weakest flour experiencing the longest rest time and the smallest reduction ratio. A linear 7‐factor equation was found to predict the snapback of several flours, by combining reduction ratio, dough rest time, Mixograph work, peak height, and mixing time, Alveograph P/L, and protein content. Only three factor combinations of Mixograph work, reduction ratio, and rest time were needed to develop a second order equation for predicting snapback. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Influence of packaging strategy on microbiological and biochemical changes in high‐pressure‐treated oysters (Crassostrea gigas)
Authors: Cruz‐Romero Malco , Kelly Alan L , Kerry Joe P 
Published: October 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND: High‐pressure (HP) treatment is being increasingly employed for commercial processing of oysters, but there is relatively limited information on the microbiological quality and enzymatic activity of HP‐treated in‐shell oysters. The objective of this research was to study the influence of packaging strategy on microbiological and biochemical changes in oysters HP treated at 260 MPa for 3 min or 400 MPa for 5 min at 20 °C and stored at 0 °C either aerobically on ice, in vacuum packaging (VP) or under modified atmosphere packaging (MAP; 40% CO2, 60% N2), compared with changes in untreated oysters.RESULTS: Both HP treatments reduced the microbiological load to below the detection limit (<100 colony‐forming units g−1). MAP and VP also delayed subsequent microbial growth compared with aerobically stored samples. After 21 days of storage, total volatile base levels remained lower than the proposed acceptability limits for all samples; however, after 28 days, only oysters HP treated at 400 MPa, irrespective of the packaging system used, did not exceed this limit. HP increased the thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substance (TBARS) values of oysters, indicating increased lipid oxidation. During storage, TBARS values of all MAP and VP oysters remained lower than those of aerobically stored oysters.CONCLUSION: HP treatment, in combination with adequate chilled storage and MAP, can extend the shelf‐life and safety of oysters. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Fatty acid composition and volatile compounds of selected marine oils and meals
Authors: Giogios Ioannis , Grigorakis Kriton , Nengas Ioannis , Papasolomontos Sotiris , Papaioannou Nikos , Alexis Maria N 
Published: October 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND: Although volatile compounds characterising seafood have been studied extensively, no similar data are available regarding the volatiles of raw materials used in fish feed. Therefore the aim of this study was to make an initial screening of the volatiles of various common marine raw materials used in the aquaculture feed industry. Nine commercial marine oils (German (GFO1, GFO2 and GFO3) and Norwegian (NFO) fish oils and salmon (SO1 and SO2), tuna (TO), sardine (SRDO) and shrimp (SHO) oils) and eight commercial marine meals (Peruvian (PFM1 and PFM2), Danish (DFM1 and DFM2) and prime quality (PQFM1 and PQFM2) fish meals and Antarctic krill meals (KM1 and KM2)) were analysed for their fatty acid profiles and volatile flavour compounds. The relation between fatty acids and volatiles was examined.RESULTS: The highest polyunsaturated fatty acid and eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5ω3) contents and ω3/ω6 ratio were found in NFO. The fatty acid composition of all marine meals except krill meals was found to be more variable among batches than that of marine oils. Regarding volatiles, all marine raw materials were characterised by the complete absence or negligible levels of eight‐ and nine‐carbon alcohols and carbonyls. All marine oils were found to have high 2‐ethyl furan, 2‐methylenebutyl cyclopropane, hexanal, 2,4‐octadiene and 3,5‐octadiene contents. Marine meals, unlike marine oils, were characterised by the almost complete absence of unsaturated and cyclic hydrocarbons and terpenes and very low levels of furans.CONCLUSION: Volatiles of marine meals differ from those of marine oils. Unlike fatty acids which give useful traceability information, volatiles seem to fail in this role owing to their strong variability. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Reaction Kinetics of Polyurethane Formation Using a Commercial Oligomeric Diisocyanate Resin Studied by Calorimetric and Rheological Methods
Authors: Papadopoulos Eleni , Ginic‐Markovic Milena , Clarke Stephen 
Published: October 2008

AbstractReaction rate and kinetics of cure between PMDI and castor oil, a tri‐functional polyol, for stoichiometric and off‐stoichiometric mole ratios, were studied through isoconversional analysis of DSC data and through gelation times and viscosity build up obtained through rheological techniques. The cure kinetics of the polyurethane reaction as monitored using different techniques gave similar activation energies for the stoichiometric ratio. Isoconversional analysis of DSC data showed a competitive reaction scheme for the stoichiometric system, suggesting the presence of isocyanate groups with different reactivities in the PMDI, which was further substantiated in rheological investigations.magnified image
Nanometer‐Scaled Hollow Spherical Micelles with Hydrophilic Channels and the Controlled Release of Ibuprofen
Authors: Xiong De'an , An Yingli , Li Zhe , Ma Rujiang , Liu Yang , Wu Chenglin , Zou Lu , Shi Linqi , Zhang Junhua 
Published: October 2008

AbstractPS‐b‐PAA spherical micelles with a liquid core and a PAA shell are prepared with the assistance of 1,2‐dichloroethane. During the process of adding a mixture of PNIPAM‐b‐P4VP and PEG‐b‐P4VP, multi‐layered micelles with a mixed corona that consists of both PNIPAM and PEG chains are constructed through the electrostatic interaction and hydrogen bonding between the PAA block and the P4VP block. When heating above the LCST, the PNIPAM chains collapse onto the PAA/P4VP complex layer while the PEG chains still stretch into the solution through the collapsed PNIPAM layer, which leads to the formation of hydrophilic channels around the PEG chains. The ibuprofen encapsulated in the hollow space can diffuse through the channels and its release rate can be controlled by changing the ratio of PEG chains to PNIPAM chains in the corona.magnified image
Tertiary Amine — Enhanced Activity of ATRP Catalysts CuBr/TPMA and CuBr/Me6TREN
Authors: Tang Huadong , Shen Youqing , Li Bo‐Geng , Radosz Maciej 
Published: October 2008

AbstractTertiary amines were found to remarkably enhance the catalytic activity of ATRP catalysts CuBr/tris[(2‐pyridyl)methyl]amine and CuBr/tris[2‐(dimethylamino)ethylamine]. These two catalysts alone failed to polymerize MA, MMA, and styrene at reduced catalyst concentrations. With tertiary amines such as triethylamine both catalysts could mediate fast polymerizations of the three monomers in a controlled manner at as low as 1 mol‐% catalyst relative to initiator. A mechanism study showed that tertiary amines reduced copper(II) complexes to active copper(I) complexes.magnified image
Hexyl‐Substituted Oligoselenophenes with Central Tetrafluorophenylene Units: Synthesis, Characterisation and Application in Organic Field Effect Transistors
Authors: Crouch David J. , Skabara Peter J. , Heeney Martin , McCulloch Iain , Sparrowe David , Coles Simon J. , Hursthouse Michael B. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractA series of selenophene oligomers incorporating conjugated fluorinated phenylene units have been synthesised as potential semiconductor materials for organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs). X‐ray crystallography shows that the molecules are held in close proximity by several short intermolecular contacts, making them ideal candidates for OFET applications.magnified image
PTPϵ has a critical role in signaling transduction pathways and phosphoprotein network topology in red cells
Authors: De Franceschi Lucia , Biondani Andrea , Carta Franco , Turrini Franco , Laudanna Carlo , Deana Renzo , Brunati Anna Maria , Turretta Loris , Iolascon Achille , Perrotta Silverio , Elson Ari , Bulato Cristina , Brugnara Carlo 
Published: October 2008

AbstractProtein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are crucial components of cellular signal transduction pathways. Here, we report that red blood cells (RBCs) from mice lacking PTPϵ (Ptpre−/−) exhibit (i) abnormal morphology; (ii) increased Ca2+‐activated‐K+ channel activity, which was partially blocked by the Src family kinases (SFKs) inhibitor PP1; and (iii) market perturbation of the RBC membrane tyrosine (Tyr‐) phosphoproteome, indicating an alteration of RBC signal transduction pathways. Using the signaling network computational analysis of the Tyr‐phosphoproteomic data, we identified seven topological clusters. We studied cluster 1 containing Fyn, SFK, and Syk another tyrosine kinase. In Ptpre−/−mouse RBCs, the activity of Fyn was increased while Syk kinase activity was decreased compared to wild‐type RBCs, validating the network computational analysis, and indicating a novel signaling pathway, which involves Fyn and Syk in regulation of red cell morphology.
Quantitative assessment of the structural bias in protein–protein interaction assays
Authors: Björklund Åsa K. , Light Sara , Hedin Linnea , Elofsson Arne 
Published: October 2008

AbstractWith recent publications of several large‐scale protein–protein interaction (PPI) studies, the realization of the full yeast interaction network is getting closer. Here, we have analysed several yeast protein interaction datasets to understand their strengths and weaknesses. In particular, we investigate the effect of experimental biases on some of the protein properties suggested to be enriched in highly connected proteins. Finally, we use support vector machines (SVM) to assess the contribution of these properties to protein interactivity. We find that protein abundance is the most important factor for detecting interactions in tandem affinity purifications (TAP), while it is of less importance for Yeast Two Hybrid (Y2H) screens. Consequently, sequence conservation and/or essentiality of hubs may be related to their high abundance. Further, proteins with disordered structure are over‐represented in Y2H screens and in one, but not the other, large‐scale TAP assay. Hence, disordered regions may be important both in transient interactions and interactions in complexes. Finally, a few domain families seem to be responsible for a large part of all interactions. Most importantly, we show that there are method‐specific biases in PPI experiments. Thus, care should be taken before drawing strong conclusions based on a single dataset.
Nickel nanoparticles deposited into an activated porous carbon: synthesis, microstructure and magnetic properties
Authors: Gorria Pedro , Fernández‐García María Paz , Sevilla Marta , Blanco Jesús A. , Fuertes Antonio B. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractActivated carbons (AC) are commonly used as efficient adsorbents to remove contaminants. The incorporation of a magnetic material into the AC could greatly enhance its manipulation through magnetic separation. However, the composite material will need to have sufficiently saturated magnetization, and as low as possible coercivity to be easily attracted by commercial permanent magnets. In this letter we report on the correlation between microstructure and magnetic behaviour of Ni nanoparticles (NPs) embedded in an amorphous activated porous carbon (Ni–AC). The Ni–AC powders have been synthesized by means of an easy and low‐cost procedure. The addition of sucrose during the preparation process provides effective protection in acid media. This Ni–AC composite has a microstructure composed of crystalline NPs with diameters in the range of 7–25 nm, and exhibits superparamagnetic behaviour at room temperature, with saturation magnetization values around 3 A m2 kg–1 under applied magnetic fields of 200 mT. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Computer‐assisted distraction osteogenesis by Ilizarov's method
Authors: Simpson A. L. , Ma B. , Slagel B. , Borschneck D. P. , Ellis R. E. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractBackgroundThe Taylor spatial frame is a fixation device used to implement the Ilizarov method of bone deformity correction to gradually distract an osteotomized bone at regular intervals, according to a prescribed schedule.MethodsWe modify conventional technique by: (a) preoperatively planning a virtual three‐dimensional (3D) correction; (b) basing the correction on the actual location of the frame with respect to the anatomy, immediately compensating for frame mounting errors; and (c) calculating the correction based on 3D CT data rather than measurements from radiographs. We have performed a laboratory study using plastic phantoms, and a pilot clinical study involving five patients.ResultsIn 20 tibial phantom experiments, we achieved average correction errors of < 2° total rotation and < 0.5 mm total lengthening. We observed clinically acceptable corrections with no complications in our pilot clinical study.ConclusionsOur method achieved high accuracy and precision in a laboratory setting, and produced acceptable outcomes in a pilot clinical study. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Controlled Self‐Assembly of Organic Nanowires and Platelets Using Dipolar and Hydrogen‐Bonding Interactions
Authors: Jordan Brian J. , Ofir Yuval , Patra Debabrata , Caldwell Stuart T. , Kennedy Andrew , Joubanian Steven , Rabani Gouher , Cooke Graeme , Rotello Vincent M. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractSynergistic dipole–dipole and hydrogen‐bonding interactions are used to assemble nanostructured materials. Precipitation of a hydrogen‐bonding donor–acceptor molecule 8‐[[p‐[bis(ethyl)amino]phenyl]azo]‐isobutylflavin (ABFL) yields nanowires ≈50–150 nm in diameter and lengths of several millimeters. Precipitation of the non‐hydrogen‐bonding analog, methylated ABFL (MABFL), generates micrometer‐sized hexagonal platelets that are 5–10 µm in length, 1–5 µm in width, and 0.1–0.5 µm thick. The structural similarity of the two molecules allows intermediate morphologies to be formed via co‐precipitation. Doping experiments demonstrate efficient control over nanowire length and diameter due to the disruption of the hydrogen bonding within the nanowires.
Analysis of 203 Patients with Penetrating Neck Injuries
Authors: Thoma Max , Navsaria Pradeep H. , Edu Sorin , Nicol Andrew J. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractBackgroundSelective nonoperative management (SNOM) of penetrating neck injuries (PNI) has steadily gained favor, but indications for surgery and adjunctive diagnostic studies remain debated. The purpose of the present study is to validate a protocol of SNOM of PNI based on physical examination, which further dictates complementary investigations and management.Patients and methodsA prospective observational study was conducted in a South African tertiary urban trauma center with a high prevalence of penetrating trauma. All consecutive patients admitted with penetrating neck injuries over a 13‐month period were included.ResultsA total of 203 patients were included in the study: 159 with stab wounds and 42 with gunshot wounds. A vascular injury was identified in 27 (13.3%) patients, pharyngoesophageal injury in 18 (8.9%) patients, and an upper airway injury in 8 (3.9%) patients. Only 25 (12.3%) patients required surgical intervention. A further 8 (3.9%) patients had therapeutic endovascular procedures. The remaining 158 (77.8%) patients, either asymptomatic or with negative work‐up, were managed expectantly. There were no clinically relevant missed injuries.ConclusionsSelective nonoperative management of neck injuries based on clinical examination and selective use of adjunctive investigational studies is safe in a high‐volume trauma center.
Migrant Well‐Being is a Multilevel, Dynamic, Value Dependent Phenomenon
Authors: Prilleltensky Isaac 
Published: October 2008

AbstractResearch demonstrates that the well‐being of migrants is a multilevel, dynamic, and value dependent phenomenon. It is multilevel because risk and protective factors are present at various ecological planes, from the individual to the social sphere. It is dynamic because objective and subjective risk and protective factors interact across ecological levels, creating favorable or unfavorable conditions for migrants to adjust to the new surroundings. Finally, it is value dependent because access to resources is conditioned by norms of justice prevalent in the host society. Findings from this special section on acculturation are combined with previous literature to support the three claims advanced in this article.