bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Consistency of modelled and observed temperature trends in the tropical troposphere
Authors: Santer B. D. , Thorne P. W. , Haimberger L. , Taylor K. E. , Wigley T. M. L. , Lanzante J. R. , Solomon S. , Free M. , Gleckler P. J. , Jones P. D. , Karl T. R. , Klein S. A. , Mears C. , Nychka D. , Schmidt G. A. , Sherwood S. C. , Wentz F. J. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractA recent report of the U.S. Climate Change Science Program (CCSP) identified a ‘potentially serious inconsistency’ between modelled and observed trends in tropical lapse rates (Karl et al., 2006). Early versions of satellite and radiosonde datasets suggested that the tropical surface had warmed more than the troposphere, while climate models consistently showed tropospheric amplification of surface warming in response to human‐caused increases in well‐mixed greenhouse gases (GHGs). We revisit such comparisons here using new observational estimates of surface and tropospheric temperature changes. We find that there is no longer a serious discrepancy between modelled and observed trends in tropical lapse rates.This emerging reconciliation of models and observations has two primary explanations. First, because of changes in the treatment of buoy and satellite information, new surface temperature datasets yield slightly reduced tropical warming relative to earlier versions. Second, recently developed satellite and radiosonde datasets show larger warming of the tropical lower troposphere. In the case of a new satellite dataset from Remote Sensing Systems (RSS), enhanced warming is due to an improved procedure of adjusting for inter‐satellite biases. When the RSS‐derived tropospheric temperature trend is compared with four different observed estimates of surface temperature change, the surface warming is invariably amplified in the tropical troposphere, consistent with model results. Even if we use data from a second satellite dataset with smaller tropospheric warming than in RSS, observed tropical lapse rate trends are not significantly different from those in all other model simulations.Our results contradict a recent claim that all simulated temperature trends in the tropical troposphere and in tropical lapse rates are inconsistent with observations. This claim was based on use of older radiosonde and satellite datasets, and on two methodological errors: the neglect of observational trend uncertainties introduced by interannual climate variability, and application of an inappropriate statistical ‘consistency test’. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
Raman scattering features of lead pyroantimonate compounds. Part I: XRD and Raman characterization of Pb2Sb2O7 doped with tin and zinc
Authors: Rosi F. , Manuali V. , Miliani C. , Brunetti B. G. , Sgamellotti A. , Grygar T. , Hradil D. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractYellow pyroantimonates PbSb, PbSbSn and PbSbZn were synthesized by solid‐state reactions at high temperature and characterized by X‐ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. The lattice size of cubic pyrochlores increases with Sn and Zn doping and with Pb overstoichiometry, indicating the replacement of Sb5+ by the larger cations. This fact permits the understanding of the corresponding Raman spectral modifications as a consequence of the changes in the local symmetry of the SbO polyhedra, justifying the exploitation of Raman spectroscopy to noninvasively identify structural modifications of pyroantimonate pigments in artworks. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Density functional and experimental studies on the FT‐IR and FT‐Raman spectra and structure of benzoic acid and 3,5‐dichloro salicylic acid
Authors: Krishnakumar V. , Mathammal R. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractFT‐IR and FT‐Raman spectra of benzoic acid (BA) and 3,5‐dichloro salicylic acid (SA) have been recorded in the regions of 4000–400 and 4000–50 cm−1 respectively. The spectra were interpreted with the aid of normal coordinate analysis following the full structure optimizations and force field calculations based on density functional theory (DFT) using standard B3LYP6‐31G** method and basis set combinations. The DFT force field transformed to natural internal coordinates was corrected by a well‐established set of scale factors that were found to be transferable to the title compounds. The infrared and Raman spectra were also predicted from the calculated intensities. Comparison of the simulated spectra with the experimental spectra provides important information about the ability of the computational method to describe the vibrational modes. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhancing extraction rate in solid‐phase microextraction by using nano‐structured polyaniline coating
Authors: Mehdinia Ali , Fazlollah Mousavi Mir 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe decrement of equilibrium extraction time without losing extraction efficiency in solid‐phase microextraction (SPME) was achieved using nano‐structured coating. Polyaniline (PANI) was used as an extraction phase for the comparison of extraction capacity and equilibrium extraction time of nano‐ and micro‐structured coatings. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were used as model compounds to examine the extraction properties of nano‐ and micro‐structured coatings. The results revealed that nano‐structured PANI coating showed higher extraction rate and shorter desorption time than micro‐structured coating, because of the larger surface area. In order to evaluate the extraction capability of prepared nano‐structured PANI coating, headspace‐SPME method was used for the determination of PCBs in sediment samples by GC‐electron capture detector. The proposed method was validated using the certified reference material.
Influence of tungstate ion dopants in corrosion protection behavior of polyaniline coating on mild steel
Authors: Sabouri M. , Shahrabi T. , Hosseini M. G. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractElectropolymerization of polyaniline (PANI) and polyaniline‐tungstate (PANIW) coatings on mild steel were successfully performed using cyclic voltammetry technique. Processes were carried out in aqueous electrolyte solutions of 0.3 M oxalic acid + 0.1 M aniline and 0.3 M oxalic acid + 0.1 M aniline + 0.001 M sodium tungstate dehydrate. Corrosion protection of PANI and PANIW coatings was evaluated with the help of open circuit potential (Eocp) monitoring and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) methods. All the results reveal the influence of additional doping agent (i.e., tungstate) in corrosion protection behavior of PANI coating.
Fourier algebra of a hypergroup – II. Spherical hypergroups
Authors: Muruganandam Varadharajan 
Published: October 2008

AbstractWe in this article, introduce a class of hypergroups called ultraspherical hypergroups and show that the Fourier space of an ultraspherical hypergroup forms a Banach algebra under pointwise product. These hypergroups need not be commutative and include for example double coset hypergroups. We also show that the structure space of this algebra equals the underlying hypergroup. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Hermite–Fejér interpolation operator and characterization of functions
Authors: Xie Tingfan , Zhou Xinlong 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIn this paper we investigate the approximation behaviour of the so‐called Hermite–Fejér interpolation operator based on the zeros of Jacobi polynomials. As a result we obtain the asymptotic formula of approximation rate for these operators. Moreover, such a formula is valid for any individual continuous function. We will also study the K ‐functional deduced by this operator. Consequently the asymptotic term of this K ‐functional is established. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Narrow Energy Gap Polymers with Absorptions up to 1 200 nm and their Photovoltaic Properties
Authors: Yi Hunan , Johnson Richard G. , Iraqi Ahmed , Mohamad David , Royce Richard , Lidzey David G. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractA series of donor/acceptor carbazole copolymers comprising alternating 6,7‐diphenyl‐4,9‐bis‐(thiophen‐2‐yl)‐[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4‐g]quinoxaline and 3,6‐dimethyl‐9‐alkyl‐9H‐carbazole repeat units (P1), or 3,6‐dimethyl‐9‐triarylamino‐9H‐carbazole repeat units (P2), or 9‐triarylamino‐9H‐carbazole repeat units (P3) has been prepared following Suzuki polymerization procedures. P3 absorbs light up to 1 200 nm and has an energy gap of 1.1 eV, while P1 and P2 have energy gaps of 1.3 and 1.25 eV, respectively. Photovoltaic cells with ITO/PEDOT:PSS/P3:PCBM (1:1 w/w)/Ca showed an open‐circuit voltage of 0.4 V under white light illumination, power conversion efficiency of 0.61%, and short‐circuit current of 5.2 mA · cm−2.magnified image
On a capacity scaling algorithm for the constrained maximum flow problem
Authors: Çalışkan Cenk 
Published: October 2008

AbstractAhuja and Orlin (Networks 25 (1995), 89–98) introduced a constrained maximum flow problem and proposed its first polynomial combinatorial algorithm. The problem has important applications and is related to important problems such as the knapsack problem. In this article, we show that the algorithm may not terminate with a feasible solution in certain instances and provide a modified version with the same complexity. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, 2009
Cost minimization in wireless networks with a bounded and unbounded number of interfaces
Authors: Klasing Ralf , Kosowski Adrian , Navarra Alfredo 
Published: October 2008

AbstractGiven a graph G = (V,E) with |V| = n and |E| = m, which models a set of wireless devices (nodes V) connected by multiple radio interfaces (edges E), the aim is to switch on the minimum cost set of interfaces at the nodes to satisfy all the connections. A connection is satisfied when the endpoints of the corresponding edge share at least one active interface. Every node holds a subset of all the possible k interfaces. Depending on whether k is a priori bounded or not, the problem is called Cost Minimization in Multi‐Interface Networks or Cost Minimization in Unbounded Multi‐Interface Networks, respectively. We distinguish two main variations for both problems by treating the cost of maintaining an active interface as uniform (i.e., the same for all interfaces), or nonuniform.For bounded k, we show that the problem is APX‐hard while we obtain an approximation factor of min ${\{\lceil {k + 1 \over 2} \rceil, {2m \over n}}\}$ for the uniform caseand a (k − 1)‐approximation for the nonuniform case.For unbounded k, i.e., k is not set a priori but depends on the given instance, we prove that the problem is not approximable within O(log k) while the same approximation factor of the k‐bounded case holds in the uniform case, and a min $\{k-1, \, \sqrt{n} \, {(1 + {\rm In} \, n)} \}$‐approximation factor holds for the nonuniform case. Next, we also provide hardness and approximation results for several classes of networks: with bounded degree, trees, planar, and complete graphs. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, 2009
Mathematical models to reconstruct phylogenetic trees under the minimum evolution criterion
Authors: Catanzaro Daniele , Labbé Martine , Pesenti Raffaele , Salazar‐González Juan‐José 
Published: October 2008

AbstractA basic problem in molecular biology is to rebuild phylogenetic trees (PT) from a set of DNA or protein sequences. Among different criteria used for this purpose, the minimum evolution criterion is an optimality based criterion aiming to rebuild PT characterized by a minimal length. This problem is known to be 𝒩𝒫‐hard. We introduce in this article some mixed integer programming models, and we also study possible cuts and lower bounds for the optimal value. So far, the number of sequences that can be involved in optimal phylogenetic reconstruction is still limited to 10. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, 2009
Ladder‐like polymer synthesized by template polymerization of poly(2‐ methacryloyloxyethyl methacrylate): architectural effect of ladder‐like polymer on glass transition temperature
Authors: Saito Reiko , Iijima Yuki 
Published: October 2008

AbstractLadder‐like polymers with different degrees of ladder were synthesized by copper‐mediated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of poly(2‐methacryloyloxyethyl methacrylate) with α,α′‐dibromo‐p‐xylene, as a bifunctional initiator. The livingness of ATRP was confirmed by kinetic analysis. The size of ladder‐like sequence in ladder‐like polymer was controlled by the hydrolysis. It was found that the remaining ester group was preferentially hydrolyzed and then the ester group of the ladder unit was hydrolyzed due to the high mobility of the remaining ester groups and high chemical resistance of the ladder‐like unit. The products are block copolymers with different content of ladder‐like sequences in the range of 18.2–73.5 mol%. All products showed two different glass transition temperatures (Tgs) and their high Tg was owing to the ladder‐like sequence. The segregation of cyclic units in the ladder‐like polymers was effective in improving the thermal stability of products. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proteomic profiling of rice embryos from a hybrid rice cultivar and its parental lines
Authors: Wang Weiwei , Meng Bo , Ge Xiaomeng , Song Shuhui , Yang Yue , Yu Xiaomin , Wang Liguo , Hu Songnian , Liu Siqi , Yu Jun 
Published: October 2008

AbstractElite rice hybrids, when compared to their parental lines, exhibit increased yield and other favorable agronomical traits, such as pathogen‐ and water‐stress resistances, which are described as heterosis, and the molecular mechanism of heterosis remains to be elucidated. Since genomic sequences of the paternal (9311) and maternal lines (P64S) of a major rice hybrid variety LYP9 (Liang‐You‐Pei‐Jiu) were acquired recently, we performed a proteomic study on mature embryos of this hybrid triad based on 2‐DE and MALDI‐TOF MS analyses, and identified 54 differentially expressed proteins involved in major biological processes including nutrient reservoir, response to stress, and metabolism. We observed that most of the storage proteins exhibit overdominance and stress‐induced proteins display additivity. We compared proteomic results with transcriptomic data generated from the same embryo samples and found 28 candidate heterosis‐associated genes shared by the two datasets. We further traced back to their genomic structures including protein‐coding and regulatory regions and found that most of these genes have multiple copies in rice genomes as paralogous genes. Based on alignment of coding and regulation regions, we found that most of the differentially expressed genes at both protein and RNA levels are recent gene duplicates (paralogous genes) with relative little difference in protein‐coding regions between orthologous genes (between genes of the two parental genomes) as compared to regulatory regions that harbor numerous indels and base substitutions.
Multiplex analysis of cytokines as biomarkers that differentiate benign and malignant thyroid diseases
Authors: Linkov Faina , Ferris Robert L. , Yurkovetsky Zoya , Marrangoni Adele , Velikokhatnaya Lyudmila , Gooding William , Nolan Brian , Winans Matthew , Siegel Eric R. , Lokshin Anna , Stack Brendan C. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThyroid cancer incidence is increasing, and its diagnosis can be challenging. Fine needle biopsy, the principal clinical tool to make a tissue diagnosis, leads to inconclusive diagnoses in up to 30% of the cases, leading to surgery. Advances in proteomics are improving abilities to diagnose malignant conditions using small samples of tissue or body fluids. We hypothesized that analysis of serum growth factors would uncover diagnostically informative differences between benign and malignant thyroid conditions. Using xMAP profiling, we evaluated concentrations of 19 cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors. We used sera from 23 patients with cancer (Malignant group), 24 patients with benign nodular thyroid disease (Benign group), and 23 healthy subjects (Normal group). In univariate analysis, five factors (epithelial growth factor, hepatocyte growth factor, Interleukins‐5 and ‐8, and regulated upon activation, normally T‐expressed and presumably secreted (RANTES) distinguished subjects with thyroid disease from the Normal group. In multivariate analysis, the set {Interleukin‐8, hepatocyte growth factor, monocyte‐induced γ interferon, interleukin‐12 p40} achieved noteworthy discrimination between Benign and Malignant groups (area under the receiver operating characteristics curve was 0.81 (95% confidence interval: 0.65–0.90)). Multiplex panels of serum biomarkers may be promising tools to diagnose cancer in patients presenting with evidence of nodular thyroid disease.
Simultaneous electro‐thermal experimental analysis of RF‐MEMS switches for high microwave power handling
Authors: Coccetti F. , Plana R. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractAn experimental setup for the characterization of electromagnetically induced heat on MEMS devices operating in high RF power regimes (> 5 W) is here proposed. The technique is based on infrared (IR) imaging of on‐probe DUT, in working conditions. The present work focuses on switches. Undoubtedly the switch represents the most emblematic and strategic component across the RF‐MEMS device portfolio. The capacitive ones can withstand more RF power with respect to DC contact (or ohmic) counterparts. Here, both serial and shunt configurations will be considered in the two working states (ON‐OFF). The approach presented here is based on a non‐intrusive real‐time IR imaging method capable to provide high resolution thermal maps and thermal transients of DUTs undertaking up to 6.3 W of CW incident power at 10 GHz. This technique represents a very powerful approach toward design optimization on the one hand and fast testing and product quality assessment against RF induced failures in production line for integrated RF MEMS and MMIC front‐end. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Molecular nanodevices based on functionalized cyclodextrins
Authors: Velessiotis D. , Maffeo D. , Millios C. , Makarona E. , Viswanathan C. , Yannakopoulou K. , Mavridis I. , Pikramenou Z. , Glezos N. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractPlanar nanodevices, consisted of gold electrodes in the nanometer scale fabricated by a conventional e‐beam lithography and lift‐off process and functionalized by suitably synthesized cyclodextrin‐based self‐assembled monolayers were electrically characterized. The monolayers were supramolecularly connected to gold nanoparticles, so that the electrodes were bridged. Thus, conductive paths through the cyclodextrin molecules (ideally Au contact/molecule/Au bridge/molecule/Au contact) were formed. In order to study the electrical behaviour of the various samples, different arrangements were used, varying in the cyclodextrin derivative exploited, the way the CD molecules were connected the underlying gold surface and the association of the gold nanoparticles with the monolayer. Hysteresis effects that can be exploited in molecular memory devices were studied in terms of the type of the cyclodextrin complex. The transport properties as well as the topography of the cyclodextrin monolayers were also investigated by scanning tunnelling microscopy. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
White photoluminescence from Si/SiO2 nanostructured film
Authors: Duong P. H. , Huy P. T. , Ngan N. T. T. , Tuan C. A. , Itoh T. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractWe present in this work the results of PL measurement of Si‐NC embedded in Si/SiO2 multilayer system. A very intense broad luminescence band was observed in the sample under illumination in vacuum by UV laser line. The PL intensity enhancement and quenching effect observed in different ambients can be attributed to the energy exchange from NC to MO. The storage of the annealed sample in vacuum for a long time drastically changed the PL properties of Si–NC. The origin of these phenomena will be discussed. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electron and exciton energy spectra in self‐assembled InGaAs/GaAs ring‐like nanostructures
Authors: Fomin V. M. , Gladilin V. N. , Devreese J. T. , Kleemans N. A. J. M. , Bozkurt M. , Koenraad P. M. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractTheoretical analysis of the electron energy spectrum and the magnetization of an electron in a strained Inx Ga1–x As/GaAs self‐assembled quantum ring (SAQR) is performed with realistic parameters, determined from the cross‐sectional scanning‐tunneling microscopy characterization of that nanostructure. The effects of the Coulomb interaction on the energy spectrum of an exciton in a SAQR as well as on the optical‐transition probabilities are studied within our model of a SAQR. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Analysis of phase transition and expansion behaviour of Al2(WO4)3 by temperature‐regulated X‐ray diffraction
Authors: Hashimoto Takuya , Sugimoto Takayuki , Omoto Kazuki , Kineri Nanami , Ogata Yoichiro , Tsuda Kenji 
Published: October 2008

AbstractX‐ray diffraction measurements of Al2(WO4)3 were carried out under various temperatures from 123 K to 373 K. Diffraction patterns above 273 K and below 253 K could be successfully explained as orthorhombic Pbcn (No. 60) and monoclinic P21/n (No. 14) with superstructure, respectively, which were in agreement with the results of convergent‐beam electron diffraction. Thermal expansion of low‐temperature monoclinic phase and slight shrinkage of high‐temperature orthorhombic phase were observed from the temperature dependence of lattice constants and molar volume, showing agreement with the result of dilatometry. It is revealed that abrupt expansion of Al2(WO4)3 at the structural phase transition is attributed to an abrupt increase of the c‐axis, which is parallel to the 21 screw axis and perpendicular to the n‐glide plane. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Negative thermal expansion in the PbTi1–xFex O3 system
Authors: Sun Ce , Cao Zhanmin , Chen Jun , Yu Ranbo , Sun Xueyi , Hu Penghao , Liu Guirong , Xing Xianran 
Published: October 2008

AbstractMultiferroic magnetoelectric PbTi1–x Fex O3 compounds were prepared using a solid‐state reaction method in the composition range 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.15. The temperature dependence of lattice parameters of PbTi1–x Fex O3 was determined from high‐temperature X‐ray diffraction. The average volumetric thermal expansion coefficient of the tetragonal phase increases from –1.99 × 10–5 °C–1 for PbTiO3 to –1.13 × 10–5 °C–1 for PbTi0.90Fe0.10O3. The negative thermal expansion and the Curie temperature (TC) of PbTiO3 are reduced by the introduction of Fe. Raman spectral measurements show a softening behaviour for A1(1TO) and A1(2TO) of PbTi1–x Fex O3 with increasing Fe concentration, which means that the decrease in both TC and c /a is due to the reduced spontaneous polarization. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)