bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Benefits of Multianalysis and Poor Man’s Ensembles
Authors: Bowler Neill E. , Arribas Alberto , Mylne Kenneth R. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
A new approach to probabilistic forecasting is proposed, based on the generation of an ensemble of equally likely analyses of the current state of the atmosphere. The rationale behind this approach is to mimic a poor man’s ensemble, which combines the deterministic forecasts from national meteorological services around the world. The multianalysis ensemble aims to generate a series of forecasts that are both as skillful as each other and the control forecast. This produces an ensemble mean forecast that is superior not only to the ensemble members, but to the control forecast in the short range even for slowly varying parameters, such as 500-hPa height. This is something that it is not possible with traditional ensemble methods, which perturb a central analysis.
The results herein show that the multianalysis ensemble is more skillful than the Met Office’s high-resolution forecast by 4.5% over the first 3 days (on average as measured for RMSE). Similar results are found for different verification scores and various regions of the globe. In contrast, the ensemble mean for the ensemble currently run by the Met Office performs 1.5% worse than the high-resolution forecast (similar results are found for the ECMWF ensemble). It is argued that the multianalysis approach is therefore superior to current ensemble methods. The multianalysis results were achieved with a two-member ensemble: the forecast from a high-resolution model plus a low-resolution perturbed model. It may be possible to achieve greater improvements with a larger ensemble.
Reflections on human rights and professional solidarity
Authors: Hölscher Dorothee , Berhane Solomon Y. 
Published: April 2008

English Using human rights violations in Eritrea as a point of reference, this article reflects on current discourses on human rights and professional solidarity in international social work. The notion of universal human rights is asserted, and the authors call for a more participatory and egalitarian dialogue on human rights within the profession. French En s'appuyant sur les violations des droits de la personne en Érythrée, cet article se penche sur les discours actuels du travail social international concernant les droits humains et la solidarité professionnelle. Les auteurs y réaffirment l'universalité des droits de la personne, mais ils réclament un dialogue plus égalitaire et inclusif sur les droits de la personne au sein même de la profession. Spanish Utilizando las violaciones de los derechos humanos en Eritrea como punto de referencia, este artículo reflexiona en torno a los discursos actuales sobre derechos humanos y solidaridad profesional en el trabajo social internacional. Se hace valer la noción de los derechos humanos universales, mientras los autores claman por un diálogo más participativo e igualitario sobre los derechos humanos dentro de la profesión.
Women, migration and HIV/AIDS in Kenya
Authors: Mweru Maureen 
Published: April 2008

English This study focused on HIV/AIDS, women and migration in Kenya. Feelings of isolation, high costs of living, pressure to get married, and granting sexual favours to employers increased the likelihood of the women becoming infected. The government needs to tighten regulations protecting migrant workers and set up supportive networks for them. French Cette étude aborde la question du VIH-Sida, des femmes et de la migration au Kenya. Le sentiment de solitude, le coût élevé de la vie, la pression envers le mariage et les faveurs sexuelles à l'égard des employeurs, sont autant d'éléments susceptibles d'accroître le taux d'infection des femmes. Il est du devoir du Gouvernement de resserrer les lois pour protéger les travailleurs qui migrent et d'établir des réseaux de soutien à leur intention. Spanish Este estudio se centró en VIH/SIDA, mujeres y migración en Kenya. Los sentimientos de aislamiento, los altos costos de vida, la presión para casarse y el conceder favores sexuales a los empleadores incrementaron la probabilidad de que las mujeres resultaran infectadas. El gobierno necesita intensificar las reglamentaciones de protección para las trabajadoras migrantes y establecer redes de apoyo para ellas.
Experiences of AIDS-related bereavement in the USA and South Africa
Authors: Demmer Craig , Burghart Geraldine 
Published: April 2008

English In-depth interviews were conducted with two samples of individuals (one in the US and one in South Africa) to explore their experiences with AIDS-related bereavement. Coping was influenced by similar factors though in different degrees. Thus, it is important that interventions be tailored to address these factors within each context. French Ce projet s'appuie sur des entrevues en profondeur qui ont été menées auprès de deux groupes de personnes aux États-Unis et en Afrique du Sud, et qui visaient à explorer leur expérience respective de deuil liée au Sida. Il en résulte que des facteurs similaires ont influencé leur façon de surmonter cette épreuve, dans une mesure toutefois différente. C'est pourquoi il est important que les interventions soient modulées afin de tenir compte de ces facteurs dans chacun des milieux. Spanish Se realizaron entrevistas en profundidad con dos muestras de individuos (una en los Estados Unidos y una en Sud Africa) para explorar sus experiencias con el sufrimiento relacionado con el SIDA. El enfrentamiento estuvo influenciado por factores similares aunque en diferentes grados. De tal manera, que es importante que las intervenciones se adapten para dirigirse a estos factores dentro de cada contexto.
Natural Language Processing in aid of FlyBase curators
Authors: Karamanis Nikiforos , Seal Ruth , Lewin Ian , McQuilton Peter , Vlachos Andreas , Gasperin Caroline , Drysdale Rachel , Briscoe Ted 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

Background
Despite increasing interest in applying Natural Language Processing (NLP) to biomedical text, whether this technology can facilitate tasks such as database curation remains unclear.

Results
PaperBrowser is the first NLP-powered interface that was developed under a user-centered approach to improve the way in which FlyBase curators navigate an article. In this paper, we first discuss how observing curators at work informed the design and evaluation of PaperBrowser. Then, we present how we appraise PaperBrowser's navigational functionalities in a user-based study using a text highlighting task and evaluation criteria of Human-Computer Interaction. Our results show that PaperBrowser reduces the amount of interactions between two highlighting events and therefore improves navigational efficiency by about 58% compared to the navigational mechanism that was previously available to the curators. Moreover, PaperBrowser is shown to provide curators with enhanced navigational utility by over 74% irrespective of the different ways in which they highlight text in the article.

Conclusion
We show that state-of-the-art performance in certain NLP tasks such as Named Entity Recognition and Anaphora Resolution can be combined with the navigational functionalities of PaperBrowser to support curation quite successfully.
Whole genome comparative studies between chicken and turkey and their implications for avian genome evolution
Authors: Griffin Darren K , Robertson Lindsay B , Tempest Helen G , Vignal Alain , Fillon Valérie , Crooijmans Richard PMA , Groenen Martien AM , Deryusheva Svetlana , Gaginskaya Elena , Carré Wilfrid , Waddington David , Talbot Richard , Völker Martin , Masabanda Julio S , Burt Dave W 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

Background
Comparative genomics is a powerful means of establishing inter-specific relationships between gene function/location and allows insight into genomic rearrangements, conservation and evolutionary phylogeny. The availability of the complete sequence of the chicken genome has initiated the development of detailed genomic information in other birds including turkey, an agriculturally important species where mapping has hitherto focused on linkage with limited physical information. No molecular study has yet examined conservation of avian microchromosomes, nor differences in copy number variants (CNVs) between birds.

Results
We present a detailed comparative cytogenetic map between chicken and turkey based on reciprocal chromosome painting and mapping of 338 chicken BACs to turkey metaphases. Two inter-chromosomal changes (both involving centromeres) and three pericentric inversions have been identified between chicken and turkey; and array CGH identified 16 inter-specific CNVs.

Conclusion
This is the first study to combine the modalities of zoo-FISH and array CGH between different avian species. The first insight into the conservation of microchromosomes, the first comparative cytogenetic map of any bird and the first appraisal of CNVs between birds is provided. Results suggest that avian genomes have remained relatively stable during evolution compared to mammalian equivalents.
Evidence for neuroprotective properties of human umbilical cord blood cells after neuronal hypoxia in vitro
Authors: Hau Susann , Reich Doreen M , Scholz Markus , Naumann Wilfried , Emmrich Frank , Kamprad Manja , Boltze Johannes 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

Background
One of the most promising options for treatment of stroke using adult stem cells are human umbilical cord blood (HUCB) cells that were already approved for therapeutic efficacy in vivo. However, complexity of animal models has thus far limited the understanding of beneficial cellular mechanisms. To address the influence of HUCB cells on neuronal tissue after stroke we established and employed a human in vitro model of neuronal hypoxia using fully differentiated vulnerable SH-SY5Y cells. These cells were incubated under an oxygen-reduced atmosphere (O2< 1%) for 48 hours. Subsequently, HUCB mononuclear cells (MNC) were added to post-hypoxic neuronal cultures. These cultures were characterized regarding to the development of apoptosis and necrosis over three days. Based on this we investigated the therapeutic influence of HUCB MNC on the progression of apoptotic cell death. The impact of HUCB cells and hypoxia on secretion of neuroprotective and inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and expression of adhesion molecules was proved.

Results
Hypoxic cultivation of neurons initially induced a rate of 26% ± 13% of apoptosis. Hypoxia also caused an enhanced expression of Caspase-3 and cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Necrosis was only detected in low amounts. Within the next three days rate of apoptosis in untreated hypoxic cultures cumulated to 85% ± 11% (p ≤ 0.001). Specific cytokine (VEGF) patterns also suggest anti-apoptotic strategies of neuronal cells. Remarkably, the administration of MNC showed a noticeable reduction of apoptosis rates to levels of normoxic control cultures (7% ± 3%; p ≤ 0.001). In parallel, clustering of administered MNC next to axons and somata of neuronal cells was observed. Furthermore, MNC caused a pronounced increase of chemokines (CCL5; CCL3 and CXCL10).

Conclusion
We established an in vitro model of neuronal hypoxia that affords the possibility to investigate both, apoptotic neuronal cell death and neuroprotective therapies. Here we employed the therapeutic model to study neuroprotective properties of HUCB cells.
We hypothesize that the neuroprotective effect of MNC was due to anti-apoptotic mechanisms related to direct cell-cell contacts with injured neuronal cells and distinct changes in neuroprotective, inflammatory cytokines as well as to the upregulation of chemokines within the co-cultures.
Electronic health records in outpatient clinics: Perspectives of third year medical students
Authors: Rouf Emran , Chumley Heidi S , Dobbie Alison E 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

Background
United States academic medical centers are increasingly incorporating electronic health records (EHR) into teaching settings. We report third year medical students' attitudes towards clinical learning using the electronic health record in ambulatory primary care clinics.

Methods
In academic year 2005–06, 60 third year students were invited to complete a questionnaire after finishing the required Ambulatory Medicine/Family Medicine clerkship. The authors elicited themes for the questionnaire by asking a focus group of third year students how using the EHR had impacted their learning. Five themes emerged: organization of information, access to online resources, prompts from the EHR, personal performance (charting and presenting), and communication with patients and preceptors. The authors added a sixth theme: impact on student and patient follow-up. The authors created a 21-item questionnaire, based on these themes that used a 5-point Likert scale from "Strongly Agree" to "Strongly Disagree". The authors emailed an electronic survey link to each consenting student immediately following their clerkship experience in Ambulatory Medicine/Family Medicine.

Results
33 of 53 consenting students (62%) returned completed questionnaires. Most students liked the EHR's ability to organize information, with 70% of students responding that essential information was easier to find electronically. Only 36% and 33% of students reported accessing online patient information or clinical guidelines more often when using the EHR than when using paper charts. Most students (72%) reported asking more history questions due to EHR prompts, and 39% ordered more clinical preventive services. Most students (69%) reported that the EHR improved their documentation. 39% of students responded that they received more feedback on their EHR notes compared to paper chart notes. Only 64% of students were satisfied with the doctor-patient communication with the EHR, and 48% stated they spent less time looking at the patient.

Conclusion
Third year medical students reported generally positive attitudes towards using the EHR in the ambulatory setting. They reported receiving more feedback on their electronic charts than on paper charts. However, students reported significant concerns about the potential impact of the EHR on their ability to conduct the doctor-patient encounter.
Merger of Ayurveda and Tissue Culture-Based Functional Genomics: Inspirations from Systems Biology
Authors: Deocaris Custer C , Widodo Nashi , Wadhwa Renu , Kaul Sunil C 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Ayurveda is one of the ancient systems of health care of Indian origin. Roughly translated into "Knowledge of life", it is based on the use of natural herbs and herb products for therapeutic measures to boost physical, mental, social and spiritual harmony and improve quality of life. Although sheltered with long history and high trust, ayurveda principles have not entered laboratories and only a handful of studies have identified pure components and molecular pathways for its life-enhancing effects. In the post-genomic era, genome-wide functional screenings for targets for diseases is the most recent and practical approach. We illustrate here the merger of ayurveda and functional genomics in a systems biology scenario that reveals the pathway analysis of crude and active components and inspire ayurveda practice for health benefits, disease prevention and therapeutics.
Genome-wide screening of the genes required for tolerance to vanillin, which is a potential inhibitor of bioethanol fermentation, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Endo Ayako , Nakamura Toshihide , Ando Akira , Tokuyasu Ken , Shima Jun 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

Background
Lignocellulosic materials are abundant and among the most important potential sources for bioethanol production. Although the pretreatment of lignocellulose is necessary for efficient saccharification and fermentation, numerous by-products, including furan derivatives, weak acids, and phenolic compounds, are generated in the pretreatment step. Many of these components inhibit the growth and fermentation of yeast. In particular, vanillin is one of the most effective inhibitors in lignocellulose hydrolysates because it inhibits fermentation at very low concentrations. To identify the genes required for tolerance to vanillin, we screened a set of diploid yeast deletion mutants, which are powerful tools for clarifying the function of particular genes.

Results
Seventy-six deletion mutants were identified as vanillin-sensitive mutants. The numerous deleted genes in the vanillin-sensitive mutants were classified under the functional categories for 'chromatin remodeling' and 'vesicle transport', suggesting that these functions are important for vanillin tolerance. The cross-sensitivity of the vanillin-sensitive mutants to furan derivatives, weak acids, and phenolic compounds was also examined. Genes for ergosterol biosynthesis were required for tolerance to all inhibitory compounds tested, suggesting that ergosterol is a key component of tolerance to various inhibitors.

Conclusion
Our analysis predicts that vanillin tolerance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is affected by various complicated processes that take place on both the molecular and the cellular level. In addition, the ergosterol biosynthetic process is important for achieving a tolerance to various inhibitors. Our findings provide a biotechnological basis for the molecular engineering as well as for screening of more robust yeast strains that may potentially be useful in bioethanol fermentation.
Evaluation of Long-term Treatment of Children With Congenital Lactic Acidosis With Dichloroacetate
Authors: Stacpoole Peter W. , Gilbert Lesa R. , Neiberger Richard E. , Carney Paul R. , Valenstein Edward , Theriaque Douglas W. , Shuster Jonathan J. 
Published: April 2008

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this research was to report results on long-term administration of dichloroacetate in 36 children with congenital lactic acidosis who participated previously in a controlled trial of this drug.
PATIENTS AND METHODS. We conducted a randomized control trial, followed by an open-label study. Data were analyzed for each patient from the time they began treatment through May 2005.
RESULTS.Subject exposure to dichloroacetate totaled 110.42 years. Median height and weight increased over time, but the standardized values declined slightly and remained below the first percentile. There were no significant changes in biochemical metabolic indices, except for a 2% rise in total protein and a 22% increase in 24-hour urinary oxalate. Both the basal and carbohydrate meal-induced rises in lactate were blunted by dichloroacetate. The median cerebrospinal fluid lactate also decreased over time. Conduction velocity decreased and distal latency increased in peroneal nerves. Mean 3-year survival for all of the subjects was 79%.
CONCLUSIONS. Oral dichloroacetate is generally well tolerated in young children with congenital lactic acidosis. Although continued dichloroacetate exposure is associated with evidence of peripheral neuropathy, it cannot be determined whether this is attributable mainly to the drug or to progression of underlying disease.
Pennsylvanian sponges from the Graford Formation, Wise County, Texas
Authors: Rigby J. Keith , McKinzie Mark G. , Britt Brooks B. 
Published: April 2008

A variety of Pennsylvanian sponges have been recovered from exposures along the shore of Lake Bridgeport and in nearby areas in Wise County, north-central Texas. Calcareous and hexactinellid sponges have locally weathered out of the Jasper Creek Shale (= upper Lake Bridgeport Shale) and the overlying Devil's Den Limestone of the Graford Formation, of Late Pennsylvanian Missourian age.The Demospongea protomonaxonidsHeliospongia excavataKing, 1933, andCoelocladia spinosaGirty, 1908 are represented in the studied collections by several specimens, as is the new genus and speciesLuterospongia texana.Agelasid ceractinomorph demosponges are represented by the fissispongiidFissispongia jacksboroensisKing, 1938, the maeandrostiidMaeandrostia kansasensisGirty, 1908, and the girtycoeliid,Girtycoelia typicaKing, 1933. Sponges of the Class Hexactinellida and the amphidiscophorid Family Stiodermatidae are represented by an extensive suite of specimens of the new genus and speciesDermosphaeroidalis irregularis.Representatives of the hexactinellid reticulosid sponges include some unusually large specimens of the vase-shapedEndoplegma calathusFinks, 1960, of the Family Docodermatidae, and fragmental specimens of?Stereodictyum orthoplectumFinks, 1960, of the Family Stereodictyidae. One unclassified root tuft fragment is also described and illustrated.Much of this diverse sponge fauna was endemic to the western embayment of Pangaea.
A Total Quality Approach to Improved Driver Training
Authors: Nugent Troy , Bennett Joe 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
When your company's safe driving performance does not reflect the improvement expected from previous training investments, how do you turn it around? This question was posed to the top 100 managers of a global oilfield service company accompanied by a challenge to deliver recommendations for improved vehicle and driver safety performance. The company then leveraged an existing Total Quality Management (TQM) culture to formulate an improved approach to driver training. Content of the process will be presented and includes a review of the shifts in front line management and driver attitudes toward safe driving performance. Lessons learned from the design process will be shared, including integrating HSE into the business while using TQM methods.
Problems and Challenges for Implementation of Safety and HSE Management Rules in Aged Iranian Refineries and Petrochemical
Authors: Abdolhamidzadeh B. , Hashemi V. , Rashtchian D. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Nowadays "as everywhere in the world", so much attention is drawn to performing safety and HSE management rules in Iran. Considering the long life of oil and it's relevant industries in Iran (since 1908, first oil well in Middle East, Masjid Soleyman), many units with more than 50 years old are still in operation. This situation posed special problems in performing safety and HSE regulations that some of them are communal among these units. This paper reveals the result of industrial projects, collecting numerous technical checklists in such units and author's experiences in recent years in Iran, which is aimed to announce some of these major problems and also present solutions for them.
Reliability Parallels Between the U.S. Army and the Petroleum Industry
Authors: Stephenson Stan , Looper David 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The reliability of products and processes helps minimize risk to people and the environment. There is a strong parallel between the U.S. Army's recent "ultra reliability" program and reliability requirements in the petroleum industry. This paper explains what the U.S. Army has recommended and how many of their recommendations are already being implemented in our industry. Some of the primary concepts in the U.S. Army's "ultra reliability" program indicate: Legacy systems are not adequate.High reliability is not obtained through reliability "predictions."Computer aided engineering (CAE) tools are the most important reliability tools.Perception that high reliability is "unaffordable" must be changed.Lower-level testing of critical subassemblies is essential.High reliability is the direct result of: –A strong engineering effort.–Smart testing.–Management focus.