bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Activation of CysLT receptors induces astrocyte proliferation and death after oxygen–glucose deprivation
Authors: Huang Xiao‐Jia , Zhang Wei‐Ping , Li Cheng‐Tan , Shi Wen‐Zhen , Fang San‐Hua , Lu Yun‐Bi , Chen Zhong , Wei Er‐Qing 
Published: October 2007

AbstractWe recently found that 5‐lipoxygenase (5‐LOX) is activated to produce cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs), and CysLTs may cause neuronal injury and astrocytosis through activation of CysLT1 and CysLT2 receptors in the brain after focal cerebral ischemia. However, the property of astrocyte responses to in vitro ischemic injury is not clear; whether 5‐LOX, CysLTs, and their receptors are also involved in the responses of ischemic astrocytes remains unknown. In the present study, we performed oxygen‐glucose deprivation (OGD) followed by recovery to induce ischemic‐like injury in the cultured rat astrocytes. We found that 1‐h OGD did not injure astrocytes (sub‐lethal OGD) but induced astrocyte proliferation 48 and 72 h after recovery; whereas 4‐h OGD moderately injured the cells (moderate OGD) and led to death 24–72 h after recovery. Inhibition of phospholipase A2 and 5‐LOX attenuated both the proliferation and death. Sub‐lethal and moderate OGD enhanced the production of CysLTs that was inhibited by 5‐LOX inhibitors. Sub‐lethal OGD increased the expressions of CysLT1 receptor mRNA and protein, while moderate OGD induced the expression of CysLT2 receptor mRNA. Exogenously applied leukotriene D4 (LTD4) induced astrocyte proliferation at 1–10 nM and astrocyte death at 100–1,000 nM. The CysLT1 receptor antagonist montelukast attenuated astrocyte proliferation, the CysLT2 receptor antagonist BAY cysLT2 reversed astrocyte death, and the dual CysLT receptor antagonist BAY u9773 exhibited both effects. In addition, LTD4 (100 nM) increased the expression of CysLT2 receptor mRNA. Thus, in vitro ischemia activates astrocyte 5‐LOX to produce CysLTs, and CysLTs result in CysLT1 receptor‐mediated proliferation and CysLT2 receptor‐mediated death. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Primary care physicians' attitudes related to cognition enhancers in early dementia: a representative eight‐year follow‐up study in Lower Saxony, Germany
Authors: Maeck Lienhard , Haak Sebastian , Knoblauch Anita , Stoppe Gabriela 
Published: October 2007

AbstractObjectiveBy means of a representative follow‐up survey, we investigated changes in family physicians' (FPs) attitudes towards cognition enhancers in early dementia during 1993 and 2001.MethodsOne hundred and twenty‐two FPs (response rate 71.8%) in Lower Saxony, Germany, were randomly assigned to one of two written case samples presenting a patient with cognitive decline suggestive of early Alzheimer's disease (DAT; case A: female patient vs case B: male patient). Using a structured face‐to‐face interview, they were asked to suggest their potential drug treatment. The results were compared to corresponding data from our previous survey in 1993.ResultsFPs' readiness to start antidementia drug treatment decreased from 70.4% in 1993 to 43.4% at follow‐up, although underlying DAT was significantly more frequently suggested (11.0% vs 26.2%, p < 0.05). Substances with questionable efficacy such as Piracetame were prescribed less frequently in 2001 whereas evidence‐based medication like cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) failed to compensate for this drop. Compared to 1993, when 55.2% of FPs expected no therapeutic impact, at follow‐up, 75.4% expected slowdown of disease progression, stabilisation or improvement of symptoms (p < 0.05).ConclusionsOur results demonstrate a significant decrease of therapeutic nihilism in primary care within eight years. However, in patients with suspicion of DAT, this is not reflected accordingly in potential treatment. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diurnal and seasonal variations of sap flow of Caragana korshinskii in the arid desert region of north‐west China
Authors: Xia Guimin , Kang Shaozhong , Li Fusheng , Zhang Jianhua , Zhou Qingyun 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe aim of this study was to obtain the diurnal and seasonal changes of trunk sap flow in desert‐living Caragana korshinskii so as to understand its water requirement and ecological significance. The experiment was carried out with 15‐year old Caragana korshinskii grown in north‐west China under natural conditions. Heat pulse sensors based on the heat compensation theory were applied to measure the trunk sap flow, and soil moisture content at 0–300 cm layer, using tube‐type time domain reflectometry (Tube‐TDR). The solar radiation, the maximum and minimum air temperatures, relative humidity, wind speed, wind direction and precipitation were measured at a standard automatic weather station. The diurnal and seasonal variations of sap flow rate, the sap velocity at different positions in the trunk and the sap flow rate under different weather conditions were analysed. And the correlation between the sap flow rate and the meteorological factors was also analysed. Results showed that the trunk sap flow varied regularly in the diurnal term and the sap flow velocity decreased with the probe‐inserted depth into the sapwood. Magnitude of sap flow changed considerably between sunny and rainy days. The order of the main meteorological factors affecting the sap flow rate of Caragana korshinskii shrubs were: vapour pressure deficit > solar radiation > air temperature > wind speed. The close correlation between daily sap flow rate and meteorological factors in the whole growing season can be used to estimate the transpiration of Caragana korshinskii. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aquifer heterogeneity determination through the slope method
Authors: Şen Zekai , Wagdani Essam 
Published: October 2007

AbstractIn arid‐region wadis, groundwater storage lies within shallow Quaternary alluvium deposits, which are connected with the present‐day hydrological cycle and, therefore, are replenished due to occasional runoff and flash flood occurrences. The groundwater resources are precious in these environments; therefore, their potentiality must be assessed with care in the best manner. The aquifer potentiality is calculated after the storativity and transmissivity parameter estimations, which require rather long‐duration field tests with restrictive assumptions in the theoretical model developments, such as the homogeneity and isotropy.It is the main purpose of this paper to expose the fundamentals of the slope‐matching procedure (SMP) and its application for short‐duration field tests in arid‐region aquifers. In this manner, the subsurface hydrogeological behaviours of the bored land pieces at and around the well locations are prospected in a detailed and refined manner. It is shown that in many cases the classical techniques are appropriate, inconvenient and inapplicable with conclusive reliable results and conclusions. The application of the SMP is presented for some aquifer tests from the central western part of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Water source characterization through spatiotemporal patterns of major, minor and trace element stream concentrations in a complex, mesoscale German catchment
Authors: Fröhlich Holger L. , Breuer Lutz , Frede Hans‐Georg , Huisman Johan A. , Vaché Kellie B. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe link between spatiotemporal patterns of stream water chemistry and catchment characteristics for the mesoscale Dill catchment (692 km2) in Germany is explored to assess the catchment scale controls on water quality and to characterize water sources. In order to record the spatiotemporal pattern, ‘snapshot sampling’ was applied during low, mean and high flow, including 73 nested sites throughout the catchment. Water samples were analysed for the elements Li, B, Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Mo, Ba, Pb and U using inductively‐coupled‐plasma mass spectrometry, and for electric conductivity and pH. Principle component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis were used to find typical element associations and to group water samples according to their hydrochemical fingerprints. This revealed regional hydrochemical patterns of water quality which were subsequently related to catchment attributes to draw conclusions about the controls on stream chemistry. It was found that various lithologic signals and anthropogenic point source inputs controlled the base flow hydrochemistry. During increased flows, stream waters were diluted causing additional hydrochemical variability in response to heterogeneous precipitation inputs and differences in aquifer storage capacities. The hydrochemical patterns further displayed in‐stream mixing of waters. This implied, that stream waters could be apportioned to the identified water sources throughout the catchment. The basin‐wide hydrochemical variability has the potential to outrange the tracer signatures typically inferred in studies at the hillslope scale and is able to strongly influence the complexity of the catchment output. Both have to be considered for further catchment scale tracer and modelling work. Despite the likelihood of non‐conservative behaviour, the minor and trace elements enhanced the rather qualitative discrimination of the various groundwater types, as the major cations were strongly masked by point source inputs. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solute movement through intact columns of cryoturbated Upper Chalk
Authors: Mahmood‐ul‐Hassan M. , Akhtar M. S. , Gregory P. J. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractCryoturbated Upper Chalk is a dichotomous porous medium wherein the intra‐fragment porosity provides water storage and the inter‐fragment porosity provides potential pathways for relatively rapid flow near saturation. Chloride tracer movement through 43 cm long and 45 cm diameter undisturbed chalk columns was studied at water application rates of 0·3, 1·0, and 1·5 cm h−1. Microscale heterogeneity in effluent was recorded using a grid collection system consisting of 98 funnel‐shaped cells each 3·5 cm in diameter. The total porosity of the columns was 0·47 ± 0·02 m3 m−3, approximately 13% of pores were ≥ 15 µm diameter, and the saturated hydraulic conductivity was 12·66 ± 1·31 m day−1. Although the column remained unsaturated during the leaching even at all application rates, proportionate flow through macropores increased as the application rate decreased. The number of dry cells (with 0 ml of effluent) increased as application rate decreased. Half of the leachate was collected from 15, 19 and 22 cells at 0·3, 1·0, 1·5 cm h−1 application rates respectively. Similar breakthrough curves (BTCs) were obtained at all three application rates when plotted as a function of cumulative drainage, but they were distinctly different when plotted as a function of time. The BTCs indicate that the columns have similar drainage requirement irrespective of application rates, as the rise to the maxima (C/Co) is almost similar. However, the time required to achieve that leaching requirement varies with application rates, and residence time was less in the case of a higher application rate. A two‐region convection–dispersion model was used to describe the BTCs and fitted well (r2 = 0·97–0·99). There was a linear relationship between dispersion coefficient and pore water velocity (correlation coefficient r = 0·95). The results demonstrate the microscale heterogeneity of hydrodynamic properties in the Upper Chalk. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mapping detention basins and deriving their spatial attributes from airborne LiDAR data for hydrological applications
Authors: Liu Hongxing , Wang Lei 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThis paper presents a new technique for mapping detention basins and measuring their spatial attributes using high‐resolution airborne LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) data. An efficient least‐cost search algorithm is employed to identify surface depressions from a bare‐earth LiDAR digital elevation model (DEM). Surface depressions are automatically delineated into hydrological objects using the connected component identification and indexing algorithm. Various spatial attributes are derived for these hydrologic objects, including location, perimeter, surface area, depth, storage volume and shape properties. Based on spatial attributes, a rule‐based classifier is established to separate detention basins from other types of surface depressions. We have successfully applied our technique to an urban watershed in the Houston Metropolitan area, Texas. Detention basins at regional and residential subdivision levels are mapped out for the watershed, and measurements on the spatial attributes are derived for each detention basin. The quantitative information derived from LiDAR data provides a scientific basis for formulating an appropriate management plan for detention basins and for assessing their effects on flood control and storm water quality treatment. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A systematic approach to the input determination for neural network rainfall–runoff models
Authors: Lin Gwo‐Fong , Chen Guo‐Rong 
Published: October 2007

AbstractInput determination has a great influence on the performance of artificial neural network (ANN) rainfall–runoff models. To improve the performance of ANN models, a systematic approach to the input determination for ANN models is proposed. In the proposed approach, the irrelevant inputs are removed. Then an adequate ANN model, which only includes highly relevant inputs, is constructed. Unlike the trial‐and‐error procedure, the proposed approach is more systematic and avoids unnecessary trials. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, an application to actual typhoon events is presented. The results show that the proposed ANN model, which is constructed by the proposed approach, has advantages over those obtained by the trial‐and‐error procedure. The proposed ANN model has a simpler architecture, needs less training time, and performs better. The proposed ANN model is recommended as an alternative to existing rainfall–runoff ANN models. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Glucocorticoid‐induced leucine zipper (GILZ) mediates glucocorticoid action and inhibits inflammatory cytokine‐induced COX‐2 expression
Authors: Yang Nianlan , Zhang Weixi , Shi Xing‐Ming 
Published: October 2007

AbstractCyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) plays an important role in rheumatoid arthritis and therefore, has been a major target for anti‐arthritis therapies. The expression of COX‐2 is induced by inflammatory cytokines such as TNF‐α and IL‐1β, and inhibited by glucocorticoids. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the anti‐inflammatory and immune suppressive actions of glucocorticoids are not well defined. Here we report that glucocorticoid‐induced leucine zipper (GILZ) mimics glucocorticoid action and inhibits inflammatory cytokine‐induced COX‐2 expression in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, the cells that have been recently implicated in the pathogenesis and progression of rheumatoid arthritis. Using a retrovirus‐mediated gene expression approach we demonstrate that overexpression of GILZ inhibits TNF‐α and IL‐1β‐induced COX‐2 mRNA and protein expression, and knockdown of GILZ by shRNA reduces glucocorticoid inhibition of cytokine‐induced COX‐2 expression. Consistent to these results, overexpression of GILZ also inhibits NF‐κB‐mediated COX‐2 promoter activity. Finally, we show that GILZ inhibits COX‐2 expression by blocking NF‐κB nuclear translocation. Our results suggest that GILZ is a key glucocorticoid effect mediator and that GILZ may have therapeutic value for novel anti‐inflammation therapies. J. Cell. Biochem. 103: 1760–1771, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Isotopic labelling in the study of organic and organometallic mechanism and structure: an account
Authors: Lloyd‐Jones Guy C. , Muñoz M. Paz 
Published: October 2007

AbstractAn account of the use of stable isotopes (2H, 13C, 15N, 18O, 34S) for the study of organic and organometallic reaction mechanism and structure, by way of kinetic determinations and modelling, NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry is presented. The techniques discussed include use of kinetic isotope effects, label‐facilitated nOe experiments, cross‐over experiments, stereoisotopochemical analysis, label‐facilitated NMR analysis of enantiomers using chiral‐shift reagents and NMR in chiral liquid crystal matrices. The reactions in which these tools have been applied are β‐H elimination in Pd‐σ‐alkyl complexes, the Bayliss–Hilman reaction, C–H insertion of stable carbenes, ring‐closing metathesis reactions, palladium‐catalysed hydrosilyation, palladium‐catalysed cycloisomerization, anionic thia‐Fries rearrangements, synthesis of proton sponges and their nitrogen stereodynamics, and transition metal (Pd, Mo) catalysed allylic alkylation. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Factors affecting the labeling yield of F‐18‐labeled AS1411
Authors: Li Junling , Trent John O. , Bates Paula J. , Ng Chin K. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe labeling of AS1411, a guanine (G)‐rich oligonucleotide (ON), conjugated with [18F]SFB was evaluated at different experimental conditions: ON concentration, base composition (G‐rich [AS1411] vs cytosine‐rich [CRO]), ON purity (desalted vs high‐pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC)‐purified) and buffers (tris‐HCl, sodium borate, and potassium phosphate (PBK)). The labeling yield, defined as % F‐18 incorporated into the ON, of HPLC‐purified AS1411 was significantly improved with increasing concentration – 7±3, 12±2, and 25±5% (n=5) at 56, 93, and 160 nmol/100 µL, respectively. The labeling yields, however, were much higher if guanines of AS1411 were completely replaced by cytosines – 22±1, 41±2, and 59±3% (n=3), respectively, at the same corresponding concentration (p<0.05). The specific activity of 18F‐AS1411 and 18F‐CRO was 4.2–12.6 and 4.2–25 mCi/µmol, respectively, after alcohol precipitation. If desalted grade of AS1411 and CRO was used instead for the conjugation, the yields were dropped to only 0–5 and 0–1 (n=5), respectively, regardless of the concentration used. The labeling yields were 5±2, 12±3, and 31±4 (n=3) at 200 nmol/100 µL of AS1411; and 30±2, 45±3, and 68±4 (n=3) at 200 nmol/100 µL of CRO for tris‐buffer, sodium borate, and PBK, respectively, at pH of 8.5 (p<0.05). Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of radiolabelled photolabile fusidic acid analogues
Authors: Schou Søren Christian , Riber Ditte , Grue‐Sørensen Gunnar 
Published: October 2007

AbstractTwo analogues of the antibiotic fusidic acid with photolabile groups, 4‐azidophenyl and 4‐benzoylphenyl, were successfully labelled with tritium via Pd/C catalysed tritiation of unsaturated precursors. Specific activities of 36 and 44 Ci/mmol were obtained. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Atomic force microscopy characterization of supported planar bilayers that mimic the mitochondrial inner membrane
Authors: Domènech Òscar , Redondo Lorena , Picas Laura , Morros Antoni , Montero M. Teresa , Hernández‐Borrell Jordi 
Published: October 2007

AbstractIn this study we examined the properties of supported planar bilayers (SPBs) formed from phospholipid components that comprise the mitochondrial inner membrane. We used 1‐palmitoyl‐2‐oleoyl‐sn‐glycero‐ 3‐phosphocholine (POPC), 1‐palmitoyl‐2‐oleoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphoethanolamine (POPE) and cardiolipin (CL). Liposomes of binary POPE:POPC (1:1, mol:mol) and ternary (POPE:POPC:CL (0.5:0.3:0.2, mol:mol:mol) composition were used in the formation of SPBs on mica. The characterization of the SPBs was carried out below (4°C) and above (24 and 37°C) the phase transition temperature (Tm) of the mixtures in solution. We observed: (i) that the thickness of the bilayers, calculated from a cross‐sectional analysis, decreased as the visualization temperature increased; (ii) the existence of laterally segregated domains that respond to temperature in SPBs of POPE:POPC:CL; (iii) a decrease in height and an increase in roughness (Ra) of SPBs after cytochrome c (cyt c) injection at room temperature. To obtain further insight into the nature of the interaction between cyt c and the bilayers, the competition between 8‐anilino‐1‐naphthalene sulfonate (ANS) and the protein for the same binding sites in liposomes was monitored by fluorescence. The results confirm the existence of preferential interaction of cyt c with CL containing liposomes. Taking these results and those of previous papers published by the group, we discuss the preferential adsorption of cyt c in CL domains. This provides support for the relevance of these phospholipids as a proton trap in the oxidative phosphorylation process that occurs in the energy transducing membranes. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A knowledge‐based neuromodeling using space mapping technique: Compound space mapping‐based neuromodeling
Authors: Simsek Murat , Serap Sengor N. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThis paper presents two new methods, space mapping (SM) with prior knowledge input (PKI‐D) with difference and compound space mapping‐based neuromodeling. Both methods combine two powerful techniques, space mapping‐based neuromodeling and PKI‐D with difference. The knowledge‐based modeling methods in the RF/microwave literature merge the prior knowledge about the device to be modeled with neural network structures while a knowledge‐based method, SP, focuses on reducing the computational burden. The main advantage of the proposed methods over these already existing knowledge‐based methods are their better extrapolation capability and reduced number of training set data. The simulation results obtained reveal that both methods decrease the cost of training and improve the extrapolation capability and output performance of the SP‐based neuromodeling. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of in vitro degradation of temperate forages using the gas production and filter bag techniques
Authors: Hetta Mårten , Nordheim Hege , Gustavsson Anne‐Maj , Martinsson Kjell 
Published: October 2007

AbstractBACKGROUND: Two of the most promising in vitro techniques for dynamic forage evaluation are the gas production (GP) and filter bag (FB) techniques. To improve our understanding of how these techniques describe the dynamic degradation of forages, 20 temperate forage samples were analysed by each method at different time points during a 96 h incubation period. The results of the recordings were fitted to a biphasic Michaelis–Menten model describing the degradation of rapidly and slowly degrading forage fractions.RESULTS: GP and disappearance from the FB measurements were correlated at all time points from 6 to 96 h (R2 = 0.27–0.74), except at the 24 h incubation point. When GP was transformed into organic matter degradation (OMD), there was an even stronger correlation (R2 = 0.54–0.75) between the techniques at all intervals. Comparison of the parameters from the Michaelis–Menten model resulted in correlations (R2 = 0.83) between the sizes of the estimated forage fractions, but not between parameter determining the rates of their degradation.CONCLUSIONS: Both the GP and FB techniques have the potential to estimate the degradation of individual feed fractions in forages. Further studies in which the in vitro parameters are evaluated against livestock data, are needed to confirm the findings of this study, however. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry