bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differences between Maize Cultivars in Yield Formation, Nitrogen Uptake and associated Depletion of Soil Nitrate
Authors: Wiesler F. , Horst W. J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn a 3‐year field experiment conducted on a Gleyic Luvisol in Stuttgart‐Hohenheim, ten maize cultivars (nine commercial and one experimental hybrid) were compared in their ability to utilize a high soil nitrogen (N) supply. Total N content of the shoots at about silage maturity ranged from 213 to 328 kg N ha−1 (1986), from 177 to 223 kg N ha−1 (1987) and from 185 to 226 kg N ha−1 (1988). In all three experimental years, total shoot N uptake was significantly positively correlated to stover yield, and also to N concentrations in the ears and in the total plant dry matter. In contrast, a negative correlation between ear yields of the cultivars and total N uptake was indicated. Differences between the cultivars in N uptake were reflected in a corresponding soil nitrate depletion. At harvest, residual nitrate‐N in the 0–90 cm soil layer ranged from 34–63 kg N ha−1 m 1987 and 32–71 kg N ha−1 in 1988. The results indicate, that growing of cultivars selected for high N uptake‐capactiy of the shoots may contribute to an increased utilization of a high soil N supply and thus to a reduction of nitrate leaching.
Effect of Temperature Hardening on Growth, Carbohydrate and Protein Levels in Three Grain Crops
Authors: El‐Shourbagy M. N. , Osman M. E. H. , El‐Shanshoury A. R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe effect of seedling pretreatment at different temperature levels and periods of exposure on growth, pigments, carbohydrates and proteins was studied in three grain crops; sorghum, wheat and barley at different stages of growth. Greater shoot‐dry weights were obtained in sorghum with exposure for 15 hrs at 40 °C in the flowering, in wheat for 2 hrs at 10 and 40 °C in the fruiting and in barley for 15 hrs at 0 °C in the flowering stage. Increased root‐dry weights were achieved by wheat with exposure for 4 and 15 hrs at all levels even at 0 °C in the flowering and for 15 hrs at 40 °C in the fruiting stage. Chla and Chlb were more responsive in sorghum to higher temperature pretreatments than either wheat or barley. In sorghum the temperature extremes (0 and 50 °C) had resulted in a substantial reduction of Chla, and Chlb in the fruiting stage. Lower and higher temperature‐pretreatments had resulted in total available carbohydrate reduction in shoot and root of sorghum and wheat at the early stage, but the reverse was true later in flowering. In contrast, lower and higher temperature pretreatments had increased shoot‐protein in sorghum and wheat in the vegetative and in sorghum in the flowering stage. Root‐protein was more responsive to low temperature‐pretreatments in sorghum and barley during the fruiting stage.
Losses and Utilization of Nitrogen by Sorghum as Affected by the Depth of a Swelling Clay Soil
Authors: Hong C. W. , Katyal J. C. , Vlek P. L. G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractChromusterts and Pellusterts located in India represent 20 % of the 257 million ha of Vertisols found worldwide. These soils are commonly associated with soils that exhibit vertick characteristics, such as Ustochrepts and Ustropepts, but that are too shallow (< 50 cm) to be classified as Vertisols; India has 20 million ha of such soils. Nitrogen is generally deficient in these soils, irrespective of their depth. N response of sorghum on the Vertisols is good even under rainfed conditions. Over a period of 5 years (1982, 83, 84, 85, and 87) the responses of sorghum to applied N on a deep Pellustert and a shallow vertic Ustochrept were compared and, with the use of labelled fertilizer, the fate of N was traced through the soil‐plant system. It is clear from the results that, when weather conditions were favorable, response to applied N was excellent and losses were low, irrespective of soil depth. However, when periods of excessive rainfall occurred, the loss of native and applied N apparently increased rapidly, particularly in the shallow Ustochrept where rooting is largely limited to the top 50 cm. Losses of N from applied urea were up to threefold higher in the shallow Ustochrept than in the deep Pellustert; these losses, together with the rapid loss of applied NO3, suggest that leaching is the predominant cause of N loss. Nitrogen application rates should be adjusted on the basis of rainfall during the early part of the growing season. Due to the unpredictability of the rainfall pattern following fertilizer application, NO3 sources should be avoided and nitrogen split as frequently as possible on the shallow vertic Ustochrepts of the Indian semi‐arid tropics.
Yield and Agronomic Traits of Norin 10‐derived Spring Wheats Adapted to Northwestern Mexico
Authors: Villareal R. L. , Rajaram S. , Del Toro E. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTwo trials were conducted at the Mexican National Institute of Agricultural Research (INIFAP) experimental station, Yaqui Valley, Sonora, Mexico, to compare the yield and agronomic traits of 21 Norin 10‐derived, high yielding bread wheats (Triticum aestivum L.) adapted in northwestern Mexico. The dwarfing gene composition of each cultivar was determined by test crossing and seedling responsiveness to gibberellic acid. There was no lodging during the 2 years of yield testing. Grain yield levels were appropriately high (mean 7.05 t/ha). Genotypes with Rht1 gave highest yields while the Rht1 + Rht2 group yielded 1.4 % lower and Rht2 3.8 % lower. Similarly, the Rht1 lines had the highest biomass yield, while the Rht1 group and the double‐gene dwarfs yielded on the average 5.4 and 9.1 % lower, respectively. However, the double‐gene dwarfs had the highest harvest index, while the Rht2 and Rht1 genotypes had 2.5 and 3.2 % lower harvest indexes, respectively. Regarding yield components, the Rht1 genotypes averaged 9.3 % more grains/m2 than the Rht2 and Rht1 + Rht2 groups. Rht1 lines also produced 4.6 and 11.7 % more grains/spike as compared to Rht2 group and the double‐gene dwarfs, respectively. However, Rht1+Rht2 and Rht1 genotypes had 37.4 and 22.3 more spikes/m2 than the Rht2 materials. The 1000‐grain weight was heaviest in the Rht1+Rht2 group followed by the Rht2 and the Rht1 groups. The Rht2 lines had 0.5‐cm longer spikes than the Rht1 lines. Phenotypic correlations calculated based on height gene classification showed a strong negative plant height‐grain yield relationship in the single‐gene dwarfs. Grain yield's relationship to biomass, grains/m2 and rate of biomass production were all positive and significant.
Stickstoffdynamik unter einer Mähweide auf Knickmarsch
Authors: Spatz G. , Neuhaus H. , Pape A. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract Nitrogen dynamics under a pasture on marchy soil The nitrogen dynamics were studied on the drainage experimental field of the former grassland research and march experimentation station of Lower Saxony. Four variants applying different nitrogen festilization regimes, from 0 up to 380 kg N/ha/a, were investigated. Nitrogen concentrations were measured by analysing soil samples from different depths for NH4 und NO3 contents. Balancing the nitrogen flows the N‐output in the forage, the drainage outflow, the netimmobilization, and the N‐input by fertilization, biological N‐fixation, balk deposition and animal excrements were realized. Nitrogen replacements through the soil profile and nitrate losses in the drainage outflow were relatively low. High watercarrying capacity of the soil and high water consumption by the pasture allow only small rates of displacement of nitrogen. No relevant amounts of mineral nitrogen were found in the soil during the vegetation period because of high nitrogen takeup by the plantbiomass. A certain accumulation of nitrate was observed in late autumn. The concentration however remained unrelevant with respect to goundwater polution. In the drainage water maximal 8 kg of nitrate were leached under the highest fertilized variant. The saldo of the nitrogen balance indicates considerable amounts of nitrogen being lossed by denitrification and ammonia volatilization.
Stomatal and Non‐stomatal Effects of Salinity on Photosynthesis in Faba Beans (Vicia faba L.)
Authors: Melesse T. , Caesar K. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe effect of salinity (40 and 80 meq/1 NaCl) on stomatal conductance, chlorophyll content, ultrastructural damage and photosynthetic performance of six cultivars of faba beans (Vicia faba L.) from different agroclimatic regions were investigated. Low levels of salinity (40 meq/1 NaCl) increased chlorophyll content in some cultivars but did not lead to simultaneous increase in photosynthesis (P). Increased salinity levels (80 meq/1 NaCl) decreased chlorophyll content and stomatal conductance. Ultrastructural damage was observed in sensitive cultivars even at low salinity levels. Based on the parameters investigated, there was no concrete evidence to suggest that the physiological processes of cultivars from arid and semi‐arid regions are less affected under saline conditions as compared to cultivars from temperate regions. The results suggested increased salinity affects P not only due to its effect on stomatal closure but also due to other non‐stomatal effects like ultrastructural damage and decrease in chlorophyll content below a threshold level.
Spring Barley Responses to Nitrogen Fertilizer and Ethephon in Regions with a Short Crop Growing Season
Authors: Ma B. L. , Leibovitch S. , Maloba W. E. , Smith D. L. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAspects of intensive management practices such as high N fertilization inputs and plant growth regulator use could potentially increase cereal yields in regions with a short crop‐growing season and occasionally dry and hot weather. A field experiment was carried out for four years (1987 to 1990) at Agronomy Research Centre of McGill University, Canada to evaluate the response of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cv. Cadette, Laurier and Leger to N rates (0, 70 and 140 kg N ha−1) and ethephon (2‐chloroethyl phosphonic acid) growth regulator treatment. The application of higher than conventional N level (70 kg N ha−1) did not increase barley yields under dry weather conditions and when the soil N resources were high. The high levels of N did increase the grain crude protein concentration by 2 to 10 g kg−1, as did ethephon treatment. The feed quality of spring barley was improved. Ethephon treatment reduced grain yield due to a severe reduction in the number of grains spike−1, and/or 1000‐grain weight, although the number of spikes m−2 was increased. Thus, the overall effect of ethephon treatment on yield was inconsistent and was influenced to a large extent by the prevailing weather conditions.
Zum Problem der Strohmulchdecken im pfluglosen Ackerbau
Authors: Koch H.‐J. , Matthiessen A. , Baeumer K. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract Agronomical Risks of Straw Mulch Covers in Reduced Soil Tillage Systems I. Influence of Chopping Intensity of Wheat Straw on the Liberation of Phytotoxins Phytotoxic effects of cereal straw are assumed to contribute to yield depressions of crops sown into mulch covers. Leaching of straw‐derived phytotoxins and their inactivation in soil may be accelerated by cutting harvest residues into short pieces combined with destroying the tubular structure of cereal straw culms.In model trials, conventionally (mainly transversally) and intensively (transversally plus longitudinally) chopped winter wheat straw was leached before and after aerobic rotting processes had started, and the aqueous extracts were analysed for phytotoxicity in bioassays with curly cress (Lepidium sativum L.). The concentrations of four selected phenolic acids (para‐hydroxy‐benzoic‐, vanillic‐, t‐ferulic‐ and t‐para‐coumaric‐acid) were determined by HPLC‐technique.High toxin concentrations were detected only in extracts of undecomposed straw. Toxin liberation decreased from very high rates at the beginning to low rates after 60 hours of extraction. Intensively chopped straw released more phytotoxins than conventionally chopped straw during the first 4,5 hours of extraction. Subsequently, no differences in toxin liberation rates were observed. These results were confirmed by the phenolic acid analysis.To conclude, intensive chopping of straw exhibited no advantages with respect to straw derived phytotoxicity. The absence of allelochemicals in extracts of aerobically rotted straw indicates that under normal field conditions at Göttingen toxic effects from winter wheat harvest residues are of low importance for subsequent crop growth.
Spring Barley Responses to Row Spacing and Fungicide Triadimefon in Regions with a Short Crop‐growing Season
Authors: Leibovitch S. , Ma B. L. , Maloba Wanga E. , Smith D. L. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAspects of intensive management practices such as high‐yielding cultivars, narrow‐row spacings and fungicide treatments could potentially increase cereal yields in regions with a short crop‐growing season and occasionally dry and hot weather. A field experiment was carried out at McGill University, Canada for three years (1987 to 1989) to test the effects of triadimefon (1‐[4‐chlorophenoxy]‐3,3‐dimethyl‐1‐[1H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐1‐yl]‐2‐butanone, or Bayleton, a trade name) fungicide (0 vs. 140 g a.i. ha−1) and row spacing (10 vs. 20 cm) on the yield components, yield and other agronomic traits (spike emergence, days to maturity, leaf disease and plant height) of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cv. Cadette, Laurier and Leger. A cultivar by row spacing interaction resulted in a 11 to 13.5 % increase in grain yield due to narrow rows for Laurier in two out of the three years and up to 16 % for Leger in one year. Over the three years grain yields were on average increased 6 to 12 % due to use of the narrower row spacing. Fungicide application to barley at the early heading stage effectively controlled leaf diseases without influence on yield components or grain yield. Our results indicate that some components of intensive management such as narrow row spacing can be applicable in regions with a short crop‐growing season.
A Practical Application of Starch Determination in Vegetative Plant Material
Authors: Zhang Q. Z. , Kullmann A. , Greef J. M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractStarch determination in plant matter is necessary because of the importance of the carbohydrate pool in combination of the nitrogen pool in crop growth and development. This analysis is complicated in vegetative materials by contamination with non‐starch containing material. Starch is not a homogenous material, so the content of amylose and amylopectin varies from the different growth stages and from crop to crop. Therefore standard methods of starch estimation give no exact result. The method described here based on a pretreatment of the plant material with dilute alkali before hydrolysis with amyloglucosidase and the estimation of the glucose content. Therefore this procedure was first tested on amylose, amylopectin, soluble starch, three commercially available starches, and was then applied to vegetative rape material. Recoveries of amylose and three commercial starches were between 98 and 100 % after a additional ultrasonic treatment. The method is advantageous because it is simple, quick and reproducible.
Estimating Apical Development Using the External Growth Characteristics of Wheat
Authors: Peltonen J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractCertain apical developmental stages have been shown to be of value in guiding management practices or indicating sensitivity to stresses. Because the determination of apex development, however, requires a high degree of skill, the use of external macromorphological growth parameters of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to predict apex developmental stage was examined in this study. The growing degree days (GDD), growth period on days (DAY), number of leaves, number of surviving tillers, height of uppermost node, height of uppermost stipule and the length of ear primordium were used as growth parameters. Field trials were carried out as plot trials and on‐farm trials in 1989‐91. The growth parameters of three spring wheat cultivars and their ear developmental stages were determined at 2‐3 day intervals after emergence to pollination in the plot trials. The relationship between the development of the ear and the growth parameters of each cultivar was studied using polynomial regression up to 3rd degree and stepwise regression analysis. The accuracy of the mathematical functions were tested against independent data determined from the farm trials. To get a reliable estimate of the apex developmental stage, DAY and GDD were found to be the most useful parameters. Furthermore, the growing time (maturation class) of a cultivar should be taken into a consideration.
Effect of CCC on the Changes in the Levels of Starch, Protein and Nitrogen in the Source Leaf and Pods of Mung Bean (Vigna radiata [L.] Wilczek var. Guj‐2)
Authors: Shah T. , Prathapasenan G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractPot experiments were conducted on Mung bean by spraying 500, 1000 and 1500 ppm CCC, 14 days after the emergence of seedling to record the effect of CCC on the changes in the contents of starch, protein and nitrogen in the source leaf and pods of mung bean. Results showed that:Dry weights of source leaf and pods were considerably increased by 1000 ppm CCC.CCC at 1000 ppm increased the contents of starch, protein and nitrogen in source leaf and pods.CCC at 1000 ppm enhanced the rate of depletion of dry matter in the source leaf.
Die Wurzelentwicklung von Zuckerrübenpflanzen auf einem Sandlöß‐Standort und ihre Bedeutung für die Stickstoffernährung
Authors: Garz J. , Abdallah M. , Schliephake W. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractRoot development of sugar beet plants on a sandy loess site with regard to nitrogen nutrition.Root development of sugar beet plants in a sandy loess soil (Haplic Phaeozem) was observed from the early seedling stage up to harvest by measuring at first the greatest vertical and lateral extension of the root systems of single plants and later the rooting density of the whole plant stands (auger method, profile wall method).During the seedling stage not only the subsoil, but also large parts of the topsoil between the plants remained unoccupied by the root systems. In this phase the greatest lateral extension of single roots reaches nearly the length of the greatest leaf of the plant. With the closure of the canopy the rooting density in the topsoil accounts to 1–2 cm cm−3.In summer roots penetrate to a depth of 100–150 cm with rooting densities of 0.1 to 1 cm ‐ cm−3. Thus, the plants gain not only access to water reserves, but sometimes meet remarkable amounts of nitrate which under the relatively dry conditions of the region tends to accumulate in 60–120 cm depth and – when taken up by the beet plants in the late stage of growth – affects crop quality negatively.
Sulphur Requirement of Rapeseed‐Mustard, Groundnut and Wheat: A Comparative Assessment
Authors: Lakkineni K. C. , Abrol Y. P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTwo oilseed species, rapeseed‐mustard and groundnut, and wheat, a cereal, were compared for their sulphur requirement. Sulphur accumulation pattern in different plant parts at various growth stages indicated a several fold higher requirement of S in rapeseed‐mustard as compared to the other two species. A low N: S ratio found in rapeseed‐mustard was also an indicative of its higher S requirement. The S requirement of groundnut was found to be similar to that of wheat. The additional S required by rapeseed‐mustard may be attributed to the presence of glucosinolates, a characteristic of cruciferous plants. Sulphur fertilization enhanced yield of the oilseed species but not the per cent oil. The role of sulphur in oil biosynthesis is discussed.
Vorkommen von Regenwürmern in landwirtschaftlich rekultivierten Flächen in der Niederrheinischen Bucht
Authors: Westernacher‐Dotzler E. , Dumbeck G. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract Earthworm occurrence in agricultural reclamation areas of the Lower Rhine Basin Until late 1990 the lignite mining industry utilized agricultural land covering 16,051 hectares in the Lower Rhine Basin, 6,926 hectares of which was meanwhile reclaimed for its former use. The yield potential of these reclaimed soils depends to a very large extent on their water holding capacity and rootability.Since the soil structure is completely destroyed during material removal and compacted as a result of the construction process, particular importance is attached to the activities of earthworms in these young soils because these animals can reduce the effects of such damage. In the fall of 1989 and the spring of 1990 different sites (36) were selected to examine the influence of the reclamation year, method and quality, and of cultivation on the abundance of earthworms. The animals were expelled by means of diluted formalin solution. Species and genus of these animals were determined.The population of earthworms increases with area age. It is smaller on young and middle‐aged flushed areas than on those of the same age, but constructed according to the dry dumping method. The plots cultivated without ploughing for three years had a considerably greater earthworm population compared to other areas. It was not possible to demonstrate any influence of the reclamation quality on the abundance of earthworms; the addition of organic substances, however, had a positive effect.Stable manure (turkey hen manure) was more efficient than green manure and straw chaff. Thus, cultivation promoting earthworm development can also produce a relatively high earthworm population density in reclaimed soils which in turn is of major importance for biogenic loosening‐up (stabilization of the soil structure).
Evaluation of the Forage Potentials of Pearl Millet in a Semi‐arid Tropical Environment
Authors: Makeri E. E. , Ugherughe P. O. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe pastures and rangelands of the semi‐arid region of Nigeria wherein is the bulk of the livestock in the country, provide sufficient nutrients for livestock for no more than three to five months of the year. There is therefore need to have high yielding and good quality forages to ensure adequate all‐year‐round forage supply for the livestock. The objective of this study was to evaluate the forage potentials of pearl millet (Pennistetum americanum [L.] K. Schum.) which is well adapted to the region. Twenty cultivars were evaluated for their growth, forage yield and mineral content potentials.The cultivars were significantly different in the number of leaves per plant, plant height, dry matter yield and potassium content in each cutting. Differences in crude protein and crude fibre contents were significant only between cuttings. Variations in crude protein and crude fibre contents ranged from 14.1 to 20.3 % and from 28 to 30.8 %, respectively. Cultivars had a progressive dimunition in growth, yield and mineral content potentials after the first or second cutting. Pearl millet therefore seems less suited to forage production in the semi‐arid region of Nigeria since no cultivar showed the potentials for adequate supply of all‐year‐round forage.