bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Meat Products
Authors: Schmidt Glenn R. , Raharjo S. ,   Updated by Staff
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Consumers not only prefer good tasting meat products, but they also are concerned with the nutrition, safety, and wholesomeness of the meat products they consume. Consumers have been told that red meat is a significant source of saturated fat and consequently the consumption of meat has shifted from red meat to poultry. In response to consumer demand, meat processors are marketing various types of low fat meat products. These low fat meat products can be produced by using leaner meat cuts or adding or substituting ingredients for moisture retention or mimicking the sensorial properties of animal fat. To ensure the safety of the processed meat products, the industry and government regulatory agencies are adopting the hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) system. The importance of the HACCP system is more obvious since consumers are demanding more convenient precooked products such as microwavable meat entrees or sous‐vide processed meat products which are not shelf stable. Descriptive terms on nutrition labels that convey information about the nutritional value or quality of a meat product are useful to consumers when making product choices.
Food Safety, Chemical Contaminants and Toxins
Authors: Winter Carl K. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractA large number of chemicals, both natural and synthetic, may enter the food supply and pose potential food safety concerns. Some of these chemicals are intentionally added to food, such as preservatives, colors, and flavors, while others, such as pesticides, metals, veterinary drugs, and food packaging materials, may inadvertently contaminate the food supply. This article gives an overview of the risk assessment and regulation of food contaminants, with specific emphasis on pesticide residues, dioxins, acrylamide, and chemical components in organic foods
Modeling and measurement of bubble size in a rotating fluidized bed
Authors: Nakamura Hideya , Iwasaki Tomohiro , Watano Satoru 
Published: September 2007

AbstractModeling and measurement of bubble size in a rotating fluidized bed (RFB) is described. A novel model of bubble growth has been proposed based on a bubble coalescence model by Darton et al. We modified the model according to the following concepts: (i) local centrifugal acceleration and excess gas velocity are considered as the parameters in the radial direction and (ii) bubble volume flow rate locally changes depending on the radial distance. Bubbling behavior in a two‐dimensional RFB was experimentally observed by means of a high‐speed video camera. Bubble sizes were measured using an image analysis technique. The estimated bubble sizes by our proposed model showed good agreement with the experimental results, while the estimated values by the model for conventional fluidized bed underestimated. The bubble growth mechanism in an RFB was also discussed and then concluded that the initial bubble size decreases, and the rate of bubble growth increases with an increase in the centrifugal acceleration. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
Behaviors in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) associated with activity counts measured by accelerometer
Authors: Papailiou Athan , Sullivan Elinor , Cameron Judy L. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThere are large individual differences in the daily pattern and level of physical activity in humans and other species. As it is becoming apparent that activity plays an integral role in a number of physiological processes including arousal, attention, cardiovascular health and body weight regulation, there is an increased interest in quantifying activity. Nonhuman primates are particularly useful experimental models for such studies in that they exhibit a repertoire of activity more similar to humans than the activity of animals such as rodents and domestic animals. Recent studies measuring activity in nonhuman primates have used omnidirectional accelerometers, often worn on collars; however, the exact behaviors and movements detected by monkeys wearing these devices have not yet been characterized. To test the hypothesis that collar‐worn accelerometers primarily detect movements that involve movement of the whole body, 16 adult female rhesus monkeys, housed individually in stainless steel cages, wore loose‐fitting collars with an attached small metal box housing an activity monitor (Actical omnidirectional accelerometer; MiniMitter Inc., Bend, OR) and behavior was videotaped. Videotaped behaviors were analyzed by frame‐by‐frame analysis. There was a significant correlation between total (all) movement revealed by videotape analysis and activity counts detected by the accelerometers (rs=0.612, P=0.012), primarily reflecting a strong correlation between whole body movement and activity counts (rs=0.647, P=0.007). In contrast, arm movement (rs=−0.221, P=0.412) and head/neck movement (rs=0.193, P=0.474) were not correlated with activity counts. These findings support the hypothesis that activity monitor placement on a collar allows for effective quantification of whole body movement in monkeys, and indicate that behaviors such as chewing and arm movement do not significantly influence activity recorded by collar‐mounted accelerometers. Am. J. Primatol. 70:185–190, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preliminary assessment of natal attraction and infant handling in wild Colobus vellerosus
Authors: Brent Lauren J. N. , Teichroeb Julie A. , Sicotte Pascale 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis study describes natal attraction and infant handling in wild ursine colobus (Colobus vellerosus). Focal animal samples were collected from five infants of 1–16 weeks of age (mean: 14.5 focal hours per infant). Group members may be attracted to an infant, but unable to handle it because of resistance from the mother. We thus measured natal attraction independently from infant handling by the number of interactive approaches received. The youngest infants were most attractive. Immature females were attracted to and handled infants more than other group members. Mothers were tolerant of most handling attempts and infant‐directed aggression was rare. A sixth infant was attacked by members of an all‐male band, which allowed us to record the expression of natal attraction and infant handling in the context of an acute threat of infanticide. This infant was carried by non‐mothers less frequently than the other infants, and its mother resisted handling attempts more often. Am. J. Primatol. 70:101–105, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Despotic wild patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas) in Kala Maloue, Cameroon
Authors: Nakagawa Naofumi 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe socio‐ecological model predicts that the quality, distribution, and patch size of food resources determines the dominance hierarchy of female monkeys based on the type of food competition they experience. Comparative studies of closely related species have evaluated the socio‐ecological model and confirmed its validity. For example, female patas monkeys in Laikipia, Kenya, form a nonlinear and unstable dominance hierarchy (i.e., egalitarian), whereas females of sympatric, closely related savannah monkeys form a linear and stable dominance hierarchy (i.e., despotic), in accordance with the model's predictions of the characteristics of food resources. I compared agonistic interactions involving food between patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas) and sympatric savannah monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) in Kala Maloue, Cameroon. I found linear dominance hierarchies not only in savannah monkeys, but also in patas monkeys in Kala Maloue. The rates of agonistic interactions during feeding between patas monkeys were equivalent to those between savannah monkeys in Kala Maloue; further, these rates were significantly higher than those of both Laikipia patas and savannah monkeys. The results imply that patas monkeys in Kala Maloue are not egalitarian, but are despotic, similar to savannah monkeys. Disparity in the dominance hierarchies of patas monkeys between Kala Maloue and Laikipia were attributable to the differences in the characteristics of food resources. Although patas monkeys in Laikipia subsist on small and dispersed food resources within a high‐density area, those in Kala Maloue subsisted on food resources that were clumped in intermediate‐sized patches within a low‐density area. This study shows that the socio‐ecological model is applicable not only for interspecific comparisons but also for intraspecific comparisons. Am. J. Primatol. 70:238–246, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Von Aminosäuren zu Heteroarenen – Thiopeptid‐Antibiotika als heterocyclische Peptide aus der Natur
Authors: Hughes Rachael A. , Moody Christopher J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractAminosäuren, die Bausteine der Proteine, sind zugleich auch Vorstufen für viele andere Naturstoffe wie Alkaloide, Antibiotika und, Thema dieses Aufsatzes, heterocyclische Peptide. Einfache α‐Aminosäuren werden dabei zu komplexen Anordnungen aus heteroaromatischen Ringen zusammengefügt, die sich ihrerseits durch interessante, hohe biologische Aktivität auszeichnen. Ein Beispiel dafür sind die Thiopeptid‐Antibiotika mit ihrer komplexen Molekülarchitektur. In diesem Aufsatz zeigen wir auf, wie Organiker innovative Methoden zur Synthese des heterocyclischen Ringsystems entwickelt haben, die teilweise auch durch die jeweiligen Biosyntheserouten inspiriert waren. Zielführend war dabei die geschickte Anwendung von orthogonalen Schutzgruppen und Kupplungsstrategien.
Mesoporous Materials for Drug Delivery
Authors: Vallet‐Regí María , Balas Francisco , Arcos Daniel 
Published: September 2007

AbstractResearch on mesoporous materials for biomedical purposes has experienced an outstanding increase during recent years. Since 2001, when MCM‐41 was first proposed as drug‐delivery system, silica‐based materials, such as SBA‐15 or MCM‐48, and some metal–organic frameworks have been discussed as drug carriers and controlled‐release systems. Mesoporous materials are intended for both systemic‐delivery systems and implantable local‐delivery devices. The latter application provides very promising possibilities in the field of bone‐tissue repair because of the excellent behavior of these materials as bioceramics. This Minireview deals with the advances in this field by the control of the textural parameters, surface functionalization, and the synthesis of sophisticated stimuli‐response systems.
From Amino Acids to Heteroaromatics—Thiopeptide Antibiotics, Nature's Heterocyclic Peptides
Authors: Hughes Rachael A. , Moody Christopher J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractAmino acids, the building blocks of proteins, also serve as precursors to a wide range of other naturally occurring substances including alkaloids, antibiotics, and, the subject of this Review, heterocyclic peptides. Simple α‐amino acids are converted into complex arrays of heteroaromatic rings that display interesting and potent biological activity. The thiopeptide antibiotics, with their complex molecular architectures, are wonderful examples. In this Review we show how organic chemists have developed innovative methods for the synthesis of the heterocyclic ring systems, including routes inspired by the likely biosynthetic processes, and successfully assembled such building blocks into the final target molecule by application of orthogonal protecting groups and coupling methodologies.
The shaft torque change in a laboratory scraped surface heat exchanger used for making ice slurries
Authors: Qin Frank G. F. , Premathilaka Shashini , Chen Xiao Dong , Free Kevin W. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractIn this paper, extensive laboratory test results of a scraped surface heat exchanger for making ice slurries are reported. The data have been analysed and interpreted. Some sensible conclusions have been obtained that should provide an excellent platform for developing further fundamental understanding of the phenomena and establishing a practical guide for design. Copyright © 2007 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An exergy calculator tool for process simulation
Authors: Montelongo‐Luna Juan M. , Svrcek William Y. , Young Brent R. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe constant tightening of environmental regulations and the ongoing need to reduce operating costs have posed a challenge for the design of any chemical process. Process engineers use process simulators to help them perform calculations that will, ultimately, result in design parameters or operating conditions for a plant or process. Exergy is a potential indicator that can aid in the design of energy efficient chemical processes and plants. The exergy concept has been increasingly used as a tool to locate the critical energy use in many industrial processes, both chemical and non‐chemical. However, currently most process simulators in the market do not offer the capability of calculating the exergy of a process. An open‐source exergy calculator has been created by embedding the calculation procedure in an open‐source chemical process simulator. This improves process simulation by including a potential tool for design teams to quickly evaluate several process options in detail in order to understand their energy utilisation. A simple exergy analysis for a gas processing facility is used to demonstrate the capabilities of the tool. The analysis shows where the largest quantities of exergy are being consumed within the plant, thus pointing to areas where improvement in energy usage can be made. The use of exergy as a potential design and retrofit tool is also discussed. Copyright © 2007 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Curing and thermal behavior of DGEBA in the presence of heterocyclic derivatives of stannanes
Authors: Deep Gagan , Narula A. K. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe article describes the synthesis and characterization of heterocyclic derivatives of stannanes obtained by reacting 1 mol of biguanide (B) with 1 mol of phenylethyltindihydride (PED) or phenylmethyltindihydride (PMD) or phenylbutyltindihydride (PBD) or butylmethyltin dihydride (BMD) and their use as curing agents for diglycidyl ether of bisphenol‐A (DGEBA). The derivatives so obtained have been designated as BPED or BPMD or BPBD or BBMD. Structural characterization of the derivatives was done by elemental analysis and spectroscopic techniques, viz. IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, 119Sn NMR. These derivatives were used as curing agents to investigate the effect of structure on the curing and thermal behavior of DGEBA. The curing behavior of DGEBA was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry in the presence of stoichiometric amounts of derivatives. A broad exothermic transition in the temperature range of 180–232°C was observed in all the samples. Thermal stability of epoxy resin, cured isothermally, was evaluated by recording thermogravimetric traces in nitrogen atmosphere. The percent char yield was highest in case of resin sample, DBPMD. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Synthesis and properties of novel organosoluble aromatic poly(ether ketone)s containing pendant methyl groups and sulfone linkages
Authors: Sheng Shou‐Ri , Luo Qiu‐Yan , Yi‐Huo  , Luo Zhuo , Liu Xiao‐Ling , Song Cai‐Sheng 
Published: September 2007

AbstractSeveral novel aromatic poly(ether ketone)s containing pendant methyl groups and sulfone linkages with inherent viscosities of 0.62–0.65 dL/g were prepared from 2‐methyldiphenylether and 3‐methyldiphenylether with 4,4′‐bis(4‐chloroformylphenoxy)diphenylsulfone and 4,4′‐bis (3‐chloroformylphenoxy)diphenylsulfone by electrophilic Friedel–Crafts acylation in the presence of N,N‐dimethylformamide with anhydrous AlCl3 as a catalyst in 1,2‐dichloroethane. These polymers, having weight‐average molecular weights in the range of 57,000–71,000, were all amorphous and showed high glass‐transition temperatures ranging from 160.5 to 167°C, excellent thermal stability at temperatures over 450°C in air or nitrogen, high char yields of 52–57% in nitrogen, and good solubility in CHCl3 and polar solvents such as N,N‐dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, and N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone at room temperature. All the polymers formed transparent, strong, and flexible films, with tensile strengths of 84.6–90.4 MPa, Young's moduli of 2.33–2.71 GPa, and elongations at break of 26.1–27.4%. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Polymeric amines by chemical modifications of alternating aliphatic polyketones
Authors: Zhang Youchun , Broekhuis A. A. , Stuart Marc C. A. , Picchioni F. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractAlternating, aliphatic polyketones were chemically modified by using di‐amines to obtain polymeric products having pendant amino groups. The used reaction, Paal‐Knorr, involves the formation of pyrrole rings along the polyketone backbone. The corresponding kinetics and final conversions are clearly dependent, among others, on statistical factors (two adjacent carbonyls must react in order to obtain ring formation) as well as on the steric hindrance (sterically hindered amino groups react very slow). The corresponding reaction products (polymeric amines) display very interesting physical properties in aqueous solution. These have been characterized by using dynamic light scattering, Cryo‐electron microscopy, fluorescence techniques, etc. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Morphology and rheological behaviors of poly(ethylene terephthalate) nanocomposites containing polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes
Authors: Kim Jang Kyung , Yoon Kwan Han , Bang Dae Suk , Park Young‐Bin , Kim Hong‐Un , Bang Yun‐Hyuk 
Published: September 2007

AbstractPoly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)/polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) nanocomposites were prepared by in situ polymerization. Light scattering measurement suggested that there is significant change in molecular weight arising from gel formation by chemical crosslinking during polymerization. The thermal decomposition temperatures of the composites measured at 5 wt % weight loss were 5–10°C higher than that of PET. There is no significant change in other thermal properties. Scanning electron microscopy observations suggest that there is obvious phase separation in PET/POSS composites, composites containing 1 wt % of disilanolisobutyl and trisilanolisobytyl‐POSS show fine dispersions of POSS (30–40 nm in diameter), which arise from strong interfacial interactions between POSS and PET during polymerization. The viscosity of the composites increased with the addition of POSS. The observation of a plateau region of composites containing 1 wt % of POSS in the plot of log G′ vs. log G″ indicates strong interfacial interactions between POSS and PET. Sixty‐three percent and 41% increase in tensile strength and 300 and 380% increase in modulus were achieved in the composites containing 1 wt % of disilanol‐ and trisilanol‐POSS, respectively. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Computed tomography evaluation of regional lymph node metastases in patients with biliary cancer
Authors: Noji T , Kondo S , Hirano S , Tanaka E , Suzuki O , Shichinohe T 
Published: September 2007

Abstract

Background
Identification of lymph node metastases in biliary cancer is important for determining prognosis and surgical planning, but the effectiveness of computed tomography (CT) in diagnosing node metastases of the hepatoduodenal ligament (peribiliary and retroportal nodes) or around the common hepatic artery is unknown.

Methods
CT scans and pathological results from 146 patients who had undergone regional lymphadenectomy for biliary carcinoma were reviewed. To evaluate the regional lymph nodes, long- and short-axis diameters of lymph nodes were measured and axial ratios calculated (short-axis diameter/long-axis diameter). Nodes were considered round if the axial ratio exceeded 0·7. Internal lymph node structures were also evaluated.

Results
The presence of a round node with a short-axis diameter exceeding 16 mm had a positive predictive value (PPV) of 56 per cent for the presence of metastatic foci, and node heterogeneity had a PPV of 64 per cent. The highest PPV (67 per cent) was obtained for round nodes greater than 18 mm in short-axis diameter, but nodes of this size and character were rare.

Conclusion
CT is not useful for predicting regional lymph nodal metastases in biliary carcinoma.
Parental consumer learning or ‘keeping up with the children’
Authors: Ekström Karin M. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractChildren are socialized as consumers earlier now than any other time in history. The rapidly changing pace of society especially with regards to technology, information processing, transportation, etc. makes it possible for them to experience purchasing and consumption at a much faster rate than that of their parents. Children may possess knowledge which their parents lack and they may share their experience and knowledge and in so doing influence their parents. It can result in parents learning about consumption from their children, something which has not been sufficiently acknowledged by previous research. The purpose of this paper is to further the understanding of how consumption patterns and knowledge are transferred from children to parents. In‐depth interviews carried out with ‘children’ of age group 13–30 show that they contributed information prior to and during the purchase, but also afterwards by helping to instal or showing parents how to use a product. The adolescents and adult children had often introduced new products to their parents and made them aware of recent trends. Often they also seemed to deal more easily with new technology than their parents.Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A gender perspective on environmentally related family consumption
Authors: Grønhøj Alice , Ölander Folke 
Published: September 2007

AbstractStudies of ‘green’ consumer behavior have often reported differences in male and female environmental concern and participation. This paper looks into the nature of such differences within the family. Husband‐wife differences with regard to family participation in a number of environmentally significant consumption issues were explored in a qualitative study including 30 couples with children. The partners' responses to the issues did not differ much. Nevertheless, the participants perceived the differences between themselves and their partner to be rather large. A number of reasons for this could be discerned. Most notably, the division of household and consumption roles within families often made sub‐activities of pro‐environmental practices the prime responsibility of either one of the partners. Thus, a gender‐based inside‐outside division of household responsibilities with regard to pro‐environmental practices could be noted. It is suggested that the processes whereby environmentally oriented consumer practices are adopted and transmitted among family members receive closer research attention.Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.