bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Le problème des variantes graphiques : variantes du passé, du présent et de l'avenir
Authors: Catach Nina 
Published: November 2007

N. Catach : The problem of Spelling Variants, Past, Present and Future
Modern French is remarkable not only for its extraordinary and long-standing stability, but also for another characteristic : its diversity and variation. While the latter is readily accepted and considered as normal in oral usage, it remains almost unheard of or is disregarded in normalised written usage. However, it continues to exist nonetheless, and it must be dealt with.
If we look at dictionary entries, it would seem that the lexical items most affected by spelling variation belong the "outer reaches" of the vocabulary : archaisms, popular, scientific and technical terms, loan-words, etc. In 1971, we were able to identify over 8,000, taken from various dictionaries (and even sometimes from the same dictionary) of 36,00 words on average. Even in the everyday vocabulary, we can find whole sections in which variations concerning the use of accents, the hyphen, the plural of compound words and double consonants are rife. As the vocabulary expands, so does the proportion of spelling variants, thereby causing difficulties for the user. When in doubt, we consult a dictionary : but which dictionary should we consult ?
This "laxist" tendency could become dangerous, now and in the future, if it is not carefully controlled, by eliminating useless variants and introducing more modern variants based on a solid analysis and on current spelling tendencies. The question remains of how to put these principles into practice. The best way would be to follow the example of the Dictionary of the Academie française, which indeed most modern dictionaries do follow. If there are two spelling forms, the first one, which appears in the alphabetical order of the dictionary, will be not the most important. In the case, of a new orthography, the new form is first of all proposed alongside the old one with an observation such as : "We also write/we now write...", etc. In the following editions, the new orthography is given first, in alphabetical order, the old one following or given as a cross-reference. In this way, both forms become familiar to the user. Lists of normalised variants can be drawn up and published and used as preferential forms ; the old forms continue to exist as variants. This principle of long-term, gradual change, guided the Report on the Rectifications of orthography (December 6th, 1990), and their method deserves to be followed and imitated today. By gradually changing the spellings of words, we can reduce the proportion of uncontrolled variation, which causes the most problems in the everyday vocabulary.
L'image du mot dans le TLF. Vingt-cinq ans : une histoire
Authors: Champy Carole 
Published: November 2007

C. Champy : The image of the Word in the TLF : 25 years of history
I. The TLF, a non-normative corpus : In the first volumes of the TLF, the spelling of the main entry was chosen by one editorial team, whereas the article devoted to "orthography" under the entry was written by another. It was difficult to take objective decisions on the matter, given the huge volume of data available.
II. Norms : Then came the gradual realisation (thanks to the works of R. Thimonnier and N. Catach) that orthography was not necessarily synonymous with chaos. Spelling norms for the main entry were drawn up, and the authors of the articles on "Orthography" were given their say (and their right to veto) in the matter.
III. The Conseil supérieur de la langue française :
1. We were grateful to have our norms recognised by this official body. However, by then, the TLF was almost finished ;
2 . Then we realised that a second problem existed : not all spellings could be accounted for by the rules we had drawn up. We tried, as best as possible, to apply the rules while considering each word individually, rather like the doctor who gives each patient a personalised diagnosis. The choice of a spelling for the main entry was a question of careful dosing, and of finding the right balance between the application of our rules and the individual profile of each word. 2 . Then we realised that a second problem existed : not all spellings could be accounted for by the rules we had drawn up. We tried, as best as possible, to apply the rules while considering each word individually, rather like the doctor who gives each patient a personalised diagnosis. The choice of a spelling for the main entry was a question of careful dosing, and of finding the right balance between the application of our rules and the individual profile of each word.
Un dictionnaire électronique des mots à trait d'union
Authors: Mathieu-Colas Michel 
Published: November 2007

M. Mathieu-Colas : Electronic Dictionary of hyphen words
This study focuses on the problem of the hyphen in French spelling. It is based upon lexical data laid out in the form of an electronic dictionary, organized according to the principle of data bases (records and fields), which means that each entry is coded in explicit terms, both formally (flexion, variants, etc.) and semantically : 17,000 hyphenated words are thus described. This lay-out lends itself to a more precise analysis of spelling. In particular, it brings into relief the correlations between the use of the hyphen and the morphological structure of compound words (over 300 types are represented) ; it appears that the possibilities of normalization and harmonization depend on word patterns. Agglutinated forms are not always to be preferred, and there is no reason for the hyphen to be systematically discarded : the ambivalence of the sign (halfway between union and separation) reflects the intrinsic duality of certain forms of composition.
Naissance et première floraison de l'exemple dans la lexicologie française : étude historique et typologique
Authors: Wooldridge Terence Russon 
Published: November 2007

Terence Russon Wooldridge : Historical and typological study of the example in early French lexicography
The first dictionaries of French language — those of Estienne and Nicot in the 16th century — contain the gradual development of the set of functions of the exemplification of the headword in context that remains characteristic of modern dictionaries : linguistic (syntagmatic and semantic collocates), philological (textual attestations), encyclopedic (referential information), ideological (conscious or unconscious) and literary (the author as privileged model). In early dictionaries the example is frequently introduced by a copula — comme, ainsi on dit, etc. — , whereas in modern dictionaries it is normally signified typographically by being printed in italics.
Quels compléments de nom peut-on extraire en français ?
Authors: Godard Danièle , Sag Ivan A. 
Published: November 2007

Daniele Godard & Ivan A. Sag : Which Complements of a Noun can one Cliticize or Relativize in French ?
It is well-known that certain, but not all complements of a noun can be extracted (cliticized, relativized or turned into a question) in French. We examine a variety of facts which support the following generalization : only the first argument on a noun's argument list can be extracted (un livre dont j'ai aimé la fin /j'en ai aimé la fin), or can function as a wh-complement (included in a larger phrase in pied-piping constructions, as in un livre à la fin duquel je ne me suis pas intéressé). A second observation is that an element extracted from an NP must function as the complement of the highest noun (the head) in that phrase. By contrast, wh-expressions may be more deeply embedded within an NP. Casting our analysis in the HPSG framework, we propose two simple constraints on the lexical representation of (non-predicative) nouns. These constraints, which make reference to non-local features, interact with independently motivated aspects of the HPSG treatment of unbounded dependency constructions (e.g. relative and interrogative clauses) to predict the surprisingly complex domain of facts we survey.
Les génitifs : gouvernement d'antécédent et gouvernement thématique
Authors: Kupferman Lucien 
Published: November 2007

Lucien Kupferman : Les génitifs : gouvernement d'antécédent et gouvernement thématique
This study puts in question the so-called Cinque's generalization (Cinque, 1979) which views the Determiner position as an escape hatch for adnominal NPs. It is shown on empirical grounds and for principled reasons that the pronominal determiner son and clitic en materialize two heterogeneous types of movement, the first one being regulated by a-government, and the second one by θ-government. This analysis could be best achieved if we consider de-insertion as a syntactic move which is postereous to son formation and is insensitive to the argument-structure of the nominal. Son is best categorized as a genitive D⁰. En, as a pro-PP, more accurrately a P⁰-D⁰, is generated after de-insertion and is sensitive to the argument-structure of the nominal.
L'interface forme/sens en poétique (post-)jakobsonienne
Authors: Aroui Jean-Louis 
Published: November 2007

Jean-Louis Aroui : The interface between form and meaning within (post-) Jakobsonian poetics
Jakobson's work in poetics has been both carried on and criticized by Nicolas Ruwet in France and Marc Dominicy in Belgium. This paper introduces and discusses the major theoretical works of all three scholars.
Ordre des mots, ordre dans les mots
Authors: Sauzet Patrick 
Published: November 2007

Patrick Sauzet : « World Order, Order within the Words »
Instead of being thought of as an inherent property of morphemes, linearity should be derived from a lexical state where phonological primes are only related to each other via attenance (unoriented adjacency). It is shown that order within words can be construed as an effect of phonology. However, such a phonological process sometimes interprets syntactic configurations. Hence the interaction between phonological ordering (order within words) and syntactic ordering (word order) is also explored in this paper. Cliticisation, it is argued, may represent the maximal relevance of phonological ordering, whereas syntactic (external) ordering effects may in turn be embedded within phonological domains (compound tenses).
Trois remarques sur l'ordre des mots dans la langue parlée
Authors: Blanche-Benveniste Claire 
Published: November 2007

Claire Blanche-Benveniste : « Three remarks on word order in spoken French »
To study word order in spoken French, it is necessary to distinguish between two levels : 1° word order as actualised in the process of enunciation, with its repetitions and hesitations, 2° the grammatical order of phrases, which is an abstract reconstruction. Some types of phrase order are more frequent in spoken than in written French ; this is the case of the structure in which a complement comes before its verb, which is particularly frequent in French in spite of what traditional French grammarians lead us to believe. In this position, the complement is strongly focalised and has particular semantic and syntactic properties which bring about a contrast with the phrase coming after the verb. French speakers often use this double possibility in the form of structural chiasmus.
Pour une sémiogenèse du nom
Authors: Cadiot Pierre , Nemo François 
Published: November 2007

P. Cadiot et F. Némo : Pour une sémiogenèse du nom
Lexical signification is often conceived, at least partially, in terms of a description or, in our terminology, in terms of intrinsic properties (IP). In this article we explore an opposite hypothesis that words (most notably nouns) invoke directly those types of relations :
1 . which a given word allows the loculor to establish with various referents.
2 . which these referents have (or arc perceived as having) with their environment.
The meaning itself of nouns must be identified with these relations or extrinsic properties (EP). In this way, polysemic, metonymic and metaphoric usages shed their marginal status, becoming the basis of a lexical signification which purely denominative usages conversely tend to obscure.
Conséquences théoriques des frontières de la polysémie. Application au pronom il
Authors: Lebas Frank 
Published: November 2007

F. Lebas : Conséquences théoriques des frontières de la polysémie. Application au pronom il
Starting from the « indexical » conception of words, this work tries to lay some theoretical foundations taking accoung of polysemy and its boundaries. In the first part, the necessary notions — including a new meaning of in intension/in extension — are defined in the nominal domain. The second part makes use of these notions for the analysis of traditionnally problematic uses of the french pronoun il.
Pour une archéologie du sens figuré
Authors: Nyckees Vincent 
Published: November 2007

V. Nyckees : Towards an archeology of figurative meaning
Cognitive semantics postulates that specific mental mechanisms belonging to the human imagination, namely metaphorical and metonymical mappings, are involved in semantic changes. Nevertheless, a thorough examination reveals the weakness of this theory. I therefore advocate a radically different analysis which allows us to do without these postulated cognitive mechanisms. Systematizing Meillet's observations about the role of « discontinuity in transmission » in semantic change, I propose, for each case studied, to look for what circumstances in collective experience can make the discrepancy between the new and the former meaning imperceptible to the speakers themselves. I argue that a semantic change at its decisive moment must most often perform in a covert way, without its instigators' knowledge.
The efficiency and heuristic fruitfulness of this method is illustrated in this paper by the study of certain Latin polysemous words expressing not only a physical bond but also a juridical obligation (obligare, obligatio, nectere, obstringere, solvere, absolvere). Cognitive semantics postulates that specific mental mechanisms belonging to the human imagination, namely metaphorical and metonymical mappings, are involved in semantic changes. Nevertheless, a thorough examination reveals the weakness of this theory. I therefore advocate a radically different analysis which allows us to do without these postulated cognitive mechanisms. Systematizing Meillet's observations about the role of « discontinuity in transmission » in semantic change, I propose, for each case studied, to look for what circumstances in collective experience can make the discrepancy between the new and the former meaning imperceptible to the speakers themselves. I argue that a semantic change at its decisive moment must most often perform in a covert way, without its instigators' knowledge.
The efficiency and heuristic fruitfulness of this method is illustrated in this paper by the study of certain Latin polysemous words expressing not only a physical bond but also a juridical obligation (obligare, obligatio, nectere, obstringere, solvere, absolvere).
Une interprétation diachronique de la « dislocation à droite » dans les langues romanes
Authors: Simone Raffaele 
Published: November 2007

Raffaele Simone: Une interprétation diachronique de la "dislocation à droite" dans les langues romanes
This paper claims that Right Dislocation (RD), as documented in Romance Languages, is not a movement phenomenon, but the result of associated processes: a change of sentence boundaries by reanalysis, and a change in pragmatic function of the constituents involved. As a consequence, RD starts by being a means for focussing a nominal 'dislocated' constituent, and ends by working as a tool for focussing the verb constituent, so changing variationally its nature, from marked to unmarked structure.
Sur un indéfini marginal : même exprimant l'identité
Authors: Van Peteghem Marleen 
Published: November 2007

Marleen Van Peteghem: Sur un indéfini marginal: même exprimant l'identité
The word même in French meaning identity (cf. same in English) occurs regularly among the indefinite adjectives in French grammar. Its syntactic and semantic properties though differ from those of prototypical indefinites. Our investigation tends to prove that même together with the determiner constitutes a sort of complex determiner. Its syntactic, semantic and referential properties depend on the interaction of its two components. The referential instruction carried by même consists in linking the referent to at least two correlates.
De l'émergence disciplinaire à la didactisation des savoirs linguistiques : le tournant des années 60 et ses suites
Authors: Chiss Jean-Louis , Puech Christian 
Published: November 2007

Jean-Louis Chiss and Christian Puech, From the emergence of linguistics as a subject to be taught to the didactization of linguistic knowledge: the turning-point of the sixties and its consequences
The point here is to show how linguistics — and more specifically structural linguistics — gradually became a subject to be taught, namely a constituted disciplinary body with a given teaching content. From the standpoint of the French situation and its specificity, the article analyses some of the stages the transmission of linguistic knowledge went through at school and university level. Special reference is made to textbooks for beginners and a linguistic school has been chosen as an example: functionalism.
Les mots graphiques dans des manuscrits et des imprimés du XVIIe siècle
Authors: Pellat Jean-Christophe 
Published: November 2007

J.-C. Pellat : « The Written Word in 17th Century Manuscripts and Printed Books »
In the 17th Century, the handwritten manuscripts of classical authors present a large number of idiosyncrasies and archaic uses (joined forms, few external markers of word-boundaries). In contrast, the printed works of the same authors between 1630 and 1710 display remarkably homogeneous uses as far as the written representation of word-units is concerned (use of spaces, apostrophes, hyphens), which in turn differ in certain respects from our contemporary usage.
Les incertitudes du mot graphique au XVIIIe siècle
Authors: Seguin Jean-Pierre 
Published: November 2007

J.-P. Seguin : « Variations in Written Word Forms in the 18th Century »
In the 18th Century, awareness of the written word appears to be fixed. However, this awareness is not related to contemporary theoretical definitions of the word, such as can be found in the works of Restaud, Buffier, Girard, Beauzée or Féraud. On the other hand, the actual segmentation of texts into words, as practised by some grammarians, or by a writer like the self-taught window-glass maker Menetra, may show elements of an unconscious system. We find, for instance, that some authors tend to join the definite article, or the preposition en to the following words in writing, as well as using joined forms such as delà. Moreover, some grammarians systematically use joined forms such as parconséquent, àmoins, parce que, and so on.
Le démonstratif dans les textes et dans la langue
Authors: Gary-Prieur Marie-Noëlle , Léonard Martine 
Published: November 2007

Marie-Noëlle Gary-Prieur and Martine Léonard : Demonstratives as textual and linguistic entities.
The introductory paper draws the main lines of this special issue. In the first part, M. Léonard explains how and why some linguistics and literature specialists decided to focus their attentions on demonstratives, in a common work that gives no priority to the linguistic system over textual realisations. In the second part, M-N. Gary-Prieur proposes a linguistic description of the way demonstratives work, mainly based on the observation of some of their textual uses.
Démonstratifs balzaciens. Personnage et temporalité
Authors: Léonard Martine 
Published: November 2007

Martine Leonard : Balzacian demonstrative determiner : character and Time.
From the corpus of demonstrative noun phrases (ex. this woman) by which the characters of La Duchesse de Langeais (a novel by Balzac dating 1834) are designated, we show that the demonstrative determiner marks the character's transformation in time and, thanks to its reclassifying value, allows to express both permanence and reincarnation. In a third-person narrative, the subjectivity (which the demonstrative determiner displays) raises a problem of interpretation and the present time, as a fictive object represented, is to be decoded.
Les démonstratifs à l'épreuve du texte ou sur « Cette côte de la baie de l'Arguenon »
Authors: Kleiber G. 
Published: November 2007

Georges Kleiber : "This coastline of Arguenon's bay" : Demonstratives text-tested.
The aim of this paper is to study exhaustively one of the textual uses of the demonstrative adjective, given in the following quotation from Michel Tournier's Les Météores : "Le soleil s'inclinait déjà derrière la colline où les innocents de Sainte-Brigitte cueillaient des asters (...). Cette côte de la baie de l'Arguenon, orientée à l'est, ne reçoit le vent marin que des terres...". The analysis of this example gives interesting results on four points :
(i) all types of uses of the demonstrative adjective have not yet been pointed out ;
(ii) the theoretical explanation of some peculiar demonstratives, also called "literary demonstratives", implies an identification of the type of use ;
(iii) this identification is not permitted by the sole effects produced by the demonstrative ;
(iv) it implies a study of the correspondences between spatial uses and textual uses.
Pour une grammaire du discours : l'« ordre oratoire » face à la Praelectio, une occasion manquée
Authors: Viala Alain 
Published: November 2007

Alain Viala : For a speech grammar. The « oratory order » against the praelectio : a missed opportunity
The « Français » still persists in treating the study of the language as a preliminary to the study of the texts (lot of grammar in primary school and Junior High School, lot of literature and no grammar in High School), especially by laying the emphasis on sentence's grammar. In reaction to its kicks, has appeared a text's grammar. But the language exists, in practice, as a speech, and is learned before school, and, more, the notion of « text » is problematical. The persistence of such an inadequate mechanism has historical reasons. In the middle of 18th Century, Batteux, by proposing to study the French authors aside of the Ancients, started a movement towards the « oratory order ». But the scholar institution didn't extend it, under the influence of the dominating model : the teaching of latin with a grammar of sentence — for a foreing language — and praelectio — for the literary texts. So there is an aggiornamento necessary and possible by the way of a "speech grammar"
Les mots sans guère de choses : la praelectio
Authors: Rossellini Michèle 
Published: November 2007

Michèle Rossellini : Words without things : the praelectio
The history of praelectio from Erasmus to the 18th century reveals an increasing orientation towards to form more than substance. The Jesuits, indeed, stay away from the moral of the Ancients pagans, but they think that their « beautiful style » can and should be used to tell God's glory. The Jansenists, opposed to the flashing eloquence, turned the exercice towards language and translation. These process of thoughts have made a concept of « explication de texte » wich separates them from their fonction of speech.
Le problème du paradoxe dans une sémantique argumentative
Authors: Carel Marion , Ducrot Oswald 
Published: November 2007

Marion Carel, Oswald Ducrot, Paradox in argumentative semantics
This paper aims at defining paradox as a mere linguistical notion, indépendant of any cognitive or sociological notion (in particular, « paradox » is distinguished from belief opposite to usually accepted opinions). This definition is given in the framework of the theory of « argumentation in language » , as recently reformulated : the paper second part presents the argumentative notions necessary to define (part 3) « paradox » in this framework. Lastly, the notion is used to characterize sequences of two connected sentences, and lexical words.