bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predicting and characterizing fractures in dolostone reservoirs: using the link between diagenesis and fracturing
Authors: Gale Julia F. W. , Laubach Stephen E. , Marrett Randall A. , Olson Jon E. , Holder Jon , Reed Robert M. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Fracture geometries and fracture-sealing characteristics in dolostones reflect interactions among mechanical and chemical processes integrated over geological timescales. The mechanics of subcritical fracture growth results in fracture sets having power-law size distributions where the attributes of large, open fractures that affect reservoir flow behaviour can be accurately inferred from observations of cement-sealed microfractures and other microscopic diagenetic features, which are widespread in dolostones. Fracture porosity is governed by the competing rates of fracture opening and cement precipitation during fracture growth and by cements that post-date fracture opening.
Combined analysis of structural and diagenetic features provides the best approach for understanding how fracture systems influence fluid flow. We review previous work and integrate new data on fractures and diagenetic features in cores from the Lower Ordovician Ellenburger and Permian Clear Fork formations in West Texas, and the Lower Ordovician Knox Group in Mississippi, together with outcrop samples of Lower Cretaceous Cupido Formation dolostones from the Sierra Madre Oriental, Mexico, in order to illustrate our approach.
Porosity and permeability in Miocene carbonate platforms of the Marion Plateau, offshore NE Australia: relationships to stratigraphy, facies and dolomitization
Authors: Ehrenberg S. N. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Analyses of porosity and permeability are examined from cores drilled in two Miocene carbonate platforms cored by ODP Leg 194, seaward from the Great Barrier Reef, including one site in the Northern Marion Platform (NMP; mostly preserved as limestone) and two sites in the Southern Marion Platform (SMP; mostly dolomitized). The majority of plug samples are from coarse bioclastic facies and their dolomitized equivalents. Dolomitization probably occurred by circulation of normal to slightly modified sea-water. Increasing fabric destruction at greater depth in the SMP may reflect overprinting of multiple dolomitization episodes in older strata, perhaps related to successive cycles of sea-level fluctuation. Both limestones and dolostones show similarly wide variation in porosity and permeability, reflecting extreme metre-scale heterogeneity of lithologies and diagenetic responses. The limestones show poorer porosity-permeability correlation, with generally lower permeability for given porosity compared with the dolostones, but with similar maximum permeabilities. Despite wide textural diversity, the dolostones cluster along a single trend that parallels the ideal relationship described by the Kozeny equation and characteristic of well-sorted sandstones. The low permeability-for-given-porosity of many limestones is explained by the fine grain size of some samples and, in other cases, by isolation of macropores behind mud matrix. Pore systems in the dolostones, however, tend to be dominated by interparticle macroporosiity, consisting of either relict intergranular pores (grainstones with fabric-preserving dolomitization) or intercrystalline pores (fabric-destructive dolostones and packstones with fabric-preserving dolomitization). Although many dolostones have vuggy pore systems, the vugs appear to be effective for fluid flow because they are connected by the enclosing system of interparticle macropores.
Palaeozoic dolomite reservoirs in the Permian Basin, SW USA: stratigraphic distribution, porosity, permeability and production
Authors: Saller Arthur H. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Dolomite and dolomite reservoirs are common in Ordovician and middle to upper Permian carbonates in the ‘Permian Basin’ area of the SW United States. Scattered, but significant, dolomite reservoirs also occur in the Silurian and Devonian. In the middle to upper Permian, platform and shelf-top carbonates were dolomitized, while limestones in slope and basinal environments were not. Most dolomitization of Ordovician and Permian carbonates occurred in evaporated seawater shortly after deposition (reflux dolomitization). Most dolomitizing brines apparently formed in tidal flat and restricted lagoonal environments in the platform and shelf interiors, and on depositional highs near shelf and platform margins.
More than 26 billion barrels of oil have been produced from the Permian Basin, with most of that oil coming from Palaeozoic (mainly Permian) dolomites. Permian Basin dolomites have very heterogeneous porosity and permeability on a wide range of scales. Field-scale (km-scale) variations in porosity are commonly related to position in the original dolomitizing system. Porosity generally increases away from the apparent source of the dolomitizing brines because a greater volume of dolomite was precipitated in proximal parts of the dolomitizing system than in the distal parts; hence, porosity is greater in dolomites in the basinward parts of fields.
Most Permian Basin dolomite reservoirs are structural traps with stratigraphic enhancement of closure by loss of porosity and permeability towards the shelf or platform interior. Many traps were formed by compactional drape over the same features that created highs during deposition. Hence, the structurally highest parts of many fields have the poorest porosity and permeability because they coincide with proximal parts of the original dolomitizing system. The most porous, permeable and productive dolomites are on the basinward flanks of structures, and often near the oil-water contact.
Dolomite reservoirs in the Permian Basin are quite variable. Ultimate oil recoveries from these fields range from <1000 barrels to 2 billion barrels, with the largest fields in shallow middle Permian (San Andres/Grayburg) reservoirs. Reservoir depths range from 1500 to more than 14 000 ft (500–4300 m). Average porosities for fields are 1–21%, with porosities generally decreasing with depth. Average permeabilities are 1–1000 mD. Many deeper reservoirs have high permeability related to fractures in karstified Ordovician reservoirs. Recovery efficiencies are 10–65% of the original oil in place, with higher recovery efficiency associated with larger pores and higher permeabilities.
Genesis of some Carboniferous dolomites in the south and east of Ireland
Authors: Mulhall Claire M. , Sevastopulo George D. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Dolomitized Tournaisian rocks occur widely in Ireland. They host the major Zn-Pb ore bodies, at Lisheen and Galmoy. Despite significant research and exploration into fluid flow related to both dolomitization and base-metal mineralization, the evolution of the porosity and permeability of the dolomites and precursor limestones remains poorly understood. Study areas, both within and outside the main mineralized zones, have been chosen in an effort to unravel the evolution of the porosity and permeability of the Tournaisian successions. In each area the earliest phase of dolomitization of the limestone lithosome occurred after all of the primary porosity had been occluded. Fluid inclusions from dolomite and authigenic quartz indicate relatively high temperatures (>105 °C) of formation of all phases of dolomite. The fluid-inclusion data demonstrate that there has been no re-equilibration due to later Variscan heating. Laterally restricted bodies of dolomite at Newcastle West and Subulter may have formed under hydrothermal or geothermal conditions. The geometry of the dolomite body at Newcastle West suggests that the dolomitizing fluids moved within a steeply dipping zone. The laterally extensive Regional Dolomite of SE Ireland, examined at Lisheen and in Co. Carlow, is likely to have had a geothermal origin and to have formed at depths of more than 2.5 km. The dolomites are moderately porous with the notable development of vugs; but their permeability is low. The vugs are not related to primary cavities within the limestone.
Nuclear waste forms
Authors: Stefanovsky Sergey V. , Yudintsev Sergey V. , Gieré Reto , Lumpkin Gregory R. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
This review describes nuclear waste forms for high-level waste (HLW), that is, glasses, ceramics, and glass-ceramics, as well as for low- and intermediate-level waste (LILW), that is, cement, bitumen, glass, glassy slags, and ceramics. Ceramic waste forms have the highest chemical durability and radiation resistance, and are recommended for HLW and actinide (ACT) immobilization. Most radiation-resistant materials are based on phases with a fluorite-related structure (cubic zirconia-based solid solutions, pyrochlore, zirconolite, murataite). Glass is also a suitable matrix for HLW containing fission and corrosion products, and process contaminants such as Na salts. Within the framework of the HLW partitioning concept providing separation of short-lived (Cs, Sr) and long-lived (rare earth element-ACT) fractions, glass may be used for immobilization of the Cs-Sr-bearing fraction, whereas the rare earth-ACT fraction may be incorporated in ceramics. Glass-based materials or clay-based ceramics are the most promising LILW forms, but cement and bitumen may also be applied as matrices for low-level wastes (LLW).
Relevance of analogues for long-term prediction
Authors: Crovisier Jean Louis , Advocat Thierry , Dussossoy Jean Luc 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The long-term consequences on the environment of materials containing potentially toxic elements must be assessed on the basis of experimental data obtained over short time-scales and from models of the phenomena involved over several tens of thousands of years. Predicting the future is only possible through the study of collection of past events to infer a possible long-term behaviour. However, not everything we would like to predict has already occurred in the past, nor is it necessarily observable under perfectly similar circumstances. Considering natural or artificial analogues permits us to study materials that, even if not homologous, are similar or equivalent to some of the properties of the unknown materials. Examples presented in this paper illustrates the fact that some reactions observed in short-term experiments can be validated over the long term only by examining such natural analogues.
Basaltic dykes in evaporites: a natural analogue
Authors: Steinmann Marc , Stille Peter 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
We present rare earth element (REE) data of basalt and salt samples from central Germany where basaltic dykes of Tertiary age crosscut Upper Permian rock and potash salt. The glassy rims of the dykes can be considered as a natural analogue for the corrosion of nuclear waste glass in a salt repository, whereas the REE data from the salt can serve as an analogue for radionuclide migration in salt next to a leaking nuclear waste repository because the light rare earths (LREE) have a geochemical behavior similar to that of some actinides.
Our basalt data demonstrate mobility and fractionation of the REE during postintrusive circulation of salt brines. The processes controlling this behavior of the REE were dissolution and reprecipitation of phosphate minerals. The salt data show that a small portion of the REE has left the basalt during postintrusive fluid circulation and migrated into the salt where a strong depletion of the LREE can be observed with increasing distance from the basalt contact. This fractionation is most probably due to precipitation of LREE-enriched accessory minerals such as apatite. In analogy to this, a similar behavior might be expected from actinides such as Am and Cm, which would in the case of a leaking salt nuclear waste repository probably be immobilized when phosphate minerals are present in the backfill material.
The chemistry and mineralogy of waste from retorting and combustion of oil shale
Authors: Saether O. M. , Banks D. , Kirso U. , Bityukova L. , Sorlie J. E. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

Oil shales are comprised of clastic, organic, carbonate and minor sulphide fractions. The relative proportions of these fractions influence the composition and potential environmental impact of wastes produced by mining, combustion, and retorting of these shales. Mining produces spoils and gangues, which may or may not produce acidic leachates, depending on relative proportions of sulphide and carbonate minerals. Combustion of oil shale for power production produces slag and ash, which, when deposited as huge heaps and plateaux, can generate highly alkaline leachates. Power plants also emit acid-producing and greenhouse gases (SO
2
, NO
x
, and CO
2
) and particulate matter. Emitted particulate matter is dominated by basic oxides (e.g., CaO), the fallout of which tends to neutralize any tendency to environmental acidification. Estonian oil shales are highly unfavourable in terms of greenhouse gas emissions: CO
2
is generated both by decomposition of carbonates and oxidation of organic carbon, and 0.029 t/GJ carbon (C) is emitted for an energy yield of only 9 GJ/t shale. Finally, retorting of oil shales produces organically contaminated condensate water and semi-coke solid residue, leachates from which can contain several hundred mg/L phenols.
Injection and trapping of carbon dioxide in deep saline aquifers
Authors: Saylor Beverly Z. , Zerai B. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

Carbon dioxide (CO
2
) collected from the waste streams of point sources can be injected into deep geologic formations in order to limit the emission of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. Deep saline aquifers provide the largest potential subsurface storage capacity for injected CO
2
. Once injected, free CO
2
can be retained in deep aquifers for long time periods by slow-moving, downward-directed formation waters. Over time, the injected CO
2
will dissolve in the formation waters and, through reactions with formation minerals, may be converted to carbonate minerals, resulting in permanent sequestration. Factors that influence the mass of CO
2
that can be injected and stored in free or aqueous form, and as mineral phases, are reviewed and applied to estimate storage capacity of the Rose Run Sandstone, a saline aquifer beneath eastern Ohio, USA. It is estimated that 30 years of CO
2
emissions from five of Ohio’s largest coal-fired power plants can be injected into the Rose Run Sandstone and, over time, converted to aqueous and, ultimately, mineral phases.
Geochemical impact of re-injecting geothermal waste waters: example, Larderello, Italy
Authors: Panichi Costanzo 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

The impaccts of re-injection of geothermal waste waters on the physico-chemical characteristics of the fluids of the Larderello vapour-dominated geothermal field in Tuscany (Italy) were monitored using deuterium and oxygen-18 as ‘natural’ tracers. The observed variations were due mainly to mixing between the re-injected and deep components. Large isotopic fractionations occur at depth during the evaporation of the re-injected water in the reservoir and may affect the evaluation of the recovered fluid using a simple mixing model. Stable isotope and gas/steam ratios are closely correlated in the fluid collected from the monitored wells. Maps showing the isotopic distribution of the steam and the distribution of the gas content have been generated for the whole Larderello geothermal field. Evaluation of data collected before and after re-injection reveals a good distinction between natural inflow induced by exploitation, and artificial recharge with waste fluid. Gases other than N
2
in the wells affected by injection are substantially diluted since condensates are formed by evaporation. Isotopic variations of H
2
, CH
4
, and CO
2
have been used to describe the disequilibrium conditions among gas components. This disequilibrium is induced by the settling of a liquid plume at the producing level in the reservoir.
Geophysical and mineralogical impacts of fluid injection in a geothermal system: the Hot Fractured Rock site at Soultz-sous-Forêts, France
Authors: Baldeyrou-Bailly A. , Surma F. , Fritz B. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
This paper deals with the geothermal system at Soultz-sous-Forêts, an important research site in France of the European Hot Fractured Rock project. A pilot plant is ready for electric energy production of up to 25–30 MW. Several research projects were developed in France, Switzerland, and Germany in order to study various scientific aspects of the geothermal system in parallel with the industrial development. Of primary scientific interest are the geophysical, geological, and geochemical conditions in the geothermal reservoir as well as the predictable consequences of future exploitation on the quality of the reservoir and on induced environmental problems, including: induced seismicity; rock alteration and possible formation of secondary minerals along the water pathways; and evolution of porosity and permeability in the deep aquifers. This paper focuses on two aspects: the geochemical evolution of minerals in the reservoir due to thermal gradients and fluid flow; and the evolution of physical properties of rocks during fluid injection in the wells. The petrophysical study shows that the fluid-rock interactions can be extensive in the reservoir matrix. The experimental study suggests that the fluid-mineral interactions are dynamic and that clay minerals can precipitate.
Phosphate stabilization of municipal solid waste combustion residues: geochemical principles
Authors: Eighmy T. Taylor , Dykstra Eusden J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

The use of orthophosphate (PO
4
3
−) as a chemical stabilization agent for municipal solid waste (MSW) combustion residues is widespread in Japan and North America. The application of this technology to MSW ashes generally parallels its use with other metal contaminated wastes (e.g., soils, sediments, smelter dusts, slags, wire chopping wastes, mine tailings), especially Pb-contaminated soils. The technology relies on the fact that PO
4
3
− forms very insoluble and stable minerals for a variety of divalent metal cations (e.g., Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn). Extensive data from phosphate-treated contaminated soil systems suggest that stabilization involves surface immobilization reactions involving sorption, heterogeneous nucleation and surface precipitation, and/or solution phase precipitation involving homogeneous nucleation and precipitation. A geochemical basis for use of PO
3−
4
in ash systems is presented with a focus on the wide theoretical pH distribution, pH-pE predominance and redox stability of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn phosphates within complex bottom ash pore water systems. Stabilization mechanisms in bottom ashes, scrubber residues, and vitrification dusts are similar to those observed in soil systems. Some longer term leaching behaviour of phosphate-stabilized ashes are presented. The roles of Ostwald ripening, solid solutions (e.g., (Pb,Ca)
5
(PO4)
3
OH), and kinetically controlled reaction pathways probably are more important than what is presently envisioned in phosphate-stabilized ash systems.
Development and application of the Nagra/PSI Chemical Thermodynamic Data Base 01/01
Authors: Thoenen Tres , Berner Urs , Curti Enzo , Hummel Wolfgang , Pearson F. J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

The Nagra/PSI Chemical Thermodynamic Data Base is a critical selection of thermodynamic data used to support performance assessments for planned radioactive waste repositories in Switzerland. For this purpose, the data base is focused on actinides and fission products, but also includes additional data for major elements occurring in common groundwaters. Recently, a peer-reviewed update was carried out (from data base version 05/92 to 01/01) involving major revisions for most actinides and fission products. Altogether, more than 70% of the data base contents have been revised. Most of the thermodynamic data for U, Np, Pu, Am, and Tc were adopted from the reviews by the NEA TDB project. In contrast, data for Th, Sn, Eu, Pd, Al, as well as the solubility and metal complexation of sulphides and silicates, were extensively reviewed. Less effort was put into the review of data for Zr, Ni, and Se as these elements are currently being reviewed in Phase II of the NEA TDB project. The data for metal complexation with organic ligands from data base version 05/92 were not included in this update. They will be reconsidered in a future update, after completion of the NEA TDB Phase II review of organic ligands. The chemical consistency of the selected data was checked with empirical rules related to the periodic properties of the elements and with correlations based on charge/size relations. As a result of the update, major gaps in the data base could be identified, especially with respect to missing carbonate complexes. In some systems, for example, Th(IV)-H
2
O and U(IV)-H
2
O, conflicting experimental data cannot be described by a unique set of thermodynamic constants and a pragmatic approach closely reproducing measured solubility data was chosen for application to performance assessment. The electronic version of the Nagra/PSI Chemical Thermodynamic Data Base 01/01 and information concerning its full documentation is available on the PSI web site.
Towards a consistent rate law: glass corrosion kinetics near saturation
Authors: Icenhower Jonathan P. , Samson S. , Lüttge A. , McGrail B. P. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Although glass corrosion resistance has been tested with laboratory methods for decades, investigators are now just beginning to understand the reaction phenomena at or close to saturation with respect to the rate-limiting phase(s). Near saturation, the phenomena that govern element release rates include alkali-hydrogen (species) exchange, differential reactivity of phase-separated glass, and accelerated corrosion rates due to precipitation of key secondary phases. These phenomena were not anticipated by early models of glass dissolution and are incompletely quantified in current rate representations. This review discusses the two over-arching models for glass reactivity, diffusion and surface reaction control, and demonstrates the importance of glass reactivity in terms of glass composition and micro-heterogeneity of the glass. Our conclusion is that surface reaction control best describes the release of elements to solution, but that models based on current interpretations of transition state theory (TST) must be modified to account for reported anomalies in behaviour near saturation.