bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The distribution of range sizes of native and alien plants in four European countries and the effects of residence time
Authors: Williamson Mark , Dehnen‐Schmutz Katharina , Kühn Ingolf , Hill Mark , Klotz Stefan , Milbau Ann , Stout Jane , Pyšek Petr 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTAim Do the statistical distributions of range sizes of native and alien species differ? If so, is this because of residence time effects? And can such effects indicate an average time to a maximum?Location Ireland, Britain, Germany and the Czech Republic.Methods The data are presence or absence of higher plants in mapping units of 100 km2(Ireland and Britain) orc. 130 km2(Germany and the Czech Republic) in areas varying from 79 to 357 thousand km2. Logit transforms of range sizes so defined were tested for normality, and examined by ANOVA, and by loess, ordinary least square (OLS) and reduced major axis regressions.Results Current range sizes, in logits, are near normally distributed. Those of native plants are larger than those of naturalized neophytes (plants introduced since 1500ad) and much larger than those of casual neophytes. Archaeophytes (introduced earlier) have range sizes slightly larger than natives, except in Ireland. Residence time, the time since an invasive species arrived in the wild at a certain place, affects range sizes. The relationships of the range of naturalized neophytes to residence time are effectively straight in all four places, showing no significant curvature or asymptote back to 1500, though there are few records between 1500 and 1800. The relationships have anr2of only about 10%. Both OLS regressions and reduced major axes can be used to estimate the time it takes for the range of a naturalized neophyte to reach a maximum.Main conclusions Established neophytes have smaller range size distributions than natives probably because many have not yet reached their maximum. We estimate it takes at least 150 years, possibly twice that, on average, for the maximum to be reached in areas of the order of 105km2. Policy needs to allow for the variation in rates of spread and particularly the long time needed to fill ranges. Most naturalized neophytes are still expanding their ranges in Europe.
Death, Dice, and Divination: Rethinking Religion and Play in South America
Authors: Corr Rachel 
Published: October 2008

RESUMENEn este artículo exploro la ocurrencia de juegos en rituales funerarios dentro de contextos etnográficos específicos de Sudamérica. Juegos funerarios expresan la vinculación entre rituales religiosos “serios” y actividades lúdicas en forma de apuestas, bromas, parodia, y mimesis. Juegos en velorios yuxtaponen la muerte y el humor, el duelo y la risa, el peligro y la diversión. Los motivos de los juegos funerarios no pueden enmarcarse en una sola explicación teorética sino que requieren explicaciones múltiples. En mi análisis hago referencia a explicaciones indígenas, el simbolismo comparativo de Sudamérica, y teorías antropológicas que ayudan a entender los significados múltiples de los juegos funerarios, y propongo que en muchas culturas indígenas de Sudamérica, el juego es el medio que mantiene el enlace de comunicación entre los vivos y el alma del difunto.In this article I explore the playing of games during funeral rituals in specific, South American ethnographic contexts. Funeral games express the link between “serious” religious rituals and ludic activities in the form of gambling, jokes, parody, and mimesis. Games at wakes juxtapose death and humor, grief and laughter, danger and fun. The reasons for playing cannot be reduced to one theoretical explanation but require multiple explanations. In my analysis I refer to indigenous exegesis, the comparative symbolism of South American cultures, and anthropological theories to understand the multiple meanings of funeral games, and I suggest that in many South American indigenous cultures play is the means by which the living maintain a communicative link with the soul of the deceased.
Creating Community: Land Titling, Education, and Settlement Formation Among the Ashéninka of Peruvian Amazonia
Authors: Killick Evan 
Published: October 2008

RESUMENEste artículo analiza tanto el proceso como los efectos del proceso de titulación de las tierras indígenas por parte del pueblo Ashéninka en el Perú. Aquí se toman en cuenta las relaciones entre el estado y los grupos indígenas y se muestra cómo estas relaciones pueden ocurrir en múltiples maneras, difiriendo no sólo entre distintos grupos nativos sino también al interior de un mismo grupo étnico. El artículo compara las diferentes historias de varias comunidades Ashéninka; tanto las que han luchado por la obtención de derechos a la tierra como las que han buscado su reconocimiento oficial como parte de un proceso de formalización legal. En comunidades del segundo tipo el artículo muestra que el deseo de lograr una mejor educación para sus hijos es el fundamento de la búsqueda del reconocimiento oficial. El artículo toma en cuenta los efectos que conlleva para los Ashéninka el vivir en comunidades oficialmente reconocidas. Concluye que las identidades y acciones comuna les pueden ser no una motivación sino mas bien la consecuencia en la comunidad de un reconocimiento oficial de derechos a la tierra.This article analyzes the process and effects of land titling in Ashéninka communities in eastern central Peru. Through this analysis the article considers the relationship between nation states and indigenous groups and shows how this relationship can occur in multiple ways, differing not only between distinct indigenous groups but also within a single ethnic grouping. The article compares accounts of Ashéninka communities that have had to fight for their rights to land with the experiences of communities that have sought official recognition as part of an established legal process. In these latter communities the article argues that it is the Ashéninka's desire for schooling that underpins their wish to gain official recognition. The article also considers the effects that living in defined settlements is having and concludes that communal identities and action can be a result of the recognition of land rights rather than an impetus for land rights claims.
“Para salir adelante”: The Emergence and Acceleration of International Migration in New Sending Areas of Puebla, Mexico
Authors: Lee Alison Elizabeth 
Published: October 2008

RESUMENEste artículo examina el inicio y la aceleración de la migración internacional en áreas recientemente incorporadas por las redes migratorias a través del análisis de cómo Zapotitlán Salinas, Puebla, un pueblo rural en el centro‐sur de México, fue rápidamente transformado a una comunidad de migrantes durante los últimos veinte años. A mediados de los ochenta, algunos individuos de Zapotitlán migraron a la ciudad de Nueva York para salir adelante y mejorar su calidad de vida en México. Para mediados de los noventa, el impacto local de la prolongada crisis económica en México, las políticas económicas neoliberales implementadas para contrarrestar la crisis, y otros factores locales y regionales prácticamente destruyeron la industria local del ónix, eliminando la mayoría del empleo local. Los niveles crecientes de consumo y las expectativas del consumo entre Zapotitecos junto con la ausencia de los empleos adecuados local y regionalmente afirmaron la toma de decisión de individuos para migrar, sobre todo en el contexto del empeoramiento de las condiciones económicas y sociales en México. La aceleración de la migración internacional en Zapotitlán Salinas fue acompañada por cambios en el significado y experiencia de la migración a través del tiempo.This paper examines the emergence and acceleration of international migration in new sending areas of Mexico by analyzing how Zapotitlán Salinas, Puebla, a rural town in south‐central Mexico, was rapidly transformed into a migrant sending community over the last 20 years. In the mid‐1980s, some individuals from Zapotitlán set out for New York City in order to salir adelante (do well for themselves) in the hopes of improving their standard of living in Mexico. By the mid‐1990s the local impact of Mexico's deepening economic crisis, the neoliberal economic policies implemented to counteract the crisis, and other local and regional factors virtually destroyed the town's onyx industry, eliminating most local sources of employment. Increasing levels of consumption and consumption expectations among Zapotitecos along with the lack of suitable local and regional employment options reinforced individuals' decisions to migrate, particularly in the context of worsening economic and social conditions in Mexico. The acceleration of international migration in Zapotitlán Salinas was accompanied by changes in the meaning and experience of migration over time.
The Sisterhood of Boa Morte in Brazil: Harmonious Mixture, Black Resistance, and the Politics of Religious Practice
Authors: Selka Stephen 
Published: October 2008

RESUMENEste artigo analisa a relação entre política e religião no Recôncavo Baiano, região do Nordeste brasileiro, a partir da observação da festa afro‐católica da Irmandade da Nossa Senhora da Boa Morte. No Brasil, religiões de origem africana têm sido consideradas exemplos idealizados de mistura cultural, especialmente quando combinadas às tradições européias. Entretanto, e mais recentemente, militantes que lutam contra desigualdades raciais têm tomado estas mesmas práticas religiosas como símbolos de resistência cultural. Enquanto os políticos da elite invocam a Irmandade como símbolo de mistura harmoniosa, militantes anti‐racista a interpretam como demonstração de resistência negra à dominação. Neste contexto, o artigo investiga de que modo as praticantes interpretam esta apropriação simbólica em torno de suas práticas religiosas. Especificamente, examino de que modo as irmãs da Boa Morte se utilizam destes dois discursos, o da mistura harmoniosa e o da resistência negra, para o benefício de seus próprios objetivos.This article focuses on the intersection of religion and politics in the Recôncavo region of the state of Bahia in northeastern Brazil. African‐derived religions, particular practices that combine African and European traditions, have long been cited as examples of the Brazilian ideal of cultural mixture. More recently, however, activists struggling against racial inequality have sought to claim African‐derived religions as emblems of cultural defiance. Focusing on the Afro‐Catholic festival of the Sisterhood of Our Lady of Boa Morte in the state of Bahia, I investigate how elite politicians invoke this sisterhood as a symbol of harmonious cultural and racial mixture while antiracist activists simultaneously claim it as an emblem of black resistance. Against this backdrop, I explore how practitioners have responded to and engaged politicized representations of their religion. In particular, I examine how the sisters of Boa Morte negotiate the discourses of harmonious mixture and black resistance for their own purposes.
(Re)Production Zones: Mixing Religion, Development and Desire in Rural Ecuadorian Households
Authors: DeTemple Jill 
Published: October 2008

RESUMENEntre los espacios más privados, hogares ecuatorianos rurales son aun así puntos de enfoque de varios debates públicos. Empleados de organizaciones religiosas y de desarrollos seculares trabajan en cocinas propagando mensajes sobre limpieza, nutrición y la puridad. En dormitorios, doctrinas cristianas y agendas de desarrollo secular ambas tratan el comportamiento sexual. Este artículo explora esta intersección entre la religión y el desarrollo en las zonas de contacto en espacios domésticos con una perspectiva formada en estudios religiosos. Da énfasis a los papeles que las construcciones de la realidad eclesiástica, misionera, y laica han tenido, y siguen teniendo, en la producción y reproducción de sexualidad, hogares y familias. Enfocando especialmente en las maneras en que estas construcciones emplean un discurso de deseo y su control, la autora afirma que el desarrollo sigue desplegando una orientación religiosa implícita a pesar de su retórica secular; que agentes motivadas por religión usan el desarrollo en una manera estratégica; y que los “clientes” ecuatorianos mezclan y separan la religión y el desarrollo en maneras no intentas por agentes de religión y desarrollo.Among the most private of spaces, rural Ecuadorian households are nevertheless the focus of several public debates. Personnel in both religious and development organizations work in kitchens, propagating messages about cleanliness, nutrition, and purity. In bedrooms, Christian doctrines and secular development agendas both address sexual behavior. This article explores this interplay of religion and development in the contact zones of domestic spaces from a religious studies perspective. It emphasizes the roles ecclesiastical, missionary, and lay religious constructions of reality have and do play in the production and reproduction of sexuality, households and families. Focusing especially on the ways in which these constructions employ a discourse of desire and its control, the author argues that development continues to deploy an implicit religious orientation despite its overtly secular rhetoric; that religiously motivated agents use development strategically; and that Ecuadorian “clients” mix and separate religion and development in ways unintended by religious and development agents.
Almost Paradise: The Cultural Politics of Identity and Tourism in Samaná, Dominican Republic
Authors: Skoczen Kathleen N. 
Published: October 2008

RESUMENEn la República Dominicana, el turismo es la base fundamental del desarrollo económico, transformando no sólo el paisaje social y cultural, sino también los reflejos individuales del yo, de la comunidad y de la nación. En la región noreste de Samaná, donde el turismo ha crecido y se ha establecido como una fuente importante de empleo y de especulación, los esfuerzos para controlar esta industria se han politizado. Este estudio investiga los esfuerzos de una empresa extranjera para controlar los recursos del turismo local, y la consecuente resistencia por parte de grupos locales. Este conflicto, aunque cimentado en los recursos materiales, a menudo se articuló mediante el complejo discurso de la identidad. La cultura política se convirtió en el vehículo principal por el cual se luchó para controlar bienes materiales y simbólicos. Estas disputas descubren un campo cultural en continua transformación, exponiendo la inestabilidad de unas categorías consideradas tiempo atrás como indudables.In the Dominican Republic, tourism is the dominant development strategy transforming not only the social and cultural landscape, but also individual reflections of self, community and nation. In the northeast region of Samaná, as tourism has grown and become an important source of employment and profit, the struggles to control the industry are politicized. This case study examines the attempts of a foreign company to control local tourist assets, and the ensuing struggle on the local level to resist. The conflict, although grounded in material assets, was often articulated through the complex discourse of identity. Cultural politics became a primary vehicle through which the control of material and symbolic assets was fought. These struggles bring to light a changing cultural field, exposing the instability of categories long taken for granted.
Raised by Another Mother: Informal Fostering and Kinship Ambiguities in Northwest Ecuador
Authors: Walmsley Emily 
Published: October 2008

RESUMENEl estudio del acogimiento familiar en diversos contextos culturales plantea cuestiones sobre los significados locales del parentesco, la niñez y la reproducción doméstica. Empleando el caso de Esmeraldas, una ciudad en el noroeste del Ecuador, este artículo considera cómo la costumbre de acoger a niños de una manera informal subraya tanto la flexibilidad en las redes familiares como la perdurable importancia de la consanguinidad. El material etnográfico indica que, a través de las prácticas culturales cotidianas, muchos de estos niños llegan a ser íntimamente incorporados a las redes de parentesco de las familias que los crian. Al mismo tiempo, el material indica que las experiencias de tales niños varían bastante, sugiriendo que esas redes no son siempre, ni necesariamente, abiertas e inclusivas, y que muchas veces el significado de los lazos de sangre sigue siendo muy fuerte. Para entender las relaciones ambiguas que surgen en esta situación, este estudio se enfoca en los papeles de niños en las casas esmeraldeñas, y en la manera en que los procesos sociales de incorporarlos a las redes familiares pueden, de un lado, reemplazar y, de otro lado, limitar los lazos biogenéticos del parentesco.The study of fostering practices raises questions about local meanings of kinship, childhood, and household reproduction. Using the case of Esmeraldas, a city in northwest Ecuador, the article considers how the practice of informally fostering children draws attention to a concurrent flexibility in kinship networks and enduring importance of consanguinity. The ethnographic material indicates that, through everyday cultural practices, many of these children become bound into close ties of relatedness with the families that raise them. But it also reveals that the children's experiences are extremely varied, suggesting that kin networks are not always, necessarily open and inclusive, and that the significance of blood ties often remains strong. In order to make sense of the ambiguous relationships that consequently emerge the study focuses on children's roles in Esmeraldan households and on the way in which the social processes of making them kin can both supersede and be limited by biogenetic ties of relatedness.
Essential Commitments: Identity and the Politics of Cofán Conservation
Authors: Cepek Michael L. 
Published: October 2008

RESUMENEn este artículo, exploro las implicaciones de los discursos ambientalistas indígenas a partir de una investigaciòn sobre el papel del ambientalismo en la vida cotidiana y proyectos políticos del pueblo Cofán de la Amazonía Ecuatoriana. En mi análisis de los discursos y prácticas Cofánes, me pregunto sobre el valor de una perspectiva “anti‐esencialista”, en la retórica ambientalista de los pueblos indígenas como producto instrumental de la política transnacional de identidad. En este sentido, trato de superar las falencias del anti‐esencialismo con una presentación etnográfica del sistema de valorizaciones propias de la gente de Cofán frente al ambiente Amazónico. Sostengo que la apreciación de las conexiones substantivas entre su cultura, identidad, y territorio tradicional determinan la orientación de su participación política en un proceso de auto‐determinación y que consideran compromisos de conservación en base a derechos políticos. En conclusión, las implicaciones más amplias de las propuestas políticas Cofán se encuentran asociadas a una nueva forma de relación entre la gente indígena, el estado, y los movimientos globales de conservación ambiental.In this paper, I explore the meaning of indigenous environmental discourses by investigating the role of conservationism in the everyday lives and political projects of the Cofán people of Amazonian Ecuador. In my analysis of Cofán discourse and practice, I question the productivity of “antiessentialist” approaches, which portray indigenous peoples' environmentalist rhetoric as an instrumental product of transnational identity politics. I seek to move past the blind spots of antiessentialism by constructing an ethnographic account of Cofán people's shifting valorizations of the Amazonian environment. I argue that Cofán actors' appreciation of the substantive connections between their culture, their identity, and their traditional territory orients their participation in a process of self‐determination that bases political rights on conservationist commitments. I conclude by considering the broader lessons of Cofán political proposals, which envision a novel form of interaction between indigenous peoples, nation‐states, and global environmental movements.
Acidic pre‐conditioning suppresses apoptosis and increases expression of Bcl‐xL in coronary endothelial cells under simulated ischaemia
Authors: Kumar S. , Reusch H. P. , Ladilov Y. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIschaemic pre‐conditioning has a powerful protective potential against ischaemia‐induced cell death, and acidosis is an important featur of ischaemia and can lead to apoptosis. Here we tested whether pre‐conditioning with acidosis, that is, acidic pre‐conditioning (APC), may protect coronary endothelial cells (EC) against apoptosis induced by simulated ischaemia. For pre‐conditioning, EC were exposed fo 40 min. to acidosis (pH 6.4) followed by a 14‐hrs recovery period (pH 7.4) and finally treated for 2 hrs with simulated ischaemia (glucose‐free anoxia at pH 6.4). Cells undergoing apoptosis were visualized by chromatin staining or by determination of caspase‐3 activit Simulated ischaemia in untreated EC increased caspase‐3 activity and the number of apoptotic cell (31.3 ± 1.3%versus 3.9 ± 0.6% in control). APC significantly reduced the rate of apoptosis (14.2 ± 1.3%) and caspase‐3 activity. Western blot analysis exploring the under lying mechanism leading to this protection revealed suppression of the endoplasmic reticulum‐ (reduced cleavage of caspase‐12) and mitochondria‐mediated (reduced cytochrome C release) pathways of apoptosis. These effects were associated with an over‐expression of the anti‐apoptotic protein Bcl‐xL 14 hrs after APC, whereas no effect on the expression of Bcl‐2, Bax, Bak, procaspase‐12, reticulum‐localized chaperones (GRP78, calreticulin), HSP70, HSP32 and HSP27 could be detected. Knock‐down of Bcl‐xL by siRNA‐treatment prevented the protective effect of APC. In conclusion, short acidic pre‐treatment can protect EC against ischaemic apoptosis. The mechanism of this protection consists of suppression of the endoplasmic reticulum‐ and mitochondria‐mediated pathways. Over‐expression of the anti apoptotic protein Bcl‐xL is responsible for the increased resistance to apoptosis during ischaemic insult.
Mucin immunohistochemistry in the diagnosis and mapping of extramammary Paget's disease
Authors: Smith R. F. , Stern B. H. , Smith A. A. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractExtramammary Paget's disease (EMPD) is a rare skin cancer of the genital region in which cancer cells with enlarged nuclei and pale cytoplasm are scattered singly in the affected epidermis. These cancer cells, called Paget cells, contain mucin, which is never found in normal epidermis. The oligosaccharide side chains of Paget cell mucin end with sialic acid. Sialic acid is easily detected by zirconyl haematoxylin or alcian blue. The other sugars in the oligosaccharide chains can be detected by the periodic acid‐Shiff reaction. Rarely, the diagnosis of EMPD is complicated by the absence of mucin from the Paget cells. We have examined such an atypical case. The oligosaccharide side chains, including the sialic acids, are absent. In both this case and a typical case, the Paget cells contain epithelial membrane antigen mucin (MUC1) core protein and usually contain gastric surface‐type mucin (MUC5AC) core protein, which can be stained by antibodies. Since neither core protein is found in normal epidermis, epithelial membrane antigen core protein may be the most reliable diagnostic marker for extramammary Paget's disease. In both the atypical case and the typical case of Paget's diseas, some cells that look like keratinocytes contain mucin core proteins. These may be incipient Paget cells. We suggest that using th epithelial membrane antigen core protein as a marker for the true extent of extramammary Paget's disease could facilitate complete excision and reduce the rate of recurrence.