bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative Efficacy of Stabilized Stannous Fluoride/Sodium Hexametaphosphate Dentifrice and Sodium Fluoride/Triclosan/Copolymer Dentifrice for the Prevention of Periodontitis in Xerostomic Patients: A 2‐Year Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Papas Athena , He Tao , Martuscelli Gianluca , Singh Mabi , Bartizek Robert D. , Biesbrock Aaron R. 
Published: August 2007

Background: The primary objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of a stannous fluoride (SnF2) dentifrice relative to a positive control triclosan dentifrice for prevention of clinical attachment loss (CAL) in xerostomic patients. A secondary objective was to compare the dentifrices for root caries remineralization.Methods: This was a 2‐year, randomized, double‐masked, parallel‐group study. A 0.454% SnF2/sodium hexametaphosphate dentifrice was tested versus a positive control dentifrice (sodium fluoride/0.30% triclosan/copolymer) in 440 medication‐induced xerostomic adults identified in a 1‐year, run‐in phase (no treatment) as high risk for periodontitis and root caries. During the study phase, subjects were stratified based on gender and attachment level into two groups. Subjects brushed twice a day for 60 seconds using their assigned product. Clinical examinations including probing depth, attachment level, bleeding on probing, and root caries remineralization were performed at baseline and 1 and 2 years.Results: A total of 334 subjects were evaluable. During run‐in, average CAL relative to initial examination was 1.33 mm. Probing depth increased 0.95 mm. At year 2 in the treatment phase, attachment gain was 0.77 mm for the test group and 0.79 mm for the control group versus baseline. Probing depth decreased 0.57 mm for the test group, similar to the control group (0.53 mm). These changes versus baseline were statistically significant (P <0.01) for each group. Products were not statistically significantly different from each other. Both treatments resulted in similar remineralization for root caries lesions at study completion (P = 0.40).Conclusion: The results establish comparable benefits for the SnF2 dentifrice in preventing CAL and root caries versus the sodium fluoride/triclosan/copolymer control in xerostomic patients.
Effect of Simvastatin Administration on Periodontitis‐Associated Bone Loss in Ovariectomized Rats
Authors: Vaziri Hamed , Naserhojjati‐Roodsari Reza , Tahsili‐Fahadan Nima , Khojasteh Arash , Mashhadi‐Abbas Fatemeh , Eslami Behnam , Dehpour Ahmad Reza 
Published: August 2007

Background: Hydroxyl methylglutaryl‐coenzyme A reductase inhibitors, so‐called statins, have been widely used for hyperlipidemic patients. Recently, it has been reported that they promote bone formation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of simvastatin on ligature‐induced bone resorption in the mandible of the ovariectomized rat.Methods: Forty‐nine rats were divided into seven groups; ligature was placed in all groups except group 7, which was considered the sham group: group 1 (N = 7), ovariectomy (OVX) plus simvastatin (10−6 M); group 2 (N = 7), OVX plus simvastatin (3 × 10−7 M); group 3 (N = 7), OVX plus simvastatin (10−7 M); group 4 (N = 7), OVX plus normal saline; group 5 (N = 7), OVX group; group 6 (N = 7), ligature without OVX; and group 7 (N = 7), sham surgery without OVX and ligature. Simvastatin was administered subperiosteally in the buccal fold of the bottom right first molar twice a week during the study. Four weeks after insertion of the ligatures, the animals were sacrificed. Mandibles were removed for radiologic and histologic analysis. Bone density, bone loss (BL), and attachment loss were measured. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare groups.Results: Histologic analysis showed that the simvastatin groups developed significantly less periodontal breakdown (P <0.05). BL was less in the simvastatin experimental group, but there was not a significant statistical difference between the simvastatin groups (groups 1 through 3) and the experimental control groups (groups 5 and 6; P >0.05).Conclusion: Within the limits of this study, it can be concluded that simvastatin shows protective features against the impact of periodontitis on attachment apparatus and alveolar bone.
Topical Use of a Metronidazole Gel in the Treatment of Sites With Symptoms of Recurring Chronic Inflammation
Authors: Leiknes Tom , Leknes Knut N. , Böe Olav E. , Skavland Ragnfrid J. , Lie Tryggve 
Published: August 2007

Background: Bacterial plaque accumulation at the dentogingival junction and in periodontal pockets is the major etiologic factor in all manifestations of periodontal disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether a locally delivered 25% metronidazole gel after scaling and root planing (SRP) would enhance the treatment outcome over SRP alone in periodontal pockets with symptoms of recurring chronic inflammation.Methods: Twenty‐one maintenance‐care patients, 10 men and 11 women, having at least one pair of contralateral anatomically matching proximal tooth surfaces showing probing depth ≥5 mm and bleeding on probing (BOP), were included in the study. The sites were randomized to be treated with SRP plus 25% metronidazole gel (test sites) or with SRP alone (control sites) in a split‐mouth design. Clinical evaluations were performed immediately pretreatment (baseline) and at 3 and 6 months post‐treatment.Results: Both treatments yielded a statistically significant (P = 0.001) reduction in probing depth (1.9 and 1.8 mm), gain of attachment level (1.6 and 1.0 mm), and reduction of BOP (38.1% and 33.3%) for test and control sites, respectively, at 6 months. There was no statistically significant difference between the treatments for any of the clinical parameters.Conclusion: This study indicates that a locally applied 25% metronidazole gel does not improve the treatment outcome over SRP alone in sites with recurring chronic inflammation in maintenance‐care patients.
Subantimicrobial Dose Doxycycline Effects on Osteopenic Bone Loss: Microbiologic Results
Authors: Walker Clay , Puumala Susan , Golub Lorne M. , Stoner Julie A. , Reinhardt Richard A. , Lee Hsi‐Ming , Payne Jeffrey B. 
Published: August 2007

Background: Based on microbiologic concerns, the safety of a 24‐month regimen of subantimicrobial dose doxycycline (SDD; 20 mg twice a day) was evaluated in postmenopausal osteopenic women with periodontitis in a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, randomized clinical trial.Methods: Subgingival samples were collected from two sites (probing depth ≥5 mm) in each of 128 subjects at baseline, with the same sites resampled at the conclusion of the 2‐year period. The samples were enumerated on selective and non‐selective media and on doxycycline (4 μg/ml) medium. Up to five different colonial morphologies were subcultured from the doxycycline medium, identified to species, and susceptibilities determined to doxycycline and five other antibiotics. Data were analyzed for microbial differences in total colony forming units (CFU), periodontal and opportunistic pathogens, and changes in species and in susceptibilities of isolates recovered on doxycycline medium.Results: There was no significant evidence that changes in total anaerobic counts over the treatment period (P = 0.96) differed between treatment groups. Likewise, periodontal pathogens, opportunistic pathogens, or normal flora did not differ descriptively between groups. Although there was a significant increase (P <0.001) in the total CFU recovered from the 4 μg/ml doxycycline plates at 24 months for SDD versus placebo, the percentage that was clinically resistant to doxycycline (minimal inhibitory concentration [MIC] ≥16 μg/ml) decreased over the 24‐month period in both groups and did not differ between the treatment groups (SDD: 79% to 76%; placebo: 83% to 70%; P = 0.2). There were no significant differences (P >0.28 for each) in the change in cross‐resistance between the groups for doxycycline and the other five antibiotics.Conclusions: No antimicrobial effect on the subgingival flora was detected following treatment with SDD for 24 months, relative to baseline or to placebo. The increase in initial resistance (at 4 μg/ml) did not translate into a significant increase in the percent resistant to doxycycline (MIC ≥16 μg/ml) for patients in the SDD group.
Effects of Glass Ionomer and Microfilled Composite Subgingival Restorations on Periodontal Tissue and Subgingival Biofilm: A 6‐Month Evaluation
Authors: Santos Vanessa Renata , Lucchesi Juliana Antico , Cortelli Sheila Cavalca , Amaral Cristiane Mariote , Feres Magda , Duarte Poliana Mendes 
Published: August 2007

Background: This 6‐month study evaluated the effects of resin‐modified glass‐ionomer cement (RMGI) and microfilled composite (MC) subgingival restorations on periodontal tissues and subgingival biofilm.Methods: Fifty‐four periodontally healthy patients were assigned as follows: group 1 (N = 18), root exposure (RE) without non‐carious cervical lesions (NCCL) treated with coronally positioned flap (CPF); group 2 (N = 18), RE with NCCL treated RMGI restorations plus CPF; group 3 (N = 18), RE with NCCL treated with MC restorations plus CPF. Probing depth (PD), visible local plaque score (PL), and local bleeding on probing (BOP) were assessed at baseline and 6 months after surgeries. Restored and non‐restored root recoverage (RR) was assessed at 6 months. Each experimental tooth was subgingivally sampled (baseline and 6 months) and analyzed by checkerboard DNA‐DNA hybridization.Results: Clinical results showed no significant differences among the groups regarding PL, BOP, and PD at baseline and 6 months. The RR means were similar among the groups at 6 months. Intragroup analyses revealed that the proportions of 10 periodontopathogens decreased at 6 months for the control group. For the RMGI group, there was a significant decrease in the proportions of nine periodontopathogens. For the MC group, there was a significant increase in the proportions of Fusobacterium nucleatum polymorphum and Gemella morbillorum and a decrease in five periodontopathogens. Intergroup analyses showed an increase in the proportion of F. nucleatum polymorphum for the MC group.Conclusions: In a 6‐month evaluation, well‐finished RMGI or MC subgingival restorations did not negatively affect periodontal health. Furthermore, RMGI seems to exert more positive effects on the subgingival biofilm composition than MC.
Gingival Epithelial Cell Expression of Macrophage Inflammatory Protein‐1α Induced by Interleukin‐1β and Lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Ryu Ok H. , Choi Sun J. , Linares Ana Maria G. , Song In S. , Kim Young J. , Jang Ki T. , Hart Thomas C. 
Published: August 2007

Background: Elevated levels of the macrophage inflammatory protein‐1α (MIP‐1α) are reported in inflammatory bone diseases including periodontitis. We evaluated the ability of interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) and bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) to modulate MIP‐1α expression in epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). We also evaluated the effect of MIP‐1α as an osteoclast activating factor.Methods: Human gingival epithelial cells and fibroblasts were obtained by primary cell culture. PMNs were isolated from healthy controls. Human MG63 osteosarcoma cells were used as osteoblastic cells. After incubation of each cell type with IL‐1β, Porphyromonas gingivalis LPS, and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans LPS, MIP‐1α mRNA and secreted protein levels were quantified by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, and immunohistochemistry. The ability of recombinant MIP‐1α to induce osteoclast formation was determined by tartrate resistant acid phosphatase assay.Results: MIP‐1α expression in PMNs and gingival epithelial cells was induced by IL‐1β and LPS, but neither induced MIP‐1α expression in gingival fibroblasts or osteoblastic cells. MIP‐1α was highly expressed in the basal epithelial layer of inflamed gingiva but not in healthy gingiva. MIP‐1α induced osteoclast formation at an optimal concentration of 0.05 to 2 ng/ml.Conclusions: MIP‐1α expression by gingival epithelial cells may be important in initiating inflammation by facilitating accumulation and activation of leukocytes. The ability of MIP‐1α to facilitate formation of multinuclear bone cells indicates a possible role in periodontitis‐associated bone destruction. These findings indicate MIP‐1α may play an important role in early and later stages of inflammatory‐related periodontitis.
Pharmacological and Chemical Effects of Cigarette Additives
Authors: Rabinoff Michael , Caskey Nicholas , Rissling Anthony , Park Candice 
Published: August 2007

We investigated tobacco industry documents and other sources for evidence of possible pharmacological and chemical effects of tobacco additives. Our findings indicated that more than 100 of 599 documented cigarette additives have pharmacological actions that camouflage the odor of environmental tobacco smoke emitted from cigarettes, enhance or maintain nicotine delivery, could increase the addictiveness of cigarettes, and mask symptoms and illnesses associated with smoking behaviors. Whether such uses were specifically intended for these agents is unknown. Our results provide a clear rationale for regulatory control of tobacco additives.
Low-Income Employees’ Choices Regarding Employment Benefits Aimed at Improving the Socioeconomic Determinants of Health
Authors: Danis Marion , Lovett Francis , Sabik Lindsay , Adikes Katherin , Cheng Glen , Aomo Tom 
Published: August 2007

Objectives. Socioeconomic factors are associated with reduced health status in low-income populations. We sought to identify affordable employment benefit packages that might ameliorate these socioeconomic factors and would be consonant with employees’ priorities. Methods. Working in groups (n = 53), low-income employees (n = 408; 62% women, 65% Black) from the Washington, DC, and Baltimore, Md, metropolitan area, participated in a computerized exercise in which they expressed their preference for employment benefit packages intended to address socioeconomic determinants of health. The hypothetical costs of these benefits reflected those of the average US benefit package available to low-income employees. Questionnaires ascertained sociodemographic information and attitudes. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analysis were used to examine benefit choices. Results. Groups chose offered benefits in the following descending rank order: health care, retirement, vacation, disability pay, training, job flexibility, family time, dependent care, monetary advice, anxiety assistance, wellness, housing assistance, and nutrition programs. Participants varied in their personal choices, but 78% expressed willingness to abide by their groups’ choices. Conclusions. It is possible to design employment benefits that ameliorate socioeconomic determinants of health and are acceptable to low-income employees. These benefit packages can be provided at the cost of benefit packages currently available to some low-income employees.
Associations Between Sociodemographics and Safety Belt Use in States With and Without Primary Enforcement Laws
Authors: Beck Laurie F. , Shults Ruth A. , Mack Karin A. , Ryan George W. 
Published: August 2007

Objectives.secondary enforcement laws (police may issue a safety belt citation only if the vehicle has been stopped for another reason). Methods. We analyzed 2002 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data from 50 states and the District of Columbia. We performed multivariable, log-linear regression analyses to assess the effect of sociodemographic characteristics and safety belt laws on safety belt use. Analyses were stratified by the type of enforcement permitted by state laws. Results. Reported safety belt use was higher in states that had primary versus secondary enforcement laws, both overall and for each sociodemographic characteristic examined. Safety belt use was 85% in states that had primary enforcement laws and 74% in states that had secondary enforcement laws. Cross-sectional data suggested that primary enforcement laws may have the greatest effect on sociodemographic groups that reported lower levels of safety belt use. Conclusions. Primary enforcement laws are an effective population-based strategy for reducing disparities in safety belt use and may, therefore, reduce disparities in crash-related injuries and fatalities.
The Effect on Ecological Systems of Remediation to Protect Human Health
Authors: Burger Joanna 
Published: August 2007

Environmental remediation of contaminated eco-sytems reduces stresses to these ecosystems, including stresses caused by the production, use, and storage of weapons of mass destruction. The effects of these various stressors on humans can be reduced by remediation or by blocking the exposure of humans, but blocking the exposure of resident biota is almost impossible. Remediation may involve trade-offs between reducing a minor risk to public health and increasing risks to workers and ecosystems. Remediation practices such as soil removal disrupt ecosystems, which take decades to recover. Without further human disturbances, and with low levels of exposure to stress-ors, ecosystems can recover from physical disruptions and spills. Remediation to remove negligible risk to humans can destroy delicate ecosystems for very little gain in public health.
The Prophylactic Extraction of Third Molars: A Public Health Hazard
Authors: Friedman Jay W. 
Published: August 2007

Ten million third molars (wisdom teeth) are extracted from approximately 5 million people in the United States each year at an annual cost of over $3 billion. In addition, more than 11 million patient days of “standard discomfort or disability”—pain, swelling, bruising, and malaise—result postoperatively, and more than 11000 people suffer permanent paresthesia—numbness of the lip, tongue, and cheek—as a consequence of nerve injury during the surgery. At least two thirds of these extractions, associated costs, and injuries are unnecessary, constituting a silent epidemic of iatrogenic injury that afflicts tens of thousands of people with lifelong discomfort and disability. Avoidance of prophylactic extraction of third molars can prevent this public health hazard.
Effects of treatment with polysulfated glycosaminoglycan on serum cartilage oligomeric matrix protein and C-reactive protein concentrations, serum matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 activities, and lameness in dogs with osteoarthritis
Authors: Fujiki Makoto , Shineha Joe , Yamanokuchi Kazuto , Misumi Kazuhiro , Sakamoto Hiroshi 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Objective—To investigate the effects of polysulfated glycosaminoglycan (PSGAG) treatment on serum cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) concentration, matrix metal-loproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and -9 (MMP-9) activities, C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration, and lameness scores in dogs with osteoarthritis.
Animals—16 dogs with osteoarthritis and 5 clinically normal dogs.
Procedures—Dogs with osteoarthritis had a history of chronic lameness, and osteophytes were observed on radiographic evaluation of the affected joint. Polysulfated glycosaminoglycan was administered IM twice a week for a total of 8 treatments to all dogs with osteoarthritis and to clinically normal control dogs.
Results—Lameness scores after PSGAG treatment in osteoarthritic dogs improved in 12 of the 16 dogs. Serum COMP concentrations in osteoarthritic dogs were significantly higher than in control dogs before treatment. Lameness scores in osteoarthritic dogs decreased significantly after treatment, compared with before treatment. Lameness scores of 9 dogs with hind limb lameness improved significantly after treatment; these dogs had corresponding decreases in serum COMP concentrations. After treatment, serum COMP concentrations and lameness scores of 7 dogs with forelimb lameness remained high and were significantly higher than those of dogs with hind limb lameness. Serum MMP-9 activities of dogs with forelimb lameness were significantly higher than in dogs with hind limb lameness after treatment.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—IM administration of PSGAG inhibited COMP degradation in dogs with osteoarthritis. Results indicate that decreases in serum COMP concentrations might be related to improvement in lameness after PSGAG treatment.
Comparison of two doses of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein in absorbable collagen sponges for bone healing in dogs
Authors: Schmiedt Chad W. , Lu Yan , Heaney Kathleen , Muir Peter , Amodie Deborah M. , Markel Mark D. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Objective—To determine the effects of 2 doses of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 in an absorbable collagen sponge (rhBMP-2/ACS) on bone healing in dogs.
Animals—27 adult dogs.
Procedures—Dogs underwent a mid-diaphyseal (1-mm) tibial osteotomy (stabilized with external skeletal fixation) and received an ACS containing 0.28 mg (0.2 mg/mL) or 0.56 mg (0.4 mg/mL) of rhBMP-2 or no treatment (control dogs). All dogs were examined daily; bone healing was assessed via radiography and subjective lameness evaluation every 2 weeks. After euthanasia at 8 weeks, tibiae were evaluated biomechanically and histologically.
Results—Control dogs required antimicrobial treatment for pin-site–related complications more frequently than did rhBMP-2/ACS–treated dogs. At 4 and 6 weeks, weight bearing was greater in dogs treated with rhBMP-2/ACS (0.2 mg/mL) than in control dogs, albeit not significantly. Compared with control treatment, both doses of rhBMP-2/ACS accelerated osteotomy healing at 4, 6, and 8 weeks, and the 0.2 mg/mL dose enhanced healing at 2 weeks; healing at 6 weeks was greater for the lower-dose treatment than for the higher-dose treatment. Histologically, healing at 8 weeks was significantly improved for both rhBMP-2/ACS treatments, compared with control treatment. Among groups, biomechanical variables did not differ, although less osteotomy-site failures occurred in rhBMP-2/ACS–treated groups.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In dogs that underwent tibial osteotomy, rhBMP-2/ACS (0.2 mg/mL) appeared to accelerate bone healing and reduce lameness (compared with control treatment) and apparently augmented bone healing more than rhBMP-2/ACS (0.4 mg/mL). Compared with control dogs, rhBMP-2/ACS–treated dogs required antimicrobial treatments less frequently.