bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Disturbance history influences the distribution of stream invertebrates by altering microhabitat parameters: a field experiment
Authors: EFFENBERGER MICHAEL , ENGEL JOHANNA , DIEHL SEBASTIAN , MATTHAEI CHRISTOPH D. 
Published: February 2008

Summary1. We investigated the effects of local disturbance history and several biotic and abiotic habitat parameters on the microdistribution of benthic invertebrates after an experimental disturbance in a flood‐prone German stream.2. Bed movement patterns during a moderate flood were simulated by scouring and filling stream bed patches (area 0.49 m2) to a depth of 15–20 cm. Invertebrates were investigated using ceramic tiles as standardized substrata. After 1, 8, 22, 29, 36 and 50 days, we sampled one tile from each of 16 replicates of three bed stability treatments (scour, fill and stable controls). For each tile, we also determined water depth, near‐bed current velocity, the grain size of the substratum beneath the tile, epilithic algal biomass and standing stock of particulate organic matter (POM).3. Shortly after disturbance, total invertebrate density, taxon richness and density of the common taxa Baetis spp. and Chironomidae were highest in stable patches. Several weeks after disturbance, by contrast, Baetis spp. and Hydropsychidae were most common in fill and Leuctra spp. in scour patches. The black fly Simulium spp. was most abundant in fill patches from the first day onwards. Community evenness was highest in scour patches during the entire study.4. Local disturbance history also influenced algal biomass and POM standing stock at the beginning of the experiment, and water depth, current velocity and substratum grain size throughout the experiment. Scouring mainly exposed finer substrata and caused local depressions in the stream bed characterized by slower near‐bed current velocity. Algal biomass was higher in stable and scour patches and POM was highest in scour patches. In turn, all five common invertebrate taxa were frequently correlated with one or two of these habitat parameters.5. Our results suggest that several ‘direct’ initial effects of local disturbance history on the invertebrates were subsequently replaced by ‘indirect’ effects of disturbance history (via disturbance‐induced changes in habitat parameters such as current velocity or food).
Daphnia comes of age: an ecological model in the genomic era
Authors: SCHAACK SARAH 
Published: February 2008

AbstractScientists in various subdisciplines of biology have long relied on model organisms to push the frontiers of knowledge forward as far as possible in their specific field. Today, interdisciplinary science requires model organisms that can push our understanding on multiple frontiers and help us formulate and address more complex questions. Members of the genus Daphnia represent just such an interdisciplinary model. Daphnia are aquatic microcrustaceans (also known as waterfleas) that have long been central to the study of ecology and toxicology and have recently been developed as a genomic model. A recent survey of both nuclear and mitochondrial markers in populations of the Daphnia pulex complex from high‐altitude lakes in South America (Mergeay et al. 2008, this issue) provides an excellent example of how genetic data and ecological information can be used to push the boundaries of our understanding in molecular ecology. In this species complex, extensive hybridization has occurred resulting in polyploidization and, consequently, asexuality. Their data reveal high levels of genetic diversity, incongruence in phylogenetic signal among genomes (nuclear and mitochondrial), cryptic species in the complex, and a new model for the historical spread of the species throughout the Americas. Their data indicate that genome‐level changes have occurred in this species which have profound consequences in an ecological context, the implications of which can be more fully appreciated because of our extensive knowledge of the ecology and natural history of the genus Daphnia.
Transcriptional profiling reveals elevated CO2 and elevated O3 alter resistance of soybean (Glycine max) to Japanese beetles (Popillia japonica)
Authors: CASTEEL CLARE L. , O'NEILL BRIDGET F. , ZAVALA JORGE A. , BILGIN DAMLA D. , BERENBAUM MAY R. , DeLUCIA EVAN H. 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACTThe accumulation of CO2 and O3 in the troposphere alters phytochemistry which in turn influences the interactions between plants and insects. Using microarray analysis of field‐grown soybean (Glycine max), we found that the number of transcripts in the leaves affected by herbivory by Japanese beetles (Popillia japonica) was greater when plants were grown under elevated CO2, elevated O3 and the combination of elevated CO2 plus elevated O3 than when grown in ambient atmosphere. The effect of herbivory on transcription diminished strongly with time (<1% of genes were affected by herbivory after 3 weeks), and elevated CO2 interacted more strongly with herbivory than elevated O3. The majority of transcripts affected by elevated O3 were related to antioxidant metabolism. Constitutive levels and the induction by herbivory of key transcripts associated with defence and hormone signalling were down‐regulated under elevated CO2; 1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylate (ACC) synthase, lipoxygenase (LOX), allene oxide synthase (AOS), allene oxide cyclase (AOC), chalcone synthase (CHS), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and cysteine protease inhibitor (CystPI) were lower in abundance compared with levels under ambient conditions. By suppressing the ability to mount an effective defence, elevated CO2 may decrease resistance of soybean to herbivory.
Aquaporins and plant water balance
Authors: KALDENHOFF RALF , RIBAS‐CARBO MIQUEL , SANS JAUME FLEXAS , LOVISOLO CLAUDIO , HECKWOLF MARLIES , UEHLEIN NORBERT 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACTThe impact of aquaporin function on plant water balance is discussed. The significance of these proteins for root water uptake, water conductance in the xylem, including embolism refilling and the role of plant aquaporins in leaf physiology, is described. Emphasis is placed on certain aspects of water stress reactions and the correlation of aquaporins to abscisic acid as well as on the relation of water and CO2 permeability in leaves.
PKS1 plays a role in red‐light‐based positive phototropism in roots
Authors: MOLAS MARIA LIA , KISS JOHN Z. 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACTAerial parts of plants curve towards the light (i.e. positive phototropism), and roots typically grow away from the light (i.e. negative phototropism). In addition, Arabidopsis roots exhibit positive phototropism relative to red light (RL), and this response is mediated by phytochromes A and B (phyA and phyB). Upon light stimulation, phyA and phyB interact with the phytochrome kinase substrate (PKS1) in the cytoplasm. In this study, we investigated the role of PKS1, along with phyA and phyB, in the positive phototropic responses to RL in roots. Using a high‐resolution feedback system, we studied the phenotypic responses of roots of phyA, phyB, pks1, phyA pks1 and phyB pks1 null mutants as well as the PKS1‐overexpressing line in response to RL. PKS1 emerged as an intermediary in the signalling pathways and appears to promote a negative curvature to RL in roots. In addition, phyA and phyB were both essential for a positive response to RL and act in a complementary fashion. However, either photoreceptor acting without the other results in negative curvature in response to red illumination so that the mode of action differs depending on whether phyA and phyB act independently or together. Our results suggest that PKS1 is part of a signalling pathway independent of phyA and phyB and that PKS1 modulates RL‐based root phototropism.
Lamotrigine in the acute treatment of bipolar depression: results of five double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical trials
Authors: Calabrese Joseph R , Huffman Russell F , White Robin L , Edwards Suzanne , Thompson Thomas R , Ascher John A , Monaghan Eileen T , Leadbetter Robert A 
Published: February 2008

Objectives:  The efficacy of lamotrigine as maintenance treatment for bipolar disorder (BD), particularly for delaying depressive episodes, is well established, but its efficacy in the acute treatment of bipolar depression is less clear. This paper reports the results of five randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trials of lamotrigine monotherapy for the acute treatment of bipolar depression.Methods:  Adult subjects with bipolar I or II disorder experiencing a depressive episode were randomized to placebo or lamotrigine monotherapy (after titration, at a fixed dose of 50 mg or 200 mg daily in Study 1; a flexible dose of 100–400 mg daily in Study 2; or a fixed dose of 200 mg daily in Studies 3, 4 and 5) for 7–10 weeks.Results:  Lamotrigine did not differ significantly from placebo on primary efficacy endpoints [17‐item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale in Studies 1 and 2; Montgomery–Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) in Studies 3, 4 and 5]. In Study 1, lamotrigine significantly separated from placebo on some secondary measures of efficacy, including the MADRS, the Clinical Global Impressions‐Severity (CGI‐S) and the CGI‐Improvement (CGI‐I), but seldom differed on secondary efficacy endpoints for the other studies.Conclusions:  Lamotrigine monotherapy did not demonstrate efficacy in the acute treatment of bipolar depression in four out of five placebo‐controlled clinical studies. Lamotrigine was well tolerated in the acute treatment of bipolar depression.
Circadian activity rhythm abnormalities in ill and recovered bipolar I disorder patients
Authors: Salvatore Paola , Ghidini Stefano , Zita Gianmaria , Panfilis Chiara De , Lambertino Samuele , Maggini Carlo , Baldessarini Ross J 
Published: February 2008

Objectives:  Most physiological indicators of bipolar disorder (BPD) reflect current acute illness, and rarely have proved to be state‐independent. Activity rhythms are highly abnormal in acute phases of BPD; we compared circadian activity rhythms in BPD I patients during ill and recovered states to those of normal controls to test the hypothesis that some abnormalities may persist.Methods:  We compared 36 adult DSM‐IV BPD I patients during acute mania or mixed states, and during full and sustained clinical recovery, to 32 healthy controls of similar age and sex distribution, using wrist‐worn, piezoelectric actigraphic monitoring for 72 h and computed cosinor analysis of circadian activity rhythms.Results:  We verified expected major differences between manic or mixed‐state BPD I patients and matched normal controls, including phase advances averaging 2.1 h in ill BPD I patients and 1.8 h in recovered patients. Moreover, recovered BPD patients differed highly significantly from controls in several measures, including acrophase advance, higher percentage of nocturnal sleep, and lower average daily activity (mesor). Actigraphic measures among recovered BPD patients were independent of ratings of mania (on the Young Mania Rating Scale), depression (on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale), or rating‐scale scored subjective distress, as well as the type and dose of concurrent psychotropic medication.Conclusions:  These findings suggest that abnormal activity rhythms, including sustained phase advances, may represent enduring (trait) characteristics of BPD patients even during clinical recovery. If verified, such indices may be useful in supporting diagnoses and as an objective phenotype for genetic or other biological studies.
Defining biological communication
Authors: SCOTT‐PHILLIPS T. C. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractCommunication is ubiquitous in biology, and agreement on terms essential for scientific progress. Yet there is no agreed definition of biological communication. Definitions couched in terms of adaptation are often used, but there is significant variability in exactly which criteria are invoked. An alternative is to define communication in terms of information transfer. This article reviews the merits of these approaches, and argues that the former is to be preferred, so long as we demand thatboththe signalandthe response be adaptive, rather than just one or the other, as is common. Specific concerns with the definition are addressed, and it is then explained why an account of communication predicated on information transfer is necessarily derivative upon such an approach. Other alternatives and some variants of the adaptationist definition are also briefly discussed.
Factors affecting captures of male citrus leafminer,Phyllocnistis citrellaStainton, in pheromone‐baited traps
Authors: Stelinski L. L. , Rogers M. E. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe citrus leafminer,Phyllocnistis citrellaStainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), is an important world‐wide pest of citrus. Larval mining within leaf flush impacts yield and predisposes trees to infection by citrus canker,Xanthomonas axonopodispv. citri. The present series of studies sought to identify factors affecting maleP. citrellacatch in pheromone‐baited traps with the intent of developing effective monitoring. A commercially available pheromone lure (Citralure, ISCA Technologies, Riverside, CA, USA) was highly effective in attracting maleP. citrellato traps. Pherocon VI Delta (Trécé Inc., Adair, OK, USA) traps baited with a Citralure captured more maleP. citrellathan identically baited Pherocon IC Wing traps (Trécé Inc.). The superiority of the Delta‐style trap was found to be due to a 3 cm long closing latch that likely prevents males from flying directly through the trap without capture. Within canopies of mature citrus trees (approximately 3.5 m high), traps at mid‐canopy height (2.0 m) captured more males than traps placed higher (3.5 m) or lower (0.6 m). On the canopy perimeter and in between canopies, traps near ground level (0.6 m height) captured more males than traps at 2.0 and 3.5 m heights. Male catch was greater within the tree canopy or on the canopy perimeter than 2.0 away from the canopy. Traps deployed in trees on the edge of groves captured more males than traps placed 120 and 240 m away from the grove edge and within the grove interior. In non‐pheromone‐treated grove plots, the optimal dosage for catching males was between 0.1 and 1.0 mg of the 3 : 1 blend of (Z,Z,E)‐7,11,13‐hexadecatrienal and (Z,Z)‐7,11‐hexadecadienal; however, in pheromone‐treated plots a higher 10.0 mg dosage lure was most effective. Male catch in pheromone‐baited traps exhibited a diel rhythm with most males captured during scotophase (22:00–23:00 h) and no males captured during photophase.
Indole Glucosinolates and Camalexin do not Influence the Development of the Clubroot Disease in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Siemens J. , Glawischnig E. , Ludwig‐Müller J. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractRoot galls of Brassicaceae caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae are dependent on increased auxin and cytokinin formation. In this study we investigated whether indole glucosinolates are involved in indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA) biosynthesis in root galls, by using a genetic approach. The cytochrome P450 enzymes, CYP79B2 and CYP79B3, convert tryptophan to indole‐3‐acetaldoxime (IAOx), which is a precursor for indole glucosinolates and the phytoalexin camalexin in Arabidopsis thaliana. Root galls of the Arabidopsis ecotypes Wassilewskija (WS) and Columbia (Col) accumulated camalexin, WS at levels up to 320 μg/g dry weight. By contrast, camalexin was absent in root galls of cyp79b2/b3 double mutants. Infection rate and disease index as a measure of club development in mutant and wild‐type plants of the two ecotypes were investigated and no differences were found in gall formation. This demonstrates that camalexin is an ineffective inhibitor of P. brassicae and indole glucosinolates are not the source of elevated levels of IAA in galls, because free IAA levels in mutant galls were comparable with those in wild type.
Complete Genome Sequence of a Chinese Isolate ofPotato virus Xand Analysis of Genetic Diversity
Authors: Yu X.‐Q. , Wang H.‐Y. , Lan Y.‐F. , Zhu X.‐P. , Li X.‐D. , Fan Z.‐F. , Li H.‐F. , Wang Y.‐Y. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe complete genomic sequence of a ChinesePotato virus Xisolate FX21 (PVX‐FX21) was determined from three overlapping cDNA clones. The genome of PVX‐FX21 is 6435 nucleotides in length excluding the poly(A) tail and contains five open reading frames (ORFs). Its entire genomic sequence shares 95.2–96.3% identities with Asian and European isolates, and 77.3–77.8% with American isolates. Phylogenetic analysis of the complete genomic sequence reveals two groups: the Eurasian group and the American group. PVX‐FX21 belongs to the Eurasian group and forms a separate sub‐branch with three Asian isolates. Similar analyses of the coat protein genes of 37 PVX isolates also reveal two major groups. All PVX isolates from Asia are clustered to group I, whereas isolates from Europe and America are clustered to both groups. Nucleotide sequence diversity analyses show that there is no geographical differentiation between PVX isolates and that constraint on the ORF encoding RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase is much higher than those on the other four ORFs.
Cancer control and the preservation of neurovascular tissue: how to meet competing goals during robotic radical prostatectomy
Authors: Tewari Ashutosh , Rao Sandhya , Martinez‐Salamanca Juan I. , Leung Robert , Ramanathan Rajan , Mandhani Anil , Vaughan E. Darracott , Menon Mani , Horninger Wolfgang , Tu Jiangling , Bartsch Georg 
Published: February 2008

Study Type – Therapy (case series)  Level of Evidence 4OBJECTIVETo present early functional and oncological data for the athermal trizonal nerve‐sparing technique of robotic radical prostatectomy (RP), that addresses the concerns about deviations from the principles of open RP and revisits the anatomical foundations of this surgery from the robotic perspective.PATIENTS AND METHODSThe study involved close collaboration between the Cornell Institute of Robotic Surgery in New York, USA, and the Institute of Urology at the University of Innsbruck in Austria. The cadaveric studies and standardization of the athermal technique were conducted at Innsbruck, and the technique was used in 215 patients in New York.RESULTSThe athermal technique addresses concerns about the use of thermal energy and bulldog clamps during nerve sparing, and emphasizes the importance of the trizonal neural architecture. We analysed the surgical outcomes of 215 consecutive patients from January 2005. The operative duration was 120–240 min and the mean blood loss was 150 mL. In patients potent before RP the potency rate at 1 year after bilateral nerve‐sparing was 87%. The overall surgical margin rate was 6.5% and positive margin rates for organ‐confined cancer were 4.7%.CONCLUSIONWe describe the athermal technique of robotic RP and introduce the concept of trizonal nerve preservation. The immediate oncological and sexual outcomes were encouraging.
The creation of coevalness and the danger of homochronism
Authors: Birth Kevin 
Published: February 2008

Johannes Fabian'sTime and the Othercriticized anthropology for creating representations that placed the Other outside the flow of time. Fabian offered the ethnographic portrayal of coevalness as a solution to this problem. This article explores four challenges to the representation of coevalness: the split temporalities of the ethnographer; the multiple temporalities of different histories; the culturally influenced phenomenological present; and the complicated relationship between culturally variable concepts of being and becoming and cultural concepts of time. Based on these challenges, this article argues that some attempts at ethnographic coevalness have fostered a temporal framework of homochronism which subsumes the Other into academic discourses of history. To achieve coevalness and to avoid homochronism and allochronism, it is necessary to represent the temporal frameworks that research subjects use to forge coevalness with ethnographers, and to place these frameworks in relationship to commonly used academic representations of time and history.RésuméDans son livreLe Temps et les Autres,Johannes Fabian critiquait la création par l’anthropologie de représentations plaçant l’Autre en dehors du flux du temps. Selon lui, la description ethnographique de la contemporanéité pourrait être la solution à ce problème. Le présent article explore les quatre difficultés que pose la représentation de la contemporanéité : temporalités dissociées de l’ethnographe, temporalités multiples des différentes histoires, présent phénoménologique culturellement informé, relation complexe entre les concepts culturellement variables de l’être et du devenir et les concepts culturel du temps. Sur la base de ces difficultés, l’auteur avance que certaines tentatives de contemporanéité ethnographique ont suscité un cadre temporel d’homochronie qui subsume l’Autre dans les discours académiques sur l’histoire. Pour parvenir à la contemporanéité et éviter homochronie et allochronie, il est nécessaire de représenter les cadres temporels utilisés par les enquêtés pour forger la contemporanéité avec les ethnographes et de resituer ces cadres en relation avec les représentations académiques du temps et de l’histoire qui prévalent habituellement.
Three modes of experimentation with art and ethnography
Authors: Schneider Arnd 
Published: February 2008

Whilst theWriting culturecritique since the mid‐1980s has led to a number of experiments with ethnographic writing, the visual side has been neglected. Thus this article argues that by looking at the work of Oppitz, Downey, and Lockhart, which has not been considered in the canon of visual and general anthropology, anthropologists can develop new strategies of visual representation and research in regard to (1) conceptualizing closeness to and distance from the ethnographic subject, (2) the multiple positioning of the participant observer, and (3) developing new formal possibilities of visual representation. In doing so, anthropologists can start to address the unfulfilled potential of visual experimentation inherent in theWriting culturecritique. This article then discusses three examples of experimentation with art and ethnography, that is,Shamans of the Blind Country, by anthropologist and film director Michael Oppitz (part‐narrated by the writer William S. Burroughs), the video‐ and installation work of pioneer video artist Juan Downey among the Yanomamö, and the experimental film and photographic workTeatro Amazonasby contemporary artist Sharon Lockhart in Brazil, based on a collaboration with anthropologists.RésuméAlors que la critique issue deWriting culturea suscité, depuis le milieu des années 1980, de nombreuses expériences d’écriture ethnographique, le côté visuel de l’ethnographie a été négligé. L’auteur avance donc qu’en examinant les travaux d’Oppitz, Downey et Lockhart, qui n’ont pas été incluses dans les œuvres canoniques de l’anthropologie visuelle générale, les anthropologues peuvent élaborer de nouvelles stratégies de représentation visuelle et de recherches sur (1) la conceptualisation de la proximité et de la distance par rapport au sujet ethnographique, (2) le positionnement multiple de l’observateur participant et (3) le développement de nouvelles possibilités formelles de représentation visuelle. Par ce biais, les anthropologues peuvent commencer à exploiter le potentiel inexploré de l’expérimentation visuelle contenue dans l’approche «Writing culture». Le présent article discute ensuite trois exemples d’expérimentation de l’art et de l’ethnographie, à savoirShamans of the Blind Country, par l’anthropologue et cinéaste Michael Oppitz (dont la narration est due en partie au romancier William S. Burroughs), le travail de vidéo et d’installation du vidéaste pionnier Juan Downey chez les Yanomamö et l’œuvre cinématographique et photographiqueTeatro Amazonasde l’artiste contemporaine Sharon Lockhart au Brésil, réalisée en collaboration avec des anthropologues.