bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of phonology in non-native word learning: Evidence from cross-situational statistical learning
Authors: Ge Yuxin , Monaghan Padraic , Rebuschat Patrick 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Adults often encounter difficulty perceiving and processing sounds of a second language (L2). In order to acquire word-meaning mappings, learners need to determine what the language-relevant phonological contrasts are in the language. In this study, we examined the influence of phonology on non-native word learning, determining whether the language-relevant phonological contrasts could be acquired by abstracting over multiple experiences, and whether awareness of these contrasts could be related to learning. We trained English- and Mandarin-native speakers with pseudowords via a cross-situational statistical learning task (CSL). Learners were able to acquire the phonological contrasts across multiple situations, but similar-sounding words (i.e., minimal pairs) were harder to acquire, and words that contrast in a non-native suprasegmental feature (i.e., Mandarin lexical tone) were even harder for English-speakers, even with extended exposure. Furthermore, awareness of the non-native phonology was not found to relate to learning.
Do Women Politicians Know More about Women’s Policy Preferences? Evidence from Canada
Authors: Franceschet Susan , Lucas Jack , Rayment Erica 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThis study draws together theories of women’s substantive representation and research on politicians’ knowledge of constituent preferences. We ask whether politicians are better at predicting their constituents’ policy preferences when they share the same gender. In doing so, we contribute to knowledge about the mechanisms underlying substantive representation. Using original surveys of 3,750 Canadians and 867 elected politicians, we test whether politicians correctly perceive gender gaps in their constituents’ policy preferences and whether women politicians are better at correctly identifying the policy preferences of women constituents. Contrary to expectations from previous research, we do not find elected women to be better at predicting the preferences of women constituents. Instead, we find that all politicians — regardless of their gender — perform better when predicting women’s policy preferences and worse when predicting men’s preferences. The gender of the constituent matters more than the gender of the politician.
Automated Bedform Identification—A Meta‐Analysis of Current Methods and the Heterogeneity of Their Outputs
Authors: Scheiber Leon , Zomer Judith , Wang Li , Cisneros Julia , Gutierrez Ronald R. , Lefebvre Alice 
Published: March 2024

AbstractOngoing efforts to characterize underwater dunes have led to a considerable number of freely available tools that identify these bedforms in a (semi‐)automated way. However, these tools differ with regard to their research focus and appear to produce results that are far from unequivocal. We scrutinize this assumption by comparing the results of five recently published dune identification tools in a comprehensive meta‐analysis. Specifically, we analyze dune populations identified in three bathymetries under diverse flow conditions and compare the resulting dune characteristics in a quantitative manner. Besides the impact of underlying definitions, it is shown that the main heterogeneity arises from the consideration of a secondary dune scale, which has a significant influence on statistical distributions. Based on the quantitative results, we discuss the individual strengths and limitations of each algorithm, with the aim of outlining adequate fields of application. However, the concerted bedform analysis and subsequent combination of results have another benefit: the creation of a benchmarking data set which is inherently less biased by individual focus and therefore a valuable instrument for future validations. Nevertheless, it is apparent that the available tools are still very specific and that end‐users would profit by their merging into a universal and modular toolbox.
North Atlantic Temperature Change Across the Eocene‐Oligocene Transition From Clumped Isotopes
Authors: Kocken Ilja J. , Nooteboom Peter D. , van der Veen Kasper , Coxall Helen K. , Müller Inigo A. , Meckler A. Nele , Ziegler Martin 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThe Eocene‐Oligocene transition (EOT) (∼34 Ma) is marked by the rapid development of a semi‐permanent Antarctic ice‐sheet, as indicated by ice‐rafted debris and a 1–1.5‰ increase in deep sea δ18O. Proxy reconstructions indicate a drop in atmospheric CO2 and global cooling. How these changes affected surface ocean temperatures in the North Atlantic and ocean water stratification remains poorly constrained. In this study, we apply clumped‐isotope thermometry to well‐preserved planktonic foraminifera, that are associated with lower mixed‐layer to subthermocline dwelling depths from the drift sediments at international ocean discovery program Site 1411, Newfoundland, across four intervals bracketing the EOT. The thermocline/lower mixed‐layer dwelling foraminifera record a cooling of 1.9 ± 3.5 K (mean ± 95% CI) across the EOT. While the cooling amplitude is similar to previous sea surface temperature (SST) reconstructions, absolute temperatures (Eocene 20.0 ± 2.9°C, Oligocene 18.0 ± 2.2°C) appear colder than previous organic proxy reconstructions for the northernmost Atlantic extrapolated to this location. We discuss seasonal bias, recording depth, and appropriate consideration of paleolatitudes, all of which complicate the comparison between SST reconstructions and model output. Our subthermocline dwelling foraminifera record a larger cooling across the EOT (Eocene 19.0 ± 3.5°C, Oligocene 13.0 ± 3.2°C, cooling of 5.5 ± 4.6 K) than foraminifera from the thermocline/lower mixed‐layer, consistent with global cooling and an increase in ocean stratification which may be related to the onset or intensification of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation.
Learned Regularizations for Multi‐Parameter Elastic Full Waveform Inversion Using Diffusion Models
Authors: Taufik Mohammad H. , Wang Fu , Alkhalifah Tariq 
Published: March 2024

AbstractElastic full waveform inversion (EFWI) promises to account for the Earth's elastic nature and corresponding reflectivity, which is often disregarded in the commonly used acoustic FWI. However, EFWI usually requires a more sophisticated recording apparatus (beyond the usual single‐component data). Even in the presence of multicomponent recordings, an empirical formulation that relates the elastic parameters is usually employed. Such approximations, thus, render the inverted elastic parameters (and their relationship) hostage to our assumptions. To overcome these limitations, we introduce learned regularization using diffusion models. Specifically, we first train the (unsupervised) diffusion model to understand the coupling relationship of the distribution of the elastic parameters and use the trained model in the inversion process with a negligible additional computational cost. To fully realize the effect of our regularization and to mimic a realistic scenario, the vertical component of the particle velocity is used to invert the elastic parameters. Unlike other learned (deep) regularizers, diffusion models offer a unique conditional capability that suits the nature of an FWI process (going from low to high frequency) while maintaining the problem‐agnostic feature of such regularizers. Numerical experiments, ranging from synthetic to land field data, show that our framework solves the illumination effects from an imperfect acquisition setup and provides more realistic elastic parameter ratios than the conventional EFWI. We also empirically demonstrate that, unlike traditional regularization schemes, our framework converges to better model estimates that fit the observed data better.
Acetyl-CoA synthetase 2 contributes to a better prognosis for liver cancer by switching acetate-glucose metabolism
Authors: Jung Kyung Hee , Lee Sujin , Kim Han Sun , Kim Jin-Mo , Lee Yun Ji , Park Min Seok , Seo Myeong-Seong , Lee Misu , Yun Mijin , Park Sunghyouk , Hong Soon-Sun 
Published: March 2024

AbstractAcetyl-CoA synthetase 2 (ACSS2)-dependent acetate usage has generally been associated with tumorigenesis and increased malignancy in cancers under nutrient-depleted conditions. However, the nutrient usage and metabolic characteristics of the liver differ from those of other organs; therefore, the mechanism of ACSS2-mediated acetate metabolism may also differ in liver cancer. To elucidate the underlying mechanisms of ACSS2 in liver cancer and acetate metabolism, the relationships between patient acetate uptake and metabolic characteristics and between ACSS2 and tumor malignancies were comprehensively studied in vitro, in vivo and in humans. Clinically, we initially found that ACSS2 expression was decreased in liver cancer patients. Moreover, PET-CT imaging confirmed that lower-grade cancer cells take up more 11C-acetate but less 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG); however, this trend was reversed in higher-grade cancer. Among liver cancer cells, those with high ACSS2 expression avidly absorbed acetate even in a glucose-sufficient environment, whereas those with low ACSS2 expression did not, thereby showing correlations with their respective ACSS2 expression. Metabolomic isotope tracing in vitro and in vivo revealed greater acetate incorporation, greater lipid anabolic metabolism, and less malignancy in high-ACSS2 tumors. Notably, ACSS2 downregulation in liver cancer cells was associated with increased tumor occurrence in vivo. In human patient cohorts, patients in the low-ACSS2 subgroup exhibited reduced anabolism, increased glycolysis/hypoxia, and poorer prognosis. We demonstrated that acetate uptake by ACSS2 in liver cancer is independent of glucose depletion and contributes to lipid anabolic metabolism and reduced malignancy, thereby leading to a better prognosis for liver cancer patients.
Deep-potential enabled multiscale simulation of gallium nitride devices on boron arsenide cooling substrates
Authors: Wu Jing , Zhou E , Huang An , Zhang Hongbin , Hu Ming , Qin Guangzhao 
Published: March 2024

AbstractHigh-efficient heat dissipation plays critical role for high-power-density electronics. Experimental synthesis of ultrahigh thermal conductivity boron arsenide (BAs, 1300 W m−1K−1) cooling substrates into the wide-bandgap semiconductor of gallium nitride (GaN) devices has been realized. However, the lack of systematic analysis on the heat transfer across the GaN-BAs interface hampers the practical applications. In this study, by constructing the accurate and high-efficient machine learning interatomic potentials, we perform multiscale simulations of the GaN-BAs heterostructures. Ultrahigh interfacial thermal conductance of 260 MW m−2K−1 is achieved, which lies in the well-matched lattice vibrations of BAs and GaN. The strong temperature dependence of interfacial thermal conductance is found between 300 to 450 K. Moreover, the competition between grain size and boundary resistance is revealed with size increasing from 1 nm to 1000 μm. Such deep-potential equipped multiscale simulations not only promote the practical applications of BAs cooling substrates in electronics, but also offer approach for designing advanced thermal management systems.
Dynamic three-dimensional structures of a metal–organic framework captured with femtosecond serial crystallography
Authors: Kang Jaedong , Lee Yunbeom , Lee Seonggon , Ki Hosung , Kim Jungmin , Gu Jain , Cha Yongjun , Heo Jun , Lee Kyung Won , Kim Seong Ok , Park Jaehyun , Park Sang-Youn , Kim Sangsoo , Ma Rory , Eom Intae , Kim Minseok , Kim Jeongho , Lee Jae Hyuk , Ihee Hyotcherl 
Published: March 2024

AbstractCrystalline systems consisting of small-molecule building blocks have emerged as promising materials with diverse applications. It is of great importance to characterize not only their static structures but also the conversion of their structures in response to external stimuli. Femtosecond time-resolved crystallography has the potential to probe the real-time dynamics of structural transitions, but, thus far, this has not been realized for chemical reactions in non-biological crystals. In this study, we applied time-resolved serial femtosecond crystallography (TR-SFX), a powerful technique for visualizing protein structural dynamics, to a metal–organic framework, consisting of Fe porphyrins and hexazirconium nodes, and elucidated its structural dynamics. The time-resolved electron density maps derived from the TR-SFX data unveil trifurcating structural pathways: coherent oscillatory movements of Zr and Fe atoms, a transient structure with the Fe porphyrins and Zr6 nodes undergoing doming and disordering movements, respectively, and a vibrationally hot structure with isotropic structural disorder. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of using TR-SFX to study chemical systems.
Diurnal warming rectification in the tropical Pacific linked to sea surface temperature front
Authors: Cronin Meghan F. , Zhang Dongxiao , Wills Samantha M. , Reeves Eyre J. E. Jack , Thompson LuAnne , Anderson Nathan 
Published: March 2024

AbstractSharp and rapid changes in the sea surface temperature (SST) associated with fronts and the diurnal cycle can drive changes in the atmospheric boundary-layer stability and circulation. Here we show how a one-dimensional surface ocean model forced with either high-resolution or daily averaged surface fluxes can be used to distinguish diurnal versus frontal SST anomalies observed from an uncrewed surface vehicle. The model, forced with daily satellite fluxes, shows that the diurnal warming is largest within the equatorial Pacific cold tongue of SST. The strong persistent SST front north of the cold tongue is evident in both the oceanic and atmospheric boundary-layer stability scales and, as a consequence, in the magnitude of the diurnal ocean warming. Using SST, barometric pressure and surface wind measurements from moorings at 0°, 95° W and 2° N, 95° W, we show that the front in the SST diurnal warming results in a weakened SST front in the afternoon and a corresponding reduced meridional gradient in the barometric pressure that appears to contribute to a diurnal pulsing of the surface meridional winds. To the extent that these modulate the surface branch of the Hadley cell, these diurnal variations may have remote impacts.
Quantum interference enhances the performance of single-molecule transistors
Authors: Chen Zhixin , Grace Iain M. , Woltering Steffen L. , Chen Lina , Gee Alex , Baugh Jonathan , Briggs G. Andrew D. , Bogani Lapo , Mol Jan A. , Lambert Colin J. , Anderson Harry L. , Thomas James O. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractQuantum effects in nanoscale electronic devices promise to lead to new types of functionality not achievable using classical electronic components. However, quantum behaviour also presents an unresolved challenge facing electronics at the few-nanometre scale: resistive channels start leaking owing to quantum tunnelling. This affects the performance of nanoscale transistors, with direct source–drain tunnelling degrading switching ratios and subthreshold swings, and ultimately limiting operating frequency due to increased static power dissipation. The usual strategy to mitigate quantum effects has been to increase device complexity, but theory shows that if quantum effects can be exploited in molecular-scale electronics, this could provide a route to lower energy consumption and boost device performance. Here we demonstrate these effects experimentally, showing how the performance of molecular transistors is improved when the resistive channel contains two destructively interfering waves. We use a zinc-porphyrin coupled to graphene electrodes in a three-terminal transistor to demonstrate a >104 conductance-switching ratio, a subthreshold swing at the thermionic limit, a >7 kHz operating frequency and stability over >105 cycles. We fully map the anti-resonance interference features in conductance, reproduce the behaviour by density functional theory calculations and trace back the high performance to the coupling between molecular orbitals and graphene edge states. These results demonstrate how the quantum nature of electron transmission at the nanoscale can enhance, rather than degrade, device performance, and highlight directions for future development of miniaturized electronics.
Physics-assisted machine learning for THz time-domain spectroscopy: sensing leaf wetness
Authors: Koumans Milan , Meulendijks Daan , Middeljans Haiko , Peeters Djero , Douma Jacob C. , van Mechelen Dook 
Published: March 2024

AbstractSignal processing techniques are of vital importance to bring THz spectroscopy to a maturity level to reach practical applications. In this work, we illustrate the use of machine learning techniques for THz time-domain spectroscopy assisted by domain knowledge based on light–matter interactions. We aim at the potential agriculture application to determine the amount of free water on plant leaves, so-called leaf wetness. This quantity is important for understanding and predicting plant diseases that need leaf wetness for disease development. The overall transmission of 12,000 distinct water droplet patterns on a plastized leaf was experimentally acquired using THz time-domain spectroscopy. We report on key insights of applying decision trees and convolutional neural networks to the data using physics-motivated choices. Eventually, we discuss the generalizability of these models to determine leaf wetness after testing them on cases with increasing deviations from the training set.
Visualization of bone formation in sheep’s middle ear by using fluorochrome sequential labelling (FSL)
Authors: Kemper Max , Kluge Anne , Ney Michael , Beleites Thomas , Zeidler-Rentzsch Ines , Keil Christiane , Zahnert Thomas , Neudert Marcus 
Published: March 2024

AbstractOne factor for the lacking integration of the middle ear stapes footplate prosthesis or the missing healing of stapes footplate fractures could be the known osteogenic inactivity. In contrast, it was recently demonstrated that titanium prostheses with an applied collagen matrix and immobilised growth factors stimulate osteoblastic activation and differentiation on the stapes footplate. Regarding those findings, the aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of bone regeneration including bone remodeling in the middle ear. Ten one-year-old female merino sheep underwent a middle ear surgery without implantation of middle ear prostheses or any other component for activating bone formation. Post-operatively, four fluorochromes (tetracycline, alizarin complexion, calcein green and xylenol orange) were administered by subcutaneous injection at different time points after surgery (1 day: tetracycline, 7 days: alizarin, 14 days: calcein, 28 days: xylenol). After 12 weeks, the temporal bones including the lateral skull base were extracted and histologically analyzed. Fluorescence microscopy analysis of the entire stapes with the oval niche, but in particular stapes footplate and the Crura stapedis revealed evidence of new bone formation. Calcein was detected in all and xylenol in 60% of the animals. In contrast, tetracycline and alizarin could only be verified in two animals. The authors were able to demonstrate the osseoregenerative potential of the middle ear, in particular of the stapes footplate, using fluorescence sequence labelling.
Single-cell RNA sequencing unveils tumor heterogeneity and immune microenvironment between subungual and plantar melanoma
Authors: Wang Panpan , Ma Yangyang , Zhao Yige , Li Yong , Tang Chenyu , Wang Shiwen , Jin Sha , Wang Jiaqi , Zhu Mengyan , Xie Bo , Wang Ping 
Published: March 2024

AbstractAcral melanoma (AM) is a subtype of melanoma with high prevalence in East Asians. AM is characterized by greater aggressiveness and lower survival rates. However, there are still fewer studies on immune mechanisms of AM especially subungual melanoma (SM) versus non-subungual melanoma (NSM). In order to explore tumor heterogeneity and immune microenvironment in different subtypes of AM, we applied single-cell RNA sequencing to 24,789 single cells isolated from the SM and plantar melanoma (PM) patients. Aspects of tumor heterogeneity, melanocytes from PM and SM had significant differences in gene expression, CNV and pathways in which tumor-associated such as NF-kb and Wnt were involved. Regarding the immune microenvironment, PM contained more fibroblasts and T/NK cells. The EPHA3-EFNA1 axis was expressed only in cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) and melanocytes of PM, and the TIGIT-NECTIN2 axis was expressed in both AM subtypes of T/NK cells and melanocytes. Altogether, our study helps to elucidate the tumor heterogeneity in AM subpopulations and provides potential therapeutic targets for clinical research.
Attenuation of A(H7N9) influenza virus infection in mice exposed to cigarette smoke
Authors: Fukuyama Satoshi , Shoemaker Jason E. , Zhao Dongming , Nagajima Noriko , Tomita Yuriko , Maemura Tadashi , da Silva Lopes Tiago Jose , Watanabe Tokiko , Yamayoshi Seiya , Hasegawa Hideki , Kawaoka Yoshihiro 
Published: March 2024

AbstractInfluenza A(H7N9) virus showed high pathogenicity in humans when it emerged in 2013. Cigarette smoke (CS) causes pulmonary diseases including bronchitis, emphysema, and lung cancer. Although habitual smoking is thought to increase the risk of severe seasonal influenza virus infection, its effect on A(H7N9) virus infection is poorly understood. Here, we employed a mouse model of long-term exposure to CS to investigate the effect of CS on the pathogenicity of A(H7N9) virus infection. Unexpectedly, body weight loss for mice exposed to CS was milder than that for mock-treated mice upon A(H7N9) virus infection. CS exposure improved the survival rate of A(H7N9) virus-infected mice even though virus titers and pathological changes in the lungs were not significantly different between CS-exposed and control mice. Microarray analysis showed that CS-exposure activates cytokine/chemokine activity, immune response, and cell cycle activities that resemble reactivities against A(H7N9) virus infection. Therefore, under conditions where cytokine and chemokine expression in the lungs is already high due to CS exposure, the enhanced expression of cytokines and chemokines caused by A(H7N9) virus infection might be less harmful to the organs compared to the rapid increase in cytokine and chemokine expression in the air-exposed mice due to the infection. CS may thus induce immunoregulatory effects that attenuate severe pulmonary disease during A(H7N9) virus infection. However, these findings do not support CS exposure due to its many other proven negative health effects.
Jump-starting life: balancing transposable element co-option and genome integrity in the developing mammalian embryo
Authors: Oomen Marlies E , Torres-Padilla Maria-Elena 
Published: March 2024

AbstractRemnants of transposable elements (TEs) are widely expressed throughout mammalian embryo development. Originally infesting our genomes as selfish elements and acting as a source of genome instability, several of these elements have been co-opted as part of a complex system of genome regulation. Many TEs have lost transposition ability and their transcriptional potential has been tampered as a result of interactions with the host throughout evolutionary time. It has been proposed that TEs have been ultimately repurposed to function as gene regulatory hubs scattered throughout our genomes. In the early embryo in particular, TEs find a perfect environment of naïve chromatin to escape transcriptional repression by the host. As a consequence, it is thought that hosts found ways to co-opt TE sequences to regulate large-scale changes in chromatin and transcription state of their genomes. In this review, we discuss several examples of TEs expressed during embryo development, their potential for co-option in genome regulation and the evolutionary pressures on TEs and on our genomes.