bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of a discriminative questionnaire to assess nonphysical aspects of quality of life of dogs
Authors: Wojciechowska Janina I. , Hewson Caroline J. , Stryhn Henrik , Guy Norma C. , Patronek Gary J. , Timmons Vianne 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To develop a preliminary discriminative
questionnaire for assessment of nonphysical aspects of
the quality of life (QOL) of pet dogs and evaluate the
questionnaire's content validity, test-retest reliability,
and internal consistency.

Study Population—Owners of 120 dogs.

Procedure—Each QOL question had 4 response
options, representing descending levels of QOL that
were equally weighted. A maximum of 38 items contributed
to the QOL score. The questionnaire was
administered by telephone to owners of dogs with
appointments at a veterinary teaching hospital before
the appointment. After the appointment, each dog was
classified as sick or healthy by use of defined criteria;
owners of healthy dogs had a second interview 3 to 4
weeks later. Test-retest reliability (κ), internal consistency
(Cronbach α), and respondents' comprehension
were used as criteria for excluding an item.

Results—There were 77 sick and 43 healthy dogs.
Twenty-two QOL questions had significant κ values
(0.11 to 0.91). The Cronbach α values for 5 domains of
QOL ranged from 0.45 to 0.61, indicating that the
domains had moderate internal consistency (homogeneity).
The initial pool of 38 items was reduced to 27.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The questionnaire
was designed to complement veterinary
assessment of dogs' physical health. The questionnaire
may be a useful tool in making decisions regarding
dogs' QOL. (Am J Vet Res 2005;66:1453–1460)
Expression of inhibitory G proteins in adenomatous thyroid glands obtained from hyperthyroid cats
Authors: Ward Cynthia R. , Achenbach Sara E. , Peterson Mark E. , Drobatz Kenneth J. , Holt David 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To identify within guanosine triphosphate–binding proteins (G proteins) the subset of
inhibitory G proteins (Gi) that have decreased expression
in adenomatous thyroid glands obtained from
hyperthyroid cats.

Sample Population—Adenomatous thyroid glands
obtained from 5 hyperthyroid cats and normal thyroid
glands obtained from 3 age-matched euthyroid cats.

Procedure—Expression of Gi1, Gi2, and Gi3 in
enriched membrane preparations from thyroid glands
was quantified by use of immunoblotting with Gi subtype-specific antibodies.

Results—Expression of Gi2 was significantly
decreased in tissues of hyperthyroid glands, compared
with expression in normal thyroid tissue.
Expression of Gi1 and Gi3 was not significantly different
between normal thyroid tissues and tissues from
hyperthyroid glands.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—A decrease in
Gi2 expression decreases inhibition of adenylyl
cyclase and allows a relative increase in stimulatory G
protein expression. This results in increased amounts
of cAMP and subsequent unregulated mitogenesis
and hormone production in hyperthyroid cells.
Decreased Gi2 expression may explain excessive
growth and function of the thyroid gland in cats with
hyperthyroidism. (Am J Vet Res 2005;66:1478–1482)
Effects of zoledronate on markers of bone metabolism and subchondral bone mineral density in dogs with experimentally induced cruciate-deficient osteoarthritis
Authors: Agnello Kimberly A. , Trumble Troy N. , Chambers Jonathan N. , Seewald Wolfgang , Budsberg Steven C. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To evaluate effects of zoledronate on
markers of bone metabolism in dogs after transection
of the cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL).

Animals—21 adult dogs.

Procedure—Unilateral CrCL transection was performed
arthroscopically. Dogs were allocated to 3
groups (control group, low-dose zoledronate
[10 µg/kg, SC, q 90 d for 12 months], and high-dose
zoledronate [25 µg/kg, SC, q 90 d for 12 months]).
Serum osteocalcin (OC), serum bone-specific alkaline
phosphatase (BAP), and urine pyridinoline and
deoxypyridinoline concentrations were measured at
0, 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after surgery. Bone mineral
density (BMD) was determined in the distal portion
of the femur and proximal portion of the tibia via
computed tomography at each time point. Data were
analyzed by a repeated-measures ANOVA.

Results—Zoledronate inhibited OC in the high-dose
group at 9 and 12 months and at 12 months in the low-dose
group, compared with the control group. High-dose
zoledronate decreased BAP concentrations 3 and 9
months after surgery. In the control group, BMD was
decreased in the femoral condyle and caudal tibial
plateau. Zoledronate prevented significant BMD decreases
starting 1 month after transection, compared with
control dogs. In the caudomedial aspect of the tibial
plateau, both zoledronate groups had significant increases
in BMD after 3 months, compared with control dogs.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Zoledronate
may reduce subchondral bone loss and effect markers
of bone metabolism in dogs with experimentally
induced instability of the stifle joint and subsequent
development of osteoarthritis. (Am J Vet Res
2005;66:1487–1495)
Concentrations of serum amyloid A and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein in horses with colic
Authors: Vandenplas Michel L. , Moore James N. , Barton Michelle H. , Roussel Allen J. , Cohen Noah D. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine concentrations of 2 acute-phase proteins (serum amyloid A [SAA] and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein [LBP]) in serum samples obtained from horses with colic and identify relationships among these acute-phase proteins and clinical data.Animals—765 horses with naturally developing gastrointestinal tract diseases characterized by colic (ie, clinical signs indicative of abdominal pain) and 79 healthy control horses; all horses were examined at 2 university teaching hospitals.Procedure—Serum concentrations of SAA and LBP were determined by immunoturbidometric and dotblot assays, respectively.Results—SAA and LBP concentrations were determined for 718 and 765 horses with colic, respectively. Concentrations of SAA were significantly higher in nonsurvivors than in survivors, and horses with enteritis or colitis and conditions characterized by chronic inflammation (eg, abdominal abscesses, peritonitis, or rectal tears) had SAA concentrations significantly greater than those for horses with other conditions. Serum concentrations of LBP did not correlate with outcome, disease process, or portion of the gastrointestinal tract affected.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Circulating concentrations of SAA were significantly higher at admission in horses with colic attributable to conditions having a primary inflammatory cause (eg, enteritis, colitis, peritonitis, or abdominal abscesses) and were higher in horses that failed to survive the episode of colic, compared with concentrations in horses that survived. Serum concentrations of LBP did not correlate with survival. Analysis of these findings suggests that evaluation of SAA concentrations may be of use in identifying horses with colic attributable to diseases that have inflammation as a primary component of pathogenesis. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:1509–1516)
Retention of ingested porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in houseflies
Authors: Schurrer Jennifer A. , Dee Scott A. , Moon Roger D. , Murtaugh Michael P. , Finnegan Colleen P. , Deen John , Kleiboeker Steven B. , Pijoan Carlos B. J. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To evaluate retention of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in houseflies for various time frames and temperatures.Sample Population—Fifteen 2-week-old pigs, two 10-week-old pigs, and laboratory-cultivated houseflies.Procedure—In an initial experiment, houseflies were exposed to PRRSV; housed at 15°, 20°, 25°, and 30°C; and tested at various time points. In a second experiment to determine dynamics of virus retention, houseflies were exposed to PRRSV and housed under controlled field conditions for 48 hours. Changes in the percentage of PRRSV-positive flies and virus load per fly were assessed over time, and detection of infective virus at 48 hours after exposure was measured. Finally, in a third experiment, virus loads were measured in houseflies allowed to feed on blood, oropharyngeal washings, and nasal washings obtained from experimentally infected pigs.Results—In experiment 1, PRRSV retention in houseflies was proportional to temperature. In the second experiment, the percentage of PRRSV-positive houseflies and virus load per fly decreased over time; however, infective PRRSV was found in houseflies 48 hours after exposure. In experiment 3, PRRSV was detected in houseflies allowed to feed on all 3 porcine body fluids.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—For the conditions of this study, houseflies did not support PRRSV replication. Therefore, retention of PRRSV in houseflies appears to be a function of initial virus load after ingestion and environmental temperature. These factors may impact the risk of insect-borne spread of PRRSV among farms. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:1517–1525)
Assessment of the qualitative variation in bacterial microflora among compartments of the intestinal tract of dogs by use of a molecular fingerprinting technique
Authors: Suchodolski Jan S. , Ruaux Craig G. , Steiner Jörg M. , Fetz Kathrin , Williams David A. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To evaluate the qualitative variation in bacterial microflora among compartments of the intestinal tract of dogs by use of a molecular fingerprinting technique.Animals—14 dogs (similarly housed and fed identical diets).Procedure—Samples of intestinal contents were collected from the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon, and rectum of each dog. Bacterial DNA was extracted from the samples, and the variable V6 to V8 region of 16S ribosomal DNA (gene coding for 16S ribosomal RNA) was amplified by use of universal bacterial primers; polymerase chain reaction amplicons were separated via denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Similarity indices of DGGE banding patterns were used to assess variation in the bacterial microflora among different compartments of the intestine within and among dogs. Bacterial diversity was assessed by calculating the Simpson diversity index, the Shannon-Weaver diversity index, and evenness.Results—DGGE profiles indicated marked differences in bacterial composition of intestinal compartments among dogs (range of similarity, 25.6% to 36.6%) and considerable variation among compartments within individual dogs (range of similarity, 36.7% to 57.9%). Similarities between neighboring intestinal compartments were significantly greater than those between non-neighboring compartments. Diversity indices for the colon and rectum were significantly higher than those of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that the different intestinal compartments of individual dogs appear to host different bacterial populations, and these compartmental populations vary among dogs. In dogs, fecal sample analysis may not yield accurate information regarding the composition of bacterial populations in compartments of the gastrointestinal tract. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:1556–1562)
Evaluation of cytokine production by equine alveolar macrophages exposed to lipopolysaccharide, Aspergillus fumigatus, and a suspension of hay dust
Authors: Laan Tamarinde T. J. M. , Bull Sarah , Pirie R. Scott , Fink-Gremmels Johanna 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To evaluate cytokine production by
equine alveolar macrophages after exposure to
lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Aspergillus fumigatus, and
hay dust, and determine the effect of clenbuterol on
the cytokine response.

Animals—6 horses.

Procedures—Alveolar macrophages were exposed to
PBS solution (negative control), LPS, hyphae and conidia
of Aspergillus fumigatus (AF), or a suspension of
hay dust (HDS) and incubated for 24 hours at 37°C.
Concentrations of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and
interleukin (IL)-1β were measured in the supernatant.
The procedure was repeated with cells that were concurrently
incubated with 0.5µM clenbuterol.

Results—Exposure to HDS and AF significantly
increased production of TNF-α by equine alveolar
macrophages. The increase in TNF-α produced in
response to HDS and AF was 5 and 7 times as great,
respectively, as the increase measured in response to
LPS. The concentration of IL-1β in the supernatant
was significantly increased after exposure of cells to
AF. Clenbuterol was effective at inhibiting TNF-α production
by cells exposed to LPS, HDS, or AF.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Increased
production of TNF-α and IL-1 indicated that the proinflammatory
cytokines produced by alveolar
macrophages in response to allergens may play a role
in recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) in horses.
Equine alveolar macrophages are not only a primary
pulmonary defense mechanism but may also influence
the pathogenesis of equine RAO. The β2-adrenoceptor
agonist clenbuterol, a drug that is commonly
used for treatment of equine RAO, promotes immediate
bronchodilation and may also contribute to
downward modulation of the inflammatory response.
(Am J Vet Res 2005;66:1584–1589)
Evaluation of well-being, productivity, and longevity of pregnant sows housed in groups in pens with an electronic sow feeder or separately in gestation stalls
Authors: Anil Leena , Anil Sukumarannair S. , Deen John , Baidoo Samuel K. , Wheaton Jonathan E. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To compare well-being, performance,
and longevity of gestating sows housed in stalls or in
pens with an electronic sow feeder (ESF).

Animals—382 pregnant sows of parities 1 through 6.

Procedure—Sows were housed in separate stalls
(n = 176) or group pens (206) with an ESF. Well-being
of sows was assessed at various time points in terms
of injuries, salivary cortisol concentration, and behavior
in a novel arena or to a novel object. Farrowing performance
and longevity of sows were also assessed.

Results—Total injury scores (TIS) of sows in pens
were significantly higher at initial introduction and
mixing. In stall-housed sows, TIS was significantly
higher during late gestation. The TIS and cortisol concentration
were significantly lower in stall-housed
sows, compared with values for sows in pens. As parity
increased, the likelihood of higher median TIS
decreased significantly in pen-housed sows and
increased significantly in stall-housed sows. The TIS
of sows in pens was negatively correlated with body
weight and backfat thickness, whereas these correlations
were positive in stall-housed sows. Farrowing
performance and results for novel arena or objects did
not differ. Proportion of sows removed was significantly
higher for pens than for stalls; lameness was
the major reason for removal for both systems.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Stalls impose
space restrictions for larger sows, resulting in injuries
during late gestation. Interventions are needed to
minimize aggression during initial introduction and
mixing and at the ESF in pens to reduce severe
injuries or lameness of gestating sows. (Am J Vet Res
2005;66:1630–1638)
Life expectancy in a birth cohort of Boxers followed up from weaning to 10 years of age
Authors: Hagen Marjan A. E. van , Ducro Bart J. , Broek Jan van den , Knol Bart W. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine mortality rate over time, risk factors for death, and heritability of life expectancy in Boxers.Animals—1,733 purebred Boxers born in The Netherlands between January 1994 and March 1995.Procedure—Dogs were followed up from weaning (ie, 49 days of age) to 10 years of age through use of a written questionnaire sent to owners every 6 months. Mortality rate over time, risk factors potentially associated with death, and heritability of life expectancy were examined by use of a proportional hazards model based on the Weibull distribution.Results—Estimated mortality rate during the 10-year study period for this birth cohort of Boxers was 45%. The probability of surviving to 5 years of age was 88%; the probability of surviving to 10 years of age was 55%. Estimated effective heritability of life expectancy was 0.076, meaning that in this population, an estimated 7.6% of the observed variation in life expectancy could be attributed to genetic differences among dogs that were passed from parents to their offspring.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that cumulative incidence of death from weaning to 10 years of age among this birth cohort of Boxers was 45%. The estimated heritability of life expectancy suggested that life expectancy can be improved by use of selective breeding. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:1646–1650)
Rate of change of oxygen concentration for a large animal circle anesthetic system
Authors: Solano Adrian M. , Brosnan Robert J. , Steffey Eugene P. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To describe the effects of changes in circuit
volume and oxygen inflow rate on inspired oxygen
concentration for a large animal circle anesthetic
system.

Study Population—A large animal circle anesthetic
system, a 10 L/min flowmeter, and 20- and 40-L
breathing bags.

Procedure—Circuit volume was determined by a carbon
dioxide dilution technique. Oxygen flow rates of
3, 6, and 10 L/min were delivered to the circuit with
the large breathing bag, and a flow rate of 6 L/min
was used with the small bag. Gas samples were collected
during a 20-minute period. The time constant
(τ) and half-time (T1/2) were calculated and compared
with measured values.

Results—Mean ± SEM volume of the breathing circuit
with a 20- and 40-L breathing bag was 32.97 ±
0.91 L and 49.26 ± 0.58 L, respectively. The from
measurements was 11.97, 6.10, and 3.60 minutes at
oxygen flow rates of 3, 6, and 10 L/min, respectively,
for the large breathing bag and 3.73 minutes at a flow
rate of 6 L/min for the small breathing bag. The T1/2
was 8.29, 4.22, and 2.49 minutes at oxygen flow
rates of 3, 6, and 10 L/min, respectively, for the large
breathing bag and 2.58 minutes for the small breathing
bag.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—This study
emphasizes that there are delays in the rate of
increase in the inspired oxygen concentration that
accompany use of conventional large animal circle
anesthetic systems and low rates of inflow for fresh
oxygen. (Am J Vet Res 2005;66:1675–1678)
Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of itraconazole after oral and intravenous administration to horses
Authors: Davis Jennifer L. , Salmon Jacklyn H. , Papich Mark G. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine the pharmacokinetics of itraconazole after IV or oral administration of a solution or capsules to horses and to examine disposition of itraconazole in the interstitial fluid (ISF), aqueous humor, and polymorphonuclear leukocytes after oral administration of the solution.Animals—6 healthy horses.Procedure—Horses were administered itraconazole solution (5 mg/kg) by nasogastric tube, and samples of plasma, ISF, aqueous humor, and leukocytes were obtained. Horses were then administered itraconazole capsules (5 mg/kg), and plasma was obtained. Three horses were administered itraconazole (1.5 mg/kg, IV), and plasma samples were obtained. All samples were analyzed by use of high-performance liquid chromatography. Plasma protein binding was determined. Data were analyzed by compartmental and noncompartmental pharmacokinetic methods.Results—Itraconazole reached higher mean ± SD plasma concentrations after administration of the solution (0.41 ± 0.13 µg/mL) versus the capsules (0.15 ± 0.12 µg/mL). Bioavailability after administration of capsules relative to solution was 33.83 ± 33.08%. Similar to other species, itraconazole has a high volume of distribution (6.3 ± 0.94 L/kg) and a long half-life (11.3 ± 2.84 hours). Itraconazole was not detected in the ISF, aqueous humor, or leukocytes. Plasma protein binding was 98.81 ± 0.17%.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Itraconazole administered orally as a solution had higher, more consistent absorption than orally administered capsules and attained plasma concentrations that are inhibitory against fungi that infect horses. Administration of itraconazole solution (5 mg/kg, PO, q 24 h) is suggested for use in clinical trials to test the efficacy of itraconazole in horses. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:1694–1701)
Vasopressin, cortisol, and catecholamine concentrations in dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy
Authors: Tidholm Anna , Häggström Jens , Hansson Kerstin 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To evaluate plasma concentrations and urinary excretion of vasopressin and cortisol and urinary excretion of catecholamines in dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM).Animals—15 dogs with clinical signs of DCM, 15 dogs with preclinical DCM, and 15 control dogs.Procedure—Physical examinations, thoracic radiography, ECG, and echocardiography were performed on all dogs. Blood and urine samples were collected.Results—Plasma concentration of vasopressin and the urine cortisol-to-urine creatinine ratio were significantly increased in dogs with clinical signs of DCM and dogs with preclinical DCM, compared with control dogs. Plasma vasopressin concentration was significantly higher in dogs with clinical signs of DCM, compared with dogs with preclinical DCM. Urine vasopressin-to-urine creatinine ratio was significantly increased in dogs with clinical signs of DCM, compared with dogs with preclinical DCM and control dogs. Urine epinephrine-to-urine creatinine ratio and urine norepinephrine-to-urine creatinine ratio were significantly increased in dogs with clinical signs of DCM, compared with control dogs. Plasma concentration of cortisol and urine dopamine-to-urine creatinine ratio did not differ significantly among groups.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—According to this study, the neuroendocrine pattern is changed in dogs with preclinical DCM. These changes are even more pronounced in dogs with clinical signs of DCM. Analysis of concentrations of vasopressin, cortisol, and catecholamines may aid in identification of the clinical stages of DCM. These findings may also provide a basis for additional studies of the possible beneficial effects of vasopressin antagonists and β-adrenergic receptor antagonists in the treatment of dogs with congestive heart failure and DCM. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:1709–1717)