bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of voluntary organizations in astronomy popularization: a case study of Khagol Mandal
Authors: Sule Aniket , Joshi S. , Joglekar H. , Deshpande A. , Naik M. , Deshpande S. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractWe present a case study of “Khagol Mandal,” a voluntary organization primarily based in Mumbai, India. In the 20 years since its inception, Khagol Mandal has given more than 1000 public outreach programmes. The volunteers strive to go beyond amateur level by means of various study tours, astronomical experiments and workshops. These activities have inspired a number of students to take professional astronomy careers. With a volunteer force, probably largest in India or even south Asia, Khagol Mandal is well poised to take advantage of the archival data of large telescopes. With a little guidance from senior researchers, organizations like Khagol Mandal can provide a solution to the ever-increasing need for manpower for ancillary science from these large-scale facilities.
Improving the ease of use and efficiency of software tools
Authors: Lin Ganghua , Su Jiangtao , Deng Yuanyong 
Published: August 2007

AbstractFor developing countries it is very important to derive maximum use of data obtained from their own telescopes. This is not only related to maximizing science returns on capital investment, but also to maximizing science output. In this paper we describe how we are utilizing software tools to realize this goal. This paper discusses the design and main features of our software tools, and planned future developments. The primary vehicle for general data interpretation is through various interactive techniques of data visualization. Our software employs an object oriented approach which facilitates data processing for experienced users as well as being easier to learn for novice users. This leads to greatly increased efficiency in every phase of data analysis. For developing countries the kind of software we are developing and the virtual observatory concept holds out the hope of advancing capability and efficiency in scientific research.
THE ABILITY OF IgA TO INHIBIT COMPLEMENT CONSUMPTION BY COMPLEMENT‐FIXING ANTIGENS AND ANTIGEN‐ANTIBODY COMPLEXES
Authors: Russell‐Jones GJ , Ey PL , Reynolds BL 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe polymeric and monomeric (7S) forms of the nitrophenyl‐specific MOPC‐315 murine IgA myeloma protein were examined for their capacity to inhibit the consumption of guinea‐pig complement (C) by the C‐activating protein DNP46BSA and by antigen‐antibody (Ag‐Ab) complexes. On a molar basis. 13S IgA was slightly (2–3 fold) more efficient than 7S IgA in inhibiting C consumption by DNP‐BSA. When mixed with IgG antibodies prior to incubation with a non‐complement‐fixing antigen (TNP‐KLH). 13S IgA was considerably more effective than 7S IgA in preventing the formation of Ag‐Ab complexes able to fix C. The degree of inhibition observed was related to the concentration of C used in the assay, being greater at lower C concentrations.
CHARACTERIZATION OF NUGGET VIRUS, A SEROTYPE OF THE KEMEROVO GROUP OF ORBIVIRUSES
Authors: Gorman BM , Taylor Jill , Morton Heather C , Melzer AJ , Young PR 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe genome of Nugget virus, a serotype of the Kemerovo group of orbiviruses, consists of 10 segments of double‐stranded RNA. The properties of the virus are consistent with its classification as an orbivirus, but the unusual patterns of separation of viral RNA and polypeptides compared with that reported for most other orbiviruses suggests the possibility of heterogeneity within the genus Orbivirus.
ERYTHROCYTE MEMBRANE‐BOUND ENZYMES IN MASTOMYS NATALENSIS DURING PLASMODIUM BERGHEI INFECTION
Authors: Khare S , Saxena JK , Sen AB , Ghatak S 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe pattern of activity of certain membrane‐associated enzymes was followed in the erythrocytes of Plasmodium berghei‐infected Mastomys natalensis. Parasitized erythrocytes were separated from non‐parasitized populations by percoll‐density gradient centrifugation. The activity of adenylate cyclase was markedly increased while those of ATPase, acid phosphatase, β‐glucuronidase and N‐acetyl‐β‐D‐glucosaminidase were considerably decreased in the membrane preparations of parasitized erythrocytes as compared to normal erythrocytes. There was a decrease in the activity of ATPase and an increase of adenylate cyclase in the membrane preparations of non‐parasitized erythrocytes. However, other enzymes did not alter to a significant extent in non‐parasitized erythrocytes. Chloroquine (in vitro) stimulated adenylate cyclase, Na+ K+‐ATPase and Ca++Mg++‐ATPase while acetylcholinesterase was significantly inhibited.
ACQUIRED PATERNAL INFLUENCE IN MICE. IMPROVED REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF CBA/H MALES IMMUNIZED WITH RAT BLOOD CELLS
Authors: Steele EJ 
Published: August 2007

SummaryAdult male CBA/H mice immunized against rat blood cells displayed a significant improvement in reproductive efficiency of 50% and 26% in two breeding programmes in relation to control male breeders exposed to phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS). (Both types of male were mated to normal CBA/H females.) The improvement was reflected in the significant increase in successful mating frequency and size of litters produced. The unknown mechanism of this phenomenon is discussed in relation to the known reproductive consequences of conventional genetic crosses.
MODULATION OF NATURAL AND ACQUIRED IMMUNITY OF RATS TO TUMOUR ISOGRAFTS
Authors: Inoue Y , Nelson DS 
Published: August 2007

SummarySyngeneic tumour cell suspensions were injected into the foot or intravenously in normal rats or rats bearing subcutaneous tumours. Resistance was assessed by measuring the swelling of the foot due to the growth of the tumours or by counting Sung colonies or metastases. The tumours included two methyl‐cholanthrene‐induced fibrosarcomas (D7, D8), a metastatic variant of D8 (D8M) and a spontaneous adenocarcinoma (ST‐2). D8, D8M and ST‐2 induced concomitant immunity to challenge in the foot. D8 and ST‐2, but not D8M, induced concomitant immunity in the lung. Concomitant immunity was, in each case tested, non‐specific and could be expressed against a tumour which itself failed to induce concomitant immunity.Irradiation significantly enhanced the growth of D7, D8 and ST‐2 in the feet of non‐immune rats. Irradiation, carrageenan and silica significantly reduced the growth of D8M in the feet of non‐immune rats. Irradiation increased the growth of D8 and D8M and carrageenan increased the growth of D8 in the feet of concomitantly immune rats (i.e., depressed resistance). Carrageenan decreased lung colony formation by D8 in normal and concomitantly immune rats and silica decreased colony formation by D8 in concomitantly immune rats (i.e., increased resistance). Thymus‐deprived rats allowed greater growth of D8 in the feet but still expressed concomitant immunity.It is concluded that: (1) both natural and acquired tumour immunity may be modulated non‐specifically in rats; (2) concomitant immunity, which has a large non‐specific component, may contribute to the suppression of metastases but may also have site specificity; (3) the exact nature of the rat host‐tumour relationship differs from tumour to tumour.
IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE LOCALIZATION OF PANCREATIC POLYPEPTIDE HORMONE IN THE PANCREAS OF FOETAL AND ADULT SHEEP
Authors: Reddy S , Elliott RB 
Published: August 2007

SummaryPancreatic polypeptide (PP) immunoreactive cells were demonstrated in the pancreas of foetal and adult sheep by immunofluorescence histochemistry. These observations provide evidence that in the sheep the pancreas is a major site of production of the hormone and that PP may be physiologically important in foetal life.
TRYPANOSOMA LEWISI: THE EFFECT OF THYMECTOMY ON THE PRODUCTION OF ABLASTIN AND THE TERMINATION OF THE PARASITAEMIA IN INFECTED RATS
Authors: Drew PA , Jenkin CR 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThis study investigated the effect of the depletion of T lymphocytes on the production of ablastin and the termination of the parasitaemias in Porton strain rats infected with Trypanosoma lewisi. Weanling rats were thymectomised or sham‐thymectomised and then X‐irradiated. After allowing 96 days for recovery from these procedures the rats were infected with T. lewisi. The rats were considered to be T lymphocyte depleted if they were unable to mount an antibody response to sheep red blood cells before the infection, a delayed type hypersensitivity response to trypanosomal antigen after they had cleared the infection, and if they succumbed to subsequent challenge with an intracellular bacterial parasite, Salmonella typhimurium C5. The T lymphocyte depleted rats were found to have no macroscopic thymus remnants visible at autopsy. The sham‐thymectomised and unoperated control rats retained all the T lymphocyte functions tested for. There was no difference between the control and the T lymphocyte depleted rats in the ability to eliminate the parasite following infection with T. lewisi. Ablastin titres in the serum, measured by a sensitive in vitro assay, were round to be the same in each of the groups of rats tested, regardless of their T lymphocyte status. It is concluded that T lymphocytes are not essential for rats to eliminate a T. lewisi infection, nor for the production of ablastin.
THE EFFECT OF PURINE AND PYRIMIDINE BASES ON SPLENIC PLAQUE‐FORMING CELLS AND CELLULAR IMMUNITY
Authors: Chalmers AH , Rao Mohan M , Marshall Villis R 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe effects of a variety of purine and pyrimidine bases on splenic plaque‐forming cells and cellular immunity in mice are presented. The antibody‐forming plaque cells were measured in spleens of female C57/B1 mice by the Jerne plaque method using sheep red blood cells as the antigen. Bases were given on days 0 and 1 at doses varying from 2 to 200 μmoles per mouse and the antigen was given on day 0; the antibody response was measured on day 4. Cell‐mediated immunity was measured by the survival of 1 cm2 skin allografts transplanted across an H‐2 histocompatibility barrier in female mice from C57/B1 donors to Balb/c recipients. For the plaque assay, adenine given at 25 and 50 μmoles/mouse and adenosine at 100 μmoles/mouse, resulted in significant 7 to 14‐fold immunosuppression. Adenosine at 25 and 50 μmoles/mouse and guanosine and hypoxanthine at 100 μmoles/mouse resulted in an approximate 2‐fold immunoenhancement. 2'‐Deoxyadenosine, inosine, guanine, 2'‐deoxyguanosine and the pyrimidines cytosine, cytidine, 2'‐deoxycytidine, 2'‐deoxythymidine and uridine all given at 100 μmoles/mouse and orotic acid given at 25 μmoles/mouse had no significant effects on the plaque response; orotic acid at a dose of 50 μmoles/mouse was lethally toxic to mice.In the primary immune response adenine was immunosuppressive at day 4, but significantly immunoenhancing at days 7 and 11. In the secondary response, adenine was immunosuppressive up to day 3 of the IgG and IgM responses; however, immunoenhancement occurred at day 4 (IgM) and day 5 (IgG). In the cell‐mediated immune response, adenine at doses of 25 and 50 μmoles/mouse resulted in a significant 40% increase in the survival of skin allografts across an H‐2 histocompatibility barrier.
MICROSOMAL PROTEIN SYNTHESIS AND INDUCTION OF CYTOCHROME P‐450 IN CIRRHOTIC RAT LIVER
Authors: Farrell Geoffrey C , Zaluzny Louise 
Published: August 2007

SummaryIn order to determine whether non‐specific defects of protein synthesis account for reduced levels of cytochrome P‐450 in cirrhotic liver, total microsomal protein synthesis and response to microsomal enzyme‐inducing agents have been examined in rats. Cirrhosis was produced by administration of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and phenobarbitone for 10 weeks. Ten days after stopping these agents, cytochrome P‐450 levels were 30% lower in cirrhotic liver than in controls (p<0·0001). However, total microsomal protein synthesis, determined in vivo by administration of [3H]‐leucine, was similar in cirrhotic (1347 ± 420 dpm/mg protein) and control (1317 ± 303 dpm/mg protein) liver. Three separate types of microsomal enzyme‐inducing agents, phenobarbitone, β‐naphthoflavone, and pregnenolone 16α‐carbonitrile, were administered to cirrhotic and normal rats. In both groups of animals increases of total cytochrome P‐450 and selective changes of cytochrome P‐450 isoenzymes (assessed by mixed function oxidase activity towards four substrates) were qualitatively and quantitatively similar. It is concluded that (1) hepalocytes of cirrhotic rat liver synthesize microsomal protein at a normal rate but less of it is cytochrome P‐450, and (2) the entire process of enzyme induction is intact. Thus, it appears likely that altered regulation of basal levels of cytochrome P‐450 rather than an altered response of the liver is responsible for the lowered cytochrome P‐450 content of cirrhotic rat liver.
THE CONTRIBUTION OF INOSITOL EXCHANGE TO AGONIST‐STIMULATED BREAKDOWN OF MYO‐ [2‐3H] INOSITOL‐LABELLED PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL IN MOUSE EXOCRINE PANCREAS
Authors: Tennes KA , Roberts ML 
Published: August 2007

SummaryAgonists stimulate the release of myo‐inositol from phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) labelled in vivo with myo‐[2‐3H] inositol. In the presence of lithium, which inhibits myo‐inositol‐1‐phosphatase, the compound which accumulates following the breakdown of pre‐labelled PtdIns is inositol‐1‐phosphate. This indicates that the agonist‐stimulated release of the head group from this lipid is not the result of inositol exchange and is due to phosphodiesterase activity. The total amount of 3H‐labelled compounds released from PtdIns in the presence and absence of lithium is the same, which indicates the labelled compounds which are released are not re‐incorporated. Agonist‐induced release of myo‐[2‐3H] inositol can be used as a reliable indication of PtdIns breakdown in the exocrine pancreas.
ON THE POSSIBLE ROLE OF PROSTAGLANDIN E2 IN INTESTINAL STASIS IN THE GASTRIC BROODING FROG RHEOBATRACHUS SILUS
Authors: De La Lande IS , O'Brien PE , Shearman DJC , Taylor P , Tyler MJ 
Published: August 2007

SummaryResponses of isolated intestinal preparations from the anurans Bufo marinus and Limnodynastes tasmaniensis to various agents have been studied, as models for the intestinal stasis reported in the rare gastric brooding frog, Rheobatrachus silus. It is inferred from the responses that the preparations possessed excitatory muscarinic and histamine receptors and inhibitory adrenergic receptors, conforming to the typical vertebrate pattern. The circular muscle was unresponsive to prostaglandin E2, whereas longitudinal muscle relaxed to prostaglandin E2.Some of the longitudinal preparations exhibited a biphasic response to arachidonic acid, i.e. contraction followed by relaxation. Indomethacin prevented the relaxation phase, indicating that the intestine synthesised a prostaglandin E‐like substance from arachidonic acid.These results draw attention lo the possibility that PGE2 may be responsible for the intestinal stasis associated with gastric brooding in the gastric brooding frog.
THE EFFECT OF EXPERIMENTAL CONCUSSION ON SOMATOSENSORY EVOKED POTENTIALS
Authors: Shaw NA , Cant BR 
Published: August 2007

SummaryCortical somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) were recorded following experimental acceleration concussion in the rat. Immediately after head injury there was a general reduction in the amplitude of the SEP, and all its components were either temporarily abolished or increased in latency. The early components of the SEP recovered much more rapidly than did the amplitude and latencies of the later potentials. The purpose of the study was to investigate the relative effects of concussion on the lemniscal system (whose activity is reflected by the discrete early component of the SEP) and the reticular activating system (whose activity is reflected by the diffuse high amplitude late component of the SEP). Contrary to a widely accepted theory, there was a delay in transmission of somatosensory information through the lemniscal pathways as well as through the reticular system following head injury. Such an observation is consistent with recent studies of SEPs recorded from humans comatose after head trauma. As the changes in the morphology of the waveform of the SEP following concussion can be simulated by simply recording evoked potentials at high rates of stimulation, this suggests that the delays are caused by a failure or malfunction of synaptic transmission, but the level at which this is occurring remains to be determined.
LY 2 POSITIVE CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTES, WHETHER SPECIFIC OR NON‐SPECIFIC IN LYTIC ACTIVITY, MAY EXPRESS A LARGE, GRANULAR, VACUOLATED LYMPHOCYTE MORPHOLOGY
Authors: Wilson Anne , Scollay Roland , Abbot Andrew P , Shortman Ken 
Published: August 2007

SummaryCytotoxic clones consisting entirely of large, vacuolated granular lymphocytes (LGL) are produced with high frequency when individual purified mature Ly 2+ T cells are cultured at limit dilution in the presence of concanavalin A and irradiated spleen filler cells. Similar cells are produced in cultures of Ly 2− T cells but in lower proportion, the level of granular lymphocytes amongst the largely non‐cytotoxic, Ly 2− L3T4+ product cells being only 20%. A proportion (15%) of LGL are also found in conventional mixed lymphocyte cultures. In the limit‐dilution cultures of Ly 2+ T cells the LGL originate from the single precursor cell and not from the irradiated filler cells. They bear the markers expected of active cytotoxic T lymphocytes (Thy 1++; PNA++; Ly 1+; Ly 2++; L3T4−). Their DNA and chromosome complement appear normal. The granules within the cells are heterogeneous in form, and some resemble in ultrastructure those described in certain cytotoxic, suppressor and NK‐cell lines. The granules do not show mast cell staining characteristics. The LGL are not phagocytic. Although LGL are associated with nonspecific cytotoxicity fate in culture, the first granular cells appear early (day 3) and dominate in the clones at times when cytolysis is specific. LGL appear to be the normal morphological form of cytotoxic T lymphocytes when grown under these conditions.
TICK RESISTANCE AND THE MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY SYSTEM
Authors: Stear MJ , Newman MJ , Nicholas FW , Brown SC , Holroyd RG 
Published: August 2007

Summary199 3/4 Brahman 1/4 Shorthorn cattle, whose resistance to the cattle tick Boophilus microplus had been determined by clinical trial, were tested for 19 bovine lymphocyte antigens. Of eleven antigens detected at a frequency greater than 5%, two were found to be associated with tick resistance and a third was associated with susceptibility to ticks. However, none of these antigens accounts for more than 2·1% of the variance, indicating that these associations are not strong.
MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES SPECIFIC FOR BLOOD GROUPS A AND B
Authors: Fletcher A , Harbour C , Zwart R 
Published: August 2007

SummaryMonoclonal antibodies have been produced with specificity for human blood group A following the immunization of mice with group A1 cells. The antibodies produced were of low titre and poor avidity and were therefore unsuitable as manual grouping reagents. However, in 6,524 automated tests on the Technicon BG15 monoclonal anti‐A performed, as well as the standard human anti‐A reagent. Monoclonal anti‐B antibodies were produced from a BALB/c mouse immunized with a combination of group B cells and B substance. One antibody, B/C9/F7, performed well in screening tests with avidity reactions <10 seconds with all B, A1B and A2B cells tested. This antibody performed with 100% accuracy in an automated test trial involving 1,018 samples. The suitability of these antibodies as blood grouping reagents is discussed.
AUTOANTIBODY‐SPECIFIC SUPPRESSOR CELLS ARE ELICITED BY MEMBRANE COMPONENTS OF RAT RBC INDEPENDENTLY OF CIRCULATING AUTOANTIBODIES BUT TNP‐SPECIFIC SUPPRESSORS ARE NOT ELICITED BY TNP‐RAT RBC
Authors: Howles Anne , Cox KO 
Published: August 2007

SummaryErythrocyte autoantibodies and autoantibody‐specific suppressor cells are elicited in mice injected with rat erythrocytes. Here it is shown, first, that modified rat erythrocytes elicit suppressor cells independently of autoantibody production. Haemoglobin‐free membranes of rat erythrocytes, but not soluble lysates of rat erythrocytes, elicited autoantibodies and suppressor cells. Solubilization of these rat erythrocyte membranes with solutions of Triton‐X‐114 produced membrane fractions which induced autoantibody‐specific suppression in the absence of detectable autoantibody production. These results are compatible with the view that the activation of suppressor cells in this model involves recognition of structures on the rat erythrocytes. Secondly, trinitrophenyl (TNP) was attached to rat erythrocytes in various doses in attempts to make the immunogenicity of TNP similar to that of the cross‐reactive determinants on rat and mouse erythrocytes, to determine whether TNP‐specific suppressor cells were produced. The results show that at various doses of TNP, including those at which antibody production to TNP could not be detected, rat erythrocytes coated with TNP induced autoantibody‐specific suppressor cells but not suppressor cells with specificity for antibodies to TNP.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON THE PATHOGENICITY OF VIBRIO MIMICUS STRAINS ISOLATED IN BANGLADESH
Authors: Sanyal Suhas C , Huq Mohammad I , Neogy Prodyut KB , Alam Khorshed , Kabir Mohammad I , Rahaman Abu SMH 
Published: August 2007

SummaryVibrio mimicus, a newly described species of the genus Vibrio has been isolated from stools of 14 patients with diarrhoea. Live cells of all the 14 strains tested caused accumulation of fluid in rabbit gut loops and diarrhoea in infant rabbits. Culture filtrates of all the strains caused increased capillary permeability in rabbit skin; however, five of the filtrates resembled cholera toxin in that they gave positive reactions in rabbit loops, chinese hamster ovarian and mouse adrenal cell monolayers and GM1 ELISA tests and were neutralized by cholera antitoxin. None of the strains produced heat‐stable toxin or possessed invasive capability as determined by Sereny's test. Thus, V. mimicus strains were divided into a group which produced a toxin immunobiologically similar to cholera toxin and the rest producing a heat‐labile toxin unrelated to that of V. cholerae.
IMMUNIZATION WITH NEMATOSPIROIDES DUBIUS ADULT WORMS PLUS PERTUSSIGEN HAS DIFFERENT CONSEQUENCES IN MICE OF VARIOUS GENOTYPES
Authors: Mitchell Graham F , Cruise Kathy M 
Published: August 2007

SummaryIn the Nematospiroides dubius/mouse model of intestinal nematodiasis, young C57BL/6 male mice are highly susceptible in that they remain chronically infected after repeated oral administrations of infective third‐stage larvae (L3). It was shown previously that a parenteral injection of small numbers of living adult worms, or their aqueous extracts, was highly effective at sensitizing these mice for accelerated rejection of adult worms but only when the mice were additionally injected with pertussigen from Bordetella pertussis. ‘Host protective antigens’ appear to be soluble proteins. This method of vaccination is largely ineffective in male mice of strains CBA/H and C3H/He and can actually be counterproductive in BALB/c mice. Thus, adult worms injected subcutaneously into male BALB/c mice will sensitize them for accelerated rejection and this effect is neutralized by simultaneous injection of such mice with pertussigen. The data highlight the known complexity of host‐parasite relationships in intestinal parasitism and suggest that several different defects underlie the genetically based inability of some mice to reject N. dubius worms from the intestines following exposure to N. dubius antigens.