bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anatomical study for an update comprehension of clubfoot. Part I: Bones and joints
Authors: Windisch Gunther , Anderhuber Friedrich , Haldi-Brändle Verena , Exner Gerhard Ulrich 
Published: January 2007

Purpose The aim of our study was to elucidate the gross anatomical changes of bones and joints in idiopathic clubfeet. Methods Gross dissection was carried out on seven idiopathic clubfeet of fetuses aborted between the 25th and 37th week of gestation and compared to two normal feet (27th and 36th week of gestation). Particular attention was paid to the articular surfaces, shapes and angles of all bones and their skeletal relationships. Results The talar neck–trochlea angle in clubfeet ranged from 37° to 41°, in normal feet from 27° to 33°. In clubfeet the deviation of the neck of the talus relative to the body was between 28° and 43°, in normal feet between 22° and 24°. The posterior joint surface was in an anterolateral position and even flat transversely. The head of the clubfeet tali was turned along a longitudinal axis in the opposite direction compared to the normal ones. Instead of a typically saddle-shaped posterior talar surface of the calcaneus, it was triangular and flat transversely, and a bony stability in the subtalar joint was not achieved. The angle of torsion of the calcaneus showed no significant difference between normal and clubfeet. The anterior surface was flat, medially twisted and orientated upwards. Conclusions We presume that the calcaneus is the primary fault, which might be explained by pathologic biomechanical forces during development.
Role of three-dimensional computed tomography reconstruction in the management of elongated styloid process: a preliminary study
Authors: Nayak D R , Pujary K , Aggarwal M , Punnoose S E , Chaly V A 
Published: January 2007

Elongated styloid process is a relatively common cause of facial and neck pain, but it is often misdiagnosed due to its varied clinical presentation. Since an elongated styloid process is often confirmed by radiological means, it would be helpful to find a more accurate mode of depicting the styloid process.In this prospective study, 39 cases were evaluated. A three-dimensional computed tomography (3D CT) reconstruction of the styloid process was performed in 18 cases. In these patients, we compared the length and medial angulation of the symptomatic styloid process as viewed on an orthopantomogram and a 3D CT reconstruction.It was noted that a 3D CT reconstruction was more accurate in depicting the styloid process. This investigation can be considered as the ‘gold standard’ in the radiological diagnosis of an elongated styloid process.
RNA interference in parasitic helminths: current situation, potential pitfalls and future prospects
Authors: GELDHOF P. , VISSER A. , CLARK D. , SAUNDERS G. , BRITTON C. , GILLEARD J. , BERRIMAN M. , KNOX D. 
Published: January 2007

SUMMARYRNA interference (RNAi) has become an invaluable tool for the functional analysis of genes in a wide variety of organisms including the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Recently, attempts have been made to apply this technology to parasitic helminths of animals and plants with variable success. Gene knockdown has been reported for Schistosoma mansoni by soaking or electroporating different life-stages in dsRNA. Similar approaches have been tested on parasitic nematodes which clearly showed that, under certain conditions, it was possible to interfere with gene expression. However, despite these successes, the current utility of this technology in parasite research is questionable. First, problems have arisen with the specificity of RNAi. Treatment of the parasites with dsRNA resulted, in many cases, in non-specific effects. Second, the current RNAi methods have a limited efficiency and effects are sometimes difficult to reproduce. This was especially the case in strongylid parasites where only a small number of genes were susceptible to RNAi-mediated gene knockdown. The future application of RNAi in parasite functional genomics will greatly depend on how we can overcome these difficulties. Optimization of the dsRNA delivery methods and in vitro culture conditions will be the major challenges.
Can we predict suicide and non-fatal self-harm with the Beck Hopelessness Scale? A meta-analysis
Authors: McMILLAN DEAN , GILBODY SIMON , BERESFORD EMMA , NEILLY LIZ 
Published: January 2007

Background. Hopelessness is considered a pre-eminent risk factor for suicide and non-fatal self-harm. We aimed to quantify the ability of the Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS) to predict these two outcomes.Method. Medline, Embase, PsycINFO and Cinahl were searched to January 2006. We included cohort studies in which the BHS was applied and patients were followed-up to establish subsequent suicide or non-fatal self-harm. Four studies provided usable data on suicide, and six studies provided data on non-fatal self-harm. Summary sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratios and diagnostic odds ratios (DORs) were calculated for each study. Random effects meta-analytic pooling across studies at the standard cut-off point ([ges ]9) was undertaken and summary receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves constructed.Results. For suicide, pooled sensitivity was 0·80 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0·68–0·90], pooled specificity was 0·42 (95% CI 0·41–0·44), and the pooled DOR was 3·39 (95% CI 1·29–8·88). For non-fatal self-harm, pooled sensitivity was 0·78 (95% CI 0·74–0·82), pooled specificity was 0·42 (95% CI 0·38–0·45), and the pooled DOR was 2·27 (95% CI 1·53–3·37).Conclusion. The standard cut-off point on the BHS identifies a high-risk group for potential suicide, but the magnitude of the risk is lower than previously reported estimates. The standard cut-off point is also capable of identifying those who are at risk of future self-harm, but the low specificity rate means it is unlikely to be of use in targeting treatment designed to lower the rate of repetition.
Introduction
Authors: Horn David 
Published: January 2007

This issue of Popular Music is produced in honour of Paul Oliver, in recognition of his outstanding contribution to popular music scholarship.Paul was a member of the original Editorial Board for Popular Music when it was set up in 1980 and continued to serve as a member of that body, and subsequently of the Editorial Group, until 1990. He was also a founding member of the International Association for the Study of Popular Music and has maintained a keen interest in the organisation, continuing to attend, and speak at, its international conferences. His vision of both the potential and the needs of the Association as a global network lay behind his proposal in 1985 that a project be undertaken to compile a worldwide encyclopedia of popular music, an idea which subsequently bore fruit in EPMOW (The Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World). All these achievements are worth celebrating in themselves, but it is Paul's outstanding contribution to scholarship in the area of vernacular – particularly African-American vernacular – music that we wish to honour with this issue.
Induction of oral cavity cancer by 3-diazotyramine, a nitrosated product of tyramine present in foods
Authors: Fujita Yuki , Wakabayashi Keiji , Takayama Shozo , Nagao Minako , Sugimura Takashi 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
A mutagenic nitrosation product of tyramine, 4-(2-amino-ethyl)-6-diazo-2,4-cydobexadienone (3-diazotyramine, 3-DT) preferentially induced tumors of the oral cavity. Squamous-cell carcinomas of the mucosa of the oral cavity floor developed in 19 out of 28 male F344 rats administered 0.1% 3-DT in their drinking water. Tyramine and nitrite are found at fairly high concentrations in various foods. This demonstration of the carcinogenicity of 3-DT indicates that although the implications of 3-DT for human cancer are not clear, other nitrosable mutagen precursors need to be tested as possible risk factors in human cancer.
Base excision repair of DNA in γ-irradiated human cells
Authors: Moran Michael F. , Ebisuzaki Kaney 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Escherichia coli endonuclease IV was used to incise cellular DNA specifically at apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) sites prior to alkaline elution to measure the resulting DNA strand breaks. γ-Irradiated HeLa cells initially contained DNA strand breaks and no AP sites. Upon incubation at 37°C the strand breaks were rapidly repaired and AP sites were generated and subsequently repaired. The transient nature of the AP sites indicates the in vivo operation of a base excision repair pathway whereby damaged bases are removed from DNA by DNA glycosylases to produce AP intermediates that are then substrates for AP endonucleases.
Conversion of diets at tumor induction shows the pattern of tumor growth and metastasis of the first given diet
Authors: Kort Will J. , Weijma Ineke M. , Vergroesen Antoine J. , Westbroek Dick L. 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
In a previous study, significant differences in the growth rate of a transplantable mammary adenocarcinoma were observed between rats receiving a diet rich in saturated fatty acids (lard, diet A), and rats on a diet in which the saturated fat was partly replaced by polyunsaturated fatty acid of the ω-3 type (Menhaden oil, diet B). In the present investigation, it was our aim to study tumor growth in rats on diet A and B, as well as in rats that had, at tumor inoculation, a change of diets, from diet A to diet B. Tumor growth of rats receiving diet A throughout the whole experiment was the same as in those rats that had a conversion of diets. The data shows that the observed inhibiting effect of diet B on tumor growth could not be obtained when this diet was given exclusively after tumor inoculation.
Effects of 532 nm Pulsed‐KTP Laser Parameters on Vessel Ablation in the Avian Chorioallantoic Membrane: Implications for Vocal Fold Mucosa
Authors: Broadhurst Matthew S. , Akst Lee M. , Burns James A. , Kobler James B. , Heaton James T. , Anderson R. Rox , Zeitels Steven M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractObjectives: Selective vascular ablation (photoangiolysis) using pulsed lasers that target hemoglobin is an effective treatment strategy for many vocal fold lesions. However, vessel rupture with extravasation of blood reduces selectivity for vessels, which is frequently observed with the 0.45‐ms, 585‐nm pulsed dye laser. Previous studies have shown that vessel rupture is the result of vaporization of blood, an event that varies with laser pulse width and pulse fluence (energy per unit area). Clinical observations using a 532‐nm wavelength pulsed potassium‐titanyl‐phosphate (KTP) laser revealed less laser‐induced hemorrhage than the pulsed dye laser. This study investigated settings for the pulsed KTP laser to achieve selective vessel destruction without rupture using the avian chorioallantoic membrane under conditions similar to flexible laryngoscopic delivery of the laser in clinical practice.Study Design: The chick chorioallantoic membrane offers convenient access to many small blood vessels similar in size to those targeted in human vocal fold. Using a 532‐nm pulsed KTP laser, pulse width, pulse energy, and working distance from the optical delivery fiber were varied to assess influence on the ability to achieve vessel coagulation without vessel wall rupture.Methods: Third‐order vessels (n = 135) were irradiated: Energy (471–550 mJ), pulse width (10, 15, 30 ms), and fiber‐to‐tissue distance (1 mm, 3 mm) were varied systematically.Results: Selective vessel destruction without vessel wall rupture was more often achieved by increasing pulse width, increasing the fiber‐to‐tissue distance, and decreasing energy. Vessel destruction without rupture was consistently achieved using 15‐ or 30‐ms pulses with a fiber‐to‐tissue distance of 3 mm (pulse fluence of 13–16 J/cm2).Conclusions: This study substantiates our clinical observation that a 532‐nm pulsed KTP laser was effective for ablating microcirculation while minimizing vessel wall rupture and hemorrhage.
Immunohistochemical variability of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in liver metastases from colonic carcinomas
Authors: Bralet M‐P , Paule B , Falissard B , Adam R , Guettier C 
Published: January 2007

Aims:  To follow and compare immunohistochemical expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in tumour cells during the entire natural history of colonic carcinoma, from primary tumour to paired lymph node and sequentially resected liver metastases; and to test interobserver reproducibility of EGFR analysis.Methods and results:  Forty patients had resection of colonic adenocarcinoma (27 with metastatic lymph nodes) and at least one partial hepatectomy (PH) for liver metastases; a second and a third PH were performed, respectively, in 14 and three patients; seven patients had tumour liver biopsy. EGFR immunohistochemistry (n = 130) was analysed independently by two pathologists. EGFR expression (membranous staining detected in ≥ 1% of tumour cells) was detected in 38/40 colonic carcinomas, 23/26 lymph nodes and 51/64 liver metastases. Both primary tumours and related metastases were EGFR+ in 28 patients (73%). Discrepancies were found in EGFR status between liver and lymph node (23%) and among the different liver samples (31%). Interobserver agreement was very good (intraclass correlation coefficients of 0.81, 0.91 and 0.85, respectively, for interpretation of staining in colon, lymph node and liver metastases).Conclusions:  Since immunohistochemical detection of EGFR remains a prerequisite for EGFR‐targeted therapy eligibility, different tumour samples should be tested to allow every patient a chance to take advantage of this treatment.
Cytogenetic abnormalities in MALT lymphomas and their precursor lesions from different organs. A fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) study
Authors: João C , Farinha P , Da Silva M G , Martins C , Crespo M , Cabeçadas J 
Published: January 2007

Aims:  To analyse the possible activation of distinct molecular pathways in mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, we determined the prevalence of trisomies 3, 12, 18 in MALT lymphomas from different organs, as well as the prevalence of translocations of the MALT1 gene in a subset of primary breast MALT lymphomas. We compared the numerical cytogenetic alterations in lymphomas, precursor lesions and in normal non‐haematolymphoid tissue from the same organs.Methods and results:  Forty‐two samples of paraffin‐embedded tissue (29 MALT lymphomas from stomach, breast, parotid and thyroid; two Sjögren's syndrome; two Hashimoto's thyroiditis and nine reactive samples) were studied by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Analysed together, the cases of gastric, parotid and thyroid MALT lymphomas presented trisomy 3 in 46%, trisomy 12 in 28% and trisomy 18 in 21% of the cases. In contrast to other locations, trisomy 3 was not present in the majority of the cases of primary breast MALT lymphomas. None of the nine breast cases presented MALT1 gene rearrangements. Half of the cases of preneoplastic lesions exhibited trisomy 3 and trisomy 12; none exhibited trisomy 18.Conclusions:  Trisomy 3 is the most frequent numerical abnormality in gastric, parotid and thyroid but not in primary breast MALT lymphomas. MALT1 gene rearrangements are also rare in this location, suggesting that distinct molecular pathways may be activated in breast cases.
Leukaemic infiltration of the mandible in a young girl
Authors: BENSON RACHAEL E. , RODD HELEN D. , NORTH SARAH , LOESCHER ALISON R. , FARTHING PAULA M. , PAYNE MARTIN 
Published: January 2007

Background.  This report presents a case of leukaemic infiltration of the mandible in a 10‐year‐old female of Sudanese extraction.Case report.  The patient was in remission from acute lymphoblastic leukaemia when she presented with pain localized to the alveolar ridge overlying the unerupted lower right second permanent molar. Two days later, she developed right inferior alveolar nerve paraesthesia. Radiographic imaging demonstrated cortical line absence around the developing lower right second and third permanent molars, and distal displacement of the lower right third molar. In addition, the cortical outline of the right inferior dental canal lacked clarity. Biopsy confirmed leukaemia recurrence demonstrating the Philadelphia chromosome. Tailored chemotherapy was commenced, and a bone marrow transplant was carried out 12 weeks later. At 6‐month dental review, the patient remained exceptionally well with no bone pain and normal sensation in the right lower lip.Conclusion.  The importance of regular and long‐term dental examination of patients with leukaemia is discussed.
Active sugar transport in health and disease
Authors: Wright E. M. , Hirayama B. A. , Loo D. F. 
Published: January 2007

Abstract.Secondary active glucose transport occurs by at least four members of the SLC5 gene family. This review considers the structure and function of two premier members, SGLT1 and SGLT2, and their role in intestinal glucose absorption and renal glucose reabsorption. Genetics disorders of SGLTs include Glucose‐Galactose Malabsorption, and Familial Renal Glucosuria. SGLT1 plays a central role in Oral Rehydration Therapy used so effectively to treat secretory diarrhoea such as cholera. Increasing attention is being focused on SGLTs as drug targets for the therapy of diabetes.
Respiratory syncytial virus infection and recurrent wheeze/asthma in children under five years: An epidemiological survey
Authors: Lazzaro Teresa , Hogg Geoff , Barnett Peter 
Published: January 2007

Aim:  To determine the rates of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in children under 5 years of age with recurrent wheeze or asthma and compare their clinical presentation, course and outcome with asthmatic children of the same age who did not have RSV.Methods:  Children were recruited prospectively from the emergency department of the Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne during peak RSV season in 1998. Information was collected regarding past and current asthma presentations, a nasopharyngeal asprirate was taken for viral isolation and all children were reviewed by telephone 1 week following presentation.Results:  73 children were included with a median age of 28 months. RSV was isolated from 33 (45%) of children, one child had adenovirus and in the remainder no virus was isolated. Children less than 12 months were more likely to have RSV (70%). RSV‐positive children had a longer duration of illness prior to hospital presentation than RSV‐negative children but were not more likely to be admitted or to have a longer duration of ongoing symptoms.Conclusion:  A high rate of RSV infection was demonstrated in young children with recurrent wheeze or asthma during the RSV season. This information has important implications for the control of nosocomial infection with RSV (i.e. isolation of patients) and in targeting another group to be included for RSV vaccine development.
Retrospective analysis of long‐term defunctioning stoma complications after colorectal surgery
Authors: Caricato M. , Ausania F. , Ripetti V. , Bartolozzi F. , Campoli G. , Coppola R. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractObjective  Defunctioning stoma is a common surgical procedure, but the choice of stoma remains controversial. The preference for colostomy or ileostomy depends on the type of surgery and on the surgeon who performs the procedure. Stoma reversal is often performed a few weeks after colorectal resection but few studies have analysed the long‐term complications of different types of stoma. This study aims to determine which type of stoma is associated with a lower rate of long‐term complications.Method  A retrospective study of patients undergoing colorectal surgery from 1998 to 2004 with stoma creation after was conducted. Only patients followed up by our enterostomal therapist for a minimum of 3 months were included. Both emergency and elective procedures were considered. All stoma‐related complications were recorded. Kruskal–Wallis and Mann‐Whitney U‐test were used for statistical analysis (Reviewer 2, n. 5).Results  132 patients were considered suitable for the analysis. Patients were divided into loop ileostomy (44), loop colostomy (77) and end colostomy (11) group. Mean age was 68 years. Mean follow up was 4 months (range: 3–23). The overall complication rate was 60%. The most common complication included dermatitis, parastomal hernia, leakage and stenosis. The stoma with the lowest complications rate was end colostomy (P = 0.026). Age <68 years was significantly associated with less complications (P = 0.01). Indication for surgery, emergency procedure, gender, morbidity and preoperative site were not significant factors.Conclusion  In this long term follow‐up study, end colostomy and younger patients had a lower incidence of complications. A large prospective trial is needed to confirm our results.
ILLNESS, SUFFERING AND VOLUNTARY EUTHANASIA
Authors: VARELIUS JUKKA 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTIt is often accepted that we may legitimately speak about voluntary euthanasia only in cases of persons who are suffering because they are incurably injured or have an incurable disease. This article argues that when we consider the moral acceptability of voluntary euthanasia, we have no good reason to concentrate only on persons who are ill or injured and suffering.
AN IRONIC REDUCTIO FOR A ‘PRO‐LIFE’ ARGUMENT:1 HURLBUT'S PROPOSAL FOR STEM CELL RESEARCH
Authors: ELLIOTT KEVIN 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTWilliam Hurlbut, a Stanford University bioethicist and member of the President's Council on Bioethics, recently proposed a solution to the current impasse over human embryonic stem cell research in the United States. He suggested that researchers could use genetic engineering and somatic cell nuclear transfer (i.e. cloning) to develop human ‘pseudo‐embryos’ that have no potential to develop fully into human persons. According to Hurlbut, even thinkers who typically ascribe high moral status to human embryos could approve of destroying these ‘pseudo‐embryos’ for the sake of harvesting human embryonic stem cells. This essay argues, first, that an argument based on the ‘paradox of the heap’ (an argument that many ‘pro‐life’ thinkers employ in order to defend the notion that human embryos have high moral value from the moment of conception) challenges the ethical legitimacy of Hurlbut's proposal. Second, the paper argues that this conflict may illustrate a reductio ad absurdum for this ‘pro‐life’ argument itself rather than being a problem for Hurlbut's proposal. As a result, the paper challenges the ‘pro‐life’ strategy of arguing that one should respond to uncertainty about the moral status of developing embryos by being morally ‘cautious’ and granting all human embryos full moral status from the moment of conception. It appears that one is faced with a complex series of choices (about where to draw the moral line between entities that are human persons and entities that are not), and a strict moral ‘cautiousness’ about this series of choices may ultimately lead to absurdity.