bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of a Detailed Microphysics Cirrus Model Tracking Aerosol Particles’ Histories for Interpretation of the Recent INCA Campaign
Authors: Monier Marie , Wobrock Wolfram , Gayet Jean-François , Flossmann Andrea 
Published: March 2006

AbstractCirrus clouds play an important role in the earth’s energy balance. To quantify their impact, information is needed on their microstructure and more precisely on the number and size of the ice crystals. With the anthropogenic activity, more and more aerosol particles and water vapor are released even at the altitude where cirrus clouds are formed. Cirrus clouds formed in a polluted air mass may have different microphysical properties and, therefore, a different impact on the climate system via the changed radiative properties compared to background cirrus clouds. To study this aspect, the European project called the Interhemispheric Differences in Cirrus Properties due to Anthropogenic Emissions (INCA) measured the microphysical properties of cirrus clouds together with the physical and chemicals properties of aerosol particles in clean air (at Punta Arenas, Chile) and polluted air (at Prestwick, Scotland). The goal of the present work was to develop a detailed microphysics model for cirrus clouds for the interpretation and the generalization of the INCA observations. This model considers moist aerosol particles through the Externally Mixed (EXMIX) model, so that the chemical composition of solution droplets can be followed. Ice crystal formation is described through homogeneous or heterogeneous nucleation. The crystals then grow by deposition. With this model, the interactions between the microphysical processes, simulated ice crystal concentrations, and dimensional distributions of the INCA observations were studied, and explanations were provided for the observed differences between background and polluted cirrus clouds.
Cloud Phase Structure: Experimental Data Analysis and Parameterization
Authors: Mazin I. P. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
In this article, the data collected over 6 yr of daily observations at a network of aircraft sounding (31 stations) in the former Soviet Union, and the data collected by Canadian researchers in field campaigns in the 1990s, are reanalyzed and compared with each other. To describe the cloud phase structure (CPS), the notion of the cloud phase index (CPI)3 is used; that is, the local mass fraction of the ice particles in the total (water + ice) water content. It is concluded that the average distribution of the (CPI)3 values in clouds depends mainly on the temperature, the cloud types, and the scale of averaging. If these characteristics remain unchanged the geographic and seasonal variations of the phase structure are small. It is shown that for averaging scales of the order of 100 m, the frequency of occurrence of liquid clouds [(CPI)3 = 0] varies from approximately 60% at 0°C to 5% at −35°C, and that of the ice clouds from about 5% to 60%. The frequency of occurrence of the mixed clouds only weakly depends on temperature, varying within 30%–40%. The dependence of the cumulative (CPI)3 distribution on temperature in the interval 0.1 &lt; (CPI)3 &lt; 0.7 is close to linear. For stratiform clouds (without going into further details) the coefficients of the linear parameterization are found as a function of temperature. Knowing the (CPI)3 distribution allows one to also estimate the humidity in clouds. The most urgent challenges for the experimental studies of the cloud phase structure are formulated.
Aging and Identity Management in a Norwegian Elderly Home
Authors: Bjelland Anne Karen 
Published: March 2006

In this paper, I present some aspects of the residents' situation in an elderly home in Norway. The aim is to give an empirical example of how a group of aged people, living in a setting dominated by the consequences of advanced age, try to make sense of their lives through continued efforts to establish a positive self-image and personal identity, in face of both their own and their co-residents' declining health and death. In spite of the objectives set forth by the Ministry of Social Affairs, the life in an elderly home poses various restraints on the residents' adaptation patterns and identity management. However, the residents do not passively accept their situation, but continuously seek solutions to the dilemmas with which they are confronted. They do this by both adapting in special ways and constantly producing justifications for and interpretations of their own behavior and that of others. Within the constraints posed by the institutional setting, the physical and social environment, they establish their own social organization and create a “universe of meaning” which enables them to maintain aspects of their own identity and self-respect, and their worth as human beings. I suggest that this paper lends weight to Berreman's claims that people who find themselves in inferior/stigmatized situations Furthermore, a core element in my interpretation of the process of identity management is the factor of motivation, that is, motivation for self-confirmation. Robbins holds that the factor of motivation accounts for many aspects of social and cutural processes: In other words, I try to show how the various adaptation patterns are made relevant for the residents' evaluation and codification of behavior, and for their categorization of each other (Bateson, 1972). The sets of categories that are established may be interpreted as a continuous communication regarding the direct and indirect implication of the aging process. Such an approach, starting out with the adaptation patterns of the residents and their interpretations of these, demonstrates how one may reach an understanding of important aspects of the aging process and the dilemmas of the aged in our society.
Treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis and its effects on asthma
Authors: Ragab S. , Scadding G. K. , Lund V. J. , Saleh H. 
Published: March 2006

The effects of rhinosinusitis treatment upon asthma are disputed.The first randomised prospective study of surgical compared with medical therapy of chronic rhinosinusitis in 90 patients with and without nasal polyps was previously reported. Asthma symptoms, control, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), peak flow, exhaled nitric oxide, medication use and hospitalisation at 6 and 12 months from the start of the study were also monitored. This paper reports these results in 43 of those patients with concomitant asthma.Both medical and surgical treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis were associated with subjective and objective improvements in asthma. Overall asthma control improved significantly following both treatment modalities, but was better maintained after medical therapy, where improvement could also be demonstrated in the subgroup with nasal polyps. Medicine was superior to surgery with respect to a decrease in exhaled nitric oxide and increase in FEV1in the polyp patients. Two patients noted worsening of asthma post-operatively.Improvement in upper airway symptoms, as assessed using a visual analogue scale, correlated with improvement in asthma symptoms and control. Treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis, medical or surgical, benefits concomitant asthma; that associated with nasal polyposis benefits more from medical therapy.
Upregulation of basic fibroblast growth factor in smokers with chronic bronchitis
Authors: Guddo F. , Vignola A. M. , Saetta M. , Baraldo S. , Siena L. , Balestro E. , Zuin R. , Papi A. , Maestrelli P. , Fabbri L. M. , Bonsignore G. , Turato G. 
Published: March 2006

The aim of the study was to investigate the expression of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and its receptor, fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR)-1, in the central airways of smokers with chronic bronchitis.The lobar bronchi from 17 subjects undergoing thoracotomy for solitary nodules were examined. All had a history of cigarette smoking, nine had symptoms of chronic bronchitis and airflow limitation, and eight were asymptomatic with normal lung function. Using immunohistochemical methods, bFGF and FGFR-1 expression in the total airway wall and the different airway compartments,i.e.bronchial glands, submucosal vessels and smooth muscle, was quantified. Moreover, to investigate the role of bFGF in angiogenesis, the number of submucosal vessels was quantified.Smokers with chronic bronchitis had an increased bFGF expression in the total airway wall compared with asymptomatic smokers, which was mainly due to bFGF upregulation in bronchial glands. By contrast, the expression of FGFR-1 and the number of submucosal vessels was similar in the two groups of subjects examined.In conclusion, smokers with chronic bronchitis have an increased expression of basic fibroblast growth factor in the central airways, which is mainly due to an increased expression in bronchial glands, suggesting the involvement of this growth factor in the pathogenesis of chronic bronchitis.
Enhanced chemo-responsiveness in patients with sleep apnoea and end-stage renal disease
Authors: Beecroft J. , Duffin J. , Pierratos A. , Chan C. T. , McFarlane P. , Hanly P. J. 
Published: March 2006

Although sleep apnoea is very common in patients with end-stage renal disease, the physiological mechanisms for this association have not yet been determined. The current authors hypothesised that altered respiratory chemo-responsiveness may play an important role.In total, 58 patients receiving treatment with chronic dialysis were recruited for overnight polysomnography. A modified Read rebreathing technique, which is used to assess basal ventilation, ventilatory sensitivity and threshold, was completed before and after overnight polysomnography. Patients were divided into apnoeic (n = 38; apnoea/hypopnoea index (AHI) 35±22 events·h-1) and nonapnoeic (n = 20; AHI 3±3 events·h-1) groups, with the presence of sleep apnoea defined as an AHI >10 events·h-1. While basal ventilation and the ventilatory recruitment threshold were similar between groups, ventilatory sensitivity during isoxic hypoxia (partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) 6.65 kPa) and hyperoxia (PO219.95 kPa) was significantly greater in apnoeic patients. Overnight changes in chemoreflex responsiveness were similar between groups.In conclusion, these data indicate that the responsiveness of both the central and peripheral chemoreflexes is augmented in patients with sleep apnoea and end-stage renal disease. Since increased ventilatory sensitivity to hypercapnia destabilises respiratory control, the current authors suggest this contributes to the pathogenesis of sleep apnoea in this patient population.
Involvement of MMP-12 and phosphodiesterase type 4 in cigarette smoke-induced inflammation in mice
Authors: Leclerc O. , Lagente V. , Planquois J-M. , Berthelier C. , Artola M. , Eichholtz T. , Bertrand C. P. , Schmidlin F. 
Published: March 2006

The aim of the present study was to characterise a mouse model of airways inflammation induced by cigarette smoke and to compare it with a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) model with regards to the efficacy of a PDE4 inhibitor (cilomilast), a corticosteroid (dexamethasone) and macrophage metalloelastase (MMP)-12 gene deletion.Cigarette smoke exposure for 3 days induced a time-dependent airway neutrophilia associated with an increased level of keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC), macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2, MIP-1α and MMP-9 in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). LPS exposure also induced an increase in the number of neutrophils in BAL. Studies in MMP-12-/- mice showed that in contrast to the smoking model, MMP-12 did not have a critical role in LPS-induced inflammation. Both cilomilast and dexamethasone blocked LPS-induced neutrophilia in a dose-dependent manner. Cilomilast inhibited cigarette smoke-induced neutrophilia and MIP-1α, but only 10 mg·kg−1of dexamethasone was effective. Both anti-inflammatory treatments had no effect on the levels of KC and MIP-2 in the BAL.Although the inflammatory response was very similar in the smoking model and LPS, the pharmacological modulation and the MMP-12 gene deletion highlighted the differences in the mechanisms involved. Furthermore, the cigarette smoke model seemed to better represent the situation described in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients.In conclusion, these differences underline the importance of using an acute smoke-exposure model to investigate potential new treatments for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Dexamethasone can stimulate G1-S phase transition in human airway fibroblasts in asthma
Authors: Fouty B. , Moss T. , Solodushko V. , Kraft M. 
Published: March 2006

Corticosteroids are the first line of therapy for asthma. Whether they alter the progression of airway remodelling in asthma is, as yet, unknown.To determine whether corticosteroids could alter the fibroblast cell cycle the current authors studied the effect of dexamethasone on cultured airway fibroblasts obtained from nine mild-to-moderate, steroid-naïve asthmatics (forced expiratory volume in one second 78±4% predicted), and seven normal controls. Fibroblasts were cultured from endobronchial biopsies obtainedviabronchoscopy. Cells were exposed to dexamethasone (10-9–10-7 M) and studied at 72 h to determine differences in progression through the cell cycle.In asthmatic fibroblasts, dexamethasone, at concentrations of 10-8M and 10-7M, nearly doubled the number of cells in the S phase (17.8±3.0% and 18.4±3.1%, respectively) compared with untreated fibroblasts (10.3±1.4%). There was no significant effect in normal control fibroblasts. Dexamethasone induced hyperphosphorylation of the tumour suppressor, retinoblastoma (RB) in asthmatic fibroblasts; fibroblasts from normal controls had significantly less hyperphosphorylation of RB. No difference in protein expression of the CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α between the two groups was detected.This study suggests that dexamethasone can stimulate G1-S phase cell cycle transition in human airway fibroblasts obtained from asthmatics. Whether this leads to enhanced airway remodelling in some individuals remains to be determined.
Short-term respiratory effects of cleaning exposures in female domestic cleaners
Authors: Medina-Ramón M. , Zock J. P. , Kogevinas M. , Sunyer J. , Basagaña X. , Schwartz J. , Burge P. S. , Moore V. , Antó J. M. 
Published: March 2006

Symptoms of obstructive lung disease in domestic cleaners have been related to the use of bleach and other irritant cleaning products. The short-term effects of cleaning exposures on respiratory symptoms and peak expiratory flow (PEF) were investigated in domestic cleaners with respiratory disorders.In a panel study, 43 female domestic cleaners with a recent history of asthma and/or chronic bronchitis completed a 2-week diary, collecting information on respiratory symptoms, PEF and cleaning exposures. Mixed regression models were used to assess daily changes in symptoms and PEF associated with specific cleaning exposures. The probability of having work-related asthma was individually assessed by a computerised diagnostic system and an occupational asthma expert.Lower respiratory tract symptoms were more common on working days and were predominantly associated with exposure to diluted bleach, degreasing sprays/atomisers and air fresheners. Associations with upper respiratory tract symptoms and PEF were less apparent. Eleven (30%) subjects scored positively for work-related asthma.It is concluded that exposure to certain irritant cleaning products aggravates lower respiratory tract symptoms in female domestic cleaners with asthma or chronic bronchitis.
Biomonitoring for assessment of organic dust-induced lung inflammation
Authors: Mueller-Anneling L. J. , O'Neill M. E. , Thorne P. S. 
Published: March 2006

Inhalation exposure to particulate matter containing endotoxin (or lipopolysaccharide (LPS)) occurs in a variety of occupations. Nasal lavage and induced sputum have been used to evaluate lung inflammation resulting from such exposures. Whole blood assay (WBA) measures cytokine production of leukocytes afterex vivostimulation with LPS. The present study examined the effectiveness of WBA for evaluating inflammatory responses and susceptibility.C3HeB/FEJ mice were tolerised by LPS injection or sham tolerised with saline. Animals then inhaled either swine barn dust extract containing endotoxin or saline. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid was assayed for leukocyte counts and pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6, tumour necrosis factor-α). Whole blood was stimulated with 10 or 100 ng·mL-1of LPS, incubated for 5 or 18 h and assayed for cytokines.Barn dust-exposed groups revealed significantly higher total cells, neutrophils and cytokines in BAL compared with saline-exposed groups. Animals tolerised to LPS and exposed to barn dust demonstrated lower cellular and cytokine BAL responses. Similarly, WBA yielded significantly elevated cytokines with barn dust exposure and reduced responses with tolerisation.This study demonstrates the efficacy of whole blood assay as a biomarker of inhalation exposure to inflammatory agents and its use for assessing susceptibility to organic dust-induced lung inflammation.
A single-season prospective study of respiratory viral infections in lung transplant recipients
Authors: Milstone A. P. , Brumble L. M. , Barnes J. , Estes W. , Loyd J. E. , Pierson R. N. , Dummer S. 
Published: March 2006

The frequency and complications of respiratory viral infections (RVI) were studied in 50 ambulatory lung transplant patients during a single winter season, using viral antigens, viral cultures and PCR of nasal washes or bronchoalveolar lavages. Patients' survival, episodes of acute rejection and occurrence of bronchiolitis obliterans (BO) or BO syndrome (BOS) were monitored for 1 yr after the study.Overall, 32 (64%) patients had 49 symptomatic episodes. Documented infections included eight due to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), one due to parainfluenza virus (PIV) and 10 due to influenza (FLU). Four of the FLU infections were serological rises without symptoms. Overall, 17 (34%) patients had documented viral infection; four patients had lower respiratory involvement and two (one RSV, one PIV) were hospitalised for aerosolised ribavirin treatment.After 1 yr there were three (6%) deaths unrelated to RVI. BO or BOS had occurred in one (6%) out of 17 patients with and three (12%) out of 33 without RVI. Respiratory viruses infected one-third of ambulatory lung transplant recipients in a single season.In conclusion, respiratory viral infection was not associated with subsequent graft dysfunction. Larger prospective studies are required to better define the acute and long-term morbidity of these infections.
Direct evidence of secondary necrosis of neutrophils during intense lung inflammation
Authors: Rydell-Törmänen K. , Uller L. , Erjefält J. S. 
Published: March 2006

Several pulmonary inflammatory conditions are characterised by infiltration of neutrophils. Normally, neutrophils are silently removed by apoptosis, followed by phagocytosis. However, if phagocytosis fails, apoptotic cells undergo secondary necrosis. Recent findings of increased levels of the pan-necrosis marker lactate dehydrogenase in bronchoalveolar lavage from lipopolysaccharide-exposed mice implies potential involvement of secondary necrosis. Using a similar model, this study aimed to identify the source of lactate dehydrogenase and to search for direct histological evidence of secondary necrosis.Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was administered to the lungs of BALB/c mice, and bronchoalveolar lavage and tissue samples were collected 4, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60 and 72 h after administration. LPS induced a patchy neutrophil-rich lung inflammation, where the numbers of terminal deoxynucleotide transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labelling-positive neutrophils were increased at 12 h and onwards. Lavage levels of neutrophils and lactate dehydrogenase increased significantly at 4 and 24 h, respectively. Detailed electron microscopic assessment of neutrophil activation and death modes revealed that up to 14% of the neutrophils were undergoing secondary necrosis, whereas apoptotic or primary necrotic structural cells were rarely found.In summary, this study provides direct evidence that secondary necrosis of neutrophils is a common process during intense lung inflammation. This implies that neutrophil apoptosis may cause rather than resolve airway inflammation.
Early rise in exhaled nitric oxide and mast cell activation in repeated low-dose allergen challenge
Authors: Ihre E. , Gyllfors P. , Gustafsson L. E. , Kumlin M. , Dahlén B. 
Published: March 2006

Repeated low-dose allergen inhalation challenge mimics natural allergen exposure, providing a model for early mechanisms in the triggering of asthma. The current authors performed a controlled study to evaluate the time course of changes in exhaled nitric oxide fraction (Fe,NO) and urinary biomarkers of airway inflammation.Eight subjects with mild allergic asthma completed two 7-day repeated low-dose challenge periods, with diluent and allergen, respectively. Subjects were symptom free at inclusion and were investigated when not exposed to specific allergen. Pulmonary function and symptoms were followed, andFe,NOand urinary mediators were correlated to changes in airway responsiveness to histamine and adenosine.Despite no change in pulmonary function (forced expiratory volume in one second mean±semfall 0.3±0.7versus0.6±1.0%, for diluent and allergen, respectively) and no asthma symptoms, repeated allergen exposure, in contrast to diluent, caused significant increases in histamine responsiveness (2.3 doubling doses), an early and gradual increase inFe,NO(up to a doubling from baseline) and a small increase in the mast cell marker 9α11β-prostaglandin F2after adenosine challenge.In conclusion, serial measurements of exhaled nitric oxide fraction have the potential to provide a very sensitive strategy for early detection of emerging airway inflammation and subsequent changes in airway hyperresponsiveness to histamine.
Cognitive versus Technical Debriefing after Simulation Training
Authors: Bond William F. , Deitrick Lynn M. , Eberhardt Mary , Barr Gavin C. , Kane Bryan G. , Worrilow Charles C. , Arnold Darryl C. , Croskerry Pat 
Published: March 2006

Background:
Recent literature describes “cognitive dispositions to respond” (CDRs) that may lead physicians to err in their clinical reasoning.
Objectives:
To assess learner perception of high‐fidelity mannequin‐based simulation and debriefing to improve understanding of CDRs.
Methods:
Emergency medicine (EM) residents were exposed to two simulations designed to bring out the CDR concept known as “vertical line failure.” Residents were then block‐randomized to a technical/knowledge debriefing covering the medical subject matter or a CDR debriefing covering vertical line failure. They then completed a written survey and were interviewed by an ethnographer. Four investigators blinded to group assignment reviewed the interview transcripts and coded the comments. The comments were qualitatively analyzed and those upon which three out of four raters agreed were quantified. A random sample of 84 comments was assessed for interrater reliability using a kappa statistic.
Results:
Sixty‐two residents from two EM residencies participated. Survey results were compared by technical (group A, n= 32) or cognitive (group B, n= 30) debriefing. There were 255 group A and 176 group B comments quantified. The kappa statistic for coding the interview comments was 0.42. The CDR debriefing group made more, and qualitatively richer, comments regarding CDR concepts. The technical debriefing group made more comments on the medical subjects of cases. Both groups showed an appreciation for the risk of diagnostic error.
Conclusions:
Survey data indicate that technical debriefing was better received than cognitive debriefing. The authors theorize that an understanding of CDRs can be facilitated through simulation training based on the analysis of interview comments.