bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Children's Interaction With Commercials*
Authors: Frazer Charles F. , Reid Leonard N. 
Published: January 2008

Public policy attention to numerous issues arising from children's television commercials has resulted in considerable research interest in this area. Most studies have been based on 1) cognitive developmental approaches; 2) survey methods based on parental reports of child viewing; 3) a view of the child as an atomized entity in the viewing environment.This study focuses on interactive episodes of child viewing. Behavior specimens of interactive viewing collected by naturalistic methods are presented illustrating children and parents actively shaping the commercial viewing situation.
A CASE STUDY OF TWO TYPES OF OFFICER‐INMATE INTERACTION IN A CORRECTIONAL ESTABLISHMENT*
Authors: Andrews Florence Kellner 
Published: January 2008

The paper argues that because studies of correctional institutions favor a focus upon inmates rather than a concentration upon the interaction between inmates and officers, it is quite likely that many accounts of prison life are distorted. Therefore, a focus upon this interaction is recommended in order to achieve a fuller and more accurate description of correctional social structure.An illustrative case is presented which compares officer interactions with two types of inmates in a minimum security institution in the United States Northeast. These two types of interactions present the bases of order and disorder in a correctional establishment from the perspectives of both officers and inmates.The case study is linked to recent correctional literature to propose some generalizations concerning social order in correctional institutions.
GOOD PEOPLE DOING DIRTY WORK: A STUDY OF SOCIAL ISOLATION*
Authors: Davis David S. 
Published: January 2008

Everett Hughes (1964), in his essay “Good People and Dirty Work”, implies that those who engage in dirty work may be defective in some way, a view that reflects society's perception of dirty workers. However, many of them perceive themselves to be good people doing dirty work. In this paper we examine the consequences of this disjunction between the audience's and the self's perception.We examine members of a dirty work occupation: bailbondsmen. Many of these individuals are found to be socially isolated. This isolation is the result of their belief that they have been unjustly accused of corrupt and corrupting behavior and their desire to be seen and accepted as respectable. Rejected by members of respectable society and rejecting association with like others who may taint their attempts for respectability, they become socially isolated. Ironically, by proclaiming their innocence they, unlike their truly accused counterparts, find little social support or possibility of becoming integrated into respectable society.
PURCHASING PRODUCTS FOR RESALE: ASSESSING SUPPLIERS AS “PARTNERS‐IN‐TRADE”*
Authors: Prus Robert 
Published: January 2008

Speaking to the more general topic of commitments and the relationships implied therein, this paper examines “purchasing” decisions on the part of businesspeople. The material on which this paper is based was gathered through interviews with people involved in retail, wholesale, manufacturing, and commercial trade, attendance of “trade shows”, and involvements in a craft enterprise.While focusing mainly on buyers, some attention is also given to suppliers as together they attempt to assess one another relative to their interests and styles of doing business (e.g. relevancy, quality, pricing, and financing). The interdependence of buyers and suppliers is much greater than it might first seem (a “zero‐sum” game), and the development of “good working relations” represents an element of considerable significance to parties involved in both aspects of the exchange. However, the reflective planning and negotiation involved takes place in a setting characterized by much uncertainty, potential misunderstanding, and reserved trust. Thus, in addition to providing some sociological material on buyer‐supplier relations, this paper also sheds light on the emergence and maintenance of cooperation among (independent) entities endeavoring to maximize their returns in a highly competitive environment.
From Fat to Thin: Informal Rites Affirming Identity Change
Authors: Rubin Nissan , Shmilovitz Carmella , Weiss Meira 
Published: January 2008

Rituals provide public solutions to some types of life crises, or change. There are crises which beset the individual in modern society which are not easily addressed by public ritual. The present paper observes such a life crisis and identifies conscious rites performed by individuals. These rites are called, “personal definitional rites”, and take place in situations demanding identity changes. Newly acquired identity is performed ritually in an attempt to elicit recognition of a new social state.Thirty‐six patients clinically defined as obese underwent gastric reduction surgery. Patients were interviewed after having lost excess weight in order to understand the social results of the dramatic change in appearance. Patients described various “rites” they used to complete their conversion from fat to thin. These rites are compared to rites of transition and definition.
Thoughts on the Body: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Kotarba Joseph A. 
Published: January 2008

Good Days, Bad Days: The Self in Chronic Illness and Time, by Kathy Charmaz.At The Will of The Body: Reflections on Illness, by Arthur W. Frank.The Body: Social Process and Cultural Theory, edited by Mike Featherstone, Mike Hepworth, and Bryan S. Turner.
Telling the Truth after Postmodernism1
Authors: Smith Dorothy E. 
Published: January 2008

The concerns of this paper come from an attempt to develop sociological inquiry from women's standpoint and to create a sociology for people. It is a project that must rely on the possibility of “telling the truth.” The poststructuralist/postmodernist critique of representation and reference creates a fundamental problem for this project. It challenges the very possibility of a sociology committed to inquiry into the actualities of the social as people live them.The poststructuralist/postmodernist critique of the unitary subject of modernity is central. It is argued that the subject and subject‐object relations are inescapably in and of discourse and language. Both subject and object are discursively constituted and there is no beyond to which reference can be made in establishing the truth of statements. Rather subjects are constituted only in discourse and are fragmented, multiple, diverse. This paper argues that, though the unitary subject is rejected, an individuated subject survives though multiplied and that a central failure of poststructuralism/postmodernism is to come to grips with the social as actual socially organized practices.Using the theories of George Herbert Mead and Mikhail Bakhtin, the paper goes on to offer an alternative understanding of referring and “telling the truth.” Observations of sequences in which people are identifying an object for one another are described to demonstrate the radically and ineluctably social character of the process. The argument is then extrapolated with further examples to offer an alternative account of referring. A description of using a street map in an actual context of “finding our way” exemplifies how a science might be inserted into a local practice. Telling the truth, it is argued, is always and only in just such actual sequences of dialogue among people directly present to one another or indirectly present in the texts they have produced. My own and others' observations are used to reconceptualize “referring” in general as integral to a social act of finding and recognizing an object as a local performance. In conclusion, I suggest that the example of a map offers to sociology a model that does not displace and subordinate people's experience but can be used by them to expand their knowledge beyond it.
Variation in the Probability that Male Coho Salmon Will Mature Early: Inferences from Hierarchical Models
Authors: Watters George M. , Bessey Cindy 
Published: January 2008

AbstractWe fitted hierarchical Bayesian models to coded wire tag data and studied the variation in the probability that male coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch released at 72 locations in 41 basins and 8 regions mature early. We used data from at least 10 cohorts at each location; therefore, our analysis was both spatially and temporally more extensive than those conducted previously. We accounted for variation in the log‐odds of early maturation with (1) mean smolt weight, (2) covariates (developed specifically for this paper) that indexed marine environmental conditions during the first few months after out‐migration, and (3) hierarchical means that identified each cohort's release location, basin, and region. There was posterior support for location‐specific effects of smolt size on the probability of early maturation across the geographic range of this species, but not for location‐specific marine environmental effects. Nevertheless, substantial residual variation remained from our final analysis; we argue that this variation can be attributed to environmental effects that were not detected here. The spatial variation in the probability of early maturation was dominated by region‐level differences in freshwater rearing conditions, as evidenced by positive relationships between mean smolt weight and the expected log‐odds of early maturation at all levels in the geographic hierarchy. We identified more than one such relationship, and the differences between the center and the edges of the geographic range are considered here. Ultimately, since we defined regions on the basis of existing evolutionarily significant units for coho salmon, our results further support the use of these units for management and conservation purposes.
Phylogenetic and Ecological Characteristics Associated with Thiaminase Activity in Laurentian Great Lakes Fishes
Authors: Riley Stephen C. , Evans Allison N. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThiamine deficiency complex (TDC) causes mortality and sublethal effects in Great Lakes salmonines and results from low concentrations of egg thiamine that are thought to be caused by thiaminolytic enzymes (i.e., thiaminase) present in the diet. This complex has the potential to undermine efforts to restore lake trout Salvelinus namaycush and severely restrict salmonid production in the Great Lakes. Although thiaminase has been found in a variety of Great Lakes fishes, the ultimate source of thiaminase in Great Lakes fishes is currently unknown. We used logistic regression analysis to investigate relationships between thiaminase activity and phylogenetic or ecological characteristics of 39 Great Lakes fish species. The taxonomically more ancestral species were more likely to show thiaminase activity than the more derived species. Species that feed at lower trophic levels and occupy benthic habitats also appeared to be more likely to show thiaminase activity; these variables were correlated with taxonomy, which was the most important predictor of thiaminase activity. Further analyses of the relationship between quantitative measures of thiaminase activity and ecological characteristics of Great Lakes fish species would provide greater insight into potential sources and pathways of thiaminase in Great Lakes food webs.
Extreme Multistage Fracturing Improves Vertical Coverage and Well Performance in the Lost Hills Field
Authors: Hejl K. A. , Madding A. M. , Morea M. F. , Glatz C. W. , Luna J. , Minner W. A. , Singh T. , Stanley G. R. 
Published: January 2008

Summary
In an attempt to improve production response, fracturing designs in the Lost Hills field went from a standard three-to six-stage design to an extreme 15-to 18-stage design to stimulate approximately 1,000 ft of net pay. The previous standard designs were becoming borderline economic, and if development was to continue, then either production response had to improve or costs had to be reduced. Previous emphasis was placed on reducing fracture-treatment costs by pumping fewer stages and lower proppant volumes, but the cumulative production response decreased as a result. Previous tests using an increased number of fracture stages did not improve economics because of the increased fracturing costs and minimal production increases. When a new coiled-tubing fracturing technique was implemented to perform multistage jobs at reduced costs and the stage count per well was increased, production response and economics improved. This paper will discuss the differences in job execution, analysis of vertical fracture coverage using surface and downhole tiltmeter data, and cumulative production response from the different designs tested. Both treatment and stage design with this fracturing technique are being refined further as the performance and statistical analysis of previous design changes are completed.
Semiautomatic Multiple Resolution Design for History Matching
Authors: Li Baoyan , Friedmann Francois 
Published: January 2008

SummaryHistory matching is an inverse problem in which an engineer calibrates key geological/fluid-flow parameters by fitting a simulator's output to the real reservoir production history. It has no unique solution because of insufficient constraints. History-match solutions are obtained by searching for minima of an objective function below a preselected threshold value. Experimental design and response surface methodologies provide an efficient approach to build proxies of objective functions (OF) for history matching. The search for minima can then be easily performed on the proxies of OF as long as its accuracy is acceptable.In this paper, we first introduce a novel experimental design methodology for semi-automatically selecting the sampling points, which are used to improve the accuracy of constructed proxies of the nonlinear OF. This method is based on derivatives of constructed proxies.We propose an iterative procedure for history matching, applying this new design methodology. To obtain the global optima, the proxies of an OF are initially constructed on the global parameter space. They are iteratively improved until adequate accuracy is achieved. We locate subspaces in the vicinity of the optima regions using a clustering technique to improve the accuracy of the reconstructed OF in these subspaces.We test this novel methodology and history-matching procedure with two waterflooded reservoir models. One model is the Imperial College fault model (Tavassoli et al. 2004). It contains a large bank of simulation runs. The other is a modified version of the SPE9 (Killough 1995) benchmark problem. We demonstrate the efficiency of this newly developed history-matching technique.
Laboratory Simulation of Liner Loading and Near-Wellbore Permeability Variation in Poorly Consolidated Sandstones
Authors: Khodaverdian M. F. , Abou-Sayed A. S. , Ramos R. , Guo Q. , McLennan J. D. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Flow experiments were performed on a ten-inch diameter by fifteen-inch long thick-walled cylindrical sample of poorly consolidated sandstone, with a 1.25-inch diameter borehole. The purpose was to evaluate the effect of changing stress regimes on near-wellbore permeability and liner loading. A one-inch diameter screened liner was installed in the wellbore to preclude sand production. The liner was instrumented with strain gages, in order to determine stresses resulting from borehole deformation during production. The cylindrical sample was instrumented with pore pressure probes, placed at different distances from the wellbore, in order to assess variation in formation permeability with evolving effective confining stresses and production regimes. The major conclusions of this experiment are as follows: if sand ablation does not occur and if an adequate annular space exists between the liner and the wellbore, load transfer to the liner is mitigated. If sand ablates and fills the annular gap, the complexity of the load transfer mechanism increases dramatically. This has been addressed elsewhere (Abou-Sayed et al., 1995; Willson and Abou-Sayed, 1998).Apparent dilatant behavior in the near-wellbore region leads to permeability increase.An intermediate interval experiences a reduction in permeability, due to stress transfer, following yielding of the inner zone, adjacent to the wellbore.
Low Density Slag/Mud Mix Slurries Applied in Changqing Oilfield for Sealing Long Annuli
Authors: Wu Dahua , Sun Fuquan , Peiyan _ , Yuan Menjia , Xie Wenhu , Han Xiangyi 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The low density slag/mud-mix slurries within the range of 1 .20 1 .60g/cm3 have been successfully used in Changqing oilfield to seal over 230 oil and gas wells with low formation fracture pressure and long bare annulus to prevent casing strings from corrosion, wherein the qualified rate of well cementing is 100%, and the high qualified rate is 85%.
P. 159
Tests of Conversion into Steam Stimulation Following Water Flooding in Karamay Conglomerate Oilfield
Authors: Yang Ruiqi , Yang Shengzhen , Zou Zhengyin , Xhao Fuzhen , Muhetaer _ 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
It is estimated that the ultimate oil recovery by waterflooding is not more than 25% in conglomerate III reservoir in Karamay oilfield due to high crude oil viscosity and poor development effect. Therefore, it is found that the development effect and oil recovery can be significantly improved by steam injection because this kind of conglomerate reservoir is characterized by shallow burial, relatively concentrated oil layers and good connectivity. Based on the thermal drive experiments in laboratory and numerical simulation, about 24% and 20% incremental oil recovery can be achieved by conversion into steamflood respectively. Excellent development effect has been gained with an average production of 951 tiwell within a stimulation cycle, daily production of 4.2t/d per well, cumulative OSR of 0.355, production rate of 3.5%, all of which have reached the designed indexes. It is proved that, for conglomerate reservoirs like type 111 in Karamay oilfield, conversion into steam stimulation at the late waterflooding stage is an effective way to improve its development effect.
P. 179
Downhole ESP & Surface Multiphase Pump - Cost Effective Lift Technology for Isolated and Marginal Offshore Field Development
Authors: Mali Prasanna V. , Singh Rajiv , De S. K. , Bhatta M. K. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Exploitation of isolated and marginal offshore field has always been a challenging task. Decision to exploit such type of field, often, hinges on selection of appropriate lift technology. The study is carried out to find suitable lift technology for exploiting one of the isolated and marginal offshore fields, located in Bombay Offshore, India. 10-year production profile data of the field envisages peak oil production rate of 4451.6 m3/d (28,000 bbl/D) from 7 wells. Nearest processing facility is 90 km away. Simulation results indicate that self-flow life of the field is very short, thus, necessitating artificial lift, since beginning. The study involves evaluation of various conventional and unconventional lift technologies, with reference to this field. The study concludes that the combination of downhole ESP and surface multiphase pump would be the cost effective lift technology for exploitation of this particular isolated and marginal offshore field.
Effect of Non-Uniform Loading on Conventional Casing Collapse Resistance
Authors: Pattillo P. D. , Last N. C. , Asbill W. T. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
In various locations worldwide, casing designers are confronted with non-uniform cross-sectional loading due to contact with a mobile formation. The formation movement may be due to rock constitution (salt, swelling shale) or it may be tectonic in origin.
Typically, well design proceeds with the goal of combating the non-uniform load. If this load occurs slowly, adjustments to the tubular design may be minimal, as the cross-sectional ovalization can only occur at the same rate as the formation movement. Adopting such an approach, however, ignores the fact that ovalization of the cross section due to non-uniform loading may also lower its collapse resistance to more conventional loads such as pressure differential (e.g. external pore pressure minus internal fluid pressure).
This paper documents the results of numerical and experimental studies to determine the effect of non-uniform loading on the conventional collapse resistance of casing. The current work focuses on casing exposed to external fluid pressure and extreme point loading, as might be the case in a poorly cemented wellbore.
An introductory section sets forth the problem with a specific design scenario for a production casing string loaded simultaneously by imposed ovalization due to tectonic formation movement and collapse differential from the local fluid environment. The load is then simplified and solved numerically. The numerical results are first justified by physical argument, and then validated by full scale collapse testing. Finally, the distinction between manufactured and imposed ovality is reinforced by comparison of the results with conventional collapse equations.
Developing Brazil's Onshore E&P Oil Activities and Reducing the Country's Exposition to the Economic Cycles of the Global Oil Market
Authors: Zamith Regina , dos Santos Edmilson Moutinho 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Brazil has been developeding strong offshore E&P oil activities. The objective of this paper is to propose alternative policies for Brazil to boost onshore activities, reducing its exposure to the economic cycles of the petroleum business. In particular, new contract mechanisms should allow for a more attractive splitting of risks between the country and investors; inducing favorably the latter's investment decisions.
Feeling the Pulse of Drill Cuttings Injection Wells—A Case Study of Simulation, Monitoring, and Verification in Alaska
Authors: Guo Quanxin , Abou-Sayed Ahmed S. , Engel Harold R. 
Published: January 2008

Summary
In April 1998, a program for continuous deep disposal of drill cuttings and open pit materials was initiated on the North Slope of Alaska. This ongoing injection project is commonly referred to as GNI, or "Grind and Inject." Accumulated drilling cuttings and mud slurry are injected into a receptive Cretaceous soft sandstone in three wells: GNI-1, GNI-2, and GNI-3. Typical operations involve injecting slurry into one of the three wells continuously for a number of days and then switching injection to another well. The average injection rate is approximately 30,000 B/D. As of 30 September 2002, project injection has included 12.7×106 bbl of water, 30.9×106 bbl of slurry containing 2.0×106 tons or 2.2×106 cubic yards of excavated frozen reserve pit material and drilling solids, and 1.31×106 bbl of fluid from ongoing drilling operations.
Knowledge of the fate of the drilling and open-pit materials during injection is paramount to assure the safe containment of the disposed materials without harm to the environment. Numerical modeling, well testing (including step-rate and pressure-falloff testing), and logging surveys were performed periodically to assess the operational integrity of the disposal wells and to ensure the safe containment of the disposed waste slurry. The high-volume capacity of these injectors highlighted the mechanisms for slurry being accepted by multiple and branched fractures—part of the slurry went to previous fractures during subsequent batch injections.
This paper will detail how to integrate numerical simulations, well testing/monitoring, and operational data to estimate storage capacity and construct a clear representation of what was happening underground during this GNI operation. The work has implications on other large drilling-waste injection projects worldwide.