bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A multicenter, prospective pilot study of gamma knife radiosurgery for mesial temporal lobe epilepsy: Seizure response, adverse events, and verbal memory
Authors: Barbaro Nicholas M. , Quigg Mark , Broshek Donna K. , Ward Mariann M. , Lamborn Kathleen R. , Laxer Kenneth D. , Larson David A. , Dillon William , Verhey Lynn , Garcia Paul , Steiner Ladislau , Heck Christine , Kondziolka Douglas , Beach Robert , Olivero William , Witt Thomas C. , Salanova Vicenta , Goodman Robert 
Published: February 2009

AbstractObjectiveThe safety, efficacy, and morbidity of radiosurgery (RS) must be established before it can be offered as an alternative to open surgery for unilateral mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. We report the 3‐year outcomes of a multicenter, prospective pilot study of RS.MethodsRS was randomized to 20 or 24Gy targeting the amygdala, hippocampus, and parahippocampal gyrus. Seizure diaries evaluated the final seizure remission between months 24 and 36. Verbal memory was evaluated at baseline and 24m with the Wechsler Memory Scale–Revised (WMS‐R) and California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT). Patients were classified as having “significant improvement,” “no change,” and “significant impairment” based on relative change indices.ResultsThirteen high‐dose and 17 low‐dose patients were treated. Both groups showed significant reductions in seizures by 1 year after treatment. At the 36‐month follow‐up evaluation, 67% of patients were free of seizures for the prior 12 months (high dose: 10/13, 76.9%; low dose: 10/17, 58.8%). Use of steroids, headaches, and visual field defects did not differ by dose or seizure remission. The prevalence of verbal memory impairment was 15% (4/26 patients); none declined on more than one measure. The prevalence of significant verbal memory improvements was 12% (3/26).InterpretationRS for unilateral mesial temporal lobe epilepsy offers seizure remission rates comparable with those reported previously for open surgery. There were no major safety concerns with high‐dose RS compared with low‐dose RS. Additional research is required to determine whether RS may be a treatment option for some patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Ann Neurol 2009
Synthesis of polymer‐supported quaternary ammonium salts and their phase‐transfer catalytic activity in halogen‐exchange reactions
Authors: Leelamma P. N. , Devaky K. S. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractPolymer‐supported quaternary ammonium salts were prepared, and their applications as phase‐transfer catalysts in aqueous organic systems were investigated. The polymer‐bound phase‐transfer catalysts were prepared with polystyrene resins crosslinked with the bifunctional monomers divinylbenzene and 1,4‐butanediol dimethacrylate. The polymers were functionalized with chloromethyl groups and quaternized with trialkylamines having different alkyl chains. The obtained phase‐transfer catalysts were characterized with IR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The thermal stability was also determined by the thermogravimetric method. The catalytic properties of the phase‐transfer catalysts were studied in halogen‐exchange reactions. The effects of the nature and extent of crosslinking of the polymer support, the alkyl groups of the trialkylamine, and the reaction conditions were investigated. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2009
Synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of antifouling polymers of 4‐acryloyloxybenzaldehyde with methyl methacrylate
Authors: Subramanyam Elango , Mohandoss Sidharthan , Shin Hyun‐Woung 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIn recent years, antifouling (AF) polymers are widely used in marine paints to protect the ship hulls from biofouling. The AF polymer coatings have better leaching characteristics and long lasting efficiency than other conventional formulations. In this study, an attempt has been made to prepare new p‐acryloyloxybenzaldehyde(AcBA) polymers to assess their AF efficiency against marine microfoulers. The monomer, AcBA was prepared by the esterification reaction between p‐hydroxybenzaldehyde (HBA) and acryloyl chloride (Ac) in presence of triethylamine (TEA) in MEK at 0°C. The reaction was monitored by TLC and the prepared monomer was characterized by UV, IR, 1H‐NMR and GC‐MS. The homo‐[poly(AcBA)] and co‐polymers [poly(AcBA‐co‐MMA)] were prepared by solution polymerization using BPO as initiator. To find out the AF activity of prepared polymers, representatives of marine microfoulers, shipfouling bacteria (Bacillus macroides and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and microalgae (Amphora coffeaeformis and Navicula incerta) were screened. The contact toxicity and diatom attachment assays were conducted with prepared polymers and microfouling formation on coatings was also investigated using a tubular biofilm reactor. AF potential of these polymers coating is demonstrated. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Flexible cross‐linking by both pentaerythritol and polyethyleneglycol spacer and its impact on the mechanical properties and the shape memory effects of polyurethane
Authors: Chung Yong‐Chan , Cho Tae Keun , Chun Byoung Chul 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA series of polyurethane (PU) polymers cross‐linked laterally by pentaerythritol and polyethyleneglycol (PEG) spacers were compared with linear PU. The PU was composed of 4,4′‐methylenebis(phenylisocyanate) (MDI), poly(tetramethyleneglycol), 1,4‐butanediol (BD), pentaerythritol, and PEG‐200 as a spacer. PEG‐200 connected the pentaerythritol hydroxyl groups of two PU chains with MDI as a connecting agent. The phase separation between hard and soft segments was disrupted by the PEG crosslinking, and Tm did not change with an increase in cross‐linking content. Instead, the cross‐link density increased with an increase of pentaerythritol content. A significant increase in maximum stress compared with linear PU was attained, together with an increase in strain. The combination of both pentaerythritol and PEG‐200 in the PU resulted in the improvement of both stress and strain, unlike in the conventional cross‐linking method. The shape recovery increased to 90% and did not decrease after three test cycles. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Preparation of poly (MAA)‐crosslinked pregelled starch graft copolymer and its application in waste water treatments
Authors: Mostafa Kh. M. , Samarkandy Abdul Rahim , El‐Sanabary A. A. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractPropelled starch (PG) was first crosslinked with epichlorohydrin to obtain insoluble crosslinked pregelled starch (CPS). The latter was graft copolymerized with different amounts of Methacrylic acid using potassium persulphate as initiator. This was done to obtain six levels of poly (MAA)‐crosslinked pregelled starch graft copolymers (PMCPS) having different graft yields (expressed as meq COOH/100 g starch) with increasing order and designated as (PMCPS 1 to PMCPS 6). The latter copolymers were dispersed in aqueous solution of heavy metal ions (Cu2+, Pb2+, Cd2+, and Hg2+) and filtered to form polymer‐metal ions complex. Different factors affecting the heavy metal ions removal such as pH, extent of grafting, treatment time and starch dose were studied in detail. It was found from the obtained results that; the residual metal ions removal from their aqueous solutions increased with (a) increasing the extent of grafting of PMCPS i.e., from PMCPS 1 to PMCPS 6; (b) Increasing the pH of the metal ions solution complex from 1 to 8; (c) increasing the starch dosage from 0.25 to 2.0% (W/V), then leveled off thereafter, (d) increasing the time of the reaction up to 20 min then leveled off after that. On the other hand, Pb, Cd and Hg ions were also removed from their solutions with different extent. Furthermore, the prepared copolymer could be recovered by washing the metal ions from the complex with weak acid 1N HNO3 (pH 2) and the metal‐binding activity of the starch was slightly reduced by this process. Finally, the ability of PMCPS to remove three types of basic dyes from their solutions was also reported. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Photo‐oxidation of polystyrene/clay nanocomposites under accelerated UV exposure: Effect on the structure and molecular weight
Authors: Remili Chérifa , Kaci Mustapha , Kachbi Souad , Bruzaud Stéphane , Grohens Yves 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe present work investigates the effects of photo‐oxidation under accelerated UV conditions on the structure, the molecular weight and the morphology of polystyrene (PS)/organophilic montmorillonite (OMMT) at various clay contents: 2.5, 5, and 7 wt %. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, viscosimetry and scanning electron microscopy were used to evaluate the extent of degradation of nanocomposite samples in comparison with neat PS, up to 216 h of exposure. The study has shown that the formation rates of both carbonyl and hydroperoxide groups increase with exposure time, being much higher for PS/OMMT nanocomposites. Moreover, it is also observed that all samples exhibit a large increase in the scission index, however less pronounced for neat PS. These results clearly indicate the formation of low molecular weight products that could arise from chain scission. Further, the photo‐oxidation rate seems to be more affected by the presence of clay, which acts as a catalyst, rather than by the variation of clay contents. Finally, the degraded materials exhibit eroded surface. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Stability of electrical properties of carbon black‐filled rubbers
Authors: Podhradská Silvia , Prokeš Jan , Omastová Mária , Chodák Ivan 
Published: February 2009

AbstractConducting composites were prepared by melt mixing of ethylene–propylene–diene terpolymer (EPDM) or styrene‐butadiene rubber (SBR) and 35 wt % of carbon black (CB). Stability of electrical properties of rubber/CB composites during cyclic thermal treatment was examined and electrical conductivity was measured in situ. Significant increase of the conductivity was observed already after the first heating–cooling cycle to 85°C for both composites. The increase of conductivity of EPDM/35% CB and SBR/35% CB composites continued when cyclic heating‐cooling was extended to 105°C and 125°C. This effect can be explained by reorganization of conducting paths during the thermal treatment to the more conducting network. EPDM/35% CB and SBR/35% CB composites exhibited very good stability of electrical conductivity during storage at ambient conditions. The electrical conductivity of fresh prepared EPDM/35% CB composite was 1.7 × 10−2 S cm−1, and slightly lower conductivity value 1.1 × 10−2 S cm−1 was measured for SBR/35% CB. The values did not significantly change after three years storage. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Melt rheology of aliphatic hyperbranched polyesters
Authors: Vuković Jasna , Jovanović Slobodan , Lechner Manfred D. , Vodnik Vesna 
Published: February 2009

AbstractRheological behavior in melt of aliphatic hyperbranched polyesters (AHBP), synthesized using pseudo‐one‐step and one‐step procedure, was investigated in this work. Three commercially available AHBP were also examined. Because of the presence of relatively strong hydrogen bonds between numerous end hydroxyl groups, AHBP of lower generation number, as well as the sample of tenth pseudo generation, show non‐Newtonian behavior in the entire investigated frequency and temperature region. However, for other examined AHBP, the slope of the frequency dependence of complex viscosity (η* = f(ω)) becomes smaller with the temperature increase. Therefore, samples of fourth, fifth, and sixth pseudo generations show Newtonian behavior at temperatures higher than 70°C. Value of glass transition temperature, melt flow activation energy, fractional free volume, and thermal expansion coefficient were determined for the investigated AHBP. The influence of the type of end groups on rheological properties of AHBP was also examined. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Network structure/mechanical property relationship in crosslinked dimethacrylates of different chain lengths
Authors: Podgórski Maciej 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIn this article, the syntheses of three novel dimethacrylates of different chain lengths as well as the mechanical and thermal properties of their copolymers with methyl methacrylate and styrene were studied. The monomers were prepared by the reaction of glycidyl methacrylate with dicarboxylic acid esters obtained from maleic anhydride and ethylene, 1,4‐butylene and 1,6‐hexylene glycols. The addition reaction of glycidyl methacrylate and the acidic compound was carried out in the presence of basic catalyst, tetraethylammonium bromide. The monomers were UV‐copolymerized with methyl methacrylate and styrene in the presence of a photoinitiator which was 2,2‐dimethoxy‐2‐phenyloacetophenone. The prepared polymers were subjected to different studies concerning evaluation of their flexural properties, thermal stability, dynamic mechanical behavior as well as qualitative estimation of the content of unreacted double bonds. The dependence of glass transition temperatures (Tg) as well as degree of inhomogeneity on the crosslinking density has been examined in different copolymer systems. Evidence that the dependence of the Tg on the crosslinking density is not straightforward is presented. Dynamic mechanical measurements have demonstrated that the heterogeneity of the crosslinked polymers depends strongly on the crosslinking density of the system and the nature of methacrylate monomers used. Depending on the monomer size as well as its functionality, the resultant polymer may have features such as crosslinks or residual unsaturations that influence and define the properties of the materials. It is proved that the new dimethacrylates change their functionality in copolymerization with different monovinyl monomers. Also, the degree of unsaturated bonds conversion was found to be growing with the amount of monovinyl in the copolymer. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Degradation of poly(D,L‐lactic acid)‐b‐poly(ethylene glycol)‐b‐poly(D,L‐lactic acid) copolymer by electron beam radiation
Authors: Miao Peikai , Zhao Chun'e , Xu Guoliang , Fu Qiang , Tang Wenrui , Zeng Ke , Wang Yipeng , Zhou Hongfei , Yang Gang 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThis article investigates the effects of electron beam (EB) radiation on poly(D,L‐lactic acid)‐b‐poly (ethylene glycol) copolymer (PLA‐b‐PEG‐b‐PLA). The copolymer films were EB irradiated at doses from 0 to 100 kGy. The degradation of these films was studied by measuring the changes in their molecular weight, mechanical and thermal properties. The dominant effect of EB radiation on PLA‐b‐PEG‐b‐PLA is chain‐scission. With increasing irradiation dose, recombination reactions or partial crosslinking may occur in addition to chain scission. The degree of chain scission Gs and crosslinking Gx of sample are calculated to be 0.213 and 0.043, respectively. A linear relationship is also established between the decreases in molecular weight with increasing irradiation dose. Elongation at break of the irradiated sample decreases significantly, whereas its tensile strength decreases slightly. The glass transition temperature (Tg) is basically invariant as a function of irradiation dose. Thermogravimetric analysis shows that its thermal stability decreases with increasing dose. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Manduca sexta prothoracicotropic hormone: evidence for a role beyond steroidogenesis
Authors: Rybczynski Robert , Snyder Chelsea A. , Hartmann John , Sakurai Sho , Gilbert Lawrence I. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractProthoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) is a homodimeric brain peptide hormone that positively regulates the production of ecdysteroids by the prothoracic gland of Lepidoptera and probably other insects. PTTH was first purified from heads of adult domestic silkworms, Bombyx mori. Prothoracic glands of Bombyx and Manduca sexta undergo apoptosis well before the adult stage is reached, raising the recurring question of PTTH function at these later stages. Because Bombyx has been domesticated for thousands of years, the possibility exists that the presence of PTTH in adult animals is an accidental result of domestication for silk production. In contrast, Manduca has been raised in the laboratory for only five or six decades. The present study found that Manduca brains contain PTTH at all stages examined post‐prothoracic gland apoptosis, i.e., pharate adult and adult life, and that PTTH‐dependent changes in protein phosphorylation and protein synthesis were observed in several reproductive and reproduction‐associated organs. The data indicate that PTTH indeed plays a role in non‐steroidogenic tissues and suggest possible future avenues for determining which cellular processes are being so regulated. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A flexible approach for extracting metadata from bibliographic citations
Authors: Cortez Eli , da Silva Altigran S. , Gonçalves Marcos André , Mesquita Filipe , de Moura Edleno S. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIn this article we present FLUX‐CiM, a novel method for extracting components (e.g., author names, article titles, venues, page numbers) from bibliographic citations. Our method does not rely on patterns encoding specific delimiters used in a particular citation style. This feature yields a high degree of automation and flexibility, and allows FLUX‐CiM to extract from citations in any given format. Differently from previous methods that are based on models learned from user‐driven training, our method relies on a knowledge base automatically constructed from an existing set of sample metadata records from a given field (e.g., computer science, health sciences, social sciences, etc.). These records are usually available on the Web or other public data repositories. To demonstrate the effectiveness and applicability of our proposed method, we present a series of experiments in which we apply it to extract bibliographic data from citations in articles of different fields. Results of these experiments exhibit precision and recall levels above 94% for all fields, and perfect extraction for the large majority of citations tested. In addition, in a comparison against a state‐of‐the‐art information‐extraction method, ours produced superior results without the training phase required by that method. Finally, we present a strategy for using bibliographic data resulting from the extraction process with FLUX‐CiM to automatically update and expand the knowledge base of a given domain. We show that this strategy can be used to achieve good extraction results even if only a very small initial sample of bibliographic records is available for building the knowledge base.
Using computer software packages to enhance the teaching of engineering management science: Part 1—Critical path networks
Authors: Ku H. , Fulcher R. , Xiang W. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe aim of this article is to share the experience of using different software packages in the delivery of critical path networks in Engineering Management Science coded as ENG4004, in the Bachelor of Engineering and Bachelor of Engineering Technology programs offered by the University of Southern Queensland (USQ), a regional Australian University with excellence in developing e‐learning (Good University Guides, 2001). The article describes how the authors use different software packages to solve the critical path network problems of the course. At times, more than one package will be required for the effective delivery of a topic or module of the course. The needs for the usage were also explained. The assessments of the course were also studied and reviewed. How the software packages met the objectives of the module was also discussed together with the desired learning outcomes of students. The preferred software was Production and Operations Management (POM‐QM) for Windows 3. It was finally concluded that the actual costs to the university and students are not too much but students learning experience and satisfaction will be greatly improved. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 19: 26–39, 2011
Near Zero CO2 Emissions in Coal Firing with Oxy‐Fuel Circulating Fluidized Bed Boiler
Authors: Myöhänen K. , Hyppänen T. , Pikkarainen T. , Eriksson T. , Hotta A. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractCarbon capture and storage is a concept to reduce greenhouse gas emissions of energy production from fossil fuels. In oxy‐fuel combustion, the fuel is burned in a mixture of oxygen and recycled flue gas. This generates CO2‐rich flue gas from which the CO2 is easily separated and compressed. Foster Wheeler Power Group is developing the existing design tools and process models of air‐fired circulating fluidized bed boilers to implement specific features of oxycombustion. The validation data is produced from bench‐scale and pilot‐scale experiments at the VTT, Technical Research Centre of Finland. A three‐dimensional circulating fluidized bed (CFB) furnace model is developed and applied by Lappeenranta University of Technology for predicting the effects of oxycombustion in full scale units. This paper presents concept studies and initial 3D modeling results based on a 460 MWe supercritical CFB power plant at Lagisza, and pilot‐scale studies with flue gas recirculation demonstrating real oxygen combustion conditions.
Evaluation of the Limiting Regime in Iron Ore Fines Reduction with H2‐Rich Gases in Fluidized Beds: Fe2O3 to Fe3O4
Authors: Sturn J. , Voglsam S. , Weiss B. , Schenk J. , Winter F. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIn metallurgical processes, fluidized‐bed technology is gaining more importance because of its advantages. Processes with H2‐rich and CO‐rich reducing gases were developed for the reduction of iron ore fines (e.g. FINEX®). For improvement of these new technologies, greater knowledge about the chemical kinetics of iron ore reduction in fluidized beds is necessary. The scope of this work is to evaluate the limiting regime of the iron ore fines reduction. Therefore, experimental results of reduction tests were compared with theoretically investigated reduction rates. These reduction rates were based on a limitation either of mass transfer through the external gas film to the particle surface, diffusion in a porous product layer (pore diffusion and Knudsen diffusion), diffusion in a dense product layer (solid diffusion) or the phase boundary reaction. The phase boundary reaction was found to be the most likely limiting reaction regime.