bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Security Management and How To Do It
Authors: Aytac U. , Mehdizadeh Y. , Watson V. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Over the past few years, security has become increasingly important to companies operating in the worldwide oil and gas industry. Unlike traditional management functions such as finance, marketing, or personnel, security management is a domain for which competencies are not developed internally. Line management and employees may not be familiar by new security requirements such as physical security measures, armed convoys, living and working behind military protection, and security risk assessments.
In today's world, the energy industry requires definitive security support to deliver its commitments. Corporate management teams that engage best-in-class security advisors and adopt their recommendations will build confidence in their organizations. External security consultants must supply competent staff that is capable of adapting to the organizational cultures of their clients while providing consistent assessments and recommendations. Local security authorities have no option but to evolve and deal with an often elusive threat.
It is vitally important that security management be integrated into stakeholder cultures, which will require a mindset change. An evolution of this magnitude can only be enforced with a top-to-bottom drive. However, the key to success is to convince and train middle management, empowering them to carry the banner. The process takes time and a visible commitment from upper management.
This paper will detail how a major oilfield service company is managing this mindset change.
Regulation Balancing Pollution Controls and Costs
Authors: Priebe W. F. , Pratt M. D. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Like most costs, air pollution control costs are subject to the law of diminishing returns where greater and greater expenditures result in less environmental improvement per unit of currency spent. Because the pool of funds available for environmental control is not limitless, a wise use of those funds is critical to achieving the greatest environmental benefit for the funds expended. Europe has chosen1 a process, "best available technology not entailing excessive cost" or BATNEEC, which effectively addresses this problem by balancing air pollution impacts with the cost of control.
The most simplistic approach to defining BATNEEC uses clearly defined steps: A list of all applicable control technologies for each pollutant is identified.Next, an assessment of the feasibiltiy and proven commercial status of each process is performed.Once the unproven and infeasible options have been eliminated, the remaining control options are ranked by the incremental emission reduction effectiveness.Finally, the control cost efficiency - the environmental control cost incurred divided by the average annual reduction in emissions - is compared with a predetermined threshold to determine if the control is justified.
This simple, straight forward, stepwise BATNEEC procedure as described in this paper gives a consistent, practical method of applying good engineering practice to environmental control.
Pore Pressure Prediction and Drilling Challenges: A Case Study of Deepwater, Subsalt Drilling From Nova Scotia, Canada
Authors: Marland C. , Nicholas S. , Cox W. , Flannery C. , Thistle B. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Modern day oil exploration pushes operators into harsher and more difficult drilling environments in the search for hydrocarbon reserves. Eastern Canada is one of those environments where deepwater and the need to penetrate through thick salt sheets greatly increase the difficulty faced by drillers. This paper describes a case history of deepwater, sub-salt drilling and examines the requirements for success. This paper also details the challenges, using seismic data, of pre-well planning for dealing with high pore pressures and variable fracture gradients. Experience shows that pre-well engineering differs considerably from conditions actually encountered, conditions that require rapid adjustments based on actual well data. In the case reported here, a fluid influx occurred at a depth where planning had indicated a significantly lower pore pressure. This influx directly led to losing a BHA, sidetracking, and a re-evaluation of the well data and pore pressure regimes possible at that depth.
This paper also highlights the need for flexible well designs able to respond to unanticipated drilling hazards and wellbore problems. In the case history reported here, the 11¾-in. casing was set 511m higher than originally planned due to pore pressure increases. This decision had a significant effect later in the well construction program, requiring the use of expandable casing, not originally in the well program.
This paper illustrates on-the-fly modification of drilling designs to rapidly deploy unplanned equipment, the use of unconventional borehole sizes, and the use of newer technology such as rotary steerable assemblies for side-track kick-off. The paper will also discuss the optimised use of hole openers and expandable casing and the potential effects of expandable casing on subsequent hole opener use. These dynamic modifications and immediate implementation of lessons learned allowed successful drilling to a record depth for Eastern Canada.
Arqumia Field: Mexico's Highest-Deliverability Gas Well
Authors: Guzmán A. E. , Fernández Venegas J. A. , Riaño J. M. , Vázquez R. , Aguilar-Razo R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
On February 2004, Arquimia gas field was discovered with vertical well number 1 drilled at 2,200 m and completed using cemented tubingless and perforations. Upper Miocene formation is high permeability and porosity sandstone, thickness is about 30 m with OGIP estimated to be 80 BCF. The areal extension of reservoir is close to 4 squared kilometers. According to development planning 4 development wells were completed, 1 vertical and 3 horizontal using different completion techniques, such cemented tubing and expandable tubulars. Optimum horizontal section was defined as 350 m. Each drilled well was designed to be more efficient in terms of pressure drop throughout reservoir- completion-tubulars system.
On April 2005, horizontal well number 41 was completed using 4¾" expandable screen and 5" tubing, producing 87 MMSCFD at its maximum potential, setting a record as the highest gas production from a single gas well in Mexico. Exposed area to flow using screens is higher than area for perforated completions even for horizontal wells, thus higher deliverability is achieved.
Due to accelerated gas recovery, despite the field is in pipeline construction stage, Arquimia field will increase Veracruz basin dry gas production to 570 MMSCFD being an economic success for Pemex E & P, North Region, estimating benefit to cost ratio about 10. Once on production, vertical wells will be Fractured (Frac and Pack) to improve flow efficiency. Veracruz basin has experienced a continuous growth in its Exploration and Production activities, increasing the dry gas production from 45 MMSCFD on 1997 to 450 MMSCFD on April 2005. The key to this successful growth has been the team approach applied, that includes all the value chain activities: 3D seismic, geologic modeling, directional drilling with real time monitoring, reservoir engineering, facilities construction and well operation.
This paper presents the way Arquimia field was developed applying the newest technology.
Mechanism of Fluid Invasion in Naturally Fractured Reservoirs: Experimental Study
Authors: Salimi S. , Alikarami R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper describes the experimental study of formation damage in naturally fractured reservoir during conventional drilling operations. Dynamic formation damage (DFD) apparatus of NTNU is designed to simulate the drilling fluid circulation process at the formation face in the well bore face under bottom hole condtions. Chalk core samples are selected to study as a representative of very fine-grained limestone formations. A uniform fracture was made entirely along the conventional core. A series of overbalanced leak-off test were conducted with different drilling fluids under different reservoir conditions on the samples. Dynamic leak-off test was performed on the core samples for 4 hours and then it was followed by static leak-off test for 16 hours. Cummulative invasion of mud into the core during leak-off test is measured and then return permeability test and drawdown pressure effects are employed. The experiment results clearly show that drilling moods can cause large irreversible damage to fractured formation and dramatically reduce the productivity of wells producing from natural fracture network. The results present the significant impact of overbalanced pressure on invasion profile. The use of bridging agent such as CaCO3 and polymer play key role in reduction of solid and filtrate invasion in fractured core sample. Return permeability test indicates that cleanup and remove all solids and particles during production is not completed as well.Therfore the experiments recommend the use of drawdown pressure effects to clean-up of solids and particles during production.
Filter-Cake Cleanup in MRC Wells Using Enzyme/Surfactant Solutions
Authors: Nasr-El-Din H. A. , Al-Otaibi M. B. , Al-Qahtani A. A. , Al-Fuwaires O. A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Long horizontal and multi-lateral wells continue to be used in applications requiring high production rate. However, many of these wells suffer from low productivity due to incomplete filter cake removal. The obstacles encountered are the difficulty to ensure contact of the cleaning fluids with the filter cake throughout the whole interval, as well as controlling the reaction rate between the cleanup fluids and the filter cake to assure uniform dissolution.
The filter cake formed by water-based mud consists of XC-polymer, starch, CaCO3 particles and drilling cuttings. Today several chemical techniques (oxidizers, enzymes and acids) are available to break the polymers and dissolve CaCO3 particles that are present in the filter cake. The limitations of these fluids are fast reaction rates and corrosiveness provided by acids, especially at high temperatures. Also, cleaning fluids are not effective in heterogeneous formations where there are high permeability streaks, which will require using large volumes of the treatment fluids, but with poor performance.
One way to overcome problems associated with the heterogeneous nature of oil and gas reservoirs is to increase the viscosity of the cleaning fluids. This was addressed in the present study by adding a viscoelastic surfactant to the cleaning fluids (mainly enzymes).
Laboratory studies were conducted to examine the effect of viscoelastic surfactants on the performance of specific enzymes (used to break XC-polymer and starch). The apparent viscosity of the combined solution was measured as a function of shear rate (10 to 1,000 s-1) and temperature (77 to 212°F). A modified HPHT fluid loss cell was used to assess the effectiveness of the combined system in cleaning filter cake formed by water-based drilling mud. The effects of temperature, enzyme type and concentration; and surfactant concentration were investigated. Experimental results showed that the surfactant increased the viscosity of the solution. As a result, the rate of polymer degradation by enzymes had decreased. Solutions that contain enzymes and viscoelastic surfactants can give a uniform distribution over the whole interval, which will result in higher production rates. This paper will discuss various interactions of surfactant-enzyme systems and address the advantages and limitations of this system.
Influence of Thermal Aging on Treatment Chemicals in HP/HT Applications: From Development of Equipment to Field Application
Authors: Kotlar H. K. , Hauge L. , Solbakken K. , Gangstad A. , Gjersvold B. , Sivetsen L. M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Increased lifetime of chemical treatments is an important achievement both from an economical – field productivity issue as well as from an environmental point of view. Whatever type of reservoir potential enhanced treatment efficiency would be beneficial. Normally, this could be obtained by different strategies of employments, like precipitation squeezes, enhanced adsorption and bridging techniques.
However, in HPHT fields, e.g. field with temperature higher than 150°C, an additional obstacle would be the thermal stability of the chemicals. In nature, the thermal stability of products is often in conflict with or in contradiction to the property of high biodegradation, e.g. environmental friendliness.
In the present paper a new, multi-task method with a high throughput screening system for thermal ageing is presented. Combined with this set up is a new dynamic test-rig at HPHT conditions, directly testing the efficiency of the thermally aged products. Further analytical aspects of the degraded chemicals are analyzed on liquid-chromatographic mass spectroscopic, LC-MS, techniques. In order to gain more in-depth knowledge of the overall chemical efficiency, all data are evaluated using a multivariate analytical tool. This combined system is used for qualifying chemicals to be used in North Sea HPHT fields. Three scale inhibitor products, two classified as yellow and one classified as a red chemical, were evaluated for field application.
In this paper, the detailed experimental data and a new procedure for thermal ageing tests will be presented.
Optimization of Acid Stimulation for a Loosely Consolidated Brazilian Carbonate Formation—Multidisciplinary Laboratory Assessment and Field Implementation
Authors: Lungwitz B. R. , Hathcock R. L. , Koerner K. R. , Byrd D. M. , Gresko M. J. , Skopec R. A. , Martin J. W. , Fredd C. N. , Cavazzoli G. D. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe Macaé formation (Cretaceous age, Campos Basin, Brazil) is predominantly an oolitic and oncolitic grainstone and packstone limestone with a bottomhole static temperature (BHST) of about 150°F. The formation permeability often exceeds one darcy. The mineralogy is composed of calcite (98 to 99%) with about 1% halite and &lt; 1% quartz; therefore, the formation is a potential candidate for acid stimulation. This limestone is atypical because of its texture—a granular aggregation of carbonate particles, poor cementation, and a moderate-to-low rock strength. Core analysis and rock mechanics assessment revealed that much of the rock is weak and potentially prone to deconsolidation after acid stimulation. Weakening of the rock matrix often leads to borehole instability and loss of wellbore integrity at the anticipated drawdown required to meet completion objectives.The two exploratory wells in this study were cased with a perforation density of about 5 shots per foot (spf) over relatively large perforated intervals spanning 180 ft and 269 ft, respectively. Hence, adequate diversion of acid into the desired zones was a technical challenge. In addition, the crude oil was heavy (17 to 21°API), and compatibility with the stimulation fluids was a concern. In this paper, we demonstrate the fluid selection process and its field implementation supported by integration of mechanical rock testing, core-flow, and solids migration tests using preserved core. Results indicate a high dependency of the mechanical strength on acid type. Based on the laboratory results, an optimized fluid system was selected that showed the best compromise for maintaining rock integrity, fluid efficiency, zonal coverage and fluid compatibility.Both wells responded well to the prescribed treatment: Well A tested an 269 ft measured depth (MD) or 194 ft true vertical depth (TVD) perforated interval on natural flow at approximately 600 barrels oil per day (BOPD) with a productivity index (PI) of 2 bbl/D/psi, good reservoir quality, and a negative post-acid skin value (s~ -4).Well B tested a 180 ft MD/TVD perforated interval with an electric submersible pump (ESP) at stabilized bottomhole pressures at rates of 3,600 and 2,500 BOPD. The well exhibited a productivity index (PI) of 2.5 to 4 bbl/D/psi, extremely good reservoir quality (average 500-md), and a negative post-acid skin value (s~ -4).
Evaluation of Alcohol-Based Treatments for Condensate Banking Removal
Authors: Alzate G. A. , Franco C. A. , Restrepo A. , Barreto-Alvarez D. L. , Del Pino-Castrillon J. J. , Escobar-Murillo A. A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The use of stimulation treatments based on alcohol to remove liquid blockage or condensate banking in the near well zone date from sixties. Among the proposed mechanisms to explain the enhancement in gas effective permeability and also the higher degree of cleaning and liquid removal obtained in laboratory and field studies, are interfacial tension reduction and the miscibility characteristics reached between the treatment fluids and the formation fluids.
This paper presents the results for compatibility and displacement tests carried out among reservoir fluids, alcohol and inhibited diesel based treatments and formation cores from main Cupiagua field. These tests are focused about the behavior of these treatments when they are applied in core flooding tests to reduce liquid saturation and also to increase the gas effective saturation in a porous media. The offered results can be interpreted as a preliminary sight about the use of these treatments on lab scale before applying them as stimulation fluids on a field project.
The study consists in assess the alcohol-based and inhibited diesel treatments' efficiency through the gas effective permeability before and after of the treatment injection into a core. The objective was focused to study the use of alcohol and inhibited diesel to remove formation damage by liquid blockage and their application in condensate gas reservoirs.
The alcohol-based treatments show consistent results about their effectiveness both on core tests carried on Mirador formation, Cupiagua Main Field – Colombia, and Berea sandstone. In general, the results show up an increase on the gas effective permeability, the lower the core permeability the higher the gas effective permeability enhancement reached after the treatment. The alcohol labeled 21-NE-06 and inhibited diesel treatments increase the gas effective permeability both in Berea and Mirador cores. Both Alcohol 21-NE-06 and inhibited diesel based treatments are effective for removing liquid phases that cause a liquid blockage to gas flow. The stimulation degree is higher in Mirador than in Berea cores. Some treatments did not show any stimulation degree, instead, they generate additional gas effective permeability impairment.
Standalone Screen Selection Using Performance Mastercurves
Authors: Constien V. G. , Skidmore V. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The performance of stand alone screens can be predicted by developing master curves for individual screens based on the screen opening pore size and an effective formation particle size factor.Screen mesh designs and pore structures have unique performance curves which can be used with particle size analysis from whole or sidewall cores to aid in the selection of screens which will meet performance criteria for solids production and flow capacity for a specific wellbore.The paper describes the procedures for developing the performance master curves for screen laminates.Examples are given illustrating the predictive data for solids production and flow capacity for a series of well core samples.
Organizational Design for Excellence in Safety
Authors: Bosio A. E. , Carbonetti E. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Today, Companies invest considerable resources in generating and optimizing management tools to improve the performance in Quality, Safety, Health and the Environment. However, few of them have stopped to visualize the Organization as a focal point where a set of implicit and explicit contracts with stakeholders converges.
In this paper, we focus on showing the importance of Leadership, Strategic Direction, Organizational Architecture and Communication as "the determinants" for generating an Organizational Culture that integrates the Safety Concept.
Leadership will be presented as an independent phenomenon of organizational hierarchies, and as a set of choices in order to act aligned to Company Vision.
Strategic Direction will be shown as a tool for generating adequate incentives, by means of a correct design of company strategy that permits a powerful alignment of objectives.
Organizational Architecture will be developed in its three axes and their inter-relationships: Authority and Empowerment, Performance Evaluation, and Rewards. Their intelligent connection facilitates daily individual decisions aligned with Company's Strategy.
Communication will be focused on satisfying personnel needs in all levels of hierarchy: orientation, tolerance, attention and interest; and reinforcing implicit and explicit contracts that were established by Leadership, Strategic Direction and Organizational Architecture.
Finally, we will demonstrate how these four aspects result in Safety integrated to Organizational Culture, where Safety's criteria is incorporated in all stages of business process, and personnel has authority and empowerment on individual and collective safety enabling effective and sustainable results.
Aged Drilled Cuttings Offshore Gabon: New Methodology for Assessing Their Impact
Authors: Durrieu J. , Mojtahid M. , Cazes L. , Galgani F. , Jorissen F. , Tran D. , Camps R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
During E&P offshore activities, and in particular during drilling operations, the living conditions of the flora and fauna on the seabed may be disturbed.
The paper describes the study made for assessing the actual impact of the discharged cuttings, the regenerating capacity of the ecosystem and the medium and long-term recolonization processes, based on in situ measurements. A previous study undertaken on cuttings recently discharged offshore Congo measured kinetics of space and time restoration of the drilling site. To validate the results we carried out a similar study dedicated on aged cuttings offshore Gabon.
Usual process for monitoring biological effects of cuttings includes several approaches such as benthic macrofauna (&gt; 1mm size) studies, physicochemical analysis of sediment and ecotoxicological tests. One of the key features of our study was to add, to this process, a study of the benthic meiofauna (0.1 to 1mm size).
Experiments conducted demonstrated:
very low concentrations of hydrocarbons stemming out from the cuttings, a very low toxicity of sediment, no benthic macrofauna community alteration, no change in the communities of actual and fossil foraminifera (meiofauna) and, last but not least, that the study of the benthic meiofauna improves the quality of the assessment made.