bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Entrepreneurial First Movers, Brand-Name Fast Seconds, and the Evolution of Market Structure
Authors: Norman George , Pepall Lynne , Richards Daniel J 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
We analyze the interaction between entrepreneurs who open new markets and established, `fast second' firms to develop them. We use a spatially differentiated model in which early entry is traditionally excessive. However, the anticipated later entry by the `fast second' brand can potentially reverse this result. We show that conditions that make for the most initial competitive market are precisely those that result in the least optimal amount of initial entry and in which entrepreneurial entry is typically well below the efficient level. We also show that asymmetric oligopoly is a natural market equilibrium.
Identification of salt tolerant barley genotypes for coastal region of Bangladesh
Authors: Ali MR , Uddin M Shalim , Bagum Shamim Ara 
Published: October 2008

Identification of salt tolerant barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) genotypes and effects of different levels of salinity on their growth, grain development and yield were studied. One hundred and eighty nine barley germplasms were subjected in five levels of NaCl concentration which were equivalent to Electrical Conductivity (EC) of 0, 10, 15, 20 and 25 ds/m. Among the genotypes 39 proved to be saline tolerant at 15 ds/m of salinity. Out of 39 genotypes, 33 were evaluated at Sonagazi and Patuakhali salt area of Bangladesh. All the genotypes were evaluated in the non-saline area at BARI, Gazipur to observe their performance in normal soil. Highest grain yield was recorded from the genotypes BSH-32 and BSH-142 over the three locations. Significantly higher yield was recorded from the experimental site of Gazipur followed by Patuakhali and Sonagazi. Tiller per plant had positive correlation with grain per spike, maturity and grain yield. Grain per spike and maturity was positively correlated with grain yield. From the multivariate analysis it appears that 1st, 2nd and 3rd principal components together account for 79 per cent of the total experimental variation. The two selected genotypes are expected to be released for commercial cultivation in the saline area of Bangladesh. Â Â Â Â Â Key words: Barley, Genotypes, Selection, Salt tolerant, Bangladesh DOI = 10.3329/bjb.v36i2.1504 Bangladesh J. Bot. 36(2): 151-155, 2007 (December)
Plurispore development of <i>Cladosiphon okamuranus</i> Tokida (Chordariaceae, Phaeophyta)
Authors: Zhu Qinghua , Zhang Xuecheng , Xu Di , Arunakumara KKIU , Shi Yanxia , Zhu Luying 
Published: October 2008

Development of plurispores and effects of temperature on their attachment to substrata were studied using mature plurilocular sporangia of Cladosiphon okamuranus Tokida. Development of plurispore showed the disc type, a large number of assimilatory filaments were found to develop from the middle or central part of a disc. These compact and parallel assimilatory filaments formed pseudoparenchyma (multiaxial) with abundant lateral branches. The attachment and development of a plurispore were affected significantly by temperature. Suitable seeding temperature was found to be 17-26Âº and 26Â° being optimum for successful attachment. At a temperature over 26ÂºC, the plurispore could not attach tightly to a substratum or developed poorly. Â Â Key words: Plurispores, Cladosiphon okamuranus, Multiaxial, Hair, Pseudoparenchyma DOI = 10.3329/bjb.v36i2.1505 Â Bangladesh J. Bot. 36(2): 157-162, 2007 (December)
Karyotype comparison in two varieties of <i>Vigna mungo</i> L. after staining with orcein and CMA
Authors: Alam Sheikh Shamimul , Mahbub Meher Nigar 
Published: October 2008

Two varieties of Vigna mungo viz. Barimash-1 and Barimash-3 were cytologically studied after staining with orcein and CMA. Both the varieties were found to possess 2n =22 metacentric chromosomes. Total length of diploid complements and range of chromosome length were more or less same in the two varieties. The orcein stained interphase nucleus of Barimash-1 had three big heterochromatic blocks, whereas Barimash-3 possessed several small heterochromatins. The orcein stained prophase chromosomes of Barimash-1 was darkly stained throughout the entire length. The gradual staining of prophase chromosomes were found in Barimash-3. The CMA stained interphase nuclei and prophase chromosomes of these two varieties were different. Sixteen entirely CMA banded chromosomes were found in Barimash-1. The percentage of GC-rich areas was 56.20. In Barimash-3, 11 entirely, 4 terminal and 4 centromeric fluoresced banded chromosomes were found. The percentage of GC-rich areas was 63.40. Although the two varieties showed similar conventional karyotypes, mark differences exist in their fluorescent karyotypes and the properties of interphase nuclei and prophase chromosomes. Therefore, these two varieties could be characterized with the help of modern cytological techniques. Â Key words: Karyotype, Vigna mungo, Blackgram, CMA DOI = 10.3329/bjb.v36i2.1507 Bangladesh J. Bot. 36(2): 167-170, 2007 (December)
Growth and pigment biosynthesis of <i>Spirulina platensis</i> as affected by Pb<sup>2+</sup> concentrations
Authors: Arunakumara KKIU , Xuecheng Zhang , Yijing Zhou 
Published: October 2008

Growth and pigment biosynthesis of Spirulina platensis Geitler, an edible cyanobacterium were stimulated at low concentration (1 mg/l) of Pb2+. The pigment biosynthesis was found to decrease with increasing Pb2+concentrations. The ratio between chlorophyll a and Î² carotene was constant regardless of the Pb2+concentration in the medium indicating that both are equally affected by Pb2+. Â Key words: Growth, Pb2+, Pigment biosynthesis, Spirulina platensis DOI = 10.3329/bjb.v36i2.1509 Â Bangladesh J. Bot. 36(2): 177-179, 2007 (December)
Water, Ultrapure
Authors: Hussey Dennis F. , Foutch Gary L. , Ward M. Andy 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Definition2.1.Ionic Purity ‐ Conductivity and Resistivity2.2.Organic Purity2.3.Particulate Purity3.Technologies used for Ultrapure Water Processing3.1.Ion Exchange Resins3.1.1.Mixed‐Bed Ion Exchangers3.1.2.Homogeneous Beds3.2.Membranes3.2.1.Reverse Osmosis3.2.2.Ultrafiltration and Nanofiltration3.2.3.Electrodeionization3.3.Adsorption ‐ Activated Carbon Beds3.4.Degasification3.5.Clarifiers and Chemical Precipitators3.6.Chemical Chlorine Removal3.7.Ultraviolet Treatment3.8.Membrane Contactors3.9.Piping Materials, Gaskets4.Analysis4.1.Ion Chromatography4.2.pH Measurement4.3.Conductivity4.4.Ion‐Selective Electrodes4.5.Determination of Total Dissolved Solids4.6.Determination of Total Organic Carbon4.7.Particle Counters4.8.Colorimetric Analyzers for Silica and Phosphate4.9.Dissolved Oxygen Electrodes4.10.Capillary Electrophoresis4.11.ORP Chlorine Analyzers4.12.Nonvolatile Residue Monitors4.13.Use of On‐line Analyzers and Manually Collected Samples5.Applications5.1.Microelectronics Industry5.2.Pharmaceutical Industry5.3.Power Industry5.3.1.Nuclear Power Plants5.3.2.Fossil Fuel‐Fired Plants5.4.Chemical Industry5.4.1.Boiler Feedwater Make‐up5.4.2.Process Water6.Future Developments
Absorption, 2. Design of Systems and Equipment
Authors: Kriebel Manfred 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
The article contains sections titled:

1.

Design of Absorption Systems

1.1.

Methods of Absorption

1.2.

Methods of Desorption

1.3.

Absorption and Desorption Equipment

1.4.

Columns with Mass‐Transfer Plates

1.5.

Columns with Random Packing

1.6.

Columns with Structured Packing

1.7.

Columns with Special Internals

2.

Design of Absorption Equipment

2.1.

Physical Absorption in Plate Columns

2.2.

Chemisorption in Packed Columns

2.3.

Nonisothermal Absorption

3.

Design of Desorption Equipment

3.1.

Physical Desorption in Flash Columns

3.2.

Physical Desorption in Stripper Columns

3.3.

Physical Desorption in Reboiler Columns

3.4.

Chemical Desorption in Reboiler Columns
Enzymes, 4. Non‐food Application
Authors: Herbots Ivan , Kottwitz Beatrix , Reilly Peter J. , Antrim Richard L. , Burrows Heidi , Lenting Herman B. M. , Viikari Liisa , Suurnäkki Anna , Niku‐Paavola Marja‐Leena , Pere Jaakko , Buchert Johanna 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Enzymes in Household Detergents2.Enzymes in Automatic Dishwashing3.Enzymes in Grain Wet‐Milling4.Enzymes in Animal Feeds5.Enzymes in Textile Production6.Enzymes in Pulp and Paper Processing
Humidity‐Compensating Sensor for Volatile Organic Compounds Using Stacked Porous Silicon Photonic Crystals
Authors: Ruminski Anne M. , Moore Matthew M. , Sailor Michael J. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractOne‐dimensional photonic crystals constructed from multilayered stacks of porous Si are used as sensors for gas‐phase volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The ability of a double‐stack structure to provide compensation for drift due to changing relative humidity (RH) is investigated. In this approach, two separate photonic crystals (dielectric stacks) are etched into a crystalline Si substrate, one on top of the other. The top stack is chemically modified to be hydrophobic (by hydrosilylation with dodecene) and the bottom stack is made hydrophilic (by hydrosilylation with undecylenic acid). It is shown that the optical spectrum of the double‐stack structure provides an effective means to discriminate VOCs from water vapor. In this approach, shifts in the peak frequencies from both photonic crystals are measured simultaneously. Because the two stacks respond differently to water and to VOC, the effect of changing humidity can be nulled by calculating the weighted difference between the two peak frequencies. Reliable determination of the concentration of VOC vapor in nitrogen over a range of RH values (25% < RH < 75%) is demonstrated. The ability of the double‐stack structure to discriminate between water vapor and VOCs is quantified for four different VOCs: toluene, dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP), heptane, and ethanol.
Novel PEGylated Nanoassemblies Made of Self‐Assembled Squalenoyl Nucleoside Analogues
Authors: Bekkara‐Aounallah Fawzia , Gref Ruxandra , Othman Mohammad , Reddy L. Harivardhan , Pili Barbara , Allain Vanessa , Bourgaux Claudie , Hillaireau Hervé , Lepêtre‐Mouelhi Sinda , Desmaële Didier , Nicolas Julien , Chafi Nafa , Couvreur Patrick 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis study describes a new simple method to obtain high loading of anticancer or antiviral nucleoside analogues into “stealth” poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)‐coated nanoassemblies. These nanodevices are obtained by co‐nanoprecipitation in water of (i) squalenoyl prodrugs obtained by the bioconjugation of the natural lipid squalene with either the anticancer drug gemcitabine (Gem‐Sq) or the antiviral drug deoxycytidine (ddC‐Sq) with (ii) a PEG derivative of either cholesterol (Chol‐PEG) or squalene (Sq‐PEG). It was found that both PEG derivatives (Chol‐PEG or Sq‐PEG) were efficiently incorporated in the resulting composite nanoassemblies (CNAs), as shown by radioactivity studies, Zeta potential determination, and size measurements. Optimal compositions were defined for each PEG derivative to ensure the best stability in water and in buffer solutions. X‐ray diffraction and electron microscopy investigations revealed that depending on the structure of the squalenoyl nucleoside analogue used (Gem‐Sq or ddC‐Sq), these nanoassemblies might be toroids or cubosomes. Following PEGylation, the Gem‐Sq nanoassemblies displayed superior in vitro anticancer activity on gemcitabine‐resistant leukemia L1210 10K cells than either their non‐PEGylated counterparts or gemcitabine alone.
Multiple congenital skull fractures as a presentation of Ehlers–Danlos syndrome type VIIC
Authors: Bar‐Yosef Omer , Polak‐Charcon Sylvie , Hoffman Chen , Feldman Zeev P. , Frydman Moshe , Kuint Jacob 
Published: October 2008

AbstractWe describe a newborn infant with multiple congenital skull fractures and intracranial hemorrhage. He also had multiple skin folds suggesting a connective tissue abnormality. Electron microscopy of the skin biopsy showed collagen abnormalities with a “hieroglyphic appearance.” The analysis of the synthesis of collagen in the cultured dermal fibroblasts demonstrated an accumulation of procollagen I. Molecular analysis found a nonsense mutation Q225X in ADAMTS2 gene, which encodes procollagen I N‐terminal proteinase. All these findings confirmed the diagnosis of Ehlers–Danlos syndrome type VIIC (MIM 225410). Family studies suggested a founder effect in Ashkenazi Jews originating from Belarus. Prenatal diagnosis in the subsequent pregnancy reassured the parents that the fetus was an unaffected carrier. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multivariate genomewide linkage scan of neurocognitive traits and ADHD symptoms: Suggestive linkage to 3q13
Authors: Doyle Alysa E. , Ferreira Manuel A.R. , Sklar Pamela B. , Lasky‐Su Jessica , Petty Carter , Fusillo Steven J. , Seidman Larry J. , Willcutt Erik G. , Smoller Jordan W. , Purcell Shaun , Biederman Joseph , Faraone Stephen V. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractFamily and twin studies suggest that a range of neurocognitive traits index the inherited liability to ADHD; however, the utility of such measures as endophenotypes in molecular genetic studies remains largely untested. The current article examined whether the inclusion of neurocognitive measures in a genomewide linkage analysis of ADHD could aid in identifying QTL linked to the behavioral symptoms of the condition. Data were from an affected sibling pair linkage study of DSM‐IV ADHD conducted at Massachusetts General Hospital. The sample included 1,212 individuals from 271 families. ADHD symptoms were assessed with the K‐SADS‐E. The neurocognitive battery included Wechsler Intelligence Scales subtests, the Stroop, the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), the Rey‐Osterreith Complex Figure, a working memory CPT, the CVLT and WRAT‐III subscales. Evidence for linkage was assessed using a simulation‐based method that combines information from univariate analyses into the equivalent of a multivariate test. After correction for multiple trait testing, a region on chromosome 3q13 showed suggestive linkage to all neurocognitive traits examined and inattention symptoms of ADHD. The second highest peak occurred on 22q12 but showed linkage to a single subscale of the WCST. In univariate analysis, this region retained criteria for suggestive linkage to this measure after correction for multiple trait testing. Our primary findings raise the possibility that one or more genes on 3q13 influence neurocognitive functions and behavioral symptoms of inattention. Overall, these data support the utility of neurocognitive traits as ADHD endophenotypes, but also highlight their limited genetic overlap with the disorder. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Specific gravity as an alternative to creatinine for estimating urine concentration in captive and wild chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) Samples
Authors: Anestis Stephanie F. , Breakey Alicia A. , Beuerlein Melanie M. , Bribiescas Richard G. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe measurement of hormones in urine has become a widely used technique in primatology. Because urine concentration varies according to fluid intake, concentration must be measured in each sample collected, and hormone values are always expressed per unit of concentration. Traditionally, creatinine has been used as a concentration index, but some studies in humans have shown that creatinine varies among populations and even within and between individuals within a population, and that it begins to degrade after just one freeze–thaw cycle. In addition, creatinine measurement is relatively time‐consuming and expensive and creates hazardous waste. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that specific gravity, or the ratio of the density of a sample to that of water, is highly correlated with creatinine measurement in urine samples collected from captive chimpanzees at the New Iberia Research Center in Louisiana and wild chimpanzees at the Ngogo study site in the Kibale National Park, Uganda. We found that specific gravity and creatinine were highly correlated in both captive (N=124) and wild (N=13) chimpanzee samples, and that specific gravity measurement was robust to actual and simulated transport conditions and repeated freeze–thaw cycles. We recommend that researchers consider specific gravity measurement as a preferable alternative to creatinine measurement in their studies of primate endocrinology. Am. J. Primatol. 71:130–135, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Studies on electro‐optical properties of polymer matrix/LC/SiO2 nanoparticles composites
Authors: Li Wenbo , Zhu Mengjun , Ding Xiaokang , Li Bofu , Huang Wei , Cao Hui , Yang Zhou , Yang Huai 
Published: October 2008

AbstractPolymer‐dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) films were prepared by ultraviolet light‐induced polymerization of photopolymerizable monomers in nematic liquid crystal (LC)/monomers/SiO2 nanoparticles composites, and the effect of SiO2 nanoparticles on the electro‐optical properties of PDLC films was studied. The observed effect showed that by the adjustment of the SiO2 nanoparticles content, the refractive index ratio of the LC and polymer could be modulated, and the electro‐optical properties of the polymer matrix/LC/SiO2 nanoparticles composites could be optimized. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Effects of monomer structure on the morphology of polymer network and the electro‐optical property of reverse‐mode polymer‐stabilized cholesteric texture
Authors: Yin Yuhai , Li Wenbo , Cao Hui , Guo Jinbao , Li Bofu , He Simin , Ouyang Canbin , Cao Ming , Huang Hua , Yang Huai 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe morphologies of the polymer networks in the polymer network/LC composite of reverse‐mode polymer‐stabilized cholesteric texture (PSCT) films was observed. The polymer network/LC composite was prepared from photopolymerization of the acrylate monomers, which had rod‐like rigid cores in monomer/LC mixture. The effects of the structure of the acrylate monomers on the morphology of polymer network were studied. The acrylate monomer without flexible pacers between the acrylate functional groups and the rigid core formed rice‐grain‐like polymer network with poor orientation. The acrylate monomer with flexible pacers formed fiber‐like polymer network with better orientation. Meanwhile, the effects of morphology of polymer network on the electro‐optical property of reverse‐mode PSCT films were also investigated. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Surface modification of cellulose filter paper by glycidyl methacrylate grafting for biomolecule immobilization: Influence of grafting parameters and urease immobilization
Authors: Tyagi Charu , Tomar Lomas Kumar , Singh Harpal 
Published: October 2008

AbstractGraft copolymerization of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) onto cellulose filter paper (CFP) was carried out by a free‐radical initiating process using ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) as an initiator. Optimum conditions pertaining to different grafting percentages were evaluated as a function of monomer and initiator concentrations, polymerization time and temperature. CFP with various graft levels of GMA was characterized by fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA). Surface morphology of ungrafted and grafted CFP was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Attenuated total reflectance (ATR)‐FTIR spectral analysis provided the evidence of grafting of GMA onto CFP. The maximum grafting of 102% was achieved by using 4 × 10−3 molL−1 CAN and 5% of GMA (w/v) monomer at 60°C in 25 min. The CFP‐g‐GMA surfaces with different graft levels were evaluated as a support for immobilization of biomolecules. Urease was selected as the model enzyme to be covalently coupled through the surface epoxy groups of the CFP‐g‐GMA discs. Immobilized discs were further studied for urea estimation and their reusability. Although the highest degree of urease immobilization was observed at 100% (162‐μg urease/disc) graft level, the urease immobilized on discs with 70% (105‐μg urease/disc) graft level gave the maximum activity of the enzyme. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Preparation of polystyrene/poly(methyl methacrylate) core‐shell composite particles by suspension‐emulsion combined polymerization
Authors: Zhenqian Zhang , Yongzhong Bao , Zhiming Huang , Zhixue Weng 
Published: October 2008

AbstractSuspension‐emulsion combined polymerization process, in which methyl methacrylate (MMA) emulsion polymerization constituents (EPC) were drop wise added to styrene (St) suspension polymerization system, was applied to prepare polystyrene/poly(methyl methacrylate) (PS/PMMA) composite particles. The influences of the feeding condition and the composition of EPC on the particle feature of the resulting composite polymer particles were investigated. It was found that PS/PMMA core‐shell composite particles with a narrow particle size distribution and a great size would be formed when the EPC was added at the viscous energy dominated particle formation stage of St suspension polymerization with a suitable feeding rate, whereas St‐MMA copolymer particles or PS/PMMA composite particles with imperfect core‐shell structure would be formed when the EPC was added at the earlier or later stage of St suspension polymerization, respectively. It was also showed that the EPC composition affected the composite particles formation process. The individual latex particles would exist in the final product when the concentrations of MMA monomer, sodium dodecyl sulfate emulsifier, and potassium persulfate initiator were great in the EPC. Considering the feature of St suspension polymerization and the morphology of PS/PMMA composite particles, the formation mechanism of PS/PMMA particles with core‐shell structure was proposed. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Polymethylsilsesquioxane and hydroxyl‐terminated polydimethylsiloxane composite: Vapor incubation before thermal curing
Authors: Li Yanfang , Yang Shuguang , Liu Haiyun , Li Xiaofeng , Dai Zhen , Zhao Ning , Xu Jian 
Published: October 2008

AbstractA composite film of polymethylsilsesquioxane (PMSQ) and hydroxyl‐terminated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) was prepared by incubating PMSQ prepolymer and PDMS solution in a vapor environment before thermal curing. Vapor incubation has a significant influence on the morphology and properties of the cured composite, and the vapor incubation was conducted under three different conditions, i.e., acidic, neutral, and basic. In the acidic vapor of a pH rather lower than the isoelectric point (IEP) of the silanol, the reaction between PMSQ and PDMS through silanol condensation was promoted by the protonation of silanol. PDMS rubber particles with a domain size of about 100 nm were formed in PMSQ matrix, and the flexible modulus of the film was improved. While, the morphology of the resultant film was smooth and uniform after incubation in a neutral water vapor. The basic vapor facilitated the gelation of composite due to high pH inducing more rapid silanol condensation in PMSQ than phase separation. Moreover, excellent optical transparency, insulation, and thermal stability of the composite were also retained after the PDMS incorporation. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009