bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Personality correlates of chronic, unstable epilepsy
Authors: Souheaver Gary T. , Janati Abdorasool 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe present study included 60 males with unstable epilepsy despite therapeutic levels of anticopulsants. They were middle age or older (x = 45.6 years; s.d. = 11.1), with chronic documented seizures (X = 17.1 years; s.d. = 13.2). When type of EEG abnormality was considered, significant differences were found on two individual MMPI scales. Scale L was significantly higher in patients with right temporal lobe abnormalities compared to left temporal foci. The group with generalized EEG findings also scored higher on L compared to those with left temporal, extratemporal and normal EEG patterns. In addition, those with right temporal lobe EEG abnormalities and the group with extratemporal foci scored significantly higher on scale Pd than those with generalized, left temporal or normal EEGs. No differences were found on the MMPI when chronicity, trauma or age at onset were considered. Thus, subtle personality differences as measured by the MMPI were found only when type and laterality of the EEG abnormalities were controlled.
Relationship between life events and personality in psychiatric disorder
Authors: Seivewright N. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn order to investigate any relationship between personality and the occurence of stressful life events. 7.5 outpatients with depressive and anxiety disorders had life events rated for a nine‐month period and assessments made of premorbid personality using a recently devised instrument.In comparisons made of events occurring beofre the onset of illness, subjects with personality disorders had significantly more undesirable life events than subjects with non‐disordered personality. After the development of illness subjects with personality disorders had a significant excess of events which were classed as primarily self‐generated rather than chance occurrences. Analysis by personality type revealed the presence of sociopathic traits to be the most important determinant of life events, these traits significantly correlating with both the total rate of life events and the rate of undesirable events in both studied periods.The findings have implications for clinicians and also for research workers who have not usually considered the confounding effect of personality when making life‐events comparisons.
Post‐traumatic stress disorder
Authors: Duckworth Douglas H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDevelopments in the study of psychological trauma are briefly charted, prior to the inclusion of the stressor‐generic diagnostic category of ‘post‐traumatic stress disorder’ (PTSD) in the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM‐III). Against the context of the assumptions underlying the DSM‐III classification system, evidence relating to the general validity of the PTSD diagnostic criteria is examined. Progress in the development of assessment techniques and psychotherapeutic procedures is reviewed. and proposals for refinement and revision of the diagnostic category are considered.
Stress in retirement and its management
Authors: Watts Arthur 
Published: May 2007

AbstractChanges in family life that have taken place over the past 200 years have profoundly altered the social circumstances of elderly people in the community. This leads to more independence in planning for retirement, which should be done well ahead. This will include rearranging daily activities and starting new recreational pursuits as well as new social contacts. New opportunities for travel and the adequate time now available to undertake this should be exploited to the full. Mental and physical routines should be developed, and the younger generation still have a vital role to play in the welfare of their elders. Diet is important in ensuring normal daily functions and adequate sleep. The final rule is to try and retain a sense of humour.
The neuroendocrinology of stress
Authors: Wuttke W. , Duker E. , Vaupel R. , Jarry H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAn attempt was made to demonstrate that stress activates extrahypothalamic and hypothalamic neuronal systems. Substance P and CCK‐ergic neurons in many parts of the brain are affected by stress. Within the hypothalamus catecholaminergic as well as peptidergic neurons are involved in regulating anterior‐pituitary ACTH and prolactin secretion in response to stress. Within the adrenal medulla catecholamine and peptide containing cells are affected specifically by different stressors. Substance P and met‐enkephalin containing cells are activated by exogenous stressors whereas CCK containing cells secrete catecholamines and the peptide in response to severe hypoglycemia.
Stress as a diagnostic challenge for psychiatric disorders
Authors: Wheatley David , Wheatley Susana , Lader Malcolm 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAt the Stress Clinic we are investigating nine areas in which stress factors may play an important part: social habits, social relationships, life events, psychiatric, sexual, sleep, geriatric, menstrual and stress and the heart. The degree of stress in each area is quantified and a stress profile constructed for each patient. Thus, the relationships between the different stresses can be assessed and appropriate treatment advised. Inter‐rater reliability in assessing the different items comprising the stress profile has shown a high degree of correlation for all items (P<O.Ol). On analysis of the records of the first 45 patients, the commonest principal diagnosis was depression (47 per cent), followed by anxiety (27 per cent), whilst in 17 per cent the main stress was insomnia and in three patients an organic illness (7 per cent) was the cause of the stress problems. The stress profile is also used to assess improvement and analysis of the first 18 cases demonstrated a significant reduction in many stress areas which was coincident with response to treatment.
Life events and psychiatric disorders
Authors: Gyllenhammar Carl , Wistedt Börje 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDuring a 28‐day period, 469 patients attending a psychiatric emergency clinic were studied. The diagnoses made were compared to the severity of psychosocial stressors according to the DSM III axis IV. The largest diagnostic subgroup comprised alcohol problems (29.8 per cent), followed by psychosis (18.6 per cent), depression (12.9 per cent), neurotic (10.1 per cent) and acute breakdown due to external crisis (9.9 per cent). It was found that the more ‘endogenous’ the psychiatric illness, the lower were the ratings of stressful life events. DSM III does not contain sufficiently detailed information concerning axis IV to enable it to be used for research purposes and for clinical use it gives the clinician very little new information.
New longitudinal insights into relationships between unemployment and mortality
Authors: Fox A. J. , Shewry M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe rise in unemployment during the 1970s and early 1980s has affected more and more 'ordinary' members of society. Nevertheless, longitudinal comparisons between people's characteristics in 1971 and 198I confirm that the unemployed in 1981 were drawn disproportionately from disadvantaged sections of the community such as men who had previously been unemployed, men who had least skills, resided in local authority housing, or in deprived areas particularly in the North and West and Central regions of the country. Recent entrants to the labour market from socio‐economically disadvantaged backgrounds found particular difficulty in obtaining jobs.While the least skilled and most disadvantaged were at greatest risk of becoming unemployed, ill‐health, marriage breakdown, movement into local authority housing and downward occupational mobility can be shown to have followed unemployment in the early 1970s. These constitute some of the consequences of unemployment for the affected individuals.In this article we described how a study of the antecedents and consequences of unemployment helps explain relationships between unemployment and mortality and also suggests what might be expected at a time of high unemployment.
Premenstrual stress
Authors: Vellacott I. D. , O'Brien P. M. S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractStress is frequently associated with the prementrual syndrome. In many women there is an underlying increased stress level so that the physiological premenstrual symptoms with which they could normally cope considerably affect their life styles; this is secondary premenstrual syndrome. In others, stress is part of the symptomatology of their primary premenstrual syndrome; they are free from stress at other times. Appropriate management for these two groups of women differs and is discussed.
Stress, anxiety, and cascades in clinical decision‐making
Authors: Stein Howard F. , Mold James W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBiomedical decision‐making and patient care are not altogether based on rational, scientific, objective factors. Physicians' experience of stress, both as aspects of the current situation and as symbols of personal, often unconscious issues, frequently leads to the use of assessment, diagnosis and treatment as primarily anxiety‐alleviating processes. A not uncommon consequence of these stress‐reduction efforts, by both individual physicians and health care groups, is the 'cascade effect', which the authors define as a sequence of clinical events that proceed inexorably and feel out of the control of those who participate in them.
Siesta and risk of coronary heart disease
Authors: Trichopoulos Dimitrios , Tzonou Anastasia , Christopoulos Costas , Havatzoglou Stavros , Trichopoulou Antonia 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA case‐control study exploring the long‐term effects of night and afternoon sleep on the occurrence of acute coronary heart disease (CHD) episodes was undertaken in Athens, Greece. The case series consisted of 97 consecutive male patients with an electro cardiographically confirmed CHD episode, admitted during a six‐month period in either of the two cardiologic clinics of the largest Greek teaching hospital. The control series consisted of 90 male orthopaedic, opthalmologic or urologic patients, free from clinical or electrocardiographic evidence of overt CHD, admitted to the same hospital at the same dates as the corresponding cases. All patients were interviewed and examined in the hospital wards during the first week of their hospitalization; the statistical analysis was done by multiple logistic regression, controlling for the confounding influences of socioeconomic variables and several established CHD risk factors. Four of the CHD cases, but none of the controls, reported occupations involving shift work; these patients were not included in subsequent sleep‐focused analyses. The duration of night sleep was shorter among CHD patients than among controls, but the regression‐adjusted difference was slight and statistically non‐significant. However, there was a strong, duration‐dependent and statistically significant association of afternoon sleep with the occurrence of (at least) non‐fatal CHD episodes, indicating that a 30‐minute siesta may be related with an almost 30 per cent reduction of the corresponding incidence rate. Although the study is relatively small and residual confounding cannot be excluded, the results are not biologically implausible and appear remarkably consistent with the geocultural pattern of CHD occurrence (low incidence of CHD in siesta countries and population groups).
The motor vehicle, stress and circulatory system
Authors: Robinson A. A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn our western society today, there are a number of diseases that are generally stated to have no known cause; these diseases are rare, or non‐existent, in the undeveloped nations. It has been found that the greater the number of vehicles in the various countries, the greater the number of deaths from cancer and circulatory complaints.This article is a brief review of work carried out over the last 20 years involving driving stress tests and statistical analyses of disease in relation to motor vehicle usage.
The changing concept of cardiovascular reactivity
Authors: Rosenman Ray H. , Ward Marcia M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCardiovascular reactivity has long been measured in laboratory responses to a wide variety of cognitive and physical stressors, with the hypothesis that exaggerated reactivity plays a pathogenetic role in the development of essential hypertension. However there are few data to support the belief that behavioural differences of cognitive perception of stressors account for observed differences of reactivity. Cardiovascular reactivity in the laboratory does not predict hypertension or account for differences of blood pressure variability in the natural environment. Hypertensives do not exhibit increased blood pressure variability. Antihypertensive therapy consistently fails to lower cardiovascular reactivity in either the laboratory or natural milieu, supporting the dual and largely independent regulation of the basal and reactive blood pressures. It is concluded that there is little support for the use of laboratory stress testing to delineate either the pathogenesis of hypertension, the evaluation of hypertensive subjects, or the efficacy of antihypertensive therapy.
Genes, stress and the heart
Authors: Rose Richard J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractEffects of stress and its relationship to coronary morbidity and mortality are modified by genetic variation between people. We do not uniformly react to stress, nor do we create equally stressful living environments. The underlying causes of such individual variation are, in part, heritable. Two possible mechanisms through which genetic variation modulates the link between stress and coronary disease are cardiovascular stress reactivity and coronary‐prone personality. Both possess characteristics of genetic markers: they are stable, familial, and heritable; they associate with the disease and are prospectively predictive of it. Twin‐family data on cardiovascular stress reactivity and coronary‐prone personality provide instructive illustrations of the interrelationship of genes, stress, and the heart.
Efficacy versus effectiveness of relaxation therapy in hypertension
Authors: Patel Chandra , Marmot M. G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractNon‐pharmacological measures are gaining popularity in the reduction of mildly elevated blood pressure. Their efficacy has been reported in a number of controlled trials. However, efficacy does not automatically ensure effectiveness in everyday clinical practice. Three main factors are likely to determine the effectiveness of relaxation or stress reduction therapy (relaxation techniques plus stress management strategies): 1) the efficacy of the treatment, 2) the characteristics of the therapists and 3) the characteristics of the patients to whom the treatment is applied. Reviewing the literature, and our own studies, we conclude that therapy is more likely to be effective if it includes relaxation techniques as well as behavioural and cognitive strategies, taught by an experienced and committed therapist to highly motivated patients living in favourable family and social surroundings.
Changes in hormonal, immunological and autonomic measures during the performance of a laboratory ‘stress’ task
Authors: Pettingale K. W. , Watson M. , Bhakri H. L. , Jones H. , Tee D. E. H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPlasma cortisol, growth hormone and prolactin were measured together with lymphocyte subpopulation numbers in nine volunteers in good health during the performance of a laboratory task, and five of these subjects were tested during an otherwise identical control period where the task was not performed. Psychological and autonomic measures indicated that the task was found to be moderately arousing and stressful by the subjects. Although homonal changes were not statistically significant because of the variability of individual responses, consistent patterns in the responses were observed. Plasma cortisol decreased progressively on the task day whereas on the non‐task day cortisol levels rose during the post‐task period. On both days growth hormone levels rose prior to the task and fell progressively afterwards. Prolactin levels fell throughout the procedure on both days. There were significant falls in all lymphocyte subpopulations between the initial and basal sample (p < 0.02) and the counts rose again subsequently on both task and non‐task days. It is suggested that the effect of an initial anticipatory reaction confounded the effects of the task on plasma hormone and lymphocyte dynamics. The possible implications of the results of immune function are discussed.
The stress‐prone personality: A review of the research in the context of occupational stress
Authors: Taylor Helen , Cooper Cary L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis article reviews the recent research into personality predisposition in terms of stress, with particular reference to occupational contexts. We explore the work on type A behaviour, locus of control, the ‘hardy’ personality, extra‐version/neuroticism/psychoticism and tension discharge rate. We attempt to highlight how these findings might be of use in understanding occupational stress.
Micturition disorders
Authors: Macaulay Andrew 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis article reviews the psychological factors associated with micturition disorders and suggests that they may be causally linked to detrusor instability and sencory urgency. Patients with genuine stress incontinence have psychological profiles in keeping with a population who have a chronic physical disability. The treatment of patients with micturition disorders is reviewed and proposals are made for clinical management. The overall conclusion is that, in general, surgery and medication have little to offer whilst psychological treatments appear to be effective.
Aerobic and non‐aerobic forms of exercise in the treatment of anxiety disorders
Authors: Martinsen Egil. W. , Hoffart Asle , Solberg Ø Yvind 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWe compared aerobic and non‐aerobic forms of exercise in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Seventy‐nine inpatients took part in the study. All met the DSM‐III‐R criteria for anxiety disorders, 71 per cent had the diagnosis panic disorder with agorphobia. Patients were randomly assigned to the two physical training conditions, aerobic and non‐aerobic, by block randomization with respect to sex. Seventy patients completed the trial, and exercised for one hour three times a week for eight weeks. There was a significant increase in aerobic capacity in the aerobic group, but no change in the non‐aerobic group. Both groups achieved similar and significant reductions in anxiety scores, but the differences between the groups were small and not statistically significant. There were four exercise‐related dropouts in the aerobic group, none in the non‐aerobic. All dropouts had the diagnosis panic disorder with agoraphobia. The study indicates that intensive aerobic exercise, with resulting increase in aerobic capacity, has no specific effect on the anxiety level in patients with anxiety disorders. The reductions in anxiety scores which in previous studies have been shown to be associated with physical fitness training are most probably mediated via psychological mechanisms, like distraction and mastering.
Stress and schizophrenia: A review of research models and findings
Authors: Teague Gregory B. , Drake Robert E. , Bartels Stephen J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCurrent thinking on schizophrenia suggests that patients are particularly vulnerable to stress, which may contribute significantly to triggering acute episodes of the illness. Previous investigation of the relationship of stress to schizophrenia has emphasized two themes. There is weak evidence that significantly stressful events may precipitate relapse. There are stronger indications that family communication styles characterized by criticism and hostility directed towards the patient may contribute to relapse. Working along both lines has provoked discussion and criticism on both conceptual and methodological grounds. The literature on stress models exhibits a diversity of approaches on several issues critical to the development of an effective stress‐schizophrenia model: the locus of stress in the person‐environment system; the elements to be included; the nature and direction of causal effect; and the methodology to be applied in the investigation of stress. Previous investigations have attempted but failed satisfactorily to isolate the person from the environment to obtain a clear measure of relationship between stress and schizophrenic episodes. The nature of the illness and of the identified psychosocial stress domain suggests that a more effective model would incorporate a systems‐theoretical approach, focusing on coping processes used in achieving various forms of equilibrium with the environment.
Electrosleep and stress relief
Authors: Haslam M. T. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractInterrupted galvanic current via bitemporal electrodes on the brain induces a state of immobility and torpor with retention of consciousness. The procedure has been mainly developed in the USSR, where it has principally been used for anxiety states, insomnia, psychosomatic conditions and withdrawal from alcohol and drug dependence. Electrosleep would seem to have proved its value at least as an adjunct to other methods of therapy and has an advantage over drug therapies in the present climate of opinion, in a wide variety of studies. Results of a personal research study are reviewed.
Nurses under stress: A reliability and validity study of the NSI
Authors: Cooper Cary L. , Mitchell Simon 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe Nurse Stress Index (NSI) and other measures were instrumented with 117 nurses in seven hospitals and four hospices who were dealing with high‐risk aspects of the profession. The NSI would seem to be a reliable and reasonably construct‐valid measure for this purpose, but the findings of factor analysis suggested that for different groups of nurses, slightly different factor structures or subscales would be more appropriate.
Stress and marital discord: Some sex differences
Authors: Rust John , Golombok Susan 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe general importance of stress reduction techniques in sexual and marital therapy is examined in the light of findings that sexual dysfunction is an important factor in marital discord for men, but not for women. The implications of this finding for treatment are examined, and it is concluded that, while stress reduction may have a role to play in the treatment of specific sexual dysfunctions in men, a more global approach to change is needed for sex therapy in women.
Dementia: A study of 104 cases
Authors: Janati Abdorasool , Nowack William J. , Newton Norris , Raval Jugalkishor , Floyd Rebecca 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA prospective study has been made in 104 consecutive cases with dementia admitted to the McClellan Memorial Veterans Hospital in Little Rock and Parkland Medical Center in Dallas. Utilizing a standard dementia battery, we identified a specific cause for dementia, other than Alzheimer's disease and cerebrovascular disease, in 25 per cent of the cases. Alzheimer's disease was diagnosed in approximately 28 per cent of the cases. Senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type and vascular dementias were the most common etiologies encountered. A potentially treatable cause of dementia was found in 21 per cent of the patients. The importance of early detection of dementia, the diagnostic value of various ancillary procedures, and the value of a diligent search for treatable causes of dementia were emphasized by our data.