bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantitative Measurements of Sweat Gland Activity Using the Ninhydrin Method
Authors: Pontén Bengt 
Published: December 2008

AbstractPontén, B. Quantitative measurements of sweat gland activity using the ninhydrin method.When a piece of paper is pressed against a sweating surface of the skin, the sweat together with its content of dissolved amino acids is absorbed. The print on the paper forms a pattern which, after evaporation, is represented by the amino acids and other substances. By using the ninhydrin reaction these amino acids can be stained and the print on the paper visualized. The present paper reports on a modification for quantitative analysis. The results are discussed and compared with the findings of earlier authors as regards the onset of sweating, variations in its flow, and similarities and dissimilarities between different skin surfaces.
Carbon Dioxide Tension and pH of Lymph and Arterial Blood in Anaesthetized Dogs
Authors: Carlsten Arne , Söderholm Bror 
Published: December 2008

AbstractCarlsten, A. and B. Söderholm. Carbon dioxide tension and pH of lymph and arterial blood in anaesthetized dogs.Thoracic duct lymph in the dog has a lower pH and a higher Pco2 than arterial blood irrespective of the degree of ventilation, oxygenation and induced acidosis. The difference in Pco2 between lymph and arterial blood is about 18 mm Hg. Such a high Pco2 difference is taken as an indication that tissue CO2 tensions have been underestimated with previous techniques.
Some Types of Response of Single Cells in the Rabbit Lateral Geniculate Body to Stimulation of the Retina by Light and to Electrical Stimulation of the Optic Nerve
Authors: Arden Geoffrey , Liu Yu‐Ming 
Published: December 2008

AbstractArden, G. and Y.‐M. Liu. Some types of response of single cells in the rabbit lateral geniculate body to stimulation of the retina by light and to electrical stimulation of the optic have.Recordings have been made from single cells in the rabbit's lateral geniculate body, using micropipette electrodes. Two extreme types of response to light can be distinguished. One has a low threshold and is more or less prolonged. The other has a higher threshold, and the discharge is shortened to one or two spikes followed, efter a pause by a delayed burst. Cells which respond with a short burst of spikes cannot follow repetitive stimuli, owing to inhibition. Most cells show evidences of inhibition, but the discharge characteristics can be altered by altering the stimulus. Electrical stimulation of the optic nerve at the chiasma results in post‐synaptic firing with latencies which range from 1.6–3.5 msec, or longer.
Studies on Ester Sulphates: 7. On the Excretion of Sulphate Conjugates of Primary Aliphatic Alcohols in the Urine of Rats
Authors: Boström Harry , Vestermark Anders 
Published: December 2008

AbstractBoström, H. and A. Vestermark. On the excretion of sulphate conjugates of primary aliphatic alcohols in the urine of rats.The urinary ester sulphate patterns of rats, as visualized by autoradiography on paper chromatograms and electro‐pherograms of urine samples obtained during the first 24 hours after an injection of S35‐labelled sulphate, were studied in normal animals and those given small amounts of normal aliphatic alcohols (from methyl to amyl). Evidence is presented indicating the partial excretion in rats of all five alcohols as mono‐alkyl sulphates. The possible physiologic and clinical implications of these results are briefly discussed.
Further Observations on the Disruption of Rat Mesentery Mast Cells Caused by Compound 48/80, Antigen‐Antibody Reaction, Lecithinase A and Decylamine
Authors: Högberg Bertil , Uvnás Borje 
Published: December 2008

AbstractHögberg, B. and B. Uvnas. Further observations on the disruption of rat mesentery mast cells caused by compound 48/80, antigen‐antibody reaction, lecithinase A, and decylamine.The influence of pH, ionic milieu, temperature and enzyme inhibitors, on the disrupting action on rat mesentery mast cells of compound 48/80, antigen and decylamine has been investigated. A pH optimum around 7.4, the essentiality of Ca++ ions, the influence of temperature and the inhibitory action of various enzyme inhibitors, especially those blocking protein NH2‐groups and SH‐groups, supported the view that compound 48/80 and antigen disrupt the mast cells by activating a lytic enzyme attached to the mast cell membrane. Decylamine, on the other hand, is a surface active agent that disrupts mast cells by a non‐enzymatic mechanism.
The Mechanism of Histamine Release in Anaphylactic Reaction in Guinea Pig and Rat
Authors: Chakravarty Nirmal 
Published: December 2008

AbstractChakravarty, N. The mchanism of histamine release in anaphylactic reaction in guinea pig and rat.The mechanism of histamine release was studied in anaphylactic reaction in vitro in tissues from guinea pig and rat; it was compared, in rat, with histamine release induced by compound 48/80. The observations suggest that histamine release in both species is mediated by the activation of an enzyme system probably with essential sulphydryl and amino groups. Histamine release in anaphylaxis and that induced by compound 48/80 in rat appear to be mediated by the same mechanism. Some differences were observed in anaphylactic histamine release in the two species: anoxia inhibited histamine release in guinea‐pig tissue but not in rat tissue; the same was true of two triphenylmethane dyes. Despite these differences, anaphylactic histamine release in the two species seems to follow, on the whole, a common pathway.
The Blood Lactate During Recovery from Sprint Runs
Authors: Andersen K. Lange , Bolstad Atle , Sand S. 
Published: December 2008

Andersen, K. Lange, A. Bolstad and S. Sand. The blood lactate during recovery from sprint runs.The time required to restore the normal resting level of blood lactate after runs of distances up to 800 metres was determined. The recovery time increases as the distance becomes longer and up to a limit of about 400 m. Longer runs do not increase the recovery time for blood lactate. Running 400 m is also sufficient to produce the maximum blood lactate, which in this study was found to range from 120 to 150 mg %. Determination of pulmonary ventilation during recovery was undertaken, and it was found that pulmonary ventilation reached stable values of about resting level long before the excess lactic acid was removed from the blood. Measurement of O2, ‐debt after the runs revealed a larger debt for an athlete than for a non athlete, and evidence was found indicating a greater “alactic” O2, ‐debt in the athlete than in the non athlete.
Histamine and a Lipid‐Soluble Smooth‐Muscle Stimulating Principle (‘SRS’) in Anaphylactic Reaction
Authors: Chakravarty Nirmal , Uvnäs Börje 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe relationship between the occurrence of histamine and ‘SRS’ in anaphylactic reaction was investigated in guinea‐pig tissue. The temperature and pH curves for histamine and ‘SRS’ were similar. Anoxia and lack of calcium inhibited equally the appearance of both. When histamine release was inhibited by polymeric enzyme inhibitors or by an organic dye, there was concomitant inhibition of ‘SRS’. Moreover, enzyme inhibitors which react with sulphydryl or amino groups — iodoacetate, allicin, 2:.l‐dinitrofluoro‐benzene, phenylisocyanate and acetic anhydride — blocked both histamine and ‘SRS’. Glutathione and cysteine partly reversed the inhibitory effect of iodoacetate on both histamine and ‘SRS’. While histamine is released from a loose binding in the tissue, ‘SRS’ seems to be formed during anaphylactic reaction. The observations may be explained by postulating that antigen‐antibody reaction in anaphylaxis activates an enzyme system, probably with essential sulphydryl and amino groups in the mast cells, and results in the appearance of both histamine and ‘SRS’.
Autoradiographic Observations on Injected S35‐Thiocyanate and C14‐Cyanide in Mice
Authors: Clemedson Carl‐Johan , Sörbo Bo , Ullberg Sven 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe labelled compounds were injected into mice and sections of the whole animals were studied by an autoradiographic technique. The two compounds studied gave an almost identical autoradiographic distribution pattern. This was attributed to the fact that the activity after injection of KC14N was present mainly as thiocyanate. A very high activity was present in the stomach as early as 5 min after injection and it remained higher there than in any other organ during the 24‐hours observation period. High activities were also found in the submaxillary salivary gland, the thyroid gland, the walls of the large vessels and the blood.
The Removal of Artificial Fat Emulsions from the Blood Stream of Dogs
Authors: Edgren Bo 
Published: December 2008

AbstractCottonseed‐oil emulsions were given intravenously to dogs in different doses and the disappearance of the injected fat from the blood stream was followed turbidimetrically. It was found that the fat was removed from the circulating blood with a speed that followed a single exponential function and that the disappearance rate decreased with increasing doses, if the rate of disappearance was expressed by the slope of the exponential regression line (K‐value) or by the percentage of removal per hour. The average intravascular half‐life for I.O g of fat per kg is 20 min, and the maximal amount of emulsified fat that can be removed completely from the blood stream during a 24‐hour period seems to be 2 to 3 g of fat per kg in the dog. Following a single I‐g‐per‐kg dose of fat, the ability to remove an equal dose is depressed and remains depressed for more than eight hours but returns to normal within 24 hours. Protamine depresses the elimination rate for intravenous fat with about 50% during a limited period.
The Morphological Distribution in the Mouse Liver of Injected Paraffin Emulsion
Authors: Edgren Bo , Ivemark Biörn 
Published: December 2008

AbstractLiquid paraffin was injected intravenously into mice in the form of an emulsion. The animals were killed 24 hours after injection and their livers investigated histologically. As controls were used one group of mice in which the emulsifiers had been injected and one group of untreated animals. It was found that in most of the paraffin‐treated mice lipid‐stainable droplets were present both in Kupffer's cells and the parenchymal cells of the liver far more abundantly than in the controls. The findings indicate that finely, emulsified liquid paraffin can be taken up by the parenchymal cells of the liver from the circulating blood.
Eine Methode zur wiederholten Bestimmung der Gesamthämoglobinmenge und des Blutvolumens von Ratten
Authors: Tribukait Von Bernhard 
Published: December 2008

AbstractA modified method for the repeated determination of the total amount of hemoglobin and the blood‐volume of rats is described. The animal is kept in a sealed glass container connected to a closed system of circulating air, in which the oxygen‐concentration is kept at a constant level by means of absorption of carbon‐dioxide and addition of oxygen. The animal remains in the apparatus while a known quantity of CO is added, and a balance is reached between the CO‐concentration of the air and the COHb‐saturation after about 50 min. From the measured CO‐concentration and the volume of the system the CO‐quantity absorbed by the animal can be calculated which is dependent on the total amount of hemoglobin and the oxygen‐concentration.The mean error of estimate calculated from duplicate determinations was 4–5 % varying with the size of the animal. The experiment can be repeated on the same animal without any interference with the hematopoiesis. From the total amount of hemoglobin and the hemoglobin‐concentration the blood‐volume can be calculated. The amount of hemoglobin present in the bone‐marrow has been estimated by spectro‐photometrical analysis at 0.01 g Hb/g bone‐marrow which corresponds to give an average systematic error of less than 3 %. The error by other substances, such as myoglobin, appears not to be of significance.
The Influence of Rest Pauses on Mechanical Efficiency
Authors: Christensen Erik Hohwü , Hedman Rune , Holmdahl Inga 
Published: December 2008

AbstractTwo subjects performed a given quantity of work on a Krogh bicycle ergometer within one hour. With a relatively low load the work was continuous, with higher loads breaks of varied length and periodicity were introduced. Mechanical efficiency was the same or slightly less when continuous work was replaced by discontinuous work.
The Effects of Obesity, Pyometra and Diabetes Mellitus on the Fat and Cholesterol Contents of Liver and Spleen in the Dog
Authors: Finlayson J. S. , Krook L. , Larsson S. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe normal fat content of dog liver was found to be 10% of the dry weight; that of spleen, 5.3% Liver fat increased to 15% in obesity, 21% in pyometra and 58% in diabetes mellitus; spleen fat increased significantly only in obesity. The water content of liver decreased very slightly in obesity and considerably in diabetes mellitus; that of spleen was not affected by any of the conditions studied. The normal cholesterol content of dog liver was about 1,000 mg per 100 g of fat‐free dry tissue whereas that of spleen was about 1,700. Neither liver nor spleen cholesterol was significantly altered in obesity or pyometra, but in diabetes mellitus the cholesterol contents of both organs decreased by more than 30% These findings were interpreted as further evidence of the interrelationship of diabetes mellitus, obesity and pyometra in the dog.
Inhibitory Effects of Acid in Antrum‐Duodenum on Fasting Gastric Secretion in Pavlov and Heidenhain Pouch Dogs
Authors: Andersson Sven 
Published: December 2008

AbstractExclusion of the antrum and duodenum was performed on Pavlov and Heidenhain pouch dogs. The gastrointestinal passage was re‐established by gastrojejunostomy and a cannula inserted into the excluded parts. A fasting secretion1 appeared. If hydrochloric acid or gastric juice was introduced into the antrum and duodenum the secretion was markedly inhibited. The inhibitory effects were equally pronounced in Heidenhain and in Pavlov pouch dogs. The results suggest that the inhibition is humorally mediated. As the stimulatory mechanisms behind the fasting secretion are unknown it is not possible to draw any definite conclusions concerning the exact nature of the inhibition.
The Effect of Catechol on the Isolated Guinea‐pig Ileum
Authors: Sjöstrand N. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractCatechol in doses of 0.5‐5 mg, added to the isolated guinea‐pig ileum in a 15 ml bath, was generally found to induce contraction of the strip. Atropine and paralysing doses of nicotine abolished this contraction. Catechol in doses of 5–10 mg added to the organ bath had a relaxing action on the ileum. The probable way of stimulation via the intestinal ganglia is discussed.
On the Binding of Zinc and Mersalyl to the Contractile Element in Muscle and the Relation to Its Relaxing Effect
Authors: Edman K. A. Paul 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIn order to elucidate the functionally relevant coupling of zinc and mersalyl with the contractile element in muscle, a comparative study of their relaxing (or contraction‐inhibiting) effects on glycerol‐extracted rabbit psoas fibres as concerns reversibility, pH‐dependence and synergism has been performed, as well as determinations of the uptake of zinc and mersalyl by the fibres after immersion in subtotal, functionally equivalent concentrations of the metals. Zinc and mersalyl have about the same affinity for the functional sites. There is additive synergism between the zinc and mersalyl effects, as tested at different pH‐levels, indicating that zinc and mersalyl act by blocking the same functional groups, probably SH‐groups, in the contractile element. However, while the zinc‐induced effect is strongly dependent on the pH between 6.0 and 8.0, no pH‐dependence at all is found for the mersalyl effect in this pH‐range. Evidently zinc and mersalyl combine with the functional groups in a different way, mersalyl conceivably by simple coupling, zinc, however, only after entering into a chelate formation, in which unprotonated groups with a pK‐value of about 6.7, probably imidazole groups, have to be included.
The Effect of Oxytocic Substances upon the Rabbit Uterus in Situ
Authors: Fuchs Anna‐Riitta , Fuchs Fritz 
Published: December 2008

AbstractOn oestrogen‐treated virginal rabbits the threshold dose of oxytocin varied between 0.005 and 0.05. No definite threshold could be established for methylergometrine. The difference between the lowest dose giving repeatable response and that giving maximal effect was very small. The higher dose had an adverse effect upon the whole animal. Dihydroergotamine did not show any oxytocic effect, nor did it influence oxytocin‐induced contractions. On puerperal rabbits the sensitivity to oxytocin was still much increased 22 hours after delivery, but diminished during the following days. For methylergometrine the lowest dose with repeatable effect was the same as in the non‐pregnant animal but the response was stronger. Dihydroergotamine had no effect upon the uterus. Isometric and isotonic recording gave the same results.
Verhalten von Gesamthämoglobin und Blutvolumen der Ratte bei akuter Blutungsanämie
Authors: Tribukait Bernhard 
Published: December 2008

AbstractAfter withdrawal, by venesection, of about 30% of the blood volume of a rat the total amount of hemoglobin and blood volume was repeatedly estimated by a modified alveolar CO method. At about 3 days following the venesection the amount of hemoglobin started to increase. On the 20th day the initial amount of hemoglobin was regained. The daily production of hemoglobin reaches a maximum 3–4 days after venesection and returns to normal values within about 3 weeks. The blood volume, estimated from 24 hours to 15 days after the venesection was unchanged and as large as before the venesection.
Selective Adequate Activation of Large Afferents from Muscle Spindles and Golgi Tendon Organs
Authors: Lundberg A. , Winsbury G. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractAn apparatus has been devised for brief stretching of muscles and a method is described for selective activation of I a and I b afferents. With muscles under light initial tension all I a afferents can be activated by a brief stretch of less than 100 μ without co‐activation of any I b afferents. A brief pull applied during contraction of an initially slack muscle activates I b afferents but not I a afferents. With intracellular recording from motoneurones brief stretches activating only I a fibres were found to evoke monosynaptic excitatory postsynaptic potentials almost indistinguishable from those resulting on stimulation of the muscle nerve.
Functional Organization of the Ventral Spino‐Cerebellar Tract in the Cat
Authors: Oscarsson Olov 
Published: December 2008

AbstractVentral spino‐cerebellar tract (VSCT) neurones monosynaptically activated by Golgi tendon organ afferents and with inhibitory action from group II and III muscle afferents, skin and high threshold joint afferents, have been investigated in decerebrate cats. In the decerebrate preparation the inhibitory actions are depressed due to a tonic inhibitory control of the interneurones mediating these actions. It is shown that this control changes the message forwarded by the VSCT neurones from one which has been interpreted as extero‐ceptive or informative of flexion reflex patterns to one which is proprioceptive.In addition a control system not tonically active in the decerebrate preparation is described. It can be activated by stimulation of the brain stem and the responsible fibres are located in the dorsal part of the lateral funicle. It inhibits the ipsilateral VSCT neurones.
The Determination in Vivo of the Rate of Ciliary Beat in the Trachea
Authors: Dalhamn Tore 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe rate of ciliary beat in the trachea of live rabbits was recorded by filming at 220 frames per second. The animals were able to breathe through their normal respiratory tracts, by a special connection between the microscope and the trachea. The mean rate from 31 subjects was 1,099 beats per minute, the deviation between the animals 172 beats per minute, and the error of method 40 beats per minute. The rate of beat was correlated to the rectal temperature, but did not show any variation during the two hours the experiments lasted. The method can be used for investigations into the effects of inhaled agents (gases, particles) on the ciliary activity of the trachea.
The Specificity of Afferent Cutaneous C Fibres in Mammals
Authors: Iriuchijima J. , Zotterman Y. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractBy dissecting very fine strands of cutaneous nerves in rats, dogs and cats it has been possible to record spikes from single afferent C fibres when applying different stimuli to the skin. Confirming earlier investigators, records have been obtained of the activity of C fibres which responded specifically to tactile stimulation of the skin and from C fibres which responded rather unspecifically to strong thermal changes in the skin in both directions (± 10dg C) as well as to mechanical stimulation of the skin.In addition to these fibres a new type of C fibres were found which responded specifically to warming or to cooling the skin to less than 1dg C. These specific “warm” C fibres and specific “cold” C fibres showed in general a behaviour similar to that of δ thermal fibres previously described. They did not respond to touching their receptive field. The skin of the mammals investigated thus possess specific “warm” C fibres as well as specific “cold” C fibres which are reciprocally brought in and out of action when the skin is subjected to even slight temperature changes.
Psychomotor Performance in Man as Affected by High Oxygen Pressure (3 Atmospheres)
Authors: Frankenhaeuser Marianne , Graff‐Lonnevig V. , Hesser C. M. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractFrankenhaeuser, M., V. Graff‐Lonnevic and C. M. Hesser. Psychomotor Performance in man as affected by high oxygen pressure (3 atmospheres).Psychomotor performance (simple and choice reaction times and mirror drawing) of 10 subjects during exposure to oxygen at 3 atm was compared with performance under normal air breathing at 1 atm. No statistically significant differences in psychomotor performance under the two conditions could be demonstrated. Nor did performance show any tendency to deteriorate with time within the 30 min period employed. The possible importance of these observations as criteria of concomitant physiological events is discussed.
Different Pools of Catecholamines Stored in the Adrenal Medulla
Authors: Hillarp Nils‐Åke 
Published: December 2008

AbstractHillarp, N.‐A. Different pools of catecholamines stored in the adrenal medulla.The nucleotide content of the adrenal medulla (cow, horse, pig and cat) and its changes post mortem were analyzed by means of ion exchange and paper chromatography. The experiments showed that the catecholamines may exist in excess of the adenosinephosphates, which indicates that a not inconsiderable fraction of the amines cannot be stored together with an equivalent amount of adenosinephosphates in the way found in pure amine granules of high density. Examinations of the intracellular distribution of nucleotides and amines indicated that at least some of these amines do not exist “free” in the cytoplasm but are bound in an unknown way to granules of lower density and apparently of lower stability. The probable existence of different pools of stored amines is discussed.