bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Power Structure and Patronage in a Community of the Dominican Republic
Authors: Walker Malcolm T. 
Published: March 2007

In this paper it is intended to present the “political ethnography” of Villalta, a community in the Dominican Republic, from the period before the rise of Trujillo until May 1968, when municipal elections were held throughout the country. The principal concern is to show how the power structure and system of patronage which developed in Villalta during the Trujillo years has responded to the political fortunes of the country since the death of Trujillo.Much of the discussion will deal with a small group of men who are the principal dispensers of political patronage and who, over the years, have represented the community to the outside. At lower levels, those who acquiesce to the judgment of these men frequently do so in accordance with patron-client ties. Because of both political and economic change within and outside the community, the basis on which this acquiescence has rested, has undergone change and the position of the power-holders has been rendered more tenuous.
U.S. Control Over Cuban Sugar Production, 1898-1902
Authors: Hitchman James H. 
Published: March 2007

For years many Americans have assumed that the United States has exploited Cuba. The greatest opportunity for this control existed when the United States occupied Cuba after the Spanish-American War. The island was ravaged by war, famine, and disease, and the Cubans were exhausted after nearly a decade of depression, and revolution. It would have been easy for the U.S. government and business interests to control Cuba economically. Yet this did not occur. By concentrating our attention upon Cuban sugar production, perhaps the real nature of United States-Cuban economic relations may become apparent.In the aftermath of the Spanish-American War, the McKinley administration found itself caught between two forces. The Congressional Joint Resolution of April 20, 1898, bound the Americans to leave Cuba once the island was pacified, but the Paris Peace Treaty of December 10, 1898, assumed that the United States would remain for a period of reconstruction.
A Review of Development Planning in Guatemala
Authors: Hoy Don R. 
Published: March 2007

Planning is often analogous to weather in that everyone discusses it but little is really done. Such, at least, is the case in Guatemala where individuals, groups, and the government espouse a need for development planning in eloquent terms but produce few positive results. In Guatemala, however, it is increasingly recognized that planning can be a logical and relatively scientific method of improving resource utilization. The purpose of this paper is to appraise a few general aspects of development planning in Guatemala and to characterize its organizational structure and the political constraints imposed upon the process.Governments are assuming a more dominant role in development, particularly in the less advanced areas. Public opinion has generally supported this trend by criticizing development programs or blaming the lack of development on the government.
Jobs and Housing: Alternative Developments in the Venezuelan Guayana
Authors: MacDonald John Stuart , MacDonald Leatrice D. 
Published: March 2007

The appraisal of development projects is often complicated by the fact that they rarely occur in isolation. In Latin America, the effectiveness of public housing programs and the reactions of the people involved are, as a rule, bound up with the whole complex of heterogeneous developments we call “urbanization.” And when public housing reaches the villages, it typically goes hand in hand with agrarian reform. This is generally the case in Venezuela, where large public housing schemes have been in operation since 1958.Consequently it is difficult to disentangle and then evaluate the impact of industrialization per se from social infrastructure development in the towns, or agrarian reform per se from social infrastructure development in the villages. The Guayana region of Venezuela is one of the few areas where a production-oriented project and a social welfare project have operated discretely, but within a uniform socioeconomic context.
Impressions of the Peruvian Agrarian Reform
Authors: Gitlitz John Stephen 
Published: March 2007

On 24 June 1969 the military government of Peru, exercising its de facto power to issue legislation by decree, promulgated a law of agrarian reform. In Latin America legal norms—even radical ones—are not necessarily to be feared. Many countries have agrarian reform laws and in most of these agrarian structures have not been changing rapidly. Indeed, the previous administration in Peru had passed a mild law in 1964, but the hacienda structure of the Peruvian Andes remained virtually intact. Few feared that the new code enacted by the military would present a strong challenge to tradition.Forty-eight hours after its promulgation opinions began to change. The government announced that interventors were being sent to eight of the largest sugar estates on the northern coast. Intervention is the first step toward expropriation. The sugar estates lie at the heart of the Peruvian oligarchy: they were exempt from the 1964 legislation.
The Politics of Labor Protest in Mexico
Authors: Handelman Howard 
Published: March 2007

In years past, Mexico's political system was often cited as a model for political development in the “third world” (Scott, 1974, 1965). While most Latin American governments allowed associational interest groups little opportunity to articulate their needs and demands, Mexico's ruling party (the PRI) provided institutionalized representation for three major segments of the nation's population: the agrarian sector (peasants and agricultural workers); the middle class (the “popular sector”); and organized labor unions. Anderson and Cockcroft (1966: 16) indicated that “the Mexican national leadership seem … to be committed to tolerating a substantial amount of political pluralism. It is taken for granted … that occupational groups attempt to promote their interests and demands through organizations.”More recently, however, a “revisionist” group of political scientists has disputed the contention that Mexico is moving toward democratic pluralism; instead they characterize its political system as essentially authoritarian (Purcell, 1973; Johnson, 1971; Stevens, 1970; Davis and Coleman, 1974). In this article I shall examine the degree of latitude which the Mexican political system allows independent labor movements I in articulating the demands of their members and in pressing I those demands on the ruling party.
The Role of the Law Graduate in the Political Elite of Imperial Brazil
Authors: Barman Roderick , Barman Jean 
Published: March 2007

By the application of fresh analytical approaches such as prosopography and the concepts of “secular trend” and “conjuncture” pioneered by the Annales school, historians are at last beginning to probe the social and political structures of Latin America in the national period. What before had been surmised or supposed, particularly in regard to the dominance of political and social life by elites, can now be quantitatively confirmed, while the identification of secular trends permits the historian to penetrate behind the confusion of the incidentals to the basic characteristics of the different nations and their evolution over time.The standard interpretation of Imperial Brazil (1822-1889) has until recently been that of a stable but anomalous monarchy dominated for most of its existence by its ruler Pedro II. The aging of the Emperor, the abolition of slavery on which the regime is conceived as being based, the discontents of the military, and the inevitable advance of Republicanism have been taken as the principal causes for the collapse of the Brazilian Empire on November 15, 1889.
Industrialists and Politics in Argentina: An Opinion Survey of Trade Association Leaders
Authors: Freels John W. 
Published: March 2007

The role of the Latin American industrialist as a potential modernizing agent promoting social and economic evolution has received increasing attention in recent years. Yet discussions of the industrialist's role have been largely impressionistic; few opinion surveys of the industrialist's goals and values are available. This study was based on such an opinion survey of industrial trade association leaders in Argentina, a nation in which the debate over the role of the industrialist in social evolution has received wide attention.The industrial trade association movement itself is split into two factions: the porteño-dominaied Argentine Industrial Union (UIA), created before the turn of the century, and the interior-based Confederation of Industry (CI), founded during the second presidency of Juan Domingo Perón. The ability of the sector to strengthen its political position hinges largely on the need to develop greater rapport between these two groups of industrialists.
Patterns of Lumbar Region Movement During Trunk Lateral Bending in 2 Subgroups of People With Low Back Pain
Authors: Gombatto Sara P , Collins David R , Sahrmann Shirley A , Engsberg Jack R , Van Dillen Linda R 
Published: March 2007

Background and Purpose
The movement system impairment (MSI) system is one proposed system for classifying low back pain (LBP) problems. Prior clinical data and observations for the MSI system suggest that different LBP subgroups demonstrate different patterns of movement during clinical tests, such as trunk lateral bending (TLB). The purpose of this study, therefore, was to examine the validity of the observation that lumbar region (LR) movement patterns during TLB are different between 2 subgroups of people with LBP: lumbar rotation with extension (Rotation With Extension) and lumbar rotation (Rotation).

Subjects
Participants were 44 people (28 men and 16 women; age [X̄±SD], 28.5±8.4 years) with chronic or recurrent LBP.

Methods
Each participant's LBP problem was classified with the MSI system. Kinematic variables were measured, and LBP symptoms were recorded during the TLB test.

Results
People in the 2 LBP subgroups demonstrated different patterns of LR movement during TLB. People in the Rotation With Extension subgroup displayed an asymmetric (right versus left) pattern of LR movement across the TLB movement, whereas people in the Rotation subgroup displayed a symmetric pattern of LR movement. Equal proportions of people in the 2 subgroups reported an increase in symptoms with the TLB test.

Discussion and Conclusion
The patterns of LR movement across the TLB movement were different in 2 subgroups of people with LBP. The difference in the LR movement patterns between subgroups may be an important factor to consider in specifying the details of the interventions for these 2 LBP problems.
Preliminary Examination of a Proposed Treatment-Based Classification System for Patients Receiving Physical Therapy Interventions for Neck Pain
Authors: Fritz Julie M , Brennan Gerard P 
Published: March 2007

Background and Purpose
Neck pain frequently is managed by physical therapists. The development of classification methods for matching interventions to subgroups of patients may improve clinical outcomes. The purpose of this study was to describe a proposed classification system for patients with neck pain by examining data for consecutive patients receiving physical therapy interventions.

Subjects and Methods
Standardized methods for collecting baseline and intervention data were used for all patients receiving physical therapy interventions for neck pain over 1 year. Outcome variables were the Neck Disability Index (NDI), numeric pain rating, and number of visits. Treatment was provided at the discretion of the physical therapist. After the completion of treatment, each patient was classified by use of baseline variables. The interventions received by the patient were categorized as being matched or not matched to the classification. Outcomes for patients who received matched interventions were compared with those for patients who received nonmatched interventions. The interrater reliability of the classification algorithm was examined with a subset of 50 patients.

Results
A total of 274 patients were included in this study (74% women; age [X̄±SD]=44.4±16.0 years). The most common classification was centralization (34.7%); next were exercise and conditioning (32.8%) and mobility (17.5%). The interrater reliability for classification decisions was high (kappa=.95, 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.87–1.0). A total of 113 patients (41.2%) received interventions matched to the classification. Receiving matched interventions was associated with greater improvements in the NDI (mean difference=5.6 points, 95% CI=2.6–8.6) and in pain ratings (mean difference=0.74 point, 95% CI=0.21–1.3) than receiving nonmatched interventions.

Discussion and Conclusion
The development of classification methods for patients with neck pain may improve the outcomes of physical therapy intervention. This study was done to examine a previously proposed classification system for patients receiving physical therapy interventions for neck pain. Receiving interventions matched to the classification system was associated with better outcomes than receiving nonmatched interventions. Although the design of this study prohibited drawing conclusions about the effectiveness of the system, the results suggest that further research on the system may be warranted.
Chiral Ionic Phosphites and Diamidophosphites: A Novel Group of Efficient Ligands for Asymmetric Catalysis
Authors: Gavrilov Konstantin N. , Lyubimov Sergey E. , Bondarev Oleg G. , Maksimova Marina G. , Zheglov Sergey V. , Petrovskii Pavel V. , Davankov Vadim A. , Reetz Manfred T. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSeven members of a new class of chiral P‐monodentate cationic phosphites and diamidophosphites have been synthesized for the first time and tested as ligands in asymmetric transition metal catalysis. Up to 96 % ee was achieved in the rhodium‐catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of functionalized olefins and up to 99 % ee in the palladium‐catalyzed allylic allylation. Applications of the immobilized cationic rhodium complex to asymmetric catalytic synthesis have also been demonstrated.
Highly Efficient Asymmetric Hydrogenation of α,β‐Unsaturated Carboxylic Acids Catalyzed by Ruthenium(II)‐Dipyridylphosphine Complexes
Authors: Qiu Liqin , Li Yue‐Ming , Kwong Fuk Yee , Yu Wing‐Yiu , Fan Qing‐Hua , Chan Albert S. C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTwo types of catalysts [RuL(benzene)Cl]Cl and Ru(OCOCH3)2L with the dipyridylphosphine ligands P‐Phos and Xyl‐P‐Phos were applied in the asymmetric hydrogenation of α,β‐unsaturated carboxylic acids. The cationic complexes [RuL(benzene)Cl]Cl were found to be superior to the corresponding neutral complex Ru(OCOCH3)2L in this type of reactions. The catalysts exhibited excellent activities and enantioselectivities (up to 97 % ee) in the asymmetric hydrogenation.
Continuous, Ionic Liquid‐Catalysed Propylation of Toluene in a Liquid‐Liquid Biphasic Reaction Mode using a Loop Reactor Concept
Authors: Ladnak Viktor , Hofmann Norbert , Brausch Nicole , Wasserscheid Peter 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAcidic ionic liquids of the type [cation] [bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide anion]/aluminium trichloride {[cation][(CF3SO2)2N]/AlCl3} have been applied to realise for the first time a continuous Friedel–Crafts alkylation reaction in liquid‐liquid biphasic reaction mode using a loop reactor concept. Exemplified for the continuous propylation of toluene we have proved that the acidic catalyst layer is successfully immobilised over at least 18 h in the loop reactor. After 8 h time‐on‐stream, a steady state has been reached followed by at least 10 h time‐on‐stream without any loss of activity or change in selectivity. Our results reveal the high potential of this class of acidic ionic liquids in continuous arene functionalisation reactions.
A Comparative Study of the Synthesis of 3‐Substituted Catechols using an Enzymatic and a Chemoenzymatic Method
Authors: Berberian V. , Allen C. C. R. , Sharma N. D. , Boyd D. R. , Hardacre C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA series of cis‐dihydrodiol metabolites, available from the bacterial dioxygenase‐catalysed oxidation of monosubstituted benzene substrates using Pseudomonas putida UV4 , have been converted to the corresponding catechols using both a heterogeneous catalyst (Pd/C) and a naphthalene cis‐diol dehydrogenase enzyme present in whole cells of the recombinant strain Escherichia coli DH5α(pUC129: nar B). A comparative study of the merits of both routes to 3‐substituted catechols has been carried out and the two methods have been found to be complementary. A similarity in mechanism for catechol formation under both enzymatic and chemoenzymatic conditions, involving regioselective oxidation of the hydroxyl group at C‐1, has been found using deuterium labelled toluene cis‐dihydrodiols. The potential, of combining a biocatalytic step (dioxygenase‐catalysed cis‐dihydroxylation) with a chemocatalytic step (Pd/C‐catalysed dehydrogenation), into a one‐pot route to catechols, from the parent substituted benzene substrates, has been realised.
Simple Ruthenium Precatalyst for the Synthesis of Stilbene Derivatives and Ring‐Closing Metathesis in the Presence of Styrene Initiators
Authors: Lo Cheikh , Cariou Renan , Fischmeister Cédric , Dixneuf Pierre H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe ruthenium complex RuCl2(p‐cymene)(IMes) was found to be an efficient precatalyst, with styrene as an initiating species, for the alkene metathesis of various styrenes into symmetrical and unsymmetrical stilbene derivatives and for the ring‐closing metathesis reaction of a sterically hindered olefin leading to a tetrasubstituted cycloolefin.
Synthesis of Enantiopure (S,R,S)‐ and (R,S,R)‐1,4,5,8,9,16‐Hexahydroxytetraphenylenes
Authors: Wu An‐Hui , Hau Chun‐Kit , Wong Henry N. C. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract1,4,5,8,9,16‐Hexahydroxytetraphenylene (5) was synthesized by an iodobenzene diacetate‐mediated phenolic oxidation. Enantiopure forms of 1,4,5,8,9,16‐hexahydroxytetraphenylenes [(S,R,S)‐5 and (R,S,R)] were successfully synthesized either by using (S,S)‐and (R,R)‐1,8,9,16‐tetramethoxytetraphenylenes [(S,S)‐7 and (R,R)‐7] as starting materials or by direct resolution of 1,4,5,8,9,16‐hexahydroxytetraphenylene (5).
Tin‐Free Radical Carbonylation: Synthesis of Acylated Oxime Ethers Using Alkyl Allyl Sulfone Precursors, Carbon Monoxide, and Phenylsulfonyl Oxime Ether
Authors: Kim Sangmo , Lim Kyoung‐Chan , Kim Sunggak , Ryu Ilhyong 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAcylated oxime ethers have been prepared by a three‐component coupling reaction using alkyl allyl sulfone precursors, carbon monoxide, and phenylsulfonyl oxime ether derivatives under tin‐free radical reaction conditions.
Diversity‐Oriented Preparation of Enantiopure Spirocyclic 2‐Azetidinones from α‐Oxo‐β‐lactams through Barbier‐Type Reactions followed by Metal‐Catalyzed Cyclizations
Authors: Alcaide Benito , Almendros Pedro , del Campo Teresa Martínez , Rodríguez‐Acebes Raquel 
Published: March 2007

AbstractNovel, simple, and convenient strategies to diversely functionalized spirocyclic β‐lactams have been developed by using different metal‐mediated carbonyl addition/cyclization reaction sequences. Spirocyclization precursors, 2‐azetidinone‐tethered homoallylic alcohols, bromohomoallylic alcohols, homopropargylic alcohols, (buta‐1,3‐dien‐2‐yl)methanols, and α‐allenols have been obtained by regioselective addition of stabilized organometallic reagents to azetidine‐2,3‐diones in an aqueous environment. Ruthenium‐, silver‐, and palladium‐catalyzed reactions of the above monocyclic unsaturated alcohol derivatives provided oxaspiro‐β‐lactams.
Suppression of β‐Hydride Elimination in the Intramolecular Hydrocarboxylation of Alkynes leading to the Formation of Lactones
Authors: Huo Zhibao , Patil Nitin T. , Jin Tienan , Pahadi Nirmal K. , Yamamoto Yoshinori 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPalladium‐catalyzed intramolecular cyclization of the alkynoic acids was studied which gave the five‐ and six‐membered lactones in moderate yields. The reaction can be conducted simply by heating a toluene solution of alkynoic acids at 100 °C in the presence of catalytic amounts of Pd(PPh3)4 and (o‐tol)3P. The key for this transformation is the use of phosphines, instead of carboxylic acids, as an additive. Similar to our previously developed catalytic system the use of carboxylic acid, instead of (o‐tol)3P, resulted into the exclusive formation of the diene.
Generation and Application of o‐Quinone Methides Bearing Various Substituents on the Benzene Ring
Authors: Sugimoto Hiromichi , Nakamura Satoshi , Ohwada Tomohiko 
Published: March 2007

Abstracto‐Quinone methides (o‐QMs) are highly reactive, short‐lived intermediates, which have potential synthetic applicability. However, few studies on the generation of o‐QMs bearing an electron‐withdrawing group have been reported. Herein we present a general method for the generation of o‐QMs, particularly those substituted with an electrophilic substituent, from new precursors, 4H‐1,2‐benzoxazines 2. We have also studied systematically the Diels–Alder reactions of o‐QMs with various dienophiles, such as vinyl ethers, enamines and imines. The reactions provide a versatile route to substituted chromans, phenols and 3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐benzo[e][1,3]oxazines (3,4‐dihydro‐1,3‐benzoxazines). Furthermore, we applied the new method to the derivatization of some natural products.
Dehydrative Cyclization Catalyzed by the Combination of Molybdenum(VI) Oxides and Benzoic Acids: First Synthesis of the Antitumour Substance BE‐70016
Authors: Sakakura Akira , Umemura Shuhei , Kondo Rei , Ishihara Kazuaki 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe dehydrative cyclization of N‐(o‐hydroxybenzoyl)threonine derivative 1a is efficiently promoted by the combined use of molybdenum(VI) oxides and benzoic acids bearing electron‐withdrawing substituents. In the presence of ammonium molybdate [(NH4)2MoO4, 10 mol %] and pentafluorobenzoic acid (C6F5CO2H; 10 mol %), dehydrative cyclization of 1a was conducted in toluene under azeotropic reflux conditions to give 2‐(o‐hydroxyphenyl)oxazoline 2a in 76 % yield. Furthermore, the first total synthesis of the antitumour substance BE‐70016 was achieved using the catalytic dehydrative cyclization of 1a as a key reaction.
Theoretical Studies on ortho‐Oxidation of Phenols with Dioxygen Mediated by Dicopper Complex: Hints for a Catalyst with the Phenolase Activity of Tyrosinase
Authors: Naka Hiroshi , Kondo Yoshinori , Usui Shinya , Hashimoto Yuichi , Uchiyama Masanobu 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTheoretical studies on the chemo‐ and regioselective ortho‐oxidation reaction of phenols mediated by a biomimetic (μ–η2:η2peroxo)dicopper(II) complex were performed using unrestricted hybrid density functional theory (UB3LYP) calculations, with the aim of providing a guide for the development of new bio‐inspired catalysts with the phenolase activity of tyrosinase. Energetic, structural, and electronic analyses suggested the involvement of a side‐on (μ–η2:η2)‐Cu2O2 complex as an active intermediate, and a single electron transfer (SET)‐induced electrophilic aromatic substitution mechanism is proposed for the rate‐determining CO bond forming process; this is consistent with experimental observations. Moreover, the inherent roles of, and requirement for, two copper ions in this reaction have been elucidated.
A New Preparation of Homochiral N‐Protected 5‐Hydroxy‐3‐ piperidenes, Promising Chiral Building Blocks, by Palladium‐ Catalyzed Deracemization of Their Alkyl Carbonates
Authors: Takahata Hiroki , Suto Yumiko , Kato Erina , Yoshimura Yuichi , Ouchi Hidekazu 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe palladium‐catalyzed deracemization of N‐protected alkyl carbonates of 5‐hydroxy‐3‐piperidenes by use of chiral phosphine ligands is described. A Trost ligand such as (R)‐BPA was found to be a suitable chiral ligand for the deracemization, providing N‐protected 5‐hydroxy‐3‐piperidenes in good yields with good to high enantioselectivities. A plausible mechanism for the reaction is proposed.