bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distributions of hydroperoxide positional isomers generated by oxidation of 1‐palmitoyl‐2‐arachidonoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine in liposomes and in methanol solution
Authors: Wang Xing‐Hua , Ushio Hideki , Ohshima Toshiaki 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe differences in distribution of geometric isomers of unsaturated PC hydroperoxides generated by free radical oxidation were compared, as corresponding hydroxy analogs, in heterogeneous liposomes and in a homogeneous methanol solution by using HPLC with UV detection due to the presence of conjugated dienes. Identification of fractionated peak components was carried out by GC‐MS. When the oxidation of 1‐palmitoyl‐2‐linoleoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine, PC(16∶0/18∶2), was initiated in liposomes by a hydrophilic azo radical initiator, and in a methanol solution by a hydrophobic azo radical initiator, there was no significant difference in the relative percentages of 1‐palmitoyl‐2‐(9‐hydroxy‐trans‐10,trans‐12‐octadecadienoyl)‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine (9‐t,t‐OH PC) and 1‐palmitoyl‐2‐(13‐hydroxy‐trans‐9,trans‐11‐octadecadienoyl)‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine (13‐t,t‐OH PC) between the PC oxidized in liposomes and in the methanol solution. For the oxidation of 1‐palmitoyl‐2‐arachidonoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine, PC(16∶0/20∶4), the relative percentage of 1‐palmitoyl‐2‐(5‐hydroxy‐trans‐6,cis‐8,11,14‐eicosatetraenoyl)‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine (5‐OH PC) was significantly higher (P<0.01) than that of 1‐palmitoyl‐2‐(15‐hydroxy‐cis‐5,8,11,trans‐13‐eicosatetraenoyl)‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine (15‐OH PC) in liposomes. For the homogeneous methanol solution of PC(16∶0/20∶4), the relative percentage of 5‐OH PC was close to that of 15‐OH PC. For the PC(16∶0/20∶4) oxidized in bulk with added pentamethylchromanol, the individual amount of 15‐OH PC, 1‐palmitoyl‐2‐(11‐hydroxy‐cis‐5,8trans‐12,cis‐14‐eicosatetraenoyl)‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine (11‐OH PC), 1‐palmitoyl‐2‐(12‐hydroxy‐cis‐5,8,trans‐10,cis‐14‐eicosatetraenoyl)‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine (12‐OH PC), 1‐palmitoyl‐2‐(8‐hydroxy‐cis‐5,trans‐9,cis‐11,14‐eicosatetraenoyl)‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine (8‐OH PC), 1‐palmitoyl‐2‐(9‐hydroxy‐cis‐5,trans‐7,cis‐11,14‐eicosatetraenoyl)‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine (9‐OH PC), and 5‐OH PC were close to each other compared to the corresponding values in liposomes and in methanol solution. The results obtained by gel permeation chromatography of the PC liposomes containing hydrophilic 2,2′‐azobis‐2‐amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) suggest that the AAPH added to the liposomes of PC(16∶0/20∶4) was partitioned into the water phase and out of the hydrophobic region of the fatty acyl moieties of the PC. These results confirm that the distance that exists in the bis‐allylic carbons of the unsaturated fatty acyl moieties of PC from the interface between the hydrophilic region of PC and the water phases played an important role in influencing hydrogen abstraction to form a symmetrical distribution of hydroperoxide isomers in both the heterogeneous liposomes and the homogeneous methanol solution.
New cerebrosides from the basidiomycete Cortinarius tenuipes
Authors: Tan Jian‐Wen , Dong Ze‐Jun , Liu Ji‐Kai 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFive cerebrosides (1–5), including three new ones named cortenuamide A (1), cortenuamide B (2), and cortenuamide C (3), were isolated from the fruiting bodies of the basid‐iomycete Cortinarius tenuipes. The structures of those compounds were elucidated as (4E,8E)‐N‐d‐2′‐hydroxytetracosanoyl‐1‐O‐β‐d‐glycopyranosyl‐9‐methyl‐4,8‐sphingadienine (1), (4E,8E)‐N‐d‐2′‐hydroxytricosanoyl‐1‐O‐β‐d‐glycopyranosyl‐9‐methyl‐4,8 sphingadienine (2), (4E, 8E)‐N‐d‐2′‐hydroxydocosanoyl‐1‐O‐β‐d‐glycopyranosyl‐9‐methyl‐4,8‐sphingadienine (3), (4E, 8E)‐N‐d‐2′‐hydroxyoctadecanoyl‐1‐O‐β‐d‐glycopyranosyl‐9‐methyl‐4,8‐sphingadienine (4), and (4E, 8E)‐N‐d‐2′‐hydroxypalmitoyl‐1‐O‐β‐d‐glycopyranosyl‐9‐methyl‐4,8‐sphingadienine (5) by spectral and chemical methods.
Evaluation of apolipoprotein A‐I kinetics in rabbits in vivo using in situ and exogenous radioiodination methods
Authors: Zhang Bo , Shimoji Eiso , Tanaka Hiroaki , Saku Keijiro 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe kinetics of in vivo clearance of apolipoprotein (apo) A‐I radioiodinated by the iodine monochloride (ICI) method of McFarlane [McFarlane, A.S. (1958) Efficient Trace‐Labelling of Proteins with Iodine, Nature 182, 53] as modified by Bilheimer and co‐workers [Bilheimer, D.W., Eisenberg, S., and Levy, R.I. (1972) The Metabolism of Very Low Density Lipoprotein Proteins. I. Preliminary in vitro and in vivo Observations, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 260, 212–221] and by using the IODO Beads Iodination Reagent were evaluated in rabbits. Both human apoA‐I and rabbit HDL radioiodinated by the IODO Beads Iodination Reagent were cleared faster from plasma of rabbits than those radiolabeled by the ICl method. However, the different radiolabeling procedures in the ICl method, i.e., apoA‐I radiolabeled either exogenously or in situ as a part of intact HDL, were not associated with a significant difference in the in vivo kinetics of apoA‐I in rabbits if apoA‐I was prepared by the guanidine HCl method and used fresh. 125I‐ApoA‐I subjected to delipidation and lyophilization was cleared only slightly faster from the plasma of rabbits than fresh 125I‐apoA‐I. We also found that apoA‐I separated by the guanidine HCl method and used fresh was cleared faster from the plasma of rabbits when it was injected as free apoA‐I without adding serum albumin or after in vitro incubation with rabbit HDL than when injected after reassociation with rabbit plasma. We conclude that the ICl method is a more appropriate radioiodination method for studying the in vivo kinetics of HDL than the IODO Beads Iodination Reagent and that the in vitro incubation conditions before injection are important factors that affect the in vivo kinetics of apo A‐I.
Functionalization of unactivated carbons in 3α,6‐ and 3α,24‐dihydroxy‐5β‐cholane derivatives by dimethyldioxirane
Authors: Iida Takashi , Shiraishi Keisuke , Ogawa Shoujiro , Goto Takaaki , Mano Nariyasu , Goto Junichi , Nambara Toshio 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDirect remote functionalization of unactivated carbons by dimethyldioxirane (DMDO) was examined for 3α,6‐ and 3α,24‐dihydroxy‐5β‐cholane derivatives. DMDO oxidation of stereoisomeric methyl 3α,6‐diacetoxy‐5β‐cholanoates caused the direct, unexpected 14α‐ and 17α‐hydroxylations, in analogy with that of the 5α‐H analogs, regardless of the differences in stereochemical configuration of the A/B‐ring junction and of the acetoxyl groups at C‐3 and C‐6. On the other hand, the ester derivatives of 3α,24‐dihydroxy‐5β‐cholane with DMDO were transformed into the corresponding 5β‐, 14α‐, and 17α‐hydroxy compounds, whereas the ether derivatives yielded the 5β‐hydroxy, 3‐oxo, and C‐24 oxidized products, accompanied by their dehydrated ones.
Lipids and FA analysis of canine prostate tissue
Authors: Attar‐Bashi Nadia M. , Orzeszko Karyn , Slocombe Ronald F. , Sinclair Andrew J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIt is widely reported that an association exists between dietary fat intake and the incidence of prostate cancer in humans. To study this association, there is a need for an animal model where prostate carcinogenesis occurs spontaneously. The canine prostate is considered a suitable experimental model for prostate cancer in humans since it is morphologically similar to the human prostate and both humans and dogs have a predisposition to benign and malignant prostate disease. In this study, the FA and lipids profiles of the normal canine prostate tissue from nine dogs were examined. The total lipid content of the canine prostate tissue was 1.7±0.5% (wet weight). The lipid composition analysis using TLC‐FID showed that the two major lipid classes were phospholipids and TAG. Total FA, phospholipid, and TAG FA analysis showed that the major FA were palmitic acid (16∶0), stearic acid (18∶0), oleic acid (18∶1), linoleic acid (18∶2n−6), and arachidonic acid (20∶4n−6), The n−3 FA were present at <3% of total FA and included α‐linolenic acid (18∶3n−3) (in total and TAG tissue FA), EPA (20∶5n−3) (not in TAG), and DHA (22∶6n−3) (not in TAG). The n−3/n−6 ratio was 1∶11, 1∶13, and 1∶8 in total, phospholipid, and TAG FA, respectively. This study shows the canine prostate has a low level of n−3 FA and a low n−3/n−6 ratio. This is perhaps due to low n−3 content of the diet of the dogs. FA analysis of dogfoods available in Australia showed that the n−3 content in both supermarket and premium bran dogfoods was <3% (wet weight), and the n−3/n−6 ratio was low.
Impact of dietary n−3 FA deficiency on rat bone tissue FA composition
Authors: Li Yong , Greiner Rebecca S. , Salem Norman , Watkins Bruce A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effect of dietary n−3 FA deficiency on bone tissue FA composition was evaluated in growing rats. Two mixtures combining hydrogenated coconut oil with safflower oil served as the n−3‐deficient dietary treatments and provided two levels of linoleic acid (LA). The n−3 treatments were formulated with added α‐linolenic acid (LNA) from flaxseed oil (diet LNA) or LNA plus DHA, and both were balanced for LA. This study showed that bone is sensitive to changes in dietary n−3 FA and that DHA is more effective than LNA in maintaining DHA levels in these tissues.
Solubilization of carotenoids from carrot juice and spinach in lipid phases: II. Modeling the duodenal environment
Authors: Rich Gillian T. , Faulks Richard M. , Wickham Martin S. J. , Fillery‐Travis Annette 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWe have been investigating the factors determining the bioavailability of carotenoids from vegetables. The previous paper [Rich, G.T., Bailey, A.L., Faulks, R.M., Parker, M.L., Wickham, M.S.J., and Fillery‐Travis, A. (2003) Solubilization of Carotenoids from Carrot Juice and Spinach in Lipid Phases: I. Modeling the Gastric Lumen, Lipids 38, 933–945] modeled the gastric lumen and studied the solubilization pathway of carotenes and lutein from carrot juice and homogenized spinach to oil. Using the same vegetable preparations, we have extended our investigations to solubilization pathways potentially available in the duodenum and looked at the ease of solubilization of carotenes and lutein within simplified lipid micellar and oil phases present within the duodenum during digestion. Micellar solubility of raw spinach carotenoids was low and was enhanced by freezing, which involved a blanching step. The efficiency of solubilization of carotenoids in glycodeoxycholate micelles decreased in the order luteincarrot>luteinblanched‐frozen spinach>caroteneblanched‐frozen spinach>carotenecarrot. Frozen spinach carotenoids were less soluble in simple micelles of taurocholate than of glycodeoxycholate. The results comparing the solubility of the carotenoids in mixed micelles (bile salt with lecithin) with simple bile salt micelles are explained by the relative stability of the carotenoid in the organelle compared to that in the micelle. The latter is largely determined by the polarity of the micelle. Below their critical micelle concentration (CMC), bile salts inhibit transfer of carotenoids from tissue to a lipid oil phase. Above their CMC, the bile salts that solubilize a carotenoid can provide an additional route to the oil from the tissue for that carotenoid by virtue of the equilibrium between micellar phases and the interfacial pathway. Mixed micellar phases inhibit transfer of both carotenoids from the tissue to the oil phase, thereby minimizing this futile pathway.
Localization of clavulons, prostanoids with antitumor activity, within the Okinawan soft coral Clavularia viridis (alcyonacea, clavulariidae): Preparation of a high‐purity Symbiodinium faction using a protease and a detergent
Authors: Hashimoto Naoko , Fujiwara Shoko , Watanabe Kinzo , Iguchi Kazuo , Tsuzuki Mikio 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTo investigate the localization of clavulones (CV), prostanoids with antitumor activity, in the Okinawan soft coral Clavularia viridis, we developed a method for the isolation of Symbiodinium cells from the coral, i.e., treatment of a coral homogenate with a protease, pronase F, and a detergent, Nonidet P‐40. The conditions for the treatment were optimized by monitoring the morphology microscopically and the amount of chlorophyll in the Symbiodinium fraction (SymF) optically. To evaluate the purity of SymF and a Symbiodinium‐free coral fraction (CorF), we analyzed them for proteins and lipids using cultivated Symbiodinium as a reference. TLC of lipids revealed that SymF contained a greater amount of glycolipids, whereas CorF comprised mostly phospholipids. SDS‐PAGE of proteins in SymF and CorF revealed their distinct profiles. Thus, we could obtain each fraction with high purity; we reached the conclusion that CV and arachidonic acid, their possible precursor, are localized exclusively in the insoluble fraction of host coral cells.
Light‐scattering detection of phospholipids resolved by HPLC
Authors: Descalzo A. M. , Insani E. M. , Pensel N. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn improved method for the analysis of phospholipids by normal‐phase HPLC is described. Addition of methanol and acetonitrile to a gradient based on 2‐propanol/hexane/water promoted a rapid separation of major classes of bovine surfactant phospholipids (PL) by using a conventional silica column. The use of an ELSD permitted an accurate analysis of a mixture of PL. Calibration curves were linear within the range of 5–40 μg with detection limits below 1 μg for PE and PC, and CV ranged from 0.6 to 9.6%. PL present in surfactant homogenates were separated by a solid‐phase extraction (SPE) procedure before HPLC analysis. This methodology gave a recovery of 95% and combined SPE‐HPLC and quantification of biological PL within a 30‐min run. The use of ELSD detection of the eluted compounds was precise, linear, and sensitive.
Serum and aortic levels of phytosterols in rabbits fed sitosterol or sitostanol ester preparations
Authors: Kritchevsky David , Tepper Shirley A. , Czarnecki Susanne K. , Wolfe Brian , Setchell Kenneth D. R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCampesterol is present in all the phytosterol‐containing dietary hypocholesterolemic agents in current use. Campesterol is absorbed more efficiently than sitosterol, and the question of its possible atherogenicity has been raised. To test this possibility, rabbits were fed either a semipurified, cholesterol‐free diet that has been shown to be atherogenic for this species or the same diet augmented with 0.5 g of phytosterol‐rich diet preparations (spreads) containing either sitosterol or sitostanol. The diets contained 295 mg phytosterol per 100 g. After 60 d, serum cholesterol levels in the two phytosterol groups were 78±4 mg/dL (sitosterol) and 76±4 mg/dL (sitostanol), respectively. The serum cholesterol level of rabbits fed the control diet was 105±8 mg/dL. Serum campesterol (μg/mL) levels were higher than sitosterol or sitostanol levels in all groups. Aortic phytosterols were present in nanogram quantities compared to cholesterol, which was present in microgram quantities. The ratio of campesterol/sitosterol/sitostanol in the aortas was: control, 1.00∶0.43∶0.02; sitosterol, 1∶00∶0.32∶0.01; sitostanol, 1∶00∶0.34∶0.11. Aortic campesterol was present at 4% the concentration of aortic cholesterol, sitosterol at 1.4%, and sitostanol at 0.14%. Aortic lesions were not present in any of the animals.
Comparison of the effects of dietary sunflower oil and virgin olive oil on rat exocrine pancreatic secretion in vivo
Authors: Díaz Ricardo J. , Yago María D. , Martínez‐Victoria Emilio , Naranjo José A. , Martínez María A. , Mañas Mariano 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the functional consequences in vivo of adapting the rat exocrine pancreas to different dietary fats. Weanling rats were fed diets containing 10 wt% virgin olive oil or sunflower oil for 8 wk. We then examined resting and cholecystokinin‐octapeptide (CCK‐8)‐stimulated pancreatic secretion in the anesthetized animals. To confirm a direct influence of the type of fat upon the gland, the FA composition of pancreatic membranes as well as tissue protein and amylase content were determined in separate rats. The membrane FA profile was profoundly altered by the diets, reflecting the type of dietary fat given, although this was not paralleled by variations in the pancreatic content of protein or amylase. Nevertheless, dietary intake of oils evoked different effects on in vivo secretory activity. Resting flow rate and amylase output were significantly (P<0.05) enhanced by sunflower oil feeding. Time course changes in response to CCK‐8 infusion also showed a different pattern in each group. Secretion of fluid, protein, and amylase increased markedly in all animals, reaching a maximum within 20–40 min of infusion that was followed by a dramatic decline in both groups. In the sunflower oil group, this resulted in values reaching the resting level as soon as 60 min after CCK‐8 infusion was begun. However, after the initial decline, olive oil group values showed a prolonged plateau elevation above the baseline (P<0.05) that was maintained for at least the infusion time. In addition, a positive correlation between flow rate and both protein concentration and amylase activity existed in the olive oil group, but not in the sunflower oil group. The precise mechanism by which these effects are produced remains to be elucidated.
Hyperphagia modifies FA profiles of plasma phospholipids, plasma FFA, and adipose tissue TAG
Authors: Skuladottir Gudrun V. , Olason Pall I. , Jonsson Logi , Skarphedinsson Jon O. , Eriksdottir Vedis H. , Atlason Palmi Th. , Franzson Leifur , Schiöth Helgi B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractHyperphagia was achieved by continuous intracerebroventricular infusion of a melanocortin receptor antagonist (HS024; Neosystem, Strasbourg, France) in rats. The effects of hyperphagia on FA composition and concentration of plasma phospholipids (PL), plasma FFA, and adipose tissue TAG were studied in rats for 8 d [short‐term hyperphagia (STH); n=8], or 28 d [longterm hyperphagia (LTH); n=9]. The control rats were treated with artificial cerebrospinal fluid for 8 d (n=8) or 28 d (n=10). The rats were fed the same regular diet. In STH rats the plasma PL and fasting plasma FFA contained higher concentrations of saturated FA (SFA) and monounsaturated FA (MUFA), and plasma FFA contained lower n−6 PUFA than in the control rats. In LTH rats the plasma PL contained higher concentrations of SFA, MUFA, and n−3 PUFA and higher proportions of 16∶1n−7 and 18∶1n−9 at the expense of 18∶2n−6 than in the control rats. In LTH rats the abundant dietary intake of 18∶2n−6 did not enrich 18∶2n−6 of the plasma PL or adipose tissue TAG. In LTH rats the fasting plasma FFA contained more than twofold higher concentrations of SFA and MUFA, and higher proportions of 16∶1n−7 and 18∶1n−9 at the expense of 18∶2n−6 than in the control rats. This animal obesity model shows that LTH affects the FA composition and concentration of plasma PL, plasma FFA, and adipose tissue TAG, a result consistent with changes associated with increased risk of various diseases in humans. These results also demonstrate that LTH alters the FA composition of plasma PL and adipose tissue TAG in a way that does not reflect the FA composition of dietary fat.
Trans‐18∶1 isomers in rat milk fat as effective biomarkers for the determination of individual isomeric trans‐18∶1 acids in the dams' diet
Authors: Wolff Robert L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFemale rats were fed a diet containing by weight 10% partially hydrogenated sunflower oil, 2% sunflower oil, and 1% rapeseed oil during gestation and lactation. The trans‐18∶1 isomer profile of the fat supplement was (in % of total trans 18∶1 acids in the fat supplement): Δ4, 0.5; Δ5, 1.0;Δ6–Δ8, 18∶0; Δ9 (elaidic), 13.5; Δ10, 22.2;Δ11 (vaccenic), 16.0; Δ12, 11.3; Δ13–Δ14, 12.8; Δ15, 2.5; and Δ16, 2.2 (total trans 18∶1 acids in the fat supplement: 40.6%). The cis 18∶1 isomer profile was (in % of total cis‐18∶1 isomers):Δ6, Δ8, 2.1; Δ9 (oleics), 70.9; Δ10, 6.1; Δ11, 8.3; Δ12, 4.0; Δ13, 2.8; Δ14, 4.6, and Δ15, 1.2 (total cis‐18∶1 acids in the fat supplement: 32.6%). Suckling rats from four litters were sacrificed at day 17 or 18 after birth, and their stomach content (milk) was analyzed. The trans‐18∶1 isomer profile of milk was (relative proportions, in % of total): Δ4, 0.3; Δ5, 1.1; Δ6–Δ8, 16.8; Δ9, 15.3; Δ10, 22.0; Δ11, 16.7; Δ12, 11.8; Δ13–14, 11.8; Δ15, 2.5, and Δ16, 1.9 (total trans 18∶1 acids in milk: %). That of cis‐18∶1 isomers was (proportions in % relative to total cis‐18∶1 isomers): Δ6–Δ8, 4.7; Δ9, 72.5; Δ10, 4.0; Δ11, 8.0; Δ12, 7.1; Δ13, 1.9; Δ14, 1.0, and Δ15, 0.7 (total cis‐18∶1 acids in milk: %). These results demonstrate that all isomeric acids, independent of the geometry and the position of the ethylenic bond, are incorporated into milk lipids. With regard to trans‐18∶1 isomers, the distribution profile in milk is identical to that in the dams' diet, i.e., there is no discrimination against any positional isomer between their ingestiona nd their deposition into milk lipids. As a consequence, this study indicates that the trans‐18∶1 isomer profile of milk reflects that in the dams' diet and supports our earlier hypothesis that the profile of trans‐18∶1 isomers in milk can be used to deduce the relative contribution of ruminant fats and partially hydrogenated oils in the diet ot the total intake of trans‐18∶1 isomers. On the other hand, the cis‐18∶1 isomer profile in milk shows significant differences when compared to that in the dams' diet. Surprisingly, there are no major differences for the cis‐Δ9 (oleic) and the cis‐Δ11 (asclepic) isomers, which can be synthesized by the mother. However, there seems to be a significant positive selectivity for the group cis‐Δ6–Δ8, and for the cis‐Δ12 isomer, whereas a negative selectivity occurs for the Δ10 and Δ13 to Δ15 cis isomers.
Isomers of hexadecenoic and hexadecadienoic acids in Androsace septentrionalis (Primulaceae) seed oil
Authors: Tsevegsuren N. , Aitzetmuller K. , Vosmann K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSeeds of Androsace septentrionalis of the genus Androsace (tribus Primuleae) from the plant family Primulaceae were studied for their oil content and FA composition. The seed oil of A. septentrionalis was found to contain two unusual FA rarely occurring in plants: 11‐cis‐hexadecenoic acid (16∶1Δ11c or 16∶1n−5) and 9‐cis,12‐cis‐hexadecadienoic acid (16∶2Δ9c,12c or 16∶2n−4). It also contained an unusually high amount (21.4%) of 9‐cis‐hexadecenoic acid (palmitoleic acid; 16∶1Δ9c or 16∶1n−7), i.e., at a level higher than that of oleic acid, in addition to common FA. Compared with most plant seed oils, at 3.8% the level of 18∶1Δ11c (or 18∶1n−7) also was elevated. The nonidentity of the Androsace 16∶2‐acid with the 16∶2‐acid, which is very typical for Ranunculus spp., as well as its identity with the 16∶2‐acid typically found in Asclepiadaceae was established by co‐chromatography. The structure and composition of the constituent FA of A. septentrionalis were also determined by various chromatographic methods (TLC, Ag+‐TLC, capillary GLC) and spectroscopic methods (IR, GC‐MS). The significant deviation of the Androsace FA pattern from that of other Primuleae, indicating a separate phylogenetic position of Androsace, is discussed.