bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ASSESSMENT OF CHILDHOOD GENDER BEHAVIOR CHANGE*
Authors: Rekers George A. , Willis Thomas J. , Yates Cindy E. , Rosen Alexander C. , Low Benson P. 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYBehavioral assessment and diagnostic testing procedures were developed to evaluate the treatment of an 8‐yr‐old boy with a pronounced gender disturbance. When a combined response‐cost and verbal prompt contingency was applied, the single target mannerism of limping‐the‐wrist markedly decreased and response generalization of the treatment effect occurred to other mannerisms. Behavior therapy procedures successfully suppressed feminine voice inflections, doll‐play, and predominant play with girls, and increased masculine play. The treatment effects were replicated in a multiple‐baseline intrasubject design. The 2‐yr independent follow‐up found a marked shift to normal gender‐role adjustment.
ALTERNATION AND SEQUENCING BEHAVIOUR, AND RESPONSE TO NOVELTY IN AUTISTIC CHILDREN
Authors: Boucher Jill 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYA group of relatively able autistic children were compared with controls paired with the experimental subjects for sex, age, and nonverbal ability in a test of alternation and sequencing behaviour, and response to novelty. The autistic children showed reduced alternation and response to novelty. Their sequences also showed a tendency to follow strict rules at all ages and ability levels, which was not the case in the control group, and rulebound sequencing correlated negatively with response to novelty by the autistic children, which, again, was not the case in the control group. Results are discussed primarily in relation to the possibility of perseveration as a fundamental disturbance in autism. The potential relevance of the findings to hypotheses concerning the neuropathology of autism was also discussed.
DISTURBANCE OF ATTENTION AMONG SCHIZOPHRENIC, DEPRESSED AND WELL MOTHERS AND THEIR YOUNG CHILDREN
Authors: Cohler Bertram J. , Grunebaum Henry U. , Weiss Justin L. , Gamer Enid , Gallant David H. 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYComparing two groups of psychotic mothers (schizophrenic, depressed), and well mothers and their children aged 5–6 on the Embedded Figures Test (EFT) and Continuous Performance Test (CPT), these attention measures were less inter‐correlated within the depressed group. Partialling both mother and child I.Q., there were no significant intergenerational relationships within any of the three diagnostic groups. Although schizophrenic mothers performed less well than mothers in the two other groups on the EFT, children of depressed mothers showed the greatest impairment in intelligence, and, covarying for intelligence, greater impairment than children in either of the two other groups on the EFT.
A REVIEW OF STIMULANT DRUG RESEARCH WITH HYPERACTIVE CHILDREN
Authors: Barkley Russell A. 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYA number of studies using stimulant drugs with hyperactive children are reviewed. Results indicated that most children are judged as improved on the drugs while a small percentage are not. Although most side effects are transitory, suppressed weight and height gain may remain problematic throughout treatment. The drugs appear to energize the central nervous system of these children while increasing their ability to concentrate without responding impulsively. Changes in other abilities are occasionally observed but appear to result from improvement in attentional processes. In contrast, follow‐up studies find the long‐term psycho‐social adjustment of these children to be essentially unaffected by stimulant drug treatment.
SYMBOLIC PLAY IN SEVERELY MENTALLY RETARDED AND IN AUTISTIC CHILDREN
Authors: Wing Lorna , Gould Judith , Yeates Sybil R. , Brierly Lorna M. 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYChildren aged 3–14 on one census day, known to the services for severe mental retardation, or having items of behaviour found in early childhood autism, were identified from the Camberwell register. The children can be divided into 3 groups: (a) 42 with no symbolic play; (b) 23 with stereotyped, repetitive, copying play, (c) 43 who have flexible, varied symbolic play. The last occurs only in children with language comprehension age above the 19 month level, and is seen in less than half of the school‐age severely retarded children.The majority of children with no symbolic play, or with stereotyped play, have marked autistic features or the full autistic syndrome. Only 2 of those with true symbolic play have any behaviour like that found in autism and none has the full syndrome. A small group of children with “repetitive” speech and stereotyped play is identified and the relationship with childhood autism is considered.The educational implications of the findings are discussed.
WOMEN WHO HAVE BEEN “IN CARE”‐PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL STATUS DURING PREGNANCY
Authors: Wolkind S.N. 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYIn a sample of British born primiparous women attending an ante‐natal dink 7% were found to have been admitted to the residential care of a local authority for at least one month. The group admitted were found to be more likely to be teenagers and unmarried, have poor housing conditions and to have moved into the district served by the clinic. They had a higher score on a “malaise” inventory and were more likely to describe their health as having deteriorated during the pregnancy. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
CONDITIONAL MATCHING LEARNING SET PERFORMANCE IN AUTISTIC CHILDREN
Authors: Prior Margot R. 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYThe performance of a group of autistic children in a conditional matching learning set task was shown to be significantly inferior to that of groups of normal and retarded children matched for mental age. This task involves the use of conditional cues for correct solution of the problems and it is suggested that autistic children suffer from a particular cognitive deficit which is exposed in their inability in this task to make use of symbolic information.
CHILDREN'S KNOWLEDGE OF LEFT AND RIGHT: RESEARCH NOTE
Authors: Irwin R. J. , Newland Jacqueline K. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryChildren's knowledge of left and right was compared with their knowledge of up and down by asking them to state in which direction the black half of a circle was facing: up, clown, left, or right. For 27 boys between 6J and 11 years, the percentage of correct identifications of up and down exceeded the percentage correct of left and right, especially for the younger children. This result was also found for eight other boys who were poor readers but of normal intelligence. The poor readers did not differ from the normal readers in their ability to tell left from right or up from down, although, if an error were made, the poor readers were more likely than the normal readers to make a mirror‐image error.
INFANTILE AUTISM: A GENETIC STUDY OF 21 TWIN PAIRS
Authors: Folstein Susan , Rutter Michael 
Published: December 2006

SummaryA systematic study was made of a representative group of 21 same‐sexed twin pairs (11 MZ and 10 DZ) in which at least one twin showed the syndrome of infantile autism. There was a 36 per cent pair‐wise concordance rate for autism in MZ pairs compared with o per cent concordance in DZ pairs. The concordance for cognitive abnormalities was 82 per cent in MZ pairs and 10 per cent in DZ pairs. It was concluded that there were important hereditary influences concerning a cognitive deficit which included but was not restricted to autism. In 12 out of 17 pairs discordant for autism, the presence of autism was associated with a biological hazard liable to cause brain damage. It was concluded that brain injury in the infancy period may lead to autism on its own or in combination with a genetic predisposition. Uncertainty remains on both the mode of inheritance and exactly what is inherited.
RESPONSES TO READING AS PERCEIVED BY BOYS WITH AND WITHOUT SPECIFIC READING RETARDATION AND BEHAVIOURAL DISORDERS: A REPERTORY GRID STUDY
Authors: Ryle Anthony , MacDonald Janet 
Published: December 2006

SummaryA sample of 16 boys, with specific reading retardation and behavioural disorders, was compared with a sample of 16 boys without these problems, using a form of repertory grid testing. Problem boys saw less positive responses to reading from self, adult and peer‐group figures; their own judgements of their behaviours were closer to the peer‐groups', and further from those of adult figures, than was the case with controls; but they did not see any greater discrepancy between the judgements of adults and peer‐group figures, nor between the judgements of parents and teachers, than did control boys. Lesser identification with adult values may contribute to the cause and persistence of reading and behavioural difficulties.
A NOTE ON A RAPID RETRIEVAL FILING SYSTEM FOR CHILD PSYCHIATRY AND RELATED DISCIPLINES
Authors: Rivinus T. M. , Gutheil Thomas G. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryA method for obtaining, filing and rapid retrieval of the literature of the specialties of child psychiatry and related fields of child development, child neurology, child psychology and education is described. A filing index is suggested as a model for those building a library in these fields. We believe that the active use of a topic filing system breeds a working familiarity with the literature more valuable than random reading. To “read it when you need it” is far more useful than to officiate at the live burial of a good paper in the intact journal whose month has come and gone.
CHILDREN'S VIGILANCE PERFORMANCE AND INATTENTIVENESS IN THE CLASSROOM
Authors: Kupietz Samuel S. , Richardson Ellis 
Published: December 2006

SummaryThe current study was conducted in order to test the hypothesis that vigilance performance is related to children's attentiveness in a classroom setting. Sixteen children were administered an auditory and visual vigilance task, and their performance related to their “off‐task” behavior in the classroom. In addition, the relationship of vigilance performance to teacher ratings of the children's behavior, and to reading achievement scores was also assessed. Vigilance errors (omission and commission errors) were significantly positively correlated with off‐task behavior, but were only weakly correlated with the other two variables. The findings support the general hypothesis that vigilance performance relates to a child's ability to remain attentive in the classroom.
ECHOIC MEMORY CAPACITY IN AUTISTIC CHILDREN
Authors: Boucher Jill 
Published: December 2006

SummaryCapacity of echoic memory, or recency effect capacity, was assessed in a group of relatively able autistic children and normal age‐matched controls. Capacity was found to be the same for both groups and echoic memory may therefore be said to represent a peak ability in more able autistic children. This finding is discussed in relation to another known peak ability, namely the digit span and in relation to echoic and non‐echoic components of autistic children's free recall scores.
LONG TERM EFFECTS OF EARLY INSTITUTIONAL CARE: A PROSPECTIVE LONGITUDINAL STUDY
Authors: Bohman Michael , Sigvardsson Söuren 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYThe aim of this prospective, longitudinal study has been to investigate the possible long‐term effects of early institutional care. The proband series consists of 579 children whose mothers had registered them for adoption. About two‐thirds had been in infants’ homes from soon after birth up to the age of twelve months. At the age of 15 there were no significant differences between those who had been cared for and those who had not been cared for in infants’homes concerning their adjustment or performance at school.An analysis of the relation between length of stay in an institution and school‐performance or adjustment showed no association among children who had been restored to their biological mothers. On the other hand those children who had been subsequently placed in an adoptive or foster home had slightly lower performance or were less well adjusted if they had stayed in a home for more than six months before placement. It is conceivable that these contradictory findings reflect selective factors in the placement of children who went to non‐biological homes.
PRE‐. PERI‐, AND NEONATAL FACTORS AND INFANTILE AUTISM
Authors: Finegan Jo‐Anne , Quarrington Bruce 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYUnfavourable pre‐, peri‐ and neonatal events in the birth records of autistic children were examined. The rate of those factors was compared with the expected rate in the general population and the rate in their non‐autistic siblings. Several potentially neuropathogenic factors occurred at a significantly high rate in the autistic group, including breech delivery, the presence of amniotic meconium, low birth weight, low Apgar score, elevated serum bilirubin, haemolytic disease and Respiratory Distress Syndrome. The autistic children had significantly more unfavourable factors than did their siblings. The study supports the findings of investigations which concluded that autistic children have suffered a high rate of obstetrical events which may have caused brain damage.
SELF‐BLAME AND COMMUNICATION FAILURE IN RETARDED ADOLESCENTS
Authors: Beveridge Michael , Spencer Jenny , Mittler Peter 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYThis study identities a group of severely retarded adolescents who make little use of their relatively high level of linguistic ability in the initiation of social interactions.This group are then compared to a similar group, who do initiate more frequently, on an experimental measure of self‐blaming for communication failure. No differences were found between the two groups in respect of frequency with which they blamed themselves; however, the low interacting group did improve the clarity of their communicative messages in the failure condition.
RECORDING CHILDREN'S CONVERSATIONS AT HOME AND AT NURSERY SCHOOL: A TECHNIQUE AND SOME METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Authors: Hughes Martin , Carmichael Helen , Pinkerton Gill , Tizard Barbara 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYA technique is described for radio‐recording adult‐child conversations at home and at nursery school, with an observer present to record the context. It was found that the amount of adult‐child talk at school varied systematically over the four days, with the least amount of talk on the first day. At home there were no effects in the amount or kind of mother‐child talk due to either order of visits or time of day. Observer‐related behaviour was greatest in both settings on the first day.
A TEACHER'S QUESTIONNAIRE FOR INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR
Authors: Roper R. , Hinde R. A. 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYA questionnaire suitable for completion by teachers of nursery school children is described. Evidence is presented for the reliability of the instrument and its validity is assessed by some comparisons with contemporaneous direct observation of the children. Principal component analyses of the questionnaire data and of the observational measures reveal differences in factor structure. It is concluded that although agreement between observation and questionnaire on many individual items is high, the teachers used an implicit personality theory when completing the questionnaire which does not correspond with the structure revealed by direct observation, but does correspond with that of other raters.
PARENTAL EXPECTATIONS FOR THEIR EPILEPTIC CHILDREN
Authors: Long Clive G. , Moore John R. 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYParental expectations for their epileptic children were compared with those held for their non‐epileptic children. Parents were found to be less optimistic about their epileptic child's future achievements. These findings were linked with greater restrictiveness on the parents’ part, and the epileptic child's lower self‐esteem and academic achievement. The disparity between parent and teacher ratings of behaviour was discussed.
SCHIZOID PERSONALITY IN CHILDHOOD: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SCHIZOID, AUTISTIC AND NORMAL CHILDREN
Authors: Wolff Sula , Barlow Anne 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYSchizoid children (clinically resembling Asperger's autistic psychopaths), high‐grade, speaking autistic children and normal children individually matched for age, sex and intelligence were compared on a variety of tests.The results suggest that children with schizoid personality disorder are distinct from autistic children on the one hand and from normal children on the other. In all cognitive, language and memory tests the schizoid children were more distractable than, the normal group. In language function they showed similar disabilities to the autistic group, though to a lesser extent. Unlike autistic children, they were not perseverative. On two tests of affect, the schizoid group used even fewer emotional constructs when describing people than did the autistics.
HYPERACTIVITY, IMPULSIVITY AND REFLECTIVITY AN EXAMINATION OF THEIR RELATIONSHIP AND IMPLICATIONS FOR CLINICAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY
Authors: Sergeant J. A. , Van Velthoven R. , Virginia A. 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYBy employing groups of subjects classified by the MFF test and groups of subjects concordantly judged by two independent sources to exhibit symptoms of hyperactivity, an evaluation was made between perceived hyperactivity and the dimension impulsivity‐reflectivity. No significant relationship was found. Direct observational variables scored by observers blind to the group identity of subjects gave substantial support to the group structure derived from behavioural ratings but had only a moderate relationship with specific perceived symptoms. The necessity for developing a valid and reliable instrumentation in hyperactivity research is indicated.
A CRITICAL NOTE ON THE PREDICTIVE VALIDITY OF “THE HYPERKINETIC SYNDROME”
Authors: Shaffer David , Greenhill Laurence 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYIt is argued that the diagnosis of “Hyperactivity Syndrome” tells little about aetiology and does not permit generalizations to be made about clinical state. Its usefulness in predicting response to drug or other forms of treatment has yet to be demonstrated. A series of follow‐up studies have been reviewed in order to determine whether a diagnosis of hyperactivity syndrome will allow predictions to be made about natural history. The literature reveals widely differing outcome in different samples. It may be that this inconsistency simply reflects methodological variation between the studies. However, it can also be taken that the lack of consistency further weakens the validity or clinical usefulness of this diagnostic concept.
THE CLASSIFICATION AND CORRELATES OF CHILDREN'S ACADEMIC AND RECREATIONAL INTERESTS
Authors: Nias David K. B. 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYHobbies, school subjects, TV programmes, reading topics and sports were rated for degree of interest by 1152 school children, aged 12–16 years. Twelve factors concerned with specific areas, such as entertainment and academic matters, were obtained by principal component methods. Except for obvious links, such as interest in sport with ability, the factors were relatively independent of such other variables as personality and social class. Apart from indicating that interests constitute a source of information not covered by personality scales, this evidence implies that the acquisition of a particular interest is largely a matter of chance.
QUESTIONNAIRES FOR MEASUREMENT OF TEMPERAMENT IN ONE‐ AND TWO‐YEAR‐OLD CHILDREN: DEVELOPMENT AND STANDARDIZATION
Authors: Persson‐Blennow Inger , Mcneil Thomas F. 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYParental questionnaires were developed for measurement of temperament in one‐ and two‐year‐old children. Nine temperament dimensions, previously studied in the New York Longitudinal Study, were represented here by questions concerning the children's actual behavior in everyday activities and specified situations. The questionnaires consist of 55 and 50 questions, respectively, and each takes approximately 15 minutes to complete and five minutes to sore. With a few exceptions, test‐retest reliabilities were found to be generally satisfactory. A representative sample of children originally chosen from Swedish Well‐Baby clinics constituted the standardization sample and was studied at about one year of age (N= 151) and at about two years of age (N= 149), For both questionnaires, the sample's scores on the variables showed acceptable ranges and distributions, providing good differentiation among individual children with respect to temperament characteristics. At one year, only one statistically significant sex difference was found among the nine variables, girls being less Adaptable than boys. No significant differences in temperament were found between the sexes at two years of age.
BEHAVIOR PROBLEMS IN PRE‐SCHOOL CHILDREN OF WEST INDIAN‐BORN PARENTS: A RE‐EXAMINATION OF FAMILY AND SOCIAL FACTORS
Authors: Earls Felton , Richman Naomi 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYA one‐year follow‐up of 48 pre‐school children of West Indian‐born parents was carried out to examine in greater detail the pattern of behavior problems occurring in these children, and family and social characteristics of their home environments that might be associated with the presence of behavior problems. A comparison group of children of British‐born parents drawn from the same sampling frame representing the general population of a single outer London borough, was matched for social class and proximity of residence within the borough.The findings indicate that the prevalence and pattern of behavior problems, and their associated social and familial characteristics, are similar in the two ethnic groups. The global rating of severity of behavior adjustment suggests that behavior problems may be more frequent as well as more severe for the children of British‐born parents. That this may be a reflection of cultural bias or differences in family organization is discussed.
AN OBSERVATIONAL ASSESSMENT OF CHANGE IN TWO GROUPS OF BEHAVIOURALLY DISTURBED BOYS
Authors: Abramovitch Rona , Konstantareas Mary , Sloman Leon 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYTwo groups of 5–7‐year‐old behaviourally disturbed boys involved in a group therapy programme were observed on several occasions near the beginning and near the end of the programme. Observers recorded occurrences of aggressive, prosocial and imitative behaviours. In both groups and for all but one individual the ratio of prosocial to aggressive behaviours increased over the two observation periods. The rate of imitation remained stable. It is suggested that observational techniques may be quite useful in assessing the effectiveness of therapy in promoting changes in social behaviour and social process.
IMPACT OF HAEMOPHILIA ON CHILD‐REARING PRACTICES AND PARENTAL CO‐OPERATION
Authors: Markova Ivana , Macdonald Kathleen , Forbes C. 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYThe parents of eight 3–5‐yr‐old haemophilic boys and of eight 3–5‐yr‐old non‐haemophilic boys were interviewed on their child‐rearing practices and on various aspects of their Family life. The parents of eight 8–13‐yr‐old haemophilic boys were also interviewed on these issues and the parents of all 16 haemophilic boys were interviewed on a number of questions related to their sons' disease. Significant differences with respect to child‐rearing and parental co‐operation were found between haemophilic and non‐haemophilic families generally and within families with different degrees of the severity of haemophilia in particular. The mothers of the haemophilic boys were more anxious with respect to their sons' absence and schooling. More advice and counselling on genetic and non‐medical factors related to haemophilia is required for parents at an early stage of child development.