bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Orimulsion Containment and Recovery
Authors: Sommerville Matthew 
Published: October 2007

Abstract

Introduction: Orimulsion is a fuel consisting of natural bitumen dispersed in fresh water (26% to 30%) which is stabilised (as a bitumen-in-water emulsion) by the addition of a small quantity of surfactant. The process of creating Orimulsion turns semi-solid bitumen with a viscosity of 10,000 mPas into a mixture with a viscosity of 450 mPas. The composition of Orimulsion makes it, at first consideration, seem an unlikely fuel. The combination of modern emission control, independence from the fluctuations in world crude oil prices and proven reserves of 1.27 trillion barrels (Middle East crude reserves are estimated at only 267 billion barrels) make this a significant energy source for the future. The typical composition of Orimulsion is given in Table 1.
Orimulsion is clearly destined for increased consumption around the world and, with this, will inevitably come an increased risk of spillage and a requirement for appropriate spill control technologies. However, unlike conventional crude or fuel oils, we have no past spills or documented experiences to exploit. The development of containment and recovery systems must therefore rely on limited examinations of the product, and its fate and behaviour.
Appropriate Technology for Oil Spill Management in Developing Nations
Authors: Wayment E. C. , Wagstaff B. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
It has been estimated that some 6 million tonnes of crude oil is routinely transported by tankship around the world's oceans on a daily basis. Despite the introduction of stringent operating and safety regimes there remains the possibility of an incident occurring that could threaten the waters and shorelines of countries that are in the vicinity of these routes. Shipboard and international contingency plans assume a level of preparedness which may be limited in some of the countries that lay along these shipping lanes.
Although the probability of significant oil pollution incidents occurring whilst the vessel is on the high seas is m minimal, they have occurred, some with considerable impact on the areas concerned.
Whilst the majority of countries have some form of mutual aid and agreements in place and a number have access to equipment stockpiles, there are still a significant number of areas where there is heavy reliance on local resources.
This paper addresses ways in which countries with limited resources can best be prepared for an oil spill and some of the challenges, which this entails.
Terminology, relative photonic efficiencies and quantum yields in heterogeneous photocatalysis. Part II: Experimental determination of quantum yields
Authors: Salinaro Angela , Emeline Alexei V. , Zhao Jincai , Hidaka Hisao , Ryabchuk Vladimir K. , Serpone Nick 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
In the preceding article [Serpone and Salinaro, Pure Appl. Chem., 71(2), 303-320 (1999)] we examined two principal features of heterogeneous photocatalysis that demanded scrutiny: (i) description of photocatalysis and (ii) description of process efficiencies. For the latter we proposed a protocol relative photonic efficiency which could subsequently be converted to quantum yields. A difficulty in expressing a quantum yield in heterogeneous photochemistry is the very nature of the system, either solid/liquid or solid/gas, which places severe restrictions on measurement of the photon flow absorbed by the light harvesting component, herein the photocatalyst TiO2, owing to non-negligible scattering by the particulates. It was imperative therefore to examine the extent of this problem. Extinction and absorption spectra of TiO2 dispersions were determined at low titania loadings by normal absorption spectroscopy and by an integrated sphere method, respectively, to assess the extent of light scattering. The method is compared to the one reported by Grela et al. [J. Phys. Chem., 100, 16940 (1996)] who used a polynomial extrapolation of the light scattered in the visible region into the UV region where TiO2 absorbs significantly. This extrapolation underestimates the scattering component present in the extinction spectra, and will no doubt affect the accuracy of the quantum yield data. Further, we report additional details in assessing limiting photonic efficiencies and quantum yields in heterogeneous photocatalysis.
The determination of stigmastadienes in vegetable oils. Results of collaborative studies and the standardized method
Authors: Dobarganes M. C. , Cert A. , Dieffenbacher A. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The development by collaborative study of a standardised method for the determination of the stigmastadienes content in vegetable oils is described. The procedure involves the isolation of the unsaponifiable matter in the oil ands its fractioning on a silica gel column. The fraction containing the steroidal hydrocarbons is then analysed by capillary gas chromatography and the quantitative assessment made by the use of an internal standard /cholea-3,5-staddiene). The procedure is very sensitive allowing determination at levels of 0.01 - 4.0 mg/kg.
Extension and revision of the von Baeyer system for naming polycyclic compounds (including bicyclic compounds)
Authors: Moss G. P. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
These recommendations document the von Baeyer system for naming polycyclic ring systems described in Rules A-31, A-32 and B-14 of the Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry, Sections A, B, C, D, E, F and H, 1979 and R-2.4.2 of A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds, 1993 and extend the system to cover more complex cases. It provides guidance on the naming of ring systems which previously the rules did not cover. The methods is to identify the main ring and main bridge which provide the basic bicyclic system and to number these atoms. Then all further bridges, whether or not they include additional atoms, are identified by indicating not only the number of atoms but also the two atoms to which the bridge is attached. The final name also indicated the number of rings and the total number of skeletal atoms in the ring systems. Heteroatoms, unsaturation and substituents are indicated in the usual way.
Influence of Pressure on Chemical Equilibria in Aqueous Systems - with Particular Reference to Seawater
Authors: Byrne Robert H. , Laurie S. H. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract

Synopsis: The influence of pressure on chemical equilibria in aqueous solutions and the parameters that influence such equilibria are reviewed in this work. Particular emphasis is given to equilibria in seawater, including mineral dissolution, weak acid dissociation and metal ion complexation. Intended perspectives include the capabilities of predictive models to describe chemical equilibria in low temperature geochemical systems and the extent to which predictive models are constrained by direct observations. In context of the importance of pressure as a key variable controlling the pathways and fate of environmental chemicals, a need for further direct observations of chemical equilibria at high pressure, under conditions which are often challenging to the experimentalist, is evident.
Review of crystallographic and molecular structures of complexes formed between N,N'-dialkyloxamides, N,N'-dialkyldithio-oxamides, N,N'-dialkylmalonamides, N,N'-dialkyldithiomalonamides, N,N'-dialkylsuccinamides, and toluene, 3,4-dithiol with Group VB and Group IV metal halides
Authors: Wandiga S. O. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Synthesis of (2S, 5S)- trans-5-(4- fluorophenoxymethyl) -2-(1-N-hydroxy ureidyl-3-butyn-4-yl) -tetrahydrofuran– (CMI-977)
Authors: Chorghade Mukund Shankar , Gurjar M. K. , Adhikari S. , Sadalapure K. , Lalitha S. V. S. , Murugaiah A. M. S. , Krishna P. R. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Definitions of Terms for Diffusion in the Solid State
Authors: Kizilyalli M. , Corish John , Metselaar R. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract

Synopsis: This document provides definitions of terms and processes which are used in describing the migration of host and foreign species through solid materials. Both the phenomenological theory of diffusion and the detailed atomistic mechanisms by which atom transport occurs are treated. Also included are the various types of gradients such as electrical, chemical, thermal and mechanical, which provide the driving forces for diffusion.
Corrections to 'A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds'
Authors: Favre H. A. , Hellwich K.-H. , Moss G. P. , Powell W. H. , Traynham J. G. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Among the names and structures used as examples in the 1993 Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds some errors appear, several of which are likely to be quickly obvious and untroublesome. To reduce the possibility of confusion among users of the Guide, however, we publish a list of corrections here rather than waiting until a new edition of the Guide has been prepared.
Classification and Use of Terms for Amplification and Related Reactions
Authors: Burns D. T. , Townshend A. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
A systematic classification scheme is given for the various types of amplification and related reactions currently available. The report extends and refines earlier IUPAC recommendations (Pure Appl. Chem.
54 (1982), 2553-2556) to include non-multiplication reactions.
Significance of the Long Range Transport of Pesticides in the Atmosphere
Authors: Unsworth J. B. , Wauchope R. D. , Klein A-W. , Dorn E. , Zeeh B. , Yeh S. M. , Akerblom M. , Racke K. D. , Rubin B. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract

Synopsis:Since the 1960’s there has been a growing body of data regarding the presence of pesticides in the atmosphere. The monitoring results obtained show that traces of pesticides may undergo long range transport and be deposited considerable distances away from the treatment areas, including remote areas such as the Arctic and Antarctic regions. Pesticides have been found in air, rain, cloud water, fog and snow. The appearance and subsequent behaviour of pesticides in the atmosphere are complex processes and the concentrations found depend on several variables such as their volatility, photostability, method of application and extent of use. Whilst volatility of pesticides can be linked to their Henry’s Law constant this is very much a simplification since it is also influenced by the surfaces treated, e.g. soil or leaves, and by the extent to which aerosols are formed during the application. The disappearance of pesticides from the atmosphere is due to hydrolysis, indirect photolysis via OH. radicals and to deposition in rain. Pesticides which are resistant to hydrolysis and photolysis can be transported over great distances, for example, organochlorine insecticides have been detected in the Arctic regions. In general, concentrations in rainwater are, when detected, in the low or sub mg/l range and highest concentrations are found during the time of application. The use of fugacity models has been shown to be a useful approach to predict concentrations in air. Under most conditions the presence of pesticides in air, or rainwater, has no significant effects on non-target systems, including direct and indirect effects. Exceptions to this are damage by auxin-type herbicides to sensitive plants which has resulted on restrictions in their use in certain areas and transient chlorotic spotting thought to be caused by drift of aerosols from application of low rate sulfonyl urea herbicides. For animal species one possible exception has been postulated. This is for persistent organochlorine pesticides in Arctic regions where, due to the very oligotrophic nature of the Arctic ocean, they are more liable to bioaccumulate and be transported in the food web giving enhanced levels in mothers’ milk.
An Extension to the JCAMP-DX Standard File Format, JCAMP-DX V.5.01
Authors: Lampen Peter , Lambert Jörg , Lancashire R. J. , McDonald R. S. , McIntyre P. S. , Rutledge D. N. , Fröhlich Thorsten , Davies Antony N. 
Published: October 2007

Version 5.00 of the JCAMP-DX specifications were published for NMR and Mass Spectrometry file formats in Appl. Spectrosc.47, 1093-1099, (1993) and Appl. Spectrosc.48, 1545-1552, (1994). Since publication of these protocols developments in spectroscopy have led to a large number of requests for additions for applications not originally covered. Following careful consideration, it has become apparent that a few minor modifications will significantly increase the range of possible applications.In addition, new data labels have been introduced to ensure that files are year 2000 compliant and allow for conformity with good laboratory practices (GLP). These modifications are detailed in this publication as well as examples of the official NTUPLE JCAMP-DX definition as applied to NMR data.
Guidelines for the use of the Internet by IUPAC bodies
Authors: Davies Antony N. , Heller S. R. , Jost J. W. 
Published: October 2007

_The rapid development of the Internet as a major communication tool between scientists has led to the need for a co-ordinated IUPAC presence. Many diverse groups have already initiated distribution of IUPAC related material via their Web sites. These guidelines will provide the structure on which the official IUPAC Internet site maintained through the Secretariat will be based. Rules governing the interaction between this central site and various sites operated by other IUPAC bodies are published here as well as guidelines for the operation of sites maintained by other bodies which contain IUPAC related information. The need for special care when making provisional recommendations widely available on the Internet will be emphasized.INTRODUCTIONWWW.IUPAC.ORGLocationContentElectronic publicationINTERNET HOMEPAGE DESIGN - SOME DO'S AND DON'TSBasic principlesSome do's and don'tsRECOMMENDATION TO USE CHEMICAL MULTIPURPOSE INTERNET MAIL EXTENSIONS ON IUPAC INTERNET WEBSITESMultipurpose Internet mail extensionsChemical MIMECHEMICAL MARKUP LANGUAGEGLOSSARY
Metal ion-binding properties of the antiviral nucleotide analogue 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]adenine (PMEA). Why is its diphosphorylated form, PMEApp4-, initially a better substrate for nucleic acid polymerases than (2'-deoxy)-adenosine 5'-triphosphate (dATP4-/ATP4-)?
Authors: Sigel H. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Terminology for compounds in the Si-Al-O-N system
Authors: Metselaar R. , Yan D. S. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
This document proposes a nomenclature for aluminium silicon oxide nitrides.

Introduction: Silicon and aluminium containing nitrides and oxide nitrides are widely studied by the chemical and ceramic community because of the interesting applications, in particular related to their (thermo-) mechanical properties. In the many publications on these materials several abbreviations are used to designate the materials. These relate in part to the processing technology in part to the composition. In the materials community at large and in the ceramic community in particular it is tried to reach agreement upon the use of such acronyms. In the interest of maintaining uniformity in the chemical terms a proposal is made here.
A Critical Evaluation of the Redox Properties of Uranium, Neptunium and Plutonium Ions in Acidic Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Kihara Sorin , Yoshida Zenko , Aoyagi Hisao , Maeda Kohji , Shirai Osamu , Kitatsuji Yoshihiro , Yoshida Yumi 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Standard redox potentials, E
0s, and redox processes of U, Np and Pu ions in acidic aqueous solutions are reviewed and evaluated critically. The E
0sof reversible redox processes, MO2
2+/MO2
+ and M4+/M3+ (M: U, Np or Pu) adopted are those proposed mainly by Riglet et al. on the basis of the precise correction of formal potentials, E
0's, according to the improved theoretical approach to estimate the activity coefficient. Electrode processes of the U, Np and Pu ions are discussed in terms of current-potential curves, measured so far by polarography, voltammetry or flow coulometry. Special attention is payed to the irreversible MO2
+/M4+ reactions. Disproportionation reactions of MO2
+ are also discussed. New substances are introduced as intermediates during reductions of MO2
+ to M4+ or disproportionations of MO2
+.

CONTENTS

Introduction

Standard redox potentials for uranium, neptunium and plutonium ions in acidic aqueous solutions

2.1 Evaluation of E
0 from E
0' determined by electrochemical measurements

2.2 Temperature dependence of E
0

Redox reactions of uranium, neptunium and plutonium in acidic aqueous solutions investigated by polarography or voltammetry

3.1 Uranium

3.2 Neptunium

3.3 Plutonium

3.4 Disproportionation of NpO2
+, PuO2
+, Np4+ and Pu4+

3.5 Reduction of MO2
+ and reduction intermediates

Redox reactions of uranium, neptunium and plutonium in acidic aqueous solutions investigated by flow coulometry

4.1 Electrode processes of the uranium, neptunium and plutonium ions investigated by flow coulometry at the column electrode at the column electrode

4.2 Disproportionation of MO2
+ during the electrolysis by flow coulometry

4.3 Reduction mechanisms of MO2
+ (M = Np or Pu) and reduction intermediates investigated by flow coulometry

Conclusions

List of abbreviations

Appendix

References
Determination of mono- and diacylglycerols in edible oils and fats by high performance liquid chromatography and evaporative light scattering detector: Results of collaborative studies and the standardised method
Authors: Berner D. , Dieffenbacher A. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The development, by collaborative study, of standardised method for the determination of mono- and diacylglycerols in vegetable oils and fats is described. The method involves separation of mono- and diacylglycerols by normal phase high-performance liquid-liquid chromatography (HPLC) and evaporative light scattering detection of a solution of oil, fat or a commercial mono- and diacylglycerol preparation in a organic solvent.
The use of diffusive sampling for monitoring of benzene, toluene and xylene in ambient air
Authors: Brown R. H. , Wright M. D. , Plant N. T. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
A diffusive sampler, originally developed for workplace monitoring of organic vapours has been evaluated for its potential for monitoring ambient air quality, particularly for benzene, toluene and xylene.
The diffusive sampling rate, which is different for workplace and ambient air applications because of the wide differences in concentration levels and times of exposure, has been determined accurately, and been shown to be similar to other independent estimates determined from field studies or by exposing samplers to standard test atmospheres. In each case, the actual mass concentration of the aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air or test atmosphere has been established by an independent calibrated method, usually using pumped sampling and the diffusive sampling rates of parallel diffusive samplers determined from these concentrations.
The potential for using such samplers for monitoring ambient air has been demonstrated in two local studies, at car parks and in a street canyon, and in three area studies, at urban (Sheffield), regional (UK) and global (world) levels. In addition, the diffusive sampler has been evaluated alongside the UK VOCair measuring instruments in the UK fixed monitoring stations, where in view of the uncertainties involved, similar results were obtained.
These studies also gave useful insight into the practicability of employing these devices, their use by untrained personnel and their ruggedness in transportation and use.
Expanded porphyrins. Synthetic materials with potential medical utility
Authors: Sessler J. L. , Tvermoes N. A. , Davis Julian , Anzenbacher P. , Jursíková K. , Sato W. , Seidel D. , Lynch Vincent , Black C. B. , Try A. , Andrioletti Bruno , Hemmi Greg , Mody T. D. , Magda D. J. , Král V. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Phosphorus Speciation in Water and Sediments
Authors: Spivakov B. Ya. , Maryutina T. A. , Muntau H. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Environmentally significant phosphorus species in water and phosphorus fractions in sediments are briefly discussed and the methods for their determination are described. One of the most critical analytical steps is the separation of the different forms which, after conversion into orthophosphates, may be determined by a multitude of various techniques. Spectrophotometric methods are often preferred for routine analysis. Several rapid automatic methods for the separation and determination of orthophosphate, linear polyphosphates, cyclic condensed phosphates and lower oxidation state anions of phosphorus, which may exist in natural and waste waters, have been developed. They are mainly based on the use of flow-injection analysis, high-performance liquid chromatography including ion chromatography, capillary electrophoresis and a few of other techniques. These methods have been described and critically evaluated.
Cancer prevention by carotenoids
Authors: Nishino H. , Tokuda H. , Satomi Y. , Masuda Mitsuharu , Bu Ping , Onozuka M. , Yamaguchi S. , Okuda Y. , Takayasu J. , Tsuruta J. , Okuda M. , Ichiishi Eiichiro , Murakoshi M. , Kato T. , Misawa N. , Narisawa T. , Takasuka N. , Yano Masamichi 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Analytical Aspects of Chemical Process Control Part 1. Fundamentals
Authors: van Staden J. F. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The aim of this document is to present recommendations for reporting results concerning chemical process control and deals with terms most relevant to both analytical chemist's and process engineer's viewpoints. This part gives a brief description of the fundamentals involved in the basic analytical system. After formulating and explaining the operating system, approaches to process control are classified, followed by the planning, design and sample manipulation of dynamic systems as well as measurement and detection modules. The position of different components in the analytical system and the relation to the operating system should be clearly indicated when presenting results concerning process analytical chemistry.
Pillared Clays and Pillared Layered Solids
Authors: Schoonheydt R. A. , Pinnavaia T. , Lagaly Gerhard , Gangas Nick 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Pillaring is a commonly used procedure to transform a layered crystalline inorganic compound into a material with microporosity and mesoporosity. First, the terms "layered compound, pillaring, pillaring agent and interlayer region" are defined, and then the term pillared layered solid or pillared compound. In the second part, the standard characterization methods and procedures and a systematic classification scheme are proposed.
Metal nanoparticles, nanowires, and carbon nanotubes
Authors: Rao C. N. R. , Kulkarni G. U. , Govindaraj A. , Satishkumar B. C. , Thomas P. John 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The size-dependent metal to nonmetal transition in metal nanoparticles has been investigated using photoelectron and tunneling spectroscopic techniques. Metal nanoparticles capped by thiols are shown to organize into ordered 2D and 3D structures. Single-walled nanotubes and aligned carbon nanotube bundles have been synthesized by controlling the size of metal nanoparticles produced in situ during the pyrolysis of precursors. Nanowires of gold and other metals have been produced in the capillaries of the single-walled nanotubes.