bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alaskan gas becoming a factor
Authors: Willett Robert E. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractLately, Enron subsidiary Northern Border Pipeline Company has been resisting a move by Natural Gas Pipeline Company to tap some of Northern Border's gas in Iowa with a pipeline that would compete with an extension of Northern Border's. One of Northern Border's arguments is the company's special relationship with the Alaskan Natural Gas Transportation System (ANGTS, see map).Said Larry L. DeRoin, chairman of Northern Border Management Committee: “Northern Border is the eastern leg of ANGTS and as such, is the foundation of the ANGTS. … Numerous commitments and decisions were made by the governments of the United States and Canada resulting in the issuance of a conditional certificate to Northern Border to assure the viability of the ANGTS. We cannot condone attempts by other entities to build facilities that may conflict with an extension of the ANGTS.”Northern Border's arguments bring up the questions, So where's the Alaskan gas, and does MacKenzie Delta gas preempt it? For that matter, where's the rest of the pipeline to Alaska? I called DeRoin and, for more about the ANGTS, he sent me to Foothills Pipe Lines Ltd., Calgary, Alberta, where I spoke with Terry Cameron, vice president‐public and economic affairs, and Tony Pollard, manager of rates and economics.
Judicial process hurts the new competitor
Authors: Willett Robert E. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe FERC seems to be doing its dead‐level, bureaucratic best to increase competition in the natural gas industry: witness Orders 436 and 500, the price‐structure‐reform initiative, and the commission's efforts to unbundle the various services that make up natural gas transportation. But former FERC commissioner Charles J. Stalon, a respected economist who spent twelve years there and at the Illinois Commerce Commission, believes that the regulatory process at the state and federal levels hinders competition far more than most people realize.Stalon is now at the Washington consulting firm of Putnam, Hayes & Bartlett.
Tunnel Safety Concept Koralm Tunnel
Authors: Neumann Christof , Diernhofer Florian , Sommerlechner Christian , Burghart Manuel 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe 32.8 km long Koralm tunnel requires specific measures to guarantee a sufficient safety level. The methodology applied to define safety measures for this very long tunnel is on the one hand based on a set of guidelines and on the other hand based on the specific boundary conditions of this tunnel. These projectspecific conditions are considered by establishing customized safety targets. All aspects of safety are summarized in a specific tunnel safety concept.As a result of an investigation into the construction and operating phase, the tunnel system was determined to consist of two single‐track tunnels, an emergency station, cross‐passages every 500 m and no crossover. The emergency station in the centre of the tunnel, which incorporates various considerations, was designed to accommodate staggered platforms and a combined refuge room with a length of 800 m. The physical structures of the emergency station (distance of escape tunnels, door configurations) were checked by application of an evacuation simulation. With a view to the incident management strategy to be adopted, characteristic operating scenarios were analysed to realistically reflect the sequence of events in case of an emergency.
Basic Surveying of the Koralm Tunnel
Authors: Eder Arnold , Kienast Gerhard , Rinner Horst 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe “Koralm tunnel basic network” had to be prepared for the design, construction, and construction supervision of the ÖBB railway project “Koralmbahn Graz‐Klagenfurt” with the 32.8 km long Koralm tunnel as its core piece. This network is based on the “primary network” which is integrated into a network of GPS permanent stations and was or will be complemented as required. Since the project area covers two meridian zones of the national system, it was necessary to create a projection in a separate meridian zone for planar calculations. The paper describes the preparation, surveying and calculation of this network. In addition, it includes procedure instructions for the use of the network by planners and construction companies. Since the network has to be adapted to each construction phase, it has to be continuously developed. This will be described too. All data are managed by means of an ArcGIS server.
Systematic Drainage Measures in the Tunnel Construction – Experiences in the Neogene Sections of the Investigation Tunnels for the Koralm Tunnel
Authors: Sellner Peter , Janotta Matthias , Koinig Josef 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe Koralm Railway Line represents an essential section of the Pontebbana corridor between Graz and Klagenfurt. It creates new capacities and significantly improved conditions for the freight transportation. Furthermore, the travel time of the passenger traffic will be considerably reduced. The heart of the Koralm Railway Line is the Koralm tunnel with a length of approximately 32.8 km. During excavation of the partly extremely demanding neogene sections of the investigation tunnels for the Koralm Tunnel, valuable experiences can be gained concerning the drainage and the closely related excavation behaviour, in addition to the geological‐geotechnical insights. In the paper, the predicted mountain water conditions of the tunnel sections within neogene sediments as well as experiences with the implemented dewatering measures are described. These experiences strongly influence the detailed design of the future main tunnel structure.
Living in an aging world: a challenge for the individual and the society
Authors: Lehr Ursula 
Published: August 2008

AbstractWe are living in an aging world. Never before in Germany, in Europe, in the whole world so many people could reach such an advanced age. There is an enormous extension of the lifespan in all European countries, but also in all other countries of the world. This is due to the progress of modern medicine, the improvement of the socio‐economic living conditions, and it is also infl uenced by life style. But it is not only important to add years to life, but also to add life to years. Life expectancy does not only mean length of life, but also quality of life.
Erythrocyte programmed cell death
Authors: Föller Michael , Huber Stephan M. , Lang Florian 
Published: August 2008

AbstractEryptosis, the suicidal death of erythrocytes, is characterised by cell shrinkage, membrane blebbing and cell membrane phospholipid scrambling with phosphatidylserine exposure at the cell surface. Phosphatidylserine‐exposing erythrocytes are recognised by macrophages, which engulf and degrade the affected cells. Reported triggers of eryptosis include osmotic shock, oxidative stress, energy depletion, ceramide, prostaglandin E2, platelet activating factor, hemolysin, listeriolysin, paclitaxel, chlorpromazine, cyclosporine, methylglyoxal, amyloid peptides, anandamide, Bay‐5884, curcumin, valinomycin, aluminium, mercury, lead and copper. Diseases associated with accelerated eryptosis include sepsis, malaria, sickle‐cell anemia, β‐thalassemia, glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)‐deficiency, phosphate depletion, iron deficiency, hemolytic uremic syndrome and Wilsons disease. Eryptosis may be inhibited by erythropoietin, adenosine, catecholamines, nitric oxide (NO) and activation of G‐kinase. Most triggers of eryptosis except oxidative stress are effective without activation of caspases. Their signalling involves formation of prostaglandin E2 with subsequent activation of cation channels and Ca2+ entry and/or release of platelet activating factor (PAF) with subsequent activation of sphingomyelinase and formation of ceramide. Ca2+ and ceramide stimulate scrambling of the cell membrane. Ca2+ further activates Ca2+‐sensitive K+ channels leading to cellular KCl loss and cell shrinkage and stimulates the protease calpain resulting in degradation of the cytoskeleton. Eryptosis allows defective erythrocytes to escape hemolysis. On the other hand, excessive eryptosis favours the development of anemia. Thus, a delicate balance between proeryptotic and antieryptotic mechanisms is required to maintain an adequate number of circulating erythrocytes and yet avoid noneryptotic death of injured erythrocytes. © 2008 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 60(10): 661–668, 2008
Jumps in cross‐sectional rank and expected returns: a mixture model
Authors: González‐Rivera Gloria , Lee Tae‐Hwy , Mishra Santosh 
Published: August 2008

AbstractWe propose a new nonlinear time series model of expected returns based on the dynamics of the cross‐sectional rank of realized returns. We model the joint dynamics of a sharp jump in the cross‐sectional rank and the asset return by analyzing (1) the marginal probability distribution of a jump in the cross‐sectional rank within the context of a duration model, and (2) the probability distribution of the asset return conditional on a jump, for which we specify different dynamics depending upon whether or not a jump has taken place. As a result, the expected returns are generated by a mixture of normal distributions weighted by the probability of jumping. The model is estimated for the weekly returns of the constituents of the SP500 index from 1990 to 2000, and its performance is assessed in an out‐of‐sample exercise from 2001 to 2005. Based on the one‐step‐ahead forecast of the mixture model we propose a trading rule, which is evaluated according to several forecast evaluation criteria and compared to 18 alternative trading rules. We find that the proposed trading strategy is the dominant rule by providing superior risk‐adjusted mean trading returns and accurate value‐at‐risk forecasts. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modes, weighted modes, and calibrated modes: evidence of clustering using modality tests
Authors: Henderson Daniel J. , Parmeter Christopher F. , Russell R. Robert 
Published: August 2008

AbstractWe apply recent results from the statistics literature to test for multimodality of worldwide distributions of several (unweighted and population‐weighted) measures of labor productivity. Specifically, we employ Silverman (Bump) and Dip modality tests, calibrated to correct for their incorrect asymptotic levels. We show that test results are sensitive to the test statistic employed and to population weighting. But regardless of the statistical criterion used, multimodality is present throughout, or emerges during, our sample period (1960–2000). We also examine (a) movements of economies between modal clusters and (b) relationships between certain key development factors and multimodality of the productivity distribution. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Augmentation of screw fixation with injectable calcium sulfate bone cement in ovariectomized rats
Authors: Yu Xiao‐Wei , Xie Xin‐Hui , Yu Zhi‐Feng , Tang Ting‐Ting 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe objective of this study was to determine the effect of augmenting screw fixation with an injectable calcium sulfate cement (CSC) in the osteoporotic bone of ovariectomized rats. The influence of the calcium sulfate (CS) on bone remodeling and screw anchorage in osteoporotic cancellous bone was systematically investigated using histomorphometric and biomechanical analyses. The femoral condyles of 55 Sprague–Dawley ovariectomized rats were implanted with screw augmented with CS, while the contralateral limb received a nonaugmented screw. At time intervals of 2, 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks, 11 rats were euthanized. Six pair‐matched samples were used for histological analysis, while five pair‐matched samples were preserved for biomechanical testing. Histomorphometric data showed that CS augmented screws activated cancellous bone formation, evidenced by a statistically higher (p < 0.05) percentage of osteoid surface at 2, 4, and 8 weeks and a higher rate of bone mineral apposition at 12 weeks compared with nonaugmented screws. The amount of the bone–screw contact at 2, 8, and 12 weeks and of bone ingrowth on the threads at 4 and 8 weeks was greater in the CS group than in the nonaugmented group (p < 0.05), although these parameters increased concomitantly with time for both groups. The CS was resorbed completely at 8 weeks without stimulating fibrous encapsulation on the screw surface. Also, the cement significantly increased the screw pull‐out force and the energy to failure at 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks after implantation, when compared with the control group (p < 0.05). These results imply that augmentation of screw fixation with CS may have the potential to decrease the risk of implant failure in osteoporotic bone. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2009
BMP‐2 increases migration of human chondrosarcoma cells via PI3K/Akt pathway
Authors: Fong Yi‐Chin , Li Te‐Mao , Wu Chi‐Ming , Hsu Sheng‐Feng , Kao Shung‐Te , Chen Ray‐Jade , Lin Cheng‐Chieh , Liu Shan‐Chi , Wu Chien‐Lin , Tang Chih‐Hsin 
Published: August 2008

AbstractBone morphogenetic protein‐2 (BMP‐2), a member of transforming growth factor‐β superfamily, plays a crucial role in migration and metastasis of human cancer cells. Integrins are the major adhesive molecules in mammalian cells. Here we found that BMP‐2 directed the migration and increased cell surface and mRNA expression of β1 integrin in human chondrosarcoma cancer cells (JJ012). Pretreated of JJ012 cells with phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase inhibitor (PI3K; Ly294002) or Akt inhibitor inhibited the BMP‐2‐mediated migration and integrin expression. BMP‐2 increased the phosphorylation of p85 subunit of PI3K and serine 473 of Akt. In addition, NF‐κB inhibitor (PDTC) or IκB protease inhibitor (TPCK) also inhibited BMP‐2‐mediated cells migration and integrin upregulation. Stimulation of JJ012 cells with BMP‐2 induced IκB kinase (IKKα/β) phosphorylation, IκB phosphorylation, p65 Ser536 phosphorylation, and κB‐luciferase activity. Furthermore, the BMP‐2‐mediated increasing of IKKα/β phosphorylation, IκB phosphorylation, and p65 Ser536 phosphorylation were inhibited by Ly294002 and Akt inhibitor. Co‐transfection with p85 and Akt mutants also reduced the BMP‐2‐induced κB‐luciferase activity. Taken together, these results suggest that the BMP‐2 acts through PI3K/Akt, which in turn activates IKKα/β and NF‐κB, resulting in the activations of β1 integrin and contributing the migration of human chondrosarcoma cells. J. Cell. Physiol. 217: 846–855, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lymph nodes in gastric cancer
Authors: Ozmen M. Mahir , Ozmen Fusun , Zulfikaroglu Bariş 
Published: August 2008

AbstractSurgery is the only curative therapy for gastric cancer and controversy still exist on the extend of surgery. As the lymphatic distribution of stomach is very complex, the determination of the actual lymph node involvement is important for making the decision in order to avoid complications. Sentinel node navigation surgery has recently been introduced in gastrointestinal tract cancer. Present article reviews the detection techniques of lymph nodes and significance of lymphadenectomies in gastric cancer. J. Surg. Oncol. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mass spectrometry for structural characterization of therapeutic antibodies
Authors: Zhang Zhongqi , Pan Hai , Chen Xiaoyu 
Published: August 2008

AbstractAntibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, have emerged as one of the most promising classes of therapeutics in the biopharmaceutical industry. The need for complete characterization of the quality attributes of these molecules requires sophisticated techniques. Mass spectrometry (MS) has become an essential analytical tool for the structural characterization of therapeutic antibodies, due to its superior resolution over other analytical techniques. It has been widely used in virtually all phases of antibody development. Structural features determined by MS include amino acid sequence, disulfide linkages, carbohydrate structure and profile, and many different post‐translational, in‐process, and in‐storage modifications. In this review, we will discuss various MS‐based techniques for the structural characterization of monoclonal antibodies. These techniques are categorized as mass determination of intact antibodies, and as middle‐up, bottom‐up, top‐down, and middle‐down structural characterizations. Each of these techniques has its advantages and disadvantages in terms of structural resolution, sequence coverage, sample consumption, and effort required for analyses. The role of MS in glycan structural characterization and profiling will also be discussed. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 28:147–176, 2009
Multidimensional Hele‐Shaw flows modelling Stokesian fluids
Authors: Escher Joachim , Matioc Bogdan‐Vasile 
Published: August 2008

AbstractWe consider here an n‐dimensional periodic flow describing the motion of an incompressible Stokesian fluid in a Hele‐Shaw cell. The free surface separating the fluid from air, at pressure normalized to be zero, is moving under the influence of gravity and surface tension.We prove the existence of a unique classical Hölder solution for small perturbations of cylinders. Moreover, we evidence the existence of a single steady state and prove its exponential stability. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antiglycative and anti‐VEGF effects of s‐ethyl cysteine and s‐propyl cysteine in kidney of diabetic mice
Authors: Lin Chun‐che , Yin Mei‐chin 
Published: August 2008

AbstractAntiglycative and antivascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) effects of s‐ethyl cysteine (SEC), and s‐propyl cysteine (SPC) in kidney of diabetic mice were examined. SEC and SPC at 1 and 2 g/L were added to the drinking water for 12 wk. Results showed that diabetic mice with SEC or SPC intake had significantly higher final body weight, lower kidney weight, lower levels of plasma glucose, urinary albumin (UA), and urinary creatinine (UC) (p < 0.05), in which dose‐dependent effects were observed in reducing plasma glucose, UA, and UC (p < 0.05). The intake of these compounds significantly and dose‐dependently decreased the levels of plasma glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), renal carboxymethyllysine and urinary glycated albumin (p < 0.05). SEC or SPC intake significantly and dose‐dependently diminished renal aldose reductase (AR) activity and enhanced glyoxalase I (GLI) activity (p < 0.05); also significantly decreased renal sorbitol and fructose concentrations (p < 0.05). The intake of SEC or SPC significantly lowered renal VEGF level (p < 0.05), and caused dose‐dependent downregulation in AR mRNA expression, and upregulation in GLI mRNA expression (p < 0.05). Our present study suggests the supplement of SEC or SPC might be helpful for the prevention or treatment of diabetic kidney diseases via alleviating renal glycative injury.
STEM plasmon spectroscopy of free standing graphene
Authors: Bangert U. , Eberlein T. , Nair R. R. , Jones R , Gass M. , Bleloch A. L. , Novoselov K. S. , Geim A. , Briddon P. R. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractPlasmon spectroscopy of the thinnest possible membrane, a single layer of carbon atoms, graphene, has been carried out in conjunction with ab initio calculations of the low loss function. We observe π‐ and π + σ‐surface plasmon modes in free‐standing single sheets at 4.7 eV and 14.8 eV which are substantially red‐shifted from their values in graphite. These modes are in very good agreement with the theoretical spectra which find the π‐ and π + π in‐plane modes of graphene at 4.5 eV and 14.5 eV. We also find that there is little loss caused by out‐of‐plane modes for energies less than about 10 eV. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
High resolution Laplace deep level transient spectroscopy of p‐type polycrystalline diamond
Authors: Mitromara N. , Evans‐Freeman J. H. , Gädtke C. , May P. W. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractHigh resolution Laplace deep level transient spectroscopy (LDLTS) has been used to characterise deep electronic states in the band gap of polycrystalline p‐type diamond. The thin diamond films were grown by the hot‐filament chemical vapour deposition (HFCVD) technique on p‐type and n‐type Si for the formation of the Schottky and p–n diodes respectively. The B concentration in the diamond films ranged from 7 × 1018 cm–3 to 7 × 1021 cm–3. Conventional capacitance DLTS showed a fairly narrow peak at about 180 K from the diamond grown on p‐type Si, but further analysis with LDLTS shows that this peak originates from a complex defect with up to three hole emission rates. In the case of the Schottky diode, these emission rates do not vary much with temperature which indicates that they may be due to the presence of an extended defect, where the valence band itself is changing its profile as the traps capture more carriers. LDLTS of a similar trap in the diamond grown on n‐type Si also shows three emission rates, which do not vary as expected with temperature. The results are discussed in terms of defects existing in the strain fields of grain boundaries, and exhibiting non point‐defect like properties. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Penicillin detection with nanocrystalline‐diamond field‐effect sensor
Authors: Abouzar Maryam H. , Poghossian Arshak , Razavi Arash , Besmehn Astrid , Bijnens Nathalie , Williams Oliver A. , Haenen Ken , Wagner Patrick , Schöning Michael J. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractNanocrystalline‐diamond (NCD) films have been utilised for the detection of penicillin G for the first time. The developed penicillin‐sensitive biosensor consists of a field‐effect capacitive electrolyte‐diamond‐insulator‐semiconductor (EDIS) structure with an immobilised enzyme layer that covers the gate region of the sensor. Undoped NCD thin films of about 100 nm thickness were grown on a p‐Si‐SiO2 (50 nm thermally grown SiO2) structure by microwave plasma‐enhanced chemical vapour deposition. The enzyme penicillinase has been adsorptively immobilised directly onto the O‐terminated NCD surface. The EDIS biosensors have been characterised in buffer solutions with different content of penicillin G by means of capacitance–voltage and constant‐capacitance method. The developed penicillin biosensor possesses a low detection limit of 5 µM and a high sensitivity of 60–70 mV/decade in a wide linear range of 0.005–2.5 mM penicillin G concentration. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Comparison of diamond‐like carbon to diamond for applications
Authors: Robertson J. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractWe note that many potential applications of diamond do not require single crystalline diamond, but use nano‐crystalline diamond, in order to have a smooth surface at low cost. We thus compare the possible use of amorphous diamond‐like carbon which is smooth, inert and can be deposited at high rate even at room temperature. These applications include most protective coatings and in future could include bio‐sensors, provided that high quality semiconducting properties are not needed. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electrical activity of doped phosphorus atoms in (001) n‐type diamond
Authors: Kato Hiromitsu , Takeuchi Daisuke , Tokuda Norio , Umezawa Hitoshi , Yamasaki Satoshi , Okushi Hideyo 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe electrical properties of (001) n‐type diamond were characterized by measuring the current voltage and capacitance voltage at different temperatures. Clear n‐type rectification characteristics were confirmed from Ti/n‐type diamond Schottky diodes. From the capacitance properties, the net donor density and Schottky barrier height were experimentally determined to be ∼5.4 × 1017 cm–3 and ∼4.5 eV, respectively. The electrical activity of doped phosphorus atoms in (001) n‐type diamond is discussed in comparison with (111). (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)