bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fetal Monitoring: Do the Benefits Outweigh the Drawbacks?
Authors: Shearer Madeleine H. 
Published: April 2007

PROLOGUERecently I returned to teaching prenatal classes after an absence of 18 months. In my first class was a young girl who had been told that her baby was breech. She asked me if I would come with her and her husband in labor. I agreed, anticipating a chance to find out what was new at her teaching hospital and to help her, as well. A few weeks later I got her call, drove over and made my way up to her little labor room. For five minutes we talked. Then she panted quietly and rubbed her abdomen, her husband holding her other hand. At this point the door was propped open and a cabinet‐sized machine was rolled into the room, pushed by a nurse. It stopped next to the bed, with a brief pause for the removal of the husband's chair to the corridor outside. The hand which had held the husband's was searched for a vein, and an intrevenous drip of glucose installed. The other arm was connected to a continuous blood pressure gauge. The abdomen was encircled with two belts and the electronic devices on the belts were squirted with jelly and planted firmly on the mother's abdomen, the belts then tightened securely. The monitor was turned on and out rolled a continuous strip of paper bearing the fetal heart rate tracing, the uterine contraction tracing, and the blood pressure tracing. The husband found a perch on a window sill across the room. For the next 7 hours a nurse or resident would come in at 30 minute intervals, study the tracing carefully, and tell the mother that all was well.In the next weeks I learned that nearly half of the women in my classes were being monitored, and the trend has increased in many areas. As a parent educator, I needed to know about fetal monitoring. Are the benefits so great as to justify such absolute domination of labor by machines? Is monitoring too complex to explain ahead of time to parents? I was disturbed by the lack of personal contact on the part of the staff, by the unseated husband and the lack of mobility of the mother. These worries led me to begin a search of the literature and correspondence with monitor manufacturers and several obstetricians who have pioneered in their development.
Nutrition in Pregnancy: Some Current Concepts and Questions
Authors: Worthington Bonnie S. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT: Adequate nutritional preparation of women for pregnancy includes the information on individualized weight gain ranges, which may be as little as 20 lb or as much as 35 lb gained gradually over the course of pregnancy. Discussions with mothers should focus on their possible reluctance to gain or to accept normal fat deposits laid down during pregnancy, as well as how to deal with edema, nausea, indigestion and other discomforts. Changes in requirements for individual nutrients include those for protein, iron, folic acid, several vitamins, calcium, phosphorous and sodium. Discussions may include the potential teratogenic effects of food additives and contaminants, and, most importantly, the suspected effects of deficits and specific excesses. Concerns about excess relate in particular to vitamins A, D, and C, caffeine, alcohol and selected minerals.
The Politics of Home Delivery in The Netherlands
Authors: van Arkel W.G. , Ament A.J. , Bell N. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT: The Netherlands has been unique among western industrialized countries in having a high proportion of home deliveries and a low infant mortality rate. It is often looked to as an example of a high quality, family‐centered system of perinatal care. Recently, with falling birth rates, an imminent oversupply of professionals, removal of financial barriers, and the technologising of medicine, some marked changes have been occurring. Midwives have maintained a constant 40% of the attendance at deliveries, but general practitioners are attending fewer births and obstetricians more. The percent of hospital deliveries has doubled in the last 20 years. Even midwives are coming to be hospital‐based. National policy has favoured home delivery, but in practice, a number of professional, financial and political forces are working in the opposite direction. The trend to a reduction of home deliveries seems likely to continue. A stronger voice for consumers and better evaluation of the effects of home delivery are in order if home delivery is to retain a significant place in Dutch perinatal care.
A Comparative Study of Women Choosing Two Different Childbirth Alternatives
Authors: Cohen Richard L. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT: This is a report of the differences and similarities between two groups of 30 women each who selected widely divergent types of childbirth care. One group chose to deliver their babies in a tertiary university hospital obstetric service, the other in an out‐of‐hospital alternative birth center staffed by nurse‐midwives.Women choosing the birth center were not demographically different from those choosing the tertiary hospital except that they were somewhat older. However, women choosing the birth center planned to emphasize autonomy and independence rather than intimacy in their child rearing, and they described their partners as much more supportive and involved in the birth, and were much more adaptive in preparation for the birth and the baby's care.
Outcomes of the First 527 Births at The Birthplace in Seattle
Authors: Reinke Carla 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT: The Birthplace nurse‐midwifery staffing, practice, cost, and outcomes are described. Of 527 women having initial prenatal visits 8 were referred for obstetrician care; 78 moved or dropped out; and 56 were referred to obstetricians later in pregnancy (among them 17 for spontaneous abortions and 10 for breech presentation, 5 for twins, and 6 for pre‐eclampsia).Of 385 women cared for at The Birthplace through the onset of labor, 82 were transported to hospitals during labor, most for failure to progress before and after rupture of membranes and prolonged second stage.Of 303 women delivered at The Birthplace, the following are discussed: the status of labor at admission, durations of stages of labor, incidence of episiotomies and lacerations, medication use, indications for 82 maternal intrapartum transports, mode of delivery of transports, indications for 11 postpartum maternal and 10 neonatal transports, and their outcomes.
ROUNDTABLE
Authors: Naeye Richard L. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT The frequencies of several common antenatal disorders increased in the U.S. Collaborative Perinatal Project when women had low pregnancy weight gains. The case fatality rates of a much wider spectrum of antenatal disorders increased with low weight gains. There is indirect evidence that these high case fatality rates were mainly due to sub‐optimal maternal blood volume expansion, with resultant low blood flow from the uterus to the placenta. Metabolic acidosis, related to maternal fasting, may also have contributed to the perinatal mortality associated with low weight gain. To avoid acidosis, women should be advised not to fast during pregnancy. There is evidence that maternal overnutrition during pregnancy sometimes predisposes to hypertension. This type of hypertension is relatively benign by comparison with the hypertension associated with low pregnancy weight gains. Finally, dietary deficiency of zinc appears to predispose to amniotic fluid bacterial infections, a major cause of preterm labor and delivery. (BIRTH 10:2, Summer 1983)
The Effects of Maternal Position on Uterine Contractility and Efficiency
Authors: Roberts Joyce E. , Mendez‐Bauer Carlos , Wodell Deborah A. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT The variable designs and results of controlled trials of maternal position in labor are summarized. Following Mendez‐Bauer 's design, the effects of sitting alternated with side‐lying and supine alternated with side‐lying were compared in terms of contraction intensity and frequency, uterine activity and efficiency, and maternal comfort. The effects of each position were influenced by the position it was alternated with and the phase of labor during which it was used. While contractions were more frequent when sitting, uterine activity and efficiency were greater while side‐lying, both in early and late labor. There was no statistically significant difference in uterine activity or efficiency in the side lying position when compared to the supine (propped) position although contractions were more intense and less frequent while sidelying. These results suggest that position change is important in achieving efficient uterine contractions. (BIRTH 10:4, Winter 1983)
Childbirth Educators in the 1980s: A Survey of 25 Veterans
Authors: Shearer Madeleine H. , Bunnin T. Nenelle 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTA telephone survey of 25 veteran childbirth educators revealed a range of annual earnings from $600‐$40,000. Sixteen teach childbirth education part‐time. Most teach several different types of classes, such as early pregnancy, exercise, and postpartum classes, and most have diversified into writing, publishing, making and distributing teaching aids, consulting, and continuing education. Class fees range from $10‐$160. Common approaches to the field, financial management, and views of problems in the 1980s are discussed. (BIRTH 10:4, Winter 1983)
Antenatal Counseling for Women Working Outside the Home
Authors: Bryant Heather E. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT: As the participation rate of women in the work force increases, so does the interest in potential effects of employment on pregnancy. Because this interest is relatively recent, little is known about many of the potential risk situations. When giving antenatal care to the employed woman, the caregiver should consider the social and economic factors which bear upon each woman's situation, as well as the physical, chemical, and biologic agents to which she may be exposed.Counseling should be directed toward uncovering exposures to known toxins, seeking assistance from the literature or occupational medicine experts when uncertain, and toward providing realistic practical support to the woman when required.
The Lesbian Childbearing Couple: A Case Report
Authors: Tash Donna T. , Kenney Janet W. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTIncreasing numbers of lesbians are choosing to bear children. Inadequate information about these women's childbearing concerns, together with discrimination and insensitivity to their needs, places these couples at risk for receiving less than optimal health care. Lesbians who desire children are faced with numerous psychosocial problems that should be addressed by open and sensitive caregivers. Providing care to a lesbian couple demonstrated the ways in which their needs were similar to and different from those of heterosexual couples.
Breastfeeding Patterns: Comparing the Effects on Infant Behavior and Maternal Satisfaction of Using One or Two Breasts
Authors: Righard Lennart , Flodmark Carl‐Erjk , Lothe Lasse , Jakobsson Irene 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTIn the Western world advice given by breastfeeding consultants about the use of one or two breasts at each feed has resulted in apparently arbitrary changes over time. This study compared 1‐month‐old breastfed infants' reactions to single‐ and two‐breast feeds in terms of restlessness, crying, sleeping, and frequency of feeds, wet diapers, and loose stools. Eighty mothers were randomly assigned at the maternity ward, 44 to the single‐breast group and 36 to the two‐breast group. At one‐month follow‐up no differences between the groups were seen regarding any infant behavior variables, or in terms of maternal satisfaction, confidence, and mood throughout the full 24‐hour observation period or during a 4‐hour period in the evening. Compliance with the assigned feeding method was better in the two‐breast than in the one‐breast group. This may partly be due to tradition, since the two‐breast practice has been recommended by child health nurses in Sweden for over 50 years. It seems reasonable that a baby should be allowed to finish the first breast and, if still hungry, be offered the second breast. The baby's appetite is the deciding factor.
Narratives of Birth and the Postpartum: Analysis of the Focus Group Responses of New Mothers
Authors: DiMatteo M. Robin , Kahn Katherine L. , Bey Sandra H. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTFocus groups were conducted to encourage and examine women's frank discussions of the events surrounding their experiences of labor, birth, and the postpartum period. Transcripts of the tape‐recorded narratives of 41 new mothers were analyzed and jive themes were identified: loss of autonomy and control; unexpected physical pain of childbirth; unexpected emotional reactions; financial pressures; and the effects of support during labor and birth. Participants' perceptions shed light on and supplemented previous questionnaire and interview research on these topics. The survey results suggest ways to help improve women's birth experiences.
The Squatting Position for the Second Stage of labor: Effects on labor and on Maternal and Fetal Well‐Being
Authors: Golay Jane , Vedam Saraswathi , Sorger Leo 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTA cohort study was designed to assess the effects of maternal squatting position for the second stage of labor on the evolution and progress of labor, and on maternal and fetal well‐being. Outcomes from 200 squatting births, randomly selected from a sample of 1000, were compared with 100 semirecumbent births, randomly selected from a sample of 300. Data collection was by chart review. The two groups were similar with respect to most antepartal, intrapartal, and socioeconomic variables likely to affect labor outcomes. The mean length of the second stage of labor was 23 minutes shorter in squatting primiparas and 13 minutes shorter in squatting multiparas than in semirecumbent women. Squatting women required significantly less labor stimulation by oxytocin during second stage (P = 0.0016), and they showed a trend toward fewer mechanically assisted deliveries. Significantly fewer and less severe perineal lacerations occurred, and fewer episiotomies were performed in the squatting group (P = 0.0001). No statistically significant differences were found between groups for third‐stage complications and infant complications.
Reanalysis of a Muitireported Trial on Home Uterine Activity Monitoring
Authors: Keirse Marc J.N.C. , Van Hoven Marion 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTA randomized multicenter study of home uterine activity monitoring using the “Term Guard,” is widely cited in support of the Term Guard monitoring system. Critical appraisal of the data in the six reports of the study showed that all reports scored poorly on avoidance of allocation, exclusion, and assessment bias. In all of them the numbers of women for whom outcomes were reported were different, and none provided information on infant outcomes. Comparison of analyses and subanalyses showed inconsistencies that defied the laws of arithmetic. Reanalysis of the data, as well as could be done from the available information, showed that use of the Term Guard system was compatible with both an increase and a decrease in the frequency of preterm delivery (95% CI +2.2% to 16.5%). It is concluded that the reports of the multicenter study contain such high potential for bias and so many internal inconsistencies that they should be dismissed entirely. (BIRTH 20:3, September 1993)
Cytomegalovirus retinitis following intravitreal injection of triamcinolone: report of two cases
Authors: Delyfer Marie‐Noëlle , Rougier Marie‐Bénédicte , Hubschman Jean‐Pierre , Aouizérate Franck , Korobelnik Jean‐François 
Published: April 2007

Abstract.Context:  Cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis usually affects severely immunosuppressed individuals. However, some exceptional and isolated cases of CMV retinitis have been described in immunocompetent patients.Methods:  We report two cases of non‐immunodeficient patients seen in our institution over a period of 6 months, who presented with CMV retinitis a few weeks after an intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide.Results:  Although the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the development of CMV in an immunocompetent patient's eye have not yet been precisely established, the well known immunosuppressive properties of corticosteroids suggest that triamcinolone probably plays a role in the endogenous reactivation of latent CMV.Conclusions:  Our two patients received high doses of triamcinolone. Both had also pseudophakia, vitrectomy and a past medical history of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Such features, individually or combined, may be risk factors for local reactivation of CMV and should be considered prior to the administration of triamcinolone acetonide in ophthalmology.
Tilted disc syndrome and colour vision
Authors: Vuori Marja‐Liisa , Mäntyjärvi Maija 
Published: April 2007

Abstract.Purpose:  To study colour vision in patients with tilted disc syndrome.Methods:  Colour vision was examined using Boström‐Kugelberg (B‐K) plates, Farnsworth−Munsell 100‐hue test (FM‐100) and Farnsworth panel D‐15 and Lanthony desaturated panel tests.Results:  A total of 35 eyes of 21 patients were examined. Seventeen eyes (49%) of 11 patients were found to have a colour vision defect in at least one eye. The severity of the colour vision defect differed between eyes for six of eight patients with bilateral tilted discs. In two of these patients, colour vision was normal in one eye. Seven patients had a unilateral tilted disc and three of these individuals had a colour vision defect in the affected eye. Of all eyes with a colour vision defect, a red−green defect was found in four eyes (24%), a blue defect in one eye (6%), and a mixed defect in 12 eyes (70%). Colour vision defects were not related to visual acuity or to severity of visual field defects.Conclusions:  This is the first report of colour vision defects in tilted disc syndrome. In the differential diagnosis of tilted disc syndrome, chiasmal lesions and glaucoma, the examination of colour vision may add valuable information. Further, it is recommended that young people with tilted disc syndrome undergo an examination of colour vision so that they can be given appropriate career guidance.
Lecture palimpsestueuse
Authors: Tobiassen Elin Beate 
Published: April 2007

AbstractHélène Lenoir, témoignant à la fois d'une dette et d'une contestation, semble avoir construit certaines nouvelles de son ouvrage La Brisure de façon à réécrire Nathalie Sarraute, et ceci, sur un point précis. Reprenant des thèmes de Tropismes liés à des rapports à chaque fois interpersonnels, entre deux êtres de sexe opposé, Lenoir les convertit pour injecter en eux une sensualité et une sexualité absentes de l'univers de son prédécesseur : à la décence de Nathalie Sarraute, Hélène Lenoir répond par des outrages répétés à la pudeur. L'article de Elin Beate Tobiassen procède dans cette optique à ce que Gérard Genette, à la suite de Philippe Lejeune, nomme une lecture palimpsestueuse, adjectif dérivé de la vieille image du palimpseste où l'on voit, sur le même parchemin, un texte se superposer à un autre qu'il ne dissimule pas entièrement, mais qu'il laisse paraître par transparence ; de cette manière, une structure nouvelle s'ajoute et s'emmêle à une fonction ancienne, et c'est la contradiction entre ces deux éléments simultanément présents qui donne « sa saveur »à l'ensemble textuel. Cette lecture relationnelle, qui lit un texte en fonction d'un autre, définit le rapport entre La Brisure et Tropismes comme étant d'ordre hypertextuel.
Goethes Dialog mit der christlichen Wortauffassung
Authors: Haas Agnieszka K. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIm Artikel ,,Goethes Dialog mit der christlichen Wortauffassung‘‘ wurde die theologische Interpretation versucht, die eine der möglichen Wege der Auslegung darstellt. Die Autorin befasst sich mit der Stellung und Bedeutung des Wortes in Goethes Faust I in Hinsicht auf die Rolle und den Sonderrang des Wortes im Christentum. Die Aussagen des Protagonisten der Tragödie von Goethe, die sich auf seine Einstellung zur Wortproblematik beziehen, werden mit den Aussagen der bedeutenden Kirchenväter wie Thomas von Aquin oder Hl Anselmus oder der Philosophen wie Meister Eckhart, Marsilio Ficino, Heinrich Cornellius Agrippa von Nettesheim oder Jakob Böhme konfrontiert, die in ihrem Werk u.a. an das Johannesevangelium anknüpften und auf die wirkungsvolle Kraft des Wortes (Logos) hingewiesen haben. Die Rolle des Wortes und sein Rang werden dagegen im Werk mehrmals in Frage gestellt, was zum teilweisen Scheitern des Protagonisten führte. Man versucht daraus eine Schlußfolgerung zu ziehen, dass die kritische Einstellung Fausts dem Wort gegenüber nicht nur als bloßer Ausdruck der Sprachkrise oder Verweigerung, das Absolute zu benennen, sich verstehen lässt, sondern ein Ausdruck seiner Lebensphilosophie ist, die zu seinem Bund und Wette mit Mephistopheles führen sollte.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: SHOEMAKER F. L. , ARNSTEIN GEORGE E. , KUENZLI ALFRED , ELLIS FREDERICK E. 
Published: April 2007

A HISTORY OF EDUCATION IN AMERICAN CULTURE. By R. Freeman Butts and Lawrence A. Cremin.ACADEMIC PROCESSION. By Ernest Earnest.THE NATURE OF PREJUDICE. By Gordon W. Allport.THE TEACHING‐LEARNING PROCESS. By Nathaniel Cantor.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: SHOEMAKER F. L. , MILLER HENRY , HINES VYNCE A. , SUTTELL LLOYD , WALSH JOHN E. 
Published: April 2007

BUILDING A PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION. By Harry S. Broudy.INTERGROUP EDUCATION. By Lloyd and Elaine Cook.HOW WE FOUGHT FOROUR SCHOOLS. By Edward Darling in collaboration with members of the staff of the Center for Field Studies of the Harvard Graduate School of Education.PURITAN SAGE: COLLECTED WRITINGS OF JONATHAN EDWARDS. Edited by Vergilius Ferm.THE WORLDS' GOOD. By Carleton Washburne.
α2‐MACROGLOBULIN POLYMORPHISM: A NEW GENETIC SYSTEM DETECTED BY IMMUNOELECTROPHORESIS
Authors: Gallango Maria L. , Castillo Omar 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYA rabbit anti‐human serum allowed the identification of a new human polymorphism of the α2‐macroglobulin. This polymorphism is represented by three variants: A, having a fast electrophoretic mobility; B, intermediate mobility; and C having a slower migration and the three combinations: AB, AC and BC. Preliminary genetic studies suggest that inheritance is of Mendelian autosomal co‐dominant type.
ISOLATION OF AN ISOANTIGEN ASSOCIATED WITH LEUKOSIS‐SARCOMA VIRUS SUSCEPTIBILITY IN CHICKENS AND ITS RELATION TO HUMAN BLOOD‐GROUP MN SUBSTANCES
Authors: Springer G. F. , Desai Parimal R. , Banatwala I. , Tegtmeyer Herta , Briles W. E. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYThe R1 antigen of chicken red cells, which is associated with susceptibility to a subgroup B leukosis‐sarcoma virus, has been isolated. This antigen is cross‐related to structures on the human blood‐group MN antigens and, as in the latter, sialic acid is apparently part of its immunodominant grouping. R1 antigen inhibited influenza viruses and to a lesser extent Vicia graminea anti‐N reagent. Plant proteases inactivated the antigen.
IMMUNOGLOBULIN LEVELS IN SUBJECTS WITH SEX CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES
Authors: Price William H. , Newlands Irene M. , Ferguson Thomas 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYImmunoglobulins A, G and M have been measured in three groups of patients with sex chromosome abnormalities, 47,XXY, 47,XYY and 47,XXX. The most significant finding is a greatly elevated IgG level in 47,XXY males and 47.XYY males. In the case of 47,XXY males it was possible to show that the increase in level was almost confined to those who were patients in mental subnormality and maximum security hospitals. Only a few abnormally high IgG values were found in patients referred to endocrine clinics. Low IgA levels were found in institutionalized patients whether or not chromosome abnormalities were present. In 47,XXY males IgM levels were significantly higher than in 46,XY males and the same as those in 46.XX females.Although serious illnesses were recorded in a high proportion of males with a 47,XXY karyotype, the level of IgG was not closely related to a history of disease.Possible reasons for the findings are discussed.