bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trends in Geoscience Data Exchange
Authors: Guthery Scott B. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
Most of the data archive and exchange formats developed in the early days of oil-patch computing are running out of steam. Higher data volumes, greater data complexity, and demands for multidis-cipline and real-time data exchange have positioned data exchange as a key ingredient of today's computing architectures. This article reviews the history of geoscience data exchange and examines some current requirements and standards efforts.
Expert Systems: A 5-Year Perspective
Authors: MacAllister D. J. , Day Ron , McCormack M. D. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
This paper gives an overview of a major integrated oil company's experience with artificial intelligence (AI) over the last 5 years, with an emphasis on expert systems. We chronicle the development of an AI group, including details on development tool selection, project selection strategies, potential pitfalls, and descriptions of several completed expert systems. Small expert systems produced by teams of petroleum technology experts and experienced expert system developers that are focused in well-defined technical areas have produced substantial benefits and accelerated petroleum technology transfer.
A Field Demonstration of Sour Produced-Water Remediation by Microbial Treatment
Authors: Sublette K. L. , Morse D. E. , Raterman K. T. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
The potential for detoxification and deodorization of sour produced waters by microbial treatment was evaluated under field conditions. A sulfide-tolerant strain of the chemautotroph and facultative anaerobe Thiobacillus denitrificans was introduced into an oil-skimming pit of the lease automatic custody transfer (LACT) Unit 10 at the Salt Creek field in Wyoming. Field produced water enters this pit from the oil/water separation treatment train at an average flow rate of 5,000 B/D with a potential maximum of 98,000 B/D. Water conditions at the pit inlet are 4,800 mg/L total dissolved solids (TDS), 100 mg/L sulfide, pH 7.8, and 107°F. An aqueous solution of ammonium nitrate and diphosphorous pentoxide was added to this water to provide required nutrients for the bacteria. The first 20% of the pit was aerated to a maximum depth of 5 ft [1.5 m] to facilitate the aerobic oxidation of sulfide. No provisions for pH control or biomass recovery and recycle were made.
Pilot operations were initiated in Oct. 1992 with the inoculation of the 19,000-bbl pit with 40 lbm of dry-weight biomass. After a brief acclimation period, a nearly constant mass flux of 175 lbm/D sulfide was established to the pit. Bio-oxidation of sulfide to elemental sulfur and sulfate was immediate and complete. Subsequent pilot operations focused on process optimization and process sensitivity to system upsets. The process appeared most sensitive to large variations in sulfide loading owing to maximum water discharge events. However, recoveries from such events could be accomplished within hours.
This paper details all pertinent aspects of pilot operation, performance, and economics. From this evidence, the oxidation of inorganic sulfides by T. denitrificans appears to represent a viable concept for the treatment of sour water coproduced with oil and gas.
Pigging Dynamics in Two-Phase Flow Pipelines: Experiment and Modeling
Authors: Minami Kazuioshi , Shoham Ovadia 
Published: December 2007

Summary
Standard design procedures for two-phase pipelines subject to pigging operation still rely on steady-state methods. Because the flow behavior under a pigging operation is transient, more rigorous methods must be developed for a proper design of such operations. This paper presents an experimental and theoretical study on transient pigging operation.
An extensive experimental program was carried out to acquire two-phase transient flow and pigging data on a 420-m- [1,378-ft-] long, 77.9-mm- [3.068-in.-] diameter horizontal pipeline. A computer-based data-acquisition system was used to obtain detailed information of the flow behavior during the experimental runs. The data include measurements of the time variation of the liquid slug size ahead of the pig, flow rates during the slug delivery, pig velocity, and pressure and liquid holdup distributions. The data were acquired at four measurement stations installed along the pipeline.
A pigging model was developed for predicting the dynamics of a pigging operation. The model incorporates an improved simplified transient model that has been validated with the experimental data. A mixed Eulerean-Lagrangean approach was used to couple the transient model and the pigging model. The resulting computer simulator can predict the transient two-phase flow in a pipeline with or without pigging.
Engineering Document Enhancement Program Improves Facilities Specifications
Authors: Sargent G.L. , LaGrone K.B. , Wong Roy 
Published: December 2007

Summary
In 1990, the Engineering Document Enhancement Program (EDEP) project was initiated to improve the engineering guidelines used to prepare specifications for E&P facilities projects. The EDEP project mission was to assemble technical writing teams made up of facilities engineers from locations worldwide to create new engineering guides. After 2 years, new guides, plus 65 engineering tutorials and applicable industry standards, on CD-ROM are now available to engineers from their workstation desktops. The new system, also named EDEP, is globally implemented, ensuring that the construction of new E&P facilities are uniform in design; meet operating, safety, and environmental requirements; and are constructed at a lower cost.

Introduction
The E&P divisions use roughly 180 guides for preparing engineering specifications for oil and gas facilities. Traditionally, most of the specifications used were based on downstream and North Sea operations and required extensive modifications to meet local E&P requirements. In 1990, EDEP was initiated to update the engineering specification modification process by revising existing guides, creating new guides and associated data sheets, creating engineering tutorials, and cross-referencing industry standards. The EDEP software runs on UNIX-based workstations, giving engineers fingertip access to a complete on-line library of technical information.
Technical writing teams updated 151 of 180 EDEP guides. This required about 12 man-years of effort by technical specialists-about 22 writing teams per quarter for seven quarters. The remaining 29 guides taken from downstream operations were included in EDEP on an "as-is" basis and converted to electronic format. The project lasted 2 1/2years, from Jan. 1991 through June 1993, and cost roughly $6.9 million.

Guide System Design
The EDEP team consulted other companies to investigate solutions, rather than developing the entire guide system from scratch. Amoco Production Co.'s Engineering Specification Automation System (ESAS) was found to match EDEP's requirements closely and was purchased, with plans to revise it to meet any unique requirements. Much of the terminology, formatting, and linking for EDEP was derived from ESAS.
Similarly, the 28-module Facility Book ware Series was purchased from the Intl. Human Resource Development Corp. to create some of the engineering tutorials. These "off-the-shelf "tutorials were revised by Paragon Engineering Services and edited by company specialists before conversion into electronic format. Additionally, 37 tutorials on topics such as subsea, heavy oil, and noise control were written.
Interfacial Tension of Nitrogen/Volatile Oil Systems
Authors: Huijgens R. J. M. , Hagoort J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper presents interfacial tension (IFT) measurements of a nitrogen/volatile oil system at conditions that are typical for North-Sea oil reservoirs. The volatile oil is a well-defined three-component oil, which can be displaced by nitrogen in a developed miscible manner.
Using the pendant drop method, we have measured the IFT of the nitrogen/volatile oil system at four characteristic compositions at a constant temperature of 100°C and in the pressure range of 30 MPa to 40 MPa. For the analysis of the pendant drops we have used advanced image processing techniques. Depending on composition and pressure, we have measured IFTs as low as 0.05 mN/m with an accuracy less than 2%.
Predictions of the IFT of our fluid systems with the parachor method and with Lee & Chien's method show large deviations from the experimental values. At near-critical conditions, the nitrogen/volatile oil system behaves in accordance with critical scaling theories.
Economical Development of Small Isolated Fields
Authors: Edwards W. G. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
U.K. offshore oil supplies could be in decline in 10 years unless new methods and technology are developed to open fields that are uncommercial by conventional methods. Such technology is being developed, and much of it is aimed at pressure boosting subsea step-out fields to improve production rate and recovery over increasing distances to a host platform. This paper is concerned with the development of small isolated fields for which a new platform facility is not justified or where no suitable existing host platform is available.
The isolated-field production system described here comprises a two-stage subsea separator near the subsea well(s) from which production is tied in by flexible flowlines. Oil/water/gas separation is achieved at near atmosphere pressure, allowing safe loading of the "dead" crude into a tanker. The gas is flared at a surface buoy (directly above the separator unit) that also contains power generation and chemical injection facilities. Liquids are pumped to an offshore tanker-loading catenary anchor leg mooring (CALM) buoy, and then to the connected shuttle tanker. Control of the separator system is autonomous based on a programmable logic controller in the subsea control module, with commands and monitoring by an umbilical from a production center on the tanker.
A New Way to Compute Annular Friction Loss
Authors: Kotb A.K. 
Published: December 2007

Laminar flow of non-Newtonian fluids through an annular space is frequently encountered in drilling fluid circulation, cementing, formation fracturing, and water and sand control.
Theoretical solutions for various models (Bingham plastic, Power-law, Reiner-Ravlin, Rabinowitsch) describing the behavior of non-Newtonian fluids have been published. However, data have not been released to substantiate the results. Therefore the development of a new equation to compute friction losses in an annular space - and a comparison of the results with those of other equations derived by different approaches - is important.
The nature of non-Newtonian fluids remains controversial. Some authorities believe that the Bingham plastic model best describes all non-Newtonian fluids. Others disagree and think that most non-Newtonian fluids are best described by the Power-law model. Regardless of controversy, the Bingham plastic model is encountered rarely. This model applies more exactly in high-solids drilling fluids. Popularity of saltsaturated and low-solids drilling fluids, oil emulsion, inverted emulsion and oil base muds - as well as aqueous gels and gelled crude oils for hydraulic fracturing - has emphasized a need for the Power-law model.
Further controversy arose when some authorities proposed that the equation for flow of Bingham plastic fluid in a cylindrical pipe could be replaced in the equation by the hydraulic radius to describe flow in the annulus. Others pointed out that even for a simple Newtonian fluid, the substitution of the hydraulic radius in the cylindrical pipe equation would produce erratic results.
Analysis of Some Factors Related to Permissible Horizontal Motions of a Floating Drilling Vessel
Authors: Hansford John E. , Lubinski Arthur 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Horizontal vessel motions (drift, sway or surge) result in the bending of the drill-string members in the vicinity of the rotary-drive bushing at the vessel and at the blowout preventer close to the sea floor. Allowable horizontal vessel motions are calculated as a function of hookload, using both cumulative fatigue damage and drill-pipe strength as criteria for drilling and for pulling stuck pipe. The presently used rule limiting horizontal vessel motion to 5 percent of water depth is shown to be too restrictive in some cases and too lenient in others.

Introduction
When drilling from a floating vessel, the rotating drill string is subjected to fatigue damage caused by reversing stresses which arise from heave, roll, pitch and horizontal motions of the vessel. In Ref. pitch and horizontal motions of the vessel. In Ref. 1, the effect of drilling-vessel roll and pitch on the cumulative fatigue damage of the kelly and the first joint of drill pipe below the kelly are examined. As a continuation of that investigation, the present study covers the effect of horizontal motions of the vessel on the drill string. Horizontal departure from over the borehole may be oscillatory (sway or surge), static (drift), or most often, some combination of the two. An accepted limit of horizontal vessel motion of 5 percent of the water depth has been suggested mad percent of the water depth has been suggested mad frequently followed. In reality, the allowable motion is strongly influenced by the hookload. Motions greater than 5 percent of water depth are often permissible, and under some conditions, motions permissible, and under some conditions, motions should be limited to less than 5 percent of water depth. The purpose of this paper is to suggest maximum permissible motions imposed by drill-pipe fatigue damage and pipe strength, as a function of hookload.

IDEALIZED SYSTEMS
Fig. 1 shows an idealized system, highly exaggerated for explicitness. Although pipe bends are shown quite acute, bending stresses were properly defined mathematically. The pipe bending properly defined mathematically. The pipe bending at the rotary-drive bushing (labeled RDB in Fig. 1) is relieved in most cases by a gimbaled bushing and largely taken by the kelly, a more durable member. Therefore, the point of most severe damage is in the area of the blowout preventer rams (labeled BOP).
SPEJ
P. 229
Velocities of Compressional and Shear Waves in Zeolites: Heulandite and Stilbite
Authors: Limur A. 
Published: December 2007

In recent years, an increasing number of sedimentary rocks have been reported to contain zeolite minerals among their constituents. Due to their lower densities, zeolites interfere with the density log; hence, whenever their presence is recognized, proper corrections are made in the evaluation of porosity from the density log. Study of a similar question about the effect of zeolites in the evaluation of porosity from acoustic log measurements requires a knowledge of elastic wave velocities in zeolites. A literature search to find data on elastic wave velocities in zeolites proved fruitless; however, we were able to obtain two hand specimens of zeolites from Iceland. Through X-ray analysis and from optical properties, they were identified as heulandite and stilbite. The specimens were fragile; therefore, for convenience in handling during the measurements, they were cast in clear plastic. Each was machined to expose two opposite and parallel surfaces of about 2.5 cm in diameter in a convenient direction (Z), since the crystal axes could not be identified. In this manner, a heulandite sample of 13.828-mm thickness and a stilbite sample of 22.327-mm thickness were obtained for velocity measurements. To measure velocities of the compressional waves, these samples were placed between a pair of compressional wave transducers (280 kHz resonant frequency) in contact with the exposed surfaces. The travel times of the compressional wave pulses in the Z direction were measured by the ultrasonic measurement apparatus described in Ref. 2. The compressional velocities, obtained within 0.5 percent, are listed in Table 1. Heulandite and stilbite are known to have monoclinic structures;, therefore, they are expected to have velocity anisotropy, Since the samples were cast in epoxy, we could not obtain velocity information in the directions other than Z due to problems in mechanical handling of the samples. We were able, however, to obtain indications of anisotropy by changing orientation of the vibration direction of the shear waves.
P. 1099
Selective Matrix Acidizing of Horizontal Wells
Authors: da Motta E. P. , Hill A. D. , Sepehrnoori Kamy 
Published: December 2007

Summary
The PI of a horizontal well in an anisotropic medium is calculated during a process of partial acidization, in which damage removal occurs over only a fraction of the well length. Two numerical simulators are used in this work: an acidizing simulator, which calculates the permeability distribution around the wellbore; and a reservoir simulator, which calculates the PI of the well. By applying mathematical transformations, it is possible to reduce the acidizing model from a 2D to a 1D problem.
By comparing treatment results, it is possible to select the optimal volume of acid, injection rate, and fraction of the length to be acidized for each well. The same procedure also may be applied for vertical wells both with and without anisotropy.
Simulation results indicate that the application of a partial acidizing strategy reduces the total amount of acid required for significant improvement in well productivity, substantially reducing the financial, operational, and environmental risks involved in the treatment of a horizontal well. In most cases, the optimal injection rate for sandstone acidizing is the maximum rate that does not fracture the formation.
Adopting Object-Oriented Technology: A Case Study
Authors: Trythall Steve 
Published: December 2007

Summary
Interest in object orientation has surged in the last couple of years. A considerable number of groups have evaluated the technology; some have produced prototypes, and an increasing number have developed applications. A few groups have built significant applications frameworks, most notably the SPIRIT application framework developed by Shell Services in Houston. There are now nascent attempts to define a standard for object-oriented infrastructures with the Petrotechnical Open Software Corp. (POSC) community.
The Petroleum Science and Technology Inst. (PSTI) was one of the early adopters of this technology within the E&P industry. PSTI has been constructing a basin modeling toolbox using object-oriented technologies for the last 6 years. This paper introduces the techniques, describes our use of the technology within the Hedera project, and outlines our experience of the suitability of the techniques for use within the E&P industry.
Estimation of Well Permeability for Use in Single Phase Gas Reservoir Production Simulation
Authors: Joyner Hagan D. 
Published: December 2007

Of all of the reservoir data necessary for use in mathematical reservoir simulation, the permeability value is usually the least known and most difficult to obtain. A previously published correlation has been used in estimating permeability values for wells in a tight, single phase gas reservoir. These values were used in a mathematical model, along with other better known reservoir data, to match past performance and predict future performance of individual wells. predict future performance of individual wells. Reasonably satisfactory results were obtained with a minimum number of runs. Computer time is believed to be considerably less than that which would have been required if the correlation had not been available. There are several occasions when permeability values can be successfully estimated for simulation projects without benefit of individual well core projects without benefit of individual well core analysis or pressure test permeability data. The method described here involved use of a correlation presented as Fig. 2 (see Fig. 1) in paper SPE 1555 by L. E. Harlan. It is a log-log plot of adjusted absolute open flow, times 1,000, divided by initial shut-in tubing pressure squared vs known productive capacity (Keh) pressure squared vs known productive capacity (Keh) for 22 gas wells. The 22 data points are from "skin free" wells in carbonate, sand, and conglomerate reservoirs in four basin areas in the U. S. The paper describes adjusted absolute open flow as a well's calculated wellhead absolute open flow potential based on test data after 1 year of production. Justification for construction and application of the correlation is contained in the paper and will not be discussed here. The correlation was used in this study for estimating productive capacity (Keh) for 25 wells in the 2,033-well Blanco Mesaverde gas field in Northwest New Mexico. Adjusted absolute open flow for the wells was calculated from the New Mexico Oil Conservation Commission deliverability test taken 12 to 24 months after a well was placed on production. Permeability was obtained from the correlation-derived Permeability was obtained from the correlation-derived productive capacity through application of net productive capacity through application of net effective pay for a particular well. In the simulation work, predicted capacity was compared with actual capacity at a particular cumulative production point. For nearly all of the wells modeled, a satisfactory match was achieved without necessity of changing permeability.
P. 1389
Quadrature Solution for Waterflooding of Naturally Fractured Reservoirs
Authors: Civan Faruk 
Published: December 2007

Summary
An efficient solution for deSwaan's formulation of waterflooding in naturally fractured porous media by the quadrature method is presented. Comparisons of the analytic, finite difference, and quadrature solutions of the unit endpoint mobility ratio problem reveal that the quadrature solutions are more accurate and much more easily obtained than the finite difference solutions. The computational requirements of the nonlinear problem with capillary pressure included are comparable to that of the unit endpoint mobility ratio problem. The proposed mechanism of oil transfer from matrix to fracture indicates that the matrix-to-fracture transfer function is limited to two exponential terms. It is shown that the fracture medium capillary pressure has a small effect while the oil viscosity has a large effect in the oil recovery from naturally fractured reservoirs.