bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cost-Effectiveness of Free HIV Voluntary Counseling and Testing Through a Community-Based AIDS Service Organization in Northern Tanzania
Authors: Thielman Nathan M. , Chu Helen Y. , Ostermann Jan , Itemba Dafrosa K. , Mgonja Anna , Mtweve Sabina , Bartlett John A. , Shao John F. , Crump John A. 
Published: November 2005

Objectives. We evaluated the cost-effectiveness of fee-based and free testing strategies at an HIV voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) program integrated into a community-based AIDS service organization in Moshi, Tanzania. Methods. We waived the usual fee schedule during a 2-week free, advertised VCT campaign; analyzed the number of clients testing per day during prefree, free, and postfree testing periods; and estimated the cost-effectiveness of limited and sustained free testing strategies. Results. The number of clients testing per day increased from 4.1 during the prefree testing interval to 15.0 during the free testing campaign (P<.0001) and remained significantly increased at 7.1 (P<.0001) after resumption of the standard fees. HIV seroprevalence (16.7%) and risk behaviors were unchanged over these intervals. Modeled over 1 year, the costs per infection averted with the standard fee schedule, with a 2-week free VCT campaign, and with sustained free VCT year-round were $170, $105, and $92, respectively, and the costs per disability-adjusted life year gained were $8.72, $5.40, and $4.72, respectively. Conclusions. The provision of free VCT enhances both the number of clients testing per day and its cost-effectiveness in resource-limited settings.
Tobacco Industry Influence on Science and Scientists in Germany
Authors: Grüning Thilo , Gilmore Anna B. , McKee Martin 
Published: November 2005

Using tobacco industry documents, we examined how and why the tobacco industry sought to influence science and scientists in Germany as a possible factor in explaining the German opposition to stricter tobacco regulation. Smoking and health research programs were organized both separately by individual tobacco companies and jointly through their German trade organization. An extensive network of scientists and scientific institutions with tobacco industry links was developed. Science was distorted in 5 ways: suppression, dilution, distraction, concealment, and manipulation. The extent of tobacco industry influence over the scientific establishment in Germany is profound. The industry introduced serious bias that probably influenced scientific and public opinion in Germany. This influence likely undermined efforts to control tobacco use.
Socioeconomic Status and Cardiovascular Disease Among Men: The Korean National Health Service Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Song Yun-Mi , Ferrer Robert L. , Cho Sung-il , Sung Joohon , Ebrahim Shah , Davey Smith George 
Published: November 2005

Objectives. We examined the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and myocardial infarction and stroke subtypes, including the possible mediating influence of cardiovascular risk factors. Methods. We evaluated data on 578756 Korean male public servants aged 30 to 58 years from August 1, 1990, to July 31, 2001. Results. SES had inverse associations with mortality because of myocardial infarction and stroke subtypes, which were not changed by an adjustment for, or stratification by, cardiovascular risk factors. For nonfatal events, SES had positive, null, and inverse associations with myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, and hemorrhagic stroke, respectively. The association between SES and nonfatal myocardial infarction depended on the presence of risk factors and was positive only among men who had cardiovascular risk factors. Case-fatality after hospital admission for cardiovascular diagnoses was significantly lower among higher SES groups, even after risk factor adjustment. Conclusions. Inverse SES associations with cardiovascular diseases were not mediated by cardiovascular risk factors among men who were undergoing economic transition. Socioeconomically patterned access to medical care may partly explain these socioeconomic gradients.
Key Challenges to Achieving Health for All in an Inequitable Society: The Case of South Africa
Authors: Sanders David , Chopra Mickey 
Published: November 2005

The health inequalities in South Africa are rapidly worsening. Since 1994, the new democratic government has initiated a number of large-scale policies and programs with explicit pro-equity objectives that have improved access to health care and other social resources. However, these policies and programs have been constrained by macroeconomic policies that dictate fiscal restraint and give priority to technical rather than developmental considerations. We propose an approach to improving health for all that focuses on equity in the allocation of health resources. The implementation of pro-equity policies requires, in addition to technically efficacious interventions, both advocacy initiatives and communication with, and the involvement of, affected communities. The Cape Town Equity Gauge project is presented as one example of a response to the challenge of inequity.
Tobacco Control, Stigma, and Public Health: Rethinking the Relations
Authors: Bayer Ronald , Stuber Jennifer 
Published: November 2005

The AIDS epidemic has borne witness to the terrible burdens imposed by stigmatization and to the way in which marginalization could subvert the goals of HIV prevention. Out of that experience, and propelled by the linkage of public health and human rights, came the commonplace assertion that stigmatization was a retrograde force. Yet, strikingly, the antitobacco movement has fostered a social transformation that involves the stigmatization of smokers. Does this transformation represent a troubling outcome of efforts to limit tobacco use and its associated morbidity and mortality; an ineffective, counterproductive, and moralizing approach that leads to a dead end; or a signal of public health achievement? If the latter is the case, are there unacknowledged costs?
Minimum Purchasing Age for Alcohol and Traffic Crash Injuries Among 15- to 19-Year-Olds in New Zealand
Authors: Kypri Kypros , Voas Robert B. , Langley John D. , Stephenson Shaun C.R. , Begg Dorothy J. , Tippetts A. Scott , Davie Gabrielle S. 
Published: November 2005

Objectives. In 1999, New Zealand lowered the minimum purchasing age for alcohol from 20 to 18 years. We tested the hypothesis that this increased traffic crash injuries among 15- to 19-year-olds. Methods. Poisson regression was used to compute incidence rate ratios for the after to before incidence of alcohol-involved crashes and hospitalized injuries among 18- to 19-year-olds and 15- to 17-year-olds (20- to 24-year-olds were the reference). Results. Among young men, the ratio of the alcohol-involved crash rate after the law change to the period before was 12% larger (95% confidence interval [CI]=1.00, 1.25) for 18- to 19-year-olds and 14% larger (95% CI=1.01, 1.30) for 15- to 17-year-olds, relative to 20- to 24-year-olds. Among young women, the equivalent ratios were 51% larger (95% CI=1.17, 1.94) for 18- to 19-year-olds and 24% larger (95% CI=0.96, 1.59) for 15- to 17-year-olds. A similar pattern was observed for hospitalized injuries. Conclusions. Significantly more alcohol-involved crashes occurred among 15-to 19-year-olds than would have occurred had the purchase age not been reduced to 18 years. The effect size for 18- to 19-year-olds is remarkable given the legal exceptions to the pre-1999 law and its poor enforcement.
Fluorescence‐Based Sorting of Neural Stem Cells and Progenitors
Authors: Maric Dragan , Barker Jeffery L. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractNeural stem cells (NSCs) are defined as undifferentiated cells originating from the neuroectoderm that have the capacity both to perpetually self‐renew without differentiating and to generate multiple types of lineage‐restricted progenitors (LRPs). LRPs can themselves undergo limited self‐renewal and ultimately differentiate into highly specialized cells that make up the nervous system. However, this physiologically delimited definition of NSCs and LRPs has become increasingly blurred due to lack of protocols for effectively separating these types of cells from primary tissues. This unit discusses recent attempts using fluorescence‐activated cell sorting (FACS) strategies to prospectively isolate NSCs from different types of LRPs as they appear in vivo, and details a protocol that optimally attains this goal. Thus, the strategy presented here provides a framework for more precise studies of NSC and LRP cell biology in the future, which can be applied to all vertebrates, including humans.
Cover Picture: DNA‐Templated Silver Nanorings (Adv. Mater. 23/2005)
Authors: Zinchenko A. A. , Yoshikawa K. , Baigl D. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe cover shows that toroidal condensates of duplex DNA can be used as templates for facile preparation of monodisperse nanorings of noble metals. In the work by Zinchenko and co‐workers, reported on p. 2820, conformational transition of long DNA chains from elongated coils into compact toroidal condensates changes the manner of reduced silver deposition, from DNA chain metallization with nanoparticles to the formation of silver rings. A one‐pot, three‐step, simple preparation method leads to formation of well‐defined monodisperse silver nanorings (100 nm in diameter) dispersed in water.
Inside Front Cover: Tailoring Cell Adhesion Using Surface‐Grafted Polymer Gradient Assemblies (Adv. Mater. 23/2005)
Authors: Bhat R. R. , Chaney B. N. , Rowley J. , Liebmann‐Vinson A. , Genzer J. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractA three‐step approach to tailor cell adhesion via surface‐grafted polymer gradients is shown in this image from the work of Genzer and co‐workers on p. 2802. Surface‐anchored polymer assemblies with gradients in polymer molecular weight and/or grafting density are first employed to tailor adsorption of the protein, which in turn governs the number density as well as the extent of spreading of osteoblastic cells. Increasing the surface coverage of the polymer results in a decrease in the amount of protein adsorbed, which causes a decrease in the number of cells adhered and a change in cell morphology.
Associations between Carabelli trait and cusp areas in human permanent maxillary first molars
Authors: Kondo Shintaro , Townsend Grant C. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractFew dental anthropological studies have investigated the associations between tooth crown size and crown traits in humans using quantitative methods. We tested several hypotheses about overall crown size, individual cusp areas, and expression of Carabelli cusps in human permanent first molars by obtaining data from standardized occlusal photographs of 308 Australians of European descent (171 males and 137 females). Specifically, we aimed to calculate the areas of the four main molar cusps, and also Carabelli cusp, and to compare the relative variability of cusp areas in relation to timing of development. We also aimed to compare cusp areas between males and females and to describe how Carabelli cusp interacted with other molar cusps. Measurements included maximum crown diameters (mesiodistal and buccolingual crown diameters), the areas of the four main cusps, and the area of Carabelli cusp. The pattern of relative variability in absolute areas of molar cusps corresponded with their order of formation, the first‐forming paracone displaying the least variation, and the last‐forming Carabelli cusp showing the greatest. Overall crown size and areas of individual cusps all showed sexual dimorphism, with values in males exceeding those in females. Sexual dimorphism was smallest for paracone area and greatest for Carabelli cusp area. Overall crown size and cusp areas were larger in individuals displaying a Carabelli cusp, especially the hypocone area. Although the combined area of the protocone and a Carabelli cusp was greater in cuspal forms than noncuspal forms, protocone area alone was significantly smaller in the former. Our findings lead us to propose that, in individuals with the genotype for Carabelli trait expression, larger molar crowns are more likely to display Carabelli cusps, whereas molars with smaller crowns are more likely to display reduced forms of expression of the trait. We suggest that the pattern of folding of the internal enamel epithelium in developing molar crowns, particularly in the protocone region, can be modified by a developing Carabelli cusp. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of the interaction between high altitude and socioeconomic factors on birth weight in a large sample from South America
Authors: López Camelo Jorge S. , Campaña Hebe , Santos Rita , Poletta Fernando A. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractSeveral studies of South American populations showed that altitude is associated with low birth weight and intrauterine growth retardation. Although some of them analyzed the altitude‐birth weight association, only a few assessed the effect of the interaction between altitude and socioeconomic factors on birth weight. The purpose of this research is to evaluate such effects on birth weight, after adjustment for confounding factors. This observational descriptive study includes a sample of 37,022 live‐born infants without congenital anomalies, weighing ≥500 g, from 75 South American maternity hospitals, during 1982–1999. Of the total sample, 1,187 infants were born in two South American cities located at more than 2,000‐m altitude: La Paz, Bolivia (N = 974 at 3,600 m) and Bogota, Colombia (N = 274 at 2,600 m). Among the seven risk factors analyzed, altitude was the main predictor of birth weight (except for gestational age). After adjustment for the other risk factors, birth weight at cities located above 2,000 m showed a decrease of approximately 200 g. When comparing highest and lowest socioeconomic levels, birth weight also showed differences for levels of altitude analyzed (lowland, <2,000 m; middle land, 2,600 m; and highland, 3,600 m). Interaction between both factors showed no effect. High altitude seems to act independent of socioeconomic status in explaining birth weight reduction. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preliminary observations on the calcaneal trabecular microarchitecture of extant large‐bodied hominoids
Authors: Maga Murat , Kappelman John , Ryan Timothy M. , Ketcham Richard A. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractIn this pilot study, we point out potential differences between calcaneal trabecular microarchitecture in humans and nonhuman large apes, such as increased degree of anisotropy, reduced bone volume fraction, and very stereotypical orientation of the trabeculae. Even though sample size does not permit us to investigate the issue statistically, the observed differences between humans and other hominoids warrants further in‐depth investigation. We also show that some measurements of the trabecular network might be dependent on sampling density, which can be difficult to deal with in the case of animals of different body masses. We also present a new visualization technique that summarizes the trabecular network orientation, and makes it more readily interpretable than the summary statistics of the underlying fabric tensor of the orientation matrix. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Microsatellite diversity reveals the interplay of language and geography in shaping genetic differentiation of diverse Proto‐Australoid populations of west‐central India
Authors: Gaikwad Sonali , Vasulu T.S. , Kashyap V.K. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractMicrosatellite diversity was analyzed in four Proto‐Australoid tribes, including Indo‐European (Marathi)‐speaking Katkari, Pawara, Mahadeo‐Koli, and Dravidian (Gondi)‐speaking groups of Maharashtra, west‐central India, to understand their genetic structure and to identify the congruence between language and gene pool. Allele frequency data at 15 short tandem repeat (STR) loci in studied tribes was compared with data of 22 Indo‐European‐ and Dravidian‐speaking caste and tribal populations using heterozygosity, allele size variance, analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA), GST estimate, PC plot, and Mantel correlation test. Our results demonstrate that “Gondi” tribes comprising the Madia‐Gond, a hunter‐gatherer population, and the agriculturist Dheria‐Gond harbor lower diversity than “Marathi” tribal groups, which are culturally and genetically distinct. Katkari, a hunter‐gatherer tribe, showed greater diversity and the presence of a large number of unique alleles, genetically distinct from all others except the Pawara, supporting their old cultural links. The agriculturist Pawara tribe represents a splinter subgroup of the Bhil tribe and has experienced gene flow. The Mahadeo‐Koli, an agriculturally oriented tribe, displayed significant heterozygote deficiency, attributable to the practice of high endogamy. The Proto‐Australoid tribal populations were genetically differentiated from castes of similar morphology, suggesting different evolutionary mechanisms operating upon the populations. The populations showed genetic and linguistic similarity, barring a few groups with varied migratory histories. The microsatellite variation clearly demonstrates the interplay of sociocultural factors including linguistic, geographical contiguity, and microevolutionary processes in shaping the genetic diversity of populations in contemporary India. This study supports the ethno‐historical relationships of Indian populations. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Phenotypic evolution of human craniofacial morphology after admixture: A geometric morphometrics approach
Authors: Martínez‐Abadías Neus , González‐José Rolando , González‐Martín Antonio , Van der Molen Silvina , Talavera Arturo , Hernández Patricia , Hernández Miquel 
Published: December 2005

AbstractAn evolutionary, diachronic approach to the phenotypic craniofacial pattern arisen in a human population after high levels of admixture and gene flow was achieved by means of geometric morphometrics. Admixture has long been studied after molecular data. Nevertheless, few efforts have been made to explain the morphological outcome in human craniofacial samples. The Spanish‐Amerindian contact can be considered a good scenario for such an analysis. Here we present a comparative analysis of craniofacial shape changes observed between two putative ancestor groups, Spanish and precontact Aztecs, and two diachronic admixed groups, corresponding to early and late colonial periods from the Mexico's Central Valley. Quantitative shape comparisons of Amerindian, Spanish, and admixed groups were used to test the expectations of quantitative genetics for admixture events. In its simplest form, this prediction states that an admixed group will present phenotypic values falling between those of both parental groups. Results show that, in general terms, although the human skull is a complex, integrated structure, the craniofacial morphology observed fits the theoretical expectations of quantitative genetics. Thus, it is predictive of population structure and history. In fact, results obtained after the craniofacial analysis are in accordance with previous molecular and historical interpretations, providing evidence that admixture is a main microevolutionary agent influencing modern Mexican gene pool. However, expectations are not straightforward when moderate shape changes are considered. Deviations detected at localized structures, such as the upper and lower face, highlight the evolution of a craniofacial pattern exclusively inherent to the admixed groups, indicating that quantitative characters might respond to admixture in a complicated, nondirectional way. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2006 © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Technical note: Out‐of‐plane angular correction based on a trigonometric function for use in two‐dimensional kinematic studies
Authors: Stevens Nancy J. , Schmitt Daniel O. , Cole Theodore M. , Chan Lap‐Ki 
Published: December 2005

AbstractIn two‐dimensional (2D) kinematic studies, limb positions in three‐dimensional (3D) space observed in lateral view are projected onto a 2D film plane. Elbow and knee‐joint angles that are less than 20° out‐of‐plane of lateral‐view cameras generally exhibit very little measurable difference from their 3D counterparts (Plagenhoef 1979 Environment, Behavior, and Morphology; New York: Gustav Fisher, p. 95–118). However, when limb segment angles are more than 20° out‐of‐plane, as is often the case in locomotor studies of arboreal primates, elbow and knee angles can appear significantly more extended than they actually are. For this reason, a methodology is described that corrects 2D out‐of‐plane angular estimates using a series of trigonometric transformations. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Regulation of anti–cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis: Contrasting effects of HLA–DR3 and the shared epitope alleles
Authors: Irigoyen Patricia , Lee Annette T. , Wener Mark H. , Li Wentian , Kern Marlena , Batliwalla Franak , Lum Raymond F. , Massarotti Elena , Weisman Michael , Bombardier Claire , Remmers Elaine F. , Kastner Daniel L. , Seldin Michael F. , Criswell Lindsey A. , Gregersen Peter K. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the association between HLA–DRB1 alleles and the production of anti–cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti‐CCP) and rheumatoid factor (RF) autoantibodies in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).MethodsWe studied 1,723 Caucasian RA patients enrolled in the North American Rheumatoid Arthritis Consortium (NARAC) family cohort and the Study of New Onset Rheumatoid Arthritis (SONORA) cohort. All patients were tested for anti‐CCP antibodies (by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay), RF (by nephelometry), and HLA–DR genotype (by polymerase chain reaction and sequence‐specific oligonucleotide hybridization).ResultsWhen controlled for the presence of RF, anti‐CCP positivity was strongly associated with the HLA–DRB1 shared epitope (SE). In RF+ patients, the presence of the SE was very significantly associated with anti‐CCP positivity, with an odds ratio (OR) of 5.8 and a 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of 4.1–8.3. This relationship was also seen in RF– patients (OR 3.1 [95% CI 1.8–5.3]). In contrast, RF positivity was not significantly associated with presence of the SE independently of anti‐CCP antibodies. Strikingly, HLA–DRB1*03 was strongly associated with reduced anti‐CCP titers, even after controlling for the presence of the SE and restricting the analysis to anti‐CCP+ patients. HLA–DR3 was also associated with anti‐CCP– RA in our population.ConclusionThe HLA–DRB1 SE is strongly associated with the production of anti‐CCP antibodies, but not RF. In contrast, HLA–DR3 alleles are associated with anti‐CCP– disease and with lower levels of anti‐CCP antibodies, even when controlling for the SE. These data emphasize the complexity of the genetic effects of the major histocompatibility complex on the RA phenotype.