bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long‐term treatment with botulinum toxin type A in cervical dystonia has low immunogenicity by mouse protection assay
Authors: Brin Mitchell F. , Comella Cynthia L. , Jankovic Joseph , Lai Francis , Naumann Markus 
Published: June 2008

AbstractTo evaluate the immunogenicity of botulinum toxin type A (BoNTA; BOTOX) in cervical dystonia (CD). Subjects diagnosed with CD for ≥1 year and previously naïve to BoNTs were treated with BoNTA in a prospective, open‐label, multicenter study. Serum samples were analyzed for BoNTA neutralizing antibodies using the Mouse Protection Assay (MPA). Clinical resistance was assessed with a test injection of 20 U BoNTA placed unilaterally into the frontalis (Frontalis Antibody Test; FTAT) or corrugator muscle (Unilateral Brow Injection; UBI). Efficacy was assessed and adverse events were recorded. Of 326 subjects enrolled, 251 (77%) completed the study. Subjects received a median of 9 BoNTA treatments (mean dose per session ranged from 148.4 to 213.0 U over a mean of 2.5 years [range: 3.2 months–4.2 years]). Only 4 of 326 subjects (1.2%) tested positive for antibodies in the MPA; three of these subjects stopped responding clinically to BoNTA (of whom one also showed clinical resistance in the FTAT) and one continued to respond. Consistent improvements in the signs/symptoms of CD were noted. The most frequent treatment‐related adverse events were mild to moderate weakness, dysphagia, neck pain, and injection‐site pain. The current formulation of BoNTA rarely causes neutralizing antibody formation in CD subjects treated ≤4 years. © 2008 Movement Disorder Society
Entacapone improves absorption of a coadministered salt in patients with Parkinson's disease
Authors: Müller Thomas , Woitalla Dirk , Goetze Oliver , Erdmann Christoph 
Published: June 2008

AbstractEntacapone (EN) improves the efficacy of levodopa/dopadecarboxylase inhibitor (LD/DDI) formulations by inhibition of the enzyme catechol‐O‐methyltransferase (COMT). COMT inhibition also promotes the synthesis of basic LD metabolites, whereas DDI support the composition of acidic LD derivatives. LD metabolism correlates to the one of 13C‐sodium‐octanoate, which is employed in breath tests to measure gastric emptying velocity. Objectives were to investigate the impact of COMT inhibition on the recovery rate of 13C‐sodium‐octanoate in parkinsonian patients, who received first 100 mg LD/Carbidopa (CD) and the next day 100 mg LD/CD/EN combined with 13C‐sodium‐octanoate in each case. The recovery rate of 13C‐sodium‐octanoate was significant higher during the LD/CD/EN–compared with the LD/CD condition. COMT inhibition combined with LD/DDI improves absorption of a co‐administered salt probably due to a COMT inhibition induced basic environment in gastrointestinal membranes. This improves dissolution and absorption of acids and salts. Thus it may enhance absorption of LD itself. © 2008 Movement Disorder Society
Transgenic medaka enables easy oocytes detection in live fish
Authors: Kinoshita Masato , Okamoto Gensei , Hirata Takashi , Shinomiya Ai , Kobayashi Tohru , Kubo Yuko , Hori Hiroshi , Kanamori Akira 
Published: June 2008

AbstractEasy oocyte detection in living specimens benefits various developmental biology and environmental toxicology studies. One of the earliest markers of sex differentiation in medaka (Oryzias latipes) is oocyte development. Within the field of toxicology, a simple detection method for induced oocyte in the testis (testis‐ova) as a result of endocrine disruption is necessary. In this study we produced transgenic medaka whose oocytes were labeled with fluorescent proteins using the regulatory region of the 42Sp50 gene, an isoform of polypeptide elongation 1‐alpha. Short (201 nt) 5′‐ and 3′‐flanking regions were sufficient for reporter gene expression. GFP expression was first observed in female germ cells approximately 5 days post‐hatching. In the mature ovaries, germ cells showed such intense fluorescence that the fluorescence was observed from outside the body wall. In contrast, very faint fluorescence was observed in the mature testes. Testis‐ova, oocytes artificially induced in the testes, were also labeled with GFP. These findings indicate through the use of transgenic medaka, that detection of female germ cells was straightforward and this transgenic medaka model proves useful for tracking female germ cells in developmental and toxicological studies. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 76: 202–207, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Meta‐analysis of the effects of exercise interventions on functional status in older adults
Authors: Gu Mee Ock , Conn Vicki S. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractA meta‐analysis was conducted to quantify the impact of exercise interventions on the functional status of older adults. Searches of Medline and CINAHL databases revealed 19 randomized controlled trials reporting 30 interventions (n = 2,201). Fixed‐ and random‐effects models were used to estimate overall mean effect sizes (ESs) for functional and physical performance outcomes and activities of daily living (ADL). Modest but statistically significant ESs were found for functional performance and physical performance but not for ADL. Exercise improved functional and physical performance but the improvement may be insufficient to have an impact on ADL. Further studies are needed to determine exercise's effects on ADL and to identify moderators associated with functional status outcomes in older adults. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 31:594–603, 2008
The dynamics of poverty in the United States: A review of data, methods, and findings
Authors: Cellini Stephanie Riegg , McKernan Signe‐Mary , Ratcliffe Caroline 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThis paper reviews the literature on poverty dynamics in the U.S. It surveys the most prevalent data, theories, and methods used to answer three key questions: How likely are people to enter, exit, and reenter poverty? How long do people remain in poverty? And what events are associated with entering and exiting poverty? The paper then analyzes the combined findings of the literature, discussing overarching patterns of poverty dynamics, differences among demographic groups, and how poverty probabilities, duration, and events have changed over time. We conclude with a discussion of the policy implications of these findings and avenues for future research. © 2008 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
Marriage patterns among unwed mothers: Before and after PRWORA
Authors: Graefe Deborah Roempke , Lichter Daniel T. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe promotion of marriage and two‐parent families became an explicit public policy goal with the passage of the 1996 welfare reform bill. Marriage has the putative effect of reducing welfare dependency among single mothers, but only if they marry men with earnings sufficient to lift them and their children out of poverty. Newly released data from the 2002 cycle of the National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG), along with data from the 1995 cycle, allow us to compare pre‐ and post‐PRWORA differences in (1) cumulative marriage rates among unwed mothers, and (2) patterns of marital choice (that is, differences in characteristics of the men these mothers marry, such as their education and employment status). Overall, our results show that unwed childbearing is associated with lower marriage rates and marital quality. Difference‐in‐difference models show that welfare reform was not strongly associated with pre‐ and post‐welfare reform changes in marriage among nonmarital birth mothers, even among the most disadvantaged mothers. Compared with other women, nonmarital birth mothers also were less likely than other women to marry “economically attractive” men in the post‐welfare reform period. The success of marriage promotion initiatives may depend heavily on whether women themselves are “marriageable” and whether potential spouses have the ability to support a stable family life. © 2008 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
The effects of an employer subsidy on employment outcomes: A study of the work opportunity and welfare‐to‐work tax credits
Authors: Hamersma Sarah 
Published: June 2008

AbstractEmployer subsidies such as the Work Opportunity Tax Credit (WOTC) and the Welfare‐to‐Work Tax Credit (WtW) are designed to encourage employment by partially reimbursing employers for wages paid to certain welfare recipients and other disadvantaged workers. In this paper, I examine the effects of these subsidies on employment, wages, and job tenure using unique administrative data from Wisconsin. My ability to precisely identify the subsidy‐certified workers allows me to distinguish the effects of program participation from mere eligibility. Using propensity score matching estimation, I find some evidence of short‐term improvements in labor market outcomes, but little evidence of sustained benefits. © 2008 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
Nanofiller‐reinforced polymer nanocomposites
Authors: Njuguna J. , Pielichowski K. , Desai S. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractIn this work, the technology of nano‐ and micro‐scale particle reinforcement concerning various polymeric fiber‐reinforced systems including polyamides (PAs), polyesters, polyurethanes (PUs), polypropylenes
(pps), and high‐performance/temperature engineering polymers such as polyimide (PI), poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK), polyarylacetylene (PAA), and poly p‐phenylene benzobisoxazole (PBO) is reviewed. When the diameters of polymer fiber materials are shrunk from micrometers to submicrons or nanometers, there appear several unique characteristics such as very large surface area to volume ratio (this ratio for a nanofiber can be as large as 103 times of that of a microfiber), flexibility in surface functionalities and superior mechanical performance (such as stiffness and tensile strength) compared to any other known form of the material. While nanoparticle reinforcement of fiber‐reinforced composites has been shown to be a possibility, much work remains to be performed in order to understand how nanoreinforcement results in dramatic changes in material properties. The understanding of these phenomena will facilitate their extension to the reinforcement of more complicated anisotropic structures and advanced polymeric composite systems. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of ω‐anthracenyl‐functionalized soluble polyphenylene: effect of the end‐group on optical and electrical properties
Authors: Natori Itaru , Natori Shizue , Sasaki Shiori , Sekikawa Hiroyuki , Sato Hisaya 
Published: June 2008

Abstractω‐Anthracenyl‐functionalized soluble polyphenylene (AN‐SPP) with a well‐controlled polymer chain was synthesized. The optical and electrical properties were strongly affected by the anthracenyl end‐group. The UV absorption and photoluminescence emission were enhanced and shifted toward the longer wavelength region in comparison to that of soluble polyphenylene. The optical band gap energies of the main chain and the anthracenyl end‐group were 3.15 and 3.89 eV, respectively. The highest occupied molecular orbital/lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy levels of the main chain and the anthracenyl end‐group of AN‐SPP were −4.98/−1.81 eV and −7.25/−3.36 eV, respectively. The current–voltage characteristics of AN‐SPP were controllable by the presence of the anthracenyl end‐group. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Photo‐induced polymerization of methyl methacrylate/cyclodextrin complex in aqueous solution
Authors: Deng Jianping , Wu Zhilin , He Qinxiong , Yang Wantai 
Published: June 2008

AbstractPolymerization of hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin (HP‐β‐CD) complex of methyl methacrylate (MMA) (MMA/HP‐β‐CD) was carried out under UV irradiation in aqueous solution with Irgacure 2959 (4‐(2‐hydroxyethoxy)phenyl‐(2‐hydroxy‐2‐propyl)ketone) as a photoinitiator at room temperature. The effects of some principal factors, including UV irradiation intensity, initiator concentration, and the ratio of HP‐β‐CD to MMA, on the polymerization were investigated in detail. Compared to the corresponding thermal polymerization, photo‐induced polymerization of the MMA/HP‐β‐CD complex could be accomplished at a higher speed; the polymerization conversion in photo‐induced polymerization reached 94% within 30 min, while it was only 62% for the thermal polymerization of 16 hr at 70°C. The number‐average molecular weight (Mn) and polymerization conversion decreased with the increase in UV intensity and initiator concentration. The resulting PMMA precipitated spontaneously from the solution during polymerization in the absence of any precipitator. About 95 wt% of the HP‐β‐CD remained in the solution after polymerization and the reusability of the residual HP‐β‐CD was experimentally demonstrated. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐temperature and high‐pressure ethylene polymerization using a cationic activated metallocene catalytic system
Authors: de Oliveira Otanéa Brito , Brandão Soraia Teixeira , de Freitas Alan John Duarte , da Silva Eleny Pires , Meneghetti Simoni Margareti Plentz , Meneghetti Mario Roberto 
Published: June 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND: Normally, olefin polymerization via metallocene‐based catalysis occurs under mild conditions. However, most technology developed for polyolefin production is designed for more severe temperature and pressure processes. Attaining more thermally stable metallocene systems for industrial applications is an important challenge for researchers.RESULTS: A systematic study of ethylene homopolymerization at higher temperatures and pressures, employing the ternary system Ph2C(Cp)(Flu)ZrCl2/PhNHMe2B(C6F5)4/(i‐Bu)3Al, is presented The optimal activity for this system is achieved with a Zr/B/Al molar ratio of 1/6/250 and a temperatures of around 130 °C. However, the amount of activator strongly affects the molecular weight and the polydispersity of the polymers produced. Polyethylene produced with Zr/B/Al molar ratios between 1/2/250 and 1/6/250 show no significant difference in their temperature of fusion (Tm) and their crystallinity (Xc). In contrast, in the presence of activator amounts higher than 1/6/250, both the temperature of fusion and polymer crystallinity undergo a steep decrease. All polymers presented lamellar morphology when the activator was present, and an amorphous aspect when the activator was not employed.CONCLUSION: The presence of the activator is essential for thermal stabilization of the catalytic system. Variation of the Zr/B/Al ratio leads to modifications of the catalytic activity as well as to the properties of the polymers synthesized. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Articles published in four school psychology journals from 2000 to 2005: An analysis of experimental/intervention research
Authors: Bliss Stacy L. , Skinner Christopher H. , Hautau Briana , Carroll Erin E. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractUsing an experimenter‐developed system, articles from four school psychology journals for the years 2000–2005 (n = 929) were classified. Results showed that 40% of the articles were narrative, 29% correlational, 16% descriptive, 8% causal‐experimental, 4% causal‐comparative, and 2% were meta‐analytic. Further analysis of the causal‐experimental studies suggested that both single‐subject and group designs were used to evaluate the effects of interventions delivered in schools (setting data) that improved students' (participant data) academic and/or social behaviors (target behavior data). Although results show that these journals are publishing few experimental studies, the experiments that are published appear to be derived from field‐based research evaluating interventions that readers may find useful for remedying problems in school settings. Discussion focuses on factors that may limit experimental studies and recent trends in education and school psychology. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Proteomic investigation of amino acid catabolism in the indigenous gut anaerobe Fusobacterium varium
Authors: Potrykus Joanna , White Robert L. , Bearne Stephen L. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe butyrate‐producing anaerobe Fusobacterium varium is an integral constituent of human gut microflora. Unlike many gut microorganisms, F. varium is capable of fermenting both amino acids and glucose. Although F. varium has been implicated in beneficial as well as pathological bacterium–host interactions, its genome has not been sequenced. To obtain a better understanding of the metabolic processes associated with amino acid fermentation by F. varium, we used a gel‐based proteomic approach to examine the changes in the soluble proteome accompanying the utilization of eight different growth substrates: glucose, L‐ and D‐glutamate, L‐histidine, L‐ and D‐lysine, and L‐ and D‐serine. Using LC‐MS/MS to analyze ˜25% of the detected protein spots, we were able to identify 47 distinct proteins. While the intracellular concentrations of enzymes characteristic of a catabolic pathway for a specific amino acid were selectively increased in response to the presence of an excess of that amino acid in the growth medium, the concentrations of the core acetate–butyrate pathway enzymes remained relatively constant. Our analysis revealed (i) high intracellular concentrations of glutamate mutase and β‐methylaspartate ammonia‐lyase under all growth conditions, underscoring the importance of the methylaspartate pathway of glutamate catabolism in F. varium (ii) the presence of two enzymes of the hydroxyglutarate pathway of glutamate degradation in the proteome of F. varium ((R)‐2‐hydroxyglutaryl‐CoA dehydratase and NAD‐specific glutamate dehydrogenase) specifically when L‐glutamate was the main energy source (iii) the presence of genes in the genome of F. varium encoding each of the enzymes of the hydroxyglutarate pathway (iv) the presence of both L‐ and D‐serine ammonia‐lyases (dehydratases) which permit F. varium to thrive on either L‐ or D‐serine, respectively, and (v) the presence of aspartate‐semialdehyde dehydrogenase and dihydrodipicolinate synthase, consistent with the ability of F. varium to synthesize meso‐2,6‐diaminopimelic acid as a component of its peptidoglycan. Proteins involved in other cellular processes, including oxidation–reduction reactions, protein synthesis and turnover, and transport were also identified.
Proteomic profiling of CHO cells with enhanced rhBMP‐2 productivity following co‐expression of PACEsol
Authors: Meleady Paula , Henry Michael , Gammell Patrick , Doolan Padraig , Sinacore Martin , Melville Mark , Francullo Linda , Leonard Mark , Charlebois Timothy , Clynes Martin 
Published: June 2008

AbstractChinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are widely used for the production of recombinant protein biopharmaceuticals. The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in the proteome of CHO DUKX cells expressing recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (rhBMP‐2) (G5 cells) compared to cells also expressing soluble exogenous paired basic amino acid cleaving enzyme soluble paired basic amino acid cleaving enzyme (PACEsol) (3C9 cells), which has been previously found to improve the post‐translational processing of the mature rhBMP‐2 dimer. PACEsol co‐expression was also associated with a significant increase (almost four‐fold) in cellular productivity of rhBMP‐2 protein. Differential proteomic expression profiling using 2‐D DIGE and MALDI‐TOF MS was performed to compare 3C9 and G5 cells, and revealed a list of 60 proteins that showed differential expression (up/downregulated), with a variety of different cellular functions. A substantial number of these altered proteins were found to have chaperone activity, involved with protein folding, assembly and secretion, as well as a number of proteins involved in protein translation. These results support the use of proteomic profiling as a valuable tool towards understanding the biology of bioprocess cultures.
Proteomics in Trypanosoma cruzi – localization of novel proteins to various organelles
Authors: Ferella Marcela , Nilsson Daniel , Darban Hamid , Rodrigues Claudia , Bontempi Esteban J. , Docampo Roberto , Andersson Björn 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe completion of the genome sequence of Trypanosoma cruzi has been followed by several studies of protein expression, with the long‐term aim to obtain a complete picture of the parasite proteome. We report a proteomic analysis of an organellar cell fraction from T. cruzi CL Brener epimastigotes. A total of 396 proteins were identified by LC‐MS/MS. Of these, 138 were annotated as hypothetical in the genome databases and the rest could be assigned to several metabolic and biosynthetic pathways, transport, and structural functions. Comparative analysis with a whole cell proteome study resulted in the validation of the expression of 173 additional proteins. Of these, 38 proteins previously reported in other stages were not found in the only large‐scale study of the total epimastigote stage proteome. A selected set of identified proteins was analyzed further to investigate gene copy number, sequence variation, transmembrane domains, and targeting signals. The genes were cloned and the proteins expressed with a c‐myc epitope tag in T. cruzi epimastigotes. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed the localization of these proteins in different cellular compartments such as ER, acidocalcisome, mitochondrion, and putative cytoplasmic transport or delivery vesicles. The results demonstrate that the use of enriched subcellular fractions allows the detection of T. cruzi proteins that are undetected by whole cell proteomic methods.
Immunoproteomic analysis of the protective response obtained from vaccination with Candida albicans ecm33 cell wall mutant in mice
Authors: Martínez‐López Raquel , Nombela César , Diez‐Orejas Rosalía , Monteoliva Lucía , Gil Concha 
Published: June 2008

AbstractSystemic candidiasis remains a major cause of disease and death, particularly among immunocompromised patients. The cell wall of Candida albicans defines the interface between host and pathogen and surface proteins are major elicitors of host immune responses during candidiasis. The C. albicans ecm33 mutant (RML2U) presents an altered cell wall, which entails an increase in the outermost protein layer. Vaccination of BALB/c mice with RML2U mutant protected them from a subsequent lethal infection with virulent strain SC5314 in a systemic candidiasis model. Using immunoproteomics (2‐DE followed by Immunoblotting) we detected 29 immunoreactive proteins specifically recognized by antibodies from vaccinated mice sera, six of which are described as immunogenic for the first time (Gnd1p, Cit1p, Rpl10Ep, Yst1p, Cys4p, Efb1p). Furthermore, identification of wild type and mutant cell surface proteome (surfome), confirmed us that the mutant surfome presented a larger number of proteins than the wild type. Interestingly, proteins exclusively identified in the mutant surfome (Met6p, Eft2p, Tkl1p, Rpl10Ep, Atp1p, Atp2p) were also detected as immunogenic, supporting the idea that their surface location enhances their immunoprotective capacity.