bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Zero Discharge Strategy on Water Quality, A Case Study in Minas OU
Authors: Santoso E. A. , Fanandi A. , Nasoetion S. , Moersidik S. S. , Hamzah U. S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Discovered in 1944 and placed on production in 1952, the Minas Field has produced 4.25 billion barrels of oil to date (47% recovery). Current production average is 126 MBOPD with 5,200 MBWPD. This huge volume of water needs to be managed effectively because its potential environmental impact and water handling cost. These two reasons triggered the need of extensive water management program.
The water management programs in Minas are divided on surface and subsurface strategy. The surface strategy emphasizes more on avoiding any environmental impact. Starting on late 1995 "Zero Water Discharge" program was implemented by means of re-injecting all of produced water from all 6 (six) gathering stations. The subsurface activities emphasize on reducing water production, which is unavoidable process in oil industry. In early 2000, the subsurface strategy of limited open sand perforation was implemented and is able to flattening oil production decline while also reducing water production significantly.
This paper describes the strategy of the Minas Operating Unit (OU) on surface and subsurface activities on continuing its effort on handling its produced water while also attaining zero water discharge to the environment as part of its water management program.
Surface activities are included monitoring produced water in each gathering system, stream water and sediment, quality of injection water and shallow ground water, as well as improving water injection equipment. Ensuring no subsurface water injection leaking to ground water by conducting surveillance, improving injectivity, reducing water production, and effort on water injection reduction to productive zone are the current subsurface activities.
All the above effort have added tangible and intangible value to Minas operation. Tangible value came from reduction in operating cost by $ 14.6 million in year 2001 by reducing 800 MBWPD. Preserving our environment for future generations is the highest value (intangible) of this program.
Behavioral Change in Managing Waste From Risk to Challenge
Authors: Parwitosari Agustina , Waluyo Waluyo 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Helios, the BP brand, has four attributes namely Green, Performance, Innovative and Progressive. To put real meaning into Green value, BP commits to continuously drive down the environmental impacts of its operation. Accordingly, improvement targets will be set for individual Business Unit. In this role, BP Indonesia is applying the Environmental Management System (EMS) ISO 14001 as a tool for managing wastes in its operations and ensuring its compliance with Indonesia's environmental regulations.
BP Indonesia, a production-sharing contractor to Indonesia's state oil and gas company (Pertamina), is one of the main oil and gas producers. BP employs approximately 600 labor force and contracts additional 600 people in its operating area in Pagerungan, Offshore Northwest Java and the Shorebase (Warehouse). Distances between these sites of operations are indeed impediments in the waste management efforts. In line with EMS framework, a work process for waste management was developed with a primary function to identify current practices, the gap with regulatory requirements, the priority to manage and improvement potential.
Initial work aimed to put into practice waste segregation from the waste sources. Program implementation was the greatest challenge to the entire workforce of BP Indonesia and its contractors since people's behavior is the most contributing factor to the success of the program. In places where a typical problem such as different level of education and understanding exists, it is very challenging to view the environmental awareness with the same optimism and the same perception. All efforts in managing waste used to be considered as additional work and financial burden. In the initial period, those attempts to protect the environment by implementing waste management seemed highly unlikely. Nevertheless, by strong commitment from the management as well as persuasive and enduring approach, it is surely a successful one. Yet, when it is about behavioral change, the efforts should be relentless.
Estimating Air Emissions for Permian Basin Oil and Gas Properties
Authors: Johnstone James E. , Stobbe Alan 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A system to estimate emissions from large numbers of oil and gas producing properties was developed by the BP's Permian Basin environmental group. The system developed by BP estimates air emissions on a quarterly basis for both internal and external reporting requirements. Additional benefits from the system have been the reduction of fuel gas use and other measures to improve operating efficiencies. This paper describes the key components of the air emission data gathering system, the results of the calculations showing the relative emission levels, and the economic benefits by implementing such a system.
The results of the emission reporting system enabled BP to accurately estimate the emissions from each property. Overall emissions for the Permian Basin were quantified. Operations people determined that fuel gas costs could be reduced through the use of lower or no bleed gas operated equipment. The study also helped to prioritize additional engineering work to look at fuel consumption in fired equipment. Internal and external reporting requirements were integrated.
Offshore Environmental Monitoring Around Oil And Gas Installations On The Western Continental Shelf, Arabian Sea, India.
Authors: Dulip Awinash 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Oil & Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) has been exploring and producing Oil and Gas on the western continental shelf of the Arabian Sea since mid 1970's. There are about 150 production platforms (including 13 major complexes) and approximately 3,000 km of sub-sea pipeline producing over 20 million tonnes of crude oil and about 20 billion cubic metres of natural gas per annum from this region.
ONGC has established an Institute of Petroleum Safety, Health and Environment Management (IPSHEM) as its commitment towards promoting higher standards of Health, Safety and Environment for the Petroleum Sector in India. The Institute apart from imparting training in HSE has regularly undertaken a two-season offshore monitoring study since 1994 for its Offshore Installations.
Offshore Environment Monitoring may have many meanings but generally, it means repeated measurement of pollutants for their effects, and changes over a time frame. In a more regulatory sense, monitoring includes collection of data in relation to some standards or guidelines imposed on the project authorities.
This paper describes the strategies, procedures, methodologies adopted in the design of the monitoring program, surveys, analysis etc. and the salient findings during the study period 1994–2001.
The parameters of interest covering environmental impact of offshore operations are identified. From the study, it is clear that there is little or no effect of offshore operations on the general hydrography of water column, and availability of nutrients for phyto-plankton growth in the marine environment. Environmental Impact of offshore operations on the biological productivity was found to be insignificant from the recorded observations. Most pollutants were well within the background levels in this offshore region of the Arabian Sea.

INTRODUCTION
The Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) Offshore oil field development incorporates various phases such as geophysical /geological exploration, drilling of wells, production testing, processing of oil, gas and produced water and transportation of oil and gas by pipelines or tankers. Deployment of a series of rigs in the region led to delineation of several major and marginal oil fields in the region. There are about 150 production platforms (including 13 major complexes) and approximately 3,000 km of sub sea pipelines producing over 20 million tonnes of crude oil and 20 billion cubic metres of natural gas per annum from this region.
Development Practices and Achievements for Reducing the Risk of Oilfield Chemicals
Authors: Hill Donald G. , Dismuke Keith , Shepherd William , Witt Irena , Romijn Henk , Frenier Wayne , Parris Mike 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
An effective approach to the global issue of chemical management, based on Gulf Coast and North Sea experience in wellbore stimulation, is described. This paper presents the results of aggressive chemical development and replacement programs for stimulation chemicals for worldwide application. Development of more environmentally acceptable products requires working with regulatory agencies, clients, and chemical suppliers to achieve regulatory compliance for MSDS, labels, and environmental testing protocol. This paper recognizes that international environmental statutes and guidelines combined with clear corporate goals to minimize environmental impact are key requirements in regulating industrial use and discharge of environmentally harmful chemicals. The development of more environmentally acceptable products requires a thorough screening of environmental fitness and status of compliance with relevant laws and regulations.
Oilfield chemicals have primary active ingredients that may be harmful if discharged to the environment. Improving the characteristics of these products to reduce risk or damage to marine life requires changes in previously acceptable products, such as elimination of restricted materials and incorporation of components with improved ecotoxicity values.
Details are given on the aggressive programs developed to address a wide range of environmental opportunities and issues. International environmental statutes and guidelines are the strongest driving force to restrict industrial use and discharge of environmentally harmful chemicals. The primary tool of environmental risk reduction is an aggressive product development program incorporating more environmentally friendly chemical solutions. The paper will also present three years of field results achieved using environmentally improved stimulation products.
Electronic Applications of EIMS Available to the Oil and Gas Industry
Authors: Belieu S. , Jehn P. , Kerr T. , Gillespie D. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Ground Water Protection Council's Environmental Information Management Suite (EIMS) of applications, with its flagship application, the Risk Based Data Management System (RBDMS), has expanded to include other electronic business applications that extend the use of oil and gas database information. These project development efforts will allow industry to produce more oil and gas more cost-effectively by providing industry with the tools that enable electronic business.
EIMS is the information management system used by most of the state agencies that regulate oil and gas production and injection throughout the country. The design goal of this suite of software is to enhance environmental protection and provide industry with the tools necessary to leverage resource development work by expediting reporting and permitting processes through access to the data contained in agency databases. Examples of GWPC's success in this regard include the eReport XML schema for production and injection data and Web-based reporting system, Web-based oil and gas well permitting (ePermit), RBDMS Online State Web sites, a Web-enabled schematic drawing utility that renders scaled drawings of wells from construction information stored in an ODBC/ADO data source, and Web-enabled GIS utilities for evaluating risk assessment and produced water quality.
GWPC, state personnel, and design consultants are developing e-business software applications that will serve small, medium, and large oil and gas operators. These customizable applications can be mapped to any Level 2 ODBC data source to meet the varying requirements of differing agencies without incurring duplicative programming efforts. Options under development include XML schema expansion, run-time databases, and online Web interfaces. This paper describes some of these electronic business software tools and their benefits to industry, user agencies, and the public.
Environment and Sustainable Management of Oil and Gas Reservoirs in Italy
Authors: Brighenti Giovanni , Macini Paolo , Mesini Ezio 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Approximately 80% of the energy consumed in Italy today comes from hydrocarbons (49% oil, 31% gas). In 2001, domestic production covered about 23% of gas and only less than 4% of oil consumptions. From a mere technical standpoint, the exploitation of the existing fields and the development of some recently discovered oil and gas reservoirs could increase domestic production. Moreover, it is estimated that the application of advanced technologies might double the reserves, mainly with new discoveries. However, in a small country like Italy, where the population is heavily concentrated, very often the oil or gas reservoirs are located in environmentally sensitive areas, so that their exploitation might pose problems. After a brief review of some case histories related to such critical areas, the paper examines the technical challenges, together with the solution taken so far, with particular reference to the following hazards: a) onshore and offshore reservoirs located along the shoreline or in marshes and lagoons, where land settlements would cause a regression of the coast and flooding (e.g., Po Delta area, Venice and its lagoon, Ravenna, etc.); b) reservoirs located in natural parks where pollution due to release of oil, mud or other pollutants on the soil, or excavation and deforestation, could damage the environment (e.g., Ticino River natural park, Val d'Agri natural park, etc.); c) reservoirs located near urban settlements, where there are serious restrictions to drilling and production, limits to noise, traffic, water and soil pollution etc. At last, the paper examines the local and national constraints and the environmental limitations for a sustainable management of oil and gas reservoirs in Italy.
Determining How Different Plunger Manufacture Features Affect Plunger Fall Velocity
Authors: Rowlan O. L. , McCoy J. N. , Podio A. L. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Tracking the fall of the plunger down the tubing can be used to optimize the operation of plunger lifted wells. Acoustic fluid level instruments can be used on plunger lifted wells to acquire a series of plunger/fluid level soundings and/or to record the acoustic signal produced as the plunger falls down the tubing. Five different data acquisition and analysis methods can be used to monitor the position of the plunger, as the plunger falls down the tubing during the controller’s shut- in time period. The acquired data is used to determine the 1) fall velocity of the plunger 2) depth to the plunger and 3) time for the plunger to fall to fluid. Results acquired from field case studies from 15 sessions at various wells are used to correlate the various construction features of different types of plungers with their fall velocity. Some construction features cause a plunger to fall rapidly through the tubing, while other features cause the plunger to have a slow fall velocity.
By accurately measuring the plunger fall velocity, the proper shut-in time for the plunger lift installation can be determined. The plunger trace measurements will ensure that the plunger has reached the fluid at the bottom of the tubing by the end of the shut-in period. Setting the well’s controller to have the shortest possible shut-in time period to allow the plunger to fall to bottom can maximize oil and gas production from plunger lift installations.
Characterization of Leaky Boundaries Using Transient Pressure Analysis
Authors: Escobar Freddy H. , Djebbar Tiab , Jokhio Sarfraz A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Some faults or boundaries have been recognized to be sealing to the migration of underground fluids. Other faults are indicated to be non-sealing or leaky to fluid flow by providing a path for fluid migration. Determining whether a fault or barrier is sealing or non-sealing and their effects in the subsurface is a major problem for the engineer in petroleum exploitation.
From the transient pressure analysis point of view, few publications have been referred to this issue. The determination of the non-sealing degree has been performed by type-curve matching which leads to a limited number of type curves and involves a trial-and-error procedure.
This paper presents a pressure transient analysis method to characterize a leaky boundary by identifying a fault or boundary scalable dimensionless conductivity parameter which goes from −1 for constant pressure fault/boundary to +1 for a fully sealing barrier. The model used here assumes that the mobility and diffusivity ratios of reservoirs on two sides of the barrier are the same. The interpretation method used is the Tiab's Direct Synthesis Technique4 which basically utilizes characteristic points obtained of intersection of various straight line portions of the pressure and pressure derivative curve, slopes and starting times of these straight lines. These points, slopes and times are then used with appropriate equations to solve directly for permeability, wellbore storage, skin, boundary distance and leakage degree.
A step-by-step procedure to determine distance from wellbore to the barrier and the boundary scalable dimensionless conductivity is presented and successfully tested by means of simulated examples. The scalable dimensionless conductivity provides a degree, or even percentage, of the leakage condition of a boundary or fault. This is determined from the ratio between the radial line and the second radial line. The scalable dimensionless conductivity can be used to estimate the value of boundary conductivity.
A Generalized Hyperbolic Decline Equation with Rate-Time Dependent Function
Authors: Chen Shing-Ming 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Nearly all the decline curve equations used today are based on the Arps hyperbolic equation1, given as:
Using this equation, the production rate ‘Q’ at anytime ‘t’ can be calculated from the hyperbolic exponent ‘b’, the initial production rate ‘Q0’ and its corresponding decline rate ‘D0’ at time zero.
Although Equation (1) is easy to use, the variation of the decline rate with time (except b = 0) limits the applicability of the equation. For a hyperbolic decline curve (b&gt;0), if a different production rate ‘Qi’ on the curve is used an initial rate, a different corresponding decline rate ‘Di’ needs to be identified for the equation to represent the same decline curve. Moreover, if there is a rate or reference time change in the production forecast period, the identified hyperbolic equation from the production history is no longer applicable.
(1) Q(t)=Q 0 × (1+b × D 0 × t) − 1 / b
In this paper, a generalized hyperbolic equation is derived to overcome the above limitations. Once a set of ‘Q0’, ‘D0’ and ‘b’ is identified from the production history, the equation can be used to predict the future rate regardless of the initial rate or time change.
Pressure Behavior of Well Near a Leaky Boundary in Heterogeneous Reservoirs
Authors: Boussila A. K. , Tiab D. , Owayed J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper provides an analytical solution for a well near a linear leaky boundary, in otherwise infinite laterally composite systems. The leaky boundary is viewed as an infinitesimal damaged discontinuity (linear skin discontinuity) located at the interface between two adjacent media. The zone thickness may or may not be equal, and the infinitesimal damaged zone width is a restatement to the assumption of low fault conductivity and storativity.
The problem was solved using the two-dimensional diffusion equation with successive integral transformations, and the one dimensional green’s function. Both solutions, uniform and non-uniform diffusivity cases merge exactly at early and late time. Solutions presented in this study have been validated by comparing a number of its simplified forms with those available in the literature. Confirmation of the solution is also demonstrated by investigating three limiting cases: (1) a well near a sealing boundary, (2) well near undamaged linear discontinuity in a composite system, and (3) well near a constant pressure linear boundary.
As shown in this paper, a single leaky fault can give appearance of naturally fractured reservoir on a pressure transient response for a unit-mobility ratio case and a linear flow regime may also develop for a low diffusivity contrast. Further investigation of the correlating skin parameter ‘sa’ representing the product (Sf* ad) proves that Yaxley’s definition addressed to the fault (α) is equivalent to the term (1/Sa) derived in this work. Consequently, computing the discontinuity damage leads to an indirect measurement of the fault conductivity. Pressure and pressure derivative type curves have also been generated showing the effect of all the parameters affecting the wellbore responses. Making the use of the flexibility of the final solution, we have also investigated the pressure response of a linear boundary in an infinite naturally fractured composite reservoir. The step-by-step procedure for calculating reservoir parameters is also developed in this study. The Tiab’s Direct Synthesis (TDS) technique is applied to interpret pressure derivative behavior of a vertical well near a linear leaky boundary in laterally composite systems.
Lastly, for a practical implication, the procedure developed is illustrated with one simulated example and one field case.
Analysis of Experimental Data of ESP Performance Under Two-Phase Flow Conditions
Authors: Beltur Raghavan , Prado Mauricio , Duran Javier , Pessoa Rui 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Electrical Submersible Pumps (ESP's) are well known to have a good predictable performance for single phase, low viscosity liquids. In the oil industry, oil production is associated with the production of gas. The presence of gas deteriorates the performance of the pump. The performance deterioration varies with the amount of gas and the intake pressure at which the pump is operated. So far no good predictive method is available to predict the performance of the ESP under two-phase conditions. Presently the industry is using the homogeneous model, correlations and other models to predict this performance. In the homogeneous model the two-phase flow head is assumed to be the same as single-phase head (provided by the manufacturer) at a total mixture flow rate. The available correlations are specific to the tested type of pump and to the tested number of stages. Finally to predict performance on model, no general model has been developed to predict two-phase performance of the ESP due to complexity of two-phase flow, pump geometry and speed at which it is operated. Researchers, Lea and Bearden (1982), Cirilo (1998)), Romero (1999) and Pessoa (2000) have concluded through experimental results that the application of the homogeneous model gives good prediction only at low gas fractions (in the order of 2 to 5 %) at the intake. At higher gas fraction the experimental results shows that performance is well away from the homogeneous model predicted performance.
The University of Tulsa Artificial Lift Projects – TUALP is currently conducting experimental and theoretical research on the two-phase behavior of electrical submersible centrifugal pumps, using a 22-stage Mixed flow type, series 513 pump with best efficiency flow rate of 6100 BPD to gather data on stage wise performance under two-phase flow conditions. Air and water were used as working fluids. This is a unique facility that has pressure gauges fitted across each stage. It not only helps to study the stage wise behavior but also the effect of number of stages on cumulative performance of pump under two-phase flow conditions. This paper focuses on analysis of data collected at TUALP facility.