bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Language and the pain experience
Authors: Wilson Dianne , Williams Marie , Butler David 
Published: November 2008

AbstractBackground and Purpose. People in persistent pain have been reported to pay increased attention to specific words or descriptors of pain. The amount of attention paid to pain or cues for pain (such as pain descriptors), has been shown to be a major factor in the modulation of persistent pain. This relationship suggests the possibility that language may have a role both in understanding and managing the persistent pain experience. The aim of this paper is to describe current models of neuromatrices for pain and language, consider the role of attention in persistent pain states and highlight discrepancies, in previous studies based on the McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ), of the role of attention on pain descriptors. The existence of a pain neuromatrix originally proposed by Melzack (1990) has been supported by emerging technologies. Similar technologies have recently allowed identification of multiple areas of involvement for the processing of auditory input and the construction of language. As with the construction of pain, this neuromatrix for speech and language may intersect with neural systems for broader cognitive functions such as attention, memory and emotion. Method. A systematic search was undertaken to identify experimental or review studies, which specifically investigated the role of attention on pain descriptors (as cues for pain) in persistent pain patients. A total of 99 articles were retrieved from six databases, with 66 articles meeting the inclusion criteria. After duplicated articles were eliminated, the remaining 41 articles were reviewed in order to support a link between persistent pain, pain descriptors and attention. Results. This review revealed a diverse range of specific pain descriptors, the majority of which were derived from the MPQ. Increased attention to pain descriptors was consistently reported to be associated with emotional state as well as being a significant factor in maintaining persistent pain. However, attempts to investigate the attentional bias of specific pain descriptors highlighted discrepancies between the studies. As well as the diversity of pain descriptors used in studies, they were inconsistently categorized into domains of pain. A lack of consistent bias towards certain pain descriptors was observed, and may be explained simply by the fact that the words provided are not those which subjects themselves would use. Conclusion. These findings suggest that the multidimensional and individual nature of the persistent pain experience may not be adequately explained by pain questionnaires such as the MPQ. Personalized pain descriptors may communicate the pain experience more appropriately, but may also contribute to an increased sensitivity of cortical pain processing areas by capturing increased attention for that individual. The language used as part of communication between therapists and people with persistent pain may provide an, as yet, unexplored adjunct strategy in management. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the use of localized plasmon polaritons in solar cells
Authors: Hallermann Florian , Rockstuhl Carsten , Fahr Stephan , Seifert Gerhard , Wackerow Stefan , Graener Heinrich , Plessen Gero v. , Lederer Falk 
Published: November 2008

AbstractWe describe some fundamental properties of localized plasmon polaritons in metallic nanoparticles, and discuss their use for enhancing solar cells efficiency by photon management. Two scenarios are detailed. The first is an example of spectral photon management utilizing localized plasmon polaritons to increase the up‐conversion efficiency of ions embedded in a glass matrix comprising metallic nanoparticles. The second example details quantitatively how the strong field enhancement and the large scattering cross‐section of plasmons at the resonance wavelength can be employed directly to enhance light absorption in thin‐film solar cells. Preliminary experimental results on tailoring appropriate materials are also shown. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Neodymium‐doped fluorochlorozirconate glasses as an upconversion model system for high efficiency solar cells
Authors: Ahrens Bernd , Löper Philipp , Goldschmidt Jan Christoph , Glunz Stefan , Henke Bastian , Miclea Paul‐Tiberiu , Schweizer Stefan 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThermal processing of as‐made fluorozirconate glasses which were additionally doped with neodymium and chlorine ions leads to enhanced upconversion fluorescence intensities. The samples were annealed between 240 °C and 290 °C and the optimum value of upconversion intensity was found for the 270 °C sample. The development of glasses doped with Er, whose luminescence characteristics make it a better choice for application as an upconversion layer on silicon solar cells, is in progress. In addition, we present external quantum efficiency measurements of a silicon solar cell with a NaYF4:Er3+ upconverter. We also show a theoretical analysis where erbium transitions can be enhanced selectively to increase upconversion efficiency. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Theoretical and experimental analysis of photonic structures for fluorescent concentrators with increased efficiencies
Authors: Goldschmidt Jan Christoph , Peters Marius , Prönneke Liv , Steidl Lorenz , Zentel Rudolf , Bläsi Benedikt , Gombert Andreas , Glunz Stefan , Willeke Gerhard , Rau Uwe 
Published: November 2008

AbstractIn this study we present a theoretical and experimental analysis of the application of photonic band stop filters on top of photovoltaic fluorescent concentrators in order to increase the photon collection efficiency. The light guiding effect of the fluorescent concentrator relies on total internal reflection. The escape cone of total internal reflection is their major loss mechanism. Our ray tracing simulation allows to calculate the beneficial effect of photonic band stop reflection filters, which reduce these losses, and to simulate the angular distribution of the light trapped in the concentrator. We present simulations of the optical properties of 1D and 3D photonic structures and how 3D structures are realized with colloidal opals. We also show that the application of a 1D photonic structure increases the efficiency of a real system by 20% relative. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Solar cell as a heat engine: energy–entropy analysis of photovoltaic conversion
Authors: Markvart Tom 
Published: November 2008

AbstractA thermodynamic theory for the voltage or free energy generated by a quantum solar energy converter which has recently been proposed, is developed here in a more direct and simpler way. We consider separately the luminescence and conversion of a single photon of the incident radiation. The energy/entropy balance for the conversion process yields an expression for the voltage in a form familiar from the classical thermodynamics of the work carried out by the heat engine. A similar balance for the absorption and emission of light gives an expression for the irreversible entropy generation which reduces the open circuit voltage generated by the solar cell. Detailed expressions for losses due to individual mechanisms, including non‐radiative recombination, are obtained with the use of an approximation where photons in the incident and emitted beams are modelled as an ideal two‐dimensional gas. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A systematic study on the stability of UV ink photoinitiators in food simulants using GC
Authors: Wang Zhi‐Wei , Huang Xiu‐Ling , Hu Chang‐Ying 
Published: November 2008

AbstractSeveral studies have been published on the stability of plastic monomers and additives in food simulants. However, there are practically no published results about the stability of ink components in food simulants. In this work, the stability of two ultraviolet (UV) ink photoinitiators (PIs) in one aqueous and in two substitute fat food simulants was studied under various time–temperature conditions. Furthermore, the addition of the stabilizing agent hydroquinone monomethyl ester (HQMME) in the same conditions was considered as a comparative experiment. The PIs tested were 1‐hydroxycyclohexyl‐1‐phenyl ketone (Irgacure‐184) and benzyldimethyl ketal (Irgacure‐651). The various test conditions included exposure of 10 days to temperatures of 20, 40 and 60°C for 10% ethanol and 95% ethanol simulants, and exposure of 2 days to temperatures of 20, 40 and 60°C for isooctane. Following exposure to these conditions, the additive samples were analysed. The extracts of samples exposed to various temperature conditions as well as unexposed spiked controls and blanks were analysed by gas chromatography (GC) on a non‐polar (5%‐phenyl)‐methylpolysiloxane capillary column. The results showed that the protective effect of HQMME was not obvious in all test conditions under dark conditions. The Irgacure‐184 was quite stable under all test conditions whether the stabilizing agent was added or not. Irgacure‐651 was stable almost under all test conditions, except in 10% ethanol at 60°C. The mass spectrum of decomposed product of Irgacure‐651 was detected by GC‐MS (Mass Spectrum), and the structure of the decomposed product was obtained by mass spectrographic analysis. The method of detection and disposal is also applicable for UV ink PI migration testing from several different paper or paperboard‐plastic coating layer materials into the food simulants used in the study. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 2008
Comparison of a 250 kV single‐stage accelerator mass spectrometer with a 5 MV tandem accelerator mass spectrometer – fitness for purpose in bioanalysis
Authors: Young G. C. , Corless S. , Felgate C. C. , Colthup P. V. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe introduction of ‘compact’ accelerator mass spectrometers into biomedical science, including use in drug metabolism and bioanalytical applications, is an exciting recent development. Comparisons are presented here between a more established and relatively large tandem accelerator which operates at up to 5 MV and a conventional laboratory‐sized 250 kV single‐stage accelerator mass spectrometer. Biological samples were enriched with low levels of radiocarbon, then converted into graphite prior to analysis on each of the two instruments. The data obtained showed the single‐stage instrument to be capable of delivering comparable results, and thus able to provide similar study support, with that provided by the 5 MV instrument, without the significant overheads and complexities which are inherent to the operation of the larger instrument. We believe that the advent of these laboratory‐sized accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) instruments represents a real turning point in the potential for application of AMS by a wider user group. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Short cycle distribution in random regular graphs recursively generated by pegging
Authors: Gao Pu , Wormald Nicholas 
Published: November 2008

AbstractWe introduce a new method of generating random d‐regular graphs by repeatedly applying an operation called pegging. The pegging operation is abstracted from a type of basic operation applied in a type of peer‐to‐peer network called the SWAN network. We prove that for the resulting graphs, the limiting joint distribution of the numbers of short cycles is independent Poisson. We also use coupling to bound the rate at which the distribution approaches its limit. The coupling involves two different, though quite similar, Markov chains that are not time‐homogeneous. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2009
Translations of scientific practice to “students' images of science”
Authors: van Eijck Michiel , Hsu Pei‐Ling , Roth Wolff‐Michael 
Published: November 2008

AbstractIn the science education research literature, it often appears to be assumed that students “possess” more or less stable “images of science” that directly correspond to their experiences with scientific practice in science curricula. From cultural‐historical and sociocultural perspectives, this assumption is problematic because scientific practices are collective human activities and are therefore neither identical with students' experiences nor with the accounts of these experiences that students make available to researchers. “Students' images of science” are therefore translated from (rather than directly correspond to) scientific practices. Drawing on data collected during and after preuniversity biology students' internships in a scientific laboratory, we exemplify the role of these translations in the production of “students' images of science.” A coarse‐grained analysis based on existing research showed our data to be comparable with earlier studies on “students' images of science.” A fine‐grained analysis shows how “students' images of science” were coproduced along a trajectory of translations that was determined by the use of particular actions and tools, and a particular division of labor in scientific practice. We propose to reconceptualize “students' images of science” as particular coproductions at a given point in time. The methodological and educational implications of this proposal are discussed. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 93:611–634, 2009
Knowledge sharing and trust in collaborative requirements analysis
Authors: Luna‐Reyes Luis F. , Black Laura J. , Cresswell Anthony M. , Pardo Theresa A. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractMany information technology projects fail due to problems in requirements definition. Possible leverage points in improving requirements analysis lie in collaborative processes crossing functional and organizational boundaries, in which stakeholders learn about the problem and together identify possible solution requirements. Establishing trust among parties is critical to collaborative work, particularly in the early stages of information systems projects. However, there are few guidelines on how to establish trust among project participants. This paper draws on empirical work from the Center for Technology in Government facilitating interagency groups and system dynamics to generate a simple model of the role of knowledge sharing in building trust during the requirements analysis phase of a complex information systems project. Analysis of the model suggests that trust can depend on the pace of knowledge sharing among participants. More broadly, this examination offers a closer look at some of the “soft” variable dynamics that play critical roles in project progress. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simple virtual reality display of fetal volume ultrasound
Authors: Tutschek B. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThree‐dimensional (3D) ultrasound volume acquisition, analysis and display of fetal structures have enhanced their visualization and greatly improved the general understanding of their anatomy and pathology. The dynamic display of volume data generally depends on proprietary software, usually supplied with the ultrasound system, and on the operator's ability to maneuver the dataset digitally. We have used relatively simple tools and an established storage, display and manipulation format to generate non‐linear virtual reality object movies of prenatal images (including moving sequences and 3D‐rendered views) that can be navigated easily and interactively on any current computer. This approach permits a viewing or learning experience that is superior to watching a linear movie passively. Copyright © 2008 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The second von Willebrand type A domain of cochlin has high affinity for type I, type II and type IV collagens
Authors: Nagy Ildikó , Trexler Mária , Patthy László 
Published: November 2008

MINT‐6796048:

type I collagen (uniprotkb:P02452) binds (MI:0407) to cochlin‐vWA2 uniprotkb:O43405) by surface plasmon resonance (MI:0107)
MINT‐6796166:

type III collagen (uniprotkb:P02462) binds (MI:0407) to cochlin‐vWA2 (uniprotkb:O43405) by surface plasmon resonance (MI:0107)
MINT‐6796062:

type II collagen (uniprotkb:P02458) binds (MI:0407) to cochlin‐vWA2 (uniprotkb:O43405) by surface plasmon resonance (MI:0107)
White matter integrity linked to functional impairments in aging and early Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Kavcic Voyko , Ni Hongyan , Zhu Tong , Zhong Jianhui , Duffy Charles J. 
Published: November 2008

BackgroundAlzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with changes in cerebral white matter (WM), but the functional significance of such findings is not yet established. We hypothesized that diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) might reveal links between regional WM changes and specific neuropsychologically and psychophysically defined impairments in early AD.MethodsOlder adult control subjects (OA, n = 18) and mildly impaired AD patients (n = 14) underwent neuropsychological and visual perceptual testing along with DTI of cerebral WM. DTI yielded factional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (〈D〉) maps for nine regions of interest in three brain regions that were then compared with the performance measures.ResultsAD patients exhibited nonsignificant trends toward lower FAs in the posterior region's callosal and subcortical regions of interest. However, posterior callosal FA was significantly correlated with verbal fluency and figural memory impairments, whereas posterior subcortical FA was correlated with delayed verbal memory, figural memory, and optic flow perceptual impairments.ConclusionsWM changes in early AD are concentrated in posterior cerebral areas, with distributions that correspond to specific functional impairments. DTI can be used to assess regional pathology related to individual's deficits in early AD.
Status of computerized cognitive testing in aging: A systematic review
Authors: Wild Katherine , Howieson Diane , Webbe Frank , Seelye Adriana , Kaye Jeffrey 
Published: November 2008

BackgroundEarly detection of cognitive decline in the elderly has become of heightened importance in parallel with the recent advances in therapeutics. Computerized assessment might be uniquely suited to early detection of changes in cognition in the elderly. We present here a systematic review of the status of computer‐based cognitive testing, focusing on detection of cognitive decline in the aging population.MethodsAll studies purporting to assess or detect age‐related changes in cognition or early dementia/mild cognitive impairment by means of computerized testing were included. Each test battery was rated on availability of normative data, level of evidence for test validity and reliability, comprehensiveness, and usability. All published studies relevant to a particular computerized test were read by a minimum of two reviewers, who completed rating forms containing the abovementioned criteria.ResultsOf the 18 test batteries identified from the initial search, 11 were appropriate to cognitive testing in the elderly and were subjected to systematic review. Of those 11, five were either developed specifically for application with the elderly or have been used extensively with that population. Even within the computerized testing genre, great variability existed in manner of administration, ranging from fully examiner‐administered to fully self‐administered. All tests had at least minimal reliability and validity data, commonly reported in peer‐reviewed articles. However, level of rigor of validity testing varied widely.ConclusionAll test batteries exhibited some of the strengths of computerized cognitive testing: standardization of administration and stimulus presentation, accurate measures of response latencies, automated comparison in real time with an individual's prior performance as well as with age‐related norms, and efficiencies of staffing and cost. Some, such as the Mild Cognitive Impairment Screen, adapted complicated scoring algorithms to enhance the information gathered from already existing tests. Others, such as CogState, used unique interfaces and subtests. We found that although basic indices of psychometric properties were typically addressed, sufficient variability exists that currently available computerized test batteries must be judged on a case‐by‐case basis.
Progranulin mutation causes frontotemporal dementia in the Swedish Karolinska family
Authors: Chiang Huei‐Hsin , Rosvall Lina , Brohede Jesper , Axelman Karin , Björk Behnosh F. , Nennesmo Inger , Robins Tiina , Graff Caroline 
Published: November 2008

BackgroundFrontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by cognitive impairment, language dysfunction, and/or changes in personality. Recently it has been shown that progranulin (GRN) mutations can cause FTD as well as other neurodegenerative phenotypes.MethodsDNA from 30 family members, of whom seven were diagnosed with FTD, in the Karolinska family was available for GRN sequencing. Fibroblast cell mRNA from one affected family member and six control individuals was available for relative quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction to investigate the effect of the mutation. Furthermore, the cDNA of an affected individual was sequenced.ResultsClinical and neuropathologic findings of a previously undescribed family branch are presented. A frameshift mutation in GRN (g.102delC) was detected in all affected family members and absent in four unaffected family members older than 70 years. Real‐time polymerase chain reaction data showed an ∼50% reduction of GRN fibroblast mRNA in an affected individual. The mutated mRNA transcripts were undetectable by cDNA sequencing.ConclusionsSegregation and RNA analyses showed that the g.102delC mutation, previously reported, causes FTD in the Karolinska family. Our findings add further support to the significance of GRN in FTD etiology and the presence of modifying genes, which emphasize the need for further studies into the mechanisms of clinical heterogeneity. However, the results already call for attention to the complexity of predictive genetic testing of GRN mutations.
q-SERIES IN MARKOV CHAINS WITH BINOMIAL TRANSITIONS
Authors: Economou Antonis , Kapodistria Stella 
Published: November 2008

We consider a single-server Markovian queue with synchronized services and setup times. The customers arrive according to a Poisson process and are served simultaneously. The service times are independent and exponentially distributed. At a service completion epoch, every customer remains satisfied with probability p (independently of the others) and departs from the system; otherwise, he stays for a new service. Moreover, the server takes multiple vacations whenever the system is empty.Some of the transition rates of the underlying two-dimensional Markov chain involve binomial coefficients dependent on the number of customers. Indeed, at each service completion epoch, the number of customers n is reduced according to a binomial (n, p) distribution. We show that the model can be efficiently studied using the framework of q-hypergeometric series and we carry out an extensive analysis including the stationary, the busy period, and the sojourn time distributions. Exact formulas and numerical results show the effect of the level of synchronization to the performance of such systems.