bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A flow cytometric method for detection and enumeration of low‐level, residual red blood cells in platelets and mononuclear cell products
Authors: Santana Julie M. , Dumont Larry J. 
Published: April 2006

BACKGROUND:  Conventional automated cell counters cannot accurately count residual red blood cells (rRBCs) that are often present in various blood products. A two‐color flow cytometric method (FC) was validated for detecting and enumerating rRBCs in platelets (PLTs) and mononuclear cell (MNC) products.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:  PLT and MNC products for PLTs (CD61–fluorescein isothiocyanate) and rRBC (anti‐glycophorin A–phycoerythrin) were double stained, and data were acquired with a flow cytometer. Assay linearity, accuracy, and precision were assessed with a standard‐dilution series of rRBCs. This assay was used to determine the rRBCs of apheresis PLTs collected with Trima Accel (Gambro BCT) and MNC products collected with the COBE Spectra (Gambro BCT).RESULTS:  The linear range of this assay in PLT and MNC products is 10 to 2000 RBCs per µL (R2 = 0.994). FC had a mean intraassay coefficient of variation of 11.8 percent at 34 RBCs per µL. A standard clinical hematology analyzer overestimated rRBCs in MNC products by 1.59 × 105 ± 0.7 × 105 RBCs per µL. Apheresis PLTs had a median of 17.4 RBCs per µL, with 99.0 percent containing fewer than 90.0 RBCs per µL.CONCLUSIONS:  This method for determining rRBCs in blood products is accurate and repeatable with a lower limit of detection adequate to assess currently available blood products. FC should be considered for determining rRBCs in MNC products.
LASIK after retinal detachment surgery
Authors: Farvardin Mohsen , Farvardin Majid , Hosseini Hamid 
Published: April 2006

Abstract.Purpose:  To compare, in the same individuals, the safety and efficacy of laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) in eyes with and without previous retinal detachment surgery. Methods:  In a prospective clinical trial, seven myopic patients who had previously undergone scleral buckling surgery in one eye underwent conventional LASIK surgery in both eyes. Uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), refraction, Orbscan topography and pachymetry were recorded before and 1, 3, 6 and 12 months after surgery. The eyes were divided into two groups: group 1 consisted of eyes that had undergone previous surgery for retinal detachment, and group 2 consisted of the fellow eyes of the same patients, which had not undergone any previous ocular surgery. Student's t‐test for match‐paired data was used to evaluate the significance of differences. Results:  LASIK was performed successfully in all patients. The UCVA improved in all eyes in both groups. The mean change in the spherical equivalent between 1 and 12 months after LASIK surgery was 1.7 ± 1.1 and 0.6 ± 0.5 diopter in groups 1 and 2, respectively (p = 0.019). Conclusion:  LASIK may be considered for treatment of myopia in eyes that have had previous surgery for retinal detachment. However, the risk of regression may be higher in such eyes than in eyes with no previous scleral buckling surgery.
Choroidal neovascular membrane in a series of cases of malignant melanoma of the choroid
Authors: Guerin Eoin , Hiscott Paul , Damato Bertil 
Published: April 2006

Abstract.Purpose:  To examine a series of choroidal melanoma specimens to determine the frequency of overlying choroidal neovascularization (CNV) and to ascertain whether CNV over choroidal malignant melanoma is associated with any particular histological tumour characteristics. Methods:  We carried out a retrospective histological analysis of globes containing choroidal melanomas for evidence of choroidal neovascular membranes. Results:  Microscopic evidence of choroidal neovascular membranes was evident in 6% of cases. Choroidal neovascularization was not associated with any particular histological tumour characteristic. Conclusion:  Choroidal neovascularization over choroidal malignant melanoma is not an infrequent occurrence and possibly appears as frequently as CNV over choroidal naevi. The presence of a choroidal neovascular membrane over a pigmented fundal lesion should not be taken as reassurance that the lesion is benign.
Rebuilding the Feminine in Levinas's Talmudic Readings
Authors: Pazi Hanoch Ben 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis study presents a reconsideration of Levinas's concept of the feminine. This reconsideration is facilitated by a philosophically informed analysis of Levinas's Talmudic readings on that subject.The innovation of this research is in its methodology, which combines the two corpora of Levinas' writings as important components of an integrated system of thought. Two main phenomena are derived here from Levinas' Talmudic readings and raise main principles of his ethics. In the heart of the discussion on Eros we find a statement of the differentiation between feminine and masculine in Levinas's thought, and its implication for gender and for the ethics of otherness. In the center of Levinas's terminology of maternity we uncover his phenomenology of pregnancy, and its ethical implication regarding responsibility to the other. The extreme responsibility committed to the other since there is a immanent conflict between parents and their child.
Development of a measure of the concerns held by people with implanted cardioverter defibrillators: The ICDC
Authors: Frizelle D. J. , Lewin B. , Kaye G. , Moniz‐Cook E. D. 
Published: April 2006

Objectives. To develop a questionnaire to measure the extent and severity of the concerns of people with an implanted cardioverter defibrillator.Design. Items were generated from patient interviews, expert review and the research literature on patients' worries and concerns. A pilot version was administered to a series of ICD patients and repeated for test‐retest reliability 6 weeks later. Psychometric tests including the scree test, factor analysis and various reliability assessments were undertaken. It was predicted that the greater the extent and severity of concerns, the greater the anxiety experienced by the ICD patient. Scores were compared with a validated measure of anxiety and depression administered at the same time.Results. Fifty‐seven (64%) patients completed and returned the questionnaire and a further 22 (100% of those asked) completed the 6‐week retest. Reliability and validity appeared to be good and two factors were identified. Both total score and the individual factor scores correlated moderately with anxiety.Conclusions. The questionnaire appears to reflect patients' concerns and, as predicted, these were associated with the patients' anxiety level. The scale requires further testing to reveal if it is of use both clinically and for research purposes.
MÖGLICHKEITEN EINER REGELGEMÄSSEN STABILISIERUNG DER NOMENKLATUR KARBONISCHER PFLANZEN II
Authors: Vogellehner Dieter 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe nomenclature of the sporophylls and leaves of Carboniferous arborescent Lycophyta is very confused. These specimens are described under various names which may “throw science into confusion” (Code, Preamble). It is, therefore, necessary to give a detailed study of the problem. A proposal for a new and precise denomination of the sporophylls and leaves is made utilizing the possibility created by the code to conserve certain generic names:LepidostrobophyllumAllen. nom. cons. prop.Sporophylls.LepidophylloidesSnigirevskaya.Structurally preserved leaves with simple bundle.SigillariopsisScott. nom. cons. prop.Structurally preserved leaves with double bundle.SigillariophyllumGrand'Eury ex Arcangeli. nom. cons. prop.Compressions (and impressions) of leaves.The generic namesPoacitesandCyperitesused by several authors for phylloids of Carboniferous plants are to be applied only to Monocotyledoneae (Proposal for conservation with new type‐species).
DIVERGENCE IN MONARDA (LABIATAE)
Authors: Scora Rainer W. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryA phylogenetic evaluation of the genus Monarda is presented, based upon biological divergence including anatomical, chemical, cytological and morphological characters. The evaluation is patterned after the “Wagner Divergence Index” which is based on two main assumptions: first, since there is no logically tenable way of measuring objectively the value of various characters, they are treated as of equal value; second, any character that occurs in most taxa of a given group is probably the norm and therefore unspecialized; a character appearing only in a few of the taxa of a group is considered to be specialized. Of 118 classical taxonomic characters found in the genus Monarda, only 31 were considered to have recognizable evolutionary tendencies, and of 26 chemical oil constituents only 9 were judged to have evolutionary significance.
THE GENERIC NAMES PROPOSED FOR HYMENOMYCETES‐VII “Thelephoraceae”
Authors: Donk M. A. 
Published: April 2006

Summary

This seventh part deals with the Thelephoraceae as traditionally conceived, not with the family in its modern strongly emended sense.
The correct name for the genus often referred to as Hypolyssus Berk. (or Podostrombium G. Kunze) seems to be Caripia O.K. (as already previously accepted by some authors).
The typifications of Gloeotulasnella Höhn. & L., Hypochnus Fr. (non Ehrenb.), Lyomyces P. Karst., and several other names are recommended for consideration.
Two proposals for conservation are repeated: Craterellus Pers. against Craterella S. F. Gray and Hymenochaete Lév. against Hymenochaete [P. Beauv. corn] Nees.
NOMENCLATURAL AND HISTORICAL CONSIDERATIONS CONCERNING THE GENUS GALAX
Authors: Brummitt R. K. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe original Galax aphylla of Linnaeus included two quite distinct plants, one of which is usually referred to Diapensiaceae and the other to Hydrophyllaceae, and the latter must be taken as the type of the name. The generic name is now conserved in the former sense, but it is proposed that it should be cited as Galax Sims and not as Galax Rafinesque, or else that Solenandria Ventenat should be added to the list of rejected names. The correct name for the species commonly known as G. aphylla L. is shown to be G. urceolata (Poir.) Brummitt, comb. nov., and notes are given on the early discovery of the species and its introduction into cultivation in Europe. The family name Galacaceae D. Don, which has been considered illegitimate, is found to be legitimate and available for use if Galax is separated from Diapensiaceae. The original Galax aphylla L. is transferred to Nemophila (Hydrophyllaceae) as N. aphylla (L.) Brummitt, comb. nov., the correct name for the plant long known as N. microcalyx (Nutt.) Fisch. & Mey.
ON THE COMPARISON OF TWO CLASSIFICATIONS OF THE SAME SET OF ELEMENTS
Authors: Williams W. T. , Clifford H. T. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryA standard method of comparing classifications is the “cophenetic correlation” technique of Sokal and Rohlf (1962). The method is re‐examined, and is shown to possess two shortcomings which make it unsuitable for the truncated, intensely‐clustering strategies now in common use. These shortcomings are (i) it is unable to distinguish between changes due to group composition and changes due to configuration of groups within the hierarchy, and (ii) it is sensitive to the convention used for representing the hierarchy in two dimensions. A revised form of the strategy is proposed which appears to overcome these difficulties.
BENJAMIN DELESSERT AND ANTOINE LASÈGUE
Authors: Stafleu Frans A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryA brief biography of the French banker, philantropist, collector and botanist Benjamin Delessert and of the curator of his botanical collections, Antoine Lasègue, author of the Musée botanique de M. Benjamin Delessert. The growth, significance, and ultimate fate of Delessert's herbarium and library are discussed against the background of the French cultural and scientific scene of the first sixty years of the nineteenth century.
PERSPECTIVES ON THE APPLICATION OF MULTIVARIATE STATISTICS TO TAXONOMY
Authors: Rohlf F. James 
Published: April 2006

SummaryA brief outline is given of the principal types of multivariate statistical techniques which have found use in taxonomy. Techniques such as correlation, principal components, canonical correlation, and factor analyses are described for problems dealing with analysis of covariation within a single sample. Techniques such as canonical variate, cluster, multidimensional scaling, and network analyses are described for dealing with analyses of among sample variation. The purpose of this account is to give an intuitive understanding of what the various techniques have to offer to research in taxonomy.
HOST PLANT SPECIFICITY AND SPECIATION IN HAWAIIAN DROSOPHILA
Authors: Heed William B. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe breeding biology and host plant specificity of the Hawaiian Drosophila (Drosophilidae) are examined for evidence of sympatric speciation by comparing these attributes with those of the fugivorous flies Rhagoletis (Tephritidae). Since mate and host selection are directly correlated in Rhagoletis and since they are univoltine, this form of speciation is a real possibility. However, most of the Drosophila in Hawaii breed all year under proper conditions and the majority of closely related species utilize the same or very similar substrates for larval development thus species packing is high. Substrate specificity appears for the most part to be more important in the categories above the species level. On the other hand, even though mate and host selection are not correlated, the phenomenon of lek behavior in many species of Hawaiian Drosophila would be expected to force inbreeding and local isolation. Exactly how local the isolation is, remains for future investigation.
THE IMPLICATIONS OF ECOLOGY FOR PLANT SYSTEMATICS
Authors: Kruckeberg Arthur R. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryIt is plant taxonomists, not taxa, that make distinctions between the formal disciplines of ecology, evolution and systematics. For populations and species in the real world, however, there is an integrating attribute: discontinuity leading to isolation. How the ecologist can contribute to the study of disjunction is the central theme of this paper. The several areas of interaction between ecology, systematics and evolution are discussed. The contribution of ecological approaches to problems in taxonomy is illustrated with recent examples in each of the following subject areas: genecology (ecotypic variation), ecology of isolating mechanisms, ecological influences on hybridization and polyploidy, ecological bases for diversification in plant genera and families, and the use of ecological data in plant taxonomy.
LARGE FAMILIES — NOT ALONE!
Authors: Jacobs M. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryA ‘large’ family of flowering plants is here defined as a family for which a taxonomist would need ten or more years to complete a monographic treatment, or a revision for one of the major floras. The number of such families increases because of the increase in materials and secondary literature. The only possible way of completing monographs or revisions of such major groups seems to be by means of team‐work.
TAXONOMIC PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH CONTINUOUS VARIATION IN EUCALYPTUS PAUCIFLORA (SNOW GUM) (MYRTACEAE)
Authors: Green J. W. 
Published: April 2006

SummarySome of the taxonomic problems concerning continuous variation referred to by Böcher (1967) are exemplified in the snow gum of south‐eastern Australia, Eucalyptus pauciflora Sieb. ex Spreng.A taxonomic study of this species was carried out in connection with an investigation of altitudinal variation in the Brindabella Range, near Canberra, where continuous though not pure stands occur between 4,000 and just over 6,000 feet (Green 1967). The species is here discussed over its whole range of distribution in south‐eastern Australia, although special emphasis is placed on the forms considered to occur in the study area.
APPLICATION DES FONCTIONS DISCRIMINANTES DE FISHER A LA CLASSIFICATION DU GENRE PLAGIOTHECIUM (MUSCI) DE BELGIQUE
Authors: Lefebvre J. , Lennes G. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe determination of the species of the moss genus Plagiothecium Br., Schimp. et Gümb. is difficult owing to the great morphological variability of these taxa. With a view to smooth things down for the bryologist and to reduce errors in identification, Fisher's discriminant functions (1951) are applied to seven belgian species of Plagliothecium: P. latebricola, P. laetum, P. curvifolium, P. denticulatum, P. sylvaticum, P. succulentum, P. roeseanum. The functions are based upon five quantitative characters concerned in the classification of that moss genus: length of the leaf, of the median leaf cells and of the four cells long propagula, width of the leaf and of the median leaf cells.From the measurements of these morphological features, it is easy to determine any specimen with a minimum probability of mistakes.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY AND PLANT SYSTEMATICS
Authors: Cole Garry T. , Behnke H.‐D. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe various techniques of electron microscopy have contributed valuable information to systematics in general and have, in many instances, been instrumental in solving taxonomic problems which had arisen from the limitations of earlier, comparative morphological studies. This paper presents evidence for the general significance of electron‐microscopic data in plant systematics. Specific applications of thin‐sectioning (TEM), freeze‐etching (FE) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to the taxonomy of plant groups, and corresponding publications are tabulated. A more extensive analysis of applications of ultrastructure to conventional and experimental classifications of prokaryotes, fungi, eukaryotic algae, lichens, bryophytes, ferns and seed plants will be presented in a future communication.
TYPE SPECIMENS OF THE LINNAEAN SPECIES OF PICRIS L. (COMPOSITAE)
Authors: Lack H. Walter 
Published: April 2006

SummaryPicris echioides L., P. hieracioides L., P. pyrenaica L. and P. asplenioides L. are typified. The first and second retain their current meaning, although P. echioides L. should be placed in the genus Helmintbotheca Zinn. P. pyrenaica L. has to be excluded from the genus Picris L.; the name P. asplenioides is for the first time fully clarified.
THE INTELLIGENT IGNORAMUS, AN EXPERIMENT IN NUMERICAL TAXONOMY
Authors: Sokal Robert R. , Rohlf F. James 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe feasibility of using technicians untrained in taxonomy to collect data for use in numerical taxonomic studies was investigated. Two persons independently described twenty‐five species of bees (given 6 specimens of each species, 3 of each sex). The results of the analysis of their descriptions were compared with the data of Michener and Sokal (1957).The data were processed using standard numerical taxonomic procedures (standardization of characters, computation of correlation and distance coefficients among species, cluster analysis, principal components analysis and 3‐D models). The 3‐D models revealed that the generic groupings were not nearly as distinct in the data obtained from the technicians as they were in the original data collected by Michener and Sokal, (M&S, used as a standard for comparison). When the data collected by both technicians were pooled, they yielded much better agreement with the M&S data than either one did by itself. A similar conclusion was derived from examination of the phenograms. While the phenograms made good sense overall, there were many discrepancies between those of the technicians and those of M&SAn analysis of the correlations among the 234 characters from both technicians as well as from M&S enabled a preliminary check for the matches asymptote hypothesis to be made. A cluster analysis of the character correlation matrix revealed that there were no characters which were obvious duplicates (no correlations equal to unity). The same morphological structures were examined but they were described in different ways. Rotation to an oblique simple structure of 17 factors obtained by factor analysis indicated that the character suites described in the three studies shared dimensions of variability. One of the technicians had not described characters loading highly on three of the factors and the M&S data lacked characters loading highly on one of the factors. An important feature of the data is the large number of unique characters (reflecting independent dimensions of variation). These ranged from 18% to 40%. We suspect that these unique characters indicate the presence of taxonomic “noise”.The results of this study would seem to imply that characters defined by untrained technicians could lead to acceptable classifications if enough characters are considered. Consequently, we are encouraged about prospects for the eventual automation of the data gathering process in taxonomy.
TEMPO OF ADAPTIVE CHANGE DURING THE RAPID EVOLUTION OF CHROMOSOMAL ISOLATES
Authors: Small Ernest 
Published: April 2006

SummaryUsing the six diploid species of Clarkiacsection Myxocarpa as exemplifying rapidly‐evolved, chromosomally‐based reproductive isolates, the temporal relationships of adaptive and reproductive divergence are examined. Unlike the more familiar pattern, in which adaptive divergence is greater at the interspecific level than at the intraspecific level, two of the species consist of subspecies which have adaptively diverged to a greater extent than has any Myxocarpa species from its putative progenitor. This indicates that the tempo and degree of adaptive change are relatively independent of the establishment of reproductive isolation, and indeed that the establishment of reproductive isolation by rapid chromosomal reorganization may not be coincidental with much change in adaptive level. Evidence bearing on the tempo of adaptive change prior to, during, and subsequent to the evolution of chromosomal isolates is examined. It is speculated that increased adaptation may frequently evolve prior to the establishment of chromosomal reorganization, because chromosomal isolates usually evolve from populations which have survived for a period of time in an especially stressful environment. Occasionally, less‐adapted chromosomal isolates, generated through genetic drift, may temporarily compete succesfully against a better‐adapted progenitor because of the competitive exclusion which occurs between intersterile populations which readily form F1 hybrids. However, such isolates probably do not survive unless subsequent improvement in adaptation occurs.