bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Products of the surface oxidation of methyl linoleate
Authors: Tekin Aziz , Hammond Earl G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMethyl linoleate with 5% by weight of methyl palmitate as an internal standard was deposited as a monolayer (20% by weight) on Silica gel H and oxidized at 7,25, and 40°C. Oxidation was followed by iodometric PV practiced directly on aliquots of the silica gel. Lower temperatures gave higher PV maxima but after longer times. Oxidation of methyl linoleate at all three temperatures followed first‐order kinetics, and the energy of activation was 15.0 kcal/mol. The products recovered from the chloroform‐acetic acid layer of the peroxide determination were analyzed by GC and identified by El‐ and CI‐MS. Calculation based on methyl palmitate as an internal standard showed that the total peak area decreased to about 40% that of the original methyl linoleate when the residual methyl linoleate was reduced to less than 2%. The chief nonscission products (NSP) of linoleate oxidation were epoxy, hydroxy, hydroxy‐epoxy, dihydroxy, and trihydroxy methyl esters. The greatest NSP concentrations were obtained about the time of the greatest PV, and the yield at 40°C was greater than those at 7 and 25°C. Scission products (SP) increased rapidly until the greatest PV was reached. After this time, SP declined slightly and plateaued at 40°C, but at 7 and 25°C, SP continued to increase slowly with further oxidation.
Composition and seasonal variation of fatty acids of Diplodus vulgaris L. from the Adriatic Sea
Authors: Varljen Jadranka , Baticic Lara , Sincic‐Modric Gordana , Obersnel Vojko , Kapovic Miljenko 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMuscle tissue from the common two‐banded sea bream Diplodus vulgaris L. originating from the Adriatic Sea, Croatia, was analyzed. The FA composition of neutral (TAG) and polar (PE, PC, PI/PS) lipid classes was determined, as well as the lipid and water contents during winter and summer periods. Both the total lipid and water contents were higher in the winter period. We identified 16 different FA. The major constituents of the total FA in both seasons were saturates: palmitic (16∶0) and stearic acids (18∶0); monoenes: oleic (18∶1n−9) and palmitoleic acids (16∶1n−7); and polyunsaturates: arachidonic acid (20∶4n−6), EPA (20∶5n−3), and DHA (22∶6n−3), but their amounts and ratios differed significantly between the two seasons and between lipid fractions. The FA composition showed a noticeable pattern of seasonality that reflected fluctuations mainly in TAG. The diminution of the monounsaturated FA content in the summer was clearly followed by an increase in PUFA content. Diplodus vulgaris is a good source of natural n−3 PUFA and would therefore be suitable for inclusion in highly unsaturated low‐fat diets.
Analyzing seed weight, fatty acid composition, oil, and protein contents in Vernonia galamensis germplasm by near‐infrared reflectance spectroscopy
Authors: Baye Tesfaye , Becker Heiko C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractVernonia galamensis is a potential new industrial oilseed crop from the Asteraceae family. The interest in this species is due to the presence of a high vernolic acid content of its seed oil, which is useful in the oleochemical industry for paints and coatings. The development of a rapid, precise, robust, nondestructive, and economical method to evaluate quality components is of major interest to growers, processors, and breeders. NIR reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) is routinely used for the prediction of quality traits in many crops. This study was conducted to establish a rapid analytical method for determining the quality of intact seeds of V. galamensis. A total of 114 Vernonia accessions were scanned to determine seed weight, FA composition, oil, and protein contents using NIRS. Conventional chemical analysis for FA composition, total oil, and protein contents were performed by GC, Soxhlet extraction, and the Dumas combustion method, respectively. Calibration equations were developed and tested through cross‐validation. The coefficient of determination in cross‐validation for FA ranged from 0.47 (linoleic acid) to 0.55 (vernolic acid), and for oil, protein, and seed weight from 0.71 (oil) to 0.86 (seed protein). It was concluded that NIRS calibration equations developed for seed weight and seed quality traits can be satisfactorily used as early screening methods in V. galamensis breeding programs.
Solvent‐free enzymatic synthesis of structured lipids containing CLA from coconut oil and tricaprylin
Authors: Rocha‐Uribe Alejandro , Hernandez Ernesto 
Published: November 2006

AbstractLipase‐catalyzed acidolysis of different TAG with CLA was performed to produce structured lipids (SL) containing CLA. An immobilized lipase from Mucor miehei (Lipozyme IM, Novo Nordisk Inc., Franklinton, NC) was used as the biocatalyst in a solvent‐free system. Conconut oil and tricaprylin, which are sources of medium‐chain FA, were the starting substrates, and a mixture of FFA (MFFA) containing 73% CLA was the donor of the acyl groups. For each TAG, four different ratios of TAG/MFFA were blended to prepare about 500 g of mixture containing 10, 20, 30, and 40% CLA (w/w). Each blend was reacted with 5% lipase at 65°C for 48 h under nitrogen. Over the range of TAG/MFFA ratios examined, CLA was incorporated effectively by the enzyme. Lipozyme IM exhibited no special preference for any particular FA, since the incorporation of FA was proportional to their concentration in the system. FFA, PV, p‐anisidine value (p‐AV), iodine value (IV), and saponification number (SN) were evaluated for all the SL. FFA, PV, and p‐AV depended on the purification process and showed no significant deterioration of SL with respect to the original TAG, whereas IV and SN depended on the composition of the SL, mainly the CLA content.
Phenolic antioxidants in beans and their effects on inhibition of radical‐induced DNA damage
Authors: Madhujith Terrence , Amarowicz Ryszard , Shahidi Fereidoon 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFour bean varieties with different hull colors (white, brown, red, and black) were extracted with 80% acetone and evaluated for their antioxidant potential. Red, brown, and black bean extracts were able to effectively retain supercoiled DNA against 2,2′‐azobis(2‐methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride (AAPH)‐induced radical damage at the concentration levels (5, 10, 50, and 100 ppm) tested. Delphinidin, cyanidin, and procyanidins B2, C1, C2, and X were identified in red, brown, and black bean hull extracts, whereas white bean hull extract contained only a small amount of flavonoids. Vanillic, caffeic, p‐coumaric, ferulic, and sinapic acids were the main phenolic acids identified in bean hull extracts.
Refolding and Structural Characteristic of TRAIL/Apo2L Inclusion Bodies from Different Specific Growth Rates of Recombinant Escherichia coli
Authors: Kang Hui , Sun Ai‐You , Shen Ya‐Ling , Wei Dong‐Zhi 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTNF‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand (TRAIL/Apo2L) was produced mainly as inclusion bodies (IBs) by recombinant Escherichia coli with a temperature‐inducible expression system. The yield of TRAIL type 2 IBs at higher preinduction specific growth rate (μ = 0.15 h‐1) was higher than that of TRAIL type 1 IBs at lower preinduction specific growth rate (μ = 0.05 h‐1). With the same optimized refolding protocols, two types of IBs exhibited different refolding features. Refolded type 1 IBs had higher recovery of more than 80% compared with type 2 IBs (57–63%). By the measurements of fluorescence and CD spectroscopy, type 1 TRAIL IBs dissolved by urea appeared to be a closer secondary structure to the native TRAIL than type 2. Furthermore, with trypsin treatment, the striking decrease in stability of type 1 IBs against protease digestion cannot be attributed to their small size particles observed by scanning electron microscope and probably depend on different protein structure properties between the two IBs. Different properties of inclusion bodies were mainly influenced by different physiological states of the cells just prior to the induction.
Changes in European ecosystem productivity and carbon balance driven by regional climate model output
Authors: MORALES PABLO , HICKLER THOMAS , ROWELL DAVID P. , SMITH BENJAMIN , SYKES MARTIN T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractClimate change resulting from the enhanced greenhouse effect together with the direct effect of increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations on vegetation growth are expected to produce changes in the cycling of carbon in terrestrial ecosystems. Impacts will vary across Europe, and regional‐scale studies are needed to resolve this variability. In this study, we used the LPJ‐GUESS ecosystem model driven by a suite of regional climate model (RCM) scenarios from the European Union (EU) project PRUDENCE to estimate climate impacts on carbon cycling across Europe. We identified similarities and discrepancies in simulated climate impacts across scenarios, particularly analyzing the uncertainties arising from the range of climate models and emissions scenarios considered. Our results suggest that net primary production (NPP) and heterotrophic respiration (Rh) will generally increase throughout Europe, but with considerable variation between European subregions. The smallest NPP increases, and in some cases decreases, occurred in the Mediterranean, where many ecosystems switched from sinks to sources of carbon by 2100, mainly as a result of deteriorating water balance. Over the period 1991–2100, modeled climate change impacts on the European carbon balance ranged from a sink of 11.6 Gt C to a source of 3.3 Gt C, the average annual sink corresponding with 1.85% of the current EU anthropogenic emissions. Projected changes in carbon balance were more dependent on the choice of the general circulation model (GCM) providing boundary conditions to the RCM than the choice of RCM or the level of anthropogenic greenhouse gases emissions.
Results for 79 patients with neuroblastoma detected through mass screening at 6 months of age in a single institute
Authors: NISHIO NOBUHIRO , MIMAYA JUN‐ICHI , NARA TAEMI , TAKASHIMA YOSHIFUMI , HORIKOSHI YASUO , URUSHIHARA NAOTO , HASEGAWA SHIRO , AOKI KATSUHIKO , HAMASAKI MINORU 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBackground: In Japan, mass screening for neuroblastoma has been performed at 6 months of age to improve the prognosis of this condition for more than 20 years. In recent years, most neuroblastomas detected by mass screening were considered to have favorable biological features and sometimes tend to regress spontaneously.Methods: The authors established non‐treated observation criteria in 1997 and criteria for observation of residual tumor after first‐line chemotherapy in 1999, and have made an effort to reduce the intensity of medical treatment for neuroblastoma. The authors examined outcomes of 79 patients who were found in the Shizuoka neuroblastoma mass screening at 6 months of age and who received medical treatment or underwent observation in Shizuoka Children’s Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan, between December 1981 and December 2004.Results: A total of 77 patients survived but the remaining two patients died from complications of medical treatment. None of the patients died due to progression of neuroblastoma. In the cases, non‐treated observation was performed in 17. Of those, 12 patients are now under non‐treated observation. Of their tumors, two have disappeared, nine have become smaller and another one has not change in size. Observation of residual tumor after first‐line chemotherapy was performed in 15 cases, and three disappeared and the other 12 cases became smaller. Medical treatment‐related complications were observed in 20 of 67 patients who received medical treatment, and 18 of the 20 patients were seen before establishing non‐treated observation criteria.Conclusion: Non‐treated observation and observation of residual tumor after first‐line chemotherapy were useful to reduce medical treatment‐related complications.
Failure of medical therapy despite normal intraocular pressure
Authors: Walland Mark J , Carassa Roberto G , Goldberg Ivan , Grehn Franz , Heuer Dale K , Khaw Peng T , Thomas Ravi , Parikh Rajul 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe disease glaucoma is now defined by characteristic optic disc and visual field change, without specific reference to the intraocular pressure (IOP). Success of treatment is no longer judged by the mere attainment of IOP less than 21 mmHg. Controversy remains, however, in deciding appropriate management where optic disc and/or visual field damage continues to progress despite a ‘normal’ IOP having been achieved with medical treatment. A panel of international glaucoma experts has provided management recommendations in four clinical scenarios – open‐angle glaucoma, open‐angle glaucoma in a myopic contact lens wearer, uveitic glaucoma and open‐angle glaucoma in combination with visually significant cataract – where optic nerve and visual field progression has continued despite an IOP less than 21 mmHg on full medical treatment. Surgical intervention with mitomycin trabeculectomy is the most favoured further therapy.
The importance of seasonal variability and tactical responses to risk on estimating the economic benefits of integrated weed management
Authors: Jones Randall , Cacho Oscar , Sinden Jack 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSeasonal variability is an important source of risk faced by farmers and, regardless of an individual's attitude to risk, there are options to tactically adjust production strategies as the outcomes of risk become known. The objective of this article is to measure the economic benefits of alternative approaches to managing weeds, one of the most serious production problems in Australian cropping systems. A bioeconomic model that combines weed biology, crop growth and economics is developed to value the effects of seasonal variability and the role of tactical responses and sequential decision making in determining an optimal integrated weed management strategy. This shows that there are substantial differences in the measured long‐term benefits from deterministic and stochastic simulations. It is concluded that, for research evaluation of technologies that involve complex biological and dynamic systems, ignoring the impacts of seasonal variability, responses to risk and sequential decision making can lead to an incorrect estimate of the economic benefits of a technology. In this case study of optimal weed management strategies in Australia, the size of the error is high.
Modeling farmers' decisions on child labor and schooling in the cocoa sector: a multinomial logit analysis in Côte d'Ivoire
Authors: Nkamleu Guy B. , Kielland Anne 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSince 2000, children working in the cocoa sector of Côte d'Ivoire have found themselves in the media spotlight. This situation has assumed particular importance because approximately 40% of the world's cocoa production occurs in Côte d'Ivoire. Concerned parties have since taken great interest in this thorny issue. There is a need to better understand the reality of child labor utilization in this sector. This article investigates child labor issues in the cocoa sector of Côte d'Ivoire in conjunction with schooling status of children. The study is based on a survey done in 2002, over a representative sample of more than 11,000 members of cocoa households. The multinomial logit model is used to capture choice probabilities across work and/or school options. The results reveal that child labor in cocoa farms and nonenrollment in schools are significant. Moreover, many children are involved in potentially dangerous and/or harmful tasks. Data also highlight gender and age dimensions in the participation of children in tasks and the way labor is allocated. Econometric results generally indicate that the gender and age of children, whether or not the child is the biological child of the household head, parents' education, the origin of the farmer, household welfare, household size, the household dependency ratio, the size of other perennial crop farms, the number of sharecroppers working with the household head, and communities' characteristics are all pertinent in explaining the child work/schooling outcome in the cocoa sector of Côte d'Ivoire.
APPLICATION OF RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY FOR THE OSMOTIC DEHYDRATION OF CARROTS
Authors: SINGH BAHADUR , PANESAR PARMJIT S. , NANDA VIKAS , GUPTA AVTAR K. , KENNEDY JOHN F. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT Osmotic dehydrations of carrot cubes in sodium chloride salt solutions at different solution concentrations, temperatures and process durations were analyzed for water loss and solute gain. The osmotically pretreated carrot cubes were further dehydrated in a cabinet dryer at 65C and were then rehydrated in water at ambient temperature for 8–10 h and analyzed for rehydration ratio, color and overall acceptability of the rehydrated product. The process was optimized for maximum water loss, rehydration ratio and overall acceptability of rehydrated product, and for minimum solute gain and shrinkage of rehydrated product by response surface methodology. The optimum conditions of various process parameters were 11% salt concentration, 30C osmotic solution temperature and process duration of 120 min.
MODEL TO PREDICT THE COOL‐DOWN CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIABLE AIR TEMPERATURE POTATO COLD STORAGE USING COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS
Authors: CHOURASIA M.K. , GOSWAMI T.K. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT In Indian commercial potato cold storage facilities, the air temperature does not remain constant during the loading period. Also, because of stepwise loading pattern, the product loaded on different days would undergo different time‐temperature histories. Under this transient condition, the product takes longer to reach the steady state and loses more moisture of about 1.7% during 1 month of storage period. In addition, the sensible product‐cooling load is different for the product loaded on different days. In the present study, therefore, the product temperature, moisture loss and sensible product‐cooling load were predicted for the product loaded on different days under the condition of variable storage air temperature in the range of 3.5–10C and constant relative humidity of 90% using the computational fluid dynamics technique. It was found that the product loaded during the middle of loading period incurred more moisture loss than that loaded during early and latter stages of loading. However, the former case imposed more sensible product‐cooling load. The trends of temporal variation of average product temperature, moisture loss and sensible product‐cooling load depended on the day of loading of the product in the cold storage facility.
Antifungal Susceptibilities of the Species of the
Pseudallescheria boydii
Complex
Authors: Gilgado Fèlix , Serena Carolina , Cano Josep , Gené Josepa , Guarro Josep 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT

Eighty-four isolates belonging to eight species that constitute the
Pseudallescheria boydii
complex were tested against 11 antifungal agents by using the microdilution method. There were significant differences among the species, with
Scedosporium aurantiacum
being the most resistant. In general, voriconazole was the most active drug, followed by posaconazole.
Contribution of Phagocytosis and Intracellular Sensing for Cytokine Production by
Staphylococcus aureus
-Activated Macrophages
Authors: Kapetanovic Ronan , Nahori Marie-Anne , Balloy Viviane , Fitting Catherine , Philpott Dana J. , Cavaillon Jean-Marc , Adib-Conquy Minou 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are involved in the sensing of microbially derived compounds. We analyzed the contribution of these receptors to cytokine production by macrophages following stimulation with whole bacteria. Using knockout mice, we confirmed that the TLR4 and TLR2 contribution was predominant in the induction of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-10 by gram-negative bacteria. In contrast, the absence of TLR2 and/or TLR4 or TLR9 did not affect the response to gram-positive bacteria. In the absence of TLR2, phagocytosis was essential for cytokine production in response to heat-killed
Staphylococcus aureus
(HKSA). Because intracellular sensing was important in the absence of TLR2, we evaluated the contribution of Nod1 and Nod2, intracytoplasmic sensors of peptidoglycan-derived muropeptides, to the response to HKSA. By transfecting RAW 264.7 macrophages with dominant negative (DN) forms of Nod1 and Nod2, we showed that both molecules inhibited NF-κB activation in response to HKSA. The unexpected interference of DN Nod1 in the response of macrophages to gram-positive bacteria was confirmed with a Nod2 agonist (muramyl dipeptide) in transfection experiments with HEK293T cell. Taken together, these results show the contribution of phagocytosis and Nod molecules to the response to HKSA in macrophages and also identify possible cross talk between Nod1 and Nod2.
The Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Tat Protein EnhancesCryptosporidium parvum-Induced Apoptosis in Cholangiocytes via a Fas Ligand-Dependent Mechanism
Authors: O'Hara Steven P. , Small Aaron J. , Nelson Jeremy B. , Badley Andrew D. , Chen Xian-Ming , Gores Gregory J. , LaRusso Nicholas F. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTWhileCryptosporidium parvuminfection of the intestine has been reported in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals, biliary infection is seen primarily in adult AIDS patients and is associated with development of AIDS cholangiopathy. However, the mechanisms of pathogen-induced AIDS cholangiopathy remain unclear. Since we previously demonstrated that the Fas/Fas ligand (FasL) system is involved in paracrine-mediatedC. parvumcytopathicity in cholangiocytes, we also tested the potential synergistic effects of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transactivator of transcription (Tat)-mediated FasL regulation onC. parvum-induced apoptosis in cholangiocytes by semiquantitative reverse transcription-PCR, immunoblotting, immunofluorescence analysis, and immunogold electron microscopy. H69 cells do not express CXCR4 and CCR5, which are receptors required for direct HIV-1 viral infection. However, recombinant biologically active HIV-1-associated Tat protein increased FasL expression in the cytoplasm of cholangiocytes without a significant increase in apoptosis. We found thatC. parvum-induced apoptosis was associated with translocation of intracellular FasL to the cell membrane surface and release of full-length FasL from infected H69 cells. Tat significantly (P< 0.05) increasedC. parvum-induced apoptosis in bystander cells in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, Tat enhanced bothC. parvum-induced FasL membrane translocation and release of full-length FasL. In addition, the FasL neutralizing antibody NOK-1 and the caspase-8 inhibitor Z-IETD-fmk both blockedC. parvum-induced apoptosis in cholangiocytes. The data demonstrated that HIV-1 Tat enhancesC. parvum-induced cholangiocyte apoptosis via a paracrine-mediated, FasL-dependent mechanism. Our results suggest that concurrent active HIV replication, with associated production of Tat protein, andC. parvuminfection synergistically increase cholangiocyte apoptosis and thus jointly contribute to AIDS-related cholangiopathies.