bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An exploratory study of the neural mechanisms of decision making in compulsive hoarding
Authors: Tolin D. F. , Kiehl K. A. , Worhunsky P. , Book G. A. , Maltby N. 
Published: May 2008

BackgroundPrior studies have suggested unique patterns of neural activity associated with compulsive hoarding. However, to date no studies have examined the process of making actual decisions about whether to keep or discard possessions in patients with hoarding symptoms. An increasing body of clinical data and experimental psychopathology research suggests that hoarding is associated with impaired decision making; therefore, it is important to understand the neural underpinnings of decision-making abnormalities in hoarding patients.MethodTwelve adult patients diagnosed with compulsive hoarding, 17% of whom also met criteria for obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), and 12 matched healthy controls underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while making decisions about whether or not to discard personal paper items (e.g. junk mail) brought to the laboratory as well as control items that did not belong to them. Items were either saved or destroyed following each decision.ResultsWhen deciding about whether to keep or discard personal possessions, compulsive hoarding participants displayed excessive hemodynamic activity in lateral orbitofrontal cortex and parahippocampal gyrus. Among hoarding participants, decisions to keep personal possessions were associated with greater activity in superior temporal gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, medial frontal gyrus, anterior cingulate cortex, precentral gyrus, and cerebellum than were decisions to discard personal possessions.ConclusionsThese results provide partial support for an emerging model of compulsive hoarding based on complications of the decision-making process. They also suggest that compulsive hoarding may be characterized by focal deficits in the processing of reward and changes in reward contingencies, particularly when these are perceived to be punishing.
Improvement of psychic and somatic symptoms in adult patients with generalized anxiety disorder: examination from a duloxetine, venlafaxine extended-release and placebo-controlled trial
Authors: Nicolini H. , Bakish D. , Duenas H. , Spann M. , Erickson J. , Hallberg C. , Ball S. , Sagman D. , Russell J. M. 
Published: May 2008

BackgroundThis study examined the efficacy and tolerability of duloxetine and venlafaxine extended-release (XR) treatment for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), with a secondary focus on psychic and somatic symptoms within GAD.MethodThe design was a 10-week, multi-center, double-blind placebo-controlled study of duloxetine (20 mg or 60–120 mg once daily) and venlafaxine XR (75–225 mg once daily) treatment. Efficacy was measured using the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA), which includes psychic and somatic factor scores. Tolerability was measured by occurrence of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) and discontinuation rates.ResultsAdult out-patients (mean age 42.8 years; 57.1% women) with DSM-IV-defined GAD were randomly assigned to placebo (n=170), duloxetine 20 mg (n=84), duloxetine 60–120 mg (n=158) or venlafaxine XR 75–225 mg (n=169) treatment. Each of the three active treatment groups had significantly greater improvements on HAMA total score from baseline to endpoint compared with placebo (p=0.01–0.001). For the HAMA psychic factor score, both duloxetine treatment arms and venlafaxine XR demonstrated significantly greater improvement compared with placebo (p=0.01–0.001). For the HAMA somatic factor score, the mean improvement in the duloxetine 60–120 mg and venlafaxine XR groups was significantly greater than placebo (p⩽0.05 and p⩽0.01 respectively), whose mean improvement did not differ from the duloxetine 20 mg group (p=0.07). Groups did not differ in study discontinuation rate due to adverse events.ConclusionsDuloxetine and venlafaxine treatment were each efficacious for improvement of core psychic anxiety symptoms and associated somatic symptoms for adults with GAD.
Age patterns in the prevalence of DSM-IV depressive/anxiety disorders with and without physical co-morbidity
Authors: Scott K. M. , Von Korff M. , Alonso J. , Angermeyer M. , Bromet E. J. , Bruffaerts R. , de Girolamo G. , de Graaf R. , Fernandez A. , Gureje O. , He Y. , Kessler R. C. , Kovess V. , Levinson D. , Medina-Mora M. E. , Mneimneh Z. , Oakley Browne M. A. , Posada-Villa J. , Tachimori H. , Williams D. 
Published: May 2008

BackgroundPhysical morbidity is a potent risk factor for depression onset and clearly increases with age, yet prior research has often found depressive disorders to decrease with age. This study tests the possibility that the relationship between age and mental disorders differs as a function of physical co-morbidity.MethodEighteen general population surveys were carried out among household-residing adults as part of the World Mental Health (WMH) surveys initiative (n=42 697). DSM-IV disorders were assessed using face-to-face interviews with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 3.0). The effect of age was estimated for 12-month depressive and/or anxiety disorders with and without physical or pain co-morbidity, and for physical and/or pain conditions without mental co-morbidity.ResultsDepressive and anxiety disorders decreased with age, a result that cannot be explained by organic exclusion criteria. No significant difference was found in the relationship between mental disorders and age as a function of physical/pain co-morbidity. The majority of older persons have chronic physical or pain conditions without co-morbid mental disorders; by contrast, the majority of those with mental disorders have physical/pain co-morbidity, particularly among the older age groups.ConclusionsCIDI-diagnosed depressive and anxiety disorders in the general population decrease with age, despite greatly increasing physical morbidity with age. Physical morbidity among persons with mental disorder is the norm, particularly in older populations. Health professionals, including mental health professionals, need to address barriers to the management of physical co-morbidity among those with mental disorders.
Cannabis use and genetic predisposition for schizophrenia: a case-control study
Authors: Veling W. , Mackenbach J. P. , van Os J. , Hoek H. W. 
Published: May 2008

BackgroundCannabis use may be a risk factor for schizophrenia. Part of this association may be explained by genotype–environment interaction, and part of it by genotype–environment correlation. The latter issue has not been explored. We investigated whether cannabis use is associated with schizophrenia, and whether gene–environment correlation contributes to this association, by examining the prevalence of cannabis use in groups with different levels of genetic predisposition for schizophrenia.MethodCase-control study of first-episode schizophrenia. Cases included all non-Western immigrants who made first contact with a physician for schizophrenia in The Hague, The Netherlands, between October 2000 and July 2005 (n=100; highest genetic predisposition). Two matched control groups were recruited, one among siblings of the cases (n=63; intermediate genetic predisposition) and one among immigrants who made contact with non-psychiatric secondary health-care services (n=100; lowest genetic predisposition). Conditional logistic regression analyses were used to predict schizophrenia as a function of cannabis use, and cannabis use as a function of genetic predisposition for schizophrenia.ResultsCases had used cannabis significantly more often than their siblings and general hospital controls (59, 21 and 21% respectively). Cannabis use predicted schizophrenia [adjusted odds ratio (OR) cases compared to general hospital controls 7.8, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.7–22.6; adjusted OR cases compared to siblings 15.9 (95% CI 1.5–167.1)], but genetic predisposition for schizophrenia did not predict cannabis use [adjusted OR intermediate predisposition compared to lowest predisposition 1.2 (95% CI 0.4–3.8)].ConclusionsCannabis use was associated with schizophrenia but there was no evidence for genotype–environment correlation.
Rumination, distraction and mindful self-focus: effects on mood, dysfunctional attitudes and cortisol stress response
Authors: Kuehner C. , Huffziger S. , Liebsch K. 
Published: May 2008

BackgroundAlthough aggravating effects of rumination on dysfunctional cognitions and endocrine stress responses have been proposed, experimental studies testing these assumptions are lacking. In parallel, mindfulness theory suggests beneficial effects of mindfulness on dysfunctional cognitions. This study aimed to investigate the effects of induced rumination, distraction and mindful self-focus on mood and dysfunctional attitudes and to assess the possible impact of induced rumination on participants' cortisol responses.MethodSixty university students were subjected to negative mood induction and subsequently randomly assigned to a rumination, distraction or mindful self-focus condition. The latter included statements focusing on self-acceptance and awareness of the breath. Four saliva cortisol samples were selected during the session.ResultsCompared to induced rumination, distraction showed a clear beneficial effect on the course of dysphoric mood, whereas a mindful self-focus did not. In contrast to distraction and mindful self-focus, participants induced to ruminate showed significant increases in dysfunctional attitudes from baseline to post-induction. Although rumination was not itself linked to higher cortisol responses, participants scoring high on the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)-II who were induced to ruminate showed a smaller decrease in cortisol levels than those scoring low on the BDI-II.ConclusionsThis study indicates that rumination as a dysfunctional mode of cognitive processing is able to maintain depression-linked dysfunctional thought content. Furthermore, our study revealed preliminary indications for a link between induced rumination and the cortisol stress response in vulnerable individuals.
Deformations of asymptotically cylindricalG2-manifolds
Authors: NORDSTRÖM JOHANNES 
Published: May 2008

AbstractWe prove that for a 7-dimensional manifoldMwith cylindrical ends the moduli space of exponentially asymptotically cylindrical torsion-freeG2-structures is a smooth manifold (if non-empty), and study some of its local properties. We also show that the holonomy of the induced metric of an exponentially asymptotically cylindricalG2-manifold is exactlyG2if and only if the fundamental group π1(M) is finite and neitherMnor any double cover ofMis homeomorphic to a cylinder.
The classification of reversible-equivariant steady-state bifurcations on self-dual spaces
Authors: BAPTISTELLI P. H. , MANOEL M. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractIn this paper we apply singularity theory methods to the classification of reversible-equivariant steady-state bifurcations depending on one real parameter. We assume that the group of symmetries and reversing symmetries is a compact Lie group Γ, and the equivalence is defined in order to preserve these symmetries and reversing symmetries in the normal forms and their unfoldings. When the representation of Γ is self-dual, we show that the classification can be reduced to the standard equivariant context. In this case, we establish a one-to-one association between the classification of bifurcations in the reversible-equivariant context and the classification of purely equivariant bifurcations related to them. As an application of the results, we obtain the classification of self-dual representations ofZ2⊕Z2andD4on the plane.
Racial Reorganization and the United States Census 1850–1930: Mulattoes, Half-Breeds, Mixed Parentage, Hindoos, and the Mexican Race
Authors: Hochschild Jennifer L. , Powell Brenna Marea 
Published: May 2008

Between 1850 and 1930, demographic upheaval in the United States was connected to reorganization of the racial order. Socially and politically recognized boundaries between groups shifted, new groups emerged, others disappeared, and notions of who belonged in which category changed. All recognized racial groups—blacks, whites, Indians, Asians, Mexicans and others—were affected. This article investigates how and why census racial classification policies changed during this period, only to stabilize abruptly before World War II. In the context of demographic transformations and their political consequences, we find that census policy in any given year was driven by a combination of scientific, political, and ideological motivations.Based on this analysis, we rethink existing theoretical approaches to censuses and racial classification, arguing that a nation's census is deeply implicated in and helps to construct its social and political order. Censuses provide the concepts, taxonomy, and substantive information by which a nation understands its component parts as well as the contours of the whole; censuses both create the image and provide the mirror of that image for a nation's self-reflection. We conclude by outlining the meaning of this period in American history for current and future debates over race and classification.
A benthic richness hotspot in the Southern Ocean: slope and shelf cryptic benthos of Shag Rocks
Authors: Barnes David K.A. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractShelf and slope cryptofauna were sampled at the most northerly shelf environments within the Southern Ocean, Shag Rocks. The area is remarkably rich, with seven phyla, 10 classes, 40 families and 81 species on 0.36 m2of shelf boulders. A large proportion of genera and species found had not been seen there before, some were new to science and species accumulation curves did not approach an asymptote. Current estimates of benthic diversity are clearly still too low if even well studied locations and depths reveal so much novelty with such little sample effort. Proportions of new species were higher in slope samples showing how little we know of this important depth. Significantly, life was just as rich and, surprisingly, abundant on boulders from continental slope depths. Clearly there are places where the continental slope around Antarctica harbours a wealth of species with potential to resupply the shelf if life was ‘bulldozed’ off it by past ice shelf expansions during glacial maxima. Some species on boulders from 1500 m also occur as shallow as the Antarctic intertidal zone. That this rich fauna was ‘Antarctic’ in character shows the extremes, e.g. sea temperature (> 4°C in summer), that they can adapt to given long enough time periods.
Marine richness and gradients at Deception Island, Antarctica
Authors: Barnes David K.A. , Linse Katrin , Enderlein Peter , Smale Dan , Fraser Keiron P.P. , Brown Matt 
Published: May 2008

AbstractStudies of the recovery of the fauna following the 1967–70 eruptions at Deception Island, South Shetland Islands, have made it one of the best-studied marine sites of the Southern Ocean for biodiversity. Using SCUBA we surveyed the mega- and macro-epifauna of its subtidal zones in the entrance (Neptune's Bellows), immediately inside the caldera (Whaler's Bay) and well within the caldera (Fumarole Bay). Richness declined from 10 phyla, 13 classes and 35 species at Neptune's Bellows to three phyla, four classes and five species in Whaler's Bay and just two phyla, classes and species at Fumarole Bay. Amongst the 35 species we found at Neptune's Bellows, 14 were previously unrecorded from Deception Island. Despite many ship visits and amongst the warmest sea temperatures in the Southern Ocean, the Non Indigenous Species (NIS) algae were not found in our survey. Deception Island has been recolonized considerably since the recent eruptions, but many taxa are still very poorly represented and the colonizers present are mainly those with planktotrophic larvae. Examination of the literature revealed that to date 163 named marine species have been found within the caldera as well as at least 50 more morphospecies, which are yet to be identified. Species accumulation has consistently increased across eight recent samples reported and the number of species reported there is likely to reach 300 when taxa such as the nematodes are identified to species level. This represents a first meaningful total species estimate for an Antarctic marine area and, as the site is comparatively impoverished, indicates how rich the surrounding Antarctic shelf must be.
Epibenthic macrofauna associated with the shelf and slope of a young and isolated Southern Ocean island
Authors: Kaiser Stefanie , Barnes David K.A. , Linse Katrin , Brandt Angelika 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe remote South Sandwich arc is an archipelago of small volcanic islands and seamounts entirely surrounded by deep water and about 600 km away from the closest island, South Georgia. As some of the youngest islands (< 5 m.y.) in the Southern Ocean they are ideal for studying colonization processes of the seabed by benthic fauna, but are rarely investigated because of remoteness and extreme weather. The current study attempted to quantify the richness and abundance of the epibenthic macrofauna around the Southern Thule group by taking five epibenthic sledge samples along a depth transect including three shelf (one at 300 m and two at 500 m) and two slope stations (1000 and 1500 m). Our aim was to investigate higher taxon richness and community composition in an isolated Antarctic locality, since recent volcanic eruptions between 1964 and 1997. We examined patterns across all epibenthic macrofauna at phylum and class levels, and investigated trends in some model groups of crustaceans to order and family level. We found that abundance was highest in the shallowest sample and decreased with depth. Shelf samples (300 and 500 m) were dominated by molluscs and malacostracans while at the deeper stations (1000 and 1500 m) nematodes were the most abundant taxon. Surprisingly, the shallow shelf was dominated by animals with restricted dispersal abilities, such as direct developing brooders (malacostracans) or those with lecithotrophic larvae (bivalves of the genusYoldiella, most bryozoan species). Despite Southern Thule's geological youth, recent eruptions, and its remoteness the shallow shelf was rich in higher taxa (phyla/classes) as well as orders and families of our model groups. Future work at higher taxonomic resolution (species level) should greatly increase understanding of how life has reached and established on these young and highly disturbed seabeds.
DNA barcodes of fish of the Scotia Sea, Antarctica indicate priority groups for taxonomic and systematics focus
Authors: Rock J. , Costa F.O. , Walker D.I. , North A.W. , Hutchinson W.F. , Carvalho G.R. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractWe analysed cytochrome oxidase I (COI) barcodes for 35 putative fish species collected in the Scotia Sea, and compared the resultant molecular data with field-based morphological identifications, and additional sequence data obtained from GenBank and the Barcode of Life Data System (BOLD). There was high congruence between morphological and molecular classification, and COI provided effective species-level discrimination for nearly all putative species. No effect of geographic sampling was observed for COI sequence variation. For two families, including the Liparidae and Zoarcidae, for which morphological field identification was unable to resolve taxonomy, DNA barcoding revealed significant species-level divergence. However, the dataset lacked sufficient sensitivity for resolving species within theBathydracoandArtedidracogenera. Analysis of cytochromebfor these two genera also failed to resolve taxonomic identity. The data are discussed in relation to emergent priorities for additional taxonomic studies. We emphasize the utility of DNA barcoding in providing a valuable taxonomic framework for fundamental population studies through assigning life history stages or other morphologically ambiguous samples to parental species.
Volcanic features and the hydrological setting of Southern Thule, South Sandwich Islands
Authors: Allen Claire S. , Smellie John L. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis paper provides new observations of volcanic features and hydrological characteristics in and around Southern Thule, the southernmost group of islands in the South Sandwich Islands, including the first high-resolution bathymetric image of the Douglas Strait caldera. The South Sandwich Islands are the summits of several very large subduction-related volcanoes constructed at the eastern boundary of the Scotia Sea. Observations of the islands are scarce owing to their remote location and they are only rarely visited, yet the area is an active volcanic arc that is rapidly changing as a result of eruptions, including one (on Montagu Island) that has been ongoing for six years and is creating new land. The three islands that make up Southern Thule are morphologically different, and they illustrate different stages in the construction and evolution of islands in the South Sandwich group. We present the results of an acoustic and hydrographic survey that resulted in the first high-resolution, multibeam ‘swath’ image of the submarine Douglas Strait caldera. The results confirm the presence of a large sediment mound (c. 1000 m3 in volume) on the floor of the Douglas Strait caldera related to a flank collapse of Thule Island. The image also shows an extensive arcuate fault structure, interpreted as evidence that the caldera is nested, and its geomorphological freshness suggests that it is a very young feature that formed conceivably in the last few decades or centuries. The bathymetric image also reveals at least three cone- or mound-like structures within the caldera that may relate to renewed post-caldera volcanism (as pyroclastic cones and/or pillow mounds). Recently formed cones and faults associated with caldera rims are often associated with hydrothermal activity. However, temperature and salinity data collected within the caldera do not yet show any evidence of hydrothermal venting. The ocean surrounding Southern Thule has a prominent surface layer of low salinity water that is probably caused by a high meltwater flux derived from ice caps on the islands. This flux may have been enhanced by the recent warming trend observed in the Antarctic Peninsula, although volcano-related geothermal melting in the ice-filled Thule Island caldera may also contribute to the meltwater flux.