bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expert and Knowledge Networks
Authors: Fitzgerald Deborah 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the factors behind the shift from subsistence farming to modern, large-scale farming and agribusiness. It considers the role of rural agricultural societies, the development of agricultural education, primarily in Europe and the United States, and the rise of science-based expertise. It next discusses the transition from expertise based on experience to expertise based on scientific agricultural education. The chapter then follows the impact of Justus von Liebig’s proposal for science-based education and the institutional model of research-education-extension that led to the American land-grant university system, as well as most European agricultural education. Finally, it argues that the introduction of scientific expertise shaped the rise of agribusiness interests and their command of the field in the twentieth century.
Commodity Frontiers as Drivers of Global Capitalism
Authors: Bosma Ulbe , Vanhaute Eric 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Frontier expansion, the proliferation of extractive economies in geologically and climatically distinct ecosystems, at ever greater distances and across ever broader space, has been a main driver for the expansion of a global capitalist system. This contribution develops the concept of commodity frontiers as part of a specific understanding of capitalism as a historical process of commodification of labor and nature, driven by the intrinsic need to permanently open up new opportunities for accumulation. The unstinting quest for the cheapest answers to environmental and resource problems has fundamentally transformed the global countryside and its rural populations. Commodity frontiers studies provide a comparative-historical lens to study three interrelated research fields: how global capitalism transformed rural societies and agricultural systems worldwide; how successive regimes of appropriation of nature, land, and labor developed; and how commodity frontier expansion has been the subject of profound social and political contests.
Soy
Authors: Langthaler Ernst 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In the twentieth century, soy emerged as the world’s leading agricultural commodity. Combining a global and centennial perspective with an agro-food approach, this chapter explores waves of globalization through the lens of soy. Having served as regional food crop in East Asia for millennia, soy became a global cash crop in the British-centered agro-food regime (1870–1929), linking the northeast of China as the world’s leading producer to consumer goods industries in Northwest Europe. Soy found enlarged rooms of maneuver in the US-centered agro-food regime (1947–1973), connecting the US Midwest and adjacent regions as major suppliers in the divided world market with growing demand for animal-based food from Western Europe and Japan. Soy rose to global dominance in the WTO-centered agro-food regime (since 1995), integrating producers in the South American “soybean republic” as well as European and East Asian consumers into global agribusiness. Soy’s emergence as a commodity in the slipstream of globalization was driven by state governments, (trans-)national corporations, and social movements as well as by the crop’s versatility in socio-natural networks.
Frontier Agriculture and the Creation of Global Neo-Europes
Authors: Daly Jonathan 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In the late nineteenth century, five countries topped the list of global wheat exporters: Russia, the United States, Canada, Argentina, and Australia. All five benefited from ongoing technological innovations but could not have become breadbaskets of the world without some of the richest grassland on the planet. Their global output was spurred in large part by the booming industrial economy requiring vastly more grain for burgeoning urban labor forces. Although the Soviet collectivization drive derailed the Russian agricultural colossus, it was back on track and had reached the number one position in world wheat exports by 2018. The other four early breadbaskets remained in the top six, suggesting something like an environmental determinism at work.
The Global Green Revolution
Authors: Tauger Mark B. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Chapter 33 presents a history of the Green Revolution, the most significant improvement in agricultural production in the twentieth century. After reviewing the Green Revolution’s origins in Italy and the USSR, it describes the wheat and rice high-yielding varieties produced at CIMMYT and IRRI in the 1950s and 1960s and their spread to India and many other countries, through the work of Norman Borlaug, Henry Beachell, and other scientists. It examines the institutionalization of the Green Revolution in the CGIAR and its expansion, problems, and reforms. It briefly reviews the spread of the Green Revolution to Africa and China. It surveys the main criticisms of the Green Revolution, and the main socioeconomic and environmental problems its expansion has brought to many areas. It concludes by discussing the importance of the Green Revolution for future world food production.
Women in Agriculture
Authors: Riney-Kehrberg Pamela 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
As long as human beings have engaged in agriculture, women have been farmers. They are and were agricultural laborers of all varieties. They worked for their husbands and fathers, and on their own behalf. They worked with their families, and on their own. Some were enslaved, while others owned their own bodies and their own labor. Many women have managed farms, some for husbands, but others for themselves. Few have owned their own land, but even so, because of their commitment to agriculture as a family enterprise, they have organized on behalf of farmers. As populations have moved and shifted, the number of women taking responsibility for farms has shifted as well. In some places, such as China and India, agriculture has become feminized over time, while in other places, such as the United States, agriculture has become defeminized. Without women, the story of world agriculture is far from complete.
English in Malaysia
Authors: Hashim Azirah 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
When Malaysia gained independence in 1957, it had inherited a number of different languages and dialects. Article 152 of the Constitution made Malay the official and sole national language. English became the second most important language although its use in official domains would be phased out after ten years. This chapter provides an overview of Malaysian English (MalE) by tracing its historical, sociopolitical, and sociocultural development in the years prior to independence until today. Firstly, it describes the arrival of English during the colonial period and how English became embedded in the multilingual habitat of the country. Secondly, it discusses the status of English and the different linguistics forms of English that have emerged. Thirdly, English in different functional domains is illustrated with examples from various domains, most notably the media and law. Finally, reflections on the future prospects for English in the country (and, indeed, the region) are given.
English in Myanmar
Authors: McCormick Patrick 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Despite not being an official language in Burma/Myanmar, English is everywhere in speech and writing. A close examination of written and spoken English reveals contradictory roles for the language: it is no one’s native language and has no official status, yet people and the government regularly use it, in preference to local languages, to communicate to each other. This situation, reflecting the legacy of British colonialism, has become naturalized for most people. English symbolizes power, prestige, and influence. English is not merely functional, making up for words which local languages lack, or a way to get ahead in education or livelihoods. Rather, speakers of Burmese and other local languages use English to signal their allegiance to power. Traditional pedagogies reaffirm the status and position of English.
English-language literature of Malaysia
Authors: Ganesan Kavitha 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter traces the inception and development of Malaysian Literature in English (MLE) by examining the nation’s sociopolitics. This hinges on ethnocentric policies which are divisive for the writer, from both the Malay and non-Malay ethnic backgrounds, who chooses English as a creative medium. From the 1970s to the 1990s the Malay writers appropriated the journalistic form of writing, while the non-Malay writers used the novel to negotiate their sense of belonging to the nation. The present era has been more favourable for MLE, as multi-ethnic writers’ approach towards writing in English has become more inclusive. The diasporic/transnational MLE writers contribute to MLE’s expansion, and follow an inclusive path towards more creativity with their counterparts in Malaysia.
Aesthetics and the Clinical Encounter
Authors: Oyebode Femi 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The clinical encounter can be conceived of as a functional, instrumental, and transactional process. It is an encounter between someone who is in distress and is in the role of a patient and another person who has expertise, makes inquiries, comes to judgements, and proffers assistance to the other, in the role of doctor. These roles have implicit and explicit expectations that determine how the encounter unfolds. In this chapter, the author will explore the characteristics of the aesthetic values that influence the patient’s actions, the patient’s narrative account, and the patient’s desire to be more than a patient. The author will then turn to the aesthetic values that underpin the clinical inquiry, how this shapes the possibility of attentive listening, and the notion of attunement to the patient’s dilemma. Finally, the author will consider the conjoint enterprise between the patient and the doctor to escape the limitations and constraints of role performance such that creativity and aesthetics determine what emerges within the clinical encounter.
Xul Solar and Jorge Luis Borges in the Revista Multicolor de los Sábados [Multicolor Saturday Magazine]
Authors: Artundo Patricia M. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Since Alejandro Xul Solar and Jorge Luis Borges met around 1925, both appeared associated with different publishing ventures in which Borges had an active role. This chapter focuses on the early 1930s, placing both within the editorial setting of the Revista Multicolor de los Sábados of the newspaper Crítica, published in Buenos Aires between 1933 and 1934. This approach allows for the verification of what Borges stated on repeated occasions about the exceptional nature of Xul Solar’s library and the way in which he activated it from this Buenos Aires publication. The collaborative work between the artist and the writer involved the appropriation and consequent transformation of texts and images taken from different books. Among the latter is Indianermärchen aus Südamerika by Theodor von Koch-GrünbergFrom the reading proposed here, Xul Solar’s private library takes shape and leads to a reflection on the concepts of “version” and “translation,” both of which are central to Borges’s editorial work.
Faculty Reflections on Students as Partners
Authors: Smith Heather A. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Using a narrative writing style, this chapter explores the students as partners approach and reflects on the possibilities and the challenges associated with this approach. Throughout, the chapter highlights sites and experiences of discomfort—necessary discomfort—as the author’s student partners become her teachers and as the experiences of reflecting on power expose her own privilege and unexamined assumptions that are embedded in the everyday and that impact her students and student partners. Discomfort, for the author, becomes a potential space of transformation in an ongoing journey. Adopting the students as partners approach in various aspects of the author’s work has been a significant catalyst for her ongoing evolution as a teacher and scholar.
International Relations
Authors: Arvanitakis James 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the relevance and importance of a critical social science and international relations education across all academic disciplines for undergraduate students. Given the rapidly changing global political, social, and security environment, such critical insights are an important part of preparing graduates for both their future careers and as engaged and empowered citizens. Drawing on the framework of the “citizen scholar,” the argument is that this should be underpinned by a pedagogical approach of cultural humility—acknowledging that learning about cultures is an ongoing journey. A core part of developing such an attribute can be a deep international exchange. Unless such an exchange includes deep engagement with the local culture framed by a sense of cultural humility that is appropriately incorporated into the curriculum, there is a risk that we perpetuate colonial attitudes. That is, the sense that the visiting students will see the local population as something exotic to be observed.
Concretizing International Studies Pedagogy for Undergraduate Students
Authors: Andrews Nathan 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
International studies is sometimes perceived as dwelling in the ivory tower because some of the theories discussed in the classroom seem out of touch with current realities or the various career paths of students taking these programs. As a contribution to partly address this theory-practice conundrum, this chapter shows that an undergraduate capstone course in IS has great promise in terms of (1) helping students assess their learning over the course of their degree and concretize theories and ideas examined in the classroom for the “real world”; (2) preparing students to function in complex professional environments; (3) enhancing the leadership capabilities of final-year undergraduates through engaged group work, presentations, and cross-cultural learning; and (4) providing instructors and program chairs the opportunity to (re)evaluate the essence of a degree in IS for the current and future generation of learners. The chapter is built around these four promises, informed by reflections on my recent experience with teaching a global capstone course.
Expelling the Myth of the Average Student by Integrating Inclusive Learning Environments into International Studies Classrooms
Authors: De Matos Ala Jacqueline 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines generative ways in which international studies educators can construct inclusive curricula that cater to the diverse learning capacities and needs of students. Curricula are often designed without expressly considering whether their format and execution would be accessible to all students. However, with a substantial number of the students in our classes identifying as having specialized learning requirements, it is imperative that our curricula are capable of assisting these students to meet their full intellectual potential. Integrating inclusive education practices into curricula is not onerous nor does it require enormous expertise. Moreover, as it is predicated on sound educational practices its adoption enhances the teaching and learning experience for everyone.
Social Media and the International Studies Classroom
Authors: Carmichael Leah , Murdie Amanda 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter shows how to intentionally incorporate social media as a pedagogical tool and the advantages of digital literacy in the International Studies environment. Today’s environment requires students to achieve digital literacy both as consumers and producers of social media. The intentional incorporation of social media as a pedagogical tool has the potential to transform the learning environment. The chapter first examines how the international studies classroom can move towards a more dynamic learner-centered approach with careful consideration of social media consumption. Students can consume social media as a source of scholarly information, as a source of career-relevant content, and as a world politics phenomenon. The subsequent section discusses how, once students become more critical consumers of social media content, they may practice producing original information for academic and professional purposes in a safe environment. Students can be engaged through communities of practice, within social media sandboxes, and can be aided in creating intentional career e-portfolios. Social media skills are critical for success in international studies and help improve traditional course outcomes.
Experiential Learning
Authors: Below Amy 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Building on early works by John Dewey, Paulo Freire, and David A. Kolb, this chapter discusses the objectives of and challenges and opportunities in adopting various forms of experiential learning in our international studies curricula. With specific attention paid to study abroad, internships, and service-learning options, experiential learning differs from “traditional” modes of knowledge acquisition as it requires students and teachers to place themselves in potentially unfamiliar places (literally or theoretically) and become active participants in the co-creation of knowledge. Faculty become facilitators, helping students reflect on the learning process. Adopting such practices does require personal and pedagogical risk for all involved, but the potential rewards, especially in the long term, can be invaluable and benefit all co-learners: faculty, students, local partners, co-facilitators, and communities alike.
Economic and Social Rights in South Asia
Authors: Abeyratne Rehan 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the post-colonial history and judicial adjudication of economic and social rights in South Asia, focusing on the Indian Constituent Assembly Debates that framed the 1950 Constitution of India. The Constitution enshrined Directive Principles of State Policy to bring about economic and social justice through political means. These Principles acquired legal force with early Supreme Court case law that interpreted them in harmony with fundamental rights. The Indian Supreme Court later transformed Directive Principles into enforceable rights through public interest litigation (PIL) and other doctrinal innovations. The chapter notes this robust use of judicial review created jurisprudential and institutional problems. The chapter also explores the partial adoption of Indian case law in Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. The chapter argues that in all three countries, the PIL-based approach leaves economic and social rights on shaky legal foundations. The progressive realization of these rights, therefore, ultimately rests on legislative action.
Coercion and Pacification on the Frontier
Authors: Litster Mirani , Wallis Lynley A. , Burke Heather , Cole Noelene 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The Native Mounted Police were a paramilitary organization that operated across Queensland, Australia during the nineteenth century. Archaeologically they are represented by numerous camp sites occupied for varying durations, from just a few weeks to several decades. Living in these camps were White officers and the Aboriginal troopers serving under them, accompanied by the female partners of the troopers and sometimes of the officer(s), and their children. This investigation and analysis of glass beads recovered archaeologically from the Burke River (Boulia), Mistake Creek (Belyando), and Lower Laura (Boralga) Native Mounted Police camps represents the first detailed analysis of such objects in the Queensland context. We interpret these results within their spatial context and suggest that glass beads were given as enticements to Aboriginal women to act as go-betweens, as tokens to reward tractable behavior, and as symbols of co-optation for the female partners of the Native Mounted Police troopers.
Situating the “Local” within the “Locale”
Authors: Jamir Tiatoshi , Tetso David 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The involvement of local communities in archaeological excavation is a mundane and common practice in India. This has been the case since field archaeology became an integral part of the colonial quest to study India’s deep past, which conversely had a profound impact in postcolonial Indian archaeology. What is not known clearly, however, is the nature and extent of the local community’s participation in such research programs. This leads one to ask the obvious: Was the research made explicit within a participatory praxis braiding together the archaeologists’ work with local communities, or engaging and collaborative with equitable research aim, or did such initiatives dismantle power structures and relations? These are some fundamental but head-on questions that generally come to mind. It is here that Indigenous archaeology situated within a postcolonial framework aided in alternative ways to approach Indigenous communities of the region over the study of their ancestral heritage sites. This piece, therefore, examines and situates three cases of community-based archaeological research undertaken in the Northeastern corner of India in Nagaland and outlines the scale of interactions at multiple levels between local communities and Indigenous archaeologists.
Exchange Systems and Interaction in Ancient Island and Coastal Settings
Authors: Dawson Helen , van Rensburg Julian Jansen 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses island and coastal exchange systems and interaction using the Mediterranean and Red Seas as case studies. The authors present a synthesis of the development of different theoretical and methodological approaches to the study of interaction and exchange from the mid-twentieth century to the present day. They rely in particular on the concept of “maritime cultural landscapes”, which has provided the basis for successive interpretative frameworks, in particular the “islandscape” and “seascape”, since its original formulation in the early 1990s. They discuss the archaeological evidence for exchange and interaction in the Mediterranean and Red Seas, providing a comparative and diachronic overview from the Neolithic to the Islamic periods and focusing on phases of increased connectivity. Following this, the authors outline how a relational approach combining multiple data sets can be used to reconstruct island interconnections or “networks of networks,” disentangling social and environmental factors that shaped interaction at different geographical and temporal scales.
Hosea in the Book of the Twelve
Authors: Leuchter Mark 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The Book of Hosea holds a position in the Book of the Twelve that speaks to the persistence of traditions long associated with it inherited by the redactors of the latter work. Its initial position in the sequence of the prophecy running through the Book of the Twelve, its rhetoric steeped in myths regarding prophecy and Levitical identity, and its place in the history of the growth of material prophetic texts in the late monarchic and exilic periods reflect the worldview of the scribes who redacted the Book of the Twelve in the late Persian period and their own sense of social identity in the landscape of Yehudite Judaism. Hosea’s oracles and their intertextual connection with other literary traditions establish the discursive parameters for the subsequent prophetic works that were redacted into a collection that preserved critiques of foreign imperialism and the systems sustained by it.