bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of the pre‐school child: the validation of a psychomotor screen, and the influence of the home environment on psychomotor development
Authors: EU BERNICE , O'NEILL MARIE J. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT.The present study was designed to validate and standardize a short psychomotor screening test on Australian four‐year‐old‐preschool children and to assess their home environment using Caldwell's HOME Inventory. The Adelaide Psychomotor Screen (APS) is a short, 10‐‐15 minute screening test which uses 13 separate items to assess “General” development, “Gross Motor” development, “Social/Emotional Behaviour” and “Speech”.In the area of “General” development, 12 children screened as “abnormal” and 54 children screened as “normal” were further assessed by a psychologist on the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities. There was a high correlation between the APS “General” scores and the McCarthy (General Cognitive Index) scores (r = 0.75, p<0.001 for the younger children, and r = 0,90, p <0.001 for the older children).Caldwell's HOME Inventory takes an hour to complete, and involves a visit by the assessor to each home. The correlation between the HOME total scores and the McCarthy (General Cognitive Index) scores was r =0.06, p < 0.001. It is suggested that the HOME Inventory may be more valuable as a predictor of a child's future development than an index of his present developmental status.It is suggested that nurses and teachers used the APS as a screening test of the individual child, and use the HOME inventory as an assessment of the home environment.
Cost of neonatal intensive care
Authors: JOHN ELIZABETH , LEE KUI , LI GLORIA M. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. An analysis was made of the costs of provision for the intensive care of inborn babies in an inner city hospital equipped to deal with high risk obstetrics. Costs showed the expected inverse proportion to birthweight. The larger number of more mature babies nevertheless contributed almost 2/3 of the total cost. The adjusted cost/survivor (“adjusted'’to reflect the fact that only the survivors benefit) was $39,845 for babies less than 801 g; $26,100 for those between 801 g and 1,000 g; $14,137 between 1,001 g and 1,500 g and $4,782 over 1,500 g. The largest single expense was in nursing salaries which constituted 60–80% of the total outlay.No data are available for precise comparison. The figures are presented as a basis on which to begin forming judgements of the cost effectiveness of newborn intensive care.
Use of health care services for an infant population in a poor socio‐economic status, multi‐ethnic municipality in Melbourne
Authors: CARMICHAEL ALLAN , WILLIAMS HOWARD E. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT.Use of preventive and curative health services for a birth cohort of infants is described and related to morbidity patterns and family characteristics.The maternal and child health service provided continuing contact and effective preventive care for the majority of families. However, a small group of families, predominantly recent immigrants with poorer education and inability to speak English, did not use these services effectively.By contrast, medical care for most families was carried out by a number of different doctors in general practices or hospitals. Continuity of care was lacking, with only 30% of families having continued contact with either one practitioner or group practice, and 15% not using any medical services for their infants.
Accidental death in Australian children
Authors: O'CONNOR PETER J. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. In 1980 the Child Accident Prevention Foundation of Australia commissioned a national study of children's accidents.The results indicate that accidents are becoming relatively more important as a cause of death in childhood. Variations in accident death rates between the age groups, the sexes and the States indicate broad target groups for preventive activity and further research. In particular attention should be focused on deaths from transport accidents and drowning.
The obesity hypoventilation syndrome and the Prader‐Willi syndrome
Authors: BYE ANN M. E. , VINES ROBERT , FRONZEK KAREN 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. Fourteen children with the Prader‐Wllli syndrome have been managed at the Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children between the years 1964–1980 — twelve male, two female. Six male children developed features of the obesity hypoventilation syndrome. The age of onset of this complication ranged from 4.0 to 12.6 years.With one exception those children with the obesity hypoventilation syndrome were more obese than those without it. At the time of onset of the syndrome, five of six patients had weights greater than or equal to 6.5 standard deviations above ideal body weight. Those children without the obesity hypoventilation syndrome had a range of standard deviations 1.0 to 4.2 above the ideal body weight. In four of six cases weight reduction and a cardiac failure regimen resulted in reversal of the obesity hypoventilation syndrome. With two of the six children there had been cardiomegaly and increased pulmonary venous vascularity on x‐ray at a chronological age of three months. Two of the six children died.
A seven year follow‐up study of the cognitive development of children who experienced common perinatal problems
Authors: SILVA PHIL A. , McGEE ROB , WILLIAMS SHEILA 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe prevalence of perinatal problems in a sample of 1037 children was described. There was no significant association between perinatal problems and socio‐economic status. The association between perinatal problems and cognitive development was examined by stepwise regression analyses of the more common perinatal problems on cognitive factor scores, using measures of language and, intelligence taken when the children were aged 3, 5, and 7 years. Of 14 perinatal problems analysed in this manner, only two, being a twin or being small for gestational age, were found to be consistently associated with a significantly lower cognitive factor score.
Necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birthweight infants: a four‐year experience
Authors: YU V. Y. H. , JOSEPH R. , BAJUK B. , ORGILL A. , ASTBURY J. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractFifty (13%) of 375 infants who weighed 1500 g or less at birth had necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Haematological changes suggestive of sepsis occurred in 83% and positive bacteriological cultures were found in 38%, the most common organism isolated being Clostridium perfringens. Complications included intestinal perforation in six patients and recurrence of NEC in five, of whom one subsequently developed an intestinal stricture. Five of the eight nursery deaths were secondary to peritonitis and overwhelming sepsis from NEC. In spite of the discontinuation of milk feeds for prolonged periods, satisfactory caloric intake and weight gain were achieved with parenteral nutrition in the survivors. Of the 41 long‐term survivors, six (15%) were found to have a disability at 2 years of ago, corrected for prematurity, compared with 48 (20%) of 241 very low birthweight survivors from the same study period who did not have NEC. None had evidence of gastrointestinal dysfunction. Six (15%) children remained below the 10th percentile for both weight and height. This study showed that early diagnosis and therapy for NEC in very tow birthweight infants were associated with a favourable short‐ and long‐term outcome.
Weight, height and weight for height in 6–7‐year‐old children I. Relationship with demographic variables
Authors: RUTISHAUSER INGRID H. E. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractRelationships between weight, height and weight for height at 6–7 years of age and a number of demographic variables have been studied in data from Infant Welfare Centre and school medical records. In both boys and girls height and weight were significantly related to birthweight. After allowing for birthweight and age no significant relationships were found in either boys or girls between height and any of the demographic variables. However, body mass index differed significantly according to birth order, the number of children in the family and the parents country of birth. No associations were observed between anthropometric measures at 6–7 years and paternal occupational status, maternal age and the number of younger siblings. Comparison of the study group with reference values from America and Australia provided no support for the view that one of these reference standards is more appropriate than the other for assessment of growth in Australian children.
Nebulized gentamicin in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis
Authors: KUN P. , LANDAU L. I. , PHELAN P. D. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractA study of 29 children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis over 2 years showed some evidence of benefit from the twice daily inhalation of 20 mg nebulized gentamicin when compared to the inhalation of a nebulized saline mixture. Clinical symptoms, deterioration in pulmonary function, antibiotic usage, days in hospital and development of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the sputum were recorded. There was no significant difference in antibiotic usage, days in hospital or clinical symptoms between the two regimes. Those subjects with P. aeruginosa in sputum showed significantly less deterioration in lung function over 2 years while using gentamicin aerosol. There was no difference in progress between the two treatment regimes for those subjects with P.aeruginosa in sputum at the beginning of the study, nor was there any difference in the number developing P. aeruginosa in sputum.
Medication compliance in children with asthma
Authors: SMITH NERIDA A. , SEALE J. PAUL , SHAW JOHN 
Published: March 2008

AbstractA questionnaire to assess compliance with prescribed therapy was completed by 200 children with asthma. The validity of the questionnaire was assessed objectively by measuring plasma theophylline concentrations in 37 subjects and by weighing metered dose aerosol canisters before and after use in 19 subjects. The average compliance was 67.9%. The close agreement between answers to the questionnaire and the objective measurements of compliance indicated that most participants recalled the drug regimens accurately. Good compliance was related to whether Australia was the parents' country of origin, to knowledge of the disorder and to comprehension of medication but was not related to perception of the severity of the illness. This study demonstrates that compliance is relatively poor even in a clinic population which attends regularly and appears well‐motivated.
Value and limitations of bilirubin binding capacity in predicting the development of kernicterus
Authors: TAY JOHN S. H. , LOW P. S. , WONG H. B. , YIP WILLIAM C. L. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe serum bilirubin (SBR) and the bilirubin binding capacity (BBC) were determined on hospital admission in 181 consecutive neonates with neonatal Jaundice. Twenty‐three babies were less than 2500 g and two were of birth weight less than 2000 g. Fifteen babies were preterm. There were eight cases of kernicterus. Although the serum bilirubin was generally higher in infants with a BBC < 34 μmol/l, there was no correlation between the bilirubin binding capacity and the presence of kernicterus (r = 0.28, P > 0.05). However, when both the serum bilirubin and the bilirubin binding capacity were used, a tow value of BBC < 34 μmol/l increased the risk of kernicterus. Higher values of BBC, on the other hand, did not mean that there was less risk of kernicterus, other factors being equal. This, while the bilirubin binding capacity may provide an additional source of information, its limitations should always be borne in mind.
Recurrent abdominal pseudocyst after ventriculoperitonoal shunt
Authors: NARASIMHARAO K. L. , PUROHIT A. , YADAV K. , PATHAK I. C. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractA child with recurrent intra‐abdominal pseudocyst following ventriculoperitoneal shunt is reported. Peritoneal tuberculosis was the most probable aetiology in this case.
Control of bleeding in extrahepatic portal hypertension — the reverse splenorenal shunt and portal‐azygos disconnection
Authors: COHEN DOUGLAS , STEPHEN MICHAEL 
Published: March 2008

Abstract Variceal bleeding in children with extrahepatic portal hypertension is best controlled by an effective decompressive shunt. Both the standard and central splenorenal shunts require splenectomy which is undesirable in childhood, and alternative shunts such as the mesocaval shunt and the distal splenorenal shunt are also technically difficult with a similar risk of shunt thrombosis.The reverse splenorenal shunt first described in 1962 by Erlik uses the proximal portion of the left renal vein which was initially anastomosed to the portal vein. It can be anastomosed to any of the major tributaries of the portal system. In the technique described, the proximal end of the renal vein is joined to the side of the splenic vein in continuity. It is preferable for this to be done as an elective planned procedure. Massive continuing haemorrhage which is not responding to conservative management can be controlled by portal‐azygos disconnection with gastric transection. This procedure will control major variceal haemorrhage for several years and allow a decompressive shunt to be performed under optimal conditions and after appropriate preoperative investigations.
Child abuse and non‐organic failure to thrive: similarities and differences in the parents
Authors: DATES R. KIM 
Published: March 2008

AbstractA group of 39 mothers who had a physically abused child at an average of 6 years previously and a group of 14 mothers who had a child with non‐organic failure to thrive (NOFTT) 13 years ago were reviewed. Each child was compared with a child matched for age and sex and for ethnic group, residential area and social class of the parents. The mothers from the NOFTT group knew less than their comparison mothers about their child's education and on a personality test were less able at intellectual and abstract concepts. The abuse group mothers were more mobile and more isolated than their comparison group. They were less likely to have been brought up by their own parents and had more negative feelings towards their fathers. They had lower self‐esteem and higher expectations for their children than the comparison mothers On a personality assessment they were more assertive, demanding and suspicious than the comparison mothers, Although child abuse and non‐organic failure to thrive have been described as part of the same spectrum, the characteristics of the parents on follow‐up are different. As some of the adverse characteristics of the parents persist long after the presenting incident, the need for a long term treatment programme aimed at supporting children who remain in these families is recommended.
Nutritional studies during childhood: IV Energy and nutrient intake at age 4
Authors: MAGAREY ANTHEA , BOULTON T. J. C. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractA study of the usual nutrient intake of a sample of 183 healthy 4 year olds is reported. These children have been the subject of a longitudinal study from birth. Data include daily intakes of food energy, protein, fat, carbohydrate, fibre, minerals, and vitamins. Minor differences in nutrient intake were present between the sexes. Overall nutrient intakes were at a slightly lower level than those described previously. The methodological considerations of such a community nutrition study are discussed, including the intrinsic sources of error which may have contributed to the observed differences Changes in recreational activity level and influences of climate may also be important factors affecting food energy and nutrient intake at this age.
Experience with high dose multiagent chemotherapy and autologous bone marrow rescue in the treatment of twenty‐two children with advanced tumours
Authors: EKERT H. , TIEDEMANN K. , WATERS K. D. , ELLIS W. M. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractIntensive chemotherapy followed by infusion of cryopreserved autologous bone marrow (ABMR) was used in the treatment of 22 children with advanced tumours. In nine this was their initial therapy; in eight it was used after partial or complete remission had been achieved with standard therapy; and in five, after relapse had occurred. Recovery of marrow function occurred in 20 patients with a mean time of 13.2 and 18.2 days to recovery of neutrophils (>0.5 × 109/t) in newly diagnosed and previously treated patients respectively. Platelet count recovery to >50 × 109/l occurred in a mean time of 13.4 days in newly diagnosed and 20.4 days in previously treated patients.Control of extensive local tumour was obtained in three of three evaluable patients with abdominal non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). Metastatic bony and marrow disease was controlled in two of two patients with retinoblastoma. In Ewing's sarcoma, temporary control of widespread metastatic disease occurred in one patient. In the other, eradication of extensive local mass disease at the primary site had been achieved. Poor response to‐treatment has been seen in seven of eight patients with Stage III or IV rhabdomyosarcoma, three patients with neuroblastoma and four of five patients with recurrent diseaseApart from the anticipated bone marrow toxicity, the major complications were severe mucositis, anaphylaxis following bone marrow infusion and haemorrhagic cystitis. The presence of herpes simplex infection appeared to aggravate mucosal complication. We suggest that intensive chemotherapy and ABMR has a place in the treatment of tumours in which there is evidence of sensitivity to high doses of cyclophosphamide, or where synergy of drugs such as cyclophosphamide and adnamycin may be expected to increase tumour cell kill. The ability to control extensive intra‐abdominal disease in NHL may eliminate the need for total abdominal irradiation in that disease.
Health care needs of the children of single mothers in a Perth suburb
Authors: UNDERWOOD PETER , KAMIEN MAX 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis paper reports a prevalence study of illness in children in a lower socioeconomic suburb of Perth. The study shows that single mothers reported higher rates of both emotional and physical disorder in their children compared with mothers from nuclear families. The children from single families were also reported as having a poorer immunization status. It is argued that children from single families constitute a vulnerable group and deserve special attention from those in the health system who care for children.
Accuracy of radiological diagnosis in the Casualty Department of a Children's Hospital
Authors: MASEL J. P. , GRANT P. J. F. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe radiographs of 1363 patients referred from a hospital Casualty Department were reviewed in order to study possible discrepancies between the interpretations of the films by the casualty medical staff and the radiologist. Interpretations by casualty staff were substantially correct in 96.3% of patients. Discrepancies were noted in 41 patients (3.0%) — pneumonia was overlooked on chest films in 7 cases, while 1,9 fractures were not noted by Casualty staff. These were almost all minor, with no problems resulting from delay in treatment. This study has implications for the training of Casualty medical staff, the cross‐checking of their reports, and the possible need for Casualty department staffing by radiologists.
Salmonella meningitis in infancy
Authors: LOW L. C. K. , LAM B. C. C. , WONG W. T. , CHAN‐LUI W. Y. , YEUNG C. Y. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Despite adequate treatment, mortality and morbidity were high among the 13 cases of Salmonella meningitis in this series. Chloramphenicol, being a bacteriostatic agent against Salmonella species, is not a suitable antibiotic for the treatment of Salmonella meningitis. Treatment for 4–6 weeks is recommended with use of an antibiotic capable of achieving an adequate bactericidal concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid such as moxalactam. Intraventricular antibiotic treatment should be considered if there is a delay in the eradication of the Salmonella organisms from the cerebrospinal fluid after starting treatment.
A comparison of P02 monitoring techniques in newborn infants
Authors: LEWIS I. G. , HASLAM R. R. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract This study is an evaluation of different methods of Po2 monitoring in newborn infants. These were an intra‐vascular Pb2 electrode (Searle Life Support Systems); transcutaneous monitoring (Kontron and Hewlett‐Packard); and arteriatized capillary blood samples. Values of each were compared with simultaneous aortic sample values and their correlation compared.The Searle electrode and TCM were found to be of equivalent accuracy overall, although the Searle was less reliable. Searle catheters were more difficult to insert than normal catheters, with a high wastage. Arterialized capillary Po2 values did not correlate with arterial.Transcutaneous monitoring is the most reliable and cheapest method.
Handicaps and health problems in 2 year old children of birth weight 500 to 1500 g
Authors: FORD GEOFFREY W. , RICKARDS ANNE L. , KITCHEN WILLIAM H. , LISSENDEN JEAN V. , KEITH C. GREGORY , RYAN MARGARET M. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractFifty‐nine infants of birthweight 500 to 999 g born in 1977 to 1980 and 132 infants of birthweight 1000 to 1500 g born in 1977 to 1978 were reviewed at two years corrected age. For the whole cohort, cerebral palsy was found in 12.6%, bilateral deafness in 1%, blindness in 1% and severe developmental delay in 12%. There was no significant difference in these disabilities between the groups of larger and smaller infants; 37.7% of the cohort was readmitted to hospital on at least one occasion, 35.6% of children had wheezing episodes and/or lower respiratory tract infections which together accounted for 51% of hospitalizations. The infants of birthweight 500 to 999 g tended to require more frequent and prolonged hospitalizations.Dolicocephalic head shape, chest deformities, iatrogenic sequelae from intensive care, poor growth and cicatricial retrolental fibroplasia were significantly more frequent in children of birthweight 500 to 999 g. Parents reported that 39% of their children had ‘colic’, 31.6% had sleep disturbance and 25% had multiple behavioural problems. Low frustration tolerance, inability to wait, hypo‐ or hyperactivity and an inappropriate relationship with the mother as measured by the psychologist all occurred significantly more frequently in children of birthweight of less than 1000 g. This report confirms the belief that a comprehensive follow‐up is required for very low birthweight (VLBW) children because significant health problems continue after primary hospitalization.
Some factors influencing the stature of Dunedin 7 year old children: A report from the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Research Unit
Authors: SILVA PHIL A. , BIRKBECK JOHN , WILLIAMS SHEILA 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe stature of 987 representative Dunedin 7 year olds was measured and some factors contributing to stature were studied in 666 children for whom complete data were available. Dunedin children were of similar stature to American children but were about 1 cm taller than British children. Socio‐economic stature (SES), birth weight and maternal stature were significantly correlated with stature, while the sex of the child, gestational age, maternal age, ordinal position of the child in the family and number of children in the family were not significantly correlated. The effect of SES in Dunedin was much less than that reported for the United Kingdom. It was concluded that in this population SES and family structural factors are probably less important as determinants of child growth than they are in Britain and are of considerably less importance than the mother's stature and the child's birth weight.