bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cultivation of human immunodeficiency virus from whole blood: Effect of anticoagulant and inoculum size on virus growth
Authors: Bayliss Gary J. , Jesson William J. , Mortimer Philip P. , McLean Kenneth A. , Evans Brian A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was cultivated directly from whole blood treated with anticoagulant by cocultivation with phytohaemagglutinin‐stimulated cord blood lymphocytes. When heparin was used as the anticoagulant, isolation rates were low (10% to 56%, depending on the patient group); but when EDTA was used, isolation rates were much higher (50% to 100%). Culture of whole blood gave results identical to those of culture of separated peripheral mononuclear cells, and in some cases virus could be isolated from as little as 10 μl of unseparated EDTA anticoagulated blood.
Virus‐like particles in the liver of a patient with fulminant hepatitis and antibody to hepatitis E virus
Authors: Shavrina Asher Ludmila V. , Innis Bruce L. , Shrestha Mrigendra P. , Ticehurst John , Baze Wallace B. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn earlier studies, hepatitis E virus (HEV) particles were detected in the stools of patients with enterically transmitted non‐A, non‐B (ENANB) hepatitis, and HEV was etiologically associated with this disease. Such particles have not been observed in the liver, however. We describe the pathological findings in the liver of a young pregnant woman from Nepal who died as a result of fulminant NANB hepatitis. IgM antibody to HEV was detected in the patient's serum by immune electron microscopy, suggesting that she was acutely infected with that virus. On light microscopic examination of the liver we observed cholestatic hepatitis with proliferation of bile ductules and pseudoglandular arrangement of hepatocytes around distended bile canaliculi. Three types of virus‐like particles were detected by electron microscopy. The most frequently observed particles were in cells lining small bile ductules; they measured 32–37 nm and were enclosed by a membrane. Particles of a second type were seen in clusters in the sinusoidal cells; they were uniform in size, without a membrane, and measured about 32 nm in diameter. Particles of a third type (65 nm) were found in epithelial cells of the small bile ductules. Among the particles we detected, the 32 nm particles most closely resembled those of HEV.
HIV excretion patterns and specific antibody responses in body fluids
Authors: O'Shea Siobhan , Cordery Mark , Barrett Winsome Y. , Richman Douglas D. , Bradbeer Caroline , Banatvala Jangu E. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractHIV excretion patterns and specific antibody responses were evaluated in blood, semen, female genital secretions, saliva, and crevicular fluid. Samples were examined for infectious virus, viral antigens, viral nucleic acid, HIV specific IgG, IgA, anti‐nef, and anti‐p24. Viral load in peripheral blood appeared to increase with disease progression. The proportion of patients with antibody responses specific for nef and p24 was also lower among patients with more advanced disease. Infectious virus and viral antigens were detected infrequently and at lower levels in body fluids than in blood, which may reflect the presence of local antibodies. HIV nucleic acid was detected in some semen and saliva samples in the absence of infectious virus.
Molecular epidemiology of Australian isolates of molluscum contagiosum
Authors: Thompson Carol H. , De Zwart‐Steffe Rita T. , Biggs Ian M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractMolluscum contagiosum lesions obtained from 75 Australian patients, 22 (29%) of whom were HIV positive, were examined by restriction endonuclease analysis and Southern blot hybridisation using radiolabelled and digoxigeninlabelled MCV DNA probes. The isolates were classified (MCV 1, 1v, 2, and 2v) on the basis of these results, which were in turn correlated with the clinical features of each lesion. A total of 44 (59%) of the lesions contained MCV 1 or 1v, 24 (32%) contained MCV 2 or 2v, three (4%) contained multiple MCV types, whereas four (5%) of lesions submitted contained no detectable MCV DNA. The ratio of MCV 1/1v to MCV 2/2v was determined to be approximately 1.75:1. There were substantial differences between the distribution of MCV types 1 and 2 among patients of different age groups, but no significant relationship between MCV type and the sex of the patient was found. MCV 2 was more frequently detected in lesions from anogenital areas and in immunosuppressed (HIV‐positive) patients, and MCV 1 was more commonly isolated from skin rather than genital lesions, but neither association was statistically significant. Fragment F (10 kbp) obtained from the genome of MCV 1 was capable of differentiating MCV 1 from MCV 2 when used as a probe in hybridisation experiments with BamHl cut samples and may be useful when small amounts of lesion prevents differentiation by direct visualisation of restriction endonuclease fragments.
Incidence of antibodies to human papillomavirus type 1 in patients with cutaneous and mucosal papillomas
Authors: Viac Jacqueline , Chomel Jean‐Jacques , Chardonnet Yvette , Aymard Michèle 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA study of antibodies to human papillomavirus (HPV) 1 is reported in a series of sera from 126 patients with papilloma lesions of different clinical types (verruca plantaris, vulgaris, plana, condyloma acuminata, laryngeal papilloma) using a sensitive solid‐phase enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Our findings showed a significant prevalence of specific HPV 1 IgG antibodies in patients with plantar warts (65%). This incidence was considerably lower in patients with other papilloma lesions, in which positive sera may reflect a past infection with HPV 1. The ELISA test was evaluated as nearly 100 times more sensitive than the indirect immunofluorescence test, and lgG titers to HPV 1 in patients' sera were usually low. Serum samples taken at different times during the course of HPV infection in a few patients with refractory lesions did not show any significant change in their antibody titer.
Automated polymerase chain reaction for papillomavirus screening of cervicovaginal lavages: Comparison with dot‐blot hybridization in a sexually transmitted diseases clinic population
Authors: Morris Brian J. , Rose Barbara R. , Flanagan Judith L. , McKinnon Kay J. , Loo Cheen Y. , Thompson Carol H. , Flampoulidou Mary , Ford Robert M. , Hunter J. Christopher , Nightingale Brian N. , Cossart Yvonne E. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to compare the recently developed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique with conventional dot‐blot DNA hybridization for human papillomavirus (HPV) detection. Cells were collected by cervicovaginal lavage from a study group of 109 women attending a sexually transmitted diseases clinic. Using a machine that we developed for alternation of temperature cycles, HPV was detected in 51% of patients by PCR. By dot‐blot hybridization, 44% of the patients were positive. Concordance of combined positive and negative results between PCR and dot blot was 69%. The greater sensitivity of PCR may have accounted for 19% of specimens that were PCR positive but dot‐blot negative. Unexpectedly, however, 12% of specimens were dot‐blot positive but negative by PCR, and several specimens were discordant for type of HPV. Both HPV DNA tests agreed with cytology in 41% of women, and in 33% cytology was negative in the face of positive PCR and dot blot. Concordance of cytology with just PCR was 59%, and only with dot blot was 56%. Cervicography agreed with both HPV DNA tests in 41% of patients, with PCR alone in 55%, and with dot blot alone in 58%. Biopsy results did not reveal a strong correlation between histopathological criteria of HPV infection and detection of HPV DNA by either PCR or dot‐blot hybridization. Thus the present study has shown that PCR is a slightly more sensitive indicator of HPV infection than dot‐blot hybridization. Agreement of HPV DNA results with conventional screening tests was not strong, an observation consistent with many comparative studies by others. In conclusion, PCR is slightly more sensitive than DNA hybridization for detection of HPV, it can be used in conjunction with specimen collection by gentle lavage of the cervicovaginal epithelium, and the possibility remains that it may prove suitable as a screening test.
Detection of human herpesvirus‐6 DNA in peripheral blood and saliva
Authors: Jarrett Ruth F. , Clark Duncan A. , Josephs Steven F. , Onions David E. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSaliva and peripheral blood samples from 20 healthy adults were examined for the presence of human herpesvirus‐6 (HHV‐6) DNA sequences using the polymerase chain reaction. Eighteen out of 20 whole saliva samples contained detectable HHV‐6 genomes. The majority of peripheral blood samples were also positive; however, the results suggest that only a rare cell in the peripheral blood is infected. Serological studies did not reveal any correlation between HHV‐6 antibody titre and the ability to detect HHV‐6 DNA. The data indicate that HHV‐6 genomes persist in the peripheral blood and oropharynx or salivary glands of most healthy individuals following primary infection.
Hepatitis B pre‐S1 and pre‐S2 proteins: Clinical significance and relation to hepatitis B virus DNA
Authors: van Ditzhuijsen T. J. M. , Kuijpers L. P. C. , Koens M. J. , Rijntjes P. J. M. , van Loon A. M. , Yap S. H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPre‐S proteins may have an important role in virus assembly and virus entry into the host cell. The presence of pre‐S proteins in serum has also been thought to correlate with active viral replication. To investigate whether pre‐S proteins in serum might have additional diagnostic and/or predictive value for liver sequelae in HBV infection, sera from six different serological groups of patients with HBV markers (total number 363) and different manifestations of liver histology were examined for the presence of pre‐S1 and pre‐S2 proteins using micro‐ELISAs. Pre‐S1 and pre‐S2 proteins were detected significantly more often in HBV‐DNA‐positive than in HBV‐DNA‐negative sera from HBsAg carriers. However, pre‐S1 and pre‐S2 proteins were also found in HBV‐DNA‐negative HBsAg carriers irrespective of serum HBeAg/anti‐HBe or liver histologic findings. These results suggest that the presence of the pre‐S1 and or pre‐S2 proteins in serum either does not seem to reflect the presence of active viral replication and active liver disease or pre‐S proteins are more readily detectable than HBeAg and HB‐DNA as measured by a dot‐blot technique. Furthermore, the presence of pre‐S proteins in serum is strongly correlated with that of HBsAg.
Antigenic relatedness among the Norwalk‐like agents by serum antibody rises
Authors: Madore H. Paul , Treanor J. J. , Buja R. , Dolin R. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe Norwalk, Snow Mountain (SMA), and Hawaii agents are etiologically associated with separate outbreaks of acute viral gastroenteritis. Previous cross‐challenge of volunteers, immune electron microscopy, and/or enzyme‐immunoassay analysis suggested that these agents are antigenically distinct. We examined paired sera from human volunteers challenged with these agents for the presence of homologous and heterologous serum antibody titer rises to the agents. Two‐way cross‐reactions occurred between Hawaii agent and SMA. A one‐way cross‐reaction occurred between Norwalk agent and SMA, as volunteers challenged with Norwalk agent had heterologous serum antibody titer rises to SMA, but the reverse did not occur. The Norwalk and Hawaii agents had minimal cross‐reaction, with only one volunteer challenged with Hawaii agent having a heterologous rise to Norwalk agent. These observations indicate varying degrees of antigenic relatedness among these agents.
Diagnosis of cytomegalovirus infection in cyclosporin‐treated renal allograft recipients
Authors: Morris D. J. , Fox A. J. , Klapper P. E. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe relative merits of antibody response and virus shedding as markers of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection among cyclosporin‐treated renal allograft recipients were analysed. CMV‐specific antibody was assayed by lgG‐specific radioimmunosorbent test (RIST) and by complement fixation test (CFT). CMV shedding was assayed by virus isolation and by the rapid test immediate early nuclear antigen detection (IENAD). RIST and CFT detected seroconversion in similar numbers of patients, but the former test was the more sensitive when CMV antibody was sought in pretransplant sera to differentiate primary from recurrent infection. IENAD detected or excluded CMV shedding for more urine specimens than virus isolation (462/515 [90%] vs. 366/515 [71%]), but the reverse applied to saliva specimens (33/57 [58%] vs. 54/57 [95%]). The high specificity of IENAD allowed positive results by IENAD to be accepted when virus isolation failed to provide a result. IENAD was, however, less sensitive than virus isolation even when specimens yielding CMV by IENAD, but no result by virus isolation, were included in the analysis (27/44 [61%] vs. 38/44 [86%]). Assays of both antibody response and virus shedding were required to maximise the diagnosis of recurrent CMV infections, but the former assay detected all primary CMV infections. The diagnostic implications of these results are discussed.
Neopterin and beta‐2 microglobulin levels in asymptomatic HIV infection: The predictive value of combining markers
Authors: Harrison Nigel A. , Skidmore Susan J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe concentrations of neopterin, beta‐2 microglobulin, p24 antigen anti‐p24 antibody, and alpha‐interferon were determined in the sera of 25 asymptomatic anti‐HIV positive patients (CDC stages II and III) over a 50 month period (38 months retrospectively and 12 months prospectively). Evaluation of the data allowed the derivation of a threshold of abnormality for both neopterin and beta‐2 microglobulin. Pre‐AIDS (CDC groups IVa, IVc2, IVe) developed in 6 of the 26 patients within 18 months of the first abnormal value of beta‐2 microglobulin, and within 12 months of the first abnormal value of neopterin. Combining the abnormal results of neopterin, beta‐2 microglobulin, p24 antigen, and alpha‐interferon allows prediction of progression to pre‐AIDS within 18 months for most asymptomatic patients.
Development and evaluation of the TD97 measles virus vaccine
Authors: Suzuki K. , Morita M. , Katoh M. , Kidokoro M. , Saika S. , Yoshizawa S. , Hashizume S. , Horiuchi K. , Okabe N. , Shinozaki T. , Hirayama M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe TD97 strain vaccine virus was prepared from the Tanabe strain measles virus by low‐temperature passages in primary cell cultures and ultraviolet (UV) mutagenesis. The TD97 strain exhibited the following characteristics: highly temperature sensitive, neither multiplying nor forming any plaques at 40°C in Vero cells; genetically stable, maintaining high temperature sensitivity after ten successive passages in CE cells at 30°C or 35°C; and M proteins of this virus about 1 KD slower in mobility in SDS‐PAGE than that of the Tanabe strain. The TD97 strain was further confirmed to be attenuated by an inoculation test into primate brain. In field trials, 752 healthy children were inoculated with a live virus vaccine prepared with this strain, and the following results were obtained: the seroconversion rate was 97% (517/533), and the average HI antibody titer was 25.2. An antibody‐increasing effect was also observed in children who were initially seropositive. In children who seroconverted, the rates of fever were 15.7% (55/351) for 37.5°C or higher and 4.0% (14/351) for 39°C or higher. The rash rate was 7.7% (27/351), and the incidence of local reaction was 5.4% (19/351). The TD97 strain is thus considered to be suitable in use for an attenuated measles vaccine.
Detection of Inoue‐Melnick virus (IMV)‐antibody in Japanese patients with colorectal carcinoma and isolation of IMV from Japanese colorectal carcinoma cell lines
Authors: Nishibe Y. , Inoue Y. K. , Nakamura Y. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe antibody prevalence rate of 3 types of IMV in 24 sera of Japanese patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma (mean age 60.8 years) was 83.3% (20/24). Of 20 positive sera, 19 contained type 1 antibody and one contained type 2. In contrast, the seropositivity of IMV in 21 sera of matched control patients (mean age 60.9 years) with non‐colorectal carcinoma such as mammary and lung carcinoma was 23.8% (5/21). The 5 positive sera contained type 1 antibody. The seropositivity to IMV in 79 sera of healthy Japanese over 50 years of age (mean age 62.3 years) was 24.0% (19/79). Again all of the 19 positive‐sera contained type 1 antibody. The seropositivity of IMV in the patient with colorectal adenocarcinoma was significantly higher than in the controls, non‐colorectal carcinoma patients and healthy persons over 50 years of age (P<0.001). Type 1 IMV was isolated from each of 2 recently established Japanese colorectal adenocarcinoma cell lines.
Low prevalence of antibody to hepatitis C virus in North East England
Authors: Brind A. M. , Codd A. A. , Cohen B. J. , Gabriel F. G. , Collins J. D. , James O. F. W. , Bassendine M. F. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis C virus (anti‐HCV) was studied in North East England in blood donors, local multiply transfused patients, local high risk individuals, and chronic liver disease patients. Anti‐HCV was detected by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 2/1120 (0.18%) blood donors; 1/84 chronic renal failure patients on haemodialysis who had received 1,992 units of blood (seroconversion rate of 0.05% per unit transfused), 1/207 cardiac patients 6 months post cardiac surgery transfused with 1,403 units of blood (1 anti‐HCV pre‐operatively, seroconversion rate 0.07%), 40/50 haemophilia A patients treated with commercial factor VIII, and 38/100 intravenous drug users. In addition anti‐HCV was detected by ELISA in 5/35 cryptogenic chronic liver disease patients, 5/5 confirmed by recombinant immunoblot assay (RIBA) (14%); 3/30 patients with autoimmune chronic active hepatitis, 2/3 by RIBA (7%); 2/50 primary biliary cirrhosis patients, 1/2 by RIBA (2%); 0/30 alcoholic cirrhosis patients; and 2/9 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, 1/2 by RIBA (11%). HCV is uncommon in North East England; it may be implicated in the aetiology of a minority of cases of cryptogenic liver disease and <5% of autoimmune chronic active hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis.
Efficient cloning of hepatitis B virus DNA from single‐stranded replicative intermediates and its application to S1 mapping of viral RNA in human liver tissue
Authors: Kajino Kazunori , Ohta Yasuyuki , Miyamura Tatsuo , Saito Izumu 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAn efficient method for cloning subgenomic fragments of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) was developed, utilizing its abundant single‐stranded replicative intermediates. The total genomic DNA obtained from the liver tissue of patients with chronic HBV infection was treated by using the Klenow fragment of E. coli DNA polymerase I without adding any exogenous primers. Single‐stranded replicative intermediates were efficiently converted to double‐stranded linear DNA, one end of which terminated at (or near to) the direct repeat 1 (DR1) sequence of the HBV genome. By screening less than 1,000 recombinants from a DNA library after this treatment, we obtained a subgenomic HBV fragment of 2.0 kilobases. We then analysed HBV RNA in human liver tissue by S1 mapping. It was possible to map HBV RNA only when a DNA probe from the same tissue was used.
Typing and molecular characterization of human papillomaviruses in genital warts from South African women
Authors: Johnson Jennifer E. , Dehaeck Catherine M. C. , Soeters Robbert , Williamson Anna‐Lise 
Published: March 2007

AbstractCondyloma acuminata from 12 women were examined for the presence of human papilloma‐virus DNA. Six of the women had HPV 6a, two had HPV 11a, one had a new HPV 6 subtype, and one a new HPV 11 subtype. The new HPV 6 subtype could be distinguished from other HPV 6 subtypes on the basis of Pst 1 fragments as well as Hind II fragments. The new HPV 11 subtype had a different Hpa 11 restriction endonuclease pattern. Restriction maps of both new subtypes were constructed. Two of the biopsies did not contain detectable HPV DNA when probed with HPV 6, HPV 11, and HPV16. Biopsies were taken from normal tissue 1 cm away from the condyloma in 11 of the patients. Only one of these normal tissue biopsies was positive for HPV by Southern blot hybridization.
Hepatitis C virus seroprevalence in Italian haemophiliacs injected with virus‐inactivated concentrates: Five year follow‐up and correlation with antibodies to other viruses
Authors: Pistello M. , Ceccherini‐Nelli L. , Cecconi N. , Bendinelli M. , Panicucci F. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe overall prevalence of anti‐HCV antibody in a group of 125 haemophiliacs was 62%. Four patients who had never received replacement therapy were anti‐HCV negative. Of the 121 patients injected regularly with commercial concentrates, 76 were already anti‐HCV seropositive in 1985 and remained so throughout the follow‐up. Two patients seroconverted in 1987 without obvious signs or symptoms of hepatitis. Our patients were treated with dry heat‐treated concentrates since 1985 and with wet heat‐ or solvent/detergent‐treated concentrates since 1988. The absence of further seroconversions and of symptoms of acute post‐transfusion non‐A, non‐B hepatitis since 1988 suggest that present virucidal treatments of concentrates are effective in preventing HCV transmission. Anti‐HCV positivity appeared to be unrelated to the type and degree of haemophilia as well as to the presence of antibodies to hepatitis B virus, human immunodeficiency virus type 1, and human herpesvirus type 6.
Human immunodeficiency virus‐1 (HIV‐1) in the vapors of surgical power instruments
Authors: Johnson Gregory K. , Robinson William S. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractCool vapors and aerosols produced by several common surgical power instruments and hot smoke plumes generated with electrocautery on known HIV‐1 innoculated blood were gently bubbled through sterile viral culture media. Tissue culture cells were then added and cell infection was detected by the appearance of HIV‐1 P‐24 core antigen assayed by ELISA in the culture medium. HIV‐1 was cultured from cool aerosols and vapors generated by a 30,000 RPM spinning router tip, an instrument similar to the Midas Rex and the Stryker oscillating bone saw. No infectious HIV‐1 was detected in aerosols generated by a Valley Lab electrocautery or with a manual wound irrigation syringe known as a Travenol Uromatic irrigator. We have demonstrated that HIV‐1 can remain viable in cool aerosols generated by certain surgical power tools and this raises the possibility of HIV transmission to medical personnel exposed to aerosols similarly generated during the care of HIV infected patients. Further work is required to determine whether such a risk exists but caution should be exercised by those exposed to aerosols generated during procedures on HIV‐1 infected patients.