bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detailed screening for fetal anomalies and cardiac defects at the 11–13‐week scan
Authors: Becker R. , Wegner R.‐D. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the diagnostic efficacy of the first‐trimester anomaly scan including first‐trimester fetal echocardiography as a screening procedure in a ‘medium‐risk’ population.MethodsIn a prospective study, we evaluated 3094 consecutive fetuses with a crown–rump length (CRL) of 45–84 mm and gestational age between 11 + 0 and 13 + 6 weeks, using transabdominal and transvaginal ultrasonography. The majority of patients were referred without prior abnormal scan or increased nuchal translucency (NT) thickness, the median maternal age was, however, 35 (range, 15–46) years, and 53.8% of the mothers (1580/2936) were 35 years or older. This was therefore a self‐selected population reflecting an increased percentage of older mothers opting for prenatal diagnosis. The follow‐up rate was 92.7% (3117/3363).ResultsThe prevalence of major abnormalities in 3094 fetuses was 2.8% (86/3094). The detection rate of major anomalies at the 11 + 0 to 13 + 6‐week scan was 83.7% (72/86), 51.9% (14/27) for NT < 2.5 mm and 98.3% (58/59) for NT ≥ 2.5 mm. The prevalence of major congenital heart defects (CHD) was 1.2% (38/3094). The detection rate of major CHD at the 11 to 13 + 6‐week scan was 84.2% (32/38), 37.5% (3/8) for NT < 2.5 mm and 96.7% (29/30) for NT ≥ 2.5 mm.ConclusionThe overall detection rate of fetal anomalies including fetal cardiac defects following a specialist scan at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks' gestation is about 84% and is increased when NT ≥ 2.5 mm. This extends the possibilities of a first‐trimester scan beyond risk assessment for fetal chromosomal defects. In experienced hands with adequate equipment, the majority of severe malformations as well as major CHD may be detected at the end of the first trimester, which offers parents the option of deciding early in pregnancy how to deal with fetuses affected by genetic or structural abnormalities without pressure of time. Copyright © 2006 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
French fetal biometry: reference equations and comparison with other charts
Authors: Salomon L. J. , Duyme M. , Crequat J. , Brodaty G. , Talmant C. , Fries N. , Althuser M. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractObjectivesTo construct new reference charts and equations for fetal biparietal diameter (BPD), head circumference (HC), abdominal circumference (AC) and femur length (FL), using a large sample of fetuses examined at 15–40 weeks in France, and to compare them with previous references.MethodsThe study data were obtained over a continuous 1‐year period from a population of pregnant women undergoing ultrasound examination. Excluded were those with a known abnormal karyotype or congenital malformation, multiple pregnancies, and those with no first‐trimester dating based on crown–rump length. No fetuses were excluded on the basis of abnormal biometry or birth weight. For each measurement, separate regression models were fitted to estimate both the mean and the SD at each gestational age.ResultsFull biometric measurements were obtained for 19 647 fetuses. New charts and reference equations are reported for BPD, HC, AC and FL. Prediction intervals for the new reference charts were similar to those of previous ones, whereas there were some differences in predicted centiles.ConclusionWe present new French reference charts and equations for fetal biometry. They can be used easily to compute centiles and Z‐scores to control the quality of biometric assessments and to evaluate their performance relative to other references. Copyright © 2006 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antenatal umbilical coiling index and Doppler flow characteristics
Authors: Predanic M. , Perni S. C. , Chervenak F. A. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate whether a relationship exists between the antenatal umbilical coiling index (UCI) and umbilical cord Doppler flow characteristics.MethodsDuring the fetal anatomical survey in 200 consecutive pregnant patients at 18–23 weeks' gestation, we recorded umbilical coiling patterns and blood flow characteristics. The antenatal UCI, calculated as a reciprocal value of the distance between a pair of umbilical cord coils, was compared with Doppler parameters including umbilical vein blood flow volume (in mL/min/kg), and mean resistance index (RI) and peak systolic velocity (PSV in cm/s) averaged from both umbilical arteries.ResultsA total of 154 patients met the inclusion criteria of singleton pregnancy and having adequate sonographic umbilical cord images, Doppler flow indices, and all demographic, antenatal and labor data. The mean antenatal UCI was 0.40, with 10th and 90th centiles of 0.20 and 0.60, respectively. The mean ± SD umbilical artery RI and PSV and umbilical vein blood flow volume were 0.74 ± 0.07, 25.1 ± 6.4 cm/s, and 264 ± 106 mL/min/kg, respectively. All Doppler variables correlated significantly with antenatal UCI, with lower RI and higher PSV and umbilical vein blood flow volume values being associated with higher antenatal UCI (P = 0.016, P < 0.001, and P = 0.032, respectively). However, when stratified by antenatal UCI into hyper‐ (above 90th centile), normo‐ (10th–90th centile), and hypocoiled (below 10th centile) umbilical cord groups, a significant difference was observed for PSV only (P = 0.016).ConclusionIt appears that umbilical cord coiling modulates noticeably blood flow through the umbilical cord. We speculate that more prominent umbilical coiling (higher antenatal UCI values) has a protective effect on blood flow in terms of decreased arterial resistance and higher blood flow velocities, as well as increased venous blood flow. However, due to lack of significant differences between Doppler characteristics when stratified by antenatal UCI into hypo‐, normo‐, and hypercoiled groups, the clinical implications of this observation are uncertain. Copyright © 2006 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Action Refinement Applied to Late Decisions
Authors: Fecher H. , Majster-Cederbaum M. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract

In modular approaches to specify concurrent systems a system is built up from components using various operators as e.g. the sequential, the parallel, or the choice (+) operator. Usually the choice between two components, i.e.
P
1
+
P
2
, is taken in favor of that component that is first to
start
an action. We follow here the alternative view that a choice is taken in favor of that component that is the first to
terminate
an action (end-based choice). This alternative has various applications and interesting implications. In particular the different points of view lead to different action refinement operators. The contribution of this paper is to present here an action refinement operator for the end-based view in a suitable true concurrency setting and to establish two equivalences that are the coarsest congruences for this refinement operator with respect to trace (respectively bisimulation) equivalence.
Clinical Characteristics and Survival for Major Salivary Gland Malignancies in Children
Authors: Shapiro Nina L. , Bhattacharyya Neil 
Published: March 2006

OBJECTIVEDetermine presentation and survival rates for malignant pediatric salivary gland neoplasms.METHODSAll cases of malignant neoplasms involving the parotid or submandibular gland in patients ages birth to 18 years were extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database (1988–2001). Variables included age, gender, tumor histology, size, follow‐up time, and vital status. Kaplan‐Meier survival curves were constructed.RESULTS113 primary salivary gland malignancies (103 parotid, 10 submandibular) were identified. Mean age at presentation was 13.2 years. Female:male ratio of 5:4. Mean tumor size was 2.5 cm. Among parotid tumors, there were 44 (43%) mucoepidermoid carcinomas and 35 (34%) acinic cell carcinomas. At a mean follow‐up of 69.4 months, 6 (5.8%) patients with parotid malignancy were deceased; none of the submandibular malignancies were fatal. Mean Kaplan‐Meier survival for parotid gland lesions was 153 months, with rhabdomyosarcomas exhibiting significantly worse survivals as compared to other malignancies (P < 0.001, log‐rank test).CONCLUSIONSBoth epithelial and mesenchymal tumors present in the pediatric salivary gland. Survival for both parotid and submandibular gland malignancies is good in children.
Computed Tomography in the Diagnosis of Otosclerosis
Authors: de Oliveira Vicente Andy , Yamashita Hélio K. , Manguabeira Albernaz Pedro Luiz , de Oliveira Penido Norma 
Published: March 2006

OBJECTIVESTo identify the main tomographic findings of otosclerosis and to evaluate the usefulness of high‐resolution computed tomography as a diagnostic method for this osteodystrophy.STUDY DESIGN AND SETTINGA prospective and multi‐center study consisting of computed tomography (CT) of the temporal bone was conducted on 54 patients with a clinical and surgical diagnosis of otosclerosis. Twenty‐two patients were included in the control group.RESULTSThe CT scan was positive in 87% of the patients. The tomographic findings were mainly bilateral and fenestral foci were more prevalent.CONCLUSIONSCT showed a high rate of positivity, mainly for fenestral lesions. Foci anterior to the oval window were the most prevalent in this population.SIGNIFICANCECT is useful as a diagnostic method and therapeutic indicator of otosclerosis.
Initial U.S. Pilot Study: Palatal Implants for the Treatment of Snoring
Authors: Romanow John H. , Catalano Peter J. 
Published: March 2006

OBJECTIVETo assess efficacy of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) implants in the soft palate for the treatment of socially significant snoring.DESIGNA prospective, interventional case series.SETTINGHospital‐based multi‐specialty clinic.PATIENTSTwenty‐five consecutive patients with socially significant snoring without history of obstructive sleep apnea.INTERVENTIONThree PET implants were inserted into the soft palate of each patient (Pillar procedure, Restore Medical, Inc., St. Paul, Minnesota).MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREChange in snoring severity measured by the bed partner using a 10‐centimeter visual analog scale (VAS) where 0 = “no snoring noise” and 10 = “extreme snoring noise causing (the bed partner) to leave the bedroom.”RESULTSNinety‐day follow‐up data was collected for 21 patients. Four patients had incomplete follow‐up. Snoring VAS rated by the bed partner had a baseline mean value of 8.5 ± 1.4, which decreased to 5.0 ± 2.1 at 30 days and to 4.4 ± 2.5 at 90 days (P < 0.001). All patients tolerated the procedure well and no procedure‐related complications were observed. Two implants partially extruded in 1 patient within the 90‐day follow‐up period, for an implant partial extrusion rate of 2.7% (2/75 implants) and patient partial extrusion rate of 4% (1/25 patients). At 90 days, 75% of patients and 90% of their bed partners recommended the procedure.CONCLUSIONSIn this case series, PET implants into the soft palate significantly reduced snoring with few extrusions and no complications. Controlled studies are needed to confirm effectiveness and to refine patient selection criteria.
Denervated or Innervated Flaps for the Lower Lip Reconstruction? Are They Really Different to Get a Good Result?
Authors: Civelek Birol , Celebioglu Selim , Unlu Ece , Civelek Senol , Inal Ibrahim , Velidedeoglu Hifzi V. 
Published: March 2006

OBJECTIVEThis study compares innervated and denervated flaps for the lower lip reconstruction in terms of oral sphincter function and sensation.STUDY DESIGN AND SETTINGA prospective trial.METHODSThis study was carried out on 31 patients with lower lip carcinoma. They were divided in 2 groups: 18 patients with denervated local flaps and 13 patients with innervated flaps. During the follow‐up period, all patients were evaluated by electromyography tests and an assessment of the sensation on the lower lip and sphincter function was undertaken by clinical parameters.RESULTSCompound muscle action potential (CMAP) was obtained in all patients. The amplitudes of CMAP were below normal and the values for distal motor latency (DML) were slightly longer than normal values. Interference patterns were observed on whistling in all cases. There were no differences in terms of sphincteric function in each group.CONCLUSIONSThe denervated random local flaps used for the lower lip reconstruction have no functional inferiority when compared to the innervated‐pedicled local flaps.SIGNIFICANCEThis study demonstrates that denervated flaps can be employed for a functional lip reconstruction.EBM ratingB‐2b
Comparison of the Incidences of Obstructive Sleep Apnea‐Hypopnea Syndrome in African‐Americans versus Caucasian‐Americans
Authors: Friedman Michael , Bliznikas Darius , Klein Michaela , Duggal Praveen , Somenek M. , Joseph Ninos J. 
Published: March 2006

OBJECTIVETo determine the relative incidence of obstructive sleep apnea‐hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) in African‐Americans compared to a cohort of Caucasian‐Americans.STUDY DESIGN AND SETTINGA prospective study of 2 groups of subjects (287 African‐Americans and 236 Caucasian‐Americans) to evaluate OSAHS severity based on subjective symptoms and anatomic findings. Subjects were from a public health and fitness fair attended by approximately 80,000 people where attendees were invited for an ENT screening.RESULTSUsing OSAHS scores based on subjective symptoms and anatomic findings, the African‐American group had a significantly higher incidence of “probable” OSAHS. In addition to symptoms of OSAHS, the questionnaire ascertained that African‐American bed partners are more likely to accept loud snoring as compared to Caucasian‐American bed partners.CONCLUSIONSOSAHS may be more common in African‐Americans, but African‐American bed partners are more likely to accept snoring. The medical community should strive to increase awareness and education about OSAHS in the African‐American community.
Perceptual Voice Characteristics in Pediatric Unilateral Vocal Fold Paralysis
Authors: Shah Rahul K. , Harvey‐Woodnorth Geralyn , Glynn Amy , Nuss Roger C. 
Published: March 2006

OBJECTIVETo describe the voice characteristics of pediatric unilateral vocal fold paralysis (UVFP).STUDY DESIGN AND SETTINGRetrospective series from a children's hospital, 1996 to present.RESULTSForty‐two patients with a mean age of 7.1 years were diagnosed with UVFP in our voice clinic (prevalence = 5.4%). Paralysis was left sided in 88%, and was most commonly seen after cardiac surgery (28.5%) and prolonged intubation/prematurity (16.7%). Voice analysis showed a moderate degree of breathiness, mild‐to‐moderate hoarseness and straining, mild muscle tension, and soft loudness. Twenty‐six percent of patients required surgical intervention, including injection into the paralyzed fold (7 patients) and medialization thyroplasty (4 patients). Pre‐operatively, breathiness was worse (P <. 05) in patients undergoing surgical intervention.CONCLUSIONSVoice characteristics of pediatric UVFP include increased breathiness, hoarseness, straining, muscle tension, and soft loudness. One‐fourth of patients underwent surgical intervention; breathiness was the predominant abnormal voice characteristic in the operative cohort.SIGNIFICANCEThe voice characteristics of pediatric patients with UVFP are described.EBM ratingC‐4
COERCED FIRST SEXUAL INTERCOURSE AND SELECTED REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH OUTCOMES AMONG YOUNG WOMEN IN KWAZULU-NATAL, SOUTH AFRICA
Authors: MAHARAJ PRANITHA , MUNTHREE CHANTAL 
Published: March 2006

Summary.Coercion may play an important role in compelling young women to engage in sexual intercourse at an early age. With a decline in age at first intercourse and increased reporting of coercive first sex, concerns of adverse reproductive health outcomes such as unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including HIV, have become important issues, particularly in the context of a high HIV prevalence. This paper uses data collected in 2001 from the second round of a longitudinal study of 1130 sexually experienced young women in KwaZulu-Natal to investigate the relationship between coerced first intercourse and selected reproductive health outcomes and behaviours. Nearly 46% of all sexually experienced young women had reported that their first sexual encounter had been coerced. Young women who reported being coerced at first sex were significantly more likely to be Black and living in an urban area. Those who had been coerced at first sex were also more likely to report having had an STI and having experienced unintended pregnancy, than those who had not been coerced at first sex. Coercion at first sex is an important social and public health problem that has a serious impact on the reproductive health and behaviours of young women. Interventions should directly address the issue of sexual coercion by ensuring young women are aware of their reproductive rights.
The refraction of sea waves in shallow water
Authors: Longuet-Higgins M. S. 
Published: March 2006

This paper considers the changes that occur in the character of short-crested sea waves when they are refracted by a shallowing depth of water. Besides a change in mean wave-length and direction there is also a change (usually an increase) in the mean length of the crests. If the waves approach obliquely they become skew, that is, the crests become staggered one behind another.When a short-crested sea is superposed on a long-creasted swell, refraction tends to amplify the longer waves more than the shorter ones. This also produces an increase in the mean length of the crests.Numerical examples are given.
On steady laminar flow with closed streamlines at large Reynolds number
Authors: Batchelor G. K. 
Published: March 2006

Frictionless flows with finite voticity are usually made determinate by the imposition of boundary conditions specifying the distribution of vorticity ‘at infinity’. No such boundary conditions are available in the case of flows with closed streamlines, and the velocity distributions in regions where viscous forces are small (the Reynolds number of the flow being assumed large) cannot be made determinate by considerations of the fluid as inviscid. It is shown that if the motion is to be exactly steady there is an integral condition, arising from the existence of viscous forces, which must be satisfied by the vorticity distribution no matter how small the viscosity may be. This condition states that the contribution from viscous forces to the rate of change of circulation round any streamline must be identically zero. (In cases in which the vortex lines are also closed, there is a similar condition concerning the circulation round vortex lines.)The inviscid flow equations are then combined with this integral condition in cases for which typical streamlines lie entirely in the region of small viscous forces. In two-dimensional closed flows, the vorticity is found to be uniform in a connected region of small viscous forces, with a value which remains to be determined—as is done explicitly in one simple case—by the condition that the viscous boundary layer surrounding this region must also be in steady motion. Analogous results are obtained for rotationally symmetric flows without azimuthal swirl, and for a certain class of flows with swirl having no interior boundary to the streamlines in an axial plane, the latter case requiring use of the fact that the vortex lines are also closed. In all these cases, the results are such that the Bernoulli constant, or ‘total head’, varies linearly with the appropriate stream function, and the effect of viscosity on the rate of change of vorticity at any point vanishes identically.
The wave drag at zero lift of slender delta wings and similar configurations
Authors: Lighthill M. J. 
Published: March 2006

Ward's slender-body theory of supersonic flow is applied to bodies terminating in either (i) a single trailing edge at right angles to the oncoming supersonic stream, or (ii) two trailing edges at right angles to one another as well as to the oncoming stream, or (iii) a cylindrical section with two or four identical fins equally spaced round it. The wave drag at zero lift, D, is given by the expression
$\frac {D}{\frac {1}{2}\rho U^2} &=& \frac {1}{2\pi}\int^l_0 \int^l_0 log\frac{1}{|s-z|}S^{\prime \prime}(s)S^{\prime \prime}(z)dsdz - \\ &-& \frac{S^\prime (l)}{\pi}\int^l_0 log \frac {l}{l-z}S^{\prime \prime}(z)dz + \frac{S^{\prime 2}(l)}{2\pi} \{ log \frac{l}{(M^2-1)^{1|2}b}+k \} $
where l is the length of the body, b the semi-span of the trailing edge (or length of trailing edge of a single fin), and S(z) is the cross-sectional area of the body at a distance z behind the apex. The constant k depends on the distribution of trailing-edge angle along the span for each trailing-edge configuration. In case (i) it is 1·5 for a uniform distribution of trailing-edge angle and 1·64 for an elliptic distribution. In case (ii) it is 1·28 for a uniform distribution and 1·44 for an elliptic distribution. Study of case (iii) indicates that interference effects due to the presence of the body reduce the drag of the fins. For example, with a uniform distribution of trailing-edge angle, k for two fins falls from 1·5 in the absence of a body to 1·06 when the body radius equals the trailing-edge semi-span, while k for four fins falls from 1·28 to 0·45 under the same conditions.Where ordinary finite-wing theory is applicable, the present method must agree with it for small $(M^2-1)^{1|2}b|l$, and this is confirmed by two examples (§3), but within the limit imposed by slenderness the present method is of course more widely applicable, as well as simpler, than finite-wing theory.It is not known experimentally whether slender-body theory gives accurate predictions of drag at zero lift, for the shapes here discussed, under the conditions for which on theoretical grounds it might be expected to do so. It should be noted that, although tests have not yet been made on ideally suitable bodies, no clear the drag is therefore twice that of a wing made up of two of them. The final stages of the process cannot be represented by slender-body theory, but the initial trend may well be indicated fairly accurately.
A proposal concerning laminar wakes behind bluff bodies at large Reynolds number
Authors: Batchelor G. K. 
Published: March 2006

This note advocates a model of the steady flow about a bluff body at large Reynolds number which is different from the classical free-streamline model of Helmholtz and Kirchhoff. It is suggested that, although the free-streamline model may be a proper solution of the Navier-Stokes equation with μ = 0, it is unlikely to be the limit, as μ → 0, of the solution describing the steady flow due to the presence of a bluff body in an otherwise uniform stream. The limit solution proposed here is one which gives a closed wake.A closed wake contains a standing eddy, or eddies, whose general features can be inferred from the results of an earlier investigation of steady flow in a closed region at large Reynolds number. In all cases, the drag (coefficient) on the body tends to zero as the Reynolds number tends to infinity. The proccedure for finding the details of the closed wake behind two-dimensional and axisymmetrical bodies is described, although no particular case has yet been worked out.
The method of characteristics for steady supersonic rotational flow in three dimensions
Authors: Holt Maurice 
Published: March 2006

The method of characteristics for steady supersonic flow problems in three dimensions, due to Coburn & Dolph (1949), is extended so that flow with shocks and entropy changes may be treated. Equations of motion based on Coburn & Dolph's characteristic coordinate system are derived and a scheme is described for solving these by finite differences.A linearized method of characteristics is developed for calculating perturbations of a given three-dimensional field of flow. This is a generalization of the method evolved by Ferri (1952) for perturbations of plane flow and conical flow.