bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cold‐active enzymes from cold‐adapted bacteria
Authors: Morita Yasutaka , Nakamura Tetsuya , Hasan Quamrul , Murakami Yuji , Yokoyama Kenji , Tamiya Eiichi 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe properties of amylase, lipase and protease, excreted by newly isolated bacteria from snow‐covered soil, salmon intestine and crab intestine, have been investigated. One amylase, one lipase, and three proteases have been characterized by shifts in their apparent optimal activities toward low temperatures and by reductions in their activation energy values. The discovered enzymes were rapidly inactivated at temperatures above the optimum (30 to 40°C). These results suggest that the enzymes are cold‐active. The best cold‐active protease producer, isolated from salmon intestine, has been identified as Flavobacterium balustinum by the analysis of 16S rRNA. The optimal growth temperature of this bacterium was 20°C, but a higher amount of protease activity was present at 10°C.
Repeated use of immobilized lipase for monoacylglycerol production by solid‐phase glycerolysis of olive oil
Authors: Rosu Roxana , Uozaki Yuki , Iwasaki Yugo , Yamane Tsuneo 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBy using immobilized lipase for production of monoacylglycerol (MAG) by solid‐phase glycerolysis of fats and oils, the enzyme could be recovered easily from the reaction mixture and recycled to reduce the cost of the catalyst. Several support materials (CaCO3, CaSO4·2H2O, Ca2P2O7, and Celite) were screened for immobilization of Pseudomonas sp. lipase by adsorption and tested for solid‐phase glycerolysis of olive oil. Immobilization made the reuse of enzyme feasible. CaCO3 proved to be the best support: 90% MAG (wt% in the glycerolfree reaction mixture after 72 h of reaction time) was obtained until the fifth use, 80% after the seventh use, and 60% after the tenth use. The same support was found suitable for immobilization of two other bacterial lipases from Chromobacterium viscosum and Pseudomonas pseudoalkali.
Lipolytic activity in free and immobilized cells of Phoma glomerata
Authors: Pollero Ricardo , Gaspar María , Cabello Marta 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe lipolytic activity of free and immobilized whole cells of the pathogenic fungus Phoma glomerata was demonstrated, and several properties of the lipase involved were determined. Free fungal cells and small pieces of immobilized cells, prepared by spontaneous colonization on a solid surface or entrapped in calcium alginate, were incubated with triolein in buffered medium. Different incubation conditions were assayed to optimize the reaction, to determine the effects of heating and time on stability of the immobilized preparations and the time course of the reactions. Although the enzyme cleaves all ester bonds of triolein, it shows some preference for the outer bonds. An optimal pH of 7.5–8.0, optimal temperature of 45°C for free and 50°C for immobilized cell preparations, the necessity for substrate emulsifiers, and reaction independence from calcium and magnesium were demonstrated. Results suggest that immobilized whole cells of P. glomerata would be a suitable tool to study its lipid physiology and to explore further the possible biotechnological use of its lipase activity.
Production of 8,11,14,17‐cis‐eicosatetraenoic acid by Δ5 desaturase‐defective mutants of an arachidonic acid‐producing fungus, Mortierella alpina
Authors: Kawashima Hiroshi , Kamada Nozomu , Sakuradani Eiji , Jareonkitmongkol Saeree , Akimoto Kengo , Shimizu Sakayu 
Published: May 2007

AbstractΔ5 Desaturase‐defective mutants of an arachidonic acid‐producing fungus, Mortierella alpina 1S‐4, accumulate large amounts of 8,11,14,17‐cis‐eicosatetraenoic acid (20:4ω3) when grown with linseed oil. One of the mutants, the S14 strain, produced 1.65 mg of 20:4ω3 per mL of culture medium (corresponding to 66.0 mg/g dry mycelia and 11.6% of total cellular fatty acids) when grown in a medium containing 1% glucose, 1% yeast extract, and 4% linseed oil methyl ester at 28°C for 2 d, and then at 16°C for 7 d. In a bench‐scale fermentation in a 5‐L jar fermenter, 20:4ω3 production reached 1.60 g/L of culture medium on the eighth day (corresponding to 77.3 mg/g dry mycelia and 26.0% of total cellular fatty acids). The cellular lipids of the S14 strain comprised 75.8% triacylglycerol (TG), 6.7% diacylglycerol, and 13.3% phospholipids (PL). The percentage of 20:4ω3 was higher in PL than in TG, and highest in phosphatidylcholine (32.6%).
Nonpolar‐volatile lipids from soy protein isolates and hexane‐defatted flakes
Authors: Boatright W. L. , Crum A. D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractLipid extracts from two samples of commercial soy protein isolates (SPI) and two samples of commercial hexane‐defatted flakes were fractionated by silici acid‐column chromatography. The material eluted with 100% chloroform was collected, further fractionated by silica solid‐phase extractions, and analyzed by gas chromatography‐mass spectroscopy by using mass spectra, retention times of authentic standards, and Kovats indices for identification. Thirty‐eight compounds were identified and quantitated in the lipid fractions from soy protein isolates (SPI); 23 of these are reported for the first time as components of SPI. An additional 13 compounds are reported for the first time as components of hexane‐defatted soybean flakes. The major classes of compounds reported for the first time associated with SPI include: butyl, methyl, and ethyl esters of fatty acids; phenols, diphenyls and phenyl esters; and abietic acid derivatives. Dehydroabietinal at 0.180 to 0.191 ppm of the protein isolates was the most abundant aldehyde in the SPI lipid extracts. The third most abundant aldehyde found in SPI after dehydroabietinal and hexanal was 2‐butyl‐2‐octenal (0.065 to 0.086 ppm). Dehydroabietic acid methyl ester was present in SPI (0.309 to 0.459 ppm). Dehydroabietene (0.628 ppm) and abietatriene (0.396 ppm) were tentatively identified in one sample of hexane‐defatted flakes.
Detection of hydrocarbons in irradiated and roasted sesame seeds
Authors: Choi C. R. , Hwang K. T. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractHydrocarbons produced by γ‐radiation of sesame seed were analyzed to determine the relation of irradiation dose to the production of hydrocarbons and to eventually use them as markers for identifying post‐irradiated sesame seed. Hydrocarbons in sesame seed were determined by a sequential procedure of lipid extraction by hexane, Florisil column chromatography, and gas chromatography. 16:2, 16:3, 17:1, and 17:2 were prominently detected in irradiated sesame seed, 17:2 was detected in seed irradiated at 0.1 kGy or higher, and the others were detected at 0.5 kGy or higher. These hydrocarbons were not detected in unirradiated sesame seeds that were raw, roasted, whole, ground, or stored.
Optimization of the sulfuric acid‐catalyzed estolide synthesis from oleic acid
Authors: Isbell Terry A. , Frykman Hans B. , Abbott Thomas P. , Lohr Joseph É. , Drozd Joseph C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe production of estolide from oleic acid with sulfuric acid as a catalyst was optimized for minimal acid concentration and temperature. Commercial oleic acid forms estolide optimally when reacted at 55°C with 5% vol/vol concentrated sulfuric acid for 24 h under vacuum. The extent of oligomerization was 1.2 estolide units under these reaction conditions. Temperature plays a critical role in the rate of estolide formation as well as in the overall yield, with higher temperatures providing faster rates but lower yields. The ratio of sulfuric acid to oleic acid equivalents also plays a role, where higher acid concentrations gave faster rates and higher yields of estolide. Vacuum had a minor effect on oligomerization and estolide yield.
Structure of an antioxidant from fermented soybeans (tempeh)
Authors: Hoppe Markus B. , Jha Hem Chandra , Egge Heinz 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn an exhaustive investigation of the antioxidative properties of tempeh constituents, the substance at Rf 0.58 (cyclohexane/ethyl ether, 9:1) was isolated and purified. Until now, only the ultraviolet and fluorescence data of the substance were known, and the presence of an OH group was indicated. In the present paper, the structure of the substance at Rf 0.58 was elucidated by the application of spectroscopic methods and found to be 5‐(δ‐tocopheroxy)‐δ‐tocopherol. That previous researchers did not confirm antioxidant activity in tempeh oil has been related to the way the tempeh oil was prepared. Previous suggestions regarding the substance at Rf 0.58 as being one of the main tempeh antioxidants could not be proved. The antioxidative effect of tempeh oil seems to be the result of a synergistic effect of tocopherols (present in the soybeans) and amino acids (liberated during the fermentation process with Rhizopus oligosporus).
Permeability changes caused by surfactants in liposomes that model the stratum corneum lipid composition
Authors: de la Maza A. , Coderch L. , Lopez O. , Baucells J. , Parra J. L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe alterations caused by different surfactants in the permeability of liposomes formed by a lipid mixture that models the stratum corneum (SC) composition (40% ceramides, 25% cholesterol, 25% palmitic acid, and 10% cholesteryl sulfate) were investigated. The surfactant/lipid molar ratios (Re) and the bilayer/aqueous phase surfactant partition coefficients (K) were determined at two sublytic levels. The selected surfactant were sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS); sodium dodecyl ether sulfate (SDES) to assess the influence of the ethylene oxide groups on the anionic surfactant’s behavior; Triton X‐100 (OP‐10EO) and dodecyl betaine (D‐Bet) as representatives of nonionic and amphoteric surfactants. Permeability alterations were determined by monitoring the increase in the fluorescence intensity of liposomes due to the 5(6) carboxyfluorescein (CF) released from the interior of vesicles. The SC liposomes/surfactant sublytic interactions were mainly ruled by the action of surfactant monomers. OP‐10EO showed the highest ability to alter the permeability of bilayers and the highest affinity with these structures, whereas D‐Bet showed the lowest tendencies. Although SDS and SDES exhibited similar activity at 50% CF release (similar Re values), SDES appeared to be more active at 100% CF release, its affinity with bilayers being also increased. The different ability exhibited by SDS, SDES, and D‐Bet (same alkyl chainlength) to alter the permeability of SC liposomes emphasizes the role played by the polar part of these surfactants in this interaction. Different trends in the evolution of Re and K were observed when comparing the results with those reported for phosphatidylcholine (PC) liposomes. Thus, whereas SC liposomes appeared to be more resistant to the action of surfactants, the surfactant affinity with SC bilayers was always greater than that reported for PC bilayers.
Changes in phospholipid bilayers caused by sodium dodecyl sulfate/nonionic surfactant mixtures
Authors: de la Maza Alfonso , Parra Jose Luis 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe interaction of mixtures of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and oxyethylenated nonylphenol (30 mol of ethylene oxide) [NP(EO)30] with phosphatidylcholine liposomes was investigated. Permeability alterations were detected as a change in 5(6)‐carboxyfluorescein (CF) released from the interior of vesicles, and bilayer solubilization was measured as a decrease in the static light scattered by liposome suspensions. Three parameters were described as the effective surfactant/lipid molar ratios (Re) at which the surfactant system: (i) resulted in 50% CF release (Re50%CF); (ii) saturated the liposomes (ReSAT); (iii) led to complete solubilization of these structures (ReSOL). The corresponding surfactant partition coefficients (K50%CF, KSAT, and KSOL) were determined from these parameters. The free surfactant concentrations SW were lower than the mixed surfactant critical micellar concentration at subsolubilizing levels, whereas they remained similar to these values during saturation and solubilization of bilayers. Although the Re values increased linearly as the mole fraction of the SDS rose (XSDS), the K parameters showed maximum values at XSDS 0.6 for K50%CF and approximately at XSDS 0.2 for KSAT and KSOL, respectively. Thus, the lower the surfactant contribution in the surfactant/lipid system, the higher the XSDS at which the maximum bilayer/water partitioning of added mixed surfactant systems occurred. As a consequence, the influence of SDS in this partition appears to be more significant at the sublytic level (monomeric effect), whereas the influence of NP(EO)30 seems to be greater during saturation and solubilization of liposomes via formation of mixed micelles.
Direct ethoxylation of fatty methyl ester over Al‐Mg composite oxide catalyst
Authors: Hama I. , Okamoto T. , Hidai E. , Yamada K. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractFor the purpose of estimating the reaction mechanism of the direct ethoxylation of a fatty ester in the presence of an Al‐Mg composite oxide catalyst, a labeled fatty methyl ester C11H23CO18OCH3 containing 18O isotope was synthesized and directly ethoxylated. The product was evaluated by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). The GC‐MS spectra showed that the 18O isotope label was present only in the methoxy group at the molecular end of the ethoxylated fatty methyl ester. This supports the reaction mechanism of coordination anionic polymerization where the bond between the acyl and methoxy groups of the fatty methyl ester molecule was broken, caused by the bifunctional effect of the acid‐base active sites; an intermediate chemisorption species was formed; and then ethylene oxide was addition‐polymerized sequentially, in parallel.
Alcohol ethoxycarboxylates—Mild, high‐foaming surfactants for personal‐care products
Authors: Schmidt W. W. , Durante D. R. , Gingell R. , Harbell J. W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAlcohol ethoxycarboxylates (AEC) may be derived from alcohol ethoxylates (AEO) either by reaction of the nonionic surfactant with monochloroacetic acid (MCAA) or by oxidation. If MCAA is used, a ‐CH2COOH unit is added to the AEO. When an AEO is oxidized, the terminal ‐CH2OH group is selectively converted to ‐COOH. By use of proprietary carefully controlled oxidation technology, a variety of AEC surfactants have been synthesized. These surfactants exhibit good foaming and excellent line soap dispersion, and they allow formulation of high‐quality personal‐care products. Starter formulations have been investigated with AEC, both in shampoos and liquid hand cleaners. These formulations had the viscosity and foaming found in a survey of commercially available products. A shampoo and a liquid soap formulation with AEC were subjected to in‐vitro assays to assess the potential for irritation to the skin or eyes. The assay results predict these formulations to cause minimal irritation, similar to commercial products.
Synthesis and surface properties of chemodegradable anionic surfactants: Sodium (2‐n‐alkyl‐1,3‐dioxan‐5‐yl)sulfates
Authors: Piasecki Andrzej , Sokołowski Adam , Burczyk Bogdan , Kotlewska Urszula 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn the reaction of cis‐ and trans‐2‐n‐alky‐5‐hydroxyl‐1,3‐dioxane mixtures with SO3 · pyridine complex, followed by neutralization with sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate, a new group of anionic surfactants, i.e., sodium cis‐ and trans‐(2‐n‐alkyl‐1,3‐dioxan‐5‐yl)sulfates were obtained. The hydrophobic intermediates used in the sulfation reaction were obtained in high yields from four‐component glycerol acetals by the process of transacetalization and selective crystallization of 1,3‐dioxane derivatives. The physical data of the new compounds and some of their surface properties, such as critical micelle concentration (CMC), effectiveness of water surface tension reduction πCMC, standard free energies of adsorption and micellization, ΔGadso and ΔGCMCo, surface excess concentration, ΓCMC, and the surface area demand per molecule, ACMC, were determined. It was shown that the surface activity of the standard anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate should be similar to the surface activity of sodium (2‐n‐decyl‐1,3‐dioxan‐5‐yl)sulfate.
Glucoside ester synthesis in microemulsions catalyzed by Candida antarctica component B lipase
Authors: Skagerlind Peter , Larsson Karin , Barfoed Martin , Hult Karl 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe surfactant, ethyl 6‐O‐decanoyl glucoside, was synthesized in microemulsion systems by lipase catalysis. The microemulsions were based on the two substrates for the reaction, ethyl glucoside and fatty acid, and either the sodium salt of the fatty acid or the glucoside ester was used as surfactant. The lipase used was component B from Candida antarctica. Reduced pressure was employed to eliminate the water of condensation. The reaction yield was good, with conversion of fatty acid and ethyl glucoside reaching 77 and 96%, respectively.
Hydrolysis of nonionic ester surfactants facilitated by potassium β‐glycyrrhizinate: Implication of catalytic functions played by the carboxyl groups
Authors: Koide Misao , Ukawa Jinta , Tagaki Waichiro , Tamagaki Seizo 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTwo different types of methyl esters of β‐glycyrrhizinate (GK2) have been prepared to delineate the mechanism of the catalytic action of each carboxyl group of GK2 in the hydrolysis of nonionic fatty acid surfactants. In the acidic pH region of less than 4, the hydrolysis is catalyzed by the carboxyl groups of the sugar moiety, while in the close‐to‐neutral acidic region, the carboxyl group at the hydrophobic triterpenoid end becomes important in catalysis.
Poly(ethylene oxide)/poly(propylene oxide)/poly(ethylene oxide) triblock copolymer as a sustained‐release carrier for perfume compounds
Authors: Suzuki Katsumasa , Saito Yoshihiro , Tokuoka Yoshikazu , Abe Masahiko , Sato Takatoshi 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe volatility behavior of perfume compounds in poly(ethylene oxide)/poly(propylene oxide)/poly(ethylene oxide) copolymer was investigated by means of dynamic and static headspace analyses. Suppression of the volatility of perfume compounds by EO105PO27EO105 copolymer was markedly greater than by polyethyleneglycol. This suppressive effect may be due to micelle and gel formation of EO105PO27EO105 copolymer. EO105PO27EO105 copolymer is expected to be useful as a novel sustained‐release carrier that maintains constant release rates for the volatility of perfume compounds over a wide temperature range.
Thermal reactions of fatty acids with diethylene triamine
Authors: Wu Yinqiu , Herrington Philip R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe relative reactivities of the primary and secondary amino groups of diethylene triamine with fatty acids depend on the thermal reaction conditions. Without solvents, the primary amines are more reactive than the secondary amine for steric reasons, and the reaction results mainly in the 1,3‐diamide. However, in dilute solution, the secondary amine shows higher reactivity than the primary amines, and the reaction proceeds probably by way of the 1,2‐diamide, which forms imidazolines under much milder conditions than from the 1,3‐diamide. The hydrolysis of imidazoline to the 1,2‐diamide as the major product confirmed the higher reactivity of the secondary amine.
Kinetics of hydrogen peroxide oxidation of alkyl dimethyl amines
Authors: Gee J. C. , Williamson R. C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWe measured the absolute rate constants for the hydrogen peroxide oxidation of two different octyl dimethyl amines in isopropanol/water mixtures at 23°C. The amines were 1‐octyl dimethyl amine (1) and 2‐ethylhexyl dimethyl amine (2); their structures were analogous to those most often encountered in commercial alkyl dimethyl amine oxide production. The observed first‐order rate constants for the disappearance of amine across a range of H2O2 concentrations (0.5–8 M) indicated that the overall rate was first‐order in amine and 3/2‐order in H2O2. Calculations showed k1=0.16 M−1h−1, k2=0.046 M−1h−1, and k1/k2=3.5. The rates appeared to decrease with increasing steric hindrance around the nitrogen atom. We also investigated the effect of water on the reaction rates. When [H2O]<∼4.5 M in isopropanol, the rates increased with increasing [H2O]; for [H2O]>∼4.5 M, the rates were insensitive to [H2O].
Effect of drying methods on molecular properties and functionalities of disulfide bond‐cleaved soy proteins
Authors: Kalapathy U. , Hettiarachchy N. S. , Rhee K. C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractEffects of drying methods on hydrophobicity, solubility, water hydration capacity, viscosity, and adhesive strength of soy protein isolates treated with Na2SO3(disulfide bond‐cleaving agent) were investigated. Treatment with 0.1 M Na2SO3resulted in 28% decrease in disulfide linkages in soy proteins. While hydrophobicity and solubility increased, waterholding capacity of soy proteins decreased due to the treatment. Spray‐dried product had higher hydrophobicity, solubility, water hydration capacity, and viscosity compared to freeze‐dried product. Adhesive strength on wood increased due to modification; however, the drying process had no significant effect on this property. Viscosities of spray‐dried product, freeze‐dried product, and unmodified soy proteins were 2,200, 100, and 240 cP, respectively. Fluorescence spectra of spray‐dried and freezedried products indicated a partial folding of molecules around tryptophan. High‐performance liquid chromatographic elution profiles showed no significant differences in molecular sizes of unfolded molecules of spray‐dried and freeze‐dried proteins.
Pilot‐scale two‐phase extraction of canola
Authors: Thobani Mahmood , Diosady Levente L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAn extraction process was developed in our laboratory for rapeseed (canola) with 10% (w/w) ammonia in methanol, containing 5% (vol/vol) water, and hexane to simultaneously produce an improved meal and a high‐quality oil. To remove the hazards associated with the use of ammonia, a two‐phase solvent extraction, with 0.08% (w/w) sodium hydroxide replacing the ammonia, was tested on a semipilot scale with a Szego mill and a Karr reciprocating‐plate extraction column. Flooding curves and appropriate agitation parameters were examined for this system. Then, the effects of polar solvent‐to‐seed ratio, slurry‐to‐hexane flow ratio, plate amplitude and plate agitation frequency on extraction efficiency were investigated. The process is technically viable for industrial application. A meal that contained 0.9% residual oil, 44.4% protein and 2.79 mmol/kg glucosinolates (moisture and oil‐free basis) and a miscella with 19.5% oil were obtained.
Two‐phase solvent extraction of canola
Authors: Thobani Mahmood , Diosady Levente L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe equilibrium relationships in the extraction process that was developed in our research laboratory for the treatment of canola were studied. In the process, hexane is used as well as CH3OH that contains 5% (vol/vol) H2O and 0.08% (w/w) NaOH to simultaneously produce improved meal and high‐quality oil. Equilibrium data for canola oil in the hexane‐CH3OH/H2o/NaOH, meal‐hexane, and meal‐CH3OH/H2O/NaOH‐hexane systems are reported. A high partition coefficient for oil between hexane and the polar phase provided a large driving force for mass transfer. The presence of the CH3OH phase improved oil extraction, probably by rupturing the cell structure. The process proved to be a somewhat less desirable replacement for CH3OH/H2O/NH3 extraction and recovered 93.5% of the oil and 91.8% of the protein in the seed, while with CH3OH/H2O/NH3, the oil and protein recoveries were 96.8 and 94.0%, respectively. The NaOH treatment removed only 50.2% of the glucosinolates, and some of the oil was hydrolyzed by the NaOH, making the process less effective, despite its simplicity.