bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CHANGING DIRECTIONS IN AGRICULTURAL POLICY: CORPORATIST ARRANGEMENTS IN PRODUCTION AND CONSERVATION POLICIES*
Authors: COX GRAHAM , LOWE PHILIP , WINTER MICHAEL 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis paper provides an historical background to corporatist policy arrangements in British agriculture. It then examines recent changes in agricultural objectives, policy making, and conflicts. In particular it emphasises the politicisation of agriculture and tlie changed basis for corporatist initiative in policy making and implementation consequent on the shift from political concern with production to concern at the financial and environmental costs of agricultural price support policies. The integrity of the agricultural policy community itself is of critical significance for these changes. Accordingly the paper closely considers the changing position of the National Farmers' Union, particularly as a result of increased public concern over its role in environmental protection in the aftermath of the 1981 Wildlife and Countryside Act.RésuméCet article commence par rappeler les bases historiques du caractère corporatif de la politique agricole britannique: il décrit ensuite les changements récents et les conflits apparus dans le secteur agricole. II met en évidence la politisation des problèmes agricoles: les préoccupations politiques, jusque là centrées sur la production agricole seule, sont de plus en plus centrées sur les couts financiers et les impacts environnementaux des politiques de soutien des prix agricoles, et cela modifie nettement la base sur laquelle ľ organisarjon corporative peut agir. Dès lors, c'est tout le mécanisme de solidarite de la politique agricole qui est mis en cause. Ľ article centre alors ľ attention sur ľ Union Nationale des Agriculteurs et son attitude nouvelle face à une opinion qui s'interesse de plus à son rôle dans la politique de ľ environnement qui découle de la Loi sur la Nature et la Campagne de 1981.KurzfassungDer Beitrag zeigt zunächst den historischen Hintergrund der korporatistischen Politikeinrichtungen in der britischen Landwirtschaft auf. Danach werden jüngste Veränderungen landwirtschaftlicher Ziele, Politikgestaltung und Konflikte untersucht. Insbesondere werden die Politisierung der Landwirtschaft und die veränderte Basis fur korporatistische Ansätze bei der Gestaltung und Implementierung politischer Maßnahmen als Folge der Verlagerung des politischen Interesses von Produktionszielen zu den finanziellen und Umweltkosten der landwirtschaftlichen Preissrützungspolitik betrachtet. Die Geschlossenheit der landwirtschaftlichen Politikgemeinschaft selbst ist von entscheidender Bedeutung für diese Veränderungen. Dementsprechend wird in dem Beitrag eingehend die sich ändernde Position des Nationalen Bauernverbandes, insbesondere aufgrund des erhöhten öffentlichen Interesses an seiner Rolle beim Umweltschutz infolge des Gesetzes über den Natur‐ und Landschaftsschutz von 1981, erörtert.
CAPITALISM, PETTY COMMODITY PRODUCTION AND THE FARM ENTERPRISE
Authors: GOODMAN DAVID , REDCLIFT MICHAEL 
Published: March 2008

AbstractAlthough Marx and Engels wrote relatively little about agriculture the subsequent discussion has been in inverse proportion to the amount they wrote. This paper analyses recent contributions to this body of theory, notably the problems presented by simple commodity production in agriculture, arguing that many of these problems originate in specific historical situations. It is suggested that other distinctions in Marx's work are more rewarding to pursue, such as the distinction between formal and real subsumption under capitalism. The limits of real subsumption depend on the extent to which various capitals are able to drive technology into revolutionising the labour process. Finally, the role of ideology is considered as essential to the legitimation of these processes in Western capitalist societies.RésuméLes écrits de Marx et Engels sur ľagriculture sont relativement peu nombreux, mais c'est ?eux que cet article s'inspire essentiellement. Il analyse les plus récents apports à ce courant théorique, spécialement les problémes posés par la production des produits de base en agriculture: il suggére que beaucoup de ces problémes trouvent, leur origine dans des conjonctures historiques particuliéres. Il insiste aussi sur ľideae que ?autres distinctions de la théorie marxiste seraient utilement applicables, telle la distinction entre soumission réelle et soumission formelle au capitalisme. Les limites de la soumission réelle sont fixées par le degré auquel divers types de capitaux reussissent à induire la technologie qui va transformer le processus de travail. Enfin le rôle de ľidéologie est estimé comme un facteur crucial, car c'est elle qui vient, dans les sociétés capitalists occidentales, légitimer ces processus.KurzfassungObwohl Marx und Engels vergleichsweise wenig über die Landwirtschaft geschrieben haben, stand die sich daran anschließende Diskussion in einem umgekehrt proportionalen Verhältnis zu dem Umfang dessen, was sie geschrieben haben. In diesem Artikel werden neuere Beiträge zu diesem Theoriegebäude analysiert, insbesondere die Probleme, die durch die einfache Warenproduktion in der Land wirtschaft hervorgerufen werden, wobei behaup‐tet wird, daß diese Problems in ganz spezifischen historischen Situationen entstehen. Es wird darauf hingewiesen, daß indere Unterscheidungen in dem Werk von Mark es eher lohnen, weiterverfolgt zu werden, wie z.B. die Unterscheidung zwischen formeller und reeller Subsumption unter den Kapitalismus. Die Grenzen der reellen Subsumption hängen vom Ausmaß ab, in dem verschiedene Kapitale in der Lage sind, mit der Einfuhrüng von Technologien in den Arbeitsprozess, diesen zu revolutionieren. Schließlich wird die Rolle der Ideologien als entscheidend für die Legitimierung solcher Prozesse in wesdichen kapita‐listischen Gesellschaften angesehen.
IMPLICATIONS OF SOME RECENT RESEARCH
Authors: ROWLAND ROBERT 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe essay outlines some possible implications of recent research on demographic patterns for the historical study of rural society in Portugal. The first pan is devoted to a summary of population trends since the 16th century, and the need for aggregative studies based on parish registers is emphasised. It is argued that the available evidence suggests die pertinence of a regional perspective, in which variation across space is given as much prominence as change over time. A number of regional patterns ‐ in mortality, fertility and nuptiality ‐ are described and shown to be associated with regionally specific patterns of household organization. Some implications are suggested of the fact that this regional configuration of family forms and demographic patterns appears to have been in existence and to have persisted since the 16th century.RésuméLes recherches récentes à propos des mouvements démographiques ont des implications pour ľétude historique de la société rurale au Portugal. La première partie de ľarticle propose une synthèse des tendances démographiques depuis le 16ème siècle, et insiste sur la nécessité?études de synthèse basées sur les registres paroissiaux. Les données disponibles tendent à confirmer la pertinence ?une approche régionale où les variations spatiales seraient plus importantes que les variations dans le temps. Quelques modèles démographiques régionaux, ‐ de mortalité, de fertilityé, de nuptialité, sont décrits en montrant leur hen avec des modèles particuliers ?organisation familiale. La conclusion suggère quelques conséquences de cette association, au niveau régional, entre des structures familiales et des modèles démographiques.KurzfassungIn der Studie werden einige Folgerungen aus jüngsten Forschungsarbeiten über demogra‐phische Modelle für die Untersuchung der geschichtlichen Entwicklung der ländlichen Gesellschaft in Portugal gezogen. Der erste Teil ist einer Übersicht über die Bevölkerungs‐entwicklung seit dem 16. Jahrhundert gewidmet. Es wird die Notwendigkeit von Gesamt‐studien auf der Basis von Registem der Kirchengemeinden betont. Es wird behauptet, daß das verfügbare Quellerunaterial eine regionale Perspektive als angemessen erscheinen läßt, wobei räumlichen Unterschieden ebenso viel Bedeutung beigemessen wird wie Veränderun‐gen im Zeitablauf. Eine Anzahl regionaler Muster ‐ von Sterblichkeit, Fruchtbarkeit und Heirat ‐ werden beschrieben und ihr Zusammenhang mit regional spezifischen Mustern der Haushaltorganisation aufgezeigt. Einige Folgerungen werden daraus abgeleitet, daß diese regionale Konfiguration von Familienform und demographischen Mustern tatsächlich seit dem 16. Jahrhundert zu bestehen und bis heute überdauert zu haben scheint.
BRINGING INDUSTRY TO A SMALL TOWN IN THE WEST OF IRELAND*
Authors: CURTIN CHRIS , VARLEY ANTHONY 
Published: March 2008

AbstractLocal attempts to have industry locate in a west of Ireland town since the 1940s are examined in the light of two perspectives on the role of small‐scale self‐help groups in promoting industrial development. What we call the community development position holds that voluntary groups of the type represented here can facilitate the establishment of local industries in various ways. The second perspective, derived from the literature on political clientelism, suggests that politicians can project themselves as being in a better position and more effective than others in influencing locational decisions of incoming industry. Self‐help groups must therefore use politicians as intermediaries if they are to recruit capital externally. Examined over a period when state policy changed complexion, both perspectives are seen to illuminate certain dimensions of the activities of the Laketown Development Association.RésuméCet article étudie les efforts locaux de développement industriel dans une petite ville de ľOuest de ľlrlande. Concernant des petits groupes volontaires dans la promotion indus‐trielle, deux hypothèses sont discutées. La premiè1re, qui peut être appelée celle du développement communautaire, soutient que les groupes volontaires tels ceux étudiés ici peuvent effectivement favoriser de diverses manières un développement industriel local. La seconde hypothèse, appuyée par les études concernant le clientélisme politique, mettent en évidence le rôle des politiciens qui apparaissent mieux placés et plus efficaces pour influencer la localisation des investissements. II s'ensuivrait que les groupes volontaires auraient à utiliser les hommes politiques comme intermédiaires quand ils veulent attirer des capitaux exogènes. L'étude pone sur une période pendant laquelle la politique étatique a changé, et les deux hypothèses permettent de comprendre plusieurs aspects de ľactivité de la ‘Laketown Development Association’.KurzfassungVersuche auf örtlicher Ebene zur Industrieansiedlung in einer Sudt Westirlands seit 1940 werden im Lichte zweier Betrachtungsweisen kleiner Selbsthilfegruppen zur Förderung der industriellen Entwicklung in Irland untersucht. Die Position, die wir die der Gemeindeent‐wicklung nennen, behauptet, daß freiwillige Gruppen der Art, wie wir sie in unserer Fallstudie finden, die Schaffung örtlicher Gewerbebetriebe in verschiedenartiger Weise fordern. Die zweite, aus der Literatur uber politischen Klientelismus abgeleitete Betrach‐tungsweise spielt darauf an, daß Politiker sowohl in einer besseren Position als auch wirkungsvoller erscheinen als andere, wenn sie die Standortentscheidungen der hereinkom‐menden Industrie beeinflussen. Selbsthilfegruppen müssen deshalb Politiker als Vermittler nutzen, um Kapital von außerhalb anzuziehen. Nach Prüfung iiber einen Zeitraum der Veränderung staatlicher Politik, kann von beiden Betrachtungsweisen angenommen werden, daß sie bestimmte Dimensionen der Aktivitäten der Laketown Development Association beleuchten.
LEVEL DISORDER: THE CASE OF ‐er AND ‐or1
Authors: Bauer Laurie 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTThe distribution of the suffixes ‐er and ‐or in Enlgish is considered, with a view t establishing whether or not they are allomorphs of a single morpheme. The general principles of Level Ordering theory are then oulined. It is considered whether the distinction between ‐er and ‐or might be explained in terms of Level Ordering, but argued trhat this involves a contradiction. More data is then considered which leads to the conclusion that there is no such simple distinction between ‐er and ‐or, and that the distribution of thee morphs gives little support to the general notion of Level Ordering.
APPLIED HISTORICAL LINGUISTICS: SOCIO‐HISTORICAL LINGUISTIC EVIDENCE FOR THE AUTHORSHIP OF RENAISSANCE PLAYS1
Authors: Hope By Jonathan 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTThis paper presents a new type of evidence for the authorship of Renaissance plays. Taking the form of a test case on Shakespeare and Fletcher's Henry VIII, the paper demonstrates how differing rates of usage of grammatical variables can be used to identify the hands of collaborators.
NON‐LINEAR PHONOLOGY AND ELIZABETHAN PROSODY1
Authors: McCully Christopher B. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractIn this paper I argue that the dating and extent of the ‘quantitative movement’ in English metres (c.1550 to c. 1603) is no mere literary accident, but is connected with changes that had taken, or were taking, place in the stress phonology of English. Chief among these changes was the extensive replacement of the native, ‘left‐strong’ system of English stress by a Latinate, ‘right‐strong’ system. This replacement has further consequences: a particular kind of relationship between English syllable structure and stress is established, and many secondary‐stressed syllables at the right edges of English words are reduced. Both these consequences are germane to the structure of English quantitative verses of the period, as the paper explicates. The paper therefore explores, using non‐linear formalism, what links may exist between the stress phonology of English and instances of English poetic form.
CAUSATIVES AND UNIVERSAL GRAMMAR: AN ALTERNATIVE INTERPRETATION*
Authors: Song Jae Jung 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe validity of the C(ase) H(ierarchy), the paradigm case, and the notion of demotion in Comrie's universal theory of causative constructions is questioned. It is argued that the CH theory precludes a more realistic and plausible understanding of the causative construction. Data from a wide range of languages are examined in their own right, not from the perspective of the paradigm case. An alternative view is offered that both causative and noncausative sentences are susceptible to the same NP density control. Under this view the so‐called deviations from the paradigm case‐extended demotion and doubling‐are seen as different grammatical means of keeping the NP density control in effect. The alternative view receives further support from those languages in which transitive verbs must be detransitivised prior to undergoing morphological causativisation.
THE SELECTIVE AVAILABILITY OF UNIVERSAL GRAMMAR IN SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION: A SPECIFIER‐HEAD/HEAD‐COMPLEMENT DEVELOPMENTAL ASYMMETRY1
Authors: Hawkins Roger 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBeyond the age of around seven, second language learners typically fail to acquire certain grammatical properties of the target language. This is in contrast to first language learners who are typically fully successful in acquiring grammatical properties of the target language. A recent approach to this problem suggests that the failure in second language acquisition results from specifiable subcomponents of Universal Grammar becoming inaccessible to second language learners, while Universal Grammar nevertheless continues in general to constrain the construction of L2 grammars. In this article it is suggested that specifier‐head agreement is a property which appears to be particularly difficult for second language learners to access, if it is not already instantiated in the LI. Three cases from the acquisition of French as a second language are considered from this perspective; an alternation between the complementisers à and de, quantification at a distance, and object pro.
WACKERNAGEL'S LAW AND THE POSITION OF UNSTRESSED PERSONAL PRONOUNS IN CLASSICAL LATIN
Authors: ADAMS J. N. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTWeak pronouns in Classical Latin are generally believed to have adopted the second position in their clause, in conformity with Wackernagel's law. In this paper it is shown that pronouns are not regularly placed second at all in Classical prose. They have a tendency, shared by other clitic elements such as the copula and auxiliary verb esse, to seek out the focus of an utterance as their host, even when that focus is not at the start of its clause. The relationship between this tendency, and placement of the type traditionally thought to manifest the working of Wackernagel's law, is considered. The principles of pronoun placement operating in Classical prose are discussed in relation to the emergence of verb‐based pronoun placement in the Romance languages (particularly Portuguese), through an examination of a transitional text (the letters of Claudius Terentianus).
THE CHRONOLOGY OF FRENCH AND LATIN LOAN WORDS IN ENGLISH1
Authors: COLEMAN JULIE 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTA comparison is made between earlier studies of French loan words, whose slightly varying methodologies reveal some interesting trends. Most of the earlier studies have restricted them selves to consideration of unaffixed loans taken directly from French with no alteration in sense, but this study compares borrowing from French and Latin as well as considering semantic and morphological development. Borrowing from each language is considered in relation to losses and in relation to the size of the lexis as a whole.
TURKISH RHYMES AND ANTIRHYMES IN PHONOLOGICAL THEORY1
Authors: RAMER ALEXIS MANASTER 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTThis paper is part of an ongoing effort to demonstrate the validity of the universal claim that systems of versification in natural languages do not have access to any proposed levels of phonological representation deeper or more abstract than the classical phonemic level. Here, we are specifically concerned with the nature of phonological representations at which rhyme is defined in Turkish poetry. We show that the rhyming of vowels which are phonemically distinct (but which alternate under conditions of vowel harmony) is not to be explained by allowing the rhyming rules to operate at an (underspecified) underlying level of representation but rather by assuming that these are imperfect rhymes defined at the phonemic level. This is shown by the low frequency of such rhymes and by the behavior of antirhymes (situations where distinctness rather than identity of line‐final sound sequences is required).
BRITISH AND EUROPEAN RIVER‐NAMES
Authors: Kitson P.R. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis paper examines Eilert Ekwall's English River‐Names (1928) in the light of pan‐continental ‘Old European’ river‐naming patterns investigated by Hans Krahe and his followers. Significantly many Celtic‐looking names are shown to represent reshapings of older names not specifically Celtic with meanings more frequently to do with water or flowing than Ekwall thought. The Indo‐Europeanness of alteuropäisch river‐names is upheld emphatically, with a critique of Venne‐mann's (1994) contrary arguments. Its Common (not just western) Indo‐European origin is emphasized, yielding rational explanations for such features as the frequency of the vowel a. The kind of reshaping already demonstrated for insular Celtic is seen to have been recurrent in the history of alteuropäisch river‐names generally, with developments in particular groups conditioned by their wider linguistic development, e.g. loss of the ‐nt‐ participle in Celtic.
Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) instar effects on rate of parasitism by Eretmocerus mundus and Encarsia pergandiella (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae)
Authors: GREENBERG Shoil M. , JONES Walker A. , LIU Tong‐Xian 
Published: March 2008

AbstractStudies were conducted to compare preference among Bemisia tabaci Gennadius, biotype B instars for parasitization by Eretmocerus mundus Mercet and Encarsia pergandiella Howard when provided one instar only, two different instars, and four different instars simultaneously. In the single‐instar no choice treatment, Er. mundus was more successful in parasitizing the younger host instars, while En. pergandiella parasitized a greater proportion of the older instars. Similar results were observed when parasitoids were provided a choice of two instars in six different pair combinations. When all four instars were provided simultaneously, the numbers of first, second, and third instars parasitized by Er. mundus were not significantly different from each other (range 10.3–16.4%), but all were significantly higher than parasitism of fourth instar nymphs (2.1%). The highest percentage parasitization by En. pergandiella was in third instar (17.2%), and the lowest in first instar (2.8%).
First detection of the fruit fly Bactrocera synnephes (Diptera: Tephritidae) on Iriomote Island, south‐western Japan
Authors: OHNO Suguru , TAMURA Yu 
Published: March 2008

Abstract Bactrocera synnephes, a fruit fly species common in Taiwan, was first detected in Japan in 2006, when several male adults were trapped at Kanokawa, an uninhabited coastal area of Iriomote Island, Okinawa (200 km from Taiwan). To examine potential colonization by B. synnephes, we collected fruit of the wild gourd Diplocyclos palmatus (Cucurbitaceae), a host of the fruit fly, as well as other cucurbitaceous species, in Kanokawa and other areas of Iriomote Island. No B. synnephes infestation was found on any cucurbitaceous plants. Based on these results, we conclude that B. synnephes had very recently invaded Iriomote Island, possibly from Taiwan, but had failed to colonize. Bactrocera synnephes may have entered Iriomote Island by natural or human‐induced means, but a human‐induced invasion pathway is less likely in light of the non‐pest status of the species in Taiwan. The disappearance of B. synnephes from Iriomote Island may be related to the loss of host fruit as a result of tropical cyclones. Although B. synnephes is not regarded as a pest elsewhere, the pest status of the species is unclear in Okinawa, where no fruit fly pests currently attack commercial cucurbitaceous fruit. We must remain alert for possible re‐invasion by B. synnephes.