bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
4 Justice, Responsibility, and the Demands of Equality
Authors: Scanlon T. M. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis essay considers the disagreement between Cohen and Rawls on the question of whether individuals should be held responsible for their tastes and preferences. It notes the difference in principle, since the primary goods measure of Rawls holds individuals responsible for their choices as to how to deploy these goods, whereas Cohen’s aim is to equalize access to advantage, and thereby the satisfaction of persons, however costly. It is argued that since Cohen concedes that practical matters of application might compromise egalitarian principle, the two thinkers might be, in practice, not that dissimilar.
Mr. Morgan's Yacht
Authors: Waldron Jeremy 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis essay takes up Cohen’s inquiry into freedom and property. It celebrates his evocative example for its illustration of how property restricts the freedom of the majority for the sake of the freedom of the propertied. However, although Cohen’s insistence on a view of liberty that is not moralized is salutary in this debate, there is also some loss. There remains some moral appeal to the idea of possession even if freedom, suitably demoralized, is not at issue. Moreover, there is some risk that Cohen’s ‘denuded’ conception of liberty will fail to capture the significance of liberty and why we should care about it.
Is there a Human Right to Democracy?
Authors: Cohen Joshua 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis essay answers ‘no’ to the question raised in its title. It affirms that democracy is a political order that produces all kinds of important benefits and that justice requires democracy. However, in contrast to G.A. Cohen’s insistence that facts not infect principles, it also calls for taking account of context, in this case at least: democracy is a demanding political ideal that would be inappropriate as an object of global responsibility. A society might fall short of being fully democratic without violating human rights. Moreover, if we insist that there is a human right to democracy, a strategy designed to elevate democracy by giving it some kind of universal status might in fact end up diluting its substance.
Words without Objects
Authors: Laycock Henry 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe book seeks to resolve the so-called ‘problem of mass nouns’ — a problem which cannot be resolved on the basis of a conventional system of logic. It is not, for instance, possible to explicate assertions of the existence of air, oil, or water through the use of quantifiers and variables which take objectual values. The difficulty is attributable to the semantically distinctive status of non-count nouns — nouns which, although not plural, are nonetheless akin to plural nouns in being semantically non-singular. Such are the semantics of a non-singular noun, that there can be no such single thing or object as the thing of which the noun is true. However, standard approaches to understanding non-singular nouns tend to be reductive, construing them as singular expressions — expressions which, in the case of non-count nouns, are true of ‘parcels’ or ‘quantities’ of stuff, and in the case of plural nouns, are true of ‘plural entities’ or ‘sets’. It is argued that both approaches are equally misguided, that there are no distinctive objects in the extensions of non-singular nouns. With plural nouns, their extensions are identical with those of the corresponding singular expressions. With non-count nouns, because they are not plural, there can be no corresponding singular expressions. In consequence, there are no objects in the extensions of non-count nouns at all. In short, there are no such things as instances of stuff: the world of space and time contains not merely large numbers of discrete concrete things or individuals of diverse kinds, but also large amounts of sheer undifferentiated concrete stuff. Metaphysically, non-singular reference in general is an arbitrary modality of reference, ungrounded in the realities to which it is non-ideally or intransparently correlated.
1 A Proposed Semantical Solution to the So‐called ‘Problem of Mass Nouns’
Authors: Laycock Henry 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis chapter takes issue with the common assumption that referential expressions and definite descriptions involving ‘mass nouns’ are semantically singular, thereby designating so-called parcels of matter or individual instances of stuff. The trouble is that whereas count nouns are either singular or plural, the so-called mass nouns, because they are non-count, are semantically neither singular nor plural. Russell’s Theory of Descriptions as well as considerations on persistence, identity, and flux are invoked to reinforce this point.
2 In Thrall to the Idea of The One
Authors: Laycock Henry 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe curiously sweeping assumption that all reference is ‘ultimately’ singular — even in the case of plural or non-count reference — is presented and examined. In the case of plural reference, especially when associated with collective predication, the assumption takes the form of the thought that this is reference to collective entities, plural objects, or sets. Perhaps the most suggestive and profound, albeit notorious idea of this genre is Russell’s doctrine of the ‘class as many’. George Boolos’ explicitly ‘no-class’ approach to the logic of plurality is then compared favourably with ‘reductive’ approaches.
3 Non‐count Descriptions and Non‐singularity
Authors: Laycock Henry 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe second application of the assumption that singular reference is ‘ultimately’ exhaustive also represents non-count reference as singular — as reference to individual ‘quantities’ or ‘parcels’ of stuff. Unsurprisingly, the idea is sometimes explicitly advanced on the model of plural reference as singular. However, any such view must attempt to circumvent the difficulties posed by Russell’s analysis of the conditions, whereby descriptions count as semantically singular. It is argued that such an attempt cannot succeed.
4 Quantification and its Discontents
Authors: Laycock Henry 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe chapter focuses on quantification as it figures in standard versions of the predicate calculus. These versions are straightforwardly reductive in that non-singular sentences must be re-cast into singular form if they are to receive representation. However, various non-singular sentences, including certain kinds of plural sentences, are refractory to representation in this form. Essentially singular forms of quantifier-expression must be distinguished from non-singular forms to lay the basis for sui generis non-singular forms of quantification, appropriate to both plural nouns and non-count nouns. The maxim ‘to be is to be the value of a variable’ must be rejected.
Future People
Authors: Mulgan Tim 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis book develops a new theory of the obligations to future generations, based on a new Rule Consequentialist account of the morality of individual reproduction. The result is a coherent, intuitively plausible moral theory that is not unreasonably demanding — even when extended to cover future people — and that accounts for a wide range of independently plausible intuitions covering individual morality, intergenerational justice, and international justice. In particular, it is superior to its two main rivals in this area: person-affecting theories and traditional Consequentialism. The former fall foul of Parfit’s Non-Identity Problem, while the latter are invariably implausibly demanding. Furthermore, many puzzles in contemporary value theory (such as Parfit’s Repugnant Conclusion) are best solved if strict Consequentialism is abandoned for a more moderate alternative. The heart of the book is the first systematic exploration of the Rule Consequentialist account of the morality of individual reproduction. This yields a strong commitment to reproductive freedom, and also provides the best foundation for a liberal theory of intergenerational and international justice. The final chapters argue that while it will include a Rule Consequentialist account of the morality of reproduction, the best overall moral theory is likely to be a composite one, such as the Combined Consequentialism the author developed in The Demands of Consequentialism.
Rule Consequentialism
Authors: Mulgan Tim 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis chapter explores Rule Consequentialism. It begins with a brief introduction to contemporary Rule Consequentialism, focusing on Brad Hooker’s formulation. A new formulation of Rule Consequentialism is developed, incorporating the lexical value theory presented in Chapter 3. It then demonstrates the general intuitive appeal of this formulation, focusing on parental obligations to demonstrate that Rule Consequentialism avoids at least one of the failings of the Hybrid View.
International Justice
Authors: Mulgan Tim 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
A complete Rule Consequentialist theory must outline the obligations of one nation to another, and of individuals in one nation to individuals in another, and tell us how these should be balanced against our obligations to both present and future people in our own nation. This chapter focuses on a few specific issues at the intersection between international and intergenerational justice, where Rule Consequentialism threatens to be very demanding. It explores the structure of the obligations the ideal code places on the present generation of affluent people regarding people in other lands, focusing on the concept of group autonomy and drawing on some recent work by Thomas Pogge.
Dividing Morality
Authors: Mulgan Tim 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe solution to the problems raised in Chapter 10, is to limit the scope of Rule Consequentialism to one particular subset of moral choices: those belonging to a ‘Realm of Reciprocity’. While the particular division used in this chapter draws heavily on the solution to the Demandingness Objection presented in The Demands of Consequentialism, the principal aim is to defend the general idea of dividing morality into realms and to show how a Rule Consequentialist account of the morality of reproduction might fit into such a division. This chapter should be of interest to anyone who found the accounts offered in Chapters 5-9, but who rejects Rule Consequentialism as a complete moral theory, whether on the basis of Chapter 10 or on other grounds.
Syntactic Restriction Strategies
Authors: Kvanvig Jonathan L. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This chapter examines approaches to the paradox that wish to save anti-realism from the paradox by denying that the knowability assumption is a commitment of anti-realism. Such approaches contend that the claim that all truths are knowable must be restricted in some way to express an anti-realist commitment. All examples of such an approach are rejected, and it is argued that even if there was a successful restriction strategy, the paradox would remain untouched.
Semantical Moves
Authors: Kvanvig Jonathan L. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This chapter pursues a strategy for solving the knowability paradox in terms of the general category of the fallacies involved in substituting into intensional contexts. It clarifies and defends the indexical theory of quantification. It argues that the neo-Russellian view of quantification blocks the proofs from knowable truth to known truth (and from unknown truth to unknowable truth), and that the objections raised in the literature to this approach are not damaging.
Conclusion
Authors: Kvanvig Jonathan L. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This chapter discusses the process of developing a solution to knowability paradox. It presents a detailed analysis of the paradox. It argues that the neo-Russellian theory of quantification is the only acceptable solution to the paradox, since no other approach offers any hope of addressing the fundamental paradoxicality involved in asserting a lost logical distinction between actuality and possibility.
The God of Metaphysics
Authors: Sprigge T. L. S. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Many thinkers have said that a God whose existence is argued for metaphysically would have no religious significance even if he existed. This book examines the God or Absolute which emerges in various metaphysical systems and asks whether he, she, or it could figure in any genuinely religious outlook. The systems studied are those of Spinoza, Hegel, T. H. Green, F. H. Bradley (very briefly), Bernard Bosanquet, Josiah Royce, A. N. Whitehead, Charles Hartshorne. There is also a chapter on Kierkegaard as the most important critic of metaphysical religion (especially Hegelian Christianity). The book ends with a statement of a form of absolute or pantheistic idealism espoused by the author and an indication of what religious significance it may have.
Chapter 7 Josiah Royce
Authors: Sprigge T.L.S. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This chapter begins with a description of the life of Josiah Royce. It then discusses the following themes from Royce: proof of the existence of God, ethical theory, and the problem of evil in The Religious Aspect of Philosophy; the panpsychism of The Spirit of Modern Philosophy; the four conceptions of being in The World and the Individual; time and eternity and the worlds of description and acquaintance mainly in The Spirit of Modern Philosophy; and the notion of the beloved community in The Philosophy of Loyalty and The Problem of Christianity. Some comments on Royce as a religious thinker and man are presented.
Chapter 9 Pantheistic Idealism
Authors: Sprigge T.L.S. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This chapter presents the author’s own point of view. It is a form of absolute idealism quite close to that of F. H. Bradley but also influenced by Spinoza, Josiah Royce, and process philosophy. ‘Pantheistic’ may be a more appropriate term than ‘absolute’ idealism to dissociate it from any absurd reduction of Nature to the human experience of it. The nature of metaphysical truth, experience, panpsychism, ethics, problem of evil, and absolute idealism and religion are analyzed. It is claimed that absolute idealism has a certain religious character of its own.
Religious Belief and Unbelief
Authors: Davis Stephen T. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAccording to the Christian faith, the reason why certain people do not believe in God is willful unbelief, i.e., spiritual blindness. Christians hold that God is ultimate reality and that God makes covenants with human beings. People become convinced of God’s presence through the inward testimony of the Holy Spirit, although natural theology can show that religious belief is warranted. Belief in God, even if it is based on private evidence, can be rational.
4 Perichoretic Monotheism
Authors: Davis Stephen T. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis chapter discusses the concept of the Trinity and the distinction between the Latin theory of the Trinity and the Eastern or Social Theory of the Trinity. An a priori argument in favor of the Social Theory is given, and objections to the Social Theory raised by Brian Leftow are answered. The concept of perichoresis is important for both understanding and defending the Social Theory. The Latin Theory and the Social Theory are two appropriate ways of talking about the mystery of the Trinity.
Why the Historical Jesus Matters
Authors: Davis Stephen T. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThere has often been an adversarial relationship between the “search for the historical Jesus” and the Church. But Christian belief and practice must be correctly related to Jesus, so the search is important to Christianity. It is argued that the New Testament picture of Jesus is basically accurate and reliable. Paul’s statements about Jesus are examined. It is significant that Mark’s picture of Jesus was convincing to Matthew and Luke. Jesus’ self-understanding in the Gospels is examined, and it is argued that he implicitly claimed to be divine.
Was Jesus Raised Bodily?
Authors: Davis Stephen T. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractIt is rational for those who believe that Jesus was raised from the dead to believe that he was bodily raised from the dead. However, this is not the same as resuscitation. The concept of “spiritual resurrection”, popular with some New Testament scholars, is rejected as vague and inconsistent with Scripture. It is argued that bodily resurrection was what Paul believed, and that the New Testament accounts of the resurrection appearances present a unified picture. It is further argued that Jesus’ resurrection is an example of “bodily transformation”. Jesus’ resurrection body was numerically identical (but not qualitatively identical) to his pre-mortem body.
The Wrath of God and the Blood of Chirst
Authors: Davis Stephen T. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis chapter defends two venerable but largely ignored concepts in the general area of atonement: the wrath of God and the blood of Christ. The first is important because it constitutes a barrier against any sort of general moral or religious relativism. The second is important because it is always costly to rectify a terribly wrong situation. Contrary to the theory that Jesus’ life and death was essentially a fine moral example to emulate, some sort of robust atonement, like the death of the Son of God, is necessary. It is also argued that hell is compatible with the love of God.
Scripture, Tradition, and Theological Authority
Authors: Davis Stephen T. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractCatholics and Protestants differ on the issue of theological authority, with Catholics opting for “Scripture and Tradition” and Protestants preferring “Scripture alone”. Different interpretations of these slogans are discussed, and a plausible version of the second is presented. The second is said to be preferable to the first, although an important place for tradition must be preserved; tradition is necessary, but scripture must take priority. Four objections to the theory expounded here are answered.
The Bible is True
Authors: Davis Stephen T. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Christians hold that God uniquely speaks to us in the Bible. The saying, “The Bible is true”, may mean submitting to the Bible, placing ourselves under its theological and religious authority. The theories of biblical authority of Nicholas Wolterstorff and Mark Wallace are discussed. Trusting or submitting to the Bible is not a random choice, but based on the conviction that the Bible is objectively trustworthy; this conviction is crucial for the Christian community.
The Beloved Disciple in Conflict?
Authors: Dunderberg Ismo 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe relationship between the Gospel of John and the Gospel of Thomas has become a hotly debated issue, with several scholars arguing that John and Thomas are gospels in conflict. The first part of this book argues that the two gospels were written about the same time, but without knowledge of each other. Their authors drew upon similar Jewish and early Christian traditions independently from each other. The second part is devoted to the enigmatic ‘disciple Jesus loved’ in the Gospel of John, arguing that this disciple was created not only to authenticate this gospel, but also to replace the brothers of Jesus. Hence, this figure was developed in the context of a conflict, but that conflict was not related to Thomasine Christianity but to Jewish Christianity.
1 Introduction
Authors: Dunderberg Ismo 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis chapter outlines the main positions in recent discussions related to the relationship between John and Thomas. It shows that the two gospels do share a number of theological convictions, which make their comparison a meaningful task. The fact that they represent different literary genres should be carefully taken into account in analyzing them. In principle, it is possible that Thomas’ relationship to John varies from one saying to another.
6 The Beloved Disciple and Thomas
Authors: Dunderberg Ismo 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis chapter shows that there is neither a sufficient basis for the identification of the Beloved Disciple with Thomas, nor for the theory that the Syrian Judas Thomas tradition had some impact on how this disciple is described in John. A clear difference between the Johannine Beloved Disciple and the picture of Thomas drawn in the Gospel of Thomas is delineated. Unlike the latter, the Beloved Disciple is not described in terms of his better understanding or having access to the secret teaching of Jesus.
8 Conclusion
Authors: Dunderberg Ismo 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis chapter offers a summary of results and a brief reflection on how scholars’ reading of the Gospel of John is affected by the fact that it is included in the NT canon. This fact explains why there is a need to bring John and Thomas closer to each other than they really are. This fact also generates new theories as to the identity of the Beloved Disciple and his role in the Johannine community.
6 On Measurement and Numbering
Authors: Fox Rory 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This chapter examines 13th century views on issues of measurement, particularly temporal measurement. It shows that 13th century thinkers distinguished between a variety of ways in which the word ‘measure’ (mensura) could be used; distinguishing between Platonic senses which were typically used to compare particulars in relation to their ontological perfection, and Aristotelian senses of the word ‘measure’ which were used to give an account of the metric of time. When applying measurement theory, 13th century thinkers would typically distinguish between the intrinsic and extrinsic measure. The intrinsic measure was the ‘subject’ of a particular kind of measure; the perfect standard which was the actual measure used in measuring other particulars of that same kind. When it came to carrying out actual measurements, the extrinsic measure was the ruler or clock, or other type of measure, which was an instance of the perfect standard laid down by the intrinsic measure, and which could then be used in concrete practical situations to carry out actual measurements.
7 Time and Atemporality
Authors: Fox Rory 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This chapter examines the criteria which medieval thinkers used to determine whether a particular should be located in time, and the terminology and phrases used to suggest that particulars were outside, beyond, or existing alongside time. There were at least nine factors which 13th century thinkers were inclined to identify as implying temporality, factors which actually identified two broadly different kinds of time. There was time in its most general sense as simply a duration in which particulars undergo successive states and experience decay, and then there was a more precise or more proper sense of time in which the changing states of particulars were thought to be measured by the metric determined by the Primum Mobile. When 13th century figures spoke of particulars as existing outside, above, or with time, they were intending to exclude such particulars from the scope of ‘time’, but were not always clear about which account of time they were referring to.
10 God and Time
Authors: Fox Rory 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This chapter examines the question of how 13th century thinkers viewed God’s relationship to time. It is argued that mid-13th century accounts of God’s relationship to time are trying to affirm something that does not fall within the ambit of the concepts and thought patterns used by contemporary philosophers. Taking as their point of departure a universe populated and organized very differently from contemporary philosophical models, it should not be surprising that their thought refuses to be categorized and confined by the parameters of contemporary distinctions, such as that between timelessness and everlastingness.