The Business of Forest Enterprise / Urban Ecosystems
Authors: Narolski Steve , Mei Richard Bin , De La Torre Rafael , Clutter Mike , Pait John , Kelly Maggi , Cubbage Frederick , MacDonagh Patricio , Balmelli Gustavo , Olmos Virginia Morales , Bussoni Adriana , Rubilar Rafael , De La Torre Rafael , Kotze Heyn , Muraro Mauro , Hoeflich Vitor Afonso , Hall Peter , Yao Richard , Lord Roger , Huang Jin , Monges Elizabeth , Perez Carmelo Hernandez , Wikle Jeff , Adams Paul , Gonzalez Ronalds , Carrero Omar , Abt Robert , Koesbanda Sadharga , Liang Jingjing , McCarter James , Perez-Garcia John , Sehnalek Gerhard , Zhang Yanli , McBroom Matthew , Sharma Benktesh , Wang Jingxin , Nepal Prakash , Ince Peter , Skog Kenneth , Chang Sun , Row Clark , Ford Susan , Jackson Sam , Rialsb Timothy , Williams Hans , McNamee Rachel , Unger Daniel , Hung I-Kuai , Farrish Kenneth , Siry Jacek , Harris Tom , Izlar Bob , Menard Trae , Lim Kevin , Pitt Doug , Woods Murray , Treitz Paul , Gralewicz Nick , Potter Tiffany , Dunster Jeff , Rothstein Lewis , Grala Robert , Grebner Donald , Munn Ian , Hussain Anwar , Potter Tiffany , Jones Mitchell , Cushing Tamara , De La Torre Rafael , Wolfson Alan , Stewart Tom , Jones Doug , Allen Steve , Moore Susan , Moorman Christopher , Abdollahi Kamran , Ning Zhu , Davis Jan , Boughton Jerry , Leonhardt Ken , Loeb Robert , Siry Jacek , Bettinger Pete , Merry Krista , Bowker J.M. , Gill Samantha , Thompson Richard , Mills John , Trueman-Madriaga Teresa , Lecaroz Rosario , Mojzak Andrea , Denovan Rory , Tsai Wei-Lun , Bruton Candice , Leung Yu-Fai , McHale Melissa , Baran Perver , Floyd Myron , Wade Charles , Wolf Kathleen , Wolf Kathleen , Romolini Michele , Brinkley Weston , Robbins Alicia , Blahna Dale , Daniels Jean , Cole Michelle , Allen Brenda 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
22In 2009, five unique methods were used to inspect vegetation-related conditions along Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) rights-of-way (ROW). Some methods were trials that BPA committed to execute as part of a settlement with its regional regulatory organization, the Western Electric Coordination Council (WECC), for violations of reliability standards from vegetation grow-in related outages. A combination of simple, stratified, and 100% sampling were used to compare and contrast each inspection technique. A cost-replacement comparison between all inspection techniques was performed, weighting efficacy of one technique to another in the form of replacement value. Cost-benefit and return-on-investment analyses were also computed. From these analyses, LiDAR proved most effective in identifying vegetation related clearance issues but proved most costly, at least for initial establishment. The average cost of LiDAR trended downward with subsequent flights. The most cost effective method was using helicopters with either Natural Resource Specialists (NRS) or Transmission Line Maintenance (TLM) personnel serving as aerial observers, but this methodology proved the most inaccurate. Furthermore, the ancillary utility of LiDAR for related asset assessments more than justify the initial expense, includes power line sag ratings, asset (structures, insulators, roads, etc.) health, and encroachment identification. It is hypothesized that incorporating LiDAR sampling from 20% of the whole system per year to 40+ % may actually represent a cost-savings when allocating available resources system-wide. This data can also be used for documenting compliance with all federal regulations and requirements, as well as substitute for manual on-the-ground inspections, whether by BPA staff or third-party contractors.