bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gender Ascription and the Stereotyping of Deviants
Authors: PHILLIPS DRETHA M. , DeFLEUR LOIS B. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTThis research explores the assumption that evaluations of criminal offenders are related to the ascription of stereotypic gender‐linked traits. Three hypotheses derived from the literatures on deviant stereotypes, gender roles, and female crime were tested with data obtained from a statewide survey of the general public of Washington State. The findings indicate that evaluations of offenders in terms of perceived motivations are related to both gender ascription and type of crime committed. Recommended dispositions for and anticipated social accetance of offenders, however, may be adequately described solely by their relationships to type of crime. These findings may be related to the nature of the stereotyping process, the specific types of stimuli–including characteristics of the research setting that trigger it, and the kind of evaluation being made of the criminal deviant.
Citizen Participation in Neighborhood Crime Prevention
Authors: LAVRAKAS PAUL J. , HERZ ELICIA J. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTThe importance of citizen involvement in crime prevention was stressed throughut the 1970s and, with looming service cutbacks, grows in potential importance for the coming decades. While many programs have been developed to encourage the public to get involved, especially in community‐based crime prevention efforts, not much was known about the underlying motivational dynamics. On the basis of a random‐digit‐dial telephone survey of 1803 residents in an entire metropolitan area, we conclude that most citizens become involved in neighborhood anticrime activities not because of fear of crime, but rather as an extension of their general tendency for community‐based voluntary action.
Public Consensus on Crime Seriousness Normative Structure or Methodological Artifact?
Authors: MIETHE TERANCE D. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTSResearch on public perceptions of crime seriousness is reviewed. Two explanations for subgroup consensus are advanced as alternatives to the dominant view that ratings of crime seriousness reflect an underlying normative structure. It is argued that a normative explanation is plausible only after dismissing these alternative explanations. Research and data analytic strategies are proposed to evaluate the plausibility of these alternative explanations and suggestions are offered for future research in crim seriousness and the measurement of normative phenomena.
Situational Factors in Disputes Leading to Criminal Violence
Authors: FELSON RICHARD B. , STEADMAN HENRY J. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT* * *This article examines the interactive process leading to criminal violence. Official data from 159 incidents of homicide and assault that were not committed in conjunction with other crimes and that resulted in incarceration were examined with respect to the actions of offenders, victims, and third parties. These incidents tended to follow systematic patterns. They began with identity attacks, followed by attempts and failures to influence the antagonist. Threats were made and finally the verbal conflict ended in physical attack. It appears that retaliation is a key principle in the escalation of these incidents in that aggressive actions by the victim were associated with aggressive actions by the offender and the likelihood that the victim would be killed. The importance of situational identities for retaliating was suggested bg the moderately strong relationship observed between identity attack and counterattack. Retaliation also occurred for strategic reasons, in that offenders were more likely to kill aggressive victims when those victims used weapons.
Legal Aim, Discretion, and Social Control
Authors: GOTTFREDSON MICHAEL R. , CHANDLER MARILYN A. , COHEN LAWRENCE E. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT* * *This study attempts to ascertain how the legal a i m of rehabilitation are applied, as well as their social control consequences for a group of offenders sentenced under the Federal Youth Corrections Act (FYCA) of 1950. Discriminant function analyses were conducted on a random sample of 452 persons selected f o r a “special” FYCA rehabilitative disposition and 758 persons accorded a regular punitive disposition, to determine 1) the factors that influence the judge's choice between these two outcomes; and 2) if persons sentenced under the special rehabilitative provision spend more or less time incarcerated, relative to those given a regular disposition Our analyses indicate that age is the single discriminator of much significance in determining whether an offender is given a FYCA or regular disposition, with younger persons more likely to receive rehabilitative treatment. Little support was found for the contention that greater intrusiveness of social control inevitably results from adoption of a rehabilitative form of social control as opposed to a regular punitive disposition. The implications of these findings for the application and consequences of the FYCA are discussed.
Economic Assistance to Impoverished Americans
Authors: De FRONZO JAMES 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT* * *This study examined the relationship between a measure of public assistance to poor families (adjusted for cost of living differences among SMSAs) and crime rates. The regression analyses controlled for the effects of several other economic and noneconomic factors thought to influence variation in crime rates and utilized census and other data for the S9 SMSAs for which the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics provided cost‐of‐living data in 1970. The results indicated that level of public assistance to poor families had an independent negative effect on the variation of several crime rates, including rates of homicide, rape, and burglary. The results suggest that a substantial reduction in the level of public assistance to the poor may contribute to significant increase in crime rates.
Delinquent Careers and Criminal Policy
Authors: FELD BARRY C. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT* * *This article critically examines the prevailing judicial waiver statutes that require juvenile court judges to make individualized determinations as to a youth amenability to treatment and danger to society. It concludes that such decisions cannot be made with an acceptable degree of accuracy using current methods of clinical diagnosis or prediction, and that the broad discretion given judges in making transfer decisions results in inconsistent and discriminatory applications that undermine the fairness and predictability of the process. In light of the expanding research on the development of delinquent careers, it contends that a legislative redefinition of juvenile court jurisdiction that automatically excludes certain youths from the juvenile court on the basis of their present offenses and past records not only identifies more accurately those youth who should be prosecuted as adults, but also increases the fairness, rationality, and predictability of the adulthood determination. It suggests that an application of “just deserts” principles to the juvenile court waiver decision could have salutary consequences for youths, the juvenile and criminal justice systems, and social control.
Postrelease Depression and the Importance of Familial Support
Authors: EKLAND‐OLSON SHELDON , SUPANCIC MICHAEL , CAMPBELL JAMES , LENIHAN KENNETH J. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT* * *Depression is a widely noted reaction among persons confronted with dramatic life changes. Those released from total institutions (mental patients, prisoners of war, hostages, ex‐convicts) are especially susceptible to these symptoms. A model, based on extensive field experience and a broad review of literature, is first presented. Data from a cohort of persons released from prison, gathered at three points in time during the first year following release, are then discussed. The results suggest: (1) support for Irwin's model of “reentry,” (2) that depression may accompany positive as well as negative life events, and (3) the importance of “bridging networks” in modifying the intensity of depressive symptoms.
Effects of Reducing Judicial Sentencing Discretion
Authors: NAGEL STUART , GERACI ROBERT 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT* * *This article uses a nationwide sample of state criminal cases to show the effects of reducing judicial sentencing discretion on disparities across rural‐urban, southern‐northern, black‐white, and poor‐nonpoor defendants. Judicial sentencing discretion is defined as the ratio between (1) the range in years within which a judge is allowed to sentence, and (2) the minimum number of years the judge must give when there is no probation. The data do indicate specific differences in sentencing between states of high judicial discretion and those of low judicial discretion, and the relationship of these disparities to discrimination is discussed.
Attitudes Toward Pornography in a Southern Community
Authors: HERRMAN MARGARET S. , BORDNER DIANE C. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT* * *The Supreme Court has determined that obscene speech should not be protected under the First Amendment, but an unambiguous definition of obscenity is required if negative legal sanctions are to be enforced without jeopardizing due process. According to current guidelines, a media presentation of sexually explicit materials must exceed limits of sexual candor to be defined obscene. However, establishing such limits requires articulation of a normative standard for a specified population—a population defined by the court as being a community. The present research is designed to identify such limits of sexual candor within a community in the South. The results demonstrate the existence of ambiguity in the articulation of community standards. First, little consistency is found between personal standards and the perceptions of community standards. This lack of consistency presents a problem for jury deliberation since a single frame of reference is not available to guide jurors in reaching decisions on obscenity. Second, both perceptions of community standards and personal standards are significantly influenced by extracommunity factors of sex, age, race, education, religiosity, and moral rigidity. Existence of such effects raises the additional question of jury bias in the event that there is an overrepresentation of any one segment of the community on a jury.
Detention Patterns of Successful and Unsuccessful Insanity Defendants
Authors: BRAFF JERALDINE , ARVANITES THOMAS , STEADMAN HENRY J. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT* * *This study examines the detention patterns of the insanity defendant who is successful with the plea and hospitalized, or unsuccessful and incarcerated. Further comparisons are made with felony defendants who never entered a plea of not guilty by reason of insanity (NGRI). From existing data it is unclear to what extent detention may vary if the plea is successful as compared to if it is not successful. Of all defendants who entered a plea of NGRI in Erie County, New York (Buffalo) between 1970 and 1980, 128 were institutionalized as a result of their disposition. Sociodemographic, institutionalization histories, arrest, and disposition information were collected and analyzed for all 128 individuals. The research evaluates differences in the likelihood and length of either institutionalization or incarceration and in the rates of release between successful NGRI defendants, those who entered the plea unsuccessfully, and those who did not plead NGRI. From the findings reported here the authors conclude that pleading NGRI in Eric County may not be quite as advantageous for a defendant as commonly is believed.
Regional Differences in the Economic Correlates of the Urban Homicide Rate
Authors: MESSNER STEVEN F. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis article examines regional differences in the economic correlates of the urban homicide rate. On the basis of cultural variations between the South and other parts of the country, the proportion of the population below the poverty line and the level of income inequality are hypothesized to have stronger positive effects on the homicide rate in nonsouthern than in southern cities. Regression results for a sample of 256 nonsouthern cities and a sample of 91 southern cities do not support the hypothesis for the measure of income inequality, however. The Gini coefficient of family income concentration has no significant effect in either region. In contrast, the results for the poverty measure are consistent with expectations. The proportion below the poverty line has a significant, positive effect on the homicide rate only in the nonsouthern sample. These findings suggest that the impact of economic deprivation on rates of violent crime is likely to vary appreciably depending on the general cultural context.
Police Strikes and Conventional Crime
Authors: PFUHL ERDWIN H. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTEmploying FBI “Return A Record Card” data, this study examines the impact of municipal police strikes on reported rates of burglary, robbery, larceny, and auto theft in 11 U.S. cities. Relationships reflecting the view that police presence is essential for crime prevention and social order are examined for variation duration of police strike, city size, and offense category. Overall, analysis yields very limited support for the police presence argument, suggesting that strikes have neither a significant nor a systematic impact on rates of reported crime. Implications of findings for the formulation of police policy are discussed.
Religiosity and Delinquency
Authors: ELIFSON KIRK W. , PETERSEN DAVID M. , HADAWAY C. KIRK 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTThis article explores the contradictory findings that have characterized the relationship between religion and delinquency. The data are based on interviews with 600 adolescents attending public school in the Atlanta, Georgia area. A wide variety of religious and delinquency measures were used, allowing a complete examination of the relationship. The existence of a weak to moderate negative zero‐order relationship was verified. Religious salience, belief in the power of personal prayer, and orthodoxy were found to be related more strongly to delinquency than the most often‐used variable, church attendance. Most important, in spite of the relatively strong zero‐order relationship between a number of religiosity and delinquency measures, within a multivariate context religion's contribution as an independent variable was not statistically significant. Possible explanations for this finding are discussed.
The End of the Youth Gang
Authors: BOOKIN‐WEINER HEDY , HOROWITZ RUTH 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTThe varying attention criminologists have paid to youth gangs over the past several decades cannot be explained completely by the actual seriousness of gang delinquency and its extent relative to other kinds of delinquency. In order to explain this changing focus of attention by delinquency researchers, this article explores the interrelationships among four types of factors: social and political conditions, ideology, current sociological theory, and available methods. We focus on ideology and methodology, and argue that when ideology is largely centrist, such as during the 1950s and 1960s, theory would most likely be interactionist or subcultural and gangs would likely be of interest. During periods of greater ideological polarization, such as the late 1960s, however, we would expect to find more theoretical and empirical concern with either the individual or with social and economic structure and little interest in gangs.
The Economics of Female Recidivism
Authors: JURIK NANCY C. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTThis article examines the effect of economic incentives on the rearrest rates of 125 women ex‐felons. The data are drawn from the TARP experiment designed around the premise that individuals steal largely out of economic need. Many criminologists have argued that female crime is sexual and emotional rather than rational and economic in nature. Results, however, support the expectation that unemployment compensation and employment are negatively associated with rearrests for economic crimes. Also, exogenous factors of criminal background and marital status reveal important differences in post‐release behavior.
The Historical Development of Corporate Criminal Liability
Authors: BERNARD THOMAS J. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe application of criminal liability to corporations grew out of a minor common law doctrine that masters were criminally liable if their servants created a public nuisance by throwing something out of the house onto the street. The expansion of that doctrine to full corporate criminal liability was primarily the result of judicial interpretation of common law and existing statutory laws, rather than the result of any‐deliberate legislative action Civil law countries, lacking the tradition of judicial interpretation, have never developed the concept of corporate criminality. Corporate criminal liability will probably continue to expand in common law countries, regardless of its merits.
Determining Patrol Officer Job Satisfaction:
Authors: BUZAWA EVA S. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe central issue of this study involves determining the importance of various demographic and job specific attitudes in predicting job satisfaction among patrol officers. Findings contradict much of the previous literature that suggested a predictable association between specific factors and officer attitudes. Instead this study supports a Situational approach to predicting job satisfaction. In addition, the impact of affirmative actions was shown to be highly associated with job satisfaction under certain circumstances.
Establishment of a Juvenile Police Record:
Authors: MORASH MERRY 
Published: March 2006

AbstractAccording to the symbolic interactionist perspective, the juveniles who are most likely to have a police record of arrest are those who conform to police preconceptions about delinquent types, who are perceived as a threat to others, and who are most visible to the police. Several individual and peer group characteristics can serve as cues that youths are delinquent or that they pose a threat and can increase visibility. The present study uses a survey approach to determine the relative association of these individual and peer group characteristics with the establishment of a police record. The analysis reveals that in addition to delinquent activities, fitting the common image of a delinquent and dangerous person–that is, being a male in a predominantly, male, delinquent peer group–increases a youth's chances of arrest. Moreover, committing a high proportion of offenses with a group of peers, which results in high visibility, also increases the chances of arrest.
Victimization Rates, Exposure to Risk, and Fear of Crime
Authors: STAFFORD MARK C. , GALLE OMER R. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractStudies of fear of crime repeatedly point to an apparent paradox: fear of crime and risk of victimization are related inversely among demographic groups (i.e., age, race, and sex groups). However, data from surveys of Chicago residents show that fear of crime is related positively to victimization rates once they are adjusted for exposure to risk. When demographic variables are included with the adjusted rates as predictors of fear of crime, age and sex effects persist. Even so the present findings indicate that fear of crime should not be interpreted as an irrational or unjustified response and that fear can be reduced by lowering victimization rates.
Prosecuting Juveniles as Adults
Authors: ANN OSBUN LEE , RODE PETER A. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractIn Minnesota, the 1980 legislature statutorily defined a class of juvenile offenders presumed on the basis of age, alleged offense, and record of prior felony offenses to be unfit for treatment in the juvenile court. In this article we evaluate the effect of Minnesota's revised waiver statute by comparing cases in which waiver proceedings were initiated and in which transfer occurred for two time periods, before and after adoption of the legislatively defined presumptive criteria. Our findings suggest that the objective criteria adopted by the Minnesota legislature are not, in themselves, an adequate means for selecting juveniles for transfer to adult court. The criteria identify many juveniles whose records on close examination do not appear to be very serious and fail to identify many juveniles whose records are characterized by violent, frequent, and persistent delinquent activity.
Justice, Sanctioning, and the Justice Model
Authors: CAVENDER GRAY 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe justice model has emerged as an alternative to the discredited rehabilitative ideal as a basis for sanctioning policy. Retributivism or just deserts is offered as the primary justification for the criminal sanction in this model, although sometimes in combination with incapacitation and deterrence as companion rationales for sanctioning. Desert is, additionally, an integral component of a sense of justice that is presented as an attribute of the justice model. Desert, both as a rationale for sanctions and as the basis for justice, is drawn from the philosophical models of Immanuel Kant and John Rawls. However, these models have some rather disturbing implications that have not been addressed by proponents of the justice model. A critical examination of them and their implications for criminology is therefore in order.
Sentencing
Authors: WELCH SUSAN , GRUHL JOHN , SPOHN CASSIA 
Published: March 2006

AbstractWhile there is nearly unanimous agreement among social scientists that the defendant's prior record is important in explaining the sentence imposed on the defendant, there is little agreement on the “best” or most appropriate measure of prior record to use in examining sentence disparity. This study provides an assessment of the utility of 11 commonly used measures of prior record. We find that the various measures are not interrelated highly and thus necessarily are not interchangeable. We also find that the measures of prior record affect sentence severity differently and that the relationships between these measures and sentence severity varies for black and white defendants.
Income Inequality and Property Crime
Authors: STACK STEVEN 
Published: March 2006

AbstractCultural issues that act as intervening variables in the inequality‐crime relationship have been neglected in the literature on inequality and crime. The present article explores the interaction between inequality and variables thought to be associated with a perception that inequality is illegitimate. The central argument is that the strength of inequality‐crime relationship is dependent on a contextual factor, a radical egalitarian culture promoting the view that inequality is illegitimate. Data on property crime from 62 nations are analyzed. The results generally indicate that neither inequality nor the interaction between inequality and egalitarian culture exerts independent effects on property crime.
Administration and Justice
Authors: ANN FARR KATHRYN 
Published: March 2006

AbstractAlthough the existence of plea negotiation as an operative mode of disposition in most criminal court systems has been firmly established, its role in the administration of justice remains a topic of considerable debate. It has been claimed that plea negotiation subverts ideal principles of justice while attending to administrative needs for speedy case settlement. More recent research indicates that disposition by guilty plea is a complex process that incorporates system needs as well as principles of justice. Findings from an exploratory study of the felony disposition guilty plea is a complex process that incorporates system needs as well as principles of justice. Findings from an exploratory study of the felony disposition process in the Multnomah County court system in Portland, Oregon suggest that, under certain conditions, plea negotiation can effect a balance between competing but interdependent domains of action in the criminal disposition process.