bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Screening of Chromosomal Aberrations and Sister Chromatid Exchanges in Peripheral Lymphocytes of Vegetable Garden Workers
Authors: Rupa D.S. , Rita P. , Reddy P.P. , Reddi O.S. 
Published: December 2008

1 Twenty-five male workers occupationally exposed to DDT, BHC malathion, parathion, dimethoate, fenitrothion, urea and gromor were selected as subjects for the analysis of chromosomal aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) in peripheral lymphocytes. 2 Blood samples were collected from 30 normal healthy males from the same age group and socioeconomic class for the control. 3 The frequency of chromosomal aberrations and SCEs increased significantly irrespective of the duration of exposure to pesticides, when compared to controls.
What is Toxicology?
Authors: Connors T.A. 
Published: December 2008

1 The ultimate objective of toxicology is the reduction of morbidity and mortality that occurs in man as a result of exposure to toxic substances. 2 The present emphasis on 'strategic' research could divert funding to answer specific but largely irrelevant questions to the detriment of 'basic' research. 3 True advances can only be made if 'basic' research is supported to the same extent as 'strategic' research and if the regulation of environmental chemicals is based on good evidence from clinicians,epidemiologists and scientists.
The Safety-in-use of Cosmetics and Toiletries
Authors: Ness L. 
Published: December 2008

Manufacturers of cosmetics and toiletries have a clear responsibility under Article 2 of the EEC Cosmetics Directive to ensure that their products are safe for use. They have shown that they are able to discharge this responsibility, as illustrated by the type of safety assessment programme described in this paper and by market-place experience. Considerable resources are invested by industry in safety assurance. As might be expected, this is particularly true of larger companies which have been responsible for many recent technological advances. Industry will continue to regard the safety of its products as paramount, and contends that existing legislation is more than adequate to ensure continued safety-in-use.
Analytical Toxicology
Authors: Flanagan R.J. , Widdop B. , Ramsey J.D. , Loveland M. 
Published: December 2008

Major advances in analytical toxicology followed the introduction of spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques in the 1940s and early 1950s and thin layer chromatography remains important together with some spectrophotometric and other tests. However, gas- and high performance-liquid chromatography together with a variety of immunoassay techniques are now videly used. The scope and complexity of forensic and clinical toxicology continues to increase, although the compounds for which emergency analyses are needed to guide therapy are few. Exclusion of the presence of hypnotic drugs can be important in suspected 'brain death' cases. Screening for drugs of abuse has assumed greater importance not only for the management of the habituated patient, but also in 'pre-employment' and 'employment' screening. The detection of licit drug administration in sport is also an area of increasing importance. In industrial toxicology, the range of compounds for which blood or urine measurements (so called 'biological monitoring') can indicate the degree of exposure is increasing. The monitoring of environmental contaminants (lead, chlorinated pesticides) in biological samples has also proved aluable. In the near future a consensus as to the units of measurement to be used is urgently required and more emphasis will be placed on interpretation, especially as regards possible behavioural effects of drugs or other poisons. Despite many advances in analytical techniques there remains a need for reliable, simple tests to detect poisons for use in smaller hospital and other laboratories.
Severity Grading in Self-poisoning
Authors: Starmark J.E. , Heath A. 
Published: December 2008

1 The reliability and validity of three different coma scales was studied in 26 patients with acute drug overdose. 2 A comparison of six painful stimulation techniques showed that sternal rubbing and retromandibular pressure were most effective. 3 The improper use of stimulation techniques may underestimate level of responsiveness in 4-19% of cases. 4 The Reaction Level Scale (RLS) was the most reliable scale. 5 Both the RLS and the Glasgow Coma Scale may be unnecessarily complicated for the evaluation of the drug overdose patient, but should be chosen if concomitant brain injury is suspected. 6 This study confirms the basic concepts and shows the reliability of the Matthew-Lawson scale for use in the poisoned patient.
Scalp Hair as an Indicator of Aluminium Exposure: Comparison to Bone and Plasma
Authors: Wilhelm M. , Passlick J. , Busch T. , Szydlik M. , Ohnesorge F.K. 
Published: December 2008

1 Aluminium concentrations were measured in hair, plasma and bone samples from different groups of chronic renal insufficient patients and from a control group (75 healthy volunteers plus 21 deceased subjects). A cross-sectional study with 40 haemodialysis patients and two longitudinal studies were undertaken, the first comprising of 12 home haemodialysis patients and the second 16 patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). 2 Before introduction of water treatment by reverse osmosis, the hair aluminium levels of home haemodialysis patients were elevated compared to controls. Aluminium in the hair of all other groups were within the normal range. Hair aluminium levels were not related to the daily aluminium intake, nor to the cumulative aluminium intake, nor to bone and plasma aluminium concentrations. 3 Plasma aluminium concentrations in all patients were higher than in the controls. Dialysis without reverse osmosis water treatment increased aluminium plasma levels. After installation of reverse osmosis units there was a decrease in the aluminium concentrations in plasma. In CAPD patients insignificant increases in the aluminium levels in plasma were observed. When low contaminated dialysis fluid was available the plasma aluminium concentrations returned to the initial level. 4 Aluminium concentrations in bone were increased in renal insufficient patients compared with controls. Aluminium bone content increased with increasing cumulative aluminium intake by phosphate binding therapy. 5 Hair analysis is of very limited value for the diagnosis of aluminium exposure. Bone analysis is suitable for the assessment of the individual body burden.
Effects of Calcium Entry Blockers on Human Platelet Metabolism Measured by Microcalorimetry
Authors: Edvinsson L. , Ikomi-Kumm J. , Monti M. 
Published: December 2008

1 The direct overall metabolic effects of calcium entry blockers on human platelets were evaluated using a sensitive microcalorimetric method. 2 The effect on platelet metabolism of four calcium entry blockers with different profiles of action was examined and compared with the relaxant response on human cerebral vessels in vitro. 3 Diltiazem (10 -8, 10-4 M) and nifedipine (10-10, 10-6M) were without effect on overall platelet metabolism. On the other hand flunarizine (10-4M) and verapamil (10-4M) significantly reduced metabolism, while lower concentrations of these agents did not change heat production. 4 The thermogenic response occurred at concentrations of the calcium entry blockers that were much higher than those observed during therapy and the concentrations which relax human cerebral arteries in vitro.
Acute Vapour Inhalation Toxicity of Acrolein and its Influence as a Trace Contaminant in 2-Methoxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran
Authors: Ballantyne B. , Dodd D.E. , Pritts I.M. , Nachreiner D.J. , Fowler E.H. 
Published: December 2008

1 The LC50 values for acrolein (AC) vapour to Sprague-Dawley rats (combined sexes) were determined to be 26 ppm (1 h) and 8.3 ppm (4 h). Signs of severe irritancy were present, and death was due to lung injury. 2 Exposure of rats to a 2-methoxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran (MDP) saturated vapour atmosphere statically generated from liquid MDP containing 0.037% AC, caused severe irritancy and death from accumulation of AC vapour. Sparging the impure material with nitrogen gas before atmosphere generation significantly reduced or abolished lethal toxicity. 3 Dynamically generated MDP vapour atmosphere produced transient respiratory and occular irritancy, but no mortalities. The intrinsic acute vapour inhalation toxicity of MDP is low. 4 The presence of highly volatile toxic impurities in a material may confer a significant acute inhalation toxicity and hazard under conditions of low air movement. Assessment of potential inhalation hazards from liquid mixtures may require investigation by static and dynamic methods for vapour generation.
An Introduction to the Practice, Prevalence and Chemical Toxicology of Volatile Substance Abuse
Authors: Ramsey J. , Anderson H.R. , Bloor K. , Flanagan R.J. 
Published: December 2008

1 Volatile substance abuse is largely a teenage practice; it is estimated that in the UK 3.5-10% of young people have at least experimented and that 0.5-1% are current users. 2 The products abused are many and varied but only about 20 chemical compounds, notably toluene, chlorinated solvents such as 1,1,1-trichloroethane, fuel gases such as butane and aerosol propellants, are commonly encountered. 3 The acute hazard varies with the compound, product and mode of abuse. Mortality in the UK is now about 100 per year, from all social classes, 90% of whom are male. 4 Chronic toxicity is difficult to assess, partly because of the diversity of products abused. However it is clear that some long-term abusers suffer permanent damage to the central nervous system, heart, liver and kidney. 5 Toxicological analysis may be relied upon for confirmation of diagnosis, providing attention is paid to the kinetics of excretion and stability in the sample. 6 Responses include codes of practice for the sale of products and educational strategies; legislation has also been enacted. There is little evidence that any of these measures have made a significant impact on the problem.
Mechanism of Sudden Death Associated with Volatile Substance Abuse
Authors: Shepherd R.T. 
Published: December 2008

1 Sudden death is a recognized hazard of volatile substance abuse and may occur during exposure or in the subsequent hours. Intoxication may also lead to indirect deaths due to trauma. 2 Specific post-mortem features have not as yet been identified either macroscopically or microscopically in VSA-related deaths. Toxicological examination for volatile substances of all unnatural teenage deaths is strongly recommended. 3 Four mechanisms for acute, direct VSA-related deaths are discussed, viz anoxia, vagal inhibition, respiratory depression and cardiac arrhythmia. Of these, cardiac arrhythmia due to 'sensitization' of the heart to adrenaline is probably the most common and is well documented in experimental conditions. 4 Deaths from cardiac arrhythmia during or soon after VSA are unpredictable, unpreventable and resuscitation is rarely successful. Previous uneventful sessions of abuse provide no protection from this mode of death.
Volatile Substance Abuse in Relation to Alcohol and Illicit Drugs: Psychosocial Perspectives
Authors: Edeh J. 
Published: December 2008

1 Volatile substance abusers are a heterogeneous population despite some demographic and social characteristics which appear similar. 2 Though predominantly an adolescent group activity, adult cases have been reported. Family disruption, alcohol misuse and antisocial behaviour feature prominently. 3 Evidence currently available suggests that only a minority of cases progress to illicit drug use; however a review of literature reveals serious discrepancies. 4 Further research of a longitudinal nature using standardized criteria of psychiatric morbidity and social adjustment and long-term follow-up is indicated to examine the extent of progression to heavy alcohol or illicit drug use.
Volatile Substance Abuse: The Role of Agencies in the Community In Prevention and Counselling
Authors: Billington A.C. 
Published: December 2008

1 Voluntary agencies fulfill a need by providing information on volatile substance abuse to schools, the parents/guardians of abusers and, last but by no means least, the abusers themselves. 2 Consideration of case file data from the period 1982-1987 shows that the average age of clients has dropped from 15.9 years (n=70 ) to 13.3 years ( n=312) while the male:female ratio has dropped from 8:1 to 3:1. 3 In 1982, 80% of clients 'sniffed' glue but by 1987, 42% of new clients claimed to abuse butane and 23% aerosols. Of the 945 clients counselled, 41 have since suffered 'sudden sniffing death'. 4 Voluntary agencies can offer intensive, confidential counselling of abusers in an informed setting. It is hoped to extend the services provided outside the Greater London area and to provide residential care for those in need.
Weather Influence on the Prevalence of Carbon Monoxide Intoxications
Authors: Gijsenbergh F.P. , Vispoel M. , Poppel H. , Delooz H. 
Published: December 2008

In a retrospective study over 7 years, data from patients admitted to the Emergency Department with CO intoxication, together with meteorological data were analysed. A statistically significant difference in weather conditions was noticed between CO-intoxication days and reference days. Different weather conditions were found to be present, according to the source of CO, i.e. gas boiler or coal stove. If these data are confirmed, a major role in the prevention of CO intoxication or its sequellae can be played by the media through weather broadcasting. Warning can raise the index of suspicion of physicians and warn the population for vague, collectively appearing sensations of ill feeling.
Fatal Lignocaine Poisoning: Report of Two Cases and Review of the Literature
Authors: Dawling S. , Flanagan R.J. , Widdop B. 
Published: December 2008

1 Two fatal cases of deliberate self-poisoning with lignocaine are reported, one by oral ingestion and one by intravenous injection. Post-mortem blood lignocaine concentrations were 40 and 53 mg/l, respectively.2 Lignocaine self-poisoning is rare since no formulations for oral use other than gels are available. However, serious toxicity can follow the oral application or ingestion of such gels, especially in children and in the elderly. Fatalities due to accidental oral overdosage with 10-25 g of lignocaine in adults have also been reported.3 The frequent incidental occurrence of lignocaine in specimens submitted for toxicological analysis should not exclude the possibility of poisoning with this compound.
Effect of Nicotine and Cotinine on the Production of Oxygen Free Radicals by Neutrophils in Smokers and Non-smokers
Authors: Srivastava E.D. , Hallett M.B. , Rhodes J. 
Published: December 2008

1 Neutrophils play a role in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis. Most of the patients with ulcerative colitis are non-smokers. 2 Neutrophil function was examined in healthy males, five smokers and five non-smokers, measuring production of oxygen free radicals by chemiluminescence. 3 The chemiluminescence was examined in the presence of nicotine and its main metabolite cotinine in various concentrations. 4 10 mM nicotine inhibited production of oxygen free radicals (90.2% ± 11.6) compared with controls (P < 0.001), as did the same concentration of cotinine (58.9% ± 34.2), (P < 0.05). 5 1 mM solutions had no effect and 3 mM nicotine was required to achieve 50% inhibition. 6 Smokers and non-smokers did not differ. 7 Since plasma concentrations of nicotine after a cigarette are only between 5 and 15 mM, the observed effects of nicotine and cotinine in much higher pharmacological concentrations in this system are unlikely to be of clinical relevance in ulcerative colitis
A Cluster of Central Nervous System Defects in Jamaica
Authors: Golding J. , Foster-Williams K. , Coard K. , Ashley D. 
Published: December 2008

1 Information was collected on all stillbirths and neonatal deaths on the island of Jamaica during the 12-month period between September 1986 and August 1987. 2 There were 33 such deaths with anencephaly, spina bifida and hydrocephalus out of an estimated 54 400 total births. 3 There was a statistically significant cluster in respect to time of conception in one small rural area of the island. 4 There were no obvious differences between parents involved in the cluster and the rest of the population, but particular Jamaican fruit and vegetables have been shown to be teratogenic in animals. It is postulated that the cluster may have been associated with an unripe crop.
Human Metabolism of Arsenobetaine Ingested with Fish
Authors: Brown R.M. , Newton D. , Pickford C.J. , Sherlock J.C. 
Published: December 2008

1 Six volunteers ingested 74As-labelled arsenobetaine with a fish meal. The retention and distribution of the tracer were studied by body radioactivity measurements. 2 The tracer became rapidly dispersed in soft tissues, with no major concentration in any localized organ or region. 3 In all subjects < 1% of the ingested activity remained in the body after 24 days. 4 Any losses from the skin were minor in relation to those by other routes of excretion.
Herbal Medicine as a Cause of Combined Lead and Arsenic Poisoning
Authors: Mitchell-Heggs C.A.W. , Conway M. , Cassar J. 
Published: December 2008

1 Combined chronic lead and arsenic poisoning was diagnosed in a 33-year-old Korean woman following consumption of a Korean herbal medicine prescribed for haemorrhoids. 2 The patient had malaise, severe difficulty walking, arthralgia, oedema and abdominal pain with diarrhoea. 3 Investigation showed anaemia with basophilic stippling, fragmentation and a raised reticulocyte count. 4 Raised blood and urine lead levels and urine arsenic levels were found. 5 Analysis of the herbal medicine revealed a high lead and arsenic content. 6 Treatment with the newer chelating agent 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid was successful, with no detectable side-effects.
The Clinical Value of Drug Analyses in Deliberate Self-Poisoning
Authors: Rygnestad Tarjei , Aarstad Kjell , Gustafsson Kari , Jenssen Unni 
Published: December 2008

1. In a prospective, unselective study of self-poisoned patients in 1978 and 1987 blood samples for drug analyses were drawn on admission in 265 and 400 cases, respectively. 2. The results from the drug analyses were compared with the clinical information obtained on admission. The main drug taken was identified on admission in 228 (86%) in 1978 and in 383 cases (96%) in 1987 (P < 0.001). 3. The clinical impression was completely in accordance with the results from the drug analyses in 192 cases (72%) in 1978 and 232 cases (58%) cases in 1987 (P < 0.001). The discrepancies mainly involved secondary drugs. 4. There was no significant difference in the clinical course of the poisonings in situations where the correct main drug was identified on admission and where the wrong main drug was suspected. 5. Knowledge of the correct drugs used when admitted would not have prevented complications or deaths. 6. We conclude that extensive pharmacological drug analyses play a limited role in the routine management of patients admitted for deliberate self-poisoning.
Vitamin E and Selenium in Gentamicin Nephrotoxicity
Authors: Ademuyiwa O. , Ngaha E.O. , Ubah F.O. 
Published: December 2008

1 The sequence of renal cellular membrane damage induced by gentamicin was studied in the rat by using the release of alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, muramidase and protein from renal cells as indices of renal damage. 2 The protective effect of a combination of vitamin E and selenium against renal damage was also investigated. 3 Gentamicin (60 mg kg -1 body weight) was nephrotoxic within 12 h of the first dose. 4 The plasma membrane of the renal tubules is damaged before the lysosomal membrane is affected. 5 A combination of vitamin E (1 mg g-1 body weight) and selenium (4 × 10-3 mg g-1 body weight) attenuates the renal damage induced by gentamicin. Results suggest synergism between vitamin E and selenium in attenuating the renal damage. The possible mechanism of attenuation is discussed. 6 Vitamin E and selenium may have anti-diuretic potential.
Morphine-6-Glucuronide might Mediate the Prolonged Opioid Effect of Morphine in Acute Renal Failure
Authors: Bodd Egil , Jacobsen Dag , Lund Ellen , Ripel Åse , Mørland Jørg , Wiik-Larsen Else 
Published: December 2008

1 A 43-year-old male developed acute kidney failure due to ethylene glycol poisoning. He was treated with bicarbonate to combat metabolic acidosis, ethanol as an antimetabolite and haemodialysis to remove the glycol and its toxic metabolites. He was kept on a respirator and sedated with morphine. Peritoneal dialysis was given for 36 d. Following sedation with morphine for 11 d, the patient was given naloxone and then extubated. The antidote had to be continued for 14 d to prevent respiratory depression, until kidney function improved.2 Only morphine-6-glucuronide (M-6-G) was found in the plasma and CSF at concentrations which might explain the opioid effects observed in the patient during the days after the cessation of morphine treatment. The ratio of the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) of morphine-3-glucuronide (M-3-G) to M-6-G was 2:1. The elimination half-lives of M-3-G and M-6-G were 55 and 82 h, respectively. The clearance data indicate that most of the glucuronides were eliminated by peritoneal dialysis during renal failure.3 The data suggest that M-6-G exerts opioid effects and is retained in acute kidney failure. Morphine should therefore not be used preferentially as a sedative/analgesic in pronounced kidney failure.
Pre-embarkment Prognostication for Acute Paraquat Poisoning
Authors: Yamaguchi Hiroshi , Sato Shigehito , Watanabe Seiji , Naito Hiroshi 
Published: December 2008

1 In order to assess which laboratory parameters could be related to the prognosis of patients with acute paraquat poisoning, we reviewed the medical records of 160 patients who had ingested paraquat in an attempt at suicide. 2 Serum creatinine and potassium concentrations, arterial blood bicarbonate and base excess levels, arterial blood pH, volume of paraquat ingested and the strength of the urinary paraquat qualitative test (sodium dithionate colour reaction) on admission in the surviving patients were significantly different from those of the patients who died within 48 h of ingestion. 3 The relationship of the quantity Eq1 defined as: Eq1 = ([K +] × [HCO-3]) / ([Cre] × 0.088) (mEq l-1 ) against the interval of time after ingestion to admission (T) had a significant correlation with prognosis ( P < 0.01). Patients with Eq1 > (1500 - 399 × LogT) had a 90% survival rate, Eq1: (930 - 399 × LogT) < Eq1 ≤ (1500 - 399 × LogT) 38% and Eq1 ≤ (930 - 399 × LogT) 3%, P < 0.01.
Phthalate Esters, Cystic Kidney Disease in Animals and Possible Effects on Human Health: A Review
Authors: Woodward K.N. 
Published: December 2008

1 Phthalate esters are known to cause hepatic peroxisome proliferation in rodents and, after prolonged administration, hepatocarcinogenesis. Peroxisome proliferators as a group are hepatocarcinogenic. The mechanism is not known but it does not appear to involve a direct genotoxic element.2 DEHP and DBP have been shown to cause renal cysts in rodents and they also produce renal peroxisome proliferation. There are no data to causally link the two phenomena.3 Although renal cysts have been noted in haemodialysis patients and haemodialysis is a route of exposure to DEHP, there are no data to suggest a cause and effect relationship.4 More studies are needed on the mechanism of renal cystogenesis.