bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The incentive structure in an online information market
Authors: Raban Daphne Ruth 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe principal objective of this research was to understand the incentive structure in a mixed economic and social market for information. Prior research suggests that tangible incentives will crowd out intangible incentives; however, information markets invite special examination of this finding. Data representing four years of activity by 523 researchers who gave about 52,000 answers on the Google Answers Web site were collected. Analysis revealed that the main predictor for researchers' participation was the anticipation of tip (gratuity). Analysis of two researcher subgroups showed that in the case of the frequent researchers, the tip was followed by social incentives: interaction (comments) and ratings. For occasional researchers, the tip was followed by the price paid for answers and then by comments. The results suggest that a pure economic incentive serves as enticement; however, social incentives induce persistent participation by researchers and eventually lead to higher average economic gains. The market is catalyzed by social activity, not cannibalized by it, as may have been predicted by theory. This finding provides empirical evidence for “social capital” since social incentives were connected to higher economic gains. The practical implication is that a mixed incentive design is likely to generate lively information‐exchange environments.
Impact of different cultivation and induction regimes on the structure of cytosolic inclusion bodies of TEM1‐β‐lactamase
Authors: Margreiter Gerd , Schwanninger Manfred , Bayer Karl , Obinger Christian 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe enzyme TEM1‐β‐lactamase has been used as a model to study the impact of different cultivation and induction regimes on the structure of cytosolic inclusion bodies (IBs). The protein has been heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli in fed‐batch cultivations at different temperatures (30, 37, and 40°C) as well as induction regimes that guaranteed distinct product formation rates and ratios of soluble to aggregated protein. Additionally, shake flask cultivations at 20, 30, and 37°C were performed. IBs were sampled during the whole bioprocess and structural analysis was performed by attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR‐FT‐IR) spectroscopy. This work clearly demonstrates that the tested production regimes and rates had no impact on the IB structure, which was characterized by decreased α‐helical and increased and modified β‐sheet contents compared to the native protein. Moreover, aggregates formed during refolding of IBs by solubilization and simple dilution showed very similar FT‐IR spectra suggesting (i) the existence of only one critical folding step from which either aggregation (IB formation) or native folding branches off, and (ii) underlining the important role of the specific amino acid sequence in aggregation. The findings are discussed with respect to the known structure of TEM1‐β‐lactamase and the reported kinetics of its (un)folding as well as contradictory data on the effect of cultivation regimes on IB structure(s) of other proteins.
A rapid, sensitive and economical assessment of monoclonal antibody conformational stability by intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence spectroscopy
Authors: Garidel Patrick , Hegyi Matthias , Bassarab Stefan , Weichel Michael 
Published: August 2008

AbstractSteady‐state intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence spectroscopy is used as a rapid, robust and economic way for screening the thermal protein conformational stability in various formulations used during the early biotechnology development phase. The most important parameters affecting protein stability in a liquid formulation, e. g. during the initial purification steps or preformulation development, are the pH of the solution, ionic strength, presence of excipients and combinations thereof. A well‐defined protocol is presented for the investigation of the thermal conformational stability of proteins. This allows the determination of the denaturation temperature as a function of solution conditions. Using intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence spectroscopy for monitoring the denaturation and folding of proteins, it is crucial to understand the influence of different formulation parameters on the intrinsic fluorescence probes of proteins. Therefore, we have re‐evaluated and re‐assessed the influence of temperature, pH, ionic strength, buffer composition on the emission spectra of tryptophan, phenylalanine and tyrosine to correctly analyse and evaluate the data obtained from thermal‐induced protein denaturation as a function of the solution parameters mentioned above. The results of this study are a prerequisite for using this method as a screening assay for analysing the conformational stability of proteins in solution. The data obtained from intrinsic protein fluorescence spectroscopy are compared to data derived from calorimetry. The advantage, challenges and applicability using intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence spectroscopy as a routine development method in pharmaceutical biotechnology are discussed.
Role of the ribosome in protein folding
Authors: Das Debasis , Das Anindita , Samanta Dibyendu , Ghosh Jaydip , Dasgupta Santanu , Bhattacharya Arpita , Basu Arunima , Sanyal Suparna , Das Gupta Chanchal 
Published: August 2008

AbstractIn all organisms, the ribosome synthesizes and folds full length polypeptide chains into active three‐dimensional conformations. The nascent protein goes through two major interactions, first with the ribosome which synthesizes the polypeptide chain and holds it for a considerable length of time, and then with the chaperones. Some of the chaperones are found in solution as well as associated to the ribosome. A number of in vitro and in vivo experiments revealed that the nascent protein folds through specific interactions of some amino acids with the nucleotides in the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) in the large ribosomal subunit. The mechanism of this folding differs from self‐folding. In this article, we highlight the folding of nascent proteins on the ribosome and the influence of chaperones etc. on protein folding.
Divergence‐constrained moving least squares for fluid simulation
Authors: Hong Jeong‐Mo , Yoon Jong‐Chul , Kim Chang‐Hun 
Published: August 2008

AbstractDeveloping suitable interpolation methods to simulate dynamic motions of continuous materials such as fluids is an important problem. In this paper, we propose a novel method to enforce the divergence condition to the interpolated velocity field by moving least squares (MLS), by means of the diffusive derivatives and moving divergence constraints that allow the practical use and easy implementation. As results, we present the velocity interpolation examples and a fluid‐like particle simulation method to show the meaningful potential of our method as a tool of physical interpolation for fluid simulations. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inflow conditions for inhomogeneous turbulent flows
Authors: Barri Mustafa , El Khoury George K. , Andersson Helge I. , Pettersen Bjørnar 
Published: August 2008

AbstractA cost‐effective method to generate inflow conditions for direct numerical simulations of wall‐bounded flows is presented. The method recycles a finite‐length time series of instantaneous velocity planes extracted from a precursor simulation and has earlier proved efficient for free shear layers. Now a spatially developing plane channel flow is considered. Different durations ts of the time series are tested and compared. Excellent agreement with fully developed channel flow statistics is observed when ts equals or exceeds the large‐eddy turnover time scale. The present results are more realistic than those obtained with synthetic turbulence generation and at the same time substantially cheaper than running an auxiliary simulation in parallel. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparison of patient and general population weightings of EQ‐5D dimensions
Authors: Mann Rachel , Brazier John , Tsuchiya Aki 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThis paper examines the differences in health state valuations given by patients when they are asked to value their own current states, and those given by members of the general population who were asked to value hypothetical health states. Patient data consist of 4137 observations on EQ‐5D profiles and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) obtained from 3376 patients, covering eight different conditions. General population data are taken from the EQ‐5D valuation set. Two analyses were carried out. In the first, the patient self‐rated VAS was compared with population VAS values for the same health states. In the second, the patient self‐rated VAS values were modelled, and the regression coefficients were compared with the corresponding coefficients from the general population study. The first analysis resulted in a statistically significant mean difference of −0.012 (0.647 for patient VAS, 0.659 from the population value set). The second analysis found statistically significant differences between the coefficients for the EQ‐5D health dimensions Pain/Discomfort, Mobility and Anxiety/Depression. Anxiety/Depression had the largest impact on the patient model compared with Pain/Discomfort in the general population model. A further regression analysis suggests that the magnitude of disagreement between patient self‐rated VAS model and the population VAS model depends on the patients' condition. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The influence of subjective life expectancy on health state valuations using a 10 year TTO
Authors: van Nooten F. E. , Koolman X. , Brouwer W. B. F. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractAim: To investigate if subjective life expectancy (SLE) impacts the willingness to trade‐off (WTT) and the number of years traded‐off in a 10‐years time trade‐off (TTO) exercise to obtain health state valuations.Methods: An Internet‐based questionnaire was administered in a sample representative for the Dutch general public. Next to basic demographic characteristics and SLE, respondents were asked to perform three TTO exercises. The following EQ‐5D health states were included 21211 (TTO1), 22221 (TTO2) and 33312 (TTO3). The WTT was studied using a probit regression model. The number of years traded‐off was investigated using a generalized negative binomial regression model. The independent variables used in both models were age, gender, quality of life, education, the difference between age and expected age of death (SLE), and a variable indicating whether the SLE was less than 10 years (SLE<10).Results: Three hundred and thirty nine respondents completed the questionnaire. The mean utility scores were 0.96 (TTO1), 0.94 (TTO2) and 0.79 (TTO3). The probit model showed that SLE was the only variable with a significant influence on WTT. The gnbreg showed that the number of years traded‐off was also significantly influenced by SLE. In addition, age and education significantly influenced the number of years traded‐off.Conclusion: The WTT years and the number of years traded‐off were both influenced by SLE in 10‐years TTO exercises. Reducing remaining life expectancy to 10 years in a TTO may thus increase loss aversion and, especially in respondents losing relatively many expected life years, diminish WTT and the amount of time traded off. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nodal expression and heterochrony in the evolution of dorsal–ventral and left–right axes formation in the direct‐developing sea urchin Heliocidaris erythrogramma
Authors: Smith Margaret S. , Turner F. Rudolf , Raff Rudolf A. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractTo understand the role of body axes in the evolution of larval form, we use the two sea urchins in the genus Heliocidaris, which have distinctly different larval morphologies. Heliocidaris tuberculata is an indirect‐developing sea urchin, which forms a pluteus larva, whereas its sister species, Heliocidaris erythrogramma, exhibits direct development and forms a nonfeeding, ovoid larva. Changes along all three larval axes underlie the differences in larval form associated with each developmental mode. Nodal signaling has recently been implicated as important in establishing the dorsal–ventral (D–V) and left–right (L–R) axes in the indirect‐developing sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. However, because of changes in morphology and timing of morphogenetic events associated with the D–V and L–R axes, respectively, in H. erythrogramma, it was unclear whether nodal played the same roles during direct development. We show that the expression patterns and functions of nodal during H. erythrogramma development are similar to its roles in indirect‐developing sea urchins in both D–V and L–R axes formation. However, there are profound changes in gene expression downstream of nodal signaling along the D–V axis and major heterochronies in the execution of the function of nodal along the L–R axis. These highly modified events are linked to the dramatic modifications of larval morphology that have occurred during the evolution of direct development in H. erythrogramma. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 310B:609–622, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Failure at the transition of care: Challenges in the discharge of the vulnerable elderly patient
Authors: Cumbler Ethan , Carter Jeff , Kutner Jean 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe case of an elderly patient with mild dementia and severe depression is reviewed including analysis of the barriers to successful transition that led to readmission. Situations likely to result in failed transitions include poor social support, discharge during times when ancillary services are unavailable, uncertain medication reconciliation, depression, and patients' cognitive limitations. Evidence suggests deficits in communication by hospital physicians to primary care providers occur commonly but this is only one of many systems barriers to successful discharge. Review of the literature reveals interventions such as involvement of advance practice nurses or family members in the transition may overcome some of the difficulties inherent in discharge of the vulnerable geriatric patient. Weekend discharges present unique challenges and potential solutions are explored. This case offers the opportunity to review the elements necessary for success and insight into the systems limitations which underlie failed transitions. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2008;3:349–352. © 2008 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Copper bioaccumulation by the actinobacterium Amycolatopsis sp. AB0
Authors: Albarracín Virginia Helena , Winik Beatriz , Kothe Erika , Amoroso María Julia , Abate Carlos Mauricio 
Published: August 2008

AbstractAmycolatopsis sp. AB0, a copper resistant actinobacterium isolated from polluted sediments, has shown high copper specific biopsortion ability (25 mg g–1). Two approaches were used to confirm metal accumulation in growing cells of Amycolatopsis sp. AB0; we performed subcellular fractioning assays which showed that the retained copper was associated with the extra‐cellular fraction (exopolymer, 40%), but mainly within the cells. Intracellular distribution of copper was: 86% in the cytosolic fraction, 11% at the cell wall and 3% associated with the ribosome/membrane fraction. Its copper bioaccumulation ability was corroborated by using silver enhanced staining of copper with the Timm's reagent technique, which has not been used to detect metal deposits in bacteria before. In addition, we constructed specific oligonucleotides for targeting genes coding for copper P‐Type ATPases that could be involved in the copper uptake ability of this strain. A 607 bp DNA fragment was amplified and sequenced from Amycolatopsis sp AB0. BLAST search analysis showed 71% protein homology of the deduced sequence with a putative cation‐transporting ATPase of Nocardia farcinica and 65% with a copper translocating ATPase of Mycobacterium flavescens. To our knowledge this is the first report of the presence of copper P‐type ATPase genes in the Amycolotopsis genus. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Role of different classes of mammalian cell surface molecules in adherence of coagulase positive and coagulase negative staphylococci
Authors: Hafez Mohamed M. , Aboulwafa Mohammad M. , Yassien Mahmoud A. , Hassouna Nadia A. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractIn the present study the role of different mammalian cell receptors in adherence of the coagulase positive pathogen, Staphylococcus aureus and some coagulase negative staphylococci, namely Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus saprophyticus was investigated. Upon testing the adherence to Vero and Hep‐2 cells, S. aureus isolates showed an adherence to both cell lines while S. epidermidis and S. saprophyticus isolates adhered to Vero cells only. According to the obtained results, both O‐linked and N‐linked mammalian cell surface glycoproteins are involved in the adherence of S. aureus isolates to Vero and Hep‐2 cells, whereas only the O‐linked ones serve as receptors for adherence of S. epidermidis and S. saprophyticus isolates to Vero cells. Of the O‐linked glycoproteins, GAG‐like receptors are involved in adherence of all tested isolates to Vero cells. The coagulase positive staphylococci preferred to adhere to the highly sulphated GAGs (Heparin and chondroitin sulphate B) while the coagulase negative isolates showed higher affinity to the less sulphated ones (Chondroitin sulphate A and C). Mucin like receptors appeared to be important for the adherence of all tested staphylococci. The role exhibited by fibronectin‐ and fibrinogen‐like receptors was detected with S. aureus and S. epidermidis but not with S. saprophyticus isolates. While, collagen and gelatin were found to contribute to the adherence of S. aureus isolates only. Neither carbohydrate moieties of the glycoconjugates nor lipid molecules on the mammalian cell surface played a role in the adherence of the tested staphylococcal isolates. Taken together, the results revealed that both coagulase negative and coagulase positive staphylococcal tested isolates adhere to the same classes of mammalian cell surface receptors such as mucin‐like, fibrinogen‐like, fibronectin‐like and GAG‐like receptors. However, the tested isolates exhibited different degrees of affinities to such receptors. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Wear in environmentally adapted lubricants with AW technology
Authors: Bergseth E. , Torbacke M. , Olofsson U. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe purpose of the study was to examine the tribofilm formation and the corresponding wear occurring in the boundary lubrication regime in environmentally adapted lubricants, i.e. when using synthetic ester base fluids with different anti‐wear additives. AW additives of the following types were studied: phosphorus, sulphur–phosphorus and sulphur–nitrogen together with an additive based on carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen chemistry. In addition, the base fluid itself was tested.Wear was studied in a pin‐on‐disc‐machine giving the wear coefficient. The surfaces were analysed by glow discharge‐optical emission spectroscopy, revealing the surface reactions formed by the additives. The results indicate that the wear number decreases with increasing reacted surface layer depth as well as with increasing oxide layer depth. Also, the results indicate that a highly polar base fluid give relatively low wear numbers even without additives. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sustainability of sloping land cultivation systems in the mid‐hills of Nepal
Authors: Acharya G. P. , Tripathi B. P. , Gardner R. M. , Mawdesley K. J. , Mcdonald M. A. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractMaintenance of soil resources is critical in the middle hills of Nepal where the majority of the population are engaged in small‐scale agriculture. However, the causes of declines in soil fertility are complex and related to social change, meaning that farmers are unlikely to adopt soil conservation measures if that is their sole function. In several districts of the middle hills, large, steeply sloping terraces are predominant, so constructed because terrace size is perceived as reflecting wealth and status. They contrast sharply with the flat, narrow terraces characteristic of most middle hill areas. Thus, soil and water management is particularly challenging. This research investigated the efficacy of a combination of legumes, mulch and strip crops in controlling nutrient losses in surface runoff and leachate. Losses of nutrients in leachate exceeded those in runoff by an order of 202 (N), 45 (P) and 27 (K) despite the steep slopes. There was evidence of nutrient scouring associated with soil movement downslope. Income was increased up to threefold as a result of incorporating strips of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) in the maize‐based systems. The results indicate that low‐input, strip crop technologies are effective in soil and water conservation through the sieve‐barrier effect, while increasing farmers' income and hence have the potential to maintain the overall sustainability of this land‐use system. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Steel development for hydraulic cylinders
Authors: Brauer H. , Herzig S. , Klabbers‐Heimann J. , Mußmann W. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractHydraulikzylinder steuern Bewegungsabläufe in einer Vielzahl von Geräten und Maschinen, die unter anderem auch im Freien in einem breiten Temperaturbereich eingesetzt werden. Unter Temperaturbedingungen von bis zu –20 °C war aufgrund bisheriger Werkstoffkonzepte bei Hydraulikzylindern Sprödbruchneigung mit der Gefahr von Personen‐ und Sachschäden durch ein mögliches mehrteiliges Versagen nicht sicher auszuschließen.Forderungen der Zylinderbauer sowie Forderungen nach Leichtbaukonzepten haben die Entwicklung hochfester, zäher Zylinderrohrgüten vorangetrieben. Das im Rahmen der F&E‐Aktivitäten der Salzgitter Mannesmann Präzisrohr GmbH in Zusammenarbeit mit der Salzgitter Mannesmann Forschung GmbH (SZMF) entwickelte modifizierte Werkstoffkonzept lässt den Betrieb von Hydraulikzylindern im Temperaturbereich bis –20 °C sicher zu. Die erhöhten Festigkeitslagen ermöglichen eine Wanddickenreduzierung der Zylinder von ca. 30 %. Ausgehend von warmgewalzten Rohren beträgt die mögliche Wanddickenreduzierung bis zu 50 %.
Processing and property assessment of NiTi and NiTiCu shape memory actuator springs
Authors: Grossmann Ch. , Frenzel J. , Sampath V. , Depka T. , Oppenkowski A. , Somsen Ch. , Neuking K. , Theisen W. , Eggeler G. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractAmong the multifarious engineering applications of NiTi shape memory alloys (SMAs), their use in actuator applications stands out. In actuator applications, where the one‐way effect (1WE) of NiTi SMAs is exploited, SM components are often applied as helical coil springs. Ingots are generally used as starting materials for the production of springs. But before SM actuator springs can be manufactured, the processing of appropriate wires from NiTi ingots poses a challenge because cold and hot working of NiTi SMAs strongly affect microstructure, and it is well known that the functional properties of NiTi SMAs are strongly dependent on their microstructure. The objective of the present paper is therefore to produce binary Ni50Ti50 and ternary Ni40Ti50Cu10 SMA actuator springs, starting from ingots produced by vacuum induction melting. From these ingots springs are produced using swaging, rolling, wire drawing and a shape‐constraining procedure in combination with appropriate heat treatments. The evolution of microstructure during processing is characterized and the mechanical properties of the wires prior to spring‐making are documented. The mechanical and functional characteristics of the wires are investigated in the stress‐strain‐temperature space. Finally, functional fatigue testing of actuator springs is briefly described and preliminary results for NiTi and NiTiCu actuator springs are reported.