bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microhabitats shift rank in suitability for seedling establishment depending on habitat type and climate
Authors: GÓMEZ‐APARICIO LORENA , GÓMEZ JOSE M. , ZAMORA REGINO 
Published: November 2005

Summary

Spatial patterns of seedling establishment have been shown to be largely affected by differences at the microhabitat scale. However, it is far from clear whether such differences are consistent both in space and time, and how they influence the spatial structure of plant populations.
We analyse the spatiotemporal variability in microhabitat quality for seedling emergence and survival of the Mediterranean tree Acer opalus ssp. granatense, examining seedling dynamics at the microhabitat scale in two maple populations intermingled in pine forests and two established on stony slopes during three consecutive years with different climatic conditions.
Seedling establishment varied markedly between microhabitats. In general, seedlings benefited from the presence of pre‐established vegetation, with lower emergence and survival of maple seedlings in open interspaces than under adult maples, non‐conspecific trees and shrubs.
However, the quality of most microhabitats depended on both habitat type and year. Emergence and survival under adult maples, heterospecific trees and in open interspaces was higher in forest than in stony‐slope populations, and increased significantly with summer rainfall. Shrubs, on the contrary, showed relatively high values of seedling emergence and survival at all sites and in both dry and wet years. Consequently, the benefits of living under shrubs were comparatively greater at lower precipitation levels.
The different microhabitats found in heterogeneous landscapes such as Mediterranean forests vary, over relatively large spatiotemporal scales, in quality for seedling establishment. Shrubs showed the highest consistency in patterns of both seedling emergence and survival. This finding, together with the predominance of dry years in Mediterranean areas, may explain why Acer opalus ssp. granatense has a stable spatial distribution at a geographical scale with most saplings associated with shrubs. Spatiotemporal patterns of seedling dynamics at the microhabitat scale may cascade through later demographic stages, eventually impacting the spatial structure of plant populations.
Children with Prader–Willi syndrome vs. Williams syndrome: indirect effects on parents during a jigsaw puzzle task
Authors: Ly T. M. , Hodapp R. M. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractBackground  Genetic disorders predispose individuals to exhibit characteristic behaviours, which in turn elicit particular behaviours from others. In response to the strength of Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS) and weakness of Williams syndrome (WS) in visual‐spatial tasks such as jigsaw puzzles, parents’ behaviours can be affected by their child's level of puzzle ability or syndrome diagnosis.Methods  Children were asked to complete two jigsaw puzzles (one with the experimenter and the other with the parent) for 5 min each. Frequencies of parental helping and reinforcement behaviours, along with ratings of parental directiveness, were examined as parents interacted with their children on a jigsaw puzzle task. Within each aetiological group, correlates of parental behaviours with child characteristics were also examined.Results  Compared to parents of children with PWS, parents of children with WS engaged in a more directive style of interaction, and provided more help and reinforcement. Relative to parents of children with higher puzzle abilities (from both aetiologies), parents of children with lower abilities also showed the same pattern. Both the child's aetiology and puzzle abilities were important in predicting parents’ directiveness and helping and reinforcement behaviours. Within the PWS group, parents’ behaviours correlated negatively with the child's puzzle abilities and general cognitive functioning; no such relations occurred in the WS group.Conclusions  Parents’ behaviours were affected by both the child's diagnosis and actual puzzle abilities, suggesting important implications for understanding and intervening with parents and children with different genetic syndromes.
Macrophage cytotoxicity produced by adenylate cyclase toxin from Bordetella pertussis: more than just making cyclic AMP!
Authors: Hewlett Erik L. , Donato Gina M. , Gray Mary C. 
Published: November 2005

SummaryThe cytotoxic effect of adenylate cyclase (AC) toxin from Bordetella pertussis on host cells has been attributed to the production of supraphysiologic levels of cyclic AMP by the toxin. We have tested this hypothesis and show that at least two different mechanisms, cAMP accumulation/ATP depletion and oligomerization/pore formation, contribute, perhaps synergistically, to AC toxin‐induced cytotoxicity. Wild‐type (WT) AC toxin causes cell death associated with an increase in cAMP, a reduction in ATP, activation of caspases 3/7, and increased annexin V and TUNEL staining. In contrast, a non‐acylated, enzymatically active, non‐haemolytic form of AC toxin is able to increase cAMP, reduce ATP and elicit annexin V staining, but the decrease in ATP and the annexin staining are transient and there is minimal caspase activation, TUNEL staining and cell death. Mutant AC toxins defective in either enzymatic activity or the ability to deliver their enzymatic domain are able to kill J774 cells, without cAMP production, and with minimal caspase activation and TUNEL staining. Comparison of the potencies of WT toxin and those of mutants that only increase cAMP or only create transmembrane pores establishes that at least two mechanisms are contributory and that simply the production of cAMP is not enough to account for the cytotoxicity produced by AC toxin.
Pentoxifylline attenuates the increase in whole blood viscosity after transfusion
Authors: Bacher A. , Eggensperger E. , Koppensteiner R. , Mayer N. , Klimscha W. 
Published: November 2005

Background:  Pentoxifylline improves tissue oxygenation and intestinal blood flow in models of haemorrhagic shock, and it has been used for the treatment of intermittent claudication due to its beneficial effects on haemorheology. We investigated the effects of pentoxifylline on whole blood viscosity during packed red‐blood cell transfusion in critically ill adult patients.Methods:  Twenty critically ill patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups (pentoxifylline group: n  =  11, placebo group: n  =  9) and prospectively studied. Forty‐five minutes before and during the packed red‐blood cell transfusion (10 ml min−1) over a period of 80 min, 1.5 mg kg−1 · h−1 pentoxifylline or placebo were administered intravenously. Haematocrit, plasma fibrinogen concentration, total protein concentration, whole blood viscosity (at a shear rate of 10 s−1, 50 s−1, and 100 s−1) and plasma viscosity were measured.Results:  After the packed red‐blood cell transfusion, haematocrit levels increased significantly in both groups (pentoxifylline group: from 26.1 ± 2.8% to 33.0 ± 3.2; placebo group: from 24.4 ± 3.3% to 32.6 ± 2.6%; means ± standard deviation). Compared to baseline, whole blood viscosity increased in both groups at all shear rates after the transfusion, but the increase was significantly less in the pentoxifylline group (26 ± 15% vs. 49 ± 14%, 23 ± 11% vs. 39 ± 12%, and 22 ± 11% vs. 35 ± 12% for the pentoxifylline vs. placebo groups at shear rates of 10 s−1, 50 s−1, and 100 s−1, respectively). Plasma viscosity, total protein concentration, and fibrinogen concentration remained unchanged and no significant differences among groups were observed.Conclusions:  These results suggest that pentoxifylline is effective in attenuating the increase in whole blood viscosity after a transfusion of packed red‐blood cells. Plasma viscosity is not influenced by pentoxifylline.
Thermogenic effect of amino acids not demonstrated in heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass
Authors: Selldén E. , Rimeika D. , Settergren G. 
Published: November 2005

Background:  In abdominal surgery and in healthy volunteers, amino acids increased thermogenesis. In this double‐blind study we investigated if a similar effect would ensue in heart surgery and accelerate the rewarming process postoperatively.Methods:  Thirty‐four patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting or aortic valve replacement were randomized into two groups, and received either 500 ml of amino acids or Ringer's solution intravenously during 4 h. The infusion was started approximately 30 min before the end of a cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), performed at a temperature of 34°C with rewarming to 36–37°C. The lowest pulmonary artery (PA) temperature after the CPB and the time interval until the temperature reached 37°C were recorded. Oxygen uptake was calculated from cardiac output (thermodilution) and the pulmonary av‐difference of oxygen after induction of anaesthesia, at the end of surgery, and 1 and 2 h after the CPB.Results:  Demographic data, medication including β‐blockers, CPB data and case mix were similar. The lowest temperature after the CPB was 35.9 ± 0.1°C in the amino acid group and 35.6 ± 0.2°C in the control group, and the increase per hour was 0.6 ± 0.1°C and 0.6 ± 0.0°C, respectively, with no differences between the groups. During the infusion, oxygen uptake was higher in the amino acid group, 115 ± 4 ml m−2, than in the controls, 102 ± 3 ml m−2 (P < 0.05). No adverse effects of the infusions were noted.Conclusion:  The lack of a thermal effect of the amino acids in the heart surgery was most probably due to the temperature gradients between the different body compartments, and also may have been due to the use of β‐blockers.
Analysis of multiple casualty incidents – a prospective cohort study
Authors: Kuisma M. , Hiltunen T. , Määttä T. , Puolakka J. , Boyd J. , Nousila‐Wiik M. , Hakala T. 
Published: November 2005

Background:  Our aim was to report the rate and causes for multiple casualty incidents (MCI) to analyse the prehospital part of responding to MCIs, report mortality and find areas for improvement.Methods:  A prospective cohort study conducted in an urban emergency medical service (EMS) between 1.3.1998 and 28.2.2004.Results:  Fifty‐nine MCIs involving 263 patients (167 walking, 96 non‐walking) occurred. The incidence of MCIs was 1.8/100,000 inhabitants year−1. Traffic accidents were the most common cause followed by residential fires, intoxications and stabbings or shootings. Early MCI alarm by the dispatching centre was performed in 18 MCIs. Deviations from standard emergency medical care occurred in 12% of patients. Lack of immobilization of the neck or back in trauma patients and lack of administration of 100% oxygen in suspected carbon monoxide intoxication were the most common deviations. Deviations were related to the lack of presence of on‐scene medical command (P = 0.0013) and inadequate resources (P = 0.0342). One hundred and ninety‐two patients were transported to emergency departments. Mortality during the prehospital phase was 4.9% (13/263) and during the next 28 days 2.3% (6/263). Adequate resources for safe and effective management of a MCI were related to an early MCI alarm by the dispatching centre (P = 0,022) and to the presence of on‐scene medical command (P < 0,001).Conclusions:  Traffic accidents, residential fires and intoxications were the leading causes for MCIs. Emergency medical service could respond to most MCIs efficiently and safely. Majority of deviations from standard medical care seemed potentially preventable. Several areas for improvement were identified. From prehospital links, the dispatching centre and on‐scene medical command had a vital role in the successful management of MCIs.
Changes in respiratory mechanics and gas exchange during the acute respiratory distress syndrome
Authors: Nunes S. , Valta P. , Takala J. 
Published: November 2005

Background:  The time course of impairment of respiratory mechanics and gas exchange in the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) remains poorly defined. We assessed the changes in respiratory mechanics and gas exchange during ARDS. We hypothesized that due to the changes in respiratory mechanics over time, ventilatory strategies based on rigid volume or pressure limits might fail to prevent overdistension throughout the disease process.Methods:  Seventeen severe ARDS patients {PaO2/FiO2 10.1 (9.2–14.3) kPa; 76 (69–107) mmHg [median (25th−75th percentiles)] and bilateral infiltrates} were studied during the acute, intermediate, and late stages of ARDS (at 1–3, 4–6 and 7 days after diagnosis). Severity of lung injury, gas exchange, and hemodynamics were assessed. Pressure‐volume (PV) curves of the respiratory system were obtained, and upper and lower inflection points (UIP, LIP) and recruitment were estimated.Results:  (1) UIP decreased from early to established (intermediate and late) ARDS [30 (28–30) cmH2O, 27 (25–30) cmH2O and 25 (23–28) cmH2O (P = 0.014)]; (2) oxygenation improved in survivors and in patients with non‐pulmonary etiology in late ARDS, whereas all patients developed hypercapnia from early to established ARDS; and (3) dead‐space ventilation and pulmonary shunt were larger in patients with pulmonary etiology during late ARDS.Conclusion:  We found a decrease in UIP from acute to established ARDS. If applied to our data, the inspiratory pressure limit advocated by the ARDSnet (30 cmH2O) would produce ventilation over the UIP, with a consequent increased risk of overdistension in 12%, 43% and 65% of our patients during the acute, intermediate and late phases of ARDS, respectively. Lung protective strategies based on fixed tidal volume or pressure limits may thus not fully avoid the risk of lung overdistension throughout ARDS.
Randomized double‐blind comparison of ropivacaine–fentanyl and bupivacaine–fentanyl for spinal anaesthesia for urological surgery
Authors: Lee Y. Y. , Ngan Kee W. D. , Muchhal K. , Chan C. K. 
Published: November 2005

Background:  Early studies have suggested that ropivacaine causes less motor block than bupivacaine, which might be advantageous in spinal anaesthesia for short procedures. The aim of this study was to compare plain ropivacaine 10 mg and plain bupivacaine 10 mg, both with fentanyl 15 µg, for spinal anaesthesia in urological surgery.Methods:  This was a prospective randomized double‐blind study. After written informed consent had been obtained, 34 ASA I–III patients scheduled for urological surgery were randomly assigned to receive intrathecal injection of either plain ropivacaine 10 mg with fentanyl 15 µg (ropivacaine group) or plain bupivacaine 10 mg with fentanyl 15 µg (bupivacaine group) using a combined spinal–epidural technique.Results:  All patients achieved sensory block to the T10 dermatome or higher at 15 min after intrathecal injection. One patient in the ropivacaine group was excluded because of unexpectedly prolonged surgery. The primary outcome, the duration of motor block, was shorter in the ropivacaine group (median, 126 min; interquartile range, 93–162 min) compared with the bupivacaine group (median, 189 min; interquartile range, 157–234 min; difference between medians, 71 min; 95% confidence interval, 28–109 min; P = 0.003). The duration of complete motor block was also shorter in the ropivacaine group compared with the bupivacaine group. There was no difference in the onset time of motor block. The characteristics of sensory block and the haemodynamic changes were similar between the groups.Conclusion:  Plain ropivacaine 10 mg plus fentanyl 15 µg provided similar sensory anaesthesia, but with a shorter duration of motor block, compared with plain bupivacaine 10 mg plus fentanyl 15 µg when used for spinal anaesthesia in urological surgery.
Introgression of a gene for delayed pigment gland morphogenesis from Gossypium bickii into upland cotton
Authors: Zhu S. J. , Reddy N. , Jiang Y. R. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe presence of gossypol and its derivatives above the WHO/FAO standards (0.02–0.04%) in cotton seed oil and meal limits its usage as food and feed. To the contrary, the presence of pigment glands filled with gossypol and its derivatives helps to protect cotton plants from phytophageous pests. Thus a desirable cultivar would have glandless seeds on a glanded plant. This paper describes results on the successful introgression of this trait from Gossypium bickii into cultivated upland cotton. Five different tri‐specific hybrids (ABH1, ABH2, ABH3, ABH4 and ABH5) were obtained by crossing the amphidiploid F1 (G. arboreum × G. bickii) with different gland genotypes of G. hirsutum as male parent. The hybrids were highly sterile, and their chromosome configuration at meiosis metaphase 1 (M1) in pollen mother cell (PMC) was 2n = 52 = 41.04 I + 4.54 II + 0.57 III + 0.04 IV. All five hybrids were similar in morphological characters, except for the gland expression and gossypol contents. The hybrid (ABH3) derived from genotype Gl2Gl2gl3gl3 of upland cotton (a single gene dominant line) had completely introgressed the target trait of G. bickii. While ABH1 and ABH2, which derived from recessive (gl2gl2gl3gl3) or dominant (GlGl) glandless upland cotton genotypes, had glandless seeds too, but the density and size of the glands on the plant were reduced significantly.
Analysis of quantitative trait loci associated with leaflet types in two recombinant inbred lines of soybean
Authors: Kim H.K. , Kang S.T. , Suh D.Y. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractLeaf area, length and width affect the photosynthetic capability of a plant and so increasing the photosynthetic rate per unit leaf area may improve seed yield in soybean. In this study, simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were used to identify the genomic regions significantly associated with the quantitative trait locus (QTL) that controls length, width and the length/width ratio of the terminal and lateral leaflet in two segregating F2:10 recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations, ‘Keounolkong’ × ‘Shinpaldalkong’ (K/S) and ‘Keounolkong’ × ‘Iksan10’ (K/I). In the K/S population, one QTL was identified for terminal leaflet length (TLL), two for lateral leaflet length (LLL), four for terminal leaflet width (TLW), four for lateral leaflet width (LLW), two for terminal leaflet length/width ratio (TLR) and four for lateral leaflet length/width ratio (LLR), with total phenotypic variations of 7.43, 10.9, 26.57, 23.46, 20.25 and 23.31%, respectively. In the K/I population, two QTLs were identified for TLL, two for LLL, three for TLW, and two for LLW, four for TLR and two for LLR with total phenotypic variations of 29.89, 22.77, 18.5, 12.15, 22.96 and 17.85%, respectively. Only a few QTLs coincided among the leaflet traits and no relationships were observed between the two populations. Many QTLs were associated with leaflet traits but each single QTL made only a minimal contribution. Thus, pyramiding the favourable alleles for leaflet traits in soybean breeding programmes may accelerate vegetative growth and perhaps lead to higher yields by maximizing total photosynthetic performance.
Molecular marker‐assisted selection for development of common bean lines resistant to angular leaf spot
Authors: de Oliveira E. J. , Alzate‐Marin A. L. , Borém A. , de Azeredo Fagundes S. , de Barros E. G. , Moreira M. A. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe objective of this work was to develop homozygous common bean lines carrying angular leaf spot resistance genes derived from the cultivars ‘Mexico 54’, ‘MAR 2’ and ‘BAT 332’ through marker‐assisted selection. Molecular markers SCAR OPN02890, RAPD OPE04500 and OPAO12950 linked to the resistance genes of ‘Mexico 54’, ‘MAR 2’ and ‘BAT 332’, respectively, were used in segregating backcross‐derived populations to selection. DNA fingerprinting was used to select homozygous BC2F3 and BC1F3 resistant plants genetically closer to the recurrent parent. Two homozygous BC2F2:3 and two and five BC1F2:3 families derived from ‘Ruda’ vs. ‘Mexico 54’ (RM), ‘MAR 2’ (RMA) and ‘BAT 332’ (RB) crosses were selected, respectively. After only one (RMA, RB) or two backcrosses (RM), five and eight BC1F3 lines derived from RMA and RB, respectively, and seven BC2F3 lines derived from RM, with 14.9–16.6, 16.9–18.6 and 9.3–11.1% of relative genetic distances to the recurrent parent were selected. This is the first report of lines resistant to angular leaf spot carrying genes of the cultivars ‘Mexico 54’, ‘MAR 2’ and ‘BAT 332’ developed with the aid of molecular markers.
Inheritance of partial resistance to spot blotch in barley
Authors: Arabi M. I. E. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractDiallel crosses (without reciprocals) were made among 10 different barley genotypes with genetic variability for spot blotch resistance. Forty‐five F1 hybrids and their parents were assessed for their combining abilities for the disease resistance. Three experiments, two in a growth chamber on detached leaf and seedlings tests and one in the field on adult plant stages, were undertaken using a randomized complete block design with five replicates. A mixed conidial suspension of nine virulent isolates of the pathogen was used for inoculation. Statistical analysis showed genetic variability for spot blotch resistance. Results showed that the cultivar Banteng, the Ethiopian line CI‐5791 and the Syrian line 79‐SIO‐9 had partial resistance in all experiments. General combining ability was significant, with either positive or negative values. Resistant genotypes show favourable GCA‐effects, and they could therefore be successfully used for breeding purposes.
Identification and mapping of a QTL for rachis internode length associated with cleistogamy in barley
Authors: Turuspekov Y. , Kawada N. , Honda I. , Watanabe Y. , Komatsuda T. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractGeneral knowledge of the closed flowering trait, or cleistogamy, of barley is still limited. The relationship between cleistogamy and spike morphology characters was studied and linkage of cleistogamy genes with a highly significant quantitative trait locus (QTL) for rachis internode length on the long arm of chromosome 2H was detected. The mapping populations consisted of 129 doubled haploid lines of ‘Mikamo Golden’ × ‘Harrington’ and 150 F2 plants of ‘Misato Golden’ × ‘Satsuki Nijo’. The phenotypic variance explained by this QTL accounted for 77.5% and 82.6% of the variance in rachis internode lengt, respectively, in these two populations. The peaks of the QTL coincided with the positions of the cleistogamy gene loci.
Resistance in wheat to a new North American–Russian wheat aphid biotype
Authors: Porter D. R. , Baker C. A. , El‐Bouhssini M. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe Russian wheat aphid (RWA), is a serious threat to wheat production worldwide. The identification of a new RWA biotype in the USA virulent to all commercially grown winter wheats poses new challenges to wheat breeders. Wheat germplasm was evaluated to identify accessions resistant to the new virulent RWA isolate (biotype 2). Eleven biotype 1‐resistant wheats and one susceptible check were challenged with RWA biotype 2. Two resistant wheat entries were identified (one highly resistant and one moderately resistant). This information is useful to wheat breeders searching for sources of resistance to the new RWA biotype to incorporate into their breeding programmes.