bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermal Stresses in an Infinite Plate with two Circular Inclusions under Uniform Heat Flow
Authors: Shioya Shunsuke , Matsuda Mitsumasa 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn the present paper, we consider the problem of thermal stresses in an infinite plate with two circular inclusions, which are of different materials, under uniform heat flow. The analysis is developed on the basis of the Airy's stress function in the generalized plane stress and by applying bipolar coordinates. Here the plate is supposed to be insulated and the boundaries are free from the traction. Numerical calculations are worked out in some detail in order to clarify the effects of inclusions.
Catalyzed esterification of oleic acid
Authors: Dunlap L. H. , Heckles J. S. 
Published: June 2007

ConclusionsIt has been shown that the effectiveness of certain divalent metal salts as esterification catalysts can be quantitatively compared and that for the Group II B series their effectiveness is inversely proportional to their ionic volume. The rates of esterification using these metal salts are not as great as for strong acids, but it is probable that the mechanism is similar and that the metal salts act as acids in the general sense.The rates of esterification differ appreciably for different primary polyols. It is also probable that these differences are related to the comparative acidity or basicity of the alcohols.It would be particularly desirable to investigate the activity of the catalysts in different alcohols. It is possible that infrared studies might show formation of a complex between the catalyst and either the alcohol or the acid or both. A number of possibilities may be formulated; at present we lack critical evidence to distinguish between them and this area provides a fruitful field for further research.
Synthesis of amino acid derivatives of ethanolamine
Authors: Smith Elizabeth C. , Althouse P. M. , Shigley James W. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryN‐Phthaloylglycylaminocthanol may be prepared in 24% yield by a modification of the Shechan carbodiimide synthesis of peptides of hydroxy amino acids (6). The amino alcohol is characterized as to melting point, solubility in various solvents, the ability to form a derivative with acetic anhydride, percentage of nitrogen, and infrared spectra. In acid solution this compound appears to undergo the aminoacyl shift characteristic of compounds containing an amide linkage and a free hydroxyl group. Attempts to isolated N‐glycylaminoethanol by hydrolysis of the phthaloyl derivative with hydrazine hydrate have been unsuccessful. Impure N‐phthaloylalanylaminoethanol and N‐phthaloylglycylglycylaminoethanol were also synthesized by means of this procedure. Several other methods for synthesizing N‐glycylaminoethanol are discussed.
Preliminary report on a rapid method of evaluating detergency by means of an ultrasonic transducer
Authors: Sherrill Joseph C. , White W. Craig 
Published: June 2007

SummaryWork on the magnitude of forces binding soils to textile surfaces has been described. In these studies an ultrasonic transducer has been used as a means for providing mechanical action of precisely controlled magnitude. Results have revealed energy requirements for any given level of soil removal. In addition, precision over existing methods of evaluation of detergents and detergency procedures is increased with considerable decrease in time of test.
Synthetic detergents from animal fats. VI. Polymerizable esters of alpha‐sulfonated fatty acids
Authors: Bistline R. G. , Stirton A. J. , Weil J. K. , Port W. S. 
Published: June 2007

SummarySodium allyl α‐sulfopalmitate and sodium allyl α‐sulfostearate, prepared by esterification of an α‐sulfonated fatty acid with allyl alcohol, resemble sodium alkyl α‐sulfopalmitates and stearates in surface‐active and detergent properties and stability to hydrolysis.The allyl esters are easily converted to a new type of water‐soluble polymer. The polymers may be thickening and emulsifying agents and may have other uses yet to be discovered.
Heat treatment of cream: A model of the butter texture response in relation with triglyceride composition
Authors: Bornaz Salwa , Fanni Jacques , Parmentier Michel 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe effects of thermal treatments on butter texture are known and have been used since 1935 on an industrial scale, but without fundamental knowledge. Butter composition influences firmness, as observed through seasonal and regional variations. Experiments were carried out at 15°C by using a cone penetrometer and an industrial testing machine. A significant correlation between heat treatment efficiency and some prevalent triglycerides and fatty acids on butter firmness was outlined. Three fatty acids (myristic, oleic, palmitic) and four major groups of triglycerides mainly affected the firmness, sometimes leading to an inversion of the thermal effect, according to individual sample composition. A crystallographic and thermodynamic model based on triglycerides properties was developed.
Process conditions affect pigment quality and yield in extracts of purple sunflower hulls
Authors: Wiesenborn D. , Zbikowski Z. , Nguyen H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractExtract of purple sunflower hulls is a potential red food colorant; however, suitable process conditions must still be identified. Selected process variables were studied using bench‐scale units to prepare, clarify, concentrate and spray dry extracts. Concentration by evaporation at 32°C and addition of maltodextrin to 15% (wt/dry wt) prior to drying largely eliminated pigment degradation during those steps. Relative to water extracts, extracts prepared with 5 to 15% ethanol in water generally yielded more pigment with similar levels of degradation and loss during subsequent processing. Use of 5% ethanol/2% citric acid reduced yield by about half relative to water, but gave a powder with a lower degradation index and wetting time. Percentage recovery of pigment during concentration and drying was not greatly affected by solvent type or extraction temperature.
Supercritical fluid extraction and chromatography of emulsifiers
Authors: Artz William E. , Myers Michelle R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSelected emulsifiers, which included acetylated monoglycerides, lactylated monoglycerides, hexaglycerol distearate, triglycerol mono/dioleate and decaglycerol decaoleate, were separated with capillary supercritical fluid chromatography on a 25% cyanopropyl stationary phase with a mobile phase of CO2 at 100–150°C. In general, the density/pressure programs that produced the best separations were those with reduced pressure/density ramp rates, which encompassed the largest possible pressure or density range. Samples of acetylated monoglycerides were placed in a supercritical fluid extraction cell on a glass bead bed and extracted for 15 min at 50°C at 340, 408, 544 and 680 atm with CO2. At 544 atm, 103.6 ± 1.0% of the emulsifiers was extracted. Acetylated monoglycerides were added during twin‐screw extrusion of cornstarch (3% w/w emulsifier/corn starch). The acetylated monoglycerides were extracted from the cornstarch extrudate for 15 and 45 min, at 544 and 646 atm and 50–120°C with 0 and 5% added methanol. The percent acetylated monoglyceride extracted after 45 min at 120°C and 646 atm was 60.0 ± 5.7%, while the amount extracted during a 7.5‐h Soxtec extraction ranged from 17.9 to 29.4%, depending upon the solvent used.
Studies of the fatty acid specificity of the lipase fromRhizomucor miehei toward 20:1n‐9, 20:5n‐3, 22:1n‐9 and 22:6n‐3
Authors: Pedersen Susanne Bech , Hølmer Gunhild 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe fatty acid specificity of the lipase fromRhizomucor miehei toward 20:1n‐9, 20:5n‐3, 22:1n‐9 and 22:6n‐3 has been determined by comparing the alcoholysis (byn‐propanol) of various mixtures of C20 and C22 fatty acids (FFA) or the corresponding ethyl esters (FAEE) inn‐heptane. For all the fatty acids examined, the degree of conversion was much higher when using FFA rather than FAEE. When comparing the experiments with either single FAEE or FAEE mixtures, it was found for all four fatty acids that the degree of conversion depended on whether the FAEE was alone or together with other fatty acids in the reaction mixture. The lipase showed a strong specificity toward 20:1n‐9, whereas the polyunsaturated fatty acids were much poorer substrates, especially 22:6n‐3. The degrees of conversion for the two n‐3 fatty acids show a clear preference for 20:5n‐3 over 22:6n‐3, not only when present alone but also in the different mixtures examined. The results obtained in the present experiments therefore suggest that when using the lipase fromR. miehei for enrichment of fish oils with n‐3 fatty acids, it should not only be possible to diminish the content of 20:1 and 22:1 present in the outer positions in the triacylglycerols, but also to incorporate relatively more 20:5n‐3 than 22:6n‐3 into the triglycerides.
The flavor problem of soybean oil. XII. Nitrogen coordination compounds effective in edible oil stabilization
Authors: Schwab A. W. , Cooney Patricia M. , Evans C. D. , Cowan J. C. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryMetal deactivating agents containing nitrogen as the coordinating atom have been developed for use in edible oils. The most effective compounds were those containing two carboxyl groups, α,α′ to the nitrogen. Those containing β,β′ carboxyls were less effective, and the efficiency of α,β carboxyls was intermediate. The activity is explained on the basis of the formation of metal chelation rings—complexes believed to be typical Werner's coordination complexes. The nitrogen atom may be an amine or a cyclic nitrogen. Complex coordination compounds can also be formed from acidic nitrogen compounds, such as hydroxamic acids, when the proper structure for metal chelation exists.Chelidamic acid has been found to be a very efficient metal deactivating agent for both copper and iron. Imino α or β dicarboxylic acids show varying degrees of effectiveness toward the complexing of iron and copper. The greater the number of 5‐membered chelation rings that are possible around the metal atom, the greater is the observed stability.
Characteristics of deodorized‐polymerized oils
Authors: Lips H. J. , Promislow A. L. , Grace N. H. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryDeodorization‐polymerization of oils at 280°C. for times up to 20 hr. decreased iodine value and color and increased viscosity, refractive index, and mean molecular weight. Free fatty acid remained at a low value. Stability to oxidation was increased slightly for linseed oil. Organoleptic qualities were improved for linseed, weedseed screenings, and rapeseed oils but were unchanged or slightly deteriorated for cottonseed and peanut oils.The rate of hydrogenation of deodorized‐polymerized linseed oils decreased with increased polymerization. Hydrogenation produced amorphous fats and did not appear to be accompanied by depolymerization. Calculated changes in unsaturation were paralleled by decreases in iodine value and refractive index.
Effect of moisture on the rate of solvent extraction of soybeans and cottonseed meats
Authors: Arnold Lionel K. , Patel Dahyabhai J. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryWhile continuous extraction by percolation of flaked soybeans and cottonseed meats of different moisture contents by hexane and by trichloroethylene showed variations at the end of 60 minutes as great as 5.47% residual oil, the variations over the range of practical plant operation conditions are too small to be a significant factor. Moisture affects the rate of extraction of soybean flakes and cottonseed meat flakes by trichloroethylene less than the rate of extraction by hexane.
Oil determination of oilseed. Gravimetric routine method
Authors: Troëng Sixten 
Published: June 2007

SummaryA new method for the determination of oil on long series of oilseed is presented. It is a gravimetric method which reduces the hand labor to a minimum. Testing this method on a series of pure samples of oilseed, which were analyzed for five days with two analyses on each sample every day, the standard deviation for a single analysis lay within 0.30% and for the average of two duplicates within 0.27% of oil. The difference between averages for the new method and averages of extraction analyses made with continuous extractors did not exceed 0.28% of oil.
Application of ultraviolet spectrophotometry to the analysis of fats and derivatives
Authors: Herb S. F. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryThere are several spectrophotometric methods available which allow a high degree of accuracy in the analysis of the common fats and oils. Further there are methods available for those fats and oils that contain unsaturated acids up to and including hexaenoic acid which allow good estimations of the composition. Several sources of error are discussed in an effort to point the way to their elimination.Recently published spectrophotometric data on certain polyunsaturated acids isolated from marine oils are discussed in relation to the possibility of extending the method to include these oils.More accurate spectrophotometric constants to be employed in the analysis of certain drying oils are suggested.
Comparative antioxidant potency of 2,4,5‐trihydroxyphenones
Authors: Knowles M B , Bell Alan , Tholstrup Clarence E. , Pridgen Herman S. 
Published: June 2007

ConclusionsOn the basis of AOM tests run to date it appears that 2,4,5‐trihydroxyphenones are quite potent antioxidants for many applications. Some of the lower members of the series, such as 2,4,5‐trihydroxybutyrophenone, are outstandingly effective in lard, paraffin wax, mineral oil, and peanut oil. In other media, such as cottonseed oil, corn oil, castor oil, sesame oil, and tallows, they are less effective but still fairly active. In greases, palm oil, and sperm oil, they are only moderately effective. Over‐all the 2,4,5‐trihydroxyphenones compare quite favorably with current commercial products. It would appear that as more testing is done, more applications for these compounds may be found.Subacute toxicity studies made with 2,4,5‐trihydroxyacetophenone and 2,4,5‐trihydroxybutyrophenone indicate that they are of a low order of toxicity. Long‐term feeding tests on rats and dogs are underway with the butyrophenone, and after four months there are no apparent ill effects.
Solubility of tin ricinoleate in solvents
Authors: Mérz A. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryAmong the salts of ricinoleic acid available [aluminium (tri), barium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, and tin] the salt of tin shows the best solubility, in polar as well as in non‐polar solvents (with the exception of glycols).In the case of diacetone alcohol the diacetone alcohol is soluble in tin ricinoleate, but novice versa.All the viscosities of the soap/solvent mixtures are according to the viscosities of the solvents. Normally there are no separations in phases, no swelling or thixotropic phenomena
Statistical analysis of detergency tests with a natural soil
Authors: Trowbridge James R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractFactorial experiments are described for detergency tests using a natural soil. The tests are carried out over several soil‐wash cycles using soil rubbed onto test swatches from the surface of the skin. The significance of the results is increased by removing the variability of soiling among different individuals from the wash treatment totals and by using a log transformation on the original data. Factors investigated include wash water temperature, water hardness, concentration of surface active agent and concentration of builders.
Building action of various types of inorganic electrolytes
Authors: Tokiwa Fumikatsu , Imamura Tetsuya 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe builder effects of a series of condensed phosphates and other types of electrolytes on the detergency for standard soiled cloth have been measured. The detergency highly depends on the type of electrolytes and, in general, increases with increasing pH of detergent solutions. The building action of phosphates is greater than that of other electrolytes when it is compared at the same pH. The alkalinity, including alkali buffering capacity, of various electrolytes and the sequesteration capacity of phosphates for calcium ion have also been determined. From the results, the building action of inorganic electrolytes in a detersive system has been discussed in connection with the suspension stability of colloidal particles reported in previous papers. The following factors are at least important in the building action of inorganic compounds: (a) the suspension of soil particles in a detergent solution, (b) the sequesteration of heavy metal ions, and (c) the alkalinity including buffering action to keep the solution alkaline. Condensed phosphates, in particular sodium tripolyphophate, have an ability to satisfy these three factors although their alkalinity is not so strong.
A possible role for singlet oxygen in the initiation of fatty acid autoxidation
Authors: Rawls H. Ralph , Van Santen P. J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA mechanism for the initiation of autoxidation in fatty acids is proposed which involves singlet state oxygen, formed through a photosensitization reaction, as the reactive intermediate. Both singlet oxygen generated in a radio‐frequency gasdischarge, and photosensitization by natural pigments, were shown to catalyze the oxidation of methyl linoleate. The involvement of singlet oxygen was shown by the identification of nonconjugated hydroperoxides as products common to both photooxidation and singlet O2 oxidation. Nonconjugated hydroperoxides could not be detected among the free radical autoxidation products. Further proof for the above mechanism was gained by showing that compounds known to react strongly with singlet oxygen, inhibited the photooxidation. With the exception of chlorophyll, all sensitizers could be completely inhibited. Although singlet oxygen formation can account for approximately 80% of the observed chlorophyll photooxidation, at least one other mechanism must be involved. It is postulated that proton abstraction by the photoactivated carbonyl group of chorophyll could account for the remaining 20% of the observed photooxidation. The conclusion is drawn that oxygen, excited to its singlet state by a photosensitization process, plays the important role of forming the original hydroperoxides whose presence is necessary before the normal free radical autoxidation process can begin.
Water recycle method for washing alkali‐refined soybean oil
Authors: Eisenhauer R. A. , Beal R. E. , Griffin E. L. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractVegetable oil refineries are faced today with cutting down on pollution caused by their waste water. A method was developed for washing alkali‐refined soybean oil with treated, recirculated wash water. In this method, wash water passes through a cation exchange resin that removes Na, and the slightly acid water goes back into the system for continuous reuse. The disposal problem arising from current industrial practice can be largely or entirely avoided by this reuse method. The new method might well be applicable to other oilseed processing. Batch tests were first made by mixing water, alkalirefined soybean oil and cation exchange resin. The amount of Na in the soybean oil was reduced from 34 to less than 0.5 ppm. In continuous washing tests conducted in a Podbielniak contactor with water treated by a cation exchange resin, the Na level of a commercially refined oil (not water‐washed) was reduced from 34 ppm to less than 1.5 ppm. These results are comparable to or better than those obtained by the conventional method of employing fresh water for washing soybean oil.
Preparation of long‐chain fatty acid chlorides
Authors: Youngs C. G. , Epp A. , Craig B. M. , Sallans H. R. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryA rapid method has been found for preparing the long‐chain fatty acid chlorides, which eliminates purification by distillation. It gave a quantitative yield of product containing less than 1.5% free acid. The method involves treating the free acid with phosphorus pentachloride or trichloride in an inert organic solvent and removing the excess chlorinating agent by washing the solvent phase with water. Phosphorus pentachloride and Skellysolve “F” were preferred for laboratory preparations. For commercial purposes however either chlorinating agent could be used in a variety of inert organic solvents.Infrared analysis was found to give a rapid measure of the free acid content of the prepared acid chlorides.
Purification of long‐chain saturated fatty acids by recrystallization of their molecular compounds with acetamide
Authors: Magne Frank C. , Mod Robert R. , Skau Evald L. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryA method is described for the purification of lauric, myristic, palmitic, and stearic acid, based upon the recrystallization of the fatty acid‐acetamide molecular compounds and subsequent regeneration of the acid by extraction of the acetamide with water. The choice of the crystallization solvent is rather critical because of the marked difference in the solubility characteristics of the acetamide and the fatty acids. For the purification of lauric and myristic acids acetone or a one‐to‐one benzene‐acetone mixture by volume proved to be the best solvents, and for palmitic and stearic acids the most satisfactory results were obtained with either benzene or a two‐to‐one mixture by volume of benzene and acetone. Since the molecular compounds must be crystallized from concentrated solutions, the separation of the crystals from the mother liquor must be made by centrifugation. The recrystallized fatty acid‐acetamide compounds provide a convenient intermediate for the preparation of pure acid amides free from homologs.
Electron spin resonance of free radicals formed in irradiated fatty acid methyl esters
Authors: Hayda M. , Hadziyev D. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA composite nonsymmetrical electron spin resonance signal was detected in unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) irradiated in quartz by a γ‐ray dose of 500 Krad at liquid nitrogen temperature. The signal spread over a width of ca. 20 G with a spectroscopic splitting factor value of ca. 2.038, but contained an interference from the irradiated quartz. A narrower signal (≃6 G) with a spectroscopic splitting factor value of 2.0361 was detected in the unsaturated FAME irradiated by UV, and was devoid of the hyperfine structure. No signal could be detected in methyl stearate irradiated by UV under the same conditions.
Introduction to the symposium on milk lipids
Authors: Smith Lloyd M. , Smith Lloyd M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractMilk lipids, often referred to as “milk fat,” have been of interest to man for centuries. Milk fat is a major component of bovine milk and most dairy foods and has the highest economic value of any of the milk constituents. In 1970, over 4 billion pounds of milk fat were produced by 12 million cows in the U.S. Practically all this fat was used in food products and provided ca. 16% of the total visible and invisible fat consumed by Americans. Although milk fat has been the subject of many investigations in the past, there is continuing interest in its complex composition and its chemical, physical and nutritional properties. The purpose of this symposium is to review contemporary knowledge of milk lipids and to focus attention on recent developments of interest to individuals associated with the field of edible fats and oils.
Titrimetric determination of soap in refined vegetable oils
Authors: Nelson R. M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe low levels of soap encountered in well refined vegetable oils can be determined quickly and accurately in an isopropyl alcohol solution of the oil by a direct titration with .01 N hydrochloric acid in isopropyl alcohol using bromophenol blue as the indicator. Fifty parts per million soap calculated as sodium oleate can be determined with good accuracy and as little as 2 ppm can be detected in refined and bleached soybean oil. Soap in palm oil can be determined using the same solvent and titrant and titrating the sample to pH 5.0.