bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adjustment for temporal confounders in a reanalysis of a case–control study of beryllium and lung cancer
Authors: Schubauer-Berigan M K , Deddens J A , Steenland K , Sanderson W T , Petersen M R 
Published: October 2007

Objectives:To evaluate potential confounding of the association between beryllium and lung cancer in a reanalysis of data from a published case–control study of workers at a beryllium processing facility.Methods:The association of cumulative and average beryllium exposure with lung cancer among 142 cases and five age-match controls per case was reanalysed using conditional logistic regression. Adjustment was made independently for potential confounders of hire age and birth year. Alternative adjustments to avoid taking the logarithm of zero were explored.Results:Adjustment for either birth cohort or hire age (two highly correlated factors) attenuated lung cancer risk associated with cumulative exposure; however, lung cancer risk was significantly associated with average exposure using a 10-year lag following adjustment. Stratification of analyses by birth cohort found greater lung cancer risk from cumulative and average exposure for workers born before 1900 than for workers born later. The magnitude of the association between lung cancer and average exposure was not reduced by modifying the method used to take the log of exposure.Conclusion:In this reanalysis, average, but not cumulative, beryllium exposure was related to lung cancer risk after adjustment for birth cohort. Confounding by birth cohort is likely related to differences in smoking patterns for workers born before 1900 and the tendency for workers hired during the World War II era to have been older at hire.
Effects of talc dust on respiratory health: results of a longitudinal survey of 378 French and Austrian talc workers
Authors: Wild P , Leodolter K , Réfrégier M , Schmidt H , Bourgkard E 
Published: October 2007

Objectives:The aim of this longitudinal study was to investigate the effects on respiratory health of talc dust, free of asbestiform fibres, at or below airborne concentrations of 2 mg/m3.Methods:The respiratory health and dust exposure of all workers with at least 5 years of employment at two talc producing facilities in France and Austria were surveyed between 1988 and 2003. Standard forced expiratory volumes and standard chestxrays were obtained on repeated occasions and recorded using strict quality control procedures. Of a target population of 430 subjects, 378 (88%) were examined at least twice. A quantitative exposure matrix was set up based on 4602 personal exposure measurements of respirable dust and qualitative descriptions of the industrial processes and individual protection devices.Results:The mean duration of follow-up was 14.5 years with a mean estimated talc dust concentration during follow-up of 1.46 mg/m3. The prevalence of small radiological opacities and lung function parameters were significantly related to cumulative exposure at inclusion but not to exposure during the study period. Overall, the forced expiratory volume in 1 s decreased by 66 ml per 100 years.mg/m3, which is less than that reported for other types of mineral dusts.Conclusions:Although early exposure levels to talc as assessed at inclusion were associated with decreased lung function and an increased prevalence of small radiological opacities, there was no evidence of detrimental effects of talc exposure, as assessed within the study period, on lung function and small radiological opacities.
Biomechanical strains and low back disorders: quantifying the effects of the number of years of exposure on various types of pain
Authors: Plouvier S , Renahy E , Chastang J F , Bonenfant S , Leclerc A 
Published: October 2007

Objective:To assess the effects of duration of exposure to biomechanical strains on various types of low back pain (LBP).Methods:The population study was a random sample from the GAZEL cohort. Durations of exposure to selected biomechanical strains during subjects’ working lifetime and potential confounders were assessed in 1996 by self-administered questionnaires. Data on LBP in the previous 12 months were collected in 2001. Relations between various dimensions of LBP and durations of exposure to the biomechanical strains were analysed with multivariate regression models. Polytomous models were built to determine whether some biomechanical strains were specifically associated with some types of LBP.Results:Analyses were performed separately for men (n = 2218) and women (n = 383). Significant associations were observed (ORs reported are those for 20 years of exposure) between LBP and durations of driving and bending/twisting for men (OR 1.24 and 1.37 respectively); LBP for more than 30 days and duration of exposure to bending/twisting for men and women (OR 2.20 and 2.00 respectively) and duration of driving for women (OR 3.15); LBP radiating to the leg and duration of driving for men (OR 1.43) and bending/twisting for women (OR 1.95); LBP radiating below the knee and duration of exposure to pulling/pushing/carrying for men (OR 1.88). Bending/twisting in both men and women, and driving for women appeared to be stronger risk factors for LBP for more than 30 days. Pulling/pushing/carrying heavy loads appeared to be a risk factor specific for LBP radiating below the knee for men.Conclusion:This study suggests that exposure to biomechanical strains has long-term effects and a dose-response relation with duration of exposure and specific effects for some types of LBP.
A description of the methods used to obtain information on ancient disease and medicine and of how the evidence has survived
Authors: Metcalfe Neil H 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
This paper summarises the common modalities that are available for researching ancient medicine and disease as well as explaining how some of these sources have survived to modern day. These are explained under the three broad headings of palaeopathology, artefacts, and texts. The descriptions use a variety of examples from ancient societies including in the Bronze Age, Babylonia and Assyria, ancient Egypt, ancient Greece, and ancient Rome to help explain these modalities. In addition, a review of the advantages and disadvantages of using these tools is included to help current and future historians in stimulating future research in this fascinating area.
“Please, I want to go home”: ethical issues raised when considering choice of place of care in palliative care
Authors: Wheatley Victoria J , Baker J Idris 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Many palliative care patients would prefer to receive care, and to die, at home. Despite this many die in institutions. In response to this, politicians and charities have adopted policies aimed at increasing the opportunities for care and death at home. The need to discuss plans for discharge with most inpatients reinforces expectations of a choice of place of care. However, many palliative patients do not have a choice of care at home. This article will explore the circumstances in which patients are unable to choose home care and consider changes in clinical practice that can help to maximise choice. We shall argue that there is a distinction between the preferences of patients and the choices actually available to them. In attempting to make this distinction we advocate consideration of the balance between the ethical principles relevant to each case.
Current management of male-to-female gender identity disorder in the UK
Authors: Tugnet Nicola , Goddard Jonathan Charles , Vickery Richard M , Khoosal Deenesh , Terry Tim R 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Gender identity disorder (GID), or transsexualism as it is more commonly known, is a highly complex clinical entity. Although the exact aetiology of GID is unknown, several environmental, genetic and anatomical theories have been described. The diagnosis of GID can be a difficult process but is established currently using standards of care as defined by the Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association. Patients go through extensive psychiatric assessment, including the Real Life Experience, which entails living in the desired gender role 24 h a day for a minimum period of 12 months. The majority of GID patients will eventually go on to have gender realignment surgery, which includes feminising genitoplasty. The clinical features, diagnostic approach and management of male-to-female GID in the UK are reviewed, including the behavioural, psychological and surgical aspects.
Sarcoid heart disease
Authors: Dubrey Simon W , Bell Alex , Mittal Tarun K 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
To this day the aetiology of sarcoidosis continues to elude definition. Partially as a consequence of this, little in the way of new therapies has evolved. The enigma of this condition is that, unusually for a disease with the potential for devastating consequences, many patients show spontaneous resolution and recover. Cardiac involvement can affect individuals of any age, gender or race and has a predilection for the conduction system of the heart. Heart involvement can also cause a dilated cardiomyopathy with consequent progressive heart failure. The most common presentation of this systemic disease is with pulmonary infiltration, but many cases will be asymptomatic and are detected on routine chest radiography revealing lymphadenopathy. Current advances lie in the newer methods of imaging and diagnosing this unusual heart disease. This review describes the pathology and diagnosis of this condition and the newer imaging techniques that have developed for determining cardiac involvement.
“Accommodating” smoke-free policies: tobacco industry’s Courtesy of Choice programme in Latin America
Authors: Sebrié Ernesto M , Glantz Stanton A 
Published: October 2007

Objective:To understand the implementation and effects of the Courtesy of Choice programme designed to “accommodate” smokers as an alternative to smoke-free polices developed by Philip Morris International (PMI) and supported by RJ Reynolds (RJR) and British American Tobacco (BAT) since the mid-1990s in Latin America.Methods:Analysis of internal tobacco industry documents, BAT “social reports”, news reports and tobacco control legislation.Results:Since the mid-1990s, PMI, BAT and RJR promoted Accommodation Programs to maintain the social acceptability of smoking. As in other parts of the world, multinational tobacco companies partnered with third party allies from the hospitality industry in Latin America. The campaign was extended from the hospitality industry (bars, restaurants and hotels) to other venues such as workplaces and airport lounges. A local public relations agency, as well as a network of engineers and other experts in ventilation systems, was hired to promote the tobacco industry’s programme. The most important outcome of these campaigns in several countries was the prevention of meaningful smoke-free policies, both in public places and in workplaces.Conclusions:Courtesy of Choice remains an effective public relations campaign to undermine smoke-free policies in Latin America. The tobacco companies’ accommodation campaign undermines the implementation of measures to protect people from second-hand smoke called for by the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, perpetuating the exposure to tobacco smoke in indoor enclosed environments.
Smoking too few cigarettes to be at risk? Smokers’ perceptions of risk and risk denial, a French survey
Authors: Peretti-Watel Patrick , Constance Jean , Guilbert Philippe , Gautier Arnaud , Beck François , Moatti Jean-Paul 
Published: October 2007

Background:Past studies on smokers’ risk perception have produced mixed results. We endorsed a new approach to assess smokers’ perceptions of risk by asking them to estimate threshold values for the cancer risk associated with daily consumption of tobacco and number of smoking years. We expected that many smokers would endorse a “risk denial” attitude, with threshold estimates higher than their own smoking consumption and duration.Methodology:A French national telephone survey (n = 3820; 979 current smokers) included several questions about smoking behaviours and related beliefs.Results:Among current smokers, 44% considered that smoking can cause cancer only for a daily consumption higher than their own consumption, and an additional 20% considered that the cancer risk becomes high only for a smoking duration higher than their own. Most smokers also agreed with other “risk denial” statements (“smoking is not more dangerous than air pollution,” “some people smoke their whole life but never get sick”). Those who considered they smoked too few cigarettes to be at risk were less likely to report personal fear of smoking related cancer.Conclusion:Risk denial is quite widespread among smokers and does not simply reflect a lack of information about health risks related to tobacco. Fully informing smokers about their risks may necessitate changing the way they process information to produce beliefs and limiting their capacity to generate self exempting beliefs.
Protection from experimental ventilator-induced acute lung injury by IL-1 receptor blockade
Authors: Frank James A , Pittet Jean-Francois , Wray Charlie , Matthay Michael A. 
Published: October 2007

Background: Clinical studies have shown that injurious mechanical ventilation is associated with elevated airspace and plasma levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β); however, the potential therapeutic value of IL-1 inhibition in acute lung injury has not been thoroughly investigated.

A study was undertaken to determine if IL-1 signaling is a necessary early event in the pathogenesis of experimental ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI).
Methods: Mice deficient in IL-1 receptor type 1 (IL1R1) and rats treated with IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) were mechanically ventilated with high tidal volume (30 ml/kg) and the effect of IL-1 signaling blockade on lung injury severity was determined.
Results: Permeability as measured by radiolabeled albumin flux was significantly lower in IL1R1 null mice compared with wild type mice during injurious ventilation (P<0.05). IL-1Ra significantly decreased protein permeability and pulmonary oedema in rats during injurious ventilation. IL-1Ra also decreased airspace and plasma levels of the chemokine CXCL1 and airspace neutrophils. IL-1Ra decreased expression of NOS2 and ICAM-1 mRNA in whole lung. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid levels of RTI40, a marker of type I cell injury, were 2.5 times lower in following IL-1Ra treatment (P < 0.05). In isolated type II pneumocytes, IL-1β reduced electrical resistance and increased transepithelial permeability.
Conclusions: IL-1 contributes to alveolar barrier dysfunction in VILI by promoting lung neutrophil recruitment, and by increasing epithelial injury and permeability. Because preserved alveolar barrier function is associated with better outcomes in patients with acute lung injury, these data support further testing of IL-1Ra for the treatment of acute lung injury.
Amino Acid Based Ionic Liquids: Solvents for Improved Biopolymer Dissolution
Authors: Hanley Matthew , Green J. M. , Henderson Wesley A. , Fox Douglas , De Long Hugh C. , Trulove P. C. 
Published: October 2007

The dissolution of bombyx mori silk was investigated in a room- temperature ionic liquid with an amino acid anion. Silk was found to be soluble in an ionic liquid with a glycine based anion to over 26 w%. The reconstitution of the dissolved silk from this ionic liquid solution was critically depended on solvent and processing conditions. Processing with methanol formed a highly crystalline material and the crystallinity was found to increase with the time of contact with the solvent. Silk materials containing either multiwalled carbon nanotubes or montomorillonite clays were prepared by first adding the nanomaterials to the silk-ionic liquid solution, and then reconstituting the silk using a solvent based process.	The structure and morphology of the processed silk and silk composites were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, and x-ray diffraction (XRD).
Molecular Modeling of Interactions between Ionic Liquids and Metal Surfaces
Authors: Carper William R. , Nooruddin Naveed 
Published: October 2007

The interactions between metal surfaces and selected ionic liquids is examined in this report. The ionic liquids include a series of seven cationic imidazolium derivatives with PF6 as the anion.	The tribological properties of these ionic liquids and their interactions with aluminum and steel are modeled using a smooth aluminum oxygen surface. The ionic liquids are placed above the aluminum oxygen surface and allowed to form a complex with this surface. Enthalpies of complex formation correlate with the tribological properties of the seven ionic liquids.
Progress in Surface Finishing with Lewis Acidic Room-Temperature Chloroaluminate Ionic Liquids
Authors: Tsuda Tetsuya , Hussey Charles L. , Stafford G. R. 
Published: October 2007

In this article, we survey the progress that has been attained to date in the area of surface finishing with solvents derived from Lewis acidic room-temperature chloroaluminate ionic liquids, such as AlCl3-1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride and AlCl3-1-(1-butyl)pyridinium chloride. This field of study has received constant attention since the late 1970's.	For descriptive purposes, the surface finishing technology associated with these ionic liquids is divided into four categories: Al plating, underpotential plating of binary Al alloys, overpotential plating of binary Al alloys, and overpotential plating of ternary Al alloys. We include in this report recent experimental results describing the electrodeposition of AlHf, AlW, and AlInSb alloys from the 66.7-33.3 mole percent AlCl3-1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ionic liquid.
Electrochemical Alloying of Copper Substrate with Tin Using Ionic Liquid as an Electrolyte at Medium-Low Temperatures
Authors: Murase Kuniaki , Kurosaki Ryoichi , Katase Takuma , Sugimura Hiroyuki , Hirato Tetsuji , Awakura Yasuhiro 
Published: October 2007

Electrochemical alloying of Cu substrate through a reduction-diffusion method was investigated using ionic liquid, trimethyl-n-hexylammonium bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]amide, as a solvent for an electrolytic bath. The use of the ionic liquid rendered it possible to raise the processing temperature beyond 100 åC so as to form the Cu-Sn layers faster than in the case of an aqueous media.	The layers obtained from Cu thin layer under potentiostatic condition were silver-gray speculum metal composed of Cu6Sn5, Cu3Sn, and Cu10Sn3 intermetallic phases, while those prepared under galvanic contact condition involved a β-Sn phase containing a trace amount of copper. The formation of each Cu-Sn phase was discussed in terms of thermodynamics of alloy formation.
Electrochemical Studies of Fluorenone in Ionic Liquids and Aprotic Solvents
Authors: Canby Dana , Cheek Graham T. 
Published: October 2007

The electrochemical behavior of 9-fluorenone in acetonitrile / tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate (TEA BF4)	solutions has been explored by additions of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (EMIm BF4) and the proton donor 1,1,1,3,3,3- hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP).	The effect of EMIm BF4 addition was found to be consistent with complexation of the dianion of 9-fluorenone by the EMIm cation, causing a positive shift of the second reduction process. Addition of HFIP as proton donor, on the other hand, caused the formation of a single reduction process near the first fluorenone reduction process.
Amino acid substitutions at proline 220 of β-tubulin confer resistance to paclitaxel and colcemid
Authors: Yin Shanghua , Cabral Fernando , Veeraraghavan Sudha 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary cells selected for resistance to paclitaxel have a high incidence of mutations affecting L215, L217, and L228 in the H6/H7 loop region of β1-tubulin. To determine whether other mutations in this loop are also capable of conferring resistance to drugs that affect microtubule assembly, saturation mutagenesis of the highly conserved P220 codon in β1-tubulin cDNA was carried out. Transfection of a mixed pool of plasmids encoding all possible amino acid substitutions at P220 followed by selection in paclitaxel produced cell lines containing P220L and P220V substitutions. Similar selections in colcemid, on the other hand, yielded cell lines with P220C, P220S, and P220T substitutions. Site-directed mutagenesis and retransfection confirmed that these mutations were responsible for drug resistance. Expression of tubulin containing the P220L and P220V mutations reduced microtubule assembly, conferred resistance to paclitaxel and epothilone A, but increased sensitivity to colcemid and vinblastine. In contrast, tubulin with the P220C, P220S, and P220T mutations increased microtubule assembly, conferred resistance to colcemid and vinblastine, but increased sensitivity to paclitaxel and epothilone A. The results are consistent with molecular modeling studies and support a drug resistance mechanism based on changes in microtubule assembly that counteract the effects of drug treatment. These studies show for the first time that different substitutions at the same amino acid residue in β1-tubulin can confer cellular resistance to either microtubule-stabilizing or microtubule-destabilizing drugs. [Mol Cancer Ther 2007;6(10):2798–806]
Treatment of metastatic renal cancer with capsid-modified oncolytic adenoviruses
Authors: Guse Kilian , Ranki Tuuli , Ala-Opas Martti , Bono Petri , Särkioja Merja , Rajecki Maria , Kanerva Anna , Hakkarainen Tanja , Hemminki Akseli 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Renal cancer is a common and deadly disease that lacks curative treatments when metastatic. Here, we have used oncolytic adenoviruses, a promising developmental approach whose safety has recently been validated in clinical trials. Although preliminary clinical efficacy data exist for selected tumor types, potency has generally been less than impressive. One important reason may be that expression of the primary receptor, coxsackie-adenovirus receptor, is often low on many or most advanced tumors, although not evaluated in detail with renal cancer. Here, we tested if fluorescence-assisted cell sorting could be used to predict efficacy of a panel of infectivity-enhanced capsid-modified marker gene expressing adenoviruses in renal cancer cell lines, clinical specimens, and subcutaneous and orthotopic murine models of peritoneally metastatic renal cell cancer. The respective selectively oncolytic adenoviruses were tested for killing of tumor cells in these models, and biodistribution after locoregional delivery was evaluated. In vivo replication was analyzed with noninvasive imaging. Ad5/3-Δ24, Ad5-Δ24RGD, and Ad5.pK7-Δ24 significantly increased survival of mice compared with mock or wild-type virus and 50% of Ad5/3-Δ24 treated mice were alive at 320 days. Because renal tumors are often highly vascularized, we investigated if results could be further improved by adding bevacizumab, a humanized antivascular endothelial growth factor antibody. The combination was well tolerated but did not improve survival, suggesting that the agents may be best used in sequence instead of together. These results set the stage for clinical testing of oncolytic adenoviruses for treatment of metastatic renal cancer currently lacking other treatment options. [Mol Cancer Ther 2007;6(10):2728–36]