bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Region specific patellar tendon hypertrophy in humans following resistance training
Authors: Kongsgaard M. , Reitelseder S. , Pedersen T. G. , Holm L. , Aagaard P. , Kjaer M. , Magnusson S. P. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAim: To examine if cross‐sectional area (CSA) differs along the length of the human patellar tendon (PT), and if there is PT hypertrophy in response to resistance training.Methods: Twelve healthy young men underwent baseline and post‐training assessments. Maximal isometric knee extension strength (MVC) was determined unilaterally in both legs. PT CSA was measured at the proximal‐, mid‐ and distal PT level and quadriceps muscle CSA was measured at mid‐thigh level using magnetic resonance imaging. Mechanical properties of the patellar tendons were determined using ultrasonography. Subsequently, subjects performed 12 weeks of heavy resistance knee extension training with one leg (Heavy‐leg), and light resistance knee extension training with the other leg (Light‐leg).Results: The MVC increased for heavy‐leg (15 ± 4%,P < 0.05), but not for light‐leg (6 ± 4%). Quadriceps CSA increased in heavy‐legs (6 ± 1%,P < 0.05) while unchanged in light‐legs. Proximal PT CSA (104 ± 4 mm2) was smaller than the mid‐tendon CSA (118 ± 3 mm2), which again was smaller than distal tendon CSA (127 ± 2 mm2,P < 0.05). Light‐leg PT CSA increased by 7 ± 3% (P < 0.05) at the proximal tendon level, but was otherwise unchanged. Heavy‐leg PT CSA increased at the proximal and distal tendon levels by 6 ± 3% and 4 ± 2% respectively (P < 0.05), but was unchanged at the mid tendon level. PT stiffness increased in heavy‐legs (P < 0.05) but was unchanged in light‐legs. Modulus remained unchanged in both legs.Conclusions: To our knowledge, this study is the first to report tendon hypertrophy following resistance training. Further, the data show that the human PT CSA varies along the length of the tendon.
REPRODUCTIVE PATTERNS OF THE HAWAIIAN MONK SEAL
Authors: Harting Albert L. , Baker Jason D. , Johanos Thea C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWe evaluated reproductive patterns of the Hawaiian monk seal (Monachus schauinslandi) using a combination of fitted age‐specific reproductive curves and analysis of reproductive patterns of individual females. We review the difficulties inherent in the acquisition and modeling of reproductive data with emphasis on the significance of reproductive senescence to populations with dissimilar age/sex compositions. Validation of the fitted reproductive parameters was accomplished by Monte Carlo sampling of parameter distributions to compare the expected number of pups with the observed production. Although the fitted reproductive functions appear to provide an acceptable fit to the raw reproductive data, we found that the fitted curves did a poor job of predicting the actual pup production in individual years because of high variability among years. To further verify, and elaborate on, the patterns in the pooled (multi‐seal, and multi‐year) rates, we examined attributes of the reproductive performance of individual seals. The attributes included age of primiparity, reproductive rates computed over several age ranges, and the relationship between reproductive performance and seal longevity. Analysis of individual seal patterns reinforced the conclusion that reproductive senescence is operative in monk seal populations.
Zero‐Inflated Discrete Statistical Models for Fecundity Data Analysis in Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus
Authors: Quintero Herbert E. , Abebe Asheber , Davis D. Allen 
Published: May 2007

Abstract Traditional fecundity analysis, either as number of eggs per body weight of female or number of eggs per gram of egg mass, pay little attention to females that do not spawn. These fecundity variables contain a high proportion of zeroes either because of the absence of eggs or the inability to recover the eggs. Zero‐inflated discrete generalized linear models are an alternative method that can be developed to take into account females that do not spawn. In this case study, we propose discrete generalized linear models that use specially constructed mixture models to handle the excess zeroes such as the zero‐inflated Poisson and zero‐inflated negative binomial models. These models have the advantage of modeling fecundity simultaneously with the probability of spawning. The results show that age was the most significant factor influencing the number of eggs per gram of egg mass, while period of spawning was the most significant factor influencing the number of eggs per female body weight. These were also the most important variables that significantly affected the probability of successful spawning. Model residual diagnostics show that zero‐inflated models exhibit superior performance compared to the traditional models like analysis of covariance, Poisson regression, and negative binomial regression models.
Effects of Dietary Recombinant Bovine Somatotropin Levels on Growth, Plasma Recombinant Bovine Somatotropin Concentrations, and Body Composition of Juvenile Korean Rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli
Authors: Yoo Gwangyeol , Lee Seunghyung , Park Gun Jun , Choi Se‐Min , Eme Okorie Okorie , Kim Young Chul , Kim Kang‐Woong , Kang Yong‐Jin , Bai Sungchul C. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract This experiment was conducted to study the effects of the graded recombinant bovine somatotropin (rBST) levels on growth, plasma rBST concentrations, and body composition of Korean rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli, and to estimate the optimum oral dosage of rBST. Seven experimental diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isocaloric and to contain 49.0% crude protein and 16.7 kJ available energy/g, with 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, or 50 mg rBST/kg body weight (BW)/wk (rBST0, rBST5, rBST10, rBST15, rBST20, rBST25, and rBST50, respectively). After the feeding trial, fish fed all the diets supplemented with rBST showed higher weight gain (WG), feed efficiency (FE), specific growth rate (SGR), and protein efficiency ratio (PER) than those fed the rBST0 diet (P < 0.05). WG of fish fed rBST15, rBST20, rBST25, and rBST50 diets was significantly higher than that of fish fed rBST0 and rBST5 diets (P < 0.05); however, there were no significant differences among fish fed rBST10, rBST15, rBST20, rBST25, and rBST50 diets. FE of fish fed rBST15 and rBST20 diets was significantly higher than that of fish fed rBST0, rBST5, rBST10, and rBST50 diets, and fish fed rBST10, rBST25, and rBST50 diets had significantly higher FE than those fed rBST0 and rBST5 diets (P < 0.05). SGR of fish fed all the diets supplemented with rBST was significantly higher than that of fish fed rBST0 diet (P < 0.05); however, there were no significant differences among fish fed all the diets supplemented with rBST. PER of fish fed rBST15 and rBST20 diets was significantly higher than that of fish fed rBST0, rBST5, and rBST50 diets, and fish fed rBST10, rBST25, and rBST50 diets had significantly higher PER than those fed rBST0 and rBST5 diets (P < 0.05). Whole‐body protein of fish fed rBST15 diet was significantly higher than that of fish fed rBST0, rBST5, and rBST10 diets (P < 0.05); however, there were no significant differences among fish fed rBST15, rBST20, rBST25, and rBST50 diets. Plasma rBST concentrations of fish fed all the diets began to rise at 3 h after oral administration of rBST; the maximum plasma rBST concentration peaked at 12 h and returned to the basal level at 24 h. Broken‐line model analyses of WG and FE were 12.8 and 13.2 mg rBST/kg BW/wk, respectively. These results indicated that the optimum oral dosage could be greater than 12.8 mg rBST/kg BW/wk but less than 13.2 mg rBST/kg BW/wk in juvenile Korean rockfish.
Tabloid Imperialism: American Geopolitical Anxieties and the War on Terror
Authors: Debrix François 
Published: May 2007

AbstractOver the past decade, influential American intellectuals of statecraft have adopted a style of presentation of global political, social, and economic realities that can be described as tabloid geopolitics. Using a discursive style directly borrowed from popular television talk‐shows, news reporting, and punditry, tabloid geopolitics is designed to be highly entertaining, sensational, shocking, and overtly simplistic. Tabloid geopolitics combines commonsensical textual explanations and spectacular maps to produce a sense of fear and inevitable danger that can lead American audiences to accept certain ‘truths’ that geopolitical experts seek to impose. This article traces the path of these discourses of popular geopolitics from ‘tabloid realism’ to ‘tabloid imperialism’. After offering an overview of the tabloid geopolitical genre that takes the reader through the tabloid productions of Robert D. Kaplan, Samuel Huntington, and Thomas Barnett, this essay explores the place of tabloid imperialism today, some 6 years after the 9/11 terrorist attacks. Introducing a recent text by media pundit Tony Blankley, this article shows how previous tabloid realist and tabloid imperialist concerns have given way to a mode of panic tabloid imperialism. Mixing prior tabloid realist and imperialist themes and techniques at a time when uncertainties about the protracted military occupation of Iraq is starting to turn the American public away from the war on terror, Blankley's panic tabloid imperialist text is a somewhat desperate yet, like most tabloid geopolitical discourses, typically hateful, violent and, in the end, self‐defeating attempt at making sense of the place of the West and the United States in the war on terror.
Scientific misconduct from the perspective of research coordinators: a national survey: Table 1
Authors: Pryor Erica R , Habermann Barbara , Broome Marion E 
Published: May 2007

Objective:To report results from a national survey of coordinators and managers of clinical research studies in the US on their perceptions of and experiences with scientific misconduct.Methods:Data were collected using the Scientific Misconduct Questionnaire-Revised. Eligible responses were received from 1645 of 5302 (31%) surveys sent to members of the Association of Clinical Research Professionals and to subscribers ofResearch Practitioner, published by the Center for Clinical Research Practice, between February 2004 and January 2005.Findings:Overall, the perceived frequency of misconduct was low. Differences were noted between workplaces with regard to perceived pressures on investigators and research coordinators, and on the effectiveness of the regulatory environment in reducing misconduct. First-hand experience with an incident of misconduct was reported by 18% of respondents. Those with first-hand knowledge of misconduct were more likely to report working in an academic medical setting, and to report that a typical research coordinator would probably do nothing if aware that a principal investigator or research staff member was involved in an incident of misconduct.Conclusion:These findings expand the knowledge on scientific misconduct by adding new information from the perspective of research coordinators. The findings provide some data supporting the influence of workplace climate on misconduct and also on the perceived effectiveness of institutional policies to reduce scientific misconduct.
Recent Changes in the Pacific Subtropical Cells Inferred from an Eddy-Resolving Ocean Circulation Model*
Authors: Cheng Wei , McPhaden Michael J. , Zhang Dongxiao , Metzger E. Joseph 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
In this study the subtropical cells (STC) in the Pacific Ocean are analyzed using an eddy-resolving ocean general circulation model driven by atmospheric forcing for the years 1992–2003. In particular, the authors seek to identify decadal changes in the STCs in the model and to compare them with observations in order to understand the consequences of such changes for the equatorial ocean heat and mass budgets. The simulation shows a trend toward increasing pycnocline volume transport at 9°N and 9°S across the basin from 1992 to 2003. This increase [4.9 ± 1.0 Sv (Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1)] is in qualitative agreement with observations and is attributed primarily to changes in the interior ocean transport, which are partially compensated by opposing western boundary transports. The subtropical meridional volume transport convergence anomalies in the model pycnocline are found to be consistent with anomalous volume transports in both the observed and modeled Equatorial Undercurrent, as well as with the magnitude of simulated anomalous upwelling transport at the base of the mixed layer in the eastern Pacific. As a result of the increased circulation intensity, heat transport divergence through the lateral boundaries of the tropical control volume (defined as the region between 9°N and 9°S, and from the surface to σθ = 25.3 isopycnal) increases, leading to a cooling of the tropical upper ocean despite the fact that net surface heat flux into the control volume has increased in the same time. As such, these results suggest that wind-driven changes in ocean transports associated with the subtropical cells play a central role in regulating tropical Pacific climate variability on decadal time scales.
Rossby Wave Instability and Apparent Phase Speeds in Large Ocean Basins
Authors: Isachsen P. E. , LaCasce J. H. , Pedlosky J. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
The stability of baroclinic Rossby waves in large ocean basins is examined, and the quasigeostrophic (QG) results of LaCasce and Pedlosky are generalized. First, stability equations are derived for perturbations on large-scale waves, using the two-layer shallow-water system. These equations resemble the QG stability equations, except that they retain the variation of the internal deformation radius with latitude. The equations are solved numerically for different initial conditions through eigenmode calculations and time stepping. The fastest-growing eigenmodes are intensified at high latitudes, and the slower-growing modes are intensified at lower latitudes. All of the modes have meridional scales and growth times that are comparable to the deformation radius in the latitude range where the eigenmode is intensified. This is what one would expect if one had applied QG theory in latitude bands. The evolution of large-scale waves was then simulated using the Regional Ocean Modeling System primitive equation model. The results are consistent with the theoretical predictions, with deformation-scale perturbations growing at rates inversely proportional to the local deformation radius. The waves succumb to the perturbations at the mid- to high latitudes, but are able to cross the basin at low latitudes before doing so. Also, the barotropic waves produced by the instability propagate faster than the baroclinic long-wave speed, which may explain the discrepancy in speeds noted by Chelton and Schlax.
Multiple Jets of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current South of Australia*
Authors: Sokolov Serguei , Rintoul Stephen R. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Maps of the gradient of sea surface height (SSH) and sea surface temperature (SST) reveal that the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) consists of multiple jets or frontal filaments. The braided and patchy nature of the gradient fields seems at odds with the traditional view, derived from hydrographic sections, that the ACC is made up of three continuous circumpolar fronts. By applying a nonlinear fitting procedure to 638 weekly maps of SSH gradient (∇SSH), it is shown that the distribution of maxima in ∇SSH (i.e., fronts) is strongly peaked at particular values of absolute SSH (i.e., streamlines). The association between the jets and particular streamlines persists despite strong topographic and eddy–mean flow interactions, which cause the jets to merge, diverge, and fluctuate in intensity along their path. The SSH values corresponding to each frontal branch are nearly constant over the sector of the Southern Ocean between 100°E and 180°. The front positions inferred from SSH agree closely with positions inferred from hydrographic sections using traditional water mass criteria. Recognition of the multiple branches of the Southern Ocean fronts helps to reconcile differences between front locations determined by previous studies. Weekly maps of SSH are used to characterize the structure and variability of the ACC fronts and filaments. The path, width, and intensity of the frontal branches are influenced strongly by the bathymetry. The “meander envelopes” of the fronts are narrow on the northern slope of topographic ridges, where the sloping topography reinforces the β effect, and broader over abyssal plains.
Continuum Approach to Damage Mechanics of Composite Materials with Fabric Tensors
Authors: Voyiadjis George Z. , Kattan Peter I. , Taqieddin Ziad N. 
Published: May 2007

The major objective of this work is to apply continuum damage mechanics introduced through the concept of fabric tensors to composite materials within the framework of elasticity theory. A model of directional data damage mechanics for composite materials is formulated using fabric tensors. The physical meaning of damage is enhanced and understood better through the introduction of fabric tensors into the analysis of damage of composite materials. The `continuum approach' is used here to link the fabric tensors' damage effect to the behavior of composite materials. In this approach, damage with fabric tensors is introduced to the composite medium, where the latter is treated as a homogenized material. Also, the overall properties of the composite system as a whole are used without using the constituent properties. A generalized formulation of damage evolution is derived in a mathematically consistent manner that is based on sound thermodynamic principles. A numerical example is presented to show the applicability. In addition, damage evolution for the one-dimensional tension case is also illustrated.
A hybrid multiscale Monte Carlo algorithm (HyMSMC) to cope with disparity in time scales and species populations in intracellular networks
Authors: Samant Asawari , Ogunnaike Babatunde A , Vlachos Dionisios G 
Published: May 2007

Abstract

Background
The fundamental role that intrinsic stochasticity plays in cellular functions has been shown via numerous computational and experimental studies. In the face of such evidence, it is important that intracellular networks are simulated with stochastic algorithms that can capture molecular fluctuations. However, separation of time scales and disparity in species population, two common features of intracellular networks, make stochastic simulation of such networks computationally prohibitive. While recent work has addressed each of these challenges separately, a generic algorithm that can simultaneously tackle disparity in time scales and population scales in stochastic systems is currently lacking. In this paper, we propose the hybrid, multiscale Monte Carlo (HyMSMC) method that fills in this void.

Results
The proposed HyMSMC method blends stochastic singular perturbation concepts, to deal with potential stiffness, with a hybrid of exact and coarse-grained stochastic algorithms, to cope with separation in population sizes. In addition, we introduce the computational singular perturbation (CSP) method as a means of systematically partitioning fast and slow networks and computing relaxation times for convergence. We also propose a new criteria of convergence of fast networks to stochastic low-dimensional manifolds, which further accelerates the algorithm.

Conclusion
We use several prototype and biological examples, including a gene expression model displaying bistability, to demonstrate the efficiency, accuracy and applicability of the HyMSMC method. Bistable models serve as stringent tests for the success of multiscale MC methods and illustrate limitations of some literature methods.
Ethics takes time, but not that long
Authors: Hansson Mats G , Kihlbom Ulrik , Tuvemo Torsten , Olsen Leif A , Rodriguez Alina 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBackgroundTime and communication are important aspects of the medical consultation. Physician behavior in real-life pediatric consultations in relation to ethical practice, such as informed consent (provision of information, understanding), respect for integrity and patient autonomy (decision-making), has not been subjected to thorough empirical investigation. Such investigations are important tools in developing sound ethical praxis.Methods21 consultations for inguinal hernia were video recorded and observers independently assessed global impressions of provision of information, understanding, respect for integrity, and participation in decision making. The consultations were analyzed for the occurrence of specific physician verbal and nonverbal behaviors and length of time in minutes.ResultsAll of the consultations took less than 20 minutes, the majority consisting of 10 minutes or less. Despite this narrow time frame, we found strong and consistent association between increasing time and higher ratings on all components of ethical practice: information, (β = .43), understanding (β = .52), respect for integrity (β = .60), and decision making (β = .43). Positive nonverbal behaviors by physicians during the consultation were associated particularly with respect for integrity (β =.36). Positive behaviors by physicians during the physical examination were related to respect for children's integrity.ConclusionTime was of essence for the ethical encounter. Further, verbal and nonverbal positive behaviors by the physicians also contributed to higher ratings of ethical aspects. These results can help to improve quality of ethical practice in pediatric settings and are of relevance for teaching and policy makers.
Micropower generation with microgasturbines: A challenge
Authors: Peirs J , Waumans T , Vleugels P , Al-Bender F , Stevens T , Verstraete T , Stevens S , D'hulst R , Verstraete D , Fiorini P , Van den Braembussche R , Driesen J , Puers R , Hendrick P , Baelmans M , Reynaerts D 
Published: May 2007

This paper describes the development of a microgasturbine with a rotor diameter of 20 mm. The target electrical power output lies around 1 kW. The total system fits in a cylinder with a diameter of 95 mm and a length of 120 mm. The system contains the same components as a large gasturbine generator: compressor, recuperator, combustion chamber, turbine, and electrical generator. Major challenges are the high rotational speed (500 000 r/min), high turbine inlet temperature (1200 K), and the efficiency of the components. Because of the small dimensions, the flow through compressor and turbine is characterized by relatively low Reynolds numbers. The higher flow losses and inherently lower efficiency require a higher blade tip speed (524 m/s) than for large turbines (300-400 m/s). To minimize wear and frictional losses, the rotor is mounted on aerodynamic bearings. To withstand the high centrifugal stresses, a high-strength steel is used for compressor and shaft. The turbine is made of a Si3N4-TiN ceramic composite to withstand the combination of elevated stress and temperature.
A Technique for Excision of Abdominal and Pelvic Neuroblastomas
Authors: Kiely Edward 
Published: May 2007

INTRODUCTION As neuroblastomas usually envelope major vessels, excision poses a significant technical problem. PATIENTS AND METHODS Over a 22-year period, 234 infants and children have undergone attempted surgical excision of abdominal or pelvic neuroblastomas using a consistent surgical approach. This entails a systematic dissection of the involved vessels prior to removal of the tumour. RESULTS Macroscopically complete or near complete tumour clearance was achieved in 89% of cases. Three aortic injuries occurred which required repair. CONCLUSION The described technique is safe and reproducible and allows tumour clearance in the majority offfected children.