bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical, ultrasonographic, and laboratory findings associated with gallbladder disease and rupture in dogs: 45 cases (1997–2007)
Authors: Crews Laura J. , Feeney Daniel A. , Jessen Carl R. , Rose Nathan D. , Matise Ilze 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Objective—To identify clinical, laboratory, and ultrasonographic characteristics associated with gallbladder disease and rupture in dogs.
Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—45 client-owned dogs.
Procedures—Medical records of dogs with histologically confirmed gallbladder disease that had ultrasonographic evaluation were reviewed. Signalment, history, clinical signs, laboratory values, bacteriologic culture of bile, gallbladder status at surgery or necropsy (intact vs ruptured), histopathologic findings, radiographic findings, ultrasonographic findings, and outcome were analyzed.
Results—The most common ultrasonographic findings were echogenic peritoneal fluid, thickened or laminated gallbladder wall, and echogenic reaction in the gallbladder fossa. Eighteen of 45 (40%) dogs had gallbladder rupture. Rupture was associated with histologic evidence of gallbladder necrosis, decreased serosal detail radiographically, and pericholecystic echogenic reaction, pericholecystic echogenic fluid, and generalized echogenic abdominal effusion ultrasonographically. Twenty-one of 45 (47%) dogs had mucocele, and 9 (43%) of those had gallbladder rupture. Eleven of 40 dogs had positive results of bacteriologic culture, and 5 of those had gallbladder rupture. Only 2 dogs had concurrent positive results of bacterial bile culture and gallbladder mucocele. Survival rate was 86% and not significantly related to presurgical bile leakage, positive results of bacterial culture, or mucocele.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Ultrasonographic findings of pericholecystic reaction, localized or generalized echogenic peritoneal fluid, or decreased radiographic peritoneal detail should raise the index of suspicion for gallbladder rupture. Mucocele or bacterial gallbladder infection was the most common concurrent finding in dogs with gallbladder rupture.
Temporal changes in characteristics of injection-site sarcomas in cats: 392 cases (1990–2006)
Authors: Shaw Stephen C. , Kent Michael S. , Gordon Ira K. , Collins Cameron J. , Greasby Tamara A. , Beckett Laurel A. , Hammond Genevieve M. , Skorupski Katherine A. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate changes in characteristics of feline injection-site sarcomas (ISSs) from 1990 through 2006.
Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—392 cats with a histologic diagnosis of soft tissue sarcoma, osteosarcoma, or chondrosarcoma at potential injection sites.
Procedures—Classification and anatomic location of tumors and signalment of affected cats were compared between ISSs diagnosed before and after publication of the Vaccine Associated Feline Sarcoma Task Force vaccination recommendations in 1996.
Results—From before to after publication of the vaccination recommendations, proportions of ISSs significantly decreased in the interscapular (53.4% to 39.5%) and right and left thoracic (10.2% to 3.6% and 9.1% to 1.3%, respectively) regions. On the other hand, proportions of ISSs significantly increased in the right thoracic limb (1.1% to 9.5%) and the combined regions of the right pelvic limb with right lateral aspect of the abdomen (12.5% to 25.0%) and the left pelvic limb with left lateral aspect of the abdomen (11.4% to 13.8%). Patterns of tumor classification and signalment did not change.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Despite publication of the vaccination recommendations, a high proportion of tumors still developed in the interscapular region. There was also an increase in lateral abdominal ISSs, which are more difficult to treat and are likely attributable to aberrant placement of injections intended for the pelvic limbs. Veterinarians are complying with vaccination recommendations to some extent, but they need to focus on administering vaccines as distally as possible on a limb to allow for complete surgical margins if amputation of a limb is required.
Comparative analysis of energy potential of three ways of configuration of a condenser power plant thermal cycle
Authors: Chmielniak Tadeusz , Krzyślak Piotr 
Published: January 2009

Comparative analysis of energy potential of three ways of configuration of a condenser power plant thermal cycle
A theoretical, comparative analysis of three configuration ways of a condenser power plant thermal cycle is shown in the work. A new regeneration & separation preheater and its application in a thermal cycle is presented. Results obtained allow to compare all three analysed configurations efficiencies.
Problems of the starting and operating of hydraulic units and systems in low ambient temperature (Part I)
Authors: Jasiński Ryszard 
Published: January 2009

Problems of the starting and operating of hydraulic units and systems in low ambient temperature (Part I)
Severe winters and sweltering summers which more and more often occur nowadays are the reason why machinery designers face many difficulties when designing devices which will be serviceable in extreme ambient conditions. Hence, defining the principles and conditions of safe operation of hydraulically driven machines and devices is essential for their designers and operators. For this reasons the author did a series of tests of hydraulic component and systems in thermal shock conditions (cooled-down component were supplied with hot working medium). In such conditions, starting parameters of the selected hydraulic component and systems which secured safety of their operation were determined. The experimental tests were carried out in the laboratory of the Chair of Hydraulics and Pneumatics, Gdańsk University of Technology.
Numerical investigations of the engine cooling system in a small power vessel pod propulsion system
Authors: Dymarski Czesław , Leśniewski Wojciech 
Published: January 2009

Numerical investigations of the engine cooling system in a small power vessel pod propulsion system
The development of electronics and electrotechnology enabled to put electric motors of the alternating current in the pod and to use them for the main drive of ships. A lot of heat which must be picked up from the system is a problem which is turning up at applying the system of this type. Many big ships lately contended with these problems. Building the small propeller for the boat powered with solar power we decided to check the influence of the chilling middle on the temperature of the work of an engine. In the article we are presenting a built propeller and a way, into which an issue of the exchange of the heat was analysed using the Fluent software.
The effect of heat treatment on the structure and corrosion resistance of Al-Zn-Mg alloys
Authors: Jurczak Wojciech 
Published: January 2009

The effect of heat treatment on the structure and corrosion resistance of Al-Zn-Mg alloys
The parameters of heat treatment of Al-Zn-Mg alloys subjected to precipitation hardening have a substantial impact on mechanical and corrosion resistance. The rate of cooling after supersaturation, along with the ageing temperature and time, affect significantly mechanical properties of these alloys. The type of ageing (artificial or natural) after saturation implies corrosion resistance in seawater. Being a modification of the AlZn5Mg1 alloy, denoted as PA47, the AlZn5Mg2CrZr alloy reveals best mechanical properties among all aluminium alloys in shipbuilding [1]. However, the higher level of precipitation hardening, the higher susceptibility to corrosion, in particular to stress corrosion cracking (SCC). Describing the structure of Al-Zn-Mg alloys by identifying the precipitation free zone (PFZ) and the Guinier-Preston (G-P) zones provides the information on the corrosion resistance of these alloys.
The multidimensional approach to development strategy of marine industry: Part II. Multifaceted analysis of the development outlook for the polish marine industry
Authors: Semenov Iouri 
Published: January 2009

The multidimensional approach to development strategy of marine industry: Part II. Multifaceted analysis of the development outlook for the polish marine industry
Today the Polish marine industry demands multi-step conversion of its companies into future-oriented enterprises. The article presents some results of the multifaceted analysis of this branch of the Polish economy. Main attention is devoted to identification of the critical barriers to its modernization. It is shown that such purpose as increase of competitiveness requires the correct assessment of various obstacles to innovative changes. Moreover, it is recommended the scenarios approach to the risk minimization of quantitative transformations and qualitative changes in the Polish marine industry. Various scenarios forecasting obstacles impacts are presented. Special attention is focused as on the decision-makers willingness to innovative changes, as on eventual techniques for fruitful overcoming the barriers to accelerated development of the Polish marine industry. Proposals are illustrated by numerous results of fulfilled investigation.
Clustering of metabolic factors among the patients with essential hypertension
Authors: Siddique Md. Abu , Sultan Md. Ashraf Uddin , Haque K.M.H.S. Sirajul , Zaman Mohammad Mostafa , Ahmed Chaudhury Meshkat , Rahim Md. Abdur , Salman Mohammad 
Published: January 2009

The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was determined in clinicâbased 1,517 hypertensive patients. All traits were present in 1.1% men and 12.8% women. Combination of different three traits were present as follows; hypertension with high triglyceride and low HDL (menÂ Â 29.4% vs. women 51.8%), hypertension with high blood glucose and low HDL (men 13.5% vs. women 29.8%), hypertension with high glucose and high triglyceride (men 18.1% vs. women 18.1%), hypertension with high blood glucose and large waist (men 2.7% vs. women 25.7%), hypertension with high triglyceride and large waist (men 3.4% vs. women 39.3%) and hypertension with low HDL and large waist (men 2.5% vs. women 70.6%). This study shows that the metabolic syndrome is highly prevalent among hypertensive patients especially women. Keywords: essential hypertension; metabolic factorOnline 29-1-2009DOI: 10.3329/bmrcb.v34i3.1856Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2008; 34: 71-75
Identifying Novel Protein‐Protein Interactions Using Co‐Immunoprecipitation and Mass Spectroscopy
Authors: Free R. Benjamin , Hazelwood Lisa A. , Sibley David R. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractProteomics has evolved from genomic science due to the convergence of advances in protein chemistry, separations, mass spectroscopy, and peptide and protein databases. Where identifying protein‐protein interactions was once limited to yeast two‐hybrid analyses or empirical data, protein‐protein interactions can now be examined in both cells and native tissues by precipitation of the protein complex of interest. Coupling this field to receptor pharmacology has recently allowed for the identification of proteins that differentially and selectively interact with receptors and are integral to their biological effects. It is becoming increasingly apparent that receptors in neurons do not exist as singular independent units, but rather are part of large macromolecular complexes of interacting proteins. It is a primary quest of neuroscience to piece together these interactions and to characterize the regulatory signalplexes of all proteins. This unit presents co‐immunoprecipitation‐coupled mass spectroscopy as one way of identifying signalplex partners. Curr. Protoc. Neurosci. 46:5.28.1‐5.28.14. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
An Animal Model of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder Sensitive to Antidepressants
Authors: Schneider Tomasz , Popik Piotr 
Published: January 2009

AbstractPremenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is characterized by the recurrence of a cluster of physical and negative mood symptoms, especially irritability, appearing when estrogen and progesterone levels decrease during the late luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. This unit describes a new animal model of PMDD that shows differentiation between female rats expressing and not expressing ovarian cycle–dependent irritability measured by the behavior of burying harmless objects. Burying behavior is enhanced in a subgroup of female rats at metestrus and decreased at the proestrus phase of the estrous cycle. Increased marble burying at metestrus does not habituate and can be reversed by acute treatment with several antidepressants, which mimic the pharmacology of PMDD in humans. This model may be used to study the neuroendocrine mechanisms triggering premenstrual irritability, and the mode of action of antidepressants used for the treatment of PMDD. Curr. Protoc. Neurosci. 46:9.31.1‐9.31.10. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Staining Proteins in Gels
Authors: Sasse Joachim , Gallagher Sean R. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis unit describes protocols for detecting protein in a gel by Coomassie blue, silver, or fluorescent staining. As a general protein stain, Coomassie is easier and more rapid; however, fluorescent and silver staining methods are considerably more sensitive and thus can be used to detect smaller amounts of protein. Fluorescent staining is a popular alternative to traditional staining procedures, mainly because it is more sensitive than Coomassie staining, and often as sensitive as silver staining. Alternate protocols describe rapid Coomassie and silver staining methods, as well as fluorescent stains that are specific for phosphoproteins and glycoproteins. Staining of proteins in SDS‐polyacrylamide gels is described; variations for fluorescent staining of proteins in nondenaturing gels are also included. Support protocols describe photography of stained proteins. Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. 85:10.6.1‐10.6.27. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
SNP Genotyping Using the Sequenom MassARRAY iPLEX Platform
Authors: Gabriel Stacey , Ziaugra Liuda , Tabbaa Diana 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe method for SNP genotyping described in this unit is based on the commercially available Sequenom MassARRAY platform. The assay consists of an initial locus‐specific PCR reaction, followed by single base extension using mass‐modified dideoxynucleotide terminators of an oligonucleotide primer which anneals immediately upstream of the polymorphic site of interest. Using MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry, the distinct mass of the extended primer identifies the SNP allele. Curr. Protoc. Hum. Genet. 60:2.12.1‐2.12.18. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Preparation and Culture of Products of Conception and Other Solid Tissues for Chromosome Analysis
Authors: Levy Brynn , Jobanputra Vaidehi , Warburton Dorothy 
Published: January 2009

AbstractIn clinical settings, chromosome studies are usually performed on solid tissue other than solid tumors for one of two reasons: the tissue biopsy is the only tissue available from the patient, or tissues other than the standard peripheral blood lymphocytes must be examined because of suspected mosaicism. This unit describes methods for culturing tissue samples to be used for preparation of metaphase chromosomes or for biochemical or DNA analysis. Protocols include an efficient enzymatic cell disruption procedure and a mechanical disruption procedure. In addition, a procedure for processing uncultured cells for analysis by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is provided. Finally, a method is presented that can sometimes be applied to placental tissue involving the use of mitotically active chorionic villus tissue to prepare metaphase chromosome spreads directly, without cell culture. Two support protocols describe methods for collecting tissue samples.Curr. Protoc. Hum. Genet. 60:8.5.1‐8.5.11. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Clinical Validity and Clinical Utility of Genetic Tests
Authors: Burke Wylie 
Published: January 2009

AbstractIn considering the appropriate use of new genetic tests, clinicians and health care policymakers must consider the accuracy with which a test identifies a patient's clinical status (clinical validity) and the risks and benefits resulting from test use (clinical utility). Genetic tests in current use vary in accuracy and potential to improve health outcomes, and these test properties may be influenced by the clinical setting in which the test is used. This unit defines clinical validity and clinical utility, provides examples, and considers the implications of these test properties for clinical practice. Curr. Protoc. Hum. Genet. 60:9.15.1‐9.15.7. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Overview of Pharmacogenetics
Authors: Katz David A. , Bhathena Anahita 
Published: January 2009

AbstractPharmacogenetics is the study of relationships between genetic variation and inter‐individual differences with respect to drug response. As the field has matured over the past 15 years, a remarkable diversity of pathways, variation types, and mechanisms have been found to be relevant pharmacogenetic factors. Today, pharmacogenetics is becoming more important in pharmacology for target validation, lead optimization, and understanding of idiosyncratic toxicity. This unit provides an overview of the history of pharmacogenetics and current research applications in drug discovery, as well as a discussion of research quality issues relevant for human subjects research in the pharmacogenetics laboratory.Curr. Protoc. Hum. Genet. 60:9.19.1‐9.19.23. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Agrochemical Products
Authors: Frank Rudolf 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Securing the Nutrition of Mankind3.Crop Protection by Agrochemical Products Today4.Performance by Means of Formulations5.Requirements for an Agrochemical Product5.1.Biological Performance5.2.Application and Use of Crop‐Protection Products5.3.Protection of User5.4.Aspects of Manufacturing of Crop‐Protection Products5.5.Storage of Crop‐Protection Products5.6.Impact on the Environment5.7.The Role of Adjuvants6.Other Formulations and OutlookAcknowledgement7.ReferencesCrop‐protection products represent an indispensable component for a secure supply of food for mankind, both for quality and quantity. Because their use implies a significant interaction with nature and the environment, there are high requirements imposed by authorities. Crop‐protection products are provided in a formulated form, typically designed to allow the user and farmer to apply them in a way that is typical for the regional crop situation and with the specific equipment. The user must rely on optimal product performance, thus the manufacturer must provide reproducible properties, be it for the active ingredient or for the formulation. This includes both biological and physical properties. Although there is a general state‐of‐the‐art among the formulation peers, each new product represents a new challenge. This article shows the need for various decisions. Applying them will lead to an optimized product that includes the current state‐of‐the‐art and also considers future foreseeable requirements.Modern types of formulations are suspoemulsions (SE) and suspension concentrates (SC), water‐dispersible granule (WG) exhibit obvious advantages too. The decision for one or the other formulation type is a consequence of a technological and an economical evaluation. The specific requirements of the respective users have to be taken into account too. In various examples, the benefits and the detriments of different formulation types and the necessary ingredients are described. Crop‐protection products are end‐user products that are applied at varying times. Therefore, storage and packaging need also to be strongly considered during their development.In the last few decades the understanding of the impact of agrochemicals on nature and the environment and thus on the consumer have grown significantly. Furthermore, the knowledge about means for a secure and both a qualitatively and quantitatively augmented food production has increased. This, together with the consequent adjustment to the high technical application standards, has led to the generally accepted opinion that crop‐protection products can be considered as one of the most thoroughly investigated man‐made chemicals.
Carbon Fiber Reinforced Composites
Authors: Drechsler Klaus , Heine Michael , Mitschang Peter , Baur Walter , Gruber Udo , Fischer Ludger , Öttinger Oswin , Heidenreich Bernhard , Lützenburger Nicole , Voggenreiter Heinz 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers1.1.Raw Materials1.2.Manufacturing Technologies1.3.Design and Simulation1.4.Mechanical Properties1.5.Applications1.6.Economic Aspects2.Carbon Fiber Reinforced Carbon2.1.Introduction2.1.1.History2.1.2.Definition, Nomenclature2.2.Raw Materials2.2.1.Carbon Fibers and Textile Fiber Precursors2.2.2.Matrix Resins2.2.3.Additives2.2.4.Pitch2.2.5.Pyrocarbon2.3.Manufacturing Processes2.3.1.Pressing, Manual Layup2.3.2.Winding2.3.3.Autoclave Technology2.3.4.Joining2.3.5.Densification2.3.5.1.Liquid Impregnation2.3.5.2.Gas Phase Deposition (CVI, CVD)2.3.6.Graphitization2.4.Structure and Properties2.4.1.Fiber–Matrix Binding, Structure, Crack Structure2.4.2.Material Properties2.4.2.1.Mechanical Properties2.4.2.2.Thermophysical Properties2.4.2.3.Tribological Properties2.4.3.Chemical Properties2.4.3.1.Chemical Corrosion2.4.3.2.Oxidation and Oxidation Protection2.5.Component Design and Numerical Methods2.5.1.Problems Specific to CFC2.5.2.Characteristic Material Parameters2.5.3.Design Procedure2.5.4.Experimental Studies and Component Tests2.6.Applications2.7.Outlook3.Carbon Fiber Reinforced Ceramics3.1.Introduction3.2.Manufacture3.2.1.Chemical Vapor Infiltration (CVI)3.2.2.Liquid Polymer Infiltration (LPI)3.2.3.Liquid Silicon Infiltration (LSI)3.3.Properties3.4.Applications3.4.1.Space Applications3.4.2.Aeronautics3.4.3.Friction Systems3.4.4.Low‐Expansion Structures3.4.5.Lightweight Armor3.4.6.Other Applications
Life success of males on nonoffender, adolescence‐limited, persistent, and adult‐onset antisocial pathways: follow‐up from age 8 to 42
Authors: Pulkkinen Lea , Lyyra Anna‐Liisa , Kokko Katja 
Published: January 2009

AbstractA random sample of 196 males, drawn from the Jyväskylä Longitudinal Study of Personality and Social Development, was divided into four groups of offenders using information from government registers of convictions between ages 21 and 47, from local police registers searched at age 21, from a Self‐Report Delinquency Scale administered at age 36, from a Life History Calendar for ages 15–42, and from personal interviews at ages 27, 36, and 42. The groups were: persistent offenders (offences before and after age 21; 29% of the men); adolescence‐limited offenders (offences before age 21; 27%); adult‐onset offenders (offences after age 21; 16%); and nonoffenders (28%). The profile of the persistent offenders included many characteristics of antisocial personality and problems of social and psychological functioning at all ages. In childhood and adolescence, the adolescence‐limited offenders tended to display higher self‐control than the other offenders indicated by less negative emotionality and higher constraint. In early middle age, they were well established in terms of work and marriage, but they differed from the nonoffenders in higher neuroticism, aggressiveness, and psychosomatic symptoms as did the other offender groups. The adult‐onset offenders displayed an emotionally unstable personality, and in adulthood, they tended to be heavy users of alcohol. Parental SES did not differentiate the groups, but the parents of the persistent offenders tended to use alcohol heavily, and the social capital of the family tended to be low compared with the other groups. Aggr. Behav. 35:117–135, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.