bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Like-Minded Countries and the New International Order: Past, Present and Future Prospects
Authors: Dolman Antony J. 
Published: March 2007

Dolman, A. J. The Like-Minded Countries and the New International Order: Past, Present and Future Prospects. Cooperation and Conflict, XIV, 1979, 57-85. The article seeks to analyse the origins, contents and possible future prospects of like-minded ness, i.e. the constructive and responsive attitude towards Third World demands for a New International Economic Order (NIEO) which has characterized the approach of the Nordic countries and the Netherlands. First, the historical origins of Nordic-Netherlands cooperation and of the like-minded group are traced; next the common characteristics of the group are inventorized with a view to explaining why the like-minded have generally been more constructive in their dealings with the developing countries than have most other industrialized countries. In the third section, the limitations on like-mindedness and the many problems being experienced by the like-minded countries in translating broad rhetorical support for the NIEO into practical policy are discussed. The article concludes with a discussion of the future possibilities for the like-minded countries to move to more positive action and to demonstrate the purity of their declared intentions. The article suggests that, if the existence of the group is to continue to make sense, it must seek to identify the areas in which it is able to formulate policy and in which its members have room for maneuver. Having identified these areas, the group should seek to initiate a meaningful dialogue with a group of interested developing countries.
Finland's Treaties on Security Policy
Authors: Apunen Osmo 
Published: March 2007

Apunen, O. Finland's Treaties on Security Policy. Cooperation and Conflict, XV, 1980, 249-261. In this analysis of Finland's treaties from the 1920s to the 1970s concerning security issues, the author proceeds from a dichotomy: treaty elements regulating the political activity of the state and, on the other hand, actual international obligations pertaining to arms control. Treaty instruments of a predominantly political character fall under three categories: non-use of force, obligation to use force under specific circumstances, and obligation to pursue peace-strengthening foreign policy. In this connection the author deals with such questions as the inviolability of frontiers, neutrality, non-alignment and interna tional security guarantees in Finland's bilateral and multilateral treaties. Agreements on disarmament and arms control fall under the concepts of zoning, and quantitative and qualitative limitation of arms. The author concludes that the Finnish agreements reveal 'vogues'. During the interwar period (1920-1939) the aim of Finnish arms control policy was to seek a general European system of mutual regulations through treaties prohibiting the use and threat of force and providing methods for peaceful settlement of disputes. After World War II Finland's bilateral treaty obligations became more specific but, at the same time and especially during the détente period since the 1960s, Finland has been engaged in a process of negotiation based on concepts of positive peace and active interaction.
The Political Economy of European Natural Gas Markets
Authors: Davis Jerome D. 
Published: March 2007

Davis, J. D. The Political Economy of European Natural Gas Markets. Cooperation and Conflict, XVIII , 1983, 3-20. The natural gas market, like Caesar's Gaul, is in three distinct parts: production, transmission and distribution. Critical to the relations between the stages is stability — a form of functional equilibrium not unlike that of solutions to a three person cooperative game. After defining stability and instability in natural gas markets, this article examines the manner in which state and industry cooperate both nationally and internationally to provide a stable basis for trade. The nature of European trade in natural gas is then analysed and the forms of industry-state cooperation are highlighted.
Conflict and Cooperation: The Nordic Nuclear-Free Zone Today
Authors: Maude George 
Published: March 2007

Maude, G. Conflict and Cooperation: The Nordic Nuclear-Free Zone Today. Coop eration and Conflict, XVIII, 1983, 233-243. This article discusses three major lines of thinking about a proposed Nordic nuclear-free zone, namely the viewpoints of Olof Palme, Johan Jørgen Holst, and Osmo Apunen. These viewpoints constituted the key themes of the Nuclear Weapons and Northern Europe seminar held in Helsinki on 2-3 June 1983 under the auspices of the Finnish Institute of International Affairs. The article assumes the existence of a mounting degree of pressure in Northern Europe for such a zone and therefore attention is paid not to the question of the use-value of a NWFZ but to the method of its realization. It is concluded that notwithstanding the firm line taken by the present Norwegian government, NATO cannot — in the interests of its own power politics — long resist acceptance of a Nordic NWFZ. In this respect the article argues that the most acceptable model is the apparently least ambitious one.
Coordinating Foreign Policy: The Changing Role of the Norwegian Foreign Ministry
Authors: East Maurice A. 
Published: March 2007

East, M. Coordinating Foreign Policy: The Changing Role of the Norwegian Foreign Ministry. Cooperation and Conflict, XIX, 1984, 121-134. This is a study of foreign policy-making in Norway, focusing on the need for increased coordination in foreign policy-making brought about by interdependence. New actors, new issues, and increased interplay between domestic and international forces within a nation's foreign policy arena bring about an increased need for coordination both within the Foreign Ministry and between ministries. It is argued that in Norway, the Foreign Ministry has shown a relatively low level of effectiveness in dealing with several aspects of coordination. This is demonstrated by looking at government studies of the Foreign Ministry, examining the patterns of growth in the ministry — what offices grow and what do they do, and interviewing numerous foreign service officers. It is shown that the Foreign Ministry seems to have increased its capacity to deal with and respond to increased activity by the missions abroad. However, there is less evidence of effective attempts to improve coordination within the ministry or between the ministry and other government agencies. Interviews with foreign policy-makers inside and outside the Foreign Ministry reveal that Foreign Ministry personnel do not consider the problem of coordination to be serious. They feel that because there is good personal and informal contact between individuals in the government, the foundation is there to coordinate whenever this is necessary without more formal or institutional mechanisms. However, when carrying out interaction and communication analysis of other ministries dealing with foreign matters, it is revealed that much information does not reach the Foreign Ministry and that their input is not sought as frequently as foreign service personnel think it is.
Statistical Analysis in the Hospitality Field
Authors: Lesure John D. , Radigan J. Terry 
Published: March 2007

-Out of slightly over 13,000 federal income tax returns filed by corporations in the lodging industry with fiscal years ending in 1961-62, only 44% reported net profits, and for those operations before-tax profits were slightly less than 5% of total receipts from operations of $1.7 billion. -Out of nearly 35,000 federal income tax returns filed by corporations in the restau rant industry (classified as "Eating and Drinking Places") the respective ratios were 47% reporting net profits of only 4% of total receipts from operations of $4.1 billion.
A Model of Motel-Choice
Authors: Mayo Edward J. 
Published: March 2007

This article is based on a study, The Psychology of Choice in the Lodging Market, for which the research was funded by the 3M National Adver tising Company. The author, Dr. Edward J. Mayo, is assistant professor of Marketing Man agement at the University of Notre Dame. In his research, he was assisted by Raymond Ander son and George Vondruska. This research study was made during the sum mer of 1973 when gasoline shortages were al ready prevalent in some sections of the Rocky Mountains and Northeast. During the Energy Crisis of 1973-74, the availability of gasoline and automobile services became an influencing el ement in the traveling public's decision of where to stay. Since then, gasoline has become generally available — albeit at higher prices - on turnpikes and in resort areas. Recent sampling of the traveling public indicates for those not on an expense account that motel choice enroute to destination areas is strongly influenced by price, while those at destination are dictated by quality for the price, with house keeping suites at resort complexes being favored by families planning to stay three days or more. — Editor.
Crime Prevention and the Displacement Phenomenon
Authors: Reppetto Thomas A. 
Published: March 2007

This article examines the argument that crime prevention programs which stress opportunity reduction or increased risk to offenders are without value because they merely displace crime—that is, shift its incidence to other forms, times, and locales. The paper is based in part on two empirical studies that examined the criminal histories of and interviews with 146 robbers and burglars. Deterministic and opportunistic criminal behavior and the influence of personality, age, and crime type on the displace ment potential of various offenders are analyzed. The results suggest that there are definite limits to various displacement possibilities. Some crimes are so opportunistic that their pre vention in one circumstance will not lead to their occurrence in another. Even in instances where offenders blocked in one sphere would wish to operate in another, limits and costs will lessen the frequency of operation and therefore reduce the overall crime rate. The study further suggests that the limitations to displace ment are most salient for specific types of crimes, criminals, and geographic areas. Thus the displacement potential of an anticrime strategy can be gauged in advance and, in certain instances, be minimized.
Changes in the Soviet concept of news - to what extent and why?
Authors: Zhou He 
Published: March 2007

The Soviet concept of news has undergone some significant changes over the past few years. Theoretically, there has been an emphasis on timeliness, on the inclusiveness of news coverage, on 'public interest' and on a slight differentiation between official views and individual observations in news. A brief survey of the Soviet media in this study, which includes a content analysis of sampled English-language translations of Pravda, has found that there have been at least five noticeable changes in the operation of the media: (1) more timely releases of news; (2) a tremendously expanded scope of coverage that has included many formerly forbidden topics; (3) a trend toward providing more factual, though still sketchy, information; (4) more human-interest and entertainment stories; and (5) more 'moderately negative' items. These changes seem to have started with a slight revision of Lenin's doctrine of an agitating, propagandist, educational and organizational press. The Soviet press has recently been assigned a new role - a role of 'an observer of life,' 'a chronicler of the present day' and 'a public opinion accumulator.' These changes have been attributed to several causes - 'political ex pediency,' 'professional pride' or 'bottom-up' pressure from the audience. This author, however, assumes that the changes in the Soviet concept of news have been caused, primarily, by the modemization process and the accompanying socioeconomic changes. Over the past few years, noticeable signs of change have emerged in the Soviet concept of news. Even before Mikhail Gorbachev came to the fore, a new type of Soviet journalism, as Dean Mills observed, was coming into being and was moving toward a more objective form of reporting 'with which few American reporters would disagree.'1 To what extent has the Soviet concept of news changed under Gorbachev? And what has caused the changes? This paper explores these two basic questions.
Ideologies in the news: On the measurement of ideological characteristics of news reports
Authors: van den Berg H. , van der Veer C.G. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract. In this article, we discuss recent developments within the field of text-analysis from a socio-cultural point of view. In the first part attention is paid to the relation between dominant research traditions in communication studies such as the tradition of content analysis and new approaches which are often labeled as discourse analysis. The main methodological and theoretical problems within the tradition of content analysis are exposed. Perspectives of discourse analysis to overcome these problems are evaluated. Common problem of different approaches seems to be the question whether adequate research tools can be designed to produce not only reliable and valid results but also theoretical relevant analyses of media-discourses. In the second part of this article we consider by way of example a new method of measuring ideological characteristics of news. This method is comparable to jurisdiction in several important respects: Like judges, the task of coders does not simply consist of applying rules of coding in a purely technical way. The coding of news articles, using general rules, is coupled to a further elaboration of the rules themselves. To test the validity of this procedure, we use a method of scaling derived from a theoretical model generally known as "the law of categorical judgement". We also analyze the reliability of the coding process. Finally, the value of the research tool is demonstrated by presenting some results of a content analysis of the news coverage of a renowned Dutch industrial dispute in the seventies.
The MacBride Movement: Old ‘New Order’ leads to the new
Authors: Sussman Leonard R. 
Published: March 2007

‘The MacBride Movement’ was the culmination of the campaign by the Non- aligned Movement to secure a better share of the global communications flows, while improving coverage by the dominant Western news media of Third World information and political objectives. The Soviet bloc, for its own Cold War objectives, joined the Nonaligned's bid for some ‘new world information and communication order’. With the MacBride Commission's report in 1980, following the relatively moderate Mass Communication Declaration at Unesco in 1978, the Nonaligned Movement's drive for NWICO reached its peak. This was the result, I maintain, mainly of 1) the changed global geopolitics, demonstrated spectacularly in 1989–91, and 2) the opportunities for diversity of information flows provided by the new communications technologies. They had already demonstrated they could generate and sustain political revolutions in the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. The paper traces the ‘Hegelian dialectic’ of events preceding and during the rise of the MacBride Movement: the ‘old order’ (Thesis, or Western dominance) from 1946 to 1976, the old ‘new order’ (Antithesis, or Nonaligned-Soviet challenge) from 1976 to 1989, and the new ‘New Order’ (Synthesis, or coming age of ISDN) from 1989. ISDN, integrated systems of digital networks – the networking of networks, worldwide – provides 'small’ communications capabilities (telephone, fax, copier, computer, radio particularly FM) tied to the long-distance lines (satellites, fiber optics, computer links). The cost of linkage will drop dramatically as each new facility is mass-distributed, and as competition – especially system competing against system – reduces the cost to the citizen. There are, indeed, dangers in mass linkage. The Orwell warning is appropriate. But this paper argues that competition and government regulation (replacing censorship in many places) will prevent the monopolization by commercial interests, as diverse communication machines in the hands of citizens will prevent government monopolies. As a consequence, there were mainly winners in the decade-long debates in Unesco over NWICO. The developing countries are beginning to receive aid in building communication infrastructures, Western coverage of their news is improving, and developing-world citizens will increasingly have access to the domestic as well as international information flows. The West, meanwhile, has ended the bitter debates over NWICO, and the perceived threat of new forms of media censorship from governments or intergovernmental organizations.
A qualitative study of parents' experiences of providing sex education for their children: The implications for health education
Authors: Walker Joy L 
Published: March 2007

0bjective To explore how parents talk to their children and identify the factors that influence parents talking to their children about sex. In addition, to uncover ways by which this sex education could be enhanced. Design A qualitative study of parents' experiences of providing sex education to their children. Setting Interviews were carried out in the field within parents' homes or workplace. Method Fifty semi-structured interviews were conducted with parents across Leeds. One or both parents were interviewed to gather qualitative data. Results Factors that were found to enhance or limit parent-child communication were dynamically inter-related. These include parents' perceptions of the child, their role as a parent and their perception of sex education from school and health agencies. Gender of the parent and their own experience of sex education clearly influenced provision. Mothers tended to be the main educators although a few fathers shared the role. Uncertainties were experienced, especially about giving sons sex education. Parents also possessed many skills as educators taking opportunities, establishing open communication or responding to ideas progressively and appropriately during their child's development. Participants welcomed access to sources of information, support and good communication within the school and health care settings. Conclusion Parents were found to possess skills as educators, but also experience uncertainty and embarrassment about aspects of their role. The realities of provision were intricate. However, parents' natural role in sex education was evident. Agencies should consider fully integrating parents into their health education strategies.
The meaning of'health improvement'
Authors: Abbott Stephen , Florin Dominique , Fulop Naomi , Gillam Stephen 
Published: March 2007

Objective To explore how those working in and with primary care organisations understand the term 'health improvement'. Design Six qualitative case studies. Setting Primary Care Groups and Trusts and partner organisations. Method Semi-structured interviews with senior personnel from participating organisations. Results Informants offered a wide range of definitions which generally combined more than one meaning. Replies ranged from, on the one hand, an emphasis on National Health Service (NHS) service provision to, on the other, an emphasis on the socioeconomic determinants of population health, or the quality of life of individuals. Some explained the term primarily as a government strategy; some, as a set of activities for the NHS; some, in terms of the overarching purpose of health improvement. Conclusion Our informants offered more detailed definitions of 'health improvement' than are articulated in Department of Health documents. However, they did not include health inequalities in their definition. Recent government announcements about health inequalities targets may help to ensure that all primary care organisations consider the inequalities in the health of their population.
Antipyretic prehospital therapy for febrile convulsions: Does the treatment fit? A literature review
Authors: Woollard Malcolm , Pitt Karen 
Published: March 2007

Objective The objective of this literature search was to find evidence to support (or refute) the prehospital emergency use of antipyretic therapies, such as tepid sponging and paracetamol, to prevent the recurrence of febrile convulsions. Methods An on-line literature search was made of Medline. The key text words utilised were febrile convulsion(s); febrile seizure(s); infantile convulsion(s); paracetamol; acetaminophen; rectal administration; treatment; prevention; pathophysiology, (a)etiology; recurrence; tepid; sponging; bathing; antipyretic; temperature reduction; fever. References from retrieved papers were also sought and reviewed where available. Each paper was critically appraised for relevance and content. Results Forty-eight papers were identified. Twenty-nine were irrelevant. Conclusions The available evidence suggests that neither antipyretic medication (including paracetamol) nor tepid sponging prevent the recurrence of febrile convulsions following a simple initial fit, and both are associated with risk to the patient. We recommend that neither intervention be used in the prehospital phase of treatment.
Methodological issues in piloting a physical activity diary with young people
Authors: Wormald Helen , Sleap Mike , Brunton Julie , Hayes Louise , Warburton Peter , Waring Mike , White Martin 
Published: March 2007

Objective This study aimed to explore methodological issues in piloting a recently developed physical activity diary for young people. Design Fifty-five participants aged 9-14 years completed the diary four times a day for seven consecutive days, recording the duration and intensity level of all activities in which they engaged. Setting Participants were randomly selected from two primary and two secondary schools in Hull and East Yorkshire. Method Following diary completion, focus group discussions were conducted to ascertain participants' perceptions of the diary. In addition, analysis of diary entries was carried out to investigate the quality of data collected. Results Administration of the diary was a relatively quick and easy process, although meetings with teachers and pupils were occasionally problematic and required thorough organisation as well as constant verbal and written reminders. Meetings with participants were held during break times and were not intrusive to the school timetable. Ninety- one per cent of the diaries were returned, eleven per cent of which were invalid. The quality of data derived from the diaries was very good and extremely detailed. Participants reported that completion of the diary had been relatively straightforward, although it was inconvenient to carry around and difficult to remember to fill in. Conclusion It was concluded that the diary had the potential to assess young people's physical activity habits, and that participants were willing to commit time and effort to complete the diary. The accuracy of data is reliant upon effective strategies for instructing young people how to complete the diary, and might be improved with parental and teacher support.