bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing the R&D capability of the Japanese pharmaceutical industry
Authors: Sapienza Alice M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAccording to some observers, Japan's pharmaceutical industry ‘emerged as a global competitor’ in the 1980s. According to others, the same firms ‘face severe obstacles’ in the 1990s and may ‘run out of time in their internationalization efforts.’ To help clarify the competitive position of the Japanese industry, this article uses an original framework and set of estimates to codify the R&D capability of the nine major Japanese pharmaceutical companies (‘the nine majors’) and compare it with the R&D capability of their Western counterparts. On this basis the article concludes that the majors are not yet global competitors, although several could be by the end of the decade. The estimates help to quantify what has been described as a large gap between the R&D position of the Japanese companies and the position of the top Western pharmaceutical firms.
Motivations and obstacles to university industry cooperation (UIC): a Mexican case
Authors: López‐Martínez R. E. , Medellín E. , Scanlon A. P. , Solleiro J. L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWithin the context of linkage between universities and the productive sector in Mexico, this article seeks to answer the following questions: i) which are the principal motivations for researchers at universities to carry out technological research and to seek ties to industry? ii) which are the main motivations for industrial entrepreneurs to establish cooperation with universities to develop technology? and iii) which are the main barriers to a healthy relationship between both institutions?Our answers are based on data from two sources: (a) an exploratory survey of 31 researchers at the National University of Mexico and of 28 Mexican entrepreneurs, half of whom had previous experience in collaborative projects; and, (b) a subsequent panel discussion among questionnaire respondents designed to elicit in‐depth qualitative data concerning motivations and obstacles to university‐industry cooperation.The authors present the factors identified in the study as key elements in the development of liaisons between the two sectors in Latin American countries, and argue the need to rethink our conceptions of motivations and barriers within a theoretical framework of interinstitutional communications and organizational cultural change.
The allocation of R&D resource
Authors: Scholefield J. H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe allocation of R&D resource in a multi‐business organisation is often based more on current operating performance than on the relative potential for technological development of the businesses. The approach suggested in this paper attempts to overcome these problems by linking R&D allocation very closely to business strategy. The two key concepts are technology leverage, i.e. the extent to which technology can change the business environment in an industry to yield competitive advantage, and business leverage i.e. the current competitive strength of an individual business within an industry. Where technology leverage is weak, competitive advantage will be mainly dependent on factors other than R&D and it is suggested that levels of R&D effort at or below 1 % of turnover are appropriate. Where technology leverage is strong, R&D can be effective in maintaining strong business leverage by achieving technology mastery or in transforming a weak business position by creating a technological discontinuity. R&D intensities ranging from 3 to 15 or more % of turnover are thought to be appropriate in these cases. This framework can be used for policy debates on R&D allocation, for example whether the R&D allocation is appropriate for the business strategy or whether R&D could spearhead a more expansionist business strategy. The framework has been successfully used in ICI Chemicals and Polymers Limited during the annual R&D budget process.
Work with and implementation of new concepts for management of product development—experiences for the Swedish Manufacturing Industry
Authors: Carlsson Matts , Lundqvist Mats 
Published: May 2007

AbstractExtensive organizational changes in the management of product development work of industrial companies are currently taking place. Speediness (time‐based competition) and/or ‘high’ quality (total quality) are emphasized and for this purpose concepts such as simultaneous, concurrent or integrated product development have been introduced. This paper describes a study of the importance of these concepts in 29 large Swedish manufacturing companies and how these companies deal with the implementation of the new product development concepts. In addition, three in‐depth studies have been carried out to enable a more detailed study to be made of the effects of the product development work on time and quality variables.
Book Reviews
Authors: GARNSEY ELIZABETH , RICHARDS ALBERT , BALL D. F. , ALBERTINI SERGIO , PHILIP A. S. , STIRLING H. J. , CROMTEC ALBERT RICHARDS , PRATT DAVID , CROMTEC RICHARD HULL 
Published: May 2007

Technological Collaboration in Industry; strutegy, policy and internationalization in innovation Corporate Venturing: Creating New Businesses within the Firm Handbook of Innovation Management Technology and enterprise in a historical perspective Intellectual Property for Engineers The Ernst & Young Business Plan Guide crnagement as a New Technology Mass Customization: The New Frontier in Business Competition
The design of an integrated group decision support system for technology assessment
Authors: Noori Hamid 
Published: May 2007

AbstractResponding to the challenges of the marketplace compels firms to employ new production methods to improve product quality and delivery reliability, to reduce costs, and above all, to achieve greater flexibility. This paper outlines the system design of a group decision support system, developed to guide management through the process of new technology evaluation and adoption. The advantages of the proposed architecture include the opportunity to integrate a variety of independently developed components, the localisation of components (which leads to simplified maintenance) and the flexibility in the future for expanding and modifying the system.
Policies and structures for spinning off new companies from research and development organizations#
Authors: Roberts Edward B. , Malonet Denis E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis paper develops five alternative structural ‘models’ for formal efforts aimed at spinning off new companies from universities, government laboratories, and other research and development organizations. In various ways the models combine the roles of the technology originator, the entrepreneur, the R&D organization itself, and the venture investor. The paper also presents the policies and structures of technology commercialization operations from investigations at eight R&D organizations in the United States and the United Kingdom. The data indicate that a R&D organization operating in an environment where venture capital and entrepreneurs are readily available (e.g., MIT and Stanford) can appropriately: (1) exercise a low degree of selectivity in choosing technologies for spin‐off creation, and (2) provide a low level of support during the spin‐off process. The spin‐off process is more difficult in environments where venture capital and entrepreneurs are scarce (e.g., ARCH) and mechanisms for high‐selectivity and a high level of support must be in place by the R&D organization to compensate for this scarcity.
Determinants of technology cycle time in the U.S. pharmaceutical industry’
Authors: Bierly Paul , Chakrabarti Alok 
Published: May 2007

The focus of this study is to examine different factors that influence a firm's technology cycle time. The U.S. pharmaceutical industry is analyzed from 1977–1991. Specifically, the sample includes 21 firms that (a) primarily produce brand ethical drugs, (b) are publicly‐owned companies, and (c) have pharmaceutical sales account for a substantial portion of company sales.Our measure of faster technology cycle time is positively correlated to measures of the knowledge base level of firms, the breadth of firms’ knowledge bases, size, and age; it is negatively correlated to advertising expenditures and the percent of US. firm sales to total sales. However, the most notable finding is that technology cycle time is significantly faster for firms that predominantly generate new knowledge internally, and slower for firms that rely more on external sources of new knowledge.
Management of capabilities and situations in R&D centres: the matrix of competences
Authors: Capaldo Guido , Volpe Antonio , Zollo Giuseppe 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe paper presents the first results of research carried out by the authors in the research centre of an important Italian industrial group. The management of the centre is strongly interested in new methodological approaches to identify and to represent individual competences. To satisfy this specific need, the authors suggest a method based on the matrix of competences that is the set of relationships between capabilities and situations. The situations and the capabilities are identified by analysing the judgements that other subjects, internal or external to the organization, express on an individual's behaviour.A sample of fifteen individuals has been investigated in order to identify their individual competences and the most significant situations within the centre. For each individual a network of subjects, the supervisor and some clients and collaborators, has been considered. On the basis of the results, the implications for management are discussed, with particular regard to the design of new procedures for personnel evaluation.
Networking in the Russian aerospace industry
Authors: Shaw Brian 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis paper examines and explains the nature of networking in the Russian aerospace industry under the centrally administered innovation system and the impact on the network of the changes that have arisen post‐perestroika. The context, pre‐August 1991, was a centrally administered innovation system with the dominance of the military in resource allocation in a ‘shortage’ economy.The network was made up of the ministry of defence, design bureaux, manufacturing plants, research institutes, specialist universities and testing centres and the Aircraft Certification Authority. The focal actor was the aircraft design bureaux.The role and relationships between the actors concerned with aircraft design, development, manufacturing and marketing are determined by the activities that they perform in the seven stage innovation process, the resources available and the strategies that they adopt.Post‐perestroika the need for new customers, international certification, western collaboration, and the presence of supply chain disruption and the funding crisis are reshaping the network. The new actors, post‐perestroika, include new customers, financiers, the Department of Aviation Industry, International Certification Authorities, the ICAO and ‘nearest and furthest abroad’ subcontractors. A major change has been the linking together of the design bureaux, aircraft manufacturing, engine and avionics plants, subcontractors, financial institutions and aircraft export agencies into joint stock Complexes, or Financial Industrial Groups (FIGS).
R&D networks and innovation: decentralised product development in multinational enterprises
Authors: Pearce Robert , Papanastassiou Marina 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis paper documents the ways in which overseas R&D in MNEs now plays roles in what are innovative new approaches to innovation itself. Networks of laboratories are seen as supporting both the short‐term and long‐term competitive evolution of the MNE group's globally‐effective product innovation.In terms of the immediate commercial application of new products for global markets it is argued that product development labs work within creative overseas subsidiaries in MNEs. These aim to derive variants of the new product that fully meet the distinctive needs of each key regional market.Another separate network of decentralised MNE labs carry out precompetitive (basic or applied) research, embodying particular areas of technological comparative advantage of their host countries. This network of labs therefore provides inputs into a centrally‐articulated programme whose objective is to provide the basis of the longer‐term technological evolution of the MNE, by upgrading the core knowledge from which future generations of innovative products can emerge.
Competitive strategies and new technology: an empirical investigation in the UK polymer processing industry
Authors: Butler R. J. , Coates P. D. , Pike R. H. , Price D. H. R. , Turner R. S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis paper examines how companies can achieve competitive advantage by fitting their business strategies to the way in which new technology implementation is managed. In particular, the inter‐relationship between strategy, technology and performance is examined. Five strategic types and seven types of technological objectives were used to find combinations which were associated with high performance. It was found that companies pursuing a prospector strategy (a strategy based on product innovation) combined with technological objectives emphasizing marketing, image and technical development were the highest performing group of companies. The lowest performing companies were those where strategy was dominated by price competition.The general conclusion of the paper is that, in order to achieve competitive advantage, companies need to see technology objectives as an inherent part of strategy. The study was carried out on a sample of twenty companies within the polymer processing industry, but the findings should be applicable to companies in other industries, and particularly to smaller companies.
Core competencies and the strategic management of R&D
Authors: Coombs Rod 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThere is an increasing concern amongst R&D managers and their immediate ‘customers’ and sponsors within companies to have reliable mechanisms to direct R&D simultaneously toward effective rapid innovation and accumulation of long term technological strength. This is leading R&D managers to seek analytical tools to help them identify technologies which have particular significance for competitive advantage, for multiple SBUs, and for longer term strategic positioning, and to manage them in ways which do not leave them at the mercy of business unit strategies, but situate them closer to the core of corporate strategies. This paper conducts an examination of the parallel literature on the idea of core competencies as a new paradigm in corporate strategy and shows that core competencies can be useful focusing devices for assisting in the creation of this linkage between the technological and non‐technological aspects of the corporate strategy agenda. Implications are drawn out for: R&D decisions in the areas of shaping strategic research programmes; funding and organisation regimes for R&D and measuring the effectiveness of R&D.
The client‐centred approach: expert system maintenance
Authors: Watson Ian , Basden Andrew , Brandon Peter 
Published: May 2007

Abstract: Developing an expert system is a considerable investment in time and money and yet very little attention has focused on keeping expert systems in regular beneficial use. The problems of maintaining expert systems and the lack of research that this area has attracted are major contributing factors to the continued lack of acceptance of these systems. This paper discusses the maintenance of expert systems within the context of the Client Centred Approach. Although there are many similarities between maintaining expert systems and conventional systems maintenance there is one vital difference—knowledge changes. Consequently an expert system requires regular evolutionary maintenance if its performance is not to be impaired.This paper is intended to promote discussion of maintenance issues within the community. We review some principles and techniques that can assist the maintenance of expert systems and describe some formative work towards a maintenance methodology derived from a case study of maintaining a commercially‐available expert system.
Fuzzy temporal reasoning for process supervision
Authors: Chen Ziqiang 
Published: May 2007

Abstract:Process supervision consists of following the temporal evolution (change) of process behaviours. This task has usually been performed based on the knowledge and experience of domain experts and operators. Actually, these experts and operators almost always express their experience and knowledge about process evolution in an imprecise, fuzzy and vague way. A good supervision system should be capable of dealing at once with two different kinds of knowledge: time and uncertainty.For many years, time and uncertainty have been two of the most important topics in Artificial Intelligence research and applications. Many approaches have been proposed to deal with either one or the other. Among the various approaches for time, reified logic has been considered as the most influent one. Possibilistic logic, on the other hand, has shown its ability to handle uncertain knowledge and information. This paper describes an approach for managing temporal uncertainty based on fuzzy logic and possibility theory. A fuzzy temporal expert system shell has been developed to perform process supervision tasks.
A constructive design method for two‐layer perceptrons and its applicatio to the design of modular neural networks
Authors: Moon Young‐Joo , Oh Se‐Young 
Published: May 2007

Abstract: A multilayer perceptron is known to be capable of approximating any smooth function to any desired accuracy if it has a sufficient number of hidden neurons. But its training, based on the gradient method, is usually a time consuming procedure that may converge toward a local minimum, and furthermore its performance is greatly influenced by the number of hidden neurons and their initial weights. Usually these crucial parameters are determined based on the trial and error procedure, requiring much experience on the designer's part.In this paper, a constructive design method (CDM) has been proposed for a two‐layer perceptron that can approximate a class of smooth functions whose feature vector classes are linearly separable. Based on the analysis of a given data set sampled from the target function, feature vectors that can characterize the function‘well’are extracted and used to determine the number of hidden neurons and the initial weights of the network. But when the classes of the feature vectors are not linearly separable, the network may not be trained easily, mainly due to the interference among the hyperplanes generated by hidden neurons. Next, to compensate for this interference, a refined version of the modular neural network (MNN) has been proposed where each network module is created by CDM. After the input space has been partitioned into many local regions, a two‐layer perceptron constructed by CDM is assigned to each local region. By doing this, the feature vector classes are more likely to become linearly separable in each local region and as a result, the function may be approximated with greatly improved accuracy by MNN. An example simulation illustrates the improvements in learning speed using a smaller number of neurons.
A comparison of knowledge elicitation methods
Authors: Jones S.R. , Miles J.C. , Read M.W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis paper describes a computer based approach to comparing data obtained for Knowledge Based Systems via established but very varied knowledge elicitation (KE) techniques. It describes not only the detailed comparison of different KE methods (in this case ‘scaling’ and ‘non‐scaling’) but also investigates the use of ‘demonstration’ or ‘evaluation’ systems, as a variation on the more established rapid prototyping approaches to the elicitation and evaluation of knowledge for KBS construction, in this case by focusing upon the quality and relevance of the elicited knowledge from the perspective of the expert himself. Preliminary results from the study reported here suggest that non‐scaling methods produce a greater amount of raw data than scaling methods, and that this data is less likely to require correction or modification for inclusion within a Knowledge Based System. However, the results also indicate that non‐scaling derived data is more likely than scaling derived data data to be rejected outright.
Increased domain security through application of local security and monitoring
Authors: Morrissey J.P. , Sanders P.W. , Stockel C.T. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract:This paper presents a model for increasing security within a security domain through the use of localised security services and continuous monitoring. The model divides security services between three logical structures Local Security Units, Local Security Servers and Domain Management Centres. The localisation of security allows the functional divisions within organisations to implement modified security dependent upon their individual needs.
REVIEWS
Authors: Gustafson James M. 
Published: May 2007

Authority in Morals: An Essay in Christian Ethics. By Gerard J. Hughes On Human Nature. By Edward O. Wilson Democracy and Ethical Life. By Claes G. Ryn The Foundations of Modern Political Thought. By Quentin Skinner. 2 vols. Phenomenology and the Social World: the Philosophy of Merleau‐Ponty and its Relation to the Social Conscience. By Laurie Spurting Philosophical Foundations of the Three Sociologies. By Ted Benton Christianity and the World Order. By Edward Norman. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1979, £3.50. The Stoics. Edited by John M. Rist Descartes. By Margaret D. Wilson Physicalism. By K.V. Wilkes Kierkegaard as Educator. By R.J. Manheimer Two Ages: The Age of Revolution and the Present Age. By Søren Kierkegaard, translated and edited by Howard and Edna Hong Parables of Kierkegaard. Edited by Thomas C. Oden Thomas Carlyle: ‘Cahinist without the Theology’. By Eloise M. Behnken The Praise of 'Sons of Bitches’. By James V. Schall The Inner Eye of Love. By William Johnston The River Within. By Christopher Bryant The Religious Imagination and the Sense of God. By John Bowker Old Testament Theology: A Fresh Approach. By Ronald E. Clements What is a Gospel? By Charles H. Talbert Urchristliche Prophetic. By Gerhard Dautzenberg Amphttochii Icontensis Opera. Edited by Cornells Datema Man and Nature in the Renaissance. By Allen G. Debus The Church in Late Victorian Scotland 1874–1900. By Andrew L. Drummond and James Bullock. Ppix, 342, Edinburgh, The St Andrew Press, 1978, £10.50. From Office to Profession: The New England Ministry 1750–1860. By Donald M. Scott Bemard‐Lazare: Anti‐Semitism and the Problem of Jewish Identity in Late Nineteenth Century France. By Nelly Wilson