bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contrasting patterns of mitochondrial and microsatellite genetic structure among Western European populations of tawny owls (Strix aluco)
Authors: BRITO PATRÍCIA H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA recent study of mitochondrial phylogeography of tawny owls (Strix aluco) in western Europe suggested that this species survived the Pleistocene glaciations in three allopatric refugia located in Iberia, Italy, and the Balkans, and the latter was likely the predominant source of postglacial colonization of northern Europe. New data from seven microsatellite loci from 184 individual owls distributed among 14 populations were used to assess the genetic congruence between nuclear and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) markers. Microsatellites corroborated the major phylogeographical conclusions reached on the basis of the mtDNA sequences, but also showed important differences leading to novel inferences. Microsatellites corroborated the three major refugia and supported the Balkan origin of northern populations. When corrected for differences in effective population size, microsatellites and mtDNA yielded generally congruent overall estimates of population structure ( = 0.12 vs. RST = 0.16); however, there was substantial heterogeneity in the RST among the seven nuclear loci that was not correlated with heterozygosity. Populations representing the Balkans postglacial expansion interact with populations from the other two refugia forming two clines near the Alps and the Pyrenees. In both cases, the apparent position of the contact zones differed substantially between markers due to the genetic composition of populations sampled in northern Italy and Madrid. Microsatellite data did not corroborate the lower genetic diversity of northern, recently populated regions as was found with mtDNA; this discrepancy was taken as evidence for a recent bottleneck recovery. Finally, this study suggests that congruence among genetic markers should be more likely in cases of range expansion into new areas than when populations interact across contact zones.
Population structure and species boundary delimitation of cryptic Dioryctria moths: an integrative approach
Authors: ROE AMANDA D. , SPERLING FELIX A. H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAccurate delimitation of species boundaries is especially important in cryptic taxa where one or more character sources are uninformative or are in conflict. Rather than relying on a single marker to delimit species, integrative taxonomy uses multiple lines of evidence such as molecular, morphological, behavioural and geographic characters to test species limits. We examine the effectiveness of this approach by testing the delimitation of two cryptic Nearctic species of Dioryctria (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) using three independent molecular markers [cytochrome c oxidase I (COI), second internal transcribed spacer unit (ITS2), and elongation factor 1α (EF1α)], forewing variation and larval host plant association. Although mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotypes do not form reciprocally monophyletic clades, restricted gene flow between COI haplotype groups, and concordance with ITS2 genotypes, forewing variation and host plant associations support delimitation of two Nearctic species: eastern Dioryctria reniculelloides and western Dioryctria pseudotsugella. Conversely, EF1α genotype variation was incongruent with the two previous markers. A case of discordance between COI and ITS2 was detected, suggesting either introgression due to hybridization or retained ancestral polymorphism due to incomplete coalescence. This study is consistent with other similar literature where molecular loci in closely related species progress from shared to fixed haplotypes/alleles, and from polyphyletic to reciprocally monophyletic relationships, although loci may vary in these characteristics despite maintenance of genomic integrity between distinct species. In particular, mtDNA in other studies generally showed a lower rate of fixation of differences than did X‐linked or autosomal loci, reinforcing the need to use an integrative approach for delimiting species.
Molecular ecological approaches to studying the evolutionary impact of selective harvesting in wildlife
Authors: COLTMAN DAVID W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractHarvesting of wildlife populations by humans is usually targeted by sex, age or phenotypic criteria, and is therefore selective. Selective harvesting has the potential to elicit a genetic response from the target populations in several ways. First, selective harvesting may affect population demographic structure (age structure, sex ratio), which in turn may have consequences for effective population size and hence genetic diversity. Second, wildlife‐harvesting regimes that use selective criteria based on phenotypic characteristics (e.g. minimum body size, horn length or antler size) have the potential to impose artificial selection on harvested populations. If there is heritable genetic variation for the target characteristic and harvesting occurs before the age of maturity, then an evolutionary response over time may ensue. Molecular ecological techniques offer ways to predict and detect genetic change in harvested populations, and therefore have great utility for effective wildlife management. Molecular markers can be used to assess the genetic structure of wildlife populations, and thereby assist in the prediction of genetic impacts by delineating evolutionarily meaningful management units. Genetic markers can be used for monitoring genetic diversity and changes in effective population size and breeding systems. Tracking evolutionary change at the phenotypic level in the wild through quantitative genetic analysis can be made possible by genetically determined pedigrees. Finally, advances in genome sequencing and bioinformatics offer the opportunity to study the molecular basis of phenotypic variation through trait mapping and candidate gene approaches. With this understanding, it could be possible to monitor the selective impacts of harvesting at a molecular level in the future. Effective wildlife management practice needs to consider more than the direct impact of harvesting on population dynamics. Programs that utilize molecular genetic tools will be better positioned to assess the long‐term evolutionary impact of artificial selection on the evolutionary trajectory and viability of harvested populations.
Genetic evidence supports song learning in the three‐wattled bellbirdProcnias tricarunculata(Cotingidae)
Authors: SARANATHAN VINODKUMAR , HAMILTON DEBORAH , POWELL GEORGE V. N. , KROODSMA DONALD E. , PRUM RICHARD O. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractVocal learning is thought to have evolved in three clades of birds (parrots, hummingbirds, and oscine passerines), and three clades of mammals (whales, bats, and primates). Behavioural data indicate that, unlike other suboscine passerines, the three‐wattled bellbirdProcnias tricarunculata(Cotingidae) is capable of vocal learning.Procnias tricarunculatashows conspicuous vocal ontogeny, striking geographical variation in song, and rapid temporal change in song within a population. Deprivation studies of vocal development inP. tricarunculataare impractical. Here, we report evidence from mitochondrial DNA sequences and nuclear microsatellite loci that genetic variation within and among the four allopatric breeding populations ofP. tricarunculatais not congruent with variation in vocal behaviour. Sequences of the mitochondrial DNA control region document extensive haplotype sharing among localities and song types, and no phylogenetic resolution of geographical populations or behavioural groups. The vocally differentiated, allopatric breeding populations ofP. tricarunculataare only weakly genetically differentiated populations, and are not distinct taxa. Mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite variation show small (2.9% and 13.5%, respectively) but significant correlation with geographical distance, but no significant residual variation by song type. Estimates of the strength of selection that would be needed to maintain the observed geographical pattern in vocal differentiation if songs were genetically based are unreasonably high, further discrediting the hypothesis of a genetic origin of vocal variation. These data support a fourth, phylogenetically independent origin of avian vocal learning inProcnias. Geographical variations inP. tricarunculatavocal behaviour are likely culturally evolved dialects.
Viral hepatitis infections among dialysis patients: Thailand registry report
Authors: THANACHARTWET VIPA , PHUMRATANAPRAPIN WEERAPONG , DESAKORN VARUNEE , SAHASSANANDA DUANGJAI , WATTANAGOON YUPAPORN , CHAIPRASERT AMNART , AIMPUN POTE , SUPAPORN THANOM 
Published: July 2007

SUMMARY:Background:  Patients on dialysis are at high risk of acquiring viral hepatitis infections. However, there were only few data from Thailand. The aim of the present study was to assess the prevalence, incidence and associated risk factors of viral hepatitis infections among dialysis patients.Methods:  A retrospective study was conducted to evaluate 5179 medical records of dialysis patients from the Thailand Renal Replacement Therapy Registry.Results:  In 2002, the seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections were 6.3% (n = 2454) and 4.8% (n = 2167), respectively. HBV and HCV seroprevalence became 6.5% (n = 2585) and 4.3% (n = 2399) in 2003. The incidence of HBV and HCV infections were 1.5 and 2.4 cases per 1000 patient‐years, respectively. Logistic regression analysis showed that age and gender were significant risk factors for HBV infection, but not for HCV infection.Conclusion:  In Thailand, it was not uncommon for dialysis patients to acquire viral hepatitis infections. However, our prevalence is similar to reports from some other South‐East Asian countries.
Hereditary hypophosphatemias: New genes in the bone–kidney axis (Review Article)
Authors: NEGRI ARMANDO L 
Published: July 2007

SUMMARY:Hypophosphatemia due to isolated renal phosphate wasting is a genetically heterogeneous disease. Two new genes linked to two different forms of hereditary hypophosphatemias have recently been described. Autosomal recessive form of hypophosphatemic rickets was mapped to chromosome 4q21 and identified homozygous mutations in dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1) gene, which encodes a non‐collagenous bone matrix protein. Intact plasma levels of the phosphaturic protein FGF23 (fibroblast growth factor 23) were clearly elevated in some of the affected individuals, providing a possible explanation for the phosphaturia and inappropriately normal 1,25(OH)2D levels, and suggesting that DMP1 may regulate FGF23 expression. Hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets with hypercalciuria is another rare disorder of autosomal recessive inheritance. Affected individuals present with hypercalciuria due to increased serum 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D levels and increased intestinal calcium absorption. The disease was mapped to a 1.6 Mbp region on chromosome 9q34, which contains SLC34A3, the gene encoding the renal sodium‐phosphate cotransporter NaPi‐IIc. This was the first demonstration that NaPi‐IIc has a key role in the regulation of phosphate homeostasis. Thus, DMP1 and NaPi‐IIc add two new members to the bone–kidney axis proposed since it was discovered that the first phosphatonin, FGF23, was of osteoblastic/osteocyte origin. This provides a mechanism for the skeleton to communicate with the kidney to coordinate the mineralization of extracelular matrix and the renal handling of phosphate.
SIGNIFICANCE OF TUMOUR VOLUME MEASUREMENTS IN TONGUE CANCER: A NOVEL ROLE IN STAGING
Authors: Chew Min H. , Khoo James B. K. , Chong Vincent F. H. , Tai Bee C. , Soo Kee C. , Lim Dennis T. H. 
Published: July 2007

Background: Tongue cancers are staged by the American Joint Committee on Cancer and the Union Internationale Contre le Cancer TNM staging systems. Cancer, however, evolves in a 3‐D plane. Hence, using the largest tumour diameter will not reflect total cancer volume. We aim to evaluate the use of tongue cancer tumour volume (Tv) as a prognostic predictor of disease recurrence and survival.Methods: The study is a retrospective analysis of patients in Singapore General Hospital who underwent complete resection for histologically proven tongue carcinoma from 2000 to 2002. The Tv was measured on staging T2‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging datasets by semiautomated methods.Results: Seventeen patients with a median follow‐up duration of 57.9 months were studied. A wide range of volumes was noted in each T stage. The median time to relapse was 8.6 months for those with Tv ≥ 13 cc but was not achieved for those with Tv < 13 cc. The hazard ratio comparing Tv ≥13 cc versus <13 cc is 9.02 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.70–47.94,P = 0.014). Of the seven deaths reported, five patients had Tv ≥ 13 cc. The median overall survival was 15.8 months for those with Tv ≥ 13 cc but was not achieved for those with Tv < 13 cc. The hazards of death for Tv ≥ 13 cc was 3.91 times that of Tv < 13 cc (95%CI 0.86–17.86,P = 0.078).Conclusion: Tongue cancer Tv measurement allows a more refined and accurate assessment of tumour status. This can be a possible prognostic indicator and be used in a novel staging method for the future.
INCIDENCE OF HETEROTOPIC OSSIFICATION AFTER HIP RESURFACING
Authors: Back Diane L. , Smith Jay D. , Dalziel Rodney E. , Young David A. , Shimmin Andrew 
Published: July 2007

Background: Heterotopic ossification has been noted around total hip arthoplasty in numerous studies. With hip resurfacing growing in popularity, we have prospectively evaluated the incidence in a cohort undergoing hip resurfacing.Methods: Two hundred and twenty consecutive hip‐resurfacing procedures were prospectively reviewed at a minimum of 2 years follow up to assess the incidence of heterotopic ossification and its effect on function and clinical outcome. We also reviewed the preoperative diagnosis, age, sex and previous surgery.Results: The overall percentage of heterotopic ossification was 58.63%. The incidence of Brooker 1 was 37.27%, Brooker 2 was 13.18% and Brooker 3 was 8.18%. Male osteoarthritis had the highest incidence of heterotopic bone formation (HBF). Three men underwent excision of heterotopic bone, two for pain and stiffness and one for decreased range of movement. Both anteroposterior and lateral radiographs were reviewed for evidence of HBF. In all, 12.7% had no evidence of HBF in the first view but clearly had in the second view.Conclusions: Overall, we found no evidence that HBF affected the clinical or functional outcome of the hip resurfacing at a mean of 3 years follow up. However, in light of the high incidence of HBF seen in a yet unproven long‐term prosthesis, we conclude that the Cochrane database recommendations with regard to prophylaxis should be implemented.
RANDOMIZED TRIAL COMPARING PANTOPRAZOLE INFUSION, BOLUS AND NO TREATMENT ON GASTRIC pH AND RECURRENT BLEEDING IN PEPTIC ULCERS
Authors: Hung Wai‐ka , Li Vicky K. M. , Chung Chi‐kin , Ying Marcus W. L. , Loo Ching‐kong , Liu Cecilia K. T. , Lam Billy Y. K. , Chan Miranda C. M. 
Published: July 2007

Background:  To study the effects of pantoprazole on gastric pH and recurrent bleeding after endoscopic treatment for bleeding peptic ulcers.Methods:  After endoscopic haemostasis, patients were randomly assigned to infusion group (pantoprazole 80 mg i.v. bolus followed by continuous infusion of 8 mg/h for 3 days), bolus group (pantoprazole 80 mg i.v. bolus followed by 40 mg i.v. bolus every 12 h for 3 days) and no‐treatment group (no acid suppression in the first 3 days). Gastric pH was monitored. Rebleeding rate within 30 days, the need for surgery, transfusion requirement, total hospital stay, mortality rate and gastric pH were compared.Results:  One hundred and sixty‐eight patients were included, with 15 patients excluded from the analysis. There were 54 patients in the infusion group, 49 in the bolus group and 50 in the no‐treatment group. There was fewer rebleeding (3.7 vs 16.0%, P = 0.034), less operative intervention (0 vs 8.0%, P = 0.034) and shorter hospital stay (6.4 vs 8.2 days, P = 0.040) in the infusion group compared with that in no‐treatment group. When the bolus group was compared with no‐treatment group, there were fewer rebleed (4.1 vs 16.0%, P = 0.049) and less blood transfusion (1.5 vs 2.9 units, P = 0.007). There was no difference in mortality among the three groups. Patients who received either pantoprazole infusion or bolus had significantly higher mean pH and longer duration of pH above 6 compared with the no‐treatment group. There was no difference in the rebleeding rate, transfusion requirement, need for operation and hospital stay between the infusion and bolus groups. The mean pH and the duration of pH above 6 were also similar.Conclusion:  Pantoprazole either as infusion or bolus decreased rebleeding after endoscopic treatment for bleeding peptic ulcer.
BLUNT CHEST TRAUMA IN CHILDHOOD
Authors: Inan Mustafa , Ayvaz Suleyman , Sut Necdet , Aksu Burhan , Basaran Umit N. , Ceylan Turan 
Published: July 2007

Background:  Although thoracic injuries are uncommon in children, their rate of morbidity and mortality is high. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical features of children with blunt chest injury and to investigate the predictive accuracy of their paediatric trauma scores (PTS).Methods:  Between September 1996 and September 2006, children with blunt thoracic trauma were evaluated retrospectively. Clinical features and PTS of the patients were recorded.Results:  There were 27 male and 17 female patients. The mean age was 7.1 ± 3.4 years, and the mean PTS was 7.6 ± 2.4. Nineteen cases were injuries caused by motor vehicle/pedestrian accidents, 11 motor vehicle accidents, 8 falls and 6 motor vehicle/bicycle or motorbike accidents. The following were noted: 28 pulmonary contusions, 12 pneumothoraxes, 10 haemothoraxes, 9 rib fractures, 7 haemopneumothoraxes, 5 clavicle fractures and 2 flail chests, 1 diaphragmatic rupture and 1 pneumatocele case. The cut‐off value of PTS to discriminate mortality was found to be ≤4, at which point sensitivity was 75.0% and specificity was 92.5%. Twenty‐seven patients were treated non‐operatively, 17 were treated with a tube thoracostomy and two were treated with a thoracotomy. Four patients who suffered head and abdominal injuries died (9.09%).Conclusion:  Thoracic injuries in children expose a high mortality rate as a consequence of head or abdominal injuries. PTS may be helpful to identify mortality in children with blunt chest trauma. Blunt thoracic injuries in children can be treated with a non‐operative approach and a tube thoracostomy.
BLUNT CEREBROVASCULAR INJURY: AN EVALUATION FROM A MAJOR TRAUMA CENTRE
Authors: Risgaard Ole , Sugrue Michael , D’Amours Scott , Christey Grant , Smith Katherine , Caldwell Erica , Larivière Christian 
Published: July 2007

Background:  Blunt cerebrovascular injury (BCVI), although uncommon, is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality and remains poorly understood. This study was conducted to determine the pattern and outcome of BCVI at a major trauma centre.Methods:  A retrospective review of all trauma admissions between 1996 and 2004 at Liverpool Hospital, the major trauma service for south‐west Sydney, was undertaken using the hospital’s computerized trauma registry.Results:  Fourteen of the 7788 (0.18%) admitted blunt trauma patients sustained BCVI. Blunt carotid injury occurred in 10 of 14 and blunt vertebral injury occurred in 4 of 14 patients. Road trauma accounted for 9 of 14 cases. The median time to diagnosis was 2 days (range 1–45 days). The stroke rate was 36%, and the overall mortality was 29%.Conclusion:  This study identified BCVI as a relatively infrequent occurrence but with significant mortality and morbidity rates. Practice guidelines for both the screening and management of this patient group need to be developed and introduced in this major trauma centre.
TRAUMA CENTRE EXPERIENCE: FLAP RECONSTRUCTION OF TRAUMATIC LOWER LIMB INJURIES
Authors: Lo Cheng H. , Leung Michael , Baillieu Charles , Chong Elaine W. T. , Cleland Heather 
Published: July 2007

Background:  Decision‐making in the management of combined major skeletal and soft tissue trauma to the lower limb is a complex process made more difficult by the uncertainty surrounding outcomes. The aim of this study was to review and present our experience with flap reconstruction of traumatic lower limb defects, with particular reference to in‐hospital complications and outcomes related to timing, choice of flap and pre‐existing complications.Methods:  Retrospective review of all lower limb flap reconstructions carried out by the Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Unit at the Alfred Hospital from 1 July 2001 to 20 October 2005 (51‐month period) was carried out.Results:  Sixty‐four patients had 83 flap reconstructions (35 free and 48 local) of 70 separate lower limb injuries. Internal skeletal fixation was followed by earlier soft tissue coverage and lower deep metal infection rates. Twenty‐seven flaps (32.5%) developed soft tissue infections, and 16 fixation devices (25.8%) were complicated by deep metal infection. There were six (12.5%) local flap partial necrosis and four (11.4%) free flap failures. Limbs in which flaps were carried out after day 5 were more likely to develop deep metal infection (P = 0.04) and suffer free flap failure or local flap partial necrosis (P = 0.02). Three patients underwent secondary amputation during their initial admission.Conclusions:  The current study presented our experience with flap reconstruction of complex lower limb injuries at a major trauma centre. Thorough wound debridement, internal fixation and early soft tissue coverage (within 5 days of injury) were associated with lower infection rates and optimal outcomes.
Modelling the vertical distribution of Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus in the North Pacific Subtropical Ocean
Authors: Rabouille Sophie , Edwards Christopher A. , Zehr Jonathan P. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryA simple model was developed to examine the vertical distribution of Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus ecotypes in the water column, based on their adaptation to light intensity. Model simulations were compared with a 14‐year time series of Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus cell abundances at Station ALOHA in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre. Data were analysed to examine spatial and temporal patterns in abundances and their ranges of variability in the euphotic zone, the surface mixed layer and the layer in the euphotic zone but below the base of the mixed layer. Model simulations show that the apparent occupation of the whole euphotic zone by a genus can be the result of a co‐occurrence of different ecotypes that segregate vertically. The segregation of ecotypes can result simply from differences in light response. A sensitivity analysis of the model, performed on the parameter α (initial slope of the light‐response curve) and the DIN concentration in the upper water column, demonstrates that the model successfully reproduces the observed range of vertical distributions. Results support the idea that intermittent mixing events may have important ecological and geochemical impacts on the phytoplankton community at Station ALOHA.