bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Morphological and chemical studies of pathological human and mice brain at the subcellular level: Correlation between light, electron, and nanosims microscopies
Authors: Quintana Carmen , Wu Ting‐Di , Delatour Benoit , Dhenain Marc , Guerquin‐Kern Jean luc , Croisy Alain 
Published: March 2007

AbstractNeurodegenerative diseases induce morphological and chemical alterations in well‐characterized regions of the brain. Understanding their pathological processes requires the use of methods that assess both morphological and chemical alterations in the tissues. In the past, microprobe approaches such as scanning electron microscopy combined with an X‐ray spectrometer, Proton induced X‐ray emission, secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), and laser microprobe mass analysis have been used for the study of pathological human brain with limited success. At the present, new SIMS instruments have been developed, such as the NanoSIMS‐50™ ion microprobe, that allow the simultaneous identification of five elements with high sensitivity, at subcellular spatial resolution (about 50–100 nm with the Cs+ source and about 150–200 nm with O− source). Working in scanning mode, 2D distribution of five elements (elemental maps) can be obtained, thus providing their exact colocalization. The analysis can be performed on semithin or ultrathin embedded sections. The possibility of using transmission electron microscopy and SIMS on the same ultrathin sections allows the correlation between structural and analytical observations at subcellular and ultrastructural level to be established. Our observations on pathological brain areas allow us to establish that the NanoSIMS‐50 ion microprobe is a highly useful instrument for the imaging of the morphological and chemical alterations that take place in these brain areas. In the human brain our results put forward the subcellular distribution of iron–ferritin–hemosiderin in the hippocampus of Alzheimer disease patients. In the thalamus of transgenic mice, our results have shown the presence of Ca–Fe mineralized amyloid deposits. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relationships between various functional, thermal and pasting properties of flours from different Indian black gram (Phaseolus mungo L.) cultivars
Authors: Kaur Maninder , Singh Narpinder 
Published: March 2007

AbstractFlours from different black gram cultivars were investigated for functional, thermal and pasting properties and related to each other using Pearson correlations and principal component analysis (PCA). Ash, fat, protein content and bulk density of flours ranged between 25.7 and 32.5, 5.2 and 10.2, 220 and 289 g kg−1 and 519 and 563 kg m−3, respectively. The water absorption capacity (WAC) and oil absorption capacity (OAC) of flours ranged between 2390 and 3450, and 1130 and 1700 g kg−1, respectively. Least gelation concentration (LGC) for various black gram flours ranged between 8 and 12%, thereby suggesting their good gelating ability. The results showed that the foams produced by black gram flours were relatively thick with low foaming capacity (36.2–49.2%) and foam stability > 90% after 120 min of storage. The transition temperatures (To, Tp and Tc) and enthalpy of gelatinization (ΔHgel) determined using differential scanning calorimeter, ranged between 71.0 and 75.7, 76.1 and 80.4, 81.9 and 86.0 °C, and 3.08 and 3.67 J g−1, respectively. Pasting temperature, peak‐, breakdown‐, final‐ and setback viscosity were between 68.9 and 81.1 °C, 2988 and 3699, 1200 and 1730, 2839 and 3520, and 1110 and 1474 mPa s, respectively. PCA showed that UG‐218 and UG‐1008 flours were located at the far left of the score plot with a large negative score, while the KU‐3 and UG‐1017 flours had a large positive score in the first principal component (PC1). Overall, these flours differed to the greatest degree in terms of the properties of their flours. Several significant correlations between functional, thermal and pasting properties were revealed both by Pearson correlation and PCA. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Concentration of indoles and other rumen metabolites in sheep after a meal of fresh white clover, perennial ryegrass or Lotus corniculatus and the appearance of indoles in the blood
Authors: Schreurs Nicola M , Marotti Danielle M , Tavendale Michael H , Lane Geoffrey A , Barry Tom N , López‐Villalobos Nicolas , McNabb Warren C 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe objective of this study was to determine the effect of feeding three fresh forage diets, white clover (WC), perennial ryegrass (PRG) and Lotus corniculatus (LC), on the formation of indole and skatole in the rumen of sheep. The formation of indole and skatole in the rumen and their appearance in the blood were also compared. Peak rumen indole and skatole concentrations per kg crude protein intake (CPI) were significantly higher when feeding WC compared with PRG and LC (P < 0.05) and this was associated with a significantly higher rumen concentration per kg CPI of ammonia, branched chain volatile fatty acids, total nitrogen and soluble nitrogen (P < 0.05). Greater indole and skatole concentrations when feeding WC can be attributed to high solubility and rapid degradation of the forage protein. LC had a similar nutrient composition to WC, but the condensed tannins in LC slowed protein degradation and reduced indole and skatole formation. Indole and skatole concentrations peaked in the plasma 1–2 h after the end of feeding, indicating that skatole and indole are rapidly absorbed from the rumen into the blood. High indole and skatole formation with low intakes of WC indicates that the WC component of traditional New Zealand pastures may be the primary cause of undesirable pastoral flavours that result from the presence of indoles in meat. To ameliorate undesirable flavours, producers reliant on pastoral systems will need to consider using alternative forages such as LC to reduce protein solubility and degradation rate. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Variation of organic carbon and nitrogen in aggregate size fractions of a paddy soil under fertilisation practices from Tai Lake Region, China
Authors: Li Lianqing , Zhang Xuhui , Zhang Pingjiu , Zheng Jufeng , Pan Genxing 
Published: March 2007

AbstractLong‐term changes in agricultural management can affect soil organic carbon (SOC) and nutrient dynamics, which can be monitored by determining the distribution of microbial activity and nutrient pools in soil aggregates of different size fractions. The objective of the present study was to investigate the changes in SOC and total nitrogen (Nt) distribution in aggregates of different size fractions from a paddy soil (Ferric‐accumulic Stagnic Anthrosols) under a long‐term fertilisation trial. Undisturbed samples of topsoil (0–5 and 5–15 cm depths) were collected from a field experiment farm located in Tai Lake Region, China, with the plots receiving no fertiliser (NF), chemical fertilisers (CF), chemical fertilisers with straw return (CFS) or chemical fertilisers plus pig manure (CFM). In the surface layer, SOC and Nt concentrations appeared as a bimodal peak in the 2000–250 and < 2 µm fractions. SOC concentration increased by 38.6, 40.8 and 17.2% and Nt concentration by 30.0, 16.8 and 38.4% in the 2000–250 µm fractions under CFM, CFS and CF respectively as compared with NF treatment. There were slight changes in SOC and Nt in the < 2 µm fractions from different fertilisation plots. Continuous addition of manure or straw increased storage of SOC and Nt mainly in the coarser aggregate fractions. SOC increases due to straw or pig manure application predominated in the 2000–250 µm fractions, with SOC seeming to be physically protected within macro‐aggregates. Thus straw and manure are likely to play an important role in carbon and nitrogen storage in paddy soil under long‐term combined chemical and organic fertilisation. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of calcium chloride on mechanical properties and microbiological characteristics of cv. Conservolea naturally black olives fermented at different sodium chloride levels
Authors: Tassou Chrysoula C , Katsaboxakis Constantinos Z , Georget Dominique MR , Parker Mary L , Waldron Keith W , Smith Andrew C , Panagou Efstathios Z 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe effect of calcium chloride (CaCl2)(5 gL−1) and sodium chloride (NaCl) concentration (40, 60 and 8 gL−1) on the microbiological and mechanical properties of naturally black olives of cv. Conservolea in brines was studied. In 40 and 60 g L−1 brines the growth of lactic acid bacteria was favoured over that of yeasts, resulting in rather complete lactic acid fermentation as indicated by high free acidity (9.8–11.5 g lactic acid L−1) and low pH (3.7–3.8). At 80 g L−1 brine, yeasts were the dominant members of the microflora, rendering a product with lower acidity (8 g lactic acid L−1) and higher pH (4.3–4.5). In the presence of CaCl2 there was a consistent increase in the depth of the peripheral region in which cell wall breakage occurred. When cells separated, perforated walls were observed at sites associated with plasmodesmata. The flesh was strongest and stiffest when CaCl2 was added to olives treated with 40 g L−1 brine, consistent with cell wall breakage being the predominant mode of failure. The only observed effect on the mechanical properties of the skin was a stiffening at 60 g L−1 brine on addition of CaCl2. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Influence of postharvest UV‐C treatment on refrigerated storage of minimally processed broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. Italica)
Authors: Lemoine Maria L , Civello Pedro M , Martínez Gustavo A , Chaves Alicia R 
Published: March 2007

AbstractMinimally processed broccoli was treated with UV‐C light (8 kJ m−2) and subsequently stored for 21 days at 4 °C. The UV‐C treatment delayed yellowing and chlorophyll degradation during storage. Treated broccoli florets displayed lower electrolyte leakage and respiratory activity, indicating higher tissue integrity. Treated samples showed higher phenolic and ascorbic acid contents as well as higher antioxidant activity than controls. Treated samples also had a higher content of soluble sugars, but no differences in the content of soluble proteins between control and treated samples were detected. The UV‐C treatment also affected bacterial and mould populations. After 21 days at 4 °C the number of colony‐forming units of both populations was lower in treated than in control broccoli florets. The results suggest that UV‐C treatment reduces tissue damage of minimally processed broccoli during storage at 4 °C, thus maintaining nutritional quality and reducing microbial growth. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Inhibitory effect of phenolics extracted from sorghum genotypes on Aspergillus parasiticus (NRRL 2999) growth and aflatoxin production
Authors: Ratnavathi CV , Sashidhar RB 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe inhibitory activity of bioactive polyphenols present in six sorghum genotypes—two red (AON 486 and IS 620), two yellow (LPJ and IS 17779) and two white (SPV 86 and SPV 462) varieties—on Aspergillus parasiticus (NRRL 2999) growth and aflatoxin production was evaluated. In the first experiment the production of aflatoxins in the six sorghum genotypes after removal of surface phenolics by acidic methanol treatment was studied and compared with that in untreated grains. Aflatoxin production was found to be fourfold higher in treated grains. The total phenols and bioactive polyphenols extracted by acidic methanol were quantified using the Folin–Denis method and the bovine serum albumin–benzidine conjugate procedure respectively. In the second experiment the effect of extracted sorghum phenolics under in vitro conditions on fungal growth and aflatoxin production was studied at two concentrations (0.01% and 0.1%) of phenolics. Extracted phenolics added to yeast extract sucrose (YES) medium at 0.1% concentration showed an inhibitory effect on aflatoxin production. At 0.01% phenolic concentration, aflatoxin production was minimal on day 3 after infection. At other time points the aflatoxin content was similar to that in the control. At 9 days after infection the fungal biomass in IS 620 was significantly lower than that in the control. At 0.1% phenolic concentration, aflatoxin production was minimal and the red genotype IS 620 showed maximum resistance. Fungal biomass was lowest at all growth stages in IS 620 as compared with the control. Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity was not detected in A. parasiticus grown on YES medium (control). PPO activity was not induced in A. parasiticus by the addition of phenolics to the liquid culture medium (no PPO activity was detected in the culture medium). The inhibitory activity of bioactive polyphenols could be attributed to the lack of PPO enzyme in this fungus. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of terroir on the volatiles of Vitis vinifera cv. Albariño
Authors: Vilanova Mar , Zamuz Sol , Vilariño Fernando , Sieiro Carmen 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe effect of terroir on volatiles of Vitis vinifera cv Albariño was studied. Twelve commercial Albariño wines from Galicia, Spain, were analysed. The content of varietals and fermentative volatile compounds was determined by gas chromatography. The numerous significant differences found for most of the aromatic compounds studied show the influence of the terroir. The Albariño wines from northern Galicia showed the highest total concentration of volatiles analysed. The volatile components showing the greatest differences in Albariño wines from different areas were terpenes and higher alcohols. Among the terpenes found, geraniol was markedly abundant in the north, while nerol and linalool were most abundant in the south. Among the alcohols, 2‐phenyl ethanol and benzyl alcohol showed the highest concentrations in the south and in the north, respectively. Cluster analysis and principal component analysis revealed two clearly defined main groups of Albariño wines from different terroirs. Albariño wines from the south were more heterogenic than those of the north. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Rebuilding gluten network of damaged wheat by means of glucose oxidase treatment
Authors: Bonet Arturo , Rosell Cristina M , Pérez‐Munuera Isabel , Hernando Isabel 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe disrupted gluten structure of infested wheat flours leads to low‐quality doughs unusable in bread‐making processes. Enzymes are replacing chemical treatments in the food industry as a tool to treat weak flours. Glucose oxidase is one of the most promising oxidative enzymes, although its efficiency compared with the alcohol‐soluble fraction of gluten proteins has not yet been demonstrated. If this enzyme could restore the broken covalent bonds between glutenin subunits, the gluten network of damaged wheat flour would recover its native structure and functionality. This treatment would allow bakers to use damaged flour, reducing the economic losses caused by this plague around Europe and North Africa. Electrophoretic studies demonstrated the formation of high‐molecular‐weight aggregates in the glutenin fraction, which had a characteristic thermal stability depending on enzyme dosage. Those molecular studies agreed with the bread‐making assays made with maximum enzyme dosage and microstructure determination. Overall results showed that glucose oxidase is a real alternative to traditionally used chemical oxidants. It acted specifically on the high‐molecular‐weight glutenin subunits of damaged wheat, forming dityrosine crosslinks between the wheat proteins, which reinforced the gluten network and gave away the dough functionality. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Lipolysis in red clover with different polyphenol oxidase activities in the presence and absence of rumen fluid
Authors: Lee Michael RF , Parfitt Lorna J , Scollan Nigel D , Minchin Frank R 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis experiment aims to determine whether polyphenol oxidase (PPO) can reduce the extent of lipolysis and the consequent polyunsaturated fatty acid loss through microbial biohydrogenation in red clover when incubated in the presence of rumen fluid. PPO is involved in the browning reaction of red clover leaves when cut or crushed and exposed to air. It starts the browning process by oxidizing endogenous phenols to quinones, which contain electrophilic sites. These sites react with nucleophilic sites of other compounds such as proteins and have been shown to reduce proteolysis and lipolysis in silo. Two lines of red clover (cv. Milvus), a genotypic mutant with reduced PPO activity (L) and the wild type (H) with a high level of PPO activity, were cut 3 cm above soil level, crushed and cut into 1 cm strips before being loaded into incubation bottles. These were then incubated in anaerobic buffer at 39 °C in either the absence (−) or the presence (+) of rumen microorganisms. The incubations were then compared over a 24 h time course in terms of lipolytic activity. Characterization of the tissues showed PPO activities of 25.3 and 5.13 U g−1 fresh weight for H and L, respectively. Lipolysis, measured as the proportional decline in the membrane lipid, was reduced (P < 0.001) with increasing PPO activity in both the presence (+) and absence (−) of rumen microorganisms. However, values were significantly higher (P < 0.001) in the presence of rumen microorganisms, with values after the 24 h incubation of 0.28, 0.42, 0.72 and 0.82 for H−, L−, H+ and L+, respectively. Biohydrogenation of C18:2 and C18:3 polyunsaturated fatty acids were significantly lower in the H+ treatment than the L+ treatment, with mean values after 24 h incubation of 53% and 57% (P < 0.05) for C18:2 and 65% and 74% (P < 0.01) for C18:3, respectively. Changes that occurred in the lipid fractions (membrane lipid, diacylglycerol, triacylglycerol and free fatty acids) during the incubations are also reported and discussed. These results support the selection of forages high in PPO activity to reduce polyunsaturated fatty acid loses in the rumen. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Evaluation of markers for the traceability of potato tubers grown in an organic versus conventional regime
Authors: Camin Federica , Moschella Anna , Miselli Francesca , Parisi Bruno , Versini Giuseppe , Ranalli Paolo , Bagnaresi Paolo 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIdentification of parameters discriminating organic and conventional produce should help prevent misconduct and could provide a firm basis for comparative assessment of the two types of produce. In this report, we compare for selected markers organically versus conventionally grown tubers in four separate field trials. Within each field trial, organic and conventional tubers were subjected to the same pedoclimatic conditions as they were grown in adjacent plots. In all sites and in both cultivars tested, irrespective of environment, organic tubers exhibited a significant enrichment in 15N‰ when compared to their conventional counterparts. Also, the sum of all samples from the four sites (organic versus conventional) showed higher δ15N‰ (7.17 ± 48% versus 3.36 ± 38%; means ± CV%; n = 39; P < 0.001); furthermore, setting as threshold value for assignment in the organic group the lowest δ15N observed for organic samples (i.e. + 4.3‰), only 15% of conventional tubers were misclassified. On the other hand, further parameters selected on the basis of reports of alterations as a consequence of agricultural technique—ascorbic acid, protein content and dry matter—did not show consistent trends of variation throughout the four field trials. We conclude that, as opposed to other relevant parameters, 15N enrichment appears as a promising discriminative marker. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of modified atmosphere and vacuum packaging on microbial, chemical and sensory quality indicators of fresh, filleted Sardina pilchardus at 3 °C
Authors: Stamatis Nikolaos , Arkoudelos John S 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe self‐life, quality and safety of refrigerated sardine fillets (Sardina pilchardus) were determined at 3 °C in atmospheric air, vacuum and modified atmosphere (50% CO2/50% N2) packaging conditions. Microbiological, physico‐chemical and sensory parameters were utilised as quality indicators. The microbial flora of sardine comprised—according to order of occurrence—Shewanella putrefaciens, pseudomonads, Brochothrix thermosphacta, lactic acid bacteria and, finally, Enterobacteriaceae. Bacteria grew most quickly in sardines stored in air, followed by those in vacuum packaging, and the lowest counts were found in modified atmosphere packaging. The concentrations of moisture, ash, protein, fat and polyunsaturated fatty acids were not affected during the storage period compared to the pH values and the concentrations of lactate and ammonia that showed significant differences. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Determination of alkaloids and phenolic compounds in black tea processed by two different methods in different plucking seasons
Authors: Turkmen Nihal , Velioglu Y Sedat 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe effects of two different rolling methods and three tea plucking seasons on alkaloids and phenolics, mainly flavan‐3‐ols and theaflavins, in black tea were studied using an improved high‐performance liquid chromatographic method. Better separation of all tea compounds analyzed—the most important factor for their identification and quantitation—was achieved only with long elution gradients, which overcame the limitations of previously reported methods. Precision of the assay method was very high since intra‐day and inter‐day variations were within 0.76% and 1.66%, respectively. All analytes exhibited good linearity over the range evaluated with a correlation coefficient of 0.9987–1.000. Among the four solvents evaluated, 80% methanol was the most solvent for extracting individual tea compounds. The extraction method applied exhibited good repeatability (CV: 0.39–3.29%). The content of tea compounds analyzed varied with processing method and plucking season. Teas processed using the Cay‐Kur method contained higher levels of identified phenolic compounds than orthodox teas, but their alkaloid content was similar to each other. The most abundant alkaloid in teas was caffeine, ranging from 17.84 mg g−1 dry weight in September plucking to 23.79 mg g−1 dry weight in May plucking. With respect to phenolic compounds, theaflavins were at the highest level, 14.27 mg g−1 dry weight, in Cay‐Kur tea processed in May. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
High performance liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry analysis of protoberberine alkaloids in medicine herbs
Authors: Ren Lingling , Xue Xingya , Zhang Feifang , Xu Qing , Liang Xinmiao 
Published: March 2007

AbstractRP‐HPLC is the main method for the analysis of alkaloids. However, peak tailing is a problem that commonly occurs in the separation of alkaloids. In order to overcome this, three kinds of RP columns were compared for the analysis of protoberberine alkaloids in Coptidis Rhizoma and Phellodendri Cortex in this work. XTerra MS C18 column was the best one which gave the best symmetry factor under the same conditions. With this column, a good separation of the crude extracts of C. Rhizoma and P. Cortex was achieved using 0.1% v/v formic acid buffer and methanol as mobile phase. At the same time, the crude extracts of C. Rhizoma and P. Cortex were analyzed by the LC‐ESI‐MSn and LC‐atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI)‐MSn methods. In the analysis of HPLC‐ESI/MSn, structures of five protoberberine alkaloids were elucidated, compared to authentic standards, and data from the literature. At the same time, the structure of a novel compound was elucidated. In the HPLC‐APCI/MSn analysis, there was an interesting phenomenon that the relative abundance of the ions M+ and [M + 2]+ was different for different alkaloids. The possible fragmentation pathways of protoberberine alkaloids in APCI/MS analysis were studied for the first time in the present work.