bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
UK Executive Bonuses and Transparency — A Research Note
Authors: Fattorusso Jay , Skovoroda Rodion , Buck Trevor , Bruce Alistair 
Published: July 2007

AbstractHigh levels of executive pay in the USA and the UK have attracted journalistic and academic criticism to the effect that they constitute rent extraction by self‐interested executives rather than rewards for raising shareholder returns. The focus of most criticism has been on salary, severance payments and various long‐term incentives (particularly share options). However, executive bonuses have attracted little attention and have been only lightly regulated. This raises important questions. Has lighter regulation been associated with significant levels of rent extraction through bonuses, that is, a weak relation between bonus pay and shareholder returns? Have more transparent performance conditions attached to bonuses strengthened the relation, making rent extraction more difficult, or have they acted as camouflage for rent extraction, associated with higher bonus pay but lower pay‐performance responsiveness? Are measures of CEO power associated with larger bonuses? This empirical note provides the first, preliminary answers to these questions.
Union Structures and Pension Outcomes in Greece
Authors: Matsaganis Manos 
Published: July 2007

AbstractEven though Greek pensions are particularly unsustainable and inequitable, recent attempts at significant reform have ended in failure, mostly because of union opposition. The article draws on research into the competing role of narrow versus encompassing interests, in order to analyse union policy on pensions in the light of membership composition. It finds evidence of a severe bias of representation in terms of gender, age/cohort, ethnic origin and, in particular, social insurance affiliation and sector of the economy. It concludes that when legitimate interests are imperfectly represented, negotiated reform will tend to reproduce the inegalitarian tendencies latent in Bismarckian pension systems.
Then and Now: Disability Legislation and Employers' Practices in the UK
Authors: Woodhams Carol , Corby Susan 
Published: July 2007

AbstractUsing a longitudinal research design, this article considers employers' human resource management practices in respect of disability equality: in 1995 under the Disabled Persons (Employment) Act and in 2003 under the Disability Discrimination Act. The article analyses whether there has been a change to employers' practices and whether or not this change is associated with increased employment of disabled persons. The findings show that proactive HR measures to encourage disabled employment, including positive discrimination, had a significant impact on disabled employment in 1995, whereas HR measures centring on managerial responsibilities and making adaptations had a similar result in 2003. We argue that, for optimum effectiveness, HR departments should employ the full range of HR measures that are available, including positive discrimination, and that this approach should be underpinned by a range of enforcement measures.
The Role of Temporary Agency Work in Different Industrial Relations Systems — a Comparison between Germany and the USA
Authors: Mitlacher Lars W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAlthough temporary agency work has been growing over the last decade, its use differs widely in different industrial relations systems. Drawing on theoretical and empirical insights, propositions are developed on why companies deploy temporary agency work. These propositions are then contrasted with case‐study evidence collected in Germany and the USA to analyse the deployment of agency work in two different industrial relations systems and the role that agency work plays in these diverse settings. The main conclusions of the research are that differences in the deployment of temporary agency workers exist with regard to legal regulation and employers' strategies of labour use while similarities exist regarding the supply of agency labour.
High Performance Work Systems and Employee Experience of Work in the Service Sector: The Case of Aged Care
Authors: Harley Bill , Allen Belinda C. , Sargent Leisa D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn spite of the growing body of research on high performance work systems (HPWS), there is little evidence on their application in the service sector. It is commonly argued, however, that occupational segmentation in services is a barrier to HPWS. Analysis of data from aged‐care workers indicates that: HPWS have positive outcomes for workers; highly skilled nurses are no more likely than lowly skilled personal care workers to be subject to HPWS; and in some cases, HPWS are associated with more positive outcomes for low‐skilled than high‐skilled workers. These findings suggest that HPWS may well be widely applicable in service settings.
OPTIMAL IMPLEMENTATION DELAYS: WHEN SHOULD POLICIES BE ANNOUNCED?
Authors: Jensen Christian 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTWhile a delay between the publication and implementation of a policy can make the time‐consistent solution capture the expectational effects that make commitment superior to discretion, this comes at the cost of a suboptimal present‐period policy. This cost is larger the longer the delay, and the more extreme the prevailing conditions, making the optimal duration of an implementation delay vary over time as initial conditions change. Therefore, we integrate over these to choose the implementation delay that will do best on average. The optimal delay is usually of intermediate length, balancing commitment gains with the loss of responsiveness to contemporary needs.
IMPACT OF THE MINIMUM WAGE ON THE INCIDENCE OF SECOND JOB HOLDING IN BRITAIN
Authors: Robinson Helen , Wadsworth Jonathan 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe advent of any earnings boost, such as provided by the introduction of a minimum wage, might be expected to reduce the supply of low‐paid individuals wanting to hold a second job. This paper uses difference‐in‐differences estimation on a panel of individuals matched across successive Labour Force Surveys around the time of the introduction of the national minimum wage in the United Kingdom in order to estimate the impact of the minimum wage and its subsequent upratings on second job working. There is little evidence to suggest that the extra pay provided by the introduction of the minimum wage was sufficient to affect the incidence of second job holding significantly. However, hours worked in the main job by second job holders may have risen relative to those not covered by the minimum wage; and hours worked in second jobs may have fallen for those whose second job was initially below the minimum.
The Effect of an Attachment‐Based Behaviour Therapy for Children with Visual and Severe Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Sterkenburg P. S. , Janssen C. G. C. , Schuengel C. 
Published: July 2007

Background  A combination of an attachment‐based therapy and behaviour modification was investigated for children with persistent challenging behaviour.Method  Six clients with visual and severe intellectual disabilities, severe challenging behaviour and with a background of pathogenic care were treated. Challenging behaviour was recorded continuously in the residential home and during therapy sessions. Alternating treatments were given by two therapists. In phase 1, the experimental therapist attempted to build an attachment relationship in sessions alternating with sessions in which a control therapist provided positive attention only. In phase 2, both therapists applied the same behaviour modification protocol.Results  Across clients, challenging behaviour in the residential home decreased during the attachment therapy phase. The behaviour modification sessions conducted by the experimental therapist resulted in significantly more adaptive target behaviour than the sessions with the control therapist.Conclusion  For these clients with a background of attachment problems, attachment‐based behaviour modification treatment may have important advantages over standard behaviour modification.
Attribution Theory Applied to Helping Behaviour Towards People with Intellectual Disabilities Who Challenge
Authors: Willner Paul , Smith Mark 
Published: July 2007

Introduction  Attribution theory posits that helping behaviour is determined in part by the potential helper’s attributions and emotions regarding the behaviour that requires help. Specifically, helping is considered to be more likely if stability is perceived as low, generating optimism for change, and if controllability is perceived as low, engendering high levels of sympathy and low levels of anger.Method  We conducted a systematic literature search to identify studies that have tested these predictions in relation to carers’ propensity to help people with intellectual disabilities who display challenging behaviour.Results  The literature is inconsistent and provides at best partial support for the theory. This situation differs from that seen in the general population, where the predictions of attribution theory are broadly supported.Discussion  We consider three potential explanations for this discrepancy: the reliability of the largely vignette‐based methodology, the fact that most studies fail to define ‘helping’ explicitly and the possibility that attribution theory might apply only to low‐frequency behaviours.
Development of skin conductance orienting, habituation, and reorienting from ages 3 to 8 years: A longitudinal latent growth curve analysis
Authors: Gao Yu , Raine Adrian , Dawson Michael E. , Venables Peter H. , Mednick Sarnoff A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractLittle is known about the development of the skin conductance orienting response (SCOR) in childhood. This longitudinal study examines the effects of age on initial SCOR, habituation, and reorienting. Skin conductance responses to nonsignal auditory stimuli were recorded from 200 male and female children at five different time points (ages 3, 4, 5, 6, and 8 years). Longitudinal latent growth curve analyses were used to determine the trajectory of each SCOR measure during this period. Results indicated that (a) initial SCOR is present at age 3, increases thereafter to peak at age 6, and then levels off, (b) habituation is absent at age 3, but becomes apparent at age 4 years and increases thereafter with increasing age, (c) SC reorienting is absent from ages 3 to 8, and (d) boys and girls do not exhibit different developmental trajectories. Results suggest that from age 3 to 8 years, the transition from the functionally immature to mature neural network underlying orienting and habituation is a continuous process and may be related to children's cognitive development during this period.
Determining eyewitness identification accuracy using event‐related brain potentials (ERPs)
Authors: Lefebvre C. D. , Marchand Y. , Smith S. M. , Connolly J. F. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis study investigated the use of event‐related brain potentials (ERPs) as a neurophysiological measure of eyewitness identification accuracy during a lineup task (ERP‐lineup). Time delay between viewing the crime and completing the ERP‐lineup (no‐delay, 1‐h delay and 1‐week delay conditions) and culprit presence or absence were also manipulated. Results demonstrated that a P300 provided a reliable index of recognition of the culprit relative to the other lineup members across all time delay conditions. Although participants' accuracy decreased at the 1‐week time delay compared to no delay and the 1‐h time delay, the P300 effect remained strong for participants that made correct identifications irrespective of the time delay. In addition, the P300 was attenuated or was not elicited when the culprit was absent from the lineup.
Electrophysiological correlates of response inhibition in children and adolescents with ADHD: Influence of gender, age, and previous treatment history
Authors: Liotti Mario , Pliszka Steven R. , Perez Ricardo , Luus Brian , Glahn David , Semrud‐Clikeman Margaret 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDeficits in response inhibition may be at the core of the cognitive syndrome in ADHD. Here, inhibitory control mechanisms were studied in 36 ADHD‐combined type and 30 healthy children by exploring the event‐related brain activity during the Stop Signal task. The influence of age, gender, and previous treatment history was evaluated. The ADHD group showed reduced N200 wave amplitudes. For successful inhibitions, the N200 reduction was greatest over right inferior frontal scalp, and only the control group showed a success‐related enhancement of such right frontal N200. Source analysis identified a source of the N200 group effect in right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Finally, a late positive wave to failed inhibitions was selectively reduced only in treatment‐naïve ADHD children, suggesting that chronic stimulants may normalize late conscious error recognition. Both effects were independent of gender and age.
Maternal anaemia as an indicator for monitoring malaria control in pregnancy in sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Savage EJ , Msyamboza K , Gies S , D’Alessandro U , Brabin BJ 
Published: July 2007

Design  Malarial anaemia is a major problem in many developing countries and often occurs more frequently in first pregnancies, as primigravidae are more susceptible to Plasmodium falciparum malaria and are at excess risk of malarial anaemia.Objective and methods  To analyse the excess risk of anaemia in primigravidae as a potential indicator of malaria control and exposure in pregnant women living in sub‐Saharan Africa. The sensitivity, specificity and predictive values for anaemia in first compared with later pregnancies are calculated for 27 studies from malarious and 7 studies from nonmalarious areas.Setting  Surveys of pregnancy anaemia reported for highly malarious and nonmalarious areas.Results  In malarious areas, the weighted odds ratio for excess anaemia (haemoglobin [Hb] <11 g/dl) in primigravidae compared with multigravidae for all studies was 1.34 (95% CI 1.14–1.58). At an Hb cutoff below 8 g/dl, the weighted odds ratio was 1.79 (95% CI 1.52–2.10). In nonmalarious areas, there was no increased risk of anaemia in primigravidae with Hb below 11 g/dl (OR 0.80; 95% CI 0.63–1.90) or below 8 g/dl (OR 0.82, 95% CI 0.51–1.28).Conclusions  In view of the consistency of results across highly malarious areas compared with nonmalarious areas, maternal anaemia has the potential to be used for surveillance of malaria control in pregnancy. Based on the analysis, an anaemia nomogram is developed for use as a surveillance indicator in malarious areas in sub‐Saharan Africa.
Prevalence of varicella‐zoster antibodies in pregnant women in Catalonia (Spain). Rationale for varicella vaccination of women of childbearing age
Authors: Plans P , Costa J , Espuñes J , Plasència A , Salleras L 
Published: July 2007

Objective  The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of antibodies against varicella‐zoster virus (VZV) in pregnant women in Catalonia (Spain).Setting  The prevalence of antibodies against VZV was assessed in a representative sample (n= 1522) of pregnant women of Catalonia obtained in 2003.Method  The sample was obtained including all women attended for childbirth, during 2 months of 2003, in 27 randomly selected hospitals with maternity clinics.Main outcome measures  Varicella‐zoster antibodies were determined using the enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay test.Results  The total number of women included in the study was 1522, corresponding to a participation rate of 83%. The prevalence of varicella‐zoster antibodies in pregnant women was 96.1% (95% CI 95.1–97.1). The prevalence of antibodies was 94% in pregnant women aged 15–24 years, 95% in those aged 25–29 years and >95% in those aged 30–49 years. The prevalence of antibodies was not associated to the place of birth, place of residence (urban or rural), educational level and social class. The study showed that 6% of pregnant women aged 15–24 years and 5% of those aged 25–29 years were susceptible to varicella‐zoster infections in Catalonia (Spain).Conclusion  The study showed that a varicella‐zoster vaccination programme aimed at women of childbearing age could be necessary in Catalonia to prevent all varicella‐zoster infections during pregnancy.
Modelling learning from errors in daily work
Authors: Bauer Johannes , Mulder Regina H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis study explores error situations and learning activities of nurses after the experience of an error episode. We assume that errors – although undesirable events – are a natural part of work processes and can lead to individual learning and organizational change. The importance of dealing with errors in an open and learning orientated way has been emphasized in applied works on quality and safety management. Furthermore, research on work‐place learning and professional development has indicated that learning from errors is an important way of developing professional competence. Until now, little is known about how and under which conditions individual learning from errors takes place at work. For the purpose of empirical investigation, a process model was developed which conceptualizes learning from errors in terms of the engagement in self‐regulated learning activities after the experience of an error episode. This model was further developed in an exploratory interview study with 10 experts in the field of hospital nursing. We found that especially non‐formal learning activities that incorporate social exchange were considered to be important. The results of the study guide the further development of research instruments and studies aiming to investigate learning from errors.
Theorizing interprofessional pedagogic evaluation: framework for evaluating the impact of interprofessional continuing professional development on practice change
Authors: Payler Jane , Meyer Edgar , Humphris Debra 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis study outlines the development of a conceptual framework to guide the evaluation of the impact of the pedagogy employed in continuing professional development for professionals in education, health and social care. The work is developed as part of the Centre for Excellence in Teaching and Learning: Interprofessional Learning across the Public Sector (CETL: IPPS) at the University of Southampton. The study briefly outlines the field for pedagogic research and comments on the underpinning theories that have so far been used to guide research into interprofessional learning (IPL). It maps out the development of interprofessional continuing professional development (CPD) in its specific context as part of the CETL: IPPS with its links to a local authority undergoing service reorganization and the role of the CPD in effecting change. It then brings together a theoretical framework with the potential to explore, explain and evaluate the essential features of the model of pedagogy used in interprofessional CPD, in which professionals from education have for the first time been included alongside those from health and social care. The framework draws upon elements of situated learning theory, activity theory and Dreier's work (2002, 1999) on trajectories of participation, particularly personal action potency. By combining the resulting analytic framework with an adapted version of an established evaluation model, a theoretically driven, practicable evaluation matrix is developed. The matrix has potential use in evaluating the impact of pedagogic input on practice change. The study models a process for developing a conceptual framework to steer pedagogic evaluation. Such a process and the resulting matrix may be of use to other researchers who are similarly developing pedagogic evaluation.
Utilizing technology to raise mental health literacy in small rural towns
Authors: Hoolahan Bryan , Grosvenor Jenny , Kurtz Heidi , Kelly Brian 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA small empirical study was funded by the Australian Government's Regional Health Service Program, with the aim of delivering and evaluating a series of six interactive mental health information sessions to health workers, consumers, carers and community members in small rural towns using distance education technologies (e.g. videoconferencing, telephone conferencing and the Internet). Over 250 people participated in the series involving 89 rural towns in New South Wales, Australia; 47% of these towns had a population of less than 5000. The evaluation consisted of 222 returned participant evaluation questionnaires which showed that 39% of respondents appreciated having access to mental health information, 27% valued having access to it locally, and 14% appreciated not having to travel to obtain it. The greatest percentage of problems (62%) was related to the reliability and use of the technology.The information series provided participants with an opportunity to network and learn together locally, to communicate more extensively with experts in the mental health field, and to develop greater confidence in the use of distance education technologies. Delivery by videoconference was found to be efficient in enabling a number of individuals to participate at a local site eliminating the costs associated with travel. The challenges of the initiative have been how to effectively engage rural community participation in an unfamiliar distance‐learning mode (videoconferencing and web forums), developing a supporting protocol and network that ensures a successful learning event, and understanding current capabilities of the technology in rural areas.This small and specific study offers evidence of ways in which a carefully developed initiative can improve isolated community mental health literacy and suggests some benefits and challenges of community engagement and technology use which will be of interest to professionals facilitating learning in rural and remote contexts.
Factors affecting the retention of learners following the degree in social work at a university in the south‐east of England
Authors: Hafford‐Letchfield Trish 
Published: July 2007

AbstractChanges to the education and training for social workers in England, UK since 2003 have increased the number and widened the pool of students encouraged to enter the profession via higher education. Social work education is very much linked to increasing diversity in work‐force development where an agenda to build a well‐motivated and skilled work‐force can in turn provide good quality services and interventions reflecting the diverse needs of service users and carers. This paper reports on a small‐scale study which explored factors affecting the potential success of students following a vocational education programme leading to the degree in social work. Using in‐depth face‐to‐face interviews with a sample of seven students and a focus group with eight social work tutors, within a qualitative framework, the experiences of learning and teaching were explored from the participants’ subjective viewpoints. The study highlighted several factors found to potentially impact on student success in social work education and compared these with the published literature relating to both widening participation and diversity in learning. Factors impacting were student organization and time‐management skills; access to study skill support; their relationships with tutors and peers; and the impact of affective factors on the learning process. This study forms a useful basis for determining areas for intervention to improve the potential of success on the degree and the challenges anticipated in implementing these for students from diverse and non‐traditional backgrounds. Although this study related specifically to social work education, the findings may be transferable to other vocational education professions in the health and social care sector.