bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of antioxidants in the autoxidation of methyl conjugatedcis, trans‐octadecadienoates
Authors: Fukuzumi Kazuo , Ikeda Nobuo 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe effect of antioxidants on the autoxidation of methyl conjugatedcis,trans‐octadecadienoates was evaluated by estimating the induction period by measuring the increase in weight with time. Peroxide values and molecular weights were also used to determine extent of oxidation. UV and IR absorption were measured to determine conjugated dienes and isolatedtrans double bonds. Antioxidants, such as butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA), butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT), propyl gallate (PG) and sesamol, lengthened the induction period as much as seven to twelve times. After autoxidation to a weight gain of 10 mg per 1.5 g, the antioxidant containing samples had higher molecular weights and lower diene contents than the control samples. The induction periods were shorter, the peroxide values lower with or without antioxidants for the conjugated dienoates than for the nonconjugated dienoates. Effect of antioxidants might be explained by the formation of a hydrogen bond of the hydroxyl of the antioxidant and π‐electrons as well as the inhibition of the chain‐reaction.
Insect sex attractants: XI. analysis ofcis andtrans isomers of fatty alcohol acetates by gas chromatography
Authors: Warthen David , Green Nathan 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA gas chromatographic procedure was devised for the analysis of geometric isomers of dodecenyl acetates, tridecadienyl acetates, tetradecenyl acetates and hexadecenyl acetates. Use of diethylene glycol succinate in a 300 ft capillary column permitted the separation of nine pairs ofcis‐trans isomers and four geometric isomers of 5,9‐tridecadienyl acetate. Data are presented on the isomeric composition of alkenyl acetates prepared by three different stereospecific reactions and by elaidinization.
Crambe seed processing: Removal of glucosinolates by water extraction
Authors: Mustakas G. C. , Kirk L. D. , Griffin E. L. , Booth A. N. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA method is reported for removingepi‐progoitrin, the major glucosinolate, from crambe seed meal. Defatted meal was cooked and water extracted or treated with soda ash and then water extracted. Although soda ash aided destruction and removal of glucosinolate factors, there was a 28% reduction in total lysine. In animal feeding tests designed to reflect differences due to toxic factors, soda ash treated and water extracted meals gave the best results. No toxicity was apparent in rats and chicks fed these meals in nutritionally adequate diets. The rat diet included 30% crambe meal for 90 days; the chick diet, 20% crambe meal for 4 weeks. Pathological examinations in both series showed no organ damage.
1,1,2‐Trichloro‐1,2,2‐trifluoroethane for oilseed extractions
Authors: Temple S. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract1,1,2‐Trichloro‐1,2,2‐trifluoroethane has been evaluated as a nonflammable, low toxicity extractant in oilseeds in comparison with petroleum ether, cyclopentane, and carbon tetrachloride. Full fat and defatted soybean flake were analyzed for oil content, free fatty acid, and total fat. 1,1,2‐Trichloro‐1,2,2‐trifluoroethane appears to be generally acceptable for oilseed analyses. Small, but statistically significant differences were found between solvents which were not explainable on the basis of physical parameters.
The preparation of alkyl esters from highly unsaturated triglycerides
Authors: Gauglitz E. J. , Lehman L. W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe alcoholysis reaction has been applied to the preparation of highly unsaturated alkyl esters from menhaden oil. This reaction proceeded very rapidly, and nearly quantitative yields were obtained with virtually, no loss in double‐bond structure. The formation of esters was studied, using straight‐ and branched‐chain alcohols having 1舑6 carbon atoms. The reactions were monitored by the technique of thin‐layer chromatography (TLC). Maximum conversion of straight‐chain esters was found to be a linear function with respect to the number of carbon atoms in the alcohol. Reaction time varied from 2 min for methanol to 60 min for n‐hexanol. Branched‐chain alcohols reacted more slowly than did the corresponding straight‐chain compounds.This reaction was found to be applicable to laboratory and large scale preparations of highly unsaturated alkyl esters.
Comparative evaluation of antioxidants for carotene
Authors: Bickoff E. M. , Livingston A. L. , Guggolz Jack , Ray Thompson C. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryA variety of compounds were evaluated as antioxidants for carotene in mineral oil solution by an accelerated stability test. These included derivatives of aromatic amines, substituted dihydroquinolines, ureas, phenothiazine, azobenzene, and diphenylmethane.The most effective antioxidants were hydroxy‐ and amino‐substituted diphenylamines, p‐substituted phenylenediamines, and derivatives of 2,2,4‐trimethyl‐1,2‐dihydroquinoline.
Dilatometric investigations of fats. VII. Melting dilation and polymorphism of an alpha and beta tung oil
Authors: Singleton W. S. , O'Connor Robert T. , Murray Mildred , Pack F. C. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThree polymorphic forms of beta tung oil have been recognized and differentiated on the bases of their melting points and x‐ray diffraction spacings. These modifications, which melt at 52.8°, 44.4°, and 28.0°C., have been designated as Forms I, II, and III, respectively. Polymorphism was not observed in alpha tung oil.The expansibilities of alpha tung oil and the three original polymorphic modifications of beta tung oil have been determined in both the solid and liquid states, and the melting dilation of each substance was calculated. The absolute densities of the alpha and beta oils were determined, and the absolute specific volumes over the ranges of melting of all these substances were calculated and reduced to graphic form.Forms II and III of the beta oil irreversibly transformed to Form I with contraction in volume during dilatometric examination.The contents of solid and liquid phases of alpha and beta tung oils were calculated over the ranges of melting of these oils. The amount of glycerides in the liquid state was found to increase substantially during the final 10 degrees of the melting range.The isomerization of alpha to beta tung oil under ordinary laboratory illumination was found to be accompanied by a decrease in volume of about 4% and an increase in density. Isomerization in the absence of light reached approximate equilibrium with a decrease in volume of only about 60% of that occurring in the presence of light.
Soaps from fatty acids
Authors: Reinish M. D. 
Published: May 2007

ConclusionsIt can be seen from the foregoing discussion that fatty acids are an important factor, in the present production of high quality soaps. The wide variation possible in properties of soaps made from them and their rapid and complete reaction with alkali give them advantages over fats and oils in many applications. With improvements in fatty acid processing still being made, it is to be expected that the use of fatty acids in soapmaking will continue to expand in the years to come.
Tuna fatty acids: I. initial studies on the composition of the light and dark meats of bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus)‐structural isomers of the monoenoic fatty acids
Authors: Roubal W. T. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) is consumed in substantial amounts by humans. However, little has been reported on the fatty acid composition of bluefin body oil and on the isomeric structures of the unsaturated fatty acids. Because of the probable nutritional significance of unsaturated fatty acids, the present work was undertaken as an introductory study of the composition and structure of the fatty acids of tuna. The fatty acid composition of the light and dark meats from three bluefin tuna was determined by gas‐liquid chromatography. A wide variety of saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids were present in the oil from the meat of these speciments. the monoemoic fatty acid fraction, which comprises 34% of the total fatty acids was isolated and the isomers determined. Isomers found werecis‐9‐hexadecenoic acid,cis‐9‐octadecenoic acid,cis‐11‐octadecenoic acid,cis‐9‐eicosenoic acid,cis‐11‐eicosenoic acid,cis‐11‐docosenoic acid, andcis‐13‐docosenoic acid.
Thermal oxidation of synthetic triglycerides. II. Analysis of the volatile condensable and noncondensable phases
Authors: Endres Joseph G. , Bhalerao Vasant R. , Kummerow Fred A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTripalmitin, 1‐lauryl dipalmitin, 2‐lauryl dipalmitin, 1‐oleyl dipalmitin and 2‐oleyl dipalmitin were subjected to thermal oxidation at 200 C in the presence of air. The volatile consensable products of oxidation collected after 3 and 24 hours were analyzed for carbonyl and carboxyl compounds. The volatile non‐condensable products were quantitatively examined for carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen. The results indicated that long chain carbonyls were formed in the initial stages of oxidation. When the oxidation was allowed to proceed for 24 hours, saturated aldehydes from C1 to C16, methyl ketones, and other ketones were found in the volatile oxidation products. A variety of fatty acids from C4 to C16 were identified in the volatile fatty acids. The presence of dicarboxylic acids indicated that oxygen attacked the double bond of oleic acid in 1‐oleyl dipalmitin. Possible mechanisms for the formation of the decomposition products were discussed.
Sterculic derivatives and pink egg formation
Authors: Nordby H. E. , Heywang B. W. , Kircher H. W. , Kemmerer A. R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSterculyl alcohol has been methylated and reduced to form the methoxyl and hydrocarbon derivatives. These two derivatives, sterculyl alcohol and the polymers of sterculic acid and methyl sterculate were fed to laying hens. The sterculic derivatives caused pink egg formation but the polymers did not.
Fractionation of Lipids by Countercurrent distribution
Authors: Therriault D. G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe application of countercurrent distribution to the fractionation of lipids both for analytical and preparative purposes, is presented. The method has been applied to the separation of a wide variety of lipids including: fatty acids, methylesters of fatty acids, glycerides, phospholipids, derivatives of phospholipids, complex lipid mixtures and non‐lipid contaminants.
Study of biological structure at the molecular level with stereomodel projections I. The lipids in the myelin sheath of nerve
Authors: Vandenheuvel F. A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractConsiderable uncertainty still exists regarding the detailed arrangement in protein‐lipid molecular associations found in serum lipoproteins, plasma‐membranes of cell organelles, the myelin sheath of nerve, and many other structures of paramount importance to biological mechanisms both in health and disease. Working hypotheses concerning such structures must eventually be tested by comparing known properties with those suggested by exact stereomodels. In this type of study, orthogonal projections of the molecules offer several advantages over the tri‐dimensional stereomodels from which they can be derived by a described photographic process. The rules governing the configuration to be given the molecular models used for this purpose are discussed, and the possible applications of the resulting diagrams are described and illustrated by numerous examples taken in the lipid field.These rules are then applied to the lipids in the myelin sheath of nerve. Striking similarities in the configurational features of the two main classes of myelin lipids, the phosphatidyl (dal) and the sphingolipids, immediately suggest very similar models for them.On the other hand, numerous independent observations have indicated the highly probable occurrence of bimolecular complexes involving members of either class with cholesterol. Such complexes are exemplified by proposed models of cholesterol‐lecithin and cholesterol‐sphingomyelin units. It is demonstrated that the cohesional forces at play should indeed promote stable complexes of this kind.All configurational features of the lipids in myelin fit these basic models. Dimensional variations induced by a broad spectrum of component fatty acids, affect only the length of the resulting complex units. Moreover, the tail‐to‐tail arrangement of these units provides paired elements of the same length. The latter corresponds exactly to the fundamental dimension predicted for the bimolecular leaflet by low angle X‐ray diffraction studies on fresh, unfixed myelin.A model of the bimolecular lipid leaflet produced by parallel grouping of the paired elements is discussed.
Determination of structure of unsaturated fatty acids via reductive ozonolysis
Authors: Privett O. S. , Nickell Christense 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAn improved method of reductive ozonolysis for the determination of structure of unsaturated fatty acids is reported.The ozonization is carried out at 蜢60舑蜢70C by adding the sample dissolved in pentane to a .02舑.03 M pentane solution of ozone. The reduction is effected by the Lindlar catalyst at 0C in pentane or in other solvents, such as the methyl esters of short‐chain fatty acids or in dimethyl phthalate, and the aldehydic fragments are analyzed by gas‐liquid chromatography (GLC).The method is applied to the structural analyses of methyl esters of oleic, linoleic, linolenic, and arachidonic acids. The sensitivity of the method is demonstrated by the analysis of methyl oleate containing a small amount of added methyl linolenate. Mixtures of methyl oleate and petroselinate are analyzed to demonstrate the identification of the simple aldehydes and ester‐aldehydes, and to show the potential of the method for quantitative analysis of mixtures of unsaturated esters.
Chromatographic separation and identification of nylon‐9 intermediates and coproducts derived from soybean oil
Authors: Kohlhase W. L. , Neff W. E. , Awl R. A. , Pryde E. H. , Cowan J. C. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract9‐Aminononanoic acid, 9‐aminononanamide, and related compounds derived from soybean oil by reactions, including reductive ozonolysis and reductive amination, were separated on an analytical scale either by gas liquid chromatography of trifluoroacetylated or trimethylsilylated derivatives or by thin layer chromatography and on a preparative scale by ion‐exchange chromatography. Comparative analyses also were carried out with certain homologous ω‐amino acids and amines.
Chemical and organoleptic properties of oxidized fats
Authors: Fioriti J. A. , Kanuk M. J. , Sims R. J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractVarious commercial fats were oxidized at elevated temperatures, and the extent of off‐flavor development was evaluated organoleptically. Objective test methods also were applied to these oxidized fats, and correlations were established between the data and flavor panel results. Good to excellent correlations were obtained with pentane values, oxygen absorption values, peroxide values, and the average flavor scores. Results with the benzidine and thiobarbituric acid spectrophotometric methods were unsatisfactory. The octanoic acid method was found to be too insensitive to be of value. An exception to the above observations was lard, in which case all of the objective test methods gave good correlations with the flavor panel data.
Studies of binary systems of long chain alcohols
Authors: Al‐Mamun M. A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBinary phase diagrams of some alcohols were developed and IR studies have been made in hexadecanol‐octadecanol system to identify the phases. When the components differ by no more than two carbon atoms, their freezing point curves show solid solution type behavior with peaks occurring at some significant compositions. The occurrence of such peaks is considered to be indicative of molecular complex formation between the components. Alcohols mix properly with each other in their high temperature form, which is not always the case with their lower temperature modifications. The reason is attributed to the nature of the high temperature forms of alcohols. This allows effective mixing between the components to take place. IR studies are found to be quite useful in phase identification in these systems.
Metabolism ofortho‐alkylbenzenealkanoic acid in rats
Authors: Van Tilborg H. , De Bruijn J. , Gottenbos J. J. , Koch G. K. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAromatic fatty acids with 18 C‐atoms, as isolated from cyclized linseed oil, were labeled with3H in the aromatic ring by isotopic exchange. Doses of 50 mg/kg body weight were almost quantitatively absorbed by rats and excretion of metabolites via the urine was rapid (up to 95% within 30 hr). The retention curve consisted of two branches, which indicates that part of the aromatic acids are taken up into the lipid pool. This was confirmed by analysis of body lipids. The metabolic pathways involved in the degradation of the aromatic fatty acids are β‐oxidation, ω‐oxidation and (ω‐1)‐oxidation.
Practical significance of gossypol in feed formulation
Authors: Smith Keith J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIt has been recognized that gossypol has a limiting effect on the usage of cottonseed meal in nonruminant rations. Extensive research supported by practical experience has shown that cottonseed meal may be a major oilseed supplemental protein source in nonruminant rations when care is taken to accept and adjust for gossypol limitations. Scientifically derived gossypol limitations will not significantly restrict cottonseed meal usage in practical nonruminant rations.
Fatty acids in raw and processed alaska pink shrimp
Authors: Krzeczkowski Richard A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe fatty acid composition of lipids extracted from whole raw shrimp, raw meat, blanched meat, canned meat and peeler waste was determined by gas liquid chromatography. The analyses revealed 29 fatty acids with chain lengths ranging from 12 to 24 carbon atoms and with 0 to 6 double bonds. Commercial processing did not alter the distribution of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the shrimp meat.
Assessment of the nutritional value of novel proteins
Authors: Oser Bernard L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMethods of determining the nutritive value of novel proteins or derived food products such as proteins from fish, algae, leaf or microbiological sources, are reviewed. The use of physical (solubility) or chemical (amino acid analysis) methods, feeding tests in rats and other animals for the determination of biological value, digestibility and protein efficiency ratios, rate of enzymatic hydrolysis or retention of enzymatic activity are among the procedures surveyed. The safety of new food sources must always be a first consideration.
The role of surfactants in the flotation of molybdenite at climax
Authors: Ronzio R. A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe use of petroleum hydrocarbon as a collector for molybdenum sulfide improved metal recovery but necessitated the investigation of surfactants to produce a suitable froth for flotation at the Climax, Colorado mill of American Metal Climax, Inc. Up to December, 1958, 346 surfactants had been tested and evaluated. A sulfated monoglyceride of coconut oil is presently employed at Climax. The study of the role of surfactants for molybdenum sulfide flotation is continuing. One of the better materials evaluated in the last 10 years is ethoxylated, esterified and neutralized lauryl alcohol. Longer and shorter chain alcohols ethoxylated, esterified and neutralized have also been evaluated with encouraging results. Adsorption of iron hydrated complexes on molybdenite occurs which results in increased wettability of the molybdenite, an effect to strongly link the molybdenite to the water phase and reduce separability. Adsorption of ionic iron on montmorillonite and other clays occurs which activates the clays for adsorption onto the molybdenite particles. In fact, a cocoon‐like coating has been found to surround molybdenite particles. This coating being highly water wettable, prevents particles of molybdenite from responding to flotation. Depression of molybdenite particulates may be caused by a “failure to collect” which is a descriptive term indicating the lack of a colector reaction at the molybdenite surfaces. For example, iron ionic complexes adsorbed at the molybdenite surface may not be reactive with the collector or the iron ions could reduce the collector concentrating by reaction in the fluid phase. Certain of the iron complexes upon adsorption onto the molybdenite may react on highly hydrated surfaces, firmly linking the particulates to the water phase. Actually, the depression of molybdenite is incompletely understood, but it is known that hydrated ionic complexes of ferrous and ferric iron are surface‐active on molybdenite. In excessive concentrations these ions could be depressive. On the other hand, limited concentration of these ions could serve as activating ions.
Monocarbonyl compounds from catalytic decomposition of autoxidized unsaturated fatty acid esters
Authors: Kimoto W. I. , Gaddis A. M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMonocarbonyl compounds formed by the decomposition of autoxidized triolein, methyl linolenate, and methyl arachidonate were converted into their 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazone derivatives and analyzed by thin layer and paper chromatographies. From decomposition of autoxidized triolein with acid‐washed Fuller's earth alkanals were the only monocarbonyl products found, whereas, with metal catalysts or heat, 2‐alkenals were the primary products. Autoxidized methyl linolenate and methyl arachidonate decomposed with metal catalysts or heat yielded 23–55% of 2,4‐alkadienals but minor amounts with acid‐washed Fuller's earth. The differences in distribution of monocarbonyl products were attributed to a selective course of scission of the hydroperoxides that depended upon the conditions of decomposition.
Test method utilizing dry natural dirt for evaluating laundry detergents
Authors: Inamorato J. T. , Altz C. G. , Cross H. D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA laboratory test has been developed for screening detergent compositions with respect to the removal of natural dry particulate soil (dirt). The fabrics are soiled uniformly with dirt obtained from a suitable area and then laundered under controlled conditions in a Tergotometer. The total soil removal is determined instrumentally. The test enables the researcher to check the effects of many variables, such as temperature, water hardness, builders, fabric, etc., with a minimum amount of preparation and time. The soil removal data is analyzed by a suitable statistical method, and the results are good indicators of practical performance.
Thermal condensation of fatty acids and amines with proteins
Authors: Sokol Phillip E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractUseful, potentially low cost, polypeptide surfactants were prepared directly from the thermal condensation (ca. 240 C, ca. 1 hr) of proteins (wool, vegetable protein, gelatin, and chicken feather) with long chain fatty acids (undecylenic, lauric, and stearic) or fatty amines (dodecylamine and N‐[γ‐aminopropyl] dodecylamine). Dilute aqueous solutions of these surfactants, at appropriate pHs, exhibit good foaming characteristics and low surface tensions. The condensation reaction is envisioned as a transamidification in which terminal anionic groups (carboxylic acid from fatty acids) or cationic groups (primary amino from fatty amines) are produced according to the following reactions