bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pre‐vitamin D3 effective ultraviolet transmission through clothing during simulated wear
Authors: Parisi A. V. , Wilson C. A. 
Published: November 2005

Background/purpose: Clothing is an important protective layer used to reduce ultraviolet (UV) exposures to the skin surface. However, not all UV exposure is linked to detrimental health effects with some exposure to UVB wavelengths below 316 nm required for the synthesis of pre‐vitamin D3. The aim of the current research was to investigate the effect of fabric type, color, fit, and wetness on the transmission of pre‐vitamin D3 effective UV through garments during simulated wear, in a high UV exposure environment.Methods: Dosimeters fabricated from polysulfone film were positioned at eight selected body sites on the skin surface and clothing surface of identically designed, loose and fitted, black and white T‐shirts made up in two knitted fabric types and tested when both dry and when drying after initial wetting (n=3 replicates). The T‐shirts were placed on manikins set to simulate humans in the sun between 09:30 and 12:30 Eastern Standard Time during the Southern Hemisphere summer period. The post‐exposure absorbance was measured and the dosimeters were calibrated for biologically effective UV for pre‐vitamin D3 synthesis with a UV spectroradiometer. The effect of fit, fabric type, color, and wetness on pre‐vitamin D3 effective UV transmission during simulated wear was assessed.Results: Irradiances varied among body sites with the highest erythemal exposures to a horizontal plane over the 3 h period reaching approximately 14.5 minimal erythema dose (MED) while the highest exposure under the garment was 0.22 MED which may not be above the threshold for pre‐vitamin D3 synthesis for the time period investigated. Fabric and fit were the main variables affecting transmission of pre‐vitamin D3 effective UV. Some interactions were identified between the fabric color and wetness and between fabric type and color; however, while significantly modifying transmission these effects were small.Conclusion: Transmission of pre‐vitamin D3 effective UV occurred through the high UPF knitted fabrics investigated. However, the length of exposure will influence whether the irradiances are sufficient to be above the threshold for pre‐vitamin D3 synthesis. The main effect on transmission of pre‐vitamin D3 effective UV was the fit of the T‐shirt and its fabric type (probably structure) rather than color or degree of wetness.
Topical aminolevulinic acid‐photodynamic therapy for the treatment of acne vulgaris
Authors: Hong Seok‐Beom , Lee Mu‐Hyoung 
Published: November 2005

Background: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is useful for the treatment of epidermal neoplasia but may also have use in the treatment of inflammatory dermatoses. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of PDT in the treatment of acne on the face.Methods: Eight patients with mild‐to‐moderate acne vulgaris on the face were treated with one session of topical aminolevulinic acid (ALA)‐PDT using a red light. Each patient's face was divided into two areas (right side and left side) for ALA‐PDT and untreated control. Twenty percent topical ALA was applied with 4 h occlusion, and 18 J/cm2 red light (630±63 nm) was administered. Each patient's acne was visually assessed by a spot count of both inflamed and non‐inflamed lesions at baseline and at 1, 3, and 6 months following PDT.Results: At 1, 3, and 6 months, the mean percentage reduction in inflamed lesions count was 27.6%, 37.9%, and 41.9%, respectively, in the ALA‐PDT‐treated area, whereas in the control area, it was 8.0%, 14.7%, and 15.4%, respectively, compared with the baseline. This showed a higher reduction of a spot count of inflamed lesions in the ALA‐PDT‐treated area, which was statistically significant (P<0.05). There was a slightly higher reduction of a spot count of non‐inflamed lesions in the ALA‐PDT‐treated area, which was statistically not significant (P>0.05). The adverse effects were minimal.Conclusion: ALA‐PDT with red light was found to be effective in the reduction of the number of inflamed lesions in patients with mild‐to‐moderate acne vulgaris, with no significant short‐term adverse effects.
Clinical and immunohistochemical evaluation of psoriatic plaques treated with topical 5‐aminolaevulinic acid photodynamic therapy
Authors: Fransson Jessica , Ros Anne‐Marie 
Published: November 2005

Background/purpose: The aims of this study were to investigate the clinical and immunohistochemical events of psoriatic plaques during photodynamic therapy (PDT) using topical application of 5‐aminolaevulinic acid (ALA).Methods: Twelve psoriatic patients were recruited for this study. Four of them dropped out because of pain during treatment. The effect of PDT was evaluated in the remaining eight. One plaque was selected in each patient and treated once weekly with PDT 10–30 J/cm2 two to five times. It was evaluated by using the scale, erythema and induration (SEI) index (maximal score per patient=9). Pain during treatment was assessed by a visual analogue scale (VAS), ranging from 0 to 10. Skin biopsies were taken before treatment, after two treatments and after completion of treatment, and were evaluated by immunohistochemistry.Results: Median SEI scores were significantly reduced from 7 (range 5–9) before to 1.5 (range 0–3) following treatment (P<0.0001). The median pain during PDT was 7. The number of vessels in the subpapillary dermis, identified by antibodies against Factor VIII and endoglin, increased during and/or after treatment in six of eight patients. Before treatment, the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor was displayed throughout the epidermis, keratin 16 suprabasally, involucrin from the stratum granulosum to the lower spinous layers and filaggrin in stratum granulosum with focal absence. There was a moderate dermal infiltrate of CD4+ cells and a sparse one of CD8+. Following treatment, the EGF receptor was still displayed throughout the epidermis in seven of eight specimens. Cytokeratin 16 expression decreased markedly. Involucrin was not seen as deep in the spinous layers as before PDT. Filaggrin was expressed throughout the stratum granulosum and often weakly in the upper stratum spinosum. The number of CD4+ and CD8+ dermal cells decreased.Conclusion: PDT improved psoriasis and induced dermal neovascularization. Although a good clinical response was seen in most of our patients, the high frequency of discomfort during treatment limits the usefulness of ALA‐PDT for psoriasis. The mechanism of the neovascularization is unknown. It may be owing to an indirect effect of PDT on the microvasculature and immune system or recovery phenomena.
Narrow band UVB (311 nm), psoralen UVB (311 nm) and PUVA therapy in the treatment of early‐stage mycosis fungoides: a right–left comparative study
Authors: El‐Mofty M. , El‐Darouty M. , Salonas M. , Bosseila M. , Sobeih S. , Leheta T. , Nada H. , Tawdy A. , Amin I. , El‐Enany G. 
Published: November 2005

Background: Psoralen ultraviolet A (PUVA) is a widely used first‐line therapy for treatment of early cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma. Narrow band UVB (UVB‐NB) (311 nm) has been recently introduced as another effective line of treatment. It is postulated that the efficacy of UVB‐NB could be enhanced by addition of psoralen.Aim: The aim of the present work was to compare the clinical and histopathologic efficacy of PUVA and UVB‐NB in the treatment of early‐stage MF (stages IA, IB and IIA), and to evaluate whether psoralen adds to the efficacy of UVB‐NB or not.Patients and Methods: Twenty patients (stage IA, IB or IIA) were divided into two equal groups: group I received UVB‐NB on the right body half vs. PUVA on the left side of the body for 48 sessions, and group II received PUVB‐NB on the right side of the body vs. PUVA on the left side for 36 sessions. The sessions were administered three times weekly.Results: In group I, almost equal results were obtained on both sides, i.e., UVB‐NB and PUVA were equally effective in the treatment of early stages of MF, both clinically and histopathologically. In group II, PUVB‐NB was found to be as effective as conventional PUVA in the treatment of early‐stage mycosis fungoides, also on both clinical and histopathological grounds.Conclusion: UVB‐NB phototherapy should be included among the initial therapeutic options of mycosis fungoides in view of its efficacy, convenience, and likelihood of fewer long‐term adverse effects. Addition of psoralen does not seem to enhance its therapeutic efficacy.
Determination of action spectrum for sparfloxacin‐photosensitized single‐strand breaks in plasmid pBR322 DNA
Authors: Sayama Katsuhide , Kobayashi Yuki , Fujita Hitoshi , Ito Atsushi , Tokura Yoshiki , Sasaki Masako 
Published: November 2005

Background: Various drugs have been reported to induce photosensitivity as a side effect. Sparfloxacin (SPFX) is well known to trigger dermatological phototoxicity upon solar radiation exposure.Purpose: To prevent SPFX‐induced phototoxicity, we determined the wavelength range responsible for SPFX phototoxicity.Methods: The action spectrum for SPFX photosensitization was assessed by the formation of single‐strand breaks in plasmid pBR322 DNA.Results: The wavelengths of light leading to the formation of single‐strand breaks were in the ultraviolet A (UVA) and visible ranges. In comparison with the absorption spectrum, we found that SPFX absorption primarily contributed to the action spectrum of single‐strand break formation, but it even expanded to the visible range (between 320 and 480 nm) beyond the absorption wavelengths.Conclusion: The findings suggest that protection of skin from short wavelengths of visible light beyond the absorption wavelengths as well as UVA light is of primary importance in prevention against induction of SPFX phototoxicity.
Lymphocytes treated by extracorporeal photopheresis can down‐regulate cytokine production in untreated monocytes
Authors: Bladon John , Taylor Peter C. 
Published: November 2005

Background:Pro‐inflammatory cytokines are actively involved in graft‐versus host‐disease (GvHD) aetiology. Treatment of GvHD, using extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP), has demonstrated clinical efficacy. ECP rapidly reduces the number of T cells that produce tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα), interferon γ (IFNγ) and interleukin (IL)2. ECP‐treated cells are re‐infused immediately after completion of treatment. This study attempted to determine the influence that ECP‐treated cells would have on untreated cells following re‐infusion.Methods:Heparinized samples were taken from 10 chronic GvHD patients, pre‐ECP and immediately prior to re‐infusion (post‐ECP). Lymphocytes and monocytes were isolated using magnetic separation. The post‐ECP lymphocytes were mixed with pre‐ECP monocytes, while the post‐ECP monocytes and pre‐ECP lymphocytes were combined. After suitable stimulation, the T cells were tested for intracellular TNFα, IFNγ and IL2, while the monocytes were evaluated for TNFα, IL1α, IL1β, IL6 and IL8.Results:Although cytokine secretion is decreased in T cells exposed to ECP, pre‐ECP T cells were unaffected by post‐ECP monocytes. Post‐ECP monocytes demonstrated a reduction in cytokine secretion. Furthermore, untreated monocytes down‐regulated cytokine production following exposure to ECP‐treated lymphocytes.Conclusion:ECP has both a direct and indirect immunosuppressive action, both of which may be beneficial in the treatment of GvHD.
How resident committees function in low‐level residential aged care facilities
Authors: Wilson Leah , Kirby Neil 
Published: November 2005

Objective:  To investigate factors affecting the functioning of resident committees in South Australian low‐level residential aged care facilities (RACFs). Methods:  Observation of two consecutive resident committee meetings in 18 low‐level RACFs. Results:  Most meetings were informal. Only one‐third had an agenda, and although all had minutes, only half provided them to residents. Most meetings were scheduled monthly, but because of postponements, meetings were held on average every 7 weeks. Many meeting rooms did not allow residents to see and hear comfortably. Most chairpersons were staff and only one chairperson had formal training in conducting meetings. Only 21% of first meeting topics, which mostly focused on resident complaints, resulted in solutions at the second meeting. Resident dissatisfaction was evident with meeting environments, procedures and outcomes. Conclusion:  There is considerable scope for improving a number of environmental and procedural factors affecting the functioning of resident committees.
Species richness patterns and metapopulation processes – evidence from epiphyte communities in boreo‐nemoral forests
Authors: Löbel Swantje , Snäll Tord , Rydin Håkan 
Published: November 2005

For several epiphyte species, dispersal limitation and metapopulation dynamics have been suggested. We studied the relative importance of local environmental conditions and spatial aggregation of species richness of facultative and obligate epiphytic bryophytes and lichens within two old‐growth forests in eastern Sweden. The effect of the local environment was analyzed using generalized linear models (GLM). We tested whether species richness was spatially structured by fitting variogram models to the residuals of the GLM. In addition, we analyzed the species‐area relationship (area=tree diameter). Different environmental variables explained the richness of different species groups (bryophytes vs lichens, specialists vs generalists, sexual vs asexual dispersal). In most groups, the total variation explained by environmental variables was higher than the variation explained by the spatial model. Spatial aggregation was more pronounced in asexually than in sexually dispersed species. Bryophyte species richness was only poorly predicted by area, and lichen species richness was not explained by area at all.Spatial aggregation may indicate effects of dispersal limitation and metapopulation dynamics on community species richness. Our results suggest that species groups differ in habitat requirements and dispersal abilities; there were indications that presence of species with different dispersal strategies is linked to the age of the host tree. Separate analyses of the species richness of species groups that differ in the degree of habitat specialization and dispersal ability give insights into the processes determining community species richness. The poor species‐area relationship, especially in lichens, may indicate species turnover rather than accumulation during the lifetime of the host tree. Epiphyte species extinctions may be mainly caused by deterministic processes, e.g. changes in habitat conditions as the host tree grows, ages and dies, rather than by stochastic population processes.
Children and the "Unhomely" in the Sudanese Novel
Authors: Ayinde Oladosu Afis 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThis paper explores the category of childhood in Sudanese culture in relation to the Sudanese notion of the unhomely in Muhammad Sa'īd Shūlī's Hūsh Hamd and Sayf al-Dīn Hasan Bābikir's al-Zamān al-Fadā'ī al-Mi'waj. The theoretical framework is drawn from Sigmund Freud and Homi Bhabha. Having examined childhood and the Sudanese notion of the homely the paper goes on to inquire into the motif of the "unhomely" in the two novels using tradition, animal instinct, gender violence, intragender guiles and treachery and patriarchal privileges as strategies.
The Reform of the Moudawana: The Role of Women's Civil Society Organizations in Changing the Personal Status Code in Morocco
Authors: Wuerth Oriana 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe relationship between society and law is dynamic and complex, as laws are both the reflection of the society that creates them and the sculptor of the society over which they rule. These two forces exert constant pressure on one another, and if law and society do not adequately mirror each other, tension is likely to result. Law is not a static entity, but rather must adapt itself to society as changes occur within that society; similarly, as law changes, society too will evolve. This process can be seen in Morocco, where the Moudawana, or Personal Status Code, viewed by many as an inherently discriminatory text, has been undergoing a process of reform. The reforms in January of 2004 were both an attempt to increase women's rights and participation in society and a result of women's increased economic and political participation.
The Arabian Nights and the Question of Authorship
Authors: Muhawi Ibrahim 
Published: November 2005

AbstractAs an oral/redacted/written work with a complex textual history that includes the history of its translations, the Nights offers scholars an excellent opportunity to reflect on authorship as a practice that generates narrative and as a critical category at the same time. After exploring the possibility of considering the translator as author and discussing two scholars (Mahdi and Ghazoul) whose work bears on the question of authorship, the study proceeds to look at the effect of the Nights on the modern theory of authorship in Europe by showing its influence on Foucault's seminal essay, "What is an author?"
A Motif Index of Alf Laylah wa Laylah: Its Relevance to the Study of Culture, Society, the Individual, and Character Transmutation
Authors: El-Shamy Hasan 
Published: November 2005

AbstractUntil recently, the study of Alf Laylah wa Laylah was undertaken without reference to folkloristic theories, research tools, or methods. Meanwhile, folk literature indexes were developed with minimal input from Arab and Islamic traditions. 'Theories' concerning creativity, national character, society, etc. emerged on bases of the incomplete data offered. Other approaches proved impressionistic and non-representative. A Motif Index of Alf Laylah will offer inclusive analysis of the themes constituting this classical literary work, thus bridging the gulf between its texts and their oral folkloric counterparts. It also will assist in determining the extent to which a thesis is characteristic of a culture or social group.
Evolution of Speech and Its Acquisition
Authors: de Boer Bart 
Published: November 2005

Much is known about the evolution of speech. Fossil evidence points to modern adaptations for speech appearing between 1.5 million and 500,000 years ago. Studies of vocal behavior in apes show the ability to use combinatorial vocalizations in some species (but not chimpanzees) and some cultural influence on vocalizations, but little ability for vocal imitation. For modern speech, the comparison of many languages shows that speech can become extremely complex, but that it can also be astonishingly simple. Finally, the way in which infants acquire speech is becoming increasingly clear. We therefore know about the starting point of the evolution of speech, its end point and some steps in between. Much less is known about the exact scenario and the dynamics of the evolution of the acquisition of speech. As it involves co-evolution between culturally transmitted sounds and genetic evolution, the dynamics are complex. Computer models are therefore ideal for studying these dynamics. This paper presents a computer model of the co-evolution between a repertoire of speech sounds and a population of learners that can either represent a lexicon holistically or combinatorially. It shows that cultural influences can change the dynamics of the transition between a population of holistic and combinatorial learners.
Characterization of the interactions between the active site of a protein tyrosine kinase and a divalent metal activator
Authors: Lin Xiaofeng , Ayrapetov Marina K , Sun Gongqin 
Published: November 2005

Abstract

Background
Protein tyrosine kinases are important enzymes for cell signalling and key targets for anticancer drug discovery. The catalytic mechanisms of protein tyrosine kinase-catalysed phosphorylation are not fully understood. Protein tyrosine kinase Csk requires two Mg2+ cations for activity: one (M1) binds to ATP, and the other (M2) acts as an essential activator.

Results
Experiments in this communication characterize the interaction between M2 and Csk. Csk activity is sensitive to pH in the range of 6 to 7. Kinetic characterization indicates that the sensitivity is not due to altered substrate binding, but caused by the sensitivity of M2 binding to pH. Several residues in the active site with potential of binding M2 are mutated and the effect on metal activation studied. An active mutant of Asn319 is generated, and this mutation does not alter the metal binding characteristics. Mutations of Glu236 or Asp332 abolish the kinase activity, precluding a positive or negative conclusion on their role in M2 coordination. Finally, the ability of divalent metal cations to activate Csk correlates to a combination of ionic radius and the coordination number.

Conclusion
These studies demonstrate that M2 binding to Csk is sensitive to pH, which is mainly responsible for Csk activity change in the acidic arm of the pH response curve. They also demonstrate critical differences in the metal activator coordination sphere in protein tyrosine kinase Csk and a protein Ser/Thr kinase, the cAMP-dependent protein kinase. They shed light on the physical interactions between a protein tyrosine kinase and a divalent metal activator.
Discover protein sequence signatures from protein-protein interaction data
Authors: Fang Jianwen , Haasl Ryan J , Dong Yinghua , Lushington Gerald H 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
Background
The development of high-throughput technologies such as yeast two-hybrid systems and mass spectrometry technologies has made it possible to generate large protein-protein interaction (PPI) datasets. Mining these datasets for underlying biological knowledge has, however, remained a challenge.

Results
A total of 3108 sequence signatures were found, each of which was shared by a set of guest proteins interacting with one of 944 host proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome. Approximately 94% of these sequence signatures matched entries in InterPro member databases. We identified 84 distinct sequence signatures from the remaining 172 unknown signatures. The signature sharing information was then applied in predicting sub-cellular localization of yeast proteins and the novel signatures were used in identifying possible interacting sites.

Conclusion
We reported a method of PPI data mining that facilitated the discovery of novel sequence signatures using a large PPI dataset from S. cerevisiae genome as input. The fact that 94% of discovered signatures were known validated the ability of the approach to identify large numbers of signatures from PPI data. The significance of these discovered signatures was demonstrated by their application in predicting sub-cellular localizations and identifying potential interaction binding sites of yeast proteins.