bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physical properties of fatty acid methyl esters. I. density and molar volume
Authors: Gouw T. H. , Vlugter J. C. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractSaturated fatty acid methyl esters from acetate to arachidate, methyl oleate, linoleate, linolenate, and erucate have been prepared in high purity. Densities, refractive indices, dispersions, ultrasonic sound velocities, and dielectric constants have been measured in the liquid state at 20 and 40C. In this first communication, the densities of the saturated compounds have been correlated with the Smittenberg relation. The following relations were derived: d204= 0.85407 + 0.18494/ (n + 0.096) and d404= 0.84225 + 0.12904/(n‐0.408). Molar volumes have been computed and checked for additivity.
Homogeneous catalytic hydrogenation of sorbic acid with pentacyanocobaltate II
Authors: Mabrouk A. F. , Dutton H. J. , Cowan J. C. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe homogeneous hydrogenation of sodium sorbate, with pentacyanocobaltate II used as the catalyst, was followed manometrically at room temperature and atmospheric hydrogen pressure. One mole of hydrogen was absorbed by one mole of sorbate. UV and IR analyses demonstrated the reduction of sorbate to hexenoate. Gas liquid chromatography (GLC) of hexenoate indicated 82, 17, and 1% yields of 2‐,3‐, and 4‐hexenoates, respectively, with traces of sorbate. Increasing either the period of hydrogenation or the ratio of catalyst to sorbate, or both, did not cause the formation of caproate or change the ratio of the three isomers. Homogeneous catalytic hydrogenation in methanolic solutions showed higher selectivity since 2‐hexenoate was present in 96% yield. To standardize GLC columns, hexenoic acid isomers were synthesized by the Knoevenagel condensation.Trans‐ 2‐ hexenoic andtrans‐ 3‐ hexe‐ noic acids were prepared in 75 and 85% yields by a condensation ofn‐butanal and malonic acid in the presence of pyridine and triethanolamine, respectively.Trans‐ i‐ h.exea.oic acid was prepared in 70% yield by condensing diethyl malo‐nate with crotyl bromide. Physical properties, including UV and IR spectra, were determined for the purified synthetic acids and methyl esters. Although the absolute specificity of attack at the 4,5‐double bond of sorbic acid was not confirmed, the high degree of selectivity obtained does encourage further study of homogeneous catalysis on higher fatty acids.
The Influence of Maternal Early to Mid‐Gestation Nutrient Restriction on Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Fetal Sheep
Authors: Zhou Yunhua , Nijland Mark , Miller Myrna , Ford Stephen , Nathanielsz Peter W. , Brenna J. Thomas 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe early to mid‐gestational period (days 28–78) in sheep is the period of most rapid placental development. Maternal nutrient restriction (MNR) in this phase has negative consequences on fetal growth and development, predisposing the fetus to disease in adult life. The influence of MNR on fetal tissue fatty acids has not been reported. Ewes were fed to 50% (MNR) or 100% (control fed) of total digestible nutrients from days 28 to 78 of gestation. At 78 days, fetuses were sacrificed and the fatty acids in fetal liver, lung and muscle as well as maternal and fetal plasma were analyzed. Most fatty acids were not influenced by MNR. The n‐3 long chain PUFA eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n‐3, EPA) concentration (μg/mg) was low and more than doubled in the MNR sheep. Similarly, docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n‐3, DPA) increased by 60, 19, and 38% in liver, lung, and muscle, respectively. Neither docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n‐3, DHA) nor any of n‐6 PUFA changed. Arachidonic acid (20:4n‐6; ARA) increased in MNR maternal plasma as a percent of total fatty acids only, while in MNR fetal plasma only EPA increased. These results provide the first indication that MNR in early to mid‐gestation influences the profiles of LCPUFA in fetal tissues, and suggest that metabolic processes involving LCPUFA should be considered in evaluations of the impact of maternal nutriture on perinatal health.
Bounded rigidity of manifolds and asymptotic dimension growth
Authors: Chang Stanley S. , Ferry Steven , Yu Guoliang 
Published: May 2008

AbstractWe provide a bounded rigidity result for uniformly contractible manifolds with bounded geometry and sufficiently slow asymptotic dimension growth. This notion of asymptotic growth is a generalization of Gromov's definition of asymptotic dimension. In particular for these manifolds we prove that the bounded assembly map is an isomorphism. Our result is inspired by the coarse Baum-Connes results of Yu and the development of squeezing structures.
Fixed-point sets of smooth actions on spheres
Authors: Morimoto Masaharu 
Published: May 2008

AbstractGiven a group, it is a basic problem to determine which manifolds can occur as a fixed-point set of a smooth action of this group on a sphere. The current article answers this problem for a family of finite groups including perfect groups and nilpotent Oliver groups. We obtain the answer as an application of a new deleting and inserting theorem which is formulated to delete (or insert) fixed-point sets from (or to) disks with smooth actions of finite groups. One of the keys to the proof is an equivariant interpretation of the surgery theory of S. E. Cappell and J. L. Shaneson, for obtaining homology equivalences.
On the modelling of isothermal gas flows at the microscale
Authors: LOCKERBY DUNCAN A. , REESE JASON M. 
Published: May 2008

This paper makes two new propositions regarding the modelling of rarefied (non-equilibrium) isothermal gas flows at the microscale. The first is a new test case for benchmarking high-order, or extended, hydrodynamic models for these flows. This standing time-varying shear-wave problem does not require boundary conditions to be specified at a solid surface, so is useful for assessing whether fluid models can capture rarefaction effects in the bulk flow. We assess a number of different proposed extended hydrodynamic models, and we find the R13 equations perform the best in this case.Our second proposition is a simple technique for introducing non-equilibrium effects caused by the presence of solid surfaces into the computational fluid dynamics framework. By combining a new model for slip boundary conditions with a near-wall scaling of the Navier--Stokes constitutive relations, we obtain a model that is much more accurate at higher Knudsen numbers than the conventional second-order slip model. We show that this provides good results for combined Couette/Poiseuille flow, and that the model can predict the stress/strain-rate inversion that is evident from molecular simulations. The model's generality to non-planar geometries is demonstrated by examining low-speed flow around a micro-sphere. It shows a marked improvement over conventional predictions of the drag on the sphere, although there are some questions regarding its stability at the highest Knudsen numbers.
From the global to the local? Governance and development at the local level: reflections from Tanzania
Authors: Harrison Graham 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTGovernance reform practice has mostly focused on building up and transforming central state institutions. Furthermore, the politics of aid has often constructed a very ‘introverted’ politics based in large cities. This article explores the means through which governance ideas are implemented outside this ‘governance realm’, by looking at the ways in which the Lushoto District government in Tanzania has mediated a range of policy changes that have emanated from the state/donor centre. Identifying three distinct but inter-related repertoires of political practice, it argues that governance at the local level has been largely about financial management, and that this aspect of reform is in tension with local developmentalism and is more starkly opposed to local veranda politics.
New agricultural frontiers in post-conflict Sierra Leone? Exploring institutional challenges for wetland management in the Eastern Province
Authors: Maconachie Roy 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTSierra Leone has recently emerged from a long period of political instability and civil war, and is ranked among the world's poorest countries. Thousands of displaced people are in the process of returning to their villages to rebuild their mainly farming-based livelihoods, and many are growing food crops for the first time in a decade. With pressure on food production increasing in rural areas, the inland valley swamps have been identified by the government as a vital resource for sustaining rural livelihoods and achieving food security through the production of rice and other commodities. However, previous government policies directed at enhanced wetland production have largely failed to achieve their goals, and have been criticised for neglecting the institutional challenges of development. Drawing on recent fieldwork carried out in two rural communities in the Eastern Province, this paper considers how institutional arrangements function in Sierra Leone's swamp wetlands, and explores how stresses associated with a post-conflict environment are shaping land-use decisions and mediating access to resources in new ways. The findings of the enquiry have implications for Sierra Leone's recently adopted commitment to decentralisation, a move that has, in theory, seen the state strengthen its position at the local level, and will allegedly create new spaces for increased interaction between state agencies, traditional leaders and communities. Two institutional challenges are examined – access to land and access to labour – that must be addressed if decentralised reforms to resource management are to be effective for wetland rice production. The analysis concludes by considering one recent initiative at the forefront of efforts to decentralise the Ministry of Agriculture, the ‘Agricultural Business Unit’ (ABU) initiative, to elucidate some of the challenges faced in post-conflict wetland rehabilitation.
Political corruption, party financing and democracy in Kenya
Authors: Gakuo Mwangi Oscar 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTThis article examines political corruption and political party financing in multiparty Kenya. It uses the Goldenberg and Anglo-Leasing mega-scandals to demonstrate the existence of political corruption, particularly campaign financing, arguing that it has increased under multiparty rule and affected the nature of governance. It has adversely affected political participation and competition, the rule of law, transparency and accountability. Illegal funds to finance the Kenya African National Union's elections in the 1990s were raised through the Goldenberg Affair, whereas those aimed at financing the National Rainbow Coalition's elections in December 2007 were to be raised through the Anglo-Leasing scandal. Corrupt campaign financing, therefore, poses a threat to democracy in the country. The democratic space created and expanded by multipartyism has, however, provided new opportunities for waging the war against corruption. It is in the context of these arguments that the conclusion raises broader issues for corruption and democracy in Africa.
Building democracy from below: a case from rural Tanzania
Authors: Snyder Katherine A. 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTFocusing on events in a rural village in Tanzania during 2001–02, this paper examines the changing nature of state/society relations in Tanzania. Drawing on experience from previous years of fieldwork in the early 1990s, it becomes apparent that villagers are beginning to change the way they engage with the state. These new approaches are framed in part by the discourse of democracy, with which Tanzanians have become familiar since the economic and political liberalisation policies of the 1990s. These events reveal a new sense of the right to participate in decision-making on how to use key development resources. They also illustrate how local elites can threaten to capture benefits for their own gain. As Tanzanians begin to demand more rights to participate in the public sphere, their achievements enlarge our understanding of what might constitute civil society.
‘There's no bad bush to throw away a bad child’: ‘tradition’-inspired reintegration in post-war Sierra Leone
Authors: Stovel Laura 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTGovernment and civil society leaders in African transitional states often use rituals and expressions inspired by tradition to facilitate the integration of ex-combatants and displaced people. In Sierra Leone, the expression ‘There's no bad bush to throw away a bad child’, conveys a vision of African society as inherently forgiving and inclusive, and of Africans as needing to be amongst their own people. This ideal was perfectly suited for the needs of an impoverished state seeking to ease the strain on cities, and relying on communities' organic capacities to absorb their own people. This research draws on interviews with diverse Sierra Leoneans to examine the assumptions behind this communitarian ideal. It argues that while ‘There is no bad bush … ’ promotes a form of reconciliation defined as peaceful coexistence, it lacks the elements of justice required for deep reconciliation to occur.
Predation uponMytilus galloprovincialis(Mollusca: Bivalvia: Mytilidae) by juvenileCarcinus maenas(Crustacea: Decapoda) using mandibular chipping
Authors: Morton Brian , Harper E.M. 
Published: May 2008

Field observations of small (<20 mm) individuals ofMytulus galloprovincialisat Littlehampton (West Sussex) on the south-eastern coast of England showed that many collected as recently dead shells had a distinctive pattern of damage around the posterior valve margins. Laboratory experiments confirmed that smallCarcinus maenas (<22 mm carapace width) were capable of inflicting a similar style of damage. SmallC. maenasfed successfully on a range of mussel sizes (5–20 mm shell length), positively correlated with carapace width. All used the same technique to access the bivalve prey, that is, by marginal mandibular chipping in order to achieve sufficient damage to allow insertion of a chelal dactyl between the valves. Mandibular chipping has previously been reported upon from non-chelate decapods and juvenile lobsters. The chelae of juvenileC. maenasare small and have a lower mechanical advantage than has been reported upon for adult conspecifics which, in any case, are not highly adapted for durophagy. We suggest that because of the poor mechanical performance and small gape of the chelae juvenileC. maenasbehave as though they were achelate. As well as broadening our understanding of the repertoire of known feeding behaviours ofC. maenas, our study may also provide an insight into the evolution of durophagy within the Decapoda.
Reproductive characteristics of the sand sole Pegusa lascaris (Soleidae), from the eastern-central Atlantic
Authors: Pajuelo José G. , Lorenzo José M. 
Published: May 2008

The reproductive biology of 1318 sand sole, Pegusa lascaris, was investigated. This species is a gonochoristic species with no evidence of sexual dimorphism. The overall sex-ratio was 1 male to 0.92 females. Females predominate in the larger size intervals, with a significant difference in mean standard length and range between sexes. Size at first maturity for males and females is attained at 17.2 and 17.7 cm standard length, respectively. Vitellogenesis does not begin synchronously for all females, as a consequence the spawning season appears to be continuous. In each female spawning takes place in two batches which are spawned mainly in spring and autumn, indicating that fish are serial synchronous spawners.
Functional group/guild modelling of inter-specific pathogen interactions: A potential tool for predicting the consequences of co-infection
Authors: LELLO J. , HUSSELL T. 
Published: May 2008

SUMMARYAlthough co-infection is the norm in most human and animal populations, clinicians currently have no practical tool to assist them in choosing the best treatment strategy for such patients. Given the vast range of potential pathogens which may co-infect the host, obtaining such a practical tool may seem an intractable problem. In ecology the joint concepts of functional groups and guilds have been used to conceptually simplify complex ecosystems, in order to understand how their component parts interact and may be manipulated. Here we propose a mechanism by which to apply these concepts to pathogen co-infection systems. Further, we describe how these groups could be incorporated into a mathematical modelling framework which, after validation, could be used as a clinical tool to predict the outcome of any particular combination of pathogens co-infecting a host.
Darwin's mistake: Explaining the discontinuity between human and nonhuman minds
Authors: Penn Derek C. , Holyoak Keith J. , Povinelli Daniel J. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractOver the last quarter century, the dominant tendency in comparative cognitive psychology has been to emphasize the similarities between human and nonhuman minds and to downplay the differences as “one of degree and not of kind” (Darwin 1871). In the present target article, we argue that Darwin was mistaken: the profound biological continuity between human and nonhuman animals masks an equally profound discontinuity between human and nonhuman minds. To wit, there is a significant discontinuity in the degree to which human and nonhuman animals are able to approximate the higher-order, systematic, relational capabilities of a physical symbol system (PSS) (Newell 1980). We show that this symbolic-relational discontinuity pervades nearly every domain of cognition and runs much deeper than even the spectacular scaffolding provided by language or culture alone can explain. We propose a representational-level specification as to where human and nonhuman animals' abilities to approximate a PSS are similar and where they differ. We conclude by suggesting that recent symbolic-connectionist models of cognition shed new light on the mechanisms that underlie the gap between human and nonhuman minds.
The role of motor-sensory feedback in the evolution of mind
Authors: Bridgeman Bruce 
Published: May 2008

AbstractSeemingly small changes in brain organization can have revolutionary consequences for function. An example is evolution's application of the primate action-planning mechanism to the management of communicative sequences. When feedback from utterances reaches the brain again through a mechanism that evolved to monitor action sequences, it makes another pass through the brain, amplifying the human power of thinking.
The sun always rises: Scientists also need semantics
Authors: Burghardt Gordon M. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractPenn et al. do not demonstrate Darwin made a mistake, because they largely ignore the semantics underlying the meanings of “degree” and “kind.” An analysis based on the work of Mortimer Adler shows such terminology conflates at least three different meanings of “kind,” only one of which challenges Darwin – and one which the authors almost certainly would reject.
We must also admit that there is a much wider interval in mental power between one of the lowest fishes, as a lamprey or lancelet, and one of the higher apes, than between an ape and man; yet this immense interval is filled with numberless gradations.;>— Charles Darwin (1871, p. 35)The distance between man and ape is greater than the distance between ape and ameba.;>— William Gaylin (1990, p. 8)
The missing link: Dynamic, modifiable representations in working memory
Authors: Halford Graeme S. , Phillips Steven , Wilson William H. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractWe propose that the missing link from nonhuman to human cognition lies with our ability to form, modify, and re-form dynamic bindings between internal representations of world-states. This capacity goes beyond dynamic feature binding in perception and involves a new conception of working memory. We propose two tests for structured knowledge that might alleviate the impasse in empirical research in nonhuman animal cognition.
Ontogeny, phylogeny, and the relational reinterpretation hypothesis
Authors: Hallinan Elizabeth V. , Kuhlmeier Valerie A. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractIf our knowledge of human cognition were based solely on research with participants younger than the age of 2 years, there would be no basis for the relational reinterpretation hypothesis, and Darwin's continuity theory would be safe as houses. Because many of the shortcomings cited apply to human infants, we propose how a consideration of cognitive development would inform the relational reinterpretation hypothesis.
Taking symbols for granted? Is the discontinuity between human and nonhuman minds the product of external symbol systems?
Authors: Lupyan Gary 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe target article provides a convincing argument that nonhuman animals cannot process role-governed rules, relational schemas, and so on, in a human-like fashion. However, actual human performance is often more similar to that of nonhuman animals than Penn et al. admit. The kind of rule-governed performance the authors take for granted may rely to a substantial degree on language on external symbol systems such as those provided by language and culture.
An amicus for the defense: Relational reasoning magnifies the behavioral differences between humans and nonhumans
Authors: Markman Arthur B. , Stilwell C. Hunt 
Published: May 2008

AbstractRelational representation abilities are a crucial cognitive difference between human and nonhuman animals. We argue that relational reasoning and representation supports the development of culture that increases in complexity. Thus, these abilities are a force that magnifies the apparent difference in cognitive abilities between humans and nonhumans.
Difficulties with “humaniqueness”
Authors: Pepperberg Irene M. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractExplaining the transition from nonhuman to human behavior is a major scientific problem. Penn et al. argue for discontinuous evolution; they review many relevant papers but miss some that disagree with their stance. Given the shifting ground on which Penn et al.'s theories are based, and the likelihood of future studies providing additional information on continuities, a more open approach to continuity is warranted.
Language as a consequence and an enabler of the exercise of higher-order relational capabilities: Evidence from toddlers
Authors: Shatz Marilyn 
Published: May 2008

AbstractData on toddler language acquisition and use support the idea of a cognitive “supermodule” that can resolve contradictory claims about human-animal similarities. Examples of imagination, aesthetic evaluation, theory of mind (ToM), and language learning reveal higher-order, relational, abstract capabilities early on. Although language itself may be a consequence of exercising this supermodule, it enables further cognitive operations on indirect experience to go far beyond animal accomplishments.
Explaining human cognitive autapomorphies
Authors: Suddendorf Thomas 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe real reason for the apparent discontinuity between human and nonhuman minds is that all closely related hominids have become extinct. Nonetheless, I agree with Penn et al. that comparative psychology should aim to establish what cognitive traits humans share with other animals and what traits they do not share, because this could make profound contributions to genetics and neuroscience. There is, however, no consensus yet, and Penn et al.'s conclusion that it all comes down to one trait is premature.
Languages of thought need to be distinguished from learning mechanisms, and nothing yet rules out multiple distinctively human learning systems
Authors: Tetzlaff Michael , Carruthers Peter 
Published: May 2008

AbstractWe distinguish the question whether only human minds are equipped with a language of thought (LoT) from the question whether human minds employ a single uniquely human learning mechanism. Thus separated, our answer to both questions is negative. Even very simple minds employ a LoT. And the comparative data reviewed by Penn et al. actually suggest that there are many distinctively human learning mechanisms.