bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
α‐Fe2O3 Nanoflakes as an Anode Material for Li‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Reddy M. V. , Yu T. , Sow C. H. , Shen Z. X. , Lim C. T. , Subba Rao G. V. , Chowdari B. V. R. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractNanoflakes of α‐Fe2O3 were prepared on Cu foil by using a thermal treatment method. The nanoflakes were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. The reversible Li‐cycling properties of the α‐Fe2O3 nanoflakes have been evaluated by cyclic voltammery, galvanostatic discharge–charge cycling, and impedance spectral measurements on cells with Li metal as the counter and reference electrodes, at ambient temperature. Results show that Fe2O3 nanoflakes exhibit a stable capacity of (680 ± 20) mA h g–1, corresponding to (4.05 ± 0.05) moles of Li per mole of Fe2O3 with no noticeable capacity fading up to 80 cycles when cycled in the voltage range 0.005–3.0 V at 65 mA g–1 (0.1 C rate), and with a coulombic efficiency of > 98 % during cycling (after the 15th cycle). The average discharge and charge voltages are 1.2 and 2.1 V, respectively. The observed cyclic voltammograms and impedance spectra have been analyzed and interpreted in terms of the ‘conversion reaction' involving nanophase Fe0–Li2O. The superior performance of Fe2O3 nanoflakes is clearly established by a comparison of the results with those for Fe2O3 nanoparticles and nanotubes reported in the literature.
Templated Synthesis of Mesoporous Superparamagnetic Polymers
Authors: Fuertes A. B. , Sevilla M. , Álvarez S. , Valdés‐Solís T. , Tartaj P. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractWe present a novel synthetic strategy for fabricating superparamagnetic nanoparticles randomly dispersed in a mesoporous polymeric matrix. This method is based on the use of mesoporous silica materials as templates. The procedure used to obtain these mesoporous magnetic polymers consisted in: a) generating iron oxide ferrite magnetic nanoparticles (FMNP) of size ∼ 7–8 nm within the pores of the silica, b) loading the porosity of the silica/FMNP composite with a polymer (Polydivinylbenzene), c) selectively removing the silica framework from the resulting silica/FMNP/polymer composite. Such magnetic porous polymeric materials exhibit large surface areas (up to 630 m2 g–1), high pore volumes (up to 0.73 cm3 g–1) and a porosity made up of mesopores. In this way, it is possible to obtain superparamagnetic mesoporous hybrid nanocomposites that are easily manipulated by an external magnetic field and display different magnetic behaviours depending on the textural properties of the template employed.
A Self‐Healing Poly(Dimethyl Siloxane) Elastomer
Authors: Keller M. W. , White S. R. , Sottos N. R. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractSelf‐healing functionality is imparted to a poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) elastomer. This new material is produced by the incorporation of a microencapsulated PDMS resin and a microencapsulated crosslinker into the PDMS matrix. A protocol based on the recovery of tear strength is introduced to assess the healing efficiency for these compliant polymers. While most PDMS elastomers possess some ability to re‐mend through surface cohesion, the mechanism is generally insufficient to produce significant recovery of initial material strength under ambient conditions. Self‐healing PDMS specimens, however, routinely recover between 70–100 % of the original tear strength. Moreover, the addition of microcapsules increases the tear strength of the PDMS. The effect of microcapsule concentration on healing efficiency is also investigated.
Ontogeny of conspecific and heterospecific alarm call recognition in wild Verreaux's sifakas (Propithecus verreauxi verreauxi)
Authors: Fichtel Claudia 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe production of vocalizations in nonhuman primates is predominantly innate, whereas learning influences the usage and comprehension of vocalizations. In this study, I examined the development of alarm call recognition in free‐ranging infant Verreaux's sifakas. Specifically, I investigated their ability to recognize conspecific alarm calls as well as those of sympatric redfronted lemurs (Eulemur fulvus rufus) in Kirindy forest, western Madagascar. Both species have functionally referential alarm calls for aerial predators and give general alarm calls for both aerial and general predators and also other kinds of threats, such as intergroup encounters with conspecifics. I conducted playback experiments with members of two birth cohorts (nine and ten individuals) to determine the age at which infant Verreaux's sifakas discriminate between conspecific alarm calls, heterospecific alarm calls, and non‐alarm vocalizations (parrot song). Most 3–4 months old infants fled toward adults after hearing any playback stimuli, whereas 4–5‐month‐old infants did so only after presentation of alarm calls. Moreover, all infants of these age classes showed a longer latency to flee after the parrot song indicating their emerging ability to discriminate between alarm calls and non‐alarm stimuli. At an age of about 6 months, infants switched from fleeing toward adults to performing adult‐like escape responses after presentation of conspecific and heterospecific alarm calls. Thus, the ability to discriminate between alarm from non‐alarm stimuli precedes the appearance of adult‐like responses. The transition to adult‐like escape behavior was coincident with the physical independence of infants from their mothers. Am. J. Primatol. 70:127–135, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reactive CFD simulation of an FCC regenerator
Authors: Schwarz M. Philip , Lee John 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA computational fluid dynamic (CFD) model including coke combustion and heat transfer has been developed of the fluidised bed in the regenerator vessel of the fluidised bed catalytic cracker unit (FCCU) at the BP Bulwer Island Refinery. The model has been used to test various design modifications aimed at improving oxygen utilisation efficiency by reducing short‐circuiting of solids through the vessel. A catalyst return distributor design has been determined that gives significantly better mixing, and hence significantly reduced breakthrough of oxygen and CO into the freeboard compared with the existing design. When the modification was implemented at the plant, excess O2 was reduced significantly Copyright © 2007 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non‐continuous and variable rate processes: optimisation for energy use
Authors: Morrison Andrew S. , Walmsley Michael R. W. , Neale James R. , Burrell Christopher P. , Kamp Peter J. J. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe need to develop new and improved ways of reducing energy use and increasing energy intensity in industrial processes is currently a major issue in New Zealand. Little attention has been given to optimisation of non‐continuous processes in the past due to their complexity, yet they remain an essential and often energy‐intensive component of many industrial sites. Novel models based on pinch analysis that aid in minimising utility usage have been constructed here through the adaptation of proven continuous techniques. The knowledge has been integrated into a user‐friendly software package, and allows the optimisation of processes under variable operating rates and batch conditions. An example problem demonstrates the improvements in energy use that can be gained when using these techniques to analyse non‐continuous data. A comparison with results achieved using a pseudo‐continuous method shows that the method described can provide simultaneous reductions in capital and operating costs. Copyright © 2007 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Heat‐transfer fouling mitigation with model synthetic fibre suspensions
Authors: Duffy G. G. , McShane K. S. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractSuspensions of model polymer fibres at a fixed concentration and flow rate have been shown to mitigate heat‐transfer fouling. The results are in general agreement with previous studies using wood pulp fibre suspensions under the same conditions. Stiffer and shorter fibres were found to increase the initial induction period before the onset of fouling. Longer and more flexible fibres reduced the ultimate thickness of the fouling deposit as well as the ultimate asymptotic level of fouling resistance. Copyright © 2007 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microbiology for chemical engineers—from macro to micro scale
Authors: Emanuelsson E. A. C. , Emanuelsson M. A. E. , Patterson D. A. , Castro P. M. L. , Livingston A. G. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractRecent developments in microbial techniques (such as PCR, GE, FISH) have allowed researchers to detect, identify and quantify microorganisms without the limitation of culture‐dependent methods. This has given both engineers and scientists a more fundamental understanding about systems containing microorganisms. These techniques can be used to monitor bacteria in wastewater treatment systems, soil and sea, industrial fermentation, food technology, and improve floccability, etc. However, despite these techniques being readily available and relatively cheap, they are not widely used by engineers. Hence, the aim of this paper is to introduce these techniques, and their applications, to chemical engineers. Two different studies related to industrial wastewater treatment, but applicable to general microorganism systems, will be presented: (1) microbial stability of pure cultures, and (2) bioreactor population shifts during alternating operational conditions. In (1), two bioreactors, inoculated with two different pure cultures, (A) Xanthobacter aut GJ10 and (B) Bulkholderia sp JS150, degrading 1,2‐dichloroethane (DCE) and monochlorobenzene (MCB), respectively, were followed over time (Emanuelsson et al., 2005)(Emanuelsson et al., 2005). Specific and universal 16S rRNA oligonucleotide probes were used to identify the bacteria. It was found that bioreactor (A) remained pure for 290 days, whereas bioreactor (B) became contaminated within one week. The difference in behaviour is attributed to the pathway required to degrade DCE. In (2), the stability of a bacterial strain, which was isolated on the basis of its capability to degrade 2‐fluorobenzoate from contaminated soil, in three different, up‐flow fixed bed reactors operated under shock loads and starvation periods, was followed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) (Emanuelsson et al., 2006)(Emanuelsson et al., 2006). All bioreactors were rapidly colonised by different bacteria; however, the communities remained fairly stable over time, and shifts in bacterial populations were mainly found during the starvation periods. Copyright © 2007 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Extraction and recovery of penicillin G in a hollow‐fiber membrane contactor
Authors: Smith E. , Hossain Md M. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe effect of feed pH and temperature were examined for the extraction of penicillin G from aqueous solutions. Equilibrium experiments were first carried out to establish the carrier and the solvent for better extraction in the organic phase. The feed pH was varied in the range 4.5–7 to determine the extractability of the carrier–solvent system. Organic phases consisting of the carriers Aliquat 336 and Amberlite LA‐2 in the solvents Shellsol TK and oleyl alcohol gave good values of the distribution coefficient at room temperature. The distribution coefficients were greater at temperatures higher than the room temperature. Re‐extraction (recovery) experiments were carried out by using an aqueous solution of salts; sodium carbonate performed better than sodium chloride. These processes were scaled up using a pilot‐scale hollow‐fiber membrane module (HFMM). The module (6 cm × 20 cm) had a total of 10 000 microporous polypropylene hollow fibers with an effective mass transfer area of 1.4 m2. The extraction was performed by contacting a ‘feed’ solution containing penicillin G (flowing in the fiber side) with an ‘organic phase’ of Aliquat 336 in Shellsol TK or oleyl alcohol (flowing on the shell side) of the membrane contactor. An organic phase of 5% Aliquat 336 in both the solvents Shellsol TK and oleyl alcohol achieved extraction at pH 7 in the range 40–45% within 1 h at a recirculating feed flow rate of 14.4 l/h. The operating temperature affected the percentage extraction slightly and it increased with temperature before reaching a plateau at 25–30 °C. For recovery of penicillin G from the organic phase, experiments were carried out using aqueous solutions of sodium carbonate and sodium chloride. Sodium carbonate at pH 11.2 gave significantly better recovery (approx. 98%) compared to sodium chloride at pH 6.7 (approx. 38%) within 1.5 h. Copyright © 2007 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The use of carbon electrodes in ohmic cooking of meat patties
Authors: Gin Benjamin , Farid Mohammed 
Published: August 2007

AbstractOhmic cooking is the process of cooking by passing an electrical current through food. The electrical conductivity of the food causes heating and hence a rise in the interior temperature of the food. Previous research has shown that combined ohmic and plate cooking process improves the cooking time of hamburger patties over a conventional plate cooking process. However, it has been observed that after ohmic cooking the electrode plates suffered from corrosion or pitting even when current is passed at high frequency. In this research, carbon plates were tested to find out if the combined ohmic and plate cooking would result in pitting. Loss of carbon material, believed to be caused by pitting corrosion, was observed on the plates after ohmic cooking at a power frequency of 50 Hz. Frequencies of 5 and 100 kHz were tried to eliminate the pitting. It was shown that the higher frequencies resulted in reduced pitting. Copyright © 2007 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Review: examining the use of different feedstock for the production of biodiesel
Authors: Behzadi S. , Farid M. M. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractBiodiesel is an alternative fuel produced from triglycerides and fatty acids present in naturally occurring fats and oils. However, owing to higher production costs it has had very little commercial use. It has been identified that the cost of raw materials (this refers to fats and oils) accounts for more than 70% of the biodiesel production cost. For biodiesel to play an active role in our energy needs, it requires to be produced at a much lower price while still meeting international fuel standards.The objective of this paper is to identify other feedstocks such as micro‐organisms (e.g. algae), which can be used for biodiesel production. By increasing the supply and lowering the price of feedstock, the overall cost of biodiesel can be reduced allowing it to play a greater role in satisfying our energy needs. Copyright © 2007 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation of ketoprofen‐loaded high‐molecular‐weight poly(vinyl alcohol) gels
Authors: Lim Hyun Ju , Lee Sung Jun , Choi Han Gon , Kim Jung Ae , Yong Chul Soon , Han Sung Soo , Noh Seok Kyun , Jang Jinho , Lyoo Won Seok 
Published: August 2007

AbstractHigh‐molecular‐weight atactic poly(vinyl alcohol) (a‐PVA) gels loaded with (R,S)‐2‐(3‐benzoylphenyl)propionic acid (ketoprofen) were prepared from 5, 6, 7, and 8 g/dL solutions of a‐PVA with a number‐average degree of polymerization of 4000 in an ethylene glycol/water mixture with an aging method to identify the effect of the initial polymer concentration on the swelling behavior, morphology, and thermal properties of a‐PVA gels. Then, the release behavior of ketoprofen from a‐PVA gels was investigated. As the polymer concentration decreased, the ability for network formation decreased, and the degree of swelling of the a‐PVA gels increased. In addition, the enthalpy increased with an increase in the a‐PVA concentration, but the melting temperatures of the gels prepared at different initial polymer concentrations were the same; this indicated that tighter gel networks would be formed by a higher polymer chain density. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Restraining the aggregation of poly(9,9‐dihexylfluorene) by crosslinked poly(methyl methacrylate) networks
Authors: Su Fu‐Kun , Hong Jin‐Long , Lin Lieh‐Li 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA crosslinked network was used to restrain undesired interchain aggregation of fluorescent polymers in this study. Primarily, solutions of poly(9,9‐dihexylfluorene) (PF) in toluene and in curable liquid monomer mixtures of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and ditrimethylolproane tetracrylate (DTTPT) were compared to study the effect of concentration on absorption and emission behaviors. Results from ultraviolet–visible absorption, photoluminescence (PL) emission, and PL excitation reveal that the degree of aggregation depended strongly on the concentration and was correlated to the size of the polymer coil as determined from light scattering. Solutions of known PF content in MMA/DTTPT were then photoirradiated to yield PF/crosslinked poly(methyl methacrylate) (X‐PMMA) composite films. Comparison among the pure PF, PF/MMA/DTTPT mother liquid, and PF/X‐PMMA solid composites were then conducted to evaluate the effect of crosslinking on the degree of aggregation. With small amounts of imbedded PF (0.0015 wt %), the PF/X‐PMMA composite had a PL quantum yield (0.70) higher than the pure PF (0.65) itself. Most notably, the PF/X‐PMMA composites after annealing at 120 and 200°C for 5 h still retained a reasonable emission efficiency (with related PL quantum yields of 0.61 and 0.43), in contrast to the large PL quantum yield reductions to 0.32 and 0.19 for the annealed PFs after the same treatment. Suggestively, interchain aggregation during a high‐temperature annealing process can be largely inhibited by the surrounding crosslinked network matrix. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Imprinted polymers for water purification
Authors: Randhawa Manny , Gartner Isabelle , Becker Cassandra , Student James , Chai Minghui , Mueller Anja 
Published: August 2007

AbstractImprinting polymerization is used to make resins with a high capacity for cadmium ions for wastewater treatment. A random copolymer of methacrylate and methacrylamide was found to be most effective, especially when the porosity of the resin is increased. Complete removal for up to 80 ppm of cadmium with only 50 mg of resin was demonstrated with the imprinted resins, but not the nonimprinted reference samples. This shows that imprinting polymerization improves the capacity of the resin in the uptake of cadmium ions. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Graft interpenetrating polymer networks of polyurethane and epoxy containing rigid rods in side chain
Authors: Han J. L. , Lin S. P. , Ji S. B. , Hsieh K. H. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe rigid rod‐like 4,4′‐bis(6‐hydroxyhexyloxy)biphenyl (BHHBP) units were distributed in either the epoxy or polyurethane to become SR‐epoxy and PU (with or without BHHBP) polymer matrices. The interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) of PU (with or without BHHBP) and SR‐epoxy were synthesized through simultaneous polymerization, and connected each other via the grafting reaction between the NCO groups of the PU polymer network and the OH groups on the side chains of SR‐epoxy network. The thermal and mechanical characteristics, compatibilities, and morphologies of these PU (with or without BHHBP)/SR‐epoxy graft‐IPNs were investigated. The polyether‐type PU(PPG series)/SR‐ epoxy graft‐IPNs exhibited two‐phased morphologies (i.e., phase separation occurred), and higher fracture energies (GIC). Whereas the polyester‐type PU(PBA series)/SR‐ epoxy graft‐IPNs were homogeneous (no phase separation), and exhibited higher tensile and Izod impact strengths. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Study of wettability and improvement of adhesion of UV curable powder coatings on polypropylene substrates
Authors: Castell P. , Wouters M. , Fischer H. , de With G. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractDifferent benzophenone type photoinitiators were photografted onto polypropylene. The polymer surfaces were analysed by means of contact angle measurements, UV spectroscopy, and FTIR‐ATR. The modified samples showed a better wettability and higher surface energies increasing from 26 mN/m for pure polypropylene up to 36 mN/m for the modified samples. Different acrylates were grafted efficiently onto the modified polymer surfaces. FTIR‐ATR and contact angle measurements confirmed the presence of the grafted chains. The surface energy of the grafted surfaces samples increased then up to 70 mN/m depending of the type of acrylate used. Finally UV curable powder coatings were applied onto the modified polypropylene substrates and the adhesion was improved. Adhesion was measured by pull‐off tests and values of ∼ 0.20 MPa were obtained for pure polypropylene while the modified polypropylene reach pull‐off values of 2.00 MPa. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Mining Web data for Chinese segmentation
Authors: Wang Fu Lee , Yang Christopher C. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractModern information retrieval systems use keywords within documents as indexing terms for search of relevant documents. As Chinese is an ideographic character‐based language, the words in the texts are not delimited by white spaces. Indexing of Chinese documents is impossible without a proper segmentation algorithm. Many Chinese segmentation algorithms have been proposed in the past. Traditional segmentation algorithms cannot operate without a large dictionary or a large corpus of training data. Nowadays, the Web has become the largest corpus that is ideal for Chinese segmentation. Although most search engines have problems in segmenting texts into proper words, they maintain huge databases of documents and frequencies of character sequences in the documents. Their databases are important potential resources for segmentation. In this paper, we propose a segmentation algorithm by mining Web data with the help of search engines. On the other hand, the Romanized pinyin of Chinese language indicates boundaries of words in the text. Our algorithm is the first to utilize the Romanized pinyin to segmentation. It is the first unified segmentation algorithm for the Chinese language from different geographical areas, and it is also domain independent because of the nature of the Web. Experiments have been conducted on the datasets of a recent Chinese segmentation competition. The results show that our algorithm outperforms the traditional algorithms in terms of precision and recall. Moreover, our algorithm can effectively deal with the problems of segmentation ambiguity, new word (unknown word) detection, and stop words.
Diasporic information environments: Reframing immigrant‐focused information research
Authors: Srinivasan Ramesh , Pyati Ajit 
Published: August 2007

AbstractStudies of immigrant information behavior need to be situated within the dynamic contexts of globalization and diaspora. Most immigrant‐focused information‐science research has focused on distinctly local, place‐based scenarios, while diasporic research on information behavior, in contrast, focuses mainly on issues of transnational identity online. This article suggests a methodology that mediates between these two poles, by recognizing the place‐based, lived realities of immigrant communities while also acknowledging the existence of complex, globalized diasporic information environments. We refer to this methodology as the Diasporic Information Environment Model (DIEM), and argue that local information‐science research can be extended to address the globalized experiences of immigrant communities