bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plastid and nuclear DNA polymorphism reveals historical processes of isolation and reticulation in the olive tree complex (Olea europaea)
Authors: Besnard G. , Rubio de Casas R. , Vargas P. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractAim  The olive tree is considered one of the best indicators of the Mediterranean climate. The species’ distribution is associated with geographical and bioclimatic factors, as well as being influenced by a long period of cultivation. Despite concerted efforts of different research groups, the origin of the Mediterranean olive tree still remains elusive. In the present study, relationships between taxa and populations covering the entire range of Olea europaea were investigated using both maternal (plastid genome) and biparental (nuclear genome) markers to disclose evolutionary patterns in the olive complex. Phylogenetic and phylogeographical results of the two‐genome analyses were interpreted in a biogeographical context.Location  Mediterranean, temperate and subtropical floristic regions of the Old World.Methods  Phylogeographical reconstructions of plastid DNA polymorphism were performed using microsatellites, restriction sites and indels on a wide sample of 185 representative trees across the Old World, including 28 herbarium specimens from remote areas. Additionally, the potential utility of one ITS‐1 pseudogene for phylogenetic analyses was explored using Bayesian and maximum parsimony approaches on a subsample of 38 olive trees.Results  Forty plastid haplotypes were recognized and split into two lineages and seven sublineages. The analysis of ITS‐1 sequences also allowed the identification of seven well differentiated groups. Distribution of plastid and ribosomal DNA lineages was congruent, but particular cases of phylogenetic incongruence were disclosed (particularly in the Sahara and Madeira). Lastly, two divergent ITS‐1 copies were isolated from the same sample of four individuals of different subspecies.Main conclusions  Phylogenetic congruence of both ITS‐1 and plastid lineages suggested an evolutionary scenario of predominant isolation during the Plio‐Pleistocene in Macaronesia, the Mediterranean, southern Africa, eastern Africa and Asia. The Saharan desert appeared to have played an important role of vicariant barrier between southern and northern African populations in early times. Incongruence of some plastid and nuclear results, as well as intermingled ITS‐1 copies of different lineages in single individuals, was interpreted as a result of recurrent reticulation events in the olive complex. We identified an ancient hybrid zone from the Sahara to north‐eastern African mountains, where divergent plastid and nuclear lineages still co‐exist. Results of this paper, and previous studies, suggest that the cultivated olive originated from a pre‐Quaternary Mediterranean ancestor, with no evidence for a recent hybrid origin. In contrast, a continuous process of olive domestication through local hybridization events of cultivated trees with natural populations may have brought about a remarkably high genomic diversity among cultivated trees across the Mediterranean.
The spatial distribution of birds and carabid beetles in pine plantation forests: the role of landscape composition and structure
Authors: Barbaro Luc , Rossi Jean‐Pierre , Vetillard Fabrice , Nezan Julien , Jactel Hervé 
Published: December 2006

AbstractAim To evaluate the joint and independent effects of spatial location, landscape composition and landscape structure on the distribution patterns of bird and carabid beetle assemblages in a mosaic landscape dominated by pine plantation forests.Location A continuous 3000‐ha landscape mosaic with native maritime pinePinus pinasterplantations of different ages, deciduous woodlands and open habitats, located in the Landes de Gascogne forest of south‐western France.Methods We sampled breeding birds by 20‐min point counts and carabid beetles by pitfall trapping using a systematic grid sampling of 200 points every 400 m over the whole landscape. Explanatory variables were composed of three data sets derived from GIS habitat mapping: (1) spatial variables (polynomial terms of geographical coordinates of samples), (2) landscape composition as the percentage cover of the six main habitats, and (3) landscape structure metrics including indices of fragmentation and spatial heterogeneity. We used canonical correspondence analysis with variance partitioning to evaluate the joint and independent effects of the three sets of variables on the ordination of species assemblages. Moran'sIcorrelograms and Mantel tests were used to assess for spatial structure in species distribution and relationships with separate landscape attributes.Results Landscape composition was the main factor explaining the distribution patterns of birds and carabids at the mesoscale of 400 × 400 m. Independent effects of spatial variables and landscape structure were still significant for bird assemblages once landscape composition was controlled for, but not for carabid assemblages. Spatial distributions of birds and carabids were primarily influenced by the amount of heathlands, young pine plantations, herbaceous firebreaks and deciduous woodlands. Deciduous woodland species had positive responses to edge density, while open habitat species were positively associated with mean patch area.Main conclusions Forest birds were favoured by an increase in deciduous woodland cover and landscape heterogeneity, but there was no evidence for a similar effect on carabid beetles. Fragmentation of open habitats negatively affected both early‐successional birds and carabids, specialist species being restricted to large heathlands and young plantations. Several birds of conservation concern were associated with mosaics of woodlands and grasslands, especially meadows and firebreaks. Conserving biodiversity in mosaic plantation landscapes could be achieved by the maintenance of a significant amount of early‐successional habitats and deciduous woodland patches within a conifer plantation matrix.
Management of gestational diabetes from the patient's perspective – a comparison of Swedish and Middle‐Eastern born women
Authors: Hjelm Katarina , Bard Karin , Nyberg Per , Apelqvist Jan 
Published: December 2006

Aim.  To explore patients’ evaluation of a specialized diabetes clinic for management of women with gestational diabetes born in Sweden and the Middle East and its contribution to a decreased level of stress and improved coping capability to promote health in patients receiving care.Background.  No studies comparing patients’ perceptions of healthcare in women of different origin with gestational diabetes have been found. A perceived clinical problem in specialized diabetes care is of lower activity level in self‐care in foreign‐ than Swedish‐born women and the question is whether the healthcare organization is optimal in meeting different individuals’ needs.Design.  Explorative study.Method.  Semi‐structured individual interviews by external evaluators.Participants.  Consecutive sample. Females with gestational diabetes, 13 born in Sweden and 14 born in the Middle East.Results.  The healthcare model was perceived as functioning well. Swedish women were problem focused and information seeking. Frustration and stress were increased due to perceived delay in information concerning gestational diabetes, limited access to telephone service and lack of confidence in staff because they lacked the expected competence. Control of gestational diabetes and pregnancy by different persons led to perceived lack of holistic care. Women from the Middle East felt cared, had been given the necessary information and claimed to follow advice. Adequate information reduced respondents’ anxiety and increased their control over the situation.Conclusions.  The clinic needs to be further improved by adapting programmes to persons to become problem focused by giving adequate information immediately.Relevance to clinical practice.  Cultural differences in coping strategies and attitudes to gestational diabetes need to be considered. Training of staff working with gestational diabetes patients is urgently needed.
The effect of different body positions on blood pressure
Authors: Eşer İsmet , Khorshid Leyla , Yapucu Güneş Ülkü , Demir Yurdanur 
Published: December 2006

Aim.  The aim of the present study was to test the effects of different body on BP readings in a Turkish healthy young adults.Background.  It is known that many factors influence an individual's blood pressure measurement. However, guideliness for accurately measuring blood pressure inconsistently specify that patient's position and they should keep feet flat on the floor. Although there are more information on arm position in blood pressure measurement, surprisingly little information can be found in the literature with respect to the influence of body position on the blood pressure readings in healthy young people.Methods.  A total of 157 healthy young students who had accepted to participate in the study were randomly selected. In all subjects the blood pressure was measured subsequently in four positions: Sitting blood pressure was taken from the left arm, which was flexed at the elbow and supported at the heart level on the chair. After at least one minute of standing, the blood pressure was then taken standing, with the arm supported at the elbow and the cuff at the heart level. After one minute of rest, the blood pressure was subsequently taken supine position. Finally, after one minute the blood pressure was again taken in this last position with supine position with crossed legs.Results.  The blood pressure tended to drop in the standing position compared with the sitting, supine and supine with crossed legs. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure was the highest in supine position when compared the other positions. There was a difference between systolic blood pressures and this was statistically significant (P < 0·001) but the difference between diastolic blood pressure was not statistically significant (P > 0·05). All changes in systolic blood pressure were statistically significant except those from supine to supine position with crossed legs.Relevance to clinical practice.  When assessing blood pressure it is important to take the position of the patient into consideration. Also, blood pressure measurement must be taken in sitting position with the arms supported at the right a trial level.
Organizational and individual factors associated with breakdown of residential placements for people with intellectual disabilities
Authors: Broadhurst S. , Mansell J. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractBackground  People with intellectual disabilities (IDs) whose behaviour challenges services are at increased risk of placement breakdown. Most previous research has tended to focus on the role of individual characteristics in predicting breakdown. A small number of studies have suggested that service variables may impact on intervention effectiveness and hence placement breakdown.Method  This study used a non‐experimental group comparison design to investigate potential differences between two groups of residential homes, one of which had experienced placement breakdown, and one of which had successfully maintained placements in the community.Results  More residents in the breakdown group had inappropriate sexual behaviours but there were no other differences. Services in the breakdown group had more limited procedural guidance for staff, weaker training, supervision and team meetings and less external professional support.Conclusion  Placement characteristics may be an important determinant of community placement success for people with IDs and challenging behaviour. Those selecting and funding residential placements for such people should attend to the technical competence of the placement (in terms of its use of procedural guidance, training and professional advice) and to the extent of support for staff (in terms of training, supervision and team meetings).
Natural history of thyroid function in adults with Down syndrome – 10‐year follow‐up study
Authors: Prasher V. , Gomez G. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractBackground  The natural history of thyroid function in adults with Down syndrome (DS) is unknown.Method  This study investigated annual thyroid function tests in 200 adults with DS over a 10‐year period.Results  Transient and persistent thyroid dysfunction was common. The 5‐ and 10‐year incidence of definite hypothyroidism was 0.9%−1.64% and 13.6%, respectively. Subclinical hypothyroidism was not found to be an early sign for definite hypothyroidism.Conclusions  Routine screening for adults with DS who are euthyroid can be reduced to every 5 years rather than the present policy of every 1–2 years.
Deletions of VCX‐A and NLGN4: a variable phenotype including normal intellect
Authors: Macarov M. , Zeigler M. , Newman J. P. , Strich D. , Sury V. , Tennenbaum A. , Meiner V. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractBackground  Patients with Xp22.3 interstitial and terminal deletions have been shown to be affected by intellectual disability (ID) or autism. Previously, VCX‐A (variably charged protein X‐A), located at Xp22.3, was introduced as a gene for ID and its presence was suggested to be sufficient to maintain normal mental development. Recent reports suggest that mutations in NLGN4 (neuroligin 4), located at that same region, are involved in autistic disorders and ID.Methods  In the current case study, we clinically and molecularly describe a pedigree of three generations affected by contiguous gene syndrome that includes features of X‐linked ichthyosis and Kallmann syndrome.Results  Molecular analysis revealed the presence of an interstitial deletion spanning approximately 4.5Mb at Xp22.3. The centromeric breakpoint was localized between markers DXS1467 and DXS8051, proximal to KAL‐1. The telomeric breakpoint was localized between markers DXS89 and DXS1060, distal to NLGN4. The deletion of VCX‐A and NLGN4 in this family prompted us to examine the cognitive functions of our two adult patients using comprehensive intellectual and neurocognitive assessment. Normal intellectual function was found in one patient and mild ID was revealed in the other. Neither patient met any Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder, Fourth Edition criteria for a pervasive developmental disorder such as autism.Conclusions  These findings suggest that deletion of VCX‐A and NLGN4 can result in variable phenotypic features and that normal mental development can be achieved despite this deletion, emphasizing the importance of environmental factors and possible modifier genes.
Does soil type drive social organization in southern hairy‐nosed wombats?
Authors: WALKER FAITH M. , TAYLOR ANDREA C. , SUNNUCKS PAUL 
Published: December 2006

AbstractSpatiotemporal distributions of key resources are hypothesized to underpin sociobiological patterns. Burrow availability and quality is of paramount importance to fossorial animals. The southern hairy‐nosed wombat (Lasiorhinus latifrons) burrows in both hard and friable soils. Theoretical and empirical studies suggest that the harder substrate should promote closer geographical clustering of burrows than in softer soils. Clustered burrows are expected to be associated with larger group sizes. If sociality is driven by constraint rather than advantage, patterns of spatial and temporal distribution of animals within and among groups may show indications of avoidance or even antagonism, and ‘making the best of a bad job’ via positive kin associations to offset the disadvantages of high‐density living. To test these ideas, we compared warren relatedness and social structure of L. latifrons on friable soils (Nullarbor Plain) and hard calcrete (Brookfield Conservation Park, BCP). Individuals were sampled by noninvasive collection of hairs for genotyping to identify individuals and to estimate their space‐use and associative behaviour with respect to relatedness. Burrows in calcrete were indeed more clumped, and warren and group size larger. Differences in spatiotemporal organization and relatedness structure between sites were in the expected direction: (i) Nullarbor males associated and shared warrens less than at BCP; and (ii) Nullarbor spatial relatedness patterning data were not consistent with proposed female breeding dispersal, in contrast to those at BCP. Under Nullarbor (low density) conditions, cooperation or tolerance between males may be less advantageous, and accessing or digging burrows should be less of a constraint for juvenile females.
Local adaptation and pronounced genetic differentiation in an extremophile fish, Poecilia mexicana, inhabiting a Mexican cave with toxic hydrogen sulphide
Authors: PLATH M. , HAUSWALDT J. S. , MOLL K. , TOBLER M. , GARCÍA DE LEÓN F. J. , SCHLUPP I. , TIEDEMANN R. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractWe investigated genetic differentiation and migration patterns in a small livebearing fish, Poecilia mexicana, inhabiting a sulfidic Mexican limestone cave (Cueva del Azufre). We examined fish from three different cave chambers, the sulfidic surface creek draining the cave (El Azufre) and a nearby surface creek without the toxic hydrogen sulphide (Arroyo Cristal). Using microsatellite analysis of 10 unlinked loci, we found pronounced genetic differentiation among the three major habitats: Arroyo Cristal, El Azufre and the cave. Genetic differentiation was also found within the cave between different pools. An estimation of first‐generation migrants suggests that (i) migration is unidirectional, out of the cave, and (ii) migration among different cave chambers occurs to some extent. We investigated if the pattern of genetic differentiation is also reflected in a morphological trait, eye size. Relatively large eyes were found in surface habitats, small eyes in the anterior cave chambers, and the smallest eyes were detected in the innermost cave chamber (XIII). This pattern shows some congruence with a previously proposed morphocline in eye size. However, our data do not support the proposed mechanism for this morphocline, namely that it would be maintained by migration from both directions into the middle cave chambers. This would have led to an increased variance in eye size in the middle cave chambers, which we did not find. Restricted gene flow between the cave and the surface can be explained by local adaptations to extreme environmental conditions, namely H2S and absence of light. Within the cave system, habitat properties are patchy, and genetic differentiation between cave chambers despite migration could indicate local adaptation at an even smaller scale.
Recognizing diversity in coral symbiotic dinoflagellate communities
Authors: APPRILL AMY M. , GATES RUTH D. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractA detailed understanding of how diversity in endosymbiotic dinoflagellate communities maps onto the physiological range of coral hosts is critical to predicting how coral reef ecosystems will respond to climate change. Species‐level taxonomy of the dinoflagellate genus Symbiodinium has been predominantly examined using the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the nuclear ribosomal array (rDNA ITS2) and downstream screening for dominant types using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Here, ITS2 diversity in the communities of Symbiodinium harboured by two Hawaiian coral species was explored using direct sequencing of clone libraries. We resolved sixfold to eightfold greater diversity per coral species than previously reported, the majority of which corresponds to a novel and distinct phylogenetic lineage. We evaluated how these sequences migrate in DGGE and demonstrate that this method does not effectively resolve this diversity. We conclude that the Porites spp. examined here harbour diverse assemblages of novel Symbiodinium types and that cloning and sequencing is an effective methodological approach for resolving the complexity of endosymbiotic dinoflagellate communities harboured by reef corals.
Phylogeographic patterns inDrosophila montana
Authors: MIROL P. M. , SCHÄFER M. A. , ORSINI L. , ROUTTU J. , SCHLÖTTERER C. , HOIKKALA A. , BUTLIN R. K. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractTheDrosophila virilisspecies group offers valuable opportunities for studying the roles of chromosomal re‐arrangements and mating signals in speciation. The 13 species are divided into two subgroups, the montana and virilis ‘phylads’. There is greater differentiation among species within the montana phylad in both karyotype and acoustic signals than exists among members of the virilis phylad.Drosophila montanais a divergent species which is included in the montana phylad. Here, we analyse the phylogeography ofD. montanato provide a framework for understanding divergence of acoustic signals among populations. We analysed mitochondrial sequences corresponding to the cytochrome oxidase I and cytochrome oxidase II genes, as well as 16 microsatellite loci, from 108 lines ofD. montanacovering most of the species’ range. The species shows a clear genetic differentiation between North American and Scandinavian populations. Microsatellite allele frequencies and mitochondrial DNA haplotypes gave significantFSTvalues between populations from Canada, USA and Finland. A Bayesian analysis of population structure based on the microsatellite frequencies showed four genetically distinct groups, corresponding to these three populations plus a small sample from Japan. A network based on mitochondrial haplotypes showed two Finnish clades of very different shape and variability, and another clade with all sequences from North America and Japan. AllD. montanapopulations showed evidence of demographic expansion but the patterns inferred by coalescent analysis differed between populations. The divergence times between Scandinavian and North American clades were estimated to range from 450 000 to 900 000 years with populations in Canada and the USA possibly representing descendants of different refugial populations. Long‐term separation ofD. montanapopulations could have provided the opportunity for differentiation observed in male signal traits, especially carrier frequency of the song, but relaxation of sexual selection during population expansion may have been necessary.
Parasite phylogeographical congruence with salmon host evolutionarily significant units: implications for salmon conservation
Authors: CRISCIONE CHARLES D. , BLOUIN MICHAEL S. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractComparative phylogeographical studies between parasites and their hosts or with biogeographical regions are useful to predict parasite dispersal potential over a broad geographical range. We used both microsatellite markers and mtDNA sequence data from a trematode parasite, Plagioporus shawi, to test for congruence across two evolutionarily significant unit (ESU) boundaries of its salmonid hosts (Oncorhynchus spp.). We find congruent patterns with the nuclear loci of P. shawi and the ESU boundaries of its salmonid hosts. This pattern indicates that broad‐scale phylogeographical patterns of a parasite can be predicted by the biogeographical history of their hosts. Furthermore, this pattern provides independent support for these ESU boundaries as biologically relevant barriers. The mtDNA shows some discordance with nuclear loci and a level of genetic differentiation greater than can be explained by genetic drift. Thus, the mtDNA cannot be used in isolation to infer the population history of P. shawi. The genetic differentiation at both the nuclear and mtDNA markers will be useful for salmon fisheries management by providing a tool to assign ocean‐migrating salmonids back to their freshwater population of origin.