bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Functionalized 1‐Alkoxy‐1,3‐dienes: Their Preparation and Applications in Synthetic Organic Chemistry
Authors: Deagostino Annamaria , Prandi Cristina , Zavattaro Chiara , Venturello Paolo 
Published: August 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Recent Advances in Combinatorial Chemistry Applied to the Development of anti‐HIV Drugs
Authors: Pettersson S. , Clotet‐Codina I. , Este J. A. , Borrell J. I. , Teixido J. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Applications of Microwave‐Assisted Organic Synthesis on the Multigram Scale
Authors: Wolkenberg Scott E. , Shipe William D. , Lindsley Craig W. , Guare James P. , Pawluczyk Joseph M. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
N‐Alkyl‐, N‐Aryl‐, and N‐Hetaryl‐substituted Amidines (Imidamides)
Authors: Ostrowska K. , Kolasa A. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Linking Organic Pollutant (Bio)availability with Geosorbent Properties and Biomimetic Methodology: Geosorbent Characterization and (Bio)availability Prediction
Authors: Ehlers George A. C. , Loibner Andreas P. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Renal Accumulation of Aminoglycoside Antibiotics and Mechanism‐Based Approach for Developing Nonnephrotoxic Aminoglycoside Therapy
Authors: Nagai Junya 
Published: August 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Accuracy of diagnosis of atypical glandular cells—Conventional and ThinPrep
Authors: Ramsaroop Reena , Chu Ien 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe incidence of glandular cervical malignancy is steadily increasing. Glandular abnormalities are more frequently diagnosed on cervical smears. In this study, we attempt to evaluate our experience with glandular cytology and to assess the sensitivity and specificity of the ThinPrep (TP) over conventional Papanicolaou (Pap) smears. Glandular abnormalities during a 3‐yr period from October 2000 to October 2003 were retrieved from our cytology database. The study group comprised smears from 369 patients, 272 conventional Pap smears (CPSs) and 97 TP from a total of 400,184 smears. The types of glandular abnormalities were tabulated following a modified Bethesda classification. Correlation with histology and follow‐up cytology was achieved in all but six patients. Significant lesions were identified in 116/272 (PPV 42.6%) of CPSs and 58/97 (PPV 58.9%) TPs. Pure glandular abnormalities numbered 125 conventional and 51 TP; significant lesions identified in this group were 36/125 (PPV 28.8%) CPS and 26/51 (PPV 50.9%) TP. Statistical analysis showed significant differences for positive predictive values of TP and CPS and a suggestion of increased sensitivity. The main limiting factor was small numbers of glandular abnormalities and a desirable longer study time. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2006;34:614–619. © 2006 Wiley–Liss, Inc.
Effect of biogenic substrate concentration on chlorophenol degradation kinetics
Authors: Sahinkaya Erkan , Dilek Filiz B 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe effects of biogenic substrate (peptone) concentration on reactor performance, yield coefficient (Y) and degradation kinetics were evaluated in an instantaneously fed sequencing batch reactor (SBR) receiving a mixture of 4‐chlorophenol (4‐CP) and 2,4‐dichlorophenol (2,4‐DCP). High chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiencies (90–95%) and complete removal of chlorophenols were observed even in the absence of peptone (i.e. chlorophenols served as sole carbon and energy sources). During the degradation of 4‐CP, 5‐chloro‐2‐hydroxymuconic semialdehyde (CHMS, the meta cleavage product of 4‐chlorocatechol) accumulated but was subsequently completely removed. 2,4‐DCP competitively inhibited 4‐CP degradation, as 4‐CP degradation only commenced after complete removal of 2,4‐DCP. It was concluded that decreasing peptone concentration did not affect chlorophenol degradation profiles in the reactor. The chlorophenol degradation kinetic studies suggest that competent biomass alone was responsible for chlorophenol degradation. Consequently, it was thought that competent biomass concentration was constant even though peptone concentration in the feed was varied, as competent biomass grows on chlorophenols only. Models developed using this assumption agreed well with experimental data, which also confirmed that a biogenic substrate has no impact on chlorophenol degradation profiles in an SBR with instantaneous feed. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Crosslinkable poly(propylene carbonate): High‐yield synthesis and performance improvement
Authors: Tao Youhua , Wang Xianhong , Zhao Xiaojiang , Li Ji , Wang Fosong 
Published: August 2006

AbstractA crosslinking strategy was used to improve the thermal and mechanical performance of poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC): PPC bearing a small moiety of pendant CC groups was synthesized by the terpolymerization of allyl glycidyl ether (AGE), propylene oxide (PO), and carbon dioxide (CO2). Almost no yield loss was found in comparison with that of the PO and CO2 copolymer when the concentration of AGE units in the terpolymer was less than 5 mol %. Once subjected to UV‐radiation crosslinking, the crosslinked PPC film showed an elastic modulus 1 order of magnitude higher than that of the uncrosslinked one. Moreover, crosslinked PPC showed hot‐set elongation at 65 °C of 17.2% and permanent deformation approaching 0, whereas they were 35.3 and 17.2% for uncrosslinked PPC, respectively. Therefore, the PPC application window was enlarged to a higher temperature zone by the crosslinking strategy. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 5329–5336, 2006
The HicAB cassette, a putative novel, RNA-targeting toxin-antitoxin system in archaea and bacteria
Authors: Makarova Kira S. , Grishin Nick V. , Koonin Eugene V. 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Toxin-antitoxin systems (TAS) are abundant, diverse, horizontally mobile gene modules that encode powerful resistance mechanisms in prokaryotes. We use the comparative-genomic approach to predict a new TAS that consists of a two-gene cassette encoding uncharacterized HicA and HicB proteins. Numerous bacterial and archaeal genomes encode from one to eight HicAB modules which appear to be highly prone to horizontal gene transfer. The HicB protein (COG1598/COG4226) has a partially degraded RNAse H fold, whereas HicA (COG1724) contains a double-stranded RNA-binding domain. The stable combination of these two domains suggests a link to RNA metabolism, possibly, via an RNA interference-type mechanism. In most HicB proteins, the RNAse H-like domain is fused to a DNA-binding domain, either of the ribbon-helix-helix or of the helix-turn-helix class; in other TAS, proteins containing these DNA-binding domains function as antitoxins. Thus, the HicAB module is predicted to be a novel TAS whose mechanism involves RNA-binding and, possibly, cleavage.
Contact: koonin@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Pituitary tumour transforming gene (PTTG) expression correlates with the proliferative activity and recurrence status of pituitary adenomas: a clinical and immunohistochemical study
Authors: Filippella Mariagiovanna , Galland Françoise , Kujas Michèle , Young Jacques , Faggiano Antongiulio , Lombardi Gaetano , Colao Annamaria , Meduri Geri , Chanson Philippe 
Published: August 2006

SummaryBackground  The pituitary tumour transforming gene (pttg) plays a central role in pituitary tumorigenesis, but PTTG protein expression is poorly documented and its relationship with tumour cell proliferation and the prognosis of pituitary adenomas is unclear.Aim  The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of PTTG and Ki‐67 in 45 human pituitary adenomas according to the tumour histotype, aggressiveness and persistence/recurrence status.Patients and methods  The tumours comprised 37 macroadenomas and 8 microadenomas. Twenty patients experienced disease persistence or recurrence after transsphenoidal surgery. Disease recurrence was observed in 16 patients, 8–72 months after surgery.Results  No PTTG or Ki‐67 expression was detected in normal pituitary tissue. In pituitary adenomas, tumour nuclei were positive for PTTG and Ki‐67 in 89 and 98% of samples, respectively, and there was a strong correlation between the expression of the two proteins (P < 0·001). By the ROC curves method, a PTTG score of 3·3% was the best cut‐off for distinguishing between recurrent and nonrecurrent pituitary adenomas (P < 0·05; sensitivity 60%; specificity 76%). A 2·9% cut‐off was obtained for both PTTG (P < 0·01; sensitivity 77%; specificity 71%) and Ki‐67 (P < 0·05; sensitivity 85%; specificity 64%) among patients with more than 1 year of follow‐up. Neither PTTG nor Ki‐67 expression was influenced by the maximal tumour diameter, tumour grade, age, gender or presurgical medical treatment. Both PTTG and Ki‐67 tumour score > 2·9% identified a subgroup of patients with a significantly higher recurrence‐free interval (P < 0·01). By multivariate analysis, a > 2·9% Ki‐67 tumour score was the best predictor of pituitary tumour persistence/recurrence after surgery (χ2 = 8·2, P < 0·01).Conclusion  PTTG is expressed in approximately 90% of pituitary tumours of different histotypes but with a high variability from one case to another. As expected, PTTG expression parallels that of Ki‐67 and both are correlated to a more aggressive behaviour. However, a 2·9% Ki‐67 cut‐off proved to be the most reliable biological marker for predicting the recurrence potential of these tumours, when an adequate postsurgical follow‐up is considered.
Influence of climate changes on animal communities in space and time: the case of spider assemblages along an alpine glacier foreland
Authors: GOBBI MAURO , FONTANETO DIEGO , DE BERNARDI FIORENZA 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe impact of global warming in space and time is described for species assemblages of wandering spiders along the alpine glacier foreland of the Forni Valley (Northern Italy). We tested the effect of environmental variables (e.g. elevation, age of glacier retreat, vegetation cover, debris cover) on species richness and on species composition of spiders. Age of glacier retreat was the only significant variable influencing spider species assemblages in the valley. A spatially structured distribution of species and species assemblages along the chronosequence of glacier retreat was evidenced. The threshold abruptly differentiating two groups of species richness and species composition fell between sites deglaciated 100 and 155 years before the analysis. Latitudinal shifts towards the poles in species ranges at the global scale in response to climatic changes are known, and an altitudinal shift in species range should be expected for spiders at the local scale of the Forni Valley. Such a shift is present in spider species assemblages, although not as an expected gradual change in species richness and composition, but with a threshold effect after one century of glacier retreat. We discuss our results in the light of plausible future scenarios due to global warming, the consequence of further glacier retreats onto spiders, and caveats for monitoring studies.
The effect of climate change on partial migration – the blue tit paradox
Authors: NILSSON ANNA L. K. , LINDSTRÖM ÅKE , JONZÉN NICLAS , NILSSON SVEN G. , KARLSSON LENNART 
Published: August 2006

AbstractClimate change has proven to affect various aspects of the migration of birds. In response to milder winters making the habitat more profitable and increasing the survival of residents, the migratory fraction of partially migratory populations has been predicted to decline. We studied the blue titParus caeruleus, a common partial migrant in southern Sweden. The numbers migrating at Falsterbo, a migratory passage site in SW Sweden, has increased during the last decades, in parallel with increasing winter and annual temperatures. Migration data from Falsterbo were compared with yearly indices of the size of the breeding population as estimated by the Swedish National Bird Monitoring Programme. Over the study period 1975–2004, also the breeding population has increased in size. The proportion of blue tits migrating each year did not change over the study period, or possibly even increased slightly, which is in contrast to how climate change has been predicted to influence populations containing both migratory and resident individuals. The most important factors determining the intensity of blue tit migration in a given year was the size of an important winter food source, the beech mast crop (more migrants at lower crops) and the size of the breeding population (more migrants at higher densities).
Temporal and intrapopulation variation in prey choice of wintering geese determined by stable isotope analysis
Authors: INGER RICHARD , RUXTON GRAEME D. , NEWTON JASON , COLHOUN KENDREW , ROBINSON JAMES A. , JACKSON ANDREW L. , BEARHOP STUART 
Published: August 2006

Summary

Individual variability in prey preferences can have marked effects on many demographic parameters from individual survival and fecundity to the vital rates of entire populations. A population level response is ultimately determined by individual prey choices; however, the effect of individual dietary choice is often overlooked.
We determined prey choice by individual consumers, light‐bellied Brent geese Branta bernicla, during the overwintering period. Two hundred and eighty‐one individuals were sampled at distinct temporal points over two winters. Stable isotopic ratios of carbon and nitrogen for blood cells and blood plasma, from each sampled individual were measured. Isotopic ratios for potential prey items were also measured.
δ15N and δ13C for blood samples were both significantly different between sample months. Generally we found a decrease in both isotopic ratios during the course of the winter. All potential prey items were also isotopically distinct. Multisource mixing models (isosource) were used to determine the range of possible contribution to the diet of individuals.
During early winter, diet consisted almost exclusively of sea grass Zostera spp. The level of Zostera spp. in the diet dropped until mid‐winter, and was supplemented by the utilization of green algae Ulva lactuca, and Enteromorpha spp., and terrestrial grasses. Terrestrial grass comprised an increasing proportion of the diet in late winter, representing virtually the exclusive food source by April.
By examining intrapopulation variability in resource utilization we highlight a number of ecologically important factors not addressed by previous population level studies.
Genetic variation and population structure of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum in Australia
Authors: Wang B. , Brubaker C. L. , Tate W. , Woods M. J. , Matheson B. A. , Burdon J. J. 
Published: August 2006

Genetic variation among 348 isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum (Fov) collected from diseased cotton plants in 31 fields in six cotton‐growing regions in New South Wales and Queensland in 2002 and 2004 was analysed using amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs). Twenty‐eight haplotypes were identified based on 146 polymorphic bands generated with four EcoRI and MseI and four HindIII and MseI primer combinations. The haplotypes separated into two distinct groups (37% similarity), with 21 in group I and seven in group II. The two unique vegetative compatibility groups of Fov known to occur in Australia (VCG 01111 and VCG 01112) were correlated to the two AFLP groups, with both VCG 01111 reference isolates being included in group I and both VCG 01112 reference isolates in group II. Group I was widespread, occurring in all regions sampled and all but one of the fields, while group II was limited to three fields in the Boggabilla region. Group I was further divided into two subgroups. The two haplotypes in subgroup I‐B (I‐20 and I‐21) may represent the emergence of a new form of Fov based on their marked genetic discrimination from the subgroup I‐A haplotypes. No spatial population differentiation was discernible at the national level, as only 3·9% of total genetic variation was attributed to differences among regions (P = 0·4868). When each region was analysed separately, clear differentiation was found in the Boggabilla region, with 86·3% of total genetic variation resulting from differences among fields (P < 0·0001).
Quantitative trait loci for resistance to fusarium head blight and deoxynivalenol accumulation in Wangshuibai wheat under field conditions
Authors: Ma H. X. , Zhang K. M. , Gao L. , Bai G. H. , Chen H. G. , Cai Z. X. , Lu W. Z. 
Published: August 2006

Wangshuibai is a Chinese landrace wheat with a high level of resistance to fusarium head blight (FHB) and deoxynivalenol (DON) accumulation. Using an F7 population of recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from the cross between Wangshuibai and Annong 8455 for molecular mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTL) for FHB resistance, the proportion of scabbed spikelets (PSS) and DON content were assessed under field conditions. Composite interval mapping revealed that two and three QTL were significantly associated with low PSS and low DON content, respectively, over 2 years. QTL on chromosomes 3B and 2A explained 17 and 11·5%, respectively, of the phenotypic variance for low PSS, whereas QTL on chromosomes 5A, 2A and 3B explained 12·4, 8·5 and 6·2%, respectively, of the phenotypic variance for low DON content. The 3B QTL appeared to be associated mainly with low PSS, and the 5A QTL primarily with low DON content in Wangshuibai. The 2A QTL had minor effects on both low PSS and DON content. Microsatellite and AFLP markers linked to these QTL should be useful for marker‐assisted selection of QTL for low PSS and low DNA content from Wangshuibai.
Characterization of Potato rough dwarf virus and Potato virus P: distinct strains of the same viral species in the genus Carlavirus
Authors: Nisbet C. , Butzonitch I. , Colavita M. , Daniels J. , Martin J. , Burns R. , George E. , Akhond M. A. Y. , Mulholland V. , Jeffries C. J. 
Published: August 2006

In an attempt to resolve whether two putative carlaviruses, potato rough dwarf virus (PRDV) and potato virus P (PVP), reported infecting potato in Argentina and Brazil, respectively, are the same virus in the genus Carlavirus, they were characterized using nucleotide sequence analysis, serology and bioassay. For PRDV and PVP, sequences of 2016 and 1492 bp, respectively, were obtained. Similarity searches of coat‐protein amino acid sequences and the presence of the nucleic‐acid‐binding protein exhibiting the characteristic motif C‐X2‐C‐X11‐C‐X4‐C, highly conserved in carlaviruses, showed PRDV and PVP to be members of the genus Carlavirus. Further analysis showed that they were the same virus species since the full coat‐protein sequence, translated from the nucleotide sequence, exceeded the 84% minimum identity required for members of the same species within the genus Carlavirus, at 90·8% identity in an ungapped alignment of 304 amino acids. Moreover, the viruses could not be distinguished using polyclonal antibodies raised to PRDV and PVP in ELISA. They could, however, be distinguished using an anti‐PVP monoclonal antibody, which did not react to PRDV, and by differences in the susceptibility of plant species and potato cultivars to infection and/or symptom expression following mechanical inoculation. Host plants Datura metel, Nicandra physalodes and Nicotiana edwardsonii were reliably infected systemically with PVP, but not with PRDV. Although all potato cultivars tested were infected, there were marked differences between cultivars in the symptoms produced. The cultivars Ditta and King Edward showed symptoms (including stunting and mottle) when infected with PRDV, but not when infected with PVP. Based on the results, it is proposed that PRDV is a strain of PVP within the genus Carlavirus. For detection of the viruses in postentry quarantine, it is recommended that PRDV or PVP polyclonal antibodies are used, together with inoculation to Nicotiana occidentalis N. megalosiphon‐P1. For differentiation of PRDV and PVP, the PVP monoclonal antibody may be used together with inoculation to D. metel and N. physalodes (systemic infection with PVP but not PRDV, determined using ELISA).
On the Mechanics of Economic Convergence
Authors: Steger Thomas M. 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
The speed at which an economy converges to its steady state is investigated by using a general non-scale R&D-based growth model. To accomplish this task, an analytical decomposition formula for the instantaneous rate of convergence is developed. By applying this decomposition to the model under study, the driving forces behind the convergence process are identified. Two convergence mechanisms are distinguished: the accumulation-decumulation mechanism and the resource-reallocation mechanism. The relative importance of the different convergence mechanisms is assessed using numerical techniques. Moreover, it is shown that the specific shock being considered might be crucial for the instantaneous rate of convergence.
Decreased immunocompetence in a severely bottlenecked population of an endemic New Zealand bird
Authors: Hale K. A. , Briskie J. V. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractInbreeding resulting from severe population bottlenecks may impair an individual's immune system and render it more susceptible to disease. Although a reduced immune response could threaten the survival of highly endangered species, few studies have assessed the effect of population bottlenecks on immunocompetence. We compared the counts of leucocytes and external, blood and gastrointestinal parasite loads in two populations of the endemic New Zealand robin Petroica australis to assess the immunocompetence of birds in a severely bottlenecked population relative to its more genetically diverse source population. Despite similar parasite loads in both populations, robins in the severely bottlenecked population showed lower counts of both total leucocyte and total lymphocyte numbers. When the immune system was experimentally challenged using the phytohaemagglutinin skin test, robins in the severely bottlenecked population exhibited a significantly lower immune response than the source population, suggesting that birds passing through a severe bottleneck have a compromised immunocompetence. Our results confirm that severe bottlenecks reduce the immune response of birds and highlight the need to avoid severe bottlenecks in the recovery programmes of endangered species.