bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Imaging the Paranasal Sinuses: Where We Are and Where We Are Going
Authors: Fatterpekar Girish M. , Delman Bradley N. , Som Peter M. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractAs has happened in all facets of neuroimaging, cross‐sectional imaging has dramatically changed our approach and understanding of the anatomy and pathology of paranasal sinuses. We have moved away from plain film radiographs to modern high‐resolution sinus computerized tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) that helps us better depict underlying normal anatomy and evaluate pathology. Recent advances in PET/CT imaging have introduced a physiologic aspect to anatomical imaging and holds promise to better stage and restage head and neck tumors. In this article, we describe the various imaging techniques, concerns, advantages and disadvantages of the individual techniques, and provide an overview of the various pathologies involving the paranasal sinuses. Anat Rec, 291:1564–1572, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Development and Pathologic Processes that Influence Maxillary Sinus Pneumatization
Authors: Lawson William , Patel Zara M. , Lin Fred Y. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe maxillary sinus is universally described as a pyramidal‐shaped cavity in the maxilla. Hypoplasia, which can occur unilaterally or bilaterally, is graded by the authors by the degree of failure of descent below the nasal floor in achieving its position adjacent to the posterior dentition in the adult. Unlike early studies using plain X‐rays, which considered pneumatization into the zygomatic recess and dental alveolus as criteria, the authors have adopted the above‐cited parameters based on computed tomography (CT) imaging, which reveals that even when smaller the sinus retains a pyramidal configuration, although truncated. Rarely, the sinus is excessively pneumatized in the nonpathologic state. Review of the literature failed to reveal a comprehensive study of the conditions that alter maxillary sinus volume and configuration. Based on a retrospective review of 6,000 high resolution CT scans of the paranasal sinuses, the types and relative incidences of these conditions have been determined, and a classification system proposed. The mixed‐sex sample group (= 2,540) was comprised of nonpediatric (adolescent and adult) and was of a polyethnic composition. Results showed that enlargement of the sinus is uncommonly encountered, and is produced by air (pneumocele) and mucus (mucocele) entrapment, or by benign tumors which have arisen in the sinus or adjacent maxilla and have grown intracavitarily, with the sinus walls expanding and remodeling to accommodate them. Reduction in size and volume is more frequent. Heredo‐familial syndromic conditions reduce sinus size by impaired facial growth centers, or obliteration by dense osteosclerosis. Irradiation for neoplastic disease in the pediatric population similarly, directly effect growth centers, or impairs pituitary function. Another iatrogenic cause, direct surgical intervention (Caldwell‐Luc procedure) almost universally alters sinus volume and shape by osteoneogenesis. Midfacial fractures involving the sinus also produce distortion by sclerosis as well as by malpositioning of bone fragments. The principal systemic disorders, sickle cell anemia and osteopetrosis, which diffusely effect medullary bone, do so either through compensatory marrow proliferation or sclerotic new bone formation, thus serving to produce maxillary enlargement and sinus obliteration. The greatest source of maxillary sinus distortion and destruction are neoplasms. Malignant sinonasal and oral cavity tumors produce bony erosion of the sinus walls, whereas benign odontogenic cysts remain external to the sinuses and compress it as they enlarge. Most odontogenic tumors produce external compression and remodeling. Fibro‐osseous disorders similarly produce size and shape distortions by external impingement. Although diverse developmental and pathological conditions influence maxillary sinus morphology, there is a limited range of biologic response. Anat Rec, 291:1554–1563, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of the Ethmoid Sinus and Extramural Migration: The Anatomical Basis of this Paranasal Sinus
Authors: Márquez Samuel , Tessema Belachew , Clement Peter Ar , Schaefer Steven D 
Published: October 2008

AbstractFrontal and/or maxillary sinusitis frequently originates with pathologic processes of the ethmoid sinuses. This clinical association is explained by the close anatomical relationship between the frontal and maxillary sinuses and the ethmoid sinus, since developmental trajectories place the ethmoid in a strategic central position within the nasal complex. The advent of optical endoscopes has permitted improved visualization of these spaces, leading to a renaissance in intranasal sinus surgery. Advancing patient care has consequently driven the need for the proper and accurate anatomical description of the paranasal sinuses, regrettably the continuing subject of persistent confusion and ambiguity in nomenclature and terminology. Developmental tracking of the pneumatization of the ethmoid and adjacent bones, and particularly of the extramural cells of the ethmoid, helps to explain the highly variable adult morphology of the ethmoid air sinus system. To fully understand the nature and underlying biology of this sinus system, multiple approaches were employed here. These include CT imaging of living humans (n = 100), examination of dry cranial material (n = 220), fresh tissue and cadaveric anatomical dissections (n = 168), and three‐dimensional volume rendering methods that allow digitizing of the spaces of the ethmoid sinus for graphical examination. Results show the ethmoid sinus to be highly variable in form and structure as well as in the quantity of air cells. The endochondral bony origin of the ethmoid sinuses leads to remarkably thin bony contours of their irregular and morphologically unique borders, making them substantially different from the other paranasal sinuses. These investigations allow development of a detailed anatomical template of this region based on observed patterns of morphological diversity, which can initially mask the underlying anatomy. For example, the frontal recess, ethmoid infundibulum, and hiatus semilunaris are key anatomical components of the ethmoid structural complex that are fully documented and explained here on the basis of the template we have developed, as well as being comprehensively illustrated. In addition, an exhaustive 2000‐year literature search identified original sources of nomenclature, in order to help clarify the persistent confusions found in the literature. Modified anatomical terms are suggested to permit proper description of the ethmoid region. This clarification of nomenclature will permit better communication in addition to eliminating redundant terminology. The combination of anatomical, evolutionary, and clinical perspectives provides an important strategy for gaining insight into the complexity of these sinuses. Anat Rec, 291:1535–1553, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Architecture of the Nasal Complex in Neanderthals: Comparison With Other Hominids and Phylogenetic Significance
Authors: Schwartz Jeffrey H. , Tattersall Ian , Teschler‐Nicola Maria 
Published: October 2008

AbstractAlthough paranasal sinus configuration has occasionally been the focus in analyses of the phylogenetic relationships of various primates, other elements of the region of the nasal fossa—in particular, the turbinals—have received far less attention. A preliminary study of Neanderthal cranial morphology revealed the presence of an apparently unique configuration of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity: namely, in the region in which in Homo sapiens the anterior extremity of the maxilloturbinal (also referred to as the inferior nasal concha) articulates with the internal surface of the maxilla along a relatively anteroposteriorly long and essentially horizontally oriented conchal crest, there exists a vertically oriented thickening that protrudes medially into the nasal cavity (Schwartz and Tattersall, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93:10852–10854). Subsequent citations of this report either claimed that this “medial projection” in Neanderthals is merely an enlarged maxilloturbinal or mistakenly identified as this structure the base of a maxilloturbinal that had fused to the lateral wall of the nasal cavity and subsequently broken off. In light of the potential significance that any novel configuration of the nasal complex architecture may have for elucidating hominid evolution, we present here a comparative overview of this region in fossil and extant large‐bodied hominoids, and demonstrate that Neanderthals do indeed possess a configuration that is unique among hominids. Anat Rec, 291:1517–1534, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New Insights Into Mid‐Late Pleistocene Fossil Hominin Paranasal Sinus Morphology
Authors: Zollikofer Christoph P.E. , Ponce De LeÓn Marcia S. , Schmitz Ralf W. , Stringer Christopher B. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractMid‐late Pleistocene fossil hominins such as Homo neanderthalensis and H. heidelbergensis are often described as having extensively pneumatized crania compared with modern humans. However, the significance of pneumatization in recognizing patterns of phyletic diversification and/or functional specialization has remained controversial. Here, we test the null hypothesis that the paranasal sinuses of fossil and extant humans and great apes can be understood as biological spandrels, i.e., their morphology reflects evolutionary, developmental, and functional constraints imposed onto the surrounding bones. Morphological description of well‐preserved mid‐late Pleistocene hominin specimens are contrasted with our comparative sample of modern humans and great apes. Results from a geometric morphometric analysis of the correlation between paranasal sinus and cranial dimensions show that the spandrel hypothesis cannot be refuted. However, visualizing specific features of the paranasal sinus system with methods of biomedical imaging and computer graphics reveals new aspects of patterns of growth and development of fossil hominins. Anat Rec, 291:1506–1516, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mathematical Analysis Techniques of Frontal Sinus Morphology, with Emphasis onHomo
Authors: Prossinger Hermann 
Published: October 2008

AbstractOf all the paranasal sinuses, frontal sinus (FS) morphology, volumes, outlines, and cross‐sectional areas vary most and so their statistical noise presents particular challenges. To assess and control this statistical noise requires a suite of mathematical techniques that: model their volume and cross‐sectional area ontogeny, determine the uniqueness and fractal dimensions of their outlines (useful in forensics), smooth their outlines via Singular Value Decomposition (SVD), and model their expansion via percolation cluster models (PCMs). Published data sets of FS outlines, cross‐sectional areas and volumes of Neanderthal and modern crania (obtained via CT‐imaging techniques) are utilized here for application of these novel mathematical methods, which necessitate a modeling approach. Results show that: FS noisiness can be explained as cluster growth, their fractal outlines have properties similar to closed random walks (Brownian bridges) about predefined curves, and the PCMs can simulate the emergence of lamellae. The statistical properties derived from the analysis techniques presented here suggest that an emergence of the lamellae via PCMs (with pinning and quenching‐correlated noise) resolves the masticatory stress debate by showing that the lamellae are indeed responses to masticatory stresses, but these are of so low a level that they cannot be measured with strain gauges. PCMs and Brownian bridges, defined by local rules, lead to the emergence of macroscopically observable morphologies. The methodologies presented here contribute to research in emergence phenomena and are not confined to morphological analyses of frontal sinuses. Anat Rec, 291:1455–1478, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Climatic Effects on the Nasal Complex: A CT Imaging, Comparative Anatomical, and Morphometric Investigation of Macaca mulatta and Macaca fascicularis
Authors: Márquez Samuel , Laitman Jeffrey T. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractPrevious studies exploring the effects of climate on the nasal region have largely focused on external craniofacial linear parameters, using dry crania of modern human populations. This investigation augments traditional craniofacial morphometrics with internal linear and volumetric measures of the anatomic units comprising the nasal complex (i.e., internal nasal cavity depth, maxillary sinus volumes). The study focuses on macaques (i.e., Macaca mulatta and Macaca fascicularis) living at high and low altitudes, rather than on humans, since the short residency of migratory human populations may preclude using them as reliable models to test the long‐term relationship of climate to nasal morphology. It is hypothesized that there will be significant differences in nasal complex morphology among macaques inhabiting different climates. This study integrated three different approaches: CT imaging, comparative anatomy, and morphometrics—in an effort to better understand the morphological structure and adaptive nature of the nasal complex. Results showed statistically significant differences when subsets of splanchnocranial and neurocranial variables were regressed against total maxillary sinus volume for particular taxa. For example, basion–hormion was significant for M. fascicularis, whereas choanal dimensions were significant only for M. mulatta. Both taxa revealed strong correlation between sinus volume and prosthion to staphylion distance, which essentially represents the length of the nasal cavity floor—and is by extension an indicator of the air conditioning capacity of the nasal region. These results clearly show that climatic effects play a major role in shaping the anatomy of the nasal complex in closely related species. The major influence upon these differing structures appears to be related to respiratory‐related adaptations subserving differing climatic factors. In addition, the interdependence of the paranasal sinuses with other parts of the complex strongly indicates a functional role for them in nasal complex/upper respiratory functions. Anat Rec, 291:1420–1445, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fate of the Nasal Capsular Cartilages in Prenatal and Perinatal Tamarins (Saguinus geoffroyi) and Extent of Secondary Pneumatization of Maxillary and Frontal Sinuses
Authors: Smith Timothy D. , Rossie James B. , Docherty Beth A. , Cooper Gregory M. , Bonar Christopher J. , Silverio Anthony L. , Burrows Anne M. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractDevelopment of the nasal capsule cartilages was studied in seven Geoffroy's tamarins (Saguinus geoffroyi), including one fetus, five neonates and one infant. Four additional postnatal specimens of the genus were studied (one 5‐month‐old and three adults) to determine the magnitude of postnatal expansion of the paranasal sinuses. Alcian blue histochemistry and osteopontin immunohistochemistry were employed in selected subadult specimens to characterize cartilage matrix. The fetal S. geoffroyi possesses a continuous nasal capsule, including a zona anularis; the primordial maxillary sinuses are surrounded by cartilage. Secondary pneumatization is in progress in all older specimens, which have sinuses that are more than twofold larger compared to that of the fetus. Results indicate that extensive ossification of the middle part of the nasal capsule (pars intermedia) is occurring in the perinatal timeframe, forming portions of the ethmoid bone. Anteriorly, the nasal capsule comprises isolated fragments in perinatal specimens, which are fewer and smaller in the infant and in a 5‐month‐old S. midas, and nearby multinucleate cells suggest that osteoclasts break apart these initially continuous elements. Fragments of the pars intermedia and the tectum nasi are found transiently between mucosa and the sites of secondary pneumatization. The maxillary sinus mucosa is highly vascular in most perinatal specimens. Histochemical and immunohistochemical findings show that cartilage of endochondral bones and non‐ossifying parts are distinct in the perinatal time period. These results indicate that breakdown of the capsular cartilage precedes secondary pneumatization as previously suggested. There are portions of the cartilage of the recessus maxillaris and tectum nasi that transiently block mucosa from interfacing directly with bone. Vascularization may play a role in the breakdown of cartilages as well as the onset of secondary pneumatization. Since cartilage has the capacity to produce substances that trigger angiogenesis and bone resorption, further detailed characterization of the cartilage bordering sites of secondary pneumatization is merited. Anat Rec, 291:1397–1413, 2008. ©2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Influence of Naturally Occurring Differences in Birthweight on Ventricular Cardiomyocyte Number in Sheep
Authors: Stacy Victoria , De Matteo Robert , Brew Nadine , Sozo Foula , Probyn Megan E. , Harding Richard , Black M. Jane 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIn most species including man, cardiomyocytes cease proliferating soon after birth when they become terminally differentiated. A reduced complement of cardiomyocytes in infancy may adversely impact on the function and adaptive capabilities of the heart in later life. Low birthweight is associated with an increased risk of heart disease in adults, but little is known about its effect on the number of cardiomyocytes. Using naturally occurring differences in birthweight, our aim was to determine the effect of birthweight on cardiomyocyte number in postnatal lambs. At 9 weeks after term birth, when the final number of cardiomyocytes is considered to be established, hearts were collected at necropsy from seven singleton and seven twin lambs. Hearts were perfusion‐fixed, and tissue samples were systematically taken from the left ventricle plus intraventricular septum (LV+S) and the right ventricle (RV). The number of cardiomyocyte nuclei was estimated using an unbiased optical disector–fractionator stereological technique, and the total number of cardiomyocytes was determined. Weights of the total heart, LV+S and RV were significantly related to both birthweight and necropsy weight. In the LV+S but not the RV, cardiomyocyte number was significantly and directly related to heart tissue weight, birthweight, and necropsy weight. We conclude that the final number of cardiomyocytes in the LV+S is related to prenatal and early postnatal growth, and is proportionate to the weight of heart tissue. A low cardiomyocyte number in the LV+S following restricted fetal growth may contribute to the increased incidence of heart disease in adults born with low birthweight. Anat Rec, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sisters of the Sinuses: Cetacean Air Sacs
Authors: Reidenberg Joy S. , Laitman Jeffrey T. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis overview assesses some distinguishing features of the cetacean (whale, dolphin, porpoise) air sac system that may relate to the anatomy and function of the paranasal sinuses in terrestrial mammals. The cetacean respiratory tract has been modified through evolution to accommodate living in water. Lack of paranasal sinuses in modern cetaceans may be a diving adaptation. Bone‐enclosed air chambers are detrimental, as their rigid walls may fracture during descent/ascent due to contracting/re‐expanding air volumes. Flexible‐walled “sinuses” (extracranial diverticula) are a logical adaptation to diving. Odontocetes (toothed whales) exhibit several pairs of paranasal air sacs. Although fossil evidence indicates that paranasal sinuses occur in archaeocetes (ancestors/relatives of living cetaceans), it is not known whether the paranasal sacs derive from these sinuses. Sac pigmentation indicates that they derived from invaginations of the integument. Unlike sinuses, paranasal sacs are not circumferentially enclosed in bone, and therefore can accommodate air volume changes that accompany diving pressure changes. Paired pterygoid sacs, located ventrally along the cetacean skull, connect the pharynx and middle ear cavities. Mysticetes (baleen whales) have a large midline laryngeal sac. Although cetacean air sacs do not appear to be homologous to paranasal sinuses, they may serve some analogous respiratory, vocal, or structural functions. For example, these sacs may participate in gas exchange, thermoregulation, resonance, and skeletal pneumatization. In addition, they may subserve unique aquatic functions, such as increasing inspiratory volume, mitigating pressure‐induced volume change, air shunting to reduce respiratory dead space, and facilitating underwater sound production and transmission. Anat Rec, 291:1389–1396, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Revisiting the Developmental Stage and Age‐at‐Death of the “Mrs. Ples” (Sts 5) and Sts 14 Specimens from Sterkfontein (South Africa): Do They Belong to the Same Individual?
Authors: Bonmatí Alejandro , Arsuaga Juan‐Luis , Lorenzo Carlos 
Published: October 2008

AbstractDuring the 1947 fieldwork season, Member 4 (2‐3 My) of the South African Sterkfontein site yielded two important Australopithecus africanus fossils: a cranium popularly nicknamed “Mrs. Ples” (Sts 5), and a partial skeleton (Sts 14). Previous reports have proposed that Sts 5 was a nonfully grown adolescent individual (Thackeray et al., S Afr J Sci 2002a;98:21–22), and that Sts 14 was a sub‐adult specimen (according to various signs of immaturity in the skeleton) (Berge and Gommery, C R Acad Sci Paris, Sciences de la terre et des planètes 1999;329:227–232; Häusler and Berger, J Hum Evol, 2001;40:411–417; Thackeray et al., S Afr J Sci, 2002b;98:211–212). It was subsequently proposed that these fossils actually belonged to the same individual (Thackeray et al., S Afr J Sci, 2002b;98:211–212), a proposition supported by their spatial positions within the site. The present work attempts to revise these different assertions. The results obtained: (i) show that the Sts 5 fossil represents a fully grown adult cranium; (ii) provide new evidence of immaturity in the Sts 14 skeletal elements (sustaining the proposed young adult age of this specimen), and (iii) suggest that although the revised ages‐at‐death for these fossils are partially compatible, there is no evidence to support the idea that they represent a single individual. Finally, the encephalization quotient associated with a hypothetical union of Sts 5 and Sts 14 (calculated using data from both specimens) lies between the upper and lower limits of the currently estimated range for this species and H. habilis, respectively. Anat Rec, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of Novel Calix[4]arenocrowns via Ring‐closing Metathesis
Authors: LU Lin‐Gang , LÜ Hai‐Yan 
Published: October 2008

AbstractA series of novel calix[4]arenocrown derivatives 8a–8c in a cone conformation, in which the lower rim and the upper rim were connected via ring‐closing metathesis (RCM) reaction have been synthesized in good yields, and their structures were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, IR, MALDI‐TOF MS techniques and elemental
analyses.