bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Laboratory Maintenance of Treponema denticola
Authors: Fenno J. Christopher 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThis unit describes the methods, media, and equipment necessary for routine laboratory culture and handling of the anaerobic oral spirochete Treponema denticola. Topics discussed include nutrient requirements, recommended media formulations, and expected growth kinetics, as well as methods and equipment necessary to maintain anaerobic conditions. An additional protocol on isolation of T. denticola from clinical samples is included.
Laboratory Maintenance of Pathogenic Leptospira
Authors: Zuerner Richard L. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractAnalysis of Leptospira requires use of specialized media for growth, maintenance, and storage of viable bacteria that can be used in experimental protocols in a predictable manner. However, pathogenic Leptospira are fastidious bacteria with unusual nutritional requirements. These problems make primary isolation, routine propagation, and storage of Leptospira difficult. Defined and complex media are available for routine growth of pathogenic Leptospira, and each medium has unique characteristics that favor the growth or isolation of some strains, while not supporting the growth of others. This unit will describe the preparation of Leptospira media and methods for isolation and storage of these bacteria.
Herpes Simplex Virus: Propagation, Quantification, and Storage
Authors: Blaho John A. , Morton Elise R. , Yedowitz Jamie C. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractHerpes simplex virus (HSV) is the prototype of a family of large, enveloped, double‐stranded DNA viruses, the Herpesviridae, which cause significant morbidity and mortality in humans. Productive replication of HSV in cells in culture results in definitive changes in cellular physiology and metabolism, ultimately leading to lysis. These definitive aspects of viral‐host interactions enable diagnosis of HSV infections. In this unit, a series of methods are described for the propagation, quantification, and storage of HSV. Infectious center assays are used to measure the titers of HSV stocks. In addition, immunological methods are described for documenting the accumulation of viral polypeptides in infected whole cell extracts, as well as in situ using indirect immunofluorescence. These techniques should be beneficial to basic research virologists utilizing standard laboratory HSV strains, as well as clinical microbiologists interested in characterizing HSV isolated from patients.
Using Satellite Tobacco Mosaic Virus Vectors for Gene Silencing
Authors: Gosselé Véronique , Metzlaff Michael 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThis unit describes the use of satellite tobacco mosaic virus (STMV) vectors in combination with native TMV particles for inducing transient gene silencing in tobacco plants. Target gene fragment selection and insertion, virus delivery procedures, and phenotype screening of silenced plants are described in detail. All critical parameters for tobacco plant cultivation, virus infection, and RNA silencing efficiency are discussed.
In Vivo Translation Studies of Plant Viral RNAs Using Reporter Genes
Authors: Matsuda Daiki , Dreher Theo W. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThis unit describes the analysis of the translation‐regulating properties of viral RNAs in cell‐based assays using a luciferase reporter system. Electroporation and polyethylene glycol–mediated introduction of luciferase reporter RNA into cowpea protoplasts are also presented. The Commentary section discusses employing the luciferase reporter system to study translational control by the 5′‐ and 3′‐untranslated regions of a viral mRNA. Inoculum RNA quality and half‐life after delivery to the protoplasts should be monitored closely for careful investigation of translational regulation elements.
Assays for Total Protein
Authors: Lovrien Rex , Matulis Daumantas 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThis unit describes three copper‐based assays to quantitate total protein: the biuret method, a variation of the Lowry method (Hartree‐Lowry method), and the bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay. Acid hydrolysis of a protein is coupled with ninhydrin detection to quantitate amino acid content of a sample. Ultraviolet spectrophotometry is used to measure total protein and evaluate samples for the presence of contaminants. The Coomassie dye binding, or Bradford, assay is a quite simple assay and frequently is quite sensitive, although it sometimes gives a variable response depending on how well or how poorly the protein binds the dye in acid pH. Finally, dry weight measurement is used to quantitate pure protein. Support protocols describe heat sealing glass tubes for acid hydrolysis, sample dialysis in polyacrylamide gel wells to remove low‐molecular‐weight contaminants, and TCA precipitation to precipitate and concentrate proteins and remove low‐molecular‐weight contaminants.
Cover Picture: Combinatorial Material Mechanics: High‐Throughput Polymer Synthesis and Nanomechanical Screening (Adv. Mater. 21/2005)
Authors: Tweedie C. A. , Anderson D. G. , Langer R. , Van Vliet K. J. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe automated synthesis and nanomechanical characterization of discrete combinatorial arrays of polymers enables high‐throughput discovery and analysis of compliant, functional materials, as shown by Van Vliet and co‐workers on p. 2599. The cover illustrates a triplicate array of 576 polymers automatically printed on a glass microscope slide, where each spot represents a pairwise, systematically varied composition among 24 different monomers. Overlaid on the image of this triplicate array is a differential interference contrast image of a single nanoliter‐scale polymer volume. In less than twenty‐four hours of synthesis and mechanical characterization, the stiffness of each polymer is determined and related to key monomer structures and volume fractions thereof.
Inside Front Cover: One‐Dimensional Plasmon Coupling by Facile Self‐Assembly of Gold Nanoparticles into Branched Chain Networks (Adv. Mater. 21/2005)
Authors: Lin S. , Li M. , Dujardin E. , Girard C. , Mann S. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractShort, single‐particle‐wide chains and complex networks of interconnected chains are easily self‐assembled from 13 nm Au nanoparticles by inducing a surface electrostatic dipolar moment in a controlled manner. Mann and co‐workers further demonstrate both experimentally and theoretically on p. 2553 that efficient surface plasmon coupling takes place in these extensive networks, thus opening a new bottom–up approach to subwavelength optical‐waveguiding devices. The left panel in the image shows isolated 13 nm Au nanoparticles; the back panel, short linear chains; the bottom panel, complex branched network of chains; and the right panel, a graphical rendering of optical spectroscopic properties during the self‐assembly process.
Association of a functional serotonin transporter gene polymorphism with binge eating disorder
Authors: Monteleone Palmiero , Tortorella Alfonso , Castaldo Eloisa , Maj Mario 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe pathophysiological mechanisms underlying binge eating disorder (BED) are poorly understood. There is evidence that abnormalities in brain serotonin (5HT) play an important role in binge eating behavior, therefore genes involved in 5HT transmission, such as the 5HT transporter (5HTT) gene, may contribute to the biological vulnerability to BED. We examined whether the polymorphism of the promoter of the 5HTT gene, consisting of a long (L) and a short (S) variant, was associated with BED. Seventy‐seven obese or non‐obese women with BED, and 61 normal weight control women were genotyped at the 5HTT gene linked polymorphism (5HTTLPR). Statistical analysis showed that both the LL genotype and the L allele of the 5HTTLPR were significantly more frequent in BED subjects. Moreover, the L allele was associated with a moderate but significant risk to develop BED (OR = 2.01, CI = 1.33–3.57). Although these data should be regarded as preliminary because of the small size of our sample, they suggest that the 5HTTPRL may contribute to the genetic susceptibility to BED. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inter‐ and intrahabitat dietary variability of chacma baboons (Papio ursinus) in South African savannas based on fecal δ13C, δ15N, and %N
Authors: Codron Daryl , Lee‐Thorp Julia A. , Sponheimer Matt , de Ruiter Darryl , Codron Jacqueline 
Published: October 2005

AbstractBaboons are dietary generalists, consuming a wide range of food items in varying proportions. It is thus difficult to quantify and explain the dietary behavior of these primates. We present stable carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotopic data, and percentage nitrogen (%N), of feces from chacma baboons (Papio ursinus) living in two savanna environments of South Africa: the mountainous Waterberg region and the low‐lying Kruger National Park. Baboons living in the more homogeneous landscapes of the Waterberg consume a more isotopically heterogeneous diet than their counterparts living in Kruger Park. Grasses and other C4‐based foods comprise between ∼10–20% (on average) of the bulk diet of Kruger Park baboons. Carbon isotopic data from the Waterberg suggest diets of ∼30–50% grass, which is higher than generally reported for baboons across the African savanna. Based on observations of succulent‐feeding, we propose that baboons in the Waterberg consume a mix of C4 grasses and CAM‐photosynthesizing succulents in combined proportions varying between ∼5–75% (average, ∼35%). Fecal δ15N of baboons is lower than that of sympatric ungulates, which may be due to a combination of low levels of faunivory, foraging on subterranean plant parts, or the use of human foods in the case of Kruger Park populations. Fecal N levels in baboons are consistently higher than those of sympatric ungulate herbivores, indicating that baboons consume a greater proportion of protein‐rich foods than do other savanna mammals. These data suggest that chacma baboons adapt their dietary behavior so as to maximize protein intake, regardless of their environment. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The adaptive immune response in neonatal cerebral white matter damage
Authors: Leviton Alan , Dammann Olaf , Durum Scott K. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractHypotheses that inflammation contributes to neonatal cerebral white matter damage have evolved over the last three decades. The latest, expanded here, suggests that the adaptive immune system contributes to the intensity and duration of the processes that result in damage to cerebral white matter in the fetus and newborn. We propose several mechanisms by which fetal T lymphocytes could be activated during fetal exposure to infection. These include specific recognition of bacterial antigens, specific recognition of autoantigens, polyclonal activation by Toll‐like receptors, and bystander activation by cytokines. Ann Neurol 2006
Der Einfluss bakterieller Genomik auf die Naturstoff‐Forschung
Authors: Bode Helge B. , Müller Rolf 
Published: October 2005

Abstract“Totgesagte leben länger!” Dieses Sprichwort gilt auch für die Naturstoff‐Forschung. Nachdem Naturstoffe als Leitverbindungen durch die Einführung kombinatorischer Synthesetechniken in den Hintergrund gedrängt worden waren, haben sie ihren Rang in der pharmazeutischen Forschung zurückerlangt. Durch Entwicklungen auf diesem Gebiet, das moderne Genomik mit angewandter Biologie und Chemie kombiniert, können Herausforderungen wie das vermehrte Auftreten multiresistenter Bakterien bewältigt werden, da neue Arzneistoffe und Leitstrukturen identifiziert, produziert und in ihrer Struktur verändert werden können. Der große Anteil der Sekundärstoffe und ihrer Derivate unter den klinisch eingesetzten Substanzen erklärt sich dadurch, dass sich Naturstoffe häufiger durch biologische Aktivitäten auszeichnen als Synthetika. Dieser Aufsatz beschreibt den Einfluss der mikrobiellen Genomik auf die Naturstoff‐Forschung, insbesondere auf die Suche nach neuen Leitstrukturen und deren Optimierung, zeigt ihre Grenzen auf und gibt Einblicke in mögliche zukünftige Entwicklungen.
The Impact of Bacterial Genomics on Natural Product Research
Authors: Bode Helge B. , Müller Rolf 
Published: October 2005

Abstract“There's life in the old dog yet!” This adage also holds true for natural product research. After the era of natural products was declared to be over, because of the introduction of combinatorial synthesis techniques, natural product research has taken a surprising turn back towards a major field of pharmaceutical research. Current challenges, such as emerging multidrug‐resistant bacteria, might be overcome by developments which combine genomic knowledge with applied biology and chemistry to identify, produce, and alter the structure of new lead compounds. Significant biological activity is reported much less frequently for synthetic compounds, a fact reflected in the large proportion of natural products and their derivatives in clinical use. This Review describes the impact of microbial genomics on natural products research, in particularly the search for new lead structures and their optimization. The limitations of this research are also discussed, thus allowing a look into future developments.
Exploitation of the alcohol dehydrogenase‐acetone NADP‐regeneration system for the enzymatic preparative‐scale production of 12‐ketochenodeoxycholic acid
Authors: Fossati Elena , Polentini Fausto , Carrea Giacomo , Riva Sergio 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe performance of a new NADP‐regeneration system, based on the use of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)‐acetone, has been investigated for the regioselective oxidation of cholic acid (1) to 12‐ketochenodeoxycholic acid (2). Enzymes stabilities and substrate and/or product inhibitory effects under defined synthetic reaction conditions have been evaluated. The optimized system, based on a 4% w/v solution of 1 in a reaction mixture containing 25% v/v acetone, allowed the preparative scale transformation of 1 into 2 with a 92% conversion. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, inc.
The EPM‐KOMPAS: an instrument to control the environmental performance in small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs)
Authors: Günther Edeltraud , Kaulich Susann 
Published: October 2005

AbstractIt is more important than ever for a company to know and analyse the performance and results of its management system. This is why one of the focuses of recent environmental management research has been on the identification and analysis of the actual results of environmental management. There is a need to determine consistent criteria for recording, measuring and assessing the environmental performance (as demanded by the international standard ISO 14031). Therefore the concept of environmental performance measurement (EPM) includes not only the record of the environmental results of a company, but also their assessment. In this paper an eight‐step circle for environmental performance measurement called EPM‐KOMPAS is presented, which follows the typical characteristics of an (economic) performance measurement system. An empirical study of the mechanical engineering industry in Germany has already shown that the data required by the EPM‐KOMPAS instrument are available (Günther and Sturm, 2002). Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
The political bottom line: the emerging dimension to corporate responsibility for sustainable development
Authors: Bendell Jem , Kearins Kate 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThis paper explores the idea that businesses are being moved to proactively manage their political activities and influence in relation to their often‐expressed responsibility for promoting sustainable development, which we define as managing the ‘political bottom line’. We argue that three key drivers account for this shift: first, the growing criticism of voluntary corporate responsibility initiatives; second, the increasing awareness and targeting of corporate political activities, and third, a realization among certain corporate executives and financiers that, without changes to public policies, an individual company's own voluntary responsibility may not deliver sufficient commercial returns. We describe several initiatives on public policy dimensions of sustainable development, which indicate that some companies are beginning to manage their political power in light of societal concerns. In conclusion, we discuss the potential and limits of a ‘political bottom line’ concept by critiquing the mainstream triple bottom line discourse.Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Pathways of stakeholder influence in the Canadian forestry industry
Authors: Henriques Irene , Sharma Sanjay 
Published: October 2005

AbstractWe draw on the stakeholder influence literature to propose and empirically test hypotheses regarding the direct and indirect pathways of perceived influence that stakeholders exercise within the domain of corporate sustainability. Our results allow us to examine the interaction between different types of stakeholder pressure and different types of stakeholder influence strategy. We show that stakeholders who do not control resources critical to the focal firm's operations are able to pressure a firm indirectly via other stakeholders on whose resources the firm is dependent. We contribute to the stakeholder perspective by showing how stakeholders who are affected by the focal firm's operations can enhance their salience via stakeholders who can affect the firm. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Natural Products from Marine Organisms and Their Associated Microbes
Authors: König Gabriele M. , Kehraus Stefan , Seibert Simon F. , Abdel‐Lateff Ahmed , Müller Daniela 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe marine environment is distinguished by unique groups of organisms being the source of a wide array of fascinating structures. The enormous biodiversity of marine habitats is mirrored by the molecular diversity of secondary metabolites found in marine animals, plants and microbes. The recognition that many marine invertebrates contain endo‐ and epibiotic microorganisms and that some invertebrate‐derived natural products are structurally related to bacterial metabolites suggests a microbial origin for some of these compounds. Other marine natural products, however, are clearly located in invertebrate tissue and microbial involvement in the biosynthetic process seems unlikely. The complexity of associations in marine organisms, especially in sponges, bryozoans and tunicates, makes it extremely difficult to definitively state the biosynthetic source of many marine natural products or to deduce their ecological significance. Whereas many symbiotic marine microorganisms cannot be isolated and cultured, numerous epi‐ and endobiotic marine fungi produce novel secondary metabolites in laboratory cultures. The potent biological activity of many marine natural products is of relevance for their ecological function but is also the basis of their biomedical importance.
Mechanistic Insights into the Reversible Formation of Iodosylarene–Iron Porphyrin Complexes in the Reactions of Oxoiron(IV) Porphyrin π‐Cation Radicals and Iodoarenes: Equilibrium, Epoxidizing Intermediate, and Oxygen Exchange
Authors: Song Woon Ju , Sun Ying Ji , Choi Sun Kyung , Nam Wonwoo 
Published: October 2005

AbstractWe have shown previously that iodosylbenzene–iron(III) porphyrin intermediates (2) are generated in the reactions of oxoiron(IV) porphyrin π‐cation radicals (1) and iodobenzene (PhI), that 1 and 2 are at equilibrium in the presence of PhI, and that the epoxidation of olefins by 2 affords high yields of epoxide products. In the present work, we report detailed mechanistic studies on the nature of the equilibrium between 1 and 2 in the presence of iodoarenes (ArI), the determination of reactive species responsible for olefin epoxidation when two intermediates (i.e., 1 and 2) are present in a reaction solution, and the fast oxygen exchange between 1 and H218O in the presence of ArI. In the first part, we have provided strong evidence that 1 and 2 are indeed at equilibrium and that the equilibrium is controlled by factors such as the electronic nature of iron porphyrins, the electron richness of ArI, and the concentration of ArI. Secondly, we have demonstrated that 1 is the sole active oxidant in olefin epoxidation when 1 and 2 are present concurrently in a reaction solution. Finally, we have shown that the presence of ArI in a reaction solution containing 1 and H218O facilitates the oxygen exchange between the oxo group of 1 and H218O and that the oxygen exchange is markedly influenced by factors such as ArI incubation time, the amounts of ArI and H218O used, and the electronic nature of ArI. The latter results are rationalized by the formation of an undetectable amount of 2 from the reaction of 1 and ArI through equilibrium that leads to a fast oxygen exchange between 2 and H218O.
Nucleophilicity—Periodic Trends and Connection to Basicity
Authors: Uggerud Einar 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe potential energy profiles of 18 identity SN2 reactions have been estimated by using G2‐type quantum‐chemical calculations. The reactions are: X− + CH3X → XCH3 + X− and XH + CH3XH+ → +HXCH3 + XH (X = NH2, OH, F, PH2, SH, Cl, AsH2, SeH, Br). Despite the charge difference, the barrier heights and the geometrical requirements upon going from the reactant to the transition structure are surprisingly similar for X− and XH. The barrier heights decrease on going from left to right in the periodic table, and increasing ionization energy (of X− and XH) is correlated with decreasing barrier. The observed trends are explained in terms of substrates with stronger electrostatic character giving rise to lower energetic barriers due to decreased electron repulsion in the transition structure. On the basis of this study, the relationship between the kinetic concept of nucleophilicity and the thermodynamic concept of basicity has been analyzed and clarified. Since the trends in intrinsic nucleophilicity (only defined for identity reactions) and basicity are opposite, overall nucleophilicity (defined for any reaction) will be determined by the relative contribution of the two factors. Only for strongly exothermic reactions will basicity and nucleophilicity be matching.
Homochiral Helices of Oligonaphthalenes Inducing Opposite‐Handed Cholesteric Phases
Authors: Pieraccini Silvia , Ferrarini Alberta , Fuji Kaoru , Gottarelli Giovanni , Lena Stefano , Tsubaki Kazunori , Spada Gian Piero 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe helical structure of the chiral nematic phases (cholesterics) obtained by doping nematic solvents with chiral non‐racemic compounds is a macroscopic proof of the solute chirality. Oligonaphthalene (tetra‐, hexa‐, octa‐) derivatives linked at the 1,4‐positions have been used as chiral dopants: When the chirality axes are configurationally homogeneous (that is, all‐S), the molecular structures correspond to right‐handed helices. Yet, we have found series of derivatives with the surprising property that the handedness of the induced cholesteric phase alternates from positive to negative and to positive again, on passing from tetra‐ to hexa‐ and to octanaphthalene. A comparison with oligonapthalene derivatives, which do not exhibit this twisting ability, points to the importance of the substitution pattern. Both the possibility of inducing oppositely‐handed cholesteric phases by homochiral helices of different length, and the role played of substituents, are confirmed by calculations performed with the surface chirality model.