bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Are Child Eating Patterns Being Transformed Globally?
Authors: Adair Linda S. , Popkin Barry M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To examine the extent to which child dietary patterns and trends are changing globally.Research Methods and Procedures: Diets of children 2 to 19 years of age were studied with nationally representative data from Russia and the United States, nationwide data from China, and regional data from metropolitan Cebu, Philippines. Twenty‐four‐hour dietary recalls were examined at several points in time to examine trends in calories consumed away from home, snacking behavior, and soft drink and modern fast food consumption. Urban—rural trends were compared.Results: U.S. and Cebu youth consume more than one‐third of their daily calories and a higher proportion of snack calories from foods prepared away from home. In contrast, away from home food consumption is minimal in Chinese and Russian children. U.S. and Cebu youth consume about one‐fifth of their total daily energy from snacks, but snacks provide a much lower proportion of energy in Russia (∼16%) and China (where snacks provide only ∼1% of energy). Fast food plays a much more dominant role in the American diet (∼20% of energy vs. 2% to 7% in the other countries), but as yet does not contribute substantially to children's diets in the other countries. Urban—rural differences were found to be important, but narrowing over time, for China and Cebu, whereas they are widening for Russia.Discussion: This research suggests that globalization of the fast food and other modern food sectors is beginning to affect child eating patterns in several countries undergoing nutrition transition. However, the contribution of fast food and soft drinks to the diet of children remains relatively small in China, Russia, and Cebu, Philippines, relative to the United States.
Body Composition and Hormonal Adaptations Associated with Forskolin Consumption in Overweight and Obese Men
Authors: Godard Michael P. , Johnson Brad A. , Richmond Scott R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: This study examined the effect of forskolin on body composition, testosterone, metabolic rate, and blood pressure in overweight and obese (BMI ≥ 26 kg/m2) men.Research Methods and Procedure: Thirty subjects (forskolin, n = 15; placebo, n = 15) were studied in a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study for 12 weeks.Results: Forskolin was shown to elicit favorable changes in body composition by significantly decreasing body fat percentage (BF%) and fat mass (FM) as determined by DXA compared with the placebo group (p ≤ 0.05). Additionally, forskolin administration resulted in a change in bone mass for the 12‐week trial compared with the placebo group (p ≤ 0.05). There was a trend toward a significant increase for lean body mass in the forskolin group compared with the placebo group (p = 0.097). Serum free testosterone levels were significantly increased in the forskolin group compared with the placebo group (p ≤ 0.05). The actual change in serum total testosterone concentration was not significantly different among groups, but it increased 16.77 ± 33.77% in the forskolin group compared with a decrease of 1.08 ± 18.35% in the placebo group.Discussion: Oral ingestion of forskolin (250 mg of 10% forskolin extract twice a day) for a 12‐week period was shown to favorably alter body composition while concurrently increasing bone mass and serum free testosterone levels in overweight and obese men. The results indicate that forskolin is a possible therapeutic agent for the management and treatment of obesity.
Lifestyle Intervention and Fatty Acid Metabolism in Glucose‐Intolerant Subjects
Authors: Mensink Marco , Blaak Ellen E. , Wagenmakers Anton J. , Saris Wim H. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Free fatty acid (FFA) oxidation is reduced in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). Weight reduction does not improve these impairments. Because exercise training is known to increase fatty acid (FA) oxidation, we investigated whether a combined diet and physical activity intervention program can improve FA oxidation in subjects with IGT.Research Methods and Procedures: Sixteen subjects with IGT were studied before and after 1 year of a lifestyle intervention program [nine intervention (INT) subjects, seven controls (CON)]. INT subjects received regular (i.e., every 3 months) dietary advice and were stimulated to increase their level of physical activity. Glucose tolerance, anthropometric characteristics, and substrate use at rest and during exercise were evaluated before and after 1 year. Substrate oxidation was measured at rest and during moderate intensity exercise using indirect calorimetry in combination with stable isotope infusion ([U‐13C]palmitate and [6, 6‐2H2‐]glucose).Results: After 1 year, no differences were seen in substrate use at rest. During exercise, total fat and plasma FFA oxidation were slightly increased in the INT group and decreased in the CON group, with the change being significantly different (change after 1 year: INT, +2.0 ± 1.4 and +1.9 ± 0.9 μmol/kg per minute; CON, −3.5 ± 1.6 and −1.8 ± 0.5 μmol/kg per minute for total and plasma FFA, respectively; p < 0.05).Discussion: A combined diet and physical activity intervention program can prevent further deterioration of impaired FA oxidation during exercise in subjects with IGT.
Measuring Free‐Living Energy Expenditure and Physical Activity with Triaxial Accelerometry
Authors: Plasqui Guy , Joosen Annemiek M.C.P. , Kester Arnold D. , Goris Annelies H.C. , Westerterp Klaas R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To investigate the ability of a newly developed triaxial accelerometer to predict total energy expenditure (EE) (TEE) and activity‐related EE (AEE) in free‐living conditions.Research Methods and Procedures: Subjects were 29 healthy subjects between the ages of 18 and 40. The Triaxial Accelerometer for Movement Registration (Tracmor) was worn for 15 consecutive days. Tracmor output was defined as activity counts per day (ACD) for the sum of all three axes or each axis separately (ACD‐X, ACD‐Y, ACD‐Z). TEE was measured with the doubly labeled water technique. Sleeping metabolic rate (SMR) was measured during an overnight stay in a respiration chamber. The physical activity level was calculated as TEE × SMR−1, and AEE was calculated as [(0.9 × TEE) − SMR]. Body composition was calculated from body weight, body volume, and total body water using Siri's three‐compartment model.Results: Age, height, body mass, and ACD explained 83% of the variation in TEE [standard error of estimate (SEE) = 1.00 MJ/d] and 81% of the variation in AEE (SEE = 0.70 MJ/d). The partial correlations for ACD were 0.73 (p < 0.001) and 0.79 (p < 0.001) with TEE and AEE, respectively. When data on SMR or body composition were used with ACD, the explained variation in TEE was 90% (SEE = 0.74 and 0.77 MJ/d, respectively). The increase in the explained variation using three axes instead of one axis (vertical) was 5% (p < 0.05).Discussion: The correlations between Tracmor output and EE measures are the highest reported so far. To measure daily life activities, the use of triaxial accelerometry seems beneficial to uniaxial.
Relationships of Age and Weekly Running Distance to BMI and Circumferences in 41, 582 Physically Active Women
Authors: Williams Paul T. , Satariano William A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To assess in women whether age‐related increases in adiposity are dependent on exercise, and, contrariwise, whether exercise‐related declines in adiposity are dependent on age.Research Methods and Procedures: Cross‐sectional analyses were conducted of 41, 582 female runners.Results: Age affected the relationships between vigorous exercise and adiposity. The decline in BMI per kilometer per week run was linear in 18 to 23 year olds and became increasingly non‐linear (convex) with age. Waist, hip, and chest circumferences declined significantly with running distance across all age groups, but the declines were significantly greater in older than younger women, particularly among shorter distance runners. The relationships between body circumferences and running distance became increasingly convex in older women. Conversely, vigorous exercise diminished the apparent increase in adiposity with age. The increase in average BMI with age was greatest in women who ran <8 km/wk, intermediate in women who ran 8 to 15 km/wk or 16 to 31 km/wk, and least in those who averaged over 32 km/wk. Before age 45, waist circumference rose for those who ran 0 to 7 km/wk, showed no significant relationship to age for those who ran 8 to 39 km/wk, and declined in those who ran 40 to 55 and 56 km/wk and more. Age related‐increases in hip and chest circumferences before 45 years old were significantly less in women who ran longer weekly distances.Discussion: These cross‐sectional associations are consistent with the hypothesis that exercise may mitigate age‐related increases in adiposity and that age affects exercise‐induced reductions in adiposity (although causality remains to be determined experimentally).
Obesity Stigma in Sexual Relationships
Authors: Chen Eunice Y. , Brown Molly 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Obese children are stigmatized in same‐sex relationships. This study examines whether, in adulthood, obesity stigma exists in adults when they are asked to rank order preferences for a sexual partner.Research Methods and Procedures: Following the methods of Richardson et al. (Richardson SA, Goodman N, Hastorf AH, Dornbusch SM. Cultural uniformity in reaction to physical disabilities. Am Sociol Rev. 1961;26:241–247) and Latner and Stunkard (Latner J, Stunkard AJ, Wilson GT. Age, ethnic and gender differences in stigmatization of obesity. Orlando, FL: International Conference on Eating Disorders; 2004), 449 college students were asked to rank order six drawings of potential sexual partners. The drawings included an obese partner, partners with various other disabilities, and a healthy partner.Results: The least‐preferred partners were obese. Men, compared with women, provided significantly lower ranks for obese partners (U = 20, 180.00, z = −2.84, p = 0.01).Discussion: Despite the fact that the majority of adults in the U.S. are overweight, discrimination on the basis of weight occurs in making a choice of a sexual partner. Males particularly make choices of partner based on their weight. Obesity stigma may specifically affect women in sexual relationships. Weight‐related stigma needs to be addressed in the treatment of binge eating disorder or weight management. Finding ways to change attitudes and behavior toward the overweight is a goal for future research in the area.
Obesity and Weight Control Practices in 2000 Among Veterans Using VA Facilities
Authors: Wang Anthea , Kinsinger Linda S. , Kahwati Leila C. , Das Sandeep R. , Gizlice Ziya , Harvey Richard T. , Burdick Mary B. , Yevich Steven J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To examine obesity prevalence and weight control practices among veterans who use Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) medical facilities (VA users).Research Methods and Procedures: Data from the 2000 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, a telephone survey of 184, 450 adults, were analyzed. Outcome measures included BMI, weight control practices (the intent to manage weight, and diet and physical activity patterns), and receipt of professional weight control advice.Results: Of VA users, 44% were overweight and 25% were obese. After controlling for demographic factors, VA users were somewhat less likely to be overweight (odds ratio, 0.86; 95% confidence interval, 0.74 to 1.00) but equally likely to be obese (odds ratio, 1.08; 95% confidence interval, 0.92 to 1.27), compared with non‐VA users. Among obese VA users, 75% reported trying to lose weight, and another 17% reported trying to maintain weight. Of these, only 40% decreased both calorie and fat intake. Only 27% of obese VA users who reported increasing exercise to lose weight followed recommendations for regular and sustained physical activity. Of obese VA users, 59% were inactive or irregularly active. Only 51% of obese VA users received professional advice to lose weight. Obese VA users were more likely than obese non‐VA users to report trying to lose weight, modifying diet to lose weight by decreasing both calories and fat intake, and receiving professional weight control advice.Discussion: Interventions for weight management programs in VA facilities need to take into account the high prevalence of overweight/obesity among VA users and should emphasize effective weight control practices.
Cross‐Sectional and Longitudinal Associations of BMI with Socioeconomic Characteristics
Authors: Mujahid Mahasin S. , Diez Roux Ana V. , Borrell Luisa N. , Nieto F. Javier 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To examine cross sectional and longitudinal associations of socioeconomic position and neighborhood environments with BMI in a middle‐aged and bi‐ethnic cohort.Research Methods and Procedures: Analyses were based on 13, 167 subjects (45 to 64 years) who participated in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study, a population‐based study. Census block groups were used as proxies for neighborhoods and were characterized using a summary socioeconomic score. BMI was measured at baseline and at three follow‐up visits over a 9‐year period.Results: Individual and neighborhood socioeconomic characteristics were independently and inversely associated with BMI at baseline in women [mean difference in kilograms per meter squared per unit increase in socioeconomic category (SE) for white and black women respectively; −1.56 (0.14), −1.59 (0.19) for education; −1.07 (0.10), −1.18 (0.18) for income; and −1.04 (0.09), −0.77 (0.18) for neighborhood characteristics]. Results for men were not as consistent. Baseline BMI was negatively associated with income in white men but was positively associated with education, income, and neighborhood characteristics in black men. BMI increased over time regardless of gender or race and in most age groups. In whites, there were no consistently patterned differences in longitudinal trends in BMI by individual or neighborhood socioeconomic characteristics. However, in blacks, there was some evidence of greater increases in the higher socioeconomic status groups.Discussion: Socioeconomic factors are inversely associated with BMI in middle‐aged women, possibly reflecting socially patterned exposures occurring in childhood and adolescence. However, recent increases over time in BMI are either not clearly patterned by socioeconomic factors or are greater in the higher socioeconomic status groups.
Obesity Impacts on General Practice Appointments
Authors:   Counterweight Project Team
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To quantify the impact of obesity on the number of visits to both primary and secondary care teams.Research Methods and Procedures: The adult populations of 80 general practices throughout the United Kingdom were classified according to their BMI. We undertook a cross‐sectional survey of computer‐generated and handwritten records of 6150 obese people (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) and 1150 normal weight (BMI = 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m2) control subjects over an 18‐month retrospective period.Results: Obese patients made significantly more visits to the general practitioner (GP), practice nurse (PN), and hospital outpatient units than normal weight patients (all p < 0.001), and they were admitted to the hospital more often (p = 0.034). For both GP and PN visits, the relationship remained after adjusting for age, sex, social deprivation category, country, and number of comorbidities. Among obese patients, there was an increasing relationship between frequent GP visits (at least four appointments) and greater BMI, which remained significant after adjustment had been made for age, sex, deprivation, country, and number of comorbidities.Discussion: The human resource burden to general practice is significantly higher in the obese population than in the normal weight population, even when adjusted for confounding factors. The increase in prevalence of obesity will continue to put pressure on GP and PN time unless appropriate action is taken.
BMI, Physical Activity, and Health Care Utilization/Costs among Medicare Retirees
Authors: Wang Feifei , McDonald Tim , Reffitt Bonnie , Edington Dee W. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To examine the influence of physical activity (PA) and BMI on health care utilization and costs among Medicare retirees.Research Methods and Procedures: This cross‐sectional study was based on 42, 520 Medicare retirees in a U.S.‐wide manufacturing corporation who participated in indemnity/perferred provider and one health risk appraisal during the years 2001 and 2002. Participants were assigned into one of the three weight groups: normal weight, overweight, and obese. PA behavior was classified into three levels: sedentary (0 time/wk), moderately active (1 to 3 times/wk), and very active (4+ times/wk).Results: Generalized linear models revealed that the moderately active retirees had $1456, $1731, and $1177 lower total health care charges than their sedentary counterparts in the normal‐weight, overweight, and obese groups, respectively (p < 0.01). The very active retirees had $1823, $581, and $1379 lower costs than the moderately active retirees. Health care utilization and specific costs showed similar trends with PA levels for all BMI groups. The total health care charges were lower with higher PA level for all age groups (p < 0.01).Discussion: Regular PA has strong dose‐response effects on both health care utilization and costs for overweight/obese as well as normal‐weight people. Promoting active lifestyle in this Medicare population, especially overweight and obese groups, could potentially improve their well‐being and save a substantial amount of health care expenditures. Because those Medicare retirees are hard to reach in general, more creative approaches should be launched to address their needs and interests as well as help reduce the usage of health care system.
Effort‐Related Calf Pain in the Obese and Long‐Term Changes after Surgical Obesity Treatment**
Authors: Karason Kristjan , Peltonen Markku , Lindroos Anna Karin , Sjöström Lars , Lönn Lars , Torgerson Jarl S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To compare the prevalence of effort‐related calf pain in an obese and a general population and to analyze the incidence of and recovery from such pain after surgical and conventional obesity treatment.Research Methods and Procedures: A random sample of 1135 subjects from a general population was compared with 6328 obese subjects in the Swedish Obese Subjects study. Obese subjects were followed longitudinally, and information about calf pain was obtained from surgically and conventionally treated patients for up to 6 years.Results: In both sexes, self‐reported calf pain was more common in the obese than in the general population [odds ratios (ORs) 5.0 and 4.0 in men and women, respectively, p < 0.001]. Obese patients undergoing surgery had a lower 6‐year incidence of calf pain compared with the conventionally treated control group (ORs 0.39 and 0.61, p < 0.05). Among subjects reporting symptoms at baseline, the 6‐year recovery rate was higher in the surgical group compared with the control group (ORs 15.3 and 5.9, p < 0.001).Discussion: Obese subjects have markedly more problems with effort‐related calf pain than the general population. Surgical obesity treatment reduces the long‐term risk of developing claudication symptoms and increases the likelihood of recovering from such symptoms.
Association of Proopiomelanocortin Gene Polymorphisms with Obesity in the IRAS Family Study
Authors: Sutton Beth S. , Langefeld Carl D. , Williams Adrienne H. , Norris Jill M. , Saad Mohammed F. , Haffner Steven M. , Bowden Donald W. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractProopiomelanocortin (POMC) has been found to be associated with rare Mendelian forms of obesity in children, and, in linkage studies, genomic regions containing the POMC locus have been linked to leptin levels, a predictor of obesity, in white, Mexican‐American, and African‐American families. POMC polymorphisms have not been investigated in detail for association with obesity in the general population. Five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (G‐3460C, C17T, G3473A, C3755T, and A7069G) were genotyped on 811 Hispanic individuals in the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Family Study and tested for association with multiple obesity quantitative traits. General and family‐based association analyses for each individual SNP and for haplotypes were performed using the generalized estimating equation and quantitative pedigree disequilibrium test (QPDT), respectively. Modest but consistent associations were observed for SNP C3755T, with p values ranging from 0.011 to 0.045 for association with BMI, waist, visceral adipose tissue, and subcutaneous adipose tissue. G‐3460C, G3473A, and A7069G were also found to be associated with additional obesity measurements (p value 0.025 to 0.04), with comparable levels of evidence observed for linkage disequilibrium between these traits and these SNPs. Results of the haplotype analyses were also consistent with the single SNP analysis, with haplotypes containing C3755T showing the greatest evidence of association (p values ranging 0.004 to 0.048). Monte Carlo simulations (gene dropping) that account for the number of comparisons and the correlation structure indicate that the multivariate significance for these obesity traits with these polymorphisms was p = 0.0091. Collectively, the POMC polymorphisms showed consistent evidence for association with obesity traits in Hispanic Americans across several analytical approaches using SNP and haplotype analysis. These results support the hypothesis that POMC contributes genetically to the development of obesity.
Body Mass Index Cutoffs for Underweight, Overweight, and Obesity in South Korean Schoolgirls
Authors: Kim Eunkyung , Hwang Ji‐Yun , Woo Eun‐Kyung , Kim Sung‐Soo , Jo Sangmee Ahn , Jo Inho 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjectives: To establish BMI percentiles and cutoffs for underweight, overweight, and obesity in South Korean schoolgirls.Research Methods and Procedures: A total of 1229 South Korean schoolgirls aged 8 to 18 years were randomly selected to complete a self‐administered questionnaire. BMI charts and cutoffs were constructed after analyzing data from 1107 subjects. Percentile curves were established by the modified LMS method.Results: The percentiles for underweight, overweight, and obesity corresponding to BMI of 18.5, 23.0, and 25.0 kg/m2 at age 18 were the 13.0th percentile, the 77.8th percentile, and the 91.2nd percentile, respectively. The corresponding prevalences of underweight, overweight, and obesity were 12.1, 12.5, and 9.8%, respectively.Discussion: We established for the first time, to our knowledge, new BMI cutoffs for ages 8 to 18 that corresponded to BMIs of 18.5, 23.0, and 25.0 kg/m2 for Asian adults designated by the International Obesity Task Force. These newly established BMI cutoffs might help to estimate the prevalence of overweight and obesity in Asian children.