bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pulmonary function testing prior to extubation in infants with respiratory distress syndrome
Authors: Veness‐Meehan Kathleen A. , Richter Susan , Davis Jonathan M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPulmonary function testing was performed just prior to extubation on 50 infants mechanically ventilated for treatment of respiratory distress syndrome. All infants were ready for extubation as defined by clinical criteria. Pulmonary mechanics and energetics were measured by a computerized technique that consists of a pneumotachometer to measure flow rates and an esophageal balloon and differential transducer to estimate transpulmonary pressure. Tidal volume, minute ventilation, dynamic lung compliance, pulmonary resistance, and resistive work of breathing were then calculated by high speed microcomputer processing.Successful extubation was defined as > 72 hours without respiratory decompensation requiring reinstitution of ventilatory support. Thirty‐six (72%) infants were successfully extubated and 14 (28%) infants failed extubation. Infants in the success and failure groups were matched for birth weight, gestational age, age at study, weight at study, weight at study relative to birth weight, use of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), and methylxanthines.No statistically significant differences in pulmonary mechanics were seen between the two groups. Data suggests that successful withdrawal of mechanical ventilation may be related to multiple factors such as central inspiratory drive, diaphragmatic endurance, and chest wall stability, in addition to improved lung mechanics. Pulmonary function testing criteria alone may not be useful in determining optimal timing of extubation in premature infants. Pediatr Pulmonol 1990; 9:2–6.
Dynamic responses to tube breathing during the first 10 days of life
Authors: Upton C. J. , Milner A. D. , Stokes G. M. , Wilson A. J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTo assess whether there is a maturation of the response to tube breathing during the first 10 days of life, we have measured the dynamic ventilatory responses of nine term infants (34 studies) to added tubes equivalent to two anatomical dead spaces. Such a method allows an assessment of the baby's ability to increase dead space ventilation in response to an added stress.There was a significant improvement with age over the first 10 days in the babies' ability to reach “expected” values of minute ventilation when the tubes were added (P = 0.003). The rates at which 63% and maximum adaptation were achieved also increased significantly with age (P < 0.005). The rate to 63% adaptation appeared to be faster in active compared with quiet sleep (P < 0.05).The dynamic responses to tube breathing improve over the first 10 days of life. This is likely to be due to a maturation of peripheral chemoreceptor control, although improving lung mechanics may also be important. Pediatr Pulmonal 1990; 9:72–79.
Longitudinal response of pulmonary function to bronchodilators in cystic fibrosis
Authors: Pattishall Edward N. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPrevious studies have found that between 0 and 95% of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) have a significant response to bronchodilators. These studies have been limited by small numbers and the measurement of response at one point in time. We analyzed the response to bronchodilators of patients with CF in a longitudinal and cross‐sectional manner using pulmonary function data from 1980 to 1988. Overall, the proportion of patients with a positive response to bronchodilators was relatively large but not consistent over time. Of 573 tests in 127 persons, a positive response occurred in 68 tests of 51 patients. A negative response occurred in 19 tests of 17 patients. Only nine patients had a positive response in more than one third of their tests. The cross‐sectional analysis showed variability similar to previous cross‐sectional studies. Although a large proportion of patients with CF had a response to bronchodilators, the response was not consistent and may have been related to the number of tests performed. Continued longitudinal testing is necessary for valid decisions for bronchodilator use and for documenting the length, variability, and clinical significance of these responses. Pediatr Pulmonal 1990; 9:80–85.
Neonatal pulmonary oxygen toxicity in the rat and lung changes with aging
Authors: Thibeault Donald W. , Mabry Sherry , Rezaiekhaligh Mo 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe aims of this study were to determine if neonatal hyperoxia exposure causes permanent lung damage and to define the relationship between neonatal lung oxygen toxicity and aging. Sprague‐Dawley newborn rats (n = 85) breathed 100% oxygen (O2) or room air (RA) during the first 8 days of life, and then RA. At 2 and 22 months of age we assessed right ventricular (RV) systolic pressure (RVSP), RV weight, saline and air pressure‐volume curves, volume density of lung parenchyma and nonparenchyma, parenchymal air space (PAS), mean linear intercept (Lm), number of small arteries/mm2 and the extent of their medial muscularization.Aging in RA did not affect the RVSP, RV weight, the number of small arteries/mm2, or their muscularization. The maximal lung volume/g of dry lung and the elastic recoil pressure between 40 and 90% maximal lung volume decreased. The volume density of lung parenchyma increased but the fraction of the lung parenchyma that was PAS decreased and that of the alveolar septa and Lm increased.The O2‐treated rats at 60 days of age had increased RVSP and RV weights with a decrease in the small arteries/mm2. The lung parenchymal volume density and PAS increased and the density of alveolar septa decreased. The Lm increased and the alveoli/mm2 and elastic recoil pressure decreased. The lung damage seen in the O2‐treated rats at 60 days persisted and in addition underwent the changes seen in the aging controls. However, the extent of muscularization of the arteries decreased. We conclude that neonatal hyperoxia causes permanent functional and structural changes of the lung but these do not interact with aging; that is, the effects of O2 toxicity and aging are additive but not synergistic. Pediatr Pulmonal 1990; 9:96–108.
Effect of altering smooth muscle tone on maximal expiratory flows in patients with tracheomalacia
Authors: Panitch Howard B. , Keklikian Esteban N. , Motley Raymond A. , Wolfson Marla R. , Schidlow Daniel V. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe obtained maximal partial expiratory flow‐volume (PEFV) curves using the rapid compression technique in three infants with intrathoracic tracheomalacia. Maximum flows were quantitated at functional residual capacity (V̇maxFRC). Studies were performed at baseline, after inhalation of methacholine (MCh) and after inhalation of albuterol. At baseline, all three patients had significantly lower than normal V̇maxFRC values, and two patients displayed expiratory flow limitation during tidal breathing. V̇maxFRC improved significantly after MCh administration, but fell back toward or below baseline after albuterol. Additionally, the ratio of forced to tidal flows at mid‐tidal volume (V̇mid(forced/tidal), a reflection of expiratory flow reserve, increased after MCh administration and decreased after albuterol. Two patients also received oral bethanechol: 2.9 mg/M2, q 8 hr for 10 days, after which PEFV curves were repeated. Both V̇maxFRC and V̇mid(forced/tidal) were increased over baseline after bethanechol administration, but decreased after albuterol. These results suggest that in patients with abnormally collapsible tracheae, stimulation of tracheal smooth muscle can improve airway stability, thereby increasing forced expiratory flows. Additionally, relaxation of airway smooth muscle by bronchodilators can have the opposite effect and exacerbate obstruction. Pediatr Pulmonal 1990; 9:170–176.
Bronchial reactivity and sex hormone: Study in a Turner's population
Authors: Villa M. P. , Bernardi F. , Burnaccini M. , Tura A. , Martelli M. , Mazzanti L. , Bergamaschi R. , Cacciari E. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractRespiratory function and bronchial reactivity was studied by carbachol challenge in 41 patients with Turner's syndrome and in 46 controls. In patients and controls the personal and family history of atopic illnesses was evaluated; reactivity to skin allergen tests was studied in patients only. Patients with Turner's syndrome had less allergy skin test reactivity; no difference was found in allergic symptoms between patients and controls despite the patients having a more positive family history of atopy (P < 0.05). Respiratory function variables were higher in patients than in controls, and bronchial reactivity as expressed by the results of carbachol testing was higher in Turner's patients than in controls (P < 0.01). Bronchial reactivity was significantly reduced after 6 months of estrogenic therapy (P < 0.05) in subjects with Turner's syndrome, while the same did not occur in patients who did not receive estrogen treatment. This study of pulmonary function and bronchial reactivity in Turner's patients may help understand the effects of sex hormones in the regulation of bronchial tone and of bronchial response to constrictive agents. Pediatr Pulmonal 1990; 9:199–205.
Measurements of pulmonary mechanics prior to the elective extubation of neonates
Authors: Balsan Michael J. , Jones Judith G. , Watchko Jon F. , Guthrie Robert D. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe measured total respiratory system compliance (CRS) and resistance (RRS) by the passive expiratory flow technique prior to the elective extubation of 61 neonates with a history of respiratory distress syndrome. Successful trials of extubation were characterized by a higher mean value of CRS when compared to trials that led to reintubation (1.52 vs. 1.10 mL/cm H2O, P = 0.004). Low values of CRS (0.9 mL/cm H2O or less) were invariably associated with extubation failure, whereas high values of CRS (1.3 mL/cm H2O or greater) were associated with extubation success in 94% of patients. A higher mean value of RRS was recorded in the group of infants who failed extubation when compared to those who were successful (0.22 vs. 0.17 cm H2O/mL/s, P = 0.042). We propose that measurements of pulmonary mechanics, particularly CRS, may by useful in identifying infants who will be at risk for extubation failure. Pediatr Pulmonal 1990; 9:238–243.
Effect of inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate on bronchial hyperreactivity in asthmatic children during maximal allergen exposure
Authors: Boner A. L. , Piacentini G. L. , Bonizzato C. , Dattoli V. , Sette L. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn this double blind study we evaluated the effect of a 2 months long treatment with inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate (300 μg/day) on methacholine responses in asthmatic children, during a period of maximal allergen exposure. Baseline values of methacholine PC20‐FEV1 were 0.66 ± 0.22 mg/mL (mean ± SEM) in 10 children treated with the active drug and 0.78 ± 0.21 mg/mL in 10 children treated with placebo. After 1 month of treatment PC20‐FEV1 was 1.91 ± 0.64 and 0.80 ± 0.33 mg/mL, respectively, in the groups treated with beclomethasone versus placebo. A statistically significant reduction in bronchial hyperreactivity (PC20‐FEV1, 5.49 ± 1.86 mg/mL) but no systemic side effects were observed after 2 months of treatment with beclomethasone dipropionate. This is compared with a PC20‐FEV1 of 1.38 ± 0.52 mg/mL in the placebo group. The results confirm the effect of inhaled corticosteroids in reducing bronchial hyperreactivity, even during a period of maximal allergen exposure. Pediatr Pulmonol 1991; 10:2–5.
Ultrastructural ciliary defects in children with recurrent infections of the lower respiratory tract
Authors: Barlocco Ezio G. , Valletta Enrico A. , Canciani Mario , Lungarella Giuseppe , Gardi Concetta , Margherita De Santi M. , Mastella Gianni 
Published: March 2007

AbstractOne hundred fifty‐four children with recurrent or chronic infections of the lower respiratory tract compatible with the diagnosis of primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) were evaluated for the presence of ultrastructural ciliary abnormalities. Studies were performed on multiple samples of respiratory mucosa obtained by nasal and bronchial brushing. Twenty‐eight children showed ultrastructural ciliary defects compatible with the diagnosis of PCD: Twenty‐four presented dynein arm deficiency (either as isolated defect or in association with microtubular abnormalities), two had ciliary aplasia, and two showed microtubular abnormalities. Eleven patients with PCD had situs viscerum inversus, bronchiectasis, and chronic sinusitis (Kartagener's syndrome); one child with Kartagener's syndrome had normal ciliary structure. The appearance of respiratory symptoms within the first month of life, the colonization by Haemophilus influenzae, and a history of recurrent rhinitis and otitis were characteristically present in children with PCD. The clinical status of those patients who reached adolescence was, in our experience, remarkably good. An early diagnosis with adequate prevention and therapy of respiratory infections may have an important role in minimizing irreversible lung damage. Pediatr Pulmonol 1991; 10:11–17.
Gastrin‐releasing peptide gene products in midtrimester human fetal lung with and without maternal smoking history during pregnancy
Authors: Chen M. F. , Lewis S. J. , Jagoe R. , Alexander N. , Van Noorden S. , Springall D. R. , Polak J. M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA preliminary morphological study on human fetal lungs with positive maternal smoking history demonstrated alterations of the neuroepithelial bodies (NEBs). We studied human fetal lung tissue between the gestational ages of 12 weeks and 19 weeks, comprising 12 cases with a smoking history during pregnancy (Group 1) and eight cases without a smoking history during pregnancy (Group 2). We demonstrated, by immunocytochemistry, the presence of gastrin‐releasing peptide (GRP) gene products: GRP 14‐27 in all 20 cases, and C terminal peptide of pro‐GRP (C‐flanking peptide) in 17 cases. Quantification of the neuroepithelial cells (NECs) was made by computer‐enhanced image analysis using the Context Vision system, expressing 1) the total stained areas of the NECs per unit area of section and 2) the total staining areas of the NECs per unit area of airway epithelium, measured as the area of cytokeratin immunoreactivity in an adjacent section. The results show no statistically significant difference between groups 1 and 2 for either GRP 14‐27 or C‐flanking peptides. The apparent lack of influence of maternal smoking during pregnancy on the expression of GRP gene products in the NECs could be a reflection of inherently reduced reactivity of the cells during the gestation period studied. However, a larger series is needed before any conclusions can be made. Alternatively, the adverse effects of smoking might be reflected during the canalicular phase of lung development; an increased immunoreactivity appears to be present during that period. The expression of pro‐GRP gene products in the pulmonary NECs of older fetuses and neonates with maternal smoking history during pregnancy requires further study. Pediatr Pulmonol 1991; 10:30–35.
Do wheezy infants recovering from bronchiolitis respond to inhaled salbutamol?
Authors: Sly Peter D. , Lanteri Celia J. , Raven Joan M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWheezy infants, less than 6 months of age, were given either inhaled salbutamol or saline in a double‐blind study. A significant change in maximal flow at functional residual capacity (VmaxFRC) was defined as being greater than twice the coefficient of variation of the baseline measurements. There was no difference in the infants' response to saline or salbutamol. Wheezy infants, less than 6 months of age, do not have an increase in VmaxFRC following a single dose of inhaled salbutamol. Pediatr Pulmonol 1991; 10:36–39.
Measurement of respiratory system resistance by forced oscillation in normal children: A comparison with spirometric values
Authors: Lebecque P. , Desmond K. , Swartebroeckx Y. , Dubois P. , Lulling J. , Coates A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn 377 children, the commercially available Siregnost FD‐5 was used to measure respiratory system resistance (Rrs) by forced oscillation at 10 Hz. The children were between 3 and 18 years of age and, by a detailed questionnaire and conventional pulmonary function testing in 335, they were shown to be representative of the normal pediatric population. There was a linear relationship between Rrs and height (Rrs = 13.9–0.064 × ht (cm), r = −0.87). Children less than 6 years of age had no trouble with using the forced oscillation technique. The smoking of tobacco in the house, the presence of carpets in the child's bedroom, or an atopic family history, alone or in combination, had no influence on Rrs or on any spirometric measure. Forced oscillation is useful in children too young to be able to cooperate with conventional pulmonary function testing. Pediatr Pulmonol 1991; 10:117–122.
Pulmonary manifestations of HIV infection in children
Authors: Marolda Joanne , Pace Bella , Bonforte Richard J. , Kotin Neal M. , Rabinowitz Jack , Kattan Meyer 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe retrospectively reviewed the spectrum, course, and outcome of pulmonary diseases in 66 children with AIDS, hospitalized between 1982 and 1988, prior to the use of zidovudine. Fifty‐two of the 66 (79%) patients developed pulmonary problems. In fifty‐two percent of all patients, a pulmonary problem was the first symptom of HIV infection. The most common respiratory illness requiring hospitalization was an episode of respiratory distress with normal Pa and unchanged X‐ray with a 9.7 ± 6.8 days mean duration of hospitalization. Bacterial pneumonia, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) and pulmonary lymphoid hyperplasia/lymphoid interstitial pneumonia occurred in 30%, 32% and 22% of the patients, respectively. Bacterial pneumonia and PCP were associated with a high mortality rate. Sixty‐eight percent of the patients died within 24 months of the onset of pulmonary disease. In 50% of the children, pulmonary disease was a primary cause of death. The results of this study can be useful in developing prospective studies for the prevention and treatment of pulmonary complications of HIV infection. Pediatr Pulmonol 1991; 10:231–235.
Changes in lung mechanics and histamine responsiveness after sequential canine adenovirus 2 and canine parainfluenza 2 virus infection in beagle puppies
Authors: Quan Stuart F. , Witten Mark L. , Grad Roni , Ray C. George , Lemen Richard J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe determined the effects of an immediately antecedent viral lower respiratory tract infection (LRI) on the severity of clinical illness, changes in lung function and airway histamine responsiveness produced by a subsequent LRI in 9–12 week old beagle puppies inoculated with canine adenovirus 2, followed in 2 weeks by inoculation with canine parainfluenza 2 virus (CAV2‐CPI2, n = 7). We compared their acute responses to puppies infected with CPI2 alone (n = 5), CAV2 alone (n = 7), and no infection (control, n = 6). Puppies inoculated with either virus alone developed a LRI 3 to 6 days after inoculation which resolved by 12–14 days after inoculation. However, the illness was more severe in the CAV2 group. In the CAV2‐CPI2 group, CPI2 infection following CAV2 infection resulted in a clinical illness nearly comparable to that observed with CAV2 alone. Whereas in control and CPI2 puppies, lung resistance (RL) decreased and dynamic lung compliance (Cdyn) increased during the study due to normal growth, RL increased and Cdyn remained unchanged in the CAV2 group. In contrast, RL did not change and Cdyn increased in the CAV2‐CPI2 group. Airway histamine responsiveness in the CAV2‐CPI2 group increased during infection with CPI2 and was similar to that observed with CAV2 alone. In contrast, infection with CPI2 alone produced a small, but non‐significant increase in histamine responsiveness. The duration of the increase in histamine responsiveness was not prolonged in the CAV2‐CPI2 group in comparison to CPI2 or CAV2 alone. However, the length of clinical illness was extended in the CAV2‐CPI2 group in comparison to the other infected groups. These data suggest that an immediately antecedent viral LRI can potentiate the clinical and physiologic effects of a subsequent viral LRI. Pediatr Pulmonol 1991; 10:236–243.
Relationship between response to inhaled salbutamol and methacholine bronchial provocation in children with suspected asthma
Authors: Bibi Haim , Montgomery Mark , Pasterkamp Hans , Chernick Victor 
Published: March 2007

AbstractFifty children (27 females, 23 males) ages 6–15 years who were referred for evaluation of suspected asthma had baseline FEV1 and FEF25‐75 of ⩾ 80% and FEF50 ⩾ 70% of predicted values. All had these tests repeated on the same day, after inhaling salbutamol. On a subsequent day PC‐20 (methacholine) was determined as an index of bronchial hyperreactivity (BH). Fourteen age‐matched healthy children (6 females, 8 males) were studied in a similar manner. There was no significant relationship between the PC20 and the change in FEF25‐75 or FEF50 following salbutamol. There was a negative correlation between the initial FEV1 (% predicted) and the percent change in FEV1 following salbutamol (P < 0.01). An increase in FEV1 of >6% occurred in 7/12 (58.3%) patients with PC20 ⩽ 0.25 mg/mL (Group I); in 7/24 (29.2%) patients with PC20 = 0.26–2.0 mg/mL (Group II); in only 1/14 (7.1%) patients with PC20 > 2.1 mg/mL (Group III) and in none of those asymptomatic (control) children with PC20 > 8.0 mg/mL (Group IV). All subjects who had a change in FEV1 > 6% after salbutamol had a PC20 < 8 mg/mL and this test detected the majority of patients with severe BH. However, although the sensitivity of the test was 100%, the predictive value was only 36%. We conclude that in the presence of a normal baseline FEV1 a change of > 6% following salbutamol inhalation is indicative of bronchial hyperreactivity. Pediatr Pulmonol 1991; 10:244–248.
Effect of vascular puncture on blood gases in the Newborn
Authors: Kim Eun H. , Cohen Ronald S. , Ramachandran Pramela 
Published: March 2007

AbstractContinuous monitoring methods have shown changes of oxygenation in neonates during various procedures. However, actual changes in blood gases during vascular punctures have not been reported. We studied the effect of vascular puncture on arterial blood gases during routine venipuncture in 17 neonates who had indwelling arterial catheters. Arterial blood gases were analyzed before, during, and following recovery from venipuncture. Ventilator settings were not changed during the study, though oxygen concentration (Fi) was adjusted as indicated by continuous P or saturation monitors. During venipuncture, there was a significant fall in Pa from 38 ± 5 to 32 ± 7 mmHg (P < 0.0001) and in Pa from 75 ± 21 to 58 ± 23 mmHg (P < 0.0001). Following venipuncture, both values returned to baseline. The results of this study imply that blood gases obtained by intermittent arterial sticks may provide data that do not accurately reflect the neonates' respiratory status. Pediatr Pulmonol 1991; 10:287–290.