bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Land quality and site restoration: a case study from north Essex
Authors: Williams A. G. , Tomalin C. , Corker S. P. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Current planning legislation precludes mineral development on high quality land unless it can be restored to its original quality. High quality land is defined as Grades 1,2 and 3a in the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (MAFF) Agricultural Land Classification Scheme. The criteria depend on the physical attributes of the land. However, the MAFF system is not directly appropriate to restored sites due to the unnatural attributes of restored soils. In particular, soil structure is an important element of land quality which is disrupted during the soil handling process but which is not assessed in the current MAFF system. Measurement of soil physical characteristics, including a method for structural quality, is suggested as providing an improved assessment of land quality upon which the success of site restoration may be judged. An example is given of how the structural classification was tested on a site in north Essex enabling a comparison of different restoration methods to be made. The paper concludes that, as a result of more rigorously defined agricultural land quality classes for disturbed land, together with recent developments in restoration techniques, there could be a wider release of high quality land for gravel extraction.
Environmental impact assessment: the background and the potential for the geologist
Authors: Wiltshire S. E. , Cowley J. , Doornkamp J. C. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The environmental impact assessment (EIA) process in Britain has been stimulated by the EEC Directive of June 1985 which makes it mandatory for Member States to have appropriate legislation in place by June 1988. The history of planning in Britain has been to include environmental concerns in the normal planning process, and the Directive may do little to change what already happens. However, it is becoming increasingly clear that anyone applying for planning consent, including, for example, a mineral operator, can assist his case by including an EIA with his proposal. In certain circumstances such an EIA is greatly enhanced by an input from a geologist.
The geology of the Nottingham region: A review of some engineering and environmental aspects
Authors: Firman R. J. , Lovell M. A. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Of the several comprehensive geological reviews of the East Midlands, none makes more than a passing reference to the engineering or environmental geology. This paper is thus the first to attempt such a review, although only a brief appraisal is possible here.
Earth tremors causing minor structural damage have occurred in the Nottingham region, although more damaging ground movements have usually resulted from natural subsidence, reactivation of Pleistocene landslips or collapse of old mines for lead ore and gangue minerals, limestone, coal and gypsum. More controlled and predictable subsidence is characteristic of modern coal mining although anomalous subsidence does still occur, as do slope failures in the numerous cuttings, quarries, and opencast workings for road metal, limestone, fluorspar, calcite, barytes, coal and gypsum. Mining, and to a lesser extent quarrying, has had profound effects on the underground movement of water, particularly in the Peak District where the water table has been permanently lowered as a result of centuries of lead mining. A similar lowering of the water table, now reversed, resulted from over pumping of the Sherwood Sandstones. The management, including recharge and pollution control, of this aquifer is of major importance to Nottingham.
The wide range of foundation conditions reflects the range of rock types and problems vary from avoiding costly excavations for the M1 in hard Pre-Cambrian rocks to bridging the Trent over unconsolidated sands, gravels and peats. The extent of periglacial weathering is crucial in determining the foundation characteristics of Namurian, Westphalian, Mercia Mudstones and Jurassic strata and, as demonstrated by case histories, cannot be neglected in other formations.
Throughout the region there are conflicting interests arising from exploitation of resources in areas of considerable amenity value. Satisfactory solutions have been found for some of these problems, for example, with the nature reserves and Water Sports Centre developed from gravel workings, but others, such as the proposals for disposing of nuclear waste, have attracted much attention, but though temporarily postponed, remain unsolved.
Surface movements caused by tunnelling in two-layer soil
Authors: Selby A.R. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Empirical equations suitably defining surface movements caused by tunnelling in uniform soils are now well-established. Settlements transverse to the tunnel line are usually and conveniently described by a normal probability equation in terms of ground loss, V(m3/m) and of distance to the point of inflection, i (m). Vis dominantly a function of tunnelling method, and i has been expressed explicitly as a function of depth, but dependent upon whether the soil type is granular or cohesive.
Little attention, however, has been given to the estimation of ground movements caused by tunnelling through a granular soil overlain by a cohesive stratum, and vice versa. The problem is addressed both by a simple extension to the expressions leading to the normal distribution settlement profile and the consequent transverse inward movements, and also by a linear elastic finite element model.
Two well-documented case histories are assessed by the two methods of analysis and both give acceptable estimates of ground movement.
Ground movements resulting from urban tunnelling: predictions and effects
Authors: Rankin W. J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The paper provides practical guidance for estimating the effects of ‘soft ground’ tunnelling in urban areas upon existing structures and services. Various empirical approaches to the definition of the surface settlement zone are summarized and the assessment of the magnitude and distribution of surface movements is compared with case history data. A tentative risk classification related to settlement and maximum slope criteria is proposed, which will allow rapid optimization of route adjustments and thereby identification of those buildings particularly at risk and requiring a more detailed assessment.
Ground movements and deflections of an anchored sheet pile wall in granular soil
Authors: Symons I. F. , Little J. A. , Carder D. R. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
For road construction and improvement schemes in urban areas, the restricted space available has led to an increase in the use of earth retaining structures. The effect of ground movements caused by the retaining wall construction, on adjacent roads, buildings and buried services, is frequently a prime concern in design. The complexity of the construction sequence and the effect of soil-structure interaction generally precludes accurate predictions of ground movement, although an assessment of their upper and lower bounds can be obtained from previous field measurements.
This paper describes the pattern of ground movements and deflections of an anchored sheet pile wall forming part of the temporary works for the A1(M) Improvement Scheme at Hatfield, Hertfordshire. This scheme involved the construction of an 1150 m long cut and cover tunnel together with a 350 m length of retained cutting for the tunnel approach. The ground conditions over the tunnel depth consisted of glaciofluvial sands and gravels (Westmill Upper Gravel) overlying a lodgement till deposit (Ware Till). Approximately 2 km of anchored sheet pile walls were used on the scheme to retain the ground during construction of the permanent works. A section of the temporary sheet pile wall was extensively instrumented and observations made both during its construction and over the ten month period when the wall was in service. Measurements of ground movement and wall deflection formed part of a wider research study at the site designed to investigate the behaviour of the sheet pile wall and of the prestressed ground anchors.
Model studies of soil deformations over a moving basement
Authors: Stone K. J. L. , Wood D. M. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Centrifuge and single gravity model tests have been performed to study the deformations that occur in a layer of soil as a result of vertical movements of an underlying stiff basement which produce discontinuities of slope but not of displacement. The modes of deformation that have been observed are relevant to the ground movements that occur in areas of deep subsidence caused by extraction of minerals or hydrocarbons.
Plane soil models were tested on the centrifuge at 100 gravities in a strong box having a perspex window through which deformations of the soil could be observed while in flight. Single gravity tests have also been performed in which the same boundary movements were imposed. Results are reported from tests on layers of dense sand of two different gradings, and of soft clay. The clay was prepared in such a way that it was as nearly as possible normally consolidated throughout its depth.
In all cases some faulting of the soil occurred when the underlying basement was lowered — even though the basement did not contain a displacement discontinuity. In soft clay, normal faults extended from the ground surface at a steep angle behind the break in slope. In sand models, internal ruptures formed but these did not break through to the ground surface. The different patterns can be linked with the different strength and dilatancy characteristics of the two types of soil.
Collapse mechanisms of shallow coal-mine workings from field measurements
Authors: Garrard G. F. G. , Taylor R. K. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Simple stereo-photographic techniques were employed to look in detail at over 150 shallow (<75 m) collapsed old workings exposed in the high walls of 18 opencast coal sites across the country. Sixty variables, including collapse dimensions and various ratios, were defined to characterize the workings and the resulting data analyzed statistically. To the authors’s knowledge this is the first such investigation of its size undertaken. The data obtained have been compared with existing theories and design recommendations and used to develop new empirical relationships. The study shows that at shallow depths the crushing of coal pillars is rare and that bulking and arching, considered to be complementary mechanisms, are the normal limiting factors on the height of collapse. The collapse height of the working was found to be proportional to the span width, and where span widths are known or can be estimated a relationship of collapse height = 2.68 x span width is suggested. This relationship encompasses all but one observed collapse structure. The existing established relationship, based on bulking theory, of collapse height = 10 x seam thickness is shown to be valid and encompasses all observed collapse structures.
Roof-fall observations at Castlefields Mine, Dudley
Authors: Richards J. A. , Miller A. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The progressive collapse of old limestone mines has led to problems of general subsidence and crownhole formation in parts of the West Midlands. Infilling the voids inhibits the collapse of old workings, and a trial was undertaken at Castlefields Mine, Dudley, to assess the suitability of locally available colliery spoil, mixed with water to form a rock paste, as an infill material. As part of the site investigation programme prior to the infilling trial, information was obtained on the rate and size of roof collapses in the mine. Existing roof-fall debris piles were covered with netting and inspected at intervals over the 12-month period preceding the infill. Information on roof-falls was pertinent to the design and construction of the underground barrier which was to seal off the proposed infill area from the rest of the mine. The information was also required for the design of a network of transducers intended to monitor the microseismicity associated with rock failure and roof-falls in the mine.
Rates of collapse were higher than expected, with an estimated total weight of approximately twenty-six tonnes. The absence of freshly exposed surfaces indicated that little fracturing was taking place. This led to a shift in emphasis in the microseismic monitoring programme, from the detection of high frequency fracture propagation to that of the impact of roof-falls on the mine floor. The observed distribution of roof-falls, which conformed with the jointing pattern in the mine, resulted in a change of plan for the position and make-up of the infill barrier. Identification of particularly unstable areas was also of considerable value with regard to the safety of personnel within the mine during the engineering operations associated with the infill trial.
Full-scale mixing, pumping and surface spreading trials of rock paste for filling mines
Authors: Ward W. H. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
A stage in the development of a new, cheap and environmentally beneficial method of filling potentially dangerous abandoned mines with large voids in the West Midlands to prevent their collapse is outlined. The filling material, known as rock paste, consists of colliery spoil from tips mixed with water, prepared near the mine to be filled, pumped through long surface pipelines and down boreholes into the mine. It then spreads laterally long distances through the mines.

Some details are given on the selection of suitable spoil, its processing into paste and its pumping behaviour through instrumented pipelines, up to 260 mm diameter and 220 m long, at high pressures and rates up to 80 m
3
/h. Some 1000 tonnes of spoil were pumped.

Observations on the spreading performance of large heaps of paste pumped out on to a level surface, and one sloping at about 4°, demonstrate the capacity for paste to spread long distances through mines as a heavy plastic yielding material. The basic plastic spreading theory and its application to the design for a mine filling operation is outlined in the Appendix.
Despite some shortcomings and recommendations for their improvement, the results of the trials were sufficiently encouraging for them to be applied to the trial filling of part of Castlefields Mine at Dudley.
Basal Permian Sand mines and associated surface movements in the Castleford and Pontefract area of West Yorkshire
Authors: Baldwin M. J. , Newton M. A. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Surface movements in the Castleford and Pontefract areas of West Yorkshire have come to light in the past few years. Various investigations, the more recent to determine the causes of these movements in relation to specific buildings and other properties, have shown that mineworkings in the Basal Permian Sands are the cause. Research has revealed that a significant proportion of the developed Redhill area is underlain at very shallow depth by sands which between the mid-nineteenth and twentieth centuries have been extensively mined; much of this mining is unrecorded.
Underground inspections of abandoned mines has shown the roof material to be a well jointed limestone of the Lower Magnesian Limestone group. Investigations of failure mechanisms have been based on these underground observations. The type and thickness of the workings in relation to the limited overburden and the joints in the roof material have been found to be responsible for the occurrence of sudden and large surface movements. Remedial measures have been taken to stabilize a property affected by subsidence movements, however problems have arisen due to the unexpectedly great height and extent of the workings.
During the research, it has become evident that workings were not confined to the Redhill area, but also occur at several other localities. Observations indicate that there is an urgent need to investigate the full extent of all the workings in order that properties at risk can be identified and an economic, practical and effective method of stabilization established.
Mining induced seismicity in UK coalfields identified on the BGS National Seismograph Network
Authors: Redmayne D. W. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Earthquakes induced by coal mining are seen often on the widely spaced seismograph stations operated by the British Geological Survey. They are characterized by shallow depths of focus, proximity to current workings, repeatable signals, and good correlation with mining activity. The background and history of such mining induced seismicity is discussed, drawing upon specific examples of past and present activity.
Presently active areas include the Midlothian coalfield in Scotland and in particular the village of Rosewell and its immediate surroundings. The series of tremors which has been recorded there during 1985 and 1986 is examined in detail with regard to depth, location, signal character and correlation with mining activity in order to verify its induced nature. These tremors, with magnitudes of up to 2.8 ML, were strongly felt locally and at times caused slight damage. Examples are given of building damage and a crown hole occurrence which may be attributable, at least partially, to these events.
Dynamic surface effects of underground copper ore mining in the Legnica Copper District, Poland
Authors: Ciesielski R. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

In the region close to Legnica, Poland, copper ore is mined at a depth of about 900 m by the process of explored chambers collapsing as a consequence of controlled explosions. These explosions generate underground shocks which propagate to the surface as seismic waves. This paper discusses the characteristics of these waves, their propagation through the rock mass, the vibrations they cause at the ground surface and their effect on certain structures at the surface. Some data on seismic energy are presented and discussed, including cases of medium and maximum energy, up to 10
10
J. Surface vibrations above the explored ore layers are analysed using the spectral amplitude – frequency approach. The correlation between source energy and measured magnitude is discussed, together with surface effects, in terms of existing MCS and MSK scales. A method for evaluating the degree of potential damage to structures caused by the vibrations is presented; this involves computational analysis in accordance with physical load models determined from measurements and simplified scales of vibration (SWD). Structural engineering designs for withstanding these paraseismic influences in these areas are also mentioned.
A determination of the shear strength parameters of a fine-grained cemented alluvium in the US Desert Southwest
Authors: Muller Eugene , Nowatski Edward A. , DeNatale Jay S. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

Laboratory determination of shear strength parameters for alluvial soils in the US Desert Southwest is imprecise at best. These soils contain varying amounts of carbonate cementation and it is extremely difficult to acquire undisturbed samples using conventional soil sampling techniques. Furthermore, even when samples can be retrieved, they are usually not representative of the in situ soil which can demonstrate a wide range of cementation. Therefore, the results of laboratory strength testing may not be representative of the actual in situ behaviour. For these reasons, a simple field test is developed which may be used in conjunction with conventional laboratory testing and analytical procedures to estimate the in situ strength properties of such alluvial deposits. The in situ testing involves a series of plate load tests performed at the crest of freshly cut slopes. A steel plate of known dimensions is loaded by an 89 kN (10 tons) hydraulic jack until the slope fails. The counter weight of a power shovel is used as a reaction support. The failure load and slip surface geometry are measured and recorded. A two-dimensional slope stability procedure (Bishop’s Modified Method) is used to back calculate the value of cohesion associated with failure of the field slopes. The analytical procedure developed by Hovland is used to account for the three-dimensional ‘end effects’ present in the field load tests and to correct the value of cohesion obtained from the Bishop solution. The values of
c
and φ obtained in this way are used to evaluate the stability of the trench slopes at the State of Arizona’s site for the US Department of Energy’s proposed Superconducting Super Collider (SSC) Project. The determination of a realistic factor of safety during construction is critical to the economical use of open-cut construction techniques for approximately 50 per cent of the 83.7 km (52 miles) circumference of the proposed SSC ring.
The scale effect with regard to the deformability of calcarenite
Authors: Nienhuis H. , Price D. G. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
In order to investigate the effect of scale on the deformability of homogeneous rocks, plate bearing tests have been performed on Maastrichtian calcarenite in an abandoned room and pillar mine in the southern part of The Netherlands. The rock mass tested was weak, free of mechanical discontinuities and apparently homogeneous. The tests were conducted horizontally, parallel to the bedding, using rigid plates of seven different diameters. Cyclic loading was undertaken. Plate pressure and displacement were computer monitored. The results of these tests, together with the results of past in situ tests and past and present laboratory tests, are reviewed.
Measurement of relative density of saturated sand using a piezovane
Authors: Atkinson J. H. , Jessett C. A. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
During undrained shearing of saturated soils loose samples show increasing pore pressure while dense samples show decreasing pore pressure. The magnitude and sign of the pore pressure change for a given soil is determined principally by its relative density. This suggests the possibility of measuring relative density in situ by observing pore pressures generated during shearing imposed by an instrument. The most suitable instrument for this purpose is a vane fitted with a piezometer (piezovane) as a vane imposes shearing with only small changes of normal stress. A series of experiments was carried out on piezovanes in beds of fine sand prepared in the laboratory at different relative densities. The tests showed clear relationships between relative density and pore pressures measured by the piezovane. The piezovane may also be of use as an in situ test for the potential for liquefaction of loose saturated fine sand deposits.