bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The combined presence ofH pyloriinfection and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease leads to an up-regulation ofCDX2gene expression in antrum and cardia
Authors: Bornschein J , Wex T , Peitz U , Kuester D , Roessner A , Malfertheiner P 
Published: February 2009

Background:CDX2 is an epithelial transcription factor that regulates intestinal differentiation and is involved in the development of intestinal metaplasia (IM).Aim:To analyse the expression ofCDX2in the gastric mucosa in various locations and its relationship toHelicobacter pyloriinfection and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD).Methods:69 patients with upper gastrointestinal symptoms were stratified into four groups according to theirH pyloriand GORD status. Patients without infection and without GORD were the reference group (H pylori(−)/GORD(−)). Biopsies from the antrum, corpus and cardia were assessed by histopathology according to the updated Sydney System.CDX2transcription levels were determined by quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry.Results:CDX2gene expression was significantly up-regulated in antral and cardia mucosa of patients with bothH pyloriinfection and GORD (26- and 100-fold, respectively; p<0.05), but remained unchanged in corpus mucosa. If onlyH pyloriinfection or GORD was present,CDX2expression levels were 6- to 11-fold increased in the antrum, but without reaching statistical significance.CDX2expression correlated positively with the degree of IM (p<0.01) and the degree ofH pyloriinduced inflammation (p<0.05). Gene expression data were confirmed immunohistochemically by the detection of CDX2 in areas of IM and in focally distributed CDX2-expressing cells in non-metaplastic gastric mucosa.Conclusions:The combined presence ofH pyloriinfection and GORD leads to an up-regulation ofCDX2gene expression in cardia and antral mucosa, but not in the corpus.
Investigations into the lack of consensus in the reporting of HLA antibody specificities in the UK
Authors: Wortley A , Mckinley K , Whittle R , Calvert A , Shaw O , Fernando R , Pearse A , Hopkins K , Clark B 
Published: February 2009

Aims:Lack of consensus in HLA antibody reporting in proficiency schemes has previously been attributed to a number of differing factors. This study was set up to eliminate the majority of these factors by reducing analysis to a pure data handling exercise.Methods:Anonymised raw data files for LABScreen Single Antigen class I and II and related patient information were provided to seven participating centres. The centres reported back the HLA antibody specificities according to their single antigen bead reporting policy. Details of the reporting policy of each centre were retrospectively requested by questionnaire.Results:The number of HLA antibody specificities reported by the different centres varied widely. Software analysis called more HLA antibody specificities than any of the centres. None of the centres matched consensus for reported HLA class I specificities on any of the datasets, and no two centres reported the exact same HLA class I antibody profile; consensus was reached by one centre for HLA class II antibody specificities reported from two of the datasets. Retrospective review found data handling practice between centres to vary widely.Conclusions:Lack of agreement exists between UK centres in regard to HLA antibody specificity analysis. The fact that the required analysis was limited to interrogation of supplied data files makes the observation more concerning. The root cause of this variation is differences in data handling practice between the participating centres.
Preferential publication of editorial board members in medical specialty journals: Table 1
Authors: Luty J , Arokiadass S M R , Easow J M , Anapreddy J R 
Published: February 2009

Background:Publication bias and discrimination are increasingly recognised in medicine. A survey was conducted to determine if medical journals were more likely to publish research reports from members of their own than a rival journal’s editorial board.Methods:A retrospective review was conducted of all research reports published in 2006 in the four competing medical journals within five medical specialties. Only three journals were willing to divulge the authorship of reports that had been rejected.Results:Overall, 4460 research reports were published in 2006 by the 20 journals from five subspecialties (mean 223 (SD = 164) reports per journal; median 176; interquartile range 108–238). On average, 17.2 (7.7%) reports were from a journal’s own editorial board (SD = 10.7; median 15; interquartile range 10–23; n = 20), and 6.3 (2.8%) reports were from a member of the editorial board of one of the three rival journals within the specialty (SD = 7.3; median 3.5; interquartile range 1–8; n = 60). There was a statistically significant excess of publications from the journal’s own editorial board in 14 of the 20 journals (p<0.05). Journals were almost three times more likely to publish reports from their own editorial board than from one of the three rivals within their subspecialty (p<0.0001; median difference 11; Mann–Whitney U test; power for 5% significance >99.99%).Conclusions:There was a significant excess of publications from medical journals’ own editorial boards, although it is not possible to determine whether this is due to bias in the peer review process or selective submission by editors.
EXTENDED HAMILTON–LAGRANGE FORMALISM AND ITS APPLICATION TO FEYNMAN'S PATH INTEGRAL FOR RELATIVISTIC QUANTUM PHYSICS
Authors: STRUCKMEIER JÜRGEN 
Published: February 2009

We present a consistent and comprehensive treatise on the foundations of the extended Hamilton–Lagrange formalism — where the dynamical system is parametrized along a general system evolution parameter s, and the time t is treated as a dependent variable t(s) on equal footing with all other configuration space variables qi(s). In the action principle, the conventional classical action L1d t is then replaced by the generalized action L1d s, with L and L1denoting the conventional and the extended Lagrangian, respectively. It is shown that a unique correlation of L1and L exists if we refrain from performing simultaneously a transformation of the dynamical variables. With the appropriate correlation of L1and L in place, the extension of the formalism preserves its canonical form.In the extended formalism, the dynamical system is described as a constrained motion within an extended space. We show that the value of the constraint and the parameter s constitutes an additional pair of canonically conjugate variables. In the corresponding quantum system, we thus encounter an additional uncertainty relation.As a consequence of the formal similarity of conventional and extended Hamilton–Lagrange formalisms, Feynman's nonrelativistic path integral approach can be converted on a general level into a form appropriate for relativistic quantum physics. In the emerging parametrized quantum description, the additional uncertainty relation serves as the means to incorporate the constraint and hence to finally eliminate the parametrization.We derive the extended Lagrangian L1of a classical relativistic point particle in an external electromagnetic field and show that the generalized path integral approach yields the Klein–Gordon equation as the corresponding quantum description. We furthermore derive the space–time propagator for a free relativistic particle from its extended Lagrangian L1. These results can be regarded as the proof of principle of the relativistic generalization of Feynman's path integral approach to quantum physics.
PARTICLE-NUMBER PROJECTED TWO-PROTON SEPARATION ENERGY OF THE PROTON-RICH EVEN–EVEN RARE-EARTH NUCLEI USING AN ISOVECTOR PAIRING APPROACH
Authors: KERROUCHI S. , MOKHTARI D. , ALLAL N. H. , FELLAH M. 
Published: February 2009

The two-proton separation energy (S2P) has been studied by describing the pairing correlations using four various approaches: in the pairing between like-particles case with (SBCS) and without (BCS) inclusion of the particle-number projection, as well as in the isovector pairing case with (NP-PROJ) and without (NP) inclusion of the particle-number projection. It has been numerically evaluated for the even–even rare-earth proton-rich nuclei such as Δnp ≠ 0. Among the four used methods, NP-PROJ is the one that provides the results that are closest to the experimental data when available. On the other hand, it has been shown that the S2P values deduced from the four approaches join, for almost all the considered elements, for the highest values of (N - Z). The fact that the BCS and NP (respectively, SBCS and NP-PROJ) values join may be explained by the fact that Δnp decreases with increasing values of (N - Z). It has also been shown that the BCS and SBCS (respectively, NP and NP-PROJ) values of S2P are very close because the discrepancy between the projected and unprojected energy values is quasi-constant as a function of the deformation. Finally, the four used methods lead to the same prediction of the two-proton drip-line position except for the Dysprosium and the Tungsten.
Validation of a Large-Scale Simulated Brightness Temperature Dataset Using SEVIRI Satellite Observations
Authors: Otkin Jason A. , Greenwald Thomas J. , Sieglaff Justin , Huang Hung-Lung 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
In this study, the accuracy of a simulated infrared brightness temperature dataset derived from a unique large-scale, high-resolution Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model simulation is evaluated through a comparison with Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) observations. Overall, the analysis revealed that the simulated brightness temperatures realistically depict many of the observed features, although several large discrepancies were also identified. The similar shapes of the simulated and observed probability distributions calculated for each infrared band indicate that the model simulation realistically depicted the cloud morphology and relative proportion of clear and cloudy pixels. A traditional error analysis showed that the largest model errors occurred over central Africa because of a general mismatch in the locations of deep tropical convection and intervening regions of clear skies and low-level cloud cover. A detailed inspection of instantaneous brightness temperature difference (BTD) imagery showed that the modeling system realistically depicted the radiative properties associated with various cloud types. For instance, thin cirrus clouds along the edges of deep tropical convection and within midlatitude cloud shields were characterized by much larger 10.8 − 12.0-μm BTD than optically thicker clouds. Simulated ice clouds were effectively discriminated from liquid clouds and clear pixels by the close relationship between positive 8.7 − 10.8-μm BTD and the coldest 10.8-μm brightness temperatures. Comparison of the simulated and observed BTD probability distributions revealed that the liquid and mixed-phase cloud-top properties were consistent with the observations, whereas the narrower BTD distributions for the colder 10.8-μm brightness temperatures indicated that the microphysics scheme was unable to simulate the full dynamic range of ice clouds.
Convectively Coupled Waves Propagating along an Equatorial ITCZ
Authors: Dias Juliana , Pauluis Olivier 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The dynamics of convectively coupled gravity waves traveling over a precipitating region are analyzed in an idealized model for the large-scale atmospheric circulation. The model is composed of a shallow water system coupled to an advection equation for moisture through the convection term, utilizing a quasi-equilibrium relaxation to moisture closure. Here the authors investigate the model in the strict quasi-equilibrium (SQE) of infinitely short relaxation time. This framework is applied to study the behavior of a disturbance propagating along a narrow precipitation band, similar to the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ). For an ITCZ width on the order of the equatorial Rossby radius, Kelvin waves propagate at the moist gravity wave speed (about 15 m s−1), whereas for a narrow ITCZ, the propagation speed is comparable to the dry gravity wave (about 50 m s−1). It is also shown that a Kelvin wave propagating along a narrow precipitation region exhibits a meridional circulation that modulates the precipitation rate and affects the propagation speed of the wave.
On the Source of Mediterranean Overflow Water Property Changes
Authors: Lozier M. Susan , Sindlinger Laurie 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A recent study of the eastern North Atlantic detailed significant increases in the temperature and salinity of the Mediterranean Overflow Water (MOW) from 1950 to 2000. To examine the degree to which the source waters, which spill over the sill at the Strait of Gibraltar, could be responsible for these observations in the open Atlantic, a box model of water mass transformation by marginal seas was employed. Time series for the salinity of the inflowing North Atlantic surface waters, freshwater fluxes in the Mediterranean (evaporation and precipitation and river runoff), and the volumetric flow rates for the inflow and outflow across the Strait of Gibraltar were used to predict the salinity of the source waters to the North Atlantic from 1950 to 2000. Results from this calculation reveal that source water changes have minimal impact on MOW property changes on interannual and decadal time scales. It is suggested instead that circulation changes within the open Atlantic alter the advective–diffusive pathways of MOW such that property changes within the MOW reservoir are created.
The Surprising Role of Orography in the Initiation of an Isolated Thunderstorm in Southern England
Authors: Lean Humphrey W. , Roberts Nigel M. , Clark Peter A. , Morcrette Cyril 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Many factors, both mesoscale and larger scale, often come together in order for a particular convective initiation to take place. The authors describe a modeling study of a case from the Convective Storms Initiation Project (CSIP) in which a single thunderstorm formed behind a front in the southern United Kingdom. The key features of the case were a tongue of low-level high θw air associated with a forward-sloping split front (overrunning lower θw air above), a convergence line, and a “lid” of high static stability air, which the shower was initially constrained below but later broke through. In this paper, the authors analyze the initiation of the storm, which can be traced back to a region of high ground (Dartmoor) at around 0700 UTC, in more detail using model sensitivity studies with the Met Office Unified Model (MetUM). It is established that the convergence line was initially caused by roughness effects but had a significant thermal component later. Dartmoor had a key role in the development of the thunderstorm. A period of asymmetric flow over the high ground, with stronger low-level descent in the lee, led to a hole in a layer of low-level clouds downstream. The surface solar heating through this hole, in combination with the tongue of low-level high θw air associated with the front, caused the shower to initiate with sufficient lifting to enable it later to break through the lid.
Clinical academic research careers in nursing: towards global nursing
Authors: Kim Mi Ja 
Published: February 2009

Abstract Clinical academic research careers for nurses in the United Kingdom (UK) described in the Finch Report (2007) signals an important milestone in nursing research, education and practice. Unique aspects of this UK initiative is that it not only provides various awards for nurse research career pathways, but it also provides resources to establish infrastructure and positions for nurses to conduct research, teach, and practice in the clinical setting. Such an initiative merits serious consideration for its globalization.
Analysis of nursing research studies submitted to Spain’s health research fund and the resulting scientific output
Authors: Martín-Arribas María Concepción , González-Gil Teresa , Egea-Zerolo Blanca , García Raquel Hidalgo , Mallada Cristina Jones , Moreno-Casbas Teresa 
Published: February 2009

Abstract A descriptive observational study was conducted to ascertain and analyse the scientific status of nursing in Spain, based on nursing research studies submitted to the Health Research Fund ( Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria-FIS) for public funding and their ensuing scientific output. The study selection criteria required the following: the principal researcher to be a nurse; and the terms, ‘nursing’, ‘self-care’, ‘care’, ‘ulcer’ and/or ‘home care’ included in title or key words. For analysis of bibliographic output, a bibliographic search was made of national and international databases. During the study period (1996–2004), 673 nursing studies were submitted for public funding, with 28% being funded as a result. Of these, 37% addressed research topics focused on clinical practice. Most relied on quantitative methodology, with a descriptive design (48%). Of the studies funded from 1996 to 2002 (86), only 58% resulted in publications; of the total of 73 publications so yielded, only five were published in international journals. The main grounds for rejection of studies were also reviewed. Although nursing research is progressively increasing, it is essential to continue striving to enhance the quality and dissemination of such research.
Targeting the Notch1 and mTOR pathways in a mouse T-ALL model
Authors: Cullion Kathleen , Draheim Kyle M. , Hermance Nicole , Tammam Jennifer , Sharma Vishva M. , Ware Christopher , Nikov George , Krishnamoorthy Veena , Majumder Pradip K. , Kelliher Michelle A. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Mutations in NOTCH1 are frequently detected in patients with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) and in mouse T-ALL models. Treatment of mouse or human T-ALL cell lines in vitro with γ-secretase inhibitors (GSIs) results in growth arrest and/or apoptosis. These studies suggest GSIs as potential therapeutic agents in the treatment of T-ALL. To determine whether GSIs have antileukemic activity in vivo, we treated near-end-stage Tal1/Ink4a/Arf+/− leukemic mice with vehicle or with a GSI developed by Merck (MRK-003). We found that GSI treatment significantly extended the survival of leukemic mice compared with vehicle-treated mice. Notch1 target gene expression was repressed and increased numbers of apoptotic cells were observed in the GSI-treated mice, demonstrating that Notch1 inhibition in vivo induces apoptosis. T-ALL cell lines also exhibit PI3K/mTOR pathway activation, indicating that rapamycin may also have therapeutic benefit. When GSIs are administered in combination with rapamycin, mTOR kinase activity is ablated and apoptosis induced. Moreover, GSI and rapamycin treatment inhibits human T-ALL growth and extends survival in a mouse xenograft model. This work supports the idea of targeting NOTCH1 in T-ALL and suggests that inhibition of the mTOR and NOTCH1 pathways may have added efficacy.
Granulomatous angiitis leading to a pulmonary veno-occlusive disease-like picture
Authors: Dwyer N. , Smith R. , Challis D. , Reid D. , Kilpatrick D. 
Published: February 2009

Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease (PVOD) is a rare cause of pulmonary hypertension characterised by extensive fibrotic occlusion of pulmonary veins. PVOD has a similar insidious presentation to idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension but responds poorly to conventional therapies and has a worse prognosis.The current study reports the case of a Caucasian female with a long history of progressive dyspnoea ultimately diagnosed as focal granulomatous venulitis leading to a pulmonary veno-occlusive disease-like pathology. The present study highlights the challenges in diagnosing and treating this condition.
Tuberculosis complicating imatinib treatment for chronic myeloid leukaemia
Authors: Daniels J. M. A. , Vonk-Noordegraaf A. , Janssen J. J. W. M. , Postmus P. E. , van Altena R. 
Published: February 2009

Although imatinib is not considered a predisposing factor for tuberculosis (TB), the present case report describes three patients in whom imatinib treatment for chronic myeloid leukaemia was complicated by TB. This raises the question of whether imatinib increases susceptibility to TB.There are several reports suggesting that imatinib might impair the immune system, leading to a variety of infections, including varicella zoster and hepatitis B. Control of TB in healthy individuals is achieved through acquired immunity, in which antigen-specific T-cells and macrophages arrest growth ofMycobacterium tuberculosisbacilli and maintain control over persistent bacilli. In the chronic stage of the infection, CD8+ T-cells assist macrophages in controlling intracellular mycobacteria. The T-cell receptor orchestrates this process.The fact that tyrosine kinases play an important role in T-cell receptor signal transduction and that imatinib has been shown to affect T-cell receptor signal transduction, presents a mechanism by which imatinib might impair control ofMycobacterium tuberculosis; thereby leaving the host susceptible to reactivation of tuberculosis.
COPD in Chinese nonsmokers
Authors: Zhou Y. , Wang C. , Yao W. , Chen P. , Kang J. , Huang S. , Chen B. , Wang C. , Ni D. , Wang X. , Wang D. , Liu S. , Lu J. , Zheng J. , Zhong N. , Ran P. 
Published: February 2009

Little is known about chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Chinese nonsmokers. The present study aimed to investigate the profiles of COPD among nonsmokers based on the Chinese Epidemiological Survey of COPD (CESCOPD).In the CESCOPD, 20,245 subjects aged 40 yrs or older were interviewed with questionnaires and spirometry tests. Subjects with a post-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1)/forced vital capacity (FVC) ratio of <0.70 were identified as having COPD. Data of 12,471 nonsmokers and 1,024 smoking COPD patients were analysed in the current study.The overall prevalence of COPD among nonsmokers was 5.2% (95% confidence interval 4.8–5.6). Being male, of advanced age, lower body mass index (BMI) and lower educational level, having exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, coal and/or biomass smoke, poor ventilation in the kitchen, a family history of respiratory disease and recurrent childhood cough were all independently associated with a higher risk of having COPD among nonsmokers. Nonsmokers with respiratory symptoms without airflow limitation showed a somewhat different pattern of risk factors. Nonsmokers with COPD were less likely to present with chronic productive coughs and lower BMI, while more likely to have received a physician diagnosis of asthma and respiratory diseases in childhood, than smokers with COPD.Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is prevalent among Chinese nonsmokers, and nonsmoking chronic obstructive pulmonary disease may have different profiles from smoking chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Fenfluramine-like cardiovascular side-effects of benfluorex
Authors: Boutet K. , Frachon I. , Jobic Y. , Gut-Gobert C. , Leroyer C. , Carlhant-Kowalski D. , Sitbon O. , Simonneau G. , Humbert M. 
Published: February 2009

Since 1976, benfluorex has been approved in Europe as a hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic drug, and is commonly used in the treatment of the metabolic syndrome. As a derivative of fenfluramine with an appetite suppressant action, benfluorex is preferentially used in overweight patients. In contrast to fenfluramine and dexfenfluramine, to date, benfluorex has not been reported to be associated with frequent cardiovascular side-effects.The present study reports five cases of severe pulmonary arterial hypertension and one case of valvular heart disease occurring in patients exposed to benfluorex. These individuals were middle age, diabetic females with a body mass index ranging 24.2–49 kg·m−2.No definite causal effect for cardiovascular disease with benfluorex can be drawn from such case reports. However, as benfluorex, like dexfenfluramine and fenfluramine, is metabolised into active metabolite norfenfluramine, further extensive assessment of drug exposure in newly diagnosed pulmonary arterial hypertension or valvular heart disease patients is warranted.