bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
METABOLIC CLEARANCE OF HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN ADMINISTERED TO NON PREGNANT WOMEN
Authors: Wide L. , Johannisson E. , Tillinger K.-G. , Diczfalusy E. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
A large single dose (94 000 to 131 000 IU) of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) was administered intravenously to three amenorrhoeic women and the plasma levels and urinary elimination of HCG were followed by a bioassay method and a radioimmunoassay procedure in parallel.
There was a close agreement between the estimates of HCG obtained by the two methods in the urine, but not in the plasma, where bioassays gave significantly (P < 0.001) higher estimates of potency than immunoassays. The disappearance rate of the injected HCG from the plasma was calculated on the assumption that the logarithm of the plasma concentration of HCG is linearly related to the time elapsed following its administration. There was a satisfactory parallelism between the regression lines obtained by the two methods. The half-life time of administered HCG in circulating plasma varied between 6 and 10 hours, with a mean value of 8 hours.
From the relationship of the initial plasma concentration and dose administered, the plasma distribution volume of the hormone was tentatively calculated. The calculated plasma volumes (1664 ml from bioassays and 3680 ml from immunoassays) suggested that the bioassays gave most probably an overestimate and the immunoassays an underestimate of the HCG present in the plasma. On the basis of different assumptions it was calculated that the metabolic clearance rate of HCG was around 4 ml/min. The urinary excretion of the administered HCG by the three subjects amounted to 21 to 22 per cent of the injected material, estimated both by the bioassay and immunoassay methods. The renal clearance of the injected hormone was 0.36 ml/min when calculated from the bioassay data and 0.70 ml/min on the basis of immunoassays.
Since the half-life time of circulating HCG is considerably longer than that reported for human luteinising hormone of pituitary origin, it should be realized that repeated daily injections of HCG will result in a progressive accumulation of the hormone in the circulation.
BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF THREE OVULATION INDUCERS, STILBOESTROL, CLOMIPHENE AND F 6066
Authors: Watnick A. S. , Neri R. O. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
In the anovulatory pseudopregnant rat, stilboestrol and F 6066 induced ovulation. The increased ovulation seen with clomiphene treatment was not statistically significant.
In castrated rats, F 6066 and clomiphene are weak oestrogens relative to stilboestrol. The »anti-oestrogenic« action of clomiphene and F 6066 was demonstrated by their ability to block the uterotrophic activity of stilboestrol in castrated rats. Clomiphene proved a more potent anti-oestrogen than F 6066.
In rats, stilboestrol and clomiphene are relatively potent, orally active contraceptives, and they are equally potent given before or after ovulation. F 6066, on the other hand, is a weak contraceptive.
Stilboestrol is reported to block progesterone-induced endometrial proliferation in the rabbit. F 6066 also has this property while clomiphene, at the doses tested, does not.
It is concluded that clomiphene and F 6066 have similar oestrogenic profiles with different potencies. Further, there appears to be no potency relationship from test to test. Ovulation induction in pseudopregnant rats by F 6066 and clomiphene does not appear to be related to their antioestrogenic activities.
URINARY EXCRETION OF ANDROSTENEDIONE, TESTOSTERONE, EPITESTOSTERONE AND DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE DURING THE NORMAL MENSTRUAL CYCLE
Authors: Longhino N. , Tajić M. , Vedriš M. , Janković D. , Drobnjak P. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The urinary excretion of total androstenedione i. e. free, glucosiduronide and sulphate, testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone during two normal menstrual cycle is presented. Epitestosterone was determinated during one cycle only. Both cycles were ovulatory as can be seen from the pregnanediol and oestriol determinations.
The androstenedione and testosterone excretion values showed a caracteristic decrease from 12th to 16th day and an increase during the luteal phases, reaching their maximal levels between the 20th and 25th (cycle A) and 20th and 24th day (cycle B) respectively. The excretion values of epitestosterone were highest on 22nd and 23rd day. Dehydroepiandrosterone values were also slightly raised during the luteal phase of the cycle.
IN VITRO METABOLISM OF OESTROGENS IN LIVER TISSUE FROM DOMESTIC ANIMALS
Authors: Lyngset Olav , Velle Weiert 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Tissue slices from horse, dog, pig, cow, sheep and goat livers were incubated aerobically with oestrone, 17β-oestradiol or 17α-oestradiol for 1 hour. Metabolites were characterized by thin layer chromatography, and colour and fluorescence reaction. In addition metabolites were quantitatively determined.
Oestrone gave rise to: 17β-oestradiol (horse, pig, cow) and 17α-oestradiol (cow, sheep, goat). 17β-oestradiol gave rise to: oestrone (horse, pig, dog, cow, sheep, goat) and 17α-oestradiol (cow, sheep, goat). 17α-oestradiol gave rise to: oestrone (cow, sheep, goat).
OVERWEIGHT IN OFFSPRING OF CORTISONE-TREATED PREGNANT RATS
Authors: Angervall Lennart , Martinsson Alf 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Pregnant albino rats were given 0.75 mg cortisone intramuscularly twice daily from the 12th to the 22nd day of pregnancy. The gestation period was 522 hours. The offspring of these rats were significantly heavier and longer than control offspring. The maternal adrenals and thymus were atrophied and the foetal adrenals were hypoplastic owing to the passage of cortisone through the placenta. For chemical analysis the offspring were divided into groups weighing more than and less than 4.50 g. It turned out that the heavier offspring in the cortisone group had significantly more total lipids and neutral fat than the controls at equal body weights. The lighter offspring in the cortisone group had significantly less neutral fat at equal body weights. No significant differences were found in cholesterol, phospholipids and water content at equal body weights. The total nitrogen content was similar at equal body weights and proportional to the weight excess of the offspring in the cortisone group. Possible mechanisms responsible for the overweight are discussed. This mechanism could be similar to that responsible for foetal overweight in diabetic pregnancy.
DIAGNOSIS OF CUSHING'S SYNDROME
Authors: Bethge H. , Bayer M. , Winkelmann W. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Adrenal function tests were performed in 9 patients with Cushing's syndrome (6 with adrenal hyperplasia and 3 with adrenal adenoma) in order to study the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal system. These tests involved the determination of a) diurnal rhythm of plasma corticosteroids (11-OHCS) and the effect of corticotrophin (ACTH) and dexamethasone administration, b) urinary corticosteroid excretion (17-OHCS), basal and after ACTH, dexamethasone and metapyrapone treatment and c) cortisol production rate. In addition the patients were submitted to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia and intravenous infusion of synthetic lysine-vasopressin and the plasma corticosteroids were determined. All 9 patients regardless of the nature of adrenal pathology responded to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia in the same manner and failed to show the normal increase of 11-OHCS. During lysine-vasopressin infusion an opposite effect was observed: all 6 patients with hyperplasia showed a distinct rise in plasma corticosteroids in contrast to the 3 patients with adenoma who did not respond at all. These findings show that the lysine-vasopressin test may be very useful in differentiating between adrenal hyperplasia and adrenal adenoma. This procedure is recommended as a screening test because of its simplicity and high degree of diagnostic accuracy. Results are discussed with regard to the different pathogenesis of the two forms of Cushing's syndrome.
BIOASSAY OF PROLACTIN
Authors: Nicoll Charles S. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The response of the pigeon crop-sac to systemically acting prolactin (injected subcutaneously) was evaluated by measuring the wet weight of the responsive lateral lobes of the organ and by determining the dry weight of a 4 cm diameter disc of mucosal epithelium taken from one hemicrop. Of several different injection schedules tested, administration of prolactin in four daily injections was found to yield optimal responses. When compared with a graded series of prolactin doses, measurement of the mucosal dry weight proved to be a better method of response quantification than determination of the crop-sac wet weight with respect to both assay sensitivity and precision. The submucosal tissue of the crop-sac was estimated to constitute about 64 % of the total dry weight of the unstimulated organ and it was found to be relatively unresponsive to prolactin stimulation in comparison with the mucosa. The lipid content of the mucosal epithelium was determined using unstimulated crop-sacs or tissues which showed varying degrees of prolactin-induced proliferation. The fat content of the mucosal epithelial cells increased only slightly more rapidly than the dry weight or the defatted dry weight of the mucosa. Suggestions are made for the further improvement of the systemic crop-sac assay for prolactin.
FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE-LIKE ACTIVITY IN HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN PREPARATIONS
Authors: Robyn C. , Petrusz P. , Diczfalusy E. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)-like activity of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) preparations was assayed by the method based on the ovarian weight augmentation in intact immature rats. The potencies ranged from 4.8 to 7.4 IU equivalents of FSH per mg. The FSH-like potency of the Second International Standard Preparation of HCG was 8.5 IU per vial. However, when in intact immature rats the ovarian weight response to HCG preparations was compared at a wide range of doses (40 to 51 200 IU) to that obtained with a human menopausal gonadotrophin (HMG) preparation (0.5 to 128 IU of FSH) in the presence of 40 IU of HCG, significant differences were found. The assays conducted in hypophysectomised immature female rats were invalid, because of lack of parallelism.
Antisera were prepared by immunising rabbits with HCG and human hypophysial gonadotrophin (HHG) preparations and the antigonadotrophin profiles (HCG-, FSH- and FSH-like neutralising potencies) of these antisera were established by the use of statistically valid bioassay procedures. The anti-HCG and anti-HHG sera neutralised the FSH activity of HMG preparations as well as the FSH-like activity of HCG preparations. However, 3 to 175 times more antiserum was required to neutralise the equivalent of 1.0 IU of FSH-like activity present in HCG than expected on the basis of the anti-FSH potency of the antisera. On the other hand, there was a high degree of correlation between the neutralising potencies of the antisera when tested against the FSH-like activity and the HCG activity of various HCG preparations.
When the FSH-like activity of an HCG preparation was quantitatively neutralised with an anti-HCG serum, some 30 per cent of the HCG activity remained unneutralised, as evidenced by repeated bioassays. Although at least 2000 IU of this »FSH-free« HCG was administered to groups of intact as well as hypophysectomised immature female rats, this high dose of HCG did not induce an increase in ovarian weight beyond that elicited by 40 IU of untreated HCG. Histological examination of the ovaries indicated lack of follicle stimulation in the hypophysectomised, but not in the intact immature animals. There was an excessive stimulation of the interstitial cells in both types of animals.
The data indicate that the FSH-like activity of HCG preparations is neither due to a contamination by FSH of pituitary origin, nor is it an evenly distributed intrinsic property of the HCG molecules. It is also concluded that the gonadotrophic activity of biologically pure HCG in immature hypophysectomised female rats consists of a specific stimulation of the interstitial cell apparatus. Such HCG preparations do not induce any follicle stimulation, not even when administered in excessive doses.
EFFECT OF THIOUREA ON OVULATION IN VITRO IN THE SKIPPER FROG, RANA CYANOPHLYCTIS (SCHN)
Authors: Sarkar H. B. Devaraj , Rao M. Appaswamy 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The effect of thiourea on ovulation in vitro in the skipper frog was investigated. Graded doses of thiourea were administered both in vivo and in vitro respectively. Dose response curves were obtained for the reduction of the ovulatory response. The results indicate that thiourea acts directly on the ovary by reducing its ovulatory response to the pituitary gonadotrophins.
STEROID EXCRETION AND BIOSYNTHESIS, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ANDROST-16-ENES, IN A WOMAN WITH A VIRILISING ADRENOCORTICAL CARCINOMA
Authors: Gower D. B. , Stern Margaret I. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The level of 3α-hydroxy-5α-androst-16-ene (Δ16-androstenol) excreted as glucuronide in the urine of a woman with virilising adrenal carcinoma was measured by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) of the free steroid and its chloromethyl dimethyl silyl (CMDS) ether and found to be 1.46 mg/day. On the basis of thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and GLC of free steroid and derivatives, Δ16-androstenol has also been tentatively identified in the urinary sulphate fraction and in peripheral plasma. The values were approx. 0.6 mg/d and 2.8 μg/100 ml respectively. After operation, the amount of urinary Δ16-androstenol (as glucuronide) fell to a low level; none was detected in plasma or in urine (as sulphate). Levels of other steroids in the urine and plasma were consistent with the clinical diagnosis of virilising adrenal carcinoma. After operation, the excretion of most of these steroids had reverted to values which were normal or lower. In vitro, the cancerous adrenal tissue metabolised 4-14C-pregnenolone to 3β-hydroxy-androsta-5,16-diene (0.2 %) and 4-14C-progesterone to a small quantity (< 0.03 %) of androsta-4,16-dien-3-one. No androst-16-enes were formed from radioactive dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) or testosterone. The formation of other labelled metabolites confirmed studies by earlier workers.
EFFECT OF TESTOSTERONE PROPIONATE ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF RADIOACTIVE IODIDE IN RECENTLY THYROIDECTOMIZED RATS
Authors: Driessen O. M. J. , Noach E. L. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Distribution of intravenously administered 131Iodide (131I) was studied in spayed rats which had been thyroidectomized on the previous day. Pretreatment with testosterone propionate (2 mg daily for 8 days) resulted in decreased 131I blood levels both in non-nephrectomized and nephrectomized animals. In the latter, no loss of radioactivity from the body occurred within the time limits of the experiments (up to 10 hours after 131I administration). In most organs, 131I concentrations were lowered after testosterone pretreatment, but in the skin a markedly increased uptake was found. To a minor extent, enhanced concentration of 131I was present in an extrahepatic abdominal storage site.
EVALUATION OF THE DOUBLE ANTIBODY RADIOIMMUNOASSAY OF INSULIN AND THE DETERMINATION OF INSULIN IN PLASMA AND URINE IN NORMAL SUBJECTS
Authors: Jørgensen Kai R. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The use of the double antibody method for radio-immunological determination of insulin in plasma was evaluated on the basis of dilution and recovery experiments, as well as by the investigation of the reproducibility and accuracy of the method. Given the optimum conditions for the precipitation reaction, the method appears from the present investigations to be well suited for plasma insulin determinations.
With the technique used for the separation of free and antibody bound insulin, the results of the insulin determination were found to be independent of the radioactive degradation products present in the tracer insulin. It was not possible to demonstrate any increased degradation of the tracer insulin by incubation in plasma or urine as compared with incubation in 0.5 % human albumin buffer. The absolute insulin values were found to be independent of the length of the incubation period.
No difference was found between the fasting insulin concentrations in a group of new-born infants of non-diabetic mothers and a group of adult normal subjects. Similarly, the fasting insulin values were found to be independent of the sex of the subject investigated.
After oral administration of glucose a considerable variation was found in the insulin response in a group of normal subjects. This variation, within the weight limits used, was found to be independent of the sex, age and weight of the subject investigated. A corresponding condition was found to be valid for the insulin excretion in the urine of normal subjects.
It was concluded that the large variation in the insulin response in a group of normal subjects did not allow conclusions about the clinical significance of the extreme values, but that the variation alone must be taken as an expression for a pronounced biological variation.
THE USE OF RATS WITH LESION-INDUCED OR HEREDITARY HYPOTHALAMIC DIABETES INSIPIDUS FOR EVALUATING PROLONGED RESPONSES TO ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE PREPARATIONS
Authors: Kynčl J. , Jelínek V. , Rudinger J. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The diuresis and the urinary excretion of ions by rats with hereditary and with lesion-induced hypothalamic diabetes insipidus and the change in these parameters in response to lysine vasopressin have been found to be practically identical. The time course of the antidiuretic response can be followed in detail over long periods; it has been found to be sensitive to the nature of the antidiuretic hormone preparation and to the dose level. It is concluded that rats with hypothalamic diabetes insipidus are useful models for studying the time course of the antidiuretic response, in particular to long-acting preparations.
EFFECT OF THYROTROPHIN ON THE PLASMA IODOTYROSINE LEVEL IN DOGS
Authors: Földes J. , Gyertyánfy G. , Gesztesi Erzsébet , Takács Ilona 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The authors observed an increase in the radioactivity concentration of plasma iodotyrosines after intravenous administration of large doses of thyrotrophin in dogs, which they explain by the increased release from the thyroid gland. The cause of the phenomenon is discussed in detail, and it is considered probable that in thyrotoxicosis one of the causes of the high plasma iodotyrosine level is the mono + diiodotyrosine outflow from the thyroid gland,
SUBCELLULAR DISTRIBUTION AND ARTERIO-VENOUS DIFFERENCES OF SYNTHETIC 3H-β1–23-CORTICOTROPHIN-23-AMIDE-ACETATE IN THE ADRENAL OF RATS
Authors: Müller O. A. , Scriba P. C. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Synthetic 3H-β1–23-corticotrophin-23-amide-acetate (3H-ACTH) was given as a single dose by means of a 95 s infusion into the thoracic aorta of hypophysectomized rats. Distribution of radioactivity was determined in adrenal subcellular fractions prepared by homogenization and differential centrifugation: 3, 12, 40 and 120 min after the start of the 3H-ACTH infusion. Radioactivity in nuclear fractions, given as a % of total adrenal CPM rose from 27 % (3 min) to 37 % (40 and 120 min, P < 0.0025). These results may indicate ACTH penetration through the outer cell membrane and interaction with adrenal nuclei. Microsomal radioactivity (18 %) at 3 min after the start of 3H-ACTH infusion appeared to be in excess of the contribution of this fraction to the total adrenal weight and decreased significantly with time (120 min: 3 %, P < 0.0005). These observations are discussed with regard to mechanisms of action of ACTH. When synthetic 3H-β1–23-corticotrophin-23-amide-acetate was infused into the thoracic aorta of rats, the differences in the radioactivity of the plasma from the aorta and from the adrenal vein were significantly higher (P < 0.0125) in hypophysectomized than in sham-operated rats, presumably indicating in the latter the saturation by endogenous ACTH of adrenal receptors for ACTH.
URINARY EXCRETION OF DIFFERENT CORTICOSTEROID-METABOLITES IN ORAL CONTRACEPTION AND PREGNANCY
Authors: Nielsen M. Damkjær , Binder C. , Starup J. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
In two groups of patients the urinary excretion of numerous metabolites of cortisol, 11-deoxycortisol (compound S), corticosterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone and pregnenolone were determined according to a modification of the method of Cost & Vegter (1962).
The first group consisted of 7 women with severe primary dysmenorrhoea. Their ages ranged from 17 to 23 years, and all of them received cyclical treatment with a daily dose of 5 mg of 6-methyl-6-dehydro-17α-acetoxyprogesterone (megestrol acetate) + 0.1 mg of 17α-ethynyl-oestradiol-3-methylether (mestranol) until the excretion of total pituitary gonadotrophins was completely suppressed, and the excretion of 17-ketogenic steroids (17-KGS) had decreased to a constant level. This occurred after treatment for 18 to 24 weeks. In all patients the excretion of individual corticosteroid-metabolites was determined before treatment started and again at the end of the treatment period. At the same times the pituitary function was evaluated by means of the metyrapone-test.
The second group consisted of 5 normal pregnant women aged 21 to 28. In these women, the excretion of individual corticosteroid-metabolites was determined once during the second trimester of pregnancy.
In the first group, the average excretion of allo-tetrahydrocortisol, tetrahydrocortisone, allo-tetrahydrocorticosterone, and pregnanetriol was decreased during treatment, and the decrease in the allo-compounds was significantly greater than the decrease in the other metabolites. The excretion of non-hydrogenated cortisol increased during treatment. Furthermore, the metyrapone-test was found to be normal in all 7 patients both before and during treatment.
In the second group, a decrease was found in the excretion of allo-tetrahydrocortisol, allo-tetrahydrocorticosterone, and Δ5-pregnenetriol, while the excretion of Reichstein's substance U, non-hydrogenated cortisol, tetrahydro-11-dehydrocorticosterone, and non-hydrogenated 11-dehydrocorticosterone was increased.
The increase observed in non-hydrogenated cortisol, corresponded to the high plasma cortisol levels found in both groups. These changes were ascribed to the oestrogenic component in the preparation administered to the patients in group I, and to the high oestrogen level in the pregnant women (group II).
The decrease in the excretion of the 5α-hydrogenated compounds, allo-tetrahydrocortisol and allo-tetrahydrocorticosterone, indicates that there is an inhibition of the 5α-reductase activity in pregnancy as well as during treatment with megestrol acetate + mestranol. However, the data allow of no conclusion as to whether the inhibition is a competitive or non-competitive effect.
THE INFLUENCE OF PROGESTATIONAL AGENTS ON OVULATION IN THE JAPANESE QUAIL (COTURNIX COTURNIX JAPONICA)
Authors: Kincl Fred A. , Sickles John S. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
6-chloro-17α-acetoxy-pregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione in daily doses of 0.1 mg effectively stimulated ovulation in the Japanese quail. Daily doses of 10 mg were inhibitory. Two other steroids, 6β-chloro-6α,7α-difluoromethylene-17α-acetoxy-pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione and acetoxyprogesterone were also effective ovulation stimulators. The most effective dose was 1 mg daily for both compounds. Norethindrone in amounts of 0.1 mg and 1 mg per day blocked egg laying.
HUMAN CRYSTALLINE INSULIN FROM NON-DIABETIC AND DIABETIC PATIENTS
Authors: Brunfeldt K. , Deckert T. , Thomsen J. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Crystalline insulin was prepared from pooled pancreases from deceased maturity onset diabetics and non-diabetics. A comparison was made of the amino acid composition, immunological reactivity and hypoglycaemic activity. No differences could be demonstrated between the two preparations.