bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Theater as Will and Representation: Artist and Audience in Russian Modernist Theater, 1904-1909
Authors: Moeller-Sally Betsy F. 
Published: April 2006

There is for us an inexplicable rapture when we feel ourselves a crowd, a unified crowd, moved by a single feeling. Let us leave it to the researches of scholars to ascertain from what elements of our distant prehistoric past this phenomenon is composed. Let us leave it to them to determine whether it sprang from half-bestial orgies or from half-divine cults. One thing is indubitable: a shock runs through us when we feel ourselves fused in a single passion with others, with a multitude of other people, when we feel ourselves one grandiose whole, a unified mass.—Georg Fuchs, The Revolution of the Theater
Fire and resprouting in Mediterranean ecosystems: insights from an external biogeographical region, the mexical shrubland
Authors: Lloret Francisco , Verdu´ Miguel , Flores‐Herna´ndez Noe , Valiente‐Banuet Alfonso 
Published: April 2006

We investigated modes of regeneration of dominant species of the mexical vegetation after fire. The mexical shrubland shows a remarkable structural, morphological, and floristic similarity to Mediterranean‐type vegetation and is considered a relict of the Madro‐Tertiary Geoflora under a non‐Mediterranean climate. This vegetation provides an ideal scenario to test the role of fire in Mediterranean ecosystems because historical fire occurrence is absent and the species assembly is constituted mostly by Madro‐Tertiary elements and Neotropical species (some of them, endemic species from Mexico). The existence of congeneric species of the California chaparral allows us to determine the regeneration ability of these communities after fire in relation to resprouting and seeding strategies, which are widespread modes reported in the Mediterranean‐type vegetation. By the experimental application of fire in the two biogeographical groups of species, we tested the hypothesis that low resprouting ability of California congeneric species (Madro‐Tertiary species) after fire would indicate that fire has played an important selective force in the resprouting habit. A low resprouting ability in the Neotropical group of species would suggest that fire has molded the set of species dominating fire‐prone environments.Our results indicated that resprouting is a widespread trait in the mexical species characterized by the presence of lignotubers and burls. Resprouting can be considered an ancient trait, probably linked to losses of aboveground biomass, that became a pre‐adaptation in Mediterranean fire‐prone communities. The Neotropical group of species showed less ability to regenerate after fire, and small plants were more likely to die after disturbance in this group than in the Madro‐Tertiary group. The resprouting feature and the seeder strategy of other species after a fire in the mexical shrubland are similar to Mediterranean‐type ecosystems, emphasizing their common origin and the relevance of phylogenetic and biogeographical studies to explain current patterns of vegetation.
The Mobilization of 1914 and the Question of the Russian Nation: A Reexamination
Authors: Sanborn Josh 
Published: April 2006

Sir George Buchanan, Great Britain's ambassador to Russia during World War I, published his widely read memoirs in 1923. In those pages, he provided an influential account of the response of the Russian people to Germany's declaration of war:During those wonderful early August days Russia seemed to have been completely transformed. The German Ambassador had predicted that the declaration of war would provoke a revolution. He had even declined to listen to a friend who had advised him, on the eve of his departure, to send his collection of art to the Hermitage for safe keeping, as the Hermitage would, he foretold, be one of the first buildings to be sacked. Unfortunately for him, the only act of mob violence throughout the whole Russian Empire was the wholesale looting of the German Embassy on August 4. Instead of provoking a revolution, the war forged a new bond between Sovereign and people. The workmen proclaimed a truce to strikes, and the various political parties laid aside their grievances.
The Earliest Verse of the New World
Authors: Kaiser Leo M. 
Published: April 2006

No one seems yet to have appreciated that what is the earliest Latin verse of the New World is also its earliest extant verse by any visitor from the Old World. Furthermore, no one has paid any attention to the very poems themselves.The poet was Alessandro Geraldini (ca. 1455-1524), Italian humanist, diplomat, and churchman. A native of Umbria, Geraldini went to school in Italy, but later left for Spain with his older brother, Antonio, the two bringing with them, like their famous contemporaries Peter Martyr and Marineus Siculus, the influence of the new learning of the Renaissance. At the age of twenty-one, Alessandro served under Ferdinand and Isabella as the Castilians defeated the Portuguese at Toro. He became cupbearer to Isabella, and traveled with Antonio, when the latter was secretary to John II of Aragon, on visits to Francis II, Duke of Brittany, and to Edward IV of England.
Members of Francesco Patrizi's Family Appearing in His Letters and Epigrams
Authors: Smith Leslie F. 
Published: April 2006

It is hard to believe that Francesco Patrizi of Siena (1413-94) stopped writing letters when, after he was ejected from his governorship of Foligno (1461-64), he reluctantly, one imagines, took up residence in his diocese of Gaeta. His letters, after he left Foligno, do not seem to have been preserved, so that, as I have pointed out in a previous article, his Epigrams are the most fertile and practically the only source for his activities in the last thirty years of his life.His Letters, all from the Foligno period, deal overwhelmingly with his duties as Papal Governor, which he seems to have fulfilled most faithfully, but there are enough private letters mingled with them to throw light on the lives of his own family and those of some friends. The present article will be limited to his family.
Some Notes on the Contents of Guarino's Library
Authors: Thomson Ian 
Published: April 2006

This article has two purposes: first, to correct the common misconception that Guarino da Verona (1374-1460) brought more than fifty Greek codices with him from Constantinople to Italy in 1408; second, to discuss his collection of Platonica.Nowhere in Guarino's own writings nor, so far as I know, in those of any of his humanist contemporaries is there mention of his having returned to Italy with a large collection of Greek manuscripts. The story first appears in the brief biography of Manuel Chrysoloras which Pontico Virunio wrote for inclusion in his edition of Chrysoloras' Erotemata at Reggio Emilia in 1501. Virunio says that Guarino on his way home from Constantinople, where he had studied under Chrysoloras, had two chests of Greek codices, but one was lost overboard, and this caused him to go gray overnight.
Allusive and Elusive Meanings: Reading Ariosto's Vergilian Ending
Authors: Sitterson Joseph C. 
Published: April 2006

Whatever the poem's ambiguities, theOrlando Furioso'sending has always seemed allusively unproblematic: in the words of Ariosto's sixteenth-century English translator, Sir John Harington, “in the death of Rodomont, to shew himself a perfect imitator of Virgill, [Ariosto] endeth just as Virgil ends his Aeneads with the death of Turnus.”He sank his blade in fury in Turnus’ chest.Then all the body slackened in death's chill,And with a groan for that indignityHis spirit fled into the gloom below.(Aeneid 12.950-52)
European Communities restrictions on imports of beef treated with hormones—nontariff trade barriers—control of food additives—scientific basis for restrictions—WTO dispute settlement mechanisms—scope of review
Authors: Oxman Bernard H. , Wirth David A. 
Published: April 2006

European Communities—Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products. WTO Doc. WT/DS26/AB/R & WT/DS48/AB/R.World Trade Organization Appellate Body, January 16, 1998.This report of the Appellate Body of the World Trade Organization (WTO) is both the most recent development in a long-running trade battle between the United States and the European Communities and the first dispute to be addressed under a new Uruguay Round agreement concerning food safety measures.
Endless Sacks: Soldiers’ Desire in Tamburlaine*
Authors: Shepard Alan 
Published: April 2006

Christopher Marlowe's two-partTamburlaine the Great(published 1590) captures all of the spirit and something of the scope of legendary violence the historical Tamerlane levied against his enemies. In the course of ten acts Tamburlaine's armies roll over several nations and cultures, leaving thousands of civilians enslaved or worse. Marlowe's graphic representation of the trail of blood and brutality is itself notorious.In the interest of founding his own legend as the hypermasculine “Generall of the world” (1:5.1.451), Tamburlaine practices virtual genocide against his enemies and ethnocide against their cities, religions, and ways of life. By no means does he work alone. The soldier-males who serve in his armies eagerly follow his lead.
Shouting Down Abraham: How Sixteenth Century Huguenot Women Found Their Voice
Authors: Randall Catharine 
Published: April 2006

Il fit sa confession de foi avouantqu'il avoit beaucoup reçu et peu profité.Et comme on lui répondait qu'il avoit fidèlement employé son talent:“Eh! qu'y a-t-il du mien?” s'écria-t-il.“ne dites pas moi, mais Dieu par moi.”— Philippe Du Plessis Mornay, on his deathbed, 1623The strange case of French Calvinist women writers poses one of the more puzzling questions that scholars face in their efforts to reanimate the lost or silenced voices of early modern women. The pool of possibilities for the examination of these Huguenot writers is paltry, due to many factors, all of which obstruct a clear hearing of their voices. Admittedly, since women writers are relatively rare in sixteenth-century Calvinism, there is an inevitable temptation to stretch meager evidence too far.
Inside Front Cover: Three‐Dimensionally Ordered Gold Nanocrystal/Silica Superlattice Thin Films Synthesized via Sol–Gel Self‐Assembly (Adv. Funct. Mater. 7/2006)
Authors: Fan H. , Wright A. , Gabaldon J. , Rodriguez A. , Brinker C. J. , Jiang Y.‐B. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe synthesis of three‐dimensionally ordered, transparent gold‐nanocrystal (NC)/silica superlattice thin films using the self‐assembly (by spin‐coating) of water‐soluble gold nanocrystal micelles and soluble silica is reported by Fan and co‐workers on p. 891. The robust, 3D NC/silica superlattice films are of interest for the development of collective optical and electronic phenomena, and, importantly, for the integration of NC arrays into device architectures.Nanocrystals and their ordered arrays hold many important applications in fields such as catalysis, surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy based sensors, memory storage, and electronic and optical nanodevices. Herein, a simple and general method to synthesize ordered, three‐dimensional, transparent gold nanocrystal/silica superlattice thin films by self‐assembly of gold nanocrystal micelles with silica or organosilsesquioxane by spin‐coating is reported. The self‐assembly process is conducted under acidic sol–gel conditions (ca. pH 2), ensuring spin‐solution homogeneity and stability and facilitating the formation of ordered and transparent gold nanocrystal/silica films. The monodisperse nanocrystals are organized within inorganic host matrices as a face‐centered cubic mesostructure, and characterized by transmission electron spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction.
Synthesis and Antimicrobial Screening of 5H,7H‐N‐(Coumarin‐6‐yl) ‐2,8‐diphenyl‐5,7‐dioxo‐4,5,6,7‐tetrahydrobenzimidazo[5,6‐c]furan and 5H,7H‐N‐(Coumarin‐6‐yl)‐2,8‐diphenyl‐5,7‐dioxo‐6‐ (7‐methoxy‐4‐methylcoumarin‐6‐yl)‐4,5,6,7‐tetrahydrobenzimidazo [5,6‐c]pyrrole.
Authors: Choudhari B. P. , Mulwad V. V. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Skeletal Modification of a Non‐Planar Phthalocyanine Analogue under Very Mild Conditions.
Authors: Fukuda Takamitsu , Ogi Yusuke , Kobayashi Nagao 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Reactions on 1,2‐Diazines
Authors: Maes Bert U. W. , Tapolcsanyi Pal , Meyers Caroline , Matyus Peter 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Catalysis by Homo‐ and Heteronuclear Polymetallic Systems
Authors: Moiseev I. I. , Gekhman A. E. , Tsodikov M. V. , Kugel V. Ya. , Yandieva F. A. , Glebov L. S. , Kliger G. Yu. , Mikaya A. I. , Zaikin V. G. , Maksimov Yu. V. , et al. et al. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Optically Pure 1,4‐Dioxanes from Alkenes Promoted by Organoselenium Reagents
Authors: Tiecco M. , Testaferri L. , Marini F. , Sternativo S. , Santi C. , Bagnoli L. , Temperini A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
In Search of Simplicity and Flexibility: A Rational Access to Twelve Fluoroindolecarboxylic Acids
Authors: Schlosser Manfred , Ginanneschi Assunta , Leroux Frédéric 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAll twelve indolecarboxylic acids 1–12 carrying both a fluorine substituent and a carboxy group at the benzo ring have been prepared either directly from the corresponding fluoroindoles 13–16 or from the chlorinated derivatives 22, 23 and 25 by hydrogen/metal permutation (“metalation”), or from the bromo‐ or iodofluoroindoles 17–20 and 26, 27, 29 and 30 by halogen/metal permutation, the organometallic intermediate being each time trapped with carbon dioxide. In most, though not all cases, the nitrogen atom in the five‐membered ring had to be protected by a trialkylsilyl group. Some of the bromo‐ or iodofluoroindoles (26 and 27) were successfully subjected to a basicity gradient‐driven selective migration of the heavy halogen. An unexpected finding on the way to the target compounds were the rigorously site‐selective metalation of the 5‐fluoro‐N‐(trialkylsilyl)indole (14b; exclusive deprotonation of the 4‐position). The fluoroindoles 13–16, although previously known, were accessed more conveniently from suitably substituted nitrobenzenes using the Bartoli or the Leimgruber–Batcho method. A new and very attractive indole synthesis was elaborated consisting of the ortho‐lithiation of an N‐acyl‐protected aniline followed by ortho‐formylation, Wittig chloromethylenation and base‐catalyzed cyclization accompanied by dehydrochlorination. These five consecutive steps can be contracted to a convenient one‐pot protocol.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Timescale and structure of ejections and bursts in turbulent channel flows
Authors: Luchik T. S. , Tiederman W. G. 
Published: April 2006

Burst structures in the near wall region of turbulent flows are associated with a large portion of the turbulent momentum transport from the wall. However, quantitative measures of the timescales associated with the burst event are not well defined, largely due to ambiguities associated with the methods used to detect a burst.In the present study, Eulerian burst-detection schemes were developed through extensions of the uv quadrant 2, VITA, and u-level techniques. Each of the basic techniques detects ejections. One or more ejections are contained in each burst and hence the key idea is to identify and to group those ejections from a single burst into a single-burst detection. When the ejection detections were grouped appropriately into burst detections, all of the extended techniques yielded the same average time between bursts as deduced from flow visualization for fully-developed channel flow in the range 8700 [les ] Reh [les ] 17 800. The present results show that inner variables (wall shear stress and kinematic viscosity) are the best candidates for the proper scaling of the average time between bursts. Conditional velocity sampling during burst and ejection detections shows that these burst events are closely correlated with slower-than-average moving fluid, moving both away from the wall and toward the wall.
Evolution of bacteriophages infecting encapsulated bacteria: lessons from Escherichia coli K1‐specific phages
Authors: Stummeyer Katharina , Schwarzer David , Claus Heike , Vogel Ulrich , Gerardy‐Schahn Rita , Mühlenhoff Martina 
Published: April 2006

SummaryBacterial capsules are not only important virulence factors, but also provide attachment sites for bacteriophages that possess capsule degrading enzymes as tailspike proteins. To gain insight into the evolution of these specialized viruses, we studied a panel of tailed phages specific for Escherichia coli K1, a neuroinvasive pathogen with a polysialic acid capsule. Genome sequencing of two lytic K1‐phages and comparative analyses including a K1‐prophage revealed that K1‐phages did not evolve from a common ancestor. By contrast, each phage is related to a different progenitor type, namely T7‐, SP6‐, and P22‐like phages, and gained new host specificity by horizontal uptake of an endosialidase gene. The new tailspikes emerged by combining endosialidase domains with the capsid binding module of the respective ancestor. For SP6‐like phages, we identified a degenerated tailspike protein which now acts as versatile adaptor protein interconnecting tail and newly acquired tailspikes and demonstrate that this adapter utilizes an N‐terminal undecapeptide interface to bind otherwise unrelated tailspikes. Combining biochemical and sequence analyses with available structural data, we provide new molecular insight into basic mechanisms that allow changes in host specificity while a conserved head and tail architecture is maintained. Thereby, the present study contributes not only to an improved understanding of phage evolution and host‐range extension but may also facilitate the on purpose design of therapeutic phages based on well‐characterized template phages.
Exclusive enteral feeding as primary therapy for Crohn’s disease in Australian children and adolescents: A feasible and effective approach
Authors: Day Andrew S , Whitten Kylie E , Lemberg Daniel A , Clarkson Cathy , Vitug‐Sales Maribel , Jackson Reuben , Bohane Tim D 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBackground:  Exclusive enteral feeding has been shown to be as efficacious as corticosteroids in inducing remission in children with Crohn’s disease (CD), with additional nutritional benefits. The use of polymeric formulae provides superior palatability and acceptance over elemental feeds, but polymeric formulae have not been universally adopted. The present retrospective analysis of enteral feeding in children with Crohn’s disease aims to demonstrate the short‐term benefits of enteral feeding in children upon disease activity and nutrition parameters.Methods:  The case records of children with CD managed with exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) by a multidisciplinary team over a 2‐year period were reviewed. Data relating to therapy, background disease details, and outcome were collated. Primary outcome measures established were weight change and disease activity (Pediatric Crohn’s Disease Activity Index: PCDAI).Results:  Twenty‐seven children received EEN with polymeric formulae. Fifteen children had newly diagnosed CD and 12 had known long‐standing CD. Twenty‐four children completed the prescribed period of EEN. Twelve of 15 (80%) newly diagnosed CD and seven of 12 (58%) with long‐standing disease entered remission. Children with newly diagnosed CD responding to EEN took all feeds orally and gained an average of 4.7 ± 3.5 kg with mean PCDAI decreasing from 37.1 ± 10.8 to 6.7 ± 5.1 after 8 weeks. In addition, four children continued supplementary polymeric formula (without other medical therapies) and all have maintained remission during an average follow‐up period of 15.2 months.Conclusion:  Exclusive enteral feeds induced remission in 80% of children with newly diagnosed CD (on intention‐to‐treat basis) when used as sole initial therapy while also improving nutritional status. All newly diagnosed children treated with EEN, who were able to establish feeds, achieved remission. In addition, remission may be prolonged with oral supplementary formula as sole ongoing treatment. Further study of the role(s) of enteral feeds and of longer‐term benefits of enteral feeding in children with CD is now required.
Activity of fin muscles and fin motoneurons during swimming motor pattern in the lamprey
Authors: Mentel Tim , Krause Alexander , Pabst Milan , El Manira Abdeljabbar , Büschges Ansgar 
Published: April 2006

AbstractCoordination of motoneuron activity is a fundamental prerequisite for the generation of functional locomotor patterns. We investigate the neural mechanisms that coordinate activity of motoneuron pools in the vertebrate spinal cord with differing phases of activity in the locomotor cycle in a simple motor system, the lamprey swimming network. In the region of dorsal fins the lamprey spinal cord contains two groups of motoneurons: the myotomal motoneurons that innervate the trunk muscles; and the fin motoneurons controlling muscle fibres of the dorsal fins. We investigated the activity of fin muscles during swimming in vivo and that of fin motoneurons during fictive swimming in vitro. During swimming in vivo with cycle periods of 4–8 Hz, fin muscle activity covered a broad portion of the cycle, with the peak of activity out‐of‐phase to the ipsilateral myotomal muscles. During fictive swimming evoked by N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate in the isolated spinal cord, fin motoneurons expressed similar out‐of‐phase activity. The phase relationship of the synaptic drive to fin motoneurons was examined by recording their activity intracellular during fictive swimming. Three different forms of membrane potential oscillation with different time courses in the locomotor cycle could be distinguished. Sagittal lesions of the spinal cord in the segment where fin motoneurons are recorded and up to one segment rostral and caudal from it did not influence the out‐of‐phase activity pattern of the motoneurons. Our results indicate that coordination of fin motoneuron activity with the locomotor activity of myotomal motoneurons does not depend on intrasegmental contralateral premotor elements.