bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sampling Bias in Determining the Parous Rate of Collections of Culicoides brevitarsis Kieffer and C. wadai Kitaoka (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)
Authors: BELLIS G. A. , REID D. J. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT Culicoides brevitarsis and C. wadai were collected using two updraught light traps which were run simultaneously for 107 nights. One trap, termed + cattle, was set next to a pen containing 10 cattle. The other trap, termed ‐ cattle, was set 40 m away from the pen. Sweep‐net collections of both species were also made. The parous rates of C. wadai from ‐ cattle and + cattle collections and from + cattle and sweep‐net collections were similar suggesting that light traps provide collections that are as representative of the biting population as that provided by sweep‐net collections and that the proximity of cattle to the light trap has little effect on the parous rate of collections. This means that light traps are suitable for use in survival rate studies of this species and are not affected by the proximity of cattle. For C. brevitarsis, however, ‐ cattle collections had higher parous rates than + cattle collections which in turn had higher parous rates than sweep‐net collections of this species. This suggests that light traps are prone to bias and that estimates of survival of C. brevitarsis based on the parous rate of light‐trap collections are likely to be more accurate when traps are placed in close proximity to cattle. The mean parous rate of C. brevitarsis from light‐trap collections in the presence of cattle (0.461) was significantly higher (P < 0.01) than that of C. wadai (0.313), suggesting that the former species has a higher rate of survival and is therefore likely to be a more important vector than the latter.
Biological Control Potential of Three Species of Nymphal Odonates against Polypedilum nubifer (Skuse), a Nuisance Midge (Diptera: Chironomidae)
Authors: ARENA J. , CALVER M. C. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTThe predation rates of nymphs from three odonatan species attacking larvae of the nuisance midge Polypedilum nubifer were determined in the laboratory. The dragonfly Hemicordulia tau was the most voracious, consuming up to 55 midge larvae/day at a prey density of 10,000/m2 after 48 h starvation. Under similar conditions, the dragonfly Orthetrum caledonicum consumed up to 29 midge larvae/day, and the damselfly Xanthagrion erythroneurum took up to 43 midge larvae/day. However, on the third successive trial these figures fell considerably to 12, 10 and 2 midge larvae/day, respectively. Overall, the laboratory trials show sufficient promise to justify field studies of these predators to assess their potential for containing midge larvae numbers in natural wetlands, in conjunction with procedures to control nutrient enrichment.
Taxonomic Review ofCreontiadesDistant in Australia (Hemiptera: Miridae: Mirinae)
Authors: MALIPATIL M. B. , CASSIS G. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTThe two species ofCreontiadesDistant occurring in Australia,C. dilutus(Stål) (Australian endemic) andC. pacificus(Stål) (China, several countries in the Oriental and Australian regions including Tahiti and Micronesian islands) are redescribed, illustrated and their distributions are mapped.Megacoelum modestum(Distant) andC. virescensReuter are synonymised withC. dilutus, andC. pallidifer(Walker) withC. pacificus.Available host plant information is provided for both species.C. dilutus, commonly known as green mirid, is a pest of cotton, potato, stone fruit, lucerne and other crops in certain parts of Australia. the generic limits ofCreontiadesand the closely related, world‐wide distributedMegaceolumFieber are reviewed based on examination of Australian species and the type species.
Bionomics of Austracris guttulosa (Walker) (Orthoptera: Acrididae) During the 1970‐75 Outbreak in Queensland, Australia
Authors: ELDER R. J. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTStudies of Austracris guttulosa (Walker) showed that oviposition was dispersed and never aggregated and that the nymphs were solitary rather than gregarious. Swarms consisted of overwintering adults in a state of reproductive diapause. Swarms dispersed once sexual maturation commenced in spring. Local and long distance movements resulted in outbreak expansion from arid to coastal and subcoastal districts of Queensland. Parasites, parasitoids and predators are listed and their distribution and effect on locust populations discussed.
Treated Filter Paper Bioassay for Detection of Insecticide Resistance in Haematobia irritans exigua de Meijere (Diptera: Muscidae)
Authors: FARNSWORTH W. R. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper reports on the standardisation of an assay, whereby buffalo flies Haematobia irritans exigua de Meijere from a laboratory population which had not been exposed to insecticides for 8 years were confined in Petri dishes containing filter paper treated with known concentrations of insecticide. Mortality was assessed after 2 and 4 h and mean LC50 and LC99 values for each of 11 insecticides were calculated. the bioassay technique had acceptable repeatability and was simple to perform. Field populations of northern Queensland buffalo fly were assayed using the technique and were found to have high levels of pyrethroid resistance and little or no organophosphate resistance.
A Non‐destructive Sampling Technique for Spodoptera mauritia (Boisduval) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Herpetogramma licarsisalis (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Turf
Authors: WARD A. L. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTExperiments were conducted using chemical irritants to develop a non‐destructive sampling technique for pests of high quality turf and lawn. POW detergent at a concentration of 35 mL in 3.5 L of water applied to an area of 1,600 cm2 was the most effective for sampling Spodoptera mauritia and Herpetogramma licarsisalis and resulted in 84% of S. mauritia larvae surfacing within 4 min of application. No larvae surfaced after 4 min. Kendon pyrethrin SF applied at a concentration of 0.46 mL in 3.5 L of water resulted in similar numbers of larvae surfacing relative to 35 mL POW detergent. However, larvae took up to 20 min to surface. Formaldehyde and the pyrethroid, Mavrik® AF did not cause S. mauritia and H. licarsisalis larvae to surface.
Giant females and bird‐of‐paradise flies: Notes on the biology ofCallipappusGuérin‐Méneville (Hemiptera: Margarodidae)
Authors: Gullian PJ , Brookes HM 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAspects of the life‐history, distribution and behaviour of the Australian genusCallipappus(Hemiptera: Margarodidae) are reported for the first time. Adult males and females of most species emerge in autumn and immediately mate, after which females attach to aerial vegetation and invaginate their posterior abdomen to form a marsupium in which their eggs develop. First‐instar nymphs exit the marsupium and enter the soil for nymphal development, which takes place within a waxy cyst. Nymphs feed attached by their stylets to the roots of heathland, woodland and mallee plants, includingBanksiaspecies and probablyXanthorrhoeaspecies. the timing of their life cycle means that populations ofCallipappusseem particularly vulnerable to autumn fuel‐reduction burns.
Efficacy of insecticides against the lucerne flea, Sminthurus viridis (L.) (Collembola: Sminthuridae), and other arthropods in lucerne
Authors: Bishop AL , McKenzie HJ , Barchia IM , Spohr LJ 
Published: April 2007

AbstractNine insecticides were evaluated in lucerne for control of the lucerne flea, Sminthurus viridis. Carbaryl, chlorpyrifos, omethoate and isofenphos were the most effective. Each gave immediate control and the highest levels of persistence. Efficacy data of the insecticides against aphids, leafhoppers, earth mites and total numbers of predators are also given. Omethoate and chlorpyrifos were the most effective chemicals overall, although further information on their effects on the predator complex is required to support their recommendation. Carbaryl and fenvalerate showed promise for differentiating between damage by three major pests.
The Australian species of Neozavrelia Goetghebuer (Diptera: Chironomidae: Tanytarsini)
Authors: Cranston PS 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe genus Neozavrelia Goetghebuer (Chironomidae: Diptera) is represented in Australia by two species, described here for the first time. the species conform well in all life‐history stages to diagnoses based on Holarctic congeners. an associated female allows provision of a modern description of the female genitalia for the first time. In the larval and pupal stages, both Australian species form tough silk tubes within sandgrain cases in the hygropetric zone of seepages across rock surfaces. One species, N. optoputealis sp.n., was found on a limestone seepage in a road cutting in the Blue Mountains, north‐west of Sydney. the second species, N. bowmani sp.n., came from a seepage on a vertical rock face in a sandstone canyon in an unusual gorge area of central Arnhemland, Northern Territory, where some gondwanan refugial taxa co‐occur in a monsoonal/relictual rainforest habitat. the biology of Neozavrelia is reviewed, with a suggestion that the hygropetric and perhaps more eurythermic habit appears to be more common than lotic and cool stenothermic habitats.
Seasonal phenology and distribution in soil in sugarcane fields of the pink ground pearl, Eumargarodes laing Jakubski, with notes on Promargarodes spp. (Hemiptera: Margarodidae)
Authors: Samson PR , Harris WJ 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe distribution of cysts of Eumargarodes laingi in soil and the seasonal phenology of the different life stages were examined in sugarcane fields near Bundaberg. Cysts were widely distributed in soil, occurring in equal numbers in both the planting rows of sugarcane and most or all of the inter‐row space. Cysts were smaller at increasing distance from the sugarcane plants. Most cysts were found in the top 20 cm of soil but some occurred to a depth of at least 50 cm. Cysts of Promargarodes spp. were also found in one field. These had a similar lateral distribution to E. laingi but a greater proportion occurred more than 20 cm deep. Adults of E. laingi were found from October to February in the four fields examined in 1993 and 1994. Adults were found in the greatest numbers in November, but they comprised less than 10% of the total E. laingi population at any time. A large number of cysts of all sizes was present throughout the year, and the results indicate that most individuals had a life cycle of at least 2 years. the large reservoir of cysts during the adult emergence period explains why E. laingi has proved difficult to control with insecticides and with cultural methods during this supposedly vulnerable time.
EFFECTS OF NEUTRON IRRADIATION ON LOW‐CYCLE FATIGUE AND TENSILE PROPERTIES OF AISI TYPE 304 STAINLESS STEEL AT 298 K
Authors: DE VRIES M. I. , TJOA G. L. , ELEN J. D. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract— Room temperature studies have been made of the effect of neutron damage on the mechanisms concerned with the low‐cycle fatigue and tensile test behaviour of stainless steel AISI Type 304. Samples were irradiated in the HFR at Petten to a fast fluence of 5·1024 n m−2 (E > 0·1 MeV) at 333 K followed by mechanical testing at room temperature. The low temperature irradiation caused irradiation hardening: the 0·2 yield stress increased from 230 MN m−2 for the unirradiated material to a lower yield point value of 540 MN m−2. Irradiation had no significant effect on fatigue life. The loop type damage was removed by glide dislocations resulting in cyclic softening. Dislocation substructures were observed after fatigue testing: cell structures were more pronounced after fatigue testing to failure the higher the applied strain ranges.The formation of fatigue cracks at the surface of the specimens was observed in a series of specimens exposed to an increasing number of fatigue cycles.
HIGH TEMPERATURE LOW‐CYCLE FATIGUE BEHAVIOUR OF TWO TURBINE‐DISC ALLOYS*
Authors: JIZHOU XIE , REIFA ZHOU 
Published: April 2007

Abstract— The high temperature low‐cycle fatigue behaviour of two turbine disc alloys was studied at 600 and 650°C, at total strain ranges, between 0·6 and 2·1%. These results showed that the life of both alloys may be predicted by a Coffin‐Manson type equation.The fracture surfaces of the specimens were examined by scanning electron microscopy.
Decelerating growth in tropical forest trees
Authors: Feeley Kenneth J. , Joseph Wright S. , Nur Supardi M. N. , Kassim Abd Rahman , Davies Stuart J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe impacts of global change on tropical forests remain poorly understood. We examined changes in tree growth rates over the past two decades for all species occurring in large (50‐ha) forest dynamics plots in Panama and Malaysia. Stem growth rates declined significantly at both forests regardless of initial size or organizational level (species, community or stand). Decreasing growth rates were widespread, occurring in 24–71% of species at Barro Colorado Island, Panama (BCI) and in 58–95% of species at Pasoh, Malaysia (depending on the sizes of stems included). Changes in growth were not consistently associated with initial growth rate, adult stature, or wood density. Changes in growth were significantly associated with regional climate changes: at both sites growth was negatively correlated with annual mean daily minimum temperatures, and at BCI growth was positively correlated with annual precipitation and number of rainfree days (a measure of relative insolation). While the underlying cause(s) of decelerating growth is still unresolved, these patterns strongly contradict the hypothesized pantropical increase in tree growth rates caused by carbon fertilization. Decelerating tree growth will have important economic and environmental implications.
Examination of the microbial ecology of the avian intestine in vivo using bromodeoxyuridine
Authors: Scupham Alexandra J. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryBromodeoxyuridine, a thymidine analogue that can be incorporated into the DNA of actively dividing cells, has been used in vivo to identify intestinal bacteria that are metabolically active in 3‐week‐old turkey poults during an acute period of feed withdrawal. Automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis was used to identify amplicons unique to animals subjected to feed withdrawal. One amplicon was unique to fasted birds while two amplicons were present in 60% of fasted birds and absent in all fed birds. Sequence analysis of 16S ribosomal genes indicated the caecal communities of all birds were dominated by Clostridiaceae while also harbouring low levels of metabolically active γ‐proteobacteria and Bacteroides. Twenty per cent of clones from the fasted animals were identified as belonging to the genus Papillibacter, suggesting these microbes may be specifically dividing in response to environmental conditions present in the caeca of fasted birds.
Lack of association between polymorphisms in the gene encoding protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTPN1) and risk of Type 2 diabetes
Authors: Wanic K. , Malecki M. T. , Klupa T. , Warram J. H. , Sieradzki J. , Krolewski A. S. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAims  Recently, an association of Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) with polymorphisms in PTPN1 located on chromosome 20q was reported. We attempted to replicate this finding in an ethnically homogeneous Polish population.Methods  The study groups comprised 474 cases with T2DM and 411 control subjects with normal fasting glucose. All individuals were genotyped for the five previously reported PTPN1 polymorphisms using a fluorescence polarization method. HAPLO.STAT software was used to infer and compare haplotype distributions.Results  The distributions of alleles and genotypes for the five genotyped PTPN1 polymorphisms did not differ between the T2DM cases and control subjects (lowest P = 0.6). Similarly, the frequency of the common haplotype reported to be associated with T2DM did not differ in cases and control subjects. We also failed to find such an association in Whites by performing a meta‐analysis of all the available data on the association of those five SNPs with T2DM.Conclusion  This case–control study in a Polish population did not confirm the reported association between polymorphisms in PTPN1 and T2DM.
Foot abnormalities in Canadian Aboriginal adolescents with Type 2 diabetes
Authors: Chuback J. , Embil J. M. , Sellers E. , Trepman E. , Cheang M. , Dean H. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAims  To determine the profile of foot abnormalities in Canadian Aboriginal adolescents with Type 2 diabetes and the risk factors associated with these abnormalities.Methods  Aboriginal adolescents with Type 2 diabetes underwent an interview, medical record review and foot examination in a tertiary care, paediatric hospital diabetes clinic and two geographically remote outreach clinics. The notes of 110 subjects were reviewed [mean age 15 ± 3 years; mean duration of diabetes, 30 ± 20 months; 71 (66%) female and 39 (34%) male] and 77 (70%) of the subjects were examined.Results  Foot abnormalities were identified by either interview or notes review, and included poor toenail condition in 85 (77%), paronychia in 29 (26%), ingrowing toenails in 16 (15%) and neuropathic symptoms in 13 (12%) subjects. Foot abnormalities were identified by examination in many subjects, including poor toenail condition in 38 (49%), calluses in 34 (44%) and paronychia in 13 (17%) subjects. Eighteen (24%) of 75 subjects did not have running water in the home. Factors that significantly increased the presence of foot abnormalities included: foot care provided by a person other than self; absence of running water in the home; decreased frequency of bathing; and decreased frequency of nail clipping. A greater percentage of subjects living on a reservation or rural community had specialized consultations for retinal examination, footwear, or both than of those living in an urban or unknown residence.Conclusions  A high prevalence of foot abnormalities was noted in Aboriginal adolescents with Type 2 diabetes. These findings highlight the associated comorbidities in this population, emphasizing the need for early detection and intervention.
The ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF PUBLIC ENTERPRISE IN BELGIUM
Authors: Langer Edmond 
Published: April 2007

The economic importance of the public enterprises has been established on the basis of the following criteria: Own capital, personnel employed, gross added value and various factors giving rise to appreciation.This survey is of a purely preliminary nature, since, in actual fact, given the present situation of the published data, it has not so far been possible to arrive at more precise figures, taking enterprise by enterprise according to a systematic plan.Moreover, it would have been desirable to fill out the above‐mentioned criteria by data concerning turnover and investment, As the data collected in the course of this study are so extremely fragmentary, we have been obliged to exclude any statement concerning these two factors.
PUBLIC ENTERPRISES AND PRIVATIZATION
Authors: TAN Chwee‐Huat 
Published: April 2007

AbstractDuring the past two decades, the Singapore economy has performed remarkably well. Its achievement has often been cited as an economic miracle for a 600‐square kilometre city nation without resources except its three million inhabitants. Public enterprises have contributed much to this achievement. They have been so successful in competing with the private sector that there have been some criticisms against the dominance of government in business. Several major government companies have been privatized and listed on the local stock exchange.Preparations have been made for commercially viable statutory boards to become private enterprises. The government will play a catalytic and supportive role and refrain from local competition. Its new emphasis will be on internationalizing the economy through joint ventures in informational technology and telecommunication industries where the local private sector lacks the resources.
CONSUMPTION EXTERNALITIES, PREFERENCE CHANGES AND THE ‘SAMARITAN'S DILEMMA’
Authors: KAUFMAN Dennis A. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT: * This paper examines the desirability of an exogenously induced change in the preferences of individuals in an economy characterized by (i) asymmetrical, localized positive consumption externalities, (ii) private, non‐market, negotiation‐free transfers, and (iii) the ‘Samaritan's dilemma.’ A model is analysed in which a benefactor (individual 1) makes an unrestricted voluntary transfer to a beneficiary (individual 2) who ran use the transfer to increase 2's consumption of either a purely private good x or a good y that generates external benefits for 1. Once 1 makes a transfer to 2, 1 cannot control how 2 spends it. If 2 fails to take into account this externality, then good y is under consumed and a loss in social welfare results. When such externalities and their concomitant welfare losses arise, conventional solutions are frequently inappropriate, impractical or impossible. This power shows that exogenously inducing the adoption of new externality internalizing preferences by the benefactor and the beneficiary not only increases the benefactor's transfer and the beneficiary's consumption of good y but also produces a ‘socially superior’ state. The welfare improvement is measured in terms of a welfare criterion that is based on the initial and new preferences of each individual
LA GESTION DES ENTREPRISES MUNICIPALES ENTRE MISSIONS DE SERVICE PUBLIC ET AUTONOMIE*
Authors: OETTLE Karl 
Published: April 2007

RESUME: Dam les Etats fédéraux, comme en Allemagne, les entreprises communales font partie intégrante de l'autommie de gestion locale par la mise à disposition d'une certaine infrastructure. Dernièrement, du côtéétatique et scientifique, on réclame de plus en plus une gestion de type commercial pour les entmprises publiques, et donc communales, d'infrastructure (approvisionnement, transport, évacuation). Cet article postule, à l'encore de ces tendances à l'uniformisation, de clairement marquer la distinction entre les fournisseurs privés et ceux du service public en raison de leur objet social différent. Même si la problématique de fond d‘une gestwn tutélaire d‘une entreprise est la même dam le secteur public que dans le secteur privé, le contnôle du comportement des gestwnnaires engagés est toutefois fort différent. La reddition de comptes de type commercial ‐ qui est proposée également pour les entreprises publiques ‐ permet plutôt de contnôler la gestion commerciale que cell d'un service public. Dam les deux cas, le contrôle comptable est complété par des dispositions organisationnelles. Dans le cas (d'infrastrmture), ces dispositions doivent satisfaire des exigemes différentes et nettement plus importantes que celles d'gpplication dans le secteur commercial en raison de la faible signification des résultats commerciaux dam le secteur public.
COMMENT EXPLIQUER LA PRÉSENCE D'ORGANISATIONS A BUT NON LUCRATIF DANS UNE ECONOMIE DE MARCHÉ? Une théorie socio‐économique des organisations non lucratives
Authors: ENJOLRAS Bernard 
Published: April 2007

RÉSUMÉ**: Le secteur à but non lucratif constitue un secteur non néligeable de notre écommie qui reste cependant sous exploré tant sur leplan empirique que théorique. De récents travaux anglo‐Saxons et français permettent de mieux cerner cette réalité. Le programme de recherche du secteur à but non lucratif traite deux types de problématiques: la problématique de l‘origine (pourquoi les organisations à but non lucratif existent elles?) et la problématique du comportement (en quoi se différencient‐elles d‘autres formes d‘organisations?). Une approche socio‐économique des organisations non lucratives est auancée à partir du problème de la coordination de l‘action. On peut en effet considérer que les institutions sont créées afin d‘aider les agents éonomiques à résoudre les problèmes rècurrents de coordination auxquels ils ont à faire face. Dam cette perspective l'organisatwn rwn lucrative peut être comprise comme un mécanisme de compromis permettant de gérer les tensions entre quatres logiques de coordination: les logiques marchande, domestique, solidaire et civique.