bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of coronal bacterial leakage between immediate versus delayed post‐space preparation in root canals filled with Resilon/Epiphany
Authors: Lyons W. W. , Hartwell G. R. , Stewart J. T. , Reavley B. , Appelstein C. , Lafkowitz S. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractAim  To compare the sealing ability of Resilon/Epiphany™ after immediate versus delayed post‐space preparation using an ex vivo bacterial leakage model.Methodology  Eighty extracted, decoronated, single‐rooted human maxillary teeth were randomly divided into two experimental groups and two control groups (n = 20). Root canals were prepared in a standard manner with Sequence nickel–titanium rotary files to a final apical size of 50, .06 taper. Root canals in the experimental groups were filled with Resilon/Epiphany™ using a warm vertical compaction technique. In group 1, the post‐space was prepared immediately and in group 2 the post‐space was prepared 5 days later. Positive controls were filled with Resilon master cones without sealer. The negative controls were not obturated but the entire root surface including the orifices and foramina were sealed with fingernail polish. Leakage was examined at different time intervals using a dual‐chamber bacterial microleakage model. The marker microorganism used was Streptococcus mutans.Results  All positive controls leaked within 3 days. All negative controls showed no leakage at each time interval. All experimental specimens leaked within 14 days. Statistical analysis showed that there was no difference in microleakage between the two experimental groups at each time interval.Conclusion  In this ex vivo study, there was no significant difference between immediate and delayed post‐space preparation using Resilon/Epiphany™. Both groups failed to provide an adequate apical seal regardless of the timing of the post‐space preparation.
Diagnosis and treatment of odontogenic cutaneous sinus tracts of endodontic origin: three case studies
Authors: Pasternak‐Júnior B. , Teixeira C. S. , Silva‐Sousa Y. T. C. , Sousa‐Neto M. D. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractAim  To describe three cases of extraoral sinus tracts, related to infected teeth, which were initially misdiagnosed as skin lesions and inappropriately treated.Summary  The extraoral sinus tracts were initially misdiagnosed as skin lesions. Dermatological surgery was performed and antibiotics prescribed but the lesions did not resolve. Then, a dental cause was sought, and identified. Endodontic intervention resulted in resolution of the problem, confirming the initial misdiagnosis.Key learning points • Dermatologists and other medical practitioners should be aware that dental extraoral sinus tracts can be confused with skin lesions.• A dental aetiology, as part of a differential diagnosis, should be kept in mind with oro‐facial skin lesions.• If an extraoral sinus tract is of endodontic origin, then elimination of infection through effective endodontic treatment will lead to resolution of the sinus tract.• Early correct diagnosis can prevent unnecessary and ineffective antibiotic therapy and/or surgical intervention.
Effect of king palm (Archontophoenix alexandrae) flour incorporation on physicochemical and textural characteristics of gluten‐free cookies
Authors: De Simas Karina N. , Vieira Leila do N. , Podestá Rossana , Müller Carmen M. O. , Vieira Manoela A. , Beber Rosane C. , Reis Maurício S. , Barreto Pedro L. M. , Amante Edna R. , Amboni Renata D. M. C. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryThe replacement of the blend of rice flour (70%) and corn starch (30%) with king palm flour [Archontophoenix alexandrae (F. Muell.) H. Wendl. and Drude] at levels of 0–30% was investigated for its effects on the chemical and physical characteristics of gluten‐free dough and cookies. Cookies containing 10, 20 and 30% of king palm flour were analysed by twenty‐one celiac consumers through preference‐ranking test. Ash, minerals, and dietary fibre contents increased in cookies that were added with king palm flour. Compared with the control dough, the incorporation of king palm flour increased the firmness and decreased the adhesiveness of dough samples. The incorporation of king palm flour increased the hardness of cookies in relation to the control dough. None of the cookies differed significantly (P > 0.05) in the lightness (L*) parameter. All formulations produced cookies with hue angles around 60, which indicate a tendency to brown colour. The study reveals that the incorporation of king palm flour showed desirable results in nutritional characteristics, because of the increase of the dietary fibre and minerals contents. In this study, the cookies preferred by celiac consumers were those containing 10 and 20% of king palm flour (P > 0.05).
Confirmation/disconfirmation of consumers’ expectations about fresh and processed tropical fruit products
Authors: Sabbe Sara , Verbeke Wim , Van Damme Patrick 
Published: February 2009

SummaryThis study investigates tropical fruit acceptance in terms of confirmation or disconfirmation of consumers’ general expectations. Consumers evaluated multiple product attributes before and after tasting five fresh and five processed tropical fruit products. Consumers’ general expectations were confirmed after tasting persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.) and cashew apple juice (Anacardium occidentale L.). Positive disconfirmation occurred after the consumption of cherimoya (Annona cherimola Mill.) and berrycactus jam (Myrtillocactus spp.) whereas expectations were negatively disconfirmed after consuming dragon fruit (Hylocereus spp.), mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.), tree tomato (Solanum betaceum Cav.), açaí juice (Euterpe oleracea Mart.), baobob juice (Adansonia digitata L.) and tamarind jam (Tamarindus indica L.). Sensory experiences are demonstrated to greatly influence the acceptance and purchasing intention of tropical fruits and their products, as well as to affect consumers’ perceptions about the product’s health and nutritional benefits, in particular in cases where negative taste disconfirmation occurred.
Biochemical composition and storage stability of a yogurt‐like product from African yam bean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa)
Authors: Aminigo Ebiokpo Rebecca , Metzger Lloyd , Lehtola Peggy Sue 
Published: February 2009

SummaryThe biochemical and storage properties of African yam bean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa) yoghurt‐like product were evaluated. Milk extracted from the bean flour using hot water was supplemented with 4% milk protein concentrate (MPC), 0.15% dairy calcium (DC) and 0.5% gelatine (G) (singly or in combination). The milk was fermented with Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii spp bulgaricus at 43 °C for 3–5 h. Supplemented African yam bean (AYB) yoghurts had a gel‐like consistency unlike the control (unsupplemented) sample. Total solids, protein, fat, ash, lactic acid bacterial count, lightness (L‐value) and viscosity were improved by supplementation. Riboflavin and antioxidants were reduced; macroelements and thiamine were increased by 0.71–15.6% and 16.7%, respectively, because of fermentation. The stability of the product during storage at 4 °C was improved by supplementation and stirring. The pH of the supplemented product ranged from 4.45 to 4.54 and microbial counts from 2.6 × 106 to 1.6 × 108 during storage for not more than 3 weeks.
Changes in rheological behaviour and functional properties of hen’s egg yolk induced by processing and fermentation with phospholipases
Authors: Jaekel Thomas , Ternes Waldemar 
Published: February 2009

SummaryFunctional changes of hen’s egg yolk rheological behaviour as a result of processing (pasteurisation, freeze‐drying) and modifying its phospholipids using phospholipase A1 (PLA1) and phospholipase A2 (PLA2) were studied. It could be shown how fermentation with phospholipases affects the different steps of heat‐induced gelation of egg yolk. As a consequence of fermentation of native yolk with 0.1% PLA1, the first viscosity maximum was shifted from 79 to 97 °C. In fermented pasteurised yolk, the homogenous gel‐like consistency from the first viscosity maximum was even stabilised up to 100 °C. The second viscosity ascent, which indicates solid gel structures (caused by aggregation of denatured proteins), was prevented entirely. In contrast to pancreatic PLA2, fermentation of egg yolk with microbial PLA1 resulted in a hydrolysis of approximately 78% of phosphatidylethanolamine and a significant change in flow behaviour (of yolk solutions).
Effect of different extraction and precipitation methods on yield and quality of pectin
Authors: Seggiani Maurizia , Puccini Monica , Pierini Maurizio , Giovando Samuele , Forneris Cristian 
Published: February 2009

SummaryAn experimental study has been conducted to determine the combined effects of different extraction conditions and precipitation method on the yield and quality of high methoxyl pectin from lemon peels. Pectin was extracted using different mineral acids (HCl, HNO3 and H2SO4) at four concentration levels (0.025; 0.05; 0.1 and 0.2 m), at 70 °C for 4 h. The soluble pectin was precipitated by iso‐propanol or by an aluminium sulphate, Al2(SO4)3, solution at pH 4. The extraction with HCl and HNO3, at the highest concentrations investigated, followed by aluminium precipitation led to the best results in terms of yield (22–25%), quality and gelling power of pectin with a remarkable decrease of alcohol consumption as compared to the alcoholic precipitation under the same extracting conditions.
Effect of sonication on orange juice quality parameters during storage
Authors: Tiwari Brijesh K. , O’ Donnell Colm P. , Muthukumarappan Kasiviswanath , Cullen Patrick J. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryFreshly squeezed orange juice was sonicated at various amplitude levels (40%, 70%, 100%), treatment times (2, 6 and 10 min) at a constant frequency of 20 kHz. Samples were stored for periods of up to 30 days at 10 °C. The combined effect of amplitude level, treatment time and storage period on pH, oBrix, titratable acidity, colour values (L*, a*, b*), non‐enzymatic browning (NEB), cloud value and ascorbic acid content were investigated. Second order polynomial models were employed to investigate the effect of independent variables. No significant differences (P < 0.05) in oBrix and titratable acidity were observed. Significant changes were observed in juice pH and colour values. During storage NEB increased while both cloud value and ascorbic acid content decreased. Predictive models developed for colour values, cloud value, NEB and ascorbic acid content were highly significant and were closely correlated to experimental data. Degradation mechanisms are proposed for the key quality parameters.
The rheological properties of ketchup as a function of different hydrocolloids and temperature
Authors: Koocheki Arash , Ghandi Amir , Razavi Seyed M. A. , Mortazavi Seyed Ali , Vasiljevic Todor 
Published: February 2009

SummaryThe flow properties of ketchup were assessed upon addition of commonly used food thickeners: guar, xanthan and CMC gum at three different concentrations (0.5%, 0.75% and 1%) and four temperatures (25, 35, 45 and 55 °C). The ketchup without supplementation served as a control. All ketchup formulations exhibited non‐Newtonian, pseudoplastic behaviour at all temperatures and hydrocolloid levels. The Power‐law and Herschel‐Buckley model were successfully applied to fit the shear stress versus shear rate data. The flow behaviour indices, n and n′, varied in the range of 0.189–0.228 and 0.216–0.263, respectively. The consistency coefficients, k and k′, were in the range of 8.42–27.22 and 6.56–20.10 Pa sn, respectively. The addition of hydrocolloids increased the yield point (τ0) and apparent viscosity of the ketchup in comparison to that of the control. The Arrhenius equation was successfully used to describe the effects of temperature on the apparent viscosity of the prepared formulations. The Ea value appeared in the range between 5492.6 and 21475.8 J mol−1.
Analysis of key aroma components in cider from Shaanxi (China) Fuji apple
Authors: Peng Bangzhu , Yue Tianli , Yuan Yahong 
Published: February 2009

SummaryAroma components play an important role in the quality of cider. To understand the contribution of every component to cider aroma quality, major aroma components present in ten ciders processed with different technological methods with different yeasts and apple orchards were determined by Headspace‐solid phase microextraction–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and internal standard method. Experimental results by principal component analysis indicated that ethyl acetate, acetic acid isobutylester, isopentylacohol acetate, ethyl caprylate, ethyl 4‐hydroxybutanoate, isopentylalcohol, 3,4,5‐trimethyl‐4‐heptanol, nonyl alcohol, 3‐methylthio‐1‐propanol serve as the key aroma components in cider from Shaanxi (China) fuji apple. A model was established and verified for evaluating aroma quality based on factor analysis by comparing with the sensory evaluation method.
Isotopic and genetic evidence for culturally inherited site fidelity to feeding grounds in southern right whales (Eubalaena australis)
Authors: VALENZUELA LUCIANO O. , SIRONI MARIANO , ROWNTREE VICTORIA J. , SEGER JON 
Published: February 2009

AbstractOcean warming will undoubtedly affect the migratory patterns of many marine species, but specific changes can be predicted only where behavioural mechanisms guiding migration are understood. Southern right whales show maternally inherited site fidelity to near‐shore winter nursery grounds, but exactly where they feed in summer (collectively and individually) remains mysterious. They consume huge quantities of copepods and krill, and their reproductive rates respond to fluctuations in krill abundance linked to El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Here we show that genetic and isotopic signatures, analysed together, indicate maternally directed site fidelity to diverse summer feeding grounds for female right whales calving at Península Valdés, Argentina. Isotopic values from 131 skin samples span a broad range (–23.1 to –17.2‰δ13C, 6.0 to 13.8‰δ15N) and are more similar than expected among individuals sharing the same mitochondrial haplotype. This pattern indicates that calves learn summer feeding locations from their mothers, and that the timescale of culturally inherited site fidelity to feeding grounds is at least several generations. Such conservatism would be expected to limit the exploration of new feeding opportunities, and may explain why this population shows increased rates of reproductive failure in years following elevated sea‐surface temperature anomalies off South Georgia, the richest known feeding ground for baleen whales in the South Atlantic.
Ocean barriers and glaciation: evidence for explosive radiation of mitochondrial lineages in the Antarctic sea slug Doris kerguelenensis (Mollusca, Nudibranchia)
Authors: WILSON NERIDA G. , SCHRÖDL M. , HALANYCH KENNETH M. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractStrong currents and deep passages of water can be barriers for larval dispersal of continental marine animals, but potential effects on direct developers are under‐investigated. We examined the genetic structure of Doris kerguelenensis, a directly developing sea slug that occurs across the Drake Passage, the body of water separating Antarctica from South America. We found deep mitochondrial divergences within populations on both sides of the Drake Passage, and South American animals formed multiple sister‐group relationships with Antarctic animals. A generalised molecular clock suggested these trans‐Drake pairs diverged during the Pliocene–Pleistocene, after the formation of the Drake Passage. Statistical parsimony methods recovered 29 separate haplotype networks (many sympatric) that likely correlate with allopatric events caused by repeated glacial cycles. Data from 16S were congruent but more conserved than COI, and the estimated ancestral 16S haplotype was widespread. The marked difference in the substitution rates between these two mitochondrial genes results in different estimates of connectivity. Demographic analyses on networks revealed some evidence for selection and expanding populations. Contrasting with the Northern Hemisphere, glaciation in Antarctica appears to have increased rather than reduced genetic diversity. This suggests orbitally forced range dynamics based on Northern Hemisphere phylogeography do not hold for Antarctica. The diverse lineages found in D. kerguelenensis point towards a recent, explosive radiation, likely reflecting multiple refuges during glaciation events, combined with limited subsequent dispersal. Whether recognised as cryptic species or not, genetic diversity in Antarctic marine invertebrates appears higher than expected from morphological analyses, and supports the Antarctic biodiversity pump phenomenon.
Outbreaks, gene flow and effective population size in the migratory locust,Locusta migratoria: a regional‐scale comparative survey
Authors: CHAPUIS MARIE‐PIERRE , LOISEAU ANNE , MICHALAKIS YANNIS , LECOQ MICHEL , FRANC ALEX , ESTOUP ARNAUD 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe potential effect of population outbreaks on within and between genetic variation of populations in pest species has rarely been assessed. In this study, we compare patterns of genetic variation in different sets of historically frequently outbreaking and rarely outbreaking populations of an agricultural pest of major importance, the migratory locust,Locusta migratoria. We analyse genetic variation within and between 24 populations at 14 microsatellites in Western Europe, where only ancient and low‐intensity outbreaks have been reported (non‐outbreaking populations), and in Madagascar and Northern China, where frequent and intense outbreak events have been recorded over the last century (outbreaking populations). Our comparative survey shows that (i) the long‐term effective population size is similar in outbreaking and non‐outbreaking populations, as evidenced by similar estimates of genetic diversity, and (ii) gene flow is substantially larger among outbreaking populations than among non‐outbreaking populations, as evidenced by a fourfold to 30‐fold difference inFSTvalues. We discuss the implications for population dynamics and the consequences for management strategies of the observed patterns of genetic variation inL. migratoriapopulations with contrasting historical outbreak frequency and extent.
Comparing geographical genetic differentiation between candidate and noncandidate loci for adaptation strengthens support for parallel ecological divergence in the marine snail Littorina saxatilis
Authors: GALINDO J. , MORÁN P. , ROLÁN‐ALVAREZ E. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe Galician sympatric ecotypes of Littorina saxatilis have been proposed as a model system for studying parallel ecological speciation. Such a model system makes a clear prediction: candidate loci (for divergent adaptation) should present a higher level of geographical differentiation than noncandidate (neutral) loci. We used 2356 amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) and four microsatellite loci to identify candidate loci for ecological adaptation using the FST outlier method. Three per cent of the studied AFLP loci were identified as candidate loci associated with adaptation, after multitest adjustments, thus contributing to ecotype differentiation (candidate loci were not detected within ecotypes). Candidate and noncandidate loci were analysed separately at four different FST partitions: differences between ecotypes (overall and local), differences between localities and micro‐geographical differences within ecotypes. The magnitude of FST differed between candidate and noncandidate loci for all partitions except in the case of microgeographical differentiation within ecotypes, and the microsatellites (putatively neutral) showed an identical pattern to noncandidate loci. Thus, variation in candidate loci is determined partially independent by divergent natural selection (in addition to stochastic forces) at each locality, while noncandidate loci are exclusively driven by stochastic forces. These results support the evolutionary history described for these particular populations, considered to be a clear example of incomplete sympatric ecological speciation.
The protein kinase ImeB is required for light‐mediated inhibition of sexual development and for mycotoxin production in Aspergillus nidulans
Authors: Bayram Özgür , Sari Fatih , Braus Gerhard H. , Irniger Stefan 
Published: February 2009

SummarySpore formation is a common process in the developmental cycle of fungi. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Ime2 is a key protein kinase for the meiotic cell cycle, which precedes ascospore formation. Here, we analysed the IME2‐related imeB gene of the filamentous ascomycete Aspergillus nidulans. imeB deletion strains are retarded in growth and overproduce fertile sexual fruiting bodies in the presence of light, which normally represses sexual development. imeB mutants also display abnormal differentiation of sexual Hülle cells in submerged cultures. Increased sexual development of imeB mutants is dependent on VeA, a component of the heterotrimeric velvet complex. A combined deletion of imeB with the phytochrome fphA, a red light receptor, results in a complete loss of light response, suggesting that ImeB and FphA cooperate in light‐mediated inhibition of sexual development. Furthermore, we found that imeB mutants fail to produce the mycotoxin sterigmatocystin, an aflatoxin precursor, and show that ImeB is needed for expression of the sterigmatocystin gene cluster. ImeB contains a TXY motif conserved in mitogen‐activated protein kinases. This sequence element is essential for ImeB function. We conclude that ImeB is a mitogen‐activated protein kinase‐related protein kinase required for the co‐ordinated control of light‐dependent development with mycotoxin production.
Vesicular stabilization and activity augmentation of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli haemolysin
Authors: Aldick Thomas , Bielaszewska Martina , Uhlin Bernt Eric , Humpf Hans‐Ulrich , Wai Sun Nyunt , Karch Helge 
Published: February 2009

SummaryHaemolysin from enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC‐Hly), a putative EHEC virulence factor, belongs to the RTX (repeat‐in‐toxin) family whose members rapidly inactivate themselves by self‐aggregation. By investigating the status of EHEC‐Hly secreted extracellularly, we found the toxin both in a free, soluble form and associated, with high tendency and independently of its acylation status, to outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) extruded by EHEC. We compared the interaction of both toxin forms with erythrocytes using scanning electron microscopy and binding assays. The OMV‐associated toxin was substantially (80 times) more stable under physiological conditions than the free EHEC‐Hly as demonstrated by prolonged haemolytic activity (half‐life time 20 h versus 15 min). The haemolysis was preceded by calcium‐dependent binding of OMVs carrying EHEC‐Hly to erythrocytes; this binding was mediated by EHEC‐Hly. We demonstrate that EHEC‐Hly is a biologically active cargo in OMVs with dual roles: a cell‐binding protein and a haemolysin. These paired functions produce a biologically potent form of the OMV‐associated RTX toxin and augment its potential towards target cells. Our findings provide a general concept for stabilization of RTX toxins and open new insights into the biology of these important virulence factors.