bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biomechanical monitoring of cutaneous sulfur mustard‐induced lesions in the weanling pig model for depth of injury
Authors: Reid Frances M. , Niemuth Nancy A. , Shumaker Shawn M. , Waugh Jack D. , Graham John S. 
Published: March 2007

Background/purpose: A sulfur mustard (SM)‐induced cutaneous injury model was developed in weanling swine to evaluate the efficacy of candidate treatment regimens. Lesions were assessed clinically and histopathologically. Histopathologic evaluation of lesions was a subjective and invasive assessment. Biomechanical engineering methods offer an objective and less invasive method to evaluate lesions. The purpose of this study was to use biomechanical engineering instruments to assess SM‐induced lesions for depth of injury and to correlate those assessments with histopathology.Methods: Two groups of six animals each were exposed to 400 μL undiluted SM applied at each of six abdominal sites for either 2 or 30 min. An additional seven animals received a sham treatment (control; 400 μL deionized water applied to each of six sites for 30 min). Each site was evaluated before exposure and 2 days after exposure. Biomechanical engineering techniques used to assess each lesion were reflectance colorimetry, evaporimetry [transepidermal water loss (TEWL)], laser Doppler perfusion imaging, and high‐frequency (20 MHz) two‐dimensional ultrasound. Injury depth and lesion severity were assessed and correlated to biomechanical methods using special histopathologic staining techniques.Results: Two‐ and 30‐min cutaneous lesions were significantly different from controls at the 0.05 probability level for redness (chroma meter) and TEWL (evaporimeter), but were not significantly different from each other. The 2‐min lesions had a significant increase (2.11 AU, SE=0.06) and the 30‐min lesions had a decrease (0.96 AU, SE=0.04) from controls (1.31 AU, SE=0.03) in microcirculatory blood flux (laser Doppler). The 2‐min lesions and controls were significantly different at the 0.05 level from 30‐min lesions in skin thickness (ultrasound). The 2‐ and 30‐min groups were significantly different from controls and from each other at the 0.05 level in histopathologic assessment of injury depth, basal cell necrosis, depth of necrosis, and vascular necrosis, with the 30‐min injuries being most severe.Conclusion: There was mixed evidence that the bioengineering techniques tested could differentiate between controls, 2‐min (partial‐thickness) cutaneous injuries and 30‐min (full‐thickness) cutaneous injuries at day 2. Both biomechanical and histopathologic assessments are useful methods of characterizing SM lesions in the weanling pig model. Biomechanical methods are non‐invasive and quantitative, and multiple readings over shorter and longer periods of time may improve differentiation in depth of injury. Histopathologic assessments are important for confirmation of lesion depth and severity, and for assisting interpretation when a single assessment using bioengineering methods is used.
Evaluation of lotion formulations on irritation using the modified forearm‐controlled application test method
Authors: Farage M. A. , Ebrahimpour A. , Steimle B. , Englehart J. , Smith D. 
Published: March 2007

Background/purpose: Cold and allergy sufferers often develop irritation around the nostrils as a result of repeated and frequent rubbing of the skin site with facial tissues. This irritation is a combination of the inherent irritant properties of the tissue components (chemical irritation), and mechanical irritation from friction. Lotion‐coated facial tissues are being developed to provide soothing, skin benefits, and to promote healing of this type of irritation. The objective of these studies was to evaluate the efficacy of different lotion formulations on facial tissues in preventing irritation, or aiding in the healing of irritation.Methods: The modified forearm‐controlled application test (Modified FCAT) was adapted as a means of quickly evaluating the relative skin benefits of various lotion formulations used to coat facial tissues. The test was conducted on the volar surface of the forearms of volunteer subjects. Test sites were pretreated with 24 h occlusive patches of sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) to induce mild or moderate skin irritation. This was followed by repeated wiping of the lotion‐coated tissues. Irritation was evaluated using visual scoring for erythema and dryness. Lotion formulation options were compared in the model. Comparisons included assessments of the type of fatty alcohol in the formulation (stearyl and cetearyl alcohol), the presence of silicone and the base formulation (mineral oil, petrolatum of a proprietary formula).Results: Differences in the degree of erythema and dryness were detected among various formulation options. No differences were found between formulations containing stearyl or cetearyl alcohol. Low levels of silicone produced benefits in one of two experiments. The proprietary base formula produced greater reductions in erythema following treatment of SLS‐irritated skin compared with mineral oil and petrolatum bases.Conclusions: The results indicated that this modification of the FCAT can be used to compare various lotion formulations for skin benefits and healing properties, and to rank qualitatively the benefits of various formulation options.
Laser induced autofluorescence studies of animal skin used in modeling of human cutaneous tissue spectroscopic measurements
Authors: Drakaki E. , Borisova E. , Makropoulou M. , Avramov L. , Serafetinides A. A. , Angelov I. 
Published: March 2007

Background/purpose: Laser‐induced autofluorescence spectroscopy provides excellent possibilities for medical diagnostics of different tissue pathologies including cancer. However, to create the whole picture of pathological changes, investigators collect spectral information from patients in vivo or they study different tumor models to obtain objective information for fluorescent properties of every kind of healthy and diseased tissue. Therefore, it is very important to find the most appropriate, and close to the human skin, animal samples from the fluorescence point of view, which will allow the extrapolation of the animal data to human spectroscopic diagnostics.Methods: In the present work, we examined the autofluorescence properties of different animal skin tissues, which are considered as the most common skin models. A nitrogen laser was used as an excitation source. Samples of healthy mouse, chicken and pig skin in vivo and/or ex vivo were studied and were compared with results obtained from investigations of healthy human skin in vivo.Results and conclusion: Specific features of the recorded spectra are discussed and the possible origin of the obtained fluorescence signals is proposed. Quantitative evaluation of data extrapolation for each skin type is also depicted.
A long‐term evaluation of erythema and pigmentation induced by ultraviolet radiations of different wavelengths
Authors: Suh K.‐S. , Roh H.‐J. , Choi S.‐Y. , Jeon Y.‐S. , Doh K.‐S. , Bae J.‐H. , Kim S.‐T. 
Published: March 2007

Background/aims: The long‐term reactions of human skin by different ultraviolet (UV)‐wavebands were not reported. This study was to investigate a time course of erythema and pigmentation induced by UVA‐1, broadband UVA (BBUVA), narrowband UVB (NBUVB) and broadband UVB (BBUVB).Methods: Ten volunteers participated in this study for 6 months. Four skin areas, from the back of each subject, were irradiated with two minimal erythema dose (MED) of four different UV wavelengths corresponding to UVA‐1, BBUVA, NBUVB and BBUVB.Results: For both UVA‐1 and BBUVA, erythema and pigmentation were most pronounced immediately and 1 h after exposure. Erythema rapidly diminished but pigmentation persisted throughout the study. For both NBUVB and BBUVB, test areas reacted with erythema of maximum intensity at 1 and 2 days, respectively. A maximum tanning was reached at 3–6 days for NBUVB and 4–7 days for BBUVB, and the return toward the original point was at 1 and 3 months, respectively.Conclusion: Two MED of UVA produced far prolonged erythema and pigmentation than UVB. For UVA, UVA‐1 and BBUVA showed similar intensity and time course of skin reaction. For UVB, erythema and pigmentation produced by NBUVB were milder in intensity and shorter in a time course than those by BBUVB.
Generalized pruritus in a patient sensitized to tobacco and cannabis
Authors: Stöckli Simone Schwarzenbach , Bircher Andreas J. 
Published: March 2007

SummaryRespiratory problems or urticaria are well known in patients sensitized to tobacco. This occurs mainly as an occupational disease in tobacco workers, but also occasionally in those who smoke tobacco or dip snuff. Similar respiratory problems and anaphylactoid reactions have been observed in patients sensitized to cannabis. This may occur in those allergic to cannabis pollen when the plants bloom, in those with agricultural exposure and rarely in the end consumer.We describe a patient with generalized itching provoked by tobacco and cannabis smoking. Skin prick tests and specific IgE towards tobacco and cannabis were positive. Because of the close correlation of smoking tobacco or cannabis and the onset of symptoms, we put forward the diagnosis of a type I allergic reaction towards tobacco and cannabis.
Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Ward‐Begnoche Wendy 
Published: March 2007

PURPOSE.  Children who experience acute injury or illness severe enough to result in a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) stay are at risk for posttraumatic stress symptoms, as are their parents. A distinction is made between injury‐related traumatic events, illness‐related traumatic events, and treatment‐related traumatic events, all of which contribute to this risk. CONCLUSIONS.  This paper reviews what the PICU experience is like for children and their parents, the emerging literature on posttraumatic stress symptoms in PICU patients and their parents, and current knowledge regarding risk and resiliency factors for these children. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS.  Children hospitalized in the PICU should be monitored for posttraumatic stress disorder during and after their stay. Risk and resiliency factors are a focus for practice and for future research.
Change in Body Size and the Risk of Colorectal Adenomas
Authors: Sedjo Rebecca L. , Byers Tim , Levin Theodore R. , Haffner Steven M. , Saad Mohammed F. , Tooze Janet A. , D'Agostino Ralph B. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Adiposity has been recognized as a risk factor for colorectal adenoma, but the influence of weight gain, adipose tissue distribution, and possible differences between ethnic/racial and gender groups remains unanswered. The aim of this prospective study was to examine the association between adiposity and weight change and colorectal adenoma risk. Over ∼10-year period, anthropometric measures and other risk factors were measured at three time points in the multicenter multiethnic Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study cohort. Colonoscopies were then conducted on 600 cohort participants regardless of symptoms whose mean age at colonoscopy was 64 years. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to assess the association between colorectal adenomas and measures of adiposity and weight change over the ∼10-year period before colonoscopy. Obesity was positively associated with risk of colorectal adenomas at the time of colonoscopy [adjusted odds ratio (ORadj), 2.16; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.13-4.14] and was stronger in women (ORadj, 4.42; 95% CI, 1.53-12.78) than in men (ORadj, 1.26; 95% CI, 0.52-3.07). The risk of adenomas increased among participants who gained weight compared with those who maintained weight over the ∼5 years (ORadj, 2.30; 95% CI, 1.25-4.22) and ∼10 years (ORadj, 2.12; 95% CI, 1.25-3.62). These associations were similar for both advanced and nonadvanced adenomas. These results suggest a positive association between obesity, weight gain, and colorectal adenoma risk. Stronger associations were observed when obesity was measured at the time of colonoscopy, suggesting that obesity may be a promoting factor in the growth of colorectal adenomas. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(3):526–31)
Calculated Cancer Risks for Conventional and “Potentially Reduced Exposure Product” Cigarettes
Authors: Pankow James F. , Watanabe Karen H. , Toccalino Patricia L. , Luo Wentai , Austin Donald F. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Toxicant deliveries (by machine smoking) are compiled and associated cancer risks are calculated for 13 carcinogens from 26 brands of conventional cigarettes categorized as “regular” (R), “light” (Lt), or “ultralight” (ULt), and for a reference cigarette. Eight “potentially reduced exposure product” (PREP) cigarettes are also considered. Because agency-to-agency differences exist in the cancer slope factor (CSF) values adopted for some carcinogens, two CSF sets were used in the calculations: set I [U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)–accepted values plus California EPA–accepted values as needed to fill data gaps] and set II (vice versa). The potential effects of human smoking patterns on cigarette deliveries are considered. Acetaldehyde, 1,3-butadiene, and acrylonitrile are associated with the largest calculated cancer risks for all 26 brands of conventional cigarettes. The calculated risks are proportional to the smoking dose z (pack-years). Using CSF set I and z = 1 pack-year (7,300 cigarettes), the calculated brand-average incremental lifetime cancer risk \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(\overline{\mathrm{ILCR}}^{\mathrm{acetaldehyde}}_{1}\) \end{document} values are R, 6 × 10−5; Lt, 5 × 10−5; and ULt, 3 × 10−5 (cf. typical U.S. EPA risk benchmark of 10−6). These values are similar, especially given the tendency of smokers to “compensate” when smoking Lt and ULt cigarettes. \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(\overline{\mathrm{ILCR}}^{\mathrm{sub{\Sigma}-lung}}_{1}\) \end{document}is the brand-average per pack-year subtotal risk for the measured human lung carcinogens. Using CSF set I, the \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(\overline{\mathrm{ILCR}}^{\mathrm{sub{\Sigma}-lung}}_{1}\) \end{document} values for R, Lt, and ULt cigarettes account for ≤2% of epidemiologically observed values of the all-smoker population average per pack-year risk of lung cancer from conventional cigarettes. RPREP (%) is a science-based estimate of the possible reduction in lung cancer risk provided by a particular PREP as compared with conventional cigarettes. Using CSF set I, all RPREP values are &lt;2%. The current inability to account for the observed health risks of smoking based on existing data indicates that current expressed/implied marketing promises of reduced harm from PREPs are unverified: there is little reason to be confident that total removal of the currently measured human lung carcinogens would reduce the incidence of lung cancer among smokers by any noticeable amount. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(3):584–92)
Occupation and the Risk of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Authors: Boffetta Paolo , de Vocht Frank 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAlthough thus far no occupational agents have been classified as established causes of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), employment as a farmer, teacher, dry cleaner, meat worker, printer, or wood worker has been associated with elevated risk in the peer-reviewed literature. We conducted several meta-analyses to assess risk in these occupations and industries from articles published in MEDLINE up to August 1, 2006. The summary risk estimates suggest a homogeneous excess risk for NHL among workers in the printing industry [relative risk (RR), 1.86; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.37-2.52] and wood workers (RR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.00-1.31). Considerable heterogeneity but elevated risks were found for farmers (RR, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.05-1.17), especially in animal husbandry (RR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.08-1.60), and teaching (RR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.34-1.61). An increased risk was absent for employment in the meat processing industry (RR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.77-1.29). These results suggest that although excess risk is found for employment in the printing industry, wood processing industry, teaching, and farming, it is unlikely that occupation represents a major risk factor for NHL in most populations. At present, no conclusive evidence of causal relations between occupations and increased NHL risk exists; this can be ascribed to methodologic problems in studying the link between NHL risk and occupation, including heterogeneity of disease and exposure circumstances and low statistical power. Implementing state-of-the-art exposure assessment technologies, including biomarker-based assessment, and aiming to identify susceptible subgroups can increase the statistical power enough to analyze etiologically relevant NHL subtypes and provide clues on possible causal agents in future studies. These goals can be best attained within the framework of large-scale, international collaborative projects. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(3):369–72)
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Secondary to Cancer Chemotherapy
Authors: Krishnan Biju , Morgan Gareth J. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Increased long-term survival seen in patients with solid and hematologic cancers achieved as a result of aggressive chemoradiotherapy has come at a price. Therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia has been frequently documented in these patient cohorts, and its biology well studied. Recognition of secondary non-Hodgkin lymphoma as a cause of significant morbidity and mortality in these patients is equally important. The patterns of incidence and latency of secondary lymphomas is distinct from that of myeloid malignancies and other solid cancers. We have systematically analyzed and summarized reports from various groups over the last three decades. Risk of secondary lymphomas increases after the first 5 years of completion of chemotherapy or radiotherapy and persists for more than three decades. This reinforces the need for long-term follow-up of all patients exposed to chemoradiotherapy and confirms that chemotherapeutic agents can cause lymphoma. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(3):377–80)
Organized Camping
Authors: Carlson Reynold E. 
Published: March 2007

Organized camping has shown phenomenal growth in the twentieth century and has achieved recognition for its educational values by voluntary agencies, religious groups, schools, and public agencies. In our society, in which the working life is increasingly divorced from the soil, camping is of special value in re-establishing contact and familiarity with the out-of-doors. Day camping, church camping, and camping for children with special needs have grown especially rapidly in recent years; and governmental agencies have increased their participation. Camp programs are vitally concerned with the welfare of individual campers and their adjustment to a democratic society.
The United Nations Program in Brazil
Authors: Louw Michael H.H. 
Published: March 2007

Brazil is on the threshold of a great economic development and social change and needs large numbers of skilled administrators and technicians in all fields to carry through the necessary programs for using its vast natural and human resources. The role played by the United Nations Expanded Program of Technical Assistance in this develop ment has been most significant because first, it was timely, and second, it focussed public attention on key areas where developments could be expected to have widespread effect. This is especially true for the projects associated with regional development, such as that of the Amazon Valley, the San Francisco Valley, and the Northeast. Two national projects: the Brazilian School of Public Administration and the Educa tional Reform Program have also made important contribu tions in the formulation of future policies in the fields of administration and education. On these various projects a large number of specialists from many fields, specialized agencies, and nationalities, served to gether as teams or groups; and in the process, they in turn, learned the art of effective personal and interdisciplinary co-operation, not only among themselves but also with their Brazilian colleagues.
The Challenge of Government Science
Authors: Honey John C. 
Published: March 2007

The failure of government science to meet Rus sian accomplishments in space research poses fundamental questions about American governmental and social institutions which are of deep concern to public administrators. These questions do not find their solution in relatively minor adjust ments of the administrative machinery such as have been made since the fall of 1957. They relate to our pluralistic values, our lack of a sense of national purpose and our system of Presi dential leadership made weak by the checks and balances which are grounded in the Constitution. The contrast between Russian and American scientific ca pacities, and the relative ability of the two societies to plan and to direct resources to those activities which further the national interest, lead to the following basic questions: do we need constitutional reform to provide for a stronger Presi dency and for a modification of the costly and inefficient fed eral system? Must we not anticipate national planning so as to assure that the creative and productive capacities of the country go first to efforts of high national importance? Be yond these basic questions there are a number of urgent mat ters which challenge public administrators, for example, the quick development of an effective research communications system and the treatment of scientists in government in a man ner commensurate with their importance to the national well- being.
Contributions of Colleges of Agriculture in Making Human Capital Available in Foreign Economic Development
Authors: Smith Mervin G. , Ackerman Joseph 
Published: March 2007

The United States agricultural colleges and ex tension services need to take a key role in our foreign policy. The need is great for trained people in foreign agricultural development. Agricultural colleges are conducting special as sistance projects, training foreign students, and furnishing technical personnel. This has been valuable, but it is not enough if we are to be successful in the economic cold war and the world ideological conflict. In our foreign assistance program much more emphasis is needed on the development process, the problem-solving method, broad planning, and longer-term programs. Consid eration should be given to the cultural, psychological, institu tional, social, and economic changes which must accompany rapid progress and economic growth. Our agricultural colleges need to strengthen their research and educational programs on managing and facilitating changes or adjustments to the rapid adoption of new technology. This is important: (1) if we are to make headway on our major domestic farm problem, and (2) if we are to develop an outstanding technical assistance program with underdeveloped countries.