bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Royal Philanthropic Expedition of the Vaccine: a landmark in the history of public health
Authors: Soto-Pérez-de-Celis E 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
In 1979, smallpox officially became the first disease ever to be eradicated by mankind. The global efforts to defeat this dreadful pandemic, however, started almost two centuries before. One of the most important, and sometimes forgotten, events in the fight against smallpox was the Royal Philanthropic Expedition of the Vaccine, commissioned by Charles IV of Spain to physicians Francisco Xavier Balmis y Berenguer and Jose Salvany in 1804. The aim of this expedition was to take the smallpox vaccine, discovered by Jenner, to Spain's territories in the Americas and in the Far East. After several years of vaccination in modern day Puerto Rico, Cuba, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, Mexico and the Philippines, the expedition returned to Europe. To this day, the Balmis and Salvany expedition remains a great example of international cooperation, and a landmark in the history of public health.
Backscatter Lidar Observations of Lower Tropospheric Dynamics during Southern California Wildfires
Authors: Beck Steven , Stoker David , Hecht James , Walterscheid Richard 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Wavelike features suggesting gravity waves were revealed by lidar observations (from El Segundo, California) of smoke layers produced by large wildfires in the Southern California region during a Santa Ana event. Unique features of the observations were multiple thin layers that enabled precise determinations of wave frequency, amplitude, and vertical structure. The data revealed persistent wavelike oscillations that showed no phase variation with altitude, an amplitude of 20 m, and a period near 12 min. The observations were averaged over 1.5 min with a vertical resolution of 3 m and were obtained over a period of 5 h on 25 October and 8 h on 26 October 2007. Vertical profiles of temperature and winds from the Aircraft Communication Addressing and Reporting System (ACARS) of commercial aircraft departing Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) were selected for temporal and spatial coincidence with the lidar observations. In addition, satellite images of the smoke distribution over the Los Angeles Basin and the coastal areas (including coastal waters) to the south were obtained from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data from overflights 5.5 h prior to the lidar observation window. The images show wavelike features with horizontal wavelengths of ∼10 km or less. The temperature data showed an inversion layer topped at 500-m altitude. The wind data were consistent with a residual sea breeze near the surface and Santa Ana easterlies above. A simple model of wave ducting showed that the observed features were the evanescent extension of resonant waves ducted in the lower stable inversion layer. These are the first detailed observations, including vertical structure, of ducted waves associated with Santa Ana conditions. It is suggested that such waves should be a common feature in conditions occurring during Santa Ana events.
The University of Washington Shallow Convection and Moist Turbulence Schemes and Their Impact on Climate Simulations with the Community Atmosphere Model
Authors: Park Sungsu , Bretherton Christopher S. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
This paper describes a new version of the University of Washington shallow cumulus parameterization. The new version includes improved treatments of lateral mixing rates into cumulus updrafts, the evaporation of precipitation and of the interaction of cumuli with the underlying subcloud layer, and a treatment of the convective inhibition-based mass-flux closure that is more numerically stable and is suitable for the long time steps of global climate models.
The paper also documents its performance when combined with a new moist turbulence parameterization in simulations with version 3.5 of the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM3.5). A single-column simulation of nonprecipitating trade cumulus shows considerable improvements in vertical thermodynamic structure and less resolution sensitivity in the new schemes compared to CAM3.5. In global simulations, the new schemes, combined with an increase of vertical resolution from 26 to 30 levels, produce a significant (7%) reduction in overall climate bias, calculated from root-mean-squared error of the seasonal model climatology compared to a suite of global observations of various fields. Biases in almost all fields, particularly the shortwave cloud radiative forcing, are reduced. Geographical bias patterns in surface rainfall, liquid water path, and surface air temperature are only mildly affected by the model parameterization and vertical resolution changes.
A Method to Merge WSR-88D Data with ARM SGP Millimeter Cloud Radar Data by Studying Deep Convective Systems
Authors: Feng Zhe , Dong Xiquan , Xi Baike 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
A decade of collocated Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program (ARM) 35-GHz Millimeter Cloud Radar (MMCR) and Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) data over the ARM Southern Great Plains (SGP) site have been collected during the period of 1997–2006. A total of 28 winter and 45 summer deep convective system (DCS) cases over the ARM SGP site have been selected for this study during the 10-yr period. For the winter cases, the MMCR reflectivity, on average, is only 0.2 dB lower than that of the WSR-88D, with a correlation coefficient of 0.85. This result indicates that the MMCR signals have not been attenuated for ice-phase convective clouds, and the MMCR reflectivity measurements agree well with the WSR-88D, regardless of their vastly different characteristics. For the summer nonprecipitating convective clouds, however, the MMCR reflectivity, on average, is 10.6 dB lower than the WSR-88D measurement, and the average differences between the two radar reflectivities are nearly constant with height above cloud base. Three lookup tables with Mie calculations have been generated for correcting the MMCR signal attenuation. After applying attenuation correction for the MMCR reflectivity measurements, the averaged difference between the two radars has been reduced to 9.1 dB. Within the common sensitivity range (−10 to 20 dBZ), the mean differences for the uncorrected and corrected MMCR reflectivities have been reduced to 6.2 and 5.3 dB, respectively. The corrected MMCR reflectivities were then merged with the WSR-88D data to fill in the gaps during the heavy precipitation periods. This merged dataset provides a more complete radar reflectivity profile for studying convective systems associated with heavier precipitation than the original MMCR dataset. It also provides the intensity, duration, and frequency of the convective systems as they propagate over the ARM SGP for climate modelers. Eventually, it will be possible to improve understanding of the cloud-precipitation processes, and evaluate GCM predictions using the long-term merged dataset, which could not have been done with either the MMCR or the WSR-88D dataset alone.
Discrete Frontal Propagation over the Sierra–Cascade Mountains and Intermountain West
Authors: Steenburgh W. James , Neuman Colby R. , West Gregory L. , Bosart Lance F. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
On 25 March 2006, a complex frontal system moved across the Sierra–Cascade Mountains and intensified rapidly over the Intermountain West where it produced one of the strongest cold-frontal passages observed in Salt Lake City, Utah, during the past 25 yr. Observational analyses and numerical simulations by the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) Model illustrate that the frontal system propagated discretely across the Sierra–Cascade Mountains and western Nevada. This discrete propagation occurs in a synoptic environment that features a mobile upper-level cyclonic potential vorticity (PV) anomaly that is coupled initially with a landfalling Pacific cyclone and attendant occluded front. The eastward migration of the upper-level cyclonic PV anomaly ultimately encourages the development of a new surface-based cold front ahead of the landfalling occlusion as troughing, confluence, and convergence downstream of the Sierra Nevada intensify preexisting baroclinity over Nevada. Trajectories show that the new cold front represents a boundary between potentially warm air originating over the desert Southwest, some of which has been deflected around the south end of the high sierra, and potentially cool air that has traversed the sierra near and north of Lake Tahoe, some of which has been deflected around the north end of the high sierra. Although diabatic processes contribute to the frontal sharpening, they are not needed for the discrete propagation or rapid cold-frontal development. Forecasters should be vigilant for discrete frontal propagation in similar synoptic situations and recognize that moist convection or differential surface heating can contribute to but are not necessary for rapid Intermountain West frontogenesis.
Geometrically Exact Conservative Remapping (GECoRe): Regular Latitude–Longitude and Cubed-Sphere Grids
Authors: Ullrich Paul A. , Lauritzen Peter H. , Jablonowski Christiane 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Land, ocean, and atmospheric models are often implemented on different spherical grids. As a conseqence coupling these model components requires state variables and fluxes to be regridded. For some variables, such as fluxes, it is paramount that the regridding algorithm is conservative (so that energy and water budget balances are maintained) and monotone (to prevent unphysical values). For global applications the cubed-sphere grids are gaining popularity in the atmospheric community whereas, for example, the land modeling groups are mostly using the regular latitude–longitude grid. Most existing regridding schemes fail to take advantage of geometrical symmetries between these grids and hence accuracy of the calculations can be lost. Hence, a new Geometrically Exact Conservative Remapping (GECoRe) scheme with a monotone option is proposed for remapping between regular latitude–longitude and gnomonic cubed-sphere grids. GECoRe is compared with existing remapping schemes published in the meteorological literature. It is concluded here that the geometrically exact scheme significantly improves the accuracy of the resulting remapping in idealized test cases.
Difference in Visual Perception and Auditory Discrimination between American Indian and White Kindergarten Children
Authors: Lowry Laura M. 
Published: December 2008

This study examines difference in the development of visual perception and auditory discrimination skills between Nez Perce Indian children and white children from the general population at the Lupwai public schools at the kindergarten age. Five areas of visual perception were tested with the Developmental Test of Visual Perception, and the ability to recognize differences that exist between the phonemes used in English speech was tested with the Wepman Auditory Discrimination Test. It was found that differences in visual perception and auditory discrimination exist between the Nez Perce Indian child and the white child enrolled in the Lapmi public school kindergarten. It was further concluded that the Net Perce Zndian child was not as prepared as his white cotitemporaries to succeed in reading tasks.
Prevalence and Characteristics of Learning Disabilities Found in Second Grade Children
Authors: Meier John H. 
Published: December 2008

The salient findings are presented Irom two] Studies to determine tinprevalence and charaeteristivs of individual learning disahilitii >o existing in I if), second grade classes in eight Rocky Mountain States, Approximately 15 percent of the more than JlltIO children in the sample revealed some specific learning disorder winclt was frequently associated with sequencing difficulties. Three levels of diagnosis were employed; the informed judgment of teachers, using a new Classroom Screening Instrument described here, was related to the findings of psycho-educational and medical diagnosticians. An Individualized Instructional System which is being developed for the remediation and/or prevention of learning disorders i\ outlined. ‘An variier, lev. complete, vertlon oi this paper was presented ai a section meeting oj tin Minimi foi Children with Communication Ofterden for the 47th A rimii;l International Convention of ihr Council lor Kxiepltonal Children held in Denver, Colorado, I'MV,
Programs, Materials and Techniques
Authors: Bannatyne Alex 
Published: December 2008

The variety of programs papers, books and methods reviewed this month is as broad as ever. The set of readers complete with teacher's guides from Let's Save The Children. Inc. bring a novel breeziness to children's language and reading training. Though the books are inexpensive and terse, most children will revel in this interesting program. Eli Bower's book on identifying emotionally handicapped children is not new though this is a recently revised edition. However it is such an important book for “saving children” (this seems to be our theme this month) and for the mental health of society in general that every teacher, psychologist and administrator needs to read it carefully. Following an account of the Desk Tape Letter Lines is an excellent practical book on reading by Nina Traub, with Frances Bloom. It is highly recommended to all learning disability teachers. Rehabilitation of the Physically Handicapped is a fascinating and informative book which recounts in detail the nature of various physical disorders which plague the human race and which can make the childhood of many a time of misery, fear and pain. Finally I have written a short section for teachers on the learning problems of many highly gifted children. Watch for them and insure that they get the assistance they need to live happy productive lives.
Programs, Materials and Techniques
Authors: Bannatyne Alex 
Published: December 2008

This month I have reviewed two major and quite well established programs. The Peabody Language Development Kits have been considered in some detail and may prove useful with younger disadvantaged and mentally retarded children. The Miami Linguistic Readers were designed for children learning English as a second language. They, too, can also be useful with disadvantaged children. Psychologists and counselors will be interested in the collection of papers entitled Counseling Parents of The Emotionally Disturbed Child. It is very complete and informative. The other books, of a very practical nature, are published by the Love Publishing Company, written by individuals from the Santa Monica Project. Both books should prove valuable to the learning disability teacher. Some of you may wonder why I summarize the contents of programs materials and practical books in such detail. The reason is that this feature is intended to be more than just a review. My objective is to give enough information to provide professionals with spin-off ideas of their own or alternatively, to create their own versions of the materials if they so wish. Another advantage of a detailed report of content is that readers can have enough information from which to make their own judgment about the resources reviewed. Please let me include in this column ideas or practical techniques you have found useful in classroom or clinic. Send them to me at 6950 North Kendall Drive, Miami, Fla. 33156.— A. B.
The Role of Academic Failure in Hyperactive Behavior
Authors: Cunningham Charles E. , Barkley Russell A. 
Published: December 2008

Numerous empirical studies have demonstrated that stimulant drugs such as Ritalin do not improve the academic performance of hyperactive youngsters, though short-term manageability may be improved. This interesting article reviews and integrates many of the central research papers. In addition, the authors propose a potentially useful means of conceptualizing how stimulant drugs may act to assist the hyperactive youngster and his teacher. Their conceptualization leads directly to a variety of intervention plans as well as suggesting future research. — G.M.S. The model and supporting research presented here propose that academic failure resulting from a variety of etiological factors is sufficient to generate the behavioral patterns observed in many hyperactive children. These responses can be strengthened and may persist because of the inadverlent social responses of teachers and peers or because of their effectiveness in reducing the frustration and anxiety elicited by failure. Treatment predictions confirmed by outcome research indicate that intervention focusing only on the child's hyperactive behavior will not result in improvements in academic achievement. In contrast, interventions aimed at increasing the child's level of success on academic tasks are likely to result in corresponding reductions in hyperactive behavior while improving the child's academic achievement.
The Application of Single-Subject Research Designs to the Field of Learning Disabilities
Authors: Guralnick Michael J. 
Published: December 2008

This article discusses the acknowledged gap that exists between educational research and practice, specifically the limited relevance of the former for the latter. The author describes, illustrates, and advocates the multiple baseline, single-subject research method as an approach that produces applicable results. — G.M.S. Arguments are presented suggesting that single-subject research designs can form a basis for establishing a working relationship between researchers and clinicians. At the heart of the arguments is an emphasis on focusing activities at the level of the individual child. Issues regarding variability, generality, sampling, and the “believability” of multiple-baseline single-subject designs are discussed from the researcher's perspective. The potential benefits of such a relationship to the clinician as well as to the learning disabilities field in general are also explored.
Allergy, Learning, and Behavior Problems
Authors: Mayron Lewis W. 
Published: December 2008

Allergy is an immunologic disease that affects adults as well as children. The process begins when allergens---food or chemical---enter the circulation where they stimulate the production of antibodies. Because the allergens enter the circulation, they can travel to any site in the body; therefore, any organ or tissue in the body can be a shock organ, including the brain. When the brain is affected, the resultant effects are learning and behavior problems. Characteristic of many immunologic sensitivity reactions are two stages manifested as a “high” or tension stage followed by a “low” or fatigue stage, usually in that order but sometimes reversed. This is known as the allergic tension-fatigue syndrome. Food dyes have been shown to act as chemical allergens, which can be demonstrated in vivo and in vitro. The literature that has evolved from the Feingold hypothesis is presented here, showing both positive and negative results from double-blind studies. Procedures for the diagnosis of immunologic sensitivity disease are presented for the parent who has the willingness, patience, and perseverance to follow them.
Service Delivery to the Handicapped
Authors: Donaldson William S. , Stephens Thomas M. 
Published: December 2008

In this concluding segment of the three-part series on the federal procurement process and service delivery, the focus is on the appeal-of-award supposition. Following the major topics of program definition and selection of contractors, Part III implies by its very presence that offerors to federal solicitations may need to expand their proposal-preparation procedure to include a monitoring function, one calculated to yield the facts surrounding just how the institution's bid was processed through the agency's procurement model. Why one offer is selected over another remains speculative to an extent — not that it could be otherwise, for the federal procurement process cannot ever be totally objective. Nevertheless, the process must favor objective review, shunning the purely subjective but lending itself to subfective and intuitive insights. Empirical assessment, however, is the backbone of any justifiable evaluation procedure. It is in this arena that marked differences between real/ideal models begin to emerge. The General Accounting Office (CAO) has ruled (January 1979) that there are at least three highly significant points for those preparing offers (1) although appearing to be outside the stated RFP specifications (as interpreted by the offeror), the wfse offeror will rewrite his first offer to accommodate any new “directions” from the Selection Official prior to submtfting the best and final offer; (2) evaluation criteria stated In the RFP/IFB announcement do not display all the criteria, for the sponsor may insert and/or interpret as needed as the process unfolds; and (3) the Technical Review Panel's recommendations do not bind the Selection Official to any one offer, being merely another “low level” step in the procurement process. A case study terminating with this GAO decision is presented for the reader's edification. Under the present model, service delivery to the handicapped or any other target group cannot be maximized. Federal procurements must be responsive to the needs of target audiences. Contractors should be selected for their abilities to deher the most seruices at the lowest possible prices. Cost effectiveness, long a banner useful for campaigning, must become more than a convenient foil in procuring contractors. When practitioners and elected officials insist on federal acceptance of such a procurement model, we can expect an increase in competitiveness within the award process. Insfsting on competition for awards is a responsibility that should be shared by professfonals and other citizens.
Teachers' Expectations for the Younger Siblings of Learning Disabled Students
Authors: Richey Linda S. , Ysseldyke James E. 
Published: December 2008

Recent research has suggested that special education labels influence teachers' expectations not only for students but also for their younger siblings. Two investigations were conducted to ascertain teachers' expectations for the performance of the younger siblings of LD students. In the first study teachers were asked to make predictions about the performance of students they were currently teaching; these students had older siblings (either learning disabled or normal) whom the teacher had previously taught. In the second study teachers rated the expected performance of hypothetical younger siblings of LD students they were currently teaching. Results of both investigations indicated that teachers held lower expectations for younger siblings of LD than of non-LD students. Specific content areas in which lower performance was expected are delineated. The results suggest not only that educators must be wary of the deleterious effects of the label learning disabled on the student but also that they must be aware that this label may taint their expectations for, and therefore their behavior toward, siblings of that student.