bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Minimizing Environmental Impacts in Venezuela Oil Industry: Low Pressure Gas Gathering System
Authors: Paz Rafael J. , Guevara Emilio , Padron Aaron 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The objective of this paper is to present a detailed solution of hydrocarbon emission problems from mature oil fields of the Bolivar Coastal Field (BCF) in Venezuela. The discussion will be centered on economical analysis, operational and environmental issues associated with crude oil productions with beam-pumped wells. Since early stages of primary productions in the BCF, hydrocarbon gases have been burned in the flares system installedat the well sites, in order to depressurize the annular space of the oil wells and eliminating any backpressure to the producing formation. This method of disposing the natural gas can produce emission that could affect our environment.
The solution is obtained by developing a low-pressure gas gathering system from the annular space of the oil wells associated to a particular production block (36 oil wells) to a main compression facility located at the flowstation of the corresponding block. Two different approaches were installed at the field; one with a main centralized compressor method, and the second, with an individual gas compressor method for each well (beam mounted), which is operated by the walking beam of a rod pump unit. In both cases, gas flowlines are installed from casing of each well to the compressor and once the gas is compressed, it is discharged to a gas fuel line network for industrial and commercial purposes. Other environmental efforts of the Venezuelan oil industry are addressed as well.
Detection of Hydrocarbon Films on Water Surfaces- A State of the Art
Authors: Seureau J. J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Rapid detection of the presence of a hydrocarbon film floating on water (sea, river, production effluents) contributes to reducing the consequences (on safety and the environment) of an accidental leak or spill. Although certain systems are traditionally used in refineries, petrochemical and other industries, there are practically no applications for hydrocarbon detectors in the area of oil production, other than for monitoring the transfer of oil in port areas or terminals.
The present study has made it possible to identify equipment which, if validated in the field, should be able to provide the desired type of surveillance. However, none of the systems examined is universal and the choice of a system must take into consideration the conditions in which it will be used, the objectives and the ratio between the cost of the equipment / expected benefits.
Impact Assessment Study for an Onshore Exploratory Well in a Biologically Diverse Lagoon Environment, South Trinidad
Authors: Dyal S. , Ramnath K. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Petroleum Company of Trinidad and Tobago Limited (Petrotrin) proposed to undertake the drilling of an onshore exploratory well in the vicinity of Debe, South Trinidad.
The Immediate Impact Area (IIA), which constitutes the focus of this study has been defined primarily as an area of one kilometer radius from the proposed surface location. An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) was conducted which includes a descriptive statement of the proposal, description of the existing environment and its uses, legal and regulatory requirements, identification and assessment on potential impacts, and recommendations to mitigate against impacts.
Baseline surveys of the physical, biological, agricultural and socio-economic environments were conducted within the Immediate Impact Area and environs.
The primary impacting activities identified were site construction and drilling operations. These would impact on the physical, biological, agricultural and socio-economic resources. The environmental issues for this petroleum activity are the effects of effluent discharge, particularly from drilling operations in surface waterways, disturbance of river ecosystem, surface water quality, soil contamination, erosion, dust pollution and increased noise levels. The likely socio-economic impact is short term but positive, in terms of creation of temporary jobs and increased business activity within a socially depressed community.
Environmental Management Strategies were recommended to mitigate the anticipated environmental impacts of the project. It is envisaged that resource deterioration, environmental degradation and habitat destruction associated with this petroleum activity will be minimal, if not negligible. Success in this petroleum activity could see benefits to the wider community and the nation as a whole.
Water Discharges at Sea: Collecting Realistic Laboratory Data on Fish Behaviour to Support Risk Assessment and Monitoring
Authors: Goulois A. , Baussant Th. , Camus L. , Labes-Carrier C. , Gaudebert B. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Produced water management calls for risk assessment and monitoring of the possible impact of discharges on the Environment. This paper presents the most recent developments of a large R&D programme aiming at assessing the real impact of sublethal doses of HC and other released chemicals on a food chain representative of the North Sea Environment. This food chain focuses on superior organisms, including fish.
This paper will more specifically describe a unique facility, the Continuous Flow System (CFS), which was purposely built at the Akvamiljø Research Centre in Stavanger, Norway, to study the behaviour of such living organisms under controlled exposure. The CFS has a continuous sea water supply which allows for water effluents produced by the oil industry to be simulated under controlled compositional and physical conditions. 36 chambers are available for testing under representative produced water qualities, even with poorly soluble compounds or compounds requiring stirring or heating to dissolve.
The latest results show that this CFS is a very efficient tool in both bioaccumulation studies, under typically 3 to 6 weeks exposure, and biomarker assessment. The paper focuses on bioaccumulation and shows how the CFS contributes to the data acquisition required in global risk assessment modelling to be used by the industry, such as targeted, for example, by the DREAM project. Examples of uptake and depuration mechanisms in fishes exposed to sublethal concentrations of polyaromatic hydrocarbons are given in parallel with interesting correlations between PAHs in tissues, PAHs metabolites and enzyme activity in these fishes.
Finally it explains how the Akvamiljø Centre has opened its doors to the oil profession, academia and research institutions, and the potential it represents for the industry.
Essential Ingredients for the Development and Delivery of Successful Electronic HS&E Management Systems
Authors: Raeburn G. , Edwards S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Recent developments in information technology, especially intranets, offer opportunities for promoting, enhancing and improving the performance of HS&E Management Systems.
This paper discusses the development of electronic HS&E Management Systems. It considers: the models available; the critical success factors; and how such systems can be designed to be fit for purpose, accessible, robust but flexible, and ensure regulatory compliance. It also discusses ownership of information and maintenance.
Understanding and resolving these issues is critical to the successful adoption of information technology in the field of HS&E Management Systems. This paper describes how these issues can be resolved by identifying the essential ingredients for the successful implementation of HS&E Management Systems in an electronic environment.
The authors draw on their experiences in resolving critical issues and identifying key criteria for the successful implementation of electronic intranet based HS&E Management Systems.
Integrated Approach Using Sociocultural Risk Assessment : A Case of Exploratory Drilling Projects in Irian Jaya, Indonesia
Authors: Hutomo Prijo , Soemario Sugiarto , Sulistiyono H. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper will review the fully integrated approach used by Conoco Warim BV to plan and implement the East Warim Exploration Project. In the late 1994 the organization established a multi-disciplined Operating Unit Team to oversee planning and execution of all East Warim exploration activities. These activities included planning and oversight of Aero-Magnetic and Gravity Survey, Seismic, Drilling, and Conceptual Development Planning.
Early on, the team developed a comprehensive set of Guiding Principles to assist the team in integrating all critical issues and Conoco core values into the planning process. The Eleven Guiding Principles provided the team with the ability to continually focus on the critical issues. The Eleven principles were:
– Full Play Evaluation – Targeted Information Gathering – Managing Socio-Political Risk – Utilizing a Multi-Discipline Team Approach – Managing Security Risks & Preparation of Contingency Plans – Cost / Benefit Analysis – Work Within (Production Sharing) Contract Expiration. -Partner with Corporate SHEA (Safety, Health & Environmental Affairs), – Ensure Corporate Buy-In – Identify Critical Milestone – Utilize PNG (Papua New Guinea) Analogies
Additionally, very aggressive cost goals were brought into all team members. This insured that all key issues were identified, examined and integrated into the plan after performing a cost / benefit analysis. Also, a comprehensive risk analysis was completed which identified all of the risks associated with the Warim exploration project relative to socio-cultural, environmental, safety and security issues. From this analysis, extensive contingency plans were prepared to mitigate all major risks. These included the Environmental Management System (EMS), communication plan, local community interaction plan, local employment plan, baseline socio-economic study, field policy guidelines, emergency preparedness and response plan, and the security plan.
Biodiversity, Indigenous People and Drilling Operations: Towards a Sustainable Balance in the Lower Urubamba, Peru
Authors: Ivory J. M. , Ruiz-Larrea M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The implementation of an appraisal drilling program in the remote rainforests of Peru's upper Amazonia is fraught with challenges, of which HSE is but one. The Camisea project, operated by Shell Prospecting and Development Peru (SPDP), is located in a highly sensitive area due to the intrinsic environmental and anthropological value popularly assigned to the Urubamba Valley. The project area is also near the Manu National Park and a reserve area set aside for nomadic people. In managing the Health, Safety and Environmental (HSE) issues in this environment, the need for ‘fine-tuning’ and adapting a standard HSE system has arisen. This paper describes some of the many lessons learned as the project progressed from the planning stage to the completion of the first wells.
The social issues surrounding drilling operations in an area inhabited by people with various degrees of contact with western civilization were highlighted by the results of the exploration efforts in the area during the 1980s. In an effort to prevent the mistakes of the past and to minimize the environmental impact in the rainforest, the Operator has imposed an "Offshore" principle, onshore. This entails the implementation of measures as though the rig site were an offshore platform. However, there are significant, additional complicating factors relating to equipment transportation by helicopter, the nature of the ground surface, and safety threats.
The Camisea project is a delicate operation, balancing operational requirements, implementation of the HSE Management System, and logistical challenges within significant environmental, social, and contractual constraints. It illustrates that exploration and development in areas with sensitive environmental, social, or cultural issues places high demands on operators to ensure that the issues of health, human and equipment safety and management of the environment are adequately addressed, and not compromised by the operational difficulties.
Volumetric Cleaning of Soil Polluted With Oil Products and Utilization of Polluters
Authors: Gendel G. L. , Koutsyn P. V. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Analysis of practical experience of cleaning soil contaminated with oil products caused by pipeline emergencies testifies to low efficiency of surface chemical biological and agricultural measures without preliminary cleaning the whole contaminated soil. In order to evaluate efficiency and to choose rational methods of volumetric cleaning of soil, laboratory and "in situ" tests of all known technological and reagent methods were performed for various types of soil: from black soil to Quaternary clay and aquifers. Criteria of total pollution level were estimated for each type of soil and possibilities of spilled oil product penetration to underground water were investigated. Main technological parameters of polluter "capsulation" "in situ" were determined as well as its further segregation by water and reagent washing in closed schemes. Recommendations for processes and equipment for volumetric soil cleaning from oil spills were proposed for all typical possible emergencies in pipelines according to the following consequential scheme: "localization of pollution" - "capsulation"- "volumetric cleaning of the site" - "surface recultivation of soil". Practical realization of the considered processes is associated at each stage with technological and economic problems of utilizing unconditional oil product-polluters and water, which is polluted with oil products. Possible versions of utilizing the abovementioned polluters were considered, including fine cleaning at site, taking them to stationary cleaning systems and usage of absorbing wells. The method of joint utilization of oil products and polluted water for burning devices was proposed for remote polluted sites as the most economically efficient and ecologically acceptable one. Designs of burning devices were given for field conditions as well as main technological parameters that provide their ecological efficiency. On the basis of results of tests of the given proposals, a normative document was prepared to regulate the methods and means of soil cleaning from emergency oil product spills.
Results of this investigation may be recommended for application when developing oil & gas fields as well as at the targets of transportation and storage of oil products.
Conservation Partnerships as Part of Environmental Management in a Sensitive Coastal Location: Liverpool Bay Oil and Gas Production Operations, UK
Authors: Gilliver R. E. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Detailed conservation management agreements form an important part of the environmental management systems of the BHP Petroleum operated Liverpool Bay Asset.
The oil and gas development proceeded following environmental appraisals and detailed impact assessments ensuring that the onshore and offshore facilities could be developed and operated with minimal environmental impact and considerable conservation benefit. Regulatory authorities, statutory and non-statutory consultees had close involvement in the environmental assessment and approval process. This process resulted in a series of agreements and conservation management plans.
In the paper there is a focus on aspect of the environmental management process and conservation work associated with the onshore gas terminal. Monitoring, wardening, auditing and reporting on two areas are described: one a dune site of special scientific importance adjacent tot he gas terminal; the other farmland managed to provide mitigation land for migratory and over-wintering birds. This work is carried out in partnership with scientific and academic bodies, conservation agencies, local conservation groups and wildlife preservation bodies.
The value of these partnerships in achieving the aims of the management plans in a co-ordinated and supportive manner is described.
A Strategy for Co-Existence with the Fishermen in the Gulf of Paria
Authors: Abbott Robert E. , Lopez Glenys , Matamoros Nelson , Wong Teresa 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Conoco Venezuela B.V. recognized early-on during the seismic program that special efforts would be needed to work in harmony with the local fishermen in the Gulf of Paria. To achieve that goal, Conoco quickly adopted a proactive strategy of co-existence with local fishermen. This strategy is closely tied with Conoco's core values of operating with respect and care for the environment and valuing all people. Specifically for Gulf of Paria, Conoco's intent is to minimize interference to the work program while simultaneously enabling the fishermen to enjoy net gains from our presence in the form of employment and increased awareness of their resources. The key to making this goal a reality is education.
Tactics in this strategy include (1) communicating company plans, evaluating needs and managing expectations through a series of "town-hall" meetings, (2) supporting health and education programs through local charities and NGO's, (3) underwriting a book about the area written by the foremost authority on the fishery of the Gulf of Paria, and (4) sponsoring visits by a medical doctor into the region. Conoco management was assisted in this work by the seismic contractor, Western Atlas.
As a result of these programs, Conoco Venezuela B.V. has started what it believes is a very positive relationship with the local communities. Prior to beginning this communications effort, Conoco experienced numerous costly incidents with tangled fishing nets. However, once the company and community began an interactive dialogue, the seismic operations were completed successfully and many issues and problems were resolved. Conoco Venezuela B.V. plans to continue the strategy of cooperative co-existence into the subsequent operational phases of the program.
The Effects of Porosity and Stress on Dilatancy in Sandstone
Authors: Larsen I. , Fjaer E. , Renlie L. , Zheng Z. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Volumetric strains during triaxial tests of 44 sandstone materials were analysed in order to understand the physics of dilation. The samples originate from different North-Sea fields, and the porosities vary from 1 to 39 percent. Different confining stresses were applied to the same material under dry and saturated conditions and the results analysed. The results showed no clear boundary between dilation dominated and compaction dominated behaviours with respect to porosity or confining stress. However, two regimes could be identified: one with low porosities where dilation occur, and one with high porosities where dilation do not occur. The critical porosity separating the two regimes was found to depend on the confining stress. The analysis also showed that the shear stress level at the onset of dilation depends on the ratio between the in situ horizontal stress under which the sample was buried, and the confining stress. A mathematical formula relating the onset of dilation to porosity, confining stress and in situ horizontal stress has been established. The dependency of in situ horizontal stress is likely to be ascribed to core damage. This assumption is supported by previous experimental work on artificial sandstone. Volumetric strain analysis showed that fully saturated samples dilate more than corresponding dry materials. The onset of dilatancy for both saturated and dry materials can be described by the same mathematical formula, however with different coefficients. The results from the use of the model showed that the onset of dilation could be estimated with a fair accuracy if the porosity and the in situ horizontal stress are known.
P. 15
The Integration of Rock Mechanics, Open Hole Logs and Seismic Geophysics for Petroleum Engineering Applications.
Authors: Goodman H.E. , Perrin V.P. , Gregory D.H. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The integration of core based rock mechanics with the open hole log and seismic geophysics technologies, has created added value through operational costs savings for Chevron's world-wide drilling and completion holdings. Early development of this integrated technology focused on supplementing core measured rock property data with open hole log measurements to obtain rock mechanical property estimates throughout the horehole. Log derived mechanical property estimates have lead to the development and worldwide use of the following applications:formation drillability assessment for bit optimization and performance prediction,wellbore stability for extended reach and horizontal wells,sanding predictions for completion design, andformation stress profiling and elastic properties modeling for hydraulic stimulation design.
The characterization of rock mechanical properties, in the absence of core, hinges upon the newly created capability of predicting formation shear wave propagation velocities. This breakthrough technique was first developed to estimate formation shear wave velocities for single well (1D) mechanical property predictions using conventional open hole measurements- (compressional wave velocity and bulk density). The technique was then enhanced to utilize surface seismic data sets in a 1D sense to predict formation mechanical properties at undrilled prospect locations. The links to the seismic world have proven particularly valuable for rank wildcat and step out drilling applications where offset well control is absent or extremely limited.
The latest innovation has been to characterize volumetric (3D) formation mechanical properties from 3D seismic data cubes. Volumetric rock properties currently determined include Poisson's ratio, horizontal stress magnitude, borehole breakdown pressure gradient, pore pressure gradient and unconfined compressive strength.
This paper summarizes the shear wave velocity estimation technique and presents several examples. Field examples will also be shown that demonstrate successful applications of log derived mechanical properties for rock strength and minimum horizontal stress profiling applications for fracture stimulation design. A full set of volumetric formation mechanical property cubes will then be presented, demonstrating the feasibility of using 3D seismic data for well planning.
P. 241
Benefits of Assessing the Solids Production Risk in a North Sea Reservoir using Elastoplastic Modelling
Authors: Bradford I.D.R. , Fuller J. , Thompson P.J. , Walsgrove T.R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A reliable, non-conservative assessment of the risk of solids production is essential in order to identify the optimal completion strategy. A technique for such an assessment is developed in this paper through a geomechanical study of the Everest Complex of the North Sea, involving wells 22/10a-T2 and 22/10a-T6.
This process is based on calibrating depth indexed measurements at discrete points using core data. The core samples were selected to be representative of the complete range of porosities and various clay volumes throughout the reservoir. The first step is the construction of the reservoir mechanical model by combining geophyscial well logs, the results of laboratory tests on core samples, and other field data, particularly drilling histories. In the second step, critical calibrated using predictions determined at single points using an elastoplastic theory (Bradford and Cook 1) which incorporates the influences of plastic hardening and delation. Results calculated using a new elastic-perfectly plastic model, which is derived in this paper, are also included. This model is suitable for use with log data. Results have been verified by simulating production through a perforation with thick wall cylinder tests on whole core form 22/10a-T2 (Nicholson et al.10).
The results of the modelling provide formation failure data to build a map of the sanding potential in the Everest reservoirs.
P. 261