bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Military Self-Sufficiency and Weapons Technology in Muscovite Russia
Authors: Esper Thomas 
Published: April 2006

A state's power, indeed its very survival, is closely related to the adequacy of its military organization to meet foreign policy needs. Not only is this adequacy dependent upon manpower and other economic resources, plus efficiency, training, and morale factors; it is also greatly affected by weapons technology.Alexander Gerschenkron has noted that the requirements of external war compelled Russia to seek the most advanced military techniques even though it lacked a comparable level of economic and technological development. Russia's attempts to meet these needs deeply involved the government in the country's economic development, with the result, Gerschenkron argues, that this development was “peculiarly jerky,” because the government's intervention in the economy fluctuated according to military exigencies. During periods of great military need the government would place heavy burdens on the population; then, when the emergency passed, the government would relax its intervention in the economy, leaving the country disorganized and exhausted.
The Peasant Revolt of 1846 in Galicia: Recent Polish Historiography
Authors: Simons Thomas W. 
Published: April 2006

In February 1846 Polish-speaking peasants in the western districts of Galicia, the Austrian part of partitioned Poland, struck down a national uprising composed largely of Polish nobles (szlachta) and joined Austrian troops marching on the tiny Republic of Cracow, where a Polish National Government had been established. Between four hundred and five hundred manors were sacked and over a thousand Poles killed. This peasant revolt is’ the point at which the national and social problems cross most strikingly in Polish historiography. Every historian of these events must explain how Polish peasants could rise against Polish patriots seeking to free Poland from the foreign yoke.Controversy began immediately, but for almost a century, until World War II, debate was confined within fairly narrow interpretive limits. All the major treatments were based on one or another version of an “outside agitator“ thesis.
Russian Manipulation of the French Press, 1904-1906
Authors: Long James William 
Published: April 2006

The Russian government had at various times subsidized the French press before 1904 but not for any long period or on such a large scale as was attempted from 1904 to 1906. During these critical two years the tsarist government appropriated over two and a half million francs for the French press. The French government acted as the catalyst by demanding that Russia “subsidize” the French press every time disturbing news reached Paris.The Franco-Russian alliance suffered serious stresses and strains from 1904 to 1906, mainly because of divergent foreign policy objectives. French policy directed by Foreign Minister Théophile Delcassé aimed at the preservation of the European balance of power and the advancement of French imperial interests in the Mediterranean.
Notes on Literary Life in Petrograd, 1918-1922: A Tale of Three Houses
Authors: Scherr Barry 
Published: April 2006

The Bolshevik Revolution had little immediate effect on the periodicals, news-papers, and publishing houses that were already in existence in 1917. During the first few months after the takeover, Communist Party papers appeared along with satirical journals, such as The Scourge (Bich) and The New Satyricon (Novyi satirikon), that remained steadfastly opposed to the new regime. Then, in the middle of 1918, the government ordered the closing of all opposition news-papers and magazines, and authors suddenly discovered that the places where they could publish were limited. The civil war brought further hardships; shortages of food and firewood plagued everyone in the cities, but writers also suffered from the paper shortage that made publishing virtually impossible.Despite the harsh material conditions of the next several years, a vigorous cultural life endured in Petrograd, thanks in no small part to a number of organizations that aided artists, musicians, writers, and scholars.
Central Planning and Production Instabilities in Eastern Europe
Authors: Anderson Evan E. 
Published: April 2006

In Western economies, considerable short-run output instability derives from the individual actions of resource owners to employ and produce and from the actions of consumers to spend and save according to their own best interests. This economic freedom at the lowest level enables firms and individuals to vary their spending between resources, goods, time, and place, and hence to create opportunities for imbalances between the quantity of output which producers would like to sell and the quantity which consumers would like to buy. Thus, shortages and surpluses may be created in the current period which affect the level of production in subsequent periods.The proponents of central planning argue that a system of state resource ownership and the authority of planners to establish a wages and incomes policy and to allocate productive resources stabilize the behavior of producers and buyers in the economy. It is said to assure a greater homogeneity of economic objectives, rewards, and standards of performance, and offers the opportunity directly to influence the use of resources. With the control of resources, planning has the potential of projecting sector needs and of coordinating the demand and supply in various industries so as to reduce the frequency and severity of short-run adjustments in output.
Stories of the Street: Hooliganism in the St. Petersburg Popular Press
Authors: Neuberger Joan 
Published: April 2006

At the beginning of the twentieth century St. Petersburg fell victim to a wave of petty crimes and violence. Starting around 1900 the press began to report an increasing number of cases of annoying public rowdiness, drunkenness, rock throwing, shouting of obscenities, and the like. Soon more serious crimes were added to this list: armed assault, robbery, and brawling. None of these crimes was new and they seem to have had little in common with one another, yet they were all lumped together and collectively portrayed as a new urban blight.This disparate assortment of offenses was dubbedhooliganism, and the word—imported from England where it recently had been coined—was quickly absorbed into Russian usage. Between 1900 and 1905 hooliganism received a substantial amount of attention in the popular press, where by 1905, it had been transformed from a vaguely defined and relatively isolated phenomenon—one crime among many—into a social problem of serious proportions. Hooliganism had become a sign of urban social disintegration and a symbol of the “degeneracy” and “danger” of the urban lower classes.
Tsvetaeva's Onomastic Verse
Authors: Hasty Olga Peters 
Published: April 2006

In her artistic philosophy Marina Tsvetaeva insists on the precedence of the word over what it stands for. “Slovo ved' bol'she veshch', chem veshch': ono samo veshch', kotoraia tol'ko znak.” The signifier comes first and the signified trails after it, for the acoustic properties of the word expand its capability beyond mere denotation to poetic creation. The proper name too, far from being a mere representation in Tsvetaeva's view, draws its bearer into a broad range of associations and creates a complex personal universe that can be discovered by means of the poet's “khozhdenie po slukhu.”From general observations on the importance Tsvetaeva ascribed to names in a variety of works, this paper will proceed to an examination of her 1916 dedication to Aleksandr Blok, “Imia tvoe—ptitsa v ruke.” Analysis of this remarkable poem demonstrates vividly Tsvetaeva's realization of the creative potential of Blok's name. This specific example will provide the basis for a discussion of the broader implications of naming in Tsvetaeva's art.
The Woman's Side: Male Out-Migration and the Family Economy in Kostroma Province
Authors: Engel Barbara Alpern 
Published: April 2006

“It isn't the land that attaches a man to the village, it's the family [rodnye].ProkopovichIn the last decades of Imperial Russia, peasant migrants from all over Russia swelled the ranks of urban dwellers. Impelled by the increasing impoverishment of their villages and the hope of a steady wage, they poured into the cities, some to remain for months or years, others to stay for life. The number of male migrants always exceeded the number of female, although the proportion of women was growing steadily. Even so, the majority of men either remained single or left wives and children in the village.Thus far, the attention of most social historians has focused on the migrant: his relation to the means of production; the extent to which his experiences in city and factory contributed to the transformation of his consciousness from peasant to proletarian. This approach has yielded rich scholarly results. But, with the exception of the work of Rose Glickman, that scholarship has addressed the peasant migrant almost exclusively as male and regarded his relation to his village primarily as an obstacle on the path to proletarianization.
Writers and Essayists and the Rise of Magyar Nationalism in the 1820s and 1830s
Authors: Deme Laszlo 
Published: April 2006

It is a generally accepted fact that the French Revolution took place in the realm of ideas before it started in the streets. The philosophes demolished the old regime prior to 1789 and prepared the public ideologically for a new political order. They also created new ideas about nationhood and redefined the meaning of the term for the French. Hungary experienced the transition from feudalism to civil equality approximately sixty years after France, and Hungarian men of letters played a role similar to that of their French counterparts in the period before the Revolution of 1848. Since Hungary was under Austrian domination, nationalist ideas became of much greater public concern there than they had been in France.Many aspects of early nineteenth-century Magyar nationalism still need clarification. In this article I shall examine the ideas of Magyar writers and essayists on national identity in the 1820s and 1830s.
Liturgy and Community Among Old Believers, 1905-1917
Authors: Robson Roy R. 
Published: April 2006

Without liturgy there is no Christianity.–Old Believer Bishop MikhailThe term Old Believers (or Old Ritualists) refers to a number of groups that arose as a result of Russian church reforms, 1654-1666, when Patriarch Nikon sought to make Russian practices conform to their contemporary Greek counterparts. Conscious of both a departure from tradition and an encroachment of central control over local autonomy, Old Believers endeavored to maintain the rites, symbols and prerogatives of traditional Russian Orthodoxy. With support of the tsar, Nikon began bloody persecutions that lasted, though in lesser degrees, until the decree of religious tolerance in 1905.
Strange Synchronies and Surplus Possibilities: Bakhtin on Time
Authors: Morson Gary Saul 
Published: April 2006

We live forward, but we understand backward.—KierkegaardBakhtin must surely be regarded as the most remarkable modern thinker to examine time in narrative. For him, the problem was no mere exercise in literary theory. Rather, it was a way to examine ultimate questions—or in the Russian phrase, “accursed” questions—about human existence. In this respect, his work is representative of the Russian tradition, in which literature and criticism served as forms of—a skeptic would say, substitutes for—philosophy. In this Russian view, the task of philosophy is to examine the relation of ideas to the way people live. Novels are a supreme form of philosophy because, unlike the terribly thin accounts of life found in philosophical tracts, they offer a rich and “thick” description of human thinking and action.
The “Lenin Levy” and the Social Origins of Stalinism: Workers and the Communist Party in Moscow, 1921-1928
Authors: Hatch John B. 
Published: April 2006

Shortly before Lenin's death in early 1924, the Thirteenth Party Conference undertook an ambitious program to recruit thousands of workers into the Communist party. Subsequently known as the Lenin Levy—in memory, ironically, of the party's main adversary of mass worker recruitments—this campaign, which was repeated in 1925 and 1927, marked a key stage in the social and organizational history of the Soviet Communist party, for it brought the party into close contact with the shop floor for the first time since 1917.Western historians are divided over the significance to be attached to this episode. Many echo the views held by prominent party leftists that worker recruitments were a cosmetic response to the problem of bureaucratism and a convenient means to swamp the party with members obedient to the secretariat.
Silence and Servitude: Bondage and Self-invention in Russia and America, 1780-1861
Authors: Ruttenburg Nancy 
Published: April 2006

In an 1881 letter to his would-be Russian translator, Walt Whitman described his sense of a mystical resemblance—improbable yet undeniable—between Russian and America, two nations traditionally regarded as not merely geographically but also culturally marginal to the great nations of Europe:You Russians and we Americans;—our countries so distant, so unlike at a first glance … and yet in certain features, and vastest ones, so resembling each other. The variety of stock-elements and tongues to be resolutely fused in a common Identity and Union at all hazards— the idea, perennial through the ages, that they both have their historic and divine mission—the fervent element of manly friendship throughout the whole people, surpassed by no other races—the grand ‘expanse of territorial limits and boundaries—the unform'd and nebulous state of many things, not yet permanently settled, but agreed on all hands to be the preparations of an infinitely greater future— the fact that both peoples have their independent and leading positions to hold, keep, and if necessary fight for, against the rest of the world—the deathless aspirations at the inmost centre of each great community, so vehement, so mysterious, so abysmic—are certainly features you Russians and we Americans possess in common.
A Catalogue of Commercialism in Nikolai Gogol´'sDead Souls
Authors: Scott Valentino Russell 
Published: April 2006

In the comparatively peaceful, tranquil and business-minded Europe of the period after the Congress of Vienna, the world suddenly appeared empty, petty, and boring and the stage was set for the Romantic critique of the bourgeois order as incredibly impoverished in relation to earlier ages–the new world seemed to lack nobility, grandeur, mystery, and, above all, passion–Albert O. Hirschman,The Passions and the Interests
Engaging Sexual Demons in Marina Tsvetaeva's "Devil": The Body and the Genesis of the Woman Poet
Authors: Chester Pamela 
Published: April 2006

To liberate … feelings of loss is the peculiar function of myths of origin, which so invariably speak to our nostalgias–R. Harrison, Forests“Devil” is a key piece in Tsvetaeva's “anti-Eden” cycle of autobiographical prose, a phrase I have coined to describe her rewriting of both the creation myth of Genesis and its Russian incarnation in the Arcadian boyhoods of Tolstoi and Aksakov. In the series of memoirs which she wrote in the 1930s, she reworked the male myth to reflect twentieth century female experience and, most importantly, to inscribe her selfdefinition as poet.
Duty and Discretion in International Arbitration
Authors: Park William W. 
Published: April 2006

After a long arbitration in New York, a Canadian company wins substantial damages against a British multinational, only to see a federal court vacate the award.1 Two grounds are given for vacatur: the arbitrator was biased, and the arbitrator manifestly disregarded the applicable law. Not deterred, the winning claimant seeks to enforce the award against the defendant’s London bank accounts.What effect (if any) should a court in England give the American award? Should an English court ignore the arbitrator’s decision or the federal judge’s order? Should the English court make its own investigation into the legitimacy of the vacatur?
Wood biomechanics and anatomy of PACHYCEREUS PRINGLEI
Authors: Niklas Karl J. , Molina‐Freaner Francisco , Tinoco‐Ojanguren Clara , Paolillo Dominick J. 
Published: April 2006

We report the longitudinal, biomechanical, and anatomical trends observed for tissue samples drawn from the parallel aligned, prismatic woody vascular bundles running the length of a Pachycereus pringlei plant measuring 5.22 m in height. The main vertical stem of this plant was cut into five segments (labeled A through E in the acropetal direction) measuring ∼1.02 m in length. Four of the 14 vascular bundles in each segment were surgically removed to obtain 20 vascular bundle segments that were tested in bending to determine their stiffness measured in the radial ER and tangential ET direction. We also determined the lignin content of representative samples of wood.A nonlinear trend in stiffness was observed: ER and ET were highest in segments B or C (1.67 GN/m2 and 1.09 GN/m2, respectively), lower in segment A (ER = 1.18 GN/m2 and ET = 0.35 GN/m2), and lowest in segment E (ER = 0.03 GN/m2 and ET = 0.20 GN/m2). Similar longitudinal trends were seen for axial tissue volume fraction and fiber wall thickness, which achieved their highest values in segment B (69.8% and 6.59 μm, respectively). Wood stiffness also correlated significantly with cell wall lignin content: with respect to segment B (which had the highest lignin content, and was thus used as the standard reference for percent lignin content), lignin content, was 15, 60, 85, and 43% in segments E, D, C, and A, respectively. Fiber cell length, which increased toward the base of the stem and toward the vascular cambium in the most proximal vascular bundle segment, did not correlate with ER or ET.Basic engineering principles were used to calculate stem stresses resulting from self‐loading and any wind‐induced bending moment (produced by drag forces). Calculations indicated that the less stiff wood produced in segment A eliminates a rapid and potentially dangerous increase in stresses that would otherwise occur in segments B or C. The less stiff wood in segment A also reduces the probability of shear failure at the cellular interface between the wood and surrounding tissues in this portion of the stem.We conclude that P. pringlei wood stiffness is dependent on the volume fraction and lignification of axial tissues, less so on fiber wall thickness, and that wood development in this species is adaptively responsive to self‐loading and differentially applied external mechanical forces
NAFTA—arbitration—scope ofjurisdiction to arbitrate—requirement of transparency—expropriation resulting from withholding governmental permits and imposing new environmental restrictions— damages for expropriation—enforcement of arbitral award
Authors: Oxman Bernard H. , Dodge William S. 
Published: April 2006

Metalclad Corporation v. Mexico. ICSID Case No. ARB(AF)/97/l. 40 ILM 36 (2001), available at <http://www.worldbank.org/icsid/cases/awards.htm>.NAFTA Chapter 11 Arbitral Tribunal, August 30, 2000.Mexico v. Metalclad Corporation. 2001 B.C.S.C. 664, available, at <http://www.courts.gov.be.ca>.Supreme Court of British Columbia, May 2, 2001.In 1993, Metalclad Corporation purchased the Mexican company Confinamiento Tecnico de Residuos Industriales, S.A. de C.V. (COTERIN) in order to build and operate a hazardous-waste transfer station and landfill in Guadalcazar, San Luis Potosi. Although the federal government of Mexico and the state government of San Luis Potosi had granted COTERIN permits to construct and operate the landfill, the municipality of Guadalcazar denied a municipal construction permit, and the governor of San Luis Potosi subsequently declared an area encompassing the landfill to be an ecological reserve.
Mastering the Perverse: State Building and Language “Purification” in Early Soviet Russia
Authors: Gorham Michael S. 
Published: April 2006

They cannot represent themselves, they must be represented. Their representative must at the same time appear as their master, as an authority over them, as an unlimited governmental power that protects them against the other classes and sends them the rain and the sunshine from above. The political influence of the small peasants…finds its final expression in the executive power subordinating society to itself.—Karl Marx, "The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte," 1852This pursuit of new words, this fornication with language and excessive use of regional lexicons, I personally find most depressing. You must excuse me, but in this desire to decorate fiction withnon-literarywords one senses— apart from the littering of language with rubbish—a bourgeois aesthetic at work: the desire to decorate an icon with foil, paper flowers, and "grapes." This is bad.—Maksim Gor'kii,Selected Letters, 1926
ThePassionof Dmitrii Karamazov
Authors: Flath Carol A. 
Published: April 2006

What is the word of Christ without an example?—Zosima,PSS, 14:267Do not believe the empty and mendacious crowd, Forget your doubts…—Dmitrii, via Nekrasov,PSS, 14:96InBrat'ia Karamazovy(The brothers Karamazov), Fedor Dostoevskii suggests the impossibility of earthly justice but compensates for this harsh truth through a vision of transcendent joy. His message of Christian belief, inexpressible in the indicative, infuses every word of the novel on a poetic level and becomes manifest in the unfolding of the plot.
Spenser, Everard Digby, and the Renaissance Art of Swimming
Authors: West Michael 
Published: April 2006

In Book v ofThe Faërie QueeneSpenser describes a curious combat between Artegall and Pollente. Both contestants precipitate themselves into the river from a booby-trapped bridge, where Pollente, 'who that use well knew / To fight in water, great advantage had' (v.ii.13. 5-6); 'which oddes when as Sir Artegall espide, / He saw no way but close with him in haste' (v.ii.14.1-2). Gripping his opponent's iron collar and choking him is the tactic he elects, with this result.So Artegall at length him forst forsakeHis horses backe, for dread of being drownd,And to his handy swimming him betake.Eftsoones him selfe he from his hold unbownd,And then no ods at all in him he fownd:For Artegall in swimming skilfull was,And durst the depth of any water sownd.So ought each knight, that use of perill has,In swimming be expert, through waters force to pas. (v.ii.16)
‘Complement of Leave-Taking’ between Lear and the King of France
Authors: Nelson William 
Published: April 2006

One of the troublesome problems in King Lear concerns the parting between the kings of England and France in the first scene of the first act. When France espouses the dowerless Cordelia, Lear turns on him angrily:Thou hast her, France; let her be thine, for weHave no such daughter, nor shall ever seeThat face of hers again; therefore be goneWithout our grace, our love, our benison.(I.i.262-265)To the insulting ‘be gone’ he adds a brutal snub, ‘Come, noble Burgundy,' and walks off without giving France the opportunity to reply. Commentators on the play ask us to believe that a few minutes later the two kings meet again for a formal leave-taking.