bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Feline immunodeficiency virus: prevalence, disease associations and isolation
Authors: FRIEND SCE , BIRCH CJ , LORDING PM , MARSHALL JA , STUDDERT MJ 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Of 467 cat serums tested for antibody to feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) 120 (26%) were positive. The average age of positive cats was 7.5 years (range 1 to 16 years), and 67% were male. Of 110 serums collected in 1980,27 (24.5%) were positive. A wide variety of clinical signs including oral cavity disease, anorexia, weight loss, lethargy, depression, fever, respiratory and urinary tract disease, conjunctivitis, abscesses, anaemia and lymphadenopathy were observed in the cats with serum antibody. There was often a history of chronic disease or recurrence of particular or various clinical signs in these cats.FIV was isolated from 4 of 8 FIV antibody positive cats by cocultivation of patient lymphocytes with donor lymphocytes in the presence of interleukin 2.
Management of inappetant sheep during export by sea
Authors: NORRIS RT , McDONALD CL , RICHARDS RB , HYDER MW , GITTINS SP , NORMAN GJ 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY In the first of 2 experiments, a simulated voyage was conducted to examine the effects of various treatments on bodyweight change and feeding frequency of inappetant sheep at the end of lot‐feeding (non‐feeders). The treatments, applied during simulated shipping, were: normal quantities of feed and length of troughs; extra trough length; extra feed. Adult Merino wethers (n = 108) were used in each treatment. A voyage to the Middle East was then conducted to establish whether shipboard mortality could be reduced by separating non‐feeders (n = 305) from feeders (n = 5,620) late in the feedlot phase and housing the groups separately aboard ship. A control group of non‐feeders (n = 215) mixed with feeders (n = 5,732) was used for comparison. Bars (marker bars), containing a coloured dye, were attached to feed troughs to mark sheep that fed.Most non‐feeders (82%) began eating when placed in shipping pens in both studies. However, there was no significant difference in percentage of sheep that fed between non‐feeders given extra trough length or extra feed compared with non‐feeders given standard management at any stage of simulated shipping. There was no significant difference in mean bodyweights between treatment groups on days 1,8 and 15 of simulated shipping. Differences in bodyweight on d 22 were probably associated with different levels of gut fill.Death rates were not significantly different in separated and control groups (1.1%, 0.9%, P = 0.6) in the voyage of 14 d to the Middle East. The proportion of 102 feedlot non‐feeders and 104 feedlot feeders that failed to eat aboard ship declined with day of voyage to 4% and 2% respectively and was not significantly different between the groups 3 to 5 d and 9 to 11 d after embarkation.The findings suggested that sheep that die of inanition aboard ship are not inhibited from eating because of competition from other sheep or social dominance. The observation that most non‐feeders began eating aboard ship does not support the suggestion that non‐feeders should be detected in the feedlot and withheld from export. A better option is to identify and modify those factors that produce non‐feeders. It is considered that these factors operate on the farm of origin
Effects of suckling on oestradiol benzoate induced LH release in post‐partum, ovariectomised cows
Authors: MUNRO RK 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Twelve suckling and 12 non‐lactating post‐partum cows were treated with a progesterone‐releasing pessary for 7 or 14 d followed by an injection of 500 μg oestradiol benzoate (ODB) 24 h after pessary removal or no injection.Suckling had no significant effect on plasma progesterone concentrations (plasma P4) or plasma luteinising hormone concentrations (plasma LH) during pessary insertion. After pessary removal plasma LH rose in response to ODB. The extent of the rise was similar in suckling and non‐lactating cows treated with progesterone for 14 d but was significantly lower in non‐lactating than suckling cows (P <0.025) treated for 7 d.These findings indicate that suckling increases the responsiveness of plasma LH in post‐partum cows following progesterone and oestrogen treatment compared to non‐lactating cows and that extended treatment with progesterone can remove this difference.
Natural infection of broiler breeder chickens with endemic apathogenic Newcastle disease virus and their subsequent response to vaccination with a live V4 Newcastle disease virus vaccine
Authors: BELL IG , NICHOLLS PJ , NORMAN C , CROSS GM 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Flocks of broiler breeder chickens housed on a commercial farm were monitored from 13 w of age for natural infection with endemic lentogenic Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Seroconversion was first detected at 17 w. By 24 w, all 8 flocks had achieved peak log2 mean haemagglutination inhibiting antibody titres of up to 4.8. Antibody titres then declined and rose again over several months, suggesting cyclic reinfection with NDV. A lentogenic NDV indistinguishable from V4 was isolated from the cloaca of one bird at 18 weeks of age.At 54 weeks of age, 6 of 8 flocks were vaccinated en masse with live V4 NDV vaccine, 3 flocks by drinking water and 3 flocks by aerosol. All flocks were serologically monitored for a further 8 w. Drinking water vaccination induced an anamnestic response in 3 flocks, showing that flocks with pre‐existing active immunity to NDV may be successfully vaccinated with V4. However, in all aerosol vaccinated flocks, the procedures failed to induce a response different to that observed in unvaccinated flocks. The serological response to vaccination was greater in sires than in dams.
Chronic cervical compressive myelopathy in horses: patterns of astrocytosis in the spinal cord
Authors: YOVICH JV , GOULD DH , LeCOUTEUR RA 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY The distribution and morphology of fibrous astrocytes in the cervical spinal cord of normal horses and horses with chronic compressive myelopathy were demonstrated using immunohistochemical staining for glial fibrillary acidic protein.In the spinal cord from normal horses, astrocytes with stellate cell bodies and short processes were irregularly distributed in grey matter. In the white matter, their cell bodies were small and angular in areas adjacent to grey matter and larger and more stellate‐shaped in the subpial area. Astrocyte processes were fine, and evenly distributed in a predominantly radial pattern in transverse sections of cord.Gliosis was marked in the spinal cords of horses with cervical compressive myelopathy. In the grey matter at the level of compression astrocytes were often enlarged and rounded, with short, blunt processes, but the gliosis was generally mild. In the white matter, gliosis was obvious in areas of nerve fibre swelling and degeneration at the level of compression and in areas of ascending and descending Wallerian degeneration. The fine radial pattern of astrocyte fibres was replaced by a dense, irregular arrangement. Gliosis persisted in the cords of chronically affected horses after active nerve fibre degeneration had subsided. The areas of gliosis coincided with the areas of Marchi staining for degenerating myelin and with areas of myelin loss in osmium tetroxide post‐fixed tissue. Histological observations were consistent with astrocytes replacing areas of extracellular space that remained after nerve fibre degeneration. It is concluded that astrocytic gliosis is a prominent and persistent alteration of the spinal cord of horses with chronic cervical compressive myelopathy.
Field evaluation of a mixture of albendazole sulphoxide and levamisole against Ostertagia and Trichostrongylus spp in sheep
Authors: ANDERSON N. , MARTIN PJ , JARRETT RG 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY The efficacy of a mixture of albendazole sulphoxide and levamisole, 3.6 and 8.25 mg/kg respectively, at single and double dose rates, was compared with the recommended dose rate of each anthelmintic alone. The comparison was conducted on groups of 6 to 14‐week‐old lambs on 22 farms, 16 of which had evidence of multiple resistance to benzimidazole and levamisole.A single dose of the mixture reduced mean egg counts by 95% on half the farms with multiple resistance and on all the remaining farms. Consequently, the mixture should be included in an assessment of effective anthelmintics on farms to determine Its value for nematode control. A double dose rate of mixture was effective on all but 4 farms.Reductions caused by the mixture were due to the additive actions of the drugs on 18 of 22 farms; synergistic action was noted on only 3 farms. It was concluded that the mixture of albendazole sulphoxide and levamisole offered many farmers an effective anthelmintic for use in preventive control programs. Recommendations for such programs include annual rotation of effective anthelmintics as a means of delaying selection for drug resistance.
Left‐side displacement of the abomasum in dairy cows at pasture
Authors: JUBB TF , MALMO J. , DAVIS GM , VAWSER AS 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY The presentation of approximately 40 dairy cows affected with left‐side displacement of the abomasum (LDA) per annum In a cattle practice in East Gippsland, Victoria provided an opportunity to conduct a survey and case‐control study of the disease in a grazing environment. The study, Involving 37 dairy cows at pasture, revealed significant differences from the pattern of the disease occurring In the northern hemisphere where cows In older age groups, of larger frame size, higher production and fed high grain rations are at Increased risk.Affected cows were diagnosed over a 10‐month period and represented approximately 0.06% of the dairy cow population. Most cases were diagnosed In the early lactation period. Evidence for a genetic predisposition was suggested by the discovery that one sire generated a disproportionately large number (9) of the cows with LDA. Although affected cows were average producers in their herds, being a member of a high‐producing herd was a significant risk factor.
The effect of antibody to caseous lymphadenitis in ewes on the efficacy of vaccination in lambs
Authors: Paton MW , Mercy AR , Sutherland SS , Ellis TM , Duda SR 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY The effect of maternal antibody to the toxin of Corynebacterium pseudotuber‐culosls, produced by caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) in ewes or by vaccinating ewes before lambing, on the efficacy of vaccination against CLA In their lambs was examined. Lambs were allocated to treatments according to either the vaccination history of their dam or level of CLA toxin antibody of their dam. They were vaccinated twice using 2 different inoculation regimes and then artificially Infected with CLA organisms. The number of lambs with CLA lesions was assessed at slaughter.In one experiment high levels of CLA toxin antibody activity in ewes were associated with decreased efficacy of CLA vaccination in their lambs, when lambs were vaccinated at 2 and 8 weeks or 8 and 14 weeks of age. In a second experiment the efficacy of lamb vaccination at 8 and 12 weeks, but not at 14 and 18 weeks of age, was decreased. In sheep flocks with a high prevalence of CLA, vaccinating lambs against CLA at less than 10 weeks of age may not produce optimum protection against CLA in lambs.There was no difference in Infection rate between lambs from vaccinated and unvaccinated ewes. However, vaccination of lambs at 2 and 8 wks was less effective that vaccination at 8 and 14 weeks, probably due to reduced Immunocompetence In young lambs. In sheep flocks where significant numbers of lambs receive their primary vaccination at less than 3 weeks of age vaccination programmes to control CLA in lambs may be less effective.
Use of phenytoin to treat horses with Australian stringhalt
Authors: HUNTINGTON PJ , SENEQUE S. , SLOCOMBE RF , JEFFCOTT LB , MCLEAN A. , LUFF AR 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYFive horses with Australian stringhalt were treated with 15 mg/kg phenytoin orally for 2 weeks. During the second week of the trial, 3 of the horses were given an additional dose of 10 mg/kg phenytoin. The response to treatment was clinically assessed by grading the severity of the gait abnormality at the walk, trot, turning and backing twice dally.There was a significant (P<0.05) Improvement in the gait abnormality when pre‐treatment values were compared with the mean of the last 3 assessments before treatment stopped. When reassessed 2 weeks after treatment ceased, there remained a significant (P<0.05) Improvement compared with pre‐treatment values at the trot and on backing, but not at the walk or turning.Surface electromyographic recordings were made weekly from the long digital extensor muscle, and there was a change to a near normal recording by the end of treatment. Plasma phenytoin concentrations were monitored during the trial, and the dose rates used achieved a steady state with a mean plasma level of 37+7 μmol/l. There was wide variability between plasma concentrations in different horses, although there was no difference in absorption between administration of the phenytoin as a paste, or when it was mixed in the feed. Although mild tranquillisation was seen after treatment, there were no clinical, haematological or biochemical signs of toxicity from the phenytoin therapy.
Factors affecting the natural transmission of bovine leukaemia virus infection in Queensland dairy herds
Authors: DIMMOCK CK , CHUNG YS , MACKENZIE AR 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Natural transmission of bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) infection in south‐eastern Queensland dairy herds was slow in 2 herds with a low to moderate (13 to 22%) prevalence of infection. Infection spread much more rapidly in a herd that had a higher prevalence (42%) when first tested. In a 13 month study of this herd, the cumulative incidence of infection was 24%. In one herd new infections were confined almost entirely to calves of uninfected dams. Following the end of feeding bulk milk to calves, a common practice in dairy herds, no more calves in this herd became infected.In laboratory experiments, neither prolonged housing of susceptible calves with infected cattle, consumption of drinking water contaminated with infected blood, nor inoculation of sheep with saliva from infected cattle resulted in transmission of BLV infection. Sheep were infected by subcutaneous inoculation of a suspension of purified lymphocytes from an infected heifer. The minimum infective dose was 103 lymphocytes, equivalent to the number of lymphocytes in approximately 0.1 μl blood. Thus, procedures involving the transfer of a very small volume of blood from animal‐to‐animal have the potential to transmit infection.
Comparison of the Johne's absorbed EIA and the complement‐fixation test for the diagnosis of Johne's disease in cattle
Authors: RIDGE SE , MORGAN IR , SOCKETT DC , COLLINS MT , CONDRON RJ , SKILBECK NW , WEBBER JJ 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA commercially available absorbed ELISA for the diagnosis of Johne's disease (JD) (paratuberculosis) in cattle, the Johne's Absorbed EIA¶, was compared with the conventional complement‐fixation test (CFT) used in Australia. Stored plasma from 3 Victorian dairy herds with a history of JD, sera from specimens submitted from animals showing clinical signs of JD and sera from the US National Repository for Paratuberculosis Specimens were used to determine the sensitivity of each test. The EIA detected 48.8% of 43 Australian animals with subclinical JD, while the CFT detected only 12 (21.4%) of 56 subclinically affected cattle. Of 150 subclinically infected US cattle, the EIA detected 47.3% and the CFT detected 52.0%. The EIA detected 59.7% of animals which at the time of sampling were sheddingMycobacterium paratuberculosisin their faeces, but showed no clinical signs of JD, while the CFT detected 57.3%. The EIA correctly identified 88.2% of 136 histologically confirmed clinical cases, and the CFT detected 83.4%.The specificity of each test was determined by testing sera collected at slaughter from animals residing in a known JD‐free area of Australia, and from samples from the US National Repository of Paratuberculosis Specimens collected from certified‐free herds in Wisconsin. The EIA was found to have a specificity of 99.8% when 998 Australian animals were used as the test population, and 99.0% when 196 US animals were used. The specificity of the CFT using Australian samples was 96.9% and 95.2% using American samples.
The influence of maternal antibody and age of calves on effective vaccination against Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo
Authors: PALIT A. , MIDDLETON H. , SHEERS J. , BASILONE C. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Twelve seronegative rows were vaccinated with an experimental bivalent Leptospira interrogans serovars hardjo and pomona vaccine late in their first pregnancy.Calves born of these dams were divided into 4 equal groups that received this vaccine at 4,6,10 and 18 weeks of age, respectively. Before vaccination the group geometric mean titres of maternally‐derived circulating antibodies ranged from 2 to 25 for the microscopic agglutination (MA) test and 3 to 35 for enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using a serovar hardjo outer envelope antigen. Post‐vaccination peak titres were 645 to 1612 for MA and 562 to 1037 for ELISA, respectively. Calves vaccinated at the youngest age, had the highest pre‐vaccination circulating maternal antibody titres, but showed the smallest rise in post‐vaccination antibody titres. Circulating maternal antibody was detected in calves up to 13 weeks of age.All immunised calves were protected against a virulent challenge with serovar hardjo type Hardjobovis, regardless of their age or maternally‐derived antibody titres. These findings indicate that calves as young as 4 weeks old, vaccinated in the presence of maternally‐derived antibody, can be fully protected against homologous virulent challenge.
Chloramphenicol 1. Hazards of use and the current regulatory environment
Authors: PAGE SW 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYChloramphenicol is a broad‐spectrum antibiotic which has enjoyed extensive use in both medical and veterinary practice. Shortly after its introduction in the late 1940s, the use of chloramphenicol was associated with the induction of an idiosyncratic form of aplastic anaemia in man. This rare and unpredictable adverse effect has since been associated not only with systemic use but with topical applications, as well as occupational exposure. Recognition of the small risk of a potentially fatal adverse reaction, together with the risk of selection of chloramphenicol‐resistant pathogens, has led to restrictions on the veterinary uses of chloramphenicol. In Australia at present, the use of chloramphenicol is only permitted in small animals. Its use is specifically prohibited in food‐producing animals, including horses.
Chloramphenicol 3. Clinical pharmacology of systemic use in the horse
Authors: PAGE SW 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe use of chloramphenicol in the horse is now prohibited as horses are classified as food‐producing animals. However, chloramphenicol has until recently been widely available for oral, intramuscular or intravenous administration. A critical appraisal of the published literature on the use of chloramphenicol in the horse clearly demonstrates that there are sound pharmacokinetic and microbiological reasons for concluding that chloramphenicol is not an appropriate antibiotic for systemic use. The short half‐life of chloramphenicol in the horse, together with the broad range of minimum inhibitory concentrations of target pathogens, preclude the use of practical dosage regimens. It can be concluded that the withdrawal of chloramphenicol will have no adverse effects on chemotherapy in the horse.
Heliotropium europaeum poisoning of sheep with low liver copper concentrations and the preventive efficacy of cobalt and antimethanogen
Authors: PETERSON JE , PAYNE AL , CULVENOR CCJ 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYIn a field experiment in the Mallee district of Victoria, Merino x Border Leicester ewes and wethers grazed Hellotroplum europaeum (hellotrope) over periods of 3 to 4 months in 4 successive years. By the end of the second year 12% (14 of 120) of the sheep had died; after 4 years the loss attributable to hellotrope was between 18% and 35%. Mortality was not affected by intraruminal treatment with cobalt or antimethanogen. At the end of the experiment the highest concentration of copper in the liver was 1.95 mmol/kg wet weight (approximately 413 mUg/g dry weight). The relatively low mortality from primary hellotrope poisoning and the low concentration of copper in the liver of sheep grazing the plant are discussed in relation to the contrasting situation that prevails in the Riverina area of New South Wales. The importance of local environmental factors in the management of hellotrope grazing by sheep is emphasised, particularly in relation to the number of seasons in which the plant may be a major component of the diet.
The distribution and prevalence of Theileria buffeli in cattle in Queensland
Authors: STEWART NP , STANDFAST NF , BALDOCK FC , REID DJ , de VOS AJ 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe distribution and prevalence of Theileria buffeli in Queensland cattle were investigated using serum samples and blood films collected primarily for brucellosis surveillance and tick fever diagnosis. Serums from 8654 cattle from 357 farms throughout Queensland were examined by an indirect fluorescent antibody test for antibody to T buffeli. In addition, 347 peripheral blood films collected from 147 farms in south‐eastern Queensland were examined for plroplasms of T buffeli.The overall herd and animal prevalences for T buffeli were 75% and 41%, respectively. There was significant variation among regions in both herd and animal prevalences (P <0.001). Herd and animal prevalences were highest in the north and east decreasing westward. The results indicate that T buffeli is more widespread in Queensland than previously thought.
Efficacy and safety of ivermectin applied topically to cattle under field conditions in Australia
Authors: EAGLESON JS , ALLERTON OR 
Published: March 2008

SummaryFifteen controlled field trials were conducted to evaluate the efficacy against gastrointestinal nematodes and safety of ivermectin when applied topically to cattle in Australia. Three hundred and fifty‐one cattle received ivermectin, and 88 were untreated controls. The trials were conducted in 3 States and included a variety of cattle breeds and environmental conditions. Faecal samples were collected before treatment and 11 to 14 days after treatment for nematode egg counts. Data from these trials show that under Australian conditions, ivermectin applied along the mid line of the back from the withers to the sacral region at a dose rate of 500 mcg/kg body weight, effectively controlled gastrointestinal nematode infections, and did not produce unacceptable adverse reactions in the animals.
Salivary and plasma cortisol as an index of stress in goats
Authors: GREENWOOD PL , SHUTT DA 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYTotal assayable cortisol in plasma was highly correlated (r = 0.97) with physiologically active free cortisol in plasma after routine management procedures in 1‐ to 3‐weeks‐old goats. Transport of adult goats caused significant increases (P < 0.001) in free cortisol in saliva and in free and total cortisol in plasma. No difference (P >0.05) between concentrations of free cortisol in saliva and in plasma was apparent before or after transport. The results demonstrated that the salivary cortisol method is a useful measure of stress in adult goats, and that the relationship between free and total cortisol in plasma, and the adrenocortical response to transport, appear to be similar in sheep and goats.