bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gulf Stream and ENSO Increase the Temperature Sensitivity of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones
Authors: Moore J. C. , Grinsted A. , Jevrejeva S. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Controversy exists over the role of the recent rise in sea surface temperatures (SST) and the frequency of tropical cyclones or hurricanes. Here, 135 yr of observational records are used to demonstrate how sea surface temperature, sea level pressure, and cyclone numbers are linked. A novel wavelet-lag coherence method is used to study cause and effect relations over a large space of time scales, phase lags, and periods. It is found that SST and cyclones are not merely correlated, but are in a negative feedback loop, where rising SST causes increased numbers of cyclones, which reduce SST. This is statistically most significant at decadal and not at longer periods, which is contrary to expectations if long-period natural cycles are important in driving cyclone numbers. Spatial relationships are examined using phase-aware teleconnections, which at the dominant decadal period show the in-phase behavior of the Atlantic SST in the Gulf Stream region, reflecting the role of the transportion of heat northward from the tropical Atlantic. At 5-yr periods there is significant coherence when SST leads cyclones by 2 yr, and this is associated with tropical ENSO activity such that, as predicted, increasing numbers of El Niños cause fewer Atlantic cyclones. The pattern of coherence existing since 1970 strongly favors the decadal coherence band, and despite growing coherence at higher frequencies, there is none at the 5-yr band, perhaps explaining why the observed sensitivity between SST and cyclones is larger than that from general circulation model (GCM) predictions and becoming greater.
Effects of Convective Momentum Transport on the Atmospheric Circulation in the Community Atmosphere Model, Version 3
Authors: Richter Jadwiga H. , Rasch Philip J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Transport of momentum by convection is an important process affecting global circulation. Owing to the lack of global observations, the quantification of the impact of this process on the tropospheric climate is difficult. Here an implementation of two convective momentum transport parameterizations, presented by Schneider and Lindzen and Gregory et al., in the Community Atmosphere Model, version 3 (CAM3) is presented, and their effect on global climate is examined in detail. An analysis of the tropospheric zonal momentum budget reveals that convective momentum transport affects tropospheric climate mainly through changes to the Coriolis torque. These changes result in improvement of the representation of the Hadley circulation: in December–February, the upward branch of the circulation is weakened in the Northern Hemisphere and strengthened in the Southern Hemisphere, and the lower northerly branch is weakened. In June–August, similar improvements are noted. The inclusion of convective momentum transport in CAM3 reduces many of the model’s biases in the representation of surface winds, as well as in the representation of tropical convection. In an annual mean, the tropical easterly bias, subtropical westerly bias, and the bias in the 60°S jet are improved. Representation of convection is improved along the equatorial belt with decreased precipitation in the Indian Ocean and increased precipitation in the western Pacific. The improvements of the representation of tropospheric climate are greater with the implementation of the Schneider and Lindzen parameterization.
Summertime Evolution of Decadal Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies in the Midlatitude North Pacific
Authors: Mochizuki Takashi , Awaji Toshiyuki 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
To clarify the summertime evolution of decadal sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies and related physical processes in the midlatitudes of the North Pacific, numerical solutions of a three-dimensional bulk mixed layer model are analyzed, focusing on the contribution of the net shortwave radiative forcing at the sea surface. A quantitative heat budget analysis for the ocean mixed layer relating to late-1980s decadal SST change reveals that the decadal SST anomalies decay from late spring to early summer over the entire midlatitudes of the North Pacific. This quasi-seasonal decay of the decadal SST anomalies is controlled by an anomalous local thermal damping (i.e., anomalous surface heat fluxes). From midsummer to early autumn the anomalous net shortwave radiation flux associated with a meridional shift of the storm track acts to induce strong seasonal damping of the decadal SST anomaly in the northern Kuroshio–Oyashio Extension region. In contrast, in the north of the subtropical frontal region, the net shortwave radiation flux anomaly, which results from changes in low-level stratiform cloud cover, plays a major role in seasonally enhancing the decadal SST anomaly. Consequently, the SST anomalies formed by these radiative forcings cause significant variations in the local thermal damping rate at the sea surface over the period from late summer to early autumn.
Mechanisms of Global Warming Impacts on Robustness of Tropical Precipitation Asymmetry
Authors: Tan Pei-Hua , Chou Chia , Tu Jien-Yi 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Hemispherically and temporally asymmetric tropical precipitation responses to global warming are evaluated in 13 different coupled atmosphere–ocean climate model simulations. In the late boreal summer, hemispherical averages of the tropical precipitation anomalies from the multimodel ensemble show a strong positive trend in the Northern Hemisphere and a weak negative trend in the Southern Hemisphere. In the late austral summer, on the other hand, the trends are reversed. This implies that the summer hemisphere becomes wetter and the winter hemisphere becomes a little drier in the tropics. Thus, the seasonal range of tropical precipitation, differences between wet and dry seasons, is increased. Zonal averages of the precipitation anomalies from the multimodel ensemble also reveal a meridional movement, which basically follows the seasonal migration of the main convection zone. Similar asymmetric features can be found in all 13 climate model simulations used in this study. Based on the moisture budget analysis, the vertical moisture advection associated with mean circulation is the main contribution for the robustness of the asymmetric distribution of the tropical precipitation anomalies. Under global warming, tropospheric water vapor increases as the temperature rises and most enhanced water vapor is in the lower troposphere. The ascending motion of the Hadley circulation then transports more water vapor upward, that is, anomalous moisture convergence, and enhances precipitation over the main convection zones. On the other hand, the thermodynamic effect associated with the descending motion of the Hadley circulation, that is, anomalous moisture divergence, reduces the precipitation over the descending regions.
Cancer risk and impact of disease-modifying treatments in patients with multiple sclerosis
Authors: Lebrun Christine , Debouverie Marc , Vermersch Patrick , Clavelou Pierre , Rumbach Lucien , de Seze Jérôme , Wiertlevski Sandrine , Defer Gilles , Gout Olivier , Berthier Frédéric , Danzon Arlette 
Published: April 2008

Background Prior to the era of immunomodulating or immunosuppressive (IS) treatments Multiple Sclerosis (MS) was linked to reduced rates of cancer.Method A descriptive study of MS patients with a documented oncological event was performed. From 1 January 1995 to 30 June 2006, we collected and studied the profile of 7418 MS patients gathered from nine French MS centers. We evaluated the incidence of cancer in a Cancer Risk In MS Cohort.Results Thirty one patients (1.75%) with confirmed MS had a history of cancer: mean age at MS diagnosis of 37.9 years and a mean age at cancer diagnosis of 46.4 years. The most frequent cancers were breast (34.5%), gynecological (12.5%), skin (10.2%), acute leukemia and lymphoma (5.9%), digestive (8.8%), kidney and bladder (5.1%), lung (3.4%) and central nervous system (3%). Calculated standardized incidence rates were 0.29 (0.17—0.45) for men and 0.53 (0.42—0.66) for women. The incidence of cancer in this MS population was lower than that expected for the general population. Matched to age, gender and histology, cancers in MS were associated with a young age and exposure to IS treatments. When considering all patients, treated patients had a 3-fold higher risk of developing cancer, if they had a history of IS ( P = 0.0035). For treated patients, the cancer sites were more likely the breast, the urinary tract, the digestive system and the skin.Conclusion Our data suggest that MS patients do not have an increased risk of cancer. Rather for several types of cancer a significantly reduced risk was observed, except for breast cancer in women treated with IS. The relative increased risk of breast cancer in MS women under IS treatment warrants further attention. Multiple Sclerosis 2008; 14: 399—405. http://msj.sagepub.com
Type I NKT cells protect (and type II NKT cells suppress) the host's innate antitumor immune response to a B-cell lymphoma
Authors: Renukaradhya Gourapura J. , Khan Masood A. , Vieira Marcus , Du Wenjun , Gervay-Hague Jacquelyn , Brutkiewicz Randy R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractNatural killer T (NKT) cells are a T-cell subpopulation known to possess immunoregulatory functions and recognize CD1d molecules. The majority of NKT cells express an invariant T-cell receptor (TCR) α chain rearrangement (Vα14Jα18 in mice; Vα24Jα18 in humans) and are called type I NKT cells; all other NKT cells are type II. In the current study, we have analyzed the roles for these NKT-cell subsets in the host's innate antitumor response against a murine B-cell lymphoma model in vivo. In tumor-bearing mice, we found that type I NKT cells conferred protection in a CD1d-dependent manner, whereas type II NKT cells exhibited inhibitory activity. Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines secreted by splenocytes from tumor-bearing mice correlated with tumor progression. Myeloid cells (CD11b+Gr1+) were present in large numbers at the tumor site and in the spleen of tumor-bearing type I NKT–deficient mice, suggesting that antitumor immunosurveillance was inhibited by CD11b+Gr1+ cells. Overall, these data suggest that there are distinct roles for NKT-cell subsets in response to a B-cell lymphoma in vivo, pointing to potential novel targets to be exploited in immunotherapeutic approaches against blood cancers.
Systematic Survey of Therapeutic Trials for Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: Room for Improvement in the Critical Pathway
Authors: Kopetz Scott , Overman Michael , Chang David Z. , Glover Katrina Y. , Shureiqi Imad , Wolff Robert A. , Abbruzzese James L. , Eng Cathy 
Published: April 2008

Purpose The current strategy of drug development has been criticized as being highly inefficient. In 2004, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) released recommendations to improve this process, including a push for increased use of enrichment trials. It is unclear to what extent aspects of this “Critical Path Initiative” have been adopted in trial designs in metastatic colorectal cancer. Methods A systematic review was conducted of actively enrolling treatment trials in metastatic colorectal cancer. Trials were identified from the National Cancer Institute's clinicaltrials.gov and Investigative Drug Branch databases. Trials were categorized based on the number of prior treatments allowed, phase of the trial, agent mechanism of action, and FDA approval status of agents under investigation. Results One hundred two trials are enrolling, with a combined enrollment goal of more than 20,000 patients. Thirteen percent of trials investigated an agent not yet FDA-approved for any oncology indication. The most common study design was a phase II study limited to previously untreated patients; compared with the remaining trials, these phase II trials were more than 10 times more likely to only use agents FDA-approved for colorectal cancer. Three percent of patients were enrolled onto trials enriched for tumor characteristics that were hypothesized to improve clinical benefit. Conclusion Current clinical trials for metastatic colorectal cancer are deficient in the investigation of agents directed at a novel therapeutic target, overuse phase II studies of FDA-approved agents, and fail to incorporate enrichment trial designs as encouraged by the FDA initiative.
Cognitive and Academic Consequences of Stem-Cell Transplantation in Children
Authors: Phipps Sean , Rai Shesh N. , Leung Wing-Hang , Lensing Shelly , Dunavant Maggi 
Published: April 2008

Purpose To describe cognitive and academic outcomes in survivors after pediatric stem-cell transplantation (SCT) through 5-years post-SCT. Patients and Methods A battery of neurocognitive measures were administered before admission and at 1, 3, and 5 years post-SCT for 268 patients who underwent SCT; the study sample is comprised of 158 patients who survived and were evaluated at 1-year post-SCT. Random coefficient models were generated to depict change over time, and to test differences in slope and intercept for medical and demographic predictor variables. Results In the cohort as a whole, no significant changes were seen in global intelligence quotient and academic achievement. Despite the overall stability, some significant differences in slopes were found based on diagnosis, type of transplantation, use of total-body irradiation (TBI), and presence of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). However, these differences were small, and of limited clinical significance. In comparison, differences as a function of socioeconomic status (SES) were much larger. SES was a significant determinant of all cognitive and academic outcomes, and the effect size generally dwarfed that of other significant predictor variables. Age, which had previously been identified as an important determinant of outcome, was not significantly predictive of outcome in this cohort. Conclusion The procedure of SCT entails minimal risk of late cognitive and academic sequelae. Subgroups of patients are at relatively higher risk: patients undergoing unrelated donor transplantation, receiving TBI, and those who experience GVHD. However, these differences are small relative to differences in premorbid functioning, particularly those associated with SES.
Phase I Study of MGCD0103 Given As a Three-Times-Per-Week Oral Dose in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors
Authors: Siu Lillian L. , Pili Roberto , Duran Ignacio , Messersmith Wells A. , Chen Eric X. , Sullivan Rana , MacLean Martha , King Serina , Brown Shirley , Reid Gregory K. , Li Zuomei , Kalita Ann M. , Laille Eric J. , Besterman Jeffrey M. , Martell Robert E. , Carducci Michael A. 
Published: April 2008

Purpose MGCD0103 is a novel isotype-selective inhibitor of human histone deaceylases (HDACs) with the potential to regulate aberrant gene expression and restore normal growth control in malignancies. Patients and Methods A phase I trial of MGCD0103, given as a three-times-per-week oral dose for 2 of every 3 weeks, was performed in patients with advanced solid tumors. Primary end points were safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamic (PD) assessments of HDAC activity, and histone acetylation status in peripheral WBCs. Results Six dose levels ranging from 12.5 to 56 mg/m2/d were evaluated in 38 patients over 99 cycles (median, 2; range, 1 to 11). The recommended phase II dose was 45 mg/m2/d. Dose-limiting toxicities consisting of fatigue, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, and dehydration were observed in three (27%) of 11 and two (67%) of three patients treated at the 45 and 56 mg/m2/d dose levels, respectively. Disease stabilization for four or more cycles was observed in five (16%) of 32 patients assessable for efficacy. PK analyses demonstrated interpatient variability which was improved by coadministration with low pH beverages. Elimination half-life ranged from 6.7 to 12.2 hours, and no accumulation was observed with repeated dosing. PD evaluations confirmed inhibition of HDAC activity and induction of acetylation of H3 histones in peripheral WBCs from patients by MGCD0103. Conclusion At doses evaluated, MGCD0103 appears tolerable and exhibits favorable PK and PD profiles with evidence of target inhibition in surrogate tissues.
Effect of Age and Experience on Lower Leg Fractures in Alpine Sports
Authors: Greenwald Richard M. , Laporte Jean-Dominique 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that age and experience level significantly affect injury rates, and lower leg fracture injury rates in particular, in a sufficiently large Alpine sports population. An epidemiology study of skiing, snowboarding, and skiboarding injuries at three large ski resorts covered by the Médecins de Montagne epidemiology network in France was conducted for data collected during the 1998–2004 seasons. Medical injury diagnosis data at the mountain clinic were compiled along with demographic information about the injured skier and their equipment. The population at risk for each sport was determined by collecting control data in parking lot surveys and at the base of lifts using previously published methodologies. There was no significant change in overall injury rates over the seven years for any of the Alpine sports studied. Lower leg fractures and shoulder injuries dominate skiboard injuries, wrist fractures and shoulder injuries dominate snowboard injuries, and knee injuries continue to dominate skiing injuries. The overall rate of lower leg fractures in skiboarding was three to four times higher than in skiing. However, skiers less than 16 years old had approximately the same rate of lower leg fractures as skiboarders of similar age. Overall, beginners had a significantly higher injury rate for all major injury groups. Lower leg fractures occurred in beginner skiers at approximately the same rate as beginner skiboarders. Knee sprains occur much less frequently in skiboarders than skiers. These results demonstrate that while overall injury rates for a specific injury may be significantly different among Alpine sports, controlling for age and ability has a significant impact and must be accounted for when comparing injury rates.
Effect of Sampling Location on the Air Void Analyzer Test Results on Concrete Pavements: Evaluation of Data from a 16 State-Pooled Fund Project
Authors: Rupnow Tyson D. , Wang Kejin , Schaefer Vernon R. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of sampling location on the air void analyzer (AVA) results from a 16 state-pooled fund study. The samples were obtained at locations ahead of the paver and behind the paver on a vibrator trail and between vibrator trails. The AVA air content, specific surface, spacing factor, and percent of air voids less than 300 μm in diameter were analyzed. The total air content of concrete ahead and behind the paver was also measured according to ASTM C231 for comparison. The ASTM C231 test results showed a significant drop in total air content of the samples behind the paver compared with the samples in front of the paver. The results show that the total air content is not an indicator of the spacing factor or percent of air voids less than 300 μm in diameter. There is no significant difference in the AVA results between the samples obtained on a vibrator trail and those obtained between vibrator trails based on the data from all 16 states. When the data for each state were studied individually, the data from some states showed a significant difference in the percent of air voids less than 300 μm (D≤300 μm) as well as the specific surface between the samples obtained ahead and behind the paver. The results imply that vibration removes mainly the large air voids in concrete, and this feature can be captured by the AVA test but not by the conventional ASTM C231 pressure meter test.
Summer Distribution and Growth of Juvenile Coho Salmon during Colonization of Newly Accessible Habitat
Authors: Anderson Joseph H. , Kiffney Peter M. , Pess George R. , Quinn Thomas P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractPacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. are capable of exploiting vacant habitat, but most research has focused on straying and colonization by adults. However, dispersal of juveniles of stream‐rearing species, such as coho salmon O. kisutch, may also be an important component of colonization. Installation of fish passage structures on the Cedar River, Washington, and subsequent adult migration into the newly accessible habitat provided a rare opportunity to investigate colonization as coho salmon regained access to 33 km of habitat from which they had been excluded for more than a century. In this study, we describe the spatial distribution and growth patterns of the first two generations of juvenile coho salmon produced in the new habitat. Snorkel surveys in the Cedar River revealed patchy distributions of juvenile coho salmon that largely matched the distribution of adults spawning the previous fall, and higher densities occurred in lower reaches (i.e., those not far upstream from the dam). However, sequential surveys indicated that juveniles entered and moved upstream within a Cedar River tributary, Rock Creek, where few, if any, adults spawned. Juveniles captured in the Cedar River were similar in size to those in Rock Creek, but sizes differed between years and larger fish tended to occur farther upriver. We found no evidence for density‐dependent growth; there was no relationship between fish size and local density in either main‐stem or tributary habitat. Abundance estimates suggest that relatively few juvenile coho salmon dispersed long distances into reaches neglected by spawning adults. We were unable to find any clear evidence that juvenile dispersal would increase the number of adults returning in the next generation, but such movements could accelerate the spatial expansion of the colonizing population in philopatric species like coho salmon.
Summer‐Run Hatchery Steelhead Have Naturalized in the South Fork Skykomish River, Washington
Authors: Kassler Todd W. , Hawkins Denise K. , Tipping Jack M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractEvaluation of natural‐origin, hatchery‐origin, and unmarked steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss from the Skykomish River drainage basin, Washington, was conducted to determine the source of unmarked steelhead that return to Sunset Falls (South Fork Skykomish River). One possible source is the large number of steelhead stocked into the Skykomish River basin from Reiter Ponds Hatchery; this hatchery stock was founded with fish from Skamania Hatchery in the Washougal River system, Washington. A microsatellite DNA analysis of 10 loci was used to evaluate unmarked samples in comparison with natural‐origin samples from the North Fork Skykomish River and hatchery‐origin samples from Reiter Ponds Hatchery. Results of the analyses provide evidence that the unmarked steelhead collected at Sunset Falls are more closely related to Reiter Ponds Hatchery fish than to natural‐origin fish from the North Fork Skykomish River. There is evidence that unmarked steelhead at Sunset Falls are also mixing with natural‐origin North Fork Skykomish River fish but to a lesser degree than with Reiter Ponds Hatchery fish. This study documents that Skamania Hatchery‐origin steelhead have naturally produced offspring that are returning to spawn in a northern Puget Sound river basin.