bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electronic Funds Transfer
Authors: Gate Roger , Nacamuli Alec 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the basic concepts and developments in domestic and international EFT systems prior to the advent of the Internet, before examining new requirements dictated by E‐commerce. It then summarizes security developments, with particular emphasis on the new trust schemes that are viewed as indispensable for the development of E‐commerce. Developments in EBPP and e‐EFT are then described for the retail (B2C, P2P) and wholesale (B2B) sectors, examining potential disintermediation threats to the banking system. The article concludes with the authors' views on opportunities for financial institutions, and future perspectives.
Extensible Stylesheet Language (
XSL
)
Authors: Heines Jesse M. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
The extensible stylesheet language (XSL) is an XML‐based technology for transforming XML documents from one form to another. It uses a declarative programming paradigm and a specific XML namespace that gives programmers full access to all XML components ‐ elements, attributes, and text ‐ and the ability to manipulate them in ways that go far beyond the capabilities of cascading style sheets. XSL can be used to control the rendition of XML data, selectively filter the data items selected for transformation, convert data from various incompatible forms into a single, standard form, or implement just about any other operation that one might want to perform on XML data without changing the original XML source. Various parts of XSL are now industry standards (known as “Recommendations” by the World Wide Web Consortium) and are therefore highly usable even in today's ever‐changing Web environment. This chapter presents the basic concepts and techniques used in XSL. It provides a variety of examples of XSL transformations (XSLT), XPath expressions (the language used to refer to collections of XML nodes for processing by XSLT), and XSL formatting objects.
Feasibility of GlobalE‐business Projects
Authors: Raven Peter , Fleenor C. Patrick 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe global imperative calls for e‐businesses to act globally. However, an Internet business must plan and develop appropriate strategies for its global markets. Not all global markets are equally attractive or suitable for e‐business. Several factors are addressed for global e‐businesses to use in assessing potential international markets. A discussion of the different ways in which e‐business has grown in diverse regions provides a framework for understanding specific and regional markets. Finally, the strategies and tactics e‐businesses should consider are discussed. While there continue to be barriers to e‐business in many developing parts of the world, there are also many opportunities both there and especially in the more developed regions. The future for well‐planned e‐businesses using appropriate global strategies appears very bright indeed.
Global Issues
Authors: Gupta Babita 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe Internet not only is transforming the way business is conducted but also is influencing the social and cultural aspects of our lives and has emerged as another enabling technology in the process of globalization and global business expansion. Although Internet technology has spread across the world at a phenomenal rate, this growth has been uneven across world regions. Recent statistics indicate that North America is the dominant region in electronic commerce, with almost three‐fourths of worldwide electronic commerce being conducted in the United States today. Clearly, then, growth of e‐commerce in a country is impacted by economic, geopolitical, legal, and cultural factors. This chapter looks at the various issues that describe the growth of global electronic commerce across world regions.
HTML
/
XHTML
(Hyper
T
ext Markup Language/Extensible Hyper
T
ext Markup Language)
Authors: Michael Mark 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
The World Wide Web marks its birth at the introduction of the HyperText Markup Language (HTML) and its companion protocol, HTTP. Still the predominant language for publishing documents on the Web, HTML grew quickly in power and importance. Initially, it could merely display text and hyperlinks. In a few years, it could incorporate multimedia, scripts for interactivity, and style definitions for formatting. It came to be looked upon as being primarily concerned with the presentation of content. Overly forgiving browsers encouraged sloppy programming and, in turn, a general lack of logical structure in HTML documents; this limits how documents can be mined and manipulated. Additionally, growing diversity among platforms, applications, and audiences revealed the inability of HTML to adapt.
Enter the Extensible HyperText Markup Language (XHTML), the World Wide Web Consortium's plan for continually accommodating new ways of marking up new types of content for rendering on new devices. Major changes already undertaken are enforcement of well‐formedness, separation of content and presentation, and modularization. Of these, the last is perhaps the greatest contributor to the flexibility essential to the continued development of the Web.
Human Resources Management
Authors: Stone Dianna L. , Salas Eduardo , Isenhour Linda C. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThis chapter reviews the impact of the Internet on several human resources (HR) processes, including recruitment, selection, performance management, compensation, training, and HR planning, and discusses a number of benefits and problems associated with using Web‐based HR systems. First, our review indicates that use of the Internet promises to (a) reduce cycle time for many HR processes, (b) increase the flexibility and effectiveness of these systems, and (c) may provide better service to internal customers (e.g., employees and managers) than traditional HR systems. Second, although the Internet is believed to offer numerous advantages for the HR functions in organizations, we highlight a number of potential problems for organizations using Web‐based systems, including employee perceptions of invasion of privacy, adverse impact, and the depersonalization of many HR processes. Implications for practitioners, as well as directions for future research, are offered.
Intelligent Agents
Authors: Zeng Daniel Dajun , Nissen Mark E. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Agent technology is one of the fastest growing areas of research and system development in information technology and is becoming a critical technological component of the emerging electronic marketplace and online economy. This chapter briefly reviews intelligent agents and presents an overview of the applications of intelligent agent and multiagent systems technologies in various areas of e‐commerce. These applications are grouped into two major categories: (1) agent‐based information, knowledge, and process management, and (2) agent‐based operational and strategic decision making. Also included are an exposition on system development and integration issues related to building effective agent‐based e‐commerce systems and an introduction to evaluating such systems in an economic and social context.
Interactive Multimedia on the Web
Authors: Furht Borko , Marques Oge 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
In this chapter, we present fundamental concepts of interactive multimedia systems and their applications on the Web. The first part describes multimedia network technologies and related multimedia standards. We also discuss the characteristics of multimedia traffic as well as the Internet techniques for transferring data. Next, we introduce a process of creating interactive multimedia Web pages and related languages and tools, such as Java Applets and JavaScript, VBScript, VRML, ActiveX, and Active Server Pages. Finally, we present an overview of popular interactive multimedia Web services and applications, including multimedia portals, distance learning, media sharing, and multimedia search.
International Cyberlaw
Authors: Gladstone Julia Alpert 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe Internet is a forum for the exchange of ideas and a platform for commerce. It is a global marketplace where millions of dollars of business is transacted pursuant to a divided national and international regulatory regime. Continued economic growth on the Internet will be hampered by the inconsistencies and lack of predictability inherent in the current legal framework that governs cyberspace activity. This chapter reviews the key national and international laws and cases that control much of the behavior on the Internet and suggests ways to harmonize the laws in order to achieve a more seamless World Wide Web. Predictability and reliability are important to stimulate commerce, and uniform laws can play a key role in providing these elements.
Intrusion Detection Techniques
Authors: Ning Peng , Jajodia Sushil 
Published: July 2008

AbstractIn an information system,intrusionsare the activities that violate the security policy of the system, andintrusion detectionis the process used to identify intrusions. Intrusion detection techniques have been traditionally classified into one of two methodologies:anomaly detectionormisuse detection. This chapter gives an overview of the existing intrusion detection techniques, including anomaly detection and misuse detection models, and identifies techniques related to intrusion detection in distributed systems. Topics covered include statistical models, machine learning and data mining approaches, computer immunological approach, specification‐based approach, information theoretic measures for anomaly detection, rule‐based languages, state transition analysis toolkit, colored Petri automata (CPA), abstraction‐based approach, distributed intrusion detection systems, network‐based intrusion detection systems, and information sharing among intrusion detection systems.
Java
S
erver Pages (
JSP
)
Authors: Pratter Frederick 
Published: July 2008

Abstract

JavaServer Pages
(JSP) technology is one of several current strategies for providing dynamic content on the World Wide Web. The particular advantages of JSP are that it is nonproprietary and platform independent, freely available, and that it provides a way to separate data and business logic from presentation components in a multitier Web application architecture.
Library Management
Authors: Sitter Clara L. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractInformation professionals use the Internet in two broad areas of library management: library resources and library functions. The applications of the Internet in the management of library resources include the identification, selection, acquisition, organization, access, utilization, and evaluation of information. Applications in the management of library functions include planning, organizing, staffing, directing, controlling, reporting, and budget. Areas of future focus relate to collections, users, technology, information providers, and education of information professionals. The role of the librarian in facilitating the connection of users with information includes some of the following priorities: equity of access, protection of intellectual content, understanding diverse users, preservation, and emerging technology. These priorities and other traditional values of the profession will continue to be important. The opportunities for the application of the Internet for library management are enormous.
Linux Operating System
Authors: Abzug Charles 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
The Linux operating system occupies a special position in the world of computer science. Unlike the great majority of operating systems, which are produced by commercial developers and sold at a profit, Linux is produced and maintained by a coterie of enthusiastic volunteers, and is distributed with no license fees whatsoever. It is available in several versions that run with nearly identical look and feel on a diverse group of hardware platforms. Linux is famed both for its stability and for its efficiency, often running for months, or occasionally years at a time without having to be rebooted, while also achieving excellent performance. It conveys many of the properties of UNIX that have made that operating system extremely popular among computer science professionals. Linux source code is as freely available as the executable code, thus giving users complete freedom to modify and adapt the operating system to the special needs of their systems. Linux maintains the tradition of openness and voluntarism that originally characterized the UNIX world, while at the same time avoiding the concomitant fragmentation experienced by UNIX into a variety of dialects. Linux is likely to continue to increase in importance.
Managing a Network Environment
Authors: Latchman Haniph A. , Walters Jordan 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
The proliferation of computer networks as critical resources in homes, businesses, and other enterprises requires significant coordination of efforts to effectively manage and administer these networks in order to provide the desired services. Such networks of computers may consist of a few interconnected computers forming small‐ to medium‐sized local area networks or larger campus area networks involving connections among several buildings, as well as metropolitan and wide area networks. But regardless of the size or reach of these networks, the management of the resulting network environment involves a set of common functions. These include hardware and software issues, network operating systems, telecommunication interconnection technologies, user management and support, information and computer security, data backup and retrieval, and support for mobile users. In this chapter we will describe these major network management issues, from the point of view of the network manager as well as from the perspective of users of the network services.
Managing the Flow of Materials Across the Supply Chain
Authors: Holweg Matthias , Rich Nick 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Fundamental to the success of any supply chain is the management of both the material flow of product and the information flow. For any supply chain to be effective, these flows cannot be interrupted or distorted without incurring waste and consuming management time in correcting problems. In addition, the procurement of materials, manufacturing, and distribution of products accounts for the majority of the overall cost and is key to customer service and overall competitiveness. Therefore, the development of a supply chain management capability for modern businesses is a means of contributing to business efficiency, effectiveness, and competitive advantage over rival producers. With the Internet enabling rapid information flow, much of the recent attention has focused on the information flow only, yet even in Internet‐enabled supply chains, the overall success still depends on an uninterrupted and efficient physical order fulfilment process. This chapter discuss the basics of both material and information flows and their interactions and concludes with an overview of current challenges and future trends on how to manage efficiently the material flow in the supply chain in the Internet age.
Online Public Relations
Authors: Hallahan Kirk 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Public relations units within corporations, not‐for‐profit organizations, and government institutions have embraced the Internet to communicate important information and to build relationships with key publics. Online public relations employs Web sites and other Internet technologies, such as e‐mail discussion groups and chats, file transfers, and remote kiosk terminals. Factors that shape online organizational‐public relationship building relate to the organization, the system being used, and the user. The process of relationship building includes awareness and trial, cognitive learning, interactivity with technology and others, and impression formation. Outcomes of relationship building can be measured in terms of knowledge, attitudes toward the organization, communication activities, and the adoption of routinized behaviors that benefit the organization (and user). In addition to promotion and relationship building, online relations is particularly important to organizations when managing crises and issues. Public relations managers confront numerous concerns in managing online relations. These include content control, branding, assurance of message quality, usability, systems integration, security, legal and regulatory compliance, and assessment and measurement. Implications for organizational‐public relationships in society also are discussed.
Online Religion
Authors: Ciolek T. Matthew 
Published: July 2008

AbstractReligious uses of the Internet began in the late 1970s. These started with tentative interpersonal and group exchanges, followed by more systematic information publishing and gathering, and finally online pastoral contact and computer‐mediated religious rituals. Over the years hundreds of thousands of specialised faith‐focused electronic environments have been established worldwide, with a user population of many millions. As more people gain access to the Net, these online social networks and communities continue to evolve and grow. Also, what were once complicated tools and procedures became thoroughly mastered and integrated into their users' lives. The Internet gives daily access to many types of spiritual resources, and religious use of the Net seamlessly complements face‐to‐face contacts, as well as information disseminated by traditional mass media. New technologies mutate the inherited formats of religious communication, however. Moreover, such technologies challenge existing patterns of power and authority within congregations and religious institutions.
Perl
Authors: Stotts David 
Published: July 2008

Abstract

This chapter gives an overview of the Perl scripting language and shows how it is used for programming Internet and Web applications. The history of the language is presented along with its Unix heritage. Basic language features are explained with examples of Perl scripts for string manipulation, pattern matching, text processing, and system interactions. The Perl community module repository
CPAN
is discussed, and several of the popular Perl modules are used to illustrate Web client, Web server, database, and network programming. Two newer scripting languages—Python and Ruby—are briefly discussed and compared with Perl. Finally, many of Perl's most advanced features are mentioned but not discussed, so references are provided for readers who wish further study.
Project Management Techniques
Authors: Schwalbe Kathy 
Published: July 2008

Abstract

The Project Management Institute (PMI) estimates that 4.5 million people in the United States (3.3% of the workforce), and more than 12 million people in the rest of the world regard project management as their profession of choice. In addition, PMI estimates that the United States spends more than $2.3 trillion on projects every year, or one quarter of the nation's gross domestic product (PMI,

). To meet this growing demand for projects, organizations must understand and apply appropriate project management tools and techniques.
The PMBOK Guide, 2000 Edition,
lists several tools and techniques for each of the nine project management knowledge areas (PMI,

). This chapter briefly describes the field of project management and summarizes a few important tools and techniques to help select projects, identify and manage scope requirements, assign resources, determine schedules, and track performance in meeting scope, time, and cost goals.
Prototyping
Authors: Nyberg Eric H. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Building e‐commerce systems is a challenging activity. E‐commerce software involves the rapid deployment of leading‐edge technology and is usually subject to a significant set of expectations and constraints concerning performance, scalability, security, and flexibility. At the start of a project, the problem domain and the requirements for possible solutions are often not well understood. In order to maximize the likelihood of on‐time delivery (and minimize cost and schedule overruns), it can be useful to construct an initial prototype system. A prototype can help an organization to identify conflicting assumptions, select among competing technologies, and minimize uncertainty. Building prototypes is a good way to identify potential technical challenges and risks inherent in different implementation strategies. The goals of prototyping vary from system to system, and different prototyping strategies may be adopted, depending on the problem domain.
Securities Trading on the Internet
Authors: Flicker Marcia H. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
A web of information technology has transformed the securities industry over the past 30 years. Initial innovations spun vast proprietary networks between institutions, speeding up transaction processing to allow greater transaction volume in the same time period. The Internet has expanded that web to individual investors, newly empowering them with timely information in a cost‐efficient manner, access to communities of other investors—each contributing to the common knowledge (or ignorance) base—and greater access to markets. As the bull market of the 1990s dissolved, retail investors have been less inclined to take advantage of these opportunities to ”go it alone.” Online brokerages have had to acquire research and advising capabilities, either internally or through alliances, and to increase their fees commensurately. At the same time as it attracted a swarm of retail investors, the web of electronic communication over the Internet has impacted trading institutions, brokers and exchanges alike. Buy and sell orders can now “meet” and “match” away from a physical trading floor or even a centralized electronic exchange such as Nasdaq. Newly born electronic communication networks (ECNs) provide unprecedented competition for the established exchanges, challenging them to restructure themselves into more flexible, more accessible entities.
Trademark Law
Authors: Everett‐Church Ray 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
This chapter addresses the foundations of trademark law and discusses how traditional trademark protections are being applied to key aspects of the Internet business environment. The chapter begins by explaining the fundamental concepts of protecting the rights of trademark owners, including how federal trademark registration works, the elements of trademark infringement, and some defenses against certain trademark‐related claims. Because Internet domain names are the focus of some of the most important recent guidance in trademark law, the chapter outlines why domain names are important, how the domain name system works, and how domain names are registered. Several groundbreaking legal disputes over domain names are surveyed, as are laws that have grown to address the unique nature of Internet domain name trademark disputes, and the role of ICANN in both controlling and facilitating dispute resolution within the Internet domain name system.
Universally Accessible Web Resources: Designing for People with Disabilities
Authors: Gunderson Jon 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
The universal design of Web resources is beneficial for all users, including people with disabilities. The basis of universal design is to provide users with options and control over how they view information on the Web. Universal design easily adapts to user capabilities or the capabilities of the technologies they are using. Users with visual impairments can style the text on the page to be easier to read. Able‐bodied users using Personal Digital Assistants or speech‐based telephone browsers can access content just as easily as someone viewing the information in a graphical rendering since the structure of the information is separated from the style of rendering. Even graphical renderings are enhanced since Web resources adapt to the dimensions and resolutions of the user's display settings. Universally designed resources can be as graphically rich as other Web resources, but use different technologies to create the graphical effects.