bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of processes for the supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of oil from soybean seeds
Authors: Reverchon E. , Osséo L. Sesti 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThree different process alternatives for the production of soybean oil by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction were analyzed. The first two processes were organized according to the classical scheme, based on high‐pressure extraction followed by separation induced by pressure reduction. Different techniques were used to recover the solvent in these two schemes, in the liquid and in the gas phases, respectively. The third alternative was based on an isobaric scheme—the oil, extracted at high pressure, was separated by chainging the temperature in the separator. In a further improvement, a technique for the heat transfer network integration was added to all the process schemes. The different schemes were used to establish the process configuration that can produce a lower operating cost for soybean oil extraction. Operating costs were considered on an industrial scale to carry out a screening of the different alternatives. The operating cost of these plants were then compared with the hexane extraction process. A substantial reduction in the specific costs was obtained in the case of heat transfer integration, and the operating costs fell in the same range as conventional extraction plants.
Oxidative stability of high oleic sunflower and safflower oils
Authors: Purdy Richard H. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractHigh oleic sunflower seed progenies derived from normal seed by chemical mutagenesis were extracted and their oils refined by standard laboratory procedures. Oxidative stability was related directly to linoleic acid content with an AOM value of 100 hr obtained at 1% linoleate. Data is presented comparing linoleate concentration and oxidative stability of oils obtained from normal sunflower seed and high linoleic (normal) and high oleic (naturally induced mutations) varieties of safflower seed.
Influence of phospholipids on the crystallization of waxes in sunflowerseed oil
Authors: Rivarola G. , Añón M. C. , Calvelo A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe effect of lecithins on wax crystallization in sunflowerseed oil was studied. The results showed that the presence of lecithins does not modify the nucleation stage, but decreases the crystalline size. Lecithin has a minimal effect on viscosity and does not change the wax/oil equilibrium ratio. It is proposed that the main mechanism of action of lecithin involves the partial adsorption on the surface of the wax crystals interfering with their growth.
Investigation of phase transitions in glyceride/paraffin oil mixtures using ultrasonic velocity measurements
Authors: McClements D. J. , Povey M. J. W. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA pulse echo technique has been used to measure the ultrasonic velocity of a number of 15% w/w glyceride/paraffin oil mixtures with increasing temperature (0–70 C). At the lower temperatures the glycerides are completely solid and there is a fairly steady decrease in velocity with temperature (ca. −3.8 ms−1C−1). As the temperature rises the glycerides become increasingly soluble in the paraffin oil and the velocity decreases more rapidly. Once the glyceride is completely soluble in the paraffin oil, a fairly steady decrease in velocity with temperature (ca. −3.3 ms−1C−1) resumes. The dependence of ultrasonic velocity on the amount of solid glyceride present means the technique can be used to investigate phase transitions in binary glyceride/oil mixtures.
Lipid classes of fresh cassava roots (Manihot esculenta Crantz): Identification and quantification
Authors: Lalaguna Fernando , Agudo Milagro 
Published: January 2007

AbstractFresh cassava roots (Manihot esculenta Crantz, c.v. Algodona) were processed for lipid analysis within five hr after harvest. The total lipid content was 0.25% fresh weight, and the lipid mixture obtained was complex. Polar lipids plus sterols and steryl esters made up the major part of the extracted lipids (77.9 mol%). Seven phospholipids were identified. Those in higher amount were: phosphatidylcholine, 265.4 nmol/g fresh weight; phosphatidylethanolamine, 151.8 nmol/g fresh weight, and phosphatidylinositol, 143.1 nmol/g fresh weight. Among the six glycolipids identified, digalactosyldiacylglycerol in a content of 333.2 nmol/g fresh weight and monogalactosyldiacylglycerol in a content of 217.1 nmol/g fresh weight were the most abundant. Free sterols were at 304.3 nmol/g fresh weight and triacylglycerol was measured at 444.4 nmol/g fresh weight. Results are discussed in view of recent knowledge of the kind of lipid classes expected in plant material. This work is intended to be the starting point of further research on cassava lipids upon subjecting the roots to conditions leading to its preservation.
The influence of calcium ions and 2‐(alkoxy)1‐((alkoyloxy)methyl)‐ethyl‐7‐(4‐heptyl‐5,6)‐dicarboxy‐2‐cyclohexene‐1‐yl) heptanoate on a simplified model of the stratum corneum lipids
Authors: Friberg Stig E. , Goldsmith Lisa , Rong Guo 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAddition of calcium ions to a lamellar liquid crystal of sodium oleate/oleic acid/water led to crystallization of calcium soap as detected by optical microscopy. Addition of the acid of the title (the complex acid, ca) reduced the crystallization because of the calcium ions’ preferential bonding to the complex acid.
High‐temperature stabilities of low‐linolenate, high‐stearate and common soybean oils
Authors: Miller Lynne A. , White Pamela J. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractFour soybean oils (SBO) with different fatty acid (FA) compositions were tested for stability during intermittent heating and frying of bread cubes. None of the oils was hydrogenated or contained any additives. Two of the oils were from common commercial varieties. The other two oils were from seed developed in a mutation breeding program and included the line A5, which contained 3.5% linolenate, and the line A6, which contained 20% stearate. Each oil (450 g) was heated to 185 C in a minifryer. Bread cubes were fried at the beginning of heating, and half were stored at −10 C to preserve freshness. The second half was stored at 60 C for 14 days. Heating was continued for 10 hr/day for four days. After 40 hr of heating, an additional 30 g of bread cubes were fried. According to sensory evaluations of the fried bread cubes, peroxide values of oil extracted from the cubes and conjugated diene values of the oils, the A5 and A6 oils were more stable than those from the commercial varieties. Small differences occurred in the flavor and oxidative stability of the cubes fried after 40 hr of heating the oils. Large differences between A5 and A6 and the commercial varieties occurred after storage of bread cubes for 14 days.
Detergency study of the synergism between oily and particulate soil on polyester/cotton fabric
Authors: Webb Joan J. , Obendorf S. Kay 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe removal of multiphase, multicomponent soils from fibrous substrates depends upon the nature of the soil mixture, the order of application, wash temperature, and type of detergent formulation. By studying these factors, we investigated the synergism between residual oil (triolein) and particulate soil (clay) on a durable press polyester/cotton fabric after laundering with four different detergents at wash temperatures of 27 and 49 C.To probe the interaction between clay and oil, fabric specimens were soiled with clay only, triolein only, clay followed by an application of triolein, and triolein followed by an application of clay. Four detergent formulations were used to launder the soiled fabrics, including one unbuilt liquid and three powdered detergents with different builder systems. The amount of residual oil (triolein) was determined by radiotracer technique, and the quantities of clay were determined by measuring aluminum by neutron activation. Reflectance measurements were used to calculate fabric whiteness. The soil distributions on and within the textile structure were obtained by scanning electron microscopy using backscattered electron images, secondary electron images and X‐ray mapping. Osmium tetroxide was used to tag the oil, while silicon was the elemental tag for clay in the microscopic analysis.Results of the four factors studied can be summarized as follows. (i) In agreement with observations by previous researchers, a mixture of clay and oil is more difficult to remove than either the oil or the clay applied singly. It appears that oil acts as a matrix to bind clay, forming a composite soil. (ii) The specimens that were soiled first with oil and then clay had more soil removed by laundering than the specimens soiled with clay and then oil. Detergency was limited by the encapsulation of clay by the oil and adsorbtion of oil by the clay. (iii) The built powdered detergents were temperature sensitive, while the unbuilt liquid detergent was not. (iv) The built powdered detergents removed more soil (oily and clay) than the unbuilt liquid detergent.
Plant lipid biotechnology through the looking glass
Authors: Stumpf P. K. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe biosynthesis of economically important fatty acids has been resolved in recent years. The individua enzymes have been isolated, purified and characterized; the specific compartmentations of these enzymes in the cell have been determined; the flow of precursors required to supply the substrates for fatty acid synthesis has been defined. With these data at hand, a new thrust has been brought forth, namely the input of the concepts of molecular biology to the solution of a number of problems, which until now have not been resolved. If and when these problems are elucidated, application of these new solutions will have a profound effect on the agroeconomics involved in the annual production and consumption of over 50 million metric tons (m MT) of vegetable oil throughout the world. This discussion focuses on some of the problems facing plant scientists in their attempts to understand and control plant lipid biosynthesis. Some possible solutions will be suggested, and the impact of these solutions on the economy of nations will be examined.
Enzyme technology for the lipids industry: An engineering overview
Authors: Yamane Tsuneo 
Published: January 2007

AbstractEnzymes useful in the lipids industry, i.e. lipases, phospholipases and lipoxygenases, are surveyed as to source, pH optimum, specificity and so on. Some useful biochemical reactions catalyzed by these enzymes are discussed: hydrolysis of fats and oils by lipases, transesterifications (acidolysis, alcoholysis, interesterification and aminolysis) of fats and oils by lipases, hydrolysis of lecithin by phospholipase A2 and transphosphatidylation of phospholipids by phospholipase D. Research and development activities in these fields in the academic and industrial sectors of Japan are discussed.With reference to the lipolytic enzymes’ applications, forms or states with which enzymes and microorganisms are used in microaqueous solvent systems, i.e. in low water‐activity media or in nearly anhydrous solvents, are summarized. Some configurations of reactors for the microaqueous biosystems are shown, and some engineering problems involved in the systems are identified. The importance of optimal moisture content control is emphasized.
The raw material, finished products and dust pad analysis of detergent proteases using a small synthetic substrate
Authors: Rothgeb T. M. , Goodlander B. D. , Garrison P. H. , Smith L. A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA new method is presented that utilizes p‐nitroanilide substrates to quantify proteolytic activity of detergent enzymes. The method is contrasted to the dimethylcasein method currently in use by detergent industries, and the advantages of the new method and its potential for monitoring enzyme dust in factories are discussed.
Effects on lutein adsorption of adding polar solvents to silicic acid or to soy oil/hexane miscellas
Authors: Clark P. K. , Proctor A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractPolar solvents limit adsorption of lutein from a soy oil miscella on silicic acid by competitive adsorption. Water and selected alcohols were added to miscella and adsorbent to observe if the mode of adding solvent affected lutein adsorption. No differences were produced by the method of addition. However, different mechanisms of limiting lutein adsorption were observed. Isopropanol limited lutein adsorption by competitive adsorption. Water was less competitive because it was less soluble in the miscella and was more thermodynamically stable as free water. Propanediol, a polyol, totally inhibited lutein adsorption by binding silica particles together. This study may have implications for silicic acid adsorption of oil components from hydrolyzed oils in which glycerides and free glycerol are present.
A rapid test to measure performance, emission and wear of a diesel engine fueled with palm oil diesel
Authors: Masjuki H. , Zaki A. M. , Sapuan S. M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractResults of performance, emission and tribological evaluations of palm oil methyl ester and its blends with conventional diesel in an automobile diesel engine test bed are presented. Polymerization and carbon deposits on the fuel injector were monitored. CO, CO2, O2, combustion efficiency and temperature of exhaust gases were also measured. Palm oil methyl ester and its blends have great potential as alternative diesel fuel. Performance and exhaust gas emission for palm oil methyl ester and its blends with conventional diesel are comparable with those of conventional diesel fuel. Palm oil methyl ester does not pose a severe environmental problem and will not deteriorate engine and bearing components.
Triglyceride specificity ofCandida cylindracea lipase: Effect of docosahexaenoic acid on resistance of triglyceride to lipase
Authors: Tanaka Yukihisa , Funada Tadashi , Hirano Jiro , Hashizume Ron 
Published: January 2007

AbstractTuna oil was hydrolyzed withCandida cylindracea lipase. After 70% hydrolysis of the oil, the docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content in the glyceride mixture [a mixture of TG (triglyceride), DG (diglyceride) and MG (monoglyceride)] was twice that of the original oil. DHA‐rich TG and DG were observed, but DHA‐rich MG was absent.C. cylin‐dracea lipase seemed to have a “triglyceride specificity,” and it favors TG without DHA over TG containing DHA. In accordance with this hypothesis, TG containing a mixture of oleic acid (OA) and DHA was synthesized and then hydrolyzed withC. cylindracea lipase. TGs in the hydrolysis product were fractionated and analyzed quantitatively by high‐performance liquid chromatography. Four kinds of TGs were obtained. TG with three molecules of OA was hydrolyzed most easily. Increasing the DHA content of TG resulted in less hydrolysis of TG. The results suggested thatC. cylindracea lipase had a TG specificity for the whole structure of TG in preference to the individual ester bonds; OA coexisting with DHA in TG was resistant toC. cylindracea lipase due to the TG structure.
Fat modification in afuegal’l pitu cheese during ripening by capillary gas chromatography
Authors: Alonso L. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractFree and esterified fatty acids and the major groups of triacylglycerol in Afuega’l Pitu cheese have been identified and quantitated over a maturation period of 60 d by capillary gas chromatography. Levels of lipolysis were slight at the end of ripening, with a total free fatty acid content of 5604 mg/kg of cheese. At the same time, the short‐chain esterified fatty acids and short‐chain triglyceride contents decreased slightly.
Comparison of alternative solvents for oils extraction
Authors: Johnson L. A. , Lusas E. W. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA comprehensive review of the literature about use of solvents for extraction of oilseeds is presented. Mention has been found of over 70 solvents. Currently, hexane is the major solvent in use, but recent price increases and safety, environmental and health concerns, have generated interest in alternatives. Solvents vary considerably in chemical and physical properties which affect their performance in oil extraction. The choice of solvent depends upon the primary end product desired (oil or meal). Recent research on alternative solvents has focused on ethanol, isopropanol, methylene chloride, aqueous acetone, and hexane/acetone/water mixtures.
Total solvent plant safety
Authors: Sandvig H. J. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractPlant design should consider and avoid deficiencies in the critical areas of conveying, condensing, vessel design, separation sump, etc. Ask your process engineering company or manufacturer hard questions. Review your design criteria with operating personnel, get their input. Critical safety devices can provide a minute‐by‐minute surveillance of crucial areas; those parts of the process that can generate the potential dangerous problems. Supervisor and operator training needs constant review. Be sure the operator thoroughly understands the process, including the reasons for and the functioning of the instrumentation and automation provided. Define limits of authority, control potential hazards by using a permit system, investigate all unsafe incidents, and make a careful analysis that will result in proper corrective action. Good management makes safe plants.
Recent safety experiences
Authors: Kingsbaker C. L. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractDuring the past few years, several oilseed solvent extraction plants have had severe explosions and fires causing death, injury and property damage. One city had part of its sewer system destroyed by a hexane explosion resulting from a solvent spill from an extraction plant into the sewer. This paper discusses a few of these incidents and how to prevent future disasters by new plant process designs, operation and safety procedures.
Physical refining
Authors: Forster A. , Harper A. J. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractBy reviewing current commercial physical refining processes a prospectus is suggested for the future objectives in this field of edible oil processing. The paper reviews widely used physical refining processes for the relatively high free fatty acid (FFA) laurics and palm oil and a commercial operation for physical refining of maize and sunflower oils. In addition, the relatively new departure of physical refining of soybean oil is discussed using data from recent development work. This system is used to demonstrate present trends in the development sector of the industry. Reference to similar work on pretreatment of rapeseed oil is included. The discussion is used to suggest guidelines for design of a flexible physical refining system for application to major oils processed by European refiners. There is still no physical refining process that can handle successfully on a commercial scale all qualities of soybean oil. We must envisage a system of physical refining that is able to deal with the most difficult soybean oil and thus assume it will handle all the less difficult oils.
Cottonseed oil
Authors: Cherry J. P. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractResearch on the effects of genetics and growing location on cottonseed has shown that oil and fatty acid composition could be improved if geneticists and agronomists would strive for improved seed quality as vigorously as they do for improved fiber quality. Breeding of glandless or gossypol‐free cottonseed was a genetic breakthrough. Glandless varieties are now available that produce yields having the quality of fiber and seed equivalent to those of glanded cultivars. Oil, food‐grade lecithin and meal byproducts are readily processed from glandless cottonseeds because of the absence of gossypol. Major research programs on cottonseed processing include: (a) testing alternative screw‐press and extrusion operations for efficient direct solvent oil extraction; (b) developing alternative solvent extraction systems with ethanol, isopropanol and supercritical fluids; (c) using gas chromatographic/mass spectrophotometric techniques to characterize enzymatic and nonenzymatic mechanisms that produce secondary oxidation off‐flavor products; and (d) controlling hexane losses in solvent extraction systems.
Palm Kernel and coconut oils: Analytical characteristics, process technology and uses
Authors: Young F. V. K. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractPalm kernel and coconut oils are the most used of the lauric acid group of oils. The characteristic of this group is their high content of saturated acids, lauric and myristic, and it is from this feature that their principal uses are derived. Due to their triglyceride composition, both oils have steep melting curves and melt below body temperature. Their low degree of unsaturation gives them high oxidative stability. As a result of these properties they are found widely used as hard butters and in vegetable fat ice‐creams, coffee whiteners and similar products. Their use in margarine gives that product an attractive coolness in the mouth. Coconut oil is also used extensively as a raw material for soaps and detergents and as a body oil. The oils are susceptible to hydrolytic splitting and to trace metal catalyzed oxidation. They are particularly affected by contamination with other oils which produce either reduced oxidative stability or, when the contaminant is high melting, an unacceptable palate cling. Refining is normally done with caustic soda solutions and refining conditions are chosen to minimize neutral oil losses due to saponification. Physical refining is also practised and is particularly useful for treating palm kernel oils with high free fatty acid content. To improve their quality and applicability for several uses, both oils are hydrogenated, fractionated and interesterified in various combinations. Fractionation is done either by dry “pressing” or with the assistance of detergents or solvents, the highest quality products being obtained using solvents. The relatively high solubility of the fatty acids can result in effluent problems.
Effects of hexadecylphosphocholine on protein kinase C and TPA‐induced differentiation of HL60 cells
Authors: Shoji Mamoru , Raynor Robert L. , Fleer Edward A. M. , Eibl Hansjörg , Vogler William R. , Kuo J. F. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSeveral structural analogs of alkylphosphocholine (APC) were studied for their effects on protein kinase C (PKC) and 12‐O‐tetradecanoylphorbol‐13‐acetate (TPA) elicited biochemical and cellular events in HL60 cells. Hexadecylphosphocholine (He‐PC2), the APC prototype, inhibited PKC competitively with respect to phosphatidylserine and noncompetitively with respect to CaCl2, both with an apparent Ki of about 15 μM. Inhibition of PKC by He‐PC2 was selective, since cyclic AMP dependent protein kinase and Ca2+/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II were relatively unaffected. He‐PC2 inhibited TPA‐induced depletion of PKC and TPA‐stimulated phosphorylation of cellular proteins in HL60 cells. TPA‐induced differentiation of HL60 cells was also inhibited by He‐PC2, and this inhibition was synergistic or additive to the effects of 1‐(5‐isoquinoline‐sulfonyl)‐2‐methylpiperazine (H‐7), a PKC inhibitor. The present findings are consistent with the hypothesis that inhibition of PKC might be related, in part, to the antineoplastic effect of He‐PC2 and ether lipid analogs such as ET‐18‐OCH3 (1‐octadecyl‐2‐methyl‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine).