bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Large‐scale circulation regimes and surface climatic anomalies over the Mediterranean
Authors: Corte‐Real João , Zhang Xuebin , Wang Xiaolan 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSignificant relationships between atmospheric circulation anomalies, in terms of monthly mean 500 hPa geopotential height (Z500) and sea‐level pressure (SLP) over Atlantic‐Europe, and surface climatic anomalies, in terms of monthly rainfall (Rm) and monthly mean temperature (Tm), over the extended Mediterranean area, are examined statistically by canonical correlation analysis (CCA), with time lags from zero to four months.At a confidence level of 99.99 per cent, CCA yields five pairs of patterns that describe simultaneous responses of the monthly rainfall field to anomalies of surface circulation (SLP). Between mid‐tropospheric circulation (Z500) and rainfall fields, six concurrent CCA pairs were also identified to be significant at the same confidence level. From the synoptic point view, these results seem very reasonable.Six concurrent (hereafter lag 0) CCA pairs and one CCA pair for a lag of 1 month (hereafter lag 1) were identified for the Z500—Tm fields at the confidence level of 99 per cent. The SLP—Tm fields, also six concurrent CCA pairs and three pairs for lag 1, were found to be significant at the same confidence level. Quite similar temperature anomaly patterns are represented in the first CCA pairs of the Z500—Tm fields for both lag 0 and lag 1, and in the first lag‐1 and second lag‐0 CCA pairs of the SLP‐Tm fields; the patterns of air temperature anomalies revealed in the third CCA pair of SLP—Tm fields for lag 1, as well as in the fourth concurrent CCA pairs of the Z500—Tm and SLP—Tm fields, also resemble each other. Similar temperature anomaly patterns can be found for other CCA pairs. These similarities reveal that some slow‐changing processes in large‐scale anomalies of atmosphere are responsible for producing the same type of temperature anomalies.
A synoptic climatological evaluation of the changes in the CSIRO nine‐level model with doubled CO2 in the New Zealand region
Authors: Kidson John W. , Watterson Ian G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA synoptic climatological evaluation of the output of the CSIRO nine‐level model shows differences from the climatology derived by Kidson from ECMWF analyses for 1980–1988. The model climatology includes more days with winds from the westerly quarter, and fewer anticyclones are found to the south and south‐east of New Zealand. The difference in climate between the single and doubled CO2 runs was relatively small using the synoptic classes derived from the ECMWF analyses, and an alternative set of daily classifications was obtained from the model data.Significant differences between the single and doubled CO2 runs were then apparent, particularly in the winter season. The number of highs to the west of New Zealand decreased and both cyclonic and anticyclonic south‐west flow on to the country increased. Mean departures in the climatic elements were obtained for days in which a good match was obtained between the model‐derived synoptic classes and ECMWF analyses. These suggested that more rain should fall on the south and west of the country with increasing CO2. Relative to the overall warming trend, minimum temperatures may be a little higher in the central and western North Island and maximum temperatures lower in the south of the South Island and higher in the east of the North Island. Bright sunshine may decline slightly, and more wind is expected over the North Island.
Rainfall variability in subequatorial America and Africa and relationships with the main sea‐surface temperature modes (1951–1990)
Authors: Moron Vincent , Bigot Sylvain , Roucou Pascal 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe rainfall variability of subequatorial South America and Africa is poorly documented owing to the scarcity of data. We present a new land‐only data set of monthly precipitation from 1951 to 1990, focusing on subequatorial South America and Africa, which improves the knowledge of rainfall variability and allows comparisons with GCM outputs. The results of multivariate analyses are compared with those performed on the best actual global rainfall data set developed by Mike Hulme. The main modes of bimonthly rainfall variability are not located in the major rain‐forest basins of Zaïre and Amazonia, but rather on the tropical margins, such as Venezuela or Sudan, and near‐coastal equatorial areas, such as Guyana, Nordeste, Guinea, and Gabon. A regionalization into 13 homogeneous areas selected from the multivariate analyses is proposed. The statistical links between the rainfall variability and the four main sea‐surface temperature modes indicate a strong influence of the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon upon South America (less/more rainfall during an El Niño/La Niña event) and a weaker impact, modulated by the Atlantic thermal state, upon Africa. The impact of ENSO events seems stronger since 1965 than before.
On the linearity and stability of Southern Oscillation‐climate relationships for New Zealand
Authors: Mullan A. B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPrevious research has highlighted the existence of significant linear correlations of the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) with mean sea‐level pressure in the Australasian region and with patterns of rainfall and temperature anomalies in New Zealand. The issue of the Southern Oscillation influence on New Zealand climate is revisited here, with emphasis on whether climate anomalies during the El Niño and La Niña extremes are indeed equal and opposite, as assumed in any linear analysis. The consistency of SOI‐climate relationships over time is also assessed by comparing analyses before and after 1950.A linear regression analysis of seasonally stratified rainfall and temperature data from a number of New Zealand sites is carried out, but in addition a test for a simple form of non‐linearity (namely bilinearity) is applied. In a separate but complementary analysis, which does not impose a linear structure on the anomalies, climate data are composited for periods representing extremes of the Southern Oscillation. Both analyses show that although it is often reasonable to assume a reversal between El Niño and La Niña, non‐linearities are also evident and particularly so in southern parts of New Zealand in the winter and spring seasons. At all the central and southern South Island sites analysed, winter temperatures were colder than average at both extremes of the Southern Oscillation.In the earlier record prior to about 1950, the pattern of SOI‐related climate anomalies also appears substantially different to more recent teleconnection patterns.
Adsorption of Copper by Soils in aqueous media at different temperatures
Authors: Lal S. , De S. K. , Chandra S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSoils of Azamgarh, U.P. have been found to fix copper fairly in good amounts. The fixation is found to be endothermic and is accompanied by a decrease in the resultant pH. The fixation is more with loam soils and generally increases with the depth of soil. pH, sesquioxide, magnesium oxide, exchangeable magnesium and C/N ratio have been found to affect the fixation. Copper is fixed as Cu(OH)+ in the acid systems.
Verlauf des Zelluloseabbaus in einer Braunerde unter einer Goldhaferwiese bei unterschiedlicher Düngung
Authors: Schnetter Marie‐Luise 
Published: February 2007

Course of cellulose decomposition in a brown earth under a Trisetum flavescens – meadow after different fertilizationThe cellulose decomposition in the soil of a Trisetum flavescens‐meadow untreated and treated with NPK. and PK fertilizer was determined by means of burial of pieces of cellophane. The rate of decomposition of the cellulose film was chosen as a measure of cellulolytic activity in soil.The cellulolytic activity had its maximum in the summer months and near the surface. The decrease with increasing depth was more obvious in the untreated lot than in the lot treated with NPK fertilizer.Under field conditions the influence of fertilization on the cellulolytic activity was low. In the laboratory there was a slight effect of the addition of soil from the NPK‐lot on the decomposition of filter paper only with a slightly alkaline nutritive solution.The determination of soil cellulose content and mineralization of soil cellulose showed no differences between fertilized and untreated soil.
Neue Methoden zur Charakterisierung und Identifizierung quellungsfähigen Dreischichttonminerale
Authors: Lagaly G. , Weiss Armin 
Published: February 2007

New methods for characterisation and identification of swelling clay mineralsThe determination of the layer charge and the charge distribution in mica‐type layer silicates are described. The method is based upon cation exchange of the inorganic interlayer cations against n‐alkyl‐ammonium ions. It simply requires the determination of basal spacings by X‐ray measurements.
Methodenvergleich zur pH‐Bestimmung von Böden
Authors: Schachtschabel P. 
Published: February 2007

Comparison of methods for determining of soil‐pHComparative studies are being described of pH‐determinations in suspensions with m‐KCl, 0.1 m‐KCl, 0.01 m‐CaCl2 and water of soils derived from loess and sand.For a standard the pH‐values in 0.01 m‐CaCl2‐suspensions were chosen, considering, that such CaCl2‐solution reflects best conditions in natural soil solution. Mean differences of pH(H2O)‐, m‐KCl‐ and 0.1 m‐KCl‐values as compared to pH(CaCl2)‐values were + 0.56, — 0.27 and — 0.02 for the soils derived from loess, and + 0.63, — 0.11 and + 0.18 for those from sand.Taking into account the pH‐dependence of the difference pH(CaCl2)‐values were + 0.56 – 0.11, — 0.27 – 0.26 and — 0.02 – 0.21, for the soils derived from loess, and + 0.63 – 0.21, — 0.11 – 0.14 and + 0.18 – 0.10 for those from sand.Taking into account the pH‐dependence of the difference of pH(H2O)‐values of sandy soils, and its dependence on the present electrolyte content with all soils, further the unequal differences of the pH(KCl)‐values with soils from loess as compared to sand, and their particular large variability with soils from loess, it is being argued that the CaCl2‐method may only insufficiently be substitued by any one of these methods.pH‐values obtained at a soil‐to‐liquid‐ratio of 1:2.5 were only slightly different from those with a ratio of 1:1.A suspension effect could not be observed with the application of a glasselectrode.
Sephadex‐Gelfiltration von Huminsäuren und deren Gehalt an Aminosäuren
Authors: Pospisil F. , Cvikrova M. 
Published: February 2007

Gel filtration on Sephadex of humic acids and their content of amino acids
Brown humic substances from the Ah of an iron‐humus podzol were separated on Sephadex G 25 into three fractions. The first fraction (Ve/Vo = 1.0–1.5) has the lowest value of Q 4/6 (5.0–8.0), the second the highest Q 4/6 (10.0–12.0) and the third a middle one (8.0–10.5). The adsorption effect may take place during separation.
The asymmetric form of the integral elution curves of the first fraction indicated that the humic substances are a set of particles with different size. The separation is influenced by diffusion into the pores of gel matrix.
In the first fraction were determined 16, in the second 13 and in the third 10 amino acids.
The titration curves of the first fraction (after separation on G 25) indicated that the rate of pH change with alkali added becomes its maximum at pH 6.5–7.5 at different ionic strengths.
Dialysed humic acids (H+ form) were fractionated on G 75. The alkali consumption up to pH 7.5 in the eluate shows that small amounts of mineral acids increase the conductivity of the solution. Their Ve is lower than that of the second fraction of humic acids. Therefore it is impossible to determine the alkali consumption by the second fraction and by the humic acids as a whole without their total desalting.
P‐Dynamik weicherdiger Rohphosphate und Probleme der Bodenuntersuchung
Authors: Gutser R. , Amberger A. 
Published: February 2007

The Phosphorus Dynamics of Soft Raw Phosphate and Soil Investigation ProblemsIn long term trials with a brown earth, pH 6.2 and a pseudogley, pH 4.9 and 6.0 when limed, yield and phosphorus uptake were compared with available phosphorus, as estimated by different methods, including Chang and Jackson's phosphorus fractionation. The evaluation of soil investigations depends very much on the dynamics of the site, especially when soft raw phospates are being examined. The rate of availability to plants of apatite rock phosphates depends on pH, the biological activity of the soil and on its transformation power. Soft raw phosphates lead to increased levels of calcium phosphates in soils of higher pH. Available phosphorus is often over estimated in soils where P transformation is in fact low due to the ready extractability of calcium phosphates inherent in some methods. This especially applies to the lactate (Egner‐Riehm) and the lactate‐acetate (Egner‐Riehm‐Domingo) methods. Soil testing methods must be verified against plant trials. Soil type and nutrient dynamics must be considered to give accurate evaluation; Chang and Jackson's phosphorus fractionation is helpful.
Influence of Parent Material and Slope Exposure on Properties of Soils Related to Erodibility in North Central Anatolia
Authors: Balct A. Nihat 
Published: February 2007

Einfluß des Muttergesteins und der Hangneigung Nord‐Zentral‐Anatolischer Böden auf ihre Eigenschaften bezüglich der ErodierbarkeitDie Böden des Untersuchungsgebietes in Zentralanatolien sind stark erosionsgefährdet. Das Muttergestein hat dabei einen deutlichen Einfluß auf Bodeneigenschaften, die mit der Erodierbarkeit in Zusammenhang stehen.Das Dispersions‐Verhältnis (der Index für die Erodierbarkeit) und verschiedene andere Bodeneigenschaften weisen auf verschiedenen Muttergesteinen signifikante Unterschiede auf. Nach den Dispersions‐Verhältnissen nimmt die potentielle Erodierbarkeit von Böden der folgenden vier Ausgangssubstrate von links nach rechts zu:

Es ergab sich, daß die Böden südexponierter Hänge signifikant stärker erodierbar waren als Böden aus Nordhängen. Das liegt wahrscheinlich an den höheren Humus‐und Tongehalten der nordexponierten Probeflächen.Die organische Substanz der Oberböden (0–15 cm) ist signifikant höher als die der Unterböden (15–30 cm). Für den Kiesgehalt und für das spezifische Gewicht der Böden ergeben sich umgekehrte Verhältnisse.Die Humus‐, Kies‐ und Tongehalte weisen hochsignifikante negative Korrelationen zum Dispersions‐Verhältnis auf, im Gegensatz zur elektrischen Leitfähigkeit und zum Schluffgehalt, die mit der Erodierbarkeit signifikant positiv korreliert sind. Es ergeben sich zahlreiche weitere brauchbare Beziehungen zwischen dem Dispersions‐Verhältnis und verschiedenen anderen Bodeneigenschaften. Diese Ergebnisse sind in Tabelle 4 und 5 dargestellt.
Bodenatmung, Stickstoffmineralisation und Humusabbau ostafrikanischer Böden nach Trocknung und Wiederbefeuchtung
Authors: Jagnow G. 
Published: February 2007

Soil respiration, nitrogen mineralization and humus decomposition of East African soils after drying and remoisteningSoil respiration and nitrogen mineralization of 51 East African cultivated, savanna and forest soils were compared after 3 and 21 weeks of air drying. The average soil respiration after 21 weeks of drying was 1.221 ± 0.106 times higher than that after 3 weeks of drying whereas the average nitrogen mineralization was not increased significantly (factor 1.132 ± 0.256). The increase in soil respiration was correlated positively with the water soluble organic matter.During air dryings of 3 days and moist incubations of 4 days at 30°C, which were repeated 20 times in 10 soils, 3–10% of the organic carbon and 8–19% of the organic nitrogen (low humus vertisol 69%) were mineralized. Changes in the amount and the extinction of humic and fulvic acids were considered to be indicative for an increased humification during the drying and remoistening of soils.
Aufnahme und Verlagerung von 42K und 86Rb bei jungen Gerstenpflanzen in Abhängigkeit von einer Calcium‐Behandlung der Wurzeln
Authors: Meschgi H. , Herwig K. 
Published: February 2007

Uptake and translocation of 42 and 86Rb by young seedlings in relation to different calcium levels in the root mediumThe uptake of 42K and 86Rb by 8‐d.‐old barley seedlings was studied after 4 h period in solutions containing either 42K or 86Rb (1 mmol 42KNO3 + 1 mmol KCl; 1 mmol 86RbCl + 1 mmol RbNO3). The amount of 42K was 56% and 20% higher than that of 86Rb in the roots and shoots respectively (Pict. 1). Increasing the level of Ca in the root medium enhanced 42 86Rb uptake. However the translocation rate of 86Rb in the shoot was relatively lower than that of 42K. In view of the content in the roots both elements were translocated to the shoot in a similar percentage (Table 1).
Einfluß von Kupfer‐ und Stickstoffmangel auf die Aktivität der Phenoloxidase und den Gehalt an Phenolen in den Blättern der Sonnenblume (Helianthus annuus)
Authors: Judel G. K. 
Published: February 2007

Effect of copper and nitrogen deficiency on phenol oxidase activity and content of phenols in leaves of sunflower (Helianthus annuus)In sunflower leaves of different insertion height the activity of phenol oxidase during the course of the whole vegetation period was determined. In leaves of normal plants this activity reached its maximum during the period of most intensiv growth and decreased continuously with increasing age. The highest activity was found in cotyledons. In normal leaves this maximum decreased with increasing insertion height.Copper deficiency led in cotyledons to a small, in leaves to a severe inhibition of the phenol oxidase activity. Here the decrease of copper content always led to an unproportional decrease of the enzyme activity. After the middle of July, no phenol oxidase activity in leaves of copper deficient plants could be determined.Nitrogen deficiency decreased the yield considerably, while it was lowering the phenol oxidase activity only slightly. Orthodihydroxyphenols, as substrates of phenol oxidase, showed a negative correlation to the enzym activity: The stronger the suppression of the phenol oxidase activity, the higher was the rise of the orthodiphenol content in full expanded leaves.With unsufficient copper supply the plants showed only week deficiency symptoms, although the phenol oxidase activity was completly inhibited. Therefore it is presumed that in sunflower leaves the role of phenol oxidase can partly be taken over by other enzymes.
Ein Gerät zur Herstellung spektrochemischer und anderer homogen zu mischender Proben
Authors: Heilenz S. 
Published: February 2007

An apparatus for homogeneous micro‐grinding of spectrochemical and other samples1. For spectrochemical analysis of solid substances, mixtures which must fulfil definite criteria are required. The degree of the needed purity, completeness and homogeneity is described.2. To obtain homogeneous material, the substance must be finely ground within a short time. The grinding problem was solved by developing an apparatus which includes a modefied mortar and pestle. Special points of construction which guarantee the specifications of grinding are given for both operation and efficiency.3. The construction of the apparatus which is now manufactured is elucidated. The method of the applied test of qualifications is outlined.
Abbau und Auswaschung von Chlorcholinchlorid bei Weizen
Authors: Bohring J. 
Published: February 2007

Decomposition of Chlorocholine Chloride in Wheat Plants and its Leaching from leavesThe decomposition of 14C‐labeled chlorocholine chloride (CCC) in intact plants and its leaching by rainfall were investigated in pot trials with spring and winter wheat. The results can be summerized as follows:
CCC is relatively stable in intact plants and is rather not metabolized. Nearly all CCC applied to the leaves or the roots of the young plants was found as undecomposed CCC in later growth stages (Table 1 and 2).
Only a small amount of decomposition products containing 14C could be dedected in the wheat plants. After treatment 94–98 and 2–6 per cent of the total activity were found in the CCC and choline fraction respectively without significant variation throughout the experimental period (Table 1 and 2).
A great part of the CCC sprayed on the plants in the juvenile stage was leached by rain during the vegetation period (Fig. 1).
The mobility of CCC in the plants is low. Only a small part of the CCC amount applied to the leaves moves to the stalks and ears and to the leaves developed after CCC application (Fig. 2).
Einfluß von Ammonium‐ und Nitratstickstoff, Eisenchelaten und CCC auf den Chlorophyll‐ und Gesamtzukerghalt der Blätter chlorotischer, immergrüner Pflanzen auf alkalischen Böden Isfahans
Authors: Farrabi‐Aschtiam Sadegh 
Published: February 2007

Effect of ammonium and nitrate nitrogen, iron chelates and CCC on the chlorophyll and carbohydrat content in leaves of chlorotic, periwinkle plants an alkaline soils in IsfahanIn pot experiments with periwinkle plants on alkaline soils the effect of nitrogen fertilization, iron chelats and cycocel in treating iron chlorosis was studied.High amounts of calcium nitrate produced chlorosis, followed by a general decrease in plant growth, while the same amount of ammonium sulfat prevent chlorosis and increased chlorophyll content and production of dry matter.In chlorotic plants both the chlorophyll and sugar content was increased by spraying with iron chelate, and with cycocel as well.
Der Einfluß isoosmotischer Lutrol‐ und Salzlösungen auf die Chlorophyllkonzentration und das Chlorophyll‐a/b‐Verhältnis bei Phaseolus vulgaris
Authors: Herwig K. , Raafat A. 
Published: February 2007

The influence of isoosmotic Lutrol‐ and salt solutions upon the chlorophyll‐concentration and chlorophyll a/b ratio of Phaseolus vulgarisThe behaviour of the chlorophyll status of Phaseolus vulgaris was studied under the influence of different isoosmotic Lutrol and salt solutions in the root medium.Phaseolus seedlings, 12 days old, were raised in a nutrient solution containing isoosmotic concentrations of 0.54 (control); 1.26; 2.82 and 4.68 atm. created by either Lutrol or salts (40% chlorine, 60% sulfate). An increase in the osmotic pressure of the primary and normal leaves generally paralleled the increase in the osmotic pressure of the media with a more pronounced effect in the case of salts than in Lutrol. Mean values of osmotic pressure of both primary and normal leaves during the sampling period were 6.19; 10.35 and 12.98 atm. for control, Lutrol III and salt III respectively.Increasing the osmotic pressure of the media due to salts resulted in a significant decrease of the chlorophyll content of primary leaves (mean value during the sampling period: Cont.: 19.8 μg/cm2; salt II: 12.7 μ/cm2; salt III: 6.3 μg/cm2), accompanied with a decreasing tendency in the chlorophyll a/b ratio. Such effect was only detectable in the case of the highest Lutrol concentration at the end of the experiment. However, the mean values of the sampling period did not show any significant variation from those of controls (Lutrol II: 18.9 μg/cm2; Lutrol III: 16.1 μg/cm2). Both types of osmoticum decreased remarkably the total chlorophyll amount of normal leaves. This behaviour resulted more clearly from a reduction in the leaf area than from the decrease in the chlorophyll concentration.The mechanism of plant response to changes in the osmotic pressure of the medium seemed to depend mainly on the type of osmoticum affecting such variations. In general the changes in the osmotic pressure created by salts affected both mature and developing leaves i.e. primary and normal leaves respectively, whereas such changes in the case of Lutrol affected mainly the latter organs.