bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Laryngeal Candidiasis Mimicking Malignancy
Authors: Nunes Fabio P. , Bishop Todd , Prasad Manju L. , Madison J Mark , Kim Daniel Y. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIsolated laryngeal candidiasis in immunocompetent individuals is a rare entity with fewer than 40 cases reported in the literature. Laryngeal candidiasis secondary to inhaled steroid therapy is usually mild and has been reported in 10% to 15% of patients complaining of dysphonia during treatment. We present a case of laryngeal candidiasis mimicking laryngeal carcinoma in an immunocompetent patient being treated with inhaled fluticasone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Biopsy of the lesion failed to show any signs of malignancy, and patient responded well to oral fluconazole therapy
Safety and Outcomes of Outpatient Pediatric Otolaryngology Procedures at an Ambulatory Surgery Center
Authors: Shah Rahul K. , Welborn Leila , Ashktorab Samaneh , Stringer Elizabeth , Zalzal George H. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractObjectives: To determine the safety and outcomes of outpatient pediatric otolaryngology procedures performed at an ambulatory surgery center (ASC).Methods: Retrospective review of all pediatric otolaryngology cases performed at a freestanding, outpatient ASC of a tertiary care, academic children's medical center from 2000 to 2007.Results: Of all cases, 4979 (55%) were otolaryngology procedures. Twelve surgeons and 10 pediatric anesthesiologists staffed the cases; no residents/fellows were involved. The case breakdown is as follows: 2045 (41.1%) myringotomy and tympanostomy tube; 1438 (28.9%) adenoidectomy (with tympanostomy tube placement and/or turbinectomy); 880 (17.7%) tonsillectomy (with or without adenoidectomy). According to American Society of Anesthesiologist (ASA) classification: 84.2% were ASA I, 15.1% ASA II, 0.7% ASA III. There were nine unanticipated outcomes: four postadenotonsillectomy and one postadenoidectomy bleeds (three requiring reoperation the same day), two patients with low psuedocholinesterase levels, one postadenotonsillectomy patient requiring overnight monitoring, and one patient with an incidental finding of a subglottic mass. Preoperative ASA status on these nine patients was 7 (78%) ASA I, 2 (22%) ASA II.Conclusions: Pediatric otolaryngology procedures constitute significant volume at our ASC. Surgery at our ASC is extremely safe with a rate of unanticipated outcomes of 0.2%—a comparison not available in the literature. Pediatric otolaryngology procedures performed with a highly skilled team at an outpatient ASC result in high quality and safe surgery.
Cerebrospinal Fluid Leakage After Gamma Knife Radiosurgery for Skull Base Metastasis From Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Case Report
Authors: Kim Chang‐Hyun , Chung Seung‐Kyu , Dhong Hun‐Jong , Lee Jung‐Il 
Published: October 2008

AbstractWe report a rare case of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage after radiosurgery for skull base metastasis from renal cell carcinoma. A mass invading the left petrous bone and sphenoid sinus was treated with gamma knife radiosurgery, and CSF rhinorrhea developed 4 months after the procedure. The CSF leak was successfully controlled by endoscopic sinus surgery. CSF leakage may develop as a rare complication after radiosurgery for skull base lesions, and the endoscopic repair technique is a useful therapeutic method.
Effects of Topically Applied Dexamethasone on Mucosal Wound Healing Using a Drug‐Releasing Stent
Authors: Beule Achim G. , Scharf Christian , Biebler Karl‐Ernst , Göpferich Achim , Steinmeier Elke , Wolf Eduard , Hosemann Werner , Kaftan Holger 
Published: October 2008

AbstractObjective/Hypothesis: Evaluation of the impact of continuously topically released dexamethasone using a drug‐releasing stent on quality of regenerated mucosa after full thickness injury in the paranasal sinuses.Study Design: Prospective, controlled, randomized, double‐blinded animal study.Methods: Nineteen New Zealand white rabbits were subjected to surgery: via an external approach, a 4 mm circular wound was created on the medial side of the maxillary sinus. The wound was covered in a randomized fashion with either a silicone foil or a new drug releasing stent system. Twelve to 30 days later, the animals were killed and histology and electron microscopy were performed. One animal was used for baseline comparisons at day 0.Results: No animals were lost due to infection or dislocation of the stent, leaving 18 animals for evaluation of postoperative healing quality. According to macroscopic examination, extent of granulations was smaller in the treatment group (dexamethasone: median 0 [95% confidence interval: 0.1–0.6]) than the silicone group (2 [1.5–2.3]; P ≤ .05). Epithelial wound healing was complete in all specimens, whereas the stroma was significantly thinner in the dexamethasone‐group (44 [37–60]; 178 [148–214]). Improved healing quality was achieved significantly more often on the treatment, than on the control side. Scanning electron microscopy revealed no difference between both groups.Conclusions: Using a new drug‐releasing stent system, dexamethasone efficiently decreases granulation formation and stroma thickness without impeding epithelial differentiation. Therefore, the use of this system may be of value to decrease restenosis rates in selected patients after frontal sinus surgery.
Effect of Preoperative Residual Hearing on Speech Perception After Cochlear Implantation
Authors: Adunka Oliver F. , Buss Emily , Clark Marcia S. , Pillsbury Harold C. , Buchman Craig A. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractObjective: To assess the effect of substantial preoperative residual hearing on speech perception outcomes in adult cochlear implant recipients.Setting: Tertiary care academic referral center.Methods: Twenty‐nine patients with substantial preoperative residual hearing underwent cochlear implantation. Twenty‐one implant recipients matched for age and duration of hearing loss, but without preoperative residual hearing, served as controls. Postoperative speech perception was assessed using City University of New York sentence, consonant‐nucleus‐consonant, and hearing in noise test in quiet and in noise (+10 dB signal to noise ratio) tests at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after fitting.Results: After implantation, there were no significant differences between groups for any of the tests administered. The mean change in speech perception abilities from baseline was significantly greater for the control patients than those with substantial preoperative residual hearing at a number of the test intervals across the various conditions. Moreover, at both 1 and 3 months, some patients in the residual hearing group had speech perception scores that were worse than their preoperative values. Ultimately, all of the patients with substantial residual hearing surpassed their preoperative performance.Discussion: Patients with substantial preoperative residual hearing can gain significant benefit from cochlear implantation. Although the degree of improvement in these individuals is somewhat more modest than for those patients without preoperative residual hearing, the outcomes are still excellent. That there were no significant differences between the patient groups suggests that having substantial residual hearing before implantation does not provide a measurable performance advantage for electrical stimulation. Patients with substantial residual hearing who are contemplating cochlear implantation should be counseled regarding a possible initial decline in speech perception performance.
Small Vestibular Schwannomas With No Hearing: Comparison of Functional Outcomes in Stereotactic Radiosurgery and Microsurgery
Authors: Coelho Daniel H. , Roland J Thomas , Rush Stephen A. , Narayana Ashwatha , Clair Eric St. , Chung Wayne , Golfinos John G. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractObjectives: To date, numerous studies have compared functional outcomes between stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) and microsurgery (MS) in the treatment of vestibular schwannomas (VS). However, most of them involve tumors of difference sizes, radiation dosages, and surgical approaches. Few have systematically compared issues of dysequilibrium. By studying only patients with small tumors and no hearing, we sought to minimize confounding variables.Study Design: A retrospective chart review and telephone questionnaire.Methods: From 1998–2006, 31 patients with small (<1.5 cm) VS and nonserviceable hearing (American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery [AAO‐HNS] Class C or D) were treated at our institution. Twenty‐two were available for follow‐up and telephone questionnaire, including the University of California Los Angeles Dizziness Questionnaire (UCLA‐DQ). Twelve underwent SRS and 10 underwent MS. All MS patients underwent the translabyrinthine approach to their tumors. Outcomes measurements included tumor control, facial nerve function, tinnitus, trigeminal function, and imbalance.Results: Patients undergoing SRS had comparable rates of tumor control, facial nerve function, tinnitus, and trigeminal function to MS patients. However, SRS did result in statistically significantly worse long‐term imbalance when compared with MS patients. Detailed comparisons of the two modalities are made.Conclusions: In our study population, patients with small tumors and no serviceable hearing, these data suggest that MS results in comparable minimal morbidity with SRS, though posttreatment dysequilibrium is significantly decreased. While the authors recommend translabyrinthine resection of small VS with no hearing in patients able to tolerate surgery, the need for further prospective investigation is clear.
ONTOGENY AND PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS
Authors: KLUGE ARNOLD G. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract— Dedifferentiation, paedomorphosis, and the insertion and deletion of developmental stages make it impossible to deduce the genealogical hierarchy from only ontogenetic transformation series. Like the outgroup criterion, ontogenetic character precedence is not theory‐neutral and to use it to deduce genealogy requires certain assumptions.If scientists are going to use logically unbeatable theories about the world, they might as well give up natural science and take up religion (Lewontin, 1972: 181).
EVOLUTION, MORPHOGENESIS, AND RECAPITULATION: AN ESSAY ON METAZOAN EVOLUTION
Authors: LØVTRUP SØREN 
Published: October 2008

Abstract— The evolution of the Metazoa has to a very large extent been a matter of creating new ways of transforming living matter into animal bodies. As implied from the classification of the subkingdom this process has involved the origin of mechanisms for the construction of a number of phyletic body plans, which in turn have been modified in various ways corresponding to the subordinate taxa within the respective phyla. The ontogenetic development of the metazoans may be subdivided into separate phases, the number of which may vary from one phylum to another, but a typical subdivision comprises five phases: cleavage, form creation, differential growth, allometric growth, and degeneration. Cleavage may be considered as a preparatory phase, whereas true morphogenesis begins with gastrulation. At this stage the phyletic body plan is laid down, in some cases even including features which distinguish some of the higher subordinate taxa—classes and orders—to which the animal belongs. During the phase of differential growth this basic body plan is further modified to correspond to the form characterizing the lower taxa: orders, families, genera, and often even the species. The transformation between differential and allometric growth usually coincides with hatching or birth. Sometimes the specific features develop only during the phase of allometric growth, and under any circumstances the typical morphological differences between young and adult forms are established at this time. Allometric growth usually comes to an end at maturation. The present interpretation is in complete accord with that proposed by von Baer 150 years ago; within each phylum ontogeny occurs in a way corresponding to a recapitulation of the course of phylogenetic evolution. No kind of recapitulation may be observed relating to the evolution between the individual phyla.“as regards its type every organic form becomes by the mode of its formation that which it eventually is. The scheme of development is nothing but the becoming type, and the type the result of the scheme of formation. For that reason the type can be wholly understood only through its mode of development”—K. E. von Baer (1828:258)
DNA Hybridization as a Guide to Phylogenies: a Critical Analysis
Authors: Sarich Vincent M. , Schmid Carl W. , Marks Jon 
Published: October 2008

Abstract— This article evaluates the use of DNA hybridization for estimating the extent of divergence among the single‐copy fractions of vertebrate genomes. It focuses, in particular, on the nature and informational content of the melting profiles as a guide to phylogenetic relationships. While concluding that the DNA hybridization approach remains the best and most cost‐effective guide to such relationships over its useful range, it demonstrates serious flaws in certain recent attempts to apply the method to specific cases among primates and birds. The major points are:

The T50H statistic is flawed as a measure of mean sequence divergence, and also, therefore, as a measure of phylogenetic distance.
The Tmode statistic overcomes many of the problems inherent in interpreting thermal stabilities of DNA heteroduplexes for phylogenetic purposes.
The phylogenetic significance of ΔTmodes of > 15d̀ or so cannot be accurately assessed.
The putative slowdown in the rate of nuclear DNA sequence change among the lemurs is not justified by the data.
The claims of Sibley and Ahlquist to have resolved the human/chimpanzee/gorilla trichotomy are not supported by their data.
There are major problems in the published Sibley and Ahlquist avian phylogenies; in particular, with those containing evolutionary “staircases” of nodes separated by less than 1d̀ from one another.
There would appear to be a lineage misplacement involving a ΔT of at least 4d̀ in a recent publication on avian phylogeny.
Certain of the published ΔT50 H values seem not to be representative of the actual data on which they are based.
Most important, it is recommended that no phytogenies based on DNA hybridization comparisons should be presented without being accompanied by the data relevant to each claim of a resolved lineage.
HOMOPLASY AS PATTERN: MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF MORPHOLOGICAL CONVERGENCE IN ANSERIFORMES
Authors: Faith Daniel P. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract— A multivariatc model for taxa and characters is presented that represents taxa as points in an ordination space such that shared derived character states define groups of taxa or regions in this space. This model is compared, in terms of concepts of information content and explanatory power, to the eladistie model that relates characters and taxa to a hierarchical pattern. While a cladogram may be identified with a phylogenetic hypothesis, the ordination pattern may be equated with hypotheses about similarities among the taxa in habitat, feeding mode, or other ecological factors.This basic data‐pattern model is appropriate for the explanation of the character convergences implied by a particular phylogenetic hypothesis. Under the assumptions of the model, the underlying ordination pattern may be inferred from the observed character data using robust ordination procedures recently developed in community ecology.As an illustration of the method, the morphological convergences derived from a recent phylogenetic hypothesis for genera of Anseriformes are analysed. In the resulting two‐dimensional ordination, the genera are arranged such that the convergenlly derived states form regions in the space. While this pattern implies that some of the taxa that are close together in the space are phylogcnetically dissimilar, taxa that are close together in the space are found to be similar in their mode of feeding. Thus, the ordination demonstrates that taxa sharing these morphological convergences tend to utilize habitat in the same way in terms of mode of feeding.The explanatory power of the pattern and the degree of recovery of habitat information are tested against null hypotheses using Monte Carlo simulations.Extensions of the method are discussed, including applications to studies of parasite—host relationships and to biogeography.
Sámi Reindeer Pastoralism as an Indigenous Resource Management System in Northern Norway: A Contribution to the Common Property Debate
Authors: Bjørklund Ivar 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTPastoralism is defined here as a system in which humanity mediates the relation between land and animals. The paper argues that the conventional idea of pastoralism as a pure relation between animals and land obscures indigenous resource management systems such as that of the Sámi, with its seasonal variations in both labour and pasture. This management is exercised through flexible social groupings which mediate the relation between the size of the herd and the capacity of the pasture. The fact that there is no historical evidence of overgrazing in a general sense in Sámi areas must be seen in connection with this management system.
State, Industrialization and Agricultural Policy in Korea
Authors: Burmeister Larry L. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTAnalyses of Korean (Republic of Korea) development point to the strong role of the state in directing the industrialization process. State intervention has also been pronounced in agriculture, as state agents have mobilized bureaucratic resources to direct agricultural production activities in support of the national development project through the creation of strategic agroindustrial linkages. The Korean green revolution campaign to achieve rice self‐sufficiency is used to illustrate the state's role in fostering intersectoral linkages. Agriculture is brought back into the debate about Korean development.
Structural Adjustment and Diversification in Zambia
Authors: Meijer Fons 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTStructural adjustment should go hand in hand with measures to diversify the economy to make it less vulnerable to future changes in the external environment. However, adjustment programmes tend to concentrate on expenditure reduction policies, thereby hampering the necessary diversification. This proposition is elaborated for the economy of Zambia, which is still as dependent on mineral exports as it was twenty‐five years ago at independence. During and after the minerals boom the country suffered from Dutch disease. The subsequent adjustment efforts, reinforced through IMF involvement, did not sufficiently change the bias against tradables production. The latter is taken as a yardstick for diversification. A balanced implementation of expenditure switching policies in a later stage became increasingly difficult when the country also had to adjust to debt repayments.
The Political Economy of Industrialization: A Comparison of Latin American and East Asian Newly Industrializing Countries
Authors: Jenkins Rhys 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTThe paper analyses the industrial performance of two East Asian (South Korea and Taiwan) and three Latin American (Argentina, Brazil and Mexico) newly industrializing countries. It argues that the better performance in East Asia is not due simply to differences in trade orientation or the degree of state intervention, but rather to the effectiveness of intervention. This is explained in terms of the relative autonomy of the state and the structuring of the state apparatus in the two regions. The historically determined class structure and the international context led to much greater state autonomy in East Asia than in Latin America. The last part of the paper shows a number of ways in which this greater relative autonomy has contributed to rapid industrial growth in East Asia in comparison with Latin America.
Regional Disparities, Industry and Government Policy in Japan
Authors: Mutlu Servet 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the time path of regional per capita income disparities in Japan during the last three decades, and analyses the determinants of this path, including government policies. Regional disparities have been quite common in most countries, and the problem has proven to be relatively intractable, though varying in intensity across time and across countries. The Japanese case is instructive in that the country has experienced several stages of the problem in a relatively brief period, and has managed to limit spatial polarization to a certain degree. This paper identifies links between broad growth policy orientations with resultant changes in regional income disparities, and suggests their policy implications for both mature and developing economies.
Calha Norte: Military Development in Brazilian Amazônia
Authors: Allen Elizabeth 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTCalha Norte is the most recent military project for the development of Brazilian Amazõnia. It aims to incorporate the whole of the region to the north of the Amazõn River into the national economy and to defend the area from guerrillas, drug traffickers and other perceived threats from neighbouring countries. It also seeks to integrate Indian groups into Brazilian society by means of a new Indian policy. This paper looks at the context of military development in Brazilian Amazônia and the origins and proposals of the Calha Norte project. It focuses on the state of Roraima, the impact of illegal gold miners and the treatment of the Yanomami Indians. While recognizing the long military involvement in Amazônia, the paper argues that the return to democracy in Brazil requires the military not only to consider the security and development of the region, as perceived by them, but to adopt a sensitive and more flexible range of policies.
Democratic Rural Development: Leadership Accountability in Regional Peasant Organizations
Authors: Fox Jonathan 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTMany development analysts assert the importance of democratic social organizations, but few either document or analyse the actual processes of internal democracy. This study examines part of the broader problem of the ‘Iron Law of Oligarchy’ — the ebbs and flows of leadership accountability over time. Drawing on the history of a Mexican regional peasant organization since 1974, the analysis suggests that different kinds of organizational structures encourage or discourage membership action, but moments of mass direct action in turn shape the ways in which organizational structures actually distribute power. The case analysis shows how the interaction of internal and external factors shaped the balance of power between leaders and members at each critical turning point. Participatory subgroups turn out to be the crucial counterweight to concentrated leadership power, mediating relations with the membership and providing alternative sources of leadership. Whether formal or informal, multiple vertical channels and alternative horizontal linkages between membership groups are crucial complements, and sometimes substitutes, to conventional organizational structures.
Development, Neoliberalism and Electoral Politics in Latin America
Authors: Espinal Rosario 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this article is to discuss the impact of the current economic crisis on development strategies in Latin America, and the ways in which redefinitions of the notion of development have transformed Latin American politics during the period of democratization. The article examines, specifically, the rise of the neoliberal movement in Latin America and its impact on policy‐making, parties and electoral politics. It argues that in spite of the electoral inroads recently made by neoliberal parties, political organizations of the New Right remain weak, either because they are the product of unstable political coalitions with a slim chance of surviving electoral defeat, or because the renewal of populist parties has pre‐empted the growth of neoliberal parties.