bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The post‐repeal eclipse in knowledge about the harmful effects of alcohol
Authors: KATCHER BRIAN S. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractNational Prohibition in the USA (1919‐1933) was followed by an era in which medical scientists played an important role in minimizing the harmful effects of alcohol. Cirrhosis, cardiomyapathy, adverse fetal effects, and esophageal cancer are examples of alcohol‐related health problems that were well known at the beginning of the 20th century but were dismissed during the late 1930's and early 1940's, only to be rediscovered during the 1960's and afterwards. This eclipse in knowledge occurred because of skepticism about earlier claims that had been made in the name of scientific temperance and, most importantly, because of changing standards for medical evidence. The paradigm for disease causation that gave birth to modem medicine was based on microbiology and reinforced by hormone and nutrition discoveries. Most alcohol‐related health problems are poorly explained by this paradigm. The more recent epidemiologic paradigm for noninfectious disease is more applicable to the health risks associated with heavy drinking. A transformation of knowledge about alcohol's relationship to disease has occurred.
Liver cirrhosis deaths within occupations and industries in the California occupational mortality study
Authors: LEIGH J. PAUL , JIANG WILLIAM Y. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractMortality rates were drawn from the California Occupational Mortality Study (COMS) to analyze liver cirrhosis deaths within occupations and industries from 1979 to 1981. Age‐adjusted Standardized Mortality Rates (SMRs) were made available by the State of California for separate analyses of women, men, blacks and whites. Rankings of occupations with narrow confidence intervals were strikingly similar for blacks and whites. Within occupations, the highest female SMRs were for waitresses, telephone operators, cosmetologists, dress makers, hospital orderlies, textile workers, and laborers. The lowest female SMRs were for skilled crafts workers and teachers. High male occupations included water transportation workers, bartenders, loggers, laborers, roofers, construction workers, farm workers, iron workers, and painters. Low male occupations included teachers, physicians and dentists, managers, factory supervisors, business sales workers, heavy equipment operators, and other professionals. High female industries included eating and drinking places, laundry/dry cleaning, nursing and personal care facilities, aerospace, beauty shops, and entertainment. Low female industries included wholesale trades and education. High male industries included water transportation, military, guard services, eating and drinking places, iron and steel mitts, and railroads. Low male industries included research/engineering labs, education, and computer manufacturing. This study was descriptive. It remains unknown whether certain jobs cause excessive drinking and cirrhosis, or whether people who are prone to develop cirrhosis select certain jobs.
Development of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): WHO Collaborative Project on Early Detection of Persons with Harmful Alcohol Consumption‐II
Authors: SAUNDERS JOHN B , AASLAND OLAF G. , BABOR THOMAS F. , DE LA FUENTE JUAN R. , GRANT MARCUS 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (A UDIT) has been developed from a six‐country WHO collaborative project as a screening instrument for hazardous and harmful alcohol consumption. It is a 10‐item questionnaire which covers the domains of alcohol consumption, drinking behaviour, and alcohol‐related problems. Questions were selected from a 150‐item assessment schedule (which was administered to 1888 persons attending representative primary health care facilities) on the basis of their representativeness for these conceptual domains and their perceived usefulness for intervention. Responses to each question are scored from 0 to 4, giving a maximum possible score of 40. Among those diagnosed as having hazardous or harmful alcohol use, 92% had an AUDIT score of 8 or more, and 94% of those with non‐hazardous consumption had a score of less than 8. AUDIT provides a simple method of early detection of hazardous and harmful alcohol use in primary health care settings and is the first instrument of its type to be derived on the basis of a cross‐national study.
Persons with substance use disorders in mental health organizations in the United States in 1988
Authors: WITKIN MICHAEL J. , ATAY JOANNE E. , MANDERSCHEID RONALD W. 
Published: January 2006

The Data Note Series Is edited by Dr Bridget Grant, Chief of Biometry at the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), USA.AbstractData from a 1988 enumeration of Mental health organisations Mid separate psychiatric services of non‐Federal general hospitals in the United States were used to derive estimates of the number of person with alcohol and/or drug abuse (substance use) disorders in these organisations. For all organizations combined, the percent of persons with substance use disorders were 8% each in inpatient, residential treatment, and outpatient care and only 3% in partial cars program elements. However, within type of program element, there was variation according to type of organisation. It should be noted that the percent of persons with substance use in menial health organisations would be even greater than reported if: (1) the universe of mental health organizations surveyed was expanded; (2) the reporting period included persons receiving services throughout the year rather than on a single day; and (3) provision was made for including persons with a secondary diagnosis of substance abuse.
Societal norms and risk‐taking behaviour: inter‐cultural comparisons of casualties and alcohol consumption
Authors: GIESBRECHT NORMAN , DICK ROB 
Published: January 2006

AbstractInter‐cultural comparisons point to associations among aggregate rates of consumption and certain alcohol‐related complications, particularly chronic effects, such as liver cirrhosis mortality. Accidental, poisoning and violent incidents are not considered to have as strong an association with societal drinking patterns, since situational, environmental and interactional features contributing to the incident are likely to play a strong role relative to the volume of alcohol consumed. This paper compares annual alcohol consumption rates and male and female mortality rates for liver cirrhosis and 12 main accidental/violent causes of death for Canada, Finland, France, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and the US between 1965 and 1987, Using filtering techniques to account for autocorrelation, conservative measures of association were developed. The results indicate that while statistically significant correlations were evident with regard to liver cirrhosis and suicide in some jurisdictions, in most instances the comparisons were not significant. Further work is suggested with regard to the following: utilizing more refined approaches to examine the covariations of casualties and alcohol consumption, and studies combining aggregate level investigations with those focusing at the group or interactional level‐in particular those specifying and examining societal norms and risk‐taking at the group and sub‐population levels.
Alcohol and civil aviation
Authors: HOLDENER FRIDOLIN 
Published: January 2006

AbstractIn aviation medicine until the early 1960s the idea that pilots would fly while under the influence of alcohol was taboo. In the United States of America, the taboo was broken when it became known that 30% of fatally injured pilots in general aviation had been under the influence of alcohol Since then the rate has declined to 10%. No fatal accidents involving alcohol have been recorded in airline passenger transport. The prevalence of pilots flying under the influence of alcohol is unknown. The lowest studied blood alcohol concentration (BAG) with impaired flying skill today is 0.025%, effectively suggesting that the permitted level should be zero, but many aviation authorities have not yet translated such findings into rules and regulations. In the early 1970s the US Federal Air Surgeon began to re‐issue licences for rehabilitated alcoholic pilots. Previously alcoholism had been a reason for mandatory permanent grounding. The possibility of returning to the cockpit first opened the way to early recognition of alcoholic pilots on a larger scale. Today many airlines have their own alcohol programmes. This paper gives a brief account of the Swissair programme with its four phases: observation, intervention, treatment and follow‐up.
The Stockholm County programmes for accident and alcohol prevention and injury surveillance‐initial experiences
Authors: ROMELSJÖ ANDERS , ALBERTS KARL AKKE , ANDERSSON RAGNAR 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA comprehensive programme for accident prevention and injury surveillance was established in Stockholm County in 1988. Its main objective is to reduce the morbidity and mortality of unintentional injuries by 25% by the year 2000, and by more than 25% in the high‐incidence groups. An accident prevention unit has been assigned the task of planning and implementing an accident prevention programme, while a programme for prevention of alcohol‐related problems was set up later. An injury epidemiological unit at the Karolinska Hospital is responsible for coordinating injury surveillance, which is an important contribution for monitoring and evaluation of the prevention programmes. On injured patients information about type of injury, extent of injury, place, activity, injury mechanism, external cause of injury, treatment and other items is entered on a special registration form. In (10%) of 11 327 injury events alcohol was considered by the physician to be a main or contributory cause of the injury, with a predominance among males. An act of violence was approximately three times as common among mates and five times as common among females with alcohol involvement than among cases without alcohol involvement. The injury surveillance can be an important means for evaluation of programmes for prevention of injuries and alcohol‐related events.
HIV risks for women drug injectors: heroin and amphetamine users compared
Authors: KLEE HILARY 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe incidence of HIV infection among women in Europe and the US is growing rapidly. Women who inject drugs are particularly vulnerable—they may acquire the infection through sharing injecting equipment and through sexual contact with an infected male. Opioids and stimulants are reputed to have different effects upon sexual activity and a sex life enhanced by drugs may increase the risk further. In the context of two larger studies of HIV‐related risk behaviours among opioid and amphetamine users in the North West of England, the sexual behaviour and sharing of two groups of female injectors were compared, one whose primary use was heroin, the other amphetamine. Reported incidence of sharing was similar and high. Marked differences were observed in sexual behaviour, amphetamine injectors reporting greater interest in sex and greater frequency of intercourse. However, more of them perceived their personal risk to infection through unprotected sex as negligible. Over 80% in both groups had engaged in unprotected sex in the 6 months prior to interview. Women injectors tend to have injecting partners–more research is needed if health education strategies are to be devised that will protect them.
Alcohol‐related problems among Aboriginal drinkers in the Kimberley region of Western Australia
Authors: HALL WAYNE , HUNTER ERNEST , SPARGO RANDOLPH 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper reports on the prevalence of alcohol‐related problems among drinkers in a stratified random sample of the adult Aboriginal population of the Kimberley region of Western Australia. Subjects were 265 current drinkers who were identified in the total sample of 516 Kimberley Aboriginal men and women over the age of 15 years. Participants' reports were obtained on their frequency and quantity of alcohol consumption, and their lifetime experience of 16 alcohol‐related problems. The majority of Aboriginal drinkers in the Kimberley consumed harmful amounts of alcohol, and there was a high prevalence of the 16 alcohol‐related problems which showed a high degree of internal coherence, with the first principal component accounting for 45% of the total variance. The number of alcohol‐related problems which respondents reported was strongly related to the quantity and frequency of self‐reported alcohol consumption.
Book Reviews
Authors: GOSSOP MICHAEL 
Published: January 2006

Books Reviewed in this Article: Heavy Metal: The Social Meaning of Petrol Sniffing in Australia MAGGIE BRADY Smoking: The Artificial Passion DAVID KROGH More Revealed: A Critical Analysis of Alcoholics Anonymous and the Twelve Steps KEN RAGGE Recent Developments in Alcoholism, Volume 10. Alcohol and Cocaine. Similarities and Differences MARC GALANTER (Ed.) Risk Takers: Alcohol, Drugs, Sex and Youth MARTIN PLANT & MOIRA PLANT Comprehensive Handbook of Drug and Alcohol Addiction NORMAN S. MILLER (Ed.)
Alcohol and suicide in Denmark 1911‐24–experiences from a ‘natural experiment’
Authors: SKOG OLE‐JØRGEN 
Published: January 2006

AbstractIn 1916‐17, prices of alcoholic beverages increased dramatically in Denmark, and alcohol consumption decreased strongly. On the basis of this ‘natural experiment’, the effect of variations in per capita alcohol consumption on suicide rates is estimated, and compared to Norström's analysis of Danish data from the period 1931‐80, as well as similar analyses from other countries. It is concluded that per capita alcohol consumption is probably related to the suicide rate in Denmark, but to a less extent than in some other countries.
Visiting public drinking places in Oslo: an application of the theory of planned behaviour
Authors: TPUEEN BENTE , NORDLUND STURLA 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis study was undertaken to describe and obtain better insight into pub‐going in the Norwegian capital applying the theory of planned behaviour (TPB). The sample comprised 1053 persons aged between 16 and 71 years who visited public drinking places in Oslo. Two thirds of the sample were men. Data were collected by means of anonymous self‐administered questionnaires. The majority of the respondents reported having visited a public drinking place at least once a week during the past 12 months. In the applied model, intention to visit a public drinking place during the next 14 days is considered to be a joint function of the attitude towards pub‐going (Aact), subjective norms (SN), and perceived control over the behaviour (PBC). The goodness of fit (R2) of the model was 22%. The relative importance of the model's components were in descending order (beta): PBC, Aact and SN. Previous behaviour was included as a predictor in the TPB, and had a stronger effect upon intention than the model's original components. In conclusion, the TPB provided an adequate understanding of why pub and cafe guests frequent public drinking places. However, it is possible that the model over‐simplifies the processes connected to pub‐going and fails to describe the dynamics of the relationship between the individual and the environment.
Initial and current drug use: how are they related?
Authors: RONALD PETER J. M. , ROBERTSON J. ROY 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe present study examines how initial and current patterns of drug use are related among a group of drug users in Edinburgh. The study categorised individuals according to the year in which they first used illicit drugs. 1984 has been shown to be the year when patterns of drug use in this group began to change after high levels of heroin use in the late 1970s and early 1980s, Thus 1984 was used as the intercept point to create two groups: the epidemic group, comprising individuals who began using illicit drugs before 1984, and, the post epidemic group, who began using during or after 1984. Data from individuals were gathered from interviews and medical records. Statistical analysis revealed interesting differences between the groups, for example, the groups did not differ significantly in their use of methadone but the epidemic group used more methadone obtained on prescription. The post epidemic group was found to inject more often, but, did not share injecting equipment more than the epidemic drug users. A greater number of the epidemic group began using drugs by injecting and a greater number of the post epidemic group began by caking drugs orally. The issues raised by the results are discussed, and, it is suggested that the characteristics of the drug using community within which an individual begins using drugs may exert influence on patterns of drug use in later years.
The relevance of research to policy formulation: an Australian perspective
Authors: KINGDON TONY 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper puts the role of research into perspective in the policy‐making context. It points out that there are differing ‘policy’ goals of government and the use of research might be vital for one element, e.g. health policy, but of lesser significance in, say, international policy. The paper then goes on to describe case studies of where research has had a major impact on government decision making in Australia in the past 2 years, notably in the area of proposed changes to the marketing and sale of alcoholic beverages.
Failures in alcohol policy: lessons from Russia, Kenya, Truk and history
Authors: PARTAKEN JUHA 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe paper draws upon the recent developments of alcohol policy in the ex‐Soviet Union and in Africa, especially Kenya. According to the standard criteria of success, both are to be regarded as total or near‐total failures. The examination of these cases will, consequently, reveal some of the factors that are essential prerequisites for carrying out successful alcohol policies. It will lead to considerations concerning the approaches and problems of alcohol research; to a discussion about the marginalization of alcohol and drinking in our Western societies; to another look at the tasks of alcohol policies (based also on experiences in Truk, Federated States of Micronesia); and, finally, to a rather modest view about the role of alcohol policy in general.
Lessons to be learnt from Poland's attempt at moderating its consumption of alcohol
Authors: MOSKALEWICZ JACEK 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper analyses the interplay between alcohol policy and research in Poland during the last two decades. It was a period of profound political and economic changes that strongly influenced the alcohol scene. In the 1970s alcohol was treated as a secret issue. Despite a rapid growth of alcohol consumption neither the authorities nor media expressed any concern about the growing wave of related problems. Funding allocated to research was very low and only a few devoted individuals continued their studies, albeit on a reduced scale. The beginning of the 1980s saw a sudden politicization of the alcohol issue. The government was blamed for pushing alcohol. In response to this challenge, alcohol controls were tightened. A huge programme of alcohol research was initiated to accumulate knowledge and evidence for further alcohol policy, as well as to symbolize a high priority of the alcohol issue. In following years, however, the political significance of alcohol decreased. The system established for its control was eroded, and finally collapsed in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The huge research evidence that was accumulated during the 1980s is not being applied to alcohol policy, which itself has virtually ceased to exist.
Differences between smokers and never‐smokers in sensitivity to nicotine: a preliminary report
Authors: POMERLEAU OVIDE F. , HARIHARAN M. , POMERLEAU CYNTHIA S. , CAMERON OLIVER G. , GUTHRIE SALLY K. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractSensitivity to nicotine was explored using test doses administered via intra‐nasal aerosol in 10 smokers and JO never‐smokers. Smokers received 1.50 mg nicotine (in 2 sprays, < 5 seconds apart, one spray per nostril); never‐smokers received either 0.50 mg (n = 3) or 0.25 (n = 7) nicotine. Accumulation of nicotine in plasma, per unit dose administered, was nearly four times greater in never‐smokers, than in smokers, indicating differences in pharmacokinetic tolerance. To examine sensitivity to nicotine without this confound, peak physiological reactivity (heart rate and blood pressure changes) was divided by peak plasma nicotine increment and the ratio was expressed as a function of cotinine level prior to dosing, thereby relating sensitivity to nicotine to history of exposure. In smokers, functional sensitivity to nicotine was inversely related to customary nicotine intake, replicating previous findings for light and heavy smokers. The observation that never‐smokers were not much more sensitive to nicotine than light smokers is notable given the disparity in previous history of exposure.
Severity of dependence: data from the DSM‐IV field trials
Authors: WOODY GEORGE E. , COTTLER LINDA B. , CACCIOLA JOHN , Grant Bridget 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe concept of a dependence syndrome with graded levels of severity was originally derived from work with alcoholics. The applicability and clinical utility of the dependence syndrome across a wider range of substances was examined as part of the DSM‐IV field trials. When using a criterion count method to assess severity, it was found that persons cluster at different severity levels according to the drug on which they are dependent. Across all drug classes, severity correlated reasonably well with measures of quantity and frequency of use and with associated problems. The relationship between severity ratings and outcome was not tested, however data from other studies indicate that severity is only one of many factors that can influence outcome.
Why do some people recover from alcohol dependence, whereas others continue to drink and become worse over time?
Authors: MOOS RUDOLF H. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractFor more than three decades, my colleagues and I have examined factors that help people overcome adversity, in particular how personal and treatment factors and the broader social context influence recovery from alcoholism. Guided by a demanding Guardian Angel, we have formulated conceptual models that raise key issues, developed tentative measures of key constructs, and conducted long‐term naturalistic studies. In an ongoing odyssey of quest and discovery, we have identified interrelated factors that are important to predicting outcomes. These factors include personal resources and specific aspects of treatment, life context, and appraisal and coping. Such basic processes are also broadly relevant to remission and recovery from depression and other disorders. The answers to each question we have addressed point to more intriguing and complex issues to consider before vie with grasp the essence of why some people adapt to adversity so much better than others do.