bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Periodic Attacks of Excitement and Depression in the Chronic Insane
Authors: Marshall R. M. 
Published: August 2008

Clinical psychiatry is at present passing through a period of transition; to this two influences have largely contributed:
(1)The adoption of the biochemical theory of the origin of disease as a working hypothesis in our speculation and investigation.(2)The recognition by the clinician that he must study each case as a whole, and suspend judgment until he has all the facts of the alienation, onset, course and termination before him.
The Correlation of Mental and Physical Force; or, Man a Part of Nature
Authors: Maudsley Henry 
Published: August 2008

1“Man and his Dwelling Place.” London: J. W. Parker & Sons, West Strand.2“Essay on the Unity of Science,” by Rev. B. Powell, F.K.S., &c.3“Order of Nature,” by the Rev. B. Powell.4Grove, on “The Correlation of the Physical Forces.”5On “The Mutual Relations of the Vital and Physical Forces.” Dr. Carpenter, Philosoph. Transac., 1850.6Oersted's “Soul in Nature.”
Anger
Authors: Hyslop Theo. B. 
Published: August 2008

(1)Brief reference is made to some of the earliest writings on the subject of anger, and comparison is made with more recent views.(2)Anger, as traced throughout the scale of evolution of the animal kingdom, has served as a stimulus to aggression for the procuring of food, as an aid to survival, and as a necessity for the acquirement and maintenance of supremacy.(3)Anger, occurring in mankind is (phylogenetically) an expression of an atavistic reversion or retrogression, and (ontogenetically) also an indication of familial or individual devolution.(4)Anger, clinically considered, ranges in varying degrees of severity, from mere temporary defective inhibition to conditions of suicidal and homicidal impulse of medico-legal and even national importance, as individuals, families or communities, become affected.(5)Reference is made to some of the causes, symptoms, and methods of treatment of anger as coming within the experience of the medico-psychologist.
The Essentials of an Education. (Ment. Hyg., April, 1920.) Paton, S.
Authors: Gifford John 
Published: August 2008

The essentials of an education are: (1) a knowledge of actual life; (2) a definite impelling interest in some phase of life; (3) the recognition from actual experience of one's own capacity and limitations of adjustment; (4) the acquirement of the emotional attitudes and habits necessary for perceiving and adapting to reality. These ensure against nervous breakdown, but are not synonymous with modern education, which views the problems of man as he was or may become, not his reactions as he is. Life is a process of slow adjustment, and must be accepted as it is. If elemental biological facts are not faced squarely serious personal difficulty arises. Conflict to the point of mental depression can be so met as to preserve sound personal judgment on public questions. Individual conscious processes are not so essential to adjustment as is believed: decision is made from well grounded feeling, often not from reason which can be logically detailed. An outstanding example is Abraham Lincoln, whom science cannot explain by his heredity or early experiences. Successful life implies consciousness of the reality of environment, and avoids the visions of intemperate idealism. The student is not taught to know himself, to estimate the present, and to intelligently adjust to immediate circumstances. Hence the many graduates of highest distinction who are subsequently failures, being finally seen in hospitals, reformatories, prisons or asylums. The numbers in insane institutions are more than those in colleges or universities.Organ Inferiority and its Psychical Compensation. (Summary of Adler's Monographic Study.) (The State Hosp. Quart., November, 1920.) Haviland, H. C.
Pupillary and Reflex Disturbances in 275 Cases of Neurosyphilis. (Journ. of Nerv. and Ment. Dis., August, 1920.) Lowrey, L. G., and Benedict, Mary K.
Authors: Forsyth C. W. 
Published: August 2008

Pupillary and Reflex Disturbances in 275 Cases of Neurosyphilis. (Journ. of Nerv. and Ment. Dis., August, 1920.) Lowrey, L. G., and Benedict, Mary K.The Static and Kinetic Systems of Motility. (Arch. of Neurol. and Psychiat., October, 1920.) Hunt, J. Ramsay.On Deep Localisation in the Cerebral Cortex. (Journ. Nerv. and Ment. Dis., April, 1920.) Van't Hoog, E. G.
The Relation of Chronic Sepsis to So-called Functional Mental Disorder
Authors: Graves T. C. 
Published: August 2008

It is interesting to recall that fifty-five years ago Maudsley wrote as follows:
“There is no want of evidence that organic morbid poisons bred in the organism or in the blood itself may act in the most baneful manner upon the supreme nervous centres. The earliest and mildest mental effect by which a perverted state of blood declares itself is not in the production of positive delusion or incoherence of thought, but in a modification of mental tone.“The further effect is to engender a chronic delusion of some kind.“A third effect of its more acute action is to produce more or less active delirium and general incoherence of thought.”(I)
Croonian Lectures. On the Pathology, Morbid Anatomy, and Treatment of Insanity, delivered at the Royal College of Physicians, London, 1858
Authors: Sutherland Alex. John 
Published: August 2008

The time allotted for the delivery of a lecture did not allow me to state, when we last met, the appearances found on dissection in the thorax and abdomen in cases of insanity.I will now do so very briefly, and will afterwards speak of that which I had proposed more particularly to form the subject of my present lecture, viz. the treatment of insanity.
Five Cardinal Questions on Administrative Psychiatry
Authors: Mundy J. 
Published: August 2008

We have in two previously published papers† promised to discuss the following questions, and now attempt to fulfil the promise in the following pages. The questions are:
1.What false ideas are still prevalent among the public at large in relation to lunatic asylums and their superintendents and psychological physicians in general?2.Are the mode and description of state supervision and control, as exercised over asylums, sufficient and satisfactory?3.To what persons, and under what conditions, shall the privilege be exclusively conceded to establish, superintend, and carry on establishments for the insane?4.Ought lunatic asylums to be entrusted to religious corporations?5.May not families of position and competency be lawfully permitted to retain the charge and management of their mentally afflicted relatives, under the “patronal or family régime”?
Delinquency
Authors: Potts W. A. 
Published: August 2008

Delinquency is a big subject, but the time available now is limited, so I shall be able to put only a few facts and a few ideas before you.First I ought to direct your attention to the Birmingham scheme for dealing with abnormal cases before the courts. This was inaugurated in 1919, thanks to the energy and intuition of Mr. Gerald Beasley. The principle established was that there should be a whole-time medical officer at the prison specially experienced in insanity and mental defect, who could, when called upon by the justices, examine persons remanded in custody, who might be not fully responsible, either through mental defect, or some other mental abnormality. At the same time there should be available a part-time psychological expert to examine similar cases remanded out of custody. This makes expert investigation possible in every case of doubtful responsibility. In the opinion of some a weak point is that the decision as to which cases should be examined rests with the justices. It is a question, however, whether the decision ought to rest with anyone else in the present state of public opinion.
Practicable Mental Science. A scientific comparison of established views and recent developments in Psychology
Authors: McLeod Kenneth 
Published: August 2008

Two recent numbers of the ‘Journal of Mental Science’ contain two communications, respectively entitled—
1.On the Principles and Method of a practical Science of Mind. By Dr. Thomas Laycock. (Journal, January, 1862.)2.On the practical use of Mental Science. By Dr. J. Stephenson Bushnan. (Journal, April, 1862.)
A Confusional State Associated with Infective Endocarditis
Authors: Shaw David 
Published: August 2008

Mrs. X—, a widow, æt. 28, was recently admitted to Graylingwell Hospital as a voluntary patient.Family history as far as could be made out was negative.Past history and personality.—She was described as a cheerful, steady girl, who had married at 21, and had unfortunately lost her husband some few months after marriage. More recently she appeared to be somewhat unstable emotionally and, in spite of serious organic disorder, had been energetic and over-active in her pleasures and amusements, and had taken alcohol freely. There was no previous history of “nervous breakdown”, fits or paralysis. Eighteen months ago she had a severe attack of rheumatic fever with endocarditis, and about six weeks before admission had an attack of “influenza”.
Goitrous Autoimmune Thyroiditis in a Pediatric Population: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Gopalakrishnan Sripathy , Chugh Pradeep Kumar , Chhillar Mitrabasu , Ambardar Vinod Kumar , Sahoo Maheshwar , Sankar Rajan 
Published: August 2008

BACKGROUND. Patients with autoimmune thyroiditis can present with thyroid function that varies from euthyroidism to frank hypothyroidism or occasionally hyperthyroidism. Although there is a risk of progression from the euthyroid or subclinical hypothyroid state to frank hypothyroidism, the rate of progression is not known.
OBJECTIVES. Subjects with diffuse goiter and autoimmune thyroiditis were followed up to observe the rate of deterioration in thyroid function from euthyroid and subclinical hypothyroid states to hypothyroidism.
METHODS. Patients who presented with goiter and autoimmune thyroiditis were grouped as those with euthyroidism, subclinical hypothyroidism, and overt hypothyroidism on the basis of levels of thyroxine and thyrotropin at presentation. Patients were followed up for a minimum duration of 24 months with periodic monitoring of thyroid function.
RESULTS. Ninety-eight consecutive subjects (aged of 8–18 years) with a diagnosis of autoimmune thyroiditis and diffuse goiter were studied. At presentation, in 24 subjects (24.5%) thyroid function was normal (euthyroidism), 32 (32.6%) had subclinical hypothyroidism, and the remaining 42 subjects (42.9%) had hypothyroidism. All of the subjects with hypothyroid were maintained euthyroid on thyroxine during follow-up. Hypothyroidism developed in 3 of 24 patients with euthyroidism and in 4 of 32 patients with subclinical hypothyroidism.
CONCLUSIONS. Subjects with goitrous autoimmune thyroiditis need periodic monitoring of thyroid function. Development of thyroid dysfunction is insidious and may not be accompanied by symptoms and clinical signs. In pediatric and adolescent age groups it is imperative to correct thyroid dysfunction to achieve optimal growth and development.
Ethiopia–Challenges to Egyptian hegemony in the Nile Basin
Authors: Cascão Ana Elisa 
Published: August 2008

The Framework of Hydro-Hegemony (described by Zeitoun & Warner, in Water Policy8, pp 435–460, 2006) challenges mainstream analyses of hydro-political relations in transboundary river basins and highlights the role of power. The approach asserts that asymmetric power relations represent the cornerstone of the analysis of hydro-political relations. Varying hegemonic configurations and the unequal control of water resources among riparian states are characteristic of these relations. The hegemonic riparian in a given international transboundary water setting deploys several strategies to attain and maintain control, sometimes unilaterally, over the shared water resources. But is the control always as deep and entrenched as it sometimes seems to be?
The starting point of this paper is that hydro-hegemony is not incontestable. An established hegemonic order may often be challenged and resisted through a variety of counter-hegemonic strategies. Through examination of Ethiopian contest and consent of Egyptian hydro-hegemony, this study attempts to provide insights into the condition of counter hydro-hegemony and to provide a framework for further analysis in the field of transboundary water relations. The approach explores the options available for non-hegemonic riparians to challenge a particular hydro-hegemony and finds that these come from unexpected or unacknowledged sources. An assessment of these strategies shows how non-hegemonic riparians might challenge unequal hydro-political configurations and eventually contribute towards a more sustainable and equitable water and benefit-sharing regime.
Novel method for in-situ capture of taste and odour (T&O) in drinking water: implementation of an enrichment tool
Authors: Benali D. , Benanou D. , Cantet J. 
Published: August 2008

The Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction technique (SBSE) using a 20 mm long stir bar coated with 127 μL of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) was investigated as an on-site enrichment tools for trapping odorous compounds in tap water because T&O events in drinking water are often fleeting and unpredictable phenomena. For analysis, SBSE is used in combination with the thermal desorption technique and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TD-GCMS).
Halophenol and haloanisol compounds were investigated over their stability on the stir bar after enrichment. Whatever the temperature, 4°C or room temperature, compounds were stable and gave the same response after the TD-GCMS analysis during 15 days of storage.
Based on these results, a concept of a portable enrichment lab was implemented and enabled us to solve different flavour episodes in France and Sweden. Once the enrichment was performed on-site, the stir bars were sent to our laboratory for investigation and quantitation of odorous compounds.
In two case studies, halophenols and haloanisols were found responsible for the musty taste of the water. In the third case study, more than 200 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were identified as potential odorous compound which gave a chemical taste to the water.
Distribution and Communities of Crypsis Aculeata and Heleochloa Schoenoides in Slovakia
Authors: Eliáš Pavol , Dítě Daniel , Grulich Vít , Sádovský Marek 
Published: August 2008

Distribution and Communities ofCrypsis AculeataandHeleochloa Schoenoidesin SlovakiaThe distribution and communities of two annual grassesCrypsis aculeataandHeleochloa schoenoideswere studied in Slovakia during 2003-2007. Herbarium and field data were used to reconstruct the occurrence of both taxa. A strong decline inC. aculeatalocalities was observed. This was mainly due to the destruction of periodically flooded saline habitats. By contrast, the occurrence ofH. schenoideswas changed only slightly. This species survives in secondary habitats (rural roads, field margins, field depressions). Point maps of historical and recent distribution are presented. Halophile vegetation ofCrypsis aculeataandHeleochloa schoenoideshas been sampled with the adapted Braun-Blanquet method. All collected relevés have been classified using the JUICE software. The results showed that theCrypsidetum aculeateWenzl 1934 community is missing now in Slovakia, butHeleochloetum schoenoidis(Soó 1933) Topa 1939 was still recorded at a few sites. However, the community contained many ruderal plant species.
Localities and Sites of Pulsatilla Vernalis in the Julian Alps
Authors: Dakskobler Igor , Sinjur Iztok , Veber Ivan , Zupan Branko 
Published: August 2008

Localities and Sites ofPulsatilla Vernalisin the Julian AlpsApplying the standard Central-European method we phytosociologically studied the sites ofPulsatilla vernalis, a rare and protected species of Slovenian flora, in the frost hollows on mountain pastures Ovčarija and Za Grivo in the Fužina pasturelands (the Triglav mountains, the Julian Alps). We established that it grows in a unique community of swards and heaths which usually extends over small surfaces (4-10 m2) and is dominated by herbaceous perennial species (hemicryptophytes) and dwarf shrubs (chamaephytes) with mostly arcticalpine and south-European montane distribution. This community is explicitly (floristically and ecologically) different from the communities of swards and heaths described in the Julian Alps so far, so we classified it into a new associationPulsatillo vernalis-Dryadetum octopetalaeass. nova (orderRhododendro hirsuti-Ericetalia carneae) and subdivided it into two, floristically and ecologically clearly distinguished subassociations -ericetosum carneaesubass. nova and -vaccinietosumsubass. nova.
Palladium‐catalysed Suzuki cross‐coupling of primary alkylboronic acids with alkenyl halides
Authors: Fall Yacoub , Doucet Henri , Santelli Maurice 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe Suzuki reaction of primary alkylboronic acids with alkenyl halides proceeds nicely using the air‐stable catalyst PdCl(C3H5)(dppb), Cs2CO3 as base and toluene or xylene as solvent. A minor effect of the substituent position of the alkenyl bromide was observed. Quite similar yields were observed in the presence of α‐ or β‐substituted alkenyl bromides such as 2‐bromobut‐1‐ene or 1‐bromo‐2‐methylprop‐1‐ene with this catalyst. This reaction proceeded with a variety of alkylboronic acids such as 2‐phenylethylboronic acid or n‐octylboronic acid. Lower yields of coupling products were obtained in the presence of an alkenyl chloride. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of a series of boronated unnatural cyclic amino acids as potential boron neutron capture therapy agents
Authors: Kabalka George W. , Wu Zhongzhi , Yao Min‐Liang 
Published: July 2008

AbstractNew boronated unnatural cyclic amino acids, 1–6, were synthesized for potential use in neutron capture therapy. In order to understand the effect of molecular lipophilicity on the biological activity, different linkers were introduced between the boronic acid and 1‐aminocycloalkanecarboxylic acid moieties. The key step in the syntheses was the preparation of a series of alkenyl‐substituted cycloalkanones, which were subsequently converted to amino acids via the Bücherer–Strecker reaction. The introduction of the boronic acid function into hydrantoins 19–24 was realized by hydroboration reactions using diisopinocampheylborane (Ipc2BH). The target boronated amino acids were modeled after 1‐aminocyclobutanecarboxylic acid and 1‐amino‐3‐boronocyclopentanecarboxylic acid, which have previously demonstrated high uptake in tumors. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of the anionic homologous Fries‐rearrangement to the synthesis of 3‐alkylbenzofuran‐2(3H)‐ones
Authors: Azzena Ugo , Pisano Luisa , Pittalis Mario 
Published: July 2008

AbstractWe have developed an effective organometallic‐based procedure allowing the employment of 2‐methylphenols as easily available starting materials in the synthesis of 3‐alkylbenzofuran‐2(3H)‐ones. The first step of this protocol, an anionic homologous Fries‐rearrangement, afforded 2‐(2‐tert‐butyldimethylsilyloxyaryl)acetamides, which were selectively metalated and monoalkylated at the benzylic position. Acidic work‐up of crude products afforded the desired heterocycles in satisfactory overall yields. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and characterization of homogeneously sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) membranes: Effect of casting solvent
Authors: Do Khanh Ngan T. , Kim Dukjoon 
Published: July 2008

AbstractPoly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) was homogeneously sulfonated to have various degrees of sulfonation from 48 to 83%. The sulfonated PEEK (sPEEK) membranes were prepared by a solvent casting method using a few solvents such as N,N‐dimethyl formamide, N,N‐dimethyl acetamide, and 1‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidinone. The effect of casting solvent on the membrane morphology and properties was investigated. The sulfonation degree and ion exchange capacity were determined by a back titration method, and the morphology of membrane by SEM. It has been demonstrated that the surface morphology and properties of sPEEK membranes, such as water uptake, methanol permeability, ion conductivity, and mechanical strength, were considerably affected by the type of solvent, where the DMAC‐sPEEK system showed the best performance in the polymer electrolyte membrane application for DMFC. This solvent effect on the membrane morphology and properties was caused by interaction strength (hydrogen bonding) between polymer and solvent. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Alkaline polymer electrolyte membranes from quaternized poly(phthalazinone ether ketone) for direct methanol fuel cell
Authors: Zhang Hongwei , Zhou Zhentao 
Published: July 2008

AbstractQuaternized poly(phthalazinone ether ketone)s (QPPEK)s were synthesized by the chloromethylation and quaternization of poly(phthalazinone ether ketone) (PPEK) with chloromethyl methyl ether in 98% concentrated sulfuric acid and following trimethylamine. The presence of CH2Cl groups in chloromethylated PPEK was confirmed by 1H‐NMR. An alkaline QPPEK membrane was prepared and its thermal and mechanical properties were tested. The alkaline QPPEK membrane had a methanol permeability 6.57 × 10−7 cm2/s and the highest anion conductivity 1.14 × 10−2 S/cm. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Synthesis and characterization of high thermally‐stable and good soluble PVK‐based polymers with perylene moiety
Authors: Hua Jianli , Meng Fanshun , Li Jing , Zhao Ping , Qu Yi 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThree new poly(N‐vinylcarbazole) (PVK)‐based copolymers containing N‐(n‐butyl)‐N‐ethyl‐1,6,7,12‐tetra‐(4‐tert‐butyl‐phenoxy)‐3,4,9,10‐perylene tetracarboxylic bisimides were successfully synthesized by partially formylated by the standard Vilsmeier reaction, and the formyl groups of high reactivity are condensed with cyanoacetylated perylene to afford PVK‐based polymers. The copolymers containing different percentage of perylene were obtained through the percentage of cyanoacetylated perylene unit being controlled by the initial feed ratio. The structures and properties of three copolymers were characterized and evaluated by FT‐IR, NMR, UV–vis, FL spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, and thermogravimetric analysis measurements. The polymers were highly soluble in conventional solvents such as toluene, CHCl3, THF, DMF etc., and they were thermally stable up to 442–445°C. Three copolymers have emission spectra with characteristic features of the perylene unit, and fluorescence quantum yields of polymers are higher than that of perylene bisimide, which may be caused by singlet–singlet energy transfer from PVK backbone to perylene in the polymers. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008