bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mood disorders and migration
Authors: Swinnen Sanne G. H. A. , Selten Jean-Paul 
Published: December 2006

BackgroundMigration is a risk factor for the development of schizophrenia.AimsTo examine whether migration is also a risk factor for bipolar affective
disorder, unipolar depressive disorder and mood disorders in general.MethodMedline was searched for population-based incidence studies concerning
mood disorders among migrants and mean relative risks were computed using
a mixed-effects statistical model.ResultsOnly a few studies of unipolar depressive disorder were retrieved. The
mean relative risk of developing bipolar affective disorder among
migrants was 2.47 (95% C11.33–4.59). However, after excluding people of
African-Caribbean origin in the UK this risk was no longer significantly
increased. The mean relative risk of mood disorders of unspecified
polarity was 1.25 (95% CI 1.04–1.49) and that of any mood disorder was
1.38 (95% CI 1.17–1.62).ConclusionsThere is no conclusive evidence for a large increase in the risk of mood
disorders associated with migration.
Perceived discrimination and psychological distress in
Sweden
Authors: Wamala Sarah , Boström Gunnel , Nyqvist Karin 
Published: December 2006

SummaryThere is lack of evidence on the health effects of perceived discrimination.
We analysed the association between perceived discrimination and
psychological distress, and whether socio-economic disadvantage explains
this association in 15 406 men and 17 922 women in Sweden during 2004. After
adjustment for age and long-term illness, frequent experiences of
discrimination were associated with increased likelihood of psychological
distress. Socio-economic disadvantage explained about 25% of this
association.
Psychiatric and psychosocial predictors of substance use
disorders among adolescents
Authors: Gau Susan S. F. , Chong Mian-Yoon , Yang Pincheng , Yen Cheng-Fang , Liang Kung-Yee , Cheng Andrew T. A. 
Published: December 2006

BackgroundFew studies have prospectively examined psychosocial and psychiatric
predictors of adolescent substance use disorders simultaneously.AimsTo identify psychosocial and psychiatric predictors of substance use
disorders in adolescence.MethodSchool children aged 12 years (s. d. =0. 3) free from any substance use
disorder at grade7(n=428) were assessed in three
consecutive years, using a standardised psychiatric interview. Their
baseline psychosocial information was also collected. The outcome was the
onset age of a substance use disorder. The Cox regression model was used
for data analysis.ResultsThe most significant predictive factors for adolescent substance use
disorder included male gender, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder,
conduct disorder and sibling use of tobacco. Three protective factors
against such morbidity included living in a household with two parents, a
good academic grade at grade 7 and objection to the use of
substances.ConclusionsEarly intervention for disruptive behaviour disorders and specific
psychosocial risk factors might prevent substance use disorders in early
adolescence.
Life stress and depression in a tribal area of
Pakistan
Authors: Husain N. , Chaudhry I. B. , Afridi M. A. , Tomenson B. , Creed F. 
Published: December 2006

BackgroundDepression is common in Pakistan but no research on this subject has been
reported from the North West Frontier Province (NWFP), host to numerous
Afghan refugees.AimsTo measure depressive symptoms and associated features in a
population-based sample.MethodA Pushto translation of the Self Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ) was
administered to 471 adults living in a village in one of the federally
administered tribal areas. Respondents were also assessed with a life
events checklist for social problems, a social support questionnaire and
the Brief Disability Questionnaire.ResultsSixty per cent (95/158) of women and 45% (140/313) of men scored 9 or
more on the SRQ. High SRQ score was associated with few years of
education, higher social problem score, less social support and greater
disability. High social problem score was the strongest correlate.ConclusionsThis population reports more depressive symptoms than other communities
in Pakistan and this probably reflects the very high degree of social
stress experienced in the NWFP, which has been affected by years of
turmoil in neighbouring Afghanistan.
Changes in regional cerebral blood flow during acute electroconvulsive therapy in patients with depression
Authors: Takano Harumasa , Motohashi Nobutaka , Uema Takeshi , Ogawa Kenichi , Ohnishi Takashi , Nishikawa Masami , Kashima Haruo , Matsuda Hiroshi 
Published: December 2006

BackgroundAlthough electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is widely used to treat psychiatric disorders such as depression, its precise neural mechanisms remain unknown.AimsTo investigate the time course of changes in cerebral blood flow during acute ECT.MethodCerebral blood flow was quantified serially prior to, during and after acute ECT in six patients with depression under anaesthesia using [15O]H2O positron emission tomography (PET).ResultsCerebral blood flow during ECT increased particularly in the basal ganglia, brain-stem, diencephalon, amygdala, vermis and the frontal, temporal and parietal cortices compared with that before ECT. The flow increased in the thalamus and decreased in the anterior cingulate and medial frontal cortex soon after ECT compared with that before ECT.ConclusionsThese results suggest a relationship between the centrencephalic system and seizure generalisation. Further, they suggest that some neural mechanisms of action of ECT are mediated via brain regions including the anterior cingulate and medial frontal cortex and thalamus.
Psychosocial interventions following self-harm
Authors: Crawford Mike J. , Thomas Olivia , Khan Nusrat , Kulinskaya Elena 
Published: December 2006

BackgroundWith almost a million people dying by suicide worldwide each year, reducing the rate of suicidal behaviour is a priority in many countries.AimsTo examine whether additional psychosocial interventions following an episode of self-harm reduce the likelihood of subsequent suicide.MethodWe conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of data from randomised controlled trials of interventions for people following self-harm. Likelihood of suicide was compared by calculating the pooled root difference in suicide rate with 95% confidence intervals.ResultsWe obtained suicide data from 18 studies with a total population of 3918. Eighteen suicides occurred among people offered active treatment and 19 among those offered standard care (pooled root difference in suicide rate 0.0, 95% CI – 0.03 to 0.03). The overall rate of suicide among people participating in trials was similar to that reported in observational studies of people who self-harm.ConclusionsResults of this meta-analysis do not provide evidence that additional psychosocial interventions following self-harm have a marked effect on the likelihood of subsequent suicide.
Adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: recognition and
treatment in general adult psychiatry
Authors: Asherson Philip , Chen Wai , Craddock Bridget , Taylor Eric 
Published: December 2006

SummaryAttention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common disorder
affecting children and adults. Many young people treated with stimulants, as
well as those in whom ADHD went unrecognised in childhood, need treatment as
adults. Stimulants and atomoxetine effectively reduce ADHD symptoms at all
ages and should be a standard treatment in general adult psychiatric
practice.
Gene–environment interplay in attention-deficit hyperactivity
disorder and the importance of a developmental perspective
Authors: Thapar Anita , Langley Kate , Asherson Philip , Gill Michael 
Published: December 2006

SummaryAttention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) varies in its clinical
presentation and course. Susceptibility gene variants for ADHD and
associated antisocial behaviour are being identified with emerging evidence
of gene–environment interaction. Genes and environmental factors that
influence the origins of disorder are not necessarily the same as those that
contribute to its course and outcome.
How safe are patient interview rooms?
Authors: Campbell Helen L. , Fung Nicole K. 
Published: December 2006

Aims and MethodA cross-sectional survey was conducted to investigate the safety of rooms used by medical staff to interview patients in out-patient and in-patient settings of a mental health trust. An assessment tool was designed, and examined the features of an interview room that were likely to promote safety.ResultsThe survey included 112 rooms and demonstrated shortcomings that compromised interview room safety. Rooms were frequently overcrowded with furniture (n=30), cluttered with loose objects (n=101, 90%) and used for multiple purposes (n=82, 73%). Room layout often compromised either access to alarm systems (n=51, 46%) or exit from rooms (n=99, 88%). Necessary facilities for summoning assistance were found to be lacking.Clinical ImplicationsThe safety of interview rooms has not been emphasised sufficiently within everyday working practice and should be revisited.
Professional staff and carers' views of an integrated mental health service for adults with learning disabilities
Authors: Samuels Sarah , Hall Ian , Parkes Charles , Hassiotis Angela 
Published: December 2006

Aims and MethodA study was undertaken to investigate the views of professional staff and paid and informal carers' views of a new integrated mental health service for people with learning disabilities.ResultsTwenty semi-structured interviews were conducted and transcribed. Most staff and carers were generally satisfied with the in-patient facility. However, information exchange, ward rounds and the ward environment were identified as areas requiring improvement.Clinical ImplicationsMany of the participants had no previous experience of supporting a person with learning disabilities and mental health problems in an in-patient setting. However, over time they became supportive of the mental health service and provided valuable input in improving the service provision for people with learning disabilities.
Clozapine and speech dysfluency: two case reports
Authors: Lyall Marc , Pryor Angela , Murray Kevin 
Published: December 2006

Aims and MethodWe describe two patients, both diagnosed with psychotic illnesses, who developed stuttering while being treated with clozapine.ResultsIn both patients the stuttering was severe and significantly impaired progress towards recovery. Deviant speech dimensions and voice quality were consistent with dysarthria and dystonia.Clinical ImplicationsPatients who develop abnormal electroencephalogram activity and those who have a family or personal history of stuttering might be at increased risk of developing speech problems with clozapine. Speech dysfluency might be a consequence of clozapine's action in lowering the seizure threshold. Potential management strategies include the use of sodium valproate and changing the type of antipsychotic.
Money for medication: financial incentives to improve medication adherence in assertive outreach
Authors: Claassen Dirk , Fakhoury Walid K. , Ford Richard , Priebe Stefan 
Published: December 2006

Aims and MethodAlthough financial incentives to improve treatment adherence have been found effective in various medical specialties, there are few systematic data on their use, ethical background and effectiveness in psychiatry. We explored the practice of and possible ethical problems associated with direct financial incentives to improve adherence in assertive outreach teams in England. We also report clinical observations of a money for medication scheme with five assertive outreach patients in East London.ResultsNone of the assertive outreach teams that responded to the survey (response rate 47%) uses financial incentives. Attitudes of team managers towards the practice were mostly negative, often regarding it as unethical. Specific concerns were related to possible coercion and a negative impact on the therapeutic relationship. Out of five patients studied, four accepted the offer of money and had improved adherence; three remained without hospital admission since entering the scheme.Clinical ImplicationsMoney for medication might be a non-coercive and effective option to achieve medication adherence in otherwise non-adherent assertive outreach patients. However, ethical issues need further exploration and controlled trials are required to establish the effectiveness.
Audit of early intervention in psychosis service development in England in 2005
Authors: Pinfold Vanessa , Smith Jo , Shiers David 
Published: December 2006

Aims and MethodThis study provides an overview of the development of early intervention services for psychosis across England in February 2005. A bespoke self-report audit tool was completed by key informants across the eight regional development centres of the National Institute for Mental Health in England.ResultsOut of 117 teams identified, 86 have funding, of which 63 are operational with case-managed patients (as of February 2005). Only 3 teams meet all 10 audited early intervention fidelity requirements and there are variations in service model, delivery setting and resources across teams.Clinical ImplicationsCurrent inequity of access and the early, fragile nature of service development means that early intervention in England has reached a critical phase requiring consolidation.
Laser-assisted machining of an austenitic stainless steel: P550
Authors: Anderson M C , Shin Y C 
Published: December 2006

High-nitrogen, nickel-free stainless steels have much higher yield strength than typical stainless steels, and their high corrosion resistance and high strength makes them especially attractive in medical, aerospace, and oil drilling industries. The high strength also makes these materials difficult to machine owing to high cutting forces, and relatively short tool lives. Laser-assisted machining (LAM) is investigated as an economic alternative for machining these difficult-to-machine materials. In the current study, surface temperature measurements are compared with model predictions to ascertain the accuracy of a thermal model. An experimental matrix is designed to determine the effects of temperature and surface speed, using tool life, cutting forces, surface roughness, and workpiece integrity as metrics to determine optimal processing conditions. Explanation of cutting temperatures and effects on tool life are discussed. Hardness measurements, X-ray diffraction, and microstructural analysis indicate little or no damage of the subsurface of the workpiece. An economic analysis shows the benefits that can be obtained over conventional machining through implementation of LAM in stainless steels.
Experimental and numerical investigation of a subsonic compressor with bend-skewed slot-casing treatment
Authors: Lu X , Chu W , Zhang Y , Zhu J 
Published: December 2006

On the basis of the test results of discrete axial and blade angle slot casing treatment, a new type of casing treatment was designed for a subsonic axial flow compressor rotor by optimizing various geometry parameters. To obtain a wide operating range and to minimize penalties in terms of isentropic efficiency, seven compressor configurations incorporating casing treatments of 0, 16.6, 33.3, 50, 66.6, 83.3, and 100 per cent rotor exposures were experimentally investigated. The results showed that significant improvements in stall margin are possible in all exposures and insignificant isentropic efficiency sacrifices are recorded in some exposures. Nearly 21.43 per cent stall margin improvement in terms of the corrected mass flow-rate was achieved with 33.3 per cent rotor blade tip axial chord exposure. The compressor built with 16.6 per cent rotor exposure was the best configuration in terms of maximum isentropic efficiency gain. The second issue of the paper was to offer a contribution to the understanding of the physical mechanism by which bend-skewed slot-casing treatment improves stall margin under subsonic conditions. By applying a concept similar to ‘Domain scaling’ approach (as often used in multistage turbomachinery flow-fields) to the interface between the rotor blade passage and end-wall treatments, a time-dependent three-dimensional numerical simulation was performed for the subsonic axial-flow compressor rotor with bend-skewed slot-casing treatment. The numerical results agreed well with the available experimental results. Detailed analyses of the coupled flow through bend-skewed slot-casing treatment and rotor blade passage under subsonic conditions led to some preliminary conclusions as to the flow physics involved in the stall margin improvements afforded by the use of bend-skewed slot-casing treatment.
RETRACTED: Dynamic stability of a planetary gear train under the influence of variable meshing stiffness
Authors: Hbaieb R , Chaari F , Fakhfakh T , Haddar M 
Published: December 2006

This article has been retracted at the request of the Editor and the Publishers. Reason for Retraction: The results of a plagiarism investigation showed that the authors of this work (R Hbaieb, F Chaari, T Fakhfakh, and M Haddar) are in breach of the agreement that they signed in their Assignment of Copyright and Conditions of Publication form for JAUTO248, having copied substantial portions of material from the published paper: Lin, J. and Parker, R. G. Planetary gear parametric instability caused by mesh stiffness variation. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 2002, 249(1), 129-145 [DOI:10.1006/jsvi.2001.3848]. We apologize that this was not detected during the peer review process in 2006.
Structural behaviour of endodontically treated teeth under thermomechanical loading
Authors: Genovese K , Lamberti L , Pappalettere C 
Published: December 2006

Choosing the optimal combination of post construction and restorative materials to minimize thermomechanical stresses in endodontically post-restored teeth is a very challenging task. In fact, while thermal properties of metallic alloys used for endodontic posts are rather similar to those of natural dental tissues, composite restorative materials used for constructing post and postcore usually possess better mechanical properties than metallic alloys. This may make it very difficult to evaluate directly thermomechanical stresses in the restored tooth. Therefore, this paper presents a detailed analysis of the structural behaviour of several postendodontic restorations submitted to different combinations of thermomechanical load. The aim of the study is to compare the relative merits of different restoration concepts. Three-dimensional finite element method (FE) analysis is carried out for an upper incisor restored with composite as well as metallic post systems. Furthermore, customized and standard post constructions are compared. Two loading cases are considered: (a) exposure to cold irritants in absence of mastication; (b) mastication of cold or hot foods. Effects of thermal field inhomogeneity and occlusal force magnitude are also included in the analysis. Because of the transient nature of thermal loads, relative performance of different restorations is investigated as the thermal perturbation spreads through the restored tooth. Results indicate that composite post systems are globally more efficient than restorations including a metallic alloy post when thermal cycles and mastication act together. However, relative performance of different restoration concepts in the absence of mastication may depend strongly on the time of exposure to thermal irritants.
On-line power estimation of large diesel engines using acoustic emission and instantaneous crankshaft angular velocity
Authors: Douglas R M , Steel J A , Reuben R L , Fog T L 
Published: December 2006

It is of interest to be able to gauge the power output of an engine from sensors that do not interfere with engine performance and are non-invasive. Acoustic emission (AE) analysis is one such technique, whereby information can be obtained from sensors placed on the external surface of the engine, requiring very little preparation. This paper shows that there is a strong relationship between AE energy and the variation of the instantaneous crankshaft angular velocity (ICAV) waveform over the engine cycle for a range of engine loads and that both types of measurement give a good indication of engine power on a ‘per cylinder’ basis. AE and shaft encoder signals were acquired from two large (>7 MW), low-speed, two-stroke, diesel engines over a range of power outputs. The ICAV waveform (inferred from the shaft encoder signals) for one engine cycle was found to give a resolution that showed compression and expansion strokes of each cylinder. The variance of this waveform was found to correlate well with the power output of the engine, a finding that is in accord with those of a number of other authors. Additionally, the AE energy associated with fuel injection/combustion during each cycle was also related to engine power output, a finding that has not explicitly been reported elsewhere. It is shown that, by combining both the AE and the ICAV data, and accounting for differences in engine specification such as number of cylinders, the observations of the two engines can be generalized, in that both the standard deviation in the ICAV waveform and the AE energy generated during the injection/combustion phase increase with increasing engine power output. This relationship can therefore be used to indicate engine power per cylinder and hence indicate whether cylinders are performing poorly. Provided that sufficiently robust sensors are available, such measurements could be made on-line and included in a preventative maintenance plan.
New α′-Type ET Salt (ET)2H2F3 by Electrocrystallization Using Ionic Liquid
Authors: Yoshida Yukihiro , Sakata Masafumi , Saito Gunzi , Matsumoto Kazuhiko , Hagiwara Rika 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
A new ET-based cation radical salt α′-(ET)2H2F3 (ET: bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene) was obtained by an electrocrystallization method using a highly conductive ionic liquid (EMI)[F(HF)2.3] (EMI: 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium) as an electrolyte, and its structural, transport and magnetic properties were investigated. The salt shows the semiconducting behavior with an activation energy of 0.05–0.08 eV. Static susceptibility of 8.9 × 10−4 emu mol−1 at 300 K, in support of the transport behavior, is firm evidence of a Mott insulator.
Monitoring of EcoRV Digestions on a DNA-immobilized Quartz Crystal Microbalance
Authors: Takahashi Shuntaro , Matsuno Hisao , Furusawa Hiroyuki , Okahata Yoshio 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Kinetic parameters of DNA digestions by EcoRV such as binding and dissociation rate constants of enzymes to DNA (kon and koff) and the site-specific cleavage reaction (kcat) could be obtained using a DNA-immobilized quartz-crystal microbalance (QCM).
Four Kinds of 21 Helical Assemblies with the Molecular Tilt as Well as Three-directional and Facial Chirality
Authors: Watabe Tsuyoshi , Hisaki Ichiro , Tohnai Norimitsu , Miyata Mikiji 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Four kinds of 21 helical assemblies with a right- or left-handed screw with belly- or back-inside were confirmed in cocrystals of brucine. Discrimination of the different helicities owes to the molecular tilt as well as three-directional and facial chirality of the brucine molecule.