bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Minimum detectable difference of MR diffusion maps in acute ischemic stroke
Authors: Harris Ashley D. , Govindaraj Mirthula , Frayne Richard 
Published: February 2008

AbstractPurposeTo determine the minimum detectable difference (MDD) and investigate variability of region‐of‐interest (ROI) analysis of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and fractional anisotropy (FA) in acute ischemic stroke.Materials and MethodsTen patients with acute stroke (<24 hours) and moderate‐to‐large infarcts were imaged using a fast diffusion tensor technique. Four observers repeated three trials, during which each of two ROI types (free‐hand polygon and ellipse) were drawn in white and gray matter (WM and GM) on FA and ADC maps. Analysis‐of‐variance techniques examined tissue and ROI type effects as well as inter‐ and intraobserver variability. F‐tests examined the variability differences between ROI types.ResultsThe MDD for ADC was 0.160 × 10−3 mm2 s−1 in WM and 0.212 × 10−3 mm2 s−1 in GM. The FA MDD was 0.19 in WM and 0.10 in GM. Tissue but not ROI type affected the mean values for both ADC and FA maps. Intraobserver reliability was substantial, while interobserver reliability was poor‐to‐moderate. No variability differences were found by ROI types.ConclusionThe MDD for WM and GM in normal and ischemic tissue were calculated. Inter‐ and intraobserver variability and tissue type affect ROI analysis of ADC and FA maps. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Commitment, procedural fairness, and organizational citizenship behavior: a multifoci analysis
Authors: Lavelle James J. , Brockner Joel , Konovsky Mary A. , Price Kenneth H. , Henley Amy B. , Taneja Aakash , Vinekar Vishnu 
Published: February 2008

AbstractResearch on commitment, procedural fairness, and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) suggests that employees maintain distinct beliefs about, and direct behaviors towards, multiple targets in the workplace (e.g., the organization as a whole, their supervisor, and fellow workgroup members). The present studies were designed to test for “target similarity effects,” in which the relationships between commitment, procedural fairness, and OCB were expected to be stronger when they referred to the same target than when they referred to different targets. As predicted, we found that: (1) the positive relationship between commitment and OCB, and (2) the mediating effect of commitment on the positive relationship between procedural fairness and OCB, was particularly likely to emerge when the constructs were in reference to the same target. Support for these target similarity effects was found among layoff survivors (Study 1) and student project teams (Study 2). Theoretical and practical implications are discussed, as are limitations of the studies and suggestions for future research. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The North Atlantic Oscillation and European vegetation dynamics
Authors: Gouveia Célia , Trigo Ricardo M. , DaCamara Carlos C. , Libonati Renata , Pereira José M. C. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe relationship between vegetation greenness and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is assessed over Europe. The study covers the 21‐year period from 1982 to 2002 and is based on monthly composites of the Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Brightness Temperature from the Global Inventory Monitoring and Modelling System (GIMMS) as well as on monthly precipitation from the Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC).A systematic analysis is first performed of point correlation fields over the 21‐year period between the winter NAO index and spring and summer NDVI, followed by an assessment of the vegetation response to precipitation and temperature conditions in winter, over two contrasting regions, namely the Iberian Peninsula and Northeastern Europe. Finally, the impact of NAO on vegetation dynamics over the two regions is evaluated by studying the corresponding annual cycles of NDVI and comparing their behaviour for years associated with opposite NAO phases.Over the Iberian Peninsula there is strong evidence that positive (negative) values of winter NAO induce low (high) vegetation activity in the following spring and summer seasons. This feature is mainly associated with the impact of NAO on winter precipitation, together with the strong dependence of spring and summer NDVI on water availability during the previous winter. Northeastern Europe shows a different behaviour, with positive (negative) values of winter NAO inducing high (low) values of NDVI in spring, but low (high) values of NDVI in summer. This behaviour mainly results from the strong impact of NAO on winter temperature, associated with the critical dependence of vegetation growth on the combined effect of warm conditions and water availability during the winter season. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
Hyaluronic acid inhibits mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines and cyclooxygenase‐2/prostaglandin E2 production via CD44 in interleukin‐1‐stimulated subacromial synovial fibroblasts from patients with rotator cuff disease
Authors: Mitsui Yasuhiro , Gotoh Masafumi , Nakama Kenjirou , Yamada Tetsu , Higuchi Fujio , Nagata Kensei 
Published: February 2008

AbstractA growing body of evidence supports use of intraarticular hyaluronic acid (HA) injection in patients with rotator cuff disease. However, the mechanism of its anti‐inflammatory action has not been clarified. We examined the effects of HA on the expression of mRNAs for proinflammatory cytokines (IL‐1β, IL‐6, and TNF‐α and COX‐2/PGE2 production in IL‐1‐stimulated subacromial‐synovium fibroblasts (SSF) derived from patients with rotator cuff disease. Various concentrations of HA were added to monolayer SSF cultures in the presence of IL‐1β. Gene expression levels were analyzed by quantitative real‐time reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction. Intracellular production of COX‐2 was identified by Western blotting. PGE2 concentrations in the culture media were measured by ELISA. CD44 blocking with OS/37 was performed to investigate the mechanism of action of HA. Immunofluorescence cytochemistry confirmed binding of HA and the presence of CD44 on SSF. Exogenous HA significantly and dose‐dependently decreased expression of proinflammatory cytokine mRNAs and COX‐2/PGE2 production in IL‐1‐stimulated SSF. Pretreatment with OS/37 reversed the inhibitory effects of HA. These results provide a basis for explaining why HA is effective for the treatment of rotator cuff disease. © 2008 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 26:1032–1037, 2008
Impact of MHC mismatch and freezing on bone graft incorporation: An experimental study in rats
Authors: Reikerås Olav , Shegarfi Hamid , Naper Christian , Reinholt Finn P. , Rolstad Bent 
Published: February 2008

AbstractCortical bone graft failure develops for poorly defined reasons, and the effects of the immune responses on the incorporation of an allograft are less clear. In a rat model of tibial allotransplantation, we have studied biometric and histological changes of the graft and the humoral immune response against it. We have also compared fresh with prefrozen grafts to study putative effects of freezing on the healing of the graft and the immune response against it. Fresh and frozen cortical bone grafts matched or mismatched for major histocompatibility complex antigens (syngeneic and allogeneic grafts) were implanted in an 8‐mm segmental defect in the tibia. The construct was stabilized with intramedullary nailing. Incorporation of the graft was assessed with use of conventional radiography, micro computed tomography (CT(, biomechanical testing and histological examination. The immune response was evaluated by monitoring distribution of leukocytes in the blood and by measuring antibodies in a tailor‐made fluorescence activating cell scanning (FACS( analysis. We found that the fresh syngeneic grafts were well integrated after 8 weeks with intact bone cells. In the fresh allogeneic grafts, all cells were dead with radiological signs of resorption, and mechanical testing indicated failure of incorporation. The frozen grafts showed poorer overall reconstruction than the fresh syngeneic grafts, but the incorporation was better than the fresh allogeneic grafts. A measurable alloantibody response was only detected after fresh allografting. The combined results suggest that freezing of bone allograft impedes the antibody response against major histocompatibility complex (MHC( antigens and improves incorporation, but frozen allografts still perform poorer than do frozen syngeneic grafts. © 2008 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 26:925–931, 2008
Apoptosis of human intervertebral discs after trauma compares to degenerated discs involving both receptor‐mediated and mitochondrial‐dependent pathways
Authors: Tschoeke Sven K. , Hellmuth Markus , Hostmann Arwed , Robinson Yohan , Ertel Wolfgang , Oberholzer Andreas , Heyde Christoph‐E. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractPost‐traumatic disc degeneration with consecutive loss of reduction and kyphosis remains a debatable issue within both the operative and nonoperative treatment regimen of thoracolumbar spine fractures. Intervertebral disc (IVD) cell apoptosis has been suggested to play a vital role in promoting the degeneration process. To evaluate and compare apoptosis‐regulating signaling mechanisms, IVDs were obtained from patients with thoracolumbar spine fractures (n = 21), patients suffering from symptomatic IVD degeneration (n = 6), and from patients undergoing surgical resection of a primary vertebral tumor (n = 3 used as control samples). All tissues were prospectively analyzed in regards to caspase‐3/7, ‐8, and ‐9 activity, apoptosis‐receptor expression levels, and gene expression of the mitochondria‐bound apoptosis‐regulating proteins Bax and Bcl‐2. Morphologic changes characteristic for apoptotic cell death were confirmed by H&E staining. Statistical significance was designated at p < 0.05 using the Student's t‐test. Both traumatic and degenerative IVD demonstrated a significant increase of caspase‐3/7 activity with evident apoptosis. Although caspase‐3/7 activation was significantly greater in degenerated discs, both showed equally significant activation of the initiator caspases 8 and 9. Traumatic IVD alone demonstrated a significant increase of the Fas receptor (FasR), whereas the TNF receptor I (TNFR I) was equally up‐regulated in both morbid IVD groups. Only traumatic IVD showed distinct changes in up‐regulated TNF expression, in addition to significantly down‐regulated antiapoptotic Bcl‐2 protein. Our results suggest that post‐traumatic disc changes may be promoted and amplified by both the intrinsic mitochondria‐mediated and extrinsic receptor‐mediated apoptosis signaling pathways, which could be, in part, one possible explanation for developing subsequent disc degeneration. © 2008 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 26:999–1006, 2008
The human anterior cruciate ligament: Sex differences in ultrastructure and correlation with biomechanical properties
Authors: Hashemi Javad , Chandrashekar Naveen , Mansouri Hossein , Slauterbeck James R. , Hardy Daniel M. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate the existence of sex‐based differences in the ultrastructural characteristics of the human anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) as the underlying cause of differences in the structural and mechanical properties between sexes. The ACL of six male and six female cadaveric donors were randomly chosen from a pool of 10 male and 10 female ACLs that had previously been tested for their structural and mechanical properties. Eighteen tissue samples from the distal, proximal, and middle sections of the anteromedial and posterolateral bundles were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. Female ACLs exhibited both lower fibril concentration and lower percent area occupied by collagen fibrils (p < 0.05) compared to males. There was also a difference in the fibril diameters (p < 0.05); donor age, height, body mass, and body mass index contributed significantly to this difference. In females, ACL stiffness and modulus of elasticity were highly correlated to fibril concentration (r = 0.96 and 0.97, respectively); in males ACL failure load and strength were highly correlated to percent area occupied by collagen (r = 0.96 and 0.96, respectively). These differences in ultrastructure may underlie differences in ACL properties between sexes. © 2008 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 26:945–950, 2008
Functional mapping of carious enamel in human teeth with Raman microspectroscopy
Authors: Kinoshita H. , Miyoshi N. , Fukunaga Y. , Ogawa T. , Ogasawara T. , Sano K. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractWe employed Raman microspectroscopy to measure the Raman spectra of phosphate in sound and carious tooth substance. The peak intensity at 960 cm−1 of the phosphate (PO43−) symmetric stretching vibrational mode (υ1) in sound enamel was stronger than that of sound dentin, which indicated that sound enamel contained more phosphate than sound dentin. Furthermore, the element analysis of phosphate in sound teeth substance, measured using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with an energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscope (EDX), gave similar results to those of the Raman measurement. In addition, the border between sound enamel and dentin was clearly demonstrated by mapping the image of the Raman spectrum of phosphate. The mapping image of phosphate in the carious enamel region revealed a heterogeneous low Raman spectrum intensity of phosphate in the area surrounding carious enamel; this finding indicates that phosphate had dissolved from the tooth substance in such areas. In contrast with the decrease in the Raman spectrum intensity of phosphate, the intensity of amide I increased mainly in the low‐phosphate area. Although it remains very difficult to clinically identify the accurate border between sound and carious tooth substance, this distinction may be enabled by using the Raman spectrum of carious tooth substance. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of hafnium tungstate by a CO2 laser and its microstructure and Raman spectroscopic study
Authors: Liang E. J. , Wang J. P. , Xu E. M. , Du Z. Y. , Chao M. J. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractDensely packed hafnium tungstate blocks were synthesized by rapid solidification with a CO2 laser. It is shown that the optimum synthesis conditions for HfW2O8 are around 700 W laser power and 1 mm/s scan speed. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation shows that the blocks consist of oriented nano‐threads/rods that grew horizontally on the surface region and vertically in the interior. The orientations of the nanostructures are governed by the heat transfer directions on the surface and in the interior. Raman spectroscopic and X‐ray diffraction studies show that the samples solidified in the cubic structure with minor contents of the orthorhombic phase. This is explained by a compressive stress induced during the rapid solidification process due to a sudden drop of temperature of the molten pool to the ambient. The stress is estimated to be about 0.6 GPa by comparison with high‐pressure Raman study. Some specific Raman bands appear in the samples synthesized with the laser synthetic route but not in the sample by solid‐state reaction. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Goodmanham plane: Raman spectroscopic analysis of a Roman ivory artefact
Authors: Long D. A. , Edwards H. G. M. , Farwell D. W. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractRaman spectroscopy has been applied to the study of the exceptional ivory stock of an archaeological discovery of great importance for the history of woodworking tools: a virtually complete Roman plane that was found in a late fourth century A.D. context in North Yorkshire, UK, in A.D. 2000. An assessment has been made of the viability of Raman spectroscopy for the identification of ivories from archaeological excavations and comparisons made with similar studies of modern specimens. All of the attributed ivory specimens studied have suffered from deterioration in their burial environment, and severe degradation of their proteinaceous component was observed. In addition, spectral quality was affected through the absorption of fluorescent materials from their environment, and from the presence of emergency conservation procedures undertaken to preserve the integrity of very fragile specimens. The spectra of ivories dating from about 2000 years ago varied considerably because some specimens had experienced an almost complete leaching‐out of collagen, whereas in others, the degraded protein was still substantially identifiable. Generally, however, the protocols used successfully for the identification of modern ivories and for an assignment of their mammalian species were not transferable into archaeological ivory identification and classification because of the collagen degradation and decreased spectral quality. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry of oils and oil binders in paintings
Authors: Blaško Jaroslav , Kubinec Robert , Husová Barbora , Přikryl Petr , Pacáková Věra , Štulík Karel , Hradilová Janka 
Published: February 2008

AbstractA GC/MS procedure has been developed, optimized, and applied to characterization of oil binders in paintings. The procedure involves hydrolysis of lipids to fatty acids (FAs) and derivatization of FAs to fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) by a solution of sodium methanolate in methanol at an elevated temperature. FAMEs are analyzed by temperature‐programed GC followed by full‐scan MS. Old and dried samples are subjected to extraction of nonpolymerized FAMEs into dichloromethane prior to hydrolysis. The method provides a good repeatability of results and has been applied to the characterization of common plant oils used in paintings, to commercial oil and tempera paints, to model painting samples, and to samples taken from real paintings. The fresh oils and binders can readily be identified and characterized. The ratio of the methyl esters of palmitic and stearic acids can be used to characterize oil binders in old works of art.
Optimization of a liquid chromatographic separation for the simultaneous determination of four anthracyclines and their respective 13‐S‐dihydro metabolites
Authors: Maudens Kristof E. , Stove Christophe P. , Lambert Willy E. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe optimization of a liquid chromatographic separation of four anthracyclines (doxorubicin, epirubicin, daunorubicin and idarubicin) and their respective 13‐S‐dihydro metabolites (doxorubicinol, epirubicinol, daunorubicinol and idarubicinol) is described. Inclusion of epidaunorubicin in the assay allows internal standardization. Potential chromatographic interference of aglycones (doxorubicinone, daunorubicinone, idarubicinone, doxorubicinolone, daunorubicinolone and idarubicinolone) was investigated and tackled. The analyses were performed on a C18 RP column and gradient elutions were performed with a mixture of 0.1% formic acid in water and 0.1% formic acid in ACN. The analytes were measured by fluorescence detection with an excitation wavelength of 480 nm and emission wavelength of 555 nm, respectively. The separation will potentially allow a broad field of applications, ranging from therapeutic drug monitoring and kinetic studies in cancer patients to monitoring hospital personnel and effluents.
Volatile flavour constituent patterns of Terras Madeirenses red wines extracted by dynamic headspace solid‐phase microextraction
Authors: Perestrelo Rosa , Caldeira Michael , Rodrigues Freddy , Câmara José S. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractA suitable analytical procedure based on static headspace solid‐phase microextraction (SPME) followed by thermal desorption gas chromatography–ion trap mass spectrometry detection (GC–ITDMS), was developed and applied for the qualitative and semi‐quantitative analysis of volatile components of Portuguese Terras Madeirenses red wines. The headspace SPME method was optimised in terms of fibre coating, extraction time, and extraction temperature. The performance of three commercially available SPME fibres, viz. 100 μm polydimethylsiloxane; 85 μm polyacrylate, PA; and 50/30 μm divinylbenzene/carboxen on polydimethylsiloxane, was evaluated and compared. The highest amounts extracted, in terms of the maximum signal recorded for the total volatile composition, were obtained with a PA coating fibre at 30°C during an extraction time of 60 min with a constant stirring at 750 rpm, after saturation of the sample with NaCl (30%, w/v). More than sixty volatile compounds, belonging to different biosynthetic pathways, have been identified, including fatty acid ethyl esters, higher alcohols, fatty acids, higher alcohol acetates, isoamyl esters, carbonyl compounds, and monoterpenols/C13‐norisoprenoids.
Which type of tourism matters to the regional economic growth? The cases of Spain and Italy
Authors: Cortés‐Jiménez Isabel 
Published: February 2008

AbstractRecently, the attention given to the importance of tourism in economic growth has significantly increased. However, research in this area mainly refers to international tourism and to the national level. This paper focuses on the influence of tourism on the economic growth of Spanish and Italian regions. Both international and domestic tourism are analysed and geographical location criteria are considered. Dynamic panel data techniques are applied. The results reveal that both international and domestic tourism have a significant and positive role for regional economic growth in Spain and Italy, although the pattern of these effects differs among different types of region. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Economic measures of tourism yield: what markets to target?
Authors: Dwyer Larry , Forsyth Peter 
Published: February 2008

AbstractAn understanding of the yield potential of different source markets and segments can underpin destination marketing by both public and private sector organisations. The standard yield measure relates to expenditure injected into a destination from different market segments. This measure has several limitations, which are discussed in the paper. With the increasing sophistication of economic models such as computable general equilibrium, models, it is now feasible to develop new and more useful measures of tourism yield, which directly measure the gains to different stakeholders. Several economy‐wide impact measures of yield are developed and contrasted for selected Australian inbound tourism markets. The measures produce conflicting signals for public and private sector tourism marketers and planners. The reward from further research in developing and operationalising yield measures is more informed policy‐making by destination managers in respect of destination marketing and new product development, resulting in greater economic gains from inbound tourism. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tourism and internet adoption: a developing world perspective
Authors: Karanasios Stan , Burgess Stephen 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThis paper provides a new perspective of the realities faced by small tourism enterprises in the developing world. Given the well‐recognised value of the Internet in tourism, we sought to identify how entrepreneurs mitigate Internet adoption obstacles such as the inadequate and unreliable telecommunications infrastructure, the cost of the technology, and a lack of knowledge and skills that characterise developing nations. A qualitative study was performed on small tourism enterprises in rural and metropolitan areas of Malaysia and Ecuador. We found that entrepreneurs established ways to overcome obstacles, with some applying quite innovative solutions. This paper helps to understand the role of entrepreneurs in innovation adoption and improve knowledge of Internet appropriation among small tourism enterprises in developing nations. A number of transferable lessons are identified. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.