bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Construction of “Thin” Slurry Walls and the Supporting Liquid Slurries Used
Authors: Breek HCM 
Published: March 2009

A method to make a thin slurry trench or wall in the ground, based on the US patent number 4,877,357, whilst using different supporting fluids.
The slurry trench or wall will be formed into the ground by driving a beam section and simultaneously and entirely filling up the trench, formed by soil displacements with a supporting fluid. The wall is formed by driving a steel beam sectional to the required depth after which it is subsequently pulled out of the soil with a vibrating movement, which is obtained by delivering blows to the beam at a suitable frequency, by vibrator or vibratory hammer. Whilst the beam is extracted, sufficient supporting fluid is supplied to fill up the trench/wall formed by the beam.
Impregnation of Concrete with Corrosion Inhibitors
Authors: Berke NS , Dallaire MP , Weyers RE , Henry M , Peterson JE , Prowell B 
Published: March 2009

Corrosion of steel in concrete is a major problem in the U. S. infrastructure. Approximately half of the bridges in the interstate highway system are in need of repair, and a significant cause is the corrosion of the embedded steel due to chloride ingress. A similar problem is found in parking structures throughout the northern regions of the United States due to deicing salts brought in from automobiles.
As of now the only commercial means of arresting corrosion without replacing concrete is the application of cathodic protection. Calcium nitrite has been shown to be an effective corrosion inhibitor when admixed into plastic concrete. In this paper an experiment to impregnate a bridge deck and support column with calcium nitrite is discussed.
Two methods were used to impregnate the concrete with calcium nitrite. The first involved drying a bridge deck by heating it above the boiling point of water, and then slowly cooling to ambient temperature to avoid thermal and drying shrinkage cracking. The deck was then successfully impregnated with liquid calcium nitrite.
The column was impregnated by removing delaminated concrete and drilling holes. A calcium nitrite rich latex modified grout was placed in the drill holes and a calcium nitrite rich latex modified concrete was produced to replace the removed concrete. Nitrite migration into the sound concrete left in place is to be measured over time.
Corrosion rates determined by polarization resistance, and corrosion potentials were measured before the above processes were performed. The steel was definitely corroding in some areas and the corrosion behavior is to be monitored over time.
Temperature and Load Cycling of a Thick Polyimide Quartz Laminate
Authors: Laurencot RE , Keen LM 
Published: March 2009

This paper presents the test results of temperature and load cycling of a thick polyimide quartz laminate. The specimens tested were all of the same geometry, a V-shaped coupon with an apex radius of 1.0 in. (2.54 cm), width of 1.0 in. (2.54 cm), and a thickness of 0.42 in. (1.07 cm). The load cycle is applied by creating a moment at the apex of the V of 52.5 in ∙ lb (5.95 Nm). For each load cycle, there are three thermal cycles, each consisting of a 10-min ramp up from room temperature to 550°F (288°C); a constant 20-min period at 550°F (288°C); and a 10-min ramp down from 550°F (288°C) to room temperature.
The V-shaped specimens were tested for ultimate bending strength at various times through the testing. Some specimens were tested before cycling began, and others were tested at convenient intervals during the cycling. Measurements were taken of the weight changes, thickness changes, and ultimate bending moment decreases. Plots of the relationships of physical properties to load/thermal cycling are presented as well as photomicrographs indicating effects of thermal cycling on the resin/fiber system.
From the test results, an empirical procedure for estimating the life of a thick laminate, subject to a similar environment, can be extrapolated.
Damage Accumulation and Fracture of Notched Composite Laminates Under Tensile and Compressive Loading
Authors: Tan SC , Kim RY 
Published: March 2009

Damage accumulations before ultimate failure in laminated composites containing an open hole were studied and compared under tensile and compressive loadings. Four laminate layups, [02/± 45]2s, [0/90/ ± 45]2s, [ ± 45]4s, and [ ± 30/ ± 60]2s, were selected for the investigation. Two sets of laminates were prepared with one loaded in tension and another loaded in compression. They were examined using X-ray techniques after being loaded to specific load levels.
Damage accumulated in these laminates before ultimate failure can be correlated to the characteristic lengths used for the prediction of the notched strength. For laminates that the damage accumulations were found similar under different loading conditions, the same characteristic length can be used for the strength prediction under these loading conditions. On the other hand, if the damage mechanisms were different due to different type of loadings, then different characteristic lengths need to be used to predict the notched strength accurately. The experimental study presented in this paper reveals the physical explanation of using the characteristic length as a parameter for the theoretical strength prediction.
Sucroglycerides: Novel Biodegradable Surfactants for Plant Protection Formulations
Authors: Fiard J-F , Mercier J-M , Prévotat M-L 
Published: March 2009

Under pressure of regulation and environment, the agrochemical companies have to develop new active ingredients and safer formulations for users and the environment.
Today the development of new surfactants based on natural and renewable raw materials contributes to a better regard for the environment and user safty.
SUCROGLYCERIDES are nonionic surfactants which result from the transesterification of natural triglycerides by saccharose (sucrose). They are blends of sugar esters and glycerides. These products are not toxic (LD50 &gt;30000 mg/kg) and are highly biodegradable.
They can be used as dispersing and stabilizing agents or emulsifiers primarily in water based formulations. They can also be used to enhance the biological efficacy of active ingredients under certain conditions.
Developing Formulations with Robotics
Authors: Botts MF 
Published: March 2009

The development of agricultural formulations is becoming increasingly complex and there is a need to develop them more easily and efficiently. Laboratory robotics offer some help in meeting this need. To explore this promise of help, a study was undertaken to determine some of the merits and limitations of robotics for developing formulations.
A decision was made to explore the preparation of emulsifiable concentrate (EC) formulations with a laboratory robotics system. This was believed to be an easy example to study and other more difficult tasks could be attempted later if the study warranted.
The equipment used, computer algorithms developed, and procedures used for the preparation and testing of EC formulations are described.
The development of a sample formulation is described along with the visualization of the data with triangular coordinate plots. Some of the limitations found are pointed out and some areas meriting future study are mentioned.
Permethrin Deposition and Persistence in Canopy Foliage of a Plantation Forest
Authors: Sundaram KMS 
Published: March 2009

Initial deposits and persistence of permethrin in foliage of four tree species, jack pine, white pine, white spruce and trembling aspen, were studied after aerial application of an aqueous tank mix of permethrin at 70 g in 4.0 L/ha, over a mixed plantation forest in Ontario, Canada. Spray was applied using a fixed wing aircraft fitted with Micronair® AU3000 atomizers. Droplets were sampled at ground level using Kromekote® cards, and deposits were collected on glass plates. Foliar lipid content was measured to examine its role on the initial deposit. The trembling aspen foliage, despite its lower wax content, received higher amounts of permethrin (μg/g) than the conifers, thus indicating little relationship between lipid content and initial deposits. Factors such as crown geometry, leaf orientation, size and shape seem to have influenced spray deposition. Little relationship was also indicated between the half-life of duration of persistence and foliar lipid contents.
A laboratory study was conducted to examine the relative importance of three parameters, i.e., foliar wax content, surface area-to-mass ratio, and surface characteristics, on initial deposits on foliage. Permethrin deposits were computed in μg/g and μg/cm2. Surface area-to-mass ratio played a role on foliar concentrations when expressed in μg/g, but not when expressed in μg/g and μg/cm2. The presence of pubescence on aspen leaves, and of serrations on foliage of the two pine species, appeared to have contributed to higher deposits (μg/g and μg/cm2) than those on the smooth spruce needles. The foliar wax content played little role on permethrin deposition, a finding similar to that observed in the field study.
Thermal Resistance of Fine Powders at Atmospheric Pressure and under Vacuum
Authors: McElroy DL , Weaver FJ , Yarbrough DW , Graves RS 
Published: March 2009

Heat transport measurements are reported on candidate insulation systems with relatively high thermal resistances for use in appliances. The thermal resistances of small diameter silica powders at atmospheric pressure and under vacuum were measured from 295 to 340 K using unguarded radial heat flow techniques. The thermal resistances of rectangular panels containing perlite or silica powder at reduced pressure were determined using an unguarded linear heat flow technique.
Values of 1.2 m2 ∙ K/W for 0.0254 m (R-7 per inch) were obtained at atmospheric pressure for powders of pure, fumed, amorphous (0.01 μm diameter) silica particles compacted to about 10% of theoretical density. Values of 0.7 m2 ∙ K/W for 0.0254 m (R-4 per inch) were obtained at atmospheric pressure for powders of impure, amorphous (0.3 μm diameter) silica particles. Under vacuum these particle systems yielded thermal resistances as high as 6 m2 ∙ K/W for 0.0254 m (R-34 per inch), and mixtures with the pure silica particles yielded over 9 m2 ∙ K/W for 0.0254 m (R-50 per inch). Evacuated panels of pure silica particles yielded thermal resistance values over 3 m2 ∙ K/W for 0.0254 m (R-17 per inch) and decreased about 5% in resistance in 39 months. Evac-uated panels of a perlite powder yielded similar values.
Technical Assessment of Foam-in-place Cellular Plastics for Building Envelope Applications
Authors: Tye RP 
Published: March 2009

Foam-in-place urethane and other cellular plastic materials, in conjunction with appropriate protective coatings and facings, have been used successfully for insulating industrial systems, including tanks and pipelines, and are becoming more widely used for insulating roofs of large buildings. Because of their relatively high strength-to-weight ratio, coupled with potential higher thermal efficiency, they present attractive alternatives to current insulation materials and systems.
A technical assessment of foam-in-place materials and systems for use as thermal insulations in buildings has been undertaken to evaluate their overall potential. The assessment (ORNL/Sub/ 86-56525/1) discusses the following major topics: • Definition of various materials, their compositions and costs, and associated coatings and barriers, including variability between geographical regions. • Production and installation procedures, including variability between production lots and geographical regions. • Application areas in buildings and identification of relevant standards and codes that describe these products and their properties, compositions, configurations, and methods of joining to envelope assemblies. • Existing mechanical, physical, and thermal property data and other relevant properties, including property dependencies due to environmental parameters. • Identification of specific property data not presently available or known to the degree of reliability and/or accuracy required for optimal thermal design and analysis of assemblies. • Identification of recent advances and newer developments now in the research stage that are likely to be used within the next five years and areas requiring research for future use and application.
Comparison of Gas and Electric Radiant Panels for Measuring the Flammability of Loose-Fill Cellulose Insulation
Authors: Siddiqui SA , Hillier RL , Damant GH , Needles HL 
Published: March 2009

Two types of radiant panel apparatus are available for fire-related testing of cellulose insulation. One is the Flooring Radiant Panel (gas-fired radiant panel), an expensive piece of equipment that requires high operational and maintenance costs. The second type is the Veri-Flux “100” (electric radiant panel), also known as the Small-Scale Radiant Panel, which is currently being used as a quality control instrument in the cellulose insulation industry.
There have been few data published comparing the relative performance of the two instruments. This paper analyzes the performance of 53 samples of insulation when tested by these instruments. The analysis attempts to establish whether a direct comparison between the two instruments is feasible. The results of this study will be useful to an ASTM task group that is presently investigating the replacement of the larger gas-fired panel with the electric, small-scale panel.
Field Data on Settling in Loose-Fill Thermal Insulation
Authors: Svennerstedt B 
Published: March 2009

Blown loose-fill thermal insulation was introduced to Sweden in the late 1970s and has become more common since then. Today loose-fill insulation is used especially for attics, both as insulation in new building production and as additional insulation in older buildings. Loose-fill insulation is mainly manufactured from mineral wool and cellulosic materials.
As users of loose-fill thermal insulation know, this insulation type can settle, which means that it will compress. It is of great importance to know the long-term behavior of the insulation thickness, so as to be able to estimate the insulation capacity during the lifetime of the structure.
This paper reviews a field study of settling in loose-fill thermal insulation performed by the National Swedish Institute for Building Research. The study is confined to the use of loose-fill insulation for horizontal structures and formed part of a wider project in which a laboratory study also was performed.
In the field study both mineral wool and cellulosic loose-fill materials were investigated. The loose-fill materials were blown on several test attics, and settling was measured during one year within the project. The paper presents results of settling after three years in practice.
Case Histories of Underground Heat Distribution Systems: 1959–1986
Authors: Govan FA , Bahnfleth DR 
Published: March 2009

Since 1959 the authors have been involved in the design and system evaluation of underground insulated piping systems that distribute chilled water, steam, and high temperature water. As of the date of this paper, 272 various systems have been field inspected by excavation and physical examination, participation as expert witnesses for legal action in failure cases, and evaluation of systems.
In 1959 the failure rate in federal installations of these systems exceeded 50%. Some, such as at an Air Force base in upper New York State, were catastrophic failures. Some, such as at a Naval facility in California, were progressive over a short period of time. As a result, design criteria and prequalification test procedures were prepared that now form the basis of present day federal specifications. In response to these new criteria, manufacturers have developed new systems, modified old systems, and improved installation methods and procedures. Therefore the original design criteria need to be kept up to date as new materials, designs, and installation procedures are developed. This report reflects 27 years of inspection and evaluation of these systems and the maintainence of rigorous design criteria to provide a minimum 20-year system life.
This paper summarizes 272 evaluations of eight major types of systems. It reports the causes of failure and the importance of following clear design criteria. Rigorous enforcement of design criteria has become more important due to the resurgence in interest by municipalities in these systems. Already the authors have seen a partial return to the “low bid” concept without clear drawings and specifications to make sure that the finished system will provide a long-term life. It is hoped that the reporting of actual results of system installation will help to maintain the quality of work now prevalent in the United States.
Measurement of Skidding Resistance and Surface Texture and the Use of Results in the United Kingdom
Authors: Kennedy CK , Young AE , Butler IC 
Published: March 2009

Road accidents are a significant source of community costs associated with transport operations. More than a quarter of all wet-road accidents in the United Kingdom are related to skidding conditions, conditions which could be avoided if road surface conditions were monitored routinely and remedial treatment undertaken at high risk areas. Published evidence is briefly reviewed which relates measurement of skidding resistance and surface macrotexture depth with accident statistics; results obtained in London supplement this.
Equipment and techniques available to measure skidding resistance and surface texture are discussed critically, and equipment used currently in the United Kingdom to measure these parameters on a routine monitoring basis is described in detail. This equipment includes the laser-based High-Speed Texture Meter, capable of measuring texture depth at survey speeds of up to 100 km/h, the hand-held Texture Meter for checking resurfacing work in relation to specification texture depth requirements, and the Sideway-Force Coefficient Routine Investigation Machine now used to survey more than 80 000 lane km annually.
Finally, the paper describes measurements obtained with the various pieces of equipment, procedures for processing the results and, most importantly, current forms of results presentation which ensure that the maintenance engineer can easily make most effective use of the results. Emphasis is placed on use of visual summaries highlighting high-risk areas and computer-based research routines to list automatically details of the measurements in the high-risk areas.
Loss of Control of Trucks Caused by Pavement Edge and Shoulder Conditions
Authors: Ivey DL , Ross HE , Sicking DL , MacAdam CC 
Published: March 2009

This paper presents an analysis of tractor semi-trailer (TST) stability during the transversal of pavement edges. The influence of available friction on the main traveled highway lanes and on the shoulder is included in the analysis.
Published information from 1976 to the present is used along with the truck simulation program, Phase 4, to study the response of TSTs to edge traversal conditions and to illustrate six different responses such a vehicle may exhibit.
These edge conditions are evaluated to compare TST safety with automobile safety. In so doing, specific conditions are identified where control problems become significant and where loss of control is unavoidable.
Selection of Single-Well Hydraulic Test Methods for Monitoring Wells
Authors: Kraemer CA , Hankins JB , Mohrbacher CJ 
Published: March 2009

Single-well hydraulic tests yield order-of-magnitude estimates of the hydraulic conductivity of aquifer materials around a single well. Although the single-well tests are less accurate than multiple-well pumping tests, they are often an attractive option when a quick, inexpensive estimate of hydraulic conductivity is required. There are three basic methods for determining the hydraulic conductivity from a single well: • Slug test—This method is also commonly referred to as a falling-head test or bailer test. It involves the instantaneous addition or removal of a given volume (slug) of water from a monitoring well with measurements of the recovery collected over a period of time. • Constant-head test—This method involves a measured discharge of water into a monitoring well to maintain a constant water level within the well. The method is more commonly used where the aquifer materials have moderate to high hydraulic conductivity values. • Single-well pumping test—This method is no different from an aquifer pumping test except that water level measurements are collected from just the pumped (monitoring) well. The pumping rate is kept constant throughout the test, and water levels are measured over a period of time.
The choice of a single-well test method in a specific situation depends on a variety of factors. A decision-making flowchart has been developed to help select a hydraulic test method that incorporates both geologic conditions and monitoring well construction details. This flowchart will allow a hydrogeologist or ground-water engineer to assess quickly which test method is the most appropriate for a specific situation.
Water Level Monitoring—Achievable Accuracy and Precision
Authors: Sweet HR , Rosenthal G , Atwood DF 
Published: March 2009

Measurement of the depth to ground water is a basic element in all hydrogeologic investigations providing data for gradient, flow direction, seepage velocity, and aquifer constant calculations.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Technical Enforcement Guidance Document (TEGD) specifies a measurement accuracy goal of ± 0.01 ft for Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) facilities. This accuracy goal may be unrealistic, since measurements are limited by their precision, and both accuracy and precision are affected by random and systematic sources of error and uncertainty.
Random precision uncertainties include instrument sensitivities, the measuring point location, and operator technique. Random accuracy problems include short-term climatic effects (precipitation, temperature, barometric pressure) and instrument calibration. Experience has demonstrated that these accumulated uncertainties range from ±0.02 to ±0.20 ft.
Systematic errors are both anthropogenic and site related and include surveying accuracy, well deviation from vertical, instrument deterioration (e.g., cable stretching), and special site problems (multiphasic liquids, high gas pressures, foaming, and other problems).
These errors may increase inaccuracy or make readings highly variable. The cumulative uncertainty from both random and systematic error sources is ±0.10 to ±0.30 ft for a “pristine” shallow, unconnned aquifer, while for difficult installations or where anthropogenic factors are not well controlled, the accumulated error may be several feet.
This paper describes sources of error and uncertainty and reports on several practical experiments to quantify the uncertainty in water table measurements. The importance of understanding these sources in setting accuracy goals is stressed.
Contribution of Alkalies by Aggregates to Alkali Aggregate Reaction in Concrete
Authors: Batic OR , Sota JD , Iasi R 
Published: March 2009

The cause of uncontrolled reactions can have different origins or explanations. This paper has the main objective of demonstrating that aggregates employed under certain circumstances also introduce alkalies in significant amounts. They can even exceed the amount of alkalies coming from other sources, mainly those brought by cement.
Applying a technique as simple as ASTM C 311 to fine and coarse aggregates from different sources, treated in the presence of calcium hydroxide solution or deionized water, available alkalies were determined which can pass to the solution present in concrete pores. The influence of aggregate particle size was also studied. All determinations were realized at 28 days.