bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Extracting information on the surface monomer unit distribution of PLGA by ToF‐SIMS
Authors: Ogaki Ryosuke , Shard Alex G. , Li Suming , Vert Michel , Luk Shen , Alexander Morgan R. , Gilmore Ian S. , Davies Martyn C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe surface chemistry of a range of random poly l‐lactide‐co‐glycolide (PLGA) materials has been investigated using XPS, static secondary ion mass spectrometry (SSIMS) and gentle secondary ion mass spectrometry (G‐SIMS). The estimated mole fraction of lactide units provided by SSIMS was in good agreement with bulk composition and appeared not to have been affected by contamination. Conversely, XPS assessment of lactide compositions was unreliable due to hydrocarbon contamination contributions. In this study, we propose a novel model to demonstrate that by using SSIMS it is possible to infer the degree of trans‐esterification for PLGA co‐polymers synthesised from a mixture of lactide and glycolide homo‐dimers. This was determined by introducing two independent parameters, the ratio of trans‐esterified bonds to the total number of ester bonds, PT, and the lactide composition. The model has indicated that, for this set of polymers, PT was approximately 0.25. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that G‐SIMS successfully identified the structurally important key fragments leading to direct identification. Analysis by G‐SIMS showed that the glycolic acid units from all PLGA compositions are emitted in a lower energy‐fragmentation process than lactic acid units. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stabilization of DNA Multilayer Films Through Oligonucleotide Crosslinking
Authors: Johnston Angus P. R. , Caruso Frank 
Published: April 2008

AbstractMultilayer films and capsules synthesized from DNA are of interest because they are biodegradable, biocompatible, and the structure of the films can be finely controlled by base pairing of the nucleotides. As DNA films are held together through a balance between the attractive hydrogen bonding and the aromatic stacking of the base pairs and the electrostatic repulsion of the negatively charged phosphate backbones, the films can be subject to disintegration at low salt concentrations (<200 mM). Enhancement of the stability of the films is essential if they are to be used in bioapplications. Herein, we describe an approach to form DNA films and capsules that are stable under a variety of buffer conditions, including low salt concentrations (down to 25 mM NaCl). The films are assembled using a triblock oligonucleotide system, in which the two outer blocks facilitate the assembly of the film and the middle block can be used to stabilize the films by hybridizing oligonucleotide sequences that crosslink the films. Additionally, crosslinked DNA capsules are shown to exhibit significantly different shrinkage properties to those of noncrosslinked capsules, thus demonstrating further control over the capsule properties. These DNA capsules are envisaged to find applications as drug‐delivery vehicles, in diagnostics, and as microreactors.
Globalization and science education: The implications of science in the new economy
Authors: Carter Lyn 
Published: April 2008

AbstractScience has seen considerable change in recent decades with the emergence of a new economic and sociopolitical contract between science, the nation, state, and private commercial interests. Generally regarded as having been precipitated by globalization, these changes in the sciences are beginning to be documented by a range of commentators. Clearly, science's changing forms hold profound implications for the development of science education. As there is little science education scholarship exploring the implications sciences' altering forms, this paper attempts to investigate the relationship at more depth. Detailing this relationship is important because it can help formulate new questions, and methods for their investigation, relevant to the work of science education in the newly global world. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 45: 617–633, 2008
Carcinoid tumor of the appendix: ultrasound findings in early pregnancy
Authors: Gilboa Y. , Fridman E. , Ofir K. , Achiron R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractUltrasound examination of a woman in early pregnancy with right lower quadrant abdominal pain demonstrated an edematous appendix with amorphous fluid surrounding the appendix. At laparotomy, these findings were confirmed. On pathological evaluation following surgical removal of the appendix a rare case of carcinoid tumor of the appendix was diagnosed. This is the first description of the transvaginal ultrasound features of a carcinoid tumor of the appendix. Copyright © 2008 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predictive link trigger mechanism for seamless handovers in heterogeneous wireless networks
Authors: Yoo Sang‐Jo , Cypher David , Golmie Nada 
Published: April 2008

AbstractEffective and timely link‐layer trigger mechanisms can significantly influence the handover performance. The handover process will not perform the correct decision and execution unless adequate and timely link‐layer trigger information is delivered. In this paper, a predictive link trigger mechanism for seamless horizontal and vertical handovers in heterogeneous wireless networks is proposed. Unlike previous link trigger algorithms based on pre‐defined signal level thresholds, the link layer triggers in this study are adaptively and timely fired in accordance with the network conditions. Firstly, the time required to perform a handover is estimated based on the neighboring network conditions. Secondly, the time to trigger a Link_Going_Down to initiate a handover is determined using a least mean square linear prediction in which the prediction interval (kh) is dynamically determined based on the estimated handover time. An upper bound for the packet loss rate during a handover is derived for a Gaussian shadowing channel. A manner in which this approach can be applied to IEEE 802.21 is shown in media independent handover scenarios. Simulation results of the proposed predictive link triggering mechanism show that it provides a timely proactive handover. The packet loss rate observed in a Gaussian shadowing channel remains low during a handover. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimal Depth of NIM EMG Endotracheal Tube for Intraoperative Neuromonitoring of the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve During Thyroidectomy
Authors: Lu I‐Chen , Chu Koung‐Shing , Tsai Cheng‐Jing , Wu Che‐Wei , Kuo Wen‐Rei , Chen Hsiu‐Ya , Lee Ka‐Wo , Chiang Feng‐Yu 
Published: April 2008

AbstractBackgroundMalpositioning of the endotracheal surface electrodes can result in dysfunction of intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM) and increase the risk of recurrent laryngeal nerve injury. The purpose of this study was to investigate the optimal depth of the nerve integrity monitor (NIM) EMG endotracheal tube.MethodsWe enrolled 105 adult patients undergoing elective thyroidectomy. Each Medtronic Xomed NIM EMG endotracheal tube was placed with the middle of the exposed electrodes well in contact with the true vocal cords under direct laryngoscopy. Function of IONM was documented and the insertion depth was measured and analyzed.ResultsNinety‐nine (94.3%) patients had successful IONM with the initial endotracheal tube position. Six (5.7%) patients needed further tube depth adjustment under fiberoptic bronchoscopy. All patients were finally had successful IONM. The optimal mean depth was 20.6 ± 0.97 cm in men and 19.6 ± 1.0 cm in women (p < 0.01). There was the trend that taller subjects had a deeper tube depth (p < 0.05).ConclusionWe concluded that the mean depth of the NIM EMG tube would be a useful reference value for detecting the malposition of electrodes and adjusting the depth of tube during the operation.
Focused Approach to Parathyroidectomy
Authors: Carling Tobias , Udelsman Robert 
Published: April 2008

AbstractMinimally invasive parathyroidectomy is performed after preoperative parathyroid localization—usually with high‐quality sestamibi scans and/or ultrasonography—often under cervical block anesthesia during which a limited exploration is performed. The rapid intraoperative parathyroid hormone assay is then employed to confirm an adequate resection and cure of primary hyperparathyroidism. This article discusses imaging, anesthesia, results, and the surgical management of patients undergoing minimally invasive parathyroidectomy.
The effects of environmental variables and human disturbance on woody species richness and diversity in a bamboo–deciduous forest in northeastern Thailand
Authors: Larpkern Panadda , Moe Stein R. , Totland Ørjan 
Published: April 2008

AbstractVariations in species richness and diversity at a local scale are affected by a number of complex and interacting variables, including both natural environmental factors and human‐made changes to the local environment. Here we identified the most important determinants of woody species richness and diversity at different growth stages (i.e. adult, sapling and seedling) in a bamboo–deciduous forest in northeast Thailand. A total of 20 environmental and human disturbance variables were used to determine the variation in species richness and diversity. In total, we identified 125 adult, 111 sapling (within fifty 20 × 20‐m plots) and 89 seedling species (within one hundred and twenty 1 × 1‐m subplots). Overall results from stepwise multiple regression analyses showed that environmental variables were by far the most important in explaining the variation in species richness and diversity. Forest structure (i.e. number of bamboo clumps and canopy cover) was important in determining the adult species richness and diversity (R2= 0.48, 0.30, respectively), while topography (i.e. elevation) and human disturbance (i.e. number of tree stumps) were important in determining the sapling species richness and diversity (R2= 0.55, 0.39, respectively). Seedling species richness and diversity were negatively related to soil phosphorus. Based on our results, we suggest that the presence of bamboos should be incorporated in management strategies for maintaining woody species richness and diversity in these forest ecosystems. Specifically, if bamboos cover the forest floor at high densities, it may be necessary to actively control these species for successful tree establishment.
Registered Nurse Circulator Legislation in Connecticut
Authors: Goldberg Judith L. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTDEVELOPING REGULATIONS or legislation in every state to mandate an RN as the circulator in operating and invasive procedure rooms is critical to patient safety.CURRENT REGULATORY LANGUAGE is am biguous and may lead health care facility administrators to consider using licensed practical nurses, licensed vocational nurses, or surgical technologists in the circulator role.THE STATE OF CONNECTICUT currently has no legislative or regulatory language regarding the RN as circulator, but some nurses are trying to change this. Communication with state legislators, has made it clear that legislators are in need of education about perioperative nursing and the circulator role. AORN J 87 (April 2008) 808–817. © AORN, Inc, 2008.
The Anxiety‐ and Pain‐Reducing Effects of Music Interventions: A Systematic Review
Authors: Nilsson Ulrica 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTMUSICAL INTERVENTIONS have been used in health care settings to reduce patient pain, anxiety, and stress, although the exact mechanism of these therapies is not well understood.THIS ARTICLE PROVIDES A SYSTEMATIC review of 42 randomized controlled trials of the effects of music interventions in perioperative settings.MUSIC INTERVENTION HAD POSITIVE effects on reducing patients' anxiety and pain in approximately half of the reviewed studies.FURTHER RESEARCH into music therapy is warranted in light of the low cost of implementation and the potential ability of music to reduce perioperative patient distress. AORN J 87 (April 2008) 780–807. © AORN, Inc, 2008.
The Hazards of Surgical Smoke
Authors: Ulmer Brenda C. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTSURGICAL SMOKE is a part of the environment during operative and invasive procedures. As lasers and electrosurgery have become commonplace, perioperative practitioners are at increased risk for health concerns associated with exposure to surgical smoke.SINCE THE MID 1970s, the body of evidence documenting the hazardous components of surgical smoke has continued to grow. Despite the evidence and recommendations of a variety of organizations, there are no uniform requirements mandating surgical smoke evacuation.THIS ARTICLE REVIEWS current research to identify the potential health hazards as well as the current recommendations related to the filtration and evacuation of surgical smoke. AORN J 87 (April 2008) 721‐734. © AORN, Inc, 2008.
Results of a Survey on Current Surgical Smoke Control Practices
Authors: Edwards Ben E. , Reiman Robert E. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTRESEARCHERS AT DUKE UNIVERSITY Medical Center, Durham, NC, conducted a simple, web‐based survey of AORN members to evaluate surgical smoke control practices.SURVEY RESPONDENTS from various medical specialties and facilities throughout North America indicated their facilities' level of compliance with established surgical smoke control measures.SURVEY RESULTS INDICATE that many facilities have not implemented best practices for protecting patients and health care workers from surgical smoke hazards, especially smoke created during electrosurgical, electrocautery, and diathermy procedures. AORN J 87 (April 2008) 739‐749. © AORN, Inc, 2008.
Mandatory Reporting and Pay for Performance: Health Care Infections in the Limelight
Authors: Arias Kathleen Meehan 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTHEALTH CARE‐ASSOCIATED INFECTIONS (HAIs) have received national attention because of recent news stories in print and on television.MANY STATES HAVE MANDATORY reporting requirements for hospital HAI rates, and as of October 1, 2008, Medicare no longer will pay for certain HAI‐related costs.COLLABORATION AMONG health care providers, patients, government agencies, professional and consumer groups, and payers and improved adherence to infection‐prevention protocols can dramatically reduce the incidence of HAIs. AORN J 87 (April 2008) 750–758. © AORN, Inc, 2008.
Playing It Safe: Simulated Team Training in the OR
Authors: Anderson Mindi , Leflore Judy 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTHEALTH CARE PROFESSIONALS are expected to make prompt, accurate decisions in life‐threatening emergency situations in the OR.PERIOPERATIVE LEADERS are faced with the challenge of ensuring that OR team members are prepared to respond to potentially lethal emergencies, including rare and infrequent events.THIS ARTICLE DESCRIBES the importance of team training for all members of the OR team. The use of simulation is discussed as a tool to accomplish this goal. Steps for developing a simulation scenario are presented. AORN J 87 (April 2008) 772–779. © AORN, Inc, 2008.
Influence of nitrogen fertilization on water relations, photosynthesis, carbohydrate and nitrogen metabolism of diverse pearl millet genotypes under arid conditions
Authors: KATHJU S. , BURMAN U. , GARG B. K. 
Published: April 2008

Effects of nitrogen fertilization (80 kg N/ha) were studied on pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) genotypes including hybrids (MH-179 and HHB-67), composites (CZ-IC-923 and CZP-9604) and land races (Barmer population and CZ-IC-718) grown for 2 consecutive years (1997 and 1998) under rainfed conditions of the Indian arid zone. Nitrogen application significantly increased the grain and stover yields in all the genotypes, particularly in the hybrids during both the years but more so in 1997, characterized by late onset of rains followed by adequate precipitation (299·5 mm). Notwithstanding lower plant water potential and leaf relative water content, N fertilized plants displayed significantly higher photosynthetic rates, leaf area, levels of total chlorophyll, starch, reducing sugars, soluble protein and free amino acids and nitrate reductase activity as compared with unfertilized control plants in all the genotypes during both the years.Genotypes HHB-67 and Barmer population during 1997 and HHB-67 and CZ-IC-718 during 1998 provided significantly higher grain yields than other genotypes whereas dry matter production was highest in cv. Barmer population during both the years. These genotypes generally maintained higher rates of photosynthesis, more efficient carbohydrate metabolism and higher nitrate reductase activity leading to better performance. Relatively higher yields of land races than composites and comparable with those of hybrids indicated adaptation of these cultivars to arid conditions and maintenance of several characteristics for their superior performance which could be further augmented by N application.Fertility induced improvement of metabolic efficiency, coupled with higher photosynthesis and nitrate reductase activity for efficient N utilization seem to be the control mechanisms, for enhanced growth and yield of diverse pearl millet genotypes under limited water conditions.
Integrated nutrient management by using farmyard manure and fertilizers in potato–sunflower–paddy rice rotation in the Punjab
Authors: ROY S. K. , SHARMA R. C. , TREHAN S. P. 
Published: April 2008

A rotation experiment was conducted on an alluvial soil at Central Potato Research Station, Jalandhar, India between 1994 and 1999 to develop an integrated nutrient management programme for a potato–sunflower–paddy rice rotation. It tested 10 fertilizer treatments that combined application of 50, 100 and 150% of the recommended rates of inorganic nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) with farmyard manure (FYM) and in some cases zinc. Potatoes were the most nutrient-responsive crop followed by paddy rice and sunflower. The responses of potatoes to both P and K were greater in frost and late blight years. In these experiments potatoes required NPK at 150% of the currently recommended rate for maximum tuber production (i.e. they required 270 kg N, 52 kg P and 150 kg K/ha). Application of FYM at 30 t/ha with 270 kg of inorganic N/ha (FYM+N) was less effective than the use of NPK at 150% of the currently recommended rate. Application of K to replace that removed in the harvested crop was more effective in potatoes than giving K at 100 or 150% of the currently recommended rate.Sunflowers grown after potatoes that had received NPK at 150% of the currently recommended rate or with the FYM+N treatment required only half of the currently recommended rate of NPK for maximum yield (i.e. they required 23 kg N, 7 kg P and 13 kg K/ha), whereas paddy rice, grown as a third crop, required the full amount of NPK at the currently recommended rate (i.e. 120 kg N, 26 kg P and 67 kg K/ha). Application of K to adjust for its removal did not benefit sunflowers or paddy rice. Zinc had no direct effect on potatoes or any residual effects on the succeeding sunflower and paddy rice crops. The effects of the FYM+N treatment were cumulative, especially on potatoes which were the most responsive crop, whereas those involving the application of NPK at 150% of the currently recommended rate were not. Also, the NPK fertility of the soil was enhanced and more organic carbon was present following the FYM+N treatment than with NPK fertilizers applied at the currently recommended rate. Application of P resulted in a build-up of P but none of the treatments, even the applications of K to adjust for its removal, maintained the K status of the soil at its initial level.
Coping in medieval prisons
Authors: GELTNER G. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTBased on archival research in several Italian city-states, this article examines medieval prison life, its attendant pains, and inmate coping strategies by substantially engaging the variety of scholarship on modern incarceration. It demonstrates the limited degree to which current hardships overlap with those of earlier forms of captivity, and underscores the diversity of inmates' social positions in both eras. Medieval prisoners were marginalized, but they avoided social liminality (a major present-day risk) largely thanks to their visibility, accessibility, and frequent interaction with free society.
Social structure and land markets in late medieval central and east-central Europe
Authors: CERMAN MARKUS 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTRecent research on the development of peasant land markets and transfer patterns for central and east-central Europe concentrated on the early modern period. For the late Middle Ages, rural history still relies on older approaches studying the general development of ‘agrarian structure’ (Agrarverfassung) and peasant ‘inheritance’. This article seeks to establish the basis for a more systematic analysis of the formation and general development of peasant land markets in late medieval central and east-central Europe in a comparative perspective. Apart from changes weakening traditional manorial structures, secure peasant property rights of hereditary tenure developed and prevailed by the later Middle Ages. Possible institutional rigidities of transactions with peasant farmland, whose effects in practice would need further exploration, were undermined by the existence of reserves of land situated outside the measured open fields of peasant farms that could be traded more flexibly. These areas also formed important resources for the establishment of smallholders and cottagers who in turn added to the dynamics of developing peasant land markets. In the final section, the article offers a brief survey of developments during the early modern period and concludes that traditional images of an undermining of peasant property rights and of massive landlord powers due to the rise of ‘demesne lordship’ (Gutsherrschaft) must be seriously questioned, as recent empirical studies highlight enormous regional variation and a dominant pattern of continuity of secure peasant property rights and also indicate considerable land mobility.
Violent crime in England in 1919: post-war anxieties and press narratives
Authors: EMSLEY CLIVE 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTIn the immediate aftermath of the First World War a variety of commentators in England expressed concern that men returning from the war had become so brutalized and inured to violence that their behaviour would continue to be violent at home. But, while the stage was set for a ‘moral panic’ with the brutalized veteran as the new folk devil, no such panic materialized. This essay makes a detailed study of two contrasting newspapers to assess how violent crime was assessed and interpreted after the war. It notes an increase in the use of the concept of the ‘unwritten law’ (the traditional ‘right’ claimed by many men to chastise a disrespectful wife or a man who despoiled or dishonoured a wife) in the courts and the press, probably as an element in re-establishing pre-war gender roles. It also describes how the idea of shell-shock was deployed as a defence in criminal cases, something that probably contributed to a popular recognition that men might suffer mental breakdowns as easily as women. In conclusion, it suggests some of the factors that may have inhibited the press in identifying the violent veteran as a new folk devil.