bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Three-item analysis and parsimony, intersection tree and strict consensus: a biogeographical example
Authors: Cao Nathanaël , Bourdon Estelle , El Azawi Meydi , Zaragüeta Bagils René 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Using a biogeographical example, we show that the strict consensus of parsimony programs fails to summarize the information present in the initial hypotheses of homology. The intersection tree used in the three-item analysis program Nelson05 maximizes the compatibility of the three-item statements deduced from the source trees. The 3ia solution is more precise than the parsimony one because it accurately summarizes the initial information.
Genetic Variation in the Multidrug and Toxin Extrusion 1 Transporter Protein Influences the Glucose-Lowering Effect of Metformin in Patients With Diabetes: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Becker Matthijs L. , Visser Loes E. , van Schaik Ron H.N. , Hofman Albert , Uitterlinden André G. , Stricker Bruno H.Ch. 
Published: February 2009

OBJECTIVE— Metformin, an oral glucose-lowering drug, is taken up in hepatocytes by the organic cation transporter (OCT) 1 and in renal epithelium by OCT2. In these cells, the multidrug and toxin extrusion (MATE) 1 protein, encoded by the SLC47A1 gene, is responsible for the excretion of metformin into the bile and urine, respectively. We studied the effect of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the SLC47A1 gene on the A1C-lowering effect of metformin.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS— We identified all incident metformin users in the Rotterdam Study, a population-based cohort study. Associations between 12 tagging SNPs in the SLC47A1 gene and change in A1C level were analyzed.
RESULTS— One hundred and sixteen incident metformin users were included in the study sample. The rs2289669 G&gt;A SNP was significantly associated with metformin response. For the other SNPs, no associations were found. For each minor A allele at rs2289669, the A1C reduction was 0.30% (95% CI −0.51 to −0.10; P = 0.005) larger. After Bonferroni correction for multiple testing, the P value was 0.045.
CONCLUSIONS— The rs2289669 G&gt;A SNP is associated with a reduction in A1C level, consistent with a reduction in MATE1 transporter activity. These results suggest that the transporter MATE1, encoded by SLC47A1, may have an important role in the pharmacokinetics of metformin, although replication is necessary.
A−β− Subtype of Ketosis-Prone Diabetes Is Not Predominantly a Monogenic Diabetic Syndrome
Authors: Haaland Wade C. , Scaduto Diane I. , Maldonado Mario R. , Mansouri Dena L. , Nalini Ramaswami , Iyer Dinakar , Patel Sanjeet , Guthikonda Anu , Hampe Christiane S. , Balasubramanyam Ashok , Metzker Michael L. 
Published: February 2009

OBJECTIVE
Ketosis-prone diabetes (KPD) is an emerging syndrome that encompasses several distinct phenotypic subgroups that share a predisposition to diabetic ketoacidosis. We investigated whether the A−β− subgroup of KPD, characterized by complete insulin dependence, absent β-cell functional reserve, lack of islet cell autoantibodies, and strong family history of type 2 diabetes, represents a monogenic form of diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Over 8 years, 37 patients with an A−β− phenotype were identified in our longitudinally followed cohort of KPD patients. Seven genes, including hepatocyte nuclear factor 4A (HNF4A), glucokinase (GCK), HNF1A, pancreas duodenal homeobox 1 (PDX1), HNF1B, neurogenic differentiation 1 (NEUROD1), and PAX4, were directly sequenced in all patients. Selected gene regions were also sequenced in healthy, unrelated ethnically matched control subjects, consisting of 84 African American, 96 Caucasian, and 95 Hispanic subjects.

RESULTS
The majority (70%) of the A−β− KPD patients had no significant causal polymorphisms in either the proximal promoter or coding regions of the seven genes. The combination of six potentially significant low-frequency, heterozygous sequence variants in HNF-1α (A174V or G574S), PDX1 (putative 5′–untranslated region CCAAT box, P33T, or P239Q), or PAX4 (R133W) were found in 27% (10/37) of patients, with one additional patient revealing two variants, PDX1 P33T and PAX4 R133W. The A174V variant has not been previously reported.

CONCLUSIONS
Despite its well-circumscribed, robust, and distinctive phenotype of severe, nonautoimmune-mediated β-cell dysfunction, A−β− KPD is most likely not a predominantly monogenic diabetic syndrome. Several A−β− KPD patients have low-frequency variants in HNF1A, PDX1, or PAX4 genes, which may be of functional significance in their pathophysiology.
Cross-Sectional Associations Bet ween Abdominal and Thoracic Adipose Tissue Compartments and Adiponectin and Resistin in the Framingham Heart Study
Authors: Jain Shilpa H. , Massaro Joseph M. , Hoffmann Udo , Rosito Guido A. , Vasan Ramachandran S. , Raji Annaswamy , O'Donnell Christopher J. , Meigs James B. , Fox Caroline S. 
Published: February 2009

OBJECTIVE
To test the association of regional fat depots with circulating adiponectin and resistin concentrations and to assess the potential mediating effect of adipokines on associations between abdominal fat depots and cardiometabolic risk factors.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Participants from the Framingham Heart Study offspring cohort (n = 916, 55% women; mean age 59 years) free of cardiovascular disease underwent computed tomography measurement of visceral adipose tissue (VAT), subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), pericardial fat, and intrathoracic fat volumes and assays of circulating adiponectin and resistin.

RESULTS
VAT, SAT, pericardial fat, and intrathoracic fat were negatively correlated with adiponectin (r = −0.19 to −0.34, P &lt; 0.001 [women]; r = −0.15 to −0.26, P &lt; 0.01 [men] except SAT) and positively correlated with resistin (r = 0.16–0.21, P &lt; 0.001 [women]; r = 0.11–0.14, P &lt; 0.05 [men] except VAT). VAT increased the multivariable model R2 for adiponectin from 2–4% to 10–13% and for resistin from 3–4% to 3–6%. Adjustment for adipokines did not fully attenuate associations between VAT, SAT, and cardiometabolic risk factors.

CONCLUSIONS
Adiponectin and resistin are correlated with fat depots cross-sectionally, but none of the adipokines can serve as surrogates for the fat depots. Relations between VAT, SAT, and cardiometabolic risk factors were not fully explained by adiponectin or resistin concentrations.
Macroalbuminuria and Renal Pathology in First Nation Youth With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Sellers Elizabeth A.C. , Blydt-Hansen Tom D. , Dean Heather J. , Gibson Ian W. , Birk Patricia E. , Ogborn Malcolm 
Published: February 2009

OBJECTIVE
To determine the prevalence of macroalbuminuria and to describe the clinical and renal pathological changes associated with macroalbuminuria in a population of Canadian First Nation children and adolescents with type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We conducted a retrospective chart review at a single tertiary care pediatric diabetes center, and a case series was constructed. We collected data on microalbuminuria (≥3 mg/mmol creatinine [26.5 mg/g]) and macroalbuminuria (≥28 mg/mmol creatinine [247.5 mg/g]), estimated glomerular filtration rate, renal pathology, and aggravating risk factors (poor glycemic control, obesity, hypertension, glomerular hyperfiltration, hypercholesterolemia, smoking, and exposure to diabetes in utero).

RESULTS
We reviewed 90 charts of children and adolescents with type 2 diabetes. A total of 53% had at least one random urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio ≥3 mg/mmol (26.5 mg/g). There were 14 of 90 (16%) who had persistent macroalbuminuria at or within 8 years of diagnosis of diabetes. Of these 14 subjects, 1 had orthostatic albuminuria and 3 had spontaneous resolution of albuminuria. A total of 10 had renal biopsies performed. There were 9 of 10 who exhibited immune complex disease or glomerulosclerosis, and none had classic diabetic nephropathy.

CONCLUSIONS
This study suggests that the diagnosis of renal disease in children with type 2 diabetes cannot be reliably determined by clinical and laboratory findings alone. Renal biopsy is necessary for accurate diagnosis of renal disease in children and adolescents with type 2 diabetes and macroalbuminuria. The additional burden of nondiabetic kidney disease may explain the high rate of progression to end-stage kidney failure in this population.
Pedometers and Text Messaging to Increase Physical Activity
Authors: Newton Kirsty H. , Wiltshire Esko J. , Elley C. Raina 
Published: February 2009

OBJECTIVE
To assess whether pedometers and text messaging increase physical activity in adolescents with type 1 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A 12-week randomized controlled trial was conducted. A total of 78 subjects participated in the trial (mean ± SD age 14.4 ± 2.37 years, 36 [47%] male). Intervention participants wore an open pedometer and received regular motivational text messages. Control participants received usual care. Primary outcomes were daily step count (4-day closed pedometer) and physical activity questionnaire.

RESULTS
Baseline median step count was 11,063 steps/day (range 1,541–20,158). At 12 weeks, mean daily step count reduced by 840 (95% CI −1,947 to 266) in the control group and by 22 (−1,407 to 1,364) in the intervention group (P = 0.4). Mean self-reported moderate or vigorous physical activity increased by 38.5 min/week in the control group and by 48.4 in the intervention group (P = 0.9).

CONCLUSIONS
A 12-week intervention using pedometers and text messaging as motivational tools in adolescents with type 1 diabetes did not increase physical activity.
Depressive Symptoms and Glycemic Control in Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: McGrady Meghan E. , Laffel Lori , Drotar Dennis , Repaske David , Hood Korey K. 
Published: February 2009

OBJECTIVE
To determine whether the association between depressive symptoms and glycemic control is mediated by blood glucose monitoring (BGM).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A total of 276 adolescents with type 1 diabetes (mean age ± SD, 15.6 ± 1.4 years) completed a measure of depressive symptoms. Sociodemographic and family characteristics were obtained from caregivers. BGM frequency and glycemic control were obtained at a clinic visit.

RESULTS
Separate regression analyses revealed that depressive symptoms were associated with lower BGM frequency (B = −0.03; P = 0.04) and higher A1C (B = 0.03; P = 0.05) and that lower BGM frequency was associated with higher A1C (B = −0.39; P &lt; 0.001). With depressive symptoms and BGM frequency included together, only BGM frequency was associated with A1C and depressive symptoms became nonsignificant (B = 0.02; P = 0.19). The Sobel test was significant (Z = 1.96; P &lt; 0.05) and showed that 38% of the depression-A1C link can be explained by BGM.

CONCLUSIONS
BGM is a mediator between depressive symptoms and glycemic control in adolescents with type 1 diabetes.
Evaporation mechanism of aluminum during electron beam cold hearth melting of Ti64 alloy
Authors: Zhang Yingming , Zhou Lian , Sun Jun , Han Mingchen , Zhao Yongqing 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Using the Langmuir equation and penetration theory, the evaporation process of Al during the electron beam cold hearth melting of Ti64 alloy under steady state conditions was calculated and the evaporation mechanism was analyzed. The calculation results show that it is necessary to consider both the evaporation step at the liquid/gas surface and the diffusion step in the molten pool during calculation. Comparison of the mass transfer coefficient of the evaporation step and the diffusion step shows that the Al evaporation process is a double controlled process. The Al concentration at the interface decreases from 260 kg m– 3 to 140 kg m– 3, and the evaporation rate increases rapidly from 0.001 kg m– 2 s– 1 to 0.012 kg m– 2 s– 1 when the temperature increases from 1950 K to 2300 K. To control the evaporation loss of Al, surface temperature should be controlled during the electron beam melting of Ti64 alloy.
Dietary Intakes, Attitudes Toward Carbohydrates of Postmenopausal Women Following Low Carbohydrate Diets
Authors: Winham Donna M. , Collins Courtney B. , Hutchins Andrea M. 
Published: February 2009

Purpose: Middle-aged women have the highest levels of obesity and comprise the largest group of dieters. Few investigators have examined how women apply weight-loss diet principles in an unsupervised setting. Dietary intakes and attitudes toward carbohydrates were examined in women who were selfreported low carbohydrate dieters (SRLCDs); these intakes and attitudes were compared with those of women who were following their normal diet (non-dieters [NDs]). Methods: A convenience sample of 29 postmenopausal women aged 45 to 65 was recruited. Data were obtained by interview, questionnaire, and direct anthropometric measurement. Descriptive statistics, chi-square analysis, and analysis of variance were used to compare groups. Results: Although total energy and protein intakes were similar, SRLCDs consumed significantly more fat and less carbohydrate (expressed as a percentage of total energy) and more cholesterol and less fibre than did NDs. Both groups had unfavourable attitudes toward carbohydrates. Conclusions: The SRLCDs ate more fat than recommended. Women who are considering following a low carbohydrate diet need to know the nutritional risks of unbalanced self-designed low carbohydrate diets. Negative attitudes toward carbohydrates were not confined to dieters. Nutrition education is necessary to help consumers understand basic nutrition principles and to be more skeptical of fad diets.
Meanings That Youth AssociateWith Healthy and Unhealthy Food
Authors: Harrison Michelle , Jackson Lois A. 
Published: February 2009

Purpose: The symbolic meanings that youth associate with food were explored, as were barriers to accessing healthy foods.Methods: Qualitative methods and a constructivist approach were employed, and data were collected through semi-structured interviews and a card-sorting activity. Thirteen adolescents aged 13 to 15 (seven girls, six boys) were recruited through public schools and posters displayed in community settings. Thematic analytical techniques were used to analyze the data.Results: Participants classified foods into healthy and unhealthy groups, as well as into an “in-between” group that included nutritionally enhanced foods. Healthy and unhealthy foods were linked to a variety of physical, social, and emotional meanings. Some meanings associated with foods were also discussed in gendered terms, and numerous barriers to accessing healthy foods were reported.Conclusions: Foods hold multiple meanings for youth. Programs and policies aimed at fostering healthy eating need to capitalize on positive associations related to healthy foods. Negative associations related to healthy foods need to be acknowledged and strategies developed to recast such linkages. Likewise, the positive associations linked to unhealthy foods need to be addressed. Strategies also need to be developed to ensure access to healthy foods in all settings, especially within schools and community leisure settings.
Encoding of speed and direction of movement in the human supplementary motor area
Authors: Tankus Ariel , Yeshurun Yehezkel , Flash Tamar , Fried Itzhak 
Published: February 2009

Object
The supplementary motor area (SMA) plays an important role in planning, initiation, and execution of motor acts. Patients with SMA lesions are impaired in various kinematic parameters, such as velocity and duration of movement. However, the relationships between neuronal activity and these parameters in the human brain have not been fully characterized. This is a study of single-neuron activity during a continuous volitional motor task, with the goal of clarifying these relationships for SMA neurons and other frontal lobe regions in humans.

Methods
The participants were 7 patients undergoing evaluation for epilepsy surgery requiring implantation of intracranial depth electrodes. Single-unit recordings were conducted while the patients played a computer game involving movement of a cursor in a simple maze.

Results
In the SMA proper, most of the recorded units exhibited a monotonic relationship between the unit firing rate and hand motion speed. The vast majority of SMA proper units with this property showed an inverse relation, that is, firing rate decrease with speed increase. In addition, most of the SMA proper units were selective to the direction of hand motion. These relationships were far less frequent in the pre-SMA, anterior cingulate gyrus, and orbitofrontal cortex.

Conclusions
The findings suggest that the SMA proper takes part in the control of kinematic parameters of endeffector motion, and thus lend support to the idea of connecting neuroprosthetic devices to the human SMA.
Th1/Th2 Patterns and Balance in Cytokine Production in the Parents and Infants of a Large Birth Cohort
Authors: Halonen Marilyn , Lohman I. Carla , Stern Debra A. , Spangenberg Amber , Anderson Dayna , Mobley Sara , Ciano Kathy , Peck Michael , Wright Anne L. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Regulation of human immune cell cytokine production in vivo is not well understood due in part to limitations on imposing experimental conditions. We proposed that life-imposed conditions (pregnancy, birth, age, gender), combined with large sample size, repeat sampling, and family-based recruitment would serve to reveal peripheral blood cell-derived cytokine patterns reflective of in vivo regulation regarding Th1/Th2 balance and familial correlation. Mononuclear cells were obtained from 483 trios in the Tucson Infant Immune Study: from mothers pre- and postpartum, infants at birth and at 3 mo, and fathers. Con A/PMA-stimulated supernatants were assayed by ELISA for IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-13, IL-5, and IL-10 and allergen-stimulated supernatants for IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-13. Mitogen-stimulated prepartum samples were not globally Th2 biased, differing from postpartum only by a modestly reduced IFN-γ:IL-5 ratio. Prepartum samples actually produced less IL-10 and IL-13 although more IL-5 than paternal samples. Newborns were also not globally Th2 biased, with mitogen stimulation producing ∼10-fold less IL-4, IL-5, and IFN-γ than adults but only 2- to 3-fold less IL-13 and IL-10. Despite these group differences, all cytokines showed marked positive intraindividual correlations (all p &lt; 0.001). Allergen stimulation gave results consistent with a lack of global Th2 bias. Mitogen stimulation revealed parent-child and parent-parent correlations. Thus, rather than a global Th2 bias, cytokine production in pregnant mothers and newborns appears regulated so as to maintain a relative balance among the cytokines, with the nature of the balance differing in mothers and infants and with production influenced by familial factors that include shared environment.
Herpesvirus Entry Mediator-Ig Treatment during Immunization Aggravates Rheumatoid Arthritis in the Collagen-Induced Arthritis Model
Authors: Pierer Matthias , Schulz Anett , Rossol Manuela , Kendzia Eva , Kyburz Diego , Haentzschel Holm , Baerwald Christoph , Wagner Ulf 
Published: February 2009

AbstractPrevious studies attempting to influence the severity of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) by modulating the LIGHT (lymphotoxin-related inducible ligand that competes for glycoprotein D binding to herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM) on T cells)/lymphotoxin pathway have yielded conflicting results. To further clarify the role of LIGHT in autoimmune arthritis, a HVEM-Ig fusion protein was used. CIA was induced in DBA1 mice, which were injected i.p. with recombinant HVEM-Ig fusion protein and control Ig at different time points. Severity of clinical arthritis and histologic joint destruction were significantly increased in HVEM-Ig-treated mice compared with control-Ig-treated mice. Collagen II-induced in vitro T cell proliferation and IFN-γ production was augmented in mice treated with HVEM-Ig, as was the production of IgG2a anti-collagen II Ab. Accordingly, serum concentrations of IFN-γ and IL-6 were higher in mice treated with HVEM-Ig. In conclusion, HVEM-Ig aggravates autoimmunity in collagen-induced arthritis, which is possibly mediated by interaction with B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) or CD160, despite the blockade of LIGHT. Hence, HVEM-Ig seems not to be a valid therapeutic option in autoimmune arthritis.
Chemokine Receptor CXCR5 Supports Solitary Intestinal Lymphoid Tissue Formation, B Cell Homing, and Induction of Intestinal IgA Responses
Authors: Velaga Sarvari , Herbrand Heike , Friedrichsen Michaela , Jiong Tian , Dorsch Martina , Hoffmann Matthias W. , Förster Reinhold , Pabst Oliver 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Solitary intestinal lymphoid tissue (SILT) comprises a spectrum of phenotypically diverse lymphoid aggregates interspersed throughout the small intestinal mucosa. Manifestations of SILT range from tiny lymphoid aggregates almost void of mature lymphocytes to large structures dominated by B cells. Large SILT phenotypically resemble a single Peyer’s patch follicle, suggesting that SILT might contribute to intestinal humoral immune responses. In this study, we track the fate of individual SILT in vivo over time and analyze SILT formation and function in chemokine receptor CXCR5-deficient mice. We show that, in analogy to Peyer’s patches, formation of SILT is invariantly determined during ontogeny and depends on CXCR5. Young CXCR5-deficient mice completely lack SILT, suggesting that CXCR5 is essential for SILT formation during regular postnatal development. However, microbiota and other external stimuli can induce the formation of aberrant SILT distinguished by impaired development of B cell follicles in CXCR5-deficient mice. Small intestinal transplantation and bone marrow transplantation reveal that defect follicle formation is due to impaired B cell homing. Moreover, oral immunization with cholera toxin or infection with noninvasive Salmonella fail to induce efficient humoral immune responses in CXCR5-deficient mice. Bone marrow transplantation of CXCR5-deficient recipients with wild-type bone marrow rescued B cell follicle formation in SILT but failed to restore full humoral immune responses. These results reveal an essential role of CXCR5 in Peyer’s patch and SILT development and function and indicate that SILT do not fully compensate for the lack of Peyer’s patches in T cell-dependent humoral immune responses.