bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From prototype to deployable system: Framing the adoption of digital library services
Authors: D'Avolio Leonard W. , Borgman Christine L. , Champeny Leslie , Leazer Gregory H. , Gilliland Anne J. , Millwood Kelli A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe Alexandria Digital Earth Prototype Project (ADEPT) is a 5‐year (1999–2004) effort, with a goal of developing effective models for implementing digital libraries in undergraduate instruction. The ADEPT team has created a digital learning environment (DLE) that adds educational value to a digital library by offering a suite of services for teaching. Encouraged by the results of implementations in undergraduate geography classrooms, the team now shifts its focus from experimental prototype to deployable system. Everett Rogers' Diffusion of Innovations theories are used as frameworks for analyzing this complex transition. Recommendations for lowering the barriers to adoption related to complexity, trialability, and observability include the prioritization of development efforts focused on stabilizing the system, the creation of documentation and an online demonstration, and anonymous logins to the system. To increase perceived relative advantage, existing technical and copyright issues in integrating the Alexandria Digital Library must be overcome. To increase compatibility, the speed at which pedagogical change is achieved must be rethought. Finally, recruitment efforts should focus on innovators and early adopters before moving on to early majority, late majority, or laggard adopters.
Greenstone in practice: Implementations of an open source digital library system
Authors: Zhang Allison B. , Witten Ian H. , Olson Tod A. , Sheble Laura 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe Greenstone digital library software is a comprehensive, open‐source system for constructing, presenting, and maintaining digital collections. Greenstone is produced by the New Zealand Digital Library Project at the University of Waikato, and developed and distributed in cooperation with UNESCO and the Human Info NGO. It is widely used internationally, and collections exist in many of the world's languages. Greenstone runs under Unix, Windows and Mac (OS/X) and is issued under the GNU general public license.Selecting and implementing Greenstone helped many digital library practitioners build comprehensive and flexible digital collections at relatively low cost, and allowed them to tailor the software for local environments and organizational needs.The panel, consisting of Greenstone developer and implementers, will introduce Greenstone software and demonstrate installation and collection building, present customized Greenstone user interfaces, discuss technical and organizational aspects of Greenstone implementations at their organizations, report the results of the 2004 Greenstone User Survey, which focused on support mechanisms, as well as the characteristics of organizations implementing Greenstone, their audiences and system needs.
1H, 13C and 15N NMR coordination shifts in gold(III), cobalt(III), rhodium(III) chloride complexes with pyridine, 2,2′‐bipyridine and 1,10‐phenanthroline
Authors: Pazderski Leszek , Toušek Jaromír , Sitkowski Jerzy , Kozerski Lech , Marek Radek , Szłyk Edward 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAu(III), Co(III) and Rh(III) chloride complexes with pyridine (py), 2,2′‐bipyridine (bpy) and 1,10‐phenanthroline (phen) of the general formulae [M1LCl3], trans‐[M2L4Cl2]+, mer‐[M2L3Cl3], [M1(LL)Cl2]+, cis‐[M2(LL)2Cl2]+, where M1 = Au; M2 = Co, Rh; L = py; LL = bpy, phen, were studied by 1H13C HMBC and 1H15N HMQC/HSQC. The 1H, 13C and 15N coordination shifts (the latter from ca − 78 to ca − 107 ppm) are discussed in relation to the type of metal, electron configuration, coordination sphere geometry and the type of ligand. The 13C and 15N chemical shifts were also calculated by quantum‐chemical NMR methods, which reproduced well the experimental tendencies concerning the coordination sphere geometry and the ligand type. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The hemolytic activity of deoxynivalenol and T‐2 toxin
Authors: Rizzo Aldo F. , Atroshi Faik , Hirvi Timo , Saloniemi Hannu 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe hemolytic effects of deoxynivalenol (DON) and T‐2 toxin (T‐2) individually on rat erythrocytes were studied at different concentrations. Sodium azide was used as an enzyme inhibitor to prevent T‐2 toxin metabolism. The concentration of T‐2 was controlled by GC‐MS and no decrease of the toxin was found during the time of the experiment. In spite of the much higher toxicity of T‐2 toxin to eucaryotic cells, DON and T‐2 showed similar lytic activity toward erythrocytes at high and low concentrations. Neither of these toxins at a concentration of 130 μg/ml, produced significant hemolysis even after 11 hr incubation. This finding suggests that there is a threshold level for both T‐2 and DON, below which the lytic reaction does not occur. An additional hemolysis test was conducted in the presence of mannitol, glutathione, ascorbic acid, alfatocopherol, and histidine. The assay demonstrated that all the compounds inhibited to some extent the hemolytic reaction of the toxins. It is suggested that DON and T‐2 exert their toxicity on procaryotic cells in three different ways: by penetrating the phospholipid bilayer and acting at the subcellular level, by interacting with the cellular membranes, and by free radical mediated phospholipid peroxidation. Most probably, more than one mechanism operates at the same time. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Antibodies cross‐reactive with the scorpion‐toxin ii from Androctonus australis Hector elicited in mice by a synthetic peptide
Authors: Ait‐Amara Djamel , Chavez‐Olortegui Carlos , Romi Régine , Mery Jean , Brugidou Jean , Albericio Fernando , Devaux Christiane , Granier Claude 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWith the aim of developing active protection against the noxious effects provoked in humans by scorpion stings, the possibility of eliciting toxin reactive antibodies by immunization with a short peptide was assessed in mice. The amino acid sequence of residues 50 to 59 of Androctonus australis Hector toxin II was chosen, on the basis of previous results indicating that rabbit anti‐(50–59) antibodies neutralize the biological effects of the parent toxin. The peptide was prepared by solid‐phase synthesis procedures and used in different forms (free, linearly polymerized, coupled to KLH, coupled to a low‐molecular weight B‐lymphocyte activator) in order to immunize groups of non‐congenic NMRI or congenic C57BL/6 mice. The reactivities of each serum with the peptide and with the toxin were assessed in ELISA. Strong reactivities with both the peptide (mean titer over 1:52,600) and the toxin (mean titer 1:800) were observed in all mice from the group that received the KLH‐coupled peptide. However, mouse immune sera failed either to recognize the toxin in a liquid‐phase radioimmunoassay or to neutralize the lethal effects of the toxin. The requirements, in terms of affinity and recognition of native conformation, for anti‐peptide antibodies to display neutralizing properties are discussed. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lonspray mass spectrometry of ciguatoxin‐1, maitotoxin‐2 and ‐3, and related marine polyether toxins
Authors: Lewis Richard J. , Holmes Michael J. , Alewood Paul F. , Jones Alun 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA range of marine polyether toxins from dinoflagellates were analysed by ionspray mass spectrometry. Ciguatoxin‐1 ([M + H]+ m/z = 1,111.8) purified from several fish species yielded singly charged ions corresponding to the parent ion, sodium and H2O adducts and ions for the loss of up to five H2O molecules. Ciguatoxin‐1 was detected to 1 ng; however, interference from fish lipids precluded direct detection of ciguatoxin‐1 in crude extracts from fish flesh spiked with ciguatoxin‐1 at a level equivalent to 1.5 ng ciguatoxin‐1/g of extracted flesh. Maitotoxin‐2 yielded doubly and triply charged ions for sodium and potassium salts and likely possessed only one sulphate ester (Mr = 3,298 for the mono‐sodium salt). Maito‐toxin‐3, a recently isolated small maitotoxin, yielded singly charged ions including ions for the loss of one sulphate and up to four H2O molecules. Maitotoxin‐3 is proposed to be a polyether compound possessing two sulphate esters (Mr = 1,060.5 for the disodium salt). Brevetoxin‐A ([M + H]+ m/z = 867.5) and bre‐vetoxin‐B ([M + H]+ m/z = 895.5) yielded singly charged ions corresponding to the parent ion, Na+ adducts and the loss of up to four H2O molecules. Okadaic acid ([M + H]+ m/z = 805.5) yielded singly charged ions corresponding to the parent ion and ions for the loss of up to three H2O molecules. A signal for M + 18 Da species that may represent [M + NH4]+ was observed for ciguatoxin‐1, brevetoxin‐A and ‐B, and okadaic acid. For all polyethers examined, the orifice potential influenced the relative intensity of the ions detected in a predictable manner. lonspray mass spectrometry provides a simple, sensitive means of identifying a range of marine polyether toxins, with the potential to form the basis of confirmatory assays for such toxins. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vitro neutralization of T‐2 toxin toxicity by a monoclonal antibody
Authors: Minervini Fiorenza , Gyongyosi‐Horvath Agnes , Lucivero Giacomo , Visconti Angelo , Bama‐Vetro Lldiko , Solti Lazlo 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA T‐2 toxin specific monoclonal antibody, IgGl K, with a low level of ELISA cross‐reactivity to Acetyl T‐2, HT‐2, and iso T‐2 toxins has been produced. The ability of this monoclonal antibocly to neutralize the cytotoxicity of T‐2 toxin in PHA stimulated cultures of human lymphocytes was determined by the MTT method. The complete neutralization of the toxic effect of 0.02 μM T‐2 toxin was obtained with 0.03 μM of MoAb, whereas the 50% neutralizing dose (ND50) was observed at 0.009 of MoAb. Partial neutralization was observed with Acetyl T‐2 toxin (ND, = 0.038 μM) and HT‐2 (ND50 = 0.94 μM). These results could represent a rational for clinical use of T‐2 toxin specific monoclonal antibody in prophylaxis and therapy of T‐2 toxemia. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cooked mussels contaminated by Dinophysis sp.: A source of okadaic acid
Authors: Vemoux J. P. , Bansard S. , Simon J. F. , Nwal‐Amang D. , Le‐Baut C. , Gleizes E. , Fremy J. M. , Lasne M. C. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA method was developed for fractionation and isolation of toxic components present in extracts prepared from Dinophsis‐contaminated mussels. The major toxin present in French mussels was identified as okadaic acid by its chromatographic properties and spectral data. Large amounts of mussel tissue (digestive glands and remaining meat) can be treated easily if they are cooked, or cooked and dried and are useful for isolating significant amounts of okadaic acid. copy 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of nitrogen concentration and cold temperature on DSP‐toxin concentrations in the dinoflagellateProrocentrum lima(prorocentrales, dinophyceae)
Authors: McLachlan J. L. , Marr J. C. , Conlon‐Keily A. , Adamson A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxin‐producing dinoflagellate,Prorocentrum lima, isolated from Nova Scotian waters, contained both okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxin‐1 (DTX‐1) throughout its growth cycle in culture; maximum concentrations of toxins and highest OA/DTX‐1 ratios occurred during the stationary phase. Cells ofP. limasurvived 0°C for 5 weeks and recovered when brought to a higher temperature. During the cold period, some cell damage probably occurred with concomitant losses of toxins to the medium. Nitrogen concentration in the medium was used to limit growth or stress the cells physiologically, and when growth was limited, increases in toxin associated with the cells were recorded. The relative amounts of okadaic acid were always greater than dinophysistoxin‐1, but the significance of these ratios remains to be determined. Published 1994 Wiley‐Liss, inc.
Investigation of derivatization reagents for the analysis of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection
Authors: Marr Julie C. , McDowell Linda M. , Quilliam Michael A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSeveral derivatization reagents for the conversion of okadaic acid and related DSP toxins to fluorescent derivatives for analysis by liquid chromatosraphy have been examined, viz: 9‐anthryldiazomethane (ADAM), 1‐pyrenyldiazomethane (PDAM), 4‐diazomethyl‐7‐methoxycoumarin (DMMC), 4‐bromomethyl‐7‐methoxycoumarin (BrMMC), 4‐bromomethyl‐7,8‐benzcoumarin (BrMBC), 4‐bromomethyl‐7‐acetoxycoumarin (BrMAC), and 4‐bromomethyl‐6,7‐dimethoxycoumarin (BrDMC). The ADAM reagent provides the greatest selectivity and sensitivity, but its application on a routine basis has been limited by its instability and cost Improvement of this method was achieved through the production of ADAM in situ from the stable 9‐anthraldehyde hydrazone. A detection limit of 30 ng/g hepatopancreas (equivalent to 6 ng/g whole tissue) was achieved. The other aryldiazomethane reagents were found to have insufficient reactivity. Of the bromomethylcoumarin reagents, BrDMC was found to have the greatest promise. The reagent is inexpensive and has excellent stability and purity. Quantitative derivatization may be achieved in a 2 hour reaction at 45°C with N,N‐diisopropylethylamine as a catalyst. Unfortunately, the lower reaction selectivity of BrDMC compared to that of ADAM limits its application to isolated toxins, plankton samples, and shellfish tissues with high levels of DSP toxins. The use of BrDMC for the determination of how toxin levels in shellfish tissues will require development of a more extensive clean‐up prior to derivatization. Successful application of the ADAM and coumarin derivatization methods to real‐world samples has been demonstrated. Published 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Selection of cytotoxic responses to maitotoxin and okadaic acid and evaluation of toxicity of dinoflagellate extracts
Authors: Fessard V. , Diogène G. , Dubreuil A. , Quod J. P. , Durand‐Clément M. , Legay C. , Puiseux‐Dao S. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe cytotoxicity of maitotoxin (MTX) and okadaic acid (OA) was studied on three mammalian fibroblast cell lines. Neutral red uptake (NRU), which measures cell viability, and morphological alterations were selected as rapid suitable responses. NRU allowed a precise toxicity quantification while the observations of morphological damage revealed differences specific to MTX (cell blebbing) and OA (cell rounding). BHK21 C13 fibroblasts, although less sensitive to MTX than the other cell lines, were chosen since they gave stable information and a two‐stage morphological response with OA (“square”‐shaped cells, then round cells). When NRU and morphology alterations were studied with crude extracts of Gambierdiscus toxicus and Prorocentrum lima, responses were typical of the dominant toxins, MTX and OA or related toxins respectively. Applied to several dinoflagellate extracts, the two tests revealed no toxicity for Amphidinium carterae, Ostreopsis siamensis, O. ovata and Coolia monotis (from La Réunion) and toxicity for A. carterae and A. operculatum (from Saint Barthélémy). When toxic, A. carterae extracts showed blebbing similar to that caused by MTX. Morphology alterations caused by A. operculatum crude extracts, different from those corresponding to MTX or OA, were also observed. © 1994 wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reliable and sensitive method for determination of microcystins in complicated matrices by frit‐fast atom bombardment liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry
Authors: Kondo Fumio , Ikai Yoshitomo , Oka Hisao , Matsumoto Hiroshi , Yamada Seiji , Ishikawa Naohisa , Tsuji Kiyomi , Harada Ken‐Ichi , Shimada Takayuki , Oshikata Motoji , Suzuki Makoto 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA reliable and sensitive method for determination of hepatotoxic microcystins in complicated matrices by frit‐fast atom bombardment liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (Frit‐FAB LC/MS) is described. Immonium ions of constituent amino acids, which were obtained together with molecular ion species by FAB mass spectral analysis of standard microcystins RR, YR, LR, and [D‐Asp3] and [Dha7]microcystins LR using flow injection system composed of Frit‐FAB probe, showed potential for reliable identification of microcystins by Frit‐FAB LC/MS. Frit‐FAB LC/MS using a microbore column provided not only the baseline separation of standard microcystins RR, YR, and LR but 200‐fold higher sensitivity than that using conventional column. Furthermore, when a selected ion monitoring (SIM) technique was used, the detection limits of microcystins RR, YR, and LR were 300, 350, and 400 pg, respectively, at a signal‐to‐noise ratio of 5:1, and calibration curves of each microcystin showed a linear relationship from 2 ng to 50 ng. Finally, identification and quantitative analyses of microcystins in water samples were carried out. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vitro toxicological investigations of isoxazolinone amino acids of Lathyrus sativus
Authors: Riepe Matthias , Spencer Peter S. , Lambein Fernand , Ludolph Albert C. , Allen Charles N. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTwo non‐protein amino acids of Lathyrus sativus, β‐(isoxazoline‐5‐on‐2‐yl)‐alanine (BIA) and its higher homologue α‐amino‐γ‐Cisoxazoline‐5‐on‐2‐yl)‐alanine (ACI) were tested for excitotoxic potential. BIA (0.5‐2.0 mM) but not ACI (2.0 mM) produced a concentration‐dependent neurodegeneration in mouse cortical explants. The neuronal damage was prevented by the prior and simultaneous application of 6‐cyano‐7‐nitroquinoxaline‐2,3‐dione (CNQX), indicating that it was mediated by non‐N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate type receptors. BIA (0,5‐2.0 mM) activated CNQX‐sensitive currents which were significantly smaller than those activated by 3‐N‐oxalyl‐L‐2,3‐diaminopropanoic acid (β‐ODAP) or α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazole‐propionic acid (AMPA) in the majority of neurons. In a small number of cells, BIA (2 mM) produced currents which were similar in amplitude to those activated by β‐ODAP (50 μM). These results suggest that Lathyrus sativus plants engineered to block the synthesis of β‐ODAP may accumulate a neurotoxic precursor and therefore must be tested for the presence of both BIA and β‐ODAP. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Keeping the mycotoxins out: Experience gathered by an international food company
Authors: Pittet Alain 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAs early as the mid‐1960s the analysis of aflatoxins became an important part of Nestlé's quality control programme, especially since the Company's products include a wide variety of milk‐ and cereal‐based foods intended for infants and children. At that time, dealing with this problem was hampered by the lack of simple and reliable analytical methods, the absence of legal provisions in many countries, the widely different origin of the raw materials, and the fact that sources of contamination were often beyond the Company's control. However, over the years substantial progress has been made, mainly by setting up an inspection system including suitable methods of analysis that allow compliance with raw material specifications to be checked at source.In spite of the fact that the problem of aflatoxins in milk, cereals, and oilseeds has now been largely tackled, it is increasingly necessary to step up our mycotoxin surveillance programme. Indeed, several other mycotoxins have now become a matter of concern, as witnessed by the recent fumonisin scare. Moreover, increasingly severe legislations put a heavy burden on the analysts responsible for the inspection of the raw materials, especially in European countries.This article presents the Company's considerable efforts over a period of almost 30 years in trying to keep the mycotoxins out, or at least to limit their concentrations to the lowest possible levels. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Measurement of glucosinolates in rapeseeds
Authors: Wathelet Jean‐Paul , Marlier Michel , Severin Michel , Boenke Achim , Wagstaffe Peter John 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSeveral ring tests have been organized by the International Organisation for Standardization (ISO) and the Measurement and Testing Programme (BCR) for improving glucosinolate methods. Finally, HPLC of desulphoglucosinolates is recommended by ISO, the European Committee for Standardization (CEN), and the European Commission (EC) as the official method. X‐ray fluorescence has also become particularly common for fast analysis.After checking stabilityof intact glucosinolates in whole rapeseeds, the BCR has three reference materials (CRM 366, CRM 190, CRM 367) available, certified for their total glucosinolate and sulphur contents.Currently, the Measurement and Testing Programme is supporting a research project concerning the stability of desulphoglucosinolates and intact glucosinolates extracts. At the present time, best results are observed with lyophilized extracts sealed in brown glass ampoules and stored at −18°C. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Making sense of meta‐analysis
Authors: Egger Matthias , Smith George Davey , Song Fujian , Sheldon Trevor A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractMeta‐analyses of clinical trials have become increasingly popular over the last decade. This technique pools data from different studies in order to provide an overview and obtain more precise estimates of treatment effects. Meta‐analyses may thus detect or exclude small but clinically relevant effects or side effects. A number of criteria have to be met for a reliable meta‐analysis of clinical trials. Only randomized trials analysed according to the intention‐to‐treat principle with complete follow‐up information and comparable, objective outcome assessments should generally be included. Treatments must be comparable from a clinical and pharmacological point of view and similarity of lengths of follow‐up is important when the effect of a treatment varies over time. In this review, the statistical models commonly used are discussed and an example of a well conducted meta‐analysis is given. Several unresolved problems pertinent to meta‐analysis are considered. It is difficult to ensure that all relevant trials have been identified. Selective inclusion of trials may distort results. Important differences in the quality of the studies are generally not taken into account in meta‐analyses. Statistical testing for heterogeneity and the use of random effects models cannot resolve the problems which arise when study results are highly variable. Finally, the clinical application of the results from meta‐analysis may be problematic, since the patients included in the constituent trials are often not representative of the range of patients seen in clinical practice. Meta‐analyses should be viewed as a powerful addition to traditional methods of reviewing medical evidence. In interpreting their results, however, care should be taken not to go beyond the available data.