bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The characterization of alginate wound dressings with different fiber and textile structures
Authors: Qin Yimin 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSeven commercially available alginate wound dressings with different polymer, fiber, and nonwoven structures were characterized in this study. The performances of these dressings were compared in terms of their absorbency capacities, gel swelling ratios in water and normal saline, wicking of fluid, and dry and wet strengths. Results show that the absorbency and swelling ratios were strongly affected by the guluronate and mannuronate contents of the alginate, the calcium and sodium contents of the fibers, and the nonwoven structures of the dressing. The different types of alginate wound dressings also had significantly different dry and wet strength. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 2516–2520, 2006
Studies in the utilization of agricultural waste products as filler in natural rubber compounds
Authors: Okieimen F. E. , Imanah J. E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractNatural rubber samples were filled with agricultural waste products (cocoa pod husks and rubber‐seed shell) at 50 phr, mixed on a two‐roll mill, and cured using the semiefficient vulcanization system. The physicomechanical properties, tensile strength, modulus at 100% elongation, elongation at break, hardness, abrasion resistance, flex fatigue and compression set, of the agricultural waste products‐filled natural rubber compounds were determined and compared with the values obtained for vulcanisates filled with commercial carbon black (HAF N330). The effect of blending the raw and carbonized agricultural waste products with the commercial grade N330 carbon black on the physicomechanical properties of the natural compounds was studied. It was found that the raw agricultural waste products were ineffective compared with N330 carbon black as reinforcing filler for natural rubber compound mixes and could be classified as semireinforcing fillers. Blends containing up to 40 wt % of the raw agricultural waste products and more than 60 wt % of the carbonized waste products gave natural rubber compounds with comparable physciomechanical properties with compound obtained with N330 carbon black. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 2561–2564, 2006
Polymerization of ethyl acrylate using hyperbranched polyglycerol with multi‐RAFT groups as chain transfer agent
Authors: Huang Juan , Wan Decheng , Huang Junlian 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSurfacing hydroxyl groups of hyperbranched polyglycerol (PG) were transformed into trithiocarbonates (TTC), an efficient multi radical addition‐fragmentation transfer (RAFT) agent, to mediate the polymerization of ethyl acrylate (EA) under controllable conditions, and PG with multiarm PEA was obtained. In this system, PG was a part of Z groups, and trithiolcarbonates were bonded directly to the PG, whereas the growing PEA macroradical was detached. The molecular weight and the molecular weight distribution of the products were in the range of 1.05–3.24 × 104 g/mol and 1.28–1.42, respectively, when the concentration ratio of EA to PG‐TTC was 39.8. The number of the PEA arms was about 16. It was found that the measured molecular weights of the products were deviated from the theoretical value, and the molecular weight distribution was broadened with the conversion due to the termination between the leaving macroradicals. The final and the intermediate products were characterized by NMR in detail. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 2203–2209, 2006
New Clerodane Diterpenoids from the Aerial Parts of Pulicaria wightiana
Authors: Das Biswanath , Ramu Ravirala , Venkateswarlu Katta , Rao Yerra Koteswara , Reddy Majjigapu Ravinder , Ramakrishna Kallaganti Venkata Siva , Harakishore Kankipati , Murty Upadhayula Suryanarayana 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTwo new ent‐clerodane‐type diterpenoids, compounds 1 and 2, were isolated from the aerial parts of Pulicaria wightiana, together with three known constituents. Their structures were established based on spectroscopic data, and their antibacterial activities were evaluated (Table 2).
Daturametelins H, I, and J: Three New Withanolide Glycosides from Datura metel L.
Authors: Ma Lei , Xie Chuan‐Ming , Li Jia , Lou Feng‐Chang , Hu Li‐Hong 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThree new withanolide glycosides named daturametelins H–J (1–3), together with two known ones, daturataturin A (4) and 7,27‐dihydroxy‐1‐oxowitha‐2,5,24‐trienolide (5), were isolated from the MeOH extract of the aerial parts of Datura metel L. (Solanaceae). Their structures were determined mainly by spectroscopic techniques including 2D‐NMR (HMBC, HMQC, 1H,1H‐COSY, NOESY) and MS experiments. Compounds 1–5 were tested for their antiproliferative activity towards the human colorectal carcinoma (HCT‐116) cell line. The nonglycosidic compound 5 exhibited the highest activity of the tested withanolides, with an IC50 value of 3.2±0.2 μM (Table 3).
The Chemical Constituents of the Fungus Stereum sp.
Authors: Li Guo‐Hong , Li Lei , Duan Meng , Zhang Ke‐Qin 
Published: February 2006

AbstractFour new compounds, including a sesquiterpene and three aromatic compounds, and a known compound were isolated from a culture broth of the fungus Stereum sp. The novel sesquiterpene was determined to be stereumone A ((+)‐2,3,4a,5,6,7,8a,9‐octahydro‐5‐hydroxy‐6,6,9‐trimethyl‐4,8a‐epoxynaphtho[2,3‐b]furan‐8(8H)‐one; 1), and the three new aromatic compounds were elucidated as 3,5‐dihydroxy‐4‐(3‐methylbut‐2‐enyl)benzene‐1,2‐dicarbaldehyde (2), 5,7‐dihydroxy‐6‐(3‐methylbut‐2‐enyl)isobenzofuran‐1(3H)‐one (3), butyl 2,4‐dihydroxy‐6‐methylbenzoate (4), together with the known compound methyl 2,4‐dihydroxy‐6‐methylbenzoate (5). The structures were established by spectroscopic methods including 2D‐NMR techniques. Compounds 2 and 4 showed evident nematicidal activity against nematode Panagrellus redivivus.
Ternary Nickel(II) Complexes as Hydrolytic DNA‐Cleavage Agents
Authors: Reddy Pulimamidi R. , Rao Kandibanda S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA series of small model complexes made from NiII and the ligands ethylenediamine (en), histamine (hist), and histidylleucine (HisLeu) were prepared and studied as potential hydrolytic DNA‐cleavage agents. The stability constants and species‐distribution curves for these complexes were determined as a function of pH. The 1 : 1 : 1 ternary complexes [NiII(en)(HisLeu)] (1) and [NiII(hist)(HisLeu)] (2) were the only major species present at the physiologically relevant pH of 6–7, as further corroborated by ESI‐MS analysis. The complex geometries of 1 and 2 were analyzed by UV/VIS experiments and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Both ternary complexes were found to intercalate with DNA, as shown by UV/VIS, thermal‐denaturation, and fluorescence‐titration studies with ethidium bromide (EB). The intrinsic binding constants (Kb) for the bound complexes 1⋅DNA and 2⋅DNA were determined as 150 and 290, resp. Gel‐electrophoresis experiments revealed that 1 and 2 cleave supercoiled (type‐I) to nicked‐circular (type‐II) DNA at physiological pH, with rate constants of 0.64 and 0.75 h−1, resp. A tentative mechanism for this hydrolytic cleavage is proposed.
Outcomes of contrast‐induced nephropathy: Experience in patients undergoing cardiovascular intervention
Authors: McCullough Peter 
Published: February 2006

AbstractUse of iodinated contrast media for diagnostic and interventional procedures is increasing as computed tomography and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) technologies provide increasing patient benefit. Although some complications associated with contrast media are mild and transient, contrast‐induced nephropathy (CIN) can negatively affect long‐term patient morbidity and mortality. The incidence of and outcomes from CIN have been carefully studied in cardiology patients. A number of studies have identified CIN‐associated complications in PCI patients, including bleeding, hematoma, stroke, adult respiratory distress syndrome, electrolyte imbalances, and sepsis. In post‐PCI patients, rates of myocardial infarction and vessel reocclusion are more common in patients with CIN. Therefore, in‐hospital mortality is increased in patients with CIN. In patients requiring dialysis after PCI, several studies have shown the 1‐year mortality rate to be >55%. Even moderate renal dysfunction not requiring dialysis is associated with increased mortality in patients with coronary artery disease. Precautionary measures before, during, and after the use of contrast media that reduce the incidence of CIN, such as discontinuation of nephrotoxic medications, adequate hydration, and use of appropriate volumes and types of contrast media, should be considered in all patients with renal insufficiency or with other risk factors for CIN. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Focused Libraries of 16‐Substituted Estrone Derivatives and Modified E‐Ring Steroids: Inhibitors of 17ß‐Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1
Authors: Vicker Nigel , Lawrence Harshani R. , Allan Gillian M. , Bubert Christian , Smith Andrew , Tutill Helena J. , Purohit Atul , Day Joanna M. , Mahon Mary F. , Reed Michael J. , Potter Barry V. L. 
Published: February 2006

Abstract17β‐Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (17β‐HSD1), an oxidoreductase which has a preferential reductive activity using NADPH as cofactor, converts estrone to estradiol and is expressed in many steroidogenic tissues including breast and in malignant breast cells. As estradiol stimulates the growth and development of hormone‐dependent breast cancer, inhibition of the final step of its synthesis is an attractive target for the treatment of this disease. The parallel synthesis of novel focused libraries of 16‐substituted estrone derivatives and modified E‐ring pyrazole steroids as new potent 17β‐HSD1 inhibitors is described. Substituted 3‐O‐sulfamoylated estrone derivatives were used as templates and were immobilised on 2‐chlorotrityl chloride resin to give resin‐bound scaffolds with a multi‐detachable linker. Novel focused libraries of 16‐substituted estrone derivatives and new modified E‐ring steroids were assembled from these immobilised templates using solid‐phase organic synthesis and solution‐phase methodologies. Among the derivatives synthesised, the most potent 17β‐HSD1 inhibitors were 25 and 26 with IC50 values in T‐47D human breast cancer cells of 27 and 165 nm, respectively. Parallel synthesis resulting in a library of C5′‐linked amides from the pyrazole E‐ring led to the identification of 62 with an IC50 value of 700 nM. These potent inhibitors of 17β‐HSD1 have a 2‐ethyl substituent which will decrease their estrogenic potential. Several novel 17β‐HSD1 inhibitors emerged from these libraries and these provide direction for further template exploration in this area. A new efficient diastereoselective synthesis of 25 has also been developed to facilitate supply for in vivo evaluation, and an X‐ray crystal structure of this inhibitor is presented.
Drugs Targeting Protein–Protein Interactions
Authors: Chène Patrick 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMost biological processes involve permanent and nonpermanent interactions between different proteins, and many protein complexes play a key role in various human diseases. Therefore, molecules that prevent the formation of these protein complexes could be valuable new therapeutic agents to treat these diseases. Protein interfaces have not evolved to bind low‐molecular‐weight molecules, as is the case with enzyme catalytic sites. It is therefore difficult to identify small compounds that inhibit protein–protein interactions. However, there is considerable diversity in the structure of protein interfaces, some of which may be more attractive than others for medicinal chemistry. One of the main challenges in drug discovery is to identify these interfaces and to exploit their properties to make marketable drugs. Herein, the properties of protein interfaces are discussed in light of their use as drug targets.
Ipsilateral connections of the ventral premotor cortex in a new world primate
Authors: Dancause Numa , Barbay Scott , Frost Shawn B. , Plautz Erik J. , Stowe Ann M. , Friel Kathleen M. , Nudo Randolph J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe present study describes the pattern of connections of the ventral premotor cortex (PMv) with various cortical regions of the ipsilateral hemisphere in adult squirrel monkeys. Particularly, we 1) quantified the proportion of inputs and outputs that the PMv distal forelimb representation shares with other areas in the ipsilateral cortex and 2) defined the pattern of PMv connections with respect to the location of the distal forelimb representation in primary motor cortex (M1), primary somatosensory cortex (S1), and supplementary motor area (SMA). Intracortical microstimulation techniques (ICMS) were used in four experimentally naïve monkeys to identify M1, PMv, and SMA forelimb movement representations. Multiunit recording techniques and myelin staining were used to identify the S1 hand representation. Then, biotinylated dextran amine (BDA; 10,000 MW) was injected in the center of the PMv distal forelimb representation. After tangential sectioning, the distribution of BDA‐labeled cell bodies and terminal boutons was documented. In M1, labeling followed a rostrolateral pattern, largely leaving the caudomedial M1 unlabeled. Quantification of somata and terminals showed that two areas share major connections with PMv: M1 and frontal areas immediately rostral to PMv, designated as frontal rostral area (FR). Connections with this latter region have not been described previously. Moderate connections were found with PMd, SMA, anterior operculum, and posterior operculum/inferior parietal area. Minor connections were found with diverse areas of the precentral and parietal cortex, including S1. No statistical difference between the proportions of inputs and outputs for any location was observed, supporting the reciprocity of PMv intracortical connections. J. Comp. Neurol. 495:374–390, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synaptic microcircuitry of tyrosine hydroxylase‐containing neurons and terminals in the striatum of 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine‐treated monkeys
Authors: Mazloom Maney , Smith Yoland 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA population of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)‐containing neurons that is up‐regulated after lesion of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway has been described in the primate striatum. The goal of this study was to examine the morphology, synaptology, and chemical phenotype of these neurons and TH‐immunoreactive (‐ir) terminals in the striatum of 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)‐treated rhesus monkeys. TH‐ir perikarya were small (10–12 μm), displayed nuclear invaginations, and received very few synaptic inputs. On the other hand, TH‐containing dendrites were typically large in diameter (>1.0 μm) and received scarce synaptic innervation from putative excitatory and inhibitory terminals forming asymmetric and symmetric synapses, respectively. More than 70% of TH‐positive intrastriatal cell bodies were found in the caudate nucleus and the precommissural putamen, considered as the associative functional territories of the primate striatum. Under 10% of these cells displayed calretinin immunoreactivity. TH‐ir terminals rarely formed clear synaptic contacts, except for a few that established asymmetric axodendritic synapses. Almost two‐thirds of TH‐containing boutons displayed γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) immunoreactivity in the striatum of parkinsonian monkeys, whereas under 5% did so in the normal striatum. These findings provide strong support for the existence of a population of putative catecholaminergic interneurons in the associative territory of the striatum in parkinsonian monkeys. Their sparse synaptic innervation raises interesting issues regarding synaptic and nonsynaptic mechanisms involved in the regulation and integration of these neurons in the striatal microcircuitry. Finally, the coexpression of GABA in TH‐positive terminals in the striatum of dopamine‐depleted monkeys suggests dramatic neurochemical changes in the catecholaminergic modulation of striatal activity in Parkinson's disease. J. Comp. Neurol. 40:453–469, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Alzheimer's disease, estrogens, and clinical trials: a case study in drug development for complex disorders
Authors: Howell Neil , Dykens James , Moos Walter H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAlzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder, affecting more than 4 million Americans, and it is a huge drain on health care resources. Moreover, the cost burden of AD will increase substantially without the development of drugs that prevent its onset or slow its progression. At the present time, the available AD drugs provide, at best, temporary cognitive improvement, and cost‐benefit analyses indicate no more than marginal support for their use. AD is a disorder of complex etiology that is characterized by the formation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. The Amyloid Cascade model of AD neurodegeneration postulates that the primary disease process is the deposition of amyloid plaques and their subsequent effects on cognition. However, as we review here, the emerging evidence argues against simple linear models of neurodegeneration in AD patients, and more complex models of etiology and pathogenesis are needed as part of the drug development process. As one potential therapeutic approach, there is substantial evidence that estrogens are neuroprotective and act on a number of neural pathways, many of which are compromised in AD. A number of studies have shown that estrogens provide clinical benefit in AD patients and in other neurodegenerative disorders. Unfortunately, the negative results of the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study (WHIMS) have overshadowed the positive results from the last four decades. However, as discussed here, there are a number of reasons why the WHIMS results should not be generalized. On balance, estrogens remain a fruitful drug development approach for AD, and other neurodegenerative conditions, and especially those estrogen compounds or analogues that avoid or minimize the complications associated with long‐term use of feminizing hormones in post‐menopausal women. Drug Dev. Res. 66:53–77, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neuroprotective effects of estratriene analogs: structure‐activity relationships and molecular optimization
Authors: Perez Evelyn , Cai Zu Yun , Covey Douglas F. , Simpkins James W. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractEstrogens are neuroprotectants against a variety of insults, both in vitro and in vivo. Many of these insults involve an oxidative stress component and estrogens are known antioxidants. We (Green et al. [1997b] J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 63:229–235) and others (Behl et al. [1997] Mol Pharmacol 51:535–541; Moosmann and Behl [1999] Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:8867–8872) have determined that the phenolic nature of the A‐ring of the estradiol molecule is essential for neuroprotection. We performed structure‐activity relationship studies using a library of estratriene compounds in well‐established in vitro models for neuroprotection. We tested over 70 compounds in HT‐22 (murine hippocampal) cells for their ability to inhibit cell toxicity against glutamate and iodoacetic acid, at two doses for each insult, and determined EC50 values to ascertain potency comparisons with 17β‐estradiol (E2). We verified that a phenolic A ring was essential for neuroprotection in these models. We also observed that hydrophobicity and planarity affects the ability of estratrienes to protect cells from oxidative stress. This neuroprotection correlated with their ability to inhibit iron‐induced lipid peroxidation in vitro. In contrast, the ability of these estratrienes to bind estrogen receptors was negatively correlated with their ability to protect cells from oxidative stress or inhibit lipid peroxidation. Drug Dev. Res. 66:78–92, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neuroprotection by estrogen in animal models of ischemia and Parkinson's disease
Authors: Merchenthaler Istvan , Shughrue Paul J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractEstrogen has been demonstrated to protect against brain injury, neurodegeneration, and cognitive decline. Furthermore, estrogen seems to specifically protect cortical and hippocampal neurons from ischemic injury. Here, the neuroprotective affects of estrogens, selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), and estrogen receptor α‐ and β‐ (ERα and ERβ) selective ligands in animal models of focal and global ischemia are reviewed. In rats and mice, the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model has been used as a model representing cerebrovascular stroke, while in gerbils the two‐vessel occlusion model, representing acute heart attack, has been used. Using focal ischemia in ovariectomized ERαKO, ERβKO, and wild type mice, it has been clearly established that the ERα subtype is critical for mediating neuroprotection in this model. The gerbil global ischemia model was used to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of estrogen, SERMs, and ERα‐ and ERβ‐selective compounds in the hippocampus. Analysis of neurogranin mRNA, a marker of viability of hippocampal neurons, with in situ hybridization, revealed that estrogen treatment resulted in complete protection in the dorsal CA1 regions, not only when administered before, but also when given 1 h after occlusion. The neuroprotection conferred by estrogen in an animal model of Parkinson's disease is also discussed. In the model of Parkinson's disease, although estrogen prevented the loss of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in the striatum following 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6 tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) treatment, the lesion and/or the estrogen treatment did not induce the expression of ERs in the striatum or substantia nigra, indicating a non‐ER‐mediating effect of estrogen. Drug Dev. Res. 66:172–181, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Modeling and real‐time simulation of UPFC
Authors: Kimura Misao , Takahashi Choei , Kishibe Hideto , Miyazaki Yasuyuki , Noro Yasuhiro , Iio Naotaka 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWe have developed a digital real‐time simulator of Power Electronics Controllers, so‐called FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission Systems) Controllers and/or Custom Power by using MATLABTM/SIMULINKTM and dSPACETM System. This paper describes the modeling and the calculation accuracy of a UPFC (Unified Power Flow Controller) model. Hence, the developed simulator operates at a large time step, in order to improve simulation accuracy, a correction processing of the switching delay is implemented into the UPFC model. Calculation accuracy of the real‐time UPFC model is at the same level as EMTDCTM results. We confirm stable operation of the developed UPFC model by connecting a commercial real‐time digital simulator (RTDSTM). © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 155(1): 19–26, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20200