bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Réforme et culture
Authors: Hamant Yves 
Published: November 2007

Reform and Culture, by Yves Hamant
The new cultural policy constitutes an essential element of Gorbachev's perestroika and it began to be implemented after the XXVIIth Party Congress of February-March 1986. Administration of the cultural sector has been put into new hands. New bodies have been created. Many previously banned works are being published, writers who died in disgrâce are being rehabilited, works of a critical nature dealing with realities of Soviet life both past and présent are appearing. However, résistance to this renewal of cultural life does exist and in spite of having encouraged it, the Soviet leadership also defines its limits. Freedom for spontaneous cultural creativity is in no way envisagea, and the mechanisms for ideological control remain. The feeling is also widerspread in intellectual circles that the new climate is precarious.
Des oranges au laser
Authors: Stoleru Lionel 
Published: November 2007

From Oranges to Lasers, by Lionel Stoleru
After 40 years of tumultuous existence, Israel is today a market of 4 million inhabitants which imports as much as Indonesia with 120 million. Israël has the world's highest per capita spending rate on research and is building a future in high technology. Its free trade agreements with both the USA and the EEC are unique and give it a useful pivotal position between thèse two economie blocs. With its open economy and consistent bias in favour of private initiative, Israel could find itself a Western citadel of advanced technology in an East which is gradually becoming the économie centre of the world.
Instabilité politique et perspectives de démocratie en Afrique
Authors: Anyang' Nyong'o Peter 
Published: November 2007

Political Instability and the Prospects for Democracy in Africa, by Peter Anyang' Nyong'o
The restoration of democracy, and the defence of democratie institutions in the political processes in Africa is very important for both political stability and development in Africa today. On democracy and democratie institutions dépend the presence of accountability in governance : with accountability cornes the enhancement of proper use of developmental resources for the improvement of the quality of life. This essay argues that public institutions, including the state, while controlling substantial resources and while very critical in the daily lives of people, have been generally unanswerable for their actions due to lack of accountability. This has led to several unresolvable conflicts and crises in society which quite often lead to coups d'Etat and perpétuai political instability. Already there are popular movements demanding democratie forms of government as a reaction to this state of affairs. Attempts by existing political regimes to suppress these movements have not solved the problem : if anything, they have merely led to more instability. This essay argues for the necessity of democracy as a condition sine qua non for political stability as well as development in Africa.
URSS : le procès inachevé d'une politique étrangère
Authors: Mendras Marie 
Published: November 2007

The Uncompleted Questioning of Soviet Foreign Policy, by Marie Mendras
During the course of 1988, Soviet foreign policy became centred on glasnost. Certain aspects of strategy under Stalin and Brezhnev were severely criticized in the Soviet media, particularly relations with the West in 1938-1940, the military intervention in Afghanistan and the arms race of the seventies. The debate turned into an ideological polemic between party leaders on the nature of international relations and the class character of socialist state. This debate subsided in the Autumn of 1988 when Mikhael Gorbachev succeeded in combining the functions of Head of State and Head of the Communist Party as well as in reshaping the Party Administration. In the process, however, criticism of past policy has lost its acuity and historical interest.
George Bush et l'Europe
Authors: Grapin Jacqueline 
Published: November 2007

George Bush and Europe, by Jacqueline Grapin
George Bush's term will be crucial for the future of American power. He is faced with a new America and with a new Europe, whose relations will no longer be the same as hitherto. Indeed, the new American order is not as favourable to Europe as it used to be : it seeks peace with Europe — the most economical foreign policy — and shifts towards the Pacific region. The internal transformation of America draws it more towards the Third World than towards Europe. Besides, Europe's drive for a single market takes place in difficult circumstances which do not favour it. Perhaps George Bush will normalize relations with Europe, thus compelling it to adapt by uniting.
L'Alliance atlantique et la coopération européenne en matière de sécurité : l'âge de la maturité ?
Authors: Boyer Yves , Ruiz Palmer Diego 
Published: November 2007

The Atlantic Alliance and European Security Coopération : The Time for Reappraisal ?, by Yves Boyer and Diego Ruiz Palmer
Commemorating its 40th anniversary, the Atlantic Alliance reveals its vitality and its endurance. However the European security landscape the Alliance has successfully contributed to build is in the process of slow but possibly radical evolutions. Thèse changes, and notably the diminishing perception of the Eastern threat will impose a redéfinition of the functioning of the Alliance.
Réflexions sur la politique de défense de la France
Authors: Heisbourg François 
Published: November 2007

Reflections on French Defence Policy, by François Heisbourg
The revolution of 1989 has dealt a new set of strategie cards. In spite of future uncertainties, military aspects of East West confrontation will no longer be the principal basis of the European system. Future defence will become a variable dependent upon security lato sensu. In this context, France should review the bases of its defence policy, i. e. cost levels, ideology, deployment of forces and choice of programmes. Broad, cool headed discussion of these questions is necessary if France wishes to avoid the risk of having to act without due préparation. Without such a debate, it will be difficult to create a new defence consensus to meet the demand of a new era.
L'Inde de V.P. Singh
Authors: Etienne Gilbert 
Published: November 2007

V.P. Singh's India, by Gilbert Etienne
The year 1990 opened with a radically new political scene. Almost ail of India put aside the single leader-ruling party system. India adopted multi-partism after the November 1989 and February 1990 elections. It remains to be seen whether the change will be durable or not. During the 1981-1990 décade, the rate of economie growth increased after a long span of rather slow development. The reforms induced by Indira Gandhi and expanded by her son hâve stimulated industry while agriculture kept growing. Despite this rather favorable health report, two major difficulties could threaten the future : national and foreign debt. In foreign policy, no major changes are to be expected in the relations between India and the superpowers. The main problems will appear at the regional level. New Delhi may successfully reduce or appease the disputes with Sri Lanka, Nepal and Bengladesh. However, the reconciliation process between New Delhi and Islamabad will be endangered because of the serious troubles taking place in Cashmere since the end of 1989.
Evolution des structures politiques de l'Europe : un point de vue polonais
Authors: Lamentowicz Wojtek 
Published: November 2007

The Evolving Political Architecture of Europe : a View from Poland, by Wojtek Lamentowicz
The paper explores four policy options of the East-Central European states as for as the future of the Warsaw Pact is concerned and concludes that there is no real opportunity for revival of the Soviet dominated military and political coordination in Central Europe. The author argues that Central European governments — ie. Poland, Czecho-Slovakia, Hungary — are highly interested in extended responsibility for NATO. Old and new missions of NATO are being discussed and the sequence of reasons for the extended responsibility is being presented : bad experience with the WTO, preventing security strategies from being re-nationalized, non military threats to stability, preventing the security vacuum and unpredictable futures, eliminating barriers which separate Central Europe from the West, assurance of being on the same side as Germany, opportunity to reform NATO by preparing for the bilateral security agreements betgween NATO and Poland, Hungary and Czechoslovakia.
Tensions nationales et menace sur la sécurité dans les Balkans
Authors: Lendvai Paul 
Published: November 2007

Nationalist Tensions Menace Balkan Security, by Paul Lendvai
The Balkan peninsula has regained its traditional role as the tinder-box of Europe and the crucible of nationalist and populist ideas. The nationalist problems of the Balkan states are more acute now than at the tinte of Communist accession to power 45 years ago. Political instability and the tendency to play on national sentiments to gain popular support have contributed to the disintegration of the region. In Yugoslavia, the postwar federal and political structures set up by Tito hâve been destroyed and the situation poses a grave threat to security and coopération. In Hungary, the collapse of the Communist régime and a strong national-populist tendency within the présent government have transformed legitimate concern for the fate of three and a half million ethnie Hungarians living in neighbouring countries into a highly sensitive political issue. In Bulgaria, regional coopération, security and stability are also threatened by nationalist hostility against the Turkish mino-rity. The Balkans and the entire Eastern and South Eastern European region are experiencing tribalisation and nationalist splintering. It therefore looks as if the creation of a new European order is still a utopian dream.
Thermidor en Iran
Authors: Bayart Jean-François 
Published: November 2007

A Turning Point for the Islamic Republic ?, by Jean-François Bayart
Hashemi Rafsandjani has shown great diplomatie skill in exploiting the new situation created by the Gulf War, and Western Europe must be resolute in its response. The problems of the Islamic Republic are especially pressing after 10 years of war, erratic government and disinvestment. The easing of domestic political pressures has favoured Rafsandjani. He has accumulated power at the cost of the religious extremists. This tendency is likely to be confirmed by the parliamentary elections of 1992. Nevertheless, Iran's economie prospects are not bright. Its petroleum revenues will not be sufficient to finance reconstruction. External borrowing is a possibility because of low indebtedness but there are risks of accentuating deeprooted speculative tenden-cies, which are not solely due to the current monetary and banking confusion. The path towards economie recovery will be ail the more difficult because Iran possesses no genuine entrepreneurial class and fiscal stabilisation would clash with very solid vested interest. One wonders if the Islamic Republic retains sufficient economie credibility and political legitimacy to impose the overdue structural adjustment, which the government, intoxicated by the inflow of petrodollars, failed to carry out in 1978-1979.
L'Allemagne et l'avenir de l'unification européenne
Authors: Moreau Defarges Philippe 
Published: November 2007

Germany and the Future of the European Unification, by Philippe Moreau Defarges
For West Germany, belonging to the European Community has always been and remains a major dimension of its internal and international equilibrium. Today unified Germany becomes again the central country in the European continent. It does not imply that Germany will distance itself from the European Community. Germany will act as a link between the two Europes. The franco-german relation, while staying necessarily intimate, will be deeply changed. However fundamental question is still present: what does Germany exactly want ?
Existe-t-il un Etat russe ?
Authors: Mendras Marie 
Published: November 2007

Is there a Russian State ?, by Marie Mendras
In the space of a few months, the USSR disintegrated. The old Empire has collapsed and there has been substantial shrinkage in Russian power, which is now confined within narrower boundaries. The continental massiveness of the old Empire has made the decolonisation process ail the more dramatic. And the new Russia is itself threatened with disintegration. Some of Us autonomous territories are demanding independence and substantial régions want greater autonomy in economie matters. The geographie limits, the nature of the State, and the mode of government have never been so uncertain since the civil war turmoil of 1917-20. What kind of Russian state will emerge from this debris ?
L'autre Alexandre
Authors: Yerasimos Stéphane 
Published: November 2007

The Other Alexander, by Stéphane Yerasimos
The Macedonian question is currently the central issue governing relations between Yugoslavia, Bulgaria and Greece. This region, an extreme case of ethnie and religious mix, was partitioned in 1912. Bulgaria was left disatisfied and has laid irredentist daims more or less overtly ever since. Greece was disturbed by the proclamation of an independent Macedonia in September 1991, fearing eventual daims on its own territory, and refuses to recognise a state called Macedonia. As a resuit of this problem, developments in the Albanian situation, the growing involvement of Turkey and the increased concern of Western countries in the region, new alliances are being formed and new conflicts are on the horizon.
Les perspectives institutionnelles de l'Union européenne
Authors: Cohen-Tanugi Laurent 
Published: November 2007

The Institutional Prospects of the European Union, by Laurent Cohen-Tanugi
After the Maastricht crisis, the institutional prospects of the European enterprise are blurred by three sources of uncertainty : the ambiguities of the Treity on European Union, the aggiornamento of the European discourse produced by the ratification debates of 1992, and the lack of a commom vision of the institutional and political implications of enlargement. In view of the high stakes, the Twelve will have to demonstrate great political skills to lead the European Union through the sometimes conflicting constraints of diplomacy and democracy.
L'Accord général sur le commerce des services
Authors: Hindley Brian 
Published: November 2007

The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), by Brian Hindley
After the disputes of the early stages of the Uruguay Round negotiations on services, it is an achievement to have obtained agreement on a framework of rules for a General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). The difficulties of the negotiation, though, are reflected in the weakness of the framework, which, in itself, commits signatories to very little. The actual economie substance and impact of the GATS dépends on the market-access commitments of signatories and on the disciplines created by the Council for Trade in Services and the Dispute Seulement Body.
Les paradoxes de la politique étrangère polonaise
Authors: Zielonka Jan 
Published: November 2007

Paradoxes of Polish Foreign Policy, by Jan Zielonka
Poland, just released from the Soviet grip, is finding it difficult to assert her new international position between integrated but inward-looking Western Europe, and disintegrated and unstable Eastern Europe. Despite Poland's successes in generating economie growth, consolidating democracy and reforming the military, Poland's major foreign policy objectives — membership of the EU and NATO — are still distant prospects. Poland's relations with her Eastern neighbours are better than at any time in modem history, but they are nevertheless being hampered hy régional rivalities, economie difficultes, ethnie conflicts and political chaos. The West can make a serious contribution to peace and stability in Poland's part of Europe by allowing the Visegrad group to join the EU before the year 2000 or earlier.
Les Etats-Unis, l'ALENA et l'APEC
Authors: Subrenat Jean-Jacques , Ponta Nelly 
Published: November 2007

United States, NAFTA and APEC, by Jean-Jacques Subrenat et Nelly Ponta
In accordance with the électoral promises of Bill Clinton, the American Administration is giving priority to the economie renovation of the country and by the same token, the commercial dimension of its diplomatie action. NAFTA and its possible extension to the Latin sub-continent as well as American ambitions concerning APEC are tools to be used to reaffirm the power of Washington in the face of the major European and Asiatic blocs. The White House dees not however aim to relinquish more traditional methods such as multilateralism and bilateral pressures. However this strategy dœs have its limits. Will it not prove ulusory over the long-term ? Can a superpower such as the United States allow itself to lead a minimalist foreign policy ?
L'Amérique latine : échec ou renaissance ?
Authors: Lowenthal Abraham F. 
Published: November 2007

Is Latin America Over the Worst or Doomed to Failure?, by Abraham F. Lowenthal
Even if the future seems more promising than several years ago it is impossible to know if and when ail the Latin American and Caribbean countries will be able to overcome the numerous, major obstacles in their way to achieving sustainable economie development and efficient and lasting democratie government. The euphoria created by Latin America — often encouraged by the new capital ftows towards these markets, promotion of investments and the Wall Street Journal — is as unjustified today as the indiscriminate pessimism of five years ago. The following years could be marked by major setbacks such as economie stagnation, the revival of inflation, political instability and perhaps even a return to an authoritarian regime in certain cases. It would also be a mistake not to take into account social, economie and political progress achieved in numerous Latin American countries. The future of Latin America is far from being certain but in the medium to long-term seems promising.
La spécificité tunisienne en question
Authors: Grimaud Nicole 
Published: November 2007

What Makes Tunisia Different ?, by Nicole Grimaud
Since 1988, Algeria has foundered in an atypical crisis which has been exacerbated by the numerous manipulations of a divided power. Tunisia on the other hand has dealt in a much more thoughtful and original manner with the Islamist threat, present since the time of President Bourguiba. Since 1989 it has managed to develop and experiment with a comprehensive approach that combats Islamism by attacking its underlying causes. A close neighbour of Algeria, Tunisia cannot avoid but be affected by the crisis but its chosen policy should limit most repercussions.
Internationalisme pragmatique : l'opinion américaine au milieu de la décennie 1990
Authors: Rielly John 
Published: November 2007

Pragmatic Internationalism : American Public Opinion in the Mid-Nineties, by John E. Rielly
According to some of the most important general conclusions from the latest quadrennial survey of American public and leadership opinion sponsored by the Chicago Council on Foreign Relations, in late 1994, American public and leadership opinion can be summarized as reflecting a «pragmatic internationalism ». Approximately two thirds of the public and almost ail of the leaders still favor an active role for the United States in world affairs. Despite heightened emphasis on domestic concerns, United States results do not reflect a new isolationism. Almost half the public and leaders surveyed say the United States plays a more important role as a world leader today compared to ten years ago.
La non-prolifération nucléaire au XXIe siècle
Authors: Singh Jasjit 
Published: November 2007

Nuclear Non-Proliferation in the 21st Century, by Jasjit Singh
The NPT legitimises the possession of nuclear weapons. It may have limited the horizontal proliferation of nuclear weapons, but neither their vertical nor geographical proliferation. The 1995 Conference has only confirmed this trend, by establishing no link between extension ind disarmament (though they are indissociable), and by stressing the NPT's extension at the expense ofits review. India, though outside the NPT, is favourable both to a complete test ban and to the prohibition of fissile material production for military uses. Indian deterrence rests upon a non-weaponised nuclear posture in the face of China's conventional superiority (and despite an improvement of bilateral relations since 1987). The element of ambiguity in the nuclear status of India and Pakistan is more conducive to a modus vivendi between India, Pakistan, and China than explicit nuclear postures would be. Short of the complete and global elimination of nuclear weapons, the existing regional situation does provide for some strategie stability.
La conférence de prorogation du TNP et les questions de désarmement nucléaire
Authors: Duclos Michel 
Published: November 2007

The NPT Extension Conference and Issues in Nuclear Disarmament, by Michel Duclos
In the context of the end of the Cold War and in view of the threat of the dissemination of nuclear weapons, France has carried out special efforts towards nuclear disarmament and security assurances to non nuclear weapon states. Paris, being in favour of the indefinite extension of the NPT, has played an important part in the unfolding and in the eventual success of the extension conférence. The result came as a surprise, for nothing could have led one to expect such a compromise. What is most encouraging is the pragmatism and the universality of the commitments undertaken ; each and every state, he it nuclear or not, finds them to its advantage. New prospects for disarmament have also opened up, with the fortheoming conclusion of the CTBT, and the continuation of reductions in nuclear arsenals. Those are but a few elements in endeavouring to reduce world disorder, in which France must take an active part.
La France et le Moyen-Orient : entre nostalgie et réalisme
Authors: Kodmani-Darwish Bassma 
Published: November 2007

France and the Middle East, Between Nostalgia and Realism, by Bassma Kodmani-Darwish
After the election of Jacques Chirac, France has to think over its Middle Eastern policy, namely by modernising the concept of an " Arab policy " as initiated by General de Gaulle and defining the parameters of an efficient role in a changing Middle East. Europe has become the framework for a growing number of issues, particularly the Arab-Israeli peace process and the partnership with the Southern Mediterranean countries. Lastly a major challenge to France's diplomacy today is the Islamist factor in the Middle East towards which it should avoid devising an Islamic policy as an answer.
La Cour de justice : pivot de la construction européenne
Authors: Servan-Schreiber Pierre 
Published: November 2007

The Court of Justice: the Lynchpin of European Construction, by Pierre Servan-Schreiber
The extent of the jurisdiction of the European Community Court of Justice makes it unique in the world. It has self-proclaimed constitutional competences, first and last degree jurisdiction on certain matters, acts as a court of appeals on others, and also gives preliminary rulings. It has been a prime mover in the integration process by developing a teleological interpretation of the Community/Union treaties and by confering upon community law a 'direct effect' in national jurisdictions, with supremacy over domestic laws. During the Nineties, it has played an increasingly important role, notably with respect to the disputes between member states and the Commission over their respective competences, thus becoming a sort of constitutional Supreme Court.