bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sensory and chemical evaluation of stored oil‐roasted, high oleic nonoil sunflower kernels
Authors: Robertson J. A. , Lyon B. G. , Morrison W. H. , Miller J. F. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractHigh oleic acid (HOA) and high linoleic acid (HLA) nonoil (confectionery) sunflower kernels were oil‐roasted at 180 C and then stored at 27 C for up to 26 weeks (wk). At two‐ and/or four‐wk intervals, samples were removed for chemical and sensory analyses. Fatty acid composition of the oils extracted from the roasted kernels were as follows: HOA — 16:0, 3.6%; 18:0, 3.3%; 18:1, 68.3%, and 18:2, 23.7%; regular HLA — 16:0, 5.0%; 18:0, 3.5%; 18:1, 29.0%, and 18:2, 62.6%. Hunter L and a values and hue angle for HOA and HLA kernels changed significantly (P<0.01) during 26 wk storage. Hunter a values for HLA did not change significantly but Hunter a values for HOA decreased significantly (P<0.01) during storage. Free fatty acids (FFA) of both the HLA and the HOA kernels increased significantly (P<0.01) beginning at 16 wk storage. In addition, the FFA from HLA kernels were significantly higher (P<0.01) than those from HOA kernels. Both types of stored, roasted kernels showed significant differences in sensory scores from the control samples (regular HLA type held at −35 C) beginning at four wk but rate of change throughout storage was similar for both kernel types. Sensory data were combined with objective parameters to analyze the multivariate data set by VARCLUS. Four clusters of attributes were extracted that explained 71.9% of the variation in the data. The data show there was a significant increase in off‐flavor for both HLA and HOA kernels but no significant difference between the two types of kernels. Changes in the color of the sunflower kernels during storage evidently were not related to flavor quality.
Silicone polymers as foam control agents
Authors: Sawicki George C. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractOver the last decade, the European detergent industry has made tremendous strides to meet the everchanging demands of both consumers and regulatory bodies for improved detergent formulations. This has resulted in changes to almost every component of the traditional formulation, from the active system and the builder system to special nondetergent benefits. However, the magnitude of most of these improvements is dependent on effective foam control throughout the wash cycle, because European washing machines are lather intolerant. Optimum detergency can be achieved only when foam is controlled and the fabric is immersed in the wash liquor.In order to implement these formulation changes, the industry has sought improved foam control systems that are more effective than the traditional soap system. One such system is based on polydimethyl siloxane polymers. With proper formulation, these polymers provide performance over a wide temperature range and in a broad range of novel detergent formulations. Equally important is that they function at very low addition levels, thereby creating the formulation latitude for the inclusion of other wash active materials.The performance of these foam control agents in the detergent formulation is dependent on the method of incorporation. It is only with the advent of suitable processing techniques that such materials have become cost‐effective ingredients in new European detergent formulations. Finally, they represent a safe alternative as exhaustive testing over the past 30 years has established these materials as essentially innocuous and free of any significant toxicity.
Interaction of surfactants with alumina‐based thickening agents
Authors: Smith Dewey L. , Barclay David A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThis work reports on the rheological properties of alumina dispersions and how those properties change in the presence of alcohol ethyoxylate, sodium ether sulfate, sodium alcohol sulfate and sodium linear alkylbenzene sulfonate. The following conclusions were reached: alumina dispersions are pseudoplastic, that is, the viscosity decreases with increasing shear rate, and they are also thixotropic, that is, the viscosity decreases with time if the shear rate is held constant. When shearing is stopped, the viscosity gradually recovers. At pH 9, the alumina dispersion studied consisted of suspended aluminum hydroxide flocs. The hindered flow of flocs past one another gave the dispersion a high viscosity. When surfactants were added to the dispersion, the viscosity decreased.
Biodegradation of synthetic detergents evaluation by community trials: I. Linear alkylbenzene sulphonates
Authors: Mann A. H. , Reid V. W. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe biodegradability of a number of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) has been evaluated by field trials with a trickling filter sewage plant serving a small community. All the LAS material examined showed a satisfactory order of biodegradability. In all the LAS materials examined, aeration of the sewage effluent resulted in further biodegradation to a degree corresponding to 96% to 99% degradation of the LAS present in the settled sewage. The results of laboratory scale biodegradation tests are largely in agreement with those obtained in the field trials. However, with tests of the simple open bottle type, such as the test of the U.K. Standing Technical Committee on Synthetic Detergents, misleading indications of low biodegradability may sometimes be obtained on products of higher molecular weight. Such products do not appear to acclimatize sufficiently rapidly to bacteria under the conditions of the open‐bottle test. Under practical sewage treatment conditions, or with tests which simulate these, a high order of biodegradation is obtained. There were only minor differences in biodegradability between an LAS derived from paraffins and those derived from cracked wax olefins.
Denatured hemoproteins as catalysts in lipid oxidation
Authors: Eriksson C. E. , Olsson P. A. , Svensson S. G. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractPurified catalase and peroxidase were denatured by heat, acid and urea. Denaturation resulted in up to 22‐fold increase in nonenzymatic lipid oxidation activity concomitant with loss of enzymatic activity. It is proposed that the increased nonenzymatic activity is due to increased exposure of the heme group. Acid‐splitting of the hemoproteins into apoprotein and hemin had the greatest influence on both of the catalytic activities and recombination reversed the effect. Urea‐denatured hemoprotein possessed increased nonenzymatic activity due to increased exposure of the protein‐bound heme, however, peroxidase increased less than catalase which is consistent with the fact that peroxidase is the more heat stable enzyme. Nonenzymatic activity of the heat denatured hemoproteins was maximum when catalase was treated at 90 C for 2 min and peroxidase at 100 to 125 C for 5 to 30 min.
Textured and shaped oilseed protein food products
Authors: Wilding M. D. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe major emphasis in developing textured and shaped protein foods has been with the use of soy proteins. The availability at a low stable price, the high protein content and quality, and the inherent chemical properties of the protein allowing for unique structure development are major reasons for its strong world‐wide use. The changing economic trends of many basic protein foods are creating a need for the use of unique textured proteins either as ingredients in existing foods or allowing improved functionality in new products. The two main procedures for texturing and shaping oilseed protein are spinning of protein isolates, and direct extrusion of flour. The spinning technique is more expensive and has greater product functionality in contrast to the direct extrusion method. Consumer acceptance is in large part correlated with the technological success of imparting desirable colors, flavors and textural properties in the finished food product. Examples of these variations are given. The use level of these textured proteins, particularly in meat products, are restricted by labeling standards. The present regulations are not clearly defined. Current proposals for labeling textured vegetable proteins when used with meat products involve standards on a ratio to meat basis.
Removal of nonhydratable phospholipids from soybean oil
Authors: Hvolby A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractOn the basis of the literature concerning the chemical and physicochemical properties of phosphatidic acid and phosphatidates, an experimental investigation of the conditions under which nonhydratable phospholipids (Mg/Ca‐phosphatidates) are removable from water degummed soybean oil was carried out. The experiments were carried out by mixing water‐degummed oil at different fixed pH values with buffer solutions with and without admixture of Ca++, Mg/Ca‐binding reagents and surfactants. The results indicate that the nonhydratable phospholipids can be removed in a chemically nonconverted state as a component of micelles or of mixed emulsifiers. Furthermore, the nonhydratable phospholipids are removable by conversion into dissociated form, i.e., by removal of Mg and Ca from the phosphatidates, which can be accomplished by acidulation or by treatment with Mg/Ca‐complexing or Mg/Ca‐precipitating reagents. Alkali‐refining experiments have shown that removal or chemical conversion of the nonhydratable phospholipids result in reduced emulsion formation and in improved separation of the deacidified oil from the emulsion layer and the soapstock.
Evidence for hydroperoxide formation in the autoxidation of methyl linolenate
Authors: Privett O. S. , Nickell Christense , Tolberg Wesley E. , Paschke Raymond F. , Wheeler Donald H. , Lundberg W. O. 
Published: January 2007

Summary1. The results of chemical, spectral, and distillation analyses on the isolated oxidized fractions of three samples of methyl linolenate autoxidized at 0°C. to peroxide values from 600 to 760 m.e./kg. indicated that about 60% of the products consisted of cis, transconjugated diene methyl octadecatrienoate‐monohy‐droperoxide.2. A product was isolated from the reduced peroxide concentrates which consisted of about 90% cis, transconjugated diene methyl monohydroxyoctadecatrienoate.3. Analytical micromolecular distillation analyses showed that the total oxidized material isolated from samples of autoxidized methyl linolenate contained only about 15% polymeric material under the conditions of autoxidation employed in this study.4. Linolenate was shown to be similar to linoleate in forming a cis, trans‐conjugated monomeric monohydroperoxide as a major initial product of autoxidation at 0°C.
Salmonella in relation to agriculture
Authors: Saulmon E. E. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSome of the more extensive programs directed to the control of salmonellosis in domestic animals, which have been conducted by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, are identified. These have been singularly successful, insofar as the economics of production is concerned. However, they fall short of meeting the present market demand for food free from all of the 900–1,200 odd serotype species ofSalmonella considered potentially infectious for man. The increasing incidence of salmonellosis in man, and the identification of domestic animals as a major reservoir of various species ofSalmonella, has made it necessary to broaden the objective of existing programs, expand the research effort, and intensify testing schedules in many of the existing regulatory control programs. The activities of a special salmonella task force set up to coordinate research with the needs of the various regulatory agencies specifically concerned are reviewed. Data developed by the Animal Health Division in a market survey of feed and feed ingredients as carriers of salmonella are presented. The more pressing problems and the current programs within other Divisions are discussed, insofar as the findings to date may serve to identify future needs.
The Cause and Prevention of Glassware Corrosion in Domestic Mechanical Diswashers
Authors: Rutkowski B. J. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractLaboratory scale procedures and practical tests were used to study the problem of glassware corrosion (permanent filming) in domestic mechanical dishwashers. Results of these tests showed glassware corrosion to be caused by alkali attack of the glass structure. It was also found that sequestrants such as sodium tripolyphosphate greatly accelerate the corrosive action of alkali. Silicates, certain metals and metal oxides were found to inhibit glassware corrosion. The basis for this inhibiting effect is believed to be adsorption on the glass surface of reaction products of these materials in an alkaline solution.
Binary freezing point behavior of some saturated and unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters with methyl heptadecanoate
Authors: Bailey August V. , Harris James A. , Skau Evald L. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe binary freezing point behavior of methyl heptadecanoate with methyl laurate, methyl myristate, methyl palmitate, methyl stearate, methyl elaidate and methyl petroselaidate have been determined. Both stable and metastable polymorphic forms were observed. Methyl laurate formed a simple eutectic with a region of metastable equilibrium. Methyl myristate formed a simple eutectic of stable equilibrium and a solid solution of metastable equilibrium. Methyl palmitate exhibited a solid solution of metastable equilibrium terminating in a eutectic and a region of discontinuous stable equilibrium. Methyl stearate formed a solid solution of metastable wquilibrium and also continuous stable equilibrium which formed an incongruently melting molecular compound that terminated in a eutectic point. Methyl heptadecanonate with the unsaturated eighteen carbon atom acid methyl esters exhibited only simple eutectic points and a small region of metastable equilibrium. The binary freezing point behavior of the methyl esters in general resemble that of the corresponding ethyl esters. The limited results of mixtures of methyl esters of an odd carbon acid with unsaturated acids indicate an induced stabilizing effect caused by unsaturation in the carbon chain.
Uses of digital computers in theoretical analytical chemistry: III. Some computational experiments on irregularities in countercurrent distribution
Authors: Eddy C. Roland , Martin Virginia G. , Showell John S. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThese computations were formulated to answer some questions concerning variations in construction and operation of countercurrent distribution apparatus. An optimum, ideal separation was simulated for passage of two compounds through a countercurrent distribution, followed by simulation of several departures from the optimum. A significant decrease in separating efficiency was found to be produced by deviation of upper‐lower volume ratio from the optimum value, retainment of a portion of the upper (traveling) phase after transfer, and originally introducing solute into more than one tube before beginning the transfers. Little effect on separating efficiency was produced by randomness in tube volumes or randomness in upper (traveling) phase volumes due to time variation of solvent input. Variations in the distribution ratios can also cause significant enhancement or deterioration in separating efficiency.
Observations on the destruction of cyclopropene fatty acids of cottonseed oil on exposure to visible light
Authors: Sastry Y. Sita Rama , Lakshminarayana Gollamudi 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe destruction of cyclopropene fatty acids of cottonseed oil on exposure to light from a 500 W tungsten bulb was studied under various conditions in the laboratory. The Halphen test was used to determine the destruction. Visible light exerted a strong catalytic effect and oxygen, at least in traces, was necessary. In 4–12 hr the Halphen response was negative for refined cottonseed oil (0.2–10 ml) sealed in a 50 ml flask at 1 mm Hg without apparent peroxide development. No significant difference was noticed in the peroxide development pattern of the exposed and unexposed samples in the airoven stability test.
Unusual resin acids in tall oil
Authors: Zinkel Duane F. , Rowe John W. , Zank Lester C. , Gaddie D. W. , Ruckel E. R. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractCombinations of silver nitrate column, gel permeation and gas liquid chromatography were used to isolate 8,15‐pimaradien‐18‐oic, 8,15‐isopimaradien‐18‐oic and the secodehydroabietic, 2α‐[2′(m‐isopropylphenyl)ethyl]1β,3α‐dimethylcyclohexanecarboxylic acids as their methyl esters from a fraction of distilled tall oil.
Soil removal in relation to total work input; a calorimetric approach for model wash systems
Authors: Loeb L. , Shuck R. O. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA simple, straightforward method, utilizing the concepts of classical adiabatic calorimetry, for direct measurement of total energy delivery to bench scale clothes washing systems is described. The results of such measurements can be expressed in conventional work units such as calories per unit weight or per unit area of fabric. Using this method, total energy input is measured and related to soil removal in model wash systems using a standard cotton soil cloth. The relationship between energy input and soil removal is considered for a number of situations involving variations in stroke rate, load weight and detergent concentration. Finally, these results are used to develop a modified definition of detergency which places the emphasis on the efficiency of mechanical energy utilization in a soil removal process.
The relationship of the dimer content of rosin determined by gas chromatography to crystallization time
Authors: Leonard R. H. , Kubitz K. A. , Rockwell J. N. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe resin acid dimer content of rosin influences the crystallization time, as determined with the Burrell‐Castor Gelometer. A gas chromatographic packing prepared by treatment of Chromosorb W with dimethyldichlorosilane and trimethylchlorosilane resolved the methyl esters of rosin dimers into 15 components. A vacuum stripping method for assay of rosin dimer agrees with results obtained by quantitative gas chromatography.
The effect of diet on the phospholipid composition of the red blood cells of man
Authors: Hill J. G. , Kuksis A. , Beveridge J. M. R. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractShort term (16 day) controlled fat (formula type diet) feeding to 10 healthy adult males led to no detectable change in the total amt or the relative proportions of the individual phospholipids of the red blood cells, although limited changes did occur in the fatty acids of certain of the phospholipids.The total phospholipid content of the red blood cells was 315ŷ10 mg/100 ml (average of 20 samples). Lecithin accounted for 34% of the total, with sphingomyelin, phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidyl serine representing 25, 25 and 16%, respectively. Approx 36% of the phosphatidyl ethanolamine, 4% of the phosphatidyl serine and 6% of the lecithin was present in the plasmalogen form.Each phospholipid class was found to have a distinctive fatty acid spectrum. The M ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids in all three phosphoglycerides was nearly 1:1. Behenic, lignoceric and nervonic acids made up almost half of the sphingomyelin fatty acids, and the M ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids in this lipid was 3:1.When compared with red cells from subjects consuming a diet with a high butter fat content, red cells from subjects on a diet rich in corn oil were found to contain higher levels of linoleic acid in the lecithin and phosphatidyl serine fractions, and lower levels of oleic acid in the lecithin fraction. No changes were observed in the fatty acids of the phosphatidyl ethanolamine and sphingomyelin fractions. It is probable that these alterations represent the result of highly specific exchanges with plasma fatty acids, and it is suggested that three levels of specificity are involved: class of phospholipid, type of fatty acid, and specific fatty acid.
Plant proteins: Their role in the future
Authors: Bird Kermit 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSchools in the U.S. used about 60 million lb of hydrated textured vegetable protein in 1973–74 compared with 40 million lb in 1972–73 and 28 million lb in 1971–72. Plant proteins are projected to replace ca. 2146 million lb meats and other proteins in the U.S. by 1980.
Physical aging of even saturated monoacid triglycerides
Authors: Whittam James H. , Rosano Henri L. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe polymorphism and kinetics of phase transformations of triglycerides have been investigated using a polarizing microscope equipped with a variable temperature gradient stage. Differential thermal analysis, X‐ray, NMR, and IR data supplement the visual observations. The α‐polymorphic transformation was observed to change with time in the cases of trilaurin, trimyristin, tripalmitin, tristearin, triarachidin, and tribehenin and can be described by the equation:urn:x-wiley:0003021x:equation:aocs0128-math-0001The greater stability of the α‐polymorph chain triglycerides can be attributed to the larger energy of activation needed for the transition to occur. Estimates of the energy of activation (14–76 kcal/chain) imply that, not only does the transformation process involve simple Van der Waals CH2‐CH2 interactions, but one must also consider chain‐chain entanglement.
Jaocs news feature: Collaborative study of the determination of total oil in sunflower seed
Authors: Robertson James A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA collaborative study was made of two methods for determining the total oil content of sunflower seed. The seed of three sunflower varieties of low, medium, and high oil content were analyzed on different days by 12 collaborators. In one method, the sunflower seeds were ground with an equivalent wt of diatomaceous earth. In the second method, the seeds were ground with a high‐speed grinder without diatomaceous earth. The method using diatomaceous earth in the grinding of the seed gave a significantly higher oil content for all three varieties. It was recommended that total oil on a per cent dry wt basis be calculated from the moisture determination of the whole seed and not from the moisture of ground sample, which was too variable.
Some factors affecting hydrogenation of milk fat
Authors: Smith Lloyd M. , Vasconcellos Andres 
Published: January 2007

AbstractHydrogenation of milk fat with palladium and nickel as catalysts was studied at various temperatures, pressures, and concentrations of catalyst. Samples were removed from the laboratory hydrogenator at intervals during the reaction, and changes in refractive index, iodine value, Wiley mp, and percentages of fatty acids andtrans‐isomers were determined. Palladium was several times more active as a catalyst than nickel. Milk fat with an iodine value of 35 and mp of 34 C was hydrogenated with 0.05% palladium to an iodine value of 6 and a mp of 46 C in 30 min at 66 C and 53 psi of hydrogen. Kinetic data for each catalyst yielded two slopes, indicating that a change in reaction rate occurred.
Linseed oil emulsions for protecting concrete
Authors: Kubie W. L. , Cowan J. C. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractEmulsions of boiled linseed oil have certain physical characteristics suitable for application to concrete both as curing and antispalling agents. This preliminary report gives methods of preparation, physical properties and use of these compositions including application to NRRL sidewalks and parking lots. Emulsions appear to be comparable to solutions of boiled linseed oil in mineral spirits for imparting resistance to spalling. Emulsions create fewer fire hazards than the solutions, and permit easier cleaning of the equipment used in spraying. Tests show that the emulsions are effective in protecting airentrained concrete from damage that results from the application of deicing materials and concurrent freeze‐thaw cycles. Emulsions are effective both as curing and antispalling agents. Linseed oil was applied at the rate of 0.16 to 0.20 lb/sq yd.