bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Appraisal of Hydration Characteristics of Dead Burnt Dolomite Grains
Authors: Das SK , Ghosh A , Das PK , Banerjee G 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Five different Indian dolomites are densified by the process of two-stage sintering at 1923 K (1650°C). Hydration of the dead burnt dolomite by all three test methods is found to be strongly influenced by the bulk density and grain size of the dolomite. In spite of wide variations in test conditions, equivalent disintegrating actions have been identified by varying test duration. In all three test methods the distintegration of doloma grain during hydration has been found to be related to the generation of Ca(OH)2. Selective hydration of CaO has been confirmed by SEM study. Results on the disintegration characteristics, bulk density, and rehydration behavior of the hydrated doloma grain are also presented.
A Suggested Procedure for Combined Mode I — Mode III Fracture Toughness Testing
Authors: Manoharan M , Hirth JP , Rosenfield AR 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Mode I fracture toughness testing is well developed and standards exist for determining both Mode I critical stress intensity factors and J integrals. However, combined Mode I — Mode III testing is not so well developed and no standards exist. The aim of this paper is to suggest a testing procedure for studying mixed-mode crack initiation and growth under linear-elastic and elastic-plastic conditions. Suitably defined formulations of the stress intensity factor denoted Kic and Jiiic were used to characterize linear elastic fracture. Under elastic-plastic conditions, suitable versions of the J integral denoted Jic and Jiiic were used to characterize crack initiation and the slopes of the resolved J resistance curves to characterize crack growth. Effects caused by surface rubbing which operate at high values of the Mode III/Mode I ratio are recognized as a complication in interpreting the data.
Optimal Stress Amplitude Selection in Estimating Median Fatigue Limits Using Small Samples
Authors: Little RE 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe minimum variance strategy for specimen allocation in estimating median fatigue limits using small sample sizes is explained. Its implementation using microcomputer programs to select automatically the most effective stress amplitude for testing the next specimen is discussed. Applications involving modified up-and-down tests and estimation of strength percentiles are presented. An appendix illustrates strategies effective in preliminary tests.
Hardness Gradients within Roll-Threaded Steel Nails
Authors: White MS , McLain TE , Padla D , Kasal B 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Standard methods of testing nails include measures of Rockwell hardness, using the C scale. Because of the relatively small cross-sectional area of nail shanks, Rockwell measurements are normally limited to one per nail cross section. Therefore Rockwell hardness tests cannot detect the presence of any hardness gradients within the nail cross section. Since hardness is a direct indicator of certain strength characteristics, such gradients could influence nail quality and hence the performance of nailed joints.
Vickers micro-hardness tests of regions within the shanks of threaded non-hardened and hardened nails of several wire diameters and SAE classes were conducted to assess any hardness gradients within the nail-shank cross section. Mean hardness of both non-hardened and hardened nails increased with increased carbon content over the range of 0.10 to 0.40 wt% (1010, 1022, and 1040 SAE class steel wire).
However, the Vickers hardness number was relatively uniform across the nail shank diameter, indicating a lack of significant hardness gradient. This uniformity was found in all nail-shank diameters within the range of 2.7 to 3.4 mm (0.105 to 0.135 in.) or SAE number classes. Consequently, a single Rockwell macro-hardness measure of several properly prepared nail surfaces should give a reliable indication of nail-shank hardness.
A Computer-Aided Image System for Analyzing Cracks Created by Nailing in Wood
Authors: Lau PWC , Tardif Y 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Initial crack length is an important parameter in fracture mechanic studies. Driving a nail into wood causes cracks to form which are the bases for subsequent crack development as a result of loading or drying. This report describes a computer-aided image system with which the induced crack size and shape were characterized. Typical examples of measurements of cracks as affected by species, nail type, and initial wood moisture content are also presented. Comparisons between computer-generated images and a reference test pattern indicate that the method is accurate. Crack sizes and shapes were seen to be affected by all the parameters investigated. Crack propagation tends to be at its maximum near or at the nail-exit face but can occur anywhere within the crack profile.
Influence of Overload Plastic Zone Size on Stress Corrosion Crack Growth Behavior of a Low Alloy Steel in 3.0% NaCl Solution
Authors: Putatunda SK , Venugopal V 
Published: February 2009

AbstractAn investigation was carried out to examine the influence of overload plastic zone size on stress corrosion crack growth behavior for a low alloy steel. The investigation also examines the influence of initial stress intensity factor on stress corrosion crack growth behavior. Compact tension specimens with TL orientation prepared from SAE 4140 steel in the hardened and tempered condition were used. Two pertinent environments were chosen: deionized water at room temperature (23°C) and 3.0% NaCl solution at room temperature (23°C).The specimens were initially precracked in fatigue and loaded to different levels of stress intensity factors. Crack growth behavior of these specimens was studied by keeping them submerged in deionized water and 3.0% NaCl solution to establish a base line. To examine the influence of overload plastic zone size on stress corrosion crack growth behavior, the precracked specimens were overloaded to various load levels (i.e., 5, 10, 25, and 50% more than their initial stress intensity level [Ki]) and then unloaded. The crack growth behavior of these specimens was then monitored in a similar fashion after reloading to the original initial stress intensity level. The influence of initial stress intensity level on the incubation period for the growth of the crack and on the stress corrosion crack growth rate was also examined.The results of the present investigation demonstrate that the incubation period for the growth of stress corrosion cracking increases with an increase in overload plastic zone size. The crack growth rate at a constant initial stress intensity level was found to be lower in salt water solution than in deionized water. The incubation period for the growth of stress corrosion cracking was found to decrease with an increase in initial stress intensity level.Once the crack has grown beyond the introduced overload plastic zone, the crack growth rate was found to resume its normal rate. However, for the similar overload plastic zone size, the reduction of the effective crack growth rate was found to be greater in deionized water than in salt solution. This reduction in effective crack growth rate in overloaded specimens can be attributed to the presence of residual compressive stresses in the crack tip region in overloaded specimens.
Use of Cantilever Specimens to Determine Microcreep Properties
Authors: Santner JS 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Cantilever beams were employed to determine the microyield strength (MYS) and the microstress relaxation (MSR) behavior of composites for stable member applications. Cantilever beams were designed and the compliance determined using resistance strain gages. Two different composites were tested: 2124-T6/30% SiC and Al-2.5Mg/20% SiC. A 2124-T6/30%SiC composite, previously tested under axial compression, was used to compare its data with the results of this study using bend specimens. The latter material was chosen because of its lower yield strength and modulus. The cantilever beam geometry is a significantly easier configuration to test and obtain over one per million resolution in strain than equivalent axial compression specimens. This allows cost-effective development of microcreep data using readily available standard mechanical test equipment. Additional test development work may permit this technique to be developed into an ASTM standard. It also offers the opportunity to measure the elastic, plastic, and anelastic strain components to develop engineering materials with improved MYS and MSR properties.
A Method for Uniform Shear Stress-Strain Analysis of Adhesives
Authors: Wycherley GW , Mestan SA , Grabovac I 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The adaptation of the Iosipescu test as a method for determination of the stress and strain to failure and the shear modulus of adhesives under uniform shear conditions is described. The design and performance of a number of special purpose instruments and jigs to facilitate sample preparation, bond line thickness measurement, and shear displacement determinations are also described. Representative shear stress-strain curves of a nylon-epoxy film adhesive are presented.
Fatigue Behavior of a Cold-Rolled SAE Grade 945X HSLA Steel
Authors: Yu MT , DuQuesnay DL , Topper TH 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A SAE Grade 945X HSLA steel was cold rolled to 30% and 61% thickness reductions. Monotonic tensile tests, smooth and notched specimen fatigue tests, and crack propagation tests were performed. The effect of loading direction was examined. As a general rule, cold rolling increased strength and decreased ductility. The strength was higher and the ductility was lower in the direction transverse to the rolling direction than in the longitudinal or rolling direction. The increase in smooth specimen fatigue strength was not as great as the increase in monotonic strength due to significant cyclic softening of the cold rolled metals. The notched fatigue strength was only slightly increased by cold rolling, since two opposing factors (the smooth specimen fatigue strength and notch sensitivity) were increased by cold rolling. The crack propagation rate and the threshold stress intensity were not significantly affected by cold rolling. All strength parameters of the SAE 945X HSLA steel, both hot rolled and cold rolled, were higher than those of a SAE 1010 plain carbon steel previously investigated.
Plastic Strain Ratio (r) for Sheet Metal: Effect of Gage Length and Width Measurement Locations Using Reduced Section Specimens
Authors: Taylor JS , Scherrer DK 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Recent advances in computer-controlled testing technology have resulted in the capability of determining r-values during routine tension testing. During axial straining, there are differences in width reduction over the length of the reduced parallel section due to shoulder constraint. Because of these changes in width reduction, the magnitude of the calculated r-value is dependent upon the gage length and width measurement location. The use of a 50 mm (2 in.) or less longitudinal strain sensor with a single transverse center width sensor does not presently comply with ASTM Test for Plastic Strain Ratio r for Sheet Metal (E 517). Yet the data from this work demonstrate that excellent r-value results can be obtained using a 50 mm (2 in.) longitudinal sensor with a single center transverse sensor while still maintaining a 57 mm (2¼ in.) reduced parallel section which complies with ASTM Tests and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products (A 370) and Tension Testing of Metallic Materials (E 8).
Crevice Corrosion Testing in Natural Seawater: Significance and Use of Multiple Crevice Assemblies
Authors: Kain RM 
Published: February 2009

AbstractMultiple crevice assemblies (MCAs) have been used for over a dozen years to assess the crevice corrosion resistance of stainless-type alloys in seawater and other chloride-containing environments. This paper provides a review of the technique's development, modification, and present usage and discusses its limitations. Results of comparative round-robin testing and other seawater crevice corrosion studies provide perspectives on reproducibility. Insight from established corrosion mechanisms and modelling help to explain variability for some materials. Several examples of alloy rankings and beneficial effects of alloy composition determined by MCA tests are discussed.
A Rapid Method for Measurement of Rolling Contact Fatigue Limit of Case-Hardened Gear Materials
Authors: Jiang B , Shao E 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A rapid method for measurement of the rolling contact fatigue limit of case-hardened gear materials was developed according to Miner theory [1] by step loading. For performing the fatigue test by the rapid method, only one specimen is needed and no more than a few hours of testing are required. With respect to the conventional method it can increase testing efficiency by a hundred times. The relative error of the resulting fatigue limit is less than 5%.
Dynamic Strain-Aging and Neutron Irradiation Effects on Mechanical and Fracture Properties of A533B Class 1 PV Steel and 2.25Cr-1Mo Steel
Authors: Mahmood ST , Al-Otaibi KM , Jung YH , Linga Murty K 
Published: February 2009

AbstractEffects of dynamic strain-aging (DSA) on upper-shelf ductility of A533B Class1 pressure vessel (PV) and 2.25Cr-1Mo steels are discussed along with those of low fluence (5 × 1021 n/m2) fast (&gt;1 MeV) neutron irradiation on mechanical and fracture properties of the PV steel. Mechanical and fracture property data were generated using tensile and three-point bend tests. Tests were performed on as-received and irradiated A533B steel and as-received 2.25Cr-1Mo steel as a function of test temperature and applied strain-rate in the range of 300 to 623 K and 6.7 × 10−5 s−1 to 1 × 10−2 s−1, respectively. The tests were aimed at characterizing the effects of DSA on the mechanical and fracture behaviors of these steels as well as investigating the synergistic effects of DSA, and radiation defects.Reduced ductility and fracture initiation energy were observed in both steels in the temperature and strain-rate ranges where DSA occurred. This range of temperatures corresponded to the uppershelf regime for PV steel. The strain-aging characteristics were very similar to those observed in mild steels albeit the load fluctuations and effects are relatively small. At some temperatures and strainrates, irradiation suppressed DSA resulting in improved mechanical and fracture characteristics at these relatively low fluences. Surface morphology studies performed on the fractured specimens of Cr-Mo steel revealed significant changes in the usual ductile fracture appearance at temperatures where DSA was noted.
A K1 Calibration for a Modified Single Edge Notched Tension Specimen
Authors: Kirk MT , Sanford RJ 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Using global and boundary collocation techniques, a single edge notched tension (SE(T)) specimen, modified by introduction of a semi-circular cutout in front of the crack, was developed and characterized. This specimen was found to produce fixed-grip K1 values two times greater than is possible with a conventional SE(T) specimen of the same size. This new specimen could be used to investigate upper transition crack arrest phenomena with smaller specimens and testing machine capacities than have been possible previously.
Force Plate for Corrugated Container Vibration Tests
Authors: Urbanik TJ 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A stack of corrugated containers subjected to over-the-road vibrations behaves like a distributed spring-mass system. Severe stack vibrations can crush the bottom container, fatigue the product cushioning, and damage the product. Laboratory tests were conducted to characterize the spring-mass system response to vibration by using a force plate combined with a single accelerometer. By using the force plate, only two data acquisition channels are needed to measure the driving acceleration and response force beneath a container stack. The acceleration and force data become input to a model that reduces the stack to an equivalent single-degree-of-freedom system and identifies its properties. The merits of alternate stacking patterns and interior packaging can then be quantified in terms of their generalized mass, stiffness, and damping and the effect of these properties on the stack response. Cushioning vibration characteristics are determined for flexible product-container interactions. Container designs can be improved based on understanding the physics of transportation vibrations.
Fracture of Defect Foam Core Sandwich Beams
Authors: Groth HL , Zenkert D 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
In the manufacturing of foam core sandwich structures, butt-joints are frequently used within the core. However, inherent flaws may be developed in such joints. Hence areas of stress concentration, such as sharp corners, will exist that may have critical influence on structural behavior. The same type of sharp corners appears in a standard shear test (ASTM C 273) used for determination of shear properties of core materials.
The present paper deals with the analysis of flawed butt-joints in sandwich beams. The analysis is based on a fracture mechanics approach. It is assumed that sharp bi-material corners will be present between the core and face material in the sandwich beam which can be compared with the interface between the core material and the edge plates in the shear test specimen. Such sharp corners develop singular stress fields which are used together with a suitable fracture criterion to predict structural failure in sandwich beams. The results from the standard shear tests for core materials are used to evaluate fracture mechanics parameters. These parameters are used for the prediction of fracture loads of sandwich beams with simulated flaws.
Damage Tolerance Analysis of Multiple-Site Cracks Emanating from Hole Array
Authors: Nishimura T , Noguchi Y , Uchimoto T 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A versatile method is discussed for estimating stress intensity factors for multiple-site cracks emanating from a row of fastener holes located perpendicular to the loading direction in a finite plate. The stress intensity factor is determined by multiplying geometry factors based upon existing solutions for simpler geometries (cracks at hole, plate width, neighboring holes, and other cracks). The accuracy of the stress intensity factor is checked by comparing the solutions obtained from other literature and those calculated by the finite element method. Finally, the proposed stress intensity solution is used to estimate fatigue crack propagation for multiple-site cracks emanating from five fastener holes in a finite width plate. Through this estimate, the proposed method is assessed by comparing predictions with test results.
Fatigue Crack Characterization by Ultrasonic Inspection
Authors: Rehbein DK , Thompson RB , Buck O 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe ultrasonic interrogation of components for the detection and sizing of defects has advantages over other techniques in that surface as well as subsurface defects can be probed. However, the phenomenon of crack closure or crack surface contact can reduce the detectability of a crack and lead to erroneous crack sizing. The significance of crack closure is twofold: (1) It is important for the interpretation of fatigue data, in particular as affected by the stress ratio, by spike overloads/underloads, and by threshold effects. (2) It affects the detection probability of fatigue cracks, which influences strongly the capability for accurate life prediction. In the present paper, the interaction of ultrasound with fatigue cracks will be discussed with primary emphasis on the first objective.The experimental configuration of our ultrasonic measurements is such that a fatigue crack is illuminated by a longitudinal wave incident perpendicular to the crack face and focussed in the plane of the crack. The longitudinal wave is partially transmitted by the closure zone and picked up by another focussed receiver transducer. By changing the angular orientation of this receiver, longitudinal or transverse polarized waves diffracted in the closure zone can be detected. By spectral analysis, translation of the sample with respect to the detection system and rotation of the receiver, one can monitor the frequency, spatial, and angular dependence of the crack transmissivity. These data are composed with a “spring” model, which replaces the topological description of the closure region, providing the spatial distribution of the average diameter, d, and average separation, C, of the contacts.From this contact topology and the “flow pressure” (three times the ultimate tensile strength) of the material we deduced the residual stress field in the wake of the crack. These results agree well with X-ray diffraction measurements. Furthermore, we estimated the “shielding” stress intensity factor using these results for a number of fatigue cracks grown under a variety of loading conditions. If shielding is taken into account, the effects of load excursions on fatigue crack propagation can be estimated with reasonable accuracy.
Bore Inspection and Life Evaluation of Vintage Steam Turbine/Generator Rotors
Authors: Jhansale HR , McCann DR 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This paper describes the approach and methodology used for bore inspection and life evaluation/extension of vintage steam turbine spindles and generator rotors for continued service. The non-destructive inspections, including visual, magnetic particle, and ultrasonic, together with flaw sizing procedures, are described. Life evaluation and extension approaches include conventional and finite element stress and thermal analyses, state-of-the-art material evaluation studies, and fatigue, creep, and fracture mechanics based techniques. Based on the experience of these ongoing studies on over 250 spindles and rotors (manufactured by Allis-Chalmers, General Electric, and Westinghouse), two essential recommendations are made. Firstly, it is best to evaluate each vintage spindle/rotor on a case-by-case basis instead of a historical and generic basis. Secondly, most of the vintage spindles/rotors can continue to be used safely and with a high degree of reliability with proper periodic inspections and evaluations and life extension measures as needed.
Handbook of Environmental Fate and Exposure Data for Organic Chemicals
Authors: Mones E 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Volume I in this series deals with organic chemicals that fall into the category of large production volumes and priority pollutants. This reference work is well organized and easy to follow. It provides not only data but a brief discussion of particular topics such as log octanol/water partition coefficient, biodegradation, abiotic degradation, and bioconcentration. The author's description of each of these topics extremely helpful, especially to those using these types of data for the first time. However, all terms used in these sections are not defined. While there are some minor differences in some physical data between this and other reference books, the author supplies the reference with the data, allowing one to easily find the original source. It is also important to realize that, while this is a good reference book, for fate and exposure data, no aquatic toxicity data are listed.