bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Systematic Approach to Analysing Gene-Gene Interactions: Polymorphisms at the Microsomal Epoxide Hydrolase EPHX and Glutathione S-transferase GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 Loci and Breast Cancer Risk
Authors: Spurdle Amanda B. , Chang Jiun-Horng , Byrnes Graham B. , Chen Xiaoqing , Dite Gillian S. , McCredie Margaret R.E. , Giles Graham G. , Southey Melissa C. , Chenevix-Trench Georgia , Hopper John L. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
Objective: We undertook a case-control study in an Australian Caucasian population-based sample of 1,246 cases and 664 controls to assess the roles of detoxification gene polymorphisms EPHX T&gt;C Tyr113His, GSTT1 deletion, GSTM1 deletion, and GSTP1 A&gt;G Ile105Val on risk of breast cancer.
Methods: We systematically addressed the main effects and possible gene-gene interactions using unconditional logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (OR) adjusted for potential confounders and using standard model building approaches based on likelihood theory.
Results: There was a decreased risk associated with the EPHX CC genotype [OR, 0.60; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.43-0.84; P = 0.003], marginally significant evidence of increased risk with GSTM1 null genotype (OR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.00-1.47; P = 0.05), but no association with GSTT1 null genotype (OR, 1.12; 95% CI, 0.86-1.45; P = 0.4) or GSTP1 (OR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.82-1.10; P = 0.5) genotype. The full model with all interactions gave a significantly better fit than a main-effects-only model (P &lt; 0.001), providing evidence for gene-gene interactions. The most parsimonious model included main effects for EPHX, GSTT1, and GSTM1; a two-way interaction between EPHX and GSTM1; and a three-way interaction between EPHX, GSTM1, and GSTT1. Predicted risks were greatest for women carrying deletions of both GSTT1 and GSTM1, with either the EPHX TC genotype (OR, 2.02; 95% CI, 1.19-3.45; P = 0.009) or EPHX CC genotype (OR, 3.54; 95% CI, 1.29-9.72; P = 0.14).
Conclusion: Detoxification gene polymorphisms may interact with each other to result in small groups of individuals at modestly increased risk. We caution against overinterpretation and suggest that pooling of similarly large studies is needed to clarify the possible role of such complex gene-gene interactions on breast cancer risk. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(4):769–74)
Effects of Aerobic Exercise Training on Estrogen Metabolism in Premenopausal Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Campbell Kristin L. , Westerlind Kim C. , Harber Vicki J. , Bell Gordon J. , Mackey John R. , Courneya Kerry S. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
Background: Regular physical activity may alter estrogen metabolism, a proposed biomarker of breast cancer risk, by shifting metabolism to favor production of 2-hydroxyestrone (2-OHE1). Few studies, however, have examined this question using a randomized controlled trial.
Purpose: To examine the effects of 12 weeks of aerobic exercise training on 2-OHE1 and 16α-hydroxyestrone (16α-OHE1) in premenopausal women.
Methods: Participants were healthy, regularly menstruating, Caucasian women, 20 to 35 years, body mass index of 18 to 29.9, not using pharmacologic contraceptives, with average or below average fitness [maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), &lt;40 mL/kg/min]. Following a baseline menstrual cycle, participants (N = 32) were randomly assigned to a 12-week aerobic exercise training intervention (n = 17) or usual lifestyle (n = 15). Height, body mass, body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and VO2max were measured at baseline and following the intervention. Urine samples were collected in the luteal phase of four consecutive menstrual cycles.
Results: The exercise group increased VO2max by 14% and had significant, although modest, improvements in fat and lean body mass. No significant between-group differences were observed, however, for the changes in 2-OHE1 (P = 0.944), 16α-OHE1 (P = 0.411), or the ratio of 2-OHE1 to 16α-OHE1 (P = 0.317). At baseline, there was an inverse association between body fat and 2-OHE1 to 16α-OHE1 ratio (r = −0.40; P = 0.044); however, it was the change in lean body mass over the intervention that was positively associated with a change in 2-OHE1 to 16α-OHE1 ratio (r = 0.43; P = 0.015).
Conclusions: A 12-week aerobic exercise training intervention significantly improved aerobic fitness and body composition but did not alter estrogen metabolism in premenopausal women. Interestingly, an increase in lean body mass was associated with a favorable change in 2-OHE1 to 16α-OHE1 ratio. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(4):731–9)
Incidence and Duration of Cervical Human Papillomavirus 6, 11, 16, and 18 Infections in Young Women: An Evaluation from Multiple Analytic Perspectives
Authors: Insinga Ralph P. , Dasbach Erik J. , Elbasha Elamin H. , Liaw Kai-Li , Barr Eliav 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
Objective: To estimate the incidence and duration of cervical human papillomavirus (HPV)-6, HPV-11, HPV-16, and HPV-18 infections in a population of young American women.
Methods: The study population consisted of U.S. women who at baseline were 16 to 23 years of age, reported zero to five lifetime sexual partners, never having been pregnant, and never having had a prior abnormal Papanicolaou test and were enrolled in the placebo arm of a randomized multicenter clinical trial of a HPV-16 L1 virus-like particle vaccine. Women underwent type-specific endocervical/ectocervical swab HPV DNA testing at ∼6-month intervals for up to 48 months of follow-up. To contribute person-time in the analyses of type-specific HPV incidence, a woman must have had at least three satisfactory swab specimens available and been negative for the relevant HPV type (HPV-6, HPV-11, HPV-16, or HPV-18) on her first two trial swabs. The duration of incident HPV infections was estimated using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis methods.
Results: Person-years of exposure ranged by type-specific analysis from 2,645 to 3,188, with an incidence rate per 100 person-years of 3.6 for HPV-6, 0.4 for HPV-11, 5.4 for HPV-16, and 2.1 for HPV-18. With censoring at the time of treatment for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, where done, the mean duration of incident infections was 9.3, 8.4, 18.2, and 16.4 months, respectively, for HPV-6 (n = 103), HPV-11 (n = 13), HPV-16 (n = 142), and HPV-18 (n = 62). When the duration of HPV infections was truncated at the time of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia detection (any grade), where applicable, mean duration figures were 8.4, 8.1, 14.0, and 15.1 months for HPV-6, HPV-11, HPV-16, and HPV-18 infections, respectively.
Conclusions: Previous studies of the mean duration of cervical HPV infection have been based on prevalent infections and/or featured relatively short duration of follow-up. This study tested women for HPV infection over a period of up to 48 months and observed a mean duration of incident HPV-16/HPV-18 infections approximately twice that of HPV-6/HPV-11. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(4):709–15)
Do Factors Related to Endogenous and Exogenous Estrogens Modify the Relationship between Obesity and Risk of Colorectal Adenomas in Women?
Authors: Wolf Lesley A. , Terry Paul D. , Potter John D. , Bostick Roberd M. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
Obesity has consistently been associated with increased colorectal cancer risk in men, but not in women. In the absence of postmenopausal hormone use (PMH), adipose-derived estrogen is the primary determinant of circulating estrogen levels in postmenopausal women, perhaps ameliorating the mitogenic effects of obesity in this group. Using data from a case-control study in the United States, we examined associations among obesity, potential modifying effects of factors related to endogenous and exogenous estrogen levels, and risk of colorectal adenoma. Cases (n = 219) were women of ages 30 to 74 years with colonoscopy proven, incident, sporadic, pathology-confirmed, adenomatous polyps of the colon and rectum. Two control groups were recruited: colonoscopy-confirmed polyp-free women (n = 438) and age- and zip code frequency–matched women randomly selected from the community (n = 247). Multivariate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for obese [body mass index (BMI) ≥30.0; compared with nonobese, BMI &lt;25.0] premenopausal women were 2.09 (95% CI, 0.81-5.41) versus colonoscopy controls, and 5.18 (95% CI, 1.40-19.32) versus population controls. For PMH users, the corresponding odds ratios were 0.29 (95% CI, 0.12-0.70) versus colonoscopy controls and 0.64 (95% CI, 0.23-1.83) versus population controls. There was no significant association of BMI with adenoma risk for PMH nonusers. Findings for waist-to-hip ratio were similar to those for BMI. These data support the hypothesis that risk for colorectal adenoma may be increased with obesity among premenopausal women but decreased among postmenopausal women, especially if they also take PMH. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(4):676–83)
Exposure to Ethylene Oxide in Hospitals: Biological Monitoring and Influence of Glutathione S-Transferase and Epoxide Hydrolase Polymorphisms
Authors: Haufroid Vincent , Merz Brigitte , Hofmann Annette , Tschopp Alois , Lison Dominique , Hotz Philippe 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
Ethylene oxide is considered as a human carcinogen. A biomarker of exposure would be a useful instrument to assess the risk in occupationally exposed workers. This cross-sectional study aimed at examining (a) whether the urinary excretion of a metabolite of ethylene oxide, 2-hydroxyethyl mercapturic acid (HEMA), could be used for monitoring occupational exposure and (b) whether glutathione S-transferase (GST) and epoxide hydrolase genotypes influenced biological monitoring. Exposure to ethylene oxide was measured by personal sampling in 80 hospital workers (95% of those eligible). HEMA concentrations were determined in three urine samples (baseline, end of shift, and next morning) by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. GSTs (GSTT1, GSTM1, and GSTP1) and epoxide hydrolase (EPHX1) were also genotyped. The influence of exposure, genotypes, and several other factors was examined in multiple regression analyses. Exposure was always &lt;1 parts per million. On a group basis, exposure and a non-null GSTT1 genotype increased the HEMA concentrations in the urine sample collected at the end of the shift and these factors remained statistically significant after considering possible confounding or modifying factors. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(4):796–802)
Insulin-like Growth Factor-I and Risk of High-Grade Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia
Authors: Schaffer Andrea , Koushik Anita , Trottier Helen , Duarte-Franco Eliane , Mansour Nabil , Arseneau Jocelyne , Provencher Diane , Gilbert Lucy , Gotlieb Walter , Ferenczy Alex , Coutlée François , Pollak Michael N. , Franco Eduardo L. ,   The Biomarkers of Cervical Cancer Risk Study Team
Published: April 2007

Abstract
Insulin-like growth factors (IGF) and their binding proteins (IGFBP) have been implicated in the risk of several epithelial or glandular tumors, including prostate cancer, breast cancer, and colon cancer. Cervical cancer, which is also of epithelial origin, has been shown to overexpress receptors for IGF-I, and plasma levels of IGF-I have been positively associated with cervical cancer precursors in one epidemiologic study. In this case-control study, we investigated plasma levels of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 in relation to the risk of histologically confirmed high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (HGCIN) and the risk of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Included in this analysis were 329 cases and 621 controls recruited from clinics affiliated with two Montréal-area hospital centers. We observed a reduced risk of HGCIN for increasing levels of IGF-I, with an adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 0.40 (95% confidence interval, 0.19-0.87) for the highest quartile relative to the lowest quartile of IGF-I. No association was observed between IGFBP-3 levels and HGCIN. Among controls, IGF-I was associated with a decreased risk of being positive for HPV-16 or HPV-18, with an adjusted odds ratio of 0.20 (95% confidence interval, 0.05-0.87) for the highest quartile relative to the lowest quartile of IGF-I. There was no association observed between IGFBP-3 levels and HPV infection status. IGF-I–mediated effects seemed to predominate among women &lt;30 years of age. In contrast to the previously reported study, our results suggest that levels of IGF-I in young women may be inversely associated with HGCIN, a precursor to cervical cancer. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(4):716–22)
Induction of the Phase 2 Response in Mouse and Human Skin by Sulforaphane-containing Broccoli Sprout Extracts
Authors: Dinkova-Kostova Albena T. , Fahey Jed W. , Wade Kristina L. , Jenkins Stephanie N. , Shapiro Theresa A. , Fuchs Edward J. , Kerns Michelle L. , Talalay Paul 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
The isothiocyanate sulforaphane was isolated from broccoli extracts in a bioactivity-guided fractionation as the principal and very potent inducer of cytoprotective phase 2 enzymes and subsequently shown to inhibit tumor development in animal models that involve various carcinogens and target organs. Because broccoli and broccoli sprouts are widely consumed, extracts obtained from them are viewed as convenient vehicles for sulforaphane delivery to humans. In relation to our current interest in devising strategies for protection against UV light–induced skin cancer, it was necessary to examine the safety and efficacy of topical application of sulforaphane-containing broccoli sprout extracts as single and multiple doses in both mice and humans. Topical application of an extract delivering 100 nmol sulforaphane/cm2 increased the protein levels of NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), glutathione S-transferase A1, and heme oxygenase 1, three representative phase 2 enzymes, in mouse skin epidermis. Quantitative assessment of the activity of NQO1 24 h after dosing showed increases of 1.5- and 2.7-fold after application of single and multiple (thrice, every 24 h) doses, respectively. A dose-escalation safety study in healthy human subjects revealed no adverse reactions when doses as high as 340 nmol of sulforaphane in the form of broccoli sprout extracts were applied topically to the center of a 1-cm-diameter circle drawn on the volar forearm. A subsequent efficacy study showed that despite the interindividual differences in basal levels, the enzyme activity of NQO1 in homogenates of 3-mm full thickness skin punch biopsies increased in a dose-dependent manner, with maximum increases of 1.5- and 4.5-fold after application of 150 nmol doses, once or three times (at 24 h-intervals), respectively, thus providing direct evidence for induction of the phase 2 response in humans. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(4):847–51)
Circulating Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I and Binding Protein-3 and the Risk of Breast Cancer
Authors: Baglietto Laura , English Dallas R. , Hopper John L. , Morris Howard A. , Tilley Wayne D. , Giles Graham G. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
Four meta-analyses and literature reviews have concluded that a positive association exists between circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) and breast cancer risk for premenopausal but not postmenopausal women. Recently, a large prospective study reported an association with IGF-I and IGFBP-3 concentration for breast cancer diagnosed after, but not before, the age of 50 years; and in a large cohort of primarily premenopausal women, IGF-I and IGFBP-3 were not associated with breast cancer risk. We did a case-cohort study within the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study, which included a random sample of 1,901 women (subcohort) and 423 breast cancer cases diagnosed during a mean of 9.1 years of follow-up. IGF-I and IGFBP-3 concentrations were measured in plasma collected at baseline. The association between quartiles of IGF concentration and breast cancer risk was tested using a Cox model adjusted for known and potential confounders. The hazard ratio (HR) for breast cancer comparing the fourth with the first quartiles was 1.20 [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.87-1.65] for IGF-I and 1.09 (95% CI, 0.78-1.53) for IGFBP-3. Both associations varied with age: for IGF-I, the HRs for breast cancer comparing the fourth with the first quartiles were 0.60 (95% CI, 0.25-1.45) before age 50 and 1.61 (95% CI, 1.04-2.51) after age 60 (test for the log-linear trend of HR according to age, P = 0.05); for IGFBP-3, the HRs were 0.79 (95% CI, 0.34-1.83) before age 50 and 1.62 (95% CI, 1.03-2.55) after age 60 (test for log-linear trend, P = 0.08). IGF-I and IGFBP-3 were positively associated with breast cancer risk in older women but not in younger women. More prospective studies are needed to clarify the age dependence of the association between IGF-I and IGFBP-3 and breast cancer. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(4):763–8)
Dietary Mutagen Exposure and Risk of Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Li Donghui , Day Rena Sue , Bondy Melissa L. , Sinha Rashmi , Nguyen Nga T. , Evans Douglas B. , Abbruzzese James L. , Hassan Manal M. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
To investigate the association between dietary exposure to food mutagens and risk of pancreatic cancer, we conducted a hospital-based case-control study at the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center during June 2002 to May 2006. A total of 626 cases and 530 noncancer controls were frequency matched for race, sex and age (±5 years). Dietary exposure information was collected via personal interview using a meat preparation questionnaire. A significantly greater portion of the cases than controls showed a preference to well-done pork, bacon, grilled chicken, and pan-fried chicken, but not to hamburger and steak. Cases had a higher daily intake of food mutagens and mutagenicity activity (revertants per gram of daily meat intake) than controls did. The daily intakes of 2-amino-3,4,8-trimethylimidazo[4,5−f]quinoxaline (DiMeIQx) and benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), as well as the mutagenic activity, were significant predictors for pancreatic cancer (P = 0.008, 0.031, and 0.029, respectively) with adjustment of other confounders. A significant trend of elevated cancer risk with increasing DiMeIQx intake was observed in quintile analysis (Ptrend = 0.024). A higher intake of dietary mutagens (those in the two top quintiles) was associated with a 2-fold increased risk of pancreatic cancer among those without a family history of cancer but not among those with a family history of cancer. A possible synergistic effect of dietary mutagen exposure and smoking was observed among individuals with the highest level of exposure (top 10%) to PhIP and BaP, Pinteraction = 0.09 and 0.099, respectively. These data support the hypothesis that dietary mutagen exposure alone and in interaction with other factors contribute to the development of pancreatic cancer. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(4):655–61)
Glioma Risk in Relation to Serum Levels of Insulin-Like Growth Factors
Authors: Lönn Stefan , Inskip Peter D. , Pollak Michael N. , Weinstein Stephanie J. , Virtamo Jarmo , Albanes Demetrius 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
Several studies have suggested that insulin-like growth factors (IGF) are related to cancer risk. We investigated the associations between serum levels of IGF-I and IGF-binding protein-3 and glioma risk. A nested case-control study was conducted within a cancer prevention study, including 29,133 men (ages 50-69 years). In total, 22 glioma cases and 400 randomly selected controls were included. Serum samples were collected a minimum of 5 years before cancer diagnosis. Serum concentrations were measured using ELISA and divided into tertiles based on measurements among controls. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated using the lowest tertile as the reference category. No statistical association was detected between glioma and IGF-binding protein-3. IGF-I was inversely associated with glioma when comparing the lowest tertile with the other tertiles combined (odds ratio, 0.3; 95% confidence interval, 0.1-0.7). The results encourage future research on IGFs in relation to brain tumors in larger studies. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(4):844–6)
Significant Inversions and Rapid In Situ Cooling at a Well-Sited Oklahoma Mesonet Station
Authors: Hunt Eric D. , Basara Jeffrey B. , Morgan Cynthia R. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
The El Reno Oklahoma Mesonet (ELRE) site is one of a few Oklahoma Mesonet sites that has measured inversions of 10°C or greater between 1.5 and 9 m. Historical analyses revealed that strong inversions at ELRE have occurred because of rapid cooling near the surface shortly after sunset when conditions are calm, clear, and dry. In addition, ELRE is a very well sited station and is located on very slightly sloped terrain with no obstructions nearby. Four Portable Automated Research Micrometeorological Stations (PARMS) were deployed along a transect orthogonal to ELRE for 3 months in the spring of 2005 to quantify the micrometeorological processes that caused rapid cooling and subsequent strong inversions to form. One-minute data collected from the PARMS and ELRE during the study verified the variability and duration of strong inversion events. Analyses from the field study also revealed that significant horizontal and vertical differences in air temperature and wind speed existed during periods of differential wind speeds between the PARMS and ELRE.
Comparison of Efficient Explicit Schemes for Shallow-Water Equations—Characteristics-Based Fractional-Step Method and Multimoment Eulerian Scheme
Authors: Imai Yohsuke , Aoki Takayuki , Shoucri Magdi 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
Two explicit schemes for the numerical solution of the shallow-water equations are examined. The directional-splitting fractional-step method permits relatively large time steps without an iterative process by using a treatment based on the characteristics of the governing equations. The interpolated differential operator (IDO) scheme has fourth-order accuracy in time and space by using a Hermite interpolation function covering local domains, and accurate results are obtained with coarse meshes. It is shown that the two schemes are very efficient for hydrostatic meteorological models from the viewpoints of numerical accuracy and central processing unit time, and the fact that they are explicit makes them suitable for computers with parallel architecture.