bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Isolated Seizures: An EEG and Clinical Assessment
Authors: Saunders Michael , Marshall Clive 
Published: November 2007

SUMMARYA study has been made of 39 patients with isolated fits presenting to an EEG department. Patients were excluded when there was a doubtful history, alcoholism, or drug abuse. The 39 patients were compared with a control group of patients with epilepsy matched for age and sex. No basic difference was found between the two groups. In particular the EEG examination showed similar changes. In conclusion, patients with isolated fits should be assessed in the same way as those with established epilepsy, while recognizing that in the majority of instances no serious underlying cause will be found.RÉSUMÉOn a étudié une population de 39 patients qui se sont présentés au département EEG avec une histoire de crises isolees. On a exclus des patients lorsqu'ils avaient une histoire imprecise, une notion d'alcoolisme ou bien d'abus de drogues. Les 39 patients ont été compares a une population de controle de sujets epilep‐tiques du même age et du meme sexe. On n'a pas observe de différences entre les deux groupes. En particulier, les donnees EEG étaient semblables. On arrive a la conclusion que les sujets ayant une crise isolee doivent être considered de la meme facon que ceux avec une epilepsie chronique, tout en reconnaissant que dans la majorite des cas on ne retrouvera pas d'affections serieuses.RESUMENSe han estudiado 39 enfermos con ataques aislados que han acudido a un laboratorio electroencefalografico. Se excluyeron los enfermos con historia dudosa o los que tenian historia de alcoholismo o abuso de drogas. Los 39 enfermos se compararon con grupos con‐troles de enfermos epilepticos de la misma edad y sexo. No se encontraron diferencias entre los dos grupos. La exploracion electroencefalo‐grafica mostro alteraciones similares. Se con‐cluye que los enfermos con ataques aislados deben ser considerados de la misma manera que los que tienen epilepsia establecida recon‐ociendo que no se encuentran causas serias en la mayoria de los casos.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGUntersuchung an 39 Patienten mit isolierten Anfällen die an eine EEG‐Abteilung iiberwiesen wurden. Patienten mit zweifelhafter Vor‐geschichte und Alkoholismus oder Drogenmiss‐brauch wurden ausgeschlossen. Die 39 Patienten wurden mit einer Kontrollgruppe von Patienten mit Epilepsie verglichen, denen sie in Alter und Geschlecht entsprachen. Zwischen beiden Gruppen fanden sich keine grundlegen‐den Unterschiede. Speziell die EEG‐Unter‐suchung ergab ahnliche Veranderungen. Daraus ist zu schliessen, dass Patienten mit isolierten Anfällen in genau der gleichen Weise untersucht werden sollten wie solche mit chronischer Epilepsie, auch in Anbetracht der Tatsache, dass bei der Mehrzahl der Falle keine schwer‐wiegenden Ursachen zu finden sein werden.
Paradoxical Intoxication,:A Complication of Anticonvulsant Administration
Authors: Troupin Allan S. , Ojemann Linda Moretti 
Published: November 2007

SUMMARYA new syndrome, paradoxical intoxication, has been defined in which high levels of hydantoins, and in one instance carbamazepine, produced an increase in seizures with little or no evidence of intoxication; a decrease in these levels produced an improvement in seizure control.This syndrome occurs often but not exclusively in those people who are less astute in assessing their neurologic status and therefore may experience unexpectedly higher blood levels of their anticonvulsants.Instances have been documented with serum levels above 40 jugm/ml for phenytoin or mephenytoin alone, or above 50 jugm/ml of combined hydantoins phenytoin and mephenytoin, and when the level is in the range of 20 yugm/ml and above for carbamazepine. Possible mechanisms underlying the syndrome are reviewed. Appropriate therapy is a reduction of the dose of the drug in question.RÉSUMÉL'intoxication paradoxale est un syndrome caracterise par une augmentation des crises survenant lorsque les concentrations seriques d'hydantoine ou de carbamazepine sont elevees et le peu d'effets secondaires generalement observés a des tels taux. 9 cas sont rapportes. Les taux de phenytoine ou de mephenytoi'ne donnees seules, étaient superieurs a 40 /Ltg/ml; le taux total d'hydantoine était superieur a 50 jLtg/ml (chez les patients avec phenytoine et mephenytoi'ne associees); le taux de carba‐mazepine eta it supfrieur a 20 /ig/ml. La frequence des crises diminuait a nouveau si Ton reduisait la dose.RESUMENLa intoxicación paradojica consiste en un aumento de la frecuencia de ataques cuando la concentracidn de hidantoinas o carbamazepinas en suero es elevada. Los habituales sfntomas que se observan con tales concentraciones son escasos. Se presentan 9 casos. Los niveles sericos de fenitoina o mefenitoina administra‐das por separado fueron superiores a los 40 μg/ml; los de la hidantoina total (en pacientes tomando fenitoina y mefenitoina) fueron superiores a los 50 μg/ml y los de carbamazepina por encima de 20 /ig/ml. El aumento de los ataques se controla reduciendo la dosis.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDie paradoxe Intoxikation ist ein Syndrom, das charakterisiert ist durch eine zunehmende Anfallsfrequenz bei hoher Serumkonzentration von Hydantoinen oder Carbamazepin jedoch nur geringen Nebenwirkungen verglichen mit denen, die gewohnlich bei derartigen Blut‐spiegeln zu sehen sind. Bericht iiber 9 Faille. Die Serumspiegel von Phenytoin oder Mephenytoin als alleiniges Mittel waren hoher als 40 /ig/ml, die des gesamten Hydantoins (bei Patienten die sowohl Phenytoin als Mephenytoin bekamen) iiber 50 /ig/ml, und von Carbamazepin iiber 20 /ig/ml. Die gehauften Anfälle konnten durch Dosisverminderung unter Kontrolle gebracht werden.
Bioavailability of Two Carbamazepine Preparations During Chronic Administration to Epileptic Patients
Authors: Morselli P. L. , Monaco F. , Gerna M. , Recchia M. , Riccio A. 
Published: November 2007

SUMMARYTwo preparations of carbamazepine, as tablets and in syrup, were given for 8 weeks to 20 patients with epilepsy in a randomized crossover study. Weekly plasma levels were 3–21 mg/1 on dosages of 5–24 mg/kg/day. There was no difference in absorption or steady‐state level between the two preparations. Carbamazepine‐10,11‐oxide was constantly present when the level of carbamazepine was over 5 mg/1, and tended to be lower with the syrup.RÉSUMÉOn a donnéá 20 sujets avec épilepsie, non selectionnés dans une etude en crossover, deux preparations de carbamazepine sous forme de comprimes et de sirop. Les taux plasmatiques hebdomadaires Itaient de 3–21 mg/ml pour des doses de 5–24 mg/kg/jour. D n'y avait pas de difference d'absorption et de niveaux des taux stables entre les deux preparations. La carba‐mazepine‐10, ll‐oxide etait constamment presente pour des taux supfrieurs a 5 mg/1 et tendait a être moins elevee avec le sirop.RESUMENDurante 8 semanas se administeró carbamaze‐pina en tabletas y en jarabe a 20 epilépticos no seleccionados. Los niveles plasmáticos semanales dieron valores de 3 a 21/mg/1 con dosis de 5 a 24 mg/kg/dia. No se observaron diferencias en la absorcion o en el mantenimi‐ento de niveles constantes entre las dos preparaciones. El oxido‐10, ll‐de carbamaze‐pina se detectaba con constancia cuando los niveles de carbamazepina superaban los 5 mg/1 con tendencia a reducirse con el jarabe.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGCarbamazepin wurde als Tabletten und in Sirupform 8 Wochen lang 20 Patienten mit Epilepsie gegeben. Die Auswahl erfolgte zufallig in Form einer cross over‐Studie. Wochentliche Plasma‐spiegel von 3–21 mg/1 wurden bei Dosierungen von 5–24 mg/kg und Tag erzielt. Zwischen beiden Darreichungsformen bestand kein Unterschied in der Resorption oder dem steady‐state‐Spiegel. Carbamazepin‐10, ll‐Oxyd wurde konstant gefunden, wenn der Carbama‐zepinspiegel iiber 5 mg/1 lag; er tendierte zu niedrigeren Werten nach Einnahme des Sirup.
Interactions of Antiepileptic Drugs
Authors: Kutt Henn 
Published: November 2007

SUMMARYSeveral interactions involving antiepileptic drugs are based on changes in the rate of their metabolism and elimination, with concomitant rise or fall of plasma levels. Thus, phenobarbital generally induces the production of the DPH metabolizing enzyme, but its presence inhibits the action of that enzyme. The net result depends upon the balance between these factors in individual patients. Either a decline, a rise, or no change of the DPH plasma level may occur after the onset of administration of phenobarbital.Drugs that may cause elevation of the DPH plasma level include disulfiram, sulthiame, bishydroxycoumarin, chloramphenicol, pheny‐ramidol, benzodiazepines, sulfamethizole, and isoniazid. Isoniazid has been shown experimentally to be a strong inhibitor of DPH metabolism. The extent of DPH plasma level elevation by INH is related to the genetic make‐up of individual patients. The highest and frequently toxic DPH plasma levels were seen in very slow INH inactivators.The incidence of clinically significant interactions is not high with most drug combinations; marked changes of antiepileptic drug levels occur only in apparently susceptible individuals.The effects of interactions are not necessarily detrimental; elevation of a low ineffective level may improve seizure control. A rise to a toxic level range requires reduction of the dose of primary drug or elimination of interfering drugs. Monitoring the blood levels of antiepileptic drugs provides the best means to anticipate interactions and to regulate the doses when multiple medications have to be used.
EEG of a Nocturnal Seizure in a Patient with “Benign Epilepsy of Childhood with Rolandic Spikes”
Authors: Bernardina B. Dalla , Tassinari C. A. 
Published: November 2007

SUMMARYThe fust EEG recording is reported of a child with “benign epilepsy of childhood with Rolandic spikes” during a partial motor (facial) seizure, which occurred during Phase II of natural sleep.RÉSUMÉLes auteurs présentent le premier enregistre‐ment EEG d'une crise motrice partielle (faciale) survenant spontanement au cours du sommeil dans un cas d'épilepsie benigne de 1'enfance avec pointes Rolandiques.RESUMENSe publica el primer trazado electroencef‐alográfico de un niño con “epilepsyía benigna de la infancia con puntas Rolandicas” durante un ataque parcial motor (cara) que ocurrio en la fase II del sueno espontaneo.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGBerichtüiber die 1. EEG‐Ableitung von einem Kind mit “benigner épilepsie mit Rolandischen Spitzen” während eines partiellen motorischen (facialen) Anfalles, der im Stadium II des natiirlichen Schlafes auftrat.
Epileptogenic Properties of Folic Acid and N5 Methyltetrahydrofolate in Cat
Authors: Mauguiere F. , Quoex C. , Bello S. 
Published: November 2007

SUMMARYThe epileptogenic properties of folic acid and N5 ‐methyltetrahydrofolate applied locally on the cortex were compared in cats. Neither substance was epileptogenic except in very high concentration, on the order of 1CT3 M. N5 ‐Methyltetrahydrofolate, the folate derivative most widely distributed in the central nervous system and CSF of mammals, was not more epileptogenic than folic acid. Because the level of AT5‐methyltetrahydrofolate is only slightly diminished in patients treated with anticonvulsants, the change cannot account for the therapeutic effect of the drugs.RÉSUMÉLes proprieté's épileptogènes de l'acide folique et du N5‐méthyl THF en application locale sur le cortex ont ete comparers chez le chat. Le pouvoir pileptogene de ces deux composes n'apparâit que pour des solutions tres concentres de l'ordre de 1(T3 moles par litre, le N5 ‐methyl THF qui est le derive folique le plus largement repandu dans le systeme nerveux central et le liquide cephalo rachidien des mammiferes n'est pas plus actif que l'acide folique. L'acide folique et ses derives doivent done etre considered comme des convulsivants pharmacologiques et la diminution discrete du taux de AT5 ‐mSthyl THF observee dans le serum et le LCR des Spileptiques traites n'est certainement pas suffisante pour expliquer l'effet théapeutique des medicaments anticon‐vulsivants.RESUMENSe han comparado las propiedades epilepto‐genicas de acido folico y del N5 ‐metiltetra‐hidrofolato aplicados localmente en la corteza de gatos. Ninguna de las dos sustancias era epileptogenica excepto a concentraciones muy elevadas, del orden de 1CT3 M. El JVS ‐metiltetra‐hidrofolato, el derivado folico mas abundante en el sistema nervioso central y LCR (liquido cefalo‐raqufdeo) de los mamfferos, no resulto ser mas epileptogenico que el acido folico. Puesto que el nivel del Ns ‐metiltetrahidrofolato solo se reduce ligeramente en enfermos tratados con anticonvulsivantes, esta ligera reduccion no puede ser responsable del efecto terapeutico de las medicaciones.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGVergleich der epileptogenen Eigenschaften der Folsaure und das Ns Methyltetrahydro‐folats bei lokaler Anwendung auf den Cortex der Katze. Jede Substanz war nur in sehr hoher Konzentration epileptogen; sie lag in der Grossenordnung von 103 mol/1. Ns Methyl‐tetrahydrofolat, das Folsaurederivat, welches am weitesten im Zentralnervensystem und im CSF der Saugetiere verbreitet ist, war nicht starker epileptogen als die Folsaure. Da der Spiegel des N5 Methyltetrahydrofolats nur geringfiigig bei Patienten vermindert ist, die antikonvulsiv behandelt werden, kann diese Anderung nicht verantwortlich sein fur die therapeutische Wirkung dieser Medikamente.
A Follow‐Up Study of 91 Patients Operated on for Focal Epilepsy
Authors: Bhatia Ravi , Kollevold Tormod , Sanchez A. Portera , Reitter B. 
Published: November 2007

SUMMARYNinety‐one patients operated on for focal epilepsy between 1952 and 1973 have been followed regularly. Nontumoral lesions were found in 68 patients, and tumors in 23. Of the 50 patients without tumor who have been followed for more than 2 years, 30% were seizure‐free, 50% improved, while only 20% did not benefit from the operation. There was no operative mortality. Ventricular asymmetry in the pneumoencephalogram was associated with a better prognosis than when there was no or symmetrical enlargement. The time between the onset of seizures and the operation did not affect the prognosis, but early operation is important to achieve better and quicker rehabilitation. There was a positive correlation between the postoperative ECoG and EEG and the clinical results.RESUMENSe han observado con regularidad 91 enfermos operados de epilepsía focal. Se encontraron tumores en 23 pacientes y lesiones no tumorales en 68. De los 50 enfermos sin tumor y observados durante más de 2 años, 30% estaban sin ataques, 50% mejorados y solamente un 20% no se benefició de la intervención. No hubo mortalidad operatoria. La asimetría ventricular en la pneumoencefalografía se acompañó de mejor pronóstico que la simetría. El tiempo transcurrido entre el comienzo de los ataques y la intervención no alteró el pronóstico pero la operación precoz es importante para conseguir una mas rápida y mejor rehabilitación. Se encontró una correlación positiva entre el Electrocorticograma, el Electroencefalograma y los resultados clínicos.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGEinundneunzig zwischen 1952 und 1973 wegen fokaler Krampfanfälle operierte Patienten wurden regelmäβig nachuntersucht. Bei 68 Patienten waren nicht‐tumorbedingte Läsionen, bei 23 waren Tumoren gefunden worden. Unter jenen 50 Patienten, bei denen kein Tumor gefunden wurde und die länger als 2 Jahre kontrolliert wurden, waren 30% anfallsfrei, 50% gebessert und nur 20% ohne positiven Operationseffekt. Es gab keine operationsbedingten Todesfälle. Ventriculäre Assymetrie im PEG war mit einer besseren Prognose korreliert als symmetrische Befunde in der Luftfällung. Die Prognose wurde nicht beeinflusst durch das Zeitintervall zwischen erstem Auftreten der Anfälle und der Operation, jedoch erwies sich die frühzeitige Operation als wesentlich zur Erreichung besserer und rascherer Rehabilitation. Es bestand eine positive Korrelation zwischen dem postoperativen Elektrocorticogramm, dem EEG und den klinischen Ergebnissen.
Rolandic Spikes in Children with and without Epilepsy (20 Subjects Polygraphically Studied During Sleep)
Authors: Bernardina B. Dalla , Beghini G. , Tassinari C. A. 
Published: November 2007

SUMMARYThe authors polygraphically studied the nocturnal sleep of 20 neurologically normal children with typical centrotemporal spikes. The children were divided into two groups: (A) 10 children with centrotemporal spikes and benign epilepsy; and (B) 10 children with centrotemporal spikes without epilepsy.The mean age when the average period of sleep record was performed was the same for the two groups, 8.5 years. The cyclic organization of sleep and the percentages of the different stages were normal in all 20 subjects. The number of spikes was counted in all the subjects during wakefulness and during different stages of sleep. All subjects of both groups showed an important increase in the frequency of spikes going from drowsiness until slow sleep; on the other hand, the activity remained high during REM sleep only for subjects of Group A. Other differences between the two groups concerned the appearance during sleep of generalized spike waves and independent Rolandic spikes. The authors conclude with the affirmation that the polygraphic study of nocturnal sleep in children with Rolandic spikes can be an additional parameter for differential diagnosis between children with and those without epilepsy.RÉSUMÉLes auteurs ont étudie en polygraphie le sommeil de nuit complet de 20 enfants avec pointes Rolandiques sur l'EEG, sans troubles neurologiques. Ces enfants ont été répartis en deux groups. Groupe A: 10 enfants avec pointes Rolandiques et épilepsie benigne de l'enface; Groupe B: 10 enfants avec pointes Rolandiques sans épilepsie. L'âge moyen auquel a été pratiqué le traces de sommeil est homogène pour les deux groupes (8.5 ans). Les 20 sommeils ont montré une organisation cyclique et un pourcentage en phases normaux pour l'âge. Chez tous les sujets des deux groupes les décharges focales ont été quantifiées au cours de la veille et des différentes phases du sommeil, y compris la PMO. Chez les 20 sujets il existait une très importante activation des décharges Rolandiques, de l'endormissement au sommeil lent; par contre l'activation persistait importante en PMO, seulement chez les sujets avec épilepsie. Les auteurs considèrent que cette différence d'activation au cours de la PMO, de même que le pourcentage différent des décharges generalisées de PO au cours du sommeil (40% Groupe A, 10% Groupe B) et des paroxysmes indépendant (20% Groupe A, 90% Groupe B) pourraient être un élément de diagnostic différentiel entre des sujets avec pointes Rolandiques, avec ou sans épilepsie.
Phenytoin‐Induced Depression of Salivary IgA and Gingival Hyperplasia
Authors: Aarli Johan A. 
Published: November 2007

SUMMARYIgA concentrations were determined in saliva from epileptic patients taking phenytoin and in saliva from healthy controls, by single radial immunodiffusion technique. Mean salivary IgA in epileptic children was 7.23 mg/ml; in healthy children, 16.44 mg/ml. Corresponding values for adults were 13.53 and 19.48 mg/ml, respectively. In 14 out of 84 samples, salivary IgA levels were too low for quantitative analysis. Salivary IgA levels were normal in untreated patients and fell during treatment with phenytoin.Gingival inflammation was commonly accompanied by an increase of salivary IgG and serum‐derived IgA, whereas compensatory increase of IgM was infrequent.Phenytoin‐induced deficiency of salivary IgA can result in increased susceptibility to gingival inflammation, which is considered one of the predisposing factors for subsequent development of gingival hyperplasia.
Valproic Acid: Reversibly Acting Drug?
Authors: Lockard Joan S. , Levy René H. 
Published: November 2007

SummaryValproic acid [dipropylacetic acid (DPA)] was evaluated in an alumina‐gel monkey model (N= 12) by constant‐rate intravenous infusion. The data indicated: (a) a statistically significant decrease in seizure frequency the first 2 days of drug Step I (45–55 μg/ml) and drug Step II (90–110 μg/ml) which was temporary, lasting 2 days only; (b) a later, more permanent decrease in seizure frequency which was not apparent until drug Step III (130–170 μg/ml); and a delayed return of the seizure frequency to predrug levels for 2 weeks after drug administration was discontinued, with no DPA detectable in plasma after the initial postdrug day. Whether DPA will behave as a reversibly acting drug was discussed.
The Role or Non‐Role of ATPase Activation by Phenytoin in the Stabilization of Excitable Membranes
Authors: Deupree Jean D. 
Published: November 2007

SUMMARYThe role or non‐role of NaK ATPase, Mg ATP‐ase, and CaMg ATPase involvement in stabilization of excitable membranes by phenytoin is critically evaluated. There is no substantial evidence to indicate that the membrane‐stabilizing effect of phenytoin is due to activation of the NaK ATPase. Previous reports of activation of the NaK ATPase at low potassium and high sodium are probably not due to phenytoin but to a potassium contamination in the phenytoin solution. In vitro experiments do not provide any clear evidence of any alterations of NaK ATPase properties by phenytoin. However, one cannot rule out the possibility that phenytoin alters the efficiency of the sodium‐potassium pump. Likewise, the Ca ATPase is not inhibited by phenytoin. However, there is some evidence that the Mg ATPase in synaptic vesicles is substantially inhibited by phenytoin. There is substantial evidence indicating that phenytoin partially blocks passive diffusion of sodium into stimulated nerves. The mechanism by which phenytoin blocks sodium influx and the relationship of this effect to the drug's anticonvulsant action remain to be determined.
Phenobarbital and Phenytoin Effects on Somatosensory Evoked Potentials and Spontaneous EEG in Normal Cat Brain
Authors: Kaplan Bonnie J. 
Published: November 2007

SUMMARYChronic oral administration of phenobarbital (PB) and phenytoin was studied in chronically implanted cats. The effects of two dosages (PB, 3 mg/kg and 15 mg/kg; phenytoin, 5 mg/kg and 8 mg/kg) were analyzed with two physiological measures: somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) and power spectral analysis of the EEG. The low dosage of PB had no effect on SEPs except those recorded in the mesencephalic reticular formation; high dosage resulted in general SEP attenuation. PB had little effect on the EEG. Phenytoin at both dosages produced three main effects: (1) A negative component in the SEP which appears to be dominant in the dorsal hippocampus was significantly enhanced. (2) EEG changes occurred in the dentatothalamic pathway but not at those electrode locations which recorded fastigiobulbar activity. (3) The EEG changes which did occur were Peak Frequency shifts comparable to those previously reported in humans.The results are interpreted as demonstrating (1) minimal EEG and SEP modifications at the cerebral cortical level due to nontoxic dosages of PB and phenytoin, (2) a selective phenytoin effect on the dentatothalamic outflow of the cerebellum and on the dorsal hippocampus, and (3) a potential usefulness of Peak Frequency analysis as a measure of EEG response to anticonvulsant drugs.