bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterisation of the immune response to type I collagen in scleroderma
Authors: Warrington Kenneth J , Nair Usha , Carbone Laura D , Kang Andrew H , Postlethwaite Arnold E 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThis study was conducted to examine the frequency, phenotype, and functional profile of T lymphocytes that proliferate in response to type I collagen (CI) in patients with scleroderma (SSc). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from SSc patients, healthy controls, and rheumatoid arthritis disease controls were labeled with carboxy-fluorescein diacetate, succinimidyl ester (CFSE), cultured with or without antigen (bovine CI) for 14 days, and analysed by flow cytometry. Surface markers of proliferating cells were identified by multi-color flow cytometry. T-cell lines were derived after sorting for proliferating T cells (CFSElow). Cytokine expression in CI-responsive T cells was detected by intracellular staining/flow cytometry and by multiplex cytokine bead assay (Bio-Plex). A T-cell proliferative response to CI was detected in 8 of 25 (32%) SSc patients, but was infrequent in healthy or disease controls (3.6%; p = 0.009). The proliferating T cells expressed a CD4+, activated (CD25+), memory (CD45RO+) phenotype. Proliferation to CI did not correlate with disease duration or extent of skin involvement. T-cell lines were generated using in vitro CI stimulation to study the functional profile of these cells. Following activation of CI-reactive T cells, we detected intracellular interferon (IFN)-γ but not interleukin (IL)-4 by flow cytometry. Supernatants from the T-cell lines generated in vitro contained IL-2, IFN-γ, GM-CSF (granulocyte macrophage-colony-stimulating factor), and tumour necrosis factor-α, but little or no IL-4 and IL-10, suggesting that CI-responsive T cells express a predominantly Th1 cytokine pattern. In conclusion, circulating memory CD4 T cells that proliferate to CI are present in a subset of patients with SSc, but are infrequent in healthy or disease controls.
Estrogen receptor-α and progesterone receptor are expressed in label-retaining mammary epithelial cells that divide asymmetrically and retain their template DNA strands
Authors: Booth Brian W , Smith Gilbert H 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Introduction
Stem cells of somatic tissues are hypothesized to protect themselves from mutation and cancer risk through a process of selective segregation of their template DNA strands during asymmetric division. Mouse mammary epithelium contains label-retaining epithelial cells that divide asymmetrically and retain their template DNA.

Method
Immunohistochemistry was used in murine mammary glands that had been labeled with [3H]thymidine during allometric growth to investigate the co-expression of DNA label retention and estrogen receptor (ER)-α or progesterone receptor (PR). Using the same methods, we investigated the co-localization of [3H]thymidine and ER-α or PR in mammary tissue from mice that had received treatment with estrogen, progesterone, and prolactin subsequent to a long chase period to identify label-retaining cells.

Results
Label-retaining epithelial cells (LRECs) comprised approximately 2.0% of the entire mammary epithelium. ER-α-positive and PR-positive cells represented about 30–40% of the LREC subpopulation. Administration of estrogen, progesterone, and prolactin altered the percentage of LRECs expressing ER-α.

Conclusion
The results presented here support the premise that there is a subpopulation of LRECs in the murine mammary gland that is positive for ER-α and/or PR. This suggests that certain mammary LRECs (potentially stem cells) remain stably positive for these receptors, raising the possibility that LRECs comprise a hierarchy of asymmetrically cycling mammary stem/progenitor cells that are distinguished by the presence or absence of nuclear steroid receptor expression.
Reappraisal of Pseudomonas aeruginosa hospital-acquired pneumonia mortality in the era of metallo-β-lactamase-mediated multidrug resistance: a prospective observational study
Authors: Zavascki Alexandre Prehn , Barth Afonso Luís , Fernandes Juliana Fernandez , Moro Ana Lúcia Didonet , Gonçalves Ana Lúcia Saraiva , Goldani Luciano Zubaran 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Introduction
Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa is associated with high mortality rates. The metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs) are emerging enzymes that hydrolyze virtually all β-lactams. We aimed to assess P. aeruginosa HAP mortality in a setting of high-rate MBL production

Methods
A prospective cohort study was performed at two tertiary-care teaching hospitals. A logistic regression model was constructed to identify risk factors for 30-day mortality.

Results
One-hundred and fifty patients with P. aeruginosa HAP were evaluated. The 30-day mortality was 37.3% (56 of 150): 57.1% (24 of 42) and 29.6% (32 of 108) for patients with HAP by MBL-producing P. aeruginosa and by non-MBL-producing P. aeruginosa, respectively (relative risk, 1.93; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.30–2.85). The logistic regression model identified a higher Charlson comorbidity score (odds ratio, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.04–1.41), presentation with severe sepsis or septic shock (odds ratio, 3.17; 95% CI, 1.30–7.72), ventilator-associated pneumonia (odds ratio, 2.92; 95% CI, 1.18–7.21), and appropriate therapy (odds ratio, 0.24; 95% CI, 0.10–0.61) as independent factors for 30-day mortality. MBL production was not statistically significant in the final model.

Conclusion
MBL-producing P. aeruginosa HAP resulted in higher mortality rates, particularly in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia, most probably related to the less frequent institution of appropriate antimicrobial therapy. Therapeutic approaches should be reviewed at institutions with a high prevalence of MBL.
SOFA is superior to MOD score for the determination of non-neurologic organ dysfunction in patients with severe traumatic brain injury: a cohort study
Authors: Zygun David , Berthiaume Luc , Laupland Kevin , Kortbeek John , Doig Christopher 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Introduction
The objective of the present study was to compare the discriminative ability of the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) and Multiple Organ Dysfunction (MOD) scoring systems with respect to hospital mortality and unfavorable neurologic outcome in patients with severe traumatic brain injury admitted to the intensive care unit.

Method
We performed a prospective cohort study at Foothills Medical Centre, the sole adult tertiary care trauma center servicing southern Alberta (population about 1.3 million). All patients aged 16 years or older with severe traumatic brain injury and intensive care unit length of stay greater than 48 hours between 1 May 2000 and 31 April 2003 were included. Non-neurologic organ dysfunction was measured using the SOFA and MODS scoring systems. Determination of organ dysfunction for each non-neurologic organ system was compared between the two systems by calculating the proportion of patients with SOFA and MOD component score defined organ failure. Consistent with previous literature, organ system failure was defined as a component score of three or greater.

Results
The odds of death and unfavorable neurologic outcome in patients with SOFA defined cardiovascular failure were 14.7 times (95% confidence interval [CI] 5.9–36.3) and 7.6 times (95% CI 3.5–16.3) that of those without cardiovascular failure, respectively. The development of SOFA-defined cardiovascular failure was a reasonable discriminator of hospital mortality and unfavorable neurologic outcome (area under the receiver operating characteristic [ROC] curve 0.75 and 0.73, respectively). The odds of death and unfavorable neurologic outcome in patients with MOD-defined cardiovascular failure were 2.6 times (95% CI 1.24–5.26) and 4.1 times (95% CI 1.3–12.4) that of those without cardiovascular failure, respectively. The development of MOD-defined cardiovascular failure was a poor discriminator of hospital mortality and unfavorable neurologic outcome (area under the ROC curve 0.57 and 0.59, respectively). Neither SOFA-defined nor MOD-defined respiratory failure was significantly associated with hospital mortality.

Conclusion
In patients with brain injury, the SOFA scoring system has superior discriminative ability and stronger association with outcome compared with the MOD scoring system with respect to hospital mortality and unfavorable neurologic outcome.
A quantitative analysis of the mechanism that controls body size in Manduca sexta
Authors: Nijhout HF , Davidowitz G , Roff DA 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Background
Body size is controlled by mechanisms that terminate growth when the individual reaches a species-specific size. In insects, it is a pulse of ecdysone at the end of larval life that causes the larva to stop feeding and growing and initiate metamorphosis. Body size is a quantitative trait, so it is important that the problem of control of body size be analyzed quantitatively. The processes that control the timing of ecdysone secretion in larvae of the moth Manduca sexta are sufficiently well understood that they can be described in a rigorous manner.

Results
We develop a quantitative description of the empirical data on body size determination that accurately predicts body size for diverse genetic strains. We show that body size is fully determined by three fundamental parameters: the growth rate, the critical weight (which signals the initiation of juvenile hormone breakdown), and the interval between the critical weight and the secretion of ecdysone. All three parameters are easily measured and differ between genetic strains and environmental conditions. The mathematical description we develop can be used to explain how variables such as growth rate, nutrition, and temperature affect body size.

Conclusion
Our analysis shows that there is no single locus of control of body size, but that body size is a system property that depends on interactions among the underlying determinants of the three fundamental parameters. A deeper mechanistic understanding of body size will be obtained by research aimed at uncovering the molecular mechanisms that give these three parameters their particular quantitative values.
Correspondence from substance misuse services – what do general practitioners really want?
Authors: Shyam Devatha Radhae , Williams Hugh 
Published: August 2006

Aims and MethodTo improve the quality of correspondence by identifying what general practitioners (GPs) regarded as the important attributes in patient letters from a substance misuse service. A postal questionnaire survey was carried out to determine the views of general practitioners in Brighton and Hove City.ResultsResponses were obtained from 32 out of 45 GP surgeries (71%) and indicated that correspondence should be prompt, concise and regular. An assessment summary, management plan and clear medication prescribing arrangements between primary and secondary services were considered particularly important.Clinical ImplicationsNew quality standards for correspondence to GPs have been implemented by the Brighton Substance Misuse Service. These might be of interest to other such services.
Five-year study (2000–2004) of trainees' publications in the Psychiatric Bulletin
Authors: George Sanju , Dhaya Ditesh , Oyebode Femi 
Published: August 2006

Aims and MethodWe explored the contribution of trainees to the Psychiatric Bulletin by estimating the nature and proportion of papers by trainees published during a 5-year period: 2000–2004.ResultsNearly a third (30.7%) of all papers published during the 5 years were authored/co-authored by trainees. The predominant contribution was to education and training papers (66% of all the papers in this section), original papers (46%) and drug information quarterly papers (30%). The proportions of papers by trainees remained fairly consistent across the 5 years.Clinical ImplicationsOverall, the Psychiatric Bulletin appears to be ‘trainee-friendly’ and this should encourage trainees to submit papers to the Bulletin.
Novel Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1 Mutations in Patients with Congenital Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism with and without Anosmia
Authors: Trarbach Ericka Barbosa , Costa Elaine Maria Frade , Versiani Beatriz , de Castro Margaret , Baptista Maria Tereza Matias , Garmes Heraldo Mendes , de Mendonca Berenice Bilharinho , Latronico Ana Claudia 
Published: August 2006

AbstractContext: Kallmann syndrome is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorder. To date, loss-of-function mutations in the genes encoding anosmin-1 (KAL1) and fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) have been described in the X-linked and autosomal dominant forms of this syndrome, respectively.Objective: The objective was to investigate genetic defects in the KAL1 and FGFR1 genes in patients with congenital isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH).Patients: Eighty patients (71 males and nine females) with IHH were studied, of which 30 were familial. Forty-six of them had olfactory abnormalities.Methods: The coding regions of both KAL1 and FGFR1 genes were amplified and automatically sequenced. The KAL1 mutations were investigated only in patients with olfactory abnormalities, whereas FGFR1 was studied in the entire group.Results: Two novel KAL1 mutations, an intragenic deletion of exons 3–6 and a splicing mutation IVS7 + 1G&gt;A, were identified in two of 46 patients with Kallmann syndrome. Eight novel heterozygous FGFR1 mutations (G48S, L245P, R250W, A343V, P366L, K618fsX654, P722S, and V795I) were identified in nine of 80 patients with IHH. Eight of them had olfactory abnormalities. Interestingly, the G48S mutation was identified in a normosmic IHH patient. Two unrelated females, who carried FGFR1 mutations, had anosmia and normal reproductive function.Conclusion: We identified novel mutations in KAL1 and FGFR1 genes in IHH patients. FGFR1 mutations were identified in 17% of the patients with olfactory abnormalities and in one of 34 normosmic IHH patients. In addition, isolated anosmia was identified in two unrelated females as a partial phenotypic manifestation of FGFR1 defects.
Letrozole Reduces Estrogen and Gonadotropin Exposure in Women with Breast Cancer Undergoing Ovarian Stimulation before Chemotherapy
Authors: Oktay Kutluk , Hourvitz Ariel , Sahin Gulnaz , Oktem Ozgur , Safro Bradley , Cil Aylin , Bang Heejung 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Context: Women with breast cancer are not typically offered embryo or oocyte cryopreservation to preserve their fertility before chemotherapy because of the potential risks associated with high estrogen levels arising from ovarian stimulation.
Objective: We aimed to determine whether the combination of an aromatase inhibitor with gonadotropin treatment in breast cancer patients produces comparable results to standard in vitro fertilization (IVF), without a significant increase in estradiol levels and delay in the initiation of chemotherapy.
Patients and Methods: Stages I-IIIA breast cancer patients (n = 47) received 5 mg/d letrozole and 150–300 IU FSH to cryopreserve embryos or oocytes. Age-matched retrospective controls (n = 56) were selected from women who underwent IVF for tubal disease.
Results: Whereas letrozole and FSH stimulation resulted in significantly lower peak estradiol levels (mean ± sd 483.4 ± 278.9 vs. 1464.6 ± 644.9 pg/ml; P &lt; 0.001) and 44% reduction in gonadotropin requirement, compared with controls, the length of stimulation, number of embryos obtained, and fertilization rates were similar. The human chorionic gonadotropin administration criteria had to be adjusted to 20 mm after letrozole stimulation, compared with 17–18 mm in the controls. The mean delay from surgery to cryopreservation was 38.6 d, with 81% of all patients completing their IVF cycles within 8 wk of surgery.
Conclusion: Ovarian stimulation with letrozole and FSH appears to be a cost-effective alternative for fertility preservation in breast cancer patients with reduced estrogen exposure, compared with standard IVF. If patients are referred promptly, they may undergo embryo or oocyte cryopreservation without a delay in chemotherapy.
Persistent Intraprostatic Androgen Concentrations after Medical Castration in Healthy Men
Authors: Page Stephanie T. , Lin Daniel W. , Mostaghel Elahe A. , Hess David L. , True Lawrence D. , Amory John K. , Nelson Peter S. , Matsumoto Alvin M. , Bremner William J. 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Context: The impact of serum androgen manipulation on prostate tissue hormone levels in normal men is unknown. Studies of men with prostate cancer have suggested that prostatic androgens are preserved in the setting of castration. Tissue androgens might stimulate prostate growth, producing adverse clinical consequences.
Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the effect of serum androgen manipulation on intraprostatic androgens in normal men.
Design: Thirteen male volunteers ages 35–55 yr (prostate-specific antigen &lt; 2.0 ng/ml; normal transrectal ultrasound) were randomly assigned to: 1) a long-acting GnRH-antagonist, acyline, every 2 wk; 2) acyline plus testosterone (T) gel (10 mg/d); or 3) placebo for 28 d. Serum hormones were assessed weekly. Prostate biopsies were obtained on d 28. Extracted androgens were measured by RIA, and immunohistochemistry for androgen-regulated proteins was performed.
Results: The mean decrease in serum T was 94%, whereas prostatic T and dihydrotestosterone levels were 70 and 80% lower, respectively, in subjects receiving acyline alone compared with controls (P &lt; 0.05). Despite this decrease in prostate androgens, there were no detectable differences in prostate epithelial proliferation, apoptosis, prostate-specific antigen, and androgen receptor expression.
Conclusion: In this small study of healthy subjects, despite a 94% decrease in serum T with medical castration, intraprostatic T and dihydrotestosterone levels remained 20–30% of control values, and prostate cell proliferation, apoptosis, and androgen-regulated protein expression were unaffected. Our data highlight the importance of assessing tissue hormone levels. The source of persistent prostate androgens associated with medical castration and their potential role in supporting prostate metabolism deserves further study.
Polycystic Ovarian Morphology in Normal Women Does Not Predict the Development of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Authors: Murphy M. K. , Hall J. E. , Adams J. M. , Lee H. , Welt C. K. 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Context: Polycystic ovarian morphology (PCOM) is present in 25% of normal women in the absence of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS); however, the natural history of PCOM is unknown.
Objective: We hypothesized that the presence of PCOM predisposes the development of PCOS.
Design: The study was a longitudinal follow-up study over 8.2 ± 5.2 yr (mean ± sd; range 1.7–17.5 yr).
Setting: The study took place in an outpatient setting.
Subjects: Women who took part in a previous study as a normal control and had an ultrasound examination (n = 40) participated.
Intervention: Subjects underwent an interval menstrual history, physical exam, blood sampling, and repeat ultrasound in the follicular phase.
Main Outcome Measure: Development of PCOS was diagnosed by irregular menses and hyperandrogenism, in the absence of other disorders. Changes in ovarian morphology over time were evaluated.
Results: At the baseline visit, 23 women (57.5%) had PCOM and 17 (42.5%) had normal ovarian morphology. One subject with PCOM developed irregular menses and presumptive PCOS. Eleven subjects with PCOM no longer met the criteria for PCOM at follow-up. There was no factor that predicted the change to normal ovarian morphology at the follow-up visit.
Conclusions: These data suggest that PCOM in women with regular ovulatory cycles does not commonly predispose the development of PCOS. Although it is unusual to develop PCOM if the ovaries are normal on first assessment, ovaries in women with PCOM no longer meet the criteria for PCOM in approximately half of cases over time.
Temperature Coefficient of Corrosion Inhibition of Steel by Adenine
Authors: Gomma Gamal K , Wahdan Mostafa H 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
The inhibition of steel corrosion in 0.5 M sulfuric acid by adenine at different temperatures was shown to follow the Langmuir adsorption isotherm over a wide concentration range (10−5 to 10−3 M). The corrosion potential, corrosion current, corrosion rate, polarization resistance, as well as activation energy and thermodynamic parameters were calculated at different temperatures. From a comparison of the activation energies of uninhibited and inhibited corrosion reactions, the heat of adsorption of adenine may be obtained. The temperature coefficient for corrosion inhibition has a negative value, which may be explained by assuming that the corrosion reaction is no longer the simple metal/acid reaction, but involves the adsorbed species directly.
Photochemical Hole Burning of Tetraphenylporphine Glycosides
Authors: Suzuki Taro , Horie Kazuyuki , Yamashita Takashi , Bitoh Masami , Konishi Satoshi , Kishimoto Masanari 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Glycosides of tetraphenylporphine were synthesized and studied by photochemical hole burning (PHB) spectroscopy. The derivatives with lactosyl groups in poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) shows excellent thermal stability against cyclic annealing, which is superior to that of sulfonated tetraphenylporphine (TPPS) in PVA. It is supposed that the hydroxyl groups of the glycosides as well as those of PVA would contribute to reducing irreversible structural relaxation by forming hydrogen bonds.
Pressure Dependence of the CN(B2Σ+–X2Σ+) Emission Spectra in an Ar Flowing Afterglow
Authors: Kanda Kazuhiro , Suzuki Kaoru , Ito Haruhiko , Kondow Tamotsu , Kuchitsu Kozo 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
The CN(B2Σ+–X2Σ+) emission spectrum produced in the reaction of Ar(3P2) with BrCN was observed by the use of a flowing afterglow method at argon pressures ranging from 9 mTorr to 2 Torr (1 Torr = 133.322 Pa). The pressure dependences of the intensity anomalies in the rotational lines due to the B2Σ+∼A2Πi and the B2Σ+∼4Σ+ perturbations were measured by introducing collision-partner gases in the reaction region. These pressure dependences can be explained by the “doorway” model. On the other hand, the measured pressure dependence of the effective rotational temperature in the CN(B2Σ+) state can also be reproduced by the collision-induced rotational relaxation model. The cross section for the rotational relaxation in the A2Πi state was found to be smaller than those in the B2Σ+ and 4Σ+ states. This finding is interpreted by the use of the dipole–induced dipole interaction model for the collision–induced rotational relaxation.
Syntheses of 1,2-Thiaphospholes and Their Thermal and Lewis Acid-Promoted Addition Reactions
Authors: Shinoda Ikuo , Takahashi Akihiko , Saito Takao , Uchida Tokiko 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
3,5-Di-substituted 1,2-thiaphospholes were efficiently prepared by treating 2,9-dithia-1-phosphabicyclo[4.3.0]nona-3,7-diene 1-sulfides with n-Bu3P. The thiaphospholes reacted thermally with norbornadiene, norbornene or diethyl azodicarboxylate to produce the 1 : 2 double Diels–Alder cycloadducts. With a mixture of norbornadiene and methyl acrylate or acrylonitrile, the crossed double Diels–Alder cycloadducts were obtained. In the presence of a Lewis acid, the thiaphospholes underwent, at the initial step, the Diels–Alder reaction with acrylic esters, methyl vinyl ketone or acrylonitrile, followed in tandem by the Michael addition of the 1 : 1 cycloadducts to another molecule of the reactant.