bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Geothermal Research related to past climate
Authors: Lewis Trevor , Wang Kelin 
Published: October 2006

Only recently have the possible economic ramifications of global warming been considered; the scientific uncertainties have been researched and discussed for a longer time, but progress has been slow. Although climate modeling has been given a high priority, more research on corroborating evidence and past climates is needed to calibrate the models and verify the associated assumptions (Eos, October 22, 1991, p. 465).Proxy methods such as tree‐ring studies and isotope studies on glacier ice generally give very good indications of past changes in temperature, especially over periods of a few years. Annual temperatures estimated from tree‐ring data for the eastern United States [Fritts and Lough, 1985] and high‐latitude North America [Jacoby and D'Arrigo, 1989] are at a minimum in the mid‐ to late‐19 century and increase into the 20th century. Guiot's [1987] reconstructed annual temperatures over 35‐year intervals for central Canada generally are low in the mid 1800's and increase dramatically in the 20th century. Variations in temperature derived from tree‐ring data for Russia [Graybill and Shiyatov, 1992] and Tasmania [Cook et al., 1991] also show that a cold period preceded the recent warming.
[Comment on Bill Back's Book Review of “Opportunities in the Hydrologic Sciences”] Narrow view of hydrology?
Authors: Dawdy David R. 
Published: October 2006

Bill Back's review of the report, Opportunities in the Hydrologic Sciences (National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1991) was interesting not only because of the importance of the report itself, as Back wrote, but also because of the compartmentalized thinking that his review seems to illustrate. The report was compiled by the NRC's Committee on Opportunities in the Hydrologic Sciences.Back's first paragraph ends with “…the book is extremely important, and its basic premise—that there is such a thing as a single ‘discipline’ of hydrology—is contrary to the thinking of many hydrogeologists.” The message in the report's preface by Pete Eagleson, chair of the committee, is that there is a need to recognize hydrology as a science. It is interdisciplinary, and geology (or hydrogeology) is only one of its many subdisciplines.
[Comment on “A forum for the teaching of geophysics”] Publishing ideas on geophysics teaching
Authors: Shea James H. 
Published: October 2006

It was interesting to read in Eos (May 5) that some AGU members are looking for a place to publish their ideas on the teaching of geophysics. The suggestion about the possibility of publishing a special supplement to Reviews of Geophysics is an interesting one; I would like to suggest another possibility.The Journal of Geological Education, published by the National Association of Geology Teachers, is an internationally circulated publication dedicated to improving education in the geosciences. It is now in its forty‐second year of publication and publishes five issues and 400–500 pages of material each year. Articles about education in geophysics are regularly published in JGE, and more would certainly be welcome.
Petrologic and geophysical studies of an artificial magma
Authors: Jacobs G. K. , Dunbar N. W. , Naney M. T. , Williams R. T. , Dunbar N. W. 
Published: October 2006

In Situ Vitrification (ISV) is one of the most geologically interesting techniques being developed to stabilize radioactive and hazardous waste sites. The ISV process transforms permeable, easily leached, contaminated soils into low‐permeability, leach‐resistant vitreous and crystalline materials via in situ joule (resistance) heating [Buelt et al., 1987].Melting is induced by applying electrical power to the ground through four graphite electrodes in a square configuration inserted vertically into the upper portion of the soil to be melted. Melting proceeds downward, producing a roughly hemispheric body that cools to a glassy to partially crystalline material. A hood is placed over the melt to collect gases and particulates released from the melt.
Final NOAA Budget emerges
Authors: Bush Susan 
Published: October 2006

In the final step before being signed into law, a conference committee recently resolved differences between the House and the Senate's versions of the fiscal year 1993 spending bill for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.On September 25, conferees agreed to a total $1.52 billion budget, instead of the $1.5 billion proposed by the Senate and the $1.45 billion proposed by the House. President Bush had requested $1.58 billion for the fiscal year that began October 1.
Geotail Mission to explore Earth's magnetotail
Authors: Nishida A. , Uesugi K. , Nakatani I. , Mukai T. , Fairfield D. H. , Acuna M. H. 
Published: October 2006

The cooperative satellite mission, Geotail, was launched recently by the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science of Japan and NASA. This satellite will investigate the magnetotail region of the Earth's magnetosphere, reaching distances as large as 220 RE (1 Earth radii = 6378 km). In this orbit, Geotail will yield an increased understanding of fundamental processes taking place in this relatively unexplored portion of geospace.The Geotail satellite was designed and developed by ISAS and was launched by NASA on a DELTA II expendable launch vehicle on July 24, carrying scientific instruments provided by both space agencies. This article describes briefly the Geotail mission objectives, as well as the mission design.
Uses and limitations of the Tsyganenko magnetic field models
Authors: Stern David P. , Tsyganenko Nikolai A. 
Published: October 2006

When exploring a new country, one needs a good map. The Earth's magnetosphere is such a country, and its “maps” are models of the geomagnetic field. In essence they are mathematical prescriptions implemented by computer which, given (x,y,z) of a point and other supporting information, return the point's expected magnetic components (Bx, By, Bz) [Tsyganenko, 1990].At present, the empirical magnetic field models by Tsyganenko [1987, 1989a, c; denoted henceforth as T87 and T89] are often used in various studies of the Earth's magnetosphere. Stern [1990] has devised modifications of T87 with current‐free tail lobes and with a plasma sheet that warps in response to dipole tilt [Peredo and Stern, 1991].
The ICSU World Data Centers
Authors: Ruttenberg Stan 
Published: October 2006

Data, data. Who's got the data? Why can't I find them? If I do find them, why can't I get them? If I do get them, why is the format wrong? Why are they printed or published instead of in a computer‐readable medium? Why is it so expensive to get the excerpt I want instead of 1,000 tapes? Why is the documentation missing or incomplete? Why do we spend good science money on data management? What are the National and World Data centers anyway? What can they do for me?There are two responses to these questions—“just because,” or “do you want the short answer or the long answer?” Just because is an unsatisfactory answer, yet it contains a kernel of truth. The long story is sure to glaze the eyes of the reader over, so I will attempt a short discussion. Apologies for tracing ground known to some of you, and for touches of whimsy. An exegesis of data matters calls for imaginative treatment to get your attention at the start to induce you, gentle reader, to continue.
Paleomagnetic database search possible
Authors: Harbert William 
Published: October 2006

I have recently finished an on‐line search program which allows remote users to search the “Abase” ASCII version of the World Paleomagnetic Database developed by Lock and McElhinny [1991]. The program is very simple to use and will search the Soviet, non‐Soviet, rock unit, and reference databases and create output files that can be downloaded back to a researcher's local system using the ftp command.To use Search, telnet to 130.49.3.1 (earth.eps.pitt.edu) and login as the user “Search.rdquo; There is no password, and the user is asked a series of questions, which define the geographic region and ages of interest. The program will also ask for an identifier with which to create the output file names. The program has three modes of operation: text‐only, Tektronix graphics, or X11l/R5 graphics; the proper choice depends on the computer hardware that is used by the searcher.
Developing Indo‐Nepal water resources
Authors: Prasad T. 
Published: October 2006

Prospects for improving the development of water resources in the region and clarifying the problems that deter development were explored in the workshop, “Cooperative Development of Indo‐Nepal Water Resources: Prospects, Opportunities, and Challenges,” held from May 29–30, 1992, in Patna, India. It was organized by the Centre for Water Resources Studies at the Bihar College of Engineering in Patna.Nepal and the Indian states of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, which are south of Nepal, are very well endowed with water resources. Seven major rivers traversing these Indian states originate in Nepal. The capacity to generate power from these rivers is estimated to be equal to the hydroelectric power potential available in North America. The plains below the Himalayan foot hills in Nepal, called the Terai, and the plains of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh are fertile and capable of high agricultural yield.
Polar continental margins: Studies off East Greenland
Authors: Mienert J. , Thiede J. , Kenyon N. H. , Hollender F.‐J. 
Published: October 2006

The passive continental margin off east Greenland has been shaped by tectonic and sedimentary processes, and typical physiographic patterns have evolved over the past few million years under the influence of the late Cenozoic Northern Hemisphere glaciations. The Greenland ice shield has been particularly affected.GLORIA (Geological Long Range Inclined Asdic), the Institute of Oceanographic Sciences' (IOS) long‐range, side‐scan sonar, was used on a 1992 RV Livonia cruise to map large‐scale changes in sedimentary patterns along the east Greenland continental margin. The overall objective of this research program was to determine the variety of large‐scale seafloor processes to improve our understanding of the interaction between ice sheets, current regimes, and sedimentary processes. In cooperation with IOS and the RV Livonia, a high‐quality set of seafloor data has been produced. GLORIA'S first survey of east Greenland's continental margin covered several 1000‐ × 50‐km‐wide swaths (Figure 1) and yielded an impressive sidescan sonar image of the complete Greenland Basin and margin (about 250,000 km2). A mosaic of the data was made at a scale of 1:375,000. The base map was prepared with a polar stereographic projection having a standard parallel of 71°.
Gibbons confirmed as science adviser
Authors: Jones Richard M. 
Published: October 2006

On January 28, John H. Gibbons, President Clinton's nominee for director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy, was confirmed by the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation. During the January 26 confirmation hearing he outlined his thinking on a number of science policy issues, including his relationship to Vice‐President Al Gore on science policy development.Gibbons has had a long and successful relationship with Congress for 14 years, since he became director of the Office of Technology Assessment. Gibbons clearly impressed the members of the confirmation committee.
Lithospheric stress patterns: A global view
Authors: Zoback Mary Lou , Burke Kevin 
Published: October 2006

The present‐day lithospheric stress state is the result of a variety of forces that act on and within the tectonic plates forming the Iithosphere. Knowledge of this stress state provides important constraints on forces acting at a variety of scales and, hence, helps to solve scientific problems of interest to a wide spectrum of scientists and engineers.Six years of effort by scientists from all over the world (listed at end of article) brought together under the International Lithosphere Program (ILP) of the joint International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics/International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGG/IUGS) Interunion Commission on the Lithosphere culminated in the July 1992 publication of the World Stress Map and nineteen accompanying research papers in a special issue of the Journal of Geophysical Research‐Solid Earth (volume 87, number B8). Figure 1 shows a reduced version of the published 1:40,000,000 color map.
House Science Committee sets agenda
Authors: Jones Richard M. 
Published: October 2006

An informal briefing a few weeks ago by the House Science, Space, and Technology Committee staff provided a good overview of high‐priority science issues that they will address. The committee plans to revisit some issues as well as consider new matters of interest.There is much uncertainty about the Clinton administration's budget request, with no firm information about Space Station Freedom or budgets for the National Science Foundation, Department of Energy, or NASA. The Office of Management and Budget is assembling the new budget, which will then be sent to the agencies for review. March 23 is the current target date for release of the detailed budget document.
Arctic Contamination Workshop planned
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

During the past few years, much concern has been raised about the contamination of the Arctic environment. The U.S. government and the governments of other Arctic nations have been joined by many citizen groups in calling for an examination of both the shortand long‐term consequences of this Arctic contamination.A workshop to assess Arctic contamination will be held in Anchorage, Alaska, May 2–7. It will be a forum to gather information on the extent of the dumping of nuclear and other hazardous and toxic waste materials into the Arctic Ocean, its marginal seas, and its fluvial tributaries, as well as the emissions of airborne contaminants into the Arctic atmosphere. The workshop is being convened by the U.S. Interagency Arctic Research Policy Committee (IARPC).
Glacigenic mudflows on the Bear Island Submarine Fan
Authors: Vogt P. R. , Crane K. , Sundvor E. 
Published: October 2006

SeaMARC II sidescan imagery casts new light on glacigenic mass‐wasting on the Bear Island Fan, whose surface geology is evidently much more complex (Figure 1) than the regular bathymetric contours had indicated. The University of Bergen research vessel Håkon Mosby towed a SeaMARC II side‐scan sonar/bathymetric swathmapping system along the Svalbard‐Barents Sea continental margins and across the Mohns‐Knipovich‐Molloy spreading axis [Sundvor et al., 1990] in October and November 1989 and again in September and October 1990. Magnetic, 3.5‐kHz, and gravity data were also collected along parts of the survey area.The plate boundary was the primary campaign target, but significant discoveries were also made on the reconnaissance tracks across and along portions of the margins, mostly below 800‐ to 1000‐m depths (P. Vogt et al., unpublished manuscript, 1993). We summarize our work over the central and northern quadrants of the Bear Island Fan (Figure 2), where the sidescan revealed unusual mass‐wasting in the form of numerous thin (10–20 m), 5‐ to 20‐km‐wide mudflows up to 200 km long (Figures 1,3, and 4).
The Flores Island tsunamis
Authors: Yeh Harry , Imamura Fumihiko , Synolakis Costas , Tsuji Yoshinobu , Liu Philip , Shi Shaozhong 
Published: October 2006

On December 12, 1992, at 5:30 A.M. GMT, an earthquake of magnitude Ms 7.5 struck the eastern region of Flores Island, Indonesia (Figure 1), a volcanic island located just at the transition between the Sunda and Banda Island arc systems. The local newspaper reported that 25‐m high tsunamis struck the town of Maumere, causing substantial casualties and property damage. On December 16, television reports broadcast in Japan via satellite reported that 1000 people had been killed in Maumere and twothirds of the population of Babi Island had been swept away by the tsunamis.The current toll of the Flores earthquake is 2080 deaths and 2144 injuries, approximately 50% of which are attributed to the tsunamis. A tsunami survey plan was initiated within 3 days of the earthquake, and a cooperative international survey team was formed with four scientists from Indonesia, nine from Japan, three from the United States, one from the United Kingdom, and one from Korea.
Linking ground‐ and space‐based observations in space physics
Authors: Akasofu Syun‐Ichi 
Published: October 2006

A critical review of past efforts in space physics underscores the importance of incorporating three important concepts in developing a strategy for progress during the next decade. These three approaches are suggested in an effort to study the magnetosphere and geospace environment generally as a vast three‐dimensional system.The discipline of space physics was born after the advent of Sputnik. The subsequent growth of the discipline took different courses in different countries. In Europe and Japan, many researchers in the traditional disciplines of geomagnetism, aeronomy, and ionospheric physics contributed to the birth and growth of space physics. Thus, early in, its development, they devoted their efforts to ground‐based observations. U.S. physicists became the main force in establishing and developing space physics and played a major role primarily through satellite‐based observations. In the former Soviet Union, researchers from the traditional disciplines closely collaborated with physicists.
Heavy winter precipitation in southwest Arizona
Authors: Guttman Nathaniel B. , Lee Jung Jin , Wallis James R. 
Published: October 2006

During December 1992, according to theWeekly Climate Bulletinof the Climate Analysis Center in Washington, D.C., heavy precipitation inundated parts of Arizona causing more than 400% of normal precipitation to fall in the southwestern part of the state. Heavy precipitation continued to fall during the next 2 months, causing extensive flooding along the Gila River.Phoenix Weather Service Forecast Office monthly storm data reports indicated flooding along the Santa Cruz and San Pedro Rivers on December 29. From January 7 to 20, roads, bridges, homes, businesses, and farmland suffered considerable flood damage from Graham County westward to Yuma County as rivers and streams swelled. Several thousand people were isolated in their homes as flood waters cut off roads. The January storm data report shows that the combination of a northward‐displaced subtropical jet stream, with its abundant moisture supply and associated low pressure disturbances and a southward‐displaced polar jet stream, with its storm track, led to the abnormally wet period from late December to mid‐January. In February, severe flooding was reported in several areas as water rose in the Painted Rock Reservoir; water accumulating behind the dam produced the largest lake in the state. After exceeding the 2.5 million acre‐feet capacity of the reservoir, water began spilling over the dam and damaging homes, crops, farmland, roads, and bridges. About 3,500 residents were evacuated, and the National Guard responded to the flooding with various relief efforts including helicopter support operations. The U.S. and Arizona Departments of Agriculture reported flood damage in excess of $50 million.
DOE Budget to grow slightly in 1994
Authors: Bush Susan 
Published: October 2006

The Department of Energy's budget request for fiscal year 1994 is $19.6 billion, a modest increase over fiscal 1993's appropriation of $19 billion. Secretary of Energy Hazel R. O'Leary described the request as a shift in priorities to meet the needs of a shifting world.“In concert with other administration activities, DOE will continue in fiscal 1994 to substantially redirect DOE's research and development priorities,” said O'Leary. The emphasis is on energy efficiency and conservation, renewable energy sources, natural gas utilization, and technology transfer from the national laboratories aimed at increasing competitiveness, she said.For national defense needs, the fiscal 1994 budget drops from $7.2 billion to $5.9 billion. Many projects for advanced nuclear reactors will be eliminated, and funding for nuclear weapons activities will be reduced.
Outstanding student paper award
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

Mary Kohl's presentation, “Using a Short‐Baseline Borehole Tiltmeter to Measure the Regional Tilt,” was named the Outstanding Student Paper in the Geodesy Section at AGU's 1992 Fall Meeting in San Francisco, Calif.Kohl is a doctoral student in physics at the Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics at the University of Colorado. Her research is in experimental geophysics, and her dissertation will focus on understanding and interpreting tidal tilt measurements in southern California. Kohl received a B.S. in physics from Union College, Schenectady, N.Y., in 1985.
Mid‐Atlantic Ridge hydrothermal processes: Prelude to drilling
Authors:   TAG Hydrothermal Research Team
Published: October 2006

The characterization of physical and chemical regimes of one of the largest and deepest seafloor hydrothermal fields known, the Trans‐Atlantic Geotraverse (TAG) field situated on the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge near 26°N, 45°W, was the subject of a diving cruise by IW Atlantis II/Alvin during April and May. An international research team carried out multidisciplinary investigations of both active and inactive hydrothermal zones of the field. The investigation was designed to achieve several objectives supporting drilling of an active sulfide mound in the TAG field scheduled in late 1994 by the Ocean Drilling Program: to advance understanding of the role of seafloor hydrothermal activity in transferring heat and chemicals between the oceanic lithosphere and the oceanto establish a quantitative baseline for these exchange processes prior to drilling the moundto determine the structure of the mound.
Uniform seismic data recording format explored
Authors: Fuchs Karl 
Published: October 2006

To fill the need for an international uniform data recording format for future large‐scale seismic experiments using more than 500 stations for observations, the International Lithosphere Program (ILP) and the International Association for Seismology and Physics of the Earth Interior (IASPEI) have formed the Mega Earth Mobile Seismic Array Consortium (MEMSAC). MEMSAC held its first meeting from April 30 to May 1 in Karlsruhe, Germany. Experts from Europe and North America met with industry representatives to discuss the feasibility and avenues for a uniform data recording format.In arguing for uniform field computer output, J. Fowler (PASSCAL) stressed the necessity of instrument‐dependent quality control, which would include time and clock control and control of manual entries such as geographic information, channel identification, sample rate, gain settings, channel number, and data compression. Information contained in the header (log file, health file) was also briefly discussed, as were archiving and exchange formats, but no recommendations were issued.
Canadian Geophysical Union meets
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

After a very successful joint meeting with AGU in Montreal last year, the Canadian Geophysical Union returned to its regular venue at Banff, Alberta, in 1993. One hundred‐forty‐two papers were presented in sixteen sessions.The session's highlight was the presentation of the Wilson award to Alan Beck of the University of Western Ontario. The CGU awards this medal annually in recognition of outstanding contributions to geophysics in Canada.