bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Third Kingdom
Authors: Connolly S. J. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
From 1603, Ireland, England, and Scotland became part of a composite monarchy ruled by the new Stuart dynasty. One consequence was that a large scale colonization project — the plantation of Ulster — involved placing Scottish as well as English settlers in what had been the last stronghold of Gaelic Ireland. A uniform system of law and administration now extended over the whole island, an achievement celebrated in the legal writings of Sir John Davies. Meanwhile, the Irish economy had begun to expand as exports of sheep and cattle rose, and new industrial enterprises, notably iron manufacturing, spread. Commercialization was evident in the expansion of Dublin and other towns, and in the growth of fairs and markets. Plantation, economic expansion, and the growth of the civil and military bureaucracy allowed a new ruling class of recent English settlers to rise to prominence at the expense of the Old English.
Ecclesiastics as Forensic Practitioners
Authors: Humfress Caroline 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter demonstrates the forensic expertise of certain key late Roman ecclesiastics and lay Christians. This expertise was not simply gleaned from a general late Roman legal culture; the biographical evidence suggests a career-orientated education. The training of leading ecclesiastics in forensic rhetoric may provide one explanation as to why canon law was largely developed through similar techniques as late Roman law. The creative elaboration of these two legal systems was thus reciprocal, rather than parallel. In other words, the development of early canon law in late antiquity was framed by a constant case-specific interaction between forensic practitioners within the church and forensic practice outside the church.
Forensic Expertise and the Development of Early ‘Canon Law’
Authors: Humfress Caroline 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter argues that the fact that some key late Roman ecclesiastics were trained as forensic practitioners is crucial to explaining how it was that early ‘canon law’ was elaborated using specific techniques and procedures ‘borrowed’ from Roman law. The various foundational strands of early Judaeo-Christian ‘internal’ ideas and practices, forensic practice and church councils, and forensic practice and the papal elaboration of ‘ecclesiastical’ law are discussed.
Conclusion
Authors: Humfress Caroline 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis concluding chapter presents a synthesis of discussions in the preceding chapters. In late antiquity, practitioners of forensic rhetoric were trained in how to handle general legal principles and imperial constitutions. In other words, late Roman rhetorical schools, in both the East and the West, taught their pupils how to handle imperial legislation pragmatically, as a resource for influencing the outcome of disputes, rather than a canon for deciding them. The duty of the late Roman advocate, and indeed the iurisperitus employed in private cases, lay in exploiting the dialectic between any relevant ‘normative’ rule and its concrete application, in favour of their client's case. Thus, within the technical branch of ancient rhetoric, ‘laws’ were already held to exist within a domain of rhetorical argumentation. What emerges from this perspective is not the ‘intellectual inferiority’ of late Roman law, but the creativity and ingenuity of late Roman forensic practitioners.
An Independent Press and Anti‐hunger Strategies: The Indian Experience
Authors: Ram N. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
An independent press along with genuine opposition parties can deter governments from failing to intervene promptly in crises such as famine. Timely and relevant information, determined by the kind and degree of press independence and the prevailing political environment, can make a substantive difference to the way public opinion is shaped and official policy is made. Analysing the historical and present role of the Indian press, this chapter argues that although the press played a key role in making government takes steps to prevent famine, the persistent hunger has been a rather tame issue. There is also a tendency to dramatize the coverage when a crisis threatens, neglecting the deeper structural issues. A systematic interaction between journalism and specialized disciplines is required to strengthen the role of press regarding hunger and poverty.
Adapting to Undernourishment: The Biological Evidence and its Implications
Authors: Dasgupta Partha , Ray Debraj 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter argues that unless an extremely strong notion of autoregulation is employed, the methodology espoused by Sukhatme — who attacked the convention of choosing a benchmark for estimating undernutrition — is incorrect and the confusion between statistical and physiological thresholds invalidates the main argument. The chapter's biological evidence points to areas of the human system where adjustment and adaptation are distinct possibilities, and to areas where the system may move in the opposite direction. Furthermore, if adaptation exists, it is purchased at a cost. It is also revealed that the combination of adjustment, high labour supply, and a casual labour market can be disastrous in the long run. Moreover, people with low-intake history are progressively excluded from the lucrative long-term labour contracts. Although undernourished people though find place in casual labour markets, there is no in-built mechanism to reduce their undernourishment.
The Intrafamily Distribution of Hunger in South Asia
Authors: Harriss Barbara 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter states that discrimination in intrafamily feeding practices and nutrient allocation in South Asia exists, and that this is far from being dramatic in nature. An index of intrafamily distribution of hunger is developed to address the analytical bias arising from the use of atypical data. It reveals that discrimination in feeding does not automatically imply discrimination in nutrition, and the latter does not necessarily imply disadvantage in welfare. Discrimination against women happens because the labour markets are structured in favour of males; the discrimination against a female child is an outcome of cultural and religious factors; for discrimination against small children, material, biological, and sociological explanations exist. The chapter's suggested policies to remedy nutritional discrimination include nutrition education aimed at mothers, on-site or take-home supplementary feeding schemes and mother-child health schemes, an elevation in the economic status of women, and public distribution system.
Famine Prevention in India
Authors: Drèze Jean 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Though one may mistakenly attribute India's impressive recent record of famine prevention to a steady improvement in food production or to the overall evolution of the economy, this chapter argues that it is the relief system that played the crucial role in averting large-scale famine. The two components of a reliable famine prevention system are: an intelligent and well-planned interventionist procedure and a mechanism ensuring an early step by the authorities. For India, both were appreciably influenced first by the emergence of Famine Codes and then by the country's attainment of independence. Providing case studies, the chapter underscores the urgency of recreating the lost entitlements through relief and wage-based employment, and spotlights the roles of public pressure, cash relief, and public works.
Famine Prevention in Africa: Some Experiences and Lessons
Authors: Drèze Jean 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the success stories of famine prevention in a number of African countries, such as Kenya, Zimbabwe, Cape Verde, and Bostswana, that had received little attention from the international community. Public policy, by providing direct public support to the population in times of crisis, was key to this famine prevention success; neither higher economic growth, nor accelerated growth of agriculture, nor the rapid expansion of food production were by themselves adequate safeguards against famine. These African experiences offer ample lessons, including the importance of entitlement protection systems, initiative, and conduct of emergency operations by local or national institutions; the dependence of early response on political considerations, efficacy of cash support, interconnections between private trade and public distribution, and diversification of economic activities.
Market Responses to Anti-hunger Policies: Effects on Wages, Prices and Employment
Authors: Ravallion Martin 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Market responses can enhance or undermine anti-hunger policies, and an understanding of these responses can provide important clues for policy analysis and design. This chapter explores alternative anti-hunger policies. It considers major anti-hunger public policies for specific groups, investigates the ways in which markets may respond, and examines their various implications. It also sheds light on some less obvious elements of anti-hunger policies such as price stabilization policies, improvement of rural credit, etc. It is argued that the choice between compatible policies depends crucially on market responses.
Public Policy and Basic Needs Provision: Intervention and Achievement in Sri Lank
Authors: Anand Sudhir , Kanbur S. M. Ravi 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
A substantial part of Sri Lanka's achievements in certain areas of basic needs provision such as health and education standards, has been due to the country's intrinsic and directed public policies. This chapter's econometric analysis, based on time series data, reconfirms that income growth alone would not have achieved that enviable basic needs record — the role of direct intervention has been significant. The expansion of health services has been more effective than food subsidies in mortality decline. There is a need to shift the focus from scrutinizing the effectiveness of intervention to looking at the best patterns and combinations of social welfare expenditure that can achieve the maximum impact on basic needs.
Undernutrition in Sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Svedberg Peter 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
From 5% to 45% of the population of sub-Saharan Africa appear to be undernourished, depending on the indicator and sources consulted. This enormous discrepancy calls for a diagnosis of the extent of undernourishment in the region. This chapter argues that both FAO and IBRD have based their estimates on the FAO calorie availability data, which are downward biased thus leading to an inflated figure for undernourishment. This exaggeration is an upshot of biased methods, non-representative data, and imprecise and ambiguous conception of undernutrition. The chapter makes extensive use of anthropometric evidence to establish these substantive conclusions. It suggests that even when sample studies are representative and unbiased, supplementary socio-economic data are required to understand the source of undernutrition.
The Food Problems of Bangladesh
Authors: Osmani S. R. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Bangladesh has avoided a recurrence of famine since 1974, but this does not imply that there has been improvement in the underlying trend of persistent hunger. This chapter analyses the changes that occurred as well as the tasks ahead, arguing that vulnerability still remains. The prevailing food policies accentuate rather than relieve the problem of endemic hunger, and the relatively successful overall economic growth has not been adequate in eliminating regular undernourishment. For food policies to regulate the process of entitlement contraction, an equitable diffusion of modern agricultural technology and elimination of credit constraints faced by small farmers are suggested.
Fundamentals of the septo-hippocampal system
Authors: Gray Jeffrey A. , McNaughton Neil 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter reviews data that provide critical principals that need to be explained by any theory of the septo-hippocampal system: 1) that it mediates the action of all anti-anxiety drugs; 2) memories depend on synaptic plasticity outside the hippocampus with hippocampal plasticity representing re-programming of a machine not data storage; 3) the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus process goals (where/what combinations) with the distinction between ‘stimulus’ and ‘response’ being inappropriate at their level of the nervous system; 4) the hippocampus has no necessary involvement in any aspect of goal processing but modulates such processing when there is conflict between concurrent goals; 5) frontal cortex, cingulate cortex, hippocampus, and basal ganglia all deal with different aspects of response inhibition; 6) modern theories should account for all types of data on the hippocampus; 7) the hippocampus is phylogenetically old; 8) the hippocampus contains a set of logical gates; 9, 10, 11, and 12) the hippocampus inhibits the formation of incorrect associations rather than forming correct ones by recursive processing and so modulates, but is not part of classical sensory systems; 13) the hippocampus detects mismatch between expected and actual events; 14 and 15) monoamine systems act to alter the signal-to-noise ratio of hippocampal processing, each for a different types of event; and 16) rhythmic ‘theta’ activity is important for hippocampal processing, particularly when optimum performance is required.
Quantum liquids
Authors: Leggett A.J. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter starts with a discussion of the symmetry conditions which have to be imposed on the wave function of a many-particle system, and the distinction between bosons and fermions. It then examines the consequences of these conditions for simple systems of non-interacting particles (Fermi-Dirac and Bose-Einstein statistics), and in particular, introduces the phenomenon of Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) in a noninteracting Bose gas. The phenomenon of Cooper pairing of interacting fermions is introduced by a thought-experiment in which one starts from a BEC of tightly bound diatomic molecules made of fermion atoms and gradually weakens the binding. The chapter closes with a description of the various physical systems to be treated in the book, and an account of the phenomenology of superfluidity and superconductivity. An appendix treats the statistical mechanics of a rotating system.
The Bose alkali gases
Authors: Leggett A.J. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter starts with a discussion of the structure and properties of individual alkali atoms, and of trapping and diagnostic techniques. It is shown that under the conditions normally satisfied in practice, it is an excellent approximation to model the interatomic interaction by a delta-function potential with a coefficient derived from the experimentally measured s-wave scattering length. The simplest theory of a Bose-condensed dilute atomic alkali gas, the Gross-Pitaevskii ansatz, is introduced and some of its consequences explored. A number of spectacular phenomena related to the phase coherence of a gas displaying BEC are reviewed. The final two sections examine the behavior of an ultracold Bose gas in an optical lattice, and various signatures of superfluidity in the experimental systems.
Miscellaneous topics
Authors: Leggett A.J. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractFour different systems, mostly of recent vintage, which are known or conjectured to manifest BEC/Cooper pairing are discussed. First, various non-cuprate “exotic” superconductors (alkali fullerides, organics, heavy fermions, ruthenates) are reviewed. Next, an account is given of the superfluid phases of liquid 3He in the pores of aerogel. A third section introduces the topic of the “supersolid” behavior recently reported in solid 4He, and comments on some theoretical issues raised by the experiments. The last section of the chapter considers the newly realized system of ultracold Fermi alkali gases, where one can study experimentally the apparently smooth crossover between the BEC of diatomic molecules and BCS superfluidity in a degenerate Fermi gas, thus unifying the concepts of BEC and Cooper pairing.
The creation of the NPL Mathematics Division
Authors: Croarken Mary 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
In April 1945, the journal Nature announced that the National Physical Laboratory would ‘extend its activities by the establishment of a Mathematics Division’. The new Mathematics Division was intended to act as a ‘central mathematics station’ and was the first of the three main centres of early electronic computer development in Britain. The Division had two main functions: to undertake research into new computing methods and machines, and to provide computing services and advice to government departments and industry. It was soon providing a national computing service, and became a leading centre for numerical analysis. This chapter sets the stage for these developments in computing, focusing on the circumstances surrounding the creation of the NPL Mathematics Division. Four questions are addressed: why was a central mathematics station needed? Why was it established at the NPL? Why was John Womersley chosen as superintendent? And finally, to what extent did the NPL Mathematics Division succeed as a central mathematics station?
Programming the Pilot ACE
Authors: Hayes J. G. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter presents an overview of the programming process for the Pilot ACE. This programme was for the back-substitution phase of solving a set of linear algebraic equations, with multiple right-hand sides, up to order 32. Topics covered include storage, two stages of programming, programming back substitution, steps of the programme, and multiple right-hand sides.
The ACE Test Assembly, the Pilot ACE, the Big ACE, and the Bendix G15
Authors: Huskey Harry D. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter begins with a brief discussion of the ENIAC and the EDVAC projects in the US. The author then describes his work at the National Physical Laboratory. Topics covered include the ACE Test Assembly, the 12-bit ACE, the Big ACE, the SWAC (National Bureau of Standards Western Automatic Computer), and the Bendix G15. Finally, a comparison of the Test Assembly, Pilot Model, and G15 is presented.
The DEUCE—a user's view
Authors: Vowels Robin A. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter describes the origins and development of the English Electric DEUCE (Digital Electronic Universal Computing Engine), the production machine derived from the ACE Pilot Model. The DEUCE was an outstanding commercial success due to its high speed, huge programme and subroutine library, fast magnetic drum, enhanced peripheral equipment, and extraordinary reliability. The first DEUCE was installed in early 1955. Most DEUCEs saw a decade of service, and approximately twenty were still operating in 1965, some continuing to the end of the decade.
Historical Interpretations of Flower Induction and Flower Development
Authors: Glover Beverley J. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe modern analysis of flowers and flowering rests on description and interpretation of plant form. Chief among these is Goethe's foliar theory, which proposes that all aerial plant organs are analogous to a single organ. The foliar theory has underpinned all work on flower development, including modern molecular genetic analyses, as well as providing a frame of reference for evolutionary studies. This chapter describes Goethe's theory with reference to the flower, and its use and expansion by 20th-century botanists. An analysis of the differences and similarities between vegetative and floral organs is presented, which provides a framework for a section that interprets the foliar theory in an evolutionary context. The second half of the chapter moves on to consider historical interpretations of the transition from the vegetative state to the flowering state, describing the mechanisms proposed by early plant physiologists to explain this transition.
The Vernalization Pathway of Floral Induction and the Role of Gibberellin
Authors: Glover Beverley J. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractTemperature, and particularly vernalization, exposure to a prolonged period of cold, is used by plants to regulate the onset of flowering. This is a sensible adaptation of plants in temperate climates to prevent the risk of autumn germination leading to flowering in winter, a time when pollinators are scarce and freezing temperatures may inhibit seed production. At the same time, the plant growth regulator gibberellin has been shown to be a powerful promoter of flowering in many species. For some time, there was speculation that the vernalization-induced flower induction pathway operated through gibberellins, but we now know, in Arabidopsis at least, that vernalization and gibberellin represent two independent pathways which can both induce flowering. This chapter considers the two pathways separately, before looking at the evidence that they overlap.
Development of the Floral Organs
Authors: Glover Beverley J. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractIt is becoming clear that flower development is a cascade, with flowering time integrators activating floral meristem identity genes which activate floral organ identity genes. The floral organ identity genes themselves encode transcription factors, and are predicted to activate the many structural genes required to form the new organs, as well as further regulatory genes controlling processes such as pigment synthesis. The expression patterns of the floral organ identity genes determine the positions of developing organs (in the ABC model of flower development), and those expression patterns are themselves determined in part by cadastral genes (genes whose function is to specify the domain of expression of other genes). Floral organ identity genes act together as transcriptional complexes to ensure expression of the correct structural genes in each whorl of the developing flower.
The ABC Model in Evolution
Authors: Glover Beverley J. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractFlower development operates through the activities of a set of transcription factors regulating the structural genes necessary for correct organ development in the correct position. The majority of these ABC genes encode MADS box transcription factors, a very ancient family of DNA binding proteins. By tracing the evolutionary history of this gene family, the molecular processes which lie behind the evolution of flowers can be investigated. Since flowers are one of the key distinguishing features of the angiosperms, and have been argued to be responsible for their astonishing radiation into the most species rich plant division by far, the evolution of the MADS box family is of particular interest in reconstructing plant evolutionary history.
Why Are Flowers Different? Pollination Syndromes—The Theory
Authors: Glover Beverley J. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractIt is clear from a merely cursory glance around any garden in the summer months that flowers come in an enormous variety of sizes, shapes, colours, and scents. The book now focusses on the differences between flowers, as opposed to the molecular similarities that unite them. This chapter begins by considering the different ways that flowers can be pollinated. It is a basic premise underlying much of floral biology that differences in pollination system explain many of the differences in floral form. The evidence to support this premise is not as compelling as we might like to think, as discussed in later chapters. However, to set the stage for those discussions, this chapter looks at the historical concept of the pollination syndrome and the predictions it makes about floral morphology. The chapter considers the roles different animal pollinators may play in influencing floral evolution.