bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies with enaminones: Synthesis and chemical reactivity of 2‐(4‐dimethylamino‐2‐oxobut‐3‐enyl)‐isoindole‐1,3‐dione and of 4‐(4‐dimethylamino‐2‐oxobut‐3‐enyloxy)‐2H‐phthalazin‐1‐one
Authors: Al‐Mousawi Saleh , John Elizabeth , Al‐Kandery Najat 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe title compounds were synthesized via condensing acetonylphthalimide and 4‐acetonyloxyphthalazine‐1‐one with dimethylformamide dimethylacetal (DMFDMA). The reaction of these enaminones with electrophiles and nucleophiles is reported as a route to polyfunctional heteroaromatics.
Synthesis of trifluoromethylated pyrido[2,3‐d]pyrimidine‐2,4‐diones from 6‐aminouracils and trifluoromethylated pyrazolo[3,4‐b]‐pyridines from 5‐aminopyrazoles
Authors: Takahashi Masahiko , Nagaoka Hironori , Inoue Kazuhiro 
Published: March 2009

Abstract5 or 7‐Trifluoromethyl‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydropyrido[2,3‐d]pyrimidine‐2,4‐diones 3, 5, 10, 13 and 4‐ or 6‐trifluoromethylpyrazolo[3,4‐b]pyridines 15, 16, 19, 21 were prepared from 6‐aminouracils and 5‐aminopyrazoles, respectively, in good yields by the use of building blocks such as 4,4,4‐trifluoro‐1‐phenyl‐1,3‐butanedione, 1,1,1‐trifluoro‐4‐phenyl‐3‐buten‐2‐one, 4‐ethoxy‐1,1,1‐trifluoro‐3‐buten‐2‐one, and ethyl trifluoroacetoacetate.
Synthesis of some fused β‐carbolines including the first example of the pyrrolo[3,2‐c]‐β‐carboline system
Authors: Condie Glenn C. , Bergman Jan 
Published: March 2009

AbstractCondensation of 1‐methyl‐β‐carboline‐3‐carbaldehyde with ethyl azidoacetate and subsequent thermolysis of the resulting azidopropenoate was used to [c] annulate a pyrrole ring onto the β‐carboline moiety, thus producing the first example of the pyrrolo[3,2‐c]‐β‐carboline ring system. The latter ring system results from cyclization at the C‐4 carbon, whereas cyclization at the N‐2 nitrogen atom also occurs to form a pyrazolo[3,2‐c]‐β‐carboline ring system. Condensation of β‐carboline‐1‐carbaldehyde with ethyl azidoacetate produced a non‐isolable intermediate, which immediately underwent cyclization, however in this case cyclization occurred via attack at the ester and the azide remained intact. The resulting 5‐azidocanthin‐6‐one was transformed to the first examples of 5‐aminocanthin‐6‐ones. β‐Carboline‐1,3‐dicarbaldehyde failed to give an acceptable reaction with ethyl azidoacetate, but did undergo selective condensation with dimethyl acetylene dicarboxylate at the C‐1 carbaldehyde with concomitant cyclization to form a highly functionalized 2‐formyl‐canthine derivative.
Hantzsch reaction of 3‐(2‐bromoacetyl)‐4‐hydroxy‐chromen‐2‐one. Synthesis of 3‐(thiazol‐4‐yl)‐4‐hydroxy coumarines
Authors: Sukdolak S. , Solujić S. , Manojlović N. , Vuković N. , Krstić L. J. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract3‐Acetyl‐4‐hydroxy‐chromen‐2‐one (1) was brominated with phenyltrimethylammonium tribromide to afford 3‐(2‐bromoacetyl)‐4‐hydroxy‐chromen‐2‐one (2) whose reactions with thiourea, thioacetamide and ammonium dithiocarbamate gave respectively 3‐(2‐amino‐thiazol‐4‐yl)‐4‐hydroxy‐, 4‐hydroxy‐3‐(2‐phenyl‐thiazol‐4‐yl)‐ and 4‐hydroxy‐3‐(2‐mercapto‐thiazol‐4‐yl)chromen‐2‐one. In a similar manner, com pound 2 was treated with four 1‐substituted‐2‐thioureas and thiobenzamide to give the corresponding 4‐hydroxy‐3‐(thiazol‐4‐yl)‐chromen‐2‐one derivatives.
The synthesis of novel crown ethers, part X, 4‐propyl‐and 3‐ethyl‐4‐methylchromenone‐crown ethers
Authors: Tiftikçi Esra , Erk ÇAkil 
Published: March 2009

AbstractStarting from ethyl propionylacetate, and ethyl 2‐ethylacetoacetate we prepared 4‐propyl‐7,8‐, 4‐propyl‐6,7‐, 3‐ethyl‐4‐methyl‐7,8‐ and 3‐ethyl‐4‐methyl‐6,7‐dihydroxy‐2H‐chromenones which were allowed to react with the bis‐dihalides or ditosylates of glycols in DMF/Na2CO3 to afford the 6,7‐ and 7,8‐chromenone derivatives of 12‐crown‐4, 15‐crown‐4 and 18‐crown‐6. The products were identified using ir, 13C and 1H nmr, ms and high resolution mass spectroscopy. The cation selectivities of chromenone crown ethers with Li+, Na+ and K+ cations were estimated from the steady state emission fluorescence spectra of free and cation complexed chromenone macrocyclic ethers in acetonitrile.
Alkyl heterocycles in heterocyclic synthesis (II): Novel synthesis of isoquinoline, thiazolopyridine, and thieno[2,3‐b]pyridine derivatives
Authors: Abu Elmaati Tarek M. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractTreating 5‐(4‐phenylcarboxamido)‐3‐cyano‐4‐methylpyridin‐2(1H)thione (3) with elemental sulfur yielded thienopyridine 4. Compound 4 reacts with acrylonitrile to give isoquinoline 7. Compound 7 was also, prepared from 3 and methylenemalononitrile. Reaction of 3 with dimethylacetylene dicarboxylate (DMAD) gave the pyridothiazole 9. Also, 3 reacted with N,N‐dimethylchloroacetamide (10) to afford compound 11 which further reacted with the reagents 12, 13 and 14 providing the thieno[2,3‐b]pyridine derivatives 15, 16 and 17 respectively.
Benzo[1,2‐c:3,4‐c']bis[1,2,5]selenadiazole, [1,2,5]selenadiazolo‐[3,4‐e]‐2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole, furazanobenzo‐2,1,3‐thiadiazole, furazanobenzo‐2,1,3‐selenadiazole and related heterocyclic systems
Authors: Cillo Catherine M. , Lash Timothy D. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe first synthesis of benzo[1,2‐c:3,4‐c']bis[1,2,5]selenadiazole has been developed starting from commercially available 4‐nitrobenzo‐2,1,3‐selenadiazole. Improved syntheses of the related heterocycles [1,2,5]selenadiazolo[3,4‐e]‐2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole, furazanobenzo‐2,1,3‐thiadiazole and furazanobenzo‐2,1,3‐selenadiazole are also reported.
The preparation of benzoisothiazolo[1,2‐b][1,2]isoquinolin‐11‐one‐1,1‐dioxides from dilithiated ortho‐toluic acids and lithiated methyl 2‐(aminosulfonyl)benzoate
Authors: Dunn S. Patrick , Walters Matthew J. , Metz Clyde R. , Beam Charles F. , Pennington William T. , Krawiec Mariusz 
Published: March 2009

AbstractSelect dilithiated ortho‐toluic acids were prepared in excess lithium diisopropylamide and condensed with methyl 2‐(aminosulfonyl)benzoate followed by a twofold cyclization of intermediates to afford benzoisothiazolo[1,2‐b][1,2]isoquinolin‐11‐one‐1,1‐dioxides, a new fused‐ring heterocyclic system.
Chemical variability in propolis from Santiago del Estero, Argentina, related to the arboreal environment as the sources of resins
Authors: Chaillou Lucrecia L , Nazareno Mónica A 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: Propolis composition is extremely variable and depends on the plant resin sources that grow around the apiary. Polyphenols have been reported to be responsible of its pharmacological and biological properties. The contents of polyphenols and flavonoid aglycones were studied in propolis from different provenances to correlate these contents with the nature of the flora surrounding the hive.RESULTS: Nineteen of these bioactive substances were identified in 30 samples classified into three arboreal categories according to their main species. A noticeable variability was observed in the concentration of each component depending on the plant origin of the samples. Higher amounts were found for pinocembrin (0.2–102.3 g kg−1), quercetin (0.08–86.6 g kg−1) and chrysin (0.8–18.8 g kg−1). Salicylic, 4‐hydroxybenzoic, benzoic, ferulic and gallic acids were other remarkable constituents.CONCLUSION: Statistical significant differences in polyphenol and flavonoid contents were observed among arboreal groups, while very strong linear correlations were found between polyphenol and flavonoid contents for all the samples as well as for all the groups (R2% > 87). Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Sales by multi‐product retailers: a comment
Authors: Loy Jens‐Peter , Weiss Christoph R. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractImmanent to the retail business is its multiproduct nature. In a recent issue of this journal Richards (2006) introduces a multiproduct model for perishable food items. Richards concludes that depth and breadth of sales are complementary marketing tools to increase store sales. He also provides empirical support for this hypothesis. We will show in the following that Richards' model does not suggest a complementarity between depth and breadth of sales. Instead, these tools are substitutes in his model. Therefore, the interpretation of his empirical result has to be reconsidered. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SysML modeling of off‐the‐shelf‐option acquisition for risk mitigation in military programs
Authors: Constantine James A. , Solak Senay 
Published: March 2009

AbstractOff‐the‐Shelf software, hardware, and subsystem assemblies have been accepted by system engineers, project managers, designers, and, most importantly, the customer as an essential ingredient to the successful and rapid deployment of deliverable military systems. The Department of Defense (DoD) acquisition community almost always expects the prime contractor to incorporate the Off‐The‐Shelf‐Option (OTSO) within their system design, whether it is a military tank, software defined radio, or advance tactical fighter aircraft. Clearly, system engineers and program managers have an obligation to mitigate risks when using the OTSO in DoD programs. Part of risk mitigation means having in place predefined processes, methodologies, and models that revisit and evaluate risks throughout the lifecycle of the program or project. In this paper, we develop models and expand upon current methodologies that provide guidance, risk mitigation, analysis, and strategies to system engineers and program managers when implementing the OTSO in military systems. We present OTSO acquisition models using Object Management Group System Modeling Language (OMG SysML™), which we refer to as SysML throughout the paper. Specifically, we utilize Use Cases, a State Diagram, a Requirements Diagram, and an Activity Diagram within the SysML language to model acquisition, sustainment, and risk mitigation phases of an OTSO. The purposes of the models are to illustrate how the processes are tightly coupled and to put forward a concept that “glues” the processes together. Additionally, the models demonstrate the interdependencies required among the various disciplines within an organization to successfully deploy and maintain a system utilizing an OTSO. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng
Nanomedicine for respiratory diseases
Authors: Swai Hulda , Semete Boitumelo , Kalombo Lonji , Chelule Paul , Kisich Kevin , Sievers Bob 
Published: March 2009

AbstractTreatment of respiratory diseases and infections has proved to be a challenging task, with the incidence of these ailments increasing worldwide. Nanotechnology‐based drug and gene delivery systems offer a possible solution to some of the shortfalls of the current treatment regimen. Nanobased drug delivery systems have revolutionised the field of pharmacotherapy by presenting the ability to alter the pharmacokinetics of the conventional drugs to extend the drug retention time, reduce the toxicity and increase the half‐life of the drugs. Delivery of exogenous genes to the airway epithelium in vivo has been limited by several physiological barriers, resulting in the low success rate of these systems. With the advent of nanotechnology, DNA compacted with cationic polymers to produce nanoparticles has exhibited a significant increase in the transfection efficiencies. With nanoparticulate drug/gene delivery systems, specific cells can be targeted by functionalising the polymeric nanoparticles with ligands that allow the particles to dock at a specific site of the cell. In addition, polymeric systems allow for the cargo to be released in a controlled and stimuli‐responsive manner. The advantages that nanoparticulate delivery systems present in the treatment of respiratory diseases and infections are summarised in this review. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.This article is categorized under:

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Respiratory Disease
Magnetic resonance relaxation properties of superparamagnetic particles
Authors: Gossuin Yves , Gillis Pierre , Hocq Aline , Vuong Quoc L , Roch Alain 
Published: March 2009

AbstractNanometric crystals of maghemite are known to exhibit superparamagnetism. Because of the significance of their magnetic moment, maghemite nanoparticles are exceptional contrast agents and are used for magnetic resonance imaging (of the liver, spleen, lymph nodes), for magnetic resonance angiography and for molecular and cellular imaging. The relaxivity of these agents depends on their size, saturation magnetization and magnetic field and also on their degree of clustering. There are different types of maghemite particles whose relaxation characteristics are suited to a specific MRI application. The relaxation induced by maghemite particles is caused by the diffusion of water protons in the inhomogeneous field surrounding the particles. This is well described by a theoretical model that takes magnetite crystal anisotropy and Néel relaxation into account. Another type of superparamagnetic compound is ferritin, the iron‐storing protein: it contains a superparamagnetic ferrihydrite core. Even if the resulting magnetic moment of ferritin is far smaller than for magnetite nanoparticles, its massive presence in different organs darkens T2‐weighted MR images, allowing the noninvasive estimation of iron content, thanks to MRI. The relaxation induced by ferritin in aqueous solutions has been demonstrated to be caused by the exchange of protons between bulk water protons and the surface of the ferrihydrite crystal. However, in vivo, the relaxation properties of ferritin are still unexplained, probably because of protein clustering. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.This article is categorized under:

Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging
Joint estimation of copy number variation and reference intensities on multiple DNA arrays using GADA
Authors: Pique-Regi Roger , Ortega Antonio , Asgharzadeh Shahab 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Motivation: The complexity of a large number of recently discovered copy number polymorphisms is much higher than initially thought, thus making it more difficult to detect them in the presence of significant measurement noise. In this scenario, separate normalization and segmentation is prone to lead to many false detections of changes in copy number. New approaches capable of jointly modeling the copy number and the non-copy number (noise) hybridization effects across multiple samples will potentially lead to more accurate results.
Methods: In this article, the genome alteration detection analysis (GADA) approach introduced in our previous work is extended to a multiple sample model. The copy number component is independent for each sample and uses a sparse Bayesian prior, while the reference hybridization level is not necessarily sparse but identical on all samples. The expectation maximization (EM) algorithm used to fit the model iteratively determines whether the observed hybridization levels are more likely due to a copy number variation or to a shared hybridization bias.
Results: The new proposed approach is compared with the currently used strategy of separate normalization followed by independent segmentation of each array. Real microarray data obtained from HapMap samples are randomly partitioned to create different reference sets. Using the new approach, copy number and reference intensity estimates are significantly less variable if the reference set changes; and a higher consistency on copy numbers detected within HapMap family trios is obtained. Finally, the running time to fit the model grows linearly in the number samples and probes.
Availability: http://biron.usc.edu/∼piquereg/GADA
Contact: rpique@ieee.org; shahab@chla.usc.edu
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Increased neutrophil lifespan in patients with congestive heart failure
Authors: Tracchi Irene , Ghigliotti Giorgio , Mura Marzia , Garibaldi Silvano , Spallarossa Paolo , Barisione Chiara , Boasi Valentina , Brunelli Michele , Corsiglia Luca , Barsotti Antonio , Brunelli Claudio 
Published: March 2009

AimsCongestive heart failure (CHF) can be thought of as a state of chronic immune activation. Polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) apoptosis is one of the mechanisms responsible for the resolution of inflammation. A reduced PMN apoptotic rate in CHF patients may generate a persistent inflammatory response and hence mediate tissue damage in this group of patients. We aimed to measure levels of spontaneous apoptosis of circulating PMNs in CHF patients and in controls, and to examine whether NYHA class, left ventricular ejection fraction (LV‐EF), and laboratory parameters of inflammation, endothelial damage, and of liver and renal function, could predict the rate of PMN apoptosis in CHF patients.Methods and resultsA total of 29 CHF patients and 26 controls were studied. Propidium iodide and flow cytometry were used to assess PMN apoptosis. Delay in PMN apoptosis was expressed as percentage (expressed as median, first and third quartiles) of surviving PMNs in the study subjects. We found an increased percentage of surviving PMNs [38(27.1–47.1)] in CHF patients compared with controls [19.4 (15.8–25.2)] (P < 0.05). The PMN survival rate in the CHF group was correlated to NYHA class, and plasma levels of C‐reactive protein and alkaline phosphatase, while it was inversely correlated to LV‐EF and protein levels. A positive relationship between PMN survival and increased ex vivo endothelial apoptosis was found.ConclusionIncreased PMN lifespan in patients with worsening CHF could be used as a novel measurement of tissue and endothelial damage in this group of patients.
HIV/AIDS knowledge, attitudes, practices and perceptions of rural nurses in South Africa
Authors: Delobelle Peter , Rawlinson Jakes L. , Ntuli Sam , Malatsi Inah , Decock Rika , Depoorter Anne Marie 
Published: March 2009

AbstractTitle.  HIV/AIDS knowledge, attitudes, practices and perceptions of rural nurses in South Africa. Aim.  This paper is a report of a study exploring HIV/AIDS‐related knowledge, attitudes, practices and perceptions of nurses in the largely black and rural Limpopo Province of South Africa.Background.  Studies of HIV/AIDS knowledge, attitudes and practices among healthcare workers in developing countries have shown gaps in knowledge and fear of contagion, coupled with ambivalent attitudes in caring for patients with HIV/AIDS and inconsistent universal precautions adherence.Method.  A cross‐sectional study of a random sample of primary health care (PHC) (n = 71) and hospital nurses (n = 69) was carried out in 2005, using a questionnaire, focus groups and in‐depth interviews.Findings.  Hospital nurses reported a higher frequency of care for patients with HIV/AIDS (P < 0·05), but less HIV/AIDS training when compared to PHC nurses (P < 0·001). HIV/AIDS knowledge was moderately adequate and associated with professional rank, frequency of care and training (P < 0·001). Attitudes towards patients with HIV/AIDS were mainly positive and were statistically significantly correlated with HIV/AIDS knowledge (P < 0·01) and training (P < 0·05). Three out of four nurses reported that they practised universal precautions (76·1%), but fear of occupational HIV transmission and lack of injection safety was found. Seven in 10 nurses reported previous needlestick injuries, but postexposure prophylaxis was not available in all healthcare facilities. Participants reported a higher workload because of HIV/AIDS, lack of training impacting negatively on their work, and stigma and shared confidentiality affecting them emotionally.Conclusion.  There is a need for accelerated HIV/AIDS training of rural nurses and for wider implementation of universal precautions and postexposure prophylaxis availability in public health facilities in southern Africa.
Susceptibility of Iberian trees to Phytophthora ramorum and P. cinnamomi
Authors: Moralejo E. , García‐Muñoz J. A. , Descals E. 
Published: March 2009

The capacity of Phytophthora ramorum to colonize the inner bark of 18 native and two exotic tree species from the Iberian Peninsula was tested. Living logs were wound‐inoculated in a growth chamber with three isolates belonging to the EU1 and two to the NA1 clonal lineages of P. ramorum. Most of the Quercus species ranked as highly susceptible in experiments carried out in summer, with mean lesion areas over 100 cm2 in Q. pubescens, Q. pyrenaica, Q. faginea and Q. suber and as large as 273 cm2 in Q. canariensis, ca. 40 days after inoculation. Quercus ilex ranked as moderately susceptible to P. ramorum, forming lesions up to 133 cm2 (average 17·2 cm2). Pinus halepensis and P. pinea were highly susceptible, exhibiting long, narrow lesions; but three other pine species, P. pinaster, P. nigra and P. sylvestris, were resistant to slightly susceptible. No significant difference in aggressiveness was found between the isolates of P. ramorum. In addition, there was evidence of genetic variation in susceptibility within host populations, and of significant seasonal variation in host susceptibility in some Quercus species. The results suggest a high risk of some Iberian oaks to P. ramorum, especially in forest ecosystems in southwestern Spain, where relict populations of Q. canariensis grow amongst susceptible understory species such as Rhododendron ponticum and Viburnum tinus. One isolate of P. cinnamomi used as positive control in all the inoculations was also highly aggressive to Iberian oaks and Eucalyptus dalrympleana.
Accumulation of Elsinochrome Phytotoxin does not Correlate with Fungal Virulence among Elsinoë fawcettii Isolates in Florida
Authors: Wang Li‐Yuan , Bau Huey‐Jiunn , Chung Kuang‐Ren 
Published: March 2009

AbstractCitrus scab caused by Elsinoë fawcettii is cosmopolitan in humid citrus‐growing areas. We have previously demonstrated that production of non‐host selective elsinochrome phytotoxin is a prerequisite for fungal full virulence and lesion formation. In this study we evaluated 71 field‐collected isolates from Florida for pathogenicity and toxin production and found most of the isolates to be pathogenic to rough lemon, grapefruit and sour orange and able to produce elsinochromes in axenic culture. Elsinochromes were recovered, for the first time, from leaf lesions infected by 21 isolates, including four isolates that did not produce any measurable toxin in culture. There was no direct correspondence between the level of elsinochrome production in culture and virulence among the isolates. However, Elsinoë isolates failed to produce elsinochromes in culture and in planta were non‐pathogenic to citrus hosts tested. Several isolates were non‐pathogenic or only moderately virulent to the citrus hosts tested even though they could produce elsinochromes in culture, a phenotype not previously described in Florida.