bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Overt and Subtle Racial Discrimination and Mental Health: Preliminary Findings for Korean Immigrants
Authors: Noh Samuel , Kaspar Violet , Wickrama K.A.S. 
Published: May 2007

Objectives. We examined differential effects of overt and subtle forms of racial discrimination on 2 dimensions of mental health—positive affect and depressive symptoms, and explored the mediating roles of emotional arousal and cognitive appraisal. Methods. Cross-sectional survey data were collected through face-to-face interviews with a sample (N=180) of adult Korean immigrants living in Toronto, Ontario. Maximum likelihood estimates of path coefficients were obtained using structural equation models. Results. Perceived racial discrimination was associated with both the erosion of positive affect and depressive symptoms. Overt discrimination was associated with the erosion of positive affect, and subtle discrimination was associated with depressive symptoms. Effects of subtle discrimination on depressive symptoms were mediated through cognitive appraisal. Conclusions. The results emphasize the salience of subtle discrimination for the mental health of Asian immigrants. Experiences of overt racial bias seemed to be of little importance for the levels of depressive symptoms among those in our sample, although the experience of blatant discrimination tended to reduce positive mood.
The Impact of Safer Breastfeeding Practices on Postnatal HIV-1 Transmission in Zimbabwe
Authors: Piwoz Ellen G. , Humphrey Jean H. , Tavengwa Naume V. , Iliff Peter J. , Marinda Edmore T. , Zunguza Clare D. , Nathoo Kusum J. , Mutasa Kuda , Moulton Lawrence H. , Ward Brian J. 
Published: May 2007

Objectives. We assessed the association between exposure to an educational intervention that emphasized safer breastfeeding practices and postnatal HIV transmission among 437 HIV-positive mothers in Zimbabwe, 365 of whom did not know their infection status. Methods. Mothers were tested for HIV and were encouraged—but not required—to learn their HIV status. Intervention exposure was assessed by a questionnaire, Turnbull methods were used to estimate postnatal HIV transmission, and multivariate Cox proportional hazard models were constructed to assess the association between intervention exposure and postnatal HIV transmission. Results. Cumulative postnatal HIV transmission was 8.2%; each additional intervention contact was associated with a 38% reduction in postnatal HIV transmission. HIV-positive mothers who were exposed to both print and video materials were 79% less likely to infect their infants compared with mothers who had no exposure. These findings were similar for mothers who did not know their HIV status. Conclusions. The promotion of exclusive breastfeeding has the potential to reduce postnatal HIV transmission among women who do not know their HIV status, and child survival and HIV prevention programs should support this practice.
The Influence of Social Context on Changes in Fruit and Vegetable Consumption: Results of the Healthy Directions Studies
Authors: Sorensen Glorian , Stoddard Anne M. , Dubowitz Tamara , Barbeau Elizabeth M. , Bigby JudyAnn , Emmons Karen M. , Berkman Lisa F. , Peterson Karen E. 
Published: May 2007

As part of the Harvard Cancer Prevention Program Project, we used a social contextual model of health behavior change to test an intervention targeting multiple risk-related behaviors in working-class, multiethnic populations. We examined the relationships between the social contextual factors in our conceptual model and changes in fruit and vegetable consumption from baseline to completion of intervention in health centers and small business studies. We analyzed change in fruit and vegetable consumption, measured at baseline and final assessments by self-report, in 2 randomized controlled prevention trials: 1 in small businesses (n = 974) and 1 in health centers (n = 1954). Stronger social networks, social norms that were more supportive, food sufficiency, and less household crowding were associated with greater change in fruit and vegetable intake. We also observed differences between our intervention sites. Social context can play an important role in promoting changes in fruit and vegetable consumption.
The Political Economy of Marriage and HIV: The ABC Approach, “Safe” Infidelity, and Managing Moral Risk in Uganda
Authors: Parikh Shanti A. 
Published: May 2007

Research has shown that married women’s greatest risk for HIV infection is their husbands’ extramarital sexual activities. Using 6 months of ethnographic research in southeastern Uganda, I examined how the social and economic contexts surrounding men’s extramarital sexuality and the dynamics of marriage put men and women at risk for HIV infection. I found that Uganda’s HIV prevention messages may be inadvertently contributing to increased difficulty in acknowledging HIV risk and to newer forms of sexual secrecy and that structural determinants, including persistent poverty, intersect with gender inequalities to shape marital risk. After examining a community effort to regulate men’s sexuality, I suggest that HIV prevention strategies should focus more on endogenous forms of risk reduction while simultaneously addressing structural factors that facilitate opportunities for men’s extramarital sex.
Rethinking Mandatory HIV Testing During Pregnancy in Areas With High HIV Prevalence Rates: Ethical and Policy Issues
Authors: Schuklenk Udo , Kleinsmidt Anita 
Published: May 2007

We analyzed the ethical and policy issues surrounding mandatory HIV testing of pregnant women in areas with high HIV prevalence rates. Through this analysis, we seek to demonstrate that a mandatory approach to testing and treatment has the potential to significantly reduce perinatal transmission of HIV and defend the view that mandatory testing is morally required if a number of conditions can be met. If such programs are to be introduced, continuing medical care, including highly active antiretroviral therapy, must be provided and pregnant women must have reasonable alternatives to compulsory testing and treatment. We propose that a liberal regime entailing abortion rights up to the point of fetal viability would satisfy these requirements. Pilot studies in the high-prevalence region of southern African countries should investigate the feasibility of this approach.
Mechanistic studies on the effect of veratryl alcohol on the lignin peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of pyrogallol red in reversed micelles
Authors: Lan Jing , Huang Xirong , Hu Ming , Liu Weifeng , Li Yuezhong , Qu Yinbo , Gao Peiji 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
The lignin peroxidase (LiP) catalyzed oxidation of pyrogallol red (PR) in the absence and presence of veratryl alcohol (3,4-dimethoxybenzyl alcohol, VA) was carried out in bis (2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate sodium (AOT)/ polyoxyethylene lauryl ether (Brij30) reversed micelles to elucidate the role of VA. Results indicated that VA could accelerate the LiP catalyzed oxidation of PR, especially at low H2O2 concentrations. Unlike in bulk aqueous medium, the protection of LiP by VA in the present medium was relatively unsubstantial, even at high H2O2 concentrations. Analysis of data from a series of experiments showed that the enhancement of the PR oxidation caused by VA was mainly due to the indirect oxidation of PR by VA+∙ from the LiP catalyzed oxidation of VA. It was also found that at the same protector concentration (40 μM), VA (the physiological substrate of LiP) was less effective than PR (a phenolic compound) in protecting LiP from the H2O2 derived inactivation. This novel phenomenon deserves further study.
Possible association of the pro‐melanin‐concentrating hormone gene with a greater body mass index as a side effect of the antipsychotic olanzapine
Authors: Chagnon Y.C. , Bureau A. , Gendron D. , Bouchard R.H. , Mérette C. , Roy M.‐A. , Maziade M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractFollowing our report of a linkage at 12q24 with a phenotype of obesity under antipsychotics, we tested the pro‐melanin‐concentrating hormone (PMCH) candidate gene for a possible association in humans with the body mass index (BMI; kg/m2) in unrelated schizophrenic patients (SZ) receiving antipsychotics (N = 300) and in controls (CTL; N = 150). Subjects were classified in obese (OB) (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2), overweight (25 ≤ BMI < 30 kg/m2), and normal weight (BMI < 25 kg/m2) groups. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) rs7973796 and rs11111201, located 5′ at −4.5 kb and 3′ at +1.8 kb, respectively, of PMCH were genotyped. Interaction effects of genotypes and antipsychotic treatment on BMI were tested in a covariance analysis with age and gender as covariates. Interaction effects on the prevalence of obesity were tested in a logistic regression analysis. For subjects under 50 years, the effect of the rs7973796 genotype on BMI differed between the SZ patients taking olanzapine and CTL group (interaction P = 0.025). Olanzapine‐treated SZ patients carrying the ancestral homozygote genotype showed a higher BMI for rs7973796 (P = 0.016 with the LSMeans t‐test) than the variant homozygotes. Accordingly, the ORs for obesity associated with rs7973796 genotypes differed in the SZ patients taking olanzapine compared to the CTL group (interaction P = 0.0094). The G allele was associated with an increase in the odds of obesity in SZ patients taking olanzapine. No association was observed for those over 50 years, or for rs11111201. These results suggest that the common allele of PMCH rs7973796 may be associated with a greater BMI in olanzapine‐treated SZ patients. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Zur negativen Zeitentwicklung bei der kernmagnetischen Resonanz in Festkörpern
Authors: Schmiedel H. , Schneider H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDie Möglichkeit der Realisierung eines effektiven Hamiltonoperators, der sich von einem bekannten anderen nur durch das Vorzeichen unterscheidet, wird diskutiert. Diese ergibt sich bei Spinsystemen im Festkörper und führt zu einer “negativen Zeitenwicklung”. Verschiedene Impulsverfahren, die das ermöglichen, werden erläutert. Der Charakter dieses Phänomens wird an Hand des Spin‐Temperatur‐Konzeptes und von Vielteilchenoperatoren diskutiert. Anwendungsmöglichkeiten zur Bestimmung des 2. Momentes sowie zum Studium langsamer thermischer Bewegungen werden angedeutet.
Investigation of the Reaction 9Be(d, t0)8Be in the Deuteron Energy Range 0.9÷2.5 MeV
Authors: Bondouk I. I. , Asfour F. , Machali F. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe reaction 9Be (d, t0) 8Be has been investigated in the deuteron energy range 0.9 ÷ 2.5 MeV. The excitation functions were measured at laboratory angles 45° and 120° and showed no sharp resonances. The angular distributions (differential cross sections in mb/sr) were measured in 200 keV intervals. An analysis of the data has been made using the Butler and the distorted wave theories.
An DWBA Analysis of the Angular Distribution and Polarization of Neutrons from the Reaction 12C(d, n0)13N in the Deuteron Energy Range 1.7–2.8 MeV
Authors: Bondouk I. I. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe angular distribution and the polarization of neutrons from the reaction 12C(d, n0)13N in the deuteron energy range 1.7–2.8 MeV have been analyzed in terms of the DWBA theory.
Die Erhaltung der Teilchenzahlen in der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie
Authors: Treder H.‐J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractGilt in einer speziell‐relativistischen Feldtheorie ein Erhaltungssatz für die Teilchenzahl als Konsequenz der Divergenzfreiheit eines Teilchenstroms, dann gilt derselbe Erhaltungssatz auch in der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie.
Differential Cross‐Section for Excitation of Helium by Electron from Field Theoretic View Point
Authors: Roy T. , Bhattacharyya S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCross‐section for excitation of helium from ground state to 2s singlet state is computed by field theoretic methods. Comparisons are made with experimental and Born cross‐sections. Field theoretic cross‐section is found to be in good agreement with experimental results for all ejection angles.
Some Methodological Problems in Quantum Physics
Authors: Mayants L. S. , Yourgrau W. , van Der Merwe A. J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA consistent application of probabilistic theory is able to resolve traditionally perplexing quantum‐theoretical issues, such as those concerned with quantum measurement procedures, wave‐corpuscle duality, the reality of particle motion, hidden variables, the proper choice of the energy operator, the energy‐time uncertainty relation, conservation laws, and the notion of wave packets. Germane to this resolution is the consideration that quantum physics deals with abstract physical systems and not with single measurements performed on concrete systems. We examine the two‐slit diffraction phenomenon and those hypothetical experiments which attempt the simultaneous measurement of any coordinate and its conjugate momentum; their customary interpretations are shown to be basically incorrect. A logical error is likewise found to underlie the usual assertion that the ordinary rule for the addition of probabilities breaks down in quantum physics. And the confusion of energy with the Hamiltonian function is identified as the cause for a number of prevailing wrong conclusions. The probabilistic approach furthermore invalidates PAULI'S proof that time is a socalled c‐number. Our treatment also readily exposes the fallacy in the common assumption that Schrödinger's wave equation goes over into the Hamilton‐Jacobi equation when the classical limit is approached.
Lepton‐Lepton Interactions under a Strong Magnetic Field
Authors: El‐Khishen M. , El‐Lakani A. , El‐Gowhari A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe cross‐section for the reaction e+ + e− → v + v, under a strong magnetic field is calculated. The rate of energy loss is also calculated. These calculations may be of great importance for astrophysical estimations in neutron stars.
Rising Inelastic Cross Section and its Contribution to Steepening of the Cosmic Ray Energy Spectrum
Authors: Rao Y. V. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCalculations have been carried out to investigate the contribution of an increasing total cross section to steepening of the cosmic ray energy spectrum at very high energies (E ≳ 1012 eV). Our results suggest that increasing total cross section contributes only a part to the steepening of primary energy spectrum at very high energies even if the composition is pure primary iron flux.
Fermion Fields in Theories of Gravitation
Authors: Kasper U. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAfter an introduction to the formalism used throughout the paper there follows a concise presentation of the theory of fermion fields in one‐tetrad gravitational theories. That presentation gives a hint to the construction of a bi‐tetrad theory, the two tetrad fields being denoted by hAk and h̄Ak. The tetrad field hAk. gives the Riemannian metric gkl while the tetrad field h̄hAk is orthonormalized with respect to the flat metric akl. Specializing h̄Ak in such a way that they have the form δAk in the preferred coordinates of Minkowski space and using a matter Lagrangian which contains these h̄Ak only by the anholonomic components of the metric Christoffel symbols, we obtain a dynamical energy momentum tensor which is equal to the canonical one. Then we consider the relations of the bi‐tetrad theory to other theories which are only covariant with respect to global Lorentz transformations from the beginning. As an example we formulate the main relations of the two‐component neutrino theory.
Über die Existenz von Entropiefunktionen in Nichtgleichgewichtszuständen chemischer Reaktionssysteme I
Authors: West G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractFür chemische Reaktionsprozesse und Energie‐Austauschprozesse zwischen inneren Energieniveaus eines Systems werden Axiome für die Reaktionskinetik mit Hilfe der Reaktionslaufzahlen und Reaktionsinvarianten formuliert. Das Axion der asymptotischen Stabilität führt auf die in Teil II dieser Arbeit dargelegte Existenz von Entropiefunktionen in Nichtgleichgewichtszuständen.
Selektion eines Pikosekundenimpulses aus einem lmpulszug mit Hilfe von sättigbaren Absorbern und Absorption in angeregten Zuständen
Authors: Herrmann J. , Weidner F. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractEs wird die Absorption von Impulsen eines Impulszuges unter der kombinierten Einwirkung eines sättigbaren Einphotonenabsorbers (im Grundzustand) und eines Einphotonenabsorbers (nach Zweiphotonenabsorption) im angeregten Zustand berechnet. Für verschiedene Absorberanordnungen geltende Bilanzgleichungssysteme werden gelöst und die Selektionsmöglichkeiten dafür untersucht.
Anwendung der GRYZINSKY‐Theorie zur Berechnung der Ionisierungs‐ und Umladungwirkungsquerschnitte für die Wechselwirkung von Wasserstoffionen und Alkanolmolekülen
Authors: Mach R. , Drost H. , Behlke H. , Spangenberg H.‐J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDie Ionisierungs‐ und Umladungswirkungsquerschnitte wurden für die Wechselwirkung von H+‐, H‐, und H‐ Ionen (Ionenenergie 5‐25 keV) mit den Alkanolen vom Methanol bis zum Butanol nach einer modifizierten GRYZINSKY‐Theorie berechnet. Ein Vergleich mit experimentell ermittelten Wirkungsquerschnitten ergab insgesamt eine zufriedenstellende Übereinstimmung.
Periodische Stromabweichungen bei Photofeldemission aus Wolfram und ihre Wellenlängenabhängigkeit
Authors: Radoń T. , Kleint Ch. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractEs wird über weitere Untersuchungen der bei Photofeldemission gefundenen kurzperiodischen Stromabweichungen berichtet, die im Ultrahochvakuum unter Feldemissionsbedingungen mit modulierter monochromatischer Anregung durch Hg‐Linien gemessen wurden. Zur quantitativen Auswertung der durch statistische Stromfluktuationen beeinflußten Charakteristiken werden neben den Kennlinien auch Korrelationsdiagramme und ‐koeffizienten sowie die Mittelwerte der Perioden herangezogen. ‐ Es zeigte sich, daß die Periodizitäten nur wenig von der Anregungsenergie hv abhängen und sich mit verschiedenem hv reproduzieren lassen, dß sie in einem großen Feldstärkebereich beobachtbar sind und daß ein schwebungsartiger Verlauf auftritt.Zur Erklärung der Periodizitäten wird ein Modell vorgeschlagen, wonach durch ein Adsorbat die Potentialbarriere an der Oberfläche so abgeändert wird, daß partielle Reflexionen der Elektronenwellen auftreten können. Eine ähnliche Vorstellung wurde von ALFERIEFF und DUKE zur Deutung der Jason‐Resonanzen bei Feldionisation durchgerechnet und diskutiert, eine formale Verwandtschaft besteht auch zur Erklärung der Tunnelstromperiodizitäten von MOS‐Strukturen.
Nucleon Isobar Production in Proton‐Nucleon Collision at 6 GeV/c Incident Proton Momentum
Authors: Badawy O. E. , Abdo K. M. , Hussein M. T. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAngular and momentum distributions as well as grain densities of charged secondaries emitted in inelastic proton‐nucleon interactions are measured. The cross‐section of the Δ (1236) isobar production in the events of the type pp →pnπ+ is calculated. The theoretical predictions of both the isobar and the O.P.E. model are compared with the experimental data. The transverse momentum distribution of both pions and protons is presented and explained by various theoretical models.
A Method of Calculating the Density Matrix for a System of Interacting Bosons in Coherent‐state Basis
Authors: Trung T. V. , Schütte F.‐J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe time‐dependent behaviour of a system of several interacting boson modes is described in coherent state basis. In the Schrödinger picture the unitary time development operator is used. The variation of the density operator for the whole system is described for arbitrary situations (even such without P‐representation).The method is applied to the parametric amplification process with strong pump field.
Einfluß des Randes auf das effektive Verhalten heterogener Körper ‐ Anwendung auf Rayleighwellen
Authors: Bahr Ute 
Published: May 2007

AbstractFür die elastische Oberflächenwelle vom Rayleightyp in einem heterogenen Material (z. B. Gemisch aus mehreren Phasen, Verbundwerkstoff, Polykristall) werden die Wellen gleichung und Randbedingungen nach den selben störungstheoretischen Methoden, die für unendlich ausgedehnte heterogene Körper angewendet werden, hergeleitet. Diese Wellengleichung ist eine Integrodifferentialgleichung, was zur Folge hat, daß die Ausbreitungsgeschwindigkeit der Oberflächenwelle vs frequenzabhängig wird. Außerdem sind die Wellen gedämpft.Unter vereinfachenden Voraussetzungen (Isotropie, nichtstochastische elastische Konstanten) wird folgendes gezeigt: Beschränken sich die Dichtefluktuationen auf die Randnähe, so verhält sich der frequenzabhängige Teil der Ausbreitungsgeschwindigkeit wie \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \frac{{l^3 \omega ^3}}{{{\mathop c\limits^\circ} _t^3}} $\end{document} und die Dämpfung wie \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \frac{{l^4 \omega ^5}}{{{\mathop c\limits^\circ} _t^5}} $\end{document}, während sich bei Dichtefluktuationen im gesamten Halbraum \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \frac{{l^2 \omega ^2}}{{{\mathop c\limits^\circ} _t^2}} $\end{document} und \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \frac{{l^3 \omega ^4}}{{{\mathop c\limits^\circ} _t^4}} $\end{document} ergibt. Hieraus wird ersichtlich, unter welchen Umständen die Wellen hinreichend durch eine Differentialgleichung mit frequenzabhängiger Massendichte beschrieben werden können.
Depolarized Light Scattering from Paramagnetic Liquids in a Magnetic Field
Authors: Malomush N. P. , Latushkin S. D. , Gründer K.‐P. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn order to identify spectral features and molecular movement types the magnetic field's influence on rotational and diffuse shear modes of paramagnetic liquids is analysed. Consideration of the corresponding changes in depolarized (VH) light scattering spectra illustrates a systematic method of studying both paramagnetic and diamagnetic liquids.
Equations of Motion for Test Particles with Internal Structure
Authors: Fuchs Helmut 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe general structure of equations of motion for test particles is considered with the help of a Lagrangian principle postulating a minimal coupling between internal and external variables. As an example the case of the Lorentz group as the basic internal group is considered in more detail. The connection with the Mathisson‐Papapetrou equations is established.
On Singularities of General Relativity and Gravitational Equations of Fourth Order
Authors: v. Borzeszkowski H.‐H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractComparing Einstein's gravitational equations and equations containing fourth‐order derivative corrections we discuss some aspects of singularities of spherically symmetric static vacuum solutions from the point of view, first, of the coupling to non‐gravitational matter and, second, of the Einsteinian classical particle programme.
Paritätsverletzende Asymmetrie bei der Erzeugung zweier Jets bei Stößen polarisierter Protonen infolge der Interferenz der starken und schwachen Wechselwirkung
Authors: Ranft Gisela , Ranft Johannes 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDurch die schwache Wechselwirkung und die Interferenz der schwachen und starken Wechselwirkung treten paritätsverletzende Spin‐Spin‐Asymmetrien bei der Streuung polarisierter Hadronen auf. Bei Stößen von Hadronen mehrerer hundert GeV erreichen diese Asymmetrien Werte von einigen Prozent und sind damit experimentell nachweisbar. Die Größe und Form der Asymmetrien gibt Auskunft über den schwachen Mischungswinkel sin2θWund die Strukturfunktionen polarisierter Quarks in polarisierten Hadronen.