bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The 1971 and 1994 earthquakes compared
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

These two earthquakes occurred 23 years and about 10 miles apart in the San Fernando Valley. Despite their many similarities and close proximity, the two earthquakes appear to have at least one key difference. In 1971, the fault plane dipped toward the north, away from the population, under the mountains. In 1994, the fault plane dipped toward the south, into the densely populated valley.Since 1971, the valley population has also exploded, adding to the devastation of the most recent earthquake.
U.S. Geological Survey
Authors: Kavanagh Etta 
Published: October 2006

President Clinton's budget request for the U.S. Geological Survey for fiscal year 1995 is $583.7 million, $1 million less than the 1994 level. A number of high‐priority environmental protection programs will receive increased funding, while administrative costs will be reduced.$11.8 million will go to new programs in research on critical ecosystems. The South Florida initiative will receive $8 million. In this program, the USGS will collaborate with other agencies to define how the hydrogeologic system of the Everglades operates and how it will respond to alternative management strategies. $3.8 million will go to a program to improve the understanding and management of the Columbia and Klamath/Trinity river basins and the San Francisco Bay/Delta.
Geoscience Information Society Award
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

The Geoscience Information Society (GIS) has announced the creation of the GIS‐Mary B. Ansari Best Reference Work Award. The award is funded by a gift of $5000 from former GIS President Mary B. Ansari, currently Director for Branch Libraries and Library Administrative Services at the University of Nevada, Reno. The Best Reference Work Award has been given annually for 7 years, but now the GIS will begin to present the winner with a monetary award.The award will be $500 per year and will be presented to the author or editor of the geoscience reference work selected for the award. The money will be divided equally in cases of multiple authors.
AGU book receives award
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

The Tornado: Its Structure, Dynamics, Prediction, and Hazards, published by AGU, was judged “best new book” in the Geography and Earth Sciences category by the Association of American Publishers, Inc. The award was presented at the 18th Annual Awards Program for Excellence in Professional and Scholarly Publishing on February 10 in Washington, D.C.Editors of the Tornado volume are Christopher Church, Donald Burgess, Charles A. Doswell III, and Robert Davies‐Jones. The monograph provides a comprehensive account of recent tornado research and features color photos of storms and storm damage. Most of the research is North American based, but comparisons are shown to storms in China, Japan, and France. T. Theodore Fujita, a pioneer in tornado research and Merriam Distinguished Professor at the University of Chicago, introduces the volume with his presentation of the Plainfield tornado.
Seismic data offered on Internet
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

Seismic UNIX (SU), a self‐contained seismic data processing package compatible with the UNIX operating system, is available free of charge. It is now installed at over 140 industry, academic, and government sites worldwide.SU was developed at the Colorado School of Mines (CSM). According to Jack Cohen, co‐principal investigator of the center's consortium project and CSM professor of mathematics and computer sciences, “SU provides an ‘instant’ seismic research and data processing environment. It includes modules for almost all applications required to examine and process seismic data.”
Radio imaging of the magnetosphere
Authors: Reiff P. H. , Green J. L. , Benson R. F. , Fung S. F. , Smith M. F. , Carpenter D. L. , Calbert W. , Gallagher D. L. , Reinisch B. W. , Taylor W. W. L. 
Published: October 2006

Radio sounding can be used to produce “images” of magnetospheric electron density distributions that could revolutionize research into the magnetosphere and its plasma content, especially when combined with other techniques. Based on more than a half‐century heritage of ionospheric sounding combined with digital techniques, the magnetospheric radio sounder is yielding measurements that were once impossible to obtain.A magnetospheric radio sounder can provide unprecedented global magnetospheric information by providing quantitative electron density profiles simultaneously in different directions. From a sequence of these, a contour plot of the density structure in the orbital plane can be constructed, with some out of plane information as well.
Antarctic ice drill extracts new core for climate studies
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

Drilling through the edge of the east Antarctic ice sheet, a National Science Foundation‐sponsored team has just extracted a 554‐m‐long ice core whose glittering crystals promise to help illuminate the recent history of climate in the Southern Hemisphere. The coring project through the windswept arch of ice called McMurdo Dome struck bedrock January 20. The work was supported by the U.S. Antarctic Program, which is run by NSF.Studies of the ice concentration should help trace the history of Antarctica's climate over the past 200,000 years and even beyond, back into the last glacial period, shedding light on how the ice sheets responded to warming after the last glaciation.
Mission investigates radiation arriving at Earth
Authors: Baker Daniel N. 
Published: October 2006

NASA's Solar, Anomalous, and Magnetospheric Particle Explorer (SAMPEX) satellite, an international collaboration with Germany, is the first of a series of scientific research missions called “Small Explorers.” In 1989, NASA chose three initial missions to research energetic radiations observed near Earth and radio frequency emissions given off by stars in early development. In addition to the pursuit of scientific research, the Small Explorer program emphasizes small spacecraft and rapid development of each mission—in 3 years or less [Baker et al., 1991].The SAMPEX mission yields new information on the high‐velocity radiations arriving at Earth from the Sun and interstellar space. SAMPEX is named after the primary sources of the radiations: [Solar] ions and electrons, which are swept up by huge explosions in the solar atmosphere, [Anomalous] cosmicrays, which are believed to be interstellar gas atoms accelerated at the edge of the solar system, and [Magnetospheric] electrons, which plunge into the upper atmosphere and may influence its chemistry.
Modeling of oceanic vortices
Authors: Cushman‐Roisin Benoit , Dritschel David G. , Van Heijst GertJan F. , Swaters Gordon E. 
Published: October 2006

A colloquium was held in Amsterdam, from May 11 to 13, 1993, to discuss research on oceanic vortices and coherent structures in fluid dynamics.The colloquium was organized under the auspices of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences with additional support from several Dutch educational institutions. The interest in vortices and coherent structures stems from their ubiquity in geophysical flows, their relative longevity, and their crucial role in turbulence.
Unmanned aerial sampling of a volcanic ash cloud
Authors: Riehle J. R. , Rose W. I. , Schneider D. J. , Casadevall T. J. , Langford J. S. 
Published: October 2006

On September 17, 1992, Alaska's Mount Spurr erupted for the third time in 12 weeks. The eruption cloud drifted east and south across Canada and reentered U.S. airspace over the upper midwest (Figure 1). By the morning of September 20, the cloud had moved northeast out of U.S. domestic air corridors and had begun to disperse.Canadian aviators were advised of thecloud position by Transport Canada, and no damaging encounters with ash occurred. But upon reentering U.S. airspace, the cloud had a major impact on air traffic despite the 4000‐km distance from the volcano.
Ocean shelf coupling and exchange
Authors: Kinder Tom , Dugan John 
Published: October 2006

Processes at the edges of continental shelves are important in the dynamical coupling and exchange of water and its properties between the shelf and ocean. These processes affect circulation on the shelves, availability of nutrients, distribution of sediments, and transport of natural and anthropogenic products into the deep sea.A workshop sponsored by the Office of Naval Research and the U.K. Natural Environment Research Council was held May 10–11, 1993, at the Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory to improve physical understanding and modeling capability of shelfedge processes, their relationship to the ocean, and the exchange of water and its properties between the shelf edge and ocean. Emphasis was on understanding the processes.
History of the discovery of the solar wind
Authors: Cliver Ed , Siscoe George 
Published: October 2006

AGU's History Committee sponsored a well‐attended session on the discovery of the solar wind at the 1993 AGU Fall Meeting in San Francisco. Speakers, three of whom are shown in Figure 1, included many of the key participants in early solar wind research.In the introductory talk Karl Hufbauer, a science historian, whose book Exploring the Sun inspired this session, described the understanding of the Sun's corpuscular emissions, as they were then called, in the early 1950s. Hufbauer noted that Biermann's work on comet tails involved what at the time was thought to be the least interesting component of the corpuscular emission, namely the supposedly weak “background flux of evaporative particles” that gave rise to incessant minor geomagnetic fluctuations and to faint polar aurorae.
Northeast streams respond to rains and melting snow
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

While some streams in the northeastern United States are flowing at normal or above normal rates, others have not felt the effects of snowmelt, according to hydrologists at the U.S. Geological Survey.On March 11, flow of the Potomac River near Washington, D.C., was 0.29 billion m3 per day, nearly five times higher than the normal flow of 0.06 billion m3 per day for this time of year. Flows throughout Virginia have also been above normal in 1994.
Galileo spacecraft sights probable Moon of asteroid Ida
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

The Galileo spacecraft observed what is probably a natural satellite of the asteroid Ida—which would be the first moon of an asteroid ever sighted—during the spacecraft's flyby of Ida last August 28.The object is revealed in data samples now being transmitted by the spacecraft and analyzed by scientists at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif.
Science education institute forming
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

The National Science Foundation (NSF) plans to create an institute of distinguished scholars and practitioners to help evaluate its education activities and point to promising directions for the future.The institute will consist of a small cadre of scholars representing all education levels and institution types who will serve on an annual basis and assess the effectiveness of science, mathematics, engineering, and technical education in such areas as teacher education, faculty reward systems, and education technologies. They will also recommend new activities that need to be established, which activities are no longer needed, and what new approaches will enhance science education.
Geological info just a touch away
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

A new display will allow visitors to the U.S. Geological Survey National Center in Reston, Va., to view local weather conditions and the changing flow of the Potomac and other major rivers.The earthquake exhibit includes a touch screen display to let the visitor pick the subject; it also can offer a readout of recent significant earthquakes around the world, a chart of the latest U.S. earthquakes, a quiz on California's earthquake faults, or a description of the big Loma Prieta‐San Francisco Bay earthquake of 1989.
Flight‐qualifying space technologies with the Clementine Mission
Authors: Rustan Pedro L. 
Published: October 2006

The Clementine spacecraft (Figure 1) is the first Department of Defense (DOD) deep space mission. Celestial bodies such as the Moon and a near‐Earth‐asteroid (NEA) are ideal targets to flight‐qualify advanced light‐weight technologies developed by the Ballistic Missile Defense Organization (BMDO). To demonstrate the performance of advanced lightweight systems, it is actually cheaper to fly the spacecraft using the Moon and an NEA as targets than to develop and deploy the targets required to test the payload in low‐Earth orbit.Since Clementine is an engineering mission, extensive diagnostics have been used to test the advanced systems in the sensor suite and subsystems. Performing a joint mission with NASA and forming a NASA‐selected science team to enhance the scientific value of the mission is making it possible to transfer these technologies for future space exploration, bringing true meaning to the term “dual use.”
New ground station increases data collection
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

NASA has opened a new, remote ground station called the GRO Remote Terminal System in Tidbinbilla, Australia, to retrieve scientific data from the Compton Gamma‐Ray Observatory via a Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS) that is positioned over the Indian Ocean.The $500 million Compton Gamma Ray Observatory was launched in 1991. The decision was made to build the ground station and devote a TDRS to the observatory after its tape recorders failed, restricting the transmission of scientific data to real time only.
Global positioning accuracy improves
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

Racal Positioning Systems Ltd. is now incorporating Ashtech's newest and most accurate Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers in its DeltaFix short‐range (SR) differential GPS systems.The differential system offers users precise positioning—at ranges depending on local radio propagation conditions—up to 60 km from a shore‐based reference station. The system was developed for users needing high‐accuracy DGPS positioning over relatively small areas.
New atlas captures snapshots of European glaciers
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

Centuries of historical records on European glaciers are now united with satellite images of the continent to help global environmental change researchers track the Earth's changing regional climates.As part of an international project coordinated by the U.S. Geological Survey, information from satellite images of Earth's glaciers is being pieced together to form a comprehensive picture of the areal extent of the planet's glaciers during the 1970s.
Latin American Conference on Space Geophysics held
Authors: Galicia José Valdés 
Published: October 2006

The Third Latin American Conference on Space Geophysics was held in Havana, Cuba, November 1–5, 1993, to promote cooperation among Latin American scientists on topics of space geophysics and to foster their participation in international research projects.The conference was sponsored by the Cuban Academy of Sciences and the Center for Pedagogical Conventions of the Ministry of Education with financial support from the Latin American Center of Physics; the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization; the International Centre for Theoretical Physics; and the Committee on Space Research of the International Council of Scientific Unions, Paris.
Magellan data catalog available on Internet
Authors: Slavney Susan , Arvidson Raymond E. 
Published: October 2006

Version 2.0 of the Magellan Standard Products Catalog is now available on Internet. The catalog contains information about Magellan Venus radar and altimetry data products from mapping cycles 1, 2, and 3, and gravity data products from cycle 4.NASA's Planetary Data System Geosciences Node, led by personnel at Washington University, designs, develops, and maintains the catalog. It can be used to search for data products by name, latitude‐longitude location, feature location, and orbit, or time based on the Magellan Experimenter's Notebook.
AGU honors Outstanding Geophysicists in 1994
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

This year's AGU medalists, selected by committees of peers for their outstanding research in geophysics, will be honored at AGU's Spring Meeting in Baltimore, on May 25 or at the Fall Meeting in San Francisco on December 7.Receiving the William Bowie Medal, AGU's most prestigious honor, is Peter S. Eagleson of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and AGU President from 1986 to 1988.
Outstanding student papers
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

Seven presentations were named Outstanding Student Papers in the Atmospheric Sciences Section at the 1993 Fall Meeting in San Francisco.Thomas Kuhlbush, who presented “Black Carbon as a Product of Savanna Fires in Southern Africa: A Sink of Biospheric Carbon,” is a Ph.D. student at the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry in Mainz, Germany. He received his diploma in chemistry at the Westfalische Wilhelms University in Munster, Germany.
The gateway for terrestrial material entering the ocean
Authors:   The Joint Australian‐U.S. Group
Published: October 2006

The Earth's wet tropical regions form a band around the equator that comprises less than a quarter of the land surface but supplies more than half of the water, particulates, and solutes discharged to the marine environment. Processes operating in the drainage basins and near the mouths of tropical rivers control the quantity and quality of the water, particulates, and solutes that escape to the global ocean. These processes, which can also draw oceanic constituents to coastal areas and trap them, differ from those in temperate and polar settings.The wet tropics extend about 15° on either side of the equator (Figure 1). Three areas comprise this region: northeastern South America, west‐central Africa, and the Indo‐Pacific archipelago, including parts of southeast Asia. Geographic differences of these areas influence local coastal processes, but they all experience constantly high precipitation greater than 1500 mm y‐1 and temperature above 20°C. The coastal oceans in these locations have other factors in common (Table 1), such as high solar radiation, large freshwater runoff, easterly trade winds, and weak Coriolis force. The enormous water, particulate, and solute discharges also lead to extensive buoyant plumes, large nutrient fluxes, high productivity, and rapid sediment accumulation (Table 1).
Environmental Technologies Bill passed
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

The Committee on Science, Space, and Technology passed H.R. 3870 on April 13, the Environmental Technologies Act, to promote the development and use of environmental technologies that will foster economic growth and environmental protection.“We are moving ahead with legislation that proves you can do well while doing right and combine the goals of environmental sustainability and economic development. The bill signals a shift away from confrontations between government and industry over the environment, and a movement toward a partnership approach to environmental problems,” said Committee Chairman George E. Brown, Jr. (D‐Calif.).
Weather satellite successfully launched
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

The first Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES), one of a series of five advanced weather satellites, was launched on April 13 from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Fla.Named GOES 8 since achieving orbit, the satellite will provide more precise and timely weather observation and atmospheric measurement data. Its three‐axis stabilized design allows the satellite sensors to continuously stare at Earth for 24‐hour observation. Current spin‐stabilized satellites view the Earth only 5% of the time.
Postdoc fellows present research at global change workshop
Authors: Engle Joanna , Holmes Linda , Olsen Curtis 
Published: October 2006

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) held its first global change postdoctoral fellowship workshop, “New Research in the Science of Global Change: A Multidisciplinary View,” from September 19–23, 1993, in Oakland, Calif. The workshop featured presentations by researchers in the DOE Global Change Distinguished Postdoctoral Fellowship Program and provided a forum for the interdisciplinary networking necessary for integrating and assessing global change research for policy decisions in times of scientific uncertainty.Established in 1991 as a U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP) effort to strengthen the human resource base in science and technology, the fellowship program is sponsored by the Environmental Sciences Division of DOE's Office of Health and Environmental Research and is administered by the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education.
Remote sensing system to speed disaster relief
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

NASA and the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) are exploring a cooperative venture to test and implement a prototype remote sensing system that will acquire, process, and distribute photographic‐like digital images of disaster‐damaged areas to response and recovery officials in near‐real time.“In past disasters, NASA's role has been to assist FEMA by providing aerial photographs to enhance their recovery operations and assessment of area damage. This joint venture will enhance the technology and process to enable FEMA, state, and local officials to obtain information more quickly to manage disaster recovery operations,” says Fred Gregory of NASA.
Shirley J. Dreiss (1949–1993)
Authors: Gorelick Steven M. 
Published: October 2006

The hydroscience community recently lost one of its true leaders. In rainy weather on December 14, 1993, Shirley Dreiss lost her life in a collision with a cement truck while driving from Santa Cruz, Calif., to San Francisco Airport.Shirley, 44, was professor and chair of the Department of Earth Sciences at the University of California at Santa Cruz. A superior research scientist and educator, the breadth of her activities and interests were perhaps unnoticed by many because of her modesty and generosity. To those in the field she maintained an international reputation as a hydrogeologist with recognized expertise in diverse topics including arid basin hydrology, quantitative analysis of flow through karst aquifers, moisture and contaminant transport through unsaturated soils, and the hydrogeology of subduction zones.
NSF reauthorization bill sails through house
Authors: Jones Richard M. 
Published: October 2006

The National Science Foundation (NSF) Authorization Act of 1994, HR 3254, soared through the House in early May by a vote of 396‐22, but awaits further action by the House appropriators and the Senate.For fiscal year 1995, the bill authorizes $3.15 billion or an overall funding hike of 5% for NSF, which is about $50 million less than President Clinton's request.
Geologists offer new theory on origin of Abyssal Hills
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

The mystery of how deep‐sea oceanic ridges—the Earth's most common geomorphic feature—are formed has remained unsolved since the ridges were first discovered more than 40 years ago. Some have argued that they orginate largely from volcanism; others mainly from faulting.Now a team of geologists with the help of the ALVIN submersible offers a new explanation that may help to settle the debate—at least for fast‐spreading portions of the Earth's crust, which account for about one‐third to one‐half of the ocean floor.
U.S. carbon emissions hit all‐time high
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

Carbon emissions related to energy use hit a record high in the United States in 1993, marking the first significant increase since 1990, according to an analysis of Department of Energy data by the American Council for an Energy‐Efficient Economy.The findings are “troubling” in light of the 10‐year‐old international Climate Change Convention and the international commitment to return to 1990 emission levels by the year 2000, wrote ACEEE Director Howard Geller, a coauthor of the report.