bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antioxidative components, xanthone derivatives, inSwertia japonica Makino
Authors: Ashida Shinya , Noguchi Satoshi F. , Suzuki Tateo 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSubstances with antioxidative properties were obtained from an ether extract ofSwertia japonica Makino. Six active components of the extract were isolated and identified as methylbellidifolin, methylswertianin, swertianin, bellidifolin, norswertianin and desmethylbellidifolin. These six xanthone derivatives were shown to possess different antioxidant activities by chemiluminescent assay. The antioxidative activities of bellidifolin, norswertianin and desmethylbellidifolin were higher than those of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and α‐tocopherol. On autoxidation of methyl linoleate, bellidifolin had activity similar to that of BHT. On the basis of the data present on antioxidative properties and data reported on the mutagenicities of the xanthones, both activities were shown to give a good correlation.
Identification of major triglycerides causing the clouding of palm olein
Authors: Swe P. Z. , Che Man Y. B. , Ghazali H. M. , Wei L. S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractClouding was obtained by storing palm olein at 12.5°C for up to 24h and was separated by centrifugation. the fat crystals were collected after washing with cold acetone. The crystals were identified according to their fatty acid and triglyceride composition, carbon number and degree of unsaturation. Palmitic‐oleic‐palmitic (POP) and palmitic‐oleic‐stearic (POS) levels were high in the cloud material, especially in that recovered between 15–18 h of storage. The increase in POP and POS concentrations was concomitant with a decrease in the content of palmiticoleic‐oleic (POO). The least amount of POO was also obtained in clouds collected between 15–18 h of storage, compared to the original oil sample. The increase of palmitic acid explained that triglycerides conjugated with palmitic acid molecules in their acyl chains could have been crystallized, and crystallization could have taken place in the order of the number of palmitic molecule in the acyl chain. The concentrations of the other triglycerides did not change much throughout the storage period. Further storage caused the composition of the cloud to become similar to that of the original oil sample.
Behavior of diglycerides and conjugated fatty acid triglycerides in reverse‐phase chromatography
Authors: Chang M. K. , Conkerton E. J. , Chapital D. , Wan P. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe behavior of conjugated fatty acid triglycerides and diglycerides on reverse‐phase chromatography was studied. Trieleostearin is a geometric isomer of trilinolenin. The conjugated double bond arrangement in trieleostearin enhances its hydrophobic interaction with the stationary phase and causes it to be eluted later than trilinolenin. In separation of “critical pairs” of tri‐ and diglycerides, diglycerides elute later than triglycerides due to the longer fatty acid constituent. Position isomers of 1,2‐ and 1,3‐diglycerides can be separated by reverse‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography.
Physical characteristics of mustard oil solvent miscella
Authors: Nag Oebasis , Bhole N. G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDuring commercial solvent extraction of oil from an oil‐seed, it is necessary to determine oil content in the miscella, drawn intermittently from the extractor, to obtain an overall extraction rate. We measured optical density, specific gravity, refractive index and viscosity of miscella of different known oil concentrations. These four characteristics were measured by calculating deviations from the actual values. The deviations were maximum for optical density, intermediate for specific gravity and viscosity, and small for refractive index, suggesting the latter to be an appropriate rapid method of determining miscella oil content.
Postharvest handling of soybeans: Effects on oil quality
Authors: Mounts T. L. , List G. R. , Heakin A. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractEffects of postharvest handling (such as storage and transportation) of soybeans on the quality of extracted oil were evaluated. Identity‐preserved export shipments of soybeans were sampled at origin points and at destination ports. Samples of new crop beans were also acquired from domestic elevators. Lots were separated to yield three fractions each: original, whole beans, and split beans. Crude oil extracted from each fraction was characterized for free fatty acid content, iron content, peroxide value, phosphatide, nonhydratable phosphatide, color, Chromatographic refining loss, and fatty acid composition. Oil extracted from split beans had free fatty acid and iron contents significantly greater than those of oil from whole beans. These two deleterious qualities of crude oils were found to increase during shipment. Degumming studies showed an increase in the nonhydratable phosphatide content of extracted oil due to shipment.
The Effect of processing on the content and composition of free sterols and sterol esters in soybean oil
Authors: Johansson Anna , Hoffmann Ilona 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe content and composition of free sterols and sterol esters in crude soybean oil and in oils from different stages of two continuous refining systems were determined. The sterols were isolated by preparative thin layer chromatography and analyzed by gas chromatography with cholesterol as an internal standard. The free sterols in one of the degummed oils amounted to 3.1 mg/g and were diminished to 1.8 mg/g oil by the De Laval Short‐Mix refining process. The content of free sterols of the other degummed oil was reduced from 3.4 to 1.6 mg/g oil by the Zenith process. The greatest reduction of sterol content was caused by the treatment with bleaching earth. The sterol esters accounted for 0.6 mg/g of the degummed oil, and only very small changes were observed during the processes. However, changes in the composition of fatty acids of the sterol esters were found. These changes might indicate a selective deacylation of sterol esters or an interesterification during the refining processes. The composition of sterols in free and esterified form were different. Campesterol, stigmasterol and sitosterol were obtained in both free and esterified form, but Δ7 stigmasterol was only found in esterified form. Only small changes in the percentage distribution of the sterols occurred during the processes.
Distillability of extracted mixed‐birch tall oil
Authors: Ukkonen Keijo 
Published: July 2007

AbstractChemical and physical properties of tall oil made in the CSR process and distillation results of three different types of distillation plants are presented. Chemically extracted, mixed‐birch, tall oil differs remarkably from the normal Scandinavian crude tall oil. The extracted oil deviates from the normal, unextracted, mixed‐birch tall oil with respect to the smaller unsaponifiable amount and the fatty acid esters. The amount of resin acid is small in extracted mixed‐birch tall oil. The quantity of fatty acids, especially that of saturated fatty acids, is large. Distillation of extracted mixed‐birch tall oil is most successful in a distillation plant where thin film evaporators are used.
Positional distribution of the fatty acids in the triglycerides of the oil of some african peanut varieties
Authors: Van Pee W. , Van Hee J. , Boni L. , Hendrikx A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe distribution of fatty acids between the sn‐1‐, sn‐2‐ and sn‐3‐positions of the triglycerides from the oils of eight African peanut varieties has been determined. The saturated fatty acids and eicosenoic acid occur almost exclusively at the sn‐1‐ and sn‐3‐positions. The sn‐1‐position contained slightly more palmitic acid than the sn‐3‐position. The fatty acids with a chain length exceeding 18 carbons were preferentially incorporated in the sn‐3‐position. Linoleic acid was preferentially esterified at the sn‐2‐position, whereas oleic acid was equally distributed among the three positions. The amount of the saturated fatty acids, i.e., palmitic and stearic acid, and of oleic acid and linoleic acid incorporated in the sn‐1‐, sn‐2‐and sn‐3‐position, were each linearly related to their respective content in the triglycerides.
Fatty acid composition of yellow‐ and violet‐flowered sesbania sesban seeds
Authors: Kapoor V. K. , Chawla A. S. , Jindal O. P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe fatty acid composition of seed oils from yellow‐and violet‐floweredSesbania sesban varieties was determined. Their composition and properties were too similar to provide chemotaxonomic distinction between the varieties.
About the conversion factor of phosphorus to phosphatides in soybean oil
Authors: Hartman L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe factor of 30 recommended by the official AOCS method Ca 12‐55 for converting phosphorus to phosphatides in soybean oil is in reality a conversion factor to “acetone insolubles.” While applicable to crude soybean oils, its applications to degummed and refined oils is open to question. A corresponding revision of the method Ca 12‐55 seems therefore indicated.
New amphoteric surfactants containing a 2‐hydroxyalkyl group: II. the dependence of physicochemical properties on the pH value for N‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐N‐(2‐hydroxyalkyl)‐β‐alanines
Authors: Hidaka H. , Moriya M. , Takai M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe dependence of physicochemical properties on the pH of micellar solutions for N‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐N‐(2‐hydroxyalkyl)‐β alanines (HAA) was studied by means of a differential titration method (DTM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, and measurements of critical micelle concentration, surface tension, and foaming power. The aspect of the dissociation of HAA was pursued by DTM. The mutual transformation among cationic, zwitterionic, and anionic forms with the change of pH range was confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy. The micelle formation energy was determined at each pH value. Further, the dependence of surface active properties on the pH value for the adducts of ethylene oxide to Na‐HAA was also investigated.
Viscosity, pour point, and chain length relations for the alcohol ethoxylates
Authors: Fisher C. H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBecause pour points of surfactant alcohol ethoxylates are important and tedious to determine experimentally, it is desirable to have methods for calculating pour points from other properties, e.g., viscosities (1). To facilitate calculating pour points, several types of equation were developed that relate (a) chain lengths of the alcohol ethoxylates to pour points, (b) chain lengths to viscosities, and (c) viscosities to pour points.
Odor control in edible oil processing
Authors: Gilbert W. J. , Tandy D. C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe problems with odor around a typical edible oil deodorizer are discussed in detail, and a three‐step solution to eliminate these problems is presented. The three steps are a distillate recovery system which recovers most of the fatty acid in the deodorizer vapor discharge as a valuable byproduct, a closed loop barometric cooling water system which keeps the fatladen hotwell water out of the cooling tower by recirculating it back to the vacuum system after cooling with tower water in a heat exchanger, and a vapor scrubbing system to eliminate volatile organic compounds which are not removed in the previous two steps.
Neurofibromatosis Type 1 in Genetic Counseling Practice: Recommendations of the National Society of Genetic Counselors
Authors: Radtke Heather B. , Sebold Courtney D. , Allison Caroline , Haidle Joy Larsen , Schneider Gretchen 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe objective of this document is to provide recommendations for the genetic counseling of patients and families undergoing evaluation for neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) or who have received a diagnosis of NF1. These recommendations are the opinions of a multi‐center working group of genetic counselors with expertise in the care of individuals with NF1. These recommendations are based on the committee's clinical experiences, a review of pertinent English language medical articles, and reports of expert committees. These recommendations are not intended to dictate an exclusive course of management, nor does the use of such recommendations guarantee a particular outcome. These recommendations do not displace a health care provider's professional judgment based on the clinical circumstances of an individual patient.
Non‐Isothermal Crystallization of Bovine Milk Fat
Authors: Janssen Patrick W. M. , MacGibbon Alastair K. H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe crystallization kinetics of milk fat were studied under non‐isothermal and simulated adiabatic conditions using pulsed NMR spectroscopy. Isothermal experiments confirmed that when milk fat is shock cooled to below the α melting point it crystallizes in two steps due to the different crystallization kinetics of α and β′ modifications. In non‐isothermal experiments, the fat samples were heated early during the plateau between steps to a temperature above the α melting point and β′ crystals formed more rapidly than in isothermal conditions. Fresh α crystals are believed to melt and form lamellar units containing triglyceride molecules with high degrees of isomorphism and these units can accelerate the nucleation and growth rates of β′ polymorph crystals. The crystallization behavior changed when the heating occurred late in the plateau and the α crystals are believed to have demixed, which allowed them to transform to β′ crystals directly in the solid state. Under simulated adiabatic conditions the rate of β′ crystallization was increased by a factor of 2–3 over the isothermal case. These findings were used to infer approaches to process difficult fat blends in scraped‐surface heat exchanger plants.
Modellvorstellungen zur Genetik multifaktorieller Krankheiten
Authors: Nothnagel M. , Krawczak M. 
Published: July 2007

Zusammenfassung
Im Gegensatz zu monogenen Erkrankungen kann bei multifaktoriellen genetisch bedingten Krankheiten aufgrund der Vielzahl genetischer und nichtgenetischer Faktoren keine klare Genotyp-Phänotyp-Beziehung erwartet werden. Mögliche Störgrößen sind u. a. das Vorliegen genetischer Heterogenität, Gen-Gen- und Gen-Umwelt-Interaktion sowie der Einfluss epigenetischer Faktoren. In der Konsequenz verringern sich die relativen Risiken einzelner genetischer Einflussfaktoren, was größere Stichprobenumfänge für ihre initiale Identifikation erforderlich macht. Aus der Prävalenz einer Erkrankung allein können meist keine Schlüsse hinsichtlich der Häufigkeit und Diversität der sie verursachenden genetischen Variation gezogen werden. Die Gewährleistung eines möglichst homogenen genetischen Hintergrunds der Studienpopulation, die Fokussierung auf möglichst einfache, klar definierte Phänotypen und die Untersuchung möglichst plausibler, genetischer und nichtgenetischer Einflussfaktoren stellen vermutlich den effizientesten Weg zur Identifikation von „Krankheitsgenen“ dar. Die Replikation von Assoziationsbefunden, insbesondere mit seltenen genetischen Varianten, hat zudem in solchen Populationen die größten Erfolgsaussichten, die der ursprünglich analysierten Gruppe genetisch möglichst ähnlich sind.
Genidentifizierung bei multifaktoriellen Krankheiten
Authors: Becker T. 
Published: July 2007

ZusammenfassungEine wichtige Aufgabe der genetischen Epidemiologie sind die Lokalisierung und Identifizierung von genetischen Faktoren, die an der Entstehung von Phänotypen beteiligt sind. Insbesondere multifaktorielle Krankheiten, die durch das Zusammenwirken verschiedener Gene und Umweltfaktoren verursacht werden, sind in den Fokus gerückt. Grundsätzliches Problem der genetischen Epidemiologie ist, dass das menschliche Genom aufgrund seines Umfangs eine erschöpfende biologische Untersuchung seiner Wirkungsweise nicht zulässt. Da aber sowohl innerhalb von Familien als auch auf Bevölkerungsebene die Ausprägungen der DNA-Variation korrelieren, ist es möglich, das Genom mit ausgewählten genetischen Markern repräsentativ abzubilden und diese mit statistischen Methoden zu analysieren. Eine Grobkartierung wird mittels Kopplungsanalyse durchgeführt, die die Kosegregation von Markern mit dem Phänotyp in Familien betrachtet. Die Feinkartierung der Kopplungsregionen erfolgt mit der Assoziationsanalyse, die die Häufigkeit von Allelen/Genotypen zwischen von der Krankheit Betroffenen und Nichtbetroffenen vergleicht. Das Kopplungsassoziationsparadigma wird zunehmend durch genomweite Assoziationsstudien (GWAS) ersetzt, die auf eine einleitende Kopplungsanalyse verzichten.
Origin of diplochromosomal polyploidy in near‐senescent fibroblast cultures: Heterochromatin, telomeres and chromosomal instability (CIN)
Authors: Walen Kirsten H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe near‐senescence associated phenomena of increases in cells with chromosomal damage (CIN) and in endopolyploid mitotic cells were analyzed for possible inter‐relationships by cytogenetics. Gross chromosomal abnormalities in all phases of mitosis were analyzed in situ. Hetrochromatization of telomeres, centromeres and interstitial chromatin regions (i.e., chromocenters/SAHF) were shown to be specific occurrences in the near‐senescent phase. Stickiness between such chromatin regions caused breakage/fragmentation by anaphase‐pulls on clumped chromosomes. Gluey heterochromatin is therefore, seen as a cause of CIN in near‐senescence. Detrimental effects on chromosomes from heterochromatin have been observed for decades, and can be explained from chromatin remodeling in epigenetics. A consequence of genomic damage was re‐replication to polyploidy of arrest‐escaped cells with G2/M‐DNA content. This second synthetic period produced diplochromosomal cells that cycled by bi‐polar division into genome reduced cells. This sequence from h‐chromatization to CIN and further to cycling endopolyploidy is believed to be a basic mechanism for the production of genetic variability in neoplasia.
Does contemporary theology require a postfoundationalist way of knowing?
Authors: Diller Kevin 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn hisThe Postfoundationalist Task of Theology, F. LeRon Shults recommendspostfoundationalismas avia mediabetween modernist foundationalism and postmodernist antifoundationalism. He advocates postfoundationalism as an epistemological approach which avoids the pitfalls on either side and provides the best way forward for constructive theological work. In this article I attempt to assess how well Shults's proposal treats Christian theological knowing. I begin by entertaining a Barthian theological concern which might be employed as soft criteria for an assessment of any proposed theological epistemology. This concern stipulates that an epistemology in the service of Christian theology must respect a commitment to the objective reality of God who, as Word become flesh, makes himself known through the human experience of reality to his church, while recognising the fallibility of human knowing, presupposing a knowledge of God accessible through experience always only by the prevenient, self-giving action of God. I then turn to a brief analysis of the Shults–van Huyssteen case against foundationalism and nonfoundationalism, focusing particularly on the postfoundationalist critiques of foundationalism and fideism in dialogue with Barth. The article concludes with an appraisal of the postfoundationalist recommendation. I argue that Shults's approach maps well to the theological concern for critical realism and a recognition of the social embeddedness of human knowing. Postfoundationalism's underlying commitments, however, leave it closed to an external source of warrant, and as a consequence repudiate afrom aboveview of theological knowing. I suggest instead that only atheofoundationalist epistemology avoids the pitfalls sketched by Shults in a way that maintains proper epistemic humility without entering the ghettos of fideism or scepticism.
Poverty reduction through liberalisation? Neoliberalism and the myth of global convergence
Authors: KIELY RAY 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThis article critically examines the question of whether poverty has been reduced in recent years, and if so, whether this is a result of neoliberal and/or globalisation friendly policies. The first section problematises at least some claims made for poverty reduction and the second section questions any causal link between ‘pro-globalisation’ policies and poverty reduction. The third and final section considers in detail the nature of the contemporary global economy, and in examining the evidence concerning capital flows shows how, contrary to the claims made by neoliberals and some globalisation theorists, capital is not dispersing throughout the world. Moreover, even when the ‘correct policies’ are adopted, this is unlikely to happen. I then conclude by suggesting why ‘actually existing globalidation’ does not alleviate, and may indeed intensify, global inequalities.
The trouble with humanitarianism
Authors: BELLONI ROBERTO 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTHumanitarianism – that is, the political, economic and military interference in the domestic affairs of a state justified by a nascent transnational morality – is one of the defining and most controversial features of the post-Cold War period. This article advances nine theses, arguing that humanitarianism has a simplistic worldview, that coercive humanitarian actions trigger negative consequences, that humanitarianism is quite effective in sheltering Western states from the spillover effects of political crises but is less so in solving the problems it claims to address. These arguments are illustrated with reference to four prominent cases: Bosnia, Kosovo, Rwanda and Darfur. The article concludes with a brief outline of an alternative humanitarian approach.
Entrenching ‘identity norms’ of tolerance and engagement: lessons from rapprochement between North and South Korea
Authors: SON KEY-YOUNG 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTRevisiting the nexus of identities and norms, this article argues that actors’ attitude and policies are not the automatic reflection of a salient identity but the articulation of what I call ‘identity norms’, defined as standards of appropriate behaviour for in-group actors vis-à-vis an out-group. Central to my argument is that identities become straw men at times of momentous change, whilst identity norms, crafted and propagated through an intersubjective understanding amongst different actors, emerge as a guiding principle in state-to-state relations. By illustrating the trajectories of reconciliation between North and South Korea, this article examines the anomalies of how antagonistic states forge friendly ties.
Understanding sovereignty through Kelsen/Schmitt
Authors: SUGANAMI HIDEMI 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTKelsen and Schmitt, two leading legal theorists of the twentieth century, constitute a powerful pair that sheds light on the intertwining of politics and law in the phenomenon of sovereignty. Although their conceptions of sovereignty are far apart, they are interconnected as different ways of making sense of the same social phenomenon, or what I call the ‘practice of sovereignty’, whereby an ultimately unauthorised authority continuously authorises itself as the authority and the rest by and large accept this, acquiesce in this, or are made to do so. Having clarified their differences and interconnection, I explore some of the implications of the two writers’ differing conceptions of sovereignty and of the practice of sovereignty that underlie them.