bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physical Properties of Densified Refuse Derived Fuel
Authors: Eimers JL , Vesilind PA 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The need for and a description of eight draft standards for describing physical properties of densified refuse derived fuels are described. These draft standards include: collecting and dividing a gross sample of densified refuse derived fuel (dRDF), air drying, measuring the density of individual particles and bulk density, measuring the particle size distribution and the durability of the particles, and measuring total residual moisture and water adsorption. These draft standards are being developed by ASTM Committee E-38 on Resource Recovery. The precision of the test methods is also reported.
A Hierarchical Approach to the Measurement of Changes in Community Structure Induced by Environmental Stress
Authors: Boyle TP , Sebaugh J , Robinson-Wilson E 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A new index of dissimilarity is proposed to measure changes in community structure caused by environmental stress. A new statistical algorithm was also devised to test the similarity or dissimilarity between two communities. This procedure tests the mean dissimilarity within two communities against the mean dissimilarity between the same communities. These new indices are used along with other traditional indices of community structure in a proposed hierarchical scheme for testing different degrees of changes in stressed communities. Several examples illustrate that the procedures proposed give a more interpretible comprehensive analysis than the use of a limited set of indices.
Absolute Measurements of Ultrasonic Attenuation Using Damped Nondestructive Testing Transducers
Authors: Papadakis EP 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This paper reviews the method for making absolute ultrasonic attenuation measurements by means of nondestructive testing transducers and liquid buffer columns or solid buffer rods. The principle is that the transducer must be separated from the specimen so that the transducer cannot influence the echoes in the specimen. Then the attenuation coefficient in the specimen and the reflection coefficient at the buffer/specimen interface can be calculated from the amplitudes of the first three echoes in the buffer/specimen system. For absolute measurements, the amplitudes must be corrected for ultrasonic beam spreading (diffraction). The theory of the measurements and the corrections is recapitulated, and experimental examples are given showing the utility of the method. Experimental techniques are also recapitulated.
Quantitative Relations Among Measures of Ductility in Planar and Through-Thickness Tension Tests of 12.8-mm-Diameter Specimens
Authors: Ludwigson DC , McDonald MM 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The distribution exponent (DE) is a measure of a material's ability to transfer its inherent ultimate ductility (as measured by reduction of area RA) into practical maximum extension in the direction of forming forces (as measured by elongation, in 50.8 mm [2 in.], EL). The computation, nature, and utility of the distribution exponent are discussed herein.
Single Specimen Fracture Toughness Testing of Low Strength Steel Plate Using The Direct Current Electrical Potential Method
Authors: Doig P , Abbott KR 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe direct current electrical potential method for monitoring of crack length during fracture toughness JIc testing of low strength steels using the crack resistance curve approach is described. The experimental precautions and data processing procedure required for its application are described and discussed. Experimental data obtained from side-grooved, Charpy geometry specimens manufactured from a boiler plate steel are presented.
Determination of Fracture Toughness of a Material That Exhibits Pop-In Behavior
Authors: Putatunda SK , Banerjee S 
Published: February 2009

AbstractFracture toughness of a material that undergoes pop-in crack extension was measured in two different heat treated conditions by a new procedure proposed in a recent publication. It is shown in this publication that the new procedure gives a size independent plane strain fracture toughness KIc value in thin and wide specimens prepared from relatively tough material. The present investigation examines the effect of width and the applicability of various approaches to fracture toughness measurement procedures, such as the new procedure, ASTM Test Method for Plane-Strain Fracture Toughness of Metallic Material (E 399), KIc, the ductile fracture toughness value JIc, and the crack growth resistance R curve, to a material that undergoes pop-in crack extension. The results show that whereas the new procedure can give a meaningful, reliable, and size independent fracture toughness even for a material that undergoes pop-in crack extension, the other methods, such as R curve, JIc, Kpop, or ASTM E 399 are inapplicable. The new procedure also shows that the K-KIc approach can be used in specimens whose thickness is 4.5 times less than that required by ASTM E 399.
Determination of Fracture ToughnessJIc Under Quasi-Static and Dynamic Loading Conditions Using Wedge Loaded Specimens
Authors: Bayoumi MR , Klepaczko JR , Nabil Bassim M 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA study of the variation of fracture toughness of American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) 1045 (Unified Numbering System [UNS] G10450) steel in the annealed condition, which exhibits elastic-plastic behavior at the crack tip, with loading rates ranging from quasi-static to dynamic conditions was undertaken. A wedge loaded compact tension (WLCT) specimen geometry was used in both testing conditions. The onset of crack propagation was detected using a strain gage mounted near the crack tip. The fracture parameter JIc decreases by about 50% when the loading rate ˙KI increases from 0.5 to about 106 MPa · m½ s−1. The measured values of JIc using WLCT specimens were confirmed from previous data on this material using standardized three-point bending specimens as well as from evaluation of JIc from stretch zone width measurements using scanning electron microscopy of the fracture surface of the WLCT specimens.
Interstitial Carbon and Nitrogen Effects on the Cryogenic Fatigue Crack Growth of AISI 304 Type Stainless Steels
Authors: Tobler RL , Reed RP 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Constant-load-amplitude fatigue crack propagation (FCP) rate measurements are reported for AISI 304 (Unified Numbering System [UNS] S30400) type stainless steels having variable carbon-plus-nitrogen (C+N) contents. Rates at stress-intensity factors from 20 to 70 MPa ·m½ were measured using 25-mm-thick compact specimens. The Fe-18Cr-10Ni steels tested exhibited partial martensitic phase transformations during tests at 76 and 4K, but not during tests at 295 K. The behavior varied considerably with composition: at high C+N contents (0.187% by weight or greater) the FCP resistance was lower at 4 than at 295 K, whereas at low C+N contents (0.067% by weight) the FCP resistance was significantly higher at 4 than at 295 K. The improved cryogenic behavior at low C+N contents was associated with a transition in failure micromechanisms.
Crack Growth in High-Density Polyethylene Pipes
Authors: Gradin PA , Arve E 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
To investigate the applicability of a theory developed by Schapery to crack growth in thermoplastic pipes, experiments were performed on high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipes. In the experiments the pipes (with existing through-the-thickness cracks) were loaded by an internal pressure and the time-dependent crack length was measured. This was done at three different temperatures, 20, 30, and 80°C and for two cases of crack orientation, axial and circumferential. It was observed that the theory agreed reasonably well with the experimental data.
Effects of Mechanical Drying on Styrene-Butadiene Rubber
Authors: Hall ML , Trott GF 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
In the commercial production of styrene-butadiene copolymers, the finished product is dried by oven-type dryers or by mechanical-type dryers. Our goal was to determine if, and to what extent, the severe conditions of mechanical drying effect the viscoelastic properties of the copolymer. It was determined that mechanical drying added to the “shear history” of the polymer and contributed to premature breakdown. Furthermore, the rheological properties of the polymer are altered in a manner that suggests the presence of long-chain branching. These alterations persist in the compounded stock as variations in the elastic properties of the uncured material. The shear history of a compound is important to its processibility. This history begins at the production of the base polymers and may be of concern to the user.
Estimation of End Corrections in Capillary Flow
Authors: Colbert GP , Ziegel KD 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A simple method is described for estimating end corrections in capillary flow. It is based on Bird's technique for predicting recoverable shear strain from viscosity data and using these predicted values in the Tanner equation. A shortcoming of the method is the technique for correcting the Tanner equation for capillary length to diameter ratio so that this method is not satisfactory for capillaries shorter than a L/D ratio of eight. Using longer dies, good agreement is seen between values corrected by this method and those corrected by the Bagley method. Since this method uses data from a single die, it should be of interest to industrial technologists concerned with the time and effort involved in correcting data via the Bagley method.
Improvement of Standard Rheological Tests for Better Material Characterization
Authors: Koopmann RK , Kramer H 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Details for two new tests for rheological material characterization are given resulting from the development of standard rheological tests:
1. The well-known Mooney-viscosity test is improved by automatically adding a relaxation test. Thereby, information on elastic material behavior is obtained in a very simple and fast manner. It is especially useful for rubber compounds.
2. The parallel plate compressive plastometer or Defo test gives information on viscous and elastic material behavior in the compressive and recovery phases of the test. Intensive developments of the instrument and changes and additions in the test procedure resulted in a relatively simple test, giving a number of accurate rheological test data for each quality including the flow exponent. It is especially useful for testing rubber polymers.
Typical results from several years experience are given.
Biaxial Test Method for Characterization of Fabric Materials Used in Permanent Fabric Roof Structures
Authors: Mott R , Huber G , Leewood A 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
An experimental investigation was conducted to develop a test method and hardware for the purpose of characterizing the material behavior of coated glass fabrics for application in large roof structures. Because of the biaxial nature of stresses in fabric structures, an internally pressurized cylinder specimen was designed for use in a hydraulically actuated (MTS) testing machine. Biaxial cylinder fabrication and appropriate testing procedures were developed. Stress-strain and strength characteristics were determined for various fabric material types and material lots. Biaxial monotonic, step loading, stress rupture, and dynamic fatigue loading conditions were studied. Combined biaxial tensile plus shear loading were assessed by testing cylinders under biaxial and superimposed torsion loading conditions. The strength characteristics of damaged fabric materials were also extensively assessed.
A Method for the Defined Fatigue Precracking of Round Notched Bars
Authors: Eisele U , Roos E , Silcher H , Zimmermann C 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This paper is concerned with the method of crack length controlled prefatiguing of notched round tension specimens. Since a direct optical analysis of the crack length in the present specimen is not possible, the change in the specimen stiffness is used to determine the crack depth. For this purpose, the deflection of the specimen is measured by laser technique during prefatiguing under reversed bending stressing. Comparing the measurement data with parameters determined by calculation from the transfer matrix method enables the crack depth to be determined on-line at any time of the prefatiguing process.
Comparison of the Kesternich Sulfur Dioxide Test with Industrial Atmospheric Corrosion Tests of Zinc-, Aluminum-, and Al-Zn-Coated Steel Sheet
Authors: Berke NS , Townsend HE 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Results of the Deutsches Institut für Normung (DIN) Kesternich sulfur dioxide test (DIN 50018) are compared with those of long-term industrial atmospheric exposure tests of sheet steels coated with zinc, aluminum, and Al-Zn alloy coatings. According to the Kesternich test results, Al-Zn and zinc coatings provided sacrificial protection to the steel substrate whereas the aluminum coatings did not. Durability was highest for the 55% Al-Zn and aluminum coatings. Qualitatively, these results are in good agreement with those of atmospheric tests. However, durability of 4% Al-Zn and 7% Al-Zn in the Kesternich test was better than two times greater than that provided by zinc coatings. This finding does not agree with the results of long-term atmospheric tests in an industrial environment. These comparisons demonstrate that the Kesternich test provides a useful qualitative ranking of these coatings but should not be relied on to quantitatively predict coating life.
Algebraic Approximations of Stress-Strain Curves for Kevlar-Reinforced Composites
Authors: Papirno R 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Stress-strain curves for Kevlar-cloth reinforced epoxy composites have been approximated by two-part analytic functions. Autographic test records are digitized using a computer-assisted procedure, and the digitized data are automatically processed using regression analyses routines. Tensile data are best approximated by a bilinear function; compressive data are best fit to either a parabolic-linear or a parabolic-exponential function. The errors of fit of the analytic functions to the test data are smaller than the experimental errors of the test. One application of the technique is for economic computer storage of stress-strain curves. A maximum of four constants and a one-digit code number are all that are required to store an entire stress-strain curve. Also, average stress-strain curves can readily be obtained and various moduli are easily calculated.
Temperature of the Unexposed Surface of Fire Resistance Test Specimens
Authors: Harmathy TZ 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Techniques of measuring the temperature of the unexposed surface of fire test specimens in ASTM Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials (E 119) (or ULC S101) are critically reviewed. It is suggested that the present technique of measurement and the temperature criterion of failure be revised so as to facilitate the computer simulation of fire resistance tests.
The Effect of Fire Fighting Media on the Mechanical Properties of Steel Bars
Authors: Naga SAR 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This paper presents an experimental investigation on the effect of cooling methods and means of fire extinguishing on the mechanical properties of steel bars used in reinforced concrete if subjected to a heat source. By simulating the heating effect of possible fire on the steel bars, an experimental plan has been made to include cases in which the bars may pass metallurgical phase transformation. Results indicate that the cooling of steel bars by means of water largely affects the mechanical properties especially if specimen temperatures are greater than the critical temperature compared with other cooling techniques, which are air or sand. The usual practice of extinguishing fire and cooling steel bars with water should be reconsidered as it increases the bars' hardness and ultimate tensile strength at the expense of reducing ductility. This makes the steel bars' properties less than the desired mechanical properties in building construction.
Influence of Gage Dimensions on Elongation Values for Type 316 Stainless Steel
Authors: Mathew MD , Mannan SL , Rodriguez P 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Different standards such as those of ASTM, Indian Standards Institution (IS), Association Francaise de Normalisation (AFNOR), British Standards Institution (BS), International Organization for Standardization (ISO), and Deutsche Industrie-Normen (DIN), specify different dimensions and relationships between gage length and cross-sectional area for the standard and proportional tension specimens of various geometries. In this investigation a systematic attempt has been made to assess the influence of varying gage length, width, and thickness of rectangular tension specimens on the elongation values for American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) Type 316 (Unified Numbering System [UNS] S31600) stainless steel. The ratio of gage length to the square root of cross-sectional area is found to be an appropriate parameter for correlating total elongation with specimen dimensions. Conversion relationships have been obtained between total elongation and gage dimensions for 316 stainless steel.
User Requirements and Performance Specifications for Explosive Vapor Detection Systems
Authors: Lucero DP 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A preliminary list of explosives vapor detection system user requirements is prescribed for three basic applications: (1) Processing—item and personnel examination at a processing station; (2) searching—area search and examination by portable, semiportable, and stationary systems; and (3) monitoring—enclosure atmosphere monitoring for explosive vapors. The user requirements common in relative importance to each application are examination or processing rate, maximum allowable false- and missed-alarm probability, and operator training level. For specific applications, the more important requirements are those related to weight, size, and power for area search, and unattended operation for enclosure monitoring applications. The user requirements are essential in establishing the detection system performance specifications, engineering design goals, and in effective design trade-off management.
Recent Advances in Ion Mobility Spectrometry for Explosives Vapor Detection
Authors: Spangler GE , Carrico JP , Campbell DN 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The detection of explosives with ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) using reactant ion (background) subtraction techniques and chloride ion/molecule reaction chemistry is discussed. Data are presented for dinitrotoluene (DNT), trinitrotoluene (TNT), RDX (cyclonite), Composition B, and dynamite. Using a membrane inlet system, a man-portable IMS detector system is described which can be used as a point sampler with these techniques.
The Fracture Toughness of Beryllium
Authors: Conrad H , Hurd J , Woodard D 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Data on the fracture toughness of beryllium obtained by the authors and that available in the literature are reviewed. The effects of test method, chemistry and microstructure, temperature and strain rate, and fracture modes are discussed. The available data suggest that the fracture toughness of both hot pressed and sheet beryllium is proportional to the product of the true fracture stress and true fracture strain. A rationale for this correlation is developed on the basis of the Griffith-Orowan fracture equation. The effects of temperature and strain rate on the fracture toughness of beryllium sheet follow an Arrhenius-type relation which is in accord with that for prism slip.
Crack Toughness Evaluation of Hot Pressed and Forged Beryllium
Authors: Jones MH , Bubsey RT , Brown WF 
Published: February 2009

AbstractFracture toughness tests at room temperature were made on three-point loaded beryllium bend specimens cut from hot pressed block and a forged disk. These specimens had plane proportions conforming to ASTM E 399 and covered a thickness range of from 1∕32 to ½-in. Two sets of bend specimens were tested, one having fatigue cracks and the other 0.5 mil radius notches. During each test, records were made of crack (or notch) mouth displacement and electric potential vs applied load. One objective of the investigation was the development of techniques to produce fatigue cracks in accordance with the procedures specified in ASTM E 399. This objective was achieved for the hot pressed material. In plane cracks were not consistently produced in the specimens cut from forged stock.Results of the fracture toughness tests showed that specimens with fatigue cracks had considerably lower values of Kmax than those with sharp machined notches. Various anomalies were observed in the behavior of the beryllium specimens from hot pressed stock. Among these were nonlinearities in the load-displacement records in what was expected to be the elastic range, negative crack mouth displacements on unloading from this range, and a decrease in electrical potential with increasing load which was recoverable on unloading. While valid KIc values could not be established, the data indicate that for practical purposes a value of about 10 ksi-in.½ would characterize both the hot pressed and the forged stock.
Balanced Resonator for Infrasonic Measurements of Young's Modulus and Damping in Flexure
Authors: Papadakis EP 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A device called the Balanced Resonator is described and analyzed. It is the flexural analog of the torsion pendulum, and is useful for measuring Young's modulus and the logarithmic decrement in materials in flexure. While the device can be built for operation below 0.1 Hz and above 1000 Hz, the model reported in this paper operates in the vicinity of 1.0 Hz. Its useful features include rapid and convenient operation, frequency below the relaxations in most materials, low equivalent strain rates, moderate size for use in environmental chambers, and specimen configuration identical to ASTM tensile test bars. Experiments to demonstrate the utility of the Balanced Resonator are presented.
Quantitative Adhesion Tests of Vacuum Deposited Thin Films
Authors: Berendsohn O 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
An apparatus for performing quantitative adhesion tests of vacuum deposited thin films on a routine basis was developed by modification of a microhardness tester. The instrument employs a sapphire stylus which is drawn across the film surface until a critical load is established in one pass. This critical load is defined as the weight, in grams, at which the stylus completely removes the film in the contacted area. A number of critical loads for various metallic and dielectric coatings have been established and are being used to control the reliability of optical coatings. In addition, tests were conducted to determine the highest critical load, that is, the best adhesion possible for a given combination of materials and substrates. Typical values ranged from 25 to 100 g, the upper limit being determined by the cohesive strength of the substrate and the hardness and wear resistance of the stylus. The scribe method appears to be a substantial improvement on the “Scotch Tape” technique in that it yields quantitative adhesion data; and, thus, can be used to evaluate optimum deposition parameters, detect coatings of questionable quality, and give an early indication of coating deterioration.