bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Isolation and characterisation of a defective measles virus from a subacute sclerosing panencephalitis patient
Authors: Wild T. F. , Giraudon P. , Bernard A. , Huppert J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA cytopathic measles virus was isolated from a brain biopsy of a subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) patient. The agent could be transferred to Vero cells by cocultivation, but the infectivity always remained cell‐associated — ie, a defective virus infection. The cell‐associated nature of the virus was retained through 25 passages in Vero cells. Intracerebral inoculation of hamsters (2—6 days old) with the cocultured Vero cells gave rise to 100% mortality in 5—7 days. The virus retained its cell‐associated nature after passage in hamsters. Electron microscopy of the brain and Vero cocultures showed the presence of virus‐like ribonucleoparticles mainly in the nucleus. The presence of viral antigens in the nucleus, cytoplasm, and on the plasma membranes was confirmed by immunofluorescence. Using a combination of immunological and biochemical technqiues, it was shown that all the viral proteins were synthesized with the exception of the haemagglutinin.Inclusion of the fusion inhibitor SV4814 (CBZ‐D phenylalanine‐L‐phenylalanine‐L‐arginine‐NO2) in the culture medium led to the elimination of the SSPE infection.
Cell‐mediated immunity to cytomegalovirus in patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy
Authors: Agatsuma Yoshitaka , Fitzpatrick Paul , Baliah Tadla , Kaul Aditya , Kim Pyung‐Kil , Ogra Pearay L. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractEmploying the techniques of complement‐fixation (CF), immunofluorescence (IF), and in vitro lymphocyte transformation (LTF), the humoral antibody response and cell‐mediated immune (CMI) response to cytomegalovirus (CMV) were studied in the serum and peripheral blood lymphocytes in 19 normal children (controls) and 23 patients with renal disease who were receiving immunosuppressive therapy or undergoing hemodialysis. The LTF activity was determined by the whole blood microassay using two strains of CMV (AD‐169 and Davis) and phytohemagglutinin (PHA). The antibody level responses to CMV in different groups of subjects were generally similar. The LTF response to PHA as evidenced by δ cpm activity was moderately depressed in immunosuppressed and hemodialyzed subjects compared to the response observed in the controls. The mean δ cpm activities in response to AD—169 and Davis strains of CMV in seropositive immunosuppressed patients were about one‐fifth and one‐third lower respectively than those of seropositive normal controls. These observations suggest that an impairment of CMV specific cellular immunity may be an important mechanism underlying the increased susceptibility to CMV infections in patients with chronic renal disease who receive immunosuppressive therapy.
Cryptic association of e antigen with different morphologic forms of hepatitis B surface antigen
Authors: Vnek J. , Prince A. M. , Trepo C. , Williams A. E. , Mushahwar I. K. , Ling C. M. , Overby L. R. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWhen highly purified HBsAg particles, separated by rate zonal centrifugation into populations differing in predominant size, were tested for HBeAg, the e1 specificity was detected preferentially in association with particle fractions containing large filaments and Dane particles. These results were obtained both by agar gel diffusion and by radioimmunoassay for e antigen. The e antigen activity present in these fractions was potentiated by prior treatment of particles with Tween 80, suggesting cryptic localization of e1 specificity within or under the outer membrane. The HBeAg released by detergent treatment from a purified preparation composed predominantly of small‐particle forms of HBsAg was separated by electrofocusing into a peak of nonparticulate e antigen in the pH range of 5.7–6.0. Sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed three major polypeptides in this preparation with approximate molecular weights of 25,000, 55,000, and 70,000. Furthermore, two additional peaks of e antigen activity were detected which migrated in association with HBsAg particles at isoelectric points of 4.4 and 5.5–5.6. The major portion of e antigen remained in association with particles after further purification by rate zonal centrifugation.
Immunoglobulins to tick‐borne encephalitis in the cerebrospinal fluid of man
Authors: Hofmann H. , Frisch‐Niggemeyer W. , Heinz F. , Kunz Ch. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAntibodies of IgM and IgG type were detected in the CSF of patients with recent tick‐borne encephalitis (TBE) by means of ELISA. No false‐positive results were obtained with CSF specimens from patients suffering from meningitis or other illnesses. The ratio of the antibodies in serum to CSF clearly indicated that both IgM and IgG antibodies were produced in the brain itself. In patients who had previously suffered from TBE now with a different in‐aseptic meningitis, TBE antibodies could also be detected in CSF but only of the IgG class. Again the serum‐to‐CSF antibody ratio indicated that the antibodies were produced within the central nervous system. For routine diagnosis the micro‐ELISA method was found to be useful; antigen‐coated plates can be stored as long as three months at +4°C.
The occurrence of calicivirus in infants with acute gastroenteritis
Authors: Suzuki Hiroshi , Konno Tasuke , Kutsuzawa Toyoko , Imai Aki , Tazawa Fumiyo , Ishida Nakao , Katsushima Noriko , Sakamoto Michiyo 
Published: March 2007

AbstractCalicivirus was detected in 8 (1.2%) of 647 hospitalized patients during a survey of acute gastroenteritis in infants and young children, conducted between December 1974 and September 1977. Morphologically calicivirus was approximately 30 nm in diameter with an easily recognizable staining “star of David” configuration. Its buoyant density in cesium chloride was 1.38–1.40 gm/ml. The serologic response to calicivirus by immune electron microscopy (IEM) was demonstrated only in paired sera from patients who shed the virus in their stools. The results suggest that calicivirus might be a cAUse of acute gastroenteritis in infants and young children.
Comparative neurovirulence and latency of hsv1 and hsv2 following footpad inoculation in mice
Authors: McKendall Robert R. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe effect of virus dose and animal age on the appearance of acute and latent neurologic infection by HSV1 and HSV2 was studied in Balb/c and ICR mice inoculated in the footpad. At low viral doses HSV2 was found to be 1,500 times more neurovirulent than HSV1. At high doses there was no difference in neurovirulence. Age‐acquired resistance to disease was shown to be less complete with HSV2 than with HSV1. Neurovirulence was shown to be associated with spread of infection to the spinal ganglia. The data indicate that the factor(s) responsible for the differential neurovirulence of these two viruses is related to events at the level of the footpad and/or sciatic nerve.
Transmission of human non‐a, non‐b hepatitis to chimpanzees following failure to transmit gb agent hepatitis
Authors: Tabor Edward , April Milton , Gerety Robert J. , Peterson David A. , Seeff Leonard B. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTwo colony‐born infant chimpanzees were inoculated with documented infectious serum containing the GB agent. Serum aminotransferase levels remained within normal limits in weekly serum samples, and no abnormalities were detected in weekly liver biopsy specimens. Each of these chimpanzees was subsequently inoculated with serum containing an agent of human non‐A, non‐B hepatitis. Each developed non‐A, non‐B hepatitis characterized by elevation of serum aminotransferase levels and histopathologic changes in liver biopsy specimens. Thus, the chimpanzee appears not to be susceptible to the GB agent, and prior inoculation with this agent does not appear to confer immunity to subsequent infection with human non‐A, non‐B hepatitis.
Rotavirus and other viruses in the stool of premature babies
Authors: Van Renterghem L. , Borre P. , Tilleman J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn a 12‐month study, 363 stools of 199 premature babies nursed in a separate ward of a paediatric clinic were examined by electron microscopy and on cell culture to detect virus. Twenty‐four (6.6%) were positive for rotavirus, in one winter epidemy. From four stools Echo 22 was isolated, and in six cases virus‐like particles were detected by electron microscopy. These virus infections are not a major problem in newborns, requiring special care, as they are mostly symptomless or mild.
Small round virus‐like particles associated with acute gastroenteritis in japanese children
Authors: Kogasaka Ryoichi , Sakuma Yasuhiko , Chiba Shunzo , Akihara Minoru , Horino Kyotaka , Nakao Tooru 
Published: March 2007

AbstractNine patients with acute gastroenteritis shed small round virus‐like particles in the faeces, and seven of them developed serum antibody against those particles as judged by immune electron microscopy. The small round virus‐like particle was measured at 29–32 nm in diameter and showed a fine spiky structure on the surface. The buoyant density of the small round virus‐like particles was determined to be 1.37–1.40 gm/cm3 in cesium chloride density gradient. The small round virus‐like particle differed morphologically from astrovirus and calicivirus, and was antigenically dissimilar to Norwalk agent and W agent. These observations suggest that the small round vims‐like particle is one of the new gastroenteritis viruses or may be a new serotype of them. Attempts to cultivate the small round virus‐like particles were unsuccessful.
Rotavirus serotypes by serum neutralisation
Authors: Beards Graham M. , Pilfold J. N. , Thouless M. E. , Flewett T.H 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA neutralisation test using cell culture and indirect immunofluorescence was applied to isolates of rotavirus from 55 patients with gastroenteritis, in order to determine serotypes. Frequent cross‐reactions were observed, but subsequent statistical analysis confirmed the existence of at least three distinct serotypes. Some results, not sufficient for analysis, suggest that at least five serotypes probably exist. It is suggested that two or more viral polypeptides might be involved in neutralisation, one of which might be common to another serotype(s). This would explain the frequent cross‐reactions detected by this neutralisation test. Evidence suggesting that some strains may be hybrids is also presented.
Rubella immunity by four different techniques: results of challenge studies
Authors: Best Jennifer M. , Harcourt Gillian C. , Druce A. , Palmer Sara J. , O'Shea Siobhan , Banatvala J. E. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWhen 42 sera with low or inconsistent levels of haemagglutination‐inhibiting (HAI) antibodies were tested by single radial haemolysis (SRH), radioimmunoassay (RIA), and enzyme‐linked immunoassay (ELISA), RIA was shown to be the most reliable test for detecting low levels of antibody. SRH, however, was found to be an acceptable alternative screening test for rubella antibodies and was more reliable than HAI. Although SRH plates prepared in our own laboratory failed to detect antibodies in six sera, in five of the six, antibodies were only at a low level (RIA titre 1:20‐ 1:80). OriVir plates (Orion Diagnostica, Finland) failed to detect low levels of antibody in only three sera. There were six (14.3%) sera which were false positives in the HAI test. These women were shown to be seronegative by radioimmunoassay and, when three of these six volunteers were vaccinated, they developed a typical primary immune response which resembled that developed by 43 seronegative women following vaccination. Fifteen of the young women with consistently low HAI litres and one woman who was seronegative by HAI but seropositive by RIA and ELISA were subsequently vaccinated. Six (37.5%) of these women showed no significant rise in titre by any of the tests employed, while ten had a significant rise in titre, detected by at least one test, with a low level of rubella‐specific IgM detectable in one.
A simple method for typing clinical isolates of herpesvirus simplex: replication in the presence of 2h‐1,3‐oxazine‐2,6 (3h)‐dione (oxauracil)
Authors: Seal Lawton A. , Jamison Richard M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA rapid simple method for the typing of wild HSV isolates based on selective inhibition of HSV‐2 replication by the pyrimidine analogue oxauracil (2H‐1,3‐oxazine‐2,6(3H)‐dione) has been developed. Chi‐square analysis of the results of typing of 30 wild strains by serum neutralization tests, immunofluorescence, and oxauracil‐inhibition indicates no significant difference in assignment of types to the isolates. The oxauracil‐inhibition test obviates confusion of typing resulting from use of immune sera containing cross‐reactive antibodies. We conclude oxauracil typing is a simple, rapid, and precise test which can be performed in any laboratory capable of isolating HSV.
New bacterial absorption method for determination of hepatitis a igm and iga antibodies
Authors: Löfgren Bengt , Nordenfelt Erik , Jonsson Svante , Kronvall Göran 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAntibodies against hepatitis A virus (anti‐HAV) can be determined by a commercially available radioimmunoassay (RIA) (Havab(tm), Abbott). To discriminate between recent and past hepatitis A infection this RIA was used in combination with absorption with protein A‐containing staphylococci. However, nonabsorbable anti‐HAV was repeatedly detected in late‐convalescent sera using this method. The nature of these antibodies was studied in serum samples from 12 such patients. In all patients, the late‐convalescent sera contained no IgM class anti‐HAV as judged by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The restricted specificity of staphylococcal protein A explains the lack of absorption. Some recently described streptococcal strains capable of binding all IgG subclasses (including IgG3) as well as both IgA subclasses were, therefore, added to the staphylococci. Absorption studies using these strains indicated that the previously nonabsorbable anti‐HAV in these 12 patients was mainly of the IgA class. A bacterial mixture including IgA‐binding streptococci seems preferable for routine determination of IgM anti‐HAV in acute hepatitis A diagnosis. The results also indicate that IgA anti‐HAV in serum can persist for more than two years after a hepatitis A infection.
Enzyme‐Linked immunosorbent assay for the detection and identification of coxsackie b antigen in tissue cultures and clinical specimens
Authors: Yolken Robert H. , Torsch Virginia 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAn enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been developed for the identification of Coxsackie B antigens. This assay was capable of identifying and distinguishing all six Coxsackie B serotypes at concentrations one hundredfold to ten thousandfold less than could be detected by complement fixation (CF) systems. In addition, the Coxsackie B ELISA correctly identified the presence of Coxsackie B antigen in 19 of 21 tissue culture fluids and five of nine rectal swab specimens. Two additional rectal swab specimens reacted with Coxsackie B antisera but could not be conclusively serotyped. Tissue culture fluids and rectal swab specimens containing other viruses such as ECHO virus, Coxsackie virus A, rhinovirus, rotavirus and Norwalk virus were consistently negative in the assay. The Coxsackie B ELISA offers potential for the rapid identification of Coxsackie B antigens in clinical specimens and tissue culture systems.
Prevalence of williams e1 antigen in comparison with e2 antigen in hepatitis b antigen carriers and patients in hemodialysis unit
Authors: Ohori Hitoshi , Yamada Ei , Tateda Akira , Ishida Nakao 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe prevalence of both e1 and e2 antigens in 1,158 sera of asymptomatic HBsAg carriers, carriers in hemodialysis units, and HBsAg‐negative blood donors was examined. The detection rate of e1 antigen was as high as 80% in asymptomatic carriers, 95% in hemodialysis patients, and even 13,1% in HBsAg‐negative donors. All of the e1 antigen‐positive specimens in such HBsAg‐negative sera were found to have both or either anti‐HBs and anti‐HBc, suggesting the past history of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection of the donors. In the HBsAg‐positive serum, the detection rate of e2 antigen (17%) was lower than that of e1 (80%), and all sera having e2 antigen were positive for e1 antigen. The titers of HBsAg, HBcAg, and anti‐HBc in e2 antigen‐positive sera were higher than that of sera detecting only e1 antigen.The appearance of e1 antigen and e2 antigen in the course of post‐transfusion hepatitis B was studied with five cases. Retrospective study showed that three of them each received one unit of HBsAg‐positive blood, and the other two received HBsAg‐negative blood but with high‐titered anti‐HBc. In four cases out of five, in which e2 antigen was detected during the course of infection, the initial detection of e2 antigen occurred at or just before the elevation of liver enzyme levels. On the other hand, e1 antigen was detected relatively early after transfusion, and the time of its initial appearance could not be correlated to the time of onset. Moreover, the detection period of e1 antigen persisted longer, even after the disappearance of HBsAg antigenemia.These two separate studies suggest that not only e2 antigen but also e1 antigen are associated with the infection of HBV, but they are distinct from each other; the e2 antigen may have the properties of a signal of the viral activity in the patient as suggested by many others, but e1 antigen does not seem to bear such diagnostic values.
Non‐A, non‐b hepatitis in patients receiving blood products
Authors: Skidmore Susan J. , Jones Thomas E. G. , Boxall Elizabeth H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA group of patients all regularly receiving blood products for a congenital bleeding disorder were investigated for evidence of past infection with hepatitis A and B, and compared with a control group. There was a significantly higher percentage of the test group who had markers of infection with these viruses, and 15 patients had symptoms of hepatitis during the study. Hepatitis B is known to sometimes be a contaminant of blood products and, in fact, three patients had hepatitis B during the period of study. The greater number of the test group showing evidence of past hepatitis A infection can only really be explained by acquiring antibody from blood products, especially since none of our patients with hepatitis had hepatitis A and there is evidence that this is not an infection associated with blood products. We conclude that the majority of patients in our study showing symptoms of hepatitis had non‐A, non‐B hepatitis.
Dna cloned from the ayw subtype of hepatitis b virus
Authors: Price Peter , Hirschman Shalom Z. , Garfinket Esther 
Published: March 2007

AbstractDNA from the ayw subtype of hepatitis B virus (HBV) was ligated into the EcoRI site of DNA from plasmid pBR322 and propagated in E coli χ1776. A plasmid with a 3200 base pair insert (pHBV‐1) was isolated and the cloned HBV DNA was mapped with restriction endonucleases. Differences were found in restriction endonuclease cleavage sites for DNAs from HBV of subtype ayw and adr.
The role of rheumatoid factor in an electron microscope study of hepatitis b antigens
Authors: Stannard Linda M. , Almeida June D. , Tedder R.S. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAn immune electron microscopic (IEM) study of the hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) system has shown that rheumatoid factor (RF) can be an important complicating factor when examining preparations containing multiple antigenie specificities. For example, in the presence of RF, mixed immune complexes were produced that suggested HBeAg might be antigenically related to either Dane particles or cores. When RF was removed, however, the putative HBeAg—anti‐HBe complexes showed no relationship with any other hepatitis B component. It has been shown that RF can have a positive practical application in IEM by using it to link preformed marker complexes to immune complexes which do not contain morphologically recognizable antigen.
Properties of soluble dna polymerase from sera of hepatitis b virus carriers
Authors: Mao James C. H. , Otis Ellen R. , Mushahwar Isa K. , Overby Lacy R. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA soluble DNA polymerase was purified 8,000‐fold from hepatitis B surface antigen positive serum. The molecular weight of the enzyme by gel filtration was about 1.60 × 105, the sedimentation coefficient was 5.5S, the apparent Km for dTTP was 4 MM, the optimum pH in the presence of Mg2+ was 9.2, and the pI was 4.7. The enzyme was found in HBsAg‐positive sera and required an external primer for activity. The properties of the DNA polymerase were different from hepatitis B virus particle enzyme and from vertebrate and bacterial DNA polymerases. The prevalence of this enzyme did not correlate with HBeAg or particle DNA polymerase in HBsAg‐positive sera.
B‐Lymphotropic papovavirus and possibility of infections in humans
Authors: Brade Lore , Müller‐Lantzsch Nikolaus , Hausen Harald Zur 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA novel member of the papovavirus group has been isolated from EBV‐transformed African green monkey (AGM) B‐lymphoblasts. The virus is characterized by its B‐lymphotropic host range and has tentatively been named “lymphotropic papovavirus” (LPV). Seroepidemiological studies revealed that besides sera from African green monkeys a substantial proportion of human sera reacted with antigens of this virus. The specificity of this reaction observed in indirect immunofluorescence tests was underlined by immunoprecipitation (IP) and neutralization studies. By IP we demonstrated that AGM as well as human sera reacting in immunofluorescence with LPV antigens precipitated polypeptides of about 40 K. Those polypeptides were detected only in LPV‐infected cultures. Sera of high reactivity in immunofluorescence tests also neutralized viral infectivity. These data suggest that an agent antigenetically closely related to AGM‐LPV also infects part of the human population. The age distribution of the human antibody response revealed that a low percentage of sera reacted in age groups below 30 years. Thereafter, however, about 30% of all sera exhibited antibodies to LPV antigens. There was a slight increase in seroreactivity in sera from patients tested for infectious hepatitis when compared to non‐selected human sera.
Borna disease in rhesus monkeys as a model for uveo‐cerebral symptoms
Authors: Stitz Lothar , Krey Hauke , Ludwig Hanns 
Published: March 2007

AbstractBorna disease, a naturally occurring encephalomyelitis of horses and sheep, was induced in rhesus monkeys after intracerebral infection with virus containing rabbit brain suspension. The animals developed neurological disorders followed by a severe encephalomyelitis which was accompanied by a retinopathy. In all the analyzed brain and retina tissue pieces, virus‐specific antigen could be demonstrated by immunoelectrophoretic techniques. Antibodies could be demonstrated by the intermediate gel technique as well as by the immunofluorescence test in the serum and the cerebrospinal fluid of all the monkeys. The histopathological findings in the brain and the eye might be comparable to certain types of encephalitis in man and to pathological changes in the eye of human patients, the etiologies of which are still obscure. An attempt was also made to study cell‐mediated immunity by a chromium release assay in infected animals, the results of which might provide, together with the histopathological observations, strong evidence for the role of lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of BD infection in rhesus monkeys.