bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Putative association of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ co‐activator 1β (PPARGC1B) polymorphism with Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Park K. S. , Shin H. D. , Park B. L. , Cheong H. S. , Cho Y. M. , Lee H. K. , Lee J.‐Y. , Lee J.‐K. , Kim H. Tae , Park C.‐S. , Han B. G. , Kimm K. , Oh B. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractAims  Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ co‐activator 1β (PPARGC1B) may play an important role in obesity and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In an effort to identify genetic polymorphisms in potential candidate genes for T2DM, genetic associations of PPARGC1B were examined in a Korean T2DM study.Methods  We have sequenced the PPARGC1B, and examined its association with T2DM and diabetic phenotypes in a Korean T2DM study (775 T2DM patients and 316 control subjects) using the TaqMan method. Logistic and multiple regression models were employed to analyse the genetic contributions of polymorphisms. Nineteen polymorphisms were identified in PPARGC1B.Results  By logistic regression analysis controlling for age and sex as covariates, one non‐synonymous single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP; +102605C>A; Arg292Ser) in exon 5 showed marginal significant associations with the risk of T2DM. The allele frequency of the minor allele [‘A (= Ser)’ allele of +102605C>A] was lower among T2DM patients (frequency = 0.101) than among control subjects (frequency = 0.135) [P = 0.03, OR = 0.71 (95% CI: 0.51–0.94)]. Furthermore, serum triglyceride level was also associated with this non‐synonymous SNP (+102605C>A; Arg292Ser) in exon 5 among controls (P = 0.03 in the dominant analysing model). Serum triglyceride levels [1.46 ± 0.70 (log‐transformed value; 0.12 ± 0.18)] were lower in individuals who carry one or two copies of minor alleles than among others [1.60 ± 0.85 (log‐transformed value; 0.16 ± 0.21)].Conclusion  The present study provides, for the first time, information about genetic polymorphisms in PPARGC1B and putative associations of one non‐synonymous SNP with the risk of T2DM and serum triglyceride (TG) levels in the Korean population, although this result was not significant after correction for multiple testing.
The diagnosis of osteomyelitis of the foot in diabetes: microbiological examination vs. magnetic resonance imaging and labelled leucocyte scanning
Authors: Ertugrul M. B. , Baktiroglu S. , Salman S. , Unal S. , Aksoy M. , Berberoglu K. , Calangu S. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractAims  Foot infections and their sequelae are among the most common and severe complications of diabetes mellitus. As diabetic patients with foot infections develop osteomyelitis and may progress to amputation, early diagnosis of osteomyelitis is critical.Methods  We compared the diagnostic values of labelled leucocyte scanning with Tc99m, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and microbiological examination of bone tissue specimens with histopathology, the definitive diagnostic procedure. Thirty‐one diabetic patients with foot lesions were enrolled in the study and histopathological examination was performed in all. Patients had clinically suspected foot lesions of ≥ grade 3 according to the classification of Wagner.Results  Bone specimens were obtained for histopathological examination. Microbiology had a sensitivity of 92% and specificity of 60%. Labelled leucocyte scanning had a sensitivity of 91%, specificity of 67%, and MRI a sensitivity of 78%, specificity of 60%.Conclusions  Microbiological examination may be as useful as and less costly than other diagnostic procedures and is the only method which can guide the choice of antibiotic therapy.
Twice‐daily compared with once‐daily insulin glargine in people with Type 1 diabetes using meal‐time insulin aspart
Authors: Ashwell S. G. , Gebbie J. , Home P. D. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractAims  To compare blood glucose control when using insulin glargine twice daily at breakfast‐ and dinner‐times with insulin glargine once daily at dinner time, in unselected people with Type 1 diabetes using insulin aspart at meal‐times.Methods  In this 8‐week, two‐way, cross‐over study, 20 people with Type 1 diabetes were randomized to insulin glargine injection once daily at dinner‐time or twice daily at breakfast‐ and dinner‐times, both plus meal‐time insulin aspart. Each 4‐week treatment period concluded with a 24‐h inpatient metabolic profile.Results  Insulin doses, HbA1c, fructosamine concentration and pre‐breakfast self‐monitored blood glucose (SMBG) concentration did not differ between treatment periods. SMBG concentrations after breakfast, after lunch and before dinner were lower with twice‐daily compared with once‐daily dinner‐time glargine [9.3 ± 0.5 (± se) vs. 6.7 ± 0.5 mmol/l, P = 0.003; 10.2 ± 0.9 vs. 7.0 ± 0.9 mmol/l, P = 0.024; 9.6 ± 0.5 vs. 6.6 ± 0.5 mmol/l, P = 0.001]. Mean 24‐h SMBG concentration was lower with twice‐daily glargine (7.1 ± 0.5 vs. 8.8 ± 0.5 mmol/l, P = 0.031). Within‐day variability of SMBG concentration was lower with twice‐daily glargine (sd 3.2 ± 0.2 vs. 4.0 ± 0.3 mmol/l, P = 0.044). Plasma free insulin concentration was higher in the afternoon with twice‐daily glargine (21.9 ± 1.4 vs. 16.1 ± 1.3 mU/l, P = 0.009), but lower overnight (12.1 ± 1.7 vs. 17.8 ± 1.7 mU/l, P = 0.030), compared with once‐daily injection. Plasma glucose concentration overnight was higher with twice‐daily compared with once‐daily glargine (mean 9.0 ± 0.4 vs. 6.6 ± 0.4 mmol/l, P = 0.001).Conclusions  Blood glucose concentration rises in the late afternoon in association with falling plasma insulin levels towards the end of the 24‐h period after insulin glargine injection in some people with Type 1 diabetes using once‐daily glargine at dinner‐time plus a rapid‐acting insulin analogue at meal‐times. This is prevented by twice‐daily injection of insulin glargine.
Searching for diabetes decision aids and related background information
Authors: Lenz M. , Kasper J. , Mühlhauser I. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractAims  Patient decision aids (DAs) are interventions designed to help patients making informed decisions. DAs are complex interventions comprising a number of active components each essential to the proper functioning of the aid. Critical appraisal of DAs therefore requires access to information describing the incremental assessment of each stage in their development, including information about the theoretical funding, development processes, efficacy trials and long‐term implementation. We explored the feasibility of identifying such information with conventional database search strategies. Our study was conducted only in the field of diabetes care.Methods  The ‘Inventory of Existing Patient Decision Aids’, medline (PubMed) and the World Wide Web were used to identify DAs relevant for diabetes care. For tracking information concerning each developmental stage, the reference lists of the DAs, home pages of the authors, medline, embase, PsycINFO, cinahl, and the Cochrane database were searched systematically.Results  A total of 13 DAs relevant for diabetes care were identified. The search for publications concerning their development yielded more than 3000 results, only 10 of which referred to at least one of the 13 DAs. No additional background information was found on the home pages of the authors.Conclusions  Conventional database search strategies do not allow the extraction of information about the stages in development of a DA. To facilitate critical appraisal of DAs, we propose the creation of an electronic database which provides information about available DAs, together with the relevant background literature, or to incorporate such a system into existing databases.
Global Guideline for Type 2 Diabetes: recommendations for standard, comprehensive, and minimal care
Authors:   IDF Clinical Guidelines Task Force
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe Clinical Guidelines Task Force of the International Diabetes Federation has created an evidence‐based Global Guideline for the care of people with Type 2 diabetes around the world. The recommendations developed for three levels of care (standard, comprehensive, and minimal), which can be applied in settings with different resources, are presented here. The source document is published elsewhere.
Postnatal transitions in myosin heavy chain isoforms of the rabbit superficial masseter and digastric muscle
Authors: Korfage J. A. M. , Van Wessel T. , Langenbach G. E. J. , Ay F. , Van Eijden T. M. G. J. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractWe investigated the early (< 8 weeks) and late (> 8 weeks) postnatal development of the fibre type composition and fibre cross‐sectional area in the superficial masseter and digastric muscle of male rabbits. It was hypothesized, first, that due to the transition between suckling and chewing, during early postnatal development the increase in the proportion of slow fibre types and in fibre cross‐sectional areas would be larger in the masseter than in the digastric; and second, that due to the supposed influence of testosterone during late postnatal development, the proportion of slow fibre types in both muscles would decrease. Fibre types were classified by immunostaining according to their myosin heavy chain (MyHC) content. The proportion of slow fibre types significantly increased in the masseter, from 7% at week 1 to 47% at week 8, and then decreased to 21% at week 20, while in the digastric it increased from 5% in week 1 to 19% at week 8 and remained the same thereafter. The changes in the proportion of fast fibre types were the opposite. The remarkable increase and decrease in the proportion of slow fibre types in the masseter was attributed predominantly to MyHC‐cardiac α fibres. During early development, the cross‐sectional area of all fibres in both muscles increased. However, only the fast fibre types in the masseter continued to grow further after week 8. Before weaning, the fast fibre types in the digastric were larger than those in the masseter, but after week 8, they became larger in the masseter than in the digastric. In adult animals, masseter and digastric had the same percentage of fast fibre types, but these fibres were almost twice as large in masseter as in digastric.
Morphological analysis of the hindlimb in apes and humans. II. Moment arms
Authors: Payne R. C. , Crompton R. H. , Isler K. , Savage R. , Vereecke E. E. , Günther M. M. , Thorpe S. K. S. , D’Août K. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractFlexion/extension moment arms were obtained for the major muscles crossing the hip, knee and ankle joints in the orang‐utan, gibbon, gorilla (Eastern and Western lowland) and bonobo. Moment arms varied with joint motion and were generally longer in proximal limb muscles than distal limb muscles. The shape of the moment arm curves (i.e. the plots of moment arm against joint angle) differed in different hindlimb muscles and in the same muscle in different subjects (both in the same and in different ape species). Most moment arms increased with increasing joint flexion, a finding which may be understood in the context of the employment of flexed postures by most non‐human apes (except orang‐utans) during both terrestrial and arboreal locomotion. When compared with humans, non‐human great apes tended to have muscles better designed for moving the joints through large ranges. This was particularly true of the pedal digital flexors in orang‐utans. In gibbons, the only lesser ape studied here, many of the moment arms measured were relatively short compared with those of great apes. This study was performed on a small sample of apes and thus differences noted here warrant further investigation in larger populations.
Deformation and failure of cartilage in the tensile mode
Authors: Sasazaki Yoshihiro , Shore Roger , Seedhom Bahaa B. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe aim of this study was to visualize, at the ultrastructural level, the deformation and failure mechanism of cartilage matrix in the tensile mode. Full‐thickness dumbbell‐shaped specimens were prepared from adult bovines. There were two specimen groups; in the ‘parallel’ group the specimen axis was parallel to the split lines defining the preferential orientation of the collagen in the articular surface, and in the ‘perpendicular’ group the specimen axis was perpendicular to the split lines. Specimens were placed with the articular surface uppermost and subjected to a graded series of strain within individual mini‐tension devices, while observed with stereomicroscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Thereafter, the changes in the ultrastructure were observed with both scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The mechanism of cartilage failure in the tensile mode comprised the following stages, whether the strain was applied parallel or perpendicular to the split line. (1) At 0% strain a fibrillar meshwork within the articular surface was predominantly orientated in the direction of the split line. (2) As strain increased, the fibrillar meshwork became more orientated in the parallel group and reorientated in the perpendicular group in the direction of the applied strain. (3) After complete reorientation of the fibrillar meshwork in the direction of the applied strain, the initial sign of failure was rupture of the fibrillar meshwork within the articular surface. (4) Subsequently, the rupture rapidly propagated into the deeper layers. Greater strains were required for fibrillar reorientation and complete rupture in the ‘perpendicular group’ than in the parallel group.
Food habits and habitat selection of suburban badgers (Meles meles) in Japan
Authors: Kaneko Y. , Maruyama N. , Macdonald D. W. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractA study of the Japanese badger Meles meles anakuma was undertaken in Hinode, a suburb of Tokyo, between 1992 and 1998. Faecal analysis, based on 82 samples, revealed that during spring and summer, earthworms (Megaseolocidae spp.) occurred at high frequency in the diet, with berries (Rubus spp.), beetles and persimmon Dymopyrus kaki also eaten during summer months. Scavenged food was eaten in early spring when earthworm availability was low, and badgers switched from worms when persimmon became abundant in autumn. Twenty‐one Japanese badgers (14 males and seven females) were radio‐tracked. Adult badger home ranges were stable, and those of males [40±19 (sd) ha, n=7] were larger than those of females [11±6 (sd) ha, n=4]. Badger resting sites in each home range were located within 630 m of each other and categorized as setts or couches. Setts were sited within core areas (30% adaptive kernel method) of home ranges. Most setts were on a sub‐ridge and avoided west‐facing slopes. Couches, mainly in deciduous forest and forest edge, were generally sited towards the periphery of home ranges. Most badger foods were distributed along ecotones between forestry plantations and farmland; earthworms, their main food from late spring to summer, and berry thickets were both concentrated at the edge of conifer plantations. Persimmon trees, the main food source for badgers in autumn, were also found in agricultural land bordering forest edge. Badger home range size was related to forest edge density.
Caffeine inhibition of rat carotid body chemoreceptors is mediated by A2Aand A2Badenosine receptors
Authors: Conde S. V. , Obeso A. , Vicario I. , Rigual R. , Rocher A. , Gonzalez C. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractCaffeine, an unspecific antagonist of adenosine receptors, is commonly used to treat the apnea of prematurity. We have defined the effects of caffeine on the carotid body (CB) chemoreceptors, the main peripheral controllers of breathing, and identified the adenosine receptors involved. Caffeine inhibited basal (IC50, 210 µm) and low intensity (PO2 ≈ 66 mm Hg/30 mmK+) stimulation‐induced release of catecholamines from chemoreceptor cells in intact preparations of rat CBin vitro. Opposite to caffeine, 5′‐(N‐ethylcarboxamido)adenosine (NECA; an A2agonist) augmented basal and low‐intensity hypoxia‐induced release. 2‐p‐(2‐Carboxyethyl)phenethyl‐amino‐5′‐N‐ethylcaboxamido‐adenosine hydrochloride (CGS21680), 2‐hexynyl‐NECA (HE‐NECA) and SCH58621 (A2Areceptors agents) neither affected catecholamine release nor altered the caffeine effects. The 8‐cycle‐1,3‐dipropylxanthine (DPCPX; an A1/A2Bantagonist) and 8‐(4‐{[(4‐cyanophenyl)carbamoylmethyl]‐oxy}phenyl)‐1,3‐di(n‐propyl)xanthine (MRS1754; an A2Bantagonist) mimicking of caffeine indicated that caffeine effects are mediated by A2Breceptors. Immunocytochemical A2Breceptors were located in tyrosine hydroxylase positive chemoreceptor cells. Caffeine reduced by 52% the chemosensory discharges elicited by hypoxia in the carotid sinus nerve. Inhibition had two components with pharmacological analysis indicating that A2Aand A2Breceptors mediate, respectively, the low (17 × 10−9 m) and high (160 × 10−6 m)IC50effects. It is concluded that endogenous adenosine, via presynaptic A2Band postsynaptic A2Areceptors, can exert excitatory effects on the overall output of the rat CB chemoreceptors.
Correlation and the Pension Protection Fund*
Authors: Sweeting Paul 
Published: May 2006

AbstractIn this paper, I use a stochastic approach to model the effect that correlations between pension scheme assets and firm values should have on the premiums chargeable by the Pension Protection Fund. In particular, I look at the effect on the aggregate premium that should be charged considering a representative universe of companies and their pension schemes. I find that ignoring the correlations, even if the volatility of pension scheme assets is allowed for, leads to potentially serious underestimation of the aggregate premium due.
Population Ageing, Fiscal Pressure and Tax Smoothing: A CGE Application to Australia*
Authors: Guest Ross 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThis paper analyses the fiscal pressure from population ageing using an intertemporal CGE model, applied to Australia, and compares the results with those of a recent government‐commissioned study. The latter study uses an alternative modelling approach based on extrapolation rather than optimising behaviour of consumers and firms. The deadweight losses from the fiscal pressure caused by population ageing are equivalent to an annual loss of consumption of $260 per person per year in 2003 dollars in the balanced‐budget scenario. A feasible degree of tax smoothing would reduce this welfare loss by an equivalent of $70 per person per year. Unlike the extrapolation‐based model, the CGE approach takes account of feedback effects of ageing‐induced tax increases on consumption and labour supply, which in turn impact on the ultimate magnitude of fiscal pressure and therefore tax increases. However, a counterfactual simulation suggests that the difference in terms of deadweight losses between the two modelling approaches is modest, at about $30 per person per year.
The Potential Impact of Reforms to the Essential Parameters of the Council Tax*
Authors: Jones Colin , Leishman Chris , Orr Allison M. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractCouncil tax was introduced in Britain in 1993 and represents a unique international property tax. There is a growing belief that it is time to reform the number and structure of council tax bands, but such views have a minimal empirical base. This paper sets out to assess the impact of changing the bands on personal and local government finances, and extends the analysis to the role of the tax multipliers linked to each band. The research is based on the experience of a representative sample of local authorities in Scotland. A statistical revaluation for 2000 is estimated for the existing eight‐band system, and from this base a 10‐band system is calculated. Financial implications are then simulated for each local authority, taking account of central resource equalisation mechanisms. The results indicate that increases in the number of bands will have little impact on the burden of the council tax compared with regular revaluations. Changing the tax multiplier range has the greatest impact on local authority finances and council tax payments.
Retrospective evaluation of total parenteral nutrition in cats: 40 cases (1991–2003)
Authors: Crabb Sara E. , Freeman Lisa M. , Chan Daniel L. , Labato Mary A. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractObjective:The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the use of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) in cats, to determine the frequency of complications, and to evaluate risk factors for complications.Design:The medical records of all cats receiving TPN at Tufts University between 1991 and 2003 were reviewed using a standardized data sheet.Setting:University hospital.Animals:Forty cats that received TPN were included in the analysis.Measurements and main results:Complications were classified as metabolic (e.g., hyperglycemia, hypokalemia), mechanical (e.g., catheter dislodgement, cellulitis), or septic (e.g., clinical suspicion of sepsis, in combination with a positive catheter culture). The most common underlying diseases were hepatic disease (n=16), gastrointestinal disorders (n=10), and pancreatitis (n=8). Median duration of TPN administration was 3.7 days (range, 0.3–9.5 days). Of the 40 cats receiving TPN, 26 experienced at least one complication with a total of 45 complications overall. These included metabolic (n=33) and mechanical (n=12). No cases of sepsis were documented. The most common metabolic complication was hyperglycemia (n=9). Most complications were mild and did not require discontinuation of TPN or adjustment of formula. Cats provided with energy above the resting energy requirement (RER) were more likely to develop hyperglycemia than those using RER as the initial calorie goal (P=0.02). Neither the presence nor number of complications impacted the duration of hospitalization or outcome.Conclusions:A more conservative estimate of energy requirements was associated with a lower risk of hyperglycemia. Future studies are warranted to determine the optimal formula and efficacy of TPN in cats.
Management of prolonged food deprivation, hypothermia, and refeeding syndrome in a cat
Authors: Armitage‐Chan Elizabeth A. , O'Toole Therese , Chan Daniel L. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractObjective: To describe complications associated with the management of prolonged food deprivation and hypothermia in a cat.Case summary: A 5‐year old, spayed female domestic shorthair cat presented, after being missing for 7 weeks, showing signs of prolonged starvation and marked hypothermia. Cardiovascular, neurological, and metabolic complications arose during resuscitation and refeeding, and these complications resolved following supportive care and changes in refeeding strategy. The cat made a complete recovery with minimal long‐term effects.New or unique information provided: This is the first report of successful management of severe prolonged food deprivation in a cat. The case also illustrates management and complications of hypothermia and refeeding syndrome, and demonstrates considerations for nutritional replacement after prolonged starvation.