bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HYPERTHYROIDISM IN GESTATIONAL TROPHOBLASTIC NEOPLASIA
Authors: NORMAN R. J. , GREEN‐THOMPSON R. W. , JIALAL I. , SOUTTER W. P. , PILLAY N. L. , JOUBERT S. M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe thyroid status of twenty‐seven African patients with gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) was studied. Fifteen patients were found to be biochemically hyperthyroid (eight patients with choriocarcinoma; seven with hydatidiform mole). Of these fifteen patients, nine were clinically thyrotoxic. The most serious complication of thyrotoxicosis was life‐threatening acute pulmonary oedema with associated cardiac failure. It was found that when serum levels of the human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) reached a level of about 0·1 ± 106 iu/l, thirteen of sixteen patients were biochemically hyper‐thyroid; at serum levels of 0·3 ± 106 iu/l of hCG most patients were clinically thyrotoxic. A feature of hyperthyroidism associated with GTN is that whereas T4 is invariably raised the T3:T4 ratio tends to be low (0·015 ± 005); rT3:T3 ratios were high in this group. TSH levels were not increased.
DEFECTIVE IODIDE TRANSPORT AND NORMAL ORGANIFICATION OF IODIDE IN COLD NODULES OF THE THYROID
Authors: SHIROOZU A. , INOUE K. , NAKASHIMA T. , OKAMURA K. , YOSHINARI M. , NISHITANI H. , OMAE T. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYEleven thyroid follicular adenomas, cold on scintigram were analysed to determine whether defect in iodide organification or iodide transport causes low iodide uptake in cold nodules of the thyroid. The results were compared with perinodular tissue samples used as controls.In eight of eleven adenomas incubated in medium with 0·1 μm of iodide, newly organified iodide was 85·6 ± 8·6% of total trapped iodide, which was significantly higher than 52·3 ± 12·8% in controls. The remaining three adenomas showed a value as low as 4·0 ± 2·7%. These data suggest that follicular adenomas are of two different groups; one with high organic iodinating activity and the other with none. These two groups were denned as FA‐1 and FA‐2. Thyroid: medium ratios of iodide of both groups were significantly depressed, indicating that the essential alteration in the thyroid follicular adenoma is a disturbance of iodide transport.In contrast to controls organification of iodide was not inhibited by the addition of 100 μm iodide to the medium in FA‐1 adenomas. In both FA‐1 and FA‐2, the degree of iodination of thyroglobulin (Tg) in equilibrium was significantly lower than that in controls. Therefore, in most cases with the follicular adenoma, the principal cause of decreased iodination of Tg was considered to be a depressed iodide transport, but not an impairment of organic iodination.
T3 KINETICS IN EUTHYROID GRAVES' DISEASE PATIENTS WHO EXHIBIT HYPER‐RESPONSIVENESS TO TRH AFTER RADIOIODINE TREATMENT
Authors: JAFFIOL C. , BALDET L. , MISSONNE C. LEMAIRE , PAPACHRISTOU C. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA major reduction in T3 turnover has been demonstrated previously in clinically hypothyroid patients. We have used non‐compartmental (NC) and mono‐compartmental (MC) analysis to study ten patients with Graves' disease who, following treatment with radioactive iodine (RAI), are now clinically euthyroid but who showed hyper‐responsiveness to TRH although serum T3 and T4 concentrations are within the normal range. T3 production rate (PR), metabolic clearance rate (MRC) and fractional‐turnover (K) were all significantly reduced in patients compared with seven controls (P < 0·01). T3, MCR and PR were consistently higher, and T3 K lower, when calculated by MC, than values calculated by NC analysis. The difference in T3 production rates between patients (mean 16·6 nmol/day) and controls (mean 38·9 nmol/day) raises the question of replacement therapy in patients who are apparently euthyroid but TRH hyper‐responsive.
BROMOCRIPTINE SUPPRESSES ACTH SECRETION FROM HUMAN PITUITARY TUMOUR CELLS IN CULTURE BY A DOPAMINERGIC MECHANISM
Authors: ADAMS E. F. , ASHBY M. J. , BROWN SUSAN M. , WHITE M. C. , MASHITER K. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYBromocriptine (0·13–13 μM) significantly inhibited ACTH secretion in a dose‐dependent manner when added to cell cultures of a human corticotrophic adenoma for 24 h. Haloperidol (13 μM), but not serotonin (13 μM), blocked this inhibition but had no significant effect when added alone. In addition, dopamine (10 μM) reduced ACTH secretion during a 4‐h incubation, whereas serotonin (0·01–10 μM) was ineffective. An ectopic ACTH secreting lung carcinoid was non‐responsive to doses of bromocriptine up to 13 μM. These results demonstrate a direct suppressive action of bromocriptine on a human pituitary corticotrophic adenoma through dopaminergic rather than sero‐toninergic mechanisms.
THYROXINE AND TRIIODOTHYRONINE LEVELS IN THYROID VEIN BLOOD AND IN THYROID TISSUE OF PATIENTS WITH AUTONOMOUS ADENOMAS
Authors: GHERI R. G. , BORRELLI D. , CICCHI P. , LEGNAIOLI M. , FABBRONI S. , MODIGLIANI U. , GHERI G. , SERIO M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations were measured in peripheral and thyroid vein blood and in nodular and extranodular thyroid tissue from twenty‐four patients with autonomous thyroid nodules (AFTN); fifteen of these patients showed clinical signs of hyperthyroidism and nine were euthyroid. Thirteen patients with solitary non‐functioning thyroid adenomas who were clinically euthyroid, served as controls; samples of thyroid vein blood and normal thyroid tissue being obtained from the contralateral lobe.T4 (189·4 ± 27·2 nmol/l) and T3 (7·05 ± 2·03 nmol/l) concentrations were significantly higher in the thyroid vein blood of patients with AFTN compared with controls (T4 = 119 ± 9·1 nmol/l, P < 0·05; T3 = 2·3 ± 0·21 nmol/l, P < 0·01) whereas peripheral levels in the two groups were similar.The T3 concentrations (10·56 ± 4·12 nmol/g wet tissue) in autonomously‐functioning thyroid nodular tissue were significantly higher than those of extranodular (1·9 ± 0·62 nmol/g wet tissue, P < 0·01) and normal thyroid tissue (2·63 ± 0·43 nmol/g wet tissue, P < 0·05). The T4 levels were not different in the tissues examined. The concentrations of T4 and T3 in thyroid vein blood did not show any significant correlation with the hormone levels in thyroid tissue.
RECOVERY OF HYPOPHYSEAL‐TESTICULAR FUNCTION FROM SEX STEROID TREATMENT AND THE PITUITARY RESPONSE TO CASTRATION IN MALE TRANSSEXUALS
Authors: GOH H. H. , KARIM S. M. M. , RATNAM S. S. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYTwenty‐one male transsexuals who had been on steroid hormone therapy for at least 1 year volunteered for this investigation. Their hormone profiles after stopping sex steroid hormone treatment for periods ranging from 2 to 70 days were examined. Based on their testosterone levels before the sex‐reassignment operation which includes castration, penectomy and the construction of an artificial vagina, two separate groups can be distinguished; those with low (group A) and the other with normal (group B) levels. The gonadotrophins levels in group A and group B were (respectively) significantly (P < 0·05) lower and higher than corresponding levels in a group of normal males. Castration had caused elevations of FSH and LH in both groups. Although the increment rates were different, both groups attained the same maximum levels of FSH and LH. Within each group, the patterns of FSH and LH responses to castration were similar. However, differences in rates and time of significant elevation of FSH and LH were noted. These observations indicate that there is a delay between the cessation of steroid treatment and the recovery of testicular and hypophyseal functions. Testicular function seems to be altered by steroid treatment since excessive secretions of FSH and LH are needed to produce normal testosterone levels. The secretions of FSH and LH are controlled in some ways by the same mechanisms, while they, in other respects, are controlled by different factors.
TESTICULAR TESTOSTERONE LEVELS DURING PUBERTY IN CRYPTORCHIDISM
Authors: PASQUALINI TITANIA , CHEMES H. , RIVAROLA M. A. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYSerum and testicular concentrations of testosterone were determined by radioimmunoassay in four prepubertal patients (Tanner's genital stage G1) with unilateral cryptorchidism and in ten pubertal patients with different degrees of genital development (stages G2‐G5), five with unilateral and five with bilateral cryptorchidism. In every case, testicular testosterone concentration was determined in the cryptorchid gonad. Two prepubertal autopsy cases were also studied. Results were compared with scrotal testes of adult subjects. Pubertal development resulted in a gradual increase in tubule diameter on microscopic examination notwithstanding the abnormal position of the gonad. As expected, serum testosterone also increased gradually throughout sexual development. Testicular testosterone concentration however increased to adult levels at early stages of puberty. Mean concentrations and ranges were: G1, 26 ng/g (range 7–49, n= 6); G2 + G3, 660 (range 37–1357, n= 6); G4 + G5, 438 (range 272–702, n= 4) and adults 520 (range 356–663, n= 4). This resulted in similar testicular: serum testosterone ratios in G1, G4 + G5 and adults but a high ratio in G2 + G3. Patients of groups G2 + G3 did not have elevation of serum gonadotrophins and did not show Leydig cell hyperplasia. Therefore, in early puberty, when peripheral tissues are exposed to low testosterone levels, seminiferous tubules of cryptorchid gonads might already receive high androgen stimulation.
IMPAIRMENT OF INSULIN SECRETION DURING EXPERIMENTAL POTASSIUM DEPLETION IS NOT CORRECTED BY THE PROSTAGLANDIN SYNTHESIS INHIBITOR, INDOMETHACIN
Authors: DÜSING R. , HARRISON L. C. , BHATHENA S. , RECANT LILLIAN , BARTTER F. C. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe effect of potassium depletion on glucose tolerance, plasma insulin and plasma glucagon was studied in six normal young female subjects. Negative potassium balance was induced by a diet low in potassium, together with frusemide (40 mg/day), for 3 days. Studies were performed during a period of potassium depletion and were repeated during potassium depletion in five subjects taking indomethacin (150 mg/day), an inhibitor of prostaglandin biosynthesis. Mean plasma potassium concentration was reduced from 4·2 ± 0·1 mmol/l to 3·3 ± 0·1 mmol/l, and was 3·2 ± 0·1 mmol/l during administration of indomethacin. Potassium depletion had no significant effect on the levels of plasma glucose, either fasting or following a 100 g oral glucose load, although the peak rise in plasma glucose after oral glucose was delayed (from 30 to 60 min). There was a decrease in the fasting plasma insulin concentration from 10·0 ± 1·3 mu/l to 6·7 ± 0·6 mu/l and a significant suppression of the early (30 min) insulin response to oral glucose from 126·0 ± 23·5 mu/l to 74·0 ± 19·2 mu/l. The insulin: glucose ratio during the first 60 min following oral glucose was significantly decreased from 43·7 ± 7·3 mu insulin/mmol glucose to 30·6 ± 7·3 mu insulin/mmol glucose. Furthermore, the suppression of plasma glucagon secretion that normally follows oral glucose was not observed. Administration of indomethacin during potassium depletion had no significant effect on plasma glucose, insulin or glucagon concentrations. These data indicate that short‐term potassium depletion in normal young females impairs the early insulin response to oral glucose but does not significantly alter overall glucose tolerance. Failure of an indomethacin effect suggests that the defect in insulin secretion may not be mediated by an increased synthesis of prostaglandins.
ANGIOTENSIN II STIMULATES THE RELEASE OF ACTH FROM DISPERSED RAT ANTERIOR PITUITARY CELLS
Authors: GAILLARD R. C. , GROSSMAN A. , GILLIES GLENDA , REES LESLEY H. , BESSER G. M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYIn a rat anterior pituitary dispersed cell system, angiotensin II was found to stimulate the release of ACTH at concentrations ranging from 100 pmol/l to l μmol/l, with a maximal response being given by 10 nmol/l. The angiotensin II antagonist, saralasin, was able to block completely at a concentration of l μmol/l the stimulation of ACTH induced by 10 nmol/l angiotensin II, but had no effect on the basal release. The log dose‐response curve for ACTH release by angiotensin II was shifted to the right in a parallel fashion by saralasin 10 nmol/l, suggesting competitive antagonism. The stimulation of ACTH release by a rat stalk‐median eminence extract or by arginine vasopressin was unaffected by saralasin. The data are interpreted as suggesting that rat corticotrophs contain angiotensin II receptors, and that these may be involved in ACTH release in response to hypovolaemic stress.
RAPID ADAPTATION OF PITUITARY RESPONSIVENESS TO TRH IN THE POST‐SURGICAL STATE. THE ROLE OF FREE T3
Authors: WOLFSON M. S. , RAOUF A. A. , O'GORMAN P. , MARSDEN P. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYIn eight clinically and biochemically euthyroid patients undergoing routine major non‐thyroidal surgery preoperative and daily postoperative serum concentrations of total and free thyroid hormones were measured. Thyrotro‐phin‐releasing hormone (TRH) tests were performed preoperatively and on the first 3 postoperative days. There was a significant fall in mean serum total and free triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations on the postoperative days and mean reverse T3 concentrations rose reciprocally. There was no significant change in mean basal thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH) values, but there was a significant increase in the mean TSH response to TRH on the first postoperative day. The mean TSH response then declined sequentially until day 3 while mean free T3 concentrations remained significantly depressed. Mean serum free thyroxine (T4) concentrations remained normal during the study. Intrapituitary conversion of T4 to T3 or other down regulatory mechanisms could explain this rapid adaptation of the pituitary axis.
SOTALOL IN HYPERTHYROIDISM
Authors: KAUR S. , KRASSAS G. , RAMSAY I. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYTen hyperthyroid patients were studied before and after 2 weeks' β‐adrenoceptor blockade with sotalol. The following variables were measured: resting pulse rate, blood pressure, weight, thyroid hormone levels, plasma lipids, alkaline phosphatase, plasma glucose and insulin responses to oral glucose, bromsulph‐thalein retention and the 24‐h urinary excretion of calcium, hydroxyproline, creatine and creatinine. Sotalol produced a significant fall in pulse and blood pressure. Weight loss continued during treatment. No metabolic changes of any consequence were found. It is concluded that sotalol should not be used as the sole treatment of a patient with hyperthyroidism.
REDUCED SEX HORMONE BINDING GLOBULIN AND DERIVED FREE TESTOSTERONE LEVELS IN WOMEN WITH SEVERE ACNE
Authors: LAWRENCE DAPHNE M. , KATZ M. , ROBINSON T. W. E. , NEWMAN MAUREEN C. , McGARRIGLE H. H. G. , SHAW MARCIA , LACHELIN GILLIAN C. L. 
Published: March 2008

Reduced circulating sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) levels were found in 54% of a group of women with moderate to severe acne and in 60% of another group of twenty‐three women who had acne complicated by hirsutism and/or irregular menstrual cycles. The concentrations of SHBG for the women with acne alone (mean 48 ± 24 nmol/l) and for those with acne and hirsutes (mean 39 ± 18 nmol/l) were compared with the SHBG concentrations of fifteen unaffected women with normal menstrual cycles (mean 70 ± 19 nmol/l). The differences in mean SHBG values for both groups of women with acne were significant (P < 0·001) on comparison with the mean for the unaffected women.Twenty‐nine per cent of the women with acne had elevated testosterone values (mean testosterone concentration for the group 1·5 ± 0·3 nmol/l) and 41% had elevated‘derived’free testosterone levels (mean 21 ± 6 pmol/l). Of the women with acne and hirsutes 65% had elevated plasma testosterone levels (mean 2·1 ± 0·6 nmol/l) and 89% had elevated free testosterone concentrations (mean 31 ± 10 pmol/l). The mean values for testosterone and free testosterone in the plasma of unaffected women (mean testosterone concentration 1·1 ± 0·3 nmol/l and free testosterone 13 ± 4 pmol/l) were significantly lower than in women with acne alone (P < 0·01 and P < 0·001) and in women with acne and hirsutism (P < 0·001).This study indicates that a deficiency in SHBG and an elevation in‘derived’free testosterone is a frequent finding in women with severe acne and may be a significant factor in the aetiology and/or perpetuation of this condition.
BLOOD‐SPOT 17α‐HYDROXYPROGESTERONE RADIOIMMUNOASSAY IN THE FOLLOW‐UP OF CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA
Authors: SÓLYOM J. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe value of plasma 17α‐hydroxyprogesterone (17α‐OHP) concentration in monitoring the treatment of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) was studied by using a capillary blood micromethod. The blood‐spot 17‐OHP radioim‐ munoassay method involves serial sampling throughout the day and sending the samples into a centre by mail. Follow‐up of seven children treated for CAH due to 21‐hydroxylase deficiency showed that a single measurement of plasma 17‐OHP concentration cannot be relied upon to determine adequacy of control, since circadian variation and timing of the sample in relation to the last dose of glucocorticoid may influence the plasma level of 17α‐OHP. Our data confirm the value of sequential 17α‐OHP assays throughout the day in the follow‐up of CAH. With the blood‐spot method the 17α‐OHP determinations can be used on a wide scale for monitoring therapy.
STUDIES OF THYROID HORMONE AND METHIMAZOLE LEVELS IN PATIENTS WITH GRAVES' DISEASE ON A STANDARDIZED ANTI‐THYROID DRUG REGIMEN
Authors: DAHLBERG P. A. , KARLSSON F. A. , LINDSTROM B. , WIDE L. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe outcome of a standardized carbimazole (CMI) regimen was evaluated in fifty‐four patients with Graves' disease. Triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) serum values were determined before and throughout the first 6–8 months of therapy. Before therapy, decreasing T4/T3 ratios were found with increasing T3 levels, reflecting a relative increase in T3 production compared with T4 in thyrotoxicosis. High pretreatment T3 values were comparatively common among patients in whom a fixed CMI dosage had an insufficient effect. T4 levels were less informative in this respect. Serum levels of methimazole (MMI), the active metabolite of CMI, were dose‐dependent. A 50% reduction in dosage resulted in a similar decrease in the serum values. For a given dose, the MMI levels differed considerably among individuals. The variation was not related to thyroid hormone values. It appears that the response to the anti‐thyroid drug is primarily dependent upon the severity of the disease, which is clearly reflected in serum T3 levels, rather than individual differences in drug handling. A routine CMI regimen for the treatment of thyrotoxicosis is suggested.
REVERSIBLE MALE INFERTILITY DUE TO CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA
Authors: WISCHUSEN JANE , BAKER H. W. G. , HUDSON B. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYWe have studied a patient who was azoospermic and infertile. The cause of his infertility was unusual and curable: untreated congenital adrenal hyperplasia resulting from a partial 21‐hydroxylase deficiency. The diagnosis was suggested by the combination of small testes, elevated levels of testosterone and suppressed levels of gonadotrophins.
GROWTH HORMONE TREATMENT IN CHILDREN WITH CRANIOPHARYNGIOMA: FINAL GROWTH STATUS
Authors: BURNS E. C. , TANNER J. M. , PREECE M. A. , CAMERON N. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYTwenty‐seven out of thirty craniopharyngioma patients treated with human growth hormone (hGH) for 2 years or more (average 4·5 years) reached final adult heights above the population third centile, though none was above the fiftieth centile. However, only twelve of twenty‐eight patients had final heights above the lower limits to be expected from their parents' heights. All patients eventually had long legs relative to sitting height (final mean subischial leg length SDS =+ 0·2, final mean sitting height SDS = ‐3·0).Twenty‐nine patients were TSH‐deficient, twenty‐two were ACTH‐deficient, thirteen were deficient in ADH and all had total (85%) or partial (15%) gonado‐trophin deficiency. Following the administration of testosterone or hCG the boys had, on average, only half the normal adolescent growth spurt. This may have been due to the lateness of starting androgens in these patients and we recommend, when considering height, that testosterone or hCG should be started when a bone age of 13·0 ‘years’ is reached or when a lower bone age has remained unchanged for a year. The girls showed no adolescent height spurt; the average increase after oestrogen treatment commenced was 1·7 cm.
ACROMEGALY AND PITUITARY ADENOMA WITH PHAEOCHROMOCYTOMA: A VARIANT OF MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA
Authors: ANDERSON R. J. , LUFKIN E. G. , SIZEMORE G. W. , CARNEY J. A. , SHEPS S. G. , SILLIMAN Y. E. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYTwo women had acromegaly due to a pituitary adenoma associated with phaeochromocytoma. Eight additional patients with this combination of tumours have been described by others. Our first patient had sustained hypertension, mild hypercalcaemia, and elevated basal levels of parathyroid hormone and calcitonin associated with malignant phaeochromocytoma and parathyroid hyperplasia. The second patient had episodic hypertension and normal basal serum calcium, parathyroid hormone, and calcitonin levels with a benign cystic phaeochromocytoma. Four of the ten patients died from causes related to the phaeochromocytoma. Three patients had parathyroid hyperplasia. A separate group of four patients with phaeochromocytoma and pituitary adenoma without acromegaly has also been reported. These fourteen patients probably represent a non‐familial variant of the multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome. Our findings suggest that acromegalic patients with hypertension should be screened for phaeochromocytoma.
CLINICAL EFFICACY OF TESTOSTERONE UNDECANOATE IN MALE HYPOGONADISM
Authors: MAISEY N. M. , BINGHAM J. , MARKS V. , ENGLISH J. , CHAKRABORTY J. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYTestosterone undecanoate (Restandol, Organon Laboratories Ltd *) dissolved in oleic acid, was administered orally to seventy‐six hypogonadal males for three consecutive 3‐week periods and the subjective clinical response assessed by a standard interview. Plasma testosterone and testosterone undecanoate levels were determined by radioimmunoassay before the study and after 3, 6 and 9 weeks treatment. The treatment was effective in sixty of the sixty‐six patients who completed the trial. Ten patients did not complete the trial; two for reasons unrelated to the drug and eight because of side effects, mainly gastro‐intestinal. There was a significant rise in plasma testosterone levels during treatment and a positive correlation between plasma testosterone and testosterone undecanoate levels. Testosterone undecanoate is a potentially valuable drug for the oral treatment of male hypogonadism.
LONG‐ACTING THYROID STIMULATOR (LATS) AND LONG ACTING THYROID STIMULATOR PROTECTOR (LATS‐P) IN UNTREATED THYROTOXICOSIS
Authors: HARDISTY C. A. , HANFORD LINDA , HUMPHRIES HAZEL , MUNRO D. S. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe prevalance of serum LATS and LATS‐P in untreated Graves' disease has been studied in eighty‐three patients with thyroid overactivity; twelve (14%) were found to have significant levels of LATS and LATS‐P whilst fifty‐nine (72%) had significant levels of LATS‐P alone. Twelve (14%) had neither activity. There was a very wide range in both activities. LATS was invariably found in association with a significantly greater concentration of LATS‐P. There was no correlation between LATS‐P and thyroid mass, as estimated from scintiscanning, thyroidal radioiodine uptake at 4 and 48 h, total serum T4 and total serum T3. Neither LATS nor LATS‐P were detected in eleven patients with toxic multinodular goitre nor four with solitary toxic adenoma.