bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Au-quartz mineralization near the base of the continental seismogenic zone
Authors: Sibson Richard H. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract

The base of the continental seismogenic zone is defined within individual fault zones by the transition with depth from pressure-sensitive factional (FR) faulting to temperature-sensitive quasi-plastic (QP) ductile shearing. The depth of this FR-QP transition fluctuates principally as a consequence of variations in geothermal gradient and crustal lithology but other factors (e.g. fluid pressure level, strain rate) also play a role. For quartz-dominant and feldspar-dominant lithologies, respectively, it corresponds approximately to isotherms at 300–350°C and
c.
450 °C., defining an undulating transition zone in the mid-crust with a relief of the order of 5–10 km. This transition zone correlates with the greenschist-facies metamorphic environment where the bulk of mesozonal Au-quartz lodes form in mixed continuous-discontinuous shear zones. In areas of crustal convergence and thickening, where fluid release results from prograde metamorphic dehydration, especially at the greenschistamphibolite-facies transition in the middle to deep crust, the seismogenic carapace acts as an upper crustal stress guide and low-permeability lid to overpressured metamorphic fluids migrating through shear zone conduits. Under appropriate combinations of stress and fault architecture in the brittle carapace, substantial fluid volumes may be trapped beneath this elastic lid at sufficient overpressure to generate dilatant fault-fracture meshes discharging episodically by fault-valve action following fault rupture, with permeability locally enhanced by aftershock activity distributed about the rupture zones. Topographic irregularities in the seismic-aseismic transition determine rupture nucleation sites and probably play a critical role in focusing the discharge of overpressured metamorphic fluids into the seismogenic layer. This helps to account for the observed spacing of mesozonal lode systems along transcrustal shear zones.
Reactivated Palaeozoic normal faults: controls on the formation of Carlin-type gold deposits in north-central Nevada
Authors: Muntean John L. , Coward Michael P. , Tarnocai Charles A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMappable surface structures control linear trends of Carlin-type gold deposits in north-central Nevada. Some of these structures probably resulted from reactivation of Palaeozoic normal faults, linked to underlying basement faults that originated during rifting of western North America during the Proterozoic. These old faults served as conduits for deep crustal hydrothermal fluids responsible for formation of Carlin-type gold deposits in the Eocene. The reactivated structures are recognized by stratigraphic and structural features. Stratigraphic features include rapid facies changes, growth fault sequences and sedimentary debris-flow breccias. Structural features resulted from inversion of the normal faults during the Late Palaeozoic Antler and subsequent orogenies. Inversion features include asymmetric hanging-wall anticlines, flower-like structures, and ‘floating island’ geometries. Inversion resulted in structural culminations that occur directly over the basement faults, providing an optimal setting for the formation of Carlin-type gold deposits.
Government Advertisements — Influence on Print Media Content: A Content Analysis of the Leading Newspapers of Pakistan
Authors: Riaz Saqib 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMost of the books on Journalism, Mass Communication and Media Studies discuss and elaborate the areas of process and the effects of mass communication. These books deal with the effects of media content on people and society but it is equally important to understand the influences that shape media content. Media, not only influence target audience, but themselves are influenced by a number of factors. It has been found by research that media content is influenced by the personal attitudes and orientations of media workers, professionalism, corporate policies, ownership patterns, the economic environment, advertisers, audiences, ideology and above all, the governments (Shoemaker & Reese, 2004:4). This study investigates the influence of Government on print media content in Pakistan based on its advertising power and being the largest advertiser of the country.
Size-dependent heating rates determine the spatial and temporal distribution of small-bodied lizards
Authors: Herczeg Gábor , Török János , Korsós Zoltán 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
The rate of heat exchange with the environment is of obvious importance in
determining the time budget of behavioural thermoregulation in ectotherms.
In small reptiles, heating rate depends mainly on their physical
characteristics. We analysed the effect of body size, and the possible joint
effects originating from shape and colour differences on heating rate in
three small-bodied (0.15-20 g) sympatric lizard species. Heating rate was
strongly influenced by body size, while no joint effects with the two other
factors were detected. We found that the increase in heating rate with
decreasing body size accelerated dramatically below a body weight of 2-3 g.
We also analysed associations between body size, seasonal activity patterns
and thermal characteristics of the sites where lizards were encountered in
the field. Differently sized lizards occurred in thermally different sites
and differed in their seasonal activity patterns, both within and among
species. Smaller (<2-3 g) lizards occurred in cooler sites and exhibited
very low activity during summer. Our results suggest that body size has a
considerable influence on the spatial and temporal distribution of extremely
small lizards in environments subject to a danger of overheating.
Reproductive biology and sexual dimorphism of a high-altitude population of the viviparous lizard Phymaturus punae from the Andes in Argentina
Authors: Boretto Jorgelina , Ibargüengoytía Nora , Acosta Juan Carlos , Blanco Graciela M. , Villavicencio José , Marinero José A. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Phymaturus punae is a viviparous lizard endemic to the Provincial Reserve San
Guillermo, San Juan (Argentina). We present the first life history data of
P. punae, belonging to an interesting genus adapted to cold climates.
Females reach sexual maturity at 80.6 mm, and males at 84.4 mm snout-vent
length. There is sexual dimorphism represented by larger and more robust
males, but females show a wider body and a proportionally greater interlimb
length than males. In males, spermatozoa become abundant in both testes and
epididymi in mid-summer. Vitellogenic and pregnant females occurred
simultaneously in late spring and mid-summer indicating a biennial
reproductive cycle.
A comparison of the success of artificial cover types for capturing amphibians and reptiles
Authors: Hampton Paul 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe use of artificial cover objects, or cover boards, is a common method for collecting and surveying amphibians and reptiles. Cover objects, plywood and corrugated tin, were placed in open and closed canopy sites in an east Texas floodplain. The assemblages captured were compared between tin and wood. The odds of capture were compared between the two types as well as the odds of capture in open and closed canopy sites. The combined amphibian and reptile assemblages differed between tin and plywood. The odds of capturing an amphibian or reptile under corrugated tin were slightly higher (1.2:1) when compared to plywood. Further, the odds of capture were less likely in closed canopy sites (0.89) than open canopy sites.
The Origins of the Hebrew Bible: Some New Answers to Old Questions
Authors: van Seters John 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn two recent studies, one by William M. Schniedewind, How the Bible Became a Book, the other by David M. Carr, Writing on the Tablet of the Heart, these scholars present their answers to the age old question of how the Hebrew Bible came into being as a special collection of edited and canonized books. Both scholars reject the older formula of a three stage process of Law (400 BCE), Prophets (ca. 200 BCE), and Writings (First Century CE). Schniedewind, on the one hand, proposes an editorial process of collection and arrangement of traditional material within the preexilic royal court and among the royal scribes in captivity in Babylon that gave rise to an authoritative corpus, which was then augmented with some later works in the Persian and Hellenistic periods. Carr, on the other hand, sees the collection and selection of biblical books within an educational process of enculturation that was continuous over an extended period from simple oral tradition in early Israel to the final stages of curricular consolidation, i.e., the canon, in which the priests play a major role. This study will examine a set of issues (e.g. orality and literacy; dating and composition of texts; editing and transmission of texts in antiquity; the role of texts in education) that are covered by these studies, and will offer some alternative suggestions for consideration.
Overexpression of the CXCR5 chemokine receptor, and its ligand, CXCL13 in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Bürkle Andrea , Niedermeier Matthias , Schmitt-Gräff Annette , Wierda William G. , Keating Michael J. , Burger Jan A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractCXCL13 is a homeostatic chemokine for lymphocyte homing and positioning within follicles of secondary lymphoid tissues, acting through its cognate receptor, CXCR5. Moreover, the CXCR5-CXCL13 axis plays a unique role in trafficking and homing of B1 cells. Here, we report that chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) B cells express high levels of functional CXCR5. CXCR5 expression levels were similar on CLL B cells and normal CD5+ B cells, and higher compared with normal CD5− B cells, follicular B-helper T cells (TFH cells), or neoplastic B cells from other B-cell neoplasias. Stimulation of CLL cells with CXCL13 induces actin polymerization, CXCR5 endocytosis, chemotaxis, and prolonged activation of p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinases. Anti-CXCR5 antibodies, pertussis toxin, and wortmannin inhibited chemotaxis to CXCL13, demonstrating the importance of Gi proteins and PI3 kinases for CXCR5 signaling. Moreover, CLL patients had significantly higher CXCL13 serum levels than volunteers, and CXCL13 levels correlated with β2 microglobulin. We detected CXCL13 mRNA expression by nurselike cells, and high levels of CXCL13 protein in supernatants of CLL nurselike cell cultures. By immunohistochemistry, we detected CXCL13+ expression by CD68+ macrophages in situ within CLL lymph nodes. These data suggest that CXCR5 plays a role in CLL cell positioning and cognate interactions between CLL and CXCL13-secreting CD68+ accessory cells in lymphoid tissues.
Expression of the zebrafish intermediate neurofilament Nestin in the developing nervous system and in neural proliferation zones at postembryonic stages
Authors: Mahler Julia , Driever Wolfgang 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Background
The intermediate filament Nestin has been reported as a marker for stem cells and specific precursor cell populations in the developing mammalian central nervous system (CNS). Nestin expressing precursors may give rise to neurons and glia. Mouse nestin expression starts at the onset of neurulation in the neuroectodermal cells and is dramatically down regulated when progenitor cells differentiate and become postmitotic. It has been reported that in the adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) active neurogenesis continues in all major subdivisions of the CNS, however few markers for zebrafish precursors cells are known, and Nestin has not been described in zebrafish.

Results
We cloned a zebrafish nestin gDNA fragment in order to find a marker for precursor cells in the developing and postembryonic brain. Phylogenetic tree analysis reveals that this zebrafish ortholog clusters with Nestin sequences from other vertebrates but not with other intermediate filament proteins. We analyzed nestin expression from gastrula stage to 4 day larvae, and in post-embryonic brains. We found broad expression in the neuroectoderm during somitogenesis. In the larvae, nestin expression progressively becomes restricted to all previously described proliferative zones of the developing and postembryonic central nervous system. nestin expressing cells of the forebrain also express PCNA during late embryogenesis, identifying them as proliferating precursor or neural stem cells. nestin is also expressed in the cranial ganglia, in mesodermal precursors of muscle cells, and in cranial mesenchymal tissue.

Conclusion
Our data demonstrate that in zebrafish, like in mammals, the expression of the intermediated neurofilament nestin gene may serve as a marker for stem cells and proliferating precursors in the developing embryonic nervous system as well as in the postembryonic brain.
Variations in the Activity of Dry-Powder Water-Repellent Mortar Admixtures with Different Mortar Formulae
Authors: Nordmeyer Herb , Hall Pam 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
A number of water repellents are added to masonry mixes and masonry units. To be classified as a water-repellent mortar admixture, ASTM C 1384 Specification for Admixtures for Masonry Mortars, requires that the 24-h rate of water absorption needs to be reduced by at least 50 % when compared to a control mortar without the admixture. While testing two well-known water-repellent admixtures, a substantial difference in activity was noted with the mortar that was being tested. Testing was expanded to include other water-repellent admixtures and several additional mortar formulae. This paper discusses the findings of that study.
Travertine: Successful and Unsuccessful Performance, Preconceived Notions, and Mischaracterizations
Authors: Chin Ian R. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Travertine is a beige-colored stone with unique color variations, veining, and cavities that many architects worldwide find attractive. The word travertine was derived from an old Roman name for the town of Tivoli (Tibur) in Italy where large deposits of travertine exist. The ancient name for the stone was Lapis Tiburtinus (Tibur Stone) which later evolved into the word travertine.
Travertine is a sedimentary rock that began as limestone. Underground water heated by the earth’s core dissolved the limestone and brought it along with other minerals to the earth’s surface to form mud beds. In time, these mud beds of limestone and other minerals cooled and crystallized into solid travertine. This cooling process caused the small unique cavities and open channels in travertine to develop and the minerals created the unique color variations and veining in travertine.
Travertine has been successfully used in buildings for thousands of years. The Coliseum in Rome is among the larger buildings in the world that was constructed largely with travertine. However, the inherent small cavities, open channels, and veining in the stone that many architects find attractive are viewed by some people as cavities where water can collect and potentially cause deterioration of the stone due to freezing of this water. This preconceived notion has led to avoidance of the use of travertine in some buildings. While this condition has locally occurred with certain uses of travertine, it has not occurred on a systematic scale, and properly designed, constructed, and maintained travertine elements on buildings have performed successfully.
Travertine is a form of limestone and is sometimes classified as travertine limestone because it is composed principally of calcium carbonate. However, sometimes it is commercially classified as travertine marble because it can be polished. This commercial classification of travertine as marble has sometimes led to confusion in the design of travertine on buildings because geologically travertine is a form of limestone and is not marble.
This paper describes the successful and unsuccessful uses of travertine on buildings, and provides guidance on how to successfully design travertine on buildings. This paper also provides information that will help to clear up the preconceived notions and mischaracterizations of travertine.
Evaluation of Friction Performance of Coarse Aggregates and Hot-Mix Asphalt Pavements
Authors: Li Shuo , Zhu Karen , Noureldin Samy 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
This paper reviews the requirements established by the Indiana Department of Transportation for the properties of aggregate materials to avoid poor friction characteristics of the coarse aggregates and provide durable pavement friction performance. The focus is on the construction of the tables of the friction characteristics for the typical aggregates and the friction performance for the typical hot-mix asphalt (HMA) mixtures used in Indiana. Without traffic application, the aging of HMA materials may not cause enough changes in pavement friction. In order to better evaluate the friction characteristics of the aggregates, this paper introduces the decreasing rate of the British pendulum number, which provides more consistent evaluation of the friction durability. This paper divides the variations of pavement friction over time into three phases and shows the corresponding friction patterns. Open-graded friction course and stone mastic asphalt mix produce more consistent friction performance than SuperPave mix. For a certain mix, steel slag provides greater friction numbers than crushed gravel, crushed stone, and dolomite aggregates. For SuperPave 9.5-mm mix, crushed gravel provides more consistent friction properties than dolomite and crushed stone in the first year. However, they may become compatible with each other in friction properties later.
Here She is … and There she Goes?
Authors: Levey Hilary 
Published: July 2007

Little Miss Sunshine (20th Century Fox, 2006) Pageant School: Becoming Miss America (CMT and PB&J Television, original airdate January 26, 2007) 2006 and 2007 Miss America Pageant (CMT, original air-dates January 21, 2006, and January 29, 2007)
Influence of GH substitution therapy in deficient adults on the recurrence rate of hormonally inactive pituitary adenomas: a case–control study
Authors: Buchfelder Michael , Kann Peter Herbert , Wüster Christian , Tuschy Ulrich , Saller Bernhard , Brabant Georg , Kleindienst Andrea , Nomikos Panagiotis , _ _ 
Published: July 2007

Objective: Several studies documented metabolic and psychological benefits of GH substitution in deficient adults, most of them suffering from benign pituitary adenomas. Since GH substitution is considered to promote tumour regrowth, adequate treatment is performed with some reservation. Therefore, we aimed to elucidate the effect of GH replacement therapy on tumour recurrence following surgery.
Methods: In patients with hormonally inactive pituitary adenomas undergoing tumour surgery, a retrospective case–control study was performed. Pre- and postoperative magnetic resonance (MR) images of GH-treated and untreated patients were matched for best fit by two independent observers. The treated patients were retrieved from the surveillance programme of the German KIMS database and the untreated from the database of the Department of Neurosurgery, University of Erlangen. A total of 55 matched pairs were followed for at least 5 years. Tumour recurrence and progression rates were determined according to the postoperative MR.
Results: There were 16 tumour progressions in the treatment group and 12 in the control group. Statistical analysis revealed no significant increase in either recurrence (P = 0.317) or progression (P = 0.617) within the follow-up period of 5 years when GH was adequately replaced.
Conclusions: This study provides further observational data of substitution therapy in GH-deficient adults with pituitary adenomas. Comparing long-term surgical results, we found no evidence that GH substitution should be withheld in deficient patients. Even residual tumour does not constitute a contraindication to GH replacement. However, since pituitary tumours are slow growing, an observational period of 5 years may not have been long enough to verify any absolute influence on recurrence potential.
Environmental Influences on Walleye Fingerling Production in Southwestern Minnesota Shallow Lakes
Authors: Ward Matthew J , Fisher Shannon J , Willis David W 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Shallow lakes and deep wetlands in southwestern Minnesota are being used as rearing ponds for fingerling walleye Sander vitreus; however, information about the biotic and abiotic variables that influence walleye rearing success in these water bodies is limited and inconsistent. Our objective was to identify the characteristics that most influence fall walleye fingerling production in southwestern Minnesota lacustrine wetlands. We used principal component analysis to reduce the dimensionality of the data set. A subsequent correlation analysis using the created independent variables (i.e., principal components scores) indicated that walleye fingerling production measures were positively related to total phosphorus, chlorophyll a, and total Kjeldahl nitrogen and negatively associated with Secchi disk depth and water conductivity (r = 0.70–0.74). Invertebrate densities, particularly that of zooplankton, exhibited weak but positive associations with walleye fingerling production (r = 0.48–0.57). The negative influence of other fishes on fingerling production was evident, as fish community species richness was negatively correlated with walleye fingerling production indices (r = −0.75 to −0.48). Adequate prey resources, elevated productivity indices, and the absence of a fish community were thus important characteristics for selecting potential walleye fingerling rearing ponds. In addition, walleye fry that were taken from the hatchery in excellent condition, displayed heavy pigmentation, demonstrated a high activity level, and exhibited uniform distribution during transport enhanced walleye fingerling production.
Mortality Rates in Golden Shiners Fed High-Fat Diets with or without a Dairy-Yeast Prebiotic before Challenge with Flavobacterium columnare
Authors: Sink Todd D , Lochmann Rebecca T , Goodwin Andrew E , Marecaux Emily 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Columnaris, caused by Flavobacterium columnare, is a major bacterial disease of the golden shiner Notemigonus crysoleucas, especially when fish become stressed during handling and transport. Feed additives, such as a dairy-yeast prebiotic, can decrease disease susceptibility in some fish species. Previous studies have indicated that diets with higher fat concentrations have improved the growth and survival of golden shiners. We conducted a study to determine whether a high-fat diet alone or supplemented with a dairy-yeast prebiotic could decrease mortality rates of golden shiners subjected to columnaris challenge. Golden shiners were assigned one of three diets with four replicate aquaria per diet and fed to apparent satiation twice daily for 16 weeks before the challenge. Diets (30.3 ± 0.31% crude protein; mean ± SE) were similar to a commercial formula and contained (1) 4% poultry fat (control), (2) 10% poultry fat, or (3) 10% poultry fat and 2% dairy-yeast prebiotic. After the 16-week feeding period, 15 golden shiners (2.2 ± 0.03 g) from each aquarium were stocked into different aquaria (experimental replicates were maintained) and exposed to 20 mL of columnaris bacteria in Sheih broth (optical density, 0.395 Å; at 560 nm; Sheih broth blank) for 18 h. Kidney cultures taken from moribund fish were streaked on Sheih agar to confirm the presence of columnaris and an active infection. Mortality in the 4% poultry fat (41.7 ± 12.9%) and 10% poultry fat (40.0 ± 6.1%) diets was high and not significantly different. Mortality for the dairy-yeast prebiotic (6.7 ± 2.7%) diet was much lower and significantly different from that for the 4% and 10% poultry fat diets. Thus, the dairy-yeast prebiotic effectively reduced mortality rates in golden shiners exposed to columnaris, but a high-fat diet alone provided no protection relative to the lower-lipid control diet.