bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structural modification of eucalypt pulp lignin in a totally chlorine-free bleaching sequence including a laccase-mediator stage
Authors: Ibarra David , Chávez María Isabel , Rencoret Jorge , del Río José Carlos , Gutiérrez Ana , Romero Javier , Camarero Susana , Martínez María Jesús , Jiménez-Barbero Jesús , Martínez Ángel T. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Structural modification of eucalypt pulp lignin was investigated in a totally chlorine-free (TCF) bleaching sequence including a laccase-mediator stage. This stage was applied after two oxygen delignification stages, and was followed by an alkaline peroxide stage. After two oxygen delignification stages, two more stages with a laccase mediator and alkaline peroxide were applied. The residual lignins were enzymatically isolated from the different pulps and analyzed by spectroscopic techniques and analytical pyrolysis. The latter revealed high amounts of syringyl units (>70%) in the lignins. 13C-1H heteronuclear single quantum correlation (HSQC) NMR indicated high amounts of β-O-4′ inter-unit linkages (>75% side-chains). Changes in lignin composition and inter-unit linkages were demonstrated in the course of the bleaching sequence. Moreover, oxidative modification of the major syringyl units was shown by C2,6-H2,6 HSQC correlations and by the presence of oxidized pyrolysis markers in pyrograms. The existence of both Cα keto and carboxyl groups in the residual lignin, together with normal (Cα-hydroxylated) units, was revealed by heteronuclear multiple bond correlation (HMBC) between aromatic H2,6 and side-chain carbons. These Cα-oxidized structures represent nearly 60% of total units in the lignin isolated from the enzymatically treated pulp. Analysis of residual lignin after the final peroxide stage compared with a simple alkaline treatment revealed that most of the oxidatively altered lignin was removed by the alkali used in the peroxide stage. Thus, the kappa number decreased and the final residual lignin was more structurally related to that found before the oxidative stages, although it contained less resinols and more carboxyl group-bearing units. However, the action of peroxide is necessary to attain the high brightness required (>90% ISO).
Lignin-carbohydrate network in wood and pulps: A determinant for reactivity
Authors: Henriksson Gunnar , Lawoko Martin , Martin Maria Eugenia Eugenio , Gellerstedt Göran 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Pretreatment of wood or kraft pulp with endoglucanase followed by swelling in urea leaves a non-crystalline residue that can be dissolved in strong aqueous sodium hydroxide-sodium borate solution. A stepwise precipitation process employing acid and barium ions can separate lignin-carbohydrate complexes enriched in individual polysaccharides. This procedure has been applied to eucalypt and birch wood and to the corresponding kraft pulps. Thioacidolysis of the various lignin-carbohydrate complexes was used as the major analytical technique to obtain information about the structure and structural changes in lignin. A combination of thioacidolysis and size exclusion chromatography was used to obtain knowledge on the degree of depolymerisation and repolymerisation of lignin when going from wood to chemical pulp. In contrast to spruce wood and kraft pulp, complete recovery of the lignin-carbohydrate complexes could not be obtained from hardwood samples.
Fungal decay of spruce and beech wood assessed by near-infrared spectroscopy in combination with uni- and multivariate data analysis
Authors: Fackler Karin , Schwanninger Manfred , Gradinger Cornelia , Srebotnik Ewald , Hinterstoisser Barbara , Messner Kurt 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Wood is colonised and degraded by a variety of micro-organisms, the most efficient ones are wood-rotting basidiomycetes. Microbial decay processes cause damage to wooden constructions, but also have great potential as biotechnological tools to change the properties of wood surfaces and of sound wood. Standard methods to evaluate changes in infected wood, e.g., EN350-1 1994, are time-consuming. Rapid FT-NIR spectroscopic methods are also suitable for this purpose. In this paper, degradation experiments on surfaces of spruce (Picea abies L. Karst) and beech (Fagus silvatica L.) were carried out with white rot basidiomycetes or the ascomycete Hypoxylon fragiforme. Experiments with brown rot or soft rot caused by Chaetomium globosum were also performed. FT-NIR spectra collected from the degraded wood were subjected to principal component analysis. The lignin content and mass loss of the specimens were estimated based on univariate or multivariate data analysis (partial least squares regression).
Studies on oxidative modifications of cellulose in the periodate system: Molecular weight distribution and carbonyl group profiles
Authors: Potthast Antje , Kostic Mirjana , Schiehser Sonja , Kosma Paul , Rosenau Thomas 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe effects of periodate oxidation on cellulose were studied by means of gel permeation chromatography (GPC) using multiple detection and carbonyl-selective fluorescence labeling according to the CCOA methodology profiling of carbonyl groups. At low degrees of oxidation, the molecular weight distribution was fully maintained. Upon more pronounced oxidation the molecular weight even increased due to cross-linking effects. More condensed structures were identified by means of light scattering. Periodate oxidation also affects crystalline regions of cellulose, as demonstrated by comparison of homogeneous and heterogeneous carbonyl labeling. Highly ordered regions in cellulose were affected by oxidation even below an oxidation degree of 2%. Two different phases for the oxidation kinetics were identified in the early stages of periodate treatments.
Towards a functional approach to the translation of Egyptian cartoons
Authors: El-Arousy Nahwat Amin 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThis paper focuses on the dilemma facing a translator if (s)he attempts to translate cartoons in general, with special reference to the translation of Egyptian cartoons into English. The dilemma is perceived to be threefold: the translator has to cope with the cultural distinctiveness of the cartoons; to interpret the double scripts expressed in the linguistic component; and finally to resolve the nonverbal and/or semiotic cues of the drawings and relate them to the incongruity expressed in the two scripts. The objective of this study is, thus, to propose a model that is based on Attardo and Raskin's General Theory of Verbal Humor (GTVH 1991); and theories of functional translation, such as Nord's (1991 [1988] and 1997), Reiss's (2000 [1971]), Baker's (1992) and others. The GTVH model, in other words, is adapted to be applicable to the semiotic interpretation and translation of cartoons. In the end, the study implicates using the translation of cartoons as an application of contrastive methodology in the AFL (Teaching Arabic as a Foreign language), the EFL/ESL, and in the Translation and Pragmatics classes.
Impact of Interview Mode on Accuracy of Child and Parent Report of Adherence With Asthma-Controller Medication
Authors: Bender Bruce G. , Bartlett Susan J. , Rand Cynthia S. , Turner Charles , Wamboldt Frederick S. , Zhang Lening 
Published: August 2007

OBJECTIVES. Parents and children often overreport adherence to treatment regimens, which in turn complicates interpretation and application of clinical trial findings. The objective of this investigation was to test the effect of reporting mode on accuracy of inhaled corticosteroid-adherence reporting in children with asthma and their parents under conditions similar to those of an asthma clinical trial.
PATIENTS AND METHODS. Participants included 104 children who were being treated with an inhaled corticosteroid delivered by a metered-dose inhaler for asthma diagnosed by their health care provider. Each parent and child dyad was randomly assigned to 1 of 3 self-report adherence-assessment modes: (1) audio computer-assisted self-interviewing; (2) face-to-face interview with study staff; or (3) self-administered paper-and-pencil questionnaire. At the 4 monthly visits, the parent and child were interviewed separately and asked questions about adherence on the previous day and in the past week. Electronic devices were attached to the each participant's metered-dose inhaler to provide an objective record of actual daily medication activations.
RESULTS. Both children and parents greatly overreported their inhaled corticosteroid adherence when queried about either time frame (1 day or 1 week) in any of the 3 interview modes. One of 3 responses reported full adherence when no medication had been taken. Inconsistent with the study hypothesis, discrepancy between self-report and objectively measured adherence was greatest in the computer-interview condition. In the optimal circumstance where children were interviewed by study staff about their adherence within the previous 24 hours, reported adherence was within the ±25% accuracy range for only half of the participants. Larger discrepancy scores were observed for both parents and children when reporting by computer or questionnaire.
CONCLUSIONS. Under the best of conditions in this study, accuracy of self-report was insufficient to provide a stand-alone measure of adherence. Verification of treatment adherence by objective measures remains necessary.
Psychological Factors, Quality of Life, and Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Patients with Erosive and Non-Erosive Reflux Disorder
Authors: Kovács Zoltán , Kerékgyártó Olga 
Published: August 2007

Objective: Inconsistent findings are published regarding the psychosocial characteristics of erosive reflux disorder (ERD) and non-erosive reflux disorder (NERD) patients. The objective of this study was to determine the possible similarities and differences concerning psychosocial and somatic characteristics of these patients. Method: Patients at a tertiary care center completed questionnaires on demographic characteristics, frequency of reflux symptoms, psychological distress, quality of life, and gastrointestinal symptoms. For comparative purposes, data from an age-matched healthy control group were obtained. Results: Higher proportion of female patients and a younger mean age was observed in NERD patients. No significant differences were detected regarding levels of psychological distress, gastrointestinal symptom severity, quality of life, and frequency of reflux symptoms. Both patient groups exhibited more severe psychological distress compared to healthy subjects. Only ERD patients demonstrated significant correlations between frequency of reflux symptoms and quality of life and severity of gastrointestinal symptoms. Compared to ERD patients, NERD patients showed stronger correlation between psychological distress and severity of reflux symptoms. Conclusions: Reflux-like symptoms have a strong impact on patients' well-being, irrespective of endoscopical findings. The different patterns of associations between psychological, somatic and quality of life parameters in NERD and ERD patients can have theoretical and clinical implications.
Pattern of Psychiatry Morbidity during HAJJ Period at Al-Noor Specialist Hospital
Authors: Masood Khadija , Gazzaz Zohair J. , Ismail Khalid , Dhafar Khalid O. , Kamal Ahmad 
Published: August 2007

Objective: To study the pattern and extent of psychiatric morbidity in the Hajj period (pilgrimage to Mecca by a Muslim). Method: Study was conducted by psychiatry department and Health Research Centre, Al-Noor Specialist Hospital. We recorded demographic and clinical characteristics of all patients presenting during first two weeks of Zulhajjah, 1425H (11th to 24th of January 2005). Detailed clinical interviews were conducted by qualified psychiatrists and findings were recorded in semi-structured form. Diagnoses were made following the guidelines in clinical version of chapter V (Mental and Behavioral Disorders) of International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10). In difficult cases diagnosis was assigned by consensus between three psychiatrists. Results: During study period 92 patients presented. Males were dominant (54%). Mean age was 43 ± 17. Highest proportion (52%) belonged to young adults followed by middle-aged (20%). Majority (48%) belonged to Saudi Arabia. Self-referrals were 66% and 52% presented as first episodes. Behavior, mood, and sleep were affected more commonly (65%, 63%, and 59% respectively). Physical symptoms were reported by 28% of patients. Highest number (34%) belonged to “Neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders” followed by “Mood disorders” (22%). Medical disorder was reported by 33% of patients. Medications were advised to 79% and psychiatric admission to 6.5% of patients. Conclusions: In our study, important findings are outlined and discussed. Replication of study with increased sample size and planning of psychiatric services according to established need of population served particularly during hajj period is needed.
An Exploration of the Spiritual and Psychosocial Variables Associated with Husband-To-Wife Abuse and its Effect on Women in Abusive Relationships
Authors: Katerndahl David A. , Obregon Maria Luisa 
Published: August 2007

Objectives: The purpose was to: 1) determine which aspects of religious belief incompatibility were associated with husband-to-wife abuse; 2) determine whether religious coping was independently associated with functional status among victims of spousal abuse; and 3) whether degree of abuse correlated with degrees of religious belief incompatibility or functional status among abused wives. Method: Couples were asked to complete a structured interview concerning marital satisfaction, argument frequency, alcohol use, witnessing violence as a child, spirituality, functional status, and domestic violence. Results: In four areas of spiritual belief (sense of being judged, closeness to God, congregational benefits, forgiveness), religious belief incompatibility significantly predicted abuse. Perceived congregational help and religious coping were associated with improved social support. Finally, abuse severity and duration correlated with functional status but not with degree of religious belief incompatibility. Conclusions: The addition of religious belief incompatibility may account for more variance in husband-to-wife abuse than non-spiritual predictors alone. Although the presence of abuse was associated with poorer functional status in women, religious coping was only linked to improved social support.
The Influence of Alexithymia on Persistent Symptoms of Dyspepsia after Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy
Authors: Porcelli Piero , Lorusso Dionigi , Taylor Graeme J. , Bagby R. Michael 
Published: August 2007

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate whether preoperative alexithymia might play a role in the persistence of gastrointestinal symptoms after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Methods: A sample of 52 consecutive patients with gallstone disease and symptoms of dyspepsia were assessed with validated scales for alexithymia (20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale), and psychological (90-item Symptom Checklist) and gastrointestinal (GI) (Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale) symptoms before surgery. GI symptoms were evaluated also one year after surgery. Change from preoperative to postoperative GI symptoms and level of GI symptoms after surgery were used to form groups of improved ( n = 31) and unimproved ( n = 21) patients. Results: Unimproved patients had significantly higher preoperative alexithymia, psychological distress, and gastrointestinal symptom scores than patients who had improved. Regression analyses showed that alexithymia predicted the persistence of gastrointestinal symptoms more strongly than did psychological distress, even after controlling for preoperative gastrointestinal symptoms. Conclusion: Alexithymia played a substantial and predictive role in the persistence of GI symptoms in gallstone patients after surgery. Treatment planning and outcome of gallstone disease might be improved by preoperative assessment of alexithymia.
Attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder and callous‐unemotional traits as moderators of conduct problems when examining impairment and aggression in elementary school children
Authors: Waschbusch Daniel A. , Willoughby Michael T. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractExamined whether attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and callous‐unemotional (CU) traits moderate the association between conduct problems (CPs) and impairment and aggression. Participants were 214 children who were rated by their elementary school classroom teachers. Results indicated that the association between CP and impairment and aggressive outcomes is almost always moderated by ADHD and/or CU. Moreover, in many instances, the association between CP and outcomes was moderated by both ADHD and CU such that the moderating effects of CU on CP were more pronounced at lower levels of ADHD. Results are discussed with respect to developmental taxonomies and trajectories of the disruptive behavior disorders. Aggr. Behav. 34:139–153, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inside Front Cover: A Combined Top‐Down/Bottom‐Up Approach for the Nanoscale Patterning of Spin‐Crossover Coordination Polymers (Adv. Mater. 16/2007)
Authors: Molnár G. , Cobo S. , Real J. A. , Carcenac F. , Daran E. , Vieu C. , Bousseksou A. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe background scanning electron microscopy image shows nanometric patterns of the 3D spin crossover coordination polymer Fe(pyrazine)[Pt(CN)4] (see schematic structure in the circle), which have been fabricated using a combination of lift‐off and multilayer sequential assembly methods. These patterns, reported by Gábor Molnár, Azzedine Bousseksou, and co‐workers on p. 2163, exhibit a bistability of their electronic states (1A1 ⇌ 5T2), and thus represent a novel platform for a wide array of potential applications.
Paternal uniparental isodisomy for chromosome 14 with mosaicism for a supernumerary marker chromosome 14
Authors: Mattes Joerg , Whitehead Bruce , Liehr Thomas , Wilkinson Ian , Bear John , Fagan Kerry , Craven Paul , Bennetts Bruce , Edwards Matthew 
Published: August 2007

AbstractUniparental disomy (UPD) describes the inheritance of two homologous chromosomes from a single parent. Disease phenotypes associated with UPD and chromosomal imprinting, rather than with mutations, include Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome (paternal UPD11p), Angelman syndrome (paternal UPD15), Prader–Willi syndrome (maternal UPD15), and transient neonatal diabetes (paternal UPD6). Here we report on the first case of paternal uniparental isodisomy of chromosome 14 with a mosaicism for a supernumerary marker chromosome 14. The patient demonstrated a small thorax with a ‘coat hanger’ shape of the ribs, kyphoscoliosis, hypoplasia of the maxilla and mandible, a broad nasal bridge with anteverted nares, contractures of the wrists with ulnar deviation bilaterally, diastasis recti, and marked muscle hypotonia. Vertical skin creases under the chin and stippled epiphyses of the humeri were features not previously described in patients with paternal UPD14. This case illustrates that as with the finding of an isochromosome, a supernumerary marker chromosome can be an important clue to the presence of UPD14. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prenatal ascertainment of OEIS complex/cloacal exstrophy—15 new cases and literature review
Authors: Keppler‐Noreuil Kim , Gorton Sue , Foo Florence , Yankowitz Jerome , Keegan Catherine 
Published: August 2007

AbstractOmphalocele‐exstrophy of the bladder‐imperforate anus‐spinal defects (OEIS) complex or cloacal exstrophy (EC), describes a rare grouping of more commonly occurring component malformations [Carey et al., 1978]. The etiology is unknown, but likely heterogeneous. While postnatal identification of its associated gastrointestinal, spinal, and genitourinary systems delineates the extent and natural history of OEIS complex, prenatal findings may provide additional information regarding early detection, possible causative factors, and outcome. The purposes of this study were to: (1) present the prenatal ascertainment of OEIS complex in this series of 15 cases identified through several different sources compared to the literature, and (2) discuss the relationship of these prenatal findings to possible abnormal developmental mechanisms causing OEIS complex. These 15 cases indicate that OEIS complex may be difficult to diagnose prenatally, and that the full extent of abnormalities may not be clear until postnatal exam. Confusion with limb‐body wall complex (two of our cases) and pentalogy of Cantrell (one of our cases) can occur. Anal/gastrointestinal malformations and genital ambiguity are under‐ascertained. Conversely, prenatal defects may resolve postnatally, yet may provide clues for pathogenetic mechanisms. For instance, the finding of nuchal thickening in our three cases (one reported) suggests vascular/hemodynamic compromise early in embryologic development, or intrathoracic compression leading to jugular lymphatic obstruction may play a role. The association of twinning and OEIS complex suggests they may occur as early as blastogenesis. Our three sets of discordant twins also suggest a non‐genetic etiology for OEIS complex of uteroplacental insufficiency. This study also indicates that OEIS complex may be more common than previously thought. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dehydrosteroid measurements in maternal urine or serum for the prenatal diagnosis of Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome (SLOS)
Authors: Shackleton Cedric H.L. , Marcos Josep , Palomaki Glenn E. , Craig Wendy Y. , Kelley Richard I. , Kratz Lisa E. , Haddow James E. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractIn a large multi‐center trial involving prenatal screening for Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome (SLOS), we evaluated maternal urine and serum steroid analysis as a non‐invasive diagnostic alternative to amniotic fluid sterol analysis. Candidate steroid ratios included: 7‐dehydropregnanetriol/pregnanetriol (7‐PT/PT), 8‐dehydropregnanetriol/PT (8‐PT/PT), the sum of these two (7 + 8‐PT/PT), and dehydroestriol/estriol (DHE3/E3). Results are presented from 19 SLOS pregnancies, and 732 reference pregnancies that were screen positive for SLOS but negative on testing in amniotic fluid. Steroid ratios are expressed as multiples of the 75th centile (MoS), rather than multiples of the median, as most reference measurements were undetectable. All four urine ratios were available in 12 SLOS pregnancies; the median 7‐PT/PT MoS was 94, with no overlap between affected and reference pregnancies in the second trimester. The separation between these groups increased by 27% per week. The other three ratios performed similarly in urine, with (7 + 8)‐PT/PT ratios being marginally superior, due to fewer high reference outliers. All four steroid ratios in urine were diagnostic for SLOS between 14 and 22 weeks' gestation. In six SLOS pregnancies in which all serum analytes were measured, the median 7‐PT/PT MoS was 71, and there was slight overlap in the second trimester. The separation increased by 28% per week. Steroid ratios in serum were less definitive than in urine but might be useful in certain circumstances, at 14 weeks gestation or later. Urine testing performance prior to 14 weeks gestation appears promising, but reference data are sparse. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.