bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Radiation Therapy After Mastectomy Between 1991 and 1999 in Elderly Women: Response to Clinical Trial Information
Authors: Punglia Rinaa S. , Weeks Jane C. , Neville Bridget A. , Earle Craig C. 
Published: July 2006

Purpose No systematic study has analyzed the changing patterns of use of postmastectomy radiation therapy (PMRT) during the period of information dissemination regarding the benefit of radiation therapy in this setting. We sought to study the receipt of PMRT in elderly women in this period, using a population-based cohort of women with breast cancer. Patients and Methods Using data from the linked Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results–Medicare database, we analyzed the use of radiation therapy between 1991 and 1999 in 19,699 women with stage I to III breast cancer who received mastectomy as definitive surgery. Multivariable logistic regression was used to investigate the association of diagnosis year and the use of PMRT, after controlling for clinical and sociodemographic factors. Results During the entire period studied, 2,160 (11.0%) patients treated with mastectomy received PMRT. The use of PMRT significantly increased in women diagnosed in 1996 (odds ratio [OR], 1.26; P = .04), 1997 (OR, 1.70; P < .0001), 1998 (OR, 1.57; P < .0001), and 1999 (OR, 1.77; P < .0001), relative to those diagnosed in 1991 after controlling for cancer, and sociodemographic and treatment characteristics. There were significant differences in the temporal trends of radiation use among different regions of the country (P < .0001), and between teaching versus nonteaching institutions (P = .04). Conclusion The use of PMRT in elderly women increased significantly during the period of data dissemination about its efficacy; however, the trends in adoption varied among different practice settings.
Elucidation of the structure of cellulolytic enzyme lignin
Authors: Hu Zhoujian , Yeh Ting-Feng , Chang Hou-min , Matsumoto Yuji , Kadla John F. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Cellulolytic enzyme lignin (CEL) and milled wood lignin (MWL) were prepared by three different ball-milling methods. The structure of CEL at various yields was elucidated and compared with MWL using wet chemical analysis, FTIR and solution-state NMR techniques. Results show that ball milling of wood degrades β-O-4 structures in lignin. However, even after extensive ball milling, less than 25% of the β-O-4 structures were degraded. The extent of degradation was less for softwood than for hardwood lignin. Extractable lignin yield, either MWL or CEL, was the best way to assess the extent and effect of ball milling. CEL is preferred over MWL, as it can be isolated in higher yield with less degradation. CEL was isolated at yields ranging from 20% to 86%. Over this range the CEL had similar structures, suggesting that lignin in the secondary wall is uniform in structure. The residual enzyme lignin (REL) was structurally different from CEL and may originate mainly from the middle lamella. In this paper we propose a new procedure for the isolation of lignin for use in structural studies, whereby wood is sufficiently milled and successively extracted to produce three lignin fractions representing the total lignin in wood.
The hydration of paper studied with solid-state magnetisation-exchange 1H NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Garvey Christopher J. , Parker Ian H. , Simon George P. , Whittaker Andrew K. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The wide-line 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum of paper in equilibrium with ambient humidity consists of super-imposed relatively broad and narrow lines. The narrower line is of the order of 2 kHz wide at half the maximum height, while the broader line is of the order of 40 kHz in width at half height. On the basis of these line widths, the narrow line is assigned to water sorbed to the paper, and the broad line to the polymeric constituents of the paper. It was not possible to distinguish between the various polymeric components of paper contributing to the 1H NMR spectra. A modified Goldman-Shen pulse sequence was used to generate a spatial magnetisation gradient between the polymer and water phases. The exchange of magnetisation between protons associated with water and those associated with the macromolecules in paper was observed. The exchange of magnetisation is discussed within a heat transfer model for homonuclear dipolar coupling, with exchange being characterised by a spin-diffusion coefficient. Consideration of the magnitude of the initial rate of the exchange process and estimates of the spin-spin relaxation times based on 1H line widths indicate that some water must exist in a sufficiently immobile state as to allow homonuclear dipolar interactions between adjacent polymer and water protons. Thus, water sorbed onto paper must exist in at least two states in mass exchange with each other. This observation allows certain conclusions to be drawn about the ratio of free/bound water as a function of moisture content and the dispersal of water within the polymer matrix.
Factors influencing timber gluability with one-part polyurethanes – studied with nine Australian timber species
Authors: Widsten Petri , Gutowski Voytek S. , Li Sheng , Cerra Tony , Molenaar Sharon , Spicer Mark 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The bulk and surface properties of blocks of nine Australian wood species of commercial importance were investigated to elucidate the factors affecting timber gluability with structural one-component polyurethane adhesives. Cross-lap joints were prepared from freshly sanded blocks and the joints were subjected to creep loading in a condensing humidity environment. The median tensile strength (MTS) of the joints was found to improve with decreasing phenolic extractives content, lower timber density and decreasing lipophilic surface extractives content. The latter was assessed from O/C atomic ratios of the timber surfaces determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The content of bulk lipophilic extractives and lignins and wettability of the surface as determined by the sessile drop method did not reveal significant correlations with the adhesion properties. The adhesion tests indicated significant gluability differences between the species investigated.
Parameters of wood welding: A study with infrared thermography
Authors: Ganne-Chédeville Christelle , Properzi Milena , Pizzi Antonio , Leban Jean-Michel , Pichelin Frédéric 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Welding of wood is a well-known joining procedure that offers several advantages over traditional mechanical fasteners or gluing. During welding, extensive solid-state transformation phases occur in the so-called melting zone and the heat-affected zone. The nature and the extension of such transformations are correlated to the energy input and thus to the heat generated during the process at the wood joint interface. In the present work the influence of the welding parameters and wood grain orientation on the temperature profile and distribution and final strength of welded connections was investigated. For this purpose, the characteristics of the joints were evaluated with both destructive and non-destructive techniques. Non-destructive evaluation was performed with infrared thermography, which allowed measurement of the maximal and average peak temperature, temperature profile and distribution, and rate of temperature increase. Thus, this technique can also be used to detect welding defects and to provide information on material modification during welding.
Combined effect of boron compounds and heat treatments on wood properties: Boron release and decay and termite resistance
Authors: Kartal S. Nami 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The decay and termite resistance of boric acid (BA)- and di-sodium octoborate tetrahydrate (DOT)-treated sugi sapwood was tested in the context of additional heat treatments at two temperature levels. Heat treatments had no effect on boron release and almost all boron was leached from specimens during a 10-day weathering period. Decay tests with the brown-rot fungus Fomitopsis palustris and the white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor and a 3-week termite resistance test with the subterranean termite Coptotermes formosanus were performed. Heat treatments did not increase the decay resistance of either BA- or DOT-treated specimens against the brown-rot fungus. However, the decay resistance of BA-treated specimens against the same fungus increased after heat treatment at 220°C for 2 h. Heat treatments at 180°C for 4 h and 220°C for 2 h also resulted in increased decay resistance of DOT-treated specimens against T. versi-color. Increased resistance against termite attack was observed only in DOT-treated specimens heated at 180°C for 4 h or at 220°C for 2 h. Accordingly, a synergistic effect between heat and DOT treatments was observed for resistance against white-rot decay and termites.
Das „Modell Deutschland“ zwischen Erfolgsgeschichte und Verfallsdiagnose
Authors: Rödder Andreas 
Published: July 2006

Vorspann
Die Erfolgsgeschichte des „Modells Deutschland“ war nur eine Illusion. Diesen Eindruck gewinnt man jedenfalls, wenn man die Verfallsdiagnosen liest, die sich in letzter Zeit in der öffentlichen Debatte häufen. Andreas Rödder, einer der besten Kenner der Materie, warnt vor Übertreibungen. Mit nüchternem Blick zieht er eine Bilanz der jüngsten deutschen Geschichte – mit ihren Defiziten, Chancen und vor allem ihren Ambivalenzen.
Rathenau in Rapallo. Eine notwendige Korrektur des Forschungsstandes
Authors: Fleischhauer Eva Ingeborg 
Published: July 2006

Vorspann
Rapallo gibt noch immer viele Rätsel auf. Welche Ziele verfolgte die deutsche Regierung, welche Absichten hatte die sowjetrussische, als sie sich 1922 über eine Kooperation verständigten und damit die Westmächte offen herausforderten? Was bewog insbesondere Walther Rathenau, den Befürworter einer Annäherung an den Westen, den Vertrag zu unterzeichnen? Eva Ingeborg Fleischhauer kann Antworten auf diese Fragen geben, die mehr als achtzig Jahre nach Rapallo noch immer die Gemüter bewegen.
Sowjetische Justiz und Kriegsverbrechen. Dokumente zu den Verurteilungen deutscher Kriegsgefangener, 1941–1949
Authors: Hilger Andreas 
Published: July 2006

Vorspann
Kein Land hatte im Zweiten Weltkrieg so sehr unter der deutschen Besatzungsherrschaft zu leiden wie die Sowjetunion. Um so nachdrücklicher stellt sich die Frage, wie diese Verbrechen nach 1945 geahndet wurden. Im Zentrum der sowjetischen Nachkriegsprozesse stand jedoch nicht das Prinzip der Wahrheitsfindung. Stattdessen wurden diese juristischen Prozesse bestimmt von den Prinzipien von Politik, Propaganda und Ideologie. Daran lassen die hier präsentierten Dokumente keinen Zweifel.
Cardiac and Clinical Phenotype in Barth Syndrome
Authors: Spencer Carolyn T. , Bryant Randall M. , Day Jane , Gonzalez Iris L. , Colan Steven D. , Thompson W. Reid , Berthy Julie , Redfearn Sharon P. , Byrne Barry J. 
Published: July 2006

OBJECTIVE. Barth syndrome, an X-linked disorder that is characterized by cardiomyopathy, neutropenia, skeletal myopathy, and growth delay, is caused by mutations in the taffazin gene at Xq28 that result in cardiolipin deficiency and abnormal mitochondria. The clinical phenotype in Barth syndrome has not been characterized systematically, and the condition may be underrecognized. We sought to evaluate extent of cardioskeletal myopathy, potential for arrhythmia, delays in growth, and biochemical correlates of disease severity in patients with this disorder.
METHODS. We conducted an observational, cross-sectional study of the largest cohort of patients with Barth syndrome to date (n = 34; age range: 1.2–22.6 years). Evaluation included echocardiography, electrocardiography (standard and signal-averaged), microvolt T wave alternans analysis, biochemical and hematologic laboratory analyses, and physical therapy evaluation of skeletal myopathy.
RESULTS. Family history was positive for confirmed or suspected Barth syndrome in 63%. Ninety percent of patients had a clinical history of cardiomyopathy (mean age at diagnosis of cardiomyopathy: 5.5 months; at genetic confirmation of Barth syndrome: 4.6 years). Echocardiography revealed a mean ejection fraction of 50% ± 10%, mean fractional shortening of 28% ± 5%, and mean left ventricular end-diastolic volume z score of 1.9 ± 1.8. Left ventricular morphology demonstrated increased trabeculations or true noncompaction in 53%. Of 16 patients who were evaluated at ≥11 years of age, 7 (43%) had documented ventricular arrhythmia. Growth deficiency was present (mean weight percentile: 15%; mean height percentile: 8%). Laboratory analysis revealed low total white blood cell count (absolute count: &lt;4000 cells per μL) in 25% of those who were not on granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Hypocholesterolemia was present in 24%, decreased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in 56%, low prealbumin in 79%, and mildly elevated creatine kinase in 15%.
CONCLUSIONS. Our cohort demonstrated clinical variability, but most had cardiomyopathy and diminished growth velocity, with a propensity toward neutropenia and low cholesterol. There was increased incidence of ventricular arrhythmia, predominantly in adolescents and young adults. Barth syndrome should be considered when boys present with cardiomyopathy, especially when associated with increased left ventricular trabeculations, neutropenia, skeletal muscle weakness, or family history indicating an X-linked pattern of inheritance.
Prickly Pear Cactus,Opuntiaspp.—A Spine-Tingling Tale
Authors: DeFelice Michael S. 
Published: July 2006

“Here we go round the prickly pear Prickly pear prickly pear Here we go round the prickly pear At five o'clock in the morning.”The Hollow Men, T. S. Eliot (1925).
Fission-track thermochronology of the Oman Mountains continental windows, and current problems of tectonic interpretation
Authors: Saddiqi Omar , Michard André , Goffe Bruno , Poupeau Gérard , Oberhänsli Roland 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe Oman Mountain belt offers a unique case study of an Alpine orogen where blueschist- and eclogite-facies metamorphism developed in continental rocks beneath an ophiolite in the absence of continental collision. We present hereafter the first systematic, fission-track (FT) study of the subophiolitic Jebel Akhdar and Saih Hatat windows in the central-southern Oman Mountains. Nineteen samples out of 28 yielded significant zircon and/or apatite FT results. All of the 9 samples from NE (internal) Saih Hatat, where metamorphism occurred at ca. 300°C &lt; T &lt; 550°C (low-grade blueschist to low-grade eclogite facies), yielded FT zircon ages at 66-70 Ma. Four samples from SW Saih Hatat (front of the Fe-Mg carpholite zone, ca. 280°C &lt; T &lt; 300°C) yielded 69-93 Ma dates, and 4 samples from Jebel Akhdar (ca. 250°C &lt; T &lt; 280°C) yielded 80-96 Ma dates, which reflects partial resetting of the zircon FT chronometre at T ≤ ca. 280°C. As eclogite metamorphism of the deepest Saih Hatat units is dated at ca. 80 Ma [Warren et al., 2003], we deduce an early cooling rate of 30°C/Ma for these units. Late thermal evolution is constrained by apatite FT length optimization analysis and includes, i) cooling under 60°C until 60-58 Ma (rate close to 10°C/Ma); and ii) heating over 80°C at ca. 20-8 Ma.The Oman Mountains tectonic building is currently accounted for by contrasting models involving one or two subductions. Taking into account the structural and geophysical data on the Saih Hatat metamorphic pile, we interpret the reported thermal evolution in the framework of the classical, one subduction model: i) Permian rifting and Mesozoic spreading; ii) late Cretaceous intra-oceanic subduction followed by continental margin subduction/ophiolite obduction; iii) late Late Cretaceous-Paleocene synorogenic exhumation of the subducted units through extrusion within the subduction channel (relative extension), then isostatic rebound and extensional inversion of the obduction thrust; and iv) Neogene compression resulting in rejuvenation of the basal thrust beneath the continental windows, which are considered to be parautochthonous.
The Tunissian “zone des nappes”: a slightly inverted mesocenozoic continental margin (Taberka/Jendouba; northwestern Tunisia)
Authors: Ould Bagga Mohamed Abdoullah , Abdeljaouad Saâdi , Mercier Eric 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Detailed investigations in the western part of the “zone des nappes” in the Tunisian Atlas enable to propose an original model for this area. We show that, according to sedimentary records, these units appear to be formed by various series originally deposited on tilted crustal blocks of the North African margin. This south-easternward tilting occurred from the Triasic to the early Miocene. The first phase of inversion took place during the early to middle Miocene interval; no older compressive event can be highlighted. The shortening is associated with a system of flats and ramps thrust faults that occurs following a piggy-back sequence and that does not disrupt the paleogeographic order. Subsequently, an “out-of-sequence” event places the upper unit (Numidian Unit) onto the sub-numidian Units. The overlap length remains very moderate betwen sub-numidian Units (a few kilometers only). Finally, during the late Quaternary, the area undergoes a late shortening that folds the syn-tectonic basins.
A New Analytical Tire Model for Cornering Simulation. Part I: Cornering Power and Self-Aligning Torque Power
Authors: Kabe K. , Miyashita N. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
A new analytical tire model for cornering power (CP) and self-aligning torque power (SATP) is proposed on the basis of the Fiala model. In a pneumatic tire, the self-deformation by the transmission of force and torque is so large to influence recursively the force and torque generation during cornering. Then CP and SATP have negative feedback loops: As CP and SATP increase, the steering transmission loss by the tire self-deformation also increases to depress further increments of CP and SATP. The present model, the CP∕SATP system model, analytically describes the force and torque transmission with feedback loops by taking into account not only (i) the shear deformation of the tread rubber and (ii) the in-plane belt deflection, but also (iii) the out-of-plane sidewall rotation. As well as other practical systems with a negative feedback loop, the CP and SATP feedback stabilize the CP and SATP output level at a higher vertical load, and approximates the measured load dependence of CP and SATP with high accuracy. Although the sidewall rotation feedback by SATP has not been considered in conventional cornering studies, its contribution in recent radial tires is shown to be larger than that of belt deflection by CP. The model is applicable to not only the numerical simulation for tire design but also the inverse data analysis of the cornering test. Nonlinear least-squares fittings of the measured data to the model are excellent and give the dynamic estimates of tire-part stiffness.
Reducing Tire-Induced Noise and Vibration
Authors: Yilmaz C. , Hulbert G. M. , Kikuchi N. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Tire-induced noise and vibration spans a wide range of frequencies, depending on, among other attributes, tread design, road surface, and vehicle speed. Vehicle designers are faced with the daunting task of minimizing this broad frequency of energy. The design of suspension systems must take into account the need to have a well-tuned frequency response.
In this paper, a new approach toward minimizing tire-induced noise and vibration is presented. The methodology is based upon a new perspective of employing antiresonance, as opposed to damping phenomena, to effectively tune systems for practical performance. The mechanical structure of the system is amenable to cost-effective manufacture and can be packaged in different configurations. We present the fundamental approach toward the design and give several example configurations.
The Behavior of Carbon Black-Filled Natural Rubber under High Strain Rates
Authors: Hussain Syeda A. , Fatt Michelle S. Hoo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Tensile tests were conducted to obtain the deformation and failure characteristics of unfilled natural rubber (NR) and natural rubber with 25, 50, and 75 phr of N550 carbon black filler under quasistatic and dynamic loading conditions. The quasistatic tests were performed on an electromechanical INSTRON machine, while the dynamic test data were obtained from tensile impact experiments using a Charpy impact apparatus. In general, the modulus of the stress-extension ratio curves increases with increasing strain rate up to about 407, 367, 346, and 360 s−1 for unfilled, and 25, 50, and 75 phr for filled NR, respectively. Above these strain rates, the unfilled and filled natural rubber stress-extension ratio curves remained unchanged. The modulus increased with increasing strain rate because there was little time for stress relaxation. Above a critical strain rate, no change in modulus was observed because the time of the experiment was short compared to the lowest characteristic relaxation time of the material. Dynamic stress-extension ratio curves did not have the very sharp upturn at break, which is observed from strain-induced crystallization in natural rubber under quasistatic loading. Strain-induced crystallization appeared to be suppressed at high rates of loading. In fact, the highest dynamic tensile strength for the 25- and 50-phr carbon black-filled natural rubbers was smaller than those under quasistatic loading, while the highest dynamic tensile strength of the 75-phr carbon black-filled NR was greater than that in the static test. This indicated that high amounts of carbon black fillers will impede strain-induced crystallization in natural rubber.
Cell‐type‐specific regulation of RNA polymerase I transcription: a new frontier
Authors: Tseng Hung 
Published: July 2006

AbstractRibosomal RNA transcription was one of the first model systems for molecular characterization of a transcription regulatory mechanism and certainly one of the best studied in the widest range of organisms. In multicellular organisms, however, the issue of cell‐type‐specific regulation of rRNA transcription has not been well addressed. Here I propose that a systematic study of cell‐type‐specific regulation of rRNA transcription may reveal new regulatory mechanisms that have not been previously realized. Specifically, issues concerning the cell‐type‐specific requirement for rRNA production, the universality of Pol I transcription complex and the division of rDNA into regulatory subdomains are discussed. BioEssays 28: 719–725, 2006. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Origin and evolution of the vertebrate vomeronasal system viewed through system‐specific genes
Authors: Grus Wendy E. , Zhang Jianzhi 
Published: July 2006

AbstractTetrapods have two distinct nasal chemosensory systems, the main olfactory system and the vomeronasal system (VNS). Defined by certain morphological components, the main olfactory system is present in all groups of vertebrates, while the VNS is found only in tetrapods. Previous attempts to identify a VNS precursor in teleost fish were limited by functional and morphological characters that could not clearly distinguish between homologous and analogous systems. In the past decade, several genes that specifically function in the VNS have been discovered. Here we first describe recent evolutionary studies of mammalian VNS‐specific genes. We then review evidence showing the presence and tissue‐specific expression of the VNS‐specific genes in teleosts, as well as co‐expression patterns of these genes in specific regions of the teleost olfactory epithelium. We propose that a VNS precursor exists in teleosts and that its evolutionary origin predated the separation between teleosts and tetrapods. BioEssays 28: 709–718, 2006. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.