bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Limitations on infiltration and reinjection of treated groundwater to remove trace amounts of pesticides in groundwater and soil
Authors: Foulk Cary L. , Bost Richard C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractInfiltration and reinjection of treated groundwater have been used to increase the recovery of pesticide‐related constituents at a pesticide formulation plant that produces consumer pesticide products. The stratigraphy at the site consists of silty and sandy clay deposits overlying a shallow silt, sand, and gravel aquifer. The groundwater and soils in two areas in the northwest portion of the property have been identified as being significantly affected by pesticide and pesticide‐related compounds.An integrated system of soil removal, recovery wells, injection wells, an infiltration gallery, and a cut‐off wall was selected as the best remedial alternative. Groundwater modeling, column tests, biological jar tests, and a pilot test demonstrated the feasibility of the system. The affected groundwater is treated to drinking‐water quality by a system of filtering and carbon adsorption. Approximately 75 percent of the treated water is reinjected or allowed to infiltrate through the vadose zone, and the remainder is discharged to the local sewer system. Initially, the system was effective in removing the dissolved, suspended, and weakly adsorbed constituents. Subsequently, the recovery rate of the chemical constituents became dependent on chemical and physical processes related to the presence of residual amounts of dense, nonaqueous phase liquids and the clay content of the strata. The rate of pesticide recovery has decreased because of the retarding effect of the clay and the low solubility of the pesticides.
Treatment of hazardous waste incineration wastewater
Authors: De Gesero Roy , Teringo John , McIlbenny Bill 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis article outlines the general design concepts and new chemistry necessary to achieve truly cost‐effective management of an important part of the hazardous waste incineration system—i.e., the unit operations needed to treat wastewater generated by rotary kiln incinerators burning wastes containing halogens and heavy metals.
Using pneumatic fracturing extraction to achieve regulatory compliance and enhance voc removal from low‐permeability formations
Authors: Mack James P. , Apsan Howard N. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection and Energy (NJDEPE) has been developing cleanup regulations that focus on remediation, rather than extended delineation, and on integrating regulatory requirements with technological developments. To this end, the NJDEPE, under the regulatory aegis of the Environmental Cleanup and Responsibility Act (ECRA), is monitoring an innovative treatment technology pilot test at a TCE‐contaminated ECRA site in Hillsborough, New Jersey. The purpose of the study is to determine the applicability of pneumatic fracturing extraction (PFE) as a source‐removal technique for extracting volatile organic compounds (VOCs) trapped informations with low permeability.The technology being pilot tested is pneumatic fracturing extraction, a process for enhancing permeability to promote in‐situ removal and treatment of VOCs. The patented process uses high‐pressure air injected into an isolated subsurface zone at controlled rates and pressures. At a critical point, the geologic material ruptures, and fractures are created that radiate outward from the fracture location. At the pilot test site, formation air flow was increased from 400 percent to 700 percent.PFE is a key component of the overall remediation strategy at the Hillsborough site. Consistent with proposed NJDEPE regulations, a ground‐water pump‐and‐treat system will be installed for plume migration control. Once the pump‐and‐treat system has been established and shown to be effective, a more aggressive source removal program will be implemented using PFE. This program will include construction of a vadose zone PFE system and evaluation of the use of pneumatic fracturing to remove saturated zone residual dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPL). Preliminary calculations suggest that if source zone concentrations can be reduced to 10 ppm of TCE, then TCE groundwater concentrations may be reduced to background levels at the property boundary compliance points.
Alternative contracting strategies for controlling costs and avoiding performance disputes on remediation projects
Authors: Manuele Vincent O. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIt is critical that all participants in the remediation effort develop comprehensive contracting strategies aimed at controlling remediation costs and avoiding performance disputes. Initially, greater emphasis should be placed on negotiated, cost‐type contracts that fairly address the allocation of risk between contractor and owner. This article examines the use of this contracting method and discusses industry studies on contract risk allocation, reviewing several typical contract clauses. Moreover, the participants in the remediation process should commit to the use of partnering as a framework for contract performance, as well as alternative dispute resolution techniques to swiftly settle disagreements. Through partnering, the owner and contractor work cooperatively throughout performance, rather than focus solely on their contractual rights and remedies. The article examines the mechanics of the partnering process, identifying the critical stakeholders as well as potential pitfalls, and relates industry applications. Relying on an extension of the partnering concept to the resolution of performance disputes, alternative dispute resolution (ADR) techniques are designed to encourage negotiated settlements of disputes. The article examines various ADR methods, including the use of a dispute escalation network, job‐site dispute resolution, and post‐performance ADR techniques.
Understanding the RCRA corrective action process
Authors: McCullough Matthew L. , Morabito Joseph R. , Rodriguez Thomas E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) was enacted in 1976. The Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments (HSWA) of 1984 specify “corrective action” requirements for protecting human health and the environment from environmental contamination at active hazardous waste treatment, storage, and disposal facilities. RCRA and its corrective action requirements are designed to prevent the creation of new Superfund sites by regulating and remediating active facilities. The RCRA corrective action process has four basic components: the facility assessment, facility investigation, corrective measures study, and corrective measures implementation. This article presents an overview of the RCRA corrective action process and presents four case studies from three U.S. EPA regions.
Using biopolymers to remove heavy metals from soil and water
Authors: Krishnamurthy S. , Frederick Raymond M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractChemical remediation of soil may involve the use of harsh chemicals that generate waste streams, which may adversely affect the soil's integrity and ability to support vegetation. This article reviews the potential use of benign reagents, such as biopolymers, to extract heavy metals. The biopolymers discussed are chitin and chitosan, modified starch, cellulose, and polymer‐containing algae.
Risk assessment: A site‐specific approach to establishing acceptable soil cleanup levels
Authors: Huggins C. B. , Money Robert D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn 1980 the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) was passed to instigate the cleanup of uncontrolled hazardous waste sites. CERCLA necessitated the development of a set of criteria for estimating the severity of the contamination at these sites, the potential impact on human health and the environment, and establishing appropriate cleanup levels for the contaminated media. The risk assessment (RA) format was developed to meet these challenges.Though RAs vary dramatically in their scope, emphasis, and regulatory application, there are two primary objectives common to all RAs: (1) to evaluate potential risks to human health and the environment posed by the release of hazardous substances and (2) to evaluate and establish safe cleanup levels based primarily on the number and type of potential receptors, the toxicity and mobility of the contaminants, and the types of exposure pathways present.Achieving these objectives may be a relatively simple task or an extremely complex and difficult one depending on the type of material released and our understanding of its behavior in the environment, the site conditions, and the governing regulations.This article presents an approach for establishing acceptable cleanup levels for subsurface soils and illustrates the application of this approach to three different regulated sites.
PAH removal using soil and sediment washing at a contaminated harbor site
Authors: Amiran Mohsen C. , Wilde Charles L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn tests conducted for the Canadian government on sediment from Thunder Bay Harbour, Ontario, the BioGenesis washing process was demonstrated to be effective in remediating contaminated harbor sediments. Removal efficiencies for 16 polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in concentrations exceeding 4,000 parts per million averaged 90 to 95 percent in pilot tests. These results are significant because, until now, washing processes have not proven effective in cleaning the small‐size particles of silt and clay that make up most underwater sediments. In Thunder Bay, 81 percent of the particles were less than 38 microns (medium silt) in size. The tests on Thunder Bay sediment were conducted under the auspices of the Contaminated Sediment Treatment Technology Program of Environment Canada's Wastewater Technology Centre. Thunder Bay Harbour is one of 43 “areas of concern” identified by the International Joint Commission of Great Lakes Water Quality.
Pollutant source identification and allocation: Advances in hydrocarbon fingerprinting
Authors: Sauer Theodor C. , Uhler Allen D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractOften liability for environmental damage and cleanup of contaminated sites is made difficult, especially with chemically complex environments containing different pollutants, by the inability to differentiate potential sources (or “owners”) of pollutants from each other. As a result, unnecessary costs may be associated with having to assume financial responsibility for alleged contamination of a site. This article reviews the advances in chemical fingerprinting as a tool in identifying and differentiating sources of hydrocarbon pollutants in chemically complex environments. Appropriate hydrocarbon target analytes and required analytical methods for hydrocarbon fingerprinting are discussed, and new interpretative tools are presented that may be applied to contaminated soil, sediment, and groundwater environmental situations. With these analytical and interpretative techniques, an appropriate allocation of chemical contamination and costs at a site can be made.
Protecting environmental audits and reports: Balancing self‐examination and self‐protection
Authors: Erickson Randall L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractRecently, some companies have begun making environmental reports and internal audits public. Other companies have chosen not to do so. The desire to engage in a critical and thorough self‐examination is often thwarted by the fear that audits and other reports may be used against a company in later litigation or administrative proceedings. However, there are some legal, regulatory, and procedural safeguards that can protect a company that chooses to make reports and audits public. This article examines these safeguards, their strengths and weaknesses, and their role in balancing self‐examination and self‐protection.
Land treatment and the toxicity response of soil contaminated with wood preserving waste
Authors: Huling Scott G. , Pope Daniel F. , Matthews John E. , Sims Judith L. , Sims Ronald C. , Sorensen Darwin L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSoils contaminated with wood preserving wastes, including pentachlo‐rophenol (PCP) and creosote, are treated at field‐scale in an engineered prepared‐bed system consisting of two one‐acre land treatment units (LTUs). The concentration of selected indicator compounds of treatment performance included PCP, pyrene, and total carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (TCPAHs) was monitored in the soil by taking both composited soil samples at multiple points in time, and discrete soil samples at two points in time. The mean concentration of the indicator compounds and the 95‐percent confidence interval (CI) of the composite and discrete samples agreed relatively well, and first‐order degradation rate kinetics satisfactorily represented the mean chemical concentration loss of indicator compounds in the LTU. Toxicity of the soil, as measured by MicrotoxTM assay of the soil extracts, indicated that toxicity reduction corresponded with indicator compound disappearance. No toxicity effects were observed with time in treated layers of soil (lifts) buried beneath highly contaminated lifts of newly applied soil. This indicated that vertical migration of soluble contaminants from such lifts had little effect on the microbial activity in the underlying treated soil.
Methods for evaluating investment strategies for environmental technologies
Authors: Showalter W. Eric , Booth Steven R. , Hardie R. Wayne 
Published: February 2007

AbstractEnvironmental technology development, like other ventures, requires decisions regarding where to invest scarce capital. The investment option that offers the greatest benefit relative to the cost should be chosen. The problem is to determine a way to analyze the project and apply a useful measure for comparison to other investment opportunities. In this article, three methods of analysis are presented: return on investment, benefit‐to‐cost ratio, and payback period. Formulas are developed for each of the methods, and a case study illustrates their application.
Case study: On‐site remediation of soil and groundwater for a michigan town's water supply
Authors: Patterson John 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn 1993 environmental consultants, working in concert with the State of Michigan, discovered groundwater contamination that threatened the drinking water supply of the town of Big Rapids. The contamination originated from leaking underground storage tanks and gasoline lines, which were removed. A pilot study indicated the contaminated area extended to 240′ x 180′ and affected soil as well as groundwater. A remediation plan was designed by and implemented by Continental Remediation Systems, Inc., a Natick, Massachusetts, firm. The remediation plan is ongoing and includes an interceptor trench to stop gasoline from flowing into the creek, as well as air sparging to vent and treat the contaminated soil. It is anticipated that the remediation project will take six months to complete. The chief advantage of on‐site remediation is that it avoids the costs and liabilities associated with landfill disposal and no materials need leave the site.
Bioventing pilot test results at the low point drain area at Offutt AFB, Nebraska
Authors: Werner Frank T. , Walters James E. , Keefer Gary B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBioventing is a relatively new technology that uses forced air movement to deliver supplemental oxygen to contaminated soils to stimulate the biodegradation of contaminants by indigenous microorganisms. A bioventing pilot test was initiated at Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska, in August 1992, at a site contaminated with jet fuel. Air was injected into the subsurface over a period of 15 months, and tests were conducted at 6 months, and again at 15 months, to determine the effectiveness of the system. This article describes the bioventing process and its application at this test site. The results of the pilot test are discussed to illustrate the extent of the remediation accomplished through bioventing.
Evaluation of soil‐washing process for “unwashable” clays and silts from the palmerton zinc site
Authors: Snyder Brian M. , Dennis Ronald M. , Roth Mary J. S. , Krishnan Ramesh , Parker Harry W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe Palmerton Zinc Site is a Superfund site in Palmerton, Pennsylvania. Its former mineral processing operations have contaminated nearby wells and soils with zinc and cadmium. Preliminary analysis of soil and dust sampling conducted in May 1991 has revealed that the dust poses a potential threat to human health. Based on the results of a previous study, which showed a high percentage of silt and clay in soils from Palmerton residential properties, it was concluded that soil washing is not likely to be a viable method to treat the soil and dust contamination in Palmerton. However, since the completion of this study, a soil‐washing process for “unwashable” clays and silts has been developed. A residential soil sample from Palmerton, which had low concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, and lead, and a somewhat high concentration of zinc, was washed in a bench‐scale version of this process. The results showed that the new soil‐washing process for “unwashable” clays and silts may be a viable method to treat the soil and dust contamination in Palmerton, depending on the soil quality criteria concentrations selected for site cleanup.
Expediting remedial designs and assessments
Authors: Tillman J. Edward , Kirk Charles E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA successful air‐based remediation system, now frequently chosen for sites contaminated with VOCs, demands a thorough understanding of the nature and distribution of the VOCs and the soil air permeabilities. Considering likely remediation methods during the site investigation allows collection of all data needed for method selection and design within a single, highly efficient site visit. A case history illustrates how to integrate several data collection and testing activities into a single site visit.
Remediation of metal‐contaminated sites using plants
Authors: Azadpour Azadeh , Matthews John E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractHeavy metal contamination of soil resulting from anthropogenic sources poses a significant challenge in many industrialized societies. The current technologies employed for removal of heavy metals often involve expensive ex‐situ processes requiring sophisticated equipment and removal, transportation, and purification of the soil. Generally, in‐situ remedial technologies are favored to ex‐situ methods for detoxification, neutralization, degradation, or immobilization of contaminants. In‐situ bioremediation is increasingly favored because of its effectiveness and low cost. A new type of bioremediation, known as vegetative remediation or “phytoremediation,” uses metal‐tolerant hyperaccumulator plants to take up metal ions from soils and store them in their aboveground parts. To select the appropriate phytoremediation technology, one must understand the technical feasibility, cost effectiveness, and availability of the suitable plant species. Equally important is determining whether the site's soil conditions are optimal to enhance or restore the soil biological activity. Before phytoremediation can be exploited on a contaminated site, greenhouse‐scale confirmatory testing is necessary to measure plant uptake and correlate shoot metal concentrations to available soil metals. These tests also validate that the harvesting and subsequent disposal of metal‐containing plant tissues are environmentally safe and manageable.
Field application of reactive iron walls for in‐situ degradation of volatile organic compounds in groundwater
Authors: Focht Robert , Vogan John , O'Hannesin Stephanie 
Published: February 2007

AbstractReactive walls containing metallic iron have been installed at several commercial sites in the United States to degrade chlorinated organic compounds in groundwater. Although the results of laboratory studies conducted to determine reaction mechanisms have been widely disseminated, little information has been published on the full‐scale application of this technology. This article describes the construction, implementation, and cost of in‐situ reactive walls at three commercial sites.
Industrial facility deactivation: A proactive approach for reducing costs and liabilities
Authors: Kulik Ernest J. , Lingle Joseph P. , Nowlan Thomas A. , Nesbit Rickie G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractFor both private corporations and military branches, downsizing and consolidation are becoming more commonplace. A range of environmental concerns must be addressed to effectively implement a consolidation program. A facility deactivation program can often become a minefield for an organization. Responsible personnel are typically inexperienced with the process, and this can lead to costly mistakes. This article provides insight into this topic based on experience gained with a multifacility program and related environmental issues. It emphasizes the importance of detailed, up‐front, proactive project planning; a solid program management system; and accurate identification of project objectives and deliverables.
Concepts for sediment restoration on the palos verdes shelf, California
Authors: Palermo Michael R. , Clausner James E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis article summarizes a study conducted by the U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station to develop technical information and to evaluate the engineering feasibility of restoration alternatives for DDT‐and PCB‐contaminated sediments on the Palos Verdes shelf and slope near Los Angeles, California. The study evaluated the nonremoval alternative of in‐place capping of contaminated sediments on the shelf and slope; removal of contaminated sediments using conventional and specialized dredging equipment and deep ocean mining equipment; treatment of contaminated sediments; and disposal of contaminated sediments in confined (diked) disposal facilities (CDFs), contained aquatic disposal (CAD) sites, upland landfills, and deep ocean basin sites. Cost estimates of the various alternatives were also prepared.This article concludes that restoration of the contaminated sediments is technically feasible. Sediments on the shelf and slope can be removed using available dredging technologies for deep water environments. In‐place capping, CAD, and CDF alternatives are technically feasible. The deep ocean basin disposal alternative is not feasible from the technical or regulatory standpoint. The treatment alternative is not feasible from the implementability and economic standpoint.
Remediation of uranium‐contaminated soil using the segmented gate system and containerized vat leaching techniques: A cost‐effectiveness study
Authors: Cummings Mark , Booth Steven R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractUsing an innovative, two‐stage process to remediate uranium‐contaminated soils, researchers at Los Alamos National Laboratory's (LANL's) Technical Area 33 (TA‐33) successively reduced 218 cubic yards of contaminated soil to approximately 30 gallons of leachate solution and resins. In the first step, the contaminated soil is separated from the clean soil using the Thermo Nuclean (a division of the Thermo NUtech company) Segmented Gate System (SGS). Contaminated soil proceeds via conveyor belt to a separate storage bin to await further processing, while uncontaminated soil is returned to its original location. From the 218 cubic yards of soil excavated from the test site at TA‐33, only seven cubic yards were found to contain uranium contamination above the criterion release limit, yielding an initial waste volume reduction of 97 percent. Using the containerized vat leaching (CVL) method, a technique borrowed from the mining industry, the uranium was then removed from the reduced volume of contaminated soil. This article describes the two processes and analyzes potential cost savings based on different disposal and storage options.