bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Geometry of projection-generic space curves
Authors: WALL C. T. C. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIn earlier work I defined a class of curves, forming a dense open set in the space of maps from S1 to P3, such that the family of projections of a curve in this class is stable under perturbations of C: we call the curves in the class projection-generic. The definition makes sense also in the complex case. The partition of projective space according to the singularities of the corresponding projection of C is a stratification. Its local structure outside C is the same as that of the versal unfoldings of the singularities presented.To study points on C we introduce the blow-up BC of P3 along C, and a family of plane curves, parametrised by z ∈ BC; we saw in the earlier work that this is a flat family.Here we show that near most z ∈ BC, the family gives a family of parametrised germs which versally unfolds the singularities occurring. Otherwise we find that the double point number δ of Γz drops by 1 for z ∉ EC. We establish a theory of versality for unfoldings of A or D singularities such that δ drops by at most 1, and show that in the remaining cases, we have an unfolding which is versal in this sense.This implies normal forms for the stratification of BC; further work allows us to derive local normal forms for strata of the stratification of P3.
The sexuality clinic in the breast center: sex as a survivorship issue
Authors: Dizon D. S. , Thompson D. , Duffy C. , Wiggins D. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractBreast cancer and its treatments can cause sexual dysfunction in up to 90% of women with the disease. Front line care providers often do not have the time or training to focus on this quality of life issue and the private nature of the topic can prevent women from pursuing help. By setting up a clinic specifically devoted to sexuality issues, breast cancer treatment centers can provide a place to address these issues and help patients deal with the after-effects of their treatment. As breast cancer survivor rates and disease-free intervals increase, the demand for a service that supports women returning to as near-normal a life as possible will only grow.
Pauperismus und Assoziation
Authors: Stein Hans 
Published: December 2008

The present study with pauperism, its causes, its prevention and its significance for the social evolution on the West-European continent, endeavours to provide for one of the gaps which social history, seen as a science of the social dynamics prevailing in history, brings to light. The Rhine-territory here is presented as an exceptionally suggestive illustration.This investigation shows that both the social associations which the age of pauperism called up in defence against the distress of the masses, and the revolutionary tendencies are a determinant factor in the birth of the modem type of workman, as well as in the origin of the great West-European labour-organisations of the second half of the nineteenth century (trade-unions, cooperations and parties). The shaping of the Farmers'- and the Artisans'-Movement, particularly in Germany, is decisively influenced by them. This evolution of social associations means for the ruling classes the first attempt at neutralising the inner social tensions of the system of industrial capitalism.Thus the age of pauperism and associations is a period of preparation, of great social-historical importance, without insight into which the later social evolution — upon which our times are based — can be understood and explained in but a very imperfect manner. The investigation of this period again shows the necessity of regarding social history as in independant part of the discipline of the discipline of the social sciences.
M. A. Bakunin in der „Dresdner Zeitung”
Authors: Nikolajewsky B. 
Published: December 2008

On going deeper into the life-history of Bakunin, it becomes evident that his first stay abroad (1840—1851) had been decisive for the whole of his spiritual development. Of quite special importance are his activities during the revolutionary epoch of 1848/49; this period of his life has hitherto not been considered with the attention it deserves. Bakunin's contributions to the “Dresdner Zeitung” in the months of March to May 1849 have not been explored at all up to the present.The “Dresdner Zeitung was the organ of the Dresden Democrats. It appeared regularly from the 1st Oktober 1848 until the 6th August 1850. From being a fairly moderate paper, it gradually became more radical in 1848/49.Decisive for the volte-face of the paper was the action of Bakunin who was staying in Dresden during the months March/May 1849 and who influenced Ludwig Wittig, one of the editors, to a considerable extent. A radical democrat with socialistic tendencies, already in early March, Wittig developed further and further to the left in the course of the stormy year of 1848. His impressions when in Vienna, where he had been sent by the Saxon democrats in 1848 in order to try arid effectuate the connections with the Vienna movement made him specially receptive for the final conclusions, which Bakunin drew from the events.
William Benbow's Grand National Holiday and Congress of the Productive Classes with an Introduction
Authors: Rüter A. J. C. 
Published: December 2008

The exceptional interest of Benbow's pamphlet Grand National Holiday and Congress of the Productive Classes has already been stressed by Beer1), Crook2) and Dolléans3) who quote extensive passages.What they communicate, however, does not seem to make a complete reprint of this pamphlet superfluous. Benbow's writings derive their importance not only from their showing us one of the most striking facets of the so many-sided social thinking in the England of the beginning of the nineteenth century, but also, and not least, from their being the first written theory about the general strike. These two considerations justify a reproduction of a pamphlet which is difficult of access to those interested, and certainly so outside England4).
Leon N. Tolstoï et A. I. Hertzen
Authors: Izioumov A. 
Published: December 2008

On his second journey abroad Leo N. Tolstoi took the opportunity of making the acquaintance of Alexander Hertzen. He spent two or three weeks in London and saw him very much.Literature, however, has very few data about their meeting, and thus the letters published here, more or less fill this gap. They had been preserved in that part of Hertzen' archives which his children in the beginning of the year 1880 gave to Professor M. Dragomanow for publication. Together with the latter's other papers, they are now to be found in the Russian Historical Archives in Prague.The letters are of the greatest importance to Tolstoi's biographers, and definitely allow of the exact time being fixed when Tolstoi decided to write a novel entitled; Die Dekabristen, which however, has remained unfinished.This happened in the late autumn of the year 1860 in Florence, where Tolstoi met Prince S. G. Volkonksy who may be regarded as the prototype of Peter Labasov out of the first version of “Die Dekabristen”.Although Hertzen was very keen on Tolstoi's writing this book, he himself unintentionally side-tracked him from the Dekabrists by introducing him to Proudhon. The latter at this time was engaged on his book Der Krieg und der Frieden. Immediately after meeting Proudhon, Tolstoi put aside “Die Dekabristen” and-started his War and Peace.The published letters, moreover, give an explanation of Tolstoi's standpoint towards the mainfesto of 19th February 1861, announcing the liberation of the peasants.
Die Haushaltstatistik der Wiener Arbeiterkammer 1925—1934
Authors: Kautsky Benedikt 
Published: December 2008

The Vienna Labour-Chamber has for ten years examined the budgets of 60—70 families of workers, employees, unemployed and small annuitants. This decade comprises both the gradual recovery of Austria's economic position from the crisis caused by the war and the inflation, and part of the crisis which began in 1929.In 1925, out of 42 heads of households 2 were unemployed, in 1928, out of 62 none, in 1934 on the other hand 19 out of 69. The average sum of annual expenses in 1925 amounted to 3.703, in 1929 to 5.105, and in 1934 to 3.208 schillings per family; the income of the heads of households in 1934 amounted to only 62.2 % of that of 1926. Efforts on the part of other members of the family to make up for the decrease in the income of the head of the household by taking up work proved unsuccessful.The housing conditions show an improvement till the year 1930, which is expressed in a diminuation of overcrowding; from then onwards the conditions remain rather stable with a slight tendency towards deterioration. Rents, which show a considerable rise whilst still remaining fairly low owing to the Act for the protection of Lessees, account in 1925 for 2.62 %, and in 1934 for 7.26 % of the total expenditure.Partly as a result of the small expenditure on rent, the percentage of the household expenses spent on food is very considerable. In 1925 it amounts to 59.73 %, in 1931 (the minimum year) to 48.17 % and in 1934 to 50.64 %. The biggest item of the expenditure for food is meat, the consumption of which is more or less directly affected by the business cycle, whereas the consumption of bread and flour is hardly influenced at all. The consumption of fats shows great fluctuations in its composition; the principal constituent, however, remains always lard.
La lutte du Gouvernement français contre la Première Internationale
Authors: Bourgin Georges 
Published: December 2008

The author of this article points out that up to the present there exists no critical study of the relation between the First International and the Commune. This he deems very regrettable, as ever since the year 1871 a connection has been established between the two movements.So did also the French Government, for when it had destroyed the Commune, it brought an action against the First International. To this end, Jules Favre ordered the French ambassadors to undertake the necessary steps with the governments to which they were accredited. The dispatches published in this article, which were the replies to Favre's circulars—also reproduced here—, reveal that these steps carried no direct results. For a greater knowledge, however, of facts and of the notions prevalent with the governments of various European countries, they are of considerable historical interest. Thiers, moreover, introduced a bill into the Assemblée Nationale to the effect of making punishable whoever was connected with the International. The Assemblée appointed a commission to examine this bill; the records of this commission are also to be found in the above article. An explanatory text, finally, links up the various documents published.
Spatiotemporal changes in the genetic diversity of a bloom-forming Microcystis aeruginosa (cyanobacteria) population
Authors: Briand Enora , Escoffier Nicolas , Straub Cécile , Sabart Marion , Quiblier Catherine , Humbert Jean-François 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
The variations in microcystin concentrations during cyanobacterial blooms in freshwater ecosystems appear to depend on numerous factors, which have still not been fully identified. To contribute to clarify the situation, we have developed a spatial sampling approach to determine the dynamics and genetic diversity of a bloom-forming population of Microcystis aeruginosa in a large French reservoir, and the variations in the proportions of microcystin-producing genotypes. We demonstrated that marked changes occurred in the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) genotype composition of the M. aeruginosa population during the development of the bloom. These changes led progressively to the selection of one dominant ITS genotype throughout the entire reservoir when the cell number reached its maximum. At the same time, we identified a decrease in the proportion of the mcyB+ genotype, and a significant negative correlation between this proportion and that of the dominant ITS genotype during the bloom. Thus, it appeared that favorable conditions for Microcystis cell growth led to the selection, within the Microcystis population, of a non-microcystin-producing genotype, whereas potentially microcystin-producing genotypes were dominant in this population before and after the bloom, when environmental conditions were less favorable for growth.
Promises of hydropedology.
Authors: Pachepsky Y. , Giménez D. , Lilly A. , Nemes A. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Integrative studies are needed as the response to mounting environmental challenges. The new discipline - hydropedology - has been defined as an intertwined branch of soil science and hydrology that encompasses the multiscale basis and applied research of interactive and hydrologic processes and their properties in the unsaturated zone. This review focuses on the relationship between soil structure and soil hydraulic functions at different scales, which is the distinct focus of hydropedology that makes it a desirable development for its parent disciplines. Status and perspectives are reviewed for revealing relationships between hydrologic functions of soils and soil structure at the aggregate/ped scale, the horizon/pedon scale, the field/hillslope scale and the watershed/basin scale. Transcending scales can be achieved by acknowledging that relationships between soil structure and hydrologic functioning at a particular scale are controlled by such relationships at a finer scale and greatly influenced by those at a coarser scale. Addressing soil hydrologic functioning at societally important scales can be achieved by applying data fusion, pedotransfer relationships, and concurrent use of models. Hydropedology emerges as the logical consequence of the progress in science and as the timely response to society's needs.
Maternal input and lexical development: the case of deaf pre‐schoolers
Authors: Farran Lama K. , Lederberg Amy R. , Jackson Lori A. 
Published: December 2008

Background: Mothers facilitate their young hearing children's word learning by making reference explicit for novel words through physical designation (e.g., with deictic gestures) and by isolating words in simple syntactic frames. As children's language skills develop, such modifications decrease. Less is known about hearing mothers' support to their language‐delayed deaf children.Aims: The current study investigated whether hearing mothers tailored their input to suit their deaf children's word‐learning ability as well as their children's word knowledge.Methods & Procedures: Maternal input to 25 oral deaf children was examined. Word‐learning ability was assessed in an experimental task that tested the children's ability to novel map (i.e., infer that a novel word refers to a novel object without physical designation). Word knowledge was assessed by maternal report.Outcome & Results: Mothers whose children did not infer word meaning through novel mapping made meaning more explicit than mothers of children who could learn through novel mapping. Specifically, these mothers were more likely to designate referents physically and use simple syntax. For all children, mothers were more likely to make the meaning of novel words more transparent than familiar words.Conclusions & Implications: The results indicate that hearing mothers were sensitive to the needs of their deaf children. This sensitivity was to children's word knowledge. Mothers seemed aware of what words were in their children's lexicon. Mothers did not rely on their children's ability to use novel mapping, even for the linguistically advanced children.
The Novel Epididymis-Specific Beta-Galactosidase-Like Gene Glb1l4 Is Essential in Epididymal Development and Sperm Maturation in Rats
Authors: Zhen Wei , Li Peng , He Bin , Guo Juyuan , Zhang Yong-Lian 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
We describe a novel epididymis-specific cDNA named Glb1l4, which was isolated from rat epididymis by differential display of mRNAs. Glb1l4 cDNA contains 2607 nucleotides and encodes a 637-amino acid protein with 50% similarity to mouse beta-galactosidase. The gene is located on chromosome 8q13, spanning 21 exons. Northern blot analysis reveals that Glb1l4 is specifically expressed in the caput region of epididymis and upregulated by androgen. A specific polyclonal antiserum against the N-terminal peptide of GLB1L4 has been produced. Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry assay reveal that GLB1L4 is specifically expressed in the principal cells of the caput epididymis. Interestingly, its expression peaks at Postnatal Day 45 in mRNA level and at Postnatal Day 60 in protein level while the epididymis column cells undergo differentiation. Moreover, within this very period this secretory protein is confined inside the cell with a change of subcellular distribution pattern, which implies its important roles in the cell differentiation process. Only after the epididymal epithelium differentiation is completed and the spermatozoa enter the epididymal lumen is the GLB1L4 secreted into the luminal fluid and bound on the sperm head. Our results suggest that GLB1L4 may play various roles in principal cell differentiation and sperm maturation.
Associations between the transtheoretical processes of change, nicotine dependence and adolescent smokers' transition through the stages of change
Authors: Kleinjan Marloes , Brug Johannes , Van Den Eijnden Regina J. J. M. , Vermulst Ad A. , Van Zundert Rinka M. P. , Engels Rutger C. M. E. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTAims  To examine the significance of the transtheoretical processes of change in predicting transition through the stages of change in adolescent smokers, as well as the relative role of nicotine dependence in predicting stage transitions.Design  In grades 9 and 10, adolescents' stage of change, the use of processes of change and nicotine dependence were assessed (T1). Stage transitions were assessed 1 year later (T2). Response rate was 73.2%.Setting  Twenty‐five secondary schools throughout the Netherlands participated in the present study.Participants  Respondents were 721 adolescents who were classified as smokers at T1 and consequently completed the paper‐and‐pencil questionnaire at T2.Measurements  Stages of change and processes of change were assessed according to the original transtheoretical measures. Nicotine dependence was measured using a newly developed multi‐dimensional scale consisting of 11 items.Findings  Few associations were found between the processes of change and stage transitions. Nicotine dependence contributed significantly to the explanation of adolescents' transition from preparation to action, after adjustment for processes of change. No evidence for a moderating effect of nicotine dependence in the relation between the processes of change and stage transitions was found.Conclusions  Processes of change do not seem significant in explaining adolescents' stage transitions. As an alternative for promoting the use of the processes of change for intervention purposes in adolescents, it might be more useful to focus on treating nicotine dependence.
Ex vivo study on root canal instrumentation of two rotary nickel–titanium systems in comparison to stainless steel hand instruments
Authors: Vaudt J. , Bitter K. , Neumann K. , Kielbassa A. M. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractAim  To investigate instrumentation time, working safety and the shaping ability of two rotary nickel–titanium (NiTi) systems (Alpha System and ProTaper Universal) in comparison to stainless steel hand instruments.Methodology  A total of 45 mesial root canals of extracted human mandibular molars were selected. On the basis of the degree of curvature the matched teeth were allocated randomly into three groups of 15 teeth each. In group 1 root canals were prepared to size 30 using a standardized manual preparation technique; in group 2 and 3 rotary NiTi instruments were used following the manufacturers’ instructions. Instrumentation time and procedural errors were recorded. With the aid of pre‐ and postoperative radiographs, apical straightening of the canal curvature was determined. Photographs of the coronal, middle and apical cross‐sections of the pre‐ and postoperative canals were taken, and superimposed using a standard software. Based on these composite images the portion of uninstrumented canal walls was evaluated.Results  Active instrumentation time of the Alpha System was significantly reduced compared with ProTaper Universal and hand instrumentation (P < 0.05; anova). No instrument fractures occurred in any of the groups. The Alpha System revealed significantly less apical straightening compared with the other instruments (P < 0.05; Mann–Whitney U test). In the apical cross‐sections Alpha System resulted in significantly less uninstrumented canal walls compared with stainless steel files (P < 0.05; chi‐squared test).Conclusion  Despite the demonstrated differences between the systems, an apical straightening effect could not be prevented; areas of uninstrumented root canal wall were left in all regions using the various systems.
Disease mongering: expanding the boundaries of treatable disease
Authors: Doran E. , Henry D. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractTraditionally, the promotional activities of medical industries have been product specific. In recent years, however, there have been examples where companies have worked through partnerships, which have included clinicians, to expand the boundaries of treatable disorders. The main motivation appears to be to increase sales of commercial products. The term ‘disease mongering’ has been applied to these activities. Whereas some disease awareness programmes may bring benefits in the form of improved recognition and management of disorders, the presence of strong commercial interests probably distorts the traditional processes by which treatable diseases have been defined. This can result in individual patients being exposed to potential harms, with little expectation of benefit and will place an unwarranted burden on the publicly funded health‐care system. None of this can happen without the collaboration of the medical profession that needs to be aware of the risks of becoming involved in commercially supported ‘consensus’ groups that are reviewing the definition and management of diseases.