bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intravenous fluid therapy for non‐respiratory acidosis in dogs: a comparison of a balanced electrolyte solution with a fluid rich in potassium and bicarbonate
Authors: ROSE R. J. , CARTER R. J. 
Published: April 2008

To assess the efficacy in dogs of an experimental solution (Solution A) containing high concentrations of bicarbonate and potassium, for the treatment of acidosis, acetazolamide was used to create a stable non‐respiratory acidosis. A total of 24 dogs was used, being divided into two control groups and two groups receiving acetazolamide. One control group and a group receiving acetazolamide had a balanced electrolyte solution (Normosol R) administered at a flow rate of 38.2 ml/kg/h for 2 h, and the other control and acetazolamide groups received Solution A. Blood‐gas, acid‐base, electrolyte and various biochemical measurements, as well as arterial and central venous pressure measurements were performed before fluid administration and up to 24 h after administration.Both fluids resulted in partial correction of the acidosis. Solution A returned acid‐base balance closer to the values of control dogs by the end of 2 h of fluid administration than did Normosol R. Despite the high concentration of potassium in Solution A (20 mmol/1) there were only marginal elevations in plasma potassium values. Administration of an average of 80 mmol of bicarbonate to normal dogs resulted in an average increase of only 2.7 mmol/1, whereas in dogs with acidosis the increase was 6.4 mmol/1.
A radioimmunoassay method for the measurement of residues of the anabolic agent, hexoestrol, in tissues of cattle and sheep
Authors: HARWOOD D. J. , HEITZMAN R. J. , JOUQUEY A. 
Published: April 2008

A radioimmunoassay (RIA) method for hexoestrol using an antiserum against hexoestrol‐carboxypropyl ether‐BSA and H3‐hexoestrol was used to measure the concentrations of residues of hexoestrol in 0.1 ml biological fluids and 1 g edible tissues of implanted cattle and sheep. A preliminary ether extraction of biological fluids was necessary before RIA. The ether extract from tissues was further purified by solvent partition and silica gel column chromatography before RIA. Conjugates of hexoestrol were measured after enzymatic hydrolysis to free hexoestrol. In untreated animals residues were either not detected or very low in all tissues except urine from sheep. The method has a lower limit of detection of approximately 0–10 pg/ml for biological fluids in cattle and 20–100 pg/g for tissues in both sheep and cattle but the lower limit of detection in sheep urine was 70–294 pg/ml urine.In two heifers implanted with 60 mg hexoestrol and slaughtered 2 and 7 days after implantation, residues of hexoestrol were detected in all tissues except muscle with highest concentrations between 2 ‐ 17 ng/g in urine, bile and kidney. The concentration of residues in steers which had been implanted with 45 mg or 60 mg hexoestrol and slaughtered at 90 days after implantation were 0, < 50, 46–96 and 200 pg/ml or g of plasma, muscle, liver and urine, respectively. The concentrations of hexoestrol in sheep implanted with 15 ml hexoestrol and slaughtered after 60 days were 70, 0, 964, 3100 and 4074 pg/g or ml of muscle, fat, liver, kidney and urine, respectively. No hexoestrol was found in control untreated cattle and sheep. It was concluded that some residues of hexoestrol were present in the excretory fluids and tissues of cattle and sheep which had been implanted with hexoestrol at the recommended dose and slaughtered after the recommended withdrawal periods. However, the concentrations of hexoestrol in muscle and fat were extremely low or not detectable. The method could be used for the routine screening of animals for treatment with hexoestrol.
The in vitro resistance of canine staphylococci to trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole alone and in combination
Authors: HINTON M. , MARSTON M. , CRISFIELD JULIA 
Published: April 2008

The in vitro resistance of 40 strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from dogs to trimethoprim, sulphamethoxazole and co‐trimoxazole (SXT) was assessed using the disc diffusion technique on Diagnostic Sensitivity Test Agar (DSTA), DSTA with 5% lysed horse blood (DSTA + B), IsoSensitest Agar (ISTA) and Wellcotest Sensitivity Test Agar (WSTA).When sensitivity was based on a zone width of ≥4 mm all 40 strains were sensitive to SXT on DSTA + B and ISTA, 39 were sensitive on WSTA while only 31 (77.5%) were sensitive on DSTA.A comparison of the results obtained for each strain for trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole with those obtained with the Oxford strain of S. aureus and using a scheme for interpretation recommended by Garrod & O'Grady (1971) indicated that the proportion of strains classed as sensitive for therapeutic purposes was 5%, 55%, 47.5% and 15% respectively on DSTA, DSTA + B, ISTA and WSTA.
Lidocaine plasma concentrations obtained with a standardized infusion in the awake and anaesthetized dog
Authors: RICK A. DE , ROSSEEL M.‐T. , BELPAIRE F. , BOGAERT M. 
Published: April 2008

Lidocaine was administered intravenously on several occasions to three healthy mongrel dogs. The lidocaine treatment consisted of an infusion of 0.8 mg/kg/ min over 10 min, followed by an infusion of 0.085 mg/kg/min over 3 h. This lidocaine treatment was given once in the awake state and on two other occasions the infusion was started before or during the following anaesthetic regimen: atropine‐meperidine premedication, thiopental induction and maintenance nitrous oxide‐methoxyflurane anaesthesia.In most instances plasma levels were somewhat higher at the end of the loading infusion (>5 μg/ml) than subsequendy, but steady‐state values were obtained soon after starting the 3‐h infusion. There were no striking differences between the plasma profiles and half‐lives found in the three series of experiments: mean plasma concentrations of lidocaine during steady state were between 3.5 and 5.0 μg/ml and the half‐life of lidocaine was 1 to 2 h.Signs of intoxication were not seen in any of the dogs at any stage of the procedures. It is concluded that with the loading and maintenance doses used in this study steady‐state values, probably within the therapeutic range, are obtained within a few minutes. The plasma concentrations are not influenced by the anaesthetic regimen used.
Effects of Caerulein on exocrine pancreatic secretion in sheep
Authors: BERETTA C. , ORMAS P. , BELLOLI C. , INVERNIZZI A. , FAUSTINI R. 
Published: April 2008

Caerulein administered by slow intravenous infusion at increasing dosage rates (0.1, 1.0, 5.0 and 10.0 ng/kg/min ± 30 min) stimulated pancreatic juice production in sheep as well as the protein content, the amylolytic, the lipolytic and proteolytic activities of pancreatic juice samples collected at 30 min intervals.A long lasting (300 min) infusion of a high dose of Caerulein by subcutaneous route elicited stimulatory effects with reduced intensities, slower onsets but more sustained durations than those produced by the same dose level administered intravenously.
Disposition of gentamicin in the genital tract of cows*
Authors: AL‐GUEDAWY SAYED A. , NEFF‐DAVIS CAROL A. , DAVIS LLOYD E. , WHITMORE HOWARD L. , GUSTAFSSON BORJE K. 
Published: April 2008

The distribution of gentamicin (G) in plasma and uterine lumen was studied following intramuscular (i.m.) and intrauterine (i.u.) treatment. A Foley catheter was inserted into one uterine horn and retained in place by inflation of the cuff. This provided a closed system for collection of uterine lumen samples and analysis of the concentration of gentamicin for 6 h following treatment.Four normal cycling and healthy cows in dioestrus were given i.m. injections of 4 mg gentamicin/kg BW and another two were given i.m. injections of 2 mg gentamicin/kg BW gentamicin. The uteri were infused with 50 ml saline containing phenolsulphonphthalein (PSP) indicator.Blood and infused solution (IS) samples were periodically collected during the 6‐h period following i.m. administration. Six hours after injection, approximately 183.7 μg gentamicin and 39.4 μg gentamicin were accumulated in the uterine lumen of cows receiving 4 mg gentamicin/kg BW and 2 mg gentamicin/kg BW, respectively. The amount of gentamicin reaching the blood stream after i.m. administration of 4 mg gentamicin/kg BW was 2.89 times that reached after administration of 2 mg gentamicin/kg BW based on the area under the curve of plots of plasma concentration of gentamicin versus time.Four normal‐cycling and healthy cows in dioestrus were given i.u. infusions of gentamicin (225–275 mg) diluted in 50 ml saline containing PSP indicator using a Foley catheter in a closed system. Samples from the IS and blood were collected at various intervals for 6 h after infusion. Following i.u. infusion of gentamicin, an average of 29.4% of the dose was absorbed into the bloodstream. The majority of the dose of gentamicin (70.6%) remained in the uterine lumen throughout the 6‐h period.
Clinical pharmacokinetics of carbenicillin, carfecillin, ticarcillin and BL‐P 1654 in dairy cows
Authors: NOUWS J. F. M. , ZIV G. , van GINNEKEN C. A. M. , VREE T. B. 
Published: April 2008

The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of carbenicillin, ticarcillin and BL‐P 1654 for gram‐negative udder pathogens were determined using the agar plate dilution method. The MIC of the drugs for 50% and 90% of the isolates examined ranged for Escherichia coli and Aerobacter spp. from 1.56 to 25 μg/ml, and for Klebsiella spp. and Pseudomonas spp. from 3.12 to 50 μg/ml. The Serratia spp. were relatively non‐susceptible for the drugs studied (MIC greater than 50μg/ml).Each drug was administered intravenously at 5 g and 15 g per cow to different groups of cows with normal and inflamed quarters of the udder. Distribution and elimination kinetic parameters calculated from serum drug level data were very similar to those of other beta‐lactam antibiotics. Although drug concentrations in milk from inflamed quarters were higher than in milk from normal quarters, they were considerably below the MIC for the majority of gram‐negative udder pathogens. The data suggest that parenteral treatment of gram‐negative udder infections with carbenicillin, carfecillin, ticarcillin and BL‐P 1654 at the dose levels used in the present study is unlikely to result in a bacteriological cure and would probably be clinically ineffective.
Pharmacokinetics of cefotaxime and probenecid in sheep with normal and reduced renal function
Authors: GUERRINI V. H. , FILIPPICH L.J. , ENGLISH P. B. , CAO G. R. , BOURNE D. W. A. 
Published: April 2008

The pharmacokinetics of cefotaxime and probenecid, given by intravenous injection, were determined in six Merino ewes which had been subjected to a 75% reduction in renal mass. These results were compared with results previously determined in sheep with normal renal function. In the sheep with reduced renal mass, the following significant changes in parameter values for cefotaxime were observed. The elimination rate constant (kel) decreased by 47%, the apparent volume of the central compartment (Vc) decreased by 59%, the steady state volume (Vss) decreased by 50%, and the total body clearance (ClB) decreased by 78%. The rate constant for distribution of drug into tissues (k12) increased 6.9 times, the rate constant for distribution out of tissues (k21) increased 3.7 times, and the area under the plasma concentration‐time curve (AUC) increased by a factor of 4.9.The parameter values, determined in sheep with reduced renal mass, for probenecid plasma half‐life, Vss and the rate constants k12, k21 and kel were not significantly different from the values obtained previously in sheep with normal renal mass. However, the rate constant for renal excretion of probenecid (kc), renal clearance (ClR), ClB and Vc decreased by 79, 90, 54 and 36%, respectively.The results indicate that reduced renal mass increased the plasma half‐life for cefotaxime as well as increasing its diffusion into tissue. In the case of probenecid the overall distribution and elimination kinetics were not altered by reduced renal mass; however, the rate of urinary excretion of the drug was reduced.
Monitoring for antibiotic resistance in enterococci consequent upon feeding growth promoters active against Gram‐positive bacteria
Authors: LINTON A. H. , HINTON M. H. , AL‐CHALABY Z. A. M. 
Published: April 2008

Linton, A.H., Hinton, M.H. & Al‐Challaby, Z.A.M. Monitoring for antibiotic resistance in enterococci consequent upon feeding growth promoters active against Gram‐positive bacteria. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 8, 62–70.Commercial chicken and pig farms, using different growth promoters, were monitored for enterococci resistant to a range of antibacterial agents. Due to inconsistent findings attributed to uncontrollable factors, chickens kept under experimental conditions were also studied. A total of 4216 isolates from all the surveys were examined. Resistant isolates were often encountered, even in control groups, suggesting complex population changes not necessarily solely connected with the influence of the growth promoters. It was concluded that comprehensive methods for differentiating strains are necessary to unravel this problem. A. H. Linton, Department of Microbiology, University of Bristol, Bristol, Avon BS8 ITD, England.
The effect of copper on intact cattle erythrocytes
Authors: ASANO R. , HOKARI S. 
Published: April 2008

Asano, R. & Hokari, S. The effect of copper on intact cattle erythrocytes. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 8, 157–164.The effect of copper on intact cattle erythrocytes was investigated in vitro. When treated with copper, a decrease in the GSH content, accumulation of copper in the cell, loss of potassium and gain of sodium, cross‐linking of membrane proteins, and echinocytic transformation were observed. All of these phenomena seem to be caused by a potent oxidant action of copper. These icy totoxic effects of copper were markedly inhibited by the addition of bovine serum albumin in the incubation medium. These results may help to understand the mechanism of hemolysis associated with copper poisoning in vivo. Ryuji Asano, Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252, Japan.
Pharmacokinetics of anti‐epileptic drugs in the dog: a review
Authors: FREY H.‐H. , LÖSCHER W. 
Published: April 2008

Frey, H.‐H. & Löscher, W. Pharmacokinetics of anti‐epileptic drugs in the dog: a review. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 8, 219–233. Dr H.‐H. Frey, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Free University of Berlin, Koserstrasse 20, D‐IOOO Berlin 33, West Germany.
Gallbladder motility in sheep: effects of cholecystokinin and related peptides
Authors: RUCKEBUSCH Y. , SOLDANI G. 
Published: April 2008

Ruckebusch, Y. & Soldani, G. Gallbladder motility in sheep: effects of cholecystokinin and related peptides. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therup. 8, 263–269.Gallbladder motility was recorded as tonic and small amplitude (rhythmic) contractions in conscious sheep fitted with miniaturized strain‐gauge force transducers located in the corpus and fundus. Nichrome wire electrodes were chronically implanted in the gastroduodenal area. Both tonic and superimposed rhythmic gallbladder contractions were increased during feeding. They decreased during the periodic phases of antroduodenal quiescence. The excitatory effects on gallbladder and antroduodenal motility were mimicked by pilocarpine and blocked by atropine. Cholecystokinin (CCK‐OP) and caerulein elicited motor responses of the gallbladder in a dose‐related manner without antroduodenal stimulation. In contrast, pentagastrin induced gallbladder motor responses with concomitant stimulation of the antroduodenal area. The results suggest that feeding may act to trigger gallbladder motor activity through a mechanism related to the increased antroduodenal activity. Direct effects of CCK‐OP and caerulein confirm that gallbladder motor function is also mediated through specific receptor sites. Professor Y. Ruckebusch, Ecole Nalionale Vélérinaire, 23 chemin des Capelles, 31076 Toulouse Cédex, France.
Potentiation of the anthelmintic activity of oxfendazole by parbendazole
Authors: HENNESSY D. R. , LACEY E. , PRICHARD R. K. , STEEL J. W. 
Published: April 2008

Hennessy, D.R., Lacey, E., Prichaid, R.K. & Steel, J.W. Potentiation of the anthelmintic activity of oxfendazole by parbendazole. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 8, 270–275.The ability of parbendazole (PBZ) to potentiate co‐administered oxfendazole (OFZ) was investigated. Administration of a range (1.35–36.0 mg/kg) of doses of PBZ with 4.53 mg OKZ/kg demonstrated that signilicant potentiation occurred at 4.5 mg PBZ/kg. At 4.5 mg PBZ/kg, the area under the plasma OKZ concentration curve was about twice that obtained from oral administration of OFZ alone. When tested against benzimidazole‐resistant Haemonchus contorolus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis, the mixture of 4.5 mg PBZ + 4.53 mg OKZ/kg was significantly more effective than 4.53 mg OFZ/kg alone, and PBZ alone showed no activity against these resistant nematodes. The demonstration of PBZ‐OFZ potentiation has indicated a means of obtaining a more effective use of currently available anthelmintics in the treatment of helminthiasis. Dr D. R. Hennessy, CSIRO Division of Animal Health, McMaster Laboratory, Private Bag No. 1, PO, Glebe, NSW 2037, Australia.
Distribution of kanamycin in ocular tissues of calves
Authors: GEORGE L. W. , REINA‐GUERRA M. , BAGGOT J. D. , MIHALYI JUDY 
Published: April 2008

The ocular distribution of kanamycin following intramuscular, bulbar subconjunctival injection, or after constant rate intravenous infusion to calves was studied. Steady‐state plasma concentrations of kanamycin were achieved in either normal calves, or in those experimentally infected with Moraxella bovis, and the concentrations of kanamycin in the serum, aqueous humor, vitreous body, tears, and the ocular tissues were measured. Kanamycin was not detected in the retina, lens, vitreous body, or the aqueous humor of any eyes, but the concentration of drug in the tears, conjunctiva, cornea and the orbital lacrimal gland of these calves ranged between 18 and 21% of that in serum. At steady‐state plasma levels, the kanamycin concentrations in tears from eyes with keratoconjunctivitis and from normal eyes were similar. A study using lyophilized, powdered, ocular tissues in vitro showed that kanamycin was highly bound to the bovine retina and iris, and could be eluted using 0.2 N NaOH. The binding of kanamycin to other ocular tissues, including cornea, conjunctiva and lens, was significantly less.The concentration of kanamycin in the serum and the tears of calves was also measured after intramuscular or bulbar subconjunctival injection. After intramuscular administration of kanamycin (10 mg/kg of body‐weight), the mean serum concentration was maximal at 1 h (32 μg/ml) and remained ≥ 1.0 μg/ml for 8 h. The mean tear concentration was maximal (3.1 μg/ml) at 30 min, and remained ≥ 1.5 μg/ml for only 2.5 h. Following bulbar subjunctival administration of kanamycin (100 mg, single subconjunctival dose), the mean tear concentration was 1127 μg/ml at 30 min, ≤ 4.1 μg/ml at 4 h, and thereafter was ≤ 1.0 μg/ml. It was concluded that kanamycin has limited distribution to the ocular tissues following parenteral administration. Binding of the drug to the ocular pigments may be responsible for its limited intraocular penetration.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of guanidine hydrochloride in an hereditary myasthenia gravis‐like disorder in dogs
Authors: FLAGSTAD A. , NIELSEN P. , ABORG W. TROJ 
Published: April 2008

The pharmacokinetic parameters of guanidine hydrochloride were analysed in dogs with an hereditary neuromuscular transmission disorder by the use of 14C‐guanidine hydrochloride. The content of intravenously administrated 14C‐guanidine hydrochloride in plasma, urine and faeces was determined by liquid scintillation counting. The drug was rapidly distributed in the organism with a plasma half‐life of 7–8 h and most was eliminated in the urine.The clinical and electrophysiological effects of guanidine hydrochloride on the muscular weakness and fatigue induced by exercise were determined after oral and intravenous administration. Guanidine hydrochloride improved muscle‐function, but had no apparent effect when administered during an attack of weakness. An effective level of guanidine in plasma (2–10 Hg/ml) changed the muscle response evoked by trains of repetitive stimulation. The myasthenic decrement during short stimulation trains was unchanged.
Clinical pharmacology of mecillinam in calves
Authors: SOBACK S. , BOR A. , PAZ R. , ZIV G. 
Published: April 2008

Soback, S., Bor, A., Paz, R. & Ziv, G. Clinical pharmacology of mecillinam in calves. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 9, 385–393.The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of mecillinam, a novel β‐amidinopenicillanic acid derivative with unusual activity against Gram‐negative bacteria, were compared with the MIC of cephazolin, cephalothin, amoxycillin, oxytetracycline, chloramphenicol, dihydrostreptomycin, neomycin, kanamycin, gentamicin and sulfadoxin/trimethoprim (TMP) against pathogenic Gram‐negative bacteria recovered from neonatal calves. The MIC values of mecillinam ranged between 0.05 μg/ml and 12.5 μg/ml, and the MIC90values were 1.56 μg/ml and 3.12 μg/ml. The activity of mecillinam against salmonella,Escherichia coliandPasteurella multocidawas similar to or slightly greater than the activities of the first‐generation cephalosporins, gentamicin and sulfa/TMP. Mecillinam concentrations ≤ 3.12 μg/ml inhibited the growth of the majority of isolates which were resistant (MIC90 > 100 μg/ml) to the other antibiotics studied. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of mecillinam were two‐ to three‐fold higher than the MIC values.The two‐compartment open model was appropriate for the analysis of serum mecillinam concentrations measured after intravenous administration. The distribution half‐life (t½α) was 11.7 min, the elimination half‐life (t½β) was 53.3 min, and the apparent volume of distribution (Vd(area)) and the distribution volume at steady state (Vd(ss)) were 0.568 and 0.896 1/kg, respectively. The drug was quickly absorbed after intramuscular (i.m.) injection; peak serum drug concentrations were directly related to the dose administered. They were obtained 30 min after treatment and the i.m.t½was approximately 65 min. An aqueous solution of probenecid administered i.m. at 40 mg/kg together with mecillinam resulted in peak serum drug concentrations which were nearly twice the peak observed after the i.m. administration of mecillinam alone and during the first 2 h after treatment the i.m.t½of mecillinam was 110 min.Mecillinam was approximately 25% bound to serum proteins. The duration of free drug concentrations in the tissues after i.m. administration were estimated from the serum drug level data,Vd(ss),t½and the MIC. Computations showed that mecillinam should be administered at 16 mg/kg every 5 h, and with the co‐administration of probenecid the dosage interval can be extended to 6.5 h, in order to maintain effective drug concentrations potentially sufficient to inhibit 90% of the salmonella,E. coli, andP. multocidaisolates in tissues.