bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Attapulgite@polymer particles with double‐layer polymer shell via soapless seeded emulsion polymerization
Authors: Liu Yushan , Liu Peng , Su Zhixing 
Published: November 2007

AbstractAttapulgite needle encapsulated with double‐layer polymer shell (ATP@DP) were prepared by the soapless seeded emulsion polymerization of the second monomer styrene in the dispersion of the attapulgite needle encapsulated with poly(methyl methacrylate) (ATP@PMMA), which was also conducted by the soapless seeded emulsion polymerization of the first monomer methyl methacrylate with the cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) modified attapulgite needle (org‐ATP) as seeds. The different morphologies of ATP, ATP@PMMA particles, and ATP@DP particles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, and the encapsulation mechanism was also discussed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Potential of agroindustrial waste from olive oil industry for fuel ethanol production
Authors: Georgieva Tania I. , Ahring Birgitte K. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractOlive pulp (OP) is a highly polluting semi‐solid residue generated from the two‐stage extraction processing of olives and is a major environmental issue in Southern Europe, where 80% of the world olive oil is produced. At present, OP is either discarded to the environment or combusted with low calorific value. In this work, utilization of OP as a potential substrate for production of bioethanol was studied. Enzymatic hydrolysis and subsequent glucose fermentation by baker's yeast were evaluated for OP from 10% to 30% dry matter (i.e., undiluted). Enzymatic hydrolysis resulted in an increase in glucose concentration by 75%, giving final glucose yields near 70%. Fermentation of undiluted OP hydrolysate (OPH) resulted in the maximum ethanol produced (11.2 g/L) with productivity of 2.1 g/L/h. Ethanol yields were similar for all tested OPH concentrations and were in the range of 0.49‐0.51 g/g. Results showed that yeast could effectively ferment OPH even without nutrient addition, revealing the tolerance of yeast to OP toxicity. Because of low xylan (12.4%) and glucan (16%) content in OP, this specific type of OP is not a suitable material for producing only ethanol and thus, bioethanol production should be integrated with production of other value‐added products.
Renewable resources in the chemical industry – Breaking away from oil?
Authors: Nordhoff Stefan , Höcker Hans , Gebhardt Henrike 
Published: November 2007

AbstractRising prices for fossil‐based raw materials suggest that sooner or later renewable raw materials will, in principle, become economically viable. This paper examines this widespread paradigm. Price linkages like those seen for decades particularly in connection with petrochemical raw materials are now increasingly affecting renewable raw materials. The main driving force is the competing utilisation as an energy source because both fossil‐based and renewable raw materials are used primarily for heat, electrical power and mobility. As a result, prices are determined by energy utilisation. Simple observations show how prices for renewable carbon sources are becoming linked to the crude oil price. Whether the application calls for sugar, starch, virgin oils or lignocellulose, the price for the raw material rises with the oil price. Consequently, expectations regarding price trends for fossil‐based energy sources can also be utilised for the valuation of alternative processes. However, this seriously calls into question the assumption that a rising crude oil price will favour the economic viability of alternative products and processes based on renewable raw materials. Conversely, it follows that these products and processes must demonstrate economic viability today. Especially in connection with new approaches in white biotechnology, it is evident that, under realistic assumptions, particularly in terms of achievable yields and the optimisation potential of the underlying processes, the route to utilisation is economically viable. This makes the paradigm mentioned at the outset at least very questionable.
Competition – Supporting or preventing an increased use of bioenergy?
Authors: Thrän Daniela , Kaltschmitt Martin 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe intensified use of biomass as an energy source is an often‐repeated goal of the German and European climate protection policy. Therefore, framework conditions have been created in recent years, which allow for a wider use of biomass within the energy system especially for a provision of electricity and fuels. Due to this policy, Germany, for example, has emerged as the leading producer of biogas from energy crops and fatty methyl ester (FAME) in Europe. However, due to the high energy price level, the use of biomass for heating purposes and as a renewable raw material have increased at the same time. To supply the obviously increased demand for biomass or biobased energy carriers cost efficiently, nationwide and to some extend even global markets are under development at present. As the demand for biomass is expected to continue to increase strongly, it is feared that an increasing competition with the use for food and fodder as well as a raw material might occur in the years to come. Against this background we have analyzed the competitions that can be expected, and the influence that they may have on the further expansion of the use of biomass for energy production. Experiences from Germany are provided exemplarily. Based on this, it is concluded that measures need to be taken to support an efficient and sustainable use of bioenergy in the future.
Influence of route of gastric transposition on oxygen supply at cervical oesophagogastric anastomoses
Authors: Anegg U , Lindenmann J , Maier A , Smolle J , Smolle-Jüttner F M 
Published: November 2007

Abstract

Background
The microcirculation and oxygen supply at the oesophagogastric anastomosis are crucial factors that influence anastomotic healing after oesophagectomy.

Methods
Twenty-nine patients (mean age 61·7 years) underwent gastric transposition via an orthotopic (14) or retrosternal (15) route. Interstitial partial pressure of oxygen (Po2) of the stomach in the anastomotic region was measured during oesophagectomy and in the intensive care unit. Interstitial Po2 values were determined after ligation of the short gastric vessels, after ligation of the left gastric artery, after forming the conduit and after gastric transposition. Postoperative measurements were recorded during endotracheal intubation, while breathing oxygen by mask or through the nose, and while breathing air.

Results
Interstitial Po2 levels were significantly higher before ligation of the left gastric artery than after ligation (mean 76·1 (95 per cent confidence interval 54·9 to 103·1) versus 44·9 (24·6 to 77·1) mmHg; P = 0·001). Levels were also higher following orthotopic transposition compared with the retrosternal route (68·2 (44·0 to 118·8) versus 24·6 (10·7 to 39·4) mmHg; P = 0·001) and during each postoperative measurement period. No differences were found between the various oxygen supply systems.

Conclusion
Oxygen supply at the anastomosis of the gastric conduit reaches higher levels after orthotopic than retrosternal gastric transposition.
The hybrid cardiac catheterization laboratory for congenital heart disease: From conception to completion
Authors: Hirsch Russel 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThere has been a recent trend toward hybrid cardiac catheterization procedures for the treatment of patients with various forms of congenital heart disease. Hybrid procedures offer the combined advantages of outstanding imaging in a full operating room environment, allowing direct access onto the heart or the great vessels for access or procedure completion, or complementary imaging before, during, or after surgical correction when necessary. With the increase in frequency of hybrid procedures, more medical centers are contemplating the conversion of standard cardiac catheterization rooms to hybrid facilities, or de novo construction. In this report, we detail a single‐center experience of conversion from a standard catheterization facility into a hybrid suite. The strategic planning, design, system integration, and the challenges inherent to this project are discussed. Many of the solutions to these challenges are likely to be applicable to other institutions planning on similar hybrid conversion or construction. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Screening of a Phosphite–Phosphoramidite Ligand Library for Palladium‐Catalysed Asymmetric Allylic Substitution Reactions: The Origin of Enantioselectivity
Authors: Pàmies Oscar , Diéguez Montserrat 
Published: November 2007

AbstractWe have designed a new library of readily available, highly modular phosphite‐phosphoramidite ligands for asymmetric allylic substitution reactions. They are easily prepared in one step from commercially available chiral 1,2‐amino alcohols. The introduction of a phosphoramidite moiety into the ligand design is highly advantageous for the product outcome. This ligand library affords high reaction rates (TOFs of up to 800 mol (mol h)−1) and enantioselectivities (ees of up to 99 %) and, at the same time, contains a broad range of disubstituted hindered and unhindered substrate types. NMR study of the Pd‐π‐allyl intermediates provide a deeper understanding of the effect of the ligand parameters on the origin of enantioselectivity.
2′‐O‐Lysylaminohexyl Oligonucleotides: Modifications for Antisense and siRNA
Authors: Winkler Johannes , Gilbert Matthias , Kocourková Aneta , Stessl Martina , Noe Christian R. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA novel type of oligonucleotide has been developed, characterized by the attachment of a lysyl moiety to a 2′‐O‐aminohexyl linker. A protected lysine building block was tethered to 2′‐O‐aminohexyluridine, and the product was converted into the corresponding phosphoramidite. Up to six modified nucleosides were incorporated in dodecamer DNA and RNA oligonucleotides using standard phosphoramidite chemistry. Each of the building blocks contributes one positive charge to the oligonucleotide instead of the negative charge of a wild‐type nucleotide. Thermal denaturation profiles indicated a stabilizing effect of 2′‐O‐lysylaminohexyl chains that was more pronounced in RNA duplexes. Incubation of the oligonucleotides with 5′‐exonuclease revealed an exceptionally high stability against enzymatic degradation. Incorporation of up to three modifications into functional antisense and siRNA oligonucleotides targeted at ICAM‐1 showed that the gene‐silencing activity was higher with an increasing number of lysylaminohexyl nucleotides. Compared with wild‐type antisense or siRNA, compounds with three modifications led to equal or higher ICAM‐1 downregulation.
The effect of uncontrolled concurrency on model checking
Authors: Carter Donna M. , Aygun Ramazan , Cox Glenn , Weisskopf Mary Ellen , Etzkorn Letha 
Published: November 2007

AbstractCorrectness of concurrent software is usually checked by techniques such as peer code reviews or code walkthroughs and testing. These techniques, however, are subject to human error, and thus do not achieve an in‐depth verification of correctness. Model‐checking techniques, which can systematically identify and verify every state that a system can enter, are a powerful alternative method for verifying concurrent systems. However, the usefulness of model checking is limited because the number of states for concurrent models grows exponentially with the number of processes in the system. This is often referred to as the ‘state explosion problem.’ Some processes are a central part of the software operation and must be included in the model. However, we have found that some exponential complexity results due to uncontrolled concurrency introduced by the programmer rather than due to the intrinsic characteristics of the software being modeled. We have performed tests on multimedia synchronization to show the effect of abstraction as well as uncontrolled concurrency using the Promela/SPIN model checker. We begin with a sequential model not expected to have exponential complexity but that results in exponential complexity. In this paper, we provide alternative designs and explain how uncontrolled concurrency can be removed from the code. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Resource space view tour mechanism
Authors: Liu Jin , Li Xiang , Feng Liang 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe resource space model is a new semantic data model for managing various resources. On the basis of the model, this paper proposes a view mechanism for finding and reusing legacy resource spaces according to users' idiosyncratic interests. It establishes a flexible reorganizing mechanism of legacy resource spaces to reduce redundant work. As a viewpoint organization strategy, the resource subject tree is proposed as an effective way of discovering desirable resource space views. A case study is presented to demonstrate the proposed approach. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
From complex conflicts to stable cooperation: Cases in environment and security
Authors: Scheffran Jürgen , Hannon Bruce 
Published: November 2007

AbstractConflict is a dynamic and complex form of human interaction, often emerging from incompatible actions, values, and goals and consuming a considerable amount of resources. Conflicts are an expression of and a contribution to system instability and may lead to chaotic escalation between adversaries, causing a breakdown of social and natural systems. To resolve conflicts, the actors can adjust their actions toward cooperatively stabilizing their interaction and form stable coalitions. To study the dynamics of conflict and the evolution of cooperation, we introduce an integrated framework for modeling the interaction of multiple actors who pursue objectives by allocating their resources to various action paths. In repeated learning cycles, actors can adjust their actions and resources to those of other actors, thus shifting from conflict to cooperation. Within our general framework, it is possible to study the complexity and instability of multiactor constellations and the transition to cooperation for specific examples in a wide range of fields, including military security of missile defense systems and environmental conflicts in fishery management, energy, and climate change. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity, 2007
Peroxisome biogenesis occurs in late dorsal‐anterior structures in the development of Xenopus laevis
Authors: Cooper Colin A. , Walsh Logan A. , Damjanovski Sashko 
Published: November 2007

AbstractMetabolism and development are two important processes not often examined in the same context. The focus of the present study is the expression of specific peroxisomal genes, the subsequent biogenesis of peroxisomes, and their potential role in the metabolism associated with the development of Xenopus laevis embryos. The temporal and expression patterns of six peroxisomal genes (PEX5, ACO, PEX19, PMP70, PEX16, and catalase) were elucidated using RT‐PCR. Functionally related peroxisomal genes exhibited similar expression patterns with their RNA levels elevated relatively late during embryogenesis. Using immunohistochemistry PMP70 and catalase protein was localized largely to dorsal‐anterior structures. Peroxisomal function was assayed with peroxisomal targeted‐GFP, which when microinjected, revealed peroxisomes in dorsal‐anterior structures at stage 45. A requirement for peroxisomal function appears to be present only late in development as organogenesis is finishing, yolk stores are depleted, and ingestion commences. Developmental Dynamics 236:3554–3561, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Phonological working memory in German children with poor reading and spelling abilities
Authors: Steinbrink Claudia , Klatte Maria 
Published: November 2007

AbstractDeficits in verbal short‐term memory have been identified as one factor underlying reading and spelling disorders. However, the nature of this deficit is still unclear. It has been proposed that poor readers make less use of phonological coding, especially if the task can be solved through visual strategies. In the framework of Baddeley's phonological loop model, this study examined serial recall performance in German second‐grade children with poor vs good reading and spelling abilities. Children were presented with four‐item lists of common nouns for immediate serial recall. Word length and phonological similarity as well as presentation modality (visual vs auditory) and type of recall (visual vs verbal) were varied as within‐subject factors in a mixed design. Word length and phonological similarity effects did not differ between groups, thus indicating equal use of phonological coding and rehearsal in poor and good readers. However, in all conditions, except the one that combined visual presentation and visual recall, overall performance was significantly lower in poor readers. The results suggest that the poor readers' difficulties do not arise from an avoidance of the phonological loop, but from its inefficient use. An alternative account referring to unstable phonological representations in long‐term memory is discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A female‐specific pentraxin, CrOctin, bridges pattern recognition receptors to bacterial phosphoethanolamine
Authors: Li Yue , Ng P. Miang Lon , Ho Bow , Ding Jeak Ling 
Published: November 2007

AbstractPathogen recognition and binding are crucial functions of innate immunity. It has been observed that the short pentraxin superfamily including C‐reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid P component are pathogen pattern recognition receptors (PRR) in the plasma. We isolated and characterized a novel and distinctive pentraxin from the plasma of horseshoe crab, Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda, henceforth named CrOctin, which binds to bacteria via phosphoethanolamine (PE), a chemical component present on lipid A and core polysaccharide moieties of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Infection enhances the formation of the PRR interactome constituting CrOctin, CRP and galactose‐binding protein. In particular, infection increases the affinity of CRP to CrOctin by 1000‐fold. Furthermore, we observed that by binding to PE, CrOctin acts as a linker that bridges the PRR interactome to the inner core of LPS. On the other hand, under normal physiological conditions, binding of CrOctin to PE appears to obscure other PRR from interacting directly with PE. Interestingly, the cluster of “CrOctin‐interactive PRR” is sex specific. We report, for the first time, the change in PRR protein profiles with a distinctive gender difference during Pseudomonas infection.
IL‐15 mediates antigen‐induced neutrophil migration by triggering IL‐18 production
Authors: Verri Waldiceu A. , Cunha Thiago M. , Ferreira Sérgio H. , Wei Xiaoqing , Leung Bernard P. , Fraser Alasdair , McInnes Iain B. , Liew Foo Y. , Cunha Fernando Q. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractWe have investigated the mechanisms underlying IL‐15‐induced neutrophil migration into inflamed tissues. IL‐15 induced neutrophil migration to the peritoneal cavity in mice in a time‐ and dose‐dependent manner. The cell migration was not induced in IL‐18–/–, MIP‐1α (CCL3)–/–, TNFR1–/– or 5‐LOX–/– mice but was normal in IFN‐γ–/– mice. IL‐15‐induced neutrophil migration was inhibited by anti‐MIP‐2 (CXCL2) antibody or MK886 (leukotriene synthesis inhibitor). IL‐18‐induced neutrophil migration was also dependent on TNFR1, MIP‐1α, MIP‐2 and leukotriene. Consistent with this observation, IL‐15 induced IL‐18 production, and IL‐15 or IL‐18 injection induced the production of MIP‐2, MIP‐1α, TNF‐α and LTB4. In an antigen‐specific inflammation model, ovalbumin (OVA)‐induced neutrophil migration was completely inhibited by soluble IL‐15Rα (sIL‐15Rα) or anti‐MIP‐2 antibody. Furthermore, cell migration was absent in IL‐18–/–, MIP‐1α–/–, TNFR1–/–, or 5‐LOX–/– mice. OVA challenge induced the release of MIP‐2, MIP‐1α, TNF‐α and LTB4 in the peritoneal cavity in an IL‐15‐ and IL‐18‐dependent manner. We also found that neutrophils from the peripheral blood and synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis produced substantial amounts of IL‐18 and LTB4 following activation by IL‐15. Together, these results demonstrate that IL‐15 plays an important role in antigen‐induced neutrophil migration during inflammation, triggering a sequential OVA, IL‐15, IL‐18, MIP‐2, MIP‐1α, TNF‐α, LTB4 and neutrophil migration signaling cascade.
Ca‐Mediated Styrene Polymerization: Tacticity Control by Ligand Design
Authors: Piesik Dirk F.‐J. , Häbe Karin , Harder Sjoerd 
Published: November 2007

AbstractNew heteroleptic benzylcalcium complexes with modified fluorenyl ligands were prepared which include a complex with a chelating dimethylamino substituent, [9‐(2‐Me2N‐ethyl)fluorenyl][2‐Me2N‐α‐Me3Si‐benzyl]Ca (4), and a series of complexes with bulky substituents like tBu‐, Ph(Me)2C‐, Me(Ph)2C‐ and Me(4‐tBuC6H4)2C‐ in the 2‐ and 7‐positions of the fluorenyl ligand (complexes 5 through 9, respectively). Crystal structures of 4, [(2,7‐tBu‐9‐Me3Si‐fluorenyl)(2‐Me2N‐benzyl)Ca]2 (5) and [2,7‐Ph(Me)2C‐9‐Me3Si‐fluorenyl][2‐Me2N‐α‐Me3Si‐benzyl]Ca·THF (6) show that modification of the fluorenyl ligand hardly affects the coordination mode of the benzylic ligand. Also, in solution all compounds are of heteroleptic nature and it was shown that fluorenyl modifications hardly affect the barriers for inversion at the chiral benzylic carbon atom [18.7(2)–19.2(2) kcal/mol]. Complex 4 does not initiate styrene polymerization, which underscores the importance of a free coordination site at calcium. Complexes 5–9 initiate styrene polymerization, and the syndiotacticity of the obtained polymers increases with the bulkiness of the substituents on the fluorenyl ligands. Syndiotacticities up to r = 95 % (rr = 90 %) were obtained.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
C–S Bond Activation and Partial Hydrogenation of Thiophene by a Dinuclear Trihydride Platinum Complex
Authors: Nova Ainara , Novio Fernando , González‐Duarte Pilar , Lledós Agustí , Mas‐Ballesté Rubén 
Published: November 2007

Abstract[(dppp)2Pt2H3]ClO4 [I, dppp = Ph2P(CH2)3PPh2] was found to activate the C–S bond and to cause partial hydrogenation of thiophene. Thus, the reaction of I with neat thiophene (T) at reflux temperature yields [(dppp)Pt(SC4H4‐C,S)] (II) and [(dppp)2Pt2(μ‐SC4H5‐C,S)]ClO4 (III) at a 2:3 molar ratio. The same reaction in toluene or benzene solvent affords the same complexes II and III but in a 1:9 molar ratio. The concomitant formation of II and III was interpreted on the basis of theoretical calculations (DFT), which have provided a detailed insight into the reaction mechanism. Thus, the presence of T causes I to dissociate into [(dppp)PtH2] and [(dppp)PtH(C4H4S‐κS)], this process being a common step for the two ensuing reaction pathways. After dissociation, the activation of the thiophene C–S bond to yield II involves participation of [(dppp)PtH2] exclusively. However, the reaction leading to III requires the internal migration of the coordinated hydride to the thiophene ligand in [(dppp)PtH(C4H4S‐κS)] and the subsequent assistance of the {(dppp)Pt} fragment formed from [(dppp)PtH2] by hydrogen elimination. As a result of the involvement of [(dppp)PtH2] in the formation of both II and III, the two reaction pathways are competitive. The reactivity of II and III with various sources of hydride ligands and different protonic acids has also been examined. Thus, the reaction of II with HBF4 leads to the thiolate‐bridged dinuclear complex [(dppp)2Pt2(μ‐SC4H5)2](BF4)2 (IV). In the case of III the addition of HBF4 leads to [(dppp)2Pt2(μ‐SC4H6)](BF4)2 (V), which transforms into III by the addition of a base. The X‐ray structural characterization of the unprecedented complex V is reported here.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)