bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
OBSERVATIONS DURING 1927–28 ON THE INCIDENCE OF “RUSTS” ON VARIOUS SELECTED WHEAT VARIETIES, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE INTENSITY OF YELLOW RUST, PUCCINI A GLUM ARUM, ERIKS. AND HENN.
Authors: WESTON W. A. R. DILLON 
Published: February 2008

Summary.

Observations on the incidence of yellow, brown and black rust on selected wheat varieties are recorded.
The intensity of yellow rust on these varieties is given.
It is shown that bunt increases the susceptibility of varieties to yellow rust.
It is suggested that in testing wheat varieties for resistance to P. glumarum the seed should be previously bunted, and that if no yellow rust then appears that the variety should be regarded as truly resistant.
It is suggested that a generalisation cannot be made that the 28 chromosome group is more resistant to pathogens than the 42 chromosome group, and also that there is no firm foundation for believing that the species and varieties of wheat which are resistant to rust are resistant to bunt and wee versa.

In concluding these observations the writer expresses his thanks to Dr E. F. Gaines, Pullman, Washington, Prof. E. C. Stakman, St Paul, Minnesota, and Dr Mains, Perdue University, Indiana, for supplying him with a number of American wheat varieties, also to Mr F. T. Brooks, Cambridge, for his valued criticism.
TREATMENT OF SUGAR BEET “SEED” TO PREVENT SEEDLING DISEASES
Authors: WOODWAED B. C. , WESTON W. A. E. DILLON 
Published: February 2008

Summary.

The organisms responsible for Blackleg in sugar beet seedlings have been referred to and the damage that they do considered.
It has been shown that treatments used to disinfect the “seed” may be harmful, they may exert no influence, or they may be of considerable value.
The present trials have shown the beneficent effects of an organic compound containing mercury. This material increased the “plant” in the majority of cases, and this increase varied between 12 per cent, under some conditions and in increasing amounts up to 193 per cent, under more favourable conditions.
An increase in the vigour of young plants was noted occasionally. Quantitative tests showed an increase in both the green and dry weight per seedling as the result of treatment. The beneficial action of treatment is not due to the influence of water.
The organic compound containing mercury was the most effective in reducing diseased growths during laboratory tests; the proprietary dust was nearly as efficient. Steeping in a f per cent, solution of carbolic for half‐an‐hour was ineffective.
Treatment of the clusters with 60 per cent, sulphuric acid did not appreciably improve “plant” establishment, but this treatment followed by the mercury treatment increased the number of plants considerably.
Field trials conducted for one season on a field scale have not shown an increase in the percentage of sugar as a result of the treatment of “seed,” but a slight increase in yield and in the total number of roots per acre was noted as the result of treatment with the organic compound containing mercury. The proprietary dust was not noted as being responsible for reducing the “plant” in the field. Its beneficent action was not as uniformly apparent as that of the mercury material.
Carbolic acid at a strength of per cent, was definitely injurious when used for steeping purposes. Furthermore, trials show no benefit from a modified form of this treatment in which a 3| per cent, solution is sprinkled on the “seed.” Other materials tested were found to be of doubtful value.
Certain samples of commercial “seed” as supplied treated with a mercury material were found to be infected to a considerable extent by Phoma Betae. Such “seed” it was found could be efficiently re‐disinfected by careful re‐treatment with marked beneficial results.

In conclusion it is desired to thank those who gave assistance. Among these are Mr Alfred Eastham, Director of the Official Seed Testing Station, Cambridge, Dr Van Poeteren, Wageningen, Mr G. R. Clarke, Advisory Chemist, and Dr N. Cunliffe, Advisory Entomologist both of Oxford, Mr W. A. Stewart and Mr W. R. Seward, Dr Pethybridge and the officials of many beet sugar factories who lent a helping hand.
STUDIES IN BACTEBJOSIS. XVI:THE AGGLUTINATING AND PLASMOLYTIC ACTION OF THE SAP OF THE POTATO ON VARIOUS PARASITIC AND SAPROPHYTIC SPECIES OP BACTERIA
Authors: BERRIDGE EMILY M. 
Published: February 2008

Summary.

The fresh juice of potato is shown to possess agglutinating action on certain bacteria, and strong plasmolytic power which is gradually lost on exposure to the air.
The agglutinating power is found to be due to substances which are precipitated from the potato juice by 95 per cent, alcohol, and is independent of any previous inoculation of the potato with bacteria.
At the natural H‐ion concentration of the potato sap the precipitate solution agglutinates and plasmolyses non‐pathogenic species to potato in varying degrees, but the pathogenic species tested were unaffected by it.
The agglutinating power of the potato precipitate for any one species varies with the H‐ion concentration of the solution; each species remains unagglutinated and unplasmolysed at one definite H‐ion concentration.
This point of non‐agglutination at which the species appears to be least affected by the potato precipitate, was found to be approximately the H‐ion concentration of the sap of the potato itself, i.e. about pH. 6‐2, in the case of the two species causing soft rot in the potato. The twelve species non‐pathogenic to potato which were tested have non‐agglutination points above or below this.
The precipitate has a plasmolytic as well as an agglutinating action on any species at pH. values more acid than its point of non‐agglutination; this has been shown by cultural experiments to be probably dependent on the presence of phosphates in the precipitate.
The agglutinating power may possibly be due to traces of salts of di‐ and tri‐valent metals in the precipitate.

The writer wishes to record her indebtedness to Prof. V. H. Blackman and to Dr S. G. Paine for the laboratory facilities accorded her, and for helpful interest and criticism in the preparation of this paper. Especially her thanks are due to Dr Paine for the two photographs illustrating agglutination.
THE MORPHOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF TWO LACTOSE‐FERMENTING YEASTS AND CHEMICAL CHANGES DURING THE RIPENING OF CHEESE FROM MILK CONTAINING THEM
Authors: ALLEN L. A. , THOENLEY B. D. 
Published: February 2008

Summary.Two lactose‐fermenting yeasts isolated from cheese have been described and though markedly similar in many respects they have been referred to separate species, the one being a Torula whose close relationship could not be definitely established, and the other being a true yeast believed to be correctly identified with Zygosaceharomyces lactis (Dombrowski).The two yeasts have been found to have an appreciable proteolytic effect on the casein of milk after several weeks. The effect of one of the yeasts alone and of the yeast plus Streptococcus lacticus on the lactose of milk has also been studied.Cheddar cheese inoculated with the yeasts has been found to differ considerably in quality and texture from the control cheese. A comparative study of the extent of protein degradation in two ripe cheeses, one inoculated with the Torula and one control, has shown the proteolytic effect of the yeast in the course of ripening.The authors wish to express their thanks to Dr S. G. Paine for his constant interest and help in this work, and to Mr A. T. R. Mattick for many valuable suggestions.
INVESTIGATIONS ON HETERODERA SCHACHTII, SCHMIDT. IN LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE
Authors: SMITH A. M. , MILES HERBERT W. 
Published: February 2008

Summary.

Data concerning infestation of H. schachtii, certain soil properties and crop yield, from a series of plots at four centres affected with disease, have been collected and examined.
Limitations imposed on the design of the plots have prevented a complete analysis of the variates, but the results obtained lead to the conclusion that eelworm infestation is not of primary importance in determining the yield of potatoes and that the cysts tend to increase in number only on a crop which is not a failure but which has been adversely influenced by some other factor.

The authors would like to express their thanks to Messrs I. S. Macdonald, J. Orr, B. Holmes Smith and I. Thomas of the Advisory Department at Manchester for their willing co‐operation and assistance, and to Mr L. H. C. Tippett for his helpful criticism of the statistical treatment of the results.
STREAK—A VIRUS DISEASE OF TOMATOES
Authors: JARRETT PHYLLIS H. 
Published: February 2008

Summary.A comparison of streak disease of tomatoes, derived from commercial glasshouses, and experimental streak produced by combined inoculation of the viruses of potato mosaic and tobacco mosaic, is given in detail.The characters employed in comparison are the host range of each virus and its resistance to various temperatures, to different concentrations of alcohol, and to ageing in vitro.Glasshouse streak and tobacco mosaic show an equal resistance to alcohol, heat and ageing in vitro, and have, in addition, an identical host range. Treatment for 1 hour with 90 per cent, alcohol and for 10 minutes at 850 C. did not destroy the infectivity of either of these viruses.Glasshouse streak is shown not to contain the virus of potato mosaic, but is of itself able to produce necrosis in tomatoes without the participation of potato mosaic. The factors underlying this have not been determined.It is concluded that tobacco mosaic and the mosaic of glasshouse streak are probably identical, and that much of the streak occurring in glasshouses is due to a single virus, and not a mixed infection of this with potato mosaic.
THE “MATURATION PERIOD” OF THE TOMATO PLANT
Authors: BEWLEY W. F. , CORBETT W. 
Published: February 2008

Summary.

The period between the opening of a tomato flower and the picking of the fruit which develops from it has been termed the maturation period.
Usually, the maturation periods of the different fruits produced by a tomato plant vary considerably.
The maturation period lengthens as the plant ages, and as the truss lengthens.
The graph of the maturation periods of the fruits produced by a tomato plant approaches a straight line as the efficiency of the plant increases.
STUDIES IN BACTERIOSIS.
Authors: BERRIDGE EMILY M. 
Published: February 2008

Summary.

The H‐ion concentration of plant sap most favourable to the growth of B. tumefaciens has been shown in a previous paper to be about pH. 5‐2. This H‐ion concentration characterises meristematic tissue where tumours due to B. tumefaciens originate.
The bacterial zoogloea present within and on the surface of the tumours gives the red colour with methyl red which indicates approximately the same value, pH. 5‐2.
The cell wall in contact with the bacterial zoogloea appears to be suberised; and it is suggested that the process of tumour formation is due to healing reactions similar to those which take place in wounded plant tissue.
THE SOIL FUNGI OF THE DOVEY SALT MARSHES
Authors: ELLIOTT JESSIE S. BAYLISS 
Published: February 2008

Summary.In this investigation of the fungi of the soil of the Dovey Salt Marshes (Ynyslas) 48 fungi were isolated.Twelve of the species found do not appear to have been recorded before for the British Isles.The area investigated is a badly aerated, stiff, tenacious clay, alkaline in reaction (pH 8), with a high water content, due mainly to periodical inundations by tidal salt water.Method of investigation consisted in taking samples of soil from a depth of 11/2 and 31/2 inches and either planting portions of this directly on to specially prepared media, or first shaking up a portion in water and then inoculating the prepared media with some of the suspension.Three fungi–Torula allii, Penicillium hyphomycetis and Fusarium oxysporium var. resupinatum—were almost invariably present in every sample of soil: almost equally common were Trichoderma lignorum, T. Köningi, Hormodendron cladosporoides, Mucor circinelloides and Periconia felina.Most of the fungi found are species found above ground as saprophytes, and may have been introduced into the soil by drainage, etc.The writer considers fungi are active only in association with organic material.The vegetation covering this marsh shows marked zonation: soil samples were chiefly taken from the Glycerietum and Aimerietum.The same species of fungi were common to the two associations. Glyceria maritima is a most effective silt binder, because the stele of its rhizomes and roots consists almost entirely of lignified tissue which does not yield to the activities of the soil fungi; Armeria maritima is not so effective a silt binder because the stele of its rhizomes and roots contains very little lignified tissue—at a depth of a foot, the tap roots of Armeria are little more than hollow tubes, the interiors having been removed by fungi and bacteria.
ON THE BIOLOGY OF THE GALL‐MIDGES (CECIDOMYIDAE) ATTACKING MEADOW FOXTAIL GRASS (ALOPECURUS PRATENSIS), INCLUDING THE DESCRIPTION OF ONE NEW SPECIES
Authors: BARNES H. F. 
Published: February 2008

Summary.

Three midges do serious damage to the seeding of meadow foxtail grass; they are Dasyneura alopecuri (Reuter), Stenodiphsis geniculati Reuter and Contarinia merceri n.sp. All three occur almost wherever the grass is grown.
The distribution and bionomics of these midges are dealt with; D. alopecuri has one brood a year, S. geniculati has two, while C. merceri usually has one but occasionally may have two.
“Blindness” or empty husks in meadow foxtail grass is due very largely to attacks of C. merceri, which midge does the most extended damage.
Keys are given for the separation of larvae, pupae and adults.
Control measures are discussed and a method of keeping sheep on the grass until a certain safety date, i.e. a date when the crest of emergence of the female midges is over, is strongly advocated in districts where the bionomics is known.
A BOTANICAL STUDY OF PASTURE PLOTS
Authors: FENTON E. WYLLIE 
Published: February 2008

Summary.The best seeds mixtures were of the Cockle Park type.In the initial stages, good soil tilth and freedom from weeds may out‐weigh certain disadvantages in the formation of a pasture.The shelter afforded by the quick germination and growth of Italian Rye Grass is very important in areas affected by summer drought. Soil moisture is conserved and slower developing seeds show an increased germination and growth.In the later phases of turf formation, Wild White Clover takes the place of Italian Rye in conserving surface moisture:The passing of Red Clover and decrease of Rye Grasses must be compensated for by the growth and spread of Cocksfoot, Wild White Clover, Rough Stalked Meadow Grass and other grasses.The plots showed three phases in vegetation before a more stable flora was developed.The order of aggressiveness in the plots was: Italian Rye, Perennial Rye, Red Clover, next Cocksfoot followed by Wild White Clover, Bent and Rough Stalked Meadow Grass, then Timothy, Tall and Meadow Fescue.Burnet is too aggressive; Chicory is not so aggressive, is more palatable and quite as resistant to drought.Cocksfoot, Fescues and Wild White Clover are good drought resisters when once established.Tall and Meadow Fescues are depressed chiefly by Rye Grasses. In the plots studied, the late appearance of Fescues was due to delayed germination.Alsike Clover was a failure, and Timothy was not a success.A high seeding of Red Clover, or mixtures of Broad Red and Late Flowering Red Clovers are not always successful.Frequent or continuous cutting and removal of vegetation depresses growth in the following year.Lack of rolling or treading in small plots is a source of experimental error.The weed flora of the Pasture plots was small and in marked contrast to the Hay plots.In spite of initial differences, under similar treatment there is soon a marked tendency to develop a flora of the same proportions in all plots.Altering a seeds mixture suitable for a long ley or permanent pasture so as to obtain a heavy Hay cut from the early growth is unsound. It endangers turf formation, encourages inferior grasses and weeds, and depresses the useful plants.
BACTERIAL DISEASES OF STONE‐FRUIT TREES IN BRITAIN
Authors: WORMALD H. 
Published: February 2008

Summary.A bacterial shoot wilt, observed at the East Malling Research Station in 1923 and 1924, is described.A bacterium isolated from infected shoots has been shown by inoculation experiments to be the cause of the disease.The organism not only infects young green shoots, but experiments have shown that it can also cause leaf spots, and that it can induce gummosis and cankers on woody branches and on stems.Cultural studies of the organism suggest that it has not previously been described, so the name Ps. prunicola is proposed for it.
THE BIOLOGY OF THYSANOPTERA WITH REFERENCE TO THE COTTON PLANT
Authors: MacDILL ELSIE I. 
Published: February 2008

Summary.Investigations were made of the degree of infestation of plants grown in light soil and in clay soil sown at different dates. The plants sown late in the season in light soil were more affected by the thrips, the infestation being relatively high almost from the germination of the plant and causing death before the flowering stage was reached. On the blocks of plants in light soil sown earlier in the year the infestation was relatively low for a considerable period, and although, at the end of the season, the thrips became very numerous on these plants it was not until after the bolls had been formed, and in this case the practical damage was small.The plants sown in clay soil at different dates did not show such a marked difference in the degree of infestation, and all were less infested by the insects than the corresponding blocks of plants in light soil. This corroborates the findings of previous experiments, namely, that plants grown in light soil are found to be more heavily infested by T. tabaci than plants grown under similar conditions in clay soil.I should like to take this opportunity of thanking Prof. Dunkerly for his helpful criticism, Miss R. M. Smith and Mr I. Thomas for their assistance in making the counts, and Mr R. Stewart for his analysis of the soils used.
THE PASTURE PROBLEM IN AREAS OF PERIODIC DROUGHT
Authors: NELSON ALEXANDER 
Published: February 2008

Summary.

The paper deals with areas under the Mediterranean type of climate where periods of moisture supply and lower temperature with lowered evaporation alternate annually with periods of low moisture supply and higher temperature with increased evaporation.
The suggestion is made that in such areas where no system of economic production has already been evolved permanent pasture formation for stock production on a system of extensive husbandry would be economic.
That permanent pasture could be produced economically by a plant association capable of regenerating itself annually after the drought stress period owing to the production of a large number of seeds by its individual members.
That the stock carried by such a pasture during its production period could be carried over the alternating drought period of low or nil production by a self‐perpetuating grain crop along the lines adopted in West Australia using the lupin.
Various difficulties and amendments of the system proposed are mentioned and discussed.
THE BIOLOGY OF THYSANOPTERA, WITH REFERENCE TO THE COTTON PLANT
Authors: MacGILL ELSIE I. 
Published: February 2008

Summary

In several previous papers on Thysanoptera it has been shown that the condition or type of soil may have some influence on the infestation of a plant by thrips.
Experiments were carried out to determine the effect of different types of soil on the infestation of the cotton plant by Thrips tabaci.
The types of soil used in the experiments were a heavy clay soil and a light soil with less than 15 per cent, of clay, about fifty pots being filled with each type.
Each block of fifty plants was divided into two and the soil in one half was tilled while in the other it was left undisturbed.
It was found that the plants in the block with unfilled clay soil were least infested by T. tabaci, while the plants in the block with light, tilled soil were the most highly infested.
The average infestation of the two blocks with light soil was slightly higher than the average infestation of the clay soil blocks, in spite of the fact that at the beginning of the season the former blocks of plants and the thrips on them suffered severely from a sudden great rise in temperature.
In both types of soil the block with tilled soil was more highly infested than the other block.
It appears from these experiments that light soil is more favourable to the multiplication of soil pupating species of thrips than an easily eaking, clay soil and that tilling the soil increases the infestation by these insects.
Aphides As Vectors Of “Breaking” In Tulips
Authors: Hughes. A. W. MoKenny 
Published: February 2008

Summary.1. Myzus persicae Sulz is a vector of “breaking” in tulips.2. Macrosiphum gei Koch is also a vector of “breaking” in a lesser degree.3. “Red break” and “white break” are transmitted equally by the two species.4. It is suggested that “red break” is an earlier stage in the development of the virus and that “white break” is the final stage.5. There is at present no indication that “parrot” is transmissible by these two aphid species, though no conclusion can be reached in one season.6. There is some indication that the virus can be transmitted from some varieties of tulips more readily than from others.7. Mass infection in the open gave a lower percentage of “break” khan individual infection under glasshouse conditions.8. No conclusive evidence has been obtained to show that Anuraphis tulipae B. de Fonse and Rhopalosiphoninus tulipaella Theo. convey “breaking,” but in any case they cannot be considered as important vectors.
The Influence Of Antiseptics On The Bacterial And Protozoan Population Of Greenhouse Soils: Part I. Naphthalene.
Authors: Jacobs Stanley Edward 
Published: February 2008

Summary.1. The effects of treating cucumber soil, previously air‐dried, with naphthalene, are as follows: (a) The number of bacteria immediately increases rapidly, but very soon decreases again, rapidly at hst, and then more slowly. (b) The development of protozoa is suppressed until most of the naphthalene has disappeared, after which rapid multiplication begins. (c) Ammonia (in an abnormally rich soil) first decreases in amount, and then accumulates to a considerably greater extent.2. The increased bacterial population is composed partly of organisms which are using the naphthalene as a source of food, and partly of organisms which do not decompose naphthalene.3. The history of the protozoa in the soil after the disappearance of the naphthalene is one of bursts of activity at irregular intervals. Each period of activity of the amoebae results in a decrease in the numbers of bacteria. The periods of activity of the flagellates are not closely related to fluctuations in the bacterial numbers.4. The naphthalene‐decomposing bacteria utilise the supply of available nitrogen in the soil; as soon as the supply of naphthalene becomes exhausted, these bacteria attack the organic matter of the soil, resulting in an increase in the amount of ammonia in the particular soil under investigation.5. The presence or absence of an initial lag in the naphthalene decomposition depends upon the temperature of incubation of the treated soil.6. Strains of bacteria capable of using naphthalene as their sole source of carbon have been isolated. One of these strains has been shown to produce phthalic acid as an intermediate product in the decomposition of the naphthalene.7. The reaction of the soil tends to become more alkaline after the disappearance of a quantity of naphthalene. Treatment with a second dose results in a temporary production of acid, which is probably carbonic acid.