bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Making History, Creating Gender: Some Methodological and Interpretive Questions in the Writing of Oyo Oral Traditions
Authors: Oyewumi Oyeronke 
Published: May 2006

Of all the things that were produced in Africa during the colonial period—cash crops, states, and tribes, to name a few—history and tradition are the least acknowledged as products of the colonial situation. This does not mean that Africans did not have history before the white man came. Rather, I am making distinctions among the following: firstly, history as lived experience; secondly, history as a record of lived experience which is coded in the oral traditions; and finally, the recently constituted written history. This last category is very much tied up with European engagements with Africa and the introduction of “history writing” as a discipline and as profession. But even then, it is important to acknowledge the fact that African history, including oral traditions, were recorded as a result of the European assault.This underscores the fact that ideological interests were at work in the making of African history, as is true of all history. As such, tradition is constantly being reinvented to reflect these interests. A. I. Asiwaju, for example, in a paper examining the political motivations and manipulations of oral tradition in the constitution of Obaship in different parts of Yorubaland during the colonial period writes: “in the era of European rule, particularly British rule, when government often based most of its decisions over local claims upon the evidence of traditional history, a good proportion of the data tended to be manipulated deliberately.” This process of manipulation produced examples of what he wittily refers to as “nouveaux roisof Yorubaland.”
The oblique cord of the forearm in man
Authors: Tubbs R. Shane , O'Neil James T. , Key Christopher D. , Zarzour Jessica G. , Fulghum Sarah B. , Kim Eugenia J. , Lyerly Michael J. , Shoja Mohammadali M. , George Salter E. , Jerry Oakes W. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThere is minimal and often conflicting data in the literature regarding the oblique cord of the forearm. The current study seeks to elucidate further the anatomy of this structure of the upper extremity. In adult cadavers, the oblique cord was observed for and, when found, measurements were made of it. Ranges of motion were carried out while observation of the oblique cord was made. An oblique cord was found on 52.6% of sides. Gantzer's muscle was found on 55% of sides and, when present, had attachment into the oblique cord on five sides. The oblique cord was present on 13 sides with a Gantzer's muscle. Of the 20 sides with an oblique cord, no Gantzer's muscle was found on 10. The mean length of the oblique cord was 3.4 cm. In the majority of specimens, this cord tapered from proximal to distal. The proximal, middle, and distal widths of this structure had means 9, 7, and 4 mm, respectively. The oblique cord was found to travel ∼45 degrees from a line drawn through the ulna and more or less traveled perpendicular to the insertion site of the bicipital tendon. This ligament was lax in the neutral position and with pronation became lax in all specimens. The oblique cord progressively became taut with increased supination from the neutral position and was maximally taut with the forearm fully supinated. Tautness of this cord was also found with distal distraction of the radius. Following the transection of the oblique cord, no discernable difference was observed in regard to maximal supination of the forearm or distal distraction of the radius. No obvious instability of the proximal forearm was found following transection of the oblique cord. Functionally, although the oblique cord may resist supination, it is unlikely that this structure affords significant stability to the proximal forearm, as it was often absent, of a very small caliber, and based on our observations, following its transection, the amount of supination of the forearm did not increase. Moreover, one would expect that this structure would never resist supination alone, as the larger overlying muscles would become taut prior to calling upon the action of this cord. Based on our findings, the function of the oblique cord appears insignificant in providing significant stability to the proximal forearm; however, further investigative studies are now necessary to confirm these data. Clin. Anat. 20:411–415, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
AT2 receptor‐mediated vasodilation in the mouse heart depends on AT1A receptor activation
Authors: van Esch Joep H M , Schuijt Martin P , Sayed Jilani , Choudhry Yawar , Walther Thomas , Jan Danser A H 
Published: May 2006

Angiotensin (Ang) II type 2 (AT2) receptors are believed to counteract Ang II type 1 (AT1) receptor‐mediated effects. Here, we investigated AT2 receptor‐mediated effects on coronary and cardiac contractility in C57BL/6 mice.
Hearts were perfused according to Langendorff. Baseline coronary flow (CF) and left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP) were 2.7±0.1 ml min−1 and 111±3 mmHg (n=50), respectively.
Ang II (n=14) concentration dependently decreased CF and LVSP, by maximally 41±4 and 25±3%, respectively (pEC50s 7.41±0.12 and 7.65±0.12). The AT1 receptor antagonist irbesartan (n=4) abolished all Ang II‐induced changes, whereas the AT2 receptor antagonist PD123319 (n=6) enhanced (P<0.05) the effect of Ang II on CF (to 59±1%) and LVSP (to 44±2%), without altering its potency. A similar enhancement was observed in the presence of nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor Nω‐nitro‐L‐arginine methyl ester HCl (L‐NAME; n=4). On top of L‐NAME, PD123319 no longer affected the response to Ang II (n=4).
The AT2 receptor agonist CGP42112A (n=4) did not affect CF or LVSP, nor did CGP42112A (n=4) alter the constrictor response to the α1‐adrenoceptor agonist phenylephrine. Furthermore, Ang II exerted no effects in hearts of AT1A−/− mice (n=5), whereas its effects in hearts of AT1A+/+ wild‐type control mice (n=7) were indistinguishable from those in hearts of C57BL/6 mice.
In conclusion, Ang II exerts opposite effects on coronary and cardiac contractility in the mouse heart via activation of AT1A and AT2 receptors. AT2 receptor‐mediated effects depend on NO and occur only in conjunction with AT1A receptor activation.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2006) 148, 452–458. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706762
Involvement of serine/threonine protein phosphatases sensitive to okadaic acid in restraint stress‐induced hyperlocomotion in cocaine‐sensitized mice
Authors: Maeda Takehiko , Yoshimatsu Taku , Hamabe Wakako , Fukazawa Yohji , Kumamoto Kazumasa , Ozaki Masanobu , Kishioka Shiroh 
Published: May 2006

We used okadaic acid (OA), a potent preferential inhibitor of PP2A and PP5 but not PP1 (PP subfamilies), to examine the involvement of serine/threonine protein phosphatase (PP) in behavioral sensitization stimulated by treatment with cocaine in mice.Repeated administration of cocaine (10 mg kg−1) once a day for five consecutive days produced a progressive increase in locomotor activity that was maintained after the cessation of cocaine treatment, as revealed by the fact that a challenge dose of cocaine given on day 7 of withdrawal reproduced an enhanced stimulant effect.On the seventh day of withdrawal, OA‐sensitive PP activity and expression of PP2A and PP5, but not PP1γ, were increased in whole‐cell extract of the nucleus accumbens and the ventral tegmental area in cocaine‐sensitized mice, compared to saline‐treated mice.Restraint stress increased locomotor activity in cocaine‐sensitized mice on day 7 after drug administration was ceased. The locomotor activity was more susceptible to restraint‐elicited enhancement in cocaine‐sensitized mice than in saline‐treated mice. The restraint‐induced hyperlocomotion was suppressed by a single intracerebroventricular injection of OA immediately before restraint in cocaine‐sensitized mice, but this suppression did not occur in saline‐treated mice.The membrane fraction of the whole brain in cocaine‐sensitized mice showed that OA‐sensitive activity levels rise after mice are subjected to restraint, and this is concomitant with an increase in expression levels of PP2A and PP5, but not PP1γ.These results suggest that the upregulated OA‐sensitive PPs are involved in stress‐induced hyperlocomotion in cocaine‐sensitized mice. There may be intracellular mechanisms mediating psychostimulant cross‐sensitization to stress underlying the spontaneous recurrence of its psychosis.British Journal of Pharmacology(2006)148, 405–412. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706769
Patients’ perceptions and experiences of ‘continuity of care’ in diabetes
Authors: Naithani Smriti , Gulliford Martin , Morgan Myfanwy 
Published: May 2006

AbstractBackground  ‘Continuity of care’ is an important aspect of quality. However, definitions are broad and existing models of continuity are not well grounded in empirical data.Objective  To identify patients’ experiences and values with respect to continuity in diabetes care.Methods  In‐depth semi‐structured interviews with 25 type 2 diabetic patients from 14 general practices in two inner London boroughs. Interviews were transcribed and responses analysed thematically and grouped into dimensions of continuity of care.Results  Patients’ accounts identified aspects of care they valued that were consistent with four dimensions of experienced continuity of care. These were receiving regular reviews with clinical testing and provision of advice over time (longitudinal continuity); having a relationship with a usual care provider who knew and understood them, was concerned and interested, and took time to listen and explain (relational continuity); flexibility of service provision in response to changing needs or situations (flexible continuity); and consistency and co‐ordination between different members of staff, and between hospital and general practice or community settings (team and cross‐boundary continuity). Problems of a lack of experienced continuity mainly occurred at transitions between sites of care, between providers, or with major changes in patients’ needs.Conclusions  The study develops a patient‐based framework for assessing continuity of care in chronic disease management and identifies key transition points with problems of lack of continuity. It is important that service ‘redesign’ and developments in vertically integrated services for chronic disease management take account of impacts on patients’ experience of continuity of care.
Endogenous Pollution Havens: Does FDI Influence Environmental Regulations?*
Authors: Cole Matthew A. , Elliott Robert J. R. , Fredriksson Per G. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractWe suggest a novel perspective on the relationship between the stringency of environmental policies and foreign direct investment (FDI). We develop a political economy model with imperfect product market competition where local and foreign firms jointly lobby the local government for a favorable pollution tax. FDI is found to affect environmental policy, and the effect is conditional on the local government's degree of corruptibility. If the degree of corruptibility is sufficiently high (low), FDI leads to less (more) stringent environmental policy, and FDI thus contributes to (mitigates) the creation of a pollution haven. Our empirical results using panel data from 33 countries support the predictions of the model.
The Labour Market Impact of the Working Families' Tax Credit
Authors: BLUNDELL RICHARD , DUNCAN ALAN , McCRAE JULIAN , MEGHIR COSTAS 
Published: May 2006

AbstractIn October 1999, the working families' tax credit (WFTC) replaced family credit as the main package of in‐work support for families with children. Among a range of stated aims, the WFTC is intended to‘… improve work incentives, encouraging people without work to move into employment'. In this paper, we consider the impact of WFTC on hours and participation. To simulate labour supply responses, we use a discrete behavioural model of household labour supply with controls for fixed and childcare costs, and unobserved heterogeneity. In simulation, we experiment with a number of scenarios regarding the take‐up of the credit, entry wage level and hourly childcare price. We find participation rates among single mothers to increase by around 2.2 percentage points for the base‐case scenario, while for married women participation rates are modelled to fall. Our simulation results indicate a small increase in overall participation of around 30,000 individuals.
VacA‐Associated Inhibition of T‐cell Function: Reviewed and Reconsidered
Authors: Schmees Christian , Gerhard Markus , Treptau Tilman , Voland Petra , Schwendy Susanne , Rad Roland , Prinz Christian 
Published: May 2006

AbstractChronic Helicobacter pylori infection is characterized by dense infiltration of the mucosa with neutrophilic granulocytes, lymphocytes, and monocytes/macrophages. Among these different cell types, T‐lymphocytes are the most intriguing and crucial cells for the elimination of the bacteria. Previous studies have elucidated possible mechanisms on how bacteria could interfere with the human immune response and claimed that especially the secreted vacuolating toxin VacA may be responsible for the chronic persistence of the bacteria. Some of these results have to be interpreted with caution and may just describe in vitro phenomena; others may reveal promising facts.
‘Saving the Solomons’: a New Geopolitics in the ‘Arc of Instability’?
Authors: CONNELL JOHN 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe recent crisis in the Solomon Islands is reviewed in the context of historical and regional antecedents. In the past two decades political and ethnic disputes have flared in several parts of Melanesia and nearby parts of the ‘arc of instability’. Tensions and violence in the Solomon Islands, based on social, economic and political issues, exemplify regional development concerns. The collapse of the economy and civil order resulted in the Solomon Islands being characterised as a ‘failed State’. Localised warfare brought external military intervention, with a regional assistance mission led by Australia, which paralleled other involvement in the region. Involvement has emphasised renewed Australian interest in the region, in the light of global geopolitical shifts, and a more controversial approach to regional security and development.
Geographical Takes on Three Decades of Economic Reform in Australia
Authors: O’NEILL PHILLIP , FAGAN BOB 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe idea of an economy taking a geographical journey highlights the importance of changing spatialities and how these shape and result from economic change. It also focuses on the geographical scaling of key processes. Using these insights, this paper explores three decades of economic change in Australia in which the nation State has played a central role in the operation of markets and accumulation processes, albeit with dramatic shifts in the qualitative nature of that role. Such shifts have been crucial during the emergence of Australia's particular variety of neoliberalism. The paper explores the liberalisation of Australia's financial and corporate environment, trade policies and the industrial relations environment. The three cases suggest contradictions inherent in the State's adherence to a neoliberal reform agenda, in the name of globalisation, while facing: first, political needs to retain sovereignty over national security and tighten border protection; and second, multi‐scaled political processes including clashes with State governments grappling with regional and local impacts of change. There has been no simple roll‐out of neoliberalism in Australia since the mid 1990s. Geographical scales, constructed contingently by social and political agents, have contributed in fundamental ways to the power and direction of economic reform. Despite powerful re‐scalings to both global and local levels over the past three decades, there is no evidence of a diminished role for the nation State.
Characterization and Differential Nuclear Localization of Nopp140 and a Novel Nopp140-Like Protein in Trypanosomes
Authors: Kelly S. , Singleton W. , Wickstead B. , Ersfeld K. , Gull K. 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT
Trypanosomatids possess two homologues of Nopp140: a canonical Nopp140 and a Nopp140-like protein (TbNoLP) in which a GAR domain replaces the C-terminal SRP40 domain. Both are phosphorylated and coimmunoprecipitate with RNA polymerase I. Each paralogue has a distinct subnuclear localization, and depletion of TbNoLP produces an enlarged nucleolus in which TbNopp140-containing regions disperse. The restricted occurrence pattern of NoLP proteins reflects an intriguing convergence in evolution, suggestive of a function in nucleoplasmic small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein shuttling.