Elk Basin Madison Heterogeneity Its Influence on Performance
Authors: Wayhan D.A. , McCaleb J.A. 
Published: December 2007

Elk Basin Madison experience underscores the need for a good understanding of reservoir heterogeneity and subzone performance early in field life. That understanding was necessary in this case before a fully meaningful engineering analysis of the reservoir could be made.

Introduction
The Elk Basin anticline is one of the giant oil fields in the U. S. (see Fig. 1). It had more than a billion barrels of oil originally in place and has produced at rates in excess of 70,000 BOPD. Production is from seven horizons ranging in depth from 1,000 to 6,500 ft (Fig. 2). The anticline has dimensions of about 2 X 7 miles. Dip is about 25 degrees on the west flank and about 45 degrees on the east flank.
Horizons below the Dakota are included in the Elk Basin Unit, operated by Pan American Petroleum Corp. for a large group of working interest owners. The Tensleep sandstone (Pennsylvanian) and Madison limestone (Mississippian) are the most important reservoirs, each having about a half billion barrels of original oil in place.
In 1965, the Madison Unit began to experience waterflooding problems for which there was no readily apparent solution. Peripheral water injection initiated in 1962 did not get response. After part of the water was shifted to the interior, response was obtained, but water breakthrough, wellbore scaling and severe productivity declines soon became problems. The oil producing rate again began to decline.
A preliminary review of logs and core analyses indicated highly complex zonation in the 920-ft vertical Madison section. A detailed zonation study was therefore undertaken to determine the degree of continuity in the reservoir, with the hope of finding answers to the waterflooding problems. The study was a coordinated effort by both geologists and engineers.

Field Development History
The Madison reservoir was discovered in 1946 when a well on the crest of the north high (see Fig. 3) was deepened from the Tensleep to the Madison. A number of cores and DST's established that porous intervals in the entire Madison section were productive and that a major discovery had been made. The discovery well had a flowing potential of 898 BOPD.
Development was slow until 1948 when a market was found for the black, asphaltic-base, 28 degrees API crude. Seventeen wells were drilled in 1948 and eight more in 1950. Field producing rate increased to about 7,000 BOPD and remained in the 3,000 to 8,000 BOPD range until 1958 (see Fig. 4). During the late 1950's and early 1960's market demand of about 16,000 BOPD was met by drilling 27 additional producing wells and by installing larger rift equipment. From 1964 to the present, market has been essentially unrestricted, but no significant drilling, other than injection wells, was done until 1965 when the first wells were drilled as a result of the zonation study.

Early Reservoir Concepts
Early ideas about the Madison reservoir were influenced by the fact that most wells were completed open hole through the entire 920-ft section. First production performance was markedly water driveonly a slight pressure decline occurred in the first 10 years of field life.
JPT
P. 153ˆ