bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of changes in hematologic and clinical biochemical values after exposure to petroleum products in mink (Mustela vison) as a model for assessment of sea otters (Enhydra lutris)
Authors: Mazet Jonna K. , Gardner Ian A. , Jessup David A. , Lowenstine Linda J. , Boyce Walter M. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To determine the effects of petroleum
exposure on hematologic and clinical biochemical
results of mink and to identify variables that may be
useful for making management decisions involving
sea otters (Enhydra lutris) that have been exposed to
oil in their environment.

Animals—122 American mink (Mustela vison).

Procedures—Mink were exposed once to a slick of
oil (Alaskan North Slope crude oil or bunker C fuel oil)
on seawater or via low-level contamination of their
daily rations.

Results—In the acute phase of exposure, petroleum
directly affected RBC, WBC, neutrophil, and lymphocyte
counts, fibrinogen, sodium, calcium, creatinine,
total protein, and cholesterol concentrations, and
alanine transaminase, creatine kinase, alkaline phosphatase,
and γ−glutamyltransferase activities.
Aspartate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, γ−
glutamyltransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase
activities and cholesterol concentration also varied
as a result of chronic low-level contamination of
feed.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Our results
are in agreement with reports that attribute
increased alanine transaminase and alkaline phosphatase
activities and decreased total protein concentration
to petroleum exposure in sea otters during
an oil spill. Sodium, calcium, creatinine, cholesterol,
and lactate dehydrogenase may be valuable
variables to assess for guidance during initial treatment
of sea otters exposed to oil spills as well as
for predicting which petroleum-exposed sea otters
will reproduce following an oil spill. Measurement
of these variables should aid wildlife professionals
in making decisions regarding treatment of sea
otters after oil spills. (Am J Vet Res 2000;61:
1197–1203)
Histomorphometric analysis of the proximal portion of the femur in dogs with osteoarthritis
Authors: Edinger David T. , Hayashi Kei , Hongyu Yao , Markel Mark D. , Manley Paul A. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To describe cancellous architecture of the proximal portion of the femur in dogs with osteoarthritis.Animals—30 dogs with coxofemoral osteoarthritis.Procedure—All dogs had femoral head and neck excision or total hip arthroplasty. Histomorphometry software was used to analyze computer images of 100- μm-thick coronal and transverse plane sections of the head and neck of the femur. Histologic preparations of coronal and transverse sections of articular cartilage were graded.Results—Bone volume/total volume, trabecular thickness, trabecular number, and bone surface/total volume were significantly higher in the femoral head than femoral neck. Trabecular alignment (anisotropy) and separation were significantly higher in the femoral neck than femoral head. Anisotropy was significantly increased in the medial portion of the femoral head in the coronal plane and in the cranial portion of the femoral neck in the transverse plane, compared with healthy dogs. The medial half of femoral head cartilage that overlies the proximomedial cancellous bone region had significantly more degraded cartilage than the lateral half. Histologic grades for cranial and caudal halves of femoral head articular cartilage were similar.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Most findings were similar to those in healthy dogs. Greater trabecular alignment in the proximomedial region of the femoral head and craniolateral region of the femoral neck in dogs with osteoarthritis suggests an altered transfer of load through the coxofemoral joint. Greater cartilage degradation on the medial half of the femoral head supports an association between increased trabecular alignment and cartilage degradation. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:1267–1272)
Hemodynamic and electrophysiologic effects of ontazolast in dogs
Authors: Hamlin Robert L. , Nakayama Tomohiro , Brady Joe T. , Stoll Ray E. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To determine whether QT interval is prolonged
or sudden death is caused by ventricular fibrillation
resulting from torsades de pointes and to identify
hemodynamic effects of ontazolast.

Animals—28 Beagles.

Procedure—Physiologic variables were measured for
2 hours in conscious dogs given ontazolast (0, 1, or 3
mg/kg of body weight, IV) and for 1 hour in anesthetized
dogs given cumulative doses of ontazolast
(0, 1, 3, 6, or 8 mg/kg, IV).

Results—Ontazolast prolonged QT interval and QT
interval corrected for heart rate (QTc) at doses of 6
mg/kg in anesthetized dogs. At 8 mg/kg, both variables
remained prolonged but tended to decrease.
In conscious dogs, ontazolast increased QT interval
and QTc 15 minutes after administration, but both
variables returned to reference ranges by 60 minutes.
In conscious dogs, ontazolast increased maximum
rate of increase of left ventricular pressure
and maximal velocity of fiber shortening, indicators
of inotropy, and increased tau, indicating a
decreased rate of relaxation. One conscious dog
receiving 3 mg/kg developed nonfatal torsades de
pointes, but another conscious dog developed ventricular
fibrillation. Two anesthetized dogs receiving
6 mg/kg developed early afterdepolarizations, and
all dogs developed secondary components in their T
waves.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Ontazolast
possesses potent class-III antiarrhythmic properties
and induces prolongation of QTc in a dose-dependent
fashion. Because there was a clear dosedependent
prolongation of QT interval in all
instances, ontazolast may serve as a positive-control
compound for studying other compounds that are
believed to prolong the QT interval. (Am J Vet Res
2000;61:1364–1368)
Effect of sodium bisulfate on skin and hooves of horses
Authors: Sweeney Corinne R. , Habecker Perry L. , Russell Gail E. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To evaluate the safety of sodium bisulfate for use in horse barn environments by determining its irritant effect on skin and hooves.Animals—6 female mixed-breed ponies.Procedure—Sodium bisulfate was applied to clipped intact skin of 6 ponies to evaluate its irritant effect after single (48 hours) and repetitive (6 h/d for 10 days) applications; similar areas of skin were used as untreated control sites. In addition, sodium bisulfate was applied to the sole of both front hooves of each pony and covered with wet gauze, and the entire hoof was covered with adhesive tape for 48 hours.Results—Contact with moistened sodium bisulfate for 48 hours had no effect on pony skin. Contact with sodium bisulfate for 6 hours on 10 consecutive days did not cause gross changes but did cause mild to moderate microscopic changes including epidermal necrosis, hyperkeratosis, capillary congestion, edema, and diffuse mixed inflammatory cell infiltrate. All changes were limited to the epidermis and superficial dermis. Gross changes in hoof sole, signs of lameness, and increase in digital pulse pressure or pulse intensity were not detected.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Duration of contact with sodium bisulfate in this study was in excess of that expected under typical husbandry conditions. Despite this fact, gross changes in skin and hooves were not detected. Microscopic lesions were confined to the epidermis and superficial dermis. Results suggest that contact with sodium bisulfate under these conditions is safe. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:1418–1421)
Evaluation of results for Schirmer tear tests conducted with and without application of a topical anesthetic in clinically normal dogs of 5 breeds
Authors: Hamor Ralph E. , Roberts Steven M. , Severin Glenn A. , Chavkin Matthew J. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To evaluate, for clinically normal dogs, results of Schirmer tear tests in eyes without topical anesthetic (STT) and to detect differences associated with breed, sex, age, day, and time of day in eyes in which STT was performed after use of topical anesthetic (STTa).Animals—41 Beagles, 43 Labrador Retrievers, 25 Golden Retrievers, 26 English Springer Spaniels, and 22 Shetland Sheepdogs.Procedure—Beagles had STT and STTa values measured twice daily for 5 days. Client-owned dogs of 4 other breeds had STT and STTa values measured once.Results—Mean ± SD values of Beagles for STT and STTa were 20.2 ± 2.5 and 3.8 ± 2.7 mm/min. Mean values for STT and STTa were as follows: Labrador Retriever, 22.9 ± 4.1 and 9.6 ± 3.8 mm/min; English Springer Spaniel; 20.7 ± 3.2 and 5.4 ± 3.4 mm/min; Golden Retriever, 21.8 ± 3.7 and 8.8 ± 3.1 mm/min; and Shetland Sheepdog, 15.8 ± 1.8 and 3.6 ± 2.8 mm/min. Overall mean values for STT and STTa were 20.2 ± 3.0 and 6.2 ± 3.1 mm/min. Differences for STT and STTa were detected among breeds, but significant differences were not associated with sex or age within each breed or in overall values for all dogs.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results for the STT reported here compare favorably with reported values, except for results of Shetland Sheepdogs; however, results for the STTa differ dramatically from reported values. Clinicians should consider effects attributable to breed when evaluating results of STT and STTa in dogs. (Am J Vet Res2000; 61:1422–1425)
Determination of the lactate breakpoint during incremental exercise in horses adapted to dietary corn oil
Authors: Kronfeld David S. , Custalow S. Elizabeth , Ferrante Pamela L. , Taylor Lynn E. , Moll H. David , Meacham Thomas N. , Tiegs Wilfried 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine lactate breakpoint of horses and test for effects of training and dietary supplementation with corn oil on that breakpoint.Animals—7 healthy Arabian horses.Procedures—Horses received a control diet (n = 4) or a diet supplemented with 10% corn oil (4). A training program, which comprised two 5-week conditioning periods with 1 week of rest, was initiated. Submaximal incremental exercise tests (IET) were conducted before the first and after both conditioning periods. Blood samples for determination of blood lactate and plasma glucose concentrations were collected 1 minute before IET and during the 15 seconds immediately preceding each speed change. Data collected were fit to one- and twoslope broken-line models and an exponential model.Results—Good fits were obtained by application of the broken-line models (adjustedR2> 0.92) to blood lactate concentration versus speed curves. Lactate breakpoints increased 41% after training but were not affected by diet. After training, slope 2 and peak blood lactate concentrations were greater in the corn oil group, compared with controls. Mean blood lactate concentration at the breakpoint was not affected by training or diet. Plasma glucose concentration versus speed curves also fit the broken-line models, and glucose breakpoints preceded lactate breakpoints by approximately 1 m/s in the second and third IET.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Lactate breakpoints can be determined for horses, using blood lactate concentration versus speed curves generated during submaximal IET and may be useful for assessing fitness and monitoring training programs in equine athletes. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:144–151)
Effects of L-lysine and L-arginine on in vitro replication of feline herpesvirus type-1
Authors: Maggs David J. , Collins B. Keith , Thorne James G. , Nasisse Mark P. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine the effects of varios concentrations of L-lysine and L-arginine on in vitro replication of feline herpesvirus type-1 (FHV-1).Sample Population—Cultured Crandell-Reese feline kidney (CRFK) cells and FHV-1 strain 727.Procedure—Uninfected CRFK cells or CRFK cells infected with FHV-1 were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium or in 1 of 7 test media containing various concentrations of lysine and arginine. Viral titer and CRFK growth rate were assessed in each medium.Results—Media depleted of arginine almost completely inhibited viral replication, whereas 2.5 or 5.0 µg of arginine/ml of media was associated with a significant increase in FHV-1 replication. In media with 2.5 µg of arginine/ml, supplementation with 200 or 300 µg of lysine/ml reduced viral replication by 34.2 and 53.9%, respectively. This effect was not seen in media containing 5.0 µg of arginine/ml. Growth rates of CRFK cells also were suppressed in media containing these concentrations of amino acids, but they were not significantly different from each other.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Arginine exerts a substantial growth-promoting effect on FHV-1. Supplementation of viral culture medium with lysine attenuates this growth-promoting effect in media containing low concentrations of arginine. Analysis of data from this study indicates that high concentrations of lysine reduce in vitro replication of FHV-1 but only in media containing low concentrations of arginine. Clinical trials will be necessary to determine whether supplemental administration of lysine, with or without arginine restriction, will be useful in the management of cats with FHV-1 infections. (Am J Vet Res2000; 61:1474–1478)
In vitro effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine and cisapride on the circular smooth muscle of the jejunum of horses
Authors: Nieto Jorge E. , Snyder Jack R. , Kollias-Baker Cynthia , Stanley Scott 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine effects of cisapride and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) on the jejunum of horses.Sample Population—Jejunal muscle strips from 8 horses.Procedure—Muscle strips were suspended in isolated muscle baths. Isometric stress responses to 5-HT and cisapride, with and without specific antagonists, were determined.Results—Muscle strips incubated with atropine and tetrodotoxin responded to 5-HT and cisapride with an increase in contractile force. The 5-HT caused a concentration-dependent increase in contractile amplitude, with a maximum response (Emax) of 1,151 ± 214 g/cm2and a molar concentration that induces contractile force equal to 50% of maximum response (EC50) of 0.028 ± 0.002 µM. Prior incubation with the 5-HT2antagonist ketanserin decreased the Emax(626 ± 147 g/cm2) and potency (EC50, 0.307 ± 0.105 µM) of 5-HT. Prior incubation with the 5-HT3antagonist tropisetron decreased the efficacy (Emax, 894 ± 184 g/cm2) to 5-HT. Cisapride also caused a concentrationdependent increase in contractile amplitude, with an Emaxof 331 ± 82 g/cm2and an EC50of 0.302 ± 0.122 µM. Prior incubation with ketanserin decreased the Emax(55 ± 17 g/cm2) and potency (EC50, 0.520 ± 0.274 µM) of cisapride.Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Stimulatory effects of 5-HT and cisapride on circular smooth muscle of equine jejunum are mediated primarily through a noncholinergic effect. The effects of 5-HT are mediated, at least partially, by 5-HT2and 5-HT3receptors, whereas the effects of cisapride are mediated primarily by 5-HT2receptors. This may impact treatment of horses with postoperative ileus. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:1561–1565)
Effects of intravenous infusion of guaifenesin on electroencephalographic variables in pigs
Authors: Haga Henning A. , Moerch Henning , Soli Nils E. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To investigate the sedative effects of
guaifenesin in pigs by use of electroencephalography.

Animals—10 Norwegian Landrace pigs (5 castrated
males and 5 sexually intact females).

Procedure—Guaifenesin (150 mg/kg of body weight,
IV) was administered during a 5-minute period. Using
a 2-channel referential electrode configuration, electroencephalograms
were recorded before, during,
and after infusion of guaifenesin. Changes in spectral
edge frequency 95% (SEF), median frequency (MED),
and total power were evaluated.

Results—After administration of guaifenesin, SEF
decreased significantly, and total power increased significantly;
however, MED did not change significantly.
Analysis of the data did not reveal differences
between pigs on the basis of sex.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—We concluded
that guaifenesin synchronized the patterns of electroencephalograms.
This is a strong indication that the
drug has a sedative effect in pigs. (Am J Vet Res
2000;61:1599–1601)
Gastrointestinal volatile fatty acid concentrations and pH in cats
Authors: Brosey Bess P. , Hill Richard C. , Scott Karen C. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To measure volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations and pH in the gastrointestinal tracts of healthy adult cats fed a commercial dry cat food.Animals—14 cats.Procedure—The gastrointestinal tracts were excised immediately after euthanasia and divided into 6 sections (stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, proximal portion of the colon, and distal portion of the colon). Luminal contents were collected from each segment, pH was measured, and contents were centrifuged. The supernatant was analyzed for acetate, proprionate, butyrate, isobutyrate, valerate, and isovalerate concentrations by use of gas chromatography.Results—Mean total VFA concentrations were lowest in the stomach (20 mmol/L); increased through the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum (30, 29, and 41 mmol/L, respectively); and were greatest in the proximal and distal portions of the colon (109 and 131 mmol/L, respectively). Estimated mean total VFA amounts were low (< 600 μmol) throughout all segments of the gastrointestinal tract; pH values increased from the stomach through the ileum and subsequently decreased in the colon.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Total VFA concentrations in the colon were comparable to values reported for the forestomach of ruminants and large intestines of monogastric animals, whereas values in the small intestine were higher than reported for other species. Total VFA amounts were low, consistent with the short, nonvoluminous gastrointestinal tract of carnivores. Luminal pH varied throughout the gastrointestinal tract in a pattern similar to other monogastric animals. Volatile fatty acids probably contribute minimal metabolic energy in cats but may be important in the maintenance of local mucosal health. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:359–361)
Acute, subchronic, and chronic toxicity of ecadotril in dogs
Authors: Maertins Thomas , Keutz Eckhard von , Goetze Leopold 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To determine the toxicity of ecadotril in
dogs.

Animals—74 healthy 4- to 11-month-old Beagles.

Procedure—To determine acute toxicity, ecadotril
(2,000 mg/kg of body weight, PO) in a gelatin capsule
was administered once to 2 dogs, and dogs were
observed for 2 weeks. To determine subchronic and
chronic toxicity, ecadotril was administered every day
for 3 months (50 mg/kg [n = 8], 100 mg/kg [8],
300 mg/kg [12]) and 12 months (25 mg/kg [n = 8],
50 mg/kg [8], 100 mg/kg [8]), respectively. Dogs in
control groups (n = 12 or 8) received an empty gelatin
capsule. Physical examinations, CBC, plasma biochemical
analyses, and urinalyses were performed
before and at various times during each experiment.
Dogs were euthanatized at the end of each experiment,
and necropsies were performed.

Results—Dogs that received 1 dose of 2,000 mg of
ecadotril/kg developed nonspecific clinical signs of toxicosis.
Dogs that received 300 mg of ecadotril/kg/d for 3
months developed pronounced anemia, bone marrow
suppression, and some evidence of liver impairment.
There was no evidence of an effect accumulated over
time, and reversibility of toxic effects was evident.
Dogs that received ≤ 100 mg of ecadotril/kg/d for 3 or
12 months tolerated treatment without apparent effect.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Degree of
acute toxicity of a single high dose of ecadotril in dogs
was low. The no-observable adverse effect level of
ecadotril following daily oral administration was
100 mg/kg/d; repeated administration of 300 mg/kg/d
revealed the hematopoietic system as the primary
toxicologic target. (Am J Vet Res 2000;61:425–429)
Effects of dietary potassium citrate supplementation on urine pH and urinary relative supersaturation of calcium oxalate and struvite in healthy dogs
Authors: Stevenson Abigail E. , Wrigglesworth David J. , Smith Brigitte H. E. , Markwell Peter J. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To assess the effect of dietary potassium citrate supplementation on the urinary pH, relative supersaturation of calcium oxalate and struvite (defined as the activity product/solubility product of the substance), and concentrations of magnesium, ammonium, phosphate, citrate, calcium, and oxalate in dogs.Animals—12 healthy adult dogs.Procedure—Canned dog food was fed to dogs for 37 days. Dogs were randomly allocated to 3 groups and fed test diets for a period of 8 days. Study periods were separated by 6-day intervals. During each study period the dogs were fed either standard diet solus (control) or standard diet plus 1 of 2 types of potassium citrate supplements (150 mg potassium citrate/kg of body weight/d) twice daily. Urinary pH, volume and specific gravity, relative supersaturation of calcium oxalate and struvite, and concentrations of magnesium, ammonium, phosphate, calcium, oxalate, and citrate were assessed for each treatment.Results—Mean urine pH was not significantly affected by dietary potassium citrate supplementation, although urine pH did increase by 0.2 pH units with supplementation. Diets containing potassium citrate maintained a higher urine pH for a longer part of the day than control diet. Three Miniature Schnauzers had a significantly lower urinary relative calcium oxalate supersaturation when fed a diet supplemented with potassium citrate, compared with control diet.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Dietary potassium citrate supplementation has limited effects on urinary variables in most healthy dogs, although supplementation results in maintenance of a higher urine pH later in the day. Consequently, if supplementation is introduced, dogs should be fed twice daily and potassium citrate should be given with both meals or with the evening meal only. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:430–435)
Inheritance of gluten-sensitive enteropathy in Irish Setters
Authors: Garden Oliver A. , Pidduck Heather , Lakhani Ken H. , Walker Dawn , Wood James L. N. , Batt Roger M. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To establish a model for inheritance of gluten-sensitive enteropathy (GSE) in Irish Setters.Animals—44 dogs of a 6-generation family of Irish Setters with GSE and 7 healthy Irish Setters.Procedure—Phenotype of each dog was determined after oral administration of gluten in the weaning diet, using morphometric evaluation of jejunal biopsies (all generations) and measurement of small intestinal permeability by use of a lactulose-rhamnose permeation test (generations 1, 2, and 3). Overall probability for each of 4 genetic models of inheritance (autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant, sex-linked recessive, and sex-linked dominant) accounting for segregation of partial villus atrophy within the entire family was calculated.Results—The autosomal recessive model was most tenable and was 56,250 times more likely to account for segregation of partial villus atrophy than the autosomal dominant model, assuming disease prevalence of 0.8%. Both sex-linked models were untenable. These conclusions were robust to the error attached to estimation of disease prevalence. High intestinal permeability without morphometric jejunal abnormalities in 4 of 20 dogs in the 3 youngest generations suggested heterogeneity of lesions associated with GSE.Conclusions—Genetic transmission of GSE is under the control of a single major autosomal recessive locus. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:462–468)