bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Linguistic politeness and face‐work in computer‐mediated communication, Part 1: A theoretical framework
Authors: Park Jung‐ran 
Published: July 2008

AbstractOur daily social interaction is anchored in interpersonal discourse; accordingly, the phenomenon of linguistic politeness is prevalent in daily social interaction. Such linguistic behavior underscores the fact that linguistic politeness is a critical component of human communication. Speech participants utilize linguistic politeness to avoid and reduce social friction and enhance each other's face, or public self‐image, during social interaction. It is face‐work that underlies the interpersonal function of language use and encompasses all verbal and nonverbal realizations that bring forth one's positive social value, namely, face. Face‐work is founded in and built into dynamic social relations; these social and cultural relations and context directly affect the enactment of face‐work. Analysis and a subsequent understanding of sociointerpersonal communication are critical to the fostering of successful interaction and collaboration. Linguistic politeness theory is well positioned to provide a framework for an analysis of social interaction and interpersonal variables among discourse participants inasmuch as it is applicable not only to face‐to‐face social interactions but also to those interactions undertaken through online communication.
Assessing the impact of disciplinary research on teaching: An automatic analysis of online syllabuses
Authors: Kousha Kayvan , Thelwall Mike 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe impact of published academic research in the sciences and social sciences, when measured, is commonly estimated by counting citations from journal articles. The Web has now introduced new potential sources of quantitative data online that could be used to measure aspects of research impact. In this article we assess the extent to which citations from online syllabuses could be a valuable source of evidence about the educational utility of research. An analysis of online syllabus citations to 70,700 articles published in 2003 in the journals of 12 subjects indicates that online syllabus citations were sufficiently numerous to be a useful impact indictor in some social sciences, including political science and information and library science, but not in others, nor in any sciences. This result was consistent with current social science research having, in general, more educational value than current science research. Moreover, articles frequently cited in online syllabuses were not necessarily highly cited by other articles. Hence it seems that online syllabus citations provide a valuable additional source of evidence about the impact of journals, scholars, and research articles in some social sciences.
Using importance flooding to identify interesting networks of criminal activity
Authors: Marshall Byron , Chen Hsinchun , Kaza Siddharth 
Published: July 2008

AbstractEffectively harnessing available data to support homeland‐security‐related applications is a major focus in the emerging science of intelligence and security informatics (ISI). Many studies have focused on criminal‐network analysis as a major challenge within the ISI domain. Though various methodologies have been proposed, none have been tested for usefulness in creating link charts. This study compares manually created link charts to suggestions made by the proposed importance‐flooding algorithm. Mirroring manual investigational processes, our iterative computation employs association‐strength metrics, incorporates path‐based node importance heuristics, allows for case‐specific notions of importance, and adjusts based on the accuracy of previous suggestions. Interesting items are identified by leveraging both node attributes and network structure in a single computation. Our data set was systematically constructed from heterogeneous sources and omits many privacy‐sensitive data elements such as case narratives and phone numbers. The flooding algorithm improved on both manual and link‐weight‐only computations, and our results suggest that the approach is robust across different interpretations of the user‐provided heuristics. This study demonstrates an interesting methodology for including user‐provided heuristics in network‐based analysis, and can help guide the development of ISI‐related analysis tools.
Linguistic politeness and face‐work in computer mediated communication, Part 2: An application of the theoretical framework
Authors: Park Jung‐ran 
Published: July 2008

AbstractAnalysis of sociointerpersonal communication patterns among discourse participants is essential to understand the manifestation of and the interpersonal‐communication features realized in online social interaction. The linguistic politeness theory provides an effective framework for such an analysis of sociointerpersonal communication features employed by online language users to maintain and enhance their public self‐image, or face. The qualitative data analysis of this study, drawn from the real‐time, online discussions of K–12 students, makes evident that interpersonal‐communication features appear in the form of politeness tactics. The results of the study show that there is decreased use of deferential linguistic forms; on the contrary, a variety of verbal and nonverbal devices that denote positive politeness and bald‐on‐record (i.e., direct speech acts) frequently occur. The commonality of positive politeness and bald‐on‐record lies in the fact that both tactics are grounded in the nature of the close interpersonal relationships between participants. Such a communication pattern in the real‐time, online discourse of K–12 students signifies that cognitive assessment of sociointerpersonal and contextual variables undertaken by speech participants underlies the realization of linguistic politeness. Employment of such politeness tactics indicates that effective and fully realized interpersonal communication plays a vital role in the development of online social interaction.
Iron‐ and Ruthenium‐Lewis Acid Catalyzed Asymmetric 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions between Enals and Diaryl Nitrones
Authors: Bădoiu Andrei , Bernardinelli Gerald , Mareda Jiri , Kündig E. Peter , Viton Florian 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe highly tuned, one‐point binding cationic cyclopentadienyl‐iron and ‐ruthenium complexes 1 and 2 that incorporate chiral bidentate pentafluoroaryl‐phosphinite ligands selectively coordinate and activate α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds towards asymmetric catalytic cycloaddition reactions with diaryl nitrones. The reaction gives isoxazolidine products in good yields, with complete endo selectivity and high enantioselectivity. The products are obtained as a mixture of regioisomers in ratios varying from 96:4 to 15:85. The regioselectivity correlates directly with the electronic properties of the nitrone. This is shown by the experimental and computational data.
Folding at the rhythm of the rare codon beat
Authors: Marin Monica 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe persistent difficulties in the production of protein at high levels in heterologous systems, as well as the inability to understand pathologies associated with protein aggregation, highlight our limited knowledge on the mechanisms of protein folding in vivo. Attempts to improve yield and quality of recombinant proteins are diverse, frequently involving optimization of the cell growth temperature, the use of synonymous codons and/or the co‐expression of tRNAs, chaperones and folding catalysts among others. Although protein secondary structure can be determined largely by the amino acid sequence, protein folding within the cell is affected by a range of factors beyond amino acid sequence. The folding pathway of a nascent polypeptide can be affected by transient interactions with other proteins and ligands, the ribosome, translocation through a pore membrane, redox conditions, among others. The translation rate as well as the translation machinery itself can dramatically affect protein folding, and thus the structure and function of the protein product. This review addresses current efforts to better understand how the use of synonymous codons in the mRNA and the availability of tRNAs can modulate translation kinetics, affecting the folding, the structure and the biological activity of proteins.
Time‐series integrated “omic” analyses to elucidate short‐term stress‐induced responses in plant liquid cultures
Authors: Dutta Bhaskar , Kanani Harin , Quackenbush John , Klapa Maria I. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe research that aims at furthering our understanding of plant primary metabolism has intensified during the last decade. The presented study validated a systems biology methodological framework for the analysis of stress‐induced molecular interaction networks in the context of plant primary metabolism, as these are expressed during the first hours of the stress treatment. The framework involves the application of time‐series integrated full‐genome transcriptomic and polar metabolomic analyses on plant liquid cultures. The latter were selected as the model system for this type of analysis, because they provide a well‐controlled growth environment, ensuring that the observed plant response is due only to the applied perturbation. An enhanced gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) metabolomic data correction strategy and a new algorithm for the significance analysis of time‐series “omic” data are used to extract information about the plant's transcriptional and metabolic response to the applied stress from the acquired datasets; in this article, it is the first time that these are applied for the analysis of a large biological dataset from a complex eukaryotic system. The case‐study involved Arabidopsis thaliana liquid cultures subjected for 30 h to elevated (1%) CO2 stress. The advantages and validity of the methodological framework are discussed in the context of the known A. thaliana or plant, in general, physiology under the particular stress. Of note, the ability of the methodology to capture dynamic aspects of the observed molecular response allowed for 9 and 24 h of treatment to be indicated as corresponding to shifts in both the transcriptional and metabolic activity; analysis of the pathways through which these activity changes are manifested provides insight to regulatory processes. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009;102: 264–279. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Anion exchange chromatography provides a robust, predictable process to ensure viral safety of biotechnology products
Authors: Strauss Daniel M. , Gorrell Jeffrey , Plancarte Magdalena , Blank Gregory S. , Chen Qi , Yang Bin 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe mammalian cell‐lines used to produce biopharmaceutical products are known to produce endogenous retrovirus‐like particles and have the potential to foster adventitious viruses as well. To ensure product safety and regulatory compliance, recovery processes must be capable of removing or inactivating any viral impurities or contaminants which may be present. Anion exchange chromatography (AEX) is a common process in the recovery of monoclonal antibody products and has been shown to be effective for viral removal. To further characterize the robustness of viral clearance by AEX with respect to process variations, we have investigated the ability of an AEX process to remove three model viruses using various combinations of mAb products, feedstock conductivities and compositions, equilibration buffers, and pooling criteria. Our data indicate that AEX provides complete or near‐complete removal of all three model viruses over a wide range of process conditions, including those typically used in manufacturing processes. Furthermore, this process provides effective viral clearance for different mAb products, using a variety of feedstocks, equilibration buffers, and different pooling criteria. Viral clearance is observed to decrease when feedstocks with sufficiently high conductivities are used, and the limit at which the decrease occurs is dependent on the salt composition of the feedstock. These data illustrate the robust nature of the AEX recovery process for removal of viruses, and they indicate that proper design of AEX processes can ensure viral safety of mAb products. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009;102: 168–175. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A standardized protocol for needle placement in suboccipital muscles
Authors: Hallgren Richard C. , Andary Michael T. , Wyman Andrew J. , Rowan Jacob J. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe objective of this study was to assess the safety and accuracy of using common anatomic landmarks to guide the placement of needle electrodes into suboccipital muscles. Atrophic changes in suboccipital muscles have been reported in some patients who have tension‐type headaches, and in some patients who have headaches resulting from whiplash‐type injuries. These atrophic changes most likely result from disuse or denervation. Needle electromyography is a definitive technique for determining the cause of muscle atrophy, but requires that needle electrodes be inserted into the muscle. Suboccipital muscles present a challenge to the electromyographer in that they are physically small and are located in close proximity to one another. Atrophied muscles with fatty replacement and the presence of critical structures such as the vertebral artery further complicate the procedure. Using a standardized protocol, three investigators attempted blind needle insertions into each of the suboccipital muscles of eight embalmed cadavers. A dissector then assessed targeted muscle penetrations, final resting positions of the wires, and their proximity to critical structures. Eighty‐one percent of 181 attempted insertions penetrated the targeted muscles: 83% for the rectus capitis posterior minor, 83% for the rectus capitis posterior major, 94% for the obliquus capitis superior, and 63% for the obliquus capitis inferior muscles, respectively. It was concluded that readily palpable external landmarks can be used to safely and reliably guide the insertion of needle electrodes into three of the four pairs of suboccipital muscles. Clin. Anat. 21:501–508, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
‘You've got to grow up when you've got a kid’: Marginalized young women's accounts of motherhood
Authors: Rolfe Alison 
Published: July 2008

AbstractTeenage motherhood has been a source of considerable debate in policy and media circles in recent years. This paper explores the meanings of teenage motherhood for young women who were mothers before the age of 21, who were living in economically deprived areas of England and most of whom had been in residential or foster care. Qualitative interviews were carried out at several sites across England, with a total of 33 young women taking part in group interviews and one‐to‐one interviews. The accounts of the young women suggest that they talk about motherhood in three main ways: as ‘hardship and reward’, ‘growing up and responsibility’ and ‘doing things differently’. It is argued that these ways of talking about motherhood present a different picture of teenage motherhood from that of dominant discourses. Furthermore, the young women are active in negotiating and constructing their own identities as mothers, carers and women. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identity, practice and dialogue
Authors: Hopkins Nick 
Published: July 2008

AbstractIdentities are constructed and contested. This means they may be re‐worked to support more inclusive visions of who belongs and on what basis. However, identity construction does not take place in a vacuum, and social psychological analyses of change need to address the contextual dynamics that shape the processes and outcomes of dialogue. This requires attention to processes of power. Furthermore, we need to consider minority group members' understandings of these processes. From the perspective of the disadvantaged, dialogue may be experienced as disempowering because it is viewed as compromising group members' capacities to organize themselves to pursue strategies of social change. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular Design of Specific Metal‐Binding Peptide Sequences from Protein Fragments: Theory and Experiment
Authors: Kožíšek Milan , Svatoš Aleš , Buděšínský Miloš , Muck Alexander , Bauer Mikael C. , Kotrba Pavel , Ruml Tomáš , Havlas Zdeněk , Linse Sara , Rulíšek Lubomír 
Published: July 2008

AbstractA novel strategy is presented for designing peptides with specific metal‐ion chelation sites, based on linking computationally predicted ion‐specific combinations of amino acid side chains coordinated at the vertices of the desired coordination polyhedron into a single polypeptide chain. With this aim, a series of computer programs have been written that 1) creates a structural combinatorial library containing Zi–(X)n–Zj sequences (n=0–14; Z: amino acid that binds the metal through the side chain; X: any amino acid) from the existing protein structures in the non‐redundant Protein Data Bank; 2) merges these fragments into a single Z1–(X)–Z2–(X)–Z3–(X)–⋅⋅⋅–Zj polypeptide chain; and 3) automatically performs two simple molecular mechanics calculations that make it possible to estimate the internal strain in the newly designed peptide. The application of this procedure for the most M2+‐specific combinations of amino acid side chains (M: metal; see L. Rulíšek, Z. Havlas J. Phys. Chem. B 2003, 107, 2376–2385) yielded several peptide sequences (with lengths of 6–20 amino acids) with the potential for specific binding with six metal ions (Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Cd2+ and Hg2+). The gas‐phase association constants of the studied metal ions with these de novo designed peptides were experimentally determined by MALDI mass spectrometry by using 3,4,5‐trihydroxyacetophenone as a matrix, whereas the thermodynamic parameters of the metal‐ion coordination in the condensed phase were measured by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), chelatometry and NMR spectroscopy methods. The data indicate that some of the computationally predicted peptides are potential M2+‐specific metal‐ion chelators.
Steric Effects in RNA Interference: Probing the Influence of Nucleobase Size and Shape
Authors: Somoza Alvaro , Silverman Adam P. , Miller Rand M. , Chelliserrykattil Jijumon , Kool Eric T. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractNonpolar nucleosides with varying size and shape have been used to study the hydrogen‐bonding stabilization and steric effects on RNA interference. The uracil and adenine residues of siRNA guide strands have been replaced by nonpolar isosteres of uracil and adenine and by steric variants. RNAi experiments targeting Renilla luciferase mRNA have shown close correlation between siRNA thermal stability and gene suppression. Interestingly, siRNA modified at position 7 on the guide strand does not follow this correlation, having substantial RNAi activity despite low thermal stability. Sequence‐selectivity studies were carried out at this position with mutated target mRNAs and nucleobase analogues with varied size (2,4‐difluoro‐ and 2,4‐dichlorobenzene) and different shape (2,3‐dichlorobenzene, 4‐methylbenzimidazole). The results point out the importance of nucleobase shape and steric effects in RNA interference.
Advanced bladder cancer: Status of first‐line chemotherapy and the search for active agents in the second‐line setting
Authors: Gallagher David J. , Milowsky Matthew I. , Bajorin Dean F. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractUrothelial carcinoma (UC) remains a significant health problem affecting an estimated 68,810 people in 2008 alone in the US. The majority of patients with metastatic disease develop disease recurrence, and long‐term survival rates are poor. There is no standard of care for the treatment of patients with UC after the failure of cisplatin‐based regimens in the first‐line setting. Efforts to improve second‐line treatment have led to the evaluation of single agents such as vinflunine and pemetrexed, and multidrug combinations with cytotoxic and targeted agents, including trastuzumab and bevacizumab. The authors reviewed the activity of several single agents and combination regimens in patients with UC. Emerging strategies for the measurement of response in clinical trials were also outlined. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Anatomical and functional characterization of neuropil in the gracile fasciculus
Authors: Ramer Matt S. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractA fundamental organizational principle of the central nervous system is that gray matter is the province of neuronal somata, white matter their processes. However, the rat and primate dorsal columns (archetypal spinal “white matter” tracts) are actually of intermediate character, insofar as they contain a surprisingly prominent neuropil of unknown function. Here I report on the morphology, inputs, projections, and functional properties of these neurons. Small fusiform and larger lentiform neurons are most abundant in the gracile fasciculus of the cervical and lumbar enlargements and are absent from the cuneate fasciculus and corticospinal tract. Many have dendrites that run along the dorsal pia, and, although in transverse sections these neurons appear isolated from the gray matter, they are also connected to area X by varicose and sometimes loosely fasciculated dendrites. These neurons receive neurochemically diverse, compartmentalized synaptic inputs (primary afferent, intrinsic and descending), half express the substance P receptor, and some project supraspinally. Unlike substantia gelatinosa neurons, they do not express protein kinase C gamma. Functionally, they have small receptive fields, which are somatotopically appropriate with respect to their anterior‐posterior position along the neuraxis. They respond to innocuous and/or noxious mechanical stimulation of the distal extremities, and some are prone to central sensitization or “windup.” Morphologically, neurochemically, and functionally, therefore, these cells most closely resemble neurons in laminae III–VI in the dorsal horn. The proximity of their dorsal dendrites to the pia mater may also reflect an ability to integrate internal (e.g., changes in cerebrospinal fluid compostition) and external (e.g., somatic) stimuli. J. Comp. Neurol. 510:283–296, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Connections and synaptic function in the posteroventral cochlear nucleus of deaf jerker mice
Authors: Cao Xiao‐Jie , McGinley Matthew J. , Oertel Donata 
Published: July 2008

AbstractMutations in the gene that encodes espins can cause deafness and vestibular disorders; mice that are homozygous for the autosomal recessive jerker mutation in the espin gene never hear. Extracellular injections of biocytin into the anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN) revealed that although the cochlear nuclei are smaller in je/je mice, the topography in its innervation resembles that in wild‐type mice. Auditory nerve fibers innervate narrow, topographically organized, “isofrequency” bands in deaf animals over the ages examined, P18–P70. The projection of tuberculoventral cells was topographic in je/je as in wild‐type mice. Terminals of auditory nerve fibers in the multipolar cell area included both large and small endings, whereas in the octopus cell area they were exclusively small boutons in je/je as in wild‐type mice, but end bulbs near the nerve root of je/je animals were smaller than in hearing animals. In whole‐cell recordings from targets of auditory nerve fibers, octopus and T stellate cells, miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) had similar shapes as in +/+, indicating that the properties of AMPA receptors were not affected by the mutation. In je/je animals the frequency of spontaneous mEPSCs was elevated, and synaptic depression in responses to trains of shocks delivered at between 100 and 333 Hz was greater than in wild‐type mice, indicating that the probability of neurotransmitter release was increased. The frequency of spontaneous mEPSCs and extent of synaptic depression were greater in octopus than in T stellate cells, in both wild‐type and in je/je mice. J. Comp. Neurol. 510:297–308, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.