bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Setting standards for Shariah application in the Islamic financial industry
Authors: Khan M. Fahim 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe global growth of Islamic banking is taking advantage of the diversity and flexi‐bility in the fiqh opinions (often referred to as Shariah) to meet the challenges of growth. While the flexibility in fiqh opinion is presently contributing to global growth, it may soon become a constraining factor in the global growth of the industry if the challenges arising out of the use of diversity and flexibility in fiqh are not properly rec‐ognized and regulated. Though the infrastructure for standardizing the supervision and monitoring of the global expansion of the Islamic finance industry is rapidly growing, institutional arrangement for a regulated use of diversity and flexibility in Shariah rules is still a missing link. Such an institutional arrangement is needed not only to prepare the industry to play a bigger role in the development of global economy but also to ensure the adherence to the very specific element that makes the industry an “Islamic” industry. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Commodity futures: An Islamic legal analysis
Authors: Kamali Mohammad Hashim 
Published: April 2007

AbstractCommentators who have disputed the permissibility of futures in Islamic law have highlighted the following five points in their critique: (1) futures proceed over goods that are nonexistent at the time of contract; a futures sale is therefore only a paper transaction and not a genuine sale; (2) futures consist of sales in which the seller does not own the item he sells, (3) futures fall short of the requirement of qabd, or taking possession of the item prior to resale; (4) deferment of both sides of the bargain to a future date turns futures into the sale of one debt for another; and (5) futures involve excessive speculation that verges on gambling.This article presents nine sections, beginning with a statement of issues, followed by a description of the futures contract, and a literature review in the next two sections. This is followed by an analysis of the hadith “sell not what is not with you,” a similar analysis of the issue of qabd, a section on the sale of debts, another on risk taking and speculation, and a conclusion. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The combination of contracts in Shariah: A possible mechanism for product development in Islamic banking and finance
Authors: Arbouna Mohammed Burhan 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe combination of contracts is a potential mechanism of product development in Islamic finance. However, this concept encounters legal issues due to ahadith that prohibit two contracts in one deal. The article argues for the validity of combining two or more contracts to structure Shariah‐compliant products. It discusses many aspects of combination of contracts, including terminologies and purposes of the con‐tracts, the degree of uncertainty and ambiguity, and the nature of the bargain in the contracts combined. If the contracts combined pass the tests established by legal prin‐ciples, there will be no legal objection to combine such contracts into one deal. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A survey on congestion control for mobile ad hoc networks
Authors: Lochert Christian , Scheuermann Björn , Mauve Martin 
Published: April 2007

AbstractCongestion control is a key problem in mobile ad hoc networks. The standard congestion control mechanism of the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is not able to handle the special properties of a shared wireless multi‐hop channel well. In particular, the frequent changes of the network topology and the shared nature of the wireless channel pose significant challenges. Many approaches have been proposed to overcome these difficulties. In this paper, we give an overview over existing proposals, explain their key ideas and show their interrelations. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SY‐XRF study of Hans Baldung Grien silverpoint drawings and the silver stylus from the ‘Karlsruhe sketchbook’
Authors: Reiche I. , Berger A. , Duval A. , Guicharnaud H. , Merchel S. , Radtke M. , Schäfer D. , Simon R. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractWe performed spatially resolved synchrotron‐induced x‐ray fluorescence analyses (SY‐XRF) of five silverpoint drawings from the famous ‘Karlsruhe sketchbook’ and a silverpoint, which is assumed to be an original one used by the Renaissance artist Hans Baldung Grien (1484–1545) himself. The silverpoint, one out of a very small number of ancient styli conserved nowadays, is fixed on the so‐called ‘Karlsruhe sketchbook’. Measurements were executed at the FLUO‐TOPO beamline at the electron storage ring ANKA. It has been shown, that SY‐XRF at this beamline is nondestructive and sensitive enough for the analysis of minor and major elements in the silver strokes. This study provides new insights into this graphical technique and ancient drawing instruments: results are that three drawings have been created with a common type of silverpoint containing about (10.4 ± 0.7) wt% of Cu. In all the cases, Hg at a 10% level by weight was identified in the strokes. Presence of Hg is not due to the original silver alloy, but is a result of a general alteration phenomenon of silverpoint drawings. This fact is confirmed by the analysis of the original silverpoint, which contains only small traces of Hg. The result for the copper content of the silverpoint (10.4 ± 1.7) wt% is in good agreement with that of these three drawings. It is supposable that the silverpoint found attached today served for the creation of the corresponding drawings. Moreover, the graphical technique of Baldung is found to be continual over three decades. Only one very late drawing dated to 1543 was probably realized with another silverpoint, containing about 3 wt% of Cu. This difference in the chemical composition of drawings from the late period might be used as a more precise dating indicator of Baldung drawings that are not clearly attributed to a certain period. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Public private partnerships: Incentives, risk transfer and real options
Authors: Alonso‐Conde Ana Belen , Brown Christine , Rojo‐Suarez Javier 
Published: April 2007

AbstractPrivate financing of large‐scale infrastructure projects through public private partnerships (PPPs) has grown in recent decades. Together with changes in conventional construction procedures, there have been changes in the project financing model. The use of PPPs raises questions as to the role of the private sector in infrastructure provision and the conditions governing the long‐term contractual relationships between the private and public sectors. In some early examples of PPPs, the government guaranteed a minimum profitability over the cash flows using a set of contractual terms which transferred some of the risk of the project from the private provider back to the government. Using a large toll road project, the Melbourne CityLink Project, as a case study we show how the imposed conditions can be treated as real options, how these options affect the incentive to invest and how the public sector may be transferring considerable value to the private sector through government guarantees.
PLAIN REPRESENTATIONS OF LIE ALGEBRAS
Authors: BARANOV A. A. , ZALESSKII A. E. 
Published: April 2007

In this paper we study representations of finite dimensional Lie algebras. In this
case representations are not necessarily completely reducible. As the general problem
is known to be of enormous complexity, we restrict ourselves to representations that
behave particularly well on Levi subalgebras. We call such representations plain
(Definition 1.1). Informally, we show that the theory of plain representations of a
given Lie algebra L is equivalent to representation theory of finitely many finite
dimensional associative algebras, also non-semisimple. The sense of this is to
distinguish representations of Lie algebras that are of complexity comparable with
that of representations of associative algebras. Non-plain representations are
intrinsically much more complex than plain ones. We view our work as a step toward
understanding this complexity phenomenon.We restrict ourselves also to perfect Lie algebras L, that is, such that
L = [L, L]. In our main results we assume that L is perfect and
[sfr ][lfr ]2-free (which means that L has no quotient isomorphic to [sfr ][lfr ]2).
The ground field [ ] is always assumed to be algebraically closed and of characteristic 0.
RECURRENCE, DIMENSION AND ENTROPY
Authors: FAN AI-HUA , FENG DE-JUN , WU JUN 
Published: April 2007

Let ([sum ]A, T) be a topologically mixing subshift of finite type on an alphabet consisting of m symbols and
let Φ:[sum ]A → Rd
be a continuous function. Denote by σΦ(x) the ergodic limit limn→∞n−1 [sum ]n−1j=0 Φ(Tjx) when the limit exists. Possible ergodic limits are just mean values ∫ Φdμ for all T-invariant measures. For
any possible ergodic limit α, the following variational formula is proved:[formula here]where hμ denotes the entropy of μ and htop denotes topological entropy. It is also proved that unless all
points have the same ergodic limit, then the set of points whose ergodic limit does not exist has the same
topological entropy as the whole space [sum ]A
THE BETTI NUMBERS OF THE FREE LOOP SPACE OF A CONNECTED SUM
Authors: LAMBRECHTS PASCAL 
Published: April 2007

Let M1 and M2 be two simply connected closed manifolds of the same dimension. It is proved that(1) if k is a coefficient field such that neither M1 nor M2 has the same cohomology as a sphere, then

the sequence (bk)k[ges ]1 of Betti numbers of the free loop space on M1 #M2 is unbounded;(2) if, moreover, the cohomology H*(M1;k) is not generated as algebra by only one element, then the

sequence (bk)k[ges ]1 has an exponential growth.Thanks to theorems of Gromoll and Meyer and of Gromov, this implies, in case 1, that there exist

infinitely many closed geodesics on M1#M2 for each Riemannian metric, and, in case 2, that for a generic

metric, the number of closed geodesics of length [les ]t grows exponentially with t.
LOGISTIC TYPE EQUATIONS ON ℝN BY A SQUEEZING METHOD INVOLVING BOUNDARY BLOW-UP SOLUTIONS
Authors: DU YIHONG , MA LI 
Published: April 2007

We study, on the entire space ℝN(N [ges ] 1), the diffusive logistic equationand its generalizations. Here p > 1 is a constant. Problem (1.1) plays an important
role in understanding various population models and some other problems in applied
mathematics. When λ = 1 and p = 2, it is also known as the Fisher equation and
KPP equation, due to the pioneering works of Fisher [8] and Kolmogoroff, Petrovsky
and Piscounoff [18].
Interspecific and intraspecific interactions in the monogenean communities of fish: a question of study scale?
Authors: KARVONEN A. , BAGGE A. M. , VALTONEN E. T. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYMonogenean communities of fish have generally been considered non-interactive as negative interspecific interactions have rarely been reported. Most of the earlier studies on monogenean communities, however, have been conducted not only in systems with relatively low parasite abundances but, more importantly, at study scales where microhabitat-level interactions between the parasites are easily overlooked. We examined the communities of 3 abundant Dactylogyrus (Monogenea) species on the gills of crucian carp (Carassius carassius) by analysing the interactions at the scale of individual gill filaments, where interactions between the species, if any, should most likely take place. Contrary to our expectations, we did not find evidence for competitive exclusion between the species, which suggests that monogenean communities are non-interactive even in high parasite abundances. At the species level, individual parasites were highly aggregated within the filaments, essentially showing a strong tendency to occur at either end of a filament. This, together with the result of differences in the distribution of juvenile parasites within the filaments compared to adults, suggests that these parasites are able to actively seek out their conspecifics in small-scale microhabitats during maturation, which again could enhance their mate-finding.
Effect of chronic CB1 cannabinoid receptor antagonism on livers of rats with biliary cirrhosis
Authors: Yang Ying-Ying , Lin Han-Chieh , Huang Yi-Tsau , Lee Tzung-Yan , Hou Ming-Chih , Wang Ying-Wen , Lee Fa-Yauh , Lee Shou-Dong 
Published: April 2007

Recent studies have shown that the activated endocannabinoid system participates in the increase in IHR (intrahepatic resistance) in cirrhosis. The increased hepatic production of vasoconstrictive eicosanoids is involved in the effect of endocannabinoids on the hepatic microcirculation in cirrhosis; however, the mechanisms of these effects are still unknown. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of chronic CB1 (cannabinoid 1) receptor blockade in the hepatic microcirculation of CBL (common bile-duct-ligated) cirrhotic rats. After 1 week of treatment with AM251, a specific CB1 receptor antagonist, IHR, SMA (superior mesenteric artery) blood flow and hepatic production of eicosanoids [TXB2 (thromboxane B2), 6-keto PGF1α (prostaglandin F1α) and Cys-LTs (cysteinyl leukotrienes)] were measured. Additionally, the protein levels of hepatic COX (cyclo-oxygenase) isoforms, 5-LOX (5-lipoxygenase), CB1 receptor, TGF-β1 (transforming growth factor β1), cPLA2 [cytosolic PLA2 (phospholipase A2)], sPLA2 (secreted PLA2) and collagen deposition were also measured. In AM251-treated cirrhotic rats, a decrease in portal venous pressure was associated with the decrease in IHR and SMA blood flow. Additionally, the protein levels of hepatic CB1 receptor, TGF-β1, cPLA2 and hepatic collagen deposition, and the hepatic levels of 5-LOX and COX-2 and the corresponding production of TXB2 and Cys-LTs in perfusates, were significantly decreased after 1 week of AM251 treatment in cirrhotic rats. Furthermore, acute infusion of AM251 resulted in a decrease in SMA blood flow and an increase in SMA resistance in CBL rats. In conclusion, the chronic effects of AM251 treatment on the intrahepatic microcirculation were, at least partly, mediated by the inhibition of hepatic TGF-β1 activity, which was associated with decreased hepatic collagen deposition and the activated PLA2/eicosanoid cascade in cirrhotic livers.
Combined treatment with green tea catechins and sodium nitrite selectively promotes rat forestomach carcinogenesis after initiation with N‐methyl‐N′‐ nitro‐N‐nitrosoguanidine
Authors: Kuroiwa Yuichi , Ishii Yuji , Umemura Takashi , Kanki Keita , Mitsumori Kunitoshi , Nishikawa Akiyoshi , Nakazawa Hiroyuki , Hirose Masao 
Published: April 2007

Combined treatment with several phenolic antioxidants and sodium nitrite (NaNO2) has already shown to enhance rat forestomach carcinogenesis. In the present experiment, effects of green tea catechins (GTC) alone or in combination with NaNO2 on gastric carcinogenesis were investigated in a rat two‐stage carcinogenesis model. Groups of eight, 6‐week‐old F344 male rats were given 0.01%N‐methyl‐N′‐nitro‐N‐nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) in their drinking water and 5% NaCl in the diet for 10 weeks for glandular stomach initiation and a single intragastric administration of 100 mg/kg/bodyweight of MNNG at week 9 for forestomach initiation. From week 11, they received either drinking water containing 0.2% NaNO2 and a diet supplemented with 1% GTC in combination, each individual chemical alone or a basal diet until the end of week 42. In the forestomach, incidences and multiplicities of neoplastic lesions were clearly increased by the combined treatment, in spite of GTC alone suppressing the occurrence of papillomas. In a short‐term experiment with similar protocol without MNNG pretreatment, a significant increase of 8‐hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8‐OHdG) levels in forestomach DNA occurred 24 h after the combined treatment, concomitant with erosion and inflammatory cell infiltration. In an in vitro study, electron spin resonance demonstrated hydroxyl radical formation after incubation of epigallocatechin gallate or epicatechin gallate with the NO generator, NOC‐7. Thus, GTC alone showed a weak chemopreventive effect on forestomach carcinogenesis, but in the presence of NaNO2 it exerted a promotive effect which might involve hydroxyl‐radical‐associated oxidative DNA damage. However, no influence was exerted in the glandular stomach. (Cancer Sci 2007; 98: 949–957)
Telomere dysfunction and inactivation of the p16INK4a/Rb pathway in pyothorax‐associated lymphoma
Authors: Tresnasari Kristianti , Takakuwa Tetsuya , Ham Maria Francisca , Rahadiani Nur , Nakajima Hiroo , Aozasa Katsuyuki 
Published: April 2007

Previous studies have indicated that genome instability is involved in the lymphomagenesis of pyothorax‐associated lymphoma (PAL), which develops in patients with a long‐standing history of pyothorax. One of the well‐known causes of genome instability is telomere dysfunction. In the present study, the condition of telomeres was analyzed in the cell lines and clinical samples from PAL. Telomere length (TL) in PAL cell lines was extremely short (<4.5 kbp). TL in tumor samples was broad in range, and shorter than that in the peripheral blood leukocytes from the matched patients. Three of five PAL cell lines showed frequent loss of telomere signals (telomere erosion); however, telomerase activity in PAL cell lines was similar to that in Burkitt lymphoma cell lines. Rb expression was detected in three PAL cell lines and four of 15 clinical samples, respectively. Rb protein expressed in three PAL cell lines was heavily phosphorylated, indicating that function of Rb protein was suppressed. p16INK4a expression was not detected in either cell lines or clinical samples. The promoter region in p16INK4a was heavily methylated in all cell lines as well as the clinical samples. Inactivation of the p16INK4a/Rb pathway may allow continuous cell division and critical telomere shortening, which induce genome instability, finally leading to malignant transformation. Taken together, telomere dysfunction and inactivation of the p16INK4a/Rb pathway might play a role for PAL development. (Cancer Sci 2007; 98: 978–984)
High familial risks for cerebral palsy implicate partial heritable aetiology
Authors: Hemminki Kari , Li Xinjun , Sundquist Kristina , Sundquist Jan 
Published: April 2007

SummaryCerebral palsy is the commonest cause of severe childhood disability, the aetiology of which is largely unknown. Data on familial aggregation of cerebral palsy are very limited. We defined familial risks for siblings who were hospitalised because of cerebral palsy in Sweden. A nationwide database for neurological diseases was constructed by linking the Multigeneration Register to the Hospital Discharge Register for the years 1987–2001. Standardised hospitalisation ratios (SHRs) were calculated for affected singletons and twins by comparing them with siblings who had no cerebral palsy. A total of 3997 patients were recorded with cerebral palsy. Familial cerebral palsy was uncommon, and it accounted for 1.6% of all cerebral palsy cases. However, for parents who had had one affected child the risk of recurrence in another child was considerably increased. Parents of one affected child had a 4.8‐fold risk of having a second affected child, and where the siblings were twins, the risk was 29‐fold. These familial risks were particularly high in some clinical subgroups: 17–25 in singletons and 37–155 in twins, including hemiplegia, diplegia and quadriplegia. The remarkably high familial risks are difficult to explain without some contribution of heritable factors. The lack of discordant pairs may suggest that heritable factors are disorder type‐specific. Affected concordant sibling pairs should be subjected to molecular studies aiming at identifying the susceptibility gene.
The Jerusalem Perinatal Study cohort, 1964–2005: methods and a review of the main results
Authors: Harlap Susan , Davies A. Michael , Deutsch Lisa , Calderon‐Margalit Ronit , Manor Orly , Paltiel Ora , Tiram Efrat , Yanetz Rivka , Perrin Mary C. , Terry Mary B. , Malaspina Dolores , Friedlander Yechiel 
Published: April 2007

SummaryThe Jerusalem Perinatal Study recorded information on population‐based cohorts of 92 408 live‐ and stillbirths in 1964–76, and their parents, with active surveillance of infant deaths and birth defects. Data on maternal conditions, obstetric complications and interventions during labour and delivery were recorded for 92% of the births. Subsets were surveyed with antenatal interviews in 1965–68 (n = 11 467), paediatric admissions to hospital (n = 17 782) and postpartum interviews in 1975–76 (n = 16 912). Data from some offspring were linked to records of a health examination at age 17. The offspring, mothers and fathers have been traced recently, their vital status assessed, and the data linked to Israel's Cancer Registry and Psychiatric Registry. This paper describes the different types of data available, their sources, and some potential biases. Characteristics of this unique population are shown. Findings from the study are reviewed and a list of references is provided. The cohorts provide a unique source of data for a wide variety of studies.
Male factor infertility: a twin study
Authors: Cloonan Yona K. , Holt Victoria L. , Goldberg Jack 
Published: April 2007

SummaryThere is a considerable body of literature on the causes of female infertility, but far less is known about male factor infertility. We conducted a classical twin study to estimate the genetic influence on 12‐month male factor infertility. The study used the Vietnam Era Twin (VET) Registry, which includes male twin pairs born between 1939 and 1957, and who served in the US military between 1965 and 1975. In 1987, a health survey was mailed to all twins and obtained a 74% response rate. The current analyses comprised 1795 complete pairs in which both twins were married only once. Proband‐wise concordance rates, tetrachoric correlations, and a bivariate probit model were used to calculate estimates of familial clustering and heritability for male factor infertility.The proband concordance rate for male factor infertility was 38% [95% CI 32.8, 42.4] in monozygotic (MZ) pairs and 33% [95% CI 28.0, 38.6] in dizygotic (DZ) pairs. The tetrachoric correlations for male infertility were 0.15 in MZ and 0.04 in DZ pairs. This pattern provides evidence of familial clustering, although genetic influence was not evident (P = 0.21). The current study identified that 12‐month male factor infertility clustered within families. However, results suggest that factors unique to individual twins may play a more prominent role in male infertility than additive genetic effects or the common environment.