bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fish industry waste: treatments, environmental impacts, current and potential uses
Authors: Arvanitoyannis Ioannis S. , Kassaveti Aikaterini 
Published: March 2008

SummaryFish waste management has been one of the problems having the greatest impact on the environment. Fish farming detrimental effects on the marine environment in particular have become an issue of public concern. In European Union, numerous Directives, Decisions and Regulations were voted in an attempt to minimise the environmental impact of fisheries within the frame of Integrated Coastal Management. Treated fish waste has found many applications among which the most important are animal feed, biodiesel/biogas, dietic products (chitosan), natural pigments (after extraction), food‐packaging applications (chitosan), cosmetics (collagen), enzyme isolation, Cr immobilisation, soil fertiliser and moisture maintenance in foods (hydrolysates). In this review, an update of both environmental impact (inputs and outputs) and treated fish waste uses is provided by means of six comprehensive tables and seven figures.
Comparison of composition and antioxidant capacity of some cereals and pseudocereals
Authors: Gorinstein Shela , Lojek Antonin , Číž Milan , Pawelzik Elke , Delgado‐Licon Efren , Medina Oscar J. , Moreno Marlén , Salas Ines Arnao , Goshev Ivan 
Published: March 2008

SummaryPolyphenols, phenolic acids, fibres and antioxidant capacity were determined in water, acetone and methanol extracts of buckwheat, rice, soybean, quinoa and 3 amaranth cultivars. Their antioxidant activities were comparatively assessed by total radical‐trapping antioxidative potential (TRAP), ferric ion‐reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), cupric‐reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) and nitric oxide (NO•) assays, which comprised of contributions from polyphenols and phenolic acids (especially from the most abundant ferulic acid). The correlation coefficients between polyphenols and antioxidant activities of cereal and pseudocereal methanol extracts with FRAP, NO•, CUPRAC and TRAP were 0.99, 0.97, 0.96 and 0.77, respectively. The weakest correlation was with dietary fibres, an average one exhibited with tannins and marked correlation was shown with the phenolics. All the applied methods have shown that pseudocereals have higher antioxidant activity than some cereals (rice and buckwheat) and can be successfully replaced by cereals in case of allergy.
Effect of cream treatment on phospholipids and protein recovery in butter‐making process
Authors: Britten Michel , Lamothe Sophie , Robitaille Gilles 
Published: March 2008

SummaryA simple approach is proposed to recover native protein and phospholipid fractions from butter‐making process using equipments available in dairy‐processing plant. A washing treatment was used to remove protein from the cream and increase the phospholipids purity in buttermilk. Cream from a first separation was diluted with milk ultrafitration permeate and separated a second time. A 10X dilution factor reduced protein concentration in the cream from 1.6 ± 0.2 to 0.52 ± 0.03%. As a result, the phospholipids to protein ratio in buttermilk increased from 53 ± 10 to 172 ± 7 mg g−1. In butter‐making process, an important portion of total phospholipids (∼26%) is retained in butter. Butter serum made from washed cream could then be used to produce phospholipid concentrates with phospholipids to protein ratio of 473 ± 3 mg g−1. Interestingly, the extracts from butter serum are characterised by a higher proportion of sphingomyelin compared with those from buttermilk.
Fracture properties of potato crisps
Authors: Rojo F. J. , Vincent J. F. V. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe Weibull modulus of potato crisps is about 4, comparable with ceramic materials, with a characteristic strength of about 1.5 MPa. This combination of brittleness and weakness gives crispness. The critical stress intensity factor (KIC) and the energy of fracture (R) are around 0.12 MPa and 45 J m–2, respectively. There was no significant difference between the material values obtained for the fracture properties of crisps of a range of subjective ‘crispness’ as measured by a trained organoleptic panel. Crispness is ranked by the structural bending strength. Centrally loaded plate tests give qualitative evaluation of crispness. Both these tests could be used in quality control, with advantage over organoleptic tests such as cost, the time required, objectivity, consistency of results, the relation of the measured parameters to standard materials tests and the relatively small amount of material that is needed by comparison.
Influence of chopped laser light onto the electronic transport through atomic‐sized contacts
Authors: GUHR D.C. , RETTINGER D. , BONEBERG J. , ERBE A. , LEIDERER P. , SCHEER E. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThis paper reports on the influence of laser irradiation onto the electrical conductance of gold nanocontacts established with the mechanically controllable breakjunction technique. We concentrate here on the study of reversible conductance changes which can be as high as 200%. We investigate the dependence on the initial conductance of the contacts, the wavelength, the intensity and position of the laser spot with respect to the sample. Under most conditions an enhancement of the conductance is observed. We discuss several physical mechanisms which might contribute to the observed effect including thermal expansion, rectification and photon‐assisted transport. We conclude that thermal expansion is not the dominating one.
Modelling of the near‐field of metallic nanoparticle gratings: localized surface plasmon resonance and SERS applications
Authors: GRIMAULT A.‐S. , VIAL A. , GRAND J. , LAMY DE LA CHAPELLE M. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryWe numerically study the influence of the shape of gold nanostructures on the spectral position of their localized surface plasmon resonance and on Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering efficiency. Calculations are performed using a Finite‐Difference Time‐Domain (FDTD) method, whose accuracy for dispersive media is enhanced through the use of a Drude‐Lorentz model. The relevance of this method is then pointed out by comparing the calculations with experimental data for both the plasmon resonance and the Raman signal enhancement. The influence of a thin layer of water is also investigated.
Implementation of a bimorph‐based aperture tapping‐SNOM with an incubator to study the evolution of cultured living cells
Authors: LONGO G. , GIRASOLE M. , CRICENTI A. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryWe present the implementation of a tapping‐mode aperture scanning near‐field optical microscope (Tapping‐SNOM) to a Binder CB incubator (Istituto di Struttura della Materia, Rome, Italy). The microscope operates in the intermittent contact mode using a nonbent optical fibre allowing to reduce the perturbation exerted on the sample, while the incubator maintains a constant temperature, humidity and CO2 level. This instrument can maintain and analyse in a controlled environment different samples, both organic and nonorganic. In particular, the Tapping‐SNOM can study different cell lines at nanometric resolution and in physiological buffer, following the evolution of the living cells almost indefinitely. We will present several examples of the capabilities of the tapping scanning near‐field optical microscope in the study of different lines of living cells, showing corresponding topographical, optical or phase‐lag images of the live samples, evidencing the excellent stability, versatility and resolution of the system.
Molecular ordering in self‐organized dye particles: polarized evanescent‐field studies
Authors: KINOSHITA S. , FUJIMOTO A. , TOMIOKA A. 
Published: March 2008

SummarySelf‐organized rhodamine 6G particles prepared by wetting/dewetting process of an ethanol solution on a hydrophilic glass surface did show fluorescence without quenching. Polarized evanescent‐field excitation showed that the molecule's transition moment within dye particles was oriented unidirectionally and parallel to the substrate surface. The deduced dye orientation showed correlation between adjacent particles, which implies a simultaneous aggregate growth from a common crystal seed grown in a possible ‘arm’ region connecting the adjacent droplets just before these droplets were disconnected upon solvent evaporation. The dye orientation of most particles pointed about 45° off the dewetting direction. By contrast, the particles of another π‐conjugated NK1420 dye, J‐aggregates of which grow easily from an oversaturated solution, showed dye orientation along the dewetting direction preferably, still indicating the effect of self‐organization, however based on a different mechanism.
Influence of the light‐scattering form factor on the Bragg diffraction patterns of arrays of metallic nanoparticles
Authors: GONÇALVES M. R. , SIEGEL A. , MARTI O. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryAccurate models for the light‐scattering form factors of nanoparticles are of crucial importance to characterize the optical properties of the particles and to develop new photonic devices. Analytical or semi‐empirical models exist for particles of spherical and cylindrical shape. The angular spectrum of scattering for particles of more complex shape is very complex and can only be obtained by numerical simulations. Moreover, the light scattering of metallic particles depends on many parameters as size, shape, optical constants, substrate and polarization of light. Experimental verification of the differential scattering cross‐sections obtained from different calculation methods is always necessary. Measurements done on single nanoparticles are very sensitive to their local properties and the sinal‐to‐noise ratio may be very poor. Arrays of identical particles illuminated by a planes waves produce Bragg diffraction and the resultant patterns depend on the averaged values of the form factors of the particles. In order to test the validity of models for the scattering form factor, we present an experimental setup capable of measuring Bragg diffraction patterns of arrays of nanoparticles in the visible and near‐infrared regions of the spectrum. The approach is similar to that of X‐ray diffraction of crystals.
Experimental research on the performance of a very‐small‐aperture laser
Authors: HONGFENG GAI , WANG JIA , TIAN QIAN , XIA WEI , XIANGANG XU , HAN SHUO , HAO ZHIBIAO 
Published: March 2008

SummaryVery‐small‐aperture lasers (VSALs) with different aperture shapes are fabricated. Their far‐field and near‐field performance is analyzed experimentally. The far‐field performance, including the threshold current, the slope efficiency, the lasing ability and the linear frequency modulation property, is found to be influenced by the front facet reflectivity. A new factor is tentatively proposed to analyze the lasing abilities of VSALs with different aperture shapes. This factor can diminish the discrepancies among the same type laser diodes. The near‐field performance focusses on the confinement effect of the VSAL aperture. A near‐field scanning optical microscopy is used to measure the near‐field intensity distribution from a VSAL. The experimental results indicate that the near‐field performance is affected by the aperture shape. A 100‐nm C‐aperture is proved to be superior to a 100 × 300 nm2 rectangular aperture on both power throughput and peak intensity. These two apertures are fabricated on the same VSAL facet for the fairness of comparison. An optical spot beyond the diffraction limit is also obtained by fabricating a 70‐nm C‐aperture on a VSAL facet.
Focussed ion beam machined cantilever aperture probes for near‐field optical imaging
Authors: JIN E.X. , XU X. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryNear‐field optical probe is the key element of a near‐field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) system. The key innovation in the first two NSOM experiments (Pohl et al., 1984; Lewis et al., 1984) is the fabrications of a sub‐wavelength optical aperture at the apex of a sharply pointed transparent probe tip with a thin metal coating. This paper discusses the routine use of focussed ion beam (FIB) to micro‐machine NSOM aperture probes from the commercial silicon nitride cantilevered atomic force microscopy probes. Two FIB micro‐machining approaches are used to form a nanoaperture of controllable size and shape at the apex of the tip. The FIB side slicing produces a silicon nitride aperture on the flat‐end tips with controllable sizes varying from 120 nm to 30 nm. The FIB head‐on drilling creates holes on the aluminium‐coated tips with sizes down to 50 nm. Nanoapertures in C and bow tie shapes can also be patterned using the FIB head‐on milling method to possibly enhance the optical transmission. A transmission‐collection NSOM system is constructed from a commercial atomic force microscopy to characterize the optical resolution of FIB‐micro‐machined aperture tips. The optical resolution of 78 nm is demonstrated by an aperture probe fabricated by FIB head‐on drilling. Simultaneous topography imaging can also be realized using the same probe. By mapping the optical near‐field from a bow‐tie aperture, optical resolution as small as 59 nm is achieved by an aperture probe fabricated by the FIB side slicing method. Overall, high resolution and reliable optical imaging of routinely FIB‐micro‐machined aperture probes are demonstrated.
Topological organization of NADPH‐oxidase in haematopoietic stem cell membrane: preliminary study by fluorescence near‐field optical microscopy
Authors: FRASSANITO M.C. , PICCOLI C. , CAPOZZI V. , BOFFOLI D. , TABILIO A. , CAPITANIO N. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe aim of this study was to characterize the local distribution and organization of the plasma membrane NADPH‐oxidase (NOX) in human haematopoietic stem cell (HSC) by means of the fluorescence scanning near‐field optical microscopy approach. The presence of NOX in haematopoietic stem cells is thought to have a functional role as O2 sensor and/or as low‐level reactive oxygen species (ROS) producer to be used as redox messenger for controlling cell growth and differentiation. Given the harmful potential of ROS, a fine‐tuning of NOX activity is needed. The high resolution imaging of haematopoietic stem cell membrane obtained in this study combined with the immunodetection of NOX indicates for this the occurrence of a cluster‐organized structure. These membrane ‘rafts’‐like micro‐compartments may constitute localized protein aggregates whereby the assembly/activation of the NOX components are functionally integrated with upstream factors constituting signal‐transduction platforms.
Low‐frequency electromagnetic field effects on functional groups in human skin keratinocytes cells revealed by IR‐SNOM
Authors: CRICENTI A. , GENEROSI R. , LUCE M. , PERFETTI P. , SANGHERA J. S. , AGGARWAL I. D. , TOLK N. H. , VOBORNIK D. , MARGARITONDO G. , PISTON D. W. , MANNI V. , GRIMALDI S. , LISI A. , RIETI S. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryHuman HaCaT cells, exposed for 24 h to a 1 mT (rms) 50 Hz sinusoidal magnetic field in a temperature‐regulated solenoid, suffer detectable changes in their biochemical properties and shapes. By using infrared wavelength‐selective scanning near‐field optical microscopy, we observed changes in the distribution of the inner chemical functional groups and in the cell morphology with a resolution of 80–100 nm.
Narrow plasmon mode in 2D arrays of silver nanoparticles self‐assembled on thin silver films
Authors: MALYNYCH S. , CHUMANOV G. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryExtinction spectra of 2D arrays of silver nanoparticles self‐assembled on 5–20‐nm‐thick vacuum‐deposited silver films exhibit extremely narrow plasmon mode in the blue spectral region, whereas the same particles self‐assembled on thin films of Au, Cu, Cr and Ti damp the plasmon resonance. The observed narrowing was attributed to the plasmon coupling between the nanoparticles and between the nanoparticles and surface modes in the underlying silver film.
Nectar feeding by mosquitoes in Sweden, with special reference to Culex pipiens and Cx torrentium
Authors: ANDERSSON I. H. , JAENSON T. G. T. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. 1. Nectar feeding by mosquitoes collected from tansy (Tanacetum vulgar‐e) flowers was studied in July and August 1983‐85 at two sites in central and south‐western Sweden. Prior to fructose analysis, gonotrophic state and parity was determined.2. A total of 1010 mosquitoes (70% males) of eighteen species was collected. Fructose was detected in 75% of the males and 78% of the females. Most (86%) mosquitoes collected belonged to Culex pipiens and Cx torrentium.3. Among 219 Cx pipiens females, for most of which the abdomen appeared gravid (52%) or empty (42%), 81% were fructose‐positive. Females of other species were also proved to have fed on plant sugars in both early and later stages of the gonotrophic cycle.4. In Cx pipiens and males of Cx torrentium peak nectar feeding occurred between 22.00 and 04.00 hours. Data for males of both species suggested a V‐shaped pattern of nectar feeding activity during the night.5. At about 16oC nearly all mosquitoes became fructose‐negative in the anthrone test within 20 h after collection from tansy flowers.6. At least 44% of Cx pipiens females that were attracted to a dove‐baited trap had fed on plant sugars shortly before.
The mosquitoes of Sardinia: species records 35 years after the malaria eradication campaign
Authors: MARCHI ANNALISA , MUNSTERMANN LEONARD E. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. 1. Thirty‐five years ago malaria was eradicated from Sardinia by massive application of DDT directed against the mosquito vector species, Anopheles labranchiae, but the long‐term effects on the mosquito fauna have not been investigated previously.2. A 5‐year mosquito survey (1980‐85) involved in the inspection of 348 sites (plus 173 reinspections) and the processing of nearly 60,000 specimens.3. Twenty‐four species in six genera were identified from larval and adult collections. Species of the genera Culex (41%) and Aedes (22%) were more commonly encountered than Culiseta (18%) and Anopheles (17%) species. Orthopodomyia (1.6%) and Coquillettidia (0.6%) were far less frequent.4. The species composition was similar to that described for the years of the eradication campaign, except for the genus Anopheles. Of the eight Anopheles species previously recorded, only four species were identified in collections of 1159 larvae from eighty‐five positive sites.5. Anopheles labranchiae was the most frequently collected species of its genus (49%), but was represented in only 12% of the total collections. Comparison with previous records indicated a progressive increase in sites positive for An.labranchiae over the past 35 years.6. Anopheles hispaniola was not found, although it had apparently replaced An.labranchiae soon after the eradication campaign. An. labranchiae was common in the sites where the replacement phenomenon had been observed.
Overwintering of Culex mosquitoes in Sweden and their potential as reservoirs of human pathogens
Authors: JAENSON THOMAS G. T. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. 1. Culexpipiens L. and Cx torrentium Martini are suspected enzootic vectors in Sweden of Sindbis virus causing Ockelbo disease in man. To estimate their potential as virus reservoirs over the winter, mosquitoes were collected from August to May from a cellar in a rural area, central Sweden. The mosquitoes were dissected and examined for blood content, gonotrophic stage, parity and insemination, and tested for fructose.2. Cx pipiens, Cx torrentium and Cx territans Walker constituted 94% of 887 females caught. A few Culiseta annulata (Schrank), Cs.alaskaensis (Ludlow) and An.maculipennis Meigen s.l. were also collected.3. Data suggested that all blood‐fed, parous Culex females disappeared during the winter and that only non‐bloodfed, nulliparous females survived.4. Fructose, detected in some of these females, and other plant sugars may be the main energy sources for winter survival.5. Unless transovarially or venereally infected, Culex females are presumably of no or very limited importance in rural, central Sweden as winter reservoirs for blood‐borne pathogens of vertebrates.
The role of some cyclorrhaphan flies as carriers of human helminths in Malaysia
Authors: SULAIMAN SALLEHUDIN , SOHADI ABDUL RAHIM , YUNUS HASHIM , IBERAHIM RUSLI 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. The role of some adult flies (Diptera: Cyclorrhapha) as carriers of helminth parasites of man was studied at four sites in Malaysia: a refuse dump, where no helminth‐positive flies were detected, and in three peri‐domestic situations where four species of flies carried up to three types of nematodes.The dominant fly species Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius) carried eggs of the roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides L., the pinworm Trichuris trichiura (L.) and hookworm on the adult external body surface and in the gut lumen, in association with Bukit Lanjan aborigines. Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart) and Sarcophaga spp. also had Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichurus trichiura eggs in their gut contents. Human helminths were not recovered from Lispe leucospila (Wiedemann), Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) or the housefly Musca domestica L.In an urban slum area of Kuala Lumpur city, filariform larvae identified as the hookworm Necator americanus (Stiles) occurred in the intestines of the face‐fly Musca sorbens Wiedemann (22 larvae per 100 flies) and of Chrysomya megacephala (4.5 larvae per 100 flies). This concentration of apparently infective N. americanus in M. sorbens, a fly which often breeds in faeces and browses on human skin, could have transmission potential.
In vitro haemagglutination and attenuation of microfilarial motility by haemolymph from individual blackflies (Simulium ornatum) infected with Onchocerca lienalis
Authors: HAM P. J. , ZULU M. B. , ZAHED M. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. Two in vitro tests were used to investigate the effect of Onchocerca lienalis Stiles infection on the haemolymph of Simulium ornatum Meigen. The first of these examined the effect of infected haemolymph on the motility of fresh O. lienalis or Brugia pahangi Buckley & Edeson microfilariae. Incubation of haemolymph from individual flies with fresh microfilariae was performed in the wells of Terasaki micro‐tissue culture plates. Motility of both species of parasite was found to be significantly attenuated when compared to worms incubated in control haemolymph groups.The second assay was that of agglutination of cat erythrocytes in the presence of haemolymph from individual flies, also performed in Terasaki plates. This test demonstrated significant increases in the rates of haemagglutination in the haemolymph of O. lienalis infected blackflies. The titre appeared to increase during the initial 5 days of infection up to a level of 1/32+, but then fell between day 5 and 7 to a maximum level of 1/2. The proportion of flies exhibiting haemagglutination also rose following infection.Despite the apparent absence of melanization and encapsulation, simuliids may have at least two humoral haemolymph components available to them for parasite regulation; a fast‐acting factor responsible for rapid parasite death, and more specific agglutinins, possibly lectins. The role of the latter in defence is as yet unclear.