bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Design and Construction of Hele‐Shaw Models
Authors: Columbus Nathan 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTCriteria and factors are considered which affect the design of a Hele‐Shaw viscous flow model for use in ground‐ water studies. Procedures and construction techniques for assembling such a model are outlined. Some of the advantages and drawbacks in using a viscous flow model are discussed, Three examples are used to demonstrate the use of the model
Some Technical Aspects of Ground‐Water Administrationa
Authors: Nuzman C. E. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper is concerned with the development of the application of theoretical aquifer concepts to the administration of water rights from ground‐water sources, and exam‐ ples of the application are given. Kansas operating under the Appropriation Doctrine is applying the rule of priority of right, the first in time is the first in right, to the administra‐ tion of water rights from ground‐water sources. The application is not absolute in that some mutual interference pre‐scribed by the reasonable raising and lowering of the water level must be allowed as specified in the law.The application of hydrologic considerations in the administration of problems between individual wells is first given. The scope is then expanded and data presented for the application to large basin development where pumpage is largely from storage, using the current situation in the high plains area of western Kansas for the example.An addition to the normal ground‐water basic data collection program called a “Key Well” program is proposed where the key well is a production well. This well is to be fully instrumented to give information on diversion costs and evaluate methods of construction, as well as identify any changes in aquifer characteristics with respect to time.
Steady‐State Discharge to a Partially Penetrating Artesian Well: An Electrolyte‐Tank Model Studya
Authors: Franke O. L. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTA systematic investigation of the steady‐state discharge to wells that partially penetrate a homogeneous and isotropic non‐leaky artesian aquifer was made using an electrolyte‐tank model. The experimental results were compared with the discharge calculated by methods developed by several previous writers. This comparison showed that the formula of Li, Bock, and Benton (1954) gave the most reliable results over the widest range of the appropriate geometric variables.
Arizona v. California Landmark on the Colorado Rivera
Authors: Taylor E. F. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryThe outlook for Congressional legislation resolving iong‐time controversies over waters of the Colorado River, optimistic in 1966, has been dimmed by political misunderstanding. The essential ingredient of progress ‐harmony between Arizona and California water leaders ‐has been lost. They worked together on a bill to bring peace to the river and economic advantage to themselves and all Lower Colorado River Basin States. They got to the threshold, but not across it.Unless falling short of complete success has irreparably upset the delicate balance of Arizona‐California interests, they must inevitably rejoin forces to reach their mutual goals. When and if they do, we believe the background for action and the proposed legislation outlined here will continue to be their best means of compromise.
A Non‐Graphical Method of Determining u and W(u)
Authors: Sheahan N. T. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA method is presented for determining values of u and W(u) for u greater than 0.01 from time‐drawdown data without the use of graphical approximations or type‐curves. The method utilizes the function Z(u) which is defined in the paper and makes possible the application of statistical analyses of test data for bounded aquifers and other types of complex field problems. If the field data are taken so that t is a consecutive multiple of two, the method can be applied directly to the drawdown observations. An example of this method used to analyze test data for a bounded aquifer and a table of values of W(u) and Z(u) for selected values of u between 0.01 and 4.6 are also presented.
Ground‐Water Economics as Viewed by the Private Consultant
Authors: Klaer F. H. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractWater as a natural resource has little value until somebody wants to use it and the dollars and cents value has normally been established by the costs of moving water from its source to the point of beneficial use. The value of water ranges within wide limits from perhaps $2 per million gallons to $70 to $100 per million gallons and an average value might be $20 to $30 per million gallons. Water is no longer free and the costs of providing water in adequate quantity and of suitable quality will increase in the future as the sources of water are more fully utilized and the needs for more extensive treatment increase. The decision to use surface water or ground water is usually based on availability and the costs of providing the water at the point of use for the lowest possible cost. In estimating such costs, however, all costs of development, construction, treatment, operation and maintenance must be included. The principal advantages of ground water include availability close to the point of use, usually lower treatment costs, lower capital outlay, ability to increase the supply by small increments and smaller property requirements for storage. Ground water is often preferred because of its constant chemical quality and temperature. It is the opinion of the author that the effects of the impending water shortage can be minimized by elimination of pollution of our available water supplies and greater use and better management of our ground‐water supplies including natural and induced recharge.
Research in Ground‐Water Economics in the High Plains Area of Colorado
Authors: Barkley P. W. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe ground‐water aquifer underlying the northeastern corner of Colorado presently is estimated at 80,000,000 acre feet — enough to last several decades at present rates of use. The rate of use has, however, been increasing substantially in recent years and the possibility of depleting this resource is very real. While depletion of stock resources is a common theme in conservation and natural resources literature, only a few empirical studies are available to show the economic consequences of alternative rates of use. As a result, ground‐water policy has often lagged behind the needs of developing areas.The Economics Department at Colorado State University, under the auspices of the Office of Water Resources Research is currently engaged in an empirical study of ground‐water development problems in Colorado's High Plains area. Research is just beginning, but the following themes will be examined:

The economics of common property resources and the different management problems associated with them.
Problems faced by individual farm operators as they make the switch from dry‐land to irrigated farming. Problems of externalities among farm firms will be approached.
Problems likely to be faced by inhabitants of communities in the developing area. The integration of the agricultural with the non‐agricultural sectors will be stressed.
Policy recommendations appropriate to areas of rapid ground‐water development.

While the activities at Colorado State University are confined to a relatively small geographic area, it is assumed that applications will be made broader in scope and will prove useful in other parts of the nation.
“Exploration for Hidden Water” by Mohammad Karaji—The Oldest Textbook on Hydrology?
Authors: Nadji Mehdi , Voigt Rudolf 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTReviewing a classical Persian book on ground‐water problems of the 11th century, it is shown that

Ground‐water hydrology developed absolutely independently of geology.
The Arabic‐Persian scientists of that time knew about the hydrologic cycle and the existence of different types of water underground; and they knew that the quality of water depends on the character of the rocks through which ground water flows.
Techniques of developing ground‐water resources in the Middle East, i.e., the digging of wells and qanats, were of such a high standard that they are still in use today.

Generally, it can be stated that the oriental scientists of the Middle Ages knew of the basic principles of hydrology. Thus they were far ahead of their contemporaries in Europe.
Evaluation of Nitrate Content of Ground Water in Hall County, Nebraskaa
Authors: Piskin Rauf 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTNitrate concentrations in ground water are low, less than 10 mg/l, in most parts of Hall County. Water from 46 percent of the sampled wells had nitrate concentrations greater than 10 mg/l, and 13 percent had greater than 45 mg/l. Sharp contrasts in concentrations occurring within short distances are common. Seasonal changes and a progressive increase of nitrate concentrations have occurred in some observed wells. Concentrations decrease with increasing well depth and well penetration below the water table. Nitrate in ground water is stratified where the concentration is high. Highest concentrations are found at or near the water table in the vicinity of sampled wells located close to a potential nitrate source. Potential sources of nitrate in the ground water of Hall County are fertilizers, feedlots, septic‐tank effluents, seepage from the Wood River, precipitation, and soil fertility. Whereas seepage from the Wood River contributes nitrate to ground water adjacent to the stream, seepage from the Platte River dilutes the nitrate content of ground water. The hydraulic conductivity of the unsaturated zone is an important factor in controlling nitrate content of ground water.
Digital Model Studies of Steady‐State Radial Flow to Partially Penetrating Wells in Alluvial Plains
Authors: Lakshminarayana V. , Rajagopalan S. P. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTA digital simulation model for the steady‐state radial flow towards partially penetrating wells in the alluvial plains is presented. As the deposits in these plains are heterogenous with several good water‐bearing formations crisscrossed with silty layers, the deposits are treated as a single anisotropic aquifer with water‐table conditions prevailing. The iterative alternate direction implicit technique is used for the solution of the steady‐state flow. The digital simulation model is used to study the effects of anisotropy, screen setting, and screen length on the discharge per unit length of screen; and in evaluating the errors involved in determining lateral permeability from distance‐drawdown data. The digital simulation model is applied to field pump‐test data for purposes of identification of aquifer anisotropy and radius of influence of well, and in evaluation of errors in determining lateral permeability from distance‐drawdown data.
Migration of Landfill Leachate Through Glacial Tills
Authors: Cartwright Keros , Griffin Robert A. , Gilkeson Robert H. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTTo evaluate the potential of natural clay minerals for attenuating and preventing the pollution of water resources by landfill leachates, leachate was collected by anaerobic techniques from the 15‐year old Du Page County sanitary landfill near Chicago, Illinois, and was passed through 44 laboratory columns that contained various mixtures of calcium‐saturated clays and washed quartz sand. The columns were constructed to simulate slow, saturated, anaerobic flow, and manometers were placed at five locations in each column to measure any changes in hydraulic conductivity. Leachate was run through the columns for periods ranging from 6 to 10 months, during which time effluents were collected periodically and analyzed for 21 chemical constituents. The columns were then sectioned and the clays analyzed to determine the vertical distribution of the chemical constituents in each column. Sterilized landfill leachate was used in a duplicate set of columns to determine the effects of gross biological activity.Chloride and certain organic compounds were relatively unattenuated by passage through the clay columns; monovalent cations, such as Na, K, and NH4, were moderately attenuated; and heavy metals, such as Pb, Cd, and Zn, were attenuated by even small amounts of clay. Concentrations of Ca and Fe were much higher in the column effluents than they were in the original leachate. The increase in Ca in the column effluents was due to cation exchange with ions in the refuse leachate. The Fe increase probably resulted from reduction of the oxidized Fe on clay surfaces by anaerobic refuse leachate to more soluble reduced Fe.Both biologically active and sterilized leachate reduced the hydraulic conductivity of the clay‐mixture columns during the experiment. The active leachate reduced the hydraulic conductivity to a much greater degree than the sterile leachate.Results of the laboratory data were compared with field data from the Du Page County sanitary landfill and from other existing landfills where detailed data are available. The field data show a “hardness halo” corresponding to the Ca release in the columns. The relative attenuation rates of some of the ions were also confirmed by the field data. The change in hydraulic conductivity was not as clearly shown.Ion exchange capacity, hydraulic conductivity, and buffering capacity of the earth materials were all shown to be important in assessing the potential of landfills for water pollution.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTERNATIONAL EQUITY MARKET BEHAVIOUR AND THE JSE
Authors: Samouilhan Nl 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper investigates empirically the relationship between domestic and international market returns and volatilities, using the London Stock Exchange as the international market proxy. In order to address problems of widely differing bourse composition, the relationships are tested at both the broad bourse index level and the sectoral sub‐indices level. The paper finds significant evidence of a positive relationship between foreign returns and domestic returns and, in addition, between foreign volatility and domestic volatility. It is found that, for most sectors, the main association period is during the same concurrent trading day, although there are additional significant lags present in most of the series. Strong evidence is also found that the magnitude of volatility on the JSE and most of its sub‐indices reacts far more to negative shocks than it does to positive shocks.
THE FOOD SECURITY PROBLEM IN ETHIOPIA – A SUPPLY SIDE ANALYSIS
Authors: Nichola Tennassie 
Published: July 2006

AbstractSince 1961 Ethiopia has been ruled by a Monarchy, a Marxist military dictatorship, and presently by a coalition of political parties that came to power in 1991after a protracted civil war. These three governments have pursued different ideologies in formulating policies to guide agricultural development. However, to date Ethiopia remains food insecure. Ethiopian agriculture is dominated by peasant farmers and 85 per cent of the population is rural. Rural poverty and, hence, food insecurity is intricately related to insufficient land and a lack of long‐term tenure security. The aggregate country level food security was assessed using various indicators for the periods of the three governments. The growth rates and the variability in the indicators suggest that Ethiopia is suffering from both chronic and transitory food insecurity.
Chronic Bile Duct Injury Associated with Fibrotic Matrix Microenvironment Provokes Cholangiocarcinoma in p53-Deficient Mice
Authors: Farazi Paraskevi A. , Zeisberg Michael , Glickman Jonathan , Zhang Yan , Kalluri Raghu , DePinho Ronald A. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a lethal malignancy of the biliary epithelium associated with p53 mutations, bile duct injury, inflammation, and fibrosis. Here, to validate these processes in CCA, we developed a liver cirrhosis model driven by chronic intermittent toxin exposure, which provokes bile duct injury/necrosis and proliferation, fibroblast recruitment, and progressive extracellular matrix (ECM) changes. Fibrotic changes in the matrix microenvironment, typified by increased type I and III collagens and fibroblast recruitment, were shown to stimulate biliary epithelium hyperplasia with subsequent progression to malignant intrahepatic CCA only in mice harboring a p53 mutant allele. These murine CCAs bear histologic and genetic features of human intrahepatic CCA, including dense peritumoral fibrosis, increased inducible nitric oxide synthase, nitrotyrosine, and cyclooxygenase-2 expression, c-Met activation, cErbB2 overexpression, down-regulation of membrane-associated E-cadherin, and p53 codon 248 mutation. Thus, p53 deficiency, chronic bile duct injury/proliferation, and the fibrotic matrix microenvironment cooperate to induce intrahepatic CCA, highlighting the key role of the ECM microenvironment in this common liver cancer. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(13): 6622-7) (Cancer Res 2006; 66(13): 6622-7)
Clay mineralogy of onshore UK Carboniferous mudrocks
Authors: Spears D. A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe Carboniferous in Britain is diverse and this is reflected in the clay mineral assemblages. Several factors affecting the assemblages are identified including climate, rates of weathering and erosion, source rocks in the hinterland, preservation of palaeosols, whether the source rocks are nearby or distant, sorting during transportation, the presence of altered volcanic ash-falls in the depositional environment and the extent of burial diagenesis. There are temporal and geographic variations in the clay mineral assemblages in the mudrocks as a result of these controls. There are also clay-rich rocks that differ from the normal mudrocks and a knowledge of the clay mineralogy of these is a necessary prerequisite to a full understanding of their origins. Mudrocks falling in this category, and described below, include bauxitic clays, flint clays, fragmental clay rocks, tonsteins and K-bentonites and various palaeosols.
Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody with enhanced affinity for CD16 activates NK cells at lower concentrations and more effectively than rituximab
Authors: Bowles Julie A. , Wang Siao-Yi , Link Brian K. , Allan Barrett , Beuerlein Gregory , Campbell Mary-Ann , Marquis David , Ondek Brian , Wooldridge James E. , Smith Brian J. , Breitmeyer James B. , Weiner George J. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Growing evidence indicates that the affinity of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for CD16 (FcγRIII) plays a central role in the ability of the mAb to mediate antitumor activity. We evaluated how CD16 polymorphisms, and mAb with modified affinity for target antigen and CD16, affect natural killer (NK) cell phenotype when CD20+ malignant B cells were also present. The mAb consisted of rituximab (R), anti-CD20 with enhanced affinity for CD20 (AME-B), and anti-CD20 with enhanced affinity for both CD20 and CD16 (AME-D). Higher concentrations of mAb were needed to induce CD16 modulation, CD54 up-regulation, and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) on NK cells from subjects with the lower affinity CD16 polymorphism. The dose of mAb needed to induce NK activation was lower with AME-D irrespective of CD16 polymorphism. At saturating mAb concentrations, peak NK activation was greater for AME-D. Similar results were found with measurement of CD16 modulation, CD54 up-regulation, and ADCC. These data demonstrate that cells coated with mAb with enhanced affinity for CD16 are more effective at activating NK cells at both low and saturating mAb concentrations irrespective of CD16 polymorphism, and they provide further evidence for the clinical development of such mAbs with the goal of improving clinical response to mAb.
STAT3 positively regulates an early step in B-cell development
Authors: Chou Wei-Chun , Levy David E. , Lee Chien-Kuo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Transcription factors are critical for instructing the development of B lymphocytes from multipotential progenitor cells in the bone marrow (BM). Here, we show that the absence of STAT3 impaired B-cell development. Mice selectively lacking STAT3 in BM progenitor cells displayed reduced numbers of mature B cells, both in the BM and in the periphery. The reduction in the B-cell compartment included reduced percentages and numbers of pro-B, pre-B, and immature B cells in the absence of STAT3, whereas the number of pre–pro-B cells was increased. We found that pro-B and pre-B–cell populations lacking STAT3 were hyporesponsive to IL-7 because of a decreased number of IL-7–responsive cells rather than decreased expression or signaling of IL-7Rα. Moreover, STAT3-deficient mice displayed enhanced apoptosis in the pro-B population when deprived of survival factors, suggesting that at least 2 mechanisms (impaired differentiation and enhanced apoptosis) are involved in the mutant phenotype. Last, BM transplantation confirmed that impaired B lymphopoiesis in the absence of STAT3 was caused by a cell autonomous defect. In sum, these studies defined a specific role for STAT3 in early B-cell development, probably acting at the pre–pro-B transition by contributing to the survival of IL-7–responsive progenitors.
No evidence for learned mating discrimination in male Drosophila pseudoobscura
Authors: Kandul Nikolai P , Wright Kevin M , Kandul Ekaterina V , Noor Mohamed AF 
Published: July 2006

Abstract

Background
Since females often pay a higher cost for heterospecific matings, mate discrimination and species recognition are driven primarily by female choice. In contrast, frequent indiscriminate matings are hypothesized to maximize male fitness. However, recent studies show that previously indiscriminate males (e.g., Drosophila melanogaster and Poecilia reticulata) can learn to avoid heterospecific courtship. This ability of males to discriminate against heterospecific courtship may be advantageous in populations where two species co-occur if courtship or mating is costly.

Results
Here, we tested whether Drosophila pseudoobscura males learn to discriminate against heterospecific females after being exposed to and rejected by D. persimilis females. In most of our assays, we failed to observe differences in D. pseudoobscura courtship intensity of heterospecific females by males that had previously courted heterospecific females vs. males that had been maintained in isolation.

Conclusion
We conclude that learning to avoid heterospecific courtship may not be universal, even within the genus Drosophila, and may possibly be dependent on the natural history of the species.