bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Lantern-type Dinuclear Mixed-Metal Complex of Platinum(II) and Nickel(II)
Authors: Nishioka Takanori , Kinoshita Isamu , Kitano Ken’ichi , Ooi Shun’ichiro 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Reaction of tetra(4-methylpyridine-2-thiol)platinum(II) chloride (1) with nickel acetate in naphthalene at 120 °C in the presence of potassium hydrogen carbonate affords acetonitriletetra(μ-4-methylpyridine-2-thiolato)platinum(II)nickel(II) (2). Structural characterization has been made for 1 and 2, and confirmed that 2 has a lantern type structure.
Novel One-Step Synthesis of Sulfonyl Chlorides from Sulfides with Iodosobenzene and Hydrogen Chloride-Treated Silica Gel
Authors: Sohmiya Hajime , Kimura Takahide , Fujita Mitsue , Ando Takashi 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Alkyl and aryl benzyl sulfides were conveniently converted into the corresponding alkyl and aryl sulfonyl chlorides in high yields with a few minutes’ pulverization of solid mixtures with iodosobenzene and hydrogen chloride-treated silica gel.
Nucleoside Phosphite, O-Bis(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propyl) Deoxyribonucleosid-3′-yl Phosphites. A Versatile Synthetic Intermediate for Phosphonate Modified Nucleotide and Oligonucleotide Synthesis
Authors: Hosaka Hideo , Nakamura Hiroyuki , Funakoshi Hidenori , Takaku Hiroshi 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
The O-bis(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexa-fluoro-2-propyl) deoxyribonucleosid-3′-yl phosphite units could be converted into the O-nucleosid-3′-yl phosphonate, O-2-cyanoethyl O-nucleosid-3′-yl phosphonate, and O-1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propyl O-nucleosid-3′-yl phosphonothioate. The phosphite unit reacted with 3′-O-benzoylthymidine in the presence of MeIm to give the dithymidylate derivatives.
Asymmetric Reduction of Butyl Pyruvate Catalyzed by Immobilized Glycerol Dehydrogenase in Organic-Aqueous Biphasic Media
Authors: Nakamura Kaoru , Takano Satoshi , Terada Kumi , Ohno Atsuyoshi 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
The rate of asymmetric reduction of butyl pyruvate catalyzed by glycerol dehydrogenase is largely enhanced when the enzyme system is immobilized by a water-adsorbent polymer and the reaction is run in an organic solvent with cooperation of cyclopentanol as a reducing reagent.
Starburst Dendrimers as Carriers in Electrokinetic Chromatography
Authors: Tanaka Nobuo , Tanigawa Tetsuya , Hosoya Ken , Kimata Kazuhiro , Araki Takeo , Terabe Shigeru 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Starburst dendrimers (SBDs) were shown to be useful as carriers in electrokinetic chromatography in aqueous and aqueous-organic systems. Uncharged aromatic compounds were separated under electrophoretic conditions based on the differential binding to the SBDs. The separation was influenced by the size and ionization state of SBDs as well as the organic solvent content of the aqueous phase.
Artificial Metallonuclease. CuII-Promoted DNA Strand Scission as Effected by Bisresorcinol Derivatives Having a Metal-Ion Binding Site
Authors: Motomura Tadahiro , Araki Katsumi , Kobayashi Kenji , Toi Hiroo , Aoyama Yasuhiro 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Bisresorcinol derivatives having an imidazolyl or an aminoalkyl group as a metal-ion binding site promotes an oxidative strand-scission of supercoiled φX-174 plasmid DNA in water at pH 7.4 in the presence of CuII. The essential role of the intramolecular bisresorcinol moiety is to reduce amine-coordinated CuII ion. The resulting CuI then reacts with O2 to give reactive oxygen species capable of oxidative DNA degradation.
Synthesis of Trinuclear Molybdenum Cluster Complex with Novel Skeleton, [Mo3(μ3-CCH3)(μ3-O)(μ-C6H5COO)6(CH3OH)3]Cl through Bridging Carboxylate Ligand Substitution
Authors: Nakata Kou , Yamaguchi Tadashi , Sasaki Yoichi , Ito Tasuku 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
[Mo3(μ3-CCH3)(μ3-O)(μ-CH3COO)6(H2O)3]+ undergoes bridging acetates substitution with benzoate ions in CH3OH-CH3CN mixed solvent to give [Mo3(μ3-CCH3)(μ3-O)(μ-C6H5COO)6(CH3OH)3]+, which can never be synthesized in principle by the conventional direct method.
Reviews
Authors: Daly Kathy , Mozley John Williams , Sullivan Barbara , Maruna Shadd , Grabosky Peter , Freiberg Arie 
Published: May 2006

Restorative Justice and Responsive Regulation; by John Braithwaite (2002) New York: Oxford University Press. 314 pp., $150. ISBN 0-19-513639 Indigenous Human Rights; Sam Garkawe, Loretta Kelly and Warwick Fisher (Eds.) (2001) Sydney: Institute of Criminology Monograph Series. 265 pp., $33, ISBN 1864874090 The Spectacle of Violence: Homophobia, Gender and Knowledge; By Gail Mason (2002) London: Routledge. 170 pp, $49.95, ISBN 0415189551 Critical Criminology: Issues, Debates, Challenges; Kerry Carrington and Russell Hogg (Eds.) (2002), Devon: Willan. 286 pp., $49.50 ISBN 1903240689 The Japanese Way of Justice: Prosecuting Crime in Japan; By David T. Johnson (2002) New York: Oxford University Press. 327 pp., $US$45.00, ISBN 0-19-5111986-X Can Gun Control Work?; By James B. Jacobs (2002) New York: Oxford University Press. 287 pp., $US27.50, ISBN 0-19-514562-3
Compatibility and Conflict: Negotiation of Relationships by Dizygotic Same-Sex Twin Girls
Authors: Danby Susan , Thorpe Karen 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThis article conceptualizes the child as having active agency in the constructions of their social worlds, and reports on a study that understands the twin experiences from the perspectives of the twins. It examines how twins account for their relationships with their co-twins. The study drew on accounts of 60 twin children — 10 monozygotic (MZ), 10 dizygotic (DZ) same-sex, 10 DZ opposite-sex pairs — aged 5 to 10 years and their parent (n = 30). The children engaged in a sticker activity in which they represented their friendships, including their friendship with their co-twin. Using the task as a resource, the children were asked about their friends, the attributes of friendship and examples of everyday friendships encounters. These were audio-recorded and transcribed. Further, parents completed a questionnaire that provided demographic information and asked parents about the children's social experiences including twin children's time spent together, shared interests and their co-twin relationship. Using data from the pictorial representation from the sticker task and parent questionnaires, differences in relationship between MZ, DZ same-sex and DZ opposite-sex twins were examined and used to select a smaller sample for detailed study. DZ same-sex twins tended to view their co-twin less favorably and there was a nonsignificant trend in which conflict was elevated, compared to the other two groups. Based on these findings, the transcripts selected for analysis focuses on the DZ same-sex girls. The girls reported that they had differences of thought, activity and self-presentation. Conflict, competition and challenge as types of social interaction were described, suggesting that the everyday relationship of the twin with her co-twin is always being negotiated and realigned. Evident here is the complexity of social interactions in which the twins engaged everyday with each other.
Heritability of an Age-Dependent Categorical Phenotype: Cognitive Dysfunction
Authors: Reynolds Chandra A. , Fiske Amy , Fratiglioni Laura , Pedersen Nancy L. , Gatz Margaret 
Published: May 2006

AbstractWe investigated the extent to which cognitive dysfunction is shaped by genetic or environmental influences, and whether these factors differ in women and men. All members of the Swedish Twin Registry aged 65 and older were screened by telephone using the TELE, a brief cognitive assessment instrument (Gatz et al., 2002), and the Blessed Dementia Rating Scale (Blessed et al., 1968) from relatives of those who scored poorly on the TELE. Data were available for 4308 pairs where both members responded and 5070 pairs where only one member was alive and participated. To analyze all available data, we used a raw data method extended to ordinal data. As the prevalence of cognitive dysfunction increases with age, we incorporated age-adjusted thresholds. The best fitting model from biometric analyses indicated 35% of the variation in liability to cognitive dysfunction could be explained by heritable influences and the remaining 65% by nonfamilial environmental influences. Differences by gender were not significant. As this is a normative population including cognitively intact individuals, preclinical dementia cases and demented individuals, the relative magnitude of genetic and environmental effects is of particular interest in light of high heritabilities found for dementias such as Alzheimer's disease. The findings emphasize the extent to which research is needed to uncover nonfamilial environmental influences on cognitive dysfunction in later life.
Twinsburg, Ohio; Twinsburg Research Institute; Twin Study Summaries; The Outside World
Authors: Segal Nancy L. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractRecent plans to establish a Twinsburg Research Institute in Twinsburg, Ohio, home of the annual Twins Days Festival, are reviewed. Included among the topics under discussion were the development of an Ohio and/or national United States twin registry and the appropriate location for such a facility. Next, recent findings on chromosomal anomalies and other adverse consequences of artificial reproduction are summarized — some results are surprising and unexplained. This information is followed by further examination of epigenetic twin studies, supplementing a review in a previous issue. The last section of this article presents insightful material about twin leaders, scholars, athletes, designers and parents.
Migraine With Aura and Migraine Without Aura Are Not Distinct Entities: Further Evidence From a Large Dutch Population Study
Authors: Ligthart Lannie , Boomsma Dorret I. , Martin Nicholas G. , Stubbe Janine H. , Nyholt Dale R. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractIt is often debated whether migraine with aura (MA) and migraine without aura (MO) are etiologically distinct disorders. A previous study using latent class analysis (LCA) in Australian twins showed no evidence for separate subtypes of MO and MA. The aim of the present study was to replicate these results in a population of Dutch twins and their parents, siblings and partners (N = 10,144). Latent class analysis of International Headache Society (IHS)-based migraine symptoms resulted in the identification of 4 classes: a class of unaffected subjects (class 0), a mild form of nonmigrainous headache (class 1), a moderately severe type of migraine (class 2), typically without neurological symptoms or aura (8% reporting aura symptoms), and a severe type of migraine (class 3), typically with neurological symptoms, and aura symptoms in approximately half of the cases. Given the overlap of neurological symptoms and nonmutual exclusivity of aura symptoms, these results do not support the MO and MA subtypes as being etiologically distinct. The heritability in female twins of migraine based on LCA classification was estimated at .50 (95% confidence intervals [CI] .27 – .59), similar to IHS-based migraine diagnosis (h2 = .49, 95% CI .19–.57). However, using a dichotomous classification (affected–unaffected) decreased heritability for the IHS-based classification (h2 = .33, 95% CI .00–.60), but not the LCA-based classification (h2 = .51, 95% CI .23–.61). Importantly, use of the LCA-based classification increased the number of subjects classified as affected. The heritability of the screening question was similar to more detailed LCA and IHS classifications, suggesting that the screening procedure is an important determining factor in genetic studies of migraine.
Hypotheses on the Effect of Cadmium on Glutathione Content of Red Blood Corpuscles
Authors: Shekar Sri Niranjan , Banerjee Tathagata , Biswas Atanu 
Published: May 2006

AbstractPrevious studies have shown that Glutathione, a tripeptide found in blood, is involved in protecting against toxins. Glutathione levels are known to drop in response to cadmium. Using 15 twin pairs, we modeled the effect of cadmium on glutathione levels. The heritability of glutathione content was 91%. The application of cadmium significantly reduced the mean level of GSH. However, this reduction in GSH was not due to additive genetic influences in our sample.
The Background of American Federalism
Authors: McLaughlin Andrew C. 
Published: May 2006

The purpose of this paper is to make plain two facts: first, that the essential qualities of American federal organization were largely the product of the practices of the old British empire as it existed before 1764; second, that the discussions of the generation from the French and Indian war to the adoption of the federal Constitution, and, more particularly, the discussions in the ten or twelve years before independence, were over the problem of imperial organization. The center of this problem was the difficulty of recognizing federalism; and, though there was great difficulty in grasping the principle, the idea of federalism went over from the old empire, through discussion into the Constitution of the United States. By federalism is meant, of course, that system of political order in which powers of government are separated and distinguished and in which these powers are distributed among governments, each government having its quota of authority and each its distinct sphere of activity.We all remember very well that, until about thirty years ago, it was common to think of the United States Constitution as if it were “stricken off in a given time by the brain and purpose of man.” About that time there began a careful study of the background of constitutional provisions and especially of the specific make-up of the institutions provided for by the instrument.
Amendments in House of Commons Procedure Since 1881: The Aims and Tendencies of the Newer Standing Orders
Authors: Porritt Edward 
Published: May 2006

Students of the history and working of representative legislative institutions in every part of the world where these institutions are in existence are under indebtedness to Professor Redlich for the thoroughness and completeness with which he has performed a task never before attempted by any historian of the house of commons. In his scholarly book, published in German in 1905, and now more generally available through Mr. Steinthal's admirable translation into English, supplemented by a chapter of twenty-one pages by Sir Courtenay Ilbert, Professor Redlich has traced the history of house of commons procedure from the earliest days down to the important time-economizing changes which were made in the first and second sessions of the parliament elected in January, 1906.As far as my knowledge goes there are now in existence only two modern books—only two books published since the reform act of 1832—in which any detailed history of parliamentary procedure at Westminster is to be found.
A Decade of Sino-Russian Diplomacy
Authors: Graham Malbone W. 
Published: May 2006

The diplomatic relations between China and Russia in the past decade present a tangle of converging factors among which the Chinese revolution, the World War, and the Russian revolution play a great part. They are, however, only a phase in the larger process of imperial dissolution and national revival which has encompassed both the Russian and Chinese states and remarkably transformed them within the space of a generation. It is in relation to the forces unleashed by the disintegration of the Romanov and Manchu empires that the decade's changes in diplomatic policy must be viewed.The most significant factor underlying the reorientation of Russian and Chinese foreign policy was the abolition of the monarchy in each country; for, with the fall of the imperial houses, came the beginnings of political and administrative disintegration, the resurgence of local nationalism, and the loosing of the centrifugal forces which the defunct dynasties had held in check. It is not our problem here to trace the constitutional consequences of such a vacancy of power in either domain, but to note the salient fact that it was a difficult, if not impossible, task immediately to create an efficient substitute authority for the dead and departed emperors, and that, in view of that difficulty, provincial separatism was for a time allowed to gain such headway as to constitute a serious menace to the national integrity of both the dissolving empires.
City Manager Plan in Ohio
Authors: Upson L. D. 
Published: May 2006

City manager government will soon be in effect over some 250,000 people living in eighteen cities. One hundred seventy five thousand of these people live in Dayton and Springfield—cities which are now completing their first year under this type of administration. Any deductions to be made regarding this type of government as it operates in the case of larger communities, must be drawn from the experience of these two municipalities over the past year.A most common test of the character of government is economy, although that is no fairer criterion of worth than it is with shoes, furniture, or tobacco. Cheap government is not necessarily good government. Even were the revenue and expense schedules for the present year available, it would be difficult to make an impartial analysis and comparison of finances in Dayton and Springfield under the two types of government. In Springfield the most concrete evidence of economy has been the reduction of the floating indebtedness from $100,000 to $40,000, although the resources were slightly less than those of former years. In Dayton the net expenditures for 1914 from ordinary sources will be approximately $78,000 more than for the previous year. However, with this increase the general revenues were charged for street repair, street lighting, and emergency health work, formerly costing a much larger amount from bonds.
The Sovereignty of the Native Indian States
Authors: O'Rourke Vernon A. 
Published: May 2006

Before British India can ever be given complete home rule, the knotty problem of the relation of the native states to such a dominion must be considered. Nationalists in British India maintain that whenever complete dominion status is offered to their country, it will assume in respect to the states the same position that the crown holds toward them; meanwhile, spokesmen for the princes insist that such a step can and should never be taken without their consent. Whatever viewpoint prevails, before India can function as an independent, self-sufficient unit, some arrangement, presumably of a federal character, must certainly be effected.An analysis of the numerous views held concerning the legal relation of the native states to the British Empire enables one to discern three principal theories: first, that held by most crown officials and Indian nationalists, which maintains the sovereignty of the crown; second, the view of the Indian princes, which attempts to prove the retention by them of the “residuary” sovereignty; and, third, the intermediate opinion of many publicists, both of Europe and of India, which asserts the existence of a divided sovereignty.Desiring to ascertain the location of the legal sovereign in the political tangle presented by the apparently anomalous position of the princes, one is obliged to discard the theory of a divided sovereignty. Speaking in juridical terms, it is necessary to posit in some agency the source of legal sovereignty, even though its political exercise may be vested in more than one entity. There thus remains but two diametrically opposed theories, one that predicates the existence of supreme legal authority in the crown, and the other which confers it upon the rulers of the Indian states.
The Recent Parliamentary Elections in Sweden
Authors: Arneson Ben A. 
Published: May 2006

With the tense international situation as an ominous background, the regular quadrennial parliamentary elections for the lower house were held in Sweden in September, 1940. Four years ago, the autumn of 1936 witnessed spirited and warmly contested parliamentary elections in both Sweden and Norway. Because Norway's constitution was amended in 1937 to provide for quadrennial rather than triennial elections, the autumn of 1940 would—save for the German invasion of the Norwegian democracy—have seen nation-wide parliamentary elections in both countries of the Scandinavian peninsula. With Sweden as the only Scandinavian nation remaining free and independent, it has been interesting to note what effect, if any, the tremendous pressures from the surrounding totalitarian states has had on democratic processes in the Swedish state.Over a year ago, the Swedish cabinet was reorganised into a National Cabinet with all leading political parties represented. As the time for the elections approached, some of the minority parties expressed willingness to postpone the contest, even to the extent of ignoring the constitutional provision for quadrennial elections. The remarkable expression of confidence by the smaller parties in the largest party—the Social Democrats—was countered by an equally remarkable stand taken by the leader of the Social Democrats, Prime Minister Per Albin Hansson, who insisted that the democratic processes of a popular election should be continued. The prime minister's view was accepted by all parties, since it was felt by all leaders that in such a time of stress it would be an indication of democratic strength for the parliament to go to the people. All were agreed also that the parties which would, in normal times, be in opposition should continue as vital going concerns.
Organization of the Executive Branch of the National Government of the United States: Changes between April 12 and July 15, 1940
Authors: Schmeckebier L. F. 
Published: May 2006

As in previous lists, mention is here confined generally to units specifically authorized by law or established by the President by executive order or Reorganization Plans under general authority vested in him. Changes in units created by heads of departments or independent establishments are excluded unless of major importance.Administration of Insecticide Act and Naval Stores Act. Transferred to Agricultural Marketing Service from Food and Drug Administration by Order 865 of the Secretary of Agriculture of June 19, 1940, effective June 30, 1940.Advisory Commission to Council of National Defense. On May 28, 1940, the President announced the creation of an Advisory Commission to the Council of National Defense, although the official nomination of members by the Council did not appear until the publication of the Federal Register for June 26. The Council consists of the Secretaries of War, Navy, Interior, Commerce, Agriculture, and Labor, and the act of August 29, 1916 (39 Stat. L. 649),authorizes it to nominate and the President to appoint an advisory commission. The members of the Commission receive no compensation, but are reimbursed for expenses.
Shall Enemy Property be Returned? A Long-Term View
Authors: Southworth Constant 
Published: May 2006

The ultimate disposition of some hundreds of million dollars' worth of property of enemy aliens, now under the control of the United States government, awaits a decision. In addition to patents, trademarks, copyrights, etc., the Alien Property Custodian has subjected to control enemy property amounting to nearly 200 million dollars, composed primarily of business enterprises. The United States Treasury has blocked some 330 million dollars worth of the assets of enemy nationals not involving control over specific productive assets.Many international lawyers hold that international law requires postwar restitution of, or in lieu of restitution compensation for, enemy private property sequestered during a war; and an important question of policy now presents itself. This article, on the basis of long-term considerations, advocates a policy of restitution.