bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rotation method for medical three‐dimensional image using object direct operation
Authors: Ban Hideyuki , Hashizume Akihide , Suzuki Ryuuichi 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper proposes a method of rotating a three‐dimensional image on a screen by using a two‐dimensional pointer (e.g., a mouse cursor) to make medical diagnoses easier. The apparatus rotates the three‐dimensional image by directly clicking and dragging areas of interest with a pointer so that a user (e.g., a busy doctor) can examine the image from any number of angles without a break in his/her concentration. Experiments show that the proposed method is faster by 20 percent and simpler and easier to use without special training as compared with a conventional method (in which a mouse cursor points in a numerical viewing angle direction).
The World Bank in rural Nigeria, revisited: a review of the World Bank's Nigeria: agricultural sector review 1987
Authors: Williams Gavin 
Published: July 2007

The World Bank's policy recommendations have come under extensive and often critical scrutiny in Nigeria, as elsewhere, since the military government adopted the main tenets of the World Bank's Structural Adjustment Programme [SAP]. SAP has had a major impact on agriculture, notably as a result of the substantial devaluation of the naira through the creation of the Foreign Exchange Market [FEM] and the abolition of the Commodity Marketing Boards [CMBs]. These long overdue reforms have sharply raised prices for export crops in naira and improved the competitiveness of crops grown in Nigeria as against imports. Less attention has been paid to the World Bank's policies for agriculture, despite the extensive involvement of the Bank, through the projects it has funded.
The World Bank's 1987 Agricultural Sector Review [ASR] sustains the analysis and recommendations of previous reviews of agricultural policy in Nigeria, notably of the Consortium for the Study of Nigerian Rural Development [CSNRD], and of the Bank itself. ASR recommends the development of what it calls ‘tradeable’ crops, cocoa, rubber and oilseeds, as well as maize and cotton, by applying ‘improved’ technical packages and raising ‘management skills’. These were the intended foci of the crop rehabilitation projects and of the Agricultural Development Projects [ADPs] initiated and funded by the World Bank in the 1970s. It is apparent from the report and its annexes that these projects failed to realise the expected returns, but the report itself conceals the World Bank's own involvement.
Adjustment for stabilisation or growth? Ghana and the Gambia
Authors: Parfitt Trevor W. 
Published: July 2007

Ghana and The Gambia are part of the group of African states that have been following programmes of structural adjustment (SAPs) throughout most of the 1980s and into the 1990s. They are also amongst the states that the Bretton Woods institutions (BWIs) have periodically cited as success stories for adjustment. The aims of adjustment policies are well known to analysts of African political economy. Their theoretical foundations lie within a brand of neo‐classical economics that emphasises the advantages of nonintervention in the free market and, conversely, the risks attendant on state attempts to regulate or intervene in the market. It follows that this line of thought anathematises the attempts of various African states to promote indigenous industrial development. State spending on such aims is deemed inflationary and wasteful inasmuch as it is believed to promote inefficient industries that can only survive on the basis of state subsidisation and protection against foreign competition. State concentration on the industrial sector can also be seen as providing a disincentive to those sectors of the economy that are actually productive, notably the rural sector, since it is the producers in the latter sectors that have to foot the bill for state intervention.
Structural adjustment is designed to counteract these tendencies through a variety of policy measures, including imposition of limits on fiscal and public spending policies in order to limit inflationary and wasteful state expenditure; deregulation and privatisation which are also designed to reduce state spending; liberalisation of the tariff regime in order to ensure that the productive sectors are opened up to market competition and therefore have to use resources efficiently; and devaluation which is necessary to counteract the tendency towards overvaluation of the currency that results from the pursuit of inflationary policies. An examination of the economic policies of many African states (including Ghana and The Gambia) suggests they have fallen into these very traps. The BWIs have therefore insisted that such states must undergo structural adjustment so that they will utilise their resources more efficiently — in accordance with the free market, that is. Only through taking this course can the foundations for growth be laid argue the BWIs. The following case studies examine how the conditions for growth actually have been attained in Ghana and The Gambia, paying particular attention to the issue of how far adjustment policies are conducive to industrial growth.
'Do This One For Me, George': Blair, Brown, Bono, Bush and the 'Actor-ness' of the G8
Authors: Pigman Geoffrey Allen , Kotsopoulos John 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSince the G7/G8 was created at Rambouillet in 1975, it has evolved from being only a venue for diplomacy to becoming a diplomatic actor in its own right. Heads of government, foreign ministers, finance ministers, sherpas, and later other ministers who started meeting and communicating annually at G7 summits, began to generate shared meanings and form a collective identity, even if shifting, that was different and distinct from the identities of the member governments. Participating in the G8 has over time changed the interests of its members, including those of its most powerful member, the United States, across a whole range of issue areas. For example, Britain's leadership of the G8 in 2005 and agenda-setting for the Gleneagles summit pushed poverty reduction in Africa to the fore as a policy priority for G8 members, without which it would have fallen much farther down the foreign policy priority ladder, particularly in Washington. The British G8 agenda facilitated activism by anti-poverty NGOs and eminent person diplomats in raising global social consciousness on the issue and demands for change. The effect of G8 agenda-setting supports the argument that the evolution of multilateral organizations into diplomatic actors in their own right has changed the character of contemporary diplomacy in important ways.
Stability of nanoparticles during semibatch emulsion polymerization of butyl methacrylate, in the presence of methacrylic acid via RSM
Authors: Naderi Nader , Sharifi‐Sanjani Naser , Khayyat‐Naderi Baharak , Agend Farima 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe size and stability of latex particles in the semibatch emulsion polymerization of butyl methacrylate (BMA), in the presence of 0–10% methacrylic acid (MAA), were investigated. Response surface methodology (RSM), as a design of experiment, was used to obtain a more systematic understanding of the role of emulsifier and MAA in the stability of the particles. The amount of coagulum can be greatly reduced by increasing the concentration of sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) in the monomer emulsion feed (MEF) and initial reactor charge (IRC). On the other hand, increasing the concentration of SLS in the IRC can result in a decrease of the particles size. According to the experimental data, the yield of reaction can be improved with incorporation of MAA into the emulsion polymers. The size and morphology of particles were obtained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). FTIR and titration were used to determine the percentage of MAA in the copolymer. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Supercapacitor studies of electrochemically deposited PEDOT on stainless steel substrate
Authors: Patra S. , Munichandraiah N. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThere has been increasing interest on various properties and applications of electronically conducting polymers. Polyethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT) is an interesting polymer of this type as it exhibits very high ionic conductivity. In the present study, PEDOT has been electrochemically deposited on stainless steel (SS) substrate for supercapacitor studies. PEDOT/SS electrodes prepared in 0.1M H2SO4 in presence of a surfactant, sodium dodecylsulphate (SDS), have been found to yield higher specific capacitance (SC) than the electrodes prepared from neutral aqueous electrolyte. The effects of concentration of H2SO4, concentration of SDS, potential of deposition, and nature of supporting electrolytes used for capacitor studies on SC of the PEDOT/SS electrodes have been studied. SC values as high as 250 F/g in 1M oxalic acid have been obtained during the initial stages of cycling. However, there is a rapid decrease in SC on repeated charge‐discharge cycling. Spectroscopic data reflect structural changes in PEDOT on extended cycling. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Spin Pairing in Spinel‐Type Minerals of Iron (II) and Corresponding Phases
Authors: Frölich F. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFor interpretations of the results of high‐temperature high‐pressure research which nowadays is used to clarify problems of the upper and deeper Earth's interior, the application of modern solid‐state physics is necessary. Informations from such studies are the better, the better the approximation of laboratory technique to the correspondent conditions of the respective depth is realized and the higher the approach in the description of the real lattice situation in detail can be made which must be analysed. In the latter case, the crystal field approach is to be used, because a lower approximation is completely insufficient. That is discussed in the following for two different situations of the same (spinel) symmetry.
Ein Beitrag zur Lokalisierung von Maskierungs‐ und Passivierungsfehlern von Deckschichten auf Silizium
Authors: Frenzel M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBei Diffusionsprozessen können Defekte in Deckschichten im oberflächennahen Silizium parasitäre pn‐Übergänge erzeugen, deren Konzentration, Verteilung und Größe Aussagen über die Qualität von Maskierungs‐ und Passivierungsschichten von Halbleiterbauelementen geben. Die Markierung der durch Diffusantendurchbrüche erzeugten pn‐Übergänge erfolgt mit einer Chrom‐Ätzlösung, die Aussagen werden mit Ergebnissen der Kupfer‐ und Silberdekoration verglichen.
Gleitbanduntersuchungen während und nach Verformung der intermetallischen Verbindung MgZn2
Authors: Müller Th. , Krahl H. , Paufler P. , Lamsa A. , Schulze G. E. R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAus lichtoptischen Messungen der Gleitbanddichten, ‐längen, ‐stufenhöhen und ‐ausbreitungsgeschwindigkeit im Temperaturbereich von 245 bis 427 °C an Oberflächen von plastisch verformten Einkristallen der intermetallischen Verbindung MgZn2 in Abhängigkeit von der Abgleitung werden Schlußfolgerungen für das Verhalten von Versetzungen während der Verformung dieser bei Raumtemperatur spröden Substanz gezogen.
The geometry of fractures caused by cleavage of α‐Al2O3 single crystals
Authors: Bagdasarov H. S. , Berezhkova G. V. , Govorkov V. G. , Kozlovskaya E. P. , Fedorov E. A. , Chernysheva M. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe possibibity of the existence of cleavage in α‐Al2O3 single crystals has been estimated by elementary structural considerations and has been shown that the {101} and {1120} planes are the more probable cleavage planes. The values of the fracture surface energy measured by Wiederhorn and the estimates of the surface energy made by Hartman confirm this conclusion. In crystals with small numbers of blocks and dislocations and low residual stress we really found a perfect cleavage along the {1011} and {1120} planes. Therefore the existence of the cleavage is defined by the crystal imperfection. It has been shown in what way the orientation of crystals can be visually determined from the direction of cleavage steps.
A Crystallizer for Growing Large Singe Crystals from Solution under Steady‐State Concentration Convection Conditions
Authors: Nicolau I. F. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA crystallizer for growing large single crystals from solution under steady‐state concentration convection conditions is described. The crystallizer has only one vessel divided by a drilled plate in two compartments kept at different temperatures. The convection of concentration occurs through the dividing plate between the compartments. The crystallizer was used for growing KDP and TGS single crystals. Mass‐ and heat transfer equations are derived. Growth rate calculations may be carried out using the derived equations. Growth rate measurements of KDP crystals have been performed. The overall heat transfer coefficient for the transfer of heat through the dividing plate is also experimentally determined. Light absorption, ESR and Mössbauer spectra have shown the presence of Fe+2, Cr+3 and Mn+2 ions in the (100) greenish zones of KDP crystals.
Zum Hochtemperaturverhalten der Natriumzeolithe der Faujasitgruppe
Authors: Schmitz W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDie Ergebnisse von Hochtemperatur‐Röntgenuntersuchungen an Zeolithen der Faujasitgruppe (A‐, X‐, Y‐Zeolithe) im Temperaturbereich von 20–1100°C werden dargestellt. Aus NaA‐Zeolith wird zuerst Carnegeit gebildet. Ein Modell wird vorgeschlagen, das nach der Ostwaldschen Stufenregel den polymorphen Übergang Zeolith‐Carnegeit‐Nephelin erklärt.
On the change of dislocation structure during the postdeformation of cold worked molybdenum single crystals at elevated temperature
Authors: Ritschel Ch. , Luft A. , Schulze D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMolybdenum single crystals predeformed at low temperature (T1 ≦ 293 K) exhibit during tensile reloading at T2 = 493 K pronounced work softening accompanied by stress serrations and localized slip. It is shown that the initial state for the development of coarse slip bands is the formation of narrow obstacle‐free slip channels. The change from the homogeneous dislocation structure to the cell structure proceeds in a heterogeneous and discontinuous manner.
Optical anisotropy associated with growth striation of yttrium garnet, Y3 (Al, Fe)5O12
Authors: Kitamura K. , Komatsu H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe optical anisotropy associated with growth striae of yttrium garnet, Y3(Al, Fe)5O12, was studied in terms of optical microscopy and EPMA analysis. It turned out that the lattice mismatch due to the compositional change at the growth striae gives rise to stressbirefringence. The result can be applied to compositional characterization of garnet single crystal by determining the vibration directions of polarized rays under a microscope.
Two parameter kinetic equation of size dependent crystal growth
Authors: Rojkowski Z. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe previously proposed hyperbolic, three parameter empirical model of size dependent crystal growth can be reduced to the two parameter one of the form

This simplification reduces dimension of the least squares correlation of crystal size distribution in MSMPR crystallizer thus saving amount of calculations with a negligible loss of accuracy estimated by means of the mean residual square deviation. The additional advantage is that a differential balance of crystal number in MSMPR crystallizer can be solved analytically for the simplest case of the exponential function of secondary nuclei size distribution. Correlations for single experiment with ammonium alum are presented.
Würfeltexturbildung in Nickel‐Eisen‐Kobalt‐Legierungen
Authors: Wibbeler H. , Rassmann G. , Schatt W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractEs wird über Texturuntersuchungen an Co‐legierten weichmagnetischen Fe‐Ni‐Basislegierungen, die einer kombinierten mechanisch‐thermischen Behandlung unterzogen worden waren, berichtet. Während für die binären Systeme NiFe und NiCo die Ausbildung einer scharfen Würfeltextur seit längerem bekannt ist, wurde eine solche für ternäre NiFeCo‐Legierungen bisher als nicht möglich und Co als ein die Würfellagebildung behinderndes Element angesehen. Wie jedoch die Ergebnisse zeigen, läßt sich auch an ternären Legierungen mit Ni‐Gehalten von 45 bis 50% und Co‐Anteilen bis zu etwa 25% eine scharf ausgeprägte Würfellagen‐Rekristallisationstextur erzielen.
α‐substituted Phosphoryl Compounds (I). The Crystal and Molecular Structure of Diethyl[5,6‐dichloro‐1,3‐benzodioxol‐(2)]‐phosphonate, C11H13O5PCl2
Authors: Kulfe S. , Seidel I. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDiethyl[5,6‐dichloro‐ 1,3‐benzodioxol‐(2)]‐phosphonate crystallizes in the triclinic space group P l̄ with two molecules per unit cell. The lattice parameters are a = 11.716 Å, b = 8.471 Å, c = 7.644 Å; α = 82.47° β = 95.81°, γ = 95.89°. With X‐ray diffraction data collected on an automatic four circle diffractometer, the crystal structure was solved by direct methods and refined by least squares methods to an R value of 0.12 for 2374 measured reflections. The crystal used was im perfect. The substance is a derivative of acetales of formyl phosphoneacid esters. The aim is to find a correlation between the geometry of the structure and NMR data.
Liquid‐phase epitaxy of AlGaAs heterostructures on profiled substrates
Authors: Andreyev V. M. , Egorov V. V. , Syrbu A. V. , Trofim V. G. , Yakovlev V. P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA method of fabrication of planar local structures using the selective epitaxial growth of GaAs and AIGaAs layers from liquid phase on profiled GaAs substrates was developed. The planar regrowth of the recesses formed in GaAs substrates by local etching was performed using the anisotropy of epitaxial growth rates and also by providing the uniformity of mass flow to the surface of local epilayer. The developed method of localized structures fabrication was used for improving the characteristics of discrete light emitting diodes — LED and for fabrication of DLE monolithic arrays.
Growth and properties of single crystals of FeTi
Authors: Liebertz J. , Stähr S. , Haussühl S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA Single crystal of FeTi with a diameter of ca 34 mm and a length of ca 48 mm has been grown from a quasi‐stoichiometric melt with an excess of 1% titanium employing the Bridgman technique. Experiments with the Czochralski technique were not successful. The only crucible material sufficiently resistent against reaction with the melt is electrographite. Elastic and thermoelastic constants were determined by means of ultrasonic methods. FeTi and α iron possess a similar bulk compressibility, thermal expansion, and thermoelastic constants. The longitudinal elastic resistance c11 of FeTi supersedes that of α iron by an amount of ca 30%.
Internal defect structures of olivine crystals
Authors: Inoue T. , Komatsu H. , Takei H. , Ozima M. , Shimizu M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDefect structures of olivine crystals (Czochralski grown forsterite, flux grown forsterite and natural olivine) were studied by means of chemical etching method, X‐ray topography and light scattering tomography. Two etchants were used for revealing the dislocation sites; one is the etchant described by WEGNER, CHRISTIE, another is that by DESAI, JOHN. It was found that great care was needed in identifying dislocation sites using these etchants since they attack the impurity sites as well as dislocation sites. The results obtained are as follows; (1) The Czochralski grown forsterite and flux grown forsterite were free from sub‐boundaries and the dislocation density was smaller than that of a natural olivine. There existed many sub‐boundaries in the natural olivine. (2) X‐ray topographic study showed that (i) the dislocation lines of the Czochralski grown forsterite consisted mainly of straight segments nearly parallel to the low index direction, whereas (ii) no dislocation lines corresponding to the etch pits were observed in the flux grown forsterite. (3) The study by light scattering tomography showed that there existed various types of scattering centers in these olivine crystals and that the density and shape were different among them.
Stearic acid polymorphs in correlation with crystallization conditions and solvents
Authors: Garti N. , Wellner E. , Sarig S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractStearic acid has been crystallized from various organic solvents at different crystallization conditions. — The crystal structure modifications, A, B or C of the fatty acid are correlated to the solvent properties and depend on the interplay between the effect of the crystallization conditions and the solvent/solute interactions.
EPR Studies of defects in silicon
Authors: Weber E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractElectron and neutron irradiated, plastically deformed silicon has been studied by EPR. Irradiation resulted in a strong decrease of the EPR spectra produced by the deformation and in the appearance of a new EPR center at dislocations. Thermal annealing lead to a reestablishment of the formerly present dislocation spectra. As most probable explanation is proposed a change of the dislocation strain field by irradiation induced point defect iclusters. – EPR investigations of iron in boron doped Si demonstrated the pairing of all nterstitial iron in FeB pairs during room temperature storage. Thermal treatment at temperatures higher than 100°C lead to the reappearance of Fe. Therefore the time limiting factor for the annealing of FeB pairs should be the precipitation of interstitial iron.
Mechanism of condensation of heteroepitaxial A3B5 layers pulse of moderate power
Authors: Sheftal R. N. , Cherbakov I. V. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe mechanism of condensation of heteroepitaxial layers in laser deposition was studied on GaAs films on NaCl. Films were deposited in a superhigh vacuum using laser pulses of moderate power. Pulsed deposition proved to be more suitable for nucleation and growth than continuous deposition. However in this case it is important to compare the number of atoms deposited per pulse and the number of preferential adsorption centres in the substrate temperature of 310 °C. The density of dislocations in the films was about 109 cm−2. The main reasons for the dislocations are the excess of low volatile component and thermal stresses. Using a laser with quantum energy higher than the energy gap of the deposited semiconductor GaAs, which provides congruent evaporation, and making an additional deposition of As, we could reduce dislocations to 107 cm−2. A mechanism is proposed to explain the reduction of temperature in single crystal growth under laser deposition: high energy ion component of laser plasma gives rise to orienting defects on the substrate surface, and these defects determine epitaxial growth.