bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Frustration and Stereotyped Behaviour in Human Subjects
Authors: Jones Leonard C. T. 
Published: March 2008

The investigation was designed to show the effects upon behaviour of three different durations of frustration, and two degrees of motivation during the frustrating period. Frustration was induced in 144 subjects by setting them the task of “learning” an insoluble temporal maze; they had to record their responses by pressing on one or other of two morse-type keys. Its effect was measured in terms of: (1) The time taken to learn a soluble maze introduced, without the subjects' knowing it, by changing the system of “rewarding” responses from one based on chance to one based on the constant repetition of a pattern requiring the responses: Left—Right—Right, for its solution. (2) The tendency for the subjects to show stereotypy of behaviour by responding on the same key for a number of trials in succession without reaching a solution. (3) The pressure exerted on the response keys, which was taken to be a measure of vacillation. Predictions that the time taken to learn the soluble task, and the stereotypy, would increase in direct relation to the duration of the frustrating period and the degree of motivation were tested. It was found that, while there was an immediate increase in both the time taken to learn the soluble task and the stereotypy after a short period of frustration, a point was reached under conditions of prolonged frustration after which no further increase occurred and some adjustment to the situation was shown. Some confirmation of the effect of increase in motivation in the direction predicted was obtained in all cases, but the differences were not statistically significant. The rankings of the subjects according to the time taken to learn the soluble task and the degree of stereotypy were found to be closely correlated. A definite tendency towards increased vacillation of response was seen in many of the records during the period when frustration might have been expected to have been at its peak. These findings are discussed in relation to Maier's theory of frustration and to Selye's concept of a “general adaptation syndrome.” The latter theory is more suitable for the interpretation of the results of the present investigation.
Strength Duration Curves for Electrical Stimulation of the Human Eye
Authors: Howarth C. I. 
Published: March 2008

Baumgardt's surprising report of a minimum at about 30 milliseconds in the strength-duration curve for electrical stimulation of the human eye is confirmed. Arguments are presented against his explanation of the phenomenon. An alternative hypothesis is developed: that the complex strength-duration curve is due to the interaction of on and off processes, which are separately excited by the make and break of the current: that these processes summate when separated by 30 milliseconds but are mutually inhibitory at 70 milliseconds: that these processes are the same as those known to be aroused by light. Two new experiments are designed to test this hypothesis, and the predicted result has been obtained from each. Experiments are devised which show that the site of stimulation is the retina. The accuracy of the method is discussed. Over the range 10 to 100 milliseconds distortion is found to be small. For shorter pulses distortion is to be expected in all cases, and it is suggested that the chronaxie is an expression merely of the condenser effect of the tissues. The use of this term should be discontinued in connection with stimulation through the skin. Some parallels between these results and brightness comparison experiments with light are pointed out. The nature and location of the interaction is discussed.
Response-Duration of Lever Pressing in the Rat
Authors: Hurwitz H. M. B. 
Published: March 2008

Two aspects of the lever-holding behaviour of rats in a Skinner-box have been analysed: firstly, the changes in the duration of the responses during the acquisition and experimental extinction phase, and, secondly, the bunching of responses during the experimental extinction phase. The response-durations on the first few acquisition trials were found to be bimodally distributed, but to become stabilized at 0.42 seconds as practice increased. During experimental extinction response-durations increased. The rate of increase depended on the conditions of secondary reward. Rats who had the source of secondary reward removed, or restricted, yielded a steeper slope than those who responded under the same conditions of secondary reward as during training. The analysis of the extinction scores revealed that unrewarded responses were emitted in groups. Response-group latencies were shown to progress as a positive function of the number of response-groups, and the average response-duration for consecutive response-groups to increase progressively. The slope of the duration curve plotted for successive response-groups increased, and this was related to an increase in the value of the time-intercept for successive response-groups.
An Illusion of Movement Complementary to the Horizontal-Vertical Illusion
Authors: Reid R. L. 
Published: March 2008

Blindfolded subjects moved a stylus held in the hand over a standard distance of 4.5 ins. in a given direction. They then attempted to move the same distance in a direction at right angles to the first. Eight combinations of movements were investigated. The results reveal an illusion such that the extent of movements to left or right across the body is underestimated, while the extent of movements towards or away from the body in the mid-line is overestimated. The illusion applies to speed as well as extent of movement. Movement up or down in a vertical plane is equivalent to movement towards or away from the body in a horizontal plane. The interaction of this illusion with the well-known horizontal-vertical illusion of visual perception explains a failure to find any net illusory effect where lines visually displayed in different orientations were matched for length by unseen movements in similar orientations. Whether the visual and movement illusions simply co-exist or whether they are functionally related is not yet clear.
Selective Effects of an Anaesthetic Drug on Cognitive Behaviour
Authors: Steinberg Hannah 
Published: March 2008

The prediction has been tested that under the influence of an anaesthetic drug, nitrous oxide, cognitive performances undergo differential impairment, the extent of which is positively correlated with the “complexity” of the task, Ten kinds of performance were investigated, ranging from speed of finger tapping to reasoning by analogy. The relative complexity of each task was determined, in accordance with conventional criteria, from its respective qualitative category or “level”—relational, associative, and motor—and within each category from qualitative analysis of the component processes involved in its execution. A simple group difference design was used, involving two groups of 50 subjects each, matched for age and sex. Significant deterioration as a consequence of drug administration occurred in the performance of all tasks. On the whole, the more complex a task the more did it tend to be impaired. Motor performances were, however, impaired to a greater extent than had been predicted. The possible significance of these findings is discussed.
Effects of Nitrous Oxide on Reactions to “Stress”
Authors: Russell Roger W. , Steinberg Hannah 
Published: March 2008

It has been demonstrated that exposure to the stress of a situation involving conflict or frustration may interfere significantly with subsequent learning. Behaviour under stress is characterized by experiences of “anxiety” and by widespread physiological changes. Inhalation of nitrous oxide has the general effect of reducing the extent of these symptoms. The present investigation using insoluble and soluble problems has demonstrated that both nitrous oxide and exposure to stress impair learning; but that, when subjects are exposed to stress while under the influence of the drug, the effects of the stress on subsequent learning are abolished. It is suggested that these empirical results may be accounted for either in terms of “anxiety-reduction” or in terms of transfer effects.
Fatigue during Prolonged Performance on a Simple Compensatory Tracking Task
Authors: Siddall G. J. , Anderson D. M. 
Published: March 2008

Two basic activities are involved in radar operating, watchkeeping and target tracking. Deterioration of watchkeeping performance has been explained by a hypothesis which relates absence of sensory variation and failure to attend to one part of the display continuously (Broadbent, 1951). This paper describes a preliminary experiment to examine deterioration on a simple compensatory tracking task. Twenty-one subjects were each tested for an uninterrupted period of two hours. They were required to keep a target correctly aligned by cranking a handwheel at a constant speed, and it was expected that failures to attend to the display would result in target deviations. Analysis of the results showed that both number of errors and mean duration of errors increased significantly in consecutive half-hour periods, and that there were large individual differences in performance.
Testing usage‐based e‐journal pricing
Authors: HARWOOD Paul , PRIOR Albert 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTFollowing the report of a study in 2004 into journals business models, the UK's Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC) decided to arrange to undertake trials of two of the models addressed in the study. The models tested were: ‘Pay‐per‐View Converting to Subscription’ and ‘Core Plus Peripheral'. One of the reasons for the trials was to try to ascertain how the models compared with the Big Deals offered by publishers, but they also aimed to consider the technical, administrative, and commercial issues that might be involved in operating the models in practice. The trials took place during 2006 and involved five publishers and ten UK academic libraries. The models trialled in practice deviated from those addressed in the report of the original study and were based on accesses charged not on a pay‐per‐view basis, but on an agreed charge per full‐text download. Users at the participating libraries had access during the year to all the journals published by the participating publishers. The trials produced a number of useful findings including the need to exclude charging for full‐text downloads that were freely available, implications of usage data from intermediaries, issues of archival access, and budgeting and administrative considerations for both libraries and publishers.
A day in the life of an academic chemist
Authors: JABRI Evelyn 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTA typical day for an academic chemist is a whirlwind of activity, where multitasking and effective time management ensure success. One major focus is securing research grants, and much of that process requires keeping up to date with the scientific literature. Many chemists have established mechanisms to identify and store papers relevant to their research program. Now they are turning to new tools to aggregate, personalize, and share their knowledge.
ACTH SECRETION BY BRONCHIAL CARCINOID TUMOURS
Authors: MASON A. M. S. , RATCLIFFE J. G. , BUCKLE R. M. , MASON A. STUART 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYSeven cases of adrenocortical hyperfunction associated with ACTH secreting carcinoid tumours of lung are reported. The clinical manifestations, laboratory investigations and treatment are compared with twenty‐one similar cases already recorded. The clinical picture of this disorder shows features of both pituitary dependent Cushing's syndrome and of the ectopic ACTH syndrome associated with carcinoma of lung. The problems of accurate diagnosis are described. The effects of treatment, both surgical and medical, of the adrenocortical hyperfunction are described and the problems of identifying and removing the carcinoid tumour are discussed.
EFFECTS OF ARTIFICIAL MENOPAUSE ON PLASMA AND URINE CALCIUM AND PHOSPHATE
Authors: GALLAGHER J. C. , YOUNG M. M. , NORDIN B. E. C. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYPlasma and urine calcium and phosphate were determined in nine patients before and after oophorectomy and in eleven patients before and after simple hysterectomy. Oophorectomy was followed by a significant rise in the mean plasma and fasting urine calcium, and a mean rise of 37 mg in the 24 hr calcium which, however, was not significant. Hysterectomy alone caused no significant change in plasma or urine calcium. In both groups only small changes were observed in plasma and urine phosphate and these did not reach the level of significance. The mean urine hydroxyproline/creatinine ratio rose significantly in six patients after oophorectomy but did not change after hysterectomy. It is suggested the rise in plasma and urine calcium following oophorectomy is due to increased bone resorption which does not occur after simple hysterectomy.
GONADOTROPHIN TEST OF THE FUNCTIONAL CAPACITY OF LEYDIG CELLS IN NORMAL AND HYPOGONADAL BOYS
Authors: PERHEENTUPA J. , DESSYPRIS A. , ADLERCREUTZ H. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA human chorionic gonadotrophin stimulation test of prepubertal testes was studied at two different dosage levels. Three doses of 500 i.u. or 1500 i.u. were administered intramuscularly at 2‐day intervals, and the plasma testosterone concentration was measured with a competitive protein‐binding technique before the stimulation and 24 hr after the last dose.The test was carried out with the smaller dose in fourteen and with the larger dose in eighteen boys with two clinically normal testes. Ten boys with male pseudo‐hermaphroditism, four with bilateral cryptorchidism, two with the Prader‐Labhart‐Willi syndrome, and one with Noonan's syndrome were also tested.The results, as evaluated in conjunction with the information available in the literature, indicate that appropriate stimulation is obtained with three doses of 1500 i.u. given at 2‐day intervals. Giving the testes enough time to respond is as important as the dose of gonadotrophin. Measurement of the basal concentration of testosterone is of little value. No virilization was observed after this stimulation. The clinical value of the test was clearly indicated by the results obtained in the pathological series.
SECRETION OF PARATHYROID HORMONE IN PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
Authors: O'RIORDAN J. L. H. , WATSON L. , WOODHEAD J. S. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYCirculating parathyroid hormone was assayed in sixty‐nine patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. The patients were divided into two groups, those with radiological evidence of osteitis fibrosa (twenty patients) and those without such evidence. In this latter group the mean concentration of circulating parathyroid hormone was higher than the mean in a group of normal subjects, but there was great overlap with the normal range, limiting the diagnostic value of the assay in such cases. Much higher concentrations were found in the patients with osteitis fibrosa: all nine patients with concentrations of parathyroid hormone above 3 ng/ml had osteitis fibrosa.
THE Ig CLASS AND LIGHT CHAIN TYPE OF THE LONG ACTING THYROID STIMULATOR
Authors: MAISEY M. N. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe Ig class and light chain type of LATS has been examined. Serum samples containing high levels of LATS were assayed before and after incubation with specific antisera to IgG, IgA and IgM, and kappa and lambda light chains. It was found that LATS activity was restricted to the IgG class of immunoglobulins and that the LATS activity was distributed approximately equally between the kappa and lambda type of IgG. These results are consistent with a polyclonal origin for LATS.
MEASUREMENT OF PROGESTERONE IN HUMAN PLASMA
Authors: HORTH C. E. , PALMER R. F. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA rapid protein‐binding technique is described for routine plasma progesterone measurements.Chick plasma is the source of binding‐protein and 3H‐progesterone is the radioligand. Accuracy is ensured by including a recovery determination with each specimen.In fifteen normal female volunteers, low plasma progesterone values‐0.65 ng/ml ± 0.82 (SD)‐were recorded during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycles, rising 10‐14 days before menstruation to peak levels of 9–17 ng/ml during the luteal phase and then falling abruptly towards the end of the cycle.
A SENSITIVE BIOASSAY FOR ADRENOCORTICOTROPHIC HORMONE IN HUMAN PLASMA
Authors: CHAYEN J. , LOVERIDGE N. , DALY J. R. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA technique for the bioassay of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) in human plasma is described, and its experimental validation discussed.Segments of guinea‐pig adrenal are maintained individually for 5 hr in nonproliferative organ culture in a medium reinforced with 10‐3m sodium ascorbate. At the end of this time each segment is exposed to either standard or unknown ACTH for 3 min. The segments are then rapidly chilled to ‐ 70oC and sections cut in a cryostat. The sections are stained by the ferric ferrocyanide technique for reducing groups, and the degree of staining in the zona reticularis measured by scanning and integrating micro‐densitometry. There is an inverse linear correlation between the intensity of the stain and the logarithmic concentration of ACTH over the concentration 0.0025‐2.5 pg/ml of culture medium.The assay is precise (λ= 0.09) and extremely sensitive. Concentrations of ACTH down to 1 pg/ml may be determined on as little as 0.1 ml of plasma without extraction. Results obtained are in a range similar to that given by the Lipscomb‐Nelson bioassay and by radioimmunoassay.
SKIN COLLAGEN AND THICKNESS IN HYPERTHYROIDISM AND MYXOEDEMA
Authors: BLACK M. M. , BOTTOMS EVA , SHUSTER SAM 
Published: March 2008

SummarySkin thickness, collagen content and density have been measured in patients with thyrotoxicosis and myxoedema. In hyperthyroidism the skin was of normal thickness but the absolute collagen content and density of collagen were both increased as was the percentage collagen content. In myxoedema both absolute percentage collagen content and density remained normal but the skin thickness was significantly increased and this correlated well with the severity of hypothyroidism and response to treatment.
PORCINE CALCITONIN AS A RENAL VASODILATOR IN MAN
Authors: EDWARDS I. R. , SMITH A. J. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYPorcine calcitonin in intravenous doses of 1, 5, 10 and 20 MRC units produced acute increases in urinary volume and sodium, potassium, chloride and bicarbonate excretion in four normal subjects.Infusion of 10 MRC units over a 30 min period in six normal men produced significant increases in urinary volume and sodium, calcium, magnesium, chloride and urea excretion. Urinary potassium, phosphate and bicarbonate were also increased but the increases were not significantly different from control values.These changes in urinary composition accompanied a significant increase in effective renal plasma flow (para‐amino hippurate clearance) and a smaller increase in inulin clearance.It is suggested that porcine calcitonin acts as a renal vasodilator in man and that changes in renal electrolyte excretion occur as a consequence. It is possible that renal vasodilation is effected by an active intermediary released by calcitonin rather than by the hormone itself.
COMPARISON OF ANXIETY IN THYROTOXIC AND NEUROTIC PATIENTS USING SKIN CONDUCTANCE MEASUREMENTS
Authors: MORAKINYO V. O. , AITKEN R. C. B. , ZEALLEY A. K. , IRVINE W. J. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe experiment reported in this paper was designed to examine the belief that the mood state (anxiety) associated with thyrotoxicosis was phenomenologically similar to the anxiety occurring in functional (neurotic) states. For this purpose a psychophysiological technique was used which has been shown to be reliable and objective in the differentiation of neurotically anxious patients. It was shown that, unlike the situation in patients with neurotic anxiety states, the psychogalvanic reflex of patients with thyrotoxicosis habituated to a repeated standard stimulus and an initially high rate of spontaneous fluctuations soon settled.The abnormality detected in the thyrotoxic patients consisted of increased reactivity or responsivity and hyperarousal. Although patients with neurotic anxiety states are chronically hyperaroused, the relation of this hyperarousal to the mode of habituation of their psychogalvanic reflex differs from that found for thyrotoxic patients. It seems, therefore, most unlikely that the hyperarousal associated with thyrotoxicosis shares a common origin and mechanism with the hyperarousal occurring in functional (neurotic) anxiety states.
The effect of surgical operation of moderate severity on thyroid function
Authors: KIRBY R. , CLARK And F. , JOHNSTON IVAN D. A. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe effect of surgery on thyroid hormone transport was studied in ten subjects undergoing vagotomy and pyloroplasty for chronic duodenal ulceration. Measurements of the serum protein bound iodine (PBI), thyrotrophic hormone (TSH), T4 binding capacities of the thyroxine binding proteins (TBPA and TBG), percentage and absolute free thyroxine (T4) and percentage free triiodothyronine (T3) were made before and after operation. Operation produced a sharp reduction in the maximal binding capacity of TBPA with no apparent change in TBG. There were significant increases in percentage and absolute free T4 and in percentage free T3. There was no change in PBI and no increase was demonstrated in TSH after operation. The changes appeared to be unrelated to the increase in adrenocortical hormones associated with injury. It is suggested that thyroid hormones may have an important role in post‐injury metabolism.
PARTIAL AND TOTAL LIPODYSTROPHY: CHANGES IN CIRCULATING SUGAR, FREE FATTY ACIDS, INSULIN AND GROWTH HORMONE FOLLOWING THE ADMINISTRATION OF GLUCOSE AND OF INSULIN
Authors: BOUCHER B. J. , COHEN R. D. , FRANKEL* R. J. , STUART MASON A. , BROADLEY G. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe effect of glucose or insulin administration in a group of five patients with partial lipodystrophy and three with total lipodystrophy was studied. In only one patient was the glucose tolerance curve abnormal. Mean fasting serum insulin, growth hormone, free fatty acids (FFA) and triglycerides were all significantly elevated. The serum insulin response to glucose was grossly elevated. Insulin resistance was present. The serum insulin was shown to be immunologically normal, Exogenous insulin disappeared at a normal rate from the circulation, suggesting that the elevated insulin levels in the fasting state and after glucose were due to hypersecretion. Serum growth hormone levels failed to suppress normally after glucose. Serum FFA fell after glucose or insulin administration. In one patient treated with propranolol unusual insulin responses to the administration of glucose were observed. A working hypothesis capable of explaining the metabolic changes in lipodystrophy is proposed.