bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differential effects of chronic intermittent and chronic constant hypoxia on postnatal growth and development
Authors: Farahani Reza , Kanaan Amjad , Gavrialov Orit , Brunnert Steven , Douglas Robert M. , Morcillo Patrick , Haddad Gabriel G. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractExposure to chronic constant or intermittent hypoxia (CCH or CIH) may have different effects on growth and development in early life. In this work, we exposed postnatal day 2 (P2) CD1 mice to CCH or CIH (11% O2) for 4 weeks and examined the effect of hypoxia on body and organ growth until P30. Regression analysis showed that weight increased in control, CCH and CIH cohorts with age with r2 values of 0.99, 0.97, and 0.94, respectively. Between days 2 and 30, slopes were 0.93 ± 0.057, 0.76 ± 0.108, and 0.63 ± 0.061 (g/day, means ± SEM) for control, CIH, and CCH, respectively and significantly different from each other (P < 0.001). The slopes between P2 and P16 were 0.78 ± 0.012, 0.46 ± 0.002, and 0.47 ± 0.019 for control, CCH and CIH, respectively. From P16 to 30, slopes were 1.12 ± 0.033, 1.09 ± 0.143, and 0.82 ± 0.08 for control, CIH, and CCH, respectively with no significant difference from each other, suggesting a catch‐up growth in the latter part of the hypoxic period. Slower weight gain resulted in a 12% and 23% lower body weight in CIH and CCH mice (P < 0.001) by P30. Lung/body ratios were 0.010, 0.015, 0.015 for control, CIH, and CCH at P30, respectively. The decrease in liver, kidney, and brain weight were greater in CCH than CIH. Smaller liver weight was shown to be due to a reduction in cell size and cell number. Liver in CIH and CCH mice showed a 5% and 10% reduction in cell size (P < 0.05) and a reduction of 28% in cell number (P < 0.001) at P30. In contrast, CCH and CIH heart weight was 13% and 33% greater than control at P30 (P < 0.05), respectively. This increase in the heart weight was due to an increase in the size of cardiomyocytes which showed an increase of 12% and 14% (P < 0.001) for CIH and CCH, respectively as compared to control. Brain weight was 0.48 and 0.46 g for CIH and CCH, respectively (95% and 92% of normal). We concluded that (a) CIH and CCH follow different body and organ growth patterns; (b) mostly with CCH, the liver and kidneys are reduced in size in a proportionate way to body size but heart, lung, and brain are either spared or increased in size compared to body weight; and (c) the decrease in liver is secondary mostly to a decrease in cell number. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2008; 43:20–28. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
On the comparisons of system performance and capacity of asynchronous STBC MC‐CDMA multirate access schemes
Authors: Hu Xiaoyu , Chew Yong Huat 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThree multirate access schemes, multicode, variable spreading gain (VSG), and spectral overlaid multiple‐symbol‐rate (MSR), for asynchronous space‐time block coded (STBC) multicarrier code division multiple access (MC‐CDMA) systems are proposed. The three possible spectral overlaid configurations for MSR systems are also investigated. The expressions to evaluate the multiple access interferences, bit error rate (BER) performances, and system capacities of a antenna STBC MC‐CDMA using the three multirate access schemes are obtained. Transmit power allocation is adjusted according to the service rates and the number of active users in each service class to maintain the link quality and to improve the system capacity. Our numerical results show that systems with multicode access scheme using orthogonal Gold spreading codes and with VSG access scheme have similar system performance and capacity, and both perform in general better than systems with MSR access scheme of any spectrum configurations. In case when non‐orthogonal Gold codes are used, multicode access scheme shows degradation in the system capacity as compared to VSG, due to the presence of larger self‐interference (SI) among the codes used by each user. The achievable capacities for the three spectral overlaid configurations of MSR multirate systems are also compared. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Subtype differences in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with regard to ADHD-symptoms, psychiatric comorbidity and psychosocial adjustment
Authors: Sobanski Esther , Brüggemann Daniel , Alm Barbara , Kern Sebastian , Philipsen Alexandra , Schmalzried Hannah , Heßlinger Bernd , Waschkowski H. , Rietschel Marcella 
Published: November 2007

AbstractBackgroundTo date, nearly all research of subtype differences in ADHD has been performed in children and only two studies, with conflicting results, have covered this subject in adults with ADHD.ObjectiveThis study examined subtype differences in the clinical presentation of ADHD-symptoms, related psychopathological features, psychosocial functioning and comorbid psychiatric disorders in adults with ADHD.MethodOne hundred and eighteen adults with ADHD, diagnosed according to DSM-IV criteria, and a population based control group underwent diagnostic evaluations with clinical interviews for ADHD, DSM-IV disorders and demographic features. Comparisons were made between ADHD combined type (n = 64), predominantly inattentive type (n = 30) and predominantly inattentive type, anamnestically combined type (n = 24), relative to each other and to a community control group (n = 70).ResultsThe four groups did not differ in age and gender composition. All ADHD groups had significantly less education, were significantly more often unemployed and reported significantly more lifetime psychiatric comorbidity than controls. In comparison to each other, the three ADHD groups differed mainly in core symptoms and the pattern of comorbid psychiatric disorders, whereas no prominent differences in associated psychopathological features and most of the assessed psychosocial functions could be found. Patients with ADHD combined type and inattentive, anamnestically combined type both presented with significantly more hyperactive symptoms and also showed more impulsive symptoms than those with the predominantly inattentive type. With a similar overall lifetime psychiatric comorbidity in the three groups, patients with ADHD combined type and inattentive, anamnestically combined type suffered significantly more from lifetime substance use disorders than patients with predominantly inattentive type.ConclusionOur results clearly show impaired psychosocial adjustment and elevated risk for additional psychiatric disorders in adults with all subtypes of ADHD, compared to healthy controls. They provide preliminary evidence that in adult ADHD there might be a subgroup of patients, which is classified as predominantly inattentive subtype according to current diagnostic criteria, but which in its clinical presentation is in between ADHD combined and inattentive type. Further studies are needed to evaluate this finding and to gain a clear picture of its validity.
Oral contraceptives and clinical recurrence of human papillomavirus lesions and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia following treatment
Authors: Frega Antonio , Scardamaglia Paola , Piazze Juan , Cerekja Albana , Pacchiarotti Arianna , Verrico Monica , Moscarini Massimo 
Published: November 2007

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the effect of oral contraceptive use on the recurrence rate of human papillomavirus (HPV) lesions and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) following ablative or excisional procedures in a long‐term follow‐up.MethodThe study was conducted with 650 oral contraceptive users presenting with HPV lesions and/or CIN, and 670 women who had these lesions but did not use oral contraceptives acted as controls. The participants underwent cytologic evaluations, colposcopy, and direct biopsy, followed by either ablative treatment by laser carbon dioxide vaporization or excision by a loop electrosurgical excision procedure or cold knife conization. They were then followed up for a minimum of 5 years.ResultsThe recurrence rates did not differ statistically between the case and control groups.ConclusionOral contraceptive use was not found to increase the recurrence rate of HPV lesions and/or CIN after ablative or surgical treatment.
Management of Ménière's disease in general practice: adherence to the UK National Health Service ‘Prodigy’ guidelines
Authors: Smale E , McDonald S , Maha N , Short S 
Published: November 2007

AbstractIntroduction:Dizziness is a common presenting complaint in primary healthcare. One differential diagnosis is Ménière's disease. The UK National Health Service ‘Prodigy’ guidelines have been produced to help healthcare professionals to diagnose and manage Ménière's disease. The aim of this audit was to consider how Ménière's disease is managed in general practice, and to assess how well general practitioners adhere to the Prodigy guidelines.Materials and methods:We identified general practices near the Torbay region of south Devon which had a ‘TQ’ postcode. There were 41 practices, staffed by a total of 203 general practitioners. We wrote to each general practitioner, asking them to fill in a questionnaire regarding Ménière's disease. Our practice response rate was 68 per cent and our individual rate 43 per cent.Results:The mean correct answer rate was >50 per cent. The respondents achieved this despite few being aware of any formal guidelines, and none being aware of the Prodigy guidelines.Conclusion:Detailed knowledge of Ménière's disease was uncommon, and formal guidelines were not frequently consulted.
Observation of runaway electrons in the first EAST ohmic discharge
Authors: LU H. W. , HU L. Q. , CHEN Z. Y. , JANG Y. , LIN S. Y. , TEAM EAST 
Published: November 2007

AbstractPlasma was first obtained successfully on the EAST Tokamak in the autumn of 2006. This was an ohmically heated plasma with rf-assisted pre-ionization for plasma startup. Many diagnostics systems were set up to satisfy the requirement for the description of basic plasma performance. Three hard X-ray detectors have been installed to monitor the runaway electrons with a tangential view into the plasma on the equatorial plane. A BGO (Bi4Ge3O12) scintillator installed in the forward direction was used to detect the hard X-ray emission in the energy range 0.5–7 MeV while two CdTe detectors in the backward and forward directions are used to detect the hard X-ray emission in the energy range 0.3-1.2 MeV. Phenomena observed with these detectors in different discharge conditions are presented here.
The Arctic cruises of Prince Albert I of Monaco
Authors: Carpine-Lancre Jacqueline , Barr William 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTFrom an early age, Prince Albert I of Monaco evinced a strong fascination for the polar regions. But it was only after 1898 that he was able to mount four scientific cruises to Svalbard on his yacht, the second Princesse-Alice. The first cruise was an oceanographical and zoological reconnaissance, aimed mainly at adding to the collections of the Musée océanographique de Monaco, the construction of which had just started. In 1899, the focus was on the hydrography and topography of Raudfjorden, of which a map was published. In 1906, meteorology was added to the range of observations and surveys were pursued. The Prince also provided support for two other expeditions, that of the Norwegian, Gunnar Isachsen, to northwestern Spitsbergen, and that of the Scotsman, William Bruce, to Prins Karls Forland. The Prince's expedition in 1907 was aimed at completing the results from the previous summer. Prince Albert also lent his support, either financially, or through gifts or loans of oceanographic instruments, to numerous Arctic and Antarctic explorers. Finally, he showed a keen interest in environmental protection, especially in Svalbard. This is demonstrated by his responses to a questionnaire that Hugo Conwentz sent him in 1912.
AN ABNORMALITY OF THE BONE‐MARROW OF SHEEP FED COBALT‐DEFICIENT HAY‐CHAFF
Authors: Ibbotson RN , Allen Shirley H , Gurney CW 
Published: November 2007

SummaryA decrease in cellularity of the bone‐marrow has been observed in sheep that consume a cobalt‐deficient diet, whether or not they are supplemented with vitamin B12. This abnormality is accompanied by a reduction in white blood cell count and in the rate of erythropoiesis following withdrawal of a large quantity of blood.Parenteral administration of cobalt has no apparent effect on the course of the malady.
ENZYME TREATMENT OF COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR: EVIDENCE FOR A PEPTIDE COMPONENT
Authors: Stanley ER , Metcalf D 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe effects of various proteolytic enzymes, glycosidases and phos‐ pholipases on the bone marrow colony stimulating factor from human urine have been investigated. Colony stimulating factor Was found to be comparatively resistant to inactivation by all of the enzymes tested with the exception of α‐chymotrypsin (at low concentrations), subtilisin and ficin. When biological activity remained following enzyme treatment, no change could be detected in the behaviour of colony stimulating factor on polyacrylmide disc electro‐ phoresis, under conditions in which a sieving effect on colony stimulating factor migration was observed. The studies have indicated the existence of a peptide component of colony stimulating factor, its relative resistance to enzymatic proteolysis and its presence as a minor fraction of the total protein in the urine of normal humans.
INTER‐RELATIONS BETWEEN THE ACTIONS OF DIPYRIDAMOLE, ADENOSINE, AMINOPHYLLINE AND PROPRANOLOL ON THE CORONARY CIRCULATION OF THE TRANSPLANTED DOG HEART
Authors: Paoloni HJ , Wilcken DEL 
Published: November 2007

SummaryTo study the effects of certain vasodilator drugs on the coronary vasculature of the transplanted heart, dog hearts were Implanted into the necks of recipient dogs and connected to the circulation so that coronary blood flow and coronary vascular resistance could be measured continuously. During the first six hours close arterial injections of adenosine and dipyridamole produced marked increases in coronary blood flow and reduced coronary vascular resistance in the transplanted heart; dipyridamole greatly potentiated the vasodilator actions of adenosine. Propranolol, in a beta adrenergic blocking dose, did not alter coronary blood flow or coronary vascular resistance or influence the actions of dipyridamole or adenosine. Low dose infusions of aminophylline uniformly reduced coronary blood flow and increased coronary vascular resistance and also blocked the actions of dipyridamole and adenosine. The blocking effect was similar with higher doses of aminophylline which temporarily increased coronary blood flow. The findings show that coronary vascular reactivity to dipyridamole and adenosine is maintained up to at least six hours after transplantation, and suggest that dipyridamole acts largely through aderosine. Propranolol does not increase coronary vascular resistance in the denervated heart. The aminophylline‐mediated increase in coronary vascular resistance could result from a blocking of the vasodilator effects of adenosine locally produced in non‐ischaemic myocardium.
IN VIVO TRANSFORMATION OF RAT PLASMA VERY LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN INTO HIGHER DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS
Authors: Fidge Noel H , Foxman Carole J 
Published: November 2007

SummaryFollowing intravenous injection of rat plasma very low density lipoprotein labelled in the peptide moiety with 125I into rats, there is an early appearance of radioactivity in the protein moiety of both low density lipoprotein and high density lipoprotein fractions. The suggestion that low density lipoprotein and high density lipoprotein are formed from very low density lipoprotein during its delipidation in vivo was investigated by injection of in vitro partially and completely delipidated very low density lipoprotein. The evidence presented shows that very low density lipoprotein and low density lipoprotein can be formed from these labelled peptide fractions and that re‐entry of the very low density lipoprotein peptides into the biosynthetic pathway of plasma lipoproteins probably requires complete delipidation of the lipoproteins.
TWO ANTIGENIC SPECIFICITIES IN THE AUSTRALIA ANTIGEN
Authors: Gust ID 
Published: November 2007

SummaryTwo antigenic specificities have been detected in Australia antigens identified in Melbourne. One specificity was common to all antigens studied, the other was observed in approximately 50% of patients with Au‐positive acute viral hepatitis and also in all of a group of antigen‐positive institutionalized Mongols.In patients with acute viral hepatitis the antigenic type detected remained constant, even if a carrier state developed.
THE ACTION OF CLONIDINE ON ISOLATED ARTERIAL PREPARATIONS
Authors: Hodge RL , Robinson SM 
Published: November 2007

SummaryIsolated perfused rabbit ear and rat tail arteries as well as helical strips from the latter have been used in this study to ascertain the mechanism of clonidine's vasoconstrictor action. It was found that the drug constricted the perfused arteries and that this effect was abolished by adrenergic alpha receptor blockade. From a series of concentration response curves in these perfused arteries it was also determined that the intraluminal to extraluminal concentration ratios for clonidine were not significantly affected by chronic sympathetic denervation or cocaine pretreatment. In contrast, these procedures considerably augmented the response to extraluminal noradrenaline and caused a tenfold increase in the intraluminal to extraluminal concentration ratio. These findings indicate that the drug acts on alpha receptors in vascular smooth muscle and that this action is not dependent on sympathetic nerves.The maximum contraction of rat tail artery strips following clonidine application was only 25% of that produced by noradrenaline. An adrenergic alpha receptor blocking effect of the drug on this preparation was also demonstrated.
THE FLOW AND CELLULAR COMPOSITION OF CERVICAL LYMPH FROM UNANAESTHETIZED DUCKS
Authors: Bell RG , Lafferty KJ 
Published: November 2007

SummaryA technique is described for formulating the left cervical lymph trunk of the duck which permits the collection of lymph for periods of from 5–10 days. In the seven experimental birds studied the mean lymph flow from the left cervical lymphatic was 1·0 ml per hour and the mean total cell output was 4·1 × 106 cells per hour. The predominant cell type in the lymph was the mature lymphocyte which comprised, on average, over 96% of the total cell population. However, all the cell types found in the blood of the normal animal may be found at some time in the lymph.Lymphocytes collected from the cervical lymph and labelled with 51Cr in vitro, when injected back into the blood, subsequently appeared in the cervical lymph. Even though lymphoid nodules were present in the area drained by the cervical lymph duct, it was considered that few lymphocytes were being newly formed in these areas; the lymphocytes present in cervical lymph were thought to be migrant cells originating from the blood.
ADJUVANT ACTION OF POLY (A:U) ON T‐CELLS DURING THE PRIMARY IMMUNE RESPONSE IN VITRO
Authors: Cone RE , Marchalonis JJ 
Published: November 2007

SummaryComplexes of polyadenylic and polyuridylic acids (poly A:U) were used to enhance the in vitro immune response of murine spleen cells to sheep erythrocytes. The effects of this potent adjuvant on the in vitro primary immune response were found to be similar to its in vivo action. Addition of poly (A:U) to cell cultures enabled an immune response to an antigen dose which was 100‐fold lower than the minimum dose of antigen required to stimulate an immune response in the absence of polynucleotides. In addition, the time required to obtain peak numbers of anti‐sheep erythrocyte haemolytic plaque forming cells was shortened by 1–1·5 days in the presence of poly (A:U). Poly (A:U) enabled as few as 10,000 thymus cells to collaborate with spleen cells from congenitally athymic, nu/nu mice in the immune response to sheep erythrocytes. Pre‐incubation of thymus cells or nu/nu spleen cells with poly (A:U) before culture demonstrated that poly (A:U) stimulated thymus influenced antigen reactive cells (T‐cells) but had no direct effect on antibody‐forming precursor cells (B‐cells).
POTASSIUM TOLERANCE IN RATS
Authors: Adam WR , Dawborn JK 
Published: November 2007

SummaryA state of potassium tolerance has been produced in rats by the administration of a high potassium diet. Tolerant rats had an increased survival when subjected to continued potassium loads and an enhanced ability to excrete potassium. Tolerant animals also had a lower plasma potassium concentration than controls when subjected to similar potassium loads. Increased urinary1excretion of potassium in tolerant animals was not dependent on sodium excretion but was accompanied by a reduced stool sodium/potassium ratio, suggesting increased mineralocorticoid activity.Nephrectomised tolerant rats showed no significant difference in plasma potassium concentration after an acute load when compared to control animals and an extra‐renal mechanism for tolerance was not confirmed.Potassium tolerance in the rat can be adequately explained by an enhanced ability to excrete potassium in the urine, and this mechanism appears to be well suited to the physiological adaptation to high potassium intake under natural conditions.
MACROMOLECULAR INHIBITOR OF LYMPHOCYTE TRANSFORMATION IN SERUM FROM PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE
Authors: Nelson DS , Penrose Jean M 
Published: November 2007

SummaryPhytohaemagglutinin‐induced transformation of normal human lymphocytes was lower, as assessed by tritiated thymidine incorporation, in sera from patients with chronic renal failure than in normal sera. Transformation was lower in normal sera dialysed against tissue culture medium and lower still in patients’ sera similarly dialysed. Addition of patients’ sera, untreated or dialysed, to cultures of normal cells in normal serum depressed lymphocyte transformation.
A QUANTITATIVE LYMPH NODE WEIGHT ASSAY FOR ALLOGENEIC INTERACTIONS IN THE RAT
Authors: Dorsch Susan E , Roser Bruce 
Published: November 2007

SummaryCurrent methods of measuring allograft responses in vivo are largely subjective, qualitative or cumbersome.The increase in weight undergone by the popliteal lymph node following the injection of allogeneic cells into the foot‐pad has been explored as a possible alternative assay.Lymph node enlargement was found to be an immunologically specific response; invariably present where challenge cells bore allo‐antigens not shared by the recipient; absent in irradiated, tolerant, or syngeneic hosts and specifically altered by prior sensitization. It occurred independently of donor cell proliferation.The kinetics of lymph node enlargement in normal recipients were similar in all Ag‐B disparate strain combinations tested. Peak lymph node weights were invariably found 4 days after challenge. The degree of enlargement was precisely related to the number of challenge cells and was much greater in Ag‐B disparate than in Ag‐B identical combinations. The magnitude of the response to a given dose of antigen varied with the strain of the recipient and was highly reproducible.The technique is economical of animals and time and is extremely simple to perform. It fulfils most of the requirements for an ideal quantitative allograft assay.