bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electrophysiological Studies of Thermal and Taste Reception in Chickens and Pigeons.
Authors: KITCHELL R. L. , STRÖM LENNART , ZOTTERMAN YNGVE 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.The impulse traffic in thermal and taste nerve fibres from the tongue of chickens and pigeons were analyzed while applying adequate stimuli to the tongue. Receptors were found in the tongue and pharynx which respond, in general, like those found in mammals. The thermal and taste receptors discharge through two peripheral branches of the 9th nerve only. In the chicken positive responses from the nerves followed the application of distilled water, salt, glycerine, ethylene glycol, quinine and acetic acid to the tongue but not of sucrose and saccharine. The taste responses in the pigeon's nerves were similar with the exception that no responses were observed to quinine and that 50 per cent of the pigeons responded positively to saccharine although sucrose was ineffective. In both species large number of “cold fibres” were observed while warming the tongue gave no response until the temperature was raised to above 45° C. This indicated the absence of “warm fibres” and suggested that the activity observed was due to stimulation of “pain fibres”. These direct studies of taste nerve activity were compared with recent behavioural studies in chickens and pigeons.
Prolonged Changes in the Discharge of Mammalian Muscle Spindles Following Tendon Taps or Muscle Twitches.
Authors: GRANIT RAGNAR , HOMMA SABURO , MATTHEWS PETER B. C. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.The muscle spindle is a very sensitive recording instrument and is here found to change its level of excitability, despite de‐efferentation, after tendon taps or submaximal contraction, as shown by prolonged changes in its frequency of discharge. It is suggested that this effect often is due to mechanical displacement, but since it is influenced by injection of Flaxedil, the intrafusal end plates may well be spontaneously active in the normal state. Flaxedil causes full paralysis of extrafusal motor end plates at a time when intrafusal gamma end plates are far less influenced.
Depression of Metabolism in the Duck during Experimental Diving.
Authors: ANDERSEN HARALD T. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.Diving metabolism has been studied in the domestic duck. The oxygen consumption from the lung air decreased very markedly, and the total consumption of oxygen as calculated from all stores was only some 20% of the pre‐dive level. The body temperature also dropped steadily in spite of an increased thermal insulation, due to peripheral vasoconstriction. It is concluded that the energy metabolism is greatly depressed during a quiet dive.
Oxygen Consumption of Blood and Plasma and the Percentage of Reticulocytes.
Authors: JALAVISTO EEVA 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.Determinations of plasma and blood oxygen consumption during and after reticulocytosis due to repeated bleedings were performed on arterial blood samples taken from 9 rabbits. Plasma oxygen consumption showed no consistent relation to the degree of reticulocytosis. The oxygen consumption of whole blood followed promptly variations in the percentage of reticulocytes except for a decline in oxygen consumption often before the highest reticulocyte count was attained. This may be due to the fact that red cells, containing small remnants of the basophilic material, are counted as reticulocytes whereas the decline in oxygen consumption is probably related to the enzymatic deterioration of the citric acid cycle and the cytochrome system, which proceeds with considerable speed irrespective of the morphologic ripening of reticulocytes.
Methemoglobin Reduction Rate of Nitrite Treated Red Cells as a Function of Cell Age.
Authors: JALAVISTO EEVA , SOLANTERÄ L. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.The influence of cell age on the rate of reduction of methemoglobin (MRR) in nitrite treated red cells has been investigated. Starting from the assumption that the decrease of MRR with cell age proceeds logarithmically from 100 per cent at the second, day to zero on the 160th or 180th day, the mean MRR was calculated for different cell ages. The agreement of the predicted and found values was good. The same logarithmically decreasing age decay curve could be used for calculation of the MRR both in rabbits and in dog and human erythrocytes if the maximum reduction rate is assumed to be 100 per cent/1 hour in rabbit and 35 per cent/1 hour in dog and human erythrocytes.
A Method for the Assay of ‘Slow Reacting Substance’.
Authors: CHAKRAVARTY NIRMAL 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.A method is described for the biological assay of ‘slow reacting substance’ (‘SRS’) which appears in anaphylactic reaction. The log‐dose response of ‘SRS’ on the guinea pig ileum has a linear regression. Using a four‐point design of experiment, it is therefore possible to assay ‘SRS’ against a standard. It is shown by an analysis of variance that the method gives a reliable estimate of ‘SRS’ within relatively small limits of error.
The Effect of Acetylcholine and Prostigmine on Catechol Amine Excretion in Rats.
Authors: GRANITSAS A. N. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.Acetylcholine in doses of 0.05–1 mg s. c. per rat increased the noradrenaline (NA) output in urine without causing a significant change in the adrenaline (A) output. Prostigmine also increased the NA excretion.
Studies on Slow Potentials in the Rabbit's Olfactory Bulb and Nasal Mucosa
Authors: Ottoson D. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractWhen the nasal mucosa in the rabbit is stimulated with odorized air the olfactory bulb develops a slow potential with superimposed regular waves. The slow potential may be obtained in isolation after the intrinsic activity of the bulb and the induced waves have been blocked. If the bulb is removed and recording made from the cut end of an olfactory nerve bundle a slow positive potential is recorded that has the same time course and shape as the bulb response. The potential recorded from the nerve arises in the olfactory epithelium and is electrotonically conducted along the nerve fibres. The response of the receptor layer can also be obtained in direct recordings with the electrode pushed into the mucosa through one of the canals in the ethmoid bone. The receptor potential in the rabbit exhibits the same characteristics as the corresponding response in the frog.
Recycling of Intravenously Injected Palmitic Acid‐l‐C14 as Esterified Fatty Acid in the Plasma of Rats and Turnover Rate of Plasma Triglycerides
Authors: Laurell Sigfrid 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe disappearance of injected palmitic acid‐l‐C14 from plasma in the rat was followed. It was found that part of the complexity of the disappearance curves in experiments with starving rats resulted from exchange of non‐esterified fatty acids (NEFA) between plasma and adipose tissue. The content of NEFA in adipose tissue was considerably higher in starving than in glucose fed rats. After a time lag part of the injected palmitic acid returned to plasma incorporated in triglycerides (TG) in starving as well as in glucose fed rats. The specific activity relationships between plasma TG and NEFA suggested that most of the NEFA in plasma was derived from plasma TG in the glucose fed rats and part of it in the starving rats. The ratio between the specific activity of plasma TG and of liver TG suggested that all plasma TG might be derived from liver TG in glucose fed rats. This was more uncertain in starving rats. The half life of endogenous plasma TG was found to vary between 3.0 and 8.5 minutes.
Quantitative Aspects of the Vasomotor Action of Adrenaline and Noradrenaline in the Gat. Relationship to Catechol Discharge on Intracerebral Stimulation of the Sympathetic Vasodilator Outflow
Authors: Lindgren Percy , Rosén Anders , Uvnäs Börje 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIn order to study to what extent the catechol output from the adrenals during central activation of the sympathetic vasodilator pathway might contribute to the vascular reactions, the vasomotor effects of adrenaline and noradrenaline infusions were investigated. Intravenous infusion of adrenaline in doses above 0.25–2 μg/kg/min produced vasodilatation in the skeletal muscles in cats under Dial or urethane anaesthesia. Noradrenaline caused vasoconstriction in doses of 1 μ/kg/min and more. Hypothalamic or medullary activation of the sympathetic vasodilator outflow might produce a discharge of the two catechols sufficient to reach these threshold levels if care is not taken to avoid stimulation with high intensity.
Dopamine and Chromaffin Cells
Authors: Bertler Å. , Falck B. , Hillarp N. Å. , Rosengren E. , Torp A. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe dopamine content of tissues in ruminants (cow, sheep, goat) varies with the numbers of a special type of chromaffin cells and there is a close correlation between the distribution of dopamine and these cells within certain organs. Dopamine–but no other catechol amines or 5–hydroxytryptamine–occurs in concentrations sufficient to produce the observed chromaffin reaction. The findings support the view that dopamine is stored in the special chromaffin cells.
The Activity of Muscle Receptors in the Kitten
Authors: Skoglund Sten 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIn the present paper which is a continuation of earlier publications on the postnatal development of postural reflexes, the activity of muscle receptors is studied in kittens from birth to 45 days of age. It is found that the discharge of receptors in the gastrocnemius muscle in response to stretch is phasic in character in the newborn and young kitten, while tonic responses are obtained from more proximal muscles around the hip and spine. Even the selective strongly tonic effect of succinylcholine iodide on muscle spindles is missing. Similarly, at that time the response of the Golgi tendon organs is phasic. With increasing age of the kitten more sustained discharges appear though in the beginning the rate of firing is low in the gastrocnemius muscle. Evidence is presented to show that the appearance of tonic discharges is in some way related to parallel changes in the electrical properties of the nerve fibres and the mechanical properties of the muscle, but further work is needed to elucidate the full significance of this finding. It is also shown that gamma control of muscle spindles in the gastrocnemius can be demonstrated 17–20 days after birth. Evidence is further presented to the effect that gamma control of muscle spindles in proximal muscles appears earlier, and that the gamma control of spindles in distal muscles is preceded by development of an alpha mechanism of spindle control. The obvious significance of these findings for the postnatal appearance of tonic stretch reflexes and decerebrate rigidity is discussed.
The Reactions to Tetanic Stimulation of the Two‐Neuron Arc in the Kitten
Authors: Skoglund Sten 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe postnatal development of the post‐tetanic potentiation of the two‐neuron arc is studied in kittens ranging in age from 1 to 45 days. It is shown that post‐tetanic potentiation is lacking in the newborn animal and develops with increasing age of the kittens. Evidence is presented that the postnatal development of this mechanism is running a parallel course with the maturation of the afferents and the formation of new functional connections to the motoneurones. It is concluded that post‐tetanic potentiation plays an essential role for the appearance of the tonic stretch reflex and that it together with simultaneously developing neural mechanisms, earlier studied, contributes to the maintenance of posture and locomotion.
Passage of Solid Spherical Particles across the Blood‐lymph Barrier
Authors: Grotte Gunnar , Juhlin Lennart , Sandberg Nils 
Published: December 2008

AbstractSolid spherical particles (radius 300–700 Å) of methyl‐methacrylate marked with a fluorescent dye were administered to dogs by continuous intravenous injection in order to obtain a steady plasma concentration. Lymphatics were cannulated and lymph collected from four regions of the body: leg, liver, heart and bronchial lymphatics. The passage of particles across the blood‐lymph barrier was measured by means of simultaneous concentration measurements in blood and lymph, Particles up to 700 Å radius readily passed into liver lymph with a lymph‐plasma ratio of approximately 0.20 in the “steady state”. No measurable amounts of these particles were found in the lymph from leg, heart or bronchial lymphatics. In these regions protein molecules of “effective diffusion radii” up to 120 Å pass into lymph. If the large proteins pass by “bulk flow” through water filled pathways the size of these pathways or “capillary leaks” would lie between 120–300 Å radius.
Excretion of Bromide Ions by Human Urine
Authors: Söremark Rune 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe excretion of radio‐bromide by the urine after a single dose of Br82 was studied in thirteen healthy students of about 22 years of age. The radioactive isotope, Br82, was given orally in form of ammonium bromide in water solution. Urine specimens were collected about every second hour for five days. The concentration of Br82 in the urine specimens was measured and the excretion of Br82 per day has been tabulated. Also the cumulative excretion of radio‐bromide was calculated and has been graphically demonstrated. The concentration of Br82 in blood and saliva was also measured. Venous blood samples were drawn from six of the subjects twice a day. Saliva samples were collected from these six students at about every fourth hour. The mixed saliva was paraffin stimulated. The biological half‐life of bromide was equal in blood, urine, and saliva, about 12 days. Nearly all of the radio‐bromide administered was found to be excreted by the urine. The mean concentration of Br82 in urine and saliva was about equal and 150% of the blood level. It was found to exist a diurnal variation in the excretion of bromide by the urine. During sleep it was thus found that hardly any bromide was excreted.
Vasomotor Reflexes from Muscle
Authors: Skoclund C. R. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractCasual observations of blood pressure changes during muscle stretch drew attention to the possible role of muscle proprioceptors in vasomotor control. An attempt has been made to throw some light on this problem by studying the effects of mechanical muscle stimulation, as also of electrical excitation of muscle afferents, on systemic arterial pressure and on regional hindlimb circulation, in anesthetized or decerebrated cats.Typical changes in systemic arterial pressure — viz. an initial depressor effect, followed or not by a more or less pronounced pressor effect — could be elicited by moderate stretch of different fore‐ and hindlimb muscles. The effects, which were dependent on intact nerve connections, appeared at tendon loadings of 100–300g and could also be produced by slight pressure on the muscle belly or tendon. The conclusion that these effects were reflex responses mediated from mechano‐receptors in muscle was further substantiated by comparative experiments which, i. a., showed the divergent responses to various types of painful stimulation applied to the muscle. For eliciting systemic depressor effects by electrical stimulation of muscle afferents, stimulus strengths of more than 10 times the threshold of group I fibers were required; this implies that no depressor response was observed until, after maximal activation of group I and II fibers, group III fibers were being excited.By simultaneous recording of the local arterial pressure in the lower hindleg, perfused at constant rate, the occurrence of regional vasomotor effects — predominant vasodilatation or constriction — could be demonstrated during electrical or adequate activation of muscle afferents. Studies of blood flow in muscles by inserted thermocouples were also performed.
Reflex Control of Respiration in the Anesthetized Dog during Prolonged Exposure to Positive Radial Acceleration
Authors: Barr P.‐O. , Bjurstedt H. , Coleridge J. C. G. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractBarr, P.‐O., H. Bjurstedt and J. C. G. Coleridge. —‐ Reflex control of respiration in the anesthetized dog during prolonged exposure to positive radial acceleration. Acta physiol. scand. 1959. 47. 1—‐15. —‐ The ventilatory response of anesthetized dogs to accelerative forces in the head‐to‐tail direction was investigated using a large centrifuge. An initial apnea was observed, which could be prevented by abdominal counterpressure or bilateral vagotomy. Hyperventilation sometimes followed the apnea and predominated when the vagi had been cut prior to the exposure. Evidence was obtained for a pulmonary stretch reflex origin of the apnea, and for a predominantly chemoreflex drive, resulting from reduced flow through the carotid bodies, when hyperventilation occurred. Thus, reflexogenic control of respiration was prepotent during gravitational stress, whether manifested by inhibition or stimulation of respiration.
Blood Gas Changes in the Anesthetized Dog during Prolonged Exposure to Positive Radial Acceleration
Authors: Barr P.‐O. , Bjurstedt H. , Coleridge J. C. G. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractBarr, P.‐O., H. Bjurstedt and J. C. G. Coleridge. Blood gas changes in the anesthetized dog during prolonged exposure to positive radial acceleration. Acta physiol. scand. 1959. 47. 16—27. — Anesthetized dogs were exposed to increased gravitational stress in the head‐to‐tail direction and arterial O2 saturation and acid‐base balance changes studied. Simultaneous, direct and continuous recordings were made of arterial O2 saturation and pH as well as respiratory minute volume in centrifuge runs. Application of moderate g forces over several minutes produced severe hypoxemia although 100 % O2 was breathed and hyperventilation was present, indicating a great alveolar‐arterial O2 difference, and accordingly, a large intrapulmonary shunt.
Effects of Raised Barometric Pressures on Respiration in Man1
Authors: Hesser C. M. , Holmgren B. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractHesser, C. M. and B. Holmgren. Effects of raised barometric pressures on respiration in man. Acta physiol. scand. 1959. 47. 28—43. – The effects of raised barometric pressures (up to 4.0 atm) on various respiratory functions, hitherto largely neglected, were studied on 8 healthy subjects at rest in a recompression chamber. The independent effects of changes in inspired oxygen and nitrogen pressures were studied by comparing data obtained on air, 100 % oxygen, and 5 % oxygen in nitrogen at various ambient pressures. Breathing air with increasing ambient pressure, respiration became progressively slower and deeper, whereas at 4.0 atm the effective alveolar ventilation was slightly increased. Other observations at 4.0 atm were: Average increase of 33 % in tidal volume; average decreases in respiratory rate of 27 %, respiratory minute volume of 10 %, and functional dead space/tidal volume ratio of 9 %; no demonstrable changes in expiratory reserve volume, functional dead space and respiratory exchange ratio. Evidence is presented that the respiratory changes were caused by the combined effects of increased oxygen tension and of increased breathing resistance due to increased gas density. Thus, nitrogen at high pressures (up to 3.8 atm) exerted little, if any, depressant action on respiration.
Transaminase Activity in Normal and Denervated Skeletal Muscle in Rabbits
Authors: Flodmark S. , Jungner G. , Petersén I. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractFlodmark, S., G. Jungner and I. Petersén. Transaminase activity in normal and denervated skeletal muscle in rabbits. Acta physiol. scand. 1959. 47. 52—55. – A study has been made of the transaminase activity in normal and inactivated muscles of rabbits. Specimens were taken from differently functioning muscles of 30 adult animals, and from muscle that had been denervated for different lengths of time, and the transaminase activity (GOT) per mg of dry tissue was determined according to Ordell's method. It was found that the activity was significantly higher in the rapidly functioning tibialis anterior muscle than in the biceps femoralis muscle. It was also significantly greater in normal than in denervated muscle.
Implantation of Electrodes into the Hypothalamus of the Dog by the Diasphenoid Route
Authors: Andersson B. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractAndersson, B. Implantation of electrodes into the hypothalamus of the dog by the diasphenoid route. Acta physiol. scand. 1959. 47. 56—62. — A method is described for implantation of electrodes into the hypothalamus of the dog through the sphenoid bone. The leads of the electrodes are brought out on the back of the animal. Electrodes implanted in this way may be used for several months to study effects of hypothalamic stimulation in the conscious dog.
Reduction of CO2 Stores of Man due to Muscular Exercise
Authors: Andersen K. Lange , Bugge‐Asperheim B. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractAndersen, K. L. and B. Bugge‐Asperheim. Reduction of CO2 stores of man due to muscular exercise. Acta physiol. 1959. 47. 91—96. — The respiratory recovery from exercise has been studied using a spirometer system of the closed circuit type which gives a continuous recording of the gas exchange.It is demonstrated that bicycling 1,500 kgm. in 1 minute leads to an increased lactic acid content of circulating blood which is followed by an excess blowing‐off of CO2 in the first minutes of recovery, amounting to 2—3 % of the estimated total CO2 stores of the body.None or only a slight tendency to CO2‐retention was observed during a two hours post‐experiod, in which the gas exchange was recorded continuously.
Cortical Responses to Modulated Light in the Human Subject
Authors: Kamp A. , Sem‐Jacobsen C. W. , Leeuwen W. Storm van , T‐Weel L. H. van der 
Published: December 2008

AbstractKamp, A., C. W. Sem‐Jacobsen, W. Storm van Leeuwen and L. H. Van der Tweel. Cortical responses to modulated light in the human subject.Electrical responses to modulated light have been recorded from a patient with depth electrodes implanted in the visual cortex. Low modulation percentages still gave a response even in the second harmonic of the stimulating frequency. The high frequency part of the frequency response curve showed a decrease corresponding to perception. Towards low frequencies also a steep decrease in sensitivity has been found. The responses in different places near to each other were not highly correlated. A discussion about the theoretical aspects is given.
Venous Blood Flow Recorded with an Isothermal Flowmeter
Authors: Mellander Stefan , Rushmer Robert F. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractMellander, S. and R. F. Rushmer. Venous blood flow recorded with an isothermal flowmeter.An isothermal flowmeter has been developed for recording of steady blood flow such as occurs in veins. The flow recording element consists of a fine heating coil enclosing a thermistor mounted on the tip of a catheter. The sensing element is held in the center of a vessel by five fine spring wires which also hold the dimensions of the vessel at a known constant size during recording. Heat is dissipated from the coil by blood flowing past the heating element. If the temperature of the thermistor is maintained at a constant level slightly above the blood temperature, the heat production in the heating coil has been found to be linear with blood flow over the range of flow met with in large blood vessels. The maximum error was found to be & 5 per cent of full scale deflection. Changes in venous flow can be measured at a single site or the catheter can be advanced along venous channels, sampling blood flow at various positions. The distribution of the blood flow into the inferior caval vein from various vascular beds has been investigated in dogs. Refinements in the design are being performed to make the isothermal flowmeter suitable to clinical studies, if possible.