bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Critical design considerations for harnessing reverse osmosis processes in water/wastewater treatment
Authors: Song L.F. , Tay K.G. , Singh G. 
Published: December 2006

In this paper, the performance of the full-scale RO process with highly permeable membranes and the governing mechanisms were carefully studied. It was found that the performance of a full-scale RO process could be controlled by two possible mechanisms, namely mass transfer rate and thermodynamic limitations. Under relatively low driving pressure, it was controlled by mass transfer rate (water flux) of the membrane. However, with the highly permeable membrane, it is possible that the performance is limited by the thermodynamic limitation, in which the osmotic pressure becomes equal to the driving pressure inside of the membrane channel. A process controlled by thermodynamic limitation is an extremely case of the hydraulic imbalance problem. When it occurs, it means part of the membranes in the processes do not contribute to permeate production. More complicated are situations in the intermediate pressure range, in which both mechanisms contribute to, but none of them can dominate, the performance of the process.
Some innovative concepts and theories on the performance of the full-scale RO processes were developed. These concepts and theories may provide better qualitative explanations for the behaviors often observed in the full-scale RO processes. A better quantitative simulations or predictions of the performance of the process were developed upon these concepts and theories. Experiments were carried out on a pilot membrane process of 6 m membrane channel to imitate the performance of the full-scale RO under various conditions. The experimental performance data were compared with theoretical simulations and excellent agreement was obtained.
Another focus of this current study was on characterization and modeling of membrane fouling in the full-scale RO process. Colloidal fouling experiments were conducted to study the fouling potential of feed water and a new fouling indicator was proposed. The indicator can be directly used in the mathematical model to simulate fouling development in the full-scale RO processes. Model simulations showed that under certain condition (thermodynamic restriction), the recovery or average permeate flux of a full-scale RO process would maintain a constant value even membrane fouling was taking place. Experimental verification of the simulation results is currently under way. With the new developments and findings in this area, methods or protocols for optimization of full-scale processes of the highly permeable RO membranes were suggested.
Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2005
Authors: Blanton Jesse D. , Krebs John W. , Hanlon Cathleen A. , Rupprecht Charles E. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Summary—During 2005, 49 states and Puerto Rico reported 6,417 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 1 case in a human being to the CDC, representing a 6.2% decrease from the 6,836 cases in nonhuman animals and 8 cases in human beings reported in 2004. Approximately 92% of the cases were in wildlife, and 8% were in domestic animals. Relative contributions by the major animal groups were as follows: 2,534 raccoons (39.5%), 1,478 skunks (23%), 1,408 bats (21.9%), 376 foxes (5.9%), 269 cats (4.2%), 93 cattle (1.5%), and 76 dogs (1.2%). Compared with numbers of reported cases in 2004, cases in 2005 decreased among all groups, except bats, horses, and other wild animals. Decreases in numbers of rabid raccoons during 2005 were reported by 10 of the 20 eastern states in which raccoon rabies was enzootic and decreased overall by 1.2%, compared with 2004.
On a national level, the number of rabies cases in skunks during 2005 decreased 20.4% from the number reported in 2004. Once again, Texas reported the greatest number (n = 392) of rabid skunks and the greatest overall state total of rabies cases (741). Texas reported no cases of rabies associated with the dog/coyote rabies virus variant and only 8 cases associated with the Texas gray fox rabies virus variant (compared with 22 cases in 2004). The total number of cases of rabies reported nationally in foxes decreased 3.3%, compared with those reported in 2004. The 1,408 cases of rabies reported in bats represented a 3.5% increase over numbers reported in 2005. Cases of rabies in cats, dogs, cattle, and sheep and goats decreased 4.3%, 19.2%, 19.1%, and 10%, respectively, whereas cases reported in horses and mules increased 9.3%. In Puerto Rico, reported cases of rabies in mongooses increased 29.8%, and rabies in domestic animals decreased 37.5%.
One case of human rabies was reported from Mississippi during 2005. This case was submitted by the state to the CDC's unexplained deaths project and diagnosed as rabies retrospectively.
Effects of duration of capture and sample handling on critical care blood analytes in free-ranging bottlenose dolphins
Authors: Varela René A. , Schwacke Lori , Fair Patricia A. , Bossart Gregory D. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Objective—To determine effects of duration of capture and sample-handling procedures on blood analytes in free-ranging bottlenose dolphins.
Design—Cross-sectional study.
Animals—154 free-ranging bottlenose dolphins of various ages and both sexes.
Procedures—Blood samples were drawn from each dolphin within 10 minutes of capture and before release and analyzed by use of a portable analyzer with a single-use 8-analyte disposable cartridge. Analyte values were compared according to duration between sample acquisition and analysis (time to run [TTR]) and duration between net encirclement and sample acquisition (time to bleed [TTB]).
Results—Neither TTB nor TTR significantly affected sodium or chloride concentration. Potassium concentration was not significantly affected by TTR, whereas the effect of TTB was significant. Glucose, total CO2, HCO3, Hct, and base excess of extracellular fluid values were significantly affected by TTR. Increased TTB resulted in significantly increased total CO2, HCO3, and base excess when TTR was kept within 10 minutes.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The effect of TTB on certain acid-base and electrolyte values was readily measured in free-ranging bottlenose dolphins, and such values may provide a reference range for those variables.
New Mono‐Quarternized Bis‐Cinchona Alkaloid Ligands for Asymmetric Dihydroxylation of Olefins in Aqueous Medium: Unprecedented High Enantioselectivity and Recyclability
Authors: Choi Doo Seung , Han Sang Seop , Kwueon Eun Kyung , Choi Han Young , Hwang Soon Ho , Park Yil Sung , Song Choong Eui 
Published: December 2006

AbstractNew mono‐quaternized allyl bromide salts of bis‐Cinchona alkaloid ligands, [(QD)2PHAL‐Allyl]Br and [(QN)2PHAL‐Allyl]Br, have been synthesized which can be converted into their highly water‐soluble multihydroxylated derivatives under asymmetric dihydroxylation (AD) conditions and, thus, easily recovered by a simple extraction method after reaction and reused. These mono‐quaternized ligands exhibited superior catalytic efficiency to their neutral counterparts such as (DHQD)2PHAL and (DHQ)2PHAL for the AD reactions of mono‐ and disubstituted styrenes under Upjohn conditions. Merely 0.1 mol % of osmium was enough to complete the reactions of mono‐ and disubstituted styrenes and, moreover, these ligands showed the highest enantioselectivities (e.g., for styrene, 97 % ee with [(QD)2PHAL‐Allyl]Br) among those ever achieved under Upjohn conditions.
Enantioselective Synthesis of 4‐(Dimethylamino)pyridines through a Chemical Oxidation‐Enzymatic Reduction Sequence. Application in Asymmetric Catalysis
Authors: Busto Eduardo , Gotor‐Fernández Vicente , Gotor Vicente 
Published: December 2006

AbstractEnantiomerically pure 4‐(dimethylamino)‐3‐(1‐hydroxyalkyl)pyridines and 4‐(dimethylamino)‐3‐[hydroxy(phenyl)methyl]pyridine have been prepared through efficient chemoenzymatic routes. For this purpose different lipases and oxidoreductases have been tested in the preparation of optically active 4‐chloro derivatives and baker’s yeast was found to be an excellent catalyst for the bioreductions of the corresponding ketones. Their applications as enantioselective nucleophilic catalysts have been studied, important catalytic properties were observed in the stereoselective construction of quaternary centers.
Asymmetric Dihydroxylation of 2‐Substituted 1‐Vinylferrocenes: The First Non‐Enzymatic Kinetic Resolution of Planar‐Chiral Ferrocenes
Authors: Bueno Agustí , Rosol Malgorzata , García Jasón , Moyano Albert 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe first non‐enzymatic kinetic resolution of planar chiral ferrocenes has been achieved by the Sharpless catalytic asymmetric dihydroxylation (AD) of a set of racemic 2‐substituted 1‐ethenylferrocenes 1a–d. The enantioselectivity factor krel varies from 20 to 62 [for (DHQD)2PYR ligands], and from 5 to 27 [for (DHQ)2PYR ligands]. The stereochemical outcome of the resolution can be easily predicted by the mnemonic device for AD, with the additional hypothesis that in the preferred transition state the olefin group and the upper cyclopentadiene ring of vinylferrocenes exhibit an essentially coplanar geometry.
Suicide‐related behavior after psychiatric hospital discharge: implications for risk assessment and management
Authors: Skeem Jennifer L. , Silver Eric , Aippelbaum Paul S. , Tiemann Jenny 
Published: December 2006

AbstractSuicide‐related behavior (SRB), including suicide attempts and instrumental SRB, occurs far more often than completed suicide and exacts a toll on patients, their loved ones, and society. Nevertheless, few prospective studies of SRB have been conducted. In this study, 954 patients were interviewed in a psychiatric hospital and then followed for one year after discharge. During this one‐year period, nearly one‐quarter of patients (23%) engaged in SRB, with the rate of suicide attempts (18%) three times greater than the rate of instrumental SRB (5%). Risk factors for SRB were demographic (White ethnicity, female gender), clinical (past SRB, depression, impaired functioning), and contextual (unemployment, large social networks). In contrast with other studies, there was no “peak” in the risk of SRB shortly after hospital discharge. Instead, patients' rate of SRB was relatively constant over the one‐year follow‐up. Implications for risk assessment and management in acute inpatient settings are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Patent foramen ovale: Standards for a preclinical model of prevalence, structure, and histopathologic comparability to human hearts
Authors: Hara Hidehiko , Virmani Renu , Ladich Elena , Mackey‐Bojack Shannon , Titus Jack L. , Karnicki Krzysztov , Stewart MaryLou , Pelzel Jamie M. , Schwartz Robert S. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractBackground: This study evaluated and standardized a Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO) preclinical model in gross anatomic and histopathologic features. Methods: We examined 150 necropsy‐derived domestic porcine hearts, age 4–6 months for PFO prevalence, appearance, and size. Histopathologic preparations were standardized and processed identically to 24 post‐mortem human hearts aged 16–62 years. A measurement scheme was developed for PFO atrial openings, tunnel length, and histopathologic features to compare porcine and patient hearts. Results: PFO was found in 32 of the 150 porcine hearts (prevalence 21.3%). Twenty‐five porcine PFO underwent standard characterization by tunnel length, and right, and left atrial orifice diameters. Logarithmic regression analysis between porcine PFO tunnel length and left atrial orifice area demonstrated a significant positive relationship (P = 0.0162, R2 = 0.227). The porcine PFO tunnel length was significantly longer than in humans (12.0 ± 4.0 mm vs. 7.1 ± 3.1 mm respectively, P < 0.0001). Histopathologic comparison was made using serial sections perpendicular to the atrial septum and the tunnel long axis. Human and porcine PFO lesions demonstrated strong similarities in tissue cells, connective tissue, and matrix composition. Conclusions: PFO assessment was standardized in both macroscopically and histopathologically, with quantitative and qualitative comparisons feasible using a porcine preclinical model. PFO prevalence in domestic swine is identical to humans, and microscopic structures very similar to humans. The domestic swine PFO model appears useful to evaluate new interventional closure technologies due to comparability in microscopic features. Tunnel length should be carefully evaluated due to differences across pigs and patients. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bifunctional Polymeric Organocatalysts and Their Application in the Cooperative Catalysis of Morita–Baylis–Hillman Reactions
Authors: Kwong Cathy Kar‐Wing , Huang Rui , Zhang Minjuan , Shi Min , Toy Patrick H. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractA series of soluble, non‐cross‐linked polystyrene‐supported triphenylphosphane and 4‐dimethylaminopyridine reagents were prepared. Some of these polymeric reagents contained either alkyl alcohol or phenol groups on the polymer backbone. The use of these materials as organocatalysts in a range of Morita–Baylis–Hillman reactions indicated that hydroxyl groups could participate in the reactions and accelerate product formation. In the cases examined, phenol groups were more effective than alkyl alcohol groups for catalyzing the reactions. This article is one of the first reports of the synthesis and use of non‐natural, bifunctional polymeric reagents for use in organic synthesis in which both functional groups can cooperatively participate in the catalysis of reactions.
Three common alleles of KIR2DL4 (CD158d) encode constitutively expressed, inducible and secreted receptors in NK cells
Authors: Goodridge Jodie P. , Lathbury Louise J. , Steiner Noriko K. , Shulse Christine N. , Pullikotil Philomena , Seidah Nabil G. , Hurley Carolyn K. , Christiansen Frank T. , Witt Campbell S. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractGenetic polymorphism of KIR2DL4 results in alleles with either 9 or 10 consecutive adenines in exon 6, which encodes the transmembrane domain. "10A" alleles encode a membrane‐expressed receptor that is constitutively expressed on resting CD56bright NK cells and on CD56dim cells after culture. However, in some individuals with the 10A allele, KIR2DL4 cannot be detected on their resting CD56bright NK cells. "9A" alleles have been predicted to encode a secreted receptor due to the splicing out of the transmembrane region. In this publication, we show that those individuals with a 10A allele who lack detectable KIR2DL4 on CD56bright NK cells express a KIR2DL4 receptor in which the D0‐domain is excised. This Δ‐D0 receptor cannot be detected by the available anti‐KIR2DL4 monoclonal antibodies. In such individuals, KIR2DL4 becomes detectable on cultured NK cells due to up‐regulation of the full‐length KIR2DL4 transcript. In all individuals with 10A alleles, KIR2DL4 ceases to be expressed at the cell surface 16 days after activation, despite the maintenance of maximal levels of KIR2DL4 mRNA transcription, suggesting the existence of a negative regulator of cell surface expression. Finally, we show that the 9A allele can produce a secreted KIR2DL4 receptor.
Synthesis and Characterisation of Metal Isobutylsilsesquioxanes and Their Role as Inorganic–Organic Nanoadditives for Enhancing Polymer Thermal Stability
Authors: Carniato Fabio , Boccaleri Enrico , Marchese Leonardo , Fina Alberto , Tabuani Daniela , Camino Giovanni 
Published: December 2006

AbstractMetal isobutylsilsesquioxanes (M‐POSS) with TiIV and VV metal centres have been prepared by direct corner‐capping of trisilanolisobutyl‐POSS (1). The synthetic procedure has been followed in solution by FTIR spectroscopy and samples have been characterised by 29Si{1H} NMR, FTIR, FT‐Raman and UV/Vis spectroscopy in order to study the structure and the chemical properties of the transition metal centres incorporated in the synthesised compounds. The corner‐capping reaction basically lead to tetrahedrally coordinated metal centres inserted in the siliceous cage. The hybrid inorganic–organic nature of these compounds and the possibility of dispersing catalytically active metal centres in a highly efficient way within organic matrices have been investigated by dispersing the title compounds at 3 wt.‐% in a polypropylene matrix by melt blending, which leads to nanocomposite materials. A study of the thermal degradation of polypropylene, trisilanolisobutyl‐POSS and metal‐isobutyl‐POSS composites shows a significantly enhanced thermal stability under oxidative conditions only when metal‐containing silsequioxanes are dispersed, along with an extended formation of condensed polyaromatic compounds (charring products). This evidence is consistent with a possible catalytic effect favouring oxidative dehydrogenation of the polymeric organic chains occurring in the condensed phase under combustion conditions, and highlights a possible promising use of M‐POSS as fire‐retardant additives for polymers. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Isomeric diacylglycerols – Determination of 1,2‐ and 1,3‐diacylglycerols in virgin olive oil
Authors: Gertz Christian , Fiebig Hans‐Jochen 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe “Joint Committee for the Analysis of Fats, Oils, Fatty Products, Related Products and Raw Materials (GA Fett)” has developed the following method for the determination of isomeric diacylglycerols in virgin olive oils to detect the freshness of oils. It is intended to include this method in Section C, Chapter VI of the German Standard Methods.*
Economic cost of dementia patients according to the limitation of the activities of daily living in Korea
Authors: Kang Im Ok , Lee Sang‐Yi , Kim Su Young , Park Chong Yon 
Published: December 2006

AbstractBackgroundDementia is expected to become a significant social burden in the future. However, there are few reports that have estimated the total economic cost of dementia, particularly according to the limitation in the activities of daily living (ADL) in Korea.ObjectivesThis study is to analyze the health care expenditures and cost per dementia patient, and estimated the total economic cost of dementia.MethodsCaregivers of 609 dementia patients, who were randomly selected from a nationwide claim database of the Korean National Health Insurance Corporation, were interviewed using structured questionnaire in the period of September 2005. The total cost including the direct and indirect costs during a year was calculated. The patients were stratified into three limitation groups according to their ADL score. The cost according to the three limitation groups was analyzed. The national cost of dementia patients was then estimated.ResultsThe total cost per dementia patient in Korea was $7,462. The direct and indirect costs were $6,626 and $836 per patient, respectively. The cost increased with increasing degree of limitation in the patient's ADL. Over a 1‐year period, the total cost per patient in the low limitation group was lower ($3,698) than that of the moderate ($6,064) and high ($11,428) limitation group.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates that the direct and indirect costs of dementia are considerately small for patients with lower limitation in their ADL. The total economic cost of dementia per year was estimated to be in the range of 1.3 to 3.3 billion dollars on assumptions in Korea. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Macrocyclic Glycosides from Clematis hexapetala
Authors: Shi She‐Po , Dong Cai‐Xia , Jiang Dan , Tu Peng‐Fei 
Published: December 2006

AbstractTwo new macrocyclic glycosides, clemahexapetoside A (1) and B (2), along with the known compound clemochinenoside A (3), were isolated from the roots and rhizomes of Clematis hexapetala. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of chemical, physicochemical, and spectroscopic evidence.
Removal of citric acid from aqueous solution by catalytic wet peroxidation using effective mesoporous Fe‐MCM‐41 molecular sieves
Authors: Gokulakrishnan Narasimhan , Pandurangan Arumugam , Sinha Pradeep Kumar 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe presence of citric acid in decontamination waste can cause complexation of radioactive cations, resulting in interferences in their removal by various treatment processes such as chemical precipitation and ion exchange, and may pose a potential danger to the environment. Mesoporous Fe‐MCM‐41 molecular sieves (Si/Fe = 25, 50, 75 and 100) were synthesized hydrothermally and characterized by X‐ray diffraction, N2 adsorption studies, diffuse reflectance UV‐visible spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance and transmission electron microscopy to evaluate the removal of citric acid from aqueous solution by the wet peroxidation method. The effect of time, pH, Si/Fe ratios of Fe‐MCM‐41 and temperature has been studied to achieve efficient removal of citric acid from the aqueous solution. Unlike homogeneous Fe3+ catalysis, more mineralization of citric acid was achieved by heterogeneous catalysis with Fe‐MCM‐41 with the percentage removal of total organic carbon of citric acid following the order Fe‐MCM‐41 (Si/Fe = 25) > Fe‐MCM‐41 (Si/Fe = 50) > Fe‐MCM‐41 (Si/Fe = 75) > Fe‐MCM‐41 (Si/Al = 100). Moreover, it was also observed that during the reaction only a minimum amount of iron is leaching from Fe‐MCM‐41. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Five‐dimensional MRI incorporating simultaneous resolution of cardiac and respiratory phases for volumetric imaging
Authors: Sigfridsson Andreas , Kvitting John‐Peder Escobar , Knutsson Hans , Wigström Lars 
Published: December 2006

AbstractPurposeTo develop a new volumetric imaging method resolved over both the cardiac and respiratory cycles, to enable future physiological and pathophysiological studies of respiratory‐related cardiac motion.Materials and MethodsAn acquisition scheme is proposed whereby thek‐space acquisition order is controlled in real‐time by the current cardiac and respiratory phases. To reduce eddy‐current effects induced by sudden jumps ink‐space, the acquisition order is further optimized by the use of a Hilbert curve trajectory in theky‐kzplane. A complete three‐dimensional (3D)k‐space is acquired for all combinations of cardiac and respiratory phases, yielding a five‐dimensional (5D) data set after retrospective reconstruction.ResultsLeft (LV) and right ventricular (RV) wall excursion was measured in a healthy volunteer. Diastolic LV diameter was shown to increase during expiration and decrease during inspiration, as expected from previous echocardiography studies. The LV volume was estimated for all cardiac and respiratory phases with the use of a fully 3D segmentation tool. The results confirmed that the diastolic LV volume increased during expiration and decreased during inspiration.ConclusionWith its ability to measure motion anywhere in the heart, the described technique provides a promising approach for in‐depth description of interventricular coupling, including 3D ventricular volumes, during both the cardiac and respiratory cycles. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.