bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impacts of Ice Microphysics on Rainfall and Thermodynamic Processes in the Tropical Deep Convective Regime: A 2D Cloud-Resolving Modeling Study
Authors: Gao Shouting , Ran Lingkun , Li Xiaofan 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
The effects of ice microphysics on rainfall and thermodynamic processes in the tropical deep convective regime are examined based on hourly zonal-mean data from a pair of two-dimensional cloud-resolving simulations: one simulation with ice clouds and the other without ice clouds. The model is integrated for 21 days with the imposed large-scale vertical velocity, zonal wind, and horizontal advections obtained from the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Response Experiment. The experiment without ice clouds produces a larger amount of cloud water and a smaller surface rain rate than the experiment with ice clouds because of the exclusion of vapor deposition processes in the experiment without ice clouds. The experiment without ice clouds produces cold and moist states simply because it generates a smaller cloud heating rate and consumes a smaller amount of vapor than does the experiment with ice clouds.
Ensemble-Based Simultaneous State and Parameter Estimation in a Two-Dimensional Sea-Breeze Model
Authors: Aksoy Altuğ , Zhang Fuqing , Nielsen-Gammon John W. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
The performance of the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) in forced, dissipative flow under imperfect-model conditions is investigated through simultaneous state and parameter estimation where the source of model error is the uncertainty in the model parameters. A two-dimensional, nonlinear, hydrostatic, nonrotating, and incompressible sea-breeze model is used for this purpose with buoyancy and vorticity as the prognostic variables and a square root filter with covariance localization is employed. To control filter divergence caused by the narrowing of parameter variance, a “conditional covariance inflation” method is devised. Up to six model parameters are subjected to estimation attempts in various experiments. While the estimation of single imperfect parameters results in error of model variables that is indistinguishable from the respective perfect-parameter cases, increasing the number of estimated parameters to six inevitably leads to a decline in the level of improvement achieved by parameter estimation. However, the overall EnKF performance in terms of the error statistics is still superior to the situation where there is parameter error but no parameter estimation is performed. In fact, compared with that situation, the simultaneous estimation of six parameters reduces the average error in buoyancy and vorticity by 40% and 46%, respectively.
Several aspects of the filter configuration (e.g., observation location, ensemble size, radius of influence, and parameter variance limit) are found to considerably influence the identifiability of the parameters. The parameter-dependent response to such factors implies strong nonlinearity between the parameters and the state of the model and suggests that a straightforward spatial covariance localization does not necessarily produce optimality.
A Statistical Procedure to Forecast Warm Season Lightning over Portions of the Florida Peninsula
Authors: Shafer Phillip E. , Fuelberg Henry E. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Sixteen years of cloud-to-ground lightning data from the National Lightning Detection Network and morning radiosonde-derived parameters are used to develop a statistical scheme to provide improved forecast guidance for warm season afternoon and evening lightning for 11 areas of the Florida peninsula serviced by Florida Power and Light Corporation (FPL). Logistic regression techniques are used to develop equations predicting whether at least one flash will occur during the noon–midnight period in each area, as well as the amount of lightning that can be expected during this same period, conditional on at least one flash occurring. For the amount of lightning, the best results are achieved by creating four quartile categories of flash count based on climatology, and then using three logistic equations and a decision tree approach to determine the most likely quartile. A combination of forward stepwise screening and cross validation are used to select the best combination of predictors that are most likely to generalize to independent data. Results show the guidance equations to be superior to persistence on both the dependent dataset and during cross validation. The greatest skill scores are achieved for predicting whether at least one flash will occur, as well as predicting the number of flashes to within one quartile of that observed. These results demonstrate that the equations possess forecast skill and will provide useful guidance for the probability and amount of lightning in each of the 11 FPL service areas.
Comparison of the Life Cycle Assessments of an Insulating Concrete Form House and a Wood Frame House
Authors: Marceau ML , VanGeem MG 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
An environmental life cycle assessment (LCA) was conducted on a single-family house modeled with two types of exterior walls: wood framed and insulating concrete form (ICF). The LCA was carried out in accordance with the guidelines of the ISO 14000 family of standards. The LCA includes the inputs and outputs of energy and materials from (i) extraction and manufacturing of materials, (ii) construction, (iii) occupancy (including heating and cooling energy use), and (iv) maintenance over a 100-year life. The houses were modeled in five cities representing a range of U.S. climates: Miami, Phoenix, Seattle, Washington, and Chicago. The results show that in almost all cases, for a given climate, the environmental impact in each category is greater (worse) for the wood house than for the ICF house. The reduction in environmental impacts provided by the ICF house compared to the wood-frame house varied from 3% to 6%, depending on climate. Furthermore, the most significant environmental impacts are not from construction products but from the production and household use of electricity and natural gas. Since the ICF walls are more highly insulating and energy efficient than the wood-frame walls, the ICF house has lower impacts. Among construction products used in the house, wood products and copper tubing have the largest environmental load, followed by cement-based products.
Sarcoma Derived from Cultured Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Authors: Tolar Jakub , Nauta Alma J. , Osborn Mark J. , Panoskaltsis Mortari Angela , McElmurry Ron T. , Bell Scott , Xia Lily , Zhou Ning , Riddle Megan , Schroeder Tania M. , Westendorf Jennifer J. , McIvor R. Scott , Hogendoorn Pancras C.W. , Szuhai Karoly , Oseth LeAnn , Hirsch Betsy , Yant Stephen R. , Kay Mark A. , Peister Alexandra , Prockop Darwin J. , Fibbe Willem E. , Blazar Bruce R. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
To study the biodistribution of MSCs, we labeled adult murine C57BL/6 MSCs with firefly luciferase and DsRed2 fluorescent protein using nonviral Sleeping Beauty transposons and coinfused labeled MSCs with bone marrow into irradiated allogeneic recipients. Using in vivo whole-body imaging, luciferase signals were shown to be increased between weeks 3 and 12. Unexpectedly, some mice with the highest luciferase signals died and all surviving mice developed foci of sarcoma in their lungs. Two mice also developed sarcomas in their extremities. Common cytogenetic abnormalities were identified in tumor cells isolated from different animals. Original MSC cultures not labeled with transposons, as well as independently isolated cultured MSCs, were found to be cytogenetically abnormal. Moreover, primary MSCs derived from the bone marrow of both BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice showed cytogenetic aberrations after several passages in vitro, showing that transformation was not a strain-specific nor rare event. Clonal evolution was observed in vivo, suggesting that the critical transformation event(s) occurred before infusion. Mapping of the transposition insertion sites did not identify an obvious transposon-related genetic abnormality, and p53 was not overexpressed. Infusion of MSC-derived sarcoma cells resulted in malignant lesions in secondary recipients. This new sarcoma cell line, S1, is unique in having a cytogenetic profile similar to human sarcoma and contains bioluminescent and fluorescent genes, making it useful for investigations of cellular biodistribution and tumor response to therapy in vivo. More importantly, our study indicates that sarcoma can evolve from MSC cultures.
Multipotent Cell Fate of Neural Crest-Like Cells Derived from Embryonic Stem Cells
Authors: Motohashi Tsutomu , Aoki Hitomi , Chiba Kairi , Yoshimura Naoko , Kunisada Takahiro 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Neural crest cells migrate throughout the embryo and differentiate into diverse derivatives: the peripheral neurons, cranial mesenchymal cells, and melanocytes. Because the neural crest cells have critical roles in organogenesis, detailed elucidation of neural crest cell differentiation is important in developmental biology. We recently reported that melanocytes could be induced from mouse ESCs. Here, we improved the culture system and showed the existence of neural crest-like precursors. The addition of retinoic acid to the culture medium reduced the hematopoiesis and promoted the expression of the neural crest marker genes. The colonies formed contained neural crest cell derivatives: neurons and glial cells, together with melanocytes. This suggested that neural crest-like cells assuming multiple cell fates had been generated in these present cultures. To isolate the neural crest-like cells, we analyzed the expression of c-Kit, a cell-surface protein expressed in the early stage of neural crest cells in vivo. The c-Kit-positive (c-Kit+) cells appeared as early as day 9 of the culture period and expressed the transcriptional factors Sox10 and Snail, which are expressed in neural crest cells. When the c-Kit+ cells were separated from the cultures and recultured, they frequently formed colonies containing neurons, glial cells, and melanocytes. Even a single c-Kit+ cell formed colonies that contained these three cell types, confirming their multipotential cell fate. The c-Kit+ cells were also capable of migrating along neural crest migratory pathways in vivo. These results indicate that the c-Kit+ cells isolated from melanocyte-differentiating cultures of ESCs are closely related to neural crest cells.
Impaired Downregulation Following Erythropoietin Receptor Activation in Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma
Authors: Dunlop Elaine A. , Maxwell Alexander P. , Lappin Terence R.J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractRecent evidence confirms the presence of erythropoietin receptors on a variety of cancer cells. This has raised concerns about the use of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in the treatment of cancer-related anemia. Having previously identified expression of functional erythropoietin receptors in a non-small cell lung carcinoma cell line, H838, which activated key signaling pathways in response to erythropoietin stimulation, we now demonstrate impaired downregulation of the erythropoietin receptor in these tumor cells. The erythropoietin receptor is not ubiquitinated following erythropoietin stimulation in this cancer cell line, and there is no turnover of the receptor in either unstimulated or stimulated cells. Compounding this blunted response is impaired SOCS3 induction downstream of erythropoietin stimulation and an extremely delayed SOCS1 response. If this finding in non-small cell lung carcinoma is a widespread phenomenon, then impaired erythropoietin receptor downregulation and degradation in tumor cells has clinical implications for those patients receiving erythropoiesis-stimulating agents for cancer-related anemia.
Getting the best of both worlds
Authors: Friedman Norma S. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThere is a history of leaders and groups who are ahead of their time, who resist prevailing trends, but who appear in the official accounts as misinformed or malintentioned obstacles to the main direction of historical development. There is a history of commonfolk struggling to become, and becoming, their own leaders.It is possible to hold a full‐time academic position and at the same time develop a thriving consulting practice.
Zur Hydrogenolyse von Estern aromatischer Alkohole
Authors: Zymalkowski F. , Schuster Th. , Scherer H. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractEs wird über Experimente berichtet, nach denen die Hydrogenolyse aromatischer Ester eine nukleophile Reaktion zu sein scheint, bei der Acylat‐anionen durch Hydridwasserstoff ersetzt werden. Sekundäre und tertiäre Amine in großem Überschuß beschleunigen die Reaktion. Sowohl bei der Hydrogenolyse optisch aktiven O‐Benzoylatrolactinsäureäthylesters als auch bei der von α‐Phenyl‐tetraalkylammoniumsalzen wird Inversion beobachtet. Der Reaktionsmechanismus wird diskutiert.
Reaktionsverhalten acylierter Isocyanate gegenüber Azomethinen
Authors: Neidlein R. , Bottler R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAusgehend von N‐Acylisocyanaten und Azomethinen werden Dihydro‐1,3,5‐oxdiazinone erhalten, aus Sulfonyl‐isocyanaten und Azomethinen N‐Sulfonyl‐mono‐oxoperhydrotriazinone.
Racemate und Enantiomere von 5,5‐disubstituierten Hexahydropyrimidinen
Authors: Knabe Joachim , Biwersi Joachim 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDie racemischen und die enantiomeren Hexahydropyrimidin‐2‐one 1a‐1e lassen sich mit LiAlH4 in hohen Ausbeuten zu den racemischen und den enantiomeren Hexahydropyrimidinen 2a‐2e reduzieren. Die 2a‐2e‐Enantiomere zeigen den gleichen Drehsinn wie die Ausgangsverbindungen. Die in Ethanol rechtsdrehenden Enantiomere (+)‐2a‐2d besitzen S‐Konfiguration.
Synthese von substituierten 2‐Aminonicotinonitrilen
Authors: Troschütz Reinhard , Dennstedt Thomas 
Published: October 2006

AbstractMono‐, di‐ und trisubstituierte 2‐Aminonicotinonitrile vom Typ 8, 13, 14 und 19 lassen sich aus Keton‐Mannich‐Basen Hydrochloriden 4 · HCl, Enonen 12, β‐Aminovinylketonen 17, 3‐Aminoacrolein‐Derivaten 18 sowie Vinamidinium Perchloraten 21 und in situ erzeugtem 3,3‐Diamino‐acrylnitril (3) herstellen.Die Reaktion von 4 · HCl mit 3 in Gegenwart von Ammoniumacetat führt hingegen in einer 2:1 Kondensation zu Tetrahydro‐1,8‐naphthyridinen 10.
Aqua[1,1‐bis(4‐hydroxyphenyl)‐1,2‐diamino‐2‐phenylethane]‐sulfatoplatinum(II), a New Compound for the Treatment of the Mammary Carcinoma
Authors: Gust Ronald 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe highly estrogen receptor(ER)‐affinic compound 1,1‐bis(4‐hydroxy‐phenyl)‐2‐phenylethene (BHPE) was used as carrier ligand for a new cis‐platin derivative, aqua[1,1‐bis(4‐hydroxyphenyl)‐1,2‐diamino‐2‐phenyl‐ethane]sulfatoplatinum(II) (3‐PtSO4) for the therapy of the ER‐positive (i.e. hormone sensitive) breast cancer. The diamine ligand 1,1‐bis(4‐hydroxyphenyl)‐1,2‐diamino‐2‐phenylethane (3) was synthesized by transformation of the O‐methyl ether derivative of BHPE into the 1,2‐bisazido compound 3b with IN3/NaN3, reduction of both N3 residues into NH2 groups [3a] and subsequent ether cleavage with BBr3. From the diamine ligand 3 and K2PtI4 a five‐membered chelate 3‐PtI2 was obtained which was transformed into 3‐PtSO4 with Ag2SO4. In comparison to BHPE the ER‐affinity of 3‐PtSO4 is markedly reduced. 3‐PtSO4 possesses, however, weak cytotoxic activity (P388) and antiestrogenic, but no estrogenic properties. 3‐PtSO4 is comparable with BHPE in terms of its activity on the hormone sensitive MXT‐M 3.2 breast cancer of the mouse.
Pharmacokinetics of ambenonium, a reversible cholinesterase inhibitor, in rats
Authors: Yamamoto Koujirou , Kohda Yukinao , Sawada Yasufumi , Iga Tatsuji 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe pharmacokinetics of ambenonium, a reversible cholinesterase inhibitor, in rats was investigated following intravenous administration of the drug. Mean residence time and steady state volume of distribution were 23–36 min and 0·20–0·311 kg−1, respectively, and were dose independent at the dose of 0·3–3 μmole kg−1. Total body clearance of 8·2 ml min−1 kg−1 over 0·3 μmole kg−1 was slightly increased to 11·3 ml min−1 kg−1 at 3 μmole kg−1. Renal clearance was also increased with the increase of the dose, while hepatobiliary clearance was substantially constant. Ambenonium was highly concentrated in the liver, kidney, spleen, and lung. About 30 per cent of the dose is concentrically stored in the liver at 6 h after administration, and had not disappeared after 24 h.
Die Embryologie im Spannungsfeld zwischen Tradition und Empirie
Authors: Bäumer‐Schleinkofer Änne 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAlready in classical antiquity people dealt with the principle of formation, developing different theories. Researchers in the renaissance, working in the conflict zone between tradition and experience, tried to prove one or the other of these theories by the means of new observations, especially of chicken development. Aldrovandi was the first to see the real principle of formation of the hen's egg, i. e. the blastodisc, but he didn't recognize the importance of his discovery due to his close adherence to Aristotle in the theoretical field. Fabricius even thought that traditional knowledge was of more importance than his own excellent observations. Parisano was the first to succeed in making a correct interpretation of the function of the blastodisc, but only by holding to a ‘false’ classical theory. Harvey combined his attempt to restore the developmental theory of Aristotle with a religious interpretation postulating God's intervention in all development. Subsequent to atomism, Highmore evolved a two seed theory of development, which in his view made a permanent engagement of God superfluous. Also the first observations using the microscope did not contribute to any improvement in developmental theory. Malpighi used them to confirm the theory of epigenesis, whereas Croone attributed to a piece of blastoderm the proportion of a whole embryo to demonstrate his ovistic theory of preformation. The founder of animalculism Leeuwenhoek, an amateur researcher, was at first not influenced by the trends of the scientific community. He postulated that the spermatozoa, which he discovered, contained perfect miniature animals. His investigations are a good example of where prejudices can lead, even when the observations are excellent. In the 17th century the tension between experience and tradition shifted in favour of experience, but a final solution had not by any means been reached.
Editor's notes
Authors: Voegel George H. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractGeorge H. Voegel is dean of educational services at William Rainey Harper College in Palatine, Illinios. His responsibilities include a comprehensive learning resource service, adult education, tutoring, and academic computing seruices. His wide experience with instructional improvement programs, consortium work, and workshops on the appropriate use of technology in instruction and his service to numerous state and national organizations enable him to provde leadership to the community college field on the application of technology to the learning process.
Foundation restricted funds, a special application: Miami‐Dade's endowed teaching chair
Authors: Traylor Horace Jerome , Katsinas Stephen G. , Herrmann Siegfried E. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractMiami‐Dude has a consistently high track record in soliciting corfiorate donations. Their most recent approach, which transfers the endowed chair concept from the four‐year to the two‐year institution, has been remarkably successful and has become a national model for other community colleges.
Improvement of biventricular function after transcatheter closure of atrial septal defect: A case report
Authors: Lam Yat‐Yin , Yu Cheuk‐Man 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWe report a 17‐year‐old man presented with palpitation. Echocardiography demonstrated secundum atrial septal defect (ASD) with marked right sided dilatation, indicating significant left to right intracardiac shunting. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging performed 3 months after transcatheter ASD closure demonstrated marked improvement in biventricular systolic function. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Percutaneous closure of a para‐anastomotic abdominal aortic graft leak
Authors: Alzubaidi Abdulmajeed , MacDonald Shaun , Clement Jason , Webb John G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPara‐anastomotic graft leaks are a potential complication following surgical repair of an aortic aneurysm. Reoperation may be associated with significant morbidity and mortality. We report successful percutaneous transcatheter closure of an anastomotic graft leak utilizing an occluder device. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Iatrogenic left internal mammary artery–coronary vein anastomosis treated with covered stent deployment via retrograde percutaneous coronary sinus approach
Authors: Sheiban Imad , Moretti Claudio , Colangelo Salvatore 
Published: October 2006

AbstractObjectives: Percutaneous treatment of acquired coronary fistula with covered stent Background: Acquired aorto‐coronary fistulae (ACF) is a rare complication of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. Surgical repair has been generally recommended, but percutaneous techniques have also been described; coils were used primarily in smaller fistula while double umbrella or vascular occlusion devices were used in larger ones. To the best of our knowledge the use of coronary covered stent has never been reported. A 73‐year‐old man underwent CABG in November 2004 for unstable angina and left internal mammary artery (LIMA) was anastomized to left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery. Three months later he underwent a control angiogram to check for the reappearance of effort angina, which demonstrated an inadvertent LIMA—great cardiac vein (GCV) anastomosis. After discussions, an attempt to close the ACF with implantation of a covered stent was performed. Methods: Using a percutaneous right internal jugular vein approach, coronary sinus was selectively cannulated and a 0.014‐in. coronary guide wire was advanced selectively to the GCV, then a covered stent was deployed across the anastomotic site, obtaining the immediate occlusion of the ACF. Results: No contrast medium flowed into the distal part of the GCV at the reinjection of the coronary sinus and a selective injection into LIMA showed the absence of flow through LIMA, confirming the occlusion of the anastomotic site. Conclusions: We have demonstrated successful occlusion of an iatrogenic ACF by using percutaneous stenting of GCV with covered stent via coronary sinus approach, which seems to be technically less demanding, safer, and time sparing. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.