bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Low Viscosity of Peridotite Liquid: Implications for Magma Ocean Dynamics
Authors: Huang D. , Li Y. , Murakami M. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractTransport properties of silicate melts control magma ocean dynamics on the early terrestrial planets and rocky exoplanets. Here we calculate the viscosity (transport of momentum) of peridotite liquid at potential magma ocean conditions (0–159 GPa, 2,200–6,000 K) using ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. We find that, unlike MgSiO3 or basaltic melts, the viscosity of the highly depolymerized peridotite liquid (a) increases monotonically with pressure without an anomalous drop and (b) is lower than those of other melts over the entire mantle pressure range. Low viscosity would promote fractional crystallization in a less polymerized magma ocean and thus contribute to mantle heterogeneity from its earliest stage. Given the compositional dependence of magma ocean properties, emphasis on multicomponent bulk silicate Earth‐like composition, instead of simple end‐members, are rendered necessary, in order to better understand high‐energy planetary accretion processes and their aftermaths.
Marine Phosphate Level During the Archean Constrained by the Global Redox Budget
Authors: Watanabe Yasuto , Ozaki Kazumi , Tajika Eiichi 
Published: April 2024

AbstractUnderstanding the oceanic phosphate concentration is critical for understanding marine productivity and oxygen evolution throughout Earth history. During the Archean, estimates of marine phosphate levels range from scarce to enriched conditions. However, biogeochemical conditions required for sustaining high phosphate concentrations while retaining an anoxic atmosphere during the Archean remain ambiguous. Here, we employ a biogeochemical model of the marine phosphate cycle to determine the conditions under which oceanic phosphate levels could have been higher than present‐day values during the Archean after the emergence of oxygenic photoautotrophs (OP). We show that, under the presence of OP, phosphate‐rich oceans require the limitation by factors other than phosphate, or a high outgassing rate of reducing gases. If these conditions were not met, the occurrence of oceanic phosphate levels higher than present‐day values during the Archean would require the absence of OP.
Dynamical Modeling of Fault Slip Rates at the New Zealand Plate Boundary Indicates Fault Weakness
Authors: Hirschberg H. , Sutherland R. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractWe construct a thin‐sheet dynamical model of the New Zealand plate boundary that includes faults. Our model fits fault slip rates, style of distributed deformation, and is constrained by relative plate boundary motion. We assume a pseudo‐plastic rheology and achieve a best fit to slip rate observations with a deviatoric stress magnitude of 20 MPa. Modeled local forces are significant at Puysegur and Hikurangi subduction zones, and smaller forces are related to mantle downwelling beneath South Island and Havre Trough mantle upwelling. Modeled tractions on faults are mostly 5–20 MPa, similar to or slightly smaller than stress magnitudes adjacent to faults. Modeled shear tractions are generally 2–10 MPa, comparable to stress drops during earthquakes. Modeled stress orientations and fault dips suggest that many faults are not optimally oriented for their style of faulting. Notably small traction magnitudes of <5 MPa and shear tractions of <0.5 MPa are modeled for faults in the central North Island Dextral Fault Belt (NIDFB), which we infer to be very poorly oriented. Friction coefficients on faults (ratio of shear stress to effective normal stress) are in the range 0.1–0.3 for major crustal faults such as the Alpine Fault and Marlborough faults, but subduction zones and the NIDFB have values <0.1. We propose that low values of long‐term fault strength, shear stress resolved onto the fault, and overall magnitudes of deviatoric stress in the crust are a consequence of dynamic weakening of faults during fault slip.
High‐Resolution Paleomagnetic Secular Variation Since ∼13 ka From a Loess Section in Northwest China and a Regional Geomagnetic Directional Model for East Asia
Authors: Fan Yunchang , Cai Shuhui , Pavón‐Carrasco Francisco Javier , Xiong Jianguo , Deng Chenglong , Pan Yongxin 
Published: April 2024

AbstractPaleomagnetic secular variation (PSV) records provide important information for the dynamic processes of the Earth's geomagnetic field, and also can be used for regional stratigraphic correlation. We conducted a paleomagnetic study on a high sedimentation rate Holocene loess section (the Minle section) with precise 14C age constraints in Northwest China. Rock magnetic results indicate that single domain and pseudo‐single‐domain magnetites are the main magnetic carriers of the natural remanent magnetization. Combining the alternating field demagnetization and thermal demagnetization results, we obtained a high‐resolution PSV record with both absolute declination and inclination since ∼13 ka. Combining with previously published sedimentary records in East Asia, we developed an East Asian PSV reference curve over the past 14 ka (EASed14k) by relocating all the data to a common location (30ºN, 108ºE) and averaging them through Fisher statistics. We further generated a regional geomagnetic directional model spanning the past 14 ka for East Asia (SCHA.EAS14k), using the in situ PSV records and applying the revised spherical cap harmonic analysis in space and cubic B‐spline in time. The predicted directional curves from this model at the common location are consistent with the EASed14k curves, which represent the first‐order variation of the geomagnetic field in this area. The established reference curve and regional model for East Asia in this study will be used for regional and global comparison of the geomagnetic field.
Quantifying the Interactions of Noah‐MP Land Surface Processes on the Simulated Runoff Over the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Li Jianduo , Gan Yanjun , Zhang Guo , Gou Jiaojiao , Lu Xingjie , Miao Chiyuan 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe quantification of uncertainties in runoff over the Tibetan Plateau (TP), simulated by land surface models (LSMs), is of paramount importance for effective water resources management within this region. However, the interactions of land surface processes on simulated runoff, where the effectiveness of one process depends on the chosen scheme for another, have rarely been studied. To address this gap, we conducted ensemble simulations with the Noah‐MP (Noah with multiparameterization) LSM by varying the optional parameterization schemes of six land surface processes and quantified the sensitivities of the simulated runoff to these processes. Results showed that the simulated runoff over the TP was most sensitive to the RUN (runoff‐groundwater) process. The interplay of RUN and FRO (frozen soil permeability) accounted for up to 30% of the variation in the annual mean surface runoff in the TP's permafrost regions. The interactions of RUN and VEG (dynamic vegetation) on summer and autumn subsurface runoff exceeded 10% in the southeast TP. In regions where these interactions among land surface processes significantly affected simulated runoff, we observed elevated model errors and reduced model controllability. Therefore, this study underscores the imperative need to categorize land regions based on the interactions of land surface processes as a foundational step toward enhancing the performance of LSMs. Prioritizing improvements in model physics should be particularly directed toward regions marked by high interactions.
Turbulent Fluxes and Evaporation/Sublimation Rates on Earth, Mars, Titan, and Exoplanets
Authors: Khuller Aditya R. , Clow Gary D. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractTurbulent fluxes of heat, momentum, and humidity in the atmospheric boundary layer are pivotal to the evolution of geology, weather and climate, and the possibility of life. Here we extend recent advances in calculating these near‐surface turbulent fluxes in the Earth's atmospheric boundary layer to any terrestrial planetary body with an atmosphere. These improvements include: (a) incorporating Monin‐Obukhov similarity functions that encompass the entire range of atmospheric stability expected on terrestrial planetary bodies, (b) accounting for the additional shear associated with buoyant plumes under unstable conditions, (c) using surface renewal theory to calculate transfer rates within the interfacial layer adjacent to the surface, and (d) explicitly accounting for key humidity effects that become especially important when a volatile is more buoyant than the ambient gas (e.g., on Mars where H2O is lighter than CO2). We tested and validated our model using in situ data collected on Earth, Mars, and Titan under a wide range of atmospheric stability, pressure, and surface roughness conditions. The model shows up to 71% better agreement with measurements compared to methods commonly used on Mars for evaporation/sublimation. Compared to previous estimates for H2O ice on Mars, our model predicts up to 1.5–190x lower latent heat fluxes under stable atmospheric conditions (depending on the wind speed) and 1.78x higher latent heat fluxes under unstable conditions. Our results provide improved constraints on the stability of ice on Mars and will help determine whether ice can melt under present‐day conditions.
Morphology and Sediment Dynamics of Blossom Shoals at Icy Cape, Alaska
Authors: Eidam E. F. , Thomson J. , Malito J. G. , Hošeková L. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractCapes and cape‐associated shoals represent sites of convergent sediment transport, and can provide points of relative coastal stability, navigation hazards, and offshore sand resources. Shoal evolution is commonly impacted by the regional wave climate. In the Arctic, changing sea‐ice conditions are leading to (a) longer open‐water seasons when waves can contribute to sediment transport, and (b) an intensified wave climate (related to duration of open water and expanding fetch). At Blossom Shoals offshore of Icy Cape in the Chukchi Sea, these changes have led to a five‐fold increase in the amount of time that sand is mobile at a 31‐m water depth site between the period 1953–1989 and the period 1990–2022. Wave conditions conducive to sand transport are still limited to less than 2% of the year, however—and thus it is not surprising that the overall morphology of the shoals has changed little in 70 years, despite evidence of active sand transport in the form of 1‐m‐scale sand waves on the flanks of the shoals which heal ice keel scours formed during the winter. Suspended‐sediment transport is relatively weak due to limited sources of mud nearby, but can be observed in a net northeastward direction during the winter (driven by the Alaska Coastal Current under the ice) and in a southwestward direction during open‐water wind events. Longer open‐water seasons mean that annual net northeastward transport of fine sediment may weaken, with implications for the residence time of fine‐grained sediments and particle‐associated nutrients in the Chukchi Sea.
Characterization of Stream, Hyperconcentrated and Debris Flows from Seismic Signals: Insights into Sediment Transport Mechanisms and Flow Dynamics
Authors: Yang Yunpeng , Chen Guan , Li Yajun , Meng Xingmin , Chong Yan , Bian Shiqiang , Jin Jiacheng , Shi Wei , Wu Jie , Yue Dongxia 
Published: April 2024

AbstractSediments in steep channels can be mobilized to form stream flows, hyperconcentrated flows and debris flows, which can cause damage to downstream communities. However, the understanding of the sediment‐transport mechanisms that control these processes remains incomplete due to the lack of effective monitoring methods. In this study, we utilize seismic data captured during these sediment‐laden flows through field experiments and in situ monitoring to offer insights into flow mechanics and sediment transport mechanisms. Results show that sediment transport in stream flows and hyperconcentrated flows is primarily supported by viscous shear and turbulent stresses, whereas grain collisional stresses play a significant role in debris‐flow dynamics. By characterizing impact rates, basal impulses and flow discharge, seismic monitoring can reveal the internal flow dynamics and bulk flow characteristics as well as the characteristics of sediment transport. Increasing solid concentrations can elicit positive nonlinearities in the frequency‐based scaling relationships between seismic power and hydrographs, indicating transitions in the seismic signal from turbulence‐bedload‐dominated to bedload‐dominated, and grain collisional‐dominated regimes. By introducing the ratio of the real shear stress to the critical shear stress, we refined the phase space for sediment stability. Combining this criterion with the absolute seismic power enables us to establish ground‐motion thresholds for distinguishing different flow types. Our results highlight opportunities to use seismic data for the quantitative inversion of these fluvial processes and debris flows as well as early warning strategies.
A High‐Resolution, Daily Hindcast (1990–2021) of Alaskan River Discharge and Temperature From Coupled and Optimized Physical Models
Authors: Blaskey Dylan , Gooseff Michael N. , Cheng Yifan , Newman Andrew J. , Koch Joshua C. , Musselman Keith N. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractWater quality and freshwater ecosystems are affected by river discharge and temperature. Models are frequently used to estimate river temperature on large spatial and temporal scales due to limited observations of discharge and temperature. In this study, we use physically based river routing and temperature models to simulate daily discharge and river temperature for rivers in 138 basins in Alaska, including the entire Yukon River basin, from 1990–2021. The river temperature model was optimized for ice free months using a surrogate‐based model optimization method, improving model performance at uncalibrated river gages. A common statistical model relating local air and water temperature was used as a benchmark. The physically based river temperature model exhibited superior performance compared to the benchmark statistical model after optimization, suggesting river temperature model optimization could become more routine. The river temperature model demonstrated high sensitivity to air temperature and model parameterization, and lower sensitivity to discharge. Validation of the models showed a Kling‐Gupta Efficiency of 0.46 for daily river discharge and a root mean square error of 2.04°C for daily river temperature, improving on the non‐optimized physical model and the benchmark statistical model, which had root mean square errors of 3.24 and 2.97°C, respectively. The simulation shows that rivers in northern Alaska have higher maximum summer temperatures and more variability than rivers in the Central and Southern regions. Furthermore, this framework can be readily adapted for use across models and regions.
Nonlinear optical diode effect in a magnetic Weyl semimetal
Authors: Tzschaschel Christian , Qiu Jian-Xiang , Gao Xue-Jian , Li Hou-Chen , Guo Chunyu , Yang Hung-Yu , Zhang Cheng-Ping , Xie Ying-Ming , Liu Yu-Fei , Gao Anyuan , Bérubé Damien , Dinh Thao , Ho Sheng-Chin , Fang Yuqiang , Huang Fuqiang , Nordlander Johanna , Ma Qiong , Tafti Fazel , Moll Philip J. W. , Law Kam Tuen , Xu Su-Yang 
Published: April 2024

AbstractDiode effects are of great interest for both fundamental physics and modern technologies. Electrical diode effects (nonreciprocal transport) have been observed in Weyl systems. Optical diode effects arising from the Weyl fermions have been theoretically considered but not probed experimentally. Here, we report the observation of a nonlinear optical diode effect (NODE) in the magnetic Weyl semimetal CeAlSi, where the magnetization introduces a pronounced directionality in the nonlinear optical second-harmonic generation (SHG). We demonstrate a six-fold change of the measured SHG intensity between opposite propagation directions over a bandwidth exceeding 250 meV. Supported by density-functional theory, we establish the linearly dispersive bands emerging from Weyl nodes as the origin of this broadband effect. We further demonstrate current-induced magnetization switching and thus electrical control of the NODE. Our results advance ongoing research to identify novel nonlinear optical/transport phenomena in magnetic topological materials and further opens new pathways for the unidirectional manipulation of light.
The impact of surgical volume on outcomes in newly diagnosed colorectal cancer patients receiving definitive surgeries
Authors: Yeh Chiu-Mei , Lai Tzu-Yu , Hu Yu-Wen , Teng Chung-Jen , Huang Nicole , Liu Chia-Jen 
Published: April 2024

AbstractColorectal cancer (CRC) patients who receive cancer surgeries from higher-volume providers may have better outcomes. However, the definitions of surgical volume may affect the results. We aim to analyze the effects of different definitions of surgical volume on patient outcomes. We conducted a nationwide population-based study in Taiwan that enrolled all patients who underwent definitive surgery for newly diagnosed CRC. We used three common definitions of surgical volume: total volume means the total surgical number conducted by the same provider during the study period; cumulative volume was calculated as the number of operations the surgeon performed before the index procedure; annual volume was calculated as the number of times the surgeon had been responsible for surgery during the index year. In this study, we included 100,009 newly diagnosed CRC patients, including 55.8% males, of median age 66 years at diagnosis (range 20–105 years). After adjustment for the patient and provider characteristics, we found that CRC patients receiving definitive surgery by higher-volume providers had better outcomes, especially where surgeon volume may play a more important role than hospital volume. The cumulative volume could predict the 5-year mortality of the study cohort better than the total and annual volume.
The effect of roast profiles on the dynamics of titratable acidity during coffee roasting
Authors: Anokye-Bempah Laudia , Styczynski Timothy , de Andrade Teixeira Fernandes Natalia , Gervay-Hague Jacquelyn , Ristenpart William D. , Donis-González Irwin R. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractCoffee professionals have long known that the “roast profile,” i.e., the temperature versus time inside the roaster, strongly affects the flavor and quality of the coffee. A particularly important attribute of brewed coffee is the perceived sourness, which is known to be strongly correlated to the total titratable acidity (TA). Most prior work has focused on laboratory-scale roasters with little control over the roast profile, so the relationship between roast profile in a commercial-scale roaster and the corresponding development of TA to date remains unclear. Here we investigate roast profiles of the same total duration but very different dynamics inside a 5-kg commercial drum roaster, and we show that the TA invariably peaks during first crack and then decays to its original value by second crack. Although the dynamics of the TA development varied with roast profile, the peak TA surprisingly exhibited almost no statistically significant differences among roast profiles. Our results provide insight on how to manipulate and achieve desired sourness during roasting.
An efficient and accurate multi-level cascaded recurrent network for stereo matching
Authors: Zhong Ziyu , Yang Xiuze , Pan Xiubian , Guan Wei , Liang Ke , Li Jing , Liao Xiaolan , Wang Shuo 
Published: April 2024

AbstractWith the advent of Transformer-based convolutional neural networks, stereo matching algorithms have achieved state-of-the-art accuracy in disparity estimation. Nevertheless, this method requires much model inference time, which is the main reason limiting its application in many vision tasks and robots. Facing the trade-off problem between accuracy and efficiency, this paper proposes an efficient and accurate multi-level cascaded recurrent network, LMCR-Stereo. To recover the detailed information of stereo images more accurately, we first design a multi-level network to update the difference values in a coarse-to-fine recurrent iterative manner. Then, we propose a new pair of slow-fast multi-stage superposition inference structures to accommodate the differences between different scene data. Besides, to ensure better disparity estimation accuracy with faster model inference speed, we introduce a pair of adaptive and lightweight group correlation layers to reduce the impact of erroneous rectification and significantly improve model inference speed. The experimental results show that the proposed approach achieves a competitive disparity estimation accuracy with a faster model inference speed than the current state-of-the-art methods. Notably, the model inference speed of the proposed approach is improved by 46.0% and 50.4% in the SceneFlow test set and Middlebury benchmark, respectively.
Evaluating homologous recombination activity in tissues to predict the risk of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer and olaparib sensitivity
Authors: Motonari Tokiwa , Yoshino Yuki , Haruta Moe , Endo Shino , Sasaki Shota , Miyashita Minoru , Tada Hiroshi , Watanabe Gou , Kaneko Toshiro , Ishida Takanori , Chiba Natsuko 
Published: April 2024

AbstractHomologous recombination (HR) repairs DNA damage including DNA double-stranded breaks and alterations in HR-related genes results in HR deficiency. Germline alteration of HR-related genes, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, causes hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC). Cancer cells with HR deficiency are sensitive to poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors and DNA-damaging agents. Thus, accurately evaluating HR activity is useful for diagnosing HBOC and predicting the therapeutic effects of anti-cancer agents. Previously, we developed an assay for site-specific HR activity (ASHRA) that can quantitatively evaluate HR activity and detect moderate HR deficiency. HR activity in cells measured by ASHRA correlates with sensitivity to the PARP inhibitor, olaparib. In this study, we applied ASHRA to lymphoblastoid cells and xenograft tumor tissues, which simulate peripheral blood lymphocytes and tumor tissues, respectively, as clinically available samples. We showed that ASHRA could be used to detect HR deficiency in lymphoblastoid cells derived from a BRCA1 pathogenic variant carrier. Furthermore, ASHRA could quantitatively measure the HR activity in xenograft tumor tissues with HR activity that was gradually suppressed by inducible BRCA1 knockdown. The HR activity of xenograft tumor tissues quantitatively correlated with the effect of olaparib. Our data suggest that ASHRA could be a useful assay for diagnosing HBOC and predicting the efficacy of PARP inhibitors.