bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Targeted Gene Silencing in the Model Mushroom
Coprinopsis cinerea
(
Coprinus cinereus
) by Expression of Homologous Hairpin RNAs
Authors: Wälti Martin A. , Villalba Cristina , Buser Reto M. , Grünler Anke , Aebi Markus , Künzler Markus 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT

The ink cap
Coprinopsis cinerea
is a model organism for studying fruiting body (mushroom) formation in homobasidiomycetes. Mutant screens and expression studies have implicated a number of genes in this developmental process. Functional analysis of these genes, however, is hampered by the lack of reliable reverse genetics tools for
C. cinerea
. Here, we report the applicability of gene targeting by RNA silencing for this organism. Efficient silencing of both an introduced
GFP
expression cassette and the endogenous
cgl1
and
cgl2
isogenes was achieved by expression of homologous hairpin RNAs. In latter case, silencing was the result of a hairpin construct containing solely
cgl2
sequences, demonstrating the possibility of simultaneous silencing of whole gene families by a single construct. Expression of the hairpin RNAs reduced the mRNA levels of the target genes by at least 90%, as determined by quantitative real-time PCR. The reduced mRNA levels were accompanied by cytosine methylation of transcribed and nontranscribed DNA at both silencing and target loci in the case of constitutive high-level expression of the hairpin RNA but not in the case of transient expression. These results suggest the presence of both posttranscriptional and transcriptional gene silencing mechanisms in
C. cinerea
and demonstrate the applicability of targeted gene silencing as a powerful reverse genetics approach in this organism.
Giardia lamblia
Attachment Force Is Insensitive to Surface Treatments
Authors: Hansen W. R. , Tulyathan O. , Dawson S. C. , Cande W. Z. , Fletcher D. A. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT

Giardia lamblia
cell populations show 90% detachment from glass under normal forces of 2.43 ± 0.33 nN applied by centrifugation. Detachment forces were not significantly different for cells attached to positively charged, hydrophobic, or inert surfaces than for cells attached to plain glass. The insensitivity of attachment force to surface treatment is consistent with a suction-based mechanism of attachment.
,,Islam Observed" – ,,Islam Obscured". Lokale Religionsforschung aus translokaler Perspektive
Authors: Bräunlein Peter J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn his famous study ,,Islam Observed," Clifford Geertz poses general critical questions for the study of religion. Taking Geertz's critique and the question ,,what is Islam?" as starting points, this paper explores problems caused by misleading dichotomies such as ,,great" and ,,little" traditions, ,,oral/literal," ,,folk/orthodoxy," etc. Instead of perpetuating the idea of a ,,true Islam," concepts such as ,,discursive tradition," ,,frame of reference," and ,,translocalisation" are employed in order to dissolve the particularuniversal antagonism following several recent (trans-)local studies of Islam.
Wohin mit der Religionswissenschaft? Skizze zur Lage der Religionsforschung und zu Möglichkeiten ihrer Entwicklung
Authors: Krech Volkhard 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis essay outlines the current situation of religious studies and provides suggestions for possible developments in organization, method, and methodology. The author argues that religious studies can remain distinctive as a discipline, but have an interdisciplinary approach in research and teaching. The contribution concludes with three examples that show the feasibility of integral religious studies.
Estimation of Tropospheric Temperature Trends from MSU Channels 2 and 4
Authors: Spencer Roy W. , Christy John R. , Braswell William D. , Norris William B. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The problems inherent in the estimation of global tropospheric temperature trends from a combination of near-nadir Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU) channel-2 and -4 data are described. The authors show that insufficient overlap between those two channels’ weighting functions prevents a physical removal of the stratospheric influence on tropospheric channel 2 from the stratospheric channel 4. Instead, correlations between stratospheric and tropospheric temperature fluctuations based upon ancillary (e.g., radiosonde) information can be used to statistically estimate a correction for the stratospheric influence on MSU 2 from MSU 4. Fu et al. developed such a regression relationship from radiosonde data using the 850–300-hPa layer as the target predictand. There are large errors in the resulting fit of the two MSU channels to the tropospheric target layer, so the correlations from the ancillary data must be relied upon to provide a statistical minimization of the resulting errors. Such relationships depend upon the accuracy of the particular training dataset as well as the dataset time period and its global representativeness (i.e., temporal and spatial stationarity of the statistics). It is concluded that near-nadir MSU channels 2 and 4 cannot be combined to provide a tropospheric temperature measure without substantial uncertainty resulting from a necessary dependence on ancillary information regarding the vertical profile of temperature variations, which are, in general, not well known on a global basis.
The Value of Routine Site Visits in Managing and Maintaining Quality Data from the Oklahoma Mesonet
Authors: Fiebrich Christopher A. , Grimsley David L. , McPherson Renee A. , Kesler Kris A. , Essenberg Gavin R. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe Oklahoma Mesonet, jointly operated by the University of Oklahoma and Oklahoma State University, is a network of 116 environmental monitoring stations across Oklahoma. Technicians at the Oklahoma Mesonet perform three seasonal (i.e., spring, summer, and fall) maintenance passes annually. During each 3-month-long pass, a technician visits every Mesonet site. The Mesonet employs four technicians who each maintain the stations in a given quadrant of the state. The purpose of a maintenance pass is to 1) provide proactive vegetation maintenance, 2) perform sensor rotations, 3) clean and inspect sensors, 4) test the performance of sensors in the field, 5) standardize maintenance procedures at each site, 6) document the site characteristics with digital photographs, and 7) inspect the station’s hardware. The Oklahoma Mesonet has learned that routine and standardized station maintenance has two unique benefits: 1) it allows personnel the ability to manage a large network efficiently, and 2) it provides users access to a multitude of station metadata.
Attenuation Calibration of an X-Band Weather Radar Using a Microwave Link
Authors: Rahimi A. R. , Holt A. R. , Upton G. J. G. , Krämer S. , Redder A. , Verworn H-R. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The attenuation of a radar signal is a serious problem facing meteorologists and hydrologists. In heavy rain, reflectivity information can be completely lost from large portions of a radar scan. The problem is particularly acute for X-band radars.
Current methods of correcting for attenuation face many difficulties, mainly because the actual amount of attenuation at any given time is unknown. In this paper a backward-iterative attenuation-correction algorithm is presented that uses the attenuation measured by a microwave link with its receiver collocated with an X-band weather radar in Essen, Germany. Data are also available from a network of rain gauges located in the vicinity of the link path. This network provides a measure of “ground truth” rainfall against which radar estimates can be compared.
The results show that the algorithm can recover much of the reflectivity information that is lost due to attenuation of the radar beam. The method is seen to be particularly effective in convective conditions where heavy rainfall can cause severe attenuation.
Correlation Coefficients between Horizontally and Vertically Polarized Returns from Ground Clutter
Authors: Zrnić Dusan S. , Melnikov Valery M. , Ryzhkov Alexander V. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Characteristics of the magnitude and phase of correlation coefficients between horizontally and vertically polarized returns from ground clutter echoes are quantified by analyzing histograms obtained with an 11-cm wavelength weather surveillance radar in Norman, Oklahoma. The radar receives simultaneously horizontal and vertical (SHV) electric fields and can transmit either horizontal fields or both vertical and horizontal fields. The differences between correlations obtained in this SHV mode and correlations measured in alternate H, V mode are reviewed; a histogram of differential phase obtained in Florida using alternate H, V mode is also presented. Data indicate that the backscatter differential phase of clutter has a broad histogram that completely overlaps the narrow histogram of precipitation echoes. This is important as it implies that a potent discriminator for separating clutter from meteorological echoes is the texture of the differential phase. Values of the copolar cross-correlation coefficient from clutter overlap completely those from precipitation, and effective discrimination is possible only if averages in range are taken. It is demonstrated that the total differential phase (system and backscatter) depends on the polarimetric measurement technique and the type of scatterers. In special circumstances, such as calibrating or monitoring the radar, clutter signal can be beneficial. Specifically, system differential phase can be estimated from histograms of ground clutter, receiver differential phase can be estimated from precipitation returns, and from these two, the differential phase of transmitted waves is easily computed.
Quantifying the Airflow Distortion over Merchant Ships. Part I: Validation of a CFD Model
Authors: Moat Bengamin I. , Yelland Margaret J. , Pascal Robin W. , Molland Anthony F. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The effects of flow distortion created by the ship’s hull and superstructure bias wind speed measurements made from anemometers located on ships. Flow distortion must be taken into account if accurate air–sea flux measurements are to be achieved. Little work has been undertaken to examine the wind speed bias due to flow distortion in wind speed reports from voluntary observing ships (VOS). In this first part of a two-part paper the accuracy of the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code VECTIS in simulating the airflow over VOS is investigated. Simulations of the airflow over a representation of the bridge of a VOS are compared to in situ wind speed measurements made from six anemometers located above the bridge of the RRS Charles Darwin. The ship’s structure was ideal for reproducing the flow over VOS when the wind is blowing onto either beam. The comparisons showed VECTIS was accurate to within 4% in predicting the wind speed over ships, except in extreme cases such as wake regions or the region close to the bridge top where the flow may be stagnant or reverse direction. The study showed that there was little change in the numerically predicted flow pattern above the bridge with change in Reynolds number between 2 × 105 and 1 × 107. The findings showed that the CFD code VECTIS can reliably be used to determine the mean flow above typical VOS.
d–l Conversion Pathways between Optical Isomers of Alanine: Applications of the Scaled Hypersphere Search Method to Explore Unknown Reaction Routes in a Chiral System
Authors: Ohno Koichi , Maeda Satoshi 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
d–l conversion pathways of α-alanine have been discovered by theoretical search of potential energy surfaces at the level of B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p). No direct conversion channel via only one transition state could be found between d and l optical isomers of alanine. It is demonstrated that there are four types of conversion channels in chiral amino acids. The interconversion of four functional groups (H, CH3, NH2, and COOH) around the asymmetric carbon atom can occur as rotation of a single-bonded pair of two groups involving either NH2 or COOH together with H or CH3.
Photochemistry of the N-Nitrosoaniline Having a Diazo Function in an Ar Matrix at 10 K: EZ-Isomerization, Liberation of Nitric Oxide, and Its Recombination
Authors: Takeda Mitsuhiro , Murata Shigeru 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
On irradiation of p-(N-methyl-N-nitrosoamino)phenyldiazomethane (1) in an Ar matrix at 10 K, the liberation of nitric oxide (NO) to afford the quinoidal radical 2 was directly observed by means of IR spectroscopy. The photoisomerization of (E)-1 to its Z-isomer preceded the NO liberation. Warming the matrix containing NO and 2 caused their disappearance to give an EZ-mixture of the quinoidal imine 3 by the recombination of NO with a radical center of 2. The photoisomerization of (Z)-3 to (E)-3 was also observed.
The Employment of Indium Nanoparticles in Barbier-type Reaction of Allylic Chloride in Water
Authors: Li Jiaming , Zha Zhenggen , Sun Lilin , Zhang Yan , Wang Zhiyong 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Indium nanoparticles have been employed in the reactions of various carbonyl compounds with allyl (crotyl) chloride in water, affording the corresponding alcohols with high yields. The crotylation gave exclusive γ-adducts with a dominant syn-isomer.
One-dimensional Polynuclear Spin-crossover Iron(III) Complex Axially Bridged by 1,3-Bis(4-pyridyl)propane
Authors: Imatomi Shinya , Kitashima Ryoko , Hamamastu Takefumi , Okeda Miki , Ogawa Yoshihiro , Matsumoto Naohide 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
A one-dimensional (1D) polynuclear spin-crossover FeIII complex, [FeIII(acacen)(bpyp)]n(BPh4)n, showed a gradual and complete SC over a wide temperature range of ca. 250 K between S = 5/2 and S = 1/2, where acacen = N,N′-bis(acetylacetonato)ethylenediamine, bpyp = 1,3-bis(4-pyridyl)propane, and BPh4− = tetraphenylborate. The single-crystal X-ray structures in the HS, LS, and midpoint between the HS and LS states were determined, and demonstrated that the SC may occur through the alternately arrayed HS- and LS-chains.
Temperature-dependent Penetration of Argon Molecules into Ultramicroporous Tunnel of a Fluoroorganic Molecular Crystal with Alteration of Its Unit Cell Size
Authors: Katagiri Toshimasa , Takahashi Satoshi , Kawabata Koji , Hattori Yoshiyuki , Kaneko Katsumi , Uneyama Kenji 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
A molecular crystal of octamethylene (S,S)-bis(2-hydroxy-3,3,3-trifluoropropanoate) with an ultramicroporous tunnel (φ = 2.5–2.8 Å) starts to adsorb argon (φ = 3.6 Å) at 150–140 K with 7% increase of the one direction of the orthorhombic unit cell. The alteration of the unit cell size indicates the penetration of argon into the tunnel and the soft nature of the microporous molecular crystal.
On the Frequency Response of Model Materials in Hydrotechnics
Authors: Chen J , Zhou L 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The properties of frequency response of five kinds of model materials in hydrotechnics are discussed and analyzed by the static tension test and the dynamic cantilever beam test. The frequency response and the changing of the modal dynamic modulus of elasticity are compared between linear elastic and viscoelastic materials. The results show that the modal dynamic modulus of elasticity for linear elastic material is insensitive to frequency and remains stable, while the modal modulus for viscoelastic material changes obviously with frequency, especially at low frequency, which leads to large simulation errors. In this paper, the line portion of the frequency response curve is suggested to be the working frequency, which can eliminate large simulation errors and result in ideal results.
Entwicklung eines Spannungsimpulsnormals für die Charakterisierung von Höchstfrequenzsystemen (Development of a Voltage Pulse Standard for the Characterization of High-Frequency Components)
Authors: Bieler Mark , Seitz Steffen , Spitzer Meinhard , Hein Günter , Pierz Klaus , Siegner Uwe 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
An der Physikalisch-Technischen Bundesanstalt (PTB) werden seit mehreren Jahren Messmethoden entwickelt, die eine rückführbare Charakterisierung von koplanaren und koaxialen Höchstfrequenzkomponenten ermöglichen. Hierbei werden optoelektronische Verfahren eingesetzt, um in einen Frequenzbereich vorzudringen, der für kommerzielle Netzwerkanalysatoren nicht zugänglich ist. In diesem Artikel wird die Entwicklung eines nationalen, primären Spannungsimpulsnormals für koplanare und koaxiale Wellenleiter aufgezeigt. Das Beispiel der Zeitbereichscharakterisierung eines 70-GHz-Samplingoszilloskops verdeutlicht die Bedeutung eines solchen Primärstandards für die Hochfrequenzmesstechnik.
Magnetorelaxometrie magnetischer Nanoteilchen für die quantitative und spezifische Analyse von Biomolekülen (Magnetorelaxometry of Magnetic Nanoparticles for the Quantitative and Specific Analysis of Biomolecules)
Authors: Ludwig Frank 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Die Magnetorelaxometrie (MRX) magnetischer Nanoteilchen ist eine sehr aussichtsreiche Methode zur Realisierung von so genannten Magnetorelaxations-Immunoassays (MARIA). Solche Immunoassays haben im Vergleich zu anderen den Vorteil, dass keine Auswaschschritte ungebundener Marker erforderlich sind und die Marker durch magnetische Feldgradienten manipuliert werden können. Wir haben einen Relaxationsmessplatz auf der Grundlage einer differentiellen Fluxgate-Anordnung aufgebaut und verschiedene Magnetit-Ferrofluide auf ihre Eignung für die Realisierung eines MARIA getestet.
Doppler-Global-Velozimetrie mit Laserfrequenzmodulation zur präzisen Messung von Geschwindigkeitsprofilen (Doppler Global Velocimetry with Laser Frequency Modulation for Precise Measurements of Velocity Profiles)
Authors: Fischer Andreas , Büttner Lars , Czarske Jürgen , Müller Harald , Eggert Michael 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Es wird ein neuartiges Doppler-Global-Velozimetrie(DGV)-Verfahren mit Laserfrequenzmodulation zur berührungslosen flächenhaften Geschwindigkeitsmessung in einer Strömung beschrieben. Die DGV-Technik beruht auf der Auswertung der Intensitätsänderung, die durch eine Laserfrequenzänderung aufgrund des Doppler-Effektes an der Flanke einer molekularen Absorptionskennlinie hervorgerufen wird. Bei dem konventionellen DGV-Verfahren werden zwecks Referenzierung zwei Kameras verwendet. Dadurch können so genannte Bildausrichtungsfehler auftreten, die das Messergebnis wesentlich verfälschen. Bei dem neuen DGV-Verfahren mit Laserfrequenzmodulation wird hingegen nur eine Kamera benötigt, sodass Bildausrichtungsfehler entfallen und eine geringere Messunsicherheit erreicht werden kann. Es wird experimentell gezeigt, dass bei dem neuen Verfahren Streulichtintensitätsschwankungen die Messunsicherheit nicht beeinträchtigen, falls die Modulation der Laserfrequenz hinreichend schnell ist. Die minimal gemessene Messunsicherheit betrug 0.02 m/s.
Diabetes, Psychiatric Disorders, and the Metabolic Effects of Antipsychotic Medications
Authors: Llorente Maria D. , Urrutia Victoria 
Published: April 2006

IN BRIEFPsychiatric disorders can be a risk factor for, as well as a complication of, diabetes. Antipsychotic medications, widely used to treat a variety of psychiatric conditions, are also associated with diabetes. This article explores the complex relationship among psychiatric disorders, antipsychotic medications, and risk factors for metabolic syndrome and diabetes.
Lipid Management in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Solano Maria P. , Goldberg Ronald B. 
Published: April 2006

IN BRIEFDiabetes is associated with a high risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The management of diabetic dyslipidemia, a well-recognized and modifiable risk factor, is a key element in the multifactorial approach to prevent CVD in individuals with type 2 diabetes.
Prevention of Progression in Diabetic Nephropathy
Authors: Hall Phillip M. 
Published: April 2006

In BriefDiabetic nephropathy is the most common cause for end-stage renal disease and for patients entering into chronic dialysis care. It occurs in 25–40% of patients with diabetes. Risk factors include hyperglycemia,hypertension, genetic predisposition, glomerular hyperfiltration, proteinuria,the renal renin-angiotensin system, advanced glycation end-products, and possibly reduced nephron number and lipid disorders. Prevention of diabetic nephropathy is crucial. Tight control of diabetes, blood pressure treatment to systolic pressure of &lt; 130 mmHg, reduction of proteinuria, and treatment with drugs that inhibit the renin-angiotensin system are all associated with prevention of or delay in progression of diabetic kidney injury.
Management of Hypertension in Diabetes
Authors: Stults Barry , Jones Robert E. 
Published: April 2006

In BriefUntreated or poorly controlled hypertension can significantly accelerate the development and progression of both the micro- and macrovascular complications of diabetes. Aggressive blood pressure control improves patient outcomes and reduces health care costs. Unfortunately, nearly two-thirds of people with diabetes do not have blood pressure readings within the target range. Effective antihypertensive regimens maximize nonpharmacological therapies, minimize adverse effects on glucose control, lessen the risk of medication-related side-effects, and provide adequate cardiac and renal protection.
Medical Nutrition Therapy for Hypertension and Albuminuria
Authors: Franz Marion J. 
Published: April 2006

In Brief
Modest weight reduction, the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension eating plan, sodium reduction, physical activity, and moderation in alcohol intake are effective in lowering blood pressure and preventing hypertension. However,combining these lifestyle interventions is more effective than single approaches. Potassium supplementation can help control or prevent hypertension. Other lifestyle factors—dietary fiber, calcium, magnesium,fish oil intakes—have been studied but have uncertain efficacy. To delay the progression of nephropathy, the first priority of medical nutrition therapy is to assist in glucose and blood pressure control. In addition,instituting a low-protein diet has been shown to improve renal function in people with diabetes.
Bioinformatics
Authors: Liu Lei , Abbas Ali 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe past two decades have witnessed revolutionary changes in biomedical research and biotechnology and an explosive growth of biomedical data. High throughput technologies developed in automated DNA sequencing, functional genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics enable production of such high volume and complex data that the data analysis becomes a big challenge. Consequently, a promising new field, bioinformatics, has emerged and is growing rapidly. Combining biological studies with computer science, mathematics and statistics, bioinformatics develops methods, solutions, and software to discover patterns, generate models, and gain insight knowledge of complex biological systems. This chapter presents an introduction to this exciting new field.
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Authors: Ilmoniemi Risto J. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
TMS can provide maps of reactivity and connectivity. Magnetic stimulation can be used to influence the brain in order to test scientific hypotheses or to obtain diagnostic information. TMS appears to become also a major therapeutic modality, although much work needs to be done to verify results obtained so far. With many new paradigms to come, the future of TMS as a brain mapping tool seems very bright.