bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preparation of flame‐retardant leather pretreated with pyrovatex CP
Authors: Mohamed O. A. , Abdel‐Mohdy F. A. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractResistance to burning is one of the most useful properties that can be imparted to leather. Pyrovatex CP is rich in phosphorus and nitrogen and has been successfully used as a flame‐retardant agent in the presence of etherified methylolated melamine (EMM). The effects of a finishing formulation containing Pyrovatex CP and EMM on the flame retardancy and other properties of modified leather have been studied under different conditions. The synergistic effect of the N/P ratio has been thoroughly investigated through the estimation of the nitrogen and phosphorus contents, and their impact on the flame retardancy, tensile strength, and elongation at break of the treated leather has been studied. An investigation of the different factors has led to the following conclusions: (1) the P and N percentages increase with increasing curing temperature and time, (2) increases in the Pyrovatex CP and EMM concentrations are accompanied by an enhancement of the P and N percentages, and (3) all samples exhibit loss in their tensile properties but within an acceptable range (20%). © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006
Thermal and electrical conductivity of carbon–filled liquid crystal polymer composites
Authors: King Julia A. , Miller Michael G. , Barton Rodwick L. , Keith Jason M. , Hauser Rebecca A. , Peterson Karl R. , Sutter Lawrence L. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe thermal and electrical conductivity of resins can be increased by adding conductive carbon fillers. One emerging market for thermally and electrically conductive resins is for bipolar plates for use in fuel cells. In this study, varying amounts of five different types of carbon, one carbon black, two synthetic graphites, one natural flake graphite, and one calcined needle coke, were added to Vectra A950RX Liquid Crystal Polymer. The resulting composites containing only one type of filler were then tested for thermal and electrical conductivity. The objective of this work was to determine which carbon filler produced a composite with the highest thermal and electrical conductivity. The results showed that composites containing Thermocarb TC‐300 synthetic graphite particles had the highest thermal and electrical conductivity. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99; 1552–1558, 2006
Characterization of poly(N‐(hydroxymethyl)methacrylamide‐ATU) hydrogels synthesized by γ radiation
Authors: Şahiner Nurettin , Çelikbıçak Ömür , Malcı Savaş , Kantoǧlu Ömer , Salih Bekir 
Published: December 2005

AbstractPoly(N‐(hydroxymethyl)methacrylamide‐1‐allyl‐2‐thiourea), (poly(NHMMA‐ATU)) hydrogels were synthesized by γ radiation, using 60Co γ source at different radiation doses, to change the porosity and crosslinking density of the hydrogels. The percent of 1‐allyl‐2‐thiourea (ATU) in the monomer mixture before the irradiation was varied between 2.5% and 10.0%, to increase the content of ATU, which was involved in some different applications in the hydrogels. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), elemental analysis, and the swelling experiments were used to characterize the poly(NHMMA‐ATU) hydrogels synthesized in this study. Characterization results of hydrogels showed that crosslinking density of the hydrogels was increased by the increasing radiation dose and ATU content in the irradiated mixture. Swellability of these hydrogels was found to be high enough to allow the metal ions and biomolecules getting inside the hydrogels to interact with all active groups on/in the hydrogels in the adsorption applications. Equilibrium swelling ratio of the hydrogels at pH 0.5 is at least half of the equilibrium swelling ratio of the hydrogels at pH 7.0. Oscillatory swelling behavior of poly(NHMMA‐ATU) hydrogels between pH 0.5 and pH 7.0 showed that the hydrogels are quite stable at different pH conditions. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1657–1664, 2006
Selected physical characteristics of polystyrene/high density polyethylene composites prepared from virgin and recycled materials
Authors: Joshi Jayant , Lehman Richard , Nosker Thomas 
Published: December 2005

AbstractMixtures of polystyrene and high density polyethylene were injection molded from recycled and virgin polymers to generate cocontinuous structures. The mechanical properties of these blends were evaluated to assess their conformance to rule of mixtures behavior in general and to identify areas of synergy or incompatibility in specific. Flexural and tensile data for recycled blends showed that generally the properties are not additive, except in a cocontinuous region of composition near 35/65 PS/HDPE that has been identified previously for recycled materials. Analysis of crystallinity in the HDPE phase of these blends by differential scanning calorimetry indicates a marked reduction in the level of HDPE crystallinity at the 35/65 PS/HDPE composition. Similar blends of virgin PS/HDPE polymer do not show the differing regions of incompatibility and synergy illustrated by the recycled materials, but rather show approximate conformance to the rule of mixtures. Furthermore, the virgin blends show virtually no crystallinity suppression and a more pronounced Tg shift in the polystyrene compared to recycled materials. Detailed characterization of the recycled materials in terms of polymer and particulate impurities should improve understanding of these differences and perhaps provide direction for obtaining enhanced synergistic behavior in virgin polymer blends. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006
Rheological, thermal, and curing properties of natural rubber‐g‐poly(methyl methacrylate)
Authors: Nakason Charoen , Pechurai W. , Sahakaro K. , Kaesaman A. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractGraft copolymers of NR and PMMA (i.e., NR‐g‐PMMA) were prepared with the bipolar redox initiation system, using various percentages of molar ratios of NR/MMA at 95/5, 90/10, 80/20, 70/30, and 60/40. It was found that the Mooney viscosity, shear stress, and shear viscosity of the NR‐g‐PMMA increased with an increase in the molar ratio of MMA used in the graft copolymerization. This may be attributed to an increasing trend of the chemical interaction between polar functional groups within the grafted PMMA molecules. Furthermore, a decreasing trend of storage moduli was observed with increasing molar ratios of MMA. The glass transition temperature was obtained from the tan δ curves. We found a slightly increasing trend of the Tg's with an increase in molar ratios of MMA used in the grafting reaction. The NR‐g‐PMMA was later compounded using TBBS as an accelerator. With an increase in molar ratios of MMA in the grafting reaction, we observed an increasing trend of minimum torque, maximum torque, cure time, and scorch time, but quite similar levels of torque difference and crosslink density. Furthermore, the tensile strength of the NR‐g‐PMMA gum vulcanizate increased with an increase in molar ratios of MMA, whereas the elongation at break decreased. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1600–1614, 2006
A convenient one‐step preparation of chitosan‐poly(sodium acrylate‐co‐acrylamide) hydrogel hybrids with super‐swelling properties
Authors: Mahdavinia G. R. , Pourjavadi A. , Zohuriaan‐Mehr M. J. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractHydrogel hybrids were conveniently prepared from alkaline hydrolysis of chitosan–poly(acrylonitrile) mixture under highly practical conditions. The reaction of chitosan alkoxide anions with nitrile groups of poly(acrylonitrile) (PAN) forms crosslinking points and results in a three‐dimensional network with superswelling ability in aqueous media. The hydrogel hybrid was identified using FTIR spectroscopy. The PAN content of the hydrolyzing feed affects proportionally the swelling capacity of the hydrogel hybrid. The swelling properties (capacity and rate) of the ampholytic hydrogel were investigated preliminarily. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1615–1619, 2006
PET recycling: Evaluation of the solid state polymerization process
Authors: Cruz S. A. , Zanin M. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractMany studies have been carried out to make bottle‐to‐bottle recycling feasible. One of the difficulties found is the decrease in the polymer's molar mass, which damages the injection blow molding process. A method usually employed to increase the molar mass of virgin PET consists of solid‐state polymerization (SSP). In this work, we studied the SSP process applied to post‐consumer recycled PET by analyzing the inherent viscosity and amount of carboxylic end groups, and the results of dynamic flow rheometry. Although the results show that the recycling process decreases polymer molar mass, and this indicates degradative processes, SSP was successful in increasing molar mass in post‐consumer recycled PET. This made feasible bottle‐to‐bottle recycling. In addition, the parallel plate rheometry technique was powerful in assessing the degradative process and, therefore, that the SSP process was successful. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006
Metallization of UV‐cured acrylate resins by reduction of polymer‐incorporated cobalt ion
Authors: Kuribayashi Masamichi , Narita Yuko , Shibata Mitsuhiro 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe surface of UV‐cured films of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGAc)/tetrahydrofurfuryl acrylate (THFAc) (weight ratio 100/0, 90/10, and 80/20) was metallized by the reduction of polymer‐incorporated cobalt chloride with aqueous sodium borohydride at 20°C. The electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurement revealed that the cobalt ion, which was homogeneously distributed in the inner part of the film before reduction, migrated to both sides of the film, and then reduced to pure metal by the reduction treatment. The surface resistance of the UV‐cured PEGAc/THFAc film increased with increasing THFAc content. Especially, the trend was prominent at the glass side of the metallized films. The glass transition temperature of the cured resin measured by dynamic viscoelastic analysis slightly rose with an increase of THFAc content. The EPMA map of cobalt and carbon in the depth direction of the metallized film showed that the cobalt layer, generated at the glass side of the film with a higher THFAc content, contains more polymer component, in agreement with the order of surface resistance. The X‐ray diffraction analysis of the reduced films revealed that the degree of crystallinity of the generated cobalt was low. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1627–1632, 2006
Effects of UV‐irradiation on the nonisothermal crystallization kinetics of polypropylene
Authors: Tang Longxiang , Yan Manging , Qu Baojun 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe influences of UV‐induced photodegradation on the nonisothermal crystallization kinetics of polypropylene (PP) were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry. The Avrami analysis modified by Jeziorny, Ozawa method, and a method modified by Liu were employed to describe the nonisothermal crystallization process of unexposed and photodegraded PP samples. Kinetics studies reveal that the rates of nucleation and growth may be affected differently by photodegradation. A short‐term UV‐irradiation may accelerate the overall nonisothermal crystallization process of PP, but a long‐term UV‐irradiation should impede it. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006
Effects of polyphenylene oxide content on morphology, thermal, and mechanical properties of polyphenylene oxide/polyamide 6 blends
Authors: Li Yulin , Xie Tingxiu , Yang Guisheng 
Published: December 2005

AbstractA series of composites of PPO/PA 6 with improved toughness were synthesized by using ε‐caprolactam as a reactive solvent. Inserting minor PPO macromolecules (1–3 wt %) into PA 6 matrix obviously reduced the crystallinity of PA6. Two crystallization temperatures were found when 6 wt % PPO was added. SEM revealed that the phase morphology of the composites could be manipulated by varying the content of PPO in PA 6. As a consequence, the impact strength and the elongation of PPO/PA6 were improved with maintenance of tensile strength when quite small content of PPO (1–3 wt %) was incorporated. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006
Effect of ambient‐temperature and high‐temperature electron‐beam radiation on the structural, thermal, mechanical, and dynamic mechanical properties of injection‐molded polyamide‐6,6
Authors: Sengupta Rajatendu , Sabharwal S. , Tikku V. K. , Somani Alok K. , Chaki Tapan K. , Bhowmick Anil K. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractElectron‐beam irradiation of injection‐molded specimens of polyiminohexamethyleneiminoadipoyl (better known as polyamide‐6,6) was carried out in air at ambient temperature (303 K) and a high temperature (393 K). Most of the irradiated specimens were tensile dumbbells, although a few were cylinders for compressive stress relaxation testing. A few representative samples were dipped in triallyl cyanurate (TAC) solution before ambient‐temperature irradiation. The gel content of the specimens increased with radiation dose and the temperature of irradiation. Moreover, the TAC‐treated specimens showed an increase in gel content over the neat specimens irradiated at the same dose levels. Wide‐angle X‐ray scattering and differential scanning calorimetry studies revealed that the crystallinity decreased with increasing radiation dose. Irradiation at the high temperature and treatment with TAC further decreased the crystallinity compared to irradiation at ambient temperature. As determined from compressive stress relaxation and mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties, the optimized radiation dose for ambient‐temperature radiation was 200 kGy. The gels had a stiffening effect, and the rate of relaxation decreased significantly. The water‐uptake characteristics of the tensile specimens were investigated; this revealed a decrease in the water absorption tendency with increasing gel content. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1633–1644, 2006
Preparation and characterization of nanocomposites based on thermoplastic elastomers from rubber–plastic blends
Authors: Maiti Madhuchhanda , Bandyopadhyay Abhijit , Bhowmick Anil K. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractIn the present work, thermoplastic elastomer (TPE)–clay nanocomposites (TPN) based on different rubber–plastic blends from ethylene–octene copolymer [Engage]–Polypropylene and brominated poly(isobutylene‐co‐paramethyl styrene)–nylon 6 were prepared by melt blending. Hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide and octadecyl amine‐modified sodium montmorillonite were used as organoclays. The nanocomposites were prepared by adding the nanoclay separately into the rubber and plastic phases. The TPNs were characterized with the help of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X‐ray diffraction. The X‐ray diffraction peaks observed in the range of 3–10° for the modified clays disappeared in the thermoplastic elastomeric nanocomposites. TEM photographs showed exfoliation and intercalation of the clays in the range of 20–30 nm in the particular phase where the clay was added. Excellent improvement in mechanical properties like tensile strength, elongation at break, and modulus was observed on incorporation of the nanoclays in the rubber phase of TPN. When the nanoclay was added to the plastic phase, the mechanical reinforcement is comparatively poorer due to partial destruction of the crystallinity. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1645–1656, 2006
Oligoarginine vectors for intracellular delivery: Design and cellular‐uptake mechanisms
Authors: Futaki Shiroh 
Published: December 2005

AbstractIntracellular delivery using membrane‐permeable peptide vectors is a recently developed methodology that has been employed successfully to transport various bioactive molecules into cells to modify cell functions. The efficient delivery of proteins, peptides, nucleic acids, liposomes, and so on has been accomplished using this methodology by conjugation of a peptide vector with the cargo molecules. The potentials of this approach for medical and pharmaceutical applications has also attracted our attention. Arginine‐rich peptides, including a basic peptide segment derived from the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1) Tat protein, are categorized into one of the most frequently used peptide vectors, and the efforts of designing novel vectors have been ongoing. Internalization of these peptides has previously been regarded as not employing endocytosis. However, recent reevaluations have demonstrated the significant involvement of endocytosis in the cellular uptake of these peptides. These arginine‐rich peptide vectors share many common features in internalization. However, there seem to be certain simultaneous dissimilarities observed in the modes of internalization among these peptides. In this review, the structural features of these arginine‐rich peptide vectors have been focused on and the current understandings of their internalization mechanisms are summarized. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 84: 241–249, 2006This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Nipping psychopathy in the bud: an examination of the convergent, predictive, and theoretical utility of the PCL‐YV among adolescent girls
Authors: Odgers Candice L. , Reppucci N. Dickon , Moretti Marlene M. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractOver the last decade rates of violence among adolescent girls have increased. Within high‐risk contexts, urgent calls for assessment options have resulted in the extension of adult and male‐based instruments to adolescent females in spite of the absence of strong empirical support. The current study evaluates the downward extension of psychopathy within a population of female juvenile offenders (N = 125). The convergent and predictive validity of the Psychopathy Checklist—Youth Version (PCL‐YV) were evaluated within a structural equation modeling (SEM) framework. Results indicated that while a specific component of psychopathy, deficient affective experience, was related to aggression, the effect was negated once victimization experiences were entered into the models. In addition, PCL‐YV scores were not predictive of future offending, while victimization experiences significantly increased the odds of re‐offending. Implications for research, policy, and clinical practice are discussed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Validation of the psychopathic personality inventory on a female inmate sample
Authors: Berardino Stacey D. , Meloy J. Reid , Sherman Mark , Jacobs Delores 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThis investigation evaluated the construct validity of the Psychopathic Personality Inventory (PPI; Lilienfeld & Andrews, 1996), a self‐report measure designed to assess psychopathy. One hundred and two incarcerated females were administered the Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test (K‐BIT), an oral alcohol and drug screening measure, a demographic interview, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory—2 (MMPI‐2), the Psychopathy Checklist—Revised (PCL‐R), and the PPI. There were significant correlations among the PPI, MMPI‐2 scales, and the PCL‐R. In addition, the correlations between the PPI and the separate PCL‐R factors were not significantly different from each other, indicating that the PPI is assessing both facets of the psychopathy construct to some extent. A high correlation between the PPI and the DSM‐IV criteria, which assesses adult antisocial behaviors, revealed adequate concurrent validity. Nonsignificant or negligible correlations between the PPI and the MMPI‐2 scales provided some support for discriminant validity. The results are discussed with respect to the clinical and forensic utility of the PPI, the limitations of the study, and the need for further research. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gender differences in psychopathy in a swedish offender sample
Authors: Strand Susanne , Belfrage Henrik 
Published: December 2005

AbstractIn this study we examined gender differences in the PCL:SV employing a variety of statistical methods with two subsets of psychopathic individuals drawn from larger samples of 129 female and 499 male Swedish offenders. The larger samples included forensic psychiatric patients, forensic psychiatric evaluees and criminal offenders. We found gender differences in antisocial behavior, as defined in factor 2 of the PCL:SV, with female psychopaths (PCL:SV≥18) displaying significantly more lying, deceitfulness and lack of control, while male psychopaths were more antisocial as measured by the PCL:SV. We conclude that it might be meaningful to use gender specific definitions in the assessment of psychopathy or, alternatively, slightly revise the diagnostic tools. Our results support the use of the three‐factor model of the PCL‐R and PCL:SV introduced by Cooke and Michie (2001) in female populations. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Psychopathy in women: a review of its clinical usefulness for assessing risk for aggression and criminality
Authors: Nicholls Tonia L. , Ogloff James R. P. , Brink Johann , Spidel Alicia 
Published: December 2005

AbstractDespite a flurry of studies examining psychopathy in women, and the recent release of the second version of the Hare Psychopathy Checklist—Revised manual, there is still little consensus whether the lateral extension of the current conceptualization of psychopathy to women is appropriate. In particular, very little agreement exists concerning the clinical utility of the Hare psychopathy measures to assess women's risk of future offending and violence. This article presents a comprehensive review of studies of the association between psychopathy, antisocial behavior, and violence, in diverse samples of women, and looks at similarities and differences between these constructs in males and females. Findings from inmates and offenders, civil and forensic psychiatric patients, substance abusers, and community samples indicate a consistently lower base rate of psychopathy among women than among men. With some exceptions, correlates of psychopathy in women relevant to risk assessments for crime and violence tend to be modest and significant, generally mirroring what we see in men. Clinicians and policy makers charged with the care and management of women at risk for criminal offending and violence are likely to find the PCL‐R and PCL:SV have clinical utility; however, cautious application is called for and ongoing research is required. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.