bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Energy Requirements of Carbon Nanoparticle Production
Authors: Kushnir Duncan , Sandén Björn A. 
Published: September 2008

SummaryEnergy requirements for fullerene and nanotube synthesis are calculated from literature data and presented for a number of important production processes, including fluidized bed and floating catalyst chemical vapor deposition (CVD), carbon monoxide disproportionation, pyrolysis, laser ablation, and electric arc and solar furnace synthesis. To produce data for strategic forward‐looking assessments of the environmental implications of carbon nanoparticles, an attempt is made to balance generality with sufficient detail for individual processes, a trade‐off that will likely be inherent in the analysis of many nanotechnologies. Critical energy and production issues are identified, and potential improvements in industrial‐scale processes are discussed. Possible interactions with industrial ecosystems are discussed with a view toward integrating synthesis to mitigate the impacts of large‐scale carbon nanoparticle manufacture. Carbon nanoparticles are found to be highly energy‐intensive materials, on the order of 2 to 100 times more energy‐intensive than aluminum, even with idealized production models.
Serum Parathyroid Hormone Levels Predict Falls in Older Adults with Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Houston Denise K. , Schwartz Ann V. , Cauley Jane A. , Tylavsky Frances A. , Simonsick Eleanor M. , Harris Tamara B. , De Rekeneire Nathalie , Schwartz Gary G. , Kritchevsky Stephen B. ,   for the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study
Published: September 2008

OBJECTIVES: To examine the association between serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels and incident falls in older adults with diabetes mellitus.DESIGN: Longitudinal analysis of incident falls over 1 year in a substudy of participants with diabetes mellitus in the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study.SETTING: Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and Memphis, Tennessee.PARTICIPANTS: Well‐functioning, community‐dwelling black and white adults aged 70 to 79 with diabetes mellitus (N=472).MEASUREMENTS: Measured baseline serum PTH. Self‐report of falls over the subsequent 12 months. Baseline physical performance and self‐reported demographic, behavioral, and health status measures including kidney function, chronic conditions, and medication use.RESULTS: One‐third (30.3%) of participants reported falling over 1 year of follow‐up. Mean baseline serum PTH was 53.5±30.0 pg/mL in nonfallers and 62.6±46.2 pg/mL in fallers (P=.01). For every 1 standard deviation (36 pg/mL) increment in baseline serum PTH, there was approximately a 30% greater likelihood of reporting a fall in the subsequent year, after adjusting for age, sex, race, field center, alcohol consumption, body mass index, physical activity, and winter or spring season (adjusted odds ratio (aOR)=1.30, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.06–1.59). Further adjustment for kidney function, chronic conditions, medication and supplement use, and physical performance attenuated the association slightly (aOR=1.26, 95% CI=1.01–1.58). A trend remained after additional adjustment for reported falls in the previous year.CONCLUSION: Higher serum PTH was associated with incident falls in older, well‐functioning men and women with diabetes mellitus. Further investigation aimed at understanding the underlying mechanism for the association between serum PTH and falls is needed.
Evaluation of Closed Reduction and Screw Fixation in Lag Fashion of Sacroiliac Fracture‐Luxations
Authors: TONKS CATHERINE A. , TOMLINSON JAMES L. , COOK JAMES L. 
Published: September 2008

Objective— To evaluate outcome by radiographic assessment after closed reduction and percutaneous screw fixation in lag fashion of sacroiliac fracture‐luxations in dogs.Study Design— Retrospective study.Animals— Dogs (n=24) with sacroiliac fracture‐luxations.Methods— Medical records (1999–2006) and radiographs of 24 dogs (29 fracture‐luxations) that had stabilization of sacroiliac fracture‐luxation by fluoroscopic‐guided closed reduction and percutaneous screw fixation in lag fashion were reviewed. Signalment, body weight, number, and location of all concurrent injuries and implants used for repair were recorded. Radiographs were used to evaluate the accuracy of screw placement in the sacral body, screw depth/sacral width ratio, reduction of the sacroiliac joint, pelvic canal diameter, and hemipelvic canal width. Radiographic re‐examination (range, 4 to >8 weeks postoperatively) was available for evaluation.Results— Mean screw depth/sacral width ratio on immediate postoperative and re‐examination radiographs was 64% and 61%, respectively. Mean percentage reduction of the sacroiliac joint on immediate postoperative and re‐examination radiographs were 91% and 87%, respectively. Pelvic canal diameter ratio demonstrated successful restoration of the pelvic canal. Hemipelvic canal width ratio documented successful closed reduction repair independent of concurrent pelvic injuries.Conclusion— Successful repair of sacroiliac fracture‐luxations, determined by radiographic assessment, can be achieved by fluoroscopic‐guided closed reduction and percutaneous screw fixation in lag fashion.Clinical Relevance— Fluoroscopic‐guided closed reduction and percutaneous screw fixation in lag fashion of sacroiliac fracture‐luxations is a minimally invasive technique that restores and maintains pelvic canal dimensions and should be considered as an alternative to open reduction or nonsurgical management of sacroiliac fracture‐luxations.
Effect of Head Position on Radiographic Assessment of Laryngeal Tie‐Forward Procedure in Horses
Authors: McCLUSKIE LAURA K. , FRANKLIN SAMANTHA H. , LANE J. GEOFFREY , TREMAINE W. HENRY , ALLEN KATHERINE J. 
Published: September 2008

Objective— To assess the effect of head position on relative position of the larynx and hyoid apparatus in horses with palatal dysfunction, and to define a standard position for radiographic assessment of laryngeal tie‐forward.Study Design— Prospective clinical study.Animals— Adult horses (n=9) with palatal dysfunction.Methods— Left lateral radiographs of the larynx were obtained pre and postoperatively for 3 different head positions (flexed=90°; neutral=100°; extended=115°). Distance between thyrohyoid bone and thyroid cartilage was measured. Data were analyzed to investigate differences between head positions, and to compare differences between pre‐ and postoperative measurements.Results— Head position had a significant effect on relative position of the larynx and hyoid apparatus preoperatively. There was no significant difference in postoperative measurements of the 3 head positions. A significant difference between pre‐ and postoperative measurements was found with the head in the neutral or extended position whereas there were no significant differences between pre‐ and postoperative measurements using the flexed position.Conclusions— Head position affects the relationship between the hyoid apparatus and larynx preoperatively, with greatest distance occurring when the head is extended. In a flexed position, it is not possible to ascertain whether laryngeal position has changed postoperatively.Clinical Relevance— A standardized head position is necessary when assessing the laryngeal tie‐forward procedure radiographically. An extended head position is most useful for this assessment.
Surgical Approach for Removal of Nonarticular Base Sesamoid Fragments of the Proximal Sesamoid Bones in Horses
Authors: BROKKEN MATTHEW T. , SCHNEIDER ROBERT K. , TUCKER RUSSELL L. 
Published: September 2008

Objectives—To describe a surgical approach for the removal of nonarticular base sesamoid fragments in performance horses and to report the outcome.Study Design—Retrospective study.Animals—Horses (n=11), 7 months to 10 years of age, with lameness because of nonarticular base sesamoid fragments.Methods—Lameness was localized to the metacarpophalangeal/metatarsophalangeal region by clinical examination or response to diagnostic local anesthesia. Radiographs confirmed the diagnosis of a nonarticular base sesamoid fragment. Surgical removal was performed with an incision over the base of the affected sesamoid through the digital flexor tendon sheath. After identifying the fragment with the aid of needles, a small vertical incision was made in the straight distal sesamoidean ligament (SDSL) and the fragment was freed from its attachments and removed. Six months convalescence and rehabilitation was prescribed for all horses.Results—Eleven horses had 16 nonarticular fragments of the base of the proximal sesamoid bones. Eleven (69%) fragments occurred in the forelimbs with the right front (82%) and medial sesamoid (73%) more commonly affected. Horses were treated by surgical fragment removal. In horses with follow‐up, 9 of 10 returned to their intended use.Conclusions—Surgical removal of nonarticular base sesamoid fragments can be accomplished through a palmar/plantar approach through the digital flexor tendon sheath and SDSL. This “keyhole” approach minimizes damage to the distal sesamoidean ligament attachments to the sesamoid base and allows some horses to return to their intended use.Clinical Relevance—Surgical removal of nonarticular base sesamoid fragments should be considered in horses with performance‐limiting lameness as a result of the fragment.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in Dogs with Confirmed Shoulder Pathology
Authors: MURPHY SEAN E. , BALLEGEER ELIZABETH A. , FORREST LISA J. , SCHAEFER SUSAN L. 
Published: September 2008

Objective—To evaluate the diagnostic potential of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) compared with a reference standard, arthroscopic and/or open surgery, in dogs with soft tissue shoulder pathology.Study Design—Retrospective study.Animals—Dogs (n=21).Methods—Magnetic resonance (MR) images were retrospectively evaluated in 21 dogs that had surgically identified soft tissue shoulder pathology. The musculotendinous units of the biceps, infraspinatus, teres minor, supraspinatus, subscapularis, and the medial and lateral glenohumeral ligaments (MGHL and LGHL) were graded as either normal or abnormal. Abnormal structures were further classified as being either inflamed, partially torn, or fully torn. Impingement of the biceps tendon was also evaluated. Results were reported in terms of agreement and concordance between MRI findings and surgical findings. Agreement was defined as the percentage of times MRI findings concurred with surgical findings with respect to a structure being either normal or abnormal. Concordance was defined as the percentage of times MRI concurred with the exact surgically assessed pathology when abnormality was identified.Results—The findings were biceps tendon: 90% agreement with 100% concordance; subscapularis: 95% agreement with 62% concordance; MGHL: 84% agreement with 83% concordance; LGHL: 88% agreement with 100% concordance; infraspinatus: 100% both agreement and concordance; biceps tendon impingement: 90% agreement with 100% concordance.Conclusions—Soft tissue abnormalities of the canine shoulder were readily identified on preoperative MR images.Clinical Relevance—MRI shows great potential as a diagnostic tool in the evaluation of canine shoulder disease.
Clinical Applications of Demineralized Bone Matrix: A Retrospective and Case‐Matched Study of Seventy‐Five Dogs
Authors: HOFFER MELISSA J. , GRIFFON DOMINIQUE J. , SCHAEFFER DAVID J. , JOHNSON ANN L. , THOMAS MICHAEL W. 
Published: September 2008

Objectives— To evaluate the outcome in dogs treated with demineralized bone matrix (DBM) as an adjunct to orthopedic procedures.Study Design— Retrospective and case‐match study.Animals—
Dogs (n=75).Methods— Medical records (1999–2006) and radiographs of dogs that had orthopedic procedures (comminuted fractures, tibial plateau leveling osteotomy [TPLO] where correction for tibial rotation created an osteotomy gap, arthrodeses, open corrective osteotomies) where DBM was used were reviewed for signalment, quantity of DBM implanted, duration of exercise restriction, radiographic healing, and complications. Dogs that had TPLO and correction of tibial torsion (n=15), or arthrodesis (n=16) were compared with case‐matched controls. Data were analyzed using Kruskal–Wallis test, ANOVA, Tukey's HSD test, and logistic regression analysis.Results— Mean (±SD) healing time for orthopedic surgeries with DBM augmentation were 15±6.97 (weeks) and complication rate was 19% (14 dogs). Dogs with a TPLO gap filled with DBM were allowed to return to normal exercise 2 weeks earlier than dogs with a well‐apposed TPLO site. Radiographic healing, duration of exercise restriction, and timing of destabilization were similar in dogs undergoing carpal and tarsal arthrodesis whether they received DBM, autogenous graft, or both.Conclusions— DBM can be used to treat uncomplicated bone defects associated with comminuted fracture repairs, open osteotomies, and arthrodeses in dogs. Under these circumstances, clinicians might expect similar clinical outcomes without the possibility of side effects associated with the harvest of autogenous cancellous bone.Clinical Relevance— DBM is safe for use in dogs.
Liver Size, Bodyweight, and Tolerance to Acute Complete Occlusion of Congenital Extrahepatic Portosystemic Shunts in Dogs
Authors: DORAN IVAN P. , BARR FRANCES J. , HOTSTON MOORE ALASDAIR , KNOWLES TOBY G. , HOLT PETER E. 
Published: September 2008

Objective—To investigate the relationship between preoperative liver size, bodyweight, and tolerance to shunt occlusion in dogs with congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunt(s) (CPSS).Study Design—Longitudinal cohort study.Animals—Dogs with CPSS (n=35).Methods—Ultrasonography was used to measure preoperative maximum transverse dimension of the liver (TS) of each dog. Intraoperative portal pressures were measured, before and after CPSS occlusion, via a jejunal vein catheter. Tolerance to shunt occlusion was judged on gross visceral observations, and on changes in portal pressure, central venous and mean arterial pressures.Results—TS was significantly related to bodyweight (P<.05). Mean ratios for TS/bodyweight were calculated for dogs tolerant and intolerant of acute complete shunt occlusion. Dogs tolerant to occlusion had significantly higher TS/bodyweight ratios than dogs intolerant to occlusion (P=.025). Dogs with a TS/bodyweight ratio of >7 were more likely to tolerate CPSS occlusion than dogs with a TS/bodyweight ratio of <5 (P=.036). A model was generated to predict portal pressure rise after shunt occlusion, based on liver dimensions and bodyweight (R=0.668). Intestinal oxygenation did not correlate significantly with tolerance to CPSS occlusion (P=.29).Conclusion—In dogs with CPSS, liver size (relative to bodyweight) is significantly greater (P=.025) in dogs that are tolerant of full ligation than intolerant of occlusion.Clinical Relevance—Preoperative measurement of bodyweight and liver size help indicate the likelihood of tolerance to acute complete occlusion of CPSS in dogs.
Determination of Pelvic Limb Alignment in the Large‐Breed Dog: A Cadaveric Radiographic Study in the Frontal Plane
Authors: DISMUKES DAVID I. , FOX DEREK B. , TOMLINSON JAMES L. , COOK JAMES L. , ESSMAN STEPHANIE C. 
Published: September 2008

Objectives—To report a method for radiographic determination of the mechanical axis of the canine pelvic limb and its relationship to the joints and bone axes. To report reference ranges for the relationships between the axes of the pelvic limb and for joint position relative to the pelvic limb axis.Study Design—Cadaveric radiographic anatomic study.Animals—Pelvic limbs (n=101) from normal midsized to large breed dogs; tibiae (n=105) from dogs with cranial cruciate ligament disease (previous study).Methods—Extended full‐limb radiography was performed and images analyzed to determine: mechanical joint reference angles (femur, tibia), pelvic limb axis, tibiofemoral and metatarsotibial angle, mechanical axis—femur/metatarsus angle, and mechanical axis deviation (MAD) of the stifle/tarsus.Results—Mean mechanical angles were: lateral proximal femoral (103.7°±5.4°), lateral distal femoral (98.6°±2.5°), medial proximal tibial (92.2°±1.8°), medial distal tibial (95.9°±2.2°), tibiofemoral (9.1° varus ±2.8°), metatarsotibial (0.6° valgus ±2.1°). Mean mechanical axis—femur and—metatarsus angles were 5.6° (±1.7°) and 2.9° (±1.5°), respectively. Mean MAD of the stifle and tarsus were 3.6% (±1.1%) and 1.2% (±0.6%), respectively. Tibial angles were not different between dogs with and without cranial cruciate ligament disease.Conclusions—Mechanical axes of the canine pelvic limb and their relationship to the joints can be determined by full‐limb radiography.Clinical Relevance—Techniques and reference ranges may be useful for diagnosis, surgical planning, and postoperative assessment of pelvic limb deformities.
Survival, Complications, and Analysis of Risk Factors after Renal Transplantation in Cats
Authors: SCHMIEDT CHAD W. , HOLZMAN GERIANNE , SCHWARZ TOBIAS , McANULTY JONATHAN F. 
Published: September 2008

Objective— To report survival, complications, and analyze risk factors for survival after renal transplantation (RTr) and cyclosporine‐A based immunosuppression in cats.Study Design— Historical cohort.Animals— Cats (n=60).Methods— Data were obtained from medical records of cats that had RTr. Influence of various perioperative factors on survival and complications was evaluated. Occurrence of postoperative hypertension (HT), seizures, infection, acute allograft rejection (AR), congestive heart failure (CHF), and delayed graft function (DGF) was evaluated.Results— Survival to discharge after RTr was 77.5%. Estimated median overall survival time was 613 days; 6 month and 3 year overall survival proportions were 65% and 40%, respectively. Age, weight, and blood pressure influenced overall survival. Increased preoperative creatinine concentration, blood urea nitrogen, postoperative creatinine concentration, left ventricular wall thickness, and reduced creatinine reduction ratio influenced survival until discharge. HT was identified in 9/30 (30%) cats; however, no risk factors were identified, nor was HT related to seizures. AR was identified in 8/62 (13%) grafts. Infection, predominantly bacterial, developed in 22/60 (37%) cats. CHF occurred in 7/60 (12%) cats before discharge. Cats experiencing CHF were younger, had an increased incidence of heart murmurs, and poor initial graft function. DGF was identified in 5 cats and seizures in 2 cats.Conclusions— RTr affords cats with CRF long survival times. Older cats and cats with severe azotemia, HT, and cardiovascular disease may have increased mortality after RTr. Complications after RTr were common.Clinical Relevance— Clinicians should be aware of these risk factors when recommending feline RTr.
Efficacy of En Bloc Ligation of the Thoracic Duct: Descriptive Study in 14 Dogs
Authors: MacDONALD NICHOLAS J. , NOBLE PETER‐JOHN M. , BURROW RACHEL D. 
Published: September 2008

Objective— To assess whether en bloc ligation of all caudal mediastinal tissue between the aorta and thoracic vertebrae will occlude all branches of the thoracic duct.Study Design— Descriptive study.Animals— Canine cadavers (n=15).Methods— The cisterna chyli was approached through a right paralumbar abdominal incision and cannulated. A right 10th intercostal thoracotomy was performed and the tissue of the caudal mediastinum dorsal to the aorta and ventral to the thoracic vertebrae was ligated. Radio‐opaque contrast material was injected into the cisterna chyli during fluoroscopic imaging of the thorax and cranial abdomen. Still images were obtained before and after contrast injection and a subtraction image produced. Gray values were measured from these images, cranial and caudal to the ligature site.Results— Cannulation of the cisterna chyli in 1 cadaver was impossible and it was, therefore, excluded. In 13 (93%) cadavers contrast material did not pass cranial to the ligature site. In 1 cadaver, an intact thoracic duct was identified on lymphangiography outside the en bloc ligation.Conclusion— En bloc ligation of the caudal mediastinal tissue dorsal to the aorta was successful in preventing opacification with contrast material of all branches of the thoracic duct in 93% of cadavers.Clinical Relevance— En bloc ligation is successful in 93% of cadavers and reduces the operative time compared with techniques requiring some type of mesenteric lymphangiography to aid identification of the thoracic duct.
Comparison of Holding Power of Three Different Pin Designs for External Skeletal Fixation in Avian Bone: A Study in Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo)
Authors: CASTIÑEIRAS PÉREZ EVA , SEGADE SEOANE MARCOS , VILLANUEVA SANTAMARINA BLANCA , GONZÁLEZ CANTALAPIEDRA ANTONIO 
Published: September 2008

Objective— (1) To evaluate resistance to axial extraction of 3 pin designs in avian humerus and tibiotarsus; (2) to assess the effect of pin location within the bone on holding power; and (3) to assess the influence of thread pitch on holding power.Study Design— Resistance of pins to axial extraction was measured immediately after insertion.Animals— Adult common buzzards (Buteo buteo; n=9).Methods— Different pin designs (1 smooth; 2 threaded pins, differing in pitch) were inserted into the proximal and distal metaphysis and the proximal, middle, and distal diaphysis of the humerus and tibiotarsus. Maximum force required for axial extraction of pins was recorded.Results— Smooth pins had the lowest extraction force (P<.05). Pins inserted into the diaphysis (proximal, middle and distal) of the humerus and the distal metaphysis of the tibiotarsus had a greater pullout strength than pins in other locations. Pins with a smaller pitch inserted into the proximal diaphysis and distal metaphysis of the humerus, and the proximal metaphysis of the tibiotarsus had significantly greater holding power than pins with a larger pitch (P<.05).Conclusions— Pins inserted into the diaphysis of humerus and the distal metaphysis of the tibiotarsus are better at resisting extraction. Pins with a smaller pitch possess greater holding power than pins with a larger pitch in avian humerus and tibiotarsus.Clinical Relevance— Consideration should be given to pin location and thread pitch, when choosing external skeletal fixation to repair an avian humeral or tibiotarsal fracture.