bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Removal of Leukocytes from Whole Blood and Erythrocyte Suspensions by Filtration through Cotton Wool
Authors: Diepenhorst P. , Reijnierse E. , Prins H. K. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Units of packed red cells, derived from CPD blood, were stored for 2 or 7 days at 2°C. Using the filtration method described earlier, practically all leukocytes were removed. After filtration, the erythrocyte suspensions were again stored for 2 or 7 days at 2°C. The red cells were then labelled with Na2 61CrO4 and infused into the original donors. The survival of the red cells was determined 24 and 48 h after infusion.Comparison to the data obtained after transfusion of labelled but unfiltered packed cells derived from CPD blood and stored for 14 or 17 days in PVC bags showed no differences in viability.
A Serum Agglutinating Human Red Cells Exposed to EDTA
Authors: Gillund T. D. , Howard P. L. , Isham Betsy 
Published: March 2009

SummaryA sample of serum was found to agglutinate cells which had been exposed to EDTA. Agglutination disappeared when EDTA was removed and reappeared when the EDTA was readded. This phenomenon can lead to unexpected agglutination and confusion in backtyping.
Interaction between Placental Alkaline Phosphatase and ABO System Polymorphisms
Authors: Bottini E. , Lucarelli P. , Orzalesi M. , Palmarino R. , Di Mino M. , Gloria F. , Terrenato L. , Spennati G. F. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Placental alkaline phosphatase is a polymorphic glycoenzyme, produced by the fetal part of the placenta, which is found at an early stage of gestation and in considerable amount in the maternal bloodstream. Previous studies have shown an interaction of this polymorphism with that of ABO system during intrauterine life.In the present study the relationship between placental alkaline phosphatase phenotype and feto‐maternal isoimmunization in the ABO system was investigated. Isoimmunization was defined by a positive direct Coombs test on cord blood and/or jaundice in the neonatal period. In infants incompatible with their mothers in the B group, the incidence of the above‐mentioned signs of isoimmunization was lower in the presence of allele PIf1 of placental alkaline phosphatase. This relationship was not found in infants of group A.The present observations suggest that placental alkaline phosphatase may play an important role in the maternal‐fetal immunological relationships.
Contributions to the Optimal Use of Human Blood
Authors: Vogelaar E. F. , Brummelhuis H. G. J. , Beentjes S. P. , Krijnen H. W. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Analysis of the production of plasma protein fraction (PPF) showed a considerable loss of albumin (18 to 25% of the amount present in whole blood) in the cell concentrate after centrifugation of blood and in fraction IV (11% of the amount present in plasma) during ethanol fractionation with a modified Cohn VI method.The recovery of albumin could be increased by washing 10 volumes of cell concentrate, derived from blood centrifuged in a ‘bottle centrifuge’ with one volume of 6% NaCl solution. After centrifugation, 120 ml supernatant per unit of blood is obtained with a protein content of 3%. This diluted plasma is mixed with normal plasma and fractionated according to the modified Cohn VI method. The effect of the described modifications is that the quantity of PPF obtained from blood centrifuged in a ‘bottle centrifuge’ is at least 30% more, not only by the recovery of the plasma proteins formerly remaining in the red cell suspension, but also by a decreased loss of albumin in fraction IV. The final product meets the minimum requirements for PPF.When the blood is centrifuged in a continuous centrifuge, the loss of albumin could be decreased from 18 to 5% by using 2.6% trisodiumcitrate and 0.72% NaCl as an anticoagulant solution instead of ACD and by a lower flow rate.
IgG Cold Agglutinins and First Trimester Abortion
Authors: Mygind K. , Ahrons S. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Two patients with first trimester abortion and idiopathic cold agglutinin syndrome due to cold auto‐antibodies of the IgM and IgG immunoglobulin classes are reported.Sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation and 2‐mercapto‐ethanol treatment indicated the presence of IgM as well as IgG cold agglutinins.The possible relationship between the abortions and these cold agglutinins is discussed.
Recovery of Australia Antigen from Human Plasma Products Separated by a Modified Cohn Fractionation
Authors: Berg Rebekka , Björling H. , Berntsen K. , Espmark Å. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. One liter of strongly Australia antigen positive plasma was subjected to a modified Cohn fractionation and samples from the various steps of the process were assayed quantitatively for Australia antigen. More than 85% of the original quantity of Australia antigen was recovered from fraction IV. Intermediate amounts, about 2%, were found in fraction III and in the washing fluids after the fibrinogen wash. The final fibrinogen product had no detectable Australia antigen. About 1 % of the antigen was recovered from the albumin. γ‐Globulin before treatment with DEAE‐Sephadex had a low content, about 0.1% of the original amount of antigen, whereas DEAE‐Sephadex treated material (final gammaglobulin) was free of demonstrable Au‐antigen.The findings are discussed in relation to clinical reports on hepatitis risks connected with the various products.
Erythrocyte Destruction and Reticuloendothelial Function in the Autoimmune Hemolytic Disease of NZB Mice1
Authors: Login I. S. , Mellors R. C. , Mayer K. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. New Zealand Black (NZB) mice spontaneously develop Coombs positive autoimmune hemolytic anemia. The pathogenesis of the hemolytic anemia was investigated through radioisotopic methods using chromium‐labeled (51Cr) syngeneic erythrocytes to measure the chromium disappearance rate. Chromium disappearance was monitored in both the presence and absence of ‘bound’ autoantibodies. Technetium‐labeled colloidal sulfide (99mTc) was injected i.v. to assess the phagocytic activity of the reticuloendothelial system. The mean rate of disappearance of chromium from the circulation of Coombs negative NZB mice was comparable to that of a control CBA strain. Coombs positive NZB mice had a greater destruction rate with the rate being proportional to the degree of autoantibody sensitization. The hepatic technetium uptake in Coombs positive NZB mice was about 50% greater than in Coombs negative NZB mice. The spleen and bone marrow had a greater uptake and the liver a smaller uptake of 99mTc in Coombs negative NZB mice than in a control group of mice.It is concluded that both erythrocyte autoantibodies and increased reticuloendothelial activity influence the destruction of erythrocytes in Coombs positive NZB mice.
Further Examples of the Lutheran Lu(‐5) Blood Type1
Authors: Bowen Ann B. , Haist Anna L. , Talley Linda L. , Reid Marion E. , Marsh W. L. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryFurther examples of the Lu(‐5) blood type have been found in a family with three siblings, providing evidence that it is an inherited character. Parents of the propositus were second cousins but are dead and the family study is incomplete. The results of Lutheran, Lewis and ABH secretor studies do, however, give some positive evidence of the possibility of linkage between Lu, Lu5 and Secretor, and make linkage between Lu5 and Le unlikely.
A Second Example of Lu(–6) in the Lutheran System1
Authors: Wrobel D. M. , Moore B. P. L. , Cornwall Sheila , Wray Elizabeth , Øyen Ragnhild , Marsh W. L. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryA further blood sample lacking the high frequency red cell antigen Lu6 has been found. The cells are agglutinated by the low frequency antibody anti‐Lu9, and the results provide additional confirmation that the antigens Lu6 and Lu9 are controlled by allelic genes. Serum of the propositus contains anti‐Lu6, agglutinating all red cell samples except those that are Lu(a–b–) or Lu(–6).
Monocyte Receptors for Immunoglobulin and Complement in Immunologic Deficiency Diseases1
Authors: Douglas S. D. , Goldberg L. S. 
Published: March 2009

SummarySemiquantitative assessment of the human monocyte IgG receptor in normal subjects and patients with acquired agammaglobulinemia, chronic granulomatous disease chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis and the Wiskott‐Aldrich syndrome revealed no detectable differences. The monocyte C3 receptor was found to be normal in cells from patients with the Wiskott‐Aldrich syndrome. Monocyte receptors should be further investigated in patients with various forms of immunologic deficiency.
Separation of Haemagglutinins from Haemolysins in Extracts of the Albumin Gland of Helix aspersa1
Authors: Khalap S. , Phelps C. F. , Fudenberg H. H. , Gold E. R. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryExtracts of the albumin glands of Helix aspersa contain in addition to the anti‐A‐like haemagglutinin also a haemolysin. It was possible by chromatographic resolution to separate the haemolysin from the haemagglutinin. The haemolysin is unrelated to the ABO system as it reacts also with Oh (Bombay) red cells.Haemolysins have been found in crude extracts of various seeds, mushrooms and even molluscs. However all these haemolysins do not need the presence of complement for haemolysis. It seems that the haemolysin reported in this paper is the first which needs probably complement for haemolytic activity.
Stability of Immunoglobulin G During Storage of Human Serum. Effects of Prior Heating
Authors: Finlayson J. S. , Armstrong B. L. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryHeating unfractionated, sterile human serum for 36 or 72 h at 45 or 50 C, unlike heating immune serum globulin (human), failed to diminish the fragmentation of immunoglobulin G during subsequent storage. Over the range –22 to 37 °C, degradation as assessed by immunoelectrophoresis was a strong function of storage temperature; it was somewhat enhanced by prior heating
Scanning Electron Microscope Studies of Red Cell Morphology
Authors: Longster G. H. , Buckley T. , Sikorski J. , Tovey L. A. Derrick 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Observations were made of changes in red cell morphology in blood stored in acid citrate dextrose over a period of six weeks using the scanning electron microscope. It was found possible to demonstrate the various stages of red cell transformation from biconcave discs, through a crenated stage to the final spheroidal state. Adenine was shown to slow down these changes. It is postulated that the red cell membrane changes are reversible up to the stage of the crenated spheroid cell, but subsequent changes result in a rapid destruction of the cell if transfused.The scanning electron microscopy studies can, therefore, be a useful method of observing the effect on red cell shape of new anticoagulants, red cell storage procedures and biochemical changes.
The Effect of Surfactant in the Auto‐Analyser1
Authors: Gunson H. H. , Phillips P. K. , Stratton F. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryExperiments have shown that the degree of agglutination of anti‐D and Rh(D) positive cells is reduced as the concentration of the surfactant Tween 20 in the Auto‐Analyser manifold is increased from 0.01 to 0.16%. This leads to a decrease in the sensitivity of the method which may affect antibody detection. It is recommended that the concentration of Tween 20 of 0.02% should not be exceeded and the use of drops to measure the quantity required, a procedure usually recommended, should be replaced by using a measured volume from a stock solution of 10.0%.
Demonstration of HL‐A Antigens on Human Kidney Cells by Means of the Micro‐Immune Adherence Assay
Authors: Sybesma J. P. H. B. , de Planque B. A. , van Soelen Tjitske , Borst‐Eilers Else 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The presence of HL‐A antigens on human kidney cells was investigated by means of the micro‐immune adherence assay (MIAA). The MIAA was performed on kidney cells obtained from fresh kidneys and from kidneys stored at ‐96°C, on kidney cells maintained in culture, and on kidney cells stored in liquid nitrogen after programmed freezing.Performed on fresh kidney cells, the MIAA has a reproducibility of 96–97%. Performed on cells from traditionally frozen kidneys, on cells maintained in culture, and on cells kept in liquid nitrogen after programmed freezing, the assay shows poor reproducibility and non‐specific adherence occurs. This might partly explain the differences observed by other investigators in typing and cross‐matching with lymphocytes on the one hand, and kidney cells on the other; for in these procedures kidney cells, usually from a tissue culture, are typed by means of the MIAA. Modern long‐term kidney preserving techniques make it possible to perform the MIAA on fresh kidney cells for typing and cross‐matching in kidney transplantation.
Further Studies of Xh, a Serum Protein Antigen in Man1
Authors: Dunston Georgia M. , Gershowitz H. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Xh has been identified as a serum protein antigen whose expression is both age and sex dependent, and is shown here to be identical with the antigen previously reported as Pa 1. On immunodiffusion, approximately 75% of randomly selected sera from females of all ages form a precipitin line with specific rabbit antiserum. Frequency of the antigen in females is correlated with age; 94% over 19 years of age are positive while only 55% under 19 are positive. Approximately 47% of male sera are positive; no significant changes in frequency associated with age of males were found. The mean level of the antigen in the sera of females over 19 years of age is approximately twice that in male sera. The heritability of Xh expression on the basis of a study of male twins was 0.66.A study of 88 families, with 181 offspring selected so that female offspring were at least 20 years old, was inconclusive in two ways: (1) two female offspring exceptional to the hypothesis of sex linkage were found and (2) no negative by negative matings were observed. Thus, although the Xh data are suggestive of a genetic polymorphic system, the influence of physiological factors on Xh expression and the findings, reported here, of similarly high frequencies in adult females of all racial groups, make it more probable that this antigen is an isotypic marker.Reactivity with anti‐Xh was found among sera of some of the great apes and Old and New World monkeys but not among prosimians and lesser mammals. The isotypic specificity is presumed to have arisen during the speciation process leading to the present day anthropoid apes and man.
Freezing Plasma in 5‐Litre Bags for Storage and Thawing for Use
Authors: Vallet L. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Plasma, in 5‐litre polyethylene bags, is frozen in the form of rectangular blocks by means of a special freezer. Refrigerated by sealed single‐stage condensing units, this will freeze two bags (10 I) of plasma in 75 min. The bags are filled by the use of a ‘flow inducer’ pump, controlled by contacts on a balance. The blocks of frozen plasma, packed in cardboard containers, can be stacked closely with great economy of cold storage space. The blocks may be thawed in the bags on heated, inclined shelves, allowing the plasma to drain off as it melts.The development of this system for handling plasma would not have been possible without the collaboration of the staff of many laboratories and manufacturers and of the Department of Health and Social Security. In particular, I am indebted to Dr. W. d'A. Maycock for advice in many aspects of the work and to Mr. A. L. Jackson and to Mr. F. W. B. Smith for extensive technical assistance; also to Dr. W. J. Jenkins and to Mr. R. Kirkham for their method of syphoning plasma for transfer to bags and for their part in the user trials.
The Use of Complement Fixation Tests to Detect Australia Antigen‐Antibody Complexes and Antibodies to a Tween Antigen1
Authors: Thiry L. , Clinet G. , Toussainty C. , Vereerstraeten P. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Indications were obtained that Australia antigen‐antibody complexes are more frequent in patients with cirrhosis than in other Australia antigen‐positive individuals. The evidences were: (1) Among sera with high titres of Australia antigen, anticomplementary activity was detected at lower dilutions in 53% of the cases of cirrhosis, as compared to 14 and 7% in hepatitis patients and carriers, respectively. (2) Among anticomplementary sera which did not show Australia antigen at higher dilutions, the antigen was unmasked after heating at 85 °C in 4 of 7 cases of cirrhosis and in 2 of 11 other patients.On the other hand, a new type of antibody was demonstrated in three patients who had experienced a progressive decrease of Australia antigen titre; the antibodies were detected after the disappearance of the antigen, but they reacted only with some antigenic component of Australia‐positive sera which was unmasked after treatment with Tween 80.
A Modification of the Immunoelectrophoretic Method in the Detection of Australia Antigen
Authors: Intini C. , Isetta A. M. , Podesta A. , Simi M. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A series of modifications of traditional immunoelectrophoretic techniques made possible a rapid detection (within 10 to 30 min) of Australia antigen in sera of healthy carrier subjects and patients affected with liver and other diseases. Such modifications facilitated obtainment, reading and reproduction of the results.We reached these conclusions after experiments carried out on 823 subjects, in comparison with other techniques and other antisera used in different laboratories. The comparison of immunoelectrophoretic and immunodiffusion techniques confirmed the results already obtained by other authors concerning the greater sensitivity of the immunoelectrophoretic technique.
Small Scale Preparation and Clinical Use of Factor IX‐Prothrombin Complex
Authors: Barrowcliffe T. W. , Stableforth Penelope , Dormandy Katharine M. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A. procedure is described for the preparation of a concentrate of factors II, VII, IX and X, using a modification of the method of Bruning and Loelioer, involving aluminium hydroxide adsorption of ACD plasma followed by phosphate elution and dialysis.The concentrate produced had an average factor IX activity of 7.4 U/ml with a yield of 61% and a purification of 34.5.Clinical trials in patients with either a congenital deficiency of factor IX or liver disease showed that the concentrate was well tolerated and was an effective haemostatic agent. The average factor IX response was 1.09% for each U/kg injected, giving a recovery of 48%.
Studies on the Agglutinin Accompanying the Warm Haemolysin Active against Trypsinized Red Cells
Authors: Heistø H. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The titres of warm haemolysin and its accompanying agglutinin were determined (1) in sera stored at ‐30 and ‐72°C for about 3 months, (2) in sera obtained with short intervals during 1 month, (3) after treatment of red cells with various concentrations of trypsins, (4) after adding soybean trypsin inhibitor (STI) to the trypsin solution, (5) after exposure of the trypsin solutions to 55 °C for 30 min, and (6) with red cells to which bovine albumen had been added before adding the trypsin solution.Relatively small variations in the agglutinin titre were observed when testing the deep frozen sera in contrast to much greater variations when testing fresh samples drawn on different days. Variations in agglutinin titre were poorly related to the trypsin activity expressed in Anson units. The factor in the trypsin preparation which sensitizes the red cells for haemolysis is more temperature labile than the factor responsible for the agglutination. STI and albumen inhibit both haemolysis and agglutination.
A Family with the Rare Red Cell Antigens Wra and ‘Super’ Sda
Authors: Lewis1 Marion , Kaita1 Hiroko , Chown B. , Tippett Patricia , Gavin June , Sanger Ruth , Giblett Eloise , Steinberg A. G. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A family is recorded in which the two rare antigens ‘super’ Sid, or ‘super’ Sda, and Wra are present. The linkage count between the two characters is six non‐recombinants, for which the lod score at θ =0.00 is 1.806. This is tantalizingly suggestive of linkage, or possibly of control by one and the same complex locus, but does not reach a significant level.There is also a hint in the family of a possible relationship between the enzyme GPT (glutamic‐pyruvic transaminase) and the ‘super’ Sda condition.
Studies on the Agglutinin Specificities and Blood Group O(H)‐Like Activities in Extracts from the Molluscs Pomacea paludosa and Pomacea urceus
Authors: Baldo B. A. , Uhlenbruck G. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Saline extracts from the eggs of the snail Pomacea paludosa contain two separate and potent agglutinins specific for determinants on human ABO erythrocytes. Haemagglutinins with anti‐pneumococcus type XIV and cross‐reacting A and B specificities were detected in three different extracts from eggs of this species. Human group O erythrocyte‐agglutinating activity of Pomacea urceus albumin gland extract was inhibited by purified hog H substance and pneumococcus type XIV polysaccharide, but purified Sassafras albidum polysaccharide was the most potent inhibitor of this reagent. Inhibition experiments with simple sugars showed that, of the compounds tested, only d‐galactose, d‐galactose derivatives and oligosaccharides containing d‐galactose inhibited the P. paludosa and P. urceus haemagglutinins.Using anti‐H reagents from different sources, blood group O(H)‐like activity was detected in both Pomacea extracts. P. paludosa egg extracts precipitated with catfish anti‐H and eel sera and P. urceus galactogen inhibited the anti‐H lectins from the seeds of Laburnum alpinum, Cytisus sessilifolius, and Cytisus scoparius.
The Role of Enzymes and Albumen in Haemagglutination Reactions: A Serological und Ulrrastrucrural Study with Ferritin‐Labelled Anti‐D
Authors: Voak D. , Cawley J. C. , Emmines J. P. , Barker C. R. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. In albumen and papain tests, strong haemagglutination showed large areas of cell to cell contact, whereas neuraminidase only caused loose agglutination with small areas of cell to cell contact, confirming a previous suggestion that reduced zeta‐potential is not the significant factor in Rh haemagglutination. The ferritin‐labelled anti‐D was only clustered on neuraminidase‐ and papain‐treated cells, possibly these enzymes cause limited membrane mobility.It is postulated that the loose agglutination in neuraminidase tests is due to localised high density of D sites and that the much greater agglutinating activity in papain tests is due to clustering and protease activity. Increased anti‐D antibody uptake is not a critical factor in enzyme tests because cells sensitized and then washed before enzyme treatment were strongly agglutinated. Recent studies have revealed that dextran does not reduce zeta‐potential but acts by adsorption between adjacent cells. We suggest that a similar mechanism may explain the action of albumen.