bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A KINETIC STUDY OF SULINDAC IN THE ELDERLY
Authors: BAYLEY N. , WARNE R. W. , MOULDS R. F. W. , BURY R. W. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract:To study the disposition of the anti‐inflammatory drug sulindac, its active sulphide metabolite, and the inactive sulphone metabolite, sulindac (200 mg twice daily) was given to eight elderly subjects for at least 14 consecutive days. The drug was then ceased for 72 hours, and suitable samples were collected to study its elimination. The mean steady‐state concentration for sulindac was 5.0 μg/ml, for sulindac sulphide was 6.5 μg/ml, and for sulindac sulphone was 13.2 μg/ml. These are approximately twice the reported steady‐state levels for the respective redox forms in healthy young adults. The mean half‐lives of sulindac, sulindac sulphide, and sulindac sulphone were 18.3 hours, 22.3 hours, and 54.6 hours, respectively. One patient who had mildly abnormal liver function tests developed more severe abnormalities whilst receiving sulindac. These returned towards normal after cessation of treatment. This patient had the highest steadystate plasma concentration of sulindac sulphone. It is concluded that care should be taken with the use of sulindac in the elderly, and control of patients' symptoms should be attempted with lower doses of the drug before the standard dose of 200 mg twice daily is administered.
DIAGNOSIS OF INFERIOR MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION IN THE PRESENCE OF LEFT ANTERIOR HEMIBLOCK
Authors: COOPER M. J. , BARRETT P. A. , REID G. C. , LYONS N. R. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract:Inferior myocardial infarction results in Q waves in the inferior leads of the electrocardiogram (ECG). Left anterior hemiblock results in initial r waves in these leads. Thus the diagnosis of one in the presence of the other is difficult. It has been reported that inferior infarction can be diagnosed in the presence of left anterior hemiblock when there is a q wave or q equivalent in lead II, and that part of the inferior wall must be spared, to result in the initial r waves of left anterior hemiblock in leads III and aVF. We examined these concepts in 18 patients with such an ECG, by means of resting myocardial perfusion (thallium‐201) scintigraphy. In 15 there were defects in the inferior left ventricular wall consistent with inferior infarction. In all of these patients there was sparing of part of the inferior wall: in nine, sparing of the posterior part, and in six, sparing of the anterior part. We conclude that in apparently isolated left anterior hemiblock, a q wave or q equivalent in lead II is an important sign, indicating the likelihood of associated inferior infarction.
A STUDY OF ARTHRITIS IN PAPUA NEW GUINEA
Authors: SCRIMGEOUR E. M. , MATZ L. R. , AASKOV J. G. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract:A study was undertaken of 182 Melanesian patients with arthritis who were admitted to three major hospitals in Papua New Guinea between 1977 and 1982. There were 118 male and 64 female subjects, whose mean ages were 29 years and 25 years respectively. A diagnosis was made in 101 cases (55.5%) but in 81 cases, because assessment and management had been inadequate, a diagnosis could not be made. The commonest cause was infectious arthritis (44%), followed by rheumatoid arthritis (14%), gout (8%), and reactive arthritis (8%). In the 44 subjects with infectious arthritis, gonorrhea was the cause in 25 cases (57%) and in a further six cases (14%) it was attributed to Ross River virus infection. In five cases, arthritis was believed to be caused by Wuchereria bancrofti infection. In several cases, chronic arthritis was present in association with ankylosing spondylitis, psoriasis, systemic lupus erythematosus, dermatomyositis, or systemic sclerosis.
CEREBRAL CYSTICERCOSIS: A CASE REPORT WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO RECENT ADVANCES IN DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT
Authors: PASCOE M. , SAINES N. , LYALL I. , NOLAN C. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract:Cerebral cysticercosis is becoming more common in Australia as the immigrant population from areas of endemic disease increases. The case reported exemplifies the common presentation of this interesting infestation.Treatment consists primarily of Praziquantel with or without steroids and anti‐seizure medication if indicated. Follow‐up is by both clinical and radiological assessment.
AMINOHYDROXYPROPYLIDENE DIPHOSPHONATE TREATMENT OF HYPERCALCEMIC CRISIS DUE TO PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
Authors: EVANS R. A. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract:A 43 year old man was known to have had mild primary hyperparathyroidism for several years. Nine days following surgery for acute cholecystitis he developed a hypercalcemic crisis with a plasma calcium level of 4.23 mmol/l, despite intravenous and oral hydration. The hypercalcemia was corrected by a single intravenous dose of (3‐amino‐1‐hydroxypropylidene)‐1,1‐diphosphonate (15 mg), allowing parathyroidectomy to be performed electively and on a well patient.
ADRENOCORTICAL CARCINOMA PRESENTING AS PRIMARY ALDOSTERONISM IN A YOUNG MAN
Authors: FRASER A. G. , CROXSON M. S. , ESPINER E. A. , SYNEK B. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract:A young Polynesian man presented with severe hypertension complicated by an intracerebral hemorrhage. The hypertension was found to be secondary to hyperaldosteronism from a well differentiated adrenocortical carcinoma. Surgical removal of the tumour has resulted in a near normal blood pressure with no evidence of tumour recurrence or hyperaldosteronism after one year.
Twenty years of experience with Krzeski’s cystovaginoplasty for vaginal agenesis in Mayer‐Rokitansky‐Küster–Hauser syndrome: anatomical, histological, cytological and functional results
Authors: Borkowski Andrzej , Czaplicki Maciej , Dobronski Piotr 
Published: April 2008

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the long‐term anatomical results using the original method of vaginal reconstruction with a pedicled bladder flap (Krzeski’s cystovaginoplasty, CVP) in women with Mayer‐Rokitansky‐Küster–Hauser syndrome (MRKHS) and the evaluation of radiological, histological, cytohormonal and functional results of CVP.PATIENTS AND METHODSBetween 1981 and 2000, 38 patients (mean age 22.5 years, range 18–40) with MRKHS underwent CVP. A physical examination was used to evaluate the anatomical results, 27 patients had vaginography, and biopsies of the neovaginal wall and cytohormonal smears were taken in two. Functional sexual and urinary results, and opinions on CVP, were evaluated by an inventory mailed to 37 patients in 2000.RESULTSThe anatomical result was good in 37 patients during a mean (range) follow‐up of 9 (0.25–19) years; the result was good in 30 patients, but seven developed vaginal stenosis that was successfully repaired. There were two cases of post‐coital vesicovaginal fistula (VVF) at 18 months after CVP. Vaginal biopsies showed epithelialization of the posterior vaginal wall and gradual metaplastic changes from urothelium to stratified nonsquamous epithelium. Cytological smears showed a normal biphasic pattern and neovaginal susceptibility to hormonal milieu. In all, 27 patients (73%) responded to the questionnaire. All had sexual partners and started sexual intercourse at a mean of 14 months after CVP; 89% experience orgasms and in 48% the vagina was the source; 40% sometimes used lubricants and seven (26%) used vaginal dilators. Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) after CVP were reported by 19 (66%) of the women and in six the LUTS were persistent. One patient was not satisfied with the functional and anatomical result of CVP, 89% declared that it improved sexual life, 93% would undergo CVP again and in 92% the quality of their sexual life was improved. All patients, when asked, stated that they would recommend CVP to another patient with MRKHS.CONCLUSIONSVaginal reconstruction by CVP is characterized by good anatomical and functional results, sustained by long‐term observation. The resultant epithelium is very similar to that of the native vagina in histology and function. All vaginas are functional and the level of patient satisfaction was high. The level of complications was acceptable, but in some patients LUTS can persist.
Quantifying mast cells in bladder pain syndrome by immunohistochemical analysis
Authors: Larsen Mathilde S. , Mortensen Svend , Nordling Jørgen , Horn Thomas 
Published: April 2008

OBJECTIVESTo evaluate a simple method for counting mast cells, thought to have a role in the pathophysiology of bladder pain syndrome (BPS, formerly interstitial cystitis, a syndrome of pelvic pain perceived to be related to the urinary bladder and accompanied by other urinary symptoms, e.g. frequency and nocturia), as >28 mast cells/mm2 is defined as mastocytosis and correlated with clinical outcome.PATIENTS AND METHODSThe current enzymatic staining method (naphtolesterase) on 10 µm sections for quantifying mast cells is complicated. In the present study, 61 patients had detrusor biopsies taken between 2002 and 2005; the patients were given a clinical score, and sections of the biopsy stained with (i) naphtolesterase on 10 µm sections, staining every third section, or (ii) immunohistochemically with antitryptase on both 10 µm and 3 µm sections, with two and six unstained sections between, respectively. Mast cells were counted according to a well‐defined procedure.RESULTSThe old and the new methods, on 10 and 3 µm sections, showed a good correlation between mast cell counts. When using tryptase staining and 3 µm sections, the mast cell number correlated well with the clinical score (Spearman’s ρ 0.576; 95% confidence interval 0.155–0.820) and 27 mast cells/mm2 was the threshold suggesting mastocytosis.CONCLUSIONSWe recommend taking biopsies from the detrusor of patients with suspected BPS and examining them with tryptase‐stained 3 µm thick sections, with every seventh section used for quantification; 27 mast cells/mm2 is considered indicative of mastocytosis.
DNA polymorphisms in exon 1 and promoter of the CDH1 gene and relevant risk of transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder
Authors: Ma Xin , Xu Hua , Zheng Tao , Li Hong‐Zhao , Shi Tao‐Ping , Wang Bao‐Jun , Ju Zheng‐Hua , Wang Chao , Zhang Guo‐Xi , Zhang Xu 
Published: April 2008

OBJECTIVETo investigate the association between DNA polymorphisms, including single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and insertion/deletion polymorphisms, in exon 1 and promoter of the CDH1 gene, and the risk of transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the urinary bladder (TCCB).PATIENTS, SUBJECTS AND METHODSThis was a hospital‐based case‐control study of 180 patients with TCCB and 110 normal controls. Genomic DNA was extracted from blood samples of all participants and genotypes determined using polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing techniques. Haplotypes were analysed using appropriate software.RESULTSSNPs were detected at −160A/C, −73A/C and 178C/T; an inserted oligonucleotide of 5′‐CCGTGCCCCAGCC‐3′ was identified at 234 bp. The −160A allele frequency in the case group was 0.67, statistically higher than in the control group (0.42; P < 0.001), and higher in invasive carcinoma (0.77) than in superficial carcinoma (0.60). For −73C/A and 178C/T SNPs there was no difference among genotypes. The 234 repeat oligonucleotide insertion (2I) frequencies in cases was 0.27, statistically higher than in the control group (0.17; P = 0.01). The most common haplotype in controls was C‐A‐T‐I (28%), the frequency of which was higher than in the TCCB group (6%). The A‐A‐T‐2I was the only variation distribution carrying the −160A allele and was at a statistically higher frequency in the TCCB group (37%, the most common haplotype in cases) than in the control group.CONCLUSIONThe −160A, 234 2I allele and haplotype A‐A‐T‐2I were risk factors of TCCB. Haplotype C‐A‐T‐I might act as a protective factor for TCCB.
Enucleation of renal cell carcinoma with ablation of the tumour base
Authors: Kutikov Alexander , VanArsdalen Keith N. , Gershman Boris , Fossett Lindsay K. , Guzzo Thomas J. , Wein Alan J. , Malkowicz S. Bruce 
Published: April 2008

OBJECTIVETo retrospectively assess the effectiveness of cancer control with enucleation of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), which is surgically expedient, allows preservation of maximal renal parenchyma, and makes intraoperative renal ischaemia unnecessary, by two surgeons routinely enucleating renal tumours and ablating the tumour bed with argon beam and the Nd‐YAG laser.PATIENTS AND METHODSBetween 1996 and 2006 at our institution, 97 patients had RCC enucleated, with ablation of the tumour base. Patients with lesions other than RCC and those with von Hippel‐Lindau disease or Birt‐Hogg‐Dube syndrome were excluded from the study. The mean follow‐up was 24.9 months. Patients were evaluated for RCC recurrence with cross‐sectional imaging at least every 6 months for the first 2 years and then annually thereafter.RESULTSThe mean (median, range) tumour size was 2.8 (2.5, 0.8–7.0) cm. Of the 97 patients only one had disease progression after a mean follow‐up of 24.9 months. This patient presented with a solitary grade 2 clear cell RCC and had a local recurrence 30 months after original surgery.CONCLUSIONSThe present series and other available clinical data suggest that enucleation with cavity ablation is an oncologically sound approach that is simple, versatile and obviates the need for renal ischaemia.
The relationship between the local and systemic inflammatory responses and survival in patients undergoing resection for localized renal cancer
Authors: Lamb Gavin W.A. , McArdle Peter A. , Ramsey Sara , McNichol Anne‐Marie , Edwards Joanne , Aitchison Michael , McMillan Donald C. 
Published: April 2008

OBJECTIVETo examine the relationship between the systemic inflammatory response (C‐reactive protein, CRP), tumour interleukin‐6 receptor and cyclooxygenase (COX)‐2 expression, tumour T‐lymphocytic (CD4+, CD8+) infiltration and cancer survival in patients undergoing resection for renal cell carcinoma (RCC), as both the local and systemic inflammatory responses appear to predict the outcome in these patients.PATIENTS AND METHODSThe study included 60 patients undergoing nephrectomy for localized RCC. Pre‐operative circulating CRP levels were measured and tumour interleukin‐6 receptor and COX‐2 expression, tumour CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes were assessed using immunohistochemical analysis.RESULTSThe median follow‐up was 78 months, with 14 patients relapsing from their disease and nine cancer‐specific deaths. On univariate and multivariate survival analysis, tumour stage and grade and CRP levels were identified as significant factors associated with relapse‐free and cancer‐specific survival. There was a significant direct relationship between Fuhrman grade and CD4+ T‐lymphocytic infiltrate (P < 0.05). An increase in tumour expression of interleukin‐6 receptor was weakly associated with an increase in tumour CD8+ T‐lymphocytic infiltration (P = 0.057). An increase in tumour CD4+ T‐lymphocytic infiltration was associated with an increase in CD8+ T‐lymphocytic infiltration (P < 0.01).CONCLUSIONSThe present results suggest that tumour‐based factors such as interleukin‐6 receptor and COX‐2 expression or T‐lymphocytic subset infiltration are subordinate to systemic factors such as CRP level in determining survival in patients with localized RCC.
Prevalence of impaired awareness of hypoglycaemia in adults with Type 1 diabetes
Authors: Geddes J. , Schopman J. E. , Zammitt N. N. , Frier B. M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAims  Impaired awareness of hypoglycaemia (IAH) is thought to affect approximately 25% of people with Type 1 diabetes. While this estimate was based on retrospective information from patients in several small studies performed several years ago, validated methods of assessment have not been used in a large hospital clinic‐based population to ascertain the prevalence in the present era.Methods  Five hundred and eighteen people with Type 1 diabetes were recruited by random selection over a 2‐year period. Participants completed a questionnaire documenting baseline characteristics and assessment of their awareness status using the method described by Gold et al. The number of episodes of severe hypoglycaemia they had experienced in the preceding year was recorded retrospectively.Results  IAH was present in 19.5% of the cohort. Compared to those with normal awareness of hypoglycaemia, those with IAH were significantly older [mean ± standard deviation (sd); 39.3 ± 12.9 vs. 45.9 ± 13.5 years, P < 0.001], had a longer duration of diabetes [median (interquartile range) 14 (8–22) vs. 23 (14–32) years, P < 0.001], and had a six‐fold higher frequency of severe hypoglycaemia in the previous year [0.38 ± 1.04 (25th–75th centile 0–0) vs. 2.36 ± 4.81 (25th–75th centile 0–2) episodes per person, P < 0.001].Conclusions  The present survey of a large hospital‐based clinic population has confirmed that a significant proportion of people with Type 1 diabetes (19.5%) continue to have IAH. Despite improvements in insulin therapies, intensification of insulin regimens and innovative patient education, the prevalence of IAH remains high in Type 1 diabetes.
Transgenic tomato plants alter quorum sensing in plant growth‐promoting rhizobacteria
Authors: Barriuso Jorge , Ramos Solano Beatriz , Fray Rupert G. , Cámara Miguel , Hartmann Anton , Gutiérrez Mañero F. Javier 
Published: April 2008

SummaryTwo Gram‐negative, plant growth‐promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs), denominated as M12 and M14, were classified by 16S rDNA sequencing as Burkholderia graminis species. Both strains were shown to produce a variety of N‐acyl‐homoserine lactone (AHL) quorum sensing (QS) signalling molecules. The involvement of these molecules in plant growth promotion and the induction of protection against salt stress was examined. AHL production was evaluated in vitro by thin‐layer chromatography using AHL biosensors, and the identity of the AHLs produced was determined by liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry. The in situ production of AHLs by M12 and M14 in the rhizosphere of Arabidopsis thaliana plants was detected by co‐inoculation with green fluorescent protein‐based biosensor strains and confocal laser scanning microscopy. To determine whether plant growth promotion and protection against salt stress were mediated by QS, these PGPRs were assayed on wild‐type tomato plants, as well as their corresponding transgenics expressing YenI (short‐chain AHL producers) and LasI (long‐chain AHL producers). In wild‐type tomato plants, only M12 promoted plant growth, and this effect disappeared in both transgenic lines. In contrast, M14 did not promote growth in wild‐type tomatoes, but did so in the LasI transgenic line. Resistance to salt stress was induced by M14 in wild‐type tomato, but this effect disappeared in both transgenic lines. The strain M12, however, did not induce salt resistance in wild‐type tomato, but did so in LasI tomato plants. These results reveal that AHL QS signalling molecules mediate the ability of both PGPR strains M12 and M14 to promote plant growth and to induce protection against salt stress.
High‐density seedling expression system for the production of bioactive human cardiotrophin‐1, a potential therapeutic cytokine, in transgenic tobacco chloroplasts
Authors: Farran Imma , Río‐Manterola Francisco , Íñiguez María , Gárate Sonia , Prieto Jesús , Mingo‐Castel Angel M. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryHistidine‐tagged human cardiotrophin‐1 (hCT‐1), a recently discovered cytokine with excellent therapeutic potential, was expressed in tobacco chloroplasts under the transcriptional and translational control of two different promoters (rrn and psbA) and 5′‐untranslated regions (5′‐UTRs) (psbA and phage T7 gene 10). The psbA 5′‐UTR promotes recombinant hCT‐1 (rhCT‐1) accumulation in chloroplasts at higher levels (eight‐fold) than those obtained for the phage T7 gene 10 5′‐UTR, regardless of the promoter used, indicating that the correct choice of translational control element is most important for protein production in chloroplasts. The maximum level of rhCT‐1 achieved was 1.14 mg/g fresh weight (equivalent to 5% of total soluble protein) with the psbA promoter and 5′‐UTR in young leaves harvested after 32 h of continuous light, although the bioactivity was significantly lower (~35%) than that of commercial hCT‐1. However, harvesting in the dark or after 12 h of light did not result in a significant decrease in the bioactivity of rhCT‐1, suggesting that 32 h of over‐lighting affects the biological activity of rhCT‐1. Because high levels of rhCT‐1 accumulation took place mainly in young leaves, it is proposed that seedlings should be used in a ‘closed system’ unit, yielding up to 3.2 kg per year of rhCT‐1. This amount would be sufficient to meet the estimated annual worldwide needs of hCT‐1 for liver transplantation surgery in a cost‐effective manner. Furthermore, our strategy is an environmentally friendly method for the production of plant‐based biopharmaceuticals.
PROGRESS REPORT, CALENDAR YEAR 1970: HARVARD BUSINESS SCHOOL MULTINATIONAL ENTERPRISE PROJECT
Authors: Vesnon Raymond 
Published: April 2008

SUMMARYThis is the fifth annual progress report relating to the study of multinational enterprises at the Harvard Business School. This report is designed to provide an up‐to‐date picture of the state of the project without reference to prior annual reports.The project is thought of as the opening phase of an extended effort to understand certain aspects of the operations of the multinational enterprise. The product associated with the project when completed will consist of fourteen doctoral theses; about fifty articles in various journals and publications; and seven books. Among these books is one that synthesizes and extends the work embodied in the other publications of the project. The synthesizing volume is scheduled for publication in September 1971.The various publications are intended to illuminate the problems of the multinational enterprise in the fields of finance, organization, and business‐government relationships. At the same time, new light is being shed upon the role of multinational enterprises in international trade, capital movements, and technological transfers. The synthesizing volume also tries to relate the development of multinational enterprises to the structure of nation states, exploring where conflict may exist and adaptation may develop.Another major by‐product of the multinational enterprise study, already in existence, is an historical file tracing the development of some 11,000 foreign subsidiaries of U.S. parent companies from 1900 to 1967. These subsidiaries account for about 80 per cent of U.S. foreign direct investment. The file, which is being used extensively for various aspects of the multinational enterprise study, is also being made available to other researchers, both at the Harvard Business School and at other institutions, within the limits imposed by confidentiality commitments.
HARMONIZATION OF ECONOMIC POLICIES IN CUSTOMS UNIONS: THE ANDEAN GROUP*
Authors: Morawetz David 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTThe payer examines the conditions under which the formation of a customs union or free trade area makes some degree of harmonization of economic policies desirable, and the extent to which these conditions apply in the Andean Group customs union recently formed by Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. The policies analysed are those concerning tariffs, export subsidies, indirect taxes, exchange rates, planning and macro scabilization, intra‐union factor movements, foreign capital, and currency unification. Different conclusions as to the desirability of harmonizing the policies are derived depending on the specific type of harmonization considered and the assumptions which are made concerning concurrent harmonization of other policies.