bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Comparative Study On The Heat Release During The Combustion Of Coal And Oil Palm Biomass Charcoal Briquette Via Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
Authors: Aliyu Aminu Safana , N Abdullah , Zangina Tasiu 
Published: March 2024

The world is seriously searching for an alternative to fossil fuels due to their tremendous environmental effect. However, renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, hydropower, and biomass were anticipated to be alternative energies. In this study, the amount of heat generated from the combustion of coal and charcoal briquettes derived from oil palm biomass was investigated and compared. Charcoal briquettes were made from the biochar obtained after the pyrolysis of empty fruit bunches (EFB) and mesocarp fibre (MF). Coal and charcoal briquettes were subjected to combustion via thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) at a 10oC min-1 heating rate to a maximum temperature of 850oC. The ignition and burnout temperatures were 235oC and 675oC for EFB, 254oC and 788oC for MF, and 368oC and 770oC for coal. The maximum heat released 0.06 W was obtained from EFB charcoal briquette followed by 0.05 W and 0.04 W from coal and MF charcoal briquette, respectively. This finding indicated that charcoal briquettes derived from oil palm biomass (EFB) could be one of the potential solid fuels that can be used for coal replacement.
Keywords: biomass, heat release, combustion, coal, charcoal briquette, TGA
Factors Contributing to Oil Losses in Crude Palm Oil Production Process in Malaysia: A Review
Authors: Mohd Nadzim Ummi Kalsum Hasanah , Yunus Robiah , Omar Rozita , Lim Bo Yuan 
Published: March 2024

One of the key performance indicators of the palm oil mill is the oil extraction rate (OER), indicating the amount of oil that can be extracted from the fresh fruit bunches (FFB). The OER currently fluctuates throughout the years. Thus, this paper reviews the technical factors contributing to the fluctuation of OER in terms of oil losses in the crude palm oil (CPO) production process in Malaysia. The sources of oil losses could be attributed to oil palm planting materials, loose fruits, ripe bunches and unstripped bunches (USB) andprevention actions have been reported by several researchers. High oil losses also occur at the waste streams during processing, such as steriliser condensate, pressed mesocarp fibre and sludge from clarification process.Moreover, oil losses have a significant impact on CPO revenue. The future outlook of Malaysian CPO is promising for CPO export, import and revenue in the year 2020 due to the implementation of biodiesel (B7, B10 and B20) in the industrial and transport sectors. All relevant parties in the palm oil industry should understand the factors contributing to oil losses for necessary actions taken to improve OER and reduce oil losses as well as achieve a sustainable palm oil industry.
Keywords; palm oil, oil loss, oil extraction rate, sustainable
Shock index for prehospital sepsis recognition
Authors: Banerjee Anjali , Barbera Andrew , Melton James , Banerjee Paul 
Published: March 2024

Objective The authors of this study aimed to assess the effectiveness of prehospital shock index (SI) and modified shock index (MSI) as predictors for sepsis and related outcomes. They aimed to determine whether the SI and MSI correlated with hyperlactatemia, which is considered a marker of sepsis severity and a predictor of poor prognosis. Methods This was a prospective cohort study including all adult patients transported by our county EMS system as per our system’s prehospital sepsis protocol. The study was approved by our medical school’s institutional review board. Results The study cohort included 1,426 patients. Of these, 969 had an elevated SI. The initial SI ranged from 0.260 to 2.840, with a median of 1.11, and 68% had a “positive” SI (>1.0). The initial MSI ranged from 0.336 to 3.727, with a median of 1.465, and 74% of the cohort had a “positive” MSI (<0.7, or >1.3). Of the patients, 92% had repeat vitals during transport, and the second SI was elevated in 41%. The study found that patients with an elevated SI were significantly more likely to have an elevated lactate (P=0.0309) and be admitted for sepsis (P<0.0001, 95% CI 0.1038 to 0.2714). Patients with an elevated serum lactate were significantly more likely to die during their hospital stay (P<0.0001, 95% CI 0.1503 to 0.3210) with an odds ratio of 2.38 (95% CI 1.59 to 3.56). Conclusion The study data suggest that an elevated shock index >1 can be used as a surrogate marker for elevated lactate, which in turn correlates with sepsis and poor outcomes following sepsis.
Efficient Carbonylation of Aryl and Heteroaryl Bromides using a Palladium/Diadamantylbutylphosphine Catalyst
Authors: Neumann Helfried , Brennführer Anne , Groß Peter , Riermeier Thomas , Almena Juan , Beller Matthias 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA general palladium‐catalyzed alkoxycarbonylation of aryl and heteroaryl bromides has been developed in the presence of bulky monodentate phosphines. Studies of the butoxycarbonylation of three model substrates revealed the advantages of di‐1‐adamantyl‐n‐butylphosphine compared to other ligands. In the presence of this catalyst system various bromoarenes provided the corresponding benzoic acid derivatives (ester, amides, acids) in excellent yield at low catalyst loadings (0.5 mol % Pd or below).
Enzymatic Transformations; 61. Preparation of Enantiopure Trifluoromethyl‐Substituted Aromatic Epoxides and Vicinal Diols using the Aspergillus niger Epoxide Hydrolase‐Catalysed Resolution
Authors: Deregnaucourt Justine , Archelas Alain , Barbirato Fabien , Paris Jean‐Marc , Furstoss Roland 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe resolution of eight differently substituted trifluoromethylstyrene oxide derivatives was explored using the Aspergillus niger epoxide hydrolase. The obtained results indicate that all (but one) epoxides were efficiently processed by this enzyme, under very mild experimental conditions. The specific activity and the enantioselectivity of the enzyme against each substrate were determined. Circular dichroism analysis was also performed, allowing us to establish the absolute configuration of the products.
Prognostic value of bone marrow angiogenesis in multiple myeloma: Use of light microscopy as well as computerized image analyzer in the assessment of microvessel density and total vascular area in multiple myeloma and its correlation with various clinical, histological, and laboratory parameters
Authors: Bhatti Sahibinder Singh , Kumar Lalit , Dinda Amit Kumar , Dawar Ramesh 
Published: July 2006

AbstractWe studied the prognostic value of parameters of angiogenesis on bone marrow biopsies in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (MM) patients. Angiogenesis parameters studied were the microvessel count done manually on light microscopy (MVD‐A), microvessel count done by using computerized image analyzer (MVD‐B), and total vascular area (TVA) measured by computerized image analyzer. One hundred ten newly diagnosed cases of MM treated at Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, were analyzed with respect to clinical features, laboratory findings, histological features, angiogenesis parameters, and responses to the treatment on follow‐up. Twenty age‐ and sex‐matched controls were studied for comparing with angiogenesis of the test cases. Bone marrow microvessels were examined using immunohistochemical staining for CD34. MVD‐A (range 4.9–85.2; mean 28.2; SD 19.4), MVD‐B (range 2.0–26.9; mean 11.7; SD 5.9), and TVA measured in percentage (range 0.1–17.1; mean 2.4; SD 2.5) were measured for test cases (n = 110). Grading of angiogenesis parameters of the test cases were done; such that angiogenesis parameters of controls (taken as baseline) were grade I. There was a statistically highly significant correlation between (MVD‐A vs MVD‐B, pcc = 0.92; MVD‐A vs TVA, pcc = 0.78; MVD‐B vs TVA, pcc = 0.76). The myeloma cases had significantly higher angiogenesis parameters when compared with controls (Kruskall‐Wallis test, P < 0.001). “Complete responders” (n = 38/110) had significant lower angiogenesis (Mann‐Whitney U test, P < 0.001) than “nonresponders” (n = 72/110). On treatment follow‐up “rapid disease progressors” had the highest levels of angiogenesis (mean rank for MVD‐A = 84.7, MVD‐B = 82.1, and TVA = 81.1). On multivariate (logistic regression) analysis, factors found to have independent prognostic significance in complete responders (adjusted odd ratio (95% CI, P value)] were: (a) MVD‐B grade I [0.134 (0.10–0.16, P < 0.001)], (b) clinical substage A [0.163 (0.12–0.19, P = 0.008)], (c) Bartl's histological stage II & I [0.262 (0.2–0.32, P = 0.021)], (d) MVD‐A grade I [0.28 (0.22–0.36, P = 0.03)], (e) β2 microglobulin levels less than 3,400 ng/dl [0.31 (0.23–0.42, P = 0.04)]. Kaplan‐Meier survival analysis for myeloma‐related death (n = 16) shows a mean survival time (in months) of 24.75; SE = 3; 95% CI = 21–28. We conclude that MVD (particularly MVD‐B) is a very good predictor for the complete response in patients of MM and should be done routinely on bone marrow biopsies. Am. J. Hematol., 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interleukin‐1 Gene Complex in Schizophrenia: An Association Study*
Authors: Saiz Pilar A. , Garcia‐Portilla Maria P. , Arango Celso , Morales Blanca , Martinez‐Barrondo Sara , Alvarez Victoria , Coto Eliecer , Fernandez Juan , Bousono Manuel , Bobes Julio 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe aim of this study is to investigate the association between three polymorphisms of the interleukin‐1 (IL‐1) gene complex and schizophrenia. We genotyped 228 outpatients with schizophrenia (DSM‐IV criteria) and 419 unrelated healthy controls. The following polymorphisms were analyzed: IL‐1α −889 C/T, IL‐1β +3953 C/T, and IL‐1RA (86 bp)n. No significant differences in genotype or in allelic distribution of the Il‐1α, IL‐1β, and IL‐1RA polymorphisms were found. Estimated haplotype frequencies were similar in both groups. Our data do not suggest that genetically determined changes in the IL‐1 gene complex confer increased susceptibility for schizophrenia. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Probabilistic large‐area mapping of seagrass species distributions
Authors: Holmes K.W. , Van Niel K.P. , Kendrick G.A. , Radford B. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Aerial photograph classification was used to map perennial thick canopy seagrass presence/absence over a large area (85 km2) off the coast of Western Australia. Within those areas mapped as seagrass, a geostatistical nonparametric interpolation method was applied to map the probability of seagrass species presence from underwater tow video. Multiple species mixtures were mapped at fixed probability thresholds of 0.95, 0.75, 0.50, and 0.25. Taxa included Amphibolis spp., Posidonia coriacea, P. sinuosa, P. australis and ephemeral species (Halophila and Zostera tasmanica (newly named as Heterozostera polychlamys)).
The most commonly occurring species were respectively Amphibolis spp., Posidonia coriacea, P. sinuosa, P. australis, and the ephemeral species. Amphibolis, P. coriacea, and the ephemeral species were mapped predominantly as mixed assemblages (71–89% mixed), whereas P. sinuosa and P. australis were typically mapped as single species.
Different species growth habits led to distinctive differences in large area distributions. All species were highly variable over short distances (<500 m), and spatial dependence persisted over more than 5 km. However, Posidonia sinuosa meadows were oriented with the longest axis running north–south, and a shorter axis running east–west perpendicular to the coastline (spatial dependence to 2.8 km and 0.8 km, respectively). The ephemeral species were less successfully mapped, largely owing to the potentially different growth patterns of the grouped species, and because their full extent could not be captured by the aerial photograph classification.
The individual biology of each species results in unique landscape features where Posidonia sinuosa forms larger continuous and predominantly monospecific meadows, whereas the more common Amphibolis and P. coriacea form multi‐species patchy meadows. These mapped features suggest that the emergence of species patterns in seagrass landscapes is influenced by differences in clonal growth among seagrass species.
Probabilistic species mapping provided information unavailable from discretely classified maps, and facilitates targeted sampling for improving map accuracy, and for more realistically evaluating species and mixed species distribution predictions. The kriging approach, although not well suited for all types of vegetation data, performed well for clonal seagrasses.
Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of the sampling scale on zooplankton community assessment and its implications for the conservation of temporary ponds in south‐west Spain
Authors: Fahd Khalid , Florencio Margarita , Keller Claudia , Serrano Laura 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The zooplankton (rotifer and microcrustacean) assemblages of temporary ponds in the Doñana National Park (south‐west Spain) have been compared in two surveys of contrasting scales that resulted in the same number of samples: an extensive survey of 36 ponds sampled in May 1998 (or widespread survey) and a survey of nine ponds sampled four times over 2 years (or cumulative survey).
The total number of microcrustacean and rotifer taxa was larger in the cumulative survey (43 and 41 taxa, respectively) than in the widespread survey (39 and 34, respectively). Crustacean assemblages became less alike throughout the cumulative survey.
The presence of invertebrates (Coleoptera, Odonata, Heteroptera and crayfish) and aquatic vertebrates (fish and salamanders) was recorded as an estimate of potential predator impact on zooplankton. Several pond features (water depth, conductivity, pH, chlorophyll a concentration, distance to the nearest permanent pond and to the marsh) were also measured in both surveys.
A combination of these environmental factors was more strongly related to the similarity matrices derived from the zooplankton assemblages of the cumulative survey (Rho=0.7) than to those of the widespread survey (Rho<0.4). The distance of ponds to the marsh was an important factor in explaining this correlation as well as the strongest factor in the ordination of crustacean assemblages following a CCA.
Predation by exotic fish in long‐hydroperiod ponds where overflow drains to the nearby marsh (fish source) is the mechanism likely to explain the changes in crustacean composition recorded in the cumulative survey.
The cumulative survey was more suitable for the study of zooplankton diversity as it rendered a higher number of taxa and gave more insight into the mechanisms that explain taxon richness. Thus, conservation strategies in temporary habitats require a scale of observation that includes long temporal changes.
Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modal relationships as stylistic features: Examples from Seljuk and Celtic patterns
Authors: Özkar Mine , Lefford Nyssim 
Published: July 2006

AbstractStyles in creative works cannot adequately be represented by categories based on formal features. Instead, styles could be studied in terms of modal relationships between the features to provide a basis for definitions of structure in generative models. Modal relationships are more flexible and robust under the dynamic conditions of the artist's creative process. This article illustrates through the examples of Seljuk and Celtic patterns how these modal relationships emerge, why they are essential to detailed descriptions of style, and how they might be identified.
A flexible method for preparation of peptide homo‐ and heterodimers functionalized with affinity probes, chelating ligands, and latent conjugating groups
Authors: Pillai Radhakrishna , Marinelli Edmund R. , Swenson Rolf E. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractDimerization of peptides can provide high binding entities to serve as targeted diagnostics or therapeutics. We developed methods for the preparation of homo‐ and heterodimer peptides bearing functional molecules (affinity probes, chelating ligands, or latent conjugating moieties). Monomer peptides, optionally bearing spacer groups, are tethered using a bifunctional linker, (di‐succinimidyl glutarate, DSG) to provide the dimers. Protected or unprotected peptides can be employed for dimer assembly. Multiple lysine Nϵ‐amino groups are controlled using the (4,4‐dimethyl‐2,6‐dioxocyclohex‐1‐ylidene)‐3‐methylbutyl (ivDde) protecting group. Functional molecules are optionally incorporated into the component peptides or into the assembled dimer. The methods are efficient and scaleable. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 84: 576–585, 2006This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Novel isosteric, isopolar phosphonate analogs of oligonucleotides: Preparation and properties
Authors: Točík Zdeněk , Barvík, Ivan , Buděšínský Miloš , Rosenberg Ivan 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA synthetic approach leading to novel‐type modified oligothymidylates containing an isosteric, isopolar, enzyme‐stable C3′‐O‐P‐CH2‐O‐C4″ phosphonate alternative to phosphodiester internucleotide bond was elaborated. The suitable monomers were prepared from 4′‐phosphonomethoxy derivatives of α‐L‐threo and β‐D‐erythro‐2′,5′‐dideoxythymidine, which were considered interesting as structurally related to nucleoside 5′‐monophosphates. The phosphotriester method was applied to the automated synthesis of both homooligomeric phosphonate 15‐mer chains and alternating phosphonate–phosphate constructs. The fully modified homooligomers did not hybridize while homooligomers with alternating sequences containing α‐L‐threo–configured units (but not β‐D‐erythro–) showed a significant decrease in Tm values in comparison with natural dT15. For a comparative study, phosphodiester 4′‐CH3–substituted oligothymidylate was synthesized and physical studies (NMR, CD, MDS modeling) were undertaken to shed more light on the changes in conformational behavior arising from the chosen structural alterations. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 83: 400–413, 2006This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Low frequency resonance Raman spectra of isolated α and β subunits of hemoglobin and their deuterated analogues
Authors: Podstawka Edyta , Mak Piotr J. , Kincaid James R. , Proniewicz Leonard M. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIn an attempt to gain further insight into the nature of the low frequency vibrational modes of hemoglobin and its isolated subunits, a comprehensive study of several different isotopically labeled analogues has been undertaken and is reported herein. Specifically, the resonance Raman spectra, between 200 and 500 cm−1, are reported for the deoxy and ligated (CO and O2) forms of the isolated α and β subunits containing the natural abundance or various deuterated analogues of protoheme. The deuterated protoheme analogues studied include the 1,3,5,8‐C2H3‐protoheme (d12‐ protoheme), the 1,3‐C2H3‐protoheme (1,3‐d6‐protoheme), the 5,8‐C2H3‐protoheme (5,8‐d6‐protoheme), and the meso‐C2H4‐protoheme (d4‐protoheme). The entire set of acquired spectra has been analyzed using a deconvolution procedure to help correlate the shifted modes with their counterparts in the spectra of the native forms. Interestingly, modes previously associated with so‐called vinyl bending modes or propionate deformation modes are shown to be quite sensitive to deuteration of the peripheral methyl groups of the macrocycle, shifting by up to 12–15 cm−1, revealing their complex nature. Of special interest is the fact that shifts observed for the 1,3‐d6‐ and 5,8‐d6‐protoheme analogues confirm the fact that certain modes are associated with a given portion of the macrocycle; i.e., only certain modes shift upon deuteration of the 1 and 3 methyl groups, while others shift upon deuteration of the 5 and 8 methyl groups. Compared with the spectra previously reported for the corresponding myoglobin derivatives, the data reported here reveal the appearance of several additional features that imply splitting of modes associated with the propionate groups or that are indicative of greater distortion of the heme prosthetic groups. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 83: 455–466, 2006This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
The effect of Z‐FA.FMK on D‐galactosamine/TNF‐α‐induced liver injury in mice
Authors: Gezginci S. , Bolkent S. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractCathepsin B is a cysteine proteinase, considered to have an important role in apoptosis, which is activated by D‐galactosamine and tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (D‐GalN/TNF‐α). Benzyloxycarbonyl‐L‐phenylalanine fluoromethyl ketone (Z‐FA.FMK) is a cathepsin B inhibitor used in research on apoptotic pathways. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of Z‐FA.FMK on apoptotic cell death, cell proliferation and liver damage induced by a D‐GalN/TNF‐α combination in mice. In the study, 1 h after administration of 8 mg/kg Z‐FA.FMK by intravenous injection, D‐GalN (700 mg/kg) and TNF‐α (15 µg/kg) were administered by a single intraperitoneal injection. In the group given D‐GalN/TNF‐α, the following results were found: Degenerative changes in the liver tissue, significant increase in the number of both TUNEL and activated caspase‐3‐positive hepatocytes, a decrease in the number of PCNA‐positive hepatocytes, an increase in lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels and a decrease in glutathione (GSH) and DNA levels in the liver tissue. In contrast, in the group given D‐GalN/TNF‐α and Z‐FA.FMK, a decrease in the damage of the liver tissue, a significant decrease in TUNEL and activated caspase‐3‐positive hepatocytes, a significant increase in the number of PCNA‐positive hepatocytes, a decrease in the LPO levels, an increase in GSH and DNA levels in the liver tissue were found. As a result, microscopic and biochemical evaluations indicate that Z‐FA.FMK plays a protective role against liver injury induced by D‐GalN/TNF‐α and it has an inverse effect on hepatocyte apoptosis and proliferation in BALB/c mice. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.