bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sunflower‐Oil Wax Reduction by Seed Solvent Washing
Authors: Baümler Erica R. , Crapiste Guillermo H. , Carelli Amalia A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWax distribution in sunflower seeds was determined by capillary‐gas chromatography, as well as both the wax composition in sunflower oils obtained from washed seeds and the wax composition in the solvent extracts. The dehulling efficiency was evaluated by using a laboratory centrifugal process. The washing effect on hull morphology and on wax distribution was observed by scanning‐electron microscopy. Washing preferentially removed the crystallized fraction, hexane being the most effective solvent. Short contact times (20 s) at 25–40 °C were sufficient to extract the insoluble waxes by hexane washing. The extracted material consisted of C40–C54 waxes with higher percentages of extracted C44, C46 and C48. These are superficially in the hull of sunflower seed presenting a non‐uniform distribution as observed by microscopy. Solvent washing with pre‐heating of the seeds caused a decrease in sample moisture content, which reduced dehulling ability. Ethanol‐washed seeds were the easiest to dehull, but higher production of fines was also observed. Solvent washing improves both the dehulling‐seed ability increment and the recovery of sunflower waxes as a by‐product for commercial use.
Lampreys, lungfish and elasmobranchs: Cambridge zoology and the politics of animal selection
Authors: BLACKMAN HELEN 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe Cambridge school of animal morphology dominated British zoology in the late nineteenth century. Historians have argued that they were very successful until the death of their leader F. M. Balfour in 1882, when the school all but died with him. This paper argues that their initial success came about because their work fitted well with the university in the 1870s and 1880s. They attempted to trace evolutionary trees by studying individual development. To do this they needed access to species they considered primitive. Balfour made use of his social networks to aid the school and to collect the specimens they needed for their work. The school has been portrayed as failing in the 1890s when students rejected dry laboratory-bound studies. However, a new generation of researchers who followed Balfour had to travel extensively if they were to obtain the organisms they needed. International travel was popular amongst zoologists and the Cambridge school developed their own extensive networks. A new breed of adventurer–zoologists arose, but because of the school's tenuous position within the university they were unable to equal Balfour's success.
The vein of Labbe masquerading as an epidural abscess
Authors: Kraus M , Shelef I , Niv A , Kaplan D M 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe occipitotemporal vein (OTV) courses over the temporal lobe, connecting the superficial middle cerebral vein and the transverse sinus. This vein is rarely identifiable on computerized tomography (CT) scans and a large amount of contrast is needed to identify such a relatively small vessel. We present a 12-month-old male with acute coalescent mastoiditis and a subperiosteal abscess. An epidural abscess was suspected on pre-operative CT scan. No abscess was found on surgery. Based on the surgical finding, we determined that this misdiagnosis was due to a vascular variant, the occipitotemporal vein (vein of Labbe) that masqueraded as an abcess on the CT scan. Recognition of the vein of Labbe on CT scan is therefore essential for the appropriate management of otological and neurotological disease.
Malignant triton tumour of the parapharyngeal space: a case arising from the cervical sympathetic nerve
Authors: Yang B-B , Jiang H , Chang H-Y 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBackground:Malignant triton tumour is a relatively rare, aggressive sarcoma comprising both malignant schwannoma cells and malignant rhabdomyoblasts. Malignant triton tumour of the parapharyngeal space is exceptionally rare, with only one case being described in the literature. Malignant triton tumour of the cervical sympathetic nerve has not previously been reported.Methods:We report a case involving the parapharyngeal space and arising from the cervical sympathetic nerve, and we review the management and outcome of the previous case reported in this rare location.Conclusions:The parapharyngeal space is a unique location. Owing to this specific localisation, adjuvant therapy in addition to complete resection may be important in the treatment of malignant triton tumour in this rare location.
The Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma system: a new classification of allergic rhinitis and nasal responsiveness
Authors: Sheahan P , McConn-Walsh R , Walsh M , Costello R W 
Published: May 2007

AbstractObjectives and hypothesis:Allergic rhinitis has traditionally been classified into seasonal and perennial rhinitis. However, many subjects with dual sensitisation do not fit neatly into either category. Recently, the Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma workshop has proposed a new allergic rhinitis classification, into intermittent and persistent forms. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether the symptomatic and secretory responsiveness of allergic rhinitis sufferers correlated well with the Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma classification, compared with the traditional classification.Study design:Experimental study.Methods:Forty subjects with allergic rhinitis and 13 normal controls underwent a unilateral nasal bradykinin challenge protocol. Symptom scores were recorded and secretion weights measured bilaterally using filter paper disks. The symptomatic and secretory responses of allergic subjects were analysed according to both the traditional and the Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma classifications, and the two systems were compared.Results:For both classification systems, the two groups of allergic subjects were clearly demarcated by secretory responses. However, after classification according to the traditional system, there was a lack of clear demarcation between the groups as regards symptomatic response, whereas clear demarcation of symptomatic responses was seen after using the Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma classification.Conclusions:In allergic rhinitis subjects, the degree of nasal responsiveness was closely related to their Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma classification. Furthermore, this classification was not compromised by the inclusion of subjects with dual sensitisation. Thus, the Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma classification may have advantages for future research studies on allergic rhinitis.
A new decay channel for compressional Alfvén waves in plasmas
Authors: BRODIN G. , SHUKLA P. K. , STENFLO L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWe present a new efficient wave decay channel involving nonlinear interactions between a compressional Alfvén wave, a kinetic Alfvén wave, and a modified ion sound wave in a magnetized plasma. It is found that the wave coupling strength of the ideal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) theory is much increased when the effects due to the Hall current are included in a Hall–MHD description of wave–wave interactions. In particular, with a compressional Alfvén pump wave well described by the ideal MHD theory, we find that the growth rate is very high when the decay products have wavelengths of the order of the ion thermal gyroradius or shorter, in which case they must be described by the Hall–MHD equations. The significance of our results to the heating of space and laboratory plasmas as well as for the Solar corona and interstellar media are highlighted.
Religious involvement and depressive symptoms in primary care elders
Authors: KING D. A. , LYNESS J. M. , DUBERSTEIN P. R. , HE H. , TU X. M. , SEABURN D. B. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTBackgroundMultiple lines of evidence indicate relationships between religious involvement and depression, although the specific nature of the relationships is yet to be clarified. Moreover, there appear to be no well controlled longitudinal studies to date examining this issue in primary care elders.MethodThe authors assessed the linear and non-linear relationships between three commonly identified types of religious involvement and observer-rated depressive symptoms in 709 primary care elders assessed at baseline and 1-year follow-up.ResultsCross-sectional analyses revealed a curvilinear, U-shaped association between depressive symptoms and organizational religious activity, an inverse linear relationship of depressive symptoms with private religious involvement, and a positive relationship of depressive symptoms with intrinsic religiosity. Longitudinal analyses revealed a U-shaped association between depressive symptoms and private religious involvement, such that those reporting moderate levels of private religiosity at baseline evidenced lower levels of depressive symptoms at 1-year follow-up than those reporting either high or low levels of private religious activity.ConclusionsThe relationships between religious involvement and depression in primary care elders are complex and dependent on the type of religiosity measured. The authors found the strongest evidence for an association of non-organizational, private religious involvement and the severity of depressive symptoms, although further study is warranted using carefully controlled longitudinal designs that test for both linear and curvilinear relationships.
Is the adapted Radimer/Cornell questionnaire valid to measure food insecurity of urban households in Tehran, Iran?
Authors: Zerafati_Shoae Nahid , Omidvar Nasrin , Ghazi-Tabatabaie Mahmood , Houshiar_Rad Anahita , Fallah Hajieh , Mehrabi Yadollah 
Published: May 2007

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the validity of the adapted Radimer/Cornell questionnaire to measure food insecurity in low-income urban households in Tehran, the capital of Iran.DesignThe Radimer/Cornell questionnaire was modified and used to assess the applicability, validity and reliability of such a measure in a culturally different context of urban households in Tehran. Factor analysis and Cronbach's α were used to assess validity and reliability, respectively. Socio-economic characteristics and food consumption frequency of the household were used to assess the criterion validity of the questionnaire.SettingDistrict 20 of Tehran.SubjectsA sample of 250 Iranian nuclear households with at least one child aged 1–18 years and a non-pregnant, non-lactating woman of reproductive age, selected through a multistage random sampling method.ResultsThree scales, labelled as household, individual and child hunger, were extracted through factor analysis using varimax rotation. Internal consistency of the scales was 0.897, 0.820 and 0.796, respectively. Individual insecurity and child hunger were inversely correlated with monthly per capita income, father's education, mother's education and father's occupational status, and positively correlated with household size, as expected. However, household insecurity did not follow the same pattern. Consumption frequency of fruits, vegetables, dairy, red meat and rice declined as food insecurity status worsened, while bread and potato consumption increased.ConclusionThe results show that a modified version of the Radimer/Cornell questionnaire is a valid and reliable instrument to measure household food insecurity in a culturally different context. However, further modifications seem necessary to measure food insecurity at household level. Results lend support to the utility and applicability of experience-based measures in varying cultural communities.
Direct Democracy Matters for Economic Performance: An Empirical Investigation
Authors: Feld Lars P. , Savioz Marcel R. 
Published: May 2007

SUMMARYSince the sixties, the discussion whether democracy is a precondition for or a result of economic growth has not yet been finished. In this paper a comparative institutional analysis of the relative performance of direct and representative democratic decision making in the Swiss economy is undertaken using a cross section of the 26 Swiss states in 1989 and pooled cross section time series data for the states from 1982 to 1993. The empirical results and robustness tests support the hypothesis that the stronger control of the representatives by the voters due to obligatory and optional referenda leads to better economic performance.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGSeit den sechziger Jahren diskutieren Sozialwissenschaftler darüber, welche Auswirkungen De‐mokiatie auf das wirtschaftliche Wachstum eines Landes hat. In diesem Aufsatz wird der Einfluss direkt‐ und repräsentativ‐demokratischer Entscheidungsprozesse in einer vergleichenden institutionellen Analyse unter Verwendung von kantonalen Querschnittsdaten für 1989 und gepoolten Querschnitts‐ und Zeitreihendaten für den Zeitraum von 1982 bis 1993 untersucht. Die empirischen Ergebnisse und unterschiedliche Robustheitstests stützen die Hypothese, dass die stärkere Kontrolle der Repräsentanten durch die Stimmbürger mit Hilfe von obligatorischen und fakultativen Referenden zu einer relativ besseren wirtschaftlichen Leistungsfähigkeit führt.RÉSUMÉLa question de savoir si les institutions démocratiques ont un effet positif ou negatif sur le développement économique est discutée depuis les années soixante à soixante‐dix. La présente étude économétrique compare l'effet de différents types d'institutions démocratiques (démocratic représentative et directe) sur le développement économique. A cette fin nous analysons le niveau de développement économique des cantons suisses en fonction de leurs institutions politiques. Les résultats empiriques, qui se révèlent robustes dans différents tests, appuient l'hypothèse qu'un contr&#x006f;&#x030c;le plus étroit des élus par le référendum facultatif ou obligatoire conduit à une plus grande performance économique.
Seigniorage and the Transfer of Central Bank Profits to the Government
Authors: Baltensperger Ernst , Jordan Thomas J. 
Published: May 2007

SUMMARYThis paper reconsiders different questions related to the transfer of central bank profits to the government. We arrive at three main conclusions: I) The extent to which central bank profits are transferred is irrelevant, economically speaking, as long as fiscal spending is independent of the size of the transfers; 2) The asset structure should reflect the needs of the central bank to ensure the credibility of its money. Portfolio return is of secondaly importance; 3) In order to minimize the spending response of the fiscal authority, transfers of central bank profits should evolve at a constant rate which reflects an average of previous profits.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGIn diesem Aufsatz werden verschiedene Fragen im Zusammenhang mit der Überweisung von Zentralbankgewinnen an die Fiskalbehörde diskutiert. Es können drei Hauptschlussfolgerungen gezogen werden: I) Das Ausmasq der Gewinnüberweisung ist irrelevant, solange das Ausgabever‐halten der Fiskalbehörde davon unabhängig ist: 2) Die Aktivenstruktur sollte dem Bedürfnis der Zentralbank dienen, die Glaubwüdigkeit ihres Geldes zu garantieren. Die Rentabilität hat eine zweitrangige Bedeutung; 3) Um die Reaktion des Ausgabeverhaltens der Fiskalbehörde zu mini‐mieren, sollten die Überweisungen uber längere Zeit konstant gehalten werden und einem Durchschnitt aus früheren Gewinnen entsprechen.RÉSUMÉCet article considi‐re des questions différentes concernant le transfert des bénéfices de la banque centrale au gouvernement. II y a trois conclusions principales: I) L'étendue des bénétkes transférés n'a pas d'importance si les dépenses fiscales n'en dépendent pas: 2) La structure des actifs devrait retléter le besoin de la banque centrale d'assurer la crédibilité de sa monnaie. La rentabilité n'a qu'une importance secondaire; 3) Pour réduire I'augmentation des dépenses du gouvernement, le transfert des bénéfices de la banque centrale devrait évoluer d'une façon constante et refléter la moyenne des bénéfices précédents
Monetary Policy Implications of Digital Money
Authors: Berentsen Aleksander 
Published: May 2007

SUMMARYThe term digital money refers to various proposed electronic payment mechanisms designed to use by consumers to make retail payments. These mechanism are based either on wart cards or on network money. Smart cards could potentially replace currency as the predominant means to pay for retail purchases. Software‐based digital money products (network money) bring cheap electronic funds transfers to individuals and small firms. This paper examines how digital money affects the demand for money and how this process, in turn, affects the demand for reserves, monetary control, and the monetary transmission mechanism.ZUSAMMENFASSGNGDer Begriff ‘Digitales Geld’ bezieht sich auf verschiedene Vorschläge fur elektronische Zahlung‐ssysteme, die von den Konsuinenten zur Bezahlung von Einkäufen im Einzelhandel verwendet werden können. Diese Zahlungssysteme basieren entweder auf ‘smart cards’ oder auf ‘Netzwerk‐geld’. Smart cards können möglicherweise Bargeld als vorherrschendes Zahlungsmittel im Einzelhandel ersetzen. Software‐basierte digitale Geldprodukte (Netzwerkgeld) ermöglichen demgegenüber einen billigen Transfer von Geld an Einzelpersonen und kleine Unternehmen. Dieses Papier untersucht, wie digitales Geld die Geldnachfrage beeinflusst und welche Auswirkungen dies wiederum auf die Nachfrage nach Reserven. die Kontrolle der Geldmenge und die montären Transmissionsinechanisinen hat.RÉSUMÉLe terme monnaie digitale se refère à différents méchanismes de payment, ayant été proposées pour étre utilisés par les consomateurs pour effectuer leurs payments quotidiens. Ces méchanismens sont basés sur le principe de la ‘smart card’ ou du ‘network money’. Les ‘smart cards’ pourraient remplacer la inonnaie comme méchanism de payment prédominant pour I'achat quotidien. Par contre, le ‘network money’, monnaie digitale basée sur des logiciels, apporte une méthode peu cou&#x030c;teuse pour les personnes particulières et les petites entreprises pour effectuer leurs transfers monétaires. Cet article examine comment la monnaie digitale influence la demande de la monnaie, et comment ce processus influence la demande pour les reserves monétaires, le contr&#x006f;&#x030c;le monétaire. ainsi que les méchanisines de transfers monétaires.
Haemodynamic changes and heart rate variability during midazolam‐propofol co‐induction*
Authors: Win Ni Ni , Kohase H. , Yoshikawa F. , Wakita R. , Takahashi M. , Kondo N. , Ushito D. , Umino M. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryIn a prospective, blind, randomised study, we examined the effects of midazolam‐propofol co‐induction on haemodynamic (blood pressure, heart rate and stroke volume) and heart rate variability. The latter was measured by spectral analysis using the maximum‐entropy method to calculate the following: the low frequency component (LF), which reflects both the cardiac sympathetic and parasympathetic activity, the high frequency component (HF) and entropy, which reflects the cardiac parasympathetic activity, the total power (TP), calculated by the addition of LF and HF, and the LF/HF ratio, which reflects the balance between the cardiac sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous activity. Forty patients were randomly allocated to the propofol group and the midazolam‐propofol group, and the parameters described above were calculated at baseline (T1), post induction (T2), after tracheal intubation (T3), and 3 min (T4) and 5 min after intuba‐tion (T5). Propofol was administered at 2.5 mg.kg−1 in the propofol group and midazolam at 0.1 mg.kg−1 followed by propofol at 1.5 mg.kg−1 in the midazolam‐propofol group for anaesthesia induction. Then, propofol was administered at 4–6 mg.kg−1propofol for maintenance in both groups. The midazolam‐propofol group showed compensated haemodynamic changes, which were related to significant increases in the LF/HF ratio at T2, T4 and T5 (p = 0.011, 0.038 and 0.034). These results suggest that the midazolam‐propofol combination yielded compensated modulatory effects on the cardiovascular system, including preserved baroreflex activity.
Bilateral intra‐oral, infra‐orbital nerve block for postoperative analgesia following cleft lip repair in paediatric patients: comparison of bupivacaine vs bupivacaine–pethidine combination
Authors: Jonnavithula N. , Durga P. , Kulkarni D. K. , Ramachandran G. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThis prospective, randomised, double blind study compared the efficacy of pethidine as an adjuvant to bupivacaine with the efficacy of bupivacaine alone for infra‐orbital nerve block in alleviating postoperative pain in children undergoing cleft lip repair. Forty paediatric patients aged between 5 and 60 months undergoing cleft lip repair were randomly allocated to two groups of 20. After tracheal intubation, group B received bilateral intra‐oral, infra‐orbital nerve block with 1 ml of 0.25% bupivacaine on each side and group P received 1 ml of 0.25% bupivacaine along with 0.25 mg.kg−1 body weight pethidine. Sedation after recovery from anaesthesia was assessed using the University of Michigan Sedation Scale (UMSS) and pain was assessed postoperatively up to 36 h using the FLACC scale (Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability). The median (IQR) duration of analgesia from the time of administration of block in group B was 18 h (14.2–20) compared to 29.1 h (24–36) in group P (p = 0.001). Addition of pethidine as an adjunct to local anaesthetic significantly prolonged the duration of postoperative analgesia without any adverse effects.
Airway topicalisation in morbidly obese patients using atomised lidocaine: 2% compared with 4%*
Authors: Wieczorek P. M. , Schricker T. , Vinet B. , Backman S. B. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryWe evaluated the technique of airway anaesthesia using atomised lidocaine for awake oral fibreoptic intubation in morbidly obese patients using two doses of local anaesthetic. Morbidly obese patients were allocated to receive either 2% or 4% lidocaine (40 ml) for oral airway anaesthesia using an atomiser with high oxygen flow. Patients were carefully sedated using midazolam and fentanyl. Outcomes included patient tolerance to airway manipulation, haemodynamic parameters, and serial plasma lidocaine concentrations. In all, 27 patients were enrolled in the study (2% cohort n = 14, 4% cohort n = 13). Patient characteristics and time for topicalisation and airway management were similar. Haemodynamic parameters did not change significantly. Tolerance to insertion of the Ovassapian airway, bronchoscopy, and tracheal tube positioning was excellent (12 vs 12 patients, 12 vs 12 patients, and 8 vs 12 patients had no response, respectively, 2% vs 4%). Differences did not reach statistical significance. Peak plasma lidocaine concentration was significantly lower in the 2% group (2.8 (0.8) μg.ml−1 compared with 6.5 (1.0) μg.ml−1, p < 0.05). Airway anaesthesia using atomised lidocaine for awake fibreoptic intubation in the morbidly obese is efficacious, rapid, and safe. Compared with 4% lidocaine, the 2% dose provides acceptable intubating conditions in most cases and produces lower plasma lidocaine levels.