bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Marine Fuels and International Standards
Authors: Thornton RH , Casale PG , Davidson D , Graham M 
Published: December 2008

Problems attributed to marine fuel quality are increasing. Important factors influencing fuel quality are the type of crude oil refined and the refining processes it undergoes. Conversion steps such as visbreaking and catalytic (cat) cracking concentrate the less desirable characteristics in bunker fuel oil. Therefore, proper shipboard treatment of marine residual fuels is essential for reliable and efficient engine performance.
Intermediate marine residual fuels are still ordered by viscosity alone, but the work on international specifications for marine fuels is nearing completion. BSMA 100:1982 was published by the British Standards Institution (BSI) in 1983, and work is nearing completion by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) on international standards. As a common reference, standards will be valuable, and their eventual adoption by the trade in the purchase and sale of bunkers is likely.
Evaluation of Shipboard Fuel Testing Procedures
Authors: Anderson FE , Burnett MW , Giannini RM , Kuby WC , Modetz HJ , Strucko R , Talbot AF 
Published: December 2008

Currently, the U.S. Navy's preferred fuel for all fossil-fueled, surface ship power systems is a middle distillate fuel conforming to the requirements of MIL-F-16884H, Fuel, Naval Distillate (NATO F-76). In recent years, Navy ships have been finding it increasingly difficult to obtain F-76, especially in foreign ports, and this tightly specified fuel is generally more expensive than its civilian counterparts. To address the potential problem of reduced availability and to begin planning for the introduction of synthetic fuels such as shale oil products, the Energy Research and Development Office of the David W. Taylor Naval Ship Research and Development Center commissioned a shipboard fuels flexibility study. The overall objective of this program was to develop a comprehensive strategy for using a broadened specification fuel on board Navy ships.
As part of the shipboard fuels flexibility program, shipboard fuel testing procedures were evaluated that could be used by Navy personnel on board ship to judge the acceptability of fuels not procured under MIL-F-16884H. As such, the study was divided into three subtasks:
1. Evaluation of shipboard fuel testing procedures currently used on board Navy and commercial marine vessels.
2. Determination of fuel testing procedures required for shipboard screening of non-specification fuels and the adequacy of available procedures.
3. Recommendation of a test protocol and the development or refinement of additional shipboard fuel testing procedures.
This paper summarizes the results of those subtasks. Test protocols, which could be used for shipboard testing of nonspecification fuels obtained outside the Navy's fuel logistics system, are presented for:
1. Marine gas oil (MGO)—a middistillate fuel containing no residual fuel oil, the marine equivalent to Nos. 1-D and 2-D fuels.
2. Marine diesel fuel (MDF)—a middistillate fuel heavier than a marine gas oil, containing less than 10% residual fuel oil, frequently as a result of contamination.
3. Intermediate fuel oil (IFO)—a blend of heavy residual fuel oil and marine gas oil or marine diesel fuel.
The proposed procedures and instruments for each protocol are discussed as well as the sequence in which they would be performed. Manpower requirements, as well as the cost and space associated with each protocol, are reviewed. Areas where additional research or development are required are identified with recommendations for such activities.
The Effect of Moisture on the Performance of Asphalt Mixtures
Authors: Kim O-K , Bell CA , Hicks RG 
Published: December 2008

This paper presents the results of a laboratory study to investigate the effects of mixing moisture on mechanical properties of asphalt mixtures. The potential benefits of lime and Pavebond Special were also evaluated. The repeated load diametral test device was used to measure the mixture performance in terms of the resilient modulus, fatigue, and permanent deformation characteristics of laboratory specimens prepared with and without moisture (0, 1, and 3%) and with and without lime (1%) and Pavebond (0.5%). Mixtures were prepared that were representative of two projects for which considerable field data were available. One project utilized low quality and high absorptive aggregate and the other good quality aggregate. To evaluate the long-term durability of mixtures, they were tested before and after conditioning using the Lottman approach.
The test results showed that inferior performance occurred for mixtures with 3% moisture but was most pronounced in mixtures with higher air-void contents. However, the mixtures with low quality and high absorptive aggregate showed improved performance at 1% moisture content, associated with their lower air-void contents, which may be due to absorbed moisture preventing asphalt absorption and the higher asphalt content of these mixtures. The addition of lime resulted in distinct improvement of performance for moist specimens from the project, which had good quality aggregate, but high air-void contents. However, neither additive showed substantial benefit for moist samples from the project with low quality aggregate and low air-void content.
A Laboratory Study of the Effectiveness of Various Admixtures on the Attenuation of Moisture Damage Upon Various Foamed Asphalt Mixtures
Authors: Castedo H , Beaudoin CC , Wood LE , Altschaeffl AG 
Published: December 2008

Durability characteristics of certain foamed asphalt mixtures were established during this laboratory investigation. Durability was characterized by a water sensitivity test and cyclic freezing and thawing. The various foamed asphalt mixtures were evaluated for durability after the mixtures had been compacted into 10.16-cm (4.00-in.) diameter by approximately 6.35-cm (2.50-in.) high specimens, and cured.
Durability effects of different variables were determined in this laboratory study. These variables were foamed asphalt content (two levels for water sensitivity section, one level for freeze-thaw section), aggregate (three types, used in both sections), additives (three types, plus a set without additives), and additive content (two levels for each additive in the water sensitivity section, one level for each additive in the freeze-thaw section). One asphalt type, one mixing and testing temperature, one set of curing conditions, and one moisture content per aggregate were used.
Resilient modulus and modified Marshall stability tests were used to monitor durability characteristics of the mix in the water sensitivity section. Durability in the freezing and thawing section was monitored by pulse-velocity, resilient modulus, and modified Marshall stability tests. When lime was used as an additive, durability, strength, and longevity of the foamed asphalt mixtures were substantially improved. The improvement achieved with the addition of lime was such that a material generally less suitable for bituminous mix, such as outwash sand or pit-run gravel, may rival a material more suitable for bituminous pavement mix such as crushed limestone.
During this study there were similar rates of decline per freeze-thaw cycle for pulse-velocity and modified Marshall stability. Pulse-velocity, a nondestructive test, appears to be related to the destructive modified Marshall stability method. There seemed to be a good reproducibility of pulse-velocity values among similar specimens.
Smooth Specimen Fatigue Lives and Microcrack Growth Modes in Torsion
Authors: Hurd NJ , Irving PE 
Published: December 2008

Constant amplitude torsional fatigue tests have been performed on smooth specimens of quenched and tempered steel at two strength levels. Both unidirectional and fully reversed tests have been performed. It was found that there was no detectable effect of mean strain upon fatigue life of either strength level material, both at short and at long lives. Observations on microcrack behavior during the tests has demonstrated that initial crack growth always occurs on a shear plane, even if subsequent propagation is on a tensile Mode I plane at 45°.
As in the uniaxial situation, short lives are dominated by microcrack growth. However, in torsion crack growth dominates over an extended range of life, and, in addition, surface crack lengths are longer than uniaxial at similar fractions of life. It is concluded that whereas crack initiation on shear planes is relatively easy in torsion, the Stage I/Stage II transition, which occurs in tension at crack lengths of one or two grains, is extremely difficult in torsion.
Aquatic Hazard Evaluation Principles Applied to the Development of Water Quality Criteria
Authors: Kimerle RA , Werner AF , Adams WJ 
Published: December 2008

The methodology to derive a national water quality criterion requires that the acute toxicity data base contain at least eight species from eight families. The thesis investigated here is that for many chemicals, fewer species acute toxicity tests are adequate for deriving criteria and for screening chemicals to determine whether a criterion is necessary. This is especially true when the exposure concentration is expected or known to be several orders of magnitude below the acute effect concentration.
An 82 chemical acute toxicity data base with an average of 9.5 species acute toxicity tests per chemical was reviewed for the relationship between the most sensitive species LC50 value and LC50 values for four of the most commonly tested species: Daphnia, fathead minnow, bluegill, and rainbow trout. It was concluded that for 90% and 98% of the 82 chemicals reviewed, the Daphnia and fathead minnow acute data were within one and two orders of magnitude, respectively, of the most sensitive species. Our ability to predict the LC50 for the sensitive species is improved if three species are used; 98% of the LC50s are included with Daphnia, fathead minnow, and bluegill and 93% with algae, Daphnia, and fathead minnow. Therefore it was concluded that for many chemicals, acute tests with only two or three species are enough to determine that a water quality criterion is not needed for the chemical.
Cone Penetration Test Results in Offshore California Silts
Authors: McNeilan TW , Bugno WT 
Published: December 2008

Although extensive experience exists with performing and interpreting cone penetration tests (CPT) in sands and clays, relatively little experience exists with performing and interpreting cone penetration tests in silty soils (that is, soils ranging in gradation from very silty sands to sandy silts, silts, and clayey silts). In the fall of 1981, over 365 m of cone data were obtained at four offshore California sites. At these sites, the subsurface materials were predominantly of late Pleistocene geologic age, and bracketed the range of soil gradations from very sandy silt to clayey silt.
This experience indicates that because of their intermediate permeability, silt deposits frequently exhibit partial drainage (that is, development of undissipated pore pressures) during cone penetration testing. Thus, the direct quantitative evaluation of material properties using procedures developed for the behavior of drained sand or the undrained behavior of clay was not appropriate. By comparing the CPT data with laboratory strength and permeability data, we were able to determine the primary factors affecting CPT data in silts. The analyses indicate that the permeability/drainage effects are of primary importance and that strength, density, and overburden effects are of secondary importance. The range of soil permeabilities that result in partial drainage during cone penetration testing are interpreted.
In-Situ Undrained Shear Strengths and Permeabilities Derived from Piezometer Measurements
Authors: Bennett RH , Li H , Valent PJ , Lipkin J , Esrig MI 
Published: December 2008

Existing theories and models describing stress changes and consolidation-time effects around a pile were used to derive in-situ permeabilities and undrained shear strengths from piezometer probe measurements in smectite- and illite-rich soils. Permeabilities derived from piezometer measurements are in reasonable agreement with laboratory measurements, and calculated undrained shear strengths agree well with strength measurements using standard field and laboratory techniques.
Undrained shear strengths Su were estimated using insertion pressures Ui, determined from both the 10.2- and 0.8-cm-diameter probes, and the relationship, Ui = 6 × Su. A strength measurement determined with the small diameter probe inserted in the disturbed zone of a previously emplaced 2.5-cm-diameter cylinder showed a significant strength reduction equal to half the value determined for the soil (strength) in the zone unaffected by the implanted cylinder. Differences in decay rates were significant, indicating severe soil disturbance in close proximity to the cylinder.
Multisensor piezometer probes (2), 10.2 cm in diameter, were deployed in shallow-water fine-grained smectite-rich soils of the Mississippi delta. Pore-water pressures were measured at subbottom depths of 6.5, 12.6, and 15.6 m. Insertion pressures, time-dependent pore pressure decay, and ambient excess pore pressures were determined.
Single sensor piezometers (2), 0.8 cm in diameter, were developed for deep-ocean investigations. Before high pressure testing (55 MPa), probes were inserted in reconstituted illitic marine soil to depths of 16.9 and 26.4 cm below the soil-water interface. Insertion pressures and their decay characteristics were monitored.
Significant differences were observed in the pore-pressure decay rates produced by the small and large diameter probes. Decay times for the induced pressures to reach t100 values were on the order of tens of hours for the large diameter probes, whereas the t100 values of the small diameter probes were on the order of minutes. These differences in decay times were a function of the differences in probe diameters (radii) and soil permeabilities.
Some Aspects of the Behavior of Beaufort Sea Clays
Authors: Jefferies MG , Ruffell JP , Crooks JHA , Hughes JMO 
Published: December 2008

Proper investigation of Beaufort Sea clays requires a combination of cone penetration and pressuremeter testing supplemented by a laboratory program that is consistent with the in-situ data. Neither in-situ nor laboratory testing on their own is sufficient to define the clay strength and behavior.
These findings are demonstrated by the behavior of clay from the physiographic region known as the Kringalik Plateau, which has been the subject of comprehensive in-situ and laboratory testing. Two features stand out from the Kringalik clay testing. First, some of the clay units show K0 as large as two even though they are considered to be “normally consolidated” based on present geological understanding. Second, the deformation of these clays under stress changes imposed by a caisson retained island is such that serviceability conditions will probably govern island design rather than ultimate strength. Accordingly, the yield surfaces of the clays and their motion in stress space as a function of imposed stress paths together with associated strain behavior will be as important as the shear strength profile.
Model Assumptions and Rationale Behind the Development of EP-III
Authors: Kimmell TA , Friedman D 
Published: December 2008

As part of the efforts of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to expand the Extraction Procedure (EP) Toxicity Characteristic (40 CFR 261.24) to include additional organic toxicants, the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) is developing for EPA a leaching procedure, known as EP-III, for use in determining the leaching potential of organic constituents from solid wastes. The intent is to develop a test method that would accurately and reproducibly model leachate production from industrial waste's codisposed with municipal refuse.
In addition to accurately modeling the mobility of organic constituents, other objectives of the test are that it be relatively inexpensive to conduct in terms of time, equipment, and personnel; that it be compatible with biological toxicity tests; and that it also model the mobility of inorganic species.
This paper discusses in detail the model, assumptions, and rationale used in developing the EP-III. Emphasis is placed on a discussion of the possible shortcomings of the protocol outlined in the current EP and the approach taken to develop a second generation mobility procedure that eliminates the short-comings. The data generated by ORNL in support of this program are discussed to illustrate the rationale behind selection of a draft leaching procedure. Conclusions are drawn as to which laboratory extraction procedure appears to best approximate the lysimeter leachate values. In light of these conclusions, selection of a draft EP-III is described.
Test Methods for Injectable Barriers
Authors: Malone PG , Larson RJ , May JH , Boa JA 
Published: December 2008

Grouts are becoming increasingly important in producing barriers to contaminated groundwater flow at hazardous waste sites. Grouted barriers can be used at depths and under conditions where slurry trenches are impractical. To employ grouts to advantage at waste sites it is necessary to select materials that solidify or gel in the presence of industrial waste compounds that may be present. Grouts must additionally be unaffected by aggressive chemical wastes and create impermeable barriers when injected into permeable units.
A wide variety of test procedures have been employed in bench and pilot-scale evaluation of grouts. Many testing systems do not duplicate field conditions closely enough to be useful. A standard approach using gelling time determinations, static chemical durability testing, and permeability determinations on cores of grouted material is suggested.
Analysis of a Pile Group Under Lateral Loading
Authors: Reese LC , Wright SG , Aurora RP 
Published: December 2008

One of the current approaches to the design of pile-supported structures in deep water is to place a cluster of piles along each of the four main legs of the platform. The piles in such a group would be in a circular pattern and spaced sufficiently close that significant interaction among piles in the soil would be expected.
The analysis of such a typical pile group in stiff clay is presented. Three approaches were used for performing the analyses: the Poulos-Focht-Koch approach, a modification of that approach, and the treatment of the pile group as an imaginary large diameter pile. With each of these methods, analyses were performed to investigate the effect of the variation of significant soil parameters through a range indicated by a study of the results from a field and laboratory investigation of soil properties. In each of the analytical approaches the methods of analysis of piles under lateral loading that makes use of curves showing soil resistance as a function of pile-deflection (p-y curves) were used.
The results of the analyses indicate the importance of the various parameters that are employed in the solution and should provide guidance in the acquisition of data on soil properties.
Fractography of Metalized Ceramic Substrates
Authors: Phillips GC 
Published: December 2008

The purpose of this paper is to expand the understanding of 96% alumina ceramic breakage in metalized ceramic (MC) processing. By observing the location of cracks and studying the fractured surfaces, it is possible to determine the origin of the fracture, the type of fracture, and the relative stresses that caused the fracture. Cracks were observed by the use of dye penetrants, and fracture surface details were enhanced by spraying with collodial graphite. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) photomicrographs were used to distinguish between intergranular and transgranular fractures.
Breakage that occurs during MC processing includes impact from substrate handling, bending during the pinning operation, and thermal effects from tinning. These cracks and fractured surfaces were compared with substrate damage caused by known types of applied stresses. Samples from impact testing, flexural strength measurements, pinning, and thermal shock studies were used. Impact breakage occurs primarily in corner cracks and chips. Breakage from bending occurs during pinning and flexure testing. The fractured surfaces show concave crack front profiles originating from the tensile surface. Thermal shock fractures caused by tinning produce smooth and wavy fractured surfaces.
Topographic Examination of Fracture Surfaces in Fibrous-Cleavage Transition Behavior
Authors: Kobayashi T , Irwin GR , Zhang XJ 
Published: December 2008

In order to increase understanding of the fibrous-to-cleavage fracture transition phenomenon, an examination of the fracture surfaces of A36 and A533B steel was made with a scanning electron microscope and stereoscopic photographs.
By topographical characterization of matching sites of conjugate fracture surfaces, the crack tip opening stretch (δ), the fracture process zone size (through the measurement of fracture surface height variation), and the deformation of grains (such as the lifting of unbroken ligaments from the fracture surfaces) were determined. Topographical characterization of two sides of some fracture surfaces also revealed local fracture processes such as formation of voids ahead of a crack tip and crack extension from the voids. Finally, fractographic estimates of crack tip opening displacement were correlated to the fracture toughness measurement.
Phase Stability in Irradiated Alloys by Constrained Equilibrium Thermodynamics
Authors: Holloway JP , Stubbins JF 
Published: December 2008

A set of equilibrium thermodynamics relationships are developed to account for the effects of fixed levels of interstitials and vacancies on phase free energy in binary alloys. Such defects would typically be found in alloys under irradiation, and could account for shifts in phase solubility limits and stable temperature ranges. While the total defect concentrations are fixed, no external constraints are placed on the distribution in types of interstitials. These distributions and the alloy phase compositions are allowed to adjust to minimize the system free energy and predict the constrained thermodynamic equilibrium phase structures.
Calculational results are presented for three binary alloy systems, iron-chromium, titanium-zirconium, and manganese-silicon, where substantial shifts particularly in stable phase temperature range, and also in the phase solubility limits, are found when large defect concentrations (one defect per one thousand lattice sites) are present in one phase or the other. This imbalance in defect concentrations between coexisting phases is necessary; similar defect concentrations in each phase shift both phase free energies and result in only small changes in phase equilibria. The required imbalance of defect concentrations is thought to be significant during irradiation of single-phase systems with normal subsaturation levels of solute. Large defect concentrations in this phase would provide the driving energy, or shift in solubility limit, to form small precipitates of the second phase. Due to their small size, these precipitates would maintain a relatively low defect concentration, and thus remain stable.