bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How do doctors use information in real‐time? A qualitative study of internal medicine resident precepting
Authors: Tilburt Jon C. , Goold Susan D. , Siddiqui Nazema , Mangrulkar Rajesh S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBackground  Despite the importance of evidence‐based medicine in medical education, little observational research exists on how doctors‐in‐training seek and use evidence from information resources in ambulatory care.Objective  To describe information exchange behaviour by internal medicine residents and attendings in ambulatory resident clinic precepting rooms.Design  We observed resident behaviour and audiotaped resident–attending doctor interactions during precepting sessions.Participants  Participating residents included 70 of an eligible 89 residents and 28 of 34 eligible attendings from one large academic internal medicine residency programme in the Midwestern USA. Residents were observed during 95 separate precepting interactions at four ambulatory sites.Approach  Using a qualitative approach, we analysed transcripts and field notes of observed behaviours and interactions looking for themes of information exchange. Coders discussed themes which were refined using feedback from an interdisciplinary panel.Results  Four themes of information exchange behaviour emerged: (i) questioning behaviours that were used as part of the communication process in which the resident and attending doctor could reason together; (ii) searching behaviour of non‐human knowledge sources occurred in a minority of precepting interations; (iii) unsolicited knowledge offering and (iv) answering behaviours were important means of exchanging information.Conclusions  Most clinic interactions between resident and attending doctors relied heavily on spoken deliberation without resorting to the scientific literature or other published information resources. These observations suggest a range of factors that may moderate information exchange behaviour in the precepting context including relationships, space and efficiency. Future research should aim to more readily adapt information resources to the relationships and practice context of precepting.
Mitochondrial DNA variation in space and time in the northeastern Pacific gastropod, Littorina keenae
Authors: LEE HYUK JE , BOULDING ELIZABETH G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe present population structure of a species reflects the influence of population history as well as contemporary processes. To examine the relative importance of these factors in shaping the current population structure of Littorina keenae, we sequenced 762 base pairs of the mitochondrial ND6 and cytochrome b genes in 584 snails from 13 sites along the northeastern Pacific coast. Haplotype network analysis revealed a ‘star‐like’ genealogy indicative of a recent population expansion. Nested clade and mismatch analyses also supported the hypothesis of sudden population expansion following a population bottleneck during the Last Glacial Maximum. Analysis of molecular variance and pairwise ΦST showed no significant spatial population differentiation from Mexico to Oregon – not even across the recognized biogeographic boundary at Point Conception. This is probably due to high contemporary gene flow during the free‐swimming larval stage of this snail. Surprisingly, we found a highly significant temporal population differentiation between a San Pedro sample from 1996 and one from 2005, which gave an estimate of effective population size (Ne) of only 135. Nearly statistically significant changes in the frequency of a particular haplotype in three other populations over 2–3 years further support Hedgecock's ‘sweepstakes’ hypothesis. When by chance nearly all of the progeny from an aggregation of highly fecund sisters that possess a rare haplotype successfully recruit to become the next generation, the rare haplotype can become temporarily common across the entire species’ range. This modification of the sweepstakes hypothesis can explain why the temporal variation that we observed was much greater than the spatial variation.
Inferences on the population structure and colonization process of the invasive oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel)
Authors: AKETARAWONG N. , BONIZZONI M. , THANAPHUM S. , GOMULSKI L. M. , GASPERI G. , MALACRIDA A. R. , GUGLIEMINO C. R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe phytophagous insects of the Tephritidae family offer different case histories of successful invasions. An example is Bactrocera dorsalis sensu stricto, the oriental fruit fly which has been recognized as a key pest of Asia and the Pacific. It is known to have the potential to establish adventive populations in various tropical and subtropical areas. Despite the economic risk associated with a putative stable presence of this fly, the genetic aspects of its invasion process have remained relatively unexplored. Using microsatellite markers we have investigated the population structure and genetic variability in 14 geographical populations across the four areas of the actual species range: Far East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia and the Pacific Area. Results of clustering and admixture, associated with phylogenetic and migration analyses, were used to evaluate the changes in population genetic structure that this species underwent during its invasion process and establishment in the different areas. The colonization process of this fly is associated with a relatively stable population demographic structure, especially in an unfragmented habitat, rich in intensive cultivation such as in Southeast Asia. In this area, the results suggest a lively demographic history, characterized by evolutionary recent demographic expansions and no recent bottlenecks. Cases of genetic isolation attributable to geographical factors, fragmented habitats and/or fruit trade restrictions were observed in Bangladesh, Myanmar and Hawaii. Regarding the pattern of invasion, the overall genetic profile of the considered populations suggests a western orientated migration route from China to the West.
The second messenger bis‐(3′‐5′)‐cyclic‐GMP and its PilZ domain‐containing receptor Alg44 are required for alginate biosynthesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Merighi Massimo , Lee Vincent T. , Hyodo Mamoru , Hayakawa Yoshihiro , Lory Stephen 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe ubiquitous bacterial second messenger c‐di‐GMP regulates the expression of various virulence determinants in a wide range of bacterial pathogens. Several studies have suggested that proteins with a PilZ domain function as c‐di‐GMP receptors. We have identified in the Pseudomonas aeruginosa genome eight genes encoding for PilZ orhologues and demonstrated binding of c‐di‐GMP to all but one of these proteins in a direct ligand binding assay. One protein with the PilZ domain, Alg44, is involved in biosynthesis of the extracellular polysaccharide alginate. We have shown that increasing c‐di‐GMP levels by overexpression of highly active diguanylate cyclases, or hydrolysis of c‐di‐GMP by phosphodiesterases, enhanced or reduced formation of alginate in mucoid strains, respectively. We have engineered substitutions in several conserved residues of the PilZ domain of Alg44 determined that they resulted in simultaneous loss of c‐di‐GMP binding and the ability to support production of alginate in P. aeruginosa. A 6xHis‐tagged Alg44 fusion was also shown to localize in the membrane fraction of P. aeruginosa independently from its ability to bind c‐di‐GMP. Alg44 appears to be an essential component of the alginate biosynthetic apparatus, where, following binding of c‐di‐GMP, it controls polymerization or transport of the polysaccharide.
Emergence of novel functions in transcriptional regulators by regression to stem protein types
Authors: Galvão Teca Calcagno , Mencía Mario , De Lorenzo Víctor 
Published: July 2007

SummaryEvolutionary expansion of metabolic networks entails the emergence of regulatory factors that become sensitive to new chemical species. A dedicated genetic system was developed for the soil bacterium Pseudomonas putida aimed at deciphering the steps involved in the gain of responsiveness of the toluene‐activated prokaryotic regulator XylR to the xenobiotic chemical 2,4 dinitrotoluene (DNT). A mutant library of the A domain of XylR was screened in vivo for those variants activated by DNT through coupling the cognate promoter Pu to the P. putida yeast URA3 homologue, pyrF. All DNT‐responsive clones maintained their sensitivity to ordinary effectors of XylR and broadened the range of inducers to unrelated aromatics. Yet, none of the altered amino acids lay in the recognizable effector binding pocket of the polypeptide. Instead, mutations appeared in protein surfaces believed to engage in the conformational shifts that follow effector binding and modulate signal transmission between XylR domains. It thus seems that transcriptional factors are likely to regress into functionally multipotent forms (i.e. stem protein types) as a first step towards the divergence of a new specificity.
The discovery of a massive supercluster at
z= 0.9 in the UKIDSS Deep eXtragalactic Survey
Authors: Swinbank A. M. , Edge A. C. , Smail Ian , Stott J. P. , Bremer M. , Sato Y. , Van Breukelen C. , Jarvis M. , Waddington I. , Clewley L. , Bergeron J. , Cotter G. , Dye S. , Geach J. E. , Gonzalez-Solares E. , Hirst P. , Ivison R. J. , Rawlings S. , Simpson C. , Smith G. P. , Verma A. , Yamada T. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
We analyse the first publicly released deep field of the UK Infrared Deep Sky Survey (UKIDSS) Deep eXtragalactic Survey to identify candidate galaxy overdensities at z∼ 1 across ∼1 deg2 in the ELAIS-N1 field. Using I−K, J−K and K− 3.6 μm colours, we identify and spectroscopically follow up five candidate structures with Gemini/Gemini Multi-Object Spectrograph and confirm that they are all true overdensities with between five and 19 members each. Surprisingly, all five structures lie in a narrow redshift range at z= 0.89 ± 0.01, although they are spread across 30 Mpc on the sky. We also find a more distant overdensity at z= 1.09 in one of the spectroscopic survey regions. These five overdense regions lying in a narrow redshift range indicate the presence of a supercluster in this field and by comparing with mock cluster catalogues from N-body simulations we discuss the likely properties of this structure. Overall, we show that the properties of this supercluster are similar to the well-studied Shapley and Hercules superclusters at lower redshift.
Parasite loss and inhibited development of Teladorsagia circumcincta in relation to the kinetics of the local IgA response in sheep
Authors: HALLIDAY A. M. , ROUTLEDGE C. M. , SMITH S. K. , MATTHEWS J. B. , SMITH W. D. 
Published: July 2007

Summary Groups of yearling sheep, which had been trickle infected with Teladorsagia circumcincta for 8 weeks and then drenched, were challenged with 50 000 T. circumcincta larvae together with groups of worm‐free controls. Fewer parasites and a greater proportion of early fourth stage larvae were recovered from previously infected sheep compared to controls. Worm loss and arrested development were evident by 5 days after challenge whereas growth retardation of developing worms was observed by day 10. In the previously infected sheep a secondary IgA response was observed in the efferent gastric lymph from 5 days post‐infection. Western blot analysis showed the lymph IgA to be predominantly dimeric and nonsecretory in nature and that the somatic antigens recognized were predominantly in the 100–250 kDa range. The concentration of IgA in lymph was always higher than in blood and in the previously infected sheep increased fivefold 8 days post‐challenge in contrast to blood where IgA levels were unchanged. The timing of the response suggested that it occurred too late to have been the cause of worm loss or arrested development, though it may have retarded the growth of developing parasites.
Differential Locomotion of Long‐ and Short‐term IL‐2‐activated Murine Natural Killer Cells in a Model Matrix Environment
Authors: Albertsson P. , Basse P. H. , Edsparr K. , Kim M. H. , Golfarb R. H. , Kitson R. P. , Lennernäs B. , Nannmark U. , Johansson B. R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTumour infiltration by activated natural killer (A‐NK) cells is a pre‐requisite for tumour eradication by adoptive NK cell transfer. Extravasated A‐NK cells do not always succeed in reaching the crucial target cell conjugation. Therefore, we wished to study A‐NK cell locomotion and interactions with melanoma cells in a matrix environment (Matrigel) by electron, confocal and fluorescence microscopy. Two distinct patterns of A‐NK cell‐mediated matrix disintegration were revealed during incubation of tumour cells and A‐NK cells in Matrigel: (1) A‐NK cells pre‐cultured for 5 days altered the homogeneous texture of the Matrigel, an initial microporous appearance became a loose filamentous meshwork by 24 h. Matrix degrading protease inhibitors could not fully prevent this, but could delay the process; and (2) A‐NK cells pre‐cultured for 6 days or more, instead formed large excavations in the Matrigel leaving the remaining matrix less affected compared to the effects by the younger A‐NK cells. By histochemical staining with Cupromeronic Blue, the excavations were shown to contain proteoglycan material. Protease inhibitors had no discernable effect on the development of the excavations. The conspicuous capacity of A‐NK cells to disintegrate extracellular matrix and the formation of large excavations seems only partially to depend on matrix‐degrading proteases. Formation of extracellular proteoglycan material is suggested to facilitate A‐NK cell locomotion within a matrix environment.
Effects of LT‐K63 and CpG2006 on Phenotype and Function of Murine Neonatal Lymphoid Cells
Authors: Olafsdottir T. A. , Hannesdottir S. G. , Giudice G. D. , Trannoy E. , Jonsdottir I. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe immature state of the immune system of neonates makes them vulnerable to infectious agents, including Streptococcus pneumoniae. The aim of our study was to analyse and compare the effects of Escherichia coli heat‐labile enterototoxin (LT)‐K63 and CpG2006 on cells and key molecules of the neonatal immune system, using a previously established immunization model with pneumococcal polysaccharide of serotype 1 conjugated to tetanus toxoid (TT) (Pnc1‐TT). The cellular response was evaluated by measuring cytokine secretion and proliferation upon in vitro stimulation with TT, the protein moiety of Pnc1‐TT, and antibody (Ab) to both the polysaccharide (PS) and protein parts of the vaccine were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Antigen (Ag)‐presenting and co‐stimulatory capacity of neonatal B‐cells was evaluated by staining for major histocompatibility complex (MHC)II, CD80, CD86 and CD40. The results showed that both LT‐K63 and CpG2006 significantly enhanced the neonatal Ab response to Pnc1‐TT. Spleen cells from mice receiving LT‐K63 showed enhanced proliferation and interferon (IFN)‐γ, interleukin (IL)‐4, IL‐5 and IL‐10 secretion upon TT stimulation, whereas cells from mice receiving CpG2006 could only enhance IL‐10 secretion. LT‐K63 and to a lesser extent CpG2006 enhanced the capacity of B‐cells to up‐regulate the expression of co‐stimulatory and activation markers compared with those of mice receiving Pnc1‐TT alone. Thus, we conclude that LT‐K63 markedly improves T‐cell activation whereas the direct adjuvant effect of CpG2006 on neonatal B‐cells may partly compensate for lower T‐cell help resulting in enhanced neonatal Ab responses to both the TT and PS parts of the vaccine by both adjuvants.
Biological Variation in Circulating Levels of Mannan‐Binding Lectin (MBL) and MBL‐Associated Serine Protease‐2 and the Influence of Age, Gender and Physical Exercise
Authors: Ytting H. , Christensen I. J. , Thiel S. , Jensenius J. C. , Svendsen M. N. , Nielsen L. , Lottenburger T. , Nielsen H. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMannan‐binding lectin (MBL) and MBL‐associated serine protease 2 (MASP‐2) are central components of the MBL pathway of complement activation, and may have potential as clinical biomarkers in colorectal cancer (CRC). Prior to clinical usage, knowledge of the biological variations of the molecules is needed. We here investigate variations of MBL and MASP‐2 in healthy persons over time and in relation to gender, age and physical activity. MBL and MASP‐2 concentrations were determined in serum from healthy adults over a 3‐week period and this was repeated 6 months later (n = 32); during a 24‐h period (n = 16); and in relation to physical exercise (n = 14). Concentrations in serum and plasma were compared (n = 198). No significant variation over 6 months and no circadian variation was found for MBL (P = 0.39 and P = 0.34 respectively) or MASP‐2 (P = 0.54 and P = 0.55). Physical exercise did not affect the levels (P > 0.8). Serum and plasma levels were only marginally different, and were independent of age and gender. Circulating levels of MBL and MASP‐2 are stable over time in healthy individuals, which is advantageous for their potential application as biomarkers.
Antigen‐Specific T‐Cell Immunity in Multiple Myeloma Patients is Restored Following High‐Dose Therapy: Implications for Timing of Vaccination
Authors: Svane I. M. , Nikolajsen K. , Johnsen H. E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe present study analyses the influence of high‐dose chemotherapy (HD) and autologous stem cell transplantation on natural and vaccine induced specific immunity in multiple myeloma patients. Peripheral blood was collected from six multiple myeloma (MM) patients at serial time points in connection with treatment and during a follow‐up period of 3 months. T‐cell response to cytomegalovirus (CMV), varicella zoster virus (VZV) and tetanus toxoid (TT) was determined by flow cytometry analysis for CD69, TNFα, IFNγ, IL‐4 expression and cell proliferation. At diagnosis and prior to induction chemotherapy TNFα expressing T cells in 5/6 patients were found specific for CMV, 3/6 for VZV and 4/6 for TT. Serial analyses during treatment conclude impaired immune response, however, 3 months post‐transplantation all but one patient had regained cytokine expressing CD8+ T cells specific for CMV, VZV and TT. The highest percentages of cytokine responding T cells were observed after stimulation with CMV antigen. A striking observation was the low cytokine reactivity (close to zero) measured in G‐CSF mobilized blood at the time of leukapheresis. In spite of a general reduction of the CD4/CD8 ratio following transplantation, recovery of antigen specific CD4+ T cells reactivity generally occurred prior to CD8+ recovery and often to a higher level. In conclusion, the study demonstrates that natural as well as vaccine induced specific immunity present prior to HD was regained after stem cell transplantation, hence identifying a possible window for future vaccination trials.
Interaction of Calreticulin with CD40 Ligand, TRAIL and Fas Ligand
Authors: Duus K. , Pagh R. T. , Holmskov U. , Højrup P. , Skov S. , Houen G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe molecular chaperone calreticulin has been shown to bind C1q and mannan‐binding lectin (MBL), which are constituents of the innate immune defence system. C1q and MBL do not share a large sequence identity but have a similar overall molecular architecture: an N‐terminal triple‐helical collagen‐like domain and a C‐terminal globular domain with ligand‐binding properties. C1q is a hetero‐trimer, while MBL is a homo‐trimer, but due to the presence of N‐terminal cysteines they both form higher order oligomers of trimers, which are the mature functional molecules. The same molecular architecture is utilized by many other functionally diverse molecules and in this work the interaction of calreticulin with C1q and structurally similar molecules was investigated. In addition to C1q and MBL, CD40 ligand (CD40L), tumour necrosis factor‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand (TRAIL) and Fas ligand (FasL) were found to bind calreticulin strongly. A low level or no binding was observed for adiponectin, tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), CD30L, surfactant protein‐A and ‐D and collagen VIII. The interaction with calreticulin required a conformational change in CD40L, TRAIL and FasL and showed the same characteristics as calreticulin’s interaction with C1q and MBL: a time‐dependent saturable binding to immobilized protein, which was initially sensitive to salt but gradually developed into a salt‐insensitive interaction. Thus, the interaction requires a structural change in the interaction partner and leads to a conformational change in calreticulin itself. The implications of these results are that calreticulin may function as a general response modifier for a whole group of immunologically important proteins.
High elevation of low‐relief surfaces in mountain belts: does it equate to post‐orogenic surface uplift?
Authors: Babault Julien , Bonnet Stéphane , Driessche Jean Van Den , Crave Alain 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWe present experiments of upraising and relaxing topographies showing that peneplanation can occur above the ultimate base level (sea level). After active uplift, the erosion of a topography bounded by a piedmont generates a final smooth and highly elevated topography. Smoothing at high elevation is even possible during active uplift if the evolution of topography is disrupted by the deposition of the products of erosion on its piedmont which is the case at the transition from underfilled to overfilled conditions in foreland basins.
Evidence for a pulse of 1.45 Ga anorthosite–mangerite–charnockite–granite (AMCG) plutonism in Lithuania: implications for the Mesoproterozoic evolution of the East European Craton
Authors: Skridlaitė Gražina , Whitehouse Martin , Rimša Andrius 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSeveral subcropping anorthosite–mangerite–charnockite–granite (AMCG) plutonic suites are aligned along E–W trending lineaments in the Lithuanian part of the East European Craton. The Rukai quartz monzodiorite from the Nemunas suite yields a zircon U–Pb intrusion age of 1447 ± 5 Ma, and the Geluva granite an age of 1445 ± 8 Ma, both obtained using secondary ion mass spectrometry. These rocks are 50 Myr younger than the 1.53–1.50 Ga Mazury AMCG complex in southern Lithuania and northern Poland.The Nemunas and Geluva AMCG rocks correlate in age with Bornholm granitoids in the Baltic Sea and Blekinge granites in southern Sweden, and are similarly aligned along E–W trending lineaments. This regional 1.45 Ga magmatic event across the Baltic Sea may be regarded as an inboard manifestation of the accretionary 1.50 Ga Danopolonian orogeny (cf. Pol. Mineral. Soc. Spec. Publ., 2005, 26:18) farther west.
Intracontinental tectonic melange in Southern Apennines
Authors: Catalano Stefano , Grasso Giuseppe , Mazzoleni Paolo , Monaco Carmelo , Tortorici Luigi 
Published: July 2007

AbstractOn the axial zone of the Southern Apennines the major tectonic boundary between the inner platform (Western platform unit) and the pelagic (Lagonegro units) domains is represented by a thick level of highly deformed rock‐assemblage. Structural analysis reveals that this tectonic unit represents an intracontinental melange complex characterized by a block‐in‐matrix fabric that contains blocks from both hangingwall platform and footwall basin units. This unit comprises different sets of structures that, caused by shearing processes, developed at depths ranging from about 8–9 km to the surface. These tectonites represent the product of a crustal shear zone developed at the major boundary between platform‐basin domains of Adria during the thick‐skinned tectonic processes controlling the Southern Apennines mountain building.