bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Survey of Users of a Dental Access Centre Situated in an Area of Mixed Socioeconomic Affluence and Deprivation
Authors: Harris Rebecca , Burnside Girvan 
Published: January 2008

Objective To describe the users of a Dental Access Centre (DAC) situated in an area of England with a mixed socioeconomic profile, their pattern of use, and their perception of the role of the service. Method A sample of users was drawn from a DAC in Cheshire's clinical database. A postal questionnaire was sent to these users via a three-stage mailing, using a prize draw incentive to promote response. After the third mailing stage, non-responders were also contacted by telephone. Results A high proportion of users lived relatively near the DAC. Over 80% of respondents were unregistered with a dentist in Cheshire. The centre appeared to be used for symptomatic care only, with no respondents reporting using the centre for routine care (including check-ups). Conclusion The role of DACs was originally envisaged as providing a service for unregistered patients wanting convenient, accessible, emergency care, and as providing routine National Health Service (NHS) care, including check-ups in geographical areas where there is limited availability of NHS care in general dental practice. In a geographical area with low dental need, one might expect the DAC to fulfil the second of these roles. However, this study suggests that even in this type of area, users of the DAC who responded to the questionnaire viewed it as a source of emergency care and not as a provider of routine care.
Preformed Metal Crowns: Views of a Group of Dental Practitioners in North Wales
Authors: Chadwick Barbara L , Gash Chris , Stewart Kate 
Published: January 2008

Objectives To determine the views of general dental practitioners (GDPs) in North Wales on the use of preformed metal crowns (PMCs) for the treatment of primary molars. Method Following ethical approval, all GDPs in the North Wales Health Authority (85) were invited to participate in the study. After consent was given, a trained GDP conducted all interviews regarding the participants’ approach to restorative care in children, preferred materials, use of local anaesthesia (LA), training, and use of PMCs. Their recorded responses were transcribed and analysed at a line-by-line level to identify themes within the data. The analysis was conducted according to a framework approach. Results Of the 85 GDPs, 27 responded to the invitation. After ten interviews no new substantive themes were emerging and data collection ended (saturation sampling). The GDPs who responded had practised for between three and 35 years and graduated from nine dental schools. The GDPs interviewed knew the advantages of PMCs but did not use them. Most had received undergraduate training with PMCs and were confident they would be able to place them if required. Reasons given for not using them included: limited experience, cost and time placing them, fear of hurting the child patient, need for LA, and glass-ionomer cement being easier to use. Conclusions These GDPs knew that PMCs were the most durable restorative option and thought they had the skill to place them. However, they believed a less interventive approach, without LA, worked best with children, and PMCs did not fit well with this approach.
A Survey of General Dental Practitioners in Merseyside regarding Urgent Appointments and Suspected Cancer Referrals
Authors: Rogers Simon N , Glen Peter , Robinson Aaron , Lowe Derek , Grieveson Brian , Edwards Dympna 
Published: January 2008

Aims The aims of this study were to investigate the current situation regarding unregistered patients in the Mersey region who seek an urgent dental appointment, and to gather information on suspected oral cancer cases seen by dentists in the previous two years and about how such cases are referred. Methods The survey took the form of a short questionnaire sent in May 2006 to all general dental practitioners (GDPs) in the Mersey region who were registered with the regional postgraduate dental office. Results A total of 904 GDPs were identified and 572 (63%) returned completed survey responses. Half (276/572; 48%) reported that they could see new patients urgently under the National Health Service (NHS) and two-thirds (365/571; 64%) that they could see them either under the NHS or privately. Nineteen per cent reported that they would not see any new patients. Those in the most deprived areas were more likely to see a patient on the NHS. The waiting time for an urgent appointment, if it was offered, was over one week for nearly one-third (32%) of the dentists offering NHS care. Most dentists (84%) said that a patient suspected of having oral cancer would be referred the same day as the decision had been made to refer. Conclusion Access to dental care has been a high-profile issue over the past few years. This survey indicated that in Merseyside, just under half of the dentists who responded were willing to see new patients with urgent problems under the NHS. It is suggested that this difficulty in access, together with some reported delays in obtaining appointments and the methods of onward referral, may cause additional barriers to early detection of oral cancer, especially for those in the most at-risk groups, who are also very frequently hard to reach.
Ambitious mothers – successful daughters: Mothers' early expectations for children's education and children's earnings and sense of control in adult life
Authors: Flouri Eirini , Hawkes Denise 
Published: January 2008

Background. Mothers' expectations for their children's educational attainment are related to children's educational and occupational attainment. Studies have yet to establish, however, the long‐term links between maternal expectations and offspring earnings, which are not always related to occupational attainment especially in women, or between maternal expectations and offspring sense of control and self‐efficacy, which are pivotal factors in career choice and development.Aims. To explore the role of mothers' expectations for their children's educational attainment in children's earnings attainment and sense of control later in life.Method. Data from sweeps of the 1970 British Cohort Study (BCS70) were used. The study sample was those cohort members with complete information on all the variables of interest. The study sample (N= 3,285) was more educated and less disadvantaged than the whole sample. If cohort members of this type are more likely to have a mother who has high expectations, then our results are biased downwards, which suggests that we underestimate the effect of expectations on our two outcome variables.Results. Mothers' expectations at the age of 10 were positively related to daughters' sense of control at the age of 30 even after controlling for ethnicity, educational attainment, and concurrent partner, parent, and labour market participation status, as well as the following confounding variables (measured at the ages of 0–10): general ability and general ability squared, locus of control, emotional and behavioural problems and emotional and behavioural problems squared, socio‐economic disadvantage, parental social class, parental family structure, and mothers' education, child‐rearing attitudes, and mental health. Mothers' expectations had no effect on sons' adult outcomes.Conclusions. Given that women are particularly at risk for poor psychological and economic outcomes in adulthood, and that this study likely underestimated the effect of expectations on these two outcomes, this is an important conclusion.
How second‐grade students internalize rules during teacher–student transactions: A case study
Authors: Méard Jacques , Bertone Stefano , Flavier Eric 
Published: January 2008

Background. Vygotsky's theory of the internalization of signs provided the basis for this study.Aims. This study tried to analyse the processes by which second‐grade students internalize school rules.Sample. Ethnographic data were collected on 102 lessons in a second‐grade class (6–8 years) during 1 year. This study focused on three lessons (ethnographic data completed by video‐recordings, post‐lesson interviews with the teacher, and re‐transcriptions of the verbal interactions of the lessons and interviews).Method. The longitudinal observation data were broken down into discrete transactions, crossed with the recorded data, and analysed in a four‐step procedure.Results. The results showed that the students' self‐regulated actions (voluntary performance of prescribed actions) corresponded to the teacher's presentation of the rules, which was varied and personalized. She used explanation/justification, negotiation, persuasion, or imposition as a function of the situation and the students concerned. The results revealed: (a) Multiple actions of explanation/justification of the rules, negotiation and persuasion to the entire class, (b) Personalized actions of persuasion and rule imposition in instances of heteronomous actions by students, (c) Actions adjusted to the dynamics of the transactions.Conclusion. This study demonstrates how closely the actions of teacher and students are linked. More than a linear process of rules internalization, education looks like a co‐construction of rules between teacher and students. These results can serve as a basis for the tools of teacher teaching.
The Children's Body Image Scale: Reliability and use with international standards for body mass index
Authors: Truby Helen. , Paxton Susan J. 
Published: January 2008

ObjectiveTo test the reliability of the Children's Body Image Scale (CBIS) and assess its usefulness in the context of new body size charts for children.MethodParticipants were 281 primary schoolchildren with 50% being retested after 3 weeks. The CBIS figure scale was compared with a range of international body mass index (BMI) reference standards.ResultsChildren had a high degree of body image dissatisfaction. The test–retest reliability of the CBIS was supported.ConclusionsThe CBIS is a useful tool for assessing body image in children with sound scale properties. It can also be used to identify the body size of children, which lies outside the healthy weight range of BMI.
Positive schizotypy and trait dissociation as vulnerability factors for post‐traumatic distress
Authors: Steel Craig. , Mahmood Misbah. , Holmes Emily A. 
Published: January 2008

ObjectiveThis study investigated whether trait positive schizotypy or trait dissociation was associated with increased levels of data‐driven processing and symptoms of post‐traumatic distress following a road traffic accident.MethodsForty‐five survivors of road traffic accidents were recruited from a London Accident and Emergency service. Each completed measures of trait positive schizotypy, trait dissociation, data‐driven processing, and post‐traumatic stress.ResultsTrait positive schizotypy was associated with increased levels of data‐driven processing and post‐traumatic symptoms during a road traffic accident, whereas trait dissociation was not.ConclusionsPrevious results which report a significant relationship between trait dissociation and post‐traumatic symptoms may be an artefact of the relationship between trait positive schizotypy and trait dissociation.
Behavioural, emotional, and post‐traumatic stress problems in children and adolescents, long term after septic shock caused by Neisseria meningitidis
Authors: Vermunt L. C. A. C. , Buysse C. M. P. , Joosten K. F. M. , Hazelzet J. A. , Verhulst F. C. , Utens E. M. W. J. 
Published: January 2008

ObjectivesTo assess the occurrence of a wide range of behavioural, emotional, and post‐traumatic stress problems in children and adolescents, long term after septic shock caused by Neisseria meningitidis (MSS).DesignThis study included 6‐ to 17‐year‐old patients who survived MSS and were admitted to the PICU of the Medical Centre between 1988 and 2001. To assess behavioural, emotional, and post‐traumatic stress problems, the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL), the Teacher's Report Form (TRF), and the Youth Self‐Report (YSR) were used.MethodsParents of 89 MSS children, aged 6–17 years, completed the CBCL. Teachers of 65 same‐aged MSS children completed the TRF, and 45 11‐ to 17‐year‐old MSS children completed the YSR. These data were compared with those from the normative reference groups.ResultsOverall, the proportions of MSS children scoring in the deviant range for problem behaviour were comparable to the proportions in the reference groups, according to parents', teachers', and self‐reports.As to the level of emotional and behavioural problems, mothers of the MSS children reported more somatic complaints regarding their children in comparison with the reference groups.Severity of illness was not a significant predictor of behavioural, emotional, and post‐traumatic stress problems. Age at the time of illness was a significant predictor of behavioural, emotional, and post‐traumatic stress problems in MSS children, indicating that the younger the child at the time of illness, the more problems were reported by parents at follow‐up.ConclusionOverall, the results showed long‐term behavioural, emotional, and post‐traumatic stress outcomes for MSS children, which were comparable to those in the general population.
Pragmatic aspects of communication and language comprehension in groups of children differentiated by teacher ratings of inattention and hyperactivity
Authors: Bignell Simon , Cain Kate 
Published: January 2008

Children with attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) experience pragmatic language deficits, but it is not known whether these difficulties are primarily associated with high levels of inattention, hyperactivity, or both. We investigated pragmatic aspects of communication and language comprehension in relation to poor attention and/or high hyperactivity in a nondiagnosed population of 7‐ to 11‐year olds. Classroom teachers rated their pupils' attention and hyperactivity/impulsivity on the ADD‐H Comprehensive Teacher Rating scale (ACTeRS). Three groups were formed: children with poor attention and low hyperactivity (poor attention group), children with good attention and high hyperactivity (high hyperactivity group), and children with both poor attention and high hyperactivity (poor attention/high hyperactivity group). Their performance was compared with that of same‐age controls in two studies: Study 1 (N = 94) investigated the comprehension of figurative language in and out of context and Study 2 (N = 100) investigated the pragmatic aspects of communication using the Children's Communication Checklist – Second Edition.Two groups, the poor attention and the poor attention/high hyperactivity groups, were impaired in both their comprehension of figurative language and their communication skills. The high hyperactivity group was impaired in their comprehension of figurative language but they did not exhibit communication impairments. The findings extend work with clinical populations of children with ADHD: even in a nondiagnosed sample of children, poor attention and elevated levels of hyperactivity are associated with pragmatic language weaknesses.
Social problem solving, anxiety, and depression in adult male prisoners
Authors: McMurran Mary , Christopher Gary 
Published: January 2008

Objectives. Social problem‐solving ability has been identified as a significant mediator between stressful life‐events and psychological distress in community samples. This study examined the relationships between social problem solving, anxiety, and depression in adult male prisoners. The hypothesis was that a negative problem orientation (NPO) would be the strongest predictor of anxiety and depression.Methods. Participants (N=68) completed the Social Problem‐Solving Inventory–Revised: Short Version (SPSI‐R:S) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS).Results. NPO was found to be the sole predictor of anxiety and depression.Conclusion. NPO includes feelings of nervousness, threat, and fear in response to problems. In a prison setting, this may serve to protect the individual against conflict with and abuse by dominant others. However, high levels of fear and anxiety may be disabling both for coping with imprisonment and for effective participation in rehabilitation programmes. While this raises issues regarding prison cultures and the damage imprisonment may cause to individuals, it also indicates that interventions to assist some prisoners to cope are required.
Sex offender risk assessment: Consideration of human rights in community protection legislation
Authors: Vess James 
Published: January 2008

Objectives. Risk assessments provided to judicial decision makers as a part of the current generation of legislation for protecting the public from sexual offenders can have a profound impact on the rights of individual offenders. This article will identify some of the human rights issues inherent in using the current assessment procedures to formulate and communicate risk as a forensic expert in cases involving civil commitment, preventive detention, extended supervision, or special conditions of parole.Method. Based on the current professional literature and applied experience in legal proceedings under community protection laws in the United States and New Zealand, potential threats to the rights of offenders are identified. Central to these considerations are issues of the accuracy of current risk assessment measures, communicating the findings of risk assessment appropriately to the court, and the availability of competent forensic mental health professionals in carrying out these functions. The role of the forensic expert is discussed in light of the competing demands of protecting individual human rights and community protection.Conclusion. Actuarial risk assessment represents the best practice for informing judicial decision makers in cases involving sex offenders, yet these measures currently demonstrate substantial limitations in predictive accuracy when applied to individual offenders. These limitations must be clearly articulated when reporting risk assessment findings. Sufficient risk assessment expertise should be available to provide a balanced application of community protection laws.
Experiences of living with congestive heart failure: A qualitative study
Authors: Thornhill K. , Lyons A. C. , Nouwen A. , Lip G. Y. H. 
Published: January 2008

Objectives. This study sought to explore people's experiences of being diagnosed and subsequently living with congestive heart failure.Design. Qualitative methodology involving in‐depth, semi‐structured interviews and interpretative phenomenological analytic techniques.Methods. Twenty‐five patients (twenty‐one men) with congestive heart failure were interviewed at City Hospital, Birmingham, UK. Twelve were current in‐patients and thirteen were out‐patients. Ages ranged between 35 and 83 years.Results. Four main themes were identified in the transcripts, namely the diagnostic process (identifying symptoms, seeking medical help and coming to terms with the diagnosis); change in activities, life‐style, work and self/identity; the role of others in adjusting to life with chronic illness and negative and positive emotional reactions.Conclusions. Participants felt restricted in many aspects of their daily lives, highlighting the significant impact of the condition. Participants' social relationships and social activities were particularly important in helping with adjustment to life with heart failure. Implications of these results for interventions, education and self‐management are discussed. Further research is required to investigate the benefits of professional psychological support for heart failure patients.
Promoting participation in physical activity using framed messages: An application of prospect theory
Authors: Latimer Amy E. , Rench Tara A. , Rivers Susan E. , Katulak Nicole A. , Materese Stephanie A. , Cadmus Lisa , Hicks Althea , Hodorowski Julie Keany , Salovey Peter 
Published: January 2008

Objectives Messages designed to motivate participation in physical activity usually emphasize the benefits of physical activity (gain‐framed) as well as the costs of inactivity (loss‐framed). The framing implications of prospect theory suggest that the effectiveness of these messages could be enhanced by providing gain‐framed information only. We compared the effectiveness of gain‐, loss‐, and mixed‐framed messages for promoting moderate to vigorous physical activity.Design Randomized trial.Method Sedentary, healthy callers to the US National Cancer Institute's Cancer Information Service (N=322) received gain‐, loss‐, or mixed‐framed messages on three occasions (baseline, Week 1, and Week 5). Social cognitive variables and self‐reported physical activity were assessed at baseline, Week 2, and Week 9. Separate regression analyses were conducted to examine message effects at each assessment point.Results At Week 2, gain‐ and mixed‐framed messages resulted in stronger intentions and greater self‐efficacy than loss‐framed messages. At Week 9, gain‐framed messages resulted in greater physical activity participation than loss‐ or mixed‐framed messages. Social cognitive variables at Week 2 did not mediate the Week 9 framing effects on physical activity participation.Conclusions Using gain‐framed messages exclusively may be a means of increasing the efficacy of physical activity materials.
Does hope predict adjustment to end‐stage renal failure and consequent dialysis?
Authors: Billington Elizabeth , Simpson Jane , Unwin Jen , Bray Dominic , Giles David 
Published: January 2008

Objectives Hope is important in determining positive outcomes in a range of chronic illnesses. This study examined the role of hope in adjustment to end‐stage renal failure (ESRF) and consequent dialysis.Design A cross‐sectional design examined the ability of hope to predict adjustment to ESRF over and above other relevant variables.Methods Individuals receiving dialysis at 4 units in the North‐West UK were invited to take part in the study. 103 questionnaire packs were included in the analysis. Multiple regression equations determined whether hope was able to predict significant variance in adjustment over and above that accounted for by other factors (demographic and illness‐related factors, perceived control, and social support). Measures of anxiety, depression, and quality of life constituted a multidimensional measure of adjustment to ESRF.Results Each of the regression models was significant. Hope emerged as an independent significant predictor in five of the multiple regressions: anxiety; depression; effects and symptoms of kidney disease; and mental health quality of life. Age also emerged as an important predictor of outcome.Conclusions It appears that hope is a significant predictor of adjustment to ESRF. Clinical implications of this research are discussed, along with suggestions for future research.
Seeing the glass half full: Optimistic expressive writing improves mental health among chronically stressed caregivers
Authors: Mackenzie Corey S. , Wiprzycka Ursula J. , Hasher Lynn , Goldstein David 
Published: January 2008

Objectives. This study explored treatment mediators among caregivers of older adults who did not benefit from expressive writing in a recently published randomized clinical trial.Methods. Twenty‐seven expressive writing and time management participants completed questionnaires prior to writing, following their fourth writing session, and 1 month later. We examined the effect of group differences in linguistic markers on health improvements.Results and conclusions. Our hypothesis concerning narrative development received no support, and expected links between function words and health were partially confirmed. Results most strongly supported the hypothesis that expressive writing benefited caregivers who used increasingly positive, optimistic, and future‐focused language.