bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Residual Strength of Composites during and after Fire Exposure
Authors: Sorathia U. , Beck C. , Dapp T. 
Published: March 2007

The flammability characteristics of conventional and advanced composite materials have been extensively studied within the DOD. However, the structural performance of composite materials, the residual strength of composite structures, and the consequences of composite usage on ship sur vivability and damage control during and after fire have not yet been fully assessed. Residual flexural strength retained (%RSR) after exposure to 25 kW/m2 for a duration of 20 minutes (ASTM E-662) for selected conventional and advanced composite materials is presented. A methodology is presented for the assess ment of the residual strength of composite materials during fire exposure by inter-relationship of mechanical property, temperature, thickness and time.
Phase Shifting of the Circadian Conidiation Rhythm in Neurospora crassa by Calmodulin Antagonists
Authors: Nakashima Hideaki 
Published: March 2007

The effects of chemicals capable of antagonizing the functions of calmodulin, such as trifluoperazine, chlorpromazine, imipramine, alprenolol, W7, and W13, on the circadian conidia tion rhythm of Neurospora crassa were examined. Trifluoperazine, at a 30- μM concentration, was most effective in shifting the phase of the conidiation rhythm and caused a maximum phase delay at circadian time (CT) 6 and maximum phase advance at CT 9. Chlorpromazine was less effective than trifluoperazine, and a 300- μM concentration of chlorpromazine was required for a similar phase shift. Imipramine, at a 1-mM concentration, caused only a small phase shift, while alpre nolol had little effect on biological clock function. W7 and W13 caused phase delays longer than 10 hr at CT 6 and caused a phase advance of about 5 hr at CT 10 when present at a 200- μM concentration. However, W5 and W12, the dechlorinated homologues of W7 and W 13, had no effects on clock function at the same concentration. Calmodulin was assayed by measurements of stimulation of cyclic nucleotide diphosphodies terase activity. Calmodulin content remained constant in trifluoperazine-sensitive and trifluopera zine-insensitive phases for two cycles following the light-dark transition.
The Two-Oscillator Circadian System of Tree Shrews (Tupaia belangeri) and Its Response to Light and Dark Pulses
Authors: Meijer J.H. , Daan S. , Overkamp G.J.F. , Hermann P.M. 
Published: March 2007

The wheel-running activity rhythm of tree shrews (tupaias; Tupaia belangeri) housed in constant darkness (DD) phase-advanced following a 3-hr light pulse at circadian time (CT) 21. Dark pulses of 3 hr presented to tupaias in bright constant light (LL) did not induce significant phase shifts of the free-running activity rhythm, irrespective of the CT. In dim LL, tupaias showed simultaneous splitting of their circadian rhythm of wheel-running activity, nest-box activity, and feeding behavior. Light pulses of 6 hr and 2300 lux were presented to 13 tupaias with split wheel-running activity rhythms. These light pulses induced immediate phase shifts in the two components of the split rhythm in opposite directions. No differences were observed between the light-pulse phase response curves of the two components. Equally large immediate phase advances were induced in both components by light pulses of 230 lux, but not by 23 lux. The final phase shifts were small at all CTs. In two tupaias, activity rhythms transiently split and re-fused. Analysis of the relative position of the components in one of these indicates asymmetry in the coupling between the components.
Synthesis of Enzyme-Digestible, Interpenetrating Hydrogel Networks by Gamma-Irradiation
Authors: Shalaby Waleed S.W. , Jackson Osalind , Blevins William E. , Park Kinam 
Published: March 2007

γ-Irradiation was used to prepare cylindrically shaped, enzyme- digestible hydrogels consisting of a moderately swelling albumin-crosslinked poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) hydrogel core which formed a semi-interpene trating network (SIPN) at its outer region with a polyelectrolyte homopolymer of acryloxyethyltrimethylammonium chloride (AETAC). In pepsin-free simu lated gastric fluid (SGF), the presence of a SIPN resulted in only a marginal in crease in swelling as compared to the pure PVP hydrogel. In distilled deionized water, however, the swelling of the 2-phase hydrogel system was dramatically increased. The effects of γ-irradiation on the individual constituent polymers that com prised the 2-phase system were studied. Vinyl pyrrolidone (VP) formed PVP which subsequently crosslinked to form an insoluble three-dimensional net work after 4 h of γ-irradiation. Polymers of AETAC (PAETAC) underwent chain scission following 30 min of γ-irradiation. FA became crosslinked as deter mined by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS- PAGE). The swelling properties of albumin-crosslinked PVP and albumin- crosslinked PAETAC hydrogels were also studied as a function of γ-irradiation time and the concentration of FA in the monomer solution. The equilibrium swelling ratios of the prepared hydrogels in pepsin-free simulated gastric fluid (SGF) were dependent on the γ-irradiation time which affected the crosslinking or chain scission of the polymers. Both the PVP and PAETAC hydrogels under went bulk degradation in pepsin-containing SGF.
Maternal Attitudes and Infant Feeding among Low-income Mothers
Authors: Hill Pamela D. 
Published: March 2007

Sixty-four women of low socioeconomic status were interviewed in their third trimester and again six weeks postpartum. They were questioned about their infant feeding plans, general attitudes about breastfeeding, time of feeding decision, persons who influenced the infant feeding choice, and number of breastfeeding classes attended. Their knowledge of breastfeeding was measured by a questionnaire designed for this purpose. The choice of infant feeding method was influenced most by the mother herself. However, the subject's mother and the male partner were important influences. Mothers who breastfed were more likely to make their feeding decision before or very early in pregnancy than were mothers who bottle-fed. Maternal attitudes about breastfeeding also were more positive among breastfeeding women than among bottle-feeding women, and breastfeeding women attended more classes on this subject than their counterparts who bottle-fed. The role of education and follow-up by nurses is discussed.
Breastfeeding Knowledge of Hospital Staff in Rural Maternity Units in Ireland
Authors: Becker Genevieve E. 
Published: March 2007

Knowledge of breastfeeding is necessary for health workers to adequately assist breastfeeding mothers. This paper examines the level of knowledge concerning breastfeeding in three rural maternity units in Ireland. Health workers responding to a self-report questionnaire felt that they had adequate knowledge, but their answers to the questions did not always bear this out. Health workers felt more staff training in breastfeeding would help to improve breastfeeding rates. Thirty-four percent of respondents had never attended continuing education on infant feeding topics. Manufacturers of artificial infant formula were the main source of continuing education information. The knowledge level of obstetricians did not appear to affect breastfeeding rates. Pediatricians' breastfeeding knowledge was good, but they had little input in the care of healthy babies. Rising breastfeeding rates were found in the unit where midwives were more recently qualified and had higher knowledge scores. The need exists for more breastfeeding education in all the units examined, ideally provided by a staff member with current lactation training.
Binswanger's Disease (Part I): The Clinical Recognition of Subcortical Arteriosclerotic Encephalopathy in Elderly Neuropsychiatric Patients
Authors: Summergrad Paul , Peterson Bradley 
Published: March 2007

The role of vascular disorders in the pathogenesis of dementia has been controversial. Recent studies suggest that subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy (Binswanger's disease), a disorder of white-matter demyelination associated with narrowing of penetrating medullary arteries and arterioles may affect more than 5% of the population over age 65 years. In part I of this paper, the authors present clinical examples and review the clinical literature, including clinical course and radiologic features. Differential diagnosis and treatment options are reviewed. In part II of this paper we will discuss theories of pathogenesis of subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy and implications for the nosology of dementia. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1988; 2:123-133).
Occupational Prestige Rankings and the New Zealand Olympic Athlete
Authors: Crawford Scott A.G.M. 
Published: March 2007

This study of the New Zealand team at the Montreal Olympics suggests 5 categories of occupational prestige. In the first category of egalitarian sports are hockey and shooting. Rowing draws on an intermediate category and swimming, with high student numbers, is an undetermined category. Athletics, boxing and cyclinig are in a blue collar/manual category, while ca noeing, equestrian, weightlifting, wresting and yachting fit into a white collar/non- manual category. Only one sport, yachting, draws its major membership from one occupational prestige rank. It is concluded that 3 sports (hockey, shooting and rowing) tend to draw from a cross-section of occupational prestige rankings, while 8 sports (athletics, boxing, cycling, canoeing equestian, weightlifting, and yachting) lie either within a blue collar/manual or a white collar/manual or a white collar/non-manual category.
Sport and the Quality of Life
Authors: Wohl Andrzej 
Published: March 2007

The author analyzes the term quality of life as a manifestation of man's self-re alization within the framework of contemporary civilizational development and reaches the conclusion that sport turns into an indispensable, universal element of self-realization. He thinks that this is connected with the revaluation of the body as a universal asset, permitting the fuller, richer and more all-round experience of the world. The author maintains that people's aspirations towards achieving self-realiza tion will make sport change its content and its functions. It will have to adjust not only to new technology but also to the cultural emancipation that is taking place, to the changing inter-human relations, to the new dimensions of our civilization. This causes changes in the quality of sport itself, marked on the one hand by a tendency towards more and more far-reaching rationalization and intellectualization and on the other hand towards an increase in ludic elements in sport, in conditions, where the growth of leisure time will exert its influence on the increase of leisure pursuits and the culture of play as an essential factor in the shaping of the quality of like.
Examination of a Stereotype: Athletes as Conservatives
Authors: Petrie Brian M. 
Published: March 2007

The popular wisdom of American student groups and media representatives in the early 1970's characterized athletes as political conservatives. Such beliefs became emotion-charged and widely verbalized to the extent that it was possible to recognize the existence of a stereotypic image of the "jock" as a campus political deviant. Radical students and media publicity helped in the attachment of political con servatism to Canadian intercollegiate athletes. Research evidence, however, was una vailable to support or deny this stereotype. Utilizing the McClosky Political Conservatism Scale, a self-report scale, and a variety of attitude items, the political ideologies of athletes and nonathletes in a Ca nadian university setting were evaluated. Both groups were found to be generally liberal in their orientations although some inconsistencies were evident with regard to specific issues. The stereotype was clearly at variance with the reality of the particular setting and the discrepancy with the American data was discussed in terms of, (a) the in teraction style employed by the coaches at the particular institution; (b) the different approach to the role of the student-athlete in a society where athletic skill is not gen erally subject to scholarship assistance; and (c) the degree of integration of athletes into the wider university community.
Sports Activity of the Population of Czechoslovakia As Shown By the Results of Two Country-Wide Surveys Carried Out in the Years 1967 and 1973
Authors: Kreipl Jiri 
Published: March 2007

Sociological research on leisure pursuits, in our case on what is called physical training, yielded pertinent information on this activity, which, if approached in the proper context, contributes towards a correct analysis, understanding, evaluation and last but not least to control of the studied social phenomenon. In this work the author compared two country-wide representative surveys, conducted with the help of planned interviews (3, 6) and divided by a span of time amounting to six years. In view of the fact that the mentioned surveys were con ducted independently of one another and their objectives were somewhat different, even the partial comparison of selected items is complicated, laborious and not quite accurate. We do, however, believe that they fulfil the purpose of illustrating the general trend of the physical activity of the inhabitants of Czechoslovakia between 15 and 60 years. Table 1 presents the percentage of active engagement in physical training in the years 1967 and 1973, just as is the case in Table 2 which gives the average time, de voted daily to such activity. In conclusion an evaluation is given of the possibilities, circumstances and con ditions for engaging in physical training.
Some Aspects of Group Cohesion in Sports Teams
Authors: Nettleton B. 
Published: March 2007

The article examines the functioning of sports teams in terms of the interaction which occurs between the structure of the group, the nature of the task and the position of the leader. Specifically, attention is directed towards the following topics : The composition of successful teams in terms of personality, orientations and attitudes of individual members. Methods of reducing interpersonal tension in teams. Relationships between coaching style, orientations of team members and successful performance. The research literature concerned with the above areas is critically sum marized, important findings which have practical implications emphasized and problems for future investigation are indicated.
Sport and the Sociology of the Body
Authors: Heinemann Klaus 
Published: March 2007

Our body is always a "social" fact. It is an expression of existing social conditions, which determine how we perceive and control our physical selves, how we use our body as an expressive medium, how we handle our body and control it, how we make use of our bodies, and how we view our body. When we speak of our body as a social fact, we mean the following four elements: a) the "techniques of the body", or in other words, the way motion (e.g., walking, running, jumping, swimming) is traditionally realized in a society; b) "expressive body movement" such as posture, gesture, facial expressions and so on, which serve as symbolic forms of self-expression and of (non-verbal) communication; hence, as "body language"; c) "body ethos" or the attitude towards one's own body, which match person al and social identity; d) controls of drive and need. Every society recognizes, and also usually differentiates on a class and gen der-specific basis, a norm for each of these dimensions of the body which firmly establishes body techniques, expressive body movement, body ethos, and physical self-control. Such norms apply to all bodily movements and to the control of drives and needs; hence also to sports. What is "possible" and "not possible" in sports, what is acceptable in bodily exertion, body control, posture, which presentation of the body is acceptable for men and women, for old and young, for members of the lower or the upper class, is defined by just such social norms and rules, that determine the body as a social fact. These relationships should be examined in detail, if we wish to judge the significance of body sociology for the sociology of sports. For this, it is necessary: 1) to make clear the anthropological prerequisites of a sociology of the body, 2) to describe the already mentioned individual components of the body as a social fact to classify its socio-cultural, class and gender-specific differentiations and, 3) to treat the specific dependence-relationship of the body as a social fact upon social development.
Some of the Lines of the Development of Culture and Accepted Values and the Prognosis of Physical Culture
Authors: Wohl Andrzej 
Published: March 2007

A forecast of the social future, reconnaisance regarding its probable shape — is a postulate of a theoretical as well as practical nature. It can be ascribed to various spheres of social life, also to physical culture. Though there exist doubts as to the purposefulness of research on the future, there nevertheless are sufficiently well justified arguments, testifying not only to the possiblility but the necessity to take this type of research into account in science. After all, they establish a new additional way of looking at reality as a variable reality, which is dynamic due to which we are enabled to look at existing reality in a more comprehensive manner, make it the subject of reflections that enrich our cognitive abilities. This is important in all spheres of knowledge and social life, but is above all important in these and such activities which we define as cultural activity. This was very correctly defined by Bohdan Suchodolski, who stated that the future is not what people expect but it is the outcome of their activity, their achievements and neglect. Here one could add that it also stems from their attitude to the cultural heritage, the ability to make certain choices. And it is in this field of research on the choice of values that forecasting in research should not be omitted. Formulating these needs the author concentrates in his work on the choice of values and developmental possibilities within the framework of forecasting in the field of physical culture.
Research Methods and Development of the Flemish Folk Games File
Authors: Renson Roland , Smulders Herman 
Published: March 2007

The Flemish Folk Games File (F.F.G.F.), consisting of both an historical and anthropological survey of the folk games in Flanders, the Dutch speaking part of Belgium, started in 1973 as a project of the Sociocultural Kinanthropology research unit of the Physical Education Institute of the University of Leuven. Since then, 806 dossiers have been compiled, covering registrations of folk games in 403 different Flemish communities. This material has mainly been collected by students in their local communities in accordance with a previously devised format, that maximizes standardization in collecting and processing the research data. Special emphasis has been put on the participant observation technique: learning about games through observation and active play participation. A documentation retrieval system, distribution maps, and a game typology have been constructed from the available material.
Organizational Analysis of Youth Sports
Authors: Podilchak Walter 
Published: March 2007

Children's sport participation, when organizationally structured, take on two general forms: houseleagues and selective leagues. It is generally assumed that value differences account for these organizational forms; the houseleague empha sizes "non serious" enjoyment, whereas the selective leagues emphasize skill display and athletic achievement. The purpose of this paper is to establish the inter organizational environment within which children sport leagues are institutio nalized. Specifically, selective leagues are able to establish organizational ad vantages, and these derive from both ideological and organizational symmetry with the institutional sector, further legitimating these forms with required or ganizational resources. Houseleague forms are unable to establish these inter organizational linkages, decreasing survival potentials. Legitimacy theory and resource dependency theory were compared to con textualize sport organizations within the broader social structure. Youth soccer programs were compared. A theoretical sample of organizational positions was chosen to establish the implications of each theory.
Gender on the Sports Agenda
Authors: Hargreaves Jennifer A. 
Published: March 2007

This paper is a reaction to the general neglect of an adequate treatment of gender relations in the sociology of sport. It looks at the limitations of analyses of female sport and at the possibilities of producing a potentially authentic sociology of female sport which combines theory with sporting practice. I argue that analysing sport is an inherently controversial affair. The focus of the paper is female sport in capitalist societies, and, more specifically, in the UK. I argue that theory should question popular assertions about female sport by looking at complexities and contradictions. I discuss the relevance of feminist theories to sport and the particular problem of working out the relationship between capitalist relations and gender relations in sport. A number of issues are discussed which have theoretical and practical dimensions — for example, the male/female distinction in sport, the desire for equality of opportunity with men in sport, the philosophy of separate development, and the concern for qualitatively different models of sport for both sexes. Central to this paper is the problem about how we might explain theoretically the relationship between the possibilities and the limitations of female sport which have important practical and ethical implications. The focus is on the female, but the issues are relevant to males as well.
The Role of the Nurse Practitioner in the Evaluation of Long Term Survivors of Childhood Cancer
Authors: Hobbie Wendy L. 
Published: March 2007

More children survive cancer today than ever before. Accordingly, there is an ever growing need for nurse specialists to care for these long term sur vivors (LTS) of childhood cancer. In 1983, a Follow-up Clinic for LTS was estab lished at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Cancer Research Center. A nurse practitioner (NP) was hired to identify the eligible patients, inform them of the available service, and provide them with the specialized care that was necessary. Recently, the role of the NP has been greatly expanded and currently consists of three major components: clinician-caregiver, educator, and researcher. As the clinician-caregiver, the NP must be knowledgeable about late effects of therapy, demonstrate clinical expertise, and have a broad background in human growth and development. As an educator he or she must provide information to the public (teachers and the general community), to the medical community, to parents, and to patients. As a researcher, the NP must collect and analyze data, plan future studies, and write grant proposals. The multi-faceted role of the NP working with long term survivors of childhood cancer will continue to expand in the future. It is important that nurse practitioners be attuned to the importance of follow-up care and realize that they play a critical role as coordinators of care for these children and their families. The entire text of this presentation can be found in the article by Wendy L. Hobbie entitled "The Role of the Pediatric Oncology Nurse Specialist in a Follow-up Clinic for Long-Term Survivors of Childhood Cancer", Journal of the Association of Pediatric Oncology Nurses, Vol. 3, No. 4, 1986.