bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantitative structure‐antibacterial activity relationship modeling using a combination of piecewise linear regression‐discriminant analysis (I): Quantum chemical, topographic, and topological descriptors
Authors: Molina Enrique , Estrada Ernesto , Nodarse Delvin , Torres Luis A. , González Humberto , Uriarte Eugenio 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTime‐dependent antibacterial activity of 2‐furylethylenes using quantum chemical, topographic, and topological indices is described as inhibition of respiration inE. coli. A QSAR strategy based on the combination of the linear piecewise regression and the discriminant analysis is used to predict the biological activity values of strong and moderates antibacterial furylethylenes. The breakpoint in the values of the biological activity was detected. The biological activities of the compounds are described by two linear regression equations. A discriminant analysis is carried out to classify the compounds in one of the biological activity two groups. The results showed using different kind of descriptors were compared. In all cases the piecewise linear regression—discriminant analysis (PLR‐DA) method produced significantly better QSAR models than the linear regression analysis. The QSAR models were validated using an external validation previously extracted from the original data. A prediction of reported antibacterial activity analysis was carried out showing dependence between the probability of a good classification and the experimental antibacterial activity. Statistical parameters showed the quality of quantum‐chemical descriptors based models prediction in LDA having an accuracy of 0.9 and aCof 0.9. The best PLR‐DA model explains more than 92% of the variance of experimental activity. Models with best prediction results were those based on quantum‐chemical descriptors. An interpretation of quantum‐chemical descriptors entered in models was carried out. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2008
Jojoba—Variability in oil content and composition in a collection of 1156 native plants
Authors: Clarke J. A. , Yermanos D. M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractData are presented on the oil content and composition in the seeds of 1156 native jojoba plants harvested individually from inland and coastal areas of California and Arizona in the U.S. and from Sonora and Baja California in Mexico. The mean oil content of these samples was 53.2%; 34.2% of the samples exceeded 53%. The mean single seed weight was 0.56 g. A significant correlation between single seed weight and oil content was found but there was no correlation between oil content of the seed and seed yield per plant. Analysis of the oil for fatty acids and fatty alcohols showed very little variability among samples. This compositional uniformity is a major asset in terms of industrial application of this oil. Half the seeds studied in 144 samples had a mean oil content of 49.5% and mean single seed weight of 0.39 g. Simple correlations between fatty acids and oil content were similar to those reported earlier.
Silica content of dusts from five texas cottonseed oil mills
Authors: Brown D. F. , Mitcham D. , Berni R. J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTotal dust samples, collected with high‐volume samplers, were ashed and then analyzed for aluminum, silicon and silica (SiO2). Ash and aluminum contents agreed with earlier reported data, but the silicon content was lower. The amounts of silica ranged from 2–7% in dusts from the cleaning rooms to 0.01–0.05% in dusts from the baling rooms. Agreement with silica contents determined by infrared (IR) spectrometry was good. IR spectra indicated silica particle diameters were in the range of 6–8 µm in the cleaning rooms and 10 µm or more in the delintering and baling rooms. Threshold limit values (TLV) calculated on the basis of total silica in the high‐volume samples suggest silica values above the limit in 4 of the cleaning rooms, and possibly one at the delintering rooms. Calculation of respirable silica concentrations and TLV for respirable silica was precluded by the sampling method.
Importance of endogenous feedback controlling the long‐term abundance of tropical mosquito species
Authors: Yang Guo‐Jing , Bradshaw Corey J. A. , Whelan Peter I. , Brook Barry W. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractMosquitoes are a major vector for tropical diseases, so understanding aspects that modify their population dynamics is vital for their control and protecting human health. Maximising the efficiency of control strategies for reducing transmission risk requires as a first step the understanding of the intrinsic population dynamics of vectors. We fitted a set of density‐dependent and density‐independent models to the long‐term time series of six tropical mosquito species from northern Australia. The models’ strength of evidence was assessed using Akaike's Information Criterion (AICc), Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) and jack‐knifed cross‐validation (C‐V). Density dependence accounted for more than 99% of the model weight in all model‐selection methods, with the Gompertz‐logistic (Cushing model) being the best‐supported model for all mosquito species (negative density feedback expressed even at low densities). The second‐most abundant species, Aedes vigilax (a saline breeder), showed no spatial heterogeneity in its density‐dependent response, but the remaining five species had different intrinsic growth rates across 11 study sites. Population densities of saline species were high only during the late dry to early wet season following the highest tides of the month or early flood rains when swamps were mostly saline, whereas those of freshwater species were highest during the mid‐wet and mid‐dry seasons. These findings demonstrate remarkably strong density dependence in mosquito populations, but also suggest that environmental drivers, such as rainfall and tides, are important in modifying seasonal densities. Neglecting to account for strong density feedback in tropical mosquito populations will clearly result in less effective control.
Mefolinate (5‐methyltetrahydrofolate), but not folic acid, decreases mortality in an animal model of severe methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency
Authors: Li D. , Karp N. , Wu Q. , Wang X‐L. , Melnyk S. , James S. J. , Rozen R. 
Published: April 2008

SummarySevere deficiency of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) results in homocystinuria, with a variety of neurological and vascular complications, and sometimes death in the first year of life. MTHFR (EC 1.5.1.20) catalyses the synthesis of 5‐methyltetrahydrofolate (5‐methylTHF) which is required for homocysteine remethylation to methionine. Mthfr−/− mice are a good animal model of severe MTHFR deficiency in humans. They have marked hyperhomocysteinaemia and a high rate of mortality in the neonatal period. We attempted to rescue Mthfr−/− mice from postnatal death by treating their Mthfr+/− mothers with mefolinate (a synthetic form of 5‐methylTHF, dissolved in their drinking water) or with a folic acid‐enriched diet throughout pregnancy and lactation. We monitored pups’ vitality and body weights until 3 weeks of age. The majority of Mthfr−/− pups from the control groups died during the first week of life. Body weights of −/− pups from control groups were significantly less than those of their Mthfr+/− and Mthfr+/+ littermates. Mefolinate treatment significantly improved survival rates (64% survival) in the −/− pups and improved morphology of the cerebellum. Folic acid supplementation did not affect the survival rate or body weights of the −/− pups. Our study suggests that MTHFR is important for postnatal growth and vitality, and that 5‐methylTHF deficiency contributes to the high postnatal mortality. Mefolinate may be a good candidate drug for treatment of severe MTHFR deficiency.
Reduced carbohydrate intake in citrin‐deficient subjects
Authors: Saheki T. , Kobayashi K. , Terashi M. , Ohura T. , Yanagawa Y. , Okano Y. , Hattori T. , Fujimoto H. , Mutoh K. , Kizaki Z. , Inui A. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryCitrin is the liver‐type aspartate‐glutamate carrier that resides within the inner mitochondrial membrane. Citrin deficiency (due to homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in the gene SLC25A13) causes both adult‐onset type II citrullinaemia (CTLN2) and neonatal intrahepatic cholestasis (NICCD). Clinically, CTLN2 is characterized by hyperammonaemia and citrullinaemia, whereas NICCD has a much more varied and transient presentation that can include multiple aminoacidaemias, hypoproteinaemia, galactosaemia, hypoglycaemia, and jaundice. Personal histories from CTLN2 patients have repeatedly described an aversion to carbohydrate‐rich foods, and clinical observations of dietary and therapeutic outcomes have suggested that their unusual food preferences may be directly related to their pathophysiology. In the present study, we monitored the food intake of 18 Japanese citrin‐deficient subjects whose ages ranged from 1 to 33 years, comparing them against published values for the general Japanese population. Our survey confirmed a marked decrease in carbohydrate intake, which accounts for a smaller proportion of carbohydrates contributing to the total energy intake (PFC ratio) as well as a shift towards a lower centile distribution for carbohydrate intake relative to age‐ and sex‐matched controls. These results strongly support an avoidance of carbohydrate‐rich foods by citrin‐deficient patients that may lead to worsening of symptoms.
Inherited epithelial transporter disorders—an overview
Authors: Bergeron M. J. , Simonin A. , Bürzle M. , Hediger M. A. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryIn the late 1990s, the identification of transporters and transporter‐associated genes progressed substantially due to the development of new cloning approaches such as expression cloning and, subsequently, to the implementation of the human genome project. Since then, the role of many transporter genes in human diseases has been elucidated. In this overview, we focus on inherited disorders of epithelial transporters. In particular, we review genetic defects of the genes encoding glucose transporters (SLC2 and SLC5 families) and amino acid transporters (SLC1, SLC3, SLC6 and SLC7 families).
The use of E/Em and the time interval difference of isovolumic relaxation (TIVRT−IVRTm) in estimating left ventricular filling pressures
Authors: Lindqvist Per , Wikström Gerhard , Waldenström Anders 
Published: April 2008

AbstractBackground and aims:The ratio of the transmitral and myocardial early diastolic velocities (E/Em) can be used to estimate LV filling pressures (LVFP). Additionally, the time difference between the onset of E and Em also correlates to LVFP. The aim of this study was to evaluate which of these two indices is the best marker of LVFP in a heterogeneous group of patients during a simultaneous invasive procedure.Methods and results:Thirty two patients were studied. Em and the isovolumic relaxation time (IVRTm) at four segments of the LV were measured using pulsed tissue Doppler echocardiography. Pulsed Doppler echocardiography was used to measure E and IVRT. E/Em and IVRT−IVRTm (TIVRT−IVRTm) were then calculated. Highly significant correlations were found between TIVRT−IVRTm and PCWP at the lateral (r=−0.80, p<0.001) and posterior (r=−0.71, p<0.001) segments whereas only a weak relationship was found between PCWP and E/Em (p<0.05). The sensitivity and specificity of using a negative TIVRT−IVRTm for identifying patients with PCWP >12 mm Hg were 89 and 90%, respectively.Conclusion:We found a highly significant correlation between TIVRT−IVRTm and PCWP, which was not seen for E/Em. We propose TIVRT−IVRTm as a stronger predictor of LVFP. TIVRT−IVRTm also seems to correlate to LVFP for many different clinical aetiologies of elevated LVFP.
Alcohol and illicit drug dependence among parents: associations with offspring externalizing disorders
Authors: Marmorstein N. R. , Iacono W. G. , McGue M. 
Published: April 2008

BackgroundPrevious research indicates that alcohol and drug dependence constitute aspects of a general vulnerability to externalizing disorders that accounts for much of the parent-offspring resemblance for these and related disorders. This study examined how adolescent offspring risk for externalizing psychopathology varies with respect to parental alcoholism and illicit drug dependence.MethodData from the Minnesota Twin Family Study, a community-based investigation of adolescents (age 17 years, n=1252) and their parents, were used. Lifetime diagnoses of alcohol and drug dependence (among both parents and offspring) and offspring attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, adult antisocial behavior, and nicotine dependence were assessed via structured interviews.ResultsParental alcohol dependence and parental drug dependence were similarly associated with increased risk for nearly all offspring disorders, with offspring of alcohol and drug-dependent parents having approximately 2–3 times the odds for developing a disorder by late adolescence compared to low-risk offspring. Compared to parental dependence on other illicit drugs, parental cannabis dependence was associated with weaker increased risk for offspring externalizing disorders.ConclusionsBoth parental alcohol and drug dependence are independently associated with an increased risk for a broad range of externalizing psychopathology among late-adolescent offspring.
The relationship of dementia prevalence in older adults with intellectual disability (ID) to age and severity of ID
Authors: Strydom A. , Hassiotis A. , King M. , Livingston G. 
Published: April 2008

BackgroundPrevious research has shown that adults with intellectual disability (ID) may be more at risk of developing dementia in old age than expected. However, the effect of age and ID severity on dementia prevalence rates has never been reported. We investigated the predictions that older adults with ID should have high prevalence rates of dementia that differ between ID severity groups and that the age-associated risk should be shifted to a younger age relative to the general population.MethodA two-staged epidemiological survey of 281 adults with ID without Down syndrome (DS) aged ⩾60 years; participants who screened positive with a memory task, informant-reported change in function or with the Dementia Questionnaire for Persons with Mental Retardation (DMR) underwent a detailed assessment. Diagnoses were made by psychiatrists according to international criteria. Prevalence rates were compared with UK prevalence and European consensus rates using standardized morbidity ratios (SMRs).ResultsDementia was more common in this population (prevalence of 18.3%, SMR 2.77 in those aged ⩾65 years). Prevalence rates did not differ between mild, moderate and severe ID groups. Age was a strong risk factor and was not influenced by sex or ID severity. As predicted, SMRs were higher for younger age groups compared to older age groups, indicating a relative shift in age-associated risk.ConclusionsCriteria-defined dementia is 2–3 times more common in the ID population, with a shift in risk to younger age groups compared to the general population.
‘A terrible battle with architecture’: Denys Lasdun in the 1950s, part 2
Authors: Calder Barnabas 
Published: April 2008

By 1957, Denys Lasdun was bored:‘We must try to get away from the sameness of English architecture. If you look at modern Italian work, for example, it is at least clear that architects have engaged in a terrible battle with architecture and certainly many of them have been disastrously defeated; but most English architects seem to have reached a gentlemanly understanding with their art that they should leave each other strictly alone.’
A Microscale Yeast Cell Disruption Technique for Integrated Process Development Strategies
Authors: Wenger Marc D. , DePhillips Peter , Bracewell Daniel G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractMiniaturizing protein purification processes at the microliter scale (microscale) holds the promise of accelerating process development by enabling multi‐parallel experimentation and automation. For intracellular proteins expressed in yeast, small‐scale cell breakage methods capable of disrupting the rigid cell wall are needed that can match the protein release and contaminant profile of full‐scale methods like homogenization, thereby enabling representative studies of subsequent downstream operations to be performed. In this study, a noncontact method known as adaptive focused acoustics (AFA) was optimized for the disruption of milligram quantities of yeast cells for the subsequent purification of recombinant human papillomavirus (HPV) virus‐like particles (VLPs). AFA operates by delivering highly focused, computer‐controlled acoustic radiation at frequencies significantly higher than those used in conventional sonication. With this method, the total soluble protein release was equivalent to that of laboratory‐scale homogenization, and cell disruption was evident by light microscopy. The recovery of VLPs through a microscale chromatographic purification following AFA treatment was within 10% of that obtained using homogenization, with equivalent product purity. The addition of a yeast lytic enzyme prior to cell disruption reduced processing time by nearly 3‐fold and further improved the comparability of the lysate to that of the laboratory‐scale homogenate. In addition, unlike conventional sonication methods, sample heating was minimized (≤8 °C increase), even using the maximum power settings required for yeast cell disruption. This disruption technique in combination with microscale chromatographic methods for protein purification enables a strategy for the rapid process development of intracellularly expressed proteins.
New Databases Reveal 200 Years of Change on the Mississippi River System
Authors: Remo Jonathan , Pinter Nicholas , Ickes Brian , Heine Rueben 
Published: April 2008

Over the past two centuries, the Mississippi River system (MRS) has been dramatically altered to facilitate commercial navigation and provide flood control. Because of its long history of modification, rigorous measurements including maps, charts, surveys, and other data concerning the MRS are available from the past 200 years or longer. Comparison between historical reference conditions and modern conditions can document changes related to natural processes, human impacts, and river management practices and policies.To show these changes, we have assembled a hydrologic database of approximately 7 million measurements and a geospatial database consisting of 4878 map sheets dating back to 1765. The databases include nearly all available data sources for the navigable Mississippi River, the lower Missouri River, and the Illinois River (>4500 kilometers of waterways; see Figure 1, in the electronic supplement to this Eos issue; http://www.agu.org/eos_elec). We have digitized all 81 map sets and georeferenced 48 of those map sets, meaning that the maps have been referenced in physical space for use in a geographic information system. The purpose for constructing these databases is to centralize and standardize these data sources and to make them broadly available for research and management. In this article we describe the data, the databases, and their dissemination.
Ocean Acidification's Effects on Marine Ecosystems and Biogeochemistry: Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry Scoping Workshop on Ocean Acidification Research; La Jolla, California, 9–11 October 2007
Authors: Fabry Victoria J. , Langdon Chris , Balch William M. , Dickson Andrew G. , Feely Richard A. , Hales Burke , Hutchins David A. , Kleypas Joan A. , Sabine Christopher L. 
Published: April 2008

Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration is causing global warming and ocean acidification. Nearly one third of the total anthropogenic CO2 produced in the past 200 years has been taken up by the oceans. While oceanic uptake of anthropogenic CO2 may lessen the extent of global warming, evidence suggests that effects of anthropogenic CO2 on ocean chemistry have profound consequences for marine organisms, potentially altering ecosystem structure, food webs, and biogeochemical processes.An assemblage of 93 scientists participated in a 3‐day workshop to develop research strategies that address present and future ocean acidification impacts. The Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry program (http://www.us‐ocb.org) sponsored this workshop, with support from the U.S. National Science Foundation, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, NASA, U.S. Geological Survey, and Scripps Institution of Oceanography.
Climate Over Landscapes: Workshop on Atmospheric Sciences and Surface Processes; Boulder, Colorado, 1–3 October 2007
Authors: Galewsky J. , Roe Gerard , Anderson Robert , Meyer Grant , Flowers Gwenn 
Published: April 2008

Some of the most exciting advances in geomorphology over the past 20 years have come through exploring the links among the Earth's atmosphere, surface, and interior. Through this integration, the scientific community is redefining paradigms for the growth and decay of mountain ranges, the response of landscapes to changing climate, and the coupling between atmospheric and land surface processes at spatial and temporal scales ranging from cloud microphysics to crustal deformation.A workshop on the links between atmospheric sciences and geomorphology was held at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), in Boulder, Colo. The workshop was funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) as part of a series of workshops designed to inform a National Research Council (NRC) study on the future of Earth surface processes research in the United States.
Introduction to Planetary Science: The Geological Perspective
Authors: Rothery David A. 
Published: April 2008

The authors' stated intention is that this book should be used as the basis for a capstone course for senior undergraduates and beginning graduate students majoring in the Earth sciences. The authors argue, and I agree, that a planetary science course like this can provide excellent opportunities to revisit and apply, in an appealing and engaging manner, many of the themes encountered during an Earth sciences degree. It is disappointing that this attractive book misses many opportunities to do so.The book unfolds in a methodical fashion, beginning with some cultural and astronomical scene‐setting before discussing the origin of the solar system and the origin and evolution of the Earth. There is then an excursion into orbits and seasons, before dealing with meteorites and cratering, the Moon, and then Mercury, Venus, Mars, the asteroids, and thence via Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and their satellites to the Kuiper belt and Oort cloud. The final chapters deal with the Earth as a cradle of life and with extrasolar planets.