bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterisation of fines from unbleached kraft pulps and their impact on sheet properties
Authors: Bäckström Marie , Kolar Marie-Claude , Htun Myat 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Fines are an essential component in the papermaking process because they have a profound influence on the behaviour of the wet web and on the mechanical properties of the final sheet. Primary fines are present in the pulp prior to refining, and secondary fines are produced during refining. In the present investigation, two commercially manufactured unbleached pulps with kappa numbers of 45 and 90 were studied in terms of how they responded to refining with respect to the quality of fibre and fines. Primary and secondary fines were collected and characterised and their impact on sheet strength was evaluated by addition of known amounts to a refined and decrilled pulp. All the measured paper strength properties improved when primary and secondary fines were added. The strength improvement was generally somewhat higher in the second case. The effect was more pronounced at a higher level of addition. We attribute the main strength improvements associated with fines to improved consolidation by the creation of capillary forces between the surfaces.
Fiberboard bending properties as a function of density, thickness, resin, and moisture content
Authors: Hunt John F. , O'Dell Jane , Turk Chris 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Fibers from treetop residues of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) and recycled old corrugated containers were used to fabricate wet-formed fiberboard panels over a range of densities from 300 to 1100 kg m-3, a thickness range from 1.3 to 4.8 mm, and phenolic resin contents from 0% to 4.5%. The panels were then tested after conditioning in 50% and 90% relative humidity (RH) environments. Density, thickness, equilibrium moisture content, bending modulus of elasticity (MOE), and modulus of rupture (MOR) were measured for each panel. Panel apparent-density increased with thickness, but this may be due to surface effects rather than true density values. The equilibrium moisture content approximately doubled for the panels in the 90% RH environment, compared to 50% RH. At 50% and 90% RH conditions, equilibrium moisture contents decreased significantly when only 0.5% resin was added and remained essentially the same with increasing resin levels. In this study, both MOE and MOR increased with approximately the square of density. MOE increased, whereas MOR showed no clear effects as thickness and resin amount increased. This research is part of a larger program for developing an understanding of panel properties for engineered three-dimensional fiberboard products.
Significance of the heating rate on the physical properties of carbonized maple wood
Authors: Xie Xinfeng , Goodell Barry , Qian Yuhui , Peterson Michael , Jellison Jody 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Effects of the heating rate on the physical properties of carbonized wood were investigated by comparing the dimensional shrinkage, electrical resistivity, Young's modulus, and the evolution of turbostratic crystallites in maple hardwood samples carbonized at 600°C, 800°C, and 1000°C under heating regimes of 3°C h-1 and 60°C h-1. Important carbonized wood properties that developed at high temperature and high heating rates could also be produced at slow heating rates and lower temperatures. Furthermore, slow heating rates promoted the formation and growth of graphene sheets in turbostratic crystallites, which had a significant influence on the electrical resistivity and Young's modulus of the carbonized wood. The results indicate that the graphene sheets of turbostratic crystallites formed during wood carbonization were arranged parallel to the axial direction of wood cells and at an angle to the circumference of wood cells in the cross-sectional plane. With regard to the production of carbon products, a decrease in the heating rate may be beneficial for char properties and the prevention of crack production during manufacture of large monolithic carbon specimens from wood and wood-based materials.
Studies on the dehydrogenative polymerizations (DHPs) of monolignol β-glycosides: Part 4. Horseradish peroxidase-catalyzed copolymerization of isoconiferin and isosyringin
Authors: Tobimatsu Yuki , Takano Toshiyuki , Kamitakahara Hiroshi , Nakatsubo Fumiaki 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-catalyzed dehydrogenative copolymerization of guaiacyl (G)-type monolignol glycoside (isoconiferin, coniferyl alcohol γ-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, iso-G) and syringyl (S)-type monolignol glycoside (isosyringin, sinapyl alcohol γ-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, iso-S) were performed in continuous dehydrogenation mode (end-wise polymerization) to result in the formation of water-soluble lignin-like copolymers (iso-G/S-DHPs) in a homogeneous phase. The yield of iso-G/S-DHP increased with increasing iso-G content in the mixture of monomers from 23% (iso-G/iso-S 0:100) to 81% (iso-G/iso-S 50:50). The degree of polymerization (DP) of the resulting iso-G/S-DHP also increased proportionally from 7 (iso-G/iso-S 0:100) to 27 (iso-G/iso-S 50:50) as the iso-G content increased. It is obvious that iso-G plays an important role in the polymerization of iso-S. A similar tendency was also observed in conventional copolymerization of coniferyl alcohol (G-alc) and sinapyl alcohol (S-alc). The highest DP for DHP obtained in the conventional system was only ∼10 due to the heterogeneous reaction system. As the HRP-catalyzed monomer consumption rate of iso-S was greatly enhanced by addition of iso-G as a co-monomer, radical transfer from iso-G to iso-S seems to be plausible. Conventional copolymerization of G-alc and S-alc also supports this view. Spectroscopic studies and alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation analyses indicated that iso-G/S-DHPs had typical lignin structures composed of both G and S units. It was confirmed that the copolymerization behavior of the glycosides iso-G and iso-S in a homogeneous phase are well reflected by that of the monolignols G-alc and S-alc in a heterogeneous phase. Results also indicated that the presence of G-type co-monomers sensitively affects the polymerization of S-type monomers.
Studies on the dehydrogenative polymerization of monolignol β-glycosides: Part 5. UV spectroscopic monitoring of horseradish peroxidase-catalyzed polymerization of monolignol glycosides
Authors: Tobimatsu Yuki , Takano Toshiyuki , Kamitakahara Hiroshi , Nakatsubo Fumiaki 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-initiated dehydrogenative polymerizations of guaiacyl (G) and syringyl (S)-type monolignol γ-O-glucosides, isoconiferin (iso-G) and isosyringin (iso-S), which contain a hydrophilic glucosyl unit on γ-position of coniferyl alcohol (G-alc) and sinapyl alcohol (S-alc), respectively, were monitored by UV spectroscopy to study the formation of dehydrogenation polymer (DHP, lignin polymer model) in a homogeneous aqueous phase. During homopolymerization of iso-S, a new absorbance band at 325 nm (A
325) rapidly increased in intensity and then gradually disappeared, whereas such stable changes in absorbance were not observed during homopolymerization of iso-G. During polymerization of iso-S, A
325 rapidly disappeared when an acid, nucleophile or reductant was added to the reaction mixture, indicating that A
325 can be attributed to S-type quinone methide intermediates (QMs). Similar to iso-S polymerization, temporary absorbance at 328 nm was observed during conventional polymerization of S-alc. We interpret this observation as follows: S-type QMs accumulated in the reaction mixture and the progress of subsequent DHP formation during oxidative polymerization of iso-S or S-alc was hindered. UV monitoring of iso-G and iso-S copolymerization revealed that the presence of iso-G promoted the disappearance of A
325. Furthermore, S-type QMs generated in situ by iso-S polymerization disappeared more rapidly after guaiacol addition than after 2,6-dimethoxyphenol addition. The following mechanism for copolymerization of iso-G and iso-S can be proposed: G-type precursors with phenolic hydroxyl groups react readily by nucleophilic addition with the α-C of S-type QMs, and the molecular chains of DHPs increase via non-cyclic α-aryl ether bonds.
Ruiz de Burton's Emotional Landscape: Property and Feeling in The Squatter and the Don
Authors: Dawson Melanie V. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
This essay argues that María Amparo Ruiz de Burton's 1885 novel The Squatter and the Don combines elements of realism and sentimentalism, articulating a realist mode of sympathy that is directed toward the novel's Californio characters. As U.S. citizens who are dispossessed of property and citizenship rights in the wake of the Mexican American War, the Californios register various forms of personal and material loss, albeit analytically and self-consciously. Through the invocation of hybrid emotions, which carry the cultural inflections of both Anglo and Californio traditions, Ruiz de Burton's novel enriches a critical understanding of realism's intervention in a contentious late-nineteenth-century debate about difference in relation to U.S. national and racial identities. Moreover, the novel undercuts a mode of realism devoted to scenic (and, hence, material) detail. By presenting emotional rather than scenic vistas and by highlighting familial and communal bonds in contrast to an exaggerated, capitalist attachment to property (amply demonstrated by the novel's squatter characters), The Squatter and the Don presents affect as a means of understanding the structures of citizenship neglected by U.S. corporations, land commissions, and citizens who colonize California and claim it on behalf of a capitalist nation.
Financial Burden in Families of Children With Special Health Care Needs: Variability Among States
Authors: Shattuck Paul T. , Parish Susan L. 
Published: July 2008

OBJECTIVE. The main objective of this study was to examine variability among states for 3 indicators of the family financial burden related to caring for children with special health care needs.
METHODS. Data were from a 2001 national survey of households with children (&lt;18 years of age) with special health care needs, with a representative sample from each state. The outcomes examined included whether a family had any out-of-pocket expenditures during the previous 12 months related to the child's special health care needs, the amount of expenditure (absolute burden), and the amount of expenditure per $1000 of family income (relative burden). We used multilevel regression to examine state-level variability in financial burden, controlling for individual-level factors. We also examined the association between state median family income and state mean financial burden.
RESULTS. Overall, 82.5% of families reported expenditures of more than $0. Among these families, the mean unadjusted absolute burden was $752 and the relative burden was $19.6 per $1000. Adjusted state means ranged from $562 to $972 for absolute burden and from $14.5 to $32.3 per $1000 for relative burden. Families living in states with higher median family incomes had lower financial burdens across all 3 measures.
CONCLUSIONS. Families that are similar with respect to household demographic characteristics and the nature of their children's special health care needs have different out-of-pocket health expenditures depending on the state in which they live. Documenting and understanding this variability moves the field closer to the goal of establishing evidence-based, state policy recommendations aimed at reducing the financial burden of these vulnerable families.
Message Framing and Perinatal Decisions
Authors: Haward Marlyse F. , Murphy Ryan O. , Lorenz John M. 
Published: July 2008

OBJECTIVES. The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of information framing on parental decisions about resuscitation of extremely premature infants. Secondary outcomes focused on elucidating the impact of other variables on treatment choices and determining whether those effects would take precedence over any framing effects.METHODS. This confidential survey study was administered to adult volunteers via the Internet. The surveys depicted a hypothetical vignette of a threatened delivery at gestational age of 23 weeks, with prognostic outcome information framed as either survival with lack of disability (positive frame) or chance of dying and likelihood of disability among survivors (negative frame). Participants were randomly assigned to receive either the positively or negatively framed vignette. They were then asked to choose whether they would prefer resuscitation or comfort care. After completing the survey vignette, participants were directed to a questionnaire designed to test the secondary hypothesis and to explore possible factors associated with treatment decisions.RESULTS. A total of 146 subjects received prognostic information framed as survival data and 146 subjects received prognostic information framed as mortality data. Overall, 24% of the sample population chose comfort care and 76% chose resuscitation. A strong trend was detected toward a framing effect on treatment preference; respondents for whom prognosis was framed as survival data were more likely to elect resuscitation. This framing effect was significant in a multivariate analysis controlling for religiousness, parental status, and beliefs regarding the sanctity of life. Of these covariates, only religiousness modified susceptibility to framing; participants who were not highly religious were significantly more likely to be influenced to opt for resuscitation by the positive frame than were participants who were highly religious.CONCLUSIONS. Framing bias may compromise efforts to approach prenatal counseling in a nondirective manner. This is especially true for subsets of participants who are not highly religious.
Outcomes in a Population of Healthy Term and Near-Term Infants With Serum Bilirubin Levels of ≥325 μmol/L (≥19 mg/dL) Who Were Born in Nova Scotia, Canada, Between 1994 and 2000
Authors: Jangaard Krista A. , Fell Deshayne B. , Dodds Linda , Allen Alexander C. 
Published: July 2008

OBJECTIVE. The goal was to study the incidence of kernicterus, developmental delay, autism, cerebral palsy, and hearing loss in infants with peak total serum bilirubin levels of ≥325 μmol/L (≥19 mg/dL), compared with infants with less-severe or no hyperbilirubinemia, in a population of healthy term and late preterm infants.METHODS. Prospectively gathered, standardized, maternal and neonatal data for infants at ≥35 weeks of gestation who were born between January 1, 1994, and December 31, 2000, were extracted from the Nova Scotia Atlee Perinatal Database. Infants with Rh factor isoimmunization, significant congenital or chromosomal abnormalities, or severe peripartum asphyxia were excluded. Comparisons were made on the basis of peak total serum bilirubin levels. Diagnoses were obtained through data linkage with the Medical Services Insurance Database for office visits and the Canadian Institute for Health Information Database for hospital admissions. The registration file provided information allowing calculation of follow-up times, which were determined for each separate outcome. Follow-up periods ranged from 2 to 9 years, with the end point being the first time the diagnostic code was encountered in either database. Cox proportional-hazards regression analyses were used to examine the relationships between outcomes and total serum bilirubin levels.RESULTS. Of 61238 infants included in the study cohort, 4010 (6.7%) did not have linkage data, which left 56019 infants for analysis. There were no cases of kernicterus and no significant differences in rates of cerebral palsy, deafness, developmental delay, or visual abnormalities between the groups. There were suggestions of associations with attention-deficit disorder in the severe hyperbilirubinemia group and with autism in the combined moderate and severe hyperbilirubinemia group.CONCLUSIONS. There was no increase in adverse effects reported previously to be associated with bilirubin toxicity. Associations with developmental delay, attention-deficit disorder, and autism were observed.
Surfactant Status in Preterm Neonates Recovering From Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Authors: Verlato Giovanna , Cogo Paola Elisa , Balzani Marco , Gucciardi Antonina , Burattini Ilaria , De Benedictis Fernando , Martiri Giovanna , Carnielli Virgilio Paolo 
Published: July 2008

OBJECTIVE. The goal was to establish whether reduced amounts of pulmonary surfactant contribute to postextubation respiratory failure in preterm infants recovering from respiratory distress syndrome.METHODS. We prospectively recruited preterm infants who needed mechanical ventilation and exogenous surfactant for treatment of moderate/severe respiratory distress syndrome and could not be extubated before day 3 of life. 13C-labeled dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylcholine was administered endotracheally as tracer before extubation, for estimation of surfactant disaturated phosphatidylcholine pool size and half-life. Patients were retrospectively divided into 3 groups, that is, extubation failure if, after extubation, they needed reintubation or continuous positive airway pressure treatment of ≥6 cmH2O and fraction of inspired oxygen of &gt;0.4, extubation success if they did not meet the failure criteria, and not extubated if they needed ongoing ventilation. Clinical and respiratory parameters were recorded hourly.RESULTS. Reliable kinetic data could be obtained for 63 of the 88 enrolled neonates. Sixteen, 23, and 24 neonates were categorized in the extubation failure, extubation success, and not extubated groups, respectively. Clinical and demographic characteristics did not differ between the extubation failure and extubation success groups. Disaturated phosphatidylcholine pool size was smaller in the extubation failure group than in the extubation success group (25 ± 12 vs 43 ± 24 mg/kg) and was 37 ± 32 mg/kg in the not extubated group. Disaturated phosphatidylcholine half-life was 19 ± 7, 24 ± 12, and 28 ± 18 hours in the extubation failure, extubation success, and not extubated groups, respectively.CONCLUSIONS. In a selected population of preterm infants with moderate/severe respiratory distress syndrome who could not be extubated in the first 3 days of life, infants who were reintubated or needed high continuous positive airway pressure settings after extubation had a smaller disaturated phosphatidylcholine pool size than did those who were successfully extubated or needed low continuous positive airway pressure settings.
Associations Between Maternal Age and Infant Health Outcomes Among Medicaid-Insured Infants in South Carolina: Mediating Effects of Socioeconomic Factors
Authors: Pittard William B. , Laditka James N. , Laditka Sarah B. 
Published: July 2008

OBJECTIVE. The objective of this study was to investigate whether infants who are born to adolescent mothers are at greater risk for health problems than those who are born to older mothers.
METHODS. Data represent all health care encounters for infants who were born in South Carolina between 2000 and 2002 and were healthy at birth and continuously enrolled in fee-for-service Medicaid (n = 41696). We separately examined in the first and second years of life use of preventive care doctor visits, sick-infant doctor visits, emergency department visits, hospital admissions, and both emergency department visits and hospitalizations for ambulatory care–sensitive conditions. We compared these outcomes for infants of adolescent mothers (aged 11–17 years) and older mothers (aged 18–47 years), adjusting for individual characteristics of mothers and infants.
RESULTS. In unadjusted results, infants of adolescent mothers used more health care in 9 of 12 use categories. For example, in year 1, they had an average of 1.71 emergency department visits and 1.39 hospitalizations, compared with 1.26 and 1.18, respectively, for infants of older mothers. In results that were adjusted only for infant and delivery characteristics, they similarly used more services in most categories. After adjustment for either mothers' characteristics alone or those of both the infant/delivery and mothers, there was evidence that they had modestly more sick-infant doctor visits and hospital admissions in year 1 and notably more hospital admissions for ambulatory care–sensitive conditions.
CONCLUSIONS. Infants of adolescent mothers are more likely than infants of older mothers to use a variety of health care services that suggest poorer health. A considerable proportion of this greater use seems to be attributable to specific characteristics of mothers, such as socioeconomic characteristics, rather than to an inability that is common among adolescents to promote infant health or to use health care appropriately.
Universal Newborn Hearing Screening: Systematic Review to Update the 2001 US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation
Authors: Nelson Heidi D. , Bougatsos Christina , Nygren Peggy 
Published: July 2008

OBJECTIVE. This review is an update for the US Preventive Services Task Force on universal newborn hearing screening to detect moderate-to-severe permanent, bilateral congenital hearing loss. We focus on 3 key questions: (1) Among infants identified by universal screening who would not be identified by targeted screening, does initiating treatment before 6 months of age improve language and communication outcomes? (2) Compared with targeted screening, does universal screening increase the chance that treatment will be initiated by 6 months of age for infants at average risk or for those at high risk? (3) What are the adverse effects of screening and early treatment?
METHODS. Medline and Cochrane databases were searched to identify articles published since the 2002 recommendation. Data from studies that met inclusion criteria were abstracted, and studies were rated for quality with predetermined criteria.
RESULTS. A good-quality retrospective study of children with hearing loss indicates that those who had early versus late confirmation and those who had undergone universal newborn screening versus none had better receptive language at 8 years of age but not better expressive language or speech. A good-quality nonrandomized trial of a large birth cohort indicates that infants identified with hearing loss through universal newborn screening have earlier referral, diagnosis, and treatment than those not screened. These findings are corroborated by multiple descriptive studies of ages of referral, diagnosis, and treatment. Usual parental reactions to an initial nonpass on a hearing screen include worry, questioning, and distress that resolve for most parents. Cochlear implants have been associated with higher risks for bacterial meningitis in young children.
CONCLUSIONS. Children with hearing loss who had universal newborn hearing screening have better language outcomes at school age than those not screened. Infants identified with hearing loss through universal screening have significantly earlier referral, diagnosis, and treatment than those identified in other ways.