bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patient satisfaction with psychotropic drugs: sensitivity to change and relationship to clinical status, quality-of-life, compliance and effectiveness of treatment. Results from a nation-wide 6-month prospective study
Authors: Gasquet Isabelle , Tcherny-Lessenot Stéphanie , Lépine Jean-Pierre , Falissard Bruno 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjectiveTo see if patient satisfaction with psychotropics (PSP) could be used as a patient-oriented outcome variable in the evaluation of PSP drugs in clinical epidemiological studies, relationships between PSP, clinical status, QoL, compliance and the type of antipsychotic were analyzed. Elements of validation of PSP were also assessed.MethodIn a 6-month prospective study, 933 schizophrenic outpatients with initiation or change to their antipsychotic treatment were enrolled. Psychiatrists completed five CGI-SCH scales (positive, negative, cognitive, depressive and global), hospitalization, compliance, and prescription variables. Patients completed PSP, EuroQoL scales, sexual function and compliance variables.ResultsA satisfactory structural equation model was obtained showing significant relationships PSP/compliance (coef. = 0.16), QoL/PSP (coef. = 0.37), clinical status/QoL (coef. = 0.61), clinical status/compliance (coef. = 0.09). Patients receiving olanzapine were more satisfied than patients receiving other atypicals (coef. =0 12) and had better clinical status than patients treated with typicals (coef. = 0.08). Evolution of PSP was related to clinical status, QoL, and continuation of treatment (all P < 001). Sensitivity to change of PSP was moderate (effect size = 0.2).ConclusionPSP produced consistent results in relation to validated outcome variables. However, a single-item measure was not sufficiently sensitive to change. Multi-item questionnaires evaluating different dimensions are needed.
Diet-induced differences in the essential fatty acid (EFA) compositions of larval Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) with reference to possible effects of dietary EFAs on larval performance
Authors: Cutts C.J. , Sawanboonchun J. , Mazorra de Quero C. , Bell J.G. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractWe studied the performance of cod rearing in which live feed was given under three different essential fatty acid (EFA) enrichment regimes, using commercially available live-feed enrichments. We assessed the fatty acid profile [docosahexaenoic (DHA), eicosapentaenoic (EPA), and arachidonic acid (AA)] in larval somatic tissue, relative to its amounts in both rotifers and Artemia as well as to larval performance. Overall, percentage lipid level of each experimental diet for the trial was approximately 50%. Further, there were no significant differences in total fatty acid levels of larvae from each treatment at the end of the trial (mean = 444.76 μg fatty acid per mg lipid). However, during the rotifer phase, larvae from each treatment were able to incorporate comparable levels of %DHA, irrespective of levels in the diet. Despite this, the rotifer diet with more %DHA still promoted better larval growth than other treatments. Conversely, larvae from two of the treatments did not exhibit any accumulation of AA, reflecting levels found in the diet instead. However, between-tank differences in larval %AA showed improved growth during the rotifer period when larval %AA was high. Low ratios of EPA had no effect. During the Artemia phase, percentage levels of larval DHA decreased; there was no accumulation of DHA relative to dietary levels, which in Artemia were significantly lower than in rotifers (6 cf. 20–30%). However, DHA levels in larvae at the end of the experiment correlated positively with survival. Artemia contained lower levels of AA than rotifers (1.5 cf. 3.0%), yet comparable levels of AA were found in rotifer-fed and Artemia-fed larvae. This also differed significantly between treatments, and correlated positively with survival.
The expression of wild‐type human amyloid precursor protein affects the dendritic phenotype of neocortical pyramidal neurons in transgenic mice
Authors: Alpár Alán , Ueberham Uwe , Brückner Martina K. , Arendt Thomas , Gärtner Ulrich 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe current study addresses the morphoregulatory effects of human amyloid precursor protein expression on neocortical pyramidal cells in vivo. For this purpose, a transgenic mouse line was used that expresses wild‐type human amyloid precursor protein (APP) at levels similar to endogenous mouse APP [introduced by Lamb, B.T., Sisodia, S.S., Lawler, A.M., Slunt, H.H., Kitt, C.A., Kearns, W.G., Pearson, P.L., Price, D.L., Gearhart, J.D., 1993. Introduction and expression of the 400 kilobase amyloid precursor protein gene in transgenic mice. Nat. Genet. 5, 22–30]. This strain does not develop Alzheimer's disease‐related pathology which allowed to study effects of APP or APP cleavage products but excluded the influence of amyloid deposits. Commissural projecting pyramidal neurons of layers II/III within the primary somatosensory cortex were retrogradely labelled by injection of biotinylated dextran amine into the corpus callosum. In transgenic mice, computer‐aided morphometric analysis revealed an increase in the surface area of proximal and intermediate basal dendritic segments resulting from an enlarged diameter. On the other hand, the length of the same segments was reduced. Both basal and apical dendrites were characterized by a higher dendritic density within the proximal and intermediate fields. Although the total spatial extension of basal and apical dendrites remained unchanged, a moderate withdrawal of arbors is suggested. The results implicate a physiological function for APP in regulatory mechanisms of neuronal morphogenesis.
Effects of hypoglossal and facial nerve injuries on milk‐suckling
Authors: Fujita K. , Yokouchi K. , Fukuyama T. , Fukushima N. , Kawagishi K. , Moriizumi T. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractFunctional roles of the perioral anatomical structures involved in breastfeeding were examined in newborn rat pups in which the hypoglossal (XII) and facial (VII) nerves had been resected at the neonatal stage. The XII nerve controls tongue movement and is comprised of two functionally distinct branches: the medial branch related to protrusion of the tongue and the lateral branch related to its retraction. Newborn rat pups with bilateral resection of either of the XII nerve components (main trunk: XII‐trunk; medial branch: XII‐med; lateral branch: XII‐lat) failed to suckle milk and did not survive. Unilateral XII nerve‐resected neonates showed different milk‐suckling capabilities, which thus resulted in differences in survival rate (XII‐trunk: 38%; XII‐med: 24%; XII‐lat: 92%) and postnatal growth during the postnatal 3 weeks until P21. Unilateral and bilateral resections of the VII nerve innervating the buccolabial musculature produced lowered suckling capabilities and retarded postnatal growth, although all pups showed 100% survival. The results indicate a crucial role of the tongue, especially of protruding muscular elements innervated by the XII‐med nerve, in breastfeeding. The results also indicate differential effects of the VII and XII nerve components on suckling capability, survival, and postnatal growth of newborn rat pups.
The protective role of trait anxiety: a longitudinal cohort study
Authors: LEE W. E. , WADSWORTH M. E. J. , HOTOPF M. 
Published: January 2006

Background. Most research has indicated that neuroticism (or trait anxiety) is associated with only negative outcomes. Such a common, heritable and variable trait is expected to have beneficial as well as detrimental effects. We tested the hypothesis that trait anxiety in childhood reduces the risk of dying from accidental causes in early adult life.Method. A longitudinal, population-based, birth cohort study of 4070 men and women born in the UK in 1946. Trait anxiety as judged by teachers when the participants were 13 and 15 years old, and the neuroticism scale of a Maudsley Personality Inventory (MPI) when the participants were 16 years old. Outcomes were deaths, deaths from accidents, non-fatal accidents, and non-fatal accidents requiring medical intervention.Results. Adolescents with low trait anxiety had higher rates of accident mortality to age 25 [low anxiety at 13, hazard ratio (HR) 5·9, low anxiety at 15, HR 1·8]. Low trait anxiety in adolescence was associated with decreased non-accidental mortality after age 25 (low anxiety at 13, HR 0; low anxiety at 15, HR 0·7; low neuroticism at 16, HR 0·7).Conclusions. High trait anxiety measured in adolescence is associated with reduced accidents and accidental death in early adulthood but higher rates of non-accidental mortality in later life.
Factors determining the nutrition transition in two Mediterranean islands: Sardinia and Malta
Authors: Tessier Sophie , Gerber Mariette 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjectiveTo examine and analyse consumption changes over time of 24 food items between Sardinia and Malta.SettingThe data were collected in 2001 in Sardinia and 2002 in Malta.DesignA structured qualitative questionnaire, articulated around four main themes: food supply, transformation, preparation and consumption habits, was administered by face-to-face interviews with the help of a local person. It encompassed mainly open-ended questions, which allowed us to measure factors contributing to change.SubjectsThirty mother–daughter pairs were interviewed in each insular territory.ResultsDespite a common trend revealing a shift away from cereals, pulses and potatoes to the benefit of meat products, fats and sugar, our results showed contrasting evolutions in food consumption between both insular societies. Fruit and vegetables, olive oil and fish, which are part of the main features of the Mediterranean diet, were among the top foods for which consumption frequency has increased in Sardinia. In Malta, besides an increase in olive oil and vegetable consumption, cheeses and desserts showed the highest increase. Along with modernity and improved living conditions, enhanced commercial availability and increased diversity of food preparation were also identified as factors contributing to food consumption changes.ConclusionsAlthough the Sardo-Mediterranean model is evolving under the impact of modernisation, it is not disappearing. In Malta, however, modernity has led to a more sudden shift from a state of food shortage to one of affluence, but in a cultural context where the identity is no longer Mediterranean but Anglo-Saxon.
Sources of variation in nutrient intakes among men in Shanghai, China
Authors: Cai Hui , Yang Gong , Xiang Yong-Bing , Hebert James R , Liu Da-Ke , Zheng Wei , Shu Xiao-Ou 
Published: December 2005

AbstractBackground and objectiveRandom errors, from any source, will attenuate epidemiological risk estimates. Before we launched the Shanghai Men's Health Study (SMHS), a large population-based cohort study investigating the diet–cancer association among Chinese men, a dietary calibration study was conducted among 96 men aged 40–75 years (mean age 56.5 years), with biweekly 24-hour dietary recalls (24HDRs) implemented over a 1-year period. Data from this study were analysed to evaluate the nature and magnitude of variances for intake of 26 nutrients among SMHS participants, to compare variance ratios of 26 nutrients among Chinese men and women and individuals in other studies, and to estimate the number of 24HDRs required for future dietary calibration studies in similar populations.DesignNinety-six healthy, free-living men in Shanghai were administered biweekly 24HDR interviews 24 times over a 1-year period. To assess between-individual and within-individual contributions to variance, a mixed effects model was fitted and ratios of within-individual to between-individualdietary intake variances were computed.SettingShanghai, China.ResultsIn agreement with reports from studies conducted in the USA and many other countries, we found that within-individual variances were usually larger than between-individual variances in dietary intake for all nutrients. The sum of all other variation (e.g. weekday and weekend, seasonal, interviewer) accounted for less than 5% of total variation. Ratios of within- to between-individual variances (for log-transformed data) ranged from 1.25 for carbohydrate intake to near 8 for δ-tocopherol intake.ConclusionsThe results of this study suggest that among middle-aged and elderly Chinese men in Shanghai, within- and between-individual variation account for more than 95% of the total variation for 26 nutrients. Further dietary validation studies in the same population could be adequately carried out with only 12 days of dietary recalls, if 100 participants were enrolled.
Can adverse effects of dietary fat intake be overestimated as a consequence of dietary fat underreporting?
Authors: Heitmann Berit Lilienthal , Lissner Lauren 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the consequences of systematic reporting bias by the obese for diet–disease relationships.DesignThe present report used 24-hour urinary nitrogen and estimates of 24-hour energy expenditure to assess error in diet reporting, and examined the consequence of accounting for this error for associations between dietary fat intake and serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol.SettingSub-study to the Danish MONICA (Monitoring Trends and Determinants in Cardiovascular Disease) project, carried out in 1987–1988.SubjectsA random sub-sample of the adult Danish male population (n = 152).ResultsCorrecting dietary fat for underreporting error weakened, rather than strengthened, the association between dietary fat intake and LDL-cholesterol by reducing the slope of the regression from β = 3.4, P = 0.02 to β = 2.7, P = 0.04.ConclusionThis example illustrates that systematic underreporting of dietary fat by high-risk groups such as the obese may produce an overestimated association. These results imply that previous epidemiological studies showing a positive association between percentage of energy from fat and other health outcomes, e.g. cancer and heart disease, may have overestimated the negative effects of a high-fat diet. If we were able to correctly assess dietary fat intake in general populations, recommendations for fat intake may be more liberal than the 30% suggested today. Improved assessment of fat intake in epidemiological studies is necessary for future development of evidence-based recommendations for diet and health.
Validation of a pre-coded food diary used among 13-year-olds: comparison of energy intake with energy expenditure
Authors: Andersen Lene F , Pollestad Magnhild L , Jacobs David R , Løvø Arne , Hustvedt Bo-Egil 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjectiveTo validate energy intake (EI) estimated from pre-coded food diaries against energy expenditure (EE) measured with a validated position-and-movement monitor (ActiReg®) in groups of 13-year-old Norwegian schoolchildren.DesignTwo studies were conducted. In study 1 the monitoring period was 4 days; participants recorded their food intake for four consecutive weekdays using food diaries and wore the ActiReg® during the same period. In study 2 the monitoring period was 7 days; participants recorded their food intake for four consecutive days but wore the ActiReg® for a whole week.SettingsParticipants were recruited from grade 8 in a school in and one outside Oslo (Norway).SubjectsForty-one and 31 participants from study 1 and 2, respectively, completed the study.ResultsThe group average EI was 34% lower than the measured EE in study 1 and 24% lower in study 2. The width of the 95% confidence limits of agreement in a Bland–Altman plot for EI and EE varied from -0.2 MJ to 8.2 MJ in study 1 and from -2.3 MJ to 6.9 MJ in study 2. The Pearson correlation coefficients between reported energy intake and expenditure were 0.47 (P = 0.002) in study 1 and 0.74 (P < 0.001) in study 2.ConclusionThe data showed that there was substantial variability in the accuracy of the food diary at the individual level. Furthermore, the diary underestimated the average energy intake. The ability of the food diary to rank individuals according to energy intake was found to be good in one of the studies and moderate in the other.
Green tea consumption in everyday life and mental health
Authors: Shimbo Mari , Nakamura Keiko , Shi Hui Jing , Kizuki Masashi , Seino Kaoruko , Inose Tomoko , Takano Takehito 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjectiveGreen tea has been widely acknowledged in Japan to induce a pleasurable mental feeling. Recent laboratory studies have suggested positive psychological effects as a result of consuming green tea. The present study examined whether green tea consumption in everyday life in Japan is associated with positive mental health.DesignA cross-sectional study was performed in February–March 2002.Setting and subjectsThe subjects of the study consisted of a general population of 600 Japanese aged 20–69 years. Responses of 380 subjects, obtained by home-visit interview, were analysed. The questionnaire inquired about consumption of brewed green tea and other beverages, perceived mental health status, lifestyle and others. The 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ 12) was used for the assessment of mental ill-health (GHQ score ≥4).ResultsAfter adjustments for age, area, perceived mental stress, lifestyle and daily caffeine intake, the consumption of brewed green tea was not statistically associated with any decrease in risk of mental ill-health among either males or females (odds ratio (OR) = 0.78, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.47–1.29 for males; OR = 0.77, 95% CI = 0.51–1.14 for females). Daily caffeine intake (100 mg) inclusive of green tea, black tea, coffee and other caffeine-containing beverages was associated with a higher risk of mental ill-health among females (OR = 1.26, 95% CI = 1.01–1.56).ConclusionsThe results provide population-based evidence on the consumption of brewed green tea in everyday life and mental health, together with information on consumption patterns of various beverages and lifestyles.
A population-based case–control study of diet and melanoma risk in northern Italy
Authors: Vinceti Marco , Pellacani Giovanni , Malagoli Carlotta , Bassissi Stefania , Sieri Sabina , Bonvicini Francesca , Krogh Vittorio , Seidenari Stefania 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjectiveWe aimed at examining the association between dietary constituents and risk of cutaneous melanoma.DesignIn an area of northern Italy we recruited 59 newly diagnosed melanoma patients and 59 age- and sex-matched population controls, to whom we administered a validated semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire.ResultsWe found an excess risk of melanoma in subjects with a higher energy-adjusted intake of total polyunsaturated fatty acids and, in particular, of linoleic acid (relative risk = 2.16 for intake in the highest tertile compared with the lowest tertile,Pfor linear trend = 0.061). Conversely, disease risk was inversely associated with the consumption of soluble carbohydrates (relative risk = 0.34 for intake in the upper vs. the lowest tertile adjusting for total energy intake,Pfor linear trend = 0.046). No other dietary factors, including alcohol, vitamins and trace elements, correlated with melanoma risk. The association of melanoma risk with linoleic acid and soluble carbohydrates intakes was further strengthened in multivariate analysis, and when analysis was limited to females.ConclusionsOverall, these results indicate that an excess energy-adjusted intake of linoleic acid and a lower consumption of soluble carbohydrates may increase melanoma risk.
Taxing food: implications for public health nutrition
Authors: Caraher Martin , Cowburn Gill 
Published: December 2005

AbstractAimTo set out a policy analysis of food taxes as a way of influencing food consumption and behaviour.DesignThe study draws on examples of food taxes from the developed world imposed at national and local levels. Studies were identified from a systemised search in six databases with criteria designed to identity articles of policy relevance.ResultsThe dominant approach identified from the literature was the imposition of food taxes on food to raise general revenue, such as Value Added Tax in the European Union. Food taxes can be applied in various ways, ranging from attempts to directly influence behaviour to those which collect taxes for identified campaigns on healthy eating through to those applied within closed settings such as schools. There is a case for combining taxes of unhealthy foods with subsidies of healthy foods. The evidence from the literature concerning the use and impact of food taxes on food behaviour is not clear and those cases identified are mainly retrospective descriptions of the process. Many food taxes have been withdrawn after short periods of time due to industry lobbying.Conclusions for policySmall taxes with the clear purpose of promoting the health of key groups, e.g. children, are more likely to receive public support. The focus of many tax initiatives is unclear; although they are generally aimed at consumers, another focus could be food manufacturers, using taxes and subsidies to encourage the production of healthier foods, which could have an effect at a population level. Further consideration needs to be given to this aspect of food taxes. Taxing food (and subsidies) can influence food behaviour within closed systems such as schools and the workplace.
Effects of retirement on lifestyle in relation to changes in weight and waist circumference in Dutch men: a prospective study
Authors: Nooyens Astrid CJ , Visscher Tommy LS , Schuit A Jantine , van Rossum Caroline TM , Verschuren WM Monique , van Mechelen Willem , Seidell Jacob C 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjectiveTo study changes in lifestyle in relation to changes in body weight and waist circumference associated with occupational retirement in men.DesignA prospective cohort study with 5 years of follow-up. At baseline and at follow-up, questionnaires were completed and body weight and waist circumference were measured.SettingThe Doetinchem Cohort Study, consisting of inhabitants of Doetinchem, a town in a rural area of The Netherlands.SubjectsIn total 288 healthy men aged 50–65 years at baseline, who either remained employed or retired over follow-up.ResultsThe effect of retirement on changes in weight and waist circumference was dependent on type of former occupation. Increase in body weight and waist circumference was higher among men who retired from active jobs (0.42 kg year−1 and 0.77 cm year−1, respectively) than among men who retired from sedentary jobs (0.08 kg year−1 and 0.23 cm year−1, respectively). Weight gain and increase in waist circumference were associated with a decrease in fruit consumption and fibre density of the diet, with an increase in frequency of eating breakfast, and with a decrease in several physical activities, such as household activities, bicycling, walking and doing odd jobs.ConclusionRetirement was associated with an increase in weight and waist circumference among those with former active jobs, but not among those with former sedentary jobs. Retirement may bring opportunities for healthy changes in diet and physical activity, which could be used in health promotion programmes.