bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF SYNTHETIC ANGIOTENSIN II ON SYNTHESIS OF ALDOSTERONE BY THE ADRENALS
Authors: GLÁZ EDIT , SUGÁR KRISZTINA 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Angiotensin II administered intravenously in doses of 40–50 μg./100g. body weight produced a significant increase in the capacity of the adrenal glands of rats to synthesize aldosterone. An increase in the production of corticosterone was not significant. The changes occurred about 24 hr. after the last injection of angiotensin, when the circulatory effects of the drug had ceased.
Since adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) with aldosteronotrophic activity, administered intravenously, did not result in increased steroid synthesis by the adrenals, it is unlikely that the phenomenon is due to mobilization of endogenous ACTH.
Angiotensin added to adrenal slices in vitro failed to produce the stimulating effect seen in vivo. Further investigations are needed to explain this difference.
THYROID FUNCTION IN RATS SELECTIVELY BRED FOR EMOTIONAL ELIMINATION
Authors: FEUER G. , BROADHURST P. L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. The effect has been studied of propylthiouracil, thyrotrophic hormone (TSH) and potassium iodide on the behaviour of rats from the Maudsley Reactive and Non-reactive strains bred for emotional defecation.
2. In Reactive, high defecating rats treated with propylthiouracil, the defecation scores increased significantly, and the ambulation score decreased slightly; in the Non-reactive, low defecating rats, no significant change occurred in the defecation score.
3. After the injection of TSH, the behavioural scores did not change significantly, although the defecation scores were decreased and the ambulation scores increased in the majority of cases.
4. No significant changes were found in response to the administration of potassium iodide.
5. Differences in adrenal weight were found between the two strains, the gland being significantly larger in the high defecating strain than in the low defecating one.
6. The ovaries of the high defecating females were significantly smaller than those of the low defecating ones.
7. No marked difference was found in the weight of the pituitary and testes.
8. The weight of the kidneys was significantly lower in the high defecating than in the low defecating strain.
9. Treatment with propylthiouracil and TSH altered the size of the thyroids, the serum protein bound iodine and the weight of the adrenals. Injections of pituitary extracts containing TSH also affected the weight of the kidneys.
STEROID EXCRETION IN IDIOPATHIC HIRSUTISM
Authors: JAMES V. H. T. , PEART W. S. , ILES S. D. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The excretion of urinary steroids and their response to corticotrophin has been studied in a group of patients with idiopathic hirsutism. The mean resting levels of 17-oxosteroids and 17-hydroxycorticosteroids were higher, and the response to corticotrophin was greater, in the patients as compared to control subjects. Fractionation of 17-oxosteroids in eight patients showed an elevated or abnormally high excretion of steroid metabolites which were presumably being derived from androgen. This appeared to be associated with an adequate production of cortisol, as judged from urinary excretion studies.
INFLUENCE OF CORTISOL, ALDOSTERONE AND 2 METHYL-1,2-DI-3′ PYRIDYLPROPAN-1-ONE ON CEREBRAL WATER CONTENT
Authors: SELLER MARY J. , SPECTOR R. G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. No alteration in cerebral water content was observed in rats following administration of cortisol, aldosterone or the adrenal inhibitor 2 methyl-1,2-di-3′ pyridylpropan-1-one (SU 4885).
2. Aldosterone was found to decrease the cerebral oedema produced by intravenous injection of water.
3. Cortisol and SU 4885 had no effect on cerebral water content following intravenous administration of water.
HYPOPHYSIOTROPHIC AREA IN THE HYPOTHALAMUS
Authors: HALÁSZ B. , PUPP L. , UHLARIK S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Anterior pituitary tissue was implanted into the hypothalamus, other parts of the brain and beneath the renal capsule of rats. Grafts in the ventral hypothalamus could retain a normal histological appearance despite a lack of any contact with the capillary loop system of the median eminence.
By observing the location of basophils in the grafts a 'hypophysiotrophic' area has been defined. In other sites the histological structure of the grafts was not maintained.
In animals with grafts in the hypophysiotrophic area the target organs might be well preserved, though sometimes the gonads were preserved and other target organs atrophied. Grafts in other sites always led to atrophy of the target organs.
It is concluded that the material from the hypothalamus essential for the maintenance of anterior pituitary structure and function is not simply a synaptic mediator discharged by nerve terminals into the portal circulation, but a true neurosecretory substance produced by and available from small neurones in the hypothalamus.
THE EFFECTS OF INGESTION OF HYPERTONIC SALINE ON THE PITUITARY GLAND IN THE RAT: A MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE PARS INTERMEDIA AND POSTERIOR LOBE
Authors: DUCHEN L. W. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The microscopic changes occurring in the pars intermedia and posterior lobe of the pituitary gland were studied in rats given 2% sodium chloride in place of tap water for periods ranging from 1 to 21 days. In the pars intermedia small, strongly PAS-positive cells which are normally few in number became very numerous during the first few days of treatment with saline. After longer periods on saline these changes appeared to regress. Mitotic activity in the pars intermedia and posterior lobe was studied using colchicine. Mitoses were present in the pars intermedia of control rats but not in that of salt-loaded rats. In the posterior lobe mitoses were not present in control rats but were numerous in rats drinking saline, and the greatest numbers were seen after 4 days. The neurosecretory material (NSM) was lost from the posterior lobe within the first 8 days, and it is suggested that there is a relationship between the loss of NSM and mitotic activity in the posterior lobe. The significance of the changes in the pars intermedia is not apparent at present but may be related to the removal of neurohypophysial hormones.
STUDIES ON MATING BEHAVIOUR IN THE ANDROGEN-STERILIZED FEMALE RAT IN RELATION TO THE HYPOTHALAMIC REGULATION OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR
Authors: BARRACLOUGH C. A. , GORSKI R. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
In the present investigation the mating behaviour of the androgensterilized rat has been studied. It was observed that rats sterilized by prepubertal administration of 1·25 mg. of testosterone propionate were sexually unreceptive to the male. Progesterone, when given as either spaced or daily injections, did not restore mating behaviour. Furthermore, although mating behaviour could be restored in normal ovariectomized rats by combinations of oestrogen and progesterone, identical treatment of spayed sterile rats was ineffective. Rats pretreated with 10 μg. of testosterone propionate at 5 days of age were found to be sexually receptive to the male even though they exhibited the same anovulatory persistentoestrous syndrome as did rats which received the higher dose. One rat accepted the male for nine consecutive days whilst others exhibited more bizarre patterns of sexual receptivity. It is suggested from these and other studies that a ' mating centre' exists in the hypothalamus of the rat and that it is located in the anterior hypothalamus.
EFFECT OF AN ANABOLIC STEROID (METHANDIENONE) ON THE METABOLISM OF CORTISOL IN THE HUMAN
Authors: JAMES V. H. T. , LANDON J. , WYNN V. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Possible mechanisms whereby the anabolic steroid methandienone lowers the urinary excretion of 17-KS and 17-OHCS have been studied in eight patients. Administration of the drug was associated with a delayed catabolism of infused cortisol and of endogenous cortisol, and a fall in cortisol production rate. In several patients, treatment was accompanied by a rise in certain serum enzyme levels and abnormal bromsulpthalein retention, but in others, these liver function tests were unaffected. Methandienone may thus inhibit the hepatic detoxification of cortisol without necessarily inducing changes in conventional liver function tests. The suppression of adrenocortical secretion was considered to be in part secondary to the effect of delayed cortisol catabolism, but evidence is also given suggesting a direct effect of the drug on the hypothalamus or pituitary, inhibiting the production or release of ACTH.
EFFECT OF THE MELANOCYTE STIMULATING HORMONE OF THE PITUITARY ON MELANOCYTES AND MELANIN IN THE SKIN OF GUINEA-PIGS
Authors: SNELL R. S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. The effect of beta melanocyte stimulating hormone (β-m.s.h.) extracted from the posterior pituitary of the hog, on the melanocytes and melanin in the skin of the ear, anterior abdominal wall, areola and sole of foot has been studied in pure black and pure red intact male and ovariectomized female guinea-pigs. The hormone was injected subcutaneously twice daily 5 days/week for 1 month.
2. Apart from a slight increase in the pigmentation of the skin of the anterior abdominal wall and areola of one male guinea-pig, no obvious changes were noted microscopically.
3. Histological investigation showed that the hormone caused an increase in the length, width and complexity of the dendritic processes and that this was accompanied by an increase in the amount of melanin present within the processes. In the skin of the anterior abdominal wall numbers of melanocytes were significantly raised and the amount of free melanin was increased. In many of the animals the amount of melanin present within the cell bodies of the melanocytes was increased in all the skin regions and in some of these this was associated with an increase in size of the cell body.
4. The hormone produced its greatest effect on the melanocytes in males.
RELAXIN IN THE BLOOD OF PREPARTURIENT EWES
Authors: HALL KATHLEEN , HOARE MARGARET , TURNER C. B. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The concentration of relaxin in the circulating blood of ewes has been investigated during the last 2 months of pregnancy.
When assayed on the symphysis pubis of oestrogen-primed mice, the concentration of relaxin present in extracts was less than 0·2 u./ml. serum. The extracts produced no measurable effects on weight or histology of the uterine tract or on distensibility of the cervix of oestrogen-primed mice, whether or not progesterone was also given.
It is concluded that in the sheep the amount of relaxin in the circulating blood during the later stages of gestation is too low to detect, by existing assay procedures, abnormalities in blood concentrations in conditions such as Ring Womb.
Confirmation is provided of an earlier report that the concentration of relaxin in the blood of pregnant mice during the period of rapid interpubic separation is also less than 0·2 u./ml. serum.
EFFECT OF SODIUM RESTRICTION AND EXPERIMENTAL NEPHROSIS ON TISSUE SPACES AND TISSUE SODIUM DISTRIBUTION IN THE RAT
Authors: LEONARD P. J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Aldosterone secretion is increased in rats on a diet low in sodium content or in rats with nephrosis induced by administration of an aminonucleoside. Distributions of water and sodium in heart, liver, adrenals and abdominal muscle were compared in nephrotic rats, sodium-restricted rats and rats maintained on a normal diet. In nephrotic animals total tissue sodium increased significantly in liver, heart and abdominal muscle and was associated with increased intracellular sodium (both absolute amount and concentration) in these tissues as well as in the adrenals; extracellular sodium decreased in heart and adrenals and increased in abdominal muscle. In nephrotic rats increased total tissue water in liver and abdominal muscle was associated with increased extracellular water while increased total water in adrenals was accompanied by increased intracellular water. The results in sodium-restricted rats were similar to those in nephrotic rats except that no changes were found in abdominal muscle and that water content of liver was unchanged.
THE EFFECT OF NORETHISTERONE AND ITS ACETATE ON OVARIAN AND PITUITARY FUNCTION DURING THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE
Authors: BROWN J. B. , FOTHERBY K. , LORAINE J. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. The effect of the progestational compounds, norethisterone and norethisterone acetate, on ovarian and pituitary function during the menstrual cycle have been assessed in five subjects by measuring the urinary excretion of oestrogens, pregnanediol, pregnanetriol and pituitary gonadotrophin (HPG).
2. The effects of the two compounds were similar and depended on dosage and time of administration during the cycle. With adequate dosages given from day 5 to day 25, there was complete suppression of ovarian activity; with lower dosages given over a similar period, follicular activity could persist but ovulation and formation of a corpus luteum were suppressed. When administered during the luteal phase only, there was no apparent effect on the normal function of the corpus luteum. In none of the subjects was urinary HPG excretion depressed during drug administration.
3. The action of these compounds as ovarian or pituitary inhibitors is discussed. It is concluded that they exert their effects, not through their weakly oestrogenic activity but through a property common to synthetic progestational compounds.
A STUDY OF THE ANTITHYROID EFFECT OF TOLBUTAMIDE
Authors: HANNO G. , AWWAD H. K. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The mechanism of the antithyroid effect of tolbutamide was investigated by studying its effect on thyroid iodine trapping, the salivary secretion of 131I and the organic binding of thyroid 131I. No inhibitory effect was noted on iodine trapping. After prolonged therapy a defect in the organic binding of 131I was observed in some cases. There was a significant correlation between thyroid function as measured by the 2 hr. neck:thigh ratio and the total drug dose in patients on long-term treatment. Recovery of the gland from this defect after withdrawal of the drug seemed to be slower than the recovery from other antithyroid drugs having the same mode of action.
APPLICATION OF THE ITTRICH EXTRACTION PROCEDURE TO THE FLUORIMETRIC MEASUREMENT OF OESTROGENS IN BLOOD
Authors: ROY EVELINE J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The fluorescence reaction described by Ittrich (1958) for the quantitative estimation of oestrogens has been investigated, and applied to the measurement of oestriol, oestrone and oestradiol in fractions from blood prepared by the procedure of Roy & Brown (1960). The results obtained by this method from blood taken during pregnancy agreed closely with those given by the less sensitive Kober colour reaction. Fluorescing impurities derived from solvents and reagents gave 'base-line' values equivalent to approximately 0·02 μg. of each oestrogen per 100 ml. blood. These background values masked the oestriol and the majority of the oestradiol levels when the procedure was applied to peripheral venous blood obtained during the menstrual cycle. However, positive values for oestrone were encountered reaching 0·14 μg./100 ml. at the peak; these values correlated closely with the urinary oestrone output. The ratio of blood:urinary concentration of oestrone was the same during the menstrual cycle as during pregnancy.
THE HALF-LIFE OF PROGESTERONE IN THE PERIPHERAL BLOOD OF A EWE AT TWO STAGES OF GESTATION
Authors: SHORT R. V. , ROWELL J. G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
[4-14C]Progesterone (10 μc, 154 μg.) was injected intravenously into a Suffolk ewe on the 115th day of gestation, and again a few hours before parturition. Within 5 min. of the injection, only about 1% of the radioactive progesterone was present in the circulating blood. During the ensuing 25 min., the fall in concentration was approximately exponential, the estimated half-lives being 7·3 ± 1·2 min. at day 115 and 8·1 ± 0·6 min. just before lambing. The difference between these half-lives is not significant.
Subject to a number of assumptions, these half-lives may be used as a measure of the rate at which progesterone is metabolized in the body. It is concluded that there are no pronounced changes in the rate of progesterone production or metabolism during the course of pregnancy in the ewe.
THE EFFECT OF ADRENOCORTICAL STEROIDS ON THE TISSUE ELECTROLYTE COMPOSITION OF THE FRESH-WATER RAINBOW TROUT (SALMO GAIRDNERI)
Authors: HOLMES W. N. , BUTLER D. G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effects were studied of cortisol, corticosterone and aldosterone on the concentrations of sodium and potassium in muscle and blood plasma and on water content of muscle in the fresh-water rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri).
These steroids appeared to cause a loss in plasma sodium throughout the 96 hr. experimental period. An initial rise in muscle sodium was observed during the first 24 hr. after commencement of the treatments. The subsequent decline in muscle sodium was interrupted by a transient rise followed by a continuing decline.
The effect of these hormones on the potassium concentrations in plasma was variable, although there was a significant rise in the potassium concentration in muscle during the period of decline in sodium concentration.
The significance of these results in relation to the possible enhanced adrenocortical activity of the trout during adaptation to a marine environment is discussed.
PARTITION OF ANDROGEN BETWEEN THE LYMPH AND VENOUS BLOOD OF THE TESTIS IN THE RAM
Authors: LINDNER H. R. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Testicular lymph collected from rams contained testosterone and androstenedione. The concentration of testosterone in testicular lymph ranged from < 2·5 to 10·6 μg./100 ml. in untreated rams, and from 8·9 to 61·4 μg./100 ml. in rams treated with human chorionic gonadotrophin, and was closely correlated with the hormone level in testicular venous blood. Testosterone concentration in lymph was lower than that in the plasma of spermatic vein blood (mean ratio 0·61), but was two to eight times higher than the concentration in arterial blood plasma.
Blood flow rate through the testis (2–3 l./hr.) was 300 to 400 times higher than the mean rate of lymph collection (7·5 ml./hr./testis). It is concluded that only a very small fraction of the androgen output of the testis is carried to the general circulation in lymph. It appears, however, that androgen release is attended by escape of testosterone into the tissue fluid of the testis, and hence the seminiferous tubules may be exposed to much higher concentrations of the hormone than are androgen target organs remote from the testis.
CHANGES IN LEVELS OF 'ATYPICAL' CIRCULATING INSULIN AFTER INFUSING 'TYPICAL' INSULIN THROUGH THE LIVER
Authors: SAMAAN N. A. , DEMPSTER W. J. , FRASER R. , STILLMAN D. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Insulin was infused into the portal vein of four greyhounds previously pancreatectomized; assays on their hepatic venous serum showed thereafter not only a striking rise in total insulin-like activity (ILA), but also a steady rise in 'atypical' ILA (to 200–300% of the pre-infusion level).
For controls in two other pancreatectomized greyhounds, with their livers temporarily excluded from the circulation, insulin was similarly infused into a femoral vein and the brachial vein sampled for assays; no rise in 'atypical' ILA was then seen.
The levels of 'typical' or 'atypical' ILA in the three venous samples were not found to be altered by oxygenation before their plasmas were separated for bioassay.
These experiments suggest that 'atypical' insulin is found in serum because some of the 'typical' insulin secreted by the pancreas is transformed to the 'atypical' form during its passage through the liver.
HORMONAL CONTROL OF BROOD PATCH AND OVIDUCT DEVELOPMENT IN DOMESTICATED CANARIES
Authors: STEEL E. A. , HINDE R. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Experiments are described whereby the effects of various exogenous reproductive hormones on the brood patch were assessed. It was found that the development of blood vessels is under the control of oestrogen: their rate and degree of development depends on the dose levels employed.
Defeathering is produced by oestrogen plus a secondary hormone. Both progesterone and prolactin are found to act synergistically with oestradiol benzoate and it is not clear which of them is more important under natural conditions. The effects vary with the doses and there is even a suggestion of antagonism when high levels of oestrogen plus prolactin are employed.
Oestrogen causes increase in oviduct weight which can be augmented by both prolactin and progesterone at certain dose levels. With 0·4 mg. oestradiol benzoate thrice weekly neither of these hormones produced any further increase in oviduct weight.
Oestrogen increases nest-building activity. No effect of prolactin or progesterone on nest-building activity or on selection of nest-material was found.
THE METABOLISM OF INJECTED PROGESTERONE IN THE EWE
Authors: BRUSH M. G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Plasma levels of progesterone and 20 α-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one have been studied after intravenous (i.v.) and intramuscular (i.m.) injections of progesterone in sheep. I.v. injected progesterone was removed from the bloodstream very rapidly and it was necessary to give 50 mg. before it was possible to detect progesterone at times up to 10 min. after the injection. With 100 mg. amounts of progesterone injected i.v. the mean concentration in samples taken up to 10 min. after the injection was 34·7 μg./100 ml. plasma (range 4–110 μg./100 ml. in 9 samples), but after 1 hr. the mean level was 2·2 μg./100 ml. plasma (range 0–10 μg./100 ml. in 10 samples).
The concentrations of 20 α-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one were usually, but not always, less than those of progesterone.
When progesterone was given by i.m. injection it was not possible to establish detectable blood levels. The effect of the injection vehicle was also studied for each injection route.
Some new modifications of Short's method (1958) for the determination of plasma progesterone are described and discussed.
INHIBITION OF SPERMIOGENESIS, PROSTATE AND SEMINAL VESICLE DEVELOPMENT IN NORMAL ANIMALS WITH ANTI-GONADOTROPHIC HORMONE SERUM
Authors: HAYASHIDA T. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The daily injection of anti-sheep ICSH serum (A/S) for 9 days into immature male rats (30 days initial age) not only resulted in a 79% inhibition of testes weight gain as compared to the testes of controls injected with normal rabbit serum (NRS), but caused these organs to ascend into the inguinal canal. This was accompanied by a complete suppression of spermiogenesis in the A/S-injected animals, whereas the testes of all NRS-injected animals showed the presence of spermatozoa in some of the tubules.
Administration of A/S to young adult male rats resulted in a 45% suppression of testicular weight, an 86% inhibition of prostate weight and a similar degree of involution of the seminal vesicles. Spermatozoa obtained from the vas deferens of the NRS-injected adult animals were highly active, while those taken from the A/S treated animals were completely immotile. Furthermore, the interstitial cells in the testes of the experimental animals of both age groups appeared as atrophic as those in hypophysectomized animals.
Neither the NRS- nor A/S-injected animals showed any signs of toxicity as judged by the lack of any demonstrable effect on body-weight gain, adrenal or thymic weights. The A/S was found to be capable of giving a visible precipitin reaction in agar with as little as 1–2 μg. of the biologically most potent sheep ICSH available (Woods & Simpson, 1961), yet did not give any visible reaction with up to 200 μg. of each of the other anterior pituitary hormones in highly purified form.