bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clean Up Water Blocking in Gas Reservoirs by Microwave Heating: Laboratory Studies
Authors: Li Gao , Meng Yingfeng , Tang Hongming 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Water blocking caused by fluids invasion during drilling, completion and stimulation has been suspected to reduce gas well deliverability or even result in no gas productivity. To date, an effective method has not been reported to eliminate such water blocking after many studies and trials conducted worldwide. In this paper, a new technique that utilizes microwave (MW) heating to clean up water blocking in sandstone gas reservoir was presented. First, the feasibility of this new method was discussed, and then the pilot experiment aimed to investigate the efficiency of water blocking mitigation by MW was described in details including core sample preparation, experiment equipment, method, conditions, procedures as well as data analysis, etc. Next, the result from the experiment was also given which shows: after MW heating(2450MHz, 600W, 40minutes), 1) no obvious change occurred in both composition and crystal structure for those samples without crystal water, while samples contained crystal water such as gypsum and smectite dehydrated rapidly in about 2min and their microstructures have been changed; 2) random micro-fractures are likely to be induced by MW heating in low permeability sandstones and larger pores have been produced; 3) water saturations of watered samples have decreased rapidly and consequently their gas deliverability increases greatly. At last, it is concluded that water blocking clean up by MW heating has encouraging future in field application, further laboratory studies for the next phase of this project was also stated in this paper.
Reliability Improvement at ADGAS
Authors: Saez Faisa 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
When the assets are in the operative phase the goal is to get the most from the investment. In order to achieve this, the facilities/equipments have to perform with high levels of reliability and safety. During operation, there is a continuous cycle that consists of Operation operating the assets until there is an interruption (trip or breakdown), then Maintenance repairs the asset as soon as they can in order to reduce the impact of the interruption. The cycle depicted above is too reactive and expensive (but still can be found in many organizations). Thus, other strategies have to be implemented in order to reduce the "speed" (failures) of the cycle. The common strategies for this are focused on preventive/predictive maintenance with the aim of avoiding/detecting the failures before they happen or become worse. Normally, techniques like Reliability Centreded Maintenance are used to establish the right maintenance tasks (preventive maintenance, predictive maintenance, run to failure) and Risk based Inspection (RBI) is used for setting the right inspection activities. Such techniques introduce mitigating actions to prevent onset of failures in service and/or to reduce their consequences. However, it won't eliminate all of the problems in the facility since there are still soft issues that have to be addressed with another strategy like Root Cause Analysis. This paper will present ADGAS experience in implementing two (2) Reliability Methodologies: Reliability Centred Maintenance, and Root Cause Analysis.
A New Porosity Partitioning-Based Methodology for Permeability and Texture Analysis in Abu Dhabi Carbonates
Authors: Al Arfi S. , Heliot D. , Li J. , Zhan X. , Allen D. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A new methodology for porosity and permeability analysis in Carbonates with Inter-granular and Macro porosity is presented. This methodology uses NMR log data, and electrical image data when available, to partition porosity into micro, meso and macro components - and then uses that partition to reconstruct the permeability and do a facies analysis.
Application of this methodology to eight wells in four Abu-Dhabi on-shore fields is presented. The results obtained are compared to core permeability, formation tester mobility and a traditional Reservoir Rock Type classification.
The main conclusions are:
The methodology and its underlying model of pore-to-pore connectivity are widely applicable to the major Carbonate reservoir formations in Abu Dhabi. The methodology can be applied without whole core. We established optimum formation specific parameter values which give reasonable results when compared with results obtained by using parameters that best fit core data on a well-by-well basis. The interpretation results are therefore robust and analyst-independent. Spot measurements of permeability or mobility, from formation test data or sidewall coring, are strongly encouraged to further tune the parameters and increase confidence in the results. When available, electrical image data help identifying and quantifying the Macro porous zones. NMR logs respond to both the pore size and to oil properties. In one well the oil signal dominated and it was not possible to compute an accurate permeability.
The log derived facies correlate with the broad features of the traditional Reservoir Rock Type definitions in use.
The Challenges of Building Up a Geological and Reservoir Model of a Late Ordovician Glaciomarine Gas Reservoir Characterised by the Presence of Natural Fractures
Authors: Le Maux T. , Murat B. , Chauveau A. , Amamra M. , Mesdour K. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The field, a Late Ordovician gas condensate reservoir located in the Illizi Basin of the Algerian Sahara Desert, was put on production 6 years ago. It is the off-centred gas cap of a greater oil reservoir whose production was initiated by Sonatrach in 1967. The reservoir is characterised by its extreme geological complexity. The Late Ordovician (Unit IV) corresponds to a glacial period in the Saharian Basins. The heterogeneity of the reservoir – especially the strong variations in thickness - is such that it is extremely difficult to predict the performance of new wells, even when located in a well developed area. The presence of fractures organised in corridors increases even further the reservoir complexity.
This paper presents the ways in which those challenges have been tackled in order to obtain both a reliable geological and dynamic model. It is shown how this characterisation was made possible by the integration of all the available information: seismic, geological and dynamic data.
The matrix modelling was performed though the definition of electrofacies. Outcrop observations, depositional models as well as seismic data were used to define the internal layering of the geological model.
The fracture model was achieved by integrating the curvature of the top reservoir horizon. It was confirmed and refined through comparison with borehole imagery (BHI) logs and dynamic data (mainly well tests and historical production data). Fracture conductivity was adjusted such that well productivity was respected. The outcome was a Discrete Fracture Network (DFN) model that was then upscaled and integrated into a single medium dynamic model.
The final outcome is a dynamic model in which the history matched process was greatly improved. The predictability of the model was tested in an under-developed area of the field where new wells have recently been drilled. A fairly good agreement between the model and the reality was found in areas already appraised. In completely undeveloped area, the model was less successful.
Bottom-Up Approach of Project Execution
Authors: Ramana Narra Venkata 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The paper proposed highlight the significant challenges being faced in implementing Brownfield Projects.
Brownfield Projects involving major revamp / replacement of the existing facilities pose significant dilemma to the oil producers. While on one side there is an opportunity to implement projects and maximising the profits with prevailing high oil prices, on the other side there is a threat of loosing significant production during revamp works coupled with likely delays the projects may face.
The paper deals with the challenges being faced while arriving at a business decision and once decision is taken, while implementing the revamp works. A systematic analysis of the risks and preparedness to face the challenges have been dealt in the paper.
The booming oil prices made many companies rushing to implement projects. While the early entrants could get commitment on the available resources, the late entrants are struggling in this front. The Suppliers, Sub-suppliers, Contractors, Equipment manufacturers, skilled Manpower, Service providers are all busy, they are stretched in resources and are refusing to make any additional commitments.
In the above background, companies need to adopt unconventional methods to implement the revamp works. A bottom up approach of resources commitment has been suggested in the paper against the conventional top down approach (EPC Contract).
Multistage Controlled Acid Fracturing: A Unique Acid-Stimulation System Proved Efficient in a Field of Bombay Offshore Basin—A Case Study
Authors: Nainwal S. P. , Agarwal Pawan , Haldar Surajit 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The pay zones of one of the Bombay offshore field are thin, tight and heterogeneous carbonate reservoirs with typical lithological pattern. The production declined sharply in all the wells within a short period. Achieving an effective stimulation treatment for the wells of this field has long been a recognized challenge. No conventional stimulation methods have succeeded. With unique characteristics, the multi-stage controlled acid fracturing treatment is proved to be highly efficient in this formation.
Studies were carried out to determine the formation rock characteristics and finding a suitable acid system. Acid etching patterns in the formation rocks were seen for different acid systems. Studies demonstrate that a multistage fracturing by viscous frac fluid and alternately acidizing the fracture surface by the improved acid system are giving better etching pattern. Finally, closing the fracture surface and injecting large volume of nitrified acid at a very slow rate further enhances the permeability generated. In this technique, the farthest part of the fractures, the middle part and the fractures near the well bore as well are acidized and etched uniformly by controlling the acid reaction rate at different stages. Laboratory test results on formation cores and field results verify this technique. Temperature survey and pressure transient tests are done before and after stimulation treatment for post job evaluation.
This paper describes the technical basis of the improved acid system. Laboratory test results are included. It also discuses the treatment design, execution and evaluates the fracture geometry. Production comparisons indicates a substantial improvement in well performance following fracture acidizing treatments.
The significance of the paper can be attributed to achieving longer fracture length and creating higher conductivity by better etching through controlled reaction rate of acid for tight and heterogeneous carbonate reservoir.
Improving Piping Integrity for LNG Facilities
Authors: Al Zaabi Abdulla Matar , Aslam Khawar Saleem , Chaudhry Muhammad Akram , Muhammad Nasim Ahmad , Westwood Michael John , Rao Ijaz Ulkarim 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Piping studies revealed that although the rate of piping leaks including loss of production showed an increasing trend, a strategy can be devised to improve the piping integrity in less than two years with an assurance on longevity.
A multi-disciplined task force team was formed which presented its short term and long term strategy plans. A Consultant's appointment was also recommended. Uniqueness of the strategy was that not only studies should be completed for establishing a database of some 9000 piping and its inspection requirements using industry standards of RBI, but the results must be validated, with the existing performance data, along with forthwith implementation of rectification measures to address the near term and long term threats. The strategy is basically understanding the risk levels and undertaking corrective measures accordingly. RBI analysis and performance modeling were the essential tools in this strategy.
This strategy has proved very successful in dramatically reducing leaks by 78% and reducing the HSE risk to ALARP range with elimination of all production loss in year 2005, i.e. a span of about 2 years from the inception of the presented strategy.
The Road to a Competent and Motivated Workforce
Authors: AlMatroushi Salem 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In this era of remarkable growth in the petroleum industry, a competent and motivated workforce is a must. ADNOC's Exploration and Production (E&P) Directorate and its operating companies are currently dedicating significant efforts to optimize HR processes like competence assurance, talent management, performance appraisal, potential assessment, career progression, succession planning, rewards and recognition. ADNOC's CEO stated in a 2002 policy document that "ADNOC and its Group of Companies are committed to…attract and retain a motivated and qualified workforce who will be recognized and rewarded according to performance". Therefore, talent identification and management, and subsequently reward and recognition must be top priorities for every manager. This process must be implemented through a coordinated system of recruitment, development and retention.
ADNOC can expect a significant number of new technical graduates joining the company in the next few years from the Petroleum Institute in Abu Dhabi and other institutions in the UAE and abroad. The company must be ready to develop these resources. Future business leaders, technical specialists and perhaps even global technical gurus will not develop by accident. There must a corporate culture of effectively finding, developing, and retaining these talented individuals to continuously improve performance and meet evolving business demands. Successful organizations integrate their HR functions with operations to pave the way for more effective implementation of these HR initiatives.
This paper demonstrates how this integrated approach to HR can be adapted to a multi-company culture in areas like talent identification, talent management, and recognition.
Production Optimization Challenges of Gas Wells with Liquid Loading Problem Using Foaming Agents
Authors: Solesa M. , Sevic S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Decrease of gas production is an indicator that liquid column is probably building up in the well and an additional energy is required to lift the liquid out should be applied to control this situation. Commonly used methods include rod pumps, gas lift, plunger lift, foaming agents, alternate flow/shut-in periods, the use of smaller diameter production tubing and swabbing.
A method has been developed to guide operations managers, engineers and technicians responsible for operations when foaming agents are chosen to provide unloading of accumulated liquid in gas and gas condensate wells.
Depending on the well conditions, surface pressure test data and field surveys data, using different foam agents (sticks and/or liquid), the suitable intermittent system can be selected. Very often the combined production system (intermittent operation combined with launching foam sticks) or only intermittent operation using motor valve or plunger lift has been chosen.
Considering that application of foaming agent essentially promotes gas lift effect to sweep the fluids out of the tubing by adjusting some input parameters, one can simulate an apparent foamed flowing gradient. To select the appropriate correction of calculated holdup factor by using any NODAL software package, the gradients comparison was used for a rough estimation of the modified flowing gradient in the typical application.
The method proposed actions necessary to start foaming agent application. Each step and parameters affecting the process efficiency have been discussed in details. Several case studies have been discussed to confirm the validity of the proposed method.
New Perforating Technique Improves Well Productivity and Operational Efficiency
Authors: Faisal Al-Marri , Khalil Hassan Ibrahim , Salsman Alan , Lawi Majed Shaaban Abu 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A major challenge identified by ADMA OPCO is the time delay and subsequent lost production between a well being completed with the drilling rig until it is acid stimulated using a multi purpose barge and put on production.
Some wells in ADMA OPCO fields that are perforated using conventional perforating techniques will not produce until stimulated with acid. A new perforating technique has been deployed that creates clean, low skin perforations and allows the well to be produced at commercial rates while waiting for the multipurpose barge and in some cases eliminate the need for stimulation.
This new perforating technique utilizes a unique job design process and specific equipment to ensure the guns are detonated in the correct environment to create a dynamic underbalance* immediately after perforating. Laboratory tests show how this fast acting dynamic underbalance created across the perforated interval is used to clean perforation tunnels and produce low to zero damage perforation tunnels1–2.
This paper describes how this new perforating technique was used in two ADMA OPCO wells to wireline perforate in multiple runs a carbonate reservoir which then produced more than 2500 bbl/day oil before acid stimulation. A fast acting memory recorder was run with the guns to record pressure transients in the well bore at the time of perforating. The subsequent acid matrix job on these wells further improved productivity.
This paper will show the perforating strategy, execution requirements, post job monitoring and the final results. This is the first fully documented case of this perforating technique being used in a carbonate reservoir and the first time this technique has been used in Abu Dhabi.
Aerial Leak Detection for Significantly Improved Integrity Assurance
Authors: Lensing Chad 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
BP gas production operations in North America manages over 15,000 miles of onshore pipelines that make up our vast, complex, and aging gas gathering networks. Surveying these for leaks presents a huge resource challenge using current ground based technology and, in turn, impacts the assurance of the safety and integrity of these operations.
The Exploration and Production Technology Group evaluated new leak detection technologies using laser, thermal imaging camera and a high speed gas sampling detector that were deployed on aircraft and used global positioning systems coordinates to survey gas gathering pipelines. Field trials on gas gathering systems in the North Texas, Anadarko asset showed that the laser and gas sampling based leak detection systems were the most accurate, but the video imaging from the thermal camera made a powerful statement. Helicopters proved to be more suitable in leak detection surveys on gas gathering pipelines than that of fixed-wing aircraft.
The aerial leak detection technologies produce a significant increase in efficiency and productivity in managing the integrity of BP's gas gathering systems. While that improves business performance, perhaps more importantly is the fact that small gas leaks can be easily found before they become big ones. That reduces environmental damage and the potential for leaks to impact the public. The development and implementation of aerial leak detection in BP is being recognized as an integrity tool in providing a significantly improved integrity assurance to its gas gathering operations.
Comprehensive Approach of Core Analysis to Predict Waterflooding Performance in a Heterogeneous Carbonate Reservoir, Offshore Abu Dhabi
Authors: Oseto K. , Al-Amoudi A. , Suzuki M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The horizontal carbonate core samples were devoted to special core analysis to evaluate the field waterflooding performance in offshore Abu Dhabi under the observation of X-ray CT scanner at both fresh and aged states. Judging by visual observation of the surface and X-ray CT scanning, the core is apparently heterogeneous locally having some algal fragments which form vuggy pore spaces and some minerals which can form low porosity region. The main objective of this study was therefore to evaluate the effects of such heterogeneity on waterflooding performance and subsequent oil recovery.
For fresh cores, the results of Amott and USBM tests indicated neutrally wet to water wet nature that contradicted the expected. It was inferred that the contamination of a drilling fluid might alter the original wettability condition. The water flooding experiment with this condition resulted in fairly high oil recovery. X-ray CT scanning supported the result by demonstrating uniform water frontal advancement and high sweep efficiency in consequence. The same manner was applied to an aged core where the results on Amott and USBM tests indicated oil wet nature. The oil recovery was a little less than that for the fresh core but still favorable. X-ray CT scanning demonstrated uniform flow as well. In this way, the experiments proved high oil recovery for the aged cores as well in spite of the locally existing heterogeneities.
Kr curves derived by employing JBN method for both the fresh and the aged cores had a little different shape. The curves for the aged core were verified with on-dimensional coreflood simulation model.
Thus, this paper presents the detail of the waterflooding under X-ray CT scanning and comprehensive approach of the core analysis as a case study.
Wellheads for an HP/HT Future
Authors: Hendrie C. F. B. , da Mota A. Carmona , Heijnen W. H. P. M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The paper will examine the current shortcomings in wellhead technology in respect of the application of current designs for High Pressure/High Temperature (HP/HT) and Extreme HP/HT (X-HT/HP) projects now in the planning stages. An analysis will be made of the present qualification procedures required to achieve accreditation for wellhead products. Questions will be asked about the probity of the current test methods, which have been established by a self regulated committee consisting mainly of equipment suppliers. The paper will offer suggestions aimed at the mitigation of the risk of wellhead leakage, as our industry moves into ever more challenging and dangerous production environments.
The type of accident recently suffered offshore Egypt (under relative low pressure conditions) must be avoided on future HP/HT and X-HP/HT projects, as the potential consequences are too severe to contemplate. The paper will address not only wellhead design and qualification procedures, but it will also review safe installation practices, which eliminate the common practice of exposing unsealed casing annuli to the environment, at critical stages of the drilling of a well. This paper will seek to demonstrate that, particularly in HP/HT gas production environments, current conventional wellhead engineering and the associated qualification procedures cannot provide the technical solutions required to safely manage the risk of seal failure during field life.
It will be concluded that the movement between metal sealing parts as a result of pressure and temperature variations in the wellhead, have lead to failure after a limited number of cycles. It will further be concluded that in applications where the use of metal seals is critical to long term performance of wellheads, alternative technical solutions must be found which create rigid seal environments, to manage the risk of high pressure gas containment in wellheads.