bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative QSTR study of a series of alcohol derivatives against Tetrahymena pyriformis
Authors: Singh R. K. , Khan A. K. R. , Sahu V. K. , Singh P. P. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe quantitative structure toxicity relationship (QSTR) models of 89 alcohol derivatives have been made with the help of quantum chemical and topological descriptors. The molecular modeling and geometry optimization have been carried out with CAChe pro software. The calculations of quantum chemical descriptors have been done by MOPAC 2002 of topological descriptors by Dragon software. The study indicates that quantum chemical descriptors better predict the toxicity of amino, halogenated and unsaturated alcohol derivatives, while toxicity of acetylenic, diols, and saturated alcohol derivatives are better predicted by topological descriptors as indicated by correlation coefficient and cross validation coefficient (rCVˆ2) values of the QSTR models. The predicted toxicity (PT) values obtained by these QSTR models are close to observed toxicity. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2009
The hybrid‐DFT study on bandgap estimation for the perovskite‐type titanium oxide of SrTiO3
Authors: Onishi Taku 
Published: August 2008

AbstractWhen we estimate the proper bandgap for the perovskite‐type titanium oxide of SrTiO3 by the use of hybrid‐density functional theory (DFT) method, it is important to choose the exchange and correlation functionals. Especially, Hartree‐Fock (HF) exchange functional plays the major role in inclusion of the localization effect. In this study, we empirically determined the proper HF exchange functional coefficient for SrTiO3. Though the blue‐light emission process in SrTiO3 has attracted much interest, the mechanism is still unclear. To elucidate the mechanism of the blue‐light emission process, we performed hybrid‐DFT calculations for the oxygen deficient cluster models. It was concluded that oxygen deficiency is irrelevant to the process, because of the strong chemical bond between titaniums. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2008
Decentralized compensation of controller uncertainty in the steady‐state bumpless transfer under the state/output feedback
Authors: Zheng Kai , Bentsman Joseph 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe state/output feedback topology required for bumpless transfer under controller uncertainty is considered. A steady‐state diagonal dominance condition for a subsystem of this topology is derived, which is shown to be sufficient for the existence of the stabilizing decentralized mismatch compensator parameters. Recent results on the input/output steady‐state gain structure of the one‐degree‐of‐freedom and the two‐degrees‐of‐freedom infinite horizon LQ bumpless transfer topologies are used to show that the diagonal dominance condition applies to topologies generated by a broad class of controllers, thus completing the state/output feedback bumpless transfer technique. The topologies are also shown to be robust with respect to uncertainty in the mismatch compensator. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Model predictive control for networked control systems
Authors: Wu Jing , Zhang Liqian , Chen Tongwen 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThis paper investigates the problem of model predictive control for a class of networked control systems. Both sensor‐to‐controller and controller‐to‐actuator delays are considered and described by Markovian chains. The resulting closed‐loop systems are written as jump linear systems with two modes. The control scheme is characterized as a constrained delay‐dependent optimization problem of the worst‐case quadratic cost over an infinite horizon at each sampling instant. A linear matrix inequality approach for the controller synthesis is developed. It is shown that the proposed state feedback model predictive controller guarantees the stochastic stability of the closed‐loop system. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of the dynamic high‐gain scaling methodology to servocompensator design
Authors: Krishnamurthy P. , Khorrami F. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe error‐feedback servomechanism problem is addressed for a general class of strict‐feedback‐like systems. We provide two error‐feedback control designs based on our recent results on adaptive output‐feedback based on dynamic high‐gain scaling. One control design is of a dual high‐gain observer/controller structure, whereas the other control design utilizes a backstepping‐based controller in conjunction with a dynamic high‐gain scaling‐based observer. Owing to the particular robustness properties offered by a dynamic high‐gain scaling‐based controller and a backstepping‐based controller, the two designs require slightly different sets of assumptions on the system. Both design techniques allow the system to contain both unknown functions and uncertain appended input‐to‐state stable dynamics. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
H∞ fuzzy control design of discrete‐time nonlinear active fault‐tolerant control systems
Authors: Wu Huai‐Ning 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThis paper is concerned with the problem of H∞ fuzzy controller synthesis for a class of discrete‐time nonlinear active fault‐tolerant control systems (AFTCSs) in a stochastic setting. The Takagi and Sugeno (T–S) fuzzy model is employed to exactly represent a nonlinear AFTCS. For this AFTCS, two random processes with Markovian transition characteristics are introduced to model the failure process of system components and the fault detection and isolation (FDI) decision process used to reconfigure the control law, respectively. The random behavior of the FDI process is conditioned on the state of the failure process. A non‐parallel distributed compensation (non‐PDC) scheme is adopted for the design of the fault‐tolerant control laws. The resulting closed‐loop fuzzy system is the one with two Markovian jump parameters. Based on a stochastic fuzzy Lyapunov function (FLF), sufficient conditions for the stochastic stability and H∞ disturbance attenuation of the closed‐loop fuzzy system are first derived. A linear matrix inequality (LMI) approach to the fuzzy control design is then developed. Moreover, a suboptimal fault‐tolerant H∞ fuzzy controller is given in the sense of minimizing the level of disturbance attenuation. Finally, a simulation example is presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed design method. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of Limonene on the Physical Properties of Reduced Fat Chocolate
Authors: Do T.‐A. L. , Vieira J. , Hargreaves J. M. , Wolf B. , Mitchell J. R. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe addition of limonene, a low molecular weight hydrophobic compound, to chocolate was reported to decrease the hardness and the viscosity of chocolate, facilitating the production and improving the eating quality of reduced fat chocolate. The objective of this study is to understand the functionality of limonene in decreasing the viscosity and the hardness of chocolate, a fat (cocoa butter)‐based particulate suspension. This study shows that chocolate hardness was decreased because limonene mixes with cocoa butter, affects its crystallization pattern and decreases its solid fat content. After checking that limonene does not significantly affect the continuous phase volume fraction, we show that limonene decreases chocolate viscosity by decreasing the viscosity of the continuous phase, cocoa butter. The addition of low quantities of limonene in cocoa butter leads to a great decrease in the liquid fat viscosity. The dependence of the viscosity on the ratio of cocoa butter to limonene analyzed using Kay’s equation seems to indicate that limonene mixes with and within the cocoa butter triglycerides, diluting the fat and leading to a decrease in the overall fat viscosity.
STURM–LIOUVILLE PROBLEMS WITH DISCONTINUOUS POTENTIAL
Authors: AKDOĞAN Z. , ŞAŞMAZ Z. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractWe consider a discontinuous Sturm–Liouville equation together with two supplementary transmission conditions at the point of discontinuity. We suggest our own approach for finding asymptotic approximation formulas for the eigenvalues of such discontinuous problems.
Cross-validation of generalised body composition equations with diverse young men and women: the Training Intervention and Genetics of Exercise Response (TIGER) Study
Authors: Jackson Andrew S. , Ellis Kenneth J. , McFarlin Brian K. , Sailors Mary H. , Bray Molly S. 
Published: August 2008

Generalised skinfold equations developed in the 1970s are commonly used to estimate laboratory-measured percentage fat (BF%). The equations were developed on predominately white individuals using Siri's two-component percentage fat equation (BF%-GEN). We cross-validated the Jackson–Pollock (JP) generalised equations with samples of young white, Hispanic and African–American men and women using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) as the BF% referent criterion (BF%-DXA). The cross-sectional sample included 1129 women and men (aged 17–35 years). The correlations between BF%-GEN and BF%-DXA were 0·85 for women and 0·93 for men. Analysis of measurement error showed that BF%-GEN underestimated BF%-DXA of men and women by 1·3 and 3·0 %. General linear models (GLM) confirmed that BF%-GEN systematically underestimated BF%-DXA of Hispanic men and women, and overestimated BF%-DXA of African–American men. GLM were used to estimate BF%-DXA from the JP sum of skinfolds and to account for race/ethnic group bias. The fit statistics (Rand standard error of the estimate;see) of the men's calibration model were: white,R0·92,see3·0 %; Hispanic,R0·91,see3·0 %; African–American,R0·95,see2·6 %. The women's statistics were: white and African–American,R0·86,see3·8 %; Hispanic,R0·83,see3·4 %. These results showed that BF%-GEN and BF%-DXA were highly correlated, but the error analyses documented that the generalised equations lacked accuracy when applied to these racially and ethnically diverse men and women. The inaccuracy was linked to the body composition and race/ethnic differences between these Training Intervention and Genetics of Exercise Response (TIGER) study subjects and the men and women used to develop the generalised equations in the 1970s and using BF%-DXA as the referent criterion.
PUBLIC HEALTHCARE IN THE EUROPEAN UNION: STILL A SERVICE OF GENERAL INTEREST?
Authors: Cygan Adam 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThis article examines how recent judgments of the European Court of Justice have interpreted the concept of a service of general interest in Article 86(2) EC in the delivery of healthcare services. The article explores how and why the Court has afforded greater latitude to Member States in organizational matters by not applying competition rules. By contrast, the Court has actively promoted patient mobility and has not applied the derogation in Article 86(2) EC where it would restrict the free movement of services. Does the Court's policy of protecting individual rights undermine the ability of Member States to deliver a universal healthcare service within finite resources?
Rare post-tonsillectomy complication in human immunodeficiency virus positive patient: ulcero-necrotic lesion of tonsillar fossa
Authors: Singh P K , Masood A , Chawla O P 
Published: August 2008

AbstractObjective:Post-tonsillectomy complications are common. The majority are easily recognised because of their frequent occurrence and can be managed as required. Infrequent complications may be misdiagnosed or managed inappropriately. We present a previously unreported complication of tonsillectomy.Case report:A 45-year-old Afro-Caribbean man underwent routine tonsillectomy. Eight weeks post-operatively, he developed an ulcero-necrotic lesion of the tonsillar fossa. Subsequent investigation revealed that he was human immunodeficiency virus positive. It is highly likely that the patient's underlying immuno-compromised state, secondary to human immunodeficiency virus infection, contributed to this ulcero-necrotic lesion.Conclusions:This case highlights the importance of clinician awareness of rare complications of tonsillectomy, in order to facilitate identification and appropriate investigation.
Steri-strips as an aid to intra-operative monitoring of the eye during endoscopic sinus surgery
Authors: Gorton A , Keir J , Tahery J 
Published: August 2008

AbstractAlthough uncommon, ocular complications of endoscopic sinus surgery have the potential to cause considerable morbidity. Direct intra-operative monitoring of the eye may alert the surgeon to potential complications at an early stage. We describe the use of Steri-strips during endoscopic sinus surgery as an aid to monitoring for ocular complications during surgery. This is a cheap, simple and effective method of intra-operative monitoring.
The effect of transition layer inhomogeneity on the stability of compressible MHD fluids
Authors: RAJAEE L. , SHOKRI B. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe Kelvin–Helmholtz instability on the interface of two magnetized compressible fluids with tangential discontinuity is studied in two situations. For a sharp interface, the stability conditions of the surface with tangential discontinuity is investigated. It is shown that in this case magnetohydrodynamic modes such as Alfvén and the magnetosonic waves can propagate. When a transition layer exists between two fluids and the density and magnetic field change across this layer, numerical solutions show that the increase of the Mach number and compressibility has a destabilizing effect while the magnetic field and density increase has a stabilizing effect.
Skiing robot - design, control, and navigation in unstructured environment
Authors: Lahajnar Leon , Kos Andrej , Nemec Bojan 
Published: August 2008

SUMMARYThe paper describes a skiing robot that is capable of skiing autonomously on a ski slope. The robot uses carving skiing technique. Based on a complex sensory system it is capable of autonomously navigating on the ski slope, avoiding obstacles, and maintaining a stable position during skiing on an unknown ski slope. The robot was tested using simulation in a virtual reality environment as well as on a ski slope.
Macau English: status, functions and forms
Authors: Moody Andrew 
Published: August 2008

ABSTRACTThe sociolinguistics of a small community of English users. A journalist for a local Macau English-language newspaper recently wrote to me and several other friends and asked us to describe Macau with one word. Many words came to mind: historic, multicultural, casinos, growth, etc.; but the word I chose to suggest does not necessarily come to mind until one has lived here, small. Indeed, Macau is a very small community. At the end of September 2007, the resident population was 531,400 and the territory occupied 28.6 sq km, although the largest concentration of population lives within the 9.3 sq km area of “Peninsular Macau” (DSEC, Macao, 2008). In terms of both population and land mass, then, Macau is a very small community, and this fact has influenced the status, functions and forms of English within the territory.
Will CLT bail out the bogged down ELT in Bangladesh?
Authors: Hamid M. Obaidul , Baldauf Richard B. 
Published: August 2008

ABSTRACTRural failure in English learning and the socioeconomics of ELT. Over 24 million children learn English as a second/foreign language in primary and secondary schools in Bangladesh. These children start learning the language as a required subject in Grade 1 and continue learning it (if they don't drop out) until Grade 12, and later at the tertiary level. Officially, they are taught English communicatively using Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) methodology, as it was envisaged that CLT would develop learners' ‘communicative competence’, and thereby strengthen the human resource development efforts of the Government of Bangladesh (NCTB, 2003). Nearly a decade has passed since CLT was first introduced in the national curriculum. It now seems appropriate to ask to what extent has it developed learners' competence and improved the declining standards of English in the country (Rahman, 1991).
Knock-knock words
Authors: Lillo Antonio 
Published: August 2008

ABSTRACTA foray into an oddity of word-making. Outside the province of jokelore, this type of abbreviation appears to have escaped notice in the literature on word-formation, perhaps because its productivity, besides being quite low, can best be seen in the most informal – and therefore supposedly ‘abnormal’ and ‘disreputable’ – levels of discourse. Of course, one does not have to be a genius to be aware that most knock-knock words (KKWs) stand as much chance of surviving as a snowball in hell. However, they are to be cherished for the unique insight they provide into language play and linguistic creativity at large. In what follows, I will describe the structural and semantic features of these words and present a glossary with a sprinkling of specimens gathered from a variety of sources.
Water, water everywhere…
Authors: Tulloch Alexander 
Published: August 2008

ABSTRACTIt is such a simple word for so versatile and important a liquid. We drink it, cook with it, wash in it, sail across it, swim in it, sprinkle it on our flowers and, when the need arises, we put fires out with it. In some parts of the world there is too much of it and in other parts it is so scarce that it is more precious than gold. It is older than life itself, it predates human existence and it flowed over the land aeons before man learned to speak. So it should not come as a surprise, then, that when we start looking at the etymology of the word ‘water’ we soon find ourselves travelling back to prehistoric times and making contact with very ancient civilizations. Nor is it very long before we find ourselves going round and round in circles as the twists and turns of the word's evolution reveal connections which the vast majority of us have probably never suspected.
Commercializing Medicine or Benefiting the People – The First Public Pharmacy in China
Authors: Goldschmidt Asaf 
Published: August 2008

ArgumentIn this article I describe the establishment and early development of an institution that is unique to the history of Chinese medicine – the Imperial Pharmacy (惠 民 藥 局). Established in 1076 during the great reforms of the Song dynasty, the Imperial Pharmacy was a remarkable institution that played different political, social, economic, and medical roles over the years of its existence. Initially it was an economic institution designed to curb the power of plutocrats who were manipulating medicinal drug markets in their favor. A few decades later, I claim, the Imperial Pharmacy became a public-health-oriented institution focusing on selling readymade prescriptions in addition to simples. Various records, including local gazetteers and local maps, indicate that the Imperial Pharmacy expanded about a century after it was established to include dozens of branches throughout the empire. The Pharmacy's impact on the practices of physicians during these years is somewhat vague. It seems, however, to have posed an unwelcome addition to the medical scene, since it enabled uninitiated practitioners who relied on the Pharmacy's formulary to fit patients' symptoms to their own prescriptions and dispense medications with relative ease.
Navigation and Newsprint: Advertising Longitude Schemes in the Public Sphere ca. 1715
Authors: Wigelsworth Jeffrey R. 
Published: August 2008

ArgumentThis article examines advertisements for potential solutions to the problem of longitude during the year following the announcement of the maximum £20,000 reward in the summer of 1714. While there have been many studies of the race to determine longitude, advertisements have not received close scrutiny. Little attention has been paid to the commoditization of longitude in the marketplace of public science sold within London's public sphere. Although books and lecture series dominated public science in eighteenth-century England, longitude ads are a unique example of this phenomenon. Unlike lecturers or publishers of natural philosophical tracts who sought audiences for demonstrations or readers for books which contained accounts of nature that were not open to debate, longitude seekers were doing something different. Those who attempted to solve the problem of longitude and advertised their plans to the public sought out witnesses to validate and confirm the effectiveness of their experiments or instruments. In other words, the public sphere became the crucible of judgment for schemes of longitude.
From Science to Popularization, and Back – The Science and Journalism of the Belgian Economist Gustave de Molinari
Authors: Van Dijck Maarten 
Published: August 2008

ArgumentSociologists and historians of science, such as Richard Whitley and Stephen Hilgartner, identified a culturally dominant discourse of science popularization in the broader society. In this dominant view, a clear distinction is maintained between scientific knowledge and popularized knowledge. Popularization of science is seen as the process of transmitting real science to a lay public. This discourse on science popularization was criticized by Whitley and Hilgartner as an inadequate simplification. Yet, the battered traditional model of popularization remains remarkably resistant to these theoretical attacks. In this paper I will argue, based on research of the output of the Belgian economist Gustave de Molinari (1819–1912), and more specifically, his opinion on the role of government in economic life, that the boundary between science and popularization in political economy is not clear and that the status of scientists fluctuates over time and in different contexts. It is therefore impossible for historians or economists to distinguish science from popularization based on the essential characteristics or intrinsic quality of the work. De Molinari's ideas are followed through the different media of science and journalism. Although de Molinari himself differentiated between his scientific and “popular” work, the boundary between science and popularization proves to be highly permeable, in both directions.
Autonomy and Objectivity as Political Operators in the Medical World: Twenty Years of Public Controversy about AIDS Treatments in France
Authors: Dodier Nicolas , Barbot Janine 
Published: August 2008

ArgumentThe article is based on the controversies relating to conducting experiments and licensing AIDS treatments in France in the 1980s and 1990s. We have identified two political operators, i.e. two issues around which tensions have grown between the different generations of actors involved in these controversies: 1) the way of thinking about patient autonomy, and 2) the way in which objectivity regarding medical decisions is built. The article shows that there are several regimes of objectivity and autonomy, and that it is at the meeting point of the two dimensions that very different political forms of medicine have developed. In the case of AIDS, the article identifies four of these forms (liberal and conservative clinical traditions and therapeutic modernity – enclosed, then participative) and analyzes the dynamics of their emergence and opposition. We discuss an “objectivity/autonomy” diagram as a conceptual framework which enables us (above and beyond AIDS) to think about changes in contemporary medicine.