bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Osteoclast nuclei of myeloma patients show chromosome translocations specific for the myeloma cell clone: a new type of cancer–host partnership?
Authors: Andersen TL , Boissy P , Sondergaard TE , Kupisiewicz K , Plesner T , Rasmussen T , Haaber J , Kølvraa S , Delaissé J‐M 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA major clinical manifestation of bone cancers is bone destruction. It is widely accepted that this destruction is not caused by the malignant cells themselves, but by osteoclasts, multinucleated cells of monocytic origin that are considered to be the only cells able to degrade bone. The present study demonstrates that bone‐resorbing osteoclasts from myeloma patients contain nuclei with translocated chromosomes of myeloma B‐cell clone origin, in addition to nuclei without these translocations, by using combined FISH and immunohistochemistry on bone sections. These nuclei of malignant origin are transcriptionally active and appear fully integrated amongst the other nuclei. The contribution of malignant nuclei to the osteoclast population analysed in this study was greater than 30%. Osteoclast–myeloma clone hybrids contained more nuclei than normal osteoclasts and their occurrence correlated with the proximity of myeloma cells. Similar hybrid cells were generated in myeloma cell–osteoclast co‐cultures, as revealed by tracing myeloma nuclei using translocations, bromo‐deoxyuridine, or the Y chromosome of male myeloma cells in female osteoclasts. These observations indicate that hybrid cells can originate through fusion between myeloma cells and osteoclasts. In conclusion, malignant cells contribute significantly to the formation of bone‐resorbing osteoclasts in multiple myeloma. Osteoclast–myeloma clone hybrids reflect a previously unrecognized mechanism of bone destruction in which malignant cells participate directly. The possibility that malignant cells corrupt host cells by the transfer of malignant DNA may have been underestimated to date in cancer research. Copyright © 2006 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
WIP null mice display a progressive immunological disorder that resembles Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome
Authors: Curcio C , Pannellini T , Lanzardo S , Forni G , Musiani P , Antón IM 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is an X‐linked immunodeficiency syndrome caused by mutations in the WAS protein (WASP). This participates in signalling and cytoskeletal homoeostasis, and some of its activities are regulated by its binding to the WASP interacting protein (WIP). WIP deficiency, however, has not yet been shown to be of pathological significance in humans. Here we show that, in WIP null (WIP−/−) mice, it produces haematological alterations and anatomical abnormalities in several organs, most probably as a consequence of autoimmune attacks. Granulocytosis and severe lymphopenia are associated with a proportional increase in segmented cells and fewer bone marrow erythrocytes and lymphocytes. Splenomegaly is accompanied by an increase of haematopoietic tissue and red pulp, reduction of the white pulp, and fewer B (B220+) lymphocytes (also apparent in the lymph nodes and Peyer's patches). Ulcerative colitis, interstitial pneumonitis, glomerular nephropathy with IgA deposits, autoantibodies, and joint inflammation are also evident. These progressive immunological disorders closely mimic those seen in WAS. WIP deficiency may thus be implicated in some cases in which mutations in the gene encoding WASP are not detected. Copyright © 2006 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Iodine test for determining the mortality of the California red scale after treatment with various insecticides
Authors: Ishaaya I. , Swirski E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn improved iodine test based on the ability of the live scale to react with iodine, yielding reduced iodine products which in turn are unable to give the blue colour reaction with starch, has been used for determining the mortality of the California red scale after treatment with various insecticides. 0.1% monocrotophos, omethoate or methidathion (active material) and 1.4% ethion formulation were found to give good control, while methomyl, mecarbam and azinphos‐methyl were less effective. The results obtained by the iodine method resembled those obtained by the visual method, commonly used for determining death in armoured scales.
The kinetics of insecticide action. Part III: The use of stochastic modelling to investigate the pick‐up of insecticides from ULV‐treated surfaces by larvae of Spodoptera littoralis boisd
Authors: Salt David W. , Ford Martyn G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe pick‐up of pesticide by lepidopterous larvae walking across ultra‐low volume pesticide treated surfaces has been stochastically modelled and simulated using a computer. The duration of the random walk was considered as a series of small, discrete time intervals during which the mode of pick‐up varied, depending upon the behavioural state (resting, feeding or walking) of a larva. Estimates can be obtained for the total mass picked up by the larva (gross) and the net amount eliminated, the internal exposure to insecticide, and the proportion of insects knocked down and killed with increasing time. The results of the simulation of Spodoptera littoralis larvae confined to permethrin‐treated surfaces were in agreement with experimental data, and suggested that a high pick‐up of insecticidal droplets resulted from adhesion of the pesticide to larvae following encounter. However, the availability of drops at the leaf surface decreased with time, probably as a result of droplet spread and subsequent uptake by the cuticular waxes. Droplet stability on leaf surfaces may be related to droplet size.
A rapid quantitative bioassay for the determination of biologically available bromacil in soils
Authors: Bennett Paul H. , De Beer Pieter R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA simple rapid bioassay is described for the determination of biologically available bromacil residues in soils. A clear aqueous extract was made from a soil fortified with a known amount of the herbicide, and similar extracts were made from samples of soil taken from plots that had been sprayed with a bromacil formulation at a rate of 4 kg ha−1. Samples of these extracts were added to a suspension of the unicellular green alga Selenastrum capricornutum. The net photosynthetic oxygen production by the alga was then measured using an oxygen electrode. The results were expressed as a percentage of the oxygen production by a control suspension. The concentration of biologically available bromacil was determined by reference to a previously established dose‐response curve of the percentage reduction in oxygen production against bromacil concentration. The accuracy of this bioassay was determined by comparing the results with those obtained using capillary gas‐liquid chromatography. The results obtained by the two different methods showed good agreement.
Synthesis and insect growth regulating activity of thiosemicarbazones of methyl 2‐pyridyl ketones
Authors: Pedersen Lars‐Erik K. , Svendsen Axel , Klemmensen Per D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThirty‐six thiosemicarbazones of methyl 2‐pyridyl ketone and of some other methyl ketones were tested on Dysdercus cingulatus, Drosophila melanogaster, Locusta migratoria, Aedes aegypti, Tenebrio molitor and Musca domestica. Several derivatives were toxic, delaying or preventing ecdysis. The structure‐activity relationship is discussed. The mode of action of these compounds appears to be different from that of juvenile hormones, anti‐juvenile hormones, or chitin biosynthesis inhibitors.
New conjugated metabolites of 3‐phenoxybenzoic acid in plants
Authors: Mikami Nobuyoshi , Wakabayashi Noriko , Yamada Hirohiko , Miyamoto Junshi 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe metabolism of 3‐phenoxybenzoic acid, a common plant metabolite of deltamethrin, cypermethrin and fenvalerate, has been studied in abscised leaves of cabbage, cotton, cucumber, kidney bean and tomato plants. The [14C]‐acid was readily converted into more polar conjugates by esterification with glucose, 6‐O‐malonylglucose, gentiobiose, cellobiose, glucosylxylose and two types of triglucose with different isomerism. Other metabolites identified were the glucosyl ether of 3‐(4‐hydroxyphenoxy)benzoic acid, and a 3‐(2‐hydroxyphenoxy)benzoic acid derivative with a total of two molar equivalents of glucose linked to the carboxyl and phenolic ‐OH groups. The conjugation pathways were somewhat plant‐specific. The glucosylxylose ester was found only in cotton, and the cellobiose and triglucose esters were found only in tomato. All of the conjugates except the glucose and glucosylxylose esters were plant metabolites that had not been identified previously. Furthermore, this is the first report to show the presence of cellobiose and triglucose conjugates in plants. However, neither of the acetyl derivatives of the [14C]‐triglucoside was identical with the synthetic deca‐acetyl derivative of [1→6]‐triglucoside.
Field experiments on the effects of a new pyrethroid insecticide WL‐85871 on bees foraging artificial aphid honeydew on winter wheat
Authors: Shires Stephen W. , Blanc Jean Le , Debray Philippe , Forbes Stuart , Louveaux Jean 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTwo large and two small plots of winter wheat were enclosed beneath large mesh‐covered tunnels. A small beehive was placed in each tunnel and sucrose solution was sprayed on to all of the wheat in order to simulate aphid honeydew. WL‐85871 (a 1:1 mixture of two stereoisomers of cypermethrin) as ‘Fastac’ at three dose rates, dimethoate, pirimicarb or water were applied to the larger plots of wheat when the bees were actively foraging the sugar deposits. No increase in bee mortality, compared with that in the pre‐treatment period, was observed after the applications of WL‐85871 or pirimicarb. By contrast, large numbers of dead bees were found following the applications of dimethoate. Foraging activity in the plots, treated with all dose rates of WL‐85871 or with pirimicarb, declined sharply after treatment and remained at a reduced level. With dimethoate no foraging activity occurred after application in either the treated or untreated plots. Only very low concentrations of WL‐85871 were detected in post‐treament samples of honey, wax, and live or dead bees. It was concluded that the application of WL‐85871, to wheat already treated with artificial honeydew, resulted in no adverse effects on the honey‐bee colonies.
Multiresidue method for captan, folpet, captafol, vinclozolin and iprodione on italian apples and pears by capillary gas–liquid chromatography with electron‐capture detection
Authors: Taccheo M. Barbina , Spessotto Claudio , Bresin Bruno , Bagarolo Lucia 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA method is described for the simultaneous determination of residues of five fungicides used for foliar treatment of apple and pear trees, and for postharvest application. After extraction, the mixture of these fungicides is cleaned‐up on a ‘SEP PAK C18’ cartridge and the components determined by gas‐liquid chromatography with electron‐capture detection. The minimum detectable amounts in apples and pears, on a fresh weight basis, were 0.005mg kg−1 for vinclozolin, 0.010mg kg−1 for captan, folpet and iprodione, and 0.020 mg kg−1 for captafol. The percentage recovery for each fungicide (calculated by analysing four samples of untreated apples and pears, to which varying concentrations of each active ingredient had been added) varied for vinclozolin between 70.0 and 89.2, for captan between 72.0 and 83.8, for folpet between 73.0 and 93.0, for captafol between 70.8 and 91.8, and for iprodione between 75.1 and 97.1.
Metabolism in rats of 3‐phenoxybenzyl alcohol and 3‐phenoxybenzoic acid glucoside conjugates formed in plants
Authors: Mikami Nobuyoshi , Yoshimura Jun , Kaneko Hideo , Yamada Hirohiko , Miyamoto Junshi 
Published: November 2006

AbstractUpon single oral administration to rats, the mono‐, di‐ and tri‐glucose conjugates of [14C]‐3‐phenoxybenzyl alcohol (I) or the mono‐glucose conjugate of [14C]‐3‐phenoxybenzoic acid (II) were rapidly hydrolysed and extensively eliminated in the urine mostly as the sulphate conjugate of 3‐(4‐hydroxyphenoxy)benzoic acid (X). The faecal elimination was a minor route, whereas the biliary excretion was about 42% of the dose and the glucuronide conjugates of I, II and X were common major metabolites. The biliary glucuronides were cleaved in the small intestine to the respective aglycones, which were reabsorbed, metabolised further, and excreted in the urine as the sulphate conjugate of X. Although small amounts of the mono‐, di‐and tri‐glucosides were found in the 0.5‐h blood and liver samples following oral administration of the tri‐glucoside of I, they were not detected in the urine, bile or faeces. Similarly the sulphate conjugate was one of the major urinary metabolites of germ‐free rats, dosed with the 14C‐glucosides via the oral or the intraperitoneal route, although they were excreted unchanged in certain amounts in the urine and faeces. The glucose conjugates were cleaved in vitro by gut microflora and in various rat tissues, including blood, liver, small intestine and small intestinal mucosa. The tissue enzymes showed a different substrate specificity in hydrolysis of the glucosides. However, they were not cleaved in gastric juice, bile, pancreatic juice or urine.
The metabolism of fenvalerate in plants: The conjugation of the acid moiety
Authors: Mikami Nobuyoshi , Wakabayashi Noriko , Yamada Hirohiko , Miyamoto Junshi 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe metabolism of the pyrethroid insecticide fenvalerate [(RS)‐α‐cyano‐3‐phenoxybenzyl (RS)‐2‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐3‐methylbutyrate] (I), and of its most insecticidal (αS,2S) isomer (II), has been examined in cabbage plants grown and treated under laboratory conditions with [14C]chlorophenyl‐ and [ring‐14C]benzyllabelled preparations of the two compounds. Both insecticides disappeared from the treated leaves with similar half‐lives of approximately 12–14 days; they underwent ester cleavage to a significant extent, together with some hydroxylation at the 2‐ or 4‐position of the phenoxy ring, and hydrolysis of the nitrile group to amide and carboxyl groups. Most of the carboxylic acids and phenols thus produced occurred as glycoside conjugates. In separate experiments, the uptake and metabolism of 2‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐3‐methylbutyric acid (X), the acidic half of the molecule, were examined in the laboratory, using abscised leaves of kidney bean, cabbage, cotton, cucumber and tomato plants. The acid X was found to be readily converted, mainly into glucose and 6‐O‐malonylglucose esters in kidney bean, cabbage and cucumber plants, into glucosylxylose, sophorose and gentiobiose esters in cotton, and into two types of triglucose esters with differing isomerism in tomato. One of the acetyl derivatives of the trisaccharide conjugates was identical with the synthetic deca‐acetyl derivative of the [1 → 6]‐triglucose ester.
Inhibitors of juvenile hormone biosynthesis incorpora allataof the cockroachPeriplaneta americana(L.)in vitro
Authors: Brooks Gerald T. , Pratt Grahame E. , Mace David W. , Cocks John A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe spontaneous biosynthesis of methyl (2E,6E)‐(10R)‐10,11‐epoxy‐3,7,11‐trimethyldodeca‐2,6‐dienoate (juvenile hormone III; JH III) in excisedcorpora allataofPeriplaneta americanawas inhibited by a number of synthetic prop‐2‐ynyl ethers and 1,3‐benzodioxole derivatives. One structurally diverse group of compounds inhibited only the final biosynthetic enzyme methyl farnesoate epoxidase (EC.1.14.14.–) at low to moderate concentrations, but at higher concentrations, also inhibited methyl farnesoate (MF) formation, causing an accumulation of MF in the concentration range 10 to 100 μM. For a second, more limited, group of compounds, there was close congruence between the inhibition of JH III biosynthesis and that of total ester (MF plus JH III) biosynthesis over their effective inhibitory concentration ranges. In contrast to the first group, there was no accumulation of MF and these compounds evidently inhibited JH III biosynthesis, at the level of either farnesoic acid esterification by O‐methyl transferase (EC.2.1.1.–), or at an earlier step in the biosynthetic pathway that remains to be elucidated.
Dimethoate spray residues in strawberries
Authors: Goodwin Stephen , Ahmad Nazir , Newell Graeme 
Published: November 2006

AbstractStrawberries were sprayed with solutions of 200, 300 and 500 mg dimethoate litre−1 and analysed for dimethoate residues up to 21 days after the final spraying. The residues were found to be below the National Health and Medical Research Council limit of 2 mg kg−1, 1, 2 and 4 days after spraying. Consequently, the withholding period of 7 days could be reduced to 3 days to allow uninterrupted picking of the ripe strawberry crop.
Inhibition of aflatoxin production in Aspergillus flavus by pyrazolines and pyrazoles
Authors: Latif Nazih , Mishriky Nawal , Haggag Bahiga , Elshayeb Nefesa , Mabrouk Sohair 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA new series of 1,3,5‐triarylpyrazolines, obtained from 3, 4‐dichloroacetophenone, were readily dehydrogenated by tetrachloro‐o‐benzoquinone at room temperature to the pyrazoles. The spectra and fluorescence of the compounds are discussed. The pyrazolines and pyrazoles did not significantly affect the mycelial growth of 19 fungal isolates, but at low concentrations, they inhibited aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus.
Analysis of soils for diclofop‐methyl and diclofop
Authors: Johnstone Patricia K. , Minchinton Ian R. , Truscott Roger J. W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA method is described for the analysis of soils for residues of the herbicide diclofop‐methyl, methyl (RS)‐2‐[4‐(2,4‐dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy]propionate, and its breakdown product diclofop, (RS)‐2‐[4‐(2,4‐dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy]propionic acid. Diclofop‐methyl undergoes hydrolysis in the soil to diclofop, which also has herbicidal activity. A procedure, using a 1% phosphoric acid solution for extraction purposes, has been developed and gives good recoveries of both diclofop‐methyl and diclofop at the 0.5 and 0.05 mg kg−1 levels. After methylation, gas‐liquid chromatography with electron‐capture detection is used to determine total residue concentrations.
Toxic and repellent effects of cypermethrin on the honeybee: Laboratory, glasshouse and field experiments
Authors: Delabie Jacques , Bos Christian , Fonta Caroline , Masson Claudine 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCypermethrin is highly toxic to the honeybee Apis mellifera ligustica. The action of the chemical is rapid (within 2 days) and it has no long‐term effects. The sensitivity of the bees increases with decrease in breeding temperature and with increasing age of the insect. The commercial formulation ‘QCymbush’ is repellent to bees: the effect appears to be due to the formulation ingredients because cypermethrin itself is not repellent. A floral odour lost its natural attractiveness in the presence of ‘Cymbush’. The repellency appears to persist for some 2 days after treatment, during which time the bees learnt to avoid the crop. No residues of cypermethrin were found in the hive products (pollen, wax or honey), nor in the oilseed rape at harvest.
An olfactometer for measuring the repellent effect of chemicals on the stable fly Stomoxys calcitrans (L.)
Authors: Bartlett Christopher 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn olfactometer is described that permits the evaluation of chemicals acting in the vapour phase against the stable fly Stomoxys calcitrans (L.). Hungry flies, held in a metal frame cage covered with soft gauze, are attracted to a target held adjacent to one side of the cage, and emitting an attractive airflow. Flies landing on the target are counted at intervals of 15s. Flies starved for 24h were tested in the olfactometer when 2, 3 and 4 days old. With the exception of the first exposure of the 4‐day‐old flies, all the flies of the three ages showed greater than 80% attraction to the olfactometer target after exposure for 2 min, for each of four successive exposures at 10‐min intervals. For all ages there was a significant increase in attraction at the second exposure but no further increase with subsequent exposures. It is likely that the sensillae, stimulated by the first exposure, subsequently responded faster. Eight chemicals were incorporated into the airflow behind the target to test their effect on flies. Permethrin (a low vapour pressure pyrethroid) and crotoxyphos (a low vapour pressure organophosphate) did not act in the vapour phase. Empenthrin (a high vapour pressure pyrethroid) and dichlorvos (a high vapour pressure organophosphate) both exhibited the toxic effect of knock‐down on the flies without repellency. Oil of citronella and citronellol, two known fly repellents, gave a general reduction of attraction that was dose dependent; fewer flies found the target and those that did stayed a shorter length of time. Natural pyrethrum gave a similar effect to these two at lower concentrations, but at higher concentrations, it also showed a repellent effect. N,N‐Diethyl‐m‐toluamide gave a low reduction in attraction. The olfactometer shows potential for use with other flying insects, both to observe the effects of an insecticide and also to study the behavioural responses in the absence of insecticides.
The effect of 2,2‐dimethylchromene derivatives and some other compounds on the development ofOncopeltus fasciatus(dallas) andLocusta migratoria migratorioides(R&F)
Authors: Brooks Gerald T. , Ottridge Anthony P. , Jennings Richard C. , Mace David W. , Alexander B. Alan 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAs an adjunct to biochemical studies on the action of juvenile hormone antagonists (‘antijuvenile hormones’), a study has been made of the effects on insect development of 71 compounds based on the 2,2‐dimethylchromene structure, and 30 other compounds, including especially chemicals containing acetylenic and 1,3‐benzodioxole (methylenedioxyphenyl) groups, that were expected to inhibit microsomal mixed function oxidases. The ageratochromenes, 7‐methoxy‐2,2‐dimethylchromene and 6,7‐dimethoxy‐2,2‐dimethylchromene (precocene I and precocene II, respectively), were used for comparison. With the jar deposit method used forOncopeltus fasciatus, and the topical application method used forLocusta migratoria, only derivatives of 2,2‐dimethylchromene and 2‐(3‐methylbut‐2‐enyl)phenol, the alkene double bonds of which were activated by an alkoxy group, exhibited characteristic antijuvenile hormone actions. In the whole life‐cycle exposure test onO. fasciatus, a number of other compounds had non‐specific effects on development, especially at the fifth instar. Some of the compounds, including certain derivatives of 2,2‐dimethylchromene with ester side‐chains, had juvenile hormone agonist actions. The scope for structural optimization for antijuvenile hormone action in the 2,2‐dimethylchromene series appears to be limited, and structure‐activity relationships are obscured, especially forO. fasciatus, by an overlap between the prothetelic morphogenetic and lethal effects. The results are discussed in relation to the mode of action of the 2,2‐dimethychromenes.