bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sources of Methyl Ester Yield Reduction in Methanolysis of Recycled Vegetable Oil
Authors: Fröhlich András , Rice Bernard 
Published: January 2009

AbstractRecycled vegetable oil (RVO) is a relatively cheap raw material for biodiesel production, but biodiesel grade methyl ester yields from RVO were found to be considerably lower than those from pure plant oil. The present paper investigates sources of yield loss during methanolysis of RVOs with free fatty acids (FFA) contents of 0.4–3.3%, and makes suggestions for the improvement of methyl ester yields. Data presented here indicated that yield losses of methyl esters during methanolysis were due to triglyceride and methyl ester hydrolysis and to the dissolution of methyl esters in the glycerol phase. Hydrolysis of triglycerides and methyl esters seemed to be the only side reaction causing yield losses, and the amount of fatty acids from hydrolysis increased with concentration of the potassium hydroxide catalyst. Dissolution of methyl esters in the glycerol phase was probably caused by the detergent effect of potassium salts of fatty acids originating from FFA in the RVO and from triglyceride hydrolysis, and the amount of dissolved methyl esters increased with FFA content of the RVO. The FFA content of the RVO had no effect on hydrolysis, and the amount of triglycerides and methyl esters hydrolysed during methanolysis remained constant with increasing FFA content of the RVO.
Mapping surgical coordinates of the sphenopalatine foramen: surgical navigation study
Authors: Hadoura L , Douglas C , McGarry G W , Young D 
Published: January 2009

AbstractObjectives:To identify measurements that may help intra-operative localisation of the sphenopalatine foramen.Design:The study used three-dimensional surgical navigation software to study radiological anatomy, in order to define the distances and angulations between identifiable bony landmarks and the sphenopalatine foramen.Results:The distance from the anterior nasal spine to the sphenopalatine foramen was 59 mm (±4 mm; inter-observer variation = 0.866; intra-observer variation = 0.822). The distance from the piriform aperture to the sphenopalatine foramen was 48 mm (±4 mm; inter-observer variation = 0.828; intra-observer variation = 0.779). The angle of elevation from the nasal floor to the sphenopalatine foramen was 22° (±3°; inter-observer variation = 0.441; intra-observer variation = 0.499).Conclusions:The sphenopalatine foramen is consistently identifiable on three-dimensional, reconstructed computed tomography scans. Repeatable measurements were obtained. The centre point of the foramen lies 59 mm from the anterior nasal spine at 22° elevation above the plane of the hard palate and 48 mm from the piriform aperture. We discuss how these data could be used to facilitate intra-operative location of the sphenopalatine foramen in difficult cases.
Richness of epiphytic lichens in differently agedPicea abiesplantations situated in the oceanic region of Central Norway
Authors: HILMO Olga , HOLIEN Håkon , HYTTEBORN Håkan , ELY-AALSTRUP Hilde 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis study aims to investigate patterns of species richness and abundance in relation to stand age in 71Picea abiesplantations, aged between 9 and 85 years, situated in the oceanic region of Central Norway. The study has shown that plantations within the oceanic spruce forests can support a relatively high number of epiphytic lichen species. Some of the oldest plantations hosted several old-forest associated species, e.g.Hypogymnia vittata, Lobaria pulmonaria, Pseudocyphellaria crocataandRamalina thrausta. The number of species was influenced significantly by stand age and increased rapidly in stands <20 years old. Stands >30 years old showed no clear increase in species number, except for a high number of species in the two oldest stands. The colonization pattern could be characterized as an additional entrance of species, rather than by a replacement sequence. The probability of occurrence increased steeply at young stand ages (<20 years) forBryoriaspp.,Cavernularia hultenii, Platismatia glauca, Parmelia sulcataandUsneaspp. A lower rate of colonization was characteristic forAlectoria sarmentosa, Parmelia saxatilisandPlatismatia norvegica. The cover of foliose lichens on the branches showed an almost unimodal response to stand age. The cover of lichens was highest on branches in middle-aged plantations. The reason for the lower lichen cover in late successional stages, compared to middle-aged stands, could be due to reduced light in the lower canopy of mature plantations. Increased rotation cycle, creation of gaps and short distance to sources of propagules are factors suggested to promote species richness and abundance in forest plantations.
World survey of the genusLepraria(Stereocaulaceae, lichenized Ascomycota)
Authors: SAAG Lauri , SAAG Andres , RANDLANE Tiina 
Published: January 2009

AbstractA comparative review of 57Leprariaspecies and 2 varieties is provided together with species descriptions and a key.Lecanora leuckertianais transferred toLepraria.In addition some putative taxa by different authors are discussed.
The importance of representative inventories for lichen conservation assessments: the case of Cladonia norvegica and C. parasitica
Authors: LÕHMUS Piret , LÕHMUS Asko 
Published: January 2009

AbstractConservation assessments of lichens have usually been based on scattered and methodologically diverse data. We illustrate the contribution of standardized inventories to conventional data sources by assessing the status of two conspicuous epixylic Cladonia species of conservation concern in Estonia. A time-limited inventory of all lichen species was carried out in 92 stands (2 ha each) in a balanced design of forests and clear-cuts. Cladonia parasitica (previously considered Regionally Extinct) was present in 13 stands with a total of 33 individual records, almost exclusively in dry boreal old-growth forests and clear-cuts. Thirty-six records of C. norvegica (previously six records) were made in 17 stands, most frequently in mature meso-eutrophic forests. On average, 1·5 hours of inventory were needed to discover C. parasitica in a stand, and 2 hours for C. norvegica. The scarcity of old records was probably due to the low local abundance of the species, their habitats being unpopular among lichenologists and expenditure of too short an inventory time in the field. Using habitat and frequency data, we estimate that the national population sizes of the species clearly exceed those set as IUCN criteria for species at risk. The key issue is the expected trend in substratum abundance, which suggests C. parasitica to be Near Threatened. We recommend stratified random sampling as an efficient method to collect quantitative information for lichen flora assessments.
The efficiency of using everyday technological devices by older adults: the role of cognitive functions
Authors: SLEGERS KARIN , VAN BOXTEL MARTIN P. J. , JOLLES JELLE 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTOlder adults experience more problems than younger people when using everyday technological devices such as personal computers, automatic teller machines and microwave ovens. Such problems may have serious consequences for the autonomy of older adults since the ability to use technology is becoming essential in everyday life. One potential cause of these difficulties is age-related decline of cognitive functions. To test the role of cognitive abilities in performing technological tasks, we designed the Technological Transfer Test (TTT). This new and ecologically valid test comprises eight technological tasks that are common in modern life (operating a CD player, a telephone, an ATM, a train-ticket vending machine, a microwave-oven, an alarm clock, a smart card charging device and a telephone voice menu). The TTT and a comprehensive battery of cognitive tests were administered to 236 healthy adults aged 64–75 years on two separate occasions. The results demonstrated that the performance time for five of the eight tasks was predicted by cognitive abilities. The exact cognitive functions affecting technological performance varied by the technological task. Among several measures and components of cognition, the speed of information processing and cognitive flexibility had the greatest predictive power. The results imply that age-related cognitive decline has a profound effect on the interaction between older adults and technological appliances.
Fiction as a gerontological resource: Norah Hoult's There Were No Windows
Authors: KING JEANNETTE 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper starts from the premise that novelists have to some extent filled the gap left by mainstream feminism's relative silence about gendered ageing. To develop the argument, it explores the representation of memory loss and its impact on identity and self-image in Norah Hoult's novel, There Were No Windows, which was first published in 1944. The novel is set in London during the Second World War, when the traumas of a city experiencing the Blitz and the blackout reflected the terror and inner darkness experienced by the principal character, Claire Temple, herself a minor novelist, under the onslaught of dementia. There Were No Windows constructs the character of Claire through the combination of her own often-disordered thoughts and the perspectives of those who live with or visit her. This paper focuses throughout on ageing as a gendered experience and the construction of the older woman. It identifies the different gendered discourses of ageing that are imposed on Claire in order to construct her as the female ‘Other’, in the sense theorised by Simone de Beauvoir. It also relates the novel to contemporaneous medical and sociological discourses of ageing and old age. Hoult's implicitly feminist reading of Claire's condition brings the issue of gender to the foreground of the novel's treatment of old age. Through my reading of There Were No Windows, I suggest what it is that fictions of ageing can offer those working in the field of gerontology.
‘That lot up there and us down here’: social interaction and a sense of community in a mixed tenure UK retirement village
Authors: EVANS SIMON 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTRetirement villages have been slow to emerge as a housing model for older people in the United Kingdom (UK) but the sector is now growing rapidly, with an increasing number of both private and not-for-profit developers entering the market. Research findings to date have indicated high levels of satisfaction among residents, but commentators have criticised this form of provision on the grounds that they are only an option for the better off. This paper reports a study of a retirement village that has attempted to address this issue by integrating residents from a range of socio-economic backgrounds and by making various tenures available in the same development. The paper begins with a brief history of retirement villages in the UK and an overview of the concept of community, including those of communities of place and interest and their role in social policy. The presented findings highlight a number of factors that impact on a resident's sense of community, including social interaction, the development of friendships, the built environment and the existence of common interests. The discussion focuses on the development of cross-tenure social networks and how residents' health and social status shapes community experience. It is concluded that the clustering model of mixed tenure is likely to emphasise differences in the socio-economic backgrounds of residents and that the success of retirement villages as communities depends on grasping the subtleties of the diversity of later life.
The social networks of nursing-home residents in Hong Kong
Authors: CHENG SHEUNG-TAK 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTThe degree of social support available to older persons who are institutionalised is under-researched. This study investigated the structural and functional support exchanges with their social network members of 72 nursing home residents in Hong Kong (58 women, 14 men). They were asked to identify their network members, to evaluate the degree to which each one was important in their lives, and to rate the support received from and provided to each individual. The participants reported few network members (average 2.6) and in many cases neither a spouse nor children were included. Only one-fifth of the participants reported a social network member in the nursing home, and most of those who did nominated a member of the staff. There were also few friends in their networks. On the whole, the participants were comparatively socially isolated. The findings were explained in terms of the shame associated by the Chinese with placement in an institutional home, cultural patterns of social support, changes in children's filial attitudes, home placement policies, and the management practices that accentuate the distance between the older person and family members around the time of institutionalisation. These inculcate a feeling of abandonment, and discourage family visits as well as social interactions within the home.
Growing old in a new estate: establishing new social networks in retirement
Authors: WALTERS PETER , BARTLETT HELEN 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTThe benefits of a strong proximal social network for people as they advance in age are well documented, but the continuation or development of social networks may be challenged when people relocate to a new home on retirement. This paper explores the personal network development of older residents who have moved to a new suburban (but not age-specific) residential development in a general urban setting. Drawing on a case study of a new outer-suburban ‘master planned estate’ in Brisbane, Queensland, the findings from interviews with 51 older residents and participant observations of a community group are presented. The study suggests that a traditional ideal of unreflexive community of place was an unreliable source of durable social bonds in contemporary fragmented and mobile social conditions, where the proximity of family members, durability of tenure and strong neighbourly ties are not inevitable. One successful resolution was found in a group of older residents who through exercising agency had joined a group the sole focus of which was social companionship. The theoretical bases of this type of group are discussed and its relevance is examined for retirees who have chosen to live in a residential environment for lifestyle and amenity reasons, away from their lifelong social networks.
Does caring for your spouse harm one's health? Evidence from a United
States nationally-representative sample of older adults
Authors: RAHRIG JENKINS KRISTI , KABETO MOHAMMED U. , LANGA KENNETH M. 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this article is to investigate the relationship between spousal
care-giving and declines in functioning and self-rated health among older
care-givers. The authors used data from the 2000 and 2002 waves of the United
States Health and Retirement Study, a biennial longitudinal survey of a
nationally representative cohort of adults aged 50 or more years. Two outcomes
were examined, declines in functioning and declines in self-rated health.
Care-givers were classified into three groups: no care-giving, less than 14
hours of care-giving per week, and 14 or more hours care-giving per week. To
assess declines in functioning, two summary scores were created of limitations
in basic and instrumental Activities of Daily Living. To assess declines in
self-rated health, we compared responses from 2000 and 2002. In the fully
adjusted models, care-giving hours did not have an independent effect on
declines in functioning or self-rated health. The relationship between
care-giving hours and declines in functioning and self-rated health is probably
attributable to socio-demographic characteristics, mainly age. The findings
suggest that spousal care-giving does not of itself harm functional health or
perceived health among older adult care-givers. Understanding the differential
effects of these socio-economic characteristics with care-giving hours on health
will be useful in promoting the health of older adult care-givers and treating
their disorders.
Those who forget historiography are doomed to republish it: empire, imperialism and contemporary debates about American power
Authors: MACDONALD PAUL K. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractA growing number of scholars, commentators, and pundits describe the contemporary US as an empire. This article argues that these authors have not paid sufficient attention to the historiography of empire and imperialism. Indeed, the historiography of the British and American empires offers important lessons for current debates including what is the appropriate definition of the American empire, what are the social and political foundations of the American Empire, and what are the consequences of the American Empire for the US and the wider world.
Three–dimensional simulations of a solid graphite target for high intensity fast extracted uranium beams for the Super–FRS
Authors: Tahir N.A. , Matveichev A. , Kim V. , Ostrik A. , Shutov A. , Sultanov V. , Lomonosov I.V. , Piriz A.R. , Hoffmann D.H.H. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis paper presents three–dimensional numerical simulations of thermodynamic and hydrodynamic response of a wheel shaped solid graphite production target for the super conducting fragment separator (Super–FRS) that is irradiated with a fast extracted high intensity uranium beam. These fragment separator experiments will be carried out at the future Facility for Antiprotons and Ion Research (FAIR), at Darmstadt. Previously, we reported simulation results that were carried out using two–dimensional computer codes which showed that one can use a solid graphite target for the Super-FRS for the highest intensity (5 × 1011ions per spill) of the fast extracted uranium beam. Present results, however, have shown that due to three–dimensional effects the maximum intensity that can be used with such a target is 3 × 1011ions per spill. A detailed comparison between two–dimensional and three–dimensional results is presented in this paper.
Electron acceleration in the wakefield of asymmetric laser pulses
Authors: Xie B.-S. , Aimidula A. , Niu J.-S. , Liu J. , Yu M.Y. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractElectron acceleration in the plasma wakefield driven by asymmetric laser pulses is investigated analytically. It is found that the asymmetric laser pulse can significantly modify the phase portrait of the electron dynamics and enhance the maximum energy of the accelerated electrons. There exists an optimum ratio of the lengths of the rising and falling segments of the asymmetric laser-pulse. A linear scaling law relating the accelerated electrons' energy and the plasma density is obtained. This result differs from the power-law dependence often associated with symmetric laser pulses.
Excitation of wakefield in a rectangular waveguide: Comparative study with different microwave pulses
Authors: Aria A.K. , Malik H.K. , Singh K.P. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractA differential equation governing the wakefield potential (φ) in a plasma filled rectangular waveguide is derived analytically. This equation is solved numerically for the wakefield (Ew) generated with the help of three kinds of microwave pulses, namely sine pulse (SP), rectangular Gaussian pulse (RGP), and rectangular triangular pulse (RTP). The effect of microwave frequency (f), pulse duration (τ), waveguide width (b), equilibrium plasma density (n0), and microwave intensity (I) on the amplitude of the wakefield is studied. This amplitude is increased for the longer pulse duration and higher microwave intensity, but is decreased with growing waveguide width for all types of pulses. With regard to the variation of wakefield amplitude with plasma density, the RTP and SP behave in a similar fashion and the RGP behaves oppositely. The amplitude for the case of RGP gets increased with the plasma density. The amplitude is enhanced at larger microwave frequency for the cases of RGP and SP, but is decreased for the case of RTP. The comparative study of three types of pulses shows that the wakefield with larger amplitude is achieved with the help of rectangular triangular pulse, which is found to be sensitive with waveguide width, pulse duration and microwave intensity.
Focusing of dark hollow Gaussian electromagnetic beams in a plasma
Authors: Sodha M.S. , Mishra S.K. , Misra S. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis paper presents an investigation of the focusing of dark hollow Gaussian electromagnetic beams (HGB) in plasma, considering collisional, ponderomotive, and relativistic nonlinearities. A paraxial like approach, in which the parameters are expanded, in terms of radial distance from the maximum of irradiance rather than that from the axis, has been adopted. To highlight the nature of focusing, both critical curves and the divider curves have been obtained as a plot of dimensionless radius vs. power of the beam. The effect of the order of HGB (n), and nature of nonlinearity on self focusing of the beam has also been explored.
Equations of State and the ellipsometry diagnostics
Authors: Bakshi L. , Eliezer S. , Henis Z. , Nissim N. , Perelmutter L. , Moreno D. , Sudai M. , Mond M. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAn overview of the equations of state (EOS) with a short summary of shock wave experiments with laser induced impact flyer, relevant to EOS study, is presented. The “old-new” ellipsometry is suggested and described for the EOS research. The detection of phase transitions of the first kind (solid-solid) as well as phase transition of the second kind (Curie point as an example) is demonstrated. Furthermore, the temperature measurements are not possible without the knowledge of the emissivity, a parameter that can be measured by using ellipsometry techniques.
Preparing to Fight the Good Fight: Advice from Two
Associate Deans to Faculty Friends
Authors: Fried Amy , Zirakzadeh Cyrus Ernesto 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTIn our professional work, many of us are involved in university
service and politics and some of us enter administrative positions.
As political scientists who became associate deans of colleges of
liberal arts and sciences, our observations from our administrative
perches and our disciplinary knowledge have provided insights on how
faculty can protect and promote academic values.
Mainstreaming Human Rights: Publishing Trends in
Political Science
Authors: Cardenas Sonia 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTHuman rights issues are closely connected to a range of political
processes, from democracy and conflict resolution to judicial
accountability and terrorism. Despite the dramatic growth of the
human rights field in recent years, however, it remains unclear how
much the subject has influenced political science scholarship. I
assess this question by examining broad publishing trends, namely
human rights articles in the discipline's leading journals.
Bulls, Goats, and Pedagogy: Engaging Students in Overseas
Development Aid
Authors: Miles William F. S. 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTThis article illustrates the profound learning that occurs—for
students and instructor alike—when a class on third-world
development attempts to undertake foreign aid. With undergraduate,
graduate, and departmental money, I purchased bulls and carts for
farmers, and goats for widows, in two West African villages. Such
experiential learning personalized for students the study of
micropolitics under conditions of poverty, the development of
organizational structure, and north-south dependency.