bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CHAPTER 3 Pathology of HPV infection at the cytologic and histologic levels: Basis for a 2‐tiered morphologic classification system
Authors: Wright Thomas C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractOver the last 2 decades the pathogenesis and natural history of cervi‐cal cancer has become clearer. As a result, the cytologic and histologic terminol‐ogy used to refer to cervical cancer precursors has needed to change. Today we recognize that almost all cervical cancers are due to infection with specific high‐risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV). Most women become infected with these viruses within several years of initiating sexual intercourse and a productive HPV in‐fection frequently results in characteristic morphologic changes within the infected cervical squamous cells. Cells demonstrating the morphologic changes associated with a productive HPV infection are referred to as low‐grade squamous intraepi‐thelial lesions (LSIL) when observed in cytologic specimens and low‐grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN 1) when observed in histologic specimens. In some women, HPV gene expression becomes unlinked to the state of differentiation of the infected epithelial cells and deregulated expression of the early region of the viral genome results in a dramatic increase in expression of two HPV oncoproteins (E6 and E7). This results in loss of normal cell cycle control of the epithelium and genetic instability. When this occurs the epithelium develops characteristic mor‐phologic features, with immature “basaloid‐type” squamous cells and mitotic fig‐ures in the upper half of the cervical epithelium. Such lesions are felt to represent “true” neoplasia and are referred to as high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) when observed in cytologic specimens and high‐grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN 2,3) when observed in histologic specimens.
CHAPTER 8 HPV vaccines
Authors: Frazer Ian H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractVaccines to prevent infection with high‐risk human papillomaviruses (HPV) will help protect women against cervical cancer, and some are likely to be available within the next year. One vaccine, a quadrivalent vaccine against HPV types 6, 11, 16 and 18 and known as Garadsil ©(Merck &Co., Inc), was approved by the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) for the prevention of cervical cancer, cervical cancer precursors and vulval and vaginal cancer precursors associated with HPV 16 and 18 in June 2006. In addition, the vaccine has been approved for the prevention of genital warts and low grade cervical lesions e.g. cervical intraepithelial neoplasia1. The main vaccines components are recombinant viral capsid proteins assembled into virus‐like particles and alum‐based adjuvants. If given before HPV infection, the vaccines, which induce HPV type‐specific, virus‐neutralizing antibodies, have proven safe and highly effective at preventing HPV infection and its clinical consequences, including high‐grade cervical lesions. Their use should not immediately alter existing screening programs for cervical cancer, however. Because they incorporate only the 2 HPV types most commonly associated with cervical cancer (HPV‐16 and HPV‐18), they can only prevent about 70% of cervical cancers. Vaccines to treat existing HPV infection are under development but are unlikely to become clinically available in the near future.
Creating Brand Identity for Generic Products
Authors: Williams Don 
Published: February 2007

With so many opportunities within the generics industry today as patents expire, new companies are entering the generics market and established companies are adding to their portfolios. This paper looks at the role of branding as generics look to compete more vigorously in this highly competitive arena, and the challenges that exist in creating brand identities to drive their marketing. The overall competitive marketplace has changed considerably over time and created a very different context in respect of customer ‘need’ states. There is an increasing need to address the end consumer directly via focus on brands. There is continuing proof that adding consumer benefits via effective brand communication can contribute enormously to commercial success — and this is examined here. Generics companies marketing generic products should recognise the benefits of creating brands to achieve visibility, stand-out and clear differentiation via a consumer-focused proposition — and the role that brand identity can play within this.
Bringing Generic Medicine Production to Afghanistan: The Business Humanitarian Forum's Cooperative Project with the European Generic Medicines Association
Authors: Maresca John J. 
Published: February 2007

The Business Humanitarian Forum (BHF), an international non-profit association based in Geneva, has collaborated with the European Generic medicines Association (EGA) and several companies to donate the machinery needed for the establishment of an Afghan-owned private sector generic medicines factory in Kabul. The new facility will supply much-needed medicines for the Afghan health system, which has been decimated by 20 years of war and mismanagement under Taliban rule. The project is a good example of how the private sector can contribute to postconflict reconstruction or economic development in poor countries, by supplying expertise, surplus equipment and management assistance to local entrepreneurs. This effort can be especially useful when it aims to meet a recognised humanitarian need in the country concerned.
Spectrum of Viruses and Atypical Bacteria in Intercontinental Air Travelers with Symptoms of Acute Respiratory Infection
Authors: de Souza Luna Luciano Kleber , Panning Marcus , Grywna Klaus , Pfefferle Susanne , Drosten Christian 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Respiratory infections after air travel are frequent, but epidemiological data are incomplete. Using sensitive polymerase chain reactions, we studied the spectrum of atypical bacteria and respiratory viruses in travelers fulfilling the case definition of severe acute respiratory syndrome. A pathogen was identified in 67 travelers (43.2%). Influenza and parainfluenza viruses were most prevalent, at 14.2% and 15.5%, respectively. Prevalences of adenoviruses, human metapneumovirus, coronaviruses, and rhinoviruses ranged between 2.6% and 4.8%. Human bocavirus, respiratory syncytial virus, and Legionella, Mycoplasma, and Chlamydophila species were absent or appeared at frequencies of &lt;1%. To our knowledge, these are the first specific baseline data for the mentioned agents in the context of air travel.
How to Assess Risk of Disease Transmission to Patients When There Is a Failure to Follow Recommended Disinfection and Sterilization Guidelines
Authors: Rutala William A. , Weber David J. 
Published: February 2007

Background.Disinfection and sterilization are critical components of infection control. Unfortunately, breaches of disinfection and sterilization guidelines are not uncommon.Objective.To describe a method for evaluating a potential breach of guidelines for high-level disinfection and sterilization of medical devices.Methods.The appropriate scientific literature was reviewed to determine the frequency of failures of compliance. A risk assessment model was constructed.Results.A 14-step protocol was constructed to aid infection control professionals in the evaluation of potential disinfection and sterilization failures. In addition, a model is presented for aiding in determining how patients should be notified of the potential adverse event. Sample statements and letters are provided for communicating with the public and individual patients.Conclusion.Use of a protocol can guide an institution in managing potential disinfection and sterilization failures.
Linear differential equations in the unit disc with analytic solutions of finite order
Authors: Korhonen Risto , Rättyä Jouni 
Published: February 2007

A function

g
g

, analytic in the unit disc

D
D

, belongs to the weighted Hardy space

H
q
∞

H_q^\infty

if

sup

0
≤
r
>
1

M
(
r
,
g
)
(
1
−

r
2

)
q

>
∞

\sup _{0\le r>1}M(r,g)(1-r^2)^q>\infty

, where

M
(
r
,
g
)

M(r,g)

is the maximum modulus of

g
(
z
)

g(z)

in the circle of radius

r
r

centered at the origin. If

g
g

belongs to

H
q
∞

H_q^\infty

for some

q
≥
0

q\geq 0

, then it is said to be an

H

\mathcal {H}

-function. Heittokangas has shown that all solutions of the linear differential equation

(\dagger)

f

(
k
)

+

A

k
−
1

(
z
)

f

(
k
−
1
)

+
⋯
+

A
1

(
z
)

f
′

+

A
0

(
z
)
f
=
0
,

\begin{equation} f^{(k)}+A_{k-1}(z)f^{(k-1)}+\cdots +A_1(z)f’+A_0(z)f=0,\tag {\dagger } \end{equation}

where

A
j

(
z
)

A_j(z)

is analytic in

D
D

for all

j
=
0
,
…
,
k
−
1

j=0,\ldots ,k-1

, are of finite order of growth in

D
D

if and only if all coefficients

A
j

(
z
)

A_j(z)

are

H

\mathcal {H}

-functions. It is said that

g
∈

G
p

g\in G_p

when

p
=
inf
{
q
≥
0
:
g
∈

H
q
∞

}

p=\inf \{q\geq 0 : g\in H^\infty _q\}

. In this study it is shown that if all coefficients

A
j

(
z
)

A_j(z)

of

(
†
)

(\dagger )

satisfy

A
j

∈

G

p
j

A_j\in G_{p_j}

for all

j
=
0
,
…
,
k
−
1

j=0,\ldots ,k-1

, then all nontrivial solutions

f
f

of

(
†
)

(\dagger )

satisfy

min

j
=
1
,
…
,
k

p
0

−

p
j

j

−
2
≤

σ
M

(
f
)
≤
max

{
0
,

max

j
=
0
,
…
,
k
−
1

p
j

k
−
j

−
1
}

,

\begin{equation*} \min _{j=1,\ldots ,k} \frac {p_0-p_j}{j}-2 \le \sigma _M(f) \le \max \left \{0, \max _{j=0,\ldots ,k-1} \frac {p_j}{k-j}-1\right \}, \end{equation*}

where

p
k

:=
0

p_k:=0

and

σ
M

(
f
)
:=

lim sup

r
→

1
−

log
+

⁡

log
+

⁡
M
(
r
,
f
)

−
log
⁡
(
1
−
r
)

.

\begin{equation*} \sigma _M(f):=\limsup _{r\to 1^-}\frac {\log ^+\log ^+ M(r,f)}{-\log (1-r)}. \end{equation*}

In addition, if

n
∈
{
0
,
…
,
k
−
1
}

n\in \{0,\ldots ,k-1\}

is the smallest index for which

p
n

k
−
n

=

max

j
=
0
,
…
,
k
−
1

p
j

k
−
j

,

\begin{equation*} \frac {p_n}{k-n} = \max _{j=0,\ldots ,k-1} \frac {p_j}{k-j}, \end{equation*}

then there are at least

k
−
n

k-n

linearly independent solutions of

(
†
)

(\dagger )

such that

σ
M

(
f
)
≥

max

j
=
0
,
…
,
k
−
1

p
j

k
−
j

−
2.

\begin{equation*} \sigma _M(f)\geq \max _{j=0,\ldots ,k-1} \frac {p_j}{k-j} - 2. \end{equation*}

These results are a generalization of a recent result due to Chyzhykov, Gundersen and Heittokangas.
Factorization formulae on counting zeros of diagonal equations over finite fields
Authors: Cao Wei , Sun Qi 
Published: February 2007

Let

N
N

be the number of solutions

(

u
1

,
…
,

u
n

)

(u_1,\ldots ,u_n)

of the equation

a
1

u
1

d
1

+
⋯
+

a
n

u
n

d
n

=
0

a_1u_1^{d_1}+\cdots +a_nu_n^{d_n}=0

over the finite field

F
q

F_q

, and let

I
I

be the number of solutions of the equation

∑

i
=
1

n

x
i

/

d
i

≡
0

(
mod

1
)
,
1
⩽

x
i

⩽

d
i

−
1

\sum _{i=1}^nx_i/d_i\equiv 0\pmod {1}, 1\leqslant x_i\leqslant d_i-1

. If

I
>
0

I>0

, let

L
L

be the least integer represented by

∑

i
=
1

n

x
i

/

d
i

,
1
⩽

x
i

⩽

d
i

−
1

\sum _{i=1}^nx_i/d_i, 1\leqslant x_i\leqslant d_i-1

.

I
I

and

L
L

play important roles in estimating

N
N

. Based on a partition of

{

d
1

,
…
,

d
n

}

\{d_1,\dots ,d_n\}

, we obtain the factorizations of

I
,
L

I, L

and

N
N

, respectively. All these factorizations can simplify the corresponding calculations in most cases or give the explicit formulae for

N
N

in some special cases.
A Markov-type inequality for arbitrary plane continua
Authors: Eremenko Alexandre 
Published: February 2007

Markov’s inequality is
\[

sup

[
−
1
,
1
]

|

f
′

|

≤
(
deg
⁡
f

)
2

sup

[
−
1
,
1
]

|

f

|

,

\sup _{[-1,1]}|f’|\leq (\deg f)^2\sup _{[-1,1]}|f|,

\]
for all polynomials

f
f

. We prove a precise version of this inequality with an arbitrary continuum in the complex plane instead of the interval

[
−
1
,
1
]

[-1,1]

.
A generalization of a curious congruence on harmonic sums
Authors: Zhou Xia , Cai Tianxin 
Published: February 2007

Zhao established a curious harmonic congruence for prime

p
>
3

p>3

:
\[

∑

i
+
j
+
k
=
p
i
,
j
,
k
>
0

1

i
j
k

≡
−
2

B

p
−
3

(
mod
⁡
p
)
.

\sum _{\substack {i+j+k=pi,j,k>0}} \frac {1}{ijk} \equiv -2B_{p-3}(\operatorname {mod} p).

\]
In this note the authors extend it to the following congruence for any prime

p
>
3

p > 3

and positive integer

n
≤
p
−
2

n \le p-2

:
\[

∑

l

1

+

l

2

+
⋯
+

l

n

=
p

l

1

,
⋯
,

l

n

>
0

1

l

1

l

2

⋯

l

n

≡

{

−
(
n
−
1
)
!

B

p
−
n

(

mod

p
)

a
m
p
;

if

2
∤
n

,

−

n

2
(
n
+
1
)

n
!

B

p
−
n
−
1

p

(
mod
⁡

p
2

)

a
m
p
;

if

2

|

n

.

\sum _{\substack {l_{1}+l_{2}+\cdots +l_{n}=pl_{1}, \cdots ,l_{n}>0}} \frac {1}{l_{1}l_{2}\cdots l_{n}}\equiv \begin {cases} -(n-1)!\ B_{p-n} (\textrm {mod}\; p) & \text {if $2\nmid n$},\\ -\frac {n}{2(n+1)}\ n!\ B_{p-n-1}\ p\ (\operatorname {mod} p^2) &\text {if $2|n$}. \end {cases}

\]
Other improvements on congruences of harmonic sums are also obtained.
Bonaventure
Authors: Cullen Christopher M. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This book is a brief introduction to the thought of the great Franciscan theologian St. Bonaventure (c.1217-74). It focuses on the long-debated relation between philosophy and theology in the work of this important but neglected thinker, revealing Bonaventure as a great synthesizer. The book's exposition shows in a new and more nuanced way Bonaventure's debt to Augustine, while making clear how he was influenced by Aristotle. The book is organized according to the categories of Bonaventure's own classic text: De reductione artium ad theologiam. Part I is devoted to the definition of Christian Wisdom. In Part II, individual chapters are devoted to Bonaventure's physics, metaphysics, and moral philosophy. Part III includes chapters on the Trinity, Creation, Sin, the Incarnation, Grace, the Sacraments, and the Last Things.
The Purity of the Second Temple in Rabbinic Literature
Authors: Klawans Jonathan 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter examines an array of rabbinic sources concerning the temple, including Mishnah, Midrash, and Talmud, drawing a number of contrasts with Qumran literature in particular. The Rabbis seem to agree with the sectarians that the temple was flawed, recalling instances of priestly greed, theft, and even murder. But the rabbis downplay the moral defilement of the temple and deny to the end that the temple was ritually defiled to any significant degree before its destruction by Romans in 70 CE. Unlike the sectarians, the rabbis took a stance toward the temple and its purity that was less idealistic, but more practical and permissive.
Phenomenal Concepts and Phenomenal Knowledge
Authors: Alter Torin , Walter Sven 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
What is the nature of consciousness? How is consciousness related to brain processes? This book discusses these topics. All chapters focus on consciousness in the “phenomenal” sense: looking at what it's like to have an experience. Consciousness has long been regarded as the biggest stumbling block for physicalism, the view that the mind is physical. This controversy has gained focus over the last few decades, and phenomenal knowledge and phenomenal concepts — knowledge of consciousness and the associated concepts — have come to play increasingly prominent roles in this debate. Consider Frank Jackson's famous case of Mary, the super-scientist who learns all the physical information while confined in a black-and-white room. According to Jackson, if physicalism is true, then Mary's physical knowledge should allow her to deduce what it's like to see in color. Yet it seems intuitively clear that she learns something when she leaves the room. But then how can consciousness be physical? Arguably, whether this sort of reasoning is sound depends on how phenomenal concepts and phenomenal knowledge are construed. For example, some argue that the Mary case reveals something about phenomenal concepts but has no implications for the nature of consciousness itself. Are responses along these lines adequate? Or does the problem arise again at the level of phenomenal concepts?
Phenomenal Concepts and the Materialist Constraint
Authors: Levine Joseph 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter raises a problem for the phenomenal concept strategy. The problem is framed partly in terms of the explanatory gap, which is roughly the claim that the existence or nature of phenomenal consciousness cannot be completely explained in physical terms. As applied to the explanatory gap, the phenomenal concept strategy requires a physicalist account of phenomenal concepts on which the gap derives from phenomenal concepts rather than phenomenal consciousness itself. It is argued that to pass muster, such accounts must satisfy the following constraint: that no appeal be made in the explanation to any mental property or relation that is basic. An account violates this constraint if, for example, it makes appeal to an unexplained notion of acquaintance between a subject and her brain states. It is not understood how any physicalist account can both meet this constraint and explain how the explanatory gap derives from the peculiar features of phenomenal concepts. Although some physicalist account might achieve these goals, it is suggested that physicalism may be false not because phenomenal properties themselves are not physical but rather because somehow we embody a relation to them that is itself brute and irreducible to physical relations.
The Innate Endowment for Language
Authors: Baker Mark C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter examines two different views of universal grammar. Most linguists assume that universal grammar is underspecified — providing us with an incomplete grammar to be elaborated by learning. But the alternative is that it is overspecified — providing us with a full range of possible grammars from which we select one on the basis of environmental input. Underspecification is now the dominant view in the developmental sciences, and is often treated as the null hypothesis on grounds of greater possibility, parsimony, and simplicity. The chapter questions whether the underspecification view is really feasible and whether it is more parsimonious than the overspecification view, drawing on examples from certain African languages. It also shows that the perplexity evoked by overspecification theories disappears if language has a concealing purpose as well as a communicating purpose, similar to a code.
Brass Tacks in Linguistic Theory
Authors: Crain Stephen , Gualmini Andrea , Pietroski Paul 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter presents detailed empirical work on several aspects of children's linguistic performance, focusing in particular on evidence that even two-year-old children understand that the meanings of determiners are ‘conservative’, that the meaning of natural language disjunction is ‘inclusive–or’, and that the structural notion of ‘c-command’ governs a range of linguistic phenomena. This and other works are used to defend three related versions of the argument from the poverty of the stimulus, each of which strongly supports the existence of an innate language faculty.
Number and Natural Language
Authors: Laurence Stephen , Margolis Eric 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter examines the question of whether there is an essential connection between language and number, while looking more broadly at some of the potential innate precursors to the acquisition of the positive integers. It focuses on the theoretical question of how language may figure in an account of the ontogeny of the positive integers. Despite the trend in developmental psychology to suppose that it does, there are actually few detailed accounts on offer. Two exceptions are examined — two theories that give natural language a prominent role to play and that represent the state of the art in the study of mathematical cognition. The first is owing to C. R. Gallistel, Rochel Gelman, and their colleagues; the second to Elizabeth Spelke and her colleagues. Although both accounts are rich and innovative, they face a range of serious objections, in particular, their appeal to language isn't helpful.
Reasoning about Intentionality in Preverbal Infants
Authors: Johnson Susan C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractResearchers disagree over whether preverbal infants have any true understanding of other minds. There seem to be at least two sources of hesitation among researchers. Some doubt that infants have any concepts as sophisticated as that implied by the term ‘intentionality’. Other researchers simply doubt that infants understand anything in a conceptual way. This chapter provides arguments in favour of infants' abilities in both respects. It describes data from one study in which the method itself was designed to assess conceptual representations abstracted away from perception-action systems.
What Is a Cause?
Authors: Sloman Steven 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter discusses what causes are. It argues that causal relations are not the only kind of invariance useful for representing the world. There are various kinds of mathematical representations, as well as logical and probabilistic representations. But noncausal forms of invariance are less useful than causality for describing relations among events because they don't naturally describe the processes that generate those events and because, therefore, they fail to support key forms of counterfactual inference as directly as causal models do. In short, only causal models represent the invariance that tells us what the effects of our and others' actions would be. As a result, people seem to be particularly adept at representing and reasoning with causal structure.
Causality and Conceptual Structure
Authors: Sloman Steven 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe objects that we select and how we put them together depend on our current goals, the task before us, and on our language and culture. It may be argued that concepts are not fixed, stable entities in the mind. Nevertheless, people do bring general knowledge to bear to understand objects and events. This chapter focuses on the structure of that general knowledge, in particular, on its causal structure. Research is presented that uses a variety of measures of categorization. The most frequent is naming — objects are assumed to belong in the same category if they are called by the same name.
Vicarious Religion: A Methodological Challenge
Authors: Davie Grace 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter examines the concept of vicarious religion, that is, the notion of religion performed by an active minority but on behalf of a much larger number, who (implicitly at least) not only understand but approve of what the minority is doing. The first part of the chapter offers multiple examples of vicarious religion in practice. The second part examines the sociological methodologies that are most likely to elicit data appropriate to this field. The chapter ends with a brief consideration of how vicarious religions might evolve in the foreseeable future and a short note on the American case. Following 9/11, this phenomenon of European religion may begin to resonate more widely.
The New Voluntarism and the Case of Unsynagogued Jews
Authors: Davidman Lynn 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis essay is based on 30 open-ended interviews with Jews in the Northeast who do not belong to synagogues. Unsynagogued Jews present an interesting challenge to the general sociological tradition which sees ascription and choice as disparate ways of constructing a sense of self. These Jews clearly affirmed their understanding (consistent with the contemporary “new voluntarism” perspective) that religious association and practice are a matter of choice. Nevertheless, they also claimed that they have no choice about being Jewish; it is a matter of ascription. In practicing Judaism in everyday life, they creatively drew upon traditional symbols and practices to enact Jewish rituals in their own creative, syncretic ways. These unsynagogued Jews suggest that studies of contemporary religion should pay attention to practice as well as belief.