bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Crystal Structure and Thermal Behaviour of K2[CrF5·H2O]
Authors: Sassoye Capucine , de Kozak Ariel 
Published: January 2006

AbstractK2[CrF5·H2O] is monoclinic: a = 9.6835(3) Å, b = 7.7359(2) Å, c = 7.9564(3) Å, β = 95.94(1)°, Z = 4, space group C2/c (no 15). Its crystal structure was solved from its X‐ray powder pattern recorded on a powder diffractometer, using for the refinement the Rietveld method. It is built up from isolated octahedral [CrF5·OH2]2− anions separated by potassium cations. The dehydration of K2[CrF5·H2O] leads to anhydrous orthorhombic K2CrF5: a = 7.334(2) Å, b = 12.804(4) Å, c = 20.151(5) Å, Z = 16, space group Pbcn (no 60), isostructural with K2FeF5.
Diseases of gadoid fish in cultivation: a review
Authors: Bricknell Ian R. , Bron James E. , Bowden Tim J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractGiven the rapid development of intensive culture systems for cold-water marine gadoids such as cod (Gadus morhua), haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus), hake (Merluccius spp.), and ling (Molva molva), an urgent need exists to examine likely threats posed by disease in intensive gadoid culture. While little is known about diseases that may affect or be introduced by cold-water marine gadoid fish once the animals are brought into intensive commercial culture systems, certain risks can be inferred both from an examination of disease problems experienced during the introduction of intensive culture systems for other cold-water marine species and from an examination of the existing literature on gadoid pathogens. This paper provides an overview of the potential disease risks associated with the development of intensive gadoid aquaculture and focuses on previously characterized diseases that the authors consider as posing the greatest threat to intensive gadoid culture. In addition to disease risk, this paper discusses risk reduction, including vaccination strategies and the risk of inter-species infection. Specific viral, bacterial, fungal, protoctistan, and metazoan pathogens are discussed in light of their previous implication in the causation of disease in cultured gadoids or other cold-water species, their occurrence and pathogenicity in wild gadoids, and with respect to life strategies and biology that may favour their propagation within intensive aquaculture systems.
Pharmacological characterization of muscarinic receptor subtypes mediating vasoconstriction of human umbilical vein
Authors: Pujol Lereis Virginia Andrea , Hita Francisco Javier , Gobbi Mauro Darío , Verdi Marcela Gomez , Rodriguez María Cecilia , Rothlin Rodolfo Pedro 
Published: January 2006

The present study attempted to pharmacologically characterize the muscarinic receptor subtypes mediating contraction of human umbilical vein (HUV).HUV rings were mounted in organ baths and concentration–response curves were constructed for acetylcholine (ACh) (pEC50: 6.16±0.04; maximum response 80.00±1.98% of the responses induced by serotonin 10 μM). The absence of endothelium did not modify the contractile responses of ACh in this tissue.The role of cholinesterases was evaluated: neither neostigmine (acetylcholinesterase inhibitor) nor iso‐OMPA (butyrylcholinesterase inhibitor) modified ACh responses. When both enzymes were simultaneously inhibited, a significantly but little potentiation was observed (control: pEC506.33±0.03; double inhibition: pEC506.57±0.05).Atropine, nonselective muscarinic receptors antagonist, inhibited ACh‐induced contraction (pKB9.67). The muscarinic receptors antagonists pirenzepine (M1), methoctramine (M2) and pFHHSiD (M3) also antagonized responses to ACh. The affinity values estimated for these antagonists against responses evoked by ACh were 7.58, 6.78 and 7.94, respectively. On the other hand, PD 102807 (M4selective muscarinic receptors antagonist) was ineffective against ACh‐induced contraction.In presence of a blocking concentration of pirenzepine, pFHHSiFD produced an additional antagonism activity on ACh‐induced responses.The M1muscarinic receptors agonist McN‐A‐343 produced similar maximum but less potent responses than ACh in HUV. The calculated pA2for pirenzepine against McN‐A‐343 induced responses was 8.54.In conclusion, the data obtained in this study demonstrate the role of M1muscarinic receptor subtypes and suggest the involvement of M3muscarinic receptor subtypes in ACh‐induced vasoconstriction in HUV rings. In addition, the vasomotor activity evoked by ACh does not seem to be modulated by endothelial factors, and their enzymatic degradation appears to have little functional relevance in this tissue.British Journal of Pharmacology(2006)147, 516–523. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706654
Activation of nicotinic ACh receptors with α4 subunits induces adenosine release at the rat carotid body
Authors: Conde Sílvia V , Monteiro Emília C 
Published: January 2006

The effect of ACh on the release of adenosine was studied in rat whole carotid bodies, and the nicotinic ACh receptors involved in the stimulation of this release were characterized.
ACh and nicotinic ACh receptor agonists, cytisine, DMPP and nicotine, caused a concentration‐dependent increase in adenosine production during normoxia, with nicotine being more potent and efficient in stimulating adenosine release from rat CB than cytisine and DMPP.
D‐Tubocurarine, mecamylamine, DHβE and α‐bungarotoxin, nicotinic ACh receptor antagonists, caused a concentration‐dependent reduction in the release of adenosine evoked by hypoxia. The rank order of potency for nicotinic ACh receptor antagonists that inhibit adenosine release was DHβE>mecamylamine>D‐tubocurarine>α‐bungarotoxin.
The effect of the endogenous agonist, ACh, which was mimicked by nicotine, was antagonized by DHβE, a selective nicotinic receptor antagonist.
The ecto‐5′‐nucleotidase inhibitor AOPCP produces a 72% inhibition in the release of adenosine from CB evoked by nicotine.
Taken together, these data indicate that ACh induced the production of adenosine, mainly from extracellular ATP catabolism at the CB through a mechanism that involves the activation of nicotinic receptors with α4 and β2 receptor subunits.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2006) 147, 783–789. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706676
A New Conceptualisation of Business Development for SMEs: A Focus on Development Potential
Authors: Massey Claire 
Published: January 2006

Despite an increase in the amount of research on the programmes that many governments around the world are using to guide firm development, develop managerial capability, and encourage firms into undertaking practices that will result in improved performance, there is no agreement within the research community on an appropriate way of conceptualising the task of ‘business development’ or of designing specific developmental programmes. Instead, there is a plethora of frameworks that categorise the overall policies and the programmes in terms of: the service they deliver (for example, ‘hard’ or ‘soft’ programmes); the target group (for example, women, ethnic groups, older or younger people); or by the outcome they wish to achieve (for example, the development of export capability). Although they are useful from an operational perspective, that is, from the perspective of a policymaker faced with the task of allocating scarce resources, these approaches do little to address a critical aspect of business development that is especially evident in small firms: the interrelatedness of the firm and its owner. After reviewing the available frameworks, and discussing the problems of operationalising them, the author presents a new framework and demonstrates its use by applying it to the case of New Zealand. This framework is based on two dimensions: the development potential of the firm and the development potential of the individual—an approach that has hitherto not been used, despite the recognition of the interrelatedness of the firm and the individual, especially in countries where there are large numbers of micro enterprises. The framework contributes to the ongoing debate on the design of effective developmental programmes by enabling policymakers to focus on the key issues—developmental potential—rather than simply on the individual's membership of a specific target group.
Intermittent administration of human parathyroid fragment (hPTH 1-37) on calcium and phosphorus homeostasis and bone markers in resting horses: a preliminary study
Authors: Vervuert I , Scheidt K Von , Winkelsett S , Forssmann WG , Coenen M 
Published: January 2006

AbstractParathyroid hormone (PTH) has been shown to have anabolic and catabolic effects on the skeleton, and in young racing horses the anabolic effects of PTH on bone might be of great importance in reducing the risk of skeletal injury during race training. The aim of this pilot study was to elucidate the effects of intermittent exogenous application of human parathyroid fragment (hPTH 1-37) on calcium homeostasis and bone turnover in resting horses. Five horses were used in this study. Horses were treated subcutaneously with hPTH (hPTH 1-37, 0.5 μg kg−1BW) daily at 600 h over a period of 28 days. A foregoing control trial was conducted under the identical test protocol without hPTH application. Blood samples were taken at defined times for the control and hPTH treatment to analyze ionized Ca (Ca++, AVL), total Ca (AAS), inorganic Pi(flame photometry), intact PTH (RIA), osteocalcin (ELISA) and ICTP (carboxyterminal telopeptide of type-I collagen, RIA). Eight hours after hPTH application, blood ionized Ca++(days 1 and 28) and plasma Pi(days 1–28) increased significantly in comparison to the control. At day 1, 8 h after hPTH application, the decrease in intact plasma PTH was more pronounced after hPTH treatment than in the control, and plasma PTH levels were higher after treatment at day 14 (16 h post-injection,P<0.05), day 18 (16 h post-injection, ns) and day 24 (0 h post-injection). There were no treatment-related differences in total plasma Ca and bone markers. Intermittent PTH administration in healthy horses affected Ca and P homeostasis as well as endogenous PTH secretion, but bone turnover was not affected during the treatment period of 28 days.
Determinants of surface membrane and transverse-tubular excitability in skeletal muscle: implications for high-intensity exercise
Authors: Lindinger Michael I. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe fatigue of high-intensity exercise is now believed to reside primarily within the excitation–contraction coupling processes associated with the plasma membrane of skeletal muscle (sarcolemm) and calcium-mediated events leading to myofilament sliding. This paper summarizes recent developments and advances in the identification of factors that contribute to changes in sarcolemmal excitability of mammalian skeletal muscle as a consequence of high-intensity exercise. There is an increasing recognition of the probable role that is played by the transverse tubular system (T-system), a system that comprisesc. 80% of the total sarcolemmal surface capable of ion exchange. Furthermore, the fluid within the T-system has limited access to interstitial fluid bathing myofibres; hence, T-system fluid is probably markedly different from interstitial fluid during high-intensity exercise. Mechanically skinned fibre preparation is providing many new insights into functions of the surface membrane and T-system in fatigue. A scenario is developed whereby accumulation of potassium within the T-system ([K+]o) contributes to reduced membrane excitability, as well as lowering of T-system sodium and chloride, concomitant with loss of intracellular potassium ([K+]i) and accumulation of intracellular sodium ([Na+]) and chloride ([Cl−]). Lowering the [Na+]o/[Na+]iratio and raising myoplasmic [Na+]ihave been shown to decrease membrane excitability and impair action potential propagation. Maintained high [Cl−]omay also have a protective effect in maintaining membrane excitability, and this effect appears to be very pronounced in the presence of raised [K+]o. In contrast to dogma associating high [H+] to fatigue, recent studies have also shown that induced acidosis that results in increased [H+]oand [H+]irestores force production in muscles and skinned fibres fatigued by intermittent tetanic stimulation. This effect may be due to a decrease in surface membrane Cl−permeability that serves to restore membrane excitability. During high-intensity exercise, simultaneous changes in trans-membrane ion concentrations and membrane ion conductances may serve to reduce impairment of membrane excitability that provides for a maintained, though reduced, contractile function.
Assessment of the oxidant–antioxidant blood balance in a field exercise test in Standardbredand eventing horses
Authors: de Moffarts Brieuc , Kirschvink Nathalie , van Erck Emmanuelle , Art Tatiana , Pincemail Joël , Lekeux Pierre 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe aim of this study was to determine which oxidant–antioxidant blood markers are of interest for a field exercise test (ET) performed on a racetrack. Healthy Standardbred horses (S:n= 12) and healthy eventing horses (E:n=12) were investigated. Exercise was monitored by measuring velocity (V), heart rate (HR), and plasma lactate (LA). Whilst maximal LA did not differ (11.8±0.88 mmol l−1), maximalV(S: 12.3±0.17 m s−1versusE: 11.1±0.24 m s−1,P<0.05) and final HR (S: 222±1versusE: 203±8 beats min−1,P<0.05) were significantly different between groups. Venous blood was collected at rest (R) prior to ET and the following oxidant–antioxidant markers were determined: uric acid (UA), ascorbic acid (AA), α-tocopherol (Vit E), vitamin A (Vit A), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione (reduced: GSH and oxidized: GSSG), glutathione redox ratio (GRR), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and selenium (Se), oxidized proteins (Protox), lipid peroxides (Pool), antioxidant capacity of water-soluble components (ACW) and antioxidant capacity of lipid-soluble components (ACL). The following markers were further determined 15 min (E15) after the ET: UA, ACW, AA, GSH, Protox, Pool, ACL. Standardbreds had significantly higher concentrations of ACW, GSH, ACL and Protox, whilst Se, Zn and SOD were significantly lower than in eventing horses. Exercise induced a significant increase in ACW and UA. GSH decreased in eventing horses and Pool significantly decreased in both horse groups. This study describes a field ET of high intensity for Standardbred and eventing horses, which could be performed by all animals tested. By sampling blood at rest and at E15, changes of the hydrophilic antioxidant defence were partially assessed, whereas no interpretable changes of the lipophilic antioxidants and of oxidation markers (Protox, Pool) could be detected.
Effect of rider experience on the jumping kinematics of riding horses
Authors: Powers Pippa NR , Kavanagh Anna M 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe aim of this study was to examine the influence of an experienced rider and a novice rider on the stride kinematics of experienced riding horses. SVHS video recordings (50 Hz) were made of ten experienced riding horses jumping a 1.05 m-high vertical fence. The horses were randomly assigned to jump the fence under two experimental conditions: ridden by an experienced rider and ridden by a novice rider. Three trials for each ridden condition were analysed, and the effects of the rider type on four kinematic variables were examined using a repeated measures ANOVA. No significant differences were found between the riders for velocity and stride length during the approach, or for the take-off and landing distances from the fence. The results suggest that the rider's body position and body movement had no effect on the horse's jumping kinematics as measured in this study, and that each horse jumped the fence in its own manner, regardless of what the rider was doing. This is contrary to the current belief that a horse's jumping technique is strongly influenced by the rider. These findings have relevance for both horses and riders, in that if an experienced horse does not respond to a rider's instructions as expected, then the implications for training of the horse and the rider are considerable.
Effects of different bits and bridles on frequency of induced swallowing in cantering horses
Authors: Manfredi J , Clayton HM , Derksen FJ 
Published: January 2006

AbstractIt has been suggested that the presence of a bit reflexly increases salivation but, at the same time, interferes with the horse's ability to swallow. The objective of this study was to compare swallowing frequency in 12 horses exercising at canter while wearing a head collar, a bitless bridle, a jointed snaffle bit and a Myler correctional-ported barrel bit. Laryngeal movements were recorded videoendoscopically as the horses cantered (8 m s−1) on a high speed treadmill, with the use of side reins to flex the poll. Swallowing was stimulated artificially by infusion of sterile water at a constant rate of 5 ml min−1through a cannula in the endoscope's biopsy port. The results showed large differences in swallowing frequency between horses. Swallowing frequency was lower for the Myler snaffle than for the other conditions (P<0.05). It is concluded that the presence of a bit does not preclude swallowing during exercise at canter with the poll in a flexed position, but certain types of bits may be associated with a reduction in swallowing frequency.
Ventilatory responses of ponies and horses to exercise
Authors: Katz Lisa M , Bayly Warwick M , Hines Melissa T , Sides Raymond H 
Published: January 2006

AbstractBecause athletic horses become hypoxaemic and hypercapnoeic during high-intensity exercise but ponies do not, six Thoroughbred horses and five ponies performed an incremental exercise test at speeds with calculated energy requirements that were 40, 60, 80 and 115% of V˙O2max, with the objective of comparing their blood gas and ventilatory responses to exercise. Expired gas and blood samples were taken and breathing mechanics were assessed before exercise and during the last 15 s at each intensity. Maximal V˙O2and V˙CO2in horses were 153±5 (SEM) and 187±4 ml kg−1min−1, respectively, while corresponding values in ponies were 92±4 and 112±7 ml kg−1min−1. During heavy and supramaximal exercise, horses, but not ponies, became hypoxaemic and hypercapnic. There was no significant difference for V˙Ekg−1between groups during maximal exercise, but PAO2, PaO2and PvO2were lower and PaCO2and [(A−a)O2D] were greater in horses than in ponies. Additionally, the horses' maximal transpulmonary pressure difference was higher and their total pulmonary resistance and ventilatory equivalent lower than in ponies. Flow-volume loops suggested that horses experienced expiratory flow limitation but that ponies did not. These results indicated that horses like Thoroughbreds appear to be expiratory flow-limited and become hypoxaemic and hypercapnic when the demand for gas exchange associated with their high V˙O2maxand V˙CO2maxis greater than can be met by their ventilatory system. Ponies, which are less capable athletes, could better match their ventilatory response with their metabolic capabilities and so were able to maintain PaO2in the pre-exercise range and decrease PaCO2to a tension that was more compatible with acid–base homeostasis.
Effects of exercise on maternal and foetal heart rate in pregnant mares
Authors: Causey RC , Lehnhard RA , Finucane KA , Oliver TM 
Published: January 2006

AbstractPregnant mares are often removed from work during gestation. However, little is known about the effects of exercise on the pregnant mare and her foetus. In the present study, maternal and foetal heart rates were monitored by electrocardiography before and after exercise in four equine pregnancies (days 250–285). Exercise consisted of lungeing mares in 20 m circles for 5, 10 and 20 min. Following exercise, significant increases in maternal heart rate were detected (P<0.0001) but not in foetal heart rate (P = 0.4331). All mares gave birth to normal foals uneventfully. While these findings suggest that moderate exercise of the pregnant mare does not appear to be harmful to the equine foetus, data are insufficient to draw conclusions. A larger, more controlled study is necessary.
A field study on warm-up regimes for Thoroughbred and Standardbred racehorses
Authors: Jansson A 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe exercise performed by Thoroughbred (TB) and Standardbred (SB) racehorses is similar. Nevertheless, warm-up regimes seem to differ between trainers of the two breeds. The aim of this study was to collect some preliminary results on warm-up strategies used by trainers of SB and TB in Sweden and the physiological response to two warm-up regimes of practical relevance. A questionnaire was answered by eight and nine SB and TB trainers, respectively, and showed that the SB trainers tended to perform longer warm-ups than TB trainers. In the exercise study, a long and a short warm-up (LWU and SWU) were designed by two trainers (SB and TB, respectively) and performed prior to an intensive exercise session. The study showed that the recovery period in the LWU trial in SBs was prolonged compared with the SWU trial and associated with increased body temperature (39.6±0.3versus39.1±0.1°C 15 min post-exercise), heart rate, and breathing frequency (66±10versus55±6 beats min−1and 86±11versus56±6 breaths min−115 min post-exercise). In addition, the body weight loss was increased by 129% compared with the SWU. In the TB trial, the post-exercise breathing frequency was higher following SWU compared with LWU (97±7versus71±8 breaths min−115 min post-exercise), indicating increased anaerobic metabolism. Although this study involves few animals, it indicated that the LWU for TBs and the SWU for SBs was most beneficial.
Genomic island identification in Vibrio vulnificus reveals significant genome plasticity in this human pathogen
Authors: Quirke A. M. , Reen F. Jerry , Claesson Marcus J. , Boyd E. Fidelma 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
Genomic islands (GIs) are large chromosomal regions present in a subset of bacterial strains that increase the fitness of the organism under specific conditions. We compared the complete genome sequences of two Vibrio vulnificus strains YJ016 and CMCP6 and identified 14 regions (ranging in size from 14 to 117 kb), which had the characteristics of GIs. Bioinformatic analysis of these 14 GI regions identified the presence of phage-like integrase genes, aberrant GC content and genome signature (dinucleotide frequency) within each GI compared with the core genome indicating that these regions were acquired from an anomalous source. We examined the distribution of the nine GIs from strain YJ016 among 27 V.vulnificus isolates and found that most GIs were absent from the majority of these isolates. The chromosomal insertion sites of three GIs were adjacent to tRNA sites, which contained novel horizontally acquired DNA in all six available sequenced Vibrionaceae genomes.
Contact: f.boyd@ucc.ie
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.