bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pneumocystis-mediated IL-8 release by macrophages requires coexpression of mannose receptors and TLR2
Authors: Tachado Souvenir D , Zhang Jianmin , Zhu Jinping , Patel Naimish , Cushion Melanie , Koziel Henry 
Published: October 2006

AbstractInteraction with the unique fungus Pneumocystis (Pc) promotes IL-8 release by human alveolar macrophages (AM), although the receptor(s) mediating IL-8 release have not been identified. TLR2 recognizes fungal components and mediates release of host defense cytokines and chemokines, although whether TLR2 mediates signaling in response to Pc is not known. In the current study, Pc induced IL-8 release by human AM, and AM pretreatment with anti-TLR2 neutralizing antibody reduced IL-8 release. However, in nonphagocytic human embryonic kidney (HEK)293 cells transfected with human TLR2 cDNA, incubation with Pc did not induce IL-8 release, whereas these same cells released IL-8 in response to the TLR2 agonist lipoteichoic acid. Targeted gene silencing of AM mannose receptors (MR; phagocytic receptors for Pc) using small interfering RNA also reduced Pc-mediated IL-8 release in human AM. However, HEK293 cells transfected with human MR cDNA alone did not release IL-8 in response to Pc. In contrast, HEK293 cells cotransfected with human TLR2 and human MR cDNA released IL-8 in response to Pc. In human AM, Pc promoted direct interaction of MR and TLR2, IL-8 release was reduced markedly upon simultaneous blocking of TLR2 and gene silencing of MR, and IL-8 release was dependent in part on transcription factor NF-κB and ERK1/2 and JNK MAPKs. These studies demonstrate that Pc-mediated IL-8 release by human AM requires the coexpression of MR and TLR2 and further supports the concept that combinatorial interactions of macrophage innate receptors provide specificity of host defense cell responses to infectious challenge.
Seasonal acquisition of chill tolerance and restructuring of membrane glycerophospholipids in an overwintering insect: triggering by low temperature, desiccation and diapause progression
Authors: Tomcala A. , Tollarová M. , Overgaard J. , Simek P. , Kostál V. 
Published: October 2006

SUMMARYAdults of the insect Pyrrhocoris apterus acquire chill tolerance through the process of autumnal acclimatization. Field and laboratory experiments were conducted to separate the triggering effects of low temperatures, desiccation and diapause progression on the physiological characteristics related to chill tolerance with emphasis on the restructuring of glycerophospholipid (GPL) composition. Changes in relative proportions of major molecular species of glycerophosphoethanolamines (GPEtns) and glycerophosphocholines (GPChols) in thoracic muscle and fat body tissues were followed using HPLC coupled to electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry. The increase in relative proportion of 1-palmitoyl-2-linoleyl-sn-GPEtn at the expense of 1,2-dilinoleyl-sn-GPChol was the most prominent feature of the complex change observed in both tissues during autumnal acclimatization in the field. The relative proportion of total GPEtns increased, while the proportion of total GPChols decreased. The relative proportion of unsaturated fatty acyls slightly decreased. A similar restructuring response was seen during acclimatization in the field and cold acclimation in the laboratory. By contrast, the GPL changes related to desiccation and diapause progression were relatively small, differed qualitatively from the cold-acclimation response, and were accompanied with no increase of chill tolerance. Other features of autumnal acclimatization, i.e. depression of supercooling capacity and accumulation of polyhydric alcohols,were also triggered solely by low temperatures.
Synthesis of Hyperbranched Aromatic Poly(ether sulfone) with Sulfonyl Chloride Terminal Groups
Authors: Matsumoto Kazuya , Ueda Mitsuru 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
A new hyperbranched aromatic poly(ether sulfone) with sulfonyl chloride terminal groups was prepared by polycondensation of a new AB2 monomer (1), 4,4′-(m-phenylenedioxy)bis(benzenesulfonyl chloride). The polymerization was carried out in nitrobenzene at 120 °C for 3 h in the presence of a catalytic amount of FeCl3, giving the polymer with number-average molecular weights up to 35,700. Furthermore, an ABA block copolymer was prepared from a linear polymer, poly(ether sulfone) with sulfonyl chlorides at both ends and AB2 monomer 1.
Radiotherapy in the management of primary malignancies of the hard palate
Authors: Chung Chan K. , Johns Michael E. , Cantrell Robert W. , Constable William C. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPrimary malignancies of the hard palate are rare. Only 66 cases have been seen at the University of Virginia Hospital in the 43 years from 1932 through March 1975. These have been reviewed with regard to age, sex, race, histology and clinical presentation. There was 32 squamous cell carcinomas, 25 salivary gland tumors and 9 nonepithelial malignancies. The nonepithelial malignancies were a diverse group and are not considered further. The results of treatment for the squamous cell carcinoma group and salivary gland tumors have been analyzed by stage and mode of therapy. Although no great improvement in the results of surgery or combined therapy have been observed over the years in the squamous cell carcinoma group, there has been a dramatic improvement in the results of treatment with radiation therapy from the orthovoltage era to the super‐voltage era. Primary control with radiation therapy for the squamous cell carcinoma group was 2/5 (40%) in the orthovoltage era and 7/7 (100%) in the supervoltage era. Surgery would appear to be the appropriate treatment for salivary gland tumors with possibly a place for combined therapy. Radiation therapy proved useful in salvaging certain surgical failures. The time of appearance of local recurrence following initial therapy, the incidence of distant metastases and second primary tumors were analyzed and are presented.
Re-orienting Ph.D. education in industrial design: some issues arising from the experience of a Ph.D. programme revision
Authors: Pizzocaro Silvia 
Published: October 2006

This article is intended as a reflection on the changing aims and intention of the Ph.D. programme in industrial design held at Politecnico di Milano. The Ph.D. programme started in 1990. A decade later, in 2000, the faculty faced the issue of partially maintaining the former curricula
or radically changing the programme. Following the institutional changes derived from the restructuring of the national university system and stimulated by the critical and theoretical developments taking place within the international debate about the form and nature of the Ph.D. programmes
in design, the faculty chose to encourage a radical reorientation in the intention and structure of the programme.
The article addresses the background context of the transition and the conceptual framework underpinning the activities of this Ph.D. programme.
Reflecting within a conceptual
framework, an attempt is made to stress the relevance of the Ph.D. programmes in industrial design as strategic sites for research, where crucial efforts are concentrated to produce collective learning.
The article further proposes that Ph.D. programmes might best perform an incubator function,
in terms of potential skills to capture key aspects of design research development and to manage the complexity of design issues deriving from the technology-society interaction.
This article does not intend to explore the results of the curriculum change (the revised programme being still
in its pilot phase). Rather, it presents some elements of a progressive shift from searching in design to learning how to make research in design.
Exploring the Synthetic Applicability of a Cyanobacterium Nitrilase as Catalyst for Nitrile Hydrolysis
Authors: Mukherjee Chandrani , Zhu Dunming , Biehl Edward R. , Hua Ling 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe substrate specificity and synthetic applicability of the nitrilase from cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 have been examined. This nitrilase catalyzed the hydrolysis of both aromatic and aliphatic nitriles to the corresponding acids in high yields. Furthermore, the stereoselective hydrolysis of phenyl‐substituted β‐hydroxy nitriles to (S)‐enriched β‐hydroxy carboxylic acids and selective hydrolysis of α,ω‐dinitriles with five or less methylene groups to ω‐cyano carboxylic acids have been achieved. This suggested that nitrilase from Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 could be a useful enzyme catalyst for the “green” nitrile hydrolysis. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Efficient forward dynamics simulation and optimization of human body dynamics
Authors: Stelzer M. , von Stryk O. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe modeling of the time dependent, dynamic behavior of the human musculoskeletal system results in a large scale mechanical multibody system. This consists of submodels for the skeleton, wobbling masses, muscles and tendons as redundant actuators. Optimization models are required for the simulation of the muscle groups involved in a motion. In contrast to the inverse dynamics simulation the forward dynamics simulation enables to consider very general problem statements in principle. The paper presents a new approach to the forward dynamics simulation and optimization of human body dynamics which overcomes the enormous computational cost of current approaches for solving the resulting optimal control problems. The presented approach is based on a suitable modeling of the dynamics of the musculoskeletal system in combination with a tailored direct collocation method for optimal control. First numerical results for a human kick demonstrate an improvement in computational time of two orders of magnitude when compared to standard methods.
Relationships between changes in mechanical properties of the skin, wrinkling, and destruction of dermal collagen fiber bundles caused by photoaging
Authors: Oba Ai , Edwards Chris 
Published: October 2006

Background/purpose: Long‐term exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation induces various cutaneous changes that differ from those because of physiological aging, including structural destruction of dermal collagen fiber bundles (DCFBs), which comprise the major component of the dermis. Wrinkling, a representative change in skin surface associated with photoaging, is often seen at the corners of the eyes and in the space between the eyebrows. These are locations where the skin contracts repeatedly and routinely. Lowered resiliency to skin contraction induced by marked structural changes in DCFBs may represent one cause of photo‐induced wrinkles. Using animal models of photoaging, changes in mechanical properties of the skin caused by UV irradiation were measured, and relationships between UV‐induced changes were analyzed.Methods: Animal models of photoaging were prepared by irradiating hairless mice with UVB light. Dorsal skin surface replicas of animals were taken using silicon rubber, and volume of wrinkles was calculated using an image analyzer. Stress of the skin against horizontal contraction was measured using a new device called the Resiliometer. Three‐dimensional organization of dermal collagen structures in skin samples collected from the back of each animal was observed under scanning electron microscopy, and compactness of DCFBs was assessed from electron micrography.Results: With time and therefore increasing UV dose, deep wrinkles formed on the backs of mice. Volume of wrinkles peaked at 8 weeks. All parameters obtained from Resiliometer measurements were increased by irradiation. DCFB structure was degraded in a radiation dose‐dependent manner. DCFB grading was significantly correlated with each Resiliometer parameter. Significant correlations were also observed between each Resiliometer parameter and volume of wrinkles.Conclusion: Stress of the skin against horizontal contraction obtained using the Resiliometer changes following UV irradiation, correlating with photo‐induced wrinkling and destruction of DCFBs. These results support the hypothesis that changed force of restitution to skin contraction induced by marked structural changes in DCFBs represents one cause of photo‐induced wrinkles. The resiliometric parameter may offer a good indicator for monitoring the condition of DCFB structure, as changes in these would induce failure in restitution to skin contraction, leading to wrinkling.
An eIF4E allele confers resistance to an uncapped and non‐polyadenylated RNA virus in melon
Authors: Nieto Cristina , Morales Monica , Orjeda Gisella , Clepet Christian , Monfort Amparo , Sturbois Benedicte , Puigdomènech Pere , Pitrat Michel , Caboche Michel , Dogimont Catherine , Garcia‐Mas Jordi , Aranda Miguel. A. , Bendahmane Abdelhafid 
Published: October 2006

SummaryThe characterization of natural recessive resistance genes and virus‐resistant mutants of Arabidopsis have implicated translation initiation factors of the 4E family [eIF4E and eIF(iso)4E] as susceptibility factors required for virus multiplication and resistance expression. To date, viruses controlled by these genes mainly belong to the family Potyviridae. Melon necrotic spot virus (MNSV) belongs to the family Tombusviridae (genus Carmovirus) and is an uncapped and non‐polyadenylated RNA virus. In melon, nsv‐mediated resistance is a natural source of recessive resistance against all strains of MNSV except MNSV‐264. Analyses of chimeras between non‐resistance‐breaking and resistance‐breaking strains have shown that the avirulence determinant maps to the 3′‐untranslated region (3′‐UTR) of the viral genome. Using a combination of positional cloning and microsynteny analysis between Arabidopsis thaliana and melon, we genetically and physically delimited the nsv locus to a single bacterial artificial chromosome clone and identified the melon eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (Cm‐eIF4E) as a candidate gene. Complementation analysis using a biolistic transient expression assay, confirmed Cm‐eIF4E as the product of nsv. A single amino acid change at position 228 of the protein led to the resistance to MNSV. Protein expression and cap‐binding analysis showed that Cm‐eIF4E encoded by a resistant plant was not affected in it's cap‐binding activity. The Agrobacterium‐mediated transient expression of the susceptibility allele of Cm‐eIF4E in Nicotiana benthamiana enhanced MNSV‐264 accumulation. Based on these results, a model to explain melon resistance to MNSV is proposed. These data, and data from other authors, suggest that translation initiation factors of the eIF4E family are universal determinants of plant susceptibility to RNA viruses.
PROVOCATION OF CEREBRAL SEIZURES BY DERANGEMENT OF THE NATURAL BALANCE BETWEEN GLUTAMIC ACID AND γ‐AMINOBUTYRIC ACID
Authors: Wiechert P. , Herbst A. 
Published: October 2006

SUMMARYAfter intracisternal injection of glutamic acid and pyridoxal 5‐phosphate, cerebral seizures could be evoked in dogs. With a small dose, these seizures were limited predominantly to the facial area. An interruption or prevention of the seizures was possible by intracistemal injection of γ‐aininobutyric acid or by pretreatment of the animals with α‐methyl‐α‐ethyl‐succinimide. The correspondence of clinical symptoms and therapeutic effect suggests a relation between these experimentally‐induced seizures and temporal lobe epilepsy in man.
THE EFFECT OF AN ECTOSYLVIAN EPILEPTOGENIC FOCUS INDUCED BY TOPICAL APPLICATION OF MESCALINE ON NITROGENOUS COMPOUNDS IN THE NEOCORTEX OF CAT
Authors: Badiu G. , Mison‐Crighel Nella 
Published: October 2006

SUMMARYAn cctosylvian spiking focus, induced by topical application of mescaline, brought about changes in nitrogenous compounds not only in the focus but throughout the cerebral cortex.Prior to the onset of the spiking focus, 2 min after mescaline application, ammonia levels increased significantly in all neocortical areas, especially at the focus and homolateral marginal gyrus; free amide nitrogen decreased and non‐protein nitrogen increased throughout the cortex.During the development of the focus–at 30 min–the ammonia level still remained high, with a tendency to decrease, and free amide nitrogen was decreased in all neocortical areas.A decrease in‘protein nitrogen’in marginal gyri, on either side and in lipid nitrogen in the epileptical focus as well as in both marginal gyri was also noted.
THE INFLUENCE OF BILIRUBIN ON OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION AND RELATED REACTIONS IN BRAIN AND LIVER MITOCHONDRIA: EFFECTS OF PROTEIN‐BINDING
Authors: Menken Matthew , Waggoner Jeanne G. , Berlin Nathaniel I. 
Published: October 2006

SUMMARY1. The uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation of liver mitochondria by bilirubin does not occur in the presence of equimolar quantities of human serum albumin. With brain mitochondria, however, albumin was not protective.2. A similar protective effect of albumin for liver, but not for brain, mitochondria was observed in studies of the effects of bilirubin on the 32Pi‐ATP exchange reaction.3. The latent ATPase of fresh brain mitochondria is activated by Mg2+ but only slightly by DNP. Bilirubin increased the Mg2+ stimulated ATPase activity in liver mitochondria but depressed this activity in brain mitochondria. These effects were uninfluenced by protein binding.4. Isotope studies with [14C]bilirubin demonstrated that the affinity of brain mitochondria for albumin‐bound bilirubin is not greater than that of liver mitochondria.5. The greater toxicity of protein‐bound bilirubin for brain mitochondria than for liver mitochondria might be related to the greater lipid content of brain mitochondria.
GLYCOLYSIS IN RAT BRAIN TISSUE SLICES FOLLOWING NEONATAL HEAD X‐IRRADIATION: RELATION OF REGIONAL DIFFERENCES TO THE LDH: GPDH RATIO1
Authors: de Vellis Jean 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—Following head X‐irradiation (750 r) of 2‐day‐old rats the aerobic formation of lactate in the presence or absence of chloral was markedly increased in medulla slices but remained unchanged in cerebral cortex and brain stem slices. The ratio of lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27) to glycerolphosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.8) was slightly increased in cortex and brain stem but more than doubled in medulla. The relation of the increased aerobic formation of lactate in irradiated medulla to the lactate dehydrogenase:glycerolphosphate dehydrogenase ratio is discussed.
QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE CHANGES IN RIBONUCLEIC ACIDS OF RAT BRAIN DEPENDENT ON AGE AND TRAINING EXPERIMENTS
Authors: Dellweg H. , Gerner R. , Wacker A. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—Investigations of rat brain RNA were carried out by phenol extraction of the whole brain and chromatographic fractionation into ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA.(1) The amounts of both RNA species increase in the course of the animal's development reaching a maximum at about the tenth week of life. The ratio of both species remains constant throughout the growth to the twentieth week. After the rats had been trained how to reach their forage by balancing on a stressed rope, the rRNA content was found to be significantly higher, whereas the tRNA content was unchanged.(2) The portion of ribosomes bound in polysome complexes decreases with increasing age of rats. Conditioning of the animals brings about again an increase in polysome content. It is supposed that this reflects an enhanced synthesis of specific proteins in young developing rats and in the course of conditioning.(3) In young rats a second valine specific tRNA could be found as a minor component in addition to the major valyl‐tRNA. This additional component disappears as the animals advance to an age of 3 weeks and it could not be detected in the brains of rats after training experiments. In tRNAs specific for the amino acids leucine, lysine and phenylalanine no kind of deviation could be stated.
THE EFFECT OF HYPOXIA ON BRAIN γ‐AMINOBUTYRIC ACID LEVELS1
Authors: Wood J. D. , Watson W. J. , Ducker A. J. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—(1) Animals were exposed to hypoxic environments either by supplying them with breathing mixtures low in oxygen or by exposing them in a decompression chamber to simulated altitude. Both methods of producing hypoxia brought about significant increases in brain GABA levels.(2) Elevated GABA levels occurred in all species tested (mouse, hamster, rat, guinea pig, and rabbit) and reached maximal concentration 60 min after the initiation of breathing the hypoxic mixtures. Extension of the exposure beyond 60 min brought about a gradual decline in GABA level from the maximal value reached.(3) A linear relation was found between the oxygen content of the gas mixture and the elevation of GABA level. For guinea pigs, at least, the critical oxygen content required to prevent elevation of GABA level was 8.1 per cent.
AMINO ACID TRANSPORT BY CHOROID PLEXUS IN VITRO1
Authors: Lorenzo A. V. , Cutler R. W. P. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—Choroid plexus from mongrel cats was incubated from 1 to 120 min in artificial cerebrospinal fluid containing α‐amino[1‐14C]isobutyric acid. The uptake of α‐amino [1‐14C]isobutyric acid occurred against a concentration gradient, was saturable, dependent on metabolic energy, and inhibited by natural amino acids. These results indicate that a transport mechanism is present in choroid plexus which could serve to regulate amino acid concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid of animals.
THE EFFECT OF NERVE GROWTH FACTOR (NGF) ON THE SYNTHESIS OF GANGLIOSIDES 1
Authors: Graves M. , Varon S. , McKhann G. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—Dorsal root ganglia from 8‐day‐ and 14‐day‐old chick embryos contained gangliosides with a pattern qualitatively similar to that of embryonic chick brain. The pattern of gangliosides from dorsal root ganglia changed with age, there being a decrease in polysialogangliosides with increasing age. When isolated, dorsal root ganglia were incubated in the presence of a concentration of nerve growth factor (NGF) sufficient to promote the outgrowth of nerve fibres, there was increased incorporation of d‐[1‐14C]glucosamine into gangliosides. There was, however, no difference in the pattern of incorporation into gangliosides by control ganglia and those exposed to NGF.
CREATINE KINASE FROM BRAIN: KINETIC ASPECTS
Authors: Dawson D. M 
Published: October 2006

Abstract— Creatine kinase derived from rabbit brain has been re‐examined with respect to its kinetic features. The enzyme from brain has lower Michaelis constants for both ADP and creatine phosphate than does the enzyme from rabbit muscle. Substrate inhibition by excess creatine phosphate occurs at a concentration approximating that found in the tissue. The enzyme from muscle is less sensitive to substrate inhibition.The crude mitochondrial fraction from rat brain was centrifuged in a sucrose density gradient and the distribution of enzymatic activities among the subfractions was determined. The distribution of creatine kinase resembled that of two glycolytic enzymes; no evidence for a mitochondrial localization was found.
THE FREE AMINO ACIDS IN HUMAN CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
Authors: van Sande M. , Mardens Y. , Adriaenssens K. , Lowenthal A. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—(a) The free amino acids in human cerebrospinal fluid from 78 subjects have been determined by means of ion exchange chromatography. Analyses were performed on 2 to 3 ml of CSF.(b) Normal values are given for a control group of 13 subjects.(c) The presence of homocarnosine in human CSF is ascertained. The concentration of this dipeptide is very high in CSF samples from phenylketonuric patients.(d) The CSF amino acid pattern in 20 patients with a metabolic disease is discussed.(e) The CSF amino acid pattern of 38 patients suffering from a variety of neurological conditions are reported.