bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Aristotelian Critique of Situationism
Authors: Kristjánsson Kristján 
Published: February 2008

AbstractAristotle says that no human achievement has the stability of activities that express virtue. Ethical situationists consider this claim to be refutable by empirical evidence. If that is true, not only Aristotelianism, but folk psychology, contemporary virtue ethics and character education have all been seriously infirmed. The aim of this paper is threefold: (1) to offer a systematic classification of the existing objections against situationism under four main headings: ‘the methodological objection’, ‘the moral dilemma objection’, ‘the bullet-biting objection’ and ‘the anti-behaviouristic objection’; (2) to resuscitate a more powerful Aristotelian version of the ‘anti-behaviouristic objection’ than advanced by previous critics; and (3) to explore some of the implications of such resuscitation for our understanding of the salience of character and for future studies of its nature.
What Is an Attributive Adjective?
Authors: Rind Miles , Tillinghast Lauren 
Published: February 2008

AbstractPeter Geach's distinction between logically predicative and logically attributive adjectives has become part of the technical apparatus of philosophers, but no satisfactory explanation of what an attributive adjective is has yet been provided. Geach's discussion suggests two different ways of understanding the notion. According to one, an adjective is attributive just in case predications of it in combination with a noun fail to behave in inferences like a logical conjunction of predications. According to the other, an adjective is attributive just in case it cannot be applied in a truth-value-yielding fashion unless combined with a noun. The latter way of understanding the notion yields both a more defensible version of Geach's arguments that ‘good’ and ‘bad’ are attributive and a more satisfactory explanation of attributivity.
The Linguistic View ofa PrioriKnowledge
Authors: Giaquinto M. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThis paper presents considerations against the linguistic view ofa prioriknowledge. The paper has two parts. In the first part I argue that problems about the individuation of lexical meanings provide evidence for a moderate indeterminacy, as distinct from the radical indeterminacy of meaning claimed by Quine, and that this undermines the idea ofa prioriknowledge based on knowledge of synonymies. In the second part of the paper I argue against the idea thata prioriknowledge not based on knowledge of synonymies can be explained in terms of implicit definitions.1
Does better common property forest management promote behavioral change? On-farm tree planting in the Bolivian Andes
Authors: BLUFFSTONE RANDALL , BOSCOLO MARCO , MOLINA RAMIRO 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACTThis paper analyzes behavioral change spurred by better common property forest management (CPFM), with a focus on on-farm tree planting. Results from our theoretical household model suggest that on-farm trees, which provide products that can substitute for those from common forests, should be stimulated by better CPFM systems. We test this finding using data from a household survey conducted in the Bolivian Andes in 2000. We find that better CPFM at its highest level of aggregation is positively correlated with more and higher quality on-farm trees. In terms of less aggregated indices, relatively few variables are significant, though two particularly important aspects of forest property rights – access clarity and the existence of formal penalties for overuse – actually reduce on-farm tree planting. We therefore conclude that in general synergies between individual CPFM components are most critical for behavioral change, but improvement of property rights aspects of CPFM may give counter-intuitive results.
Optimizing protected area entry fees across stakeholders: the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve, Michoacan, Mexico
Authors: KIDO ANTONIO , SEIDL ANDREW 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACTTourists, protected area managers, gateway communities, and national or international interested parties may have different objectives for protected areas management in developing countries. When values and incentives are at cross-purposes, difficulties in management may persist, but policy alternatives may be available. This research hopes to better understand the incentives facing different groups of stakeholders in the ecological-economic management of the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve in Michoacan, Mexico. The quasi-private management of this protected area by ‘ejidatarios’ provides an additional feature of interest. Travel cost, contingent behavior and export base analyses are used to establish alternative optimal entrance price strategies at the Reserve. Potential policy alternatives from the perspective of each stakeholder group are explored. Significant changes in management strategy, optimal entry fee and economic benefit appear to be possible by recognizing different scales and orientations of relevant stakeholders.
‘Arrest and Movement’: Tippett’s Second Piano Sonata and the Genesis of a Method
Authors: STANNARD IAIN 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe terms ‘arrest’ and ‘movement’, deployed by Tippett in his Third Symphony (1970–2) as part of what Kemp defines as a ‘dialectic of strong contrasts’, were in fact significant at an earlier stage of the composer’s output. Some ten years previously Arrest and Movement appears as a possible title for his Second Piano Sonata in the pencil manuscript of the work. Tippett’s notebooks further reveal how these two categories determined the formation of two distinct types of temporality in the piece: one halting or stuttering, the other flowing. Art critic Henriette Groenewegen-Frankfort’s book Arrest and Movement: an Essay on Space and Time in the Representational Art of the Ancient Near East, which was published in 1951 and which Tippett is known to have read, uses these terms to explore the relationship between spatial and temporal representation. This prompts investigation of the arrest–movement dialectic in Tippett’s Sonata along analogous lines, analysing structure, balance, and use of quasi-spatial proportions. The two threads converge by means of the criterion of ‘monumentality’, a term Groenewegen-Frankfort uses to describe works of particularly effective balance. While critical evaluation of the Sonata might suggest that this work itself falls short of ‘monumental’ stature, it is arguable that Tippett was able to carry forward lessons learned to works of his later œuvre (such as his Fourth Symphony), which do indeed approach this status.
The Musicology of Record Production
Authors: ZAGORSKI-THOMAS SIMON 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThis article, which is intended as a starting point for debate rather than a definitive statement, proposes an outline structure for a musicology of record production. While such a musicology cannot exist as an entity separate from other aspects of musical analysis, it is hoped that a coherent set of tools for analysing the production of recorded music will prove useful. The main discussion is divided into six sections, under the following headings: the development of technology; staging; ergonomics and embodiment; training and practice; the negotiation between performance practice and recording practice; and consumer influence. During the course of the article I examine the scope of existing work in this field and, in some instances, make suggestions for future investigation.
The Cambrian Fauna of the Leny Limestone, Perthshire, Scotland
Authors: Fletcher Terence P. , Rushton Adrian W. A. 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACTDark limestones in the old quarries at Leny, Perthshire contain sparse beds with tiny fossils. They are poorly preserved and, though barely affected by the Ordovician Grampian Event tectonism, there is some taphonomic distortion and many are corroded along stylolitised horizons. The fauna mainly comprises trilobites of two types, open-ocean miomerids and polymerid shelf dwellers. MiomeridsCondylopygecf.eliandKiskinella cristataindicate a stratigraphical position equivalent to the base of the paradoxidid Amgan Stage of Siberia; traditionally regarded as ‘Middle Cambrian’. However, the bulk of the Leny miomerids, notably species ofPagetides, are forms described from the outer edge of Laurentia, within theBonnia–OlenellusZone, where it is considered to be ‘Lower Cambrian’. The Leny polymerids were likely transported off-shelf and some are conspecific with taxa in the Laurentian allochthonous Quebec and New York successions of the Early–Middle Ordovician (Taconic) Appalachian Orogen. The Leny Limestone and Shale Member of the Keltie Water Grit Formation is part of the Dalradian Supergroup deposited in an off-shelf Caledonide Grampian Terrane of the Humber Tectonostratigraphical Zone, midway between the North American successions and the Greenland Caledonides.Additional to the trilobites, brachiopods, sponges, hyoliths, bradoriids and a selection of indeterminable organic fragments occur; none of which has any particular age significance.
The affinities of the Carboniferous whip spider Graeophonus anglicus Pocock, 1911 (Arachnida: Amblypygi)
Authors: Dunlop Jason A. , Zhou George R. S. , Braddy Simon J. 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACTThe Late Carboniferous whip spiderGraeophonus anglicusPocock, 1911 (Arachnida: Amblypygi), is redescribed on the basis of the holotype and nine other specimens all preserved in sideritic nodules from the British Middle Coal Measures of Coseley, Staffordshire, UK. This species is clearly basal with respect to most living whip spiders, expressing numerous plesiomorphic character states and can be referred to both the suborder Paleoamblypygi and the ‘living fossil’ family Paracharontidae (with one Recent species), the latter based on an explict character of dorsal spination on the pedipalp femur. This suggests that crown-group Amblypygi originated by at least the mid-Palaeozoic.
Viruses in granitic groundwater from 69 to 450 m depth of the Äspö hard rock laboratory, Sweden
Authors: Kyle Jennifer E , Eydal Hallgerd S C , Ferris F Grant , Pedersen Karsten 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
The objectives of this study were to determine if viruses exist in deep granitic groundwater and to analyse their abundance and morphological diversity. Fluorescent microscopy counts on 10 groundwater samples ranging from 69 to 450 m depth were in the range of 104–106 TNC ml−1 (TNC, total number of prokaryotic cells) and 105–107 VLP ml−1 (VLP, virus-like particles). A good positive correlation of VLP with TNC (r=0.91, P=0.0003) was found with an average VLP/TNC ratio of 12. Transmission electron microscopy revealed four distinct bacteriophage groups (polyhedral, tailed, filamentous and pleomorphic) with at least seven phage families of which some are known to be lytic. Our results suggest the presence of viruses in deep granitic groundwater up to 450 m depth. If they are active and lytic, they will constitute an important group of predators that might control the numbers of microorganisms in the analysed groundwater.
Relative Contributions of Adiposity and Muscularity to Physical Function in Community‐dwelling Older Adults
Authors: Jankowski Catherine M. , Gozansky Wendolyn S. , Van Pelt Rachael E. , Schenkman Margaret L. , Wolfe Pamela , Schwartz Robert S. , Kohrt Wendy M. 
Published: February 2008

Objective: To determine the relative contributions of adiposity and muscularity to multi‐dimensional performance‐based and perceived physical function in older adults living independently.Methods and Procedures: Data from 109 women and men, aged 60 or older, with low serum dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) sulfate levels were included in this cross‐sectional analysis of baseline measures from a single‐site, randomized, controlled trial of DHEA replacement therapy. Physical function was determined by means of performance on the 100‐point Continuous Scale‐Physical Functional Performance (CS‐PFP) test and by self‐reporting using the physical function subscale of the Medical Outcomes Short Form‐36 (SF36PF). Body composition was measured by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA). Linear regression analyses were used to determine the contributions of body mass index (BMI; kg body mass/m2), fat index (FI; kg fat/m2), and appendicular skeletal muscle index (ASMI; kg muscle/m2) to the CS‐PFP and SF36PF scores, adjusted for age and sex.Results: Age‐adjusted regression analyses indicated that FI, but not ASMI, was a significant (P < 0.001) determinant of CS‐PFP (R 2 = 0.54) and SF36PF (R 2 = 0.37). When adjusted for age and sex, BMI was nearly as good a predictor of CS‐PFP (R 2 = 0.50) and SF36PF (R 2 = 0.34) as FI.Discussion: Adiposity was a stronger predictor of measured and self‐reported physical function than was muscularity in older adults living independently. BMI, adjusted for sex, is a reasonable substitute for adiposity in the prediction of physical function.
Sequential Responses to High‐fat and High‐calorie Feeding in an Obese Mouse Model
Authors: Chan Mei‐Yen , Zhao Yulan , Heng Chew‐Kiat 
Published: February 2008

Objective: Reports on the immediate and long‐term responses to high‐fat and high‐calorie (HFC) feeding are controversial. Therefore, we examined the sequential effects of an HFC diet.Methods and Procedures: C57BL/6J mice were randomly assigned to consume either the control (C) or the HFC diet. Body weights and food intake were measured weekly and other measurements at weeks 2, 4, and 10. Microarrays were used for screening the transcriptional response of the livers at the three time points. Genes, encoding enzymes regulating key steps of lipid metabolism, were then selected from the microarray data for validation by quantitative real‐time reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) and their protein expression by western blot assays.Results: Mice fed with HFC diet for 2 weeks showed no increase in food intake and no difference in weight gain compared to the C mice. At weeks 4 and 10, the HFC mice increased their food intake and gained more weight than their controls (by 1.4 times and 2.5 times, respectively) (P < 0.01 at week 10). Genes involved in fatty acid oxidation (FAO) were initially upregulated and then downregulated, whereas the lipogenic genes and genes involved in cholesterol synthesis showed reverse trends. The differential mRNA expression of Cpt1L, Fas, and Hmgcr were confirmed by RT‐PCR and their protein expression by western blot assays.Discussion: Our findings suggested that when mice were fed an HFC diet, they could develop initial compensatory response to resist the increased energy balance; however, a prolonged consumption of an HFC diet appeared to disrupt this adaptation.
Brain Activity in Hunger and Satiety: An Exploratory Visually Stimulated fMRI Study
Authors: Führer Dagmar , Zysset Stefan , Stumvoll Michael 
Published: February 2008

Objective: To explore neuroanatomical sites of eating behavior, we have developed a simple functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) paradigm to image hunger vs. satiety using visual stimulation.Methods and Procedures: Twelve healthy, lean, nonsmoking male subjects participated in this study. Pairs of food‐neutral and food‐related pictures were presented in a block design, after a 14‐h fast and 1 h after ad libitum ingestion of a mixed meal. Statistically, a general linear model for serially autocorrelated observations with a P level <0.001 was used.Results: During the hunger condition, significantly enhanced brain activity was found in the left striate and extrastriate cortex, the inferior parietal lobe, and the orbitofrontal cortices. Stimulation with food images was associated with increased activity in both insulae, the left striate and extrastriate cortex, and the anterior midprefrontal cortex. Nonfood images were associated with enhanced activity in the right parietal lobe and the left and right middle temporal gyrus. A significant interaction in activation pattern between the states of hunger and satiety and stimulation with food and nonfood images was found for the left anterior cingulate cortex, the superior occipital sulcus, and in the vicinity of the right amygdala.Discussion: These preliminary data from a homogenous healthy male cohort suggest that central nervous system (CNS) activation is not only altered with hunger and satiety but that food and nonfood images have also specific effects on regional brain activity if exposure takes place in different states of satiety. Wider use of our or a similar approach would help to establish a uniform paradigm to map hunger and satiety to be used for further experiments.
A two-stage biomass dynamic model for Bay of Biscay anchovy: a Bayesian approach
Authors: Ibaibarriaga Leire , Fernández Carmen , Uriarte Andrés , Roel Beatriz A. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Ibaibarriaga, L., Fernández, C., Uriarte, A., and Roel, B. A. 2008. A two-stage biomass dynamic model for Bay of Biscay anchovy: a Bayesian approach. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 191–205. A two-stage biomass-based state-space model with stochastic recruitment processes and deterministic dynamics was developed for the Bay of Biscay anchovy population. It is fitted in a Bayesian context with posterior computations carried out using Markov chain Monte Carlo techniques. The model is tested first on a simulated dataset and the effects of different modelling assumptions and of missing values evaluated. Then, it is applied to a real historical series of commercial catch and survey data from 1987 to 2006. Results are compared with those obtained by the standard assessment model for this stock, integrated catch-at-age analysis (ICA). From the posterior distribution of biomass in the latest year (2006), the distribution of unexploited biomass in 2007 can be derived assuming the distribution of recruitment in 2007 to be a mixture of the posterior distributions of past series recruitment. Hence, the effect of different catch options on future biomass levels can be quantified in probabilistic terms. Finally, directions for possible further improvements are indicated.
Using acoustic backscatter from a sidescan sonar to explain fish and invertebrate distributions: a case study in Bristol Bay, Alaska
Authors: Yeung Cynthia , McConnaughey Robert A. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Yeung, C., and McConnaughey, R. A. 2008. Using acoustic backscatter from a sidescan sonar to explain fish and invertebrate distributions: a case study in Bristol Bay, Alaska. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 242–254. Environmental variables that are ecologically relevant and easily measured over large areas are useful for modelling species distributions and habitats. Continuous acoustic, sonar-backscatter data convey information about physical properties of the seabed, and hence could be a valuable addition to that suite of variables. We tested the potential utility of acoustic backscatter for improving habitat models of marine species using data from a pilot sidescan-sonar survey. Raw digital-backscatter data were processed with QTC SIDEVIEW and CLAMS software. Resultant acoustic variables—Q-values (Q1, Q2, and Q3), representing the first three principal components of the data derived from image analysis of backscatter echoes, and a complexity metric (compx) measuring the variance of Q-values in a geographic area—were used in multiple linear regression to model individual species abundance from bottom-trawl survey data. Habitat models for flathead sole (Hippoglossoides elassodon), Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus), walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma), red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus), basket star (Gorgonocephalus eucnemis), and sponges (Porifera) included acoustic variables as significant predictors. For these six taxa, full models explained 67–86% of variability in abundance, with 9–54% of that total contributed by the acoustic predictors, suggesting that acoustic data could advance habitat research for some bottom-associated marine species.
DNA-Binding Study Identifies C-Box and Hybrid C/G-Box or C/A-Box Motifs as High-Affinity Binding Sites for STF1 and LONG HYPOCOTYL5 Proteins
Authors: Song Young Hun , Yoo Cheol Min , Hong An Pio , Kim Seong Hee , Jeong Hee Jeong , Shin Su Young , Kim Hye Jin , Yun Dae-Jin , Lim Chae Oh , Bahk Jeong Dong , Lee Sang Yeol , Nagao Ron T. , Key Joe L. , Hong Jong Chan 
Published: February 2008

AbstractLONG HYPOCOTYL5 (HY5) is a bZIP (basic leucine zipper) transcription factor that activates photomorphogenesis and root development in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Previously, STF1 (soybean [Glycine max] TGACG-motif binding factor 1), a homologous legume protein with a RING-finger motif and a bZIP domain, was reported in soybean. To investigate the role of STF1, the phenotypes of transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing STF1 and HY5 were compared. In addition, the DNA-binding properties of STF1 and HY5 were extensively studied using random binding site selection and electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Overexpression of STF1 in the hy5 mutant of Arabidopsis restored wild-type photomorphogenic and root development phenotypes of short hypocotyl, accumulation of chlorophyll, and root gravitropism with partial restoration of anthocyanin accumulation. This supports that STF1 is a homolog of HY5 with a role in light and hormone signaling. The DNA-binding properties of STF1 and HY5 are shown to be similar to each other in recognizing many ACGT-containing elements with a consensus sequence motif of 5′-(G/A)(G/A) TGACGT(C/G/A)(A/T/G)-3′. The motif represents a characteristically strong preference for flanking sequence to TGACGT and a larger sequence than the sequences recognized by the G-box binding factor and TGA protein families. The finding of C-box, hybrid C/G-, and C/A-boxes as high-affinity binding sites over the G-box and parameters associated with HY5 recognition define the criteria of HY5/STF1 protein-DNA interaction in the promoter regions. This study helps to predict the precise in vivo binding sites of the HY5 protein from the vast number of putative HY5 genomic binding sites analyzed by chromatin immunoprecipitation on chip.
Protein Diffusion and Macromolecular Crowding in Thylakoid Membranes
Authors: Kirchhoff Helmut , Haferkamp Silvia , Allen John F. , Epstein David B.A. , Mullineaux Conrad W. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
The photosynthetic light reactions of green plants are mediated by chlorophyll-binding protein complexes located in the thylakoid membranes within the chloroplasts. Thylakoid membranes have a complex structure, with lateral segregation of protein complexes into distinct membrane regions known as the grana and the stroma lamellae. It has long been clear that some protein complexes can diffuse between the grana and the stroma lamellae, and that this movement is important for processes including membrane biogenesis, regulation of light harvesting, and turnover and repair of the photosynthetic complexes. In the grana membranes, diffusion may be problematic because the protein complexes are very densely packed (approximately 75% area occupation) and semicrystalline protein arrays are often observed. To date, direct measurements of protein diffusion in green plant thylakoids have been lacking. We have developed a form of fluorescence recovery after photobleaching that allows direct measurement of the diffusion of chlorophyll-protein complexes in isolated grana membranes from Spinacia oleracea. We show that about 75% of fluorophores are immobile within our measuring period of a few minutes. We suggest that this immobility is due to a protein network covering a whole grana disc. However, the remaining fraction is surprisingly mobile (diffusion coefficient 4.6 ± 0.4 × 10−11 cm2 s−1), which suggests that it is associated with mobile proteins that exchange between the grana and stroma lamellae within a few seconds. Manipulation of the protein-lipid ratio and the ionic strength of the buffer reveals the roles of macromolecular crowding and protein-protein interactions in restricting the mobility of grana proteins.