bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The N1 Wave of the Human Electric and Magnetic Response to Sound: A Review and an Analysis of the Component Structure
Authors: Näätänen Risto , Picton Terence 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper reviews the literature on the Nl wave of the human auditory evoked potential. It concludes that at least six different cerebral processes can contribute to (he negative wave recorded from the scalp with a peak latency between 50 and 150 ms: a component generated in the auditory‐cortex on the supratemporal plane, a component generated in the association cortex on the lateral aspect of the temporal and parietal cortex, a component generated in the motor and premotor cortices, the mismatch negativity, a temporal component of the processing negativity, and a frontal component of the processing negativity, The first three, which can be considered ‘true’ N1 components, are controlled by the physical and temporal aspects of the stimulus and by the general state of the subject. The other three components are not necessarily elicited by a stimulus but depend on the conditions in which the stimulus occurs. They often last much longer than the true N1 components that they overlap.
Effects of Stimulus Content on Second‐Order Electrodermal Conditioning in Humans
Authors: Siddle David A. T. , Bond Nigel W. , Friswell Rena 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTwo experiments investigated human second‐order conditioning with electrodermal activity as the dependent variable. In Experiment 1 (N = 144), Group PP received first‐order pairings of CS1 and a white noise US of 100dB. In phase 2, Croup PP received pairings of CS2 and CS1, Group PR received first‐order pairings of CS1, and the US during phase 1, and random presentations of CS: and CS, during phase 2. Group RP received random presentatiuns of CS2, and the US during phase 1, and pairings of CS: and CS, during phase 2. Within each of Groups PP, PR. and RP. the CSs were pictures of snakes and spiders, beetles and lizards, or flowers and mushrooms. All CS durations were 5 s, the US duration was 1 s, and the interstimulus interval was 5 s. First‐order conditioning was clearly established in Groups PP and PR. and in phase 2. second‐order conditioning was evident in Group PP. However, neither first‐order nor second‐order conditioning was affected, in either acquisition or extinction, by fear‐relevance of the CS. Experiment 2 (N‐ 72) employed only groups who received stimulus pairings in both phases, and crossed fear‐relevance of the CSs (fear‐relevant vs. fear‐irrelevant) with three US conditions (shock after work‐up, noise after work‐up, and noise of lOOdB). Second‐order responding during extinction was greater in the fear‐relevant condition than in the fear‐irrelevant condition regardless of the type of US employed. The results are discussed in terms of the preparedness theory of the acquisition of phobias.
Performing Mental Arithmetic Increases Total Respiratory Resistance in Individuals with Normal Respiration
Authors: Kotses Harry , Westlund Ronald , Creer Thomas L. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe effect of performing mental arithmetic problems on total respiratory resistance was examined in 30 male college students. Each student was assigned to one of two conditions: those in one group performed an easy arithmetic task whereas those in the other group performed a difficult arithmetic task. Total respiratory resistance, measured with the forced oscillation technique, increased more in individuals who performed the difficult arithmetic task than it did in individuals who performed the easy arithmetic task. These findings are consistent with respiratory resistance changes exhibited by asthmatic patients under conditions of stress.
Gender Differences in Pattern Reversal Evoked Potentials in Normal Elderly
Authors: Fein George , Brown Fiona F. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTPattern reversal evoked potentials (PREPs) were recorded in 51 normal elderly subjects (27 males. 24 females). Elderly females had shorter P100 and N150 latencies, greater P100‐N150 amplitudes, and higher noise power than elderly males. The N150 latency differences were significant even when P100 latency effects were partialled out statistically. Gender differences in P100‐N150 amplitude Mere independent of both noise power and PREP latency measures. These results provide evidence that, in the elderly, 1) gender differences in PREP amplitude reflect factors specific to CNS processing of visual stimuli rather than global CNS anatomic or physiological factors, 2) gender differences in P100 latency reported in younger groups are also present in the elderly, and 3) there are separable factors underlying gender differences in N150 and P100 latencies in the elderly.
Cardiovascular Responses to Stress: I. Measures of Myocardial Response and Relationship to High Resting Systolic Pressure and Parental Hypertension
Authors: Obrist Paul A. , Light Kathleen C. , James Sherman A. , Strogatz David S. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA comparison of pre‐ejection period (PEP), heart rate (HR), and systolic (SBP) and diastolk (DBP) blood pressure responses to the cold pressor test and a pseudo‐shock avoidance reaction time task was performed in 183 young men. These tasks differ in the extent to which they evoke enhanced myocardial and vascular adrenergic activity. Decreases in PEP were more pronounced during the reaction time task, while DBP increased more during the cold pressor test. MR and SBP responses did not differentiate the two tasks. PEP decreases occurred in the absence of any apparent increase in cardiac preload or decrease in afterload. Parental hypertension as determined by physician reports was associated with higher SBP across all conditions. A subgroup of individuals (15%) showed SBP levels >140 mm Hg when typical clinical stethoscopic determinations were made, but less than half as many showed such elevations during a more extended resting baseline using remotely operated devices. High stethoscopic SBP was associated with greater cardiovascular responses to the stressors, while high SBP during the extended baseline was not.
Cardiovascular Responses to Stress: II. Relationships to Aerobic Exercise Patterns
Authors: Light Kathleen C. , Obrist Paul A. , James Sherman A. , Strogatz David S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA sample of 174 men aged 18–22 years were divided into thirds based on self‐reported levels of weekly aerobic exercise. Heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and pre‐ejection period responses of these low, moderate, and high exercise groups were compared during a pretask rest and a later acclimated rest, a bicycle exercise task, a purported shock‐avoidance reaction time task, and the cold pressor test. The low exercise subjects showed higher heart rates and marginally higher diastolic blood pressures than the high exercise subjects at rest. The low exercise subjects also showed greater myocardial responses to the mild exercise task and the reaction time task than the high exercise subjects, as reflected by group differences in heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and pre ejection period measures after covariance adjustment for baseline differences. Group differences observed in response to the cold pressor test were smaller and generally nonsignificant. These results were interpreted as evidence that aerobic exercise training may decrease beta‐adrenergic myocardial responses to physical and behavioral challenges.
On the Validity of Heartbeat Tracking Tasks
Authors: Flynn Deborah M. , Clemens William J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTWe attempted to test the hypothetical involvement of gender, cerebral laterality, and repeated trials in the performance of a heartbeat tracking task similar to ones previously reported. Subjects were told to press a key in synchrony with their heartbeats or with counter clicks for 250 trials with each hand. Key presses were sorted into six 100‐ms bins following each R‐wave; so, unlike previous heartbeat tracking studies which simply looked for similar rate properties of key press and heartbeat latencies, we sought congruence between the two distributions. No evidence of nonrandom key pressing could be adduced while subjects attempted to track heartbeats; whereas subjects did display nonrandom key presses with respect to heart driven counter clicks. It is concluded that such heartbeat tracking procedures are unsuited to assess cardiac perception, much less to detect any presumed correlate of such perception.
How Many Blood Pressure Measurements are Enough?: An Application of Generalizability Theory to the Study of Blood Pressure Reliability
Authors: Llabre M.M. , Ironson G.H. , Spitzer S.B. , Gellman M.D. , Weidler D.J. , Schneiderman N. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTGeneralizability theory was applied to blood pressure measurements collected under various designs in order to determine the number of readings needed to attain reliable estimates. The designs assessed variation within the same day in the laboratory, home, and work; variation across days in the laboratory; and variation across measuring devices. Two samples of normotensive (n=40 and n=79) subjects participated in the study. Blood pressure was measured using either a mercury sphygmomanometer, a Dinamap Adult/Pediatric monitor, or a Spacelabs Ambulatory monitor.The results showed that only one reading is necessary whenever generalizations are restricted to the same day in the laboratory. At least six readings of systolic blood pressure are needed at home and at work, and 6 to 10 diastolic blood pressure readings may be required from work and home, respectively. To generalize across days, one or two readings from each of two days for systolic blood pressure and from more than three days for diastolic blood pressure may be required. At least one replication with each of two instruments is necessary in order to generalize across instruments in the laboratory.
The Influence of Self‐Focused Attention on Heartbeat Perception
Authors: Weisz Julia , Bálazs Lászloa , ÁDám Gyöurgy 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe present study investigated the effect of a self‐attention enhancing manipulation on heartbeat perception in 22 females using a within‐subject design. Self‐attention was enhanced by placing a mirror in front of the subjects. Heartbeat perception was assessed using both heartbeat discrimination and heartbeat tracking procedures. It was found that subjects performed heartbeat discrimination more accurately when facing a mirror but heartbeat tracking performance was not affected by the same manipulation. The possible reasons for these conflicting results are discussed.
Inter‐task Consistency: An Integrative Re‐evaluation
Authors: Turner J. Rick 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTIn contrast to results presented by other investigators, several previous reports from this laboratory have documented low inter‐task consistency of heart rate responses to pairs of active psychological challenges. In an attempt to resolve this discrepancy, our data were re‐examined in two ways. The first involved taking into account the precise metabolic demands of each task; the second way involved consideration of the order in which tasks were undertaken. Analyses resulting from each of these strategies increased the magnitudes of correlation coefficients calculated from heart rate responses to the pairs of tasks. A combination of the two approaches led to increases in coefficient magnitudes from .32 to .50, and from .46 to .74 for the data from two recent studies. The re‐analysis presented in this paper thus indicated a reconciliation between our previous assessments of inter‐task consistency and those reported by other research groups.
Psychophysiological Predictors of Attentional Dysfunction in Children with Congenital Heart Defects
Authors: O'Dougherty Margaret , Berntson Gary G. , Boysen Sarah T. , Wright Francis S. , Teske Douglas 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTCardiac responses to non‐signal stimuli and to signal stimuli in a vigilance task were examined in children born with congenital heart defects (CHD), and in normal and attention deficit disordered (ADD) subjects. Overall task performance was lower in subjects with heart defects and in the ADD group. Cardiac measures revealed that normal children displayed significantly larger heart rate deceleration to the target stimuli than did either of the clinical groups. Moreover, although no group differences were observed in the cardiac response to non‐signal auditory stimuli, exaggerated heart rate deceleration was observed to vibrotactile stimuli in both the clinical groups. Regression analyses revealed that the magnitude of the cardiac response to somatosensory stimuli was predictive of task performance (both within and between subject groups), with larger responses associated with higher error rates and lower perceptual sensitivity. Results were suggestive of a predictive relationship between somatosensory reactivity and neuropsychological maturation.
Effects of Task Difficulty on Regional Cerebral Blood Flow: Relationships with Anxiety and Performance
Authors: Gur Ruben C. , Gur Raquel E. , Skolnick Brett E. , Resnick Susan M. , Silver Frank L. , Chawluk John , Muenz Larry , Obrist Walter D. , Reivich Martin 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAssociations have been described between task difficulty and autonomic arousal. This study addresses task difficulty effects on regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), a measure of cortical activity. Earlier work suggested that in contrast to a positive association between anxiety and autonomic arousal, there is a curvilinear, inverted‐U relationship between anxiety and cortical activity. A sample of 26 normal volunteers (14 men, 12 women) was administered the 133‐Xenon inhalation technique for measuring rCBF. Measurements were taken under three conditions: Resting baseline, and Easy and Hard verbal analogy tasks. Subjects were grouped into three anxiety levels on the basis of their average score on a self‐report measure. The rCBF was higher during task performance than at rest, but did not differ between the two difficulty conditions. There were Task × Hemisphere interactions showing the expected asymmetry of activation, with higher left hemispheric increase for the verbal task. Anxiety had an inverted‐U relationship with both performance and rCBF, which were themselves positively related. These results with measures of central nervous system activity differ from those reported for autonomic responses. They indicate that anxiety effects on cortical activity may mediate the relation between anxiety and performance.
Differentiation of Deception as a Psychological Process: A Psychophysiological Approach
Authors: Furedy John J. , Davis Caroline , Gurevich Maria 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTIf psychophysiology is the study or differentiation of psychological processes by means of physiological measures, then the experimental demonstration of deception as a psychophysiological phenomenon requires a comparison of physiological responses to two conditions (experimental and control) which differ only with respect to deception. To this end, the Differentiation‐of‐Deception Paradigm controls for differential question significance and frequency of occurrence. Thirty‐two subjects were tested in this paradigm, with the skin conductance response as the dependent variable. We examined, within subjects: a) the basic deception comparison which contrasted relatively neutral autobiographical questions answered deceptively with those answered honestly, and b) the mode of answering, which was either an immediate answer to the question (conventional method) or an answer delayed by 10 seconds. The deception phenomenon (greater responding to deceptive relative to honest trials) emerged significantly (and nondifferentially) to both the immediate and delayed questions, but (perhaps because of response interference) not when responding was measured immediately following the delayed answers. Future research should vary other conditions and measure additional dependent variables with the aim of investigating possible psychological and physiological mechanisms, as well as extending the deception phenomenon beyond its present electrodermal form.
A Control System Approach to Cardiovascular Reactivity: Behavioral Models That Behave
Authors: Pavloski Raymond 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe control system mode of analysis of organism‐environment interactions is described and used to derive an explanation of cardiovascular reactivity. This description reveals that a negative feedback control system continuously realizes a goal or purpose over time by producing output that negates the effects of unpredictable and uncontrollable disturbances on a physical variable corresponding to that purpose.Data from tracking experiments fit the control system analysis, but cannot be described by S‐O‐R analyses or by cognitive analysis that, unlike the control system analysis, do not correctly introduce physical time. Simple computer simulations of negative feedback control systems produce data that are almost perfectly correlated with each subject's behavior over time–these models behave. The existence of consistent behavioral results despite uncontrollable and unpredictable influences, the simple requirements for a negative feedback system, and the identification of continuously varying purposes as representing the unfolding of behavioral events over time argue for the testable hypothesis that most behavior is produced by negative feedback control.It is suggested that error in the operation of negative feedback control systems modulates cardiac performance. The ability of control systems to behave gives this explanation advantages over other theories of reactivity. A program for testing this explanation is described.
Stimulus Novelty and Significance as Determinants of Electrodermal Responsivity: The Serial Position Effect
Authors: Ben‐Shakhar Gershon , Asher Tamar , Poznansky‐Levy Aya , Asherowitz Rami , Lieblich Israel 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThree experiments examined the effects of stimulus novelty and significance on the skin conductance component of the orienting response. The test stimuli used in the different experiments involved either a neutral change in stimulation (i.e., adding or deleting components to the standard stimuli), or an introduction of a significant element to the standard stimulus. The serial position of the test stimulus was manipulated in all three experiments. In Experiment 1, nonsignificant test stimuli were introduced at the second, fourth, sixth, or eighth trial of the complex sequence of eight stimuli (i.e., a sequence comprised of varying standard stimuli). None of the test stimuli produced enhanced skin conductance responses under these conditions. Experiment 2 utilized the same design with only one difference: the test stimuli were presented following a simple stimulus sequence (i.e., repetition of a fixed standard stimulus). In this design enhanced skin conductance responses to the test stimuli were observed in almost all experimental conditions, with an advantage of a late over an early presentation of the test stimulus. Experiment 3 was designed to compare serial position effects of significant and neutral test stimuli. A serial position effect was obtained only for the neutral test stimuli, showing once again an advantage for late presentations. It was suggested that different mechanisms might underlie skin conductance responses to significant stimuli and to novel neutral stimuli.
Components of Type A Behavior and Task‐Induced Cardiovascular Activation
Authors: ÖHman Arne , Nordby Helge , Svebak Sven 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe present study sought to determine whether there are subcomponents of the Type A behavior pattern that are more closely related to cardiovascular reactivity than others. The components studied were factor analytically derived subscales of the Jenkins Activity Survey denoting Irritation and Impatience, on the one hand, and Hard‐Driving and Competitive, on the other. Heart rate, pulse transit time, forearm electromyography, and palmar skin conductance were measured while the subjects performed a continuous perceptual motor task, as well as during baselines before and after the task. The Irritation and Impatience dimension was consistently related to task‐induced changes in heart rate, both in regression analyses and in extreme group analyses of variance. A significant relation was also observed for pulse transit time but not for electromyography. The Hard‐Driving and Competitive dimension, on the other hand, was not related to any psychophysiological measures. These results were interpreted to mean that Irritable and Impatient subjects showed a cardiovascular reaction pattern indicative of active coping processes during task performance.
The Relationship of Symptomatology and Medication to Electrodermal Activity in Schizophrenia
Authors: Green Michael Foster , Nuechterlein Keith H. , Satz Paul 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAn electrodermal assessment procedure using mild innocuous tones, task‐relevant tones, and loud white noise was administered to a sample of schizophernic patients (n=77). The present study investigated the relationship of schizophrenic symptomatology and anticholinergic level of neuroleptic medication to electrodermal variables. Each patient was evaluated for positive (florid) and negative (defect) symptoms. The neuroleptics that patients received were rated according to their anticholinergic effect.No significant differences in symptomatology were observed between electrodermal responders and nonresponders; however, nonresponders showed a nonsignificant tendency to have more positive and negative symptoms than responders. Both negative symptoms and anticholinergic levels were significant predictors of lower tonic levels of skin conductance. Patients receiving high anticholinergic neuroleptics showed significantly reduced measures of electrodermal responsivity and tonic levels. Thus, both symptomatology and type of neuroleptic are related to electrodermal measures, with the anticholinergic effect of neuroleptic medication being more pronounced.
Influences of the Normal Menstrual Cycle on Physiologic Functioning During Behavioral Stress
Authors: Stoney Catherine M. , Owens Jane F. , Matthews Karen A. , Davis Mary C. , Caggiula Anthony 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of the normal menstrual cycle on lipoprotein, cardiovascular, and neuroendocrine stress responses. Fifteen normally‐cycling, healthy women participated in a series of behavioral tasks during the menstrual, follicular, and luteal phases of their menstrual cycle. These women had established menstrual cycle regularity for the three months prior to enrollment in this study, were free from menstrual cycle disturbances, biochemically confirmed that they ovulated, and displayed appropriate patterns of reproductive hormone fluctuations during the study period. Heart rate, blood pressure, low density lipoprotein‐cholesterol, and total cholesterol all demonstrated significant elevations from baseline levels during tasks. No differences in the magnitude of stress responses during the three menstrual cycle phases were noted for any physiological variable. We conclude that the hormonal fluctuations that occur in healthy, normally‐cycling women during the menstrual cycle do not influence the stress responses that were investigated here. Significant influences of menstrual cycle phase previously reported in the literature, albeit not in a consistent direction, may have been due to the recruitment of women with menstrual cycle irregularities, and to the failure to adequately verify menstrual cycle phase.