bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cross protection in mice and swine immunized with live erysipelas vaccine to challenge exposure with strains of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae of various serotypes
Authors: Takahashi Toshio , Takagi Masami , Sawada Takuo , Seto Kenji 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Mice and swine immunized subcutaneously with live vaccine prepared from acriflavine-fast attenuated Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, strain Koganei (serotype 2), were challenge exposed to virulent strains of E rhusiopathiae of various serotypes.
Vaccinated mice did not die after challenge exposure to serotypes 1a, 1b, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 15, 16, 18, 19, 21, or N, but 20% to 30% mortality occurred in vaccinated mice challenge exposed to serotypes 10, 14, 20, or 22. Nonvaccinated control mice died after challenge exposure to all serotypes tested.
Vaccinated swine challenge exposed to strain 14B (serotype 9) or strain 2179 (serotype 10) developed localized urticarial lesions at the site of intradermal exposure. Vaccinated swine challenge exposed to serotypes 1a, 1b, 2, 5, 8, 11, 12, 18, 19, or 21 did not have clinical signs of acute erysipelas. Nonvaccinated control swine developed acute generalized erysipelas or localized lesions at the site of intradermal exposure.
Distribution of immunoglobulin-bearing cells in the gut-associated lymphoid tissues of the turkey: Effect of antibiotics
Authors: Cook Jeanne , Naqi S. A. , Sahin Nigar , Wagner G. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Distribution of immunoglobulin (Ig)-bearing cells in the gut-associated lymphoid tissues of antibiotic treated and untreated control turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) was compared. Antibiotic treatment was similar to a regimen used in commercial turkey production, which included preincubation dipping of fertile eggs in gentamicin solution, injection of turkeys with gentamicin at hatching, and inclusion of chlortetracycline in the diet. Tissues were examined from turkeys at 3, 7, 14, and 21 days of age with a direct immunofluorescence procedure.
Cell distribution in control turkeys was as follows: In the bursa of Fabricius, IgA-carrying cells predominated at 3 days of age, but at later intervals, the 3 classes of Ig-bearing cells were in equal numbers. In the cecal tonsils, IgM- and IgA-bearing cells were in larger numbers at 3 days of age, whereas, the IgG-bearing cells were sparsely distributed. By 7 days of age, IgM cells became more numerous in the cecal tonsils and remained numerous until 21 days of age.
At 3 days of age, IgA cells predominated in the small intestines and IgM cells predominated in the large intestine. At 7 and 14 days of age, IgM cells were more numerous in the small and large intestines, but by 21 days of age, IgA cell population equaled that of IgM. The IgG cells were generally sparse in the intestines.
Antibiotic treatment often resulted in lower numbers of Ig-positive cells, especially those bearing IgM and IgA. Normal development of the bursa of Fabricius was also retarded in this group.
Partial purification of extracellular toxic material of fish Vibrio
Authors: Moustafa Mohamed , Kodama Hiroshi , Ishiguro Shinryo , Mikami Takeshi , Izawa Hisao 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Hemolytic activity of 3 pathogenic strains, of fish Vibrio commonly associated with vibriosis (V anguillarum NCMB6 and NCMB571 strains, and Vibrio sp N7802 strain) was examined, using chicken and mammalian erythrocytes. Vibrio strains NCMB6 and NCMB571 and their culture filtrates had hemolytic activity against 8 kinds of erythrocytes tested, whereas Vibrio strain N7802 produced only a little amount of hemolysin. Strain NCMB571 culture filtrate and its material partially purified by column chromatography were lethal in mice. From 2 peaks of protein, hemolysin was recovered from the 1st peak, which coincided with toxicity in mice. Heat-inactivation of culture filtrate indicated that hemolytic materials may be thermolabile proteins, but that toxic material may be comparatively thermostable.
Early clinicopathologic findings in dogs ingesting ethylene glycol
Authors: Grauer G. F. , Thrall M. A. , Henre B. A. , Grauer R. M. , Hamar D. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Fifteen dogs were given 9.5 ml of ethylene glycol/kg of body weight, orally. Physical examination and clinical laboratory findings were evaluated at 1 and 3 hours after ingestion. Three of these dogs were also evaluated at 6, 9, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours after ingestion. At 1 and 3 hours, the dogs were depressed, ataxic and polydipsic with increased urine output and serum osmolality. Plasma bicarbonate and urine osmolality were decreased Theosmolal and anion gaps were increased at 1 and 3 hours, respectively. Calcium oxalate crystalluria was first observed at hours. Diminished renal excretory function was not evident until 48 hours. Depression, ataxia, metabolic acidosis, polydipsia, and polyuria in the presence of serum hyperosmolality were early (1 and 3 hour) findings that indicated ethylene glycol intoxication in dogs.
Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of canine Staphylococcus intermedius isolates from veterinary clinical specimens
Authors: Phillips Walter E. , Williams Billy J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Sixty-six Staphylococcus intermedius isolates from canine clinical specimens were tested for susceptibility to various antimicrobial agents by the Bauer-Kirby disk diffusion method and a commercial microdilution system. All isolates were susceptible to cephalothin, cloxacillin, gentamicin, methicillin, and vancomycin. Resistance to ampicillin, penicillin G, and tetracycline was frequent. There was an overall 87% agreement of results from the disk diffusion and microdilution methods for 10 antimicrobial agents. There was ≥ 94% agreement between the 2 methods for 7 antimicrobics; discrepancies were minor.
Isolation and characterization of nutritionally variant streptococci from animal sources
Authors: Chengappa M. M. , Bailie W. E. , Stowe E. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Ten nutritionally variant streptococci were recovered from clinical specimenssubmittedtotheKansas State University Veterinary Clinical Bacteriology laboratory over a 4-year period. Isolates were recognized visually on primary blood agar plates by their satellite growth around a previously overlaid Staphylococcus aureus culture. All isolates grew within 24 hours in Todd-Hewitt and heart infusion broths supplemented with 5% bovine fetal serum and 5% S aureus filtrate. They also grew anaerobically in supplemented broths within 48 hours. However, isolates did not grow aerobically or anaerobically in the absence of supplements up to a 7-day postinoculation period. As determined by the standard Kirby-Bauer technique, the isolates were highly susceptible to antimicrobial agents commonly recommended in veterinary medicine. The isolates did not react with the corresponding Lancefield group-specific antisera, as tested by the capillary precipitin test.
Comparison of the genomes of pseudorabies (Aujeszky's disease) virus strains by restriction endonuclease analysis
Authors: Pritchett R. F. , Bush C. E. , Chang T. J. , Wang J. T. , Zee Y. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The DNA of pseudorabies virus (prv) strains from the United States and Taiwan and attenuated vaccine strains from Romania were compared by restriction endonuclease analysis. Electrophoretically separated prv DNA fragments of KpnI and BamHI digests demonstrated cleavage pattern variations which clearly distinguished the 3 Taiwan isolates from all other strains, as well as from each other. One type of variation involved the loss or gain of restriction endonuclease cleavage sites. Examples of this type of variation were clearly observed in fragment patterns of the Taiwan isolates. Another type of variation that occurred at higher frequency for fragments mapping in the repeat and repeat-unique joint regions of the prv genome involved sequence additions or deletions from existing fragments. This second type of variation occurred in most of the strains analyzed.
Antagonism of xylazine sedation in steers by doxapram and 4-aminopyridine
Authors: Zahner Joanne M. , Hatch Roger C. , Wilson Robert C. , Booth Nicholas H. , Kitzman Joseph V. , Brown John 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Five groups of 6 fasted crossbred steers were injected im with standard dosages of xylazine hydrochloride (0.3 to 0.5 mg/kg). At maximal sedation, the steers were injected iv with the antagonists doxapram (1.0 mg/kg), doxapram + yohimbine (0.125 mg of yohimbine/kg), doxapram + 4-aminopyridine (4-ap; 0.3 mg of 4-ap/kg), or 4-ap + yohimbine. One group was given 1.0 ml of saline solution iv instead of antagonists.
Doxapram, doxapram + yohimbine, doxapram + 4-ap, and 4-ap + yohimbine decreased mean standing time (time from antagonist injection until animal could stand unaided) to 17.0, 4.3, 3.3, and 4.5 minutes, respectively— significantly (P < 0.05) down from a control value of 49.8 minutes.
Mean total recovery time (time from xylazine injection until animal resumed eating) was decreased to 78 minutes by doxapram and 81.6 minutes by doxapram + 4-ap—significantly (P < 0.05) down from the control value of 142.9 minutes.
Respiratory character was improved (depth of respiration was increased) only by doxapram + 4-ap. Relapses to recumbency and marked sedation were not seen in steers given doxapram + 4-ap or the saline solution. One steer given doxapram, 2 given doxapram + yohimbine, and 1 given 4-ap + yohimbine relapsed to recumbency and sedation. Recovery was relatively smooth in steers given doxapram + 4-ap or 4-ap + yohimbine. Animals given doxapram or doxapram + yohimbine had difficult recoveries.
In steers (n = 6) given an overdose of xylazine (1 mg/ kg), the combination of doxapram + 4-ap produced a mean standing time of 7.0 minutes and a mean total recovery time of 225.7 minutes, Recovery of the xylazine-overdosed group was relatively smooth, respiratory character was improved by the antagonists, and relapses did not occur.
The combination of doxapram + 4-ap was judged overall to be the most effective antagonist of xylazine sedation in cattle. Other antagonists (doxapram, yohimbine, 4-ap, doxapram + yohimbine, or 4-ap + yohimbine) could also be used for rapid reversal of xylazine sedation in cattle if difficult recoveries and/or relapses to recumbency and sedation are of little concern.
Reversal of pentobarbital anesthesia with 4-aminopyridine and yohimbine in cats pretreated with acepromazine and xylazine
Authors: Hatch Roger C. , Kitzman Joseph V. , Clark J. Derrell , Zahner Joanne M. , Booth Nicholas H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
In 2 separate experiments, groups of atropinized cats (6 cats/group) were given acepromazine (0.25 mg/kg of body weight) or xylazine (2.2 mg/kg) im and anesthetized with pentobarbital. The mean dose of pentobarbital was decreased approximately 36% by acepromazine, and approximately 80% by xylazine, compared with published doses. Anesthetized cats were given iv saline solution (control groups) or were given the antagonists 4-aminopyridine (4-ap; 0.5 mg/kg), yohimbine (0.4 mg/kg), or 4-ap + yohimbine (0.5 mg/kg and 0.4 mg/kg, respectively).
In acepromazine-treated cats, 4-ap + yohimbine was the most effective antagonist; arousal and walking occurred in an average of 10.4 minutes and 91.7 minutes, respectively, Yohimbine enhanced the antagonistic effects of 4-ap, In xylazine-treated cats, yohimbine was an effective antagonist; arousal and walking occurred in an average of 2.8 minutes and 12.8 minutes, respectively. Yohimbine did not enhance the antagonistic effects of 4-ap.
Mean respiratory rates were decreased by acepromazine, but were increased by xylazine. Thus, respiratory rate depression by pentobarbital was not as marked with xylazine as it was with acepromazine. Changes in mean heart rate were not remarkable with either sedative, and cardiac irregularities were not palpated or auscultated.
In healthy cats, the duration of pentobarbital anesthesia can be controlled by 4-ap + yohimbine (acepromazine-pretreated cats) or by yohimbine alone (xylazine-pretreated cats).
Furosemide: Effects on the hemostatic mechanism of resting and exercised Standardbred horses
Authors: Kociba G. J. , Bayly W. M. , Milne D. W. , Wigton D. H. , Gabel A. A. , Muir W. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Two groups of 6 Standardbred horses each were used to study hemostatic functions at rest and after exercise with furosemide or a placebo. One group which was trained was given maximum exercise on the racetrack, and the other, a less-fit group, was given submaximum exercise on the treadmill. There was no difference in furosemide compared to placebo trial results in either group in coagulation screening tests, platelet concentration, or retention of platelets in a glass bead column. Increased fibrinogen concentration and enhanced platelet retention were associated with maximum exercise. Aggregation of platelets by adenosine diphosphate and bovine collagen was not different in furosemide and the placebo submaximal exercise trials.
Activity of closantel in the prevention of Gasterophilus and Strongylus vulgaris larval infections in equine foals and yearlings
Authors: Guerrero Jorge , Newcomb Kathleen , Seibert Barbara P. , Michael Bruce F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Two controlled tests were conducted in equine foals and yearlings to determine the optimal oral dosage and the duration of activity of closantel for the prevention of Gasterophilus spp larval infections. Additional data were collected on the activity of closantel against Strongylus vulgaris larval infections. In experiment 1, 12 foals and 12 yearlings were equally allocated to 4 experimental groups, and were given oral treatments with closantel at dosages of 0 (nontreated controls), 2, 5, or 8 mg/kg of body weight every 2 months during bot season. The foals and yearlings were allowed to graze on open pasture throughout the experiment to provide a natural source for bot and helminth infections. All animals were euthanatized and necropsied 6 weeks after the final treatment. Closantel was highly effective (98.6% to 100%) at all doses in preventing Gasterophilus spp larval infections in the foals, but only the 8 mg/kg dose had significant (P < 0.05) activity (99.7%) in the yearlings. This dose also significantly reduced the numbers of 4th-stage and immature adult S vulgaris (86.0%) in the mesenteric arteries as compared with nontreated controls.
In experiment 2, 9 foals and 9 yearlings received a single oral treatment of 8 mg of closantel/kg of body weight; 3 foals and 3 yearlings were kept as nontreated controls. Groups of 6 treated (3 foals, 3 yearlings) and 2 control (1 foal, 1 yearling) animals were euthanatized and necropsied 1, 2, and 3 months after treatment. Closantel remained effective for 2 months in preventing infections of G intestinalis larvae in these foals and yearlings. Clinical signs of toxicosis were not observed in the treated animals of either study.
Endotoxin-induced hematologic and blood chemical changes in ponies: Effects of flunixin meglumine, dexamethasone, and prednisolone
Authors: Ewert K. M. , Fessler J. F. , Templeton C. B. , Bottoms G. D. , Latshaw H. S. , Johnson M. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
To evaluate the effect of certain drugs on hematologic changes, blood chemical values, and survival in endotoxin shock, anesthetized ponies were given (iv) endotoxin (Escherichia coli O55:B5) and then treated as follows: Group A ponies—given a saline infusion at 5 minutes and at 3 hours after they were given endotoxin; group B ponies—given flunixin meglumine at 5 minutes and at 3, 6, 9, and 24 hours after they were given endotoxin; group C ponies—treated with dexamethasone; and group D ponies—treated with prednisolone at 5 minutes and at 3, 9, and 24 hours after they were given endotoxin. Anesthesia was maintained for 4 hours, after which time the ponies were allowed to recover. Throughout the experiment, samples of blood were collected for blood gas, hematologic, and blood chemical values.
The endotoxin effects were seen in the 4 groups: lactic acidosis, prolonged coagulation times, leukopenia, hemoconcentration, and elevated blood chemical values. Although none of the treatments prevented the effects of endotoxin, changes were less severe and survival times were longer in ponies treated with flunixin meglumine.
Experimental babesiosis in coyotes and coydogs
Authors: Roher Daniel P. , Anderson John F. , Nielsen Svend W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
One splenectomized and 6 intact coyotes (Canis latrans), and 2 coydogs were experimentally inoculated with a recent isolate of Babesia gibsoni. The disease was mild in intact animals, was fatal in the splenectomized coyote, and was characterized by a regenerative hemolytic anemia with the pcv decreasing to 16% in intact animals and to 6% in the splenectomized coyote. Peak parasitemia ranged from 3% to 21% of erythrocytes infected and was inversely correlated to pcv. Serum lactate dehydrogenase, bilirubin, and globulin concentrations were increased in all infected animals. Three weeks after inoculation, specific antibody titers increased to 1:65,536 and remained elevated in the chronically infected animals. The splenectomized coyote had progressive weakness until death, 24 days after inoculation. Intact animals had splenomegaly and anorexia at the height of infection. The splenectomized coyote had generalized edema, omental petechiae, renal and hepatic degeneration, membrano-proliferative glomerulonephritis and congestion, extramedullary hematopoiesis, lymphoid hyperplasia, and severe hemosiderosis in an accessory spleen. The only consistent change in the intact animals was splenomegaly.
Equine congenital defects
Authors: Crowe M. Ward , Swerczek T. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
In a 13-year survey of equine congenital defects that resulted in death or required euthanasia in central Kentucky, necropsies were performed on 608 deformed fetuses or newborn foals. The following congenital anomalies were observed: contracted foal syndrome (33.2%), miscellaneous limb contraction (20%), multiple defects (5.3%), microphthalmia (4.6%), craniofacial malformations (4.3%), cleft palate (4.0%), heart defects (3.5%), umbilical defects (3.5%), and hydrocephalus (3.0%). Eleven less frequently occurring anomalies constituted the balance of the congenital defects in fetuses and newborn foals.
Common plasmid encoding resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, and trimethoprimr-sulfadiazine in two serotypes of Salmonella isolated during an outbreak of equine salmonellosis
Authors: Ikeda Jack S. , Hirsh Dwight C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
An outbreak of equine salmonellosis occurred at the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, between June 1981 and March 1982. Forty-four horses were infected with Salmonella saint-paul, a serotype rarely isolated from animals at the university before the outbreak. Unlike the isolates of S saint-paul obtained at the beginning of the outbreak, almost all strains isolated near the end were resistant to ampicillin, cephalothin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, kanamycin, sulfadiazine, trimethoprim, and trimethoprim-sulfadiazine. A conjugal-resistance plasmid (R-plasmid) was responsible for resistance to these antimicrobics.
This R-plasmid was identical to an R-plasmid of S krefeld, a serotype that had been isolated repeatedly throughout the hospital before, during, and after the outbreak involving S saint-paul. This finding prompted the suggestion that in vivo transfer of the R-plasmid had occurred. Whether the donor organism was S krefeld is unknown.
Treatment of acute ocular Moraxella bovis infections in calves with a parenterally administered long-acting oxytetracycline formulation
Authors: Smith John A. , George Lisle W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Acute ocular Moraxella bovis infections were induced in the uv-irradiated eyes of 10 calves. Eight calves developed corneal ulcers in at least 1 eye and were used for the treatment experiment. One randomly selected group of 4 calves with corneal ulcers and M bovis infections in 7 eyes was given a long-acting oxytetracycline formulation in 2 im dosages of 20 mg/kg of body weight each, 72 hours apart. The other 4 calves with corneal ulcers in 6 eyes and M bovis in all 8 eyes served as nontreated controls. Bilateral ocular cultures were obtained and clinical observations were made daily for 20 days after treatment. After administration of the long-acting drug, new ulcers did not develop in the treated calves, whereas 5 new ulcers developed in the control-group calves during this time. The average durations of increased lacrimation/ulcerated eye were 2 and 12 days after treatment in the treatment and control groups, respectively; the average durations of blepharospasm were 3 and 8 days, respectively. Moraxella bovis was not isolated from any of the eyes of the treatment-group calves for the first 6 days after the antibiotic was administered, but was isolated from 1 eye of 1 treated calf on posttreatment day 7 and daily thereafter, for a total of 14 positive cultures of 160 ocular cultures obtained from the treatment-group calves after treatment. The bacterium was isolated from all eyes and from 144 of 160 cultures from the control-group calves during this time.
Intracellular locations of dermonecrotic toxins in Pasteurella multocida and in Bordetella bronchiseptica
Authors: Nakai Toyotsugu , Sawata Akira , Kume Katsumi 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Location of dermonecrotic toxin (dnt) in the cells of Pasteurella multocida or Bordetella bronchiseptica was investigated. After cell lysis by various procedures, various fractions prepared from bacterial cells grown in liquid culture media were assayed for dermonecrotic activity by skin testing of guinea pigs. During the death phase of the growth tested for the 2 bacterial species, little cell-free dnt was detected in the culture supernatants. Throughout the log and stationary phases of the growth, dnt activity was cell associated, but was not seen in the culture supernatants, which indicated that dnt was not secreted by actively growing P multocida or B bronchiseptica cells. Little dnt was released by subjecting whole cells to osmotic shock, a common procedure that releases proteins from the periplasmic space of many gram-negative bacteria. After sonication and centrifugation of whole cells, a substantial amount of dnt was released; results were similar when spheroplasts were used instead of whole cells. Treatment of whole cells with trypsin did not decrease the dnt activity, but trypsin treatment of sonicated cells resulted in a significant decrease in the dnt activity (P < 0.01). The results indicated an intracellular location of the dnt of P multocida or B bronchiseptica. The dnt of P multocida or of B bronchiseptica is probably located in the cytoplasmic space.