bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: Fundamentals to Systems
Authors: Williams M. C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Fossil Energy's (FE) National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), in partnership with private industry, educational institutions and national laboratories, is leading the development and demonstration of high efficiency solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) and fuel cell‐turbine (FCT) hybrid power generation systems for distributed generation (DG) markets. The DOE FE DG program has three aspects: the Solid State Energy Conversion Alliance (SECA), Fuel Cell Coal Based Systems for central power, and the High Temperature Electrochemistry Center (HiTEC). NETL is partnering with Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) in developing new directions in research under SECA for the development and commercialization of modular, low cost, and fuel flexible SOFC systems. The SECA initiative, through advanced materials, processing, and system integration research and development (R&D), will bring SOFC system cost to $400 per kilowatt (kW) by 2010 for stationary and auxiliary power unit (APU) markets. The SECA program is currently structured to include six competing industry teams supported by a crosscutting core technology program (CTP). DOE is ultimately concerned with coal‐based central power plants. Advanced aspects of solid oxide technology are part of HiTEC R&D.
Developments for Improved Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Stacks for Portable Power
Authors: Cremers C. , Scholz M. , Seliger W. , Racz A. , Knechtel W. , Rittmayr J. , Grafwallner F. , Peller H. , Stimming U. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDifferent aspects of the improvement of direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) systems for portable power generation are investigated, in a project funded by the Bavarian state.The materials research focuses on the development of improved catalysts, in particular for the oxygen reduction reaction. Some recent results on supported ruthenium selenium catalysts are reported.In parallel, tests on other fuel cell materials are performed using MEAs made from industrial unsupported catalysts as the reference. These standard MEAs have catalyst loadings of about 11 mg cm–2 and, at high air flux, can deliver current densities of about 500 mA cm–2 and 100 mA cm–2 at 110 °C and 50 °C, respectively. At low air flux and 50 °C, current densities between 60 and 80 mA cm–2 are possible @ 500 mV.Using these MEAs, different commercial gas diffusion materials are tested as the cathode backing. Thus, it is found that the Sigracet materials by SGL Carbon are the most suitable for operation at a low air flux.Finally, a demonstration stack, comprised of up to ten cells, is developed using graphite PVDF compound bipolar plates by SGL Carbon. As will be reported, this stack shows a high homogeneity of cell voltages and stable operation under relevant conditions, using standard MEAs.
PEMFC Durability Test under Specific Dynamic Current Solicitation, Linked to a Vehicle Road Cycle
Authors: Harel F. , François X. , Candusso D. , Péra M.‐C. , Hissel D. , Kauffmann J.‐M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe Laboratory of Electrical Engineering and Systems (L2ES) is concerned with fuel cell system durability and reliability. Since the lab is predominantly involved in the field of transport applications, one of the objectives is to study PEMFC ageing in different specific environments linked to electric vehicle operation.The first phase of the durability program was devoted to the reference test of a 100 W three cell stack, operated in a stationary regime at roughly nominal conditions for 1,000 hours. The second phase, on which this paper is focused, is dedicated to the durability test of another 100 W stack placed under dynamical current constraints. The current cycle load applied is first computed from a standardized transportation mission profile (time vs. speed of vehicle) and then adapted to the power of the fuel cell tested. The gas supply strategy is defined and the work presented in this paper shows the importance of the gas flow management in providing highly dynamical current profiles. The experimental methodology is based on polarization curves as well as on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements performed regularly throughout the ageing. The experimental results showing the degradation of the fuel cell performances are presented and analyzed.
Overland flow generation on hillslopes of complex topography: analytical solutions
Authors: Agnese Carmelo , Baiamonte Giorgio , Corrao Cecilia 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe analytical solution of the overland flow equations developed by Agnese et al. (2001; Hydrological Processes 15: 3225–3238) for rectangular straight hillslopes was extended to convergent and divergent surfaces and to concave and convex profiles. Towards this aim, the conical convergent and divergent surfaces are approximated by a trapezoidal shape, and the overland flow is assumed to be always one‐dimensional. A simple ‘shape factor’ accounting for both planform geometry and profile shape was introduced: for each planform geometry, a brachistochrone profile was obtained by minimizing a functional containing a slope function of the profile. Minima shape factors are associated with brachistochrones; interestingly, brachistochrones associated with rectangular surfaces have a simple power‐law form. For a fixed profile shape, the rapidness of overland flow increases with the degree of divergence; for a fixed planform geometry, however, the overland flow associated with convex profiles is more rapid than that associated with concave profiles. An extended analytical solution is also proposed for the instantaneous response function. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of inhibitory control in false belief understanding
Authors: Flynn Emma 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe aim of this study was to establish the nature of the relations between inhibitory control (IC) and false belief understanding (FBU). Twenty‐eight children, participating in an experimental condition, were tested on a battery of FBU and IC tasks every four weeks for six phases of testing. A control group of 14 children completed the battery only at the first and last phases of testing. Comparisons between the performance of the control and experimental groups showed that aggregate FBU scores and some IC tasks were susceptible to practice effects. Regression analysis at the group level found that early IC predicted later FBU, but that early FBU did not predict later IC. The individual children's profiles of performance supported this sequence of development, as the majority of children had good IC before developing good FBU. However, this sequence of development was not unique as a few children had good FBU skills before having good IC. Finally, trial‐by‐trial analyses showed that fluctuations in children's aggregate FBU scores could not be explained by similar fluctuations in IC, as would be expected by ‘expression’ accounts of the FBU/IC association. Further analyses considered task validity and the role of verbal ability. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Participatory processes and outcomes: the case of national irrigation system management in Bohol, Philippines
Authors: Maleza Maria Chona E. , Nishimura Yoshihiko 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe adoption of participatory irrigation management in the Philippine national irrigation systems (NIS) began in the mid‐1980s, after positive results were observed in some participatory small‐scale communal irrigation systems. Yet, NIS performance remained generally poor. In the case of the Capayas Irrigation System – an NIS located in Bohol, Philippines – farmer participation is limited, thus sustainability is low. Limited participation is rooted in the absence of initiatives to mobilize the farmers prior to facility construction, inadequate government funds and the consequent priority bias against allocation for institutional development activities. This is also due to the absence of effective mechanisms both for ensuring sanctions against delinquent water users and for promoting incentives for participation. Mechanisms for coordination among various stakeholders are necessary in order to provide an enabling environment for irrigation. Important complementary actions include mainstreaming institutional development support, periodic monitoring and evaluation of the Irrigators' Associations (IAs), and improvements in physical structures of the secondary and tertiary facilities. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antifibrotic effect of captopril and enalapril on paraquat‐induced lung fibrosis in rats
Authors: Ghazi‐Khansari Mahmoud , Mohammadi‐Karakani Ali , Sotoudeh Masoud , Mokhtary Parvin , Pour‐Esmaeil Ebraheim , Maghsoud Shirin 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAlthough different treatment modalities have been implemented for pulmonary fibrosis, the results have not been promising and these conditions have been considered untreatable and irreversible. Thus, a plethora of new drugs has been tried for the control of this condition in recent years. This study examined the effects of two angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors, captopril and enalapril, on paraquat‐induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats, through biochemical and histopathological parameters. Male albino Wistar rats were divided into eight groups (n = 4–5 each), including control, paraquat, captopril alone, captopril treatment and pre‐treatment, enalapril alone, enalapril treatment and pre‐treatment. After 21 days of treatment, the lungs were removed and the levels of hydroxyproline, glutathione and lipid peroxidation were determined. Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors showed no effect on glutathione and lipid peroxidation. The results also demonstrated that captopril and enalapril improved pulmonary fibrosis as shown by histopathology, as well as a decreased content of hydroxyproline (P < 0.001) in the lung tissue. In conclusion, the present findings suggest that the antifibrotic effect of these drugs may be related to the inhibition of angiotensin‐converting enzyme. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novel ultra high molecular weight polyethylene–hyaluronan microcomposite for use in total joint replacements. II. Mechanical and tribological property evaluation
Authors: Zhang Min , Pare Philippe , King Richard , James Susan P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe mechanical and tribological properties of a new biomaterial, an ultra high molecular weight polyethylene–hyaluronan (UHMWPE‐HA) microcomposite, were investigated in this article, which is Part II of a two‐part study. Part I presented the synthesis and physical/chemical characterization of the novel microcomposites. The microcomposite was developed for bearing surfaces of total joint replacements and was designed to enhance lubrication and improve wear resistance compared to noncrosslinked UHMWPE. Pin‐on‐flat wear tests with cross‐path motion demonstrated significant decreases for both the wear and wear rate of UHMWPE with the presence of hyaluronan (HA) within and on the microcomposite. Compared to noncrosslinked UHMWPE, a maximum decrease of 56% in wear and a maximum decrease of 31% in wear rate were observed at 1.0 million cycles. Inferior tensile properties were observed for the microcomposites when compared to noncrosslinked UHMWPE, which resulted from poor intermolecular entanglement of the UHMWPE caused by low remolding temperature throughout microcomposite manufacturing. Similar results were observed for the sham control, which was processed in the same way as the microcomposite, except for the addition of HA. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2007
Tau binding to microtubules does not directly affect microtubule‐based vesicle motility
Authors: Morfini Gerardo , Pigino Gustavo , Mizuno Naoko , Kikkawa Masahide , Brady Scott T. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTau protein is a major microtubule (MT)‐associated brain protein enriched in axons. Multiple functional roles are proposed for tau protein, including MT stabilization, generation of cell processes, and targeting of phosphotransferases to MTs. Recently, experiments involving exogenous tau expression in cultured cells suggested a role for tau as a regulator of kinesin‐1‐based motility. Tau was proposed to inhibit attachment of kinesin‐1 to MTs by competing for the kinesin‐1 binding site. In this work, we evaluated effects of tau on fast axonal transport (FAT) by using vesicle motility assays in isolated squid axoplasm. Effects of recombinant tau constructs on both kinesin‐1 and cytoplasmic dynein‐dependent FAT rates were evaluated by video microscopy. Exogenous tau binding to endogenous squid MTs was evidenced by a dramatic change in individual MT morphologies. However, perfusion of tau at concentrations ∼20‐fold higher than physiological levels showed no effect on FAT. In contrast, perfusion of a cytoplasmic dynein‐derived peptide that competes with kinesin‐1 and cytoplasmic dynein binding to MTs in vitro rapidly inhibited FAT in both directions. Taken together, our results indicate that binding of tau to MTs does not directly affect kinesin‐1‐ or cytoplasmic dynein‐based motilities. In contrast, our results provide further evidence indicating that the functional binding sites for kinesin‐1 and cytoplasmic dynein on MTs overlap. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sentinel lymph node biopsy is feasible even after total mastectomy
Authors: Intra Mattia , Veronesi Paolo , Gentilini Oreste D. , Trifirò Giuseppe , Berrettini Anastasio , Cecilio Rafaela , Colleoni Marco , Rietjens Mario , Luini Alberto , Paganelli Giovanni , Veronesi Umberto 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBackgroundPrevious mastectomy is unanimously considered to represent an absolute technical contraindication to sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB).MethodsFour patients who underwent total mastectomy and plastic reconstruction with prosthesis, developed, during the follow up, a unique invasive limited local subdermic recurrence amenable to surgical excision, with clinically negative axillary nodes. In all patients preoperative lymphoscintigraphy with subdermal injection of 99mTc‐labeled colloidal particles correctly showed an axillary sentinel lymph node (SLN).ResultsMetastases in SLN were detected in two patients, and a complete axillary dissection followed. The remaining two patients had a negative SLN and no axillary clearance was performed.ConclusionsIn selected cases, the subdermal injection of radioisotope permits the identification of an axillary SLN, even in mastectomized patients. Despite SLNB in mastectomized patients being technically feasible, only a larger population and longer patient follow up could confirm its true predictive value. However, there are no anatomical or physiological reasons to exclude “a priori” this diagnostic opportunity. J. Surg. Oncol. 2007;95:175–179. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rapid determination of polyprenylated xanthones in gamboge resin of Garcinia hanburyi by HPLC
Authors: Song Jing‐Zheng , Yip Yue‐Keung , Han Quan‐Bin , Qiao Chun‐Feng , Xu Hong‐Xi 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA rapid ion‐pair HPLC method was developed and validated for the determination of eight polyprenylated xanthones including three pairs of epimers, namely morellic acid (MA), 30‐hydroxygambogic acid (HGA), 30‐hydroxyepigambogic acid (HEGA), isogambogic acid (IGA), epiisogambogic acid (EIGA), gambogenic acid (GNA), gambogic acid (GA), and epigambogic acid (EGA), in gamboge resin of Garcinia hanburyi. The separation was performed on a narrow bore C8 column with isocratic elution using a mixture of methanol‐ACN‐40 mM KH2PO4 buffer (37.5 : 37.5 : 25 v/v/v, containing 0.1% tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide). The newly developed method was used to determine the contents of the eight compounds present in the gamboge. Results showed that GA and EGA are the dominant components of gamboge. The content ratio of each epimer pair remained constant, indicating that the content ratio of epimers can be used as a specific characteristic for the quality control of gamboge.
Innovationsförderung in den Optischen Technologien – Eine Chance für die deutsche Wirtschaft
Authors: Schmitz Markus 
Published: February 2007

AbstractEine Grundvoraussetzung für die internationale Wettbewerbsfähigkeit des Wirtschaftsstandorts Deutschland ist die Entwicklung innovativer Produkte und Verfahren. Als Schrittmachertechnologien leisten die Optischen Technologien hierzu einen bedeutenden Beitrag. Das Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung fördert daher Forschungsvorhaben zur Erzeugung und Nutzbarmachung von Licht mittels Optischer Technologien. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
UV‐Laser in der Flachbildschirmherstellung
Authors: Herbst L. , Spiecker G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDer Funktionsumfang mobiler elektronischer Geräte wächst ständig und damit der Bedarf an kleinen Hochleistungsflachbildschirmen auf Basis von Niedrigtemperatur‐Polysilizium‐Dünnschichttransistoren. Im gleichen Maße nimmt die Bedeutung der für die Herstellung von polykristallinem Silizium verwendeten UV‐Laser bei der Flachbildschirmherstellung zu. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Globo‐Welding – Ein innovatives Konzept für das 3D‐Laserfügen von Thermoplasten im Durchstrahlverfahren
Authors: Chen Jie‐Wei , Thielen Carsten 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBisherige Konzepte zum Laserstrahlschweißen sind durch das Zusammenspiel von Spannvorrichtung und Strahlführung zumeist auf handhabbare 2D‐Anwendungen begrenzt. Das innovative Konzept des Globo‐Welding erweitert dieses Spektrum auf dreidimensionale und großflächige Anwendungen. Möglich wird dieses durch den Verzicht der konstruktiv aufwändigen Spannvorrichtung.
Die Strahlqualität von Lasern – Wie bestimmt man Beugungsmaßzahl und Strahldurchmesser in der Praxis?
Authors: Eichler Jürgen , Dünkel Lothar , Eppich Bernd 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDie Fokussierbarkeit von Lasern nach der ISO‐Norm 11146 wird durch die Beugungsmaßzahl M2 beschrieben. Diese gibt den Divergenzwinkel eines Laserstrahls im Verhältnis zur Divergenz eines idealen Gauß‐Strahls mit gleichem Durchmesser an der Strahltaille an. Zur Bestimmung von M2 müssen die Strahldurchmesser längs einer Strahltaille vermessen werden. Durch Kurvenanpassung an den Strahlverlauf werden der Durchmesser der Strahltaille, die Strahldivergenz und M2 ermittelt.
Novel π‐Electron Extension System via Chromophores Self‐Polymerization to Enhance the NLO Efficiency
Authors: Tsai Hsieh‐Chih , Yu I‐Chen , Chang Po‐Hsun , Yu Da‐Cyuan , Hsiue Ging‐Ho 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA new strategy for the self‐polymerization of chromophores is investigated to develop a 2,7‐carbazole‐based nonlinear optical (NLO) conjugated polymer with an increasing conjugation length of chromophores. Elongation of the conjugation‐path length in chromophores has established engineering guidelines to enhance optical nonlinearity. Compared with the traditional synthesis of an NLO polymer, the chromophores should be well‐designed at a limited conjugation spacer, and then incorporated into a polymer matrix. In this research, the π‐conjugation spacer of chromophores extended perpendicularly to the dipole of chromophores during the polymerization process. Furthermore, this study marks the first research of integrating the π‐electrons of chromophores and conjugated polymers. These conjugated backbones promote a bulk‐polarization response, leading to large NLO coefficients.magnified image
A Novel Approach to Magnetic Nanoadsorbents with High Binding Capacity for Bovine Serum Albumin
Authors: Sun Yabin , Ding Xiaobin , Zheng Zhaohui , Cheng Xu , Hu Xinhua , Peng Yuxing 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMagnetic nanoadsorbents using Fe3O4 nanoparticles as cores and poly(methyl acrylic acid) (PMAA) as ionic exchange groups were prepared through our novel approach. Two steps were involved in this approach: the first was to functionalize the magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) with methacrylate double bonds via the combination of ligand exchange and condensation of methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane(MPS); the second was to graft PMAA chains onto the surface of MNPs through radical polymerization. The success of the various surface functionalization steps was ascertained using FTIR and XPS. The as‐synthesized PMAA‐coated MNPs were effective in binding bovine serum albumin (BSA) with a high capacity of 1 300 mg · g−1.magnified image
Conflict resolution: benchmarking water utility performance
Authors: Berg Sanford V. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe water sector has economic and symbolic importance for citizens in developing countries. Water utility benchmarking is no panacea for improving water sector performance. Nevertheless, it can contribute to addressing four sources of conflict in the design and implementation of policies: cognitive conflicts (based on technical disagreements regarding how data might be analysed and interpreted), interest conflicts (where suppliers and demanders obtain different benefits and costs under alternative policies), values conflicts (involving ideology or personal preferences regarding water sector outcomes) and authority conflicts (stemming from jurisdictional disagreements over who has the last word). These potential sources of conflict characterise most politically‐charged situations, including water supply management. This article examines the extent to which water utility benchmarking facilitates conflict resolution. Without information on historical trends, current baselines and realistic targets, conflicts over reforms to improve sector performance can weaken systems that are already fragile, particularly those in developing countries. This article attempts to improve our understanding of the links between sources of conflict, government approaches for dealing with conflict and the role of water utility benchmarking as a complementary strategy for addressing policy issues. Benchmarking is one way regulators and managers can promote conflict resolution that allows participants to focus on performance. The principles apply to all sectors with significant state oversight. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The changing face of ‘Drivers of Change’
Authors: Scott Zoe 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn 2001 the UK Government's Department for International Development (DFID) launched a new way of conducting political economy analysis, called ‘Drivers of Change’ (DoC). DoC is now well known amongst international development practitioners and professionals. This article provides an introduction to DoC, explaining what it is, where DoC analysis has taken place and which organisations have been involved. It also explores the history and background to DoC, outlines its effect on other bi and multi‐lateral donors and shows how the approach has evolved over the last 5 years. The final section of the article analyses some of the current limitations in the way DoC analysis is used by DFID and predicts how the approach may develop in the future. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.