bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
2 GATHERING TOGETHER
Authors: Glixon Jonathan E. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter discusses the religious rituals and ceremonies of the scuole grandi. The ceremonial calendars included the most important religious and civic-religious occasions of the Venetian year, some of which were celebrated with processions, often to Piazza San Marco. Each of these processions is considered in detail, including the routes taken by the brothers (with some maps). Poor brothers of each scuola were designated to carry candles, banners, and other ceremonial and symbolic objects. Each scuola also celebrated the annual feast day of its patron saint. The scuole also performed a simple mass each Sunday, and a more elaborate one each month. Performing for funerals of their brothers were vital functions performed by the scuole, each of which involved a procession from the home of the deceased to the place of burial.
Super Precedent
Authors: Gerhardt Michael J. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter examines the relatively rare, though highly significant circumstances in which precedents are practically immune to reconsideration or reversal. After reviewing the basic features that super precedents share, it examines whether specific precedents, such as Roe v. Wade, have these features. It concludes with an examination of the ramifications of super precedent for both constitutional theory and Supreme Court selection.
3 THE NATIVE AMERICAN IN POPULAR MUSIC
Authors: Scott Derek B. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter focuses on representations of the American Indian in popular styles of Western music from the 18th century to the present. The intention is to show how cultural difference is represented, when little is known or understood about the culture of those being represented, and to consider how shifting perceptions of the Native American can be related to changes in attitude to the “civilized” and the natural world. The emphasis on the popular sharpens the argument, because this kind of representation needs to be widely understood and easily assimilated in order for it to be popular. The ideology embedded in way the American Indian is represented tells us, predictably, about the attitudes of the person who stands outside Native American culture.
4 Sentimental Knowledge inLa finta giardiniera
Authors: Waldoff Jessica 
Published: May 2008

AbstractMore than any other of Mozart's operas, La finta giardiniera (The Pretend Garden Girl), draws on a culture and an archetype virtually unknown today: the culture is that of sensibility and the archetype that of the giardiniera to which the title refers — the sentimental heroine of Carlo Goldoni's and Niccolò Piccinni's wildly popular La buona figliuola. Both Piccinni's opera and Mozart's belong to a circle of works loosely based on Richardson's sentimental novel Pamela. Giardiniera has often been disparaged for its convoluted and somewhat static plot, but this chapter argues that it needs to be read as Dr. Johnson recommends we read Richardson: “for the sentiment”. Supposed inconsistencies and implausibilities, including mad scenes for the central protagonists, are considered here as opportunities to indulge in feeling, a staple of the sentimental genres.
5 Recognition Denied inDon Giovanni
Authors: Waldoff Jessica 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter shows how critical thinking about recognition makes it possible to reframe the questions that have dominated the reception of this opera. Is Don Giovanni a hero or a villain? Is the opera a comedy or a tragedy? Does the conclusion dramatize moral triumph or heroic defiance? At the climax of the opera, the moral truth towards which its recognition scenes have been pointing comes into conflict with the titanic defiance of its protagonist: recognition is denied. This ending creates a disjunction between dénouement (Don Giovanni's damnation) and lieto fine (the other characters' recognition of the moral of his tale). Critical thinking about recognition makes it possible to understand the problems surrounding the ending — including the performance tradition of omitting the scena ultima and lieto fine to conclude the opera with fire and brimstone — in a new way.
6 Sense and Sensibility inCosì fan tutte
Authors: Waldoff Jessica 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter places Così in the context of the culture of sensibility that indoctrinated its impressionable quartet of lovers. Its seeming representation of an anti-sentimental position needs to be understood as a hallmark of sentimental works. When Don Alfonso's experiment sets the immediacy of feeling against the vows of constancy it was supposed to engender, he exploits a contradiction inherent in the sentimental genres all along. Special attention is given to the question of whether it is appropriate to view certain scenes (including “Vorrei Dir” and “Smanie implacabili”) as parody, and to the problem of the ending. Recognition in this opera is divided against itself and the conflict between sentimental and anti-sentimental reaches a point of crisis at the dénouement, which explains why the opera's happy ending feels hollow to many.
7 Fiordiligi: A Woman of Feeling
Authors: Waldoff Jessica 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter considers Fiordiligi's conflicted status as a sentimental heroine. She is a woman of feeling whose affectionate sensibility and natural sympathy for the suffering of others makes her vulnerable to men, placing her virtue “in distress”, but she is also a woman whose moral constancy is eventually overcome by the immediacy of her feelings for another. Fiordiligi's struggle brings into question one of the central tenets of the sentimental culture: that feeling makes its own virtue. Several moments crucial to this characterization are treated, including the trio “È la fede delle femmine”, the sisters' first duet No. 4, the arias “Come scoglio” and “Per pietà”, and the duet with Ferrando “Fra gli amplessi”. The climactic recognition scenes in which feeling triumphs over constancy cannot be easily reconciled with the dénouement that restores both sisters to their original partners.
CHAPTER FIVE THE LIBRETTO
Authors: Glixon Beth L. , Glixon Jonathan E. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter takes a broad look at the opera libretto; it considers the profession of librettist, the selection of the libretto for a particular season, publishing and printing privileges, revisions to the libretto, and the libretto as a source of income. During the 17th century, a number of men became professional rather than occasional librettists, and most librettos performed in Venice were written by Venetians themselves. The initial cost of the libretto was often borne by the printer, who then distributed profits either to the librettist or the impresario and his partners. The librettist also stood to gain a profit through the fees from dedication. As a result, an impresario could gain extra income for his company by mounting a revival — that is a previously performed libretto — thereby bypassing the need for a librettist altogether. Librettos were not just purchased for use at the theater, but were also preserved in collections, as well as sent to those unable to attend the performances themselves.
CHAPTER SIX THE COMPOSITION AND THE PRODUCTION OF THE OPERA SCORE
Authors: Glixon Beth L. , Glixon Jonathan E. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter discusses the composition of opera in mid-17th-century Venice and the production of the score. Nearly all opera composers also pursued other means of employment, but the significant fees that could be earned made the extra work worthwhile. The most highly paid composer was Francesco Cavalli, who managed to negotiate favorable contracts at several different theaters. Pietro Andrea Ziani was another popular composer who continued to supply operas even after he took a job in Vienna. The composer was usually responsible for supplying copies of the score; he often assisted at rehearsals, made revisions to the score (tailoring it to the various singers), and led the orchestra as well. On occasion an older score was mounted, rather than a new one, inevitably saving the impresario money.
CHAPTER SEVEN SINGERS
Authors: Glixon Beth L. , Glixon Jonathan E. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter looks at one of the impresario's chief responsibilities, the recruiting and hiring of suitable singers. Impresarios drew on complex networks built up with some of the leading families throughout Italy, including the Medici in Florence and the Marquis Bentivoglio of Ferrara; various agents as well as diplomats in cities such as Rome, Turin, and Vienna were also called into service. During the mid-17th century, singers of many types looked towards opera as a way of earning extra income. Most of the male singers, whether castrati or not, were also active as church or court singers. Many of the leading prima donnas were recruited from Rome with increasingly high salaries. In some cases, the impresarios and singers (such as Anna Renzi) drew up detailed contracts in order to protect both parties. The complex negotiations necessary to recruit the best singers are described in a case study concerning the highest paid singer at the time in Venice, Giulia Masotti.
“Tuned Up with the Grace of God”
Authors: Titon Jeff Todd 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Old Regular Baptist traditions from the Appalachian Mountains of the Southern United States rely on seemingly non-metric, non-liturgical practices of song, as opposed to hymns. This chapter uses ethnography, interviews, and spectral analysis to question assumptions about the general freedom Old Regular Baptist singing seemingly exhibits. The analytical interpretation is contextualized by historical examination of singing as developing over the course of centuries and the broadly inclusive practice of absorbing sacred songs from numerous sources. The close analyses of individual performances clarify the ways in which melodic codes and performance gestures bring Old Regular Baptists together in song to express their common belief in being tuned up with the grace of God.
1 The Repertory
Authors: Grave Floyd , Grave Margaret 
Published: May 2008

AbstractHaydn's first quartet, apparently composed during a period of work for Baron Carl Joseph Fürnberg in the mid-1750s, was soon followed by others of its type. Ten in all, the earliest quartets were eventually published in Paris and Amsterdam and are now designated as Opp. “0”, 1, and 2. A fresh wave of inspiration beginning in the late 1760s produced three opus groups (Opp. 9, 17, and 20). The Op. 33 quartets (1781) came after a long hiatus in which Haydn yielded quartet leadership to Parisian and Viennese contemporaries. Focusing more intently on the genre from the mid-1780s on, Haydn produced a series of opus groups (including Opp. 50, 54/55, 64, 71/74, 76, and 77) targeted for an international market of amateurs and connoisseurs, and issued by publishers in London and Paris as well as Vienna. The spurious Op. 3 is now attributed to the Benedictine monk Roman Hofstetter.
5 The Dance Movement
Authors: Grave Floyd , Grave Margaret 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe quartets invariably include an interior minuet-trio complex (each of the ten early, five-movement cycles has two). Whereas a moderate, beat-marking pace prevails among earlier quartets, a trend toward increasingly fast tempos can be discerned, along with the tendency toward a measure- rather than beat-oriented rhythmic impulse. Among the movements' binary and rounded binary forms, internal proportions as well as thematic and tonal correspondences are varied, and there are examples of a vastly extended second part. Throughout the repertory, adherence to conventional practices serves as a backdrop for novelties of rhythm, texture, thematic process, and relationship between minuet and trio. In a small but distinctive group of dance movements, an open-ended trio connects to the return of the minuet proper without a break.
14 Op. 64 (1790)
Authors: Grave Floyd , Grave Margaret 
Published: May 2008

AbstractJohann Tost evidently negotiated the sale of Op. 64 to publishers in Paris (Sieber) and Vienna (Kozeluch's Magazin de Musique). The prevailing style, less extroverted than Op. 54/55, seems naturally suited to private use. Although similar to Op. 50 in the accent on ensemble interaction, this set is more tuneful (the first movement of the “Lark” quartet, Op.64/5, excels in this respect). Sonata-form movements exhibit formal novelty, especially in their peculiar recapitulations, which variously exhibit supplementary recurrences of primary themes or the omission of certain secondary and closing material. The slow movements' emphasis on variation — suggestive of reflection and decoration — points to a renewed commitment to an authentic chamber style. Suggestions of folk dance are prominent in the dance movements, and the finales invoke the spirit of opera buffa owing to their rhythmic propulsion, bantering exchange, stealthy entries and exits, and comical end-games.
15 Op. 71/74 ([?1792‐] 1793)
Authors: Grave Floyd , Grave Margaret 
Published: May 2008

AbstractDedicated to Count Apponyi and initially reserved for his private use, Op. 71/74 was eventually published by Corri, Dussek & Co. in London, and Artaria in Vienna. Conceived following the success of the London symphonies Nos. 93-98, they display sound-images that evoke the concert hall and were seemingly designed with public performance in mind. Distinctive traits include introductory “noise-killing” events, declamatory unisons, multiple-stopped chords, brilliant passagework, clear structural demarcations, and vivid contrasts in dynamics, texture, register, and harmony. Notwithstanding such features, which put the medium itself on display, these quartets stand as superlative examples of Haydn's string-quartet idiom, complete with decorative figuration, intricate motivic development, conversational dialogue, and thematic textures in which all instruments participate as equals.
Empires and Boundaries
Authors: King Charles 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Russian imperial expansion into the Caucasus began in earnest at the end of the eighteenth century, when Catherine the Great moved to take portions of eastern Georgia under Russian protection. From that period, Russia sought to become a Caucasus power and unseat the array of local khans and kings that had previously controlled the lowlands and highlands. New borders grew up in the region, but those borders were often murky. People moved freely across the boundaries separating ethnic and religious groups, through trade, slavery, and conversion.
The Imaginary Caucasus
Authors: King Charles 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
As the Caucasus was being conquered by the Russian empire, images of the Caucasus as a place were being consolidated in the imagination of both Russians and westerners. The poetry and prose of Alexander Pushkin, Mikhail Lermontov, and Leo Tolstoy painted vivid portraits of Russia's southern borderland. Travel and tourism brought new visitors, including European mountaineering enthusiasts such as Douglas Freshfield, who made the first recorded ascents of many of the region's peaks. Even in European erotica, the Caucasus and its peoples were portrayed as intriguingly vestigial versions of humanity, as wild and untamed as the landscape the inhabited.
Memory and Commemoration
Authors: Vromen Suzanne 
Published: May 2008

AbstractIn the decades after the war Jews as genocide victims were not commemorated for they did not fit into a national heroic narrative. In the aftermath of the Eichmann trial in 1961 the Jewish genocide began to be memorialized. The concept of “the hidden child” emerged following the First International Gathering of Children Hidden during World War II held in New York City in 1991. Hidden children organized, constructed collective memories, and acquired a standing and public voice. Some realized that their rescuers had not been recognized. This leads to an analysis of Yad Vashem, the institution set up to memorialize all aspects of the Holocaust and to honor the Righteous Among the Nations, the non‐Jews who risked their lives to rescue Jews. Contemporary concerns with the nature of collective memory frame the aesthetic, social, and political aspects of honoring the Righteous. The commemorative trajectories of Righteous priests and nuns are then compared, and the later recognition of nuns highlighted. The final issue is why the Church did not commemorate the postwar rescue of Jewish children. The chapter focuses on the tensions arising when some Catholic authorities prevented the return of baptized Jewish orphans to their former Jewish identity. The refusal to return the orphaned children was a double annihilation. The commemoration of Father Joseph André and Father Bruno Reynders, who set up their own resistance networks and saved both Jewish adults and children, is discussed as an example of how memory can be universalized. Commemoration can also favor armed resistance over civil resistance and be gendered: a recent plaque, memorializing the Armed Partisans' feat of snatching from a convent and leading to safety a group of girls threatened by deportation, omits mention of Mother Superior Sister Marie‐Aurélie, whose negotiating skills enabled the rescue.
3 Events Are What We Make of Them
Authors: Schwartz Robert 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter begins with a discussion of the notion of an event. It argues that various ideas associated with the object/event distinction are not on firm ground, and considers the claim that events (as opposed to objects) are changes. It concludes that the universe does not come parceled into events, and the events individuated do not arrive with “natural” boundaries among their parts that simply await inspection, perception, recognition, and description. Thus, both events themselves and the theoretically significant concepts of “event” and “event perception” — which hope to go beyond loose, unreflective, everyday talk — also require construction.
22 The Human Prefrontal Cortex Stores Structured Event Complexes
Authors: Krueger Frank , Grafman Jordan 
Published: May 2008

AbstractEvent sequence knowledge is necessary for learning, planning, and performing activities of daily living. Clinical observations suggest that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is crucial for goal-directed behavior such as carrying out plans, controlling a course of actions, or organizing everyday life routines. This chapter proposes a “representational” approach to PFC function, which assumes that the PFC (a) stores long-term memories of goal-oriented event sequence knowledge and (b) seeks to establish the format and categories according to which such information is stored. It argues that the human PFC stores a unique type of knowledge in the form of structured event complexes (SECs). SECs are representations composed of higher-order goal-oriented sequences of events that are involved in the planning and monitoring of complex behavior.
The Mencius-Xunzi Debate in Early Confucian Ethics
Authors: Stalnaker Aaron 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter outlines the disagreement between Mencius and Xunzi and the deeper ethical issues these thinkers confront under this organizing principle, as they help articulate some of the most powerful and influential visions of personal formation ever produced. The essay closes with a discussion of how Mencian and Xunzian material lends itself especially well to teaching courses on Chinese or Confucian thought, East Asian culture and society, religious ethics, philosophical ethics, and virtue ethics.
Understanding the Ethical Universe of Neo-Confucianism
Authors: Foster Robert W. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractNeo‐Confucianism was the predominant intellectual movement within China from the twelfth through seventeenth centuries. It insisted on the ultimate reality of this world and the ultimate importance of individual development within a social context. Drawing on renewed interest in classical Confucian texts such as the Analects, Mencius, Great Learning, and Centrality and Commonality, Neo‐Confucianism stressed education, morality, and engagement. Neo‐Confucians were intensely interested in developing a worldview that connected human beings with the universe and affirmed that human ethics are themselves natural expressions of universal patterns. By doing so, they underscored the importance of social engagement in a world that was not only ultimately real but also ultimately moral.
Problematizing Contemporary Confucianism in East Asia
Authors: Fung Yiu-ming 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
For contemporary Chinese Confucians as well as their Neo‐Confucian forebears, Confucianism is more than Confucian studies. Rather, they conceive of Confucian teaching as a kind of practical wisdom and transcendental truth that cannot be understood by objective and logical methods but can only be accessed by some kind of intellectual or mystical intuition after completing a series of difficult and serious moral practices. This highlights the essential and incommensurable difference that many of these Confucians see between Chinese and Western thought. Some Confucian leaders argue that “Asian values” are both distinct from and alternative to their Western counterparts in the sense that Asia can have modernization but on terms different from those wrongly labeled as normative in the West. In spite of this, many Chinese Confucians have borrowed ideas from the Western thinkers such as Plato, Kant, and Hegel to reconstruct the ancient teaching of Confucius.
Teaching Confucianism in Christian Contexts
Authors: Berling Judith A. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter frames the pedagogical issues surrounding teaching Confucianism in Christian contexts through the thematic lens of the “challenge of otherness.” Including Confucianism in the enterprise of Christian theological education helps identify numerous points of resonance between Confucian and Christian cultures. Interactions between Christian students from East Asian backgrounds and non‐Asian backgrounds can be enhanced by a shared curricular focus on Confucianism, especially through a collective consideration of whether and how Confucianism is a “religion.” Such “interreligious learning” has two distinct goals: understanding the “other” religion well and accurately and engaging in critical theological reflection on one's own spiritual location.
Why Faculty Find It Difficult to Talk about Religion
Authors: Edwards Jr. Mark U. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This essay describes the historic ideals of Christian higher education, the complex history of church‐related higher education in America, and the diversity of approaches that exist today. Rejecting a simplistic distinction between secular and religious higher education, the Jacobsens discuss the different roles that religious advocacy and religious neutrality can play at schools rooted in different religious traditions. The notion of tradition‐enhanced learning is used to describe the variety of ways that church‐related colleges and universities incorporate religion into their work as educational institutions.
Professing Understanding and Professing Faith: The Midrashic Imperative
Authors: Shulman Lee S. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Shulman argues that the Jewish tradition of midrash—i.e., the conflict of interpretation related to the Hebrew Bible—offers a model of knowledge, learning, and pedagogy that is ever enlarging and celebrative of new possibilities. Rather than proposing definitive answers, the Jewish tradition of learning welcomes ongoing dialogue about the webs of meaning that sustain our lives. These webs of meaning are simultaneously freeing and restrictive, reminding us that the task of teaching and learning is never complete and is necessarily always ongoing.