bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changing to the 2000 Standard Million: Are Declining Racial/Ethnic and Socioeconomic Inequalities in Health Real Progress or Statistical Illusion?
Authors: Krieger Nancy , Williams David R. 
Published: November 2008

Objectives. This study determined the effects of changing from the 1940 to the 2000 standard million on monitoring socioeconomic and racial/ethnic inequalities in health. Methods. Using the 1940, 1970, and 2000 standard million, we calculated and compared age-adjusted rates for selected health outcomes stratified by socioeconomic level. Results. Changing from the 1940 to the 2000 standard million markedly reduced the age-adjusted relative risks for self-reported fair or poor health status of poor Americans compared with high-income Americans. Conclusions. Public health researchers and practitioners should give serious consideration to the implications of the change to the 2000 standard million for monitoring social inequalities in health.
A Conceptual Framework to Measure Performance of the Public Health System
Authors: Handler Arden , Issel Michele , Turnock Bernard 
Published: November 2008

Objectives. This article describes a unifying conceptual framework for the public health system as a way to facilitate the measurement of public health system performance. Methods. A conceptual framework for the public health system was developed on the basis of the work of Donabedian and a conceptual model previously developed by Bernard Turnock and Arden Handler. Results. The conceptual framework consists of 5 components that can be considered in relationship to each other: macro context, mission, structural capacity, processes, and outcomes. Although the availability of measures for each of these components varies, the framework can be used to examine the performance of public health systems as well as that of agencies and programs. Conclusions. A conceptual framework that explicates the relationships among the various components of the public health system is an essential step toward providing a science base for the study of public health system performance.
Accessibility of Primary Care Services in Safety Net Clinics in New York City
Authors: Weiss Eve , Haslanger Kathryn , Cantor Joel C. 
Published: November 2008

Objectives. This study analyzed data from a survey of New York City ambulatory care facilities to determine primary care accessibility for low-income patients, as evidenced by the availability of enabling services, after-hours coverage, and policies for serving the uninsured. Methods. Ambulatory care facilities were surveyed in 1997, and analysis was performed on a set of measures related to access to care. Only sites that provided comprehensive primary care services were included in the analysis. For comparison, sites were classified by sponsorship (public, nonprofit voluntary hospital, federally qualified health center, non-hospital-sponsored community health center). Results. Publicly sponsored sites and federally qualified health center sites showed the strongest performance across nearly all the measures of accessibility that were examined. Conclusions. As safety net clinics confront the financial strain of implementing mandatory Medicaid managed care while also dealing with declining Medicaid caseloads and increasing numbers of uninsured, their ability to sustain the policies and services that support primary care accessibility may be threatened.
The Effect of Primary Care Physician Supply and Income Inequality on Mortality Among Blacks and Whites in US Metropolitan Areas
Authors: Shi Leiyu , Starfield Barbara 
Published: November 2008

Objectives. This study assessed whether income inequality and primary care physician supply have a different effect on mortality among Blacks compared with Whites. Methods. We conducted a multivariate ecologic analysis of 1990 data from 273 US metropolitan areas. Results. Both income inequality and primary care physician supply were significantly associated with White mortality (P < .01). After the inclusion of the socioeconomic status covariates, the effect of income inequality on Black mortality remained significant (P < .01), but the effect of primary care physician supply was no longer significant (P > .10), particularly in areas with high income inequality. Conclusions. Improvement in population health requires addressing socioeconomic determinants of health, including income inequality and primary care availability and access.
Heart Rate as a Predictor of Mortality: The MATISS Project
Authors: Seccareccia Fulvia , Pannozzo Fabio , Dima Francesco , Minoprio Anna , Menditto Antonio , Lo Noce Cinzia , Giampaoli Simona 
Published: November 2008

Objectives. This study sought to verify the independent role of heart rate in the prediction of all-cause, cardiovascular, and noncardiovascular mortality in a low-risk male population. Methods. In an Italian population-based observational study, heart rate was measured in 2533 men, aged 40 to 69 years, between 1984 and 1993. Data on cardiovascular risk factors were collected according to standardized procedures. Vital status was updated to December 1997. Results. Of 2533 men followed up (representing 24 457 person-years), 393 men died. Age-adjusted death rates for 5 heart rate levels showed increasing trends. The adjusted hazard rate ratios for each heart rate increment were 1.52 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.29, 1.78) for all-cause mortality, 1.63 (95% CI = 1.26, 2.10) for cardiovascular mortality, and 1.47 (95% CI = 1.19, 1.80) for noncardiovascular mortality. Relative risks between extreme levels were more than 2-fold for all endpoints considered. Conclusions. Heart rate is an independent predictor of cardiovascular, noncardiovascular, and total mortality in this Italian middle-aged male population.
Prevalence of Genital Chlamydial Infection in Young Women Entering a National Job Training Program, 1990–1997
Authors: Mertz Kristen J. , Ransom Raymond L. , St. Louis Michael E. , Groseclose Samuel L. , Hadgu Alula , Levine William C. , Hayman Charles 
Published: November 2008

Objectives. This analysis describes trends in the prevalence of genital chlamydial infection in economically disadvantaged young women entering a national job training program. Methods. We examined chlamydia test data for May 1990 through June 1997 for women aged 16 to 24 years who enrolled in the program. The significance of trends was evaluated with the χ2 test for trend. Results. Prevalence of chlamydial infection declined 32.9%, from 14.9% in 1990 to 10.0% in 1997 (P < .001). Prevalence decreased significantly in all age groups, racial/ethnic groups, and geographic regions. Conclusions. The decrease in prevalence of chlamydial infection suggests that prevention activities have reached disadvantaged women across the United States; however, prevalence of chlamydial infection remains high, and enhanced prevention efforts in disadvantaged communities are urgently needed.
The Precautionary Principle Also Applies to Public Health Actions
Authors: Goldstein Bernard D. 
Published: November 2008

The precautionary principle asserts that the burden of proof for potentially harmful actions by industry or government rests on the assurance of safety and that when there are threats of serious damage, scientific uncertainty must be resolved in favor of prevention. Yet we in public health are sometimes guilty of not adhering to this principle. Examples of actions with unintended negative consequences include the addition of methyl tert-butyl ether to gasoline in the United States to decrease air pollution, the drilling of tube wells in Bangladesh to avoid surface water microbial contamination, and villagewide parenteral antischistosomiasis therapy in Egypt. Each of these actions had unintended negative consequences. Lessons include the importance of multidisciplinary approaches to public health and the value of risk–benefit analysis, of public health surveillance, and of a functioning tort system—all of which contribute to effective precautionary approaches.
Minority Women and Advocacy for Women's Health
Authors: Kumanyika Shiriki K. , Morssink Christiaan B. , Nestle Marion 
Published: November 2008

US minority health issues involve racial/ethnic disparities that affect both women and men. However, women's health advocacy in the United States does not consistently address problems specific to minority women. The underlying evolution and political strength of the women's health and minority health movements differ profoundly. Women of color comprise only one quarter of women's health movement constituents and are, on average, socioeconomically disadvantaged. Potential alliances may be inhibited by vestiges of historical racial and social divisions that detract from feelings of commonality and mutual support. Nevertheless, insufficient attention to minority women's issues undermines the legitimacy of the women's health movement and may prevent important advances that can be achieved only when diversity is fully considered.
The Short-Term Impact of National Smoke-Free Workplace Legislation on Passive Smoking and Tobacco Use
Authors: Heloma Antero , Jaakkola Maritta S. , Kähkönen Erkki , Reijula Kari 
Published: November 2008

Objectives. This study sought to evaluate the short-term impact of national smoke-free workplace legislation on employee exposure to environmental tobacco smoke at work and on employee smoking habits. Methods. We performed 2 cross-sectional studies in 9 medium-sized and large Finnish workplaces, before and after implementation of national smoke-free workplace legislation. We assessed tobacco smoke exposure via questionnaire and indoor air nicotine measurements. Results. Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke declined considerably after the legislation was implemented. Tobacco consumption among smokers diminished. Nicotine concentrations fell significantly. Conclusions. Legislation was more efficient than voluntary workplace-specific smoking restrictions in reducing passive smoking and cigarette consumption. (Am J Public Health. 2001;91:1416–1418)
Cigarette Smoking Behavior Among US Latino Men and Women From Different Countries of Origin
Authors: Pérez-Stable Eliseo J. , Ramirez Amelie , Villareal Roberto , Talavera Gregory A. , Trapido Edward , Suarez Lucina , Marti José , McAlister Alfred 
Published: November 2008

Objectives. This study sought to compare smoking behavior among Latino men and women from different countries of origin. Methods. A telephone-administered survey was conducted in 8 cities with Latino men and women of different national origin living in census tracts with at least 70% Latino individuals. Results. A total of 8882 participants completed the survey; 53% were women. The average age of respondents was 44 years; 63% were foreign-born, and 59% preferred Spanish for the interview. Current smoking was more prevalent among men (25.0%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 23.7, 26.3) than among women (12.1%, 95% CI = 11.1, 13.0). Smoking rates were not significantly different by national origin among men, but Puerto Rican women had higher rates of smoking than other women. Central American men and women had the lowest smoking rates. Foreign-born respondents were less likely to be smokers (odds ratio [OR] = 0.77, 95% CI = 0.66, 0.90) than US-born respondents, and respondents with 12 years or less of education had an increased odds of smoking (OR = 1.17, 95% CI = 1.01, 1.35). High acculturation was associated with more smoking in women (OR = 1.12, 95% CI = 1.00–1.25) and less smoking in men (OR = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.78–0.95). Puerto Rican and Cuban respondents were more likely to be current smokers and to smoke more than 20 cigarettes per day. Conclusions. Older, US-born, and more-educated respondents were less likely to be current smokers. Respondents of Puerto Rican and Cuban origin were more likely to smoke. Acculturation has divergent effects on smoking behavior by sex.
Changes in Access to Mental Health Care Among the Poor and Nonpoor: Results From the Health Care Reform in Puerto Rico
Authors: Alegría Margarita , McGuire Thomas , Vera Mildred , Canino Glorisa , Matías Leida , Calderón José 
Published: November 2008

Objectives. Health care reforms associated with managed care may adversely affect the health care safety net for disadvantaged populations. This study compared changes in health care use among poor and nonpoor individuals enrolled in managed care. Methods. Data from 3 waves of a random community sample were collected on approximately 3000 adults. Changes in use of mental health services were assessed in a pretest–posttest, quasi-experimental design. Results. Managed care increased use of specialty services among the nonpoor while maintaining the same level of use for the poor in the public sector. Conclusions. Reallocation of mental health services may be a result of expanding Medicaid eligibility.
Cost-Effectiveness of Earlier Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy for Uninsured HIV-Infected Adults
Authors: Schackman Bruce R. , Goldie Sue J. , Weinstein Milton C. , Losina Elena , Zhang Hong , Freedberg Kenneth A. 
Published: November 2008

Objectives. This study was designed to examine the societal cost-effectiveness and the impact on government payers of earlier initiation of antiretroviral therapy for uninsured HIV-infected adults. Methods. A state-transition simulation model of HIV disease was used. Data were derived from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study, published randomized trials, and medical care cost estimates for all government payers and for Massachusetts, New York, and Florida. Results. Quality-adjusted life expectancy increased from 7.64 years with therapy initiated at 200 CD4 cells/μL to 8.21 years with therapy initiated at 500 CD4 cells/μL. Initiating therapy at 500 CD4/μL was a more efficient use of resources than initiating therapy at 200 CD4/μL and had an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $17 300 per quality-adjusted life-year gained, compared with no therapy. Costs to state payers in the first 5 years ranged from $5500 to $24 900 because of differences among the states in the availability of federal funds for AIDS drug assistance programs. Conclusions. Antiretroviral therapy initiated at 500 CD4 cells/μL is cost-effective from a societal perspective compared with therapy initiated later. States should consider Medicaid waivers to expand access to early therapy.
Differential HIV Risk in Bathhouses and Public Cruising Areas
Authors: Binson Diane , Woods William J. , Pollack Lance , Paul Jay , Stall Ron , Catania Joseph A. 
Published: November 2008

Objectives. This report investigates differences in risk behaviors among men who have sex with men (MSM) who went to gay bathhouses, public cruising areas, or both. Methods. We used a probability sample of MSM residing in 4 US cities (n = 2881). Results. Men who used party drugs and had unprotected anal intercourse with nonprimary partners were more likely to go to sex venues than men who did not. Among attendees, MSM who went to public cruising areas only were least likely, and those who went to both public cruising areas and bathhouses were most likely to report risky sex in public settings. Conclusions. Distinguishing between sex venues previously treated as a single construct revealed a significant association between pattern of venue use and sexual risk. Targeting HIV prevention in the bathhouses would reach the segment of men at greatest risk for HIV transmission.
Neighborhood Poverty and the Resurgence of Tuberculosis in New York City, 1984–1992
Authors: Barr R. Graham , Diez-Roux Ana V. , Knirsch Charles A. , Pablos-Méndez Ariel 
Published: November 2008

Objectives. The resurgence of tuberculosis (TB) in New York City has been attributed to AIDS and immigration; however, the role of poverty in the epidemic is unclear. We assessed the relation between neighborhood poverty and TB at the height of the epidemic and longitudinally from 1984 through 1992. Methods. Census block groups were used as proxies for neighborhoods. For each neighborhood, we calculated TB and AIDS incidence in 1984 and 1992 with data from the Bureaus of Tuberculosis Control and AIDS Surveillance and obtained poverty rates from the census. Results. For 1992, 3343 TB cases were mapped to 5482 neighborhoods, yielding a mean incidence of 46.5 per 100 000. Neighborhood poverty was associated with TB (relative risk = 1.33; 95% confidence interval = 1.30, 1.36 per 10% increase in poverty). This association persisted after adjustment for AIDS, proportion foreign-born, and race/ethnicity. Neighborhoods with declining income from 1980 to 1990 had larger increases in TB incidence than did neighborhoods with increasing income. Conclusions. Leading up to and at the height of the TB epidemic in New York City, neighborhood poverty was strongly associated with TB incidence. Public health interventions should target impoverished areas.
Registry-Driven, Community-Based Immunization Outreach: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Wilcox Sarah A. , Koepke Christopher P. , Levenson Robert , Thalheimer Judith C. 
Published: November 2008

Objectives. This study evaluated the effectiveness of registry-driven, community-based outreach directed toward children with immunization delays. Methods. A sample of 1856 children aged 6 to 10 months was randomly assigned to receive either outreach or no intervention. Results. Children in the outreach group were more likely to receive an immunization during the observation period than children in the control group (61% vs 43%). Outreach was most effective for children with multiple risks, as measured by their immunization record; it was not effective for children whose mothers had received inadequate prenatal care. Conclusions. Registry-driven outreach can effectively identify high-risk children and bring them to care.
Oesophageal obstruction in an aged pony associated with squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Booth T. M. , Marmion W. J. , Cullimore A. M. , Finnie J. W. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryAn aged miniature pony was referred for chronic recurrent oesophageal obstruction. Endoscopic examination demonstrated distal oesophageal constriction and radiography confirmed an irregular soft tissue mass in the region of the distal intrathoracic oesophagus. The pony was subjected to euthanasia and post mortem examination confirmed squamous cell carcinoma of the distal oesophagus and stomach. Oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma is a rare condition in horses, but should be considered as a differential diagnosis in cases of chronic recurrent obstruction, particularly in older horses.
Breeding the mare with frozen semen
Authors: Dascanio J. J. , Kasimanickam R. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryBreeding with frozen semen has become more commonplace. For a successful outcome, it is important to select fertile mares and to use quality frozen semen. The method/timing of insemination will be determined primarily by the number of semen doses available per cycle. Direct insemination of semen straws is preferred as this technique results in less loss of spermatozoa in insemination equipment. Ovulatory agents are crucial to help with timing of ovulation with respect to insemination. A post breeding examination should be performed to confirm ovulation and to examine the mare for possible complications such as post mating induced endometritis. With attention to details, frozen semen can be used with very good results.
Desmectomy of a septic accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon in the hindlimb of a horse under standing sedation
Authors: Lamas L. P. , Henson F. M. D. , Kidd J. A. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryA horse presented with a discharging wound over the proximal aspect of the right metatarsal region. Examination, radiography and ultrasonography diagnosed a septic process within the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon (ALDDFT). Due to previous unsuccessful treatment with systemic antibiotics as well as financial restrictions, an ALDDFT desmectomy was performed with the patient under standing sedation and local analgesia. Histopathology confirmed the septic process within the affected structure. The patient made a rapid recovery and was discharged from the hospital 7 days post operatively and 2 years later was still in full work. This report describes the first case of infective hindlimb ALDDFT and the first desmectomy of this structure performed under standing sedation.
Katalytische Carbonyladdition durch Transferhydrierung: weg von vorab gebildeten Organometallreagentien
Authors: Bower John F. , Kim In Su , Patman Ryan L. , Krische Michael J. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractDie klassischen Verfahren der Carbonylallylierung, ‐propargylierung und ‐vinylierung setzen auf die Verwendung von vorab gebildeten Allylmetall‐, Allenylmetall‐ bzw. Vinylmetallreagentien, was die Bildung stöchiometrischer Mengen an metallischen Nebenprodukten bedingt. Durch transferhydrierende C‐C‐Kupplung gelingt es jedoch, Carbonyladditionen auch ohne stöchiometrische Organometallreagentien oder metallische Reduktionsmittel auszuführen, wobei von einem Aldehyd oder Alkohol ausgegangen wird. In diesem Kurzaufsatz geben wir einen Überblick über Transferhydrierungsmethoden für die Carbonyladdition. Es handelt sich nebenbei um die ersten katalytischen Methoden, die eine direkte C‐H‐Funktionalisierung von Alkoholen ermöglichen.
A Spin‐Crossover Cluster of Iron(II) Exhibiting a Mixed‐Spin Structure and Synergy between Spin Transition and Magnetic Interaction
Authors: Wu Da‐Yu , Sato Osamu , Einaga Yasuaki , Duan Chun‐Ying 
Published: November 2008

AbstractEin selbstorganisiertes FeII4‐Quadrat zeigt sowohl einen thermischen als auch einen lichtinduzierten Übergang zwischen einem Zustand mit vier High‐Spin(HS)‐Zentren und einem Zustand mit je zwei benachbarten High‐Spin‐ und Low‐Spin(LS)‐Zentren. Der Spinübergang ist mit den magnetischen Wechselwirkungen gekoppelt (siehe Bild).magnified image
Synthesis of Functional Polymers by Post‐Polymerization Modification
Authors: Gauthier Marc A. , Gibson Matthew I. , Klok Harm‐Anton 
Published: November 2008

AbstractPost‐polymerization modification is based on the direct polymerization or copolymerization of monomers bearing chemoselective handles that are inert towards the polymerization conditions but can be quantitatively converted in a subsequent step into a broad range of other functional groups. The success of this method is based on the excellent conversions achievable under mild conditions, the excellent functional‐group tolerance, and the orthogonality of the post‐polymerization modification reactions. This Review surveys different classes of reactive polymer precursors bearing chemoselective handles and discusses issues related to the preparation of these reactive polymers by direct polymerization of appropriately functionalized monomers as well as the post‐polymerization modification of these precursors into functional polymers.
Catalytic Carbonyl Addition through Transfer Hydrogenation: A Departure from Preformed Organometallic Reagents
Authors: Bower John F. , Kim In Su , Patman Ryan L. , Krische Michael J. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractClassical protocols for carbonyl allylation, propargylation and vinylation typically rely upon the use of preformed allyl metal, allenyl metal and vinyl metal reagents, respectively, mandating stoichiometric generation of metallic byproducts. Through transfer hydrogenative CC coupling, however, carbonyl addition may be achieved from the aldehyde or alcohol oxidation level in the absence of stoichiometric organometallic reagents or metallic reductants. Here, we review transfer hydrogenative methods for carbonyl addition, which encompass the first catalytic protocols enabling direct CH functionalization of alcohols.