bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparing the Impact of Oral Disease in Two Populations of Older Adults: Application of the Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index
Authors: Kressin Nancy R. , Atchison Kathryn A. , Miller Donald R. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract Objectives: This study compares the distributional and psychometric properties of the Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI) in two samples of older adults, and examines how the self‐perceived impact of oral disease, as measured by the GOHAI, varies in accordance with sample sociodemographic and health characteristics. Methods: Results are based on survey data from two samples of older men: a Medicare sample of patients using community physicians (n=799; mean age=74) and users of VA ambulatory health care (n=542; mean age=72). Results: The findings indicated significant differences between samples in mean GOHAI scores, with the VA sample exhibiting worse scores. A number of similarities in psychometric properties of the instrument across the two samples were found: high internal consistency reliability and similar inter‐item and item‐scale correlations. Factor analyses revealed somewhat different structures between the two samples, but explained similar amounts of variance; regression analyses indicated that income and self‐rated oral health were significant predictors of GOHAI scores in both samples. Conclusions: The GOHAI exhibits satisfactory psychometric properties in both samples and is sensitive to sociodemographic differences among and between two samples of older men. Results suggest continued use of the GOHAI as an indicator of the impact of oral conditions on functioning and well‐being in a variety of samples.
Evaluation and Use of an Index of Oral Health Status
Authors: Lang W. Paul , Borgnakke Wenche S. , Taylor George W. , Woolfolk Marilyn W. , Ronis David L. , Nyquist Linda V. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract Objectives: The goals of this investigation were (1) to evaluate the Oral Health Status Index in relation to demographic characteristics, socioeconomic status, and preventive behaviors of an adult population; and (2) to understand how individual index components performed as indicators of oral health status compared to the composite index. Methods: The Oral Health Status Index (OHSI) was used on a probability sample of adults, aged 18–93 years, living in the Detroit tricounty area. Data were collected on 509 subjects via in‐home dental examinations. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to compare the OHSI and its components, including decayed, missing, and replaced teeth, free ends, and moderate and severe periodontal disease measures. Results: The mean OHSI score for subjects was 77.3 (se=1.83) with a range of ‐8.0 to 100.0. In regression analyses, OHSI scores were positively correlated with subjects' education level, self‐rated oral health scores, and frequency of dental checkups and negatively correlated with age, nonwhite race, and smoking. Of the index components, missing teeth performed well as an indicator of oral health status. Missing teeth were positively correlated with age, nonwhite race, and smoking and negatively correlated with education level, self‐rated oral health, and use of Medicaid. About 53 percent of variance in OHSI scores was explained by the multivariate models, compared to 46 percent for missing teeth. Conclusions: Choosing an indicator of oral health status likely will depend upon the characteristics of the population to be studied. As a composite measure of oral health status, the OHSI performed acceptably; however, missing teeth, an index component, also worked well. Continued evaluation of the OHSI is warranted.
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and Oral Health: Assessment of Tooth Loss and Edentulism
Authors: Moore Paul A. , Weyant Robert J. , Mongelluzzo Mary Beth , Myers Daniel E. , Rossie Karen , Guggenheimer James , Hubar Heidi , Block Harvey M. , Orchard Trevor 
Published: April 2007

Abstract Objective: The oral health of an adult population previously diagnosed with juvenile onset insulin dependent‐diabetes was comprehensively assessed. The goal of this exploratory cross‐sectional evaluation was to describe the characteristics related to partial tooth loss and edentulism in subjects with Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Methods: An adult population of 406 Type 1 diabetes mellitus subjects, who had been monitored for 6–8 years as part of a University of Pittsburgh longitudinal study of medical complications associated with diabetes, received an oral health examination for missing teeth, edentulism, coronal and root caries, periodontal status, and oral health behaviors. Results: Of the 406 subjects evaluated, 204 had no missing teeth, 186 had partial tooth loss (1–27 missing teeth), and 16 were edentulous. Patients who had partial tooth loss or who were edentulous were generally older; had lower incomes and levels of education; and had higher rates of nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy, and peripheral vascular disease. A logistic regression model found partial tooth loss to be significantly associated with extensive periodontal disease in remaining teeth (OR=7.35), a duration of diabetes longer than 24 years (OR=5.32), not using dental floss (OR=2.37), diabetic neuropathy (OR=2.29), household income less than $20,000 (OR=2.21), multiple coronal caries and fillings (OR=1.98), and bleeding on probing (OR=1.82). Conclusion: Although the majority of these adult Type 1 diabetes patients had serious medical complications associated with their diabetes, the possible impact of diabetes mellitus on oral health should be included in their overall management.
Economic Evaluation of a Pit and Fissure Dental Sealant and Fluoride Mouthrinsing Program in Two Nonfluoridated Regions of Victoria, Australia
Authors: Morgan Mike V. , Crowley Steven J. , Wright Clive 
Published: April 2007

Abstract Objectives: This study assessed the cost effectiveness of a three‐year school‐based pit and fissure dental sealant and fluoride mouthrinsing program in two nonfluoridated regions in Victoria, Australia. Methods: The analysis was based on a community intervention in five schools comparing an intervention group receiving the pit and fissure dental sealant, a weekly fluoride mouthrinsing, and an annual oral hygiene education session, with a control group receiving oral hygiene education only. The study measured mean differences in DMFS increments between study groups. Results: The mean discounted DMFS difference in increment (DMFS avoided) between study groups was 1.22 DMFS over three years. The incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio comparing intervention to control group varied between a net savings of $7.00 to a cost of $35.60 per DMFS avoided, depending on assumptions used in the analysis. Results were sensitive to assumptions on program effectiveness, dental examination rates, and baseline DMFS of students. The program became more cost effective with each successive year of the program. Conclusion: The introduction of such a preventive program in nonfluoridated regions of Victoria will represent an efficient use of community resources. Policy issues that need consideration include whether to target areas where adolescents have a history of high dental disease experience, and whether dentists or auxiliaries are used as service providers. The need exists for a systematic evaluation (including an economic evaluation component) of dental prevention and treatment programs in Australia.
Dental Caries and Dental Fluorosis Among Schoolchildren Who Were Lifelong Residents of Communities Having Either Low or Optimal Levels of Fluoride in Drinking Water
Authors: Selwitz Robert H. , Nowjack‐Raymer Ruth E. , Kingman Albert , Driscoll William S. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract Objective: This paper reports findings for dental caries and dental fluorosis in 8–10‐ and 13–16‐year‐old schoolchildren who were lifelong residents of communities having either naturally occurring low (Broken Bow and Holdrege, NE; <0.3 ppm) or optimal (Kewanee, IL; 1 ppm) levels of fluoride in drinking water. Methods: Findings are reported for participants who received both dental caries and dental fluorosis examinations (n=495). The DMFS and TSIF indices, respectively, were used to assess dental caries and dental fluorosis. Results: The mean DMFS score adjusted for age, sealant presence, and fluoride use was significantly lower in Kewanee (1.8) than was the adjusted mean caries score in either Holdrege (2.9) or Broken Bow (3.6). Adjusted mean DMFS scores in Broken Bow and Holdrege were not statistically different. The mean percent of fluorosed tooth surfaces per person, adjusted for age and use of dietary fluoride supplements, was similar in the three communities (approximately 15%); more than 80 percent of tooth surfaces in all participants were fluorosis‐free. Conclusion: Findings from the present study suggest that water fluoridation still is beneficial and that dental sealants can play a significant role in preventing dental caries. In addition, findings from this survey appear to support the premise that the difference in dental fluorosis prevalence between fluoridated and nonfluoridated communities has narrowed considerably in recent years.
Oral Functional Limitation among Dentate Adults
Authors: Foerster Ulrich , Gilbert Gregg H. , Duncan R. Paul 
Published: April 2007

Abstract Objectives: The purpose of this study was to measure the prevalence of oral functional limitation in adults and to identify clinical and sociodemographic factors associated with that limitation. Methods: The Florida Dental Care Study is a longitudinal study of risk factors for changes in oral health. Subjects (n=873) with at least one tooth who were 45 years old or older participated in a baseline in‐person interview and dental examination. Subjects were queried about oral functional limitations. Results: Twenty‐three percent of subjects reported difficulty chewing one or more foods using a five‐item chewing index, and 10 percent reported difficulty speaking or pronouncing words because of problems with the mouth. The covariates in a multiple logistic regression identified as being significantly associated with chewing difficulty were fewer pairs of occluding anterior teeth, fewer pairs of occluding posterior teeth, more posterior teeth that are root tips, more anterior teeth that are mobile, reporting tooth pain, reporting bad breath, having but not wearing prosthetic appliances, reporting dry mouth, and being female. Having fewer anterior teeth, reporting a sore and/or broken denture, reporting unattractive teeth, and being black were significantly associated with speaking difficulty/difficulty pronouncing words because of problems with the teeth, mouth, or dentures. Conclusion: The findings in this study suggest a significant prevalence of oral functional limitation in dentate adults. Certain clinical and sociodemographic factors were strongly and independently associated with its presence.
Descriptive Models of Restorative Treatment Decisions
Authors: Bader James D. , Shugars Daniel A. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract Objectives: This study developed descriptive models of dentists' restorative treatment decisions for individual teeth. Such models could be useful in personnel planning, in assessing the effects of dental treatment programs, and in furthering understanding of dentists' decision‐making processes. Methods: Logistic regression was used to construct models of the probability of individual teeth receiving a recommendation for restorative treatment. Independent variables for the models were data from epidemiologic oral examinations and self‐administered questionnaires of subjects who were seeking treatment at a dental school. Data for the dependent variable, the probability of treatment, were collected from multiple dentists' treatment plans of these subjects. Separate models were constructed for molar, premolar, and anterior teeth. An assessment of the models' utilities in a different population consisted of comparing the treatment probabilities estimated by the models with those actually experienced by a community sample of 317 individuals who visited dentists in the 18 months following our examination. Results: Constructed models for molar, premolar, and anterior teeth returned kappa values of 0.60, 0.62, and 0.65, respectively, for the original data set. The models were less accurate in identifying which teeth received treatment among subjects in the community sample, with kappas of 0.10, 0.18, and 0.20, respectively. Conclusion: Models of dentists' restorative treatment decision making based on clinical and nonclinical data can determine the probability of treatment for individual teeth with reasonable accuracy. Hence, the approach holds promise for developing measures of normative treatment need. However, the models are not accurate predictors of dichotomous decisions by individual dentists regarding treatment interventions. Both differences in the subject samples used to develop and assess the models and individual dentist idiosyncrasies may contribute to this inaccuracy.
Colonization of Mutans Streptococci in 8‐ to 15‐month‐old Children
Authors: Karn Thomas A. , O'Sullivan David M. , Tinanoff Norman 
Published: April 2007

Abstract Objective: The age at which a child becomes colonized with mutans streptococci (MS) is important for understanding early childhood caries. The aim of this study was to explore the relationship of age with MS colonization in infants. Methods: Inner‐city children (n=149) between the ages of 8 months and 15 months, inclusive, who reportedly were still using a baby bottle, were sampled for MS. Results: Evidence of MS colonization was seen as early at 10 months of age. For children 12 months old or younger (n=80), 25 percent had detectable levels of MS; in the 15‐month age group, 60 percent were colonized. Conclusion: This study suggests that prevention of MS colonization in some populations may need to be initiated prior to the child's first birthday.
Can Questionnaires Replace Clinical Surveys to Assess Dental Treatment Needs of Adults?
Authors: Robinson Peter G. , Nadanovsky Paulo , Sheiham Aubrey 
Published: April 2007

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to ascertain whether questionnaires can be used to replace clinical surveys by comparing normative and perceived caries status and treatment needs in a sample of adults living in East London, UK. Methods: A cross‐sectional study was conducted in two stages: a structured interview inquired about perceived dental caries status and treatment needs, and dental examinations were performed to determine oral health status and normative treatment needs. Perceived and normative assessments were compared for overall proportions, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV), using the dental examination as a gold standard. Results: Of 139 people examined, 122 were dentate. The PPVs for perceived caries and treatment need were 0.58 and 0.67, respectively. Overall agreement was 65.4 percent for the presence of caries and 64.7 percent for the presence of treatment need. However, no net error was found between the proportions of participants with decay, and a small net error (7.4%) was found between perceived and normative treatment need. Conclusion: Self‐assessment is not useful to assess individual dental treatment need, but is of possible value in assessing the needs of adult communities.
Clinical Sealant Retention Following Two Different Tooth‐cleaning Techniques
Authors: Gillcrist James A. , Vaughan Michelle P. , Plumlee George N. , Wade George 
Published: April 2007

Abstract Objectives: This study compared the effectiveness of two different tooth‐cleaning techniques on clinical sealant retention. Methods: Seventy‐four children in second and third grades at an elementary school in the rural town of Waverly, Tennessee, had sealants applied to four, noncarious, fully erupted, first permanent molar teeth. The teeth had been cleaned using a brush attached to a rotary instrument with fluoridated prophy paste, versus a toothbrush without paste (dry brushing). A split‐mouth design was used, whereby one side (upper and lower) of the mouth was subject to one tooth‐cleaning technique while the opposite side received the other technique. Results: Twelve months after a single application of pit and fissure sealant, 63 children were available for recall. Exactly 252 teeth were examined and overall retention was high, with approximately 98 percent of sealants retained. Although the greatest loss of sealant occurred with the rotary instrument technique, the difference in proportions of missing sealant between techniques was not statistically significant. Conclusion: In this study, the tooth‐cleaning technique of dry brushing with a toothbrush as a preparatory step in the sealant procedure yielded high clinical sealant retention at 12 months. This retention was comparable to that observed with rotary instrumentation. This finding suggests that dry brushing by the operator may be an acceptable alternative to using a rotary instrument with brush and paste.
Fluoride Varnish: a Useful New Tool for Public Health Dentistry
Authors: Bawden James W. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSince first shown to be effective by Bibby in 1942, professionally applied topical fluorides have been used successfully as a caries‐preventive intervention. In the United States, the acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) gels have been the most widely used agent for over two decades. While effective, APF has several practical disadvantages, including unpleasant taste and the risk of fluoride overingestion. The use of APF on infants and very young children is not practical or safe. Recently, flloride varnish has become available in the United States. It has been used widely in Europe and Scandinavia for 25 years. Its effectiveness and safety are documented in over 50 clinical trials. Fluoride varnish is easy to apply, is well accepted by children, and eliminates the risk of overingestion of fluoride. Fluoride varnish is approved by the FDA as a “device” and must be used “off label” for the prevention of caries. Because of the large body of published data documenting its effectiveness and safety, there is no legal risk in using fluoride varnish off label. In fact, the American Dental Association has granted its seal of approval to Duraphat®, one of the varnish products. Varnish offers considerable advantages in the dental public health setting. Of particular note, it is practical and safe to apply to the teeth of infants and very young children.
Incidence of Orofacial Injuries in High School Sports
Authors: Kvittem Brent , Hardie Nancy A. , Roettger Mark , Conry John 
Published: April 2007

Abstract Objectives: This study determined the incidence of orofacial injuries in athletes attending seven neighboring Minnesota high schools who participated in varsity soccer, wrestling, and basketball during the 1996–97 academic year. Methods: Incidence was determined through athletes' written surveys and athletic trainer records. Results: Survey response rates ranged from 86.3 percent to 94.0 percent among schools for all sports. The incidence rate of at least one orofacial injury per athlete in a season was 27.6 percent (SD=20.2) in soccer, 72.3 percent (SD=9.3) in wrestling, and 55.4 percent (SD=23.9) in basketball. Ten percent of athletes sustained dental injuries. Fixed orthodontic appliances posed a higher risk for sustaining an injury in all sports. The games‐to‐practices ratios for injuries were 6.8 (soccer), 1.2 (wrestling), and 1.8 (basketball). Half of the athletes believed mouthguards prevent injuries; however, only 6 percent of the athletes reported mouthguard use. Athletic trainers reported eight orofacial injuries. Conclusion: The substantial rate of orofacial injuries among high school athletes participating in soccer, wrestling, and basketball needs to be minimized. Dentists should ask their adolescent patients routinely about sports participation. Policies should be developed to require school officials to report orofacial injuries, to inform athletes of their risk for orofacial injuries, and to consider mandated mouthguard use for these athletes.
Vibration of Pre-stressed Laminated Sandwich Plates With Interlaminar
Imperfections
Authors: Chakrabarti Anupam , Topdar Pijush , Hamid Sheikh Abdul 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
The vibration characteristics of laminated sandwich plates subjected to in-plane forces is studied taking imperfections at the layer interfaces. The plate problem, which is unattended so far, is modeled by a refined plate theory where the transverse shear stress has parabolic through thickness variation with continuity at the layer interfaces and it becomes zero at the plate top and bottom surfaces. The interfacial imperfection is represented by a linear spring layer model. Based on these a new triangular element is developed where proper attention has been paid on the inter-elemental continuity requirement posed by the plate theory.
Synthesis of Room Responses Using the Virtual Source Representation and the Comb-Nested Allpass Filters
Authors: Bai Mingsian R. , Ou Kwuen-Yieng 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
An artificial reverberator is proposed in this paper to synthesize room responses. The method employs the virtual source representation and the comb-nested allpass filters to generate the early reflection and late reverberation, respectively, of room responses. The virtual source method is based on a simple representation of sound field with a distribution of discrete simple sources on the boundary. The complex strengths of the virtual sources are then calculated by solving a frequency domain least-square problem. Parameters such as room geometry, size, and wall absorption are naturally incorporated into the synthesis process. The filtering property of human hearing is also exploited in a nonuniform sampling procedure to further simplify the computation. Apart from the early reflection, a comb-allpass filter network is adopted to simulate late reverberations. Optimal parameters of the comb-allpass filter network are obtained using the genetic algorithm (GA). The energy decay curve (EDC) is chosen as the objective function in the GA procedure. Numerical simulations are carried out for a rectangular room and a concert hall model to verify the proposed technique. Subjective listening experiments demonstrate that the present technique is capable of conferring remarkable realism of room responses.
Accurate TDDB Lifetime Prediction of High-k Stacked Gate Dielectrics <br> with Regarding High Density Initial Traps
Authors: Okada Kenji , Ota Hiroyuki , Nabatame Toshihide , Toriumi Akira 
Published: April 2007

Essentials required for the accurate TDDB lifetime (TBD) prediction of high-k stacked gate dielectrics are discussed.	For this purpose, thorough understanding of the time dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB) mechanism is indispensable, along with clarifying its stress gate voltage (VG) dependence. As for the TDDB mechanism, we propose the Generated Subordinate Carrier Injection (GSCI) model, which presumes that the degradation is dominated by the injected subordinate carriers (IDC). Because of the coexistence of the current component which does not contribute to the breakdown such as the trap-assisted current, the decomposition of the subordinate carrier current to each component is needed. On the other hand, to obtain the stress VGdependence of TBD, we point out the universal relationship between the voltage acceleration factor of TBD and the stress VG. It is demonstrated that the accurate lifetime prediction can be realized on the basis of the GSCI model combined with this universality.