bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Veränderungen von Dreischicht‐Tonmineralen durch natives K in holozänen Lößböden Mitteldeutschlands und Niederbayerns
Authors: Niederbudde E. A. 
Published: February 2007

Changes of three‐layer clay minerals by native K in holocene loess derived soils of Central Germany and Lower Bavaria.Transformations of the clay minerals illite, vermiculite and smectite were determined in Central German (31 profiles) and Lower Bavarian loess districts (5 profiles) using 31–36 soil properties. To get significant differences between solum and sediment, the multivariate diskriminant analysis was applied.In the Central German loess district the following properties were crucial, to receive significant separation between solum‐horizons and sediments: smectite content, several values of potassium fixation, interlattice potassium. Important were also some parameter of the K‐Ca‐exchange curve: Activity ratio \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \left({\frac{{{\rm aK}}}{{\sqrt {{\rm aCa}}}}} \right) $\end{document} of a soil solution in equilibrium with a soil (ARo), buffering capacity of the soil for K at equilibrium (BCKE), labile K(K1), exchange capacity of the exchange sites with a specific affinity for K minus labile K(ECx—K1). The differences of these values can be explained by assuming that (at pH 6–7) the beidellitic layers of smectites of the parent loess were transformed to illitic layers in the solum‐horizons.In the Lower Bavarian loess landscape potassium fixation, total K in clay fraction (< 2 μm) and the parameters of the K‐Ca‐exchange curve indicate the same clay mineral transformation as in Central Germany. Smectite values were not introduced to the diskriminant function, because they were highly significantly correlated with potassium fixation. In this case potassium fixation has caused a better separation between the solum‐horizons and the parent loess than X‐ray data.From these results, from total ‐K of the fraction 2–20μm (solum‐horizons smaller than sediments) and the vermiculite content fo the clay fraction, it can be concluded, that the rate of potassium release from micas and the rate of potassium fixation by beidellitic sheets during the Holocene period were nearly equal.
Chrom und Quecksilber in einem seit 80 Jahren mit städtischem Abwasser berieselten Boden
Authors: El‐Bassam N. , Poelstra P. , Frissel M. J. 
Published: February 2007

Chromium and mercury in a soil after 80 years of treatment with urban sewage water.A soil (tab. 1) which is since 80 years under irrigation with sewage water contains 112 ppm Cr and 1.5 ppm Hg (Fig. 1). The sewage water presently contains 0.07 ppm chromium and 0.002 ppm mercury. In order to study the migration and leaching of chromium in the soil experiments were carried out with 51Cr as CrO42‐ under aerobic and 51Cr als Cr3+ under anaerobic conditions in undisturbed soil columns. In all cases chromium was adsorbed in the layer 0–5 cm (Fig. 2 and 3). Similar experiments with 203Hg as HgCl2 (Fig. 4) showed that mercury ist adsorbed near the surface. These experiments confirmed our results of ground water analyses, neither chromium nor mercury contaminated the ground water.
Die Aufnahme und Verlagerung des Phosphorsäurediäthylesters im Vergleich zum Orthophosphat
Authors: Allam N. 
Published: February 2007

Uptake and Translocation of Diethyl Phosphoric acid Ester in Comparison to the Orthophosphate..The uptake of the diethyl phosphoric acid ester (DEP) through intact adventive roots of maize plants and its further translocation to the shoots was studied over a wide range of concentrations (0.001–50.0 mM P/L) in comparison to the orthophosphate (MP). The effect of the relative humidity (r.h.) and the metabolic inhibitor Na N3 on both processes, uptake and translocation, was also investigated.At low concentrations the plants tended to retain a greater part of the MP intaked in the absorbing roots. Depression of the transpiration streaming influenced relatively the phosphate translocation to the shoots. The higher the MP‐outside‐concentration was, the greater the effect of the transpiration streaming was on its translocation. Treatment with 10‐4 MNaN3 inhibited MP‐accumulation but not its translocation from the treated roots.The results showed that passive processes are mainly responsible for the DEP‐uptake and translocation by the maize plants. Both processes were dependent to a great extent on the transpiration streaming.The r.h. affected the translocation patterns of both DEP and MP dissimilarly at low concentration, though, they come close to each other when their outside concentrations were increased.The results are discussed on the basis of the symplasm theory (2) and the dual mechanisms of ion uptake (28).
Halmverkürzungen bei Winter‐ und Sommerroggen durch Ethrel (2‐Chloräthylphosphonsäure)
Authors: Raafat A. , Kühn H. 
Published: February 2007

Reduction of stalk length in winter and summer rye by Ethrel (2‐chloroethylphosphonic acid).In pot experiments with winter and summer rye Ethrel (2‐chloroethylphosphonic acid) considerably reduced stalk length so that a favourable effect on lodging can be expected. The shortening effect strongly depends on the time of application. Grain yield is scarcely affected. The experiments give indication for the optimal concentration and the amount of active substance required.
Erosionsbedingte Stoffverteilung in zwei hopfengenutzten Kleinlandschaften der Hallertau (Bayern)
Authors: Schwertmann U. , Huith M. 
Published: February 2007

Spatial distribution of some elements on two microlandscapes in Bavaria under hop growing as influenced by soil erosion..In order to gain information about lateral soil movement on loess covered slopes the spatial distribution of Cu (applied as fungicide), total P and Corg. were measured in two microlandscapes under continuous hop growing. The depth functions of these elements clearly indicate a strong lateral mass movement before but also mainly after hop growing commenced (25 years ago). Using a geometric series the soil loss at various positions was estimated to range between 1 and 20 mm per year which is in the same range as the depth of colluvium in the depression as seen from the depth functions.
The exchangeable ion effect on the thermal decomposition of Wyoming Bentonite
Authors: Tahoun Salah A. , El‐Sayed Karimat M. 
Published: February 2007

Der Effekt des austauschbaren Ions auf die thermische Zersetzung von Wyoming‐Bentonit..Homoionische Li−, Ca−, Al− und Fe‐Montmorillonite wurden 6h auf Temperaturen zwischen 600 und 1200°C erhitzt. Dabei geht austauschbares Li in vakante Oktaederpositionen des Tonminerals und substituiert anschließend inhomogen Al. Deshalb wurde hier die deutliche Abnahme der Kristallgröße des Li‐Montmorillonits im Gegensatz zum beobachteten Erhitzungseffekt bei den anderen Systemen zur Erklärung herangezogen. Abgesehen vom Cristobalit, der als Hochtemperaturphase in allen Systemen auftrat, entstanden in den unterschiedlichen Systemen verschiedene Phasen. Austauschbares Li, Ca und Fe bildeten Spodumen, Anorthit und Hämatit, wogegen austauschbares Al in die Tonmatrix aufgenommen wurde.
Manganese and Copper Deficiency of Plants as a Characteristic Defect of Lowmoor Peat Soils
Authors: Szalay A. , Sámsoni Z. , Szilágyi M. 
Published: February 2007

Mangan‐ und Kupfermangel der Pflanzen als ein charakteristischer Defekt der Torfböden.In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die wichtigsten Ergebnisse eines ausgedehnten Untersuchungsprogrammes über einige Eigenschaften von Torfböden dargestellt. Diese Untersuchungen wurden durch frühere Laboruntersuchungen mit Radioisotopen eingeleitet, in denen gezeigt werden konnte, daß unlösliche Torf‐Huminsäuren einen hohen Retentionsfaktor (R.F.) für kationische Mikronährstoffe haben.Jetzt vorgelegte umfangreiche Analysendaten von Pflanzen von Torfstandorten beweisen, daß Pflanzen von Torfböden im Vergleich mit guten Mineralböden in bezug auf Mangan und auch auf Kupfer unternährt sind. Eine Düngung der Torfböden mit Mn2+‐ und Cu2+‐Salzen konnte diese Mangelerscheinung nicht beseitigen, da die starke Kationensorption an unlöslichen Huminsäuren die Aufnehmbarkeit verhindert. Eine Blattbesprühung mit Mn2+ und Cu2+ versorgte jedoch die Pflanzen ausreichend und beseitigte die Mangelerscheinungen.Die Bedeutung dieser Beobachtungen für die Nutzbarmachung der riesigen Torfflächen in der nördlichen Hemisphäre wird betont.
Zum Einfluß landwirtschaftlicher und forstlicher Nutzung auf die Wasser‐ und Luftverhältnisse typischer Böden aus Löß Nordwürttembergs
Authors: Blume H. ‐P. , Zimmermann U. 
Published: February 2007

Soil water and air regime under forest and agriculture in loess soils in South‐West Germany.Investigations on loess soils of South‐West Germany showed distinct differences in the water and air regime under forest and agriculture. The water content was higher and the air content lower under cultivation and grassland as compared to forest. These results are caused by less transpiration of agriculture crops on cultivated plots and also by a higher bulk density of this soil due to tillage.
Sodium‐calcium and magnesium exchange equilibria in soils
Authors: Aboulroos Samir A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractNatrium ‐ (Calcium + Magnesium) ‐ Austauschgleichgewichte in Böden.Beckett's approach has been used to describe the Na‐(Ca + Mg) exchange isotherm in twenty soil samples that differed in texture and salinity. The data obtained from the isotherms were compared with the values of exchangeable sodium obtained by ammonium acetate and the concentration ratios (Na/ °Ca+Mg) calculated from the saturation paste extract.The Na‐Q/I relation was always linear for each of the studied soils with no curvature at the lower values of concentration ratio. Values of ‐ Δ Na0 obtained from the isotherms were highly correlated with exchangeable Na (r2 + 0.89). The equilibrium concentration ratios of the isotherms were similar to those obtained from the saturated paste extract in the non‐saline soils, and were much lower in the case of the salt affected soils. The slope of the Na‐Q/I relation appeared to be a soil characteristic not affected by either Na depletion from the soil or Na addition up to 5 me./100 g. soil. The PBCNa values were highly correlated with the C.E.C. values of the soil (r2 + 0.97).
Einfluß der Saugspannung auf den Wasserentzug durch die Wurzeln einer Grasvegetation
Authors: Flühler H. , Richard F. , Thalmann K. , Borer F. 
Published: February 2007

Relations between root water uptake and soil moisture tension.The root water uptake Q expressed as sink term of the continuity equation was computed using exclusivly field measured data of a post‐irrigation water transport study. The experiment was carried out in an undisturbed Loess soil monolith.The soil moisture redistribution influenced by the evapotranspiration of the grass cover and the soil moisture characteristics were measured independently using the identical experimental layout.The data show a clear relationship between the root water uptake Q and the soil moisture tension S. Within the tension range of approx. 0–100 mbar the uptake Q decreases drastically with water desaturation. Within the upper part of the rooting zone this decrease is more pronounced and starts at a lower tension.
Evaluation of various parameters for available phosphorus in alluvial and calcareous soils of Eypt
Authors: Metwally A. I. , Hamdy H. , El‐Baz S. 
Published: February 2007

Bewertung verschiedener Parameter zur Feststellung des pflanzenverfügbaren Phosphats in alluvialen und kalkhaltigen Böden Ägyptens.Mit Hilfe von 32P wurde in Alluvial‐ und Kalkböden die Bewertung unterschiedlicher Parameter (Intensität, Kapazität und Kombination beider mit einem kinetischen Faktor) zur Kennzeichnung des pflanzenverfügbaren P vorgenommen.Zwischen dem P‐Gehalt in Weidelgras und der Intensität (P im 0,01 M CaCl2‐Extrakt, Verh. Boden/Lösungsmittel + 1/20, Schüttelzeit + 18 h) ergaben sich keine gesicherten Beziehungen. Die durch Isotopen‐Austausch und im Bicarbonat‐Extrakt gemessene Kapazität war dagegen sehr hoch korreliert mit der tatsächlichen P‐Aufnahme von Weidelgras in beiden Bodengruppen. Der E‐Wert (gemessen nach 14 d) ergab bei den Kapazitätsparametern die besten Beziehungen, gefolgt vom L‐Wert und dem E‐Wert nach 18 h, während die Bicarbonat‐Extraktion die schlechteste Korrelation lieferte.Am besten allerdings war die P‐Aufnahme durch die Pflanzen korreliert mit der P‐Menge, die durch Anionenaustauscher aus der Bodenlösung innerhalb von 16 h entfernt wurde. Dies stützt die Hypothese, wonach neben Intensität und Kapazität die Wiederauffüllungsrate von P in der Bodenlösung hinsichtlich seiner Pflanzenverfügbarkeit starke Bedeutung hat.
Effect of phosphate dissolving bacteria and phosphate fertilization on the P‐uptake by pea plants cultivated in a calcareous soil
Authors: Kabesh M. O. , Saber M. S. M. , Yousry M. 
Published: February 2007

Einfluß von phosphatlösenden Bakterien und Phosphatdüngung auf die Phosphataufnahme von Erbsenpflanzen auf Kalkböden.In Gefäßversuchen im Gewächshaus wurde in Gegenwart und Abwesenheit von phosphatlösenden Bakterien (PDB) der Einfluß von Superphosphat und Thomasphosphat auf die Phosphataufnahme von Erbsenpflanzen aus einem Kalkboden untersucht. Durch Beimpfung mit PDB und/oder durch die Phosphatdüngung wurde die Phosphataufnahme der Erbsenpflanzen erhöht. Alleinige Anwendung von PDB, Superphosphat oder Thomasphosphat erhöhte die Phosphataufnahme um 14,3, 19,1 bzw. 6,7% gegenüber den ungedüngten Kontrollen. Durch Kombination von PDB mit Superphosphat bzw. Thomasphosphat erhöhte sich die Phosphataufnahme um 44,1% bzw. 30% gegenüber der Kontrolle.
Studies on Microbial Fertilizers. III. Effect of phosphate and silicate dissolving bacteria on the uptake of phosphorus and potassium from calcareous soils by sorghum helepensis
Authors: Saber M. S. M. , El‐Sherif A. F. , Osman A. Z. 
Published: February 2007

Einfluß von phosphat‐ und silikat‐auflösenden Bakterien auf die P‐ und K‐Aufnahme von Sorghum helepensis aus kalkhaltigen Böden..Der Einfluß einer kombinierten Impfung mit phosphat‐ und silikatauflösenden Bakterien (Bacillus megaterium var. phosphaticum bzw. Bacillus sp) auf die P‐ und K‐Aufnahme von Sorghum helepensis wurde in Topfversuchen ermittelt. Als Substrat dienten kalkhaltige Böden mit 25,54 bzw. 96% CaCO3.Während kombinierte Impfung die K‐Aufnahme nicht beeinflussen konnte, wurde die P‐Aufnahme in allen Versuchsvarianten deutlich erhöht. Der P‐Anteil im Sudangras aus markiertem Superphosphat nahm in den beimpften Varianten deutlich ab.
Dissolution and Plant uptake of P from Ca phosphates with varying particle size in two soils. II. Plant uptake by alfalfa and rye grass
Authors: Metwally A. I. , El‐Baz S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractP uptake by rye grass and alfalfa from smaller particle size of DCPD (≦ .18 mm) was larger than that from larger granules (0.4–0.5, 1.0–1.25, and 1.5–1.75 mm). Differences, however, became smaller with increasing time of contact. However powdered MCP was superior to all DCPD particles size fraction in an alluvial clay and a calcareous sandy clay loam indicating that under such alkaline reaction, the rate of dissolution is more limiting than the rate of immobilization. Results also indicate that the phosphate mobility in the highly calcareous was much lower than in the clay soil due to high pH and carbonate content.
Einfluß von Reifedauer, Temperatur und Sauerstoffversorgung auf die Bildung von ungesättigten Fettsäuren und Tocopherolen in Sonnenblumenfrüchten
Authors: Dompert W. U. , Beringer H. 
Published: February 2007

Influence of ripening, temperature and oxygen supply on the synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids and tocopherols in sunflower seedsThe ratio of vitamin E (tocopherol)/polyunsaturated fatty acids (T/PUFA) is of importance in the storage and consumption of oils and diets. In previous experiments low temperature and cool climate during seed development of sunflowers were found to decrease the T/PUFA in the seeds (Beringer and Saxena, 1968; Dompert et al., 1975). This may be due to a) a prolonged „filling period”︁ at low temperatures and/or b) a direct effect of temperature on the synthesis of oil and tocopherol in the seeds.Harvesting sunflower seeds, grown in a climate‐chamber at 22°C, at 1, 8, 15, 25, 31 and 40 days after pollination revealed an intensive lipid synthesis in the seeds between 8 and 31 days after pollination, thereafter a small decline of total lipids occured. Total tocopherols, with α‐tocopherol dominating, were synthesized nearly parallel to total lipids. Accordingly a ratio of 1 mg tocopherol/g seed‐oil and approximately 3–4 mg tocopherol/g linoleic acid respectively from 8 days after pollination till maturity was found.Increased growth temperatures (day and night same) from 10 to 22 up to 35°C from flowering till maturity caused a decrease in oil content and linoleic acid percentages. An attempt to compensate the stimulating effect of low temperatures on fatty acid desaturases by flushing sunflower‐heads with gas mixtures of 21% O2 (10°C plants), of 28% O2 (22°C plants) and 38% O2 (35°C plants) according to Harris and James (1969) resulted in only slight increases of linoleic acid, which were with 23,5% at 35°C and 40,7% at 22°C still much lower than at 10°C, where linoleic acid was linoleic acid was 62,8% of total fatty acids. Under natural conditions a direct influence of growth temperature seems therefore more likely in determining the fatty acid composition than temperature dependant rates of O2‐diffusion into the seed tissue. Unlike fatty acid synthesis the synthesis of tocopherols was not significantly influenced by the growth temperature. But due to decreasing oil content and linoleic acid percentages at higher temperatures the α‐Tocopherol/g oil as well as the α‐tocopherol/g linoleic acid was continuously raised. The latter increased from 0,9 at 10°C up to 7,8 at 35°C i. e., the ratio of 1 I. U. vitamin E/g PUFA required in animal and human nutrition was achieved at all temperatures tested.The parallelism of oil‐ and tocopherol‐content in developing sunflower seeds on the one side and the large, temperature dependant variability of the T/PUFA‐ratio on the other side suggest, that no „stoichiometric”︁ relation exists between the synthesis of tocopherols and fatty acids in sunflower seeds. Fatty acid desaturases in oil seeds are membrane‐bound enzymes and tocopherol might be involved as an antioxydative stabilizer of the membrane as it is known from animal tissues (McCay et al., 1971).
Berechnung des labilen Phosphats aus Phosphat‐Pufferkurven (Q/I‐Kurven)
Authors: Schwertmann U. , Fischer W. R. , Knittel H. 
Published: February 2007

Calculation of labile phosphate from phosphate buffer curvesA procedure to calculate labile P from phosphate buffer curves (Q/I curves) is presented. It treats the buffer curves as Langmuir adsorption isotherms and calculates the labile P by extrapolation to zero. In a long term P fertilizer trial the labile P calculated in this way was nearly equal to the increase in plant available P as extracted by calcium lactate. From a heavily fertilized vineyard soil, on the other hand, more P was extracted by 3 · 10−3 M CaCl2 during the first extractions than calculated from the buffer curves whereas on further extractions the two quantities approached each other.
Der Umsatz von Pflanzenwurzeln im Laufe der Vegetationsperiode und dessen Beitrag zur „Bodenatmung”︁
Authors: Sauerbeck D. , Johnen B. 
Published: February 2007

The Turnover of Plant Roots during the Growth Period and its Influence on “Soll Respiration”Mustard and wheat plants were grown under 14CO2, their roots being tightly separated from the shoot sphere. Root formation, root respiration, and root decomposition could thus be followed during the plant development by radiometric methods. The total quantity of organic root matter in soil at harvest time turned out to be 20–50% larger than the amount of root residues as determined by ordinary washing procedures.Depending on the plant and duration of the experiment, an additional amount of up to three times more than this remaining root carbon was already mineralized during the vegetation period. Only one fifth of this 14CO2‐production could be attributed to the respiration of living root tissue, all the remainder seemed to be due to the microbial decomposition of dead roots, root residues and root excretions. Root respiration and root decomposition together produced almost four fifths of the total evolving CO2‐quantity, whilst the contribution from soil organic matter breakdown did not exceed one fourth of it.According to these data, the total rhizo‐deposition amounts to 3–4 times as much organic substance than what can be found as root residues at harvest time. This rich supply of readily decomposable organic matter leads to a most intensive turnover in the rhizosphere, which should be of considerable influence on the dynamic processes in soil.
Bestimmung von hydraulischen Parametern für die Wasserhaushaltsuntersuchungen im natürlich gelagerten Boden. Ein Vergleich von Feld‐ und Laboratoriumsmethoden
Authors: Flühler H. , Germann P. , Richard F. , Leuenberger J. 
Published: February 2007

Determination of hydraulic parameters to estimate water movement and water storage in undisturbed soil. A comparison of field and laboratory methods.The soil moisture characteristics and the unsaturated conductivity were measured under field and laboratory conditions. In an undisturbed soil monolith in continous connection with the underlying loess‐soil‐layer 60 tensiometer and a neutronprobe‐accestube were used respectively to determine the matric potential and water content changes during a transient drainage experiment. Within the matric potential range of 0 to approximately −50 to −100 mbar the soil moisture characteristics determined in the laboratory and in the field are substantially different. When the matric potential is more negative than −100 mbar the slope of these curves and hence the specific moisture capacities are relatively well comparable.The field‐measured conductivity functions differ considerably from those values which were either measured under lab‐conditions or computed from the soil moisture characteristics data. The conductivities are expressed as a function of the matric potential which is possibly the major reason for these remarkable differences. However, the changes in water content in this dense silty clay loam are too small to express the unsaturated conductivity as a function of the absolute water content. The most serious problems in extrapolating the results of the less time consuming laborcalculation methods to field conditions arise in that range of matric potentials where water movement is significant.
Effect of straw and ammonium nitrate on growth, nitrogen fixation and yield of soybeans
Authors: Shivashankar K. , Vlassal K. , Livens J. 
Published: February 2007

Einfluß von Stroh und Ammoniumnitrat auf Wachstum, Stickstoffixierung und Ertrag von SojabohnenIn einem Gefäßversuch mit sandigem Lehmboden wurde dem Einfluß von Stroh und Ammoniumnitrat auf Wachstum, symbiotische N2‐Bindung und Ertrag von Glycine max (L) Merr. cult. Caloria nachgegangen.Die Versuchsglieder waren: Kontrolle, 9 und 18 g Stroh/Gefäß und 0,9 und 1,8 g N/Gefäß in Form von NH4NO3. Die Verabreichung von Stroh bei der Aussaat erhöhte die N2‐Bindung gegenüber der Kontrolle. Weiter erhöhte die Strohdüngung, besonders bei hoher Gabe, Blattzahl, Blattgewicht, Trockenmasse und den Samenertrag. Düngung mit 0,9 g N/Gefäß ergab einen Mehrertrag von 86%.