bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improved Wireline Cementer Developed to Cope With Water Shut-Off and Channeling Problems
Authors: Briggs George E. , Porter Weldon L. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A new wireline cementing tool is described, giving results of surface, subsurface and field tests. New applications and field performance results are presented.
A completely new tool has been developed after extensive testing of the existing tool pointed out certain inadequacies. In order to widen its applications and obtain more predictable results, efforts were directed toward:increasing displacement,eliminating tool movement,obtaining a more satisfactory packer seal,minimizing cement contamination,retaining pressure for a prolonged period of time, andequalizing pressures following the squeeze.
Surface, subsurface and field testing led to still other modifications in the equipment.
In field work to date, the tool has been used almost exclusively in water shut-off problems. The major portion of field work has been in squeeze cementing perforations and a portion thereof.
Field testing in various areas under various well conditions has indicated that predictable results in water shutoff problems can be effected economically with small quantities of cement.

Introduction
Following introduction of the first model of the wireline cementer into the Mid-Continent area in Jan., 1952, field results were closely followed and scrutinized. These results indicated that bottom-hole plug-backs apparently offered no problem. However, in squeezing perforations, the squeeze frequently failed if the cement plug was to be drilled or if the wells contained mud.
These results suggested inadequate displacement of cement into the perforations and contamination of the slurry.
Evaluation of Normalized Stone's Methods for Estimating Three-Phase Relative Permeabilities
Authors: Fayers F. J. , Matthews J. D. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper examines normalized forms of Stone's two methods for predicting three-phase relative permeabilities. Recommendations are made on selection of the residual oil parameter, Som, in Method I. The methods are tested against selected published three-phase experimental data, using the plotting program called CPS-1 to infer improved data fitting. It is concluded that the normalized Method I with the recommended form for Som is superior to Method II.
An Evaluation of Diffusion Effects in Miscible Displacement
Authors: Handy L.L. 
Published: December 2007

Introduction
The development of a theory for miscible liquid displacement requires evaluation of the variables which affect growth of the mixing zone between solvent and displaced oil. Factors which appear to be important are individual fluid viscosities, viscosity ratios, flood rate, fluid densities, flow characteristics of the porous medium and molecular diffusion coefficients of the fluid components. The primary purpose of this paper is to evaluate diffusion effects.
Theoretical treatments to date have been limited to floods for which the viscosity ratio is one. Two principal theories have been proposed. Von Rosenberg adapted for porous media a theory derived for capillary tubes by G. Taylor. In this theory molecular diffusion perpendicular to the direction of flow is a primary factor in sharpening the flood front. Slow floods give sharper fronts for a given distance traveled than fast floods.
An alternative theory considers miscible liquid displacement as a statistical problem. Diffusion is not an important factor in this theory, but it leads to the same general type of equation as von Rosenberg's. Both theories predict S-shaped concentration profiles with the same dependence on distance traveled. The statistical or "dispersion" theory predicts rate independence, however. To supplement rate studies a direct measurement of a diffusion effect would be helpful in evaluating which of the two proposed mechanisms best describes miscible liquid displacement for one-to-one viscosity ratio systems.
No quantitative theory has been proposed for floods in which a low-viscosity fluid displaces a high-viscosity fluid. It might be anticipated, however, that the extensive fingering observed in floods with adverse viscosity ratios would increase opportunities for an exchange of components between displaced and displacing liquids by a diffusional process. Even if molecular diffusion were not an important mixing mechanism for one-to-one viscosity ratio systems, it could be significant in systems with adverse viscosity ratios.
Federal Offshore Oil and Gas Lease Bonus Bid Rejection Policy: Past and Present
Authors: Lohrenz John , Dougherty Elmer L. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
Policy concerning rejection of bids for U.S. government Policy concerning rejection of bids for U.S. government federal offshore oil and gas leases offered to the market recently has been changed. Technical analyses presaging this change are given here. An initial technical assessment of the new policy compared with the old is presented. presented. Introduction
In 1968, the U.S. government began preparing presale estimates of record for offshore oil and gas leases offered to the market. Previously, informal estimates, now not of record, were made, resulting in the rejection of 5.8% of the leases that otherwise would have been issued. After 1968, the rejection rate more than doubled! The policy that led to that rejection rate has recently been changed. The change parallels a previous study and follows that study closely in time. The purpose of this work is twofold. The issues and technical study that underlie the policy change are traced and summarized. Also, technical assessments based on data under the new policy are made.

Fair Market Value and Government Estimates of Lease Value
The presale estimates prepared and recorded by the U.S. government were used to decide which leases to issue and which should have all bids rejected. The objective written in law is that the government should obtain fair market value for leases issued. Under the old policy, these presale estimates were considered necessary "to assure [that] the Federal government receives fair market value for lands leased....."That policy position became an argued issue elsewhere as well as in the previous technical study. Opposite that position was the viewpoint that fair market value is determined only by cash, or equivalent, exchanges between actual willing sellers and buyers. Government estimates, never required to meet that test, could not be considered to affect fair market value. So argued those opposing the old policy position. In March 1983, the U.S. Dept. of Justice issued a statement that more or less administered a coup de grce to the old policy vis-…-vis fair market value and government estimates: "Our position… is that the high bid on a tract will generally represent fair market value for that tract, absent collusion or other irregularities in the bidding process." This Dept. of Justice position is implicit in the new rejection policy.

What Is an Offered Lease Worth?
The next question is obvious. To whom? The answer relevant to rejection policy is the owners of the leases offered. The owners are, of course, the collected citizens. The issue is: what is the value of an offered lease to the collected citizens as owners of that lease? The question can be answered mathematically as follows.
.....................(1)
JPT
p. 1951
In-Situ Leaching of Crownpoint, NM, Uranium Ore: Part 3—Laboratory Study of Strong Leaching Systems: Sodium Hypochlorite
Authors: Vogt Thomas C. , Strom E. Thomas , Johnson Warren F. , Venuto Paul B. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Alkaline sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is a powerful and technically effective leaching system for recovering uranium values from refractory uranium ores from Crown-point, NM. Batch and column-pack laboratory tests show that alkaline bicarbonate solutions containing 0.1 to 5.0 wt% NaOCl afford rapid production of uranium from such refractory ore. Ultimate recoveries of 90% and greater were obtained in column-pack tests. The organic carbonaceous matter found was associated intimately with the uranium mineral in some Crownpoint ore trends and appears to shield some of the uranium from contact with a chemically mild leaching system. NaOCl appears to be a strong enough oxidant to attack the carbonaceous matter and to expose trapped uranium mineral species. NaOCl, however, is such a strong oxidant that it was consumed also by reaction with metal sulfides and other gangue minerals present in the ore. Field applications would require appropriate corrosion control, protection of ion exchange resin from NaOCl, and control of chloride ion buildup.
Reinjection of Large Volumes of Produced Water in Secondary Operations
Authors: Dixon Bryan P. , Newton L.E. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A study was made of the operating performance histories of a pressure-maintenance and four waterflood projects in the Permian Basin area, where large volumes of produced water have been reinjected into the producing formations. The projects reviewed include a wide range of characteristics:
open and closed water systems, volumes of reinjected water froth 2,200 to 12,500 B/D, sand and limestone formations, depths of 1.300 to 6,750 ft. average permeabilities from 17 to 275 md, bare and protected facilities, and 10- to 50-year project life.
Each project exhibited performance data which indicated that reinjection of large volumes of produced water provides a good source of injection fluid, results in practical and prudent salt water disposal and, in many cases, results in conservation of fresh water for future domestic needs.
Introduction
The increasing difficulty of finding adequate new oil reserves has caused almost every field in West Texas to be reviewed for possible secondary recovery applications. Because most secondary recovery processes use water, the availability and prudent utilization of water are very important to all oil operators. Standard Oil Co. of Texas' production operations in West Texas include numerous water floods, and several of these projects are reviewed and discussed in this paper. The case histories presented cover handling and reinjecting large volumes of produced water. The fields presented, as shown in Fig. 1. include SACROC unit, Howard-Glasscock, North Ward-Estes. Keystone-Colby sand, and South Ward. The combined cumulative primary and waterflood recovery of these fields to Jan., 1965. is 878.8 million bbl. Pertinent reservoir and waterflood data for the Standard of Texas' projects in each field are shown in Tables 1 and 2. Equipment used and materials for construction in each injection system are shown in Table 3. Waterflood performance histories are shown in Figs. 2 through 7. Schematic flow diagrams of the injection systems are shown in Figs. 9 through 13.
SACROC Unit
History and Development
The Canyon Reef reservoir of the Kelly-Snyder field in Scurry County was discovered in Nov., 1948. The field now encompasses some 50,000 productive acres and 1,321 wells. Cumulative field recovery to Jan., 1965, is 322.4 million bbl. The reef, a limestone formation, is a low mound-type structure varying In thickness from 0 to 800 ft. The field was essentially developed by 1951; and, after extensive negotiations, the field was unitized with a unit manager and three segments, each operated by a working-interest owner effective March, 1953. Standard of Texas was designated unit operator on May 1, 1962.
JPT
P. 781ˆ
The Power of Concept
Authors: Parks Mercer H. 
Published: December 2007

Introduction
The power of concept is so immense that undertaking to discuss it brings on a feeling of personal inadequacy and of battering at an impenetrable barrier. It is not that readers are intellectually deficient, nor that I have no words directly to the point, but that words, even illustrated by graphs and pictures, are such dull tools of communication that we, as individuals, are almost completely isolated one from the other.
What one word means exactly the same to any two of us?
In the unabridged dictionary "one" itself has 17 definitions.
Complete understanding of one another is actually impossible.
If, therefore, some of the following statements appear dogmatic or demagogic sentimentality, they are not so intended. They are merely awkward words beating at the barrier between us, probing for a crack through which to reach your curiosity, or your desire to understand, and cause you to think deeply of, not merely consider, the subject; for understanding is something no one can give another. It is something each one must achieve for himself.
With this in mind let us ask: Which one of us has done a single thing that absolutely no one else could have done? And how long has it been since each of us fairly burned to be turned loose to do, not one, but a dozen such wonders?

How Long Has it Been?
How long since we read Ivanhoe, Deerslayer, Tom Sawyer, Tom Swift and Tarzan of the Apes, in our imaginations living through unbelievable feats with the young, resourceful character of the moment? In that moment each of us became what we most wanted to be - an individual, unique and distinct from every other individual, and doing something no other individual ever created could do.
Yet today practically all adult Americans settle down to a bread and butter job - practically the same day after day - a job dozens and probably thousands could do just as well. They settle down to sleeping, waking, bathing, and eating with all the mental vigor of a contented cow. Perhaps they show they're "on the ball" at work when the boss is near - but really they do not feel vigorous at all.
Energy From Oil and From the Nucleus
Authors: Teller Edward 
Published: December 2007

Editor's Note: Dr. Edward Teller, one of America's foremost nuclear scientists, delivered the following address at a March 4 luncheon held during the Dallas Section's 1965 Symposium on Petroleum Economics and Evaluation. H. B. Renfro, Dallas consultant who served as chairman of the Symposium Program Committee, introduced Dr. Teller to some 400 SPE members in the audience, and subsequently presided over the question-and-answer period which followed the speech.

Introduction
In 1945, we had been told that nuclear energy would become competitive with fossil energy if and when we could produce electricity from the nucleus at a price of 7 mills/kw-hr. We have done this. We are now approaching the point-perhaps we have already reached it-where electricity from nuclear sources can be produced for as little as 5 mills/kw-hr. Nevertheless, we are still not competitive, in spite of the fact that the price for everything else-that is. everything other than energy, from the price of food to the price of a telephone call-has risen by more than a factor of two. What was 7 mills in 1945 should be now, 15 mills. Electricity from nuclear reactors costs 5 mills today, and possibly a little less. This means that the price of energy has come down in the last 20 years by a factor of three. To a great extent, this is the accomplishment of the oil industry. To a smaller extent, it may be considered as an effect of nuclear energy, because I have the sneaking suspicion that the potential and increasing competition of nuclear energy has stimulated the producers and users of oil into more vigorous action. I would now like to discuss the prospects of this competition, but I do not want to restrict myself to this topic. I would like to discriminate between the various areas where competition will have impacts of various kinds. In other words, the question of whether fossil fuels will be replaced by nuclear fuels does not permit a simple "yes" or "no" answer. I also want to talk to you about the cooperation between these two forms of energy and about the human resources which are necessary to make the best cooperation go forward at a reasonable pace.

Application
I believe that nuclear energy will, indeed, become increasingly competitive with fossil energy and will, in some areas, replace it. This, I believe, will particularly be the case where great amounts of energy are needed in a small area. The reason is that the raw material of nuclear energy is cheap and can become cheaper. That competition is not yet as strong as it may become is due to the fact that our technology of nuclear reactors is still in a state of development. In particular, in nuclear reactors the lack of more massive production's being more economical is strongly justified.
JPT
P. 505ˆ
Determination of Average Reservoir Pressure From Build-Up Surveys
Authors: Dietz D.N. 
Published: December 2007

DIETZ, D.N., KONINKLIJKE/SHELL EXPLORATIE EN PRODUKTIE LABORATORIUM RIJSWIJK, THE NETHERLANDS MEMBER AIME

Abstract
A method for determining average reservoir pressure is presented, which is simpler to apply than that devised by Matthews, Brons and Hazebroek. For bounded reservoirs, identical results are obtained if stabilized-flow conditions prevail. The present method yields inferior results in the transient state. The method can, with a slight modification, also be used for water-drive reservoirs.

Introduction
In the method proposed by Matthews, Brons and Hazebroek for determining average reservoir pressure in a multi-well reservoir, the cumulative production (the production time of each well) enters twice: once when the buildup is plotted against In (t + deltat)/deltat to arrive at p*, and a second time when the correction, p*-p is determined with one of the several formulas for differently shaped drainage areas. Once a steady state has been attained, however, the previous production history should be immaterial. The same pressure distribution could have been arrived at after different cumulative productions of the individual wells. In principle, therefore, it should be possible to determine average pressures without referring to cumulative productions. In the following paragraphs an expression is presented for the difference between the pressure in a producing well and the average pressure of its drainage area. Then the build-up time needed to overcome this difference is indicated.

CASE OF A CIRCULAR DRAINAGE AREA AND A CENTRAL WELL PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION BEFORE SHUT-IN
The general differential equation of radial flow (see Muskat," Eq. 10.2) may be written
(1)
In the steady state, the rate of production of the well is equal to the rate of expansion of the fluid contained in the the drainage area; thus
(2)
and therefore, combining Eqs. 1 and 2 we have
(3)
which can be integrated to
(4)
The boundary condition can be introduced as
(5)
so that Eq. 4 can be rewritten
(6)
A second integration gives
(7)

AVERAGE PRESSURE OF THE DRAINAGE AREA
The average pressure can be expressed as
(8)
Substitution of Eq. 7 and integration yields
(9)

BUILD-UP
If Eq. 7 is applied to the wellbore at rw, and if C is eliminated by the combination with Eq. 9, we have for the pressure at the well under steady-state conditions
(10)
After shut-in, and as long as the physical boundaries of the entire reservoir have no influence, the pressure increases according to the well-known expression
(11)
JPT
P. 955ˆ
Determining Bottomhole Pressures in Pumping Wells
Authors: Hasan A. R. , Kabir C. S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The use of the acoustic well sounding (AWS) technique to determine bottomhole pressure (BHP) requires an estimate of the gas-void fraction (fg) in the liquid column of a pumping well annulus. Three correlations relating the annular superficial gas velocity to fg are available for saturated oil columns. These correlations were developed by Godbey and Dimon,1 Podio et al.,2 and Gilbert as reported by Gipson and Swaim.3 Use of these correlations for determining the BHP, either flowing or shut in, involves a stepwise numerical integration often performed by a computer.
This work addresses three aspects of estimating the BHP from AWS data: (1) estimation of the superficial gas velocity, (2) development of analytical solutions for a single-step BHP calculation, and (3) comparison and interpretation of the predicted BHP's by use of the three correlations for the field examples.
A mathematical model, based on the principle of mass balance of the annular, gas phase, is used to determine the superficial gas velocity. This model rigorously accounts for the time-dependent pressure, volume, and the gas deviation factor in the liquid-free annulus.
Analytical solutions are obtained for both the Godbey-Dimon and Podio et al. correlations to calculate the BHP in a single step. These analytical solutions provide a significant improvement over the numerical stepwise integration technique, because a hand-held calculator can be used for the BHP calculations.
The field examples studied indicate that both the pumping liquid column height and the superficial gas velocity play a key role in estimating the gas void fraction—an essential element in calculating the BHP. We observe that only the early-time shut-in pressures are affected by the presence of gas bubbles in the liquid column. Because the bottomhole flowing pressure (BHFP) is dependent on the correlation used to predict the fg, both skin and productivity index calculations are affected. Estimation of the permeability/thickness product and the static reservoir pressure, however, are independent of the fg correlation used.
The Alteration of Rock Properties by Percussion Sidewall Coring
Authors: Webster G.M. , Dawsongrove G.E. 
Published: December 2007

Introduction
The use of percussion-type sidewall cores as an aid in detection and evaluation of hydrocarbon shows and in examination of rock properties has become increasingly popular in recent years. Sidewall coring has an advantage over normal bottom-hole coring methods in that the zones may be surveyed with the electric log prior to selection of sample depths. This allows an efficient sampling of all zones of interest, a procedure not possible with bottom-hole coring techniques unless the costly procedure of continuous coring is utilized. Percussion sidewall coring presently provides the most rapid and lowest cost method of obtaining sidewall cores. It has been recognized for some time that certain discrepancies exist between core analysis data obtained from percussion cores and data obtained from other types of core samples. This paper presents existing field and laboratory data that were available to the authors. Several examples of comparative core analysis data obtained from various fields are presented along with photomicrographs of thin sections of conventional and percussion cores. The results of this investigation are presented to throw more light on the possible disturbed condition of percussion sidewall cores.

Sample Disturbance and Fracturing
The principal cause of discrepancy between conventional core analysis data and percussion sidewall core analysis data is believed to be the shattering and re-adjustment of the grains due to the large impact shearing forces produced by mechanics of percussion coring. Figs. 1 through 5 are photomicrographs of thin section slides of formation samples obtained by means of diamond cores, conventional cores, and percussion sidewall cores.
Visualization of a Surfactant Flood of an Oil-Saturated Porous Medium
Authors: Paterson L. , Hornof V. , Neale G. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper discusses the viscous fingering that occurs when water or a surfactant solution displaces oil in a porous medium. Such floods were visualized in an oil-wet porous medium composed of fused plastic particles. The flow structure changed significantly within the range of capillary numbers between 10−4 and 10−3. The addition of surfactant resulted in narrower fingers, which developed in a more dispersive fashion.