bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DIETARY STATUS IN SOCIAL DRINKERS
Authors: Cala L.A. , Burns P. , Davis R.E. , Jones B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA prospective study of light‐to‐moderate drinkers was undertaken to establish the frequency of abnormal findings on CT, psychometric and dietary parameters over a range of alcohol consumption. In particular, it was desirable to exclude the possibility of poor nutrition contributing to the picture of CT atrophy, especially with the assessment of any demonstrable reversibility. Thirty‐nine subjects were studied and 16 were found to be deficient in some part of their diet, although initial interviews established that they considered they took a balanced, adequate diet. Five subjects were re‐examined after six months' abstinence from alcohol: in four cases the total kilocalorie intake was less than the initial total, a proportion having been contributed latter by the previous alcohol consumption. The dietary history was partially checked by estimation of the level of B vitamins. Seven subjects had a low red cell thiamin, four of these having a normal serum level. These findings in social drinkers (mean alcohol consumption‡ 54 gms/day) lend support to the theory that thiamin deficiency in alcoholics is mediated by alcohol, rather than diet.
CAT SCAN DEMONSTRATION OF ALCOHOL‐RELATED BRAIN DAMAGE IN SOCIAL DRINKERS
Authors: Cala L.A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractCAT scan has been used for nearly seven years to demonstrate that amounts of alcohol varying from 20 gm/day up to the volumes consumed by alcoholics, may cause brain damage or be related to it. The effect of diet must be considered in all studies assessing the role of alcohol. It has been shown that abstinence results in improvement of the appearance and the density of the brain, as well as improvement in function. The possibility that alcohol may cause a metabolic block in the metabolism of thiamin has been established and is part of work‐in‐progress.
WORKING IN A MULTIDISCIPLINARY SPECIALIST DRUG TEAM
Authors: REILLY D.K. , TWYMAN D. , BUSH R.A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractInterdisciplinary co‐operation is relevant both at a community level and within a multidisciplinary team specializing in the treatment of drug‐related problems. Examples of co‐operation between a community drug advisory service with hospitals, the legal system, professional disciplines, government and community agencies are described. The problems of burnout within a team and the importance of role flexibility, training in alcohol and drug‐related problems, role support from colleagues, clinical supervision and organization support as remedies to burnout are also discussed.
ALCOHOL AND BRAIN DAMAGE
Authors: CALA L.A. , BURNS P. , DAVIS R. , JONES B. , STENHOUSE N. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe effect of alcohol upon the brain has been studied, ranging from a consumption of 10 g/day to the level of the acknowledged alcoholic (120 g/day or more). In the first instance the CT results of social drinkers and alcoholics were compared with the findings in a group of normal volunteers. Subsequently a group of light to moderate drinkers were examined to investigate the reationship between CT findings, psycho‐metric results and alcohol intake. A study of haematological and biochemical parameters of nutrition and liver function was undertaken and these findings were matched with the dietary history recorded for a one‐week period by the volunteers. The local results were compared with those of other workers. 26 subjects out of a total of 65 light to moderate drinkers agreed to abstain from alcohol for a period of 6 months and the tests were all repeated. Improvements were found in total CT atrophy, psychometric results and biochemistry. Work‐in‐progress is the recall of all subjects, irrespective of whether or not they have returned to social drinking. Those subjects who only had an initial examination are also being recalled to establish the progress if any, of the originally demonstrated brain damage, as a result of continued drinking.
DEVELOPING TEAMWORK
Authors: WHYTE H.M. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTA description is given of the structure and functioning of teams and of team building and maintenance arising out of six years' experience of a small community‐based multidisciplinary working group. A model is used to illustrate progress from a starting point of multiple individual differences which have the potential for strength and conflict, towards the development of teamship characterised by overall effective performance and satisfaction, up a series of steps akin fo Maslow's hierarchy of needs and to the various aspects of “health”. Specific ways in which teamship has been sought and expressed by the groups, including examples of exercises used in its regular team building in developing teamwork are listed, emphasizing the critical importance of the style of control exerted and tolerated by the group's leader and the host organization.
THE MANAGEMENT OF THE DRINKING PROBLEM
Authors: POLS R.G. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTAlcoholism is discussed as a chronic relapsing lifestyle syndrome against the background of its prevalence in general medical settings. Recent outcome studies are reviewed, highlighting the importance of maintaining a high index of suspicion in all patients with alcohol‐related disease. This should lead to full assessment of alcohol intake related to that patient's lifestyle, so that adequate confrontation of the patient can occur.The importance of the diagnosis of the alcohol dependence syndrome, if present, and the relationship of outcome to marital involvement, support and other specific individualised management strategies is also discussed.The difficulty of engaging patients with alcohol‐related disease in a management programme, is examined critically, taking into account the natural history of the syndrome, doctor treatment behaviour and cultural attitudes to the consumption of alcohol.The indirect presentation of alcohol‐related problems is also briefly commented on.
MEASUREMENT OF DRINKING, ALCOHOLISM AND LOSS‐OF‐CONTROL OVER ALCOHOL
Authors: WILLIAMS ROBERT J. , BROWN ROBERT A. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTFour patterns of alcohol consumption, differing by degree, were made available for study by arbitrarily sub‐dividing groups of alcoholics and social drinkers into subjects who spread consumption over a four‐hour, free‐choice drinking session (completors) and those who terminated consumption a minimum of 35 minutes prior to its end (non‐completors). In defining loss‐of‐control drinking as progressive increases in sip size accompanied by decrease in number of sips, per hour, it was found that both groups of alcoholics exhibited loss‐of‐control, particularly during the third hour. Of the social drinkers only the non‐completors exhibited any similar style of drinking, and this only in the fourth hour despite consuming significantly less total alcohol than the other groups. Demographic variables were of no predictive value as to who would complete or not complete the session.
THE HUNTER DRUG ADVISORY SERVICE APPROACH TO PROBLEM DRINKERS
Authors: WALSH RAOUL 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe role of the Hunter Drug Advisory Service (HDAS) is briefly described. The background of problem drinking clients is outlined and their sources of referral listed. HDAS' approach to counselling problem drinkers is discussed with emphasis placed on the first interview and its importance. The rationale for largely avoiding the use of the alcoholism concept in HDAS counselling is examined. Finally, the issue of client treatment after the first interview is described with particular reference to the role of Alcoholics Anonymous.
CONSULTATION — LIAISON PSYCHIATRY AND ALCOHOL ABUSE
Authors: JURD STEPHEN 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe general hospital psychiatrist has a potential role in the management of patients who abuse alcohol. A brief sketch is presented for ways in which the psychiatrist may make consultative suggestions, participate in liaisons or develop collaborative management. The usefulness of the biopsychosocial model is stressed and the need for broadening of models in a variety of settings is noted.
Implementing a Controlled Drinking Program
Authors: McLean Neil J. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract: Controlled drinking as a treatment option for problem drinkers is now well established; there is a wealth of evidence demonstrating that problem drinkers can learn to maintain their consumption levels within safe limits.There is a range of strategies that have been included in controlled drinking treatment programs. Unfortunately, most outcome studies have assessed the effect of a treatment package. There is a need for research investigating the effectiveness of the components of such treatment programs.This paper will review issues involved with the implementation of a controlled drinking program as well as discussing the types of strategies which might be used.
Microvascular Rheology and Hemodynamics
Authors: LIPOWSKY HERBERT H. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe goal of elucidating the biophysical and physiological basis of pressure–flow relations in the microcirculation has been a recurring theme since the first observations of capillary blood flow in living tissues. At the birth of the Microcirculatory Society, seminal observations on the heterogeneous distribution of blood cells in the microvasculature and the rheological properties of blood in small bore tubes raised many questions on the viscous properties of blood flow in the microcirculation that captured the attention of the Society's membership. It is now recognized that blood viscosity in small bore tubes may fall dramatically as shear rates are increased, and increase dramatically with elevations in hematocrit. These relationships are strongly affected by blood cell deformability and concentration, red cell aggregation, and white cell interactions with the red cells and endothelium. Increasing strength of red cell aggregation may result in sequestration of clumps of red cells with either reductions or increases in microvascular hematocrit dependent upon network topography. During red cell aggregation, resistance to flow may thus decrease with hematocrit reduction or increase due to redistribution of red cells. Blood cell adhesion to the microvessel wall may initiate flow reductions, as, for example, in the case of red cell adhesion to the endothelium in sickle cell disease, or leukocyte adhesion in inflammation. The endothelial glycocalyx has been shown to result from a balance of the biosynthesis of new glycans, and the enzymatic or shear‐dependent alterations in its composition. Flow‐dependent reductions in the endothelial surface layer may thus affect the resistance to flow and/or the adhesion of red cells and/or leukocytes to the endothelium. Thus, future studies aimed at the molecular rheology of the endothelial surface layer may provide new insights into determinants of the resistance to flow.
Differential Coronary Microvascular Exchange Responses to Adenosine: Roles of Receptor and Microvessel Subtypes
Authors: WANG JIANJIE , WHITT STEVAN P. , RUBIN LEONA J. , HUXLEY VIRGINIA H. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTObjective:To assess the role of adenosine receptors in the regulation of coronary microvascular permeability to porcine serum albumin (PsPSA).Methods:Solute flux was measured in single perfused arterioles and venules isolated from pig hearts using fluorescent dye‐labeled probes by microspectro‐fluorometry. Messenger RNA, protein, and cellular distribution of adenosine receptors in arterioles and venules were analyzed by RT‐PCR, immunoblot, and immunofluorescence.Results:Control venulePsPSA(10.7 ± 4.8× 10−7cm · s−1) was greater than that of arterioles (6.4± 2.8× 10−7cm · s−1;p< .05). ArteriolarPsPSAdecreased (p< .05) with adenosine suffusion over the range from 10−8to 10−5M, while venularPsPSAdid not change. The nonselective A1and A2receptor antagonist, 8‐(p‐sulfophenyl) theophylline, blocked the adenosine‐induced decrease in arteriolarPsPSA. Messenger RNA for adenosine A1, A2A, A2B, and A3receptors was expressed in arterioles and venules. Protein for A1, A2A, and A2B, but not A3, was detected in both microvessel types and was further demonstrated on vascular endothelial cells.Conclusion:ArteriolarPsPSAdecreases with adenosine suffusion but not venularPsPSA. Adenosine A1, A2A, and A2Breceptors are expressed in both arterioles and venules. Selective receptor‐linked cellular signaling mechanisms underlying the regulation of permeability remain to be determined.
An Improved, Computer‐based Method to Automatically Track Internal and External Diameter of Isolated Microvessels
Authors: DAVIS MICHAEL J. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTObjective: To develop an automated diameter tracking method suitable for studies of isolated, perfused microvessels (< 100 μ m internal diameter (ID)). Methods: A diameter tracking method was implemented in conjunction with a standard PC workstation and video card. Within a user‐defined window, the algorithm combined thresholding and iterative regression procedures to detect the average outer diameter (OD) of a vertically oriented microvessel. After an initial ID measurement by the user, the program continuously calculated ID based on the assumption of an incompressible vessel wall.Results: The program, Vessel Track, was tested against a manual video caliper and two analog video dimension analyzers. Vessel Track was capable of accurately following arteriolar dimensions during extreme vasodilation and vasoconstriction. It provided more accurate, lower‐noise recordings than either of the video dimension analyzers, particularly after strong vasoconstriction during which lumenal folds developed. Vessel Track also was capable of accurately measuring large‐amplitude vasomotion in isolated lymphatic vessels at a tracking frequency of ∼ 30 times/s.Conclusions: Vessel Track should be useful for automated diameter tracking of isolated arterioles, venules, and lymphatics. With suitable preparations, it provides fast, stable measurements of ID in microvessels even with irregular lumen geometry.
Maintenance of Heterogeneity of Capillary Spacing is Essential for Adequate Oxygenation in the Soleus Muscle of the Growing Rat
Authors: DEGENS HANS , DEVECI DURMUS , BOTTO‐VAN BEMDEN ANGIE , HOOFD LOUIS J. C. , EGGINTON STUART 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTObjectives: Normal muscle growth is accompanied by capillary proliferation, which usually lags behind the increase in muscle size, causing a decline in mean capillary density (CD). It is not known, however, how the capillary distribution is affected and what impact it has on the oxygenation of the muscle.Methods: The capillarization of soleus muscles of rats (64–425 g) was determined with the method of capillary domains. As well as quantifying CD, capillary to fiber ratio (C:F), and fiber size, this method provides a measure of the heterogeneity of capillary spacing. Capillary locations were used to mathematically model oxygenation levels within the muscle.Results: The increase in muscle mass was largely attributable to 5‐fold increase in fiber size, accompanied by a more than 3‐fold rise in C:F. The mismatch between rates of angiogenesis and muscle growth resulted in a decrease in CD. However, the heterogeneity of capillary spacing was unaffected (heterogeneity index logRSD: 0.091 ± 0.013; mean ± SD) as was muscle PO2, with modal values between 4 and 60 mmHg (0.5 and 8 kPa).Conclusions: Angiogenesis during normal muscle growth does not maintain CD, but with similar heterogeneity of capillary spacing it preserves the potential for adequate intramuscular oxygenation.
Okadaic acid increases fibronectin synthesis in MC353‐E1 cells
Authors: Choi Je‐Yong , Ryoo Hyun‐Mo , Lee Byung‐Heon , Kim In‐San , Park Rang‐Woon , Sohn Kun‐Young 
Published: July 2007

AbstractOkadaic acid, a potent specific inhibitor of serine/threonine protein phosphatases type 1 and 2A, affects several gene expressions in various cells. To determine whether okadaic acid affects the expression of fibronectin in MC3T3‐E1 cells, we measured mRNA level and synthesis of fibronectin by Northern blot hybridization and immunoprecipitation methods, respectively. Okadaic acid (10‐50 ng/ml) increased both mRNA level and synthesis of fibronectin in a dose‐dependent manner. The increase of fibronectin mRNA by okadaic acid was strongly attenuated by the inhibition of new protein synthesis. The results indicate that okadaic acid, inhibitor of protein phosphatases, increases fibronectin synthesis in MC3T3‐E1 cells.
Purification and crystal growth of F1‐ATPase from pig heart mitochondria
Authors: Li Sheng‐Guang , Gui Lu‐Lu , Lin Zhi‐huan , Wan Zhu‐Li , Chang Wen‐Rui , Liang Dong‐Cai 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA method has been evolved toward the aim of getting suitable crystals for high resolution of structural analysis of F1‐ATPase by X‐ray crystallography. The different conditions for crystal growth of ATPase that were isolated and purified by different methods from pig heart mitochondrial ATP synthase had been compared and screened. A simple method for purification of F1‐ATPase was adopted. The F1‐ATPase is released with chloroform from submitochondrial particles. Then it was treated with fractional precipitation of (NH4)2SO4 and finally was further purified by employing the sephadex G 200 column. The crystals of F1‐ATPase were usually obtained after a few months. They appeared to have uniform morphology of tetrahedron. They diffracted to a resolution of 7Å. The diffraction data were collected on the XRD‐100 Siemens Area Detector. According to a total of 240 frames, the cell parameters obtained are a=b=147Å, c=208Å, α=β=γ=90°, the probable space group is P4 or its antipode. The reproducibility of this method for crystallization of F1‐ATPase is good.
Purification and partial characterization of two thioredoxins from Streptomyces aureofaciens
Authors: Horecká Tatiana , Perecko Dusan , Kutejová Eva , Muchová Katarína , Kollárová Marta 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThioredoxins are low molecular weight proteins, which participate in a wide spectrum of biochemical reactions. Two thioredoxins from Streptomyces aureofaciens 3239 have been purified to homogeneity by a sequence of chromatography steps including chromatography on Sephacryl S‐300, Phenyl Sepharose CL 4B and MonoQ HR 5/5. Thioredoxin activity clearly separates into two protein fractions on MonoQ HR 5/5 chromatography. Molecular weights determined by chromatography on Superose 12 HR 10/30 and sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed Mr ∼ 10,500 for thioredoxin 1 (TR1) and Mr ∼ 11,000 for thioredoxin 2 (TR2). The isoelectric points of the two thioredoxins are different pI = 4.7 for TR1 and 5.6 for TR2, respectively. Both were effectively reduced with NADPH in reaction catalyzed by Streptomyces aureofaciens thioredoxin reductase. The specific activity of viewly for discovered TR2 is about 1/4 of the specific activity of TR1. Both thioredoxins activate spinach NADPH‐malate dehydrogenase. Activation of this enzyme by TR2 is only half effective than by TR1. The stability of TR1 is high and similar to thioredoxins from other organisms unlike the activity of TR2 which is decreassed during purification. The proteins diversed in their contents in exponentialy growing mycelium.
Attenuation by nicotinamide of the streptozocin induced early hyperglycaemia in fasting rats
Authors: Wong Kai K. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe effect of nicotinamide on the streptozocin induced early hyperglycaemia in 48‐hour fasted rats was investigated. It was shown that 240 or 400 mg/kg nicotinamide significantly attenuated the streptozocin induced early hyperglycaemia. Nicotinamide should be administered no later than 1 hour after the streptozocin administration. Lower level doses of nicotinamide such as 80 mg/kg were unable to attenuate the streptozocin induced early hyperglycaemia. The possibility of nicotinamide offsetting the streptozocin effect was discussed.
Intravenous injections of the ribosome inactivating protein trichosanthin did not affect methionine enkephalin and β‐endorphin levels in the mouse brain and pituitary
Authors: Ng T. B. , Kwong W. H. , Yeung H. W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe effect of trichosanthin on levels of the neuropeptides β‐endorphin (β‐EP) and methionine enkephalin (met‐EK) in the mouse brain and pituitary was investigated. Mature male ICR mice were divided into two groups. One group received intravenous injections of physiological saline and served as the control. Another group received daily intravenous injections of trichosanthin (0.2mg/25g/injection) for three consecutive days. The animals were sacrificed four hours after the last injection. Their brains were dissected into three regions: A (thalamus and hypothalamus), B (cerebral cortex) and C (cerebellum and brainstem) and their pituitaries were collected. The samples were then extracted and assayed for β‐EP and met‐EK by specific radioimmunoassays. It was found that there were no statistically significant changes in the levels of the two neuropeptides in the pituitary and the brain regions except for the level of β‐EP in brain region A.
Molecular cloning of a gene from “chromosome 3 specific” genomic library that encodes a novel CC‐chemokine receptor like isotype
Authors: Gupta Shalley K. , Naso Michael , Stadel Jeffrey M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractCC‐chemokine receptors form a closely linked locus in the p21‐23 region on the short arm of human chromosome 3. We report the isolation of a novel chemokine receptor like gene from a “human chromosome 3 specific” genomic library, screened by cross‐hybridization with cDNA probes derived from known chemokine receptors. The gene, CKR‐SKG2 contains an open reading frame that encodes a 359‐377 amino acid protein, with two potential in frame start codons. However, comparative Southern blot analysis of human, mouse and hamster genomic DNA, revealed that CKR‐SKG2 is the hamster ortholog of a novel chemokine receptor. This presumably occurred because chromosome 3 used for construction of the genomic library were purified from a human‐hamster somatic cell hybrid. Further studies are underway to identify and clone the putative human homolog of this novel chemokine receptor.
Superactivity and phase‐sensitivity of potato acid phosphatase entrapped in reverse micelles
Authors: Lalitha J. , Mulimani VH 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPotato acid phosphatase, AcPase (E.C. 3.1.3.2) was entrapped in reverse micelles of cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) in isooctane and chloroform (1:1). The activity was studied at different values of Wo = ([water] / [surfactant]). AcPase exhibited superactivity in the reverse micellar system. At very low Wo value, activity was found to be less than that of in buffer and further increase in Wo value enhanced the activity thousand fold. At Wo=50, the activity was enhanced more than twenty fold. The effect of second surfactant, TritonX‐100 on superactivity was studeid. There was a slight decrease in overall activity, when 3.33 mM TritonX‐100 was added to the above reverse micellar system.
Elevated catalase activity in red and white muscles of MyoD gene‐inactivated mice
Authors: Tiidus Peter M. , Bombardier Eric , Xeni Jason , Bestic Nancy M. , Vandenboom Rene , Rudnicki Michael A. , Houston Michael E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMyoD is a myogenic transcription factor responsible for skeletal muscle differentiation during development. Muscle antioxidant enzyme status was determined in transgenic MyoD deactivated mice. While catalase activity was significantly (P<0.05) elevated in soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscles from MyoD deactivated mice, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities were not. While this may imply a greater propensity for inherent oxidative stress, soleus glutathione status was similar between MyoD deactivated mouse and control soleus muscles. Catalase activity is localized primarily in peroxisomes. Therefore elevated catalase activity may also indicate the presence of factors associated with peroxisome proliferation in muscles from MyoD gene‐inactivated mice.