bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Soul Searching
Authors: Smith Christian , Denton Melinda Lundquist 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
This book aims to provide new insights on the religious and spiritual lives of American teenagers. It presents the main findings of the National Study of Youth and Religion, a research project on the religious and spiritual lives of American adolescents conducted at the University of North Carolina from 2001 to 2005. The survey captured a broad range of differences among U.S. teens in religion, age, race, sex, socioeconomic status, rural-suburban-urban residence, region of the country, and language spoken. The book provides answers to questions about the character of teenage religion, the extent of spiritual seeking among youth, how religion affects adolescent moral reasoning and risk behaviors, and much more. It is hoped that by informing readers about the religious and spiritual lives of American teenagers, it will help foster discussions in families, religious congregations, community organizations, and beyond, not only about the general state of religion in the United States, but also about cultural and institutional practices that may better serve and care for American teens.
Introduction
Authors: Smith Christian , Denton Melinda Lundquist 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of the lack of attention given to the religious and spiritual lives of American teenagers. It then provides a brief description of the National Study of Youth and Religion, a research project on the religious and spiritual lives of American adolescents conducted at the University of North Carolina from 2001 to 2005. This is followed by an overview of the chapters included in this volume.
American Adolescent Religion in Social Context
Authors: Smith Christian , Denton Melinda Lundquist 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
This chapter explores some of the major social forces and factors that shape the religious and spiritual lives of American teenagers. It is argued that understanding the religion and spirituality of contemporary American adolescents means framing that understanding within the larger social and institutional contexts of therapeutic individualism, mass-consumer capitalism, the digital communication revolution, residual positivism and empiricism, the structural disconnect of teenagers from the world of adults, the problems of adults, and other relevant cultural contradictions that may affect the religious and spiritual lives of contemporary youth. This is not because youth are normally consciously aware of or articulate about these big-picture social influences, but because these larger contexts are objective, structural, institutional, and cultural realities that powerfully form youth’s lives.
Adolescent Religion and Life Outcomes
Authors: Smith Christian , Denton Melinda Lundquist 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
This chapter explores the associations between religiosity and youth outcomes. It addresses the question of causality and selection effects, seeking to clarify whether and to what extent religiosity is associated with more positive adolescent life outcomes. It is shown that religious faith and practice can and does shape teenagers’ lives in positive and constructive ways. The story of Antwan, a 16-year-old African American Southern California boy, helps illustrate this point. His religion provides him with moral directives by which he has learned to negotiate his life in largely helpful ways.
Conclusion
Authors: Smith Christian , Denton Melinda Lundquist 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
The concluding chapter summarizes and elaborates the findings in this volume. Some recurrent themes have emerged from the analyses in this book. Among these is that religion has a significant presence in the lives of many U.S. teens today. Most U.S. teens are content to follow their parents’ religious footsteps, and most feel quite positive about religion. The religiodemographic diversity represented by U.S. adolescents is no more varied today than it has been for a very long time.
Weighing Lives
Authors: Broome John 
Published: October 2005

AbstractPeople are often faced with decisions that involve weighing the lives of some people against the lives of others, or weighing lives against other goods. This book aims to develop a moral theory that can help with making these practical decisions. It is a theory of value, which includes an account of how good it is to extend a person’s life, and also an account of how good it is to have new lives in the world — of the value of adding a new person to the world’s population. It is a theory about the aggregation of people’s wellbeing: of how the wellbeing that comes to a person at different times in her life comes together to determine the overall value of her life, and of how different people’s wellbeing comes together to determine the overall value of the world. The book pays particular attention to the common intuition that adding people to the population is ethically neutral, but eventually rejects it. The book’s conclusion is a version of utilitarianism. The method is formal, but the presentation is as informal as possible.
Right and Good
Authors: Broome John 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThis chapter considers how far what one ought to do when facing a decision of life and death is determined by the goodness of the distribution that will result. It defines, examines and assesses the principles of teleology and consequentialism in ethics. It compares normative theory with axiology. It considers how far a person’s lifetime wellbeing depends on all the wellbeing that comes to the person at times within her life, and how far the goodness of the world depends on the wellbeing of the people. It introduces the idea of pattern goods such as equality and longevity.
Separability of Times
Authors: Broome John 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThis chapter starts to consider how wellbeing can be aggregated across a distribution. It describes two possible route to aggregation, called ‘the people route’ and the ‘snapshot route’. Each relies on a particular assumption of separability, which the chapter explains. The chapter examines the credibility of separability of times. It shows how separability of times conflicts with the value of longevity, and concludes that this principle cannot be relied on. It therefore rejects the snapshot route to aggregation.
Separability of Lives
Authors: Broome John 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThis chapter distinguishes a notion of separability of lives from a stronger notion of separability of people, which takes into account the possibility of a person’s nonexistence. It defends separability of lives on the basis of the principle of personal good. It thereby opens up the people route to aggregation when the population of the world is constant. It assesses the principle of personal good, particularly considering its relation to the value of equality and its conflict with discounting for time.
The Neutral Level for Existence
Authors: Broome John 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThis chapter demonstrates how the assumptions made so far in the book imply that there is a single neutral level for existence. That is, there is a single level of wellbeing such that adding a person at that level is neither better nor worse than not adding her. It explains how this conclusion conflicts strongly with an intuition shared by many people: the ‘neutrality intuition’ that adding a person to the world’s population is generally ethically neutral. It uses examples such as the mere addition paradox. It outlines various ways in which the conflict with intuition might be circumvented.
Indeterminate Betterness
Authors: Broome John 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThis chapter gives qualified support to a fourth approach to incorporating the neutrality intuition. It considers the possibility that the betterness relation is indeterminate, but in the end supports the related but different view that betterness is vague. It adopts the supervaluation account of vagueness, which opens the way to continuing the development of the theory of weighing lives.
Separability of People
Authors: Broome John 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThis chapter defends the separability of people. It explains that people will be separable if and only if the neutral level for existence is the same in all contexts. It examines and rejects average utilitarianism, which conflicts with separability of people. It also rejects the view that the value of adding a person to the population might depend on the number of people who already exist.
The Standardized Total Principle
Authors: Broome John 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThis chapter derives the standardized total principle for valuing distributions that contain different numbers of people. It explains that this principle is total utilitarianism, when total utilitarianism is understood in the only way that makes good sense. It is also often called ‘critical-level utilitarianism’. It considers the neutral level for existence, then responds to some objections to total utilitarianism, in particular the repugnant conclusion.
Same‐Lifetime Aggregation
Authors: Broome John 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThis chapter opens the question of aggregating wellbeing across time to determine the value of a single person’s life. It explains the imperfect analogy between this sort of aggregation and aggregation across time to determine the overall value of a world. It assesses the principle of temporal good, the analogue of the principle of personal good. It shows there are plausible grounds for doubting the principle, which derive from various putative pattern goods. Nevertheless, this chapter eventually adopts the principle of temporal good as a default position. From this default position, it derives a same-lifetime addition theorem, which says that wellbeing is aggregated within a life additively.
A Life Worth Living
Authors: Broome John 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThis chapter defines the neutral value for extending life. This is the level of a person’s temporal wellbeing at which it is just worth the person’s continuing to live: extending the life is equally as good for the person as not extending it. The chapter examines and rejects the view that extending a person’s life is normally ethically neutral. This view is analogous to the neutrality intuition about adding a person to the population. It implies that every level of wellbeing is neutral. It may be attributed to Epicurus, who argues that death generally does not harm the person who dies. The chapter considers Epicurus’ arguments.
The Value of a Life
Authors: Broome John 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThis chapter considers whether the neutral level for extending life is a constant. It shows there are plausible grounds for thinking it may not be. However, it adopts the assumptions that it is constant as a default view. This leads to the standardized total principle for lives, which says that the value of a life is the total of temporal wellbeing contained in the life. This amounts to intrapersonal utilitarianism. The chapter considers the implication of this conclusion for the badness of death.
Liberal Pluralism and Post‐Communism
Authors: Schöpflin George 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
This paper explores the problems of liberal pluralism in post-Communist Central and South-Eastern Europe. It argues that the Anglo-Saxon analyses of post-Communism are hampered by the analysts’ own cultural baggage – the assumptions they make on the nature of democratic best practice. Central and South Eastern Europe will develop their own democratic norms, concepts, and patterns which will be unique and democratic. Deeper and more thoughtful assessments of the success and failure criteria of democracy are needed than those offered by Anglo-Saxon analysis.
Rethinking the State, Minorities, and National Security
Authors: Doroszewska Urszula 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
This paper examines the nature of the state, national security, and the identification of a national minority in the post-Soviet context. It contends that the assumption that post-Soviet states function in the same way as other European states is unwarranted. It then looks at the specific example of the Crimean Tatars.
Nation‐States and Immigrant Societies
Authors: Walzer Michael 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
This paper presents an alternative to William Kymlicka’s approach for the integration or accommodation of ethnocultural groups in democratic states. It contends that there are different types of states, and that the differences need to be described before their consequences can be argued. The thicker the ‘national’ culture, the more likely it is that large groups of immigrants will have to be accommodated as national minorities rather than as hyphenated nationals. Or, alternatively, multiculturalism may have to take a more corporatist form when the dominant culture is strongly supported by the state.
New Democracies in the Old World: Remarks on Will Kymlicka's Approach to Nation‐Building in Post‐Communist Europe
Authors: Tsilevich Boris 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
This paper argues that liberal democratic values provide clear markers for acceptable approaches to minority policies, which is lacking in East Central European countries. Two main trends are evident in the elaboration of international legal standards for handling ethnic diversity: the elaboration of new instruments on minority rights, and the half-hearted acceptance of this effort by ‘old’ and ‘new’ democracies. Simply put, although nation-states realize the urgency of addressing these issues, they are not eager to undertake serious obligations towards their minorities.
Some Doubts About ‘Ethnocultural Justice’
Authors: Ossipov Alexander 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
This paper presents some criticisms against Kymlicka’s ideas on ‘ethnocultural justice’. It argues that many of Kymlicka’s suggestions do not apply to the realities of the former Soviet Union, particularly Russia. It identifies fundamental problems to Kymlicka’s approach: that his basic assumptions are arbitrary and disputable, the internal logic seems contradictory, potential gains are overestimated, and some potentially undesirable effects are not considered.
Reflections on Minority Rights Politics for East Central European Countries
Authors: Dimitras Panayote , Papanikolatos Nafsika 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Most East Central European (ECE) countries are very reluctant, if not hostile, to apply the liberal and democratic approach to ethnocultural diversity. This democratic process is immobilized by the transformation from one authoritarian model based on a socio-economic ideology to another authoritarian model based on the explosion of an aggressive nationalism of the majority versus minorities and neighbouring peoples. As long as ECE states continue to cultivate the myth of belonging to the founding historic nations, the evolution to ‘multination’ or ‘multicultural’ states to accommodate ethnocultural diversity will be viewed as tantamount to undermining the foundation of these nations.
Territorial Autonomy as a Minority Rights Regime in Post‐Communist Societies
Authors: Kolstø Pål 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Political leaders in post-Communist Eastern European states have rejected ethnic minority leaders’ calls for territorial autonomy (TA). Two reasons are given for this rejection: TA is viewed as a stepping stone to secession, and that the putative minority homeland is no more culturally homogeneous than is the state as a whole. The validity of these two objections to TA is discussed within the context of the history of TA in the Soviet Union, and actual experiences of TA in successor states.
Nation‐Building and Beyond
Authors: Kis János 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
This paper argues that although the multination state is closer to meeting the standards of ethnocultural justice than the one-nation state, the alternatives to nation-building cannot be neglected. It analyses the claim that if ethnocultural justice requires that the one-nation state give way to the multination state, then ethnocultural justice also requires that exclusive jurisdiction give way to overlapping jurisdictions. It also shows, using the example of recent developments in Hungarian nationalism, that the change in the international environment has impacted the perception of political alternatives.
Definitions and Discourse: Applying Kymlicka's Models to Estonia and Latvia
Authors: Pettai Vello 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
This paper raises a number of points in relation to the basic concept of ‘ethnocultural justice’ and Kymlicka’s five models of ethnopolitical conflict. It argues that while ‘ethnopolitical justice’ has become the focus of debate on all five of these contexts, a critical causal puzzle piece remains missing if these definitions are not complemented with the discourses ethnocultural groups use to wage their ethnopolitical struggles. The cases of Estonia and Latvia are examined.
Perspectives on a Liberal‐Pluralist Approach to Ethnic Minorities in Ukraine
Authors: Fesenko Volodymyr 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
The main problem of Ukrainian ethnic policy is balancing Ukrainian majority nation-building with respect for ethnic minority rights. This explains a paradoxical, but logical mixture of liberal and illiberal elements in the nation-building process. The more illiberal elements are rooted in a post-colonial ‘Russian syndrome’, which drives Ukrainians to distances themselves from Russia. At the same time, the policy of nation-building in Ukraine is moderate and open to compromise, reflecting the balance of forces between the political elite of the country and the country’s different regions and main ethnocultural groups.
Nation‐Building, Culture, and Problems of Ethnocultural Identity in Central Asia: The Case of Uzbekistan
Authors: Djumaev Aleksandr 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
New and complex problems in inter-ethnic and international relations emerged following the independence of Central Asian republics. These include serious divergences among Central Asian states in their understanding of issues; contradictions between the process of nation-building and traditional Central Asian management of multi-ethnicity, ethnocultural diversity, and multiculturalism; and deepening of ethnocultural differences. This is especially true of urban civilization in Uzbekistan, to which both Tajiks and Uzbeks lay claim. This paper examines each of these problems in detail.
Reply and Conclusion
Authors: Kymlicka Will 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThis paper presents Will Kymlicka’s response to the commentaries on his paper on ethnic relations. It addresses four general concerns on liberal pluralism: the role of elites in defining and manipulating minority claims, the problem of intolerant minorities, the relative priority of democratic consolidations vis-a-vis minority rights, and the appropriateness of territorial autonomy. It is argued that in the absence of external pressure, prospects are bleak for significant progress in ethnic relations in Eastern and Central European countries. The roles of international organizations are discussed, and general reflections on the role of East-West and Old World-New World comparisons in the area of nationalism and minority rights are presented.
Differential Equations
Authors: Björk Tomas 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThis chapter examines whether there exists a stochastic process X, which satisfies the stochastic differential equation (SDE) d X t = μ (t, X t) d t + σ (t, X t) d W t, X 0 = x 0. The standard method for proving the existence of a solution to the SDE is to construct an iteration scheme of Cauchy-Picard type. Although the construction can be carried out, the proof requires some hard inequalities. Thus, only the result is given. Practice exercises are included.
The Martingale Approach to Arbitrage Theory
Authors: Björk Tomas 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThis chapter analyses a market model made up of N + 1 a priori given asset price processes S0, S1, ..., SN. Typically, the model is specified by giving the dynamics of the asset price processes under the objective probability measure P. The main problems are: Under what conditions is the market arbitrage free? Under what conditions is the market complete? These problems are addressed using the “martingale approach” to financial derivatives.
The Mathematics of the Martingale Approach
Authors: Björk Tomas 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThis chapter presents the two main workhorses of the martingale approach to arbitrage theory: the Martingale Representation Theorem and the Girsanov Theorem. The Martingale Representation Theorem shows that in a Wiener world, every martingale can be written as a stochastic integral w.r.t, the underlying Wiener process. The Girsanov Theorem gives complete control of all absolutely continuous measure transformations in a Wiener world. Practice exercises are included.
Black–Scholes from a Martingale Point of View*
Authors: Björk Tomas 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThis chapter discusses the standard Black-Scholes model from the martingale point of view. The probability space (Ω, □, P, □-) carrying a P-Wiener process W-, where the filtration □- is the one generated by W-, i.e. □ t = □ t W-. On this space, the model is defined by d S t = α S t D t + σ S t d W- t, d B t = r B t d t. The Black-Scholes model is proven to be arbitrage free and complete.
Dividends
Authors: Björk Tomas 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThis chapter examines pricing problems for contingent claims which are written on dividend paying underlying assets. The study of dividends is of practical importance since in real life, the majority of all traded options are written on stocks with at least one dividend left before the expiration date of the option. The theory developed in this chapter will be used in the study of currency derivatives and future contracts. Practice exercises are included.
Currency Derivatives
Authors: Björk Tomas 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThis chapter examines a model which incorporates not only the usual domestic equity market, but also a market for the exchange rate between the domestic currency and a fixed foreign currency, as well as a foreign currency market. Financial derivatives defined in such situations are commonly known as quanto products. It begins with a study of derivatives written directly on the exchange rate X, and then proceeds with the study of pricing (in domestic currency) contracts written on foreign equity. Practice exercises are included.
Stochastic Optimal Control
Authors: Björk Tomas 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThis chapter analyses the stochastic optimal control problem. The problem considers an economic agent over a fixed time interval [0, T]. At time t = 0, the agent is endowed with initial wealth x0, and the agent’s problem is how to allocate investments and consumption over the given time horizon. The agent must choose a portfolio-consumption strategy that will maximize the total utility over [0, T]. Practice exercises are included.
Short Rate Models
Authors: Björk Tomas 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThis chapter examines the problem of how to model an arbitrage free family of zero coupon bond price processes. It assumes a market for T-bonds for every choice of T, and that the market is arbitrage free. For every T, the price of a T-bond has the form p (t, T) = F (t, r, (t) ; T), where F is a smooth function of three real variables. Practice exercises are included.
Martingale Models for the Short Rate
Authors: Björk Tomas 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThis chapter analyses the martingale modelling approach for the short rate of interest rate model. It considers an interest rate model where the P-dynamics of the short rate of interest are given by d r (t) = μ (t, r (t)) dt + σ (t, r(t)) d W-. The term structure (i.e., the family of bond price processes), as well as the prices of all other interest rate derivatives are determined by specifying the r-dynamics under the martingale measure Q, a procedure known as martingale modelling. Practice exercises are included.