bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Future challenges of disease in the beef cattle industry*
Authors: CAMPBELL RSF 
Published: March 2008

Summary: Disease control must be part of the management system in any beef cattle enterprise where improved net returns are a constant goal.A current view of the importance of disease is reflected in the research portfolio of the Australian Meat and Live‐stock Research and Development Corporation (AMLRDC), where only 14% of projects relate to cattle health problems. Our relative freedom from epidemics is partly responsible for this balance, but the profession sould continue to be alert to the range of actual or potential threats to the national herds and those predisposing factors, both managerial and environmental, that influence their effects.In Australia with its crucial beef export component, several priority areas can be identified. They are (i) completion of the Brucellosis and Tuberculosis Eradication Campaign (BTEC) (ii) improved knowledge of the effects of production of subclinical disease including deficiency states (iii) better understanding of the infertility complex from conception to birth. Congenital viral infections such as mucosal disease and the arbovirus group are slowly emerging from their epidemiological obscurity (iv) constant awareness of the potential threat of exotic diseases and defensive methods available to meet them. There is a particular need to understand the epidemiology of the large tropical cattle herd, which interfaces with South‐East Asia. Our comparative freedom from epidemics should not cause any relaxation of vigilance by the veterinary services in the private or public sectors. Nor should government be allowed to minimise the critical role of the veterinary profession in our defence against animal disease (v) increased liaison with our trading partners in livestock exports. Recent work on consignments of live Australian cattle and buffalo to South‐East Asia indicates that severe losses often experienced by importing countries may be due to a range of indigenous diseases such as trypanosomiasis (surra) and tick‐borne infections.Veterinarians must increasingly take part in farming systems decision making and try to determine how appropriate and financially acceptable is any herd health policy.
Rearing performance of farmed fallow deer (Dania dama)
Authors: MULLEY RC , ENGLISH AW , KIRBY AC 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY The ability of fallow does to rear fawns to weaning age was examined in a group of 243 adult does of known age (Group 1) and 509 adult does of unknown age (Group 2). All does had between 1 and 8 opportunities to rear fawns. There was an increasing proportion of does that failed to rear a fawn to weaning age as the number of rearing opportunities increased, although most does (93.6%) only failed on one occasion. A small percentage of does in groups 1 and 2 failed repeatedly to rear fawns to weaning. At slaughter, the presumed causes of failure in chronic non‐breeders included pyometron, cystic ovaries, cervical cysts, a vulvas neoplasm and salpingitis.The overall rearing succes of both groups of deer was 82.4% and there was no consistent pattern of rearing failure relating to parity or previous rearing history.
Fertility indices for beef bulls*
Authors: PERRY VEA , CHENOWETH PJ , POST TB , MUNRO RK 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Young (16‐ to 30‐month‐old) beef bulls of 6 different genotypes were assessed for production and reproduction traits at different ages and intervals from single‐sire mating. Fertility indices, in the form of multiple regression equations using pregnancy rate as the dependent variable, were derived from these assessments using non‐orthogonal analyses of variance and covariance.“Among” and “within” genotype fertility indices showed significant correlations with pregnancy rate. “Within” genotype fertility indices showing significant multiple correlations (p<0.01) at 11 (r = 0.75), 8 (r = 0.89), 6 (r = 0.86) and 2 (r = 0.80) months prior to mating. It was found that the most important traits to include in the fertility indices were peripheral LH levels following GnRH stimulation, testicular volume, libido and body weight. In general, the fertility indices showed good correlations with bull reproductive performance and were not significantly affected by bull genotype.
The prevalence of itchmite, Psorergates ovis, among sheep flocks with a history of fleece derangement
Authors: JOHNSON PW , PLANT JW , BORAY JC , BLUNT SC , NICHOLLS PJ 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY An investigation of sheep flocks in the main sheep raising areas of New South Wales showed that the itchmite Psorergates ovis was frequently associated with fleece derangement. In 26 of the 41 flocks examined, P. ovis was the only ectoparasite detected. P. ovis and the sheep body louse Damalinia ovis, were found in 5 flocks. No external parasites were found on sheep examined from the 10 remaining flocks. The type of fleece derangement most frequently recorded was rubbing which in some cases was combined with areas of chewed fleece.Among flocks, there were positive relations between the prevalence of fleece derangement and prevalence of itchmite or scurf and between mean itchmite count and mean scurf score.Within flocks, itchmite infested sheep or sheep with scurf had higher prevalences of fleece derangement than sheep on which no mites or no scurf were found. Itchmite infested sheep had a higher prevalence of scurf than those with no detectable mite infestation.There were no signficant differences in itchmite populations or fleece derangement between untreated flocks and flocks treated with synthetic pyrethroids, organophosphates or arsenic and rotenone.
Evaluation of ear tags impregnated with cypermethrin for the control of sheep body lice (Damalinia ovis)
Authors: JAMES PJ , ERKERLENZ P , MEADE RJ 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY The application of polymer matrix ear tags impregnated with 8.5% w/w cypermethrin to 6 wethers following shearing reduced lice to non‐detectable levels on 4 of them at 29 weeks after tagging. At the conclusion of the study at 45 weeks the mean count of lice on tagged wethers was 3 per sheep compared to 158 on untreated wethers.In a second experiment, 6 non‐infected sheep were treated at shearing with cypermethrin tags, 6 with 25 g/l cypermethrin backline formulation, 6 with tags plus backline and 6 were left untreated. Each group was exposed to 6 sheep with moderate to heavy infestations of lice. Compared to controls, all treatments delayed infestation, but cypermethrin tags gave no longer protection than backline treatment. All sheep were infested by 17 weeks after commencement of the study. At 45 weeks mean counts of lice were 38, 27, 20 and 74 respectively for sheep treated with tags, backline formulation, backline plus tags and untreated. Possible reasons for the better effect observed from applying tags to infested sheep than to sheep which were not infected at application but which were subsequently exposed to infested sheep are discussed.
The reversal of xylazine/ketamine immobilisation of fallow deer with yohimbine
Authors: STEWART MC , ENGLISH AW 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Fallow deer were immobilised using a combination of xylazine and ketamine. Adult males (n=10) and adult females (n=10) received 4 mg/kg of each drug intramuscularly. Juveniles (n=11) received 2 mg/kg of each drug, intravenously. Times to recumbency were as follows: adult males 4.9 ± 2.9 min, adult females 4.1 ± 1.9 min, juveniles 2.3 ± 1.1 min.After 30 min each deer received 0.2 mg/kg of yohimbine, or an equal volume of sterile diluent intravenously. Yohimbine substantially reduced the recovery times of treated deer. Adult males were releasable 7.2 ± 4.3 min after yohimbine administration, whereas control males were not releasable until 165 ± 18 min. Treated adult females were releasable after 6.6 ± 4.3 min, while control females were not releasable until 84 ± 29 min. Juveniles were releasable 2.1 ± 0.8 min after administration of yohimbine but control juveniles were not releasable until 62 ± 16 min.Xylazine/ketamine administration produced statistically significant changes in packed cell volume, total plasma protein, albumin, sodium, glucose, creatine phosphokinase and inorganic phosphate values after 30 min. Yohimbine administration had no effect on these changes.
An experimental evaluation of castellated laryngofissure and bilateral arytenoid literalisation for the relief of laryngeal paralysis in dogs
Authors: BURBIDGE HM , GOULDEN BE , JONES BR 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of 2 surgical procedures for providing an adequate laryngeal airway in dogs after surgically induced laryngeal paralysis. The laryngeal function of 10 healthy, adult experimental dogs was assessed by clinical examination, laryngoscopy, arterial blood gas measurement and analysis of tidal breathing flow‐volume loops before, and after, bilateral recurrent laryngeal neurectomy. A castellated laryngofissure with vocal fold resection was done on 5 dogs and bilateral arytenoid cartilage lateralisation performed on the remaining 5 dogs. Six weeks later, the laryngeal function of the 10 dogs was reassessed, before the dogs were killed and a necropsy performed. The visible changes in laryngeal structure were recorded.Both surgical procedures alleviated some of the airway obstruction caused by the bilateral recurrent laryngeal neurectomy, but bilateral arytenoid cartilage lateralisation produced more consistent clinical improvement, a wider rima glottidis, increased inspiratory air flow and a significant increase in post‐operative arterial oxygen tension.
Chloramphenicol 4. Responsible topical use in ophthalmology
Authors: BLOGG JR 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYChloramphenicol has gained widespread use in the topical treatment of ocular infections. The rationale for this use was based on the ability of chloramphenicol to penetrate the cornea and enter the anterior segment, together with its broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. However, routine use in corneal ulceration or keratitis is not desirable. Hypopyon, when present, is usually sterile. Concerns about human exposure to chloramphenicol and its recent prohibition of use in food‐producing animals, raise the need to review its indications and discuss alternatives. The role of chloramphenicol in ocular therapeutics is examined in this article.
Infection of pigs with transmissible gastroenteritis virus from contaminated carcases
Authors: FORMAN AJ 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYSixteen 6‐month‐old pigs were exposed to transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) virus by placing them in close contact with piglets infected at 1 week of age. Fourteen of the older pigs were slaughtered between 1 and 5 d after exposure to infection and their carcases dressed in simulated abattoir conditions. Samples of muscle, bone marrow and carcase lymph nodes were stored at ‐25°C for at least 30 d and then homogenised and fed to groups of 1‐week‐old and 3‐week‐old pigs. Four of 12 one‐week‐old pigs died and TGE virus was isolated from intestinal contents of one of these. All pigs of both age groups developed neutralising antibody to TGE virus over the ensuing 4 w. The results indicate that carcases from pigs infected with TGE virus can represent a source of infection for susceptible pigs given access to them.
The survival of platypuses in captivity
Authors: WHITTINGTON RJ 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYData are presented on the duration of survival of 228 platypuses at six Australian zoos between 1934 and 1988. Only 22.4% of all platypuses survived more than 1 year in captivity. Of 15 living platypuses, 3 had been held in captivity for less than 1 year, 5 for between 1 and 5 years, 6 for between 5 and 10 years and 1 for 21 years. Of 213 platypuses that died in captivity, 81.7% had died within 1 year; most within the first month. The duration of survival was unrelated to the age of animals at acquisition or to sex. The survival rate of animals donated to zoos, including “refugees”, was similar to that of purpose‐caught animals. Clearly, only a small proportion of platypuses adapted to captive husbandry. The cause of death of most platypuses was not established. However, infectious disease did not appear to be significant. Approximately 28% of deaths were related to inadequate husbandry. Recommendations are made to improve the survival of platypuses in captivity. Research has commenced in zoos to facilitate this goal.
Successful treatment of mycoplasmosis in layer chickens with single dose therapy
Authors: ARZEY GG , ARZEY KE 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe efficacy of treatment with single dose administration of 5 drugs at different dosages to layer hens naturally infected with Mycoplasma gallisepticum was studied. The drugs were tiamulin, which was administered orally, tylosin (parenterally and orally), spiramycin (orally), long‐acting oxytetracycline (parenterally) and tylosin‐dihydrostreptomycin (parenterally). Cure was assessed by the absence of nasal discharge. The cure rate was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in treated hens than in untreated hens, as early as 1 day after treatment. Remission for 33 days was achieved in 60% of hens treated with 100 mg oxytetracycline, in 100% of hens treated with 100 mg or 200 mg spiramycin, in 92% and 85% of hens treated with 100 mg tylosin, parenterally and orally, and in 89% and 88% of birds given 100 mg tiamulin and tylosin‐dihydrostreptomycin, respectively.
Adverse drug reactions: Report of the Australian Veterinary Association Adverse Drug Reaction Subcommittee, 1992
Authors: MADDISON JE 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: Fifty‐nine reports of suspected adverse drug reactions (ADRs) were received by the Adverse Drug Reaction Subcommittee of the Australian Veterinary Association from February 1991‐March 1992 inclusive. The number of reports received/number of animals involved per species was: dogs (23/24); cats (20/30); horses (4/4); cattle (7/10); sheep (3/745); poultry (1/580); pigs (1/8). Of these, 38 (64%) were classified as definite ADRs and 9 (15%) as probable ADRs. In 10 (17%) reports an ADR could not be substantiated or there was insufficient information available to make a decision. Two reports involved veterinarians inadvertently overdosing animals.Eighteen reports involved apparent hypersensitivity reactions and 6 reports involved probable drug interactions. Four reports involved the use of drugs at appropriate doses but in inappropriate clinical situations, and 3 reports were associated with ‘off‐label’ use.
Benign footrot – an epidemiological investigation into the occurrence, effects on production, response to treatment and influence of environmental factors
Authors: GLYNN T 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYBenign footrot was studied in 1 1/2‐years‐old Merinos on 2 farms in central Victoria from September 1987 to August 1990, Inclusive. Treatment groups of 100 sheep grazed together with the remaining untreated sheep. Inspections were carried out every 3 weeks during the spring transmission period until the number of lesions greater than score 2 dropped below 3%. At each inspection, each sheep was weighed and lesion scores for each foot and digit were recorded, the treated group of sheep was treated by standing in 20% (w/v) zinc sulphate‐sodium lauryl sulphate for 1 hour, and bacteriological samples were randomly collected from 5 sheep with and 5 without lesions.Dichelobacter nodosusorganisms were obtained from sheep in both groups.Laboratory tests indicated benign organisms in flock A and low virulence, intermediate organisms in flock B. During the first 2 years, the number and severity of lesions were greater in flock A than in flock B. However, in the third year, with an early ‘autumn break’, there was a rapid and severe outbreak of footrot in flock B; 98% of the flock had lesions at the first inspection in July 1989. Flock A had a less dramatic increase in lesions of footrot. Both treated and untreated groups in flock B recovered rapidly between the third and fourth inspections. A later increase in lesions for both flocks coincided with damage caused by barley grass seeds. During this period there was a significant difference (P / 0.001) in body weight between the treated and untreated sheep on farm B. An extra 0.2 kg of skirted fleece was obtained from treated sheep when shorn in 1990, compared with the untreated group (P = 0.04). Treated sheep had fewer tender fleeces, 11% compared with 25%. Wool from the untreated group was 0.5 micron finer but the value was 1.79 a head (7%) less than that from the treated group.
A survey of neurological diseases in horses
Authors: TYLER CM , DAVIS RE , BEGG AP , HUTCHINS DR , HODGSON DR 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: Case records of 450 horses with signs of neurological disease are reviewed. One hundred and nineteen horses with neurological disease due to trauma were examined, of which 60 were due to spinal cord trauma, 47 to brain or cranial nerve trauma and 12 to peripheral nerve trauma. Cervical vertebral fractures/trauma were the most common injury. Basisphenold/basloccipital bone fractures were the most common form of cranial trauma and facial nerve paralysis the most common cranial nerve injury. Eighty‐nine horses with neurological disease due to malformation were examined. Cervical vertebral malformation occurred in 83 horses and congenital defects in 6 foals. Neurological disease due to inflammation or infection occurred in 30 horses. The most common disease of this type was meningitis, which occurred in 11 horses and foals. Neoplasms in the CNS caused neurological disease in 8 horses. The final category was miscellaneous neurological disease, which was diagnosed in 204 horses. Diseases in this category included neonatal (28 cases), toxic/metabolic (27 cases), idiopathic (133 cases), degenerative (3 cases) and other neurological diseases (13 cases). The most common condition was idiopathic laryngeal hemiplegia (116 cases).Where possible, diagnosis relied on a thorough neurological examination with use of ancillary tests in selected cases including rhinolaryngoscopy, radiography, myelography, ophthalmoscopy and cerebrospinal fluid analysis when indicated. In many cases necropsy and histopathological confirmation or diagnosis was necessary.
Epidemiology of salmonellosis in the live sheep export industry
Authors: HIGGS ARE , NORRIS RT , RICHARDS RB 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYSalmonellosis in sheep was studied on 7 commercial voyages from Australia to the Middle East and in one animal house study. Faecal excretion of salmonellas was not a good indicator of pathological changes in the gastrointestinal tract. The ratio of the proportion of sheep excreting salmonellas to the proportion with histological lesions of salmonellosis ranged from 1:1 to 23:1.Increasing excretion rates in our studies indicated that most sheep would be exposed to infection, although deaths from salmonellosis were not spatially or temporally clustered as would be expected if challenge alone was a sufficient cause. We considered that inappetence predisposed to death from salmonellosis, and that sheep with inappetence were likely to be randomly distributed aboard ship.In the animal house study, histological lesions of salmonellosis were exclusively in inappetent sheep although almost all sheep excreted salmonellas in faeces. Lesions of salmonellosis were found only in sheep that were seriously ill or had died, which suggested that, under the conditions of lot‐feeding and sea transport, most sheep with enteric lesions are likely to die. Lesions were not found in feeding controls.Adrenal gland weights, an indicator of stress duration and severity, were used to examine the temporal sequence of events in the development of salmonellosis. Weights were greater in sheep that died of inanition than in controls, suggesting that inappetent sheep were already stressed for that reason. The presence of enteric lesions of salmonellosis was associated with further increases in adrenal gland weights. In a small proportion of cases, septicaemic salmonellosis developed rapidly and without adrenal gland hypertrophy suggesting that the sheep succumbed before the adrenal glands had time to enlarge.We concluded that sheep were predisposed to salmonellosis by inappetence and that stress was involved in lesion development. We considered that the development of enteric lesions of salmonellosis, in the live export system, inevitably led to death.
Persistence of the sheep body louse, Bovicola ovis, after treatment
Authors: MORCOMBE PW , YOUNG GE 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Lice were found in samples of baled wool from 198 of 464 flocks treated to eliminate an Infestation in the period July 1988 to June 1990. In 287 flocks the Insecticide was applied as a backline treatment and in 177 flocks a shower dip was used. Of these flocks, 41.5% and 44.6%, respectively, were found to be infested at the following shearing. After adjusting for the accuracy of the test, It was estimated that infestation in 2 consecutive 12‐month periods occurred in 52.6% of flocks with a real incidence rate of 27.4%. Using these estimates, it was calculated that in 34.7% of infested flocks treatment did not kill all lice.There were no differences in the proportion of consecutive infestations between flocks treated with any of the 3 chemicals applied as backline treatments. Among flocks treated In a shower dip, 68.4% using coumaphos, 37.8% using diazlnon and 41.5% using cyhalothrin had consecutive Infestations (P < 0.05). The detection of lice in 63.2% of flocks that were treated with magnesium fluosilicate was, in part, attributed to the application of this chemical by one operator.
Chronic cryptosporidiosis in Australian elapid snakes: control of an outbreak in a captive colony
Authors: CARMEL BP , GROVES V 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYAn outbreak of chronic cryptosporidiosis resulting in hypertrophic gastritis occurred in a captive colony of Australian elapid snakes. Two species of the genus Notechiswere involved: Notechis ***ater(Black Tiger Snake) and Notechis scutatus (Eastern or Mainland Tiger Snake). The infection was eventually fatal in all 9 affected snakes. Typical histopathological findings of the stomach included mucosal thickening with cystic dilatation of gastric glands, moderate oedema and fibrosis of the lamina propria, and a mild to moderate patchy infiltration of inflammatory cells. Procedures implemented to contain the outbreak included the use of a formaldehyde‐based disinfectant, prompt removal of faecal matter, uneaten and regurgitated food from enclosures, and examination of faecal specimens for Cryptosporidium oocysts and other pathogens.
Rhodococcus equi‐associated osteomyelitis in foals
Authors: FIRTH EC , ALLEY MR , HODGE H 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYTwo cases of Rhodococcus equl infection in foals are described, in which osteomyelitis was a feature. Because rhodococcal infection is usually low grade and chronic, and because the signs of early metaphysitis can be subtle, any articular or periarticular swelling in a foal from a farm with a history of rhodococcosis should be strongly suspected to be associated with R equl until proven otherwise.