bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Development of Urban Systems in the Americas in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Morse Richard M. 
Published: March 2007

Developing a line of thought from an earlier essay (Morse, 1973: II, 11-55), this paper examines some points of departure for a comparative analysis of urbanization in Latin America and the United States during the nineteenth century. Two assumptions guide the inquiry: first, that the “external dependency” thesis so frequently invoked to explain Latin American urban development easily leads to dogmatism; second, that geoeconomic factors must be perceived as interacting with those of the sociopolitical order.To set broad guidelines for our effort we might construe the economic and institutional development of the United States and Latin America along the lines of two tensions or counterpoints.United States.Here the North and West with their commercial agriculture, trading energies, and industrialization faced the commercially and financially dependent South, its socioeconomic organization conditioned by the plantation system, slavery, and export agriculture.
Migrations to Mexico City in the Nineteenth Century: Research Approaches
Authors: Toscano Alejandra Moreno , Anaya Carlos Aguirre , Urquidi Translator Marjorie 
Published: March 2007

The persistence of certain migratory movements has engendered a growing interest in their historical process. In the case of Mexico City, some recent studies have called attention to the existence of structures and historical trends which help explain contemporary migration (Bataillon, 1972).A study of the history of migrations makes possible precise observations on the mass population movements produced by great social changes. These changes, in turn, can be studied through an analysis of their effects. Historical analysis will certainly focus on migration as a phenomenon that affects social groups, because the documents—generally indirect—that record these movements throw more light on their causes than on individual motivations. This paper only points to some ways in which these movements might be analyzed, using as sources the municipalpadrones(population registers) and censuses of the nineteenth century, which include information on places of origin. (A complete list of the padrones of Mexico City in the nineteenth century is given in Aguirre and Sánchez de Tagle, 1972.)
Mexican Governors since Cardenas: Education and Career Contacts
Authors: Ai Camp Roderic 
Published: March 2007

There has been little systematic research of any kind on political leadership in Latin America (Welsh, 1970). This omission is regrettable because a study of political leadership indicates what types of men govern the political system, which institutions are most important in the recruitment process, and what careers are demanded of those leaders. In the Mexican political system, where local and national leadership is dependent upon the same organizations for power, studies of local politicians indicate what qualities characterize national elites.The only monograph which is devoted in detail to a study of the backgrounds, origins, and recruitment of political leaders of a single Latin American country is the work of José Luis de Imáz (1970) on Argentina. However, even Imáz's (1970: 13) work makes only passing references to provincial governors, and his conclusions are based on the surprisingly small sample of eighteen governors from three states.
Traditions of Eloquence in Afro-American Communities
Authors: Abrahams Roger D. 
Published: March 2007

…In the south there was the daily impact upon the white man of the effect of the Negro, concerning whom nothing is so certain as his remarkable tendency to seize on lovely words, to roll them in his throat, to heap them in redundant profusion one upon another until meaning vanishes, until there is nothing left but the sweet, canorous drunkenness, nothing but the play of primitive rhythm upon the secret springs of emotion.W. J. Cash, The Mind of the SouthBoth in Africa and in America the Negro seems to find a decided pleasure in altiloquent speech. Perhaps this bombast is partly due to the fact that the long and unusual word has a sort of awe-inspiring almost fetishistic significance to the uneducated person, and with the Negro, at least, it indicated a desire to approximate the white man in outward signs of learning. As it is, the Negro is constantly being lost in a labyrinth of jaw-breaking words full of sound and fury but signifying nothing.Newbell Niles Puckett, Folk Beliefs of Southern Negroes
Private-Sector Capital Mobilization and Industrialization in Latin America
Authors: Aubey Robert T. 
Published: March 2007

Much of economic planning in Latin America has been oriented toward promoting industrialization. These plans have generally given a major role to government, and no doubt there is a significant role that the public sector can and must play in capital mobilization as well as in performing other functions. In most countries, the infrastructural needs alone are enormous and constitute a major challenge for the still rudimentary machinery of public administration and the generally weak fiscal systems.Clearly, however, a very large portion of the capital requirements of industrialization has been supplied by the private sector—with important assistance from foreign enterprises, to be sure, but with the domestic private sectors supplying most of the financing needed to maintain what has been, in most countries, a relatively high rate of industrial development. The focus of this paper is on the mechanism by which this capital has been mobilized by the private sector and on the changes that appear to occur in that mechanism during the process of industrialization.
Guatemalan Revolutionaries and Havana's Ideological Offensive of 1966-1968
Authors: Crain David A. 
Published: March 2007

A marked improvement has occurred since 1968 in Havana's relations with Moscow and the traditional Communist parties of Latin America. Previously, however, from approximately 1966-1968 Fidel Castro's actions and words came perilously close to precipitating a formal split between his regime and the pro-Soviet parties of the hemisphere. At one time, sporadic criticisms of standard Communist party revolutionary strategy and tactics escalated in frequency and gravity. An ideological offensive advanced as Castro flaunted an independent Marxist line in both domestic and international affairs. Havana proceeded to exacerbate growing tensions in the uneasy alliance between guerrilla movements and Communist parties in several Latin American countries.Attempts to establish the factors prompting these actions have to date focused on Cuban reactions to developments in the Venezuelan revolutionary movement during 1964-1966.
Women in Colombia: Attitudes and Future Perspectives in the Political System
Authors: Schmidt Steffen W. 
Published: March 2007

[For] women to begin to participate more fully in politics on an equal par with men, the changes that have to take place go far beyond the raising of consciousness of women themselves, as well as of the men. Major changes will also be necessary in the structure of the society, in particular in the relationship between the two institutions—the family and the polity.In this concluding paragraph of a paper on Brazilian women, Blachman (1972) charts two major areas of significance to those interested in the study of women—the ideological dimension and the institutional reality. At the same time we are reminded that the link between the two, a dialectic of structures and values, may still be the most confounding and frustrating obstacle to an analysis of women in society and, for our interests here, women in politics. (For an excellent overview of the material on women in Latin America, see Pescatello, 1972.)
Modernization for Emigration
Authors: Portes Alejandro , Ross Adreain A. 
Published: March 2007

The problem of the brain drain—movement of highly skilled personnel across national borders—has been an object of increasing concern during the last two decades. International agencies, especially those linked with the United Nations, have seized the subject as one of the clearest manifestations of international imbalances in favor of the developed’ countries (United Nations, 1971; Kidd, 1967).It is clear, despite variations across countries, that loss of professionals represents a significant cost for many nations, especially less developed ones. Recent data from three widely different countries may be used to illustrate such costs: from 1955 to 1968 Colombia lost 20,506 professionals to the United States; at an estimated cost of U.S. $8,000 for the training of each individual, Colombia made a contribution to the “development” of the United States of $164,048,000 during the period.
Housing in Chile: The Economics of Stimulus-Response
Authors: Frankenhoff Charles A. 
Published: March 2007

Chile has a housing problem but not in the traditional sense of something to be solved. Like any other country in the throes of modernization, Chile is producing an inadequate flow of housing services for low income families. Each family participates to some extent in the available housing services, but an estimated 600,000 families are not receiving an adequate supply. This analysis is concerned with the economics of the government response to this situation from 1965 to 1969.The focus is on the economics of housing because the basic question that the housing policy decisions taken by the government must face is the more efficient administration of the scarce resources available for the production of improved housing services. Housing is a basic social need to which limited resources must be assigned by both the public and private sectors.
Cuban Population Estimates, 1953-1970
Authors: Nelson Lowry 
Published: March 2007

There has been no official population census of Cuba since the decennial count of 1953. The Castro government, which came to power in January 1959, has not seen fit to continue census-taking on decennial basis, which would have regularly called for an enumeration in 1963. Until 1958 Cuban government agencies, including the National Bank and the National Economic Council, published annual estimates, intending presumably to adjust them in accordance with what would have been a census in 1963. The revolutionary government has continued annual estimates, but until recently, made no official announcement of them. In 1967, for the first time, the year-by-year estimates became available in official statistical publications.Much interest has been associated with the population trends by students of Cuba because of a number of factors which presumably would affect them, notably the extraordinary emigration from the island. There have been attempts to arrive at estimates independently.
Progesterone, but not luteal estrogen, is required for the establishment of pregnancy in the new world monkey Cebus apella
Authors: Ortiz M.E. , Ortiz R.E. , Garfield R. , Zepeda A.J. , Croxatto H.B. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe aim of this study was to examine the requirement of luteal progesterone or luteal estrogen for the establishment of pregnancy in the Cebus monkey and to test in a primate species the synergism between RU 486 and letrozole (LTZ) found in rodents for inhibiting implantation. Exposure of target tissues to either hormone was suppressed during the mid‐luteal phase of mating cycles by subcutaneous administration of the antiprogestin (RU 486), the aromatase inhibitor LTZ or the antiestrogen (ICI 182780) on days 4–7 of the luteal phase. Administration of 0.1 or 0.5 mg/kg of LTZ on days 5–7 of the luteal phase caused a profound drop in the levels of E2 in all animals, whereas administration of ICI 182780 0.2 mg/kg on days 4–6 of the luteal phase had the opposite effect. The pregnancy rate in vehicle treated cycles of the same females was (58.3%). Treatment with RU 486, 0.8 mg/kg/day on days 5–7 of the luteal phase‐induced endometrial bleeding in 3/5 mated females none of which became pregnant, whereas pregnancy was confirmed in one of the two animals that did not bled. Treatment with RU 486, 0.4 mg/kg/day alone or with LTZ on days 5–7 or ICI 182780 alone, on days 4–6 of the luteal phase failed to induce bleeding, allowing the establishment of pregnancy in 50.0–66.6% of the animals in these groups. We conclude that in Cebus monkeys, progesterone but not luteal estradiol is required for the establishment of pregnancy and that RU 486 and LTZ do not exhibit in this species the synergism found in rodents. Am. J. Primatol. 69:1131–1140, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dopamine inhibits trigeminovascular transmission in the rat
Authors: Bergerot Astrid , Storer Robin J. , Goadsby Peter J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractObjectiveClinical evidence, such as premonitory or postdromal symptoms, indicate involvement of dopamine in the pathophysiology of migraine.MethodsTo study the influence of dopamine on nociceptive trigeminovascular neurotransmission, we first determined using immunohistofluorescence that dopamine receptors were present in the rat trigeminocervical complex; then using extracellular recording techniques, we examined whether dopamine modulates cell firing in the trigeminocervical complex.ResultsWe identified a discrete population of D1 receptors (median, 11; interquartile range, 7–30 neurons/hemisection) predominantly located in the deep laminae and a more abundant population of D2 receptors (median,75; interquartile range, 30–99 neurons/hemisection) that were evenly distributed in the trigeminocervical complex. Intravenous dopamine had no effect on trigeminovascular neurons, whereas when dopamine was applied microiontophoretically, a potent reversible inhibition of L‐glutamate–evoked firing was observed. The effect of microiontophoretically applied dopamine was dose dependent. Dopamine also strongly inhibited activation of trigeminocervical neurons in response to middle meningeal artery stimulation in vivo with a maximum effect obtained within 10 minutes after the application and return to baseline within 30 minutes.InterpretationWe conclude that central dopamine‐containing neurons may play a role in modulating trigeminovascular nociception; these neurons offer an important target that will expand our understanding of migraine and may offer new directions for therapy. Ann Neurol 2007;61:251–262
The pathogenesis of ACTA1‐related congenital fiber type disproportion
Authors: Clarke Nigel F. , Ilkovski Biljana , Cooper Sandra , Valova Valentina A. , Robinson Phillip J. , Nonaka Ikuya , Feng Juan‐Juan , Marston Steven , North Kathryn 
Published: March 2007

AbstractObjectiveMutations in ACTA1 have been associated with a variety of changes in muscle histology that likely result from fundamental differences in the way that ACTA1 mutations disrupt muscle function. Recently, we reported three patients with congenital fiber type disproportion (CFTD) caused by novel heterozygous missense mutations in ACTA1 (D292V, L221P, P332S) with marked type 1 fiber hypotrophy as the only pathological finding on muscle biopsy. We have investigated the basis for the histological differences between these CFTD patients and patients with ACTA1 nemaline myopathy (NM).Methods and ResultsMass spectrometry and two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis demonstrate that mutant actin accounts for 25 and 50% of α‐skeletal actin in the skeletal muscle of patients with the P332S and D292V mutations, respectively, consistent with a dominant‐negative disease mechanism. In vitro motility studies indicate that abnormal interactions between actin and tropomyosin are the likely principal cause of muscle weakness for D292V, with tropomyosin stabilized in the “switched off” position. Both the D292V and P322S CFTD mutations are associated with normal sarcomeric structure on electron microscopy, which is atypical for severe NM. In contrast, we found no clear difference between ACTA1 mutations associated with NM and CFTD in tendency to polymerize or aggregate in C2C12 expression models.InterpretationThese data suggest that ACTA1 CFTD mutations cause weakness by disrupting sarcomere function rather than structure. We raise the possibility that the presence or absence of structural disorganization when mutant actin incorporates into sarcomeres may be an important determinant of whether the histological patterns of CFTD or NM develop in ACTA1 myopathy. Ann Neurol 2007
An analysis of two approaches in information retrieval: From frameworks to study designs
Authors: Järvelin Kalervo 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThere is a well‐known gap between systems‐oriented information retrieval (IR) and user‐oriented IR, which cognitive IR seeks to bridge. It is therefore interesting to analyze approaches at the level of frameworks, models, and study designs. This article is an exercise in such an analysis, focusing on two significant approaches to IR: the lab IR approach and P. Ingwersen's (1996) cognitive IR approach. The article focuses on their research frameworks, models, hypotheses, laws and theories, study designs, and possible contributions. The two approaches are quite different, which becomes apparent in the use of independent, controlled, and dependent variables in the study designs of each approach. Thus, each approach is capable of contributing very differently to understanding and developing information access. The article also discusses integrating the approaches at the study‐design level.
Tissue engineering with electric fields: Immobilization of mammalian cells in multilayer aggregates using dielectrophoresis
Authors: Sebastian Anil , Buckle Anne‐Marie , Markx Gerard H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPositive dielectrophoresis can be used to create aggregates of animal cells with 3D architectures. It is shown that the cells, when pulled together into an aggregate by positive dielectrophoresis in a low‐conductivity iso‐osmotic solution, adhere to each other. The adherence of the cells to each other is non‐specific and increases in time, and after 10–15 min becomes strong enough to immobilize the cells in the aggregate, enabling the ac electric field to be released, and the iso‐osmotic buffer to be replaced by growth or other media. Cell viability is maintained. The new method of immobilization significantly simplifies the construction of aggregates of animal cells by dielectrophoresis, and increases the utility of dielectrophoresis in tissue engineering and related areas. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;98: 694–700. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effluent recirculation to improve perchlorate reduction in a fixed biofilm reactor
Authors: Choi Hyeoksun , Silverstein JoAnn 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe effect of effluent recirculation on perchlorate reduction in a nominally plug‐flow fixed biofilm reactor was studied in two cases: influent concentrations of 10 and 400 µg/L at low hydraulic loading rates (1.9 and 37.5 m3/m2/day without and with recirculation, respectively) and after a step increase in perchlorate concentration to 1,000 µg/L at the higher hydraulic loading rate (5 and 100 m3/m2/day without and with recirculation, respectively). Complete perchlorate reduction was sustained for influent concentrations of 400 and 10 µg/L in both flow regimes at the lower hydraulic loading rates. Reactor tracer profiles showed that biofilm diffusion had a more significant effect on mass transfer in the plug flow reactor compared with recirculation. The recirculation bioreactor acclimated more rapidly to increased hydraulic and perchlorate mass loading rates with significantly lower effluent perchlorate compared to the plug flow reactor: 16 µg/L versus 46 µg/L, respectively, although complete perchlorate removal was not achieved in either flow regime after 21 days acclimation to the higher loading. Total biofilm mass was more uniformly distributed in the recirculation reactor which may have contributed to better performance under increased perchlorate loading. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007; 98: 132–140. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Descriptive analysis of estrogen receptor (ER)‐negative, progesterone receptor (PR)‐negative, and HER2‐negative invasive breast cancer, the so‐called triple‐negative phenotype
Authors: Bauer Katrina R. , Brown Monica , Cress Rosemary D. , Parise Carol A. , Caggiano Vincent 
Published: March 2007

AbstractBACKGROUND.Tumor markers are becoming increasingly important in breast cancer research because of their impact on prognosis, treatment, and survival, and because of their relation to breast cancer subtypes. The triple‐negative phenotype is important because of its relation to the basal‐like subtype of breast cancer.METHODS.Using the population‐based California Cancer Registry data, we identified women diagnosed with triple‐negative breast cancer between 1999 and 2003. We examined differences between triple‐negative breast cancers compared with other breast cancers in relation to age, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status (SES), stage at diagnosis, tumor grade, and relative survival.RESULTS.A total of 6370 women were identified as having triple‐negative breast cancer and were compared with the 44,704 women with other breast cancers. Women with triple‐negative breast cancers were significantly more likely to be under age 40 (odds ratio [OR], 1.53), and non‐Hispanic black (OR, 1.77) or Hispanic (OR, 1.23). Regardless of stage at diagnosis, women with triple‐negative breast cancers had poorer survival than those with other breast cancers, and non‐Hispanic black women with late‐stage triple‐negative cancer had the poorest survival, with a 5‐year relative survival of only 14%.CONCLUSIONS.Triple‐negative breast cancers affect younger, non‐Hispanic black and Hispanic women in areas of low SES. The tumors were diagnosed at later stage and were more aggressive, and these women had poorer survival regardless of stage. In addition, non‐Hispanic black women with late‐stage triple‐negative breast cancer had the poorest survival of any comparable group. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
In‐plane free‐field response of actual sites
Authors: Wolf John P. , Obernhuber Pius 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTo study the characteristic features of the in‐plane free‐field response, two actual sites of nuclear power plants, a soft and a rock site, are analysed, by varying the location of the control point and the nature of the wave pattern. Harmonic and transient seismic excitations are examined. The conclusions reached in the vast parametric study of Reference 6 are confirmed for the actual sites. These apply to the range of possible apparent velocities and the associated motions, the spatial variations with depth and in the horizontal direction.If only one component of the control motion, e.g. the horizontal, is matched, then it can be associated either with a body wave or with a surface wave. In the latter case, a specific mode is used up to the frequency at which the next higher mode starts, since for a given frequency, the higher modes attenuate less. The other component of the motion follows. If both components are prescribed, the motion can be interpreted as arising from a combination of a P‐ and an SV‐wave (with a common apparent velocity). Surface waves alone cannot be used to match both components. A body wave has to be included, at least up to the frequency at which the second mode starts.For the soft site, the surface waves decay significantly, especially in the range of higher frequencies, where the apparent velocity is considerably smaller than the shear‐wave velocity of the rock. For this site, it seems sufficient to examine only (extremely shallow) body waves. For a rock site, however, Rayleigh‐waves exist which attenuate little, leading to smaller apparent velocities than extremely shallow body waves.