bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Communication in aphasia therapy: Some of the procedures and issues involved
Authors: Green Ginnie 
Published: November 2007

AbstractPertinent issues surrounding the utilisation of naturalistic communication therapy with adult aphasics are presented. Discussion centres around the need to place greater emphasis in management programmes on aphasics using language in everyday contexts, for different purposes. The relevance of discourse analysis is considered and procedures for the assessment and treatment of aphasic communication are outlined. The need to measure the effectiveness of such therapy is highlighted.
The use of augmentative communication systems in schools and units for autistic and aphasic children in the United Kingdom
Authors: Kiernan Chris , Reid Barbara 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe results of postal surveys of the use of sign languages and symbol systems by schools catering for autistic and aphasic children are described. Up to 40 schools and units were surveyed in the four surveys between 1978 and 1982. The surveys showed that the majority of schools and units were using some form of augmentative system. The use of sign language predominated in all types of school. British Sign Language, used in English word order and with accompanying speech, was favoured by schools and units catering for autistic pupils. The Paget Gorman Sign System was favoured by schools teaching aphasic pupils. Symbol systems were employed by only a minority of schools. Programmes were variable in size. Data on outcome was not collected regularly but suggested highly variable achievement levels amongst autistic children and more general success with aphasic pupils. The data are discussed within the context of the overall use of sign language and symbol systems in the U.K.
Functional dysphonia and the hyperventilation syndrome
Authors: Greene Margaret C. L. 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTThe hyperventilation syndrome and its clinical symptoms are presented. A project aimed at discovering whether hyperventilators were to be found among patients diagnosed as suffering from functional dysphonia and attending a speech therapy clinic is described. The existence of hyperventilators among this non‐random sample of patients was verified. Case histories illustrate the clinical symptoms which identify the hyperventilator. Adaptation of relaxation and breathing therapy to the special needs of such patients is discussed.
Communicative activities of dysphasic adults: a survey
Authors: Smith Linda 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThis study investigated the communicative activities of 42 dysphasic stroke patients who were living at home. Two aspects of natural communication were surveyed: the conversational communication which occurs with the social contacts of the subject, and the communicative activities of daily living. The two aims of the study were to investigate the relevance of a selection of communicative activities of daily living, and to investigate possible grading of activities so that a representative sample of everyday activities may be used in the assessment and treatment of dysphasia.Individuals showed wide variation in their communicative needs. These needs may not be met in the traditional linguistic speech therapy regimen. It is suggested that the use of an interview schedule like that used in this survey may serve as a starting point in the treatment of functional communication skills in dysphasic adults. Guttman scale analysis showed that communicative activities of daily living do not form a unidimensional scale. A representative sampling of activities, however, may be possible using the hierarchies of familiarity and difficulty obtained.
Pragmatic disorders: A question of direction
Authors: McTear Michael F. 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTThe study of pragmatic disorders has assumed increasing importance during the last ten years, as evidenced by the marked increase in research studies and publications in this area. However, although these studies have contributed to a better understanding of disabilities in the use of language, the current literature is characterised by a lack of theoretical rigour. This can be seen in two major aspects: 1) in the widespread terminological confusion reflecting a lack of a consistent descriptive framework for the analysis of naturally occurring talk, and 2) in the lack of an explanatory theory of the relationship between pragmatic disability and language development in general. As a result, many current studies are poorly designed and unable to address basic issues in this research area. The present paper reviews these questions critically and recommends the use of detailed case studies of children with pragmatic disorders as a necessary preliminary to future progress in this area.
The use of video in the self‐evaluation of speech therapy students
Authors: McGovern Moira A. 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTIn the educational process leading to competence in clinical training students develop awareness of inter and intra personal skills. Since 1980 video has been used in Edinburgh to assist students in self‐evaluation of their performance as potential speech therapists. In 1980 a small study was undertaken to see if students' perceptions of their performance immediately following a therapy session differed in any way from their perceptions after seeing a video of their performance. Differences were noted. It seemed possible that it might not be necessary for students to be asked to record their perceptions twice and that their analysis post video alone would have the same educative value. This small study casts some doubt on this assumption. There is a quantitative and qualitative difference between comments from students who analyse their performance after viewing a video and those from students who analyse their performance before and after viewing, but firm conclusions cannot be drawn from these small samples.
Treating severe speech and limb apraxia in a case of aphasia
Authors: Code Chris , Gaunt Caroline 
Published: November 2007

AbstractAn ABABA single‐case programme was devised to establish selected hand signs in a severely aphasic‐limb‐apraxic patient of 20 months post‐onset. Although no change was observed on clinical tests of aphasia and limb apraxia, objective repeated measures showed that the programme was successful in teaching a range of pantomimes and gestures and in improving facilitation of single‐word and gestural responses. The implications of the results are discussed.
The early utterances of preterm infants
Authors: Brown Betty Byers , Bendersky Margaret , Chapman Teri 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTThis study examined the utterances of infants born preterm in order to ascertain whether there were any differences in speech‐sound production between healthy preterm infants and those who had suffered perinatal insult. Thirty‐three infants whose corrected ages ranged from nine months to 22 months were assessed. Of these, 21 had suffered intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH); the remaining 12 acted as controls. The assessment measure was derived from the literature on early vocalisations through to two‐word combinations. These assessments were administered by a speech therapist and a medical student. Results showed a high correlation with the results of a standardised test of expressive communication administered by a psychologist. Both groups of subjects showed delay in speech‐sound acquisition but the IVH infants showed a more severe delay and wider range of performance than did the control group. These findings and their implications are discussed together with others relating to the most propitious situation for utterances and the appropriateness of the procedures.
Is otitis media a major cause of specific developmental language disorders?
Authors: Bishop D. V. M. , Edmundson A. 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTIt is known that children with a persistent conductive hearing loss do poorly on tests of linguistic and educational attainment, but it is less clear whether significant impairments persist after hearing has returned to normal. If so, then an early history of recurrent otitis media could be an important cause of the types of developmental language disorders seen by speech therapists. In a study of 69 four‐year‐old children with specific developmental language disorders, history of ear infections was assessed by parental questionnaire. Compared to a control group, a significantly higher level of hospital attendance for middle ear disease was reported in language‐disordered children, but the groups did not differ in the number of episodes of ear infections reported, suggesting that referral to an ENT department is determined by the child's language status as well as by history of otitis media. Comparisons of language‐disordered children with and without a history of recurrent otitis media revealed no differences in severity or pattern of language disorder. The data suggested, however, that otitis media might interact with perinatal risk factors in the aetiology of language disorders, since these two factors tended to co‐occur within the language‐disordered group, but were not associated in the control group. However, such an interaction could account for only a minority of cases.
Rehearsal and preparation for speech in stutterers: a psychophysiological study
Authors: Murray K. S. , Empson J. A. C. , Weaver S. M. 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTTwelve stutterers and twelve non‐stutterers each read out loud following three types of rehearsal: overt rehearsal of the material, silent rehearsal, or inappropriate overt rehearsal (counting backwards). Silent rehearsal impaired performance (fluency) compared to the other conditions. Heart rate measures (HR) and electro‐myography (EMG) did not differentiate stutterers from non‐stutterers, except that EMG immediately before speech was significantly elevated after silent rehearsal for stutterers. The data suggest that silent rehearsal may be accompanied by excessively high muscle tone, and impair rather than facilitate fluency.
Language and speech disorders in children attending a day psychiatric programme
Authors: Kotsopoulos Angelique , Boodoosingh Lal 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTForty six children referred consecutively to a day psychiatric programme were assessed for speech and language deficits. Thirty three (71.7%) of them presented speech and/or language impairment requiring individual therapy. The study confirmed previous reports on the frequent association between speech and language deficits and psychiatric disorders in children. It is argued that the role of the speech‐language pathologist in child psychiatric services needs redefining.
An adaptation of the Aphasia Screening Test for use with Panjabi speakers
Authors: Mumby Katharyn 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTA paucity of material for assessing dysphasia in Panjabi‐English bilinguals led to the adaptation of the Aphasia Screening Test into Panjabi.This paper studies the reasons behind choosing the Aphasia Screening Test and the rationale for the adaptation. Cultural, religious and linguistic parameters are analysed and evaluated. The discussion centres around the role of hierarchies and modalities in the assessment of dysphasia. The format of the adaptation allows it to be used by speech therapists who have only a limited knowledge of Panjabi. This is furthered by the provision of treatment leaflets in Panjabi for relatives and friends of the dysphasic.A method of modifying the Aphasia Screening Test for use with illiterate dysphasic adults is also proposed. Although arising specifically from the Panjabi adaptation, this method may also have applications in other languages.
The LARSP profile of the normal 5 year old, with special reference to phrase structure
Authors: French Ann 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTAlthough LARSP (Language Assessment, Remediation and Screening Procedure) is a widely used technique in the analysis of expressive grammatical ability in children with language delay or disorder, as yet little guidance is available for evaluating the normalcy of an individual child's profile. This study discusses the difficulty of evaluating LARSP profiles, and suggests that the collection of frequency data from normal children for the occurrence of the various grammatical structures contained in the profile would provide one parameter on which to evaluate. First, frequency data would help the teacher/therapist to decide what structures to teach and in what order, and secondly they would make it easier for the teacher/therapist to decide when a child had achieved a normal profile for his or her chronological age.As a first step in the provision of such data, an aggregated profile is presented which is derived from the profiles of five normal 5 year olds. A description is given of the general shape of the profile and of the details of phrase structure development. The latter is given particular attention because it seems more liable to distortion by inappropriate teaching. An analysis of lexical items occurring in several major word classes is also made, with suggestions for teaching these classes.
A follow‐up study of a language intervention programme
Authors: Huntley R. M. C. , Holt K. S. , Butterfill A. , Latham Clare 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTFollow‐up studies 5 years after the end of an intervention programme for children with severe language delay are reported. In the original intervention study the children showed considerable improvement in their language development, were better able to cope with schooling at a critical time in their lives, and more were able to enter normal school.The follow‐up studies show that the children's improved status in general was maintained, thus providing evidence of the value of the early remedial treatment.
Qualitative research: An additional research methodology for speech pathology?
Authors: Eastwood Jennifer 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTApplication of the scientific method to research in speech pathology may be less than adequate to meet the needs of the discipline. Speech pathology has failed to develop the core concepts or paradigms which inform the ‘hard’ sciences, perhaps as a consequence of the unsuitability of experimental research approaches. Qualitative approaches to research allow for a more flexible and comprehensive method of investigation in clinical or research work and are employed by many other disciplines such as sociology and anthropology where the concern of the researcher is to investigate a complex, dynamic social setting or situation. An alteration to research orientation in speech pathology may provide clinicians and researchers with more appropriate and beneficial methodology.
A diagnostic model and a test to assess word‐finding skills in children
Authors: German Diane J. 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTThere has been a diagnostic gap in the assessment of word‐finding disorders in children. Although research in this area has continued to document strong correlations between word‐finding skills and low reading achievement, dyslexia, language disorders, learning disabilities, and stuttering there have been no formal standardised measures for the assessment of word‐finding skills in children. The purpose of this paper is to present: (1) a diagnostic model for the assessment of word finding; (2) a literature review that supports this model; (3) a formalised measure, the Test of Word Finding (TWF), which executes this diagnostic model for children. The assessment model includes variation in stimulus context (multiple naming sections); incorporates indices traditionally used to define word‐finding problems in adults and children (accuracy, response time, response analysis and secondary characteristics); and provides for a comprehension assessment of naming errors. Components of this model are discussed with respect to stimulus context, target word frequency, nature of the target word and facilitating cues.
A new look at language and communication in autism
Authors: Frith Uta 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTIn this review the specific language and communication impairments of autistic individuals are discussed and contrasted with non‐specific impairments. All the impairments that are unique to autism concern the use of language for the purpose of intentional (but not instrumental) communication. The specific communication failure can be identified with a limitation in the computing of relevance and as a lack of taking account of mental states. This is a consequence of a subtle, but far‐reaching, cognitive dysfunction. The dysfunction is likely to involve the formation and use of second‐order representations. The same problem also leads to specific impairment in social relationships and imaginative play.
The theory of mind hypothesis of autism: Explanation, evidence and assessment
Authors: Boucher Jill 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTThe hypothesis that autistic people have impaired metarepresentational ability (and, as one result, lack a ‘theory of mind’) is described in the context of other psychological work concerning the development and function of the human mind. Evidence for the hypothesis is outlined and evaluated. The claim that impaired metarepresentational ability underlies the social, communicative and imaginative deficits of autism (see paper by Uta Frith in this issue) is discussed. It is concluded that impaired metarepresentational ability is unlikely to be the primary, or fundamental, behavioural difficulty in autism, but that the hypothesis provides an important new way of looking at and understanding autistic behaviour.
Auditory impressions of the speech of normal elderly adults
Authors: Amerman James D. , Parnell Martha M. 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTForty speech‐language pathologists listened to randomised recorded samples of the ‘Grandfather Passage’ read aloud by 10 normal elderly male adults, 10 normal young male adults and 6 dysarthric subjects. The speech samples were rated according to the 38 dimensions devised by Darley and colleagues for the study of the dysarthrias. The ratings of the speech of the older adults fell significantly further from ‘normal’ on a seven‐point continuum than those given to the young adults on nine of the dimensions. The most apparent young/old differences involved laryngeal dimensions. Ratings for the normal geriatric subjects resembled those of the dysarthric groups in some respects. Several instances of misclassification of the normal elderly individuals as ‘dysarthric’ were also observed.
The decision‐making process in child language assessment
Authors: Gerard Kathryn A. , Carson Ewart R. 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTThe task of assessing a child's language for the purpose of intervention requires the ability to interpret information from a variety of sources. Knowing how that information is to be used during therapy plays an important part in deciding what type of information needs to be collected and how it will be interpreted. There needs to be a plan that will assist the speech therapist in analysing and interpreting most of the data that would be needed when making therapy‐related diagnostic statements. A systems approach offers concepts and methods for devising a plan which will outline the necessary decisions. The purpose of this paper is to present, in a flow chart, the questions that need to be asked in the process of assessing a child's language development for the purpose of intervention; to indicate the type of information that would be needed to answer the questions; to state how the information would be interpreted; to suggest the type of tools that would be needed to collect this information; and to outline how the information can be presented so that a greater quantity of data can be summarised and interpreted in a systematic manner.
The effect of birth order on the occurrence of developmental language impairment
Authors: Tomblin J. Bruce 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTThe birth order of second‐grade children with and without developmental language impairment was obtained to determine if language‐impaired children were more likely to be later born than earlier born. In this study the family size and socioeconomic status of the families for the language‐impaired and normal groups were very similar. Comparison of the distribution of birth ranks between second‐grade language‐impaired and normal second‐grade children failed to show a difference in birth ranks. Further, the distribution of birth ranks of all language‐impaired children within the sibships was not found to show evidence favouring either early or later born birth ranks. Thus, contrary to previous research in which family size and socioeconomic status were not controlled, this study did not provide evidence in support of a birth order effect in developmental language impairment.
Computer‐based tools for assessment and remediation of speech
Authors: Ball Virginia 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTSThe electrolaryngograph (ELG), first conceived in the 1970s, has been used extensively as a tool in both research and clinical practice. Recent software developments have extended its clinical utility for both quantitative assessment of voice production and as an interactive visual display for remediation and teaching. In this paper, we discuss applications of the electrolaryngograph, highlighting general principles of computer‐based assessment and remediation.L'electrolaryngographe (ELG), conçu dans les années 70, a largement été utilisé, aussi bien pour la recherche que dans la pratique clinique. Des nouveaux développements informatiques permettent maintenant une utilisation clinique aussi bien pour l'évaluation quantitative de la voix, que comme un dispositif d'affichage interactif pour la rééducation et l'enseignement. Cet article traite des applications de l'electrolaryngographe, en soulignant les traits principaux de l'évaluation et rééducation de la parole assistées par ordinateur.Der erstmals in den 70‐er Jahren entworfene Elektrolaryngograf (ELG) wird seitdem in der Forschung und in der klinischen Praxis weit benutzt. Neuere Entwicklungen im Bereich des Softwares haben die klinische Nützlichkeit des ELG's erweitert, sowohl bei der Bewertung der Stimme, als auch als interaktive, visuelle Abbildung in der Therapie und im Unterricht. In diesem Artikel beschreiben wir die Anwendungen des ELG's, insbesondere die allgemeinen Prinzipien einer computerisierten Bewertung und Rehabilitation.