bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Waste disposal site selection techniques in Quaternary terraine Ontario, Canada
Authors: Cooper A. J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

Thick and predictable deposits of fine grained Quaternary materials have been used for the siting of waste management facilities in Ontario. The search for such sites is founded on the application of techniques in Quaternary geology and hydrogeology. Two examples are presented. Oxford County is located southwest of Toronto in an area of parallel morainic ridges separated by flat till plains. Conventional wisdom would focus on the till plains for thick, consistent fine grained Quaternary Sediments. However, the careful analysis of the Quaternary stratigraphy and glacial history revealed that better sites are located along the moraines. A site on the Ingersoll Moraine was studied in detail and defended at a public hearing. Concerns about the geology of the materials were allayed by the confirmation of homogeneous clayey silt materials exposed when the site opened in late 1986. A much wider ranging search was undertaken for a major hazardous and liquid industrial waste treatment and disposal facility for the Province of Ontario. Progressively more detailed investigations of the Quaternary geology were used to assist a multi-disciplinary site selection team. Initial interpretations covered an area of 75 000 km
2
at a scale of 1:250 000. Eight candidate sites were then selected for further investigation with five continuously sampled stratigraphic boreholes. The chosen site is located in a depression in the bedrock filled with 40 m of glaciolacustrine clayey silt. Site specific hydrogeological and geotechnical studies were integrated with a detailed geological investigation.
Groundwater in the Quaternary deposits of Scotland: a valuable resource and a potential engineering hazard
Authors: Robins N. S. , Ball D. F. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The Scottish Quaternary strata contain a wide range of lithologies with an equally wide spectrum of hydrogeological properties. The more permeable material contains valuable groundwater resources which increasingly are being exploited for rural and island communities. However, the common juxtaposition of high and low permeability strata, the occurrence of confined groundwater in clay-capped gravels, and the risk of ground subsidence due to dewatering, together provide a range of potential Engineering problems and hazards.
Lateral stress measurements in a glaciomarine silty clay
Authors: Sully J. P. , Campanella R. G. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The paper presents the procedure used for installation of spade-like total stress cells (TSC) in an overconsolidated silty clay and subsequent interpretation of the data obtained. Prior to installation, all the spade cells were calibrated in the laboratory for both pressure and temperature effects. After extraction from the ground, the stress cells were recalibrated and changes in the calibration characteristics were noted. These changes presumably result from the effects of installation. The stress cells were read over a period of three months. The measured stresses, pore pressures and temperatures are evaluated to provide a profile of the lateral stress coefficient for the site.
The influence of changes in sea level on coastal cliff instability in Devon
Authors: Kalaugher P. G. , Grainger P. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Major variations in sea level have resulted from climatic changes during the Quaternary. In addition, beyond the maximum limit of glaciation, periglacial climates in southern Britain have produced Quaternary deposits which can affect the nature of coastal slopes and their response to marine erosion. Examples are given of cliffs in head (solifluction) deposits which overlie raised shore platforms in Devon. The present styles and distribution of coastal landslide hazards, recorded in recent surveys, are directly related to past Quaternary sea levels and climatic fluctuations. Future trends in relative sea level are a significant factor in the determination of the hazards in the longer term, as there could be changes in the level at which marine erosion is effective. Rankings of the hazards, which should in any case be updated routinely by repeated monitoring of the landslide activity, ought to reflect expected changes in sea level.
Report on Session 2b
Authors: Petley D. J. 
Published: April 2008

Introduction

No part of geological time has had a more profound influence on the engineering characteristics of soils and rocks than the Quaternary period. Large areas of the earth’s surface are covered by superficial deposits of Quaternary age, and almost all surface soils and rocks affected by the changeds in climate which occurred in the Quaternary retain characteristics which have implications for engineering works at the present time.
During the Quaternary period, at least five major glaciations occurred. During each glaciation, as the climate became colder, ice sheets spread from the poles and mountainous areas, to be followed by a retreat as warmer weather conditions prevailed during the inter-glacial periods. At the present time, in the Northern hemisphere, ice sheets cover approximately 10% of the total land area, but during the time of maximum glaciation in the Pleistocene, over 30% of the total land area was covered by ice.
The volume of water taken up by the ice sheets caused significant variation in sea-levels. It has been estimated that the maximum and minimum sea-levels during the Quaternary were +200 m and -150 m 0D respectively. Indeed, following the main postglacial transgression at the end of the Devensian, the sea has been within 3 m of its present level for only the last 4000 or 5000 years. These large variation in sea-level significantly influenced the development and stability of slopes in coastal areas and inland.
Glacigenic soils of the Taff Valley, South Wales: their geomorphology, geology and engineering properties
Authors: Lewis J. D. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The paper identifies the relationships that exist between glacigenic soils at the limits of glaciation, their landforms and engineering properties, using as a type example the predominantly granular soils of the Taff Valley.
Local and regional models of glacial and periglacial process Systems derived from engineering geomorphological mapping provide a means for optimizing site investigation design and practice. The models improve efficiency in delineating sample localities, aid the genetic Classification of the soils and assist with the specification of in situ and laboratory testing programmes to ensure maximum cost effectiveness.
By the application of Standard geological and geotechnical methods and techniques the soils are shown to exhibit textures, fabrics and ranges of engineering properties developed due to specific modes of genesis and post-depositional history. Consideration is given to dominant modal fractions and to the likely effect these have on the mass behaviour the soils.
Distribution and verification of Quaternary deposits in the Cairo Area
Authors: El-Sohby M. A. , Mazen S. O. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
In previous research studies, the combined impact of the morphology of the surface, the River Nile and its changes, and the geological, environmental and historical development in the Cairo area, were considered. As a result, characteristic regions of soil formations were identified and classified by their origin, and their distribution produced on maps.
In present research work, the authors have examined a large number of borehole records to verify the previous Classification. These boring records were simplified and subsoil section drawn at different locations.
It was found that the simplified borehole records and subsoil sections are in complete agreement with the distribution of soils based on their origin. Thus, typical profiles representing classified types in Cairo area could be drawn and related to the stratigraphical sequence.
In order to fully appreciate the nature of alluvial and deltaic deposits in the Cairo area, important physical and mechanical properties of each sublayer of the defined soil formations were determined. This was done on the basis of soil mechanics test results of natural samples.
The geophysical investigation of Quaternary geological environments
Authors: Penn S. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
There is a considerable Variation in the lithology and thickness of glacial and fluvial Sediments in Western Europe. This wide range of materials is associated with significant engineering problems and considerable economic interest from the extractive industries.
Geophysical techniques are widely applied to map and investigate areas with glacial deposits and fluvio-glacial sands and gravels. There are sheet-like outwash deposits, some with buried and therefore unpredictable Channels, and smaller fissure and pocket deposits in rock. An assessment of the geometry of a deposit can be accurately achieved with geophysical methods, and electrical techniques have been particularly successful. The nature of the deposit, layering within the deposit, lateral Variation of lithology, thickness and depth to bedrock may all be established quickly and with great cost effectiveness.
Numerous other problems occur with Quaternary environments particularly alteration and contamination of rock masses. Electrical techniques are also a powerful investigative tool in these situations.
The success of these techniques depends upon the geophysical properties of the material to be investigated and the geophysical properties of the underlying sediment or bedrock, the technique actually selected, professional field practice and interpretation. These factors will be discussed and illustrated with reference to a number of case studies.
An evaluation of seismic and borehole data available from onshore and offshore site investigations of relict glaciated areas
Authors: Stewart F. S. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Using late Quaternary ice marginal sites from the North Sea and Iceland a comparison of the sedimentary information available from subaerial and submarine site investigations was made. This was with regard to palaeo-environmental reconstructions of ice marginal Sedimentation processes. A detailed high resolution seismic survey in-the North Sea was compared to a similar subaerial site in Iceland. Submarine cores were compared with logged sections available from cliffs. These comparisons highlighted the differences in resolution of the structural information available and also the problems of applying existing modeis of glacimarine Sedimentation to offshore sites. This has raised questions concerning the accuracy of reconstructing palaeo-environments and processes in offshore sites presently under investigation. The implications of this for engineering projects in offshore areas requiring very precise site information about relict glaciated areas are significant.
Protection of the Pleistocene Sediments along the rim of the San Jacinto reservoir in Bolivia
Authors: Clarke I. D. , Roose K. , Riemer W. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Quaternary tectonic and volcanic activity, and glaciation, have created conditions in the Andes which have complicated the engineering of many dams. A notorious feature often encountered is the “paleocauce”, a former river bed blocked during Quaternary times and now filled with thick sediments, subsequent erosion having formed a new, displaced river bed. In many cases more severe problems have been caused by the presence of a paleocauce, particularly when this was only detected at an advanced stage of studies, than have arisen from the damming of the new river course,
The paper describes a particular problem which arose during design of the San Jacinto project in southern Bolivia, and was due to the dispersive character of the Pleistocene deposits filling the paleocauce of the river Tolomosa.
To fully evaluate the phenomenon of dispersivity, the Standard “pinhole test” has to be per formed, in conjunct ion with two other tests, on a large selection of samples. The results of these tests on samples from San Jacinto suggested that Classification diagrams for dispersive soils may have to be modified from case to case to reflect specific properties of the soil of the respective sedimentary facies.
Engineering geological aspects of the Quaternary deposits of an urban area in southwest Greece
Authors: Constantinidis C. V. , Sabatakakis N. , Tsiambaos G. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The paper presents the successive stages of the methodology which has been adopted for the interpretation of findings of an extensive geotechnical site investigation. This investigation was carried out in the urban area of the town of Kalamata, S.W Greece subsequent to the catastrophic earthquakes which occured in the area during September 1986. The scope of the wqrk was to determine the engineering geological characteristics of Quaternary deposits which mainly constitute the foundation materials beneath Kalamata, so that the various geotechnical groups could be presented in terms of consistent contour maps and cross-sections. To this end 25 boreholes were drilled to enable geotechnical profiling at several sites in the area of interest. Apart from borings, some 90 cone penetration tests (C.P.T.) were performed by using a mobile truck-mounted electronic cone penetrometer system with a capability of 200 KN. The cross-hole seismic technique was also used in certain boreholes to estimate Shear wave velocities (Vs), in the ground. Finally, a detailed laboratory Programme was carried out to determine the geotechnical parameters necessary for the grouping of soils in relation to their engineering behaviour.
Full scale trials of grid-reinforced soil foundations on alluvium
Authors: Jones R. H. , Lee R. G. , Dawson A. R. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

Much undeveloped, low cost land is underlain by recent deposits on which development is inhibited by high foundation costs. A typical example is an industrial estate at Newport, Gwent, which is underlain to a depth of 8m by alluvium (clays, silts and peat) overlying Glacial Till and Mercia Mudstone. The superficial deposits are relatively soft and foundations are normally piled, thus increasing the overall cost of each structure by about £60/m
2
. Grid reinforced soil-foundations, in which trenches are backfilled with compacted clay or granular fill reinforced with layers of plastic coated welded wire mesh, were proposed as a possible cheaper alternative. Full scale instrumented trials have been undertaken at the Newport site to assess the viability of such foundations. The grid reinforced clay foundation which was loaded over a 5 year period proved unsuitable but information relevant to embankments was obtained. On the other hand granular soil foundations have shown considerable promise. Under a loading of approximately 300 kPa, the unreinforced foundation failed but the reinforced one was still serviceable. Thus the system was capable of achieving an allowable bearing pressure of at least 100 kPa and appears a viable and economic method of founding on sites underlain by soft Quaternary deposits.
A precompression method of soft ground improvement using dewatering
Authors: Kotera H. , Sakemi T. , Matsui T. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The background and geology of the Tokyo Bay area of Japan, and recent soil improvement methods used in Japan are described. The vertical drain method has frequently been used to improve thick quarternary deposits in this area. This paper describes a case history of a dewatering method in combination with the vertical drains and preloading in a major soft ground improvement project in the Urayasu area of the Tokyo Bay. The dewatering method is a vacuum consolidation method, which is tentatively applied to the soft clay ground.
In the combined dewatering method, the waterhead in a vertical sand drain is lowered by pumping the water from a sand layer within or below a soft clayey layer using deep wells. The dewatering applies negative water pressure to the soft clayey layer, promoting its consolidation.
The authors confirm the consolidation effect of the dewatering and establish the applicability of the combined dewatering method to the soft clay ground.
It is concluded that the dewatering method described significantly increases the shear strength and the consolidation yield stress of the soft clayey layer.
An investigation of the Nanyang swelling clays
Authors: Liu T. H. , Yan X. K. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Swelling clays are widely distributed in the area to the south of the Fu-Niu Mountain Range, in the Nanyang Basin, Henan Province, PRC. The clays are damaging to buildings, railways, highways, and hydraulic structures, due to their unusual properties. This paper presents some results of studies on Nanyang Clays based on site investigation and engineering practice. It describes the formation and distribution, mineral composition and cation exchange, structural characteristics, the shrinking and swelling index, the Variation of strength related to dimension effects, anisotropy, gradual reduction, cycling of expansive and shrinking and time effect.
Contractor-designed piles for the Toyota car plant in Derbyshire
Authors: Houston C. R. M. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The problems encountered in the interpretation of site geology, the selection of design parameters, and the design and performance of precast and continuous flight auger piles are considered for the contractor-designed piled foundations to the Toyota car plant in Derbyshire. Of approximately 2000 piles, about 800 precast and bored piles were installed as contractor-designed.
The complex geology of the site consists of Mercia Mudstones to the north and west, glacial clay deposits to the south and a fluvio-glacial channel running diagonally across the site. The site is further complicated by areas of cut and fill operations. The design of the piles was based entirely on penetration into either the glacial clays or Mercia Mudstones. The parameters for these materials were derived from comprehensive site investigation by over 150 boreholes. The performance of contract piles was proved by a series of pile tests.
Potential construction problems for bridge foundations in areas underlain by a complex marble formation in Hong Kong
Authors: Irfan T. Y. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Complex and varied geological conditions were encountered during the site investigation for a number of bridge foundations along the proposed route of a trunk road between two new towns in the North West New Territories of Hong Kong. Special care is needed in the construction of the deep foundations for these bridges, particularly in areas underlain by a marble formation which has a varied karstic surface underneath a thick superficial cover and locally contains solution features, including
large cavities. Foundation conditions are further complicated by varying lithology, weathering, dyke intrusions and the related alterations and thrust faulting.
Estimation of grout take for small-scale developments in areas of shallow coal mining: some examples from the East Pennine coalfield
Authors: Lloyd P. J. , Cripps J. C. , Bell F. G. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Large areas of the coalfields of the UK are underlain by ground from which coal has been formerly mined by shallow pillar and stall methods. At present the condition of these workings varies. In many the roof rocks above stalls have collapsed, giving rise to void migration and areas of disturbed ground. As such they pose a hazard to surface land use due primarily to the upward migration of voids and the compression of disturbed ground. Subsidence due to pillars punching into the roof or floor measures and occasional pillar collapse may also occur.
Before construction work can be carried out in such areas it is normal practice for the condition of the ground to be investigated and appropriate action taken if old mine workings are present. In the case of small-scale developments, for example low rise housing, this must be carried out within tight budgetary constraints. In such projects the presence and character of adverse features are usually determined by open-hole rotary drilling. Treatment, if needed, consists of backfilling with cement-sand-pulverized fuel ash grouts.
The problems experienced in investigating the presence and effects of shallow mining in the context of housing developments are considered. As the cost of treatment is strongly influenced by volumetric grout take, methods of estimating this quantity are reviewed. Various predictive formulae have been proposed; the efficacy of these is considered with reference to appropriate examples from the North Derbyshire and Yorkshire coalfields.
Foundations in Gault Clay
Authors: Marsh A. H. , Greenwood N. R. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Aspects of Gault Clay geology are reviewed with particular reference to engineering characteristics and a qualitative engineering geology assessment scheme for Gault Clays in foundations is presented. Geotechnical parameters including index, strength and compressibility properties are summarized. Results from a full-scale foundation load test in weathered Gault Clay are analysed. Site investigation techniques for Gault Clays are discussed and some of the most appropriate methods identified.
Aspects of highway rock engineering in the UK
Authors: Matheson G. D. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Aspects of highway rock engineering relating to excavation and slope stability, with emphasis on the evolution of successful design and construction techniques in the UK, are considered.
Early techniques for highway rock excavation were labour intensive and time consuming. New techniques of drilling and blasting, introduced in the 20th century, dramatically increased the ease with which rock could be excavated. However, these new techniques considerably damaged the host rocks, adversely affecting face stability and increasing the requirements for remedial work and maintenance. Effective rock engineering techniques have now been developed for designing slopes in harmony with the geotechnical environment and for harnessing the power of high explosives without imparting damage to the design slope. Such techniques include the optimized design technique and presplit blasting, important aspects of which are described.
Aspects other than final face stability must be taken into account when designing a rock excavation. These include the environmental impact and the possible requirements of new contract procedures such as design and build.
Design and construction of an embankment incorporating polystyrene and geogrid reinforcement
Authors: Campton A. L. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
An 800 m long and 5 m high acoustic bund has been successfully constructed along the top of the A3 trunk road cutting in London Clay near Guildford, Surrey. The bund generally comprises geogrid reinforced fill with slopes of up to 60°. In an area of sheared and fissured London Clay the bund incorporates polystyrene fill, from a level of 1.0 m below the original ground level, to prevent any surcharging of the top of the cutting. Polystyrene was also used as a backfill material to a retaining wall positioned in the middle of the bund to prevent settlement of an adjacent structure. The choices of materials, the design procedures and the methods of construction are considered.