bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Police and Psychiatrists: A Case of Professional Dominance?
Authors: Rogers Anne 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDrawing on data from a recent study and Freidson's theory of professional dominance, this article considers the contemporary nature of relationships between police officers and psychiatrists. The different strategies used by the two occupational groups in attempting to control the management of a group of patients considered by both to be “dirty work” is explored, as is the “political” agenda of police/psychiatric relations in the context of current mental health policy.
Child Welfare Policy in the United States
Authors: Harrison W. David , Johnson Miriam S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractRecent developments in child welfare in the United States can be seen as enactments of state paternalism toward families. New programs and procedures in the areas of foster care and “in‐home” family services aim to reinforce parents' and childrens' rights, but these rights are typically framed as protections against bureaucratic abuse rather than as rights to basic material resources. The prevailing cultural assumption toward child welfare in the United States is that the government should not intervene in family life unless there is legal evidence of functional failure. Families are still seen as autonomous units that essentially determine their own fates. This ideology serves to limit the public and political perception of more preventive and developmental options.
Into the Community: A Comparison of Care Management and Traditional Approaches to Resettlement1
Authors: Higgins Ray , Richardson Ann 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe resettlement of people with learning disabilities (mental handicap) from long‐stay hospitals has been under way for a number of years in England. This process has generally been dominated by the exigencies of the available services. A needs‐led approach, emphasized in recent community care legislation, in which new services are sought on the basis of the specific requirements of service users, has been used infrequently for this purpose. This paper compares the process of implementing a needs‐led care management approach to resettlement with the implementation of a more traditional service‐led approach. It also suggests some important lessons for the application of a needs‐led approach to hospital resettlement.
The Forgotten Anniversary? An Examination of the 1944 White Paper, “A National Health Service”
Authors: Powell Martin 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe 1944 Wartime Coalition White Paper, “A National Health Service”is unlikely to be celebrated among the spate of golden anniversaries of welfare reforms in the 1990s. However, a study of this document may be of interest for two main reasons. First, it has some parallels with the reformed National Health National Health Service of the 1990s and, second, there have been recent calls for a local government‐based health service, as was envisaged in 1944. The White Paper is examined in the context of evolving plans for the NHS, and is compared with the actual shape of the NHS as introduced by the Labour Minister of Health, Aneurin Bevan, in 1948. Four themes are drawn out. First, the White Paper should not be seen as the embodiment of a political consensus. Second, a Conservative Health Service would have differed from the NHS in fundamental aspects. Third, the conceptual advantages of a local government‐based health service were out‐weighed by practical politics. Fourth, although the Labour Party made a difference to the shape of the NHS, that shape did not simply follow from party policy. This implies that medical pressure was successful, to some extent, in defining the limits of the new service.
Personal Safety and the Mixed Economy of Protection
Authors: Yanay Uri 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTMany People report a growing fear of crime and victimization and a wish to promote their personal safety. The State, which has traditionally maintained the monopoly over law enforcement, is unable to guarantee personal safety to all. In addition to the State, therefore, for profit and non profit organizations fund and produce services to secure the safety of citizens and their property, creating the “Mixed Economy”of protection.This paper briefly discusses the right to personal safety and highlights eight alternative models included in the “Mixed Economy”of protection. It discusses the models and their implications for the community.
Tea and Sympathy or Teetering on Social Work? An Investigation of the Blurring of the Boundaries Between Voluntary and Professional Care
Authors: Bagilhole Barbara 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAs the voluntary sector, particularly the use of volunteers, has been promoted and given greater importance and responsibility by the government, and statutory personal social services have been attacked, the boundaries between voluntary and professional care have become blurred. This article investigates this phenomenon using data from a study of a Home‐Start scheme, which employs two part‐time professional workers to organize a pool of volunteers. It looks at the reality of the provision of voluntary care from the perspective of the volunteers, the organizers of the scheme, and those for whom they provide a service. The gender perspective is considered as a crucial aspect in the “blurring of the boundaries”. It is argued that the new rhetoric of the flexibility and adaptability of welfare provided by the voluntary sector hides the increasing use of women volunteers, to offer sophisticated and intensive care. This creates a dilemma. In some cases, the women volunteers and their organizers feel that the essential nature of the care and the responsibility they are expected to take on are inappropriate and should be fulfilled by professional workers. On the other hand, the clients feel that its voluntary nature is an essential part of this care and that it could not be provided by paid statutory workers.
THE ‘BUOYANCY’ OF ‘OTHER’ GEOGRAPHIES OF GENTRIFICATION: GOING ‘BACK‐TO‐THE WATER’ AND THE COMMODIFICATION OF MARGINALITY
Authors: SMITH DARREN P. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper focuses on the motives underpinning the formation and (re)production of a marginal social group residing in houseboats within Shoreham‐by‐Sea, South‐east England. It is contended that the ‘boat‐people’ represent a unique example of going back‐to‐the‐water, which is tied to a predilection for a self‐sufficient and sustainable lifestyle, anti‐consumerism, a sense of community, and closeness to nature and natural elements. The discussion points to the importance of idyllic rural representations of the South Downs, which render positive cultural readings of the river, coast, water and tides. It is also noted that the houseboats provide an economic ‘loop‐hole’ into the wider gentrified housing markets of Brighton and Hove. Focusing on recent socio‐cultural and economic transformations, and linked to the regulation and commodification of the alternative lifestyles and living arrangements, the case study provides an example of the ‘purification’ of manufactured, atypical gentrified spaces. The findings therefore disrupt ideas of gentrification being synonymous with conventional residential spaces, and extend understandings of the diversity of ‘other’ geographies of gentrification to more fully embrace sociocultural marginality.
Narrow‐band UVB phototherapy combined with tacrolimus ointment in vitiligo: a review of 110 patients
Authors: Fai D , Cassano N , Vena GA 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBackground  Narrow‐band ultraviolet B (NB‐UVB) phototherapy and topical tacrolimus are included among the most innovative approaches to vitiligo.Objective  To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of combined treatment with NB‐UVB and topical tacrolimus in vitiligo.Methods  After informed consent, adult patients with chronic (> 1‐year duration) stable vitiligo refractory to conventional treatments were enrolled in an open‐labelled prospective study. Treatment regimen consists of once‐daily application, in the evening, of tacrolimus 0.03% ointment to the lesions of the face, or tacrolimus 0.1% ointment to the vitiligous patches located on other areas. Concomitant NB‐UVB phototherapy was performed twice weekly for 16 weeks.Results  Study population included 110 patients (mean age, 42) with a total of 403 lesions. Within the treatment period, variable repigmentation was evident on more than 70% of lesions. Clinical response (repigmentation more than 50%) was observed in 42% of lesions. Response was strictly dependent on the site, being more frequent for face lesions (73%), followed by limbs (68%) and trunk (53.5%). The therapeutic effect on the extremities and genital areas was quite disappointing. Treatment was well tolerated.Conclusions  Our preliminary data suggest that the combination of topical tacrolimus with NB‐UVB phototherapy can represent an alternative highly effective approach to refractory vitiligo located on the face, trunk and limbs. Long‐term safety data and randomized controlled trials on a large number of patients are required.
A DUAL MODALITY TRACKING SYSTEM
Authors: Davis J. F. , Mundl W. J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA detailed description is given of a dual modality tracking apparatus. Hand operation is sensed by a null in a 1000‐cps tone with right and left error indicated by the corresponding earphone. The foot control is sensed by mechanical vibrators on either side of the chest with a null point arrangement similar to the ear phones. Cycle duration is 48 seconds. Time off target is recorded by a clock. Both time and distance off target are integrated over 4‐second intervals for separate graphic recording. This tracking apparatus is well suited to studies in which physiological variables are recorded, since muscular movements of S are minimal.
A SIMPLE SCANNER‐DIGIIIZER FOK READING POLYGRAPH RECORDS
Authors: Parker David M. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA low cost scanner‐digitizer is described which was designed to save time and decrease errors in reading polygraph records. It employs a linear cursor potentiometer, a digital voltmeter, and two other potentiometers to permit the conversion of changes in a polygraph line to appropriate physical units.
STIMULUS CHAINGE AND HABITUATION OF THE ORIENTING RESPONSE
Authors: Zimny George H. , Schavabe Leonauo W. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTEight hypotheses derived from Sokolov's theory of habituation of the orienting response were tested. Subjects were given a series of 36 standard stimuli (SSs). each 500 cps. Four interpolations of a 1000‐cps test stimulus (TS) for one group (N = 10) and of a 4000‐cps TS for another group (N = 10) were made. Results for amplitude of galvanic skin response (GSR) for combined groups showed that habituation occurred over the first eight SSs and over the four TSs, that a TS produced return of GSR and disrupted habituation to the SS, and that response was greater to the TS than to the following SS. The 4000 TS disrupted habituation to the SS more than the 1000 TS and produced less drop from the TS to the next SS. Seven hypotheses were confirmed. Habituation of resistance level was found but spontaneous fluctuations were not. Sokolov's theory and the results obtained were related to the classical conditioning of autonomic processes.
ATTEMPTS TO INDUCE THE RAPID EYE MOVEMENT STAGE OF SLEEP IN MACACA MULATTA BY BRAIN STEM STIMULATION
Authors: Kripke Daniel F. , Weitzman Elliot D. , Pollak CharleS 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTDural, orbital, and depth electrodes were chronically implanted in five monkeys, and 473 brain stem stimulations were given during 80 hr of EEG recording on 14 nights of sleep.Although occasional rapid eye movement sleep periods occurred soon after stimulations, no parameters or loci of stimulation consistently provoked REMPs, occurred.Statistical analyses did not demonstrate any precipitation of REMPs, and it is probable that only spontaneous REMPs occurred.When compared with previous reports, these findings emphasize the importance of statistical controls in neurophysiological studies of REMP origin.
AN INEXPENSIVE TRANSDUCER FOR REMOTE DETERMINATION OF ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE
Authors: Horwitz Joseph , Averill James 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA low‐cost transducer for monitoring arterial blood pressure by remote auscultation is described. It employs a miniature earphone attached to the diaphragm of a conventional stethoscope. The Korotkov sounds picked up by the diaphragm are converted to electrical signals by the earphone. These are amplified and monitored over a loudspeaker or headphones.
ECCRINE SWEAT GLAND ACTIVITY AND RACIAL DIFFERENCES IN RESTING SKIN CONDUCTANCE
Authors: Johnson Laverne C. , Landon Marvin M. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTActive eccrine sweat gland activity was measured in 30 Negro and 29 Caucasian male subjects to determine whether sweat gland activity was a possible factor in racial differences in skin conductance. Basal skin conductance, heart rate, respiratory rate, finger skin temperature and blood pressure were also obtained. Negro Ss had significantly lower skin conductance but no other significant physiological differences were found. While there was no significant difference in number of active sweat glands between the races, the intragroup relationship between sweat gland count and skin conductance was significantly higher for the Negro Ss. The two groups did not differ in number of nonspecific galvanic skin responses (GSRs) but the Caucasian Ss showed greater change in skin conductance to an initial tone stimulus. When differences in prestimulus levels were taken into account, the group differences in response to stimuli were no longer significant.
HEART RATE CONTROL UNDER CONDITIONS OF AUGMENTED SENSORY FEEDBACK1
Authors: Brener Jasper , Hothersall David 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTFive human Ss were presented with a high frequency tone on the emission of each short inter‐heartbeat interval and a low frequency tone on the emission of each long inter‐heartbeat interval. Under these conditions, all Ss learned within a short period of time to produce significantly lower heart rates in the presence of one visual stimulus than in the presence of another. On the basis of this finding, it is suggested that an important determinant of where a given response falls on the voluntary/involuntary continuum is the availability of specific feedback from the response in question.
PATTERNS OF AUTONOMIC RESPONSIVITY IN IDENTICAL SCHIZOPHRENIC TWINS
Authors: Levene H. I. , Engel B. T. , Schulkin F. R. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAutonomic functions (blood pressure, heart rate, breathing rate, skin conductance, finger temperature, and face temperature) were studied in a set of identical schizophrenic twins who showed marked behavioral differences. The resting data confirmed previous reports that Ss who are more anxious and behaviorally disorganized have greater sympathetic activity. Stimulation data showed subject‐specific response patterns (i.e., individual response specificity). Inasmuch as there is evidence that autonomic functioning in identical twins is quite similar, i.e., genetically controlled, it would appear that these pattern differences are related to behavioral differences.
LOCAL VASCULAR AND THERMAL CHANGES THAT ACCOMPANY ELECTRIC SHOCK1
Authors: Tursky Bernard , Greenblatt David J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA series of experiments was conducted to determine whether any physiological changes accompany the previously observed drop in impedance of the electrodeskin circuit during the administration of electric shock. Two concentric shock electrodes were modified by the addition of devices to measure the local temperature, blood volume, and blood pulse volume changes occurring directly under the electrode. Subjects were given a series of shocks through one of these electrodes, but not the other, while the physiological measures were recorded at both sites.No significant differences in temperature and blood volume measures occurred between shocked and unshocked electrodes. However, directly correlated with the drastic drop in impedance of the shocked circuit was a marked increase in blood pulse volume, inferred to be a manifestation of the axon reflex. The two related effects were shown to be highly localized at or near the shocked electrode, and also to be characteristic only of the passage of current through electrode‐skin junctions.
A GENERATOR FOR PRODUCING IRREGULAR TIME PERIODS
Authors: Krausman David 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA simple circuit is described which produces “random” timed periods for the presentation of stimuli, etc., in psychophysiologic research. The circuit takes advantage of the basic irregularity in flash rate of inexpensive incandescent flasher lamps sold for use in Christmas lighting displays. Increased irregularity in timing is provided by charging a capacitor when flashes occur in two bulbs simultaneously. A 4‐layer diode and associated circuitry produce a contact closure output.
PACED RESPIRATION AND HEART RATE CONTROL
Authors: Brener Jasper , Hothersall David 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTFive human subjects were presented with a high frequency tone on each short inter‐heartbeat interval (IBI) and a low frequency tone on each long IBI. They were instructed to produce high tones in the presence of one visual stimulus and low tones in the presence of another under conditions of paced and unpaced respiration. The results indicated that control of heart rate is not dependent upon respiratory mediation.
PATTERNS OF BASAL SKIN RESISTANCE DURING SLEEP
Authors: Tart Charles T. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThere are qualitative differences between Ss in the pattern of basal skin resistance (BSR) through a night's sleep. The most common is a rapid rise to maximum value of BSR in the first hour, with a steady fall the rest of the night. A steady rise through the night is also common. No relationship between BSR and the occurrence of stage 1 dreaming was found.
EFFECT OF INCREASES AND DECREASES IN BREATHING RATE ON HEART RATE AND FINGER PULSE VOLUME
Authors: Engel Bernard T. , Chism Ray A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTwenty per cent changes in breathing rate (increases and decreases), sustained for 10 min, do not change average heart rate; however, increases in breathing rate tend to decrease the standard deviation of heart rate and decreases in breathing rate tend to increase the standard deviation of heart rate. Neither increases nor decreases in breathing rate abolish sinus arrhythmia.Finger pulse volume is decreased by both increases and decreases in breathing rate. The standard deviation of finger pulse volume is decreased during slow‐paced breathing and unchanged during fast‐paced breathing. The decrease in finger pulse volume occurs within the first minute during slow‐paced breathing; however, during fast‐paced breathing the decrease does not occur until about 4 min after the onset of paced breathing.
SOME BIOCHEMICAL EACTORS THAT MODIFY THE TRANSCEPHALIC DC POTENTIAL
Authors: Cowen Murray A. , Ross John 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe transcephalic DC potential is that voltage recorded across the midline surface of the head between the frontal and occipital emissary vein distributions. Some psychophysiological correlates of this potential are described, and it is noted that little is known about the neuronal or biochemical modulation of it. Experiments are described using mature male cats, rabbits and rats as subjects. The frontal potential is found to shift progressively more positive as the depth of anesthesia increases. Pain causes a brief negative frontal shift and visceral irritation a positive one. Pinch mimics pain responses in etherized animals, but the DC shift is dampened in barbiturate anesthetized ones. Intracarotid injections of histamine and a histamine releaser produce a negative frontal shift. Heparin, serotonin, and nembutal produce positive frontal shifts. Epinephrine produces either a positive or negative shift, and potentiates the effects of histamine and serotonin. Histamine and serotonin combined produce a negative frontal shift. Many of these compounds are effective in 1μg or smaller doses. These findings, plus further analyses of the persistence, magnitude, latency, and dosage relatedness of the shifts are presented.
SOME ASPECTS OF THE TRANSCEPHALIC DC CIRCUIT
Authors: Cowen Murray A. , Ross John , McDonald Robert 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe transcephalic DC potential is a maintained and functionally significant voltage recorded over the frontal and occipital emissary vein distributions on the midline of the scalp. Two possible sources for the potential are considered, cortical and cutaneous, and the latter is rejected on empirical grounds as the main voltage source. From consideration of the electrical properties of bone and of the blood, a path of least resistance is described, linking the cortex and the scalp. On the basis of this circuit pathway, a number of specific hypotheses are derived concerning the relative potentials, polarities and resistances to be found over regions of the cortex, skull and scalp and these predictions were found to be consistent with experimental results. These findings greatly strengthen the probability that the cortex is the main generator of the TCDC potentials, but also indicate that certain other structures probably modulate the circuit as well by acting as variable resistances.
VISUAL RECALL ABILITY AND EYE MOVEMENTS
Authors: Brown Barbaka B. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTPursuit eye movements induced by Deckert's technique, using a moving object of specific excursion and beat frequency, were compared between active watching of the moving object and recalling the motion with eyes closed. Ability for visual imagery and incidence of its use were evaluated by questionnaires and discussion following the test procedure. Eye movements during eyes‐closed recall occurred significantly more frequently in visualizers than non‐visualizers. Exceptions to the relationship suggest that the occurrence of eye movements during recall do not necessarily indicate presence of visual imagery, but that oculomotor activity may be recalled independently. Eye movements during eyes‐closed recall generally under‐ or over‐estimate both excursion and timing of the original motion.
PALMAR‐DORSAL SKIN CONDUCTANCE DIFFERENCES DURING CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
Authors: Mordkoff Arnold M. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe sweat gland‐epidermis basis of the skin conductance response (SCR) was investigated in a study in which measurements were obtained from both the palmar and dorsal surfaces of the hand during classical conditioning. In a previous study using a long CS‐UCS interval, it was found that the palmar measurements, representing mainly the sweat gland component, gave rise to larger anticipatory conditional responses. Under the conditions of the present study (CS‐UCS interval =. 5 seconds) it was predicted on the basis of an adaptation theory that the epidermal component (dorsal measurement) would predominate and be equal to or greater than that of the sweat gland (palmar measurement). This prediction was confirmed.
SILVER‐SILVER CHLORIDE ELECTRODERMAL ELECTRODES
Authors: Miller Ralph Dudley 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAn electrolytic method is presented for the preparation of a disc type Ag‐AgCl electrode which has low bias potential and drift, moderate resistance and low polarization, is relatively durable, and can be easily replated if damaged or contaminated. The electrode has been used for measuring both skin potential and conductance and is compatible with a previously published device which compensates for non‐isothermal electrodes in skin potential recording. Although other applications have not been explored, the general design might be useful for the recording of other peripherally assessed bioelectric activity as well. A convenient electrode paste is described which does not dry out quickly and can be stored indefinitely.