bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Review Of Domestic Oil Operations
Authors: Sowers Don 
Published: December 2007

Sowers, Don, Member AIME, Humble Oil and Refining Co., Tulsa, Okla.
Publication Rights Reserved
Discussion of this paper is invited. Three copies of any discussion should be sent to the Society of Petroleum Engineers office. Such discussion may be presented at the above meeting and considered for publication in one of the two SPE magazines with the paper.

Introduction
Preliminary statistics indicate that 1961 will be a better profit year than 1960. As reported by "The Oil and Gas Journal", net earnings of 20 major oil companies averaged 7.5 per cent higher for the first 9 months of 1961, as compared with the same period in 1960. Crude oil production appears to be about 100,000 B/D higher than in 1960, and LPG production is up from 3.5 to 4 per cent over 1960.
The increase in production is partially offset by an increase of 10 million bbl in crude stocks. Product stocks appear to be in line with 1960 and the recent cold weather may cut down stocks of heating oils.
Drilling activity for 1961 may be slightly less than in 1960. As a result, it is doubtful if crude oil reserves will increase during 1961. However, because of gasoline plant construction during 1961, LPG production and reserves will probably show an increase. Gas reserves will probably show' some increase again in 1961 because of the increased number of successful gas wells.
Since drilling activity is the predominant factor in generating oil and gas production, let us examine what has happened since 1945.

U. S. DRIVING ACTIVITY
Post-war drilling activity increased from about 29,000 wells in 1946 to slightly over 58,000 wells in 1956, as shown on the chart. The number of wells drilled during this period increased each year, with the exception of 1949. From 1956, the wells drilled decreased through 1958, recovered somewhat in 1959 and reached an eight-year low of about 47,000 wells drilled in 1960. Drilling activity in 1961 should be at about the 1960 level.
Successful wildcat oil wells increased from about 500 in 1946 to about 1,800 in 1955. The increase was continuous with the exception of 1952. Since 1955, there has been a decrease in successful wildcat oil wells to about 800 in 1960 and may be even lower in 1961. Discover wells provide locations for extension wells which in time make up additions to production and reserves.
Successful development oil wells in general follow the pattern of successful wildcat oil wells. Total successful oil wells during this period represent about 93 per cent of total successful oil and gas wells. However, since 1955, total successful oil wells as a per cent of total successful oil and gas wells, ranged from 93.6 per cent in 1955 to 91.6 per cent in 1960.
Comparison of In-Situ and Laboratory Test Results on Granite
Authors: Stowe Richard L. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Four NX-diameter holes were diamond-drilled in competent granite. Samples of the recovered core were used in laboratory tests. A borehole, plate-bearing device known as a Goodman jack was used to perform load-deformation tests on the rock in the core hole. The samples used in the laboratory tests were taken from depths in the hole at or within 5 ft of those at which the jacking tests were made. Borehole camera records, compressional and shear-wave velocities, and densities were measured. Dynamic elastic constants were computed for the in-situ material, while comparative data [except camera records] were obtained in the laboratory. These data were examined to evaluate the significance of the in-situ modulus of deformation [Ed], the value computed from Goodman-jack tests. Average test results show an excellent correlation between in-situ and laboratory data. The ratio of laboratory to field deformation modulus ranges from 9.82 to 7.21 for 3,000- and 9,000-psi stress levels, respectively. The dynamic modulus ratio, ED field/ED lab, is 1.02; the compressional wave velocity ratio, Vp field/ Vp lab, is 0.94; the shear-wave velocity ratio, Vs field/Vs lab, is 1.12; and the density ratio, gamma field/gamma lab, is 0.95.

Introduction
This paper presents and discusses some of the test results obtained from a large rock mechanics program. That portion of the program discussed in this paper was conducted program discussed in this paper was conducted for purposes of developing data for use in a computer code used in connection with the design of a medium-size structure. As an outgrowth of the analysis of these data, several questions arose. One concerned the accuracy of the in-situ deformation modulus [Ed]; i.e., was the Ed calculated from pressure-displacement data, the value computed pressure-displacement data, the value computed from NX plate-bearing tests, realistic? The plate-bearing device used in this program was plate-bearing device used in this program was the Goodman jack.
Several approaches could have been used in getting a reasonable answer to the above question. One approach would be to evaluate other similar devices in the same rock mass in which the Goodman jack was used; however, the expense would be prohibitive. Other deformation moduli tests, such as flat-jack and radial jacking tests and large plate-bearing tests, are described in Ref. 2. Another approach would be to rely on published data that would give an approximate figure. Coons states that in-situ tests indicate that the Ed is generally from one-half to one-tenth of the laboratory modulus of elasticity. This range is given for a large number of other types of plate-jacking tests; however, one could assume plate-jacking tests; however, one could assume it applies to borehole deformation tests also. An examination of comparative values suggests that the in-situ Ed obtained for the rock mass in question was reasonable.
An Analysis of the Hopkinson Split Bar Method of Rock Testing
Authors: Wu Paul , Hustrulid William 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Hopkinson split bar has been used for about 20 years to study properties of rock and rock failure under dynamic loading conditions. The mathematical analysis needed to construct stress-strain curves from the measured waves requires that the rock specimen be very short compared to the wave length of the impact generated wave. In practice, specimens of several different lengths are often used with the same length wave, always making the assumption that the specimen is "short" enough for the analysis to apply. This paper describes the results of a study on the effect of the ratio of specimen length to wave length on the stress-strain curves derived from strain wave measurements.
A computer simulation of the Hopkinson split bar has been made in which a rock having known elastic properties (ER, rho R) and given length is assumed to be placed between two steel bars also of known properties (ES, rho R). An incident wave of given shape and wave length is assumed to travel toward the steel-rock interface. Using plane wave assumptions, it is possible to compute the shapes of the reflected possible to compute the shapes of the reflected and transmitted waves. These are then used as if they were experimental results to compute the stress-strain relationship for the rock. This is then compared with the specified value. It is found that the slope and shape of the calculated curve for a given incident wave length is very dependent upon the specimen length. Similarly, the method of superposition of the measured waves is very critical. It is suggested that apparent rate of loading effects observed by some authors in comparing "static" and "dynamic" (Hopkinson bar) stress-strain curves may be a result of the analysis rather than a true rock behavior.
A Hopkinson split bar was constructed and used to test four rock types. When the measured strain waves were analyzed using the techniques suggested from the computer simulation, it was found that the resulting stress-strain curves agreed well with the static curves.
An Osmotic Model for Gas and Overpressured Formations
Authors: Overton Harold L. , Zanier Aldo M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The zone below 10,000 ft in the earth is dominated by ionic and surface phenomena. Whenever sufficient overburden stress and temperature are available, a mechanical model is incapable of explaining the behavior of sediments. This is especially true of shales, and it is noticed that clays undergo phase changes whenever active tectonics are evident.
Shales under sufficient compaction have such small pore size and surface charge that their gross behavior is dominated by the interaction of water, ions and membrane surfaces. The phenomena of geopressure in the deep crust is associated with low water salinity, due to ionic diffusion in shales at great depths.
The normal circumstance for marine sediments shallower than 10,000 ft is that of simple compaction. The porosity and permeability is high enough to allow water and salt to be squeezed from shales, to yield an increasing water salinity with depth. The sands become more saline and the shales become fresher under increasing load. Below 10,000 ft mechanical stress is offset by ionic gradients accompanied by incipient gas pressure. Both sands and shales are observed to freshen as pressure gradients increase.
Vertically, salinity gradients show the change of both solid stress and fluid pressure gradients. It is evident that mechanical stress, such as around faulting, disturbs the electrochemical equilibrium. Ions tend to move in the direction of decreasing salinity, bringing water of hydration with them. A new equilibrium is established whenever gas expansion is offset by influx of water under compression. One foot of dewatered shale will pressure up 150 ft of high water fraction pressure up 150 ft of high water fraction sediments an additional 1,000 psi. The cap zone above geopressure is the dewatered shale zone, which signals entry into high pressure gradients.
Parameters for Identification of Overpressure Formations
Authors: Fertl Walter H. , Timko Donald J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A number of methods are used in the industry to detect and evaluate overpressured formations. The ability to detect and recognize overpressured formation is critical in conducting efficient and safe drilling operations.
Observed changes in the properties of rocks, especially shales, can be used to evaluate the overpressured zones. Variations of rock properties can be detected by geophysical methods, wire-line logging techniques, surface measurements on the drilling mud and shale cuttings, and monitoring of several drilling parameters.
The best approach for the detection and evaluation of overpressured formations is the study of a combination of several measured parameters since relying on one type of data parameters since relying on one type of data can result in misinterpretations.

Introduction
In the worldwide search for oil and gas, abnormally high pressure zones (geopressures) have been encountered in numerous countries on several continents. In our present discussion such geopressures, or abnormally high subsurface pressures, are defined as any pressure which exceeds the hydrostatic pressure of a column of water containing approximately 80,000 ppm total solids. ppm total solids. For the oil industry, occurrence of geopressures are important in many respects.
1. Worldwide experience indicates a significant correlation between the presence and magnitude of geopressures and the shales and ratio of sedimentary sections penetrated by the drill bit.
2. In some areas, the distribution of oil and gas appears to be related to the regional and local pressure environments.
3. Knowledge of the expected pore pressure and fracture gradient is the basis pressure and fracture gradient is the basis to make the best of modern drilling techniques, i.e., efficiently drilling wells with correct mud weights and proper casing programs. This also prevents a breakdown of exposed formations and contains the high-pressure fluids in deeper formations, thereby reducing blowout hazards.
4. Much of the extra cost in the search for and development of hydrocarbon reserves is for drilling fluid and casing programs. An additional, quite expensive item is the properly selected completion method which properly selected completion method which must be effective, safe and allow for killing of the well. Here, too, reliable pore pressure and fracture gradient data are a prerequisite.
5. Last but not least, geopressures are also an important factor in several aspects of reservoir engineering. This includes consideration of compressibility and failure of the reservoir rock and the possibility of water influx from the overlying and underlying shale formations.
For years the drilling industry dreamed of a method to predict and evaluate geopressures. Today, a number of methods, both surface and subsurface techniques, have become available for geopressures detection and measurement. These overpressured intervals and as much prior knowledge of them before drilling as is possible - are critical to conducting efficient and safe drilling operations.
Destructive Stresses Generated by Impulsive End Loading of a Cylinder
Authors: Rinehart John S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
High-speed photography [166,666 to 333,330 frames/second] has been used to observe and define the pattern of destructive stresses generated by an explosive charge detonated on the end of a right circular cylinder. The loading is somewhat more severe, but not substantially unlike, the loading a drill rod receives during percussive drilling operations. It was found that the internally convex cylindrical surface transforms and focuses the energy of the blow first in the form of a converging tensile wave, which is followed shortly by a similarly converging shear wave. Damage is successively wrought by the two converging waves that arrive one after the other, the damage being due to the shear wave extending further down the cylinder. The diameter of the cylinder regulates the extent of the damage, limiting severe damage to the first three diameters of length.

Introduction
When a solid cylinder is struck a sharp and strong blow on one end, the end of the cylinder generally suffers severe damage, appearing as if an internal axial explosion had blown it apart. Major damage is usually limited to a distance along the cylinder equal to about 2 or 3 cylinder diameters. A well defined teardrop-shaped symmetrical plug forms in Plexiglas [Fig. 1] and a similar pattern of fracturing is observed in aluminum, steel, glass and copper cylinders. The pattern is controlled principally by the geometry of the specimen rather than the material and scales almost perfectly with cylinder diameter.
Only a small fraction of the energy of the original blow remains in the cylinder, the rest being carried away by the pieces that fly off. This small remaining fraction moves down the cylinder as an elastic wave with rod velocity, [E/p] 1/2, where E is the Young's modulus and rho is the density of the rod material.
Previous tests with essentially point explosive charges, charges whose area of contact was very small compared with the area of the end of the cylinder, have shown that internally reflected and transformed stress waves can cause fracturing when they are focused and thus caused to interact.
The present study differs from previous ones in several respects. The entire end of the cylinder was covered with explosive so that the impulsive load acted simultaneously over a large area. The simple ray-tracing techniques used before are inadequate to describe the wave interactions since the phenomenon must now be treated as a diffraction problem. Damage is much more severe and the intensity of the elastic wave developed with the larger explosive is high enough to make visible the deformation produced during action of the wave. But most important, the present tests were monitored with high-speed photographic equipment up to framing rates of 333,330/second. This made it possible to observe the actual formation of the fractures, the propagation of the waves generated by the explosion and subsequent reflections and, from these observations, develop a better understanding of the genesis of rod waves.
Platform Production And Injection Facilities - Mc Arthur River Field
Authors: Horton R.M. , Duthweiler F.C. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Over the past five years the application of turbomachinery for use in conjunction with the exploration and development of oil and gas has gained increasing popularity within the industry, especially in offshore and isolated or remote locations.
The several operational and environmental considerations leading to the selection of turbomachinery for use on Union Oil's Grayling Platform, located In Alaska's Upper Cook Inlet, Platform, located In Alaska's Upper Cook Inlet, will be reviewed. Also included is performance data on specific turbine driven equipment along with recommendations outlining installation, operation and preventive maintenance procedures to promote a successful turbomachinery application.

Introduction
The Grayling Platform was originally constructed as a typical Cook Inlet "four poster type" self-contained drilling and poster type" self-contained drilling and production facility. It was designed to production facility. It was designed to accommodate simultaneous operation of two DC powered drilling rigs, and was installed with powered drilling rigs, and was installed with mud pumps and tanks, cementing and logging units, mud and cement storage, etc., to perform all normal drilling functions. The platform also contained oil and gas separation equipment, along with associated manifolding and piping, diesel powered AC generator sets, glycol-water boilers powered AC generator sets, glycol-water boilers for platform heating, instrument air compressors, salt water and dry chemical fire protection equipment, two 50 ton pedestal mounted cranes, and a 70 man quarters with an attached heliport.
The platform is located in Cook Inlet's Trading Bay, approximately 45 miles southwest of Anchorage, Alaska. It is basically supported by four 17 ft. diameter legs in approximately 140 ft. of water. It has three equipment deck levels: the drilling and production decks, spaced 20 ft. apart, which are both 120 ft. square, and a 47 ft. X 60 ft. sub-deck located between four 17 ft. diameter horizontal beam tanks which comprise the top of the structural jacket (See Fig. 1).
The platform is pinned to the Inlet floor by twelve 33 In. diameter piles driven through each of the four legs and grouted in place. These piles also serve as conductors through which as many as 48 wells can be directionally drilled from the platform to measured depths of over 16,000 ft. for the development of subterranean oil producing zones.
The platform is subject to the corrosive and erosive effects of oxygen saturated and silt laden Cook Inlet sea water.
The Impact Of The North Slope Or Oil And Survival
Authors: Gilmore R.B. 
Published: December 2007

Survival to most people connotes catastrophy. The association most often is to war, earthquake, flood, or fire. Survival is a favorite of the clergy and heard often on the sawdust trail. Teachers used it on some of us who barely scraped through school. It once characterized the Mets and some say the Dallas Cowboys — up to the Super Bowl. Like it or not, the petroleum industry appears to be entering a new phase in its evolution petroleum industry appears to be entering a new phase in its evolution that, to me, looks like the beginning of a struggle for survival. White hats no longer are sold to oil men. We can't seem to -do anything right.
Success in continually producing better and better products at stable and almost bargain prices, in spite of ever-increasing costs, turns out to be a handicap. This capital intensive industry can't generate enough cash from operations to carry on even a reduced level of exploration and development and also add to transportation, refining and marketing facilities. Some companies even borrowed money to bid on federal tracts at the last sale in the Gulf off Louisiana. Others give away part of their leasehold interest to a drilling fund or syndicate for capital to drill prospects. The gas shortage added some welcome new money in advance prospects. The gas shortage added some welcome new money in advance payments, but this source doesn't seem like a long-range solution. payments, but this source doesn't seem like a long-range solution. We know we find the easy fields first and that money goes farther drilling relatively shallow wells onshore than deep wells offshore in deep water. We develop a strong sense of urgency from a 24-hour-a-day, 7-days-a-week effort to find and produce oil and gas - a process that is almost impossible to stop and then start up again. We have learned that the best oil fields usually turn out to be in the worst places. We know how precarious to our national security A is to have a reserve-life ratio of less than ten years for our domestic oil or gas reserves.
Concrete Structures for the Arctic Ocean
Authors: Gerwick Ben C. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Studies for specific arctic offshore structures-drilling and production platforms, offshore terminals, piers, and underwater (under-ice) storage - confirm the advantages of concrete caissons: mass, low-temperature performance, economy, and speed of installation performance, economy, and speed of installation at the site. Stability is attained by sand and gravel fill, piles, or prestressed anchors.

Text
The proper development and exploitation of the resources of the Arctic Ocean requires that structures be developed which are suitable to the environment, offer a high degree of security, are economical, and are practicable for construction during the extremely short working periods available.
The Arctic Ocean presents, of course, a wide spread of environmental zones, varying from the shallow water lagoons to the offshore ice pack area. Ice dominates all design criteria pack area. Ice dominates all design criteria although seismic forces on occasion may approach the same order of magnitude. The dynamic nature of ice failure by crushing necessitates that any structure have ductile behavior throughout the entire temperature range to which it may be exposed. The resonant period of the structure should be substantially longer than the period of ice crushing, that is, longer than about 1 second; thus, mass is required. Of over-riding consideration in structures planned for such widely varying and extreme planned for such widely varying and extreme conditions, is the nature of failure under overload. It cannot be brittle nor subject to self-propagating cracking. Environmental considerations require that every possible step be taken to prevent pollution in an accident.
Thus, a structure for Arctic Ocean service bears a great deal of resemblance to a nuclear reactor pressure vessel. In design, one must take the structure through a whole series of limit states, each with its own probability and degree of security or safety factor.
Economics play a major role also, for successful development of the resources of the arctic requires that structures and systems be economically feasible. The utilization of the resources, such as oil, is in the temperate zone Production in the arctic therefore, must be Production in the arctic therefore, must be matched with transport systems in order to be economically competitive with other sources of oil and ultimately other sources of energy.