bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Urban mesh and ad hoc mesh networks
Authors: Plymoth Anders Nilsson , Körner Ulf , Johansson Per 
Published: January 2008

AbstractMesh networking is currently gaining much attention, within both academia and industry. Mesh networking allows cheap and fast deployment of wireless services. It is regarded as a very promising solution for urban deployment scenarios as well as for temporary emergency response situations. Another related promising field is that of ad hoc wireless networking, which consists of mobile nodes that dynamically create and maintain a network without the need for any infrastructure. We propose a solution and architecture for urban mesh ad hoc networks, a network that combines mesh networking with ad hoc networks for urban environments. We present four types of ad hoc mesh and ad hoc mesh networks. The most general one consists of mesh nodes, called mesh points (MP), that act as a type of access point for user nodes (UN). The MPs have at least two interfaces: one which is used to communicate with UNs, and one which is used to maintain the mesh access network and transport data. These two interfaces can basically use any type of technology (IEEE 802.11 a/b/g, WiMax, etc.), and for capacity reasons it is generally regarded that the best solution is to let the mesh interface operate on a separate high‐capacity channel or channels. An intricate part of these types of networks are routing and location services. In our solution, UN devices operate in ad hoc mode running an ad hoc routing protocol. This allows UNs that wish to communicate to connect directly in an ad hoc manner, or through an MP. An important question is therefore whether two UNs that wish to communicate should connect through the mesh or connect directly. We show that from a capacity point of view whether a UN should route its packets to the closest available MP, or through a ad hoc network, depends on the environment the network is located, the amount traffic and the type of protocols used. Since MPs need to know where to route packets within the mesh, i.e., locating the MP closest to the destination UN, each UN run a small application that registers the UN to the mesh network. In addition to the above features we have developed a new MAC that quickly queries two candidate nodes, which picks the candidate with the currently best radio conditions. This enable nodes to cope with deep dips in signal strength due to fast fading, a well‐known problem in urban environments. We show that this new protocol achieves significantly lower delays. We also show that in dense urban environments performance and battery lifetime can be improved if ad hoc technologies are used. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two‐stage construction of aircraft thrust models for optimal control computations
Authors: Miller Janusz , Korytowski Adam , Szymkat Maciej 
Published: January 2008

AbstractA two‐stage method for building analytic models based on experimental data is proposed. It is applied to thrust modeling for the F‐15 aircraft. A minimum‐time problem is solved to show efficacy of the models in indirect optimal control computations. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of allelopathic rice varieties combined with cultural management options on paddy field weeds
Authors: Kong Chui‐Hua , Hu Fei , Wang Peng , Wu Jing‐Lun 
Published: January 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND: A number of techniques, including cultural management, allelopathy and bioherbicide, have been considered as alternatives for synthetic herbicides, but successful weed control will require the careful integration of these multiple techniques. This study was conducted to assess the use of allelopathic rice varieties in combination with cultural management options on paddy weeds, in order to develop an allelopathy‐based technique to reduce herbicide use in paddies.RESULTS: The weed‐suppressive effects of the rice varieties tested varied highly with allelopathic trait, planting pattern and cultural management including planting density, flooding depth and duration and supply of nitrogen. Allelopathic rice varieties PI312777 and Huagan‐1 demonstrated much stronger weed suppression than the non‐allelopathic variety Huajianxian under the same planting pattern and cultural management. Their weed‐suppressive effect was increased with cultural management options. In particular, if integrated cultural management options of allelopathic rice varieties included a low‐dose (bensulfuron‐methyl, 25 g AI ha−1, a third of the recommended dose) herbicide application, the emergence and growth of most weeds found in paddy fields was completely controlled. No grain yield reduction for allelopathic varieties occurred under integrated cultural management options, whereas with the non‐allelopathic variety a reduction of up to 45–60% was measurable even with the low‐dose herbicide application.CONCLUSION: The allelopathic potential of rice varieties will likely have a great impact on paddy weed control if integrated with cultural management options and application of low doses of herbicides. Therefore, it is feasible to reduce herbicide input in paddies if allelopathic rice is grown under integrated cultural management practices. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Relationships between strain, microstructure and oxide growth at the nano‐ and microscale
Authors: Kempf D. , Vignal V. , Martin N. , Virtanen S. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractIn the present article, the relationships between oxidation processes, surface strains and the microstructure of duplex stainless steels were investigated. Specimens were oxidized at 500 °C under secondary vacuum for 1 h to form a thin oxide film (thickness in the range of 20–50 nm). Such specimens were considered as the model system for developing novel methods of analysis in understanding the behavior of passive films. The interfacial strain field after oxidation was measured experimentally at the microscale using the point grid method. On the other hand, the chemical composition of the oxide film was determined at the submicroscopic scale by means of local scanning Auger spectroscopy (with a spot diameter of 50 nm). Local variations of the chemical composition of the oxide film were analyzed according to the specimen microstructure and the strain field. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Joint modeling of sensitivity and specificity
Authors: Puggioni Gavino , Gelfand Alan E. , Elmore Joann G. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractSensitivity and specificity are two customary performance measures associated with medical diagnostic tests. Typically, they are modeled independently as a function of risk factors using logistic regression, which provides estimated functions for these probabilities. Change in these probabilities across levels of risk factors is of primary interest and the indirect relationship is often displayed using a receiver operating characteristic curve. We refer to this as analysis of ‘first‐order’ behavior. Here, we consider what we refer to as ‘second‐order’ behavior where we examine the stochastic dependence between the (random) estimates of sensitivity and specificity. To do so, we argue that a model for the four cell probabilities that determine the joint distribution of screening test result and outcome result is needed. Such a modeling induces sensitivity and specificity as functions of these cell probabilities. In turn, this raises the issue of a coherent specification for these cell probabilities, given risk factors, i.e. a specification that ensures that all probabilities calculated under it fall between 0 and 1. This leads to the question of how to provide models that are coherent and mechanistically appropriate as well as computationally feasible to fit, particularly with large data sets. The goal of this article is to illuminate these issues both algebraically and through analysis of a real data set. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mitigation of wind‐induced motion of Milad Tower by tuned mass damper
Authors: Ghorbani‐Tanha A. K. , Noorzad A. , Rahimian M. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractWith a height of 435 m, Milad Tower, situated in north‐west of Tehran, Iran, would be the fourth highest telecommunication tower of the world. This tower has the largest head structure among its counterparts. Preliminary studies demonstrate that the upper part of the tower has excessive wind‐induced acceleration‐related vibrations beyond human comfort limit during wind events. In this paper, the effectiveness of tuned mass damper (TMD) on the suppression of wind‐induced motion of Milad Tower is examined through mathematical analyses. The tower is modelled as a vertical linear cantilever beam, with 57 degrees of freedom. The fluctuating wind speed is assumed to be a stochastic process which is identified by an appropriate power spectral density function. Random vibration analyses were carried out to determine response statistics. The possible application of TMDs in suppressing wind‐induced motions of the tower was investigated, and a TMD was designed to be installed at the sky dome. The results clearly show that the designed TMD has a considerable influence on the suppression of the structural response of the tower below human comfort limits. The authors believe that Milad Tower can be considered as a benchmark control problem for television and telecommunication towers by the structural control community. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Correlation between interleukin‐6 promoter and C‐reactive protein (CRP) polymorphisms and CRP levels with the Mainz Severity Score Index for Fabry disease
Authors: Altarescu G. , Chicco G. , Whybra C. , Delgado‐Sanchez S. , Sharon N. , Beck M. , Elstein D. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryObjectives:Fabry disease is a multisystem disorder with phenotypic heterogeneity only partially explained by genotype. Elevated interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) plasma levels and C‐reactive protein (CRP) serum levels are associated with increased risk and worse outcome of ischaemic events, a serious prognostic sign in Fabry disease.Methods:56 patients (34 hemizygous males, 22 females; 5 children) were studied. A promoter polymorphism −174G > C of the IL‐6 gene associated with serum IL‐6 levels was compared with the Mainz Severity Score Index (MSSI) in patients with Fabry disease. CRP levels and polymorphism 1059 G > C were evaluated as markers of inflammation to ascertain the possibility of an inflammatory mechanism of IL‐6. Nonparametric ANOVA, Fisher's exact, Bonferroni, and Hardy–Weinberg (HW) statistics were used.Results:Mean age of adults = 42 (range 26–58) years; 29 patients received enzyme therapy (ERT). Mean total MSSI = 26.7 (range 14.2–39.2) points, i.e. moderate disease, but females were lower (total 23.4 ± 12.6 vs 32.2 ± 13.6). Controls but not patients were in HW equilibrium. Significant correlation existed between all sub‐scores of the MSSI and IL‐6 genotypes in females but only with three MSSI sub‐scores for males. The IL‐6 C/C genotype was significantly correlated with the neurological, general and total MSSI sub‐scores, generally twofold higher. There were no statistically significant correlations with CRP levels/polymorphisms and MSSI sub‐scores nor with IL‐6 polymorphisms. CRP levels decreased after ERT in patients with IL‐6 G/G or G/C genotypes but increased in patients with C/C (p = 0.003).Conclusions:The prevalence of the IL‐6 C allele significantly influences MSSI, i.e. clinical severity, especially in females. This is unrelated to IL‐6 as a pro‐inflammatory marker as demonstrated by lack of correlations with CRP levels and genotypes. IL‐6 −174 polymorphic C allele may be a prognostic marker in Fabry disease, especially in females.
Glucagon and insulin responses after ingestion of different amounts of intact and hydrolysed proteins
Authors: Claessens Mandy , Saris Wim H. M. , van Baak Marleen A. 
Published: January 2008

Ingestion of dietary protein is known to induce both insulin and glucagon secretion. These responses may be affected by the dose and the form (intact or hydrolysed) in which protein is ingested. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of different amounts of intact protein and protein hydrolysate of a vegetable (soya) and animal (whey) protein on insulin and glucagon responses and to study the effect of increasing protein loads for both intact protein and protein hydrolysate in man. The study employed a repeated-measures design with Latin-square randomisation and single-blind trials. Twelve healthy non-obese males ingested three doses (0·3, 0·4 and 0·6 g/kg body weight) of intact soya protein (SPI) and soya protein hydrolysate (SPH). Another group of twelve healthy male subjects ingested three doses (0·3, 0·4 and 0·6 g/kg body weight) of intact whey protein (WPI) and whey protein hydrolysate (WPH). Blood was sampled before (t = 0) and 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min after protein ingestion for insulin, glucagon and glucose determination. SPI induced a higher total area under the curve for insulin and glucagon than SPH while no difference between WPI and WPH was found. Insulin and glucagon responses increased with increasing protein load for SPI, SPH, WPI and WPH, but the effect was more pronounced for glucagon. A higher dose of protein or its hydrolysate will result in a lower insulin:glucagon ratio, an important parameter for the control of postprandial substrate metabolism. In conclusion, insulin and glucagon responses were protein and hydrolysate specific.
WHO 2006 child growth standards: implications for the prevalence of stunting and underweight-for-age in a birth cohort of Gabonese children in comparison to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2000 growth charts and the National Center for Health Statistics 1978 growth references
Authors: Schwarz Norbert G , Grobusch Martin P , Decker Marie-Luise , Goesch Julia , Poetschke Marc , Oyakhirome Sunny , Kombila Davy , Fortin Julien , Lell Bertrand , Issifou Saadou , Kremsner Peter G , Klipstein-Grobusch Kerstin 
Published: January 2008

AbstractObjectivesTo assess the proportion of children being stunted and underweight-for-age at 3, 9 and 15 months in Lambaréné, Gabon, using the WHO child growth standards released in 2006 as compared with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 2000 and the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) 1978 child growth charts/references.Design and settingProspective birth cohort in Lambaréné, Gabon.SubjectsTwo hundred and eighty-nine children from birth to 15 months of age.MethodsWeight and length were recorded at 3, 9 and 15 months. CorrespondingZscores for stunting and underweight-for-age were calculated for the three different standards/references. Children with a height-for-age or weight-for-age below –2sdof the corresponding reference median (Zscore ≤−2) were classified as stunted or underweight-for-age, respectively.ResultsWith the new WHO 2006 standards a higher proportion (4·0 %) of 3-month-old infants were underweight compared with the CDC (1·0 %) or the NCHS (0·7 %) child growth charts/references. In contrast to the NCHS references or the CDC charts, this proportion did not increase from 3 to 9 months or from 9 to 15 months. The proportion of children being stunted was highest (above 20 %) with the WHO 2006 standards at all three ages. Again, in contrast to the old standards, this proportion did not increase from 3 to 9 months or from 9 to 15 months.ConclusionsThe present results show considerably different growth faltering patterns for Gabonese children depending on the growth charts used to assess the prevalence of stunting and underweight. Shifting to the new WHO child growth standards may have important implications for child health programmes.
Development of Mammalian Cell Lines with lac Operator-Tagged Chromosomes: Figure 1.
Authors: Strukov Yuri G. , Belmont Andrew S. 
Published: January 2008

INTRODUCTIONThe discovery and use of fluorescent proteins to label chromosomal proteins has yielded basic structural information as well as insights into dynamics that were previously inaccessible. This protocol describes a method for tagging specific chromosome sites using the lac operator/repressor system, wherein direct repeats of bacterial operator sequences are coupled with green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged proteins that recognize these sequences. Direct lac operator repeats are generated by directional cloning. Although the use of direct repeats, as opposed to inverted repeats, reduces recombination within the bacterial host at high copy number, even the direct repeats are unstable, requiring the use of special bacterial hosts and low-copy-number plasmids for cloning. The introduction of the lac operator repeats into eukaryotic cells uses traditional transformation methods. Techniques for the isolation of stable cell clones with varying transgene copy numbers are described in the protocol, as are several methods for visual screening of large numbers of stable cell clones to isolate rare clones containing labeled chromosomal regions with desired features.
Transfecting Neural Crest Cells in Avian Embryos Using In Ovo Electroporation
Authors: Kadison Stephanie R. , Krull Catherine E. 
Published: January 2008

INTRODUCTIONThis protocol outlines a method for introducing genes into the neural crest cells of avian embryos at vagal/cardiac and trunk levels. Electroporation offers the unique opportunity to misexpress genes or “knock down” the expression of their protein products using short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) within targeted populations of cells. Electroporated cells can be visualized by using DNA plasmids that contain enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) or other fluorescent reporter proteins.
Protein Nanospheres for Gene Delivery
Authors: Kommareddy Sushma , Amiji Mansoor M. 
Published: January 2008

INTRODUCTIONNanoparticles have been widely used to overcome the barriers for drug delivery. Those prepared from natural polymers have a significant advantage over others prepared from synthetic polymers. This article outlines the advantages of gelatin for the preparation of nanoparticles and a method for preparing them. The uses of nanoparticles are also discussed. Cell trafficking can be studied using nanoparticles encapsulated with electron-dense material (e.g., gold); such particles are then visualized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). DNA-encapsulated nanoparticles can be used for transfection and other methods of gene delivery. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of transfection studies is outlined briefly.
The Indian triatomine genus Linshcosteus (Reduviidae)
Authors: GHAURI M. S. K. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe Indian genus Linshcosteus is revised and a key provided to the three species L.carnifex Distant; L.confumus sp.n.; L.costalis sp.n. One or both of the new species described here is the host of the egg parasite Gryon linshcostei Masner (Scelionidae) which may be used in the biological control of the Triatoma vectors of Chagas' disease in South America.
The eggs of stick insects (Phasmida): a review with descriptions of the eggs of eleven species
Authors: CLARK J. T. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe terms used in the descriptive morphology of phasmid eggs are compared and standardized, and a check list of all known figures of phasmid eggs is presented. The eggs of eleven species commonly reared in Britain are described. About 5 % of phasmid species are known from the egg stage.
Macrolarviparous reproduction in Ameniinae (Diptera: Calliphoridae)
Authors: Flerrar P. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractFemale flies of the subfamily Ameniinae were found by dissection to be macrolarviparous. The two ovaries each comprise two ovarioles, and a single egg passes at a time intoa large, muscular uterus, where it hatches and develops through the soft and rather featureless first larval instar. The larva moults in utero to a strongly spined, active second instar, with long, curved mandibular hooks and this stage is presumed to parasitize snails.Details are given of the larval morphology of Amenia and Paramenia spp., and the indications that these give about taxonomic affinities. The posterior spiracles are sunk in a deep pit, as is found amongst Sarcophagidae. It is concluded that on the basis of adult and larval characters the Ameniinae is a somewhat specialized group of flies, most closely related to Calliphoridae and with some affinity to Sarcophagidae.
The British species of Aphelinus with notes and descriptions of other European Aphelinidae (Hymenoptera)
Authors: Graham M. W. R. DE V. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractA key is provided to eleven species of Aphelinus, and one misidentified European species is described as thomsoni sp.n. Redescriptions are given of four little known or misidentified species of Coccophagus. Some new synonymy is proposed inAphelinidae, and lectotypes are designated for most of the species involved. Thirty–twospecies in eleven genera are discussed.
A fake Heliconius (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae)
Authors: Turner JOHN R. G. , HOLZINGER RUTH 
Published: January 2008

AbstractFour ‘doubtful species’ are listed in catalogues of the genus Heliconius. All are non–existent: (1) H. Carolina (Herbst) is a forgery made from trimmed fragments of at least three butterflies, the two identifiable ones both beingH. erato; (2) H.cinereo–fuscus (Goeze) is a faded specimen of H.ricini; (3) H.arcuatus (Goeze) is so inadequately described that its identity cannot be determined, although it is apparently some species of heliconiine or ithomiine;(4)H.euclea (Godart) is the valid senior name of an ithomiid in the genus Hypothyris.
Proposals for a stable classification of the Phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae)
Authors: LEWIS D. J. , YOUNG D.G. , FAIRCHILD G. B. , MINTER D. M. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract.A practical system of classification and nomenclature for the Phlebotomine sandflies of the world is suggested, in the light of a re‐examination of the early taxonomic literature and a critical appraisal of recent studies. A stable and simple classification of the sandflies as the subfamily Phlebotominae, family Psychodidae, is given, in which are recognized only five genera but a larger number of subgenera, species groups and lesser, informal, categories.The various groupings, many of which are discussed, are considered to form a stable general framework with flexible subdivisions into which recent and future ideas may be assimilated. The system should cause minimum confusion and give maximum ease of data‐retrieval to taxonomists and other scientists concerned with the classification of sandflies for pure or applied purposes.
Taxonomic review of immature dung beetles of the subfamily Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
Authors: EDMONDS W. D. , HALFFTER GONZALO 
Published: January 2008

AbstractDiscussion of the taxonomy of scarabaeine larvae includes: (i) a redescription of the subfamily Scarabaeinae based upon larval characters, (ii) descriptions of known genera based upon larvae, and (iii) a key to known genera. Twenty‐five genera representing each of the six currently recognized tribes and most subtribes are considered:Onthophagus, Liatongus, Oniticellus, Onitis, Bubas, Dichotomius, Ontherus, Ateuchus, Scatimus, Canthidium, Neocanthidium, Copris, Heliocopris, Phanaeus, Coprophanaeus, Sulcophanaeus, Sisyphus, Gymnopleurus, Scarabaeus, Megathopa, Canthon. Deltochilum, Canthochilum, Arachnodes and Eurysternus.Four others are treated briefly:Chironitis, Synapsis, Catharsius, Nesosisyphus.On morphological and other grounds,ScatimusandHeliocoprisare removed from the subtribe Coprina and reassigned to Dichotomiina. There is little about the variation among larvae studied which supports or weakens the current tribal classification based upon adults as there emerge no combinations of larval characters which satisfactorily define generic groupings. Discussion of scarabaeine pupae is limited to description of pupal support projections of known genera and to definition of the support system characteristic of the subfamily, which is functionally related to nesting behaviour culminating in metamorphosis within a spheroid pupation chamber.