bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Importance of biliary excretion of indomethacin in gastrointestinal and hepatic injury
Authors: Dial Elizabeth J , Darling Rebecca L , Lichtenberger Lenard M 
Published: July 2008

AbstractBackground and Aims:  A mechanism for protection of gastrointestinal (GI) and hepatic cells from damaging detergent actions of bile acids appears to involve the bile component, phosphatidylcholine (PC). Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) induce intestinal injury in direct proportion to their ability to be excreted into bile, and are known to chemically associate with PC. We investigated the role of bile acids and PC in the mechanism of indomethacin‐induced epithelial injury.Methods:  Rats were injected orally or intravenously with radiolabeled indomethacin and their bile was collected over time for determination of NSAID secretion. Bile from rats treated with or without indomethacin was used in studies of red blood cell (RBC) hemolysis as a measure of membrane cytotoxicity. The bile salt, sodium deoxycholate (SDC), and indomethacin were tested alone and in combination with PC on RBC and on hepatic HepG2 cells.Results:  Intravenously or orally given indomethacin was quantitatively excreted (approximately 50%) into bile over a 2‐h study period. Bile from a rat treated with indomethacin or bile with exogenous indomethacin was cytotoxic to RBC, and the injury was prevented by the addition of PC. Hepatocytes exposed to SDC showed injury that could be dose‐dependently prevented by PC, and reversed by indomethacin.Conclusions:  Biliary PC plays an important physiological role in protecting GI and hepatic epithelia from the cytotoxic actions of bile salts. The ability of NSAIDs excreted into the bile to associate with mixed bile salt micelles and reduce the protective action of the PC may be a critical component in the drugs' pathogenic mechanism.
Effect of a family psychoeducational program on relatives of schizophrenia patients
Authors: Sota Satoko , Shimodera Shinji , Kii Masaru , Okamura Kayoko , Suto Koichirou , Suwaki Mitsuru , Fujita Hirokazu , Fujito Ryosuke , Inoue Shimpei 
Published: July 2008

Aims:  Family psychoeducational programs have been shown to be effective in terms of knowledge acquirement and relapse prevention, but few studies have looked at whether one mode of educational method is more effective than another. The aim of the present study was to compare several modes of educational approaches and to elucidate which mode of education is more effective.Methods:  A total of 110 relatives of 95 patients with schizophrenia received three types of family psychoeducational programs between January 1995 and September 2003: a small group with two sessions (P1), a large group with nine sessions (P2), and a large group with five sessions (P3). In addition to the demographic data, acquired knowledge was measured using the modified Knowledge About Schizophrenia Interview (KASI), family expressed emotion (EE), and relapse episodes.Results:  Overall there were significant increases in many KASI subcategory scores after the three programs, in mothers in particular. The change in KASI scores indicated that the low EE group was able to be highly educated and that the relatives of non‐relapsers were more effectively educated. As for the mode of the family psychoeducational program, the P1 and P2 groups surpassed the P3 in terms of knowledge acquired.Conclusions:  Effects of family psychoeducation may depend not on the number of members or sessions but on the time spent on the program per member.
‘Insistence on recovery’ as a positive prognostic factor in Japanese stroke patients
Authors: Hama Seiji , Yamashita Hidehisa , Kato Toyohiko , Shigenobu Masaya , Watanabe Atsuko , Sawa Megumi , Kurisu Kaoru , Yamawaki Shigeto , Kitaoka Tamotsu 
Published: July 2008

Aim:  The present study used two‐step analyses to examine the effect of acceptance of disability or ‘insistence on recovery’ in Japanese stroke patients: first on their functional improvement and second, on their psychological symptoms.Methods:  Disability was assessed using functional independence measurements (FIM), examining the stage of acceptance of disability by observation using Fink's theory (from shock to defensive retreat, acknowledgement, and acceptance/change stage), and estimation of insistence on recovery (on a scale of 1–4) by observation. The differences over time and the effects on the improvement in their FIM were then assessed. Depression was measured using the Zung Self‐rating Depression Scale (SDS); apathy was measured using the Apathy Scale (AS), and the correlation with the acceptance stage or insistence on recovery was analyzed.Results:  The acceptance stage and functional improvement progressed significantly, but insistence on recovery did not change significantly during hospitalization. Multiple regression indicated that the insistence on recovery score (but not the acceptance stage) was a good predictor of the degree of improvement in FIM (FIM gain per week) in the elderly group. Post‐hoc testing showed that the SDS or AS score decreased from the first stage to the fourth stage (but increased at the third stage) of acceptance; whereas for insistence on recovery score, the SDS and AS scores decreased as insistence on recovery score changed from 1 to 3, and then increased as insistence on recovery score changed from 3 to 4.Conclusions:  The appropriate level of insistence on recovery reduced depression and apathy, resulting in enhanced improvement of disability after a stroke in elderly stroke patients.
Depression and its association with self‐esteem, family, peer and school factors in a population of 9586 adolescents in southern Taiwan
Authors: Lin Huang‐Chi , Tang Tze‐Chun , Yen Ju‐Yu , Ko Chin‐Hung , Huang Chi‐Fen , Liu Shu‐Chun , Yen Cheng‐Fang 
Published: July 2008

Aims:  The aim of the present study was to gain insight into the prevalence of depression and its association with self‐esteem, family, peer and school factors in a large‐scale representative Taiwanese adolescent population.Methods:  A total of 12 210 adolescent students were recruited into the present study. Subjects with a score >28 on the Center for Epidemiological Studies' Depression Scale were defined as having significant depression; the Rosenberg Self‐Esteem Scale, Adolescent Family and Social Life Questionnaire and Family C‐APGAR Index were applied to assess subjects' self‐esteem, family, peer and school factors. The association between depression and correlates were examined on t‐test and χ2 test. The significant factors were further included in logistic regression analysis.Results:  Among 9586 participants (response rate: 86.3%), the prevalence of depression was 12.3%. The risk factors associated with depression in univariate analysis included female gender, older age, residency in urban areas, lower self‐esteem, disruptive parental marriage, low family income, family conflict, poorer family function, less satisfaction with peer relationships, less connectedness to school, and poor academic performance. After adjusting the effects of sex, age and location, only subjects with lower self‐esteem, higher family conflict, poorer family function, lower rank and decreased satisfaction in their peer group, and less connectedness to school were prone to depression on logistic regression.Conclusion:  The prevalence of depression is high in Taiwanese adolescents, and the multiple factors of family, peer, school and individuals are associated with adolescent depression. The factors identified in the present study may be helpful when designing and implementing preventive intervention programs.
Effect of organizational strategy on visual memory in patients with schizophrenia
Authors: Kim Myung‐Sun , Namgoong Yoon , Youn Tak 
Published: July 2008

Aims: The aim of the present study was to examine how copy organization mediated immediate recall among patients with schizophrenia using the Rey–Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (ROCF).Methods: The Boston Qualitative Scoring System (BQSS) was applied for qualitative and quantitative analyses of ROCF performances. Subjects included 20 patients with schizophrenia and 20 age‐ and gender‐matched healthy controls.Results: During the copy condition, the schizophrenia group and the control group differed in fragmentation; during the immediate recall condition, the two groups differed in configural presence and planning; and during the delayed recall condition, they differed in several qualitative measurements, including configural presence, cluster presence/placement, detail presence/placement, fragmentation, planning, and neatness. The two groups also differed in several quantitative measurements, including immediate presence and accuracy, immediate retention, delayed retention, and organization. Although organizational strategies used during the copy condition mediated the difference between the two groups during the immediate recall condition, group also had a significant direct effect on immediate recall.Conclusion: Schizophrenia patients are deficient in visual memory, and a piecemeal approach to the figure and organizational deficit seem to be related to the visual memory deficit. But schizophrenia patients also appeared to have some memory problems, including retention and/or retrieval deficits.
Depressive symptoms and olfactory function in older adults
Authors: Scinska Anna , Wrobel Elzbieta , Korkosz Agnieszka , Zatorski Pawel , Sienkiewicz‐Jarosz Halina , Lojkowska Wanda , Swiecicki Lukasz , Kukwa Wojciech 
Published: July 2008

Aims:  Neuroimaging studies suggest a significant overlap between brain regions involved in the regulation of olfaction and mood. The aim of the present study was to search for correlations between depressive symptomatology measured by the 15‐item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) and olfactory function assessed with Sniffin' Sticks in non‐demented older adults (aged 53–79 years).Methods:  Taste detection thresholds were also measured by means of electrogustometry on the anterior tongue.Results:  No correlation was found between the GDS scores (range: 0–12) and olfactory thresholds or olfactory identification scores. Similarly, there was no relationship between depressive symptoms and electrogustometric thresholds. Subjects (n = 25) scoring ≥5 on the GDS were classified as ‘depressed’ and all other individuals (n = 60) were classified as ‘non‐depressed’. The two groups did not differ in terms of the olfactory measures and electrogustometric threshold.Conclusion:  Depressive symptoms are not associated with any major olfactory deficit in non‐clinical older adults.
Restless legs symptoms with sleepiness in relation to mortality: 20‐year follow‐up study of a middle‐aged Swedish population
Authors: Mallon Lena , Broman Jan‐Erik , Hetta Jerker 
Published: July 2008

Aim:  The aim of the present study was to investigate restless legs symptoms with concomitant daytime sleepiness as a risk factor for mortality in a middle‐aged population.Methods:  A cohort of 5102 subjects aged 30–65 years in mid‐Sweden who responded to a postal questionnaire in 1983 was followed up. The questionnaire included questions about restless legs symptoms, daytime sleepiness, demographic and lifestyle variables, sleep habits, medical conditions and depression. Mortality data for the period 1983–2003 were collected and death certificates were available for all the 657 responders who died during the follow‐up period.Results:  Restless legs symptoms with daytime sleepiness was reported by 10.3% and was associated with shorter night sleep time, several health problems and depression. During the follow‐up period 379 men (21.6%) and 278 women (15.5%) died. A multivariate model adjusted for age, short night sleep time, lifestyle factors, medical conditions and depression showed that women reporting restless legs symptoms with daytime sleepiness had an excess mortality compared to women without restless legs symptoms and daytime sleepiness (hazard ratios, 1.85; 95% confidence interval, 1.20–2.85; P = 0.005). No influence on mortality risk was found in men reporting restless legs symptoms with daytime sleepiness.Conclusions:  The occurrence of restless legs symptoms with daytime sleepiness in middle‐aged women is associated with increased mortality risk.
Young children's knowledge about the influence of thoughts on emotions in rule situations
Authors: Lagattuta Kristin Hansen 
Published: July 2008

Abstract Four‐year‐olds, 5‐year‐olds, and adults (N = 48) listened to stories featuring characters that experienced one of four types of thoughts after deciding to transgress or comply with a rule: thoughts about desires, rules, future negative outcomes, or future punishment. Participants predicted and explained the characters’ emotions. Results showed that young children, as with adults, predicted positive emotions for willpower and negative emotions for transgression at low rates for the think‐desire trials, and at high rates for the think‐rule and think‐future trials. They also modified their emotion explanations in line with the focus of characters’ thoughts. These data provide unprecedented evidence that young children can reason flexibly about emotions in rule situations when provided explicit, salient information about people's thoughts.
Go or no‐go? Developmental improvements in the efficiency of response inhibition in mid‐childhood
Authors: Cragg Lucy , Nation Kate 
Published: July 2008

Abstract This experiment used a modified go/no‐go paradigm to investigate the processes by which response inhibition becomes more efficient during mid‐childhood. The novel task, which measured trials on which a response was initiated but not completed, was sensitive to developmental changes in response inhibition. The effect of inducing time pressure by narrowing allowable response time was also examined. While increasing time pressure did not reduce the inhibitory demands of the task for either age group, older children (aged 9 to 11 years) were able to inhibit their responses at an earlier stage of movement than younger children (aged 5 to 7 years). This shows that as children get older they become more efficient at controlling their behaviour which drives developmental improvements in response inhibition.
Infants prefer motionese to adult‐directed action
Authors: Brand Rebecca J. , Shallcross Wendy L. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractIn two studies, we investigated infants’ preference for infant‐directed (ID) action or ‘motionese’ (Brand, Baldwin & Ashburn, 2002) relative to adult‐directed (AD) action. In Study 1, full‐featured videos were shown to 32 6‐ to 8‐month‐olds, who demonstrated a strong preference for ID action. In Study 2, infants at 6–8 months (n= 28) and 11–13 months (n= 24) were shown either standard ID and AD clips, or clips in which demonstrators’ faces were blurred to obscure emotional and eye‐gaze information. Across both ages, infants showed evidence of preferring ID to AD action, even when faces were blurred. Infants did not have a preference for still‐frame images of the demonstrators, indicating that the ID preference arose from action characteristics, not demonstrators’ general appearance. These results suggest that motionese enhances infants’ attention to action, possibly supporting infants’ learning.
DESTABILIZING EFFECTS ON INCOME ADJUSTMENT PROCESS WITH FISCAL POLICY LAGS
Authors: Matsumoto Akio 
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACTSince a finite time delay in government purchases of goods and service cannot be ignored, this paper studies how such a time lag in a fiscal policy affects the stability of the income adjustment process. Formulating the income adjustment process with time delay, it adopts two different approaches: one is a fixed time lag and the other is a continuously distributed lag. It is demonstrated that the continuously distributed time lag has the stronger destabilizing effect if the adjustment of the government expenditure is slow while the fixed lag has the stronger destabilizing effect if this adjustment is rapid.
Roles of perinatal problems on adolescent antisocial behaviors among children born after 33 completed weeks: a prospective investigation
Authors: Nomura Yoko , Rajendran Khushmand , Brooks‐Gunn Jeanne , Newcorn Jeffrey H. 
Published: July 2008

Background:  There is uncertainty about the extent to which mildly sub‐optimal perinatal characteristics among individuals born near‐term (>33 weeks of gestation) are associated with various subsequent childhood problems, including antisocial behavior. There is even more uncertainty about whether the pathway to antisocial behavior differs by gender.Methods:  A sample of 1689 infants, born near‐term, was followed from birth for over 30 years. Using structural equation modeling (SEM), the study evaluated hypothesized mechanisms linking perinatal problems to antisocial behavior, mediated through the following variables in early and later childhood: neurological abnormalities at age 1; hearing, speech, and language problems at age 3; cognitive function at age 4; and academic performance at age 7. Childhood problems were assessed by trained research clinicians, blind to perinatal status. An ‘antisocial behavior’ variable was created, based on retrospective self‐report of six antisocial incidences assessed in adulthood.Results:  Path coefficients showed that birthweight, head circumference, and Apgar scores were indirectly associated with antisocial behavior in the presence of one or more of the following: neurological abnormalities, abnormality in language, speech, and hearing, cognitive function, or academic performance. We found gender differences only in the associations between hearing and IQ and between language perception and IQ. Poor academic performance was associated with antisocial behavior in both boys and girls.Conclusion:  Our hypothesis, that perinatal problems may progress to antisocial behavior when mediated by various markers of early childhood problems, was confirmed. Adverse perinatal events need to be considered in identifying infants who are at risk for academic problems and antisocial behavior, even when the infant is born relatively close to term (i.e., >33 weeks). Poor academic performance, which is indirectly influenced by a variety of neurological and cognitive problems during the perinatal period, infancy, and early childhood appear to increase antisocial behavioral problems in both girls and boys.
Hyperosmotic stress induces Axl activation and cleavage in cerebral endothelial cells
Authors: Wilhelm Imola , Nagyőszi Péter , Farkas Attila E. , Couraud Pierre‐Olivier , Romero Ignacio A. , Weksler Babette , Fazakas Csilla , Dung Ngo Thi Khue , Bottka Sándor , Bauer Hannelore , Bauer Hans‐Christian , Krizbai István A. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractBecause of the relative impermeability of the blood‐brain barrier (BBB), many drugs are unable to reach the CNS in therapeutically relevant concentration. One method to deliver drugs to the CNS is the osmotic opening of the BBB using mannitol. Hyperosmotic mannitol induces a strong phosphorylation on tyrosine residues in a broad spectrum of proteins in cerebral endothelial cells, the principal components of the BBB. Previously, we have shown that among targets of tyrosine phosphorylation are β‐catenin, extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 and the non‐receptor tyrosine kinase Src. The aim of this study was to identify new signalling pathways activated by hypertonicity in cerebral endothelial cells. Using an antibody array and immunoprecipitation we identified the receptor tyrosine kinase Axl to become tyrosine phosphorylated in response to hyperosmotic mannitol. Besides activation, Axl was also cleaved in response to osmotic stress. Degradation of Axl proved to be metalloproteinase‐ and proteasome‐dependent and resulted in 50–55 kDa C‐terminal products which remained phosphorylated even after degradation. Specific knockdown of Axl increased the rate of apoptosis in hyperosmotic mannitol‐treated cells; therefore, we assume that activation of Axl may be a protective mechanism against hypertonicity‐induced apoptosis. Our results identify Axl as an important element of osmotic stress‐induced signalling.
Lipid content of brain, brain membrane lipid domains, and neurons from acid sphingomyelinase deficient mice
Authors: Scandroglio Federica , Venkata Jagadish Kummetha , Loberto Nicoletta , Prioni Simona , Schuchman Edward H. , Chigorno Vanna , Prinetti Alessandro , Sonnino Sandro 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe cholesterol, sphingolipid, and glycerophospholipid content of total brain, of detergent‐resistant membranes prepared from the total brain, and of cerebellar granule cells differentiated in culture from wild type (WT) and acid sphingomyelinase knockout (ASMKO) were studied. Brains derived from 7‐month‐old ASMKO animals showed a fivefold higher level of sphingomyelin and a significant increase in ganglioside content, mainly because of monosialogangliosides GM3 and GM2 accumulation, while the cholesterol and glycerophospholipid content was unchanged with respect to WT animals. An increase in sphingomyelin, but not in gangliosides, was also detected in cultured cerebellar granule neurons from ASMKO mice, indicating that ganglioside accumulation is not a direct consequence of the enzyme defect. When a detergent‐resistant membrane fraction was prepared from ASMKO brains, we observed that a higher detergent‐to‐protein ratio was needed than in WT animals. This likely reflects a reduced fluidity in restricted membrane areas because of a higher enrichment in sphingolipids in the case of ASMKO brain.
Adenylyl cyclase‐5 activity in the nucleus accumbens regulates anxiety‐related behavior
Authors: Kim Kyoung‐Shim , Lee Ko‐Woon , Baek In‐Sun , Lim Chae‐Moon , Krishnan Vaishnav , Lee Ja‐Kyeong , Nestler Eric J. , Han Pyung‐Lim 
Published: July 2008

AbstractType 5 adenylyl cyclase (AC5) is highly concentrated in the dorsal striatum and nucleus accumbens (NAc), two brain areas which have been implicated in motor function, reward, and emotion. Here we demonstrate that mice lacking AC5 (AC5−/−) display strong reductions in anxiety‐like behavior in several paradigms. This anxiolytic behavior in AC5−/− mice was reduced by the D1 receptor antagonist SCH23390 and enhanced by the D1 dopamine receptor agonist, dihydrexidine (DHX). DHX‐stimulated c‐fos induction in AC5−/− mice was blunted in the dorso‐lateral striatum, but it was overactivated in the dorso‐medial striatum and NAc. The siRNA‐mediated inhibition of AC5 levels within the NAc was sufficient to produce an anxiolytic‐like response. Microarray and RT‐PCR analyses revealed an up‐regulation of prodynorphin and down‐regulation of cholecystokinin (CCK) in the NAc of AC5−/− mice. Administration of nor‐binaltorphimine (a kappa opioid receptor antagonist) or CCK‐8s (a CCK receptor agonist) reversed the anxiolytic‐like behavior exhibited by AC5−/− mutants. Taken together, these results suggest an essential role of AC5 in the NAc for maintaining normal levels of anxiety.