bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modelling potential impacts of coalbed methane development on stream water quality in an American watershed
Authors: Wang Xixi , Yang Wanhong 
Published: July 2007

AbstractCoalbed methane (CBM) development raises serious environmental concerns and concerted efforts have been made to collect chemistry, salinity, and sodicity data on CBM produced water. A model is sorely needed to make use of this data to quantify potential changes in stream water quality resulting from directly and/or indirectly receiving CBM produced water, on which little information is available in the literature. However, the application of existing hydrodynamic and water quality models such as CE‐QUAL‐W2 is not straightforward because the number of outfalls is usually large and the channels poorly defined for intermittent streams in semiarid areas such as the Powder River watershed, located in the states of Wyoming and Montana. Hence, the objectives of this study were to: (1) develop a CBM produced water routing (CBMPRO) model, and (2) apply the new CBMPRO model, along with a CE‐QUAL‐W2 model, to examine potential changes in stream water quality due to CBM development in the Powder River watershed. The CBMPRO model was developed and used to chart the CBM discharge and the transport of its associated constituents (e.g. total dissolved solids and alkalinity) from an outfall to its inclusive subwatershed outlet. In turn, the outputs from the CBMPRO model were applied as inputs into the CE‐QUAL‐W2 model to predict changes in the water quantity and quality along the Powder River mainstem. The results indicate that discharges from CBM developments adversely affect the stream water quality. Compared with the baseline conditions, the developments would increase the stream flows as well as make the stream water warmer and more saline. In addition, the impacts were predicted to undergo seasonal and spatial variations and to become smaller with time, as expected. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of molecular mobility of polymeric implants on soft tissue reactions: An in vivo study in rats
Authors: Andersson M. , Suska F. , Johansson A. , Berglin M. , Emanuelsson L. , Elwing H. , Thomsen P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAlthough numerous different polymers are used as implants or otherwise studied for many other biotechnical applications, there is a lack of basic models that correlate polymer characteristics with foreign body reactions. This study aims at developing one such model by systematically studying surface molecular mobility of polymeric implants in soft tissues in vivo. Changing the length of the alkyl side chain of poly(alkyl methacrylates) (PAMAs), provides an interesting opportunity to study the surface molecular mobility with minimal changes of the hydrophobicity of the surface. Thus, in this study three different PAMAs, with increasingly surface mobility; poly (isobutyl methacrylate) (PIBMA), poly(butyl methacrylate) (PBMA), and poly(lauryl methacralate) (PLMA) along with pure titanium (Ti) substrates were implanted in the dorsum of Sprague‐Dawley rats. Inflammatory cell recruitment, cell adhesion, and cytokine release were studied after 1, 3, and 28 days of implantation. Total number of inflammatory cells in the exudate was measured but no correlation between surface mobility and cell recruitment where found. However, the number of surface associated cells where significantly lower on the surfaces with high molecular mobility (PLMA and PBMA). The histological evaluation performed after 28 days revealed thicker fibrous capsule and a higher number of blood vessels on the low molecular mobility surface (PIBMA). After 28 days the cell activity was higher on the high molecular mobility surfaces (PLMA and PBMA) compared with PIBMA, based on the cytokine release. None of the surfaces induced any significant cell‐death. On the basis of the results of this study we conclude that there is a significant difference in biological response to surfaces with different in molecular mobility. This might affect the wound healing process and the biocompatibility of biomaterials. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2008
Hydroxy fatty acid based polyanhydride as drug delivery system: Synthesis, characterization, in vitro degradation, drug release, and biocompatibility
Authors: Jain Jay Prakash , Modi Sweta , Kumar Neeraj 
Published: July 2007

AbstractLow molecular weight hydroxy fatty acid based polyanhydrides were synthesized by one pot method, a variable of typical melt‐condensation and characterized by FTIR, NMR, DSC, and GPC. Polymer degrades by both surface and bulk erosion as trailed by weight loss, anhydride loss and surface morphology. Control over drug release was accessed with drugs featuring different aqueous solubility, that is, methotrexate (hydrophobic) and 5‐fluorouracil (hydrophilic). Effect of loading, at 5, 10, and 20% w/w of methotrexate on release profiles was also studied and negligible effect was discovered. Biocompatibility of polymers was evaluated in SD rats after SC injection of the polymer. Histopathology revealed initial inflammation of the tissues near the injection site however healed with time. Overall, these polymers were found good to control the release of the entrapped drug and were found biocompatible in preliminary in vivo study. Due to their low melting temperatures they can be injected locally (SC or intratumorally) to from regional in situ depot and have a great potential as a drug carrier for localized delivery of anticancer drugs. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2008
Biomimetic apatite coatings on titanium coprecipitated with cephradine and salviae miltlorrhizae
Authors: Wu Zhoujun , Feng Bo , Weng Jie , Qu Shuxin , Wang Jianxin , Lu Xiong 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIncorporation of antibiotics in the apatite coatings on titanium surface is an effective step for surgical infections of titanium implant. In this work, antibiotics cephradine and traditional Chinese medicine salviae miltlorrhizae (SM) were incorporated in the simulated body fluid (SBF). The apatite coatings were coprecipitated with cephradine and SM by a biomimetic method. The research showed that in the biomimetic coprecipitation process cephradine containing carboxylic groups were beneficial to the apatite coprecipitation. X‐ray diffraction patterns showed that cephradine had a positive effect on the crystal growth in terms of cystallinity. And also in the Fourier transformed infrared spectra, the organic groups corresponded with cephradine were also observed. However, little apatite formed on the titanium immersed in SBF with SM. Probably, SM was more absorbed on the surface when calcium and phosphate ions precipitated. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2008
Degree of conversion and mechanical properties of a BisGMA:TEGDMA composite as a function of the applied radiant exposure
Authors: Calheiros Fernanda C. , Daronch Márcia , Rueggeberg Frederick A. , Braga Roberto R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractObjective: Verify the influence of radiant exposure (H) on composite degree of conversion (DC) and mechanical properties. Methods: Composite was photoactivated with 3, 6, 12, 24, or 48 J/cm2. Properties were measured after 48‐h dry storage at room temperature. DC was determined on the flat surfaces of 6 mm × 2 mm disk‐shaped specimens using FTIR. Flexural strength (FS) and modulus (FM) were accessed by three‐point bending. Knoop microhardness number (KHN) was measured on fragments of FS specimens. Data were analyzed by one‐way ANOVA/Tukey test, Student's t‐test, and regression analysis. Results: DC/top between 6 and 12 J/cm2 and between 24 and 48 J/cm2 were not statistically different. No differences between DC/top and bottom were detected. DC/bottom, FM, and KHN/top showed significant differences among all H levels. FS did not vary between 12 and 24 J/cm2 and between 24 and 48 J/cm2. KHN/bottom at 3 and 6 J/cm2 was similar. KHN between top and bottom was different up to 12 J/cm2. Regression analyses having H as independent variable showed a plateau region above 24 J/cm2. KHN increased exponentially (top) or linearly (bottom) with DC. FS and FM increased almost linearly with DC/bottom up to 55% conversion. Conclusions: DC and mechanical properties increased with radiant exposure. Variables leveled off at high H levels. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2008
Learning skills for strategic change
Authors: Butler Jim E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIt has been reported recently by researchers in the US (Hogan et al., 1990) that the two most important causes of management incompetence in business corporations are the inability to think strategically and the inability to learn from experience. Moreover, it is further reported by the same researchers that not much is known about these apparent inabilities. My own experience, particularly over the past 10 years, suggests that these two points are indeed important, but that they are related symptoms of management incompetence and derive from the same fundamental cause; about which, on the contrary, a great deal is now known. What can be done about this so‐called management incompetency, however, is perhaps not so well under‐stood. This paper therefore discusses the learning skills required for bringing about planned strategic change in business organizations and provides a practical example of how such skills can be acquired through a uniquely designed management education event.
Editorial. The quality imperative
Authors: Desatnick R. L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractNever before in the history of modern civilization has there been so much global emphasis on total quality. It does not matter which label is attached—whether it is the Deming Award in Japan, the ISO 9000 in Europe or the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Awards in the United States. We are witnessing a major shift in our society, just as important as the shifting of emphasis from production to marketing to customer satisfaction. Customer satisfaction in its broadest sense is total quality management, and that is what this article is all about. It is about change.
Environmental alignment: An analysis of the performance of the banking industry in the United States
Authors: Lewis Alfred 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe environment of the banking industry in the US has evolved from a fairly stable environment to a dynamic and discontinuous environment. Banks not only have to adhere to government regulations, but in addition have to contend with changes in technological advances. Furthermore, banks are also faced with intense competition from non‐bank banks, i.e. those entities that are directly competing with traditional banks in terms of product and service offerings.
Do α1‐adrenoceptor antagonists improve lower urinary tract symptoms by reducing bladder outlet resistance?
Authors: Barendrecht Maurits M. , Abrams Paul , Schumacher Helmut , de la Rosette Jean J.M.C.H. , Michel Martin C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAimsTo test the hypothesis that improvements of lower urinary tract symptoms (IPSS) upon treatment with an α‐blocker are due to reduction of bladder outlet obstruction (assessed as the bladder outlet obstruction index, BOOI); relationships of either with free flow Qmax were also explored.MethodsThe database of a large placebo‐controlled, randomized, double‐blind study with the α‐blocker tamsulosin was analyzed retrospectively. Patients were stratified into lower and upper halves according to baseline IPSS, Qmax or BOOI and treatment‐associated alterations thereof. In these strata differences between values for the other two parameters were analyzed, for example, improvement of IPSS and Qmax were compared in patients with below and above median improvement of BOOI.ResultsPatients with below and above median baseline for one parameter, for example, IPSS had rather similar values for the other two parameters, for example, Qmax and BOOI. Likewise, patients based upon baseline strata for one parameter had rather similar improvements of the other two parameters. Most importantly, patients with below and above median treatment‐associated improvements of one parameter, for example, BOOI exhibited only small if any difference for alterations of the other two parameters, for example, IPPS and Qmax.ConclusionsWe conclude that IPSS, free flow Qmax and BOOI are only loosely related at baseline. More importantly, treatment‐induced improvements of these parameters are also only loosely related. These data do question the hypothesis that α‐blockers largely improve lower urinary tract symptoms by reducing bladder outlet obstruction and suggest that they may also act independent of prostatic smooth muscle tone. Neurourol. Urodynam. 27:226–230, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Computed tomography‐based tissue‐engineered scaffolds in craniomaxillofacial surgery
Authors: Smith M. H. , Flanagan C. L. , Kemppainen J. M. , Sack J. A. , Chung H. , Das S. , Hollister S. J. , Feinberg S. E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIntroductionTissue engineering provides an alternative modality allowing for decreased morbidity of donor site grafting and decreased rejection of less compatible alloplastic tissues.MethodsUsing image‐based design and computer software, a precisely sized and shaped scaffold for osseous tissue regeneration can be created via selective laser sintering. Polycaprolactone has been used to create a condylar ramus unit (CRU) scaffold for application in temporomandibular joint reconstruction in a Yucatan minipig animal model. Following sacrifice, micro‐computed tomography and histology was used to demonstrate the efficacy of this particular scaffold design.ResultsA proof‐of‐concept surgery has demonstrated cartilaginous tissue regeneration along the articulating surface with exuberant osseous tissue formation. Bone volumes and tissue mineral density at both the 1 and 3 month time points demonstrated significant new bone growth interior and exterior to the scaffold.ConclusionComputationally designed scaffolds can support masticatory function in a large animal model as well as both osseous and cartilage regeneration. Our group is continuing to evaluate multiple implant designs in both young and mature Yucatan minipig animals. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparative evaluation of several antioxidants in edible fats
Authors: Moore R. N. , Bickford W. G. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThirteen compounds have been intercompared with respect to their antioxidant activity in concentrations of 0.01, 0.05, and 0.10% in edible cottonseed oil, the same oil hydrogenated to shortening consistency, and in lard which is essentially free of naturally occurring antioxidants. None of the compounds exhibited significant antioxidant activity in the cottonseed oils, when use in a concentration of 0.01%, but they were effective in stabilizing lard under these conditions. Propyl gallate was the most effective of the compounds tested for the vegetable fats.Examination of the data for lard indicates that the comparison of antioxidants in this and other substrates essentially devoid of natural inhibitors may yield more realistic results when compared at a peroxide level of 100 milliequivalents per kilogram of substrate.
The elaidinization of methyl oleate with mercaptans
Authors: Kircher H. W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMethyl oleate is transformed into methyl elaidate by mercaptans. The equilibrium mixture, containing 77% elaidate, can be obtained from either isomer. A concomitant, although much slower reaction, is the addition of the sulfhydry group to the double bond of either ester. The effects of numerous reaction conditions on the extent and rate of the isomerization are given. The reaction is presented as an incipient addition of the mercaptan to the double bond, as a reversible thiyl radical attack on one of the unsaturated carbon atoms.
The equilibrium distribution of acyl groups between primary and secondary hydroxyl positions in partial esters
Authors: Brandner J. D. , Birkmeier R. L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn a previous paper the authors discussed the concept of the 舠relative esterifiability舡 of primary and secondary hydroxyl groups and demonstrated its utility in predicting the composition of partial glycerides under ester‐interchange equilibrium conditions. The concept is clarified and expanded in the present paper. The compositions of partial glycerides at ester‐interchange equilibrium are calculated using the estimated reactivities of the primary and secondary hydroxyls at 100 and 220C, and are compared to the composition calculated assuming equal hydroxyl reactivity. Base catalyzed esterification of propylene glycol with fatty acids is shown to be accompanied by rapid ester‐interchange. As with glycerol partial esters, the relative esterifiability of the primary hydroxyl of propylene glycol exceeds that of the secondary.
Glass paper chromatography and elatography of triglycerides
Authors: Swartwout J. R. , Gross R. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA degree of reverse phase separation of triglycerides can be obtained with ascending chromatography on uncoated glass paper using a pyridine: water solvent system. The same Rf values result when silica gel coated paper is used. To extend the usefulness of this separation, the glyceryl esters are converted to methyl esters in situ using sodium methoxide. This permits, on silica gel coated paper, glyceryl ester separation in one dimension, eslatography to the methyl esters, and methyl ester separation in the second dimension. In mixtures of lipids such as serum extracts, the lipid groups may be separated in one dimension and the fatty acid methyl esters in the second dimension.
Analysis of fatty acid‐ethylene oxide adducts by countercurrent distribution
Authors: Wetterau F. P. , Olsanski V. L. , Smullin C. F. , Brandner J. D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractCountercurrent distribution (CCD) has been found to be a very satisfactory means for the direct determination of free polyol, monoester and diester in a wide range of fatty acid‐ethylene oxide adducts in which the average polyoxyethylene (POE) chain length varies from 1舑40 ethylene oxide units. A suggested procedure with three solvent systems, providing optimum separation over the entire scope of products, is presented in this paper.Several fatty acid‐ethylene oxide derivatives were analyzed and good separations were obtained as indicated by well‐defined wt distribution curves. The results on POE‐8‐stearate verify earlier conclusions that the product consists of unesterified POE glycols and POE glycol mono‐ and diesters in the approximate molar proportions of 1蝘2蝘1.CCD was also used to effect partial fractionation of the monoester according to POE chain length. The fractionation, although incomplete, is sufficient to permit estimation of polymer distribution.
Chromatographic separation ofcis andtrans fatty esters by argentation with a macroreticular exchange resin
Authors: Emken E. A. , Scholfield C. R. , Dutton H. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMethyl oleate and methyl elaidate, as well as other monoenecis andtrans isomers of fatty esters, can be separated quickly and conveniently by a preparative chromatographic procedure in which a silver‐saturated ion‐exchange resin is used. Separations are based on differences in stabilites of the silver‐olefin complexes. Recoveries of better than 95% were made, and puretrans andcis monoene fractions were collected. This method can be used to separate saturates fromcis andtrans monoenes. Thecis,trans,cis,cis, andtrans,trans‐9‐12‐octadecadienoates were separated. Whilecis,trans andtrans,trans dienes were cluted separately, thecis,cis diene isomer remained on the column.
Hydroxy unsaturated oils. II. Preparation and characterization of methyl dimorphecolate and methyl lesquerolate fromDimorphotheca andLesquerella oils
Authors: Diamond M. J. , Knowles R. E. , Binder R. G. , Goldblatt L. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAn evaluation was made of several procedures for the preparation and purification of methyl dimorphecolate and methyl lesquerolate. An anhydrous anion exchange resin in the methoxide form was a catalyst for the methanolysis of the glyceride oils. Liquid‐liquid partitioning between acetonitrile and commerical pentane is suitable for purifying large quantities of methyl dimorphecolate. Methyl lesquerolate can be purified by distillationin vacuo as well as by liquid‐liquid partitioning. Chromatography and low‐temperature crystallization also were tried.
Cottonseed preparation
Authors: Ridlehuber Jim M. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract and SummaryConventional methods of cottonseed preparation are reviewed and described, including seed cleaning, saw delinting, dehulling, conditioning, and flaking. The use of screw presses for prepress conditioning ahead of solvent extraction is discussed as compared to conditioning for direct solvent extraction. Newer methods and proposed alternate methods of cottonseed preparation are discussed including: abrasive delinting, acid delinting by gas and liquid acid, and the decorticating of undelinted seed. The effect of cracking rolls, moisture addition, moist cooking and flaking on gossypol gland rupture, the binding of gossypol to protein, and the effect of these processing or preparation variables on the residual oil in the extracted meal and on the oil quality are discussed.
The preparation of C19 dicarboxylic acid by the koch reaction
Authors: Lawson N. E. , Cheng T. T. , Slezak F. B. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract and SummaryThis paper describes the preparation of C19 dicarboxylic acid by the Koch reaction with carbon monoxide and sulfuric acid of oleic, tall oil fatty, and partially hydrogenated tall oil fatty acids. The effects of changing reaction conditions upon the yield and purity of the product were examined. With the best conditions, it was possible to prepare light‐colored, heat‐stable C19 dicarboxylic acid in 83% overall weight yield at 96% purity, containing 75% tertiary isomers and 25% secondary.
Factors affecting aflatoxin contamination of cottonseed I. Contamination of cottonseed withAspergillus flavus at harvest and during storage
Authors: Hamsa Thota A. P. , Ayres John C. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract and SummaryExamination of cottonseed production has shown that boll weevils (Anthonomus grandis), boll rots, and improper handling and storage conditions are critical factors inAspergillus flavus contamination of cotton‐seed.A. flavus cultures were isolated from both field‐collected and laboratory emerged boll weevils, as well as from boll weevil emergence holes. Diseased cotton bolls have been found to containA. flavus conidia. Infection byA. flavus was limited to the surface of cottonseeds collected from gin and from the gin blower. Seeds improperty stored outside the gin were infected internally withA. flavus. Observation of bright greenish‐yellow fluorescence was not useful as a diagnostic procedure to detect contaminated seeds. Aflatoxin‐producing potential ofA. flavus isolates is being investigated. WhenA. flavus conidia were artifically inoculated onto the surface of the seeds, 87% of the seeds from Athens, GA, were internally infected whereas only 29% of the seeds from Macon, GA, were internally infected.A. flavus invade the cottonseed embryo through the chalazal region, the micropylar region, or cracks developed in the seed coat during ginning. Invasion of cottonseed byA. flavus was predominant at 28, 30, and 37 C while at 15 and 20 C other fungi dominated in surface and internal invasions of cottonseed. At relative humidities of 75% and 80%,Chaetomium spp. successfully competed in growth on the surface, while at a relative humidity of 90% and above, fungi belonging to the orderMucorales outgrewA. flavus.