bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wind Energy Potential of Southeast Anatolia Region of Turkey and an Optimum Wind Turbine Propeller Design for Siverek
Authors: Onat Cem , Canbazoğlu Suat 
Published: September 2007

Continuing to use fossil fuels is bound to pollute the atmosphere, and consequently, unwanted greenhouse and climate change effects will come to dominate every part of the earth. It is, therefore, advisable to exploit clean energy resources for many nations in the world to try to keep their environment friendly, such as wind energy. Hence, it is necessary to determine to start the immediate usage of the wind energy potential and the investigation of the necessary techniques and economic feasibility in every country. In this study, the wind energy potentials of Turkey and its Southeast Anatolia region were investigated and an optimum horizontal-axis wind turbine propeller was designed by using 144 different design parameters for NACA 4415 and LS-1 blade profiles and then the possible maximum electrical energy per year generated by the wind was also calculated by using meteorological data for Siverek.
A five-year radiostereometric follow-up of the Birmingham Hip Resurfacing arthroplasty
Authors: Itayem R. , Arndt A. , McMinn D. J. W. , Daniel J. , Lundberg A. 
Published: September 2007

The early designs of hip resurfacing implants suffered high rates of early failure, making it impossible to obtain valuable mid-term radiostereophotogrammetric (RSA) results. The metal-on-metal Birmingham Hip Resurfacing arthroplasty has shown promising mid-term results and we present here the first mid-term RSA analysis of a hip resurfacing implant. The analysis was performed in 19 hips at five years post-operatively. The mean acetabular component translation and rotation, and femoral component translation were compared with the previous RSA measurements at two and six months, and one and two years. There was no statistical significance (t-test, p ≤ 0.05) between these consecutive movements, indicating the mid-term stability of the implant.
Microbiological cultures of allografts of the femoral head just before transplantation
Authors: van de Pol G. J. , Sturm P. D. J. , van Loon C. J. , Verhagen C. , Schreurs B. W. 
Published: September 2007

Allografts of bone from the femoral head are often used in orthopaedic procedures. Although the donated heads are thoroughly tested microscopically before release by the bone bank, some surgeons take additional cultures in the operating theatre before implantation. There is no consensus about the need to take these cultures. We retrospectively assessed the clinical significance of the implantation of positive-cultured bone allografts. The contamination rate at retrieval of the allografts was 6.4% in our bone bank. Intra-operative cultures were taken from 426 femoral head allografts before implantation; 48 (11.3%) had a positive culture. The most frequently encountered micro-organism was coagulase-negative staphylococcus. Deep infection occurred in two of the 48 patients (4.2%). In only one was it likely that the same micro-organism caused the contamination and the subsequent infection. In our study, the rate of infection in patients receiving positive-cultured allografts at implantation was not higher than the overall rate of infection in allograft surgery suggesting that the positive cultures at implantation probably represent contamination and that the taking of additional cultures is not useful.
Long-term outcome of surgically-treated habitual patellar dislocation in children with coexistent patella alta
Authors: Benoit B. , Laflamme G. Y. , Laflamme G. H. , Rouleau D. , Delisle J. , Morin B. 
Published: September 2007

We retrospectively reviewed the operative treatment carried out between 1988 and 1994 of eight patients with habitual patellar dislocation. In four the condition was bilateral. All patients had recurrent dislocation with severe functional disability. The surgical technique involved distal advancement of the patella by complete mobilisation of the patellar tendon, lateral release and advancement of vastus medialis obliquus. The long-term results were assessed radiologically, clinically and functionally using the Lysholm knee score, by an independent observer. The mean age at operation was 10.3 years (7 to 14) with a mean follow-up of 13.5 years (11 to 16). One patient required revision. At the latest follow-up, all patellae were stable and knees functional with a mean Lysholm knee score of 98 points (95 to 100). In those aged younger than ten years at operation there was a statistically significant improvement in the sulcus angle at the latest follow-up (Student’s t-test, p = 0.001). Two patients developed asymptomatic patella infera as a late complication. This technique offers a satisfactory treatment for the immature patient presenting with habitual patellar dislocation associated with patella alta. If performed early, we believe that remodelling of the shallow trochlea may occur, adding intrinsic patellofemoral stability.
Ewing’s sarcoma family tumours
Authors: Bacci G. , Balladelli A. , Forni C. , Longhi A. , Serra M. , Fabbri N. , Alberghini M. , Ferrari S. , Benassi M. S. , Picci P. 
Published: September 2007

Despite local treatment with systemic chemotherapy in Ewing’s sarcoma family tumours (ESFT), patients with detectable metastases at presentation have a markedly worse prognosis than those with apparently localised disease. We investigated the clinical, pathological and laboratory differences in 888 patients with ESFT, 702 with localised disease and 186 with overt metastases at presentation, seen at our institution between 1983 and 2006. Multivariate analyses showed that location in the pelvis, a high level of serum lactic dehydrogenase, the presence of fever and a short interval between the onset of symptoms and diagnosis were indicative of metastatic disease. The rate of overt metastases at presentation was 10% without these four risk factors, 22.7% with one, 31.4% with two, and 50% for those with three or four factors. We concluded that in ESFT the site, the serum level of lactic dehydrogenase, fever, and the interval between the onset of symptoms and diagnosis are indicators of tumours having a particularly aggressive metastatic behaviour.
Small is Beautiful? Local government reorganisation and the work of social services departments
Authors: Craig Gary , Manthorpe Jill 
Published: September 2007

English
British local government is undergoing the most far-reaching reorganisation for 25 years. Government’s explicit objectives for change emphasised more local, cheaper, local government, although there were also implicit political objectives. Social services now represents the major directly-controlled local government activity; however, it was marginal in debates about reform. The impact of reform, particularly in terms of the size of the new unitary or ‘hybrid’ local authorities, may, however, be substantial. Research into the impact of reorganisation on authorities in England, Scotland and Wales raises questions about the extent to which new, smaller social services departments are sustainable.
Private, Voluntary or Public? Comparative cost-effectiveness in community mental health care
Authors: Knapp Martin , Hallam Angela , Beecham Jennifer , Baines Barry 
Published: September 2007

English
Two prominent features of mental health policy in the UK in recent years have been the run-down of hospital provision and the changing of the balance between public and other provider sectors. This article examines the cost, quality of care and outcome implications. Public, voluntary and private providers of mental health care are compared, based on a long-term study of people moving out of psychiatric hospitals in London. Costs are found to be lowest in the private (for-profit) sector, and highest in the NHS and consortium (NHS and voluntary sector partnership) sectors. However, quality of care indicators suggest that the lowest cost sector is performing least well, and the highest cost sectors offer the best quality. These are associated with some differences in user outcome.
Microenvironments Engineered by Inkjet Bioprinting Spatially Direct Adult Stem Cells Toward Muscle- and Bone-Like Subpopulations
Authors: Phillippi Julie A. , Miller Eric , Weiss Lee , Huard Johnny , Waggoner Alan , Campbell Phil 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
In vivo, growth factors exist both as soluble and as solid-phase molecules, immobilized to cell surfaces and within the extracellular matrix. We used this rationale to develop more biologically relevant approaches to study stem cell behaviors. We engineered stem cell microenvironments using inkjet bioprinting technology to create spatially defined patterns of immobilized growth factors. Using this approach, we engineered cell fate toward the osteogenic lineage in register to printed patterns of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 2 contained within a population of primary muscle-derived stem cells (MDSCs) isolated from adult mice. This patterning approach was conducive to patterning the MDSCs into subpopulations of osteogenic or myogenic cells simultaneously on the same chip. When cells were cultured under myogenic conditions on BMP-2 patterns, cells on pattern differentiated toward the osteogenic lineage, whereas cells off pattern differentiated toward the myogenic lineage. Time-lapse microscopy was used to visualize the formation of multinucleated myotubes, and immunocytochemistry was used to demonstrate expression of myosin heavy chain (fast) in cells off BMP-2 pattern. This work provides proof-of-concept for engineering spatially controlled multilineage differentiation of stem cells using patterns of immobilized growth factors. This approach may be useful for understanding cell behaviors to immobilized biological patterns and could have potential applications for regenerative medicine.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Estimating Numbers of Unsheltered Homeless People Through Plant-Capture and Postcount Survey Methods
Authors: Hopper Kim , Shinn Marybeth , Laska Eugene , Meisner Morris , Wanderling Joseph 
Published: September 2007

Objectives. We sought to increase the accuracy of New York City’s estimates of its unsheltered homeless population. Methods. We employed 2 approaches to increasing count accuracy: a plant-capture strategy in which embedded decoys (or “plants”) were used to estimate the proportion of visible homeless people missed by enumerators and a postcount survey of service users designed to estimate the proportion of unsheltered homeless people who were not visible. Results. Plants at 17 sites (29%) reported being missed in the count, because counters either did not visit those sites or did not interview the plants. Of 293 homeless service users who were not in shelters, 31% to 41% were in locations deemed not visible to counters. Conclusions. Both plant-capture estimation and postcount surveys are feasible approaches that can increase the accuracy of estimates of unsheltered homeless populations.
Declines in Hospital Admissions for Acute Myocardial Infarction in New York State After Implementation of a Comprehensive Smoking Ban
Authors: Juster Harlan R. , Loomis Brett R. , Hinman Theresa M. , Farrelly Matthew C. , Hyland Andrew , Bauer Ursula E. , Birkhead Guthrie S. 
Published: September 2007

Objectives. Reductions in exposure to environmental tobacco smoke have been shown to attenuate the risk of cardiovascular disease. We examined whether the 2003 implementation of a comprehensive smoking ban in New York State was associated with reduced hospital admissions for acute myocardial infarction and stroke, beyond the effect of moderate, local and statewide smoking restrictions, and independent of secular trends. Methods. We analyzed trends in county-level, age-adjusted, monthly hospital admission rates for acute myocardial infarction and stroke from 1995 to 2004 to identify any association between admission rates and implementation of the smoking ban. We used regression models to adjust for the effects of pre-existing smoking restrictions, seasonal trends in admissions, differences across counties, and secular trends. Results. In 2004, there were 3813 fewer hospital admissions for acute myocardial infarction than would have been expected in the absence of the comprehensive smoking ban. Direct health care cost savings of $56 million were realized in 2004. There was no reduction in the number of admissions for stroke. Conclusions. Hospital admission rates for acute myocardial infarction were reduced by 8% as a result of a comprehensive smoking ban in New York State after we controlled for other relevant factors. Comprehensive smoking bans constitute a simple, effective intervention to substantially improve the public’s health.
Setting a Challenging Yet Realistic Smoking Prevalence Target for Healthy People 2020: Learning From the California Experience
Authors: Mendez David , Warner Kenneth E. 
Published: September 2007

Objectives. We sought to outline an optimistic yet achievable goal for future US smoking prevalence rates based on empirical evidence reflecting the success of smoking control efforts in California. Methods. Using a dynamic model and the smoking initiation and cessation rates achieved in California as a guide, we projected US adult smoking prevalence rates through the year 2020. Results. If smoking initiation and cessation rates for the nation do not change, population dynamics will result in smoking prevalence rates falling to 19.1% in 2010 and 16.8% in 2020. If the country attains California’s initiation and cessation rates by 2010, adult smoking prevalence rates will be 18.5% in 2010 and 14.7% as of 2020. Conclusions. If California’s smoking initiation and cessation rates are attained nationwide, the US smoking prevalence rate could be 5.9 percentage points lower than the 2005 rate by the year 2020, and there would be 10.2 million fewer smokers than in 2005. A target of 14% smoking prevalence by 2020 is aggressive yet feasible, given that it takes into account the constraints imposed by population demographics.
The Interplay of Public Health Law and Industry Self-Regulation: The Case of Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Sales in Schools
Authors: Mello Michelle M. , Pomeranz Jennifer , Moran Patricia 
Published: September 2007

It is increasingly recognized that sugar-sweetened beverage consumption contributes to childhood obesity. Most states have adopted laws that regulate the availability of sugar-sweetened beverages in school settings. However, such policies have encountered resistance from consumer and parent groups, as well as the beverage industry. The beverage industry’s recent adoption of voluntary guidelines, which call for the curtailment of sugar-sweetened beverage sales in schools, raises the question, Is further policy intervention in this area needed, and if so, what form should it take? We examine the interplay of public and private regulation of sugar-sweetened beverage sales in schools, by drawing on a 50-state legal and regulatory analysis and a review of industry self-regulation initiatives.
Politics and the Erosion of Federal Scientific Capacity: Restoring Scientific Integrity to Public Health Science
Authors: Rest Kathleen M. , Halpern Michael H. 
Published: September 2007

Our nation’s health and prosperity are based on a foundation of independent scientific discovery. Yet in recent years, political interference in federal government science has become widespread, threatening this legacy. We explore the ways science has been misused, the attempts to measure the pervasiveness of this problem, and the effects on our long-term capacity to meet today’s most complex public health challenges. Good government and a functioning democracy require public policy decisions to be informed by independent science. The scientific and public health communities must speak out to defend taxpayer-funded science from political interference. Encouragingly, both the scientific community and Congress are exploring ways to restore scientific integrity to federal policymaking.
Measurement of Cord Insulin and Insulin-Related Peptides Suggests That Girls Are More Insulin Resistant Than Boys at Birth
Authors: Shields Beverley M. , Knight Bridget , Hopper Heather , Hill Anita , Powell Roy J. , Hattersley Andrew T. , Clark Penelope M. 
Published: September 2007

OBJECTIVE— We aimed to examine sex differences in insulin and insulin propeptide concentrations at birth using validated cord blood collection.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS— We tested the impact on insulin and insulin propeptides of taking 13 cord blood samples in heparin and EDTA and then centrifuging and separating plasma after 1, 2, 24, or 48 h at room temperature (heparin) or 4°C (EDTA). Cord plasma insulin and insulin propeptides concentrations were measured in 440 babies and correlated with offspring anthropometry measured at birth.
RESULTS— Cord insulin concentrations significantly decreased (74% those at baseline by 24 h; P = 0.01) in the samples taken in heparin and stored at room temperature, but those taken on EDTA and refrigerated remained stable for up to 48 h. Insulin propeptides were stable in both. Cord plasma insulin and insulin propeptides measured in EDTA were related to all measures of birth size and maternal glycemia and BMI (r &gt; 0.11; P &lt; 0.03 for all) and were higher in those delivered via caesarean section. Girls were lighter (3,497 vs. 3,608 g; P = 0.01) but had higher cord insulin (46.7 vs. 41.2 pmol/l; P = 0.031), total proinsulin (34.1 vs. 25.8 pmol/l; P &lt; 0.001), and intact proinsulin (9.5 vs. 8.3 pmol/l; P = 0.004) concentrations than boys; this was further confirmed when cord insulin concentrations of boys and girls were compared after pair matching for birth weight (insulin 49.7 vs. 42.1 pmol/l; P = 0.004).
CONCLUSIONS— When using appropriate sample collection methods, female newborns have higher insulin concentrations than male newborns, despite being smaller, suggesting intrinsic insulin resistance in girls.
Relationship of Liver Enzymes to Insulin Sensitivity and Intra-Abdominal Fat
Authors: Wallace Tara M. , Utzschneider Kristina M. , Tong Jenny , Carr Darcy B. , Zraika Sakeneh , Bankson Daniel D. , Knopp Robert H. , Kahn Steven E. 
Published: September 2007

OBJECTIVE— The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between plasma liver enzyme concentrations, insulin sensitivity, and intra-abdominal fat (IAF) distribution.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS— Plasma γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT) levels, insulin sensitivity (insulin sensitivity index [SI]), IAF area, and subcutaneous fat (SCF) area were measured in 177 nondiabetic subjects (75 men and 102 women, aged 31–75 years) with no history of liver disease. On the basis of BMI (&lt; or ≥27.5 kg/m2) and SI (&lt; or ≥7.0 × 10−5 min/pmol) subjects were divided into lean insulin sensitive (LIS, n = 53), lean insulin resistant (LIR, n = 60), and obese insulin resistant (OIR, n = 56) groups.
RESULTS— Levels of all three liver enzymes were higher in men than in women (P &lt; 0.0001 for each). In men, GGT levels were higher in insulin-resistant than in insulin-sensitive subjects (P &lt; 0.01). In women, GGT levels were higher in the OIR than in the LIS group (P &lt; 0.01) but no different in the LIR group. There was no difference in ALT and AST levels among the LIS, LIR, and OIR groups. GGT was associated with SI (r = −0.26, P &lt; 0.0001), IAF area (r = 0.22, P &lt; 0.01), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) (r = 0.25, P = 0.001), BMI (r = 0.17, P &lt; 0.05), and SCF area (r = 0.16, P &lt; 0.05) after adjustments for age and sex. In men, only SI (r = −0.29, P &lt; 0.05) remained independently correlated with GGT in multiple regression analysis. In women, IAF area (r = 0.29, P &lt; 0.01) and WHR (r = 0.29, P &lt; 0.01) were independently associated with GGT, but SI was not.
CONCLUSIONS— In nondiabetic men GGT but not AST or ALT levels, are inversely related to insulin sensitivity independent of IAF area. However in women, GGT is related to measures of central body fat rather than to insulin sensitivity.
Challenges in Design of Multicenter Trials
Authors: Dyck Peter J. , Norell Jane E. , Tritschler Hans , Schuette Klemens , Samigullin Rustem , Ziegler Dan , Bastyr Edward J. , Litchy William J. , O'Brien Peter C. 
Published: September 2007

OBJECTIVE—Assessing clinimetric performance of diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy (DSPN) end points in single and multicenter trials.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Assessed were placebo-treated patients with DSPN in the Viatris and Eli Lilly trials and an epidemiologic cohort.
RESULTS—Test reproducibility in clinical trial cohorts (rI ∼ 0.7–0.85) approached that in the epidemiologic cohort (rI ∼ 0.85–0.95). Associations between pairs of end points explained &lt;10% of the variability of data (sometimes 15–35%), being higher in the epidemiologic cohort and the Viatris trial than in the Lilly trial. Most end points did not show monotonic worsening over 4 years. However, sural nerve amplitude and peroneal motor conduction velocity did. A nerve conduction score (Σ 5 NC nds [5 attributes of nerve conduction expressed as normal deviates]) did not show monotonic worsening in established DSPN. In the epidemiologic cohort followed for 9.5 years, monotonic worsening of small magnitude occurred for sural amplitude, vibration detection threshold, and especially for composite quantitative sensation.
CONCLUSIONS—The main reason why it is difficult to demonstrate monotonic worsening of neuropathic end points appears to be a very slow worsening of DSPN, a placebo effect for symptoms and signs, and measurement noise. Demonstrating disease progression in controlled trials of DSPN is more likely when 1) patients with developing rather than established DSPN are selected, 2) type 1 diabetic patients are preferentially recruited, 3) patients are selected who cannot or will not achieve ideal glycemic control, 4) end points chosen are known to show monotonic worsening, and 5) a restricted number of centers and expert examiners (trained, certified, using standard approaches, and reference values and interactive surveillance of tests) are used.
Risk Factors for Mortality in a Diverse Cohort of Patients With Childhood-Onset Diabetes in Chicago
Authors: Burnet Deborah L. , Cooper Andrew J. , Drum Melinda L. , Lipton Rebecca B. 
Published: September 2007

OBJECTIVE—We sought to determine whether risk of death differed by demographic or other characteristics in a population-based cohort of patients with childhood-onset diabetes.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—The Chicago Childhood Diabetes Registry is an ethnically diverse cohort of patients with diabetes onset between ages 0 and 17 years. Cases that accumulated from 1 January 1985 to 31 December 2000 (n = 1,238) were assessed for vital status using death certificates, family reports, and two large administrative databases (Social Security Death Index and National Death Index). Mortality was compared between subgroups using Poisson and Cox proportional hazards regression.
RESULTS—Thirty subjects died, with a mean follow-up time of 7.75 years, yielding a crude case fatality rate of 2.4%. Six subjects died of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) at initial presentation. Onset age was the predominant risk factor, driven by a substantially higher fatality rate among those diagnosed at age 17 years (13.36/1,000 person-years) than among other ages and by moderately higher rates for those diagnosed in early adolescence (ages 10–13 years) (3.49/1,000 person-years), compared with children diagnosed before age 10 years (0.89/1,000 person-years) or at ages 14–16 years (0.81/1,000 person-years). Mortality did not differ significantly by other factors examined; data for whites were insufficient to allow comparisons with that group. In addition to diabetes, frequent causes of death were trauma, infectious disease, and cardiovascular disease.
CONCLUSIONS— This study provides short- to medium-term follow-up in a diverse cohort of patients. DKA remains a significant cause of death in young people with diabetes. Young people diagnosed at the threshold of adulthood are at increased risk for mortality.