bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The determination of sorbitan monostearate in cake mixes and baked cakes
Authors: Wetterau F. P. , Olsanski V. L. , Smullin C. F. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA method has been developed for the determination of sorbitan monostearate (SPAN 60Ŵ, Atlas Chemical Industries, Inc.) in cake and cake mixes. The method involves extraction of sorbitan monostearate from the sample, partial purification of the extract by silica gel chromatography, recovery of the extract polyol and analysis by either gas or paper chromatographic procedures. The isosorbide moiety of the emulsifier is measured by gas chromatography. In the paper chromatographic procedure, the 1,4‐sorbitan fraction is isolated, oxidized with periodic acid and the absorbance of the formaldehyde‐chromotropic acid color is measured. The sorbitan monostearate content of the sample is calculated using the appropriate conversion factor obtained by analyzing known solutions of polyols from the product.The method was applied satisfactorily to several samples of baked white cake, yellow and chocolate cake mixes. Analyses of blank cakes showed that there are no interferences from other constituents of cake and that a blank cake is unnecessary in the application of the method.
A study of the hexabromide number and hexabromide yield of pure linolenic acid with a suggested interpolation method for its estimation
Authors: White Mary F. , Brown J. B. 
Published: July 2007

Summary

Varying amounts of a specimen of pure linolenic acid have been brominated and the hexabromide yields have been determined by an empirical procedure. The acid was brominated alone and in the presence of olive oil fatty acids.

It is suggested that linolenic acid can be specifically and quantitatively determined in fatty acid mixtures by interpolation from a curve showing the linolenic acid‐hexabromide yield relationships over the range cited.

The empirical nature of the hexabromide yield is confirmed.
Oil production by fermentation of lactose and the effect of temperature on the fatty acid composition1
Authors: Moon Nancy J. , Hammond E. G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractStrains of the yeastsCandida curvata andTrichosporon cutaneum were isolated that were able to ferment the lactose of cheese whey and ultrafiltered whey permeate to produce oil. Rapid fermentation rates and lactose utilization were achieved by the Gcurvata strains. The fermentation was more efficient on permeate than whey, because the organisms used whey protein very poorly. Methods of extracting the oil were compared, and the best results were obtained by sequential extraction with methanol and benzene or by ethanol and hexane. The fatty acid composition of the yeasts varied with the growth temperature, fermentation time, and medium. The oil was rich in 18:1, 16:0, and 18:0. The process is a technically feasible means of using whey permeate.
Linoleic acid oxidation catalyzed by various amino acids and cupric ions in aqueous media
Authors: Farag R. S. , Osman S. A. , Hallabo S. A. S. , Nasr A. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractModel systems were designed to study linoleic acid oxidation in the presence and absence of various amino acids with or without cupric ions. The tested amino acids exhibited a potential prooxidant effect in linoleic acid dispersed in aqueous media. The effectiveness of various amino acids on linoleic acid oxidation decreased in the following order: cysteine > serine > tryptophan > phenylalanine > histidine > alanine. The addition of alanine, serine, phenylalanine, histidine, or tryptophan to linoleic acid showed an autocatalytic chain reaction. With cysteine, there was a linear relation between concentration of hydroperoxides and time during the early stages of oxidation. The prooxidative activity of the tested amino acids in general could be attributed to the presence of the a‐amino group in the form H3‐N‐R. The apparent difference in the prooxidative activity is mainly due to the functional groups attached in the β‐carbon atom in the amino acid molecules. The addition of cupric ions at a concentration of 10‐5M to linoleic acid catalyzed with various a‐amino acids showed that these amino acids had no significant effect. Increasing the copper concentration from 10‐5M to 10‐3M had the following effects: a shortening of the induction period of linoleic acid catalyzed by amino acids having an aromatic side chain, no effect on the induction period but an increase in the oxidation rate during the propagation step in the model systems catalyzed by alanine and serine, and in the model system containing cysteine a linear increase in the linoleic acid oxidation from the start of the reaction.
The function of phospholipids of soybean lecithin in emulsions
Authors: Rydhag L. , Wilton I. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA number of commercially available soybean lecithins were analyzed with respect to their phospholipid composition and emulsifying properties. A phosphatidylcholine (PC) from soybean swells to a lamellar liquid crystalline phase which incorporates slightly less than 50% of water. The swelling behavior of the commercially available soybean lecithins may be different depending on the concentration of other phospholipids such as phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylinositol (PI) and phosphatidic acid (PA). In the presence of the negatively charged phospholipids PI and PA, the swelling of the lamellar phase of PC was dramatically enhanced while a lecithin with equal amounts of PC and PE and small quantities of PI and PA formed two liquid crystalline phases, i.e., a lamellar and a hexagonal phase. Stable o/w‐emulsions can be prepared when the phospholipid composition is such that a lamellar liquid crystalline phase in equilibrium with the oil and water phases incorporates large amounts of water. The minimal amount of emulsifier required to stabilize the emulsions has been estimated to give an interfacial film of ca. 80 Å thickness which corresponds to a thickness of two double lipid layers in the interfacial film. The incorporation of large amounts of water is obtained if the lamellar layers contain dissociated ionic groups.
Fatty acid composition andtrans isomer content of hardened olive oil
Authors: Boskou Dimitrios , Karapostolakis Apostolos 
Published: July 2007

AbstractCooking fats and margarines prepared from olive oil were analyzed gas chromatographically for fatty acid composition andtrans isomer content. Argentation thin layer chromatography and mass spectrometry were used to assist in identifications of minor components. Olive oil margarines and cooking fats contained 70–76% monoenoic acids, of which 30–37% was in thetrans configuration, and 5% dienoic acids. Twenty percent of the dienes were in the form oftrans‐trans andcis‐trans octadecadienoic acid.
Economics of on‐farm processing of sunflower oil
Authors: Helgeson Delmer L. , Schaffner Leroy W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSunflower oil is being researched as an extender or substitute for diesel fuel. Sunflower seed contains ca. 40% oil. Each Btu used to produce the seed and process oil will return ca. 5.78 Btu. The price relationship per Btu of diesel to sunflower oil was 1∶4.00 in 1979. This ratio declined to 1∶1.80 in 1981. The on‐farm processing cost for 4800 gal varied from $2.82 to $4.33 per gallon for the three press sizes analyzed. Operating these presses 300 days annually reduced cost per gallon from $1.74 to $2.99.
Investigation of soybean oil as a diesel fuel extender: Endurance tests
Authors: Adams C. , Peters J. F. , Rand M. C. , Schroer B. J. , Ziemke M. C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractEngine performance and crankcase lubricant viscosity were followed with 1∶2 and 1∶1 fuel mixtures of degummed soybean oil in No. 2 diesel fuel in tests with a John Deere 6‐cylinder, 404 cubic in. displacement, direct‐injection, turbocharged engine for a total of 600 running hours. A crankcase oil contamination problem resulting in an unacceptable thickening and a potential for gelling did exist with a 50/50 blend or a greater concentration of soybean oil, but it did not occur with the 1∶2 blend. The data accumulated during the initial 600 hr running time indicates that a fuel blend of one‐third degummed soybean oil and two‐thirds No. 2 diesel (1∶2 blend) may be a suitable fuel for agricultural equipment during periods of diesel fuel shortages or allocations. Additional data are being accumulated and will be analyzed in the future.
Winter rape oil fuel for diesel engines: Recovery and utilization
Authors: Peterson C. L. , Auld D. L. , Korus R. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAlthough vegetable oil cannot yet be recommended as a fuel for general use, considerable progress in recovery and use of rapeseed oil (Brassica napus L.) for diesel operation has been made. Operation of a small‐scale screwpress plant (40 kg/hr) was demonstrated. Maintenance of screw and end rings was a major problem. The plant has operated with a recovery efficiency of 77% and has processed 10,100 kg of seed in 230 hr. High viscosity of the rapeseed oil and its tendency to polymerize within the cylinder were major chemical and physical problems encountered. Attempts to reduce the viscosity of the vegetable oil by preheating the fuel were not successful in sufficiently increasing the temperature of the fuel at the injector to be of value. Short‐term engine performance with vegetable oils as a fuel in any proportion show power output and fuel consumption to be equivalent to the diesel‐fueled engines. Severe engine damage occurred in a very short time period in tests of maximum power with varying engine rpm. Additional torque tests with all blends need to be conducted. A blend of 70/30 winter rape and No. 1 diesel has been used successfully to power a small single‐cylinder diesel engine for 850 hr. No adverse wear, effect on lubricating oil or effect on power output were noted.
Conversion of used frying oil to diesel fuel by transesterification: Preliminary tests
Authors: Nye M. J. , Williamson T. W. , Deshpande W. , Schrader J. H. , Snively W. H. , Yurkewich T. P. , French C. L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractUsed frying oil was transesterified by reaction with excess alcohol under both acidic and basic conditions. The alcohols used were: methanol, ethanol, 1‐propanol, 2‐propanol, 1‐butanol and 2‐ethoxyethanol. Yields of the fuels determined by gas chromatography and their viscosities are reported. The best result was obtained using methanol with catalysis by potassium hydroxide. The methyl ethyl and 1‐butyl esters all ran very well in short‐term engine tests with a laboratory high‐speed diesel engine.
Methods for the determination of cyclopropenoid fatty acids. IV. Application of the step‐wise HBr titration method to the analysis of refined and crude cottonseed oils
Authors: Harris J. A. , Magne F. C. , Skau E. L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA method is described for the determination of cyclopropenoid fatty acids in refined and crude cottonseed oils to within 0.01%. It is based upon a stepwise hydrogen bromide titration at 3C and 55C after removal of interfering substances by adsorption on activated alumina. Highly oxidized cottonseed oils first must be converted to methyl esters.
Relationship between molecular structure and flavor perceptibility of aliphatic aldehydes
Authors: Meijboom P. W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe mean threshold values for odor and taste of some aliphatic aldehydes are determined in solutions of paraffin oil. These threshold values lie at low concn and display a distinct alternating effect in the same homologous series. Moreover it appears from experiments with mixtures of various aldehydes that in the case of certain ratios a masking effect in odor and taste occurs.
Analysis of Arsenic in Marine Oils by Neutron Activation. Evidence of Arseno Organic Compounds
Authors: Lunde Gulbrand 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe arsenic content of phospholipid fractions separated from codliver oil(Gadus morrhua) and herring oil(Clupea harengus) was analyzed by means of neutron activation. The fractions were separated on a silicic acid column by chloroform/ methanol mixtures as eluting agents. The results indicate that the arsenic appears as arseno or‐ganic compounds. Two such compounds were evident in herring oil.
A rapid and quantitative procedure for the preparation of methyl esters of butteroil and other fats
Authors: Luddy Francis E. , Barford Robert A. , Herb Samuel F. , Magidman Paul 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA simple and convenient method for the quantitative preparation of methyl esters of fatty acids from glyceride fats and oils is described. The procedure, using potassium methylate as catalyst and a heating interval of 2 min at 65C in a closed vial, is applicable to fats containing both low and high molecular weight fatty acids such as butteroil. The methyl esters of samples ranging from a few mg to 30 mg are isolated by CS2 extraction and a TLC technique. A similar procedure using sulfuric acid in methanol as catalyst is described for the conversion of free fatty acids to methyl esters. For the routine analysis by GLC of fats and oils such as lard, tallow, soybean, cottonseed oil or butteroil, no isolation of the methyl ester is required. A CS2 extraction carried out in the reaction vial allows the GLC analysis immediately after the reaction period (2 min).
Analysis for sulfate ion in the biodegradation of anionic detergents
Authors: Cordon T. C. , Maurer E. W. , Panasiuk O. , Stirton A. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA turbidimetric method is described for determining sulfate ion in parts per million formed during the biodegradation of surface‐active organic sulfates or sulfonates. The procedure involves the precipitation of barium sulfate under controlled conditions, using a reagent consisting of 0.5% gelatin and 1% barium chloride in 50% ethanol. Gelatin stabilizes the barium sulfate suspension and helps prevent the formation of turbidity from barium chloride and detergent. Ethanol destroys any protective colloid action that may inhibit the precipitation of barium sulfate. Corrections were necessary for turbidity caused by the microorganisms and in a few instances for turbidity caused by the reaction of detergent and barium chloride. Absorbance was read against a blank at 420 mμ using 5 cm cells. Parts per million sulfate were read from a standard curve. Phosphates do not interfere in the determination.
Structural features of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates as observed in13C magnetic resonance spectra
Authors: El‐Emary Mahmoud , Morgan L. O. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFourier‐transform13C{1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the internally substituted phenylhexadecanes and theirpara‐sulfonates has been done as a part of a general study of alkylaryl sulfonates thought to be of significance in complex surfactants, such as the petroleum sulfonates and various synthetic products. The systematics of structural variations and their effects on observed chemical shifts of specific carbon atoms is detailed with the aim of developing rapid, nondestructive methods of analysis of complex mixtures of both hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon sulfonates. Advantages and restrictions of the13C spectrometric method are illustrated in the case of a mixture of alkylbenzene sodium sulfonates typical of a synthetic surfactant.
Methyl esters in the fatty acid industry
Authors: Farris R. D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMethyl esters, derived from natural fats or oils, can be used as alternatives to fatty acids in the production of a number of derivatives. The derivatives that can be made from methyl esters include fatty alkanolamides, fatty alcohols, isopropyl esters, and sucrose polyesters. By using methyl esters as the raw materials, several benefits may be realized, such as, the ability to make higher purity finished products, the use of milder conditions during syntheses, and the need for less expensive materials of construction. In addition to the applications mentioned, methyl esters are being used increasingly in fractional distillations because they have lower boiling points and are less corrosive than fatty acids.
Marine‐derived fatty acids of fish oils as raw materials for fatty acids manufacture
Authors: Stansby M. E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFish oils, often an abundant source of C20 and C22 fatty acids, could supplement rapessed oil in the manufacture of long chain saturated fatty acids. Herring oil, traditionally the fish oil of choice, is in very short supply due to depletion of fishery stocks. Menhaden oil, when made from fish caught in the Atlantic, could furnish a steady supply with long chain acids at about the 30% level. Oil made from other species such as anchovy or pilchard need further data on fatty acid content and variability. Manufacture of polyunsaturated fatty acids from fish oils is hampered by lack of suitable procedures. Potential markets for fish oil polyunsaturates especially in the pharmaceutical field seem promising.
Colorimetric determination of sterols in vegetable oils with chloramine T and sulfuric acid reagent
Authors: Ahuja K. L. , Bajaj K. L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA new colorimetric method for determination of sterols in vegetable oils using chloramine T and conc sulfuric acid reagent is described. After saponification of oils, the sterols present in the unsaponifiable matter are separated by thin layer chromatography (TLC) on Silica Gel G plates in the solvent system ethyl ether/petroleum ether (40–60 C) (1:1). The sterols are treated with 1% chloramine T in cone H2SO4 at 100 C for 12 min to develop the yellowish‐brown color which is read at 400 nm. Sterol content is calculated against a cholesterol standard. The method is at least 5 times more sensitive than that which uses Liebermann‐Burchard reagent; color formed is stable for 48 hr.
Homogeneous nonionic detergent p‐n‐Nonylphenoxydecaethoxyethanol
Authors: Kolobielski Marjan 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA model compound representing the nonionic surfactants of the alkylphenol‐ethylene oxide condensate type was prepared in high purity. The homogeneous detergentp‐n‐nonylphenoxyde‐caethoxyethanol was obtained as a crystalline product by a several step synthesis starting from phenol.
The Structure of the glycerides of pistachio kernel oil
Authors: Daneshrad Ataollah 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPistachio kernel oil has been analyzed by separating the triglycerides according to their degree of unsaturation by means of thin layer chromatography on silica gel plates impregnated with silver nitrate. The total fatty acids and the fatty acid on position 2 of each individual triglyceride were determined. The distribution of oleic acid on the different positions of triglycerides varies according to the unsaturation of these triglycerides. Oleic acid in the case of the less unsaturated triglycerides locates in the 2‐position, and, as the degree of unsaturation increases due to linolenic or linoleic acids, it tends to be on external positions. Linoleic and linolenic acids usually are esterified in the middle position.
Conversion of methyl 9(10)‐formylstearate to carboxymethylstearate
Authors: Dufek E. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMethyl 9(10)‐formylstearate was converted to methyl 9(10)‐carboxymethylstearate. The reactions to prepare the intermediates methyl 9(10)‐hydroxymethyl‐, 9(10)‐ace toxymethyl‐, 9(10)‐methylene‐, and 9(10)‐formylmethylstearate are described. Methyl 9(10)‐hydroxy methylstearate readily loses methanol and forms a trimeric polymer. The acetate of the primary alcohol when pyrolyzed gives 59% yield of methyl 9(10)‐methylenestearate. Hydroformylation of the methylene compound followed by permanganate oxidation gave methyl carboxymethylstearate. Evidence is presented to show that pyrolysis of the acetate ester and hydroformylation of the pyrolysis product produce, respectively, only the methylene and formylmethylstearates. Rates of esterification‐transes terification of methyl 9(10)‐carboxymethyl sterate show that the carboxymethyl group is 2–3 times as active as the carboxyl group in methyl 9(10)‐carboxystearate and that the terminal carboxyl group is about 10 times more active towards esterification than the branched carboxymethyl group.
Reaction of histidine with methyl linoleate: Characterization of the histidine degradation products
Authors: Yong Samuel H. , Karel Marcus 
Published: July 2007

AbstractEfforts have been made to characterize the products that result from interactions between L‐histidine (free base) and peroxidizing methyl linoleate (ML) in a model system consisting of reactants dispersed on a filter paper. Imidazole lactic acid and imidazole acetic acid are identified as breakdown products when histidine is incubated with ML, methyl linoleate hydroperoxide (MLHPO), or n‐hexanal over a period of 3 weeks. Two other reaction products are found to give back histidine upon acid hydrolysis. These products are though to be Schiff's base compounds which result from the condensation of the histidyl α‐amino group and carbonyl groups of reactive aldehydes formed during ML peroxidation. Most of the detectable reaction products have the imidazole moiety intact indicating the high relative reactivity of the functional groups, especially the amino group, associated with the α‐carbon. Such high reactivity provides an explanation for the low concentrations of ninhydrin‐positive free amino compounds that are, at best, barely detectable on thin layer chromatography.
The effect of divalent cations (Ca++ and Mg++) on the optimal salinity and salt tolerance of petroleum sulfonate and ethoxylated sulfonate mixtures in relation to improved oil recovery
Authors: Bansal V. K. , Shah D. O. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIt was demonstrated that a surfactant formulation consisting of a petroleum sulfonate and an ethoxylate sulfonate can tolerate a large amount of CaCl2 and MgCl2 in solution without any precipitation or phase‐separation. The stability of this surfactant formulation was not influenced significantly by the presence of divalent cations. The maximum salt concentration permissible for a stable formulation depended primarily on the ionic strength of the salt solution and not on the relative proportions of the divalent and monovalent cations. It was also observed that though the optimal salinity (Sγ) decreased upon increasing the amount of divalent cations, the interfacial tension at optimal salinity was always in the millidyne (≃10−3 dynes/cm) range. This study has a practical application in designing the surfactant formulations for tertiary oil recovery process for reservoirs consisting of high concentrations of mono‐ and divalent cataions.