bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
22 years on: the impact and relevance of the UK No Smoking Day
Authors: Owen L , Youdan B 
Published: January 2006

Objectives:To evaluate the impact and relevance of the national awareness day “No Smoking Day” 22 years after it was launched.Design:Triangulation of data from a variety of sources. Retrospective surveys conducted one week and three months after No Smoking Day, media coverage, website activity, and volume of calls to national smokers’ helplines.Main outcome measures:Self reports of awareness and smoking behaviour changes one week and three months after No Smoking Day. Volume of media coverage, visits to No Smoking Day website, and volumes of calls to smokers’ helplines.Results:Follow up at one week indicates awareness of No Smoking Day is lower in 2004 than in 1986 but still high at 70% for all smokers. The decline in participation from 18% of aware smokers in 1994 to 7% in 2001 has been reversed and in 2005 19% quit or reduced their smoking on No Smoking Day. Three months after No Smoking Day awareness was 78% in 2004, lower than in previous studies but still high and equivalent to 9 965 000 smokers when applied to the population estimate of UK smokers. Likewise participation has decreased but at 14% in 2004 is equivalent to an estimated 1 840 000 (1 in 7 of UK smokers) claiming to quit or reduce their consumption on the Day. Among those who participated, 11% were still not smoking more than three months after the Day, equivalent to an estimated 85 000 smokers (0.7% of UK smokers). Media volume has increased even though campaign spend has remained relatively constant and calls to national smokers’ helplines on No Smoking Day are typically four times those received on an average day.Conclusions:These data suggest that after 22 years No Smoking Day continues to be successful in reaching smokers. With a budget insufficient to pay for advertising, this public awareness campaign supported by local activities appears to be effective in helping smokers to stop.
New tobacco products: do smokers like them?
Authors: Caraballo R S , Pederson L L , Gupta N 
Published: January 2006

Background:There is little information about smokers who tried potentially reduced exposure products (PREPs) (Eclipse®, Omni®, Advance Lights®, Accord®, or Ariva®), why they tried them, if they liked these products, and if they will continue to use them.Objectives:The objectives of this qualitative study were to understand: (1) how smokers who tried PREPs learned about them, (2) reasons for first trying PREPs, (3) which PREP(s) they tried, (4) what they thought of the product at first trial, (5) reasons for continuing or discontinuing use, and (6) whether they would recommend PREPs to others.Design:In October 2002, 16 focus group sessions were conducted with current cigarette smokers aged 30–50 years: eight groups in Chattanooga, Tennessee, and eight in Dallas, Texas. Specific focus groups were composed of white men, white women, African American men, African American women, Hispanic men, or Hispanic women.Results:The majority of the participants learned about PREPs through advertising or promotion, family, friends, and co-workers; major reasons given for first trying PREPs were that the products were free or inexpensive, they wanted to stop smoking, they believed the product claims of fewer health risks, or they were curious; most of them tried Eclipse®probably because the focus groups were conducted in the same cities where Eclipse®was introduced; most participants did not like PREPs; most discontinued the use of PREPS, some who continued to use them did so infrequently and also kept smoking their regular brands of cigarettes; and most would not recommend PREPs, although a few might recommend them to specific groups (for example, new smokers, the young, women, curious or health conscious people).Conclusions:Although most established smokers did not like the PREPs they tried and will not recommend them to anyone, a minority of established smokers believe that there may be a market for these products.
Smokers’ reactions to reduced ignition propensity cigarettes
Authors: O’Connor R J , Giovino G A , Fix B V , Hyland A , Hammond D , Fong G T , Bauer U , Cummings K M 
Published: January 2006

Background:On 28 June 2004, New York State (NY) became the first jurisdiction to require cigarettes to meet a reduced ignition propensity (RIP) standard. This law resulted in cigarette manufacturers modifying nearly all of their brands sold in NY. However, the same cigarette brands sold in other states were not modified to meet the RIP standard.Objectives:This paper examines relationships between the RIP law and smokers’ awareness of changes in the performance of their cigarettes (that is, going out more frequently, change in taste), and smoking behaviour.Methods:Data for this analysis come from a nationwide survey of 2088 adult smokers (> 18 years of age) conducted in the USA between July and December 2004. 143 of the smokers included in the survey were residents of NY while the remainder were from other states (n  =  1945). Survey participants were asked whether their cigarettes “ever go out between puffs” and whether they had noticed any change in the taste of their cigarettes in the past 12 months.Results:NY smokers were three times more likely than smokers in other states to report that their cigarettes often went out between puffs (17.3%v5.6%). However, NY smokers appeared no more likely to report noticing differences in cigarette taste, an intention to quit smoking, or to have made quit attempts.Conclusions:A significant minority of smokers in NY reported noticing changes in the performance of their cigarettes following the RIP law, as would be expected. However, the RIP law appears to have had no impact on the smoking habits of New Yorkers, countering arguments made by cigarette manufacturers that the law would impact consumer acceptability.
A (G→C) transversion in the 3′ UTR of the human ECP (eosinophil cationic protein) gene correlates to the cellular content of ECP
Authors: Jönsson Ulla-Britt , Byström Jonas , Stålenheim Gunnemar , Venge Per 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) is a cytotoxic protein produced by and secreted from human eosinophil granulocytes. ECP may be involved in the injury of epithelial cells in allergic diseases such as asthma. The objectives were to determine the prevalence of the ECP gene polymorphism 562(G&gt;C) in apparently healthy subjects and subjects with allergy and relate the prevalence to clinical disease and to serum and cellular levels of ECP. The 562(G&gt;C) ECP gene polymorphism was determined by gene sequencing of the ECP gene from DNA prepared from 163 apparently healthy subjects and 151 subjects with allergic and nonallergic asthma or other diseases. ECP was measured by a sensitive radioimmunoassay. A polymorphism was detected at position 562, which mapped to the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of the gene encoding the ECP (RNase 3). Sixty-nine percent of the population had the 562GG genotype and 4%, the 562CC genotype. The cellular content of ECP in peripheral blood eosinophil granulocytes was significantly lower in cells from subjects with the 562GC (4.6±1.5 μg/106 eosinophils) and 562CC (3.2±0.7 μg/106 eosinophils) genotypes as compared with those with the 562GG genotype (6.0±1.9 μg/106 eosinophils; P&lt;0.001). A close link was found to the 434(G&gt;C) ECP gene polymorphism. Associations between the 562(G&gt;C) polymorphism or haplotypes of the two polymorphisms to allergy were not found. The 562(G&gt;C) polymorphism in the 3′-end of the UTR of the ECP gene may determine the ECP content in human eosinophils, but unlike the 434(G&gt;C) polymorphism, the 562(G&gt;C) polymorphism is not related to allergy
Inverse Relationship between Luteinizing Hormone and Body Mass Index in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: Investigation of Hypothalamic and Pituitary Contributions
Authors: Pagán Yanira L. , Srouji Serene S. , Jimenez Yarisie , Emerson Anne , Gill Sabrina , Hall Janet E. 
Published: January 2006

Context: Patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) have increased LH relative to FSH, but LH is modified by body mass index (BMI).
Objective: The objective of the study was to determine whether the impact of BMI on neuroendocrine dysregulation in PCOS is mediated at the hypothalamic or pituitary level.
Participants/Interventions/Setting: Twenty-four women with PCOS across a spectrum of BMIs underwent frequent blood sampling, iv administration of GnRH (75 ng/kg), and sc administration of the NAL-GLU GnRH antagonist (5 μg/kg) in the General Clinical Research Center at an academic hospital.
Main Outcome Measures: LH pulse frequency and LH response to submaximal GnRH receptor blockade were used as measures of hypothalamic function; LH response to GnRH was used as a measure of pituitary responsiveness.
Results: BMI was negatively correlated with mean LH, LH/FSH, and LH pulse amplitude. There was no effect of BMI on LH pulse frequency. Percent inhibition of LH was decreased in PCOS, compared with normal women (53.9 ± 1.5 vs. 63.1 ± 4.1, respectively; P &lt; 0.01), suggesting an increase in the amount of endogenous GnRH, but was not influenced by BMI. Pituitary responsiveness to GnRH was inversely correlated with BMI (peak LH, R = −0.475, P &lt; 0.02; and LH area under the curve R = −0.412, P &lt; 0.02).
Conclusions: LH pulse frequency and quantity of GnRH are increased in PCOS, but there is no influence of BMI on either marker of hypothalamic function. The pituitary response to a weight-based dose of GnRH is inversely related to BMI in PCOS. These studies suggest that the effect of BMI on LH is mediated at a pituitary and not a hypothalamic level in PCOS.
Deep mixing in underwater conditions: a laboratory and field investigation
Authors: Van Impe W. F. , Flores R. D. Verástegui 
Published: January 2006

The aim of the present paper is to discuss the laboratory and in situ behaviour of an artificially cemented dredged material. An extensive laboratory testing campaign carried out on soft soil specimens, mechanically mixed with different binders, demonstrated that blast furnace cement has a great potential for the stabilisation of such material. In the laboratory the ordinary practice of mechanical mixing by means of a dough mixer was used, whereas in the field a newly developed deep mixing method was implemented for the installation of trial columns (the soft soil improvement technique), making use of high pressure for injecting a cement slurry through nozzles at the mixing level. A column quality control revealed that the improvement level in the field was higher than on samples prepared in the laboratory. Scanning electron microscopic analysis employed to investigate the microstructure of a specimen mixed both in the laboratory and in the field demonstrated the premise that the technological details of the mixing procedure in the field are key parameters and possibly the main cause of the important beneficial differences in strength results. Cet exposé a pour but d'analyser le comportement en laboratoire et in situ d'une matière draguée et cimentée artificiellement. Une longue série d'essais en laboratoire effectués sur des spécimens de sol tendre mixés par moyen mécanique avec différents agents liants, a montrée que le ciment de haut fourneau a un grand potentiel de stabilisa-tion de cette matière. En laboratoire, un mixage mécanique ordinaire au moyen d'un mixer à pâte a été utilisé alors que sur le terrain, une méthode de mixage profond nouvellement développée a été utilisée pour l'installation de colonnes d'essai (technique SSI), avec injection par buses sous haute pression de boue de ciment au niveau du mixage. Un contrôle de la qualité des colonnes a montré que le degré d'amélioration sur le terrainétait plusélevé que sur leséchantillons préparés en laboratoire. Une analyse au microscopeélectronique à balayage, employée pour trouver la microstructure d'un spécimen mixé à la fois en laboratoire et sur le terrain, a montré que les détails technologiques du procédé de mixage sur le terrain sont des paramètres clé et sont probablement la cause princi-pale des importantes différences au niveau des valeurs de résistance et de leurs avantages.
Stabilisation of expansive clay bed using calcium chloride solution
Authors: Murty V. Ramana , Krishna P. Hari 
Published: January 2006

Expansive clays experience cyclic volumetric changes upon moisture fluctuation because of their intrinsic mineralogical behaviour. As these volumetric changes threaten the stability of almost all lightly loaded structures, various remedial techniques have been developed to reduce the damage they cause. Among these measures, chemical stabilisation using multivalent cations is aimed at altering the chemical environment around the clay particles upon which the behaviour of clay depends to a great extent. In the present work, an attempt is made to study the efficacy of calcium chloride (CaCl2), a strong electrolyte, on the plasticity and swell characteristics of an expansive clay bed. One per cent CaCl2solution was applied to the expansive clay bed by ponding and also through bore-holes. The relative influences of lime and calcium chloride on the properties of the clay bed are brought out by using data from a previous study of lime piles on an adjacent site. The plasticity index of the clay bed is decreased by 7–15% and 40–60% with lime and calcium chloride treatments respectively. Similarly, the swell pressure of the clay is decreased by 20–25% and 50–65% respectively. From this study, it is revealed that the modification of clay properties with calcium chloride is several times greater than that for the conventionally used lime.Les argiles expansives connaissent des changements volumétriques cycliques lors des fluctuations d'humidité en raison de leur comportement minéralogique intrinsèque. Comme ces changements volumétriques menacent la stabilité de presque toutes les structures légèrement chargées, on a développé diverses techniques visant à réduire les dégâts ainsi causés. Parmi ces mesures il faut citer la stabilisation chimique qui utilise des cations multivalents pour changer l'environnement chimique autour des particules d'argile dont dépend, dans une grande mesure, le comportement de l'argile. Dans ce travail, nous essayons d'étudier l'efficacitédu chlorure de calcium (CaCl2), électrolyte puissant, sur la plasticité et les caractéristiques de gonflement d'un lit d'argile expansive. Nous avons appliqué une solution à un pour cent de CaCl2au lit d'argile en accumulant l'eau audessus et aussi en l'injectant par des forages. Nous montrons les influences relatives de la chaux et du chlorure de calcium sur les propriétés du lit d'argile en utilisant les données provenant d'une étude précédente sur des piles de chaux dans un site adjacent. L'indice de plasticité du lit d'argile diminue respectivement de 7 à 15% et de 40 à 60% après les traitements à la chaux et au chlorure de calcium. De même, la pression de gonflement de l'argile diminue de 20 à 25% et de 50 à 65% respectivement. Cette étude montre que la mod-ification des propriétés de l'argile provoquée par le chlorure de calcium est de plusieurs fois supérieure à celle provoquée par la chaux utilisée de manière conventionnelle.
Requirements for marine protected areas to conserve the biodiversity of rocky reef fishes
Authors: Gladstone William 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
This study describes spatial patterns in the biodiversity (species, assemblages) of rocky reef fishes at a spatial scale relevant to management, and compared the outcomes for this biodiversity from alternative procedures for selecting marine protected areas (MPAs) and from the selection of MPAs for fisheries‐related objectives.
The study area included 104 species in two assemblage types; 36 species and 14 species occurred only in one or two locations respectively.
MPAs selected by hotspot richness, greedy richness complementarity, and summed irreplaceability included similar percentages of species and significantly more species than randomly selected MPAs. A combined species‐assemblage selection ensured representation of assemblage diversity. Representation of all species and assemblage types required 92% of locations.
MPAs chosen using density of all fishes or density of exploitable fishes as selection criteria included fewer species (than MPAs selected using species identity) and the percentage of species accumulated did not differ from a random selection.
Use of an established MPA as the seed for an expanded network was inefficient, leading to additional locations being required and an accumulation of species that did not differ from a random selection.
The smallest MPA network that fulfilled multiple management objectives (representation of assemblage diversity and majority of species, population viability, support for fisheries, connectivity) required 30% of the surveyed locations.
This study concluded that: MPAs selected without the benefit of data on intra‐habitat variation in species assemblages will be unrepresentative; the upper range of currently promoted targets for MPA establishment (i.e. 30%) should be regarded as a minimum for biodiversity conservation; MPAs selected for fisheries‐related reasons may not provide expected benefits for the remainder of the fish assemblage.
Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comment: Analyses of models of ion actions under the combined action of AC and DC magnetic fields
Authors: Adair Robert K. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractI show that the interaction of weak DC and ELF magnetic fields with contained ions cannot generate significant biological effects through changing the character of the ion orbits. Bioelectromagnetics 27:332–334, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prediction of Open‐Framework Aluminophosphate Structures Using the Automated Assembly of Secondary Building Units Method with Lowenstein′s Constraints.
Authors: Li Yi , Yu Jihong , Jiang Jiuxing , Wang Zhuopeng , Zhang Jianan , Xu Ruren 
Published: January 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Structure—Property Correlations in Solid Solutions of (CuI)8P12‐xAsx, 2.4 ≤ x ≤ 6.6.
Authors: Jayasekera Buddhimathie , Brock Stephanie L. , Lo Andy Y. H. , Schurko Robert W. , Nazri Gholam‐Abbas 
Published: January 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Concerning the Structure of Hydrogen Molybdenum Bronze Phase III. A Combined Theoretical—Experimental Study.
Authors: Braida Benoit , Adams Stefan , Canadell Enric 
Published: January 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Magnesium‐Tin Substitution in NiMg2.
Authors: Hlukhyy Viktor , Rodewald Ute Ch. , Poettgen Rainer 
Published: January 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Influences of Alkaline Earth Metal Substitution on the Crystal Structure and Physical Properties of Magnetic RuSr1.9A0.1GdCu2O8 (A: Ca, Sr, and Ba) Superconductors.
Authors: Hur Su Gil , Park Dae Hoon , Hwang Seong‐Ju , Kim Seung Joo , Lee J. H. , Lee Sang Young 
Published: January 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Self‐Assembly of Active IrO2 Colloid Catalyst on an ITO Electrode for Efficient Electrochemical Water Oxidation.
Authors: Yagi Masayuki , Tomita Emi , Sakita Sayaka , Kuwabara Takayuki , Nagai Keiji 
Published: January 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Tl2AXTe4 (A: Cd, Hg, Mn; X: Ge, Sn): Crystal Structure, Electronic Structure, and Thermoelectric Properties.
Authors: McGuire Michael A. , Scheidemantel Thomas J. , Badding John V. , DiSalvo Francis J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Characterization of Superconducting β‐Mo2N Crystalline Phase on a Si Substrate: An Application of Pulsed Laser Deposition to Nitride Chemistry.
Authors: Inumaru Kei , Baba Kazuya , Yamanaka Shoji 
Published: January 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Condensed Pyridine Bases. Synthesis and Reactions of Benzofuro[2,3‐c]indeno[2,1‐e]‐, Benzothieno[2,3‐c]indeno[2,1‐e]‐, Benzofuro[3,2‐c]indeno[2,1‐e]‐ and Thieno[2,3:4′,5′]thieno[3,2‐c]indeno[2,1‐e]pyridines.
Authors: Tolkunov S. V. , Khyzhan A. I. , Suikov S. Yu. , Dulenko V. I. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Haloacetylated Enol Ethers. Part 19. Synthesis of 3‐(2‐Thienyl)‐ and 3‐(2‐Furyl)‐5‐trihalomethyl Substituted Azoles.
Authors: Flores Alex F. C. , Brondani Sergio , Pizzuti Lucas , Martins Marcos A. P. , Zanatta Nilo , Bonacorso Helio G. , Flores Darlene C. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
BiCl3‐Mediated Opening of Epoxides, a Facile Route to Chlorohydrins or Amino Alcohols: One Reagent, Two Paths.
Authors: McCluskey Adam , Leitch Sarah K. , Garner James , Caden Christine E. , Hill Timothy A. , Odell Luke R. , Stewart Scott G. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Stannyl Cyclopropanes by Diastereoselective Cyclopropanations with (Tributylstannyl)‐diazoacetate Esters Catalyzed by Cu(I) N‐Heterocyclic Carbene.
Authors: Gawley Robert E. , Narayan Sanjay 
Published: January 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Bismuth‐Catalyzed Benzylic Oxidations with tert‐Butyl Hydroperoxide.
Authors: Bonvin Yannick , Callens Emmanuel , Larrosa Igor , Henderson David A. , Oldham James , Burton Andrew J. , Barrett Anthony G. M. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Borohydride Reduction of Acetophenone and Esters of Dehydrocarboxylic Acids in the Presence of Chiral Cobalt(II) Diamine Complexes.
Authors: Nindakova L. O. , Shainyan B. A. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.