bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SOME PROPERTIES OF SKIN CONDUCTANCE AND POTENTIAL
Authors: Lykken D. T. , Miller R. D. , Strahan R. F. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTSC and SP were measured simultaneously from opposite hands during a stress period and a subsequent prolonged relaxation in 19 Ss. With the Ss relaxed, toward the end of the session, simultaneous measures of SC and SP were taken between various combinations of two active and two drilled reference electrodes on both hands. It was found that SC measured with the external voltage connected in series‐adding with the endogenous SP (i.e., positive pole to the active electrode) was some 13 percent higher than when measured in reverse polarity. Supplementary experiment showed that this‘rectification effect’ could be entirely attributed to the effect of the endogenous potential. A method of estimating SC from SP readings with no external current source was shown to give results equivalent to values measured in the usual way. These and other findings support the claim that steady‐state electro‐dermal properties fit a simple model consisting of a variable voltage and a variable resistance in series. Within‐subject correlations of SC and SP were high for Ss with low average SCs, lower for high‐SC Ss who seemed less able to relax. The data suggest that SP may be an inverted‐U shaped function of arousal and perhaps that the‘beta process,’ which drives the tonic SP downward with increasing arousal, may begin to function at much lower levels of arousal for some Ss than for others. Phasic responses obtained at the end of the session when some Ss were apparently asleep suggest that, when S is drowsy or in light sleep, both the SCR and the SPR have lengthened and variable latencies, and the SPR is uniformly a large, negative going (alpha) response. Uniphasic beta SPRs were rather consistently obtained when the pre‐stimulus tonic SP was already high.
CORTICAL SLOW POTENTIAL CHANGES IN MAN RELATED TO INTERSTIMULUS INTERVAL AND TO PRE TRIAL PREDICTION OF INTERSTIMULUS INTERVAL
Authors: McAdam Dale W. , Knott John R. , Rebert Charles S. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTwo experiments were performed to explore further the relationship between the cortical slow potential change known as the “contingent negative variation” (CNV) and the concept of “expectancy.”In Experiment I, 24 male Ss were presented click pairs, with inter‐click intervals of 800, 1600 and 4800 msec (2 blocks of 10 trials each, counterbalanced between Ss for order), and instructed to press a key after the second click. Interval by order by trials analysis of variance showed interval to be the only significant factor: CNVs were lower and RTs longer as interval increased.In Experiment II, 8 female Ss given 60 pairs of clicks, 30 each with separations of 1200 and 2400 msec, were instructed to respond as in Experiment I, and were asked to make a pretrial prediction of the interval they would next receive. Analysis of variance of RTs showed that Ss responded slower when the interval was other than that predicted. Prediction by reception by subjects analysis of variance of CNV amplitude at the 1200 msec point gave a significant F only for prediction, mean amplitude for short being higher than for long. A similar design applied to CNV amplitudes at both the 1200 and 2400 msec points when Ss received the long interval yielded a significant measurement point by interval predicted interaction; at the 1200 msec point, short predictions were followed by higher CNVs than were long predictions; at 2400 msec, the opposite was found.These data combine with those already in the literature to indicate that the relationship between “expectancy” and the CNV is far from simple, and that cognitive and motivational factors play a significant role in determining CNV amplitude.
INTER‐RATER RELIABILITY AND THE ROLE OF EXPERIENCE IN SCORING EEG SLEEP RECORDS: PHASE 1.
Authors: Monroe Lawrence J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to measure the reliability of scoring all‐night EEG sleep records. To determine the amount of inter‐rater agreement of scoring EEG sleep stages, 28 raters from 14 different sleep laboratories scored the same 398 minute sleep record.Statistical analyses showed varying amounts of inter‐rater agreement across sleep stages with St. REM showing the highest reliability and delta stages the least inter‐rater agreement. A comparison of raters with High, Medium, and Low experience revealed lower within‐group variability for Stages 1, 2, 3, and 4 for the more experienced raters.It was concluded that increased reliability and comparability of results could be obtained readily by increased standardization of recording techniques and scoring criteria.
THE LOCALIZATION OF NON TACTILE THERMAL SENSATIONS
Authors: Simmel Marianne L. , Shapiro Alan 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAn experiment by Nathan and Rice (1966) on the localization of thermal sensations was replicated. The present, somewhat more detailed, results essentially confirm the findings of the earlier authors. Thermal sensations evoked by non‐tactile thermal stimuli can be localized; their localization is less accurate than that of tactile stimuli; and the accuracy of localization increases with increasing intensity of stimulation and sensation. To account for these findings several alternative hypotheses concerning the interaction between thermal and tactile modalities and large and small fiber sensory systems have been suggested.
DUAL CHART DRIVE FOR GRASS POLYGRAPH
Authors: Baldridge Bill J. , Whitman Roy M. , Kramer Milton , Ornstein Paul H. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA modification of a polygraph in which a second chart drive is incorporated to allow simultaneous recording at two different chart speeds is described. The auxiliary chart drive is of the same type as the original, having ten speeds and operating independently of the original. Specific uses of the two‐chart system are discussed.
THE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT EXPOSURES TO AUGMENTED SENSORY FEEDBACK ON THE CONTROL OF HEART RATE
Authors: Brener Jasper , Kleinman Roger A. , Goesling Wendell J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe aim of this experiment was to determine the effect of different exposures to augmented sensory feedback of heart rate performance on the development of voluntary control of heart rate. Three groups of five Ss each received augmented sensory feedback on 100%, 50%, or 0% of training trials respectively. The amount of heart rate control exhibited by Ss was observed to be a direct function of the percentage of training trials on which feedback was given. Respiration rate changes were not systematically influenced by this variable although higher respiration rates were consistently associated with high heart rates and lower respiration rates with low heart rates.
ANTICIPATORY AND PREPARATORY ELECTRODERMAL BEHAVIOR IN PAIRED STIMULATION SITUATIONS
Authors: Grings William W. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTElectrodermal indicators of anticipation and preparation accompanying paired stimulation are divided into three classes: (1) features of responding between onsets of the stimuli; (2) changes in response to the second stimulus which occur only when the first stimulus is present; and (3) responses at the point where the response to the second stimulus would occur but which are observed in the absence of the second stimulus. The first two classes are elaborated here.Two experiments explore responses in the interstimulus interval. The number of such responses, their probability of occurrence, and the magnitudes of changes, identified either by ordinal number of occurrence or latency, all show differential behavior in the form of reinforcement effects (pairing vs nonpairing) and trace‐delay conditioning differences. Preparatory responses of the second class are illustrated by phenomena from conditioning studies, namely UCR diminution and perceptual disparity responding.The data are interpreted as demonstrating the signal character of the first stimulus which sets or prepares the individual for receipt of the second stimulus.
ELECTRODERMAL INDICANTS OE AROUSAL IN BRAIN DAMAGE: CROSS‐VALIDATED EINDINGS
Authors: Parsons Oscar A. , Chandler Peter J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTwo independent experiments were performed in which skin resistance levels, transformed to log skin conductance levels (SCLs), and GSRs of brain‐damaged (BD) and non‐brain‐damaged (NBD) patients were measured under varying task demands. Cross‐validated results indicate that BD had significantly higher log SCLs and GRSs than NBD over conditions. Patterns of correlations between and within measures of arousal and performance were similar in both experiments and tended to differ for BD compared to NBD. Positive correlations between arousal measures and performance in the BD suggest that their impaired performance cannot be ascribed to non‐optimal levels of arousal, at least as measured electrodermally. A group of schizophrenics subjected to the same experimental conditions had levels of electrodermal activity and performance which were intermediate to those of BD and NBD. Other results suggest that different psychophysiological relationships exist in BD and schizophrenic patients. The hypothesis that brain‐damage leads to release of inhibitory control over systems involved in electrodermal activity seems worthy of further investigation.
VISUAL EVOKED RESPONSES IN SUBJECTS TRAINED TO CONTROL ALPHA RHYTHMS
Authors: Spilker Bert , Kamiya Joe , Callaway Enoch , Yeager Charles L. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAveraged visual evoked responses (AER) to sine wave light and to light flashes were recorded in seven subjects trained to control alpha rhythms. All seven subjects demonstrated a greater AER amplitude to sine wave light when there was high or abundant alpha in the EEG than when the alpha was low or almost entirely absent. Two of the early waves of the flash AER were usually greater in amplitude during periods of high alpha. A cycloplegic agent was shown to have no effect upon this finding, nor did varying the frequency of sine wave light stimulation. Period analysis of the EEG showed more activity at both low and high frequency bands during periods of low alpha. Auditory evoked response amplitudes were not significantly different between the high and low background alpha conditions. These results were discussed in relation to current views correlating AERs with attentive states.
HEART RATE AND SOMATIC CHANGES DURING AVERSIVE CONDITIONING AND A SIMPLE REACTION TIME TASK
Authors: Obrist Paul A. , Webb Roger A. , Sutterer James R. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTFour experiments are reported, all of which are concerned with evaluating in human Ss the relationship between the deceleration of heart rate, observed to anticipate both aversive and non‐aversive stimuli, and several aspects of somatic‐motor activity. In a simple reaction time task, a decrease in spontaneous bursts of EMG activity and both respiration amplitude and frequency were found to be concomitant with the deceleration of heart rate during the foreperiod and to be directly correlated with reaction time. The decrease in anticipatory somatic activity to an aversive stimulus was found in a second experiment to extend to spontaneous eye movements and blinks, which also had a marked concomitance with the anticipatory deceleration of heart rate. However, experimentally imposed somatic activity, i.e. continuous finger tapping, increased in intensity around the time the UCS was expected. A third experiment provided additional evidence that the anticipatory cardiac deceleration to aversive stimuli was not mediated significantly by respiratory maneuvers. Finally, evidence was provided that the basis for the spontaneous EMG bursts may be related to somatic responses elsewhere in the body, such as postural adjustments.
STATISTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF VOLAR SKIN POTENTIAL LEVEL IN ATTENTION AND THE EFFECTS OF AGE
Authors: Surwillo Walter W. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTSkin potential (SP) level was investigated in 58 young (aged 22–53 years) and 64 old (aged 54–85 years) Ss. SP recordings were made during a 15‐min interval while Ss were taking part in a watch‐keeping task. The Kolmogorov‐Smimov test revealed that, while the distribution of SP level in young Ss deviated significantly from normality, the distribution in old Ss was normal. Evidence suggested that age of Ss needs to be taken into account when dealing with distributions of SP level recorded under attentive conditions.
AVOIDANCE CONDITIONING OE SKIN POTENTIAL RESPONSES
Authors: Shnidman Susan R. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAvoidance of electric shock was used to manipulate skin potential changes elicited by a simple visual stimulus. Experimental and control Ss were matched on habituation trials and yoked for 40 acquisition and 10 extinction trials. During acquisition the avoidance Ss differentiated between stimulus and non‐stimulus periods more reliably than the controls. During extinction the avoidance group produced significantly more criterion electrodermal responses, with greater magnitude of positive wave components, than the control group. Some of the problems of appropriate control procedures inherent in this design are examined in relation to these results.
MANIPULATION OF CONTRAST BETWEEN DIFFERENTIAL GSR RESPONSES THROUGH THE USE OF ORDERED TASKS OF INFORMATION DETECTION
Authors: Lieblich Israel 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThree variables involved in the production of Short Term Physiological Activation (STPA) were identified: a) frequency of usage of the stimulus by the organism, b) relevance of the stimulus to the organism, and c) whether or not a verbal response to the stimulus is required.Stimulus sequences for information detection were constructed by combining these variables, and physiological responsiveness was observed in the GSR. It was hypothesized that short term physiological responsivity could be manipulated in an ordered fashion using combinations of the above‐mentioned variables. Each one of 54 Ss was tested in six experimental sequences. It was found that it was possible to manipulate the contrast between the GSRs emitted by the S to the critical stimuli, and those produced to the alternative stimuli in information detection tasks in the predicted direction.
CORTICAL EVOKED POTENTIALS TO SEMANTIC STIMULI
Authors: Begleiter Henri , Platz Arthur 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe influence of affective meaning on the photically evoked response was studied in male college students. Three sets of stimuli were used: taboo words, neutral words, and blank flashes. Two blocks of trials were run for each stimulus, one in which the S responded by calling the stimulus presented, and a second in which the S was not required to respond.The late components of the evoked potential were significantly related to both the stimulus and response conditions. Amplitude 2 was larger for the taboo words than for either the neutral words or the blank flash. The taboo words had a significantly greater amplitude 3 than neutral words, and both sets of words had higher amplitude 3 than the blank flash. The stimulus effect was discussed in terms of the possible influence of anatomical structures involved in emotional behavior on the visual evoked response. The response effect was felt to be the result of the increased attention required under the response condition.
CEPHALIC VASOMOTOR AND HEART RATE MEASURES OE ORIENTING AND DEEENSIVE REELEXES
Authors: Raskin David C. , Kotses Harry , Bever James 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe problem of differentiating orienting (OR) and defensive reflexes (DR) was investigated by measurements of forehead‐skin pulse amplitude (PA), forehead‐skin blood content (BC), and heart rate (HR). Thirty male college students received 30 stimulations of .5 sec white noise at either 80 db or 120 db. Beat‐by‐beat analyses of the physiological measures indicated that both intensities of stimulation produced decreases in PA. Forehead BC showed larger increases to 120 db than to 80 db, and successive stimulations produced a change to overall decreases in BC at both intensities. HR acceleration occurred to both stimuli, and a short‐latency deceleration occurred to 80 db. The results were interpreted as showing that cephalic vasoconstriction is the dominant response to auditory stimulation, and cephalic vasomotor responses do not differentiate between ORs and DRs. The short‐latency HR deceleration and smaller HR acceleration differentiated the OR from the DR.
REACTION TIME OF SINGLE MOTOR UNITS
Authors: Thysell Richard V. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTFour studies of the simple reaction time (RT) of single motor units (MU) are reported. In each study S was first trained to control the firing of a MU by observing visual and auditory feedback of MU action potentials detected by an implanted electrode. Training was followed by one or more RT testing sessions. Experiment I demonstrated that MU RT was about equal to that of a comparable Overt RT, and suggested that the distribution of MU RTs was bimodal. Experiments II and III confirmed that the distribution was bimodal and eliminated the hypotheses that the bimodality was due to equipment artifacts or to S's switching between the defined visual and potentially confounding auditory reaction cues. Experiment IV tested, and rejected, the hypothesis that the bimodality was due to S's alternating between brightness and pattern information processing on RT trials.In all 4 experiments the bimodality was defined by a paucity of responses in the 175–199 msec interval. This fact was related to the findings that delayed auditory feedback has its maximal disruptive effect at 180 msec, and that the limit of the psychological refractory period seems to be between 175 and 200 msec. Further experiments relating these findings were suggested.
PERSONALITY AND RESPIRATORY RESPONSES TO SOUND AND LIGHT
Authors: McCollum Mary , Burch Neil R. , Roessler Robert 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTRespiratory amplitude (RA) and respiratory rate (RR) parameters were examined in student subjects (Ss) following stimulation with five intensities of sound and five intensities of light. All Ss completed the MMPI and were then divided into high and low ego strength (Es) groups on the basis of their scores on the Barron scale. These groups were balanced for alertness‐drowsiness by EEG criteria. High Es Ss responded with a greater increase in RA than low Es Ss and there was a strong trend for high Es Ss to respond less than low Es Ss in RR. Both RA and RR increased following stimulation with the greatest changes following greater intensities of stimulation in both modalities. Light induced a greater increase in RA and RR than sound.
THE HEART RATE RESPONSE TO A BRIEF AUDITORY AND VISUAL STIMULUS
Authors: Smith David B. D. , Strawbridge Phyllis J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe adult heart rate (HR) response was studied in 18 male subjects following a series of 10 tones and 10 light flashes. Both stimuli were of moderate intensity (54 db and 8.0 ml) and had rise times of 30 milliseconds. The tone evoked a predominantly acceleratory response and no decrement with repetition. Initially, the light flash evoked a predominantly deceleratory response which changed to one of acceleration as the stimulus was repeated.Analysis of respiration revealed that an increase in rate and amplitude followed both stimuli and that the magnitude of respiratory changes did not diminish with stimulus repetition. Viewed according to Sokolov's criteria for identifying orienting, defensive, and adaptive responses the results support the conclusions that: (1) HR deceleration is a component of the orienting response; and (2) HR acceleration is neither an orienting, defensive, nor adaptive response but is largely secondary to respiratory changes. On the basis of the evidence, a tentative model of the HR response to simple auditory and visual stimuli is offered.
A SYSTEM FOR REGISTERING BOTH TRUE AND FALSE FEEDBACK OF THE GALVANIC SKIN RESPONSE
Authors: Borrey Roland , Grings William W. , Longstreet Beverlee J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA system has been presented which allows the presentation of either true galvanic skin responses (GSRs) or false GSRs to a recorder viewed by a subject (S). Transistor circuitry is used to produce a double RC circuit using a common capacitor with two variable resistors which control the time constants of the rise and decay of a pulse such that it reflects changes in time of a true GSR. An attenuator controls the proportion of true resistance change of the S which is passed through or added to the response of the false feedback generator. This provides a means of projecting to the S either completely false GSR responding, completely true GSR activity, or a mixture of both. A record of the true responses of the S is obtained by a second recorder viewed only by the experimenter.
THE EFFECTS OF CHANGES IN AROUSAL LEVEL ON CRITICAL FLICKER FUSION FREQUENCY AND FIGURAL REVERSAL TASKS
Authors: Tomkiewicz Robert L. , Cohen Walter 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe present study was designed to investigate the relationship between intra‐and inter‐individual differences in arousal level and performance on both critical flicker fusion frequency and figural reversal tasks. Forty male undergraduate Ss were used. Electrical skin conductance was used as the indicant of arousal level. For the intra‐individual comparisons white noise was used to increase the Ss’arousal levels. Significant inverted U‐shaped relationships were found between both flicker fusion thresholds and rates of figural reversal and skin conductance between individuals. A significant curvilinear relationship was found between rates of figural reversal and level of conductance within individuals. No significant curvilinear relationship was found between flicker fusion thresholds and level of conductance within individuals.
RECOGNITION OF ASPECTS OF CONSCIOUSNESS THROUGH ASSOCIATION WITH EEG ALPHA ACTIVITY REPRESENTED BY A LIGHT SIGNAL
Authors: Brown Barbara B. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTSubjects were instructed to attempt identification of feeling states which would keep on a blue light operated by EEG alpha activity. A closed physiologic feedback system was used and no stimuli external to the circuit were employed. A highly significant degree of enhanced alpha activity was achieved in the first practice session, and 60% of the subjects showed specificity of the response to the light signal situation as compared to the same situation without the light signal. Greatest achievement of enhanced alpha activity appeared to be related to narrowing of perceptual awareness and pleasant feeling states.
THE CONTROL OF ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHIC ALPHA RHYTHMS THROUGH AUDITORY FEEDBACK AND THE ASSOCIATED MENTAL ACTIVITY
Authors: Nowlis David P. , Kamiya Joe 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTwenty‐six subjects were given baseline tests for electroencephalographic (EEG) alpha rhythm presence, and then a period of fifteen minutes to gain insight into mental activity associated with alpha presence and absence, while provided with an auditory feedback loop keyed to the presence of alpha. Sixteen of the subjects worked with eyes closed, and ten, with very high initial alpha baseline scores, worked with eyes open. After the fifteen minute practice period permitting control of alpha through feedback, the subjects were given a trial during which they attempted to produce as much alpha as possible and a trial in which they tried to produce as little as possible. The results indicated significant appropriate change for both the generation and suppression trials. Those who were able to control alpha spontaneously reported mental states reflecting relaxation, “letting go,” and pleasant affect associated with maintaining alpha.