bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
084 Effects of Fat Autografting on Porcine Skin Wound Healing after Injury
Authors: Fang Lijun , Fu Xiaobing , Wang Yuxin , Sun Tongzhu , Cheng Biao 
Published: March 2007

It has been evidenced that the fat may have a potential to secret some growth factors or be a source of stem cells. So, we explore the effects of fat on healing of porcine skin wounds so as to provide a new method for clinical skin wound repair after injury.Forty‐eight full‐thickness skin wounds were produced on both sides of the back in 6 male minipigs (8 wounds in each animal). Then these wounds were randomly divided into 4 groups, which were saline control group, fat autografting group, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) treatment group and epidermal growth factor (EGF) treatment group. At day 3, 7, 14 and 21 after wounding, the area and the volume of wounds were measured and the histological examination was performed to evaluate the velocity and quality of wounds healing in different groups.At day 3 and 7, the amount of granulation tissues and vessel density in fat treatment group were significantly more than that in other groups. Wound areas and volume in fat treatment wounds were markedly decreased in compared with those in other groups (P < 0.01). Regenerated epidermis in fat treatment group was thicker than that in other groups.These results confirmed that the wound healing velocity and quality in wounds treated with fat autografting were enhanced. It indicated that fat has a potential to accelerate velocity and improve the quality of wound healing after skin injury.
086 Skin Wound Healing in Red Duroc X Yorkshire F1 Pigs: Effect of Wound Depth on Gene Expression
Authors: Gallant CL , Olson ME , Hart DA 
Published: March 2007

Previous investigations have demonstrated that cutaneous healing in red Duroc pigs (RD) differs from healing in Yorkshire pigs (Y). Specifically, RD animals heal with the formation of hypercontracted, hyperpigmented scars, features which are not observed in Y animals. Further, this abnormal scarring may be genetically mediated, as demonstrated by the partial transmission of this phenotype to RD × Y offspring (F1). To further determine the degree of transmission of this phenotype, this study examined the effect of wound depth upon the healing response of F1 animals. Ten full thickness (FT) and ten deep dermal (DD, 1.8 mm) skin wounds (2 cm × 2 cm) were created on the backs of juvenile female F1 animals (N = 8) using previously published procedures. Biopsies (4 mm) were taken from FT and DD wounds on days 14, 28, 42, 56, and 70. Samples were used for histology and molecular analysis using RT‐PCR. There were no detectable differences between the FT and DD wounds on the gross or histologic level. However on a molecular level, there were numerous differences between the FT and DD wounds. Several genes investigated demonstrated increased expression levels in the DD wounds as compared to the FT wounds. Further, DD wounds demonstrated a unique pattern of expression for several other genes that differed from that observed in either the F1 FT wounds or in any RD or Y wounds. Given that previous investigations have shown that FT and DD wounds are nearly identical within each of the RD and Y strains, this represents a novel finding. These results indicate that the healing phenotype of the F1 animals may be regulated both by genetics and by the wound size/depth, suggesting that human wound healing may be similarly influenced by genetics, wound depth and potentially, environmental factors.Funding provided by NSERC, CIHR.
093 Prostaglandin E2 Inhibits Fibroblast Migration: Implications for Wound Healing
Authors: Sandulache V.C. , Li‐Korotky H.S. , Dohar J.E. , Hebda P.A. 
Published: March 2007

Background: Wound healing is a complex process involving multiple cell types, extracellular matrix components and soluble mediators. Prostaglandin E2 is an important component of the inflammatory response to injury. PGE2 can regulate the fibroblast response to injury via the EP receptor family. Here, we examine PGE2 regulation of fibroblast migration. Our analysis extends to fibroblasts representing a spectrum of wound healing phenotypes. Hypothesis: Prostaglandin E2 mediated inhibition of fibroblast migration is conserved across multiple fibroblast phenotypes. Methods: Primary cultures of human fetal, adult and keloid fibroblasts were used. Analysis of the EP receptor profile for each fibroblast phenotype was conducted using real‐time PCR, Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Fibroblast migration was quantified using a well established in vitro scratch assay. Results: Prostaglandin E2, via EP2/EP4 receptors, inhibits fibroblast migration in all fibroblast phenotypes. Fetal fibroblasts retain a more robust migratory phenotype when compared to normal adult and keloid fibroblasts. Normal adult fibroblasts exhibit a dramatic destabilization of the actin cytoskeleton which accompanies PGE2 inhibition of cell migration. This effect was not observed in fetal or keloid fibroblasts. Conclusions: Fibroblast activity in the wound bed can be altered by inflammatory mediators. The effects of prostaglandin E2 appear to be partially conserved across various fibroblast phenotypes. Variability in the response of these cells, however, indicates that fibroblasts derived from fetal tissue may retain intrinsic altered response mechanisms to endogenous inflammatory mediators.
096 Biochemical Analysis of Chronic Wounds Treated with the V.A.C.® System
Authors: Stechmiller J. K. , Childress B. B. , Blalock T. D. , Kilpadi D. V. , Nappo R. W. , Chin G. A. , Mozingo D. W. , Schultz G. S. 
Published: March 2007

Introduction
: Proinflammatory cytokines TNF‐α, IL‐1β, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are elevated in chronic wounds and their levels decrease during healing. TNF‐α and IL‐1β stimulate the production of MMPs which cause degradation of growth factors. Wound fluid from the V.A.C.® is of interest when investigating the mechanisms by which V.A.C.® therapy aids in wound healing. We hypothesize that the clinical improvement in healing of chronic wounds by the V.A.C.® system occurs by a shift from a chronic cytotoxic environment to a more conducive acute healing wound environment. This study aims at understanding the molecular and mechanistic consequences of V.A.C.® therapy on chronic wound healing.
Methods
: Wound fluid collected from two patients with Stage IV pressure ulcers at baseline, 24hours, 72hours, and 7 days following V.A.C.® therapy. Concentrations of TNF‐α, IL‐1β, MMP‐2, ‐3, ‐9, TIMP‐2, and total protein were determined using ELISA.
Results
: TNF‐α levels in wound fluids decreased from baseline levels in two patients following 3 days of treatment. Similarly, levels of MMP‐3, MMP‐9 and TIMP‐2 decreased from baseline following 3 days of treatment. There were no consistent trends in IL‐1β & MMP‐2.
Conclusion
: The preliminary results from this study suggest that improved wound healing with V.A.C.® therapy is related to decreased levels of proinflammatory cytokines, MMPs and TIMP‐2 in wound fluid.
101 VAC Therapy Versus Conventional Therapy in Acute and Chronic Wounds
Authors: Obdeijn M.C. , Braakenburg A. , Feitz R. , Klinkenbijl J.H.G. 
Published: March 2007

Introduction: Vacuum therapy is a new concept in wound treatment. Animal studies have shown good results in chronic and acute wounds. In clinical practice we have used the system for many wounds with very promising results. However there are few randomized clinical trials that prove the efficacy of the system. Patients and methods: In 2002 we have started a randomized prospective clinical trial to compare the results of Vacuum Assisted Closure versus our wound management protocol with mainly foam dressings and alginates. In this study we have included acute and chronic wounds. The wounds were assessed 3 times a week by 3 researchers (a medical doctor and 2 nurses). We looked at the wound healing, described in terms of color, smell, temperature and aspect of the wound. The size and depth of the wound was recorded and photographs were taken. Once a week we did a swab of the wound. Besides the effect on wound healing we also looked at the time that was needed for dressing changes, the benefits for the patient and the nurses and the costs of the therapy. Results: At this moment we have treated 35 patients. The preliminary results will be presented at the meeting.With this study as an example we will also illustrate some of the problems that can be encountered when designing a clinical trial in wound healing.
103 Autologous Thrombin: Continuing Studies
Authors: Jacobson May S. , Kevy Sherwin V. 
Published: March 2007

Background: As many as 500,000 patients are exposed to bovine thrombin (BT) annually. This is increasing with the use of autologous platelet gel (PG) in surgery and in the treatment of chronic wounds (diabetic ulcers). The development of anti‐phospholipid antibodies after exposure to bovine thrombin is of concern. We compared the kinetics of growth factor release by autologous thrombin (AT) to BT. Methods: Whole blood is incubated with 95% ethanol and then centrifuged in the SmartPReP™2 system (Harvest Technologies, Plymouth, MA) simultaneously with the preparation of a platelet concentrate (PC). The supernatant containing thrombin activity is collected. Clotting studies were done. The kinetics of growth factor release was determined by collecting the supernatant from the PG at 2 hours and daily thereafter for 7 days. The PC’s were prepared in two concentrations by adjusting the volumes to 10 mL and 7 mL. The activation of the PC was done at a 10:1 ratio (PC:BT) at 7 mL and 10 mL and 3:1 and 5:1 (PC:AT) at 7 mL. Results: Following a 45 minute incubation period the mean clotting time of PC by AT at a 3:1 ratio was 14.3 sec and at a 5:1 ratio was 22 sec (n = 13). Thrombin activity remained stable for 6 hours. Baseline PDGF‐AB levels with AT was 50 ng/mL with a maximum of 106 ng/mL. BT using a 10 mL PC had a baseline level of 100 ng/mL with no increase over time. TGF‐B1 studies demonstrated an immediate release of 98 ng/mL with a maximum level of 168 ng/mL for AT compared to BT with an initial level of 107 ng/mL and a maximum of 152 ng/ml. Conclusions: AT produces a sustained release of growth factors during a seven‐day period that is similar to BT at a 10:1 ratio. AT can be prepared simultaneously with the preparation of a PC.
105 Changes in Nitric Oxide Levels After Deep Dermal injury in the Female, Red Duroc Pig (FRDP)
Authors: Zhu KQ , Engrav LH , Muangman PM , Cole JK , Gibran NS 
Published: March 2007

Introduction: Hypertrophic scar is a devastating sequel to burns and other tangential skin injuries. It follows deep dermal injuries and does not occur after superficial injuries. Nitric oxide (NO) plays many important roles in wound healing from inflammation to scar remodeling. Studies have shown that expression of nitric oxide synthase and nitric oxide production are decreased in human hypertrophic scar. However little is known about NO involvement in the early stages of hypertrophic scarring, because of the lack of an animal model. It was recently reported that the female red Duroc pig (FRDP) makes thick scar, which is similar to human hypertrophic scar. We hypothesized that NO production in wounds on the female, red Duroc pig is similar to that of human hypertrophic scar and that NO involvement in deep wounds is different from that in superficial wounds. Methods: Superficial (0.015” to 0.030”) and deep (0.045” to 0.060”) wounds were created on the backs of four FRDPs. Biopsies were collected at weeks 1.5, 4, 8 and 21 post wounding including samples of uninjured skin. Nitric oxide levels were measured with the Griess reaction assay and normalized with tissue protein level. Results: Superficial wounds healed with an invisible scar whereas the deep wounds healed with scar resembling mild hypertrophic scar. The thickness of the scars from the deep wounds was significantly greater than uninjured skin and healed superficial wounds (p < 0.01). NO levels were increased at 1.5 weeks in deep wounds compared to superficial wounds and uninjured skin (p < 0.05). At 8 weeks, NO levels in deep wounds had returned to the level of uninjured tissue and superficial wounds. By 21 weeks, NO levels had decreased significantly when compared to superficial wounds (p < 0.01). There were no differences in NO levels between uninjured skin and superficial wounds at any time point (p > 0.05). Conclusions: NO production is similar in late, deep wounds on the female, red Duroc pig to that reported in the literature for human hypertrophic scar further validating this animal model. NO production is quite different after deep wounds as compared to superficial wounds in the FRDP. Early elevation in nitric oxide production might account for excessive inflammation in deep wounds that become thick scars in the FRDP. Nitric oxide regulators and effects at early stages of scar formation should be elucidated further and the FRDP appears to be a useful model.
110 A New Antimicrobial Alginate Dressing for Moderate to Heavily Exuding, Infected and Critically Colonised Wounds
Authors: Addison Deborah , Rennison Tracy Jane , Norris Sally‐Anne 
Published: March 2007

Aim
: An antimicrobial dressing that combines high absorbency and potent antimicrobial properties. The unique composition of the dressing manages exudates in moderate to heavily exuding, infected or critically colonised wounds, which creates a favourable environment for effective wound management.
Methods
: Two test methods were used to evaluate the antimicrobial properties of the dressing: 1) A zone of inhibition sensitivity test that challenges the dressing to a seeded agar plate and 2) A log reduction test that exposes a small sample of dressing against a high bacterial loaded broth, measuring the log reduction of the bacteria over a specified time period. The absorbency of the dressing was evaluated using British Pharmacopoeia test methods.
Results
: The antimicrobial dressing has been shown to be highly effective against a wide range of microorganisms, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Candida albicans and also against resistant organisms MRSE, MRSA and VRE. The product is highly absorbent with absorbency > 16 g/g and 16 g/m2.
115 Carbohydrate‐based Wound Dressings with Elastase‐lowering Activity
Authors: Edwards Vincent , Yager Dorne , Cohen Kelman , Goheen Steven 
Published: March 2007

The use of carbohydrate‐based wound dressings including cotton, xerogels, charcoal cloth, alginates, and hydrogels, for chronic wounds have afforded properties such as absorbency, ease of application and removal, bacterial protection, fluid balance, occlusion, and elasticity. An additional consideration is the use of the dressing to regulate proteolysis in the non‐healing wound. Elastase is a serine protease that has been associated with a variety of inflammatory diseases, and recently has been implicated as a destructive protease that impedes wound healing. The presence of elevated levels of elastase in non‐healing wounds has been associated with the degradation of important growth factors and fibronectin necessary for wound healing. Here we consider the design, preparation, and assessment of carbohydrate‐based wound dressings that either release protease inhibitors or act as sequestering agents to bind proteases such as elastase and thus reduce their high levels in the chronic wound. Carbohydrates ranging from small monosaccahrides up to large polysaccharides are crosslinked onto cotton wound dressings. The resulting carbohydrate conjugates of cotton cellulose possess unique properties advantageous for chronic wound treatment ranging from gelation and elasticity to elastase‐sequestering propertiesType in text here making sure it is in a single column format.
118 Dermagraft as an Adjunct in the Treatment of Venous Leg Ulcers
Authors: Snyder R.J. 
Published: March 2007

Aim: To document successful healing of a recalcitrant venous ulcer with adjunctive use of Dermagraft Materials and Methods: A 74‐year‐old Hispanic male presented with a chronic venous ulcer at the medial aspect of his right ankle. Biopsy failed to reveal malignancy and confirmed stasis changes. Treatment was ongoing including compression therapy, local debridements, and moist wound healing, off‐loading, and nutritional support. The wound remained free of infection. Due to the continued recalcitrant nature of the lesion multiple applications of Dermagraft were utilized to augment healing. Results: The researcher observed dramatic improvement in wound dimensions, wound contracture, and granulation tissue. Conclusions: Dermagraft appears to augment healing in patients with venous ulcers and may be useful as adjunctive therapy. Acknowledgements: Smith & Nephew Wound Management, Largo, Fl.
120 Laser Doppler Perfusion Imaging for the Assessment of Healing in Pressure Ulcers
Authors: Kekan M. , Feldman D. 
Published: March 2007

The standard clinical assessment parameter for skin wounds has been time to heal. There is a need for assessments that monitor the healing process and have been validated as indicators of clinical outcome. Although the Laser Doppler Perfusion Imager (LDPI) has been used to assess various wounds there is a need to validate it as a predictor of wound healing. Since this measure can have a high variability, previous studies were done to determine the key environmental and operational parameters as well to determine the correlation between blood perfusion and tissue oxygen levels. This helped determine the parameters to study as well the utility of using the change in blood perfusion after a provocation (e.g. heat) rather than the absolute blood perfusion level.The objectives of this study were to further determine operational parameters, to develop clinical protocols, and to begin the process of correlating blood perfusion values to clinical outcome. The effect of parameters such as light intensity, distance of the laser head from the skin, and skin pigmentation on blood perfusion were examined. Further, the relationship between skin temperature and blood perfusion was studied as well as the best ways to deliver this provocation clinically. Preliminary studies have helped determine the appropriate ranges for each parameter to give the most consistent readings. In addition, the best way to use the heat provocation has also been determined. In ongoing studies similar experiments are being carried out on pressure ulcers to assure these protocols work for clinical wounds. The best clinical protocols will then be used to validate the prognostic capabilities of the LDPI in terms of predicting wound healing rates (overall healing rate, epithelialization rate, and contraction rate).
121 Efficient Sequestration of Neutrophil‐derived Proteases by a Novel Polymeric Hydrogel
Authors: Vachon D.J. , Yager D.R. 
Published: March 2007

There is a growing interest in the development of wound dressings that possess functionality beyond providing physical protection and optimal moisture environment. To this end, a novel dressing material based on a sulfonated‐hydrocarbon backbone has been developed for the controlled release of therapeutic agents into chronic wounds. This versatile polymer possesses an ion‐exchange capability that makes it amenable for binding and releasing a variety of potential agents. Polymer backbone was coated onto polyester fabric and then modified by ion exchange to incorporate Na+, Ag+, or doxycycline onto the polymer. The ability of several formulations of this hydrocarbon backbone product to sequester elastase and neutrophil collagenase (MMP‐8) was then examined.Wound fluids containing elastase and MMP‐8 were obtained from pooled wound fluids obtained from consented patients with pressure ulcers. Equivalent weights of product formulations were incubated for 2–4 hours at 25 °C with the wound fluids and then the remaining activities of elastase and MMP‐8 determined using specific substrates (methoxysuucinyl‐ala‐ala‐pro‐val‐p‐nitroanilide and collagen type I respectively). Untreated polyester fabric served as a control and weight equivalents of gauze and Promogran® were also included for the purposes of comparison. The average reduction in apparent elastase activity in the wound fluid was 4%, 20.4%, 14%, 29%, and 55% for gauze, Promogran®, doxycycline, Ag+, and Na+ formulations respectively. Only Promogran® and the doxycycline formulation affected a decrease in apparent collagenolytic activity.These preliminary results provide evidence in support of the versatility of these new biomaterials for the controlled modulation of the chronic wound environment.
122 Microvascular Dressing for Burn Applications
Authors: Cabodi M. , Stroock A.D. , Staiano‐Coico L. , Yurt Roger 
Published: March 2007

Vascular structures are a ubiquitous element of living tissues that allow for efficient mass transfer with the bulk of the tissue. Reasons for the vascularization of tissue include: 1) efficiency of transport over large distances (>1 mm) by convection, 2) spatial control of delivery and evacuation of solute from the tissues, and 3) centralization of the influx and efflux from the tissue; this centralization allows for temporal control and monitoring to be performed. Many of these characteristics would also be valuable in synthetic materials designed for interaction with biological systems. We will present the design and fabrication of a wound dressing that incorporates microvasculature in the form of embedded microchannels. As in living systems, the basic principle behind our design is that active convection is used to carry solute over large distances, while diffusion acts over smaller distances.We will describe the microfabrication procedure, based on soft‐lithographic techniques, used to fabricate the microvascular dressing. We will also discuss the design parameters which are important for the optimization of mass transfer and a model of the system will be presented. We will report on the physical characterization of the system, with respect to the mass transport properties. Finally, we will discuss initial considerations about the use of these structures as wound dressings.
125 “MIST Ultrasound Therapy for Recalcitrant Wounds, A new approach”
Authors: Ennis William J. , Valdes Wesley , Meneses Patricio 
Published: March 2007

The use of adjunctive peri‐wound, ultrasound with either a 1 MgHz or 3 MgHz frequency has been reported on in the literature with variable results. MIST ultrasound therapy is a novel application of direct wound bed application of kilohertz ultrasound waves utilizing a normal saline mist as the coupling mechanism, allowing for no direct patient contact. The mist generated by the system is of relative uniform particle size and acts as a conduit of ultrasound energy. Unlike ultrasonic baths, which dissipate the vibrational energy over a large area, the transducer horn focuses the energy into a smaller area of application.The MIST™ system consists of an ultrasonic power supply (generator), a transducer (or alternately referred to as the converter), and an applicator coupled to the transducer. The generator converts voltage to high frequency electrical energy. This electrical energy is transmitted to the piezoelectric transducer within the converter, where it is changed to mechanical vibrations. The generator is designed to operate the converter at 40 kHz with a distal displacement of 60 microns. Published reports have described various biological effects of low frequency ultrasound including VEGF and PDGF production, increased protein synthesis, improved bone and wound healing. Other authors have published abstracts demonstrating clinical efficacy of this device on a broad range of patients with recalcitrant wounds. This report describes the clinical results of a prospective, non‐randomized, efficacy trial, adding MIST ultrasound therapy to current treatment protocols in recalcitrant wounds. Wound healing trajectories before and after treatment will be evaluated and wound healing will be assessed with laser Doppler image analysis and trans‐cutaneous oximetry.