bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vienna and the New Wohnkultur, 1918-1938
Authors: Jackson-Beckett Michelle 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Vienna and the New Wohnkultur, 1918–1938 examines interior design exhibitions, press, and debates about modern living in interwar Vienna, an overlooked area of modern European architecture and design history. The book argues for a reconsideration of the contours of European modernism. It analyzes varied interpretations of modern domestic culture (Wohnkultur) in Vienna and why these interpretations were distinct from other strands of European modernism. The book introduces new research and translations of primary sources on flexible, adaptable, and affordable design by architects, designers, and retailers. Vienna’s design discourse also prefigured important postmodern and contemporary discussions on historicism, eclecticism, empathy, and user experience. While the domestic sphere might seem tangential to the dire political situation and humanitarian crises of interwar Europe, it was nevertheless at the forefront of debates about cultural identity and economic policy in the Viennese press, culture, and arts. This book explores why and how the Viennese design landscape was set apart––aesthetically and theoretically––from other European explorations of modern design.
Wiener Raumkünstler
Authors: Jackson-Beckett Michelle 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the early policies of social reform and housing in Red Vienna and argues that the concepts of spatial art and interior design (Raumkunst) sought to bring modern, flexible domestic spaces to a much wider audience. Through primary research in archival records of the exhibition Wiener Raumkünstler (Viennese Spatial Artists or Interior Designers), this chapter shows how negative critical responses to luxurious interior design models in this exhibition related to a wider critical discourse led by Josef Frank against the fantasy of the modern home as a work of art. The chapter explains how the concept of user experience and user agency took on more importance in the early 1930s with rising political instability in Vienna and the worldwide economic depression, illustrating these concepts in the work of Felix Augenfeld, Oskar Strnad, and Fritz Czuczka.
Das befreite Handwerk
Authors: Jackson-Beckett Michelle 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter opens amidst the fallout from the Austrian Civil War of February 1934 and the fascist takeover of the Social Democratic regime in Vienna under the Austrian Corporatist State. Within this context, the chapter explores the Applied Arts Section of the Viennese Trade Cooperative Association staging of the exhibition, Das befreite Handwerk (The Liberated Handcraft) at the Austrian Museum of Art and Industry in 1934. This exhibition presented a carefully constructed narrative about the patriotic revivalism of local craft techniques for cabinetmaking, gilding, and materials. Many of those same techniques were continuously in use throughout the 1920s, largely by the same artisans and workshops. Further to the exhibition’s call for a revolutionary revival of craft, the show also celebrated nostalgia for the Wiener Moderne at the turn of the century. The chapter relates how the arts and culture program Neues Leben (New Living) that was established by the right-wing Vaterländische Front (Fatherland Front) staged related exhibitions of furniture and household goods. These exhibitions became the focus of debates about reactionary political propaganda in museums and what role Vienna’s modern Wohnkultur could play, if any, in a society increasingly overwhelmed by fascism.
The Commitment to Opacity in the First and Last of the New Worlds
Authors: Moore Dashiell 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The myth of Caribbean rootlessness and Aboriginal rootedness is tied to the historiographical trope of the ‘First Encounter’ between a European explorer and those Indigenous to the ‘New World’. This trope sets in motion a telos oriented by the discovery of what is first and last, a sequence that structures a coming age of interconnection and modernity. This chapter challenges this telos by considering a shared commitment to opacity by Caribbean and Aboriginal writers.
EMDR Therapy Treatment for Grief and Mourning
Authors: Solomon Roger M. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The loss of a loved one can be very painful, with the mourner losing an important source of safety, connection, and life balance. Even when uncomplicated, bereavement can have a significant impact on the mourner. Traumatic circumstances can intensify the grief and complicate the mourning process. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy, an evidenced-based treatment for trauma, can help process the trauma of the loss and the obstacles that interfere with the mourning process. This book presents an integrative model for EMDR therapy treatment of grief and mourning based on the Adaptive Information Processing model, which guides EMDR therapy. Several models of grief and mourning that inform EMDR treatment are presented, including a discussion of how attachment-based issues impact grief and mourning. A thorough description of the eight phases and three prongs (past, present, and future) of EMDR therapy are presented as it related to grief and mourning, with many case examples to illustrate treatment principles. After a loss there may be pain from the loss of connection to the deceased. EMDR therapy, in processing the trauma of the loss, can lead to positive, heartfelt memories emerging. This forms an adaptive inner representation of the loved one, based on these felt memories, which gives the mourner a sense of connection. Hence, EMDR therapy enables a mourner to move from the pain of “I can’t connect” to a felt sense of “I can connect,” transforming the relationship to the deceased and facilitating adaptation to the loss.
EMDR Therapy
Authors: Solomon Roger M. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is an evidenced-based, eight-phase, three-pronged protocol. EMDR therapy is guided by the Adaptive Information Processing model, which states that present problems are caused by maladaptively stored memories. Consequently, treatment proceeds with processing memories underlying present problems, present triggers, and installation of a future template for each trigger. The goal of EMDR therapy with loss is to enable adaptive progression through the mourning process. EMDR therapy promotes a natural healing process that will not take away anything a client needs, or that is true. Typically processing the trauma or distress of the loss enables a transformation of the attachment relationship to the loved one through the linking in of adaptive information such as meaningful, heartfelt memories. This gives rise to an adaptive inner representation enabling the mourner to move from a sense of “I cannot connect” to the loved one to “I can connect.”
Grief and Mourning
Authors: Solomon Roger M. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter on grief and mourning begins by defining bereavement and concepts pertaining to the bereavement process. People do not go through a rigid progression of stages to deal with grief, but rather individuals each find their own way. Grief is described as a person’s reaction to the loss and mourning as the process of adaptation to the loss. But there seems to be agreement on a broad framework of a shock phase, an emotional confrontation phase, and an accommodation phase. Emotional, physical, cognitive, and behavioral reactions to grief are described. The difference between grief and depression is illustrated.
Traumatic Bereavement
Authors: Solomon Roger M. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Traumatic bereavement occurs when the mourner’s grief is overpowered by the trauma of the circumstances. Trauma interferes with going through the mourning process, and the loss can interfere with dealing with the trauma. A sudden, unexpected, and traumatic death is more devasting than a death by natural causes. Risk factors for traumatic bereavement are discussed along with other factors, such as the death notification, viewing of the body, prolonged waiting, or failure to find a body. A major treatment implication is that the trauma of the loss has to be dealt with, and is often the first target of treatment.
Attachment Theory
Authors: Solomon Roger M. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Attachment style is an important determinant of how one deals with loss of a loved one, and it explains individual differences. Attachment styles result from interactions with caregivers. In terms of the Adaptive Information Processing system (AIP), attachment styles can be conceptualized as memory networks organized around child-caregiver interactions that guide relationships and provide a foundation of emotional information about self and other. The loss of a significant loved one in adulthood may evoke many of the same feelings and responses that accompanied separation from an attachment figure during childhood. Treatment of complicated mourning not only involves treating the trauma of the loss, but also the identification and processing of these maladaptively stored memories that were formative in the development of one’s attachment style and underlie current difficulties. Present triggers also need to be identified and processed, and a future template for each trigger installed.
The Dual Process Model of Grief
Authors: Solomon Roger M. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The Dual Process model emphasizes the importance of oscillation between dealing with loss-related stressors (Loss Orientation (LO)) and the stressors resulting from adapting to the changes that result from the loss (Restoration Orientation (RO)). Clients stuck in LO may need affect regulation strategies to lower emotional arousal. When ready, they need to reprocess the trauma of the loss, present triggers, and install future templates. It may help to reprocess early childhood memories relevant to an anxious attachment style to enhance capacity to move into RO and deal with life’s new challenges. Clients stuck in RO may need to approach emotions and memories of the deceased slowly. When clients can maintain dual awareness and stay present with emotions, reprocessing memories related to the death, present triggers and providing future templates is possible. Further, reprocessing early childhood memories relevant to an avoidant attachment style may help clients oscillate into LO.
Phase 2
Authors: Solomon Roger M. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The Preparation & Stabilization phase of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy prepares the client for the reprocessing of disturbing experiences. The client should meet readiness criteria (e.g., the ability to access the experience and stay present) and be provided with affect regulation strategies in accordance with their needs. The therapeutic alliance is of particularly importance in order to provide the trust and safety for the exploration and reprocessing of intense, disturbing memories. Specific education on grief and mourning, coping strategies according to clients’ needs, the Adaptive Information Processing model as it pertains to the treatment plan, the EMDR therapy process, and what to expect needs to be provided to the client.
Phase 3
Authors: Solomon Roger M. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The Phase 3 target assessment phase activates the memory as it is currently stored, and it is an essential step before engaging the adaptive information processing system in reprocessing. From an initial image or worst part, to the meaning of the event to the self (negative cognition), to a therapeutic direction (positive cognition) and a rating of how true it feels (validity of cognition), to the emotions, the intensity of the disturbance, and, finally, the location of the felt disturbance in the body, this phase not only optimally accesses and activates the memory for reprocessing but is good therapy in and of itself. With the memory being activated as it is currently stored, the desensitization (Phase 4) should immediately begin.
Ein Bericht aus einer Akademie
Authors: Allen Jason Grant 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter attempts to provide some clarity on some of the convoluted and uncomfortable questions that arise out of the ‘Jewish dimension’ of Mann’s life in order to ‘frame’ the Jewish dimension of the collective effort to understand Mann ‘the lawyer’ and describe ‘his legacy’. Therefore, this chapter is a dual exploration as it looks back at Mann and how the rejection of Jews from the German body politic became a determining influence in Mann’s personal and professional life, while also addressing the contemporary situation in German-speaking Europe today, especially Germany’s flagship project of building an Erinnerungskultur—a culture of remembrance—around the Holocaust and what the majority population did to its Jewish compatriots and the Jews of other European countries under the Third Reich.
Pragmatism Meets Praxisorientierung
Authors: König Christoph 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter seeks to understand FA Mann as a person who has a transnational biography. His is a biography created by an amalgamation of influences. For FA Mann, these influences can be described as Praxisorientierung and pragmatism. Praxisorientierung depicts FA Mann’s academic and intellectual upbringing in Interwar Berlin. Pragmatism describes FA Mann encountering Hersch Lauterpacht in London after moving there in 1933. It is the meeting of these influences that informed FA Mann’s specific style of thinking and writing that is more than a mere sum of its parts. This chapter will furthermore argue that this particular style can even inform modern discussions about Rechtsdogmatik, whereby the respective roles of legal academia and legal practice could be renegotiated.
The Influence of FA Mann on English Case Law
Authors: Collins Lawrence 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter endeavours to highlight the considerable contribution of the academic writing of FA Mann to judicial decisions in England and elsewhere. This contribution highlights two areas of law in which Mann’s writing had an important effect on the decisions of English courts (and also of the High Court of Australia), and in at least one case, a decisive effect. The two areas are (1) the application of the act of state doctrine to acts of state which are contrary to fundamental principles of human rights or to international law; and (2) the limits of the principle that a court will not enforce foreign public law.
FA Mann’s Conservative Revolution
Authors: Sommer Joseph H 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
FA Mann led a revolution: displacing gold in the legal imagination. This chapter discusses Mann’s revolution—and today’s reaction. Mann’s tactics were brilliant. His genius lay in the conservatism of his theory. Mann’s ‘legal’ theory of money replaced gold with the sovereign power of the state. This power was incarnate in the legal tender bank note. He therefore replaced one sacral object with another: metal with sovereignty. (Bank money, neither sovereign nor tangible, was not quite the thing.) His theory was beautifully suited to an era of more instability, less naturalism, and more nationalism. Mann had predecessors, but they were iconoclasts. Mann only wanted to dethrone gold and put another occupant on the same throne. His predecessors also wanted to tear down the throne. Mann’s predecessors are winning today. Their ‘social’ theories of money, mostly created before World War I, fit today’s monetary order better than Mann’s legal theory. These theories rely on social consensus secured by symbols, and perhaps a transactional hegemon. These theories handle nonstatal monies, immaterial monies, extra-territorial monies, evolving monies, and the quasi-legal tender status of credit transfers. They also include legal tender currency, and thus span Mann’s set. And legal tender currency is on the ropes—criminogenic and unhygienic. As a great revolutionary, Mann made a poor prophet. This is not necessarily a bad trade-off. Mann stayed true to his younger self. His fifth and last edition, published in 1992, remained true to his 1938 vision. But money has marched on.
Constitutional Dimensions of Monetary Authority under the Gold Standard and Bretton Woods
Authors: Bateman Will 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The leading monetary jurist of the 20th century, FA Mann, considered central banking to fall within ‘constitutional’ rather than ‘monetary’ law. Adopting that taxonomy, this chapter explores the constitutional dimensions of monetary authority during the first half of the 20th century: the Gold Standard and Bretton Woods. It maps the respective balance of constitutional power between parliamentary institutions and central banks under those monetary systems. Adding legal analysis to existing economic histories, it argues that, from a constitutional perspective, the salient transformation of monetary authority between the Gold Standard and Bretton Woods was the facilitation of parliamentary fiscal power to engage in new-money deficit spending despite inflationary effects. That institutional structure was achieved by legally segregating domestic and international monetary policy: requiring central banks to intervene in foreign-exchange markets to neutralize private-market movements against inflationary (and deflationary) fiscal policy. Impossible to implement under the Gold Standard, this segregation of exchange-rate stability and expansionary fiscal policy followed Keynesian constitutional recommendations and was entrenched in the specific legal norms governing UK and US foreign-exchange operations, namely the IMF Articles of Agreement and the operations of Bretton Woods central banks. It elevated parliamentary fiscal power over monetary authorities in a sharp break from prevailing constitutional practice. Those dynamics, and the institutional stressors they created, were clearly illustrated by the 1964–1967 Sterling Crises. Understanding those matters of constitutional and monetary history allows legal scholars to build a more complete understanding of Mann’s legal aspect, and state theory, of money.
Divided Power in Ancient Greece
Authors: Esu Alberto 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
By adopting the concept of divided power, this book makes a case for studying ancient Greek political decision-making as a multi-layered system of delegation and legal control. Scholars have debated on the nature and locus of sovereignty in the Classical and Hellenistic Greek poleis by adopting institutional, rhetorical or ideological approaches. By concentrating on the institutional design of decree-making, this new study aims to move beyond unitary and hierarchical understandings of sovereignty and presents a new view of power as divided and horizontally-organized between different decision-making institutions each one with its discourse and expertise. This book aims to reorient the interpretation of Greek political decision-making through a new institutionalist perspective, reaffirming the normative importance of political institutions as factors shaping collective the behaviour of decision-makers. Part I explores the mechanisms of delegation of deliberative power in decree-making in Classical Athens, Mytilene and Hellenistic Megalopolis. Part II discusses the procedures of legal control and judicial review in the Classical and Hellenistic periods. Divided Power was a feature of both democratic and non-democratic constitutions across the Greek World and the analysis of its institutional manifestations contributes to our understanding of discourses and norms of political life in the ancient Greek city-states.
Divided Power in Mytilene and Megalopolis
Authors: Esu Alberto 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter expands the exploration of practices of institutional delegation and divided power in late fourth-century Mytilene and second-century Megalopolis. It demonstrates that the delegation of decree-making authority to the Council was a widespread feature of Greek divided power and studies its evolution from the late Classical to the late Hellenistic period. It places the role of delegation clauses in the context of Mytilenean political history and analyses the reconciliation decree after the reestablishment of the democracy in 333 bce. The chapter compares delegation of authority in Classical Athens and Mytilene with the practice found in Hellenistic Megalopolis. It analyses the phenomenon of divided power and delegation when civic boulai across the Greek world were morphing into elitist sunedria. The analysis of the two case studies shows continuity in delegation practice as well as processes of institutional change and conversion of delegation in line with the new socio-political environment of the Hellenistic period.
Divided Power in the Athenian Assembly
Authors: Esu Alberto 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter continues the investigation of the balance between deliberation and legal consistency in Greek divided power. It discusses the procedure of adeia (immunity) in fifth-century Athenian assembly decision-making. It argues that adeia was designed to grant a temporary suspension of any given law in exceptional circumstances without allowing for any permanent legal change. This chapter explores the terminology of immunity and shows that it was connected with the emotion of fear and the traditional nomothetic ideology of Greek legislative practice. It reconstructs the procedural details of adeia as they emerge from the epigraphical and literary evidence and shows that adeia was an innovative legal institution created to allow the dēmos to overcome entrenchment clauses. Finally, the chapter explores how adeia established a form of divided power within the assembly by creating an incomplete rule of legal change through which the dēmos could negotiate between legal stability and legal change during assembly decree-making.
The Anglo-American Military Relationship
Authors: Rees Wyn 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This book argues that Anglo-American military cooperation makes an important contribution to the ‘Special Relationship’ and that this has frequently been neglected in the literature. It uses a conceptual lens of historical institutionalism to provide insights into how military doctrine, practical cooperation, and narratives underpin the way the British military have worked with their American counterparts in the post-Cold War era. The British have found military cooperation with US armed forces difficult to achieve because of their greater size and strength. This pattern of cooperation has been occurring within a dynamic environment in which the nature of warfare has been evolving. New digital technologies have been transforming the battlespace and the post-Cold War period has enabled the two sides to intervene in emergencies where the use of force has been employed in highly selective ways. The US and the UK have been called upon to fashion new military doctrines to address peacebuilding and nation-building tasks and prepare to encounter adversaries who pursued asymmetric military strategies. Aligning with the US military has generated risks as well as benefits for UK armed forces. It has required the UK to sustain a breadth of capabilities and to engage in tasks that have weighed heavily upon its resources. It has led British decision-makers to look at global problems through a lens conditioned by US priorities. This has led to tensions between the two sides that are explored in the book.
Conclusion
Authors: Rees Wyn 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter seeks to draw the threads of the book together. It reflects on how the British military have cultivated a close institutional relationship with the US across various war fighting domains. By doing so it has generated expectations of cooperation and enabled British armed forces to adapt to new demands alongside their American counterparts. British determination to be America’s partner of choice has not always translated into influence of US policy, however. The chapter also looks ahead to how the military relationship between the two countries might develop in the future.