bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Weight Bias among Health Professionals Specializing in Obesity
Authors: Schwartz Marlene B. , Chambliss Heather O'Neal , Brownell Kelly D. , Blair Steven N. , Billington Charles 
Published: April 2008

AbstractPurpose: To determine the level of anti‐fat bias in health professionals specializing in obesity and identify personal characteristics that correlate with both implicit and explicit bias.Research Methods and Procedures: The Implicit Associations Test (IAT) and a self‐report questionnaire assessing explicit attitudes, personal experiences with obesity, and demographic characteristics was administered to clinicians and researchers attending the opening session of an international obesity conference (N = 389). The IAT was used to assess overall implicit weight bias (associating “obese people” and “thin people” with “good” vs. “bad”) and three ranges of stereotypes: lazy‐motivated, smart‐stupid, and valuable‐worthless. The questionnaire assessed explicit bias on the same dimensions, along with personal and professional experiences with obesity.Results: Health professionals exhibited a significant pro‐thin, anti‐fat implicit bias on the IAT. In addition, the subjects significantly endorsed the implicit stereotypes of lazy, stupid, and worthless using the IAT. Level of bias was associated with several personal characteristics. Characteristics significantly predictive of lower levels of implicit anti‐fat bias include being male, older, having a positive emotional outlook on life, weighing more, having friends who are obese, and indicating an understanding of the experience of obesity.Discussion: Even professionals whose careers emphasize research or the clinical management of obesity show very strong weight bias, indicating pervasive and powerful stigma. Understanding the extent of anti‐fat bias and the personal characteristics associated with it will aid in developing intervention strategies to ameliorate these damaging attitudes.
Effect of Lifestyle Modification on Adipokine Levels in Obese Subjects with Insulin Resistance
Authors: Monzillo Lais U. , Hamdy Osama , Horton Edward S. , Ledbury Sarah , Mullooly Cathy , Jarema Catherine , Porter Satoko , Ovalle Kerry , Moussa Amr , Mantzoros Christos S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To study the effect of weight loss in response to a lifestyle modification program on the circulating levels of adipose tissue derived cytokines (adipokines) in obese individuals with insulin resistance.Research Methods and Procedures: Twenty‐four insulin‐resistant obese subjects with varying degrees of glucose tolerance completed a 6‐month program consisting of combined hypocaloric diet and moderate physical activity. Adipokines [leptin, adiponectin, resistin, tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6)] and highly sensitive C‐reactive protein were measured before and after the intervention. Insulin sensitivity index was evaluated by the frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test.Results: Participants had a 6.9 ± 0.1 kg average weight loss, with a significant improvement in sensitivity index and reduction in plasma leptin (27.8 ± 3 vs. 23.6 ± 3 ng/mL, p = 0.01) and IL‐6 (2.75 ± 1.51 vs. 2.3 ± 0.91 pg/mL, p = 0.012). TNF‐α levels tended to decrease (2.3 ± 0.2 vs. 1.9 ± 0.1 pg/mL, p = 0.059). Adiponectin increased significantly only among diabetic subjects. The reductions in leptin were correlated with the decreases in BMI (r = 0.464, p < 0.05) and with changes in highly sensitive C‐reactive protein (r = 0.466, p < 0.05).Discussion: Weight reduction in obese individuals with insulin resistance was associated with a significant decrease in leptin and IL‐6 and a tendency toward a decrease in circulating TNF‐α, whereas adiponectin was increased only in diabetic subjects. Further studies are needed to elucidate the relationship between changes of adipokines and the health benefits of weight loss.
Decrease in Serum Adiponectin Level Due to Obesity and Visceral Fat Accumulation in Children
Authors: Asayama Kohtaro , Hayashibe Hidemasa , Dobashi Kazushige , Uchida Norihiko , Nakane Takaya , Kodera Kohji , Shirahata Akira , Taniyama Matsuo 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To determine whether serum adiponectin is decreased in obesity and is restored toward normal level after treatment in children.Research Methods and Procedures: Subjects were 53 Japanese obese children, 33 boys and 20 girls (6 to 14 years old), and 30 age‐matched nonobese controls for measuring adiponectin (16 boys and 14 girls). Blood was drawn after an overnight fast, and the obese children were subjected to anthropometric measurements including waist and hip circumferences and skinfold thicknesses. Paired samples were obtained from 21 obese children who underwent psychoeducational therapy. Visceral adipose tissue area was measured by computed tomography. Adiponectin was assayed by an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.Results: The serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, uric acid, triglyceride, total cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol, total cholesterol/high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol, apo B, apo B/apo A1, and insulin in obese children were higher than the reference values. Serum adiponectin level was lower in the obese children than in the controls (6.4 ± 0.6 vs. 10.2 ± 0.8 mg/L, means ± SEM, p < 0.001). In 21 obese children whose percent overweight declined during therapy, the adiponectin level increased (p = 0.002). The adiponectin level was correlated inversely with visceral adipose tissue area in obese children (r = −0.531, p < 0.001). The inverse correlations of adiponectin with alanine aminotransferase, uric acid, and insulin were significant after being adjusted for percentage overweight, percentage body fat, or sex.Discussion: Serum adiponectin level is decreased in obese children depending on the accumulation of visceral fat and is restored toward normal level by slimming.
Influence of an Interpersonal Laboratory Stressor on Youths’ Choice to Be Physically Active
Authors: Roemmich James N. , Gurgol Catherine M. , Epstein Leonard H. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To determine whether interpersonal stress reduces youths’ motivation to exercise in a laboratory setting.Research Methods and Procedures: Physical activity and sedentary behavior were measured in boys and girls across a control day, after reading children's magazines, and on a stress day, after giving a videotaped speech. For one analysis, children were divided into low (n = 12) and high (n = 13) heart‐rate reactivity groups based on changes in heart rate to stress. In a second analysis, children were divided into low and high perceived level of stress based on changes in perceived stress. To determine differences in choice of exercise or sedentary behavior across the control and stress conditions, subjects chose either to exercise for progressively longer periods to earn a monetary reinforcer or to engage in a high‐rated sedentary behavior.Results: The choice to exercise was influenced by stress reactivity differently in the stress and control conditions. Low heart‐rate reactive children participated in similar (p > 0.50) amounts of exercise on the stress and control days, but high heart‐rate reactive children participated in less (p < 0.01) exercise (22.0 ± 2.5 vs. 26.3 ± 2.2 minutes) on the stress than control days. When grouped by change in perceived stress, there were no group differences, but subjects exercised longer (p < 0.01) on the control day than the stress day.Discussion: Interpersonal stress decreased exercise in children susceptible to interpersonal stress. Stress‐induced alterations in health behaviors may lead to weight gain in children.
Effect of Carbohydrate Overfeeding on Whole Body and Adipose Tissue Metabolism in Humans
Authors: Minehira Kaori , Bettschart Vincent , Vidal Hubert , Vega Nathalie , Di Vetta Véronique , Rey Valentine , Schneiter Philippe , Tappy Luc 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To evaluate the effect of a 4‐day carbohydrate overfeeding on whole body net de novo lipogenesis and on markers of de novo lipogenesis in subcutaneous adipose tissue of healthy lean humans.Research Methods and Procedures: Nine healthy lean volunteers (five men and four women) were studied after 4 days of either isocaloric feeding or carbohydrate overfeeding. On each occasion, they underwent a metabolic study during which their energy expenditure and net substrate oxidation rates (indirect calorimetry), and the fractional activity of the pentose‐phosphate pathway in subcutaneous adipose tissue (subcutaneous microdialysis with 1, 613C2, 6, 62H2 glucose) were assessed before and after administration of glucose. Adipose tissue biopsies were obtained at the end of the experiments to monitor mRNAs of key lipogenic enzymes.Results: Carbohydrate overfeeding increased basal and postglucose energy expenditure and net carbohydrate oxidation. Whole body net de novo lipogenesis after glucose loading was markedly increased at the expense of glycogen synthesis. Carbohydrate overfeeding also increased mRNA levels for the key lipogenic enzymes sterol regulatory element‐binding protein‐1c, acetyl‐CoA carboxylase, and fatty acid synthase. The fractional activity of adipose tissue pentose‐phosphate pathway was 17% to 22% and was not altered by carbohydrate overfeeding.Discussion: Carbohydrate overfeeding markedly increased net de novo lipogenesis at the expense of glycogen synthesis. An increase in mRNAs coding for key lipogenic enzymes suggests that de novo lipogenesis occurred, at least in part, in adipose tissue. The pentose‐phosphate pathway is active in adipose tissue of healthy humans, consistent with an active role of this tissue in de novo lipogenesis.
Role of the DGAT Gene C79T Single‐Nucleotide Polymorphism in French Obese Subjects
Authors: Coudreau Sylvie Kipfer , Tounian Patrick , Bonhomme Geneviève , Froguel Philippe , Girardet Jean‐Philippe , Guy‐Grand Bernard , Basdevant Arnaud , Clément Karine 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAcyl‐coenzyme A, diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT), is a key enzyme involved in adipose‐cell triglyceride storage. A 79‐bp T‐to‐C single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) on the 3′ region of the DGAT transcriptional site has been reported to increase promoter activity and is associated with higher BMI in Turkish women. To validate the possible role of this genetic variant in obesity, as well as the variant's possible cellular‐functional significance, we performed an association study between the T79C change and several obesity‐related phenotypes in 1357 obese French adults and children. The prevalence of the T79C SNP was similar between obese adults and children when each group was compared with the controls. (CC genotype carrier frequencies were 0.25 to 0.29 in the obese groups and 0.21 in controls; p > 0.05.) In each of the obese adult and child groups studied, the T79C variant was not found to be associated with any of the obesity‐related phenotypes tested. Although the T79C SNP of the DGAT gene was studied in several groups of white subjects, the association between this SNP and obesity‐related phenotypes, previously described, was not confirmed in our population.
Primary Care Physicians’ Attitudes about Obesity and Its Treatment
Authors: Foster Gary D. , Wadden Thomas A. , Makris Angela P. , Davidson Duncan , Sanderson Rebecca Swain , Allison David B. , Kessler Amy 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: This study was designed to assess physicians’ attitudes toward obese patients and the causes and treatment of obesity.Research Methods and Procedures: A questionnaire assessed attitudes in 2 geographically representative national random samples of 5000 primary care physicians. In one sample (N = 2500), obesity was defined as a BMI of 30 to 40 kg/m2, and in the other (N = 2500), obesity was defined as a BMI > 40.Results: Six hundred twenty physicians responded. They rated physical inactivity as significantly more important than any other cause of obesity (p < 0.0009). Two other behavioral factors—overeating and a high‐fat diet—received the next highest mean ratings. More than 50% of physicians viewed obese patients as awkward, unattractive, ugly, and noncompliant. The treatment of obesity was rated as significantly less effective (p < 0.001) than therapies for 9 of 10 chronic conditions. Most respondents (75%), however, agreed with the consensus recommendations that a 10% reduction in weight is sufficient to improve obesity‐related health complications and viewed a 14% weight loss (i.e., 78 ± 5 kg from an initial weight of 91 kg) as an acceptable treatment outcome. More than one‐half (54%) would spend more time working on weight management issues if their time was reimbursed appropriately.Discussion: Primary care physicians view obesity as largely a behavioral problem and share our broader society's negative stereotypes about the personal attributes of obese persons. Practitioners are realistic about treatment outcomes but view obesity treatment as less effective than treatment of most other chronic conditions.
Trends in Waist Circumference among U.S. Adults
Authors: Ford Earl S. , Mokdad Ali H. , Giles Wayne H. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Waist circumference has been proposed as a measure of obesity or as an adjunct to other anthropometric measures to determine obesity. Our objective was to examine temporal trends in waist circumference among adults in the U.S.Research Methods and Procedures: We used data from 15, 454 participants ≥20 years old in National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III (1988 to 1994) and 4024 participants ≥20 years old from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999 to 2000.Results: The unadjusted waist circumference increased from 95.3 (age‐adjusted, 96.0 cm) to 98.6 (age‐adjusted, 98.9 cm) cm among men and from 88.7 (age‐adjusted 88.9 cm) to 92.2 (age‐adjusted 92.1 cm) cm among women. The percentiles from the two surveys suggest that much of the waist circumference distribution has shifted. Statistically significant increases occurred among all age groups and racial or ethnic groups except men 30 to 59 years old, women 40 to 59 and ≥70 years old, and women who were Mexican American or of “other” race or ethnicity.Discussion: These results demonstrate the rapid increase in obesity, especially abdominal obesity, among U.S. adults. Unless measures are taken to slow the increase in or reverse the course of the obesity epidemic, the burden of obesity‐associated morbidity and mortality in the U.S. can be expected to increase substantially in future years.
Effect of Family History of Type 2 Diabetes on White Blood Cell Count in Adult Women
Authors: Pannacciulli Nicola , Giorgino Francesco , Martina Raffaele A. , Resta Onofrio , Giorgino Riccardo , De Pergola Giovanni 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To evaluate the effect of a first‐degree family history of type 2 diabetes on white blood cell (WBC) count, a risk factor for atherosclerotic vascular disease, in glucose‐tolerant adult womenResearch Methods and Procedures: WBC count was measured in 174 normal weight, overweight, and obese female offspring of type 2 diabetic patients (FH+) and 174 age‐ and BMI‐matched female controls with no family history of type 2 diabetes (FH−). Other measurements included fat mass (FM), measured by body impedance analysis; central fat accumulation, evaluated by waist circumference; insulin resistance, estimated by homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMAIR); systolic and diastolic blood pressure; and fasting concentrations of glucose, insulin, and lipids.Results: WBC count, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, and fasting levels of glucose, insulin, and triglycerides were significantly higher in FH+ than in FH− subjects. In FH+ individuals, WBC count was positively associated with BMI, FM, waist circumference, HOMAIR, and triglyceride and insulin concentrations, and negatively correlated with age and high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol. In FH− subjects, WBC count was directly associated with BMI, FM, waist circumference, and triglyceride and insulin concentrations, and inversely correlated with age and high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol. After multivariate analyses, WBC count maintained a significant association with age, systolic blood pressure, and HOMAIR in FH+ subjects and with age, BMI, FM, and triglycerides in FH− individuals.Discussion: This study indicates that WBC count is increased in adult women with genetic predisposition to type 2 diabetes, and its main correlates are insulin resistance in FH+ and adiposity in FH− individuals.
A Festschrift for Roland L. Weinsier: Nutrition Scientist, Educator, and Clinician1
Authors: Heimburger Douglas C. , Allison David B. , Goran Michael I. , Heini Adrian F. , Hensrud Donald D. , Hunter Gary R. , Klein Samuel , Kumanyika Shiriki K. , Kushner Robert F. , Rolls Barbara J. , Schoeller Dale , Schutz Yves , Klein Samuel , Hunter Gary R. , Allison David B. , Schutz Yves , Schoeller Dale , Goran Michael I. , Rolls Barbara J. , Hensrud Donald D. , Heini Adrian F. , Kumanyika Shiriki , Kushner Robert F. , Heimburger Douglas C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractRoland L. Weinsier, M.D., Dr.P.H., devoted himself to the fields of nutrition and obesity for more than 35 years. He contributed outstanding work related to the treatment of obesity through dietary and lifestyle change; metabolic/energetic influences on obesity, weight loss, and weight regain; body composition changes accompanying weight loss and regain; the health benefits and risks of weight loss; nutrition education for physicians; and nutrition support of sick patients. He served on the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) National Task Force on Prevention and Treatment of Obesity, as Chair of the University of Alabama at Birmingham's Department of Nutrition Sciences, and as Founder and Director of its NIDDK‐funded Clinical Nutrition Research Center. He was a long‐time and active member of NAASO, serving in the roles of Councilor, Publications Committee Chair, Continuing Medical Education Course Director, Public Relations Committee Chair, and Membership Committee Co‐Chair, to name just a few. He was well respected as a staunch defender of NAASO's scientific integrity in these roles. Sadly, Roland Weinsier died on November 27, 2002. He will be missed and remembered by many as a revered and beloved teacher, mentor, healer, and scholar.
Pathways to Obesity Prevention: Report of a National Institutes of Health Workshop1
Authors: Kumanyika Shiriki K. , Obarzanek Eva 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThere is an extensive research base on obesity treatment and on the health benefits of weight loss, but relatively little research has focused on obesity prevention. This article summarizes results of a workshop conducted by investigators funded under a National Institutes of Health initiative designed to stimulate novel research for obesity prevention. The 20 pilot studies funded under this initiative involved study populations that were diverse with respect to life stage and ethnicity, were conducted in a variety of natural and research settings, and involved a mix of interventions, including face‐to‐face group and individual counseling, as well as mail, telephone, and internet‐based approaches. The workshop, which occurred approximately halfway through the 3‐year funding period, emphasized concepts and experiences related to initiating and conducting obesity prevention studies. Investigators discussed theoretical perspectives as well as various challenges encountered, for example, in study implementation in different clinical and community settings, in working with children and families, and in studying pregnant and postpartum women. Other topics discussed included the difficulty of motivating individuals for prevention of weight gain, relevant cultural and racial/ethnic considerations, and the particular need for valid and practical measures of energy balance, body composition, and physical fitness in obesity prevention research. A key conclusion was that using obesity treatment as the primary paradigm may be a limiting perspective for considering obesity prevention issues. Further insights derived from the workshop deliberations are reflected in a detailed list of recommendations for future obesity prevention research.
Variance‐Component Analysis of Obesity in Type 2 Diabetes Confirms Loci on Chromosomes 1q and 11q
Authors: van Tilburg Jonathan H.O. , Sandkuijl Lodewijk A. , Strengman Eric , Pearson Peter L. , van Haeften Timon W. , Wijmenga Cisca 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTo study genetic loci influencing obesity in nuclear families with type 2 diabetes, we performed a genome‐wide screen with 325 microsatellite markers that had an average spacing of 11 cM and a mean heterozygosity of ∼75% covering all 22 autosomes. Genotype data were obtained from 562 individuals from 178 families from the Breda Study Cohort. These families were determined to have at least two members with type 2 diabetes. As a measure of obesity, the BMI of each diabetes patient was determined. The genotypes were analyzed using variance components (VCs) analysis implemented in GENEHUNTER 2 to determine quantitative trait loci influencing BMI. The VC analysis revealed two genomic regions showing VC logarithm of odds (LOD) scores ≥1.0 on chromosome 1 and chromosome 11. The regions of interest on both chromosomes were further investigated by fine‐mapping with additional markers, resulting in a VC LOD score of 1.5 on chromosome 1q and a VC LOD of 2.4 on chromosome 11q. The locus on chromosome 1 has been implicated previously in diabetes. The locus on chromosome 11 has been implicated previously in diabetes and obesity. Our study to determine linkage for BMI confirms the presence of quantitative trait loci influencing obesity in subjects with type 2 diabetes on chromosomes 1q31‐q42 and 11q14‐q24.
Moderate Exercise and Fibrinolytic Potential in Obese Sedentary Men with Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Morris Penelope J. , Packianathan C. Ira , van Blerk Catherine J. , Finer Nicholas 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To investigate the impact of 30‐minute walking exercise at 70% Vo2max on tissue plasminogen activator (t‐PA) Ag and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI‐1) Ag in obese sedentary males.Research Methods and Procedures: A controlled observational study of the effect of a 30‐minute acute exercise bout at 70% Vo2max on plasma t‐PA antigen and PAI‐1 antigen in 10 obese sedentary males matched for age, ethnic origin, and smoking status with 10 nonobese sedentary male controls.Results: The obese group remained hypofibrinolytic compared with the nonobese group at all time‐points before, during, and after exercise. t‐PA increased in both groups with exercise before returning to baseline values 30 minutes after exercise. PAI‐1 did not significantly change in either group with exercise but rose significantly 30 minutes after exercise in the obese group.Discussion: The reduction in fibrinolytic potential in the obese group represents an increase in acute thrombotic risk and could account for the increased incidence of exercise‐associated myocardial infarction observed in sedentary obese groups.