bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The U.S. Secession Crisis as a Breakdown of Democracy
Authors: Grodzins Dean , Moss David 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Reassessing the question of why so many Southern states rejected the outcome of the 1860 presidential election, deciding to secede from the Union rather than recognize Lincoln’s victory, this chapter suggests that Southern secession grew out of a long process of democratic erosion and distorted decision-making over the previous thirty or more years. As fears of slave insurrections began to grow among white Southerners, especially following Walker’s abolitionist Appeal in 1829 and Turner’s Rebellion in 1831, many Southern states began enacting statutes aggressively limiting speech that was critical of slavery. In time, with virtually all dissent against slavery and its consequences silenced, many Southern political leaders apparently came to believe their own propaganda about the moral and economic superiority of their social system, rooted in slavery, and they proved strangely confident that the South could prevail against a larger and far more industrialized North when contemplating secession in 1860–1861.
The Failures of Czech Democracy, 1918–1948
Authors: Connelly John 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Before it collapsed in 1948, Czechoslovakian democracy had faced erosion for decades. At the dawn of the first Czechoslovak Republic in 1918, the nation was positioned for democratic success, with relatively high incomes, high education levels, low inequality, and a well-developed civil society. The democracy that took shape, however, was contorted by Czechs’ desire to dominate the political system in a multiethnic state. When democracy was reconstituted after World War II, it retained a nationalist bent, but with Communists within the National Front government. The trauma of Munich in 1938 and the war itself had turned allegiances away from the West and toward the Soviet Union. Despite receiving only 10% of the vote in 1930s elections, Communists met no resistance from the National Front. Their coalition government trampled over individual rights, rule of law, and human decency. This culminated in the coup in 1948, when Communists seized full control without firing a shot.
Why Russia’s Democracy Broke
Authors: Miller Chris 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter characterizes Russia’s democratic breakdown in the early 2000s as a slide into authoritarianism with a strongman at its center. Vladimir Putin leveraged close relationships with the nation’s security services to destroy the oligarchs’ hold on Russian politics. By eliminating his political competition, Putin rebuilt the one-party state around himself. Before Putin became president, Russia’s political system was only marginally democratic, but at least elections were competitive, mainly as competitions between oligarchs. Under Putin, all media came under state control, political opposition became pointless or even suicidal, and elections became predictable. These moves generated little opposition—partly because there was minimal support for democracy to begin with, given anti-Western propaganda under the Soviets and Russia’s poor economic performance as a democracy in the 1990s. Even among democracy’s proponents, widespread fear of a Weimar-style extremist putsch made Putin’s assertion of strength from the center reassuring.
Why the Nineties Matter
Authors: Anderson Terry H. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Why the Nineties Matters examines the significant events, people, themes from the collapse of the Soviet Union and Desert Storm to the Tragedy of 9/11. Politically the book concerns the elections of 1992, 1996, 2000, the administrations of George H. W. Bush and Bill Clinton, and legislation they signed that changed America and foreign policies in Iraq, Middle East, Bosnia, and Northern Ireland that altered the world. After the 1994 midterm election Newt Gingrich decreased bipartisanship as compromise became a dirty word to many conservative Republicans. Gingrich shut down the government instead of compromising on the budget; this became more commonplace. Socially, angry white men appeared and proliferated, contributing to the rise of militias, conservative talk radio, and a new network airing their views, Fox News. Mid-decade was the Nervous Nineties, demonstrated by many events including the HIV/AIDS pandemic, Japanese economic competition, Ruby Ridge, the Waco siege, and the Oklahoma City bombing. Technological advances included the Hubble Space Telescope, mapping the human genome, laptops, the dot.com revolution, and smart cellphones. Culturally, many themes accelerated contributing to Anything Goes America. Obscenity, four-letter words, and pornography moved into the mainstream, continually broadcast over the internet. Hip-hop became the most popular music genre, and reality TV shows proliferated. The end of the century witnessed the Anything Goes President immersed in a year-long scandal involving Monica Lewinsky, and his impeachment. The book ends with the strange 2000 election, the tragic 9/11 attack, and conclusions that answer Why the Nineties Matter.
China’s Impact on the Global Potash Market
Authors: Massot Pascale 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines China’s impact on the global potash market. When China emerged as dominant importer of potash, the global market presented many similarities with the global iron ore market. It was heavily concentrated, had been stable for decades, and was home to a negotiated benchmark pricing regime. In the potash case, the emergence of China was followed by the fall of one of the two largest global marketing cartels, the Belarusian Potash Company, in 2013. Overall, however, the benchmark pricing system survives until today (2023), with China as the lead benchmark price negotiator. The global potash pricing regime saw some liberalization but has shown more resilience than in the iron ore case. This chapter argues that the explanation lies in the balance of market power between Chinese domestic and global market stakeholders, especially the high level of market coordination, procurement, and negotiation by Chinese importers.
China’s Impact on the Global Uranium and Copper Markets
Authors: Massot Pascale 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter evaluates China’s impact on the global uranium and copper markets. China emerged as the number one importer of uranium in 2010, with 31 percent of world imports. In this case, given China’s favorable balance of market power, Chinese market stakeholders were less constrained in fulfilling procurement needs. In turn, global uranium market institutions have seen a high degree of continuity (accompanied by financialization), as China supported existing long-term pricing mechanisms. In the copper case, China emerged as the number one importer in 2008, with 28 percent of global imports. Here, both Chinese and global market stakeholders were in a more fragmented position, while the global market had already been financialized prior to China’s emergence. Here, China’s emergence, given its fragmented nature at the interface with the global market, initially pushed market institutions further in the direction of liberalization. Subsequently, Chinese stakeholders attempted to increase market coordination, with limited results.
Knowledge and Sense in Frege
Authors: Heck Richard Kimberly 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Largely historical in its approach, this chapter develops an interpretation of the famous remarks at the beginning of Frege’s paper “On Sense and Reference”. Contrary to how these remarks have often been understood, the problem Frege is raising here does not concern such sentences as “Lois does not know that Clark can fly” but, rather, ‘simple’ sentences such as “Clark can fly” and “Superman can fly”. Frege’s key observation is that that sentences play different roles in communication: the beliefs they express, and to which acceptance of them gives rise, are different. The central question is then whether this observation can be used to show that these sentences have different meanings, or ‘senses’, and if so how.
Solving Frege’s Puzzle
Authors: Heck Richard Kimberly 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
So-called ‘Frege cases’ pose a challenge for anyone who would hope to treat the contents of beliefs (and similar mental states) as Russellian propositions: It is then impossible to explain people’s behavior in Frege cases without invoking non-intentional features of their mental states, and doing that seems to undermine the intentionality of psychological explanation. This chapter develops the strongest form of this objection and offers a response to it. Psychological explanation must invoke non-intentional features of mental states, but it is of crucial importance which such features must be referenced. It emerges from a careful reading of Frege’s own view that we need only invoke ‘formal’ relations between mental states, and referencing such ‘formal’ relations within psychological explanation does not undermine its intentionality in the way that invoking, say, neurological features would. The central worry about this view is that either (a) ‘formal’ relations bring narrow content in through the back door or (b) ‘formal’ relations end up doing all the explanatory work. Various forms of each worry are discussed. The crucial point is that the present strategy for responding to Frege cases is not available either to the ‘psycho-Fregean’, who would identify the content of a belief with its truth-value, nor even to someone who would identify the content of a belief with a set of possible worlds. It requires the sort of rich semantic structure that is distinctive of Russellian propositions.
Introduction
Authors: Gomes Anil 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
What connection, if any, is there between being self-conscious and being related to an objective world? Descartes and Kant, in different ways and with different emphases, argued that self-conscious subjects must be related to an objective world. This Introduction introduces the Cartesian and Kantian projects and summarizes the argument of the book: that self-consciousness requires faith in oneself as the agent of one’s thinking and that this faith is sustained by a practice of holding and being held accountable for our judgements, one which relates us to a world of other people. The argument is presented over the following five chapters.
Implementation of the proposal
Authors: Isac Daniela 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Chapter 4 discusses in detail each of the definiteness patterns introduced in Chapter 3. The derivations are shown for each pattern by type of Number head. The typology of Number heads has to do with the exact feature of the Number head that is associated with an EPP: the [N] feature, the [c(ontrast)] feature or the [a(naphoric] feature. Given that each language has a different subset of Number heads in its lexicon, one and the same structure could have different outcomes with respect to which sub-constituent gets attracted to the Number Phrase and hence yield different possible realizations of the definite article. The derivations are discussed not only for regular definite DPs, but also for objects of prepositions. This is important because prepositions may have a direct effect on the overt realization of the definite article in these languages.
From selfish genes to social beings
Authors: Silvertown Jonathan 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Natural selection favours genes for behaviours that increase the representation of those genes in future generations. But altruists do the reverse, helping others at a cost to themselves. Explaining self-sacrifice was, Darwin wrote, ‘by far the most serious special difficulty, which my theory has encountered’. How can beings such as worker bees that leave no offspring evolve in the first place? The solution suggested by Darwin is that all members of the bee colony belong to the same family so, in modern parlance, they share genes. Sterile castes are really no different in this respect to the kidney cells in your body. Their form and function are commanded by shared genes that are transmitted by other team members that are specialized for reproduction. William D. Hamilton came up with the simple rule that a gene for helping a relative will be favoured by natural selection if the cost to the helper is less than the benefit to the recipient multiplied by the degree of relatedness. This kind of natural selection, called kin selection, neatly explains the evolution of sterile castes in eusocial insects (bees, ants) and mammals (mole rats). There is a problem, though, which is that humans show altruistic behaviour to non-relatives as well as to kin. Here is the familiar question all over again: how do selfish genes make social beings like us?
Introductions literal and metaphorical
Authors: Sadler John Z. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The introductory chapter for Vice and Psychiatric Diagnosis presents the key issues to be discussed in the book, framed by three metaphors: the mystery story, the doorway, and the overture. The book overall considers the problematic relationships between vice (wrongful or criminal conduct) and mental illness. The breadth of the problematic between concepts of vice and concepts of illness is illustrated through the 2007 mass shooting case of Seung-Hui Cho at Virginia Tech University. Spanning diagnostic dilemmas, ethics constraints intended to protect patients but not the public, and societal responses to the crime, the chapter discusses the way the book links this microcosm to larger social and public policy concerns. This material sets the stage for exploring, conceptually and historically, the ‘vice/mental disorder relationship’. The chapter concludes by providing brief overviews of the remaining chapters in the book.
The legal and criminal justice context of the VMDR
Authors: Sadler John Z. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter from Vice and Psychiatric Diagnosis considers the issues posed by the vice/mental disorder relationship (VMDR) from the perspectives of criminal law and the criminal justice system (CJS) as institutions. An analysis of the respective aims, methods, and metaphysical assumptions of law and medicine is presented as a lead-in to the practical interests courts and the CJS have regarding psychiatric expertise, diagnostic categories, and concepts. Criminal law and the CJS have substantive differences from the aims, methods, modes of reasoning, and values of clinical medicine and psychiatry, and comparisons between the respective institutions sheds light upon the origins of many aspects of the VMDR.
Introduction
Authors: Jackson-Beckett Michelle 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The Introduction orients the reader in the world of modernist discourse in European design, applied arts, and Wohnkultur, beginning with celebrated earlier explorations of Viennese modernism known as the Wiener Moderne taking place during the turn of the twentieth century. Taking into account the precursors of the Wiener Moderne, such as the Vienna Secession (founded 1897) and the Viennese Workshops (founded 1903), and key figures in architecture and design such as Otto Wagner, Adolf Loos, Josef Hoffmann, Koloman Moser, Oskar Strnad, the Introduction argues that Vienna’s interwar explorations of modernism are defined by several key debates about the definition of modernism in Viennese cultural history. Viennese applied arts should be understood as a diverse landscape of designers and architects working in a mélange of styles and approaches, not easily defined under a single movement or style. These discourses clashed in both aesthetic and theory with other modernist discourses circulating around Europe, notably the De Stijl movement, the Dessau Bauhaus, Russian Constructivism, and French Purism. On the international level, Vienna’s approach to modernism remained largely independent of neighboring European experiments in modern living and design, and illustrated a skepticism of avant-garde aesthetics that pervaded the showrooms of interior design and home furnishing firms, the pages of local magazines and newspapers, and the galleries of interior design exhibitions.
Introduction
Authors: Moore Dashiell 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In 1976, Edouard Glissant, Kamau Brathwaite, and Sylvia Wynter all contribute to the journal, Alcheringa: Ethnopoetics, which takes its name after the Arrente word ‘Alcheringa’ transcribed by W. E. H. Stanner. These publications exemplify a reductive structural opposition that I analyse across this book: the rootedness of Aboriginal Australia and the rootlessness of the Caribbean. This introduction contextualizes literary encounters between the Caribbean and Australia examined in the subsequent chapters that unsettle the opposition of rootedness and rootlessness. The introduction also surveys the book’s place within various fields of study and institutions, including postcolonial theory, world literature, and Indigenous studies, commenting on its engagement with key works in these fields.
Impact of Loss
Authors: Solomon Roger M. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter describes that a loss can violate a person’s assumptive world, creating a crisis in meaning, causing difficulty in accepting the loss, preoccupation with causality and guilt, questioning one’s faith, and preoccupation with the loved one’s suffering. All areas of life can be impacted, including interpersonal relationships, structures of daily life, spiritual community, dealing with the criminal justice system, and social support. Grief and mourning results in a unique journey, and mediators that impact the mourning process are addressed. This includes the relationship to the deceased, the nature of the relationship, the mode of death (natural, accidental, disaster, suicide, or homicide), historical antecedents, the gender of the mourner, personality variables, coping style, attachment style, social variables, and concurrent stress in the mourner’s life.
Grief and Mourning with Complex Trauma and Trauma-Generated Dissociation of the Personality (with Roger Solomon, Onno van der Hart, Kathy Martin
Authors: Solomon Roger M. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter described how the Theory of Structural Dissociation of the Personality can guide eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy. When a person experiences significant trauma or neglect, especially in early childhood, there can be a division of the personality into dissociative parts, with one or more parts engaging in everyday living (apparently normal part(s)) and one or more parts engaged and stuck in failed psychological defence (emotional part(s)). Each part has its own sense of self. Therapy needs to follow Phase-Oriented Treatment, consisting of (1) stabilization, (2) memory work, and (3) personality (re)integration and rehabilitation. The eight phases of EMDR therapy can integrate within a Phase-Oriented Treatment approach. Notably, there needs to be an extended Preparation & Stabilization phase of EMDR therapy to treat the dissociation and promote readiness for memory reprocessing.
Closing Thoughts
Authors: Solomon Roger M. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This concluding chapter reiterates how eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy does not eliminate the pain, but rather reprocesses the obstacles that complicate the grief, facilitate progression through the mourning process, and enable adaptation to the loss. EMDR therapy focuses on positive adaptation, resulting in posttraumatic growth. Hence, EMDR therapy is a paradigm of resilience. The mourner can move from a sense of “I cannot connect” to “I can connect,” through the formation of an adaptive inner representation composed of meaningful, heartfelt memories. Included is a discussion of therapist self-care, which includes accepting the pain our clients bring, seeing the clients and not just their pain, dealing with our own vulnerabilities, creating personal support, working with a team, having balance in our lives, doing physical self-care; and believing in humanity and the human potential to heal.
Delocalization and Re-localization in Commercial Law and the Law of Arbitration
Authors: Cordero-Moss Giuditta 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Among the areas in which FA Mann was active, are international contracts and arbitration. He strongly opposed the emerging delocalization theory, which posited a legal system based on international practice and detached from national and international law. He showed that the needs of international practice may be met without departing from the traditional legal method. His position has merits to this day: it is not affected by the proliferation of soft law sources and the increased standardization of contracts, and it is confirmed by the emerging re-localization. This paper argues that FA Mann’s approach, based as it is on a sound legal method, is a precious guideline for how to address the issue.
Conclusions
Authors: Dannemann Gerhard , Allen Jason Grant 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Drawing on the contributions in the book, this chapter presents general conclusions on the biographical aspects of FA Mann and how these influenced his work, on his breadth of expertise as an international lawyer, and on his insurmountable influence on monetary law. To present these conclusions, the chapter is structured into three parts that correspond to the three parts of the book. Several chapters in the book deal with a variety of overlapping themes that characterize Mann’s life and work. This chapter highlights these overlaps and places the individual contributions in the broader context of Mann’s legacy as a lawyer.
Insurgency and Low Intensity Conflict
Authors: Rees Wyn 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Interstate conflict in Afghanistan in 2001 and Iraq in 2003 morphed into counter-insurgency campaigns for British and American forces. These conflicts proved to be unexpectedly protracted, bloody and difficult. The fighting exposed the inadequacy of the doctrine for low intensity warfare. The insurgencies contributed to tensions between the British and American militaries. The US felt let down by the level of effort of the British as well as their decision to extricate themselves from the Iraqi and Afghan theatres. The British were stung by the criticisms of their ally and experienced disillusionment that their sacrifice had been insufficiently recognised.
A 2500-YEAR-OLD MYSTERY
Authors: Close Frank 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces the key concepts and theories of magnetism and electricity. It provides an overview of the enigma of a balance of electric charges between electrons, protons, and nuclei. Whereas magnetism left an imprint, electric charge manifested its presence only indirectly through ambers. The chapter then details the American physicist Robert Milligan’s discovery and experiment concerned with the measurement of the fundamental magnitude of electric charge. According to Milligan, electrons of both the positive and negative variety are merely observed centres of electrical force, so the interplay between varieties of electrons may have a profound asymmetry or complementary at work.
THE ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCE
Authors: Close Frank 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the electromagnetic force. It likens the Sun’s gravitational field to the electric charge of a static atomic nucleus emitting an electrical field with similar properties. In the equation of James Clark Maxwell, measurements of the strengths of electric and magnetic forces help determine magnetic permeability and electric permittivity in line with how easily empty space responds to a change respectively in magnetic or electric fields. According to Maxwell’s theory, electromagnetic radiation arises when an electric field transforms into a magnetic field, or vice versa. The chapter also looks into quantum theory concerned with the implication of duality between waves and particles.