bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
COLONY SIZE OF PHAEOCYSTIS ANTARCTICA (PRYMNESIOPHYCEAE) AS INFLUENCED BY ZOOPLANKTON GRAZERS1
Authors: Tang Kam W. , Smith Jr. Walker O. , Elliott David T. , Shields Amy R. 
Published: November 2008

The haptophyte Phaeocystis antarctica G. Karst. is a dominant phytoplankton species in the Ross Sea, Antarctica, and exists as solitary cells and mucilaginous colonies that differ by several orders of magnitude in size. Recent studies with Phaeocystis globosa suggest that colony formation and enlargement are defense mechanisms against small grazers. To test if a similar grazer‐induced morphological response exists in P. antarctica, we conducted incubation experiments during the austral summer using natural P. antarctica and zooplankton assemblages. Dialysis bags that allowed exchange of dissolved chemicals were used to separate P. antarctica and zooplankton during incubations. Geometric mean colony size decreased by 35% in the control, but increased by 30% in the presence of grazers (even without physical contact) over the 15 d incubation. The estimated colonial‐to‐solitary cell carbon ratio was significantly higher in the grazing treatment. These results suggest that P. antarctica colonies would grow larger in the presence of indigenous zooplankton and skew the carbon partitioning significantly toward the colonial phase. While these observations show that the colony size of P. antarctica was affected by a chemical signal related to grazers, the detailed nature and ecological significance of this signal remain unknown.
Mild Cognitive Impairment and Objective Instrumental Everyday Functioning: The Everyday Cognition Battery Memory Test
Authors: Allaire Jason C. , Gamaldo Alyssa , Ayotte Brian J. , Sims Regina , Whitfield Keith 
Published: November 2008

OBJECTIVES: To examine the performance subjects with and without mild cognitive impairment (MCI) on an objective measure of everyday or real‐world memory and subjective items assessing competency within the same instrumental domains; to determine whether the Everyday Cognition Battery (ECB) can uniquely predict MCI status.DESIGN: Cross‐sectional.SETTING: Independent‐living sample of urban dwelling elders in Baltimore Maryland.PARTICIPANTS: The sample consisted of 555 subjects ranging in age from 50 to 95 (mean 68.8 ± 9.6).MEASUREMENTS: Objective performance in three instrumental domains (medication use, financial management, nutrition and food preparation) was assessed using the ECB Memory Test. Subjective performance within the same instrumental domains was also assessed.RESULTS: No difference was found between elderly subjects with and without MCI on the subjective items of instrumental activity of daily living (IADL) competency. A significant multivariate effect for cognitive status group (F3, 507=21.88, P<.05, η2=.12) was observed for the objective measure, with participants with MCI performing, on average, significantly worse than those without on all thee instrumental domain subscales. The medicine use (odds ratio (OR)=0.96, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.94–0.99) and financial management (OR=0.93, 95% CI=0.91–0.96) subscales of the ECB Memory Test were unique and significant predictors of MCI.CONCLUSION: This study adds to the growing body of literature suggesting that cognitively complex IADLs might be compromised in elderly people with MCI. Moreover, the ECB Memory Test might be a clinically useful tool in evaluating real‐world competency.
Collagen‐elastic tissue changes and vascular involvement in granuloma annulare: a review of 35 cases
Authors: Güneş Pembegül , Göktay Fatih , Mansur A. Tülin , Köker Filiz , Erfan Gamze 
Published: November 2008

Background:  The pathogenesis of granuloma annulare (GA) is unclear. Collagen fiber degeneration is commonly reported, and there are several conflicting studies on elastic fiber and vascular changes associated with GA. In this study, we aimed to evaluate histopathologic characteristics, collagen and elastic tissue changes and vascular changes in GA.Methods:  Clinical records of 35 GA patients were examined alongside serial sections of 38 biopsy specimens from these patients. New sections of biopsy tissue were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, Verhoeff‐van Gieson or Alcian blue and then evaluated.Results:  Four different histopathologic patterns were observed: interstitial (57.9%), palisadic granulomatous (26.3%), sarcoidal granulomatous (5.3%) and mixed (10.5%). Dermal mucin deposition was determined in 84.2% of specimens. Solar elastosis was observed in only seven specimens, and elastophagocytosis was observed in only two specimens. Collagen and elastic tissue damages were consistent findings in all biopsy specimens. Fibrin thrombi and vasculitic changes were not found in any of the specimens from this patient group.Conclusions:  Elastic and collagen fiber damage are the main accompanying features of GA, which may develop from delayed‐type hypersensitivity. Vasculitis does not appear to be a major causative process. Sun exposure also seems to have no major effect on the formation of GA but can be one of the stimulants or predisposing factors.
Comparison of laboratory detection methods of aspirin resistance in coronary artery disease patients
Authors: KIM K. E. , WOO K. S. , GOH R. Y. , QUAN M. L. , CHA K. S. , KIM M. H. , HAN J. Y. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryAspirin reduces the prevalence of nonfatal myocardial infarction, stroke, and death by 25.0% in high risk group of patients with cardiovascular disease. Previous studies have estimated that about 5.5–56.8% of the population are aspirin resistant. The mechanisms of aspirin resistance (AR) have not been fully understood. We compared the detection methods for AR using traditional platelet aggregometry and VerifyNow system. One hundred and seventy‐two coronary artery disease patients who had taken aspirin only or combinations with aspirin and clopidogrel for over 7 days were included. Of the 55 patients with aspirin only, aggregometer detected six AR (10.9%) and VerifyNow identified 10 AR (18.2%) cases. Among 117 patients with combined therapy, none (0.0%) and 10 (8.5%) of AR were detected by aggregometer and VerifyNow, respectively. There were six (3.4%) patients of AR defined by both methods and they all received aspirin monotherapy. Although the correlation between the aggregometry and VerifyNow was low, with defined criteria both methods gave 91.9% agreement to find AR. VerifyNow showed a higher sensitivity to detect AR. Further studies are required to biologically define AR and to alter therapy based on platelet function tests.
Beta diversity of plant–insect food webs in tropical forests: a conceptual framework
Authors: NOVOTNY VOJTECH 
Published: November 2008

Abstract. Beta diversity of plant–herbivore food webs, defined as turnover of trophic interactions between the food webs, represents a potentially useful extension of traditional studies of plant and herbivore beta diversity as it integrates spatial turnover of plant and herbivore species with changes in herbivore host plant preferences.Beta diversity of plant–herbivore food webs can be partitioned into four components, corresponding to the turnover of plant–herbivore interactions due to change in (i) both plant and herbivore species, (ii) plant, but not herbivore, species, (iii) herbivore, but not plant, species, and (iv) herbivore host preferences between food webs. These components can be quantified using a range of existing beta diversity indices.Relative magnitude of plant and herbivore beta diversity of plant–herbivore food webs can be analysed as an outcome of herbivore (i) host specificity, (ii) ability to track host plant populations by dispersal, and (iii) response to environmental conditions, competitors and enemies. The relative importance of these factors in tropical ecosystems remains to be determined.
THE EFFECT OF ROTOR DISC MATERIAL ON TRIBO BEHAVIOR OF AUTOMOTIVE BRAKE PAD MATERIALS
Authors: LIEW K. W. , EL-TAYEB N. S. M. 
Published: November 2008

This work aims to investigate the effect of two different counterdisc materials, i.e. gray cast iron (GCI) and ductile gray cast iron (DGCI) on tribo behavior of non-commercial frictional materials (NF1, NF2, NF4, and NF5) and two other chosen commercial brake pads (CMA and CMB) under dry sliding contact conditions. The four non-commercial frictional materials were fabricated with various percentages of phenolic binder resin (15 and 20 vol.%) and reinforced with steel fibers (15 and 20 vol.%) using hot press molding methods. Tribo tests were carried out using a small-scale tribo-tester of pad-on-disc type. Friction coefficient and wear of non-commercial and commercial brake pads were measured against each counterdisc (GCI and DGCI) and compared. Then, the friction and wear characteristic are discussed by comparing the experimental results obtained for each kind of cast iron. The results showed that maximum friction coefficient (0.4–0.5) of brake pad was attained at 2.22 MPa applied pressure and 2.1 m/s sliding speed when the frictional brake pad materials were tested against DGCI disc rotor. Meanwhile, similar wear rates for all frictional brake pad materials were sustained at higher applied pressure and sliding speed when tested against either type of rotor discs (GCI and DGCI). The results on the other hand, indicated that non-commercial materials NF1 and NF4, gave better wear resistance compared to other frictional pad materials. NF2 exhibited the lowest wear resistance when tested against GCI and DGCI rotor disc at all applied pressure and sliding speeds. The latter result is referred to the low percentage binder resin in the friction material NF2.
New Synthesis of 1,2-Thiazetidines of anti- and syn-9,9′-Bibenzonorbornenylidenes
Authors: Sugihara Yoshiaki , Takeda Ken-ichi , Zhao Jin , Aoyama Yui , Okuda Harunori , Nakayama Juzo 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
1,2-Thiazetidines 2 and 3 were synthesized by the reactions of anti- and syn-9,9′-bibenzonorbornenylidenes with TsNSO, followed by deimination with SmI2. Heating 2 and 3 neat produced a mixture containing aziridines, thiiranes, and alkenes.
In-cell Viscosity Measurement Using a Fluorescence Up-conversion Microscope
Authors: Fujino Tatsuya , Hirota Kouji , Ohta Kunihiro , Tahara Tahei 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Using a femtosecond fluorescence up-conversion microscope, viscosity values in yeast cells (budding, wine, and fission) were estimated based on ultrafast fluorescence dynamics of a fluorescent probe dye, Malachite Green. The decay time of the S1 state of Malachite Green in cytoplasm was determined to be 2.2–2.4 ps at room temperature, which corresponded to the viscosity value of 5–6 cP. Nondestructive estimation of viscosity value in cells (in-cell viscosity) was carried out.
Silylcarbene-to-Silene Rearrangement: Stable 1,2-Dihydrosilenes in Solution via the Silylcarbene Route
Authors: Tanaka Hiroaki , Ichinohe Masaaki , Sekiguchi Akira 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
1,2-Dihydrosilenes were synthesized by the photolysis of silyldiazomethane derivatives bearing one bulky trialkylsilyl group SiR[CH(SiMe3)2]2 (R=Me and i-Pr) and two hydrogen atoms on the silicon atom. The selective migration of the hydrogen atom to the carbene center occurred, leading to stable trans-1,2-dihydrosilenes, which were characterized by their spectroscopic data. An X-ray analysis of the Diels–Alder adduct demonstrated the trans geometry of the 1,2-dihydrosilene.
Organic thin-film transistors of phthalocyanines
Authors: Li Liqiang , Tang Qingxin , Li Hongxiang , Hu Wenping , Yang Xiaodi , Shuai Zhigang , Liu Yunqi , Zhu Daoben 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Organic thin-film field-effect transistors (OTFTs) are emerging as attractive candidates for low-price, large-area, and flexible circuit applications. A variety of organic compounds have been utilized as active semiconductor materials for OTFTs, among which phthalocyanine compounds have attracted considerable attention owing to their remarkable chemical and thermal stability as well as good field-effect performance. Here, we review recent results on the phthalocyanine-based OTFTs. The correlation between the crystal packing structure and the charge transport property is discussed, and we conclude with a description of the future prospects for phthalocyanine-based OTFTs.
Development of biodegradable nanosheets as nanoadhesive plaster
Authors: Takeoka Shinji , Okamura Yosuke , Fujie Toshinori , Fukui Yoshihito 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Sheet-shaped carriers having both obverse and reverse surfaces (thus, a large contact area for targeting a site and adhesive properties without any chemical cross-linker onto tissue surface) have several advantages as surgical dressings. These advantages include active targeting over spherically shaped carriers, which thus have an extremely small contact area for targeting sites. Here, we propose a novel methodology for preparation of a free-standing, ultra-thin, and biocompatible polymer nanosheet having heterosurfaces, fabricated through macromolecular assembly. In the context of biomedical applications, the targeted properties include injectable sheet-shaped drug carriers having precisely controlled size by exploiting micropatterned substrate, and giant polymer nanosheets composed of biocompatible polysaccharides. A huge aspect ratio, in excess of 106, is particularly applicable for novel surgical dressings. These biocompatible polymer nanosheets having heterosurfaces can thus be regarded as new biomaterials for minimally invasive treatment.
Single-chain magnets constructed with a twisting arrangement of the easy-plane of iron(II) ions
Authors: Kajiwara Takashi , Tanaka Hiroki , Yamashita Masahiro 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
A novel class of single-chain magnets (SCMs), catena-[FeII(ClO4)2{FeIII(bpca)2}]ClO4 and its derivative, were synthesized using the spin-carrier components possessing hard-axis anisotropy (or easy-plane anisotropy, D > 0). The easy-axis-type anisotropy of whole molecules of these compounds, which is essential for the formation of SCMs, arises from the twisted arrangement of easy-planes of Fe(II) along the chain axis. Alternating high-spin Fe(II) and low-spin Fe(III) chain complexes behave as an SCM with a typical frequency-dependent ac susceptibility which obeys Arrhenius law. Below 7 K, catena-[FeII(ClO4)2{FeIII(bpca)2}]ClO4 showed a short-range spin-ordering even in zero external field in a time range of Mössbauer spectroscopy as well as the muon-spin-relaxation (μSR) spectroscopy. Since the easy-axis-type magnetic anisotropy originated from the structural motif of the twisting arrangement of Fe(II) ions, the overall magnetic property was very sensitive to the small structural changes arising from adsorption/desorption of the crystal solvents, and catena-[FeII(ClO4)2{FeIII(bpca)2}]ClO4 showed a reversible change in magnetism that has been referred to as "a magnetic sponge". In its derivative, controls of the molecular structure, the arrangement of chains in the crystal, and magnetic properties both in dc and ac susceptibility have been achieved by the introduction of methyl group on a bpca- ligand, which bridges and mediates the magnetic interaction of the adjoining Fe(II)/Fe(III) ions.
Organic field-effect transistors based on tetrathiafulvalene derivatives
Authors: Gao Xike , Qiu Wenfeng , Liu Yunqi , Yu Gui , Zhu Daoben 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
In recent years, tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) and its derivatives have been used as semiconducting materials for organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). In this review, we summarize the recent progress in the field of TTF-based OFETs. We introduce the structure and operation of OFETs, and focus on TTF derivatives used in OFETs. TTF derivatives used in OFETs can be divided into three parts by the semiconductor's morphology and the device fabrication technique: (1) TTF derivatives used for single-crystal OFETs, (2) TTF derivatives used for vacuum-deposited thin-film OFETs, and (3) TTF derivatives used for solution-processed thin-film OFETs. The single-crystal OFETs based on TTF derivatives were fabricated by drop-casting method and showed high performance, with the mobility up to 1.4 cm2/Vs. The vacuum-deposited thin-film OFETs based on TTF derivatives were well developed, some of which have shown high performance comparable to that of amorphous silicon, with good air-stability. Although the mobilities of most solution-processed OFETs based on TTF derivatives are limited at 10-2 cm2/Vs, the study on solution-processable TTF derivatives and their devices are promising, because of their low-cost, large-area-coverage virtues. The use of organic charge-transfer (OCT) compounds containing TTF or its derivatives in OFETs is also included in this review.
Novel strategies for preparation and characterization of functional polymer-metal nanocomposites for electrochemical applications
Authors: Muraviev Dmitri N. , Ruiz Patricia , Muñoz Maria , Macanás Jorge 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Stabilization of metal nanoparticles (MNPs) in polymeric matrices of different types has proven to be one of the most promising strategies to prevent their aggregation and to retain their properties. Polymer-stabilized MNPs (PSMNPs) and those based on polymer-metal nanocomposite materials are starting to find wide application in various fields of science and technology. In this paper, we demonstrate that metal-polymer nanocomposite membranes (MPNCMs) containing MNPs can easily be prepared in an ion-exchange such as, for example, sulfonated polyetherether ketone (SPEEK) matrix by using the polymeric membranes as nanoreactors for synthesis and to characterize the composition and structure of the formed MNPs. Metal ions (or metal ion complexes) are first incorporated into the polymeric matrix where they undergo reduction, leading to formation of corresponding MPNCMs. Since this technique allows successive metal loading-reduction cycles to be carried out, it enables synthesis of both monometallic and bimetallic (e.g., core-shell) MNPs. The proposed approach is illustrated by synthesis and characterization of MPNCMs containing both monometallic and bimetallic core-shell MNPs, formed by combinations of Pd, Pt, Co, Ni, and Cu, along with their application in electrochemical sensor and biosensor constructions.
In situ transient study of polymer film growth via simultaneous correlation of charge, mass, and ellipsometric measurements
Authors: Svoboda Vojtech , Liaw Bor Yann 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Using three synchronized, in situ, nonintrusive, real-time characterization techniques to conduct transient observations, we revealed mechanistic details of a polymer film growth. A thin methylene green (MG) polymer coating (of the order of 35 nm) was used as a model system in this electrochemical microgravimetric imaging ellipsometry (EmIE) investigation. The direct correlation of changes in mass (via quartz crystal microbalance, QCM), ellipsometric angles (via imaging ellipsometry) with electrochemical conditions (in cyclic voltammetry, CV) provides discrete temporal and spatial information to help us decipher the underlying steps, from which we were able to separate adsorption, reduction, oxidation, desorption, and polymerization regimes involved in the deposition process. The evidence revealed in this study could have broad impact on the general understanding regarding how a film is deposited onto a metal surface.
Ultrastructural development of the softwood cell wall during pyrolysis
Authors: Zollfrank Cordt , Fromm Jörg 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
The pyrolytic conversion of pine wood at mild temperatures between 200°C and 300°C was investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Based on TEM imaging and image analysis, a novel method was developed for determining the local orientation of the cellulose microfibrils in the secondary wall S2 which gives a measure for the progression of pyrolytic conversion of the cell wall. Elemental composition of pyrolysed specimens was determined up to 600°C. TEM imaging together with the evaluation of the elemental composition shows that first the polyoses are degraded, while the cellulose microfibril orientation is still visible up to 225°C. The cellulose microfibrils could not be observed at temperatures higher than 250°C, while lignin containing compound middle lamella (CML) was still visible. After a gradual decrease of the CML up to 275°C, the cell wall became entirely isotropic beginning at 300°C. Based on the presented results, we propose an early degradation of the supramolecular structure of the cell wall.
Parasitic and Phoretic Mites Associated with Neotropical Harvestmen from Trinidad, West Indies
Authors: Townsend Victor R , Proud Daniel N , Moore Michael K , Tibbetts Jessica A , Burns Jessica A , Hunter Rebecca K , Lazarowitz Suzanne R , Felgenhauer Bruce E 
Published: November 2008

AbstractLarval erythraeid mites are common ectoparasites of harvestmen (Opiliones). However, interactions between these mites and hosts in tropical environments have received little attention. In this study, we examined the prevalence and intensity of mite infestations for Neotropical harvestmen from the Caribbean island of Trinidad. Overall, the prevalence of infestation was 9.9%, with significant interspecific variation in the intensity of mite infestation and significant differences in parasitism of hosts between habitats. Harvestmen collected from lowland, crappo-cocorite forest exhibited the highest infestation rates. In our samples, the intensity of infestation varied from 1 to 17 mites per host. Examination by scanning electron microscopy revealed that harvestmen were infested by two taxa of mites, a species of Leptus and another unidentified erythraeid species. Our observations represent the first host records for erythraeid mites parasitizing harvestmen from the families Cranaidae and Manaosbiidae. Mites were found to attach preferentially to the tibia and femur of the leg (175 of 178 observations). In general, the harvestmen of Trinidad exhibited mite parasitism in a fashion similar to temperate species with respect to site of attachment and prevalence and intensity of mite infestation. In the field, we also collected an adult Cynortula sp. (Cosmetidae) that was transporting 30 gravid adults of an oribatid mite (Acariformes, Oribatida, Mixonomata). Cases of mite phoresy upon harvestmen are rare, with our observation representing the first report of phoresy by an oribatid mite upon a harvestman and the first documentation of mite phoresy upon harvestmen in the Caribbean.
Behavioral Responses ofAedes albopictusto a Predator Are Correlated with Size-Dependent Risk of Predation
Authors: Kesavaraju Banugopan , Juliano Steven A 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe invasive container-dwelling mosquito Aedes albopictus (Skuse) shows modest behavioral responses to water-borne cues from predatory Corethrella appendiculata Grabham in North America. We investigate whether Ae. albopictus adjust their antipredatory responses to be proportional to size-dependent risk of predation. Fourth-instar Ae. albopictus attain a size refuge from C. appendiculata predation, and we compared the responses of second- and fourth-instar Ae. albopictus to cues from C. appendiculata predation. More vulnerable second-instar larvae showed a larger change in behavior in response to predation cues than did less vulnerable fourth-instar larvae, indicating threat-sensitive behavioral responses by Ae. albopictus.