bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Periodontal Disease on Medical and Dental Costs in a Middle‐Aged Japanese Population: A Longitudinal Worksite Study
Authors: Ide Reiko , Hoshuyama Tsutomu , Takahashi Ken 
Published: October 2007

Background: Although periodontal disease is one of the most common chronic diseases, it is not clear whether periodontal disease is associated with increased health care costs. The authors examined the effect of periodontal disease on medical and dental costs and use for 3.5 years prospectively.Methods: The data were derived from health and dental examinations and health insurance claims of 4,285 Japanese civil officers aged 40 to 59 years. The subjects were divided into three categories: no pathological pocket, moderate periodontitis, and severe periodontitis. Age, gender, smoking, body mass index, and hypertension were adjusted in a multivariate analysis after excluding subjects with any history of liver disease, heart disease, or diabetes mellitus.Results: The cumulative cost for subjects with severe periodontitis was ∼21% higher than for subjects with no pathological pocket, and the hospital admission rates of subjects with severe periodontitis were highest (male: odds ratio [OR] =1.34; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.00 to 1.80; female: OR = 1.29; 95% CI: 0.75 to 2.20). In males, the annual hospital costs of subjects with severe periodontitis were 75% higher than for subjects with no pathological pocket. There was no clear trend identified for outpatient care. The annual dental visit rates and costs for subjects with severe periodontitis were highest in both genders. Periodontal disease might increase the medical care costs for diabetes mellitus, digestive disease, and liver disease.Conclusion: Periodontal disease may have played an important role in the cumulative health care cost increases in middle‐aged adults over a period of only a few years.
The Role of Race/Ethnicity in the Relationship Between Emergency Department Use and Intimate Partner Violence: Findings From the 2002 National Survey on Drug Use and Health
Authors: Lipsky Sherry , Caetano Raul 
Published: October 2007

Objectives. We examined the relationship between intimate partner violence victimization among women in the general population and emergency department use. We sought to discern whether race/ethnicity moderates this relationship and to explore these relationships in race/ethnic–specific models. Methods. We used data on non-Hispanic White, Non-Hispanic Black, and His-panic married or cohabiting women from the 2002 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Adjusted odds ratios (AORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using logistic regression. Results. Women who reported intimate partner violence victimization were 1.5 times more likely than were nonvictims to use the emergency department, after we accounted for race/ethnicity and substance use. In race/ethnic–specific analyses, only Hispanic victims were more likely than their nonvictim counterparts to use the emergency department (AOR = 3.68; 95% CI = 1.89, 7.18), whereas substance use factors varied among groups. Conclusions. Our findings suggest that the emergency department is an opportune setting to screen for intimate partner violence victimization, especially among Hispanic women. Future research should focus on why Hispanic victims are more likely to use the emergency department compared with nonvictims, with regard to socioeconomic and cultural determinants of health care utilization.
Association of Smoking Cessation With Financial Stress and Material Well-Being: Results From a Prospective Study of a Population-Based National Survey
Authors: Siahpush Mohammad , Spittal Matt , Singh Gopal K 
Published: October 2007

Objectives. We used 4 waves of prospective data to examine the association of smoking cessation with financial stress and material well-being. Methods. Data (n = 5699 at baseline) came from 4 consecutive waves (2001–2005) of the Household Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia survey. We used mixed models to examine the participant-specific association of smoking cessation with financial stress and material well-being. Results. On average, a smoker who quits is expected to have a 25% reduction (P<.001; odds ratio [OR]=0.75; 95% confidence interaval [CI]=0.69, 0.81) in the odds of financial stress. Similarly, the data provided strong evidence (P<.001) that a smoker who quits is likely to experience an enhanced level of material well-being. Conclusions. Our findings indicate that interventions to encourage smoking cessation are likely to improve standards of living and reduce deprivation. The findings provide grounds for encouraging the social services sector to incorporate smoking cessation efforts into their programs to enhance the material or financial conditions of disadvantaged groups. The findings also provide additional incentives for smokers to stop smoking and as such can be used in antismoking campaigns and by smoking cessation services.
The Evolution of Changes in Primary Care Delivery Underlying the Veterans Health Administration’s Quality Transformation
Authors: Yano Elizabeth M. , Simon Barbara F. , Lanto Andrew B. , Rubenstein Lisa V. 
Published: October 2007

Objectives. Suffering from waning demand, poor quality, and reform efforts enabling veterans to “vote with their feet” and leave, the Veterans Health Administration (VA) health care system transformed itself through a series of substantive changes. We examined the evolution of primary care changes underlying VA’s transformation. Methods. We used 3 national organizational surveys from 1993, 1996, and 1999 that measured primary care organization, staffing, management, and resource sufficiency to evaluate changes in VA primary care delivery. Results. Only rudimentary primary care was in place in 1993. Primary care enrollment grew from 38% in 1993 to 45% in 1996, and to 95% in 1999 as VA adopted team structures and increased the assignment of patients to individual providers. Specialists initially staffed primary care until generalist physicians and nonphysican providers increased. Primary care-based quality improvement and authority expanded, and resource sufficiency (e.g., computers, space) grew. Provider notification of admissions and emergency department, urgent-care visit, and sub-specialty-consult results increased nearly 5 times. Conclusions. Although VA’s quality transformation had many underlying causes, investment in primary care development may have served as an essential substrate for many VA quality gains.
In vitro susceptibility patterns of fungi associated with keratomycosis in horses of the northeastern United States: 68 cases (1987–2006)
Authors: Ledbetter Eric C. , Patten Valeri H. , Scarlett Janet M. , Vermeylen Francoise M. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Objective—To determine in vitro susceptibility patterns of fungi associated with keratomycosis in horses in the northeastern United States and compare those patterns with results of studies from other geographic regions.
Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—68 horses with keratomycosis.
Procedures—Medical records of horses with a clinical diagnosis of keratomycosis, positive results of corneal fungal cultures, and susceptibility data were reviewed from the years 1987 to 2006. Fungal identification and in vitro antifungal susceptibility test results were recorded. The percentage of susceptible isolates was compared among antifungals for all isolates together and for the most common genera individually.
Results—74 fungal isolates from 68 horses that met inclusion criteria were identified. Aspergillus, Candida, and Fusarium spp were the most frequent isolates. Grouped isolates had the highest percentage of susceptibility to nystatin (87.7%), natamycin (87.5%), and clotrimazole (80.6%). Grouped isolates had the lowest percentage of susceptibility to fluconazole (15.8%) and miconazole (27.5%). Aspergillus spp (≥ 81.0%) were most susceptible to nystatin, clotrimazole, itraconazole, and natamycin. Candida spp (100%) were most susceptible to ketaconazole, natamycin, and nystatin. Fusarium spp (100%) were only consistently susceptible to natamycin.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—On the basis of in vitro susceptibility testing, nystatin, natamycin, or clotrimazole is recommended for initial topical treatment of keratomycosis in horses from the northeastern United States. Contrary to results of studies of ocular fungal isolates of horses from other regions, Candida spp were identified more frequently and miconazole had lower in vitro efficacy in the present study.
Where Memory Resides: A Review of AT Memory's Edge and Munich and Memory
Authors: James-Chakraborty Kathleen 
Published: October 2007

James E. Young, At Memory’s Edge: After Images of the Holocaust in Contemporary Art and Architecture (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000)Gavriel D. Rosenfeld, Munich and Memory: Architecture, Monuments, and the Legacy of the Third Reich (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000)
(Re)constructing Community in Berlin: Turks, Jews, and German Responsibility
Authors: Laurence Jonathan 
Published: October 2007

An immigration dilemma has confronted the Federal Republic ofGermany since the early 1970s. Postwar labor migrants from predominantlyMuslim countries in the Mediterranean basin were notofficially encouraged to settle long-term, yet many stayed onceimmigration was halted in 1973. Though these migrants and theirchildren have enjoyed most social state benefits and the right to familyreunification, their political influence has remained limited forthe last quarter-century. Foreigners from non-EU countries may notvote in Germany, migrants are underrepresented in political institutions,and state recognition of Muslim religious and cultural diversityhas not been forthcoming. Since 1990, however, a much smaller butsignificant number of Jewish migrants from eastern Europe and theformer Soviet Union have arrived in Germany. This population ofalmost 150,000 has been welcomed at the intersection of reparationspolicy and immigrant integration practice.
Setting the Tone: A Review of German-Jewish History in Modern Times
Authors: Beller Steven 
Published: October 2007

Michael Meyer, ed., Michael Brenner, asst. ed., German-JewishHistory in Modern Times, volume 3, Integration in Dispute: 1871-1918;volume 4, Renewal and Destruction: 1918-1945 (New York: ColumbiaUniversity Press, 1997, 1998)
The PDS and the Concept of the Catch-all Party
Authors: Hough Daniel 
Published: October 2007

In the years since unification, Germany’s political parties have faceda number of formidable challenges. They range from incorporatingthe citizens of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) into the FederalRepublic’s political processes, reassessing Germany’s role in thewider world, overcoming gridlock on many pressing policy questionsat home (perhaps best understood as the overcoming of the Reformstau),to finding a way out of Germany’s much maligned economicmalaise.1 Such challenges have had a not inconsiderable effect on theGerman party system, the end product of which has been that thissystem, once a bastion of cast-iron stability, has become characterizedby diversity and genuine electoral competition in a way that it hasnot been since the late 1950s. Therefore, the electoral position of themuch-vaunted Volksparteien, if perhaps not their control of the politicalprocess, has slipped considerably.
Multikulti or Schweinerei in the Year 2000
Authors: Borneman John 
Published: October 2007

In 1995, as a Fulbright professor, I taught a seminar on “culture andinternational order” at Humboldt University in Berlin. There Ireached the conclusion that, in order to analyze Kultur in Germany,one also had to take into consideration the work of Schweinerei. In thefive years between the opening of the wall and my seminar, there hadbeen an explosion of interest in the concept “Kultur”—defined quiteconcretely in public discourse as an element that united (or divided)East and West Berliners, or as a substance that had been damagedduring the cold war and now needed restoration.1 Irrespective of thespeaker, Kultur was always something good, a positive ordering. Onenever needed less Kultur. Either one argued, as a proponent of Multikulti,for more of them, more cultures, or, as a monoculturalist, formerely better (more refined, more pure) Kultur and the value of adistinct German culture. The decision reached in 1991 to move thecapital from Bonn to Berlin as a means of unifying Germans also casta kind of Klieg light on Kultur, as the relocation itself drew manynew visitors, who, having only construction sites of the future capitalto view, spent the rest of their time enjoying Berlin’s numerous (oftenduplicate) cultural institutions and industries for the first time.2 At thisvery moment of general good will, inclusiveness, and prominence,these Berlin cultural institutions had the most to lose (or gain), asministers of the newly unified state promised more selective supportfollowing a round of rationalizations if not eliminations.
Political Culture and Political Change in Eastern Germany: Theoretical Alternatives
Authors: McFalls Laurence 
Published: October 2007

In the past century, Germany, for better and for worse, offered itselfas a natural laboratory for political science. Indeed, Germany’sexcesses of political violence and its dramatic regime changes largelymotivated the development of postwar American political science,much of it the work of German émigrés and German-Jewishrefugees, of course. The continuing vicissitudes of the German experiencehave, however, posed a particular challenge to the concept ofpolitical culture as elaborated in the 1950s and 1960s,1 at least inpart to explain lingering authoritarianism in formally democraticWest Germany. Generally associated with political continuity or onlyincremental change,2 the concept of political culture has been illequippedto deal with historical ruptures such as Germany’s “breakwith civilization” of 1933-1945 and the East German popular revolutionof 1989. As well, even less dramatic but still important and relativelyrapid cultural changes such as the rise of a liberal democraticVerfassungspatriotismus sometime around the late 1970s in West Germany3and the emergence of a postmodern, consumer capitalist culturein eastern Germany since 19944 do not conform to mainstreampolitical culture theory’s expectations of gradual, only generationalchange. To be sure, continuity, if not inertia, characterizes much ofpolitics, even in Germany. Still, to be of theoretical value, the conceptof political culture must be able not only to admit but toaccount for change.
The Myth of Heimkehrillusion
Authors: Klimt Andrea 
Published: October 2007

Many observers of the German scene have argued that the long-termnon-German resident populations have become de facto permanentmembers of German society. Beginning in the 1980s, the termHeimkehrillusion, the “illusion of returning home,” gained prominencein accounts of the guest workers’ trajectories, as many social scientistsand policy makers came to dismiss the continued assertions of somemigrant populations of their intention to eventually return “home.”The increasingly accepted view was that “even though many [migrants]have the goal to return sometime, this goal becomes increasinglyunlikely the longer they stay in Germany. For many families who haveestablished themselves here, there are no possibilities left in the countryof origin” (Institute für Zukunftsforschung, 15). The evidence that“most of the ‘guest-workers’ would not return to their home countries”continues to be pointedly cited in more recent efforts to push the Germanstate into reforming citizenship laws and taking responsibility forthe multicultural reality of German society (Hagedorn 2000, 4). Thepermanence of the non-German population and their growing commitmentto life in Germany has, over the years, been the cornerstone ofprogressive arguments that non-German residents merit full membershipin the German polity and that notions of “Germanness” must bede-ethnicized and made more permeable. Explicit reference toHeimkehrillusion has largely dropped out of current discussions of citizenshipreform and forms of belonging, but the conclusion that all residentmigrants in Germany are unambiguously there to stay has cometo form the unquestioned basis of contemporary debate.
Alphaviruses: Semliki Forest Virus and Sindbis Virus Vectors for Gene Transfer into Neurons
Authors: Ehrengruber Markus U. , Lundstrom Kenneth 
Published: October 2007

AbstractAlphaviral vectors based on Semliki Forest virus and Sindbis virus infect many host cell types, causing rapid and high‐level transgene expression. Compared to other viruses used to infect CNS cell and tissue preparations, Semliki Forest virus and Sindbis virus exhibit an outstanding preference for neurons rather than glial cells. High‐titer vector generation typically requires biosafety level 1 or 2 containment and occurs in less than 2 days. Wild‐type vectors are cytotoxic, permitting short‐term transgene expression. However, mutant vectors with decreased cytotoxicity, to prolong host cell survival, have been developed. They also increase transgene expression and cellular coinfection, permitting heteromeric protein expression in individual cells. Other mutants with temperature‐dependent control of transgene expression and altered host cell preference to target interneurons and astrocytes rather than principal neurons are available. Because of these advantages, alphaviral vectors are increasingly used in neurobiological and other studies, including structural biology, vaccine development, and cancer treatment. Curr. Protoc. Neurosci. 41:4.22.1‐4.22.24. © 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Split‐Ubiquitin System for Identifying Protein‐Protein Interactions in Membrane and Full‐Length Proteins
Authors: Grefen Christopher , Lalonde Sylvie , Obrdlik Petr 
Published: October 2007

AbstractProtein‐protein interactions play a fundamental role in the regulation of almost all cellular processes. Thus, the identification of interacting proteins can help to elucidate their function. The mating‐based split‐ubiquitin system (mbSUS) uses yeast as a test organism to identify potential interactions between full‐length membrane proteins or between a full‐length membrane protein and a soluble protein. The mbSUS can also be used to provide further evidence for protein‐protein interactions detected with other methods and to map the interaction domains of selected proteins. The mbSUS is optimized for systematic screening approaches employing a mating‐based approach, as typically used to determine protein interactions on a genomic scale. Construction of bait and prey fusions is simplified by adapting two different cloning procedures: (i) in vivo cloning in yeast, and (ii) Gateway cloning in E. coli. Protocols for small‐scale interaction tests, as well as systematic approaches using sorted bait and prey arrays, are described. Curr. Protoc. Neurosci. 41:5.27.1‐5.27.41. © 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Models of Nociception: Hot‐Plate, Tail‐Flick, and Formalin Tests in Rodents
Authors: Bannon Anthony W. , Malmberg Annika B. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractExperimental models of pain include tests of response thesholds to high intensity stimuli (acute pain tests) and changes in spontaneous or evoked behavioral responses in animals with peripheral injury or inflammation (persistent pain models). Acute thermal pain is modeled by the hot‐plate and tail‐flick test, while persistent pain can be modeled by the formalin test. This unit presents protocols for all three of these tests, including preparation of animals (rats or mice), administration of a compound being tested for its analgesic properties and data collection. Curr. Protoc. Neurosci. 41:8.9.1‐8.9.16. © 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Ratings of L‐DOPA‐Induced Dyskinesia in the Unilateral 6‐OHDA Lesion Model of Parkinson's Disease in Rats and Mice
Authors: Cenci M Angela , Lundblad Martin 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThis unit provides detailed protocols for establishing rodent models of L‐DOPA‐induced dyskinesia. The 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA) lesion procedure is described in more detail for mice than for rats since the lesioning procedure in rats has been described extensively in previous work and is less difficult to perform. Unlike primate models, rodent models of L‐DOPA‐induced dyskinesia are relatively simple and fast to set up, thus being affordable to most laboratories. These models allow for studying the dyskinetic complications of L‐DOPA treatment on large groups of animals under strictly controlled experimental conditions. Along with information and structured protocols for the practical execution of the test, this unit provides a detailed description of the rating scale and the phenomenology of rodent abnormal involuntary movements, and suggestions for beginners. Curr. Protoc. Neurosci. 41:9.25.1‐9.25.23. © 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Chromosome Conformation Capture Carbon Copy Technology
Authors: Dostie Josée , Zhan Ye , Dekker Job 
Published: October 2007

AbstractChromosome conformation capture (3C) is used to quantify physical DNA contacts in vivo at high resolution. 3C was first used in yeast to map the spatial chromatin organization of chromosome III, and in higher eukaryotes to demonstrate that genomic DNA elements regulate target genes by physically interacting with them. 3C has been widely adopted for small‐scale analysis of functional chromatin interactions along (cis) or between (trans) chromosomes. For larger‐scale applications, chromosome conformation capture carbon copy (5C) combines 3C with ligation‐mediated amplification (LMA) to simultaneously quantify hundreds of thousands of physical DNA contacts by microarray or ultra‐high‐throughput DNA sequencing. 5C allows the mapping of extensive networks of physical interactions among large sets of genomic elements throughout the genome. Such networks can provide important biological insights, e.g., by identifying relationships between regulatory elements and their target genes. This unit describes 5C for large‐scale analysis of cis‐ and trans‐chromatin interactions in mammalian cells. Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. 80:21.14.1‐21.14.13. © 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE): Experimental Method and Data Analysis
Authors: Blackshaw Seth , Croix Brad St. , Polyak Kornelia , Kim Jae Bum , Cai Li 
Published: October 2007

AbstractSerial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) involves the generation of short fragments of DNA, or tags, from a defined point in the sequence of all cDNAs in the sample analyzed. This short tag, because of its presence in a defined point in the sequence, is typically sufficient to uniquely identify every transcript in the sample. SAGE allows one to generate a comprehensive profile of gene expression in any sample desired from as little as 100,000 cells or 1 µg of total RNA. SAGE generates absolute, rather than relative, measurements of RNA abundance levels, and this fact allows an investigator to readily and reliably compare data to those produced by other laboratories, making the SAGE data set increasingly useful as more data is generated and shared. Software tools have also been specifically adapted for SAGE tags to allow cluster analysis of both public and user‐generated data. Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. 80:25B.6.1‐25B.6.39. © 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.