bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of catheter-associated urinary tract infections and multi–drug-resistant Escherichia coli isolates from the urine of dogs with indwelling urinary catheters
Authors: Ogeer-Gyles Jennifer , Mathews Karol , Weese J. Scott , Prescott John F. , Boerlin Patrick 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Objective—To determine the frequency of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in dogs with indwelling urinary catheters in an intensive care unit (ICU) and the frequency of multi–drug-resistant (MDR) Escherichia coli UTIs in those dogs.
Design—Prospective study.
Animals—All dogs in the ICU with an indwelling urinary catheter from January 2003 through December 2003.
Procedures—Urine samples and rectal swab specimens were collected at admission and every 3 days until discharge from the hospital. Escherichia coli isolates from urine samples and rectal swab specimens and those from dogs that were temporally or spatially associated with dogs with MDR E coli UTIs underwent antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was performed on MDR isolates from urine and rectal swab specimens.
Results—Urinary catheters were placed in 137 dogs. Twenty-six UTIs were diagnosed, 15 on the day of admission and 11 after 3 or more days of catheterization. Of 12 dogs with E coli UTIs, 6 were infected at admission and 6 acquired the infection in the ICU. Two MDR E coli UTIs were detected, 1 of which was acquired in the ICU. One MDR E coli urinary isolate had an electrophoresis pattern similar to that of rectal isolates from the same dog. Urinary E coli isolates were most frequently resistant to ampicillin and cephalothin.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The ICU-acquired MDR E coli UTI likely originated from the dog's intestinal flora during hospitalization. Dogs that have been referred from a community practice may have MDR E coli UTIs at the time of admission.
A solid-phase dot assay using silica/gold nanoshells
Authors: Khlebtsov Boris , Dykman Lev , Bogatyrev Vladimir , Zharov Vladimir , Khlebtsov Nikolai 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWe report on the first application of silica-gold nanoshells to a solid-phase dot immunoassay. The assay principle is based on staining of a drop (1 µl) analyte on a nitrocellulose membrane strip by using silica/gold nanoshells conjugated with biospecific probing molecules. Experimental example is human IgG (hIgG, target molecules) and protein A (probing molecules). For usual 15-nm colloidal gold conjugates, the minimal detectable amount of hIgG is about 4 ng. By contrast, for nanoshell conjugates (silica core diameter of 70 nm and gold outer diameter of 100 nm) we have found significant increase in detection sensitivity and the minimal detectable amount of hIgG is about 0.5 ng. This finding is explained by the difference in the monolayer particle extinction.
Mixed micelles of hexadecylpyridinium bromide + tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide in aqueous glycol oligomers
Authors: Bakshi Mandeep Singh , Kaur Gurjeet 
Published: November 2006

AbstractConductances of hexadecylpyridinium bromide (HPyBr) + tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (TTAB) mixtures over the entire mole fraction range of HPyBr (αHPyBr) were measured in pure water as well as in the presence of various aqueous ethylene glycol oligomers containing 10 and 30 wt% of each additive in their respective binary mixtures at 30°C. Each conductivity curve shows two breaks corresponding to two critical micelle concentrations (cmc; C1 and C2 over the whole mole fraction range of HPyBr + TTAB mixtures except in the presence of pure HPyBr and TTAB, where a single break was observed. From the conductivity data, various micellar paramelers in the absence and presence of glycol additives were computed. A variation in the micellar parameters in the presence of additive showed that additive introduction mainly influence the medium properties and therefore the micellar properties. However, no significant micelle‐glycol interactions were observed even with an increase in the number of repeating units from ethylene glycol to polyethylene glycol 600. The mixing behavior of HPyBr + TTAB is close to nonideal and is identical in pure water and in the presence of various glycols. This has been attributed to the presence of synergistic interactions between unlike monomers at C1 that are not influenced even by the presence of additives. The appearance of the second cmc is mainly attributed to structural transitions of the mixed micelles at C1 with a further increase in surfactant concentration.
Simplified synthesis of oligoethylene glycols
Authors: Zada Anat , Avny Yair , Zilkha Albert 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSimple economical syntheses in good yield of octa‐, nona‐, and undecaethylene glycols were developed based on a coupling methodology whereby monobenzyl trior tetraethylene glycols were chain‐extended either by coupling them together in the presence of tosyl chloride or through reaction with α,ω‐ditosyl triethylene glycol in dioxane in the presence of powdered KOH. The α,ω‐O‐benzyl‐protecting groups were removed by catalytic hydrogenolysis.
Mixed micelles of some metal dodecyl sulfates and triton X‐100 in aqueous media
Authors: Gandhi Hetal , Modi Snehal , Jain Nirmesh , Bahadur Pratap 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTensiometric studies on several binary surfactant mixtures containing anionic surfactants, viz., metal (lithium, sodium, potassium, copper, cobalt, and magnesium) dodecyl sulfates and a nonionic surfactant (Triton X‐100) in water at different mole fractions (0–1) provide critical micelle concentration (CMC) values. The composition of mixed micelles and the interaction parameter, β, evaluated from the CMC data for different systems using Rubingh's theory, are discussed. Marked interaction is observed with monovalent dodecyl sulfates. The influence of counter‐ion valence on the formation of mixed micelles was investigated for anionic‐nonionic systems, and results indicated that mixed systems with bivalent counter‐ions in metal dodecyl sulfate resembled nonionic‐nonionic systems where weak/negligible interaction has been reported. Salt addition revealed the weakening of interaction in the mixed systems, which is attributed to the head group charge neutralization and the dehydration of the ethylene oxide units of the nonionic surfactants. A few cloud point and viscosity data are also reported.
Deinking of water‐based ink printing from plastic film using nonionic surfactants
Authors: Gecol Hatice , Scamehorn John F. , Christian Sherril D. , Grady Brian P. , Riddell Fred E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWhen plastic film packaging is processed for reuse, residual ink colors the polymer and makes the polymer less stiff, weaker, and denser than the original material. These problems can be avoided if the printing is removed from the plastic film surface. In this study, a commercial polyethylene film with water‐based ink printing was deinked (the ink was removed) using nonionic surfactants under a variety of conditions, and the effect of some parameters related to the deinking process were quantified and optimized. Nonylphenol polyethoxylate, ethoxylated alcohol at a pH of 10, and ethoxylated amine at either acidic, neutral, or basic pH level were identified to be effective at deinking. The hydrophiliclipophilic balance (HLB) value and the cloud point are useful parameters for characterizing the effectiveness of nonionic surfactants. For optimal deinking, the HLB of the nonionic surfactants should be as small as possible or the cloud point as low as possible without the deinking temperature substantially exceeding the cloud point. Information related to scaleup of the process was also developed. Soaking plastic film in surfactant solution prior to mechanical agitation significantly decreased the needed agitation time to achieve a given level of deinking. Deinking decreases as the plastic/solution ratio (consistency) increases, and cutting plastic film into smaller pieces improves the deinking at moderate consistency. Increasing agitation speed also enhances the deinking. Experiments performed with pilot‐sized paper deinking apparatuses demonstrated that deinking of plastic film using surfactants is technically feasible.
Effect of additives on the adsorption of sodium bis(2‐ethyl hexyl sulfosuccinate) at the air‐water interface studied by equilibrium and dynamic surface tension measurements
Authors: Pedrosa Ana Belén , Briz José I. , Velázquez M. Mercedes 
Published: November 2006

AbstractUsing equilibrium and dynamic surface tension measurements, we have studied the effect of the addition of poly(sodium 4‐styrenesulfonate) (PSS), sodium chloride, and 1,4,7,10,13,16‐hexaoxyacyclooctadecane (18‐crown‐6) on the surface properties of sodium bis(2‐ethyl hexyl sulfosuccinate) (AOT). The addition of PSS or NaCl weakly increases the maximum packing of AOT, whereas the presence of 18‐crown‐6 slightly decreases the maximum surface coverage. The surfactant adsorption kinetics on the interface is a diffusion‐controlled process. The two asymptotic solutions at long times and at short times to the classic Ward Tordai equation were used to fit dynamic results. At long times there is evidence of the existence of an electrostatic barrier at high surfactant concentration when using pure AOT and AOT mixed with PSS. In binary mixtures of AOT with sodium chloride or 18‐crown‐6, the electrostatic barrier is not observed over the surfactant concentration range studied.
Dishwashing performance of mixed palm stearin sulfonated methyl esters—Nonylphenol ethoxylate alcohol
Authors: Lim Wen Huei , Salmiah Ahmad 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe dishwashing performance of sodium salts of α‐sulfonated methyl esters derived from palm stearin (α‐SMEPS) and nonylphenol ethoxylate alcohol (NPEO) in mixed micelle systems was evaluated as a function of weight ratio at different water hardness values (5.12, 51.2, and 512.0 ppm CaCO3) and temperatures (20, 30, and 45°C). Manipulating several parameters, such as weight ratios in α‐SMEPS and NPEO mixtures, washing temperature, and water hardness, can enhance detergency performance. In comparison, detergency efficiency of the mixtures increased as follows: α‐SMEPS/NPEO 400<α‐SMEPS/NPEO 120<α‐SMEPS/NPEO 95.
Quaternary salts as solubilization site modifiers of organic compounds in anionic micellar solutions
Authors: Kumar Sanjeev , Sharma Daksha , Kabir‐ud‐Din  
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effects of the addition of different salts (quaternary bromides or NaBr) on the viscosity (measured under Newtonian flow conditions) of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS) micellar solutions were studied at 30°C. Tetra‐n‐butylammonium bromide (Bu4NBr) was found most effective in increasing the viscosity (due to possible change in micellar shape) at fairly low SDBS concentration (50 mM). The effectiveness of Bu4NBr may be due to the presence of four butyl chains and to the positive charge on its counterion (Bu4N+) which can subsequently interact with anionic SDBS micelles electrostatically as well as hydrophobically; owing to solubility/steric problems, other salts were ineffective. Organic additives such as cyclohexylamine and cyclohexanol had marginal effects on viscosity when added to 50 mM SDBS solutions having no Bu4NBr. However, in the presence of Bu4NBr, the effect was dependent on salt concentration and the nature of the additive. The overall effect is discussed on the basis of change in the solubilization site of the additive in the presence of Bu4NBr.
Lauryl alcohol and amine oxide as foam stabilizers in the presence of hardness and oily soil
Authors: Zhang Hui , Miller Clarence A. , Garrett Peter R. , Raney Kirk H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effects of two potential foam boosters, n‐dodecanol (or lauryl alcohol: LA) and tetradecyldimethylamine oxide (C14DMAO), were investigated for two situations in which foam made from a 0.01 wt% solution of a common alkylethoxy sulfate surfactant was highly unstable in the presence of oil drops consisting of an n‐hexadecane/oleic acid mixture. In one case in which dissolved CaCl2 was present at alkaline pH, insoluble calcium oleate particles formed in situ and facilitated foam breakage. In the other, a much higher concentration of calcium was present at neutral pH, and drops of a microemulsion phase formed but no calcium oleate. In both cases, 0.005 wt% LA reduced the entry coefficient, E, of the oil to the air‐water surface sufficiently to prevent drop entry and stabilized the foam. In contrast, 0.005 wt% C14DMAO caused smaller reductions in E and was ineffective as a foam booster. LA was more effective because it was able to form a more compact monolayer with the surfactant than C14DMAO at the air‐water surface, which led to lower surface tensions and hence lower values of E.
Enzymatic preparation of polyethylene glycol esters of castor oil fatty acids and their surface‐active properties
Authors: Ghosh M. , Bhattacharyya D. K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis study concerns the preparation and evaluation of nonionic surfactants prepared from polyethylene glycol (PEG) esters of castor oil fatty acid, a source of hydroxy fatty acid. A lipase‐catalyzed esterification reaction has been employed to prepare PEG esters of hydroxy acid to overcome problems associated with chemical processes. Castor oil fatty acid (85% ricinoleic acid) was mixed with PEG of different molecular weight. Rhizomucor miehei lipase was added as catalyst (10% level) and the reaction was continued at 60°C under 2 mm Hg pressure for 360 min. Conversion of PEG to esters was in the range of 86–94%, depending on the molecular size of PEG. The products were isolated and examined for surface activity by surface tension measurement. Surface tension values measured at 25°C were about 36–37 dynes/cm.
Newer synthetic approaches to surfactants, lipids, and related compounds based on C‐3 building blocks: Recent advances related to fatty chemistry
Authors: Urata Kouichi , Takaishi Noatake 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMany lipids derived from natural sources are based on the glycerin molecule. Synthetically alkyl glycidyl ether can be used as a C‐3 building block for lipid molecules as well as alkyl glyceryl ether. Several glycidyl and glyceryl ethers have been studied as C‐3 synthetic building blocks for lipids used in surfactants/emulsifiers, cosmetics, or toiletries. From an environmental viewpoint, several surfactants and detergents have been modified by using epichlorohydrin or glycerides as C‐3 building blocks to have higher performance or biodegradability. Recently, complex lipid molecules having special bioactivities have attracted attention among chemists. Glycidyl ether would be expected to be one of the synthetic building blocks for such complex lipids.
Low‐water laundering
Authors: Jacobsen Ronald L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractHigh‐efficiency clothes washers, or front‐loading tumbler washers, use much less water and energy for a complete wash cycle than agitator washers. Washing comparably sized loads in less water creates challenges for laundry detergents. This paper reviews federal government efforts to increase washer efficiency, operating dynamics of the tumbler vs. the current agitator washer, the impact on detergent formulation, and the current status of high‐efficiency washer adoption by U.S. consumers.
Plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein and lipoprotein levels during treatment of growth hormone‐deficient adult humans
Authors: Carrilho Alexandre J. F. , Cunha‐Neto Malebranche B. , Nunes Valéria S. , Lottenberg Ana M. P. , Medina Wilson L. , Nakandakare Edna R. , Musolino Nina R. , Bronstein Marcello D. , Quintão Eder C. R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe incidence of atherosclerosis is increased in growth hormone (GH) deficient‐individuals. Nonetheless, the antiatherogenic benefits of GH replacement therapy remain uncertain. In this study the effect of human recombinant growth hormone (hrGH) replacement therapy administered to GH‐deficient adults on the plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) concentration and activity was analyzed. These findings were related to changes in the concentrations of the plasma lipoproteins. The hrGH was administered for 12 mon to human GH‐deficient patients (n=13; 8 men, 5 women). During the study plasma lipoproteins were separated by ultracentrifugation, and plasma cholesterol esterification rate (CER), endogenous CETP activity, and CETP concentration were measured. GH replacement therapy transiently (at 3 mon) lowered plasma concentration of CETP and low density lipoprotein‐cholesterol (LDL‐C) and raised total triglycerides. Furthermore, hrGH permanently increased both the plasma lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] concentration, which is known as atherogenic, and the proportion of cholesteryl ester in the high density lipoprotein2 (HDL2) particles, which is potentially atheroprotective. The simultaneous decrease of the plasma CETP and LDL‐C concentrations elicited by hrGH indicated a close relationship between LDL metabolism and the regulation of the CETP gene expression. Endogenous CETP activity and the CER were not modified because these parameters are regulated in opposite ways by plasma levels of triglycerides; that is, CER increased and CETP decreased.
Effect of dietary restriction on age‐related increase of liver susceptibility to peroxidation in rats
Authors: Jeon Tae Il , Lim Beong Ou , Yu Byung Pal , Lim Yoongho , Jeon Eun Ja , Park Dong Ki 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDietary restriction (DR) increases life span and decreases age‐related diseases in experimental animals. It has received a great deal of attention in connection with the relationship between aging, nutrition, and oxidative stress because oxidative injury in several organ systems is a prominent feature in aging. We investigated the possibility that DR can protect vulnerable liver lipids against age‐related increases of peroxidation. Male Fischer 344 rats fed ad libitum (AL) or dietarily restricted (maintained on 60% of AL food intake) were killed by decapitation at 4 (young) or 12 mon (adult) of age. Phosphatidylcholine hydroperoxide (PCOOH) concentration of liver was determined using a chemiluminescent high‐performance liquid chromatographic method. Liver PCOOH increased with age in adult rats, but less of an increase of PCOOH was seen in DR rats, which is consistent with results on production of thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances and oxygen‐derived free radicals. No significant differences were found in liver superoxide dismutase and catalase activity between AL and DR groups of young and adult rats. Liver triglyceride and cholesterol contents were lower in DR than AL rats at 12 mon. Fatty acid compositions of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine indicated that the ratio of (20∶3n−6+20∶4n−6)/18∶2n−6, an index of linoleic acid (18∶2n−6) desaturation, was lower in DR than in AL rats. We concluded that DR suppresses age‐related oxidative damage in liver by modulating the amount of lipid as well as fatty acid composition.
Oleate acutely stimulates the secretion of triacylglycerol by cultured rat hepatocytes by accelerating the emptying of the secretory compartment
Authors: Zammit Victor A. , Lankester David L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe acute effects of addition of oleate on the rate of triacylglycerol (TAG) secretion by cultured rat hepatocytes were studied by monitoring the use of endogenous (14C‐prelabeled) acyl moieties and exogenous (3H‐labeled) oleate for the synthesis of secreted TAG simultaneously. Inclusion of exogenous oleate in the medium stimulated the secretion of the endogenous 14C‐labeled acyl moieties by 55–100%. To find out whether the stimulation was due to increased endogenous TAG mobilization or an increased rate of processing of TAG within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) secretory machinery, use was made of the inhibition of apolipoprotein B (apoB) synthesis (but not degradation) by Ca2+ mobilization from the ER. Inhibition of apoB synthesis stopped entry of acyl moieties (from endogenous and exogenous sources) into the secretory pathway. However, even when entry of acyl moieties into the secretory pathway was totally inhibited, exogenous oleate was still able to stimulate (twofold) the secretion [14C]TAG, indicating that oleate stimulates the emptying of prelabeled TAG from the secretory compartment at a point distal to apoB synthesis and nascent particle formation. These data indicate that exogenous oleate, besides providing additional acyl moieties for incorporation into secreted TAG, stimulates the secretion of endogenous TAG in a manner (i) that is independent of effects on apoB synthesis and/or degradation and (ii) that involves the enhanced processing of TAG resident within the ER secretory pathway.
Vinyl sulfide derivatives of truncated oxidosqualene as selective inhibitors of oxidosqualene and squalene‐hopene cyclases
Authors: Ceruti Maurizio , Balliano Gianni , Rocco Flavio , Milla Paola , Arpicco Silvia , Cattel Luigi , Viola Franca 
Published: November 2006

AbstractVarious vinyl sulfide and ketene dithioacetal derivatives of truncated 2,3‐oxidosqualene were developed. These compounds, having the reactive functions at positions C‐2, C‐15 and C‐19 of the squalene skeleton, were studied as inhibitors of pig liver and Saccharomyces cerevisiae oxidosqualene cyclases (OSC) (EC 5.4.99.7) and of Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius squalene hopene cyclase (SHC) (EC 5.4.99.‐). They contain one or two sulfur atoms in α‐skeletal position to carbons considered to be cationic during enzymatic cyclization of the substrate and should strongly interact with enzyme nucleophiles of the active site. Most of the new compounds are inhibitors of the OSC and of SHC, with various degrees of selectivity. The methylthiovinyl derivative, having the reactive group at position 19, was the most potent and selective inhibitor of the series toward S. cerevisiae OSC, with a concentration inhibiting 50% of the activity of 50 nM, while toward the animal enzyme it was 20 times less potent. These results could offer new insight for the design of antifungal drugs.
Influence of temperature and high dietary linoleic acid content on esterification, elongation, and desaturation of PUFA in atlantic salmon hepatocytes
Authors: Ruyter B. , Røjø C. , Grisdale‐Helland B. , Rosenlund G. , Obach A. , Thomassen M. S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe esterification, desaturation, and elongation of [1‐14C]18∶3n−3, [1‐14C]18∶2n−6, and [1‐14C]20∶5n−3 at 5 and at 12°C were studied using cultivated hepatocytes from Atlantic salmon. The salmon were fed diets, in which 0, 50, or 100% of the supplementary fish oil had been replaced by soybean oil, for 950 day‐degrees at 5 and 12°C. The endogenous percentage of 18∶2n−6 in hepatocyte lipids was 2% in cells from fish fed a diet with 100% of the supplemental lipid from fish oil, and it was slightly less than 25% in cells from fish fed the diet with 100% of the supplemental lipid from soybean oil. Furthermore, the percentages of 20∶3n−6 and 20∶4n−6 were significantly higher in hepatocytes from fish fed on soybean oil than they were in those of fish fed on fish oil. The percentages of 20∶5n−3 and 22∶6n−3, on the other hand, were lower. The endogenous levels of n−6 FA were not significantly correlated with the total amounts of radiolabeled FA esterified in hepatocyte lipids. The main radiolabeled products formed from 18∶2n−6 were 20∶2n−6 and 20∶3n−6. The level of the important eicosanoid precursor 20∶4n−6 was twice as high in hepatocyte phospholipids from fish fed the 100% soybean oil diet as it was in hepatocytes from fish fed the diet with 100% of supplemental lipid from fish oil. The main products formed from 18∶3n−3 were 20∶4n−3, 20∶5n−3, and 22∶6n−3. High levels of dietary 18∶2n−6 do allow, or even seem to increase, the production of 22∶6n−3 from 18∶3n−3 in hepatocytes. The main products formed from 20∶5n−3 were 22∶5n−3 and 22∶6n−3. The production of 22∶6n−3 from 20∶5n−3 was higher at 5°C than at 12°C. The percentage of 24∶5n−3 was higher at 5°C than it was at 12°C, as was the ratio of 24∶5 to 22∶5. These results suggest that the elongation rate of 22∶5n−3 to 24∶5n−3 is higher at the lower temperature.