bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Weathering sequences of rock-forming minerals in a serpentinite: Influence of microsystems on clay mineralogy
Authors: Caillaud J. , Proust D. , Righi D. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractUnder closed geochemical conditions, the weathering of a serpentinite rock composed of serpentine (70–85%) and magnesian chlorite (10–15%) associated with magnetite and chromite leads to the complete replacement of serpentine and chlorite by 2:1 layer silicates and produces new Fe oxides. The serpentine minerals crystallize under different habits issued from the serpentinization processes: mesh and hourglass pseudomorphic textures were formed from olivine, and thin-bladed pseudomorphic textures from pyroxene and amphibole crystals. Serpentine veins crosscut the whole rock with locally non-pseudomorphic interpenetrating and interlocking serpentines.Specific weathering microsystem habits with specific clay mineral crystallizations originate from these different habits: a poorly aluminous saponite in thin-bladed textures, two Fe-rich montmorillonites in mesh and hourglass (MH) textures, and in veins (V) which differentiate on Al, Mg and Fe contents. Magnesian chlorites, isolated from serpentine by hand-picking under a stereomicroscope, are found to weather to trioctahedral vermiculite. Magnetite and chromite extracted from the bulk samples are replaced by newly formed Fe oxides, maghemite, goethite and hematite, which give way to specific Fe accumulation habits in the regolith zone of the weathering profile.
Serpentine-nontronite-vermiculite mixed-layer clay from the Weches Formation, Claiborne Group, middle Eocene, northeast Texas
Authors: Huggett J. M. , McCarty D. K. , Calvert C. C. , Gale A. S. , Kirk C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe Weches Formation of the Claiborne Group (Eocene) in northeast Texas consists of clayey sandstones and mudrocks, both with variable proportions of dark green to brown clay peloids deposited in a marginal to open marine setting on the Gulf Coast margin. The composition of the dark green peloids, from two localities, has been investigated using X-ray diffraction, back-scattered electron microscopy with X-ray analysis, electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS), Mössbauer spectroscopy, chemical analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. These peloids were previously described on the basis of their color as glauconite (Yancey and Davidoff, 1994); our results, however, show that the dark green indurated pellets are predominantly composed of mixed-layer clays with a high proportion of Fe-rich 7 Å serpentine layers coexisting with a mixed-layer phase containing glauconite, nontronite and vermiculite layers, in addition to discrete illite and kaolinte. Analyses by EELS of single particles with a chemical composition consistent with them being the Fe-rich clay indicate that the Fe is >95% ferric, while Mössbauer analyses of the bulk magnetically separated fraction for the same samples indicates a ferric iron content of ∼60–70%, despite the variable relative proportions of expandable and 7 Å layers. Taking into account that there is a significant amount of 2:1 layers containing ferric Fe, we interpret these data as indicating that the Fe in the 7 Å layers has a significant amount of Fe2+ even taking into account the high ferric Fe ratio from the EELS analysis when the coexisting 2:1 layers are considered. Thus, these 1:1 layers are closer to berthierine in composition than to odinite. The vermiculite layers in the Texas clay may indicate partial ‘verdinization’ of expandable 2:1 clay. A possible reaction is smectite → vermiculite → berthierine-like phase. We estimate a temperature of 20°C for the seawater in which the Texas clay formed, the lower end of the range for modern occurrences of odinite.
Towards an isotopic modeling of the illitization process based on data of illite-type fundamental particles from mixed-layer illite-smectite
Authors: Clauer Norbert 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBurial-induced and hydrothermal-related illitization in bentonites and in sandstones can be modeled on the basis of isotopic studies of fundamental particles separated from mixed-layer illitesmectite. The model envisages different reaction rates and durations relative to the varied impacts of temperature, considering that the water:rock ratio also has an influence. The different pathways for illitization are suggested on the basis of the K-Ar, Rb-Sr and δ18O compositions of previously studied materials.New information is provided on why fundamental particles separated from mixed-layer illite-smectite in shales yield K-Ar age data that are systematically greater than the ages of the fundamental particles from associated bentonites and/or sandstones, and greater than the reported stratigraphic ages. The study of pure authigenic, recent to present-day smectite from Pacific sediments shows that (1) those collected from active hydrothermal vents have 40Ar/36Ar ratios identical to that of the atmosphere, and (2) those of mud sediments have 40Ar/36Ar ratios above the atmospheric value, indicating addition of 40Ar not generated in situ by radioactive decay. A preliminary but detailed analysis of the noble-gas (Ar, Xe, Kr) contents of authigenic smectite-rich size fractions from Pacific deep-sea red clays suggests trapping of these gases by smectite. Therefore, the results point to the fact that fundamental particles can incorporate excess 40Ar into their structure when nucleating in restricted to closed systems, such as shales. This excess 40Ar, which represents radiogenic 40Ar released from nearby altered silicates, might be temporarily adsorbed at the surface of the rock pore spaces and is therefore available for incorporation in nucleating and growing particles.
Rapid Proteome Analysis of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Samples of Lifelong Smokers and Never-Smokers by Micro-Scale Liquid Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Plymoth Amelie , Yang Ziping , Löfdahl Claes-Göran , Ekberg-Jansson Ann , Dahlbäck Magnus , Fehniger Thomas E , Marko-Varga György , Hancock William S 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Background: The aim of this study was to determine whether relative qualitative and quantitative differences in protein expression could be related to smoke exposure or smoke-induced airway inflammation. We therefore explored and characterized the protein components found in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid sampled from either lifelong smokers or never-smokers.
Methods: BAL fluid samples obtained by bronchoscopy from 60-year-old healthy never-smokers (n = 18) and asymptomatic smokers (n = 30) were analyzed in either pooled or individual form. Initial global proteomic analysis used shotgun digestion approaches on unfractionated BAL fluid samples (after minimal sample preparation) and separation of peptides by gradient (90-min) liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with on-line linear ion trap quadropole mass spectrometry (LTQ MS) for identification and analysis.
Results: LTQ MS identified 481 high- to low-abundance proteins. Relative differences in patterns of BAL fluid proteins in smokers compared with never-smokers were observed in pooled and individual samples as well as by 2-dimensional gel analysis. Gene ontology categorization of all annotated proteins showed a wide spectrum of molecular functions and biological processes.
Conclusions: The described method provides comprehensive qualitative proteomic analysis of BAL fluid protein expression from never-smokers and from smokers at risk of developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Many of the proteins identified had not been detected in previous studies of BAL fluid; thus, the use of LC-tandem MS with LTQ may provide new information regarding potentially important patterns of protein expression associated with lifelong smoking.
Nutzbarmachung Genetischer Algorithmen für den automatisierten Entwurf flexibler S-Bahn-Betriebsregime (Using Genetic Algorithms for the Automatic Design of Flexible Timetables in Suburban Railways)
Authors: Albrecht Thomas 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Eine hohe Wirtschaftlichkeit und Attraktivität von S-Bahnen kann nur bei gleichzeitiger Flexibilisierung der Zugfolgezeiten, des Liniennetzes und der Kapazität der einzelnen Linien erreicht werden. Der unter diesen Voraussetzungen hoch komplexe Entwurf optimaler Betriebsprogramme wird mit Genetischen Algorithmen behandelt und anhand einer Fallstudie für das Szenario einer vollautomatischen S-Bahn Dresden beschrieben.
Schizosaccharomyces pombe Git1 Is a C2-Domain Protein Required for Glucose Activation of Adenylate Cyclase
Authors: Kao Richard S , Morreale Eric , Wang Lili , Ivey F Douglas , Hoffman Charles S 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Schizosaccharomyces pombe senses environmental glucose through a cAMP-signaling pathway, activating cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA). This requires nine git (glucose insensitive transcription) genes that encode adenylate cyclase, the PKA catalytic subunit, and seven “upstream” proteins required for glucose-triggered adenylate cyclase activation, including three heterotrimeric G-protein subunits and its associated receptor. We describe here the cloning and characterization of the git1+ gene. Git1 is distantly related to a small group of uncharacterized fungal proteins, including a second S. pombe protein that is not functionally redundant with Git1, as well as to members of the UNC-13/Munc13 protein family. Mutations in git1+ demonstrate functional roles for the two most highly conserved regions of the protein, the C2 domain and the MHD2 Munc homology domain. Cells lacking Git1 are viable, but display phenotypes associated with cAMP-signaling defects, even in strains expressing a mutationally activated Gα-subunit, which activates adenylate cyclase. These cells possess reduced basal cAMP levels and fail to mount a cAMP response to glucose. In addition, Git1 and adenylate cyclase physically interact and partially colocalize in the cell. Thus, Git1 is a critical component of the S. pombe glucose/cAMP pathway.
Cleft Palate Repair Using a Marginal Musculo-Mucosal Flap
Authors: Ogata Hisao , Nakajima Tatsuo , Onishi Fumio , Tamada Ikkei , Hikosaka Makoto 
Published: February 2006

Objective: To describe a modified procedure consisting of a mucoso-periosteal flap palatoplasty with a marginal musculo-mucosal flap (3M flap). This is also the first report of a primary repair for complete cleft palate using the 3M flap. We describe the lengthening effect of the nasal mucous layer of the soft palate and evaluate the fistula formation rate associated with this method. Methods: This procedure has been performed on 21 patients with unilateral complete clefts and on 27 patients with incomplete clefts. A mucoso-periosteal flap raised from the hard palate was used mainly for closure of the cleft and not for the push-back. The 3M flap repaired the deficit of the nasal mucosa, making sure that the soft palate was lengthened. Intravelar veloplasty was performed also. Results: The dimension of the nasal mucosal defect that can be filled with the 3M flap is 10 to 12 mm in length, oriented anterior-posterior, and 15 to 20 mm wide. Oronasal fistula formation was recognized in only 3 of 48 cases (2 of 21 complete clefts, 1 of 27 incomplete clefts) and were located at the hard-soft palate junction at the anterior portion of the 3M flap. Conclusions: This method has the theoretical advantages of (1) preventing fistula formation by filling the tissue deficiency with the 3M flap; (2) achieving better velopharyngeal function due to elongation of the soft palate and retropulsion of the muscular bundle, utilizing the 3M flap; and (3) minimizing maxillary growth retardation by adopting a non–push-back method of hard palate repair.
Infant Orthopedics Has No Effect on Maxillary Arch Dimensions in the Deciduous Dentition of Children with Complete Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate (Dutchcleft)
Authors: Bongaarts Catharina A. M. , van't Hof Martin A. , Prahl-Andersen Birte , Dirks Iris V. , Kuijpers-Jagtman Anne M. 
Published: February 2006

Objective: Evaluation of the effect of infant orthopedics on maxillary arch dimensions in the deciduous dentition in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate. Design: Prospective two-arm randomized controlled clinical trial with three participating cleft palate centers. Setting: Cleft palate centers of the Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Academic Center of Dentistry Amsterdam, and University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Patients: Children with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate (n = 54) were included. Interventions: Patients were randomly divided into two groups. Half of the patients (IO+) had a presurgical orthopedic plate until surgical closure of the soft palate at the age of 52 weeks; the other half (IO−) did not undergo presurgical orthopedics. Mean outcome measures: Maxillary arch dimensions were assessed on dental casts at 4 and 6 years of age with measurements for arch width, arch depth, arch length, arch form, and the vertical position of the lesser segment. Contact and collapse were assessed also. Results: There were no clinically significant differences found between IO+ and IO− for any of the variables. Conclusions: Infant orthopedics had no observable effect on the maxillary arch dimensions or on the contact and collapse scores in the deciduous dentition at the ages of 4 and 6 years. Considering the Dutchcleft results to date, there is no need to perform infant orthopedics for unilateral cleft lip and palate patients.
A Late Pleistocene-Holocene natural seismograph along the Boconó Fault (Mérida Andes, Venezuela): the moraine-dammed Los Zerpa paleo-lake
Authors: Carrillo Eduardo , Audemard M. Franck A. , Beck Christian , Cousin Michel , Jouanne François , Cano Victor , Castilla Raymi , Melo Luis , Villemin Thierry 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
The Boconó Fault system is a major active tectonic feature accommodating an important part of the dextral relative motion between the Caribbean Plate and northern South-America. The main trace follows an axial valley running SW-NE within the Mérida Andes (northwestern Venezuela), and crosscuts a series of moraines related to late Pleistocene glaciers developments and retreats, at an altitude between 2600 and 5000 m. Several lakes were generated after the last retreat (between the Late Glacial Maximum –LGM– and the Younger Dryas re-advance), dammed by lateral and frontal moraines. Among them, the Los Zerpa moraine system yielded rich outcrops ranging from an upstream very coarse torrential to deltaic fill, to a downstream clayey-silty horizontal laminated lacustrine accumulation; a fore-set-type heterogeneous “prograding” body links the two sets. The whole system, as well as the surrounding moraines, underwent successive major earthquakes during the Late Glacial/lower Holocene period as evidenced by co-seismic scarps in the moraines, migrations of the outlet, and associated sagponds. Besides active faulting affecting both the moraines and the sedimentary fill, the latter –main purpose of our detail study– exhibits various evidence of strong disturbances which we relate to seismic shaking, such as: i) successive unconformities with co-seismic slips along fractures in the coarse proximal sediments; ii) successive dip changes, discontinuities, and slumps in the foreset-like set; iii) slumps with basal liquefaction, syn-sedimentary fractures, and instantaneous re-sedimentation in the fine-grained laminated accumulation. Lateral (temporal) correlations are established between the successive disturbances detected in the three situations; in turn, these sedimentary events are correlated with seismic activity of the Boconó Fault main trace. Thus, the whole paleo-lake may be considered as a natural seismograph which worked during several thousands years, after the end of the LGM and during early Holocene.
Discovery of two coloured Phylloceratidae belonging to the genus Adabofoloceras Joly, 1977. Hypotheses on the relationships between colour patterns of the shell and mode of life
Authors: Jolyet Bernard , Baudouin Cyril 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Until now the references of coloured specimens in the scientific publications about Juraphyllitidae, Phylloceratidae and Neophylloceratidae are not very numerous. The recent discovery of Adabofoloceras ardechicum (Munier-Chalmas, in Collot, 1880) and Adabofoloceras chantrei (Munier-Chalmas, in Collot, 1880) fills a part of this gap. The new findings allow to compare with coloured specimens published before, above all with the Calliphylloceras of the Kutch and with a Calliphylloceras demidoffi (Rousseau, 1842) of Upper Bathonian of Malagasy.
Like every coloured specimen published before, the dark biochromes of the specimens studied in this note belong to the group of melanins. The other observable colours of both species of genus Adabofoloceras are in fact a schemochromy, that is an interferential phenomenon in the thin calcium carbonate layers; it does not imply the presence of biochromes. The exposure of the three studied specimens to UV shows the lack of biochromes such as porphyrins in these ammonites. The only biochromes found in these shells are probably melanins according to the works published earlier.
In both Adabofoloceras, the colours are placed in radial stripes like “flames”, as in modern Nautilus. The Malagasy Calliphylloceras demidoffi shows that coloured longitudinal stripes can’t be excluded in the Phylloceratidae.
It seams apropriate to compare the colours described in this note with those published before and with those of modern Nautilus in order to try to understand their biological function. The hypotheses proposed on the biological function of the ammonites shells colours are briefly explained and discussed. It is the same for Adabofoloceras ardechicum, the best example of coloured shells among Phylloceratidae known nowadays. We can think that these colours permitted a good protection against the predators by camouflage of the shell. It is possible to think that the biochromes could be made of excreted matter. It is more difficult to explain Calliphylloceras demidoffi because its colour is bad. Photos with IR films show biochromes in radial stripes and perhaps coloured longitudinal stripes.
With most of the authors we can think that the biochromes were located in the most external layers of the test. Probably, first, they were excreted matter and secondly, they protected the animals against the predators.
Trust, Confidence and Reliance: Reflections of a Linguist
Authors: Desportes Yvon 
Published: February 2006

The author, a linguist, explores how "trust," "confidence," and "reliance" underlie global trade and finance. To do this, he demonstrates the contribution that linguistic research has made to the understanding of the meaning of these words, in referring particularly to the work of the French Sanskrit specialist Emile Benvéniste. Recalling the archeology of the images and representations that former civilizations have associated with these words, the author undertakes a detailed semantic history. The analysis that theologians and philosophers have performed on these notions is the occasion to show that the inquiry into the question of confidence is related to someone else's philosophy. Just as there is no more an objective knowledge of others any more than there is an objective knowledge of God, the convictions acquired relative to others or to God are of a different order than that of pure reason. Thus the notion of confidence implies by nature the notion of risk. The author aims to show that if the contemporary problematics are of a different nature than those whose words represent the vestige, nothing however in these problematics is foreign to the human experience that these words convey: only the fields of application and the reasons of the inquiry have changed with time. 15th Presidential Address, presented at international conference, Istanbul, Turkey, May 2005.
Randomized clinical trial of the effects of abdominal drainage after elective hepatectomy using the crushing clamp method
Authors: Sun H-C , Qin L-X , Lu L , Wang L , Ye Q-H , Ren N , Fan J , Tang Z-Y 
Published: February 2006

Abstract

Background
Abdominal drainage is a standard procedure after hepatectomy, but this practice has been challenged recently.

Methods
Between September 2004 and March 2005, 120 consecutive patients who had undergone hepatic resection by the same surgical team were randomly allocated into drainage and no drainage groups (60 in each group). Patient characteristics, preoperative liver function, presence of cirrhosis, resection-related factors and postoperative complications were compared between the two groups.

Results
The groups were comparable in terms of demographics, indications for surgery, preoperative liver function test results, presence of cirrhosis, extent of hepatectomy, intraoperative blood loss and requirement for blood transfusion. Symptomatic subphrenic collection and pleural effusion occurred in four patients (7 per cent) who had abdominal drainage and three (5 per cent) who did not. Local wound complications occurred in 17 (28 per cent) and two (3 per cent) patients respectively (P &lt; 0·001). The postoperative hospital stay was similar in the two groups. Multivariate analysis indicated that the presence of cirrhosis and abdominal drainage were independently related to the development of postoperative wound complications.

Conclusion
Routine abdominal drainage is unnecessary after elective hepatectomy using the crushing clamp method.
Randomized clinical trial of bowel preparation with a single phosphate enema or polyethylene glycol before elective colorectal surgery
Authors: Platell C , Barwood N , Makin G 
Published: February 2006

Abstract

Background
A recent meta-analysis has questioned the value of bowel preparation in patients undergoing colorectal resection. The aim of this clinical trial was to evaluate whether a single phosphate enema was as effective as oral polyethylene glycol (PEG) solution in preventing anastomotic leakage.

Methods
Patients were randomized to receive either a single phosphate enema or 3 litres of oral PEG solution before surgery. Patients were followed for a minimum of 6 weeks to detect anastomotic leakage.

Results
There were 147 patients in each group and the groups were evenly matched for putative risk factors at baseline. Patients in the enema group had more anastomotic leaks requiring reoperation than those in the PEG group (4·1 versus 0 per cent, P = 0·013; relative risk 2·04 (95 per cent confidence interval (c.i.) 1·82 to 2·30)). The mortality rate was higher in the PEG group (2·7 versus 0·7 per cent, P = 0·176; odds ratio 1·62 (95 per cent c.i. 0·45 to 36·98)).

Conclusion
Bowel preparation with a phosphate enema was associated with an increased risk of anastomotic leakage requiring reoperation compared with oral PEG. These results do not support the routine use of a phosphate enema in patients undergoing elective colorectal surgery.