bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Total Quantity of Hemoglobin in Man and its Relation to Age, Sex, Bodyweight and Height
Authors: SJÖSTRAND TORGNY 
Published: December 2008

Summary.According to a method already described the total quantity of hemoglobin has been determined on 17 boys and 21 girls between the ages of 8 and 17, on 174 men between the ages of 18 and 57 and on 92 women between 17 and 70.In the case of the male material the total quantity of hemoglobin increased with age and broadly speaking with physical growth up to the age of 22. In the female material — as in the male —the quantity of hemoglobin increased up to the ages of 12 to 13, but after this, the increase was considerably less up to the age of 20, after which it remained constant.In the male material the quantity of hemoglobin showed a manifest increase in relation to the bodyweight during the years of puberty and up to the age of 22, but in the female material there was a relative decrease from the age of 12 to 20.The average quantity of henloglobin in the adult man was 1.16 % of the bodyweight and 0.86 % in the adult woman.Even previous to the years of puberty the sexes showed a difference concerning the total quantity of henioglobin in relation to the bodyweight but none in relation to age.The quantity of hemoglobin did not increase with the increase of weight after physical growth had ceased, at least as regards the female material.The quantity of hemoglobin showed good correlation with the height during the years of development, though there was only slight correlation in the case of men and women. As regards the surface area of the body the total quantity of hemoglobin showed only slightly better correlation than to the bodyweight in men and women. but it was less in children.Broadly speaking the blood volume showed the same variability as the total quantity of hemoglobin, except that the difference between the sexes, in adults, was about 10% lower as regards the blood volunie than it was concerning the quantity of hemoglobin.The size of the error which the niethod adopted has, in that part of the carbon inonoxide is bound estravascularly inter alia to the myoglobin is discussed and the total hemoglobin determinations of some chronic Cases of anemia are given as a further proof of the smallness of this error, which is reckoned as being from 2 to 3%.The significance of the seemingly hormonal effect on the hemoglobin production under and after puberty is also discussed.A grant has been received from the Therese and Johan Anderssons Foundation for these investigations.
The Variation in Activity of Apodehydrogennaes During Insect Metamorphosis
Authors: AGRELL IVAR 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The activity of some apodehydrogenases has been determined during the entire metamorphosis period of the fly Calliphora erythrocephala Meig. by use of the methylene blue technique.The minimum in oxidative metabolism occurring during the metamorphosis is traced back to a similarly changed activity of the apodehydrogenases.The malic dehydrogenase occupies a central position in the oxidative metabolism.Reasons are put forward for the acceptance of a “tricarboxylic acid cycle” operating in the investigated insect.
All “Adrenergic Blocking” Substance (Dibenzyl‐β‐Chloro‐Ethyl Ethyl Ammonium Bromide) of High and Rapid Activity in Animal Experiments.
Authors: NYHAN EBBE , ÖSTLUND ERIC 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The rapid action and high activity of a new quaternary derivative of the Dibenamine series, dibenzyl‐β‐chloroethyl ethyl ammonium bromide, as an adrenergic blocking substance, is demonstrated in experiments in rabbits and cats. The specific action develops immediately after intravenous injection of the agent and consists of a fall in blood pressure and a rapid blockade against the pressor activity of even great doses of epinephrine. The duration of the action is several hours. The toxicity of the new compound is favourable in comparison to its slowly acting congener, Dibenamine. The new compound also has a considerable antihistaminic property. The observations give rise to some statements concerning the structure‐activity relations. The rapid action and high activity of the new agent in comparison to Dibenamine seems to. make the quaternary derivative very suitable in animal experiments, when an adrenergic blockade is wanted. The possibilities of clinical application will be discussed later.
The Action of Ovarian Hormones on the Mammary Glands of Rabbits and Bats with the Hypophysial Stalk Transected
Authors: JACOBSOHN DORA 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The mode of the stimulating action of estrogens on lactation is studied on rabbits and rats with the hypophysial stalk transected.In each of 7 stalk‐transected rabbits 100 μg of estradiol benzoate every fourth day result in lactation.10 stalk‐transected rats are treated with doses of estradiol benzoate varying from 1 to 250 μg. In 2 rats receiving 10 μg estradiol benzoate every fourth day the mammary glands showed marked secretion. With lower or higher doses only slight or no changes are observed in the remaining 8 rats.
The Distinction by Means of Tracers Between Active Transport and Diffusion
Authors: USSING HANS H. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.

It is shown that for a free ion diffusing through a membrane the ratio between the flux in one direction and the simultaneous flux in the opposite direction is independent of the structure of the membrane. This ratio , which can be evaluated through tracer experiments, is equal to the ratio between the electrochemical activities of the ion on the two sides of the membrane.
Deviations from the equation indicate that the ion does not diffuse in the free state only, but, in part at least, as a component of some other moving particle in the membrane. Complex formation for instance as a part of an active transport mechanism brings about deviations from the above equation.
The diffusion of iodide through the isolated surviving frog skin is studied by means of the radioactive I131. I‐ diffuses inwards faster than outwards under all conditions studied. Nevertheless, no active transport of I‐ need be postulated since the potential difference across the skin is somewhat higher than required to explain the difference in diffusion rate.
Both influx and outflux of I‐ show a negative correlation to the potential difference, so that high P. D. values are found only when the I‐ permeability is low.
A Pressor Reflex from the Peripheral Vagus Nerve
Authors: von EULER CURT 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Galvanic stimulation of the peripheral end of the cut vagus in the neck has been shown to elicit a pressor response in cats.This effect is shown to be a reflex. The pathway is concluded to be as follows: (a) afferent vagal fibres conducting antidromic‐ally towards the heart, (b) transmission to afferent fibres running via the stellate ganglion to the dorsal roots, (c) intraspinal tracts up to the vasomotor centre, (d) on the effector side mainly via the splanchnic nerves.The directly stimulated vagal fibres are shown to belong to the thinnest fibre groups, mainly of the C class.
A Method of Determining the Undamped Natural Frequency and the Damping in Over‐damped and Slightly Underdamped Systems of One Degree of Freedom by Means of a Square‐Wave Impact.
Authors: WARBURG ERIK 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The method only requires determinations of the amplitude for the full deflection (the static amplitude) and the coordinates to two points of the movement produced by a square‐wave impact.The method requires few computations only.

A method has been evolved of determining the undamped natural frequency and the degree of damping for oscillating systems of one degree of freedom which are overdamped or slightly underdamped.
A table has been calculated which gives the time taken for a system of a known degree of damping and natural undamped frequency to reach 98 per cent, of its full deflection when influenced by a square‐wave impact.
The Effect of Ether Anesthesia on the Function of the Motor Endplate and on the Contractility of the Muscle Cell.
Authors: NÅSS KNUT 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The effect of ether anesthesia on the motor endplate and on the contractility of the striated muscle cell is investigated. From the experimental results the following conclusions are drawn:

Ether exhibits a considerable depressing effect on the function of the motor endplate. The effect is subject to individual variations. A concentration of ether, only slightly exceeding that corresponding to the cessation of respiration, usually produces a “complete curarization”. Even low, subnarcotic concentrations may ordinarily exert a distinct effect in the motor endplate, when a higher frequency of stimulation is used.
A period of 30 to 45 minutes elapses before a maximal effect of a uniform administration of ether in the motor endplate is obtained. This is probably due to the slow transfer of ether from the blood to the muscle.
The contractility of the muscle cells is slightly or not at all affected under ether anesthesia, when an average frequency of stimulation is used. With respect to the higher and lower frequencies a distinct inhibition occurs already at a stage corresponding to surgical anesthesia.The direct excitability of the muscle cells decreases somewhat during anesthesia. The latter effects are stronger than those of curare, compared with the effect of the two substances in the motor endplate.
The myograms recorded under the influence of ether essentially remind of the corresponding myograms recorded during an increasing curarization. There is, however, some differences.
By a co‐operation of ether and curare a potentiating effect of the substances in the motor endplate takes place.
The slight differences of the curve forms and the potentiating effect indicate a somewhat different mechanism of action of ether and curare in the motor endplate.
Turnover of Phosphatides.
Authors: ELLIOTT GRACE DE C. , HEVESY G. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.

The extent of incorporation of intracellular orthophosphate P of the liver phosphatides of the rat decreases with increasing age. While it amounts to 12 per cent per hour for the liver phosphatides of a 4‐day‐old rat, the corresponding figure for a 1.5‐year‐old rat is 6, intermediate figures being obtained for rats of intermediate age.
The calculation of the “rate of turnover” from the ratio of the end value of the specific activities of phosphatide P and the mean value of the specific activities of orthophosphate P during the experiment supplies, in experiments lasting 4 hours or less almost identical figures with those obtained when, according to ZILVERSMIT et al., the calculation is based on the change of the specific activity of phosphatide P with time.
Keplacement of the specific activities of liver inorganic P by corresponding values of ATP P2,3 of the liver leads to very similar turnover rate values.
The ratio of the turnover rate of the phosphatides of the total liver tissue, the mitochondria, and the cell nuclei of the liver is found to be 1: 0.67: 0.42.
The percentage of P32 administered present in 1 mg liver phosphatide P of the rat, which is as high as 0.121 after the lapse of 1 day, declines to 0.00066 after the lapse of 84 days.
The lower limit of the turnover of kidney phosphatides is not markedly dependent on the age of the rat and amounts to about 5 per cent in the course of 1 hour. Lower and with the age of the rat decreasing values are obtained for the spleen phosphatides. The percentage rate of incorporation of orthophosphate P per hour for a three‐month‐old rat can be estimated to be about 4.The senior author wants to express his thanks to the Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse for their kind support of this investigation. Our thanks are due Miss Gudrun Dreyfus for very effective assistance.
The Content of Adenosinetriphosphate and Creatine Phosphate in Uterine Muscle of Rats and Rabbits.
Authors: WALLAS OTTO , WALAAS EVA 
Published: December 2008

Summary.

The content of acid soluble phosphate compounds in uterine muscle of rats and rabbits have been determined.
Relatively low content of adenosinetriphosphate (ATP) and creatine phosphate (PC) were found in uterine muscle. The mean values of ATP were about 2 mg per 100 g and of PC about 1 mg per 100 g wet muscle tissue. The content of ATP was approximately 1/20 and of PC 1/50 of these substances in skeletal muscle.
Injection with estradiolbenzoate or estradiolbenzoate + progesterone had no significant effect on the content of ATP and PC in uterine muscle.
A slight increase in tbe content of ATP of uterine muscle was found during the last part of pregnancy in rats, of marginal statistical significance.
The results have been discussed in relation to physiological activity. It has been suggested that the low content of phosphate compounds may be of importance to the time factor and the force in uterine muscle contraction.
The Effect of Estrogenic Hormone on the Content of Calcium and Magnesiusm in Uterus.
Authors: WALAAS OTTO 
Published: December 2008

Summary.

The effect of estrogenic hormone on the content of calcium and magnesium in uterus and uterine muscle has been studied.
Injection of estrogenic hormone in amounts of 50 micrograms and 400 micrograms estradiolbenzoate to castrated rats gave a statistically significant increase in the content of magnesium in the uterus, and also a rise in the ratio Mg/Ca.
In uterine muscle of immature rabbits no significant difference in the content of calcium and magnesium was found after injection of 150 micrograms estradiolbenzoate + 3.0 mg progesterone compared with the content after injection of 150 micrograms estradiolbenzoate.
Uterine muscle has a lower content of magnesium, a lower Mg/Ca ratio and a higher content of calcium than skeletal muscle.
The significance of the results has been discussed in relation to physiological activity.
The Effect of d‐Tubocurarine on the Mono‐ and Polysynaptic Relfex of the Spinal Cord Including a Comparison with the Effect of Strychnine.
Authors: NÆSS KNUT 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The effect of intravenous injection of d‐tubocurarine on monoand polysynaptic reflexes of the spinal cord of cats has been investigated. Doses, which from a clinical point of view were very large had no effect on these reflexes. Already small doses of strychnine gave a characteristic increase of the polysynaptic reflex, augmented by further injections. With very large doses of strychnine a selective depression of the monosynaptic reeponse appeared while the polysynaptic reflexes still increased.
Selective Removal of the Nerve Discharge component from the Cochlear Potential during Anoxia.
Authors: BORNSCHENIN H. , GERNANDT BO 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The relationship between the cochlear and the action potentials of the ear during oxygen deprivation was studied by simultaneously recording the two potentials by means of electrodes in the apical part of the cochlea (third turn). The experimental animals were 12 guinea pigs under not too deep urethane anesthesia. In only 9 of 17 operated ears both potentials were strong enough to be studied and compared. It was found that:

During incipient hypoxia, the hump in the composite curve representing the action potential disappears before the amplitude of the cochlear potential decreases. During the recovery phase, the action potential reappears only after complete restitution of the cochlear potential.
Repeated, successive anoxia experiments are always followed by complete restitution of the cochlear potential, whereas the action potential gradually disappears, provided that the anoxia is not carried too far. This provides a simple method of eliminating the action potential without affecting the cochlear potential, a technique suitable for cochlear potential threshold measurements.
When the action potential reappears in the recovery phase of hypoxia, there is a transient phase difference of about 0.2 msec., which after some minutes is no longer present. This difference is attributable to a temporary prolongation of the latent period of the action potential. The effect of hypoxia on the latent period of the action potential is equivalent to that obtained by a reduction of stimulus intensity.
Motor Responses of Gastro‐Intestinal Tract and Bladder to Topical Stimulation of the Frontal lobe, Basal Ganglia and Hypothalamus in the Cat.
Authors: STRÖM GUNNAR , UVNÄS BÖRJE 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Motor responses from the gastro‐intestinal tract were produced by topic stimulation in the anterior sigmoid gyms and the genual gyrus of the frontal lobe, in a region including the putamen, the globus pallidus and the lobus olfactorius anterior, and of hypothalamic structures at the infundibular and mamillary levels.Bladder contractions were obtained on topic stimulation in the genual gyms of the frontal lobe, the anterior part of the nucleus caudatus and in other basal regions shown to yield gastro‐intestinal responses.
The Influence of Saccharin on the Blood‐Sugar
Authors: JØRGENSEN HENRY 
Published: December 2008

Summary.It is shown that saccharin and other sweetening agents may produce a slight fall of the blood‐sugar value; the phenomenon is not a constant one, it occurs more frequently after washing the mouth with the solution than after drinking it. No reaction was observed after administration of saccharin by duodenal tube. It is supposed that the reaction is released via the gustatory nerves.
Osmotic Regulation in the Frog, Kana Esculenta (L.), at Low Temperatures
Authors: JØRGENSEN C. BARKER 
Published: December 2008

Summary.When frogs in water are transferred from room temperature to low temperatures, e.g. 2–3° C, the body water increases rapidly in amount until a new equilibrium is established within some few days. Further weight increase, e.g. increase in body water may occur at a low rate. This slow working part of the water retention goes parallel to a salt accumulation brought about by active uptake of NaCl through the skin from the surrounding water.Injected water is also rapidly eliminated by the kidneys in frogs living at low temperatures. Salt administered in form of hypertonic solution of NaCl is, however, not eliminated by the kidneys. The water and salt accumulation demonstrated in frogs at low temperatures is therefore probably caused by an inability of the kidney to excrete the salt taken up through the skin, the resulting hypertonicity of the blood being counteracted by retention of some of the water entering through the skin.
The Effect of Auto‐Transfusion of “Work‐Blood” on the Pulmonary Ventilation
Authors: ASMUSSEN ERLING‐ , NIELSEN MARIUS 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Experiments were carried out in which blood was trapped in the legs by means of pneumatic cuffs immediately after 10 minutes of heavy work (1,340 mkg per minute) and not released until 15 minutes after cessation of work.The effect of this auto‐transfusion of “work blood” was a pronounced increase in the pulmonary ventilation, which prior to the release had returned to a value not much above the resting value. Control experiments showed that this increase only to a minor degree was caused by the concomitant transitory changes in alveolar CO2 pressure and arterial blood pressure. Breathing of pure oxygen diminished the increase in ventilation caused by the auto‐transfusion considerably.The results from these experiments, therefore, are in good agreement with the conclusion arrived at in earlier experiments, viz. that the blood during heavy work contains specific substances produced under anaerobic conditions in the working muscles and with a pronounced stimulatory effect on the ventilation.
Comparative Tests of the Creatinine and Thiosulphate Clearance in Kittens
Authors: EFFERSØE POUL 
Published: December 2008

Summary.It has been shown earlier that at low plasma‐thiosulphate concentrations the thiosulphate clearance of adult cats may be up to twice as high as the creatinine clearance, but that with an increasing plasma‐thiosulphate concentration this difference approximates 0. The most probable explanation is that the tubuli of adult cats can secrete thiosulphate. As no such difference has been observed in man, dog or rabbit, and as it is possible that the difference is due to differences in diet, tests were made on five kittens, two to eight weeks old, which had Received nothing but milk. Conditions were found to be exactly the same for both kittens and adult cats.
On Proteins in Regenerating Rat Liver. II. Proteolytic Enzymes
Authors: NORBERG BO 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Cathepsin, exopolypeptidase (LGG) and dipeptidase (LG) have been studied in regenerating rat's liver after partial hepatectomy. Owing to the immediate strain of the operation, the activity of these enzymes diminishes somewhat. But during the regeneration fresh quantities of enzymes are produced, on the whole, as quickly as liver‐substance. Functions in vivo for these enzymes are therefore assumed.
The Relationship of the Total Hemoglobin or Total Blood Volume to the Pulse Frequency and Filling Rate of the Left Ventricle in Standing Position
Authors: KJELLBERG SVEN ROLAND , LÖNROTH HENRIK , RUDHE ULF , SJÖSTRAND TORGNY 
Published: December 2008

Summary.A statistical analysis, with correlation determination with several variables, of a test group consisting of 101 men, women, and children, indicates that a correlation exists between the pulse frequency in erect and supine positions, and the difference thereof, on the one hand and the total hemoglobin and the height on the other. A high correlation exists between the ratio of height to total hemoglobin and the pulse frequency in standing position.Electrokymographic records of the diastolic filling of the left ventricle show that the filling rate is decreased in the erect position especially in tall subjects with average or lower than an average hemoglobin values, and that this is closely bound to the amplitude of the blood displacement.The observations made are in agreement with the hypothesis that the pulmonary blood vessels function as a blood depot, the content of which is dependent on the total blood volume and the blood contents of the systemic circulation, and that this function has a relative significance for the filling and stroke volumes of the left ventricle as well as for the adaptation of the circulation to changes of position and physical work.
Über die sympathicomimetische Wirksamkeit von Gehirnextrakten
Authors: HOLTZ PETER 
Published: December 2008

Zusammenfassung.

Gehirnextrakte von Ochsen und Kaninchen wurden an zwei Testobjekten, die eine weitgehende Differenzierung zwischen Adrenalin und Arterenol ermöglichen – Katzenblutdruck und Rattenuterus –, auf ihre sympathicomimetische Wirksamkeit untersucht. Diese beruhte bei beiden Tierarten zu ungefähr 90 % auf Arterenol, zu ungefähr 10% auf Adrenalin, war aber bei Kaninchengehirn 10 Mai grosser als bei Oehsengehirn.
Die geringe Wirksamkeit besonders der aus Oehsengehirn gewonnenen Extrakte – 1 g Gehirn entsprach nur ungefähr 0.02 μg Arterenol – lässt es zweifelhaft erscheinen, ob die wirksamen Stoffe aus der Gehirnsubstanz selbst oder aus den sie versorgen‐den Gefässen stammt.
Im Gegensatz zu dem von RAAB aus Ratten‐ und Menschengehirn gewonnenen Encephalin wurde die pressorische Wirkung unserer Extrakte duich Cocain nicht abgeschwacht, sondern in gleichem Masse wie die Arterenolwirkung verstarkt.