bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in volatile constituents of bell peppers immediately and 3o minutes after stir frying
Authors: Wu Chung‐May , Liou Shu‐Er , Wang Ming‐Chin 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBell peppers(Capsicum annuum var. grossum. Sendt) were stir fried for two min, and their volatile constitu‐ents were analyzed immediately and 30 min after stir frying. Autoxidation of unsaturated fatty acids in stir frying and aging is the main cause of changes in volatile compounds.
Hydrogenation of linolenate. XI. Nuclear magnetic resonance investigation
Authors: Johnston A. E. , Glass C. A. , Dutton H. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractNuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra have been obtained during the hydrogenation of methyl linolenate with platinum, nickel and sulfur‐poisoned‐nickel catalysts and during the reduction of linolenic acid with hydrazine. Structural changes have been studied by 舠proton counting舡 techniques and include those for the total unsaturation (olefinic protons), 15,16‐double bond (ॆ‐olefinic methyl protons), 1,4‐pentadienes (di‐ॅ‐olefinic methylene protons) and allylic methylene (ॅ‐olefinic methylene protons).The number of olefinic protons is inversely related to the degree of saturation as determined by iodine value, GLC and hydrogen absorption. Amounts of double bonds in the 15,16‐position and in the 1,4‐pentadiene structures decrease linearly with increasing saturation, but the slopes of lines differ for specific catalysts. Sulfur‐poisoned pickel has the most negative slope, followed by electrolytic nickel, and then platinum and hydrazine. Amounts of ॅ‐olefinic structures with increasing saturation are roughly constant for hydrazine and platinum during reduction with the first mole of hydrogen; they fall to zero at complete saturation. For the two nickel catalysts, the ॅ‐olefinic structures increase during absorption of the first mole and a half of hydrogen before dropping to zero. The possibility of substituting NMR measurements for iodine value, alkali‐isomerization spectrophotometric determination and other structural analyses is discussed.
Performance of straight‐chain alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) in heavy‐duty detergents
Authors: Sweeney W. A. , Olson A. C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe foamability (dishwashing and washing machine) and detergency of LAS in heavy‐duty detergents is directly compared with polypropylenɹ ABS (PPABS) at various mol wt, conen, water hardnesses and temp. In every case a peak in performance is obtained in the C11 to C17 side chain range. The peak is shifted to lower mol wt as water hardness is increased, especially at low detergent conen. LAS opt performance is generally equal to PPABS, except in dishwashing foam in soft water. The LAS peaks, however, are shifted to ca. one carbon lower mol wt than the PPABS. Therefore, best over‐all performance is obtained for LAS whose average mol wt corresponds to a 12.5 carbon side chain, whereas PPABS is best with an average 13.5 carbon side chain.Dishwashing foamability is markedly different for the different isomers contained in LAS. When the phenyl group it attached to the middle of the alkyl chain, surprisingly high results are obtained. This dishwashing difference is great enough to be noticeable when the isomer distribution changes in whole products made using different alkylation catalysts. Detergency and washing machine foam are not affected enough to see differences between whole alkylates.LAS solubility is greater than PPABS and is influenced by isomer distribution.
Factors influencing vegetable oil bleaching by adsorption
Authors: Stout Lawrence E. , Chamberlain Donald F. , McKelvey James M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractVegetable oil bleaching by adsorption involves the removal of color particles which are either dissolved or colloidally dispersed in the oil. This type of adsorption follows an exponential relationship and the Freundlich equation was utilized in correlating the data. In utilizing this equation, the color of the oil was assumed proportional to the concentration of the color particles, and a color measurement system based on the Beer‐Lambert Law was devised. This system involves a measurement of the transmittance of light of 475 millimicrons wave length through the oil. A Coleman, Model 11, Spectrophotometer was used for the transmittance measurements. Spectral transmittance curves for cottonseed and soybean oil, bleached and unbleached, are given.The effect of the variables of temperature, time of contact, and particle size on the activity of several adsorbents was determined. It was found that the activity of each adsorbent is at a maximum at some particular temperature. The adsorbents were grouped into three general classes: acid‐activated clays, natural earths, and materials high in silica content, and it was found that adsorbents in the same class have a temperature of maximum activity within the same range.The effectiveness of 16 different adsorbents in bleaching a refined cottonseed oil was determined by utilizing the Freundlich equation and plotting adsorption isotherms for each adsorbent. Similar data are given for 10 different adsorbents in bleaching a refined soybean oil. On the basis of adsorbent activity, acid‐activated clays were 11/s to 2 times as effective as natural earths.
Design of a 5500 lb/hr solar steam plant
Authors: Allen D. J. , Gangadharan A. C. , Kumar S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSolar thermal systems capable of providing process heat to the industries that make up the Food and Kindred Products Group are now commercially available. Whether or not they will be adopted by these industries will depend not only upon further reductions in capital costs, but also upon the costs and availability of alternative fossil fuels, the operating and maintenance costs of solar thermal systems, and tax incentives.
Determination of tocopherols and sterols by capillary gas chromatography
Authors: Slover H. T. , Thompson R. H. , Merola G. V. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA method is described for simultaneously determining tocopherols and sterols in fats and oils by quantitative capillary gas chromatography. Samples containing ca. 100 mg of lipid were saponified in capped tubes with aqueous KOH by heating for 8 min at 80 C; the unsaponifiable fraction was extracted with cyclohexane, freed of solvent, derivatized to form the trimethylsilyl ethers of both tocopherols and sterols, and chromatographed on a 50 m×0.25 mm glass capillary column coated with Dexsil 400. Most of the individual tocopherols and common sterols were well separated, although interfering peaks were seen in some samples, which for better specificity should be subjected to an initial purification. For most samples, however, the simplified sample preparation, without preliminary purification, was adequate when combined with capillary gas chromatography. Recovery, method and gas liquid chromatographic precision, and applications are discussed.
Evaluation of the internal standard method for the quantitative estimation of oil polymer content by gas chromatography
Authors: Zielinski W. L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe use of an internal standard to quantitatively estimate the polymer content of fatty acid ester samples has been described and evaluated. Standard samples of known composition have been prepared and analyzed. The mean of the deviations from actual polymer values was found to be less than one per cent. The application of this approach to the analysis of partially polymerized oils is discussed.
Studies on the changes in fatty acid composition in developing seeds. I.
Authors: Chandra K. S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractOils from castor seeds at different stages of ripening have been studied. The fatty acid composition has been determined by paper chromatography. The ratio of the weight of the kernel to the weight of the seed coat changes from 1.0: 1.24 (14 days) to 1.0:0.48 (45 days) and the oil content of the seed coat is negligible. Amounts of the individual fatty acids in 1 g of kernel as well as in a single seed have been shown. The amounts of ricinoleic, linoleic and stearic acids gradually increase with the ripening of the seeds whereas the amounts of oleic and palmitic acid after an initial increase upto 28 days gradually decrease towards the later stages of growth when the amounts are calculated on the basis of a single seed.
The effect of dietary fat on the glyceride structure of rat carcass fat
Authors: Perkins E. G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractCarcass fats were obtained from weanling rats fed a complete diet for 8 weeks, which consisted of 2% cottonseed oil and 10% of the following fats: (1) corn oil; (2) the fatty acids of corn oil; (3) triricinolein; (4) ricinoleic acid; (5) the hydrogenated fatty acids of castor oil; and (6) commercial hydrogenated shortening. The fats were subjected to both pancreatic lipase and nonspecific hydrolysis; the resulting acids converted into methyl esters by conventional methods, and subjected to gas Chromatographie analysis. From these data, the positional distri‐bution of the component fatty acids, glyceride types, and isomeric forms were calculated. The results indicated a preferential placement of un‐saturated acids in the 2‐ position of the carcass triglycerides and that the carcass fat composition in terms of unsaturated (U) and saturated (S) fatty acid composition is not greatly influenced by the S and U compositions of the dietary fat. It was found that hydroxy acids or their tri‐esters are metabolized much the same as are normal triglycerides and exert no particular in‐fluence upon the fat structure of the rat. Some type of relationship between the dietary U and the U3 in the carcass fat appears to be present. The glycerides of the carcass fats examined here are essentially a random mixture of the major glyceride types, but the isomeric forms (SUS, S SU, USU and UUS) are a definite non‐random mixture.
Chemistry of epoxy compounds. xxii. preparation of some long‐cham 2‐oxazolidones
Authors: Dyen Martin E. , Swern Daniel 
Published: July 2007

AbstractLong‐chain aliphatic compounds containing the 2‐oxazolidone moiety have been prepared fromcis‐ andtrans‐ 9 octadecene, methyl oleate, and elaidate, oleyl and elaidyl alcohols, and several long‐chain terminal epoxides. The 2‐oxazolidones prepared are substituted in the 4‐, 4,5‐, or 3,5‐positions. The first two groups of oxazolidones are obtained by pyrolysis of β‐iodocarbamates, prepared from terminal and internal monoun‐saturated compounds respectively by the addition of iodine isocyanate and by reaction with meth‐anol. The last group is prepared by heating ter‐minal epoxides with organic isocyanates in DMP containing a catalytic quantity of tetramethyl‐ammonium iodide or lithium chloride. Structures have been confirmed by elemental and spectral analysis.
Esters of rosin and olefin epoxides
Authors: Halbrook Noah J. , Schuller Walter H. , Lawrence Ray V. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractRosin has been found to react extremely rapidly with commercially available olefin 1,2‐epoxides to give hydroxy monoesters. These monoesters have been reacted further with rosin to give diesters. The diesters are ester gums, which are modified by the presence of a long aliphatic chain in the molecule. Preliminary results indicate that they are useful as tackifiers for SBR rubber.
Soap bacteriostats
Authors: Jungermann Eric 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe growing use of bacteriostats in soaps and the various methods for screening these com‐pounds are reviewed critically. Discussed are (1) in vitro techniques to establish antibacterial activity, substantivity tests using skin disk, fingerprint, or radioactive tracer techniques, and microbiological availability determinations; (2) safety testing procedures; (3) in vivo tests to determine deodorancy and degerming efficiency. Performance in clinical trials, designed to evalu‐ate the contribution of bacteriostatic soaps to the treatment of bacterially caused infections, is ex‐amined. Discussed are studies on the control of erythrasma, acne, diaper rash, and secondary cutaneous infections.These techniques are illustrated by comparing two bacteriostatic systems, A and B, in soaps. System A contains 0.75% TCC and 0.75% hexa‐chlorophene; System B contains 0.67% TBS, 0.67% TCC, and 0.67% Irgasan CF3. The data showed excellent correlation between in vitro screening techniques and actual in vivo per‐formance characteristics.
1,2‐Cycloaddition of Haloalkenes to Conjugated Fatty Esters
Authors: Bell E. W. , Friedrich J. P. , Gast L. E. , Cowan J. C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWe have studied the reaction of 1,1‐dichloro‐2,2‐difluoro‐, chlorotrifluoro‐, and tetrafluoro‐ethylenes and also hexafluoropropylene withcis,trans andtrans,trans isomers of conjugated methyl octadecadienoate. Reactions gave 50‐82% yields of cycloaddition products. The pre‐ponderance of products with a cyclobutane struc‐ture and a double bonda,β to the cyclobutane ring was shown by IR and NMR spectra.Reactions were carried out in diluent with hy‐droquinone inhibitor at autogenous pressure and a temperature of 200C for 5 hr. The distilled adducts are colorless liquids with viscosities rang‐ing from 11 to 19 centistokes at 100F. These products and their hydrogenated derivatives ex‐hibit low pour points (down to ‐76F) and may be useful as low‐temperature plasticizers or lubricant additives.
A New Process for the Selective Hydrogenation of Cyclopropenoids in Cottonseed Oil
Authors: Hutchins J. P. , Ullman A. Z. , Going L. H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA new process has been developed, in which the cyclopropenoid groups in cottonseed oil can be selectively and continuously hydrogenated under mild conditions. This process utilizes nickel in a fixed‐bed reactor, thereby eliminating the ex‐pensive filtration commonly associated with slurry reactors.In pilot‐plant runs at essentially atmospheric pressure and at temperatures from 150 to 315P (66‐157C), Halphen‐negative oils were produced in as short a contact time as 2 min. Little or no hydrogenation or isomerization of normal fatty acids occurred during the process. Reaction rate data indicate that cyclopropenoid removal follows first‐order behavior.
Fat oxidation at low oxygen pressure. i. kinetic studies on the rate of fat oxidation in emulsions
Authors: Marcuse Reinhard , Fredriksson Per‐Olof 
Published: July 2007

AbstractOxidation was measured by oxygen consump‐tion in a Warburg apparatus, modified to main‐tain constant partial oxygen pressure by auto‐matic electrolytic generation of oxygen with automatic recording of the oxygen consumed.The decrease in rate of oxygen consumption on the lowering of partial oxygen pressure at at‐mospheric pressure was found to depend on a) the varying influence of the nonoxygen‐dependent and the oxygen‐dependent reactions of the prop‐agation which may vary with the conditions such as the reactivity of the substrate, the tem‐perature, and the pH value but which is not affected by light irradiation; b) the varying rate‐limiting effect of slow oxygen diffusion, depending on the ratio between the rate of oxidation and the rate of oxygen diffusion.
Silver resin chromatographic separation of methyl cis‐ and trans‐ mono‐ and dihydroxy fatty esters
Authors: Rakoff Henry , Emken Edward A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractColumn chromatography on silver ion‐saturated Amberlyst XN 1010 cation exchange resin gave very good separation of a mixture of methyl 12‐hydroxy‐cis‐andtrans‐9‐octadecenoates and of methylthreo‐12, 13‐dihydroxy‐cis‐ andtrans‐9‐octadecenoates. Comparison of the retention volumes of nonhydroxy, monohydroxy, and dihydroxy saturated and monoenoic methyl esters and of dienoic methyl esters shows that the hydroxy group interacts with the column packing to slow passage of the compound through the column, although the effect of a hydroxy group is less than that of atrans double bond. The effects of the hydroxy groups are additive; the ratio of retention volumes of dihydroxy ester to monohydroxy ester is slightly larger that that of monohydroxy ester to nonhydroxy ester. The retention volume of a cis monoenoic ester is equal to that of a hydroxytrans monoenoic ester and that of a hydroxycis monoenoic ester is equal to that of a dihydroxytrans monoenoic ester.
Background, importance and production volumes
Authors: Kern J. C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe importance of the fatty acid industry today is reflected by the estimated 1978 production in the U.S. of 956 M lbs., exclusive of tall oil fatty acids. The 1978 U.S. production of various fatty acids as reported monthly and annually by the FAPC of SDA, is broken down into 9 saturated categories, and 5 unsaturated categories, as follows: (1) stearic and 127.2 M lbs. (13.3%); (2) hydrogenated animal and vegetable acids (2a) 97.3 M lbs. (10.2%), (2b) 158 M lbs. (16.5%), (2c) 32 M lbs. (3.4%); (3) high palmitic, 14.6 M lbs. (1.5%); (4) hydrogenated fish, 6.5 M lbs. (0.7%); (5) lauric acid types, 88.8 M lbs. (9.3%); (6) fractionated fatty acids, (6a) C10 or lower, 18.5 M lbs. (1.9%), (6b) C12 and C14 55% 17 M lbs. (1.9%); (7) oleic acid, 158.3 M lbs. (16.6%); (8) animal fatty acids other than oleic, 156.3 M lbs. (16.3%); (9) vegetable or marine fatty acids, 0.1 M lbs. (less than 1%); (10) unsaturated fatty acids, 57 M lbs. (6.0%); (11) unsaturated fatty acids I.V. over 130, 24.2 M lbs (2.5%). Reported 1977 fatty acid derivative production from fatty acids (not fats and oils) is 1,980 M lbs. The average price of fatty acids has increased from 23¢/lb.. to 60¢/lb. within the last 5 years.
Fat splitting
Authors: Sonntag N. O. V. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFat splitting, particularly the continuous, high pressure, countercurrent hydrolysis of fats and oils, typified by the Colgate‐Emery or modified processes, represents the technological cornerstone for today's American fatty acid industry. Internationally, other methods such as Twitchell or batch autoclave “medium‐pressure” catalyzed or uncatalyzed splitting are still important. All industrial fat splitting methods have as their objectives the attainment of a high rate of hydrolysis together with a high degree of completeness. This objective is achieved, more or less, by the proper optimum balance of: (a) use of excess water; (b) selection of appropriate combination of temperature and pressure to optimize the solubility of liquid water in the fat phases with or without use of suitable “water‐in‐oil” emulsifiers; (c) use or nonuse of acidic catalyst (rarely basic catalysts); and (d) removal of byproduct glycerol. Significant conditions and details in fat splitting by the important commercial processes are described.
Esterification and interesterification
Authors: Sonntag N. O. V. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA versatile and large group of fatty acid esters are prepared from monohydroxy alcohols (C1 to C22 members), glycols (ethylene and propylene glycols and others), etherglycols (many polyoxyethylene glycols), triols (glycerol and others), tetraols (pentaerythritol and others), polyglycerols, carbohydrate materials (sorbitol, sorbitan, sucrose and others). The two most important direct esterifications of fatty acids are those done with monohydroxy alcohols (methanol, butanol, etc.) and glycerol itself. Esterifications of these materials are carried out with or without the use of catalysts. For edible ester products, the choice of catalyst is determined by (a) rate of reaction promotion permitted by the use of the catalyst; (b) color of product obtained; (c) ease of removal of catalyst; (d) toxicity of catalyst, and perhaps; (e) other factors including promotion of acrolein formation from glycerol, loss by volatilization at high temperatures, inactivation above certain threshold temperatures, and catalyst corrosivity on the materials of construction of the esterifier. In certain instances the last factor may indeed be the paramount one in a particular catalyst choice for a direct esterification. Industrial production of methyl esters is principally by a process of interesterification called methanolysis. Polyols require conditions for complete esterification that are vigorous and severe. The two most important interesterification methods used in the fatty acid industry are the methanolysis of fats and oils for the production of methyl esters and the glycerolysis of fats and oils for the production of three kinds of so‐called “monoglycerides”, namely the 40%, 60% and 90% monoglycerides.
New applications for fatty acids and derivatives
Authors: Weiss M. , Rosberg R. , Sonntag N. O. V. , Eng S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe early development of the American fatty acid industry during 1900–1920 is usually associated with the use of stearic acid in candles for lighting purposes. Today, the use of stearic acid in candle manufacture continues; the volume consumed for this application is not small, but the use is for ornamental, decorative or festival purposes, only incidentally for emergency lighting purposes. When one consideres that most condles consist of 10–20% stearic acid, which improves among other things, the appearance, burning qualities and stiffness of the candle, the volume consumed is appreciable. More than that, the growth rate in this use is impressive. In 1965, it has been estimated that the volume of double‐pressed stearic acid that found its wya into candles was 3.5 million pounds. Today (1979) it is conservatively estimated that from 10–12 million pounds are utilized for this purpose. Innovations, such as the development of driples candles, achieved by the incorporation of a somewhat larger proportion of stearic acid to the external wax coat, are now possible uses. Concrete and asphalt are examples of much‐used large tonnage materials of construction which have disadvantages in use that can be at least partially or significantly improved through the incorporation of stearic acid or certain other fatty chemicals. An excellent example of the tailor‐making of fatty acid derivatives to satisfy an almost desperate need is provided by the development of derivatives suited for the retardation of water evaporation from reservoirs in arid areas. In 1966 it was estimated that the evaporation from large lakes and reservoirs in 17 western states was equivalent to 14 million acre feet, an amount which could ordinarily supply 84 million people annually. The design of water insoluble long chain organic compounds with a hydrophilic group at one terminal position gives products capable of forming monomolecular films which are uniquely suited to solve this problem. Fatty alcohol ethoxylates are only one approach among several.
Determination of anionic surfactants by two‐phase titration with tetrabromophenolphthalein ethyl ester as indicator
Authors: Tsubochi M. , Yamasaki N. , Matsuoka K. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA method has been developed for the determination of anionic surfactants in aqueous solution. It is based on solvent extraction titration of an ion pair. Zephirmine (tetradecyldimethyl ammonium chloride) is used as a titrant with tetrabromophenolphthalein ethyl ester as an indicator in the presence of chloroform. In the two‐phase titration (chloroform/water), the proposed procedure gives sharp end‐points as the organic phase changes from yellow to blue. The aqueous phase is colorless throughout the titration.
The fatty acids of dormant tung buds
Authors: Sell Harold M. , Gilbert Seymour G. 
Published: July 2007

Conclusions and SummaryThe methyl esters of the fatty acids in the wax of dormant tung buds were prepared and fractionated in a column packed with a spiral screen. Myristic, palmitic, linoleic, oleic, and stearic acids were identified in some of the fractions by the saponification equivalents and by the melting points of the p‐bromophenacyl derivatives of the saturated acids and the hydroxy derivatives of the unsaturated acids. The identification of these acids proved the presence of some of the higher fatty acid radicals similar to those found in Crisco and lanolin. It is believed that the mutual solubility of these fatty acids may have facilitated penetration of the alpha‐naphthalenacetic or indole‐3‐acetic acid in Crisco and lanolin emulsions, into the bud tissue and in this way increased their effectiveness in prolonging dormancy.