bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Amelioration of early cognitive deficits by aged garlic extract in Alzheimer's transgenic mice
Authors: Chauhan Neelima B. , Sandoval Jimena 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSubtle accumulation of β‐amyloid peptide (Aβ) oligomers of Aβ42 species in particular, is known to correlate with cognitive deficits independent of Aβ plaque deposition in the brain. Majority of the research showing behavioral improvement after cerebral Aβ reduction has been reported when the animals carried fewer/abundant amyloid plaques in the brain. Very few studies have addressed whether or not behavioral deficits exist even at the pre‐plaque stage or in the absence of plaques that would parallel the mild cognitive impairment (MCI) stage of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Current study was undertaken to determine whether there exists any cognitive impairment during the pre‐plaque stage which may parallel the MCI stage of AD, and to confirm whether the observed behavioral deficits correlate with Aβ42 predominance. In addition, the study determined whether anti‐amyloidogenic effects of dietary aged garlic extract would prevent progressive behavioral impairment. For this purpose we used Tg2576 model showing slow plaque development with a predominance of Aβ40, and the TgCRND8 model showing accelerated plaque development with a predominance of Aβ42. The results show that at 2 months of age Tg2576 mice did not exhibit behavioral impairment in any of the tasks studied. While 2‐month‐old TgCRND8 mice displayed only a subtle behavioral deficit that matched the behavioral deficits observed in 7‐month‐old Tg2576 mice which may correlate with the MCI stage of AD. TgCRND8 mice at 7 months of age exhibited advanced deterioration in all behavioral tasks studied, suggesting that accelerated Aβ accumulation and the predominance of Aβ42 species may account for the pronounced cognitive deficits observed in TgCRND8. Feeding of aged garlic extract prevented deterioration of hippocampal based memory tasks in these mice, suggesting that aged garlic extract has a potential for preventing AD progression. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reduction of mouth malodour and volatile sulphur compounds in intensive care patients using an essential oil mouthwash
Authors: Hur Myung‐Haeng , Park Joohyang , Maddock‐Jennings Wendy , Kim Dong Oak , Lee Myeong Soo 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe aim of this study was to explore the effect of an essential oil solution on levels of malodour and production of volatile sulphur compounds (VSC) in patients nursed in intensive care unit (ICU). Thirty two patients received 3 min of oral cleaning using an essential oil solution (mixture of tea tree, Melaleuca alternifolia, peppermint, Mentha piperita and lemon, Citrus limon) on the first day, and Tantum (benzydamine hydrochloride) on the second day. Two trained nurses measured the level of malodour with a 10 cm visual analogue scale (VAS) and VSC with a Halimeter before (Pre), 5 min after (Post I) and 1 h following treatment (Post II). The level of oral malodour was significantly different following the essential oil session, and differed significantly between two sessions at Post I (p < 0.005) and Post II (p < 0.001). Differences between the two sessions were significant (Tantum, p < 0.001; essential oil, p < 0.001) in the level of VSC and significantly lower in the essential oil session than Tantum at the Post II (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that mouth care using an essential oil mixture of diluted tea tree, peppermint and lemon may be an effective method to reduce malodour and VSC in intensive care unit patients. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non‐inferiority trial design for recurrent events
Authors: Cook Richard J. , Lee Ker‐Ai , Li Hongdan 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe describe methods for designing non‐inferiority trials with recurrent event responses arising from mixed‐Poisson models. Sample size formulae are derived for trials in which treatment effects are expressed as relative rates and as absolute differences in cumulative mean functions at a particular time. Simulation studies are conducted to provide empirical validation of the frequency properties of the design and testing procedures under the null and alternative hypotheses using both mixed‐Poisson models and robust marginal methods. The robustness of the design to misspecification of the random effect distribution is also studied empirically. Sample size requirements based on the proposed method are contrasted with those from a design based on the time to the first event for a motivating study of patients with bone metastases at risk of skeletal complications. When the between‐patient heterogeneity in the event rate is small, there may be a considerable reduction in sample size with recurrent event outcomes. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nanometer‐Sized Molybdenum–Iron Oxide Capsule‐Surface Modifications: External and Internal
Authors: Müller Achim , Bögge Hartmut , Sousa Filipa L. , Schmidtmann Marc , Kurth Dirk G. , Volkmer Dirk , van Slageren Joris , Dressel Martin , Kistler Melissa L. , Liu Tianbo 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe cluster {(Mo)Mo5}12FeIII30 1 a present in compound 1 (cluster diameter ≈2.3 nm), which belongs to the family of nanoscale spherical porous {(Mo)Mo5}12{Linker}30 capsules that allow a new type of nanochemistry inside their cavities as well as unprecedented aggregation processes under gaseous, solution, and solid‐state conditions, is the starting material for the present investigation. In solution it reacts with LnCl3⋅nH2O (Ln=Ce, Pr) thereby replacing six FeIII ions with LnIII ions to form compounds 2 (Ce) and 3 (Pr). During metal‐cation exchange, some of the pentagonal {(Mo)Mo5O21(H2O)6}6− units, which are connected to the FeIII centers in 1 a, decompose, thus leading to a temporary capsule opening and uptake of the formed smaller molybdate units into the capsule cavities. In 2 and 3, the pentagonal units are connected via 24 FeIII and six LnIII‐type linkers/spacers representing together the capsule skeletons, which are structurally well‐defined in contrast to the capsule contents. The new capsules self‐associate into single‐layer blackberry‐type structures, thus extending the variety of these types of assemblies; the assembly process, that is, the size of the final species, can be controlled by the pH, which allows the generation of differently sized nanoparticles. Magnetic properties of the two new nanomaterials 2 and 3 are also determined.
Reduction of blood and liver cholesterol in the rat by straight and branched chain alkyl amines
Authors: Svoboda J. A. , Wrenn T. R. , Thompson M. J. , Weyant J. R. , Wood D. L. , Bitman J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe activities of a branched chain and several straight chain amines (C12 to C18 chain length), and the azasteroid 25‐aza‐5α‐cholestane were compared with those of 20,25‐diazacholesterol dihydrochloride, which is a potent hypocholesterolemic agent in the rat. These amines and azasteroids inhibit the Δ24‐sterol reductase system in the tobacco hornworm,Manduca sexta (L.), and also block the conversion of C28 and C29 plant sterols to cholesterol, with a resulting accumulation of desmosterol. The effects of these compounds in the rat were determined on body weight gain, cholesterol, desmosterol, and lipid composition of blood, feces, liver, and epididymal fat pad weight. The two azasteroids and the branched chain amine, N,N‐dimethyl‐3, 7,11‐trimethyldodecanamine, had the greatest effect, reducing total plasma lipids and plasma sterols to approximately 40–50% of the levels in control rats and produced a concomitant increase in plasma and liver desmosterol. The branched chain dodecanamine caused a reduction in both feed consumption and body weight gain. The branched and straight chain dodecanamines also severely reduced epididymal fat pad weight. Our results demonstrate that the simple azasteroid, 25‐aza‐5α‐cholestane, is a more potent inhibitor of cholesterol biosynthesis than the diazasterol and that the Δ24‐sterol reductase system in a mammal can be inhibited by simple, nonsteroidal, acyclic amines.
Fatty acid composition at the 2‐position of ether‐linked and diacyl ethanolamine and choline phosphoglycerides of human brain tumors
Authors: Albert Daniel H. , Anderson Carl E. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe acyl composition of ethanolamine and choline phosphoglycerides from a series of human brain tumors was determined and compared to that of normal human gray matter. Six glioblastomas, one astrocytoma, one oligodendroglioma, and one meningioma were analyzed. The total fatty acid composition of ethanolamine phosphoglycerides generally had a higher percentage of 18∶1, 18∶2ω6, and 22∶5ω3 and a lower percentage of 22∶6ω3 than that of normal gray matter. Choline phosphoglycerides from the tumors also contained a higher than normal percentage of 18∶2ω6. Separate analysis of the acyl groups at the 2 position of the diacyl and ether‐linked components of the phosphoglycerides revealed that the diacyl component of ethanolamine phosphoglyceride from the tumors had lower than normal amount of 22∶6ω3 and a higher than normal amount of 18∶1 and 18∶2ω6. The acyl composition of ether‐linked ethanolamine phosphoglycerides genearally contained a higher percentage of 20∶4ω6 and a lower percentage of 18∶1 compared to the corresponding fraction from normal gray matter. The astrocytoma analyzed had fatty acid profiles similar to those of the control with the exception of a greater 18∶2ω6 content. These data demonstrate that the composition of the acyl moiety at the 2 position of diacyl and ether‐linked phosphoglycerides of brain tumors differs from the corresponding component from normal gray matter and that the ether‐linked ethanolamine phosphoglycerides provide an important pool of polyunsaturated fatty acids from brain tumor phospholipids.
Effect of substrate polarity on the activity of soybean lipoxygenase isoenzymes
Authors: Bild Gary S. , Ramadoss Candadai S. , Axelrod Bernard 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn order to characterize the several isoenzymes of soybeans, they were examined with respect to the effect of the polar nature of the substrate. In general, lipoxygenase‐1 was most active when presented with charged substrates such as the anionic form of linoleic acid or of potassium linoleyl sulfate, whereas lipoxygenase‐2 and‐3 preferred nonpolar substrates such as unionized linoleic acid, methyl linoleate, linoleyl methane sulfonate, 10,13‐nonadecadieneamine, or linoleyl acetate. Linoleyl sulfate, which has been advanced as an excellent readily soluble substrate for lipoxygenase, was indeed the best substrate found for lipoxygenase‐1. Lipoxygenase‐2 and‐3 were, by contrast, totally inactive against this substrate. The favorable response of linnoleic acid to lipoxygenase‐2 and‐3 at pH 6.8 was ascribed to the anomalously high pKa value of linoleic acid compared to that of short chain carboxylic acids. The pH‐activity profile obtained with lipoxygenase acting on linoleyl sulfate (which was charged at all pH values examined) was shifted to lower pH values compared to the linoleic acid activity profile. The effect of changing from the charged to the uncharged substrate, when tested against lipoxygenase‐1, was to increase the Km by an order of magnitude.
Fatty acid composition of selected organs of gerbils maintained on a fat‐deficient or fat‐supplemented diet
Authors: Coniglio John G. , Harris D. G. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe fatty acid composition of liver, heart, and testes was determined in gerbils maintained on a fat‐deficient or fatsupplemented diet since the age of twenty‐eight days and in gerbil pups, the mothers of which were placed on the respective diets on the day of delivery. Pups born to these mothers were killed at 11 to 19 days at which time increased concentrations of 16∶1, 18∶1, and 20∶3ω9 and decreased concentrations of 18∶2 and 20∶4 (and 22∶5ω6 in testes) were apparent in organs of fat‐deficient compared to fat‐supplemented gerbils. Similar but more marked changes occurred in organs of gerbils placed on the fat‐deficient diet at twenty‐eight days of age and examined at intervals of time up to two months later. In these animals, minimal changes were seen also in fatty acids of the brain. The concentration of 22∶6ω3 was resistant to change with the fat‐deficient diet. Deficient gerbils had hair loss, decreased quantities of spermatids and spermatozoa in the testis, and most but not all had decreased body weight compared to the fat‐supplemented controls. Extremely high concentrations of oleic acid were present in carcass fatty acids of deficient compared to supplemented gerbils, indicating an extremely dynamic fatty acid metabolism in these animals.
Stereospecific synthesis ofcis andtrans fatty esters
Authors: Rakoff Henry , Emken Edward A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTheerythro andthreo isomers of methyl 9,10‐dihydroxyoctadecanoate and thethreo isomer of methyl 12,13‐dihydroxy‐cis‐9‐octadecenoate were converted into methylcis‐ andtrans‐9‐octadecenoate and methylcis‐9,rans‐12‐octadecadienoate, respectively, by reaction of the dihydroxy ester with triethyl orthoformate to give the 2‐ethoxy‐1,3‐dioxolane which was thermally decomposed to the unsaturated ester.
Formulation of products from soybean oil
Authors: Latondress E. G. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractHigh quality shortenings and margarines may be produced using soybean oil as the only fat source or using soybean oil as the primary fat source with the addition of a small amount of hydrogenated cottonseed or palm oil to provide crystal stability. These shortenings and margarines are manufactured by direct hydrogenation or by blending hydrogenated and/or unhydrogenated base stocks. The properties of soybean oil preclude the need for processes other than hydrogenation and blending to produce most margarine and shortening products. It is possible to design an integrated base stock program in which a limited number of base stocks may be used jointly in margarine and shortening formulations. This type of base stock program results in fewer hydrogenation department heels and simplifies scheduling of the hydrogenation department as well as scheduling of overall operations. Solid fat index (SFI) is the analysis used for final product consistency control. While base stocks are blended to meet a final SFI requirement, this analysis is too time‐consuming to be used in hydrogenation control and individual hydrogenation batches are controlled using refractometer number and congeal points. Finished product characteristics are a result of decisions that must be made regarding characteristics such as plastic range and AOM stability, which are incompatible.
Practical features in soybean oil hydrogenation
Authors: Garibaym I. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSoybean oil differs from other oils in linolenic acid content. This causes variations in processing. Hydrogenation of soybean oil depends on catalyst selectivity, hydrogenation conditions and the final product desired. Oil, hydrogen and catalyst must meet certain conditions in order to attain successful hydrogenation. Batch equipment and processing are described.
Analysis of processed soy oil by gas chromatography
Authors: D’Alonzo R. P. , Kozarek W. J. , Wharton H. W. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTwo basic gas chromatographic approaches are currently used for the analysis and characterization of processed soy oil and other lipid materials. One approach separates the intact glycerides after silylation whereas the complementary approach determines the fatty acid composition of the glycerides by the formation and subsequent separation of the corresponding fatty acid methyl esters. A brief history of the development of these gas chromatographic procedures and a more detailed discussion of current packed and capillary column technology used for the separation of both intact glycerides and fatty acid methyl esters is presented. Emphasis is placed on the advantages of the newly emerging capillary techniques over the more conventional packed column separations. High resolution chromatograms are shown for the separation of mixed glyceride isomers and also for the separation of unsaturated methyl esters with respect to the number, geometry and position of the double bonds. The separation of the methyl esters can provide information equivalent to classicalcis,cis‐lipoxygenase, iodine monochloride titration and infraredrans analyses. Finally, the use of short capillary columns to achieve rapid low cost separations (with resolution equivalent to packed column separations), ideal for quality control, also are discussed.
Importance of glyceride structure to product formulation
Authors: Thomas A. E. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTriglyceride composition is an important consideration in the development of fat systems for food products. Depending on the approach to formulation, physicochemical properties may be equally important. Analytical methodologies exist to determine composition and properties. Two systematic routes to the formulation of functional fats are possible—replication of triglyceride composition and approximation of physicochemical properties. Approaches to formulation of fat systems which are based on replication of triglyceride composition have achieved only limited success to date. Limiting factors include lack of commercial technology for converting readily available triglyceride structures to more valuable isomers, and limited availability at high cost of alternative fat sources containing the desired triglycerides. Approaches to formulation of fat systems which are based on fat systems whose physicochemical properties meet the desired functional attributes of the end use system irrespective of their triglyceride compositions are widely employed in the development of formulated foods. Such products are not expected to achieve functional identity to existing counterparts. Nevertheless, key attributes can be successfully approximated with this approach.
Vegetable oils: Effects of processing, storage and use on nutritional values
Authors: Landers R. E. , Rathmann D. M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAt the present time, vegetable oils are the source of most of the visible fat in the U.S. diet. They are used as salad and cooking oils, in salad dressing, margarine and shortening. Processing methods include extraction, refining, hydrogenation and interesterification. During storage and use, the products are exposed to oxygen and/or heat, particularly during frying. Processing, storage and use are related to changes in composition, nutritive value and physical characteristics of vegetable oils. Refining removes undesirable minor components present in crude oils. Refined polyunsaturated vegetable oils are the primary dietary source of tocopherols. Hydrogenation modifies physical characteristics and improves sensory and oxidative stability. This process converts some of the polyunsaturated fatty acids to new fatty acid isomers. Although the biochemical effects of these isomers are still being studied, long‐term animal feeding trials and human experience have demonstrated that the partially hydrogenated oils in margarines and shortenings are wholesome foodstuffs. Abusive overheating of fat in air sharply decreases its palatability and nutritive value and may create minor amounts of carcinogenic materials. However, long‐term animal feeding studies with properly used frying fats have revealed little, if any, effect on life span and incidence of pathological conditions.
Nutritional effects of hydrogenated soya oil
Authors: Applewhite T. H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSoybean oil is the leading edible vegetable oil in the world in terms of volume, and considerable amounts are consumed in partially hydrogenated forms. Early recognition that commercial hydrogenation of vegetable fats produces isomeric forms of monoenes and polyunsaturates has prompted much research and speculation on the nutritional properties of hydrogenated fats, including soya oil. Past results of studies with animals and humans will be reviewed and key findings will be summarized and discussed. Particular attention will be devoted to questions recently raised concerning the relationships of health and hydrogenated fats and an attempt will be made to put these matters into factual perspective in light of current knowledge.
Antioxidants in soya oil
Authors: Buck D. F. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractOxidation is a major problem associated with refining, storing and using soya oil. Phenolic antioxidants have been used for several decades to alleviate this problem. The mechanism of oxidation and the action of phenolic antioxidants in inhibiting oxidation in soya oil are reviewed. Specific antioxidant applications discussed are: treatment of crude soya oil with TBHQ antioxidant; TBHQ antioxidant treatment as an alternative to hydrogenation of soya oil; and usage of TBHQ antioxidant in soya oil used in frying system.
Metabolic aspects of positional monounsaturated fatty acids isomers
Authors: Emken E. A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAbsorption and distribution of positionalcis andtrans octadecenoic acid isomers in lipids from rat, egg and human tissues are reviewed. Selected data on enzyme, single‐cell, and whole‐animal studies with positional octadecenoic acid isomers are summarized and compared.
Soybean meal processing and quality control
Authors: Wright K. N. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe quality of soya meal is the result of many factors, including bean variety, origin and storage. The various processing steps employed from the time the bean is received can affect the quality of the resulting meal and oil obtained. Heat treatment of the meal is essential to optimize its protein quality. The variables of moisture, temperature and time are interrelated and are important to achieve proper cooking conditions. The magnitude of these variables must be determined for each plant, preferably using a biological assay for evaluation. Many in vitro tests designed to measure protein quality in soya have been proposed and evaluated. The merits and limitations of some of the more widely used in vitro tests are discussed. Various processing conditions have been studied to improve utilization of soya products by infant calves and pigs. The manufacture of soya protein concentrate (70% protein, d.s.b.) has made products available that are suitable for a substantial replacement of milk protein in milk replacer formulations.
Critical processing factors in desolventizing‐toasting soybean meal for feed
Authors: Mustakas G. C. , Moulton K. J. , Baker E. C. , Kwolek W. F. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractEven though it is well established that both underheated and overheated meals are of inferior nutritive value, comparatively little is known of the fundamental nature of the changes brought about in the protein and how these correlate with the processing conditions during toasting. In the present study we examined the interrelation of several factors in the commercial desolventizing‐toasting process for toasting soybean meal and determined how these relate to protein quality of the meal. A total of 48 test runs were made in the pilot plant from two cultivars of soybeans (one high and one low in protein) that were dehulled, flaked, and defatted in a continuous extractor using hexane. The solvent‐wet flakes were desolventized and toasted under a variety of conditions. In a simulation of commercial operation, independent variables such as moisture, temperature and time of toasting were mathematically converted to equations for computer fitting of the data, which were used to predict several dependent measurements. Quality of the meal was improved by increasing heating time, jacket steam pressure and moisture content. Moisture level in the toasting operation was directly affected by the hexane level in the feed material to the toaster.