bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nevirapine restores androgen signaling in hormone‐refractory human prostate carcinoma cells both in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Landriscina Matteo , Bagalà Cinzia , Piscazzi Annamaria , Schinzari Giovanni , Quirino Michela , Fabiano Annarita , Bianchetti Sara , Cassano Alessandra , Sica Gigliola , Barone Carlo 
Published: January 2009

AbstractBACKGROUNDProstate carcinomas are androgen‐dependent neoplasms which progress toward a hormone‐independent phenotype during hormone‐deprivation therapy. We evaluated nevirapine, a reverse transcriptase inhibitor, as a new treatment in hormone‐refractory prostate carcinoma cells with the aim of restoring the androgen‐dependency of tumor cells, the rationale being that endogenous reverse transcriptase is up‐regulated in transformed cells and reverse transcriptase inhibitors exert a differentiating activity in human tumors.METHODS AND RESULTSNevirapine induced extensive reprogramming of gene expression in vitro with up‐regulation of genes that might be silenced during prostate tumor progression (i.e., K18, PSA and androgen receptor) and down‐regulation of genes involved in the progression toward an androgen‐independent phenotype (i.e., K5, EGFR1, EGF and VEGF‐A). Furthermore, nevirapine down‐regulated the growth of prostate carcinoma xenografts in athymic mice and induced a differentiated phenotype in vivo with increased K18 expression. Interestingly, the drug restored androgen signaling by enhancing the ability of tumor cells to respond to dihydrotestosterone stimulation and to the antiproliferative activity of the androgen receptor blocker bicalutamide. Finally, nevirapine pretreatment increased the susceptibility of tumor cells to docetaxel, by enhancing their ability to undergo apoptosis.CONCLUSIONSThese data suggest that nevirapine may be clinically tested in human hormone‐refractory prostate carcinoma to restore the susceptibility to androgen deprivation therapy or to docetaxel. Prostate 69: 744–754, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Flame growth model for confined gas explosion
Authors: Jo Young‐Do , Crowl Daniel A. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractLarge quantities of flammable gases are used in both commercial and residential applications. The risk associated with the use of these materials depends on an understanding of the impacts of an explosion, particularly the pressure‐time history during the explosion. This work provides a model to calculate the pressure‐time history for an explosion in a closed, spherical vessel. The model is expected to be of great benefit for characterizing these explosions and also for the design of explosion vents and other explosion protection systems.The unique features of this model are that it takes into account the effect of two heat capacity ratios, unburned gas and burned gas, and assumes a variable burning speed—both features are verified by experimental data to be important. The model requires the following parameters: chemical equilibrium, constant volume explosion pressure; heat capacity ratio for the gas as a function of temperature; and an exponent for the flame speed as a function of pressure and temperature. Application of the model to experimental data results in a single adjustable parameter called the “burning parameter.”The model was verified for both hydrogen and methane combustion. The results show that the model can accurately predict the experimental pressure‐time curves over almost the entire pressure time history, from initial ignition up to the maximum pressure rise. This is a substantial improvement over previous models, which could only represent the data over a small time period or small pressure increase. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2009
Novel InN growth method under In‐rich condition on GaN/Al2O3 (0001) templates
Authors: Yamaguchi Tomohiro , Muto Daisuke , Araki Tsutomu , Maeda Narihiko , Nanishi Yasushi 
Published: January 2009

AbstractA novel technique is proposed for the growth of an InN film on a GaN/Al2O3 (0001) template by radio‐frequency plasma‐excited molecular beam epitaxy (RF‐MBE). The method involves 1) InN growth under an In‐rich condition and 2) additional nitrogen radical irradiation after the InN growth under an In‐rich condition. Excess In that appeared on the InN surface in the InN growth under an In‐rich condition is transformed to InN by the additional nitrogen radical irradiation. The effective V/III ratio is easily controlled by monitoring the intensity in a reflection high‐energy electron diffraction (RHEED) pattern. The growth of the InN film by repeating the InN growth under an In‐rich condition and the additional nitrogen radical irradiation is also demonstrated. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Growth and characterization of lattice‐matched InAlN/GaN Bragg reflectors grown by plasma‐assisted molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Gačević Ž. , Fernández‐Garrido S. , Calleja E. , Luna E. , Trampert A. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWe demonstrate six to ten period lattice‐matched In0.18Al0.82N/GaN distributed Bragg reflectors with peak reflectivity centred around 400 nm, grown by molecular beam epitaxy. Thanks to the well‐tuned ternary alloy composition crack‐free layers have been obtained as confirmed by both optical and scanning electron microscopy. In addition, cross‐sectional analysis by high resolution transmission electron microscopy reveals highly periodic structure with abrupt interfaces. When the number of DBRs periods increased from six to ten, peak reflectivity increased from 45% to 60%. This increase was found to be in reasonable agreement with theoretical simulations. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Investigation of Rh‐based Schottky electrode on AlGaN/GaN heterostructure
Authors: Tian Feng , Chor Eng Fong 
Published: January 2009

AbstractElectrical properties and thermal stability of Ni/Rh/Au gate AlGaN/GaN heterostructure field effect transistors (HFETs) have been investigated and compared to the conventionally used Ni/Au counterparts. The Ni/Rh/Au gate HFETs exhibit a lower gate leakage current and lower off‐state drain current than the Ni/Au devices owing to the enhanced performance of Schottky contact. It has been found that, after thermal treatment at 500 °C for 500 mins, the maximum drain current (Imax) and peak transconductance (gm,max) of the Ni/Au gate HFETs drop by ∼17.2% and ∼7.2%, respectively. Further more, there is a shift of 14% in the threshold voltage (Vth). However, in the case of Ni/Rh/Au gate HFETs, smaller decrease of ∼7.2% and ∼4.5% in Imax and gm,max, respectively are seen. The shift in Vth is also smaller at 4.7%. Secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) measurements have revealed that the improved thermal stability of the latter is attributed to the insertion of the stable Rh between Ni and Au, which serves as a barrier layer, suppressing the inter‐diffusion of the gate metals with the substrate. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Withanolide sulfoxide from Aswagandha roots inhibits nuclear transcription factor‐kappa‐B, cyclooxygenase and tumor cell proliferation
Authors: Mulabagal Vanisree , Subbaraju Gottumukkala V. , Rao Chirravuri V. , Sivaramakrishna Chillara , DeWitt David L. , Holmes Daniel , Sung Bokyung , Aggarwal Bharat B. , Tsay Hsin‐Sheng , Nair Muraleedharan G. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractInvestigation of the methanol extract of Aswagandha (Withania somnifera) roots for bioactive constituents yielded a novel withanolide sulfoxide compound (1) along with a known withanolide dimer ashwagandhanolide (2) with an S‐linkage. The structure of compound 1 was established by extensive NMR and MS experiments. Compound 1 was highly selective in inhibiting cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) enzyme by 60% at 100 µm with no activity against COX‐1 enzyme. The IC50 values of compound 1 against human gastric (AGS), breast (MCF‐7), central nervous system (SF‐268) and colon (HCT‐116) cancer cell lines were in the range 0.74–3.63 µm. Both S‐containing dimeric withanolides, 1 and 2, completely suppressed TNF‐induced NF‐κB activation when tested at 100 µm. The isolation of a withanolide sulfoxide from W. somnifera roots and its ability to inhibit COX‐2 enzyme and to suppress human tumor cell proliferation are reported here for the first time. In addition, this is the first report on the abrogation of TNF‐induced NF‐κB activation for compounds 1 and 2. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Properties of normalised rain‐rate distributions in the tropical Pacific
Authors: Field P. R. , Shutts G. J. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractPassive microwave retrievals of rainfall rate are examined for the tropical Pacific region. Frequency distributions of two years of daily rain rates were compared for coarse grainings (arithmetic averages) of 1, 2, 4, 8, 16° squares for nominal warm sea (warm pool) and relatively cooler sea (cold pool) regions. The histograms displayed a gamma distribution shape with an exponential tail to high rain rates and a power law for lower rain rates (<20 mm d−1). The distributions over warmer sea were broader than their counterparts over cooler sea. Coarse graining of the rain rates reduced the breadth of the distributions but the shape was retained.Conditional sampling of 1° rain rates for larger regions with the same mean rain rate shows that the distributions of 1° rain rates within bigger regions of the cold or warm pool with the same mean rain rate are very similar. Additionally, it was found that these 1° rain‐rate distributions could be successfully normalised to reveal an underlying dimensionless rain‐rate distribution shape.Normalised rain‐rate distributions are shown to be insensitive to sensor type, time of day and sensitivity perturbations. This makes the normalised rain‐rate distributions good candidates for comparison with model output. Normalised rain‐rate distributions from a large‐domain cloud‐resolving model (CRM) and two operational global models (Met Office UM, ECMWF IFS) were compared with the satellite passive microwave data. The models generally produce more frequent high‐intensity rain rates than the satellite passive microwave data suggest. The CRM performs better than the global models in reproducing the normalised distributions obtained from the satellite passive microwave data. This difference is attributed to the CRM's ability to resolve convection. © Crown Copyright 2009. Reproduced with the permission of HMSO. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Discovering and Exploiting Statistical Properties for Query Optimization in Relational Databases: A Survey
Authors: Haas Peter J. , Ilyas Ihab F. , Lohman Guy M. , Markl Volker 
Published: January 2009

AbstractDiscovering and exploiting statistical features in relational datasets is key to query optimization in a relational database management system (RDBMS ), and is also needed for database design, cleaning, and integration. This paper surveys a variety of methods for automatically discovering important statistical features such as correlations, functional dependencies, keys, and algebraic constraints. We discuss proactive approaches in which the data is scanned or sampled (periodically, at optimization time or at query time), or in which exploratory queries are executed. Also discussed are reactive approaches that monitor the results of the query processing. Finally, we discuss methods for dealing with the practical challenges of maintaining statistical information in the face of heavy system utilization, and of dealing with inconsistencies that arise from incomplete cardinality models, use of multiple discovery methods, or changes in the underlying data over time. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining 1: 000‐000, 2008
A statistical learning approach for the design of polycrystalline materials
Authors: Sundararaghavan Veera , Zabaras Nicholas 
Published: January 2009

AbstractImportant physical properties such as yield strength, elastic modulus, and thermal conductivity depend on the material microstructure. Realization of optimal microstructures is important for hardware components in aerospace applications where there is a need to optimize material properties for improved performance. Microstructures can be tailored through controlled deformation or heat treatment. However, identification of the optimal processing path is a non‐trivial (and non‐unique) problem. Data‐mining techniques are eminently suitable for process design since optimal processing paths can be selected based on available information from a large database‐relating processes, properties, and microstructures. In this paper, the problem of designing processing stages that lead to a desired microstructure or material property is addressed by mining over a database of microstructural signatures. A hierarchical X‐means classifier is designed to match crystallographic orientation features to a class of microstructural signatures within a database. Instead of the conventional distortion minimization algorithm of k‐means, X‐means maximizes a Bayesian information measure for calculating cluster centers which allows automatic detection of number of classes. Using the microstructural database, an adaptive data‐compression technique based on proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) has been designed to accelerate materials design. In this technique, reduced modes selected adaptively from the database are used to speed up auxiliary microstructure optimization algorithms built over the database. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining 1: 000‐000, 2009
Neural Networks and Information in Materials Science
Authors: Bhadeshia H. K. D. H. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractNeural networks have pervaded all aspects of materials science resulting in the discovery of new phenomena and have been used in quantitative design and control. At the same time, they have introduced a culture in which both noise and modeling uncertainties are considered in order to realize the value of empirical modeling. This review deals with all of these aspects using concrete examples to highlight the progress made, whilst at the same time emphasizing the limitations of the method. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining 1: 000‐000, 2009
Power and sample size calculation for log‐rank test with a time lag in treatment effect
Authors: Zhang Daowen , Quan Hui 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe log‐rank test is the most powerful non‐parametric test for detecting a proportional hazards alternative and thus is the most commonly used testing procedure for comparing time‐to‐event distributions between different treatments in clinical trials. When the log‐rank test is used for the primary data analysis, the sample size calculation should also be based on the test to ensure the desired power for the study. In some clinical trials, the treatment effect may not manifest itself right after patients receive the treatment. Therefore, the proportional hazards assumption may not hold. Furthermore, patients may discontinue the study treatment prematurely and thus may have diluted treatment effect after treatment discontinuation. If a patient's treatment termination time is independent of his/her time‐to‐event of interest, the termination time can be treated as a censoring time in the final data analysis. Alternatively, we may keep collecting time‐to‐event data until study termination from those patients who discontinued the treatment and conduct an intent‐to‐treat analysis by including them in the original treatment groups. We derive formulas necessary to calculate the asymptotic power of the log‐rank test under this non‐proportional hazards alternative for the two data analysis strategies. Simulation studies indicate that the formulas provide accurate power for a variety of trial settings. A clinical trial example is used to illustrate the application of the proposed methods. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dose selection in seamless phase II/III clinical trials based on efficacy and safety
Authors: Kimani Peter K. , Stallard Nigel , Hutton Jane L. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractSeamless phase II/III clinical trials are attractive in development of new drugs because they accelerate the drug development process. Seamless phase II/III trials are carried out in two stages. After stage 1 (phase II stage), an interim analysis is performed and a decision is made on whether to proceed to stage 2 (phase III stage). If the decision is to continue with further testing, some dose‐selection procedure is used to determine the set of doses to be tested in stage 2. In this paper, we propose a dose‐selection procedure for binary outcomes in adaptive seamless phase II/III clinical trials that incorporates the dose‐response relationship when the experimental treatments are different dose levels of the same drug, and explicitly incorporates both efficacy and safety. The choice of the doses to continue to stage 2 is made by comparing the predictive power of the potential sets of doses, which might continue. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Commentary: Sca-1 and Cells of the Lung: A matter of Different Sorts
Authors: Raiser David M. , Kim Carla F. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
In two separate articles published in this issue, Teisanu et al. and McQualter et al. report the use of flow cytometry and cell sorting to identify putative bronchiolar stem cells that are low in expression for the cell surface marker Sca-1 yet negative for CD34, and a mesenchymal, fibroblastic progenitor cell population from the lung that is positive for Sca-1, respectively. At first glance, these studies may seem to suggest that Sca-1 and CD34 are not markers of an epithelial stem cell population in the lung, as we previously determined in studies that identified bronchioalveolar stem cells (BASCs), and may also appear to contradict each other. However, here we point to evidence that the findings of these three studies are not mutually exclusive, and rather, that the different cell isolation and culturing protocols used in these studies have allowed for the identification of unique pulmonary cell populations. Rather than discounting previous work on BASCs, these studies reveal the existence of new methods and new cell types that will be interesting to use in future functional tests for their importance in lung biology and lung disease.
Human Cord Blood CD133+ Stem Cells Transplanted to Nod-Scid Mice Provide Conditions for Regeneration of Olfactory Neuroepithelium After Permanent Damage Induced by Dichlobenil
Authors: Franceschini Valeria , Bettini Simone , Pifferi Simone , Rosellini Alfredo , Menini Anna , Saccardi Ricardo , Ognio Emanuela , Jeffery Rosemary , Poulsom Richard , Revoltella Roberto P. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
The herbicide dichlobenil selectively causes necrosis of the dorsomedial part of olfactory neuroepithelium (NE) with permanent damage to the underlying mucosa, whereas the lateral part of the olfactory region and the nasal respiratory mucosa remain undamaged. We investigated here whether human umbilical cord blood CD133+ stem cells (HSC) injected intravenously to nod-scid mice pretreated with dichlobenil may engraft the olfactory mucosa and contribute to the regeneration of the damaged NE. We tested HLA-DQα1 DNA and three human microsatellites (Combined DNA Index System) as indicators of engrafted cells, finding polymerase chain reaction evidence of chimaerism in various tissues of the host, including the olfactory mucosa and bulb, at 7 and 31 days following HSC transplantation. Histology, immunohistochemistry, and lectin staining revealed the morphological recovery of the dorsomedial region of the NE in dichlobenil-treated mice that received HSC, contrasting with the lack of regeneration in similarly injured areas as these remained damaged in control nontransplanted mice. FISH analysis, to detect human genomic sequences from different chromosomes, confirmed persistent engraftment of the regenerating olfactory area with chimeric cells. Electro-olfactograms in response to odorants, to test the functionality of the olfactory NE, confirmed the functional damage of the dorsomedial area in dichlobenil-treated mice and the functional recovery of the same area in transplanted mice. These findings support the concept that transplanted HSC migrating to the damaged olfactory area provide conditions facilitating the recovery from olfactory receptor cell loss.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Stem Cell Property of Postmigratory Cranial Neural Crest Cells and Their Utility in Alveolar Bone Regeneration and Tooth Development
Authors: Chung Il-Hyuk , Yamaza Takayoshi , Zhao Hu , Choung Pill-Hoon , Shi Songtao , Chai Yang 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
The vertebrate neural crest is a multipotent cell population that gives rise to a variety of different cell types. We have discovered that postmigratory cranial neural crest cells (CNCCs) maintain mesenchymal stem cell characteristics and show potential utility for the regeneration of craniofacial structures. We are able to induce the osteogenic differentiation of postmigratory CNCCs, and this differentiation is regulated by bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and transforming growth factor-β signaling pathways. After transplantation into a host animal, postmigratory CNCCs form bone matrix. CNCC-formed bones are distinct from bones regenerated by bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. In addition, CNCCs support tooth germ survival via BMP signaling in our CNCC-tooth germ cotransplantation system. Thus, we conclude that postmigratory CNCCs preserve stem cell features, contribute to craniofacial bone formation, and play a fundamental role in supporting tooth organ development. These findings reveal a novel function for postmigratory CNCCs in organ development, and demonstrate the utility of these CNCCs in regenerating craniofacial structures.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Acceleration of Skeletal Muscle Regeneration in a Rat Skeletal Muscle Injury Model by Local Injection of Human Peripheral Blood-Derived CD133-Positive Cells
Authors: Shi Ming , Ishikawa Masakazu , Kamei Naosuke , Nakasa Tomoyuki , Adachi Nobuo , Deie Masataka , Asahara Takayuki , Ochi Mitsuo 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Muscle injuries in sport activities can pose challenging problems in traumatology and sports medicine. The best treatment for muscle injury has not been clearly established except for the conservative treatment that is routinely performed. We investigated the potential of human adult CD133+ cells to contribute to skeletal muscle regeneration in an athymic rat model. We tested whether CD133+ cells locally transplanted to the skeletal muscle lacerated models could (a) induce vasculogenesis/angiogenesis, (b) differentiate into endothelial and myogenic lineages, and (c) finally promote histological and functional skeletal myogenesis. Granulocyte colony stimulating factor-mobilized peripheral blood (PB) CD133+ cells, PB mononuclear cells, or phosphate-buffered saline was locally injected after creating a muscle laceration in the tibialis anterior muscle in athymic rats. After treatment, histological and functional skeletal myogenesis was observed significantly in the CD133+ group. The injected CD133+ cells differentiated into endothelial and myogenic lineages. Using real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis, we found that the gene expressions related to microenvironment conduction for host angiogenesis, fibrosis, and myogenesis were ideally up/downregulated. Our results show that CD133+ cells have the potential to enhance the histological and functional recovery from skeletal muscle injury rather via indirect contribution to environment conduction for muscular regeneration. It would be relatively easy to purify this cell fraction from PB, which could be a feasible and attractive autologous candidate for skeletal muscle injuries in a clinical setting. These advantages could accelerate the progression of cell-based therapies for skeletal muscle injuries from laboratory to clinical implementation.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.