bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Survey of antimicrobial susceptibility testing practices of veterinary diagnostic laboratories in the United States
Authors: Brooks Matthew B. , Morley Paul S. , Dargatz David A. , Hyatt Doreene R. , Salman M. D. , Akey Bruce L. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract

Objective—To describe antimicrobial susceptibility testing
practices of veterinary diagnostic laboratories in the
United States and evaluate the feasibility of collating this
information for the purpose of monitoring antimicrobial
resistance in bacterial isolates from animals.

Design—Cross-sectional study.

Procedures—A questionnaire was mailed to veterinary
diagnostic laboratories throughout the United
States to identify those laboratories that conduct susceptibility
testing. Nonrespondent laboratories were
followed up through telephone contact and additional
mailings. Data were gathered regarding methods of
susceptibility testing, standardization of methods,
data management, and types of isolates tested.

Results—Eighty-six of 113 (76%) laboratories responded
to the survey, and 64 of the 86 (74%) routinely performed
susceptibility testing on bacterial isolates from
animals. Thirty-four of the 36 (94%) laboratories
accredited by the American Association of Veterinary
Laboratory Diagnosticians responded to the survey.
Laboratories reported testing > 160,000 bacterial isolates/y. Fifty-one (88%) laboratories reported using the
Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test to evaluate antimicrobial
susceptibility; this accounted for 65% of the isolates
tested. Most (87%) laboratories used the NCCLS
(National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards)
documents for test interpretation. Seventy-five percent
of the laboratories performed susceptibility testing on
bacterial isolates only when they were potential
pathogens.

Conclusions—The veterinary diagnostic laboratories
represent a comprehensive source of data that is not
easily accessible in the United States. Variability in
testing methods and data storage would present challenges
for data aggregation, summary, and interpretation.
(J Am Vet Med Assoc 2003;222:168–173)
Effects of storage time and temperature on pH, specific gravity, and crystal formation in urine samples from dogs and cats
Authors: Albasan Hasan , Lulich Jody P. , Osborne Carl A. , Lekcharoensuk Chalermpol , Ulrich Lisa K. , Carpenter Kathleen A. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract

Objective—To determine effects of storage temperature
and time on pH and specific gravity of and number
and size of crystals in urine samples from dogs
and cats.

Design—Randomized complete block design.

Animals—31 dogs and 8 cats.

Procedure—Aliquots of each urine sample were analyzed
within 60 minutes of collection or after storage
at room or refrigeration temperatures (20 vs 6°C [68
vs 43°F]) for 6 or 24 hours.

Results—Crystals formed in samples from 11 of 39
(28%) animals. Calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals
formed in vitro in samples from 1 cat and 8 dogs.
Magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP) crystals
formed in vitro in samples from 2 dogs. Compared
with aliquots stored at room temperature, refrigeration
increased the number and size of crystals that
formed in vitro; however, the increase in number and
size of MAP crystals in stored urine samples was not
significant. Increased storage time and decreased
storage temperature were associated with a significant
increase in number of CaOx crystals formed.
Greater numbers of crystals formed in urine aliquots
stored for 24 hours than in aliquots stored for 6
hours. Storage time and temperature did not have a
significant effect on pH or specific gravity.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Urine samples
should be analyzed within 60 minutes of collection to
minimize temperature- and time-dependent effects on
in vitro crystal formation. Presence of crystals observed
in stored samples should be validated by reevaluation of
fresh urine. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 2003;222:176–179)
Surgical and postoperative complications associated with tibial plateau leveling osteotomy in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament rupture: 397 cases (1998–2001)
Authors: Pacchiana Philip D. , Morris Ethan , Gillings Sarah L. , Jessen Carl R. , Lipowitz Alan J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To identify surgical and postoperative complications of tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) in dogs with rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) and compare their incidence with those reported in the literature for other commonly performed CCL stabilization procedures.Design—Retrospective study.Animals—346 dogs undergoing 397 TPLO procedures.Procedure—Medical records of dogs undergoing 563 consecutive TPLO procedures were reviewed. Complications were recorded and assigned to groups on the basis of the period during which the complication was observed.Results—397 TPLOs met the criteria for inclusion in the study. Complications (n = 136) were recorded in 113 of the 397 (28%) procedures. Multiple complications developed in 10 dogs. In 19 dogs, a second surgery was performed to manage complications. Development of a complication after surgery was not associated with age or body weight of the dog, tibial plateau angle prior to stifle joint surgery, or experience of the surgeon. Factors significantly associated with complications were breed and performance of an arthrotomy concomitantly with TPLO.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—TPLO was associated with development of numerous complications, some of which required surgical correction. Most complications resolved with nonsurgical treatment. Several complications were unique to the TPLO procedure because of the surgical technique and implants required. Although TPLO was associated with a greater number of complications than other CCL stabilization methods, the incidence of major complications was similar. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2003;222:184–193)
Use of a test for proteins induced by vitamin K absence or antagonism in diagnosis of anticoagulant poisoning in dogs: 325 cases (1987–1997)
Authors: Mount Michael E. , Kim Brian U. , Kass Philip H. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To determine usefulness of the test for proteins induced by vitamin K absence or antagonism (PIVKA) to identify anticoagulant-poisoned dogs, compared with one-stage prothrombin time (OSPT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) tests.Design—Retrospective study.Animals—325 dogs.Procedure—Comparisons of results of PIVKA, OSPT, and APTT measurements in dogs with anticoagulant poisoning, hepatic disease, disseminated intravascular coagulation, other blood-related disorders, immune-mediated diseases, or other chronic and acute diseases were performed. Median, quartile, and range values were determined.Results—PIVKA tests with a 150-second critical value had > 98% specificity and > 90% sensitivity for diagnosis of anticoagulant poisoning versus > 99% specificity and > 79% sensitivity with a 300-second critical value. Comparison of PIVKA values among diagnostic groups revealed significant differences between dogs with anticoagulant poisoning and all other groups.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The PIVKA test with a 150-second critical value is diagnostically useful for distinguishing anticoagulant poisoning from other coagulopathies. Severe liver disease can cause false-positive results. Administration of vitamin K1or early evaluation (within a few hours of ingesting anticoagulant) may cause false-negative results. Dogs with PIVKA test values > 150 seconds and clinical signs of anticoagulant poisoning can confidently be considered to have anticoagulant poisoning because of the high test sensitivity and specificity. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2003;222:194–198)
Case-control study of late-term abortions associated with mare reproductive loss syndrome in central Kentucky
Authors: Cohen Noah D. , Carey Vincent J. , Donahue James G. , Seahorn Janyce L. , Donahoe Judith K. , Williams Deborah M. , Harrison Lenn R. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract

Objective—To identify factors associated with abortions
of mares during late gestation attributed to mare
reproductive loss syndrome (MRLS).

Design—Case-control study.

Animals—282 broodmares from 62 farms in central
Kentucky, including 137 mares that had late-term
abortions (LTAs) associated with MRLS, 98
mares from the same farms that did not abort, and
48 mares that aborted from causes other than
MRLS.

Procedure—Farm managers were interviewed to
obtain data on a wide range of management practices
and environmental exposures for the mares. Data for
case and control horses were compared to identify
risk factors for a mare having a MRLS-associated LTA
(MRLS-LTA).

Results—Several factors increased the risk of mares
having MRLS-LTAs, including increased amount of
time at pasture, less time in a stall, feeding concentrate
on the ground, higher proportion of diet derived
from grazing pasture, being fed in pasture exclusively
during the 4-week period prior to abortion, access to
pasture after midnight during the 4-week period prior
to abortion, and drinking from a water trough or not
having access to water buckets or automatic waterers.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Analysis indicates
that exposure to pasture predisposed mares to
having MRLS-LTAs and stillborn foals. Methods for
limiting exposure to pasture (keeping mares in stalls
longer) during environmental conditions similar to
those seen in 2001 should reduce the risk of mares
having MRLS-LTAs. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 2003;222:199–209)
Case-control study of early-term abortions (early fetal losses) associated with mare reproductive loss syndrome in central Kentucky
Authors: Cohen Noah D. , Donahue James G. , Carey Vincent J. , Seahorn Janyce L. , Piercy Donna , Donahoe Judith K. , Williams Deborah M. , Brown II Stuart E. , Riddle Thomas W. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract

Objective—To identify factors associated with abortions
during early gestation classified as mare reproductive
loss syndrome (MRLS).

Design—Case-control study.

Animals—324 broodmares from 43 farms in central
Kentucky, including 121 mares from 25 farms that
had early-term abortions (ETAs) associated with
MRLS (case horses), 120 mares from the same farms
but that did not abort, and 83 mares from 18 farms
that were not severely impacted by MRLS.

Procedure—Farm managers were interviewed to
obtain data on various management practices and
environmental exposures for the mares. Data for case
and control horses were compared to identify risk factors
for mares having MRLS-associated ETAs.

Results—Several factors increased the risk of MRLS-associated
ETAs, including feeding hay in pasture,
greater than usual amounts of white clover in pastures,
more eastern tent caterpillars in pastures, abortion
during a previous pregnancy, and sighting deer or
elk on the premises.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Analysis indicates
that certain characteristics of pastures predisposed
mares to MRLS-associated ETAs. Methods for
limiting exposure to pasture (keeping mares in stalls
longer) during environmental conditions similar to
those of 2001 (ie, sudden freezing in mid-April following
warmer-than-usual springtime temperatures and
larger-than-usual numbers of eastern tent caterpillars
in and around pastures) should reduce the risk of
mares having MRLS-associated ETAs. It was not possible
to determine whether exposure to white clover
or caterpillars were causal factors for MRLS or were
merely indicators of unusual environmental conditions
that resulted in exposure of mares to a toxic or infectious
agent. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 2003;222:210–217)
Association between initial systolic blood pressure and risk of developing a uremic crisis or of dying in dogs with chronic renal failure
Authors: Jacob Frédéric , Polzin David J. , Osborne Carl A. , Neaton James D. , Lekcharoensuk Chalermpol , Allen Timothy A. , Kirk Claudia A. , Swanson Laurie L. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract

Objective—To determine whether high systolic blood
pressure (SBP) at the time of initial diagnosis of
chronic renal failure in dogs was associated with
increased risk of uremic crisis, risk of dying, or rate of
decline in renal function.

Design—Prospective cohort study.

Animals—45 dogs with spontaneous chronic renal
failure.

Procedure—Dogs were assigned to 1 of 3 groups on
the basis of initial SBP (high, intermediate, low);
Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards methods
were used to estimate the association between SBP
and development of a uremic crisis and death. The
reciprocal of serum creatinine concentration was
used as an estimate of renal function.

Results—Dogs in the high SBP group were more
likely to develop a uremic crisis and to die than were
dogs in the other groups, and the risks of developing
a uremic crisis and of dying increased significantly as
SBP increased. A greater decrease in renal function
was observed in dogs in the high SBP group.
Retinopathy and hypertensive encephalopathy were
detected in 3 of 14 dogs with SBP ≥ 180 mm Hg.
Systolic blood pressure remained high in 10 of 11
dogs treated with antihypertensive drugs.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested
that initial high SBP in dogs with chronic renal
failure was associated with increased risk of developing
a uremic crisis and of dying. Further studies are
required to determine whether there is a cause-and-effect
relationship between high SBP and progressive
renal injury and to identify the risks and benefits of
antihypertensive drug treatment. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 2003;222:322–329)
Case-control study of factors associated with excessive proportions of early fetal losses associated with mare reproductive loss syndrome in central Kentucky during 2001
Authors: Dwyer Roberta M. , Garber Lindsey P. , Traub-Dargatz Josie L. , Meade Barry J. , Powell David , Pavlick Michael P. , Kane Albert J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To identify factors associated with excessive proportions of early fetal losses associated with mare reproductive loss syndrome in central Kentucky during 2001.Design—Case-control study.Procedure—Questionnaires were used to collect information on farm-, pasture-, and individual animallevel factors purportedly associated with mare reproductive loss syndrome. Data were collected for 133 farms (97 with excessive proportions of early fetal losses and 36 control farms) representing 6,576 mares.Results—Factors significantly associated with an increased risk of excessive early fetal losses were exposure to moderate to high concentrations of Eastern tent caterpillars, exposure to cherry trees, farm size ≥ 50 broodmares, being bred during February 2001, and frequent exposure to waterfowl. Feeding hay to mares outside was associated with a decreased risk of excessive proportions of early fetal losses. Pasture composition and management factors were not significantly different between affected and control pastures. Individual animal-level factors were investigated on 6 farms representing 340 mares, and age, parity, and pre- and postbreeding treatments were not significantly associated with risk of early fetal loss.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that limiting exposure to Eastern tent caterpillars and cherry trees and feeding hay to mares outside may help decrease the risk of excessive proportions of early fetal losses associated with mare reproductive loss syndrome. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2003;222: 613–619)
Efficacy and safety of once versus twice daily administration of methimazole in cats with hyperthyroidism
Authors: Trepanier Lauren A. , Hoffman Stacey B. , Kroll Mandy , Rodan Ilona , Challoner Laura 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To determine whether once daily administration of methimazole was as effective and safe as twice daily administration in cats with hyperthyroidism.Design—Randomized, nonblinded, clinical trial.Animals—40 cats with newly diagnosed hyperthyroidism.Procedure—Cats were randomly assigned to receive 5 mg of methimazole, PO, once daily (n = 25) or 2.5 mg of methimazole, PO, twice daily (15). A complete physical examination, including measurement of body weight; CBC; serum biochemical analyses, including measurement of serum thyroxine concentration; and urinalysis were performed, and blood pressure was measured before and 2 and 4 weeks after initiation of treatment.Results—Serum thyroxine concentration was significantly higher in cats given methimazole once daily, compared with cats given methimazole twice daily, 2 weeks (3.7 vs 2.0 μg/dL) and 4 weeks (3.2 vs 1.7 μg/dL) after initiation of treatment. In addition, the proportion of cats that were euthyroid after 2 weeks of treatment was lower for cats receiving methimazole once daily (54%) than for cats receiving methimazole twice daily (87%). Percentages of cats with adverse effects (primarily gastrointestinal tract upset and facial pruritus) were not significantly different between groups.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that once daily administration of methimazole was not as effective as twice daily administration in cats with hyperthyroidism and cannot be recommended for routine use. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2003; 222:954–958)
Cutaneous and ocular habronemiasis in horses: 63 cases (1988–2002)
Authors: Pusterla Nicola , Watson Johanna L. , Wilson W. David , Affolter Verena K. , Spier Sharon J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To describe clinical manifestations of cutaneous and ocular habronemiasis in horses and evaluate outcome of treatment.Design—Retrospective study.Animals—63 horses.Procedure—The diagnosis was made on the basis of history, clinical signs, and identification of calcified concretions (sulfur granules) in lesions. Histologic examination of biopsy specimens was used to confirm the diagnosis. Case horses were compared with a control population of 12,720 horses examined during the same period.Results—Arabians, gray horses, and horses with diluted coat colors were overrepresented; Thoroughbreds were underrepresented. Lesions were identified most often during the summer and early fall. The medial canthus of the eye, male genitalia, third eyelid, and distal portions of the extremities were the most commonly affected locations. Twenty-five lesions were biopsied, and results of histologic examination were consistent with a diagnosis of habronemiasis. However, nematode larvae were seen in only 11 (44%) biopsy specimens. Treatment consisted of surgical removal (7 horses) or medical treatment (56) consisting of debulking granulation tissue and topical, intralesional, or systemic treatment with corticosteroids. All horses were treated with ivermectin.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that cutaneous and ocular habronemiasis should be considered when examining a horse during the summer months with a proliferative, moist, granulomatous lesion. Treatment should be aimed at decreasing the size of the lesion, reducing inflammation, and preventing recurrence. In general, the prognosis was good, and healing occurred within a few weeks. Fly control and regular deworming with ivermectin are recommended to reduce the incidence of habronemiasis. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2003;222: 978–982)
Clinicopathologic and radiographic features and etiologic agents in cats with histologically confirmed infectious pneumonia: 39 cases (1991–2000)
Authors: Macdonald Ellen S. , Norris Carol R. , Berghaus Roy B. , Griffey Stephen M. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To determine clinicopathologic and radiographic features and etiologic agents in cats that died as a result of infectious pneumonia.Design—Retrospective study.Animals—39 cats.Procedure—Medical records of cats in which infectious pneumonia was confirmed by histologic examination of necropsy specimens were reviewed. Signalment, clinical signs, and results of a CBC, viral serologic tests, and thoracic radiography were evaluated. Infectious agents were classified as bacterial, viral, fungal, protozoal, or parasitic. Histologic features (severity, duration, anatomic location, and distribution) were analyzed.Results—Clinical signs referable to the respiratory tract were not detected in 14 of 39 (36%) cats, and results of a CBC (4/18 cats) and radiography (3/13) were unremarkable. Sixteen of 39 (41%) cats lacked clinical signs of systemic illness. Etiologic agents identified included bacteria (n = 21), viruses (11), fungi (6), protozoa (2), and parasites (1). Cats with clinical signs related to the respiratory tract (19/24 [79%] cats) were more likely to have severe histologic changes than cats without signs related to the respiratory system (6/14). Twenty-nine of 38 (76%) cats had histologic evidence of systemic disease, whereas the remaining cats had lesions limited to the respiratory tract.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Infectious pneumonia is uncommon in cats. Cats with infectious pneumonia may lack clinical signs and have unremarkable results for a CBC and thoracic radiography, yet frequently have systemic infections. Therefore, clinicians should maintain an index of suspicion for pneumonia and evaluate the respiratory tract when infection is detected in other organ systems. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2003;223:1142–1150)
Patterns of mycoplasma shedding in the milk of dairy cows with intramammary mycoplasma infection
Authors: Biddle Mary K. , Fox Larry K. , Hancock Dale D. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract

Objective—To determine patterns of mycoplasma
shedding in the milk of dairy cows with intramammary
mycoplasma infection.

Design—Prospective clinical trial.

Animals—10 Holstein cows with intramammary
mycoplasma infection.

Procedure—Milk samples were collected from each
cow daily for 28 days and plated on mycoplasma agar
to evaluate shedding patterns. To determine whether
enrichment improved recovery of organisms, some
samples were also inoculated in mycoplasma enrichment
medium and incubated for 4 days prior to plating.
Somatic cell count (SCC) was determined in samples
collected weekly.

Results—Mycoplasma organisms were not isolated
from 81 of 280 (29%) composite milk samples, but
> 106 colonies/mL were obtained from 151 (54%).
Similarly, mycoplasma organisms were not isolated
from 433 of 1,008 (43%) quarter milk samples, but
> 106 colonies/mL were obtained from 392 (39%). For
71 of 104 (68%) samples, mycoplasma organisms
were isolated both following direct plating and following
enrichment; for 24 of 104 (23%), mycoplasma
organisms were isolated only following enrichment;
and for 9 of 104 (9%), mycoplasma organisms were
isolated only after direct plating. There was a linear
correlation between logarithm of the SCC and logarithm
of the number of colony-forming units of
mycoplasma per milliliter of milk for composite and
quarter milk samples.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Shedding of
organisms was inconsistent in dairy cows with intramammary
mycoplasma infection, increasing the risk
of misdiagnosis if multiple milk samples are not tested.
(J Am Vet Med Assoc 2003;223:1163–1166).