bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Subsurface Radium Transport and Potential Radiological Doses Related to Injection of NORM
Authors: Williams G. P. , Tomasko D. , Smith K. P. , Blunt D. , Arnish J. J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Disposal of petroleum industry wastes containing natural occurring radioactive material (NORM) via subsurface injection is modeled using two different methods to estimate the potential radiological doses to individuals consuming water from a shallow aquifer. In the case study, it was assumed that the NORM was accidentally released into the drinking water due to casing failure during disposal. This study models the transport of radium in the aquifer to receptor points located at various distances from the injection well. Radionuclide concentrations at the receptor points were compared to drinking water standards recommended by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. The potential doses associated with subsurface injection of NORM were below drinking water standards even assuming a casing failure during disposal and the subsequent release of the entire volume of NORM wastes.
This paper compares a new analytical model for radial injection with a step-function source term with a simple mixing model and shows how these tools can be used to evaluate subsurface injection of NORM wastes.
An Environmentally Sound Geophysical Source - The Transition Zone Marine Vibrator
Authors: Weber Wolf D. , Johnson Graham R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
For several decades seismic exploration companies have worked in cooperation with oil companies to target and develop oil and gas reservoirs. Environmental protection continues to be an integral part of successful source developments in the geophysical industry.
The Transition Zone Marine Vibrator combines an environmentally sympathetic low pressure output with excellent geophysical performance.
Sea Surface Fire Risks, a Model Based on World Data
Authors: Bonn R. J. C. , McDonagh M. , Webb S. P. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Offshore installations face a risk from fires on the sea surface. The potential severity of these events for exploration and production operations can require risk analysis. This paper reports on the successful development of a model to predict the probability of a major sea fire incident adjacent to an Exploration or Production (E&P) installation.
The model uses three new sets of data:
oil spill data from the E&P industry in the North Sea. data on large hydrocarbon spills World-wide, extracted specifically for this project from all available databases. results from recent empirical testing, which is referenced.
When linked to a consequence prediction, this method allows the safety risk from such hazards to be quantified with reasonable accuracy for the first time.
The model covers the probability of release to the sea surface, the probability of its ignition and the probability that fire will spread to a large area of the fuel. The model can differentiate between:
different types of installation (e.g. fixed or floating), different fuels, geographic locations, and weather conditions.
Data on the variation in probability for these factors is included.
Regional Environmental Impact Assessments
Authors: Furuholt Edgar , Kinn Sigurd Juel 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Petroleum Act from 1985 established the requirements for preparing Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA) for both the exploration and operation phase of the petroleum activity on the Norwegian shelf. The EIAs prepared separately for each new development project has received increasing criticism from environmental and fishery authorities, especially because of insufficient evaluation of the combined environmental effects caused by the total oil and gas activities in an area.
A revision of the Petroleum Act in July 1997 established the legal basis for requiring Regional EIAs (REIA). The first REIA according to the new requirements is now being finalized. The new system shows a number of important benefits compared to the former system and gives a much better basis for evaluating the total environmental and socioeconomic effects in an area. To be able to meet the increasing demands for better cause-effect descriptions of environmental impacts, some of the latest developments in quantitative methods have been used to predict regional impacts from emissions to air and discharges to water.
The preliminary results of the REIA for the Haltenbanken area show small estimated environmental impacts despite the large activity in the area. This may at first sight seem surprising, but seen on a regional level, the emissions and discharges are relatively low compared to background levels. Another reason for this is that all the installations are quite new or still under construction, and that they have been constructed to meet stringent environmental standards.
Environmental Evaluation of Marine and Fluvial Seismic Survey (Adriatic Sea and Po River; Italy)
Authors: Trovarelli L. , Ceffa L. , Consiglio M. , Fantoni R. , Piccoli F. , La bella G. , Servodio R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
During 1995 and 1996 AGIP partecipated in two projects in order to detect the effects of seismic prospecting, using airgun, in the Adriatic Sea and Po River ecosystems.
As regard the Adriatic sea, a shallow water basin with limited exchanges, high productivity and fishing resources heavily exploited, the results have clarified the acute, subacute and behavioral effects on fish cephalopods, bivalves and decapods impacted by pressure waves of different severity originated by an airgun positioned at different distances.
The exploitable fraction of fishing stock population seems not to be affected by airgun seismic prospecting: acute and subacute effects are very rare and present only at minimum distance, while completely reversible effects on behaviour were experienced; on the contrary, experiments on eggs, larvae and juvenile stages highlighted greater effects although limited at distance of 3–5 meters from energy source.
As regard the fluvial contest, the project was structured in three main phases: (1) evaluation of the effects of the energy source on the ichthyic river fauna, (2) measurement of the vibration level primed on the river banks, (3) acquisition of a 2D seismic line of 150 Km inside the riverbed using an off-shore acquisition methodology able to fit the river constraints and the exploration needs.
The results brought to the following conclusions: (a) negligible effects on the fauna, (b) the vibrations primed to the banks were measured at a level lower than a magnitude order respect to the safety limits specified by the DIN rules, (c) the acquisition configuration also satisfied the data quality at the exploration targets.
The experience we gained during these surveys proves that the synergy between Oil Company, State and Research Bodies can produce and improve knowledge, profit and services to Community with the use of geophysical prospect in full safety compliance with respect and protection of the environment.
Accumulated Concentration Fields in the North Sea for different Toxic Compounds in Produced Water
Authors: Rye H. , Reed M. , Ekrol N. , Johnsen S. , Frost T. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The dilution and transport of produced water from 95 different sources in the North Sea area have been calculated by means of the PROVANN numerical model. The model calculates the concentration fields as a function of the space co-ordinates x, y and z and time. Amounts of releases are specified on a yearly basis, including the amounts of produced water, dispersed oil and, for some fields, concentrations of dissolved compounds. The simulations include simultaneous calculations of the releases from all sources expanding over a time period longer than a year. The calculations are also based on a three-dimensional and time varying current field for the North Sea generated by an external hydrodynamic model.
Calculations are made for concentration fields for dispersed oil in produced water as well as the dissolved compounds para-cresol and naphthalene. The two latter compounds are assumed to be some of the most potential ones with respect to possible adverse effects on biologic life.
The paper explains the method used in determining the expected concentration levels of these compounds. The model has been validated by comparing the results against measured data. The sensitivity of the model is considered for various inputs like degradation rates. Some comments are also made on the potential use of such models in order to determine loads on marine biota in the sub-lethal concentration range.
Managing Non-Technical Risks Associated with Seismic Operations in Sensitive Areas
Authors: Rojas A. , Rocereta M. , Rodriguez J. , Laschiazza J. A. , Ruiz J. , Barker G. , Smith R. , Heaton K. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Companies pursuing exploration opportunities in sensitive areas are increasingly challenged to manage the nontechnical risks associated with these operations. Company management, local communities, the international community and other stakeholders want to be assured that safety, health, environmental, social and other nontechnical risks associated with exploration activities are appropriately managed. Failure to identify and manage these risks can have significant business implications, including project delays, cost overruns and abandoned projects. A formalized risk assessment and management process is required to successfully manage these risks.
A North Slope, Alaska ICS Training Program
Authors: Hoffman R. W. , Brassfield T. J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Since 1990, the North Slope oil fields have been endeavoring to train incident management teams (IMT). Considerable progress has been made in developing teams that can manage incidents on the North Slope. Despite this progress, recent agency concern has been raised over the lack of IMT progress on lessons learned from one mutual aid drill (MAD) to another. A review of North Slope MAD critiques shows patterns in agency comments on North Slope IMTs. On the other hand, North Slope tactical teams generally obtain good reviews. A comparison of training programs amongst IMT, Fire, and Spill Response departments shows a discrepancy in the training programs for IMT and Tactical Teams. Tactical Teams have a much more diverse and specific training curriculum than the IMT. This discrepancy seems to remain after a comparison of typical North Slope IMT training to national agency IMT training programs. For the IMT to progress beyond the current plateau, a training program more balanced between specific ICS activities and general IMT/ICS processes needs to be achieved. The recently proposed NS IMT training protocol would go a long way to achieving this balance.
Integrated Risk Management - The Millennium Key to Sustainable Development
Authors: Smith A. L. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Health, Safety and Environmental risks are issues of concern to all management and engineers1, within the international Oil & Gas E&P industry2, especially those petroleum engineers interested in the management of risk. This paper will show that the main objective of integrated risk management, is that it contributes significantly to achieving business objectives and thereby provides the key to sustainable development in the next millennium.3
More Effective Measures for Environmental Control of the Offshore Oil and Gas Industry in Norway
Authors: Rye Henrik , Husdal Geir , Guttormsen Ralph , Leknes Einar 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The study presented herein has covered improved regulatory measures with regards to environmental management and control in the Norwegian offshore oil and gas industry. The study has focused on the efficiency of the regulatory measures with respect to:
The predictability of the measures and the incentives for improvement they give to industry Cost benefit aspects and practical challenges of implementation.
A model for future regulatory measures is defined which recognizes the needs for achieving environmental control as early as possible in the field development phase so that the measures become more predictable and effective. Defined needs for more formal co-operation between the authorities and the industry and further recognition of the environmental management systems in the industry are catered for in the model.
The model presented in this study include:
Revised and improved Regional Environmental Impact Assessments (REIA) which will simplify and improve the Field specific Environmental Impact Assessments (FEIA), and improve the predictability for future activities in the region. The introduction of an Oil Industry's Common Environmental Plan (OICEP), which will establish common environmental goals and agreed principles for reaching these goals by the total industry. An "agreement concept" between the industry and government, which is formalized with each licensee through referencing the OICEP in the discharge permits.
The current CO2-tax has also been evaluated and it is proposed to replace this tax totally or partly by a CO2-fund controlled by the industry.
Advanced Equations for Natural Gas Flow Prediction
Authors: Francis M.A. 
Published: December 2007

Discussion of this paper is invited. Three copies of any discussion should be sent to the Society of Petroleum Engineers office. Such discussions may be presented at the above meeting and, with the paper, may be considered for publication in one of the two SPE magazines.

Abstract
Isothermal pressure-distance equations are given for linear and quadratic volume-distance distributions, both with and without the standard constant slope elevation correction. Basic applications to pipeline real gas flow, leveloff, and blowdowns are included. The relationship of transmission factors to Reynolds Number dependent efficiencies, velocity profiles, and orifice meter equations is discussed. Enthalpy effects on temperature prediction are considered.

Introduction
The description of isothermal gas flow has been restricted by usual integration methods in that pressure-distance polynomials are available only for the constant volume case. By expressing volume as a linear function of distance, with the partial derivative of volume with respect to partial derivative of volume with respect to distance held constant, an infinite number of simplified volume-distance distributions may be defined. Integration of the momentum balance equation, with this indicated substitution, leads to a family of pressure-distance polynomials in which the square of the pressure is expressed as a cubic equation of pipeline length.
The above method may be extended to a quadratic volume distribution, where a volume at the pipe section mid-point is estimated, and the resulting pressure-distance polynomials are expressed through pressure-distance polynomials are expressed through the fifth degree of pipeline length. If the momentum balance equation in the above cases contains an elevation term, it has the form of the Bernoulli differential equation and may be so integrated.

MOMENTUM BALANCE EQUATION
The momentum balance equation is given by Flanigan and has the form
(1) = 0
where the second and third factors are the inertia terms and the fourth and fifth deal respectively with elevation and friction effects. The Fanning friction term is the quotient of the shear coefficient and the hydraulic radius
.............(2)
where
.............(3)
(4) and R = dh ---4
Eq. (3) is in the form recommended by Shapiro and defines the friction factor as the ratio of the shear coefficient to the dynamic head. Eq. (4) gives the hydraulic radium for a circular pipe flowing full, see Daugherty. pipe flowing full, see Daugherty. Eq. (1) is in units of the foot-pound-second system and may be converted to gas flow units as given by Eq. (24). The primary steps in this process will be listed here and are similar to process will be listed here and are similar to those given by Johnson, Smith, and Uhl.
Stress Estimation in Faulted Regions: The Effect of Residual Friction
Authors: Wu B. , Addis M.A. , Last N.C. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper presents relationships for estimating horizontal stresses based on the assumptions that the in situ stress state in a petroleum basin is controlled by the bounding normal or thrust faults at a limit equilibrium and that the fault block is linear elastic and plane strain condition applies in the direction parallel to the strike of the fault. These relationships are an extension of an earlier study and include the effect of residual friction angles on the estimation of horizontal stresses at depth.
The result shows that re-orientation of the minimum principal stress is possible after faulting depending on the Poisson's ratio of the formation. Predictions based on the relationships are compared with the stress data obtained in normal and thrust fault conditions as well as with the change in the minimum horizontal stress induced by the pore pressure depletion. The results show that to match the field stress data, a relatively low residual friction angle (100 – 300) on the fault is required. This is further supported by the numerical modelling of the in situ stresses in the Cusiana field in Colombia, and is consistent with the residual friction angles measured in laboratory or back-calculated based on earthquake mechanism.
P. 59
Estimation of In-situ Stress Magnitudes from Measurements on Cores
Authors: Pestman B.J. , Kenter C.J. , VanMunster J.G. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In this paper, we propose a method to estimate in-situ rock stress magnitudes from laboratory measurements on core material. Once the principal stress directions have been established by some other technique, our method allows the identification of the minor and major effective horizontal stress, and it moreover allows the determination of their magnitudes.
The problem in determining the principal in-situ stress magnitudes on core material is that we are dealing with a polyaxial stress state and therefore we have to estimate several independent principal stress magnitudes in one experiment. This is achieved by using a stress memory effect in Acoustic Emission (analogous to the Kaiser effect) in combination with the damage surface concept (cf. the yield surface in plasticity). From the shape of this surface in stress space, as determined through special testing procedures, we are able to derive the magnitudes of the previously applied stresses and, in the case of core material, the in-situ stress magnitudes.
The method has been studied in laboratory experiments in a polyaxial apparatus on sandstone outcrop samples. In these experiments, we have first imprinted a representative in-situ stress state on a rock sample, and then we have performed reloading experiments to determine the shape of the damage surface. The experiments show that the method may allow us to determine the in-situ stress magnitudes with an accuracy of 10-15%.
P. 171
Micromechanics-Based Continuum Analysis for the Excavation of Large-Scale Underground Cavern
Authors: Yoshida H. , Horii H. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Mechanical behaviors of rock mass with discontinuities are of great concern. To find solutions to engineering problems such as a design of a large-scale cavern in jointed rock mass, a well-defined mathematical model must be settled, The number of joint involved in the rock mass is, however, so enormous that it is almost impossible to treat them individually. Hence, the jointed rock mass is replaced with an equivalent continuum. The point is how to ensure the equivalence between the two problems. "Micromechanics-Based Continuum (MBC) Modeling" provides a constitutive equation in the equivalent continuum problem with using an average operation of strain and stress over a representative volume element (R.V.E). In this article, the joints involved in the rock mass are regarded as microstructure and the MBC approach for the jointed rock mass is resented. Two examples of the application of the MBC approach to the excavation of large-scale cavern are examined and it is demonstrated how successfully the MBC approach answers the engineering problems.
P. 209
Model of Induced Seismicity Caused By Water Injection
Authors: Galybin A.N. , Grigoryan S.S. , Mukhamediev Sh.A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A model of induced seismicity caused by water injection is considered. Analysis is based on the assumption of the existence of listric (curvilinear) faults. This presumes that shear stresses acting on the fault may be close to shear resistance at a certain part of the fault surface which is favorably orientated with respect to the principal tectonic stresses. Shear stress on the other parts of the fault is much less than the shear resistance. It is supposed that the pore pressure caused by water injection can propagate down the fault decreasing its shear resistance until shear stresses initiate propagation of shear fracture. Thus slip may occur on a part of the fault which is situated deeper than water injection depth. The slip, if happens dynamically, can be associated with a major seismic event.
Analysis has been performed to estimate possible locations of the event, its magnitudes and occurrence time. Results of these calculation agree with observations of seismic events reported for the Tatarstan oil province (Russia). It is believed that similar results can be found for other oil production regions.
P. 265
Effects on Core Quality of a Bias Stress Applied During Coring
Authors: Brignoli M. , Fanuel P. , Holt R. M. , Kenter C. J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
It is known that core damage is a crucial issue in rock testing, and, as a consequence, may have a large impact on several activities related to reservoir development -e.g. reserves estimation, sand production, reservoir compaction, etc. This is even more relevant for weak and unconsolidated formations as well as for laminated and fractured rock materials. Thus the possibility of evaluating and quantifying core damage may greatly improve data quality, predictions and performances. Laboratory experiments on artificial rock samples, carefully prepared under controlled conditions to simulate target reservoirs, have shown that the damage due to the in-situ stresses release can be reduced if a certain bias load is applied and maintained on the top of the core while coring. Such observations have been also confirmed by numerical simulations performed using a Finite Element code. Based on these results, Security DBS designed and manufactured a new coring tool, named Core Stress Monitor (CSM), in which a piston device provides the adjustable bias load. The tool was successfully tested by coring unconsolidated sand reservoir formations showing that there are no operational differences when comparing CSM and a standard coring tool. Comparative laboratory experiments on samples cored both with CSM and a traditional coring assembly seem to confirm the validity of the CSM tool in reducing stress release induced damage.