bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Explosive gas detection and applications
Authors: De Laune S. D. , Schirm F. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIndustry is becoming more aware of the hazards to life and property that accompany the use of flammabl gases and vapors. These problems are becoming so complex that specialized knowledge is necessary to guarantee proper selection of equipment and to maintain the equipment after installation. The selection and use of explosive gas detection equipment should be a coordinated effort between the Safety Engineering and Instrument Engineering Departments. Combustible gas analyzers using the principles of catalytic combusion exhibit the simplicity, flexibility and stability of operation which are the ideal requirements for solvent extraction installations.
Soaps and detergents: North American trends
Authors: Brenner T. E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractNorth America, the U.S. and Canada, produces nearly one third of the world supply of soaps, detergents, and cleaners, primarily for household consumption. The U.S. contributes 95% of North American production. Cleaning product demand is steady and expected to remain so, but new demographic trends affecting households and living arrangements will probably stimulate consumer needs for more convenience‐oriented products. Environmental considerations and government actions in recent years have caused drastic changes in detergent composition, especially affecting laundry detergents. Government involvement in business decision‐making has expanded enormously with no prospects of reduction because legislators perceive government regulation of industry to be necessary for the attainment of broad social goals.
Trends in the soap and detergent industry in Asia/Japan
Authors: Tokiwa F. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn Asia, except in a few countries where the soap and detergent industry is well developed, the production and consumption of soaps and detergents are low as compared with those in Western Europe and North America, and the ratio of detergent to soap is also low. But there are opportunities for future development and expansion of the industry. The course of future development, however, may differ from country to country depending on the national situation and the standard of living. The development of soaps and detergents in Asia should be made by closely relating their forms and formulas to the way of washing, the lifestyle, and customs in each country. As for the trend and situation in Japan, the problems confronted by soap and detergent makers are essentially the same as those faced by makers in Europe and America.
Soaps and detergents — The inorganic components
Authors: Lowe E. J. , Adair W. D. , Johnston E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe detergent industry uses about $2 billion of inorganic chemicals a year. Two products—sodium tripolyphosphate, with almost $1.5 billion sales, and sodium perborate, with around .3 billion salesdominate the field. They represent some 30% of a detergent powder raw material cost in the U.S. and 55% in Europe. Interest is developing in one new product, the zeolites, which in view of environmental considerations, may find a place in the formulator’s pallet but which have still to prove their merits and show an attractiveness to potential manufacturers.
Sodium silicates and sodium aluminosilicates
Authors: Schweiker G. C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA highlight summary of the chemistry and commercial manufacturing processes involved in making sodium silicates and sodium aluminosilicates (zeolites) is presented. Some relative and current raw material costs and energy needs, and overall qualitative economic comparisons of the various processes are discussed. Estimated world market consumption of both silicates and zeolites, by geographical areas and by major applications, is reviewed. Market volume projections into the near future are ventured on a worldwide basis, indicating substantial growth. Capacity to supply silicates in North America to 1983 is presently in place, but most other geographical areas of the world will require increased manufacturing capabilities to keep in balance with the projected market growth. It is suggested that zeolite production in the world will increase over fivefold by 1981, due principally to the expected rapid growth of its use in detergent formulations.
AOS — An anionic surfactant system: Its manufacture, composition, properties, and potential application
Authors: Tuvell M. E. , Kuehnhanss G. O. , Heidebrecht G. D. , Hu P. C. , Zielinski A. D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSeveral sulfonation parameters, believed to be critical to the manufacture of good quality a‐olefin sulfonate (AOS), are related to product color and conversion. The interfacial properties for single carbon number AOS and the major components comprising AOS are investigated. Results, based on surface activity, indicate that AOS in the molecular weight range from C14 through C18 should be of value in formulating efficient cleaning agents. The data show that AOS is more effective for lowering Crisco®/solution interfacial energy than the more commonly used surfactants. The alkene‐1‐sulfonate component of AOS was found to be most effective in lowering interfacial energy with the hydroxyalkane‐1‐sulfonate component being significantly less effective but still more effective than alcohol ether sulfate or linear alkylbenzene sulfonate of comparable molecular weight. Hand dishwashing efficacy was found greatest for the hydroxyalkane‐1‐sulfonate component of AOS, but combinations of hydroxyalkane‐1‐sulfonates and alkene‐1‐sulfonates were shown to be synergistic for laundering applications. The presence of the ‐OH group in the hydroxyalkane sulfonate structure was shown to increase solubility and lower surface activity significantly more than the presence of unsaturation in the alkene sulfonate. Long, single branching in the a‐olefin sulfonate and random internal olefin sulfonate are shown to reduce drastically the surface activity. The hydroxyalkane and alkene‐1‐sulfonates were rapidly biodegraded. Disulfonates and long, singly branched sulfonate were more slowly degraded. Both 1,3‐sultones and 1,4‐sultones were found to biodegrade rapidly.
Nonionic surfactants
Authors: McKenzie D. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractOver one billion pounds of nonionic surface‐active agents are produced per year in the U.S. alone. The oxyethylene derivatives of alcohols and alkylphenols account for 71% of this production. Methods of making these surfactants, along with descriptions of their properties and main uses in various detergents, are described.
Processing and packaging sulfonation and sulfation technology
Authors: Lanteri A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe paper will summarize the sulfonation/sulfation process used in the detergent industry, with particular emphasis on the modern techniques involving the use of diluted gaseous SO3 as a sulfonating agent. The outstanding features of the commercially available SO3‐air processes will be described, and the Ballestra, Berol, Allied, Chemithon, and Mazzoni reactors will be shown graphically in figures. The particular aspects of processing the various feedstocks, decomposition of the by‐product anhydrides in sulfonation of alkylbenzene, hydrolysis of the sultones formed in sulfonation of alpha olefins, and their implication on the integrated sulfonation processes are also considered.
Bar soap finishing — new trends in soap processing line designs and layouts
Authors: Herrick A. B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBar soap finishing lines are available in a number of configurations; depending on the nature of the product mix, either a high‐speed 3‐ or 4‐plodder system or a versatile specialty line is indicated. We describe some examples of each type, with emphasis on the use of a soap pilot‐plant line to assist in the selection.
Bar soap packaging
Authors: Spitz L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBar soap shapes have been classified into two main types and four categories or a total of eight possible variations. Bar soap packages were divided into mass market and specialty types each in single and multipack variations and in turn, each category having different styles. An update summary of bar soap transfers, soap wrappers, and soap cartoners completes the description. Finally, for the present and immediate future, one can assume that high speed lines will gain steady acceptance as the new packaging machines become more popular. Specialty soap packaging machines should be made faster and new models are much needed since hand wrapping or manual and semi‐automatic machines are the norm today. New wrapping materials, foam polypropylene, pearlescent coated papers, foil laminates will be used more, and new cartons with special protective inner coatings will be offered more widely. Very close cooperation and development work between the finishing line supplier (specifically the soap press supplier), the packaging machine, and packaging material suppliers and the customer should increase. This long overdue cooperation has been seen lately and more of it will play a key role to an active and progressive bar soap industry.
Guidelines for the comparative testing of detergent products
Authors: de Jong A. L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractComparative testing of the performance of detergent products requires a flexible approach which takes full account of the actual conditions of use of these products by consumers. The AIS has developed guidelines for such a flexible approach, which after the normal international consultations, are now available as ISO standard No. 4319. The large differences in consumers’ practices between countries and the continuing changes in all countries do not allow development of international standard procedures for comparative testing of detergents, nor does it seem relevant to use test results from one country in another country. There is, of course, one consolation in all this complexity. If consumers occasionally pick a detergent less suitable for the purpose in mind, it will not cause damage, it will not cost much money, and let’s face it, consumers do like to do some comparative product testing themselves.
Health and the factory environment: The medical contribution
Authors: Juniper C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractToday’s awareness of the ill‐health potential of airborne particulate matter requires vigilance on the part of management and a continuing medical and hygiene program. Introduction of enzymes to detergent formulations in the late 1960s presented a health problem. New techniques for environmental monitoring, allied to high standards of individual and group medical surveillance with sophisticated analyses of the data were required. The multidisciplinary approach is described together with an assessment of the resource required and a summary of the medical results. Allied to the undoubted and accepted responsibility of management to safeguard the health of the workforce there is now legislation, already in existence in some countries, to reinforce this requirement. The key areas of the United Kingdom Health and Safety At Work Act are described to illustrate this.
Human health effects: Importance of chronic and genetic evaluation on new large volume chemicals disposed into the environment with potential entry into the food chain
Authors: Golberg L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn the process of benefit‐risk assessment, it is the responsibility of the scientist to provide qualitative and quantitative estimates of risk associated with human and environmental exposure to a compound. In order to do this, a systematic approach to safety evaluation is proposed. The need is stressed to take account of the current revolution in toxicological thought and practice. Particular emphasis is laid on the early introduction of studies on metabolism and pharmacokinetics, the results of which act as a guide to the determination of doses and duration of subchronic and long term studies. Chronic and genetic evaluations are regarded as the superstructure resting on well laid foundations. Consideration of tests for genetic effects emphasizes the useful but limited role of microbial assays of mutagenic potential, in contrast to the very real value of using mammalian systems in vitro or in vivo. All have a long way to go in terms of standardization, validation, and exploration of a wider range of chemical classes. Long term toxicity tests are intended to delineate the dose‐response relationships of adverse effects, including carcinogenicity. Without exception, all such relationships are subject to mathematical analysis to provide risk estimates that can be used in conjunction with data concerning anticipated human and environmental exposures. Risk estimates should also be applied to the potential for entry into the food chain, taking into account all factors relating to this phenomenon.
On the composition of Iranian olive oil
Authors: Paganuzzi V. , Leoni E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTwo samples of virgin olive oil and one sample of hexane‐extracted husk oil coming from Iran were examined. The analyses included physical and chemical characteristics, the composition of total fatty acids and fatty acids at the glyceride 2‐position by gas liquid chromatography (GLC) of methyl esters, the triglycerides composition calculation according to Vander Wal theory, the separation of the alcoholic fractions (sterols, 4‐methylsterols, triterpene alcohols, triterpene dialcohols and aliphatic alcohols) of the unsaponifiable matter by thin layer chromatography (TLC), the quantitation and the composition of these fractions by GLC of TMS derivatives. The results were in line with data from literature for olive oils of different origin, with the exception of: a high content of unsaponifiable matter (1.75 and 1.95% for virgin oils, 5.33% for husk oil); a high amount of sterols for husk oil (562 mg/100 g oil); a low content of SE 30 apparent β‐sitosterol for husk oil (91.1%); a low amount of triterpene dialcohols (1 mg/100 g oil) and triterpene alcohols (78 and 91 mg/100 g oil) for virgin oils; a content of cycloartenol (60.2–66.9%) higher than the 24‐methylenecycloartanol one (22.8–26.6%; a content of C24 linear saturated alcohol (33.9–38.0%) slightly higher than the C26 alcohol one (29.3–32.8%).
Quantitative analysis of food fatty acids by capillary gas chromatography
Authors: Slover H. T. , Lanza E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe superior efficiency of capillary columns is desirable for the gas chromatographic analysis of complex mixtures of fatty acids, but there have been some reservations regarding quantitation and reproducibility. This paper discusses the use of wall‐coated glass capillary columns in a semiautomated system for the determination of food fatty acids. Glass columns coated with SP2340 were used for extended periods at temperatures up to 200 C without appreciable deterioration. Up to 1900 samples were analyzed on a single column over an 11‐month period, with only minor changes in retention ratios, response factors and column efficiency. Quantitative precision of results, calculated either as normalized weight percentage or as absolute amounts, based on the use of an internal standard, were typically within 2% relative deviation. Difficulties encountered in obtaining acceptable chromatograms and reproducible data are discussed, and typical analyses of the fatty acids from foods presented.
A simple, graphic procedure for authentication of commercial fats and oil based on fatty acid compositions in codex standards
Authors: Spencer G. F. , Kwolek W. F. , Princen L. H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIt is likely that fatty acid compositions as derived by gas liquid chromatography will soon become one of the mandatory criteria for authentication of individual (unmodified) commercial fats and oils in the standards of the Food and Agriculture Organization/ World Health Organization's Codex Alimentarius Committee on Fats and Oils. A simple graphical procedure for using the Codex Committee's fatty acid composition standards to identify fats and oils has been devised and tested. Except for one sample, the fatty acid‐based standards have not been found to conflict with some presently accepted mandatory standards (i.e, iodine value, refractive index, and saponification value).
Copper catalysts in the selective hydrogenation of soybean and rapeseed oils: II. The effect of a hydrogen flow over copper chromite catalyst
Authors: Johansson L. E. , Lundin S. T. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTime required for hydrogenation of soybean and rapeseed oils to 1–2% linolenate content with a copper chromite catalyst is reduced 40–60% if the dead‐end system is replaced with a procedure using a flow of hydrogen through the reactor. The effect is ascribed to the removal of oxidation products, acting as catalyst poisons and the water which is formed during reduction of the catalyst. Selectivity towards the linolenate compound is nearly unchanged.
The sterol composition of freshly harvested compared to stored seeds of rape, sunflower and poppy
Authors: Johansson A. , Appelqvist L. ‐Å. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe composition of the free sterols and the sterol esters of freshly harvested seeds of rape, sunflower and poppy was compared to that of stored seeds. The sterol composition of rapeseed was not changed during storage, whereas in sunflower seed the free sterols had less of Δ5‐avenasterol and Δ7‐stigmastenol in ten‐month‐old seeds compared to fresh seeds. The greatest relative changes were observed for esterified sterols in poppy seed, with a drop in the percentage of Δ5‐avenasterol from 25.3% in freshly harvested to 16.9% in seeds stored for 10 months.
A comparison of different pulse sequences in the nondestructive estimation of seed oil by pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance technique
Authors: Srinivasan V. T. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThree basic pulse sequences,viz., Free Induction Decay (FID), Spin Echo (SE) and Carr‐Purcell‐Meiboom‐Gill (CPMG), available in the pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance technique have been used to estimate the relative oil content in single as well as bulk samples of oil‐bearing seeds. Conclusive evidence has been presented to show that the CPMG sequence is vastly superior to the other two as far as the effects of seed orientation and moisture content are concerned.
Composition of fatty acids and structure of triglycerides in medium and low erucic acid rapeseed
Authors: Zadernowski R. , Sosulski F. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTotal triglycerides in medium (MEAR) and low (LEAR) erucic acid cultivars of rapeseed were fractionated by argentation chromatography into twelve and ten fractions, respectively. Gas liquid chromatography of the fatty acids in the triglyceride fractions and their 2‐monoglycerides was used to evaluate the structural characteristics of the individual fractions. Fractionation occurred on the basis of degree of unsaturation, molecular weight and positional characteristics. The most mobile fractions contained 34–50% of saturated fatty acids while the less mobile had 59–65% of polyunsaturated fatty acids. In the medium erucic acid oil, long chain fatty acids (C20–C22) were found in all fractions, but four fractions of low erucic acid oil were essentially free of long chain acids. Two of these fractions in the latter oil, which represented 44% of the total triglycerides, were glycerol trioleate and dioleoyllinoleoylglycerol. The majority of the 2‐positions were occupied by unsaturated C18 fatty acids, generally in the order of linoleic ≥linolenic> oleic acids. The saturated and long chain fatty acids occurred predominantly in the 1‐and 3‐positions. The various fractions of medium and low erucic acid oils were similar in structural composition except that eicosenoic and erucic acids substituted for oleic acid in some external positions. Erucic acid did not appear to substitute directly for oleic acid in the 2‐position.
Computer modeling for stabilities and structural relationships of n‐hydrocarbons
Authors: Hagemann J. W. , Rothfus J. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAtom‐atom spatial interactions were calculated for the four crystal packings known to exist in n‐alkanes. Expression of end‐group or mid‐chain interactions as fractions of overall intermolecular interactions did not require use of the classical sixth power Lennard‐Jones potential, yet allowed estimation of melting points within a given structural series and accurate prediction of the melting point of polyethylene. The calculations also provide a basis for explanation of structural relationships and stabilities among the four different n‐paraffin forms.
Simultaneous determination of oil and water contents in different oilseeds by pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance
Authors: Rubel Guy 
Published: July 2007

AbstractRoutine analysis of oil and water contents in different oilseeds with the Bruker Minispec pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyzer (Bruker Analytische Mestechnik, Rheinstetten, Germany) is rapid (16 s measurements), precise, accurate and nondestructive. In 1991, subcommittee SC2 (oil seeds) of the Technical Committee Number 34 [organized by the International Standards Organization (ISO), Geneva, Switzerland] organized an international collaborative study for pulsed NMR analysis of oil content in whole rapessed. An additional study was performed in 1993 to extend the method to sunflower, linseed and soy seeds. The Draft International Standard ISO DIS/10565 (Draft International Standards, International Standards Organization, Geneva, 1993) describes the procedure of the pulsed NMR method for determination of oil content in rapeseed and presents the interlaboratory comparison results based on the calculations described in the Normative ISO 5725 (Draft International Standards, International Standards Organization, Geneva, 1993). The standard was approved in 1992 and will be published in 1993. The interlaboratory collaborative studies showed that the analyses of oil and moisture by pulsed NMR were either comparable or more repeatable than measurements done by the traditional methods. No statistical differences between determinations by the traditional and pulsed NMR methods were found. Simultaneous determination of percent moisture and percent oil content in whole seeds is possible with pulsed NMR by the spin‐echo method. In addition, multiple components of the oil can be detected and quantitated by T2 analysis from the Carr‐Purcell‐Meiboom‐Gill pulse sequence. The instrument is easy to calibrate with whole oilseeds, and the calibration can be checked periodically with the same seeds because the measurement is nondestructive. Pulsed NMR provides a rapid alternative to the long, laborious, traditional methods of analysis and offers substantial long‐term savings of both time and money. Minimal operator training is required once the technique has been established for routine use.
Comparison of combustion and Kjeldahl methods for determination of nitrogen in oilseeds
Authors: Daun James K. , DeClercq Douglas R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe recent development of combustion‐type nitrogen analyzers capable of handling relatively large samples with semi automatic operation offers a potential replacement for the Kjeldahl method for direct determination of nitrogen. Nitrogen analyses for canola seed, flaxseed, sunflower seed, mustard seed and soybeans on a LECO (St. Joseph, MI) FP‐428 Nitrogen Analyzer were evaluated against results from the Grain Research Laboratory's (GRL) Kjeldahl system. The nitrogen analyzer gave significantly higher values than the Kjeldahl method, resulting in a correction of low values in the GRL Kjeldahl, caused by the inability to use mercury as catalyst. The standard error for results from the analyzer was comparable to that for the Kjeldahl method. The nitrogen analyzer also was faster than the Kjeldahl method and had less environmental impact. The combustion method has replaced the Kjeldahl method for routine nitrogen determinations in oilseed surveys conducted by the GRL.