bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic Diversity within Fragmented Cutthroat Trout Populations
Authors: Pritchard V. L. , Jones K. , Cowley D. E. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractInterior cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii have undergone severe declines over the past 150 years. Many subspecies now persist in a highly fragmented state, primarily within headwater streams. We used 12 microsatellites to investigate the population genetic characteristics of 22 remnant populations of Rio Grande cutthroat trout O. c. virginalis isolated in montane streams in New Mexico. Populations varied markedly in the amount of genetic diversity they contained. There was no significant relationship between estimated adult population size or habitat size and heterozygosity; however, populations occurring above natural barriers were significantly less diverse. Seven population samples exhibited significant deviations from Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium. Interlocus variance in the population inbreeding coefficient FIS was correlated with habitat size, and several population samples exhibited a significantly higher variance in interindividual relatedness, or a significantly higher median individual inbreeding coefficient, than would be expected by chance. These results suggest that cutthroat trout populations in headwater streams consist of multiple partially discrete subpopulations in which only a small number of adults successfully reproduce. The potential for such population substructure should be considered when planning management activities for stream‐dwelling cutthroat trout.
Effects of Habitat Volume and Fathead Minnow Introduction on Larval Survival of Two Endangered Sucker Species in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon
Authors: Markle Douglas F. , Dunsmoor Larry K. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractWe used laboratory and field studies to evaluate the degree to which the abundance of introduced fathead minnow Pimephales promelas and volume of nursery habitat were limiting factors for survival of larval shortnose suckers Chasmistes brevirostris and Lost River suckers Deltistes luxatus in Upper Klamath Lake. In 20‐h experiments in which we manipulated water depth and vegetation, fathead minnow fed on sucker larvae, but deeper water and the presence of vegetation reduced predation, suggesting that predator and prey densities and cover influenced predation. Older larvae had higher survival than younger larvae in shallow water, and vegetation increased survival for all larvae in shallow water. We also used larval production estimates from 11 years of field surveys to calculate annual larval sucker survival. Average annual larval sucker survival from 10 to 15 mm total length was about 18% (range, 4.4‐48.0%). The shoreline abundance of adult fathead minnow had a negative relationship with—and appeared to set an upper limit on—annual larval sucker survival, which was consistent with the density relationship found in laboratory studies. In addition, the average shoreline abundance of fathead minnow was about three times that of any other species and had negative relationships with the abundance of all other species and lake elevation. Recent management of Upper Klamath Lake has kept June lake elevations near the 1981‐2004 mean, but it is unclear whether fluctuations in the lake's fishes are due to lake management, to larger‐scale processes such as climate, to biotic interactions resulting from environmental changes, or to a combination of those factors. This study illustrates the need to better understand the biological trade‐offs with management‐manipulated variables such as lake elevation. In addition, to manage the competing demands on Upper Klamath Lake, it will be important to recognize that high survival of larval suckers will be less frequent than in the period preceding fathead minnow presence.
Incidence of Hybridization between Naturally Sympatric Westslope Cutthroat Trout and Rainbow Trout in the Middle Fork Salmon River Drainage, Idaho
Authors: Kozfkay Christine C. , Campbell Matthew R. , Yundt Steven P. , Peterson Michael P. , Powell Madison S. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIntrogressive hybridization has been widely reported for westslope cutthroat trout (WCT)Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisiand rainbow trout (RBT)O. mykissand is often a result of introductions of nonnative RBT into previously allopatric populations of westslope cutthroat trout. The WCT evolved in sympatry with RBT in a portion of its native range. Few studies have evaluated natural hybrid zone structure in sympatric populations or the effects of nonnative introductions within sympatric populations. We used one mitochondrial DNA marker and three co‐dominant nuclear DNA markers to examine 17 populations of WCT that were sympatric with native RBT‐steelhead (anadromous RBT). As 5 of the 11 sample locations were situated downstream of stocked headwater mountain lakes, we wanted to determine the effects of headwater lake introductions on naturally sympatric populations of WCT and RBT‐steelhead below the lakes. Hybrids were found in streams below stocked and unstocked headwater lakes. Our results indicated that the majority of the populations displayed a bimodal hybrid structure, linkage disequilibrium, and Hardy‐Weinberg disequilibrium. This suggests recent, ongoing hybridization but also strong assortative mating, which may be indicative of minimal impacts from stocking or independent events of natural hybridization. Natural hybrid zones should be addressed in current political deliberations about the inclusion of hybridized populations of WCT in Endangered Species Act considerations. A decision to discount protective actions for such stocks may lead to a loss of potentially adaptive genetic diversity and the fragmentation of populations.
Comparing cost and process performance of activated sludge (AS) and biological aerated filters (BAF) over ten years of full sale operation
Authors: Hansen R. , Thøgersen T. , Rogalla F. 
Published: April 2007

In the early 1990s, the Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) of Frederikshavn, Denmark, was extended to meet new requirements for nutrient removal (8 mg/L TN, 1.5 mg TP/L) as well as to increase its average daily flow to 16,500 m3/d (4.5 MGD). As the most economical upgrade of the existing activated sludge (AS) plant, a parallel biological aerated filter (BAF) was selected, and started up in 1995. Running two full scale processes in parallel for over ten years on the same wastewater and treatment objectives enabled a direct comparison in relation to operating performance, costs and experience.
Common pretreatment consists of screening, an aerated grit and grease removal and three primary settlers with chemical addition. The effluent is then pumped to the two parallel biological treatment stages, AS with recirculation and an upflow BAF with floating media. The wastewater is a mixture of industrial and domestic wastewater, with a dominant discharge of fish processing effluent which can amount to 50% of the flow. The maximum hydraulic load on the pretreatment section as a whole is 1,530 m3/h.
Approximately 60% of the sewer system is combined with a total of 32 overflow structures. To avoid the direct discharge of combined sewer overflows into the receiving waters, the total hydraulic wet weather capacity of the plant is increased to 4,330 m3/h, or 6 times average flow. During rain, some of the raw sewage can be directed through a stormwater bypass to the BAF, which can be modified in its operation to accommodate various treatment needs:•either using simultaneous nitrification/denitrification in all filters with recirculation•introducing bottom aeration with full nitrification in some filters for storm treatment•and/or post-denitrification in one filter.
After treatment, the wastewater is discharged to the Baltic Sea through a 500 m outfall. The BAF backwash sludge, approximately 1,900 m3 per 24 h in dry weather, is redirected to the AS plant. Primary settler sludge and the combined biosolids from the AS plant are anaerobically digested, with methane gas being used for generation of heat and power.
On-line measurements for the parameters NO3, NO2, NH4, temperature as well as dissolved oxygen (DO) are used for control of aeration and external carbon source (methanol). Dosing of flocculants for P-removal is carried out based on laboratory analysis and jar tests. This paper discusses the experience gained from the plant operation during the last ten years, compiling comparative performance and cost data of the two processes, as well as their optimisation.
Assessing chemical cleaning of nanofiltration membranes in a drinking water production plant: a combination of chemical composition analysis and fluorescence microscopy
Authors: Di Martino P. , Doumeche B. , Galas L. , Vaudry H. , Heim V. , Habarou H. 
Published: April 2007

The efficiency of cleaning procedures to remove the fouling deposit from the surface of NF membranes operating in the drinking water plant of Méry sur Oise (Val d'Oise, France) was assessed by a combination of chemical analysis and fluorescence microscopy. The ATR-FTIR spectra of the fouled membranes revealed the presence of biological matter at the membrane surface, mainly composed of polysaccharides, nucleic acids and proteins. IR bands corresponding to the membrane material were detected for stage 1 but not for stage 3. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) observations confirmed the microbial origin of the fouling deposit.
After chemical cleaning, the analysis of the inorganic foulants revealed a significant decrease of the inorganic content. Moreover, ATR-FTIR spectra of the fouled membranes were modified, mainly in a broad complex region corresponding to polysaccharides and nucleic acids. The amide bands were also altered for stage 1, and some peaks corresponding to the clean membrane appeared for stage 3 after cleaning. CLSM observations revealed a general decrease of the lectin staining for the two stages with some variations between lectins. A decrease of the DAPI staining indicative of the removal of some microbial cells was also observed for stage 1.
In conclusion, cleaning of the NF fouled membranes decreased significantly the inorganic foulants but only partially removed the organic fouling deposit characteristic of a microbial biofilm.
Sensorimotor Impairments and Reaching Performance in Subjects With Poststroke Hemiparesis During the First Few Months of Recovery
Authors: Wagner Joanne M , Lang Catherine E , Sahrmann Shirley A , Edwards Dorothy F , Dromerick Alexander W 
Published: April 2007

Background and Purpose
Little is known about the relationship between upper-extremity (UE) sensorimotor impairment and reaching performance during the first few months after stroke. The purpose of this study was to examine: (1) how measures of UE sensorimotor impairment are related to the speed, accuracy, and efficiency of reaching in subjects with hemiparesis during the subacute phase after stroke and (2) how impairments measured during the acute phase after stroke may predict the variance in reaching performance a few months later.

Subjects and Methods
Upper-extremity sensorimotor impairments and reaching performance were evaluated in 39 subjects with hemiparesis at 2 time points: during the acute phase (8.7±3.6 [X̅±SD] days) and the subacute phase (108.7±16.5 days) after stroke. Ten subjects who were healthy (control subjects) were evaluated once. Regression analyses were used to determine which impairments were the best predictors of variance in reaching performance in the subacute phase after stroke.

Results
Only a small amount of variance (&lt;30%) in reaching performance was explained at the subacute time point, using either acute or subacute impairments as predictor variables. Of the impairments measured, UE strength deficits were the strongest, most consistent predictors of the variance in reaching performance during the first 3 months after stroke.

Discussion and Conclusion
Surprisingly, the detailed clinical assessment of UE sensorimotor impairment, measured at the acute or subacute phase after stroke, did not explain much of the variance in reaching performance during the subacute phase after stroke. The findings that UE strength deficits (ie, decreased active range of motion and isometric force production) were the most common predictors of the variance in reaching performance during the first 3 months after stroke are consistent with the current viewpoint that impaired volitional muscle activation, clinically apparent as UE weakness, is a prominent contributing factor to UE dysfunction after stroke.
Spanish-Language Version of the MedRisk Instrument for Measuring Patient Satisfaction With Physical Therapy Care (MRPS): Preliminary Validation
Authors: Beattie Paul F , Nelson Roger M , Lis Angela 
Published: April 2007

Background and Purpose
An instrument that provides valid measurements of satisfaction with physical therapy care for Spanish-speaking patients will enhance communication and ensure their representation in quality assurance analyses and research on health care disparities. The purpose of this investigation was to provide preliminary information on the factor structure, group- and individual-level reliability, and criterion-referenced validity of measurements obtained from a Spanish-language version of the MedRisk Instrument for Measuring Patient Satisfaction With Physical Therapy Care (MRPS).

Subjects
A total of 203 Spanish-speaking patients in the New York City area participated in this study.

Methods
Consenting subjects completed a 20-item MRPS after discharge from outpatient physical therapy care. Several translators performed “forward” and “backward” translation of the MRPS, followed by consensus agreement on item structure. Factor structure was investigated using item-correlation and exploratory factor analysis. Group-level reliability for single test administration was assessed using the Cronbach alpha, and individual-level reliability was assessed by calculating the standard error of the measure (SEM). Concurrent validity was tested by comparing the item scores and mean scores of factors to global measures of satisfaction.

Results
The means of individual item scores (1–5) ranged from 3.22 for “I did not wait too long” to 4.80 for “My therapist treated me respectfully.” There were no sex-based differences in item scores. Exploratory factor analysis suggested a 2-factor solution: a 7-item “external” factor and a 3-item “internal” factor. The correlations (r) of the mean scores from these factors with the 2 global measures ranged from .59 to .82. The SEM was 0.16 for the internal factor and 0.25 for the external factor.

Discussion and Conclusion
The underlying factor structure of the Spanish-language version of the MRPS was identical to the English-language version. Our findings provide preliminary support for the reliability and validity of measurements obtained from the Spanish-language version of the MRPS. Further study is needed to assess the stability of these findings in other samples. As with English-speaking patients, Spanish-speaking patient's satisfaction with physical therapy care is most strongly linked to the professional behavior of the clinician.
Using Oral History and Forest Management Plans to Reconstruct Traditional Non-Timber Forest Uses in the Swiss Rhone Valley (Valais) Since the Late Nineteenth Century
Authors: Gimmi Urs , Buergi Matthias 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
Changes in forest use are considered as a potential key driver for recently observed changing forest dynamics in the pine forest belt of the upper Rhone valley (Canton of Valais, Switzerland). In this region, traditional non-timber forest uses, such as forest litter harvesting and wood pasture, were practised until the second half of the twentieth century. The practice of traditional non-timber forest uses led to specific environmental conditions which favoured pine as a pioneer species. With the abandonment of these practices the pine was subjected to increased competition and largely replaced by deciduous trees. In this study, the history of traditional non-timber forest uses was reconstructed by combining the analysis of forest management plans and the results from oral history interviews. The forest management plans represent the view of the forest administration whereas the narratives obtained from oral history interviews allow putting the traditional non-timber forest uses into the context of people's daily life. The different characteristics of the two source types are illustrated with two regional case studies. Different socioeconomic and political drivers were identified (changes in non-farming employment, changes in demand for forest products, access to substitute products, regulations), which led to the abandonment of traditional non-timber forest uses in the Valais. The combination of forest management plans and oral history leads to a comprehensive picture of the history and significance of traditional non-timber forest uses. Our findings confirm that information on traditional non-timber forest uses is crucial for an understanding of present day dynamics in the pine forest ecosystems of the Valais.
Subterranean Bodies: Mining the Large Lakes of North-west Canada, 1921-1960
Authors: Piper Liza 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
This paper examines the history of hard rock mining on the large lakes of north-west Canada (Athabasca, Great Slave and Great Bear) from 1921 to 1960. It is based on the records of the three largest mining companies, Eldorado Mining and Refining, Cominco, and Giant Mines as well as government documents, oral histories and published geological and technical reports. The paper opens by assessing the historiography of mines in relation to nature and presents an overview of the regional geology and mine operations. The analysis considers the character of 'subterranean bodies' and how they reveal the physical engagement of miners with nature. It assesses how geology in conjunction with the creation of habitable mine environments animated these bodies. The final section moves into the surface mills where ores were metaphorically and physically digested as part of a larger metabolic process. The manuscript argues that the perception of subterranean bodies masked the negative consequences of mine operations by presenting minerals as renewable resources, by presenting the large lakes as physical rather than cultural landscapes, and by separating ores from their larger environmental contexts even as miners integrated industrial operations into the large lake ecosystems.
Out of the Woods and into the Lab: Exploring the Strange Marriage of American Woodcraft and Soviet Ecology in Czech Environmentalism
Authors: Jehlicka Petr , Smith Joe 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
It is widely assumed that modern environmentalist thinking was imported into post-communist states such as the Czech Republic post 1989. This paper shows these countries had environmental traditions of their own. From its inception in the late 1950s Czech environmentalism was concerned with nature conservation and youth education. At the core of its pedagogy was a concern to educate about and in nature, following the woodcraft and scouting tradition. But formal educational experiences were also significant. Environmental problems were framed as exclusively scientific issues by communist higher education systems. Thus, Czech environmentalism was a blend of the officially sanctioned rational and scientific perception of environmental issues and a more independent romanticising undercurrent. We show how Czech post-war environmental politics blended Soviet ecology with covert references to the mythology of American West, the virtues of pristine nature and of individual freedom. This heritage allowed Czech environmentalism to adapt to both communist and capitalist systems. However, it also meant it was not equipped to deliver a strategic or systematic critique of either. Our research helps to explain the surprisingly muted role of environmentalism in post-communist politics, and confirms the importance of nuanced and culturally specific analyses of the history of environmental politics.
‘Complexity and Contradiction’:The Italian Architectural Landscape
Authors: Puglisi Luigi Prestinenza 
Published: April 2007

AbstractItaly is renowned the world over for its vibrant design culture. Yet for decades its architectural heritage has held contemporary architecture in a stranglehold, stifling the real possibility of realising innovative schemes in historic cities. In recent years, there has been every outward sign that this situation has abated: a growing number of municipalities are actively setting out to attract signature architecture, and a new generation of architects has emerged ‐ largely educated abroad ‐ who are unhindered by the strictures of historicism. Though, as guest‐editor Luigi Prestinenza Puglisi explains, there are plenty of reasons to be hopeful, the situation is far more complex and contradictory than it first appears, as the passage of architectural advancement in Italy constantly stop‐starts and is beset by some major roadblocks. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Between Pragmatism and Theory
Authors: Proto Francesco 
Published: April 2007

AbstractFor the last three decades, Italian architecture has been characterised by an extreme polarisation. At one end of the spectrum have been the neo‐conservators, who are subsumed by Italy's history, and at the other end the avant‐garde for whom innovation is the Holy Grail and the present is a clean slate. Francesco Proto outlines the current potential for steering a middle course that will afford a greater eclecticism, enabling a natural balance between pragmatism and theory. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Defining Distinction, or Four Good Reasons for Success: The Extraordinary Career of Renzo Piano
Authors: Sacchi Livio 
Published: April 2007

AbstractFor 30 years, Renzo Piano has been producing distinguished buildings and delighting the world with his innovation and sensitivity. Here, Livio Sacchi attempts to tease out some of the reasons behind Piano's sustained success. Having gained an almost unparalleled international profile during the last couple of decades, a period that has been notoriously difficult for Italian architects, Piano's career has an almost mythic quality. It boasts one of the most unlikely competition wins of all time that ceded one of the most prestigious sites in the world, the Centre Pompidou in Paris, to two completely unknown architects in their late 20s. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Confronting the Contemporary: Stefano Boeri
Authors: Caramma Diego 
Published: April 2007

AbstractDiego Caramma describes Stefano Boeri's pervasive influence on architectural thought in recent years as editor of Domus, exhibition curator and founder of the Multiplicity urban research platform. As he explains, Boeri's significance lies in his ability to confront contemporary conditions for architecture rather than just the dissemination of current trends and ideas. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nothing More than a Fragile Edge: Blurring the Boundaries with Mario Cucinella
Authors: Giorgi Anna 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe main focus of Mario Cucinella's work is an overlapping preoccupation with technology and the natural environment. In his hands buildings are transformed into complex climatic machines. Anna Giorgi explains how, when combined with an instinctive sense of place, these concerns allow Cucinella's buildings to remain open objects, fragments of a greater natural or urban system. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Italian Architecture from the Inside
Authors: Irace Fulvio 
Published: April 2007

AbstractFulvio Irace focuses on the internal tendencies of Italian contemporary architecture. In his identification of national characteristics, he recognises the part that a consolidated approach to Modernism has played. Looking backwards as well as forwards, Modernism in Italy, in all its manifestations, has been simultaneously concerned with ‘the exaltation of the new’ and ‘the obsession with memory’. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.