bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phosphorylation of the oestrogen receptor α at serine 305 and prediction of tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer
Authors: Holm C , Kok M , Michalides R , Fles R , Koornstra RHT , Wesseling J , Hauptmann M , Neefjes J , Peterse JL , Stål O , Landberg G , Linn SC 
Published: September 2008

AbstractPhosphorylation of oestrogen receptor α at serine 305 (ERαS305‐P) induces tamoxifen resistance in experimental studies, but does not influence response to other endocrine agents, such as fulvestrant. We evaluated ERαS305‐P using immunohistochemistry in 377 breast carcinomas from premenopausal participants of a randomized trial (n = 248) and patients with advanced disease (n = 129). Among the premenopausal patients, adjuvant tamoxifen improved recurrence‐free survival (RFS) for ERαS305‐P‐negative tumours (multivariate HR = 0.53, 95% CI 0.32–0.86, p = 0.010), but not for ERαS305‐P‐positive tumours (multivariate HR = 1.01, 95% CI 0.33–3.05, p = 0.99) (interaction p = 0.131). Notably, ERαS305‐P was not significantly associated with RFS in patients not treated with tamoxifen (multivariate HR = 0.64, 95% CI 0.30–1.37, p = 0.248), indicating that ERαS305‐P is a marker for treatment outcome rather than tumour progression. Given the direct experimental link between ERαS305‐P and tamoxifen resistance and these first clinical data suggesting that premenopausal patients with ERαS305‐P‐positive breast cancer are resistant to adjuvant tamoxifen, further research is encouraged to study whether alternative endocrine treatment should be considered for this subgroup. Copyright © 2008 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Applying diagnostic criteria for type 1 von Willebrand disease to a pediatric population
Authors: Hyatt Sarah A. , Wang Wei , Kerlin Bryce A. , O'Brien Sarah H. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractBackgroundDefinitive diagnosis of type 1 von Willebrand disease (VWD) remains elusive in clinical practice. Both the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH) and the Hospital for Sick Children (HSC) have proposed diagnostic criteria for type 1 VWD, which include abnormal laboratory values, significant mucocutaneous bleeding history, and/or positive family history. The objective of this study was to apply ISTH and HSC criteria to a large pediatric population previously diagnosed with type 1 VWD. We hypothesized that a substantial number of patients would not meet these diagnostic criteria.ProcedureWe performed a retrospective medical record review of all type 1 VWD patients at a single children's hospital. Frequencies of fit for ISTH and HSC diagnostic criteria were calculated.ResultsOf 201 patients, 4.5% and 34% met the ISTH and HSC definitions, respectively. An additional 15% (ISTH) and 56% (HSC) met the definition of possible disease. For each definition, criteria for significant bleeding were most likely to be met, while criteria for abnormal laboratory values were least likely. When defined as simply VWF:Ag 5–20 IU/ml, as recently proposed by the ISTH, only 9% of patients met the definition of type 1 VWD.ConclusionsISTH criteria failed to identify the majority of children and adolescents who presented to medical attention with significant mucocutaneous bleeding. Further work is needed to develop diagnostic criteria with improved clinical validity in the pediatric setting. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;52:102–107. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of storage aging on the cure kinetics of T700/BMI prepregs for advanced composites
Authors: Guo Zhan‐Sheng 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe effects of room temperature aging on the cure kinetics of a bismaleimide (BMI) matrix prepreg have been characterized by different time and storage conditions. The study has focused on the stability of BMI matrix carbon fiber prepregs, when exposed to controlled environmental conditions before being used in composite manufacturing. The effects of aging on reactivity, glass transition temperature, and process window have been investigated by differential scanning calorimetrer through dynamic and isothermal tests. A theoretical kinetic model for epoxy matrix prepregs, developed in previous studies, has been applied to the cure of both aged and virgin BMI matrix. The model is able to satisfactorily describe the effect of processing variables such as temperature and degree of cure during the curing of the composite under different conditions (curing temperature and heating rate). The effects of diffusion‐controlled phenomena on the cure kinetics, associated with changes in glass transition temperature as a function of the degree of cure, have been taken into account in the formulation of an nth‐order kinetic model. POLYM. COMPOS., 2008. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers
Pressure window analysis for thin laminated composites in autoclave process
Authors: Li Min , Li Yanxia , Zhang Zuoguang , Gu Yizhuo 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe curing temperature, pressure, and curing time have significant influence on finished thermosetting composite products. The external pressure and the time of pressure application are two major factors affecting the laminate thickness, fiber volume fraction, and void content. Based on the resin flow/fiber compaction model and corresponding program developed by our group, the genetic algorithm is accepted to design the pressure window for the consolidation of thin laminate. The objective of the optimization is to find the time of pressure application that achieves the desired average fiber volume fraction under given pressure. The pressure windows are analyzed for S‐2 glass fiber/5228 and T700S/5228 laminates with unidirectional and bidirectional lay‐up. It is found that no special viscosity region can be defined as pressure window for many factors affecting the consolidation process. The fiber and lay‐up type largely affect the time of pressure application. For laminates with the same fiber and lay‐up type, the fiber distribution is not much influenced by pressure cycle. The uneven degree of fiber distribution is larger for the fiber bed having higher deformation properties. With the genetic algorithm optimization system, the time of pressure application can be gotten quickly. It is helpful for the improvement of composite parts quality, reduction of the fabrication cost. POLYM. COMPOS., 2009. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers
Study on superabsorbent composite. XX. Effects of cation‐exchanged montmorillonite on swelling properties of superabsorbent composite containing sodium humate
Authors: Zheng Yian , Wang Aiqin 
Published: September 2008

AbstractIn this work, the effects of different cation‐exchanged montmorillonite on water absorbency of poly(acrylic acid‐co‐acrylamide)/montmorillonite/sodium humate (PAA‐AM/MMT/SH) superabsorbent composite were systematically investigated under the same preparation conditions. The superabsorbents doped with different cation‐exchanged montmorillonite were characterized by Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy technologies. Swelling behaviors of developing superabsorbent composite in various cationic saline solutions (NaCl, CaCl2, and FeCl3) were also investigated. The water absorbencies of superabsorbent composite with 20 wt% MMT and 30 wt% SH are 638, 723, 682, and 363 g g−1 in distilled water for incorporating natural Na+‐MMT, Li+‐exchanged MMT, Ca2+‐exchanged MMT, and Al3+‐exchanged MMT, respectively. The results showed that the cation‐exchange process had some obvious influences on final water absorbency of superabsorbent composite. NaCl, CaCl2, and FeCl3 solutions did not alter the swelling characteristics of the superabsorbent materials at a concentration of less than 0.01 mM, however, a concentration of greater than 0.1 mM caused a collapse in the swelling curves. The excellent swelling‐reswelling‐swelling behavior and lower swelling rate testified that Al3+‐exchanged MMT can act as an assistant crosslinker in the polymeric network. POLYM. COMPOS., 2009. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers
Cure kinetics and conductivity of rigid rod epoxy with polyaniline as a curing agent
Authors: Fu Tiezhu , Liu Jia , Wang Jing , Na Hui 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe samples of rigid rod epoxy resin (4,4′‐diglycidyl (3,3′,5,5′‐tetramethylbiphenyl) epoxy resin (TMBP)) with different weight contents of polyaniline (PANI) as a curing agent were prepared. The kinetics of curing reaction between TMBP and PANI was analyzed by dynamic differential scanning calorimetry in the temperature range of 25–300°C. The results showed that the heat of cure reaction of TMBP/PANI sample with 10 wt% PANI was larger than those of others. The active energies with different curing conversions of TMBP/PANI sample with 10 wt% PANI were calculated by iso‐conversional method using the Coats‐Redfern approximation. The results showed that the activation energy was dependent on the degree of conversion. The morphology of the cured samples was detected by scanning electron microscopy measurements. The relationship between morphology and conductivity of cured samples was researched. The conductivities increased from 2.7 × 10−4 to 9.5 × 10−4 S/cm with the increase of PANI from 5 to 20 wt% in cured samples. The thermal stabilities of cured TMBP/PANI samples were examined by thermogravimetric analysis. The results showed that the cured TMBP/PANI can be promising to use as a conducting adhesive. POLYM. COMPOS., 2009. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers
Rheological behavior and theoretical modeling of uniaxial elongational flow properties of polypropylene/layered silicate nanocomposites
Authors: Lee Seung Hwan , Kim Seong Yun , Youn Jae Ryoun 
Published: September 2008

AbstractRheological behaviors of polypropylene/layered silicate nanocomposites were investigated in both shear and uniaxial elongational flows. They were analyzed by using the K‐BKZ constitutive equation with two damping functions, for example, the WD‐FÖ and PSM‐LT models in transient and steady elongational viscosities. Although pure PP matrix and uncompatibilized nanocomposite did not show the strain hardening, compatibilized nanocomposite showed outstanding strain‐hardening behavior due to three‐dimensional network structure. Predictions of WD‐FÖ and PSM‐LT models gave good agreement with the experimental results at low elongational rate region. However, the elongational viscosity calculated with the WD‐FÖ model did not predict the steady‐state value and diverged to infinity when
$\dot{\varepsilon} {\lambda}_{\bf max}\ {\geq}\ {\bf 1}$. The PSM‐LT model offered good description on transient and steady elongational viscosities even at higher elongational rates as well as on strong strain‐hardening behavior of compatibilized nanocomposites. Through the numerical analysis, using the K‐BKZ model with two types of damping functions, it was found that the PSM‐LT model was superior to that of the WD‐FÖ model in rheological modeling of PP/layered silicate nanocomposites. POLYM. COMPOS., 2009. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers
Investigation of oxygen barrier properties of organoclay/HDPE/EVA nanocomposite films prepared using a two‐step solution method
Authors: Dadfar S.M. Reza , Ramazani S.A. Ahmad , Dadfar S.M. Ali 
Published: September 2008

AbstractIn this article, oxygen barrier properties of nanocomposite films composed of organoclay (OC), high‐density polyethylene (HDPE), and ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer have been investigated. The nanocomposite films whose EVA forms a dominant fraction were prepared using the solution method. The dispersion of the OC in the HDPE/EVA blend was improved through taking two‐step procedure in the preparation of nanocomposite. First, the OC and EVA were dissolved in chloroform. Then, the resulting product, after evaporating most of the solvent, along with HDPE was dissolved in xylene. The obtained nanocomposite films underwent a number of tests in order to examine their barrier properties including X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results showed that OC/HDPE/EVA nanocomposites are intercalated and partially exfoliated. Furthermore, from the TEM micrographs, the organoclay experimental aspect ratio was found. Also, the O2 permeability through the films was evaluated, which showed that adding both OC and HDPE to EVA leads to a remarkable increase in the barrier properties of EVA films. Finally, by using the gas permeation results and existing permeation theories, the organoclay theoretical aspect ratio was predicted. POLYM. COMPOS., 2009. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers
Piezo and dielectric properties of PHB–PZT composite
Authors: Malmonge J.A. , Malmonge L.F. , Fuzari G.C. , Malmonge S.M. , Sakamoto W.K. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractFlexible piezoelectric composite films made of poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) in powder form and lead zirconate titanate (PZT) ceramic powder were obtained by mixing both powders and pressing at 180°C. The effect of PZT on PHB crystallization was investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The relative dielectric constant and dielectric loss factor were analyzed by dielectric spectroscopy and the α‐relaxation of amorphous phase of PHB was observed. After suitable polarization, the composite film displayed piezoelectric activity indicating the possibility of using that material as a sensor. POLYM. COMPOS., 2009. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers
Effect of temperature on hygroscopic thickness swelling rate of composites from lignocellolusic fillers and HDPE
Authors: Najafi Abdollah , Kazemi Najafi Saeed 
Published: September 2008

AbstractEffect of temperature on hygroscopic thickness swelling rate of lignocellolusic fillers/HDPE (high density polyethylene) composites was investigated. The composites were manufactured using a dry blend/hot press method. In this method, powder of plastic and dried powder of lignocellolusic material were mixed in high‐speed mixer and then the mixed powder were pressed at 190°C. Lignocellolusic fillers/HDPE composites panels were made from virgin and recycled HDPE (as plastic) and wood sawdust and flour of rice hull (as filler) at 60% by weight filler loadings. Nominal density and dimensions of the panels were 1 g/cm3 and 35 × 35 × 1 cm3, respectively. Thickness swelling rate of manufactured wood plastic composites (WPCs) were evaluated by immersing them in water at 20, 40, and 60°C for reaching a certain value where no more thickness was swelled. A swelling model developed by Shi and Gardner [Compos. A, 37, 1276 (2006)] was used to study the thickness swelling process of WPCs, from which the parameter, swelling rate parameter, can be used to quantify the swelling rate. The results indicated that temperature has a significant effect on the swelling rate. The swelling rate increased as the temperature increased. The swelling model provided a good predictor of the hygroscopic swelling process of WPCs immersed in water at various temperatures. From the activation energy values calculated from the Arrhenius plots, the temperature had less effect on the thickness swelling rate for the composites including wood sawdust compared with the rice hull as filler and the composites including recycled compared with the virgin HDPE as plastic. POLYM. COMPOS., 2009. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers
Temperature and strain rate dependences of yield stress of polypropylene composites reinforced with carbon nanofibers
Authors: Bao S.P. , Tjong S.C. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractPolypropylene (PP) nanocomposites filled with 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, and 1.0 wt% carbon nanofiber (CNF) were prepared via melt compounding in a twin‐screw extruder followed by injection molding. The effects of CNF additions on the structure, mechanical and tensile yielding behavior of PP were investigated. TEM and SEM observations showed that CNFs were dispersed uniformly within PP matrix. Tensile test showed that the yield strength and Young's modulus of PP were improved considerably by adding very low CNF loadings. The reinforcing effect of CNF was also verified from the dynamic mechanical analysis. Impact measurement revealed that the CNF additions were beneficial to enhance the impact toughness of PP. The yield stress of the PP/CNF nanocomposites was found to be strain rate and temperature dependent. The yielding responses of PP/CNF nanocomposites can be described successfully by the Erying's equation and a reinforcing index n. The structure and mechanical property relationship of the nanocomposites is discussed. POLYM. COMPOS., 2009. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers
Dynamic mechanical study of epoxy, epoxy/glass, and glass/epoxy/wood hybrid composites aged in various media
Authors: Ghasemzadeh Shahab , Haddadi‐Asl Vahid , Kajorncheappunngam Somjai , GangaRao Hota V.S. , Gupta Rakesh K. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractIt was proposed and subsequently established that wrapping of red oak wood crossties with epoxy impregnated glass fiber composites will impart longer service life and better stiffness and strength characteristics to these hybrid ties than conventional ones and will help them better withstand environmental extremes. The objective was to understand the degrading effects of aqueous (distilled water), saline (NaCl), acidic (HCl), and alkaline (NaOH) solutions, as well as accelerated aging and freeze/thaw cycling environments on the dynamic and static mechanical properties of these hybrid materials (i.e., wood, wrapped with fiber reinforced resin) and their components. Also micrographs of composite samples, obtained through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), were studied to determine the failure mechanism of composite specimens aged in different environments. Results showed that immersion in aging media lowered the glass transition temperature (Tg) and enhanced apparent phase separation in the samples because of polymer plasticization. In water immersion, the Tg and the stiffness increased with time owing to continued resin curing. At ambient temperature, sustained load had little effect on the mechanical behavior of the aged samples. The extent of degradation was the least for samples aged in salt solution. Soaking in room‐temperature acid solution was most damaging to pure red oak wood samples. Six‐cycle aging did not damage the neat resin or the hybrid samples, whereas it damaged pure wood specimens. Therefore, the composite wrapping around the wood core of the hybrid sample protected it sufficiently, thereby preventing damage to the hybrid specimen during the aging process. POLYM. COMPOS., 2009. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers
Characterization and properties of activated nanosilica/polypropylene composites with coupling agents
Authors: Lin Ong Hui , Md Akil Hazizan , Ishak Z.A. Mohd 
Published: September 2008

AbstractIn this work, nanosilica/polypropylene composites containing 1 wt% of silica nanoparticles were prepared by melt mixing in a Thermo Haake internal mixer. Prior compounding, nanosilica was subjected to surface activation using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution. The effectiveness of the activation process was evaluated by measuring the amount of hydroxyl groups (OH) on the surface of nanosilica via titration method and supported by FTIR analysis. Two coupling agents namely 3‐aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APTES) and neopentyl (diallyl)oxy, tri(dioctyl) phosphate titanate (Lica 12) were used for surface treatment after activation process. The mechanical properties of polypropylene matrix reinforced with silica nanoparticles were determined by tensile and impact test. Hydroxyl groups on the nanosilica surface played an important role in enhancing the treatment with silane coupling agents. To increase the amount of hydroxyl groups on the nanosilica surface, the optimum concentration of NaOH is 1 mol%. Tensile strength, tensile modulus, and impact strength of nanosilica/PP composites improved with activation process. As the coupling agent is concerned, APTES coupling agent is more pronounced in enhancing the mechanical properties of the composites when compared with Lica 12 coupling agent. POLYM. COMPOS., 2009. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers
Prevalence of scleroderma in Spain: an approach for estimating rare disease prevalence using a disease model
Authors: Villaverde‐Hueso A. , de la Paz M. Posada , Martín‐Arribas M. C. , Sánchez‐Valle E. , Ramírez‐González A. , Biairdi P. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractPurposeTo estimate scleroderma prevalence in Spain.MethodsAs no data were available for Spain we used reported scleroderma incidence (Silman's study on UK and Alamanos' on Greece), scleroderma cause‐specific mortality, obtained through the National Institute of Statistics (codes included in M34 of the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision) in Spain and remission data. Estimates were applied to the Spanish population and to all‐cause mortality for 2004, broken down by age group and gender. Estimators were assumed to follow a Poisson distribution. DisMod‐II software was used for this purpose.ResultsEstimated prevalence was 0.23 and 0.71 cases per 10 000 people for men and women, respectively, based on UK incidence, and 0.28 and 2.58 cases per 10 000 people, respectively, based on Greek incidence. Estimated age at disease onset ranged from 50 to 58 years among men and from 52 to 55 among women, according to UK and Greek data, respectively. Mean duration of the disease was estimated to be in the range of 17–20 years for men and 19–20 for women.ConclusionsDisMod‐II is useful for obtaining, modelling and confirming variability ranges of prevalence found in literature. It also provides information for orphan drug designation and for supporting public health decisions regarding rare diseases. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A simplified method to determine the 3D orientation of an injection molded fiber‐filled polymer
Authors: Régnier G. , Dray D. , Jourdain E. , Le Roux S. , Schmidt F. M. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractIn short‐fiber reinforced composites, it is widely accepted that the fiber orientation plays an important role on their overall physical and thermomechanical properties. To predict the properties of such composite materials, a full 3D fiber orientation characterization is required. A variety of destructive and nondestructive techniques have been developed, but all the methods have the same common point that they are very tedious and time consuming. Knowing that the fiber orientation induced by the flow remains mainly in the flow plane, an easier method has been performed for injection molded fiber‐filled polymers. It is based on the simple 2D SEM image analysis of a specific 45°‐oblique section plane. Then, the indetermination of fiber orientation from an ellipse mark analysis does not exist anymore. This novelty also turns out to be much more accurate. To achieve measurements over large composite samples, the method has been fully automated. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2008. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers