bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chinese‐American headway on some environmental issues
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

Although Chinese Premier Zhu Rongji may have failed to gain entrance for his country into the World Trade Organization during his April visit to the United States, the two countries concluded a series of agreements as part of the Second Session of the 2‐year‐old U.S.‐China Policy Forum on Environment and Development.A memorandum of understanding on a $100 million clean energy program accelerates the export of clean U.S. environmental technologies in the area of energy efficiency renewable energy, and pollution reduction. A statement of intent on the development of a Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Emissions Trading Feasibility Study calls for China to develop a study to test the effectiveness of emissions trading in China as a market‐based approach to reducing greenhouse gas emissions. And a Memorandum of Understanding on a natural gas pipeline project, signed by the Enron Corporation and the China National Petroleum Corporation, opens the way to jointly developing a natural gas pipeline to help offer an alternative to fossil fuels.
Rock conference looks at pore pressure, scale effects, and deformation
Authors: Bouteca Maurice , Guéguen Yves 
Published: October 2006

The mechanical behavior and physical properties of commonly anisotropic, cracked, and porous rocks are of importance in the oil industry contaminant transport, and seismic hazard evaluations. About 70 researchers gathered last fall to discuss recent advances as well as shortcomings in our understanding of rock physics and rock mechanics, with scientists from both communities sharing their knowledge to explain geological observations.Field and laboratory data were juxtaposed with models to highlight the nature of pore pressure regimes and their influence on the deformation of rocks. The range of scales that exist in geology, from plate tectonics to fault breccias, demands that macroscopic geomechanical concepts and laws are related to microscopic processes. Much of the meeting was dedicated to that large topic: bringing macroscopic observations to an understanding of the microscopic process.
Scientists discover solar system 44 light years from Earth
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

Worlds away from the Earth, 44 light years away in the Andromeda constellation, three Jupiter‐sized planets are orbiting Upsilon Andromedae,a bright star 1.2 times the mass of our Sun and two‐thirds of its 4.5 billion year age. This dramatic discovery, jointly announced by scientists from four research institutions on April 15, is the first planetary system ever found around a normal star, aside from our Solar System.The finding suggests that planetary systems may be abundant in the Milky Way galaxy, and may indicate a new era of extrasolar planetary exploration and study, according to some scientists involved in the discovery.
SciLINKS hooks up science textbooks to the Internet
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

Holt, Rinehart and Winston, a textbook arm of Harcourt Brace Company, is publishing two new science textbooks that include something unusual in their margins. The books have icons and codes that refer students, teachers, and even parents to a hand‐picked and regularly updated selection of relevant Internet sites.Other publishing houses soon may follow suit.
Water vapor pressure should be addressed in Potomac study
Authors: Egan Walter G. 
Published: October 2006

In Bruce Doe's article, “A Potomac Perspective on the Growing Global Greenhouse” (Eos, January 5,1999), a statement is made in the next to last paragraph that “other climatic parameters such as precipitation can correlate better than temperature among the five sites.” It would be expected that precipitation, and in particular the partial pressure of water vapor, should correlate with the carbon dioxide greenhouse effect.It was pointed out by W. G. Egan and coworkers in 1991 that there is an inverse relationship between carbon dioxide and water vapor partial pressure, seen both in laboratory experiments and at all worldwide Global Monitoring for Climate Change monitoring stations. Specific examples were presented for Cold Bay, Alaska and Palmer Station, Antarctica monthly and annually
Proposed project would give unprecedented look under North America
Authors: Levander Alan , Humphreys Eugene D. , Ekstrom Goran , Meltzer Anne S. , Shearer Peter M. 
Published: October 2006

An unprecedented examination of the Earth's deep interior and investigation across a broad range of scales of the structure of the North American continent and the processes that formed it would be among the undertakings of a proposed 10‐year Earth Science project called USArray. Now in the planning and development stage, the project would permit a three‐dimensional (3‐D) systematic investigation of North America, improving the resolution of lithospheric images by an order of magnitude.For the Earth sciences, the project would be the seismological equivalent of the Hubble space telescope. A number of factors suggest that North America is particularly suited for this project, including the states of current knowledge and technology, the availability of a sophisticated infrastructure, organization in the seismological community scientific economy, and widespread scientific interest.
U.S. council calls for sustained ocean observing system
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

A council that includes the heads of 12 United States federal agencies involved in funding ocean research or developing ocean research policy has called for the establishment of a national integrated and sustained ocean observing system.Officials said the system should integrate new tools to monitor changes in the oceans' physical, biological, and chemical systems with the many already‐existing satellite and in situ observing elements. The system, they said, could improve long‐term climate forecasts, increase understanding of long and short‐term ocean phenomena, and help to answer some key questions concerning global warming.
Study proposes wholesale change in thinking about natural hazards mitigation
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

The “lollapaloozas,” the major natural catastrophes, are getting bigger and bigger, and it is time to confront this growing problem by dramatically changing the way that society approaches natural hazard mitigation, conducts itself in relation to the natural environment, and accepts responsibility for activities that could lead to or increase disasters, according to Dennis Mileti, principal investigator of a new study on natural hazards, and director of the Natural Hazards Research and Applications Information Center at the University of Colorado at Boulder.Since 1989, the United States has been struck by seven of the nation's 10 most costly natural disasters, including the 1994 Northridge earthquake in California that caused $25 billion in damages. Also since 1989, the financial cost of natural hazards in the United States—which includes floods, earthquakes, hurricanes, and wildfires, as well as landslides, heat, and fog—has frequently averaged $1 billion per week, a price that some experts say will continue rising. Internationally, the Kobe, Japan, earthquake cost more than $100 billion and is the most financially costly disaster in world history None of these figures include indirect losses related to natural disasters, such as lost economic productivity
Isotope Tracers in Catchment Hydrology
Authors: Hornberger George M. 
Published: October 2006

The drainage basin has been a fundamental unit of study in hydrology and geomorphology throughout the modern era of these Earth sciences. The basin, or catchment, is a convenient unit because it typically is well defined topographically, can be studied as a series of nested units of increasing size, and is an open system for which inputs and outputs of mass and energy can be defined and measured. Small catchments have been the “outdoor laboratories” for hydrologists interested in rainfall‐runoff relationships, for geochemists interested in the export of weathering products from the landscape, and for ecosystem ecologists interested in biogeochemical cycling.Research studies on small catchments have evolved from a strong focus on strictly input‐output relationships (a “black‐box” approach) to a focus on understanding flow paths, residence times, and biological and chemical reactions within the catchment. Tracers are essential tools for such work. In catchment studies, tracers that move with the water but do not interact with biota, soils, and rocks are sought so that water itself can be followed. Other tracers are used to follow selected biogeochemical reactions. A multitude of stable and radioactive isotopes has been used as tracers in catchment studies.
Global Climate Project shows early promise
Authors: Trenberth Kevin E. 
Published: October 2006

The implementation of a global climate project and its early results are being hailed as exciting leaps forward in climate research that have enormous potential for improving predictions of interannual variations, as well as improving the understanding and modeling, and possibly developing predictive capabilities, of decadal and longer variability and climate change. Known as the Climate Variability and Predictability (CLIVAR) project of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP),its most recent achievements have included observations, predictions, and documentation of the evolution of the 1997–1998 El Niño and that event's progression into the 1998 La Niña. In place to accomplish this was CLIVAR's full tropical Pacific observing system and new coupled atmosphere‐upper ocean models.Even more exciting was that prediction models were able to capture aspects of the differences in teleconnection patterns between this El Niño and previous events, pointing to the importance of sea surface temperature patterns globally Exciting new possibilities also have emerged through profiling floats deployed at various depths that come to the surface every week or two to give ocean soundings of temperature and salinity, while their displacements provide estimates of ocean currents at depth.
Report suggests some public attitudes about geophysical and environmental issues
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

“Global warming, greenhouse. It is pretty much written that everything is going to come to an end,” said one man during a focus group held in Des Moines, Iowa. “No one wants to pull back what they have. Humans are greedy and they want what they want. We will be like the dinosaurs when the meteorite hits the Earth.”“Global warming. It has a lot to do with the ozone layer, and with all of the ice melting and stuff like that.The warming comes because of the icecaps melting,” said a man involved with a focus group in Los Angeles, California.
Preparing for the Atlantic hurricane season
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

In response to forecasts that the 1999 Atlantic hurricane season could be highly active, the American Red Cross is recommending that people in hurricane impact zones take measures to prepare for and mitigate against potentially devastating storms.“Given the huge toll last year's hurricane season took on the United States, the Caribbean, and Central America, we should take all necessary precautions as the 1999 hurricane season gets underway” said Steve Bullock, acting president of the American Red Cross.
Two Resources for Planetary Scientists
Authors: Bell Jim 
Published: October 2006

I still carry with me perhaps the most useful trinket I've ever received at a professional conference. Some years ago, the conveners of the annual American Astronomical Society's Division for Planetary Sciences meeting handed out with the registration materials a business‐ card‐sized “cheat sheet” chock full of handy facts and figures on the physical and orbital properties of the Sun and planets, including a useful list of physical constants and simple formulae for solar system astronomy Along with (I confess) my similarly sized versions of the periodic table and geologic timescale that I have tucked away in my wallet, these form some of my most useful and handy sources of reference information for quick answers to typical questions that arise in planetary science.Two new books have recently been written that serve similar purposes, though each at a different and higher level, for students and others interested in planetary science. The first is the incredibly comprehensive and well‐organized The Planetary Scientist's Companion by Katharina Lodders and Bruce Fegley Jr. The authors, active and well‐respected planetary scientists themselves, have responded well to the need within the community for a single compendium of current and useful data, formulae, and pithy synopses of information on the geology, geochemistry, interiors, and (where appropriate) atmospheric compositions of the objects in our solar system.
Bill would expand ocean exploration
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

Legislation introduced by U.S. Congressman James Greenwood (R‐Penn.) on June 9 could lead to increased study and exploration of the world's oceans.“The Exploration of the Seas Act” (House Resolution 2090) would direct the Secretary of Commerce to contract with the National Academy of Sciences to establish a Coordinated Oceanographic Program Advisory Panel to report to Congress on the adoption and establishment of an international effort to explore the potential of the oceans.
SOS over the Southeast
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

Scientists from U.S. government agencies and academia who are involved with the Southern Oxidants Study (SOS) are collecting air samples from mid‐June to mid‐July to assess the physical and chemical characteristics of fine particulate matter and ozone in parts of the southeastern United States.They hope the study will provide a better understanding of some of the basic chemical, meteorological, and transport processes that cause air pollution—especially in areas that are hot and humid, with stagnant air and natural emissions of hydrocarbons from rural and urban forests. Scientists say that air pollution in these areas can damage crops and forests and affect human health and scenic visibility.
Weighing a dam's economic and environmental impact
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

While some people claim that it was a publicity stunt or criticize it as an economic loss and a move in the wrong direction, the breaching of the low‐slung Edwards Dam on July 1 has changed the landscape of the Kennebec River flowing through Augusta, Maine, and may also change the landscape for some other dammed rivers nationwide.The breaching marks the first time that the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), which licenses nonfederal hydroelectric projects, has ruled that a dam should be removed because the environmental damage that it causes outweighs its economic benefits.
Hot air and Congress
Authors: Balco Greg 
Published: October 2006

Bruce Doe's article, “A Potomac Perspective on the Growing Global Greenhouse” (Eos, January 5, 1999), contained the provocative suggestion that temperature in the Washington, D.C., region might be causally linked to congressional attention to the topics of greenhouse warming and global climate change, as well as federal funding for research into these topics. This assertion is particularly interesting in light of recent archaeological and paleoclimatic studies that suggest a link between large‐scale regional climate change and major events in ancient civilizations. For example, the collapses of the Akkadian Empire, the Minoan civilization in Crete, the Old Kingdom of Egypt, and the Mayan civilization in Mexico appear to coincide with major regional climate changes, suggesting that climatic factors might be more important than previously proposed sociopolitical ones in explaining the history of these cultures (see, for example, K. Wright's article, “Empires in the Dust,” in Discover, March 1998).If a connection between climate and politics could be demonstrated in our own society, it might shed light on these past events. However, Doe did not further explore this possibility, presumably because of the lack of an appropriate quantitative measurement of legislative activity that could be compared to the temperature record.
Gulf of Mexico report card
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

The Gulf of Mexico's 4 million km2 drainage area in the United States pours an average of 27,473 cubic meters per second of freshwater into the gulf. Mixed in with that water flow are nutrients and sediment contaminants that affect the health of the gulf.A November 23 report on the ecological condition of U.S. estuaries that drain into the gulf finds that eutrophication is one of the most critical problems facing gulf coastal ecosystems, with many gulf estuaries—particularly those in Louisiana and Texas—showing evidence of pre‐eutrophic or eutrophic conditions.
The Chi‐Chi, Taiwan earthquake: Large surface displacements on an inland thrust fault
Authors: Ma Kuo‐Fong , Lee Chyi‐Tyi , Tsai Yi‐Ben , Shin Tzay‐Chyn , Mori Jim 
Published: October 2006

In the early morning (01:47 local time) of September 21, 1999, the largest earthquake of the century in Taiwan (Mw=7.6, ML=7.3) struck the central island near the small town of Chi‐Chi. The hypocenter was located by the Central Weather Bureau Seismological Center at 23.87°N, 120.75°E, with a depth of about 7 km.There were extensive surface ruptures for about 85 km along the Chelungpu fault with vertical thrust and left lateral strike‐slip offsets. The maximum displacement of about 9.8 meters is among the largest fault movements ever measured for modern earthquakes. There was severe destruction in the towns of Chungliao, Nantou,Taichung, FengYuan, and Tungshi, with over 2300 fatalities and 8700 injuries.
When to celebrate the end of the century
Authors: Warren Bruce A. 
Published: October 2006

I was saddened to read an ad for AGU's Fall Meeting that described it as “the last geophysical meeting to be held in this century” It is not. “This” century (the twentieth) ends on December 31, 2000. If scientists aren't sure what the word “century” means or have difficulty counting off intervals of one hundred, starting at one, how can we ever expect the news media and general public to get things right?Some say this is just a matter of semantics or religious significance. Not so: it is about consistent definitions and counting—something scientists are supposed to care about and attend to.
Three‐dimensional radiative transfer makes its mark
Authors: Davis Anthony B. , Marshak Alexander , Kassianov Evgueni , Stokes Gerald M. 
Published: October 2006

Clearly atmospheric three‐dimensional (3‐D) radiative transfer has crossed the invisible but important threshold that makes it a subject of scientific interest in its own right, and this transition happened almost without anyone noticing. It took an AGU Spring Meeting special session this year on the topic to come to this realization. The outcome was a pleasant surprise for all involved.Three‐dimensional radiative transfer is traditionally viewed as a rather specialized subtopic, generally subordinated to some well‐defined application. Consider, for instance, this question: “What is the effect of unresolved horizontal variability in cloud structure on energy budgets in general circulation models (GCMs); that is, on fluxes at the grid‐cell scale? “This is clearly an important issue and was addressed head‐on by Bob Cahalan and Graeme Stephens. The answer currently is anticipated in the form of a bias with respect to predictions based on the standard horizontally uniform cloud models implemented in the GCM parameterizations; this way, fluxes can be readily corrected for 3‐D effects.
The Main Shopping Centres of Great Britain in 1961: Their Locational and Structural Characteristics
Authors: Thorpe David 
Published: October 2006

This paper examines various characteristics of the main shopping centres of British towns as revealed by the 1961 Census of Distribution. Five interrelated topics are considered: 1. The selection and the size of centres is related to two types of urban area; the free-standing town and the complex urban region. 2. A seven-fold grading of centres by turnover-size is put forward as a possible (albeit subjective) classification. The relevance of this classification is considered by an examination of each standard region of G.B. 3. A study of the trade structure of the centres is based on an analysis of the sales of food, clothing and footwear and general stores. 4. The organisation structure of the centres is examined, and hypotheses are advanced and tested as to the relative role of multiple, co-operative and independent traders. 5. A special study is made of the centres of Greater London.
Models in Urban Planning: a Synoptic Review of Recent Literature
Authors: Wilson A.G. 
Published: October 2006

This paper attempts to set up a rudimentary conceptual framework for planning, within which the use of models can be studied. This framework is set up in the first section of the paper, and is based on the use of an hierarchical relevance tree. The second section of the paper delineates urban systems which can be usefully modelled, gives a set of rules for model design, and discusses some technique problems associated with model construction. It is argued that models are developed at lower levels in such a hierarchy to represent understanding of the systems being planned. The recent literature on the development of such models is reviewed. This covers model development for spatially aggregated population and economic systems, urban structure, transport, and, more briefly, social systems. Finally, the possible applications of models in the design process and the higher levels of the planning process, is discussed.
The Structure of Intra-Urban Movement Rates: an Ecological Model
Authors: Moore Eric G. 
Published: October 2006

Although increasing emphasis in urban planning and research is being placed on the development of micro-analytic models it will be many years before suitable data are available to permit their widespread application. Until that time efforts must be made to extract maximum utility from existing data. Blalock's method of causal analysis utilising simple and partial correlation coefficients is presented. The method, which is applicable to existing census data, explores the structural relations between several variables. The procedure is applied to an ecological analysis of associations between intra-urban migration rates and selected socio-economic and demographic variables in Brisbane, Australia. An initial causal model is derived from previous studies. The process of testing and reformulating the model proves of considerable heuristic value in understanding factors influencing the stability of the urban environment.
Occupancy Duration and the Analysis of Residential Change
Authors: Cave P.W. 
Published: October 2006

This paper presents a technique for analysing the processes of population change which occur within an existing stock of housing. The first signs of residential change appear in changing occupancy duration, with turnover rates increasing or decreasing as the new pattern becomes established. But every area, however stable, has some degree of population change; the problem therefore, is to distinguish the genuine signs of change. From cumulative duration data, five distinct types of 'sales curves' are derived—the hypothetical limiting cases of occupancy duration-reflecting different probabilities of occupants' leaving or remaining after given lengths of stay. By comparing actual with 'predicted' household changes, the essential supports of a stable residential pattern, or the significant changes, can be isolated.