bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interactive boundary layer in a Hele Shaw cell
Authors: Lagrée P.‐Y. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe steady laminar flow in a rectangular Hele Shaw cell is considered at high Reynolds number. The lower thin wall layer is perturbed by a small bump. Averaged equations obtained in averaging the Navier Stokes equations across the thin direction are used. This procedure allows to recover the nonlinear convective term in the equations. First a classical Boundary Layer theory is constructed, the weak coupling leads to a singularity. An Interacting Boundary Layer theory is then constructed in order to compute the strong coupling of the “Averaged ideal fluid” and the “Averaged boundary layer”. The “triple deck” counter part is presented as well. An asymptotic nonlinear approximation of the flow can be computed with short computation time. Positive comparisons of computation of the full Averaged Navier Stokes equation and Interacting Boundary Layer theory are shown. For instance, the boundary layer separation over a bump is obtained when either the bump height or the Reynolds number is increased.
Composition of the fat extracted from the seeds of theobroma bicolor
Authors: Jee M. H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe fat fromTheobroma bicolor was analyzed for glyceride content by thin layer chromatography (TLC), and for fatty acid composition and triglyceride (carbon number) composition by gas liquid chromatography (GLC). The fat was then separated into glycerides of different degrees of unsaturation by means of silver nitrate TLC. Then, the bands were examined by GLC before and after conversion to methyl esters. From the results obtained, the distribution of the fatty acids on the individual glycerides was calculated. The fat consisted of 96.5% triglyceride with only 2.5% diglyceride and 1.7% free fatty acid. The major fatty acids present were 42.3% C18:0, 45,2% C18:1, and 6.0% C16:1. Most of the triglycerides were of carbon number 52 (18.0%) and 54 (77.6%). The major triglycerides were 38.6% 1‐stearyl‐2,3 diolein (SOO), 25.4% 2‐oleyl‐1,3 distearin (SOS) and 13.8% 1‐palmito‐2‐oleyl‐stearin (POS). Only 44.3% of the fat consisted of monounsaturated triglycerides.
Optimization of parameters for the analysis of triglyceride by reverse phase HPLC using a UV detector at 210 nm
Authors: Singleton J. A. , Pattee H. W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFactors affecting the quantitative analysis of triglycerides from natural oils were investigated on reverse‐phase HPLC columns. The organic solvent used to dissolve the triglycerides greatly determined the extent to which the solute molecules interacted with the mobile phase and hydrocarbonaceous ligand. Chloroform‐dissolved triglycerides resulted in better resolution and detection of the solute matrix of all the organic solvents used. Also, ethanol was superior to methanol as the polar organic modifier in the mobile‐phase composition. Ballistic temperature programming significantly reduced analysis time and column temperature, when raised high enough, can reverse the elution of some solutes, Possible mechanisms of triglyceride solute retention on reverse‐phase columns are advanced in conjunction with the various parameters used in the investigation.
Continuous synthesis of glycerides by lipase in a microporous membrane bioreactor
Authors: Mozammel Hoo Mohammad , Yamane Tsuneo , Shimizu Shoichi , Funada Tadashi , Ishida Shiro 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA membrane bioreactor was developed for continuous synthesis of glycerides by lipase to overcome the drawbacks associated with the usual operation in an emulsion system. One unit (total area: 726 cm2) of flat, plate‐type dialyzer was used as the membrane bioreactor at 40 C. The glycerol solution, containing bacterial lipase and water, was supplied continuously to 1 side of a sheet of microporous polypropylene membrane (strongly hydrophobic) and the effluent was recycled, while undiluted liquid fatty acid (oleic or linoleic) was fed continuously to the opposite side of the membrane and came in contact with a glycerol‐water‐lipase solution to cause the reaction. The product, glycerides, was obtained at the outlet, in a pure state, with no other phase. Highest conversion (ca. 90%) was obtained when the water content of the glycerol solution was 3–4%. As the accumulation of water produced by the reaction lowered the conversion, molecular sieves in a column that the glycerol solution passed through were used for optimal water content. The reaction could be continued at least for 1 month, yielding a conversion above 70% when 1% CaCl2 was added in the glycerol solution. The main component of glycerides formed was almost equimolar amounts of mono‐and diglycerides.
Prooxident activities of chlorophylls and their decomposition products on the photooxidation of methyl linoleate
Authors: Endo Y. , Usuki R. , Kaneda T. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAlthough chlorophylls in oils affect oxidative stabilities, little has been known about the prooxidant activity of the chlorophylls or their decomposition products. To evaluate the prooxidant activities of chlorophyll derivatives, chlorophyll (CHL) A and B, pheophytin (PHY) A and B and pheophorbide (PHO) A and B were added to methyl linoleate (ML). The sample oils were then subjected to photooxidation at O C and the peroxide value and absorbance at 234 nm were measured. Chlorophylls catalyzed oxidation of methyl linoleate at concentrations greater than 2.2×10−9mol/g ML, and CHL B showed a stronger prooxidant activity, ca. twice that of CHL A under the same light intensity. PHY and PHO exhibited stronger prooxidant activities than CHL, the prooxidant activity of PHO being the strongest among them. Moreover, photosensitive activity was found in PHY as well as in CHL. These results suggest that particular attention should be paid to the decomposition products of CHL that affect the quality of vegetable oils.
Nutritional and toxicological evaluation of mango kernel oil
Authors: Rukmini C. , Vijayaraghavan Malini 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMango‐kernel fat is a solid fat at room temperature and has a melting point of ca. 35 C. The fat was analyzed for its physico‐chemical properties. It is rich in equal amounts of stearic and oleic acids (42%). Nutritional and toxicological evaluation of this fat was carried out by multigeneration breeding studies in weanling albino rats, feeding them mango‐kernel fat or groundnut oil (GNO) at a 10% level in a 20% protein diet that was adequate in vitamins and minerals. The feed‐efficiency ratio and growth rate of rats fed mango‐kernel fat were comparable with the control group. Studies of calcium, phosphorous and nitrogen balance showed that the retention of these nutrients was not adversely affected by the mango‐fat intake. The apparent digestibility of mango fat was comparable with GNO when fed to rats. Toxicological evaluation of the fat showed a comparable reproductive performance with the GNO‐fed animals. Liver serum total cholesterol, triglycerides and total lipids were found to be within normal levels. The organ weights of the various tissues of the animals of both groups in the last generation were comparable. Histopathological studies of various organs revealed no abnormalities. These studies indicate that mangokernel fat can substitute for any solid fat without adverse effect.
The fatty acid composition of the oil of the winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus L.) seeds
Authors: Ekpenyong T. E. , Borchers R. L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe seeds of the winged bean,Psophocarpus tetragonolobus L. were found to be rich in oil. The oil was examined for its iodine value, saponification value and fatty acid composition by gas liquid chromatography. The value (area percent) for fatty acids as methyl esters were: 14∶0 (0.2%); 16∶0 (9.1%); 16∶1 (0.4%); 18∶0 (5.4%); 18∶1 (41.0%); 18∶2 (29.5%); 18∶3 (1.9%); 20∶0 (2.0%); 20∶1 and 18∶4 together (2.2%); 22∶0 (7.3%) and 24∶0 (1.0%). The iodine value (Wij solution) was 91. The oil contains an appreciable amount of unsaturated fatty acids, especially linoleic 18∶2 (29.5%). The predominant saturated fatty acid is palmitic 16∶0 (9.1%).
On the formation of degradation products from the pyrolysis of tall oil fatty acids with kraft lignin
Authors: Traitler H. , Kratzl K. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMixtures of tall oil fatty acids and kraft lignin from southern pine wood were pyrolyzed at 160 C and 280 C with or without exclusion of oxygen. In addition to fatty acids of various chain lengths and aromatic degradation products from lignin, a number of homologousn‐alkylbenzenes were formed (ca. 1.5%) and characterized by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. The possible ways of formation of the latter from fatty acids are discussed briefly.
Polyamine‐koch acid amides as dispersants for two‐cycle engine oils
Authors: Hartle R. J. , Schulz J. G. D. , Onopchenko A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractNew ashless dispersants for two‐cycle engine oils were developed from tetraethylenepentamine and C19–C25 Koch acids. Engine tests showed these amides are excellent substitutions for the conventional isostearic acid‐derived compounds.
Quaternary ammonium salts derived from jojoba oil
Authors: Shani Arnon , Horowitz Efraim 
Published: July 2007

AbstractQuaternary ammonium salts derived from jojoba oil have been prepared either from jojobyl halides and tertiary amines or from dimethyljojobyl‐ and dimethylhomojojobylamines and alkyl halides. These salts have special potential as germicides, surfactants, emulsifiers and phase transfer reagents, for example. The jojobyl iodide and jojobyl mesylate react more readily with amines than the chloride, which is consistent with the expected relative leaving group reactivity of the different halides. The nucleophilicity of the tertiary amine, containing one long chain derived from jojoba oil, is similar to that of other tertiary amines containing only short alkyl chains. The salts are thermally stable up to 100–110 C.
Thermal rearrangement of sulfated tallow alkanolamides
Authors: Bistline R. G. , Linfield W. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA study of reaction variables in the sulfation of tallow alkanolamides revealed that a molecular rearrangement to aminoester occurs as a result of prolonged heating in the unneutralized state. Heating sulfated isopropanolamide for 4 hr at 60 C resulted in a 60% loss of active ingredient. The sulfated diglycolamide heated at 60 C for 12 hr suffered a loss of 22% active ingredient. A 50:50 mixture of these sulfated alkanolamides heated for 12 hr at 40 C incurred no loss of active ingredient content, whereas at 60 C a 40% loss of active ingredient was observed. Thus, careful temperature control and rapid neutralization after sulfation are required to obtain sulfated alkanolamides with a high percentage of active ingredient.
Selective hydrogenation of soybean oil: X. Ultra high pressure and low pressure
Authors: Koritala S. , Friedrich J. P. , Mounts T. L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSoybean oil was partially hydrogenated with copper‐chromite catalyst at 170 C and up to 30,000 psig hydrogen pressure. Catalyst activity increased with increase in pressure up to 15,000 psig. The linolenate selectivity (SLn) of the reaction remained essentially unchanged over 50–1000 psig pressure range. A SLn of 5.5 to 5.6 was achieved at 15,000 to 30,000 psig pressure range. This value is somewhat lower than the selectivity at 50–1000 psig, but much higher than that obtained with nickel catalysts. Geometric isomerization increased as pressure increased up to 200 psig; above this pressure, the percenttrans remained the same up to 500 psig.trans Isomer content decreased when the pressure was increased to 30,000 psig. cis,trans Isomerization of linoleate was greater at 1000 psig and 15,000 psig than at 50 psig. At 15,000 psig, part of the linoleate in soybean oil was hydrogenated directly without prior conjugation, whereas at low pressures, all of the double bonds first conjugate prior to hydrogenation. This difference in mechanism might explain the lower selectivities obtained at high pressures. Conjugated diene isomers were found in the products up to 200 psig. Above this pressure conjugated diene was not measurable. No significant differences were found in the double bond distribution oftrans monoenes even though the amount oftrans monoene formed decreased as pressure was increased to 30,000 psig.
Fatty acid and glyceride composition of jubaea spectabilis palm oil
Authors: Cole E. R. , Crank G. , Sheikh A. S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDetermination of the fatty acid distribution in three samples of oil from the kernels of the palmJubaea spectabilis shows that the uniquely low melting point of the oil is due to a higher content of shorter chain fatty acids than other members of the subclass Cocoideae.
Determining the location of a deceased mother tree and estimating forest regeneration variables by use of microsatellites and spatial genetic models
Authors: Shimatani Kenichiro , Kimura Megumi , Kitamura Keiko , Suyama Yoshihisa , Isagi Yuji , Sugita Hisashi 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn this paper we first mathematically formulate spatial genetic models that rely on dispersal kernels, using the genetic inhomogeneous Poisson process. On the basis of mapped and genotyped data pertaining to adult and juvenile trees we are able to estimate three fundamental variables of population dynamics: individual female reproductive success, seed dispersal, and pollen flow. The model was applied to a secondary Fagus crenata stand in northern Japan, regenerated after shelterwood harvesting. Highly polymorphic microsatellite data revealed that most of the juveniles around one adult tree were not that tree's progeny and that some minor alleles were clustered there. These data suggested that another mother tree had formerly been present in the vicinity, produced offspring there and died. Inferring its genotype and location, we applied the genetic inhomogeneous Poisson process. Results confirmed that we would have wrongly assessed the regeneration if we had been unaware of the existence of the dead mother. The average distances for seed dispersal and pollen flow were 18 and 193 m, respectively. The contribution of outside mothers, simultaneously assessed using the dispersal variables in the models, ranged from 10 to 50% depending on their positions relative to preserved adults. Individual female reproductive success varied as much as fiftyfold among the eight preserved adults. Our comprehensive approach, utilizing currently available genetic information, mathematical models, and previous forestry records, helped elucidation of the past forest‐regeneration processes.
Satellite tracking of two Montagu’s Harriers (Circus pygargus): dual pathways during autumn migration
Authors: Trierweiler Christiane , Koks Ben J. , Drent Rudi H. , Exo Klaus-Michael , Komdeur Jan , Dijkstra Cor , Bairlein Franz 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Autumn migration routes of two Dutch female Montagu’s Harriers (Circus pygargus) were documented for the first time using satellite telemetry. Both migrated to their African wintering area—one via the Straits of Gibraltar through the Mediterranean and the other via Italy/Tunisia. The rate of travel was comparable to values reported for larger raptor species.
Genetik der koronaren Herzkrankheit und des Herzinfarkts
Authors: Erdmann J. , Schunkert H. 
Published: July 2007

Zusammenfassung
Aufgrund der hohen Prävalenz der koronaren Herzkrankheit (KHK) und des Herzinfarkts lassen sich in den Anamnesegesprächen oft familiäre Häufungen eruieren. Für die Risikostratifizierung ist es hierbei entscheidend, zwischen sporadischen Fällen und solchen mit „echter“ familiärer Häufung zu unterscheiden. Von einer familiären Prädisposition wird dann ausgegangen, wenn mindestens ein männlicher Verwandter 1. Grades vor dem 55. oder eine weibliche Verwandte 1. Grades vor dem 65. Lebensjahr einen Herzinfarkt erlitten haben oder eine KHK mit signifikanter Stenosierung diagnostiziert wurde. Die aktuelle Übersichtsarbeit möchte wesentliche Studien aufgreifen, aus denen sich das familiäre Risiko für die KHK und den Herzinfarkt ableitet. Darüber hinaus soll ein kurzer Überblick über den aktuellen Stand der genetischen Forschung zu KHK und Herzinfarkt gegeben werden.
Effect of neurotrophins on differentiation, calcification and proliferation in cultures of human pulp cells
Authors: Mizuno Noriyoshi , Shiba Hideki , Xu Wan‐peng , Inui Takafumi , Fujita Tsuyoshi , Kajiya Mikihito , Takeda Katsuhiro , Hasegawa Naohiko , Kawaguchi Hiroyuki , Kurihara Hidemi 
Published: July 2007

AbstractNeurotrophins (NTs) are expressed during tooth development. However, little is known about a role of NTs in differentiation of pulp cells into mineralizing cells. In this study, mRNA expressions of hard tissue‐related proteins, calcification and proliferation are examined in cultures of human pulp (HP) cells. Nerve growth factor (NGF), brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin (NT)‐3 and NT‐4/5 increased the mRNA levels of dentin sialophsphoprotein, alkaline phosphatase, osteopontin, type I collagen and bone morphogenetic protein‐2 and mineral deposition in cultures of HP cells. The increased levels and manners varied, depending on the concentrations of NTs and hard‐tissue related protein tested. On the other hand, only NGF significantly stimulated DNA synthesis in cultures of HP cells. These findings suggest that NTs characteristically regulate hard‐tissue related protein expression, calcification and proliferation in pulp cells. NTs may accelerate pulp cell differentiation.
Clinical trials update from Heart Rhythm 2007 and Heart Failure 2007: CARISMA, PREPARE, DAVID II, SAVE‐PACE, PROTECT and AREA‐IN‐CHF
Authors: Cleland John G.F. , Coletta Alison P. , Abdellah Ahmed Tageldien , Witte Klaus K. , Hobson Neil , Clark Andrew L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis article provides information and a commentary on trials relevant to the pathophysiology, prevention and treatment of heart failure, presented at Heart Rhythm 2007 organised by the Heart Rhythm Society which was held in Denver, USA and Heart Failure 2007 organised by the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology which was held in Hamburg, Germany. Unpublished reports should be considered as preliminary data, as analyses may change in the final publication.The CARISMA study suggests that non‐invasive screening tests may help to identify post‐MI patients who may benefit from ICD therapy. Data from the PREPARE study show that more conservative ICD programming can reduce morbidity at the cost of an increased risk of arrhythmic syncope. DAVID II indicates that atrial pacing may be a safe alternative to ventricular back‐up pacing in patients with left ventricular dysfunction and standard indications for an ICD. The incidence of persistent atrial fibrillation in patients with sinus node disease in SAVE‐PACE was reduced by dual chamber minimal ventricular pacing compared to conventional dual chamber pacing. The pilot phase of the PROTECT studies confirmed 30 mg as the dose of the selective A1 adenosine receptor antagonist KW‐3902 to be used in pivotal studies. AREA‐IN‐CHF failed to show a beneficial effect of canrenone on LV volumes compared to placebo however some beneficial effects on secondary clinical endpoints were observed.
Plantation science: improving natural indigo in colonial India, 1860–1913
Authors: KUMAR PRAKASH 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper explores the transition to synthetic dyestuffs through a principal focus on developments within the last major holdout of the natural-dye industry, the blue colourant indigo. It starts by looking closely at existing practices of cultivation and manufacture of the natural dye in colonial India in the second half of the nineteenth century. It also develops a case study based on targeted efforts scientifically to improve plant-derived indigo in laboratories and experiment stations in colonial India and imperial England. Experts attempted to increase yields and enhance the purity of the natural dye to meet the competition of the cheaper and purer synthetic indigo launched on the international market in 1897 by two German firms, BASF and Hoechst. The paper explains the patronage of science by European planters, the colonial state and the metropolitan government and analyses the nature of science that emerged in the colonial–imperial nexus.
Effect of providing a formula supplemented with long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on immunity in full-term neonates
Authors: Field Catherine J. , Van Aerde John E. , Robinson Lindsay E. , Thomas Clandinin M. 
Published: July 2007

To determine the effect of feeding formula containing long-chain PUFA (LCP) on immune function, healthy term infants were randomised at age 2 weeks to either a standard term formula (Formula; n 14) or the same formula supplemented with the LCP 20 : 4n-6 and 22 : 6n-3 (Formula+LCP; n 16). Peripheral blood was collected at 2 and 6 weeks to measure immune cell response (the rate of [3H]thymidine uptake and cytokine production after stimulation with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)). Compared with cells from infants receiving only human milk (HM), the rate of [3H]thymidine uptake in response to PHA, but not IL-2 production, was lower for Formula+LCP infants (P < 0·05). Compared with HM-fed infants, Formula-fed infants (but not Formula+LCP infants) produced more TNF-α (unstimulated) and had a fewer CD3+CD44+ cells before stimulation and fewer CD11c+ cells post-stimulation (P < 0·05). However, compared with Formula-fed infants, the Formula+LCP infants had an immune cell distribution (higher percentage CD3+CD44+ and CD4+CD28+ cells) and cytokine profile (lower production of TNF-α post-stimulation) that did not differ from HM infants. Additionally, it was found that feeding infants formula during the first 10 d of life influenced immune function. These infants had a higher percentage of CD3+, CD4+CD28+, and lower percentage of CD14+ cells and produced more TNF-α and interferon-γ after PHA stimulation than HM-fed infants (P < 0·05). These results demonstrate that early diet influences both the presence of specific cell types and function of infant blood immune cells. Since many diseases have a strong immunological component, these immune changes may be of physiological importance to the developing infant.
Lecidea rubrocastanea, a new lichen species from conifer bark and wood in interior western North America (Lecanorales, lichenized ascomycetes)
Authors: SPRIBILLE Toby , PRINTZEN Christian 
Published: July 2007

Abstract:Lecidea rubrocastanea T. Sprib. & Printzen is described as new from conifer bark and wood in montane valleys of inland British Columbia, Idaho, Montana, Oregon and Washington State. It is characterized by its combination of a crustose olivaceous thallus lacking secondary lichen substances, small, dark burgundy-red or maroon apothecia, dark-capped paraphyses, Lecidella-type ascus, small, thin-walled ascospores, and bacilliform conidia. The generic affinities of the species based on analysis of ITS DNA are unclear, but it has numerous morphological traits in common with Japewia.
A new species of Megalaria from Îles Kerguelen in the southern Indian Ocean
Authors: FRYDAY Alan M. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract:The new species Megalaria allantoidea Fryday is described from the subantarctic Îles Kerguelen in the southern Indian Ocean, where it grows over terricolous bryophytes or Azorella selago cushions. It differs from all other described species of Megalaria in having large, sausage-shaped ascospores. The systematics of the genus Megalaria is reviewed, ascus structure of some previously described species revised, and the position of the new species in the genus discussed.