bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
R441 – 3D Finite Element Model for Perilymphatic Fistula
Authors: Hayashi Ken , Takuji Koike , Kanzaki Sho , Ogawa Kaoru 
Published: August 2008

ProblemTo investigate the relationship between the intrusion of the air bubble into the scala vestibli and hearing loss at low frequencies.MethodsThe effect of intrusion of an air bubble into the scala vestibuli on auditory activity was analyzed based on clinical data and using a three‐dimensional finite element (FE) model of the human cochlea. The FE model consists of the stapes, the stapedial annular ligament, the oval window, vestibule, lymph, basilar membrane, osseous spiral lamina, and the cochlear aqueduct. An air bubble in the scala vestibuli was modeled as a small fistula opened on the bony wall of the cochlea. The induced vibration of the lymph and the basilar membrane was calculated by changing the position of the air bubble using CFD‐ACE software.ResultsA traversing wave was generated on the basilar membrane of the intact cochlear model by vibrating the stapes. Even if the air bubble existed in the scala vestibuli, the traversing wave was also generated. When the air bubble existed at the second turn of the cochlea, an envelope of the traversing wave had a notch at the portion where the air bubble existed. The ratio of the maximum amplitude of the basilar membrane in the cochlea with the air bubble to that in the intact cochlea decreased with decreasing frequency. The maximum amplitude of the traversing wave in the cochlea with the air bubble was smaller than that in the intact cochlea by 20 dB at 500 Hz. This result is consistent with clinical data.ConclusionOur results suggest that the intrusion of an air bubble into the scala vestibuli causes hearing loss at low frequencies.SignificanceThe removal of air bubbles into the scala vestibli is needed for hearing improvement.
R443 – Organotypic Co‐Culture of Spiral Ganglion and Organ of Corti
Authors: Husseman Jacob W , Pak Kwang , Chavez Eduardo , Ryan Allen 
Published: August 2008

ProblemThe ability to carry out in vitro culture of the auditory neuroepithelium has provided a powerful means of studying inner ear development. Recently, we have developed an organotypic culture technique that mimics the perinatal cochlea in vivo.MethodsUsing sterile microdissection and in vitro methods, we have been able to co‐culture explanted spiral ganglion (SG) with separate explanted organ of Corti (oC) from different neonatal mice. The SG and oC were co‐cultured in their correct anatomical positions. Success of the technique appears dependent on the use of culture plate inserts which prevent cellular attachment to the plastic culture surface and the resulting migration of neurons and hair cells (HCs).ResultsUsing this technique, we have noted an average of 5–10 neurites per SG explant growing into the oC via the spiral lamina, following the anatomic pathway used during development. Confocal microscopy was used to visualize the contact area between dendritic growth and HCs. This demonstrates branching of neurites to multiple inner HCs as well as some branches extending to outer HCs. This pattern is consistent with early cochlear development. In contrast, with alternate techniques, neurites followed very different paths to the oC, sometimes innervating inner hair cells from the outer hair cell side of the epithelium.ConclusionThis culture system offers a unique capacity to evaluate factors affecting spiral ganglion neurite guidance via manipulation of either the oC or SG.SignificanceThe use of separated SG and oC will allow tissue from knockout mice to be paired with wild‐type tissue, to explore fundamental mechanisms involved in cochlear innervation. Clinical implications include the ability to optimize SG ingrowth to cochlear implant electrodes offering tremendous potential for improving frequency resolution and dynamic range, as well as the ability to direct SG dendrites to regenerated/transplanted HCs as such advances develop.
R444 – Deposits in Semicircular Canal in Meniere's Disease
Authors: Morita Norimasa , Joglekar Shruti Siddharth , Cureoglu Sebahattin , Kariya Shin , Patricia Schachern , Harada Tamotsu , Paparella Michael M 
Published: August 2008

ProblemPositional vertigo is a common complaint in patients with Meniere's disease. Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo has been postulated to be the result of free‐floating degenerative otoconia in the semicircular canal (canalithiasis) or debris that becomes adherent to the cupula (cupulolithiasis). A recent retrospective review of a large population of patients with benign paroxysmal positional veritigo reported a high rate of association of benign paroxysmal positional veritigo and Meniere's disease. The purpose of this study was to investigate the incidence of deposits in the semicircular canals of patients with Meniere's disease compared to their incidence in normal bones.MethodsTemporal bones included: 22 from 11 patients with bilateral Meniere's disease; 38 temporal bones from 19 patients with unilateral Meniere's disease, and 50 age‐matched normal controls from 30 individuals.ResultsThere was a significant difference between normal and diseased temporal bones in the incidence of cupular deposits (p = 0.007 in bilateral and p = 0.01 in Unilateral) and free‐floating deposits (p = 0.007 in bilateral; p = 0.002 in Unilateral) in the posterior semicircular canal. There was no significant difference between normal and diseased temporal bones in the incidence of deposits in other canals.ConclusionThe higher prevalence of free‐floating degenerative otoconia and cupular deposits in the posterior semicircular canal in Meniere's disease indicates their possible association to benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Further clinical and pathological studies are required to confirm this association.SignificanceCanalithiasis or cupulolithiasis may be possible causes of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo in patients with Meniere's disease.SupportInternational Hearing Foundation, Hubbard Foundation, Starkey Foundation.
R446 – Rostral Cochlear Nucleus Changes After Cochlear Ablation
Authors: Robinson Kyle , Godfrey Donald A , Godfrey Matthew A. 
Published: August 2008

ProblemIdentification of neurotransmitter concentration changes occurring in the rostral anterior ventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN) following transection of the auditory nerve within the cochlea.MethodsChinchillas with cochlear ablations, as well as sham‐lesioned chinchillas, were euthanized at times ranging from 3 to 84 days post ablation. Both temporal bones and brains were saved. Temporal bones were fixed, embedded in paraffin and sectioned to document the completeness of the cochlear lesion. Brain portions containing the cochlear nuclei were frozen‐sectioned, and sections were freeze dried. Freeze‐dried sections were microdissected into samples of AVCN for high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay of 12 amino acid concentrations.ResultsThe average concentration of glutamate, the most likely neurotransmitter of auditory nerve fibers, declined in the lesioned‐side rostral AVCN by about 25% at 15 days. This decrease was maintained through 31 days post ablation and became bilateral at 83 days. There was no decrease in the adjacent granular region. Larger lesioned‐side decreases, approaching 50%, were found more caudally in the AVCN at 31 days post ablation. The average concentration of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) decreased bilaterally by 15–25% at 3 through 15 days post ablation.ConclusionThe degeneration of the central portion of the auditory nerve following mechanical ablation of the cochlea is accompanied by decreases of glutamate concentration on the lesioned side but bilateral decreases of GABA in the rostral part of the AVCN. These decreases were smaller than those reported previously for the posteroventral cochlear nucleus (PVCN). However, changes more caudally in AVCN approach those found in PVCN.SignificanceOur results are consistent with other evidence that damage to the cochlea leads to neurotransmitter changes in the central auditory system. The smaller changes in AVCN than in PVCN may correlate with different types of auditory processing in these two regions.SupportThe American Tinnitus Association and the University of Toledo Foundation.
R449 – The Role of DPZF in Inner Ear Development and Function
Authors: Xia Gao 
Published: August 2008

ProblemThe dendritic cell‐derived BTB/POZ zinc finger (DPZF) protein belongs to the C2H2 zinc finger protein transcription factor family. It is localized on chromosome 3 and widely expressed in hematopoietic tissues, including human dendritic cells (DC), monocytes, B cells and T cells. DPZF null mice (DPZF‐/‐) exhibit a circling phenotype, suggestive of an inner ear defect. Here, we present our work on the role of DPZF in hearing defects.MethodsWe used auditory brainstem responses (ABR) and distortion production otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) to test the hearing function of DPZF‐/‐ mice, then gross observation and histopathology analysis including serial sections and scanning electron microscopy were performed to exam the cochlea of DPZF‐/‐ mice.ResultsAuditory brainstem responses (ABR) and distortion production otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) showed that DPZF‐/‐mice were completely deaf. Disorganized and fewer hair cells of the Corti organ in DPZF‐/‐ mice were identified by scanning electron microscopy. Besides, although the hair cells of the utricle and saccule were grossly normal, the stereocilia were greatly reduced in number. Further more, lipofuscin was seen in the stria vascularis with the amount of which increased with age.ConclusionThe impaired hearing and balance function and the morphological abnormalities of inner ears are caused by the deletion of DPZF gene.SignificanceDPZF gene may participates in regulating inner ear development and the DPZF null mice may serve as a new disease model of hearing loss.SupportThis work was supported by the ground of Jiangsu Province Famous Doctor Project(RC2007010).
R452 – Nasopharyngeal Yolk Sac Tumors: A Rare Pediatric Occurrence
Authors: Smith Lorraine M , Osborne Ryan F 
Published: August 2008

ProblemTo report the rare occurrence of a yolk sac tumor of the nose and nasopharynx presenting as acute sinusitis and bilateral complete blindness.MethodsThe clinical presentation, pathologic features, and management of this 2‐year‐old infant girl is reviewed. We also performed a medical literature search in English using PUBMED and OVID databases. We then analyzed the literature with respect to clinical presentation, manifestations and therapies for other extra‐gonadal yolk sac tumors presenting in the head and neck.ResultsThe patient was treated with 4 courses of high dose cis‐platinum, etoposide, bleomycin repeated every 3 weeks along with surgery. She had initial mild improvement in visual perception along with shrinkage of her tumor. The yolk sac malignancies of the head and neck are often, large, aggressive lesions on presentation that once treated have a tendency to recur.ConclusionYolk sac tumors (endodermal sinus tumors) represent 3–5% of pediatric malignancies. They are rare malignancies in the head and neck, of germ cell origin. Successful treatment usually requires a combination of chemotherapy and surgical extirpation followed by postoperative chemotherapy.SignificanceRecurrent sinusitis and nasal obstruction in children should be evaluated carefully and with a high level of suspicion for rare nasal and nasopharyngeal malignancies. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment may alleviate many of the presenting symptoms and prolong life.
R454 – Antibiotic Prophylaxis In Otorhinolaryngology
Authors: Fennessy Brendan 
Published: August 2008

ProblemThe efficacy of perioperative antimicrobial therapy in reducing the rate of wound infections has been demonstrated in clinical trials. However, their use is not a panacea and their misuse may have considerable implications including the emergence of resistance and the risk of reaction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prophylactic use of antibiotics in otorhinolaryngological procedures in the perioperative period.MethodsA prospective audit of 51 patients undergoing twelve different consecutive, non‐day case ENT procedures was undertaken over a 4 week period. Each patient was evaluated from the time of antibiotic commencement through their operative procedure, until the treatment was discontinued.ResultsThe mean age of the patients was 32.5 years (range 3 to 80 years), of whom 23 (45%) were male. A total of 34 / 51 (66%) patients were administered 4 different antibiotics, each being prophylactic in nature. Where guidelines existed, the prescribing was non adherent in 86% of cases. The antimicrobial prophylaxis was administered at induction in 20/34 (59%), intraoperatively in 3/34 (9%) and postoperatively in 11/34 (32%) of patients. The intravenous courses prescribed were for a mean of 2.8 doses (range 1 to 15).ConclusionThis study has demonstrated a lack of adherence to guidelines in the perioperative administration of antimicrobial agent and inappropriate timing of prophylaxis in 41% of prescribing.SignificanceThis may have significant economic, infection control and medical implications.
R458 – Drug Delivery to the Sinuses‐ Basics and Aerosol Dynamics
Authors: Schuschnig Uwe , Weigand Ashley Norris , Keller Manfred , Elisabeth Klopfer , Krüner Axel , Luber Martin 
Published: August 2008

ProblemDrug delivery to the sinuses via aerosols appears to be a very difficult task, since the paranasal cavities are virtually non‐vented cavities. However, there is a scientifically traceable approach to transport aerosol to the sinuses via pressure differences using so‐called “vibrating” or “sonic” aerosols which suggests that pressure fluctuations increase aerosol diffusion and ventilate dead spaces by flow induction.MethodsThe influence of droplet size, vibration frequency and flow rate on drug delivery to the nasal and paranasal cavities was studied in a human nasal cast model (NC). One ml of a Levofloxacin solution (100 mg/ml) was aerosolized into the NC by a VibrENT prototype nebulizer generating a slow, high density aerosol (MMD = 3.7μm) via a perforated vibrating membrane in connection with an adjustable pulsation source.ResultsTotal paranasal cavity deposition was highest (‐20 % of label claim) configured with ostia of 1 and 3 mm in diameter and sinus volumes of 7, 12 and 23 ml when VibrENT was operated at flow rates below 3 1/min and a pulsation frequency of 36 Hz. Delivery efficiency decreased at higher frequencies, higher flow rates and with larger aerosol droplets. Omission of pulsation resulted in no paranasal deposition and a drop in nasal cavity deposition from more than 50% to about 6%. Drug deposition to the sinuses is also significantly (p<0.01) affected by the ostium diameter and sinus volume, being lowest (∼0.2 %) at a large ostium diameter (6 mm) and a low sinus volume (7 ml).ConclusionIt is possible to deliver aerosol to the sinuses but physical boundary conditions like pulsation frequency, aerosol size and flow rate have to be considered for an efficient transport as well as sinus anatomy. PARI VibrENT addresses these requirements.SignificanceEfficient drug transport to the sinuses enables novel therapeutic approaches.
R459 – Relation Between SPA And Symptoms Of Patients With AR And NP
Authors: Yuqin Deng , Zezhang Tao , Yonggang Kong 
Published: August 2008

ProblemThe aim of this study was to examine if allergic rhinitis and nasal polyposis are associated with the level of surfactant protein‐A.MethodsSinus mucosal biopsies were performed in patients with allergic rhinitis(n=15), nasal polyposis(n=21) and controls(n=10). Immunolocalization of surfactant protein was performed with antibodies to SP‐A using Streptavidin Peroxidase Conjugated Method and indirect immunofluorescence method. Blood serums were obtained from three subjects in each group for enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analysis of surfactant protein‐A.ResultsBy ELISA, AR (n =15) and NP (n = 21) showed significantly decreased levels of SP‐A when compared with controls (n= 10), although these two groups were not statistically significant. Immunohistochemical investigation showed intense SP‐A staining in the nasal epithelium of each groups, but weak staining in patients with AR and NP.ConclusionWe report for the first time the expression of SP‐A in both diseased and normal nasal mucosa using the indirect immunofluorescence method. There was an inverse relation between surfactant protein‐A levels and symptoms and signs of rhinitis in patients with AR and NP.SignificanceSP‐A may play a defensive role in the chronic inflammatory diseases of upper airway. Understanding the exact role of SP‐A in the upper airway diseases will help develop novel treatment approaches for sinonasal pathoses.
R461 – Role of the Larynx in the Respiratory Reflex Evoked by CPAP
Authors: Ho Ching ‐ Yin , Tan Ching‐Ting , Wu Meng Chuan 
Published: August 2008

ProblemNasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is standard treatment of obstructive sleep apnea disease. Previous studies demonstrated that CPAP could induce apneic response. We will investigate the role of temperature and humility in positive continuous pressure flow‐induced apnea in this study.MethodsUsing functionally isolated laryngeal animal modal, 42 adult male Sprague‐Dawley rats were used. Study 1, animals were challenged with long‐time stimulation (1 min) to detect the possibility of adaptation. Study 2, Different condition airflow (25C dry‐25C dry, 25C dry‐25C wet, 25C dry‐37C dry and 25C dry‐37C wet) was delivered to find the role of temperature and humidification in the flow‐induced apneic response of larynx. Apneic index was calculated by prolonged expiratory time/baseline expiratory time.ResultsLaryngeal dry room temperature air exposure could induce apneic response and this response is reproducible and could be eliminated by humidification. In contraction, this apneic response could not be inhibited by increasing temperature.ConclusionLaryngeal cold dry air stimulation triggered the apneic response which could be eliminated by humidification but not by heating of air. This result informed us using CPAP with humidified air could decrease the CPAP‐induced apnea.SignificanceUsing CPAP with humidified air could decrease the CPAP‐induced apnea and increase the CPAP compliance.SupportNTUH93S034 by Dr. Tan and NSC 93‐2314‐B‐075‐028 by Dr. Ho.
Ontogenetic niche feeding partitioning in juvenile of white sea catfishGenidens barbusin estuarine environments, southern Brazil
Authors: Mendoza-Carranza Manuel , Vieira João Paes 
Published: August 2008

Ontogenetic diet changes (prey species richness and size) in juveniles of white sea catfish(Genidens barbus)were tested in three southern Brazilian estuaries: Mampituba (29°12′S), Tramandaí (30°02′S), Chuí (33°44′S). Cluster analysis revealed that white sea catfish juvenile populations in the three estuaries are composed of two feeding groups. These two feeding groups are coincident with a bimodal size–age distribution of the juveniles of white sea catfish. In small catfish (5 to 10 cm TL) copepods were the most numerous prey (Chuí = 86.66%N, Tramandaí = 85.52%N and Mampituba = 52.34%N). In large catfish (10 to 20 cm TL) the most abundant and frequent prey was fish (Chuí: 73.19%N and 74.56%FO; Tramandaí: 85.92%N and 73.33%FO; Mampituba: 52.34%N and 61.54%FO). The Morisita overlap index among small and large fish was low in all estuaries; high values of Morisita's similarity index were observed among same size catfish groups. In all cases, no differences were observed among prey bio-volume curves of same size predator groups (small, F = 0.41,P = 0.65; large, F = 2.19,P = 0.11). In all estuaries, prey size increased significantly with increasing predator size. The 90th regression quantile estimated with most precision the predator–prey size relationship.
Inoculation and Passaging of Mammalian Monolayer Cell Cultures
Authors: Darlington Gretchen J. 
Published: August 2008

INTRODUCTIONCells grown in monolayer proliferate to a confluent state in which the cells cover the growth surface of the flask. Some cells can be maintained in this plateau phase of growth for days to weeks, while others require trypsinization and subculture to survive. Cell lines requiring trypsinization usually do not display contact inhibition of growth and continue to proliferate. Ultimately, they peel off the surface of the flasks and are difficult to disperse and replate. This protocol describes a procedure for the subculture of mammalian cells in monolayer culture.
Quantifying Protein by Bicinchoninic Acid
Authors: Simpson Richard J. 
Published: August 2008

INTRODUCTIONThis protocol describes a method of quantifying protein that is a variation of the Lowry assay. It uses bicinchoninic acid (BCA) to enhance the detection of Cu+ generated under alkaline conditions at sites of complexes between Cu2+ and protein. The resulting chromophore absorbs at 562 nm. This technique is divided into three parts: Standard Procedure, Microprocedure, and 96-Well Microtiter Plate Procedure. For each procedure, test samples are assayed in parallel with protein standards that are used to generate a calibration curve, and the exact concentration of protein in the test samples is interpolated. The standard BCA assay uses large volumes of both reagents and samples and cannot easily be automated. If these issues are important, the Microprocedure is recommended. This in turn can be adapted for use with a microplate reader in the 96-Well Microtiter Plate Procedure. If the microplate reader is interfaced with a computer, more than 1000 samples can be read per hour.
Cryosectioning Tissues
Authors: Fischer Andrew H. , Jacobson Kenneth A. , Rose Jack , Zeller Rolf 
Published: August 2008

INTRODUCTIONCryosections are rapidly and relatively easily prepared prior to fixation, and they provide a good system for visualizing fine details of the cell. Although cryosections are physically less stable than paraffin- or resin-embedded sections, they are generally superior for the preservation of antigenicity and therefore the detection of antigens by microscopy. The preparation of cryosections does not involve the dehydration steps typical of other sectioning methods, and, furthermore, sectioning, labeling, and observation of specimens can usually be carried out in one day. In general, the sample is frozen quickly in either isopentane or liquid nitrogen. (Small samples such as cells and small tissues may be mixed in a slurry of an inert support medium such as optimal cutting temperature [OCT] compound before freezing). Rapid freezing reduces ice crystal formation and minimizes morphological damage. Frozen sections may be used for a variety of procedures, including immunochemistry, enzymatic detection, and in situ hybridization. A protocol for cryosectioning is presented here.