bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Buddhist Rituals for Protecting the Country in Medieval Japan: Myōan Eisai's “Regulations of the Zen School”
Authors: Welter Albert 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Chapter 3 provides a concrete analysis of Zen ritual in the earliest stages of Japanese Zen, including an important discussion of the reasons given for the practice of Zen ritual. This chapter suggests that the function of ritual in Eisai's account of Zen is to serve the communal needs of the society as a whole, and is not primarily a tool in the quest for individual enlightenment. Looking closely at Eisai's seminal text, “Promoting Zen for Protecting the Country,” Zen monasteries were collective enterprises in the service of the moral and social order to the nation is shown. Existing at the will of the Kamakura bakufu leaders, Zen institutions sought to fulfill their social/political roles, and one of the most important of these was to conduct rituals for protecting the country. Eisai's “sixteen types of ceremonies” show clearly all of the ways in which Eisai sought to fulfill his obligation as a Zen master to the government and to Japanese society as a whole.
How International Law Works
Authors: Guzman Andrew 
Published: January 2008

AbstractApplying rational-choice theory to international law and international relations, this book offers a comprehensive theory of the subject, how it operates, and why it works. Taking as a starting point that states comply only when it is in their self‐interest to do so, the book demonstrates that international law nevertheless supports cooperation among states. This book develops a theory of international law to explain how concerns about reciprocal non‐compliance, retaliation, and reputation discourage states from violating their international legal commitments. By building a theory from the ground up, this book is able to address international law in all its forms, including treaties, customary international law, and “soft law.” It explains that contrary to conventional views on the subject, there is no stark difference between these different types of international law. Rather, each represents a position on a spectrum of commitment and is distinguished by the strength of the obligation it imposes. Once the various legal forms are recognized as different in degree rather than kind, other features of the system are easier to understand. The book discusses how the substantive content of an international agreement relates to its form, including whether the agreement provides for dispute resolution, monitoring, exit, escape, and reservations. With respect to customary international law, this book explains how and why such rules of law work, and how existing notions of custom must be adapted to accommodate the rational choice approach.
A General Theory of International Law
Authors: Guzman Andrew T 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter presents the basic theory of international law that is then used throughout the book. It explains how the forces of reputation, retaliation, and reciprocity (the Three Rs of Compliance) make international law work. It discusses the various types of problems that international law and international agreements seek to address, ranging from simple coordination problems to difficult prisoner's dilemma problems. The role of international tribunals in the operation of international law is also discussed, as are the particular challenges presented by multilateral agreements.
“And Jacob Remained Alone”
Authors: Diamond Eliezer 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Judaism has been opposed to celibacy because marriage was a normal condition and a divine ordinance. The Jewish tradition provides evidence of exceptions to the rule against celibacy among marginal sects, such as the Therapeutrides, Essences, and Qumran community. There were even exceptions made by Rabbinic Judaism associated with Torah study.
New Directions in Dialogue
Authors: Smith Jane Idleman 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe attacks of 9/11 made a definitive change in the ways in which Muslims and Christians in America think about each other, enter into dialogue, and in general come to terms with how to live together as citizens of one country. Tensions continue to rise as the world becomes more troubled and the war on terror ratchets up. New ways of doing business will need to characterize attempts at dialogue. This concluding chapter considers some of the new directions that may help Muslims and Christians share the difficult task of modeling to the world how engagement other than retaliation and aggression can succeed while warfare guarantees success for no one.
NINE INSULT HUMOR
Authors: Neu Jerome 
Published: January 2008

AbstractHumor, like ritual, may sometimes license otherwise offensive insults. When and why? The special genre of insult humor, including roasts, is considered along with Freud's account of the role of collusion in tendentious humor broadly conceived. When is it wrong to laugh? Satire, teasing, and bullying sometimes take the ridicule in insult humor to the extremes of aggression.
The Prophet as Antichrist and Arab Lucifer (Early Times to 1600)
Authors: Quinn Frederick 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter discusses the changing Western perceptions of Islam from the Middle Ages to the present. Topics covered include images of Islam, Christian-Islamic contact in history, accounts of Islam that emerged, later Catholic views of Islam, the Protestant view, positive strains of interpretation of Islam, and depictions of Islam in Western literary works of the Middle Ages.
Introduction
Authors: Hatcher Brian A. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This introductory chapter begins with a brief discussion of the establishment of the group, Tattvabodhinī Sabhā, or the Truth-Propagating Society, in 1839, whose chief goal was to educate the Bengali reading public regarding the religion its members liked to call Vedānta, a religion they believed to be enshrined in India's ancient Upanishads. The chapter then explains the book's use of the terms “bourgeois Hinduism” and the “faith of the modern Vedantists”, then discusses what makes the Sabhyadiger vaktṛtā so remarkable. An overview of the chapters in this volume is presented.
Debendranath Tagore and the Tattvabodhinī Sabhā
Authors: Hatcher Brian A. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter discusses the origins of the Tattvabodhinī Sabhā. Topics covered include the early religious experiences of Debendranath Tagore, Debendranath's great awakening, founding of the Tattvabodhinī Sabhā, and understanding Sabhyadiger vaktṛtā in its moment.
An Ornament for Jewels
Authors: Hopkins Steven P. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
A thematically organized, annotated anthology of translations from the Sanskrit, Tamil, and Maharashtri Prakrit devotional poetry of the South Indian Srivaisnava philosopher, sectarian preceptor (Acarya), and saint‐poet Venkatanatha or Venkatesha, also known as Vedantadesika (c. 1268‐1369). The poems collected in this volume, composed out of devotion (bhakti) for one particular Hindu god, Vishnu Devanayaka, the “Lord of Gods” at Tiruvahindrapuram, form a microcosm of the saint‐poet's work. They encompass major themes of Vedantadesika's devotional poetics, from the play of divine absence and presence in the world of religious emotions; the “telescoping” of time past and future in the eternal “present” of the poem; love, human vulnerability and the impassible perfected body of god; to the devotional experience of a “beauty that saves” and to the paradoxical coexistence of asymmetry and intimacy of lover and beloved at the heart of the divine‐human encounter. Moreover, these poems form more than a thematic microcosm, but also embrace all three of the poet's working languages—forming a linguistic one as well. Each translated poem forms a chapter in itself, has its own individual short afterword, along with detailed linguistic and thematic notes and commentary. The volume concludes, for comparative reasons, with a translation of Tirumankaiyalvar's luminous cycle of verses for Devanayaka from the Periyatirumoli. As much an argument as an anthology, this book will be of interest to students and scholars of South Asian studies, comparative religion, and Indian literatures.
Political Priests
Authors: Domke David , Coe Kevin 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the first religious signal: speaking the language of the faithful. Two types of presidential communications — invocations of God and invocations of faith — are examined in all major presidential speeches since the Inauguration of Franklin Roosevelt in 1933. The evidence reveals dramatic increases in both types of language beginning in 1981 with the Inauguration of Ronald Reagan. Since that time, presidents have made direct references to God a more consistent and more prominent part of their public speeches. They have also made invocations of faith — using terms such as Bible, blessing, church, crusade, mission, pray, and the like — a more prominent part of their speeches. Further evidence reveals that these changes cannot be accounted for by political party, the occurrence of war, or the prospect of facing a re-election campaign. Regardless of these factors, the past four presidents have engaged in religious politics in a way that previous modern presidents did not.
Morality Politics
Authors: Domke David , Coe Kevin 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the fourth and final religious signal: engaging in morality politics. Morality politics is an approach that elevates political issues into symbolic, moral battles. The evidence in this chapter comes from Republican and Democratic party platforms since 1932. It considers five issues central to religious conservatives' political engagement: abortion, the Equal Rights Amendment, same-sex relationships, school prayer, and stem-cell research. Analyzing platforms language shows that since 1980 Republicans have increasingly aligned their issue positions with those of religious conservatives, while Democrats have done the opposite. Further, Republicans have elevated the importance of these issues by attacking the courts and calling for constitutional amendments, while also grounding their claims in the language of faith and family. The chapter concludes with an analysis of three Justice Sunday events, which showcase morality politics in its most overt form.
Prologue
Authors: Ruffin J. Rixey 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The prologue narrates both the formative years of Bentley's life before his call to the East Church in 1783 and also the history of that church before that date. Born the son of an artisan father in Boston's North End in 1759 but educated at Harvard thanks to his own intellectual skills and the financial largesse of his maternal grandfather, Bentley began and continued through his life straddling two social worlds, a tension that would later help drive his ideological changes. Meanwhile, members of the East Church were no longer satisfied with their pastor after the Revolutionary War. They wanted a corresponding change of leadership in their own spiritual community. They could not easily dismiss their existing pastor, but they could call an assistant pastor in order to bring the conflict to a head. In Bentley they found their man and in 1783 invited him up to Salem.
13 We See in the Dark
Authors: Sorensen Roy 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe experience of a man in a perfectly dark cave is a representation of an absence of light, not an absence of representation. There is certainly a difference between his perceptual knowledge and that of his blind companion. Only the sighted man can tell whether the cave is dark just by looking. But perhaps he is merely inferring darkness from his failure to see. To get an unambiguous answer, the focus is switched from perceptual knowledge to nonepistemic seeing. The conclusion is that we see even in the limiting case of absolute darkness – regardless of whether we believe we are seeing. We see little of practical interest. But in terms of basic information, we see about as much as we do when the lights are on. Depending on what has gone before and after, we may even see ordinary objects.
Zen Writes
Authors: Heine Steven 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe first issue discussed in Chapter Two is ineffability versus speech, which concerns the role of language and discourse in a tradition that has produced voluminous texts despite an emphasis on being a special transmission without reliance on words and letters. This chapter considers the question of whether Zen literature is primarily used as a heuristic device, as claimed by the traditional view, or represents some kind of gibberish, as charged by critical Buddhism's harshest skeptics, by comparing the wordplay and allusions in Zen commentaries to the “nonsense” writing in Lewis Carroll's Alice in Wonderland and the free‐floating surrealism of T. S. Eliot's The Wasteland. By focusing on several specific kōan case records, the chapter argues that Zen literature is the product of carefully constructed narratives. The narratives are not nonsense in the conventional use of the term, but show the role of bizarre or outrageous personal interactions between masters and disciples that establish the value of radical anti‐structural behavior within the otherwise conservative setting of monastic institutional structure.
Zen Rights
Authors: Heine Steven 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe third topic dealt with in Chapter Four, societal harmony versus discrimination, is the most hotly contested area between the traditional and critical Zen standpoints. It involves the impact of Zen, which espouses peace and tolerance, on a variety of social issues, including class and gender discrimination as well as nationalism and imperialism in Japan. The chapter traces the roots of antinomianism, and of how this tendency has led to apparently compromised values and a static sense of status quo‐ism in the context of the ethical concerns of modern society to a lack of regard in Zen practice for the role of confessionals. It also discusses the possibility for recapturing a genuine sense of repentance, and of what is referred to in modern Japan as self‐criticism in the Zen outlook.
3 Biotechnology and the Food Label
Authors: Degnan Fred H. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Should the food label serve to communicate required information about whether food is the product of biotechnology or contains ingredients that are produced using biotechnology? Unlike most other regulatory authorities throughout the whole world, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has resisted the urgings of interested parties to require such information to appear on a broad-scale basis. This position finds root in both science and law. Specifically, from a scientific perspective, FDA has concluded that there is nothing inherently unsafe or mysterious about food biotechnology. As a result of this conclusion, any effort by FDA to require biotechnology-related information to appear on the food label would be inconsistent with FDA's statutory authority and with the labeling policies and precedents that have derived from that authority. At the heart of these policies and precedents is the notion that to be required to appear on the food label, information must be essential and material to a consumer's ability to choose food wisely.
Internal Constraints on Criminalization
Authors: Husak Douglas 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter argues that the criminal law itself, and especially its so‐called “general part,” is the source of four internal constraints on the authority of the state to enact and enforce penal offenses: crimes must be designed to proscribe a harm or evil; criminal conduct must be wrongful; persons may only be punished according to their desert; and the state must bear the burden of proof to justify a penal offense. These constraints are derived from an understanding of what the criminal law is: that body of law that subjects persons to punishment and thus implicates valuable rights. Each constraint is given a novel defense and applied to a handful of examples. In particular, these constraints create difficulties in attempts to justify many of the mala prohibita offenses that have been enacted recently.
3 External Constraints on Criminalization
Authors: Husak Douglas 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The internal constraints introduced in chapter two are supplemented by three external constraints derived from a political account of the conditions under which the state may infringe the important rights implicated by punishment: a criminal offense is unjustified unless the government has a substantial interest in enacting it; the statute must directly advance the government's purpose; and the law must be no more extensive than necessary to achieve its objective. These three constraints are defended, embellished, and applied to a handful of controversial examples, including laws designed to serve expressive functions, statutes with a paternalistic rationale, and drug and gun controls. To implement these constraints effectively, legal philosophers need an analysis of public wrongs, empirical data, and a theory of the objectives the state may legitimately pursue. The final section argues that many crimes designed to prevent risk will fail to satisfy these constraints, largely because they are overinclusive.
Inventing the "American Way"
Authors: Wall Wendy 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
For fifty years, scholars and popular commentators have portrayed the decades immediately following World War II as a time of unusually deep and well-grounded national unity, a period when postwar affluence and the Cold War combined to naturally produce a remarkable level of agreement about the nation’s core values. This book challenges that vision of inevitable consensus. Americans were united, it argues, not so much by identical beliefs, as by a shared conviction that a distinctive “American Way” existed and that reinforcing such common ground was essential to the future of the nation. This book also suggests that the roots of that consensus political culture lie, not in the postwar years, but in the turbulent decade that preceded U.S. entry into World War II. The social and economic chaos of the Depression years alarmed a diverse array of groups, as did the rise of two “alien” ideologies: fascism and communism. In this context, Americans of divergent backgrounds and agendas seized on the notion of a unifying “American Way” and sought to convince their fellow citizens of its merits.
This book traces the competing efforts of business groups, politicians, leftist intellectuals, interfaith proponents, foreign policy strategists, civil rights activists and many others over nearly three decades to shape public understandings of the “American Way.” It explores the politics behind cultural productions ranging from The Adventures of Superman to the Freedom Train that circled the nation in the late 1940s, and locates the origins of phrases such as “free enterprise” and the “Judeo-Christian tradition” that remain central to American political life. In uncovering the culture wars of the mid-twentieth century, it sheds new light on a period that proved pivotal for America’s national identity and that provides the unspoken backdrop for debates over multiculturalism, national unity, and public values today.
Reforming the Church
Authors: Collins David J. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter draws attention to the type of saints which appeared most frequently in the humanist hagiography, the holy bishop. These holy bishops, drawn from all eras of Germany's ancient and medieval past, consistently modelled a way of achieving church reform that was predicated on a sense of Christianity's lamentable state and the bishops' proper role as the agent of reform. Humanist authors embedded their perceptions of contemporary problems and their proposed solutions in the vitae of the ancient and medieval holy bishops: The German peoples needed a re‐evangelization in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries analogous to the evangelization of pagan tribes by missionary bishops centuries before. The confidence in the holy bishop was decidedly more emphatic in this period than it had been in previous centuries; lives of holy bishops had been much neglected in the later Middle Ages. The attractiveness of this plan for reform was not limited to humanists but drew the authors into alliances with like‐minded patrons and devotees beyond narrow humanist circles.
The New Quest for Schweitzer
Authors: Barsam Ara Paul 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
It has been said that there is no ethics without meta‐ethics: too true, Schweitzer would say. The philosophical ground‐plan against which Schweitzer operates — particularly Schopenhauer's and Nietzsche's metaphysics of the “will” — is explored in this chapter in order to understand Schweitzer's particular characterization of life as the “will‐to‐live”. Moreover, whereas previous commentators have focused on reverence for life as a philosophical ethic located in that tradition, this Chapter demonstrates that Schweitzer's theology provides the hitherto undiscerned foundation for his “ethical mysticism”.
Knowing the “One Unknown”
Authors: Barsam Ara Paul 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Schweitzer's interest is not in mysticism per se , but only in “ethical mysticism”, that is, mysticism directed outwards towards the service of other suffering life. Christ mysticism provides the entry into this new life of service and the heralding of a new creation. Chapter Five exposes the organic link for Schweitzer between eschatology and mysticism, particularly in his notion of “practical eschatology” which anticipates Karl Barth's account of the moral life in terms of an eschatological activism, and, even more recently, Jürgen Moltmann's use of the very term in his theology of hope.
Inauspicious Enthronement
Authors: Baer Marc David 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter explores Mehmed IV's turbulent accession to the sultanate at the age of seven following the dethronement (and subsequent execution) of his father, Ibrahim. Nearly a week after Ibrahim was dethroned and put under house arrest, and his son Prince Mehmed became Sultan Mehmed IV, the royal family boarded a skiff at the imperial boathouse down the hill from Topkapı Palace and took a short journey up the Golden Horn to make a pilgrimage to the district of Eyüp, a fundamental part of an Ottoman sultan's enthronement. The purpose of the boy's first trip beyond the palace walls was for him to visit the city's most sacred cemetery; gird the sword of the sultanate in its most holy mosque; acquire both the charisma of a man who fought for Muhammad and that of his sultanic predecessors; ride on horseback through the city mimicking Mehmed II's triumphant path after the conquest; and, finally, to display his munificence to his subjects, who would be able to see him for the first time.
Conversion and Conquest
Authors: Baer Marc David 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter analyzes how Ottoman historians writing after a mature Mehmed IV moved to Edirne, depicting him as a model, active sultan. In their accounts he is a pious, strong, manly, warrior (ghazi) sultan, who reclaimed power taken by royal women and, with his preacher at his side, converted many people and many places throughout the Ottoman Europe. The perspective of contemporary chronicle writers allows a revision of how scholars have depicted Mehmed IV as well as the evolution of the sultanate and the figure of the sultan in the 17th century. According to the authors of books of kings and conquest books, works written to extol the virtues of the sultans and grand viziers who conquered infidel citadels and cities, sultans could still matter, and Mehmed IV certainly did. The chapter focuses on the link between conversion and conquest during the successful final siege of Candia, Crete.