bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A comparative proteome and phosphoproteome analysis of differentially regulated proteins during fertilization in the self‐incompatible species Solanum chacoense Bitt.
Authors: Vyetrogon Kateryna , Tebbji Faiza , Olson Douglas J. H. , Ross Andrew R. S. , Matton Daniel P. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractWe have used 2‐DE for a time‐course study of the changes in protein and phosphoprotein expression that occur immediately after fertilization in Solanum chacoense. The phosphorylation status of the detected proteins was determined with three methods: in vivo labeling, immunodetection, and phosphoprotein‐specific staining. Using a pI range of 4–7, 262 phosphorylated proteins could be mapped to the 619 proteins detected by Sypro Ruby staining, representing 42% of the total proteins. Among these phosphoproteins, antibodies detected 184 proteins from which 78 were also detected with either of the other two methods (42%). Pro‐Q Diamond phosphoprotein stain detected 111 proteins, of which 76 were also detected with either of the other two methods (68%). The 32P in vivo labeling method detected 90 spots from which 78 were also detected with either of other two methods (87%). On comparing before and after fertilization profiles, 38 proteins and phosphoproteins presented a reproducible change in their accumulation profiles. Among these, 24 spots were selected and analyzed by LC‐MS/MS using a hybrid quadrupole‐TOF (Q‐TOF) instrument. Peptide data were searched against publicly available protein and EST databases, and the putative roles of the identified proteins in early fertilization events are discussed.
Novel polymeric, thio‐containing photoinitiator comprising in‐chain benzophenone and an amine coinitiator for photopolymerization
Authors: Wei Jun , Wang Hongyu , Yin Jie 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA novel thio‐containing diamine with a benzophenone structure, 4‐amino‐4′‐[4‐aminothiophenyl]benzophenone (AATBP), was synthesized. Two kinds of polymeric photoinitiators, PUPIA and PUPI, were synthesized through the polycondensation of toluene‐2,4‐diisocyanate with AATBP and/or N‐methyldiethanolamine (MDEA). A macroamine, PUPA, was also synthesized for comparison. Fourier transform infrared, 1H NMR, and gel permeation chromatography analyses confirmed the structures of all the polymers. The ultraviolet–visible spectra of PUPIA, PUPI, and AATBP were similar, and all exhibited the maximal absorption above 325 nm. The photopolymerization of two monomers with different functionalities, poly(propylene glycol)diacrylate and trimethylolpropane triacrylate initiated by PUPIA, PUPI/MDEA, PUPI/PUPA, AATBP/MDEA, and AATBP/PUPA, was studied through differential scanning photocalorimetry. The results showed that both PUPIA and PUPI/MDEA had high photoefficiency, and their low‐molecular‐weight counterparts could hardly initiate the photopolymerization. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 576–587, 2007
Synthesis and characterization of a novel liquid‐crystalline epoxy resin combining biphenyl and aromatic ester‐type mesogenic units
Authors: Cai Zhi‐Qi , Sun Jianzhong , Zhou Qiyun , Xu Junlong 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA novel liquid‐crystalline epoxy resin combining biphenyl and aromatic ester‐type mesogenic units, diglycidyl ether of 4,4′‐bis(4‐hydroxybenzoyloxy)‐3,3′,5,5′‐tetramethyl biphenyl, was synthesized. Its spectroscopic structure, thermal properties, and phase structures were investigated with NMR, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and polarized light microscopy (PLM), respectively. The curing agent, diaminodiphenylsulfone, was chosen to investigate the curing behavior by means of DSC and PLM during isothermal and nonisothermal processes. Only one exothermal peak appeared in the isothermal DSC curves. Birefringence was also observed during the curing processes and preserved after postcuring. Compared with short rigid‐rod and flexible epoxies, the cured liquid‐crystalline epoxy resin that was obtained displayed special thermal stability according to thermogravimetric analysis because of its long rigid‐rod mesogenic unit and bulky methyl groups. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 727–735, 2007
Strong and weak hydrogen bonds in the protein–ligand interface
Authors: Panigrahi Sunil K. , Desiraju Gautam R. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe characteristics of NH···O, OH···O, and CH···O hydrogen bonds and other weak intermolecular interactions are analyzed in a large and diverse group of 251 protein–ligand complexes using a new computer program that was developed in‐house for this purpose. The interactions examined in the present study are those which occur in the active sites, defined here as a sphere of 10 Å radius around the ligand. Notably, NH···O and OH···O bonds tend towards linearity. Multifurcated interactions are especially common, especially multifurcated acceptors, and the average degree of furcation is 2.6 hydrogen bonds per furcated acceptor. A significant aspect of this study is that we have been able to assess the reliability of hydrogen bond geometry as a function of crystallographic resolution. Thresholds of 2.3 and 2.0 Å are established for strong and weak hydrogen bonds, below which hydrogen bond geometries may be safely considered for detailed analysis. Interactions involving water as donor or acceptor, and CH···O bonds with Gly and Tyr as donors are ubiquitous in the active site. A similar trend was observed in an external test set of 233 protein–ligand complexes belonging to the kinase family. Weaker interactions like XH···π (X = C, N, O) and those involving halogen atoms as electrophiles or nucleophiles have also been studied. We conclude that the strong and weak hydrogen bonds are ubiquitous in protein–ligand recognition, and that with suitable computational tools very large numbers of strong and weak intermolecular interactions in the ligand–protein interface may be analyzed reliably. Results confirm earlier trends reported previously by us but the extended nature of the present data set mean that the observed trends are more reliable. Proteins 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Learning to teach science as inquiry in the rough and tumble of practice
Authors: Crawford Barbara A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThis study examined the knowledge, beliefs and efforts of five prospective teachers to enact teaching science as inquiry, over the course of a one‐year high school fieldwork experience. Data sources included interviews, field notes, and artifacts, as these prospective teachers engaged in learning how to teach science. Research questions included 1) What were these prospective teachers' beliefs of teaching science? 2) To what extent did these prospective teachers articulate understandings of teaching science as inquiry? 3) In what ways, if any, did these prospective teachers endeavor to teach science as inquiry in their classrooms? 4) In what ways did the mentor teachers' views of teaching science appear to support or constrain these prospective teachers' intentions and abilities to teach science as inquiry? Despite support from a professional development school setting, the Interns' teaching strategies represented an entire spectrum of practice—from traditional, lecture‐driven lessons, to innovative, open, full‐inquiry projects. Evidence suggests one of the critical factors influencing a prospective teacher's intentions and abilities to teach science as inquiry, is the teacher's complex set of personal beliefs about teaching and of science. This paper explores the methodological issues in examining teachers' beliefs and knowledge in actual classroom practice. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 44: 613–642, 2007.
A preliminary model to simulate the effect of insecticides on a spider‐leafhopper system in the paddy field
Authors: Sasaba Takafumi , Kiritani Keizi , Urabe Tatsuo 
Published: January 2007

SummaryOn the basis of life‐table studies of the green rice leafhopper, Nephotettix cincticepsUhler, a descriptive model was constructed to simulate the life system of leafhoppers in the paddy field.Computer simulation demonstrated the existence of an optimum ratio of predators to prey in utilization of spiders for the control of leafhoppers. Also the population density of Lycosa which prey upon leafhoppers appears to determine the feasibility of controlling leafhoppers with reduced number of applications of selective insecticides. The increase of leafhoppers after application of non‐selective insecticides was also simulated by the proposed model.
A new variety of low‐linolenic rapeseed oil; Characteristics and room‐odor tests
Authors: Prévôt A. , Perrin J. L. , Laclaverie G. , Auge Ph. , Coustille J. L. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractTwo Canadian rapeseed oils, “Westar” and “low‐linolenic”, supplied by the Canola Council were studied and compared with a French rapeseed. The linolenic acid content of the low‐linolenic variety is about 3%. This drop in the C18∶3 is completely compensated for by an increase in the C18∶2. Seventy‐two percent of the triglycerides with at least one linolenic chain disappeared. A strong increase in the OOL and OLL was observed. The room‐odor tests showed that the “low‐linolenic” had a significantly higher odor score than the French rapeseed and the “Westar”, both of these being very similar. A fruity odor dominated in the “low‐linolenic”, and the fishy painty odors were particularly reduced.
Lipase catalyzed alcoholysis of sunflower oil
Authors: Mittelbach Martin 
Published: January 2007

AbstractLipase‐catalyzed alcoholysis of sunflower oil under anhydrous conditions was examined. Lipases fromPseudomonas fluorescens and 2 immobilized enzymes fromMucor miehei and aCandida sp. gave sufficient conversion with petroleum ether as the solvent, even when methanol and ethanol were used. The overall content of tri‐, di‐ and monoglycerides, as well as the corresponding alkyl esters, was measured. BecausePseudomonas lipase led to almost quantitative esterification, further studies were carried out with that enzyme varying the amounts of enzyme or the alcohols. Acceptable conversions were achieved even without solvent. Reaction rates of alcoholysis with 5 homologous alcohols, with or without the addition of water, were measured, and in all cases the reaction rates increased with higher chain length of the alcohol. In the case of methanol the highest rate was obtained without any addition of water, but a significantly higher rate was observed with 96% ethanol as opposed to absolute ethanol. The main advantages of lipasecatalyzed, nonaqueous alcoholysis as compared to classical procedures are the mild reaction conditions, the isolation of glycerin without further purification and without the formation of chemical waste, and the ability of lipases to catalyze the esterification of free fatty acids.
A weighing method for measuring the induction period of marine and other oils
Authors: Olcott H. S. , Einset E. 
Published: January 2007

SummaryA convenient method for measuring the length of the induction period of marine and other oils and unsaturated fatty acid esters depends upon determining the increases in weight. Small amounts of oil with or without additives are held in constant temperature ovens and weighed at regular intervals. Some of the details of technique are described.
Analyses of fatty acid isomers in two commercially hydrogenated soybean oils
Authors: Jones E. P. , Scholfield C. R. , Davison V. L. , Dutton H. J. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA conventional shortening and a hydrogenated winterized oil have been investigated to determine their composition of natural and isomeric fatty acids. Two solvent systems were applied in countercurrent distributions: the acetonitrile pentane‐hexane system for separation of monoenoates from dienoates and the methanolic silver nitrate pentane‐hexane system for separation of geometric isomers. Whilecis andtrans monoenoates were well resolved, the separation ofcis,cis fromcis,trans dienoates was complicated by the presence of positional isomers. The fractions isolated were oxidatively cleaved, and the esters of the resultant acids were quantitatively analyzed by gas‐liquid chromatography.Although the amounts of saturated components of the two fat products were similar, the percentage oftrans isomers of the shortening was more than twice that of the winterized oil. The amount of oleic acid (cis‐9‐octadecenoic) was 19.6% for the shortening and 25.4% for the winterized oil. The shortening contained 13.3% linoleic acid (cis,cis‐9,12‐octadecadienoic), whereas the winterized oil contained 30% linoleic acid.Although our primary interest was in the estimation ofcis‐9‐octadecenoic andcis,cis‐9,12‐octadecadienoic acids, the completeness of cleavage data makes it possible to estimate all geometric and positional monoenoate and dienoate isomers in the two fat products.
Solvent winterization of partially hydrogenated soybean oils
Authors: McConnell D. G. , Evans C. D. , Cowan J. C. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAmong the important advantages of solvent as compared with conventional winterization of soybean oil are the speed of operation and increased yields up to 25%. Easier and faster filtration results with the solvent system despite the high yields of solids when low iodine value (IV) oils are winterized at low temperatures. Hydrogenated stocks with IV as low as 90 can be winterized easily at temperatures of 蜢16C. The time of winterization can be reduced from several days to a few hours. With all the variations possible in IV, temperature, and solvent selectivity, liquid soybean oil can be produced with specified characteristics and with a minimum linolenate content. Acetone was the best solvent tested for winterization.
Assay of aflatoxin in peanuts and peanut products using acetone‐hexane‐water for extraction
Authors: Robertson J. A. , Lee Louise S. , Cucullu Alva F. , Goldblatt L. A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA quantitative method is described for the assay of aflatoxin in peanut products. The procedure involves extraction of aflatoxin from the sample with a homogeneous acetone‐hexane‐water solvent mixture followed by purification of the extract by phasic extraction of the aflatoxin with aqueous sodium chloride and then with chloroform. The purified chloroform extract is analyzed by thin‐layer chromatography by comparison of the intensity of fluorescence of any aflatoxin with the intensity of a known standard. The aflatoxin analyses of peanuts were found to be very variable due to sampling, and this variability has been greatly reduced by finely grinding and thoroughly mixing 2 kg of the sample before removal of an aliquot for assay. The method is sensitive to approximately 2 parts per billion.
Individual molecular species of different phospholipid classes. Part II. A method of analysis
Authors: Renkonen Ossi 
Published: January 2007

AbstractNew analytical possibilities arise when glycerosphophatides are converted into diglyceride acetates or analogous compounds: In this less polar form the phospholipids can be subjected to the usual methods of triglyceride fractionation, including chromatography on silica gel mixed with silver nitrate. This opens a route to subfractionation of various glycerophosphatide classes, and makes analysis of the individual molecular species potentially possible in many cases. The same approach can also be applied to the analysis of sphingomyelins.Two methods are suitable for the conversion of glycerophosphatides into 舠diglyceride acetates舡: 1) Acetolysis in a mixture of acetic anhydride and acetic acid, and 2) treatment with phospholipase C (E.C. 3.1.4.3.) followed by acetylation. Acetolysis was used successfully with phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine and corresponding alkoxy phosphatide (native cephalin B), phosphatidyl serine, phosphatidyl inositol, phosphatidyl glycerol, phosphatidic acid and cardiolipin. Phospholipase C fromClostridium welchii was used for native choline and ethanolamine plasmalogens as well as for sphingomyelins. Although this enzyme does not attack pure ethanolamine phosphatides it did so in the presence of added (dipalmitoyl) phosphatidyl choline or serum sphingomyelin. The mixed substrates containing sphingomyelin proved particularly valuable, since the plasmalogenic diglyceride acetates were easily separated from the usual diglyceride acetates and ceramide diacetates on silicic acid.The diglyceride acetates obtained from lecithins of hens舗 eggs, ox‐brain and human serum were subjected to preparative TLC on Kieselgel G mixed with silver nitrate. The resulting subfractions were characterized by GLC analysis of the fatty acid methyl esters. When these data were combined with enzymic analysis of the acids occupying the alpha and beta positions of the molecules a rather detailed description of the lecithins became possible.The use of diglyceride acetates provides a route to analysis of fatty acids in many phosphatidyl compounds which have been obtained previously only as mixtures with the alkoxy analogs.
Conversion of methyl ricinoleate to methyl 12‐ketostearate with Raney nickel
Authors: Freedman Bernard , Nelson Jane S. , Binder R. G. , Applewhite T. H. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA convenient laboratory preparation of methyl 12‐ketostearate is described. Methyl ricinoleate is converted to methyl 12‐ketostearate in 70舑75% yield by Raney nickel. The type and quantity of Raney nickel have a marked influence on the yield as well as on the time and temp required for the conversion. The reaction is not a direct isomerization as previously assumed but appears to be a two‐step process. Methyl ricinoleate is hydrogenated rapidly to methyl 12‐hydroxystearate which is then dehydrogenated slowly to the product. Hydrogenolysis of the alcohol function is a competing reaction which is minimized by the proper choice of reaction conditions.
The reconstitution of flavors
Authors: Polak Ernest H. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe traditional purpose of flavor reconstitution in processed foods is to restore the depleted flavor level and quality. A more recent trend is the impartation of flavor to foods which have none, such as addition of synthetically reconstituted chicken flavor to soya protein and bacon flavor to hydrogenated fat. Flavor reconstitution of such foods can be approached from either a physicochemical study or by the use of organoleptic procedures. For best results a marriage of the two methods is required. The advent of modern gas chromatographic techniques has revolutionized the possibilities for the discovery of new flavor components and for determining the amounts in which they are present in food substances. While much time has been spent in the last 15 years gathering analytical data of this type, rapid progress can be expected in the future by the utilization of this information in areas of flavor reconstitution new to the flavor industry. The usual problems which arise when flavor reconstitution from analytical data is attempted are reviewed. The performance advantages and disadvantages of reconstituted flavors are compared against their natural counterparts.
Gas‐liquid chromatographic analysis of lactoylated monoglycerides
Authors: Neckermann E. F. , Noznick P. P. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThis paper describes a method for analyzing gas‐liquid chromatograms of silylated monoglycerides (1) and lactoylated monoglycerides. A simple method for lactoylating a monoglyceride for the determination of the products formed is also revealed. Resolution of glycerides containing as many as five lactoyl groups is obtained.
Gas chromatographic determination of tocopherols and sterols in soya sludges and residues
Authors: Nelson J. P. , Milun A. J. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA method is described for determining the individual and total sterols and tocopherols of soya sludges and residues. The method involves saponification of the sample followed by gas chromatographic analysis of the unsaponifiables. Data are presented on the reproducibility and accuracy of the method.
Nonvolatile α‐branched chain fatty acid derivatives: III. Addition of acid chlorides, anhydrides and amides to terminal olefins
Authors: Perlstein T. , Eisner A. , Ault W. C. , De Haven P. A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAt‐butyl peroxide initiated free radical reaction was employed for the preparation of α‐branched fatty acid chlorides, which were then converted in situ to methyl esters. Similarly prepared were an α‐branched fatty acid amide and an α‐branched acid anhydride. The latter was converted to the methyl ester. The use of the acid chloride and acid anhydride permitted reduction in the molar ratio of reactants to half or less than that used in the addition of esters to terminal olefins without affecting the yield. The resulting increase of α‐branched product concentration in the reaction mixture also made isolation of the product easier. The direct addition of a variety of stearic acid derivatives to 1‐decene under the same conditions (20:4:1.2 molar ratio of reactants at 160 C) gave the following olefin based yield order: stearoyl chloride > stearic anhydride > stearamide and methyl stearate > stearic acid.
Chlorinated alcohols: II. The chlorination of oleyl alcohol
Authors: Grimm R. A. , Menting J. E. , Stirton A. J. , Weil J. K. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractChlorination of oleyl alcohol gives mainly 9,10‐dichlorostearyl alcohol but a variety of other products are also formed. By‐products include 9(10)‐(9,10‐dichlorostearoxy)‐10(9)‐chlorostearyl alcohol (14%) and 9,10‐dichlorostearyl 9,10‐dichlorostearate (3–4%) in addition to three or four less clearly defined products (12%). One group of products is apparently derived from participation of the hydroxyl group in the chlorine addition step while the other products formed by the reaction of the hydroxyl group with chlorine or chlorine and hydrogen chloride.
Carboxymethylated soybean protein
Authors: McKinney L. L. , Uhing E. H. 
Published: January 2007

SummarySoybean protein in aqueous alkaline dispersions at pH 10–11 reacts readily with sodium chloroacetate at temperatures of 50–70°C. to give a protein derivative containing 7–9% carboxymethyl groups. Ultracentrifugal measurements indicate no change in molecular size of the protein when the reaction is carried out at 50°C. but lowered molecular weight at 70°C. The reaction with sodium chloroacetate lowers the pH of minimum solubility from pH 4.5–3.1 and renders the protein more soluble at a neutral pH. Dispersions of carboxymethylated proteins exhibit resistance to putrefaction and do not gel on the addition of formaldehyde.
Solubilities of vegetable oils in aqueous ethanol and ethanol‐hexane mixtures
Authors: Kaparthi Ramalingam , Chari K. S. 
Published: January 2007

SummaryThe solubility of vegetable oils in aqueous ethanol depends on the concentration of alcohol and temperature of the system. At ordinary temperatures even absolute alcohol is not a good solvent for vegetable oils since the solubility is even less than 10 g. of oil per 100 g. of alcohol. Mowrah, safflower, peanut, and cottonseed oils are soluble in absolute alcohol at 70°C. All the oils investigated are found to be miscible above the boiling point of alcohol even if the concentration is 98%. In 95% ethanol they are miscible between 90° and 100°C. Addition of a good solvent, like n‐hexane, increases the solubility of oils, and the solubility temperatures are lowered. From the results obtained by various methods of solubility determination it is found that the apparatus employed in the present work yields more reliable results by eliminating the visual observation of turbidity temperatures, ensuring vigorous stirring and allowing sufficient amount of time to attain equilibrium conditions in determining the solubilities of vegetable oils.
Tall oil studies. II. Decolorization of polyethenoxy tallates with ozone and hydrogen peroxide
Authors: Karabinos J. V. , Ballun A. T. 
Published: January 2007

SummaryA method for decolorizing tall oil‐ethylene oxide condensates (polyethenoxy tallates) by use of ozone or hydrogen peroxide is presented. The chemistry of the possible reactions involving quinoid structures is discussed.