bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ginamallene, a New Norditerpene with Allene Functionality from Four Gorgonians of the Genus Acalycigorgia
Authors: Hokama Satoru , Tanaka Junichi , Higa Tatsuo , Fusetani Nobuhiro , Asano Minao , Matsunaga Shigeki , Hashimoto Kanehisa 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
A bioactive metabolite, ginamallene, has been isolated from four species of Acalycigorgia and shown to be a xenicin-type norditerpene having a terminal allene functionality.
Synthesis of Aminoalcohols via Perihydro-1,3-oxazin-2-ones and Absolute Configuration Assignment through MM2 Calculations
Authors: Bongini Alessandro , Cardillo Giuliana , Orena Mario , Porzi Gianni , Sandri Sergio 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Diastereomeric perihydro-1,3-oxazin-2-ones are useful intermediates to enantiomerically pure aminoalcohols: their absolute configuration is assigned from 1H NMR data and supported by MM2 calculations.
Catalytic C–H Activation of Olefins. Dehydrogenative Dimerization to Dienes Catalyzed by RhCl(CO)(PMe3)2 under Irradiation
Authors: Sakakura Toshiyasu , Tokunaga Yuko , Sodeyama Touru , Tanaka Masato 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Dienes were formed by the dehydrogenative coupling of olefins via the photocatalyzed C–H activation in the presence of RhCl(CO)(PMe3)2 at an ambient temperature.
Cobalt-Catalyzed Cyclocarbonylation of Acetylenes under Water Gas Shift Conditions. Selective Synthesis of Indan-1-ones
Authors: Doyama Kazuo , Fujiwara Keisuke , Joh Takashi , Maeshima Kazuo , Takahashi Shigetoshi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Carbonylation of phenylacetylene derivatives by a cobalt catalyst under water gas shift conditions affords indan-1-ones in satisfactory yields.
Stereoselective Reduction of Bicyclic Ketals. An Efficient Synthesis of (−)-(R,R)-(cis-6-Methyltetrahydropyran-2-yl)acetic Acid, an Enantiomer of Civet Cat Constituent
Authors: Kotsuki Hiyoshizo , Ushio Yasuyuki , Kadota Isao , Ochi Masamitsu 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
(−)-(R,R)-(cis-6-Methyltetrahydropyran-2-yl)acetic acid, an enantiomer of civet cat constituent, was prepared in high yield by using a stereoselective reduction of bicyclic ketals as a key step.
Tris(t-butyldimethylsilyl)trimethylsilylethylene and Tetrakis(dimethylsilyl)ethylene. The Most Twisted and Untwisted Tetrasilylethylenes
Authors: Sakurai Hideki , Ebata Keisuke , Sakamoto Kenkichi , Nakadaira Yasuhiro , Kabuto Chizuko 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Tris(t-butyldimethylsilyl)trimethylsilylethylene and tetrakis(dimethylsilyl)ethylene were prepared. Structures of these most twisted and untwisted olefins are determined by X-ray diffraction.
Bivalent Copper Ion Complex of a Novel Anionic Surfactant Having Functional Imidazole and Hydroxyl Groups as a Remarkably Active Model of Hydrolytic Metalloenzymes
Authors: Fujita Tsunehisa , Ogino Kenji , Tagaki Waichiro 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
A novel anionic surfactant having functional imidazole and hydroxyl groups, Sodium N-dodecyl-2,5-dihydroxymethyl-4-(2-thiomethylethanesulfonate)imidazole, was synthesized. This surfactant was found to be remarkably active in the acyl transfer reactions of p-nitrophenyl picolinate in the presence of Cu2+ ion under micellar conditions.
Frequent Toxicity from IV Aminophylline Infusions in Critically ILL Patients
Authors: Hendeles Leslie , Bighley Lyle , Richardson Robert H. , Hepler Charles D. , Carmichael Jan 
Published: July 2006

Use of recommended IV aminophylline dosage regimens in 48 older, acutely ill, hospitalized patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) resulted in excessive plasma theophylline concentrations in 29 percent of these patients. A mean dose of 0.89 mg/kg/hr produced a plasma concentration which ranged from 7 to 52 mcg/ml with a mean of 21.9 mcg/ml. Plasma theophylline concentration was determined spectrophotometrically from plasma samples drawn at least 12 hours after a loading dose and initiation of a constant infusion. Severity of toxicity strongly correlated with the plasma theophylline concentration in 18 patients. Nausea and/or vomiting preceded life-threatening drug-induced arrhythmias and seizures less than half the time. Tachycardia was found to be the most consistent symptom associated with toxicity. These patients had lower plasma clearances than otherwise healthy younger adult asthmatics and healthy volunteers. Toxicity and identifiable risk factors for excessive plasma levels strongly correlated with reduced plasma clearance. Dosage modifications based upon plasma clearances from COPD patients without concurrent functional abnormalities and those with liver dysfunction and cardiac decompensation ranged from 0.7 to 0.12 mg/kg/hr. This study clearly demonstrates the poor correlation between dose and plasma concentration and the strong relationship between toxicity and plasma concentration. These results as well as those previously reported mandate that the relatively simple, rapid and inexpensive theophylline plasma measurement be used in all patients receiving IV aminophylline for longer than 24 hours in order to prevent toxicity.
Pharmaceutical Care in Community Pharmacies: Practice and Research in the US
Authors: Christensen Dale B , Farris Karen B 
Published: July 2006

Objective: To describe the state of community pharmacy, including patient care services, in the US. Findings: Chain pharmacies, including traditional chains, mass merchandisers, and supermarkets, comprise more than 50% of community pharmacies in the US. Dispensing of drugs remains the primary focus, yet the incidence of patients being counseled on medications appears to be increasing. More than 25% of independent community pharmacy owners report providing some patient clinical care services, such as medication counseling and chronic disease management. Most insurance programs pay pharmacists only for dispensing services, yet there are a growing number of public and private initiatives that reimburse pharmacists for cognitive services. Clinical care opportunities exist in the new Medicare prescription drug benefit plan, as it requires medication therapy management services for specific enrollees. Discussion: The private market approach to healthcare delivery in the US, including pharmacy services, precludes national and statewide strategies to change the basic business model. To date, most pharmacies remain focused on dispensing prescriptions. With lower dispensing fees and higher operating costs, community pharmacies are focused on increasing productivity and efficiency through technology and technicians. Pharmacists remain challenged to establish the value of their nondispensing-related pharmaceutical care services in the private sector. As the cost of suboptimal drug therapy becomes more evident, medication therapy management may become a required pharmacy benefit in private drug insurance plans. Pharmacy school curricula, as well as national and state pharmacy associations, continually work to train and promote community pharmacists for these roles. Practice research is driven primarily by interested academics and, to a lesser degree, by pharmacy associations. Conclusions: Efficient dispensing of prescriptions is the primary focus of community pharmacies in the US. Some well designed practice-based research has been conducted, but there is no national research agenda or infrastructure. Reimbursement for cognitive services remains an infrequent, but growing, activity.
Measurement of Adherence in Pharmacy Administrative Databases: A Proposal for Standard Definitions and Preferred Measures
Authors: Hess Lisa M , Raebel Marsha A , Conner Douglas A , Malone Daniel C 
Published: July 2006

Background: A variety of measures have been developed to calculate refill adherence from administrative data such as pharmacy claims databases. These measures have focused on improving the accuracy of adherence measures or clarifying the evaluation time frame. As a result, there are many measures used to assess adherence that may or may not be comparable or accurate. Objective: To compare available refill adherence measures. Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted to identify current or recently used measures of calculating adherence from administrative data. A MEDLINE search (January 1990–March 2006) was undertaken using the search terms adherence or compliance in the title combined with administrative, pharmacy, or records in any field, including subheadings medical, nursing, and hospital records. Non-English articles were excluded. Seven hundred fifteen articles were available for review. Review articles and letters were excluded from measure selection, but were included in the search terms and used to identify additional research articles. Adherence measures were excluded if they were incompletely described, produced non-numeric values, or were duplicates. Eleven refill adherence measures were identified and compared using data from the LOSE Weight (Long-term Outcomes of Sibutramine Effectiveness on Weight) study. Measures compared include Continuous Measure of Medication Acquisition (CMA); Continuous Multiple Interval Measure of Oversupply (CMOS); Medication Possession Ratio (MPR); Medication Refill Adherence (MRA); Continuous Measure of Medication Gaps (CMG); Continuous, Single Interval Measure of Medication Aquisition (CSA); Proportion of Days Covered (PDC); Refill Compliance Rate (RCR); Medication Possession Ratio, modified (MPRm); Dates Between Fills Adherence Rate (DBR); and Compliance Rate (CR). Results: The results suggest that the CMA, CMOS, MPR, and MRA are identical in terms of measuring adherence to prescription refills throughout the study period, each with a value of 63.5%; CMG and PDC are slightly lower (63.0%) and are equivalent to MRA when oversupply is truncated. CR, MPRm, RCR, and CSA result in higher adherence values of 84.4%, 86.6%, 104.8%, and 109.7%, respectively. Conclusions: Five measures produce equivalent results for measuring prescription refill adherence over the evaluation period. Of these, MRA has the fewest calculations, is easily truncated if one desires to exclude surplus medication issues, and requires the least amount of data. MRA is therefore recommended as the preferred measure of adherence using administrative data.
Leadership and hierarchies in criminal groups: Scaling degrees of leader behaviour in group robbery
Authors: Porter Louise E. , Alison Laurence J. 
Published: July 2006

Purpose. The purpose of this paper was, firstly, to replicate Porter and Alison's (2001) leadership behaviour scale and, secondly, to extend this research through the use of a new sample of group robbery offenders. This will provide further support for the use of such a scale to identify potential criminal leaders and also offer insight into the dynamics and hierarchical structures among group robbery offenders.Methods. One hundred and five cases of group robbery, yielding 290 offender behaviour profiles, were coded according to each offender's level of involvement at each chronological offence stage in terms of decisions, actions and orders. A multidimensional scaling procedure examined the combinations of these, and produced a partially ordered scale of leadership behaviour with the defining aspects being initial decision making and involvement in the offence outcome.Results. The scale identified potential leaders in 103 of the 105 robbery groups, where these leaders scored higher than non‐leaders on the leadership behaviour scale. Two‐thirds of groups comprised a dichotomous leader/follower distinction, whilst the remaining third comprised more dispersed, linear and lieutenant hierarchies.Conclusions. These results further support the leader behaviour scale originally proposed by Porter and Alison (2001). The results also offer insight into the processes by which robberies evolve; namely, through a series of decisions of one individual who then either participates first or gives orders to his fellow group members to participate, although the former seems far more frequent.
Stereotypes and attitudes about child sexual abusers: A comparison of experienced and inexperienced professionals in sex offender treatment
Authors: Sanghara Kiranjeet K. , Wilson J. Clare 
Published: July 2006

Purpose. The danger of stereotyping child sex offenders is that such stereotypes allow suspected abusers to avoid detection. The current study investigated whether professionals involved in the treatment of sex offenders endorsed less stereotypes of sex offenders than an ‘inexperienced’ group of teachers.Method. Sixty professionals involved with sex offenders and 71 school teachers completed three questionnaires: the Stereotypes of Sex Offenders Questionnaire; Attitudes Towards Sex Offenders Scale (Hogue, 1993) and Knowledge of Child Abuse Questionnaire (created for the present study). Mediation analyses were then conducted on the relationships between the scores.Results. Experienced professionals endorsed negative stereotypes less, had more positive attitudes towards sex offenders and expressed more knowledge of child abuse than the inexperienced group. Further, attitudes towards child sexual offenders were significantly mediated by the effect of knowledge of child abuse on group (experienced, inexperienced). However, there was no significant mediation for the effect of knowledge on child abuse on the relationship between group (experienced, inexperienced) and stereotype consistent scores.Conclusions. The less knowledge of child abuse, the more stereotypical one may be about potential child sex offenders. Thus, it may be useful to increase knowledge on child abuse in inexperienced groups to counter stereotyping and allow greater detection of offenders.
ADAM12-S Stimulates Bone Growth in Transgenic Mice by Modulating Chondrocyte Proliferation and Maturation
Authors: Kveiborg Marie , Albrechtsen Reidar , Rudkjær Lise , Wen Guanmei , Damgaard-Pedersen Karen , Wewer Ulla M 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
ADAM12-S transgenic mice exhibit a pronounced increase in the length of bones, such as femur, tibia, and vertebrae. The effect of ADAM12-S on longitudinal bone growth involves the modulation of chondrocyte proliferation and maturation, likely through proteolytic activities and altered cell–extracellular matrix interactions in the growth plate.
Introduction: The disintegrin and metalloprotease ADAM12 is expressed in both osteoblasts and osteoclasts, suggesting a regulatory role of ADAM12 in bone. However, thus far, no in vivo function of ADAM12 in the skeleton has been reported.
Materials and Methods: Transgenic mice expressing the secreted form of human ADAM12, ADAM12-S, or a truncated metalloprotease-deficient form of ADAM12-S in the circulation were used to study the effects of ADAM12 on the skeleton. In addition, murine chondrocyte cultures were used to study the effect of ADAM12-S on cell–extracellular matrix interactions.
Results: ADAM12-S transgenic mice exhibit increased longitudinal bone growth. The increased bone length is progressive and age dependent, with a maximum increase of 17% seen in the femur from 6-month-old transgenic mice. The effect is gene dose dependent, being more pronounced in mice expressing higher levels of the transgene than in a lower-expressing line. Histological analysis revealed no alterations in the growth plate organization, but mean growth plate width was increased. Both the cellular incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine and the width of the collagen type X–positive hypertrophic zone were increased in the growth plate of ADAM12-S transgenic mice. Importantly, mice expressing a truncated form of ADAM12-S that lacked the pro- and metalloprotease domains showed no alterations in bone length, suggesting that protease activity is required for the ADAM12-S effect. In vitro studies showed that ADAM12-S inhibits chondrocyte adhesion to fibronectin and collagen type II.
Conclusions: ADAM12-S stimulates bone growth in mice by modulating chondrocyte proliferation and maturation through mechanisms probably involving both metalloprotease and adhesion activities.
Femur Mechanical Properties in the F2 Progeny of an NZB/B1NJ × RF/J Cross Are Regulated Predominantly by Genetic Loci That Regulate Bone Geometry
Authors: Wergedal Jon E , Ackert-Bicknell Cheryl L , Tsaih Shirng-Wern , Sheng Matilda H-C , Li Renhua , Mohan Subburamen , Beamer Wesley G , Churchill Gary A , Baylink David J 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Genetic analysis of an NZB/B1NJ × RF/J cross has identified QTLs for femur mechanical, geometric, and densitometric phenotypes. Most mechanical QTLs were associated with geometric QTLs, strongly suggesting common genetic regulation.
Introduction: Previous studies have shown that bone architecture and BMD are important factors affecting bone strength, and both are genetically regulated. We conducted genetic analyses for loci regulating femur mechanical properties, geometric properties, and BMD in a cohort of F2 mice derived from intercross matings of (NZB/B1NJ × RF/J)F1 parents.
Materials and Methods: Femurs were isolated from 662 10-week-old females. Mechanical properties were determined for a femur from each animal by three-point bending. Geometric properties and volumetric BMD (vBMD) were determined by pQCT. Genotype data were obtained by PCR assays for polymorphic markers carried in the genomic DNA of each mouse. Genome-wide scans were carried out for co-segregation of genetic marker data with values from 23 different phenotypes. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were identified for mechanical, geometric, and mineral density phenotypes.
Results: QTLs for many phenotypes were significantly refined by covariate analyses using body weight and femur length. Major QTLs for mechanical and geometric phenotypes were found on chromosomes 5, 7, 9, 11, and 12. Nine chromosomal locations were identified with mechanical QTLs and 17 locations with one or more geometric QTLs. The significance of five mechanical and nine geometric QTLs was affected by the inclusion of covariates. These changes included both decreases and increases in significance. The QTLs on chromosomes 5 and 12 were decreased by inclusion of the covariates in the analysis, but QTLs on 7 and 11 were unaffected. Mechanical QTLs were almost always associated with geometric QTLs and less commonly (two of six) with vBMD QTLs.
Conclusions: Genetic regulation of mechanical properties in the F2 mice of this NZB/B1NJ × RF/J cross seems to be caused by genes regulating femur geometry.
Incidence and Risk Factors for Vertebral Fracture in Women and Men: 25-Year Follow-Up Results From the Population-Based Framingham Study
Authors: Samelson Elizabeth J , Hannan Marian T , Zhang Yuqing , Genant Harry K , Felson David T , Kiel Douglas P 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis study evaluates baseline characteristics of 704 women and men in the Framingham Study with respect to long-term risk of incident vertebral fracture. Incidence was 24% in women and 10% in men. Few factors in middle-aged persons, except prevalent (moderate) fracture and alcohol consumption (in men), predicted long-term incidence of vertebral fracture.Introduction: We studied potential risk factors in women and men in middle adult years to help identify individuals at increased long-term risk of vertebral fracture in advanced age.Materials and Methods: Participants included Framingham cohort members who underwent radiographic examinations at baseline in 1967–1969 (mean age, 53 years) and follow-up in 1992–1993. Semiquantitative methods were used to determine incident fracture, defined as any vertebral body graded normal at baseline and at least mildly deformed (20–25% reduction or more in any vertebral height) at follow-up. Information on potential risk factors was obtained from examinations conducted at or before baseline radiography.Results: Prevalence of vertebral fracture was similar (14%) in women and men, although incidence was greater in women (24%) than men (10%). Alcohol consumption increased fracture risk in men. Multivariable-adjusted ORs increased from 1.78 in men who consumed 1–3 oz of alcohol per week in middle-age years to 4.61 in those with intakes of ≥4 oz/week (trend, P = 0.0099). Age, height, weight, grip strength, physical activity, metacarpal cortical area, and estrogen use (in women) had little or no influence on cumulative incidence of vertebral fracture. Results were similar when fracture was restricted to (at least) moderate severity; however, participants with moderate to severe fracture prevalent at baseline had five times the incidence of moderate to severe fracture during follow-up compared with those without moderately to severe prevalent fractures.Conclusions: Few factors in middle-aged persons, except prevalent fracture and alcohol consumption (in men), predict long-term incidence of vertebral fracture. The explanation underlying this finding is not readily apparent, however, risk factors for vertebral fracture may be more relevant to older individuals, with respect to short-term fracture risk, than to middle-aged adults in relation to long-term risk with aging.
Somatostatin analogues stimulate p27 expression and inhibit the MAP kinase pathway in pituitary tumours
Authors: Hubina Erika , Nanzer Alexandra M , Hanson Matthew R , Ciccarelli Enrica , Losa Marco , Gaia Daniela , Papotti Mauro , Terreni Maria Rosaria , Khalaf Sahira , Jordan Suzanne , Czirják Sándor , Hanzély Zoltán , Nagy György M , Góth Miklós I , Grossman Ashley B , Korbonits Márta 
Published: July 2006

Objectives: Somatostatin (SST) analogues play an important role in the medical management of somatotroph pituitary adenomas and new agonists have the potential to be effective in a wider group of pituitary and other tumours. The anti-proliferative effect of SST occurs through multiple mechanisms, one of which is cell-cycle arrest, where p27, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, is an important regulator. We hypothesised that SST may upregulate p27 protein levels and downregulate the MAP kinase pathway in these tumours.
Methods: Human pituitary adenoma cells and rat pituitary cell line (GH3) were cultured and treated in vitro with octreotide and the broad-spectrum SST agonist SOM230 (pasireotide). Immunoblotting for p27 and phospho-ERK (pERK) was performed and proliferation assessed by [3H]-thymidine incorporation. Histological samples from acromegalic patients treated with octreotide before surgery were immunostained for p27 and compared to samples from untreated patients matched for sex, age, tumour size, extension and invasiveness.
Results: We detected upregulation of p27 protein levels with SST analogue treatment in vitro in human pituitary adenoma samples. pERK1/2 was inhibited by SST analogues in both the human samples and GH3 cells. SST and its analogues inhibited the proliferation of GH3 cells. p27 immunostaining was stronger in samples from patients with longer preoperative octreotide treatment (more than 6 months) than in samples from patients with shorter treatment periods.
Conclusions: This study demonstrates that SST-mediated growth inhibition is associated with the downregulation of pERK and upregulation of p27. More potent and broader-spectrum SST analogues are likely to play an increasing role in the treatment of tumours, where the MAP kinase pathway is overactivated.