bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Study of Benzhexol Abuse
Authors: Crawshaw John A. , Mullen Paul E. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe occasional abuse of anticholinergic drugs for their psychotropic and specifically hallucinogenic properties has been known for over a century, but benzhexol (trihexyphenidyl) abuse has only recently attracted attention in the literature, mainly in case reports. This paper reports on a study of 21 benzhexol abusers. They were a young, single, and disadvantaged group of poyldrug abusers with poor employment, educational, and social skills, who abused benzhexol mainly for its euphorogenic properties. The two major diagnostic categories were antisocial personality disorder and schizophrenia. An unexpected finding was cognitive impairment persisting after acute intoxication.
Family Therapy with the Elderly Mentally Ill
Authors: Ratna Lawrence , Davis Jill 
Published: August 2008

SummaryOver a six month period, 142 consecutive referrals of patients over 65 to a community-orientated psycho-geriatric service in North London were studied. The psycho-social factors determining referral were quantified and their relationship to diagnosis analysed. Therapeutic strategies are described, devised to deal with the presenting psycho-social problems. It is suggested that a family-centred approach is of some value in the management of the elderly mentally ill.
Outcome of Anorexia Nervosa in Males
Authors: Burns Tom , Crisp A. H. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryTwenty-seven consecutive male patients suffering from anorexia nervosa were fol lowed-up 2–20 years after presentation; 20 had been treated with an in-patient refeeding/psychotherapy regime. The outcome of the series compared very closely with a similar group of female anorectics: 12 (44%) had a good outcome, stable weight restoration and normal sexual functioning; seven (26%) had an intermediate outcome, and eight (30%) poor (weight more than 15% below normal, and poor or no sexual activity). No patient had died. Good outcome in terms of weight was associated with good psychological and social functioning, while poor outcome was clearly associated with a longer duration of illness, previous treatment, and greater weight-loss during illness, although not with any specific dietary behaviour. Poor relationship with parents during childhood and the absence of normal adolescent sexual behaviour premorbidly were also strongly predictive of poor outcome.
Dexamethasone Suppression Test and REM Sleep in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder
Authors: Mendlewicz Julien , Kerkhofs Myriam , Hoffmann Guy , Linkowski Paul 
Published: August 2008

SummaryDexamethasone suppression Test (DST) and sleep electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings were carried out during three consecutive nights in 39 depressed patients who met Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) for major depressive disorder and in nine normal controls. Cortisol response to DST was abnormal in 26 patients and normal in all controls. REM latency and REM density were compared in patients with abnormal DST (n = 26) to values obtained in patients with normal DST (n = 13) and in normal controls (n = 9). Rapid Eye Movement (REM) latencies were significantly lower in depressed patients showing cortisol non-suppression after dexamethasone than in patients with a normal DST or in controls. REM densities were significantly higher in depressed patients than in normal controls (P <0.025), but there was no significant difference between DST suppressors and non–suppressors. The DST provided high specificity (100%) and a sensitivity of 67%, while REM latency showed a lower specificity (78%), but a higher sensitivity (85%).
Clinical use of the DST in a Psychogeriatric Population
Authors: McKeith Ian G. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe dexamethasone suppression test (DST) was administered to 95 patients referred to a psychogeriatric assessment service. Non-suppression of plasma cortisol was found in 28 out of 48 patients (58%) with senile dementia and all patients with arteriosclerotic dementia or acute confusional states. Non-suppression could not be explained by associated depressive symptoms. The DST was confirmed as a valid diagnostic test for endogenous depression in the elderly, but its value in distinguishing true dementing illnesses from depressive pseudodementia was not supported. The clinical implications of these findings for interpreting DST results in the elderly are discussed.
Perceptual Learning with Right Unilateral versus Bilateral Electroconvulsive Therapy
Authors: Daniel Walter F. , Crovitz Herbert F. , Weiner Richard D. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryPerceptual learning was examined with respect to variations in ECT electrode placement (bilateral versus right unilateral) and ECT stimulus waveform (sinusoidal versus brief-pulse). While patients receiving right unilateral ECT demonstrated more perceptual learning than did those receiving bilateral ECT, no difference in perceptual learning resulted from the variation in electrical stimulus waveform. Furthermore, the amount of perceptual learning was unaffected by EEG seizure duration and by the total amount of electrical stimulus energy delivered. The theoretical issue of whether an electrical or a seizure difference between bilateral and right unilateral ECT is responsible for inter-group learning or memory differences is discussed, as well as practical issues related to the choice of electrode placement.
Anorexia Nervosa: A Study of 34 Twin Pairs and One Set of Triplets
Authors: Holland A. J. , Hall A. , Murray R. , Russell G. F. M. , Crisp A. H. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIn a collaborative study between St George's and the Maudsley Hospitals, 34 pairs of twins and one set of triplets were identified in which the proband had anorexia nervosa. The diagnosis was based on standard criteria and zygosity was established by blood group analysis or by use of the physical resemblance questionnaire. In the 30 female twin pairs, 9/16 of the monozygotic (MZ) and 1/14 of the dizygotic (DZ) pairs were concordant for anorexia nervosa. Three of the non-anorexia co-twins had other psychiatric illnesses, and two had minor eating disorders. None of the male co-twins had anorexia nervosa.
Psychosis in Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia
Authors: Hudson James I. , Pope Harrison G. , Jonas Jeffrey M. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIn a sample of 130 consecutive patients with a lifetime diagnosis of anorexia nervosa and/or bulimia, 17 displayed psychotic symptoms. In 16 patients, these symptoms appeared attributable to major affective disorder or schizo–affective disorder, while in one, they appeared to represent factitious psychosis. No cases of schizophrenia or organic psychosis were identified.
Smoking and Malignancy in Schizophrenia
Authors: Masterson E. , O'Shea B. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIt has been suggested that schizophrenic patients have a lower risk of cancer than the general population. We therefore investigated the smoking patterns of 100 current chronic schizophrenic in-patients, and the causes of death in 122 recently deceased schizophrenics. We found that schizophrenics are heavy smokers, and that schizophrenics do die from carcinoma of the bronchus. Proportional mortality rates for all malignancies were not significantly lower in schizophrenics than in the general population but there was a significant absence of cancer of the gastro-intestinal tract. Proportional mortality rates for female mammary carcinoma, pneumonia, and suicide were raised, and that for cerebrovascular disease was low. These differences between schizophrenics and the general population warrant further investigation.
Doctors and Nurses Use of the Word Confused
Authors: Simpson C. J. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA questionnaire was sent to 274 doctors and nurses. The first section was to see if certain symptoms and signs elicited the description of patients as ‘confused’, and the second to discover the respondents' definitions. The results showed a marked discordance in health workers' understanding of this word ‘confused’ in reference to patients, and it is suggested that it should only be used if it is clearly defined.
Schizophrenia and Spectral Analysis of the Visual Evoked Potential
Authors: Jutai J. W. , Gruzelier J. H. , Connolly J. F. , Manchanda R. , Hirsch S. R. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryPower spectral analysis was performed on the visual evoked potentials (VEPs) recorded in response to flashes of different intensity in both unmedicated schizophrenic and normal subjects. At occipital locations (01, 02), schizophrenics showed less power than normals in the 10–14 Hz frequency range. In the 18–22 Hz range, schizophrenics showed under-activation in the left hemisphere and over-activation in the right. At temporal locations (T3, T4), schizophrenics showed abnormal (left greater than right) hemisphere patterns of activation in 10–14 Hz and 18–22 Hz ranges. There were no group differences in relationships between power and intensity changes at vertex (Cz). The results suggest abnormal cortical-subcortical interactions during analysis of visual information in schizophrenia.
Mood Changes in Bulimia Nervosa
Authors: Johnson-Sabine Eric C. , Wood Kathryn H. , Wakeling Anthony 
Published: August 2008

SummaryDaily measurement of mood, and the occurrence of specific eating behaviours, were assessed concurrently over an eight-week period in a sample of 50 patients meeting diagnostic criteria for bulimia nervosa. Results of observer-rated scales of mood showed a significant reduction of scores, whereas self-assessment of mood showed no change over the study period. Negative mood states, although not severe, were more marked when the specific behavioural symptoms of binge-eating, vomiting, or purging occurred, and they increased as abnormal eating behaviours accumulated. It is suggested that the accompanying dysphoric mood states of bulimia nervosa are likely to be a secondary manifestation related to the presence of abnormal eating symptoms, and that they do no constitute a primary depressive illness.
The Measurement of Psychiatric Rehabilitation Status
Authors: Affleck James W. , McGuire Ralph J. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe recognition of rehabilitation as a special interest in psychiatry, and its practice by professional teams, raises the need for some uniformity in examining patient outcome. The features required in a scale designed for this purpose are considered and the Morningside Rehabilitation Status Scales, which have been prepared specifically for psychiatric rehabilitation, have their development and use described. They measure the dimensions of dependency, inactivity in occupation and leisure, social integration/isolation, and current symptoms and deviant behaviour. The measures can be expressed as a profile of the dimensions, with the total a measure of overall level of functioning; reliability has been established, and validity assessed. The soales are not difficult to apply when the patients are known to the staff using them. They should be useful to rehabilitation teams for defining the current status of patients, measuring changes produced by rehabilitation programmes, deciding areas where treatment or service deficits may exist which the team should be attempting to remedy, as well as for teaching purposes.
Schizophrenic Patients Discharged from Hospital—A Follow-up Study
Authors: Johnstone Eve C. , Owens David G. C. , Gold Aviva , Crow Timothy J. , Macmillan J. Fiona 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA cohort of 120 patients, comprising all those who met the St Louis criteria for a diagnosis of schizophrenia, discharged from a mental hospital over a five-year period, were followed-up in the community after an interval of five to nine years; 105 were traced and 94 were alive. Of those, 66 were living in UK, out of hospital, and willing to be seen. Their mental states, and social functioning and circumstances were assessed by interview with the patients and those with whom they lived; 18% had recovered to the extent that they had no significant symptoms and appeared to function satisfactorily. More than 50% had definite psychotic features. No patients and few relatives sought a return to hospital care, but severe emotional, social, and financial difficulties were commonplace; 27% of the sample had no contact with medical or social services, a further 14% saw only community nurses, and 24% only their general practitioners. The findings emphasise the limitations of community services in dealing with the chronicity and severity of the impairments resulting from schizophrenic illness.
The Impact of Political Violence on Mild Psychiatric Morbidity in Northern Ireland
Authors: Cairns Ed , Wilson Ronnie 
Published: August 2008

SummaryEvidence concerning the impact of the violence in Northern Ireland on psychiatric morbidity is limited to studies examining admission rates and psychotropic drug prescribing rates; their results varied from suggesting no effect to indicating that greater levels of violence are actually equated with higher levels of mental health. The present study is the first to use a community sample, in which respondents (797) from two towns, which have experienced contrasting levels of violence over the last ten years, completed the 30-item version of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), and also indicated their perception of the level of violence in their area and how safe they felt this was to live in. Those who lived in the more violent town scored higher on the GHQ, as did women compared to men and those who perceived that their area had experienced more violence. There was also a two-way interaction, such that the small number of people, who perceived much violence in their area and who also lived in the more violent town, scored more highly on the GHQ. It is possible that the majority of people in Northern Ireland deal effectively with stress generated by the political violence, but do so by denying the existence of this violence around them.
Marital Intimacy and Depression
Authors: Waring Edward M. , Patton David 
Published: August 2008

SummaryRecent research has suggested that the absence of an intimate, confiding relationship may be a vulnerability factor in the development of depression in women living under adverse circumstances. This study demonstrates a significant association between severity of depression and deficiencies of marital intimacy; depressed patients with the lowest levels of marital intimacy failed to improve at one month follow-up, while 36% of the spouses of the depressed patients had symptoms of non-psychotic emotional illness. The depressed patients and their spouses' perception of their marital intimacy differ, but these differences appear not to be solely related to the spouse's depression.
Is there Hypothalamic - Pituitary - Gonadal Dysfunction in Paedophilia?
Authors: Gaffney Gary R. , Berlin Fred S. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe hypothalamic - pituitary - gonadal axis was evaluated in men with paedophilia and non-paedophilic paraphilia, and in normal male controls, by infusion of 100 meg. of synthetic luteinising hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH). There were no significant differences among groups in age, height, weight, testosterone, baseline luteinising hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and FSH response to LHRH. However, there was a significant difference between the paedophilic group and the other two groups in the LH response to LHRH. The paedophiles responded with a marked elevation of LH, when compared with the non-paedophilic paraphiliacs and controls. These data indicate a hypothalamic - pituitary - gonadal dysfunction in paedophiles.
Serum Immunoglobulin Concentrations in Patients Admitted to an Acute Psychiatric In-patient Service
Authors: DeLisi Lynn E. , King Catherine , Targum Steven 
Published: August 2008

SummarySerum immunoglobulins were quantified in 85 consecutively admitted patients from an acute-care psychiatric in-patient unit. The patients were diagnosed as: major depressive disorder, 53; chronic schizophrenia, 12; schizophreniform psychosis, 4; substance abuse disorder, 12; and miscellaneous other diagnoses, 4. A small sub-group of these patients, which included six with major depression, one with chronic schizophrenia, and one with a personality disorder, were found to have low IgM concentrations. Immunoglobulin levels were not associated with use of medication or length of illness prior to this hospital admission. This study provides further evidence for suppression of humoral immunity in some psychiatric patients (approximately 10%).
An Investigation of the Aetiology of Chronic Headache. The Role of Headache Models
Authors: Turkat Ira Daniel , Kuczmierczyk Andrzej R. , Adams Henry E. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryHeadache sufferers (n = 30) reported significantly more immediate family members with headache, compared to controls (n = 22). Sensitivity, specificity, and efficiency analyses revealed that knowledge of family headache history has predictive value. The results are consistent with findings with other pain disorders.
A Follow-up Study of Accident Neurosis
Authors: Tarsh Michael J. , Royston Claire 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThirty five claimants with accident neurosis, in which there were gross perplexing somatic symptoms without demonstrable organic pathology were traced and followed-up in their homes, from one to seven years after compensation was received. Few claimants recovered and such recovery as did take place was unrelated to the time of compensation. Family processes leading to over-protection by relatives were examined and appeared to be vitally important in the prolongation of symptoms. The legal process and the delays involved caused great distress.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) II. Imaging in Dementia
Authors: Besson J. A. O. , Corrigan F. M. , Foreman E. Iljon , Eastwood L. M. , Smith F. W. , Ashcroft G. W. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryProton NMR imaging of the brain is rapidly becoming established as a useful investigative tool in medicine. This paper examines the usefulness of the NMR parameters—spin-lattice relaxation time (T1) and proton density (PD)—in differentiating groups of patients with senile dementia of Alzheimer type (SDAT) and multi-infarct dementia (MID) from each other, and from elderly controls. T1 values increase with severity of dementia. NMR parameters may also be of use in localising regions of brain damage.
A Cognitive Behavioural Group Treatment of Bulimia
Authors: Schneider John A. , Agras W. Stewart 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThis study describes a group treatment of bulimia using an adaptation of Fairburn's (1981) cognitive behavioural approach. Thirteen bulimic women with a self-reported average of 24 self-induced vomiting episodes per week were treated in two groups; each group met once a week for 16 weeks. The primary outcome measure was the number of self-reported vomiting episodes; pre- and post-treatment measures of eating attitudes, depression, assertiveness, and global level of psychological distress were also evaluated. Vomiting frequency decreased to an average 2.2 times per week (a 91% improvement) with seven patients abstinent by the end of treatment. Significant pre- to post-treatment changes were also demonstrated on measures of depression, eating attitudes, and assertiveness. Six-month follow-up data on 11 patients indicate a mean vomiting frequency of 3.8 per week; six patients maintained their progress. Although Fairburn had greater success using an individual cognitive behavioural approach, the results of the present study are promising for the development of a cost-effective treatment.
The Impact of Lithium in South-West Scotland I. Demographic and Clinical Findings
Authors: McCreadie R. G. , Morrison D. P. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA point-prevalence study in South-west Scotland found that 0.77 per 1,000 of the total population were receiving lithium. Almost one quarter had done so for more than ten years. At the time of lithium commencement, only 68% had always been diagnosed as having an affective illness; 59% of the patients were also receiving antidepressants, major tranquillisers, or both. Though this might be due in part to unnecessary administration of supplementary drugs, 19% of non-inpatients had moderate depressive symptoms, significant depressive illness, or manic symptoms. Lithium side-effects were prominent: 30% of the sample complained of weight gain, thirst or excessive micturition; 42% had noticed hair changes; and 7% had diminished thyroid activity, but most patients believed they had benefited considerably from lithium therapy.
Transient Sensory, Cognitive and Affective Phenomena in Affective Illness
Authors: Silberman Edward K. , Post Robert M. , Nurnberger John , Theodore William , Boulenger Jean-Philippe 
Published: August 2008

SummaryBehavioural changes have often been noted in patients with epilepsy. This study investigated the converse phenomenon—the occurrence of transient sensory, cognitive and affective changes resembling those described by epileptics, in affectively ill patients. Forty-four patients with affective illness, 37 with complex partial seizures, and 30 hypertensive controls were interviewed to determine the lifetime occurrence of these phenomena. Such symptoms occurred frequently in association with episodes of affective illness and epilepsy, but were rare in controls. Visual, auditory, olfactory and epigastric symptoms, illusions, jumbled thoughts and amnesia were common to both epilepsy and affective illness. Greater numbers of symptoms were associated with better response to lithium and tricyclic antidepressants. Transient sensory, cognitive, and affective phenomena may be more common in affective illness and other psychiatric conditions than is generally recognised, and may be clues to the underlying pathophysiology of these conditions.
Water Intoxication in Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Singh Satnam , Padi Madhu H. , Bullard Henrietta , Freeman Hugh 
Published: August 2008

SummaryCompulsive water drinking is associated with a broad spectrum of psychopathology, from mild neurosis to psychosis. Since the normal kidney is capable of excreting large volumes of fluid rapidly, water intoxication requires both a pathological basis and a psychiatric explanation of why so much water is being taken. Excessive water consumption can be dangerous, so that the fluid intake of patients with a history of polyuria together with a low urinary specific gravity should be closely observed. Four cases of water intoxication resulting from psychogenic polydipsia are described, three of them in chronic schizophrenics, where inappropriate ADH secretion might represent part of the psychosis.
Decline in the Diagnosis of Schizophrenia among First Admissions to Scottish Mental Hospitals from 1969–78
Authors: Eagles John M. , Whalley Lawrence J. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryAnnual age-standardised first admission rates from 1969–78 for Scottish mental hospitals were calculated for schizophrenia, paranoid states, reactive psychoses, all affective psychoses, mania, and depressive neuroses. Significant decreases were found in the diagnosis of schizophrenia (P <0.001) and, to a lesser extent, affective psychoses (P <0.01) and depressive neuroses (P <0.02). The incidence of paranoid states, reactive psychoses, and mania did not change significantly.Several factors possibly contributing to the decline in diagnoses of schizophrenia are discussed, but it is concluded that the figures probably reflect a genuine fall in incidence. The decline in the categories of affective disorder is likely to reflect trends towards increasing provision of community-based care.