bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION OF VERTEBRATES WITH ROSS RIVER AND SINDBIS VIRUSES, TWO GROUP A ARBOVIRUSES ISOLATED IN AUSTRALIA
Authors: Whitehead RH 
Published: December 2007

SummaryRoss River virus produced viraemia in rabbits, rats, bandicoots, marsupial mice and day‐old chickens, but not in adult fowls or pigeons. In contrast, Sindbis virus produced viraemia, illness and death in young chickens and viraemia in adult fowls, pigeons and one bandicoot, but gave no evidence of infection in rabbits, rats or marsupial mice. The results are interpreted as svipporting previous suggestions that Ross River virus may depend for survival on mammalian hosts, and Sindbis virus on bird hosts.
THE BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS OF 1,10‐PHENANTHROLINE AND 2,2′‐BIPYRIDINE HYDROCHLORIDES, QUATERNARY SALTS AND METAL CHELATES AND RELATED COMPOUNDS
Authors: Dwyer FP , Reid IK , Shulman A , Laycock Glenda M , Dixson Shirley 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe bacteriostatic activities of stable, inert, coordinately‐saturated Ru(II) chelates of substituted 1.10‐phenanthroline and 2,2′‐bipyridine bases are reported together with those of the corresponding chelates of Ni(II), Fe(II), Co(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II) and Mn(II). the hydrochlorides and quaternary salts of the bases and miscellaneous compounds; the principal test organisms, in order of decreasing general seasitivity. were M. tuberculosis, Staph. aureus, Strep. pneumoniae, Cl. perfringens, E. coll and Pr. culgaris. The active component of the Ru(II) chelates is the cation as a whole which can only exert antibacterial action by weak Coulombic and short‐range forces and possibly by interference in biological redox reactions. However, metal chelates which are labile or have low stability may act by other mechanisms.Metal chelates generally were more active than corresponding base hydrochlorides and quaternary salts and phenanthroline derivates more active than the corresponding bipyridines. While the Ru(II) chelatc of 5‐NO2‐ 1,10‐phenanthroline was much less active than the outstandingly antitubercular chelates of the other seven transition metals, few other differences in bacteriostatic activity were detected by the present method between chelates differing only in the metal ion. Since progressive methylation of each type of compound generally increased antibacterial activity, penetration to or accumulation at vital sites are most likely important factors in determining activity.While useful clinically as topical antimicrobials, selected compounds when administered parenterally were found to be chemotherapeutically ineffective against experimental infection due to Staph. aureus, Strep. pneumoniae or M. tuberculosis. Significant microbial resistance to selected metal chelates does not appear to develop.
VOLATILE FATTY‐ACID CLEARANCE STUDIES IN RELATION TO VITAMIN B12 DEFICIENCY IN SHEEP
Authors: Somers M 
Published: December 2007

SummaryClearance studies were used to investigate propionate and acetate metabolism in sheep at progressive stages during the induction of vitamin B12 (cobalt) deficiency. Both propionate and acetate clearance rates were increasingly adversely affected as vitamin B12 deficiency intensified. The effect of vitamin B12 on propionate and acetate clearance times was greater than the effect of depressed feed intake. Both of these variables had a more pronounced influence on the rate of clearance of propionate than of acetate. Evidence has been presented to show that, by the time feed intake had been reduced by 40% during the induction of vitamin B12 deficiency, the rate of clearance of propionate or acetate injected into the blood was adversely affected, but that this was not so in the case of volatile fatty‐acids absorbed from the gut. Under more severe vitamin B12 deficiency conditions (feed intake reduced by more than 70%), the rate of clearance of volatile fatty‐acids absorbed from the alimentary tract also declined.
THE EFFECT OF DIETARY COBALT INTAKE ON THE PLASMA VITAMIN B12 CONCENTRATION OF SHEEP
Authors: Somers M , Gawthorne JM 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe plasma vitamin B12 concentration of sheep progressively increased as the dietary cobalt level was raised from 0·04 parts per million to 0·34 parts per million. With rations containing more than 0·10 parts per million cobalt (8·1 μg. Co/day) plasma vitamin B12 concentrations of sheep were more variable than those with lower cobalt intakes. This variability may have been due to variations in the rate of synthesis of cobalamins in the rumen. and hence the amount presented for absorption in the post‐ruminal alimentary tract.In two sheep fed a diet containing 0·04 parts per million cobalt, marked signs of cobalt deficiency appeared when the plasma vitamin B12 concentration declined to 0·2 m. μg./ml. A plasma vitamin B12 concentration of 0·2m. μg./ml., or less, also occurred in two sheep fed a diet containing 0·06 parts per million cobalt without the appearance of any other signs of a deficiency.
RELATIONSHIP OF HUMAN SALIVARY ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE WITH ABO BLOOD GROUP AND SECRETOR STATUS
Authors: Hope RM , Mayo O 
Published: December 2007

SummarySaliva samples from 319 students have been examined for alkaline phosphatase activity and amount of ABH blood group substances. No significant difference was detected between secretors and non‐secretors in salivary alkaline phosphatase activity. However, amongst secretors, the mean salivary alkaline phosphatase activity of A1 individuals was significantly higher than those of group B. A positive correlation existed between the amount of H blood group substance and alkaline phosphatase activity in the saliva of secretors. These findings are discussed, with particular reference to the reported associations of the “intestinal” alkaline phosphatase component of human serum with ABO blood group and secretor status, and the suggestions that have been put forward to interpret such associations.
RENAL RETENTION OF UREA IN THE KANGAROO ISLAND WALLABY, PROTEMNODON EUGENII:(DESMAREST)
Authors: Lintern Sue M , Barker S 
Published: December 2007

SummaryTwo groups of three male Kangaroo Island wallabies were fed for 28 days, one group on a diet containing 1·2 g. N/100 g. dry weight, the other on a diet containing 0·4 g. N/100 g. dry weight. The high nitrogen group were in positive nitrogen balance, although urinary nitrogen excretion had fallen by day 28. Plasma urea concentration and the percentage of total nitrogen excreted in urine as urea remained unchanged (85%). The low nitrogen group were in negative nitrogen balance and urinary nitrogen excretion fell rapidly. Plasma urea concentration fell to half the initial concentration. The percentage total nitrogen excreted in urine as urea fell to about 35% and the ratio of urea urine to plasma (U/P) to about ten. The concentration of urea in renal tissue water of the high nitrogen group increased from the cortex to the papilla but was lower than in urine. In the low nitrogen group a peak concentration of urea was reached in the inner stripe, outer zone of the medulla and in two animals was higher there than in the urine. In these animals urea appeared to be retained by the kidneys as in ruminants.
6‐THIOPURINES AS SUBSTRATES AND INHIBITORS OF PURINE OXIDASES: A PATHWAY FOR CONVERSION OF AZATHIOPRINE INTO 6‐THIOURIC ACID WITHOUT RELEASE OF 6‐MERCAPTOPURINE
Authors: Chalmers AH , Knight PR , Atkinson MR 
Published: December 2007

SummaryPrevious studies have shown that azathioprinc (6‐(1‐methyl‐4‐nitroimidazol‐5‐yl)‐thiopuruie) is converted into 6‐mercaptopurine by a nonenzymic reaction with glutathione, and that 6‐thiouric acid is the major urinary metabolite of azathioprine in man and other mammals; formation of 6‐thiouric acid has been attributed to oxidation of 6‐mercaptopurine by xanthinc oxidase.This paper describes an alternative pathway for conversion of azathioprine into 6‐thiouric acid that does not involve 6‐mercaptopurine as an intermediate. Aldehyde oxidase from human and rabbit liver oxidises azathioprine to 8‐hydroxy‐azathioprinc. which reacts spontaneously with glutathione. forming 8‐hydroxy‐6‐ mercaptopurine, which is converted into 6‐thiouric acid on oxidation by xanthinc oxidase. The maximal velocity of oxidation of azathioprine with aldehyde oxidase from rabbit liver is 75% of the maximal velocity with N1‐methylnicotinomide. the usual assay substrate, and the Michaclis constant (0·08 mM azathioprine) is lower than the constant for N1‐methylnicotinamidc (2·4 mM). Menadione is a competitive inhibitor of oxidation of azathioprine (inhibitor constant K1, 1·2 μM) and the reaction is not inhibited by allopurinol, which inhibits xanthinc oxidase.6‐Thiouric acid and uric acid are competitive inhibitors of oxidation of 6‐mercaptopurine by xanthinc oxidase from calf liver. The possibility that this inhibition contributes to the increased toxicity of azathioprine used as an immunosuppressive agent during impaired function of a renal transplant in discussed.Preparation of 9‐butylazathioprine is described. This compound is not a substrate for aldehyde oxidase, but is converted by glutathione into the 9‐butyl‐6‐mercaptopurine, a known antimetabolite.
THE EFFECT OF ANTILYMPHOCYTE SERUM (ALS) ON THE SECONDARY IMMUNE RESPONSE IN MICE
Authors: Marshall VR , Knight PR 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe administration of antilymphocyte serum at the same time as a purified protein antigen, bovine serum albumin, can result in the suppression of the secondary immune response as well as the primary response. The two factors which have emerged as beirg important for this reduced secondary response are, firstly, the dose of antigen employed and, secondly, the time of commencement of the antiserum in relation to the time of immunisation.
REACTIONS OF THE GRAFT VERSUS HOST (GVH) TYPE
Authors: Lafferty KJ , Jones MAS 
Published: December 2007

SummaryNormal lymphoid cells obtained from animals that are phylogenetically unrelated or only distantly related to the chicken do not initiate graft versus host reactions when introduced into chicken embryos. Such cells are capable of mounting a reaction against the embryo if the donor animal is first immunized with chicken tissues. However, the reaction produced by immune xenogeneic lymphoid cells has a different pathogencsis to that produced by normal allogeneic cells. The transfer of adult blood leucocytes to syngeneic embryos will confer on the embryo the ability to reject transplanted allogeneic tissue, but will not confer on the embryo the ability to make antibody or to reject the transplants of some xenogeneic tissues. The latter type of transplant can be rejected if cells allogeneic with respect to the graft are introduced into the embryo. Allogeneic transplants are only rejected by embryos treated with adult blood leucocytes if the transplant contains a relatively large component of reticular tissue. Treatments, such as γ‐írradiation, that reduce the amount of reticular tissue in the graft protect it from transplantation damage in treated embryos. The in vitro interaction between populations of lymphocytes obtained from different animals has the same specificity as graft versus host reactions in so far as lymphocyte populations obtained from sheep are not stimulated by lymphocytes obtained from a different species of animal such as the rat or goose, but are stimulated by allogeneic lymphocytes. The treatment of one population of sheep lymphocytes with γ‐rays will destroy their capacity to stimulate allogeneic lymphocytes without affecting the antigenicity of the lymphocytes. It is suggested that the ability of an animal to distinguish between “self” and “not‐self” components may operate at two distinct levels; one involves the recognition of foreign antigens, and the other the recognition of cells derived from genetically related but not identical animals.
SPECIFIC PROTEINS IN THE WHEY FROM MILK OF THE GREY KANGAROO
Authors: Lemon Meredith , Poole WE 
Published: December 2007

SummaryWhey‐proteins in the milk of the grey kangaroo were examined by starch gel electrophoresis. Two specific proteins in the whey, although absent initially, were produced during the second half of lactation. The production of these proteins was unrelated to the occurrence of oestrus, ovulation and mating, or to the onset of activity in the corpus luteum derived from ovulation during lactation.
RESOLUTION AND EFFICIENCY IN ELECTRONMICROSCOPIC AUTORADIOGRAPHY USING RADIO‐ACTIVE CALCIUM
Authors: Huxham GJ , Lipton A , Howard Barbara M 
Published: December 2007

SummaryAutoradiographs of small deposits of [45Ca]F2 have been examined in the electron microscope to measure resolution and efficiency of the 45Ca2+ emission. Resolution was found to be 3050 Å ± 500 Å and efficiency (grains from 100 disintegrations) was 3.0. A formula is proposed for estimating the amount of activity which needs to be incorporated in a specimen for auto‐radiographic procedures. This is used to predict the uptake required to produce satisfactory autoradiographs with 45Ca2+ in mammalian smooth muscle. It is suggested that insoluble deposits of other isotopes may be used for estimation of resolution and efficiency in autoradiography.
A METHOD FOR THE ESTIMATION OF NANOGRAM AMOUNTS OF COBAMIDES AND COBINAMIDES IN SHEEP RUMEN CONTENTS
Authors: Gawthorne JM 
Published: December 2007

SummaryA method for the estimation of individual cobamides and cobin‐ amides in sheep rumen contents is described. After preliminary extraction and concentration, the cobamides and cobinamides were separated by high‐voltage paper ionophoresis and bioautographed with Escherichia coli 113‐3. The amount of each analogue present was determined by measuring the surface area of growth zones on the bioautogram.
EXPERIMENTAL REPRODUCTION AND HISTO‐PATHOLOGY OF SWAINSONA GALEGIFOLIA POISONING IN THE GUINEA‐PIG
Authors: Huxtable CR 
Published: December 2007

SummaryA typical pattern of lesions resulting from poisoning by Swainsona galegifolia in the guinea‐pig is described. This appears to be almost identical to that seen in sheep afflicted with this disease.The possibility that the vacuolar lesions seen may be related to an expression of lysosomal function or to disturbance of cellular water and ion transport mechanisms is discussed.
SOME PROPERTIES OF HUMAN COLOSTRAL CELLS
Authors: Lascelles AK , Gurner BW , Coombs RRA 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe morphological and some functional properties of the characteristic large monanuclear cells of human colostrum have been studied in vitro. In the 25 samples examined their number varied between 2 × 104 and 6 × 106cells per ml. In Leishman‐stained smears these cells measured up to 40 μ in diameter. Their nuclei were rounded, oval or irregular in shape and were surrounded by either a thick rim of basophilic cytoplasm with a few fat‐filled vacuoles only or, more often, by an even more abundant cytoplasm packed with globular fatThe cells were shown to adhere to glass and to survive in culture for a period of 8 days or longer. The cultured cells spread out on the glass and by 4 days many cells with extremely long cytoplasmic processes (up to 100 μ) were seen. A number of multi‐nucleated cells (giant cells) which were considered to have arisen by cytoplasmic fusion rather than by amitotic division were also observed after 2 days in culture.The cultured cells were shown to take up large amounts of colloidal carbon, carbonyl iron and colostral fat particles when these substances were added to the culture medium. Cells in fresh monolayers formed directly from colostrum and cells cultured for periods of up to 8 days strongly took up baboon macrophage‐cytophflic antibody.We failed to detect IgA or other immunoglobulins on the surface of colostral cells in fresh monolayers formed from colostrum, or on cultured cells re‐exposed to human serum or colostrum using the highly sensitive mixed antiglobulin procedure.
TRANSFERRIN AND ALBUMIN DISTRIBUTION AND TURNOVER IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Morgan EH 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe distribution and turnover of rabbit transferrin and albumin were measured simultaneously in rabbits using 131I‐ and 125I‐labelled purified transferrin and albumin. The plasma volumes determined with either protein were almost identical in 8 normal rabbits and in 4 with haemorrhagic anaemia and increased erythropoiesis. Similarly, the rates of transcapillary passage and relative distribution of the two proteins between intravascular and extravascular spaces were very similar. The fractional turnover rate of transferrin was approximately twice us great as that of albumin, but the absolute turnover of albumin was about 10 times as great as that of transferrin It is concluded that the amount of transferrin bound at cell surfaces in the rabbit is only a very small fraction of the total body transferrin, too small to be measured by the methods used.
PATHOLOGIC CHANGES IN CANINE RENAL ALLOGRAFTS WITH PROLONGED FUNCTION
Authors: Sheil AGR 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe pathologic changes In 21 long functioning canine renal allografts are presented. A consistent finding was linear areas of tubular and gtomerular atrophy in the cortex in the distribution of interiobular blood vessels. Parenchyma between the radially directed scars was well preserved but there was sometimes glomerular alteration. This consisted of increased density of the glomerular tuft with increase in cellularity affecting both epithelial and endothelial cells. Blood vessel lesions were frequent and changes affecting arteries and arterioles are described. In 6 allografts renal function had deteriorated progressively before death in the manner of “chronic rejection”. Histology revealed accentuation of differing pathologic changes in these cases. In all allografts there was evidence of continuing pathological change.
IMMUNE RESPONSE OF THE TUATARA, SPHENODON PUNCTATUM
Authors: Marchalonis JJ , Ealey EHM , Diener E 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe tuatara, Sphenodon punctatum, has been shown to produce antibodies to Salmonella adelaide flagellin. The serum of immunized animals contained immunoglobulins which possessed sedimentation coefficients of approx. 18S and 7S. The 18S immunoglobulins resembled the γM immunoglobulins of other vertebrates in size and polypeptide chain structure. The 7S immuneglobulins were antigenically related to the 18S proteins and possessed light chains resembling those of the latter on gel electrophoresis in urea. The heavy chains of the 7S protein differed from those of the macroglobulin, thereby indicating the presence of distinct immunoglobulin classes. Although the immunization period lasted for over eight months, antibody activity was found only in the 18S immunoglobulin.The lymphoid system of the tuatara was found to be primitive. The only clearly recognizable lymphoid organ in the adult animal was the spleen which showed a definite demarcation into white pulp and red pulp. Injected carbon particles were taken up only by the liver. The foreign particles in this organ were associated with phagocytic cells which resembled the Kupffer‐cells of the mammalian liver.The fact that this ancient reptile possessed multiple classes of immunogtobulins is consistent with previous findings that distinct immunoglobulin classes, defined by the presence of different heavy chains, were present by the phylogenetic level of higher amphibians.
RESPONSE OF THE PYLORIC AND PYLORIC‐OESOPHAGEAL LIGATED RAT TO INSULIN AND 2 DEOXY‐D‐GLUCOSE
Authors: Hansky J , Soveny Claire 
Published: December 2007

SummaryAcid secretion of pyloric and pyloric and oesophageal ligated rats has been assessed in response to graded doses of insulin and 2 Deoxy‐D‐glucose and tovagotomy. Neither insulin nor 2 Deoxy‐D‐glucose stimulated acid secretion in the pyloric ligated rat to a significant level above control values, but the pyloric and oesophageal ligated rat responded well to these stimulants. vagotomy markedly decreased acid secretion in the pyloric ligated rat, whereas the pyloric and oesophageal ligated rat showed a slight increase in acid output following vagotomy.These results suggest that vagal stimulation is the probable reason for the increase in gastric acid secretion produced by ligation of the pylorus in the rat and that reflex vagal inhibition may be the reason for the decreased acid production in this preparation by concomitant oesophageal ligation. They further illustrate the usefulness of the pyloric and oesophageal ligated rat as an assay medium for gastric stimulatory substances.
TISSUE FIBRINOLYTIC ACTIVITY IN OBESITY
Authors: Grace CS , Goldrick RB 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe fibrinolytic activity of adipose tissue from seven obese and seven lean subjects was studied by incubating biopsy samples on fibrin plates. The obese subjects had normal tissue fibrinolytic activity despite markedly depressed spontaneous blood fibrinolytic activity. There was no correlation between blood and tissue plasminogen activator levels. The tissue activator was associated with the blood vessels and supportive elements of the adipose samples and was not inhibited by the presence of fat cells.
IMMUNOLOGICAL STUDIES OF SHEEP AND GOAT HAEMOGLOBINS
Authors: Agar NS , Evans JV 
Published: December 2007

SummaryAntisera against the sheep haemogioblins A, B, C and F and the goat haemoglobins A and C were produced in rabbits.Hb F in sheep was found to be antigenically different from sheep Hb A and Hb B and goat Hb A. Sheep Hb A and Hb B and goat Hb A were shown to be antigenically similar. Haemoglobin C of the sheep and the goat and Hb F of the sheep were also shown to be antigenically similar.Non‐specific reactions were observed when all the six antisera were tested with the plasma of sheep (Hb A or Hb B), goat (Hb A) and the ox. Neither the haemoglobins not the plasma of the following animal species reacted with (The antisera: horse, dog, rabbit, guinea‐pig, possum, quokka and man.
ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF IMMUNOCLOBULIN‐LIKE PROTEINS OF THE AUSTRALIAN LUNGFISH (NEOCERATODUS FORSTERI)
Authors: Marchalonis JJ 
Published: December 2007

SummaryProteins resembling immunoglobulins of other vertebrate species in physical and chemical properties were instigated from the serum of unimmunized Australian lungfish (Neoceratodus forsteri). Two types of antigenically related proteins, characterized by sedimentation coefficients of 19.4S and 5.9S, were observed. Both proteins possessed light polypeptide chains which resembled typical immunoglobulin light chains in molecular weight (23,000) and behaviour in gel electrophoresis. The 19.4S proteins were similar to γM immunoglobulins of other vertebrates in size and chain structure. Heavy polypeptide chains from these molecules were comparable to the μ‐chain in molecular weight (70,000) and gel electrophoretic properties. The heavy chain of the 5.9S immunoglobulin‐like protein differed from those of the major classes of vertebrates in possessing a molecular weight of approximately 40,000. In both proteins the light chains and heavy chains were linked through disulfide bonds.These data suggest that lungfish resemble higher vertebrates in possessing different immunoglobulin classes defined by the presence of distinct heavy chains. The low molecular weight type of immunoglobulin‐like proteins may represent a class of immunoglobulins which is unique to Dipnoi.