bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MATISIA AND QUARARIBEA (BOMBACACEAE) SHOULD BE RETAINED AS SEPARATE GENERA
Authors: Alverson William S. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe genera Quararibea Aublet and Matisia Humboldt & Bonpland were described 214 and 184 years ago, respectively, and have been variously combined and separated during their history. This study indicates that Quararibea differs completely from Matisia by its reduced ovarian locule number (2 to 4, versus 5 in Matisia), and, less definitively, by its short (to 4 mm), radially‐symmetrical staminal lobes. In keeping with the original generic concepts, these genera are easily distinguished and should be maintained as separate. An examination of the variability of macromorphological and pollen characters suggests that Quararibea is a relatively uniform derivative of a Matisia‐like ancestor. The presence or absence of a spicy odor in dried leaves is not a reliable indicator of generic identity, despite previous claims that the odor was a practical means by which to distinguish the two genera.
Typification of names of South American Cissus (Vitaceae)
Authors: Lombardi Julio Antonio 
Published: April 2006

SummaryLombardi, J. A.: Typification of names of South American Cissus (Vitaceae). – Taxon 44: 193‐206. 1995. – ISSN 0040‐0262.Typifications are provided for names referring to Cissus taxa, or published in Cissus, based on South American material. Four new combinations are proposed.
Report of the Committee for Fungi and Lichens: new series, 2
Authors: Nicolson Dan H. , Gams Walter 
Published: April 2006

SummaryGams, W.: Report of the Committee for Fungi and Lichens: new series, 2. ‐ Taxon 41: 99–108. 1992. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.The Committee for Fungi and Lichens reports its decisions on 45 proposals to conserve/reject names, recommending 21.
The gender of the generic name Onosma (Boraginaceae)
Authors: Stearn William T. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryStearn, W. T.: The gender of the generic name Onosma (Boraginaceae). – Taxon 42: 679–681. 1993.‐ISSN 0040‐0262.Generic names ending in ‐osma, a transcription of Greek osmê (smell), have been treated as of feminine gender except Onosma which had a neuter gender. It is proposed that for uniformity and simplicity Onosma should be treated as feminine.
Taxa described by Steudel from the Labrador plants collected by the Moravian missionary Albrecht and distributed by Hohenacker
Authors: Cayouette Jacques , Darbyshire Stephen J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryCayouette, J. & Darbyshire, S. J.: Taxa described by Steudel from the Labrador plants collected by the Moravian missionary Albrecht and distributed by Hohenacker. — Taxon 43: 169‐180. 1994. – ISSN 0040‐0262.Types of names of seven taxa described by Steudel in his Synopsis plantarum glumacearum from the Labrador collections of the Moravian missionary Albrecht were examined. Information compiled from the specimen labels as well as biographic and bibliographic sources suggest this material was collected at Hopedale between 1846 and 1848. Samples of the handwriting of Albrecht, Steudel, and possibly Hohenacker are presented. Reinterpretation of the types is provided and a lectotype of Calamagrostis hirtigluma is designated. Biographical information on C. G. Albrecht, as well as several poorly known Moravian missionaries, is presented.
The classification of the Commelinaceae
Authors: Faden Robert B. , Hunt D. R. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryFaden, R. B. & Hunt, D. R.: The classification of the Commelinaceae. ‐ Taxon 40: 19–31. 1991. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.A new classification of the Commelinaceae above the generic level is presented. Two subfamilies are recognized, the Cartonemaloideae, comprising two unigeneric tribes, Cartonemateae and Triceratelleae, and the Commelinoideae, containing the remaining 38 genera. Subfamily Commelinoideae is divided into two tribes, Tradescantieae, which is split into seven subtribes, each confined to either the Old or the New World, and Commelineae, which is not divided into subtribes.
Confidence limits in phylogenies: An example from the African Restionaceae
Authors: Linder H. P. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryLinder, H. P.: Confidence limits in phylogenies: An example from the African Restionaceae. ‐ Taxon 40: 253–266. 1991. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.The four ways of assessing the confidence limits in the nodes of a cladogram (character homologies, character numbers per node, bootstrap percentiles and the monophyly index) are reviewed. The methods are applied to a cladogram of the genera of the African Restionaceae, and the confidence limits of each node are discussed. It is shown that there is a great variation in the confidence limits of the various nodes. By combining the various methods it is possible to assess which nodes are not likely to change with the addition of new data, and which may change in the future. It is suggested that this method be employed in making decisions about the establishment of formal classifications, thus avoiding unnecessary changes in the formal taxonomy when further data result in small changes in the cladogram topologies.
LECTOTYPIFICATION OF THYRASPERMA N. E. Br. (MESEMBRYANTHEMACEAE)
Authors: Gerbaulet M. , Ihlenfeldt H.‐D. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe nomenclatural problems of three genera of Mesembryanthemaceae, Hymenogyne Haw., Thyrasperma N. E. Br., and Apatesia N. E. Br. are due to the fact that the herbarium sheets on which the description of the genus Thyrasperma was based involve specimens belonging to the other two genera. The names Hymenogyne and Apatesia are determined to be correct; after lectotypification, Thyrasperma is a younger synonym of Hymenogyne.
NOTES ON THE TYPIFICATION OF FOURTEEN LINNAEAN NAMES FOR EUROPEAN SPECIES OF ERICA, CALLUNA, AND ANDROMEDA (ERICACEAE)
Authors: Jarvis C. E. , McClintock D. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe typification of 14 Linnaean names for European species of the Ericaceae is discussed. The names discussed all appeared first in the genus Erica L., with the exception of Andromeda polifolia L.
LOS NOMBRES CIENTÍFICOS CORRECTOS DE DOS OREGANOS HIBRIDOS (LAMIACEAE)
Authors: Carmen Xifreda Cecilia 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe nomenclature of two hybrid origans is discussed: Origanum × applii (Domin) Boros nothosubsp. applii is supported for the hybrid formula Origanum majorana L. × Origanum vulgare L. subsp. vulgare, and the new combination Origanum × applii (Domin) Boros nothosubsp. majoricum (Cambess.) Xifreda, stat. nov. is applied to the hybrid formula Origanum majorana L. × Origanum vulgare L. ssp. virens (Hoffsgg. & Link) Ietsw. A brief account of morphological differences of both nothotaxa is given.ResumenSe aclara la nomenclatura de dos oréganos híbridos: Origanum × applii (Domin) Boros nothosubsp. applii permanece para la fórmula híbrida Origanum majorana L. × Origanum vulgare L. ssp. vulgare y la nueva combinación Origanum × applii (Domin) Boros nothosubsp. majoricum (Cambess.) Xifreda stat. nov. se aplica a la fórmula híbrida Origanum majorana L. × Origanum vulgare L. ssp. virens (Hoffsgg. et Link) letsw. Se hace una breve referencia a las diferencias morfológicas entre ambos nototaxones.
TEUCRIUM BICOLOREUM, THE CORRECT NAME FOR TEUCRIUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM (LAMIACEAE)
Authors: Navarro T. , Rosúa J. L. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryTeucrium bicoloreum Pau ex Vicioso is the correct name for T. angustifolium (Willk.) Peris et al. (1989). Teucrium bicoloreum is the oldest species name for this taxon and the combination T. angustifolium is a synonym (see below).
STUDIES IN ANNONACEAE. XIII. THE ROLE OF MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS IN SUBSEQUENT CLASSIFICATIONS OF ANNONACEAE: A COMPARATIVE SURVEY
Authors: Koek‐Noorman J. , Westra L. Y. Th. , Maas P. J. M. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryA comparative survey of several historical classifications of Annonaceae down to the subtribal level is given. The role of various key characters is briefly discussed. The present paper at the same time may be considered as an introductory paper to forthcoming publications of general studies on flower and fruit characters now being conducted at Utrecht.
Hagenbachia (Liliaceae): Reexamination of its familial placement, its authors, the lectotype, and other collections
Authors: Cruden Robert William , Maas Paul J. M. , Maas‐van de Kamer Hiltje 
Published: April 2006

SummaryCruden, R. W., Maas, P. J. M. & Maas‐van de Kamer, H.: Hagenbachia (Liliaceae): Reexamination of its familial placement, its authors, the lectotype, and other collections. ‐ Taxon 40: 445–452. 1991. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.The inclusion of Hagenbachia in Liliaceae s.l. is reviewed and supported. The description and illustration of H. brasiliensis provided by Nees & Martius accurately fit the lectotype (at BR) and include a number of characters that are either rare or do not occur in Haemodoraceae, where it was originally placed. These characters, e.g., flowers in fascicles, jointed pedicels, glabrous tepals and inflorescences, and bifacial leaves are typical of Hagenbachia and related genera in Liliaceae. The type species name is correctly cited as H. brasiliensis Nees & Martius in Schultes. The type locality is in Bahia (Brazil), near to or along the Rio dos Ilhéus upriver from Ilhéus.
To which species of Scenedesmus should the name S. quadricauda apply? Quadricaudate ecomorphs of spiny species
Authors: Trainor F. R. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryTrainor, F. R.: To which species of Scenedesmus should the name S. quadricauda apply? Quadricaudate ecomorphs of spiny species. ‐ Taxon 40: 453–457. 1991. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.The name Scenedesmus quadricauda is frequently used for identification of a commonly observed freshwater green alga. Many phycologists agree that the name has been misapplied very often in the last 75 years. Until recently we have not realized that one reason for this confusion is that there is no stable quadricaudate taxon, but rather quadricaudate ecomorphs of several spiny species. It is postulated that every spiny species may have this ecomorph, as does S. communis on which experimental data are here presented.
Arbutus xandrosterilis, a new interspecific hybrid between A. canadensis and A. unedo from the Canary Islands
Authors: Pascual M. Salas , Ginovés J. R. Acebes , del Arco Aguilar M. 
Published: April 2006

SummarySalas Pascual, M., Acebes Ginovés, J. R. & Arco Aguilar, M. del: Arbutus ×androsterilis, a new interspecific hybrid between A. canariensis and A. unedo from the Canary Islands. – Taxon 42: 789‐792. 1993. – ISSN 0040‐0262.Arbutus ×androsterilis, nothosp. nov., results from the hybridization between A. canariensis, a Canary Islands endemic, and A. unedo, a Mediterranean species locally naturalized in Tenerife. The name A. canariensis is typified.
Chromosome numbers in Sonneratia and Duabanga (Lythraceae s.l.) and their systematic significance.
Authors: Graham Shirley A. , Oginuma Kazuo , Raven Peter H. , Tobe Hiroshi 
Published: April 2006

SummaryGraham, S. A., Oginuma, K., Raven, P. H. & Tobe, H.: Chromosome numbers in Sonneratia and Duabanga (Lythraceae s.l.) and their systematic significance. ‐ Taxon 42: 35‐41. 1993. ‐ISSN 0040‐0262.Published chromosome numbers in Sonneratia and Duabanga are inconsistent and indicate the basic numbers of the two genera are x = 9 or 11 and x = 12, respectively. Chromosome number counts made in this study for three species of Sonneratia indicate 2n = 24, and for two species of Duabanga, 2n = 48. The base is established as x = 12 in both genera. Although the genera have accumulated numerous autapomorphies that lead them to be regarded in separate subfamilies Sonneratioideae and Duabangoideae of the Lythraceae s.l., they share karyologically similar chromosomes and a unique basic number for the family, which is x = 8 in the remaining subfamilies Punicoideae and Lythroideae. Sonneratia and Duabanga are regarded as among the most primitive genera of the Lythraceae s.l. A number of other myrtalean higher taxa also have x = 12. This base number is most likely the ancestral number for the order.
Desktop computer mapping at the National Herbarium of Canada
Authors: Haber Erich 
Published: April 2006

SummaryHaber, E.: Desktop computer mapping at the National Herbarium of Canada. ‐ Taxon 42: 63‐70. 1993. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.A versatile and relatively inexpensive PC mapping system in use at the National Herbarium of Canada is described and examples of its capabilities and use are given. Sources of place name databases with coordinates for Canada and the U.S.A. are also mentioned, and a simple method of creating color slides from the computer monitor is described.
THE USE OF RATIO VARIABLES IN SYSTEMATICS
Authors: Frampton C. M. , Ward J. M. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryEight ratio variables measured on 85 OTUs from Raoulia subg. Raoulia were studied to explore their distributional properties and discriminating abilities. The ratios are shown to be generally less normal than their constituents, a property that can (to varying degrees) be alleviated by the choice of the numerator as the constituent with the largest coefficient of variation. The discriminating properties of the ratios are shown to be as good as their constituents individually, implying that the ratios are potentially useful variables with unique properties. The problem of redundant variability as a product of including a ratio variable and its two constituents in a data set is also addressed. Given that the deletion of one of these variables is a solution to this, it is shown that removing the ratio does not necessarily optimise the amount of retained variability. Thus, the use of ratio variables is seen to be an empirical a posteriori decision that can be made on the basis of objective criteria.
Transfer of the southern African species of Lightfootia, nom. illeg., to Wahlenbergia (Campanulaceae, Campanuloideae)
Authors: Lammers Thomas G. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryLammers, T. G.: Transfer of the southern African species of Lightfootia, nom. illeg., to Wahlenbergia (Campanulaceae, Campanuloideae). – Taxon 44: 333‐339. 1995. – ISSN 0040‐0262.Lightfootia L'Hér., validly published in January 1789, is illegitimate, being antedated by Lightfootia Sw. (June‐July 1788), and is furthermore a later synonym of Wahlenbergia as presently circumscribed. Whereas the tropical African and Madagascan species formerly assigned to Lightfootia have already been named in Wahlenbergia, the 39 southern African species currently recognized have not. New combinations or substitute names are published here to rectify this situation. Two names, Campanula sect. Campanopsis R. Br. and Lightfootia macrostachys A. DC., are typified.
The species concept in Clavatoraceae (fossil Charophyta) reviewed
Authors: Feist Monique , Wang Zhen 
Published: April 2006

SummaryFeist, M. & Wang, Z.: The species concept in Clavatoraceae (fossil Charophyta) reviewed. – Taxon 44: 351‐361.1995. – ISSN 0040‐0262.In a cladistic analysis, phylogenetic lineages of the Mesozoic charophyte family Clavatoraceae have recently been interpreted as evolutionary species. However, a reappraisal of the Perimneste‐Atopochara lineage shows the existence of several evolutionary divergences which in our opinion are incompatible with monophyly as postulated under the evolutionary species concept. The revolution of classification brought about by application of that concept causes confusion and error, and the transfer of validly named species to subspecific rank causes instability and detracts from their usefulness as stratigraphic markers. The species that we accept are listed in an overall classification of the Clavatoraceae. A new combination, Globator steinhauseri (G. maillardi subsp. steinhauseri Mojon) is proposed.
Steps along the road to a harmonized bionomenclature
Authors: Hawksworth David L. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryHawksworth, D. L.: Steps along the road to a harmonized bionomenclature. – Taxon 44: 447‐456 1995.–ISSN 0040‐0262.Steps taken towards an increasingly harmonized approach to the nomenclature of organisms in all groups since 1985 are identified. The key conclusions of an Exploratory Meeting on Harmonization held in 1994 are presented, along with the report of the first meeting of the Interim Commission on Bionomenclature held in 1995. The latter meeting made proposals on the harmonization of terms between the five existing Codes, and also prepared a first draft International code of bionomenclature to deal with names published after (provisionally) 1 January 2000.
Growth‐form and taxonomy in Arenaria sect. Plinthine (Caryophyllaceae)
Authors: Feliner Gonzalo Nieto 
Published: April 2006

SummaryNieto Feliner, G.: Growth‐form and taxonomy in Arenaria sect. Plinthine (Caryophyllaceae). – Taxon 43: 45‐50. 1994. – ISSN 0040‐0262.A study of the growth‐forms in Arenaria sect. Plinthine is presented, describing and interpreting two different, systematically relevant, patterns that are defined by the position of the innovation buds. The first, apparently the more evolved one, probably constitutes a good synapomorphy for the 7 taxa exhibiting it: innovation buds arise on short, vegetative lateral shoots arising below the starting point of the season's growth of the fertile axis. In the second case innovation buds arise in leaf‐axils along the whole length of the season's growth of the flowering shoots, extending to well above the first nodes and up to the base of the inflorescence. Recognition of these two growth‐forms helps to solve the old problem of the correct taxonomic placement of the population from Mont Ventoux (S. France), which must be included in A. aggregata not A. erinacea.
Molecular systematics: assembling and using the Tree of Life
Authors: Soltis Pamela S. , Soltis Douglas E. 
Published: April 2006

SummarySoltis, P. S. & Soltis, D. E. Molecular systematics: assembling and using the Tree of Life. ‐Taxon 50: 663–677. 2001. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.The Tree of Life represents the fundamental framework for ordering biological information. In this paper, we argue for concerted efforts to reconstruct the green plant clade of the Tree of Life, as well as the rest of the Tree, and suggest ways in which the Tree can be used further for inferring and testing hypotheses of evolution. We suggest characters, from DNA sequences to genomic characters, for use in reconstructing the phylogeny of plants. Challenges in data analysis must also be met, if we are to reconstruct the phylogeny of nearly half a billion species of green plants. Phyloinformatics, the storage, retrieval, and use of phylogenetic data and phylogenetic trees, must play an increasingly important role in plant systematics and the systematics community as a whole. Both functional and comparative genomics will benefit from integration with phylogenetic information, and these fields may provide new characters for phylogeny reconstruction. A synthetic view of plant phylogeny requires the incorporation of fossils; a major challenge facing paleo‐botanists and plant systematists is the integration of these disciplines. In sum, molecular systematics, through interfaces with many other fields, from genomics to computer science to paleobotany, will long remain an “unending synthesis”.
Plant systematics in the next 50 years—re‐mapping the new frontier
Authors: Sytsma Kenneth J. , Pires J. Chris 
Published: April 2006

SummarySytsma, K. J. & Pires, J. C.: Plant systematics in the next 50 years—re‐mapping the new frontier. ‐ Taxon 50: 713–732. 2001. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.In the historical context of plant systematics over the last 50 years, systematics is examined in terms of where it is now, where it is headed, where it should be, and how it should get there. Issues and concerns of the past decades are still with us today. Molecular systematics has become the over‐arching field in systematics, but each of eight other areas (genome, chromosomes, morphology and anatomy, development, population biology, speciation, floristics and monography, nomenclature and classification) are evaluated. A revolution in systematics is not necessary for the next 50 years in plant systematics. What is needed is a re‐mapping of our discipline that involves four elements for the future growth and health of botanical systematics: plant systematics and its utility, dialogue with other disciplines, multi‐disciplinary training, and a pluralistic viewpoint.
Phylogenetic relationships in Anthemis L. (Compositae, Anthemideae) based on nrDNA ITS sequence variation
Authors: Oberprieler Christoph 
Published: April 2006

SummaryOberprieler, C.: Phylogenetic relationships in Anthemis L. (Compositae, Anthemideae) based on nrDNA ITS sequence variation. Taxon 50: 745–762. 2001. ISSN 0040‐0262.Sequences of the nrDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region were analysed for 29 representatives of Anthemis L. and six outgroup taxa of Anthemideae (Compositae) to study the delimitation and the infrageneric taxonomy of this large and widespread Eurasian and African genus. Species of Anthemis included all subgenera and sections traditionally used in supraspecific classifications of the genus. Maximum parsimony (MP), maximum likelihood (ML), and distance (neighbor joining, NJ) analyses were carried out for phylogenetic reconstructions. The results suggest that the genus, in its traditional circumscription, is not monophyletic due to the consistent placement of a member of Tripleurospermum amidst the Anthemis representatives. Subdivision of Anthemis into two subgenera (A. subg. Anthemis, A. subg. Cota) is supported, with the exception of the placement of A. sect. Chiae and sect. Odontostephanae which fall outside A. subg. Anthemis. Within A. subg. Anthemis, life form dependent delimitation of A. sect. Anthemis (annuals) against A. sect. Hiorthia (perennials) is not supported, whereas the monophyly of other sections (A. sect. Maruta, A. sect. Rascheyanae) is confirmed including the placement of Ammanthus Boiss. & Heldr. into Anthemis subg. Anthemis.
Phylogenetic relationships in Polygalaceae based on plastid DNA sequences from the trnL‐F region
Authors: Persson Claes 
Published: April 2006

SummaryPersson, C.: Phylogenetic relationships in Polygalaceae based on plastid DNA sequences from the trnL‐F region. ‐ Taxon 50: 763–779. 2001. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.Seventy‐three plastid DNA sequences from the trnL‐F region were used to infer phylogenetic relationships among Polygalaceae. The analysis indicates that Xanthophyllum is the sister group to the remainder of genera in Polygalaceae. Monophyly of tribes Polygaleae and Carpolobieae is corroborated, whereas monophyly of Moutabeae could not be confirmed. Although intergeneric relationships within Polygaleae are poorly resolved, most traditional genera are corroborated as monophyletic. However, Polygala and Bredemeyera s.l. form two exceptions and are grossly polyphyletic. Acanthocladus and Badiera (incl. Hebecarpa), taxa often assigned to Polygala, are more closely related to Bredemeyera s.str. than to other Polygala. Likewise, Bredemeyera s.l. is broadly polyphyletic since Comesperma and Bredemeyera colletioides (sect. Hualania) have their closest relatives among other genera. Furthermore, Hualania is also polyphyletic since Bredemeyera microphylla appears as the sister to the Hebecarpa‐Badiera clade. Unlike a previous morphological analysis, Monnina is strongly supported as monophyletic by trnL‐F data, but internal relationships are partly unresolved. Species of Polygala sensu Chodat have a tendency to group by geographical distribution rather than after traditional sectional affiliation. Thus, although resolution is poor, it is suspected that several sections of Polygala are not monophyletic and need to be recircumscribed.
Family name listings modified in Appendix IIB of the Saint Louis Code
Authors: Turland Nicholas J. , Barrie Fred R. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryTurland, N. J. & Barrie, F. R. 2001. Family name listings modified in Appendix IIB of the Saint Louis Code. ‐ Taxon 50: 897–903. 2001. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.The Nomenclature Section of the XVI International Botanical Congress authorised the revision of Appendix IIB of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. We provide a list of the entries which have been modified editorially in the Saint Louis Code.