bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HRM in Chinese privately owned enterprises
Authors: Shen Jie 
Published: February 2008

AbstractUsing an in‐depth case study approach, this study investigates human resource management (HRM) practices in Chinese privately owned enterprises (POEs). While HRM practices in POEs are marketoriented, there is a lack of HR planning, commitment to training and development, and employee involvement and participation. The pragmatic HRM practices in POEs contribute to greater efficiency and rapid expansion of the private enterprise economy, but at the same time are associated with low employee job satisfaction, employees' organizational commitment, and their experience of disadvantages. These are issues that are all likely to cause labor disputes to occur. The findings of this study have significant implications for practitioners and further research. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
BlackBerry in red China: Research in motion navigates institutional barriers in an emerging market. Case comment: RIM in China
Authors: Ensign Prescott C. , Robinson Nicholas P. , Fournier Luc 
Published: February 2008

AbstractResearch in Motion's (RIM's) entry into the Chinese market during a time when many distractions —principally a patent dispute with NTP—occupied management's attention was not a foregone conclusion. China remained a difficult market to crack. One holdup was an impasse with regard to RIM's use of encryption technology and the Chinese authorities' desire to monitor e‐mail traffic and content. Here the technical and political concerns were entangled. To further complicate things, the entirety of RIM had until recently been preoccupied with the legal settlement with NTP in the United States. Issues in this study highlight real‐world dilemmas in a thriving firm. The founders are still in charge, and new markets present themselves regularly. A very real challenge is divided attentions. The standstill over market entry calls for integrative thinking—bringing together disparate and contradictory elements for resolution. RIM's way out will invariably involve embracing complex relationships in order to find a resolution to the various conflicting institutional forces. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Out‐of‐school services in Europe: How we learn from each other
Authors: Meijvogel Ria 
Published: February 2008

AbstractAlthough individual systems for out‐of‐school time cannot be replicated purely, European countries have made great strides in learning from one another. This article examines the five steps of admiration, confusion, structure, concepts, and discussion to illuminate how cross‐system learning can occur while also giving insight into a myriad of country‐specific programs for young people.
Flexible access control policy for SCOOP
Authors: Nienaltowski Piotr 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
The SCOOP model extends Eiffel to support the construction of concurrent applications with little more effort than sequential ones. The model provides strong safety guarantees: mutual exclusion and atomicity at the routine level, and FIFO scheduling of clients’ calls. Unfortunately, in the original proposal of the model (SCOOP_97) these guarantees come at a high price: they entail locking all the arguments of a feature call, even if the corresponding objects are never used by the feature. In most cases, the amount of locking is higher than necessary. Additionally, a client that holds a lock on a given processor cannot relinquish it temporarily when the lock is needed by one of its suppliers. This increases the likelihood of deadlocks; additionally, some interesting synchronisation scenarios, e.g. separate callbacks, cannot be implemented. We propose two refinements of the access control policy for SCOOP: a type-based mechanism to specify which arguments of a routine call should be locked, and a lock passing mechanism for safe handling of complex synchronisation scenarios with mutual locking of several separate objects. When combined, these refinements increase the expressive power of the model, give programmers more control over the computation, and enable more potential parallelism, thus reducing the risk of deadlock.
A Study of the Technical Route of the Synthesis of Alkylbenzenes for Use as an Oil Displacement Agent
Authors: Dai Xihai , Suo Jishuan , Duan Xia , Bai Ziwu , Zhang Li 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThis paper describes the technology of synthesizing alkylbenzenes containing C16–19 alkyl chains. The heavy alkylbenzenes were prepared by C16–19 liquid paraffin dehydrogenation, followed by alkylation with benzene. A novel catalyst containing Pt and Sn as its main components for the dehydrogenation of C16–19 paraffins to alkenes was prepared by vacuum impregnation and the catalyst exhibited high stability and selectivity. The alkylation of the C16–19 alkenes and benzene had a conversion yield of 86.15% and a selectivity of 81.21%. The main alkylbenzenes was identified as monoalkylbenzene by IR and chromatography analysis. C16–19 alkylbenzene sulfonates are found to give an ultra‐low interfacial tension when mixing with crude oil/reservoir water.
Social distance and spatial distance are not the same, observations on the use of GIS in leprosy epidemiology
Authors: HOEVEN T. A. , FISCHER E. A. J. , PAHAN D. , RICHARDUS J. H. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYContacts of leprosy patients have a higher risk of developing clinical leprosy. Being a contact is defined socially, but with the introduction of geographical information systems (GIS) in infectious disease epidemiology, it is necessary to relate spatial distance to social distance. We measured the distances between patients and their socially defined contacts in northwest Bangladesh. Contact categories differ in mean distance to the index patients. Sixty-seven per cent of the high-risk contacts lived within 10 metres (m), while all low-risk contacts lived >10 m from the index patient. Classification based on intervals of spatial distance creates categories that contain contacts of different socially defined categories, illustrated by a category of people living between 10 m and 20 m consisting of 47% of high-risk contacts and 52% low-risk contacts. Classification of contacts based on the spatial distance, as performed with GIS techniques, produces other groups than with social definitions.
Psychological benefits for children and adolescents who have undergone transplantation of the heart from participation in the British Transplant Games
Authors: Wray Jo , Lunnon-Wood Tracy 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe British Transplant Games are held annually for children and adults who have received transplanted organs. The aim of our pilot study was to determine whether participation in such an event had an impact on psychological well-being. We asked 26 children participating in the Games to complete a specifically designed questionnaire before and after the event. The 13 questions covered areas such as state of mood, perceived physical health, fatigue, anxiety, and confidence. There were mean improvements over time on 10 of the 13 questions, and the change in overall score was significant (p = .036). For the majority of young people, participation in the Transplant Games was associated with a positive impact on psychological functioning in the short term. Further evaluation is now required to determine whether such benefits are maintained in the longer term.
Translating OWL and semantic web rules into prolog: Moving toward description logic programs
Authors: SAMUEL KEN , OBRST LEO , STOUTENBERG SUZETTE , FOX KAREN , FRANKLIN PAUL , JOHNSON ADRIAN , LASKEY KEN , NICHOLS DEBORAH , LOPEZ STEVE , PETERSON JASON 
Published: February 2008

AbstractWe are researching the interaction between the rule and the ontology layers of the Semantic Web, by comparing two options: 1) using OWL and its rule extension SWRL to develop an integrated ontology/rule language, and 2) layering rules on top of an ontology with RuleML and OWL. Toward this end, we are developing the SWORIER system, which enables efficient automated reasoning on ontologies and rules, by translating all of them into Prolog and adding a set of general rules that properly capture the semantics of OWL. We have also enabled the user to make dynamic changes on the fly, at run time. This work addresses several of the concerns expressed in previous work, such as negation, complementary classes, disjunctive heads, and cardinality, and it discusses alternative approaches for dealing with inconsistencies in the knowledge base. In addition, for efficiency, we implemented techniques called extensionalization, avoiding reanalysis, and code minimization.
Display of H5N1Avian influenza virushaemagglutinin HA1 onBacillus thuringiensiscell surface and its immunogenicity for mice
Authors: Mei Liu , Lin-Jing Lu , Jun-Yan Huang , Shu-Huan Zhang , Ding-Ren Bi , Ming Sun 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe S-layer protein CTC surface display system ofBacillus thuringiensiswas used to test the possibility of displaying H5N1Avian influenza virus(AIV) haemagglutinin HA1 on the cell surface ofB. thuringiensis. Two recombinant plasmids, pCTC-HA1P and pCSHA1P, were constructed by replacing the central part below the surface anchor sequenceslhof S-layer protein genectcwith partha1gene(ha1p). pCTC-HA1P harboured the fusion genectc-ha1pand pCSHA1P the fusion genecsa-ctc-ha1p,csarepresenting thecsaABoperon (very important in anchoring S-layer protein on the bacterial cell surface). Two recombinantB. thuringiensisstrains were constructed by electrotransferring recombinant plasmids toB. thuringiensisplasmid-free derivative strain BMB171. Strains obtained were CH (bearing pCSHA1P) and BCCH (bearing pCTC-HA1P as well as thecsaABoperon-carrying plasmid pMIL-CSA). The vegetative cells of CH and BCCH were used as antigens in haemagglutination (HA) and haemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays. HA assay showed recombinant HA1 proteins successfully displayed on the cell surface of CH and BCCH. HI assay showed that these recombinant HA1 proteins were specific to standard positive HI (haemagglutination inhibition test) serum of subtype H5 AIV. After immunization of mice with vegetative cells, both CH and BCCH elicited a humoral response to HA1 and exhibited immunogenicity as indicated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). ELISA also showed that CH exhibited a higher immunogenicity than BCCH. The strategy developed in this study suggests the possibility of generating a heat-stable and oral veterinary vaccine against AIV with theB. thuringiensisS-layer protein CTC surface display system.
Observation Can Be as Effective as Action in Problem Solving
Authors: Osman Magda 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThis study discusses findings that replicate and extend the original work of , which showed that performance in problem‐solving tasks was more accurate when people were engaged in a non‐specific goal than in a specific goal. The main innovation here was to examine the goal specificity effect under both observation‐based and conventional action‐based learning conditions. The findings show that goal specificity affects the accuracy of problem solving in the same way when the learning stage of the task is observation‐based as when it is action‐based. In addition, the findings show that, when instructions do not promote goal specificity, observation‐based problem solving is as effective as action‐based problem solving.
Lexical Categories at the Edge of the Word
Authors: Onnis Luca , Christiansen Morten H. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractLanguage acquisition may be one of the most difficult tasks that children face during development. They have to segment words from fluent speech, figure out the meanings of these words, and discover the syntactic constraints for joining them together into meaningful sentences. Over the past couple of decades, computational modeling has emerged as a new paradigm for gaining insights into the mechanisms by which children may accomplish these feats. Unfortunately, many of these models assume a computational complexity and linguistic knowledge likely to be beyond the abilities of developing young children. This article shows that, using simple statistical procedures, significant correlations exist between the beginnings and endings of a word and its lexical category in English, Dutch, French, and Japanese. Therefore, phonetic information can contribute to individuating higher level structural properties of these languages. This article also presents a simple 2‐layer connectionist model that, once trained with an initial small sample of words labeled for lexical category, can infer the lexical category of a large proportion of novel words using only word‐edge phonological information, namely the first and last phoneme of a word. The results suggest that simple procedures combined with phonetic information perceptually available to children provide solid scaffolding for emerging lexical categories in language development.
Is Structure Dependence an Innate Constraint? New Experimental Evidence From Children's Complex‐Question Production
Authors: Ambridge Ben , Rowland Caroline F. , Pine Julian M. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractAccording to , when forming complex yes/no questions, children do not make errors such as Is the boy who smoking is crazy? because they have innate knowledge of structure dependence and so will not move the auxiliary from the relative clause. However, simple recurrent networks are also able to avoid such errors, on the basis of surface distributional properties of the input (; ). Two new elicited production studies revealed that (a) children occasionally produce structure‐dependence errors and (b) the pattern of children's auxiliary‐doubling errors (Is the boy who is smoking is crazy?) suggests a sensitivity to surface co‐occurrence patterns in the input. This article concludes that current data do not provide any support for the claim that structure dependence is an innate constraint, and that it is possible that children form a structure‐dependent grammar on the basis of exposure to input that exhibits this property.
The Step to Rationality: The Efficacy of Thought Experiments in Science, Ethics, and Free Will
Authors: Shepard Roger N. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractExamples from Archimedes, Galileo, Newton, Einstein, and others suggest that fundamental laws of physics were—or, at least, could have been—discovered by experiments performed not in the physical world but only in the mind. Although problematic for a strict empiricist, the evolutionary emergence in humans of deeply internalized implicit knowledge of abstract principles of transformation and symmetry may have been crucial for humankind's step to rationality—including the discovery of universal principles of mathematics, physics, ethics, and an account of free will that is compatible with determinism.
The effects of aminophylline on bispectral index during inhalational and total intravenous anaesthesia*
Authors: Hüpfl M. , Schmatzer I. , Buzath A. , Burger H. , Hörauf K. , Ihra G. , Marhofer P. , Nagele P. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryAminophylline is usually used during anaesthesia to treat bronchospasm but recent findings suggest that it can also be used to shorten recovery time after general anaesthesia. However, it is unclear whether aminophylline shows similar properties during a steady‐state phase of deep surgical anaesthesia. We therefore wanted to test the hypothesis that the administration of aminophylline leads to an increase in bispectral index as a surrogate parameter suggesting a lighter plane of anaesthesia. The study was designed as a double‐blind, randomised, controlled trial with two main groups (aminophylline and placebo) and two subgroups (sevoflurane and propofol). We studied 60 patients. The injection of aminophylline 3 mg.kg−1 was associated with significant increases in bispectral index up to 10 min after its injection, while heart rate and blood pressure did not change. It appears that aminophylline has the ability to partially antagonise the sedative effects of general anaesthetics.
Assessing the significance of along‐strike variations of middle to late Miocene prograding clinoformal sequence geometries beneath the New Jersey continental shelf
Authors: Fulthorpe Craig S. , Austin James A. 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACTSeismic mapping of high‐resolution multichannel seismic profiles along the New Jersey margin illustrates how characteristics of middle–late Miocene clinoformal sequence boundaries (SBs) change markedly along strike in presumed response to local depositional and erosional processes. Most SBs converge from SW to NE, in part as a result of the influence of underlying basin morphology on accommodation space, but also in response to differential subsidence and presumed along‐strike variations in sediment supply from the adjacent margin. The curvature of clinoform breaks, historically viewed as marking palaeo‐shelf edges, is variable and such breaks are rarely sharp. Gently curved palaeo‐shelf/slope transitions cannot be assigned precise palaeobathymetric significance and probably instead reflect post‐depositional sediment reworking. The amount of erosional truncation landward of clinoform breaks varies significantly. Documented along‐strike variability in SB morphology occurs, even though middle–late Miocene palaeo‐shelf edges are nearly linear in plan view. Therefore, such linearity cannot be a product of uniform sedimentary processes and/or accumulation along strike, but instead reflects elongation of depocentres of originally variable cross‐sectional geometry, possibly with the assistance of along‐strike currents. The observed lateral geometric heterogeneity of Neogene sequences can exert profound and unwanted influences on the outcome of scientific drilling intended to calibrate seismic stratigraphic interpretations in the absence of sufficient three‐dimensional (3D) seismic control.
Use of β2 agonists and risk of acute myocardial infarction in patients with hypertension
Authors: De Vries Frank , Pouwels Sander , Bracke Madelon , Lammers Jan‐Willem , Klungel Olaf , Leufkens Hubert , Van Staa Tjeerd 
Published: February 2008

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT • Use of β2 agonists has been associated with tachycardia, an abnormal ECG and atrial fibrillation.• Previous observational studies of the association between use of β2 agonists and the risk of acute myocardial infarction (MI) have demonstrated conflicting results.• Instead of a causal effect, the positive association between β2 agonist use and MI may be explained by latent ischaemic heart disease, which has symptoms that appear similar to respiratory complaints in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS • The majority of β2 agonist users in our study population did not have an increased risk of nonfatal acute MI.• Only patients with ischaemic heart disease and who had recently started β2 agonists had an increased risk of acute MI.• It is likely that this increased risk was related to latent cardiovascular disease rather than direct effects of β2 agonists.AIM Observational retrospective studies of the association between use of β2 agonists and the risk of acute myocardial infarction (MI) have demonstrated conflicting results, particularly among first‐time users. The aim of this study was to examine the association between β2 agonist use and first nonfatal acute MI.METHODS We conducted a case–control study (2476 cases) nested in a cohort of antihypertensive drug users in the Dutch PHARMO RLS database. PHARMO RLS consists of drug dispensing linked to the national hospitalizations register. Each case of nonfatal acute MI was matched with up to 12 control patients by gender, age and region. Drug and disease history and the severity of the underlying respiratory disease were adjusted for.RESULTS Risk of acute MI was increased in current β2 agonist users [crude odds ratio (OR) 1.36, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.15, 1.61]. However, this excess risk was reduced after adjustment for severity of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (adjusted OR 1.18, 95% CI 0.93, 1.49). The risk was highest in patients with ischaemic heart disease and low cumulative dose of β2 agonists (adjusted OR 2.47, 95% CI 1.60, 3.82).CONCLUSION Most users of β2 agonists did not have an increased risk of acute MI. Only patients with ischaemic heart disease with low cumulative exposure to β2 agonists had an increased risk of acute MI. It is likely that this increased risk was related to latent cardiovascular disease rather than to the direct effects of β2 agonists.
Parathyroid response to vitamin D insufficiency: relations to bone, body composition and to lifestyle characteristics
Authors: Rejnmark Lars , Vestergaard Peter , Brot Christine , Mosekilde Leif 
Published: February 2008

SummaryBackground  Vitamin D insufficiency is very common and is known to cause secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT). However, in some subjects the PTH response to low vitamin D levels is blunted, which has been termed functional hypoparathyroidism (FHPT).Aim  We compared indices of calcium homeostasis, bone metabolism and body composition in subjects with differential PTH responses to low vitamin D levels.Design  Cross‐sectional study. In 405 recent postmenopausal women with vitamin D insufficiency, we compared levels of bone turnover markers, bone mineral density (BMD), body composition, and body weight between subjects with SHPT and FHPT.Results  Plasma 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (P‐25OHD) levels were slightly higher (P < 0·05) in SHPT compared with FHPT. SHPT was associated with higher levels of osteocalcin and bone‐specific alkaline phosphatase, whereas whole body BMD and hip‐ and lumbar spine‐BMD were significantly reduced. Subjects with SHPT had a 7% (P < 0·01) higher body weight and a 23% higher fat mass (P < 0·01) than subjects with FHPT, whereas lean tissue mass did not differ between groups. In SHPT, fat mass was increased by 14% (P < 0·001) at the upper and lower extremities and by 33% (P < 0·001) at the trunk. In a regression model, significant predictors of fat mass was P‐PTH (rp = 0·248, P < 0·01) and P‐osteocalcin (rp = –0·115, P = 0·02), with no effects of P‐25OHD or P‐creatinine levels.Conclusions  Effects of vitamin D insufficiency on bone is associated with the PTH responses. The increased body weight and fat mass in SHPT compared with FHPT may imply that PTH excess contributes to fat accumulation.