bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Short forms to assess life quality and symptom distress for urinary incontinence in women: The incontinence impact questionnaire and the urogenital distress inventory
Authors: Uebersax John S. , Wyman Jean F. , Shumaker Sally A. , McClish Donna K. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis article describes short form versions of the Incontinence Impact Questionnaire (IIQ) and the Urogenital Distress Inventory (UDI). These instruments assess life impact and symptom distress, respectively, of urinary incontinence and related conditions for women. All subsets regression analysis was used to find item subsets that best approximated scores of the long form versions. The approach succeeded in reducing the 30‐item IIQ and the 19‐item UDI to 7‐ and 6 item short forms, respectively. The short form versions may be more useful than the long form versions in many clinical and research applications. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Autonomic dysreflexia in a rat model spinal cord injury and the effect of pharmacologic agents
Authors: Rivas David A. , Chancellor Michael B. , Huang Bin , Salzman Steven K. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe object of this study was to develop a spinal cord injury (SCI) rat model for autonomic dysreflexia (AD), assessing the effect of alpha‐adrenergic and calcium channel blockade and to determine the relationship of detrusor‐external sphincter dyssynergia (DKSD) to the development of AD. A laminectomy was performed in male rats at the T4 or TI0 level and a controlled 50 g cm blunt SCI was induced using an impounder. Four weeks after injury, changes in arterial blood pressure and heart rate were monitored while simultaneous cystometry (CMG) and pelvic floor electromography (EMG) were performed in vivo in sham (control) and spinal cord injured rats. The effects of terazosin (0.1 mg/kg). diltiazem (0.5 mg/kg). and oxybutynin chloride (0.1 mg/kg) on hemodynamic changes were assessed independently. Both T4 and TI0 SCI rat displayed evidence of DESD (enhanced pelvic floor EMG activity at cystometric capacity) while control rats did not. Only T4 injured rats exhibited evidence of AD, with mean blood pressure elevations from 82.9 ± 13.6 to 93.9 ± 11.3 mm Hg (P < 0.01) and a mean heart rate decrease from 332.2 ± 56.5 to 311.1 ± 54.5 beats/min (P = 0.02) at cystometric capacity. The intravenous administration of terazosin or diltiazem abolished the AD response during CMC. The administration of oxybutynin exhibited the ability to increase bladder capacity and improve compliance in all 3 groups but did not blunt AD. The rat model of SCI effectively reproduced hemodynamic changes consistent with the AD complex in T4 level SCI but not TI0 level SCI animals, despite incomplete lesions. Blockade with either an alpha‐1 or a calcium channel antagonist effectively ablated the AD response to bladder distention. Anticholinergic agents had no effect on AD DESD frequently accompanies autonomic dysreflexia, although the development of AD is not a prerequisite for DESD. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Response of guinea pig smooth and striated urethral sphincter to cromakalim, prazosin, nifedipine, nitroprusside, and electrical stimulation
Authors: von Heyden Burkhard , Riemer R. Kirk , Nunes Lora , Brock Gerald B. , Lue Tom F. , Tanagho Emil A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPrazosin (an alpha‐1‐adrenergic blocker) and cromakalim (potassium channel opener), given alone, induced significant fatigue of the urethral sphincter at a concentration of 10−4 M; both drugs combined achieved a significant sphincteric fatigue at a concentration of 10−5 M each. To 10−4 M hexamethonium (ganglionic smooth muscle blocker) and 10−4 M decamethonium (nicotinic blocker of striated muscle) the striated urethral sphincter responded like striated muscle with no detectable function of its smooth muscle component. Therefore, the striated component seems to play a dominant role in sphincteric function. With calcium depletion or in the presence of a calcium channel blocker (10−4 M nifedipine) the urethral sphincter showed a relative enhancement of response to electrical field stimulation when compared with smooth and skeletal muscle, whose responses were both significantly reduced. This phenomenon could not be explained with calcium‐dependent, inhibitory, nitric oxide‐releasing nerves, as the NO‐synthase blocker N‐nitro‐L‐arginine (10−5 M to 5 × 10−4 M) failed to induce the enhancement of sphincter contraction during electrostimulation found with calcium depletion. Still, NO‐releasing nerves might play a role in sphincteric relaxation because sodium nitroprussidc (10−5 M) induced a significant relaxation of the urethral sphincter precontracted with 80 mM potassium. The potential to weaken sphincteric closure with drugs, exemplified by the results obtained in response to prazosin and cromakalim, would represent a therapeutic advance in the patient with neurogenic bladder dysfunction. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Blood flow rate and total blood flow related to length density and total length of blood vessels in mini‐pig urinary bladder after chronic outflow obstruction and after recovery from obstruction
Authors: Nielsen K. K. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractChronic partial bladder outlet obstruction was created in mini‐pigs by implanting a 6–7 mm ring around the proximal urethra. After a median obstruction period of 63 days the ring was removed, and after a median recovery period of 60 days the animals were sacrificed. At each study occasion the blood flow rate (ml per 100 g per min) was measured by washout of locally injected 133Xe in the bladder wall and the washout curves analyzed by the corrected initial slope method. Stereological estimation of length density and total length of blood vessels in the bladder were performed.The results can be summarized as follows: (1) no differences in the blood flow rate at the time of ring implantation, obstruction, or recovery, (2) no decrease in the blood flow rate in normal bladders after bladder distension, (3) a significant decrease in blood flow rate in obstructed bladders after distension, (4) a 6‐fold increase in total bladder blood flow after obstruction, (5) an unchanged blood flow per length of blood vessels per min during the study, (6) no changes in length densities of blood vessels during the study, and (7) a 7‐fold increase in total length of blood vessels after obstruction and reversion to control level after recovery. The unchanged blood flow per length of vessels implies that capillary proliferation matched the increased bladder mass during the study. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Imaging of pelvic floor contractions using MRI
Authors: Christensen L. L. , Djurhuus J. C. , Constantinou C. E. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractMagnetic resonance was used to visualize the effect of voluntary pelvic floor contractions on the abdominal structures with particular emphasis in determining the dynamic relationship between the bladder and surrounding organs. The pelvic floor was imaged in 6 asymptomatic female volunteers using MRI viewed in seven coronal and seven sagittal planes. The relative displacement of the bladder resulting from voluntary pelvic floor contraction was measured and the changes from the relaxed to the contracted stage were identified. Measurements from sagittal images show superior bladder wall movement of 3.8 ± 1.3 mm, posterior of 7.0 ± 2.8 mm, while maximum movement in the gluteal region was 3.5–4.0 mm. The results show that voluntary contractions of the pelvic floor measured and visualized using this technique can be identified and displayed using image processing techniques. Anatomical displacement of the bladder in the superior direction is illustrated, demonstrating that pelvic floor contraction provides increased levator muscle support. There is no significant displacement of the anterior aspect of the bladder, while the posterior wall demonstrates maximum movement. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reduced variance of latencies in pudendal evoked potentials after normalization for body height
Authors: Nikiforidis G. , Koutsojannis C. , Giannoulis S. , Barbalias G. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe value of the Somatosensory Evoked Potentials (SEP) in the assessment and detection of neurological disorders could be considerably enhanced if the normative standards of (SEP) characteristic parameters were normalized taking into account all other systematic sources of variance. The present study examines the influence of body height on the peak and interpeak latencies of the pudendal somatosensory evoked potentials. We examined the peak latency (L1) of the evoked potential recorded at the L1 vertebra and the onset latency (ONc) of the cortical evoked potentials, after stimulation of the pudendal nerve, as a function of body height in 40 normal male subjects (age 20–40 years). Significant positive correlation was found between both (ONc) latency and ONc‐L1 interpeak latency and body height (H). Assuming that the latter is proportional to the length of the neural pathways, the experimental data were fitted using a theoretical model representing the conduction in the sensory neuraxis as a function of body height. Using the estimated fitting functions, we normalized our data with regard to a typical value of body height. The normalized values of the aforementioned latencies reveal a significantly reduced variance, as compared to the original ones, and consequently their diagnostic importance is significantly increased. Similar procedures applied to the L1 (spinal) latencies and the latencies of the bulbocavernosus reflex (BCR) reveal no correlation with body height and this is discussed on the basis of neuroanatomical considerations. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neurogenic bladder in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
Authors: Menéndez V. , Valls J. , Espuña M. , Pérez A. , Barranco M. A. , Carretero P. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe have performed a urodynamic study on 3 patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), presenting with a neurogenic bladder. The first patient had an ascending myelitis of probable herpetic origin, the second patient had a cerebral abscess caused by Toxoplasma gondii, and the third patient had an AIDS dementia complex. The urodynamic study showed an arreflexic detrusor in the first 2 patients, and a hypereflexic detrusor in the third patient. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Use of injectable fat to obstruct the urethra in rabbits
Authors: Canning Douglas A. , Seibold Jöerg , Saito Masahiko , Zderic Stephen A. , Snyder Howard M. , Duckett John W. , Levin Robert M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractBulking agents have been injected to correct urinary incontinence for at least 15 years. The injection seeks to increase bladder outlet resistance by partially obstructing the urethra and thereby reduce urinary leakage in patients with stress urinary incontinence. Although the implant is effective and requires a shorter in‐hospital stay than more traditional procedures, no ideal implant substance has been discovered. To assess the effectiveness of injected fat as a bulking agent, we injected small volumes of perivesical fat into the bladder neck in New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits and tested the effect on the bladder. In eight rabbits, we harvested perivesical fat and partially closed the urethral lumen with an initial injection. A second injection 1 month later completely closed the urethral lumen. We injected six other rabbits with similar volumes of saline as controls. Two weeks after the second injection, we measured micturition frequency, bladder weight, response to electrical field stimulation, and response to bethanecol in each group. Fat implants were present at the injection site in each case 4 weeks after the first injection. Rabbits receiving fat implants had increased micturition frequency, increased bladder weight, and increased response to bethanecol and field stimulation. Previous studies have demonstrated that these changes are characteristic of mild outlet obstruction in rabbits. Injected fat can be made to close the urethra and create bladder outlet obstruction in rabbits. The short‐term success of fat as a bulking agent in this experiment is encouraging and suggests the need for longer term studies. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphological, stereological, and biochemical analysis of the mini‐pig urinary bladder after chronic outflow obstruction and after recovery from obstruction
Authors: Nielsen K. K. , Andersen C. B. , Petersen L. K. , Oxlund H. , Nordling J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractChronic partial bladder outlet obstruction was created in nine mini‐pigs by implanting a 6–7 mm ring around the proximal urethra. After a median obstruction period of 63 days, the ring was removed and after a recovery period of median 60 days the animals were sacrificed. Changes in muscle and connective tissue were assessed by unbiased, modern morphometry and biochemical analysis After obstruction the results were as follows: (1) a 6‐fold increase in bladder weight, (2) a 2.5‐fold increase in smooth muscle cell size, (3) a 3‐fold increase in smooth muscle cell number, (4) unchanged proportions between muscle and connective tissue, (5) unchanged hydroxyproline concentrations, (6) an 8‐fold increase in total collagen content, (7) an increase in the ratio of type I/III collagen, and (8) a 7‐8‐fold increase in total content of type I and III collagen. All changes were markedly, though incompletely, reversed after recovery, except smooth muscle cell number and the ratio of type I/III collagen. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Long‐term results and complications using augmentation cystoplasty in reconstructive urology
Authors: Flood Hugh D. , Malhotra Sumeeta J. , O'Connell Helen E. , Ritchey Michael J. , Bloom David A. , McGuire Edward J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractOne hundred and twenty‐two augmentation cystoplasties performed over an 8‐year period were reviewed. Mean age at surgery was 37 years (range 2–82 years). There were 82 female patients. The primary urodynamic diagnosis was reduced compliance in 92 (77%) pattenls and detrusor hyperreflexia/instability in the remainder. The clinical diagnostic groups were: spinal cord injury/disease in 32 (27%), myelodysplasia in 27 (22%), interstitial cystitis in 21 (17%), idiopathic detrusor instability in 13 (11%), radiation cystitis in 8 (7%). Hinman‐Allen syndrome in 5 (4%), and miscellaneous in 11 (9%). A detubularized, ileal augmentation was used in 82 (67%) patients. In 36 (30%) a detubularized ileocecocystoplasty was fashioned and in the remainder detubularized sigmoid was used. In 19 patients augmentation accompanied undiversion. Sixteen patients had a simultaneous fascial sling for urethral incompetence. Mean follow‐up was 37 months (range 6–96 months). There was no postoperative mortality. During follow‐up 4 patients died from unrelated causes, 11 have been lost to follow‐up, and 5 patients await planned transplantation. Bladder capacity was increased from a preoperative mean of 108 ml (range 15–500 ml) to 438 ml (200–1,200 ml) postoperatively. Of the 106 assessable patients, 80 (75%) had an excellent result, 21 (20%) were improved, and 5 (5%) had major ongoing problems.During the period of follow‐up, 17 (16%) patients underwent revision of their augmentation. Twenty‐four (21%) patients developed bladder stones and 30% of these did so more than once. Urinary incontinence became manifest in 15 (13%) patients but required surgical treatment in only half of these. Pyelonephritis occurred in 13 (11%) patients. Five patients developed small bowel obstruction following discharge from hospital. There were 7 instances of reservoir rupture in 5 (4%) patients. Augmentation cystoplasty has a pivotal role in the treatment of a broad range of lower and upper urinary tract problems. Careful patient selection and close follow‐up are essential. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New method to quantify the urodynamic improvement when treating bladder outlet obstruction: The efficacy of transurethral resection in benign prostatic hypertrophy
Authors: Spángberg Anders , Folkestad Bengt , Kristjánsson Baldvin , Ask Per 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA method to measure the urodynamic improvement when treating urethral obstruction is introduced and applied to patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy. The patients performed pressure‐flow studies before and 3–6 months after TUR‐p. The urethral resistance relation was estimated by curve fitting in the pressure flow plot. The new method quantifies the improvement in urethral resistance as the distance between the urethral resistance relation before and after treatment expressed in pressure units. The distance is measured at the flow rate equal to 75% of the maximum flow rate for the micturition with the lowest maximum flow rate and this distance is called δ‐URA.The median improvement after TUR‐p was 71 cm H2O (range 2–119). The improvement was strongly correlated to the resistance before treatment and the regression line indicates that the operation normalizes the resistance irrespective of its preoperative value. On the average a lowering of the urethral resistance relation with 8 cm H2O improved the maximum flow rate with 1 ml/s.The greatest advantage with the new method is that it has a high validity and is almost completely insensitive to changes in contractility. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Urethral pressure increase on effort originates from within the urethra, and continence from musculovaginal closure
Authors: Petros P. E. Papa , Ulmsten U. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe aim of the study was to determine the contribution of intra‐abdominal pressure transmission to urinary continence in the female. Five patients with genuine stress incontinence (GSI) were studied. Pressure transmission was measured in equivalent positions inside and outside the urethra and bladder during the Intravaginal Slingplasty procedure, a surgical operation used for treatment of urinary incontinence, and performed under local anaesthesia. A 6 mm diameter channel was created alongside the urethra. Two separate microtransducer catheters appropriately marked for length were inserted, one inside the urethra, and the other inside the described channel. With the vaginal hammock intact, an average of 10 simultaneous pressure measurements were made intraoperatively in response to coughing and straining in equivalent positions inside the urethra, and directly outside. Significantly higher pressure readings were found inside the urethra (P = 0.0025), indicating that an active component within the urethra may have created this pressure rise.After opening out two suburethral vaginal flaps, large quantities of urine were lost on coughing in all patients Continence was achieved on tightening the suburethral vagina, indicating that an adequately tight vaginal hammock is a critical element in the continence process. The findings of this study question intraabdominal pressure as a mechanism contributing to continence, but support an alternative mechanism, musculovaginal closure of the urethra. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transurethral sphincterotomy in quadriplegic patients: Long‐term‐follow‐up
Authors: Noll Friedhelm , Sauerwein Dieter , Stohrer Manfred 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSphincterotomy was the treatment of choice in spinal cord injured patients with reflex bladder activity and detrusor sphincter dyssynergia after World War II. However, nowadays the conversion of a spastic bladder into a low pressure reservoir by medication or operalively has become a more favourable bladder management. Only in quadriplegic patients who are not able to perform sclf‐catheterization, this treatment modality seemed to be an alternative. With twelve o'clock Sphincterotomy, urodynamic parameters of the lower urinary tract can be brought to favourable measures (leak‐point, residuals). However, the reoperation rate for the maintenance of these urodynamic results is high (57%). Laser Sphincterotomy seems to be advantageous in this respect, as it reduces the need for resphincterotomy significantly. Additionally, 14% of the patients needed operations, which made condom fixation possible Upper tract could only be preserved if Sphincterotomy is done early enough. Patients who do not empty completely while in the wheelchair are at risk to develop a hydronephrosis. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transrectal ultrasound guided needle electromyography of the urethral sphincter in males
Authors: Hasan S. Tahseen , Hamdy Freddie C. , Schofield Ian S. , Neal David E. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractNeedle electromyography (EMG) of the urethral sphincter in males is commonly performed using a transperineal approach. The technique involves transcutaneous insertion of an EMG needle into the sphincter guided by the investigator's finger placed in the rectum.We describe a new method of needle placement into the urethral sphincter in males using transrectal ultrasound (TRUS). With the patient in the left lateral position, the apex of the prostate gland is identified in the longitudinal plane. Using the TRUS biopsy channel, a specially designed long EMG needle is inserted into the sphincter commencing approximately 1.5–2 cm distal to the prostatic apex in an oblique fashion. This method allows precise identification of the site for needle insertion, reducing blind attempts at localization. The transrectal route is much less uncomfortable to patients, potentially improving patient compliance and overall effectiveness of the technique. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New and simplified vaginal approach for correction of urinary stress incontinence in women
Authors: Falconer Christian , Larsson Bertil 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTwenty‐lour patients with urodynamically confirmed urinary stress incontinence were operated upon with a new and simplified vaginal approach. This new technique is a simplification of a previously described transahdominal surgical method, in which a two‐component fibrin sealant (TisselR) was used. The sealant resulted in an excess of fibrin, which induced fibrosis. securing the urethrovesical junction in an elevated position to the retropubic periosteum.In the present study, the sealant was deposited retropubically with a specially designed needle through the anterior vaginal wall. A great advantage with this procedure is that only local anesthesia is used and the patient can leave the outpatient clinic I hour after the operation The minimum duration of the follow‐up period was 18 months The success rate was as high as 6.3%, and no side effects were observed. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Length density and total length of acetylcholinesterase positive nerves related to cystometry and in vitro studies of muscle strips in mini‐pig urinary bladder after chronic outflow obstruction and recovery from obstruction
Authors: Nielsen Kurt K. , Andersen Claus B. , Kromann‐Andersen Bjarne , Nordling Jørgen 
Published: March 2007

AbstractChronic partial bladder outlet obstruction was created in mini‐pigs by implanting a 6–7 mm ring around the proximal urethra. After a median obstruction period of 63 days, the ring was removed and after a median recovery period of 60 days the animals were sacrificed. At each occasion stepwise cystometry, measurement of residual urine, muscle strips studies with electrical and carbachol stimulation, and Stereological estimations of length density and total length of acetylcholinesterase positive nerves were performed. The results can be summarized as follows: (1) unchanged sensitivity of muscle strips to carbachol, but markedly decreased contractility and rate of contraction to carbachol, (2) no evidence of detrusor instability, but severely decompensated bladders in two pigs. (3) a significant increase in residual volume, (4) a pronounced decrease in length density and total length of acetylcholinesterase positive nerves, and (5) at field stimulation strips from some pigs showed increased sensitivity and contractility with high atropine and TTX resistance, while strips from the other pigs revealed decreased sensitivity and markedly decreased contractility to eletrical stimulation. In general, most of the changes were markedly, though incompletely, reversed alter recovery. Light and electron microscopy of muscle strips showed no histological or ultrastructural changes during the experiments or after storing 1 day at 4°C. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.