bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sesquiterpenoids of Laurencia majuscula (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta) from the Ryukyu Islands, Japan
Authors: Masuda Michio , Itoh Taiji , Matsuo Yoshihide , Suzuki Minoru 
Published: February 2006

SUMMARYTwo populations of the red alga Laurencia majuscula (Harvey) Lucas (Rhodomelaceae, Ceramiales) from Taketomi Island and Hateruma Island, the Ryukyu Islands, Japan, have been characterized on the basis of both morphological features and halogenated secondary metabolite content. These populations have smaller and more slender thalli than those of other regions. Furthermore, the populations contain two chamigrane‐type Sesquiterpenoids, (2R, 3R, 5S)‐5‐acetoxy‐2‐bromo‐3‐chlorochamigra‐7(14),9‐dien‐8‐one and (2R, 3R)‐2‐bromo‐3‐chlorochamigra‐7(14), 9‐dien‐8‐one, and a laurane‐type sesquiterpenoid, debromoisolaurinterol, as secondary metabolites which are different from those previously reported from other populations. These results are consistent with the concept of ‘chemical races’ within a single species of Laurencia.
Roscoffia minor sp. nov. (Peridiniales, Dinophyceae): A new, sand‐dwelling, armored dinoflagellate from Hokkaido, Japan
Authors: Horiguchi Takeo , Kubo Fumiyasu 
Published: February 2006

SUMMARYA new, sand‐dwelling, armored dinoflagellate, Roscoffia minor sp. nov., is described from Ishikari beach, Hokkaido, Japan. The dinoflagellate has been collected from sand samples taken both near the water's edge and further upshore (25 m from the water's edge at a depth of 1 m), indicating that it is a true sand‐dwelling species. Roscoffia minor is heterotrophic and lacks both a chloroplast and an eye‐spot. The cell consists of a flattened cap‐shaped epitheca and a large hemispheroidal hypotheca, and it is quite different from cells of the typical armored dinoflagellates. The thecal plate formula is: Po, 3′, la, 5″, 3c, 3s, 5″, 1″″. Its distinct cell shape and the thecal plate arrangement indicate affinity to the monotypic genus Roscoffia. Roscoffia minor is distinguished from Roscoffia capitata, the type species, by its smaller size and the possession of a finger‐like apical projection. The thecal arrangement of the epitheca is similar to those of the members of the family Podolampaceae, while the hypothecal arrangement is the same as that of members of the subfamily Diplopsalioideae (family Congruentidiaceae). The organism seems to be positioned somewhere intermediate between these two families, but the family to which this dinoflagellate should be affiliated could not be determined.
Glycolate metabolism and subcellular distribution of glycolate oxidase in Spatoglossum pacificum (Phaeophyceae, Chromophyta)
Authors: Iwamoto Koji , Ikawa Tomoyoshi 
Published: February 2006

SUMMARYSeven enzymes participating in glycolate metabolism were demonstrated to be present in crude extract of the brown alga Spatoglossum pacificum Yendo. These were phosphoglycolate phosphatase, glycolate oxidase, glutamate‐glyoxylate aminotransferase, serine hydroxymethyltransferase, amino acid‐hydroxy‐pyruvate aminotransferase, hydroxypyruvate reductase and catalase. Malate synthase, which is involved in glycolate metabolism in the xanthophycean alga, could not be detected.On demonstration of subcellular distribution of glycolate oxidizing enzymes by linear sucrose density gradient centrifugation, glycolate oxidase was detected in the same fraction at a density of 1.23 g cm−3 with catalase: that is, the marker enzyme of peroxisome and serine hydroxymethyltransferase was found in the same fraction at a density of 1.21 g cm−3 with isocitrate dehydrogenase, the marker of mitochondria. From the present data, it is proposed that the brown alga Spatoglossum possesses the ability to metabolize glycolate to glycerate via the pathway which may be similar to that of higher plants.
The effect of fertilizer application on farming of the seaweed Undaria pinnatifida (Laminariales, Phaeophyta)
Authors: Ogawa Hisao , Fujita Minoru 
Published: February 2006

SUMMARYA slow‐release ammonium phosphate fertilizer coated with porous plastic was tested on Undaria pinnatifida (Harvey) Suringar as a possible solution to the nutrient deficiency in seawater that causes quality and yield deterioration in seaweed farming. The yield of U. pinnatifida within the fertilized area was 17–40% greater than that of the control area (unfertilized area). In addition, two harvests were possible per season and the quality of harvested U. pinnatifida was also better than that outside the fertilizer diffusion area. The released NH4‐N did not increase the concentration of NH4‐N outside the farming area. Therefore, this fertilizer increased yield and improved quality without causing water pollution.
Additional analysis of chemical diversity in Laurencia nipponica (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta)
Authors: Abe Tsuyoshi , Masuda Michio , Kawaguchi Shigeo , Itoh Taiji , Suzuki Minoru 
Published: February 2006

SUMMARYThe red alga Laurencia nipponica Yamada (Rhodomelaceae, Ceramiales) is known to contain several chemical races, each of which is characterized by a particular, major halogenated secondary metabolite. Both field‐collected and cultured plants of a population of this species found recently at Shikanoshima Island, Fukuoka Prefecture, southern Japan, produced C15 bromoethers, (3E)‐laureatin and (3E)‐isolaureatin, and sesquiterpenoids, 2,10‐dibromo‐3‐chloro‐9‐hydroxy‐α‐chamigrene and 2,10‐dibromo‐3‐chloro‐α‐chamigrene. Laurencia nipponica can be referred to as a further chemical race that is characterized by the production of two C15 bromoethers, (3E)‐laureatin and (3E)‐isolaureatin, and a sesquiterpenoid, 2,10‐dibromo‐3‐chloro‐9‐hydroxy‐α‐chamigrene as major compounds.
Carbonic anhydrase is induced prior to arylsulfatase under the simultaneous deprivation of inorganic carbon and sulfate in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Volvocales, Chlorophyta)
Authors: Sasaki Takayuki , Togasaki Robert K. , Shiraiwa Yoshihiro 
Published: February 2006

SUMMARYThe activity of periplasmic arylsulfatase (Ars), which catalyzes the cleavage of sulfate from aromatic sulfur compounds, was detected in cells acclimated to the sulfate‐deficient conditions in a unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Dangeard, but not in Chlorella, Scenedesmus, Dunaliella and Porphyridium. Upon the transfer of cells to sulfate‐deficient autotrophic media under high‐CO2 conditions, the induction of Ars was observed only in the light, but not in the light with dichlorophenyldimethylurea (DCMU) nor in the dark. However, Ars was induced in the light with DCMU or in the dark when acetate was present as an organic carbon source, but not citrate. Under similar high‐CO2 conditions, high‐CO2 requiring mutants of cia‐3 and cia‐5, whose photosynthetic activities are greatly limited under low CO2, showed much lower level of Ars activities than wild type cells. Under Iow‐CO2 conditions the induction of Ars was greatly suppressed even in wild type and no induction was observed in both mutants. These results suggest that the stimulation of photosynthetic or respiratory carbon metabolism are necessary for the induction of Ars. In contrast, the induction of periplasmic carbonic anhydrase (CA) which was synthesized de novo specifically under CO2‐limited conditions was strongly suppressed by the addition of organic carbon sources, such as acetate and citrate. When cells are subjected to CO2‐limitation and sulfate‐deficiency simultaneously, the induction of CA was initiated immediately, while that of Ars was initiated following the completion of CA induction with an about 4‐h lag. When the concentration of CO2 was suddenly lowered during the induction of Ars, the induction of Ars ceased quickly, and the induction of CA was initiated instead. From these results the induction of CA was suggested to have priority over that of Ars under the dual stress of CO2, and sulfate‐deprivation.
Isolation of organellar DNA from Codium fragile (Codiaceae, Codiales, Ulvophyceae)
Authors: Satoh Masaya , Sakai Atsushi , Hamazaki Shizue , Takashima Yuki , Kuroiwa Tsuneyoshi 
Published: February 2006

SUMMARYOrganellar DNA was isolated from Codium fragile (Suringar) Hariot (Codiaceae, Codiales, Ulvophyceae) by CsCI‐buoyant density centrifugation in the presence of Hoechst dye 33258. Three bands were formed by ultracentrifugation and each fraction of DNA was identified by Southern hybridization. The uppermost fraction was identified as chloroplast DNA, the middle fraction was nuclear DNA and the bottom fraction was mitochondrial DNA. Nuclear rDNA was isolated in the same fraction as mitochondrial DNA. The estimated genome size of mitochondrial DNA by analysis with restriction endonucleases was more than 141.6 kb, which was larger than that of microalgae but smaller than land plants. Restriction endonuclease analysis of the chloroplast DNA showed no difference with that known of C. fragile in New York.
Nucleotide sequence analysis of the phycoerythrin encoding genes in Porphyra yezoensis and Porphyra tenera (Bangiales, Rhodophyta)
Authors: Kim Beom‐Kyu , Fujita Yuji 
Published: February 2006

SUMMARYThe genes encoding the α and β subunits of the phycoerythrin (PE) from the red algae Porphyra yezoensis Ueda and Porphyra tenera K jell man were isolated by PCR amplification. The PE u subunit gene was located downstream (+ 74bp) of the PE β sub‐unit encoding gene. The PE amino acid sequences of P. yezoensis and P. tenera, as deduced from the nucleotide sequence of the cpeA and cpeB genes, were respectively, 83–89% and 84–87% identical to species in other red algal genera. They were also 64–73% (a subunit) and 61–71% (β subunit) identical to the cyanobacterial group. The high homology of the deduced ammo acid sequences of red algal and cyanobacterial PE supports the view that the red algal plastid originated from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis confirmed that cpeA and cpeB are cotranscribed.
Life histories of Colpomenia sinuosa and Hydroclathrus clathratus (Scytosiphonaceae, Phaeophyceae) in culture
Authors: Kogame Kazuhiro 
Published: February 2006

SUMMARYLife‐history studies in culture were carried out on Colpomenia sinuosa (Mertens ex Roth) Derbès et Solier and Hydroclathrus clathratus (C. Agardh) Howe (Scytosiphonales, Phaeophyceae) from Japan. These species showed a heteromorphic life‐history pattern with an alternation between erect thalli bearing plurilocular zoidangia and prostrate thalli bearing ectocarpoid plurilocular and unilocular zoidangia. Plurizoids released from erect and prostrate thalli developed into prostrate thalli. Unizoids, however, developed into erect thalli. Prostrate thalli produced plurilocular zoidangia in long‐day conditions and unilocular zoidangia in short‐day conditions at 10‐20°C. Prostrate thalli of C. sinuosa formed ascocysts. Germlings of both species did not grow at 5°C.
Effects of salinity on growth, photosynthesis and respiration in a freshwater alga Rhizoclonium riparium (Chlorophyceae, Cladophorales)
Authors: Imai Masae , Katayama Nobuyasu , Yamaguchi Yukuya 
Published: February 2006

SUMMARYA freshwater green alga, Rhizoclonium riparium (Roth) Harvey, was found to grow in diluted seawater with salinities (PSU) from 0.1 to 34.0 (0.1–34.0 S). It grew best at 13.6 S and least at 0.1 S which was the least salinity reported in its habitat. Net photosynthetic oxygen production of R. riparium rose with salinity up to 34.0. However, in the medium adjusted at pH 8.1. the net photosynthesis rose at low ranges of salinity and was almost at the same level in all ranges of salinities examined. The net photosynthesis was increased by the addition of bicarbonate in the medium. Respiratory oxygen consumption did not rise with the increase of external salinities from 0.1 to 34.0. The results indicate that R. riparium can grow by increasing net photosynthesis in diluted seawater in which the pH value is suitable for effective bicarbonate supply to photosynthesis.
A new species of Laurencia, L. omaezakiana (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta), from Japan
Authors: Masuda Michio 
Published: February 2006

SUMMARY Laurencia omaezakiana Masuda, sp. nov. (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta) is described from Japan. It is characterized by the following set of features: (i) the production of four periaxial cells from each vegetative axial cell; (ii) a shift in branching from distichous to spiral; (iii) the presence of projecting superficial cortical cells near the apices of branches; (iv) the presence of longitudinally oriented secondary pit‐connections between contiguous superficial cortical cells; (v) the presence of lenticular thickenings in the walls of medullary cells; (vi) the occurrence of 1–2 corps en cerise in each superficial cortical cell and a single corps en cerise in each trichoblast cell; and (vii) a parallel arrangement of tetrasporangia. Furthermore, it produces a characteristic triterpenoid (enshuol), which has not been detected in other species of Laurencia, as a major halogenated secondary metabolite. A synoptical key to the 23 species of Laurencia growing in Japan is given. Laurencia ceytanica J, Agardh and Laurencia heteroclada Harvey are excluded from the Japanese marine algalflora. The latter is a distinct species from Laurencia filiformis (C. Agardh) Montagne.
A proteolytic enzyme, trypsin, for immunofluorescence observation of microtubules in algal cells
Authors: Aruga Hirotumi , Motomura Taizo , Ichimura Terunobu 
Published: February 2006

SUMMARYThe usefulness of a proteolytic enzyme, trypsin, in immunofluorescence microscopy was confirmed in algal ceils. Flagella of Umspora penicilliformis zoo‐spores were visible using an anti‐β tubulin antibody after trypsin treatment, and the cortical microtubules of vegetative cells could also be clearly detected. Interestingly, centrioles that were not detected in the control observation appeared in gametophyte cells of Acrosiphonia duriuscula and Monostroma angicava using the trypsin treatment.
Recruitment of two species of monostromatic blade‐like chlorophytes, Monostroma sp. and Ulvaria oxysperma (Ulvales, Chlorophyta), in São Paulo State, Brazil
Authors: Braga Maria do Rosário de Almeida 
Published: February 2006

SUMMARYAdult individuals of two morphologically similar species, Monostroma sp, and Ulvaria oxysperma (Kützing) Sliding co‐occur in the intertidal zone of the Cananéia estuary (25°S, 48°W), São Paulo State, Brazil. At an early stage, when seedlings are between 0.1 and 3 mm high, the two species can be distinguished as they have different thallus ontogeny. In order to detect (i) the possible differences in their vertical and horizontal distributions, (ii) the temporal differences in their recruitment and (iii) their substrate preferences, three experiments were performed. In general, recruitment of Monostroma sp. was more intense than that of U. oxysperma. Their pattern of distribution along transects was similar. Recruitment of both species occurs in the mid‐intertidal zone and throughout the year. There were significant monthly differences in the abundance of both species, but recruitment patterns were not persistent from 1 year to the next and between experiments. No marked preference was detected for the types of substrates tested for the two species. The frequency of neither species was correlated with other common co‐occurring organisms; only the presence of sediment showed a negative effect on plants, when recruiting on ropes. Monostroma sp. did not show any correlation between intensity of recruitment and meteorological parameters, salinity or water temperature. Recruitment of U. oxysperma decreased with the mean maximum temperature.
Some new species and new combinations of marine red algae from the central Pacific
Authors: Abbott Isabella A. 
Published: February 2006

SUMMARYSix new species in five genera of Rhodophyta are described. A new combination for Polyopes hakalauensis is also proposed. These taxa were encountered while preparing a manual of marine red algae of the Hawaiian Islands. Among the Halymeniales, two blade‐like species of Halymenia, H. cromwellii sp. nov. and H. stipi‐tata sp. nov., are distinguished from other species by habit and anatomical differences, including the possession of a stipe by the second. Halymenia hakalauensis Tilden 1902 is transferred to Polyopes as P. hakalauensis (Tilden) Abbott, replacing P. hawaiiensis Kajimura which is considered a synonym. A new species of Prionitis, P. corymbifera sp. nov., shows a corymbose branching pattern different from the mostly pinnate to subdichotomous branching of Japanese and Californian species. In the Gigartinales, Chondracanthus okamurae Abbott is named for a specimen which Okamura included in his understanding of Gigartina (now Chondracanthus tenellus), but which has terete axes, differing from C. tenellus (Harvey) Hommersand which is com‐planate throughout. Chondracanthus intermedius (Sur‐ingar) Hommersand is placed in synonymy with C. tenellus. The occurrence of C. tenellus in Hawai'i is a new distribution record from Asia. Three new species are added to the Ceramiales, Ceramium tranquillum Meneses (Ceramiaceae), Dasya kristeniae sp. nov. and Dasya murrayana Abbott & Millar (Dasyaceae). Distinctive features of Ceramium tranquillum are internodes that are three to five times longer than the height of nodes, and nodes that never project beyond the diameter of the internodes, giving straight margins except when fertile. Dasya kristeniae is a diminutive epiphyte which is nearly ecorticate, with tetrasporangial stichidia that are rectangular having apices that are curved or nodding, and cystocarps that have flaring ostioles above a constricted pericarp. Dasya murrayana was earlier misidentified with Dasya iyengarii Børgesen, and re‐examination of those plants show continuous cortication throughout, where cortication is almost completely lacking in D. iyengarii except near the base. Dasya murrayana has a tufted habit, with indeterminate branches about the same sizes as the main axes, the plants growing on rock, whereas plants of D. iyengarii are not tufted, with indeterminate branches attenuate, and an epiphytic habit.
Growth and maturation of the ‘autumn‐fruiting type’ of Sargassum horneri (Fucales, Phaeophyta) and comparisons with the ‘spring‐fruiting type’
Authors: Yoshida Goro , Arima Satoshi , Terawaki Toshinobu 
Published: February 2006

SUMMARYThe growth and maturation period of the autumn‐fruiting population ot Sargassum horneri C. Agardh (Phaeophyta) was investigated in Hiroshima Bay, Seto Inland Sea. Surveyed traits were compared to those of the spring‐fruiting type and ecological features of this species were discussed. The annual lifetime of the autumn‐fruiting population could be divided into four phases according to the daily increase in thalius length:phase I from December to May (increase in length < 0.1 mm/ day), phase II from May to September (= 0.3–1.0 mm/ day), phase Ml (from September to December > 10 mm/day) and phase IV which was the senescence phase from December to March. Receptacle formation‘as observed in November and gamete release from November to February. Conversely, the spring‐fruiting type germinated in April and exhibited swifter growth in its early stage of development than the autumn‐fruiting type. Rapid increase in thalius iength in autumn was common in both fruiting types, although the spring‐fruiting type continued to grow during winter. Receptacle formation of the spring‐fruiting type started in February but gamete release was not observed until April and May. The difference in life‐history patterns of both types of S. horneri was in the overwintering period. The autumn‐fruiting type spent that season as germi‐ings or as young plants exhibiting slow‐paced growth, while the spring‐fruiting type overvwintered as adult thal‐li preparing for gamete release in spring.
The induction of reproductive cell formation of Ulva pertusa Kjellman (Ulvales, Ulvophyceae)
Authors: Hiraoka Masanori , Enomoto Sachito 
Published: February 2006

SUMMARYSynchronous zooid formation in Ulva pertusa Kjellman was induced in excised disks maintained in sterilized seawater at 20°C, 12:12 h L:D cycle and fluorescent light at 100 μmol photons m 2s 1. Zooids were reieased from mature disk tissue on the morning of the second or the third day after excision. The degree of zooid formation was found to be dependent on disk size and the region of the mother thalius from which the disk tissue was excised. Zooid formation was induced in more than 90% of small disks (0.9 mm in diameter) which were taken from the margins of the Ulva thalli. When disks were incubated together with a perforated mother thalius, the disks remained sterile. The presence of maturation inhibitors in vegetative thalli is suggested.
Reconsideration of the taxonomy of ellipsoidal species of Chlorella (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta), with establishment of Watanabea sen. nov.
Authors: Hanagata Nobutaka , Karube Isao , Chihara Mitsuo , Silva Paul C. 
Published: February 2006

SUMMARYSubcultures of SAG 211–9b and 1AM C‐211, ultimately derived from CCAP 211/9b, a strain isolated by Pringsheim in 1939 and identified as Chlorella sac‐charophila (Kruger) Migula were observed using light and electron microscopy. Their morphology proved to be basically identical. Both have two forms of cells, one (E‐form) narrowly to broadly ellipsoidal, the other (S‐form) ovoid to spheroidal. The cell wall of both forms is composed of a single smooth layer. The chloroplast of young cells is trough‐like or saucer‐shaped with a smooth margin, while that of mature cells is band‐ or cup‐shaped with deep incisions. The thylakoid lamellae are loosely stacked and neither form has a pyrenoid. Both types of cells are capable of producing autospores: eight to 16 in E‐form cells, two to four in S‐form cells. These morphological features are different from those of C. saccharophila, which has a pyrenoid and produces only one form of autospores. In the absence of any existing genus that includes Chlorella‐like algae with a simple cell wall, no pyrenoid, and two forms of mature cells and autospores, a new genus, Watanabea, is proposed with the type species W. reniformis.
Development of a database system useful for identification of Anabaena spp. (Cyanobacteria)
Authors: Hiroki Mikiya , Shimizu Akira , Li Renhui , Watanabe Masayuki , Watanabe Makoto M. 
Published: February 2006

SUMMARYA database system useful for the identification of plank‐tonic Anabaena species based on morphology was designed. The system consisted of two database files (sample database and reference database) and three subsystems (data editing, similarity calculation, and identification). In the reference database file, 19 plank‐tonic Anabaena species were registered with their morphological characteristics of 26 attributes. The sample database of the test strain was compared with the reference one by calculating the average (St) of the similarity values estimated by peculiar methods according to the attributes. The test strain was recognized to be the same as the reference species with the highest St value. Strains of Anabaena spp. which had previously been identified were examined to test the effectiveness of the identification system. Using a non‐weighted identification system, where each morphological attribute has equal importance for identification, St (total similarity) values for the reference species previously identified were more than 0.76; however, they were not always the highest value obtained. Using a weighted identification system, where trichome form, trichome shape and akinete morphology were given greater importance in the identification subsystem, St values for the reference species to which the test strains had previously been assigned were highest. This system proved useful for identification of Anabaena species, and has the additional advantage that there are no individual differences in the diagnosis when different users interrogate the system.