bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gap junctions relay FGF8‐mediated right‐sided repression of Nodal in rabbit
Authors: Feistel Kerstin , Blum Martin 
Published: June 2008

AbstractIn vertebrate gastrula/neurula embryos, a cilia‐driven leftward flow asymmetrically activates the Nodal cascade in the left lateral plate mesoderm (LPM). In frog embryos left–right axis formation was postulated to depend on gap junctions (GJs) during cleavage. Here, we show that GJs cooperate with fibroblast growth factor‐8 (FGF8) to specify asymmetric Nodal in the rabbit embryo at gastrula/neurula. GJs and FGF signaling were manipulated in whole embryo and explant cultures of rabbit blastodiscs. These experiments demonstrate that right‐sided inhibition of Nodal by FGF8 depended on intercellular communication by means of GJs, and that left‐sided induction of Nodal required attenuation of gap junctional communication (GJC). Before flow, the left and right side were equally competent but actively prevented from Nodal induction through FGF8/GJ. Our data suggest that flow unilaterally attenuates FGF8/GJ‐mediated repression of Nodal on the left side, integrating GJC and FGF8 into the flow‐based mechanism of symmetry breakage in the vertebrate embryo. Developmental Dynamics 237:3516–3527, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The transformation of post‐communist societies in Central and Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union: an economic and ecological sustainability perspective
Authors: Scrieciu S. Şerban , Stringer Lindsay C. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractSince the collapse of Communism in Central and Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union, the reform process has been considerably influenced by the neoclassical economic approach to transition. This has heavily emphasized competitive markets and economic liberalization measuresper se, often ignoring the establishment of adequate institutional frameworks and resulting in high transition costs and the side‐lining of environmental concerns. Alternative models of market transformations in post‐Communist societies have been forwarded in the literature, though these have been arguably less influential. We explore the role of these economic ideologies in shaping transition paths, with a focus on the Post‐Keynesian economic approach as an alternative to the neoclassical paradigm. We further propose a holistic approach to transition to account for appropriate institutional developments in the area of environmental sustainability. We argue that transition economies need to reconsider their ‘market transformation’ process in order to capitalize on their potential and mark their own contribution to positive shifts in sustainable development paradigms. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Implementation of the IPPC Directive and its economic impacts: evidence from the EU steel and glass industry
Authors: Rave Tilmann , Triebswetter Ursula 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThis paper aims at assessing the likely economic impacts of different approaches to implementation of Directive 96/61/EC on integrated pollution prevention and control (IPPC) by establishing a conceptual framework and by providing empirical evidence from case studies in the EU electric steel and domestic glass industry. The potential economic implications of the IPPC permitting process are analysed from the point of view of individual plants. Both plant‐ and sector‐specific factors and the institutional and regulatory context of IPPC implementation in different member states are taken into account. The paper finds only limited evidence of any adverse competitiveness impacts arising from IPPC implementation. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
η1‐Coordination of Phosphinine C5H5P and Arsenine C5H5As to Ruthenium(II) and Osmium(II)
Authors: Elschenbroich Christoph , Six Jörg , Harms Klaus , Frenking Gernot , Heydenrych Greta 
Published: June 2008

AbstractReductive complexation of RuCl3 and OsCl3 in the presence of phosphinine C5H5P and arsenine C5H5As yields the species trans‐Cl2(η1‐C5H5E)4MII (M = Ru, E = P, As; M = Os, E = P). trans‐Cl2(η1‐C5H5As)4Ru constitutes the first arsenine complex of a late transition metal. Further reduction and isolation of the binary complexes (C5H5E)nM0 (n = 2, 4, 5) failed, presumably because of metal–ligand bond cleavage. According to X‐ray diffraction analysis, trans‐Cl2(η1‐C5H5P)4Ru (3) features two pairs of coplanar trans‐phosphinine ligands, which adopt eclipsed and staggered orientations, respectively, with regard to the Cl–Ru–Cl backbone. DFT calculations indicate a flat curvature of the potential governing conformational change and predict a structure for 3 that differs from that observed in the crystal. This illustrates the need to include intermolecular Ru–Cl···H hydrogen bonding as a structural director. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Synthesis and Characterisation of Poly(bipyridine)ruthenium Complexes as Building Blocks for Heterosupramolecular Arrays
Authors: Schwalbe Matthias , Schäfer Bernhard , Görls Helmar , Rau Sven , Tschierlei Stefanie , Schmitt Michael , Popp Jürgen , Vaughan Gavin , Henry William , Vos Johannes G. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractPoly(bipyridine)ruthenium complexes with carboxylate anchor groups are key components in dye‐sensitised solar cells. In this contribution, an improved microwave‐assisted synthetic procedure is presented for the important building block [RuCl2(dcmb)2] (dcmb = 4,4′‐dimethoxycarbonyl‐2,2′‐bipyridine), which results in short reaction times and high purity. The methyl esters are easily deprotected to give free carboxylate functions. In addition, a full structural, spectral and electrochemical characterisation of a series of complexes with the general formula [Ru(dcmb)3–n(tbbpy)n](PF6)2 with n = 0–3 and tbbpy = 4,4′‐di‐tert‐butyl‐2,2′‐bipyridine is presented. The location of the lowest‐energy metal‐to‐ligand charge transfer (MLCT) excited state is investigated by resonance Raman spectroscopy for selected complexes. The results obtained indicate that the nature of the excited state that is populated is dependent on the excitation wavelength. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Influence of Metals and Reduced Oxygen Species on the Photooxidation of 2‐Propanol with a Cesium Peroxidotitanate Complex
Authors: Rohe Markus , Merz Klaus 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe mechanism of the photocatalytic degradation of 2‐propanol under anaerobic condition was investigated in the presence of the novel cesium peroxoidotitanate complex Cs2(NH4)6[Ti4(O2)4(Hcit)2(cit)2]Cl2·8H2O (1) (cit = citrate). This complex contains two different kinds of peroxido units. Two peroxido groups bind to the titanium atom in a side‐on η2‐fashion, the other peroxido units are directly bonded to the titanium and cesium atoms. These bridging peroxido groups are responsible for the inhibited activity in the photooxidation in contrast to what was found in previous studies about unbridged peroxidotitanate complexes. The decelerated oxidation of the alcohol is useful for the determination of the mechanism during the photocatalytic oxidation process. Therefore, ESI mass spectrometry and 13C NMR spectroscopy were applied to obtain a deeper insight into the mechanism in the alcohol oxidation. Furthermore, an influence of the metal salt (Cs vs. Li) with respect of the photocatalysis was detected. The cesium peroxido complex 1 shows significant results in the photochemical oxidation of 2‐propanol to acetone. More than 50 % acetone was obtained without detection of any side products. The conversion yield from 2‐propanol to acetone was monitored by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy and by Raman spectroscopy. The catalytic activity is not limited to 2‐propanol; 1‐phenylethanol could also be oxidized by 1. An intermediate of the photooxidation could be isolated and was characterized. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Synthesis and properties of geminis with two alkyl and two phosphate headgroups
Authors: Shukla Dipti , Tyagi Vinod K. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractAmphipathic compounds having two phosphate groups and two long‐chain alkyl groups were prepared by a two‐step process: (a) preparation of monoalkyl phosphate from pyrophosphoric acid and dodecanol, (b) preparation of bis‐phosphoric acid from monoalkyl phosphate, (CH3)4NOH and 1,6‐dibromo hexane by using acetonitrile as solvent. The experimental results showed that a 5 : 10 : 2.5 molar ratio of reactants (alkyl phosphate/(CH3)4NOH/1,6‐dibromo hexane) and 3 h duration was the optimum for the reaction. The structure of the synthesized product was verified by analytical methods, viz. FT‐IR and 1H‐NMR. The surface‐active and performance properties like foaming, wetting and anionic content of the disodium salt of bis‐phosphoric acid were also evaluated. The synthesized anionic gemini surfactants possessed maximum anionic content, i.e. 73.4%, and showed better water solubility, foaming and wetting ability than conventional monoalkyl phosphates.
Properties and biotechnological methods to produce lipids containing conjugated linoleic acid
Authors: Adamczak Marek , Bornscheuer Uwe T. , Bednarski Włodzimierz 
Published: June 2008

AbstractIn this review, the occurrence, properties, nutritional importance and especially biotechnological methods for the production of conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) and CLA‐rich lipids are summarized. Beside information from medical and nutritional studies on the biological activity of CLA, the focus is on the enzymatic synthesis of structured lipids containing CLA and the microbial synthesis of CLA.
Synthesis of Polyglycerol, Porphyrin‐Cored Dendrimers Using Click Chemistry
Authors: Elmer Stephanie L. , Man Sonny , Zimmerman Steven C. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractPolyglycerol, porphyrin‐cored dendrimers were synthesized by the click reaction of azide‐cored polyglycerol dendrons and octa‐alkynylporphyrin 19. The dendrons were synthesized divergently starting with TBDPS‐protected allyl alcohol 2. Two, three and four cycles of dihydroxylation‐allyl etherification gave dendrons [G‐2.5] 6, [G‐3.5] 8, [G‐4.5] 11, with four, eight, and sixteen alkene groups, respectively. Dendron 11 was readily prepared on large scale with an overall yield of 45 %. Dendron 8 was deprotected and converted into the corresponding alkyne – and azide‐cored dendron 13 and 15 in 89 % and 75 % yield, respectively. Dendron 11 was deprotected and converted into the corresponding alkyne – and azide‐cored dendron 16 and 18 in 68 % and 24 % yield, respectively. Both the [G‐3.5]‐azide 15 and [G‐4.5]‐azide 18 were separately “clicked” to polyalkyne core 19 via theHuisgen 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition to afford 20 and 21 in 65 % and 66 % yield, respectively. Dendrimer 21 has a MW of ca. 16000 and 128 peripheral alkene groups. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Development of a fully integrated microfluidic system for sensing infectious viral disease
Authors: Huh Yun Suk , Park Tae Jung , Lee Eun Zoo , Hong Won Hi , Lee Sang Yup 
Published: June 2008

AbstractAn active micromixer system utilizing the magnetic force was developed and examined for its ability to facilitate the mixing of more than two fluid flows. The mixing performance of the active micromixer was evaluated in aqueous–aqueous systems including dyes for visual observation. A complete analytical microfluidic system was developed by integrating various functional modules into a single chip, thus allowing cell lysis, sample preparation, purification of intracellular molecules, and subsequent analysis. Upon loading the cell samples and lysis solution into the mixing chamber, the integrated microfluidic device allows efficient cell disruption by rotation of a micromagnetic disk and control of mixing time using the Teflon‐coated hydrophobic film as a microvalve. This inflow is followed by separating the cell debris and contaminated proteins from the cell lysate sample using the acrylamide (AAm)‐functionalized SPE. The inflow of partially purified cell lysate sample containing the gold binding polypeptide (GBP)‐fusion protein was bound onto the gold micropatterns by means of its metal binding affinity. The GBP‐fusion method allows immobilization of proteins in bioactive forms onto the gold surface without surface modification suitable for studying antigen–antibody interaction. It was used for the detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), an infectious viral disease, as an example case.
Fasting status as a consideration for human serum collection and preparation prior to depletion and analysis
Authors: Byrne Jennifer C. , Downes Michelle R. , O'Donoghue Niaobh , Fitzpatrick John M. , Dunn Michael J. , Watson Ronald W. G. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe use of comparative serum proteomic analysis has the potential to reveal protein expression changes present at different stages of disease progression. Depletion strategies allow for the enrichment of low‐abundance proteins, which are more likely to be clinically significant biomarkers. We have observed that patient serum samples filtered through 0.22 μm cellulose acetate spin filters prior to depletion showed a variable level of retention of patient material on the upper part of the filter. This could potentially be related to the fasting status of the patient as a reduction in the lipid content of samples through the incorporation of a centrifugation step prior to filtration was found to reduce this effect. In order to determine if proteins were being selectively retained during filtration, a 2‐D difference gel electrophoresis (2‐D DIGE) experiment was performed. This demonstrated no significant selective retention of protein within crude serum samples. However, as this analysis was carried out on crude serum, it must be emphasised that protein loss could be manifest in the low‐abundance proteins which would be masked in our analysis. Depletion of the retentate was not possible due to technical limitations, however based on our results a centrifugation step might act as an alternative to filtration in serum processing prior to depletion.
Nanofluidic system for the studies of single DNA molecules
Authors: Kuo Chiung‐Wen , Wei Kung Hwa , Lin Chun‐Hsun , Shiu Jau‐Ye , Chen Peilin 
Published: June 2008

AbstractHere, we describe a simple and low‐cost lithographic technique to fabricate size‐controllable nanopillar arrays inside the microfluidic channels for the studies of single DNA molecules. In this approach, nanosphere lithography has been employed to grow a single layer of well‐ordered close‐packed colloidal crystals inside the microfluidic channels. The size of the polymeric colloidal nanoparticles could be trimmed by oxygen plasma treatment. These size‐trimmed colloidal nanoparticles were then used as the etching mask in a deep etching process. As a result, well‐ordered size‐controllable nanopillar arrays could be fabricated inside the microfluidic channels. The gap distance between the nanopillars could be tuned between 20 and 80 nm allowing the formation of nanofluidic system where the behavior of a single λ‐phage DNA molecule has been investigated. It was found that the λ‐phage DNA molecule could be fully stretched in the nanofluidic system formed by nanopillars with 50 nm gap distance at a field of 50 V/cm.
Intracellular adenosine 5′‐triphosphate, adenosine 5′‐diphosphate, and adenosine 5′‐monophosphate detection by short‐end injection capillary electrophoresis using methylcellulose as the effective electroosmostic flow suppressor
Authors: Zinellu Angelo , Sotgia Salvatore , Pasciu Valeria , Madeddu Manuela , Leoni Giovanni Giuseppe , Naitana Salvatore , Deiana Luca , Carru Ciriaco 
Published: June 2008

AbstractWe present a new rapid CE method to measure adenine nucleotides adenosine 5′‐triphosphate (ATP), adenosine 5′‐diphosphate (ADP), and adenosine 5′‐monophosphate (AMP) in cells. The short‐end injection mode allows a decrease in the analysis time by injecting samples at the outlet end of a silica capillary closest to the detection window, reducing the migration distance. Moreover, the use of methylcellulose (MC) as run buffer additive to suppress EOF permits to further reduce the migration times of analytes. Thus, when a capillary with an effective length of 10.2 cm was used with a 60 mmol/L sodium acetate buffer pH 3.80 in the presence of 0.01% of MC, the migration time of analytes were 1.35 min for ATP, 1.85 min for ADP, and 4.64 min for AMP. These conditions gave a good reproducibility for intra‐ and interassay (CV <4 and 8%, respectively) and all the procedure demonstrated an excellent analytical recovery (from 98.3 to 99 %). The method suitability was proved both on red blood cells and in spermatozoa. We compared our proposed method to a spectrophotometric assay, by measuring ATP levels in 40 spermatozoa samples. The obtained data were analyzed by the Passing and Bablok regression and Bland–Altman test.
The linkage between velocity patterns and sediment entrainment in a forced‐pool and riffle unit
Authors: Thompson D. M. , Wohl E. E. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractA field‐based project was initiated in order to characterize velocities and sediment entrainment in a forced‐pool and riffle sequence. Three‐dimensional velocities and turbulence intensities were measured with an acoustic Doppler velocimeter at 222 different points at three similar flows that averaged approximately 4·35 m3 s−1 within a large pool–riffle unit on North Saint Vrain Creek, Colorado. Sediment‐sorting patterns were observed with the introduction of 500 tracer particles painted according to initial seeding location. Tracer particles moved sporadically during a 113 day period in response to the annual snowmelt peak flow, which reached a maximum level of 14·8 m3 s−1. Velocity data indicate high instantaneous velocities and turbulence levels in the centre of pools. Patterns of sediment deposition support the notion that stream competence is higher in the pool than the downstream riffle. Flow convergence around a large channel constriction appears to play a major role in multiple processes that include helical flow development and sediment routing, and backwater development with low velocities and turbulence levels above the constriction that may locally limit sediment supply. Jet flow, flow separation, vortex scour and turbulence generation enhance scour in the centre of pools. Ultimately, multiple processes appear to play some role in maintenance of this forced pool and the associated riffle. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimal piecewise linear radial compression function for Laplacian source
Authors: Perić Zoran H. , Jovanović Aleksandra Ž. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractIn order to achieve a quantisation technique that has low implementation complexity and performance arbitrarily close to that of Laplacian source optimal vector quantisation, a model of optimal geometric piecewise uniform cubic lattice vector quantiser will be proposed. It will be shown that the presented design procedure is not only much easier for realisation than the procedure of optimal vector quantiser design, but also gives the signal to quantisation noise ratio which in some cases differs from that of the optimal vector quantisation for 0.05 dB and less. It will also be demonstrated that the optimal geometric piecewise uniform vector quantiser model can be described with the optimal piecewise linear radial compression function. Further, since the optimal geometric piecewise uniform lattice vector quantisation in the case of large enough subregions number has performances identical to those of optimal vector quantisation, the optimal nonlinear radial compression function for Laplacian source will also be derived. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mining lakes as groundwater‐dominated hydrological systems: assessment of the water balance of Mining Lake Plessa 117 (Lusatia, Germany) using stable isotopes
Authors: Hofmann Hilmar , Knöller Kay , Lessmann Dieter 
Published: June 2008

AbstractIn the present study, the stable isotopes δ18O and δ2H were used for assessment of the water balance in a heterogeneously structured catchment area in the Lusatian Lignite Mining District, in particular, for estimation of the annual groundwater inflow and outflow (IGW and OGW) of Mining Lake Plessa 117. The application of stable isotopes was possible since the water exchange in the catchment area had reached steady‐state conditions after the abandonment of mining activities in 1968 and the filling of the voids and aquifers by re‐rising groundwater in the years thereafter. Diverging slopes of the Evaporation Line and the Global Meteoric Water Line manifested as evaporation from the lake catchment area. The calculated isotope water balance was compared with the commonly used surface water balance, which is unable to differentiate between IGW and OGW, and with a local groundwater model. The groundwater model calculated an IGW of about 811 000 m3 yr−1 and an OGW close to zero, whereas the isotope water balance showed fluxes of about 914 000 and 140 000 m3 yr−1, respectively. Considering the contribution of the groundwater inflow to the total annual input into the lake (ΔIT) and the mean residence time (τ), where the groundwater model and the isotope water balance calculated 42 and 47% for ΔIT and 4·3 and 3·9 years for τ, respectively, it was shown that both water balance calculation methods led to comparable results despite the differences in IGW and OGW. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distribution of snow accumulation on the Svartisen ice cap, Norway, assessed by a model of orographic precipitation
Authors: Schuler T. V. , Crochet P. , Hock R. , Jackson M. , Barstad I. , Jóhannesson T. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractWe apply a linear model of orographic precipitation (LT model) to estimate snow accumulation on the western Svartisen ice cap (220 km2) in northern Norway. This model combines 3D airflow dynamics with simple parameterizations of cloud physics. The model is forced by large‐scale atmospheric input variables taken from the ECMWF Re‐analysis (ERA‐40) of the European Center for Medium Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF), and the model parameters are kept constant for the entire simulation period, after optimization. The domain covers a 120 × 125 km area surrounding the ice cap. The model is run using a 1‐km resolution digital elevation model, and 6‐h time steps over the period from 1958 to 2002. Precipitation data from surrounding meteorological stations and winter glacier mass balance measurements on several glaciers within the region are used to evaluate the model results. Precipitation obtained from the LT model agrees well with observations from precipitation gauges and there is also fair agreement between model results and specific winter mass balance observations on the ice cap if these are corrected for winter rain. The LT model reproduces well the spatial pattern of winter accumulation across the ice cap as well as the area‐averaged winter mass balances of several other glaciers in the region. This indicates that it is a useful tool in providing high‐resolution, deterministic estimates of precipitation in complex terrain as required for distributed hydrological and/or glacier mass balance modelling of unmeasured areas. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.