bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transformation of marketing management in Russia: A qualitative and theory building approach
Authors: Shama Avraham 
Published: April 2007

AbstractCasual observers of Russian management are quick to portray a simplistic, well packaged, and seemingly accurate picture of life of Russian managers. Russia, they say, is imploding and disintegrating. In 1992, the inflation rate was 3,000 percent, and in the first 6 months of 1993, the monthly inflation rate ranged from 25 to 30 percent. The gross national product declined 25 percent in 1992 and continued to decline in 1993. Management life in Russia, these observers say, is unbearable, hell. Russian managers have been order‐takers from central planners and regulators for more than 70 years. They have been accustomed to working in a stable and predictable environment, and therefore could not possibly be effective in the shock‐therapy‐induced market economy that began in January, 1992. However, these observers could not be further from the truth. I concluded from my study of Russian management decision making in 1989, 1991, and 1992 that in a rapidly changing and chaotic environment, Russian managers are quick to recognize the effects of the evolving market economy and take rapid corrective or exploitive action. The 3‐year effort is a qualitative study of Russian management transformation and the development of a theoretical framework. What I found was that contrary to my findings in 1989 and 1991, the Russian economic shock therapy, which began in 1992, has infused life into Russian managers. As a result, they have been quick to recognize the effects of such economic forces as inflation, uncertainty, competition, consumer selectivity, credit, cash flow, and raw material on their enterprises. Likewise, they were also quick to respond, for example, by restructuring, downsizing, developing more competitive strategies, increasing promotions and sales force, and seeking foreign investors. In these respects, Russian management behavior resembles Western management behavior. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Assessment centers: A contrast of usage in diverse environments
Authors: Cook Roy A. , Herche Joel 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe assessment center technique for sales force selection, promotion, career development, and training has received substantial attention. In addition to being cited as having substantial potential for more traditional sales management applications, the approach has been identified as well‐suited for cross‐cultural and multinational sales environments. This study appraises assessment center applications in two divergent settings: the United States and Europe. Expectations of greater awareness and utilization among European marketing managers were confirmed. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Innovative management and organizational development in Latin America
Authors: Dávila Carlos , Samper Henry Gómez 
Published: April 2007

AbstractExamples of unusually effective and successful management were uncovered in a study of selected business firms, public agencies, and nongovernmental and community organizations in six Latin American countries. Many employ novel management and organizational development strategies that: run counter to both conventional practice and textbook guidelines; produce significant contributions to social and economic development; and suit leadership and management styles to the local culture. Lessons emerging from the study suggest needed reforms in the content of management education imparted by the region's business schools. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Pursuing social justice in a capitalist society
Authors: de Santamaría María Consuelo 
Published: April 2007

AbstractFundación Social operates a total of 12 companies, mainly in Colombia's financial sector, and employs its profits to support social programs addressed to removing the structural causes that generate poverty in target communities. Together, these programs directly and indirectly reach an impressive number of beneficiaries. The companies are expected to compete effectively for their respective markets and some appear to be unusually successful. Ongoing efforts are made to articulate an organizational culture that is consistent with Fundación Social's mission as well as reconcile that mission with viable strategy and day‐to‐day action in the complex task of managing social development in a cleavage‐ridden society. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Trends in international business thought and literature: Management innovation in the developing world and the American business school
Authors: Yavitz Boris 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA distinguished and widely experienced business school educator offers perceptive insights into the current limitations of North American business school study programs and the benefits that stand to be gained from tapping new management knowledge drawn from examining successful organizations in Latin America and elsewhere in the developing world. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The paradox of export‐oriented import protection: Reassessing South Korea's trade policy
Authors: Liang Neng 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAs an instrument for intervention, import protection can be used to pursue both outward‐oriented and inward‐oriented trade policies. Although the negative consequence of inward‐oriented protection has been well documented, the impact of an outward‐oriented import protection policy remains largely unknown. This study investigates the impact of such a policy in the case of South Korea. Empirical data on Korea's import protection, export incentives, output growth, and export performance are compiled and tested in a supply side framework. The findings of this study suggest that the well‐documented import protection measure is an integral element of Korea's export‐oriented trade policy and that it will be in the self interest of Western business to respond strategically to such outward‐oriented protection measures. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Evidence on managers' perceptions of effects of government control of the business environment: A Study of the republic of Korea
Authors: Han Dongchul , Ojah Kalu 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis study provides empirical evidence on the perceptions of business managers on pertinent environmental variables affected by government control in a newly industrializing country. We document that the majority of surveyed firms are aware of the effect of government control on their activities. Managers perceive that political, legal, technological, and economic environments are potent sources of uncertainty (or value enhancement) for their firms as a result of government control. Furthermore, some firm‐and industry‐specific characteristics were found to buttress managers' perceptions of the effects of government control on their environments. To optimize foreign investments, these findings suggest that expanding firms strategically approach their entry into such foreign markets. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Incorporating international strategic alliances into overall firm strategy: A typology of six managerial objectives
Authors: Preece Stephen B. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis research differentiates between international strategic alliance (ISA) structures, functions, and objectives, focusing on the latter and the link to overall firm strategy. Six objectives are put forward–learning, leaning, leveraging, linking, leaping, and locking out–with a discussion of the strategic implications of each. From a theoretical perspective, it is suggested that more emphasis should be placed on ISA objectives as a means of supporting overall firm strategies, as opposed to focusing on ISA structures or functions. From an applied perspective, managers are encouraged to consider the long‐term strategic implications inherent in specific alliance arrangements. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Globalization and regionalization: Toward the shaping of a tripolar world economy?
Authors: Lévy Brigitte 
Published: April 2007

AbstractTrade relations today are undergoing more fundamental change than at any time since immediately after World War II. The rules of the game in international economic relations have changed dramatically, particularly since the early 1980s. The multilateral trading system is facing a severe test, with an apparent tilting of the preferences of its major players in favor of subglobal arrangements. At the same time, a growing number of developing countries are embracing unilateral trade liberalization. This article presents how new developments in international business and trade affect international relations and the evolution of a new world order. In doing this, the process of globalization and economic integration, the building of economic blocs in Europe and North America, and the response from Asia will be examined. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Caspase‐8 dependent osteosarcoma cell apoptosis induced by proteasome inhibitor MG132
Authors: Yan Xiao‐Bo , Yang Di‐Sheng , Gao Xiang , Feng Jie , Shi Zhong‐Li , Ye Zhaoming 
Published: April 2007

AbstractMany researchers have reported that proteasome inhibitors could induce apoptosis in a variety of cancer cells, such as breast cancer cell, lung cancer cell, and lymphoma cell. However, the effect of proteasome inhibitors on osteocsarcoma cells and the mechanisms are seldom studied. In this study, we found proteasome inhibitor MG132 was an effective inducer of apoptosis in human osteosarcoma MG‐63 cells. On normal human diploid fibroblast cells, MG132 did not show any apoptosis‐inducing effects. Apoptotic changes such as DNA fragment and apoptotic body were observed in MG132‐treated cells and MG132 mostly caused MG‐63 cell arrest at G2–M‐phase by cell cycle analysis. Increased activation of caspase‐8, accumulation of p27Kip1, and an increased ratio of Bax: Bcl‐2 were detected by RT—PCR and Western blot analysis. Activation of caspase‐3 and caspase‐9 were not observed. This suggests that the apoptosis induced by MG132 in MG63 cells is caspase‐8 dependent, p27 and bcl‐2 family related.
RNAi Silencing of Genes for Elicitation or Biosynthesis of 5-Deoxyisoflavonoids Suppresses Race-Specific Resistance and Hypersensitive Cell Death in Phytophthora sojae Infected Tissues
Authors: Graham Terrence L. , Graham Madge Y. , Subramanian Senthil , Yu Oliver 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
Isoflavonoids are thought to play an important role in soybean (Glycine max) resistance to Phytophthora sojae. This was addressed by silencing two genes for their biosynthesis and a third gene controlling their elicitation. Silencing of genes for isoflavone synthase (IFS) or chalcone reductase (CHR) was achieved in soybean roots through an Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated RNAi approach. Effectiveness of silencing was followed both by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and high-performance liquid chromatography analyses. Silencing either IFS or CHR led to a breakdown of Rps-mediated resistance to race 1 of P. sojae in ‘W79’ (Rps 1c) or ‘W82’ (Rps 1k) soybean. Loss of resistance was accompanied by suppression of hypersensitive (HR) cell death in both cultivars and suppression of cell death-associated activation of hydrogen peroxide and peroxidase. The various results suggest that the 5-deoxyisoflavonoids play a critical role in the establishment of cell death and race-specific resistance. The P. sojae cell wall glucan elicitor, a potent elicitor of 5-deoxyisoflavonoids, triggered a cell death response in roots that was also suppressed by silencing either CHR or IFS. Furthermore, silencing of the elicitor-releasing endoglucanase (PR-2) led to a loss of HR cell death and race-specific resistance to P. sojae and also to a loss of isoflavone and cell death responses to cell wall glucan elicitor. Taken together, these results suggest that in situ release of active fragments from a general resistance elicitor (pathogen-associated molecular pattern) is necessary for HR cell death in soybean roots carrying resistance genes at the Rps 1 locus, and that this cell death response is mediated through accumulations of the 5-deoxyisoflavones.
Rice NON-YELLOW COLORING1 Is Involved in Light-Harvesting Complex II and Grana Degradation during Leaf Senescence
Authors: Kusaba Makoto , Ito Hisashi , Morita Ryouhei , Iida Shuichi , Sato Yutaka , Fujimoto Masaru , Kawasaki Shinji , Tanaka Ryouichi , Hirochika Hirohiko , Nishimura Minoru , Tanaka Ayumi 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
Chlorophyll degradation is an aspect of leaf senescence, which is an active process to salvage nutrients from old tissues. non-yellow coloring1 (nyc1) is a rice (Oryza sativa) stay-green mutant in which chlorophyll degradation during senescence is impaired. Pigment analysis revealed that degradation of not only chlorophylls but also light-harvesting complex II (LHCII)–bound carotenoids was repressed in nyc1, in which most LHCII isoforms were selectively retained during senescence. Ultrastructural analysis of nyc1 chloroplasts revealed that large and thick grana were present even in the late stage of senescence, suggesting that degradation of LHCII is required for the proper degeneration of thylakoid membranes. Map-based cloning of NYC1 revealed that it encodes a chloroplast-localized short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) with three transmembrane domains. The predicted structure of the NYC1 protein and the phenotype of the nyc1 mutant suggest the possibility that NYC1 is a chlorophyll b reductase. Although we were unable to detect the chlorophyll b reductase activity of NYC1, NOL (for NYC1-like), a protein closely related to NYC1 in rice, showed chlorophyll b reductase activity in vitro. We suggest that NYC1 and NOL encode chlorophyll b reductases with divergent functions. Our data collectively suggest that the identified SDR protein NYC1 plays essential roles in the regulation of LHCII and thylakoid membrane degradation during senescence.
Binding of Cyt1Aa and Cry11Aa Toxins of
Bacillus thuringiensis
Serovar
israelensis
to Brush Border Membrane Vesicles of
Tipula paludosa
(Diptera: Nematocera) and Subsequent Pore Formation
Authors: Oestergaard Jesko , Ehlers Ralf-Udo , Martínez-Ramírez Amparo C. , Real Maria Dolores 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT

Bacillus thuringiensis
serovar
israelensis
(
B. thuringiensis
subsp.
israelensis
) produces four insecticidal crystal proteins (ICPs) (Cry4A, Cry4B, Cry11A, and Cyt1A). Toxicity of recombinant
B. thuringiensis
subsp.
israelensis
strains expressing only one of the toxins was determined with first instars of
Tipula paludosa
(Diptera: Nematocera). Cyt1A was the most toxic protein, whereas Cry4A, Cry4B, and Cry11A were virtually nontoxic. Synergistic effects were recorded when Cry4A and/or Cry4B was combined with Cyt1A but not with Cry11A. The binding and pore formation are key steps in the mode of action of
B. thuringiensis
subsp.
israelensis
ICPs. Binding and pore-forming activity of Cry11Aa, which is the most toxic protein against mosquitoes, and Cyt1Aa to brush border membrane vesicles (BBMVs) of
T. paludosa
were analyzed. Solubilization of Cry11Aa resulted in two fragments, with apparent molecular masses of 32 and 36 kDa. No binding of the 36-kDa fragment to
T. paludosa
BBMVs was detected, whereas the 32-kDa fragment bound to
T. paludosa
BBMVs. Only a partial reduction of binding of this fragment was observed in competition experiments, indicating a low specificity of the binding. In contrast to results for mosquitoes, the Cyt1Aa protein bound specifically to the BBMVs of
T. paludosa
, suggesting an insecticidal mechanism based on a receptor-mediated action, as described for Cry proteins. Cry11Aa and Cyt1Aa toxins were both able to produce pores in
T. paludosa
BBMVs. Protease treatment with trypsin and proteinase K, previously reported to activate Cry11Aa and Cyt1Aa toxins, respectively, had the opposite effect. A higher efficiency in pore formation was observed when Cyt1A was proteinase K treated, while the activity of trypsin-treated Cry11Aa was reduced. Results on binding and pore formation are consistent with results on ICP toxicity and synergistic effect with Cyt1Aa in
T. paludosa
.
Microbial Diversity in Natural Asphalts of the Rancho La Brea Tar Pits
Authors: Kim Jong-Shik , Crowley David E. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT

Bacteria commonly inhabit subsurface oil reservoirs, but almost nothing is known yet about microorganisms that live in naturally occurring terrestrial oil seeps and natural asphalts that are comprised of highly recalcitrant petroleum hydrocarbons. Here we report the first survey of microbial diversity in ca. 28,000-year-old samples of natural asphalts from the Rancho La Brea Tar Pits in Los Angeles, CA. Microbiological studies included analyses of 16S rRNA gene sequences and DNA encoding aromatic ring-hydroxylating dioxygenases from two tar pits differing in chemical composition. Our results revealed a wide range of phylogenetic groups within the
Archaea
and
Bacteria
domains, in which individual taxonomic clusters were comprised of sets of closely related species within novel genera and families. Fluorescent staining of asphalt-soil particles using phylogenetic probes for
Archaea
,
Bacteria
, and
Pseudomonas
showed coexistence of mixed microbial communities at high cell densities. Genes encoding dioxygenases included three novel clusters of enzymes. The discovery of life in the tar pits provides an avenue for further studies of the evolution of enzymes and catabolic pathways for bacteria that have been exposed to complex hydrocarbons for millennia. These bacteria also should have application for industrial microbiology and bioremediation.
Ammonia-Oxidizing β-Proteobacteria from the Oxygen Minimum Zone off Northern Chile
Authors: Molina Verónica , Ulloa Osvaldo , Farías Laura , Urrutia Homero , Ramírez Salvador , Junier Pilar , Witzel Karl-Paul 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT

The composition of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria from the β-
Proteobacteria
subclass (βAOB) was studied in the surface and upper-oxycline oxic waters (2- to 50-m depth, ∼200 to 44 μM O
2
) and within the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) suboxic waters (50- to 400-m depth, ≤10 μM O
2
) of the eastern South Pacific off northern Chile. This study was carried out through cloning and sequencing of genes coding for 16S rRNA and the ammonia monooxygenase enzyme active subunit (
amoA
). Sequences affiliated with
Nitrosospira
-like cluster 1 dominated the 16S rRNA gene clone libraries constructed from both oxic and suboxic waters. Cluster 1 consists exclusively of yet-uncultivated βAOB from marine environments. However, a single clone, out of 224 obtained from the OMZ, was found to belong to
Nitrosospira
lineage cluster 0. To our knowledge, cluster 0 sequences have been derived from βAOB isolated only from sand, soil, and freshwater environments. Sequences in clone libraries of the
amoA
gene from the surface and upper oxycline could be grouped in a marine subcluster, also containing no cultured representatives. In contrast, all 74
amoA
sequences originating from the OMZ were either closely affiliated with cultured
Nitrosospira
spp. from clusters 0 and 2 or with other yet-uncultured βAOB from soil and an aerated-anoxic Orbal process waste treatment plant. Our results reveal the presence of
Nitrosospira
-like βAOB in both oxic and suboxic waters associated with the OMZ but with a clear community shift at the functional level (
amoA
) along the strong oxygen gradient.
Phylogenetic Composition of Rocky Mountain Endolithic Microbial Ecosystems
Authors: Walker Jeffrey J. , Pace Norman R. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT
The endolithic environment, the pore space in rocks, is a ubiquitous microbial habitat. Photosynthesis-based endolithic communities inhabit the outer few millimeters to centimeters of rocks exposed to the surface. Such endolithic ecosystems have been proposed as simple, tractable models for understanding basic principles in microbial ecology. In order to test previously conceived hypotheses about endolithic ecosystems, we studied selected endolithic communities in the Rocky Mountain region of the United States with culture-independent molecular methods. Community compositions were determined by determining rRNA gene sequence contents, and communities were compared using statistical phylogenetic methods. The results indicate that endolithic ecosystems are seeded from a select, global metacommunity and form true ecological communities that are among the simplest microbial ecosystems known. Statistical analysis showed that biogeographical characteristics that control community composition, such as rock type, are more complex than predicted. Collectively, results of this study support the idea that patterns of microbial diversity found in endolithic communities are governed by principles similar to those observed in macroecological systems.
Detection and Genotyping of
Arcobacter
and
Campylobacter
Isolates from Retail Chicken Samples by Use of DNA Oligonucleotide Arrays
Authors: Quiñones Beatriz , Parker Craig T. , Janda John M. , Miller William G. , Mandrell Robert E. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT

To explore the use of DNA microarrays for pathogen detection in food, we produced DNA oligonucleotide arrays to simultaneously determine the presence of
Arcobacter
and the presence of
Campylobacter
in retail chicken samples. Probes were selected that target housekeeping and virulence-associated genes in both
Arcobacter butzleri
and thermotolerant
Campylobacter jejuni
and
Campylobacter coli
. These microarrays showed a high level of probe specificity; the signal intensities detected for
A. butzleri
,
C. coli
, or
C. jejuni
probes were at least 10-fold higher than the background levels. Specific identification of
A. butzleri
,
C. coli
, and
C. jejuni
was achieved without the need for a PCR amplification step. By adapting an isolation method that employed membrane filtration and selective media,
C. jejuni
isolates were recovered from package liquid from whole chicken carcasses prior to enrichment. Increasing the time of enrichment resulted in the isolation of
A. butzleri
and increased the recovery of
C. jejuni. C. jejuni
isolates were further classified by using an additional subset of probes targeting the lipooligosaccharide (LOS) biosynthesis locus. Our results demonstrated that most of the
C. jejuni
isolates likely possess class B, C, or H LOS. Validation experiments demonstrated that the DNA microarray had a detection sensitivity threshold of approximately 10,000
C. jejuni
cells. Interestingly, the use of
C. jejuni
sequence-specific primers to label genomic DNA improved the sensitivity of this DNA microarray for detection of
C. jejuni
in whole chicken carcass samples.
C. jejuni
was efficiently detected directly both in package liquid from whole chicken carcasses and in enrichment broths.
Involvement of aMagnaporthe griseaSerine/Threonine Kinase Gene, MgATG1, in Appressorium Turgor and Pathogenesis
Authors: Liu Xiao-Hong , Lu Jian-Ping , Zhang Lei , Dong Bo , Min Hang , Lin Fu-Cheng 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTWe isolated an MgATG1gene encoding a serine/threonine protein kinase from the rice blast fungusMagnaporthe grisea. In the ΔMgatg1mutant, in which the MgATG1gene had been deleted, autophagy was blocked; the mutant also showed fewer lipid droplets in its conidia, lower turgor pressure of the appressorium, and such defects in morphogenesis as delayed initiation and slower germination of conidia. As a result of lower turgor pressure of the appressorium, the ΔMgatg1mutant lost its ability to penetrate and infect the two host plants, namely, rice and barley. However, normal values of the parameters and infective abilities were restored on reintroducing an intact copy of the MgATG1gene into the mutant. Autophagy is thus necessary for turnover of organic matter during the formation of conidia and appressoria and for normal development and pathogenicity inM. grisea.