bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Processing of Oversampled Signals in Range on Polarimetric Weather Radars with Mismatched Channels
Authors: Torres Sebastián M. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Processing oversampled signals in range with a whitening transformation has been proposed as a means to reduce the variance of meteorological variable estimates on polarimetric Doppler weather radars. However, the original formulation to construct decorrelation transformations does not account for mismatches in the polarimetric channels, which results in abnormally biased polarimetric variable estimates if the two channels are not perfectly matched. This paper extends the initial formulation and demonstrates that, by properly accounting for the differences in the polarimetric channels, it is always possible to produce optimum estimates of all meteorological variables. Simulation analyses based on the reported characteristics of existing polarimetric radars are included to illustrate the performance of the proposed transformations.
Eastward-Propagating Undular Bores over Cape York Peninsula
Authors: Goler Robert A. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The existence of eastward-propagating bores over Cape York Peninsula is shown from data obtained during the Gulf Lines Experiment (GLEX) conducted during September and October 2002 and from numerical modeling experiments. The disturbances were detected regularly at two stations, observable on 24 days during the 40-day experiment. The passage of a typical disturbance exhibits a sudden increase in pressure of around 1 hPa, often accompanied by undulations, and a change in the wind speed and direction from an easterly to a westerly flow. Disturbances were not observed during days of strong easterly flow. A two-dimensional nonhydrostatic mesoscale model is used to examine the formation of these disturbances. It is shown that the west coast sea breeze is shallow and does not penetrate far inland because of the opposing low-level easterly flow. In contrast, the east coast sea breeze is deeper and is less stable because it is modified by daytime convective mixing as it crosses the peninsula. As the east coast sea breeze overrides the west coast sea breeze, the west coast sea breeze produces an eastward-propagating bore on the stable layer laid down by the east coast sea breeze. About 2 h after generation, the bore becomes undular. These eastward-propagating disturbances are shown to be associated with the westward-propagating north Australian cloud line and the northeasterly morning glory. In addition, it is shown here that an undular bore can be formed when cold-air downdrafts from afternoon deep convection enter the stable layer created by the east coast sea breeze. Four events from GLEX are believed to have been formed in this way. The eastward-propagating disturbances produced in this way are accompanied neither by the north Australian cloud line nor by the northeasterly morning glory.
Eastern North Pacific Hurricane Season of 2007
Authors: Avila Lixion A. , Rhome Jamie 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The hurricane season of 2007 in the eastern North Pacific Ocean basin is summarized, individual tropical cyclones are described, and a forecast verification is presented. The 2007 eastern North Pacific season was not an active one. There were 11 tropical storms, of which only 4 became hurricanes. Only one cyclone became a major hurricane. One hurricane struck Mexico and one tropical storm made landfall near the Guatemala–Mexico border. The 2007 National Hurricane Center forecast track errors were lower than the previous 5-yr means at all forecast lead times, and especially so for the 72-, 96-, and 120-h periods when the errors were 16%, 22%, and 20% lower, respectively. The official intensity forecasts had only limited skill.
Strong Cross-Barrier Flow under Stable Conditions Producing Intense Winter Orographic Precipitation: A Case Study over the Subtropical Central Andes
Authors: Viale Maximiliano , Norte Federico A. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe most intense orographic precipitation event over the subtropical central Andes (36°–30°S) during winter 2005 was examined using observational data and a regional model simulation. The Eta-Programa Regional de Meteorología (PRM) model forecast was evaluated and used to explore the airflow structure that generated this heavy precipitation event, with a focus on orographic influences. Even though the model did not realistically reproduce any near-surface variables, nor the precipitation shadow in the leeside lowlands, its reliable forecast of heavy precipitation over the windward side and the wind fields suggests that it can be used as a valuable forecasting tool for such events in the region.The synoptic flow of the 26–29 August 2005 storm responded to a well-defined dipole from low to upper levels with anomalous low (high) geopotential heights at midlatitudes (subtropical) latitudes located off the southeast Pacific coast, resulting in a large meridional geopotential height gradient that drove a strong anomalous cross-barrier flow. Precipitation enhancement in the Andes was observed during the entire event; however, the highest rates were in the prefrontal sector under the low-level stable stratification and cross-barrier winds exceeding 2.5 standard deviations (σ) from the climatological monthly mean. The combination of strong cross-mountain winds with the stable stratification in the air mass of a frontal system, impinging on the high Andes range, appears to be the major factor in determining the flow structure that produced the pattern of precipitation enhancement, with uplift maximized near mountaintops and low-level blocking upwindleading to the formation of a low-level along-barrier jet. Additionally, only the upstream wind anomalies for the 15 heaviest events over a 10-yr (1967–76) period were investigated. They exhibited strong anomalous northwesterly winds for 14 of the 15 events, whereas for the remaining event there were no available observations to evaluate. Thus, these anomalies may also be exploited for forecasting capabilities.
Variations in Smoking After Admission To Psychiatric Inpatient Units and Impact of a Partial Smoking Ban On Smoking and On Smoking-Related Perceptions
Authors: Keizer Ineke , Descloux Virginie , Eytan Ariel 
Published: February 2009

Background: Smoke-related problems are particularly frequent in psychiatry, with additional concerns about iatrogenic effects on smoking in inpatient settings. Aims: To study the impact of a partial smoking ban on psychiatric patients and staff members. Methods: Using a pre- and post-intervention design, comparison of smoke-related characteristics and perceptions permitted changes after the introduction of smoking restrictions in 2002 to be studied. Ninety-one inpatients and 110 staff members participated in 2001 before intervention, and 134 inpatients and 85 staff members participated in 2005. Results: After reinforcement of smoking restrictions, no significant changes in smoking prevalence or severity were observed, but there was a change in attitude for patients, more of whom were considering stopping. Daily cigarette consumption after admission changed significantly between 2001 and 2005. A marked decrease after three days in hospital as compared to the week before entry was observed in 2005 ( p = 0.005), whereas in 2001 the trend was towards increase ( p = 0.06). Furthermore, although the perception of quantity of smoke decreased ( p = 0.0005) for both patients and staff, discomfort related to smoke remained unchanged. Conclusion: The introduction of a partial smoking ban had favourable effects on patients' cigarette consumption and attitudes, but more efforts need to be pursued.
A Screening Instrument for Psychological Distress in Botswana: Validation of the Setswana Version of the 28-Item General Health Questionnaire
Authors: Segopolo Mondy T. , Selemogwe Morekwe M. , Plattner Ilse E. , Ketlogetswe Naledi , Feinstein Anthony 
Published: February 2009

Objectives: To develop a Setswana version of the 28-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) for use in Botswana. Methods: A sample of 126 subjects attending primary healthcare clinics completed the GHQ-28, which contains four subscales of seven questions each for the following domains: somatic concerns, anxiety, social function and depression. All subjects were also interviewed with the Clinical Interview Schedule (CIS). Psychiatric casesness was ascertained by CIS scores greater than 20 and an overall severity of symptoms rating (OSR) of ≥2 on a 0—4 point scale. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was undertaken to assess which GHQ cut-off score gave the best casesness yield as defined by the combined CIS and OSR assessments. Results: Of the 126 subjects enrolled, 122 completed the study, with 18 (14.5%) meeting criteria for caseness. There were no gender differences with respect to GHQ or CIS scores. The ROC analysis revealed that the GHQ threshold of 7/8 gave the best sensitivity (88%) and specificity (67%) results. The internal consistency of the translated GHQ was maintained with Cronbach α scores ranging from 0.76 to 0.91 for the subscales. Conclusions: The Setswana GHQ-28 represents a valid instrument of screening for psychological distress in a primary healthcare setting in Botswana.
Self-Monitoring in Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Bachner-Melman Rachel , Zohar Ada H. , Kremer Ilana , Komer Maria , Blank Shulamit , Golan Moria , Ebstein Richard P. 
Published: February 2009

Background: A possible connection between Mark Snyder's concept of self-monitoring and anorexia nervosa (AN) has not previously been examined. Aims: We hypothesized that AN symptomatology correlates positively with the Other-Directedness aspect of Snyder's self-monitoring construct and negatively with its Extraversion aspect. Method: 194 women with a history of AN were classified as currently ill ( n = 17), partially recovered ( n = 106) and recovered ( n = 71).These women and 100 female controls with no history of an eating disorder completed Snyder's Self-Monitoring Scale (SMS) and the Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26). `Other-Directedness' and `Acting and Extraversion'subscales were derived from an exploratory factor analysis of the Hebrew version of the SMS. Mean total and subscale scores were compared across groups, and correlations were calculated between EAT-26 scores and SMS total and subscale scores. Results: Both subscales of the SMS correlated significantly with total scores but not with one another. As expected, AN symptomatology and EAT-26 scores were associated positively with Other-Directedness yet negatively with Acting and Extraversion, rendering the correlation with total SMS scores insignificant. Conclusion: Different aspects of Snyder's self-monitoring construct correlate in opposite directions with eating pathology and AN symptomatology. AN appears to be associated with high Other-Directedness but low Acting and Extroversion.
Psychological Impact of Systemic Training Failure On Mental Health and Career Satisfaction of UK Trainees: Lessons From an Online Attitudes Survey
Authors: Lydall Gregory J. , Malik Amit , Blizard Robert , Bhugra Dinesh 
Published: February 2009

Aims: This study aims to evaluate the psychological and career-planning impact of the new postgraduate training system Modernising Medical Careers (MMC) on junior doctor applicants in the UK. We hypothesized that certain junior doctor groups were more vulnerable to distress during the process than others. Method: Online, anonymous, cross-sectional attitudes survey of applicants in June 2007. Participants were Medical Training Application System (MTAS) applicants of all grades in the UK. Results: Of 1,002 responders, 703 (70%) reported four or more depressive symptoms; 231 (23%) reported increased suicidal thinking; 932 (93%) increased stress; 856 (85%) increased worry; 374 (37%) consumed more alcohol. Some 941 (94%) attributed increased stress to `MMC/MTAS'. Female sex (OR = 1.48, 95% CI = 1.12, 1.95) and not receiving a job offer (OR = 1.85, 95% CI = 1.35, 2.56) predicted higher number of depressive symptoms. Conclusion: At the onset of MMC, MTAS applicants reported negative process experiences, psychological distress and poor coping (including increased alcohol use), with possible implications for mental health, career planning and patient care.
Exercise intervention in brain injury: a pilot randomized study of Tai Chi Qigong
Authors: Blake H. , Batson M. 
Published: February 2009

Objective: To examine the effects of a brief Tai Chi Chuan Qigong (`Qigong') exercise intervention on individuals with traumatic brain injury. Design: A single-centre randomized controlled trial pilot study. Setting: A registered charity day centre in the community. Subjects: Twenty individuals with traumatic brain injury. Intervention: Intervention participants attended a Qigong exercise session for one hour per week over eight weeks. Control participants engaged in non-exercise-based social and leisure activities for the same intervention period. Measures: Outcome was assessed at baseline and post intervention using the General Health Questionnaire-12, the Physical Self-Description Questionnaire and the Social Support for Exercise Habits Scale, to measure perceived mood, self-esteem, flexibility, coordination, physical activity and social support. Results: Groups were comparable at baseline. After the intervention, mood was improved in the exercise group when compared with controls (U = 22.0, P =0.02). Improvements in self-esteem (Z = 2.397, P =0.01) and mood (Z = —2.032, P =0.04) across the study period were also evident in the exercise group only. There were no significant differences in physical functioning between groups. In view of the sample size, these findings are inconclusive. Conclusions: This study provides preliminary evidence that a brief Qigong exercise intervention programme may improve mood and self-esteem for individuals with traumatic brain injury. This needs to be tested in a large-scale randomized trial.
Writing SMART rehabilitation goals and achieving goal attainment scaling: a practical guide
Authors: Bovend'Eerdt Thamar JH , Botell Rachel E , Wade Derick T 
Published: February 2009

Objective: To describe a practical method of setting personalized but specific goals in rehabilitation that also facilitates the use of goal attainment scaling. Background: Rehabilitation is a complex intervention requiring coordinated actions by a team, a process that depends upon setting interdisciplinary goals that are specific, clear and personal to the patient. Goal setting can take much time and still be vague. A practical and standardized method is needed for being specific. Method: A novel approach to writing specific, measurable, achievable, realistic/ relevant and timed (SMART) goals is developed here. Each goal can be built up by using up to four parts: the target activity, the support needed, quantification of performance and the time period to achieve the desired state. This method can be employed as part of goal attainment scaling and the other levels can be easily and quickly formulated by adding, deleting and/or changing one or more of the (sub)parts. Discussion: The success of goal setting and goal attainment scaling depends on the formulation of the goals. The method described here is a useful tool to standardize the writing of goals in rehabilitation. It saves time and simplifies the construction of goals that are sufficiently specific to be measurable.
Working with Disability in Groups
Authors: Smith Margaret 
Published: February 2009

I link the experience of disability to some psychoanalytic theories of early development and recent studies into the effect of early attachment experiences on the development of the brain. I will show that the group regresses to the earliest stages of development in order to work with body-mind experiences, and to find a language in which to make sense of their current experience. I will then discuss how this can be worked with in an analytic group. I also link this to working with chronically psychologically disabled patients. The group is a space to enable members to increasingly own and tolerate their disability.
Comment On: Omega‐3 Free Fatty Acids for the Maintenance of Remission in Crohn Disease: The EPIC Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Ulitsky Alex 
Published: February 2009

Context: Maintenance therapy for Crohn disease features the use of immunosuppressive drugs, which are associated with an increased risk of infection. Identification of safe and effective maintenance strategies is a priority. Objective: To determine whether the oral administration of omega‐3 free fatty acids is more effective than placebo for prevention of relapse of Crohn disease. Design, Setting, and Patients: Two randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled studies (Epanova Program in Crohn's Study 1 [EPIC‐1] and EPIC‐2) conducted between January 2003 and February 2007 at 98 centers in Canada, Europe, Israel, and the United States. Data from 363 and 375 patients with quiescent Crohn disease were evaluated in EPIC‐1 and EPIC‐2, respectively. Interventions: Patients with a Crohn's Disease Activity Index (CDAI) score of less than 150 were randomly assigned to receive either 4 g/d of omega‐3 free fatty acids or placebo for up to 58 weeks. No other treatments for Crohn disease were permitted. Main Outcome Measure: Clinical relapse, as defined by a CDAI score of 150 points or greater and an increase of more than 70 points from the baseline value, or initiation of treatment for active Crohn disease. Results: For EPIC‐1, 188 patients were assigned to receive omega‐3 free fatty acids and 186 patients to receive placebo. Corresponding numbers for EPIC‐2 were 189 and 190 patients, respectively. The rate of relapse at 1 year in EPIC‐1 was 31.6% in patients who received omega‐3 free fatty acids and 35.7% in those who received placebo (hazard ratio, 0.82; 95% confidence interval, 0.51‐1.19; P = .30). Corresponding values for EPIC‐2 were 47.8% and 48.8% (hazard ratio, 0.90; 95% confidence interval, 0.67‐1.21; P = .48). Serious adverse events were uncommon and mostly related to Crohn disease. Conclusion: In these trials, treatment with omega‐3 free fatty acids was not effective for the prevention of relapse in Crohn disease. (JAMA. 2008;299:1690‐1697.)Feagan BG, Sandborn WJ, Mittmann U, et al.
Hyperantithrombotic, noncytoprotective Glu149Ala-activated protein C mutant
Authors: Mosnier Laurent O. , Zampolli Antonella , Kerschen Edward J. , Schuepbach Reto A. , Banerjee Yajnavalka , Fernández José A. , Yang Xia V. , Riewald Matthias , Weiler Hartmut , Ruggeri Zaverio M. , Griffin John H. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Activated protein C (APC) reduces mortality in severe sepsis patients. APC exerts anticoagulant activities via inactivation of factors Va and VIIIa and cytoprotective activities via endothelial protein C receptor and protease-activated receptor-1. APC mutants with selectively altered and opposite activity profiles, that is, greatly reduced anticoagulant activity or greatly reduced cytoprotective activities, are compared here. Glu149Ala-APC exhibited enhanced in vitro anticoagulant and in vivo antithrombotic activity, but greatly diminished in vitro cytoprotective effects and in vivo reduction of endotoxin-induced murine mortality. Thus, residue Glu149 and the C-terminal region of APC's light chain are identified as functionally important for expression of multiple APC activities. In contrast to Glu149Ala-APC, 5A-APC (Lys191-193Ala + Arg229/230Ala) with protease domain mutations lacked in vivo antithrombotic activity, although it was potent in reducing endotoxin-induced mortality, as previously shown. These data imply that APC molecular species with potent antithrombotic activity, but without robust cytoprotective activity, are not sufficient to reduce mortality in endotoxemia, emphasizing the need for APC's cytoprotective actions, but not anticoagulant actions, to reduce endotoxin-induced mortality. Protein engineering can provide APC mutants that permit definitive mechanism of action studies for APC's multiple activities, and may also provide safer and more effective second-generation APC mutants with reduced bleeding risk.
Quantitative measures for the management and comparison of annotated genomes
Authors: Eilbeck Karen , Moore Barry , Holt Carson , Yandell Mark 
Published: February 2009

Abstract

Background
The ever-increasing number of sequenced and annotated genomes has made management of their annotations a significant undertaking, especially for large eukaryotic genomes containing many thousands of genes. Typically, changes in gene and transcript numbers are used to summarize changes from release to release, but these measures say nothing about changes to individual annotations, nor do they provide any means to identify annotations in need of manual review.

Results
In response, we have developed a suite of quantitative measures to better characterize changes to a genome's annotations between releases, and to prioritize problematic annotations for manual review. We have applied these measures to the annotations of five eukaryotic genomes over multiple releases – H. sapiens, M. musculus, D. melanogaster, A. gambiae, and C. elegans.

Conclusion
Our results provide the first detailed, historical overview of how these genomes' annotations have changed over the years, and demonstrate the usefulness of these measures for genome annotation management.
Differential gene expression in ADAM10 and mutant ADAM10 transgenic mice
Authors: Prinzen Claudia , Trümbach Dietrich , Wurst Wolfgang , Endres Kristina , Postina Rolf , Fahrenholz Falk 
Published: February 2009

AbstractBackgroundIn a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer disease (AD), cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by the α-secretase ADAM10 prevented amyloid plaque formation, and alleviated cognitive deficits. Furthermore, ADAM10 overexpression increased the cortical synaptogenesis. These results suggest that upregulation of ADAM10 in the brain has beneficial effects on AD pathology.ResultsTo assess the influence of ADAM10 on the gene expression profile in the brain, we performed a microarray analysis using RNA isolated from brains of five months old mice overexpressing either the α-secretase ADAM10, or a dominant-negative mutant (dn) of this enzyme. As compared to non-transgenic wild-type mice, in ADAM10 transgenic mice 355 genes, and in dnADAM10 mice 143 genes were found to be differentially expressed. A higher number of genes was differentially regulated in double-transgenic mouse strains additionally expressing the human APP[V717I]mutant.Overexpression of proteolytically active ADAM10 affected several physiological pathways, such as cell communication, nervous system development, neuron projection as well as synaptic transmission. Although ADAM10 has been implicated in Notch and β-catenin signaling, no significant changes in the respective target genes were observed in adult ADAM10 transgenic mice.Real-time RT-PCR confirmed a downregulation of genes coding for the inflammation-associated proteins S100a8 and S100a9 induced by moderate ADAM10 overexpression. Overexpression of the dominant-negative form dnADAM10 led to a significant increase in the expression of the fatty acid-binding protein Fabp7, which also has been found in higher amounts in brains of Down syndrome patients.ConclusionIn general, there was only a moderate alteration of gene expression in ADAM10 overexpressing mice. Genes coding for pro-inflammatory or pro-apoptotic proteins were not over-represented among differentially regulated genes. Even a decrease of inflammation markers was observed. These results are further supportive for the strategy to treat AD by increasing the α-secretase activity.