bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A20 inhibits oxidized low‐density lipoprotein‐induced apoptosis through negative Fas/Fas ligand‐dependent activation of caspase‐8 and mitochondrial pathways in murine RAW264.7 macrophages
Authors: Li Hong‐Liang , Wang Ai‐Bing , Zhang Ran , Wei Yu‐Sheng , Chen Hou‐Zao , She Zhi‐Gang , Huang Yue , Liu De‐Pei , Liang Chih‐Chuan 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA20 was originally characterized as a TNF‐inducible gene in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. As an NF‐κB target gene, A20 is also induced in many other cell types by a wide range of stimuli. Expression of A20 has been shown to protect from TNF‐induced apoptosis and also functions via a negative‐feedback loop to block NF‐κB activation induced by TNF and other stimuli. To date, there are no reports on whether A20 can protect OxLDL‐induced apoptosis in macrophages. For the first time we report that A20 expression blocks OxLDL‐mediated cell toxicity and apoptosis. OxLDL induced the expression of Fas and FasL, and the subsequent caspase‐8 cleavage and treatment with a neutralizing ZB4 anti‐Fas antibody blocked apoptosis induced by OxLDL. Expression of dominant negative FADD efficiently prevented OxLDL‐induced apoptosis and caspase‐8 activation. A20 expression significantly attenuated the increased expression of Fas and FasL, and Fas‐mediated apoptosis. These findings suggest that A20‐mediated protection from OxLDL may occur at the level of Fas/FADD‐caspase‐8 and be FasL dependent. Treatment of RAW264.7 cells with OxLDL induces a series of time‐dependent events, including the release of cytochrome c, Smac and Omi from the mitochondria to the cytosol, activation of caspase‐9, ‐6, ‐2, and ‐3, which are blocked by A20 expression. No cleaved form of Bid was detected, even treatment with OxLDL for 48 h. Expression of dominant negative FADD also efficiently prevented OxLDL‐induced the above apoptotic events. The release of cyto c, Smac and Omi from mitochondria to cytosol, activated by OxLDL treatment, and the activation of caspase‐9 may not be a downstream event of caspase‐8‐mediated Bid cleavage. Therefore, the protective effect of A20 on mitochondrial apoptotic pathway activated by OxLDL may be dependent on FADD. A20 expression reversed OxLDL‐mediated G0/G1 stage arrest by maintaining the expression of cyclin B1, cyclin D1, and cyclin E, and p21 and p73. Thus, A20 expression blocks OxLDL‐mediated apoptosis in murine RAW264.7 macrophages through disrupting Fas/FasL‐dependent activation of caspase‐8 and the mitochondria pathway. J. Cell. Physiol. 208: 307–318, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Atom probe tomography characterization of solute segregation to dislocations
Authors: Miller Michael K. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe extent and level of solute segregation to individual dislocations may be quantified by atom probe tomography. The technique is best applied to materials with high dislocation densities, such as cold worked, mechanically alloyed, or neutron‐irradiated materials. Dislocations may be observed in field ion images by a change of the normal concentric atom terraces at crystallographic poles to spirals. Solute segregation is evident in field ion images by brightly imaging atoms near the core of the dislocation. Dislocations are evident in atom maps in the three‐dimensional atom probe by linear regions of enhanced solute concentration. The maximum separation envelope and tracer methods may be used to quantify the levels of solute at the dislocation at the subnanometer scale. Examples of interstitial and substitutional element segregation in a mechanically alloyed, oxide dispersion strengthened ferrite steel and phosphorus segregation to dislocations in neutron‐irradiated pressure vessel steels are presented. Microsc. Res. Tech. 69:359–365, 2006. Published 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Scanning electron microscopy imaging of dislocations in bulk materials, using electron channeling contrast
Authors: Crimp Martin A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe imaging and characterization of dislocations is commonly carried out by thin foil transmission electron microscopy (TEM) using diffraction contrast imaging. However, the thin foil approach is limited by difficult sample preparation, thin foil artifacts, relatively small viewable areas, and constraints on carrying out in situ studies. Electron channeling imaging of electron channeling contrast imaging (ECCI) offers an alternative approach for imaging crystalline defects, including dislocations. Because ECCI is carried out with field emission gun scanning electron microscope (FEG‐SEM) using bulk specimens, many of the limitations of TEM thin foil analysis are overcome. This paper outlines the development of electron channeling patterns and channeling imaging to the current state of the art. The experimental parameters and set up necessary to carry out routine channeling imaging are reviewed. A number of examples that illustrate some of the advantages of ECCI over thin foil TEM are presented along with a discussion of some of the limitations on carrying out channeling contrast analysis of defect structures. Microsc. Res. Tech. 69:374–381, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Study of Organic Phase Mobility in Nanocomposite Organic‐Inorganic Coatings
Authors: Ceccorulli Giuseppina , Zini Elisa , Scandola Mariastella 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSummary: Organic‐inorganic hybrids synthesized by a dual photopolymerization and condensation process from (i) two organic precursors, either poly(ethylene glycol) α,ω diacrylate ($\overline M _{\rm w}$ = 600) (PEGDA) or bisphenol‐A‐ethoxylate(15EO/phenol)‐dimethacrylate (BEMA), (ii) the organic‐inorganic bridging monomer (methacryloyl‐oxypropyl‐trimethoxysilane, (MEMO)) and (iii) the inorganic precursor tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic mechanical spectroscopy (DMTA). It is found that progressive formation of the crosslinked network during the different steps of hybrid production results in changes of molecular mobility that show up in changes of the glass transition of the organic phase. While moving from the organic precursor to the final hybrid through the subsequent photopolymerization and condensation reactions, the transition is seen to broaden, decrease in intensity and shift to higher temperature. Excellent agreement of DSC and DMTA results is obtained. Dynamic mechanical analysis of the hybrids coated on PET film (coating thickness 10 and 40 µm) show an additional up‐shift of Tg, more marked in the case of the thinner hybrid coating. This result is attributed to molecular interactions at the substrate‐coating interface that locally hinder molecular mobility. The consequent increase of Tg is more evident when the coating layer is thin. The results show the potential of the DMTA technique in coating‐polymer substrate adhesion studies. Finally, the relaxation spectrum of the hybrids is sensitive to humidity absorbed from the environment and reversibly changes in absorption‐desorption cycles.DMTA loss spectrum of‘free’ PEGDA‐based hybrid film, PET film with thick coating and PET film with thin coating.magnified imageDMTA loss spectrum of‘free’ PEGDA‐based hybrid film, PET film with thick coating and PET film with thin coating.
Styrene/Maleic Anhydride Macro‐RAFT‐Mediated Encapsulation
Authors: Klumperman Bert 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSummary: Luo et al. have published a method for the encapsulation of oil droplets by a polymer shell to form nanosized liquid‐filled particles. They use a water‐soluble styrene–maleic anhydride copolymer that carries a thiocarbonyl thio end‐group. This end‐group is able to induce reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT)‐mediated polymerization, which leads to a miniemulsion polymerization‐like system. Here the polymerization is confined to the outer shell of a droplet/particle. Consequently, monomer is depleted from the centre of the particle, which leaves a liquid core surrounded by a polymer shell. The technique seems robust and opens up new pathways to nanostructured materials.Morphology development in the miniemulsion polymerization of styrene mediated by an aminolyzed STY/MAnh macro‐RAFT agent (black chains: the aminolyzed STY/MAnh copolymer, black dots: thiocarbonyl thio moieties that mediate the polymerization, red chains: styrene homopolymer).magnified imageMorphology development in the miniemulsion polymerization of styrene mediated by an aminolyzed STY/MAnh macro‐RAFT agent (black chains: the aminolyzed STY/MAnh copolymer, black dots: thiocarbonyl thio moieties that mediate the polymerization, red chains: styrene homopolymer).
Linking Polythiophene Chains Through Conjugated Bridges: A Way to Improve Charge Transport in Polymer Solar Cells
Authors: Zhou Erjun , Tan Zhan'ao , Yang Chunhe , Li Yongfang 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSummary: A series of cross‐linked polythiophene derivatives (P1–4) are synthesized by adding different ratio (0, 2, 5, and 10%) of conjugated cross‐linker via a Stille coupling reaction. From P1–4, with the increase of the content of the conjugated bridges, the UV‐visible absorption peaks of the polymers were shifted towards blue and their electrochemical bandgap increased. The hole mobilities of P1–4 as determined from the SCLC model are 5.23 × 10−6, 1.28 × 10−4, 7.01 × 10−3, and 2.34 × 10−5 cm2 · V−1 · s−1, respectively. The PCEs of the polymer solar cells based on P1–4 are 0.37, 1.05, 1.26, and 0.78%, respectively. The improvement of PCE of the devices based on P2–4 compared with that of P1 may be due to the increase of hole mobility.Molecular structure of the polythiophene derivatives (P1–4).magnified imageMolecular structure of the polythiophene derivatives (P1–4).
Study of Complex Organic Binding Media Systems on Artworks Applying GC‐MS Analysis: Selected Examples from the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
Authors: Pitthard Vaclav , Griesser Martina , Stanek Sabine , Bayerova Tatjana 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWithin the Kunsthistorisches Museum (KHM), Vienna, three off‐line GC‐MS analytical procedures for the identification of natural organic media have been refined, tested, and validated for the use in investigating original, historic works of art. The analysis of a sample from a Greek terracotta statue suggested that the white ground layer of the polychromy, still partly present today, contained a gum‐based binding medium. Furthermore, a procedure for the simultaneous analysis of oils, waxes and resins was applied to the identification of the composition of the varnish layer from the 16th century painting “Lucretia” by Jacopo Negretti (1480–1528). In addition, in a collaboration with the Department for Conservation and Restoration, University of Applied Arts, Vienna, a series of samples from paintings on wooden panels from the Buddhist temple complex in Nako, Himachal Pradesh, India, was investigated for the presence of proteinaceous binding media.
Inhibiting the Inevitable; Current Approaches to Slowing the Deterioration of Plastics
Authors: Shashoua Yvonne 
Published: April 2006

AbstractOnce plastics objects are registered in museum collections, the institution becomes responsible for their long term preservation, until the end of their useful lifetime. Plastics appear to deteriorate faster than other materials in museum collections and have a useful lifetime between 5 and 25 years. Preventive or inhibitive conservation involves controlling the environments in which objects are placed during storage and display, with the aim of slowing the major deterioration reactions. Once in progress, degradation of plastics cannot be stopped or reversed, so the aim of preventive conservation is to ‘buy time’ for the object. Inhibitive conservation of plastics involves the removal or reduction of factors causing or accelerating degradation including light, oxygen, acids, relative humidity and acidic breakdown products. Specific approaches to conservation have been developed for cellulose nitrate, cellulose acetate, PVC and polyurethanes by considering the most effective action to inhibit their major degradation pathways. The purpose of this article is to outline the main factors causing degradation of the least stable plastics in museum collections and present an overview of the conservation treatments established to date. Recent research has suggested that some of the conservation practices to slow the rate of deterioration in use today, particularly those for cellulose nitrate and acetate, are poorly effective and that alternatives should be evaluated. One alternative is low temperature storage.
Effectiveness of Graft Synthetic Polymers in Preventing Biodeterioration of Cellulose‐Based Materials
Authors: Cappitelli Francesca , Sorlini Claudia , Pedemonte Enrico , Princi Elisabetta , Vicini Silvia 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSynthetic polymers have been occasionally applied to the consolidation and protection of paper and cellulose‐based textiles especially when traditional conservation methods were not sufficient to improve the mechanical resistance of the degraded artefacts. In this paper, the potential of the innovative technique of grafting polymerisation with synthetic polymers was investigated to prevent biodeterioration. Cotton, linen and Whatman paper were consolidated by a) coating Paraloid B72®, b) coating ethyl acrylate/methyl methacrylate (EA/MMA) preformed copolymer, and c) grafting onto cellulose chains EA and MMA monomers in the ratio 75/25. All the samples were artificially biodeteriorated to obtain biodegraded model samples of both consolidated and non‐consolidated substrates, according to the ASTM G21‐96(2002) “Standard Practice for Determining Resistance of Synthetic Polymeric Materials to Fungi”. The consolidating effect was examined evaluating the mechanical behaviour of the grafted and coated samples, before and after the artificial biodeterioration. In addition, SEM observations were applied to monitor both the grafting level and the biodeterioration of the samples. With the grafting of acrylic monomers, the mechanical strength of cellulose‐based textiles and paper was greatly improved, as well as the resistance to biological agents. Therefore, with regards to biodeterioration, the graft copolymer EA/MMA (75/25 wt) was proved to be a suitable method to help prevent possible deterioration of paper and textiles.
A wideband planar inverted‐F dielectric resonator antenna for RFID system applications
Authors: Tseng Ching‐Fang , Huang Cheng‐Liang , Hsu Cheng‐Hsing 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis wideband planar inverted‐F dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) is proposed. The antenna provides two resonant paths of different lengths in order to achieve 2.4‐ and 5.8‐GHz dual‐band for radio frequency identification (RFID) system applications. The impedance bandwidth with 10‐dB return loss (2:1 VSWR) is about 255 MHz (2300–2555 MHz) for the 2.45‐GHz band and 835 MHz (5595–6430 MHz) for the 5.8‐GHz band. The obtained circular polarization (CP) bandwidths, determined from 3‐dB axial ratio, are about 180 MHz (about 7.35%) and 380 MHz (about 6.55%) at 2.45 and 5.8 GHz, respectively. Good antenna gain and circular‐polarization radiation patterns are also observed. The measured results of the performance of the antenna are presented. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48: 1302–1305, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.21616
Compact microstrip lowpass filter using a meander‐line structure
Authors: Su Guang Yi , Chan Chio Nang , Tam Un Leng , Tam Kam Weng 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA novel compact microstrip lowpass filter using N‐turn meander line structure is proposed. This low pass filter provides a transmission zero near the passband edge and low passband insertion loss. Both the cutoff frequency and transmission zero can be easily controlled by changing the meander line dimensions to ease the filter design. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48: 1339–1341, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.21619
AnN‐bit digitally variable ultra‐wideband pulse generator for GPR and UWB applications
Authors: Yilmaz Sertac , Tekin Ibrahim 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis paper presents a low‐cost ultra‐wideband (UWB) pulse generator that can vary the pulse duration digitally by using a step‐recovery diode (SRD), microstrip transmission lines, and PIN diodes. First, a sharp edge is generated by using SRD circuitry. Then a pulse is formed from the sharp edge through the use of transmission lines and the PIN diodes. Based on the number of transmission lines(N),the duration of the pulse can be varied in2Nsteps. The UWB pulse generator circuits are implemented on an FR‐4 substrate using microstrip‐line technology and UWB pulses with durations of 550 to 2400 psec are measured. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48: 1334–1339, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.21620
New optical receiver using two cascaded LiNbO3 Mach–Zehnder modulators as optical time‐division demultiplexer
Authors: Zhang Jian‐Guo , Tran D. D. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA new optical receiver is proposed for optical time‐division multiplexing (OTDM) systems, which uses two cascaded LiNbO3 Mach–Zehnder intensity modulators as an ultrafast electrooptic (EO) time gate to demultiplex the OTDM data. Compared to optical fiber‐based time‐division demultiplexers, the newly designed EO time gates have the advantages of compactness, low power consumption, and high operation stability. With the Gaussian approximation of time‐switching window for such EO gates, an analytical method is presented to efficiently evaluate the performance of this type of OTDM receiver employing PIN and avalanche photodiodes, respectively. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48: 1326–1330, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.21627
Reflections from almost‐periodic graded anisotropic slabs
Authors: Serebryannikov A. E. , Schuenemann K. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractResults are presented for plane‐wave reflection from a 1D inhomogeneous anisotropic slab with components of the permittivity tensor obtained for a periodical arrangement of a finite number of Gaussian peaks, which results in an almost periodic profile. The interrelationship between the presence of band gaps (opaque ranges) in the transmission of left‐ and right‐hand polarized waves and the behaviour of two orthogonal components of the transverse electric field is demonstrated. It is shown that there are several typical scenarios with regard to the behaviour of these components and the related polarization conversion, which depend on the frequency range and on the type of the host medium. A Riccati differential equation is used for the calculations. The obtained results can be used to extend the potentials of polarization control. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48: 1320–1324, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.21629
A broadband reflectarray antenna with double square rings
Authors: Chaharmir M. R. , Shaker J. , Cuhaci M. , Ittipiboon A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA reflectarray antenna composed of double square rings of variable lengths printed on a conductor‐backed substrate is proposed for reflectarray‐bandwidth enhancement. Using this technique, a single‐layer reflectarray of a wider bandwidth compared to conventional single‐layer reflectarrays is designed, fabricated, and measured. The measured results demonstrate a radiation efficiency close to 52% and 1‐dB gain bandwidth of 9%, centered at 22 GHz. © 2006 Government of Canada. Exclusive worldwide publication rights in the article have been transferred to Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48: 1317–1320, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.21630
Optical steering of a phased‐array antenna based on fast delay‐line switches
Authors: Jin Xiaofeng , Liu Juan , Liu Xiaomin , Zhang Xianmin 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA kind of architecture of optical steering of a phased‐array antenna (PAA) based on a fast optical delay‐line switch is proposed and experimentally studied. A 4‐bit fast optical delay‐line switch with switching speed of less than 30 μs is constructed using cascaded solid‐state optical switches. A distributed feedback laser integrated with electro‐absorption modulator is employed for radio‐frequency feeding and delivery. Our experimental system of transporting X‐band microwave signals over one antenna element shows a signal‐to‐noise ratio better than 55 dB and low crosstalk of less than −50 dB. The structure features a compact design, a low‐cost solution, a fast tilting speed, and true‐time‐delay beam steering. The proposed scheme of optical steering is very promising for wideband X‐band PAA applications. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48: 1449–1452, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.21631
Dispersion induced effects of high‐order optical sidebands in the performance of millimeter‐wave fiber‐optic links
Authors: Pérez‐Millán Pere , Wiberg Andreas , Hedekvist Per Olof , Cruz José L. , Andrés Miguel V. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn this paper, chirped fiber Bragg gratings (CFBGs) are proposed as signal‐phase controllers for microwave‐photonic wireless downstream fiber links. The effect of high‐order modulation optical sidebands that disturbs the output mm‐wave signal due to the chromatic dispersion induced by the gratings is studied theoretically and experimentally. The 1st and 2nd mm‐wave harmonics of the output signal have been measured for conventional intensity modulation and for intensity modulation with optical carrier suppression. In the last case, data transmission at 2.5 Gb/s is demonstrated through a chirped grating of 280 ps/nm dispersion in a 40‐GHz modulated link. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48: 1436–1441, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.21634
SRR loaded waveguide band rejection filter with adjustable bandwidth
Authors: Jitha B. , Nimisha C. S. , Aanandan C. K. , Mohanan P. , Vasudevan K. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe use of a split‐ring resonator (SRR)‐loaded waveguide for the design of a band‐rejection filter with adjustable bandwidth is reported. The width of the stopband can be adjusted by suitably positioning the SRR array in the waveguide. The rejection band can be made very narrow by placing the array at the electric‐field minimum. The stopband attenuation depends on the number of unit cells in the array. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48: 1427–1429, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.21641
A method stabilizing the wavelength of mode‐locked fiber laser with injected continuous wave
Authors: Zhu Likai , Yu Jinlong , Wang Yaotian , Yang Enze 
Published: April 2006

AbstractStimulated by an injected continuous wave, a set of longitudinal modes wins the competition for gain medium continuously. In this paper, the linewidth of the longitudinal mode is broadened by the injected continuous wave. The wavelength of an actively mode‐locked fiber laser based on EDFA is stabilized in the experiment. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48: 1385–1388, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.21645