bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Power, Class, and Family: Men and Women in the Mexican Elite, 1750-1810
Authors: Tutino John 
Published: July 2006

This essay explores the social relations within a landed elite—the dominant class in eighteenth-century Mexico. It aims to outline the nature of the powers that sustained that elite, to determine who directly exercised those powers, and to detail the relations between those pivotal powerholders and the remaining majority of elite class members. My primary concern, then, is the relationship between elite power and class membership.That, in turn, brings atttention to the roles of elite men and women, and the relations between them. Powerholders were usually men while class membership was shared equally between men and women. Was the internal structure of the elite thus based on sexual stratification? Were men able to be powerful and thus wealthy, while women could be wealthy only through subordination to a powerful man? To a great extent, that was true. But the majority of men within the Mexican elite were also wealthy while subordinate to a powerful man. And in a few notable cases, elite women exercised great power while men and women lived as their dependents. Sex was not the only principle of stratification among late colonial Mexican elites. Rather, sexual differentiation interacted with inequalities primarily based on economic power. This essay attempts to study the relations between economic power and sexual differentiation to approach an understanding of life within the late colonial landed elite in Mexico.
International Relations/Social Theory in a Small State: An Analysis of the Thought of Dantés Bellegarde
Authors: Bellegarde-Smith Patrick 
Published: July 2006

L'Idée, quand elle s'estcompletement incorporée à l'êtremoral, devient aussi impulsiveque le sentiment, se transformeon peut dire en sentiment.— D. Bellegarde.Louis-Dantès Bellegarde, (1877-1966), is acknowledged generally to have been the most significant and influential diplomat produced by the Republic of Haiti in this century. His first diplomatic assignment came fortuitously at age forty-four, when President Philippe-Sudre Dartiguenave appointed him on an impulse to the Paris legation, the Holy See, and to the League of Nations in 1921. In that period, he also served as a member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration (The Hague), and was the Honorary President of the Second Pan-African Congress held under the aegis of W. E. B. DuBois. Previously, from age twenty-seven, he had occupied high governmental positions at the sub-cabinet and then cabinet level, primarily in the fields of education and agriculture. His formal training had been in law, banking, and commerce. That particular training was to serve him well, but color his perspective. The League's Council named him to the Commission of Slavery and Forced Labour in 1924. In 1927, he was a special guest at the Fourth Pan-African Congress held in New York. Later, in 1930, President Louis-Eugène Roy appointed him anew to France and the League of Nations where again he created a sensation.
Estradiol and its metabolites and their association with knee osteoarthritis
Authors: Sowers MaryFran R. , McConnell Daniel , Jannausch Mary , Buyuktur Ayse G. , Hochberg Marc , Jamadar David A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractObjectiveTo determine if levels of endogenous estrogen or estrogen metabolites are associated with an increased risk of developing knee osteoarthritis (OA) in women.MethodsSerum estradiol (E2) and 2 urinary estrogen metabolites (2‐hydroxyestrone and 16α‐hydroxyestrone) with radiographically defined prevalent and incident knee OA in 842 white and African American women from the Southeast Michigan Arthritis Cohort.ResultsThe mean age and body mass index (BMI) of women in the cohort were 42.3 years and 28.5 kg/m2, respectively. Women who developed radiographically defined knee OA had significantly greater odds of having baseline endogenous early follicular phase estradiol concentrations in the lowest tertile (<47 pg/ml; odds ratio [OR] 1.88, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.07–3.51) compared with those with estradiol concentrations in the middle tertile [47–77 pg/ml]), after adjustment for age, BMI, and other covariates. Women who developed knee OA also had greater odds of having baseline urinary concentrations of 2‐hydroxyestrone in the lowest tertile (OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.49–5.68) compared with women with 2‐hydroxyestrone concentrations in the middle tertile), after adjustment for covariates. Women who developed knee OA were more likely to have a ratio of 16α‐hydroxyestrone to 2‐hydroxyestrone in the highest tertile (>0.86; OR 1.86, 95% CI 1.01–3.44 compared with women with ratios in the 0.54–0.86 range), after adjustment for other covariates.ConclusionThere were significant associations of lower baseline serum estradiol and urinary 2‐hydroxyestrone with developing knee OA in middle‐aged women.
Lyme myositis
Authors: Holmgren Aaron R. , Matteson Eric L. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractMyositis has been reported as a rare manifestation of Lyme disease, and Lyme myositis can be an important consideration in the differential diagnosis of unusual cases, especially in patients who live in or travel to endemic areas. We report the case of a 43‐year‐old man who presented with focal myositis of the proximal lower extremity and was subsequently diagnosed as having Lyme myositis. The patient had previously experienced a febrile illness and rash, but had no ongoing symptoms of Lyme disease. Myositis was confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging and muscle biopsy; Borrelia burgdorferi infection was confirmed by Lyme serology and polymerase chain reaction testing of synovial fluid and biopsy material. The current case is reviewed in the context of findings from previous case descriptions.
Inhibitory effect of stobadine on FMLP‐induced chemiluminescence in human whole blood and isolated polymorphonuclear leukocytes
Authors: Drábiková Katarína , Jančinová Viera , Nosál Radomír , Pečivová Jana , Mačičková Tatiana , Turčáni Peter 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe chemiluminescence (CL) technique with luminol and isoluminol was used to characterize the effect of stobadine on reactive oxygen metabolites (ROM) generation in human whole blood and in isolated polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) stimulated with N‐formyl‐methionyl‐leucyl‐phenyl‐alanine (FMLP). In whole blood and in isolated PMNL, stobadine in the concentrations of 1, 10 and 100 µmol/L significantly inhibited the CL signal after FMLP, which activated predominantly extracellular generation of ROM. The same concentrations of stobadine were effective on CL in a cell‐free system. On the other hand, myeloperoxidase (MPO) liberation was decreased by stobadine only in the concentration of 100 µmol/L. The results showed stobadine to act as a potent inhibitor/scavenger of extracellularly produced ROM in human PMNL and indicated interference of stobadine with ROM as well as with signalling events resulting in NADPH‐oxidase activation and MPO liberation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Venomous Secrets of the Web Droplets from the Viscid Spiral of the Orb‐Weaver Spider Nephila clavipes (Araneae, Tetragnatidae)
Authors: Salles Heliana C. , Volsi Evelyn Cristina F. R. , Marques Maurício R. , Souza Bibiana M. , dos Santos Lucilene D. , Tormena Cláudio F. , Mendes Maria A. , Palma Mario S. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe capture web of N. clavipes presents viscous droplets, which play important roles in web mechanics and prey capture. By using scanning and transmission electron microscopy, it was demonstrated that the web droplets are constituted of different chemical environments, provided by the existence both of an aqueous and a lipid layer, which, in turn, present a suspension of tenths of vesicles containing polypeptides and/or lipids. GC/EI‐MS Analysis of the contents of these vesicles led to the identification of some saturated fatty acids, such as decanoic acid, undecanoic acid, dodecanoic acid, tetradecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid, and icosanoic acid, while other components were unsaturated fatty acids, such as (Z)‐tetradec‐9‐enoic acid, (Z)‐octadec‐9‐enoic acid, and (Z)‐icosa‐11‐enoic acid; and polyunsaturated fatty acids like (9Z,12Z)‐octadeca‐9,12‐dienoic acid, (9Z,12Z,15Z)‐octadeca‐9,12,15‐trienoic acid, and (11Z,14Z)‐icosa‐11,14‐dienoic acid. Toxic proteins such as calcium‐activated proteinase and metalloproteinase jararhagin‐like precursor were also identified by using a proteomic approach, indicating the possible involvement of these enzymes in the pre‐digestion of spiders' preys web‐captured. Apparently, the mixture of fatty acids are relatively toxic to insects by topical application (LD50 64.3±7.6 ng mg−1 honeybee), while the proteins alone present no topical effect; however, when injected into the prey‐insects, these proteins presented a moderate toxicity (LD50 40.3±4.8 ng mg−1 honeybee); the mixture of fatty acids and proteins is very toxic to the preys captured by the web droplets of the viscid spiral of Nephila clavipes when topically applied on them (LD50 14.3±1.8 ng mg−1 honeybee).
New Bisabolane Sesquiterpenes and Coumarin from Leontopodium longifolium
Authors: Li Ji‐Xin , Lin Chang‐Jun , Yang Xiu‐Ping , Jia Zhong‐Jian 
Published: July 2006

AbstractFrom the roots of Leontopotium longifolium, three new bisabolane sesquiterpenes, rel‐(1S,4R,5S,6R)‐4,5‐diacetoxy‐6‐[(R)‐1,5‐dimethylhexa‐3,5‐dienyl]‐3‐methylcyclohex‐2‐enyl (Z)‐2‐methylbut‐2‐enoate (1), rel‐(1S,4R,5S,6R)‐4,5‐diacetoxy‐6‐[(R)‐5‐hydroxy‐1,5‐dimethylhex‐3‐enyl]‐3‐methylcyclohex‐2‐enyl (Z)‐2‐methylbut‐2‐enoate (2), rel‐(1R,2S,4R,5S)‐4‐acetoxy‐2‐[(R)‐5‐hydroxy‐1,5‐dimethylhex‐3‐enyl]‐5‐methylcyclohexyl (Z)‐2‐methylbut‐2‐enoate (3), and a new coumarin, 2,3‐dihydro‐5‐hydroxy‐2‐(1‐methylethenyl)‐7H‐pyrano[2,3‐g][1,4]benzodioxin‐7‐one (4) together with nine known compounds have been isolated. The structures of these compounds were established by spectroscopic methods. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited moderate cytotoxic activities against human promyelocytic leukemia (HL‐60) cells.
Fluorescent N2,N3‐ε‐Adenine Nucleoside and Nucleotide Probes: Synthesis, Spectroscopic Properties, and Biochemical Evaluation
Authors: Sharon Einat , Lévesque Sébastien A. , Munkonda Mercedes N. , Sévigny Jean , Ecke Denise , Reiser Georg , Fischer Bilha 
Published: July 2006

AbstractN1,N6‐ethenoadenine, ε‐A, nucleos(t)ides have been previously applied as fluorescent probes in numerous biochemical systems. However, these ε‐A analogues lack the H‐bonding capability of adenine. To improve the fluorescence characteristics while preserving the H‐bonding pattern required for molecular recognition, we designed a novel probe: N2,N3‐etheno‐adenosine, (N2,N3‐ε‐A). Here, we describe four novel syntheses of the target ε‐nucleoside and related analogues. These methods are short, facile, and provide the product regiospecifically. In addition, we report the absorption and emission spectra of N2,N3‐ε‐A and the dependence of the spectral features on the pH and polarity of the medium. Specifically, maximum emission of N2,N3‐ε‐A in water is observed at 420 nm (ϕ=0.03, excitation at 290 nm). The biochemical relevance of the new probe was evaluated with respect to the P2Y1 receptor and NTPDases 1 and 2. N2,N3‐ε‐ATP was found to be almost equipotent with ATP at the P2Y1 receptor and was hydrolyzed by NTPDases 1 and 2 at about 80 % of the rate of ATP. Furthermore, protein binding does not seem to shift the fluorescence of N2,N3‐ε‐ATP. Based on the fluorescence and full recognition by ATP‐binding proteins, we propose N2,N3‐ε‐ATP and related nucleo(s)tides as unique probes for the investigation of adenine nucleo(s)tide‐binding proteins as well as for other biochemical applications.
Phosphate‐Group Recognition by the Aptamer Domain of the Thiamine Pyrophosphate Sensing Riboswitch
Authors: Noeske Jonas , Richter Christian , Stirnal Elke , Schwalbe Harald , Wöhnert Jens 
Published: July 2006

AbstractRiboswitches are highly structured RNA elements that control gene expression by binding directly to small metabolite molecules. Remarkably, many of these metabolites contain negatively charged phosphate groups that contribute significantly to the binding affinity. An example is the thiamine pyrophosphate‐sensing riboswitch in the 5′‐untranslated region of the E. coli thiM mRNA. This riboswitch binds, in order of decreasing affinity, to thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), thiamine monophosphate (TMP), and thiamine, which contain two, one, and no phosphate groups, respectively. We examined the binding of TPP and TMP to this riboswitch by using 31P NMR spectroscopy. Chemical‐shift changes were observed for the α‐ and β‐phosphate group of TPP and the phosphate group of TMP upon RNA binding; this indicates that they are in close contact with the RNA. Titration experiments with paramagnetic Mn2+ ions revealed strong line‐broadening effects for both 31P signals of the bound TPP; this indicates a Mg2+ binding site in close proximity and suggests that the phosphate group(s) of the ligand is/are recognized in a magnesium ion‐mediated manner by the RNA.
Transcatheter occlusion of a residual muscular ventricular septal defect using an Amplatzer duct occluder in a child with congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries
Authors: Stapleton Gary E. , Carlson Karina M. , Justino Henri 
Published: July 2006

AbstractTranscatheter occlusion has become an acceptable alternative to surgery in patients with congenital muscular and residual post‐surgical ventricular septal defects (VSD). We present a case of an 11 year old male with congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries, dextrocardia, pulmonary atresia, VSD, and advanced second degree atrioventricular block who underwent successful transcatheter occlusion of a residual post‐surgical VSD with an Amplatzer duct occluder, in preparation for transvenous pacemaker implantation. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Theoretical Proposal for the Synthesis of Carbapenems from 4‐(2‐Propynyl)azetidinones Promoted by [W(CO)5] as an Alternative to the Ag+‐Assisted Process
Authors: Campomanes Pablo , Menéndez M. Isabel , Sordo Tomás L. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe synthesis of carbapenems from 4‐(2‐propynyl)azetidinones assisted by both Ag+ and [W(CO)5] was theoretically investigated by using the B3LYP/6‐31+G(d)‐LANL2DZ level, taking into account the effect of solvent by the PB‐SCRF model implemented in Jaguar. According to our results, the silver‐assisted cyclization is a concerted process for which the low yield experimentally observed could mainly stem from the alkaline hydrolysis of the β‐lactam ring. This process is very efficiently catalyzed by Ag+, making it competitive with the formation of the carbapenem. The cycloisomerization of 4‐(2‐propynyl)azetidinone promoted by [W(CO)5] is proposed as an alternative synthetic strategy to obtain the carbapenem. The endo cycloisomerization is by far the most favorable one. When the process is assisted by [(thf)W(CO)5], although the main product is the carbapenem, the formation of a carbene complex represents a certain competition. The presence of a Me3N molecule from the very start of the reaction causes an important catalytic effect considerably reducing the energy barriers corresponding to the H atom transfers and rendering a very efficient process. Moreover, this catalytic action determines the evolution of the system through only one mechanistic route which produces the carbapenem, hindering the formation of the carbene. Therefore, the cycloisomerization of 4‐(2‐propynyl)azetidinone promoted by [(Me3N)W(CO)5] constitutes an interesting alternative to the silver‐assisted cyclization.
Zwitterionic States in Gas‐Phase Polypeptide Ions Revealed by 157‐nm Ultra‐Violet Photodissociation
Authors: Kjeldsen Frank , Silivra Oleg A. , Zubarev Roman A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA new method of detecting the presence of deprotonation and determining its position in gas‐phase polypeptide cations is described. The method involves 157‐nm ultra‐violet photodissociation (UVPD) and is based on monitoring the losses of CO2 (44 Da) from electronically excited deprotonated carboxylic groups relative to competing COOH losses (45 Da) from neutral carboxylic groups. Loss of CO2 is a strong indication of the presence of a zwitterionic [(+)⋅⋅⋅(−)⋅⋅⋅(+)] salt bridge in the gas‐phase polypeptide cation. This method provides a tool for studying, for example, the nature of binding within polypeptide clusters. Collision‐activated dissociation (CAD) of decarboxylated cations localizes the position of deprotonation. Fragment abundances can be used for the semiquantitative assessment of the branching ratio of deprotonation among different acidic sites, however, the mechanism of the fragment formation should be taken into account. Cations of Trp‐cage proteins exist preferentially as zwitterions, with the deprotonation position divided between the Asp9 residue and the C terminus in the ratio 3:2. The majority of dications of the same molecule are not zwitterions. Furthermore, 157‐nm UVPD produces abundant radical cations M.+ from protonated molecules through the loss of a hydrogen atom. This method of producing M.+ ions is general and can be applied to any gas‐phase peptide cation. The abundance of the molecular radical cations M.+ produced is sufficient for further tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), which, in the cases studied, yielded side‐chain loss of a basic amino acid as the most abundant fragmentation channel together with some backbone cleavages.
Chiral Ytterbium Complex‐Catalyzed Direct Asymmetric Aldol‐Tishchenko Reaction: Synthesis of anti‐1,3‐Diols
Authors: Mlynarski Jacek , Rakiel Bartosz , Stodulski Maciej , Suszczyńska Agata , Frelek Jadwiga 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe asymmetric aldol‐Tishchenko reaction of aromatic aldehydes with aliphatic and aromatic ketones has been developed as an efficient strategy for the synthesis of anti‐1,3‐diols in good yield with high diastereocontrol and good levels of enantioselectivity. This domino‐type reaction is catalyzed by a chiral ytterbium complex that promotes both the aldol reaction through enolization of the carbonyl compound and the Evans–Tishchenko reduction of the aldol intermediate. The stereochemistry of the resulting diols is also investigated and finally proved by using CD techniques.
Plasticity within striatal direct pathway neurons after neonatal dopamine depletion is mediated through a novel functional coupling of serotonin 5‐HT2 receptors to the ERK 1/2 map kinase pathway
Authors: Brown Pierre , Gerfen Charles R. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractDysfunction within the striatal direct and indirect projecting systems arises after 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA)‐induced dopamine depletion, highlighting the central regulatory function of dopamine in motor systems. However, the striatal 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) innervation remains intact after 6‐OHDA lesions, suggesting that the 5‐HT system may contribute to the lesion‐induced dysfunction, or alternatively, it may adapt and compensate for the dopamine deficit. Neonatal 6‐OHDA lesions actually give rise to a 5‐HT axonal hyperinnervation within the dorsal striatum, further reinforcing the idea that the 5‐HT system plays a central role in striatal function after dopamine depletion. Here we show that neonatal but not adult 6‐OHDA lesions result in a novel coupling of 5‐HT2 receptors to the ERK1/2/MAP Kinase pathway, a signaling cascade known to regulate neuronal plasticity. Chloroamphetamine‐induced 5‐HT release or direct stimulation of striatal 5‐HT2 receptors via the 5‐HT2 agonist DOI, produced robust ERK1/2 phosphorylation throughout the dorsal striatum of neonatal lesioned animals, a response not observed within the intact striatum. Pretreatment with the select 5‐HT2 receptor antagonist Ketanserin blocked DOI‐induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation. This drug‐induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation was subsequently shown to be restricted to direct pathway striatal neurons. Our data show that adaptation of direct pathway neurons after neonatal 6‐OHDA lesions involves coupling of 5‐HT2 receptors to the ERK1/2/MAP Kinase cascade, a pathway not typically active in these neurons. Because dopamine‐mediated signaling is redundant after 6‐OHDA lesions, 5‐HT‐mediated stimulation of the ERK1/2/MAP Kinase pathway may provide an alternative signaling route allowing the regulation of neuronal gene expression and neuronal plasticity in the absence of dopamine. J. Comp. Neurol. 498:415–430, 2006. Published 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Contribution of feedforward thalamic afferents and corticogeniculate feedback to the spatial summation area of macaque V1 and LGN
Authors: Angelucci Alessandra , Sainsbury Kesi 
Published: July 2006

AbstractNeurons in the primary visual cortex (V1) respond best to oriented gratings of optimal size within their receptive field (RF) and are suppressed by larger gratings involving the nonclassical RF surround. A V1 neuron's optimal stimulus size is larger at lower stimulus contrast. A central question in visual neuroscience is what circuits generate the size tuning of V1 cells. We recently demonstrated that V1 horizontal connections integrate signals within a region of the RF center corresponding to the V1 neuron's optimal stimulus size at low contrast; extrastriate feedback connections to V1, instead, are longer range and can integrate signals from the most distant regions of the V1 cell's RF surround. Here, we have determined the contribution of geniculocortical feedforward and corticogeniculate feedback connections to the size‐tuning of macaque V1 and lateral geniculate (LGN) neurons, respectively. Specifically, we have quantitatively compared the visuotopic extent of geniculate feedforward afferents to V1 with the size of the RF center and surround of neurons in the V1 input layers and the visuotopic extent of V1 feedback connections to the LGN with the RF size of cells in V1 layer 6, where these connections originate. We find geniculate feedforward connections to provide visuotopic information to V1 that is spatially coextensive with the V1 neuron's optimal stimulus size measured with high‐contrast gratings. V1 feedback connections restrict their influence to an LGN region visuotopically coextensive with the size of the minimum response field (or classical RF) of V1 layer 6 cells and commensurate with the LGN region from which they receive feedforward connections. J. Comp. Neurol. 498:330–351, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Postnatal development and gender‐dependent expression of TIP39 in the rat brain
Authors: Dobolyi Arpád , Wang Jing , Irwin Sarah , Usdin Ted Björn 
Published: July 2006

AbstractTuberoinfundibular peptide of 39 residues (TIP39) is a selective agonist of the parathyroid hormone 2 (PTH2) receptor. The topographical distributions of TIP39 and the PTH2 receptor in the brain, described for young male rats, suggested that TIP39 has limbic and endocrine functions. In the present study, we investigated the expression of TIP39 and the PTH2 receptor in male and female rat brain during postnatal development by means of in situ hybridization histochemistry, quantitative RT‐PCR, and immunocytochemistry. TIP39's distribution and expression levels are similar in young female and male brains. TIP39 mRNA levels peak at postnatal day 14 and subsequently decline both in the subparafascicular area and in the medial paralemniscal nucleus, the two major sites where TIP39 is synthesized. A greater developmental decrease in TIP39 expression in males leads to greater levels in older females than older males. The decrease is partially reversed by prepubertal but not postpubertal gonadectomy. TIP39 peptide levels in cell bodies change in parallel with mRNA levels, whereas TIP39 appears and disappears somewhat later in nerve fibers. In addition, TIP39 peptide levels are also sexually dimorphic in older rats. In contrast, PTH2 receptor expression in the brain does not decrease during puberty and is not sexually dimorphic even in old animals. The appearance of TIP39 during early, and decline during late, postnatal development together with the gender‐dependent levels in mature animals suggests that TIP39 may play a role in sexual maturation or gender‐specific functions. J. Comp. Neurol. 498:375–389, 2006. Published 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.