bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Various Dietary Lipid Levels on Quantitative Essential Fatty Acid Requirements of Juvenile Pacific White Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei
Authors: González‐Félix Mayra L. , Gatlin Delbert M. , Lawrence Addison L. , Perez‐Velazquez Martin 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA 6‐wk feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of various dietary lipid levels on quantitative requirements for essential fatty acids (EFA) by juvenile Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. A factorial experiment with three dietary lipid levels (3, 6, and 9%) and three dietary levels (0.5, 1, and 2%) of a mixture of n‐3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) was used. An increase in quantitative requirements for EFA with increasing supplementation level of dietary lipid was not demonstrated. Results suggested that this shrimp species appeared to be able to satisfy its n‐3 HUFA requirements when they were supplied at 0.5% of diet; this dietary level may be even lowered. Moreover, depressed growth was observed in shrimp fed diets with the HUFA mixture supplemented at 2%. In addition, the present study showed that increasing the dietary lipid level had an effect on lipid composition of shrimp, by increasing lipid deposition in hepatopancreas and muscle tissue, but without a significant effect on growth.
Effect of Water Exchange Rate on Waste Production in Semi‐Intensive Shrimp Ponds During the Cold Season in New Caledonia
Authors: Lemonnier H. , Martin J. L. M. , Brizard R. , Herlin J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAn experiment was conducted in six earthen ponds with 20 shrimp/m2 (Litopenaeus stylirostris) during the cold season in New Caledonia to determine the effect of water exchange rate on characteristics of effluents and pond sediment. The nitrogen budget was established, taking into account the different forms of nitrogen in the water, sediment, feed, and shrimp. Mean water exchange rates ranged from 10 to 23% per day. Increasing water exchange rate did not cause any significant change in the average quality of the rearing environment (water and sediment) during the whole growout period. However, the results showed that increasing exchange rates boosted primary productivity. Compounds produced by the mineralisation and metabolism of organic matter (feces, uneaten feed) were exported as particulate, rather than soluble matter. The nitrogen budget showed that the amount of exported wastes from the pond into the coastal environment was only 40–50% of nitrogen inputs due to nitrogen accumulation in the pond sediments and/or release to the atmosphere. The highest accumulation of dry material, as well as the highest ΔN (concentration of total N at the end of rearing ‐ concentration of total N before rearing), was observed in ponds with the highest WER.
Concentration and Composition of Astaxanthin in Black Tiger Prawn Penaeus monodon Postlarvae Fed Artemia sp. Nauplii or Mauxia Shrimsp Acetes intermedius
Authors: Pan Chih‐Hung , Chien Yew‐Hu 
Published: April 2007

AbstractMinced Taiwan mauxia shrimp Acetes intermedius, an alternative to brine shrimp Artemia sp. nauplii, has long been used as a principal or supplemental feed in prawn hatcheries in Southeast Asia and India. In this study, black tiger prawn Penaeus monodon postlarvae were fed with frozen brine shrimp nauplii (diet B) or minced Taiwan mauxia shrimp (diet M) for 4 wk to compare their astaxanthin concentration and composition, survival, and growth. Diet B contained two and a half times more total carotenoid (TC) than diet M, with canthaxanthin as a major (79%) carotenoid, but without astaxanthin, a predominant carotenoid in crustaceans. Of its TC in diet M, 55% was β‐carotene and 17% astaxanthin. B‐prawn (postlarvae fed with diet B) had a similar growth rate as M‐prawn and twice the survival rate as M‐prawn. The concentrations of total astaxanthin (TA), free astaxanthin (FA), astaxanthin monoester (MA), and astaxanthin di‐ester (DA) in B‐prawn were all higher than those in M‐prawn. Except for FA, no reduction of TA, MA, or DA concentration during the feeding interval was found in B‐prawn. However, concentrations of TA, FA, MA, and DA in M‐prawn all decreased. TC content of the experimental diets had a greater influence on resulting prawn astaxanthin concentration and composition than carotenoid compositions of the diets.
Effect of Dietary Total Protein and Animal Protein on Growth and Feed Efficiency of Juvenile Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus and Their Response to Edwardsiella ictaluri Challenge
Authors: Li Menghe H. , Wise David J. , Manning Bruce B. , Robinson Edwin H. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA laboratory study was conducted to evaluate effects of dietary total protein and animal protein source and concentration on growth and feed efficiency of juvenile channel catfish Ictalurus punctutus and their response to Edwardsiellu ictuluri challenge. Eight diets evaluated were: three diets containing either 28, 32, or 36% crude protein with 6% menhaden fish meal and 6% meat and bonehlood meal and five diets containing 32% crude protein with either no animal protein, 68 or 12% menhaden fish meal, or 6% or 12% meat and bonehlood meal, respectively. Twenty channel catfish with an average weight of 6.6 g/fish were stocked into each of forty 110‐L flow‐through aquaria (five aquaridtreatment). Fish were fed to approximate satiation twice daily for 9 wk. Fish in each tank were then exposed to E. ictaluri. There were no differences in feed consumption, weight gain, feed efficiency, and survival before and after challenge among fish fed diets containing 28, 32, or 36% protein with 6% menhaden fish meal and 6% meat and bone/ blood meal. Fish fed a 32% all‐plant protein diet had weight gain and feed efficiency similar to fish fed diets containing 12% menhaden fish meal, but had a higher weight gain than fish fed a 32% protein diet containing 6% meat and bonehlood meal. No significant differences were observed in survival after E. ictuluri challenge among fish fed diets containing the various levels of animal proteins. Results indicate that dietary protein levels varying from 28% to 36% do not appear to affect growth, feed efficiency. and E. icraluri resistance or susceptibility in fingerling channel cattish fed to satiation and raised from approximately 7 to 56 g under laboratory conditions. Data also demonstrate that a 32% all‐plant protein diet can be fed to small fingerling channel catfish without adversely affecting growth, feed efficiency, or resistance to E. ictuluri.
Proximate Composition, Lipid Oxidation, and Sensory Characteristics of Fillets from Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss Fed Diets Containing 10% to 30% Lipid
Authors: Chaiyapechara Sage , Liu Kenneth K. M. , Barrows Frederic T. , Hardy Ronald W. , Dong Faye M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis study was conducted to determine the effects of increasing dietary lipid concentrations on fillet characteristics of post‐juvenile rainbow trout. A feeding trial was conducted with fish meal based diets containing 10, 15, 20, 25, or 30% lipid for 24 wk. Menhaden oil was the lipid ingredient. Weight gain was significantly greater in fish fed the 30% lipid diet than in fish fed either 10%, 15% or 20% lipid diets. There were no significant differences in visceral somatic index. Fillet lipid concentration of fish fed the 30% lipid diet (9.2‐g lipid/ 100‐g fillet) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than fish fed either the 10% or 15% lipid diets (5.8‐ and 6.9‐g lipid/100‐g fillet, respectively). In samples stored for 3 d at 5 C or S wk at ‐20 C, sensory panelists reported that the cooked fillets from fish fed the 30% lipid diet were “more fishy” than fish fed the 15% lipid diet, and preferred the cooked fillets from the 15% lipid treatment over the 30% lipid treatment. Triangle tests and fillet colorimetry showed no significant differences between fillets from fish fed the 15% and 30% lipid diets at any sampling time point. No significant differences in fillet concentrations of thiobarbituric reactive substances were observed among dietary treatments stored at either 5 C or ‐20 C. These results suggest that two main effects of feeding a 30% lipid diet (with fish oil as the lipid source) are a higher lipid concentration in the fillet and a “fishier” aroma compared to fillets from fish fed a 15% lipid diet.
Development of Nursery Systems for Black Sea Bass Centropristis striata
Authors: Stuart Kevin R. , Smith Theodore I.J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractBlack sea bass (Centropristis striata) are territorial fish and cannibalism is a concern when rearing juveniles in intensive systems. Three studies were conducted to provide information for development of suitable tank nursery systems for juvenile black sea bass (3.6–4.5 cm; 0.8–1.7 g). Studies were performed at the Marine Resources Research Institute, Charleston, SC, using 1.5‐m diameter × 0.8 m deep tanks connected to recirculating seawater systems. The studies examined growth and survival at different stocking densities, selection and utilization of habitats, and, effects of water velocity on positioning and movement of fish. In study 1, fish were stocked at biomass densities of 126.7, 253.3, and 506.7 Wm3 and reared for 56 days with no habitats. No difference in growth was detected although fish reared at the lower densities had significantly lower mortality (mean 7.9%) as compared to those at the highest density (28.0%). At the highest density, cannibalism appeared to be a substantial cause of mortality. In study 2, three habitat types were used, (1) two‐tier structure constructed from plastic grating with 15 mm square openings (volume = 0.015 m3); (2) PVC pipe bundle (volume = 0.004 m3); (3) rock aggregate (volume = 0.008 m3). Of the habitats, the most utilized habitat (62.9%) was the two‐tier layered structure that allowed movement in all directions. The next utilized type was the pipe bundle (25.6%) with the openings inhabited by the largest juveniles in each tank. Overall, a mean of 18.2% of the fish were observed using habitats. Study 3 examined water velocities ranging from 0.01 to 0.12 m/sec. Most fish became concentrated in the tank bottom area having a water velocity in the range of 0.040.09 m/sec. At these velocities there were few aggressive interactions. Smaller fish inhabited the areas outside this velocity range. At the higher velocities, the small fish swam vigorously to maintain their position in the water column. At the low velocities, sporadic incursions of larger fish occurred presumably to attempt to cannibalize or to defend territory. Results from these studies help to define characteristics of nursery systems for rearing juvenile black sea bass.
Changes in Plasma Cortisol, Glucose, and Selected Blood Properties in the Summer Flounder Paralichthys dentatus Associated with Sequential Movement to Three Experimental Conditions
Authors: Sulikowski James A. , Howell W. Huntting 
Published: April 2007

AbstractTo determine the changes in blood chemistry associated with sequential transfer of summer flounder Paralichthys dentatus (320–480 g), 300 hatchery‐reared fish were moved to three different environmental conditions during a 20‐d period. Fish were transferred in progression from a recirculating seawater system (22 ppt, 22.5 C) to a flow‐thru seawater system (31 ppt, 20.0 C), to three small coastal net pens (33 ppt, 15.5 C), and finally to a large open ocean net pen (33 ppt, 16.0 C). For this study, eight random fish were captured at each progressive step (environmental condition), anesthetized (MS222), and bled from the caudal vein (2 mL). Transferred flounder were bled every 12 h for 48 h to collect plasma cortisol and glucose samples. Fish were bled 24 h after transport and every 3 d thereafter for osmolarity, hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular hemoglobin content, glucose, cortisol, and the electrolytes Cl‐ Na+, K+ and Ca+. The most significant perturbations to blood chemistry (P < 0.05) occurred within 24 h of initial transfer from the recirculating to flow‐thru seawater systems, suggesting an osmoregulatory rather than handling or transfer related stress. Osmolarity, electrolyte, and hematological parameters fluctuated and then recovered to stable levels by day 8 in the flow‐thru seawater system. However, unlike the initial transfer, successive movement to the coastal and then the open ocean net pens produced transient increases in both plasma cortisol and glucose levels, suggesting a high level of stress associated with extended flounder handling and transfer.
Effect of Oxygen Saturation in Water on Reproductive Performances of Pacu Piaractus brachypomus
Authors: Dabrowski Konrad , Rinchard Jacques , Ottobre Joseph S. , Alcantara Fernando , Padilla Palmira , Ciereszko Andrzej , De Jesus Marcos J. , Kohler Christopher C. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractBroodstock pacu Piaractus brachypomus as well as their eggs during their embryonic development were exposed to either normoxia (5.5–7.5 mg O2/L) or hypoxia (2.0–4.5 mg O2/L) conditions. The plasma concentrations of 11‐ketotestosterone in males and estradiol‐17β in females, as well as that of their precursor testosterone (T) were significantly (P < 0.01) higher in fish maintained under normoxic conditions than in fish exposed to hypoxia. After ovulation and spermiation induced by hormonal treatments, the plasma concentrations of T and 17,20β‐dihydroxy‐4‐pregnen‐3‐one (17,20βP) significantly (P 0.05) increased in both sexes under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. The plasma levels of T and 17,20βP achieved under normoxic conditions were higher than the ones recorded under hypoxia, except for those of 17,20βP in males. Males responded positively to the hormonal treatments, and the concentration of spermatozoa was 10.5 ± 0.8 109/mL under both oxygen conditions. Hypoxia resulted in significantly lower survival of embryos (17.3 ± 28%) in comparison to normoxic conditions (68.5 ± 25%). Moreover, larval deformities were found when exposed to hypoxia (91.6 ± 6%). During embryonic development of this species 4 mg/L of oxygen is tolerated at 26–27 C without negative impact. We conclude that despite the highly adaptable nature of adult pacu to environmental hypoxia, oxygen concentrations below 4 mg/L severely impacted survival of embryos.
Assessment of Ovarian Development and Its Relation to Mating in Wild and Pond‐Reared Litopenaeus vannamei Shrimp in a Commercial Hatchery
Authors: Palaclos Elena , Racotta Ilie S. , Villalejo Marcial 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe present study compares three scales for evaluation of ovary development stage in wild and pond‐reared shrimp. An external visual scale was assessed according to color and size of ovaries observed through the exoskeleton in live shrimp by staff of a commercial hatchery. Shrimp were then sacrificed to obtain gonadosomatic index, and gonads were scaled according to their color and size upon dissection. Finally, a portion of ovaries was processed for histological analysis, from which oocyte diameters were obtained, and females were evaluated with another scale based on cytological organization of gonads and on frequency of oocyte sizes. The certainties of the external and internal scales were analyzed, based on differences in gonadosomatic index and oocyte diameter and by comparison with the more accurate scaling obtained by histological analysis. The external scale was, in general, less accurate than the internal scale. Maturation stage in pond‐reared shrimp was underestimated or overestimated more frequently than in wild shrimp. The implications for hatchery operation and possible reasons are discussed. Pond‐reared shrimp were found to have a non‐linear relation between gonad weight and body weight, but this relation was linear for the larger wild shrimp. This reduced the validity of gonadosomatic index in pond‐reared shrimp, which were still growing. Thus, oocyte diameter, which was not affected by body weight in growing shrimp, represents a more accurate numeric measure of ovary development. Spermatophores were found attached to the thelycum in females only at the cortical stage of maturation, independent of origin. However, a significant proportion of fully mature, pond‐reared shrimp did not have an attached spermatophore, possibly indicating lower mating success or poorer spermatophore adherence in these shrimp.
Induced Ovulation, Spawning, Egg Incubation, and Hatching of the Cyprinid Fish Labeo victorianus in Captivity
Authors: Rutaisire Justus , Booth Anthony J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractTwo spawning inducing agents—Aquaspawn (a rapidly metabolized synthetic decapeptide gonadotropin‐releasing hormone [GnRH]) and Dagin ([D‐Arg6, Pro9‐NEt]‐sGnRH) combined with 20 mg/kg of the water‐soluble dopamine receptor antagonist metoclopramide (GnRH + MET)—were tested for their efficacy in stimulating ovulation in Labeo victorianus held in its natural environment and under captive conditions. Successful ovulation, when migratory vesicle oocytes became completely transparent, was obtained with GnRH + MET, while GnRH only caused oocyte clearance up to the highly translucent phase. L. victorianus eggs were non‐adhesive, semi‐buoyant, and transparent at ovulation. First hatching occurred after 26 h and lasted for 8 h at 24 C. Water temperature was shown to significantly affect spawning latency and incubation time. Thus, L. victorianus could be successfully induced to spawn using a synthetic gonadotropin‐releasing hormone coupled with a dopamine antagonist followed by natural fertilization in floating net cages at temperatures between 24 and 27 C.
Fatty Acid Composition of Different Microalgae Strains (Nannochloropsis sp., Nannochloropsis oculata (Droop) Hibberd, Nannochloris atomus Butcher and Isochrysis sp.) According to the Culture Phase and the Carbon Dioxide Concentration
Authors: Roncarati Alessandra , Meluzzi Adele , Acciarri Silvia , Tallarico Nicola , Meloti Paolo 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis study aimed to evaluate the influence of different volumes of supplemented carbon dioxide. which is a potential donator of carbon atom, on the fatty acid profile of four microalgae strains (Nannochloropsis sp., Nannochloropsis oculata (Droop) Hibberd. Nannochloris atomus Butcher and Isochrysis sp.) currently used to enrich rotifers fed to marine fish larvae during two different phases of growth (logarithmic and stationary). Half of the microalgae were cultured at a low CO2 concentration (0.5 L/min). corresponding to 1 % the air volume (0.038 L/min per L of culture) and the other half of microalgae were cultured at a high concentration of CO2 (1.1 L/min), corresponding to 2% the air volume (0.086 L/min per L of culture).The resulting fatty acid profile was species‐specific and Nannochloris atomus appeared less suitable for inarine organism feeding because of its high percentage of alpha‐linolenic acid which represents the only n‐3 PUFA of this alga (28.7%). On the contrary, Isochrysis sp. showed the largest proportions of n‐3 PUFA also when maintained in the stationary phase (36.46%). Algae cultures contained higher percentages of n‐3 PUFA during the logarithmic phase than in the stationary phase when the proportions of short‐chain fatty acids increased. High levels of concentrated CO2 generally increased the content of long chain fatty acids from 17 carbon atoms onwards. The percentages of total n‐3 and n‐6 were higher than those recorded at low CO2 concentration. Similarly, the n‐3/n‐6 ratio was higher at the maximum CO2 concentration (logarithmic phase). During stationary phase the difference between the two groups was less apparent than that observed in the logarithmic one. The high CO2 addition exerted a significant and more favorable influence than the low supplementation on the C18:1, C20:0, C20:4n‐6, and C22:6n‐3 concentrations in both phases, in all four microalgae strains studied.
Effects of Dietary Vitamin A on Juvenile Red Sea Bream Chrysophrys major
Authors: Hector Luis , Hernandez Hernandez , Teshima Shin‐Ichi , Ishikawa Manabu , Koshio Shunsuke , Tanaka Yoshito 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA 55‐d feeding experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary vitamin A on growth of juvenile red sea bream Chrysophrys major. Nine semi‐purified diets with supplemental retinol palmitate at levels of 0, 300, 600, 1,500, 3,000, 4,500, 6,000, 15,000 and 30,000 retinol eq/kg diet, were fed twice daily to triplicate groups of 10 juveniles per tank with an initial weight of 1.178 ± 0.001 g. Weight gain and specific growth rate increased with the increase of supplemental retinol palmitate in the diet up to a level of 6,000 retinol eq/kg diet, beyond which those indices tended to decrease slightly or to plateau. Significantly lower weight gain and specific growth rate were observed in fish fed with 0 and 300 retinol eq/kg diet. No significant differences were found in survival rates among the different levels of supplementation. The crude protein, lipid, moisture and ash contents in the whole body were not affected by the different vitamin A supplemental levels. Besides the reduced growth, fish fed with low levels of vitamin A supplement showed no other signs of deficiency. No hypervitaminosis A symptoms were observed in fish fed on high levels of supplementation. Fish fed on diets with 0 and 300 retinol eq/kg diet showed a significantly lower content of vitamin A (as a total retinol) in the liver than those in groups fed with higher levels of supplementation. Vitamin A was stored in the liver mainly as retinyl esters. Total retinal content of the eye showed no significant differences among the treatments; however, fish fed with 0 and 300 retinol eq/kg of diet had slightly higher concentrations. According to the results of the mean weight gain, specific growth rate and liver retinol content, the requirement of dietary vitamin A for juvenile red sea bream was estimated to be between 1,500 and 6,000 retinol eq/kg.
Nitrite Toxicity to Litopenaeus vannamei in Water Containing Low Concentrations of Sea Salt or Mixed Salts
Authors: Sowers Anthony , Young Shawn P. , Isely J. Jeffery , Browdy Craig L. , Tomasso Joseph R. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe uptake, depuration and toxicity of environmental nitrite was characterized in Litopenaeus vannamei exposed in water containing low concentrations of artificial sea salt or mixed salts. In 2 g/L artificial sea salts, nitrite was concentrated in the hemolymph in a dose‐dependent and rapid manner (steady‐state in about 2 d). When exposed to nitrite in 2 g/L artificial sea salts for 4 d and then moved to a similar environment without added nitrite, complete depuration occurred within a day. Increasing salinity up to 10 g/L decreased uptake of environmental nitrite. Nitrite uptake in environments containing 2 g/L mixed salts (combination of sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium chlorides) was similar to or lower than rates in 2 g/L artificial sea salt. Toxicity was inversely related to total dissolved salt and chloride concentrations and was highest in 2 g/L artificial sea salt (96‐h medial lethal concentration = 8.4 mg/L nitrite‐N). Animals that molted during the experiments did not appear to be more susceptible to nitrite than animals that did not molt. The shallow slope of the curve describing the relationship between toxicity and salinity suggests that management of nitrite toxicity in low‐salinity shrimp ponds by addition of more salts may not be practical.