bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
INSECTICIDAL VERSUS NATURAL CONTROL OF WHITE WAX SCALE (GASCARDIA DESTRUCTOR) AT KENTHURST, N. S. W., DURING 1972–73
Authors: Milne Wendy M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractOn trees sprayed with white oil in January, 1973, the white wax scale population had completely died out by the end of March. The population persisted on unsprayed trees but at a very low level. By early June, 99.5% of the scales on the labelled units had died. High temperatures and parasitism by Anicetus communis (Annecke) appeared to be major mortality factors on unsprayed trees.
THE IMMATURE STAGES OF SOME AUSTRALIAN SARCOPHAGINAE (DIPTERA: SARCOPHAGIDAE)
Authors: Cantrell B. K. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe immature stages of 7 species of Sarcophaginae occurring in Australia are described: Parasarcophaga crassipalpis (Macquart), P. omega (Johnston and Tiegs), Trichotioproctia beta (Johnston and Tiegs), T. impatiens (Walker), T. tryoni (Johnston and Tiegs), Taylorimyia iota (Johnston and Tiegs) and Boettcherisca peregrina (Robineau‐Desvoidy). Eggs, all larval instars and puparia were studied where available and their significant morphological characters are described and illustrated.
A NATURAL OCCURRENCE OF PARASITISM OF GRAPHOGNATHUS LEUCOLOMA (BOHEMAN) BY THE NEMATODE HETERORHABDITIS SP.
Authors: Sexton S. B. , Williams P. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractNematodes of the genus Helerorhabditis caused a high level of mortality in a natural population of Graphognathus leucoloma in lucerne. The presence of the nematode in the soil was associated with a 79% reduction of weevil numbers and significantly improved plant condition. This is the first record of the natural occurrence of Helerorhabditis parasitism of G. leucoloma in Australia.
THE SIMULATED SPRAYING OF A LOW FLYING LOCUST SWARM
Authors: Symmons P. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe aerial treatment of a low flying locust swarm has been simulated. Cheap, rapid and effective control is predicted with an emission of 4 L/min of fenitrothion 128% w/v, sprayed cross‐wind along tracks 100 m apart, if a swarm in open country is sprayed twice, and if the most densely infested sector of a swarm held against a tree line is sprayed four times.
TWO TASMANIAN SPECIES OFSCLEROCYPHONBLACKBURN (COLEOPTERA: PSEPHENIDAE) WITH NOTES ON THEIR LIFE HISTORY AND DISTRIBUTION
Authors: Smith J. A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe description ofSclerocyphon aquaticusLea is augmented andS. secretussp. n. is described.S. secretushas a 2‐year life cycle with an aquatic larval phase of up to 22 months. The adult and pupal phases are short, rarely exceeding 4 weeks. Temperature appears to be the major factor influencing larval growth and thus the length of the life cycle. Both species are endemic to Tasmania.S. aquaticusappears to be restricted to larger streams and rivers where the canopy is open, whileS. secretusis more common, occurring in a wide range of lotic habitats.
CHARACTERISATION OF THE SPOTTED ALFALFA APHID POPULATION IN VICTORIA
Authors: Berg G. N. , Ridland P. M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA population of the spotted alfalfa aphid (SAA), Therioaphis trifolii (Monell) f. maculata, originally collected near Shepparton, Victoria in April, 1977, was tested for survival on seven of the parent clones of the lucerne cultivar Moapa. A significant level of aphid reproduction was observed only on the clone C‐907.Apart from this response, the Victorian population reacted in a similar fashion to Biotype B, the original unselected SAA population in the U. S. A.
MARINE HEMIPTERA OF THE NORTHERN TERRITORY, INCLUDING THE FIRST FRESH‐WATER SPECIES OF HALOBATES ESCHSCHOLTZ (GERRIDAE, VELIIDAE, HERMATOBATIDAE AND CORIXIDAE) *
Authors: Polhemus John T. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis paper deals with marine and related Hemiptera found in the Darwin area, Northern Territory. Two subgenera are discussed: Hilliella China (genus Halobates) and Colpovelia subgen. n. (genus Halovelia Bergroth). Eight species are discussed, 2 of them new: Halobates (Halobates) acherontis and Halovelia (Colpovelia) angulana. The world's first freshwater Halobates and the first Australian corixid from marine waters are reported. A long series of Hermatobates haddoni Carpenter showed that Hermatobates walkeri China is its junior subjective synonym.
THE INTRODUCTION OF TRIOXYS COMPLANATUS QUILIS (HYMENOPTERA: APHIDIIDAE), AN INTERNAL PARASITE OF THE SPOTTED ALFALFA APHID, INTO SOUTH AUSTRALIA
Authors: Wilson C. G. , Swincer D. E. , Walden K. J. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract Trioxys complanatus (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) was introduced into South Australia in August 1977 as a parasite of the spotted alfalfa aphid Therioaphis trifolii f. maculata. A mass rearing technique was devised whereby approximately 2 000 T. complanatus could be released at each of 14 fields, as primary release sites every week. A total of 39 primary release sites and 629 secondary release sites, inoculated from these with the help of farmers, were established. By the end of April 1978 T. complanatus was being recovered every week in samples from all 15 primary release sites and from most of the secondary release sites that had been visited. T. complanatus was capable of dispersing relatively long distances (at least 30 km) from release sites. By the end of November 1979 when the last releases were made, the parasite was considered permanently established throughout the region to the east of Spencer Gulf and in some areas to the west. T. complanatus displays all the qualities of an effective biological control agent.
OVARIAN DORMANCY IN DANAUS PLEXIPPUS (L.) (LEPIDOPTERA: NYMPHALIDAE)—OLIGOPAUSE NOT DIAPAUSE
Authors: James D. G. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractOvarian dormancy in newly eclosed females of Danaus plexippus was induced and maintained by a temperature of 12°C. Reproductively dormant females removed from overwintering clusters at their formation showed rapid ovarian development when placed in 28°C. Ovarian dormancy in D. plexippus does not show characteristics of diapause and is better described as oligopause.
SOME ASPECTS OF REPRODUCTION IN PECTINOPHORA SCUTIGERA (HOLDAWAY) (LEPIDOPTERA: GELECHIIDAE)
Authors: Vlckers R. A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAt constant 25° C, P. scutigera had a pre‐oviposition period of 4.1 d, a fecundity of 326 eggs and male and female longevity of 56 and 42 d respectively. Pupal weight was correlated with the number of large oocytes at emergence but not with fecundity. Eighty per cent of all eggs were laid within 3 weeks of eclosion. and over a 24 h period 97% were laid within the first 4 h of the scotophase.One day‐old adults were less likely to mate than 2–10 d old adults. Most females mated when aged 4–5 d, but further ageing had little effect on the incidence of mating by males. Both sexes were capable of multiple mating. Males were able to pass only 1 spermatophore in 24 h and size of the first spermatophore was influenced by age. Male sexual activity began about 8 h after sunset. Females from an 11 th generation in culture mated more times than females from the first generation in culture.
A REAPPRAISAL OF THE STATUS OF THE STILBOPTERYGIDAE (NEUROPTERA: MYRMELEONTOIDEA)
Authors: New T. R. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractGenitalic features of both sexes of Albardia van der Weele and Stilbopteryx Newman are figured and described. On these features, Albardia is more closely related to the Ascalaphidae and Stilbopteryx to the Myrmeleontidae. These genera are transferred to these families to constitute respectively the subfamilies Albardiinae and Stilbopteryginae (containing Stilbopteryx and Aeropteryx Riek), and the Stilbopterygidae are discounted as a functional taxonomic unit.
RESISTANCE OF THE BUFFALO FLY, HAEMATOBIA IRRITANS EXIGUA (DE MEIJERE), TO TWO SYNTHETIC PYRETHROIDS AND DDT
Authors: Schnitzerling H. J. , Noble P. J. , Macqueen A. , Dunham R. J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAfter 2 years of use, the synthetic pyrethroid fenvalerate failed to control a population of Haematobia irritans exigua from the Mackay district in central coastal Queensland. Dosage mortality tests on the flies indicated a moiety that was 45 x, 29 x and > 1000 x more resistant respectively to fenvalerate, cypermethrin and DDT than a moiety in a reference population of flies which had not been subjected to control by fenvalerate.
SOME ASPECTS OF THE BIOLOGY OFTRIPHYLLUS MINOR(LEA) (COLEOPTERA: MYCETOPHAGIDAE)
Authors: Wallace G. N. , Rose H. A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractTripkyllus minorwas established in the laboratory by usingFusarium graminearumSchwabe as the fungus host. Aspects of its biology in the laboratory and field were investigated.
FIELD RELEASE OF AN ISRAELISTRAIN OF THE FUNGUS ZOOPHTHORA RADICANS (BREFELD) BATKO FOR BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF THERIOAPHIS TRIFOLII (MONELL) f. MACULATA
Authors: Milner R. J. , Soper R. S. , Lutton G. G. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAn exotic pathogen, Zoophthora radicans was released into lucerne crops for the biological control of Therioaphis trifoli f. maculata. At one site an epizootic was initiated, with up to 88% infection being recorded within 3 m of the point of release. No rain was recorded during the epizootic and disease transmission could be correlated with prolonged periods of high humidity at night. Data from 4 other sites are summarised. The disease did not occur on other aphids but has persisted, probably as resting spores, at one site for many months in the apparent absence of the host. Initial levels of field infection have been usually low despite the use of a high humidity field cage. A method which is expected to improve this initial infection rate is described.
IMMATURE STAGES OF MONOLEPTA AUSTRALIS (JACOBY) AND CANDEZEA PALMERSTONI BLACKBURN (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMEUDAE)
Authors: Houston K. J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractImmature stages of Monolepta australis and Candzea palmerstoni (pupae, all larval instars and eggs) were studied where available; their significant morphological features are described and illustrated.
A RE‐EXAMINATION OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE PASTURE SNOUT MITE, BDELLODES LAPIDARIA (KRAMER) (ACARI: BDELLIDAE) AND THE LUCERNE FLEA, SMINTHURUS VIRIDIS (L.) (COLLEMBOLA: SMINTHURIDAE) IN TASMANIA
Authors: Ireson J. E. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractRecent surveys of the distribution of the collembolan Sminthurus viridis and the predatory bdellid mite, Bdellodes lapidaria have shown that the mite is uncommon in that part of far north‐west Tasmania where S. viridis is a pest. Possible factors limiting the mite's distribution in this region and its success as a biological control agent in Tasmania are discussed.
THE INCIDENCE AND DURATION OF PUPAL DIAPAUSE IN HELIOTHIS ARMIGER (HÜBNER) (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) IN SOUTHEAST QUEENSLAND
Authors: Kay I. R. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe incidence and duration of pupal diapause in Heliothis armiger in southeast Queensland were studied in 1976. 1977 and 1978. Larvae pupating before March formed non‐diapause pupae. A small proportion of those pupating in March formed diapause pupae, and the proportion increased until after late‐April when 62.5–100%) (mean 82%) entered diapause. Adult emergence from diapause pupae occurred from August to December with definite peaks in mid‐September to mid‐October and mid‐November to mid‐December
OBSERVATIONS ON THE NESTING BEHAVIOUR OF THREE SPECIES OF ROPALIDIA GUÉRIN‐MÉNEVILLE (HYMENOPTERA: VESPIDAE)
Authors: Hook Allan W. , Evans Howard E. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA nest of Ropalidia socialistica (Saussure) is described. It is of unique type, consisting of a large, naked, vertical comb in a tree crevice. Notes are presented on a large aggregation of R. revolutionalis (Saussure) in suburban Brisbane. The nest of this species consists of a naked, pendant comb of 2 rows of cells; most colonies add smaller “satellite” combs in the course of the season. A few nests of R. plebeiana Richards were intermingled with those of revolutionalis.
NABIS KINBERGII REUTER, THE CURRENT NAME FOR TROPICONABIS NIGROLINEATUS (DISTANT), AND ITS AUSTRALIAN DISTRIBUTION (HEMIPTERA: NABIDAE)
Authors: Woodward T.E. , Strommer N. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractKerzhner recently has reduced the genus Tropiconabis Kerzhner to a subgenus of Nabis Latreille, and has synonymised N. nigrolineatus (Distant) with N. kinbergii Reuter. The name of the species that has usually been misidentified in Australia and New Zealand as N. capsiformis Germar is N. (T.) kinbergii Reuter. N. kinbergii is here newly recorded from Western Australia. Some changes are made to Woodward's subsequent key to genera of Australian Nabidae.
A TRULY TERRESTRIAL DRAGONFLY LARVA FROM AUSTRALIA (ODONATA: CORDULIIDAE)
Authors: Watson J. A. L. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractTerrestrial dragonfly larvae of early and late instars, apparently belonging to the gomphomacromiine corduliid genus Pseudocordulia Tillyard, have been found amongst leaf litter far from water in rain forests in northern Queensland.
VARIATION IN THE NUMBERS OF THE CATTLE TICK, BOOPHILUS MICROPLUS (CANESTRINI), IN A MOIST HABITAT MADE MARGINAL BY LOW TEMPERATURES
Authors: Sutherst R. W. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractFemales of Boophilus microplus on British breed steers were counted regularly from July 1971 until January 1974 at Mt Tamborine, a cool and moist habitat in south‐east Queensland. Larval production was estimated by exposing engorged individuals in pasture at regular intervals. Three generations of ticks fed on the cattle each year, starting in late‐spring and ending in late‐winter. Much greater numbers of ticks in 1973 than in 1972 were attributed to higher summer and autumn temperatures. These accelerated development and increased the length of the period during which eggs could hatch and give rise to a larger third generation of parasitic ticks. The results illustrate the highly variable sizes of tick populations within and between years in such marginal habitats and the overriding importance of temperature as a determinant of that variability.
SYSTEMATICS OF THE TRAPDOOR SPIDER GENUS HOMOGONA RAINBOW (MYGALOMORPHAE: CTENIZIDAE: HOMOGONINAE)
Authors: Main Barbara York 
Published: April 2007

Abstract Homogona, formerly included in the Migidae, is here transferred to the Ctenizidae. The group Homogoneae Rainbow is elevated to subfamilial rank and regarded as having no affinity with the Calathotarsinae, which remain in the Migidae. The male of H. pulleinei Rainbow is recorded for the first time and described. H. cunicularius sp. n. from north Queensland is described and the burrows of the 2 species compared.
TERRESTRIAL OVIPOSITION BY TWO SPECIES OF CADDISFLY IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA (TRICHOPTERA: LEPTOCERIDAE)
Authors: Towns D. R. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractFirst records of terrestrial oviposition by Leptoceridae are provided for 2 Australian species:Lectrides variansMosely (Triplectidinae) andLeptorussa darlingtoni(Banks) (Leptocerinae). Egg masses of both species were deposited above a permanent pool in an intermittent section of Brownhill Creek, a stream near Adelaide, South Australia.L. darlingtonideposits egg masses communally 15–20 cm above the water, whereasL. variansdeposits single egg masses 65–95 cm above the water. Oviposition behaviour is described forL. darlingtoni.The gelatinous egg matrix and hatching of larvae within the matrix ofL. variansandL. darlingtoniresemble northern hemisphere Phryganeidae and Limnephilidae. Unlike these families terrestrial oviposition byL. variansandL. darlingtoniis not a response to seasonal absence of water but may be an adaptation to an aquatic environment in which oxygen levels fluctuate unpredictably.
THE SUCCESSION AND RATE OF DEVELOPMENT OF BLOWFLIES IN CARRION IN SOUTHERN QUEENSLAND AND THE APPLICATION OF THESE DATA TO FORENSIC ENTOMOLOGY
Authors: O'Flynn M. A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe succession and rate of development of insects in carrion is potentially a useful and accurate tool for determining the length of time elapsed since death, but the accuracy of this method in Queensland has been severely limited by lack of data. The occurrence of the following species in carrion in the Brisbane district and at a site 450 km west of Brisbane from 1975 to 1979 is discussed: Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann), Lucilia sericata (Meigen), Calliphora augur (F.), Calliphora stygia (F.), Calliphora hilli (Patton), Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart), Chrysomya varipes (Macquart), Chrysomya megacephala (F.), Chrysomya nigripes Aubertin, Chrysomya saffranea (Bigot), Hemipyrellia ligurriens Wiedemann, Chrysomya megacephala (F)., Tricholioproctia tryoni (J. and T.), Ophyra spinigera Stein and Australophyra rostrafa (R. ‐D.).Detailed observations at constant temperatures were made on rate of development of flies commonly infesting human cadavers. The duration of the egg, first and second larval instars, total feeding period, total larval period, pupal period and egg to adult period are given for the following species at the temperatures indicated: L. cuprina (15–34°C), C. augur (9–28°C), C. srygia (9–28°C), Ch. rufifcies (20–34°C) and A. rostrara (9–28°C). Limited data on rate of development of Ch. varipes, Ch. sajranea, Ch. nigripes and Ch. megacephala are also included. The application of these data to forensic entomology is discussed.
A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF POLLEN‐ AND NECTAR‐FEEDING KATYDIDS FROM EASTERN AUSTRALIA (ORTHOPTERA: TETTIGONIIDAE: ZAPROCHILINAE)
Authors: Rentz D. C. F. , Clyne Densey 
Published: April 2007

Abstract Anthophiloptera dryas gen. et sp. n. is described from eastern Australia. Its feeding habits and those of its relatives are unique to the Tettigoniidae. They are obligate pollen‐ and nectar‐feeders utilising a wide variety of flowers from grasses to eucalypts. The 2 related subfamilies Phasmodinae and Zaprochilinae are reinstated as separate subfamilies.
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON ZOOPHTHORA RADICANS (BREFELD) BATKO: AN INTRODUCED MICROBIAL CONTROL AGENT OF THE SPOTTED ALFALFA APHID, THERIOAPHIS TRIFOLII (MONELL) f. MACULATA
Authors: Milner R. J. , Lutton G. G. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract In vitro growth of Zoophthora radicans increased linearly from 10 to 25°C but was reduced at 30°C. Primary spore production from aphid cadavers at 100% R.H. was determined after each 4 h interval for 32 h. The largest number of spores was produced at 25°C, with reduced production at 15, 20 and 30°C. No primary spores were formed at 35°C. At 25°C the first primary spores were discharged during 0 to 4 h but at the other temperatures this time was increased to 4–8 h. Peak rate of primary spore production occurred between 4 and 8 h at 20 and 25°C and between 12 and 16 h at 15 and 30°C. Mean total primary spore production per aphid at 25°C was 3.7 × 105. Z. radicans infected and killed spotted alfalfa aphids at all temperatures tested from 10 to 30°C. At 10°C the final level of infection was lower than at the other temperatures; the minimum time to kill (2–4 days) was at 25°C. Aphids infected at low temperatures produced mainly resting spores while at high temperatures primary spores dominated.
NEW SPECIES AND RECORDS OF GLYCASPIS TAYLOR (HOMOPTERA: SPONDYLIASPIDAE) WITH PHYLETIC GROUPINGS
Authors: Moore K. M. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract Glycaspis praescopula from Eucalyptus orgadophila Maiden & Blakely and G. keremae from E. exserta F. Muell. in Queensland are described and figured as new species. Collections of psyllids were made from the relatively rare Queensland eucalypts E. raveretiana F. Muell., E. curtisii Blakely & White, E. howittiana F. Muell., E. tenuipes Blakely & White, E. microcorys F. Muell. and E. cloeziana F. Muell. New host associations, distributions and phyletic groupings of Glycaspis spp. are recorded.
RESISTANCE TO FENITROTHION IN ORYZAEPHILUS SURIN AMENSIS(L.) (COLEOPTERA: SIL VANIDAE) IN QUEENSLAND
Authors: Heather N. W. , Wilson Debra 
Published: April 2007

AbstractField resistance to fenitrothion in Oryzaephilus surinamensis was recorded for the first time from Queensland during 1979 in samples from 8 bulk storages where control failures had occurred. Resistance levels at the LC99,9 ranged from 53x to 62x in tests with treated grain. For the strain most resistant overall, tests using the FAO impregnated‐paper method and treated grain assays showed resistance at the LC50 to fenitrothion (159x and 53x), malathion (48x and 32x), pirimiphos‐methyl (37x and 19x), methacrifos (1.8x and 5.7x) and permethrin (3.2x and 4.0x).
INHERITANCE OF THE COLOUR PATTERN POLYMORPHISM IN THE WINGLESS GRASSHOPPER PHAULACRIDIUM VITTATUM SJÖSTEDT (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE)
Authors: Dearn John M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe inheritance of the incomplete‐striped colour pattern morph in the wingless grasshopper. Phaulacridium vittatum, was studied by crossing incomplete‐striped individuals to both plain and striped individuals. The results are compatible with the incomplete‐striped morph being determined by an allele termed CI at the same locus that determines the plain and striped phenotypes. The CI allele appears to be recessive to the allele determining the striped phenotype (Cs) and dominant to the allele determining the plain phenotype (Cp).
A NEW GENUS OF PHYLACTEOPHAGINAE FROM NORTHERN AUSTRALIA WITH A KEY TO THE GENERA OF THE SUBFAMILY (HYMENOPTERA: TENTHREDINOIDEA: PERGIDAE)
Authors: Naumann I. D. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract Caloperga josephinae gen. et sp. n. is described from northern Australia. Phylacteophaga Froggatt and Leptoperga Riek are redescribed. A lectotype is selected for P. rubida Riek and the male of L. brunnea Riek described. A key to the genera of Phylacteophaginae is presented.
A NEW SPECIES OF HELORUS LATREILLE (HYMENOPTERA: PROCTOTRUPOIDEA: HELORIDAE) FROM NEW GUINEA
Authors: Naumann I. D. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe family Heloridae is recorded from New Guinea for the first time. Helorusniuginiae sp. n., which has antennal segment 5 modified in the male, is described from Mt Kaindi.
AN EXTRAORDINARY NEW BEE AND ADAPTATION OF PALPI FOR NECTAR‐FEEDING IN SOME AUSTRALIAN COLLETIDAE AND PERGIDAE (HYMENOPTERA)
Authors: Houston Terry F. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract Euryglossa (Euhesma) tubulitera sp. n. is remarkable for its enormously enlarged maxillary palpi, which cohere to form a slender tube up to 80% as long as the head and body. The tube functions as a drinking straw, enabling the bees to extract nectar from the essentially bird‐adapted flowers of Calothamnus.Gross enlargement of either the labial or maxillary palpi (but without the formation of a tube) occurs in several groups of Colletidae (Paracolletini, Euryglossinae and Hylaeinae), and must have arisen independently at least 5 times. Most of these bees are associated with flowers of Eremophila. A tube formed from the maxillary palpi is also noted in some Eremophila‐visiting sawflies (Pergidae).It is postulated that in the Colletidae natural selection has favoured elongation of the palpi (and not the tongue as in higher bees) as an adaptation to flowers with deep‐seated nectaries, because the short tongue plays an important r&#x006f;&#x030c;le in nest construction.
DEVELOPMENT OF IMMATURE STAGES OF THE LUCERNE LEAFROLLER MEROPHYAS DIVULSANA (WALKER) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) UNDER CONSTANT TEMPERATURES AND ON SEVERAL LARVAL DIETS
Authors: Allsopp P. G. , Cowie B. A. , Franzmann B. A. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTOf 5 diets tested, 1 comprised principally of agar‐lucerne was judged better than an agar‐bean, non‐agar‐lucerne, potted lucerne or cut lucerne diet for larval and pupal development of M. divulsana. Development times of eggs, larvae and pupae were determined over a range of constant temperatures from 6.9 to 34.2 °C. All stages developed between 11.3 and 30.7 °C. Using thermal summation, the following threshold temperatures and thermal constants were calculated: eggs, 8.9 °C, 2010.5 h ° female larvae, 8.2 °C, 269.7 d° male larvae, 8.8 °C, 243.2 d ° female pupae, 8.0 °C, 97.1 d ° male pupae, 8.0 °C, 110.2 d °. The data were also fitted to Pradhan's and Stinner's formulae. All three development‐rate functions fit the data well (R2 > 0.90).