bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE OCCURRENCE OF ABNORMAL INSULIN AND GROWTH HORMONE (HGH) RESPONSES TO SUSTAINED HYPERCLYCAEMIA IN A DISEASE WITH SEX CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS (TURNER'S SYNDROME)
Authors: Lindsten J. , Cerasi E. , Luft R. , Hultquist G. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The plasma insulin response to prolonged glucose infusion was studied in 14 patients with Turner's syndrome having a normal intravenous glucose tolerance test. The insulin response was in most instances delayed and diminished in spite of a higher than normal blood glucose level.
The fasting plasma growth hormone (HGH) level was elevated, and hyperglycaemia induced a paradoxical increase in plasma HGH in most of the patients. The HGH response to hypoglycaemia was normal.
Oestrogen replacement accentuated the paradoxical HGH reaction to hyperglycaemia while the insulin response diminished further.
In contrast to earlier studies no increase in the frequency of diabetes was found among the relatives of the Turner patients.
In one subject there was a definite hyperplasia of the islet tissue of the pancreas with signs of decreased activity of the β-cells, in a second one the amount of islet tissue was fairly high.
Possible relationships between the above findings are discussed.
URINARY EXCRETION OF TESTOSTERONE AND EPITESTOSTERONE IN HIRSUTISM
Authors: France J. T. , Knox B. S. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The urinary excretion of testosterone and epitestosterone has been studied in 11 normal and 31 hirsute subjects. The mean testosterone excretion (μg/24 hours) in normal males was 67.3 (range 36.8–133.2), in normal females 11.2 (range 4.5–16.0), in hirsute females with regular menses 20.7 (range 2.5-82.5), in hirsute females with irregular menses 34.6 (range 17.1-92.8), and in hirsute females with virilization 56.7 (range 26.8–98.5). The mean epitestosterone excretion (μg/24 hours) in normal males was 28.1 (range 18.5–47.4), in normal females 8.0 (range 5.9–10.9), in hirsute females with regular menses 15.6 (range 5.1–34.7), in hirsute females with irregular menses 23.0 (range 9.9–37.8) and in hirsute females with virilization 26.7 (range 12.0–45.9). In most cases of hirsutism there was a raised urinary excretion of testosterone and epitestosterone, the exception being a small number of hirsute women with regular menses. Epitestosterone excretion unlike that of testosterone showed no correlation with virilization
THE MECHANISM IN INHIBITION OF OVULATION IN ORAL CONTRACEPTION. III.
Authors: Starup J. , Lebech P. E. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Six normally menstruating women aged 21 to 28 were studied for 3 cycles, viz. one control cycle followed by two cycles in which they were treated from day 5 to day 24 with daily dose of 5 mg of 6-methyl-6-dehydro-17α-acetoxyprogesterone (megestrol acetate) + 0.1 mg of 17α-ethynyl-oestradiol-3-methylether (mestranol). In all 3 cycles the daily excretion of total pituitary gonadotrophins and luteinizing hormone (LH) was determined from day 8 to day 21. In addition, the excretion of pregnanediol was determined on days 7 and 22 in every cycle, and the basal body temperature was recorded daily for the entire period.
In the control cycle 4 out of the 6 patients showed a definite mid-cycle peak in the excretion of total gonadotrophins, whilst a definite mid-cycle peak in the excretion of LH was found in 4 patients and a more questionable peak of LH in the remaining 2 patients. All 6 patients showed typical biphasic temperature curves and the excretion of pregnanediol on day 22 indicated normal ovulatory cycles.
In the first treatment-cycle, 5 out of the 6 patients already showed no mid-cycle peak in the excretion of total gonadotrophins. The last patient had only a small questionable peak. A similar pattern was seen in the excretion of LH. All the 4 patients who had a definite mid-cycle peak of LH in the control cycle now showed a complete disappearance of this peak, while the remaining 2 patients showed only a questionable peak. In the second treatment-cycle none of the 6 patients showed a mid-cycle peak in the excretion of total gonadotrophins, and only 2 out of the 6 patients had a questionable peak in the excretion of LH. Furthermore, in all treatment-cycles the excretion of pregnanediol was less than 0.8 mg/day on day 22.
Thus the present investigation indicates that the combination of megestrol acetate and mestranol inhibits ovulation and suppresses the synthesis and/or the release of LH.
EINFLUSS VON CYCLUS UND EXOGENER HORMONZUFUHR AUF STOFFWECHSELVORGÄNGE DES RATTENUTERUS
Authors: Schmidt H. , Noack I. , Walther H. , Voigt K. D. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The first significant increase of weight, RNA and protein was observed in the uterus of spayed rats twelve hours after the intraperitoneal administration of a single dose of 1 μg oestradiol. There was no significant increase of DNA. At the same time the activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, fructose-1,6-diphosphate aldolase, isocitrate dehydrogenase and leucine aminopeptidase had increased significantly. Twentyfour hours after the injection the augmented values began to decline. Three injections of 1 μg oestradiol, given at 24 hour intervals obtained similar changes, the only difference being that these changes were more marked and that a DNA increase was also observed. The augmentation of protein, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and fructose-1,6-diphosphate aldolase content of cells induced by repeated oestradiol injections was inhibited partly by 1 mg progesterone when administered together with the last dose of oestradiol. During the normal oestrus cycle of the rat uterus an increase of uterine weight, DNA and RNA content and also of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and 1,6-diphosphate aldolase activities was observed, whereas isocitrate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase and leucine aminopeptidase did not change significantly. It would appear that the changes after exogenous hormone administration reflect those of the normal cycle as regards both their extent and timing. The importance of these findings in connection with hormone-induced pathways of uterine metabolism is discussed.
THE POLYCYSTIC OVARY. VIII.
Authors: Axelrod Leonard R. , Goldzieher Joseph W. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Tissue from one normal (cycle day 10) and 5 polycystic ovaries was incubated with radioactive pregnenolone, progesterone, testosterone, androstenedione or oestrone, and the metabolites isolated in radiochemically pure form. The patterns of pregnenolone metabolites with polycystic tissue differed from one another and from that of normal ovarian mince. Conversion of the substrate was generally much greater with the former, and in one instance the cortical portion was much more active than the medulla. 3β-ol dehydrogenase activity was markedly decreased in one case. 19-Oxygenation was seen infrequently and no aromatization was observed. On the other hand, 16-hydroxylation and 20-reduction were occasionally very prominent. Incubation of normal tissue with C19 precursors yielded oestrogen whereas polycystic tissue did not. The pathways androstenedione→testosterone→oestradiol and testosterone→16-hydroxy-testosterone→oestriol are suggested by the metabolites of the normal tissue. Under the experimental conditions, the reduction of oestrone to oestradiol was much more prominent than the reduction of androstenedione to testosterone by the polycystic tissue.
THE EFFECT OF METYRAPONE ON ALDOSTERONE SECRETION IN MAN
Authors: Tucci Joseph R. , Espiner Eric A. , Jagger Paul I. , Lauler David P. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The influence of metyrapone (SU4885; 2-methyl-1,2, bis-[3-pyridyl]-1-propanone), an adrenocortical blocking agent, upon aldosterone secretion was evaluated in nine normal subjects and in seven patients including four with Cushing's syndrome, two with primary aldosteronism and one with hypopituitarism. Following equilibration on a constant diet restricted in sodium, metyrapone was given orally in a dose of 750 mg at four hourly intervals for two consecutive days. Aldosterone secretion rates were measured on the day prior to and on the second day of metyrapone administration. Despite the stimulus of salt deprivation, metyrapone was uniformly effective in reducing aldosterone secretion rates in all subjects. Concomitant ACTH stimulation in one normal subject failed to overcome the metyrapone induced block. In the majority of subjects, metyrapone administration was associated with a mild natriuresis.
BEGRENZT DIE KAPAZITÄT DER 17β-STEROID-DEHYDROGENASE DEN IN VIVO UMSATZ VON OESTRADIOL ZU OESTRON?
Authors: Wenzel Marlin , Kraas Ernst 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
By injecting oestradiol-17α-T and testosterone-17α-T to animals or men and measuring the specific activity of tritium in the body water, it is possible to determine the oxydation of these steroids to the corresponding ketones in the whole organism. Using this method combined with a simple arrangement for collecting breathing water it can be shown that the capacity of the 17β-steroid-dehydrogenase does not limit the oxydation of oestradiol and testosterone in intact rats and that no significant difference in the oxydation of both steroids can be found between 0.2 μmol/kg – 200 μmol/kg of injection dosis.
LIGHT AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPICAL STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF OESTROGEN ON THE CHICKEN OVIDUCT
Authors: Ljungkvist H. I. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Oviducts from 20 one-day old chickens were used. Ten chickens were injected subcutaneously with 0.2 mg oestradiol for 5 days, the remaining ones serving as controls. The chickens were fixed by an aortic perfusion with 2.5% glutaraldehyde in phosphate buffer, pH 7.2. The treatment with oestrogen resulted in the following changes:
general increase in oviduct length and thickness, differentiation of the epithelial membrane into three cell types: basal, apical and gland cells, increase in the number of cilia in the apical cell, probably due to a new production of cilia, formation of secretory granules in the vaginal epithelium as seen by light microscopy, formation of proteinlike secretory granules in the apical cell as seen by electron microscopy, increase in protein synthesis, observed as an augmentation of the endoplasmic reticulum.
ISOLATION OF 15α-HYDROXY-OESTRIOL FROM PREGNANCY URINE AND FROM THE URINE OF NEWBORN INFANTS
Authors: Zucconi G. , Lisboa B. P. , Simonitsch E. , Roth L. , Hagen A. A. , Diczfalusy E. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
From the extracts of enzyme- or acid hydrolysed pregnancy urine and urine of newborn infants a new oestrogen metabolite has been isolated. On the basis of the physical and chemical characteristics of this compound it is concluded that it is identical with 15α-hydroxy-oestriol (oestra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,15α,16α,17β-tetrol).
URINARY TESTOSTERONE EXCRETION IN MEN IN NORMAL AND PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS
Authors: Ismail A. A. A. , Harkness R. A. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The excretion of testosterone in the urine of men has been studied using the method of Ismail & Harkness (1966 a); the estimates obtained with this procedure, which has satisfactory reliability criteria, agree with those from the majority of published methods.
The effect of time, age, sexual activity, adrenal hyperfunction, hypopituitarism, undernutrition, precocious puberty, oligospermia and chlorpromazine administration have been investigated in a small number of subjects. All the above factors, except in the present case of oligospermia, are associated with alterations in testosterone excretion. The possible mechanisms and significance of these changes are discussed.
HORMONAL STUDIES OF A BENIGN INTERSTITIAL CELL TUMOUR OF THE TESTIS PRODUCING ANDROSTENEDIONE AND TESTOSTERONE
Authors: Wegienka Laurence C. , Kolb Felix O. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
A case is described of a 14-year old male who presented with precocious puberty resulting from a benign slow growing interstitial cell tumour of the testis. Preoperative studies revealed a marked increase in urinary 17-ketosteroids, pregnanetriol and testosterone glucuronide. The urinary steroids showed little change following corticotrophin stimulation, dexamethasone suppression or chorionic gonadotrophin stimulation demonstrating the autonomous nature of this tumour. Although the urinary testosterone glucuronide levels were markedly elevated, the plasma levels of testosterone were normal and androstenedione elevated. These findings are in accord with in vitro findings of this tumour and support the premise that one of the primary metabolic products of this tumour was androstenedione which was peripherally transformed to testosterone glucuronide which was then excreted in the urine. The elevated 17-hydroxycorticosteroids and pregnanetriol, which returned to normal following removal of the tumour, together with the absence of any crystalloids of Reinke, suggest that the tumour may be of a biologically primitive cell type or of adrenal rest origin.
BONE AND URINARY HYDROXYPROLINE IN NORMAL AND HYPOTHYROID RAT WITH A LONG BONE FRACTURE
Authors: Kowalewski K. , Yong S. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Urinary excretion of hydroxyproline, considered as an index of collagen metabolism, was determined prior to, and during, a period of fracture healing in normal and hypothyroid rats. Hypothyroidism was induced by feeding the animals for eight months with a diet containing thiouracil (0.3%). A closed complete fracture of the humerus was produced and left unsupported for 28 days. At the end of this healing period, hydroxyproline of fractured and intact humerus was also determined. Significant increase of a saline extractable and total hydroxyproline was found in fractured bone of the normal rat and this was considered due to the synthesis of new collagen. No evidence of such a change in saline extractable hydroxyproline was found in hypothyroid rats. Significant progressive decrease of urinary hydroxyproline was found in hypothyroid rats during the period of fracture healing. Under the conditions of this experiment, evidence of deficient collagen synthesis and metabolism in hypothyroid rats is confirmed.
RADIOIODINE UPTAKE IN SUBACUTE THYROIDITIS DEVELOPING IN AN ENVIRONMENT OF ENDEMIC GOITRE
Authors: Weinstein M. , Soto R. J. , Flaster H. , Brunengo A. M. , Mendoza H. , Burian R. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Radioiodine parameters, mainly 131I uptake by the thyroid gland were reviewed in 31 cases of subacute thyroiditis (SAT). Seven cases presented depressed uptake. The remainder had either normal or high uptakes regardless of the phase of the disease during which the measurements were made. Fifteen subjects had lived in endemic goiter areas and 16 were from Buenos Aires where 131I uptakes are high and »subendemic« conditions prevail. It is thought that under these circumstances the inhibitory effect of SAT on 131I uptake as usually seen, does not become evident. PB131I and BE131I were normal in the subjects with normal or high 131I uptakes. It is concluded that radioiodine parameters in an endemic environment do not contribute to the diagnosis of SAT. The pathophysiology of SAT is discussed in the view of the present and related studies.
STUDIES ON THE PATHOGENESIS OF DIABETES IN ACROMEGALY
Authors: Luft Rolf , Cerasi Erol , Hamberger Carl Axel 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Plasma insulin response to glucose infusion was found to be markedly increased in 20 patients with active acromegaly and with normal intravenous glucose tolerance. The insulin response was more pronounced in patients with highly active acromegaly than in those showing moderately active disease.
In five patients with active acromegaly and with decreased glucose tolerance the insulin response was delayed and smaller than normal, i. e. similar to that seen in diabetic subjects without acromegaly.
After successful treatment of the acromegaly insulin response to glucose infusion was normalized in the patients with normal glucose tolerance. In those with decreased glucose tolerance the diabetic type of insulin response remained unchanged even when the glucose tolerance was normalized.
It is suggested that diabetes in connection with acromegaly develops only in prediabetic individuals, i.e. subjects with decreased insulin response to hyperglycaemia, who are unable to overcome the diabetogenic effect of growth hormone by compensatory hyperinsulinism.
THE LIPID-MOBILIZING EFFECT OF SOME PITUITARY GLAND PREPARATIONS
Authors: Trygstad Olav 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Lipid-mobilizing effect has been observed for nearly all the accepted pituitary hormones and for several suggested pituitary 'lipotrophins'. Pituitary hormone preparations are usually not homogeneous, and even a highly purified ACTH (p.ACTH) contains less than 30 per cent pure adrenocorticotrophin.
Crude ACTH (c.ACTH) was found to be 250 times more adipokinetic in rabbits than p.ACTH, indicating that this effect was mainly due to impurities.
A lipid-mobilizing fraction (LMFr) was precipitated from a human pituitary gland extract before the preparation of growth hormone and crude gonadotrophins, whereby the adipokinetic effect of these preparations in the rabbit became negligible. Removal of LMFr gave an electrophoretically purified growth hormone with reduced molecular weight and an increased somatotrophic potency per unit weight in a radioimmunoassay system.
Injection of the lipotrophic preparations into rabbits lowered the serum calcium level, and concentrations below 3 meq./l were observed, often accompanied by convulsions and in some instances by death.
It is concluded that the adipokinetic and hypocalcaemic effects of c.ACTH, p.ACTH and the employed human growth hormone preparations in rabbits may be due to contaminations. It is suggested that the LMFr contains a human pituitary lipotrophic factor which may also be responsible for the hypocalcaemia observed in the rabbit.
BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL IN MICE
Authors: Lundquist Ingmar , Rerup Claus 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The hypoglycaemic effect of synthetic tetraicosapeptide corticotrophin was investigated in NMRI mice in order to determine its physiological significance as well as its mechanism of action. It was found that in normal non-fasting mice corticotrophin produced a maximal hypoglycaemic response at a dose level of about 5 μg per 20 g mouse (1250 milliunits per 20 g mouse). The ED50 of the hypoglycaemic effect was about 1000 times larger than the ED50 for adrenal cortical stimulation. Immunoassayable insulin was markedly increased 15 minutes following 5 μg of corticotrophin, whereas following a maximal steroidogenic dose (1.6 nanogram) or following ether stress the plasma insulin levels were normal. In adrenalectomized mice the administration of 5 μg of corticotrophin had practically no effect on the blood glucose level, whereas pretreatment with a glucocorticosteroid in adrenalectomized mice markedly restored the hypoglycaemic response. Acutely hypophysectomized mice showed a hypoglycaemic response to corticotrophin indistinguishable from that found in normal mice, whereas animals hypophysectomized 3–7 days before corticotrophin injection showed a smaller response.
Corticotrophin in a dose of 5 μg per 20 g mouse had no hypoglycaemic effect in mice with manifest alloxan diabetes. Corticotrophin injected 5 minutes following a diabetogenic dose of alloxan hardly had any measurable effect on the acute initial alloxan hyperglycaemia, whereas the latter was greatly reduced when corticotrophin was given 5 minutes before alloxan administration. Pretreatment with corticotrophin did not change the frequency or intensity of the ensuing diabetic condition in mice.
It is concluded that the corticotrophin induced hypoglycaemia is dependent on 1) the presence of normally functioning pancreatic beta-cells; and 2) the presence of glucocorticosteroids. It is doubtful whether the observed hypoglycaemia has any physiological significance.
THE METABOLIC EFFECT OF A SMALL UNIFORM DOSE OF HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE IN HYPOPITUITARY DWARFS AND IN CONTROL CHILDREN
Authors: Prader A. , Zachmann M. , Poley J. R. , Illig R. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The effect of small doses of human growth hormone (2 mg/m2 of HGH Raben daily) on the insulin-tolerance test in 15 hypopituitary and 10 control patients is described. With the dose used, fasting blood glucose levels and the response to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia are almost normalized in the hypopituitary patients and have only a slight effect on the control patients. The physiological dose of HGH and the diagnostic value of the insulin-tolerance test in hypopituitarism are discussed.
TREATMENT OF THYROID CRISIS BY BETA-ADRENERGIC BLOCKADE
Authors: Buckle Richard M. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Two patients in thyroid crisis were treated with the beta-blocking agents pronethalol and propranalol. Initial specific treatment with iodine and carbimazole and supportive therapy, which included sedation, chlorpromazine and steroids were without effect, and both patients deteriorated. Treatment with pronethalol or propranol was associated with marked symptomatic improvement; the pulse, temperature and respiratory rates falling rapidly, whilst hyperexcitability, restlessness and tremor subsided. In one patient cardiac arrhythmia was controlled. Crisis was associated with a marked elevation of plasma free fatty acids, the levels of which fell abruptly with treatment. Beta-adrenergic blocking agents may be of value in the management of crisis until specific anti-thyroid therapy becomes effective.
STUDIES ON THE METABOLISM OF C-19 STEROIDS IN THE HUMAN FOETO-PLACENTAL UNIT
Authors: Benagiano G. , Mancuso S. , Mancuso F. P. , Wiqvist N. , Diczfalusy E. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Four female and four male previable human foetuses (18th to 21st week of gestation) were perfused with a combination of 3H-labelled testosterone (T) and 14C-labelled androst-4-ene-3,17-dione (A) and the principal unconjugated products of dehydrogenation and reduction as well as testosterone sulphate were studied in the perfusates and various foetal tissues.
14C-labelled T derived from the metabolism of perfused A, and 3H-labelled A, originating from the perfused T, were isolated from all sources studied; as much as 2.1% of the administered A was isolated in the form of T-14C and 3.6% of the administered T was isolated as A-3H. No statistically significant sex difference was found in the interconversion of T and A; however, the extent of interconversion in one female foetus differed highly significantly (P < 0.001) from that taking place in all other foetuses.
The isotopic ratios of the re-isolated A and T indicated that the interconversion was complete in the liver, partial in the gastrointestinal tract and rather limited in all other tissues.
No reduction products were detected in the adrenals. From the other tissues the following unconjugated 5β-reduction products were isolated: 5β-androstane-3,17-dione from the gastrointestinal tract, liver and perfusates, 3α-hydroxy-5β-androstan-17-one (gastrointestinal tract, liver, carcass and perfusates), 5β-androstane-3α,17β-diol (liver), 17β-hydroxy-5β-androstan-3-one (liver).
The following unconjugated 5α-reduction products were isolated: 5α-androstane-3,17-dione (gastrointestinal tract, liver, lungs, carcass and perfusates), 3α-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one (gastrointestinal tract, liver, lungs, carcass and perfusates), 3β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one (lungs, carcass and perfusates), and 17β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-3-one (lungs, carcass and perfusates).
The 5β-forms were predominant in the liver, their quantity exceeding that of 5α-forms by at least a factor of 100, the 5α-forms dominated the pattern in all other tissues. A sex difference in the reductive metabolism of A and T could not be ascertained. Testosterone sulphate was a major metabolite in the gastrointestinal tract and adrenals, but was not detected in the liver.
On the basis of the isotopic ratios of the isolated compounds a concept is presented describing the principal pathways of the reductive metabolism of A and T in various tissues of human foetuses at midpregnancy.