bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PERVERSE SUBSTITUTION RELATIONSHIPS IN DEMAND STUDIES: THE EXAMPLE OF BUTTER AND MARGARINE
Authors: Pitts Eamonn , Herlihy Patrick 
Published: November 2008

Econometric analyses of demand for butter in a number of countries have produced results which appeared to conflict with expectations. Specifically the sign of the co‐efficient for margarine price was negative rather than the positive sign expected with a presumed substitute product.Gollnick (1954), who was the first econometrician to meet this problem, advanced the hypothesis of a constant fat budget to explain the paradox. Among other works which reported similar paradoxical results were Hesse (1967), Wierenga (1968 and 1974), Oskam and Wierenga (1974), Upton and Wittenberg (1974) and Vertessen (1979). The markets studied were Germany, Netherlands and Belgium.In this paper we discuss the Gollnick hypothesis (it appears to have been ignored in English language economic journals), explore its mathematical implications, present some recent results which appear to support it and discuss whether the hypothesis might be valid for other products.
THE BENEFITS TO THE ACP COUNTRIES OF THE EEC‐ACP EXPORT EARNINGS STABILISATION SCHEME
Authors: Jenkins T. N. 
Published: November 2008

This paper examines the potential impact of the ‘Stabex’ scheme of the Lomé Convention on the economies of the individual African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries which it is intended to benefit. Data on these countries' export dependence, on the nature of their exports, and on the markets for their exports are used to derive an index of potential benefit from a ‘Stabex’‐type scheme to the export sector and to the economy of each beneficiary. Such analysis provides no evidence that ‘Stabex’ is likely to be of most benefit to the relatively more advanced ACP economies, and lends little support to the view that it especially benefits the least prosperous, but guidelines are provided as to the direction the scheme might take in the future to improve the potential benefit to the ACP States.
THE FUTURE SIZE OF FARMS: MODELLING THE EFFECT OF CHANGE IN LABOUR AND MACHINERY
Authors: Walford Nigel 
Published: November 2008

The response to the increase in average farm size in England in recent decades, particularly by those with a concern for the rural landscape, has been to pose the question: how much bigger can farms become?This paper contributes to the discussion of this question by examining how different combinations of land, labour and capital and/or improvements in these resources can lead to the formation of large farms. Two models are constructed representing different cropping systems and Linear Programming is employed to test for the effect of variation in the quantity and characteristics of labour and machinery. The data used in the models were derived from random sampling among the large, arable farms of the South and East of England.‘Big scale farming in England still remains to be tried’. (Orwin, 1930).
Loss Coverage as a Public Policy Objective for Risk Classification Schemes
Authors: Thomas R. Guy 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThis article suggests that from a public policy perspective, some degree of adverse selection may be desirable in some insurance markets. The article suggests that a public policymaker should consider the criterion of “loss coverage,” and that in some markets a policymaker may wish to regulate risk classification with a view to increasing loss coverage. Either too much or too little risk classification may reduce loss coverage. The concept is explored by means of examples and formulaic and graphical interpretations. An application to the UK life insurance market is considered.
Optimal Gradual Annuitization: Quantifying the Costs of Switching to Annuities
Authors: Horneff Wolfram J. , Maurer Raimond H. , Stamos Michael Z. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractWe compute the optimal dynamic annuitization and asset allocation policy for a retiree with Epstein–Zin preferences, uncertain investment horizon, potential bequest motives, and pre‐existing pension income. In our setting the retiree can decide each year how much he consumes and how much he invests in stocks, bonds, and life annuities, while the prior literature mostly considered restricted so‐called deterministic or stochastic switching strategies. We show that postponing the annuity purchase is no longer optimal in the gradual annuitization (GA) case since investors are able to attain the optimal mix between liquid assets (stocks and bonds) and illiquid life annuities each year. In order to assess potential utility losses, we benchmark various restricted annuitization strategies against the unrestricted GA strategy.
A Comparison of Chronaxies for Ventricular Fibrillation Induction, Defibrillation, and Cardiac Stimulation: Unexpected Findings and Their Implications
Authors: LAWO THOMAS , DENEKE THOMAS , SCHRADER JUERGEN , DANILOVIC DEJAN , WENZEL BEATE , BUDDENSIEK MICHAEL , MUEGGE ANDREAS 
Published: October 2008

Fibrillation Induction Chronaxie and Its Implications. Introduction: A low‐energy (≤ 4 J) cardioversion shock (LEC) either terminates reentrant ventricular tachycardia (VT) or accelerates it to ventricular fibrillation (VF). Optimization of the duration and amplitude of LEC shocks could improve the success rate of VT termination without VF induction.
Methods and Results:
In order to learn how LEC shocks may be optimized, we used an animal model to compare the strength‐duration curve for VF induction and the strength‐duration curve for cardiac stimulation via the shock coil. Conventional implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator (ICD) leads were implanted in 12 narcotized pigs from 20 kg to 25 kg in weight. Stimulation, VF induction, and defibrillation pulses were delivered by custom‐designed stimulators at preset pulse durations and amplitudes. The corresponding hyperbolic strength‐duration curves were constructed using the least‐squares fit method and averaged for all the animals. The mean chronaxie for stimulation via the shock coil of 0.23 ms was significantly shorter than both defibrillation (4.8 ms) and VF induction (3.1 ms) chronaxie values. At a shock duration of 0.3 ms or less, the mean VF‐induction threshold amplitude exceeded 300 V.
Conclusion:
It may be reasonable to study whether LEC pulses from 0.25 ms to 0.30 ms in duration and up to 250 V in amplitude would increase therapeutic yield in VT termination without VF induction in humans. Contrary to the current belief, the discrepancy between defibrillation and stimulation chronaxie is not caused by different electrode size. We postulate that the time constant of the fast sodium channel reactivation may be the underlying reason. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 20, pp. 307‐314, March 2009)
Facilitating risk reduction among homeless and street‐involved youth
Authors: Busen Nancy H. , Engebretson Joan C. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractPurpose: The purposes of this evaluation project were to describe a group of homeless adolescents and street‐involved youth who utilized a mobile unit that provided medical and mental healthcare services and to assess the efficacy of the services provided in reducing their health risk behaviors.Data sources: The records of 95 youth aged 15–25 years who used the medical mobile unit for an average of 14 months were examined and evaluated according to the national health indicators related to risk reduction. Current literature related to health risk behavior among homeless youth was reviewed, synthesized, and provided the background for this article.Conclusions: Data were obtained from the records of mostly heterosexual youth with a mean age of 20.5 years. Approximately one third of the participants were high school graduates and most were without health insurance. Living situations were transient including friends, shelters, crash pads, or the streets. Abuse accounted for the majority leaving home. Psychiatric conditions and substance abuse were common. Medical conditions were related to transient living situations, substance abuse, and sexual activity. Success of the program was associated with sustained counseling, stabilizing youth on psychotropic medications, decreasing substance use, providing birth control and immunizations, and treating medical conditions.Implications for practice: Homeless youth are one of the most underserved vulnerable populations in the United States with limited access and utilization of appropriate healthcare services. Nurse practitioners often serve as care providers but are also in a position to effectively lobby to improve health care for homeless youth through professional organizations and community activism. Furthermore, when designing and evaluating healthcare services, multidisciplinary teams need to consider risk reduction for homeless youth in the context of their environment.
A quantitative analysis of energy intake reported by young men
Authors: LIBERATO Selma C. , BRESSAN Josefina , HILLS Andrew P. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractAim:  To quantitatively analyse energy intake reported by young men and the accuracy of the Goldberg cut‐off method for identifying misreporters.Methods:  This was a cross‐sectional study in which: food intake was assessed by a four‐day food record; resting metabolic rate was assessed by indirect calorimetry; percentage body fat was measured by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry; and energy expenditure was assessed by physical activity record completed simultaneously with food intake measurements. Energy intake was analysed by direct comparison of energy intake and energy expenditure and by the Goldberg cut‐off. Subjects: 34 healthy men aged 18–25 years. Setting: Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia. Main outcome measures: percentage of misreporters in a group of young men using different methods. Statistical analyses: data are presented as means and standard deviations. The analyses were conducted using Statistic for Windows 5.5 software.Results:  Seven underreporters were identified by direct comparison of energy intake and energy expenditure. The Goldberg cut‐off found six out of the seven underreporters identified by direct comparison of energy intake and energy expenditure, but wrongly identified two acceptable reporters as underreporters. The sensitivity and specificity of the Goldberg cut‐off method were 0.86 and 0.93, respectively.Conclusions:  Seven out of 34 participants underreported their energy intake. In the absence of physical activity measurements, the Goldberg cut‐off method identified underreporters in this group of young men with assessed resting metabolic rate.
Fission–track Ages and Magnetic Susceptibility of Cretaceous to Paleogene Volcanic Rocks in Southeastern Sikhote Alin, Far East Russia
Authors: MaTSUDA Takaaki , SAKIYAMA Tohru , ENAMI Ryo , OTOFUJI Yo–ichiro , SAKHNO Vladimir G. , MATUNIN Anatoly P. , KULINICH Ruslan G. , ZIMIN Petr S. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract: Seven zircon fission‐track ages and 30 magnetic susceptibilities were measured on welded pyroclastic rocks from the Bogopol and Sijanov Groups of the Cretaceous to Paleogene volcanic rocks in the southeastern part of the eastern Sikhote Alin volcano‐plutonic belt, Far East Russia. The fission‐track ages range from 42. 7 Ma to 64. O Ma which indicate that both the groups are of Early Paleogene time. Two thirds of the samples from the Bogopol Group have high magnetic susceptibility values, more than 3 A‐ 10‐3 SI unit, which imply that they are of the magnetite–series, whereas the samples from the Sijanov Group show 3 A‐ 10‐3 to 8 A‐ 10‐5 SI unit which suggest this group of probably the ilmenite‐series.The Paleogene age and high magnetic susceptibility of the Bogopol Group are quite similar to the Paleogene igneous rocks of the San'in belt, Southwest Japan. This suggests, taking accounts of the opening of the Japan Sea, that the eastern Sikhote Alin volcano‐plutonic belt continued to the San'in Belt, and that the Paleogene igneous rocks along the Japan Sea coast of Northeast Japan were situated along the volcanic front of the eastern Sikhote Alin volcano‐plutonic belt.
Geneses of High Chlorine and Silver–Lead–Zinc–Mineralized Granitoids in Tsushima, Japan
Authors: ISHIHARA Shunso , IMAI Akira 
Published: November 2008

Abstract: Miocene granitoids of the Tsushima Islands have unique characteristics that cannot be seen in other major granitic plutons in the Japanese Islands as follows: (1) They are granitic in composition but contain synplutonic mafic dikes, abundant mafic enclaves, and intermediate facies between granite and mafic enclaves. (2) They are mixture of magnetite‐bearing and –free facies, but generally magnetite‐free in the marginal part. (3) They are high in K2O content (K65=3. 1) and intermediate in normative corundum (C65=0. 1) and δ18O value (+9% at SiO2 70 %), which may be comparable with those of the Miocene Outer Zone granitoids. (4) Yet the initial Sr ratio is low as 0. 7037. (5) They are high in Cl and S, which occur in fluid inclusions and as pyrrhotite>pyrite, respectively.Two genetic models are considered for the source of the unique granitoid magmas: the continental crust or the upper mantle fertilized with Si, K and 18O. The latter may be the case for the Tsushima granitoids, because of the low initial Sr ratio. The age of the granitoids (16 Ma) indicates the magmatism related to the opening of the Sea of Japan. It is suggested that both basaltic and granitic magmas were generated in the continental lithosphere under an extensional tectonic setting; the two magmas could have been partly mingled.The mingled magma was originally an oxidized type, but reduced during the emplacement by repeated inflow of S and C‐bearing gases from the pelitic wall rocks. Because of the reduction, SO3 sulfur is almost nil in the rock‐forming apatite, and most of sulfur remained in fluid phase of the magma as reduced species. Cl content was high in the original magma and concentrated in the fluid phase of the residual system which dissolved silver, lead and zinc metals. Such a fluid migrated into the Taishu fracture systems, as the magma crystallized, and formed the silver–lead–zinc deposits.
Potash–rich Magmatism and Associated Gold‐Copper Mineralization in the Yishu Deep Fault Zone and Its Vicinity, Eastern China
Authors: QIU Jiansheng , LO Ching–Hua , MCINNES Brent I. A. , ZHOU Jincheng 
Published: November 2008

Abstract: The Mesozoic potash‐rich volcanic rocks which hosted several gold or gold (copper) deposits are widely distributed around the Yishu deep fault zone, eastern China. Lithologically, these rocks include basaltic trachyandesite, trachyandesite, latite and trachyte, of which the trachyandesite and latite are the predominant rock types. Whole‐rock Rb‐Sr isochron ages and 40Ar‐39Ar plateau dates of them are 108.2 ˜ 119.6 Ma and 114.7 ˜ 124.3 Ma, respectively. Chemically, they are characterized by high and variable Al2O3 contents, high K2O+Na2O values, and high K2O/Na2O and Fe2O3/FeO ratios. The rocks also have enriched LILE and LREE concentrations, low HFSE abundance, and display extraordinary Sr‐Nd isotope signatures (ISr = 0.7084 ˜ 0.7125, εNd(t) = ‐9.43 ˜ −18.07). Integrated geological and geochemical data suggest that they were formed in a continental‐arc setting and most likely originated from the partial melting of enriched mantle which was induced by source contamination of subducted continental crustal materials.Gold (copper) deposits in this district are closely related to Mesozoic volcanic‐subvolcanic magmatism. They are frequently located either at the margin or adjacent to the volcanic basins. Most of them are spatially associated with maar‐diatreme systems and/or flow‐dome complexes. The formations of two gold (copper) deposits, the Qibaoshan breccia pipe‐porphyry type Au‐Cu deposit and the Guilaizhuang tellurium‐gold type epithermal Au deposit, have been proved to be in close relation with potash‐rich magmatism.The genetic relations between potash‐rich magmatism and Cu‐Au mineralization is still quite unclear. Detailed review of the previous works demonstrates that the high contents of volatiles (such as H2O, CO2, S, F and Cl, especially F and Cl) and the high oxidation state of the potash‐rich magmas may be the main favorable factors for the formation of the Cu‐Au deposits.
Skarns and Genesis of the Huanggang Fe‐Sn Deposit, Inner Mongolia, China
Authors: WANG Li Juan , SHIMAZAKI Hidehiko , SHIGA Yoshihide 
Published: November 2008

Abstract: The skarns and genesis were studied of the Huanggang Fe‐Sn deposit and the nearby Sumugou Zn‐Pb deposit in Inner Mongolia, China. In the Huanggang mine, Nos. 1 to 4 Fe ore bodies are arranged along a calcareous horizon from proximal to distal in this order to a granite intrusion named Luotuochangliang, while Sn ore body is situated near another granite intrusion named 204. According to the distance from the granitic intrusions, mineral assemblages in skarns are systematically changed. Garnet is the most predominant skarn mineral throughout the deposit. Hastingsitic amphiboles, however, predominate in the proximal skarns. Fluorite is common in the proximal skarns, while instead calcite is common in the distal skarns. Chlorite is characteristically present only in No. 3 ore body, and chlorite geothermometry gives near 300C for the mineralization of later stage.When garnet crystal shows zonal structure, isotropic andraditic garnet occupies the core, and is surrounded with anisotropic less‐andraditic garnet. The presence of white skarn along the boundary between main skarns and host sedimentary rocks confirms relatively reducing environment prevailing as a whole in the studied area. However, the compositional relation between coexisting garnet and clinopyroxene demonstrates that relatively oxidizing condition was achieved for garnet skarn and magnetite ore in the distal, Nos. 2 to 4 Fe ore bodies and Sumugou deposit, compared to that for garnet skarn in the proximal, No. 1 and Sn ore bodies. Preliminary study on the tin content of garnets in the studied area revealed a certain degree of contribution brought from granitic intrusives since the early stage of skarn formation, irrespective of proximal or distal.Oxygen isotope study on garnet, magnetite, quartz and skarn calcite, as well as hydrogen isotope study on hastingsitic amphibole, demonstrates mainly meteoric water origin for the skarn– and ore‐forming solutions. The occurrence of Sn, W, Mo and F minerals indicates that those elements were mainly supplied to the deposit later than the formation of skarns and iron ores, overlapping to them. These constraints allow to delineate the formation model of the deposit as follows (Fig. 10): At the time of late Jurassic to early Cretaceous, felsic activity occurred in this region as a part of Yanshanian magmatism, and formed granitic intrusions as well as thick volcanic piles on the surface. The circulation of meteoric water was provoked by the heat brought by the intrusions. By this circulation, much amount of iron was extracted from andesites of the Dashizhai Formation, and precipitated as skarns and magnetite ores along calcareous horizons near the bottom of the Huanggangliang Formation. Subsequently, volatile‐rich fluids with Sn, W and Mo were expelled from the solidifying granitic magmas, and precipitated these metals in the pre‐existing skarns and ores.
Characteristic Features of Tin–iron–copper Mineralization in the Anle‐Huanggangliang Mining Area, Inner Mongolia, China
Authors: ISHIYAMA Daizo , SATO Ryoji , MIZUTA Toshio , ISHIKAWA Yohei , WANG Jingbin 
Published: November 2008

Abstract: The Anle Sn‐Cu and Huanggangliang Fe‐Sn deposits have been exploited in the Linxi district, which is located 165 km northwest of Chifeng City in northern China. In this study the formation mechanisms of the tin deposits in the Anle and Huanggangliang mining area were investigated to understand the mechanisms of tin mineralization in northern China.The veins of the Anle deposit are divided into cassiterite–quartz–chlorite veins, chalcopyrite‐bearing quartz veins, cassi–terite–chalcopyrite–bearing quartz veins and sphalerite‐quartz veins. The sequence of mineralization is tin mineralization (stage I), copper mineralization (stage II), and lead‐zinc mineralization (stage III). The Huanggangliang tin deposit consists of magnetite skarn orebodies and many cassiterite‐bearing feldspar–fluorite veins and veinlets cutting the magnetite orebodies.The fluid inclusions in quartz and fluorite in ores from the Anle and Huanggangliang tin deposits are divided into two‐phase fluid inclusions, vapor‐rich fluid inclusions and poly‐phase fluid inclusions. The final homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions of quartz in the ores of the Anle deposit and fluorite of tin‐bearing feldspar veins in the Huanggangliang tin deposit range from 195 to 425C and from 215 to 450C, respectively. The fluids responsible for the Anle and Huanggangliang tin deposits were of very high temperature and NaCl‐rich ones containing K, Ca, Al, Si, Ti, Fe and Cl in addition to ore metals such as Sn and Cu. The temperature and chemical composition of fluid in fluid inclusions of igneous rocks in the mining area are very similar to those of fluid in fluid inclusions in the ores of these deposits. The fluid for these ore deposits had a close relation with the fluid coexisting with melt of Late Jurassic granitic rocks in this mining area. Salinities of fluid inclusions from these ore deposits and granitic rocks in the mining area were estimated to range from 35 to 50 wt % NaCl equivalent. Based on arsenopy‐rite geothermometry and fluid inclusion studies, a fluid containing 40 wt% NaCl (eq.) could be formed by phase separation of fluid having 6 wt% NaCl (eq.) at a temperature of 420 to 500C and a pressure of 0.3 to 0.4 kb. The temperatures and pressures presented above indicate an NaCl‐rich magmatic fluid derived from granitic melt that had intruded into a shallow level of crust caused the Sn–Fe–Cu mineralization of the mining area. The geological relationship between these ore deposits and granitic bodies around the ore deposits, and the similarity of fluids forming these ore deposits and coexisting with granitic melt, suggest that these ore deposits were formed by the activity of fluid derived from granitic melt in Late Jurassic age.
3–D Tomographic Images and Deep Ore‐Control in Northern Margin of the North China Plate
Authors: LIU Yike , CHANG Xu 
Published: November 2008

Abstract: 3–D velocity images of the crust beneath the northern margin of the North China Plate have been constructed using P‐wave travel time residuals of the latest earthquakes, with the data supplied by Chinese seismic networks.The seismic image results indicate that there is a lateral heterogeneity in the crust beneath the northern part of the North China block. The velocity images of the upper crust show features closely related to the tectonic features on the surface. It can be seen from these velocity images of the vertical sections, and from the horizontal slice images at depths of 11 and 16 km that there exist East‐West and North‐East structures. The images indicate that the juncture zone of basin–and–range terrain is between the blue‐colored high–velocity block corresponding to the Yanshan mountain range that developed during the Yanshan period in northwest Beijing and the green low‐velocity area corresponding to the North China basin in southeast Beijing (Fig. 5). The juncture zone between high‐velocity and low–velocity, and EW and NE fault zones have significant ore‐control effects. From the chart of epicenters in the northern region of North China, we find that the epicenters of earthquakes are almost entirely distributed within the NE strip. Almost all major earthquakes took place in the transition strip between the high and low‐velocity zones in the crust. The distribution of epicenters also reflects the strikes of known NE–faults. From the image sections along the latitude, we find that in the area between 114.0E–118.0E, there is a blue high‐velocity block standing upright from the Moho to the upper crust (Fig. 6), from which can be deduced that some materials such as magma moved upward from the upper mantle during the history of its geological development.