bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Telling Tales to End Wails: Narrative Therapy Techniques and Rehabilitation Counselling
Authors: Biggs Herbert C. , Hinton-Bayre Anton D. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractTherapeutic intervention usually begins with a detailed description of the presenting problem and its antecedent history. Through the process of communicating their problem the client presents a story, potentially laden with their experiences, attitudes, beliefs and understandings. The topic and manner in which a story is relayed provides direct and indirect sources of information that help the therapist to both understand the client's problem and formulate goals and approaches to therapy. Rather than simply using the client's story as a guide to understanding and treatment, narrative therapy focuses on the client's story or ‘narrative’ as a medium through which change can be effected. During the process of narrative therapy the client is encouraged to deconstruct and critically appraise their story in the search for new meanings (White & Epston, 1990). The client is encouraged to retell their story with new language and new insights. Thus, the implementation of narrative therapy may be construed as a natural extension of taking the client's problem history, where the story told serves as the content foundation for the therapeutic process. The purpose of the present article is to provide a brief overview of narrative therapy techniques and their application in counselling.
Twins Reared Apart: A Forgotten Case / Twin Research Reviews: X-Inactivation and Female Co-Twin Discordance for Hemophilia; Transplantation for Breast Reconstruction; Chimerism and Telomere Attrition in Dizygotic Twins; Divergent Life Histories in Twins Reared Apart / Current Concerns: High ACT-Scoring Twins; Dating a Twin; When Gender Identities Diverge / The Holland Twins
Authors: Segal Nancy L. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA forgotten story of monozygotic twins reared apart is described. The pair, born in 1941 in Fribourg, Switzerland, were separated due to switch-baby incident in the hospital. This caused one twin to be raised as a singleton by an unrelated family, and the other twin to be raised as a ‘dizygotic’ twin with an unrelated child. This is followed by reviews of recent twin research and case studies of X-inactivation and hemophilia, breast reconstruction, chimerism and life histories. The final section of the article includes human interest pieces on academic twins, dating twins, transsexual twins and athletic twins.
Flexible Mx Specification of Various Extended Twin Kinship Designs
Authors: Maes Hermine H. , Neale Michael C. , Medland Sarah E. , Keller Matthew C. , Martin Nicholas G. , Heath Andrew C. , Eaves Lindon J. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe extended twin kinship design allows the simultaneous testing of additive and nonadditive genetic, shared and individual-specific environmental factors, as well as sex differences in the expression of genes and environment in the presence of assortative mating and combined genetic and cultural transmission (Eaves et al., 1999). It also handles the contribution of these sources of variance to the (co)variation of multiple phenotypes. Keller et al. (2008) extended this comprehensive model for family resemblance to allow or a flexible specification of assortment and vertical transmission. As such, it provides a general framework which can easily be reduced to fit subsets of data such as twin-parent data, children-of-twins data, etc. A flexible Mx specification of this model that allows handling of these various designs is presented in detail and applied to data from the Virginia 30,000. Data on height, body mass index, smoking status, church attendance, and political affiliation were obtained from twins and their families. Results indicate that biases in the estimation of variance components depend both on the types of relative available for analysis, and on the underlying genetic and environmental architecture of the phenotype of interest.
Linkage Disequilibrium and Its Expectation in Human Populations
Authors: Sved John A. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractLinkage disequilibrium (LD), the association in populations between genes at linked loci, has achieved a high degree of prominence in recent years, primarily because of its use in identifying and cloning genes of medical importance. The field has recently been reviewed by Slatkin (2008). The present article is largely devoted to a review of the theory of LD in populations, including historical aspects.
Paternal Alcoholism and Offspring ADHD Problems: A Children of Twins Design
Authors: Knopik Valerie S. , Jacob Theodore , Haber Jon Randolph , Swenson Lance P. , Howell Donelle N. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractObjective:A recent Children-of-Female-Twin design suggests that the association between maternal alcohol use disorder and offspring ADHD is due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors, such as prenatal nicotine exposure. We present here a complementary analysis using a Children-of-Male-Twin design examining the association betweenpaternalalcoholism and offspring attention deficit hyperactivity problems (ADHP).Methods:Children-of-twins design: offspring were classified into 4 groups of varying genetic and environmental risk based on father and co-twin's alcohol dependence status.Results:Univariate results are suggestive of a genetic association between paternal alcohol dependence and broadly defined offspring ADHP. Specifically, offspring of male twins with a history of DSM-III-R alcohol dependence, as well as offspring of non-alcohol dependent monozygotic twins whose co-twin was alcohol dependent, were significantly more likely to exhibit ADHP than control offspring. However, multivariate models show maternal variables independently predicting increased risk for offspring ADHP and significantly decreased support for a genetic mechanism of parent-to-child transmission.Conclusions:In support of earlier work, maternal variables (i.e., maternal ADHD and prenatal exposure) were strongly associated with child ADHP; however, the role of paternal alcohol dependence influences was not definitive. While genetic transmission may be important, the association between paternal alcohol dependence and child ADHP is more likely to be indirect and a result of several pathways.
The Estimated Probability of Dizygotic Twins: A Comparison of Two Methods
Authors: Hardin Jill , Selvin Steve , Carmichael Suzan L. , Shaw Gary M. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThis study presents a general model of two binary variables and applies it to twin sex pairing data from 21 twin data sources to estimate the frequency of dizygotic twins. The purpose of this study is to clarify the relationship between maximum likelihood and Weinberg's differential rule zygosity estimation methods. We explore the accuracy of these zygosity estimation measures in relation to twin ascertainment methods and the probability of a male. Twin sex pairing data from 21 twin data sources representing 15 countries was collected for use in this study. Maximum likelihood estimation of the probability of dizygotic twins is applied to describe the variation in the frequency of dizygotic twin births. The differences between maximum likelihood and Weinberg's differential rule zygosity estimation methods are presented as a function of twin data ascertainment method and the probability of a male. Maximum likelihood estimation of the probability of dizygotic twins ranges from 0.083 (95% approximate CI: 0.082, 0.085) to 0.750 (95% approximate CI: 0.749, 0.752) for voluntary ascertainment data sources and from 0.374 (95% approximate CI: 0.373, 0.375) to 0.987 (95% approximate CI: 0.959, 1.016) for active ascertainment data sources. In 17 of the 21 twin data sources differences of 0.01 or less occur between maximum likelihood and Weinberg zygosity estimation methods. The Weinberg and maximum likelihood estimates are negligibly different in most applications. Using the above general maximum likelihood estimate, the probability of a dizygotic twin is subject to substantial variation that is largely a function of twin data ascertainment method.
Modeling Extended Twin Family Data I: Description of the Cascade Model
Authors: Keller Matthew C. , Medland Sarah E. , Duncan Laramie E. , Hatemi Peter K. , Neale Michael C. , Maes Hermine H. M. , Eaves Lindon J. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe classical twin design uses data on the variation of and covariation between monozygotic and dizygotic twins to infer underlying genetic and environmental causes of phenotypic variation in the population. By using data from additional relative classes, such as parents, extended twin family designs more comprehensively describe the causes of phenotypic variation. This article introduces an extension of previous extended twin family models, the Cascade model, which uses information on twins as well as their siblings, spouses, parents, and children to differentiate two genetic and six environmental sources of phenotypic variation. The Cascade also relaxes assumptions regarding mating and cultural transmission that existed in previous extended twin family designs. The estimation of additional parameters and relaxation of assumptions is potentially important, not only because it allows more fine-grained descriptions of the causes of phenotypic variation, but more importantly, because it can reduce the biases in parameter estimates that exist in earlier designs.
Trends in the Probability of Twins and Males in California, 1983–2003
Authors: Hardin Jill , Carmichael Suzan L. , Selvin Steve , Shaw Gary M. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThis study examines the probability of twins by birth year, maternal race–ethnicity, age, and parity and the influences of these demographic factors on the probability of male in twins and singletons in a large, racially diverse population. Recent publications note steep increases in twin births while the probability of male births has been reported to vary by parental race–ethnicity and age and birth order. Probability of male stratified by plurality has not been investigated in California prior to this study. Cubic spline estimates and Poisson regression techniques were employed to describe trends in twins and males using California vital statistics birth and fetal death records over the period from 1983–2003. This study includes 127,787 twin pair and 11,025,106 singleton births. The probability of twins varied by birth year, maternal race–ethnicity, age, and parity. The probability of twins increased by 10.1% from 1983–1992 and increased by 20.1% from 1993–2003, nearly doubling the previous increase. All maternal race–ethnicity groups showed increases in probability of twins with increasing maternal age. Parous women compared to nulliparous women had larger increases in the probability of twins. The probability of males in twins decreased from 1983–1992 and increased from 1993–2003; while in singletons the probability appeared unchanged. These findings show increases in the probability of twins in California from 1983–2003 and identify maternal age, race–ethnicity, and parity groups most likely to conceive twins. The cause of the increase in twins is unknown but coincides with trends towards delayed childbearing and increased use of subfertility treatments.
Aquatic Toxicology and Environmental Fate: Eleventh Volume
Authors: Suter GW , Lewis MA 
Published: February 2009

Description
STP 1007 marks the beginning of the second decade of aquatic toxicology as a mature science. Papers address: Large scale cumulative effects of multiple pollution sources on regional communities and populations; effects of spills, storm runoff, and other non routine exposures with complex temporal dynamics; effects of variation in organism condition on susceptibility; predicting effects of new chemicals whose mode of action is unknown; cumulative effects of pollution, harvesting, modifications of the physical environment, and natural stochastic processes; and balancing risks and benefits of different levels of testing, monitoring, and waste treatment.
Using Single-Species and Whole Ecosystem Tests to Characterize the Toxicity of a Sewage Treatment Plant Effluent
Authors: Frithsen JB , Oviatt C , Nacci D , Strobel CJ , Walsh R 
Published: February 2009

A four-month experiment was conducted to evaluate the toxicity of a sewage effluent using both single-species and whole ecosystem tests. Fresh effluent from the East Greenwich, Rhode Island, sewage treatment plant was added daily to six experimental ecosystems (mesocosms). Sewage effluent additions were made at 0.1, 1.0, and 10% of the daily seawater input (960 L/day) from Narragansett Bay. Reagent grade, inorganic nutrients were added to the control, 0.1% and 1.0% effluent treatments to normalize nutrient loadings in all treatments. The Arbacia punctulata sea urchin sperm cell test was conducted on effluent and mesocosm samples. In the mesocosms, measurements of responses at the population, community, and ecosystem levels of biological organization were made.
The single-species toxicity test indicated the mean EC50 of the sewage effluent was 1.1%. Toxicity decayed rapidly over time, and was unrelated to carbon, nutrient, residual chlorine, or metal concentrations. Toxicity in the mesocosms was variable due to short-term (4 to 5 h), incomplete mixing of the effluent. There was no evidence for a buildup of toxicity in the mesocosms. Mesocosm effluent additions decreased phytoplankton standing stock and produced an imbalance between total system production and respiration leading to hypoxia. At the 10% effluent loading, net system production was negative.
Results indicated both single-species and mesocosm approaches were useful to assess toxicity. The single-species test was best utilized to characterize the magnitude and persistence of toxicity, and the mesocosm experiments were best employed to identify sensitive communities and processes.
Studies on Ameliorating the Effects of an Acidic River on the Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar)
Authors: Freeman HC , Sangalang GB , Sperry L 
Published: February 2009

The decline in the Atlantic salmon populations in the poorly buffered rivers in southwestern Nova Scotia, Canada, has been coincident with increased acidic precipitation making mitigation a necessity.
In our studies on mitigating the effects of acidic water, sexually maturing adult Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were held in the acidic Westfield River (pH 5.1 to 4.7) and the nearby less acidic Medway River (pH 5.7 to 5.2) as a control. Atlantic salmon fed a salt (sodium chloride)-enriched diet to compensate for blood salt losses that occur in acidic waters, had increased reproductive capacity. These fish had a larger percentage of spawners, a larger number of eggs per fish, increased fecundity (number of eggs per gram of fish), and a higher viability of fertilized eggs compared to fish that were fed a commercial trout diet. The female fish on the salt-enriched diet had higher peak levels of the female sex hormone, 17α,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17,20-diOHP), which was similar to levels in control fish.
When the pH of the acidic river was elevated using limestone, the salmon lost less weight and had lower egg mortalities compared to the fish in the untreated acidic river water. All fish in the limestone-treated water, however, still did not perform as well as the control fish, and they were highly stressed as indicated by the increased production of corticosteroids by the head kidneys (adrenal homologues) in vitro.
Head-to-Head Comparison of SAS and ASTM-Proposed Probit Computer Programs
Authors: Bromaghin JF , Engeman RM 
Published: February 2009

Estimates of the median lethal dose (LD50) [or the median lethal concentration (LC50)] are used in toxicological and hazard assessment studies to indicate the dosage of a substance that produces a 50% response (death) rate in a population. The calculation of LD50 estimates is frequently accomplished through probit analysis. Probit analysis is based on certain underlying assumptions about the tolerance of the population in question to the substance being tested. The response rate is assumed to follow a cumulative normal distribution with respect to the dosage or the logarithms of the dosage.
Recently we reviewed ASTM's proposed standard practice for using probit analysis (Draft No. 2). A BASIC computer program for performing probit analysis was included with the proposed standard. We evaluated this program using the PROBIT procedure in the wellknown SAS Institute package as a standard of comparison. The SAS procedure offers a default option that assumes the response rate of the population follows the cumulative normal distribution. In addition, two logarithmic options are also offered (natural and base 10), whereby the response rate is assumed cumulative normal relative to the logarithm of the dose. The BASIC and SAS programs give very similar results when the appropriate logarithmic option is used with the SAS procedure. Thus, the ASTM program would be a subset of the SAS procedure in that it is comparable to one of the SAS options, employing one set of possible assumptions. We believe that the assumptions one would make about the distributional response of a population are not necessarily standard, and that careful examination of the data relative to analytical assumptions prior to analysis is recommended.
Utility of the Standardized Aquatic Microcosm as a Standard Method for Ecotoxicological Evaluation
Authors: Landis WG , Chester NA , Haley MV , Johnson DW , Muse WT , Tauber RM 
Published: February 2009

The standardized aquatic microcosm (SAM) as developed by Taub is a 64-day multispecies assay designed to model a generic freshwater ecosystem. An extensive protocol is available that covers every aspect of the experiment. In addition, a series of computer programs is available at the University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, for data analysis.The SAM has recently undergone a round-robin test series, in which good repeatability was demonstrated among the four laboratories that took part. These factors have led to our use of the SAM as an ecosystem-level assay for assessment of the effects and fate of disparate materials in aquatic systems.
To date, three materials have been assayed in our laboratory. Copper sulfate was assayed at two series of concentrations to act as an in-house control and as part of the round-robin SAM testing. A brass dust and graphite dust have also been assayed using the SAM protocol. In setting test concentrations for the SAM, Daphnia magna 48-h and algal 96-h assays were performed using ASTM methodologies.
The SAM has proven to be a useful assay. Currently, the disadvantages are the amount of labor required in the preparation of the test media, culturing of the organisms, and data analysis; the breakage of test vessels was also a problem. The authors are planning to automate much of the data handling to reduce repeated manual manipulation and the concomitant errors. Breakage of the test vessels has been reduced considerably by modifications of the sterilization procedure. The advantages of the SAM are the ability of the system to handle a variety of test compounds and the ability to simultaneously look at both effects and fate. Results varied among the compounds tested from very strong acute toxic effects to classical signs of eutrophication. Interactions among the biota were observable. The fate of the toxicant was also altered by the complex community, in contrast to simpler abiotic fate studies.
New Cost-Effective, Computerized Approachesto Selecting Chemicals for Priority Testing Consideration
Authors: Walker JD , Brink RH 
Published: February 2009

The Interagency Testing Committee (ITC) was established in 1976 under Section 4(e) of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). The ITC consists of representatives from 15 member and liaison agencies. The committee recommends chemicals to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) administrator for priority testing consideration and potential rule-making under Section 4(a) of TSCA.
Between 1977 and 1983 the ITC conducted five scoring exercises to select existing chemicals for detailed review. These five scoring exercises focused on chemicals of regulatory concern, high-production chemicals, and chemicals recommended by other organizations. In 1986, in preparation for a sixth scoring exercise, we developed new approaches to selecting chemicals for review by the ITC. Expert panels were organized to identify substructures indicative of chemicals with potential to cause adverse health effects or adverse ecological effects. The expert ecological effects panel identified 109 organic chemical substructures that might cause adverse effects to any of eight organism types. These substructures were used to develop a questionnaire which was sent to 86 environmental chemists and toxicologists.
Results from this questionnaire were used to reduce the list of substructures identified by the expert panel to 63 substructures with potential to cause adverse ecological effects in one to six organism types. These chemical substructures were used to search a data base of approximately 18 100 discrete organic chemicals. These searches identified about 5200 chemicals which might produce adverse ecological effects. The data base containing 18 100 chemicals was also searched for about 5300 chemicals that were in eleven computer-searchable, environmental-monitoring data bases. These searches identified about 2300 chemicals. The 2300 Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) numbers for chemicals with potential for environmental exposure were compared with the 5200 CAS numbers for chemicals that might produce adverse ecological effects in order to identify matches.
Over 100 chemicals were identified that had both the potential to cause adverse ecological effects and the potential for environmental exposure. A scoring system was developed to rank these chemicals. After obtaining available information on domestic production, many of these chemicals were screened by panels of toxicologists, chemists, ecologists, and engineers to select chemicals of environmental concern for detailed review by the ITC.
Interpretation of the Field Vane Test in Terms of In-Situ and Yield Stresses
Authors: Becker DE , Crooks JHA , Been K 
Published: February 2009

Interpretation of undrained shear strength data requires knowledge of the effective stress regime that is controlling the strength on the failure surface. Approximately 90% of the total resistance measured by the standard vane is provided by the vertical circumscribed failure surface. Consequently, vane test results are dominated by the strength mobilized on the vertical plane. Therefore, it is the horizontal in-situ effective and yield stresses that predominantly control the vane shear strength. Yet, to date, vane strength correlations have been considered in terms of vertical stresses only.
This paper discusses an interpretation for the field vane test within generalized state concepts. State can be characterized by an overconsolidation ratio that accounts for both vertical and horizontal stresses. The controlling influence of the in-situ effective and yield stresses on measured field vane strength is demonstrated using data for 14 clay deposits. Vane strength normalized with respect to in-situ effective stresses are correlated with overconsolidation ratio to confirm the generalized state concepts and importance of accounting for horizontal stresses. Normalized vane strength correlations are compared to normalized strength ratios back-analyzed from field failures. It is shown that strength ratios normalized using vertical preconsolidation pressures are not sufficiently refined to provide a good basis for comparison. Strength ratios based on horizontal yield stresses provide a more rational basis for comparison.