bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Glycaemic instability is an underestimated problem in Type II diabetes
Authors: Praet Stephan F. E. , Manders Ralph J. F. , Meex Ruth C. R. , Lieverse A. G. , Stehouwer Coen D. A. , Kuipers Harm , Keizer Hans A. , van Loon Luc J. C. 
Published: July 2006

The aim of the present study was to assess the level of glycaemic control by the measurement of 24 h blood glucose profiles and standard blood analyses under identical nutritional and physical activity conditions in patients with Type II diabetes and healthy normoglycaemic controls. A total of 11 male patients with Type II diabetes and 11 healthy matched controls participated in a 24 h CGMS (continuous subcutaneous glucose-monitoring system) assessment trial under strictly standardized dietary and physical activity conditions. In addition, fasting plasma glucose, insulin and HbA1c (glycated haemoglobin) concentrations were measured, and an OGTT (oral glucose tolerance test) was performed to calculate indices of whole-body insulin sensitivity, oral glucose tolerance and/or glycaemic control. In the healthy control group, hyperglycaemia (blood glucose concentration &gt;10 mmol/l) was hardly present (2±1% or 0.4±0.2/24 h). However, in the patients with Type II diabetes, hyperglycaemia was experienced for as much as 55±7% of the time (13±2 h over 24 h) while using the same standardized diet. Breakfast-related hyperglycaemia contributed most (46±7%; P&lt;0.01 as determined by ANOVA) to the total amount of hyperglycaemia and postprandial glycaemic instability. In the diabetes patients, blood HbA1c content correlated well with the duration of hyperglycaemia and the postprandial glucose responses (P&lt;0.05). In conclusion, CGMS determinations show that standard measurements of glycaemic control underestimate the amount of hyperglycaemia prevalent during real-life conditions in Type II diabetes. Given the macro- and micro-vascular damage caused by postprandial hyperglycaemia, CGMS provides an excellent tool to evaluate alternative therapeutic strategies to reduce hyperglycaemic blood glucose excursions.
Inseparable extensions of algebras over the Steenrod algebra with applications to modular invariant theory of finite groups
Authors: Neusel Mara 
Published: July 2006

We consider purely inseparable extensions

H

↪

H

P

∗

\textrm {H}\hookrightarrow \sqrt [\mathscr {P}^*]{\textrm {H}}

of unstable Noetherian integral domains over the Steenrod algebra. It turns out that there exists a finite group

G
≤

GL

(
V
)

G\le \textrm {GL}(V)

and a vector space decomposition

V
=

W
0

⊕

W
1

⊕
⋯
⊕

W
e

V=W_0\oplus W_1\oplus \dotsb \oplus W_e

such that

H

¯

=
(

F

[

W
0

]
⊗

F

[

W
1

]
p

⊗
⋯
⊗

F

[

W
e

]

p
e

)
G

\overline {\textrm {H}}=(\mathbb {F}[W_0] \otimes \mathbb {F}[W_1]^p\otimes \dotsb \otimes \mathbb {F}[W_e]^{p^e})^G

and

H

P

∗

¯

=

F

[
V

]
G

\overline {\sqrt [\mathscr {P}^*]{\textrm {H}}}=\mathbb {F}[V]^G

, where

(
−
)

¯

\overline {(-)}

denotes the integral closure. Moreover,

H

\textrm {H}

is Cohen-Macaulay if and only if

H

P

∗

\sqrt [\mathscr {P}^*]{\textrm {H}}

is Cohen-Macaulay. Furthermore,

H

¯

\overline {\textrm {H}}

is polynomial if and only if

H

P

∗

\sqrt [\mathscr {P}^*]{\textrm {H}}

is polynomial, and

H

P

∗

=

F

[

h
1

,
…
,

h
n

]

\sqrt [\mathscr {P}^*]{\textrm {H}}=\mathbb {F}[h_1,\dotsc ,h_n]

if and only if
\[

H

=

F

[

h
1

,
…
,

h

n
0

,

h

n
0

+
1

p

,
…
,

h

n
1

p

,

h

n
1

+
1

p
2

,
…
,

h

n
e

p
e

]
,

\textrm {H}=\mathbb {F}[h_1,\dotsc ,h_{n_0},h_{n_0+1}^p,\dotsc ,h_{n_1}^p, h_{n_1+1}^{p^2},\dotsc ,h_{n_e}^{p^e}],

\]
where

n
e

=
n

n_e=n

and

n
i

=

dim

F

⁡
(

W
0

⊕
⋯
⊕

W
i

)

n_i=\dim _{\mathbb {F}}(W_0\oplus \dotsb \oplus W_i)

.
Intrinsic ultracontractivity of the Feynman-Kac semigroup for relativistic stable processes
Authors: Kulczycki Tadeusz , Siudeja Bartłomiej 
Published: July 2006

Let

X
t

X_t

be the relativistic

α
\alpha

-stable process in

R

d

\mathbf {R}^d

,

α
∈
(
0
,
2
)

\alpha \in (0,2)

,

d
>
α

d > \alpha

, with infinitesimal generator

H
0

(
α
)

=
−
(
(
−
Δ
+

m

2

/

α

)

α

/

2

−
m
)

H_0^{(\alpha )}= - ((-\Delta +m^{2/\alpha })^{\alpha /2}-m)

. We study intrinsic ultracontractivity (IU) for the Feynman-Kac semigroup

T
t

T_t

for this process with generator

H
0

(
α
)

−
V

H_0^{(\alpha )} - V

,

V
≥
0

V \ge 0

,

V
V

locally bounded. We prove that if

lim

|

x

|

→
∞

V
(
x
)
=
∞

\lim _{|x| \to \infty } V(x) = \infty

, then for every

t
>
0

t >0

the operator

T
t

T_t

is compact. We consider the class

V

\mathcal {V}

of potentials

V
V

such that

V
≥
0

V \ge 0

,

lim

|

x

|

→
∞

V
(
x
)
=
∞

\lim _{|x| \to \infty } V(x) = \infty

and

V
V

is comparable to the function which is radial, radially nondecreasing and comparable on unit balls. For

V
V

in the class

V

\mathcal {V}

we show that the semigroup

T
t

T_t

is IU if and only if

lim

|

x

|

→
∞

V
(
x
)

/

|

x

|

=
∞

\lim _{|x| \to \infty } V(x)/|x| = \infty

. If this condition is satisfied we also obtain sharp estimates of the first eigenfunction

ϕ
1

\phi _1

for

T
t

T_t

. In particular, when

V
(
x
)
=

|

x

|

β

V(x) = |x|^{\beta }

,

β
>
0

\beta > 0

, then the semigroup

T
t

T_t

is IU if and only if

β
>
1

\beta >1

. For

β
>
1

\beta >1

the first eigenfunction

ϕ
1

(
x
)

\phi _1(x)

is comparable to
\[

exp
⁡
(
−

m

1

/

α

|

x

|

)

(

|

x

|

+
1

)

(
−
d
−
α
−
2
β
−
1
)

/

2

.

\exp (-m^{1/{\alpha }}|x|) \, (|x| + 1)^{(-d - \alpha - 2 \beta -1 )/2}.

\]
𝑊^{{}2,𝑝}–estimates for the linearized Monge–Ampère equation
Authors: Gutiérrez Cristian , Tournier Federico 
Published: July 2006

Let

Ω
⊆

R

n

\Omega \subseteq \mathbb {R}^n

be a strictly convex domain and let

ϕ
∈

C
2

(
Ω
)

\phi \in C^2(\Omega )

be a convex function such that

λ
≤
det

D
2

ϕ
≤
Λ

\lambda \leq \text {det}D^2\phi \leq \Lambda

in

Ω
\Omega

. The linearized Monge–Ampère equation is

L

Φ

u
=

trace

(
Φ

D
2

u
)
=
f
,

\begin{equation*} L_{\Phi }u=\textrm {trace}(\Phi D^2u)=f, \end{equation*}

where

Φ
=
(
det

D
2

ϕ
)
(

D
2

ϕ

)

−
1

\Phi = (\text {det}D^2\phi )(D^2\phi )^{-1}

is the matrix of cofactors of

D
2

ϕ

D^2\phi

. We prove that there exist

p
>
0

p>0

and

C
>
0

C>0

depending only on

n
,
λ
,
Λ

n,\lambda ,\Lambda

, and

dist

(

Ω
′

,
Ω
)

\textrm {dist}(\Omega ^\prime ,\Omega )

such that

‖

D
2

u

‖

L
p

(

Ω
′

)

≤
C
(
‖
u

‖

L
∞

(
Ω
)

+
‖
f

‖

L
n

(
Ω
)

)

\begin{equation*} \|D^2u\|_{L^p(\Omega ^\prime )}\leq C(\|u\|_{L^\infty (\Omega )}+\|f\|_{L^n(\Omega )}) \end{equation*}

for all solutions

u
∈

C
2

(
Ω
)

u\in C^2(\Omega )

to the equation

L

Φ

u
=
f

L_{\Phi }u=f

.
Bayesian variable selection for the analysis of microarray data with censored outcomes
Authors: Sha Naijun , Tadesse Mahlet G. , Vannucci Marina 
Published: July 2006

AbstractMotivation: A common task in microarray data analysis consists of identifying genes associated with a phenotype. When the outcomes of interest are censored time-to-event data, standard approaches assess the effect of genes by fitting univariate survival models. In this paper, we propose a Bayesian variable selection approach, which allows the identification of relevant markers by jointly assessing sets of genes. We consider accelerated failure time (AFT) models with log-normal and log-t distributional assumptions. A data augmentation approach is used to impute the failure times of censored observations and mixture priors are used for the regression coefficients to identify promising subsets of variables. The proposed method provides a unified procedure for the selection of relevant genes and the prediction of survivor functions.Results: We demonstrate the performance of the method on simulated examples and on several microarray datasets. For the simulation study, we consider scenarios with large number of noisy variables and different degrees of correlation between the relevant and non-relevant (noisy) variables. We are able to identify the correct covariates and obtain good prediction of the survivor functions. For the microarray applications, some of our selected genes are known to be related to the diseases under study and a few are in agreement with findings from other researchers.Availability: The Matlab code for implementing the Bayesian variable selection method may be obtained from the corresponding author.Contact: mvannucci@stat.tamu.eduSupplementary Information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Effect of PVC/CPVC ratio of non‐toxic, platy pigments on corrosion protection of acrylic‐modified alkyd coatings
Authors: Emira H.S. 
Published: July 2006

PurposeThis work aims to study the corrosion protection of laboratory‐prepared micaceous zinc ferrite (MZF) pigment in anticorrosive paints for steel.Design/methodology/approachAcrylic‐modified alkyd coatings, based on MZF pigment, micaceous iron oxide (MIO) and zinc ferrite (ZF) pigments, were prepared at different pigment volume concentrations “PVCs” to the critical pigment volume concentrations “CPVCs” ratio, which denoted hereafter by A. Scanning electron microscope, weight loss measurements, water vapour transmission (WVT) and immersion in 3.5 per cent salt solution as well as physico‐mechanical properties were performed to evaluate the paints anticorrosive performance.FindingsWVT and corrosion protection can be affected by the PVC/CPVC ratio for all systems. At any particular PVC, the barrier property of the pigment was the main factor affecting the WVT and corrosion protection. MZF pigment protected the carbon steel physically through barrier action and chemically by the reaction with the acidic acrylic‐modified alkyd resin to produce soaps which passivate the substrate.Originality/valueNovel MZF paint could be used with optimum percentage in anticorrosive paints for steel protection especially in humid and coastal regions.
Properties of potentiostatic passive films grown on iron electrodes immersed in weak‐alkaline phosphate solutions
Authors: Giacomelli C. , Giacomelli F.C. , Bortolluzzi R.L. , Spinelli A. 
Published: July 2006

PurposeThis paper aims to study the growth and properties of potentiostatic passive films formed on iron electrodes immersed in pH 8.9‐11.0 phosphate solutions.Design/methodology/approachFirst, passive films were grown potentiostatically on pure iron electrodes under different experimental conditions (namely the Na2HPO4 concentration, time and potential of polarization, solution pH and temperature). Subsequently, the properties of the resulting passive layer were evaluated by electrochemical measurements (open circuit potential and potentiodynamic polarization measurements) and scanning electron microscopy.FindingsThe formation of passive films on iron electrodes immersed in weak‐alkaline phosphate solutions was found to occur in three main steps, being the Na2HPO4 concentration a very important parameter to promote reduction of iron dissolution. Films with protective properties could be obtained within at least 30 s of polarization at +0.50 V/SCE. The effect of the polarization potential was interpreted according to previous potentiodynamic data and the influences of solution pH and temperature follow thermodynamic laws.Research limitations/implicationsIn‐situ surface analytical techniques such as extended X‐ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) and elipsometry coupled to electrochemical measurements can elucidate more information on the film growth process, and in turn on resulting properties.Originality/valueThis contribution provides useful insights into the potentiostatic behaviour of iron in alkaline phosphate solutions.
The economics of reindeer herding
Authors: Reinert Erik S. 
Published: July 2006

PurposeThis paper attempts to explain the drastic fall in income experienced by Saami reindeer herders in Northern Norway between 1976 and 2000, in spite of increasing government subsidies. Saami herders maintain a legal monopoly as suppliers of reindeer meat, a traditional luxury product in Norway.Design/methodology/approachThis paper shows that a review of the literature is supported by qualitative interviews.FindingsThe paper argues that main explanatory variables are to be found in the interaction of a number of factors, mainly: cyclical climatic variation in Northern Norway; a system with fixed prices, independent of the variations in supply, that magnified the effects of the natural cycles; increasingly severe sanitary regulations forcing Saami herders to abandon slaughtering and preparation; and the oligopoly market powers of the non‐Saami actors taking over slaughtering and processing. It is argued that the fall in herders' income resulted from a failure of the Norwegian Department of Agriculture to understand key factors distinguishing sub‐Arctic herding from sedentary agriculture. Sanitary requirements and the government's quest for economies of scale in processing contributed to playing the volume of production into the hands of non‐Saami oligopolies. In this way the Saami herders lost the meat production that traditionally was at the core of both their culture and their economic livelihood.Originality/valueThe paper is relevant for the management of herding and other production systems in areas with cyclical production, and documents the damaging effects on the aboriginal culture resulting from Norway's exclusive use of modern agricultural science in managing such systems.
A historical study of the traditional livestock merchants of Alsace
Authors: Paul Dana Leo 
Published: July 2006

PurposeThis paper is the result of empirical field research conducted in Alsace, a bi‐cultural area of France controlled by Germany from 1870 to WWI, by France between the World Wars, and by Germany during WWII. The objective of the study is to contribute to the understanding of small‐scale entrepreneurs who traditionally controlled the distribution of livestock in this bi‐cultural and multi‐lingual region.Design/methodology/approachThis paper gives an account of the livestock distribution system, which prevailed in Alsace, until the Second World War. It uses qualitative methodology, based on oral testimonies of retired entrepreneurs and verified by means of triangulation.FindingsThe findings in this paper indicate that, in this region of traditional rivalry between French and Germans, the sector was dominated by family enterprises speaking Jédich‐Daitch, serving as a middleman minority, and dealing between French‐speakers and German‐speakers, who did not trade with one another.Originality/valueThis paper shows that, while much literature shows that middleman minorities now exist around the world, it also reveals that the concept of middleman minority existed centuries ago, in the food sector; the arrangement allowed farmers to specialise in agriculture, while specialised entrepreneurs bought and sold livestock and also provided credit to farmers. This paper is of interest to historians and anthropology/management/sociology scholars of entrepreneurship, as well as practitioners in the livestock industry.
Taking stock of open access: progress and issues
Authors: McCulloch Emma 
Published: July 2006

PurposeAims at providing a broad overview of some of the issues emerging from the growth in open access publishing, with specific reference to the use of repositories and open access journals.Design/methodology/approachA paper largely based on specific experience with institutional repositories and the internationally run E‐library and information science (LIS) archive.FindingsThe open access initiative is dramatically transforming the process of scholarly communication bringing great benefits to the academic world with an, as yet, uncertain outcome for commercial publishers.Practical implicationsOutlines the benefits of the open access movement with reference to repositories and open access journals to authors and readers alike and gives some food for thought on potential barriers to the complete permeation of the open access model, such as copyright restrictions and version control issues. Some illustrative examples of country‐specific initiatives and the international E‐LIS venture are given.Originality/valueAn attempt to introduce general theories and practical implications of the open access movement to those largely unfamiliar with the movement.
Webliometrics: a new horizon in information research
Authors: Alimohammadi Dariush 
Published: July 2006

PurposeDuring the second half of the past century, the field of library and information science (LIS) has frequently used the research methods of the social sciences. In particular, quantitative assessment research methodologies, together with one of its associated concepts, quantitative assessment metrics, have also been used in the information field, out of which more specific bibliometric, scientometric, informetric and webometric research instruments have been developed. This brief communication tries to use the metrics system to coin a new concept in information science metrical studies, namely, webliometrics.Design/methodology/approachAn overview of the webliography is presented, while webliometrics as a type of research method in LIS is defined. Webliometrics' functions are enumerated and webliometric research methods are sketched out.FindingsThat webliometrics is worthy of further clarification and development, both in theory and practice.Research limitations/implicationsWebliometrics potentially offer a powerful and rigorous new research tool for LIS researchers.Practical implicationsThe research outputs of webliometrics, although theoretically and statistically rigorous, are of immediate practical value.Originality/valueThis paper aims to increase the knowledge of an original thought as yet under‐utilised approach to research methods.
Civil society and good governance: challenges for public libraries in South Africa
Authors: Arko‐cobbah Albert 
Published: July 2006

PurposeTo demonstrate that “civil society” is an important aspect of the democratic process, providing a vital link between the citizens and the state. One of the principal functions of civil society is to maintain a watchful eye on the activities of public officials. Public libraries play an essential role in fulfilling in this regard.Design/methodology/approachAn examination of the philosophy of civil society and governance, with accompanying analyses for the potential social applications of a variety of civic principles.FindingsThe development of an informed citizenry is one of the essential functions of public libraries and this invariably affects the participation of civil society in the affairs of state. In South Africa, for civil society to ensure good governance, there are various challenges confronting public libraries that need to be addressed. This paper enumerates those challenges and points a way forwards.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper gives a variety of interpretations of the relationship between social philosophy and information science that are capable of further sophisticated theoretical elaboration.Practical implicationsThe broad thrust of this paper is to emphasise the potential social benefit and significant practical outcomes of promoting library and information services within the sphere of civil society.Originality/valueThis paper gives an original insight into the relevance of public library work to the furtherance of social betterment, with particular reference to the situation in South Africa in the post‐apartheid era.
Employee learning in New Zealand small manufacturing firms
Authors: Coetzer Alan 
Published: July 2006

PurposeThe paper aims to explain specific actions managers could take to improve support for the learning of staff and increase staff satisfaction with workplace learning.Design/methodology/approachThe paper shows the data gathered from 464 employees in 31 small manufacturing firms through mail survey questionnaires and analysed using descriptive statistics and multiple regression.FindingsThis paper shows that the learning potential of the work systems is constrained mostly by limited employee scope for action and enhanced mainly by wide task variety. Managers are failing to create some important facilitating conditions, such as providing incentives to learn and modelling influences. Workplace supervisors are providing only low levels of learning support and are not proactive in fostering the learning of their staff. Employee perceptions of specific work environment characteristics and workplace supervisor behaviours are significant influencers of satisfaction with workplace learning.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper shows future research could examine: the ability to generalise the findings by replicating the study in different contexts to rule out the manufacturing sector as an important contingency factor; and how work environment characteristics and supervisors' proximate support for learning affect other outcomes, including organisational commitment and job satisfaction.Practical implicationsThis paper periodically examines characteristics of work environments and ensures that these characteristics support informal learning. Workplace supervisors need practical advice and behavioural guidelines, based on principles of adult learning, to effectively support the learning of staff. Their performance of this role should be managed.Originality/valueThe paper identifies specific managerial actions and behaviours that have potential for improving the context to support learning and increase employee satisfaction with workplace learning. It provides an employee perspective.
Employee financial participation: evidence from a major UK retailer
Authors: Morris David , Bakan Ismail , Wood Geoff 
Published: July 2006

PurposeThe bulk of research on approved profit sharing and SAYE schemes tends to focus on the effects of their presence/absence, which says little about how effectively such initiatives are implemented, particularly with regard to different categories of employee. This paper seeks to contribute towards filling that gap through comparing responses between different categories of employee, and the relative effects of differing forms of financial participation.Design/methodology/approachThe paper shows that the population for the study consisted of employees in a large (153,000 employees) retail organisation in the UK. A stratified proportionate random sampling procedure was adopted to include employees at the managerial/non‐managerial levels and in shareholder/non‐shareholder groups. A total of 1,000 questionnaires were mailed to a broad spectrum of employees and a total of 430 usable returns were received. The survey results were analysed using regression analysis.FindingsThe paper found that more junior employees are less likely to choose to actively buy into profit sharing and share ownership schemes; among workers in the lower job bands, the rewards accruing from participation in such schemes are likely to be the least, yet it is there that the effects of any undermining of collective solidarities are likely to be particularly pronounced.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper shows, while based on the case of a single large enterprise, this case study highlights something of the contradictions and limitations of flexible reward systems.Originality/valueThe paper highlights the divergent effects of individualized forms of participation. On the one hand, financial participation lengthens the reward cycle; employees will be encouraged to remain with the firm, to maximise their shareholdings. On the other hand, a greater individualisation of reward systems will undermine notions of collective solidarity; workers will have different agendas according to individual choices made regarding the scale of participation in such schemes. This central contradiction will be particularly pronounced among workers in the lower job bands, where the rewards accruing from participation in such schemes is likely to be the least, yet it is there that the effects of any undermining of collective solidarities is likely to be particularly pronounced.