bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is Immigrant Status Relevant in School Violence Research? An Analysis With Latino Students
Authors: Peguero Anthony A. 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACTBackground:  The role of race and ethnicity is consistently found to be linked to the likelihood of students experiencing school violence–related outcomes; however, the findings are not always consistent. The variation of likelihood, as well as the type, of student‐related school violence outcome among the Latino student population may be attributed to immigrant status.Methods:  Drawing from the Education Longitudinal Study of 2002, this research investigates if the role of immigrant status and English proficiency are pertinent for 1457 nationally representative public school Latino students’ experiences with school violence–related outcomes.Results:  Third‐generation immigrant students were more likely than first‐ and second‐generation students to be victimized while at school, as well as receive a formal disciplinary school sanction. On the other hand, first‐generation immigrant children were less likely to be a victim of crime while at school and receive a formal disciplinary sanction in comparison to second‐ and third‐generation immigrants. However, first‐generation immigrant students were the most likely to feel unsafe at school. Additionally, nonnative English‐speaking students were more likely to report being a victim of school violence in comparison to native English speakers.Conclusions:  This study indicates that immigrant status–related variables should be included in school violence research. Furthering the investigation of school and local community characteristics of immigration and assimilation and their impact upon children’s lives and their exposure to violence is essential for a growing immigrant population.
Regional differences in length at sexual maturity for female blue whales based on recovered Soviet whaling data
Authors: Branch T. A. , Mikhalev Y. A. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractNew blue whale ovarian corpora data from illegal Soviet catches in the Southern Hemisphere and northern Indian Ocean were recovered from the original logbooks. Catches north of 52°S were assumed to be pygmy blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus brevicauda, n= 1,272); those south of 56°S were assumed to be Antarctic (true) blue whales (B. m. intermedia, n= 153). Three probable Antarctic blue whales north of 52°S were excluded. Lengths at which 50% and 95% of females become sexually mature (L50 and L95) were estimated from a Bayesian logistic model. These estimates are more precise than previous Japanese estimates because Soviet catches below the legal minimum of 70 ft (21.3 m) were 32 times greater. For pygmy blue whales L50 was 19.2 m (95% interval 19.1–19.3 m) and L95 was 20.5 m (95% interval 20.4–20.7 m). Antarctic L50 (23.4 m, 95% interval 22.9–23.9 m) was much longer than L50 for pygmy blue whale regions (18.4–19.9 m). The median L50 for the northern Indian Ocean was 0.5–0.6 m shorter than for pygmy blue whales from other regions; although statistically significant, these small length differences provide little support for northern Indian Ocean blue whales being a separate subspecies, B. m. indica.
Deuterobiosphere the Chemosynthetic Second Biosphere of the Globe. A First Review
Authors: POR Francis D. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractWith the discovery of Ophel, a chemosynthesis‐based continental subterranean environment (Por 2007), it became evident that such environments, previously known only from the sea, are spanning the world as a parallel biosphere, the deuterobiosphere. In this preliminary contribution the different known biomes of the deuterobiosphere are reviewed and some general and comparative features are listed.
Alien species of mammals and their impact on natural ecosystems in the biosphere reserves of Russia
Authors: NERONOV Valery M. , KHLYAP Ludmila A. , BOBROV Vladimir V. , WARSHAVSKY Andrey A. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe paper analyses the results of a survey of 37 Russian biosphere reserves using questionnaires concerning the presence of alien species of mammals, their pathways of penetration, and their impacts on protected ecosystems. The penetration of alien mammals into terrestrial ecosystems of Russia is extensive, both in places with maximum human environmental impact (inhabited areas and agricultural lands) and in biosphere reserves with minimal human impact. There are 62 mammal species registered as alien in Russian ecosystems and they account for 22% of the terrestrial mammal fauna of Russia. The percentage of alien species in biosphere reserves is 32.6% at most. In most regions, Castor fiber, Ondatra zibethicus, Nyctereutes procyonoides, Canis familiaris, Neovison vison and Sus scrofa are very dangerous, and both Castor fiber and Sus scrofa can have environment‐forming impacts.
Risk factors of ophthalmic disorders in children with developmental delay
Authors: Sandfeld Nielsen Lisbeth , Jensen Hanne , Skov Liselotte 
Published: June 2008

Abstract.Purpose:  To identify diagnoses that increase the risk of ophthalmic disorders in developmentally delayed children.Methods:  A cross‐sectional study of 1126 Danish children with developmental delay (IQ ≤ 80), aged 4–15 years [mean age 10 years 1 month; standard deviation (SD) 3 years 2 months; 702 boys, 424 girls]. Ophthalmological and paediatric data were obtained from 719 children. The relative risks (RRs) of ophthalmic disorders were calculated for low IQ, low birth weight, low gestational age, asphyxia, cerebral palsy (CP), epilepsy, neuroradiologically verified cerebral abnormalities, Down’s syndrome and other genetic syndromes.Results:  Adjusted RR showed that visual impairment was correlated to CP [RR 2.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.3–4.2], epilepsy (RR 2.5, 95% CI 1.5–4.2), verified cerebral changes (RR 1.9, 95% CI 1.1–3.3) and Down’s syndrome (RR 2.7, 95% CI 1.2–6.3). Adjusted RR showed that refractive errors were correlated to CP (RR 1.5, 95% CI 1.1–2.1) and Down’s syndrome (RR 2.2, 95% CI 1.5–3.2). Adjusted RR showed that strabismus was correlated to cerebral changes (RR 1.8, 95% CI 1.2–2.5).Conclusion:  The RR of ophthalmic disorders in developmentally delayed children is increased if the child has CP, epilepsy, verified cerebral abnormalities or a genetic syndrome; referral for ophthalmological evaluation should be performed on suspicion of these conditions.
A Phenomenological Description on Thermomechanical Behavior of Shape
Memory Alloys
Authors: Tanaka K. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
A constitutive theory, which consists of the constitutive equation and the transformation kinetics, is proposed to describe the thermomechanical behaviors of the shape memory alloys. Simulation in Ti-Ni alloy proves a good applicability of the theory when the overall characteristics of the stress-strain-temperature relation and the recovery stress induced in the heating process are studied in the uniaxial state.
Flexibility of Trunnion Piping Elbows
Authors: Lewis G. D. , Chao Y. J. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Trunnion piping elbows are commonly used in piping systems in power and chemical plants. The flexibility of the trunnion piping elbows is normally less than that of the plain piping elbows. In this paper, the finite element method is used to derive the in-plane and out-of-plane flexibility factors of trunnion piping elbows. The results can be easily adopted into the piping flexibility analysis.
Static and Dynamic Analysis of Flaw Stability in Piping
Systems
Authors: Quiñones D. F. , Nickell R. E. , Norris D. M. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Static and dynamic pretest simulations of a degraded nuclear piping test are performed to investigate crack stability and piping integrity. The purpose of this study is to provide system design guidance for a large-diameter piping test and to gain insight on modeling dynamic crack behavior in austenitic and carbon steel base metal and weldments. Combined operating temperature and pressure plus an idealized seismic loading are applied until substantial crack growth, leakage, or pipe guillotining is predicted. The importance of modeling elbow deformation and plasticity is demonstrated.
Analysis of Type 316 Stainless Steel Behavior Under Fatigue, Creep
and Combined Fatigue-Creep Loading
Authors: Gomuc R. , Bui-Quoc T. , Biron A. , Bernard M. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
A phenomenological approach, already used for other materials, is applied for the prediction of the behavior of 316 stainless steel under fatigue, creep or combined fatigue-creep loadings. The approach is based on the reduction of either the fatigue limit or the creep strength due to damage accumulation. For multilevel loading, an interaction parameter is introduced to account for the interaction effect between two different loading levels. Some particular aspects concerning the application of the procedure are discussed and the life predictions are compared with those obtained by some other techniques. The essential characteristic of the proposed approach is to provide a reasonably good prediction of life for the material subjected to the prescribed loadings using material constants which are determined through minimal experimental data.
Minimization of Stresses and Pressure Surges
Authors: Elansary A. S. , Contractor D. N. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
The control of stresses and liquid pressure surges in pipes is an important problem in the design of hydraulic pipe networks. The method of characteristics has been used to solve the transient stresses and pressures in liquid-filled piping systems. The friction force is included in the equation of motion for the fluid and the pipe wall. The maximum pressure and maximum stress at any point along the length of the pipe are evaluated for the entire simulation time. The Von Mises criterion is used for the stress calculation. A nonlinear search technique has been developed using the simplex method. The optimal valve closure is sought, that will minimize the maximum pressure and/or stresses. A continuous optimal valve closure policy is specified using spline functions. Numerical examples are presented showing the reduction of the dynamic stress and the dynamic pressure from linear valve closure to optimal valve closure.
Two-Phase Flow-Induced Vibration: An Overview (Survey
Paper)
Authors: Pettigrew M. J. , Taylor C. E. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Two-phase flow exists in many industrial components. To avoid costly vibration problems, sound technology in the area of two-phase flow-induced vibration is required. This paper is an overview of the principal mechanisms governing vibration in two-phase flow. Dynamic parameters such as hydrodynamic mass and damping are discussed. Vibration excitation mechanisms in axial flow are outlined. These include fluidelastic instability, phase-change noise, and random excitation. Vibration excitation mechanisms in cross-flow, such as fluidelastic instability, periodic wake shedding, and random excitation, are reviewed.
Verification of Warm Prestressing Effect Under a Pressurized Thermal
Shock (PTS) Event
Authors: Okamura H. , Yagawa G. , Hidaka T. , Urabe Y. , Satoh M. , Tomimatsu M. , Iida M. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Fracture tests for the verification of WPS (warm prestressing) effect were carried out by using large flat specimens and big compact specimens with low toughness. In the case of monotonical KI increasing during cooling, the specimen broke within the scatter band of KIC. On the other hand, when KI was decreasing during cooling, the specimens did not break even if KI values were beyond the scatter band of KIC. That is, WPS effect was confirmed even for the low toughness steel like reactor pressure vessel wall under neutron irradiation. Also, KI values at fracture can be predicted by Chell’s theory. By applying WPS effect and the predictive equations for irradiation embrittlement for Japanese PWR reactor steels to the PTS integrity analysis, much more temperature margin can be expected.
Elimination of Interfering Activity in Serum Samples in the Chinese Hamster Ovary Pertussis Serology Assay
Authors: Østergaard Erik , Sørensen Charlotte , Nielsen Lene , Stawski Gitte 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACT
An interfering substance in various frozen serum samples was observed to inhibit the adhesion of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells to microplate surfaces during a CHO pertussis neutralization test, resulting in wells that lacked cells or wells with dead cells after 2 days of incubation. The interfering activity in the serum could be eliminated by (i) transferring cells to other wells after their initial incubation, (ii) adding fetal calf serum (FCS) to the sample dilution buffer, (iii) precoating microplates with FCS, or (iv) preincubating the samples at 4°C for 5 days. Preincubating the samples at 4°C for 5 days reduced the interfering activity in only some of the samples. Adding serum to the sample dilution buffer or precoating the microplates with serum did not influence the antibody titers in the serum samples. The method described may be used for routine applications.
Kinetics of the Immune Response Associated with Tularemia: Comparison of an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, a Tube Agglutination Test, and a Novel Whole-Blood Lymphocyte Stimulation Test
Authors: Eliasson Henrik , Olcén Per , Sjöstedt Anders , Jurstrand Margareta , Bäck Erik , Andersson Sören 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACTWe have developed and evaluated a novel and simplified whole-blood lymphocyte stimulation assay that focuses on the measurement of gamma interferon after 24 h of stimulation with whole-cell tularemia antigen and a tularemia enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on highly purified lipopolysaccharide antigen. Comparison of the kinetics of the two assays and those of the traditional tube agglutination test shows that the cellular immune response can be detected earlier by the lymphocyte stimulation assay. This test already shows a high proportion of positive results during the first week after the onset of the disease, may be applicable in everyday laboratory practice, and has the potential of changing routine diagnostics for tularemia. The new ELISA has a high sensitivity and becomes positive to a high degree during the second week of disease.
Pediatric Norovirus Diarrhea in Nicaragua
Authors: Bucardo Filemon , Nordgren Johan , Carlsson Beatrice , Paniagua Margarita , Lindgren Per-Eric , Espinoza Felix , Svensson Lennart 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACTInformation about norovirus (NoV) infections in Central America is limited. Through a passive community and hospital pediatric diarrhea surveillance program, a total of 542 stool samples were collected between March 2005 and February 2006 in León, Nicaragua. NoV was detected in 12% (65/542) of the children; of these, 11% (45/409) were in the community and 15% (20/133) were in the hospital, with most strains (88%) belonging to genogroup II. NoV infections were age and gender associated, with children of <2 years of age (P< 0.05) and girls (P< 0.05) being most affected. Breast-feeding did not reduce the number of NoV infections. An important proportion (57%) of NoV-infected children were coinfected with diarrheagenicEscherichia coli. A significant proportion (18/31) of NoV-positive children with dehydration required intravenous rehydration. Nucleotide sequence analysis (38/65) of the N-terminal and shell region in the capsid gene revealed that at least six genotypes (GI.4, GII.2, GII.4, GII.7, GII.17, and a potentially novel cluster termed “GII.18-Nica”) circulated during the study period, with GII.4 virus being predominant (26/38). The majority (20/26) of those GII.4 strains shared high nucleotide homology (99%) with the globally emerging Hunter strain. The mean viral load was approximately 15-fold higher in children infected with GII.4 virus than in those infected with other G.II viruses, with the highest viral load observed for the group of children infected with GII.4 and requiring intravenous rehydration. This study, the first of its type from a Central American country, suggests that NoV is an important etiological agent of acute diarrhea among children of <2 years of age in Nicaragua.
Use of Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization for Rapid Identification of Staphylococci in Blood Culture Samples Collected in a Portuguese Hospital
Authors: Tavares Ana , Inácio João , Melo-Cristino José , Couto Isabel 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACT

Fluorescence in situ hybridization was used for the direct identification of staphylococci in blood cultures collected at a Portuguese hospital where staphylococci account for up to 35% of clinically relevant blood cultures. The assay was able to detect the presence/absence of staphylococci and distinguish
Staphylococcus aureus
from coagulase-negative staphylococci in 4.5 h.
High Rate of Intestinal Colonization with Extended-Spectrum-β-Lactamase-Producing Organisms in Household Contacts of Infected Community Patients
Authors: Valverde Aránzazu , Grill Fabio , Coque Teresa M. , Pintado Vicente , Baquero Fernando , Cantón Rafael , Cobo Javier 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACT

Fecal carriage of extended-spectrum-β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing organisms was detected in 70% of index cases of patients (
n
= 40) with community-acquired infections due to ESBL producers and reached 16.7% in household contacts (
n
= 54). A total of 66% of ESBL-producing organisms from index cases were indistinguishable from isolates from household contacts by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Patients with community infections and members of their households represent a reservoir for ESBL producers, increasing dispersal of resistance in healthy people.
Measles Virus Circumvents the Host Interferon Response by Different Actions of the C and V Proteins
Authors: Nakatsu Yuichiro , Takeda Makoto , Ohno Shinji , Shirogane Yuta , Iwasaki Masaharu , Yanagi Yusuke 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACT
Measles is an acute febrile infectious disease with high morbidity and mortality. The genome of measles virus (MV), the causative agent, encodes two accessory products, V and C proteins, that play important roles in MV virulence. The V but not the C protein of the IC-B strain (a well-characterized virulent strain of MV) has been shown to block the Jak/Stat signaling pathway and counteract the cellular interferon (IFN) response. We have recently shown that a recombinant IC-B strain that lacks C protein expression replicates poorly in certain cell lines, and its growth defect is related to translational inhibition and strong IFN induction. Here, we show that the V protein of the MV IC-B strain also blocks the IFN induction pathway mediated by the melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 product, thus actively interfering with the host IFN response at two different steps. On the other hand, the C protein per se possesses no activity to block the IFN induction pathway. Our data indicate that the C protein acts as a regulator of viral RNA synthesis, thereby acting indirectly to suppress IFN induction. Since recombinant MVs with C protein defective in modulating viral RNA synthesis or lacking C protein expression strongly stimulate IFN production, in spite of V protein production, both the C and V proteins must be required for MV to fully circumvent the host IFN response.
Cathepsin L Functionally Cleaves the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Class I Fusion Protein Upstream of Rather than Adjacent to the Fusion Peptide
Authors: Bosch Berend Jan , Bartelink Willem , Rottier Peter J. M. 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACT
Unlike other class I viral fusion proteins, spike proteins on severe acute respiratory sydrome coronavirus virions are uncleaved. As we and others have demonstrated, infection by this virus depends on cathepsin proteases present in endosomal compartments of the target cell, suggesting that the spike protein acquires its fusion competence by cleavage during cell entry rather than during virion biogenesis. Here we demonstrate that cathepsin L indeed activates the membrane fusion function of the spike protein. Moreover, cleavage was mapped to the same region where, in coronaviruses carrying furin-activated spikes, the receptor binding subunit of the protein is separated from the membrane-anchored fusion subunit.
Changing the Protease Specificity for Activation of a Flavivirus, Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus
Authors: Fischl Wolfgang , Elshuber Sigrid , Schrauf Sabrina , Mandl Christian W. 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACT
The infectivity of flavivirus particles depends on a maturation process that is triggered by the proteolytic cleavage of the precursor of the M protein (prM). This activation cleavage is naturally performed by ubiquitous cellular proteases of the furin family, which typically recognize the multibasic sequence motif R-X-R/K-R. Previously, we demonstrated that a tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) mutant with an altered cleavage motif, R-X-R, produced immature, noninfectious particles that could be activated by exogenous trypsin, which cleaves after single basic residues. Here, we report the adaptation of this mutant to chymotrypsin, a protease specific for large, hydrophobic amino acid residues. Using selection pressure in cell culture, two different mutations conferring a chymotrypsin-dependent phenotype were identified. Surprisingly, one of these mutations (Ser85Phe) occurred three positions upstream of the natural cleavage site. The other mutation (Arg89His) arose at the natural cleavage position but involved a His residue, which is not a typical chymotrypsin cleavage site. Efficient cleavage of protein prM and activation by the heterologous protease were confirmed using various recombinant TBEV mutants. Mutants with only the originally selected mutations exhibited unimpaired export kinetics and were genotypically stable during at least six cell culture passages. However, in contrast to the wild-type virus or trypsin-dependent mutants, chymotrypsin-dependent mutants were not neurovirulent in suckling mice. Our results demonstrate that flaviviruses with altered protease specificities can be generated and suggest that this approach can be used for the construction of viral mutants or vectors that can be activated on demand and have restricted tissue tropism and virulence.
A Mouse-Passaged Dengue Virus Strain with Reduced Affinity for Heparan Sulfate Causes Severe Disease in Mice by Establishing Increased Systemic Viral Loads
Authors: Prestwood Tyler R. , Prigozhin Daniil M. , Sharar Kristin L. , Zellweger Raphaël M. , Shresta Sujan 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACTThe four serotypes of dengue virus (DENV1 to DENV4) cause extensive morbidity and mortality. A major obstacle to studying disease pathogenesis and developing therapies has been the lack of a small-animal model. We previously reported isolation of a DENV2 strain, obtained by passaging a clinical isolate between mosquito cells and mice, that caused severe DENV disease in mice and contained multiple mutations, including many in domain II of the envelope (E) protein. Here, we describe a recombinant virus, differing from the non-mouse-passaged virus by two mutations in the E protein, that induces vascular leakage and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)-mediated lethality, while the non-mouse-passaged virus causes paralysis. This recombinant virus has a weaker affinity for heparan sulfate, resulting in an increased serum half-life, higher systemic viral loads, and high levels of TNF-α in the serum of infected mice. These results exemplify the role of the E protein in modulating virion clearance and connect the effect of clearance on the systemic viral loads responsible for severe disease manifestations.