bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Remote sensing and Hurricane Katrina relief efforts
Authors: Morin Paul 
Published: October 2006

Remotely sensed images provide emergency response officials and scientists with a unique perspective for assessing damage and targeting relief. These images also offer educators a unique, teachable moment for the classroom. In the classroom, an event such as Hurricane Katrina, which made landfall on 29 August along the central U.S. Gulf Coast and prompted the flooding of much of New Orleans, Louisiana, can make Earth science relevant in a way that a daily lecture cannot.The U.S. Geological Survey's Center for Earth Resources Observations and Science (USGS/EROS) is the nation's central clearinghouse for visual, satellite, and land‐surface data. EROS also is the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency's organization for data distribution. When first responders expressed an urgent need for information to help determine the best way to save stranded homeowners in New Orleans—by either boat or truck, depending on how deep the floodwaters were—the EROS Emergency Response Team collated the data necessary to create a bathymetric map of the city.
Quantitative Seismic Interpretation: Applying Rock Physics Tools to Reduce Interpretation Risk
Authors: Sondergeld Carl H. 
Published: October 2006

This book is divided into seven chapters that cover rock physics, statistical rock physics, seismic inversion techniques, case studies, and work flows. On balance, the emphasis is on rock physics. Included are 56 color figures that greatly help in the interpretation of more complicated plots and displays.The domain of rock physics falls between petrophysics and seismics. It is the basis for interpreting seismic observations and therefore is pivotal to the understanding of this book. The first two chapters are dedicated to this topic (109 pages).
Project helps constrain continental dynamics and seismic hazards
Authors: Holt William E. , Kreemer Corné , Haines A. John , Estey Lou , Meertens Chuck , Blewitt Geoffrey , Lavallée David 
Published: October 2006

The Global Strain Rate Map project II‐8, initiated in 1998 by the International Lithosphere Program (ILP), provides constraints for understanding continental dynamics and for quantifying seismic hazards in general. To date, the Global Strain Rate Map (GSRM) model is a numerical velocity gradient tensor field solution (i.e.,spatial variations of horizontal strain rate tensor components and rotation rates) for the entire Earth surface [Kreemer et al., 2003].The global model consists of 25 rigid spherical plates and ∼25,000 0.6°×0.5° deformable grid areas within the diffuse plate boundary zones which lie between these plates (e.g., western North America, central Asia, the Alpine‐Himalaya belt). This model provides an estimate of the horizontal strain rates, rotation rates, and velocity fields for the diffuse plate boundary zones as well as an estimate of the motions of the spherical caps.
Satellite imagery maps Hurricane Katrina‐induced flooding and oil slicks
Authors: Rykhus Russell P. 
Published: October 2006

In the early morning of 29 August 2005, Hurricane Katrina made landfall near Buras, Louisiana, as a Category 4 hurricane. With wind speeds of about 233 kilometers per hour, a storm surge of 8.5 meters, and heavy rains, Katrina pounded the U.S. Gulf Coast states of Alabama, Louisiana, and Mississippi with lifethreatening flooding and destruction. Katrina's high winds and storm surge breached the levees protecting New Orleans, a city located below sea level, and flooded approximately 80% of the city.Katrina also caused major damage to the region's oil and natural gas production and refining capabilities. On 2 September 2005, the Associated Press reported that Katrina had damaged 58 oil platforms, 30 of which were reported lost; one damaged platform had been blown nearly 100 km from its original location.
Recent advances in the ocean carbon system
Authors: Doney Scott C. , Glover David M. 
Published: October 2006

Ocean biogeochemistry is a critical component of the Earth's climate system, regulating on timescales of decades to millennia the atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide (CO2), and other radiatively active gases. Since the pre‐industrial era, the ocean has taken up about half of the carbon released by fossil fuel combustion, partially mitigating climate change. The future behavior of this oceanic sink, however, is not well understood and remains one of the major climate uncertainties [Sarmiento and Gruber, 2002].The ocean carbon inventory depends, in part, upon the complex responses of the natural ocean ecosystems and carbon system to changes in ocean circulation, dust deposition, ocean pH, ultraviolet radiation, and other factors [Fasham, 2003]. Addressing this problem requires an integrated research effort on a variety of fronts, ranging from monitoring the temporal evolution of the ocean inorganic carbon inventory to innovative studies of poorly known biological and chemical dynamics.
A Geologic Time Scale 2004
Authors: Geissman John W. 
Published: October 2006

This may be the most straightforward book review imaginable to write. Just buy this book and use it! You will not regret it.Verlyn Klinkenborg's 23 August 2005 editorial in the New York Times (“Grasping the depth of time as a first step in understanding evolution”) serves as a most timely way begin a review of A Geologic Time Scale 2004 (GTS2004). Klinkenborg writes, “One of the most powerful limits to the human imagination is our inability to grasp, in a truly intuitive way the depths of terrestrial and cosmological time.”
Probing South Pacific mantle plumes with ocean bottom seismographs
Authors: Suetsugu D. , Sugioka H. , Isse T. , Fukao Y. , Shiobara H. , Kanazawa T. , Barruol G. , Schindelé F. , Reymond D. , Bonneville A. , Debayle E. 
Published: October 2006

The seismic structure beneath the South Pacific superswell has not been well explored in spite of its significance for mantle dynamics. The region is characterized by a topographic high of more than 680 m [Adam and Bonneville, 2005]; a concentration of hot spot island chains (e.g., Society Cook‐Austral, Marquesas, and Pitcairn) whose volcanic rocks have isotopic characteristics suggesting deep mantle origin; and a broad, low‐velocity anomaly in the lower mantle that has been revealed by seismic tomographyThese observations suggest the presence of a large‐scale mantle flow from the bottom of the mantle beneath the region, which is called a ‘superplume’ [McNutt, 1998[.
Archiving numerical models of biogeochemical dynamics
Authors: Thornton Peter E. , Cook Robert B. , Braswell Bobby H. , Law Beverly E. , Corvallis Wilfred M. , Shugart Herman H. , Rhyne B. Timothy , Hook Leslie A. 
Published: October 2006

No adequate community‐wide mechanism or set of standards currently exists to ensure the long‐term reproducibility of results from numerical modeling in biogeochemical research. Various investigators maintain copies of code and supporting materials through ad hoc methods, and some models and modeling studies are not archived by any mechanism other than the published manuscripts describing specific research results. This state of affairs invites trouble.To illustrate this situation, one of the authors of this article was recently involved in producing a state‐of‐the‐art review on the topic of the effects of climate change on forests. The literature on this topic contains a rich array of results from dynamic models of global or regional vegetation produced by forcing these models with climate change scenarios.
U.S. rainfall satellite missions in flux
Authors: Zielinski Sarah 
Published: October 2006

NASA's Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) received a reprieve in September when the agency decided to continue the mission until at least fiscal year 2009 and possibly until 2012. Earlier agency plans had called for discontinuing TRMM this year while the satellite still had enough fuel for a controlled re‐entry.Despite the TRMM reprieve, however, the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is already preparing for TRMM's replacement, the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission.
U.S. Navy sued over sonar use
Authors: Kumar Mohi 
Published: October 2006

The Natural Resources Defense Council and other environment groups on 19 October filed a federal lawsuit in Los Angeles against the U.S. Navy over its use of mid‐frequency sonar, the principle system used aboard U.S. naval vessels to locate submarines and underwater objects.This sonar operates around the three kilohertz range. The lawsuit alleges that midfrequency sonar harms marine mammals and violates environmental laws, including the Marine Mammals Protection Act. NRDC lawyer Andrew Wetzler said the goal of this suit is to compel the Navy to use commonsense measures to avoid harming marine species.
Meet the Editor: Global Biogeochemical Cycles
Authors: Kumar Mohi 
Published: October 2006

Meinrat Andreae was named the editor of the AGU's journal Global Biogeochemical Cycles last year.Andreae, director of the biogeochemistry department at the Max Plank Institute for Chemistry (MPIC), located in Mainz, Germany said that he plans to maintain the journal as a resource that highlights the broad spectrum of interdisciplinary themes that showcase the interactions between the biosphere and the geosphere. “Our special niche is in the field of larger‐scale, more integrative studies that have global scope,” he explained.
Environmental Satellite Program over budget, behind schedule
Authors: Zielinski Sarah 
Published: October 2006

The U.S. National Polar‐orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS) will exceed its $6.9 billion cost estimate by at least 15 percent, and its planners are now considering cutting instruments and satellites in addition to long delays.“[NPOESS] is so badly broken … we could lose a lot of the climate [components], we could lose instruments,” NPOESS Preparatory Project (NPP) project scientist Jim Gleason told a committee of the National Research Council of the U.S. National Academies at a 25 October meeting.
AGU Fall Meeting mentors for students sought
Authors: Karsten Jill 
Published: October 2006

Science mentors are sought for the Minorities Striving and Pursuing Higher Degrees of Success in Earth System Science Initiative (MS PHD's) Professional Development Program. MS PHD's, begun in 2004, is a joint NASA‐U.S. National Science Foundation funded program that provides early career mentoring, professional development, and networking for minority undergraduate and graduate students pursuing degrees in the Earth and space sciences.AGU is one of several major sponsoring societies for this five‐year effort to provide participating students with increased exposure to, interaction with, and engagement in the Earth system science community, in order to help them achieve their academic and professional goals.
Meteorites: A Petrologic, Chemical and Isotopic Synthesis
Authors: Jones Rhian 
Published: October 2006

Meteorites, through their astonishingly diverse record of exotic geological environments that chronicle the formation of the solar system, provide us with a material connection to our fundamental origins. They inform us about processes including condensation of Stardust in stellar outflows, formation of the solar nebula cloud, interactions between water and minerals on asteroids, planetary core formation, and igneous as well as surface processes on Mars and the Moon.Meteorites: A Petrologic, Chemical and Isotopic Synthesis is a book that invites one to explore the wonders of our solar system and beyond.This book, written by Robert Hutchison, is loosely modeled as an update of the classic volume by Dodd [1981]. In the intervening 24 years, meteoritics has undergone a fast‐paced revolution, resulting from the recovery of thousands of new samples from Antarctica and the hot deserts, combined with dramatic progress in analytical techniques.
Expansion of U.S. coastal barriers system receives support
Authors: Zielinski Sarah 
Published: October 2006

The extent of lands included in the U.S. Coastal Barriers Resources System should be expanded in order to protect more people, property, and natural resources in vulnerable coastal areas, according to several witnesses at an 8 November U.S. congressional hearing.However, the witnesses disagreed as to whether sections of Louisiana should be included in that expansion. Louisiana received attention at the hearing due to the extent of damage caused by recent hurricanes; the U.S. Geological Survey has estimated that 100 square miles of Louisiana marsh became open water during the storms.
Quick estimator of the size of great earthquakes
Authors: Bormann Peter , Wylegalla Kurt 
Published: October 2006

The reintroduction of the body wave magnitude mB based on broadband records (i.e., records in a wide frequency range) of the first arriving seismic P‐waves into international seismological practice could result in better quick estimation of the size of large earthquakes.This recommendation, made by the Working Group for Magnitude Measurements of the International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth's Interior (IASPEI), was adopted—along with other recommendations related to future standards of magnitude measurements—by the IASPEI Commission on Seismic Observation and Interpretation at the IASPEI General Assembly in Chile, 2–8 October 2005.
Uncovering buried volcanoes at Yucca Mountain
Authors: Perry Frank V. , Cogbill Allen H. , Kelley Richard E. 
Published: October 2006

The hazard posed by small‐volume basaltic volcanism to the proposed Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository in Nevada has been a topic of scientific debate for well over a decade. In the past few years, debate has focused on the extent and age of buried volcanoes in alluvial‐filled basins of the Yucca Mountain region (YMR) and their potential impact on volcanic hazard estimates.To address this issue, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has sponsored an exceptionally high resolution aeromagnetic survey completed in 2004, and a presently ongoing drilling program to characterize the location, age, volume, and chemistry of buried basalt in the YMR (Figure 1). DOE has convened an expert panel that will use this information to update probabilistic volcanic hazard estimates originally obtained by experts in 1996. Partly on the basis of the unknown extent of buried volcanoes, Smith and Keenan [2005] suggested that volcanic hazard estimates might be 1–2 orders of magnitude higher than estimated by the 1996 expert elicitation.
The public's changing interpretation of the aurora
Authors: Schröder Wilfried 
Published: October 2006

At the end of medieval times and the beginning of modern times, people in northern Germany and the rest of Europe were frequently terrified by mysterious optical phenomena in the sky [cf.Brekke, 1995; Schröder, 1984]. These included meteorites, unusual rings around the Sun and Moon, and colorful phenomena, all of which astonished them and often caused anxiety. These phenomena and their common interpretation took place against the political chaos of the Reformation, which added to the fears of the average person.As the sky was previously considered everlasting and unchangeable, these phenomena—when “frightening faces” and “awful signs of miracles” appeared that were as diverse as they were unexplainable—seemed to forecast something terrible. Any deviation from the pre‐determined, divine, cosmic order deeply shocked people during that time.
Method allows for continuous monitoring of volcanic gases
Authors: Tedesco Dario , Castrillo Antonio , Casa Giovanni , Vaselli Orlando , Gianfrani Livio 
Published: October 2006

Many ongoing geophysical and geochemical studies are attempting to understand how volcanoes work and to forecast volcanic eruptions. While many geophysical methodologies for studying volcanoes have been completely standardized, continuous geochemical monitoring in active volcanic areas is still in its infancy.One reason geochemical approaches lag behind geophysical ones is because current technologies are not able to cope with prohibitive environmental conditions. The development of techniques that allow monitoring of geochemical parameters in the harsh environments of active volcanoes should be a goal to achieve within a decade.
Physical Geology of High‐Level Magmatic Systems
Authors: Morgan Sven S. 
Published: October 2006

The title of this volume almost says it all. This book is a compilation of fifteen papers on upper crustal intrusions that were presented in a workshop on laccoliths and sills (types of magma bodies) in Freiburg, Germany, in October 2002.The papers can be divided into two categories: 10 detailed descriptions of shallow‐level magmatic systems, mostly from eastern and southern Europe, and five shorter papers on modeling and seismic studies of sills, laccoliths, and dikes.
Long‐term bird study records Arctic climate change
Authors: Zielinski Sarah 
Published: October 2006

Alaska's summer of 2005 was the second warmest on record there, with a record retreat of arctic pack ice. As Alaskan temperatures gradually increase, artic birds, such as the black guillemots of Cooper Island, near Barrow, Alaska, are experiencing drastic habitat changes. Though these small black and white birds—the subjects of a long‐term study of climate change—fared better this year than they have in the recent past (due to local cool conditions), they are nonetheless struggling to adapt as their artic island summer home becomes subarctic.George Divokyan ornithologist at the Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, discovered the Cooper Island colony of guillemots in the early 1970s and has spent every summer since 1975 there studying these birds. He presented his latest research during a 3 November talk in Washington, D.C.
Peter V.Hobbs (1936–2005)
Authors: Wallace John M. 
Published: October 2006

Peter Hobbs, a professor in the Department of Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Washington in Seattle, died of pancreatic cancer on 25 July 2005.Born in 1936, Hobbs experienced what he described as “a wild, adventurous youth on the streets of postwar London.” He engaged in competitive swimming and at age 13 held the title of Junior Boxing Champion of the County of Surrey.
Rocks beneath New Zealand's Central North Island: Mantle or crust?
Authors: Stern Tim , Benson Adrian , Stratford Wanda , Bannister Stephen 
Published: October 2006

A long‐standing question in crustal seismology is the nature of rocks with compressional P‐wave speeds of 7–7.6 kilometers per second that are found beneath continental rift zones [e.g., Cook, 1962]. Two interpretations are possible: They are either lower crustal rocks, or upper mantle material with unusually low P‐wave velocities because of the presence of a small percent of partial melt.An April 2005 explosion seismology experiment set out to explore the issue of what is crust and what is mantle in the Taupo Volcanic Zone (TVZ), central North Island, New Zealand. The TVZ is the apparent continuation of oceanic back‐arc spreading within the Havre Trough into the continental lithosphere of New Zealand (Figure 1). Determining whether crust or mantle exists in such settings is fundamental to understanding back‐arc basins and subduction zones, both of which are vital elements in recycling oceanic lithosphere and creating new continental crust
Toward a second U.S. national climate change assessment
Authors: Piltz Rick S. 
Published: October 2006

The Bush administration has a problematic relationship with climate science research and the U.S. Climate Change Science Program (CCSP), the program through which federal agencies coordinate support for research on climate and global change. The administration has acted to impede forthright communication of the state of climate science and its implications for society, particularly at the points at which key scientifically‐based assessments of climate change touch on the arenas of policy‐making and research planning.The administration essentially has suppressed a major study, the National Assessment of Climate Change Impacts, which was produced by an independent team of scientists with the support of the federal research program [National Assessment Synthesis Team, 2000, 2001; Piltz, 2005; Thacker, 2005a; Thacker, 2005b] (http://www.usgcrp.gov/usgcrp/nacc/). In its place, the administration has substituted a set of 21 prospective synthesis reports on disparate topics, under a process in which drafts by lead authors will undergo final review at a political level prior to being published as government documents (described at http://www.climatescience.gov).
European global navigation satellite launches
Authors: Zielinski Sarah 
Published: October 2006

The European Space Agency launched its first Galileo satellite on 28 December 2005.When fully deployed, the Galileo system will provide a European global navigation alternative to the U.S. global positioning system (GPS) and the Russian global navigation satellite system (Glonass).The Galileo system will consist of 30 satellites (27 operational plus three active spare satellites) that are scheduled to be launched and fully operational by the end of 2008.The system will provide real‐time positioning within one meter of accuracy and be fully inter‐operable with the U.S. and Russian systems. However, unlike GPS and Glonass, Galileo will be under civilian rather than military control.
Summer school on board an Arctic icebreaker
Authors: Alexeev Vladimir , Dmitrenko Igor , Fortier Louis , Repina Irina , Mokhov Igor 
Published: October 2006

It has been reported widely that the climate in the Arctic is changing rapidly, maybe faster there than anywhere else. In addition, northern sea ice is shrinking, especially in the coastal seas of the Russian Arctic, such as the Laptev Sea. Since 2002, the International Arctic Research Center (IARC), based at the University of Alaska Fairbanks, has been recording long‐term oceanographic observations in this region through the Nansen and Amundsen Basins Observation System (NABOS) project.In 2005, the annual NABOS expedition was conducted in parallel with a summer school on board the icebreaker Kapitan Dranitsyn. This was the third IARC‐supported summer school.Two previous summer schools were held in Fairbanks. A total of 24 university students and early career scientists had been chosen, out of about 140 summer school applicants: six from the United States, five from Russia, five from Canada, two from Norway and one each from Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, New Zealand, and Sweden.Vladimir Alexeev of IARC, the author of this meeting report, served as the director of the school; Louis Fortier of Laval University (Quebec City, Canada) was co‐director.
NASA terminates two Earth observation missions
Authors: Zielinski Sarah 
Published: October 2006

Citing a lack of available funds, NASA has ended support for two Earth observation missions: Hydros, which never left the formulation phase, and the Deep Space Climate Observatory (DSCOVR), which was already built and waiting for launch.Richard Anthes, president of the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colo., said that these two new cancellations are “further evidence that…the nation's Earth‐observation satellite programs are at risk.”
New assessment focuses on ecosystems, human well‐being, and the climate system
Authors: Brovkin Victor , House Joanna I. , DeFries Ruth S. 
Published: October 2006

Five volumes of working group assessment reports, which were published which were published on 19 January by the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) [Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2006], synthesize scientific data on the consequences of ecosystem change for human well‐being as well as options for responding to those changes.The MA is an international work program modeled after the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. It was launched by U.N. Secretary‐General Kofi Annan in June 2001 and completed in March 2005. More than 1300 authors from 95 countries have participated in preparation of the peer reviewed assessment.