bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Environmental Risk and the Iron Triangle: The Case of Yucca Mountain
Authors: Shrader-Frechette Kristin S. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract:Despite significant scientific uncertainties and strong public opposition, there appears to be an “iron triangle” of industry, government, and consultants/contractors promoting the siting of the world’s first permanent geological repository for high-level nuclear waste and spent fuel, proposed for Yucca Mountain, Nevada. Arguing that representatives of this iron triangle have ignored important epistemological and ethical difficulties with the proposed facility, I conclude that the business climate surrounding this triangle appears to leave little room for consideration of ethical issues related to public safety, environmental welfare, and citizen consent to risk. If my analysis of the Yucca Mountain case is correct and typical, then some of the most pressing questions of business ethics may concern how to break the iron triangle or, at least, how to expand it into a quadrilateral that includes the public.
On the Power of a Clear Definition of Rationality
Authors: Bazerman Max H. , Messick David M. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract:In this paper, we argue that the use of the term “rationality” in Judgment in Managerial Decision Making (JMDM) is extremely useful, and creates a useful dialogue between philosophical and psychological perspectives of ethics and morality. We conclude that while behavioral decision research can gain important insights by more fully including philosophical discussions of rationality, both intellectual communities should be clear in their definitions, provide falsifiable predictions, and offer insights that can be tested empirically. We believe that these are important contributions of behavioral decision research not currently incorporated in philosophical critiques.
The One Necessary Condition for a Successful Business Ethics Course: The Teacher Must be a Philosopher
Authors: Klein E. R. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract:The responses to the questions of why? when?, how?, where?, and in what ways? business ethics should be taught in the Business Ethics classroom inundate the scholarly literature. Yet, to date, despite some very interesting ideas, with respect to the answers given to the above question, not only has nothing even close to consensus been reached, but this particular area of pedagogy is in stagnation—authors still challenge both the very idea of teaching business ethics as well as the practical value of such courses for our students once they graduate to the corporate world.In this paper I will suggest that the reason for this lack of pedagogical progress is that there has been a serious oversight regarding the most important teaching question of all: Who? I will show that the pedagogical issue of whom should be teaching Business Ethics has been largely ignored, skirted or answered incorrectly. I will then boldly argue that the only necessary condition for successful courses in Business Ethics is that they be taught by experts in ethics, i.e., Ph.D.s in philosophy.
The Corporation as Community a Reply to Ed Hartman
Authors: Solomon Robert C. 
Published: July 2007

What is a corporation? Ed Hartman momentarily hesitates, commenting that “the last thing we need is another metaphor for organizations.” The truth is that we can all too easily imagine—and will no doubt get—much worse than another metaphor or model for organizational structures, functions and behavior, but the critical question is, of course, how apt a metaphor is “the corporation as commons”? If excitement about a subject can be measured by the number of current metaphors,—witness the current overuse and abuse of the “information superhighway” image—then the nature of the corporation would still seem to be a vibrant topic. But whether a metaphor depicts business organizations as teams playing games, as free-for-alls, as military hierarchies or as “dog-eat-dog” jungles makes all the difference, not only in our understanding of organizations but in the way that the people in those organizations understand themselves and, consequently, behave and treat one another.Hartman suggests that corporations and other large organizations are a lot like, in fact are (at least metaphorically) identical to, “a commons.” This is, admittedly, not a very pretty or exciting metaphor. It is rather rural for such an urbane subject, and the metaphor of sheep farming may suggest some unintended and unfortunate images in the corporate world. But, nevertheless, the metaphor of “the commons” has the virtue of being an old, rather established philosophical and political metaphor. Indeed, it is so well established that it is no longer considered to be a metaphor. Literally, the commons is publicly owned land on which any villager’s sheep may graze. It is obviously a finite resource, and its maintenance is in the interests of all.
An Ethical Analysis of Hierarchical Relations in Organizations
Authors: Moberg Dennis J. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract:Ethical analyses of the relations between managers and subordinates have traditionally focused on the employment contract. The inequality and requisite mutual trust between managers and subordinates makes the sub-disciplines of professional ethics and feminist ethics more applicable than the contractarian perspective. When professional ethics is applied to hierarchic relationships, specific obligations emerge for managers and subordinates alike. The application of feminist ethics results in the identification of an entirely different, though not contradictory, set of obligations. In toto, the analysis improves on the conventional wisdom governing hierarchic relationships while at the same time remaining consistent with our moral intuitions.
The Ethics of International Trade: Use of Deviation from Average World Price to Indicate Possible Wrongdoing
Authors: Paul Karen , Pak Simon , Zdanowicz John , Curwen Peter 
Published: July 2007

Abstract:The measure proposed here, the ratio of the price reported in a given trade to the average world price for that commodity, is based on the average world price for a given commodity reported for all trades between the U.S. and all other countries for a given period. This new measure can be used to enable government agencies to identify trades between U.S. firms or individuals and their counterparts in other countries which are designed to further prohibited activities such as money laundering or tax avoidance. This measure would also enable the U.S. government to monitor trade flows more accurately, facilitating more analysis of trade imbalances between countries and tracking trade in strategic materials, for example, weapons. Use of this new measure could enable naive buyers and sellers of goods, for example, those situated in remote or underdeveloped markets, to know what their counterparts in more central and informed countries are paying or being paid for comparable goods, and hence to become more informed as trading partners.
Challenging the Egoistic Paradigm
Authors: Bowie Norman E. 
Published: July 2007

Most economists are committed to some version of egoism. After distinguishing among the various sorts of egoistic claims, I cite the empirical literature against psychological egoism and show that attempts to account for this data make these economists’ previous empirical claims tautological. Moreover, the assumption of egoism has undesirable consequences, especially for students; if people believe that others behave egoistically, they are more likely to behave egoistically themselves. As an alternative to egoism I recommend the commitment model of Robert Frank.The equivalent of egoism at the organizational level is that business firms seek (should seek) to maximize profits. I present arguments to show that a conscious attempt by managers to maximize profits is likely to fail. A committed altruism is more likely to raise profits. I suggest that a firm should take as its primary purpose providing meaningful work for employees.
Are Business Managers “Professionals”?
Authors: Donaldson Thomas 
Published: July 2007

Abstract:This paper examines two issues about professionalism and business that appear at first blush to be entirely separate. The first is the question of who counts as a “professional,” and whether, in particular, business people are “professionals.” The second issue is how acknowledged professionals that regularly interact with business, such as accountants, lawyers, and physicians, can find the moral free space necessary to maintain professional integrity in the face of financial pressures. Conflicts of interest for professionals working in corporations recur with disturbing regularity, and often have serious consequences. In the end I will show how both issues share a common solution. The solution involves understanding the normative function of the manager in the modern corporation, a function, I will argue, made more conspicuous by work over the last two decades done in the areas of stakeholder theory, corporate social performance (CSP), and social contract theory. The remainder of the paper is devoted to articulating these two problems and clarifying their common solution.
Business Ethics: Oxymoron or Good Business?
Authors: Duska Ronald 
Published: July 2007

Abstract:Given that so many people think business ethics is oxymoronic, it might be prudent to investigate why and to determine what if any truth or partial truth they see. Thus, as a hueristic device, I propose to seriously examine the claim that business ethics is a contradiction in terms, and see what follows if business ethics is oxymoronic.
Combating Corruption: The 21st-Century Ethical Challenge
Authors: Ryan Leo V. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract:Combating and overcoming corruption in business and in political affairs is one of the most important issues facing business and professional ethics in the 21st century. That corruption exists is a fact. That corruption is widespread and spreading is a common perception. Many believe that corruption is culturally induced. Some believe corruption to be so much a part of the fabric of some societies as to be unquestioned and unassailable. Or, is it simply a myth that corruption is a matter of culture?
Regulating Corporate Social Performance: A New Look at Social Accounting, Auditing, and Reporting
Authors: Hess David 
Published: July 2007

Abstract:Traditional approaches to regulating corporate behavior have not, and cannot, produce socially responsible corporations. Although many of the problems with these approaches were identified twenty-five years ago by Christopher Stone, an effective regulatory system still has not been implemented. A model of regulation is needed that is flexible enough to accommodate the variety of contexts in which corporations operate, but also makes corporations responsive to the ever-changing societal expectations of proper corporate behavior. To accomplish these goals, a reflexive law regulatory system is needed. Under this approach, corporations should be encouraged to engage in corporate social accounting, auditing, and reporting (SAAR). The development of SAAR standards informed by reflexive law theory will create a regulatory system that is consistent with the latest thinking in business ethics, including Stakeholder Theory and Integrative Social Contracts Theory.
An Extraordinary Concept in the Ordinary Service of Management
Authors: Gilbert Daniel R. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract:The papers by Mele, Randels, and Schrag call attention to the proper work that the concept of loyalty can perform. All three authors argue that loyalty is not taken seriously enough in modern corporations. As Mele, Randels, and Schrag independently ascribe special status to the concept of loyalty, their analyses converge along numerous conceptual margins. Along these margins, a singular conception of loyalty comes into focus. Along these margins, we can see simultaneously why each author assigns extraordinary status to loyalty and why, ironically, each turns the special concept of loyalty over to the service of conventional management thinking. Mele, Randels, and Schrag leave it for us to ponder whether this ironic twist is unique to the concept of loyalty.
It’s Nothing Personal, It’s Just Business: Economic Instability and the Distribution of Harm
Authors: Alexander John 
Published: July 2007

Abstract:Managers have the primary role responsibility to protect and promote the economic viability of their organizations. Utilizing a formula that demonstrates the inherently unstable nature of economic systems, I argue that managers are sometimes morally required to make adjustments that result in harming people who work for them in order to reestablish the equilibrium necessary to remain viable. The question of who is going to be harmed and how this harm is morally justified is the focal point of this paper. I argue that utilizing traditional methods associated with our common morality cannot solve the issue of who is going to be harmed, and that the traditional methods for reestablishing equilibrium promote a distribution of harm that cannot be justified from a rationally defensible moral point of view. Utilizing the constraint of impartiality and the concept of the health of the organization, I argue that an equal distribution of harm among everyone affected by the decision is the only one that is rationally defensible.
Taming the Corporate Monster: An Aristotelian Approach to Corporate Virtue
Authors: Schudt Karl 
Published: July 2007

Abstract:Corporations are often considered as moral agents. Traditional ethical systems are directed toward human beings—how could human rules be expected to apply to corporations? In this paper an alternative system of ethics is proposed, tailored specifically for the corporate entity. I use the method of Aristotle, in which the character traits (virtues) that are conducive to the goal of human activity, happiness, are derived. For corporations, the goal is taken to be the traditional capitalist one of sustainable profit, and corresponding corporate virtues are derived. I argue that corporate virtues such as Efficient Production, Resource Management, Correct Pricing, and Right Relationship will be beneficial to human beings. It is profitable to consider the interests of human beings, because the corporation will avoid a costly war of offense and retaliation. A corporate ethics is developed that protects humans and has motivating force not based on human nature, but rather profit.
The Stakeholders as Investors: A Response to Etzioni
Authors: Cludts Stephan 
Published: July 2007

Abstract:In a recent contribution to this journal, Etzioni (1998) has introduced a “communitarian note on stakeholder theory” based on a principle of fairness. While we do not challenge the principle of fairness itself, we claim that when this principle is applied only to those who invest in the corporation, it cannot serve as the ground for an ethical stakeholder theory. A focus on low-skilled workers as a stakeholder group will help us to illustrate this claim.
Who is the Ethics Expert? the Original Footnote to Plato
Authors: Morse John 
Published: July 2007

Abstract:In her recent article, “The One Necessary Condition for a Business Ethics Course: The Teacher Must be a Philosopher,” Ellen Klein argues that philosophers are best qualified to teach business ethics by virtue of their expertise in ethical theory. Klein likens her claim to that of Plato’s “philosopher-king,” who claimed that the philosopher is best suited to be “king,” because he possesses a theoretical understanding of justice. In response to Klein, I point to Aristotle’s objection to Plato, which shows that theoretical knowledge of ethics is not sufficient for making a person ethical, because ethics requires both theoretical and practical knowledge. Ultimately, I argue that in order to have a successful business ethics class, one must address both the issues unique to ethical theory, and the particular structures and contexts that are unique to making an ethical decision within the business environment.
ICP‐MS Determination of Trace Elements in Aerosols Using a Dynamic Reaction Cell: First Results in PM10 Comparing Road and Aerial Traffic in Nice Area (France)
Authors: Fabretti Jean‐François , Sauret Nathalie , Gal Jean‐François , Maria Pierre‐Charles , Schärer Urs 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAn analytical methodology was developed for the determination of 21 trace elements in suspended particulate matter (PM) using a microwave digestion procedure associated with an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS). The dynamic reaction cell (DRC) of the instrument was carefully optimized to eliminate polyatomic species causing spectral interferences for three specified elements (Cr, Fe, Mn). With this method, the detection limits based on the analysis of seven quartz fibre filters (QFF) considering a one‐week sample (250 m3) varied between 0.2 and 650 pg m‐3 for trace elements and between 2.1 and 5.6 ng m‐3 for major elements (Fe, Ti, Zn). The recovery of the analytes was tested with NIST SRM 1648 urban dust within 10 % of the certified values only for 3‐4 mg of material. The first results were discussed for a field campaign which was carried out simultaneously in the heaviest traffic road tunnel of the centre of Nice and near the landing‐taking‐off runways in the international airport of Nice Côte d'Azur. The behaviour of some combustion tracers was especially studied.
Dithia‐Dikationen aus cyclischen und acyclischen Vorläufern durch Gasphasenoxidation („charge stripping”︁) von 3e/2c‐Radikalkationen
Authors: Drewello Thomas , Lebrilla Carlito B. , Asmus Klaus‐Dieter , Schwarz Helmut 
Published: July 2007

Was in Lösung nicht möglich ist, gelingt in der Gasphase bequem durch „charge‐stripping”︁‐Massenspektrometrie: die Erzeugung von Dikationen aus Radikalkationen acyclischer Thioether (z. B. 1→2). Die Ionisierungsenergien der Oxidation bestätigen sehr gut die Voraussagen von qualitativen MO‐Überlegungen zur Bindungssituation in 3e/2c‐Radikalkationen.magnified image
Schwefelpentafluorid‐isocyanid, SF5NC
Authors: Thrasher Joseph S. , Madappat Krishnan V. 
Published: July 2007

Zwei lange gesuchte, einfache SF5‐Verbindungen konnten unabhängig voneinander in zwei Arbeitsgruppen synthetisiert werden: SF5CN entsteht bei der Umsetzung von Dirhodan mit Fluor [Gl. (a)], das konstitutionsisomere SF5NC erhält man durch Debromierung von SF5N = CBr2 [Gl. (b)]. Das IR‐Spektrum des Cyanids zeigt bei 2235 cm−1 die charakteristische CN‐Valenzschwingung; die entsprechende Bande des Isocyanids liegt bei 2080 cm−1. Während SF5NC schon bei Raumtemperatur und Drücken <50 Torr zu SF5CN isomerisiert, ist dieses erstaunlich stabil. Beide gasförmigen Verbindungen lassen ungewöhnliche molekülphysikalische und chemische Eigenschaften erwarten.magnified image
Asymmetrische Oligomerisation von Propen und 1‐Buten mit einem Zirconocen/Aluminoxan‐Katalysator
Authors: Kaminsky Walter , Ahlers Aurelia , Möller‐Lindenhof Nico 
Published: July 2007

Ca. 80% Stereoselektivität beim Aufbau des zweiten Chiralitätszentrums wird bei der Olefin‐Oligomerisation erreicht, wenn der chirale Zirconocenkomplex (S)‐1 gemeinsam mit Methylaluminoxan als Katalysator eingesetzt wird. Durch geeignete Wahl von Katalysator‐ zu Monomerkonzentration kann die Oligomerisation weitgehend auf die Di‐ bis Pentamerisierung beschränkt werden. Die so einfach zugänglichen alkylsubstituierten 1‐Alkene, z. B. 2 und 3, könnten für die Synthese von Pheromonen und chiralen, gering funktionalisierten Verbindungen interessant sein.magnified image
Sukzessive „ferngesteuerte Funktionalisierung”︁ räumlich getrennter flexibler Molekülsegmente durch nackte FeI‐Ionen
Authors: Czekay Gregor , Eller Karsten , Schröder Detlef , Schwarz Helmut 
Published: July 2007

Als regiospezifische, konsekutive Abspaltung von Alken und Wasserstoff entpuppte sich die formale Alkan‐Abspaltung aus dem Fe⊕‐Komplex des α‐verzweigten Carbonitrils 1. Beide Alkylketten von 1 sind an dieser Fragmentierung beteiligt, wie in Tandem‐MS‐Experimenten gezeigt wurde. R  (CH2)5CD3, R′  C3H7.magnified image
Hochdruck‐NMR‐Untersuchung von [(η3‐C5H5)(η5‐C5H5)Cr(CO)2]; Hinweise auf einen konzertierten Ringaustausch
Authors: Millar John M. , Kastrup Rodney V. , Harris Suzanne , Horváth IstvánT. 
Published: July 2007

Nicht CO‐Eliminierung/Addition samt „Ring‐Slippage”︁ ist die Ursache des Ringaustauschs in 2, sondern eine konzertierte Faltung und Einebnung der beiden C5H5‐Ringe. Die Reaktion wurde durch Hochdruck‐1H‐ und ‐13C‐NMR‐Messungen von 1/CO studiert. Die Aktivierungsbarriere für den Ringaustausch beträgt 13.5 ± 1 kcal mol‐1. Eine Analyse der elektronischen Verhältnisse in 2 erklärt das ungewöhnliche Verhalten.magnified image
Neue S‐heterochinoide Elektronenacceptoren; Synthese von 2,5‐Bis(cyanimino)‐2,5‐dihydrothieno[3,2‐b]thiophenen (DCNTTs) und leitfähige Charge‐Transfer‐Komplexe
Authors: Günther Erhard , Hünig Siegfried , Peters Karl , Rieder Harald , von Schnering Hans Georg , von Schütz Jost‐Ulrich , Söderholm Svante , Werner Hans‐Peter , Wolf Hans C. 
Published: July 2007

Als Zwei‐Stapel‐Leiter mit nahezu planaren Acceptor‐ und Donoreinheiten liegt der 1:1‐Komplex aus dem heterochinoiden DCNTT 1 (Acceptor) und Tetrathiafulvalen (TTF) (Donor) vor. Derartige Charge‐Transfer‐Komplexe zeigen eine beachtliche Einkristall‐Leitfähigkeit (1 · TTF 25, 1 · Tetramethyltetraseienafulvalen 200 S cm‐1). Durch Substituenten können die beiden Redoxpotentiale des Acceptors innerhalb weiter Grenzen variiert werden.magnified image
Alkinspaltung als neuer Weg zu niedervalenten Carbinmetallkomplexen
Authors: Filippou Alexander C. , Völkl Christian , Grünleitner Walter , Kiprof Paul 
Published: July 2007

In Umkehrung einer Carbin‐Isocyanid‐Kupplung gelang es, den elektronenreichen Carbinkomplex 1 herzustellen. Schlüsselschritt der neuen Synthese ist die baseninduzierte Spaltung des tBu(H)N — CC — Ph‐Liganden eines WII‐Komplexes in einen Carbin‐ und einen Isocyanid‐Liganden. Diese Methode scheint auf Komplexe mit isoelektronischen Metallzentren übertragbar.magnified image
Asymmetrische nucleophile Acylierung via metallierte chirale Aminocyanide; enantioselektive Synthese von 3‐substituierten 4‐Oxoestern durch asymmetrische Michael‐Addition
Authors: Enders Dieter , Gerdes Peter , Kipphardt Helmut 
Published: July 2007

Erstaunlicherweise bisher kaum genutzt wurde das Synthesepotential chiraler Aminocyanide 1. Sie sind aus einem chiralen Amin und Aldehyden unter Zugabe von KCN leicht erhältlich. Nach der Metallierung fungieren sie als chirale Acyl‐Anion‐Äquivalente und können z. B. mit α,β‐ungesättigten Estern zu den Oxoestern 2 umgesetzt werden (ee = 90 bis 96%). Das chirale Amin läßt sich zu 91% zurückgewinnen.magnified image
Konformation und Struktur von Organometallkomplexen im Festkörper: zwei für das Verständnis chemischer Reaktionen wichtige Studien
Authors: Shambayati Soroosh , Crowe William E. , Schreiber Stuart L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn dieser Übersicht werden zwei Klassen von Organometallkomplexen unter Benutzung der Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) auf ihre bevorzugten Konformationen hin untersucht. Die Komplexe von Lewis‐Säuren mit Carbonylverbindungen zeigen je nach den elektronischen und sterischen Ansprüchen der Carbonylkomponente und der Art der Lewis‐Säure eine Vielfalt von Koordinationsgeometrien. Außerdem werden die Festkörper‐Konformationen von Acyl‐, Nitrosyl‐, Acetylen‐ und Imidoliganden in Komplexen, die π‐bindende Liganden enthalten, diskutiert. Die dabei gewonnenen Erkenntnisse regten die Entwicklung eines Konformationsmodells an, das auf den Konzepten der „π‐Bindungshybridisierung”︁ und der Grenzorbitaltheorie beruht. Die Befunde sind für ein Verständnis der Mechanismen und Übergangszustände vieler präparativ wichtiger Reaktionen von Bedeutung. Ein auf genauen Strukturdaten beruhendes tieferes Verständnis der konformativen Eigenschaften von Organometallkomplexen wird wahrscheinlich das Entwerfen und Optimieren von Prozessen fördern, in denen Metalle eine Rolle spielen.