bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Limiting temperature and relative humidity for growth and production of aflatoxin and free fatty acids byAspergillus flavus in sterile peanuts
Authors: Diener Urban L. , Davis Norman D. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractSound mature kernels, broken mature kernels, immature kernels, and unshelled Early Runner peanuts were heat‐treated in controlled environment cabinets and inoculated with spores ofAspergillus flavus. Treatments were incubated at 97‐99% relative humidity at different temperatures ranging from 5 to 55C and also at 30C with relative humidities ranging from 55 to 99%. Samples were removed after 7 and 21 days and assayed for aflatoxin, free fatty acids, and peanut kernel moisture. The limiting relative humidity for aflatoxin production byA. flavus was 85ŷ1% relative humidity for 21 days at 30C. The limiting low temperature for visible growth and aflatoxin production by the fungus was 13ŷ1C for 21 days at 97‐99% relative humidity. Damaged kernels, however, developed some afllatoxin in 21 days at 12C. The maximum temperature for aflatoxin production was 41.5ŷ1.5C for 21 days at 97‐99% relative humidity. Fungus growth and sporulation at 43C were equal to that at 40C, but no aflatoxin was produced. Moisture content of immature kernels was higher at equilibrium with the same relative humidity than the moisture content of sound mature kernels, damaged kernels, or kernels from unshelled peanuts. There appeared to be no proportional quantitative correlation between synthesis of aflatoxin and production of free fatty acids in nonliving peanuts, but no aflatoxin was produced without a simultaneous increase in free fatty acids.
Determination of gossypol in leaves and flower buds ofGossypium
Authors: Smith F. H. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractA method is described for the determination of free gossypol in cotton leaves with greater accuracy. The improved accuracy results from the elimination of the interference from chlorophyll and from quickly converting the extracted gossypol to the dianilino derivative. Methods for the determination of the free and bound gossypol in cotton flower buds are described.
A method for assessing evergreen habitats using phytodiversity and geospatial techniques in tropical rain forests of Southern Western Ghats (India)
Authors: Giriraj A. , Murthy M. S. R. , Ramesh B. R. , Dutt C. B. S. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractWe have used data generated using remote sensing and geographical information systems to categorize habitats, and then determined the relationship between the habitat categorizations and species‐distribution patterns. A biologically rich hotspot—Kalakad‐Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, located at Southern Western Ghats, India, was chosen for this study. In order to spatially delineate areas of high species richness/diversity and endemic habitat zones, we have identified evergreen habitats in conjunction with landscape metrics, species assemblage, micro‐habitats like slope, topography, species endemism, and proportion of core and edge species. A total of 236 species and 2,920 individuals were recorded using systematic stratified plots of 0.1 ha covering 47 plots. Hierarchical cluster analysis was done using Ward's method. Plot information was used to identify clusters based on species density. The analysis showed five species assemblages that are quite distinct from each other in terms of dominant species. The distribution of endemic and edge species, land cover heterogeneity, and continuity of patches in these clusters were evaluated to understand the degree of disturbance and intactness at landscape scale. Integration of species assemblages and topography brought out four major elevation‐slope complexes. Information on species composition (robust field survey) with spectral (hybrid classification) properties has shown 72% overall accuracy and distinguished four evergreen sub‐groups and other land cover classes. The developed approach assumes great importance in the assessment of biodiversity and prioritizing the areas of conservation.
Intermittent active motion versus immobilization in the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus-induced arthritis in a rabbit model
Authors: Hamel Antoine , Caillon Jocelyne , Jacqueline Cédric , Batard Eric , Boutoille David , Bugnon Denis , Miégeville Anne-Françoise , Rogez Jean-Michel , Potel Gilles 
Published: September 2008

Purpose This study has evaluated the effects of immobilization versus intermittent active motion on cartilage and on antibiotic efficacy in a rabbit septic arthritis model. Methods Rabbits were infected and assigned to one of four groups: group 1, no treatment without immobilization (allowing intermittent active motion); group 2, cast; group 3, oxacillin without immobilization; group 4, oxacillin and cast. Animals were sacrificed 21 days later. Bacterial counts and lateral radiograms were performed. A radiological score was calculated. Results Immobilization had no effect on oxacillin efficacy and a deleterious effect on the radiological score. Conclusion Intermittent active motion has allowed a better cartilage healing during the treatment of septic arthritis.
Timing in late babbling
Authors: Boysson-Bardies Bénédicte De , Bacri Nicole , Sagart Laurent , Poizat Michel 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTThe temporal organization of the late babbling of a French child during the pivotal period between babbling and the production of meaningful utterances is studied. Two points are analysed: the segmental timing in terms of syllabic durations and the durations of sequences according to their intonational contours. Articulation rate in late babbling is fairly rapid and stable and does not vary with length of sequences. However, at the end of the period studied, longer durations are found for bi- and tri-syllabic sequences. This lengthening can be seen to reflect changes in the child's target programming and the constraints on co-articulation that it implies. Additional changes occur also as a function of intonational contours.
Content and context in early lexical development
Authors: Snyder Lynn S. , Bates Elizabeth , Bretherton Inge 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTInvestigators have targeted the onset of reference in children at varying points on the developmental continuum. Their viewpoints seem to be related to issues of the contextual flexibility, content and composition of the lexicon in comprehension and production. This study considered all of the variables in the early vocabularies of 32 children with a mean age of 1; 1·7. An intensive maternal interview was used to obtain data on the words comprehended and produced by the children and the contexts which supported their interpretation and use. The findings pointed to a relative independence between the domains of comprehension and production. Vocabulary size was related to all contextually flexible items in production while only related to the contextually flexible predicates in comprehension. Further, there was evidence for an early version of the referential style that has been reported at later stages of development.
Wanted dead and alive: to what extent are hunting and protection of an endangered species compatible?
Authors: ROBINSON ELIZABETH J. Z. 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTCash-constrained wildlife departments must increasingly look towards revenue-generating activities such as sales of permits for hunting common species combined with fines for those caught with rare species. Pertinent to west Africa, an optimal enforcement model demonstrates the conditions under which a department with neither external budget nor tourism revenue can fully protect a rare species, and the impact on other species and local hunters' livelihoods. The department's effectiveness is shown to depend critically on the extent to which hunters can discriminate among different species. Improvements in hunting technology selectivity are therefore a substitute for increased enforcement spending.
Poverty and spatial dimensions of non-timber forest extraction
Authors: LÓPEZ-FELDMAN ALEJANDRO , WILEN JAMES E. 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTConservationists promote non-timber forest products (NTFP) to simultaneously alleviate poverty and conserve ecosystems. Unfortunately, little is known about how such products actually contribute to poverty alleviation, or how various complementary policies such as green marketing campaigns or cooperative management might impact resource health and users' welfare. This paper develops a simple NTFP extraction model that focuses on spatial and labor market dimensions of use in both managed and unmanaged settings. The model contrasts patterns of spatial use, resource health, and income generation under open access and community-managed institutions. We then test the conceptual model by investigating the case of xate production in the rainforest of Chiapas, Mexico, using survey work conducted over two separate periods. The empirical investigation reveals spatial patterns and labor market outcomes predicted by the model. We find NTFP use is mainly conducted by households with low opportunity costs of time and fewer income generation opportunities.
Exploiting common resources with capital-intensive technologies: the role of external forces
Authors: ENGEL STEFANIE , LÓPEZ RAMÓN 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTThis paper focuses on the interactions between local communities having at least some degree of informal claims over natural resources and firms interested in commercially exploiting such resources, explicitly allowing for interventions by third parties interested in community welfare and environmental outcomes. Integrating conflict and bargaining theories, we develop a bargaining model with endogenous inside and outside options, in which the feasibility and outcomes of a potential bargaining game depend on the unraveling of a conflict stage and vice versa. The model implies that, contrary to the conventional bargaining model, distribution and efficiency cease to be separable. We show that certain third-party interventions in the bargaining process may have unexpected and counterproductive effects.
Ram-Pressure Induced Star Formation in the LMC
Authors: Mastropietro Chiara , Burkert Andreas , Moore Ben 
Published: September 2008

AbstractWe use high-resolution n-body/SPH simulations to study the hydrodynamical interaction between the Large Magellanic Cloud and the hot halo of the Milky Way. We investigate whether the ram-pressure acting on the gaseous disk of the satellite can explain the peculiarities observed in the Hidistribution and the location of the recent star formation activity.
The Molecular Ridge Close to 30 Doradus in the Large Magellanic Cloud
Authors: Ott Jürgen , Wong Tony , Pineda Jorge L. , Hughes Annie , Muller Erik , Li Zhi-Yun , Wang Min , Staveley-Smith Lister , Fukui Yasuo , Weiß Axel , Henkel Christian , Klein Ulrich 
Published: September 2008

AbstractWith the ATNF Mopra telescope we are performing a survey in the 12CO(1–0) line to map the molecular gas in the Large Magellanic Cloud. For some regions we also obtained interferometric maps of the high density gas tracers HCO+ and HCN with the Australia Telescope Compact Array. Here we discuss the properties of the elongated molecular complex that stretches about 2 kpc southward from 30 Doradus. Our data suggest that the complex, which we refer to as the ‘molecular ridge’, is not a coherent feature but consists of many smaller clumps that share the same formation history. Likely triggers of molecular-cloud formation are shocks and shearing forces that are present in the surrounding south-eastern Hi overdensity region, a region influenced by strong ram pressure and tidal forces. The molecular ridge is at the western edge of the the overdensity region where a bifurcated velocity structure transitions into a single disk velocity component. We find that the 12CO(1–0) and Hi emission peaks in the molecular ridge are typically near each other but never coincide. A likely explanation is the conversion of warmer, low-opacity Hi to colder, high-opacity Hi from which H2 subsequently forms. On smaller scales we find that very dense molecular gas, as traced by interferometric HCO+ and HCN maps, is associated with star formation along shocked filaments and with rims of expanding shell-like structures, both created by feedback from massive stars.
Luminal Mg2+, A Key Factor Controlling RYR2-mediated Ca2+ Release: Cytoplasmic and Luminal Regulation Modeled in a Tetrameric Channel
Authors: Laver Derek R. , Honen Bonny N. 
Published: September 2008

In cardiac muscle, intracellular Ca2+ and Mg2+ are potent regulators of calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). It is well known that the free [Ca2+] in the SR ([Ca2+]L) stimulates the Ca2+ release channels (ryanodine receptor [RYR]2). However, little is known about the action of luminal Mg2+, which has not been regarded as an important regulator of Ca2+ release.
The effects of luminal Ca2+ and Mg2+ on sheep RYR2 were measured in lipid bilayers. Cytoplasmic and luminal Ca2+ produced a synergistic increase in the opening rate of RYRs. A novel, high affinity inhibition of RYR2 by luminal Mg2+ was observed, pointing to an important physiological role for luminal Mg2+ in cardiac muscle. At diastolic [Ca2+]C, luminal Mg2+ inhibition was voltage independent, with Ki = 45 μM at luminal [Ca2+] ([Ca2+]L) = 100 μM. Luminal and cytoplasmic Mg2+ inhibition was alleviated by increasing [Ca2+]L or [Ca2+]C. Ca2+ and Mg2+ on opposite sides of the bilayer exhibited competitive effects on RYRs, indicating that they can compete via the pore for common sites.
The data were accurately fitted by a model based on a tetrameric RYR structure with four Ca2+-sensing mechanisms on each subunit: activating luminal L-site (40-μM affinity for Mg2+ and Ca2+), cytoplasmic A-site (1.2 μM for Ca2+ and 60 μM for Mg2+), inactivating cytoplasmic I1-site (∼10 mM for Ca2+ and Mg2+), and I2-site (1.2 μM for Ca2+). Activation of three or more subunits will cause channel opening. Mg2+ inhibition occurs primarily by Mg2+ displacing Ca2+ from the L- and A-sites, and Mg2+ fails to open the channel.
The model predicts that under physiological conditions, SR load–dependent Ca2+ release (1) is mainly determined by Ca2+ displacement of Mg2+ from the L-site as SR loading increases, and (2) depends on the properties of both luminal and cytoplasmic activation mechanisms.
Epidemiology of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci Among Patients on an Adult Stem Cell Transplant Unit: Observations From an Active Surveillance Program
Authors: Calderwood Michael S. , Mauer Andreas , Tolentino Jocelyn , Flores Ernesto , van Besien Koen , Pursell Ken , Weber Stephen G. 
Published: September 2008

Objective.To use the findings of an active surveillance program to delineate the unique epidemiology of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) in a mixed population of transplant and nontransplant patients hospitalized on a single patient care unit.Design.Surveillance survey and case-control analysis.Setting.A 19-bed adult bone marrow and stem cell transplant unit at a referral and primary-care center.Patients.The study included patients undergoing transplantation, patients who had previously received bone marrow or stem cell transplants, and patients with other malignancies and hematological disorders who were admitted to the study unit.Methods.Patients not previously identified as colonized with VRE had perirectal swab specimens collected at admission and once weekly while hospitalized on the unit. The prevalence of VRE colonization at admission and the incidence throughout the hospital stay, genotypes of VRE specimens as determined by pulsed field gel electrophoresis, and risk factors related to colonization were analyzed.Results.There was no significant difference in the prevalence or incidence of new colonization between nontransplant patients and prior or current transplant recipients, although overall prevalence at admission was significantly higher in the prior transplant group. Preliminary genotypic analysis of VRE isolates from transplant patients suggests that a proportion of cases of newly detected VRE carriage may represent prior colonization not detected at admission, with different risk factors suggestive of a potential epidemiological distinction.Conclusion.Examination of epidemiological and microbiological data collected by an active surveillance program provides useful information about the epidemiology of VRE that can be applied to inform rational infection control strategies.
Reduced levels of GH during GnRH analogue treatment in pubertal short girls born small for gestational age (SGA)
Authors: Van Der Kaay Daniëlle C. M. , Rose Susan R. , Van Dijk Marije , Noordam Cees , Van Rheenen Eva , Hokken‐Koelega Anita C. S. 
Published: September 2008

SummaryContext  Several studies showed a decrease in height velocity during GnRH analogue (GnRHa) treatment. No information is available on GH levels during GnRHa treatment in short SGA girls.Objective  To study overnight GH profiles and IGF‐I and IGFBP‐3 levels in girls with Tanner stage 2 and stage 3, before and after 3 months of GnRHa treatment, and to compare levels with those found in prepubertal short SGA girls.Patients  Twenty‐four pubertal and 16 prepubertal short SGA girls.Intervention  After baseline overnight GH profiles, pubertal girls received leuprorelide acetate depots of 3·75 mg subcutaneously every 4 weeks.Outcome measures  GH, IGF‐I and IGFBP‐3 levels.Results  At baseline, GH levels were comparable to levels found in prepubertal short SGA girls and IGF‐I and IGFBP‐3 SDS were significantly below the population mean. After 3 months of GnRHa treatment, AUC0 (P = 0·02), mean (P = 0·02) and maximum GH levels (P = 0·008) had significantly decreased. Mean GH levels were significantly lower than in prepubertal short SGA girls (P = 0·03). Eight girls with more than 40% decrease in mean GH levels also had a significantly greater decrease in IGF‐I and IGFBP‐3 levels. Mean and maximum GH levels at baseline correlated significantly with those after 3 months of GnRHa treatment.Conclusion  Short SGA girls lack the normal increase in GH levels seen in puberty and have reduced IGF‐I and IGFBP‐3 levels, which might explain their reduced pubertal growth spurt. GnRHa treatment led to a significant reduction in GH levels. Therefore, combining GnRHa treatment with GH treatment might improve adult height of short SGA girls.
Novel mutation in the adiponectin (ADIPOQ) gene is associated with hypoadiponectinaemia in Japanese–Brazilians
Authors: Vendramini Marcio F. , Kasamatsu Teresa S. , Crispim Felipe , Ferreira Sandra R. , Matioli Sergio R. ,   Japanese‐Brazilian Diabetes Study Group, Moisés Regina S. 
Published: September 2008

SummaryObjective  Adiponectin is an important mediator of insulin sensitivity, encoded by the ADIPOQ gene. Here we describe two Japanese–Brazilian families with hypoadiponectinaemia due to a novel mutation in ADIPOQ.Design and patients  In this study, we examined the entire translated regions of adiponectin in Japanese–Brazilians, a population with one of the highest prevalence rates of diabetes worldwide. We screened 200 patients with type 2 diabetes (DM) and 240 age‐matched subjects with normal glucose tolerance.Results  A novel heterozygous T deletion at position 186 in exon 2 of ADIPOQ, causing a frameshift at codon 62 and leading to a premature termination at codon 168 (p.Gly63ValfsX106), was found in two individuals with diabetes. This mutation was not found in 240 nondiabetic control subjects. In addition, we screened the mutation in an expanded set of 100 nondiabetic subjects from the general Brazilian population, but we found no mutations. In addition, six family members of the probands were identified as mutation‐carriers. Individuals who were mutation‐carriers had markedly low plasma adiponectin concentrations compared with those without the mutation [DM: 0·65 (0·59–1·34) µg/ml vs. 5·30 (3·10–8·55) µg/ml, P < 0·0001; normal glucose tolerance: 0·95 (0·76–1·48) µg/ml vs. 8·50 (5·52–14·55) µg/ml, P = 0·003]. All individuals carrying the p.Gly63ValfsX106 mutation and older than 30 years were found to be diabetic.Conclusions  We describe for the first time a frameshift mutation in exon 2 of the ADIPOQ gene, which modulates adiponectin levels and may contribute to the genetic risk of late‐onset diabetes in Japanese–Brazilians.
Seasonal polydomy in a polygynous supercolony of the odorous house ant, Tapinoma sessile
Authors: BUCZKOWSKI GRZEGORZ , BENNETT GARY 
Published: September 2008

Abstract 1. The odorous house ant, Tapinoma sessile, is a native ant species common throughout North America. In its natural habitat, T. sessile is a low‐key species that consists of small colonies. In invaded urban areas, T. sessile exhibits extreme polygyny and polydomy and becomes a dominant invasive pest.2. The current study examined: (i) the density, persistence, and the spatial distribution of nests in a large supercolony of T. sessile, (ii) trail abundance and overall colony connectivity as facilitated by the network of trails, (iii) the abundance and the spatial distribution of competing ant species, and (iv) the effect of environmental factors on the number and distribution of T. sessile nests.3. A distinct pattern of seasonal polydomy was observed, whereby the colony undergoes an annual fission‐fusion cycle. The colony occupies one or a few nests during the winter, experiences rapid exponential growth in the spring to colonize available nesting sites, reaches maximum nest density in the summer, and again coalesces in the winter, returning to the same winter location year after year. The trails show spatio‐temporal variation as well, depending on the location of nesting and foraging sites. Furthermore, nest movements may be driven by soil microclimate and proximity to man‐made structures.4. In total, 119 ant nests were discovered in a 3.15 ha plot, 90 (76%) of which belonged to T. sessile. Tapinoma sessile exhibited strong colony connectivity as 78/90 (87%) of nests were connected to at least one other nest by a trail. Mean persistence time for T. sessile nests was 133 ± 5 days.5. Results indicate that T. sessile is a highly adaptable native ant species that exhibits a high degree of flexibility in its colony social structure. A high degree of polygyny and polydomy may contribute to its ecological dominance and pest status in urban environments.
Genetic analysis of feeding preference in two related species of Altica (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae)
Authors: XUE HUAI‐JUN , LI WEN‐ZHU , YANG XING‐KE 
Published: September 2008

Abstract 1. Genetic analysis of feeding preference can make an important contribution to our understanding of the evolution of host‐plant selection in phytophagous insects. Two closely related flea beetles, Altica viridicyanea (Baly) and Altica fragariae Nakane, with separate host plants [Geranium wilfordii Maxim. and Duchesnea indica (Andrews) Focke respectively] were hybridised to analyse the inheritance mode of feeding preference.2. Adult hybrid F1 (A. viridicyanea female × A. fragariae male) preferred G. wilfordii to D. indica in two‐choice tests, regardless of which plant they had fed on as larvae. Adults of one backcross to A. fragariae preferred D. indica to G. wilfordii, and the two backcrosses to A. viridicyanea consumed only a very small percentage of D. indica. Adult females of F2 showed no significant preference, whereas males of F2 showed slight preference for G. wilfordii over D. indica.3. Both the mean feeding preference and the segregation pattern of beetles indicate that the feeding preference of A. viridicyanea and A. fragariae for G. wilfordii and D. indica, respectively, is mainly controlled by a major dominant autosomal gene (or several genes).4. The variance between feeding preference and oviposition preference of female F2 indicate that the two behaviour traits of Altica species are controlled by different gene(s).