bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of glycopyrrolate on postoperative pain and analgesic requirements following laparoscopic sterilisation
Authors: Guard B. C. , Wiltshire S. J. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryIn order to evaluate the contribution of tubal spasm to pelvic pain following laparoscopic sterilisation, we have studied the effect of glycopyrrolate, an anticholinergic agent with antispasmodic properties, on 60 ASA 1 and 2 patients presenting as day‐cases for laparoscopic sterilisation using Filshie clips. In a randomised, double‐blind, controlled trial, patients received either glycopyrrolate 0.3mg or saline intravenously prior to induction of anaesthesia. Compared with the control group, patients receiving glycopyrrolate had significantly reduced immediate postoperative pain scores (p < 0.02) and required significantly less postoperative morphine (p < 0.01). Nausea, vomiting and anti‐emetic requirements were also reduced though not significantly. We conclude that glycopyrrolate 0.3mg at induction of anaesthesia is an effective method of improving the quality of recovery after day‐case laparoscopic sterilisation using clips.
Risk‐adapted autologous stem cell transplantation with adjuvant dexamethasone ± thalidomide for systemic light‐chain amyloidosis: results of a phase II trial
Authors: Cohen Adam D. , Zhou Ping , Chou Joanne , Teruya‐Feldstein Julie , Reich Lilian , Hassoun Hani , Levine Beth , Filippa Daniel A. , Riedel Elyn , Kewalramani Tarun , Stubblefield Michael D. , Fleisher Martin , Nimer Stephen , Comenzo Raymond L. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryHigh‐dose melphalan (MEL) with autologous stem cell transplant (SCT) is an effective therapy for systemic AL amyloidosis (AL), but treatment‐related mortality (TRM) has historically been high. We performed a phase II trial of risk‐adapted SCT followed by adjuvant dexamethasone (dex) and thalidomide (thal) in an attempt to reduce TRM and improve response rates. Patients (n = 45) with newly diagnosed AL involving ≤2 organ systems were assigned to MEL 100, 140, or 200 mg/m2 with SCT, based on age, renal function and cardiac involvement. Patients with persistent clonal plasma cell disease 3 months post‐SCT received 9 months of adjuvant thal/dex (or dex if there was a history of deep vein thrombosis or neuropathy). Organ involvement was kidney (67%), heart (24%), liver/GI (22%) and peripheral nervous system (18%), with 31% having two organs involved. TRM was 4·4%. Thirty‐one patients began adjuvant therapy, with 16 (52%) completing 9 months of treatment and 13 (42%) achieving an improvement in haematological response. By intention‐to‐treat, overall haematological response rate was 71% (36% complete response), with 44% having organ responses. With a median follow‐up of 31 months, 2‐year survival was 84% (95% confidence interval: 73%, 94%). Risk‐adapted SCT with adjuvant thal/dex is feasible and results in low TRM and high haematological and organ response rates in AL patients.
Dwindling pollen resources trigger the transition to broodless populations of long‐lived honeybees each autumn
Authors: MATTILA HEATHER R. , OTIS GARD W. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract 1. Each autumn in northern regions, honeybee colonies shift from populations of short‐lived workers that actively rear brood to broodless populations of long‐lived winter bees. To determine if dwindling pollen resources trigger this transition, the natural disappearance of external pollen resources was artificially accelerated or delayed and colonies were monitored for effects on the decline in brood‐rearing activity and the development of populations of long‐lived winter bees.2. Delaying the disappearance of pollen resources postponed the decline in brood rearing in colonies. Colonies with an extended supply of pollen reared workers longer into October before brood rearing ended than control colonies or colonies for which pollen supply was cut short artificially in autumn.3. Colonies with extended pollen supply produced more workers throughout autumn than colonies with less pollen, but the development of the population of long‐lived winter bees was delayed until relatively later in autumn. Colonies produced similar numbers of winter bees, regardless of the timing of the disappearance of pollen resources.4. Mean longevity of autumn‐reared workers was inversely related to the amount of brood remaining to be reared in colonies when workers eclosed. Consequently, long‐lived workers did not appear in colonies until brood rearing declined, which in turn was controlled by the availability of pollen.5. Dwindling pollen resources provide a powerful cue that initiates the transition to populations of broodless winter bees because it directly affects the brood‐rearing capacity of colonies and indirectly indicates deteriorating environmental conditions associated with the approach of winter.
Increased interleukin‐10 production and Th2 skewing in the absence of 5‐lipoxygenase
Authors: DiMeo Daniel , Tian Jun , Zhang Juan , Narushima Seiko , Berg Daniel J. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryEicosanoids (prostaglandins and leukotrienes) are important mediators of inflammatory responses. These lipid mediators may also regulate the production of peptide mediators of the immune system. In this study, we investigated the effect of the absence of 5‐lipoxygenase (5‐LO)‐derived leukotrienes on interleukin (IL)‐10 production. IL‐10 is a key regulator of immune and inflammatory responses, and previous studies have suggested that prostaglandins effect their immunosuppressive functions in part by stimulation of IL‐10 production. We therefore investigated whether leukotriene production would have a similar role in regulation of IL‐10 production. We have made the striking observation that absence of 5‐LO‐derived leukotrienes results in increased IL‐10 production with a concomitant decrease in the production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines, including tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α and IL‐12. Moreover, T‐cell cytokine production in the absence of 5‐LO‐derived leukotrienes results in increased IL‐4 production and decreased interferon (IFN)‐γ production. This may be in part secondary to increased IL‐10 production and its effects on dendritic cell function resulting in altered T‐cell differentiation. These findings indicate that, in addition to the central role leukotrienes play in the acute inflammatory response, endogenous leukotrienes are also important regulators of inflammatory cytokine production, via regulation of IL‐10 production and in vivo differentiation of T cells.
Micromorphology of mineralization deposits in the pulps of human teeth
Authors: FOREMAN P. C. 
Published: September 2007

Summary. The dental pulp may contain a considerable amount of calcified material. This originates from the pulp and takes the form of rods or tubules in the radicular pulp, or concentric spherical deposits in the coronal pulp. Chains of oval deposits may also form at the coronal end of the radicular pulp.Obliteration of the root canal may be due to dentinogenesis or to a massive diffuse pulpal calcification which has a herring‐bone structure and contains small spaces which could harbour bacteria. Growths of tubular dentine may be observed which take the form of flakes along the walls of the root canal and nodules around the walls of the coronal pulp chamber. These tubular excrescences may be observed invading the diffuse pulpal calcification to form a complicated cross‐linked calcified structure.
The antibacterial action of sodium hypochlorite and EDTA in 60 cases of endodontic therapy
Authors: BYSTRÖM A. , SUNVQVIST G. 
Published: September 2007

Summary. In this study the antibacterial effect of irrigating infected root canals with 0.5 and 5 per cent sodium hypochlorite solutions was evaluated clinically. The results indicated that there was no difference between the antibacterial effect of these two solutions. The combined use of EDTA and S per cent sodium hypochlorite solution was more efficient than the use of sodium hypochlorite solutions alone.An important observation was that bacteria surviving instrumentation and irrigation rapidly increased in number in the period between appointments when no intracanal medicament was used.
Resorption of autotransplanted human teeth: a retrospective study of 291 transplantations over a period of 25 years
Authors: SCHWARTZ OLE , BERGMANN PER , KLAUSEN BJARNE 
Published: September 2007

Summary. An assessment was made of the postoperative fate of 291 autotransplanted human teeth, carried out in the period from 1955 to 1980, with special reference to root resorption.Root resorption was found to be the major cause of graft loss (P< 0.0001), During the observation period, inflammatory resorption (IR) was diagnosed in 94 cases, leading to graft loss in 39 cases (mean survival time for grafts with IR was 7.2 years). Replacement resorption (RR) was found in 52 cases, leading to graft loss in 19 cases during the observation period, but with a considerably lower intensity of graft loss than in the IR group (mean survival time for grafts with RR was 12.0 years).The influence of several pre‐ and peroperative factors on the appearance of the two types of root resorption following autotransplantation was investigated. Premolars were found to be significantly less affected by IR compared with molars, and canines were more frequently affected by IR (64 per cent). The younger the patient, and especially the earlier the stage of root development of the donor tooth, the less IR, although pulp obliteration occurred more frequently in the early graft developmental stage. Ectopia of the donor tooth seemed to be followed by an increased frequency of IR and RR after transplantation.Extraoral storage induced both IR and RR. Peroperative endodontic treatment should be avoided, although endodontic treatment, in general, seemed to have an arresting influence on IR. Marginal bone loss seemed to affect fully developed grafts more than grafts transplanted at an earlier stage but, in general, root resorption was found to be the most relevant complication of autotransplanted human teeth.
Antibacterial activity of dental restorative materials
Authors: TOBIAS R. S. , BROWNE R. M. , WILSON C. A. 
Published: September 2007

Summary. The antibacterial activity of several dental materials (zinc oxide‐eugenol cement, Kalzinol, zinc phosphate cement, Silicap, Super Syntrex, Aspa, Chembond, Chemfil and Aquacem) was investigated in vitro against six micro‐organisms isolated from ferret plaque (Moraxella spp., Escherichia coli, Corynebacterium spp., Actinomyces viscosus, Enterococcus, Streptococcus sanguis). All freshly mixed materials showed some degree of antibacterial activity, though the effects varied between micro‐organisms. A ranking order was obtained for each material, and each material exhibited some reduction of effect after 72 hours’ culture.There was a substantial reduction in bactericidal properties of all materials 24 hours and 7 days after setting, this reduction being least for zinc oxide‐eugenol cement. The possible relationship between the antibacterial activity of the materials, bacterial contamination of the cavity and the pulpal response is discussed.
Evaluation of three thermoplasticized gutta‐percha filling techniques using a leakage modelin vitro
Authors: KERSTEN H. W. 
Published: September 2007

Summary. In an experimetal model the leakge of three endodontic filling techniques using the thermoplasticity of gutt‐percha, was compared with the leakge occurring in canals filled by lateral condensation.Forty‐six blocks of artificial dentine, comprised of hydroxyapatite and polyethylene, containing standardized curved and prepared ‘root canals’, were mounted in open‐ended tubes. Five groups of eight canals each were obturated by: (i) a combination of lateral condensation and thermomechanical compaction (hybrid technique), (ii) by lateral condensation with the use of a heated spreader (Endotec), (iii) by injection of low‐temperature thermoplasticized gutta‐percha, (iv) by conventional lateral condensation performed by an experienced operator, and (v) by lateral condesation performed by an inexperienced operator. Two blocks with canals left open served as positive controls. Four blocks without canals served as negative controls. At the coronal end of the canals the tubes were filled with 0.5 per cent butyric acid and 0.1 per cent valeric acid in water. The apical reservoir was filled with 0.1 per cent valeric acid. The tubes were closed with rubber membrace stoppers at both ends. The butyric acid was the material to leak, the valerate served and an internal standard. Six and 11 days after obutration, samples which were drawn from the apical reservoir, were acidified and injected into a gas chromatograph for butyric and valeric acid concentration analysis. Six day samples did not show a statistical difference in leakage among groups. Eleven‐day samples, after 5 days of forced leakage through elevated pressure at hte coronal reservoir did, however, show a statistical difference using one‐way analysis of variance. The Student‐Keuls multiple comparison test revealed that the group filled with the use of the Endotec had significantly less leakage than any of the other groups. Nodifference was observed in leakage between the tow lateral conddensation group. Correspondence: Dr H. W. Kersten, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Department of Cariology and Endodontology, Louwesweg 1,1066 EA Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Three canals in the mesial root of mandibular first permanent molars: a clinical study
Authors: FABRA‐CAMPOS H. 
Published: September 2007

Summary. Traditional teaching of the anatomy of root canals in different teeth can lead clinicians into the misguided belief that a predetermined number of root canals is always present in any given tooth. A new understanding of the root canal system has enabled the location of additional canals.Results of the clinical study of 760 first mandibular molars, showed that 20 (2.6 per cent) had three canals in the mesial root. Of these 20 teeth, 13 (65 per cent) had an intermediate canal which joined the mesiobuccal canal in the apical third. In six cases (30 per cent) it joined the mesiolingual canal in the same area. In only one case did the intermediate or third canal retain its individual nature and end in an independent foramen.
Particles and molecules in endodontic leakage
Authors: KERSTEN H. W. , MOORER W. R. 
Published: September 2007

Summary. It is assumed that above a critical level, microleakage causes periapical disease and jeopar‐dizes periapical tissue repair. The purpose of this investigation was first to find out to what degree obturation prevents leakage of bacteria‐sized particles or large protein molecules, and second it leakage of the commonly used dye methylene blue is comparable with that of a small bacterial metabolic product of similar molecular size.Sections, 9 mm long, obtained from 46 extracted human incisor roots had their root canals prepared in a standardized manner and obturated in four experimental ways using gutta‐percha. The root sections were mounted in the middle of tubes that were closed at both ends with rubber membrane stoppers, which permitted sampling from the apical reservoir. The coronal reservoir was filled with a solution of 1 mg/ml latex beads, 4 μg/ml endotoxin, 0.5 per cent butyric acid, 0.1 per cent valeric acid and 0.1 per cent methylene blue in water. After 1 and 2 weeks, samples were taken from the apical reservoir and tested tor the presence of latex beads by phase‐contrast microscopy, for endotoxin with a limulus lysate test, (or butyric acid with gas‐chromatography and for methylene blue with spec‐trophotometric analysis. Leakage of bacteria‐sized particles and large‐sized protein molecules could be prevented only when both sealer and pressure were used in obturating root canals with gutta‐percha. Leakage of butyric acid proved to be comparable with leakage of methylene blue; microleakage of these small molecules could not be prevented in this study whatever method of filling was used.
The effect of variation in thermomechanical compaction techniques upon the quality of the apical seal
Authors: SAUNDERS E.M. 
Published: September 2007

Summary. The purpose of the present study was to assess the effect of compactor design, alterations in rotational speed and modification to the basic technique of thermomechanical compaction on the quality of the apical seal produced by gutta‐percha and sealer cement. The integrity of the apical seal achieved using two different configurations of compactor, rotational speeds of 8000 and 16,000 rev/ minute and a hybrid technique which combined thermomechanical compaction with lateral condensation were compared with conventional lateral condensation. The same brand of gutta‐percha and type of sealer were used throughout the investigation.A cleared tooth technique that allowed the three‐dimensional assessment of Indian ink leakage was employed. Instrument fracture, a problem experienced in some other investigations, did not occur with either design of compactor used. Apical dye leakage was found to be a relatively frequent occurrence with each variation in obturation technique studied, including that of lateral condensation of cold gutta‐percha and sealer. The results showed no significant difference in the mean degree of leakage for each of the groups or in the proportion of specimens that showed leakage (P > 0.1).The advantages of the hybrid method of root canal obturation were discussed.
The retrieval of silver cones using different techniques
Authors: HÜLSMANN M. 
Published: September 2007

Summary. Three different techniques of silver cone retrieval were investigated in 41 teeth containing 91 silver cones. The techniques used for retrieval were as follows:

hand instrumentation with files, spoon excavators and forceps;
the automated Canal‐Finder‐System;
ultrasonic devices.

In all teeth, these techniques were used in the same sequence, starting with hand instrumentation, followed by the Canal‐Finder‐System, and ending with ultrasonic devices. Fifty‐two of the 91 cones (57 per cent) could be removed with hand instruments. Of the remaining 39 cones, 19 were removed after using the Canal‐Finder‐System. An additional 10 cones could be removed after the use of ultrasonics. Two cones could only be bypassed by the Canal‐Finder‐System but were not removed with any of the techniques investigated in this study. Eight silver cones (9 per cent) could neither be bypassed nor removed. It was concluded that silver cone retrieval in more than half the cases could be performed easily with hand instruments, particularly spoon excavators. The automated Canal‐Finder‐System and ultrasonics proved to be helpful devices in many difficult cases, but did not guarantee success in every case.
Characterization of two types of human oral fibroblast with a potential application to cellular toxicity studies: tooth pulp fibroblasts and buccal mucosa fibroblasts
Authors: ARENHOLT‐BINDSLEV D. , BLEEG H. 
Published: September 2007

Summary. Cultures of human oral buccal mucosa fibroblasts and human tooth pulp fibroblasts were established and grown under standard routine conditions. The biological characteristics of cell proliferation, growth pattern, cell morphology and enzyme release (lactate dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase) were studied.Under the same standard in vitro conditions the two cell types demonstrated different growth patterns and different levels of enzyme activity.It is suggested that differences in biological characteristics should be considered when selecting appropriate cells for lexicological studies of dental materials.
The microbial flora from root canals and periodontal pockets of non‐vital teeth associated with advanced periodontitis
Authors: KOBAYASHI T. , HAYASHI A. , YOSHIKAWA R. , OOKUDA K. , HARA K. 
Published: September 2007

Summary. Microflora from root canals and periodontal pockets of periodontally affected were compared in order to elucidate the as yet unknown relationship between pulpal and periodontal disease.Caries‐free teeth affected with advanced periodontitis and diagnosed as clinically dead by electric pulp testing were selected. The root canals and periodontal pockets were sampled, and the bacterial flora examined by both culture and interference microscopy. The results indicated that the aerobe/anaerobe ratio in the periodontal pocket was 0.23, while it was 0.0022 in the root canal, the large predominance of morphotypes in the two sites. Results of anaerobic culture demonstrated a significantly higher rate of detection of facultative Streptococcus bacteria in the periodontal pocket than in the root canal.The predominant bacterial species common to both regions were Streptococcus, Peptostreptococcus, Eubacterium. Bacteroides, and Fusobacterium for obligate anaerobes. As for facultative anaerobes, ActinomycesStreptococcus were detected predominantly in the periodontal pocket. The occurrence of micro‐organisms common to both sites in this study suggests that the periodontal pocket may be a possible source of root canal infections.
In vivo findings associated with heat generation during thermomechanical compaction of gutta‐percha. Part I. Temperature levels at the external surface of the root
Authors: SAUNDERS E. M. 
Published: September 2007

Summary. Temperature elevations of 10°C above body temperature, of duration 1 minute, may be sufficient to cause bone tissue injury. Temperature rises on the root surface in excess of 10°C have been shown in studies in vitro of thermoplasticized gutta‐percha root filling techniques. To determine whether results in vitro at room temperature could be extrapolated to conditions in vivo, temperature elevations were recorded at the mid‐point on the root surface of the canine tooth in the ferret during thermomechanical compaction of gutta‐percha. The time taken for the temperature to return to normal was also measured. There was no statistically significant difference between temperature elevations recorded in vitro and those measured in vivo, A linear extrapolation may therefore be made from results recorded at room temperature.Temperature elevations dissipated more rapidly in vivo than in vitro; this may be due to the cooling effect of the microvasculature of the periodontal membrane.
Specialization in endodontics
Authors: MARTIN D. M. 
Published: September 2007

Summary. The dental profession within the UK is currently reviewing the desirability of recognition of practice‐based specialties and the establishment of specialist registers in various disciplines, including endodontics. In order to merit consideration for specialty status, in any discipline there must be an increase in the level of theoretical knowledge, and in the range and complexity of clinical procedures beyond the bask level of training. There must be an identified public need extending beyond the provisions of the general dental services for the particular skills of the practice‐based specialist, who would also complement the consultant services, which have a limited capacity to provide the level of treatment demanded.Acceptance of the principle of specialist practice implies a belief that this will enhance the development of the profession, improve academic and clinical standards and provide a higher‐quality and more widely available service to the public. The case for the specialist endodontist is argued, as is the importance of establishing appropriate academic and clinical training programmes to equip individuals with the requisite knowledge and skills. Academic institutions must develop imaginative and innovative courses to provide such education within the profession.