bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of Tape‐Recorded Food Records in Assessing Children's Dietary Intake
Authors: Lindquist Christine H. , Cummings Tina , Goran Michael I. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractBackground: Dietary assessment among children is particularly problematic when techniques are dependent on memory skills or advanced cognitive development.Objective: The current study explored the use of self‐report by tape recorders to document children's dietary intake immediately upon consumption, and compared this method with the traditional, interviewer‐guided recall technique. In addition, the influence of body fatness and sociodemographic characteristics on the accuracy of recall and tape‐recorded food records was determined.Research Methods and Procedures: The sample included 30 black and white children aged 6.5 to 11.6 years (x¯ = 9.5). Energy intake (EI), measured by six 24‐hour food records (three for each method), was compared with total energy expenditure calculated by the doubly labeled water technique. Paired t tests, correlation analyses, and multiple re‐gression analyses were performed.Results: The analyses revealed poor validity of the tape recorder method (x¯ misreporting score = −1.13 ± 2.62 MJ/day, r for total energy expenditure and EI = −0.06, p = 0.74). Estimates of EI differed significantly between the tape recorder and recall methods (p < 0.01). The traditional recall method was confirmed as a valid estimate of energy intake (x¯ misreporting score = 0.04 ± 2.38 MJ/day), although demonstrating a modest correlation with TEE (r = 0.32, p = 0.08). Although no significant predictors of misreporting using the recall method were identified in the multivariate analyses, older children and children with higher adiposity were more likely to misreport using the tape recorder method.Discussion: The results suggest that the use of the tape recorder for estimating EI does not result in accurate assessments among children, although this techniquemay be useful for specific subgroups (i.e., younger and leaner children).
Low Plasma Leptin Concentration and Low Rates of Fat Oxidation in Weight‐Stable Post‐Obese Subjects
Authors: Filozof Claudia M. , Murúa Carlos , Sanchez Marta P. , Brailovsky Carlos , Perman Mario , Gonzalez Claudio D. , Ravussin Eric 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: A low resting metabolic rate for a given body size and composition, a low rate of fat oxidation, low levels of physical activity, and low plasma leptin concentrations are all risk factors for body weight gain. The aim of the present investigation was to compare resting metabolic rate (RMR), respiratory quotient (RQ), levels of physical activity, and plasma leptin concentrations in eight post‐obese adults (2 males and 6 females; 48.9 ± 12.2 years; body mass index [BMI]: 24.5 ± 1.0 kg/m2; body fat 33 ± 5%; mean ± SD) who lost 27.1 ± 21.3 kg (16 to 79 kg) and had maintained this weight loss for ≥2 months (2 to 9 months) to eight age‐ and BMI‐matched control never‐obese subjects (1 male and 7 females; 49.1 ± 5.2 years; BMI 24.4 ± 1.0 kg/m2; body fat 33 ± 7%).Research Methods and Procedures: Following 3 days of weight maintenance diet (50% carbohydrate and 30% fat), RMR and RQ were measured after a 10‐hour fast using indirect calorimetry and plasma leptin concentrations were measured using radioimmunoassay. Levels of physical activity were estimated using an accelerometer over a 48‐hour period in free living conditions.Results: After adjustment for fat mass and fat‐free mass, post‐obese subjects had, compared with controls, similar levels of physical activity (4185 ± 205 vs. 4295 ± 204 counts) and similar RMR (1383 ± 268 vs. 1430 ± 104 kcal/day) but higher RQ (0.86 ± 0.04 vs. 0.81 ± 0.03, p < 0.05). Leptin concentration correlated positively with percent body fat (r = 0.57, p < 0.05) and, after adjusting for fat mass and fat‐free mass, was lower in post‐obese than in control subjects (4.5 ± 2.1 vs. 11.6 ± 7.9 ng/mL, p < 0.05).Discussion: The low fat oxidation and low plasma leptin concentrations observed in post‐obese individuals may, in part, explain their propensity to relapse.
Sequence Variation within the Neuropeptide Y Gene and Obesity in Mexican Americans
Authors: Bray Molly S. , Boerwinkle Eric , Hanis Craig L. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Recently, we reported evidence for linkage between neuropeptide Y (NPY) and both obesity and several obesity‐related quantitative measures in a sample of Mexican Americans from Starr County, Texas. The purpose of this study was to investigate putative variation within the coding and promoter regions of NPY.Research Methods and Procedures: Five young, obese individuals (body mass index [BMI] 33 to 45 kg/m2, age 14 to 30 years); five adult, lean individuals (BMI 20 to 26 kg/m2, age 39 to 65 years); and five sibling pairs sharing no alleles that were identical by descent at a marker locus proximal to NPYwere selected for fluorescence‐based sequencing of approximately 1100 base pairs (bp) immediately 5′ from the start site and all four exons of NPY. We identified a total of eight variant sites, including a 2‐bp insertion/deletion (I/D) within a putative negative regulatory region (−880I/D) and a 17‐bp deletion at the exon 1/intron 1 junction (69I/D). The −880I/D and 69I/D variants were typed in a separate random sample of Mexican Americans (N = 914) from Starr County, Texas.Results: Analyses of variance resulted in a significant association between −880I/D and waist‐to‐hip ratio (p = 0.041) in the entire sample and between −880I/D and BMI (p = 0.031), abdominal circumference (p = 0.044), and waist‐to‐hip ratio (p = 0.041) in a non‐obese subsample (BMI < 30 kg/m2, n = 594). The 69I/D variant was observed in only one pedigree and does not appear to segregate with obesity within this pedigree.Discussion: This study reports newly identified common human sequence variation within the regulatory and coding sequence of NPY. Several variants were observed, and of those tested, the −880I/D promoter region variant may influence body fat patterning in non‐obese individuals but does not appear to play a major role in the etiology of common forms of obesity in this population.
Rapamycin Inhibits Human Adipocyte Differentiation in Primary Culture
Authors: Bell Andrea , Grunder Laura , Sorisky Alexander 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: The immunosuppressant drug rapamycin, has been reported to inhibit 3T3‐L1 adipocyte differentiation by interfering with critical postconfluent mitoses that are required early on for successful differentiation of this cell line (clonal expansion phase). In contrast to the murine 3T3‐L1 preadipocyte cell line, human preadipocytes in primary culture do not undergo clonal expansion during differentiation. We investigated whether rapamycin could inhibit human adipocyte differentiation.Research Methods and Procedures: The effect of rapamycin on the induction of differentiation of human preadipocytes in primary culture into adipocytes was measured using Oil Red O staining and glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase activity.Results: We have observed that rapamycin severely curtails human adipocyte differentiation of both omental and abdominal subcutaneous preadipocytes (to 14% and 19% of standard differentiation, respectively). The rapamycin‐mediated inhibition of human adipocyte differentiation could be reversed in the presence of excess amounts of FK‐506, which displaces rapamycin from its intracellular receptor, FKPB12. Measurement of cytosolic protein and [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA confirmed the absence of proliferation during differentiation of human preadipocytes in primary culture.Discussion: Our data indicate that rapamycin exerts important negative regulatory effects on adipogenesis in human preadipocytes, through a mechanism that does not depend on interruption of clonal expansion.
Heart Rate Variability in Obese Children: Relations to Total Body and Visceral Adiposity, and Changes with Physical Training and Detraining
Authors: Gutin Bernard , Barbeau Paule , Litaker Mark S. , Ferguson Michael , Owens Scott 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Heart rate variability provides non‐invasive information about cardiac parasympathetic activity (PSA). We determined in obese children: (1) relations of baseline PSA to body composition and hemodynamics; (2) effects of physical training (PT) and cessation of PT; and (3) which factors explained individual differences in responsivity of PSA to the PT.Research Methods and Procedures: The root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD) was the index of PSA. Obese children (n = 79) were randomly assigned to groups that participated in PT during the first or second 4‐month periods of the study.Results: Baseline RMSSD was significantly (p < 0.05) associated with lower levels of: fat mass, fat‐free mass, subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue, resting heart rate (HR), resting systolic blood pressure, and exercise HR. Stepwise multiple regression produced a final model (R2 = 0.36) that included only resting HR. The analysis of changes over the three time points of the study found a significant (p = 0.026) time by group interaction, such that RMSSD increased during periods of PT and decreased following cessation of PT. Greater individual increases in response to the PT (p < 0.05) were seen in those who had lower pre‐PT RMSSD levels, showed the greatest decreases in resting HR, and increased most in vigorous physical activity. The final regression model retained only the change in resting HR as a significant predictor of the changes in the RMSSD (R2 = 0.23).Discussion: Regular exercise that improved fitness and body composition had a favorable effect on PSA in obese children.
Inheritance of the Waist‐to‐Hip Ratio in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Family Heart Study
Authors: Feitosa Mary F. , Borecki Ingrid , Hunt Steven C. , Arnett Donna K. , Rao D. C. , Province Michael 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Considering that waist‐to‐hip ratio (WHR) is a simple anthropometric measure of obesity and is a better predictor of coronary heart disease than body mass index (BMI), the genetic underpinnings of WHR are of interest. The inheritance pattern of WHR, before and after adjustment for BMI (WHR‐BMI), was investigated in 2713 individuals from 1038 nuclear families in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Family Heart Study (NHLBI‐FHS).Research Methods and Procedures: Waist and hip measurements were taken twice, and the means of the measurements were used to calculate the WHR. Adjustments for age were carried out separately by sex, using stepwise multiple regression procedures for WHR and WHR‐BMI phenotypes. Segregation analysis was applied using the unified model as implemented in the computer program POINTER.Results: For age‐adjusted WHR, the segregation results suggested an additive major gene that accounts for 35% of the phenotypic variance, and approximately 30% of the sample are homozygous for the “high” genotype. The results for age‐ and BMI‐adjusted WHR were also compatible with a major gene; however, the multifactorial model provided the most parsimonious fit to the data.Discussion: Although the genetic mechanisms for several obesity traits have been studied, tests of Mendelian segregation on this simple anthropometric measure (WHR) have not been reported previously. This study provides evidence for the presence of a major gene for age‐adjusted WHR, suggesting that it is an appropriate trait for further genetic analysis, especially because it has strong predictive value and probably relates biologically to cardiovascular risk.
The Effect of Repeated Episodes of Dietary Restriction and Refeeding on Systolic Blood Pressure and Food Intake in Exercise‐Trained Normotensive Rats
Authors: Miller Gary D. , Dimond Alison G. , Stern Judith S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To explore the effects of weight cycling and exercise on blood pressure and macronutrient intake in Sprague‐Dawley rats.Research Methods and Procedures: Female Sprague‐Dawley rats (n = 62; 5 months old) were assigned to an ad libitum (Con) or weight‐cycled (Cyc) group. They were either sedentary (Con‐Sed and Cyc‐Sed) or exercise‐trained (Con‐Ex and Cyc‐Ex) on a motorized treadmill (20 m/minute; 60 minutes/day; 6 days/week). The Cyc groups underwent 2 cycles of 3 weeks of 60% food restriction followed by 5 weeks of ad libitum refeeding using a macronutrient self‐selection diet. Body mass and food intake were analyzed weekly. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured at baseline and during the first and fifth weeks of each refeeding.Results: For both cycling periods, SBP was elevated in Cyc vs. Con groups at Week 1 of refeeding, but was similar among groups by Week 5 of refeeding. Both Con groups had greater total energy intake than the Cyc groups for both cycling periods (Cycle 1: 2882.2 ± 75.1, Con‐Sed; 2916.1 ± 67.1, Con‐Ex; 2692.2 ± 58.7, Cyc‐Sed; and 2780.5 ± 52.4 kcal, Cyc‐Ex) (Cycle 2: 2815.8 ± 75.1, Con‐Sed; 2938.8 ± 49.4, Con‐Ex; 2577.1 ± 60.5, Cyc‐Sed; and 2643.5 ± 65.9 kcal, Cyc‐Ex). Relative fat intake (percentage of total kcal/week) was significantly less for Con‐Ex and Cyc‐Ex than Con‐Sed and Cyc‐Sed throughout both refeeding periods.Discussion: Weight cycling failed to produce significant sustained effects on SBP, body mass, or food intake. Exercise training, irrespective of diet, lowered dietary fat intake.
Predictors of Weight Change in Middle‐aged and Old Men
Authors: Fogelholm Mikael , Kujala Urho , Kaprio Jaakko , Sarna Seppo 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Studies on weight change and mortality have yielded inconclusive results. This 10‐year prospective study was undertaken to improve understanding of factors affecting weight change.Research Methods and Procedures: The subjects were 1143 men, aged 36 to 88 years (mean, 53.3 years) at entry. A questionnaire was filled in at entry and at the end of the follow‐up with queries on weight, height, weight at the age of 20, physician‐diagnosed diseases, smoking, alcohol use, dietary habits, leisure physical activity, occupation, present occupational activity, living conditions (living alone or cohabiting), and former athletic status. Further information on morbidity was obtained from selected national registers. Factors predicting weight change during the study were identified by stepwise linear multiple regression analysis.Results: The mean 10‐year weight change was 0.8 (range, −29 to +24) kg. Age at entry (β‐coefficient, −0.17, SE 0.02), weight at entry (β, −0.03, SE 0.01), diabetes at entry (β, −3.55, SE 1.02), diabetes diagnosed after entry (β, −3.94, SE 0.96), malignant cancer (β, −1.60, SE 0.70), being a smoker (β, −1.59, SE 0.48), and increased physical activity (β, −1.27, SE 0.54) were significantly (p < 0.05) associated with weight loss in the final model. The model explained 13% of the variance of weight change.Discussion: The results emphasize the complexity of weight change. Some factors associated with weight change are apparently negatively, and some positively, associated with health. This could explain the equivocal findings on weight change and mortality in the literature.
Obesity Management: Australian General Practitioners’ Attitudes and Practices
Authors: Campbell Karen , Engel Helen , Timperio Anna , Cooper Catherine , Crawford David 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjectives: To document general practitioners’ (GPs) attitudes and practices regarding the prevention and management of overweight and obesity.Research Methods and Procedures: A cross‐sectional survey of a randomly selected sample of 1500 Australian GPs was conducted, of which 752 questionnaires were returned. The measures included views on weight management, definitions of success, views regarding the usefulness of drugs, approaches to and strategies recommended for weight management, and problems and frustrations in managing overweight and obesity.Results: GPs view weight management as important and feel they have an important role to play. Although they consider themselves to be well prepared to treat overweight patients, they believe that they have limited efficacy in weight management and find it professionally unrewarding. GPs view the assessment of a patient's dietary and physical activity habits and the provision of dietary and physical activity advice as very important. The approaches least likely to be considered important and/or least likely to be practiced were those that would support the patient in achieving and maintaining lifestyle change.Discussion: There remains considerable opportunity to improve the practice of GPs in their management of overweight and obesity. Although education is fundamental, it is important to acknowledge the constraints of the GPs’ existing working environment.
Usefulness of Anthropometry and DXA in Predicting Intra‐abdominal Fat in Obese Men and Women
Authors: Kamel Emad G. , McNeill Geraldine , van Wijk Marlene C. W. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To investigate the usefulness of anthropometry and DXA in predicting intra‐abdominal fat (IAF) in obese men and women.Research Methods and Procedures: Observational, cross sectional study of 22 women and 18 men with a body mass index of 30 or above. IAF from 20 cm above and 10 cm below the L4 to L5 intervertebral disc was measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a reference method. Central abdominal fat was measured from the upper border of L2 to the lower border of L4 by DXA. Waist and hip circumferences were also measured.Results: In obese women DXA, waist circumference and waist‐hip ratio were equally well correlated with IAF (r = 0.74, 0.75, and 0.70, respectively). In obese men DXA was moderately correlated with IAF measured by MRI (r = 0.46), whereas waist circumference and waist‐hip ratio were not significantly correlated with IAF.Discussion: The prediction of IAF in obese subjects was highly dependent on sex more than in non‐obese persons. Anthropometry and DXA were equally useful in obese women, whereas anthropometry had no predictive power and DXA was the only acceptable predictor of IAF in obese men.
Effect of One Morning Meal and a Bolus of Dexamethasone on 24‐Hour Variation of Serum Leptin Levels in Humans
Authors: Laferrère Blandine , Fried Susan K. , Osborne Tom , Pi‐Sunyer F. Xavier 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: We have previously shown that morning administration of dexamethasone in combination with food induces a doubling of serum leptin levels starting at 7 hours after dexamethasone administration, with a maximum effect at 10 hours, the latest time point that we have studied. However, dexamethasone given in the absence of food had no effect on serum leptin at 10 hours. The present experiment was undertaken to determine the duration of the effect of dexamethasone on 24‐hour serum leptin under fasted and fed conditions in humans.Research Methods and Procedures: Six healthy non‐obese male volunteers were studied under the following four conditions: 1) dexamethasone (2 mg intravenously, given at 0900 hours) with fasting; 2) dexamethasone with food (1700 kcal, 55% carbohydrate, 15% protein, and 30% fat, given in one meal 2 hours after dexamethasone administration at 1100 hours); 3) saline with food (same meal); 4) saline with fasting. Serum leptin, glucose, insulin, and cortisol were monitored every 30 minutes for 24 hours.Results: 1) Under the fasting condition, dexamethasone increased leptin nocturnal secretion between 2100 and 2400 hours. 2) A single meal (1700 kcal) at 1100 hours increased nocturnal leptin secretion when compared with the fasting condition. The peak increase of leptin was 123% over baseline between 2100 and 2400 hours, 10 to 14 hours after the meal. 3) In the fed + dexamethasone condition, leptin levels increased from baseline starting 8 hours after dexamethasone injection, reached a maximum increase of 260% between 2100 and 2400 hours, then decreased thereafter, remaining elevated compared to baseline for 16 hours. There was a correlation between 24‐hour leptin secretion and insulin secretion after a single morning meal.Discussion: A single bolus of dexamethasone, given before a single large meal, produces a delayed (6‐hour) but long‐lasting increase in serum leptin (over 16 hours). Under fasted conditions, dexamethasone does not increase daytime leptin but does increase leptin during the night.
Zinc‐Induced Hyperleptinemia Relates to the Amelioration of Sucrose‐Induced Obesity with Zinc Repletion
Authors: Chen Ming‐Der , Lin Pi‐Yao 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Dietary zinc repletion can ameliorate sucrose‐induced obesity. A positive correlation between zinc and leptin has been recently noted, and both are known as important mediators in appetite control. In this study, we examined whether the reported amelioration of sucrose‐induced obesity by zinc repletion was consequent on the changes in circulating leptin levels.Research Methods and Procedures: Mice with obesity that was induced by giving a 32% sucrose solution in addition to a semipurified diet were divided into two groups based on whether they had 20 mg/liter zinc supplementation in their drinking water.Results: As expected, the mice with sucrose‐induced obesity had hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperleptinemia, and hypozincemia when compared with the mice given the diet alone. Body weight gain, body fat content, and food and sucrose intake tended to decrease but not with statistical significance in sucrose‐fed obese mice with zinc supplementation. Nevertheless, some serum variables (glucose, insulin, triglycerides, and zinc) in sucrose‐fed obese mice with zinc treatment were approximate to those values of the mice given the diet alone. Moreover, sucrose‐fed obese mice with zinc supplementation had the highest serum values of leptin.Discussion: This study indicates that the amelioration of sucrose‐induced obesity by zinc repletion may be partly attributable to the hyperleptinemia induced by the mineral.
Raised Interleukin‐6 Levels in Obese Patients
Authors: Roytblat Leonid , Rachinsky Maxim , Fisher Allan , Greemberg Lev , Shapira Yoram , Douvdevani Amos , Gelman Simon 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Obese patients demonstrate a variety of biochemical, metabolic, and pulmonary abnormalities. Inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor‐α and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) may have a direct effect on glucose and lipid metabolism. Hypoxemia in itself induces release of IL‐6. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between IL‐6 levels in healthy volunteers (control group) and three different groups of obese patients: patients without obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), patients with OSAS, and patients with obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) (daytime baseline oxygen saturation of <93%).Research Methods and Procedures: We measured serum IL‐6 levels in 25 obese patients (body mass index of >35 kg/m2) and 12 healthy women.Results: The results demonstrate statistically significant differences in serum IL‐6 levels between the control group (1.28 ± 0.85 pg/mL) and obese patients without OSAS (7.69 ± 5.06 pg/mL, p < 0.05) and with OSAS (5.58 ± 0.37 pg/mL, p < 0.0005). In the patients with OHS, IL‐6 concentrations were highest (43.13 ± 24.27 pg/mL).Discussion: We conclude that serum IL‐6 is increased in obese patients. The highest IL‐6 levels were found in the patients with OHS.