bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
GOR-Control Foams: Demonstration of Oil-Based Foam Process Efficiency in a Physical Flow Model
Authors: Dalland Mariann , Hanssen Jan Erik 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Production at high gas/oil ratio (GOR) is a problem in many reservoirs and occurs because of the high mobility of gas in the formation. Horizontal wells can be a solution to produce thin oil rims, but depending on the reservoir, these may also give unwanted gas production. Foam has been developed into an attractive GOR-control agent. Combining the use of foam with horizontal wells will possibly reduce the production of unwanted gas to an acceptable level.
Placement of foam barriers at the gas-oil contact plays a crucial role for a successful treatment. One option is the injection of an aqueous surfactant slug followed by nitrogen or methane gas injection. Since an aqueous solution has a tendency to segregate downwards, foam can only be created by following the surfactant with gas injection. A better injection scheme would be to inject a surfactant dissolved in a non-aqueous solvent having a lower density than the oil in place. Such a slug will segregate upwards to the gas-oil contact and form a layer. When the well is on production and gas tries to migrate through the surfactant layer a gas-blocking foam barrier will be formed.
As part of ongoing research towards qualifying the use of gas-blocking foam to control the GOR in producing wells, a new design of laboratory model of an idealised heterogeneous oil/gas reservoir penetrated by a horizontal well was developed. The physical flow model was used to study two phase production of oil and gas with and without the presence of a foam that has previously been shown to block gas efficiently in one-dimensional lab experiments. The results of these 2D model experiments are described in the paper and suggest that foam barriers are well suited for protecting horizontal wells in heterogeneous reservoirs.
The results include injection of foaming-agent solution, showing gravity-controlled placement, generation of gas-blocking foam by production start-up, and successful GOR reduction by the foam barrier, all proceeding as expected from previous work.
Management System of Safety and Environmental Protection in China Offshore Oil Industry
Authors: Jiang Dexiang 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper presents the importance of offshore oil operation safety and lessens from serious accidents. CNOOC has explored a correct way for offshore oil safety management.
The paper describes the safety management system for China offshore oil industry and its content around eight areas.
The paper also introduces the recently plan and arrangement on safety and environmental protection management of CNOOC.
P. 13
Reservoir Evaluation Logging for Waterflooding Oilfields
Authors: Wang Shaomin , Yang Yuanjun , Jiang Wenda 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The well logging techniques for waterflooded oilfield in China and the variations of lithological and petrophysical parameters for waterflooded formations are illustrated. The results of core measurement and the selection for logging series and interpretation methods are discussed. The remaining (or residual) oil saturation, water-cut, productivity and waterflood level are provided, which are the technological basis for the development plan adjustment and enhanced oil recovery.
P. 21
Integration Technology of Workover Equipment with Production Platform in Offshore Oilfield
Authors: He S. H. , Sun D. C. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper presents the integration technology of workover equipment with production platform in offshore areas. The environmental conditions, the structure style and the characteristics of the platform are described in the paper. It belongs to the conventional jacket platform. The production control facilities, the work-over rig, triplex pump, watch cabin and living accommodation are installed on the deck, which are all movable and disassembling parts. They can be moved to other similar platforms to perform work-over or remedial work, which will reduce the platform operation cost. Although the cost of the platform is 30% higher than that of the conventional platform, it is 50% cheaper than that of a movable work-over platform and the construction method is simple. As a new type platform, it can be used for production in offshore areas with a water depth of 5-18 m.
As more and more oil wells put into production in Chengdao island area, Shengli oilfield, Shandong province, oil testing water injection, well repair and work-over increases greatly. There are only two workover platforms in Shengli oilfield. Most oil testing and workover job is completed by the "Zuo Ye No.1" platform in the area where the water depth is more than 4m, it also need to perform the workover in offshore area in Liaohe oilfield. The "Zuo Ye No.2" platform can only work in the area where the water depth is less than 4m. Many work-over and remedial work especially oil testing after completion must be completed by drilling rig, which is a kind of waste to the drilling rig. The lack of the workover facility severely affected the production of offshore oilfield in Shengli and Bohai Bay.
Movable production platform is not suitable for the exploitation of offshore oilfield because of its long design and construction period, high expenses, and high engineering difficulty. In addition, the towing and jacking are complicated and its workover costs are very high with an average price of 2.5 million Renminbi Yuan each time. The research on the integration technology of workover equipment with production platform in offshore field is started in 1997 so as to exploit effectively the marginal offshore field. For an offshore marginal field with a production less than 30-50 t/d per well or per well cluster in initial days and 10-20 t/d later, it is not commercial to use current conventional production technology. It is important for the exploitation of offshore oilfield in Shengli and Bohai Bay to find out a new kind of platform. The platform can meet production requirements not only at present but also in the future, be competent to not only production but also work-over, can not only fixed on the production and workover platform but also move flexibly among production platforms.
Critical Aspects Experienced in Drilling a World Record Extended Reach Well in South China Sea
Authors: Zhang Ming Jiang , Zhang Wu Nian 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In 1997, Xijiang 24-3-A 14 extended reach well (ERW) was drilled from Xijiang 24-3 platform. This well set a world record for a horizontal displacement of 8,062.7m at a measured depth of 9,238 m. it was needed to develop a satellite field about 8km from the existing platform. Due to the size of the field and number of the stacked sands, an S-shaped ERW was designed and drilled with an 80 tangent to the crest of the first reservoir sand. All the reservoir sands within the closure were intersected by dropping to a 54 inclination at total depth.
In addition to difficulties such as target tolerance, torque and drag, wellbore stability, normally expected in extended reach wells, several other obstacles were noted on Xijiang ERW. The critical problems included the unique operations in this area, relatively undersize of the rig and platform, near exploratory nature of the well.
This paper will discuss the drilling and completion of the ERW and how each of the critical problems was addressed and resolved.
P. 35
Application of Fractal Techniques in Reservoir Development
Authors: Shen Pingping , Liu Mingxin , Jia Fenshu 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper mainly describes the methods and application of fractal techniques in reservoir development, including parameter analysis, modeling methods and application results of fractal techniques in the research on pore structure, distribution of heterogeneity of porosity or permeability and reservoir simulation. Some numerical algorithms in sofiware and its application effect are also discussed.
P. 53
The Technology and Methodology of Reservoir Geological Modeling in the Evaluation Phase of Oilfield Development
Authors: Jia Ailin , Mu Longxin , Xiao Jingxiu , Wang Zhengbiao 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The evaluation phase of oilfield development refers to the period from the discovery of an ojlfield to the development. In this time, only one or a few wells have been drilled, and usable data is very limited. But in order to develop the oilfield successfully, a geological model, which can reflect the basic character of the reservoir (conceptual model) must be built. Thus, a couple of conflicts between data and study come out.
Over past 10 years, many new oilfields have been discovered in China, especially in western China, and the geological conditions and usable data are very different from each other. Through 10 years of research and application in the new oilfields, many new technologies and methodologies in geological modeling matched to different oilfields with various geological characteristics and data have been developed, including:
Based on detailed geological and sedimentary researches, we integrate all useful data (seismic, logging, geologic statistic and so on) to build geological model and to evaluate the reservoir heterogeneity.
A set of new technology and methodology has been used and developed according to the character of different oilfields, which includes high resolution seismic technology under the control of well data, stochastic modeling under the control of geology, high resolution stratigraphy correlation and so on.
The modeling steps and methods according to different geological and data conditions and requirements of development plans are generalized.
With the development and application in many new oilfields, we found the models built by above methods are successful.
P. 67
Practice & Knowledge Gained from the Development in the Pilot Area, SZ36-1 Oil Field
Authors: Liang Huiwen , Jing Fengjiang 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The recovery features of conventional water injection is. summed up based on 4 years production data from the pilot test area in SZ36-1 oilfield. Combined with the analysis on reservoir characteristics, fluid properties and production techniques for their influences on development results, some basic knowledge of certain development issues is gained and presented in the paper.
P. 75
High Temperature and High Pressure Well Drilling Practice in Ying-Qiong Area South China Sea
Authors: Zhang Yong , Duan Yisheng 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
There are lots of potential risks and difficulties in the high temperature and high pressure well drilling. Ying-Qiong Area South China Sea is one of the areas in the world where high pressure and high temperature coexists. This paper reviews the high temperature and high pressure well drilling operations conducted by China Offshore Oil Nanhai West Corporation in the Ying-Qiong Area South China Sea and probes the technology applied to the high temperature and high pressure well drilling operation. It emphasizes on the prediction of formation pore pressure, well casing program design, casing wear prevention and well drilling technical measures, etc.
P. 95
Combined Using SSAW and LSAW Pipes for Oil & Gas Pipelines - A Reliable and Economic Approach
Authors: Huang Zhiqian , Liu Wencheng 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The success of combined using SSAW and LSAW pipes for oil and gas pipeline in large scale is an important breakthrough of metallurgical and steel pipe manufacturing technology in China. Based on the greatly improved quality of SSAW pipe, this technology has brought up a very reliable and economic approach for pipeline Construction and a promising prospect of expanding the use of SSAW pipe. CNPC has applied this technology to construct many oil and gas pipelines both in and outside China successfully.
P. 103
Cold Production of Thin-bedded Heavy Oil Reservoir in Henan Oilfield
Authors: Hu C. , Liu X. , Wang J. , Song Z. , Fan Z. , Yang F 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The heavy oil reservoirs in Henan oilfield are mainly thin-bedded viscous and unconsolidated with viscous oil. Many of which are suitable for cold production. Lab experiments show that high permeability channels can be created in the reservoir when a large amount of sand is produced, and that the oil displacement efficiency is significantly improved in presence of dissolved gas. Field pilot shows that the fluid is produced in a foamy oil form with sand-cut of 2-20% (in volume) and oil production of 16-30t/d, which is over 10 and 5 times as much as that of conventional recovery and cyclic steam stimulation in the same reservoir respectively.
P. 119
Studies on the Untabulated Reservoirs Development in Daqing Lasaxing Oilfields
Authors: Wang Qimin , Song Yong , Cheng Baoqing , Liu Chunlin 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The reservoirs of Daqing oilfield are a set of fluvial and deltaic sediments deposited in the inner continental shallow lakes and basins. In the long course of complicated sedimentation, sediments are generated not only in the high-energy environment, but also in the low-energy one characterized by short supply of detrital materials. The latter is mainly oil-spotted and oil-soaked muddy siltstones distributed on the top and in the bottom of sediments and in their poorly lithological position. Generally they are not within the limit of effective thickness, so they are not arranged into the reserves list, and then named untabulated reservoirs.
This kind of reservoir's individual layer is thin and its area is small, but the reserves potential is great. Generally speaking they are communicated complicatedly with good oil layers, if they are divided as barrier zones, t will influence the whole effects of oilfield development, so studies on the untabulated reservoirs will have great value to improve the overall effects of Daqing oilfield development.
Through studies and field tests in the untabulated reservoirs of Lasaxing oilfields, the geological characteristics and potential distribution have been clearly known and a set of measures have found out to develop these untabulated reservoirs, thus the theoretical and practical bases have been accumulated for further tapping the potential of the untabulated reservoirs.
P. 125
Simulational Study of Viscous Fingering in Fractured Reservoirs
Authors: Zhang J.H. , Liu Z.H. , Qu S.X. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Viscous fingering phenomena occurring in fluid displacement process are simulated by using the fractal theory in heterogeneous reservoirs. Networks of random fractures are constructed using successive random adding method in two dimensional areal simulations. A modified fractal growth model, in which the interfacial tension effects in the boundary of displacing and displaced fluids are taken into account, is employed to simulate the immiscible displacement of native oil by injected water in fracture-network reservoirs. The results suggest that the geometry of a fracture network influence upon the displacement process significantly. Increasing fracture width, or increasing linear density of fractures, or decreasing Hurst exponent of a fracture, will lead to the dominant movement of driving fluid along the fractures. The fractures control the flooding pattern. Fingers grow easier at the orientations of fractures. Therefore, the areal sweep efficiency decreases, but the sweep efficiency along fractures increases. Furthermore, the distribution of a fracture network also affects the development and evolution of fluid displacement.
P. 273
An Analysis of Helical Buckling of Long Tubulars in Horizontal Wells
Authors: Deli Gao , Liu FengWu , Xu BingYe 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
It is difficult to determine real helical configuration by the current energy method. This paper describes an analytical solution based on equilibrium method, which represents the real configuration of helically buckled tubular subjected to axial and torsion loading in horizontal wells. New results of axial changes, the maximum bending stress and contact force in tubular are derived from the solution.
P. 517
A Fully Implicit Parallel EOS Compositional Simulator for Large Scale Reservoir Simulation
Authors: Wang P. , Balay S. , Sepehrnoori K. , Wheeler J. , Abate J. , Smith B. , Pope G. A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A fully implicit parallel equation-of-state (EOS) compositional simulator for large-scale reservoir simulation is presented. This simulator is developed under the framework named IPARS (Integrated Parallel Accurate Reservoir Simulator) and is constructed using a Newton-type formulation. The Peng-Robinson EOS is used for the hydrocarbon phase behavior calculations. The linear solvers from the PETSc package (Portable Extensible Toolkit for Scientific Computation) are used for the solution of the underlying linear equations. The framework provides input/output, table lookups, Fortran array memory allocation, domain decomposition, and message passing between processors for updating physical properties in mass-balance equations in overlapping regions. PETSc handles communications between processors needed for the linear solver.
Many test runs were performed with up to four million gridblocks for a dry-gas injection process on an IBM SP machine and half a million gridblocks on a cluster of 16 PCs. Results indicate that the scalability of the simulator is very good. The linear solver takes around half of the total computational time for homogeneous reservoirs. For layered heterogeneous reservoirs, the linear solver took a larger fraction of the total computational time as the permeability contrast increased. The time for the communication between processors for updating the flow equations is insignificant.
The PC cluster is roughly a factor of two slower than the SP for parallel runs, which is very encouraging. This factor is strongly related to the hardware configuration of the computers, which is detailed in the paper.
Decision-Driven Reservoir Modelling: The Next Big Thing
Authors: Gawith D. E. , Gutteridge P. A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In the past few years there has been a change in reservoir modelling from using 2D maps to a 3D workflow involving detailed shared earth models, upscaled for reservoir simulation. This change has brought an improvement in the quality of simulation models through incorporating more geological features of reservoirs. However, in many cases, this process is slow and impractical. Teams find they cannot update the complex models frequently enough, or carry uncertainty, because current technology can not cope. Our task now is to take the shared earth model forward and realise its potential.
This paper introduces a new approach to reservoir modelling: DDRM, which is aimed at meeting the challenges of the new business environment. It involves creating and using reservoir models which are just as complex as they need to be, and bringing uncertainty into predictions more thoroughly than before. This requires advanced reservoir modelling technology, with new techniques such as: scale-independent non-grid-based design, model-detail realisation on the fly, merging static and dynamic elements, and uncertain prediction from uncertain models.
The new approach is illustrated by a case study in probabilistic ranking of well-locations on an oilfield under development. The business decision is where to put the next wells, and the pace of development makes it impossible to update and run conventional large reservoir models to evaluate all the possibilities. The DDRM solution is quick and appropriate, matching method to question. New technology used in this case includes model construction with uncertain objects, dynamic characterization by streamline simulation on the fly, detail created locally when required and automated, rapid model updating.
Domain Decomposition Methods and their Application to Modeling of the Performance of Horizontal and Slanting Wells in the Anisotropic Reservoirs
Authors: Ibragimov A. I. , Baganova M. N. , Nekrasov A. A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In this paper analytical simulator for modeling of the wells performance is presented. The proposed method is based on iterative algorithm and domain decomposition principle (with and without overlapping) reducing the drainage problems in initial domain with complicated structure, heterogeneous properties and mixed boundary conditions to problems in standard (simple) homogeneous domain with uniform boundary conditions. The developed method has been proved in both stationary and transient cases.
For the numerical realization special analytical approximations of Newtonian and Heat Potentials were used. The computational experiments allowed to analyze the impact of the geometry of the "resevoir+well" system on the production index and to infer several Flow Rate (F-R) Formulae for the strongly Horizontal well (HW), Slanting well (SW) and dual lateral HW.
The developed analytically numerical method and the F-R Formulae have been validated and proved to be highly precise.
Curvilinear Local Grid Refinement: Part 2–Rapid Grid Generation, and Further Applications
Authors: Ghosh S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Rapid generation of a local, orthogonal, curvilinear grid around a well requires numerically inexpensive methods for computing curvilinear gridblock pore volumes. An adaptive step size fourth-order Runge-Kutta integration is combined with adaptive discretization of the computational domain for fast pore volume determination. Adaptivity is shown to be critical for fast integration. A coning application is used to compare and contrast several grid refinement schemes.
Aquifer Configuration Estimation Through Inverse Problem Solution
Authors: Zakirov Iskander S. , Zakirov Ernest S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
It is well-known that the configuration of aquifer, its spatial extent and reservoir properties significantly influence the whole process of gas/oil recovery. The impact of aquifer is the most essential when field is developed under the depletion drive. In this paper a method to evaluate unknown configuration of aquifer conditioned to production history data has been developed.
Re-Examine Insert Chamber-Lift for High Rate, Low BHP, Gassy Wells
Authors: Winkler H. W. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Chamber-lift is a form of intermittent gas lift (GL). The chamber installation design determines the success of this type of GL operation. There are three primary reasons for selecting chamber-lift to GL a well:
to lower the depth of gas injection in a low flowing BHP well with a long perforated interval or open hole, to fully utilize an available injection-gas pressure that significantly exceeds the flowing BHP in terms of starting liquid slug length, and to attain the lowest possible average flowing BHP by reducing the fluid-head backpressure for a given liquid feed-in.
Although there are numerous variations in the physical design of a chamber, the two fundamental types are the two-packer and the insert bottle type for collecting the well fluids. The two-packer chamber utilizes the casing annulus for accumulation of the well fluids. The insert type of chamber is usually fabricated from the largest pipe that can be safely run inside of the casing or open hole.
Chamber location and size relative to the working fluid level, injection and formation gas venting, supplementing injection gas for lifting the slug and utilizing the chamber-lift principle can be the difference between efficient and inefficient chamber-lift operations. The purpose of this paper is to outline and illustrate the chamber-lift design considerations that are not fully explained in previously published literature on insert type chambers in high rate, low flowing BHP, gassy wells.