bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The glyceride structure of swine depot fat
Authors: Reiser Raymond , Ramakrishna Reddy H. G. 
Published: May 2007

Summary and ConclusionsA male pig was reared for three months on a diet containing about 1% fat and 0.2% dienoic acid. The back fat was fractionated into glyceride types by crystallization methods, and the fatty acid composition of each was determined by the spectrophotometric procedure. The relative amounts of the glyceride types almost perfectly fit the hypothesis that there is an oleic acid in the 1 position of each glyceride molecule, that the residual oleic acids are in the 3 position, that the linoleic acid is in the 2 position of the resultant dioleins, and that the saturated acids complete the structure.The GS2U and GSU2 fractions were hydrolyzed by pancreatic lipase. The iodine values of the resultant monoglycerides and free fatty acids indicated that the unsaturated acids are predominantly in the 1 and 3 positions and the saturated in the 2 position. From these data and from previous knowledge of the structure of liver lecithin and of the mechanism of lecithin and triglyceride synthesis, which are discussed, it is postulated that the structure of endogenous animal fat is a resultant of the specificity of the acylating enzyme and of the nature and relative proportions of available fatty acids. The possible influence on depot fat structure of exogenous fat, of the dynamic state of the glycerides, and of the homeostatic mechanism are discussed.Linoleic acid, when fed at a low level, was found to be preferentially deposited and not utilized for energy purposes.
The origin of the marine polyunsaturated fatty acids. Composition of some marine plankton
Authors: Kelly Peter B. , Reiser Raymond , Hood Donald W. 
Published: May 2007

Summary and ConclusionsShrimp, crabs, the marine diatomNitzschia closterium, Platymonas sp., and the fresh water algaChlorella pyrenoidosa were maintained or cultured in the laboratory. The crustacea were fed low‐fat, cottonseed oil, and menhaden oil rations. The fatty acid composition of all groups, as well as that of native phytoplankton and zooplankton catches, were determined as the extinction coeffcients, (E1%1cm.), at wavelengths of maximum absorption.It was found that both shrimp and crabs lost much of their polyunsaturated acids on the fat‐free diet and regained it again by ingestion, as do fish. The shrimp however appeared to synthesize more highly unsaturated acids from cottonseed oil than did other aquatic animals.Phytoplankton do produce a high level of polyunsaturated fatty acids.The importance of the determination of the structure of aquatic plant and animal fatty acids in the problem of the origin of the acids and their mechan ism of synthesis was discussed.
Ricinelaidic acid and methyl ricinelaidate. Their preparation and determination by infrared spectroscopy
Authors: McCutchon Marian A. , O'Connor R. T. , DuPre Elsie F. , Goldblatt L. A. , Bickford W. G. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryImproved methods for the preparation of ricinelaidic acid and methyl ricinelaidate are described. The methods depend upon the elaidinization of methyl ricinoleate with a relatively small quantity of a nitrite‐nitric acid solution, fractional crystallization of the methyl ricinelaidate, and its subsequent hydrolysis to ricinelaidic acid. The infrared spectra of these two compounds are presented, and bands arising from a deformation of the C−H about thetrans C=C group are discussed. Absorptivity values for this band in chlorform and in carbon disulfide solutions are given as additional criteria of purity of ricinelaidic acid and its methyl ester. The infrared absorption procedure for the quantitative determination of isolatedtrans ethylenic bond was applied to the determination of both ricinelaidic acid and methyl ricinelaidate. Details of specific procedures for the determination of each compound are given with the equations necessary for their calculation. Use of these methods is illustrated with the analysis of elaidinization mixtures. The repeatability and accuracy obtaineble are given. A value is reported for the methyl ricinoleate—methyl ricinelaidate equilibrium and the mechanism of the reaction is discussed briefly.
N‐bromosuccinimide in the conjugation of fatty acids and oils
Authors: Nanavati D. D. , Nath Bhola , Aggarwal J. S. 
Published: May 2007

Summary

A series of methyl esters of fatty acids were reacted with N‐bromosuccinimide, and the products were dehydrobrominated by heating.

In the reaction of metyyl erucate and methyl oleate with equivalent amounts of N‐bromosuccinimide, bromination occurred in the allylic position farthest from the carboxyl group. Products of dehydrobromination contained 30–40% conjugated dienoic acids.

Use of excess N‐bromosuccinimide led to production of both diene and triene conjugation.

Products from mono‐acetylenic fatty acids had a double bond conjugated to the triple bond initially present.

The product from methyl 9∶12‐linoleate was a complex mixture having diene, triene, and tetraene conjugation.

Mustard seed, peanut, olive, karanja, neem, tobacco seed, and safflower oils were reacted with N‐bromosuccinimide. The bromo derivatives could not be satisfactorily dehydrobrominated by heat alone; heating in pyridine, quinoline, or 2∶4∶6‐collidine was more effective. The products from safflower and tobacco seed oils partially gelled during the process. The films of all the treated oils dried in wrinkled patterns.
The fungicidal activity of the unsaturated fatty acids and quaternary salts prepared from fish oils
Authors: Sokoloff Boris , Toyomizu Masamichi , Trauner Walter , Renninger George 
Published: May 2007

SummarySaturated and unsaturated fatty acids and 10 unsaturated fatty acid fractions and ethyl esters of unsaturated fatty acid fractions prepared from fish oils were tested on their inhibitory activity againstCandida albicans.Oxidation of highly unsaturated fractions from fish oil and ethyl esters of unsaturated fatty acid fractions of menhaden, pilchard, and cod liver oils increases their antifungal activity.Saturated and unsaturated quaternaries were tested for their antifungal activity.Hexadecyltriethylammonium bromide and hexadecylpyridinium bromide showed the highest activity againstCandida albicans, Aspergillus niger, andRhyzopus nigricans.Any lengthening of the carbon chain more than C16 weakened the activity of both saturated triethylammonium bromide and pyridinium bromide. An increase of unsaturation enhanced it.The antifungal activity of quaternaries prepared from fish oils was about 4,000 times stronger than that of oxidized highly unsaturated fatty acid fractions prepared from fish oils.The decisive factor in the highly inhibitory activity of quaternaries against fungi might depend on their positively charged portion since the surface of microorganisms is, as a rule, negatively charged.
Reaction of fatty acids with 3,3′‐iminobis‐propylamine to produce soil hydrophobic agents
Authors: Bistline Raymond G. , Linfield Warner M. , Wise William B. , Pfeffer Philip E. , Sonnet Philip E. , Piotrowski Edwin G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe reaction between two moles of fatty acid and one of 3,3′‐iminobis‐propylamine (DPTA) is somewhat analogous to the reaction between fatty acid and diethylenetriamine (DETA) that we had reported previously, but there are significant differences. Conversion to the diamide HN(CH2CH2CH2NHCOR)2 proceeds much more rapidly but less efficiently than does the reaction of fatty acid with DETA. The former diamide is obtained in only about a 70% yield and byproducts are obtained, whereas the reaction with DETA yields the diamide almost quantitatively. Cyclization to the pyrimidine
urn:x-wiley:0003021X:media:aocs0744:equation:aocs0744-math-0001is extremely slow and incomplete. The analogous cyclization of α,ω‐diamides of DETA produces high yields of imidazolines. The AOCs wet method for amine titration gave erroneous structural information when the test was applied to the diamides of DPTA, as was the case for the DETA‐diamide. The water repellency of soils treated with a homologous series of fatty iminobis‐propylamine (DPTA)‐diamides was studied, and the following observations were made: 1) the fatty DPTA‐diamides were slightly more hydrophobic than the fatty DETA‐diamides, which we ascribe to the additional methylene groups of the former; 2) hydrophobicity intensified with increasing molecular weight of the saturated fatty acids; and 3) unsaturation, as in the oleic derivative, enhanced hydrophilicity.
Determination ofcis unsaturation in oils by near infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Fenton A. J. , Crisler R. O. 
Published: May 2007

ConclusionAn analytical method has been developed capable of giving reproducible and accurate determinations of thecis unsaturation present in refined oils, hydrogenated oils, and finished shortenings. Molar absorptivity measurements indicate that similar methods are applicable to the analyses of mixed esters or fatty acids.The method depends upon the measurement of a band in the near infrared at 2.143 μ that is caused bycis unsaturation. The following pertinent conclusions are drawn from data obtained in this investigation.
The areas under the absorption bands forcis polyenes are integral multiples of the areas under the bands ofcis monoenes.
Thecis content of oils containing less than 10%trans triglycerides can be determined accurately by measuring the area under the absorption band.
Accurate results can be obtained for samples containing quantities oftrans fatty acids in excess of 10% if a point baseline is used and the peak absorbance measured.
Isolation and identification of carbonyl compounds formed by autoxidation of ammonium linoleate
Authors: Badings H. T. 
Published: May 2007

Summary
The isolation and identification of carbonyl compounds formed by autoxidation of pure ammonium linoleate (0.02 M. in water) has been carried out.
The autoxidation has been performed according to a method described by Tappel (23). A solution of 0.02 M. ammonium linoleate in 0.1 M. phosphate buffer of pH 6.9, containing 10−4 M. CuSO4, was subjected to autoxidation at 37.2°C.
The isolation and identification of the D.N.P.‐ones of the carbonyl compounds have been carried out, using a method of partition and adsorption chromatography published by van Duin (10, 11).
It was demonstrated that the principal compounds formed were n‐hexanal, 2‐octenal, and 2,4‐decadienal.
The formation of these aldehydes is fully in line with the theories of autoxidation of unsaturated fatty acids (1, 3, 13) and of the dismutation of the hydroperoxides formed (2).
Plasticizer properties of methyl vinyl ketone‐methylalpha‐eleostearate adduct and derivatives
Authors: Placek Lida L. , Magne Frank C. , Bickford W. G. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe Diels‐Alder adduct of methyl vinyl ketone and methylalpha‐eleostearate was subjected to modification by hydrogenation and epoxidation of its unsaturated centers and by aromatization of its cyclohexene nucleus. These derivatives, as well as the original adduct, were intercompared with DOP as primary plasticizers for vinyl chloride‐vinyl acetate copolymer. All of these materials were found to be highly compatible as primary plasticizers and generally more efficient than DOP. The stocks plasticized with the hydrogenated and epoxidized adducts exhibited very good thermal stability on long exposures to heat. The epoxidized adduct not only imparted excellent heat stability to the plastic but also prevented deterioration on exposure to ultraviolet irradiation.
Influence of pyruvate on economy of contraction in isolated rabbit myocardium
Authors: Keweloh Boris , Janssen Paul M.L. , Siegel Ulf , Datz Nicolin , Zeitz Oliver , Hermann Hans‐Peter 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBackgroundTreatment of acute heart failure frequently requires positive‐inotropic stimulation. However, there is still no inotropic agent available, which combines a favourable haemodynamic profile with low expenditure for energy metabolism. Pyruvate exhibits positive inotropic effects in vitro and in patients with heart failure. The effect on myocardial energy metabolism however remains unclear, but is meaningful in light of a clinical application.Aims and methodsWe investigated the influence of pyruvate on contractility and oxygen consumption in isolated isometric contracting rabbit myocardium compared to β‐adrenergic stimulation with isoproterenol.ResultsPyruvate (30 mM) increased developed force from 18.7±4.1 to 50.8±12.1 mN/mm2 (n=10, p<0.01). Force‐time integral (FTI) increased by 329%, oxygen consumption assessed by diffusion‐microelectrode technique increased from 2.86±0.30 mlO2/min*100 g to 6.28±1.28 mlO2/min*100 g (n=7, p<0.05). Economy of myocardial contraction calculated as the ratio of total FTI to oxygen consumption remained unchanged. In contrast, while isoproterenol (10 μM) produced a comparable increase in developed force from 21.4±8.3 to 67.3±15mN/mm2 (n=7, p<0.01), FTI increased only by 260% and MVO2 increased from 2.96±0.43 to 6.12±1.01 mlO2/min*100 g (n=7, p<0.01); thus, economy decreased by 23% (n=7, p<0.05).ConclusionPyruvate does not impair economy of myocardial contraction while isoproterenol decreases economy. Regarding energy expenditure, pyruvate appears superior to isoproterenol for the purpose of positive inotropic stimulation.
Lichen Communities on Alnusn Incana in North Norway
Authors: Øvstedal D. O. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSociological tables are given for five communities found on Alnus incana in Troms, North Norway: Arthopyrenietum punctiformis P. James et al., Lecanoretum chloropoliae ass. nov., Lecanoretum subfuscae Hil., Lobarion pulmonariae Ochsn. and Parmelietum olivaceae Barkm. Snow cover and shading from large ferns are important factors governing the distribution of the communities on the tree trunks.
Chemistry of Some Yellow Acarospora Species
Authors: Huneck S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractFifteen specimens of four Acarospora species of subgenus Xanthothallia were analysed. All species contained (+)-rhizocarpic acid. A. gobiensis and A. schleicheri had only this compound and A. oxytona this and (+)-lichesterinic acid. A. chlorophana seems to exist in two chemical races, one with a mixture of (-)-acaranoic and (-)-acarenoic acids and the other with (+)-roccellic acid. The stereochemistry and biogenesis of these compounds is briefly discussed.
Nomenclatural Notes on Pseudocyphellaria in New Zealand
Authors: Galloway D. J. , James P. W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAt present 40 species of Pseudocyphellaria are recognised in the New Zealand flora, ten of which appear to be new and will be described elsewhere. In the present account, the 30 published taxa are listed alphabetically and, where applicable, the synonymy of confused species is discussed. The following 13 new combinations are made: P. coerulescens (Mont.), P. condensata (Zahlbr.), P. coriacea (Hook.f. & Taylor), P. delisea (Fee), P. dissimilis (Nyl.), P. hookeri (Church.Bab.), P. lividofusca (Krempelh.), P. moruagnei (Church. Bab.), P. multifida (Laurer), P. poculifera (Miill.Arg.), P. psilophylla (Miill.Arg.), P. pubescent (Miill.Arg.), and P. rubella (Hook.f. & Taylor). 85 taxa are reduced to synonymy with known species.
Lobe Growth and Marginal Zonation in Crustose Lichens
Authors: Hooker T. N. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractLobes of Xanthoria elegans are shown to be engulfed by more rapidly growing neighbouring lobes, thereafter ceasing to grow, and the rate of lobe engulfment increases with thallus age. Similarly, growth can cease when lobes of adjacent thalli meet. Mature central areas of eroded thalli may regenerate lobes and resume growth. In Buellia coniops, B. russa and Caloplaca cirrochrooides, peripheral concentric zonation does not always correspond to a single year's growth, and one zonation effect is correlated with an unusually severe winter.
A Study of the Short Range Pollution Around a Power Plant Using Heavy Fuel Oil by Analysing Vanadium in Lichens
Authors: Nygård S. , Harju L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe vanadium content of the lichen Hypogymnia physodes was determined in the vicinity of a power plant using heavy oil as fuel. For the chemical analysis a DC plasma emission spectrometer was used. Air dried samplesof the lichen contained between 1–4 and 57 parts per million (ppm) of vanadium. The highest concentrations were found in specimens collected less than 1 km from the power plant. Lichens collected 50 km from the plant contained less than 2 ppm of vanadium.
Polythelis, an Overlooked Genus of Tropical Pyrenulaceae with Eu- and Distoseptate Ascospores
Authors: Hawksworth D. L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe genus Polythelis Clem, has been almost entirely ignored since its description in 1909. It belongs to the Pyrenulaceae and is close to Pyrenula Massal. from which it is distinguished in having a true septum (euseptum) near the base of the ascospores as well as locules (distosepta) identical to those of Pyrenula. The genus includes a single doubtfully lichenized species, Polythelis sexlocularis (Müll. Arg.) Clem. (syn. Microthelia sexlocularis Müll. Arg.), known only from the type material collected on the bark of a species of Croton, probably C. linearis Jacq., in the West Indies or southern Florida prior to 1824.
The Composition of Some Calcicolous Lichen Communities in the Burren, Western Ireland
Authors: McCarthy P. M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe lichen vegetation of a limestone pavement in the Burren region of western Ireland is described. Species are distributed in relation to gradients of moisture, nutrient-availability and insolation; these in turn may be related to the range of geomorphological micro-features associated with karst. The majority of the 136 stands are dominated by endolithic and foliose cyanophilic lichens. Epilithic, non-cyanophilic crusts grow best on surfaces subjected to occasional bird-manuring. A successional sequence from bare rock through endolithic communities to ones dominated by epilithic, noncyanophilic species does not occur in the Burren.
Studies in the Nomenclature of British Lichens I
Authors: Laundon J. R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThree name changes are proposed for the lichen checklist. Caloplaca heppiana should be called C. flavescens (Huds.)Laundon comb. nov. It is suggested that Coelocaulon muricatum (Ach.)Laundon comb. nov. is a more appropriate name for C. aculeatum subsp. hispidum. The name Schismatomma virgineum should be replaced with S. cretaceum (Hue)Laundon comb. nov.
Cyanobiont Diversity in the Licfflnaceae and Heppiaceae
Authors: Bubrick P. , Galun Margalith 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCyanobacteria symbiotic with 17 members of the Lichinaceae and Heppiaceae were brought into unialgal culture and their free-living characteristics examined. A diversity of cyanobacterial types was observed; this diversity was much greater than that reported in the literature. Both the in situ identification of cyanobionts and their role as an aid to the identification of these lichens are questioned.
The Use of Average number of Neighbours for Predicting Lichen Sensitivity: a Case Study
Authors: Herben T. , Liška J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe sensitivity of lichen species to air pollution was assessed by examining aspects of their rate of disappearance over a 5 year period in an area with rising SO2 concentration. These rates of disappearance were compared with the ecological index of species proposed by LeBlanc & DeSloover in 1970, i.e. the index of average number of neighbours for a given species. Linear correlation showed that this ecological index is a reasonably accurate indicator of species sensitivity. When the selection of species was performed according to criteria other than SO2 sensitivity, viz. according to the predilection of lichens for eutrophicated bark, the ecological index proved reliable only when trees whose conditions were non-optimal for this group were excluded. When applied to the group of species that avoids eutrophicated bark the ecological index proved most reliable, although the group of ‘ nitrophilous ’ species may also be used in air pollution indicator studies.
Lichens of High Ground in the Cairngorm Mountains, Scotland
Authors: Gilbert O. L. , Fox B. W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA description and ecological interpretation of lichen communities occurring on high ground in the Cairngorms is presented. The area supports only a limited lichen flora but it is highly specialised; a quarter of the 134 species encountered are thought to have their main area of distribution in Britain on the Cairngorm plateau. The majority of these are associated with areas of late snow-lie from which Cladonia stricta, Lecidea griseoalra, Micarea viridiatra, Sporaslatia cinerea and Staurothele clopima, all new to the British Isles, were discovered together with two species still to be determined. The detailed zonation of lichens round a semi-permanent snow patch was investigated using a transect. Central areas of snow-beds are identified as receiving sites for nutrients and contain a proportion of basiphilous lichens. High wind speeds appear to restrict lichen distribution in certain saxicolous habitats; from several such sitesLecidea nigroleprosa new to Britain was collected. In Funcus trifidus heath and dwarf Calluna the occurrence of lichens is largely determined by the growth and decay of the dominant higher plants.
Wawea Fruticulosa, a New Genus and Species from the Southern Hemisphere
Authors: Henssen Aino , Kantvilas G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe monotypic genus Wawea gen. nov. is described as a second genus in the family Arctomiaceae. The single species, Wawea fruticulosa sp. nov., is characterized by its fruticose habit, rugose and corticate lobes, secondarily multidivided and coalescing apothecia, two-celled spores, and by the unique initial stage of ascocarp ontogeny which includes simultaneous development of ascogonia as well as short-celled, branched conldiophores producing conidia. W. fruticulosa is widespread in Tasmania and is known also from New Zealand with single collections from the North and South Island. A new pyrenomyceteRhynchomeliola lichenicola sp. nov., parasymbiotic on Wawea fruticulosa, is also described.
Calcium oxalate hydrates on the surface of lichens
Authors: Wadsten T. , Moberg R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe examination of the surface deposit of various lichens with X-ray diffraction methods, correlated with scanning electron microscopical (SEM) studies, have shown that calcium oxalate is present as two different hydrates; weddellite (CaC2O4-(2 + x)H2O), in three slightly different morphologies, and whewellite (CaC2O4H2O). The reason for the formation of calcium oxalate is not known and the presence of the various crystal forms is yet to be explained. However, the various hydrates may have some role in the water balance as they are different in dry and humid sites.
Macentina Aurantiaca, A New Lichen From the Burren, Western Ireland
Authors: McCarthy P. M. , Vězda A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMacentina aurantiaca sp. nov. (Verrucariaceae) is described from the Burren, western Ireland. A sciophilous lichen, it is characterized by its comparatively large, orange ascomata and by its mostly 7-septate, elongate-ellipsoid ascospores.
EDW Ardiella Mirabilis, A Holocarpous Lichen from Marion Island
Authors: Henssen Aino 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe new genus Edwardiella Henssen with the single species E. mirabilis Henssen is described in the Lichinaceae to include a holocarpous lichen. Colonies of the Gloeocapsa-phycobiont which are invaded by the fungal hyphae develop directly into apothecia or pycnidia. The apothecia are thallinocarps. The lichen was collected in the subantarctic Marion Island where it was mainly growing in lichenized tufts of Scytonema. Two new combinations, Gonohymenia nigritella (Lettau) Henssen and G. hondoana (Zahlbr.) Henssen are made.