bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application of military strategies to business: Why they are more relevant to Japanese than American companies
Authors: Wee Chow Hou 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAmong various factors contributing to the economic success of the Japanese, the use of military‐like strategies has been recently cited by scholars, prominent journalists, and politicians in the United States. Some of them are now advocating retaliation through the use of similar military‐type methods. However, will the American companies and their government be able to do this successfully? A lot depends on a clear appreciation of some of the fundamental principles underlying the use of military strategies to business practices. This article seeks to highlight and explain why militarytype strategies are more applicable to Japanese than American companies. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The evolution of multinational participation in Eastern Europe
Authors: Bangert David C. , Poór József 
Published: April 2007

AbstractEastern Europe needs investment, access to world‐wide distribution networks, and managerial/marketing/technical expertise. To fulfill these needs, it offers firms major incentives to establish presence in the region. Interviews with the senior representatives of six multinational firms in Hungary, the leading country in the transition to a market economy, revealed an evolutionary pattern of the firms' involvement and investment in the Hungarian economy. This article describes the evolutionary pattern, provides firms with strategic insight, and makes recommendations to accelerate the entrance of global firms into the region. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Intranasal corticosteroid use is associated with lower rates of bacterial recovery in chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Desrosiers Martin , Hussain Abdolmohsen , Frenkiel Saul , Kilty Shaun , Marsan Joseph , Witterick Ian , Wright Erin 
Published: April 2007

ObjectiveTo determine whether use of a topical intranasal corticosteroid (INCS) preoperatively had an effect on the bacterial recovery rate and flora recovered at endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS).Study Design and SettingA prospective, multicenter, observational study from academic‐based rhinology practices. Consecutive, unselected patients undergoing ESS had protected sinus cultures done at the time of ESS.Results157 patients were assessed. Overall growth rate was 45.5%. INCS users had a positive culture rate of 35.4% vs 61.7% in nonusers (P = 0.0001). This effect was most pronounced in the subgroup undergoing revision surgeries (bacterial recovery rate INCS: 40.0%, no INCS: 82.6%, P = 0.001) and most marked for S. aureus (INCS: 12.5%, no INCS: 40.0%, P = 0.04) and CNS (INCS: 12.5%, no INCS: 30.4%, P = 0.05). While the rate of nasal polyposis was higher in both revision and the INCS‐treated groups, rate of bacterial recovery was not influenced by a diagnosis of nasal polyposis.ConclusionINCS use preoperatively is associated with a lesser rate of bacterial recovery at the time of ESS, especially in individuals with previous ESS.SignificanceThe results suggest a possible role of INCS in the management of post‐ESS disease.
Interactions between protein and vegetable oils in the maternal diet determine the programming of the insulin axis in the rat
Authors: Maloney Christopher A. , Lilley Christina , Czopek Alicja , Hay Susan M. , Rees William D. 
Published: April 2007

The available evidence suggests that metabolic control mechanisms are programmed early in life. Previous studies of pregnant rats fed low-protein diets have suggested that the vegetable oils used in the experimental diets influence the outcome. The present study investigated the offspring of female rats fed semi-synthetic diets containing either 180 or 90 g casein/kg with 70 g/kg (w/w) of either corn oil or soya oil during gestation. During lactation, the dams received stock diet, and the offspring were subsequently weaned onto the stock diet. The offspring of dams fed the low-protein diets were smaller at birth. At 25 weeks of age, the offspring were subjected to an oral glucose tolerance test. In the offspring of dams fed the diet containing soya oil, the area under the insulin curve was affected by the protein content of the maternal diet. There was no effect of protein on the area under the insulin curve in the offspring of dams fed the diet prepared with corn oil. There were no differences in plasma glucose concentrations. The levels of mRNA for acetyl-CoA carboxylase-1 in the livers of female offspring were affected by the protein and oil content of the maternal diet. The level of carnitine palmitoyl transferase mRNA was affected by the protein content of the maternal diet. The present study suggests that PUFA in the maternal diet can interact with protein metabolism to influence the development of the offspring. This may involve the higher content of α-linolenic acid in soya oil compared with corn oil.
Nurse-led ‘one stop’ clinic for elective tonsillectomy referrals
Authors: Wu K , Walker E , Owen G 
Published: April 2007

Objectives: Balancing new referrals with limited clinic capacity is a challenge. At Lincoln County Hospital, referrals for tonsillectomy have been managed by an experienced ENT nurse practitioner, in order to deal with this problem more effectively. We reviewed tonsillectomy referrals made in a one year period to determine if surgical outcomes were satisfactory. Results were compared with figures available from the national prospective tonsillectomy audit.Methods: This was a retrospective study, assessing patients referred to the ENT department at Lincoln County Hospital. We reviewed the number of patients who had proceeded to surgery and the rate of complications.Results: One hundred and fifty-nine patients had been referred for tonsillectomy over the one year period. One hundred and forty-seven patients had been seen in clinic and 12 had not attended their clinic appointment. Following consultation with the nurse practitioner, 125 patients had proceeded to surgery. Five episodes of bleeding were recorded as complications postoperatively; giving a bleeding complication rate of 4.7 per cent, compared with a rate of 5.7 per cent from the national prospective tonsillectomy audit.Conclusion: A trained nurse practitioner can safely and effectively facilitate the complete process of managing a routine pre-operative tonsillectomy patient, from primary care referral to arranging admission for surgery.
A longitudinal study of personality and major depression in a population-based sample of male twins
Authors: FANOUS AYMAN H. , NEALE MICHAEL C. , AGGEN STEVEN H. , KENDLER KENNETH S. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTBackgroundThe relationship between personality and psychiatric illness is complex. It is not clear whether one directly causes the other.MethodIn a population-based sample of male twins (n=3030), we attempted to predict major depression (MD) from neuroticism (N) and extraversion (E) and vice versa, to evaluate the causal, scar, state, and prodromal hypotheses. In a longitudinal, structural equation twin model, we decomposed the covariation between N and MD into (a) genetic and environmental factors that are common to both traits, as well as specific to each one and (b) direct causal effects of N at time 1 on subsequent MD, as well as between MD and subsequent N.ResultsE was negatively correlated with lifetime and one-year prevalence of MD. N predicted the new onset of MD, and was predicted by both current and past MD. It did not predict the time to onset of MD. All of the covariation between N and MD was due to additive genetic and individual-specific environmental factors shared by both traits and a direct causal path between MD and N assessed later. No genetic factors were unique to either trait.ConclusionsIn men, N may be a vulnerability factor for MD but does not cause it directly. However, MD may have a direct causal effect on N. The genetic overlap between N and MD in men may be greater than in women.
Body mass index in middle life and future risk of hospital admission for psychoses or depression: findings from the Renfrew/Paisley study
Authors: LAWLOR DEBBIE A. , HART CAROLE L. , HOLE DAVID J. , GUNNELL DAVID , DAVEY SMITH GEORGE 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTBackgroundThere is evidence that greater body mass index (BMI) protects against depression, schizophrenia and suicide. However, there is a need for prospective studies.MethodWe examined the association of BMI with future hospital admissions for psychoses or depression/anxiety disorders in a large prospective study of 7036 men and 8327 women. Weight and height were measured at baseline (1972–76) when participants were aged 45–64. Follow-up was for a median of 29 years.ResultsGreater BMI and obesity were associated with a reduced risk of hospital admission for psychoses and depression/anxiety in both genders, with the magnitude of these associations being the same for males and females. With adjustment for age, sex, smoking and social class, a 1 standard deviation (s.d.) greater BMI at baseline was associated with a rate ratio of 0·91 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0·82–1·01] for psychoses and 0·87 (95% CI 0·77–0·98) for depression/anxiety. Further adjustment for baseline psychological distress and total cholesterol did not alter these associations.ConclusionsOur findings add to the growing body of evidence that suggests that greater BMI is associated with a reduced risk of major psychiatric outcomes. Long-term follow-up of participants in randomized controlled trials of interventions that effectively result in weight loss and the use of genetic variants that are functionally related to obesity as instrumental variables could help to elucidate whether these associations are causal.
Work stress precipitates depression and anxiety in young, working women and men
Authors: MELCHIOR MARIA , CASPI AVSHALOM , MILNE BARRY J. , DANESE ANDREA , POULTON RICHIE , MOFFITT TERRIE E. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTBackgroundRates of depression have been rising, as have rates of work stress. We tested the influence of work stress on diagnosed depression and anxiety in young working adults.MethodParticipants were enrolled in the Dunedin study, a 1972–1973 longitudinal birth cohort assessed most recently in 2004–2005, at age 32 (n=972, 96% of 1015 cohort members still alive). Work stress (psychological job demands, work decision latitude, low work social support, physical work demands) was ascertained by interview. Major depressive disorder (MDD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) were ascertained using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) and diagnosed according to DSM-IV criteria.ResultsParticipants exposed to high psychological job demands (excessive workload, extreme time pressures) had a twofold risk of MDD or GAD compared to those with low job demands. Relative risks (RRs) adjusting for all work characteristics were: 1·90 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1·22–2·98] in women, and 2·00 (95% CI 1·13–3·56) in men. Analyses ruled out the possibility that the association between work stress and disorder resulted from study members' socio-economic position, a personality tendency to report negatively, or a history of psychiatric disorder prior to labour-market entry. Prospective longitudinal analyses showed that high-demand jobs were associated with the onset of new depression and anxiety disorder in individuals without any pre-job history of diagnosis or treatment for either disorder.ConclusionsWork stress appears to precipitate diagnosable depression and anxiety in previously healthy young workers. Helping workers cope with work stress or reducing work stress levels could prevent the occurrence of clinically significant depression and anxiety.
Hepatitis B virus transmission in The Netherlands: a population-based, hierarchical case-control study in a very low-incidence country
Authors: HAHNÉ S. J. M. , VELDHUIJZEN I. K. , SMITS L. J. M. , NAGELKERKE N. , VAN DE LAAR M. J. W. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYWe report the first population-based case-control study on acute hepatitis B in a very low-incidence country. A case was a Netherlands resident, notified between May 1999 and July 2000 with symptoms and serology compatible with acute hepatitis B. Population controls were randomly selected, with oversampling from men and persons aged 20–39 years. Risk factors were studied using logistical regression, distinguishing confounders and mediators through hierarchical analysis. Participants were 120 cases and 3948 controls. The risk of acute hepatitis B was increased in men who have sex with men, with reporting to have had more than two partners in the past 6 months the only significant risk. In children, adult females and heterosexual males, having parents born in a hepatitis B endemic country was a significant risk. For adult females and heterosexual males, this was largely explained by having a foreign partner. For children this was partly explained by parenteral exposures abroad.
Warm-up in dressage competitions: association with level, competition type and final score
Authors: Murray Rachel C , Mann Sarah , Parkin Tim DH 
Published: April 2007

AbstractWarm-up of 267 competitors at British Dressage affiliated competitions was observed, including competitors at novice (N) (n = 104), medium (M) (n = 65), Prix St Georges (PSG) (n = 60) and Grand Prix (GP) (n = 38) levels. Competitions were classified as local (n = 103), regional (n = 57) and national championship (n = 107) events. Overall, the mean warm-up duration for competitors at dressage competitions was 29 min 53 s. Total warm-up duration was 25 min 23 s ± 10 min 2 s (mean ± SD) at N level; 31 min 32 s ± 11 min 32 s at M level; 32 min 53 s ± 11 min 19 s at PSG and 34 min 34 s ± 10 min 10 s at GP. Mean proportion of walk, trot and canter at each level was N: walk = 39.26%, trot = 40.31%, canter = 20.43%; M: walk = 43.77%, trot = 32.54%, canter = 23.69%; PSG: walk = 38.53%, trot = 31.03%, canter = 30.43% and GP: walk = 38.79%, trot = 33.26%, canter = 27.95%. There was no effect of rider experience, but level and type of competition affected the proportion of time spent in different paces and total time of warm-up, which was increased at higher levels and championships. Increased warm-up time and specific warm-up design were positively associated with final score at novice and Prix St Georges levels.
The global reorganization of legitimate violence: military entrepreneurs and the private face of international humanitarian law
Authors: Cockayne James 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAlthough long hidden from the public gaze of international humanitarian law, military entrepreneurialism has played a key role in the global organization of legitimate violence. By examining historical changes in the role and legal treatment of military entrepreneurs, the author sheds light on the contemporary “resurfacing” of privately organized violence in the form of private military companies, and its broader implications for international humanitarian law.
Promoting compliance of private security and military companies with international humanitarian law
Authors: Perrin Benjamin 
Published: April 2007

AbstractPrivate security and military companies have become a ubiquitous part of modern armed conflict and post-conflict reconstruction. Their diverse clients include governments in the developed and developing world alike, non-state belligerents, international corporations, non-governmental organizations, the United Nations, and private individuals. The implications of this proliferation of private security and military companies for international humanitarian law and human rights are only beginning to be appreciated, as potential violations and misconduct by their employees have come to light in Iraq and Afghanistan. The author critically examines the theoretical risks posed by private military and security company activity with respect to violations of international humanitarian law and human rights, together with the incentives that these companies have to comply with those norms. Empirical evidence is also presented to expand on this theoretical framework. Taking a multidisciplinary approach, the author draws on law, international relations theory, criminology, economics, corporate strategy and political economy, as well as psychology and sociology, to analyse the competing “risk-factors” and “compliance levers” that interact at each level of private military and security company activity to enhance or reduce the likelihood of a violation occurring. These findings are then applied by the author to assess emergent measures to deal with private security and military companies outside the legal sphere, including a programme of the International Committee of the Red Cross and the advent of the International Peace Operations Association.
I. EC Maritime Transport Law and Policy
Authors: McMahon Joe , Greaves Rosa 
Published: April 2007

The EC maritime transport policy was slow to develop. Although the EC Treaty requires the Member States to create a Common Transport Policy,1the focus of the Treaty transport provisions2is on inland modes of transport (road, rail and inland waterways).3However, the EU Council is expressly given competence to decide what ‘appropriate provisions’ may be adopted for maritime and air transport.4Maritime transport is by its very nature an international mode of transport regulated by a large number of international treaties and conventions, most of them negotiated and concluded within the International Maritime Organization (IMO). Members of the international community, including some EU Member States themselves, were initially reluctant to transfer their sovereignty in this field of transport to the Community. However, two main events gradually changed the attitude of the Member States to the Community's competence to regulate this mode of transport. First, the mid-1980s impetus to establish an internal market by 1992 placed all modes of transport at the centre of the project. It was not feasible to establish a geographical market, stretching from the Atlantic to the Eastern European countries and from the North Sea to the Mediterranean, where goods, people, services and capital would be able to circulate freely,5and in a competitive manner, without the Community seriously addressing transport issues. Thus, unsurprisingly, a number of important legislative proposals affecting the provisions of maritime transport services were adopted and implemented during that period.6The second significant factor in the development of a maritime transport policy was the number of serious marine accidents which took place in the Community's coastal waters during the last 20 years.7
Customer choice of a car maintenance service provider
Authors: Pereira Zamith Brito Eliane , Luís Beneduzzi Aguilar Ricardo , Artur L. Brito Luiz 
Published: April 2007

PurposeThis paper investigates the determinants of customer choice of a car maintenance service provider after the warranty period. It focuses on the alternative of using branded car dealers, who provide this service during the warranty period, or independent garages.Design/methodology/approachA comprehensive list of 30 service attributes is developed drawing on the service quality literature, specific previous studies on car maintenance services, and including other purchase behaviour determinants such as perceived value. Simple random sampling with replacement is used to collect data from 400 car owners using the actual choice of a service provider as the dependent variable. A quantitative analysis using a set of logistic regressions links directly customer choice to the service attributes.FindingsService attributes that determine customer choice are the ones consumers simultaneously consider important and perceive differences in performance between the service providers. The branded dealers service operation proved to be relatively weak, having only one of these attributes, while being better evaluated in less important ones. Independent garages have a much better offer justifying their gain in market share.Research limitations/implicationsOnly economic cars (1,000 cc) were analysed. Convenience and location were only partially controlled and could play a more significant role in some decision settings. Logistic regressions could effectively predict customer choice in close to 90 per cent of the cases demonstrating the adequacy of including other service attributes beyond the ones covered in the service quality literature.Practical implicationsDirections for improvement in the operations of both branded dealers and independent garages could be derived and some recent moves by both types of players could be supported by the results.Originality/valueInvestigation of the Brazilian setting and the methodological approach of linking actual customer choice to the extended set of service attributes by the combination of logistic regressions and the importance rating of the attributes.
Building interoperable Canadian architecture collections: initial metadata assessment
Authors: Park Eun G. 
Published: April 2007

PurposeThe purpose of this research is to assess the current descriptions of architecture collections housed at the McGill University Library in preparation for building an interoperable metadata and search interface for Canadian architecture collections.Design/methodology/approachThe names and frequencies of tables and fields of 11 architecture databases were analyzed and summarized into the most commonly used groups. In addition, typologies of buildings by purpose of construction were presented as subject headings.FindingsCurrent metadata schemes are diverse and heterogeneous across the 11 databases.Research limitations/implicationsThis study is at the pilot stage and is limited to Canadian architecture collections at McGill University. The observations provide insights into metadata normalization that can be used as a basis for building architecture collections or image collections.Originality/valueThis is the first metadata assessment of architecture collections for the purpose of building a single uniform access.