bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contaminated Land Remediation: Economics v Liability
Authors: BRAITHWAITE P. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTChemical investigations of contaminated land can be expensive and yet still leave the landowner unaware of his/her full environmental liability. An approach to an effective means of planning chemical investigations is described by a case study of a contaminated site near London. This approach limits environmental liability in a cost‐effective manner.One of the main problems encountered in assessing the degree of contamination of land for the purposes of technical design, and ultimately for developer confidence, is the lack of recognized UK standards for acceptable levels of contaminants.Using a second case study relating to a large contaminated site in the Midlands, the paper describes how a set of site‐specific standards, for soil and water, was derived and used to develop a reclamation strategy for an 81‐ha site. The case study also demonstrates the approach which was adopted in handling a large amount of analytical data and other quantitive information needed to produce a set of ‘constraint models’. From these constraint models, the strategy for reclaiming the site has been developed.
Biological Nutrient Removal: Design Snags, Operational Problems and Costs
Authors: COOPER P. , UPTON J. E. , SMITH M. , CHURCHLEY J. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe EC urban waste water treatment Directive will lead to some sewage‐treatment works in the UK having to remove nitrogen and phosphorus. The paper reviews the basic biological processes which are available for retrofitting existing activated‐sludge plants to achieve this removal, and then points to some of the problems which are encountered with these processes in other countries. The authors make suggestions as to how these problems can be overcome in design and operation. The paper also provides a cost comparison of different ways of uprating an existing nitrifying activated‐sludge plant to achieve nitrification/ denitrification and phosphorus removal.
Contaminated Land Remediation in the UK with Reference to Risk Assessment: Two Case Studies
Authors: ELLIS B. , REES J. F. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe approach to land reclamation in the UK has traditionally relied upon the use of cover and concealment, which can leave a legacy of problems below the ground. Alternatively, the bulk export of materials to licensed landfill has often been used, but this (a) simply transfers a problem, (b) can cause considerable disruption, and (c) is becoming increasingly expensive. Remedial strategies involving the use of barrier systems or off‐site removal both have their place in the efficient and economic development of contaminated sites. However, there is now increasing interest in the use of on‐site technology which can provide cost savings and by treating, destroying or stabilizing contamination, can serve to minimize future liabilities. The design, costing and application of treatment, as opposed to cover or disposal, depends fundamentally on understanding the problem and evaluating the capabilities and availability of appropriate technologies. With reference to UK case studies, this paper highlights some of the options available and routes taken in order to achieve site‐specific, commercially‐acceptable, remedial responses.
A Semi‐Empirical Investigation of the Influence of Flood‐Plain Storage on Flood Flow
Authors: McCARTNEY M. P , NADEN P. S 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTA simple model is used to assess the effect of flood‐plain storage on flood flows, with a view to developing methods for general use in flood‐frequency estimation. Recent floods on the River Severn at Montford are ‘unrouted’ in order to determine the shape and magnitude of the hydrographs, provided that there had been no overtopping and all flows had been contained within the banks. The model used to unroute the hydrographs has, at its core, a relationship between water depth and flooded area derived from a coarse (50 m) digital terrain model developed from Ordnance Survey 1:50 000 maps. The implications for flood‐frequency curves at sites downstream from significant flood‐plain storage are discussed.
Agriculture and Water Quality: A Regional Study
Authors: FOY R. H , KIRK M. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTWater quality, measured on a fisheries ecosystem scale of 1 (good/salmonid) to 6 (bad/fish absent), of forty‐two lowland streams in two Northern Ireland river catchments was inversely correlated with the stocking rate of grazing animals. A decrease in water quality of one class was associated with an increase in the combined grazing/stocking rate of cattle and sheep of 0.6 dairy cow equivalents/ha. This dairy cow equivalent stocking rate was significantly correlated with maximum BOD and total amm.N concentrations and minimum dissolved‐oxygen levels. The worst pollution events, with BOD concentrations in excess of 100 mg/1, occurred at the end of May and were caused by discharges of silage effluent. Smaller BOD peaks, which occurred in late winter and early spring, were related to the land spreading of animal slurries. It was concluded that poultry and pig farms were not having a major impact on water quality.
Developing Scientific Aspects of Water Treatment
Authors: SCHOFIELD T. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTSevern Trent Water is currently undertaking an extensive capital programme to enhance water‐treatment facilities at many of its major plants, and this work is underpinned by the need to apply robust, cost‐effective solutions utilizing modern treatment technology.The paper describes various aspects in the development of these functional designs in relation to treatment objectives, technical innovation and value engineering, drawing examples from Severn Trent schemes and particularly from the redevelopment of the Birmingham water‐treatment plant.
The Examination of Drinking Water in the Mid‐1990s
Authors: BREACH R. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper describes the principles underlying water quality examination in a large modern water company, and compares these present‐day techniques with the approach which was used 100 years ago. Although the analytical technology and regulatory framework for water testing has changed out of all recognition in this period, the author argues that many of the fundamental concepts remain the same. This illustrates the foresight of our predecessors. Nevertheless, despite, or perhaps because of, our modern analytical skills, public confidence in the high quality of current water supplies is being ‘strained’ by our ability to detect more and more minute trace contaminants in water. The challenge to water quality managers of today is to demonstrate to their customers that present approaches to water examination provide a very high degree of reassurance about water safety, not the converse.
Treatment and Disposal of Sewage Sludge in the Mid‐1990s
Authors: HUDSON J. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe paper reviews the current methods of sludge technology, and compares them with those discussed by Ashton in 1904. The paper also plots the development of some of the current technology over the last century, particularly those methods of treatment which were mentioned by Ashton but were not in existence at the time.The 1990s have been a most interesting era, and have probably seen more changes in sludge technology than any other decade this century. The most significant impact will be due to the cessation of the sea disposal route which, at the beginning of the 1990s, was used for about 30% of the total sludge production in England and Wales and approximately 76% of the total sludge produced in Scotland.
A Methodology for Monitoring the Performance of Combined Sewer Overflows
Authors: BALMFORTH D. J. , LONSDALE K. , WALSH M. , NUSSEY B. B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe authors have been involved with the field monitoring of combined sewer overflows and screens over a number of years. During this period they have developed a monitoring methodology which ensures reliability, consistency and accuracy of results. The paper recommends appropriate equipment to be used for monitoring the qualitative and quantitative performance of combined sewer overflows and gives recommendations on location and installation thereof. Particular reference is made to methods for cross‐correlating data amongst monitors and for proper interpretation of the results. The recommended methods have been proven in the field on a variety of working project.
A Comparison of ERS‐1 Satellite Radar and Aerial Photography for River Flood Mapping
Authors: Biggin D. S 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe extent of floodwater inundation, whether caused by river flooding or coastal storm surges, is required quickly (a) to enable the planning of emergency relief and repairs to communications and services, and (b) for the production of river flood risk maps. Unfortunately, by their nature, most floods occur in bad weather, which can severely restrict the use of aircraft, and extensive cloud cover precludes the use of most earth observing satellites which rely on sensors operating at optical wavelengths.Synthetic aperture radar, which can penetrate clouds, allows affected areas to be imaged, regardless of cloud cover or light conditions. This paper compares satellite acquired data of river flooding with photographic records obtained from a light aircraft to demonstrate the accuracy of the technique.
Strategic Resource Development Options in England and Wales
Authors: Sheriff J. D. , Lawson J. D. , Askew T. E. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper describes the options which had to be considered for new water resources in the development of the † National Rivers Authority's water resource strategy for England and Wales. The options included interregional transfers, strategic reservoirs, and a range of unconventional schemes including aquifer recharge, effluent re‐use, groundwater abstraction where levels are rising, desalination, and transfer by sea. The main options are described and comparative costs are presented.
Current Technologies for Sludge Treatment and Disposal
Authors: Hudson J. A. , Lowe P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper reviews the current sludge technologies and discusses likely future trends associated with those technologies. It describes the role of thickening, dewatering, pasteurization, stabilization, thermal destruction and product enhancement to satisfy environmental standards. Reference is made to technologies which, for decades, have been associated with sewage sludge but where market conditions have forced R and D initiatives to be introduced and commercialized.
Post‐Construction Effects of the Cameroonian Lagdo Dam on the River Benue
Authors: Toro S. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper examines the immediate and long‐term effects of the Lagdo dam on the Upper Benue river basin in Nigeria. From routine monitoring of the River Benue, it was found that some immediate deleterious effects were (a) siltation of the river bed and channel, (b) frequent flooding events, and (c) reduction in flow. Consequently, these factors have constrained irrigation, navigation and fishing activities which were formerly undertaken along the river. Similarly, water‐supply intake structures and irrigation abstraction facilities along the river have either been silted up or threatened. Allowing for assumptions on a real‐time operational schedule of the dam, coupled with future water demands in north Cameroon, longterm effects of the dam on the Benue basin within Nigeria are predicted.
Groundwater Resources in the Lagan Valley Sandstone Aquifer, Northern Ireland
Authors: Kalin R. M. , Roberts C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBeneath Belfast and the Lagan Valley lies Northern Ireland's most important aquifer, the Triassic Sherwood Sandstone. Up to 300 m in thickness and with a total abstraction of around 31 000 m3/d, it is a modest aquifer by UK and world standards; nonetheless, it is an important local water source. The use of this aquifer system as a water supply will undoubtedly increase as growth of industry and population continues in the Belfast metropolitan area. Even with the mesic climate of Ireland, groundwater mining of this aquifer system is already occurring, and thus there is a need for detailed aquifer planning and protection to be implemented in order to preserve this resource for the future.
A Survey of Ferruginous Minewater Impacts in the Welsh Coalfields
Authors: Davies G. , Butler D. , Mills M. , Williams D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe aim of this study was to locate all ferruginous discharges within the Welsh coalfield areas and to assess their impact upon receiving watercourses. The project was undertaken in two stages. In the first stage, visual assessments were carried out on an area of river bed affected by iron hydroxide deposition. Chemical samples of the discharges and the receiving watercourse were analysed for a suite of physico‐chemical determinands. Ninety discharges were located impacting upon 59.4 km of river, and an area of 22 ha was affected by iron hydroxide deposits.A ranking method, incorporating the physical/chemical determinands, was developed to assess the comparative impact which discharges were having on receiving watercourses. A total of 33 of the top ranked discharges‐ (20 to classified watercourses and 13 to unclassified watercourses) having the highest environmental impact were selected; chemical, biological and fisheries impact assessments were then carried out on these discharges in the second stage of the project. The sites were then ranked on the basis of biological and fisheries impact. A list of the highest impacted sites was produced, and some of these were further investigated for remediation options and associated costs.
Predictive Chlorine Dosing: A New Paradigm
Authors: Johnson P. , Graham N. J. D. , Wilson M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDisinfection by chlorine is common practice in potable water treatment. The most frequently used dose control method is to inject an overdose of chlorine at the inlet to the contact tank and adjust to the desired residual chlorine level in the effluent stream. However, this method of control may not be optimal. The advent of reliable predictions of retention time distributions and the widespread use of programmable logic controllers, coupled with a greater understanding of chlorine disinfection kinetics, offers the potential for more efficient chlorine dosing algorithms. This paper describes one possible algorithm, based on theoretical models, for predictive chlorine dosing.
Construction and Preliminary Performance of Reedbed Treatment Systems at Castle Espie Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust Centre, Northern Ireland
Authors: Worrall P. , Peberdy K. , McGinn H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn 1993, the Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust constructed a demonstration reedbed treatment system at its Castle Espie Visitor Centre in Northern Ireland. The objectives of the project included (a) the treatment of septic‐tank effluent, (b) the protection of water quality in Strangford Lough, and (c) the establishment of a research base for constructed wetland systems. Parallel beds of equally sized sub‐surface and surface flow were constructed and planted, and a research project was initiated to provide data on performance.
The Effects of Oil and Chemical Spillages at Sea
Authors: Law R. J. , Campbell J. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAt sea around England and Wales, in an average year there can be 10–12 oil and chemical spillage incidents which require action to be taken, and occasionally a major spill may trigger monitoring studies and local controls on fishing activity. This paper discusses the scope of such incidents and their consequences by reference to two particular incidents; the loss of a container of the pesticide lindane from MV Perintis in the English Channel in 1989, and the grounding of the oil tanker Sea Empress in Wales in 1996 and the consequent oilspill. The latter of these incidents is also compared with the loss of the tanker Braer in Shetland in 1993.
Sequencing Batch Reactor Technology: Concepts, Design and Experiences (Abridged)
Authors: Morgenroth E. , Wilderer P. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe sequencing batch reactor is a specific fill‐and‐draw version of the activated‐sludge process. In contrast to the continuous‐flow alternative, metabolic reactions and solid‐liquid separation are carried out in one tank and in a well‐defined and continuously repeated time sequence.This paper reviews the historical development of sequencing batch reactor technology and describes the different modes of operation. Mass‐balance equations are introduced to allow for a quantitative comparison of sequencing batch reactor and continuous‐flow technologies and for the design of such systems. The initial design dynamic simulation and in‐situ adjustment of the cycle program under the actual process conditions can be used conveniently to further optimize the sequencing batch reactor plant.
Intensification of the Activated‐Sludge Process (Abridged)
Authors: Boon A. G. , Thomas V. K. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDuring the last thirty years, attempts have been made to increase the rate of treatment of wastewater in compact activated‐sludge systems whilst ensuring (a) an adequate supply of dissolved oxygen, (b) good settleability of activated sludge, and (c) consistently high‐quality effluents.This paper describes two successful systems, i.e. oxygenated activated sludge and the deep‐shaft process, which are used to intensify the rate of treatment in relatively compact aeration tanks. Data are presented of full‐scale oxygen activated‐sludge systems, including Vitox and Unox, together with information on the operation and performance of the deep‐shaft process.
The Effect of Borehole Sealing on the Southern Lincolnshire Limestone Catchment
Authors: Johnson D. , Rushton K. R. , Tomlinson L. M. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe Southern Lincolnshire Limestone is an important groundwater resource; however, for many years water has been lost from the aquifer system through uncontrolled artesian flow from wild‐bores in the Fenland area. During 1991–92, there was an extensive programme of sealing or controlling the wild‐bores, and compensation flows for ecological and farming purposes were provided at some sites.This paper describes a field study which was designed to identify the important features of part of the catchment; this was followed by the development of an existing groundwater model to provide an improved representation of the uncontrolled and controlled wild‐bores. The model is used to assess the consequences of controlling or sealing the wild‐bores.
The Role of Habitat Enhancement in the Return of the European Otter (Lutra lutra) to Northumberland
Authors: Fox A. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTRiparian habitat enhancement, or ‘haven’ creation, is considered to be the best way to facilitate the return of the UK's otter population to its former status. Using map and statistical analysis, results of Northumberland county otter surveys and the habitat improvements implemented by the North Northumberland Otter Project are examined and relationships between the two are identified. A statistically significant increase in the incidence of positive survey sites was identified between 1991 and 1995, and this increase was statistically related spatially to the creation of otter havens.
Passive Treatment Systems for the Remediation of Acid Mine Drainage at Wheal Jane, Cornwall
Authors: Hamilton Q. U. I. , Lamb H. M. , Hallett C. , Proctor J. A. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTIn 1992, Knight Piésold was appointed to formulate a long‐term treatment strategy for the remediation of acidic metal‐rich minewater issuing from the abandoned Wheal Jane mine in Cornwall, UK. The study has investigated both passive and active treatment technologies. As part of the study, a pilot passive‐treatment plant was constructed during 1994, comprising three separate systems. Each system contains the same main treatment stages which consist of five aerobic reedbeds, an anaerobic cell and an aerobic rock‐filter. Two of the systems also incorporate pretreatment, one in the form of lime dosing and the other in the form of an anoxic limestone drain. This paper discusses the theory and design criteria used in the construction of the plant and examines performance data during the period June 1995 to November 1996.
The Derivation of Environmental Quality Standards for the Protection of Aquatic Life in the UK
Authors: Zabel T. F. , Cole S. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe UK has an obligation, under various existing and proposed EU legislation (including the proposed water policy framework Directive), to derive environmental quality standards. These standards form the basis of the UK's pollution control strategy as adopted in national legislation, and the Regulatory Authorities need them as operational standards for setting consents. The paper outlines the procedure which is currently used in the UK for the derivation of these standards for the protection of the aquatic environment.
Preliminary Investigation into the Microbiological Quality of a Freshwater Bathing Site: A Case for Official Identification?
Authors: Pond K. , Petersen T. , Rees G. , Perry R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe quality of recreational waters has become of increasing importance and, where water‐based activities are permitted, such waters should be required to comply with minimum standards to protect public health. At present, there are no freshwater sites in the UK which are identified as official bathing areas, despite a significant proportion being identified in other EU Member States and the increasing use of such waters for bathing. This paper presents a case for the official identification of three freshwater bathing sites which, traditionally, have been used for bathing for more than ninety years.
The Mersey Estuary – Back from the Dead? Solving a 150‐Year Old Problem
Authors: Jones P. D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe Mersey Estuary has suffered a legacy of abuse and neglect since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. The discharge of effluents from manufacturing processes, together with wastewater from the burgeoning centres of population, resulted in the estuary gaining the unenviable reputation of being one of the most polluted rivers in Europe.As a result of the long‐awaited remedial action which has been implemented over the last fifteen years, there is now unequivocal evidence that the water quality of the river and the biology of the system have improved significantly and will continue to do so as further planned alleviation schemes are completed.This paper reviews the achievements which have been made at the half‐way stage in the 25‐year multi‐billion pound ‘clean‐up’campaign.
The Use of Riparian Vegetation in Stream‐Temperature Modification
Authors: LeBlanc R. T. , Brown R. D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper describes a framework for estimating the effectiveness of riparian vegetation in modifying the water temperature in streams. A physically‐based model was incorporated into the framework and used to demonstrate that planting trees in strategic locations can have a substantial effect on water temperature in streams and, consequently, on the survival of target fish populations. Application of the framework suggested that equivalent plantings in different configurations can have markedly different outcomes in terms of resultant stream temperature. There is no single best solution for all stream‐restoration projects but, through the use of this framework, environmental planners, designers and managers can compare scenarios and make appropriate decisions for specific streams.