bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Illuminating the Processes of Knowledge Transfer in Nursing
Authors: Aita Marilyn , Richer Marie‐Claire , Héon Marjolaine 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT Rationale: Over the past 10 years, there has been a propensity to translate research findings and evidence into clinical practice, and concepts such as knowledge transfer, research dissemination, research utilization, and evidence‐based practice have been described in the nursing literature. Aim: This manuscript shows a selective review of the definitions and utilization of these concepts and offers a perspective on their interrelationships by indicating how knowledge transfer processes are the basis of all the concepts under review. Findings: Definitions and utilization of knowledge transfer in the literature have been influenced by educational and social perspectives and indicate two important processes that are rooted in the mechanisms of research dissemination, research utilization, and evidence‐based practice. These processes refer to a cognitive and an interpersonal dimension. Knowledge transfer underlies a process involving cognitive resources as well as an interpersonal process where the knowledge is transferred between individuals or groups of individuals. Conclusion and Implications: This manuscript can contribute to our understanding of the theoretical foundations linking these concepts and these processes by comparing and contrasting them. It also shows the value and empirical importance of the cognitive and interpersonal processes of knowledge transfer by which research findings and evidence can be successfully translated and implemented into the nursing clinical practice.
Use of white clover as an alternative to nitrogen fertiliser for dairy pastures in nitrate vulnerable zones in the UK: productivity, environmental impact and economic considerations
Authors: Andrews M. , Scholefield D. , Abberton M.T. , McKenzie B.A. , Hodge S. , Raven J.A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractPerennial ryegrass and perennial ryegrass/white clover permanent dairy pastures are compared with respect to productivity, environmental impact and financial costs in nitrate vulnerable zones (NVZ) in the UK. With appropriate management, and utilisation of recommended perennial ryegrass and white clover cultivars, white clover is likely to stabilise at around 20% of total dry matter production in a mixed pasture. Plant dry matter production and milk production from a perennial ryegrass/white clover pasture are likely to be similar to that from a perennial ryegrass pasture receiving 200 kg N ha−1 annum−1 and around 70% of that obtained with perennial ryegrass supplied with 350–400 kg N ha−1 annum−1. Nitrate, phosphorus and methane losses from the system and decreases in biodiversity relative to a grazed indigenous sward are likely to be similar for a perennial ryegrass/white clover pasture and a perennial ryegrass pasture receiving 200 kg N ha−1 annum−1: nitrate leachate from both systems is likely to comply with European legislation. Greenhouse gas emissions resulting from nitrogen (N) fertiliser production would be avoided with the perennial ryegrass/white clover pasture. Within NVZ stocking rate restrictions, white clover can provide the N required by a pasture at a lower financial cost than that incurred by the application of N fertiliser.
Why are accreting T Tauri stars observed to be less luminous in X-rays than non-accretors?
Authors: Gregory S. G. , Wood K. , Jardine M. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
Accreting T Tauri stars are observed to be less luminous in X-rays than non-accretors, an effect that has been detected in various star-forming regions. To explain this we have combined, for the first time, a radiative transfer code with an accretion model that considers magnetic fields extrapolated from surface magnetograms obtained from Zeeman–Doppler imaging. Such fields consist of compact magnetic regions close to the stellar surface, with extended field lines interacting with the disc. We study the propagation of coronal X-rays through the magnetosphere and demonstrate that they are strongly absorbed by the dense gas in accretion columns. The reduction in the observed X-ray emission depends on the field geometry, which may explain why accreting T Tauri stars show a larger scatter in their observed X-ray luminosity compared with non-accreting stars.
THE ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECT OF CINNAMALDEHYDE, THYMOL, CARVACROL AND THEIR COMBINATIONS AGAINST THE FOODBORNE PATHOGEN SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM
Authors: ZHOU FENG , JI BAOPING , ZHANG HONG , JIANG HUI , YANG ZHIWEI , LI JINGJING , LI JIHAI , YAN WENJIE 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial activity of cinnamaldehyde, thymol and carvacrol alone or their combinations against Salmonella Typhimurium. The results showed that the lowest concentrations of cinnamaldehyde, thymol and carvacrol inhibiting the growth of S. Typhimurium significantly were 200, 400 and 400 mg/L, respectively. In a system combining different antimicrobials, treatments with cinnamaldehyde/thymol, cinnamaldehyde/carvacrol and thymol/carvacrol revealed significantly less population of S. Typhimurium and had synergy effect compared with samples treated with cinnamaldehyde, thymol or carvacrol alone. By means of their paired combinations, the lowest addition of cinnamaldehyde, thymol and carvacrol could be decreased from 200, 400 and 400 mg/L to 100, 100 and 100 mg/L, respectively.
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN SALMONELLA ENTERICA SUBSPECIES ENTERICA SEROVAR TYPHIMURIUM AND COWPEA (VIGNA UNGUICULATA VARIETY SINENSIS) SEEDS, PLANTS AND PERSISTENCE IN HAY
Authors: SINGH BHOJ RAJ , CHANDRA MUDIT , AGARWAL RAVIKANT , BABU NAGRAJAN 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT Dynamics of persistence of Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium), a common food‐ and waterborne zoonotic serovar, on cowpea (Vigna unguiculata variety sinensis), a fodder and green vegetable plant, were studied. The findings revealed that S. Typhimurium not only reduced germination of cowpea seed (P < 0.01), but also caused defects in sprouts (P < 0.02). S. Typhimurium inoculation on seeds before sowing had a more pronounced effect (P < 0.01; i.e., loss in germination and appearance of defective sprouts) than sowing seeds in S. Typhimurium‐inoculated soil. S. Typhimurium persisted in saplings and adult plants up to 45 days of plant age and up to 60 days in hay. The cowpea plants grown in sterile Salmonella‐free soil did not support colonization of S. Typhimurium in different parts. A reduction in the population of Salmonella appeared as early as on the fifth day and decreased with advancing plant age. At 21 days of age, the cowpea plants had no Salmonella in their aerial parts and were free of the pathogen within 3 h of inoculation. Salmonella persisted in stumps of the plants throughout the observation, irrespective of age of the plants at the time of inoculation. The study revealed the persistence and the phytopathogenic potential of Salmonella on cowpea.
OCCURRENCE OF AFLATOXIN M1 IN RAW MILK DURING THE SUMMER AND WINTER SEASONS IN HAMEDAN, IRAN
Authors: GHIASIAN SEYED AMIR , MAGHSOOD AMIR HOSSEIN , NEYESTANI TIRANG R. , MIRHENDI SEYED HOSSEIN 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT A survey on the occurrence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) was carried out in summer and winter in raw milk samples from 93 traditional and industrial dairy farms of the Hamedan district in order to address representative data on AFM1 in milk collected from these regions. Of the 186 milk samples, AFM1 was detected in 119 samples (63.97%). The mean concentration of AFM1 in contaminated samples was 43.4 ng/L, and the minimum and maximum levels were ≤10 and 410 ng/L, respectively. Fourteen (11.76%) contaminated samples had AFM1 in concentrations in excess of the maximum levels specified in European Union regulations, i.e., 50 ng/L. The contamination ratio of milk in summer and winter months was 56.5 and 71.7%, respectively (P < 0.02). This is the first report on AFM1 determinations in raw milk from western Iran, one of the main milk‐production areas, as well as comparison between milk obtained from different dairy farms in Iran.
MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF SELECTED STREET FOODS IN PORT HARCOURT, NIGERIA
Authors: MEPBA H.D. , ACHINEWHU S.C. , ASO S.N. , WACHUKWU C.K. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT The microbiological quality of selected ready‐to‐eat foods sold on the streets of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, was evaluated. Twenty to twenty‐eight samples each of 10 different types of foods were analyzed. About 50% of the foods were deep fat fried, 20% were baked, 10% each were either boiled, pasteurized and frozen, or fermented and chilled products. Methods of food preparation and handling practices influenced the shelf lives of the foods, and their implications on microbiological quality and safety are discussed. The heterotrophic counts were highest for yogurt and ice cream and lowest for chin‐chin and buns. Bacterial counts for pancake, moi moi, cake, meat pie and egg roll on McConkey agar gave comparable results with counts obtained on Deoxycholate agar. Eleven bacteria genera were isolated. Bacillus spp. and Klebsiella spp. occurred in most of the foods, followed by Staphylococcus spp. and Micrococcus spp., while other species exhibited a random distribution. Generally, the foods were microbiologically safe despite defective handling practices.
CONSUMPTION OF RISKY FOODS AMONG ADULTS AT HIGH RISK FOR SEVERE FOODBORNE DISEASES: ROOM FOR IMPROVED TARGETED PREVENTION MESSAGES
Authors: SAMUEL MICHAEL C. , VUGIA DUC J. , KOEHLER KATHLEEN M. , MARCUS RUTHANNE , DENEEN VALERIE , DAMASKE BARBARA , SHIFERAW BELETSHACHEW , HADLER JAMES , HENAO OLGA L. , ANGULO FREDERICK J. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT Foodborne disease is of particular concern in populations at risk for severe consequences, including the elderly and persons with immune‐compromising conditions. Using data from the Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet) Population Survey, we examined the association of risky food consumption with gender, age, immune status, income and education. Gender, age and immune status were associated with consumption of risky foods. More males than females ate at least one risky food while persons aged ≥65 years were less likely than those 18–44 to eat risky foods. In the 18–44 group, those with immunosuppressive conditions were more likely to eat risky foods (P < 0.001). In the ≥65 group, those taking immunosuppressive drugs were more likely than healthy persons to eat risky foods (P < 0.001). Our findings suggest that young adults with immune‐compromising conditions and elderly persons who take immunosuppressive drugs report eating more risky foods than their healthy counterparts.
A LEXICON FOR FLAVOR DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS OF GREEN TEA
Authors: LEE JEEHYUN , CHAMBERS DELORES H. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT A lexicon for describing green tea was developed using descriptive analysis methods. A highly trained, descriptive sensory panel identified, defined and referenced 31 flavor attributes for green tea. One‐hundred and thirty‐eight green tea samples from nine countries – China, India, Japan, Kenya, Korea, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Tanzania and Vietnam – were selected to represent a wide range of green teas. Attributes could be categorized as “Green” (asparagus, beany, Brussels sprout, celery, parsley, spinach, green beans, green herb‐like); “Brown” (ashy/sooty, brown spice, burnt/scorched, nutty, tobacco); “Fruity/Floral” (fruity, floral/perfumy, citrus, fermented); “Mouthfeel” (astringent, tooth‐etching); “Basic Tastes” (overall sweet, bitter); and other attributes (almond, animalic, grain, musty/new leather, mint, seaweed, straw‐like). Some attributes, such as green, brown, bitter, astringent and tooth‐etching, were found in most samples, but many attributes were found in only a few samples. Green tea processors, food industry, researchers and consumers will benefit from this lexicon with precise definitions and references that reliably differentiate and characterize the sensory attributes of green teas. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSGreen tea (and white tea) processors, food industrialists, researchers and consumers will benefit from this lexicon with precise definitions and references that reliably differentiate and characterize the sensory attributes of green tea.
A COMPARISON OF THE DISCRIMINATING POWER OF ANOVA AND R‐INDEX ANALYSES OF HEDONIC DATA FOR VARIOUS PRODUCTS AND EXPERIMENTAL PROTOCOLS
Authors: PARK HAENA , O'MAHONY MICHAEL , KIM KWANG‐OK 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT Consumers rated a set of toothpastes and a set of orange‐flavored beverages on a 9‐point hedonic scale, using two experimental protocols: Rank‐Rating where stimuli could continually be reassessed and a more traditional approach where they could not. A 21‐point hedonic scale was also used in the Rank‐Rating condition. The hedonic data were analyzed in the usual way using ANOVA with multiple comparisons and also by ranking the data and using an R‐index analysis. Regarding the numbers of significant differences recorded, the two analyses were comparable, with a very slight and nonsignificant advantage for the ANOVA analysis. Unlike with intensity scaling, the difference between Rank‐Rating and “traditional” scaling was slight but not for all products. The same was true for scale length effects. Differences among the products suggested effects due to the number of attributes that varied. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe key finding in this study is the use of Rank‐Rating where stimuli could continually be re‐assessed for the assessment of hedonic response of consumers in the various products. Rank‐Rating may possibly give a better discrimination than more traditional scaling, depending on the number of attributes which varied. The results of the study also recommend the use of R‐index analyses of ranked hedonic data in the analyses rather than ANOVA with multiple comparisons.
EFFICACY OF PALATE CLEANSERS FOR REDUCTION OF ASTRINGENCY CARRYOVER DURING REPEATED INGESTIONS OF RED WINE
Authors: ROSS CAROLYN F. , HINKEN CATHERINE , WELLER KAREN 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT The perception of astringency is an important temporal sensory attribute of red wine. The objective of this study was to determine the most effective palate cleanser to reduce the perception of astringency following six successive ingestions of red wine using computerized time–intensity (TI) methodology. Different methods of TI data analysis were also considered. Four palate cleansers were studied: deionized water, pectin (1 g/L), carboxymethylcellulose (CBMC; 1 g/L) and unsalted crackers. Eighteen panelists applied each palate cleanser and scored the astringency intensity of red wine over three successive ingestions and applied the palate cleanser for a second time. The panelists continued to rate astringency for another three successive ingestions (total of six ingestions). Data were analyzed by analysis of variance, a TI‐averaging method and principal components analysis. Upon repeated ingestion, maximum intensity (Imax) and time at maximum intensity (Tmax) were found to increase (P < 0.05) with successive ingestions. Cracker was found to be more effective at decreasing perceived astringency than pectin and CBMC, with water being the least effective (P < 0.05). The identification of appropriate palate cleansers over repeated ingestion is important as it is often under these circumstances that sensory panels or wine tasting situations are conducted.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSAstringency carry‐over is a challenge in repeated wine tasting situations, specifically sensory panels, due to the buildup of astringency over successive ingestions. In this study, a comparison was made between the effectiveness of four palate cleansers, water, pectin, carboxymethylcellulose and cracker, in the reduction of perceived astringency over six ingestions of red wine. The cracker palate cleanser was found to be the most effective at reducing perceived astringency while water was found to be the least effective. The identification of appropriate palate cleansers over repeated ingestion is important as it is often under these circumstances that sensory panels or wine tasting situations are conducted. The use of cracker as an effective palate cleanser is of practical significance for both academic researchers and wine tasters alike.
Self‐perceived health among older women living in their own residence
Authors: Johansson Yvonne , Ek Anna‐Christina , Bachrach‐Lindström Margareta 
Published: June 2007

Aim.  The aim was to characterize women who perceived themselves as healthy and to compare them with women who perceived themselves as less healthy with regard to demographical, social, medical and functional factors. Another aim was to describe changes within the healthy group after one year.Background.  Self‐perceived health is influenced by several factors, of which diseases and illness are only a part.Method and participants.  Two hundred and seventy‐eight women, 75 and 80 years old, of which 50% (n = 139) perceived themselves as healthy and less healthy, respectively. Data were collected by using the Nottingham Health Profile, Geriatric Depression Scale, Mini Nutritional Assessment, Mini Mental State Examination and Philadelphia Geriatric Center Multilevel Assessment Instrument, in two examinations at intervals of one year.Results.  The women in the healthy group were characterized as having no or low depression symptoms (P = 0.016), better physical mobility (P = 0.029) and better physical health (P < 0.001). Furthermore no or less pain, fewer doctor visits, more energy and fewer negative emotional reactions were predictors for self‐perceived health in the healthy group at the one‐year follow‐up.Conclusion.  The most important predictors associated with perceiving oneself as healthy were no or few depression symptoms, physical mobility and good physical health.Relevance to clinical practice.  Attention has to be paid to women's mood, physical health, mobility, pain and energy to help them stay healthy.
What India Can Learn from China and Vice Versa
Authors: Bottelier Pieter 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA partial convergence of the Indian and Chinese growth models is likely. Judging from China's experience, sustaining India's impressive economic performance of recent years will require a significant further opening of its economy (externally and internally), higher savings and investments, especially in physical infrastructure and social services, and stronger labor absorption in the modern sectors. The base of India's current economic boom — software, IT‐related services and high‐end manufacturing — is narrow compared to China's. Poor performance in agriculture is responsible for still significant poverty in many parts of rural India. Bilateral India—China ties, including trade and investment, are increasing rapidly and could help to bring about the structural economic changes India needs. Through its exports to China, India is becoming linked to global supply chains centered on China. The notion that India—China relations are, or are bound to become, fundamentally antagonistic, held by many in the USA, is mistaken and potentially dangerous.
Noise-enhanced postural stability in subjects with functional ankle instability: Table 1
Authors: Ross Scott E 
Published: June 2007

Objective:To examine the effects of stochastic resonance (SR) stimulation on the postural stability of subjects with functional ankle instability (FAI).Design:Experimental research design.Setting:Sports medicine research laboratory.Participants:12 subjects with FAI who reported a history of recurrent ankle sprains and “giving way” sensations at the ankle.Interventions:Subjects performed 20 s single-leg balance tests under SR stimulation at 0.05 mA and 0.01 mA and under control conditions. Testing order was randomised. Stimulators that delivered subsensory stimulation to ankle muscles and ligaments were worn. Subjects were blinded to the test conditions, as SR stimulation was subsensory and stimulators were turned off during the control condition.Main outcome measures:Anterior/posterior and medial/lateral centre-of-pressure velocities (COPVs) were combined to form a resultant vector (COPV-R). The COPV-R differences between the optimal SR stimulation and control conditions were analysed. Optimal SR stimulation was defined as the SR stimulation input intensity level (0.05 mA or 0.01 mA) that produced the greatest percentage improvement in postural stability compared with the control condition. Slower velocities indicated enhanced postural stability.Results:The optimal input intensity was 0.05 mA for nine subjects and 0.01 mA for the other three. The optimal SR stimulation significantly (p<0.05) improved COPV-R compared with the control condition (6.60 (1.06) vs 7.20 (1.03) cm/s; mean (SD)).Conclusion:SR stimulation may enhance signal detection of sensorimotor signals associated with postural stability. This result has clinical relevance as improvements in postural instability associated with FAI may decrease ankle sprain injury.
Epidemiology of knee injuries among adolescents: a systematic review
Authors: Louw Q A , Manilall J , Grimmer K A 
Published: June 2007

Background:Youth sports injury is a public health concern, as it has detrimental effects on the health and well-being of young athletes. The knee joint is reported to be the most common joint injured by young sports participants. The potential loss of ability to participate in regular physical activity after injury is alarming, because physical inactivity is one of the major risk factors associated with systemic disease, disability and/or death worldwide.Study design:This paper presents a systematic review of the epidemiological research reporting on the prevalence of knee injuries among active adolescents to ascertain the global scope of the problem.Results:The 19 eligible studies for this review were mostly (90%) conducted in developed countries. Global adolescent knee injury prevalence ranges between 10% and 25%, with more recent studies reporting higher percentages. The average methodological appraisal score of the 19 studies was 56%. Females and adolescents appear to be more at an increased risk of sustaining a knee injury compared with males.Conclusions:Developing standard injury definitions as well as descriptions of injury causes must be taken into consideration in future injury surveillance research in order to appropriately inform effective knee injury preventative programmes for youth.