bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hydrogenation of palm stearine: Changes in chemical composition and thermal properties
Authors: Busfield W. Ken , Proschogo Peter N. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe progress of hydrogenation of palm stearine using atrans promoting catalyst has been followed by monitoring the chemical composition and the thermal properties by NMR and DSC techniques. The results show that hydrogenation occurs in 2 stages. In the first stage, the formation of the triglyceride, PEP from the lower melting PLP, allows an enhanced mixed crystal formation with the high melting PPP. Although this promotes a greater rate of crystallization in the α form and transformation to the β′ form in tempering, further transformation to the β form is inhibited. Tm is thereby reduced in the early stages even though both the rate of crystallization and the solid fat content at temperatures <40°C are increased. In the later stages of hydrogenation, the conversion of the triglyceride POO to the higher melting POS increases the proportion of the sample which can crystallize in the high melting fraction to at least 80%. Although this still cannot be transformed into the β crystal form, Tm for the overall sample and the solids content at all temperatures are now greater than those of the original palm stearine sample.
Pigments present in virgin olive oil
Authors: Minguez‐Mosquera M. Isabel , Gandul‐Rojas Beatriz , Garrido‐Fernandez Juan , Gallardo‐Guerrero Lourdes 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe qualitative and quantitative control of pigments in ripe olives and in extracted virgin olive oil has increased our knowledge of the influence on these compounds in the areas of ripening of the fruit, storage time in the factory and the oil extraction process. As the harvesting time of the fruits increases, pigment content decreases. During storage, the presence of lipoxygenase has been detected, as well as a considerable decrease in chlorophylls and a small decrease in carotenoids. During the extraction process, the chlorophyllic fraction is destroyed in the greater part, and although the carotenoid fraction is also affected, its concentration increases in the oil with respect to that in the fresh fruit. In the pigment degradation, in addition to the acid‐catalyzed reaction, the presence of lipoxygenase suggests a role for this enzyme.
Resource dependent stability in an experimental laboratory resource‐herbivore‐carnivore system
Authors: Fujii Koichi 
Published: January 2007

SummaryLong term predation systems were studied in the laboratory. Three species of beans (azuki bean, blackeye bean, and Red Kidney bean) were the resources, one species of bean weevil (Mexican bean weevil (KS)) the herbivore, and two species of parasitic wasps (Anisopteromalus calandrae (ja), and Heterospilus prosopidis (hp)) the carnivores. Several combinations of the three components were maintained for up to 770 days.System persistence was dependent on the combination of species. The azuki bean‐KS‐ja system was the most stable; the herbivore and carnivore coexisted during the entire period of time (over 700 days). The azuki‐KS‐hp system was less stable, and hp wasp was eventually eliminated. Stability was primarily dependent on the species of carnivore due to differences in their searching ability.The blackeye‐KS‐ja system always ended with the extinction of both herbivore and carnivore in a short period of time, although the blackeye‐KS‐hp system terminated with blackeye‐KS. The stability of predation system is also heavily dependent on the kind of resources on which prey lives.When the two species of wasps were introduced simultaneously, the unstable one (hp with azuki, and ja with blackeye) characterized the system dynamics. The effect of stabilizing species was minimal. Thus random introduction of more predator species did not make the system more stable.
“Long‐term” stability of tropical insect populations
Authors: Wolda Henk 
Published: January 2007

SummaryFluctuation patterns of insect species in the humid tropics are compared with those from the temperate zone, using data on species abundance covering a period of at least 6 years. The stability of a set of species is characterized by a Stability Index, which is, basically, the mean of the variances of the abundances of these species. Data on Homoptera, Dictyoptera, Orthoptera and mosquitos from the Panama Canal Area are compared with information from Europe, Australia and Japan. It is concluded that these tropical insects, even the ones from a relatively undisturbed tropical forest, are just as variable, or stable, as these temperate ones. Some exceptional temperate haibtats, such as the Schreierbach in Austria, seem to be much more stable than any known tropical ones.
Rancidity as a factor in the loss of viability of pine and other seeds
Authors: Kaloyereas Socrates A. 
Published: January 2007

SummaryA study of the factors affecting viability of pine seeds conducted for three years with the collaboration of the Washington Forest Service of Louisiana showed a certain correlation between rancidity development in the fat and the loss of their viability as tested by sand flat germination tests and color test with tetra zolium chloride. Apparently there are other factors also affecting germination which act independently of rancidity development, but rancidity seems to play an important role in this process, at least under normal storage conditions and in the early stage of viability deteriration. The loss of linolenic acid through respiration, which has been suggested by Mirov as the cause of loss of viability and longevity of oleaginous seeds, seems to be a rather indirect factor because of the close association of linolenic and other unsaturated acids, losses, and the development of rancidity Experiments with okra seeds showed a similar correlation between rancidity development and the loss of germinability. Preliminary experiments by coating okra, onion, and pine seeds with an antioxidant (starch phosphate) proved beneficial for the preservation of viability of okra and onion seeds during storage at room temperature.
Skin lipids. II. Lipid class composition of samples from various species and anatomical sites
Authors: Nicolaides N. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe literature is reviewed and new data are presented for the lipid class analysis of samples of lipid from the following skin tissues and appendages: Total epidermis, stratum corneum, and living epidermis from the human leg, total epidermis (human sole), total epidermis (rat body), sebaceous glands (human scalp), Meibomian glands (human eyelid), preputial glands (rat), preen gland (domestic goose), scalp skin surface (human),vernix caseosa (human fetal body), and rat skin surface from the back. Lipid yields are also given for most of these samples.The results show that the composition of the sebaceous type excretion varies not only from species to species but for different anatomical sites within a given species. Noteworthy is the striking number of unidentified components. Evidence is presented for the existence of a wax diester in the sebaceous gland excretion of the rat.
A laboratory method for testing laundry products for detergency
Authors: Spangler W. G. , Cross H. D. , Schaafsma B. R. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA laboratory screening test for fabric detergency has been developed, which closely parallels practical laundry operations. Natural airborne particulate is used so that the argument for and against carbon soil is eliminated. The oily soil consists of synthetic sebum, thereby simulating the surface film that covers the human integument. The particulate and fatty matter are combined into an aqueous suspension and padded onto the fabric. Variables can be measured in a minimum of time because the entire procedure is carried out in the laboratory and is not dependent on a panel of subjects as is the case in most practical testing. The procedure for this test as generally employed consists of multiple washes and measures brightener build up and redeposition in addition to detergency. Precision of the method is ŷ 0.4% at the 95% confidence level. Evaluations are made both visually and instrumentally.
Arachidonic, 5, 11, 14, 17‐eicosatetraenoic and related acids in plants舒Identification of unsaturated fatty acids
Authors: Schlenk Hermann , Gellerman Joanne L. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractArachidonic and related fatty acids which normally are found only in animals or microorganisms have been isolated and identified from several mosses and ferns. Fatty acids with a double bond in position 5, separated by more than one methylene group from other double bonds, have been found inGinkgo biloba andEquisetum. Analyses of fatty acids from numberous plants, in particular their chlorophyll containing parts, are listed according to components.The experimental part gives details on structure determination of the usual methylene‐interrupted fatty acids by ozonization‐hydrogenation‐GLC. Alkaline isomerization combined with these procedures was applied to determine the unusual double bond structures. The method permits positional identification of an internal double bond.
Alkaline methylene blue method for determination of anionic surfactants and for amine oxides in detergents
Authors: Turney M. E. , Cannell D. W. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe concn of anionic surfactants in alkaline media has been determined by modification of the methylene blue titration. The method is based on the oxidation of methylene blue chloride to dimethylthionoline, a red dye, in the presence of chloroform and sodium hydroxide. This method in conjunction with the acid methylene blue titration, also may be used to determine the amt of amine oxides in formulated products. For concns of less than 100 ppm a spectrophotometric method was used.
Ultramicro fatty acid analysis of polar lipids: Gas‐liquid chromatography after column and thin‐layer chromatographic separation
Authors: Feldman G. L. , Rouser George 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA procedure is described for the analysis of the fatty acid composition of polar lipid classes in the nanogram range. The lipids are first fractionated by column chromatography followed by further separation into pure lipid classes by thin‐layer chromatography. Lipid spots scraped from the thin‐layer plates are esterified directly (i.e., without prior elution) with 6% sulfuric acid in methanol. The methyl esters are then analyzed by gasliquid chromatography with a hydrogen flame ionization detector. Samples of 200 nanograms or less give accurate results with helium as carrier gas, oxygen rather than air to support combustion, careful adjustment of the recorder and general attention to optimum electrical connections, dissociation of the column oven from the recorder and electrometer, and careful preconditioning of columns. Under proper conditions the base line is stable and a 10% of full scale deflection of the recorder can be obtained from 1 nanogram of a methyl ester, allowing highly precise analyses of fatty acid composition from the amount of lipid obtainable from one spot on a thin‐layer chromatogram. Control studies demonstrated that extraneous peaks did not arise from the procedure or from the sphingosine and dihydrosphingosine of sphingolipids. The thin‐layer chromatographic procedure did not influence the fatty acid composition of a pure sample of glucocerebroside isolated by column chromatography and the method was applied to lecithin and sphingomyelin or normal and pathological human brain specimens.
Cyclopropane fatty acid metabolism: Physical and chemical identification of propane ring metabolic products in the adipose tissue
Authors: Wood Randall , Reiser Raymond 
Published: January 2007

AbstractTwelve male weanling rats were distributed equally into 3 groups and placed on fat‐free diets. The diets of groups 1 and 2 were supplemented with 0.54% of recemic methylcis‐9,10‐methylene octadecanoate (CMO) and racemic methyltrans‐9,10‐methylene octadecanoate (TMO), respectively. Group 3 served as a control. Gas liquid chromatography (GLC) analyses of the adipose tissue methyl esters indicated at the level fed, that cyclopropane fatty acids do not affect normal fatty acid metabolism as has been shown for cyclopropene fatty acids. GLC analyses of groups 1 and 2 revealed the presence of a different unidentified fatty acid for each of the acids fed in addition to the CMO and TMO acids themselves. Each of the unidentified acids and the CMO and TMO acids were isolated and purified by preparative GLC. The absolute identity of the CMO and TMO acids fed and isolated from body fat was established by IR, NMR, and mass spectra. The biodegradation products of the CMO and TMO esters were shown to becis‐ andtrans‐3,4‐methylene dodecanoic acid, respectively. Unequivocal proof of structure was established through synthesis followed by comparison of IR, NMR, and mass spectra and melting points, GLC retention times, and elemental analyses with those obtained for the degradation products. Neither member of the racemic mixtures of either thecis or thetrans cyclopropane acids was preferentially utilized by the rat as shown by the lack of octical activity in the degradation products and the CMO and TMO acids isolated from the body fat. The accumulations of the 3,4‐methylene dodecanoic acids in the adipose tissue of the rats fed CMO and TMO cyclopropane fatty acids suggest the inability of the beta oxidation enzyme system to proceed past the cyclopropane ring in a fatty acid chain. The synthesis ofcis‐ andtrans‐3‐dodecenoic acids, intermediates in the synthesis of the 3,4‐methylene dodecanoic acids, and the geometrical cyclopropane isomers are discussed.
Separation of oleic acid and linoleic acid by solvent extraction
Authors: Chang Haun‐Yang , Gladstone Shaul 
Published: January 2007

AbstractOleic acid and linoleic acid were separated by extraction with the solvent systemn‐heptane‐dimethyl sulfoxide. The separation factor decreased with increasing concentrations of fatty acids in the dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) layer. At fatty concn of 0.60 and 16.02%, the separation factors of linoleic acid were found to be 2.18 and 1.28, respectively. The solvent could be removed by adding water to the extract. DMSO is very soluble in water while the fatty acids are only sparingly soluble. Thus DMSO and fatty acids are separated. A phase diagram for the system Unitol ACD‐DMSO‐water at 25C and 1 atm is given.
Detection of adulteration of olive oil by argentation thin layer chromatography
Authors: Galanos D. S. , Kapoulas V. M. , Voudouris E. C. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractMinute amounts of adulterant seed oils in olive oil can be detected by GLC analysis of fatty acids of the polyunsaturated triglyceride fraction, obtained by TLC on silver nitrate impregnated silica gel. Every possible effort was made to avoid any critical or time consuming manipulation in this method in order to develop it as a routine testing procedure. A complete analysis is possible in less than 2 hr and the detection of as low as 2% adulteration by other seed oils is accurate and reliable.
Improvement of foaming tendency of kapok seed oil by catalytic hydrogenation
Authors: Kawase Yoshiyuki , Niizuma Harumi , Yasuda Kosaku 
Published: January 2007

AbstractDeodorized kapok seed oil foams vigorously when used for deep fat frying at a temperature around 180 C. This foaming tendency is due to the presence of cyclopropenoid in the oil. It was found that this foaming tendency can be greatly reduced by catalytic hydrogenation provided the cyclopropene ring is not cleaved by deodorization or bleaching prior to hydrogenation. Infrared spectrum of the refined and hydrogenated kapok seed oil showed absorption at 1020 cm−1 which is associated with the formation of the cyclopropane ring during the hydrogenation.
An improved rapid physicochemical assay method for aflatoxin in peanuts and peanut products
Authors: Waltking Arthur E. , Bleffert George , Kiernan Mary 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA practical, short cut, sensitive method for more rapidly determining aflatoxin in peanuts and peanut products has been developed. This was in response to the need to reduce the time required for analyses of peanut products in process. Through reductions in solvent volumes, utilization of pressure filtration for clarification, and substitution of liquid:liquid extraction for a lengthy column clean up, equivalent results are possible in less than one half the time required for the current official procedures. Sensitivity, precision and accuracy are comparable to the current methods for raw nuts and peanut butter. It is now possible to analyze a given ground sample of peanuts within a period of less than 90 min and one analyst can assay more than 16 samples within an 8 hr working day.
Chlorinated alcohols: I. Preparation from chlorinated acids
Authors: Grimm R. A. , Menting J. E. , Stirton A. J. , Weil J. K. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractRhenium, ruthenium and rhodium oxides, hydrogenolysis catalysts for stearic acid at 150 C, were tried for the conversion of 9,10‐dichloro‐stearic acid to the dichloro alcohol but only ReO3 was effective in some degree (yield 14%). Dehydrochlorination or hydrogenolysis at the carbon‐chlorine bond was the principal reaction. Reductions with diborane or with lithium aluminum hydride, however, were found to be excellent methods for preparing 9,10‐dichloro‐stearyl alcohol.
The stabilization of animal fats with antioxidants during rendering
Authors: Dugan L. R. , Marx Lotte , Ostby Paul , Wilder O. H. M. 
Published: January 2007

SummaryStudies have been made to determine the feasibility of stabilizing inedible animal fats with antioxidants during rendering. Results show that in many instances a very high stability fat and meat and bone scrap can be obtained from this practice. Factors affecting the variability of results are discussed.
Lipid composition ofHerrania andTheobroma seeds
Authors: Carpenter D. R. , Hammerstone J. F. , Romanczyk L. J. , Aitken W. Martin 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe seeds of nineHerrania and nineTheobroma species were surveyed for fatty acid, sterol, tocopherol and tocotrienol compositions. Principal component and cluster analyses suggested that these analytes could be used collectively as chemotaxonomic criteria to differentiate theHerrania species from theTheobroma species, as well as to provide subgroup distinctions within each genus for comparison to the existing classification schemes.
Enzymatic hydrolysis of oat and soya lecithin: Effects on functional properties
Authors: Aura Anna‐Marja , Forssell Pirkko , Mustranta Annikka , Suortti Tapani , Poutanen Kaisa 
Published: January 2007

AbstractEnzymatic hydrolysis of oat and soy lecithins and its effects on the functional properties of lecithins were investigated. The phospholipase used was most efficient at low enzyme and substrate concentrations. More fatty acids were released from soy lecithin than from oat lecithin. The maximum degree of hydrolysis was 760 μmol free fatty acids per gram soy lecithin and 170 μmol free fatty acids per gram oat lecithin. On the basis of the total carbohydrate and phosphorus contents in the polar fractions of the lecithins, oat lecithin contained more glycolipids and less phospholipids than soy lecithin. With regard to functional properties, the stability of oil‐in‐water emulsions was enhanced by hydrolyzed soy lecithin and by crude and hydrolyzed oat lecithins, but only hydrolyzed soy lecithin prevented the recrystallization of barley starch. The dissociation enthalpy of amylose‐lipid‐complex (AML‐complex) was significantly higher when hydrolyzed soy lecithin was present. Hydrolyzed oat lecithin slightly affected the dissociation enthalpy of AML‐complex. The other lecithins had no effect on recrystallization or dissociation enthalpies in the barley‐starch matrix.
Analysis of alpha‐linolenic acid geometrical isomers in deodorized oils by capillary gas‐liquid chromatography on cyanoalkyl polysiloxane stationary phases: A note of caution
Authors: Wolff Robert L. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAnalysis of alpha‐linolenic acid geometrical isomers in deodorized or heated oils by capillary gas‐liquid chromatography (GLC) on polar cyanoalkyl polysiloxane stationary phases requires some care to avoid interferences with other fatty acids. Depending on the temperature of the column, thecis‐11 20∶1 acid may elute before, with or after thecis‐9,cis‐12,cis‐15 18∶3 acid during GLC. In some instances [temperature higher than 180°C with a CP Sil 88 column (Chrompack, Middelburg, The Netherlands)], the 20∶1 acid coelutes with thetrans‐9,cis‐12,cis‐15 18∶3 acid, leading to abnormally high levels of this last isomer. Consequently, the degree of isomerization of alpha‐linolenic acid will be over‐estimated under such conditions. It is recommended that the behavior ofcis‐11 20∶1 acid relative to temperature be checked carefully prior to the determination of alpha‐linolenic acid geometrical isomers by GLC. Temperatures lower than 160°C seem appropriate to separate all of these components from each other and fromcis‐11 20∶1 acid in a 50 m×0.25 mm i.d. CP Sil 88 capillary column.
Preparation and characterization of surface active erucic acid derivatives
Authors: Jönsson Angela , Bokström Jeanette , Malmvik Ann‐Charlotte , Wärnheim Torbjörn 
Published: January 2007

Nonionic, cationic and anionic surfactants, derivatives ofcis‐13‐docosenoic acid (erucic acid), have been prepared and characterized, and their performance has been evaluated and compared with the corresponding derivatives of fatty acids with shorter alkyl chain length.Nonionic erucic acid ethoxylates give a solution behavior anticipated from the hydrophilic‐lipophilic balance of the molecule; however, the increased molecular size as compared to ordinary surfactants results, e.g., in higher temperature stability of the surfactant aggregates. Anomalous solution behavior was found and investigated for anionic surfactants, triethanolammonium salts of erucic acid, and some shorter homologues. The effects are discussed in terms of the acid‐base equilibria of the alkanolammonium counterion and the acid, together with effects due to the molecular size of the counterion.
Isolation and characterization of sucrose polyesters
Authors: Rios J. J. , Pérez‐Camino M. C. , Márquez‐Ruiz G. , Dobarganes M. C. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractVarious chromatographic techniques for isolation and separation of highly esterified sucrose polyesters (SPE) of olive oil are described. High‐performance size‐exclusion chromatography was used to check the purity of the samples, particularly to show that SPE were free from unreacted fatty acid methyl esters. Thin‐layer chromatography (TLC), Iatroscan TLC flame‐ionization detection (FID) and highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on reversed‐phase were applied for separation of octa‐, hepta‐ and hexaesters of sucrose. Pure fractions from the total mixture, obtained by column chromatography, were identified by infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. When necessary, specific reactions were applied; particularly, silylation and lead acetate‐dichlorofluorescein (in toluene) spray were used to ascertain the degee of esterification of sucrose. Finally, octa‐, hepta‐ and hexaesters of sucrose were quantitated by silica column chromatography, TLC/FID and HPLC on reversed‐phase.