bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Protection against enzootic pneumonia of pigs: intraperitoneal inoculation with live LKR strain of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
Authors: LLOYD LC. , COTTEW GS. , ANDERSON DA. 
Published: March 2008

Pigs obtained from a mycoplasma‐free piggery were randomised into 4 groups of 9. Groups 1 and 2 were injected by the intraperitoneal route with liquid culture of the LKR strain of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Group 1 was injected once and group 2 twice. Group 3 was made up of pigs inoculated by the intranasal route with the virulent Beaufort strain of M. hyopneumoniae; they served as the source of infection for the challenge. Group 4 were uninfected, uninjected controls. Six weeks after the last injection, groups from 1 to 4 were placed in contact.Seven of the pigs in the 1‐dose group and 6 in the 2‐dose group were free of lesions at necropsy 6 weeks after challenge. Of the two pigs with lesions in the 1‐dose group one had only a small lesion but the other had extensive lesions; it had not shown an antibody response after injection of culture. The lesions in the 3 pigs in the 2‐dose group were all small. All 9 control pigs had lesions which varied from medium to large in size. The difference in the incidence of pneumonia between the injected and control groups was significant (P < 0.05) and the proportion of severely affected pigs in the vaccinated groups was significantly lower (P > 0.01). There was no difference between those given one dose of vaccine and those receiving 2 doses.
A primary extraskeletal osteogenic sarcoma arising in the spleen of a dog
Authors: JABARA AG. , McLEOD JB. 
Published: March 2008

This paper describes a primary extraskeletal osteogenic sarcoma arising in the spleen of an 11‐year‐old, male, cross‐bred Terrier.Initial diagnosis was made after surgical removal of a splenic mass, at which time the liver and other abdominal viscera appeared grossly normal. However, elevations in the activities of alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase in blood taken 7 days after laparotomy suggested that hepatic metastases were developing. This was confirmed when the dog died 3.5 months after surgery, with massive hepatic metastatic involvement.There appears to be no previous report of the spleen being the primary site of such a neoplasm in the dog.
Pre‐embarkation risk factors for sheep deaths during export by sea from Western Australia
Authors: NORRIS RT. , RICHARDS RB. , DUNLOP RH. 
Published: March 2008

Truck‐drivers and previous owners of sheep from 133 farms (lines of sheep) were asked for information on possible risk factors for inappetance during lot‐feeding and for shipboard mortality during 5 voyages to the Middle East.There was no consistent association between a number of factors prior to trucking or during trucking to the feedlot and inappetance during lot‐feeding or mortality aboard ship. The factors included: whether sheep were bred or purchased by the owner, whether sheep were mixed with sheep from another farm in the previous 2 or 6 months, previous experience of trucking, frequency of yarding, experience of supplementary feeding, age, rainfall zone of the farm of origin, distance trucked, time on the truck and time off feed on arrival at the feedlot.Inappetance during lot‐feeding was significantly associated with total deaths aboard ship for individuals and for lines of sheep. Failure to eat late in the feedlot period was also a risk factor for individuals that died with inanition (relative risk = 6.9) or salmonellosis (relative risk = 5.9).In 2 voyages, there was no significant difference in shipboard death rate between groups that were previously lot‐fed in sheds or in paddocks. This was despite significantly more non‐feeders in the sheds than in the paddocks prior to one voyage. This finding suggested that some non‐feeders commenced eating pellets aboard the ship.Although inappetance in the feedlot was a risk factor for shipboard deaths, there was no difference in shipboard weight change between feedlot non‐feeders and feeders in 2 voyages. It was concluded that most non‐feeders began eating pelleted feed aboard ship.
Prognostic factors for recovery from coxo‐femoral dislocation in cattle
Authors: JUBB TF. , MALMO J. , BRIGHTLING P. , ANDERSON GA. , DAVIS GM. 
Published: March 2008

Details were recorded of 47 cases of coxo‐femoral dislocation observed in cattle over 1 year. Treatment was successful in 20/47 (42.6%) cases using a method of closed reduction. Factors that most strongly influenced the prognosis were identified. The most useful single prognostic factor was whether the cow was able to stand before reduction. Other factors that also had a strong positive influence on the prognosis were: age less than 3y, bodyweight less than 400kg and duration of dislocation less than 12h. Nineteen unsuccessful cases were examined at the knackery. Four were found to have a fracture of the proximal femur. The coxo‐femoral joint was carefully dissected in the other 15 cases and there was no evidence of hip dysplasia.A seasonal incidence of dislocations, which coincides with the calving and mating periods, was demonstrated during the survey and from practice records for the previous 3 years.
Observations on blood coagulation after snakebite in dogs and cats
Authors: HOLLOWAY SA. , PARRY BW. 
Published: March 2008

Blood samples from 13 cases of snakebite, 6 in dogs and 7 in cats, were tested for activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), prothrombin time (PT) and fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products (FDP). Four cases were tested for fibrinogen concentration. Based on the results of a commercially available ELISA test, 9 cases were caused by tiger snakes (Notechis scutatus) and 1 case by a brown snake (Pseudonaja fextilis). Three other cases had clinical signs and increased creatine phosphokinase values which suggested tiger snake envenomation.Although the period post‐envenomation varied, results indicated a marked prolongation of the APTT and PT in 5 of 6 dogs. Three of these 5 dogs also had increased FOP values and 3 (of 3 examined) were hypofibrinogenaemic. Clinical manifestations of this coagulopathy were: haematoma formation after venepuncture (3 cases), gingival petechiae (1 case) and hyphaema (1 case). In contrast, there was minimal or no prolongation of the APTT and PT values, and no increase in FDP, in all 7 cats. Furthermore, no cat exhibited clinical signs of a coagulopathy.
A survey of urinary tract disease in New South Wales koalas
Authors: CANFIELD PJ 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYFrom 1980 to 1988 235 koalas were necropsied and 67 were found to have urinary tract disease. Six affected koalas out of 48 were derived from wildlife parks around Sydney while 61 of 187 were derived from free living populations on the central and north coasts of New South Wales. Sixteen had cystitis alone, 5 had cystitis and associated renal disease only, 16 females had cystitis with genital disease, 23 had urinary disease in combination with other systemic disease and 7 had renal disease only. Overall 49 animals had cystitis (30 females and 19 males; 47 being free living) with 12 of these having renal extension (all free living). Cystitis tended to be active but chronic while associated renal disease was mainly designated as hydronephrosis and pyelonephritis. Other forms of renal disease included lymphosarcoma, oxalate nephrosis, acute and chronic nephritis, and microabscessation related to septicaemia. Female genital disease associated with cystitis was commonly vaginitis and metritis. Paraovarian cysts were detected with and without metritis. Other diseases occurring with urinary tract disease included conjunctivitis, dermatitis/stomatitis, pneumonia and hepatic disease. The higher prevalence of urinary tract disease in free living koalas, especially cystitis, is in contrast to captive koalas and may reflect the interaction between disease cause and habitat.
Survey for Newcastle disease virus in northern Queensland birds
Authors: GARNETT ST , FLANAGAN M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYOf 1235 individual birds from 130 species tested for haemagglutinating virus and/or NDV antibody in far northern Queensland, none gave a positive response. On available evidence pittas and rainforest pigeons are considered the species most likely to bring virulent NDV into Australia followed by gulls and night herons which move between dense seabird breeding colonies and other avian communities. Both can easily be monitored by strategic sampling along migratory pathways or at breeding islands. Wild parrots, waterfowl and migratory waders appear to present a minimal threat.
Adonis microcarpa (pheasant's eye) toxicity in pigs fed field pea screenings
Authors: DAVIES RL , WHYTE PBD 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYSeed of Adonis microcarpa (pheasant's eye) fed at 5.6 g/kg of the diet induced virtually total feed refusal within 3 d in growing and finishing pigs. It also caused vomiting, rapid and shallow breathing and death in a minority. These effects were probably caused by cardiac glycosides whose structure and effects closely resemble those of digoxin. Feed intake and growth recovered within 2 weeks of removal of the seed.
Chronic renal disease in Bull terriers
Authors: ROBINSON WF , SHAW SE , STANLEY B. , HUXTABLE CR , WATSON ADJ , FRIEND SE , MITTEN R. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYChronic renal failure was diagnosed in 15 Bull terrier dogs. The dogs ranged in age from one to 8 years. History and clinical findings typically included lethargy, anorexia, polyuria, polydipsia and weight loss. Affected dogs were azotaemic, had elevated serum phosphate and cholesterol, and proteinuria was apparent in all dogs tested (13/13). The concentration of urine was consistently in the nil to minimally concentrated range (specific gravities 1.011–1.017). In those dogs necropsied, both kidneys were approximately two‐thirds normal size, tough in consistency, with a pale cortex and a finely nodular capsular surface. Histologically, there was marked nephron loss, diffuse interstitial fibrosis and focal dense radial fibrosis which was especially evident in the renal medulla. Tubular dilation was widespread with focal mineralisation of tubular epithelium and adjacent basement membranes. Glomeruli were often shrunken and segmentally fibrotic. Some Bowman's spaces were extremely dilated. Many less severely affected glomeruli had thickened basement membranes.
Pathological changes in the mammary gland and biochemical changes in milk of the goat following oral dosing with leaf of the Avocado (Persea americana)
Authors: CRAIGMILL AL , SEAWRIGHT AA , MATTILA T. , FROST AJ 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYTwo varieties of avocado leaves (Persea americana var Guatemalan and var Mexican) were administered to lactating goats. The Mexican variety was without effect. The Guatemalan variety in doses exceeding 20 g fresh leaf per kg bodyweight, produced damage to the mammary gland with decreased milk production. The lesions were characterised by oedema and reddening, with clots in the large ducts. Microscopically, there was widespread degeneration and necrosis of the secretory epithelium, the necrotic cells sloughing into the lumen. There was no significant cellular inflammatory response. Concentrations of antitrypsin in the milk, indicating changes in vascular permeability, increased rapidly 15 h after a single high dose, coinciding with palpable oedema. Concentrations of NAGase, indicating cell damage, increased after 24 h. Goats given multiple doses followed a similar pattern but the initial response was delayed. The toxic principle, and its mode of action in selectively damaging mammary secretory cells, remains to be determined.
Comparison of inoculation regimes for the experimental production of swine erysipelas arthritis: I Clinical, pathological and bacteriological findings
Authors: EAMENS GJ , NICHOLLS PJ 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe arthritic form of swine erysipelas was induced in pigs by multiple intravenous inoculation of 2 strains of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. The strains differed signficantly in their arthritogenicity but not in the number of cases of lameness induced. The use of 3 intravenous inoculations instead of 5 did not significantly affect the outcome. In a second trial, the more arthritogenic strain was injected in ten‐fold dilutions from 5 × 109 to 5 × 104 organisms. Pigs receiving the lower doses showed high variability in their arthritic responses that precluded sensitive analysis of the dose effects on the number of arthritic and infected joints. However, slaughter weights showed a significant negative correlation with dose. Mean slaughter weights in treatment groups varied by 14.6 kg per pig, an average weight loss of 3 kg per pig for each ten‐fold rise in dose of the highly virulent strain, and significantly correlated with the number of arthritic and infected joints. Culture of homogenised synovial membrane through selective horse meat‐serum broth containing kanamycin, neomycin and vancomycin identified 66% and 59% more infected joints than primary blood agar culture of synovial fluid or synovial membrane homogenate, respectively.
The efficacy of a controlled‐release albendazole capsule in suppressing nematode burdens in sheep
Authors: BARTON NJ , RODDEN B. , STEEL JW 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY An experiment was undertaken between July and November 1985 in East Gippsland, Victoria, to determine the efficacy of an intra‐ruminal controlled‐release albendazole capsule against naturally acquired worm burdens and larval challenge in Merino hoggets.Two groups of 20 sheep, one group untreated, the other dosed with a capsule were grazed together; 5 sheep from each group were slaughtered for total worm counts 30 and 101 d after capsules were administered. Serum anthelmintic concentrations, faecal egg counts and body weights were monitored.Most capsules were exhausted within 91 d of administration. During the estimated 80 d for which they remained active the capsules were highly effective against the benzimidazolesusceptible worm populations. Faecal egg counts were reduced to zero and total worm populations were reduced by over 97% 30 d after administration. By 101 d egg counts were increasing and worm counts indicated that sheep were becoming reinfected. Sheep treated with the capsules grew faster than those not treated.
Effects of antibiotic therapy at drying off on mastitis in the dry period and early lactation
Authors: BROWNING JW , MEIN GA , BARTON M. , NICHOLLS TJ , BRIGHTLING P. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Four strategies for selecting cows for intramammary therapy with benzathine cloxacillin at drying off were compared in 12 Victorian dairy herds. The bacteriological status of all quarters of all (1044) cows was determined just before drying off, within 2 d of calving, and again 3 to 5 months after calving. All cases of clinical mastitis (from calving to mid‐lactation) were recorded.Cows not infected at drying off were allocated randomly to 2 subgroups of approximately 350 cows each: not infected, not treated (NI‐NT), or not infected, all quarters treated (NI‐AT). New infection rates in the dry period (3.8% for NI‐NT vs 2.1% for NI‐AT) and in early lactation (4.1% for NI‐NT vs 3.9% for NI‐AT) were low and these differences were not significant. Incidence of clinical mastitis in early lactation was almost 50% higher for the treated group of uninfected cows compared with the untreated group (0.05 < p < 0.1).Cows infected in one or more quarters at drying off were split randomly into 2 subgroups of approximately 170 cows each: infected, all quarters treated (I‐AT), or infected quarters treated only (I‐QT). The new infection rate during the dry period was nearly 4 times higher for I‐QT (15.3%) due to significantly more new infections by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus uberis. In early lactation there was a significantly higher rate for S. aureus in group I‐AT (34 vs 13 new infections), but no overall difference for total pathogens between groups. S. uberis had a significantly higher rate in the I‐QT group, both at calving (26 vs 5) and at mid‐lactation (15 vs 6), compared with the I‐AT group. Incidence of clinical mastitis in early lactation was not significantly different between treatment groups although there were 25% more clinicals for the I‐QT group (25 vs 20).
Dissociative anaesthesia in free‐ranging male koalas and selected marsupials in captivity
Authors: BUSH M. , GRAVES JAM , O'BRIEN SJ , WILDT DE 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Forty seven free‐ranging, adult, male koalas were captured and administered an intramuscular injection of the dissociative anaesthetic, Telazol® (tiletamine HCI plus zolazepam HCI), at dose rates of 5.0 to 7.7 mg/kg body weight. Anaesthesia induction was rapid and smooth and resulted in a surgical plane of anaesthesia lasting 30 to 45 min. There was no depression of heart rate or respiration. Mild salivation occurred in most animals, but was not a problem because the swallowing reflex was retained. There was no mortality or morbidity and the anaesthesia level was sufficient to allow electroejaculation and multiple blood sampling with no apparent animal discomfort. For 10 of 19 males in which anaesthesia was required for a 90 min protocol, a supplementary Telazol injection (average, 2.5 mg/kg) was necessary. All koalas recovered completely within 3 to 4 h of the initial injection. The results suggest that the optimal Telazol dosage for the adult male koala is 7.0 mg/kg body weight.The retrospective analysis of 259 anaesthesia records involving 14 species indicated that Telazol was equally effective and safe in other captive marsupials.
Oral vaccination of chickens against Newcastle disease with V4 vaccine delivered on processed rice grains
Authors: JAYAWARDANE GWL , DE ALWTS MCL , BANDARA DAWWDA 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY An international effort (sponsored by the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research) is being made to develop oral vaccines that will protect village chickens against Newcastle disease. The vaccines being used are derivatives of the avirulent Australian V4 strain that have been selected for enhanced heat resistance. The present study, undertaken in Sri Lanka, used local processed (parboiled) rice as a vehicle for the vaccine. Chickens receiving two doses of vaccine on cooked, parboiled rice were completely protected against contact challenge with the virulent SL 88/1 Sri Lankan strain of Newcastle disease virus. Chickens kept in contact with these vaccinated chickens were similarly protected. Lower levels of protection were achieved with vaccine given on uncooked parboiled rice. V4 vaccine administered intranasally also gave complete protection.Serums from vaccinated chickens that survived challenge were tested for haemagglutination‐inhibition antibodies, using both vaccine virus and challenge virus as antigens. Titres were higher against vaccine virus.
Isolation of Mycoplasma synoviae from infectious synovitis of chickens
Authors: MORROW CJ , BELL IG , WALKER SB , MARKHAM PF , THORP BH , WHITHEAR KG 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY This report describes the first isolations of Mycoplasma synoviae from the synovial sheaths and joints of commercial chickens affected with synovitis in Australia. Over 4 years 3 separate outbreaks were investigated in which up to 20% of birds exhibited clinical signs of poor growth and “hot foot” syndrome (swollen inflamed footpads). Once an outbreak occurred, chronic infection of the farm usually ensued.Grossly the hocks and footpads were swollen by a purulent exudate and associated inflammatory changes with histological features of a severe acute synovitis. Seroconversion of the flocks occurred at the time of the development of lesions. M. synoviae specific antibodies were demonstrated by ELISA in the joint fluid of affected birds.It is concluded that the cases described are similar to avian infectious synotivits syndromes caused by M. synoviae previously described overseas.
Immunogenicity of a temperature sensitive mutant Mycoplasma gaffisepticum vaccine
Authors: WHITHEAR KG , SOERIPTO  , HARRIGAN KE , GHIOCAS E 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY The immunogenicity of the ts‐11 vaccine strain of Mycoplasma gallisepticum was assessed following eye drop or coarse aerosol administration in chickens of various ages. Protection was evaluatted following intra‐abdominal (IA) or fine droplet aerosol administration of virulent M. gallisepticum, usually the Ap3AS strain and was measured mainly by the scoring of gross air sac lesions or by egg production.Vaccination of chickens with ts‐11 did not elicit a substantial serum antibody response as measured by rapid serum agglutination test, or ELISA. Protection was never demonstrated when no M. gallisepticum serum antibody response was detected in a vaccinated group of chickens. Failure to protect occurred usually, although not invariably, following aerosol administration of the vaccine. Vaccination by eye drop usually, although not invariably provided protection against challenge.In one experiment, chickens vaccinated by eye drop at 8‐weeks were as susceptible as non vaccinated controls when challenged by IA inoculation at 13‐weeks‐of‐age. Yet other birds from the same vaccinated group were resistant when challenged in an identical way at 23‐weeks. No measurable increase in M. gallisepticum specific serum antibody concentrations occurred in the intervening period. Equally surprising was the response of another group of birds in the same experiment that had been vaccinated with a higher dose of ts‐11. An antibody response was detected in this group, but they were susceptible to challenge at 23‐weeks. Interestingly, a drop in egg production commenced 4 weeks after challenge, 2 weeks later than that observed in a non vaccinated group challenged at the same time. This suggested that there was a degree of protective immunity which subsequently broke down.
Vaccination of sheep with cell culture grown orf virus
Authors: PYE D 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Orf virus, derived from contagious pustular dermatitis (scabby mouth) lesions in sheep, was adapted to cell culture and subsequently evaluated as a potential vaccine for sheep.The traditional vaccine virus, prepared from the infected scabs of orf virus lesions in sheep, was used to vaccinate sheep by scratching with an applicator (mounted pins) dipped in virus. Less than 10 TCID50 (50% tissue culture infectious doses) of virus was required to produce large lesions (> 5 mm diameter) which developed during a period of 10 to 14 d prior to onset of healing which was complete by 28 to 30 d. A serum neutralising antibody response was also detected and protection against challenge by application of virulent virus to abraded skin was demonstrated in that challenge lesions developed and healed more quickly (14 d against 30 d). However, cell culture‐adapted virus required more than 105 TCID50 to induce even small lesions (<2 mm diameter). An antibody response could not be detected and no evidence of protection against challenge with virulent virus was demonstrated.In contrast, a recent field isolate has yielded a cell culture‐adapted virus preparation that readily infects sheep, produces large lesions, detectable antibody and protects against challenge. This isolate is distinct from the traditional vaccine strain on the basis of restriction enzyme analysis but provides cross‐protection in sheep inmmunisation and challenge studies. These results demonstrate that a cell culture produced scabby mouth vaccine is feasible.