bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development and evaluation of a forecasting system for fungal disease in turfgrass
Authors: Palmieri Richard , Tredway Lane , Niyogi Dev , Lackmann Gary M. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractA forecasting system for fungal infection of turfgrass using weather‐based empirical indices (the ‘Fidanza’ and ‘Schumann’ models) was developed and evaluated for its ability to predict the occurrence of brown patch (Rhizoctonia blight) infection episodes at an experimental site in southeastern USA. Disease observations took place at the Turfgrass Field Laboratory in Raleigh, North Carolina between 8 June and 17 August 2003. Three meteorological data sources were used to generate disease risk indices using the empirical models: an on‐site observing station, an observing station at a nearby airport, and the US National Weather Service's operational Eta weather forecast model. Visual observations of brown patch activity were conducted in the field and used to evaluate the accuracy of the disease prediction models. Results indicate that the Fidanza and Schumann models correctly predicted brown patch activity on 48% and 30% of the days on which disease occurred, respectively. A diagnosis of the model performance of these disease indices was undertaken. Results are dependent on occurrence of high temperatures and rainfall and independent of the source of the meteorological information (on‐site, airport and the Eta model); therefore, regional meteorological information can be effectively applied to develop turfgrass disease forecasting systems. Ongoing efforts are directed towards developing new disease indices and modifying existing indices before an operational disease forecasting system can be implemented. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Source estimates of the May 2006 Java earthquake
Authors: Nakano Masaru , Kumagai Hiroyuki , Miyakawa Koji , Yamashina Tadashi , Inoue Hiroshi , Ishida Mizuho , Aoi Shin , Morikawa Nobuyuki , Harjadi Prih 
Published: December 2006

In the early morning of 27 May 2006, local time, central Java was jolted by strong seismic ground motion. In spite of the moderate size of the earthquake (Mw = 6.4), it caused severe damage nearYogyakarta city. According to a report from the Social Affairs Ministry of Indonesia, more than 5700 people were killed, 38,000 injured, and 423,000 evacuated.As a result of the shaking, more than 126,000 buildings collapsed, and more than 392,000—including those of the famous Prambanan temple complex, located about 17 kilometers east of Yogyakarta—were severely damaged (Figure 1).
The unknown and the uncertain in Earth system modeling
Authors: Le Quéré Corinne 
Published: December 2006

With the planet heating up, the urgent need to reduce uncertainty in climate projections could have consequences in the way Earth system models evolve. I argue that a period of confusion in the development of models can be beneficial and can lead to improved understanding and reduced uncertainty in due time. I have identified three phases of development in modeling—the illusion, the chaos, and the relief—through which models seem to evolve before their results can be said to approach the truth with some confidence.Whereas these phases are based only on my limited observation of the field, they underline the fact that answers to scientific questions are usually ‘unknown’ before they become ‘uncertain.’ Realizing in which phase a model component may be could facilitate their development. I give examples from carbon cycle modeling and highlight the benefits of encouraging new and audacious approaches in modeling.
More than science at risk as U.S. icebreakers age
Authors: Zielinski Sarah 
Published: December 2006

With only two operational icebreakers, and one of those near the end of its lifespan, the U.S. National Science Foundation has developed contingency plans to ensure access to the polar regions for science. However, the U.S. government may need to acquire new icebreakers if the nation requires access for other purposes in addition to science, such as commerce and national security, according to a recent report from a committee of the U.S. National Research Council (NRC).Hajo Eicken, from the Geophysical Institute of the University of Alaska Fairbanks and a member of the NRC committee, said that as polar ice conditions and temperatures become more “benign,” “industry, law enforcement, and various other activities are actually going to move into these areas.” However, he said that because of the nature of geography and ice circulation, there will be “more critical situations that require support by heavy polar‐class icebreakers.”
Cold‐water coral mounds revealed
Authors: William Trevor , Kano Akihiro , Ferdelman Timothy , Henriet Jean‐Pierre , Abe Kohei , Andres Miriam S. , Bjerager Morten , Browning Emily L. , Cragg Barry A. , De Mol Ben , Dorschel Boris , Foubert Anneleen , Frank Tracy D. , Fuwa Yuji , Gaillot Philippe , Gharib Jamshid J. , Gregg Jay M. , Huvenne Veerle Ann Ida , Léonide Philippe , Li Xianghui , Mangelsdorf Kai , Tanaka Akiko , Monteys Xavier , Novosel Ivana , Sakai Saburo , Samarkin Vladimir A. , Sasaki Keiichi , Spivack Arthur J. , Takashima Chizuru , Titschak Jürgen 
Published: December 2006

The discovery of mounds and reefs hosting cold‐water coral ecosystems along the northeastern Atlantic continental margins has propelled a vigorous effort over the past decade to study the distribution of the mounds, surface sediments, the ecosystems they host, and their environments [Hovland et al., 1994; Freiwald and Roberts, 2005].This effort has involved swath bathymetry, remotely operated vehicle deployments, shallow coring, and seismic surveys.Global coverage is difficult to gauge, but studies indicate that cold‐water corals may cover as large an area as the better known warm‐water corals that form shallow reefs (284,300 square kilometers) [Freiwald et al., 2005]. Cold‐water corals occur in a variety of forms and settings, from small isolated colonies or patch reefs to giant mound structures such as those found west of Ireland.
Volcanic island appears near Tonga
Authors: Zielinski Sarah 
Published: December 2006

A volcano known as Home Reef is now believed to be the source of a small island that appeared recently in Tonga, according to scientists from the Smithsonian Institution's Global Volcanism Program who had initially placed the location of the eruption and resulting island at nearby Metis Shoal.Mariners onboard the yacht Maiken reported strong eruptions in the area of Home Reef on 12 August and the appearance of an island the following day The Ozone Monitoring Instrument onboard the NASA satellite Aura detected sulfur dioxide emissions in the same region on 8–15 August. In addition, people in Fiji and on ships traveling through the region reported seeing large amounts of floating pumice into September.
The Low Lying Electronic States of GeO
Authors: A Lagerqvist  , I Renhorn  
Published: December 2006

TheA1Π-X1Σ+band system in74Ge16O and74Ge18O is analyzed and the local perturbations of theA1Π state are assigned. Four new electronic states are reported, namely thed3Δ,e3Σ-,C1Σ-andD1Δ states. Vibrational numbering is determined from the isotopic shifts. The vibrational variations of the perturbation matrix elements are shown to be in agreement with single configuration arguments. The electronic spin-orbit parametera+and the Coriolis parameterbare determined. The molecular constants for the eight lowest electronic states are reported. Semi-empirical and isovalent relationships between spin-orbit and spin-spin constants are also discussed.The equilibrium constants for theA1Π state and the four perturbing states are in cm-1:StateTeωeBeA1Π37 763.1648.80.414 32D1Δ32 7155910.362 2C1Σ-32 4755910.362 2e3Σ-32 2146000.362 2d3Δ130 4925970.362 2
The A2Π-X2Σ+Emission System of Cadmium Deuteride
Authors: Walter J Balfour  
Published: December 2006

The arc emission spectrum of CdD has been photographed at high resolution and seven bands and two sub-bands of theA2Π-X2Σ+system rotationally analyzed. The principal114CdD molecular constants are, in cm-1:TeωeωexeBeαe105DeX2Σ+:01026.1224.432.75050.0838.0A2Π:22620.531249.6320.293.07790.0677.4The dependences on vibration and rotation of the spin-splitting in theX2Σ+state and the spin-orbit coupling and Λ-type doubling in theA2Π state have been studied. 𝒜0= 1025.9 + 9.8 × 10-3J(J+ 1) cm-1.
Domestic violence and child protection: exploring the role of perpetrator risk assessments
Authors: Humphreys Cathy 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTThis article explores the issue of severity in relation to domestic violence and provides a number of reasons for the necessary engagement by workers with such a contentious issue. The specific role that the assessment of the risks posed by the perpetrator which has now developed in some police forces in the United Kingdom is examined, and its relevance to child welfare intervention discussed. A range of factors are identified that heighten the risks of increased violence. These include prior sexual assault; stalking and controlling behaviour; substance misuse and mental‐health problems; separation and child contact disputes; pregnancy; escalation including the use of weapons and psychological abuse; attempts and threats to kill; child abuse; isolation and barriers to help‐seeking. The ways in which perpetrator risk assessment can be used to inform the filtering of referrals to the statutory child care agency, enhance multi‐agency working, provide a structure for the assessment of the perpetrator, enhance partnership‐working with survivors (usually women) and inform the protection strategies for workers are explored.
Teaching and learning communication with children and young people: developing the qualifying social work curriculum in a changing policy context
Authors: Luckock Barry , Lefevre Michelle , Tanner Karen 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTTwenty years after survey evidence showed that UK social work students could complete their training without having learnt about or worked with children, new research suggests little has changed. There is still no guarantee that any student on qualification will have been taught about or assessed in communication skills with children and young people. This is despite the claim that the pre‐registration award provides teaching and assessment in core generic skills as a foundation for the development of specialist practice roles in agencies. In fact, as this paper shows, a common understanding of what counts as effective communication with children has yet to be consolidated in social work practice and research. This has impeded the process of curriculum development. Divergent expectations about what counts as social work communication with children in a changing policy context may be exacerbating long‐standing uncertainties about how genericism and specialism should be linked in professional education and training. In exploring these issues, this paper seeks to clear the way for the renewed effort that is now required if this aspect of curriculum development is to be effective.
Potentiating effects of nonactive/active vitamin D analogues and ketoconazole in parathyroid cells
Authors: Segersten Ulrika , Björklund Peyman , Hellman Per , Åkerström Göran , Westin Gunnar 
Published: December 2006

SummaryBackground and objective  1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3[1α,25(OH)2D3, calcitriol], and its less calcaemic synthetic analogues have therapeutic potential in several diseases, including hyperparathyroidism (HPT). We have suggested that non‐1α‐hydroxylated (nonactive) vitamin D analogues may present an alternative in tumour cells expressing 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3 1α‐hydroxylase (1α‐hydroxylase). The aim of this study was to investigate biological effects of a non‐1α‐hydroxylated vitamin D analogue in normal and tumour parathyroid cells.Patients and methods  Effects of vitamin D analogues and ketoconazole on parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion (radioimmunoassay) and PTH mRNA expression (reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction) were studied in primary bovine parathyroid cells. Proliferation of tumour cells isolated from HPT patients was determined by thymidine incorporationResults  EB1285, non‐1α‐hydroxylated precursor of the vitamin D analogue EB1089, suppressed PTH secretion and PTH mRNA level as well as increased expression of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3‐24‐hydroxylase (24‐hydroxylase) in bovine parathyroid cells. EB1285 also inhibited cell proliferation of parathyroid tumour cells from primary (pHPT) and secondary HPT (sHPT) patients. Combined treatment with the cytochrome P450‐dependent enzyme inhibitor ketoconazole and EB1285 or with active vitamin D compounds potentiated the suppressive effect on PTH secretion from bovine parathyroid cells. Ketaconazole alone displayed PTH suppression and increased 24‐hydroxylase expression.Conclusion  The results support the idea that a non‐1α‐hydroxylated vitamin D analogue may elicit vitamin D receptor (VDR) effects in 1α‐hydroxylase expressing parathyroid tumour cells. Further studies are warranted to elucidate whether precursor vitamin D analogues as well as inhibitors of 24‐hydroxylase present therapeutic alternatives in patients suffering from HPT.
Aspects of the distribution and growth of bluemouth (Helicolenus dactylopterus, Delaroche 1809) since its invasion of the northern North Sea in 1991
Authors: MAMIE J. C. J. , BEARE D. J. , JONES E. G. , KIENZLE M. , DOBBY H. , HEATH M. R. , REID D. G. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractRecent trends in the abundance, distribution and growth of bluemouth in Scottish waters are described. The observations are all based on an ecologically important time‐series database of trawl surveys conducted annually between 1925 and 2004 by Fisheries Research Services, Aberdeen. We examine the period 1985–2004 in detail. Bluemouth abundance has increased over the last decade both along the continental shelf west of Scotland and in the North Sea. In 1991 bluemouth appeared in the northern North Sea as a distinct cohort, with total lengths ranging between 6 and 8 cm. 1991 was a year of exceptional Atlantic inflow into the North Sea, and it is likely that the bluemouth used this water mass as a highway, entering from the north and west as small individuals. The fish from 1991 grew steadily and formed a distinct length mode that we track here until its disappearance in 2002. In the first few years following this influx, bluemouth were recorded all around the northern North Sea, but since 1997 numbers have declined and its distribution has shrunk into one of two International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) statistical rectangles (39F1 and 40F2) which are positioned in the central part of the North Sea. Since 1991 only one subsequent and relatively minor immigration of bluemouth into the North Sea has taken place, in 1998. The composition of the North Sea bluemouth population as a single cohort allows its spatial distribution, expansion and growth rate to be charted, discussed and described.
CD4+ Th1 cells promote CD8+ Tc1 cell survival, memory response, tumor localization and therapy by targeted delivery of interleukin 2 via acquired pMHC I complexes
Authors: Huang Hui , Hao Siguo , Li Fang , Ye Zhenmin , Yang Junbao , Xiang Jim 
Published: December 2006

SummaryThe cooperative role of CD4+ helper T (Th) cells has been reported for CD8+ cytotoxic T (Tc) cells in tumor eradication. However, its molecular mechanisms have not been well elucidated. We have recently demonstrated that CD4+ Th cells can acquire major histocompatibility complex/peptide I (pMHC I) complexes and costimulatory molecules by dendritic cell (DC) activation, and further stimulate naïve CD8+ T cell proliferation and activation. In this study, we used CD4+ Th1 and CD8+ Tc1 cells derived from ovalbumin (OVA)‐specific T cell receptor (TCR) transgenic OT II and OT I mice to study CD4+ Th1 cell's help effects on active CD8+ Tc1 cells and the molecular mechanisms involved in CD8+ Tc1‐cell immunotherapy of OVA‐expressing EG7 tumors. Our data showed that CD4+ Th1 cells with acquired pMHC I by OVA‐pulsed DC (DCOVA) stimulation are capable of prolonging survival and reducing apoptosis formation of active CD8+ Tc1 cells in vitro, and promoting CD8+ Tc1 cell tumor localization and memory responses in vivo by 3‐folds. A combined adoptive T‐cell therapy of CD8+ Tc1 with CD4+ Th1 cells resulted in regression of well‐established EG7 tumors (5 mm in diameter) in all 10/10 mice. The CD4+ Th1’s help effect is mediated via the helper cytokine IL‐2 specifically targeted to CD8+ Tc1 cells in vivo by acquired pMHC I complexes. Taken together, these results will have important implications for designing adoptive T‐cell immunotherapy protocols in treatment of solid tumors.
Blood monocytes, myeloid dendritic cells and the cytokines interleukin (IL)‐7 and IL‐15 maintain human CD4+ T memory cells with mixed helper/regulatory function*
Authors: McKinlay Adam , Radford Kristen , Kato Masato , Field Ken , Gardiner Damien , Khalil Dalia , Burnell Fiona , Hart Derek , Vuckovic Slavica 
Published: December 2006

SummaryThe number and function of human T cells in the periphery are regulated by homeostatic signals received from antigen‐presenting cells (APCs) and the common gamma chain (γc) cytokines interleukin (IL)‐7 and IL‐15. We found that, in the absence of introduced antigen, blood monocytes or myeloid dendritic cells (MDCs) in the presence of IL‐7 and IL‐15 (IL‐7/IL‐15) can regulate CD4+ T memory (Tm) cell numbers by polyclonal cell proliferation. The dynamics of CD4+ Tm cell proliferation, in the presence of IL‐7/IL‐15, was dependent on contact with MDCs and to a lesser extent on contact with monocytes. IL‐7/IL‐15 either alone or combined with monocytes or MDCs enhanced the proportion of CD4+ Tm cells with activated and effector phenotype and diminished the helper function of CD4+ Tm cells. These CD4+ Tm cells, preconditioned with IL‐7/IL‐15 alone or with monocytes or MDCs and IL‐7/IL‐15, reduced T cell‐dependent immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG responses. This appeared to be a contact‐dependent effect involving a reduction in antibody‐producing CD27+ B memory cells, but contact‐independent suppression by soluble factors also contributed to the antibody‐producing capacity of CD27+ B memory cells. These results indicate that blood monocytes, MDCs and the cytokines IL‐7/IL‐15 contribute to homeostasis of CD4+ Tm cells by regulating their number, activation state and helper/suppressor (regulatory) function. In healthy individuals, this mode of regulating CD4+ Tm cell homeostasis may provide a basis for the control of autoimmune responses.
Interferon‐β therapy reduces CD4+ and CD8+ T‐cell reactivity in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Zafranskaya Marina , Oschmann Patrick , Engel Rosel , Weishaupt Andreas , Van Noort Johannes M. , Jomaa Hassan , Eberl Matthias 
Published: December 2006

SummaryTherapy with interferon‐β (IFN‐β) has well‐established clinical effects in multiple sclerosis (MS), albeit the immunomodulatory mechanisms are not fully understood. We assessed the prevalence and functional capacity of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in healthy donors, and in untreated and IFN‐β‐treated MS patients, in response to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). The proportion of CD45RO+ memory T cells was higher in MS patients than in healthy donors, but returned to normal values upon therapy with IFN‐β. While CD45RO+ CD4+ T cells from all three groups responded to MOG in vitro, untreated patients showed augmented proliferative responses compared to healthy individuals and IFN‐β treatment reduced this elevated reactivity back to the values observed in healthy donors. Similarly, the response of CD45RO+ CD8+ T cells to MOG was strongest in untreated patients and decreased to normal values upon immunotherapy. Overall, the frequency of peripheral CD45RO+ memory T cells ex vivo correlated with the strength of the cellular in vitro response to MOG in untreated patients but not in healthy donors or IFN‐β‐treated patients. Compared with healthy individuals, responding CD4+ and CD8+ cells were skewed towards a type 1 cytokine phenotype in untreated patients, but towards a type 2 phenotype under IFN‐β therapy. Our data suggest that the beneficial effect of IFN‐β in MS might be the result of the suppression or depletion of autoreactive, pro‐inflammatory memory T cells in the periphery. Assessment of T‐cell subsets and their reactivity to MOG may represent an important diagnostic tool for monitoring successful immunotherapy in MS.
Structure of the Lipopolysaccharide Side Chain of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci Strain NCPPB 79 (=CFBP 1615), in Relation to O‐serogroup
Authors: Spitali M. , Smith A. R. W. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe lipopolysaccharide (LPS) side chain from Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci strain NCPPB 79 (=CFBP 1615) contained l‐ and d‐rhamnose, and GlcNAc. Using methylation analysis, periodate oxidation, Smith degradation and 1H‐ and 13C‐nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, the repeat unit was found to have the structure: This structure is correlated with a previously proposed serogrouping system. The involvement of LPS generally in plant disease is briefly discussed.
Occurrence of Toxic Hexadepsipeptides in Preharvest Maize Ear Rot Infected by Fusarium poae in Poland
Authors: Chełkowski J. , Ritieni A. , Wiśniewska H. , Mulè G. , Logrieco A. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractTwenty‐seven preharvest maize ears affected by Fusarium poae rot (disease score 36–100%) were selected in 1998 and 1999 in Poland and examined for the occurrence of toxic hexadepsipeptides: beauvericin (BEA), enniatin A, enniatin B and enniatin B1. The identification of F. poae was confirmed by sequence analysis of variable internal transcribed spacer regions and compared with NCBI gene bank DNA sequences. Chemical analyses were performed by HPLC‐MS. In 27 ears infected by F. poae were detected: BEA (trace to 46 μg/g) in 18 samples, enniatin A (trace to 37 μg/g) in nine samples, enniatin B (trace to 47 μg/g) in 15 samples and enniatin B1 (trace to 25 μg/g) in 12 samples. When 20 strains of F. poae isolated from these samples were cultured on rice, all produced BEA (1.9–75 μg/g), three enniatin A (1.8–2 μg/g), 12 enniatin B (1.1–5.1 μg/g) and eight enniatin B1 (1.2–5.2 μg/g). Occurrence and quantification of enniatin A, enniatin B and enniatin B1 and their co‐occurrence with BEA in maize kernels is reported for the first time.