bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Negative Component Pm in the Retino‐gram of the Tortoise
Authors: BERNHARD CARL GUSTAF 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Rtinal action potentials have been recorded from isolated eyes of the Greek tortoise (Testudo graeca) with the aid of a directly coupled amplifier and a cathode ray oscillograph.The eye of the tortoise, studied in the autumn, responds to light with an electroretinogram containing the components Pn and Pii but dominated by the negative Pin. Potassium eliminates the positive, and alcohol the negative component thus serving to identify them and to homologize them with components of other types of eyes in which normally the positive Pii dominates.The electroretinogram of the tortoise's practically pure cone‐eye does not change its shape with changes in state of adaptation. A positive component Pi has not been observed in the tortoise's eye.In the discussion it is suggested that the electroretinogram of the tortoise, to some extent at least, derives its unusual shape from the fact that this animal has a cone‐eye.
On the Significance of the Presso‐Sensible and the Chemo‐Sensible Reflexes in the Regulation of the Cardiac Output
Authors: ASMUSSEN ERLING , KNUDSEN E. O. E. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.In the + 60o position on a tilting board, the cardiac output diminishes although the presso‐sensible mechanisms keep the blood pressure approximately normal. If in this position the subject breathes air, low in O2, the cardiac output will increase. This shows, that the lowered cardiac output in the tilted position is not simply due to mechanical hindrances for the circulatory center to maintain an adequate circulation rate, but rather to the fact, that the presso‐sensible reflexes do not include such steps as will bring forth an increase in the cardiac output. The chemo‐sensible reflexes and the reflexes evoked by the onset of work, do include such measures.
Properties of Throinbokinase (Thromboplastin) from Ox Lung
Authors: ASTRUP TAGE , DARLING SVEN 
Published: December 2008

Summary.

Extracts containing the tissue factor active in clotting (thrombokinase, thromboplastin) from ox lung have been prepared and investigated.
An equation for expressing their strength has been found. A thrombokinase unit (k. u.) is defined. The method of measuring, its difficulties and its accuracy are discussed.
The heat lability has been studied. Heating to 40o increases the strength 3 times. Temperatures higher than 56o inactivates the solutions. Other properties are mentioned. The thrombokinase shows globulin character and is very readily denatured.
Rate of Penetration of Ions into Erythrocytes
Authors: HAHN L. , HEVESY G. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The red corpuscles contain much larger amounts of acid soluble phosphorus compounds than the plasma. The difference is only maintained as long as an active process, an alternative phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, takes place in the corpuscles, a process which, was studied by measuring the rate of penetration of labelled phosphorus into the erythrocytes and the rate of incorporation of 32P into the acid soluble P compounds present in the corpuscles.While labelled phosphate penetrates at about the same rate into the corpuscles of the human and the rabbit, it enters at a much slower rate the nucleated corpuscles of the hen and the frog.The amount of labelled phosphate which penetrates into the corpuscles of the rabbit at 0° was found to make out about 1/14 of the amount found at 37°.Incorporation of labelled phosphate into acid soluble P compounds, thus alternative dephosphorylation and phosphorylation, was found to go on in the blood hemolysate as well, though at a slower rate than in the intact corpuscles.A lowering of the temperature from 37° to 0° reduces the amount of labelled P incorporated into organic P compounds of the hemolysate to 1/4.The addition of KCN to blood reduces the formation of organic P compounds in the corpuscle markedly.The rate of penetration of phosphate into the corpuscles was also measured by accumulation experiments in which a part of the plasma chloride Was replaced by phosphate and the amount of phosphate which left the plasma determined at different intervals.The difference between the interchange of labelled and non‐labelled ions, present in the plasma and the corpuscles respectively, and the accumulation of ions in the corpuscles after raising the ionic concentration of the plasma is discussed and it is shown that only interchange experiments supply a direct measure of the hindrance of a phase boundary to the passage of ions.By using 32P and 38Cl, respectively, as indicators the percentage of plasma phosphate which penetrates per unit time into the corpuscles of the rabbit was found to be at least 100 times smaller than the percentage of plasma chloride penetrating into the corpuscles. The rate of penetration of sodium, using 24Na as a tracer, Was found to be slower than the rate of intrusion of phosphate.
The Physical Calculation of the Cardiac Output and its Error Sources
Authors: APÉRIA A. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The author has recently given a new formula for the physical calculation of the cardiac output with basal conditions involving but weak reflection variations. It seems, that the theory for the single air‐chamber has been applied in this paper more strictly, than this usually occurs in the literature. The given formula has been tested on 80 cases by gas analysis and has therewith been proved in essentials to be more or less satisfactory. The average absolute deviation in comparison to gas analysis was not considerable (slightly over 10 %). Great deviations are more seldom than that is the case with corresponding formulae of earlier authors, but they appear however now and then. It has been shown that the previous formulae are to a certain extent theoretically insufficiently founded. It seemed in any case useful to examine the reasons why the air‐chamber theory even with as exact a treatment as possible is unable to attain an exactitude, which will be always sufficient for the practitioner. All physical magnitudes employed in this range of science have, therefore, been discussed with regard to either the exactitude of their theoretical foundation or to the accuracy of their measurements. A quantitative valuation of the possible corresponding absolute errors has, likewise, been carried out, in addition to the qualitative discussion. The values given on this occasion have not on the whole been closer developed, for brevity's sake, and serve but as a general orientation. Only a probability consideration could satisfactorily be given on the material with regard to the grouping of the relative errors of different magnitude.Several attempts concerning the physical calculation of the cardiac output, otherwise given in literature, have been considered for comparison. The author has therewith seized the opportunity to reject an in essentials unfounded criticism, directed against his paper of 1940 from some authors of the Münich school.The necessity of development of the usual air‐chamber theory in the direction of exact hemodynamics has anew been demonstrated in a relatively vast material. The possibility of making occasionally too great errors with the physical calculation of the cardiac output exists, indeed, even with the most careful deductions from the theory of a single air‐chamber.
Eine Farbenreaktion mit Isofoutyraldehyd zur kolorimetrischen Bestimmung yon Valin
Authors: WRETLIND K. A. J. 
Published: December 2008

Zusammenfassung.Eine Farbenreaktion mit Salicylaldehyd auf Isobutyraldehyd wird beschrieben und eine Methode zur quantitativen Bestimmung des Isobutyraldehyds ist ausgearbeitet worden. Dieselbe Earben‐reaktion wird zum Nachweis von Valin verwendet und zur quantitativen Bestimmung des Valins vorgeschlagen.Diese Untersuchung ist mit Mitteln aus der Stiftung «Therese och Johan Anderssons minne» ausgeführt. Herrn Doktor E. Jorpes danke ich für wertvolle Hdfe und Ratschlage.
The Influence of Sympathicolytica on the Action of Adrenaline Substitutes on Isolated Intestine
Authors: EMILSSON BÖRJE 
Published: December 2008

Summary.

The action of a number of adrenaline substitutes on isolated rabbit's small intestine in Tyrode solution has been studied.
All the investigated drugs inhibit the intestine, if the dose is sufficiently large. Ephedrine, benzedrine, veritoi, d‐sympatol, d‐corbasil and d‐adrianol stimulate the intestine in lower cone.
With regard to their inhibiting action the investigated drugs may be classified as follows.

I. adrenaline, adrenalone, arterenol, d‐ and 1‐corbasil, d‐ and 1‐adrianol.This group is characterized by

the inhibiting action is of the wellknown «adrenaline‐iype», i. e. the effect is momentary and transient.
the inhibiting action is completely and reversibly abolished by bee venom and ergotamine in sufficient doses.

II. d‐, 1‐ and dl‐ephedrine, suprifen, veritoi, d‐ and 1‐sympatol, benzedrine.In contrariety to group I this group is characterized by:

the inhibiting effect develops gradually and slowly, in several cases it shows a primary motor phase («motorial peak»); there is no recovery without washing and the effect is often difficult to wash out.
the inhibiting action is not abolished by bee venom or ergotamine even in maximal doses.

It is concluded that the inhibiting action of the drugs belonging to group II cannot be due to action on the sympathetic nerve endings or the specific receptors but must be due to direct muscular depression.
From the chemical structure of the investigated drugs it will be evident that the substances belonging to group I contain a hydroxyl‐group in meta‐position, while those belonging to group II do not.
Über die Reversibilitiit der Wirkungen von Kohlenmonoxyd auf die Atmung des Frosch‐Sartorius1
Authors: LINDAHL PER ERIC 
Published: December 2008

Zusammenfassung.Die durch CO hervorgerufene Erhöhung resp. Hemmung der Atmung des Froschsartorius ist nilcht vollkommen reversibel. Welche der beiden Wirkungen überwiegt, hängt von der Grösse der Normalatmung ab. Für die nachträgliche Erhöhung der Atmung der CO‐behandelten Muskeln kann eine Oxydation von CO zu CO2 nicht verantwortlich gemacht werden.
The Influence of Sympathicolytica on the Action of Adrenaline Substitutes on Isolated Intestine
Authors: EMILSSON. BÖRJE 
Published: December 2008

Summary.1. The inhibiting action of adrenaline, adrenalone, arterenol, l‐adrianol and l‐corbasil on isolated rabbit's small intestine is diminished or abolished by previous addition of yohimbine or hydrastinine in sufficient doses.2. Previous addition of yohimbine or hydrastinine even in maximal doses in no way diminishes the inhibiting action of l‐, d‐ and dl‐ephedrine, l‐ and dl‐sympatol, suprifen, veritol and benzedrine. In contrariety hydrastinine sometimes intensifies the action of these drugs.3. Thus, the classification of adrenaline‐like drugs as to the influence of sympathicolytic drugs on their inhibiting action on isolated rabbit's intestine, which have been made previously on the basis of experiments with bee venom and ergotamine, is valid for yohimbine and hydrastinine also.
The measurement of the Peripheral Blood Flow by Means of Plethysmography and Skin‐Temperature Determinations
Authors: CHRISTENSEN E. HOHWÜ , NIELSEN. MARIUS 
Published: December 2008

Summary.In the present paper we have submitted to closer investigation, the methods given by Burton for the measurement of the skin's blood flow by means of finger plethysmography and the results are compared with skin‐temperature determinations.Our experiments show that the cuff pressure necessary to arrest the venous return, varies greatly from one subject to another and also in the same subject under different conditions. The reasons for this have been submitted to closer analysis and as the essential reason for this variation is put forward a varied compressibility of the finger arteries corresponding to a varied degree of contraction.It could be shown that the refill curves recorded photographically allow a far more accurate determination of the rate of flow if during measurements the hand is placed 20–30 cm above heart level; whereby the blood volume, that can flow into the veins in the course of the registration period without pressure increase, rises very considerably.If the hand is raised above heart level a reduction of the blood flow occurs as the reduced hydrostatic blood pressure in the finger artery is not entirely compensated by means of vasodilatation. With a rise of 20–30 cm, which is here recommended as the normal measuring position, this reduction is only slight however.Where considerable changes occur in the blood pressure as in the transition from rest to work or vice versa we find it impossible to utilize the finger's pulse volume as an expression of its blood flow.
Measurements of the Blood Flow in the Skin at Rest mid during Work at Varied External Temperature
Authors: CHRISTENSEN E. HOHWÜ , NIELSEN. MARIUS 
Published: December 2008

Summary.A series of determinations of the blood flow of the skin of the finder was undertaken at rest and during work at varied external temperature. The results show that even comparatively slight variations in the external temperature are accompanied by very considerable differences in the finger's blood flow. No relation was found between the subjective temperature sensations and the absolute values of the blood flow, but an incipient increase in the flow is attended by sensations of warmth and conversely, an incipient decrease is accompanied by sensations of cold. A programme for a more thorough study of the cause of the sensations of warmth has been outlined.
Assay of Digitalis Preparations by the Guinea‐Pig Method
Authors: GOLDBERG. LEONARD 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The guinea‐pig method for standardization of digitalis preparations (Knaffl‐Lenz 1926) has been tested with various concentrations, rates of injection and weights.1. The lethal dose (or log lethal dose) varies proportionately to the quantity of drug injected per min and 100 g. The variations may amount to max. 44%, on an average 20%, when following Knaffl‐Lenz' original directions. When keeping standard conditions, or adjusting the lethal doses to a constant rate of injection by means of the calculated regression equation, the standard average deviation is 10—12%.2. When determined at repealed intervals under standard conditions the guinea‐pig unit shows an average variation of 5—10%.3. The potency of digitalis preparations should be expressed in international units or g of a standard preparation and be uniformly tested on the same stock of animals as the standard. Under these conditions the guinea‐pig unit has a stand, error of 3–5%, 5–6 animals being used for each test, and the guinea‐pig method seems to be a fairly good method of standardization.
The Phosphate Esters Formed in the Liver Tissue of Rats and Rabbits during Assimilation of Hexoses and Glycerol.1
Authors: KJERULF‐JENSEN. K. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Phosphate esters are accumulated in the intact livers of rats and rabbits during assimilation of hexoses and glycerol, which latter was examined on rats only.During absorption of fructose the fructose ester accumulated showed qualities similar to those of fructose‐1‐phosphoric acid; no fructose‐6‐phosphoric acid was accumulated. The amounts of fructosephosphoric acid accumulated in the liver and in the intestinal mucosa of the same rabbit seem to be equal with regard to quantity and synthetising intensity. The amounts of ester may be calculated at about 100 mgs of the ester per 100 g of liver tissue; this amount was rebuilt almost completely within 4 minutes as shown in an experiment with radioactive phosphorus.The phosphate esters accumulated in livers of rats during absorption of glucose and galactose are probably to some extent aldose‐esters i. e. glucose‐6‐phosphoric acid (and galactose‐6‐phosphoric acid?). Some of the esters accumulated during absorption of glucose and galactose in the livers of rats and rabbits were very sensitive to acid hydrolysis and relatively resistant to hydrolysis with alkali; the possibility exists that these esters are glucose‐1‐ and galactose‐1‐esters respectively.During absorption of glycerol an amount of glycerol representing about 100 mgs glycerol per 100 g liver tissue of rats was esterified; as phosphoglyceric acid and triosephosphoric acid could be excluded, the ester in believed to be (α‐ ?)‐glycerophosphoric acid.No accumulation of fructose‐1‐phosphoric acid was observed in the kidneys or muscular tissue of rabbits during assimilation of fructose, but the contents of fructose‐6‐ester of the preexisting Embden‐ester was somewhat increased.
A Reticulocyte Ripening Principle
Authors: PLUM. CLAUS MUNK 
Published: December 2008

Summary.When reticulocytes in vitro are suspended in physiological salt water and incubated at 40° the reticulocytes disappear only very slowly.The rate of disappearance can be accelerated considerably by adding liver extract to the salt solution or when the reticulocytes are suspended in plasma.The youngest and most unripe types disappear first. The disappearance thus must be due to a maturation of the reticulocytes into “adult” erythrocytes and this process must be accelerated by some unknown ripening substances found in plasma and liver extract.The ripening process follows the monomolecular equation.The monomolecular constant is proportional to the concentration of ripening substances in the suspending solution.The monomolecular constant increases with increasing temperature.When reticulocytes from the same animal are used, the monomolecular constant found at different times is the same if the same concentration of ripening substances is used in the experiments.The monomolecular constant can vary ± 25 per cent when reticulocytes from different animals are used. The proportion between two tested solutions is, however, always the same, independent of the animals used.
Amino Acids and Tyrosine‐like Substances as Activators of the Reticulocyte Ripening Principle
Authors: JACOBSEN ERIK , PLUM. CLAUS MUNK 
Published: December 2008

Summary.None of the 13 most common amino acids show any activating effect on the reticulocyte ripening principle. Only tyrosine has this effect. Investigations on some tyrosine derivatives show that the phenol group is essential to the effect of tyrosine. The phenol group must be in para position to the side chain. The amino group can be replaced by an oxo‐, an oxy‐. or a methyl‐amino group. Minor changes in the molecule not affecting the OH group give only some reduction in the activity.
A Colorimetrical Carbon‐monoxide‐hemoglobin Method of Determination for Clinical Use
Authors: PAUL KARL‐GUSTAV , THEORELL. HUGO 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Carbon‐monoxide‐hemoglobin methods of determination that deal with strongly diluted blood must give too low values owing to the fact that carbon‐monoxide‐hemoglobin dissociates on dilution. A simple method, sufficiently accurate for clinical use, has been worked out from which these sources of error have been eliminated.The determination is easy to carry out and takes only a few minutes. An important advantage of the method is that it enables determination on a micro‐scale, so that blood may be taken from the tip of the finger. Samples can be sent in capillary tubes, as for instance is done in the case of blood‐tests for alcohol according to Widmark's method.
The State of Bile Salt Solutions
Authors: MELLANDER OLOF , STENHAGEN. EINAR 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The state of bile salt solutions in relation to their physiological transport function is being studied. The conductivity of sodium taurocholate is normal below 0.01 N (at 25°C), but at this concentration the conductivity curve suddenly changes its slope. The change is interpreted as being due to micelle formation. This view is supported by earlier measurements of the surface tension of sodium taurocholate solutions if these are interpreted in the light of more recent work on paraffin chain salts.The demonstration of micelle formation in dilute solutions of bile salts together with recent solubility measurements of McBain and his collaborators is strong evidence for a “micelle solubility” mechanism for the hydrotropic action of bile salts.
Herstellung mid Eigenschaften von Substanz P
Authors: EULER. U. S. v. 
Published: December 2008

Zusammenfassung.Eine Methode zur Herstellung gereinigter Präparate von Substanz P aus Pferdedarm wird beschrieben. Die besten Präparate zeigten ohne weitere Reinigung eine Wirkung von 1 E. in 0.2 mg Substanz.Die Substanz lässt sich als Pikrat ausfälien. Gereinigte. Pikrate zeigten eine beste Wirksamkeit von 1 E in 0.13 mg.Kataphoreseversuche ergaben, dass die Substanz noch bei pH 6.4 kathodisch und bei pH 7.1 anodisch wandert.Diese Untersuchung wurde durch Mittel der Stiftung »Therese och Johan Anderssons mine» unterstützt. Für wertvolle Hilfe spreche ich Frl. M. Nyborg und cand. med. G. Engstedt meinen besten Dank aus. A. B. Astra, Södertälje, hat gütigst Rohextrakte zur Verfügung gestellt, wofür ich hier danken möchte.
A New Method for Direct Electric Registration of the Intra‐Arterial Pressure in Man, with Examples of its Application.
Authors: BUCHTHAL FRITZ , WARBURG ERIK 
Published: December 2008

Summary.A new manometer is described with electric transmission for direct mensuration of the intra‐arterial pressure in man. Its static and dynamic sensitivity is such that all the details of the course of the curve are reproduced without distortion, both as regards time and amplitude. The pressure variations act on a condenser chamber and are registered as changes of capacity.As examples of its use experiments are described with simultaneously registrations of the intra‐arterial pressure and the electrocardiogram, and with simultaneous registrations of the pressure in the brachial and femoral arteries. Besides, the arterial pressure was measured under the effect of amyl nitrite and local occlusion distal from the point where the pressure was taken. The various components of the pressure curve, and their variations under these conditions, are discussed.
A Method for Detection and Determination of Carbon Monoxide in Coagulated Blood
Authors: WENNESLAND R. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The method of the author for detection and determination of carbon monoxide in blood is modified for analysis of coagulated blood. The volume of the blood is measured in a graduated syringe, and the clot is finely crushed by squeezing the sample out through the syringe tip. It is delivered into Erlenmeyer flasks, and carbon monoxide is liberated by adding sulfuric acid. The flasks with blood acid mixture are connected by means of an airtight rubber cuff with other flasks. which contain a known solution of palladium chloride.The carbon monoxide passes into the palladium chloride, and a fine dark brown mirror of metallic palladium is seen after 5 to 30 minutes. The reduction of palladium chloride reaches a maximum after 3 hours when the flasks are rotated, 14 to 18 hours when they are left lying still. Excess of unreduced palladium chloride can be determined ideometrically, and the quantity of carbon monoxide present is calculated from the difference between original and excessive palladium chloride.The method can also be applied as an approximative one for detection and rough estimation of carbon monoxide, by observing the time elapsed from the addition of the sulfuric acid until the mirror of metallic palladium is visible, and by judging the solidity of the mirror.