bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simpson's theory on the electricity of rain
Authors: Humphreys W. J. 
Published: February 2008

It is now more than a century and a half since Franklin proved the lightning of storms to be only an electrical phenomenon, but from that day to this there has been no concensus of opinion concerning the origin of electricity in thunderstorms, nor, except the one under review, any theory of this origin that was supported both by abundant observations and by imitative laboratory experiments. Mr. Simpson's paper, therefore, is on a most interesting subject, and the success which he has attained with this difficult problem makes it imperative that all who wish to understand the phenomena of thunderstorms should become acquainted with his work.The observations were secured at Simla, India, at an elevation of about 7,000 feet above sea level, and covered all of the monsoon seasons, that is, roughly, April 15 to September 15, of 1908 and 1909. Observations were also secured of the electrical conditions of snow during the winter of 1908–09.
On a variation in the intensity of the penetrating radiation at the Earth's surface observed May 19 and 21, 1910
Authors: Thompson Arthur 
Published: February 2008

Since the discovery in 1902 of the penetrating radiation which exists at the surface of the Earth, a number of investigators have attempted to ascertain whether the radiation had its origin in the rocks and soil of the Earth or in the atmosphere of the latter, or whether it had its origin in one or more of the extra terrestrial bodies, such as the Sun or the Moon.A number of investigators, including Borgmann,2 Mach and Rimmer,3 Wood and Campbell,4 McKeon,5 Strong,6 Pacini,7 and Wulf,8 found in their various localities daily variations in the intensity of this radiation, and were able from their results to point to regular daily periods of maximum and minimum intensity. Further, an examination of the results of these investigators shows that the variation in the intensity of the radiation covers an exceedingly wide range.
Comparisons of magnetic observatory standards by the Carnegie Institution of Washington. No. II
Authors: Fleming J. A. 
Published: February 2008

All observations here were made on what is called “Pier No. 5.” There was no exchange of stations as the Observatory authorities had already made tests showing that station differences were negligible. The values given for Potsdam are based on the final determinations of base lines.In connection with the horizontal intensity work it is interesting to compare the results with the differences obtained at Samoa, where the attempt is to have the same standard as at Potsdam, with the difference obtained by Dr. Linke11 at the Cheltenham Observatory in 1904, with a Tesdorpf magnetometer standardized at Potsdam. The results at Samoa, as given later, give the difference (C. I. W.‐Samoa) = (C. I. W.‐Potsdam) = +0.00045H, this value being determined from only two sets of observations on one day. The difference Cheltenham‐Potsdam, as determined by Dr. Linke from but one day's observations, Nov. 20, 1904, is +0.00169H; the difference (C. I. W.‐Cheltenham), as shown below, is —0.00081H; hence indirectly (C. I. W.‐Potsdam) = +0.00088H. The value determined by the Department directly is +0.00024H, resulting from several days' work. The differences between the two indirect determinations and the value obtained directly must be regarded on the whole as fairly satisfactory in view of the comparatively few observations on which the indirect determinations depend and from which they result, and because of the several steps involved. The value as directly observed, viz., +0.00024H, has been adopted. In further reference to this matter see also the results obtained by intercomparisons made by Dubinsky and Kühl, on page 157.
Circular concerning reproduction and exchange of curves of great disturbance
Authors: van Everdingen E. 
Published: February 2008

Director Abels at Ekaterinbourg having called attention to the fact that the usefulness of the reproduction and exchange of the magnetic curves on days of great disturbances or other interesting days, recommended at Innsbruck (1905, Bericht p. 31) and at Berlin (1910, Bericht p. 68), would become greater if the same days were chosen by all the observatories participating, the Executive Bureau has requested us to indicate kindly on the quarterly publications of “magnetic character” a certain number of days which seem especially suited to a reproduction.In order to comply with this request, and after having consulted Prof. Schmidt, we have the intention of indicating on the quarterly tables, beginning on Jan. 1, 1912, two series of days suitable for the reproduction: a first list to the number of 5 to 10 per year, including the days of greatest disturbance, the reproduction of which seems indispensable, and a second list, including days of considerable disturbance which will admit of a reproduction without omissions in a large number of observatories. The total number of days proposed will not exceed 15 per year.
Readings of the magnetic declination and of the temperature at Port Burwell, Canada, on the day of the solar eclipse, October 10, 1912
Authors: Stupart R. F. 
Published: February 2008

I have pleasure in transmitting herewith the tabulated results of magnetic declination and of temperature observations made at Port Burwell on October 10, 1912.1 The geographic position of Port Burwell is: latitude, 60° 24′.8 N.; longitude, 64° 41′.9 West of Greenwich.These observations were made in response to a circular letter received from the Director of the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism of the Carnegie Institution of Washington with respect to proposed magnetic and allied observations during the total solar eclipse of October 10, 1912. Elliott Magnetometer No. 146 was used by the observers, Messrs. W. E. W. Jackson and W. B. Wiegand, and the results were reduced to the Toronto standard.
Biographical sketch of Johann Baptist Messerschmitt
Authors: Edmonds H. M. W. 
Published: February 2008

Johann Baptist Messerschmitt was born December 9, 1861, of well‐to‐do parents in the Bavarian town of Bamberg. He died April 13, 1912, after a life of unusual activity, in which his devotion to the chosen work, his great executive ability, and valuable scientific publications gave him an honored place in the scientific world.His early education began at the Latin school in Bamberg, from which he went to the Realgymnasium in Würzburg, and later to the Technical High School in Zürich, and finally to Leipzig. Already enthusiastic in the study of science, and more particularly of astronomy, he accepted a position, without salary, in the Astrophysical Observatory at Potsdam, where he began his scientific labors under the late Prof. H. C. Vogel.
Zur Untersuchung der taeglichen Variation auf der ganzen Erde
Authors: Rykatchew M. , Schmidt Ad. 
Published: February 2008

Die deutliche Veränderlichkeit des täglichen Ganges der magnetischen Elemente von Tag zu Tag macht es nötig, dass bei Untersuchungen, die sich auf die ganze Erde beziehen, nur streng simultane Beobachtungen aller Observatorien verwendet werden.Bei der Benutzung aller Tage zur Ableitung der Monatsmittel des Ganges ist diese Bedingung erfüllt, nicht aber bei den vielfach berechneten Mitteln ausgewählter (ruhiger oder normaler) Tage. Gerade diese sind aber von besonderer Bedeutung für verschiedene Aufgaben, vor allem für die Untersuchung der täglichen Variation auf der ganzen Erde und damit für die Weiterbildung der (von A. Schuster begründeten) Theorie der täglichen Variation. Um diese Theorie möglichst exakt durchzuführen und an der Erfahrung zu prüfen, ist es erwünscht, dass Beobachtungen von möglichst allen Observatorien benutzt werden. Es gibt aber eine nicht kleine Zahl von Observatorien, die zwar fortlaufende Registrierungen ausführen, denen aber die Mittel fehlen, diese Tag für Tag auszuwerten und zu berechnen, sowie zu publizieren. Manche dieser Observatorien, wenn nicht alle, würden aber gewiss imstande sein, diese Arbeit für eine kleine Zahl von Tagen (etwa für 5 Tage jedes Monats) zu leisten. Wenn man sich also dahin einigte, überall für dieselben 5 Tage jedes Monats den täglichen Gang zu berechnen und zu veröffentlichen, so würden wir hoffen dürfen, ineinigen Jahren ein viel reicheres Material zur Untersuchung der täglichen Variation auf der ganzen Erde zusammenzubringen, als dies bisher möglich gewesen ist. Es kommt hinzu, dass es an sich von Interesse ist, das Phänomen der Variation gerade an ruhigen Tagen, die die einfachsten Verhältnisse darbieten, zu studieren.
The first magnetic observatory in Poland
Authors: Kalinowski St. 
Published: February 2008

I am very happy to be able to inform the readers of the Journal that a new magnetic observatory is to be erected this year in Swider, near Warsaw. The erection of this observatory is connected with the magnetic researches, which are now being carried on by me in Poland, For reduction of these observations to a certain epoch the Potsdam magnetograms will not suffice, as this observatory, though the nearest one, is still too far from the region of our survey. At all events the newly erected observatory will be of a permanent character.The Observatory will be provided with registering instruments (Adolf Schmidt's system) made by the firm of O. Toepfer at Potsdam. For the absolute determinations, there will be used a large Sartorius magnetic theodolite (like the one used in the Tsingtau Observatory), and an earth inductor made by G. Schulze, of Potsdam. All of the instruments, besides the magnetometer, are nearly ready. The magnetometer will be completed in the winter. Thanks to the director of the Prussian Meteorological Institute, G. Hellmann, and to the director of the Potsdam Magnetic Observatory, Adolf Schmidt, all the instruments will be tested at Potsdam. Everything in my power will be done to ensure that the new observatory will be in active operation in 1914. Further details will be supplied later. ST. KALINOWSKI.
The geographic and magnetic survey of the southern part of Brazil
Authors: Morize H. 
Published: February 2008

The work accomplished by the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism of the Carnegie Institution of Washington on the Atlantic Coast and along the large rivers, the Amazon and Parana, has led the writer to inaugurate a similar work in the interior of Brazil for the purpose of facilitating the construction of a chart of the magnetic elements. Accordingly, in 1910–1911, Mr. Domingos Costa, Assistant of the First Class, carried out a magnetic and geographic survey from Rio de Janeiro to the mouth of the S. Francisco. A summary of the results of this expedition first appeared in Terrestrial Magnetism and Atmospheric Electricity (Vol. XVII, No. 3) and later, a report, in more complete form, was published in a volume issued by the Observatory of Rio de Janeiro, in 1914, under the title “Levantamento Magnetico do Valle do Rio S. Francisco.”As a continuation of this first work it was decided, with the permission of the Minister of Agriculture, to send across country as far as Matto Grosso, another expedition, which, on the return trip, was to descend the Rio Uruguay and pass through the states of Rio Grande, S. Catharina, Paraná, S. Paulo, and Rio de Janeiro, thus completing a circuit embracing a vast continental area. Mr. Herminio Fernandes da Silva, to whom this work was assigned, set out from Rio on June 17, 1913, and reached Itapura, on the frontier of Matto Grosso, on the 2nd of the following December, having determined the geographic position and the magnetic elements at a great many points. The company which was at that time constructing the railway line known as the “Noroeste do Brazil,” had nearly finished the work of grading along its entire length, and it was hoped that by following this road, the journey would be less difficult, but a series of strikes and the falling of temporary bridges over the rivers to be crossed, made it necessary to change the itinerary. The observer returned to Sorocaba (in the State of S. Paulo) and started again across the southern states, thus reversing the direction of his journey. However, new obstacles impeded the progress of the work. Revolts of Indians and natives of the unapportioned territory lying between the states of Paraná and S. Catherina obliged the observer to proceed rapidly and not without danger. Having finished the survey of the State of Rio Grande, he returned to Rio on March 15, 1915. He then went to the observatory at Vassouras, where the Eschenhagen magnetographs were beginning to function regularly, to compare his instruments.
On the lunar‐diurnal variation of the magnetic declination at Zi‐ka‐wei
Authors: de Moidrey J. 
Published: February 2008

The September 1915 issue of the Journal, p. 139, contains an abstract of papers by Dr. S. Chapman on the lunar‐diurnal variation of the Earth's magnetism. The following notes, in which an analogous question is considered with less detail, may be of interest.In this discussion, we have limited ourselves to the consideration of the diurnal amplitude of the declination because this element is measured here every day photographically, and we are thus made independent of all computation. By diurnal maximum and minimum we understand that the elongations which take place at midday and toward sunrise, are meant. A larger value, which might occur at another hour, would be considered as belonging to another phenomenon.
Cruise of the Carnegie from Lyttelton, New Zealand to South Georgia, December 6, 1915, to January 12, 1916
Authors: Ault J. P. 
Published: February 2008

I beg to transmit the following report on the trip of the Carnegie from Lyttelton to South Georgia, December 6, 1915, to January 12, 1916.For the first week after leaving Lyttelton the winds were mainly from the SSW., forcing us considerably to the eastward of our route. So much so that we sighted the Antipodes, bearing south, distant 20 miles, on December 9, and would have passed over the charted position of the Nimrod Group had the wind remained in the south another twelve hours. I had not intended to go near this group, but the adverse winds sending us so near them I decided to stand on toward the east another day, to endeavor to sight them, but the wind shifted to the north twelve hours too soon and we passed 40 miles to the SW. of the position.
Sea surface‐temperature and meteorological observations made on the Carnegie during her sub‐Antractic cruise, December 6, 1915, to April 1, 1916
Authors: Ault J. P. 
Published: February 2008

Table 1 contains the results of sea surface‐temperature and meteorological observations made on board the Carnegie during her sub‐Antarctic cruise,1 December 6, 1915‐April 1, 1916, from Lyttelton (New Zealand) to South Georgia and Lyttelton. Reports that have thus far come from this region are few and incomplete, and as the part of the Great Southern Ocean traversed is the scene of such rapid and extreme changes in meteorological conditions, any additional information on the subject may be of interest.The Carnegie made a complete circum‐navigation of the globe; from west to east, mainly between the parallels of latitude 50° and 60° south, in one season, the summer of 1915–1916, during which Sir Ernest Shackelton's expedition was meeting with such serious reverses. The meteorological observations made by the two parties of his expedition, and those obtained on the Carnegie, are especially valuable because they are contemporaneous records of the conditions prevailing in different parts of the southern regions at that time.
Relation between the secular variation of the Earth's magnetism and solar activity
Authors: Bauer L. A. 
Published: February 2008

1. In a previous paper entitled “Solar Radiation and Terrestrial Magnetism,” the possibility was pointed out that irregularities in the annual changes of the Earth's magnetic elements, the so‐called secular variation, might be associated with such manifestations of solar activity as are revealed to us by changes in the solar constant of radiation. As the result of a preliminary investigation, the following conclusion was reached in that paper:If the quiet‐day magnetic effect were to persist throughout the year, it would cause a secular variation fully 10 times that generally observed. However, the quiet days are in the minority, being exceeded 3 times and more by unquiet days, on which the magnetic effect is of an opposite or compensating kind to that of the quiet day. Since these acyclic effects appear to be associated with solar changes and since the latter are not periodic, but more or less sporadic, there is an outstanding effect at the end of the year which causes an irregularity in the regularly‐progressing secular change. Accordingly, there should be found some correspondence between annual changes of the solar constant and annual magnetic changes. This is found to be the case. Since the solar‐constant changes occur only approximately in accordance with sun‐spot activity, and since the magnetic changes are found to conform closely to those in the solar constant, an explanation is found as to why the irregularities in the magnetic secular change do not always synchronize with changes in solar activity as measured by the sun‐spot numbers, nor correspond in magnitude to them.
Return of the Carnegie, June 1918
Authors: Bauer L. A. 
Published: February 2008

The magnetic survey vessel, Carnegie, arrived safely on June 10, at her home port, Washington, D.C., where she will be put out of commission probably during the period of the war. During her cruise from Buenos Aires, Argentina, around The Horn to Valparaiso, Chile, and Callao, Peru, and thence through the Panama Canal to Newport News, she was in command of Dr. H. M. W. Edmonds; the other members of the scientific staff were: Messrs. A. D. Power, Bradley Jones, L. L. Tanguy, J. M. McFadden, and Walter E. Scott.The scientific work of the Carnegie suffered an interruption of nine months in 1917, when it was necessary to detain the vessel at Buenos Aires on account of the methods of sea warfare practised by the German government. For similar reasons, the work of the Carnegie, now that she has reached her home port, will have to be suspended for an indefinite period.
A study of pressure and temperature effects in earth‐current measurements
Authors: Mauchly S. J. 
Published: February 2008

A large portion of the earth‐current data now available is based upon observations made on commercial telegraph lines. During times of abnormal activity, the horizontal potential‐gradient frequently assumes values of the order of 0.5 volt per kilometer, and sometimes exceeds ten times this value. For earth‐current measurements made during such periods and also for extended series of measurements made on lines of great length, the difference of potential between the terminals is so great that most of the variations due to local causes at the earth‐plates may safely be assumed to play only a minor part in the production of the observed phenomena.However, partly because of the fact that commercial lines can, at best, be available only part of the time for scientific observations, and partly because of the desirability of controlling such matters as the location of lines, nature of earth‐plates, etc., it is preferable, wherever possible, to install special lines for earth‐current measurements. Geological conditions, as well as financial and other considerations, usually make it necessary or at least desirable to limit the length of such special lines. When this is done we are no longer justified in making the assumption referred to above, and it becomes desirable to investigate the relation between the total variations observed and those due to local causes. The general nature of the various components of the current measured on short lines has been well set forth by Chree and by Nippoldt. The experiments to be described were carried out with a view of determining more definitely the nature and order of magnitude of some of these spurious effects.
Results of magnetic observations during the solar eclipse of June 8, 1918, at Agincourt and Meanook, Canada: Concluded
Authors: Stupart R. F. 
Published: February 2008

Table 9 contains the results of the scalings from the D‐magnetograms obtained at the Meanook magnetic observatory at 5‐minute intervals for the period June 8, 18 h to June 9, 2 h, G.M.T. Each value is the mean for the 5‐minute space, beginning 2.5 minutes before the tabulated time.It will not be possible to supply the H‐ and Z‐values for Meanook as this station is not yet equipped with self‐recording magnetometers, other than the declinometer.
Note on a string galvanometer for use on board ship
Authors: Fleming J. A. 
Published: February 2008

The Department of Terrestrial Magnetism in connection with its ocean work and special duties assigned to it in 1917 has had occasion to design, with the assistance of Dr. W. F. G. Swann, a special form of string galvanometer, which was constructed in the instrument shop of the Department.The galvanometer is of the string type originally developed by Prof. Einthoven. It is of the permanent‐magnet, air‐damped pattern. The magnetic field is produced by a laminated magnet consisting of five permanent horseshoe‐magnets. These magnets are of the permanent magnet‐steel supplied by the Crucible Steel Company of America, and were made following the methods used by the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism for the manufacture of magnetometer magnets. To insure maximum flux‐density in the gap, two pole pieces, P, of soft iron are attached as shown in the Section AB of Fig. 1; the gap for the fiber is 2 mm. wide.
Note on a possible explanation of the “electric tide” observed at Jersey
Authors: Mauchly S. J. 
Published: February 2008

On page 34 of the March 1919 issue of this Journal Father Dechevrens says, “If the electromotive force is to be sought in the movement of the waters of the ocean, its greatest variation will accompany the greatest movements which naturally precede by some time the slack water of low and high tides.” This, of course, looks to the electromagnetic induction‐effects produced by the tidal waters in cutting across the Earth's magnetic field as the explanation of the phenomenon under discussion. It is the purpose of this note to suggest briefly an entirely different line of inquiry which also leads to a possible explanation of the observed effects.Several interesting articles by Mr. E. G. Bilham have recently come to the writer's attention. In the first of the articles cited, it is shown that the water level in an experimental well at Kew Observatory responds to variations in the local barometric pressure. In the other two papers the well was shown to follow the fortnightly oscillation of the mean level of the Thames, and well‐marked solar and lunar diurnal‐variations were found for each of 24 consecutive months. The short‐period tides of the solar and lunar series were found to take the form of double oscillations with two maxima and two minima during 24 hours. The “spring tides” occur in the well 3.3 days after they occur in the river and the lunar fortnightly tides 5.1 days later than in the river. It is assumed that these are the times required for the respective waves to travel through the subsoil from the river to the well.