bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of nitrogen application on flavor compounds of cherry tomato fruits
Authors: Wang Yu‐Tao , Huang Shao‐Wen , Liu Rong‐Le , Jin Ji‐Yun 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA pot experiment was conducted to determine the effects of N application on volatile compounds, taste compounds, and firmness of fresh tomato fruits. Each pot was filled with 8 kg of clean sand. The experiment consisted of six nitrogen (N)‐application rates with 0, 2.25, 4.50, 9.00, 18.00, and 36.00 mmol N L–1 in the nutrient solution. Volatile compounds, soluble sugars, soluble solids, titratable acidity, and firmness of fresh tomato fruits were measured. The results show that increasing N application increased the concentrations of 1‐penten‐3‐one, hexanal, cis‐3‐hexenal, 2‐methyl‐4‐pentenal, trans‐2‐hexenal, 6‐methyl‐5‐hepten‐2‐one, titratable acidity, soluble sugars, and soluble solids. By contrast, increasing N supply decreased the concentration of phenylacetaldehyde and first increased and then decreased the concentrations of 2E–4E‐hexadienal and the firmness of fresh tomato fruits. Close relationships between the concentration of various volatile compounds, titratable acidity, soluble sugars, and soluble solids were found. However, concentrations of these flavor compounds were very poorly correlated with fruit firmness. Based on contributions of these compounds to tomato flavor, we assume that moderate high N supply improves tomato flavor, whereas excessive N supply can deteriorate it.
Sunflower proteins: overview of their physicochemical, structural and functional properties
Authors: González‐Pérez Sergio , Vereijken Johan M 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThere is increasing worldwide demand for proteins of both animal and plant origin. However, animal proteins are expensive in terms of both market price and environmental impact. Among alternative plant proteins, sunflower seeds are particularly interesting in view of their widespread availability in areas where soy is not or only sparsely produced. Compared with other sources of vegetable proteins, sunflower seeds have been reported to have a low content of antinutritional factors. Although the absence of these factors is important, the functionality of the protein preparations will mainly determine their applicability. This review provides detailed information about sunflower seed composition and processing, including processes to remove phenolic compounds from meals. The main part of the review concerns the structure and functionality of the two major protein fractions, helianthinin and 2S albumins. Regarding functionality, emphasis is on solubility, thermal behaviour and surface activity. Protein structure and functionality are discussed as a function of extrinsic factors such as pH, ionic strength, temperature and the presence of other seed components, particularly chlorogenic acid. In addition, sunflower proteins are compared from a structural and functional point of view with other plant proteins, particularly soy proteins. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Combined infrared light and bipolar radiofrequency for skin tightening in asians
Authors: Yu Carol S. , Yeung Chi K. , Shek Samantha Y. , Tse Raymond K. , Kono Taro , Chan Henry H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveAs the demand for non‐invasive procedures for skin tightening is increasing, combined optical and radiofrequency (RF) devices have recently emerged. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a device that combined broadband infrared (IR) light (700–2000 nm) and bipolar RF (electro‐optical synergy [ELOS]) for non‐ablative treatment of facial laxity.Design/Materials and MethodsNineteen Chinese volunteers of skin types III–V, with facial laxity and periorbital rhytides, received three treatments at 3‐week intervals with combined IR (700–2000 nm, 10 W/cm2) and RF energies (70–120 J/cm3). Standardized photographs were taken by the Canfield Visia CR system at baseline and serially for 3 months after the last treatment. Two masked assessors evaluated the photographs to assess the improvement in skin laxity. Patient satisfaction scores were also obtained.ResultsAt 3 months after the last treatment, 89.5% of the subjects reported moderate to significant subjective improvement in skin laxity of cheek, jowl, periorbital area and upper neck, with a high overall satisfaction rating. Masked observers' assessments were less remarkable. Mild improvement in skin laxity was observed over mid and lower face. There was no serious complication.ConclusionThe combination of broadband infrared light and bipolar radiofrequency produces mild improvement of facial laxity in Asians with no serious adverse sequelae. A high patients' satisfaction is achieved. However, further studies are necessary to demonstrate the long‐term effects of the procedure and to optimize treatment parameters. Lasers Surg. Med. 39:471–475, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Low‐level laser therapy for zymosan‐induced arthritis in rats: Importance of illumination time
Authors: Castano Ana P. , Dai Tianhong , Yaroslavsky Ilya , Cohen Richard , Apruzzese William A. , Smotrich Michael H. , Hamblin Michael R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBackgroundIt has been proposed for many years that low‐level laser (or light) therapy (LLLT) can ameliorate the pain, swelling, and inflammation associated with various forms of arthritis. Light is thought to be absorbed by mitochondrial chromophores leading to an increase in adenosine triphosphate (ATP), reactive oxygen species and/or cyclic AMP production and consequent gene transcription via activation of transcription factors. However, despite many reports about the positive effects of LLLT in arthritis and in medicine in general, its use remains controversial. For all indications (including arthritis) the optimum optical parameters have been difficult to establish and so far are unknown.MethodsWe tested LLLT on rats that had zymosan injected into their knee joints to induce inflammatory arthritis. We compared illumination regimens consisting of a high and low fluence (3 and 30 J/cm2), delivered at high and low irradiance (5 and 50 mW/cm2) using 810‐nm laser light daily for 5 days, with the positive control of conventional corticosteroid (dexamethasone) therapy.ResultsIllumination with 810‐nm laser was highly effective (almost as good as dexamethasone) at reducing swelling and a longer illumination time (10 or 100 minutes compared to 1 minute) was more important in determining effectiveness than either the total fluence delivered or the irradiance. LLLT induced reduction of joint swelling correlated with reduction in the inflammatory marker serum prostaglandin E2 (PGE2).ConclusionLLLT with 810‐nm laser is highly effective in treating inflammatory arthritis in this model. Longer illumination times were more effective than short times regardless of total fluence or irradiance. These data will be of value in designing clinical trials of LLLT for various arthritides. Lasers Surg. Med. 39:543–550, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reciprocity of exposure time and irradiance on energy density during photoradiation on wound healing in a murine pressure ulcer model
Authors: Lanzafame Raymond J. , Stadler Istvan , Kurtz Andrew F. , Connelly Roger , A. Timothy , Brondon Philip , Olson Donald 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBackgroundEnergy density and exposure time reciprocity is assumed and routinely used in low‐level light therapy (LLLT) regimens. This study examined dose reciprocity effects on wound healing.MethodsPressure ulcers were created on seven groups of C57/BL mice (n = 18). Photoradiation was administered (18 days; 5 J/cm2/day @ 670 nm) using a custom LED apparatus and treatment matrix varying both intensity and exposure. Control animals were treated similarly, without photoradiation. Ulcer staging was performed using a standardized scale. Changes in stage, wound area and wound closure rates were measured. Histology was performed.ResultsPhotostimulatory effects at day 7 occurred with parameters of 125 seconds @ 40 mW × 1/day; 625 seconds @ 8 mW×1/day; 62.5 seconds @ 40 mW×2/day; and 312.5 seconds @ 8 mW×2/day; and at day 18 using 625 seconds @ 8 mW and 312.5 seconds @ 8 mW×2/day. Statistically significant increases in wound closure rates occurred using 625 seconds @ 8 mW; 62.5 seconds @ 40 mW×2/day; and 312.5 seconds @ 8 mW×2/day treatments. Mean ulcer grade scores were similar to controls.ConclusionsVarying irradiance and exposure time to achieve a specified energy density affects phototherapy outcomes in this model. Variation of exposure time and irradiance may account for conflicting results in the literature. Further studies of these effects are warranted. Lasers Surg. Med. 39:534–542, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Treatment of cutaneous vascular lesions using multiple‐intermittent cryogen spurts and two‐wavelength laser pulses: Numerical and animal studies
Authors: Jia Wangcun , Choi Bernard , Franco Walfre , Majaron Boris , Lotfi Justin , Aguilar Guillermo , Nelson J. Stuart 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesPresently, cutaneous vascular lesions are treated using a single cryogen spurt and single laser pulse (SCS‐SLP), which do not necessarily produce complete lesion removal in the majority of patients. In this study, the feasibility of applying multiple cryogen spurts intermittently with multiple two‐wavelength laser pulses (MCS‐MTWLP) was studied using numerical and animal models.Study Design/Materials and MethodsTwo treatment procedures were simulated: (1) SCS+532 nm SLP; and (2) MCS+532/1064 nm MTWLP. Light transport and heat diffusion in human skin were simulated with the Monte Carlo method and finite element model, respectively. Possible epidermal damage and blood vessel photocoagulation were evaluated with an Arrhenius‐type kinetic model. Blood vessels in the rodent window chamber model (RWCM) were irradiated with either SLP or MTWLP. Laser‐induced structural and functional changes in the vessels were documented by digital photography and laser speckle imaging (LSI).ResultsThe numerical results show that the MCS‐MTWLP approach can provide sufficient epidermal protection while simultaneously achieving photocoagulation of larger blood vessels as compared to SCS‐SLP. Animal studies show that MTWLP has significant advantages over SLP by inducing irreversible damage to larger blood vessels without adverse effects.ConclusionsMCS‐MTWLP may be a promising approach to improve therapeutic outcome for patients with cutaneous vascular lesions featuring large blood vessels. Lasers Surg. Med. 39:494–503, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Thermo‐Responsive Highly Branched Polyethers by Proton‐Transfer Polymerization of 1,2,7,8‐Diepoxyoctane and Multiols
Authors: Chen Hao , Jia Zhifeng , Yan Deyue , Zhu Xinyuan 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThermo‐responsive highly branched polyethers were prepared via one‐step proton‐transfer polymerization of 1,2,7,8‐diepoxyoctane (DEO) and multiols including ethylene glycol, di(ethylene glycol), tri(ethylene glycol), 1,2‐propanediol, and glycerol. The degree of branching of the products obtained from DEO and oligo(ethylene glycol) is estimated to be 0.16–0.22. All highly branched polyethers exhibit a thermally induced phase transition in aqueous solution. The LCSTs of these polyethers can be tuned in the range of 23.6–67.2 °C. It is found that the hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance of the DEO and diols, the feed ratio of DEO to glycerol, and the molecular weights play important role in controlling the LCST.magnified image
Novel Multifunctional Polymeric Photoinitiators and Photo‐Coinitiators Derived from Hyperbranched Polyglycerol
Authors: Chen Yu , Loccufier Johan , Vanmaele Luc , Barriau Emilie , Frey Holger 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA new class of hyperbranched PPIs and PPCs have been prepared. The introduction of compatibilizing groups such as MEEA or trimethylacetate enhanced their solubility in radiation‐curable formulations and led to an improved photoactivity compared with the corresponding MPI and MPC. Although the molecular weights of the subject PPIs and PPCs exceeded 800 g · mol−1, the viscosities of the radiation‐curable formulations were still suitable for inkjet application. The combination of high photoactivity, low viscosity, and low extractability after curing rendered the resulting hyperbranched PPIs and PPCs attractive as components in the inkjet ink for inkjet printing, e.g., in food packaging.magnified image
Multi‐Arm Star Poly(L‐lactide) with Hyperbranched Polyglycerol Core
Authors: Gottschalk Carsten , Wolf Florian , Frey Holger 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBiocompatible multi‐arm star block copolymers based on poly(L‐lactide) (PLLA) have been prepared by a core‐first approach, using hyperbranched polyglycerol (PG), a polyether polyol, as a polyfunctional initiator. The molecular weight of the hyperbranched initiator‐core was varied from 2 200 to 5 200 g · mol−1, molecular weights of the resulting multi‐arm stars were in the range of 6 700–107 000 g · mol−1 (NMR), depending on the amount of dilactide (LA) added. Various monomer/initiator ratios have been employed in the Sn‐catalyzed LA polymerization in order to vary the length of the lactide arms from $\overline {DP} _{\rm n}$(arm) = 2 to 20 units. Detailed NMR analysis using conventional and 2D‐NMR techniques (e.g., HSQC NMR) revealed that the monomer/initiator‐core ratio indeed permits control of the arm length. SEC measurements showed that the narrow polydispersities of the core molecules ($\overline M _{\rm w} /\overline M _{\rm n}$ = 1.5 and 1.6) became even lower after grafting of PLLA for the multi‐arm star polymers. Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) also demonstrated that the competing homopolymerization of LA could be avoided using suitable reaction conditions. The resulting PG–PLLA star polymers exhibited low polydispersities ($\overline M _{\rm w} /\overline M _{\rm n}$) between 1.15 and 1.7, depending on the length of the PLLA arms. Attachment of the hydrophobic PLLA chains to the hydrophilic polyether structure leads to amphiphilic, core‐shell type structures suitable for guest encapsulation.magnified image
Photopolymerization of Epoxy Coatings Containing Iron‐Oxide Nanoparticles
Authors: Sangermano Marco , Priola Aldo , Kortaberria Galder , Jimeno Amaia , Garcia Ignacio , Mondragon Inaki , Rizza Giancarlo 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIron‐oxide nanoparticles were functionalized with epoxy groups and were dispersed into a dicyclo‐aliphatic epoxy resin to obtain organic‐inorganic hybrid coatings via cationic ring‐opening photopolymerization. TEM investigations confirmed that the filler has a size‐distribution range between 5 to 20 nm, without the formation of aggregates. The influence of the presence of Fe2O3 on the rate of polymerization was investigated by real time FT‐IR spectroscopy. Increasing the iron‐oxide nanofiller in the photocurable resin induced an increase in the Tg values. By controlling the phase separation it was possible to obtain transparent iron‐oxide nanostructured coatings, characterized by improved hardness.magnified image
Aminosilane SAM‐Assisted Patterning of Poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) Nanofilm Robustly Adhered to SiO2 Substrate
Authors: Kim Sungsoo , Pang Ilsun , Lee Jaegab 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTo improve the patternability and adhesion of poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) nanofilm to an SiO2 surface, an oxidized silicon wafer substrate was microcontact printed with an octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) monolayer, and subsequently its negative pattern was self‐assembled with (3‐aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane (APS) molecules. Then, a PEDOT nanofilm was selectively grown on the APS monolayer‐patterned area via the vapor phase polymerization (VPP) method. To evaluate the adhesion and patterning, the PEDOT nanofilm and mixed monolayer were investigated with a Scotch® tape peel test, Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) microspectrometer, X‐ray photoelectron spectrometer, and optical and atomic force microscopes. The evaluation revealed that the newly developed bottom‐up process can offer a robustly adhered, and selectively patterned PEDOT nanofilm on an oxidized Si wafer surface, most likely through extensive but intermittent chemical bonds between the polymer and the APS monolayer.magnified image
Globus pallidus stimulation improves both motor and nonmotor aspects of quality of life in advanced Parkinson's disease
Authors: Rodrigues Julian P. , Walters Susan E. , Watson Peter , Stell Rick , Mastaglia Frank L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractOur purpose was to measure the change in quality of life (QoL) following deep brain stimulation of the globus pallidus interna (GPi‐DBS) in advanced Parkinson 's disease (PD), and identifies any associations with changes in motor features of the disease. Eleven patients (age range 54–69 years, 2 women) underwent GPi‐DBS (4 unilateral, 7 bilateral). Outcome measures included assessment of PD‐specific QoL (mean 8 months postsurgery) using the PDQ‐39 questionnaire, and standard motor assessments. Off‐period UPDRS III motor scores fell by (43 ± 8)% (mean ± SEM). Dyskinesia severity was reduced on the abnormal involuntary movement scale by (80 ± 3)% and UPDRS IVa by (58 ± 8)%. QoL as assessed by the PDQ39SI improved by (30 ± 5)%, with significant improvements in mobility, activities of daily living, bodily discomfort, emotional wellbeing, communication, and cognitions subscales. Bilateral and unilateral groups demonstrated equivalent PDQ39SI improvement. QoL improvement was highly correlated with dyskinesia reduction but not reduction in UPDRS score or age at surgery. GPi‐DBS markedly improves QoL in advanced PD. The impacts are broad and improve QoL domains not directly affected by the motor symptoms of the disease. Reduced dyskinesia plays a major role in the improvement of QoL in GPi‐DBS treated patients. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society
Levodopa for idiopathic restless legs syndrome: Evidence‐based review
Authors: Conti Cristiane Fiquene , de Oliveira Márcio Moysés , Andriolo Regis Bruni , Saconato Humberto , Atallah Alvaro Nagib , Valbuza Juliana Spelta , Coin de Carvalho Luciane Bizari , do Prado Gilmar Fernandes 
Published: July 2007

AbstractRestless legs syndrome (RLS) is a sensory motor disorder characterized by a distressing urge to move the legs and sometimes also other parts of the body usually accompanied by a marked sense of discomfort or pain in the leg or other affected body part. The prevalence of RLS is estimated at 2.7 to 5% of adults and it is more common in women. The treatment of RLS with levodopa has been reported thus a systematic synthesis of evidence is necessary to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of levodopa for RLS. Systematic review of randomized or quasi‐randomized, double blind trials on levodopa. Relief of restless legs symptoms marked on a validated scale, subjective sleep quality, sleep quality measured by night polysomnography and actigraphy, quality of life measured by subjective measures, adverse events associated with the treatments. Nine eligible clinical trials were included. The subjective analyses of these studies showed contradictory results, although the objective analyses showed that treatment group had a statistically significant improvement of periodic leg movement (PLM) index, favoring the treatment group. The most commonly adverse event seen was gastrointestinal symptoms. The short‐term treatment with levodopa was demonstrated effective and safety for PLM, but there was only few trials assessing long‐term treatment and the augmentation phenomenon in RLS. Further long‐term randomized controlled trials using standard follow‐up measurements as the International RLS Study Group Rating Scale are necessary. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society
Modeling pulsed magnetization transfer
Authors: Portnoy Sharon , Stanisz Greg J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractModeling the effects of clinical magnetization transfer (MT) scans, which generate contrast using short, shaped radiofrequency (RF) pulses (pulsed MT), is complex and time‐consuming. As a result, several studies have proposed approximate methods for a simplified analysis of the experimental data. However, potential differences in the MT parameters estimated by each method may complicate the comparison of reported results. In this study we evaluated three approximate methods currently used in quantitative MT (qMT) studies. In the first part of the investigation, an MT modeling technique that makes minimal approximations, other than the use of a two‐pool tissue representation, was developed and validated. Subsequently, this technique served as a standard against which to evaluate the other, more approximate models. Each model was used to fit experimental data from samples of wild‐type (WT) and shiverer mouse spinal cord, as well as simulated data generated by our minimal approximation modeling technique. The results of this study demonstrate that the approximations used in pulsed MT modeling are quite robust. In particular, it was shown that the semisolid pool fraction, M0B, which is known to correlate strongly with myelin content, and the transverse relaxation time of macromolecular protons, T2B, could be evaluated with reasonable accuracy regardless of the model used. Magn Reson Med 58:144–155, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vivo myocardial tissue kinetics of Gd(ABE‐DTTA), a tissue‐persistent contrast agent
Authors: Surányi Pál , Kiss Pál , Ruzsics Balazs , Brott Brigitta C. , Simor Tamás , Elgavish Ada , Baker Robert A. , Saab‐Ismail Nada H. , Elgavish Gabriel A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe phenomenological tissue kinetics of Gd(ABE‐DTTA) was investigated in myocardial infarction (MI). Reperfused infarction was generated by balloon catheter in closed‐chest canines (N = 11). Forty‐eight hours thereafter, inversion‐recovery (IR)‐prepared fast gradient‐echo control images were acquired with varying inversion times (TIs). Precontrast R1 maps were calculated from the TI dependence of signal intensity (SI) using nonlinear curve fitting. Then 0.05 mmol/kg Gd(ABE‐DTTA) was administered I.V. In 11 dogs postcontrast R1 maps were generated at 24 hr and 48 hr postcontrast. In five dogs measurements were also repeated at 108 hr and 12 days. In one dog early measurement was carried out at 4 hr. ΔR1 values for blood and viable and infarcted myocardium were calculated at each time point by subtracting the precontrast R1 from the postcontrast R1. Gd(ABE‐DTTA) showed significant, progressive accumulation into infarcts during the first 2 days (kin = 0.39 hr–1) and a delayed clearance (kout = 0.005 hr–1). Among the time points sampled, the maximum infarct ΔR1 was detected at 48 hr (1.72 s–1). Contrast agent (CA) in infarcted tissue was detectable for 12 days. Clearance from blood and viable myocardium occurred in parallel and was completed by 108 hr. Gd(ABE‐DTTA) displays slow, tissue‐persistent kinetics and partly intravascular, partly extravascular characteristics. It demonstrates high affinity for infarcted myocardium and induces highlighting of infarcts between 4 hr and 12 days following administration. Magn Reson Med 58:55–64, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.