bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variations on a Familiar Theme
Authors: Odegard Peter H. 
Published: May 2006

As I set out to prepare for this combined inaugural and valedictory, I sought a theme worthy of the occasion and within the span of my own limited vision. Notwithstanding the lush crop of “problems” confronting our world and our profession, no suitable theme came readily to mind. I experimented with many, including “Variations on a Theme by Joe McCarthy,” or “Acheson at Armageddon,” or “General MacArthur Fades Again.” But in all such cases the theme was obscured by the variations. And so I've called these remarks “Variations on a Familiar Theme.”Since 1903 when Frank Goodnow spoke on “The Work of the American Political Science Association,” no less than forty-five presidents have prepared annual speeches on as many different themes. It is interesting to note that of thirteen such speeches up to 1917, only one gave any major attention to international relations. Then, between 1917 and 1924, four of the seven were devoted to an international theme. But during the twenty-six years from 1924 through 1950, only two dealt primarily with international relations.
The Impact of U.S. Assistance Programs on the Political and Economic Integration of Western Europe
Authors: Stone Donald C. 
Published: May 2006

World War II left Europe economically bankrupt, politically paralyzed, and spiritually sick. In contrast, we find today—thanks to the leaven of the Marshall Plan and other U. S. assistance, and the self-help and mutual-help measures of Western European countries—a vastly improved Continent of Europe.First, economic collapse has been avoided. The mills, plants, and shops in most countries are humming as they never did before. The current output of industry in Western Europe is roughly forty per cent larger than in 1938, and sixty per cent above that of 1947. Agriculture has likewise shown encouraging improvement. The volume of intra-European trade which had come to a virtual standstill in 1947 has sharply increased until it is now over one-third higher than that of the pre-war era. The dollar deficit in Europe has been substantially reduced from a peak of $7 billion and, except for the special requirements of the post-Korean rearmament program, it would probably have been brought into manageable proportions by 1951.
A Convenient Preparation of Enantiomerically Pure (+)‐(1R,2R)‐ and (−)‐(1S,2S)‐1,2‐Diamino‐1,2‐diphenylethanes
Authors: Braddock D. Christopher , Redmond Joanna M. , Hermitage Stephen A. , White Andrew J. P. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractA gram‐scale preparation of (1S,2S)‐ and (1R,2R)‐1,2‐diamino‐1,2‐diphenylethanes, (1S,2S)‐1 and (1R,2R)‐1, is reported via (±)‐iso‐amarine 4. Strategically, the activation of (±)‐iso‐amarine 4 for hydrolysis to the required diamines and enantiomeric resolution is achieved simultaneously by formation of two separable diastereoisomeric N‐acylamidines 5 and 6 derived from direct DCC‐mediated coupling of (±)‐iso‐amarine 4 with (R)‐acetylmandelic acid. iso‐Amarine 4 is conveniently obtained from amarine 3, and a one‐pot synthesis of the latter is reported from benzaldehyde and hexamethyldisilazane as catalysed by benzoic acid.
Highly Regioselective Friedel–Crafts Reactions of Electron‐Rich Aromatic Compounds with Pyruvate Catalyzed by Lewis Acid‐Base: Efficient Synthesis of Pesticide Cycloprothrin
Authors: Si Yu‐Gui , Chen Jun , Li Fan , Li Jin‐Hua , Qin Ye‐Jun , Jiang Biao 
Published: May 2006

AbstractAn efficient synthesis of aromatic lactate esters is reported via highly regioselective Friedel–Crafts reactions of electron‐rich aromatic compounds with pyruvate ester promoted by TiCl4 in the presence of basic Al2O3. The utility of the reaction is shown by the efficient synthesis of the pesticide cycloprothrin in high yield.
tert‐Butyl Ethers: Renaissance of an Alcohol Protecting Group. Facile Cleavage with Cerium(III) Chloride/Sodium Iodide
Authors: Bartoli Giuseppe , Bosco Marcella , Carlone Armando , Locatelli Manuela , Marcantoni Enrico , Melchiorre Paolo , Sambri Letizia 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe tert‐butoxy derivative is one of the most underused alcohol protecting groups. After having developed an easy and useful protocol for its introduction, we offer here a simple procedure for its removal by treatment with anhydrous CeCl3 and NaI in CH3CN. The procedure led to the successful cleavage of aliphatic and aromatic tert‐butyl ethers and was compatible with various other functionalities and protecting groups present in the molecule.
Potassium Carbonate‐Catalyzed Reactions of Salicylic Aldehydes with Allenic Ketones and Esters: an Effective Way to Synthesize Functionalized 2H‐Chromenes
Authors: Shi Min , Dai Lun‐Zhi , Shi Yong‐Ling , Zhao Gui‐Ling 
Published: May 2006

AbstractPotassium carbonate‐catalyzed reactions of salicylic aldehydes with 3‐methylpenta‐3,4‐dien‐2‐one, 3‐benzylpenta‐3,4‐dien‐2‐one or ethyl 2‐methylbuta‐2,3‐dienoate gave the corresponding functionalized 2H‐1‐chromenes in good to excellent yields and good stereoselectivities in some cases in DMSO at 120 °C within 1 h, respectively.
Microspectroscopic fluorescence analysis with prism‐based imaging spectrometers: Review and current studies
Authors: Hanley Quentin S , Murray Patricia I , Forde Toni S 
Published: May 2006

AbstractBackground:Fluorescence imaging spectroscopy is a powerful but under‐utilized tool. This article gives perspective on the use of imaging spectroscopy, and provides two examples of imaging spectroscopy done with a prism‐based system. The intent is to give insight into the power of imaging spectroscopy when used in combination with other imaging techniques. In particular, studies of intact coral photobleaching and beads designed to show energy transfer are reported. In the bead study, spectroscopic lifetime imaging was performed at each photobleaching step.Results:Spectroscopic photobleaching of the hard coral, Montastrea annularis, revealed two spectral regions. A region in the red portion of the spectrum bleached rapidly while progressively increasing fluorescence was observed over a wide portion of the spectrum. This behavior is consistent with current theories for the role of fluorescent proteins in corals.Following a photobleaching study of beads designed to exhibit energy transfer with imaging spectroscopic fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (ISFLIM) allowed unambiguous assignment of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). The data in this experiment indicated that most of the commonly used markers of FRET would have been inconclusive. The ability of the ISFLIM to look at all regions of the spectrum, particularly the acceptor region, allowed FRET to be assigned.Conclusions:Fluorescence imaging spectroscopy is a rapidly advancing technology, uniquely suited to the flexible detection of dyes over a wide range of wavelengths. © 2006 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Digital image analysis of cytoskeletal F‐actin disintegration in renal microvascular endothelium following ischemia/reperfusion
Authors: Leemreis Jan R. , Versteilen Amanda M. G. , Sipkema Pieter , Groeneveld A. B. Johan , Musters René J. P. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractBackground:Damaged and/or dysfunctional microvascular endothelium has been implicated in the pathogenesis of ischemic acute renal failure (ARF). Rapidly occurring changes in the endothelial F‐actin cytoskeleton as observed in vitro might be responsible, but have been proven difficult to measure accurately in situ. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine several methods of digital image analysis in order to quantify the alterations of endothelial F‐actin after renal ischemia and reperfusion (I/R), and to relate these to deterioration of renal function.Methods:Frozen sections of Sham and I/R rat kidneys were fixed in 4% formaldehyde and stained with rhodamine‐phalloïdin. Microvascular structures were captured using a 3i Marianas™ digital imaging fluorescence microscope workstation. Images were analyzed using 3i SlideBook™ software, employing several masking techniques and line‐scans.Results:Digital image analysis demonstrated a decrease in the mean intensity of rhodamine‐phalloïdin fluorescence after I/R from 1030 ± 187 to 735 ± 121 a.u. (arbitrary units, mean ± SD, n = 7). The number of F‐actin fragments per pixel increased from (15.8 ± 4.9) × 10−5 to (20.7 ± 3.5) × 10−5 (n = 7), indicating cytoskeletal fragmentation. In addition, line‐scan analysis demonstrated a disturbed spatial orientation of the F‐actin cytoskeleton after I/R. Finally, the loss of F‐actin correlated with a rise in plasma creatinine.Conclusions:The methods of digital image analysis described in the present study demonstrate that renal I/R induces profound changes in the F‐actin cytoskeletal structure of microvascular endothelial cells, implicating an injured and dysfunctional microvascular endothelium, which may contribute to acute renal failure (ARF). © 2006 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Nutritional knowledge of health care professionals working in the eating disorders
Authors: Cordery Helen , Waller Glenn 
Published: May 2006

AbstractBackgroundClinicians working in the eating disorders require a good working knowledge of basic nutrition. As different professional groups are trained in this knowledge to different degrees, it is not possible to assume that all clinicians working with the eating disorders have an equivalent knowledge base. The aim of this study is to determine the nutritional knowledge of different groups of professionals working with the eating disorders.MethodThe participants were 65 clinicians (dietitians, nurses, clinical psychologists, psychiatrists) working with the eating disorders and a group of 23 non‐clinicians. All participants completed a standardised measure of knowledge of nutritional content of a range of foodstuffs, plus a brief form of the Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI‐2).ResultsDietitians had the highest level of knowledge regarding carbohydrate, protein and fat, but were no different to the other groups in their knowledge of fibre content. The psychiatrists were the next best informed. The clinical psychologists and nurses were no better than the lay group. Levels of knowledge about nutrition were unrelated to most personal characteristics, though there were some links to the clinician's own eating attitudes.ConclusionsGiven the central role of nutrition in treating the eating disorders, it is clearly important that teams include professionals with nutritional knowledge. These findings indicate that simple experience in the field is not sufficient to ensure such knowledge, and that specialised dietitians are more likely to be able to provide the necessary treatment resource. Therefore, multidisciplinary teams should include specialist dietetic input. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Surface analysis and biocorrosion properties of nanostructured surface sol–gel coatings on Ti6Al4V titanium alloy implants
Authors: Advincula Maria C. , Petersen Don , Rahemtulla Firoz , Advincula Rigoberto , Lemons Jack E. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractSurfaces of biocompatible alloys used as implants play a significant role in their osseointegration. Surface sol–gel processing (SSP), a variant of the bulk sol–gel technique, is a relatively new process to prepare bioreactive nanostructured titanium oxide for thin film coatings. The surface topography, roughness, and composition of sol–gel processed Ti6Al4V titanium alloy coatings was investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and X‐ray electron spectroscopy (XPS). This was correlated with corrosion properties, adhesive strength, and bioreactivity in simulated body fluids (SBF). Electroimpedance spectroscopy (EIS) and polarization studies indicated similar advantageous corrosion properties between sol–gel coated and uncoated Ti6Al4V, which was attributed to the stable TiO2 composition, topography, and adhesive strength of the sol–gel coating. In addition, inductive coupled plasma (ICP) and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM‐EDS) analysis of substrates immersed in SBF revealed higher deposition of calcium and phosphate and low release rates of alloying elements from the sol–gel modified alloys. The equivalent corrosion behavior and the definite increase in nucleation of calcium apatite indicate the potential of the sol–gel coating for enhanced bioimplant applications. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2007
Emotion as mediators of the relations between perceived supervisor support and psychological hardiness on employee cynicism
Authors: Cole Michael S. , Bruch Heike , Vogel Bernd 
Published: May 2006

AbstractIn this study we explore whether emotion experienced at work mediates the relationships between perceived supervisor support, psychological hardiness, and employee cynicism. Data were collected from employees working at a medical technology company located in Switzerland. Mediational analyses showed that employees' positive and negative emotions experienced amidst an organizational crisis fully accounted for the relations between perceived supervisor support and cynicism and psychological hardiness and cynicism. Practical implications and directions for future research are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Team mental models and team performance: a field study of the effects of team mental model similarity and accuracy
Authors: Lim Beng‐Chong , Klein Katherine J. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractWe conducted a field study of 71 action teams to examine the relationship between team mental model similarity and accuracy and the performance of real‐world teams. We used Pathfinder to operationalize team members' taskwork mental models (describing team procedures, tasks, and equipment) and teamwork mental models (describing team interaction processes) and examined team performance as evaluated by expert team assessment center raters. Both taskwork mental model and teamwork mental model similarity predicted team performance. Team mental model accuracy measures were also predictive of team performance. We discuss the implications of our findings and directions for future research. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Linewidth modelling of C2H2N2 mixtures tested by rotational CARS measurements
Authors: Buldyreva J. , Bonamy J. , Weikl M. C. , Beyrau F. , Seeger T. , Leipertz A. , Vestin F. , Afzelius M. , Bood J. , Bengtsson P.‐E. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe acetylene–nitrogen system is investigated in a combined theoretical and experimental effort in view of its thermometry applications. Accurate values of the rotational Raman linewidths of acetylene are of crucial importance for the computation of spectra from rotational coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) used for temperature and concentration evaluations. Since the direct measurements of these linewidths are not available, they are rigorously calculated by a semi‐classical Robert–Bonamy formalism employing exact trajectories. The computed linewidths are used as input parameters in the theoretical spectra simulation, which is also improved by the inclusion of an interbranch interference with coherent Stokes Raman scattering (CSRS). These theoretical spectra are used to evaluate the temperature from experimental CARS spectra of acetylene‐nitrogen mixtures recorded in the pressure range 0.1–0.6 MPa. The new linewidths (NLWs) and the CSRS interference inclusion result in a clear improvement of spectral fitting as well as in reasonable values of evaluated temperatures. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Four‐photon Rayleigh‐wing spectroscopy of α‐chymotrypsin protein in water
Authors: Bunkin A. F. , Chikishev A. U. , Gorchakov A. P. , Nurmatov A. A. , Pershin S. M. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe low‐wavenumber spectra of CCl4, Milli‐Q water and aqueous solution of α‐chymotrypsin protein were measured using four‐photon coherent spectroscopy in the subterahertz range. Good coincidence of narrow peak positions in the four‐photon spectra of liquid CCl4 with the rotational frequencies in the gas phase was observed for the first time. A new sharp (width ∼0.6 cm−1) resonance at ∼3 cm−1 was observed in the aqueous protein solution, in contrast with water. This difference was interpreted as an exhibition of low‐wavenumber vibrations of large fragments of the protein molecule. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
BOLD contrast sensitivity enhancement and artifact reduction with multiecho EPI: Parallel‐acquired inhomogeneity‐desensitized fMRI
Authors: Poser Benedikt A. , Versluis Maarten J. , Hoogduin Johannes M. , Norris David G. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractFunctional MRI (fMRI) generally employs gradient‐echo echo‐planar imaging (GE‐EPI) to measure blood oxygen level‐dependent (BOLD) signal changes that result from changes in tissue relaxation time T between activation and rest. Since T strongly varies across the brain and BOLD contrast is maximal only where the echo time (TE) equals the local T, imaging at a single TE is a compromise in terms of overall sensitivity. Furthermore, the long echo train makes EPI very sensitive to main field inhomogeneities, causing strong image distortion. A method is presented that uses accelerated parallel imaging to reduce image artifacts and acquire images at multiple TEs following a single excitation, with no need to increase TR. Sensitivity gains from the broadened T coverage are optimized by pixelwise weighted echo summation based on local T or contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR) measurements. The method was evaluated using an approach that allows differential BOLD CNR to be calculated without stimulation, as well as with a Stroop experiment. Results obtained at 3 T showed that BOLD sensitivity improved by 11% or more in all brain regions, with larger gains in areas typically affected by strong susceptibility artifacts. The use of parallel imaging markedly reduces image distortion, and hence the method should find widespread application in functional brain imaging. Magn Reson Med, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Length scale hierarchy in sol, gel, and coacervate phases of gelatin
Authors: Mohanty Biswaranjan , Aswal V. K. , Kohlbrecher J. , Bohidar H. B. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractLength scale hierarchy in gelatin sol, gel, and coacervate (induced by ethanol) phases, having same concentration of gelatin in aqueous medium (13% w/v), has been investigated through small angle neutron scattering and rheology measurements. The static structure factor profile, I(q) versus wave vector q, was found to be remarkably similar for all these samples. This data could be split into three distinct q‐regimes: the low‐q regime, Iex(q) = Iex(0)/(1+q2ζ2)2 valid for q < 3Rg−1; the intermediate q‐regime, I(q) = I(0)/(1+q2ξ2) for 3Rg−1 < q < ξ−1; and the asymptotic regime, I(q) = (c/q) exp(−Rc2q2/2) for q > ξ−1. Consequently, three distinct length scales could be deduced from structure factor data: (a) inhomogeneity of size, ζ = 20 ± 1 nm for all the three phases; (b) average mesh size, ξ0 = 2.6 ± 0.2 nm for sol and gel, and smaller mesh size, ξos = 1.2 ± 0.2 nm for coacervate; and (c) cross section of gelatin chains, Rc = 0.35 ± 0.04 nm. In addition, the structure factor data obtained from coacervating solution analyzed in the Guinier region, I(q) = exp(−q2Rg2/3), yielded value of typical radius of gyration of clusters, Rg ≈ 69 nm that indicated existence of triple‐helices of length, L ≈ 239 nm; (d) Frequency and temperature sweep measurements conducted on coacervate samples revealed two other length scales: (e) viscoelastic length, ξve = 14 ± 2 nm and (f) correlation length at melting, ξT = 500 ± 70 nm. Thus, existence of six distinct length scales, (a–f), ranging from 1.2 to 500 nm has been established in the coacervate phase of gelatin–ethanol–water system. Results are discussed within the framework of Landau‐Ginzburg treatment of dynamically asymmetric systems (Prog Theor Phys 1977, 57, 826; Phys Rev A 1991, 44, R817; J Phys II (France) 1992, 2, 1631). © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 1653–1667, 2006
Coping and suicidality among homeless youth
Authors: Kidd Sean A. , Carroll Michelle R. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThis study examined the impact of coping strategies employed by homeless youth upon suicidal ideation, suicide attempts on the streets, and feeling trapped/helpless. Coping strategies examined in the analysis included problem‐focused and avoidant coping, along with several coping strategies identified in previous exploratory qualitative studies. Greater risk was associated with avoidant coping, social withdrawal, use of drugs and alcohol as coping, with “belief in a better future” linked to lowered risk levels. Gender interactions emerged with respect to avoidant coping and social withdrawal, both of which served as greater contributors to risk levels among females. Several approaches to coping including problem‐focused strategies and strategies identified by youths in previous qualitative works emerged as not serving to ameliorate suicidality.
Perinatal care in Portugal: Effects of 15 years of a regionalized system
Authors: Neto Maria Teresa 
Published: May 2006

Abstract Aim: To share information on the organization of perinatal care in Portugal. Methods: Data were derived from the Programme of the National Committee for Mother and Child Health 1989, National Institute for Statistics, and Eurostat. Results: In 1989, perinatal care in Portugal was reformed: the closure was proposed of maternity units with less than 1500 deliveries per year; hospitals were classified as level I (no deliveries), II (low‐risk deliveries, intermediate care units) or III (high‐risk deliveries, intensive care units), and functional coordinating units responsible for liaison between local health centres and hospitals were established. A nationwide system of neonatal transport began in 1987, and in 1990 postgraduate courses on neonatology were initiated. With this reform, in‐hospital deliveries increased from 74% before the reform to 99% after. Maternal death rate decreased from 9.2/100 000 deliveries in 1989 to 5.3 in 2003 and, in the same period, the perinatal mortality rate decreased from 16.4 to 6.6/1000 (live births + stillborn with ≥22 wk gestational age), the neonatal mortality rate decreased from 8.1 to 2.7/1000 live births, and the infant mortality rate from 12.2/1000 live births to 4/1000. Conclusion: Regionalization of perinatal care and neonatal transport are key factors for a successful perinatal health system.
Results of staged palliation for hypoplastic left heart syndrome: A complete population‐based series
Authors: NILSSON BORIS , MELLANDER MATS , SÜDOW GÖRAN , BERGGREN HÅKAN 
Published: May 2006

Abstract Aim: To study the outcome of staged palliation for classic hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Methods: Retrospective chart review. Risk factors for mortality were analysed using Cox's proportional hazard regression modelling. Results: From 1993 to 2004, 55 infants underwent Norwood stage I procedure at a median age of 8 d (range 1–19 d). Hospital survival was 39/55 (71%), and there were six late deaths (before stage II). Birthweight, circulatory arrest time and cardiopulmonary bypass time were independent risk factors for stage I hospital mortality (p=0.029, p=0.001 and p=0.003, respectively). Poor right ventricular function prior to stage I was a significant predictor for interstage mortality (p=0.02). Thirty‐two patients underwent bidirectional cavopulmonary anastomosis, at a median age of 6.5 mo (range 2.0–9.5 mo), with seven late deaths. Two patients had a heart transplant after stage II. Total cavopulmonary connection (TCPC) was performed in 13 patients, at a median age of 33 mo (range 21–45 mo), without mortality. Kaplan‐Meier survival was 58%, 52% and 45% at 6, 12 and 48 mo, respectively.Conclusion: Low birthweight, long time on circulatory arrest and cardiopulmonary bypass were risk factors for stage I mortality. Poor right ventricular function was detrimental to intermediate outcome.