bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
INCREASED FREQUENCY OF GOITRE IN EPILEPTIC PATIENTS ON LONG‐TERM PHENYTOIN OR CARBAMAZEPINE TREATMENT
Authors: HEGEDÜS L. , HANSEN J. M. , LÜHDORF K. , PERRILD H. , FELDT‐RASMUSSEN ULLA , KAMPMANN J. P. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThyroid function, the clinical occurrence of goitre and ultrasonically determined thyroid gland volume were investigated in 23 patients with phenytoin‐ and 28 patients with carbamazepine‐treated convulsive disorders and compared with matched healthy controls. In the phenytoin treated group median thyroid volume was 26 ml (range 14–57 ml) compared to 17 ml (range 8–41 ml) in the controls (P < 0·01). Ten patients and four controls had a goitre (NS). Median serum T4 and FT4I levels were reduced, serum TSH level increased and serum T3, T3RU, FT3I and thyroglobulin levels unaltered compared with the controls. In the carbamazepine treated group median thyroid volume was 25 ml (range 13‐66 ml) compared to 16 ml (range 9‐44 ml) in the controls (P < 0·01). Thirteen patients and three controls had a goitre (P < 0·02). Median serum T4, FT4I and FT3I levels were reduced, serum thyroglobulin increased and serum T3, T3RU and TSH levels unaltered compared with the controls. The increase in thyroid size is probably a compensatory mechanism due to the low free thyroid hormones in serum caused by an increased hepatic degradation of thyroid hormones by phenytoin and carbamazepine.
IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE HUMAN HEPATIC ANDROGEN RECEPTOR
Authors: BANNISTER P. , SHERIDAN P. , LOSOWSKY M. S. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYHuman liver contains components in both cytosol and nucleosol which bind the synthetic testosterone derivative, mibolerone, with a high affinity, moderate capacity and a high specificity for androgens. Gel filtration chromatography shows two binding components, a high molecular weight component (mol wt. 250 000) present in cytosol alone and a low molecular weight component (mol wt. 75 000) present in cytosol and nucleosol. Human liver contains the classical androgen receptor.
CATECHOLAMINE, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE AND THYROTROPHIN‐DEPENDENT cAMP LEVELS DISPLAY A DIFFERENT SENSITIVITY TO IODOTHYRONINES IN BOTH NORMAL AND PATHOLOGICAL HUMAN THYROID CELLS IN CULTURE
Authors: BRANDI MARIA LUISA , ZONEFRATI R. , ROTELLA C. M. , TOCCAFONDI R. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYAs the interactions of iodothyronines on adrenergic and vipergic receptors are not clear, the effect of exogenous T3 and T4 on catecholamine‐ and VIP‐induced cAMP accumulation in human normal thyroid cells after eight days of primary culture has been investigated. To evaluate the effect of endogenous iodothyronines, the response of the adenylate cyclase system to isoprenaline, adrenaline, VIP, and TSH was studied during a 10 d period. T3 and T4 were unable to modify the catecholamine‐ and VIP‐induced cAMP accumulation in human normal thyroid cells after 6–8 days of culture, while the response to TSH was significantly inhibited. In cells cultured from thyrotoxic tissue, the response of the adenylate cyclase system to catecholamines and VIP, during a 10 d primary culture, showed a behaviour similar to controls. TSH responsiveness was negligible up to the fourth day of culture, while in normal cells a response to all the agonists was present from the beginning. In view of the lack of effect of iodothyronines on catecholamine‐ and VIP‐induced cAMP accumulation, and of the superimposable behaviour of the response to catecholamines and VIP in normal and hyperthyroid cells during the first days of culture, we can conclude that iodothyronines do not directly modify the response of the adenylate cyclase system to adrenergic and vipergic stimulation in human thyroid follicular cells. The lack of responsiveness to TSH of cells obtained from hyperthyroid tissue during the first 4 d of culture, associated with normal responsiveness to catecholamines and VIP, points to a possible involvement of biogenic amines and neuropeptides in sustaining such hyperthyroid states.
FAMILIAL HYPOCALCIURIC HYPERCALCAEMIA II. INTESTINAL CALCIUM ABSORPTION AND VITAMIN D METABOLISM
Authors: KRISTIANSEN J. H. , RØDBRO P. , CHRISTIANSEN C. , MORTENSEN J. BRØCHNER , CARL J. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYWe compared intestinal calcium absorption, measured by a single isotope technique, and serum concentrations of vitamin D metabolites in ten patients with familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia (FHH) and ten age‐ and sex‐matched healthy controls. Our results showed no significant differences in intestinal calcium absorption or in serum concentrations of vitamin D metabolites. There was a significant correlation between serum concentrations of PTH, measured with one of our assays, and 1,25(OH)2D. We conclude that neither increased intestinal calcium absorption nor altered vitamin D metabolism plays a part in the hypercalcaemia of FHH.
SPONTANEOUS GONADOTROPHIN PULSATILITY AND OVARIAN MORPHOLOGY IN GIRLS WITH CENTRAL PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY TREATED WITH CYPROTERONE ACETATE
Authors: STANHOPE R. , PRINGLE P. J. , ADAMS J. , JEFFCOATE S. L. , BROOK C. G. D. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYWe have studied four girls with central precocious puberty treated with cyproterone acetate for a mean of 3·6 years (range 1·5–6·3 years). Pelvic ultrasound assessment demonstrated suppression of the ovarian morphology of central precocious puberty despite the presence of spontaneous pulsatile gonadotrophin secretion at night. We suggest that the previously reported effects on gonadotrophin secretion induced by cyproterone acetate therapy, administered in recommended doses, are minor and that the predominant effect of cyproterone acetate in the treatment of girls with central precocious puberty is direct inhibition of ovarian steroidogenesis.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE SECRETION OF 18‐HYDROXYCORTISOL, A NOVEL STEROID OF RELEVANCE TO CONN'S SYNDROME
Authors: CORRIE J. E. T. , EDWARDS C. R. W. , JONES D. B. , PADFIELD P. L. , BUDD P. S. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA recently developed radioimmunoassay for direct measurement of 18‐hydroxycortisol (18‐OH‐F) in plasma and urine has been used to study the physiology of this newly described steroid in normal subjects. Plasma levels of 18‐OH‐F show a circadian variation similar to that of cortisol and are increased and suppressed by administration of ACTH and dexamethasone respectively. A clear increase was observed in response to sodium restriction but despite this, angiotensin II infusion failed to cause a rise in 18‐OH‐F levels and a possible explanation is discussed. The results are interpreted in terms of a proposed biosynthetic pathway involving 18‐hydroxylation of cortisol during a second passage through the adrenal gland.
GONADOTROPHIN CONTROL OF FOLLICULAR DEVELOPMENT
Authors: ABDULWAHID N. A. , ADAMS J. , VAN DER SPUY Z. M. , JACOBS H. S 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYIn order to investigate the endocrine requirements for induction of follicle maturation, ovulation and luteal function we have measured plasma LH and FSH concentrations in 109 cycles induced by treatment with LHRH in 25 women with amenorrhoea of diverse aetiology. The major clinical and endocrine subgroupings were polycystic ovarian disease (PCO), Kallmann's syndrome, weight related amenorrhoea and hyperprolactinaemia. By analysis of variance of the LH and FSH concentrations obtained three times per week in the follicular phase in 77 ovulatory cycles (including 24 conception cycles), we found that in women with PCO the mean LH concentration was 19·5 IU/1. In hyperprolactinaemia and secondary amenorrhoea of non‐specific aetiology the mean LH concentration was 11·6 IU/1 and in patients with hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism and weight‐related amenorrhoea it was 7·2 IU/1. These mean LH concentrations were significantly different from each other (P < 0·001). We speculate that the high LH concentrations in the follicular phase may impair the final stages of oocyte maturation and so contribute to the infertility of these patients. FSH concentrations in the follicular phase were lower in patients with hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism and weight‐related amenorrhoea than in other groups. Although the differences were statistically significant (P < 0·001) the difference was small (mean FSH in hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism and weight‐related amenorrhoea 4·3 IU/1 vs 6·3 IU/1 in the others) and of uncertain biological significance. During the luteal phase, no differences between any of the groups in LH and FSH concentrations were found.
GLUCAGON‐STIMULATED PLASMA C‐PEPTIDE AND INSULIN LEVELS IN ACTIVE AND NON‐ACTIVE ACROMEGALICS
Authors: ROELFSEMA F. , FRÖLICH M. , GEELHOED‐DUYVESTIJN P. H. L. M. , KRUSEMAN A. C. NIEUWENHUIJZEN , LOOIJ B. J. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe glucagon‐stimulated insulin and C‐peptide release in patients with active acromegaly, cured acromegalic patients and healthy controls were studied. There was an elevation of the fasting insulin levels in active acromegalics and the fasting C‐peptide levels in both patient groups. After i.v. injection of glucagon the insulin and C‐peptide levels increased. The highest levels were recorded in active acromegalics, but cured patients also had higher levels than the control group. The insulin/C‐peptide ratio was increased in active acromegalics in comparison with that found for inactive acromegalics and normal controls. In addition, the plasma half‐lives (T1/2) of endogenous insulin and C‐peptide were measured. It was found that the T1/2 for insulin was increased in active acromegalics only. From this study we conclude that even when the treatment of acromegaly is effective insulin and C‐peptide secretion do not normalize due, probably, to increased synthesis and release upon stimulation of the pancreatic β‐cells. In active acromegaly the removal of insulin is probably also reduced.
CONCOMITANT SECRETION OF SCHWANGERSCHAFTSPROTEIN 1 AND HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN FOLLOWING CONCEPTION
Authors: AHMED A.‐G. , KLOPPER A. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYDaily measurements of serum oestradiol, progesterone, Schwangerschaftspro‐tein 1 (SP1) and hCG were made in 13 menstrual cycles during which conception occurred. The assays were continued until 21 d after ovulation. SP1 was detected in maternal blood 8–14 d after ovulation and hCG 9–13 d after ovulation. We conclude that these two proteins are secreted simultaneously but independently by the syncytiotrophoblast.
PATHOGENESIS OF HYPERCALCAEMIA OF MALIGNANCY
Authors: MUNDY G. R. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe hypercalcaemia of malignancy is multi‐factorial, even within individual tumours. In most cases, hypercalcaemia is due to a combination of increased bone resorption associated with uecreased renal capacity to excrete the increased extracellular fluid calcium. In solid tumours such as carcinoma of the lung, tumour‐derived growth factors are probably primarily responsible for the increased bone resorption, and a separate family of factors which interact with some parathyroid hormone (PTH) receptors cause increased renal tubular calcium reabsorption. PTH production by non‐parathyroid tumours rarely if ever occurs. In contrast, haematological malignancies such as myeloma and T‐cell lymphomas produce locally acting bone resorbing lymphokines in excessive amounts. Some T‐cell lymphomas in addition have the capacity to metabolize 25‐hydroxyvitamin D to 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D. In myeloma, impaired glomerular filtration frequently contributes to the pathogenesis of hypercalcaemia by impairing renal compensatory mechanisms for maintaining normal serum calcium concentrations in the presence of increased bone resorption.
INTERACTION BETWEEN GROWTH HORMONE RELEASING FACTOR (GRF) AND SOMATOSTATIN ANALOGUE (SMS 201–995) IN NORMAL SUBJECTS
Authors: LOSA M. , MÜLLER O. A. , SOBIESZCZYK S. , VON WERDER K. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYContinuous infusion or pulsatile administration of growth hormone releasing factor leads to decreasing GH levels and GH responses in normal subjects. We have given 50 μg GRF 1–44 i. v. four times in 2‐hourly intervals to five normal subjects. After 1 week the same protocol was repeated after s. c. administration of 50 μg of the synthetic octapeptide somatostatin (SMS 201–995). The GH response to the same GRF doses was higher after the initial GRF pulse and blunted to the following GRF pulses (pulse I: 37·0±11·2 ng/ml; Pulse II: 5·3 ± 1·2 ng/ml; pulse III: 5·9 ± 2·5 ng/ml; pulse IV: 5·9 ± 3·2 ng/ml; mean ± SE). When SMS 201–995 was given 60 min before pulsatile GRF administration, the GH secretion pattern was reversed (pulse I: 2·4 ± 0·7 ng/ml; pulse II: 2·0 ± 0·9 ng/ml; pulse III: 4·4 ± 2·1 ng/ml; pulse IV: 11·4 ± 3·6 ng/ml). Radioimmunoas‐sayable GRF levels were not different before and after administration of SMS 201–995. The half time of disappearance was 8·6 ± 0·4 min before and 8·0 ± 0·5 min after SMS 201–995. Basal thyrotrophin and insulin levels, which remained constant over the 8 h period with GRF only, decreased significantly after SMS 201–995 administration. These findings are compatible with a limited releasable GH pool which is exhausted by chronic GRF stimulation but can be conserved by prior administration of the somatostatin analogue. Thus, when somatostatin bioactivity tapers off, there is recovery of GRF‐stimulated GH secretion.
DRAMATIC AND RAPID SHRINKAGE OF A MASSIVE INVASIVE PROLACTINOMA WITH BROMOCRIPTINE: A CASE REPORT
Authors: CLAYTON R. N. , WEBB J. , HEATH D. A. , DUNN P. J. S. , ROLFE E. B. , HOCKLEY A. D. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYShrinkage of a massive, highly invasive, longstanding (probably 40 years) prolactin‐secreting pituitary tumour is described in which tumour volume was reduced by 40% 8 d after beginning bromocriptine treatment. After 4 months of treatment the tumour was only 11% of the pretreatment volume and by 8 months it was further reduced in size being confined to the pituitary fossa, which was partially empty. Reduction in tumour volume was accompanied by a gradual reduction in serum prolactin concentrations to normal values at 4 months. Between 4 and 18 months serum prolactin has remained normal on 5 mg of bromocriptine daily. Visual function improved within 48 h of starting bromocriptine and was almost normal by 6 d. CSF rhinorrhoea developed as the tumour shrank and was successfully managed with the relatively minor procedure of a diversionary lumbo‐peritoneal shunt. Bromocriptine should be considered as the initial treatment of choice for massive invasive prolactinomas because of the significant risk of morbidity from neurosurgical treatment.
COMPARISON OF THE CLINICAL ACTIVITY OF MESULERGINE AND PERGOLIDE IN THE TREATMENT OF HYPERPROLACTINAEMIA
Authors: GROSSMAN A. , BOULOUX P‐M. G. , LONERAGAN R. , REES LESLEY H. , WASS J. A. H. , BESSER G. M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe clinical activity of the new ergoline, mesulergine, was compared to pergolide in the treatment of hyperprolactinaemia. Mesulergine was given to 22 women and five men with hyperprolactinaemia. Serum prolactin was substantially lowered in 10 women; two subsequently conceived and completed normal pregnancies. Twelve women stopped treatment due to side‐effects, usually nausea and vomiting, or inadequate responses. The side‐effects were generally similar to those on bromocriptine; in one patient they were better and in four worse than on bromocriptine. The male patients were more tolerant of mesulergine, and substantial falls in serum prolactin were seen with evidence of tumour shrinkage. Twenty‐seven women with hyperprolactinaemia received pergolide; serum prolactin was lowered or normalized in 16. Side‐effects necessitating cessation of treatment were similar to those seen with bromocriptine. Nevertheless, four women tolerated pergolide better than bromocriptine and two women adequately treated with mesulergine had previously been intolerant of pergolide. We conclude that both pergolide and mesulergine may be useful and effective drugs in the treatment of hyperprolactinaemia as alternatives to bromocriptine.
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY OF THE PITUITARY FOSSA IN PRIMARY HYPOTHYROIDISM. EFFECT OF THYROXINE TREATMENT
Authors: KATEVUO K. , VÄLIMÄKI M. , KETONEN LEENA , LAMBERG B.‐A. , PELKONEN R. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYComputed tomography of the pituitary fossa was performed in 12 patients with primary hypothyroidism before and after thyroxine treatment. In three, herniation of the diaphragma sellae precluded accurate measurement of the density of the hypophysis. Eight of the remaining patients showed abnormally increased density of the pituitary gland after intravenous injection of contrast substance which was significantly correlated with the serum TSH‐level (r= 0·913, P<0·001). After thyroxine treatment the intrasellar density decreased substantially in all but one. We suggest that the observed contrast enhancement reflects increased pituitary circulation associated with the augmented function of TSH‐producing cells in response to thyroid hormone deficiency.
EFFECT OF NIVAZOL ON ACTH SECRETION BY HUMAN PITUITARY CORTICOTROPHIC TUMOURS IN CELL CULTURE
Authors: ADAMS E. F. , ASHBY M. J. , BURRIN J. , YEO T. H. , DRUCKER R. , STRINGER K. , MASHITER K. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe effects of nivazol, a novel steroid which lacks glucocorticoid activity, on ACTH secretion by cell cultures of human pituitary corticotrophic tumours has been investigated. Nivazol (0·002‐20 μmol/1) inhibited ACTH secretion by 50–80%, after 4 and 24 h of incubation. (Trilostane (0·3–30 μmol/1) did not affect basal or stimulated ACTH secretion.) The potency of nivazol was comparable with that of hydrocortisone, and less than dexamethasone. The stimulatory effects of oCRF and AVP were reduced or completely blocked by nivazol in a similar manner to that previously described for hydrocortisone. It is concluded that nivazol may be of benefit in the direct treatment of Cushing's disease, particularly since it lacks glucocorticoid activity.
CORTICOTROPHIN, CORTISOL, PROLACTIN AND GROWTH HORMONE RESPONSES TO INSULIN‐INDUCED HYPOGLYCAEMIA IN NORMAL SUBJECTS GIVEN SODIUM VALPROATE
Authors: ABRAHAM R. R. , DORNHORST A. , WYNN V. , ALTAHER A. R. H. , CAMPBELL E. A. , BECKFORD U. , WATTS S. M. , NICHOLSON S. A. , GILLHAM B. , THODY A. , JONES M. T. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYPlasma corticotrophin (ACTH), cortisol, prolactin and growth hormone (GH) responses to insulin‐induced hypoglycaemia were measured in normal healthy subjects of both sexes before and after three weeks' treatment with sodium valproate (Epilim, 200 mg three times a day). The drug had no effect on fasting plasma glucose levels, or the extent of hypoglycaemia induced by insulin (0·15 U/kg). There was no significant difference between pre‐ and post‐treatment values for basal or stress‐induced concentrations of ACTH and cortisol (n= 12), prolactin (n= 7) or GH (n= 9). The results suggest that treatment of normal subjects with sodium valproate has no effect on the response of the hypothalamo‐pituitary‐adrenocortical axis to hypoglycaemia, which is in contrast to its inhibitory effects on ACTH secretion in patients suffering from Nelson's syndrome. This implies that in the disease state, there may be a unique sensitivity to GABA‐ergic manipulation.
THE EFFECT OF DOPAMINE AGONIST THERAPY ON LARGE FUNCTIONLESS PITUITARY TUMOURS
Authors: GROSSMAN A. , ROSS R. , CHARLESWORTH M. , ADAMS C. B. T. , WASS J. A. H. , DONIACH I. , BESSER G. M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYFifteen patients (12 male) with large pituitary tumours and serum prolactin levels below 1000 mU/1 were given dopamine agonist therapy (bromocriptine, mesulergine or pergolide) for a mean of 9 months (range 3–36 months). Serum prolactin became undetectable in all. Despite this, significant suprasellar extensions and any associated neurological defect remained in 14 patients, who therefore were referred for surgery. In one patient there was evidence of spontaneous pituitary infarction unrelated to dopamine agonist therapy. At operation 12 patients had apparently functionless pituitary adenomas which failed to immunostain for prolactin, one had an epidermoid cyst and one a Rathke's pouch cyst. We conclude that patients with large pituitary tumours and only a mildly elevated serum prolactin are unlikely to have prolactinomas, and that such tumours are not likely to show significant tumour shrinkage with medical treatment with dopamine agonists.
SERUM CONCENTRATION OF UNSATURATED THYROXINE‐BINDING GLOBULIN IN HYPER‐ AND HYPOTHYROIDISM
Authors: KONNO N. , KAKINOKI A. , MIURA K. , HAGIWARA K. , TAGUCHI H. , MINAMI R. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe concentration of serum thyroxine (T4)‐binding globulin (TBG) not binding T4 (unsaturated TBG, u‐TBG) was determined in hyper‐ and hypothyroidism. u‐TBG was expressed as the product of TBG concentration and the ratio of free TBG capacity to maximal TBG capacity as determined by reverse‐flow electrophoresis. u‐TBG concentration in normal sera (n= 40) was 15.5 ± 2.3 mg/l (mean ± SD), or 257 ± 38 nmol/l for a molecular weight of TBG of 60 000 daltons. u‐TBG levels were significantly lower in hyperthyroidism (7.1 ± 2.3 mg/l, n= 16, P<0.001) and higher in hypothyroidism (21.7 ± 5.0 mg/l, n= 22, P<0.001). Based on partial correlation analysis, u‐TBG was inversely correlated to serum T4 (r=−0.586, P<0.001), but not correlated to triiodothyronine (T3) (r=−0.180, NS). There was a reciprocal correlation between u‐TBG concentration and the T3 uptake value (r= 0.748, P<0.001). There was also a reciprocal correlation of u‐TBG with both % free T4 (r= 0.425, P<0.00 1) and % free T3 (r=0.377, P<0.001), when the data were subjected to partial correlation analysis. These results provide the values for u‐TBG concentration in hyper‐ and hypothyroidism, and support the concept that the free fractions of serum thyroid hormones may be determined by the number of binding sites of the TBG molecule that are not saturated with T4 in hyper‐ and hypothyroidism.
HIGH FREQUENCY OF GOITRE IN CIGARETTE SMOKERS
Authors: HEGEDÜS L. , KARSTRUP S. , VEIERGANG DAGMAR , JACOBSEN B. , SKOVSTED LIS , FELDT–RASMUSSEN ULLA 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThyroid function, the clinical occurrence of goitre and ultrasonically determined thyroid gland volume were investigated in 219 healthy subjects randomly chosen from hospital employees. Thirty‐five subjects (16%) had a clinically detectable goitre. The frequency of goitre among smokers was higher (32 of 107, 30%) than among non‐smokers (3 of 112, 3%), (P<0.001). Median thyroid volume was significantly higher in smokers, 26 ml (range 11–55 ml), compared with non‐smokers, 15 ml (range 8–37 ml), (P<0.001). The median serum thyroglobulin levels were significantly higher and median serum thyrotropin levels lower in smokers compared with non‐smokers. There were no differences between the groups regarding serum levels of T4, T3, rT3, free T4 index, free T3 index, thyroglobulin antibodies and 131I uptake (24 h) in the thyroid gland. It is suggested that these findings could partly be due to inhaled thiocyanate and/or increased adrenergic stimulation of the thyroid gland in smokers.