bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lifetime substance abuse, family history of alcohol abuse/dependence and novelty seeking in eating disorders: Comparison study of eating disorder subgroups
Authors: Krug Isabel , Pinheiro Andrea Poyastro , Bulik Cynthia , Jiménez‐Murcia Susana , Granero Roser , Penelo Eva , Masuet Cristina , Agüera Zaida , Fernández‐Aranda Fernando 
Published: January 2009

Aim:  To assess lifetime substance abuse, family history of alcohol abuse/dependence, and novelty seeking in three different eating disorder groups (anorexia nervosa–restrictive; anorexia nervosa–binge eating/purging; anorexia nervosa to bulimia nervosa).Method:  A total sample of 371 eating disorder patients participated in the current study. Assessment measures included the prevalence of substance abuse and family history of alcohol abuse/dependence as well as the novelty‐seeking subscale of the Temperament and Character Inventory–Revised.Results:  Significant differences across groups were detected for lifetime substance abuse, with anorexia nervosa–restrictive individuals exhibiting a significant lower prevalence than the anorexia nervosa to bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa–binge eating/ purging patients (P < 0.01). For family history of alcohol abuse/dependence the same pattern was observed (P = 0.04). Novelty seeking was associated with substance abuse (P = 0.002), with the anorexia nervosa to bulimia nervosa group exhibiting significantly higher scores on the novelty‐seeking scale than the other two groups (P < 0.001). But family history of alcohol abuse/dependence was not related to novelty seeking (P = 0.092).Conclusion:  Lifetime substance abuse appears to be more prevalent in anorexia nervosa patients with bulimic features. Higher novelty‐seeking scores may be associated with diagnosis cross‐over.
Cellular transfer of macromolecules across the developing choroid plexus of Monodelphis domestica
Authors: Liddelow Shane A. , Dziegielewska Katarzyna M. , Ek C. Joakim , Johansson Pia A. , Potter Ann M. , Saunders Norman R. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractChoroid plexus epithelial cells secrete cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and transfer molecules from blood into CSF. Tight junctions between choroidal epithelial cells are functionally effective from early in development: the route of transfer is suggested to be transcellular. Routes of transfer for endogenous and exogenous plasma proteins and dextrans were studied in Monodelphis domestica (opossum). Pups at postnatal (P) days 1–65 and young adults were injected with biotinylated dextrans (3–70 kDa) and/or foetal protein fetuin. CSF, plasma and brain samples were collected from terminally anaesthetized animals. Choroid plexus cells containing plasma proteins were detected immunocytochemically. Numbers of plasma protein‐positive epithelial cells increased to adult levels by P28, but their percentage of plexus cells declined. Numbers of cells positive for biotinylated probes increased with age, while their percentage remained constant. Colocalization studies showed specificity for individual proteins in some epithelial cells. Biotinylated probes and endogenous proteins colocalized in about 10% of cells in younger animals, increasing towards 100% by adulthood. Injections of markers into the ventricles demonstrated that protein is transferred only from blood into CSF, whereas dextrans pass in both directions. These results indicate that protein and lipid‐insoluble markers are transferred by separate mechanisms present in choroid plexuses from the earliest stage of brain development, and transfer of proteins from plasma across choroid plexus epithelial cells contributes to the high protein concentration in CSF in the immature brain.
Role of protein kinase C and μ‐opioid receptor (MOPr) desensitization in tolerance to morphine in rat locus coeruleus neurons
Authors: Bailey C. P. , Llorente J. , Gabra B. H. , Smith F. L. , Dewey W. L. , Kelly E. , Henderson G. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractIn morphine tolerance a key question that remains to be answered is whether μ‐opioid receptor (MOPr) desensitization contributes to morphine tolerance, and if so by what cellular mechanisms. Here we demonstrate that MOPr desensitization can be observed in single rat brainstem locus coeruleus (LC) neurons following either prolonged (> 4 h) exposure to morphinein vitroor following treatment of animals with morphinein vivofor 3 days. Analysis of receptor function by an operational model indicated that with either treatment morphine could induce a profound degree (70–80%) of loss of receptor function. Ongoing PKC activity in the MOPr‐expressing neurons themselves, primarily by PKCα, was required to maintain morphine‐induced MOPr desensitization, because exposure to PKC inhibitors for only the last 30–50 min of exposure to morphine reduced the MOPr desensitization that was induced bothin vitroandin vivo. The presence of morphine was also required for maintenance of desensitization, as washout of morphine for > 2 h reversed MOPr desensitization. MOPr desensitization was homologous, as there was no change in α2‐adrenoceptor or ORL1 receptor function. These results demonstrate that prolonged morphine treatment induces extensive homologous desensitization of MOPrs in mature neurons, that this desensitization has a significant PKC‐dependent component and that this desensitization underlies the maintenance of morphine tolerance.
The complement‐derived anaphylatoxin C5a increases microglial GLT‐1 expression and glutamate uptake in a TNF‐α‐independent manner
Authors: Persson Mikael , Pekna Marcela , Hansson Elisabeth , Rönnbäck Lars 
Published: January 2009

AbstractMicroglia can express Na+‐dependent high‐affinity glutamate transporters during pathological conditions in the CNS. The transporter expression seems to be activation dependent, and we therefore sought to identify factors that could induce it, in addition to the well‐known effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) that is mediated by tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α). The complement‐derived anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a are of potential interest as the complement system is activated in nearly all insults to the nervous system, and both C3a and C5a have been shown to protect against excitotoxicity. We have found that C5a, but not C3a, increased the expression of the microglial glutamate transporter GLT‐1 in a dose‐dependent manner without eliciting or modulating the release of TNF‐α. However, the increase was not as prominent as the one induced by LPS, indicating that the microglia are in different activity states. The increase in microglial GLT‐1 expression led to an increased functional uptake of glutamate without affecting the release. This suggests that C5a‐stimulated microglia can be self‐ and neuroprotective by removing extracellular glutamate.
Development of glutamate receptors in auditory neurons from long‐term organotypic cultures of the embryonic chick hindbrain
Authors: Diaz Carmen , Martinez‐Galan Juan R. , Juiz Jose M. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWe used long‐range organotypic cultures of auditory nuclei in the chick hindbrain to test the development of glutamate receptor activity in auditory neurons growing in a tissue environment that includes early deprivation of peripheral glutamatergic input, subsequent to removal of the otocyst. Cultures started at embryonic day (E)5, and lasted from 6 h to 15 days. Neuronal migration, clustering and axonal extension from the nucleus magnocellularis (NM) to the nucleus laminaris (NL) partially resembled events in vivo. However, the distinctive laminar organization of the NL was not observed. Glutamate receptor (GluR) activity was tested with optical recordings of intracellular Ca2+ in the NM. α‐Amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazoleproprionic acid (AMPA)/kainate receptors had Ca2+ responses with a time course similar to that in control slices. Peak amplitude, however, was significantly lower. N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA)‐mediated Ca2+ responses were higher in 2‐day cultures (E5 + 2d) than in E7 explant controls, returning later to control values. Metabotropic GluRs did not elicit Ca2+ responses at standard agonist doses. Blocking NMDA or AMPA/kainate receptors with specific antagonists for 10 days in culture did not limit neuronal survival. Blocking metabotropic GluRs resulted in complete neuronal loss. Thus, ionotropic GluRs are not required for NM neuronal survival. However, their activity during development is affected when neurons grow in an in vitro environment that includes prevention of arrival of peripheral glutamatergic input.
NMDA and benzodiazepine receptors have synergistic and antagonistic effects on precursor cells in adult hippocampal neurogenesis
Authors: Petrus Dominique S. , Fabel Klaus , Kronenberg Golo , Winter Christine , Steiner Barbara , Kempermann Gerd 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWe studied how the noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist MK801 affected different stages of adult hippocampal neurogenesis in mice, and investigated how the activation of benzodiazepine receptors with diazepam interacted with the effects of MK801 on the precursor cells in the adult dentate gyrus. Our findings were: (i) one single MK801 application increased precursor cell proliferation and adult neurogenesis but not gliogenesis 4 weeks later; (ii) the number of label‐retaining precursor cells decreased after MK801 (with P = 0.06); (iii) the pro‐neurogenic effect included increased cell cycle entry of precursor cells as well as completed cell divisions, except in type‐2a cells; (iv) NMDA receptor blockade also increased the number of nestin–GFP‐expressing cells expressing calretinin; (v) diazepam alone had a very similar effect on overall precursor cell proliferation to that of MK801 alone; and (vi) diazepam, when co‐applied with MK801, abolished the suppression of divisions of type‐2a cells induced by MK801 alone, suppressed the MK801‐induced effect on proliferation of type‐2b cells and had no influence on the effects of MK801 on type‐3 cells, but did suppress the increased number of nestin–GFP‐positive cells expressing calretinin. From these results we hypothesize that, depending on the precursor cell stage, NMDA‐dependent neurotransmission has distinct effects that are partly antagonized and partly enhanced by GABAergic input. We propose that NMDA receptor‐dependent signalling maintains the precursor cells in the dentate gyrus while blocking initial stages of development and promoting more advanced stages.
Phylogenetic analysis of the triterpene cyclase protein family in prokaryotes and eukaryotes suggests bidirectional lateral gene transfer
Authors: Frickey Tancred , Kannenberg Elmar 
Published: January 2009

SummaryFunctional constraints to modifications in triterpene cyclase amino acid sequences make them good candidates for evolutionary studies on the phylogenetic relatedness of these enzymes in prokaryotes as well as in eukaryotes. In this study, we used a set of identified triterpene cyclases, a group of mainly bacterial squalene cyclases and a group of predominantly eukaryotic oxidosqualene cyclases, as seed sequences to identify 5288 putative triterpene cyclase homologues in publicly available databases. The Cluster Analysis of Sequences software was used to detect groups of sequences with increased pairwise sequence similarity. The sequences fall into two main clusters, a bacterial and a eukaryotic. The conserved, informative regions of a multiple sequence alignment of the family were used to construct a neighbour‐joining phylogenetic tree using the AsaturA and maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree using the PhyML software. Both analyses showed that most of the triterpene cyclase sequences were similarly grouped to the accepted taxonomic relationships of the organism the sequences originated from, supporting the idea of vertical transfer of cyclase genes from parent to offspring as the main evolutionary driving force in this protein family. However, a small group of sequences from three bacterial species (Stigmatella, Gemmata and Methylococcus) grouped with an otherwise purely eukaryotic cluster of oxidosqualene cyclases, while a small group of sequences from seven fungal species and a sequence from the fern Adiantum grouped consistently with a cluster of otherwise purely bacterial squalene cyclases. This suggests that lateral gene transfer may have taken place, entailing a transfer of oxidosqualene cyclases from eukaryotes to bacteria and a transfer of squalene cyclase from bacteria to an ancestor of the group of Pezizomycotina fungi.
Corporate Governance Convergence and Moral Relativism
Authors: West Andrew 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTManuscript Type: ConceptualResearch Question/Issue: This paper frames the debate on corporate governance convergence in terms of the morality underlying corporate governance models. The claims and arguments of moral relativism are presented to provide theoretical structure to the moral aspects of corporate governance convergence, and ultimately the normative question of whether convergence should occur.Research Findings/Results: The morality underlying different models of corporate governance has largely been ignored in the corporate governance convergence literature. A range of moral philosophies and principles that underlie the dominant corporate governance models are identified. This leads to a consideration of the claims and arguments of moral relativism relating to corporate governance. A research agenda around the claims of descriptive and meta‐ethical moral relativism, and which ultimately informs the associated normative argument, is then suggested.Theoretical Implications: The application of moral relativism to the debate on corporate governance convergence presents a theoretical structure to the analysis and consideration of its moral aspects. This structure lends itself to further research, both empirical and conceptual.Practical Implications: The claims and arguments of moral relativism provide a means of analyzing calls that are made for a culturally or nationally “appropriate” model of corporate governance. This can assist in providing direction for corporate governance reforms and is of particular relevance for developing countries that have inherited Western corporate governance models through colonialism.
Boards of Directors, CEO Ownership, and the Use of Non‐Financial Performance Measures in the CEO Bonus Plan
Authors: Schiehll Eduardo , Bellavance François 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTManuscript Type: EmpiricalResearch Question/Issue: This study examines the associations between the board of director's choice to integrate non‐financial performance measures into the CEO bonus plan and two other governance mechanisms – board independence and CEO ownership – in a sample of publicly traded Canadian firms.Research Findings/Results: The results provide evidence that the use of non‐financial performance measures in the CEO bonus plan varies predictably. Growth opportunities are positively associated with the firm's choice to integrate non‐financial information into the CEO bonus plan. The results are also sensitive to our proxy for board independence and CEO ownership in firms with high growth opportunities.Theoretical Implications: Agency theory states that any costless performance measure providing incremental information about the agent's effort will improve the efficiency of the contract with the agent. In contrast with most of the literature in this area, which investigates pay‐performance sensitivity and governance structure, we examine an important component of pay‐for‐performance plans used to align and compensate executive actions that might not be reflected in traditional financial performance measures.Practical Implications: This study documents that boards choose performance measures that best reflect the CEO's contribution to firm value, taking into account the firm's monitoring environment. This study therefore has policy implications regarding the need for enhanced disclosure of CEO compensation to improve investor understanding of the alignment between executive pay and firm performance.
The integration of chiropractors into healthcare teams: a case study from sport medicine
Authors: Theberge Nancy 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis article examines the integration of chiropractors into multi‐disciplinary healthcare teams in the specialisation of sport medicine. Sport medicine is practised in a number of contexts in professional and amateur sport. The current analysis focuses on the highest levels of amateur sport, as exemplified by the Olympics. Data are taken from interviews with 35 health professionals, including physicians, physiotherapists, athletic therapists and chiropractors. A defining feature of sport medicine is an emphasis on performance, which is the basis for a client‐centred model of practice. These two elements have provided the main grounds for the inclusion of chiropractic in sport medicine. While the common understanding that ‘athletes wanted them’ has helped to secure a position for chiropractic within the system of sport medicine professions, this position is marked by ongoing tensions with other professions over the scope and content of practice, and the nature of the patient‐practitioner relationship. In the context of these tensions, chiropractors’ success in achieving acceptance on sport medicine teams is contingent on two factors: (a) reduced scope of practice in which they work primarily as manual therapists; and (b) the exemplary performance of individual practitioners who ‘fit’ into multi‐disciplinary sport medicine teams.
Saying no to the staff: an analysis of refusals in a home for people with severe communication difficulties
Authors: Finlay W. M. L. , Antaki Charles , Walton Chris 
Published: January 2009

AbstractPeople with severe communication difficulties may attempt to exercise control over their lives by verbally or non‐verbally refusing an activity proposed by supporters. We detail examples in which such refusals are treated by care home staff as a temporary reluctance, warranting further attempts to persuade the individual to co‐operate. We identify the following conversational (and bodily) practices by which staff achieve their institutional ends: appreciating a resident's behaviour as something other than refusal; formulating the invitation again in a no‐blame format; minimising the task required; escalating the invitation to a request and an order; moving the person bodily; and positively glossing the proceedings. Dealing with refusals illustrates the dilemma faced by institutional personnel in health and care settings in accepting choices which might disrupt the efficient management of the service.
Bodies, mothers and identities: rethinking obesity and the BMI
Authors: Warin Megan , Turner Karen , Moore Vivienne , Davies Michael 
Published: January 2009

AbstractDespite the intense level of attention directed towards obesity, there has been limited success in addressing the rising rates of this public health phenomenon. This paper argues that current approaches to obesity fail to consider concepts of embodiment, and in particular, that gendered and class‐based experiences of embodiment are ignored in health promotion practices and policies. Drawing on Bourdieu's concept ofhabitus, this ethnographic study sought to locate obesity within the biographies and everyday experiences of two groups of women from differing socio‐economic settings. Rather than identify with the clinical category of obesity, these women constructed identities that were refracted through a gendered and classedhabitus, and in particular, through their role as mothers. Food provision and practices were central to constructs of mothering, and these relational identities were at odds with the promotion of individual behavioural changes. Moreover, these women's daily lives were shaped by different class‐based aspects ofhabitus, such as employment. In demonstrating the ways in which obesity is enmeshed in participants’ taken‐for‐granted, everyday practices, we problematise the universality of health‐promotion messages and highlight the integral role that the critical theory ofhabitushas in understanding the embodiment of obesity.
THE WAY, THE RIGHT, AND THE GOOD
Authors: Cline Erin M. 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTThis article argues that Kongzi's religious ethics suggests an alternative way of understanding the relationship between the right and the good, in which neither takes clear precedence in terms of being more foundational for ethics. The religious underpinnings of Kongzi's understanding of the Way are examined, including the close relationship betweentian(“Heaven”) and the Way. It is shown that following the Way is defined primarily by the extent to which one's actions express certain virtues, and not whether one's actions are conducive to the best overall outcome or whether they are inherently right irrespective of consequences. It is then argued that the Way is seen as constitutive of both the right and the good, and that this understanding of the right and the good has important implications for contemporary virtue ethics, religious ethics, and political philosophy.
KILLING, SELF‐DEFENSE, AND BAD LUCK
Authors: Miller Richard B. 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTThis essay argues on behalf of a hybrid theory for an ethics of self‐defense understood as the Forfeiture‐Partiality Theory. The theory weds the idea that a malicious attacker forfeits the right to life to the idea that we are permitted to prefer one's life to another's in cases of involuntary harm or threat. The theory is meant to capture our intuitions both about instances in which we can draw a moral asymmetry between attacker and victim and cases in which we cannot. I develop the theory by attending to instances of intentional, villainous harm and instances of involuntary danger—the latter of which are a matter of bad luck. I call some bad luck cases “Interpersonal Lottery Conflicts.” These cases refer to potentially lethal conflicts into which parties are thrown as victims of circumstance. Although neither party has a moral advantage over another, that fact does not preclude permissible self‐defense.
OF EAGLES AND CROWS, LIONS AND OXEN: Blake and the Disruption of Ethics
Authors: Yeager D. M. 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTWhy focus on the work of William Blake in a journal dedicated to religious ethics? The question is neither trivial nor rhetorical. Blake's work is certainly not in anyone's canon of significant texts for the study of Christian or, more broadly, religious ethics. Yet Blake, however subversive his views, sought to lay out a Christian vision of the good, alternated between prophetic denunciations of the world's folly and harrowing laments over the wreck of the world's promise, and wrote poetry as if poetry might mend the world. Setting imagination against the calculations of reason and the comfort of custom, Blake's poems inspire questions about the relationship of ethics to prophecy, and open the possibility that ethics itself would be markedly enriched could it find a place for what Thomas J. J. Altizer has called Christian epic poetry.
“I WALK WEEPING IN PANGS OF A MOTHERS TORMENT FOR HER CHILDREN”: Women's Laments in the Poetry and Prophecies of William Blake
Authors: Hopkins Steven P. 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTCross‐cultural scholarship in ritual studies on women's laments provides us with a fresh vantage point from which to consider the function of women and women's complaining voices in the epic poems of William Blake. In this essay, I interpret Thel, Oothoon, and Enitharmon as strong voices of experience that unleash some of Blake's most profound meditations on social, sexual, individual, and institutional forms of violence and injustice, offering what might aptly be called an ethics of witness. Tracing the performative function of Enion, Jerusalem, Vala, and Erin in Blake's later epics,The Four ZoasandJerusalem, I argue for the close connection between the female laments and the possibility of redemption, though in Blake such “redemption” comes at the cost of the very voices of witness themselves.