bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Petrography study of the recent sediments in Hareer’s region at Basrah Governorate - Southern Iraq
Authors: Al-Sudani K J , Albadran B N , Al-hadadi A S Y , Al-Jaberi M H , Pournelle J R 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Two sites of Hareer’s region is located in the southern part of Iraq, specifically in the northern Basrah Governorate. The sites are at a depth of 5 meters. The results of heavy mineral analysis showed that there are fifteen types include; Opaque grain (Iron Oxide), Chlorite, Muscovite mica, Biotite, Orthopyroxene, Clinopyroxene, Amphibole (Hornblende and Actinolite), Epidote, Garnet, Kyanite, Staurolite, Zircon, and Tourmaline. On the other hand the light minerals and the results of the mineral analyses revealed that they were primarily composed of rock fragments, with a variety of quartz minerals, feldspar minerals, evaporate minerals, clay-coated grains, and trace amounts of unidentified minerals. The abundance and diversity of heavy minerals indicate the diversity of the sources of the parent rocks, such as igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks. The large amount of opaque and small amount of other minerals in the study area samples is due to the oxidation process where many of the ferromagnesian minerals such as pyroxenes, and hornblende decompose to form iron oxides (e.g. hematite, limonite). Light minerals were visible as irregular, sharp, or occasionally semi-sharp crystalline forms, which suggests that the sources were close by and that the light minerals originated from the sedimentary basin or within it through the processes of deposit erosion and re-deposition. The study area, which is a part of the Undissected Arc, is primarily distinguished by a high content of quartz (mono- and polycrystalline quartz, including chert), and feldspar, which can occur in fluvial environments.
Suitability evaluation of selected sand geological formations for synthesis high purity crystalline silica, Iraq
Authors: Al-Saad H A , Al-Halfi F W , Khalaf Y I 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This study aims determination if the sand collected from Injana and Dibdibba Formations are suitable for use as low-cost raw materials in the manufacture of high-purity crystalline silica. Sand is distributed in vast quantities within the two Formations, which occupy large portions of Iraq’s southern desert. Quartz is the predominant mineral phase, followed by calcite, feldspar, and dolomite respectively, based on mineral analysis data. SiO2 is the main oxide in sand with an average of (82.76%), (90.24%) and the rest of oxides are CaO (6.28%), (1.64%), Al2O3 (4.02%),(3.19%), Fe2O3(2.73%), (0.86%), K2O+ Na2O (2.05%), (2.51%), SO3(0.05%), (0.47%), MnO (0.01%), (0.03%) P2O2 (0.23%),(0.03%), and MgO (1.75%), (1.01%) in Injana and Dibdibba Formations respectively, which are considered as impurities impact the manufacturing properties of sand. The coprecipitation method, which produces high purity crystalline silica at a low cost, involves three steps: the first involves soaking raw sand powder in 2M HCl for 24 hours; The second involves mix purified sand with NaOH while stirring and heating it to 95C° to produce Na2SiO3; and the third involves adding 3M HCl to sodium silicate solution to produce Si(OH)4 and drying it to produce high purity of silica. The prepared silica got mineral analysis and chemical analysis. The synthesized silica was in the crystalline phase, according to the results of the mineral characterization. In synthetic silica of Injana and Dibdibba sand, The amount of SiO2 increased according to chemical analysis, reaching 96.62%, and 97.69% respectively, while all other oxides (impurities) were lowered to their lowest levels. FE-SEM revealed the existence of spherical, well-agglomerated synthetic silica particles within the size 28.6 nm and 24.76 nm in synthetic silica particles of Injana sand and Dibdibba sand respectively.
Investigation of the hydrocarbon contamination of the Dibdibba aquifer in Al-Zubair area, southern Iraq
Authors: Al-Qurnawi Wasan S. , Alhawi Nagham A. , Alabadi Mazin A. A. , Al-Muhamed Rafed A. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The importance of Al-Zubair area in Basra governorate is highlighted by the presence of agricultural activities. The Dibdibba aquifer is the main supplier of water which used for irrigation, livestock and some different industries are scattered around the region. This research aims to investigate the extent and impact of hydrocarbon contamination of the Dibdibba aquifer in Al-Zubair region, southern Iraq, due to its proximity to oil fields sites. 18 groundwater samples from different locations within the aquifer were collected in dry and wet season to determine their chemical and physical properties and total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) including petroleum-based compounds and their derivatives. The analytical results revealed that the Dibdibba groundwater in this area is polluted with TPH and have high levels of electrical conductivity (EC) and total dissolved salts (TDS) due to the high content of salts along with the high concentrations of calcium and magnesium ions. The overall outcomes of the main elements of water showed that it is unfit for human use due to the high levels of the above parameters. All the water tests carried out indicate the presence of contamination with petroleum hydrocarbons, surpassing the allowable limits set by the World Health Organization (2008) and Iraqi Quality Standard (2009). This observed particularly in areas adjacent oil spills, where the TPH concentrations exceeding 35 μg/l in the northwest of Al-Zubair area near the Rumaila oil field. Significantly, this investigation indicated a clear evidence of hydrocarbon contamination in the study area.
Assessment of Some Trace Elements in Surface Water and Soil near Al-Ahdab Oil Field, Wasit Governorate, Iraq
Authors: Al-Mayyahi Sattar Obaid Maiws , Al-Ali Iman A. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The main objective of this munscript is to spot light on the negative consequences of oil emissions from Al-Ahdab oil field on the water and soil surrounding the oil field at Wasit Governorate. To obtain this objective, seven sediment samples were collected from the surfacre soil, in addition to five water samples from the Tigris River near Al-Ahdab oil field within Al-Kut Wasit governorate. The more effective eight trace elements were chosen to detect the limitations of their occurrence in the soil and water of the study area, these are Fe, Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn, and Zr. The Zr is used as a background for the specific equations applied. Samples of sediments and water were collected in October 2022. The standardization of the Enrichment Factor (EF), geo-accumulation index (I-geo), and contamination factor (CF) in addition to the pollution load index (PLI) were applied to detect the extent of soil pollution. In contrast, the hydrochemistry of water samples was determined by comparing the results of the analysis with the standards of WHO, 2018, and IQS, 2009. The enrichment factor value (EF) Cadmium value (Cd) in soil samples is 6.6, which reflects a significant impact of air emissions, the cobalt (Co) value is 1.77m this value reflects minimum Enrichment factor while the EF has a rather moderate enrichment factor. By applying the I-geo equation, the oitput results indicate unpolluted soil for Co, and Ni metals, while it is moderately polluted for Cu, Cr, Zn, and Pb metals. According to the PLI index, the soil of the study area is ordered as moderately contaminated for these metals. As for the hydrochemistry of surface water of the Tigris River near the study area, the water samples are classified as not contaminated by (Ni, Cd, Pb, Zn, Cr, and Cu).
Comprehensive Facies Analysis and Depositional Environment Modeling of the Eocene Dammam Formation in Central to Southern Iraq
Authors: Maziqa Falah H. , Mahdi Maher M. , Mohammed Abbas H. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The Dammam Formation holds immense geological significance, as it spans across a substantial portion of southern Iraq, encompassing a vast area. This formation stands out as the primary aquifer source in the region. To gain a comprehensive understanding of its sedimentology, a comprehensive study was conducted using 310 samples extracted from various boreholes. These boreholes, including Kr-1, Kr-c.q., Nj-20, Ns-13, Ns-24, R-742, and Ru-509. The lithology of the Dammam Formation is limestone, dolomitic limestone, and dolomite rocks, which are also used as raw materials in the manufacture of cement. The microfacies analysis was carried out on Lower-Upper Eocene carbonate rocks along a center-south transect in Iraq. This analysis establishing larger benthic foraminifera enables to reconstruction of the paleoenvironmental model and to show the evolution of a platform along the depth gradient. The analysis revealed the presence of five primary microfacies within the Dammam Formation, each offering unique insights into its composition. These microfacies include Lime-mudstone, Wackestone, Packstone, Floatstone, and Rudstone, all of which contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the formation’s sedimentary makeup. Moreover, this in-depth examination uncovered an additional eight submicrofacies. The benthic foraminiferal assemblages within the Dammam Formation provide valuable insights into the progressive shifts along an ecological gradient, indicating a gradual transition from shallower, more protected (inner) shelf environments to deeper, more open (outer) shelf settings. Within the inner shelf, one can observe the prevalence of orbitolitids, alveolinids, and, to some extent, small miliolids, indicative of this relatively shallow and sheltered environment. Moving towards the inner ramp or shoal region, the foraminiferal composition is characterized by robust nummulitids, signifying the distinctive conditions of this particular zone. From a paleoenvironmental perspective, the Dammam Formation reflects deposition in a diverse range of environments, including peritidal inner ramp areas, lagoons, shoals, restricted-marine platforms, and open marine interior platforms. This variability underscores the complexity of the formation’s geological history and the diverse conditions under which its sediments accumulated over time.
Palynofacies analysis and depositional environment of the upper Triassic Kurra Chine Formation: integrated by samples from sarta and Tawke oil fields and outcrop samples from sirwan valley in the kurdistan region, northern Iraq
Authors: Aswad M K , Naqshabandi S F. , Omer M F. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Palynofacies (PF) analysis was conducted on 34 crushed samples of the Upper Triassic Kurra Chine Formation. These samples were collected from one outcrop sample and two production wells in northern Iraq. A 10μm nylon mesh sieve was used for the concentration of palynomorphs. Four palynofacies types were found in this study. PF1 was characterized primarily by amorphous organic matter (AOM), suggesting a distal suboxic-anoxic depositional environment. PF2 comprised of AOM, along with some Phytoclasts and palynomorphs, indicating a distal dysoxic-oxic shelf depositional environment. PF3 displayed an increasing volume of palynomorphs, signifying a distal dysoxic-anoxic shelf depositional environment. PF4 predominantly consisted of palynomorphs and Phytoclasts, representing a mud-dominated oxic shelf (distal shelf) depositional environment. Kerogen types were identified as type II, which is oil-prone in three palynofacies, and type III which is gas-prone in one palynofacies.
Diagenesis processes of the Gulneri Shale, Kometan, Mushorah formations within the upper Turonian - lower Campanian Supersequence from Bai Hassan area, North of Iraq
Authors: Omar Omar M , Saleh Abdul-Salam M , Hasan Faris N 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The upper Turonian - lower Campanian Supersequence is characterized with fine-grained, mixed siliciclastic-carbonate middle shelf to sub-basinal depositional system. The present study included the study of vertical and lateral changes of the diagenesis processes of the Gulneri shale, Kometan and Mushorah Formations within the sequences of the (upper Turonian-lower Campanian) cycle in two subsurface sections within the Dome of Daoud in the Bai Hassan field - northern Iraq. The first is represented by a section (BH-16) with a thickness of (213) m. In contrast, the second is represented by a section (BH-86) and a thickness of (233) m. The lithostratigraphy of the rock units of this study are consisting (206) slides were studied, (80) for well (BH-16) and (126) for well (BH-86).The study showed that the sequences of this cycle are unconformity with the lower Dokan Formation and upper contact with Hartha. The petrographic study showed that the rocks of the study were exposed to many diagenesis processes, like cementation, dolomitization, neomorphism, dissolution and compaction according to the degree of their prevalence with a large spread of locally authigenic minerals represented by the widespread pyrite mineral during the two sections of the study, in addition to a few presence of glauconite mineral. Depending on the petrographic description of the diagenesis processes, the vertical and lateral changes of the diagenesis processes were studied, and the diagenesis environments of the formations under study were deduced, where it was found that all the rocks of the two sections of the study were formed in the early stages of the diagenesis processes within the vadose environments as a result of exposure to tectonic processes that helped uplift their rocks to the surface and be affected by meteoric water.
Sedimentology Study Of Exposed Formations In Al-Assad Valley, Al-Baghdadi Area, Western Iraq
Authors: alrawi Sufyan Shlash , Alhadaithy Abdulhammed A. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The presence of the Sheikh Alas Formation, the Shurau Formation, and the Euphrates Formation in the area of the current study. The inference of the Sheikh Alas Formation was from Nummlite fossils and planktonic Foraminifera fossils. The Euphrates Formation was deposited in a shallow marine environment, the Sheikh Alas Formation was deposited in an environment in for reef, and the Shurau Formation was deposited in an environment Back reef. The environment of the Euphrates Formation is a shallow lagoon environment for the presence of milliolied fossils, which represent the Miocene age as evidenced by the presence of the Borlis melo melo fossil. As for the environment of the Sheikh Alas Formation, it was deposited in a marine environment in for reef due to the presence of Planktonic foraminifera fossils and the Nummlite fossil, which represents the Oligocene age, and the environment of the Shurau Formation In a shallow, lagoon marine environment Back reef, there are abundant milliolid fossils. The boundary between the Miocene formations and the Oligocene formations is characterized by an unconformable boundary composed of a layer of basal conglomerate with a thickness of 6.5 m, which is affiliated with the Euphrates Formation in terms of age.
Rock typing and Prediction Permeability Using Machine Learning Techniques in Mishrif formation, southern Iraq
Authors: Al-Rubiaa S H , Al-Shahwan M F 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Mishrif Formation is one of the major carbonate reserves. Classifying rock types and Predicted Permeability in the Mishrif Formation in four wells (A, B, C, and D) is the primary goal of this research. Using Machine Learning Techniques, this research applies rock-typing techniques like the Flow Zone Indicator (FZI) method. In a core plug dataset, we can use unsupervised learning methods to automatically cluster hydraulic flow units (HFU) based on flow zone indicators (FZI), and we can use a supervised learning method by combining core and well log data to predict HFU (rock type) for the interval depths of the wells without core data. In this method, we were able to classify rocks into five distinct groups, or “rock types,” or “RT” for short. RT1 rocks are the highest quality reservoir rocks, RT2 rocks are of good quality, RT3 rocks are of intermediate quality, RT4 rocks are of poor quality, and RT5 rocks are of very poor quality. Accurately estimating permeability in each rock type, not only does this help reduce uncertainty that occurs in reservoirs, but it also drives improvements in project economics by optimizing resource allocation and lowering costs. This is all thanks to the use of machine learning algorithms, which have proven to be highly effective in significantly enhancing the accuracy and precision of permeability predictions.
Climate Modelling and Analytics for Urban Heat Risks Mitigation and Adaptation
Authors: Yuan Chao 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This study highlights the need for climate-sensitive urban planning and design in the face of climate change, with a specific focus on Singapore. Rapid urbanization has led to significant warming trends, increased heat stress, and heightened electricity demand for cooling. The Urban Climate Design Lab (UCDL) at the National University of Singapore employs a multidisciplinary approach, merging urban planning, architecture, and urban climate science. The research introduces GIS-based tools to evaluate the microclimate impact of new developments, replacing time-consuming simulations and wind tunnel experiments. These tools encompass: 1) The Urban Wind Environment Model, assessing urban permeability for natural ventilation; 2) The Fine-Scale Wind Environment Model, providing high-resolution pedestrian-level wind speed data. 3) The Urban Tree-Airflow Model, aiding tree placement and species selection for optimal cooling. 4) The Anthropogenic Heat Dispersion Model, estimating the impact of human-generated heat emissions. These GIS tools are integrated into the open-access UCDL Microclimate Digital Platform, facilitating knowledge transfer and empowering stakeholders in climate-sensitive urban planning. The platform offers various climate models and visualization capabilities to enhance evidence-based decision-making for urban climate sustainability and resilience. In the future, the platform will expand its offerings, becoming a valuable resource for urban planners, engineers, health practitioners, environmental experts, and residents adapting to a changing climate.
Color scheme: Implementation Evidence-Based Design for Palliative Care and Hospice Building
Authors: George  , Saragih J F Bobby 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The number of patients suffering from cancer has increased 27.8% per 1000 population from 2013 to 2018 and most of cancer patients come from Jakarta. Based on interviews with health workers and cancer patients, it can be concluded that there are problems in terms of space requirements and space design in current palliative care and hospice care facilities. This study uses a qualitative method. The data used for this study came from interviews as part of the Evidence-based Design (EBD) process, which was then analyzed using coding techniques and precedent analysis to draw conclusions. It was found that color is an element that can influence human health, the preference for color by cancer patients in Indonesia is in line with the color preference for hospice buildings and cancer health facilities in western countries, and it was also found that cancer patients need a communal area, consultation area, therapy area, spiritual area, and in-patient area. Each of these areas requires a different color scheme.
Learning the harmony of indoor air quality from traditional housing. Case Study Batak Karo, Indonesia.
Authors: Ayowembun A A , Arifin L S 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Air quality in buildings is an important principle for a sustainable building to create comfort and health for living things and the environment. This study wants to explore how the air quality in traditional housing can be feel comfortable. How the building was designed for passive cooling in harmony with environment surrounding. The combination of qualitative and quantitative descriptive approach was used to analyse the traditional Batak Karo house (Mecu Houses, The Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) was used to know how the air movement inside the house. The Mecu house as a vertical building design proposal. This study focuses on elements of air quality in buildings by using the theory from Iwamura Sustainability of Housing, Embedded in the Local Context. The results of this study showed that the traditional Batak Karo House has the pleasant indoor air quality that achieved from the unique type of roof and openings inside the roof.
Potential Pollutants and Indoor Air Quality Variables Association towards Implementation of the Breathing Architecture Concept: A Review
Authors: Fauzi H N , Al-Athas S I , Rini J A 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Indoor air quality is essential in improving indoor well-being since most people spend their time there. The breathing Architecture concept promotes a strategy for designing indoor space to maintain the indoor air quality. This concept has various challenges, such as indoor pollutants determining the indoor environment to be healthy and decent. This study aims to identify the relationship between IAQ variables related to Breathing Architecture and air pollutants based on secondary sources of past and existing research ten years ago. The review identified 16 articles collected by selecting several relevant keywords in ScienceDirect and screening the title and abstract. Content analysis was conducted to analyze the relationship between IAQ variables and pollutants and their potential association with the breathing architecture concept. The results show that air exchange rate, volume of spaces, relative humidity, and indoor-outdoor temperature are the most potential variables and have a possible relationship while implementing the BA concept. Using these variables, the optimal condition might be perceived since the possibility of lower pollutant contamination might be lower, and the purpose of breathing architecture might be obtained. However, the relationship between other variables and pollutants requires future studies since it is undescribed or may impact other variables.
Shading Performance of Plant and Perforated Metal in The Thermal, Light, and Building-occupant Perception
Authors: Kristanto L , Canadarma W W , Oentoro S M , Wayne B M 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Visual and thermal comfort are essential aspects influencing the activity of building occupant. For buildings with glass facades, the integration of shading devices becomes essential to enhance user comfort. This study aims to compare the effects of artificial (perforated metal) and biotic shading (Vernonia elliptica plant) on the thermal and visual parameters as well as perception of respondents regarding both devices. The study was carried out using a 1m x 1m x 1m box model. Perforated metal had a diameter of 3 cm and a spacing of 2 cm with a 29% openness factor, while the Vernonia elliptica had 2 levels of density, namely LAI 1 and LAI 2. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the average air temperature and RH produced by shading of vegetation LAI 1, LAI 2, and perforated metal. However, the use of vegetation reduced the illuminance significantly compared to the other device. The average DF of perforated metal ranged from 15.4 to 25%, while a range of 1.9-4.1% was obtained for LAI 1 and LAI 2. These results were inconsistent with building occupant’s perception that the vegetation had a better effect on the thermal aspect than the visual aspect.