bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Once upon a time
Authors: Gardiner Tony 
Published: January 2007

Seeking to placate the furies of the present we demean the past…. The evasions…the self-denials and the arbitrary re-structurings of historical remembrance which guilt forces upon us are usually spurious.(George Steiner. In Bluebeard's Castle).Teaching mathematics has never been easy. There is no reason to imagine that it ever will be. Yet it is still worth asking whether there might not be relatively simple ways of improving our teaching of particular topics and of particular groups of pupils. History of mathematics has much to offer on both counts, and can enrich ordinary teaching in many ways and on many levels. But it also has its problems and its pitfalls. This article focuses on two issues: the temptation to enlist the support of ‘history’ when trying to change social attitudes; and the uncritical way in which intelligent students respond to such pseudohistory.
Assyrian Contracts from Sultantepe
Authors: Finkelstein J. J. 
Published: January 2007

The four tablets published here were found in room C II, on the western side of the Assyrian acropolis at Sultantepe, during the excavations of the British Institute and the Turkish Department of Antiquities in 1951. Two of these are more or less complete, while two are only fragmentary. It is only in these last two, however, that the dates are preserved; S.U. 51/43 being dated in the eponym of Sharru-nūri, 674 B.C., and S.U. 51/43A in the eponym of Mannu-zīrni, 684 B.C. S.U. 51/36 may have had an eponym date at the end of the first line of the left edge, but that part is now lost. S.U. 51/44, contrary to the usual practice with legal documents, is undated.There is no clear indication from the Sultantepe tablets concerning the name of the site in Assyrian times. Although the city of Ḫuzir(i)na is mentioned in line 36 of 51/36 and in a number of colophons on the literary tablets from Sultantepe, it has already been pointed out by Gurney that Sultantepe, situated about fifteen miles north of Harran, could not be identical with the city of Ḫuzirina, familiar from the Assyrian royal annals, which was situated at a distance of not more than one day's march to the west of Nasibina (Nisibis); in other words, some 130 miles to the east of Sultantepe.
“Hyksos” Scarabs from Canaan
Authors: Tufnell Olga 
Published: January 2007

When Professor Garstang excavated part of the Middle-Late Bronze Age Necropolis at Jericho between the years 1930–1936, he made special mention in one of his reports of a scarab in a group of six from Tomb 13 (LAAA., XX 1933, pp. 36–7 and Fig. 11). He described it briefly as follows:—“Figure of a Canaanite wearing robe and cap with Syro-Hyksos hieroglyphs in the field.”Twenty years have elapsed since then, and other scarabs have come to light which show figures wearing the same type of dress, so that it does seem worth while to assemble them on one page to see if they form a consistent and instructive group.
Excavations at Hacılar Third Preliminary Report, 1959
Authors: Mellaart James 
Published: January 2007

A third season of excavations at Hacılar, carried out under the auspices of the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara, lasted from 10th August to 11th September, 1959.The Assistant Director was in charge of the excavations, ably assisted by Mrs. Mellaart, Miss Clare Goff (surveyor), Mr. David Stronach (field assistant and photographer) and Mr. David French (pottery expert). Mr. David French also kindly provided the transport for the expedition. The Turkish Department of Antiquities was again represented by Bay Osman Aksoy, whose efficiency relieved the Director of much administrative anxiety.Once again we record our gratitude to Mr. Seton Lloyd for his help and advice, to the Department of Antiquities and to the local authorities in Burdur.Among the visitors to the Hacılar excavations, we must mention Mr. and Mrs. Seton Lloyd, the Vali of Burdur and a party of local dignitaries from Burdur, Mr. Charles Burney and Miss Burney, who kindly drew our figurines, Professor Machteld Mellink, Bay Burhan Tezcan, Mrs. I. D. Stronach and Mr. and Mrs. J. Lanfear.
Two Door Latches from the Konya Plain
Authors: Alcock N. W. 
Published: January 2007

The interest of the excavation staff at Çatalhüyük was caught by the ingenious door latches used in the village of Küçükköy, 50 km. S.E. of Konya. The houses in the village show many traditional features, some of which, such as the wall decorations, may even survive from the Neolithic period; many houses have Seljuk style stalactites on cut-away corners. Generally each property consists of a courtyard surrounded by a wall, containing one or more houses and other buildings.There are two types of door latch, one for courtyard doors and one for house doors, and both are sufficiently interesting to be worth recording. (They work considerably better than the modern Turkish iron latches.) In a village with such traditional houses it is impossible to guess at what date such door latches might have come into use. They would have been suitable for any house with a properly hung door.
Çatal Hüyük—The Textiles and Twined Fabrics
Authors: Burnham Harold B. 
Published: January 2007

Ancient textiles in archaeological excavations are preserved only under unusual circumstances, and it is for this reason that the discoveries at Çatal Hüyük in 1961, and repeated in following seasons, of woven and twined materials possess an excitement out of all proportion to their visual appearance. Until these were found, the earliest woven fabrics known were from the Fayûm in Egypt which are usually dated to the fifth millennium B.C. The finds in Level VI of Çatal Hüyük push the history of the textile arts back to the beginning of the sixth millennium.For textiles to survive in a more or less natural state requires either extremely arid conditions as in Egypt or Peru, or permafrost as in the Norse burials in Greenland, and in the tombs of the Scythian and Hunnish princes in Siberia. The presence of certain chemicals may act as a preservative: tannin in the Bronze Age burials in Denmark or metallic salts impregnating the fibres of the silks found in the patina of Chinese bronzes of the early dynasties. At Çatal Hüyük, a simpler agent is responsible for the survival of the fragments that have been found. In the fire that apparently destroyed the buildings of Level VI in which they were found, they were subject to intense heat. Due to the scarcity of oxygen in the space in which they were confined under the low clay platforms, the fabrics were not consumed, but only thoroughly carbonized. This made them chemically inert, and no longer subject to the growth of the destructive moulds that under normal conditions lead to the total decay of most animal and vegetal matter.
Excavations at Çatal Hüyük: First Preliminary Report, 1961
Authors: Mellaart James 
Published: January 2007

The site of Çatal Hüyük was discovered during our survey of the Konya Plain in November, 1958. Rich in surface finds of a type hitherto only known from Professor J. Garstang's excavations at Mersin on the south coast of Anatolia, its importance was soon realised. However, at the time of the discovery, we were engaged in the excavation of the equally important site of Hacılar and it was not until after the completion of excavations there that digging could be contemplated at Çatal Hüyük. After the final season at Hacılar in 1960, we were free to devote our attention to this new site.As Hacılar showed a gap in its culture sequence exactly during the Early Neolithic period, which surface finds showed was best represented at Çatal Hüyük, it was decided to start excavations at this site to complete the sequence and throw further light on Hacılar.
Building Inscriptions of Carchemish: The Long Wall of Sculpture and Great Staircase.
Authors: Hawkins J. D. 
Published: January 2007

With the publication in 1952 ofCarchemish, part III, Sir Leonard Woolley attempted to allocate the excavated buildings and monuments to reigns and dates. For the epigraphic evidence of the Hieroglyphic Hittite inscriptions, he relied upon the chapter contributed to the publication by R. D. Barnett. Here Barnett constructed a chronological framework based on the names and genealogies appearing in the inscriptions. He was, however, working in the immediate aftermath of the discovery of Karatepe, before even the preliminary publication of the bilingual was complete, so that a number of his readings required subsequent correction. Detailed epigraphic criticism was offered particularly by Güterbock and Meriggi in their reviews of the volume. The efforts of all these scholars considerably advanced our knowledge of the chronology of the buildings and sculpture, and subsequent treatments of the art and archaeology of Carchemish have naturally relied heavily upon them.More recently however, the study of the hieroglyphic inscriptions, which are for the most part concerned mainly with the erection of buildings and sculptures, has fallen behind that of the monuments to which they relate. This remains true even after the new edition of some of these inscriptions published by Meriggi in what is primarily a philological study. It would therefore seem desirable to present editions of the Carchemish building inscriptions as complete as their fragmentary nature and persistent difficulties interpretation will permit; and on this basis to review the chronology of the buildings and sculptures described therein. It is the purpose of this article therefore to examine the inscriptions relating to the Long Wall of Sculpture and the Great Staircase, which elucidate to some extent the history of the construction of that complex.
The Metals amūtu and aši'u in the Kültepe Texts.
Authors: Maxwell-Hyslop Rachel 
Published: January 2007

Professor Seton Lloyd's interest in all aspects of archaeology and his distinguished work both in Turkey and in the Diyala valley, Iraq, may justify the publication of this note on iron in Anatolia offered to him on the occasion of his 70th birthday. It was at Khafajah in 1931 that one of the earliest daggers with remains of a blade of terrestrial iron was discovered; the possible use of terrestrial rather than meteoric iron in Anatolia at the time of the Assyrian merchant colonies is discussed below.The Kültepe textCCT4 4a (lines 3, 23, 27, 38, 44) has been translated in theCAD(s.v.amūtu) and referred to by Garelli when discussing the meaning of the wordamūtuand its Sumerian equivalent KÙ.AN.
Tituli Comanorum Cappadociae Iterum Suppleti.
Authors: Harper Richard P. 
Published: January 2007

Professor Seton Lloyd has since the time of his Directorship of the Institute been interested in the site of Comana of Cappadocia at Şar, and has often helped and encouraged my work there and elsewhere in Turkey. I am therefore glad to be able to offer him this brief supplement to the corpus of inscriptions of Comana which has already appeared in the pages of Anatolian Studies in 1968 and 1969.
After the season of excavation at Şar in 1968 conducted by Mrs. İnci Bayburtluoǧlu and myself, a depot of stone monuments was entrusted to the care of the former Muhtar, Bay Mustafa Yergök. In 1971, with the new Adana regional museum nearing completion it was decided to move this material to the museum so that Comana should be represented in the museum's collections.
A Byzantine Lamp Hoard from Anamur (Cilicia)
Authors: Williams Hector , Taylor Peter 
Published: January 2007

In the course of excavating a well-preserved late Roman bath building at Anemurium (modern Eski Anamur) during the summer of 1968 a large hoard of some six hundred and fifty whole terracotta lamps plus fragments were found stacked in a disused hypocaust system. Since that time many fragments of similar lamps and a mould have also been discovered in other parts of the site in mixed fills containing pottery of the fifth to mid-seventh centuries A.D. As few lamps of similar types have been published from the eastern Mediterranean from datable contexts the value of the Anamur hoard both as a chronological indicator and as a stage in the development of late Byzantine and early Islamic lamps is evident.Although no datable material was found with the lamps themselves the abandonment of such a considerable body of material may perhaps be best explained by events at the site in the mid-seventh century. At this time the city seems to have been deserted, probably as a result of Arab raids on the coastal cities of Cilicia, and was only briefly reoccupied six centuries later. As there are no marks of burning on any of the lamps and as some filling and wick holes are incompletely punched through, the hoard may well be the stock of a shop or merchant hastily put away at some moment of danger and never reclaimed.
A History of Deforestation as Indicated by Charcoal Analysis of Four Sites in Eastern Anatolia
Authors: Willcox G. H. 
Published: January 2007

During the 1972 season of the Aşvan excavations (see French, 1973, p. 77) it was decided that, given the huge quantity of charcoal recovered (292 samples) from the four sites by water-sieving and trench sampling from strata which cover a period of c. 4,500–5,000 years, an analysis of the charcoals would prove revealing. Part of the aim of the research is to evaluate what information is available from charcoals recovered by modern methods, and to determine if it is possible to draw sound conclusions about vegetational changes which have not been fully recorded for the late Holocene in Eastern Anatolia. Although some data has been made available through pollen analysis (see van Zeist, 1968, pp. 19–39) the distribution, duration and composition of the forest which existed before deforestation is not entirely understood.A dearth of necessary data on which to base this work made contemporary studies a prerequisite. Firstly an adequate comparative collection of identified modern woods had to be built up to aid identification of ancient charcoals. Secondly, a reliable method of sub-sampling had to be devised in order to deal with the copious material.
Excavations at Can Hasan, 1967, Seventh Preliminary Report
Authors: French D. H. 
Published: January 2007

The seventh season of excavation at Can Hasan began on 9th September and stopped on 28th October; a further week was spent working on the finds and on the site. Site supervisors were Bay Altan Atılgan, and Messrs. S. W. Helms, R. Howell, and J. N. Postgate. In the House the work was undertaken by Bayan Behin Aksoy, Bayan Ülge Göker, Miss Carolyn Prater, Mrs. Cressida Ridley and Miss Monika van der Zwann. Bay Bedri Yalman represented the Turkish Government for a short period until called away to military service; his place was taken by Bay Cengiz Karadağ.A new method of sieving was introduced this year at the suggestion of Mr. Sebastian Payne. Instead of small hand sieves, “shakers”, built under Mr. Payne's supervision, were used. Basically this type of “shaker” is three removable trays with mesh of differing size (10 mm., 5 mm., 1 mm.) set on a sprung metal framework. It was also found more practicable with soils containing a lot of grain to “wash out” the grain from the soil remaining in the last tray after the soil had received preliminary hand-searching.
A New Look at the Chronology of Alalakh Level VII: A Rejoinder
Authors: Collon Dominique 
Published: January 2007

In a recent article Dr Nadav Na'aman suggested that two rulers called Yarimlim and two called Ammitakumma succeeded each other in alternation during the period of the Level VII archive at Alalakh. This reconstruction of the chronology fails, as do all previous reconstructions, to take into account the seal impressions on the tablet envelopes. These seal impressions have now been published and the chronology which they enabled me to reconstruct is substantially that established by Rowton and Kupper. A close study of Dr Na'aman's article has not led me to alter my views and I should like to make the following points.Dr Na'aman questions the generally accepted chronology for Alalakh on the grounds that YḪammurapi I (grandfather),AYarimlim (father) and AAmmitakumma (son) “reigned over a period of at least 125 years” and that “six kings reigned in Yamḫad concurrently with two Kings at Alalakh”. He accepts a date “circa the twenties of the 18th century B.C. (or slightly earlier)” for the beginning of the archive and therefore, presumably, for the beginning of the reign of AYarimlim.
Hunting and Shooting
Authors: Collon Dominique 
Published: January 2007

When I was still a student, Dr. Barnett gave me the part-time job of sorting the cylinder seal collection in the Western Asiatic Department of the British Museum, of which he was then Keeper. Now, some twenty years later, the catalogue of Akkadian to Ur III seals, which this led to, has just appeared, and this article is based on two “firsts” (as S. N. Kramer would put it) to which my attention was drawn while I was studying the seals. I have found seals a fascinating and continuous source of inspiration and information and the fact that I am still writing about them after twenty years is a measure of the debt I owe Dr. Barnett.Hunting: Cylinder seal BM 105159 (Pl. XVII(a)), is cut with a presentation scene: a deity leads a worshipper before a seated god. Behind the worshipper is a figure (Pl. XVll(b)), who wears a skirt, raises his left arm and holds, in his right hand, what I thought was a footed cup in which was a stirring rod or spoon. However, when I took this, and other seals, to the British Museum (Natural History) for identification of the animals, it was pointed out to me, by Mr. Colton, that the “cup” might be a falcon sitting on a falconer's wrist.
Some Historical Problems of the Hieroglyphic Luwian Inscriptions
Authors: Hawkins J. D. 
Published: January 2007

Two Neo-Hittite rulers occupied positions of authority, the proper understanding of which demands a detailed examination of the textual passages describing this authority. The rulers, Azatiwatas of Karatepe and Yariris of Carchemish, seem moreover to have enjoyed curiously analogous positions. Neither gives in his inscriptions any very exact information on his rank, nor do they record their fathers' names, yet both seem to have exercised a high degree of authority over their cities, Adana and Carchemish respectively, and both refer to their “lords” and their lords' families in ways which have in the past been somewhat misunderstood.Ever since the discovery of Karatepe in 1946, debate has continued concerning the dating of the monument and its inscriptions, and the position of Azatiwatas is to some extent bound up in this question. Azatiwatas does not directly claim any specific royal title but only the vague religious honorifics “the Sun-blessed(?) man, Tarhunzas's servant” (§ I), adding that he was promoted (“made great”) by Awarikus the king of Adana (§ II) and that Tarhunzas has made him mother and father to Adana (§ III). Although much of the inscription concerns the benefits which he conferred upon Adana (especially §§ IV–VI, XXIV, XXXI–XXXII, XXXVII), he does not claim to have sat on the throne himself — on the contrary, he explicitly, if rather imprecisely, states that he established his “lord's family” on it (§§ XIV–XVI, with the notes on these passages on p. 107). The lord in question must presumably be understood to be Awarikus, and the establishment of his family in Adana must refer to a time after his death or disappearance.
Aspects of the Excavations in the Altinova, Elaziǧ
Authors: Burney Charles 
Published: January 2007

Anyone associated for twenty years and more with Anatolian archaeology through the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara, and thus with Anatolian Studies, has ample reason for respect and gratitude for the long, patient and understanding editorship of this journal by Oliver Gurney. For many years he has proved that efficiency and humanity can go hand in hand; and that the light touch on the editorial helm is normally sufficient. Perhaps at some sacrifice of his own interests, he has a record of service to Anatolian scholarship quite unsurpassed in our time, for to him is due the shape of Anatolian Studies as we have long known it.This necessarily brief appraisal of aspects of the work achieved in the area of the Keban Rescue Project, under the overall auspices of the Middle East Technical University, Ankara, concentrates its attention especially upon the excavations at one site. The results of these have now been published in part in final form, with praiseworthy speed. The writer is responding to a request for a review of these publications. To attempt such a review without reference to the other reports on this site of Korucutepe, or in total isolation from the many other excavations by different teams in the same area, would of course be of little value and less interest. Yet the literature is by now so great, if in some degree repetitive, and the cultural implications for surrounding regions are so far-reaching, that a definitive assessment can scarcely be approached, and must await the final publications of the other excavations.
The Adıyaman Survey: an interim report
Authors: Blaylock S. R. , French D. H. , Summers G. D. 
Published: January 2007

Some preliminary conclusions and individual discoveries from the first four seasons of a survey in the province of Adıyaman are presented here. Initial inspiration for this project grew out of the Institute's excavations at Tille Höyük and the realization that Tille and other excavations in the Lower Euphrates Rescue Project were beginning to provide the kind of precise ceramic sequence which had not hitherto existed for the region. An element of urgency was introduced by the imminence of flooding up to the 550 m. contour by the creation of a huge reservoir above the Atatürk Dam. Consequently a permit to carry out a survey of all archaeological remains in the province was applied for and granted by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism.During the four seasons, 1985–1988, which have taken place so far, our effort has been very largely directed towards a detailed investigation of that area on the west bank of the Euphrates which will be flooded (Fig. 1). At least one further season is required to complete this examination. To this end, part of the Euphrates valley and one tributary system were the focus of attention in the 1985–1987 seasons (Fig. 2).
Some Observations on the Chronology of Šuppiluliuma's Reign
Authors: Bryce Trevor R. 
Published: January 2007

KUBXIX 9, a text dating to the reign of Hattušili III, has long been regarded as an important source of information on the chronology of the reign of Hattušili's grandfather Šuppiluliuma I. The text makes reference to the following events in Šuppiluliuma's career: (1) campaigns in Anatolia, allegedly covering a period of 20 years and devoted to the reconquest of territories lost to Hittite control prior to Šuppiluliuma's accession, (2) a First Syrian War, (3) the appointment of Šuppiluliuma's sons Telipinu and Piyaššili/Šarri-Kušuh as kings in the Lands of Aleppo and Carchemish (respectively), (4) a Second Syrian War, allegedly of 6 years' duration.The information contained in this document, although not entirely free from problems of interpretation, is to a large extent confirmed and amplified in various other documents relating to Šuppiluliuma's reign. The most notable of these is the so-called Deeds of Šuppiluliuma, a biographical account of Šuppiluliuma's achievements composed by his son Muršili II. However, the usefulness of this document, within the context of a study of the chronology of Šuppiluliuma's reign, is limited by a number of factors.