bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
4 Dangerous Ground
Authors: Roessel David 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter explores the omnipresence of Byronic Greece in writing in English from 1833 to 1913. Byron's poetry became a mantra for entry into the “experience” of Greece with sites where, as late as 1947, Dora Una Ratcliffe claimed that “the temptation to quote tries one sorely”. In 1906, Sir Sidney Colvin recalled his first visit to Athens in lines that call to mind the Greeces of Homer and Byron delineated by Hugo. Byron also was used as the medium for the experience of Greek sites in a number of paintings.
5 Pet Balkan People
Authors: Roessel David 
Published: January 2008

AbstractGiven that the rhetoric about Greece had been established by Byron, this chapter argues that the only real developments on the perception of the Greeks since were an expansion of that Byronic rhetoric by Gladstone and other liberals to include the Balkan Christians generally and a simultaneous narrowing of philhellenic rhetoric to cover only those pure Greeks of unmixed blood who lived on remote islands and mountains. Both of these developments had deleterious effects on the perception of the Greeks. On the one hand, when lumped with the other Christians of the East, they were viewed as Balkan or Levantine; on the other, a preserve of real Greeks was created by disenfranchising the majority of Greece's inhabitants.
8 On the Quai at Smyrna
Authors: Roessel David 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter explores the dominant status of Hemingway's text for writing in English about events in postwar Asia Minor. It argues that the Smyrna Disaster is the first event in modern Greek history after the Greek War of Independence to gain a secure place in English literature and language thanks to Hemingway; the text that canonized it was Hemingway's “On the Quai at Smyrna”. In English, the phrase the Smyrna Disaster referred not simply to a historical event but also to a style of writing and a particular postwar perspective.
9 A Hard Place to Write About
Authors: Roessel David 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter discusses the difficulty writers faced in writing about Greece at the start of the 1920s. It argues that a new conception of Greece, one not based on classical or Romantic texts, required some contact with the country and its people. However, for Americans, Greece was the lost country for both the Lost Generation and the generation after that. Greece had only slightly more literary travelers from Britain in the 1920s and 1930s. By the end of the 1930s, a new modern Greece had still not emerged in English writing. From 1929 to 1934, authors experimented with tragic Greece, the Byzantine legacy, and Cavafian Athens, and these ideas have all to some degree been subsumed into what we now think of as “Greece”. But none of them gained a wide following, especially in the years that followed. The drought in writing about Greece from 1935 to 19389 was just as bad as the one that had lasted from 1924 to 1929.
1 THE POETICS AND POLITICS OF THE DRAMATIC MONOLOGUE
Authors: Pearsall Cornelia 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Pearsall argues against the prevailing critical conception of dramatic monologists as inadvertent in their revelations and ignorant of the consequences of their speech, suggesting instead that dramatic monologists are highly purposeful in their speech, employing sophisticated rhetorical strategies in order to effect political and personal transformation, or “rapture.” The author divides Chapter One into two major sections. The first section, “Poetics: Persuasive Similitude,” offers a new approach to reading all Victorian dramatic monologues, identifying the trope of simile as a defining element of the genre, and arguing that monologists seek to perform a range of acts by way of their speech. The second section, “Politics: Whig Poetics,” details the relevance of Britain’s Whig Party and the furor surrounding the passage of the 1832 Reform Bill to Tennyson’s poetic development. Pearsall illuminates the ways in which Tennyson’s Whig political views were influenced by Arthur Henry Hallam, and helped shape his poetry both thematically and formally.
6 TITHONUS, TIRESIAS, AND THE POLITICAL COMPOSITION OF THE SONG-BUILT CITY
Authors: Pearsall Cornelia 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter examines the civic ambitions of the speakers of Tennyson’s dramatic monologues “Tithonus” and “Tiresias,” in particular, their relationship to Victorian aristocratic ideology. Pearsall details the ways in which Tennyson’s contemporaries decried him as a poet of the elite and illustrates the importance of Tennyson’s Whig political beliefs (influenced by Edmund Burke) for these dramatic monologues. The first section, “Tithonus and the Trojan Aristocracy,” explores Tithonus’s status as a representative of Troy’s ruling family, and the political, as well as poetic, significance of his ultimate transformation. The second section, “The Rapture of Tiresias,” examines Tiresias’s complex identification with the song-built city of Thebes. Pearsall argues that this speaker’s eventual rejection of the dramatic monologue in favor of the “heroic hymn” represents a refutation by Tennyson of William Gladstone’s populist theories of oratory. “Tiresias” is further examined in the context of the representation of rapture in Tennyson’s early poem “Semele.”
CONCLUSION
Authors: Pearsall Cornelia 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The conclusion recounts the 1883 voyage of the Pembroke Castle embarked upon by William Gladstone and Tennyson, as well as Punch’s satirical take on the event. The voyage provided an opportunity for both men to reflect on the differing natures of oratory and poetry, as well as on the possibility of their own immortality through everlasting fame, themes addressed in Tennyson’s “Parnassus.” The conclusion also recounts Tennyson’s funeral, the poet’s final performance of rapture.
Inside the Shöyul
Authors: Ramble Charles 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The five settlements that constitute the Shöyul are different from the other 14 communities of Baragaon inasmuch as they are a cultural “island” that partly resisted the Tibetanisation of the region following the 16th century. The territory on which they stand was once the site of over 20 settlements, most of which were abandoned after the 17th century owing to both political and environmental factors. The solidarity of the five Shöyul was not merely cultural and linguistic but also political. Archival evidence reveals the secret strategies whereby the group furthered its common interests within the enclave of Baragaon, and also the operation of the alliance that enabled it to shed its long‐standing quasi‐feudal obligations to the King of Mustang.
Neighbours and Enemies
Authors: Ramble Charles 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The cohesiveness that gave the Shöyul the collective strength with which to deal with its troublesome neighbours required alliances between communities that were sometimes the bitterest of enemies. Documents from Te's archives include the record of threats to its very existence in the 17th century, as a result of regional warfare—mainly with Jumla—and also the perceived treachery of its nearest neighbour, Tshug. The chapter uses both Nepali and Tibetan documents to reconstruct the history of boundary disputes between Te and all its neighbours in subsequent centuries. These conflicts, which are concerned mainly with the use of grazing lands, are seen as an important part of the development of Te's territorial identity and self‐definition. It is suggested that the cautious attitude of the Tepas toward outsiders is due in part to a long and sometimes traumatic legacy of hostile engagement with other communities as well as more distant powers.
Agedness of Error
Authors: Ramble Charles 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The title is an evocation of the 17th‐century poet and puritan John Milton's frustration with popular adherence to religious forms that he regarded as being devoid of meaning. This chapter describes and analyses a number of rituals in Te, with particular attention to the Lama Guru, the main annual ceremony. Many of the episodes in this and related ceremonies are relics of activities, recitations, and objects that once had pragmatic (or at least perceived pragmatic) value. An answer to the question of why they should be so meticulously preserved is sought in Krzysztof Pomian's study of collectors and collections, which proposes that the value of such objects lies in their provision of a link with a world that is invisible due to spatial or temporal distance. It is suggested that the “invisible world” in this case is the hypostasised community of Te itself.
Community Law
Authors: Ramble Charles 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The distinction that has been made in earlier chapters between the community as an assemblage of individuals and as a collectivity is developed further through an examination of local legal institutions. The otiose local structures of national democracy are contrasted with the robust civil society that characterises Te and its neighbours. Village law is preserved through a set of unwritten oaths and written codes, both of which are examined in detail. Although these corpora are created by individuals, they serve the interests of the collectivity. Their subsequent inaccessibility to individual manipulation contributes to the creation of a transcendent community that exercises a powerful normative influence on those who devised it. The chapter revisits the problem, raised in the Introduction, of how an entity that has been devised by human action is reified and perceived to have an existence independent of its creators.
The Headmen of Te and the Heaven‐Appointed King
Authors: Ramble Charles 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The case for civil religion is developed further by exploring the relationship between Te's institution of headmanship and Tibetan ideas of sacral kingship. Historical records point to the pervasiveness of these ideas in the civil society and the mythology of Mustang, where true monarchy, as opposed to despotism, is represented as a form of democracy. The ceremony for the appointment of Te's headmen is seen as a dramatisation of the Tibetan myth of the heaven‐appointed king. The headmen are not elected by ballot, but selected as the outcome of a complex ceremony amounting to a game of chance. In other such games, the outcome is commonly understood as an expression of divine will. However, the Tepas do not attribute the result to the choice of a particular god, and the chapter argues that the divinity in question is the hypostatic form of the community of Te itself.
Disciples of All Nations
Authors: Sanneh Lamin O. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe book describes the Christian movement from New Testament times and the Gentile mission to developments in the Roman Empire. It expounds Christianity's eastward expansion and seminal interaction with Islam whose resistance encouraged Europe to embark on its maritime expansion to the East and the New World. Christianity followed Europe into the non‐Christian world, and became identified with the rising mercantilism and colonial empires. Missions gained—and lost—momentum by association with the slave trade and with related systems of native exploitation, acquiring range and imperial protection, for example, but also by provoking local resistance. Conversely, the first mass conversion of New World Africans provided impetus for the missionary drive into Africa and Asia, culminating in the 20th-century post‐Western awakening. Nineteenth-century colonial empires masked the true potential of Christianity's indigenous appeal, though the adoption of vernacular Bible translation appealed to reserves of local initiative and persisted vigorously into the post‐colonial phase. The book follows the theme to post‐Maoist China and in developments in the global Pentecostal/Charismatic movement. All these manifestations paint the picture of World Christianity as a critical dynamic force in the 21st century.
Introduction
Authors: Sanneh Lamin 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter explores the New Testament Gentile church, and examines the roles of Peter and Paul in the religion's transformation into its Greek‐speaking phase. Given the dual Jewish‐Gentile heritage of Christianity, the foundation was laid for the religion's intercultural world errand. The chapter considers the implications of the disciples abandoning Jerusalem and embracing centers of Greek life, thus freeing the Gospel from the constraints of a founding culture. Diverse peoples and cultures embraced Christianity, adapting it to reflect local priorities. The chapter argues that the Jewish background of Christianity, in particular, the Jewish monotheist message and its ethical system, survived into the Gentile phase, and resulted in uniting exotic and disparate religious materials into a thriving religious movement.
Whither Christianity?
Authors: Sanneh Lamin 
Published: January 2008

AbstractSynopsis: This chapter examines Roman imperial pressure and the persecution that triggered wide‐ranging dispersion and movement in Christianity. Persecution induced habits of vigilance, and ascetic witness against wealth and power. Tertullian (d c.240) describes the refining effects of persecution and repression on Christian spiritual life and new forms of Christian social organization. Christians pioneered voluntary and philanthropic ethics, and promoted mutual support and encouragement. As a vernacular movement Christianity spread to Scotland, northern England, and Iceland. Semi‐urban Arabs of the trade routes converted, though Christianity failed to take root in the Arab heartland proper. Augustine assessed the historical challenge facing Christianity after the fall of the empire, and his achievement, the chapter argues, transformed classical historiography from its deterministic pessimism into a choice‐driven, morally‐transparent enterprise. The chapter contends that a corresponding Augustinian revolution in thought would help place the searchlight on provincial diversity and cultural variety of rising World Christianity.
The Christian Movement in Islamic Perspective
Authors: Sanneh Lamin 
Published: January 2008

AbstractSynopsis: This chapter describes Christianity's intercultural worldwide appeal and encounter with Islam. The chapter assesses the Arab legacy and divergence with a Hellenized Christianity. The religion's Western and Eastern ascendancy was checked by Islam's rise and rapid expansion. Axum, and Nubia, which lay on the periphery of Byzantine Alexandria, were subdued and overthrown by Muslim Egypt. Rome and Ethiopia were challenged, but survived. In the East missionary expansion continued apace. The chapter describes the Islamic enlightenment and effects on Europe. While Europe was in crisis in the centuries of the Crusades, the Islamic world was undergoing a double transformation with creative intellectual development alongside an embattled caliphate facing annihilation at the hands of the Mongols. Like missions and for similar reasons, Europe turned outwards with maritime exploration, conceding the stalemate with Islam. The chapter shows how the rise of the Ottomans failed to bridge the gulf with the West.
Resurgence and the New Order in West Africa
Authors: Sanneh Lamin 
Published: January 2008

AbstractSynopsis: The chapter describes the creation of a new social order to replace the one based on slavery and the slave trade, with new structures of local leadership setting a new standard. The chapter begins with Garrick Braide in Nigeria's Delta region and continues with revival ferment in Yoruba country, and in the Ivory Coast and Ghana, thanks to the work of the charismatic Harris. Both Catholic and Protestant missions were thereby renewed. The chapter considers African and Islamic models of religion in contrast to missionary and colonial practice. Primal religious ideas and materials in the appropriation of Christianity are investigated in terms of attitudes to the irrational, modern medicine, divination, divine efficacy, salvation, suffering, and divine goodness. The chapter contrasts the appeal of Christianity with opposition to colonial rule, and thus the African acceptance of salvation‐without‐strings with the rejection of conversion by political subjugation.
Civilization and the Limits of Mission
Authors: Sanneh Lamin 
Published: January 2008

AbstractSynopsis: The chapter examines Christianity's formative Western assimilation as a prelude to its overseas post‐Western development. The chapter turns to Roland Allen and the stirrings in China to disentangle Western civilization from Christian civilization, and to show how cultural assimilation falls short of radical conversion. The material, technical infrastructure of mission hindered access in hinterland regions, and impeded the training of local leaders. The chapter recalls the Gentile basis of affirming non‐Western cultures and values. The chapter shifts to Vincent Donovan and the Catholic response to Allen. Donovan agrees with Allen, and calls for changes in Catholic missionary practice, restating the missionary mandate by redefining creed and church. The chapter presents outlines of the Maasai African Creed as an example of the indigenous discovery of the Gospel, showing how that results in Christianity being rediscovered. That is the background of the worldwide resurgence.
Christian Awakening and the New China
Authors: Sanneh Lamin 
Published: January 2008

AbstractSynopsis: The chapter describes Chinese nationalism's confrontation with missions, and how Marxist revolution continued that confrontation, culminating in Mao's New China. The chapter examines the Cultural Revolution, the Protestant Three‐Self movement, the Catholic Patriotic Association, and the phenomenon of registered and unregistered churches to account for the religious ferment in post‐Maoist China. China's Marxist revolution found resonance among progressive Western voices who called for appeasement and accommodation. The chapter describes the ordination of Florence Lei as lightening rod for debate about women's role in church and society, and the ensuing controversy at the 1948 Lambeth Conference. Catholic and Protestant fortunes revived after the thaw in 1986, and the chapter discusses the role of charismatic groups and the Catholic renewal in China's global role. The chapter concludes with a look at religion as a dimension of civil society, and the importance of the growing Chinese diaspora.
Conclusion
Authors: Sanneh Lamin 
Published: January 2008

AbstractSynopsis: This concluding chapter reflects on global Christianity and world order changes. It shows how at the Edinburgh 1910 conference little thought was given to Christianity's post‐Western possibilities. In the aftermath of Edinburgh 1910 and the 1914 war there was retreat and retrenchment. Then the churches launched the ecumenical movement to stem the tide of attrition. The chapter argues that the 20th century ended where it did not begin, i.e., in the post‐Vatican II unexpected post‐Western awakening and coming of World Christianity. The chapter looks at the statistics of global resurgence and expansion, and assesses Roman Catholic and Protestant responses. The chapter examines Marxist repression in Ethiopia as setback and turning point for World Christianity. The chapter considers the African Synod and flexible models of faith and action as renewal currents in the search for social harmony and cultural coherence, and concludes with the Gentile mandate of Third Wave resurgence and social recomposition.
The Hidden History of Women's Ordination
Authors: Macy Gary 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
For the first twelve hundred years of Christianity, women were ordained into various roles in the church. References to the ordination of women exist in papal, episcopal, and theological documents of the time, and the rites for these ordinations have survived. Yet, many scholars hold that women, particularly in the Western church, were never ordained. A survey of the literature discussing the ordination of women in Western Christianity reveals that most of these scholars use a definition of ordination to determine whether earlier references to the ordination of women were “real” ordinations that would have been unknown in the early Middle Ages. In the early centuries of Christianity, ordination was the process and the ceremony by which one moved to any new ministry (ordo) in the community. By this definition, women were ordained into several ministries. Four central ministries of episcopa (women bishop), presbytera (women priest), deaconess and abbess are discussed in detail in order to demonstrate particularly the liturgical roles women performed in the early Middle Ages. A radical change in the definition of ordination during the 11th and 12th centuries not only removed women from the ordained ministry, but also attempted to eradicate any memory of women's ordination in the past. The debate that accompanied this change has left its mark in the literature of the time. However, the triumph of a new definition of ordination as the bestowal of power, particularly the power to confect the Eucharist, so thoroughly dominated western thought and practice by the thirteenth century that the early definition of ordination was almost completely erased.
The State of the Question
Authors: Macy Gary 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter provided a thorough review of the literature that discusses the history of the ordination of women in order to determine the definition of ordination that scholars assume in these studies. With the notable exceptions of Hans Jorrissen, Peter Hünermann, Yves Congar, and Marie‐Joséphe Aubert, the scholars surveyed assume that the definition of ordination operative in the present was that operative in the past. Jorrissen, Hünermans, Congar, Aubert, and the scholars dependent on them, note that definition of ordination changed dramatically in the 12th and 13th centuries, and the later definition introduced in these centuries cannot be applied retroactively. Which definition of ordination should be applied in determining whether women had ever been ordained is judged to be an issue for theology, but not for history.
What Did Ordination Mean?
Authors: Macy Gary 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The criteria for a valid ordination assumed by modern scholars are analyzed here in relation to actual requirements for ordination in the early medieval period. Ordination, according to this earlier understanding, referred to the appointment to any ministry within a particular community for service to that community and was not restricted to the ordination to the diaconate or to the presbyterate. Numerous examples of references to women as ordained according to these criteria, including the surviving ordination rites for women, are then presented. Some of the important implications of this early concept of ordination are explored, particularly the fact that priests were not the only ones assumed to be able to consecrate the bread and wine during Mass.
Introduction
Authors: Fitzgerald Timothy 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis wide‐ranging chapter introduces key aspects of the argument to be discussed in greater detail in subsequent chapters. The chapter sets out the proposition that the formation of a category “religion” which appears as a distinct and autonomous reality of human experience and practice is a myth serviced by the corresponding formation of special departments for the study of religion. But this process is mirrored in the formation of “nonreligious” categories such as “politics” and “the secular state” which in turn appear as distinct and autonomous domains served by special departments of political science. These rhetorical constructions appear as though they are natural aspects of the world, and their ideological function in the mystification of capitalism and consumerism is disguised by the academic pretensions of secular objectivity. The chapter also makes a distinction between critical thinking that challenges these rhetorical constructions and “critical” thinking that merely recycles them as an undeniable part of the order of things.