bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A redesigned genetic code for selective labeling in protein NMR
Authors: Gáspári Zoltán , Pál Gábor , Perczel András 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe outline of a universal cell‐free translation system capable of site‐specific insertion of any types of labeled amino acids is presented. The system could be an invaluable tool for NMR spectroscopy by making the exclusive and exact labeling of the segments of interest possible. Although the development of such a system requires considerable efforts and can not be expected to be available in the next few years, we argue that recent findings concerning the translation apparatus provide clues for overcoming the major difficulties that might arise. We propose a genetic code and a reactor expected to fulfill the specific requirements. Importantly, incomplete systems could also be useful to study selected functional aspects of a number of proteins, examples of which are also given. BioEssays 30:772–780, 2008. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Binase and other microbial RNases as potential anticancer agents
Authors: Makarov Alexander A. , Kolchinsky Alexander , Ilinskaya Olga N. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractSome RNases possess preferential cytotoxicity against malignant cells. The best known of these RNases, onconase, was isolated from frog oocytes and is in clinical trials as anticancer therapy. Here we propose an alternative platform for anticancer therapy based on T1 RNases of microbial origin, in particular binase from Bacillus intermedius and RNase Sa from Streptomyces aureofaciens. We discuss their advantages and the most promising directions of research for their potential clinical applications. BioEssays 30:781–790, 2008. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
What goes on behind closed doors: physiological versus pharmacological steroid hormone actions
Authors: Simons S. Stoney 
Published: July 2008

AbstractSteroid‐hormone‐activated receptor proteins are among the best‐understood class of factors for altering gene transcription in cells. Steroid receptors are of major importance in maintaining normal human physiology by responding to circulating concentrations of steroid in the nM range. Nonetheless, most studies of steroid receptor action have been conducted using the supra‐physiological conditions of saturating concentrations (≥100 nM) of potent synthetic steroid agonists. Here we summarize the recent developments arising from experiments using two clinically relevant conditions: subsaturating concentrations of agonist (to mimic the circulating concentrations in mammals) and saturating concentrations of antagonists (which are employed in endocrine therapies to block the actions of endogenous steroids). These studies have revealed new facets of steroid hormone action that could not be uncovered by conventional experiments with saturating concentrations of agonist steroids, such as a plethora of factors/conditions for the differential control of gene expression by physiological levels of steroid, a rational approach for examining the gene‐specific variations in partial agonist activity of antisteroids, and a dissociation of steroid potency and efficacy that implies the existence of separate, and possibly novel, mechanistic steps and cofactors. BioEssays 30:744–756, 2008. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The many faces of telomerase: emerging extratelomeric effects
Authors: Bollmann F. Mathias 
Published: July 2008

AbstractTelomeres, the ends of chromosomes, shorten with each cell division. To expand their replicative potential, various cell types use the ribonucleoprotein telomerase, which lengthens telomeres by its reverse transcriptase activity. Because of its ability to immortalize cancer cells, telomerase also plays a significant role in tumor growth. However, in recent years, a wide variety of non‐canonical effects of telomerase that are independent of telomere lengthening have been discovered, and even the notion that telomerase is restricted to very few cell types has been questioned. These effects also seem to be important in carcinogenesis and might explain the tumor‐promoting effects of telomerase independently of telomere elongation. Here, the current understanding of the extratelomeric roles of telomerase and their physiological and pathological significance is reviewed. BioEssays 30:728–732, 2008. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Risk factors for transient vocal cord palsy after thyroidectomy
Authors: Sancho J J , Pascual-Damieta M , Pereira J A , Carrera M J , Fontané J , Sitges-Serra A 
Published: July 2008

Abstract

Background
Transient recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy affects to 5–10 per cent of patients after extracapsular thyroidectomy. This prospective study assessed the impact of surgical injury and extralaryngeal branching of the inferior laryngeal nerve (ILN) on vocal cord dysfunction (VCD).

Methods
Total thyroidectomy or lobectomy was performed in 188 patients, with 302 ILNs at risk. The anatomy of the ILN and degree of injury to the nerve, based on the Laryngeal Nerve Injury Score (LNIS), were recorded. Fibreoptic laryngoscopy was performed a mean(s.d.) of 10·6(4·1) days after thyroidectomy.

Results
Some 37·4 per cent of ILNs showed extralaryngeal branching. In all, 10·9 per cent of patients developed VCD; 4·3 per cent had paresis and 6·6 per cent paralysis. All paretic and all but one paralytic cords recovered fully after 61(17) days. VCD was more frequently associated with branched than non-branched ILNs (15·8 versus 8·1 per cent; P = 0·022). Injuries were more common in branched nerves (mean(s.e.m.) total LNIS 0·94(0·08) versus 0·51(0·05); P &lt; 0·001). Branched nerves were more likely to be associated with VCD (odds ratio 2·2 (95 per cent confidence interval 1·1 to 4·5)).

Conclusion
Branched ILNs suffer more surgical injuries and are twice as likely to be associated with VCD.
Application of nitric oxide and carbon monoxide in a model of renal preservation
Authors: Hosgood S A , Bagul A , Kaushik M , Rimoldi J , Gadepalli R S , Nicholson M L 
Published: July 2008

Abstract

Background
Nitric oxide and carbon monoxide exert vasodilatory effects that minimize ischaemia–reperfusion injury. An isolated porcine kidney model was used to assess the effects of administering the nitric oxide donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and carbon monoxide-releasing molecule (CORM) 3 during a period of warm preservation followed by reperfusion.

Methods
Kidneys were perfused under warm preservation conditions after 10 min of warm ischaemia and 16 h of cold storage in four groups: SNP, control, CORM-3 and inactive CORM-3 (inactive control). Renal function and viability were assessed.

Results
SNP and CORM-3 increased renal blood flow (RBF) during warm preservation (P = 0·014). After reperfusion, RBF was significantly improved in the CORM-3 group compared with the control group (P = 0·019). The reduction in creatinine clearance was significantly less in the CORM-3 group than in the inactive CORM-3 group (P = 0·021), and serum creatinine levels were significantly lower (P = 0·029). There was a negative correlation between RBF during warm preservation and functional parameters during reperfusion (creatinine concentration: rs = − 0·722, P &lt; 0·001; sodium excretion: rs = − 0·912, P &lt; 0·001).

Conclusion
The beneficial vasodilatory effects of CORM-3 during warm preservation improved renal function during reperfusion; SNP exerted similar, although less pronounced, effects.
Initial experience with a multimodal enhanced recovery programme in patients undergoing liver resection
Authors: van Dam R M , Hendry P O , Coolsen M M E , Bemelmans M H A , Lassen K , Revhaug A , Fearon K C H , Garden O J , Dejong C H C 
Published: July 2008

Abstract

Background
Accelerated recovery from surgery has been achieved when patients are managed within a multimodal Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) protocol. This study evaluated the benefit of an ERAS programme for patients undergoing liver resection.

Methods
The ERAS protocol of epidural analgesia, early oral intake and early mobilization was studied prospectively in a consecutive series of 61 patients. Outcomes were compared with those in a consecutive series of 100 patients who underwent liver resection before the start of the study. Endpoints were postoperative length of hospital stay, postoperative resumption of oral intake, readmissions, morbidity and mortality.

Results
Fifty-six patients (92 per cent) in the ERAS group tolerated fluids within 4 h of surgery and a normal diet on day 1 after surgery. Median hospital stay, including readmissions, was 6·0 days compared with 8·0 days in the control group (P &lt; 0·001). There were no significant differences in rates of readmission (13 and 10·0 per cent respectively), morbidity (41 and 31·0 per cent) and mortality (0 and 2·0 per cent) between ERAS and control groups.

Conclusion
The ERAS fast-track protocol is safe and effective for patients undergoing liver resection. It allows early oral intake, promotes faster postoperative recovery and reduces hospital stay.
Flexible sigmoidoscopy and whole colonic imaging in the diagnosis of cancer in patients with colorectal symptoms
Authors: Thompson M R , Flashman K G , Wooldrage K , Rogers P A , Senapati A , O'Leary D P , Atkin W 
Published: July 2008

Abstract

Background
The aim was to identify the patients with colorectal symptoms most likely to benefit from whole colonic imaging (WCI) to diagnose colorectal cancer and those for whom flexible sigmoidoscopy (FS) may be initially sufficient.

Methods
This prospective observational study (16 years) included 16 433 newly referred patients with symptoms or signs of colorectal cancer.

Results
Colorectal cancer was diagnosed in 946 patients (diagnostic yield 5·8 per cent), 815 (86·2 per cent) in the rectum or sigmoid (distal) and 131 (13·8 per cent) in the proximal colon. Some 15 829 patients (96·3 per cent) presented with symptoms alone (without iron deficiency anaemia or abdominal mass). Of 787 cancers in these patients, 750 (95·3 per cent) were distal. The prevalence of proximal cancer above and below the age of 60 years was 0·4 per cent (33 of 8249) and 0·1 per cent (four of 7580) respectively. Of 16 256 patients having FS, 5665 (34·8 per cent) had WCI. Of the other 10 591, five subsequently presented with proximal cancers. FS missed ten (1·3 per cent) of 796 cancers.

Conclusion
Patients with iron deficiency anaemia or a mass require WCI. However, in patients with symptoms alone, FS detects 95 per cent of cancers, and the diagnostic yield of WCI after FS is very low. Alternative management strategies need to be developed to avoid unnecessary investigations in this low-risk group.
Assessment of publication bias for the surgeon scientist
Authors: Mahid S S , Qadan M , Hornung C A , Galandiuk S 
Published: July 2008

Abstract

Background
Publication bias occurs when statistically non-significant (negative) findings are not published. It can profoundly affect the results of systematic reviews and meta-analyses.

Methods
Qualitative and quantitative methods of detecting publication bias are described, including their advantages and disadvantages.

Results and conclusion
Accepted quality standards for the reporting of meta-analyses recommend assessment of publication bias, but currently there is no uniform standard for reporting. Quantitative methods are being used with increasing frequency. Authors should take steps to minimize publication bias, and use both qualitative and quantitative assessment methods to determine whether it is present.
Meta-analysis of the effect of warm humidified insufflation on pain after laparoscopy
Authors: Sammour T , Kahokehr A , Hill A G 
Published: July 2008

Abstract

Background
Studies on the use of warmed and humidified insufflation (WHI) in laparoscopic abdominal procedures to reduce pain have been inconclusive owing to small sample sizes.

Methods
An electronic database search identified all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on adults undergoing elective laparoscopic abdominal surgery under general anaesthesia in which the exposure group had WHI and the control group had standard cold and dry carbon dioxide. The outcome measure was pain by visual analogue score or morphine usage.

Results
Seven RCTs were included. Patients in the WHI group experienced a significant reduction in pain score at 6 h (P = 0·006), 1 day (P = 0·010) and 3 days (P &lt; 0·001) after operation, and in morphine usage on day 2 (P = 0·040).

Conclusion
WHI reduces pain after laparoscopy.
Perfume Formulation: Words and Chats
Authors: Ellena Céline 
Published: July 2008

AbstractWhat does it mean to create fragrances with materials from chemistry and/or from nature? How are they used to display their characteristic differences, their own personality? Is it easier to create with synthetic raw materials or with essential oils? This review explains why a perfume formulation corresponds in fact to a conversation, an interplay between synthetic and natural perfumery materials. A synthetic raw material carries a single information, and usually is very linear. Its smell is uniform, clear, and faithful. Natural raw materials, on the contrary, provide a strong, complex and generous image. While a synthetic material can be seen as a single word, a natural one such as rose oil could be compared to chatting: cold, warm, sticky, heavy, transparent, pepper, green, metallic, smooth, watery, fruity…︁ full of information. Yet, if a very small amount of the natural material is used, nothing happens, the fragrance will not change. However, if a large amount is used, the rose oil will swallow up everything else. The fragrance will smell of nothing else except rose! To formulate a perfume is not to create a culinary recipe, with only dosing the ingredients in well‐balanced amounts. To formulate rather means to flexibly knit materials together with a lively stitch, meeting or repelling each other, building a pleasant form, which is neither fixed, nor solid, nor rigid. A fragrance has an overall structure, which ranges from a clear sound, made up of stable, unique, and linear items, to a background chat, comfortable and reassuring. But that does, of course, not mean that there is only one way of creating a fragrance!
Woody Pretzels: Spirocycles from Vetiver to Patchouli and Georgywood®
Authors: Kraft Philip 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThis review, including new experimental results, is the summary of a talk at the RSC/SCI conference ‘flavours & fragrances 2007’ in London, Imperial College, 24–26 September, 2007. Though the third dimension of the receptor models of J. E. Amoore rarely was exceeding 4 Å, the world of woody odorants such as (+)‐cedrol (3; cedarwood), (−)‐khusimone (4; vetiver), and (−)‐patchoulol (5; patchouli) is anything but flat. Any tricyclic skeleton with a zero‐bridge contains a spirocyclic ring system determining its 3D structure, so spirocycles (spira, Lat. pretzel) are the fastest access to the third dimension. In the vetiver family, a spirocyclic mimic 9 of (−)‐khusimone (4) was first discovered by chance by Büchi in 1976, and also by chance, we obtained another system, 12, with a characteristic vetiver smell by tandem‐Rupe–Nazarov reaction of alkyne diols. A 5‐Å distance between a quaternary C‐atom and a carbonyl group (or alternative HB acceptor) with an α‐methyl or methylene branching is proposed to be the key to their vetiver odor. Upon scale‐up of one of these odorants, 24, we discovered a very powerful (0.067 ng/l) impurity with a most typical patchouli scent: the spirocyclic, sterically crowded hydroxy ketone 33 – a most unusual structure for a patchouli odorant. Several spirocyclic hydroxy ketone analogs, also with inverted ring systems such as in 70 and 84, provided new insights into the structure–odor correlation of this family. A superposition analysis indicated the carbonyl function of the hydroxy ketone to overlay on the geminal dimethyl motive of (−)‐patchoulol. And indeed, the corresponding hydroxy ketone of patchoulol, 59, synthesized in 13 steps from Cyclal C (63), also emanated a patchouli odor. Finally, the synthesis and olfactory properties of twelve rigid spirocyclic analogs, 95–97, 99–102, and 106–110, of Georgywood® (91) are presented that highlight stereochemical requirements for woody odorants and raise doubts about an α‐helical binding motive postulated by Hong and Corey.
Application of Metal‐Free Triazole Formation in the Synthesis of Cyclic RGD–DTPA Conjugates
Authors: van Berkel Sander S. , Dirks A. (Ton) J. , Meeuwissen Silvie A. , Pingen Dennis L. L. , Boerman Otto C. , Laverman Peter , van Delft Floris L. , Cornelissen Jeroen J. L. M. , Rutjes Floris P. J. T. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe tandem 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition‐retro‐Diels–Alder (tandem crDA) reaction is presented as a versatile method for metal‐free chemoselective conjugation of a DTPA radiolabel to N‐δ‐azido‐cyclo(‐Arg‐Gly‐Asp‐d‐Phe‐Orn‐) via oxanorbornadiene derivatives. To this end, the behavior of several trifluoromethyl‐substituted oxanorbornadiene derivatives in the 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition was studied and optimized to give a clean and efficient method for bio‐orthogonal ligation in an aqueous environment. After radioisotope treatment, the resulting 111In‐labeled c(RGD)‐CF3‐triazole‐DTPA conjugate was subjected to preliminary biological evaluation and showed high affinity for αvβ3 (IC50=192 nM) and favorable pharmacokinetics.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Application of Cationic Water‐Soluble Oligofluorenes in DNA‐Hybridization Detection
Authors: Liu Bin , Dishari Shudipto Konika 
Published: July 2008

AbstractA simple and efficient approach was developed for the synthesis of a series of cationic water‐soluble oligofluorenes up to a chain length of a heptamer. Bromoalkyl‐substituted fluorenyl boronic esters as the key intermediates were synthesized by using a modified Miyaura reaction. With an increasing number of repeat units (trimer to hexamer), the size‐specific oligomers have shown redshifts in both the absorption and emission maxima. The emission maximum reaches the limit for the hexamer in both water and buffer solution. The quantum yields of the oligomers decreased with increased oligomer size in water. Both fluorescence quenching of the oligomers by 9,10‐anthraquinone‐2,6‐disulfonate and the fluorescence resonance energy transfer experiments with the oligomers as the donor and fluorescein (Fl)‐labeled double‐stranded DNA (dsDNA‐Fl) as the acceptor revealed the chain‐length‐dependent behavior. The Stern–Volmer quenching constant increased with the molecular size, whereas the highest donor‐sensitized Fl emission was observed for the hexamer. These size‐specific oligomers also served as a model to study the structure–property relationships for cationic polyfluorenes.
Head‐to‐Tail Interactions in Tyrosine/Benzophenone Dyads in the Ground and the Excited State: NMR and Laser Flash Photolysis Studies
Authors: Hörner Gerald , Hug Gordon L. , Pogocki Dariusz , Filipiak Piotr , Bauer Walter , Grohmann Andreas , Lämmermann Anica , Pedzinski Tomasz , Marciniak Bronislaw 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe formation of head‐to‐tail contacts in de novo synthesized benzophenone/tyrosine dyads, bp∪Tyr, was probed in the ground and excited triplet state by NMR techniques and laser flash photolysis, respectively. The high affinity of triplet‐excited ketones towards phenols was used to trace the geometric demands for high reactivity in the excited state. A retardation effect on the rates with increasing hydrogen‐bond‐acceptor ability of the solvent is correlated with ground‐state masking of the phenol. In a given solvent the efficiencies of the intramolecular hydrogen‐atom‐transfer reaction depend strongly on the properties of the linker: rate constants for the intramolecular quenching of the triplet state cover the range of 105 to 108 s−1. The observed order of reactivity correlates to a) the probability of close contacts (from molecular‐dynamics simulations) and b) the extent of the electronic overlap between the π systems of the donor and acceptor moieties (from NMR). A broad survey of the NMR spectra in nine different solvents showed that head‐to‐tail interactions between the aromatic moieties of the bp∪Tyr dyads already exist in the ground state. Favourable aromatic–aromatic interactions in the ground state appear to correspond to high excited‐state reactivity.
Rationally Designed Pincer‐Type Heck Catalysts Bearing Aminophosphine Substituents: PdIV Intermediates and Palladium Nanoparticles
Authors: Bolliger Jeanne L. , Blacque Olivier , Frech Christian M. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe aminophosphine‐based pincer complexes [C6H3‐2,6‐{XP(piperidinyl)2}2Pd(Cl)] (X=NH 1; X=O 2) are readily prepared from cheap starting materials by sequential addition of 1,1′,1′′‐phosphinetriyltripiperidine and 1,3‐diaminobenzene or resorcinol to solutions of [Pd(cod)(Cl)2] (cod=cyclooctadiene) in toluene under N2 in “one pot”. Compounds 1 and 2 proved to be excellent Heck catalysts and allow the quantitative coupling of several electronically deactivated and sterically hindered aryl bromides with various olefins as coupling partners at 140 °C within very short reaction times and low catalyst loadings. Increased reaction temperatures also enable the efficient coupling of olefins with electronically deactivated and sterically hindered aryl chlorides in the presence of only 0.01 mol % of catalyst. The mechanistic studies performed rule out that homogeneous Pd0 complexes are the catalytically active forms of 1 and 2. On the other hand, the involvement of palladium nanoparticles in the catalytic cycle received strong experimental support. Even though pincer‐type PdIV intermediates derived from 1 (and 2) are not involved in the catalytic cycle of the Heck reaction, their general existence as reactive intermediates (for example, in other reactions) cannot be excluded. On the contrary, they were shown to be thermally accessible. Compounds 1 and 2 show a smooth halide exchange with bromobenzene to yield their bromo derivatives in DMF at 100 °C. Experimental observations revealed that the halide exchange most probably proceeded via pincer‐type PdIV intermediates. DFT calculations support this hypothesis and indicated that aminophosphine‐based pincer‐type PdIV intermediates are generally to be considered as reactive intermediates in reactions with aryl halides performed at elevated temperatures.
ChemInform Abstract: Polyhedral Structures with Three‐, Four‐, and Five‐Fold Symmetry in Metal‐Centered Ten‐Vertex Germanium Clusters
Authors: King R. Bruce , Silaghi‐Dumitrescu Ioan , Uta Matei‐Maria 
Published: July 2008

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Understanding the Reactivity and Basicity of Zeolites: A Periodic DFT Study of the Disproportionation of N2O4 on Alkali‐Cation‐Exchanged Zeolite Y.
Authors: Mignon Pierre , Pidko Evgeny A. , Van Santen Rutger A. , Geerlings Paul , Schoonheydt Robert A. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Alkaline Earth Metal Oxyhalides Revisited —Syntheses and Crystal Structures of Sr4OBr6, Ba4OBr6 and Ba2OI2.
Authors: Reckeweg Olaf , DiSalvo Francis J. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.