bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ADHD symptoms in children with FXS
Authors: Sullivan Kelly , Hatton Deborah , Hammer Julie , Sideris John , Hooper Stephen , Ornstein Peter , Bailey Donald 
Published: October 2006

AbstractParent‐ and teacher‐report of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms were examined using problem behavior and DSM‐IV symptom inventory questionnaires for 63 children with full mutation fragile X syndrome (FXS) and 56 children without disabilities matched on mental age (MA). Prevalence rates of ADHD symptoms varied depending on type of measure (problem behavior or DSM‐IV criteria), subscale (ADHD‐inattentive or ADHD‐hyperactive), scoring method (continuous T‐scores or categorical scores based on DSM‐IV algorithm), and rater (parent or teacher). Overall, 54–59% of boys with FXS met diagnostic behavioral criteria for either ADHD‐inattentive type only, ADHD‐hyperactive type only, or ADHD‐combined type based on parent or teacher report. Boys with FXS were rated as having clinically high scores or met diagnostic criteria at higher rates than expected for the general population and had higher raw scores than their MA‐matched peers. Parent ratings of boys with FXS resulted in higher ADHD‐inattentive type and ADHD‐hyperactive type T‐scores than teachers. Boys who were rated as meeting DSM‐IV criteria were more likely to be taking psychotropic medication and to have younger mental ages. Parents were substantially more likely than teachers to rate boys as meeting DSM‐IV criteria for ADHD‐inattentive type, while teachers were only slightly more likely than parents to rate boys as meeting DSM‐IV criteria for ADHD‐hyperactive type. Teachers were more likely than parents to rate boys as meeting DSM‐IV criteria for ADHD when boys had lower levels of FMRP. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Trends and racial disparities in muscular dystrophy deaths in the United States, 1983–1998: An analysis of multiple cause mortality data
Authors: Kenneson Aileen , Kolor Katherine , Yang Quanhe , Olney Richard S. , Rasmussen Sonja A. , Friedman J.M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTo identify trends and patterns associated with muscular dystrophy (MD)‐associated deaths, we analyzed population‐based data from death certificates in the Multiple Cause Mortality Files compiled by the National Center for Health Statistics. From 1983 to 1998, 14,499 deaths in the United States were associated with ICD‐9 codes for MD. The mortality rate for MD in the general U.S. population over this time period was 0.365 per 100,000 persons per year. Stratification by age at death revealed a trimodal distribution with peaks at 0, 17, and 62 years. The male‐to‐female ratio varied with age at death, a pattern consistent with a mixture of autosomal and X‐linked MDs with different prognoses. Deaths related to MD appeared to be equally divided between presumed autosomal and X‐linked MDs. The mortality rate was higher in Whites than in Blacks, for both autosomal and X‐linked MDs. The median age at death was lower in Blacks than Whites for both males and females. Cardiac complications were more commonly noted among MD‐associated deaths in Blacks (38.9%) than Whites (28.6%). Respiratory infections were noted in about 20% of MD‐associated deaths and were more common in winter than summer months. Potential reasons for the racial differences include differences in prevalence rates, rates of diagnosis, and reporting on death certificates. Additional studies are needed to resolve these issues. Challenges in the interpretation of these data include the lack of ICD‐9 codes specific for individual MDs and potential recording biases in underlying cause of death and contributing factors. We also present a method for estimating autosomal and X‐linked contributions to the overall mortality rate of a genetically heterogeneous condition such as MD. Published 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Third-party prospective evaluation of patient outcomes after dynamic graciloplasty
Authors: Tillin T , Gannon K , Feldman R A , Williams N S 
Published: October 2006

Abstract

Background
Dynamic graciloplasty (DGP) is a complex procedure designed to improve bowel function in patients with end-stage faecal incontinence. Outcomes of DGP were examined in comparison with stoma formation or continued medical management.

Methods
This third-party evaluation comprised a prospective case–comparison study of patient-based and clinical outcomes at a London hospital. Forty-nine patients who underwent DGP during 5 years from 1997 were compared with 87 patients with similar bowel disorders who did not undergo DGP. Outcome measures were quality of life (QoL), symptoms, anxiety and depression.

Results
At 2 years after surgery, bowel-related QoL and continence had improved by more than 20 per cent compared with the preoperative status for two-thirds of patients who had DGP (P &lt; 0·001). Two-thirds were continent all or most of the time, although one-third experienced disordered bowel evacuation. Large deteriorations on the Nottingham Health Profile pain score occurred in 11 of 34 patients who had DGP, compared with seven of 57 patients in comparison groups (P = 0·027). Patients in comparison groups experienced no significant changes in measured outcomes over the 2 years of follow-up.

Conclusion
Although DGP is associated with a high level of morbidity, it deserves consideration as an alternative to life with severe and refractory faecal incontinence or stoma formation in people in whom conventional treatments have failed.
Musculocutaneous nerve: Histotopographic study and clinical implications
Authors: Macchi Veronica , Tiengo Cesare , Porzionato Andrea , Parenti Anna , Stecco Carla , Bassetto Franco , Scapinelli Raffaele , Taglialavoro Giuseppe , De Caro Raffaele 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSurgical reconstruction of severe brachial plexus injuries includes nerve grafting and neurotization techniques of the musculocutaneous nerve (MCN) to recover elbow flexion. In treating recurrent anterior shoulder instability, knowledge of the topography of the MCN is important for the margin of safety available during dissection. The present study evaluates the origin and course of the MCN and its branches, and their relationships to bone landmarks. Twelve unembalmed cadavers (50–82 years old) were dissected. A histological study of the MCN and the coracobrachialis muscle (CB) was also carried out. The mean distance (±SD) of the MCN from the coracoid process to the origin, points of entry to, and exit from the CB were 2.9 ± 0.5 cm, 7.7 ± 2.5 cm, and 11.6 ± 0.8 cm, respectively. The first two findings were also validated during surgical approaches to the shoulder in 59 subjects. The mean distance of the MCN from the acromion to the origin, points of entry to, and exit from the CB were 6.4 ± 0.3 cm, 7.7 ± 0.8 cm, and 10.4 ± 1.9 cm, respectively. The mean length of the MCN from its origin to the points of entry to and exit from the CB were 6.7 ± 1.6 cm and 11.0 ± 1.0 cm, respectively. The mean length of the MCN inside the muscle was 4.4 ± 1.9 cm. The distance from the coracoid process to the point of entry to the CB and the length of the MCN inside the muscle were inversely related (P < 0.05). The distance from the coracoid process to the point of exit of the MCN was positively correlated with the length of the nerve within the CB (P < 0.05). Histology showed that, during the intramuscular course of the MCN, the epineurium is composed of 4–5 concentrically arranged lamina of connective tissue which shows different dispositions along the circumference of the nerve trunk. On the ventral and dorsal aspects of the nerve the lamina are closely packed, but on the medial and lateral sides they are separated by thin layers of adipose tissue. This uneven disposition of the adipose tissue gives the epineurium an oval profile in transverse section (mean circular factor 0.8). The arrangement of the fibroadipose tissue sheaths may be compared to a “telescope” and may allow compliance between variations of length of CB and the constant course of the MCN. Clinically, a decrease in this “sliding system” may expose the nerve to mechanical effects of muscle contraction, with the possibility of a compression syndrome. Clin. Anat. 20:400–406, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of triazines by capillary electrochromatography/electrospray ionization‐mass spectrometry using a low‐flow sheath liquid interface
Authors: Chang Chia‐Hao , Chen Chao‐Jung , Chuang Yu‐Chieh , Her Guor‐Rong 
Published: October 2006

AbstractCEC‐MS has been used for the analysis of eight‐triazine herbicides. It showed significantly better S/N ratio than reversed EOF CE‐MS and MEKC‐MS, due to the lack of a surfactant in the separation buffer. By optimizing the pH, the organic content of the running buffer, and the separation potential, optimal separation was achieved within 18 min using a running buffer of pH 7.0, containing 70% v/v ACN, and an applied voltage of 17 kV. Gradient CEC showed superior separation when compared with isocratic elution. The combination of a tapered CEC column and a low‐flow interface confers several advantages including better sensitivity, low dead volume, and independent control of the conditions used for CEC separation and ESI analysis.
Characterization and in vivo evaluation of sol–gel derived hydroxyapatite coatings on Ti6Al4V substrates
Authors: Balamurugan A. , Rebelo A. , Kannan S. , Ferreira J.M.F. , Michel J. , Balossier G. , Rajeswari S. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractHydroxyapatite (HAP) based coatings on titanium alloy Ti6Al4V were attempted by sol–gel process. Precursor sol was dip‐coated onto the substrates and the formation of HAP as the main phase was ensured after the sintering of coatings at 900°C, as confirmed by the characterization studies involving XRD, FT‐IR, Raman, and SEM‐EDXS analysis. The biocompatibility of HAP‐based coated titanium implants was tested by implantation studies in rabbit's tibia for a period of 8 weeks. Bone remodelling and inflammatory responses of the implants were studied during the implantation period. The better tissue–implant interaction of the coated implants with respect to the uncoated implants was observed after a defect healing period of 8 weeks. A coated implant with no evidence of rejection is a further advantage of the sol–gel derived HAP coating. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
Pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating polypeptide‐induced differentiation of embryonic neural stem cells into astrocytes is mediated via the β isoform of protein kinase C
Authors: Watanabe Jun , Ohba Motoi , Ohno Fusako , Kikuyama Sakae , Nakamura Masahisa , Nakaya Kazuyasu , Arimura Akira , Shioda Seiji , Nakajo Shigeo 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWe have found previously that pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating polypeptide (PACAP) increases the number of astrocytes generated from cultured mouse neural stem cells (NSCs) via a mechanism that is independent of the cyclic AMP/protein kinase A pathway (Ohno et al.,2005). In the present study, the signaling pathway involved in the differentiation process was further investigated. PACAP‐induced differentiation was inhibited by the phospholipase C inhibitor, U73122, the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, chelerythrine, and the intracellular calcium chelator, BAPTA‐AM, and was mimicked by phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate (PMA), but not by 4α‐PMA. These results suggest that the PACAP‐generated signal was mediated via the PACAP receptor, PAC1 stimulated heterotrimeric G‐protein, resulting in activation of phospholipase C, followed by calcium‐ and phospholipid‐dependent protein kinase C (cPKC). To elucidate the involvement of the different isoforms of cPKC, their gene and protein expression were examined. Embryonic NSCs expressed α and βII PKC, but lacked PKCγ. When NSCs were exposed to 2 nM PACAP, protein expression levels of the βII isoform transiently increased two‐fold before differentiation, returning to basal levels by Day 4, whereas the level of PKCα increased linearly up to Day 6. Overexpression of PKCβII with adenovirus vector synergistically enhanced differentiation in the presence of 1 nM PACAP, whereas expression of the dominant‐negative mutant of PKCβII proved inhibitory. These results indicate that the β isoform of PKC plays a crucial role in the PACAP‐induced differentiation of mouse embryonic NSCs into astrocytes. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An extension of Chaitin's halting probability Ω to a measurement operator in an infinite dimensional quantum system
Authors: Tadaki Kohtaro 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis paper proposes an extension of Chaitin's halting probability Ω to a measurement operator in an infinite dimensional quantum system. Chaitin's Ω is defined as the probability that the universal self‐delimiting Turing machine U halts, and plays a central role in the development of algorithmic information theory. In the theory, there are two equivalent ways to define the program‐size complexity H (s) of a given finite binary string s. In the standard way, H (s) is defined as the length of the shortest input string for U to output s. In the other way, the so‐called universal probability m is introduced first, and then H (s) is defined as –log2 m (s) without reference to the concept of program‐size.Mathematically, the statistics of outcomes in a quantum measurement are described by a positive operator‐valued measure (POVM) in the most general setting. Based on the theory of computability structures on a Banach space developed by Pour‐El and Richards, we extend the universal probability to an analogue of POVM in an infinite dimensional quantum system, called a universal semi‐POVM. We also give another characterization of Chaitin's Ω numbers by universal probabilities. Then, based on this characterization, we propose to define an extension of Ω as a sum of the POVM elements of a universal semi‐POVM. The validity of this definition is discussed.In what follows, we introduce an operator version $ \hat H $(s) of H (s) in a Hilbert space of infinite dimension using a universal semi‐POVM, and study its properties. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Multi‐term π‐institutions and their equivalence
Authors: Gil‐Férez José 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe notion of a multi‐term π‐institution is introduced and a criterion for the equivalence of two multi‐term π‐institutions in terms of their categories of theories is proved. Moreover, a counterexample that shows that this criterion is false for arbitrary π‐institutions is given. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Influence of Mn on the properties of γ‐In2Se3:Mn films
Authors: Amory C. , Guettari N. , Bernède J. C. , Mebarki M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe influence of the insertion of manganese in γ‐In2Se3 thin films on their physico chemical, electrical and optical properties is studied. Samples are obtained by elaborating γ‐In2Se3 by co‐evaporation on a thin layer of manganese, the substrate temperature being T s = 330 °C. The variation of the thickness of the Mn precursor allows to vary the concentration of Mn relatively to In. It is shown that Mn diffuses in all the thin film and that the films crystallize in the γ‐In2Se3, they are single phased, at least when x ≤ 0.0197 with x = [Mn]/([Mn] + [In]). The optical band gap is around 1.91 eV. Low temperature photoluminescence spectra of samples containing Mn show a peak situated at 1.38 eV. The electrical properties of γ‐In2Se3, such as the mobility or the hole carrier concentration are improved with the insertion of Mn. The most valuable result is that the dark conductivity is improved by six orders of magnitude. More generally it is shown that up to x = 0.0125 the Mn doping is very efficient, for higher x value Mn segregates at the grain boundaries. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Medium‐Throughput Microarray‐Based Approach for Toxicogenomic Profiling of Small Molecules
Authors: Vass Laura , Kis Zoltán , Fehér Liliána Z. , Zvara Ágnes , Lőrincz Zsolt , Borbola Ildikó , Cseh Sándor , Kulin Sándor , Ürge László , Dormán György , Puskás László G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractInvestigating the interaction between small molecules and cells by DNA‐microarrays or in human type phenotypic assays is very labor‐intensive and expensive, therefore such parallel characterization of large compound libraries is currently economically not feasible. Therefore, we developed our own ToxicoScreenTM microarrays, consisting of 48 subarrays, for medium‐throughput analysis. Each subarray can be individually addressed and has probes for genes coding ABC transporters, carbohydrate sulfotransferases, cytochrome P450, glutathione S‐transferases, UDP‐glucosyltransferases, heat‐shock proteins, acyl‐coenzyme A oxidases, receptors, and metallothioneins. Microarray analysis was performed in an array‐in‐array format which enabled us to screen 8–24 compounds per microarray providing 6–2 replica results in one hybridization step. To validate our platform, gene‐expression changes in human hepatocarcinoma (HepG2) cells in response to six toxic compounds were determined in eight replica experiments. Two normalization strategies were tested. We found that normalization to the total intensities of one subarray gave the best result. Among 121 genes only two resulted in significantly non‐relevant data. We found general toxicology markers such as ABC transporters, lipase A, growth arrest and DNA damage‐inducible alpha, PPARα, and glutathione S‐transferase theta 1 and M1. The developed microarray platform can be used to assess the possible toxic side effects of certain drug candidates and to determine fingerprints as well.
A simple and linear time randomized algorithm for computing sparse spanners in weighted graphs
Authors: Baswana Surender , Sen Sandeep 
Published: October 2006

AbstractLet G = (V,E) be an undirected weighted graph on |V | = n vertices and |E| = m edges. A t‐spanner of the graph G, for any t ≥ 1, is a subgraph (V,ES), ES ⊆ E, such that the distance between any pair of vertices in the subgraph is at most t times the distance between them in the graph G. Computing a t‐spanner of minimum size (number of edges) has been a widely studied and well‐motivated problem in computer science. In this paper we present the first linear time randomized algorithm that computes a t‐spanner of a given weighted graph. Moreover, the size of the t‐spanner computed essentially matches the worst case lower bound implied by a 43‐year old girth lower bound conjecture made independently by Erdős, Bollobás, and Bondy & Simonovits.Our algorithm uses a novel clustering approach that avoids any distance computation altogether. This feature is somewhat surprising since all the previously existing algorithms employ computation of some sort of local or global distance information, which involves growing either breadth first search trees up to θ(t)‐levels or full shortest path trees on a large fraction of vertices. The truly local approach of our algorithm also leads to equally simple and efficient algorithms for computing spanners in other important computational environments like distributed, parallel, and external memory. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2007
Fast mixing for independent sets, colorings, and other models on trees
Authors: Martinelli Fabio , Sinclair Alistair , Weitz Dror 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWe study the mixing time of the Glauber dynamics for general spin systems on the regular tree, including the Ising model, the hard‐core model (independent sets), and the antiferromagnetic Potts model at zero temperature (colorings). We generalize a framework, developed in our recent paper (Martinelli, Sinclair, and Weitz, Tech. Report UCB//CSD‐03‐1256, Dept. of EECS, UC Berkeley, July 2003) in the context of the Ising model, for establishing mixing timeO(nlogn), which ties this property closely to phase transitions in the underlying model. We use this framework to obtain rapid mixing results for several models over a significantly wider range of parameter values than previously known, including situations in which the mixing time is strongly dependent on the boundary condition. We also discuss applications of our framework to reconstruction problems on trees. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2007
Phylogenetic analysis and alignment of behavioral sequences by direct optimization
Authors: Robillard Tony , Legendre Frédéric , Desutter‐Grandcolas Laure , Grandcolas Philippe 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWe propose a new approach to consider behavioral data in phylogenetic analyses. We show that behavior can be described as sequences of repeated units, and that these behavioral sequences can be analyzed under direct optimization in a way similar to molecular data. This approach provides repeatable hypotheses of homology for behavior when traditional criteria result in multiple alternatives or do not allow to propose any. We exemplify this approach by analyzing the calling songs of the North AmericanGryllusspecies under direct optimization. We first use two alternative coding schemes to describe the temporal patterns of the songs as sequences of repeated simple behaviors. We submit these behavioral data to phylogenetic analysis under direct optimization, first as separate analyses, and second in combination with molecular data and additional acoustic characters. The results show that the coding option that consists of discretizing the silent parts of the songs: (1) allows description of the songs in a more precise way; (2) discriminates further the songs between species; and (3) enhances the phylogenetic content of the behavioral sequences. Our study demonstrates that behavioral sequences can be transformed so that they can be used in genuine phylogenetic analysis, in isolation or combined with other data sets. We discuss how this approach may provide phylogenetic signal where none or little is usually available, and the applications to the study of the evolution of behavioral evolution.© The Willi Hennig Society 2006.
A breath test to assess compliance with disulfiram
Authors: Fletcher Keron , Stone Elizabeth , Mohamad Mirza Wasi , Faulder George Charles , Faulder Richard Martin , Jones Kate , Morgan Derek , Wegerdt Johannah , Kelly Maria , Chick Jonathan 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTAims  To evaluate the ability of a hand‐held breath analyser, the Zenalyser® (Zenics Medical), to identify alcohol‐dependent patients receiving disulfiram therapy and to assess the sensitivity and specificity of the instrument at different time intervals post‐disulfiram dosing.Design  Breath samples were taken from two groups of alcohol‐dependent patients, one group on a daily disulfiram regimen and one group receiving no disulfiram. The breath samples were analysed for the combined concentration of carbon disulphide and acetone produced from the metabolism of disulfiram. From these data, two reference ranges were prepared and used for sensitivity and specificity assessments.Setting  Breath samples for the reference ranges were obtained from patients at Shelton Hospital, Shrewsbury. Breath samples used to assess the sensitivity and specificity of the instrument were obtained from patients at the Edinburgh Alcohol Problems Clinic.Participants  Twenty in‐patients from Shelton Hospital receiving a daily 200 mg disulfiram regimen and 20 in‐patients receiving no disulfiram. At the Edinburgh Clinic, 54 patients taking a thrice‐weekly disulfiram regimen and 22 patients not on disulfiram.Measurements  A total of 489 breath samples from Shelton Hospital and 391 breath samples from the Edinburgh Clinic were analysed for the combined concentrations of carbon disulphide and acetone.Findings  The breath analyser produced results that distinguished between the disulfiram‐treated and untreated groups (P < 0.001). At 1 day post‐dose, the sensitivity was 100% and the specificity was 100%. At 2 and 3 days post‐dose, the sensitivities and specificities were 84.6% and 100% and 88.2% and 100%, respectively.Conclusion  The breath analyser can improve the assessment of the compliance status of patients receiving a daily dose regimen of disulfiram, but is less useful for this purpose if disulfiram is taken on a thrice‐weekly regimen.