bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application of fumigants to ships and warehouses. VII. Fumigation of dried fruit with methyl bromide in chambers
Authors: Page A. B. P. , Lubatti O. F. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThese are the second and third series of experiments designed to provide safe and efficient fumigation of dried fruit with methyl bromide. Loss due to leakage and absorption in the fabric of the chamber is reduced if bituminous felt sides arc replaced by brick walls surfaced with fine sand and cement and a waterproofing agent. Distribution is uniform with close stacking when an efficient method of circulation is used. With forced circulation air‐tightness of the chamber is essential. Under the conditions described, one hour's airing is sufficient to permit unloading.
The production of 96% sulphuric acid on a chamber plant
Authors: Cormack S. B. , Stubbs L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn this paper an account is given of a tower on a chamber acid plant which has been designed and operated in order to produce 96% sulphuric acid. So far as the authors are aware, no such tower has been reported in the literature and it may well be that the one now‐described is unique. In any event the design and operation of such a tower demonstrates a method of employing this section of a chamber plant in order to obtain a very high efficiency of heat utilization and to give a grade of sulphuric acid which it has hitherto been considered only possible to supply from contact plants or by independent concentration units. It was felt that some details of this work would be of particular interest to those associated with industrial and engineering chemistry, and it is especially appropriate that the first general publication of this information should be to the Society Of Chemical Industry in Glasgow, since the tower to be described was built and operated at St. Rollox Works, Glasgow.It may be recalled at this stage, that the early plants for the production of sulphuric acid from sulphur dioxide, oxygen and water in the presence of nitrous gases consisted simply of chambers into which trays of burning sulphur and saltpetre were pushed. The first great improvement was the introduction of the Gay Lussac tower to absorb the nitrous gases in sulphuric acid, but the nitrous gases were recovered from the sulphuric acid and the acid was concentrated in a system independent of the chamber plant, until Glover introduced a tower at the front of the chambers to recover the “nitre” from the Gay Lussac tower acid and to concentrate a mixture of the “nitrous vitriol” so obtained and the acid from the chambers. It always seems, however, to have been generally considered undesirable, and certainly very difficult, to concentrate the acid to much more than 150° Tw. (82%) in the Glover tower, although it was recognized that additional heat was available by the attempts which were made to operate concentrating pans on top of the pyrites and brimstone burners.
The practical problems of corrosion. Part XII. The influence of corrosion on the thermal deposition of calcium carbonate
Authors: Wanklyn J. N. , Evans U. R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSteel specimens partly immersed in calcium bicarbonate solution develop a white band of calcium carbonate, the cathodic product, along the water‐line. When subsequently the surface is more deeply immersed in fresh bicarbonate solution, and heat conveyed to the liquid through the steel, the distribution of the calcium carbonate thrown out by thermal decomposition is almost unrelated to that of the calcium carbonate produced in the previous corrosion stage. Under the experimental conditions, the corrosion product contained both calcite and aragonite, and the thermal deposit only aragonite.
The effect of ventilation in moisture testing ovens
Authors: Iles W. G. , Sharman C. F. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDuring a study of the effect of ventilation rate on the loss of weight obtained in a standard moisture testing oven, apparently anomalous results have brought to light a “steaming effect” which can seriously vitiate moisture determinations upon biological material if ventilation with dry air is inadequate. Reference is made to an industrial oven developed as a result of this work.
The practical, problems of corrosion. Part XIII. The painting of wet steel surfaces
Authors: Mayne J. E. O. , Evans U. R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn 1936, Britton and one of the authors,1 in a review of the outdoor exposure rests organized from Cambridge, expressed the view that “An invisible film of condensed moisture is prejudicial to nearly all types of paints; therefore painting should not be commenced too early in the day.” In an earlier statement,2 reference was made to the danger of “extra moisture entrapped when the painting was early.” On the other hand, certain other experiments had suggested that, when paint was applied to a steel surface carrying large visible drops of water, the water was generally not entrapped below the coat, hut was either expelled or emulsified; indeed, when a deliberate attempt was made to shut in water below paint, it was found difficult to do this, except at re‐entrant angles.In 1940, fresh experiments were started, designed (I) to compare the behaviour of paint‐coats applied to deliberately wetted surfaces with that of similar coats applied to dry steel, and (2) to ascertain whether any troubles encountered in painting wet steel could be overcome by use of emulsion paints‐‐‐such as were being developed about that time in the laboratory.
The mercuric chloride catalysed condensation of arsenious chloride with acetylene
Authors: Jones W. E. , Rosser R. J. , Woodward F. N. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractLewisite I, relatively free from lewisites II and III, is readily obtained by passing acetylence into a mixture of arsenious chloride and a solution of mercuric chloride in either 18% hydrochloric acid or saturated sodium 'chloride solution. In the latter case, the arsenious chloride is diluted with carbon terrachloride. Under optimum conditions the yield is 80‐85% calculated on the arsenious chloride consumed. In both cases β‐chlorovinylmercuric chloride m.p. 129°, is an intermediate and this is most readily obtained by passing acetylene into a solution of mercuric chloride in aqucous sodium chloride containing a little hydrochloric acid.
High efficiency laboratory fractionation. III. A small analytical
Authors: Dixon O. G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA small still, made from heat‐resisting glass, for the fractionation of about 20 ml. of liquid, is described.It comprises a fractionating column 6 in. long and I in. bore packed with in. gauze rings and sealed to a boiler which is fined wih an external resistance heater. The column, when tested ushg a mixture of normal heptane‐methyl Eyclohcxanc, has a performance equivatent to about 12 theoretical plates at a vaspour veiocity of 0.8 ft. per second, the dynamic liquid hold‐up is approximately I ml. and the static hold‐up is 0.1 ml. The sull may be used at atmospheric pressure to fractionate material boiling up. to 250°c. and, because of the low pressure drop, it is very suitable also for fractionation at reduced pressure.
The laboratory preparation of p‐aminosalicylic acid from phenyl‐acetic acid
Authors: McGhie J. F. , Morton C. , Reynolds B. L. , Spence J. W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn the course of related preparative work on p‐aminosalicylic acid derivatives, it was brought to our notice by certain workers on the bacteriological side that samples of the acid itself, obtained by them from different sources and used by them, did not always appear to be uniform, either physically, or in their in vitro bacteriology. It was decided therefore to explore the possibilities of a convenient laboratory synthesis which would yield consistent p‐aminosalicylic acid in working quantities, and involve only ordinary bench equipment.
Physics of the low‐temperature vacuum drying process. Part I
Authors: Ede A. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAn account is given of some of the more purely physical aspects of the process of drying sensitive materials in vacuo at a low temperature. A relation is established on theoretical and experimental grounds, between the mean air pressure in the desiccator, the rate of drying, and the difference between the vapour pressures at the evaporator and condenser. Considerations arising from the shape and size of the desiccator, evaporator and condenser ate discussed.The process whereby sensitive materials are dried in the frozen state in a moderately high vacuum is now well established and has been used on a commercial scale for the preparation of dried blood plasma and penicillin.1,2,3,4 In view of its high cost it has not been applied to foodstuffs to any considerable extent, although the results are in most cases superior to those of any other method of drying, and rival those of quick‐freezing.5,6,7 However, good results have been obtained with foodstuffs at higher temperatures and pressures than those usually considered necessary; this paper describes some experiments and observations on the process under such conditions which are independent of the material being dried; a second paper will describe the results obtained with green peas.The process, as it will be considered here, consists essentially in the sublimation of the ice contained in the frozen material (the “evaporator”) and its condensation as a layer of ice upon a cold surface (the “condenser”); it takes place in a vessel known as the “desiccator,”, the pressure in which is wry considerably reduced. The rate of drying is controlled almost entirely by the rate at which the evaporator is heated, since apart from losses due to radiation and conduction, which arc very small until the concluding stage is reached, all the heat applied must be used as latent heat of sublimation.In order that the final product shall be of satisfactory quality, an upper limit must be fixed to the temperature of the material at each stage of the process. Since the principal factor influencing the temperature of the evaporator is the vapour pressure around it, one requirement of a satisfactory plant is that the desired rate of drying may take place with a sufficiently low vapour pressure at the evaporator.
The essential oil of Pittosporum tenuifolium
Authors: Calder A. J. , Carter C. I. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe Pittosporaceae is one of the smaller plant families and the typical genus Pittosporum includes most of the species, some seventy of which arc distributed in New Zealand, Australia, East Indies and Asia. It has been reported that various species of this genus have aromatic odours due to the essential oils they contain, bur apparently there is published information concerning only four of them, P. resiniferum,1 P. eugeniodes,2 P. undulatum,3 and P. Pentandrum.4 The essential oils of the first two contain n‐heptane and n‐nonane respectively, the her to the extent of 60%. It seemed of interest to ascertain whether the oils of this genus might be divided into two classes, one giving normal plant constituents and the other features by the presence of paraffins and hydrogenated terpenes. To this end, a comparison of the New Zealand species is being undertaken and the oil of P. renuifolium is the second to be chemically examined.
African drying oils. IV. Component sunflower seed oil. acids of some linoleic‐rich oils
Authors: Barker C. , Crossley A. , Hilditch T. P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe fatty oils from ten specimens of African sunflower seed from widely different areas, and an Argentine sunflower seed oil have been studied. The iodine values of the oils raged from 113–136, their linoleic acid contents from 44% to 72% and their oleic acid contents from 43% to 14%. Sunflower seed oils in which linoleic acid forms about 70% or more of the total fatty acids are excellent non‐yellowing drying oils. Although the results reported in this paper are insufficient to define whether the wide variations in the proportions of linoleic and oleic acids arc due to environmental or varietal causes, there is reason to consider that the environment of the sunflower plant exerts a much greater influence on the composition of the oil than differences in the variety of seed grown.
The technical preparation of dimidium bromide: A new phenanthridine synthesis
Authors: Barber H. J. , Bretherick L. , Eldridge E. M. , Holt S. J. , Wragg W. R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn the course of process development for the trypanocidal drug dimidium bromide, a study has been made of the Morgan‐Walls phosphoryl chloride cyclintion of 4:4′‐dinitro‐z‐bewmidodi‐phenyl to the corresponding pheananthridine. The reaction involves the readily isolated intermediate iminochloride which undergoes facile cyclization only in presence of certain inorganic halide catalysts. The analogy to the Friedel‐Crafts reaction is discussed.A novel synthesis of the same phenanthridine by direct interaction of 4 :4′‐dinitro‐2‐aminodiphenyl and benzotrichloride is reported. This reaction entails the intermediate formation successively of an amidine and the iminochloride, and also requires catalysis by metal halides. It has been developed to a much simplified process giving excellent over‐all yields.A new type of derivative of dimidium is also described. This is 2: 7‐diamino‐9‐butoxy‐9‐phenyl‐10‐methyl‐9:10‐dihydrophenanthridine (‘butoxide’); it is valuable in the preparation of dimidium salts.
The catalytic pyrolysis of citric acid to itaconic and citraconic acids
Authors: Askew F. A. , Tawn A. R. H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe yield of itaconic and citraconic acids obtained by laboratory‐scale pyrolysis of anhydrous citric acid can be markedly increased by various catalysts. The best catalyst of those examined was K2HPO4, which, at 5% of the citric acid used, increased the yield of mixed acids from 26% to 64% theoretical at 280°C. There is some indication that the relative proportion of citraconic and itaconic acids is influenced by the catalyst; AlPO3 yields a higher proportion of itaconic than K, HPO, but a lower total yield. Each positive catalyst appears to have a more or less strongly marked optimum temperature in the range 240–270deg;c. Increase in batch size, investigated using K2HPO4, was found to diminish the yield.
The examination of compositions prepared from polyvinyl chloride and related polymers
Authors: Haslam J. , Newlands G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA method has been developed for the examination of compositions prepared from polyvinyl chloride and related polymers. Its purpose is to recover the polymer from the. composition by solution in tetrahydrofuran, followed by subsequent precipitation of the polymer with alcohol from the tetrahydrofuran solution.Figures are given for the chlorine contents of polymers used in the preparation of compositions and of the corresponding polymers recovered from tetrahydrofuran solution; the influence of the test on the infra‐red spectra of the polymers is indicated.
The photocatalysed oxidation of polythene
Authors: Pross A. W. , Black R. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPolythene of molecular weight 11,000 to 22,000 on exposure to bright sunlight undergoes deterioration resulting in embrittlement and degradation of electrical and mechanical properties. Deterioration is thought to be due to photocatalysed oxidation and this per describes a study of deterioration by artificial ageing. Curves relating power factor to oxygen absorption arc shown. The ultra‐violet absorption spectrum shows that the attack is probably due to the presence of carbonyl groups as an impurity in the polythene.The effect of antioxidant addition was followed by folding endurance tests. Infra‐red absorption spectra between 2.5μ. and 15μ. have been mapped before and after irradiation and the presence of hydroxyl, carbonyl and carboxyl groups established. The photochemical mechanism has been discussed and it is thought that the carbonyl groups are responsible for initiating the deterioration.
Hydrogenolysis of phenols in middle oils from coal hydro‐genation
Authors: Orchin Milton , Storch H. H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWhen the middle oils obtained from the hydrogenation of coal were hydrogenated at 450° and 475° c. in a stainless‐steel autoclave in the absence of any added catalyst, very little of the phenolic material was convened to neutral products. Whereas the original material contained only 2·9%, phenols boiling below 230° c., the hydrogenated product (at 475° c.) contained 9·1% (based on the charge) phenols boiling below this temperature. When the phenolic fraction of the middle oil was isolated before hydrogenolysis and then treated, more conversion of high‐boiling to low‐boiling phenols occurred, but this was accompanied by elimination of oxygen and the production of about 20% neutral material.
Formaldehyde condensations with phenol and its homologues. V. The methylol compounds of 3 : 5‐dimethylphenol
Authors: Finn S. R. , Lewis G. J. , Megson N. J. L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe structure of the monoalcohol of 3 : 5‐dimethylphenol, first made by von Auwers and believed to be a para‐substituted derivative, has now been confirmed. The synthesis of a new dialcohol, which has been characterized as an ortho‐ortho compound, is described. The effect of reaction conditions on the position of methylol substitution is discussed. It has been shown that during characterization of the monoalcohol, by pyrolysis with lime, methyl migration may occur.
Formaldehyde condensations with phenol and its homologues. VI. The trinuclear compound from p‐cresol
Authors: Finn S. H. , Lewis G. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIt has been know since 1930 that a compound, m.p. 215° c., can be isolated from a p‐cresol‐formaldehyde resin made under acid conditions. The accepted structure of this compound was that of a linear molecule of three benzene rings linked by two methylene bridges. It was later suggested that the compound had a cyclic four‐ring structure, but evidence is now presented in support of the earlier trinuclear formulation. A new three‐ring compound, containing two chlorine atoms in place of two methyl groups, is also described.
Spectrophotometric determination of praseodymium, neo‐dymium and samarium
Authors: Wylie A. W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe Beckman spectrophotometer (Model DU) has been used to determine the position and intensity of various absorption bands in aqueous solutions of several praseodymium, neodymium and samarium salts. The extinction coefficients of certain bands of these elements have been measured, and some factors influencing the bands have been investigated.
Unsaturation in petroleum as indicated by halogen addition methods
Authors: Winward A. , Garner F. H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractStraight‐run gas oils have appreciable bromine and iodine values but it is believed that no unsaturated hydrocarbons are present. The reaction with Hanus reagent, iodine bromide, is shown by analysis to be largely one of substitution and to be attributable to certain aromatic hydrocarbons distilling in the gas oil range. Of 23 hydrocarbons, including 17 aromatic hydrocarbons, the only hydrocarbons giving appreciable iodine values were mesitylene and isodurene which possess a 1: 3: 5‐trialkyl substituted aromatic ring: it is therefore probable that this structure is responsible for the apparent unsaturation of the higher‐boiling petroleum fractions.
LIMITS FOR THE PROPAGATION OF FLAME IN ACETALDEHYDE‐OXYGEN‐NITROGEN MIXTURES
Authors: White A. Creville , Joses Elwyn 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn order to assess, and possibly find a method of reducing, the explosion huard in the manufacture of acetic acid from acetalde‐hyde, a knowledge was required of the range of acctaldehyde‐oxygen‐nitrogen mixtures capable of propapating flame under wrious conditions. The limits of inflammability in such mixtures were therefore determined for upward, horizontal and downward !lame‐propagation in glass tubes of I‐, 2‐ and 3‐in. diameter at room temperature and at soo C. The effect of contamination with carbon dioxide, acetylene and acetic acid was also examined, as well as that of using aluminium tubes in place of glass. The range of inflammability in the acetaldehydroxygen‐nitrogen system is exceptionally wide and offers little hope of eliminating explosion risks in the manufacture of acetic acid, the best safeguard being to minimize free space and place suitable guards at vulnerable points.The results show that in acetaldehydc∼∼gen‐nitrogen mixmres, the lower limit is mainly a function of the acetaldehyde content, whereas the upper limit is mainly determined by the oxygen content; this suggests that the calorific value Of the gas is an important factor in limit propagation. Another important factor in the case of acetaldehyde is the apearancc of the ‘cool’ flame. This causes a marked extension of t!e upper limit, from which it is inferred that the products of ‘cool’ flame combustion are incompletly oxidized, the main constituent being possibly acetic acid.
α‐monostearin and sodium stearate as emulsifying agents. III
Authors: Jellinek H. H. G. , Gordon A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe action of sodium chloride, barium chloride, magnesium sulphate, aluminium sulphate, sodium nitrate and sodium sulphate on emulsions containing 1% (w/v) α‐monostearin in water‐white‐ oil and 0·5% (w/v) sodium stearate in water was investigated.The phase separation curves for the emulsions containing the univalent salts were similar. The emulsions were of the O/W type; the oil separation became very rapid when a certain concentration of salt was reached.The bi‐ and tervalent salts caused phase inversion of the emulsions and precipitation of (some of) the emulsifying agents.The action of pH on the emulsions was also investigated. The stability of the emulsions decreased with decreasing pH values and the structure of the emulsions became complex; at higher PH values however, very mobile and stable O/W emulsions were obtained.
The insoluble matter of coal tar. VI. Oxidation of free carbon
Authors: Green S. J. , Thakur B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWork on the oxidation of carbonaceous materials with alkaline potassium permanganate is briefly outlined and the experimental step‐wise oxidation of free carbon is described. The course of reaction as interpreted from these results is indicated. Bulk oxidation of free carbon and the nature of the products are reported. In the steam‐volatile fraction, formic, acetic and butyric acids have been identified. The water‐soluble non‐volatile acids and their methyl esters have been fractionated. Oxalic, succinic, phthalic, terephthalic and mellitic acids have been identified in the oxidation products. The major portion of the acids, however, was found to be more complex, probably having polynuclear structures.Oxidation of C1 and C2 shows that C3 is more highly condensed than C2 and resembles graphite and coke in its properties.
The preparation of phosphotungstic acid and of sodium and barium phosphotungstates
Authors: Phillips M. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMethods of preparation are given for phosphotungstic acid, 3H2O.P2O5.24WO3, as distinct from the sodium salt, 3Na2O.P2O3, 24WO3.NH2O. The acid has an approximate solubility in water at room temperature of 5 parts in 1 part of water and the sodium salt has a solubility of approximately 1 in 1 part of water. The acid requires 1·12 c.c. 2N‐sodium hydroxide per g. to make it neutral to phenolphthalein whereas the latter requires 0·15 c.c. per g. The acid is a strong one and cannot be released from its sodium salt by hydrochloric or nitric acids, so that it must be prepared from barium phosphotungstate by use of sulphuric acid, taking advantage of the insolubility of barium sulphate. A preparation of barium phosphotungstate and of barium tungstate is included.