bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comments on Juliette Blevins, “A theoretical synopsis of Evolutionary Phonology”
Authors: Andersen Henning 
Published: December 2006

Abstract

0. Introduction

This is an important paper which deserves attention for several reasons, (i) by virtue of the project it outlines, that of investigating the diachronic origins of recurrent synchronic neutralization patterns; (ii) for the theory of phonological change it proposes and the attempt to cast this in terms of evolutionary theory; and (iii) for its discussion of ‘voicing’ neutralization.
On the use of Evolutionary Phonology for phonological theory
Authors: Hamann Silke 
Published: December 2006

Abstract

1. Introduction

Theoretical phonology centrally focuses on representing the implicit knowledge that speakers have of the sound patterns in their language, as Blevins (this volume) points out on the first page of her synopsis. Equally important, according to Blevins, is it to provide explanations for the distribution of sound patterns across attested spoken languages. While this has been aimed at in numerous studies in different frameworks, Blevins mentions Generative Phonology and Optimality Theory in this context, the alternatively proposed Evolutionary Phonology (henceforth: EP) is claimed to differ from previous work in maintaining a principled distinction between phonological and extra-phonological explanations for sound patterns. For this purpose, EP focuses on diachronic processes and tests the hypothesis that “regular phonetically based sound change is the common source of recurrent sound patterns” (p. 2).
Dependent Contexts in Grammar and in Discourse: German Verb Movement from the Perspective of the Theory of Mood Selection
Authors: Portner Paul 
Published: December 2006

Abstract

1. Overview

Sections 3–4 of Truckenbrodt's paper concern V2 in embedded clauses, and his analysis of such clauses takes as its central intuition the idea that there is a mechanism of discourse interpretation that affects all V2 clauses. With simple root sentences, the mechanism of discourse interpretation links the sentence to the context in which it is uttered; this is one of the main concerns of section 2. With embedded V2 clauses, the mechanism of discourse interpretation links the clause not to the real context, but to a ‘dependent context’ derived from the embedding head (he also uses the term ‘derived context’). In this commentary, I would like to explore this notion of dependent context.
Determining a Suitable Substrate Size and Sampling Frequency for Rearing Juvenile Rainbow Mussels Villosa iris
Authors: Liberty Aaron J , Ostby Brett J , Neves Richard J 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
The effects of sampling frequency and substrate size on the overall size and survival of juvenile rainbow mussels Villosa iris were investigated in 4-L round flow-through tanks. All tanks contained either fine sediment (&lt;50 μm), fine limestone sand (500–850 μm), or coarse limestone sand (1,000–2,500 μm) and were sampled every 2 weeks or once at the end of the 10-week experiment. Tanks left unsampled for 10 weeks had 12.8% higher survival regardless of substrate treatment. Juveniles in unsampled tanks also had greater shell length than those in sampled tanks. Juveniles cultured in coarse sand had the best survival in the sampled tanks (36.4%), and juveniles reared in fine sand had the best survival in the unsampled tanks (51.9% at 10 weeks). Analyses of gut contents at 10 weeks revealed that juveniles were consuming large amounts of detritus and algal cells 5–10 μm in size, primarily Coelastrum, Chlorococcum, Chlorella, and Navicula spp. These results show that frequent disturbance of juveniles by sampling may impede physiological functions, resulting in stress and a decrease in overall survival and shell length. It also appears that fine limestone sand (500–800 μm in size) is the best substrate for juvenile culture purposes in similar rearing systems.
Chiral Scandium‐Catalysed Enantioselective Ring‐Opening of meso‐Epoxides with N‐Heterocycle, Alcohol and Thiol Derivatives in Water
Authors: Boudou Marine , Ogawa Chikako , Kobayashi Shū 
Published: December 2006

AbstractIn the presence of catalytic amounts of Sc(OSO3C12H25)3 and a chiral bipyridine ligand, asymmetric ring‐opening of meso‐epoxides with aromatic N‐heterocycles, an alcohol and thiols proceeded smoothly to afford the corresponding products in moderate to good yields (34–85 %) with high to excellent enantioselectivities (74–96 % ee). Water was used as the sole and essential solvent in these important enantioselective transformations.
Patterns of dispersal in Sumatran siamangs (Symphalangus syndactylus): preliminary mtDNA evidence suggests more frequent male than female dispersal to adjacent groups
Authors: Lappan Susan 
Published: December 2006

AbstractGibbons of both sexes have been observed emigrating from their natal groups, but the consequences of dispersal in gibbons are poorly understood, and it is unclear whether these are the same for both sexes. I sequenced a 350‐bp fragment of mitochondrial DNA from 18 adults in seven siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) groups at the Way Canguk Research Station in southern Sumatra to assess patterns of matrilineal relatedness among and within siamang groups, and to assess their fit with different patterns of sex‐specific dispersal. A total of 11 haplotypes were identified in the seven study groups; 50% of adult males in five contiguous groups shared a haplotype with a member of an immediately adjacent group, whereas only 16.7% of females shared a haplotype with a neighbor. The apparent difference persisted if only same‐sex individuals were considered (37.5% of males vs. 0% of females). Four of the seven study groups contained two adult males and a single adult female. In three multimale groups, the three adults all had different haplotypes, suggesting that neither male was the retained adult offspring of the female, whereas in the fourth group, the haplotype of one male was identical with that of the adult female. The high diversity of haplotypes and the absence of clustering among female haplotypes in the study neighborhood suggest that female dispersal to territories adjacent to the natal group may be relatively rare. The presence of some clustering of male haplotypes suggests that shorter dispersal distances may be more common in males. Am. J. Primatol. 69:692–698, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Survival and apoptotic pathways initiated by TNF‐α: Modeling and predictions
Authors: Rangamani Padmini , Sirovich Lawrence 
Published: December 2006

AbstractWe present a mathematical model which includes TNF‐α initiated survival and apoptotic cascades, as well as nuclear transcription of IκB. These pathways play a crucial role in deciding cell fate in response to inflammation and infection. Our model incorporates known specific protein–protein interactions as identified by experiments. Using these biochemical interactions, we develop a mathematical model of the NF‐κB‐mediated survival and caspase‐mediated apoptosis pathways. Using mass action kinetics, we follow the formation of the survival and late complexes as well as the dynamics of DNA fragmentation. The effect of TNF‐α concentration on DNA fragmentation is modeled and compares well with experiment. Nuclear transcription is also modeled phenomenologically by means of time lagged cytosolic concentrations. This results in transcription related concentrations undergoing under‐damped oscillations, in qualitative and quantitative agreement with experiment. Using a tumor cell as a hypothetical model, we explore the interplay between the components of the survival and apoptotic pathways. Results are presented which make predictions on the limits of cellular oscillations in terms of time delay, initial concentration ratios and other features of the model. The model also makes clear predictions on cell viability in terms of DNA damage within the framework of TNF‐α stimulus duration. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007; 97: 1216–1229. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evaluating the validity of anger regulation problems, interpersonal style, and disturbed mental state for predicting inpatient violence
Authors: Doyle Michael , Dolan Mairead 
Published: December 2006

AbstractResearch has been conducted to try to identify risk factors to help predict which patients will be violent during psychiatric hospitalization. Despite the relatively large amount of research conducted, it is difficult to draw any firm conclusions, as the studies vary considerably in study design, methods used, and choice of outcome measures. Studies also tend to focus on risk prediction, even though risk management is the primary aim of clinical practice in mental health services and few studies have focused on a theoretical basis for understanding violence. This study assessed the predictive validity of brief assessment scales in a sample of 94 forensic inpatients who had been inpatient for a median of 521 days, to test the hypotheses that anger regulation problems, interpersonal style, and disturbed mental state would be linked to increased violence risk in a forensic hospital during a hospital stay. The outcome variables for this study were physical violence against another and/or clear threats of physical violence. The results of this study provide support for the hypotheses, and this remained the case after controlling for age, gender, length of stay, and presence of major mental disorder. The findings should not only assist clinicians with assessment and management of risk but also support the reconceptualizing of risk prediction research to reflect the task of clinical risk management. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integrating objects of intervention and organizational relevance: the case of safeguarding children missing from education systems
Authors: May‐Chahal Corinne , Broadhurst Karen 
Published: December 2006

AbstractAt the early stages of the development of integrated services, a study that examined the views of children and their carers on being missing from education is drawn upon to highlight two key issues that connect with the integration agenda: identifying the object of intervention and altering frames of organizational relevance. It is argued that if the proposed national outcome framework for England is to be meaningfully achieved (being healthy, enjoying and achieving, making a positive contribution, staying safe and achieving economic well being) within new service configurations, children's problems can no longer be fragmented into objects of organizational or professional expertise. Organizational relevance must adjust to enable the service user's (in this case children's, young people's, and their parents'/carers') framing of problems to be communicated, heard, and responded to. Three cases are presented for illustrative purposes, which show (i) the continued fragmentation of the service user's problem into objects of organizational relevance and (ii) the impact of this fragmentation on outcomes for children. Following presentation of the cases, a policy discussion is offered, which highlights a number of factors that undermined agencies' efforts to offer a joined‐up and holistic service in this particular local context. The study draws links between this particular local context and issues of national relevance and concludes that, for the families in this study, problems presented to agencies continued to be framed according to organizationally relevant concerns and practical realities. This process occurred in spite of efforts by children, young people, and their parents/carers to steer diverse professionals involved with their lives down a more individually relevant path. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Separation of Olefin/Paraffin Mixtures Using Zwitterionic Silver Complexes as Transport Carriers
Authors: Kim Hoon Sik , Bae Jin Yong , Park Sang Joon , Lee Hyunjoo , Bae Hyun Woo , Kang Sang Ook , Lee Sang Deuk , Choi Dai Ki 
Published: December 2006

AbstractZwitterionic silver nitrate salts of 1‐(1‐methyl‐3‐imidazolio)propane‐3‐sulfonate, 1‐(1‐methyl‐1‐pyrrolidinio)propane‐3‐sulfonate, and 1‐(4‐methyl‐4‐morpholio)propane‐3‐sulfonate have been prepared and tested as carriers for facilitated olefin transport membranes in the separation of ethylene/ethane, propylene/propane, and C4 mixtures. The interactions of olefins with silver ions bound to sulfonate groups were investigated by FTIR spectroscopy as well as the correlation between the binding affinity of olefins and facilitated transport.
Anion‐Directed Self‐Assembly of Lanthanide–notp Compounds and Their Fluorescence, Magnetic, and Catalytic Properties
Authors: Bao Song‐Song , Ma Li‐Fang , Wang Yin , Fang Ling , Zhu Cheng‐Jian , Li Yi‐Zhi , Zheng Li‐Min 
Published: December 2006

AbstractReactions of 1,4,7‐triazacyclononane‐1,4,7‐triyl‐tris(methylenephosphonic acid) [notpH6, C9H18N3(PO3H2)3] with different lanthanide salts result in four types of Ln–notp compounds: [Ln{C9H20N3(PO3H)2(PO3)}(NO3)(H2O)]⋅4 H2O (1), [Ln = Eu (1 Eu), Gd (1 Gd), Tb (1 Tb)], [Ln{C9H20N3(PO3H)2(PO3)}(H2O)]Cl⋅3 H2O (2) [Ln = Eu (2 Eu), Gd (2 Gd), Tb (2 Tb)], [Ln{C9H20N3(PO3H)2(PO3)}(H2O)]ClO4⋅8 H2O, (3) [Ln = Eu (3 Eu), Gd (3 Gd)], and [Ln{C9H20N3(PO3H)2(PO3)}(H2O)]ClO4⋅3 H2O (4), [Ln = Gd (4 Gd), Tb (4 Tb)]. Compounds within each type are isostructural. In compounds 1, dimers of {Ln2(notpH4)2(NO3)2(H2O)2} are found, in which the two lanthanide atoms are connected by two pairs of O‐P‐O and one pair of μ‐O bridges. The NO3− ion serves as a bidentate terminal ligand. Compounds 2 contain similar dimeric units of {Ln2(notpH4)2(H2O)2} that are further connected by a pair of O‐P‐O bridges into an alternating chain. The Cl− ions are involved in the interchain hydrogen‐bonding networks. A similar chain structure is also found in compounds 3; in this case, however, the chains are linked by ClO4− counterions through hydrogen‐bonding interactions, forming an undulating layer in the (011) plane. These layers are fused through hydrogen‐bonding interactions, leading to a three‐dimensional supramolecular network with large channels in the [100] direction. Compounds 4 show an interesting brick‐wall‐like layer structure in which the neighboring lanthanide atoms are connected by a pair of O‐P‐O bridges. The ClO4− counterions and the lattice water molecules are between the layers. In all compounds the triazamacrocyclic nitrogen atoms are not coordinated to the LnIII ions. The anions and the pH are believed to play key roles in directing the formation of a particular structure. The fluorescence spectroscopic properties of the Eu and Tb compounds, magnetic properties of the Gd compounds, and the catalytic properties of 4 Gd were also studied.
Sandwich‐like Compounds Based on the All‐Metal Aromatic Unit Al42− and the Main‐Group Metals M (M=Li, Na, K, Be, Mg, Ca)
Authors: Yang Li‐Ming , Ding Yi‐Hong , Sun Chia‐Chung 
Published: December 2006

AbstractInspired by the pioneering experimental characterisation of the all‐metal aromatic unit Al42− in the bimetallic molecules MAl4− (M=Li, Na, Cu) and by the very recent theoretical design of sandwich‐type transition‐metal complexes [Al4MAl4]q− (q=0–2; M=Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Nb, Mo, Hf, Ta, W), we used density functional theory (DFT) calculations (B3LYP/6‐311+G(d) to design a series of novel non‐transition‐metal sandwich complexes based on the all‐metal aromatic unit Al42− and the main‐group metals M (M=Li, Na, K, Be, Mg, Ca). The traditional homo‐decked sandwich compounds [Al4MAl4]q− (without counterions) and (nM)q+[Al4MAl4]q− (with counterions M) (q=2–3, M=Li, Na, K, Be, Mg, Ca), although some of them are truly energy minima, have a much higher energy than many fused isomers. We thus concluded that it seems unlikely for Al42− to sandwich the main‐group metal atoms in the homo‐decked sandwich form. Alternatively, we proposed a new type of sandwich complex, namely hetero‐decked sandwich compounds [CpMAl4]q−, that are the ground‐state structures for each M both with and without counterions. It was shown that with the rigid Cp− partner, the all‐metal aromatic unit Al42− might indeed act as a “superatom”. These new types of all‐metal aromatic unit‐based sandwich complexes await future experimental verification.
Enantioselective Synthesis of Natural Polyoxygenated Cyclohexanes and Cyclohexenes from [(p‐Tolylsulfinyl)methyl]‐p‐quinols
Authors: Carreño M. Carmen , Merino Estíbaliz , Ribagorda María , Somoza Álvaro , Urbano Antonio 
Published: December 2006

AbstractExploitation of the β‐hydroxysulfoxide fragment present in a number of enantiomerically pure (SR)‐ and (SS)‐[(p‐tolylsulfinyl)methyl]‐p‐quinols allowed chemo‐ and stereocontrolled conjugate additions of different organoaluminium reagents to the cyclohexadienone moiety. The same fragment was also shown to act as an efficient chiral masking carbonyl group, after oxidation to sulfone and retroaddition in basic medium, with elimination of methyl p‐tolyl sulfone. Through the use of both transformations as key steps, enantiocontrolled syntheses of different natural products—such as the two enantiomers of dihydroepiepoformin, (−)‐gabosine O, (+)‐epiepoformin, (−)‐theobroxide and (+)‐4‐epigabosine A (an epimer of the natural product gabosine A)—has been achieved. The presence of the β‐hydroxy sulfone moiety makes the cyclic structures rigid, allowing a number of stereoselective transformations such as carbonyl reductions, enone epoxidations or cis‐dihydroxylations, en route to the natural structures. The observed selectivities were dependent on the particular substitution in each substrate, providing evidence of a strong influence of remote groups on the preferred approach of the reactants to the reactive conformations. An advanced precursor of natural (+)‐harveynone was also synthesized, but the isolation of the natural product was not possible because of the instability of the corresponding enone, containing a triple bond, under the basic conditions necessary to eliminate the β‐hydroxy sulfone. This demonstrated that the limitations of the use of the β‐hydroxy sulfoxide as a chiral protecting carbonyl group were dependent on the relative stabilities of the final targets in the presence of the required base.
Prostate cancer progression in the presence of undetectable or low serum prostate‐specific antigen level
Authors: Leibovici Dan , Spiess Philippe E. , Agarwal Piyush K. , Tu Shi‐Ming , Pettaway Curtis A. , Hitzhusen Kate , Millikan Randall E. , Pisters Louis L. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractBACKGROUND.The serum prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) level after definitive treatment for prostate cancer (PC) is a powerful predictor of outcome. Occasionally, PC progression can occur despite low or undetectable PSA levels. The authors report on the clinical and pathologic characteristics of patients who experienced PC progression with undetectable or low PSA levels.METHODS.From an electronic database of all patients with PC who were treated at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center between 1999 and 2004, a group of 46 patients was identified who had progression to metastatic PC detected with concomitant PSA levels from 0.1 ng/mL to 2 ng/mL. Patient charts were reviewed for tumor stage, Gleason score, pretreatment PSA level, and the presence of atypical histologic variants (ie, ductal, sarcomatoid, or small cell cancers). The nadir PSA level after treatment and the PSA level at the time metastatic PC was detected were determined. The patients were followed semiannually, and imaging studies were obtained at the discretion of treating physicians. The sites of metastasis and histologic confirmation were reported when available.RESULTS.Twenty‐three of 46 patients underwent radical prostatectomy, 11 patients received radiation therapy, and 12 received hormone treatment as their initial form of therapy. Progression to metastatic disease with concomitant, undetectable PSA levels occurred in 10 patients, including 3 patients who had not received treatment with hormones. The sites of metastasis included bone (n = 35 patients), liver (n = 7 patients), retroperitoneal lymph nodes (n = 5 patients), lungs (n = 4 patients), and brain (n = 1 patient). Aggressive and locally advanced PC were common features in these patients: Eighty‐five percent had Gleason scores ≥7, 63% had clinical T3 or T4 tumors, and 41% had pretreatment PSA levels >10 ng/mL. Atypical histologic variants were observed in 21 patients (46%) and in 8 of 10 patients who progressed with undetectable PSA levels. In 10 patients (22%), metastasis were detected in the presence of an undetectable PSA level. Eight of those patients had small cell carcinoma. In 19 patients (41%), progression to metastasis occurred without any increase in their PSA from the nadir level. Thirty‐one patients (67%) were asymptomatic at the time metastasis was detected, and the detection of metastasis in these patients occurred only because of routine imaging studies.CONCLUSIONS.Progression of PC may occur despite undetectable or low PSA levels. Complete physical evaluation and imaging studies may be indicated in the surveillance of patients with high‐grade, locally advanced tumors, especially when atypical histologic variants are present. Cancer 2007. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Maladaptive schemas in non‐clinical adolescents: relations to perceived parental rearing behaviours, Big Five personality factors and psychopathological symptoms
Authors: Muris Peter 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe current study examined Jeffrey Young's (1994) maladaptive schemas in a sample of 173 non‐clinical adolescents aged between 12 and 15 years. Participants completed an age‐downward version of the Young Schema Questionnaire as well as self‐report scales to assess perceptions of parental rearing behaviours, personality traits and psychopathological symptoms. Results indicated that detrimental rearing behaviours were associated with the presence of maladaptive schemas. Further, the personality trait of neuroticism was positively related to a broad range of maladaptive schemas. Some evidence was found indicating that neuroticism and detrimental parental rearing behaviours both accounted for a unique proportion of the variance in distorted thinking patterns. Finally, maladaptive schemas were linked to various types of psychological symptoms, including symptoms of anxiety disorders, depression, disruptive behaviour, eating problems and substance use. Altogether, these findings are well in line with Young's theory and seem to warrant more research on maladaptive schemas in young people. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.