bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A binary decision diagram method for phased mission analysis of non-repairable systems
Authors: Dunnett S. J. , Andrews J. D. 
Published: November 2006

Phased mission analysis is carried out to predict the reliability of systems which undergo a series of phases, each with differing requirements for success, with the mission objective being achieved only on the successful completion of all phases. Many systems from a range of industries experience such missions. The methods used for phased mission analysis are dependent upon the repairability of the system during the phases. If the system is non-repairable, fault-tree-based methods offer an efficient solution. For repairable systems, Markov approaches can be used. This paper is concerned with the analysis of non-repairable systems. When the phased mission failure causes are represented using fault trees, it is shown that the binary decision diagram (BDD) method of analysis offers advantages in the solution process. A new way in which BDD models can be efficiently developed for phased mission analysis is proposed. The paper presents a methodology by which the phased mission models can be developed and analysed to produce the phase failure modes and the phase failure likelihoods.
Risk modelling of fires and explosions in open-sided offshore platform modules
Authors: Lewthwaite J. L. , Andrews J. D. , Dunnett S. J. , Gregory C. A. J. , Smith R 
Published: November 2006

Incidents involving fires and explosions present a major hazard to the workforce on offshore oil and gas platforms. Following the Piper Alpha Disaster in 1988, platform operators for the UK sector are required to submit safety cases for approval by the Health and Safety Executive. A key requirement of these safety cases is that hazards associated with an accidental release of hydrocarbons have been demonstrated to be as low as reasonably practicable. This paper aims to describe a process for estimating the expected number of fatalities on offshore platforms with open-sided modules using a Monte Carlo simulation method implemented within the safety and reliability of offshore structures (SAROS) software. The process involves estimation of the frequency and magnitude of jet fires, pool fires, and explosions. This is combined with the distribution of the workforce over the platform at the time of the incident to predict the risk of fatality.
Bitumen Surface Energy Characterization by Inverse Gas Chromatography
Authors: Hefer Arno W. , Little Dallas N. , Herbert Bruce E. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Modern surface energy theory has been identified in recent years as an attractive tool by which to select compatible bitumen-aggregate combinations. In addition, this approach offers the potential to quantitatively assess moisture susceptibility of these material combinations. The success of implementing this technology depends on the availability of techniques that allow efficient and reliable surface energy characterization of the materials under consideration. This paper focuses on bitumen surface energy characterization employing inverse gas chromatography (IGC). The authors report detail column preparation and test methodologies, and provide a precision statement for this technique. Analysis procedures and results presented demonstrate successful application of this technique with modern thermodynamic theory to acquire bitumen surface energy components. The technique allows testing at different temperatures and results are in agreement with conceptual and theoretical expectations. Surface energies derived from IGC compare reasonably well with mechanical surface tension values from the literature. Results suggest that surface energies do not vary considerably between different bitumen types, indicative of the controlling role of aggregate type in bitumen-aggregate adhesion.
Initiation of Maintenance Antiinflammatory Medication in Asthmatic Children in a Pediatric Emergency Department
Authors: Lehman Heather K. , Lillis Kathleen A. , Shaha Steven H. , Augustine Marilyn , Ballow Mark 
Published: December 2006

BACKGROUND. Despite National Asthma Education and Prevention Program guidelines recommending the use of daily controller medication in patients with persistent asthma, less than half of children requiring emergency department treatment for asthma exacerbations are receiving antiinflammatory therapy.OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a pediatric emergency department–based intervention designed to affect the prescribing practices of primary care physicians to better comply with national asthma guidelines. The intervention involved initiating maintenance antiinflammatory therapy in children with an asthma exacerbation who met guidelines for persistent disease but were not on antiinflammatory medications.METHODS. Guardians of children 2 to 18 years of age presenting to the pediatric emergency department with an asthma exacerbation were asked to complete an asthma survey. Patients were classified into severity categories. Those with persistent disease not on antiinflammatory medications were given a 2-week supply of medication and were instructed to follow-up with their primary care physicians to obtain a prescription for the antiinflammatory medication. Patient adherence information was obtained through telephone calls, pharmacy claims data, and physician office records.RESULTS. Forty-seven of 142 patients met criteria and were enrolled in the intervention. Seven patients were lost to follow-up. Of the remaining 40 patients, 28 followed-up with their primary care physician. Of these patients, 75% were continued on an antiinflammatory medication. Primary care physicians were significantly more likely to continue an antiinflammatory prescription in patients with severe persistent asthma (88.9% vs 68.4% of mild- or moderate-persistent asthmatics). Of the 28 patients who followed-up with their primary care physician, 13 had a prescription written, dispensed, and reported using the medication at the time of follow-up.CONCLUSIONS. Pediatric emergency department physicians can successfully partner with primary care physicians to implement national guidelines for children requiring maintenance antiinflammatory asthma therapy. Patient nonadherence continues to be a significant barrier for asthma management.
Impact of Pediatric Critical Illness and Injury on Families: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Shudy Marysia , de Almeida Mary Lihinie , Ly Susan , Landon Christopher , Groft Stephen , Jenkins Tammara L. , Nicholson Carol E. 
Published: December 2006

OBJECTIVE. We sought to inform decision-making for children and families by describing what is known and remains unknown about the impact of childhood critical illness and injury on families. This report also was designed as a tool for research planning and design so that meaningful studies are performed and duplication is avoided.DESIGN. After a national scholarship competition and the identification of 3 medical student summer scholars, a literature search was conducted by using the National Library of Medicine and a PubMed keyword search system at the National Institutes of Health.RESULTS. A total of 115 reports were reviewed and assigned to the 5 following categories characterizing the impact of pediatric critical illness/injury on families: stressors, needs, specific domains (psychological, physical, social), coping, and interventions. The reports reviewed indicate that pediatric critical illness and injury is stressful for the entire family. The effects on parents, siblings, and marital cohesion were variably described. Needs of family members (eg, rest, nutrition, communication) were identified as being unmet in many studies. Permanent impact on siblings and marital relationships has been considered detrimental, but these conclusions are not adequately quantified in presently available studies. Reviewed reports minimally investigated cultural diversity, effects on fathers versus mothers, siblings, socioeconomic status, and financial burden. Studies were often anecdotal and included small sample sizes. Methodologic limitations were numerous and varied and seriously narrowed the significance of the studies we reviewed. The reports that we evaluated were largely limited to those of English-speaking families, white people, and married mothers.CONCLUSIONS. Future research should use more rigorous methods in the measurement of impact of childhood critical illness and injury on families. Families of critically ill and injured children would benefit from the practitioners of pediatric critical care acquiring enhanced knowledge and sensitivity about famliy communication and dynamics.
Direct Medical Costs of Bronchiolitis Hospitalizations in the United States
Authors: Pelletier Andrea J. , Mansbach Jonathan M. , Camargo Carlos A. 
Published: December 2006

OBJECTIVES. Although bronchiolitis is the leading cause of hospitalization for infants, there are limited data describing the epidemiology of bronchiolitis hospitalizations, and the associated cost is unknown. Our objective was to determine nationally representative estimates of the frequency of bronchiolitis hospitalizations and its associated costs.PATIENTS AND METHODS. We analyzed the 2002 Health Care Utilization Project-National Inpatient Sample, a federal, stratified random survey of hospital discharges. For admissions age &lt;2 years with a discharge diagnosis of bronchiolitis (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification, code 466.1), we used nationally representative weighted estimates to determine frequency and total hospital charges. Costs were estimated from reported charges by applying hospital-specific cost/charge ratios based on all-payer inpatient cost.RESULTS. In 2002, an estimated 149000 patients were hospitalized with bronchiolitis. Frequency of hospitalizations was higher among children age &lt;1 year of age, male gender, and nonwhite race. Mean length of stay was 3.3 days. Total annual costs for bronchiolitis-related hospitalizations were $543 million, with a mean cost of $3799 per hospitalization. Mean cost of bronchiolitis with a codiagnosis of pneumonia was $6191. In a multivariate analysis controlling for 3 confounding factors (including length of stay), cost per hospitalization was higher for children ≥1 year and lower for those in the South versus Northeast.CONCLUSIONS. Bronchiolitis admissions cost more than $500 million annually. A codiagnosis of bronchiolitis and pneumonia almost doubles the cost of the hospitalization. Inpatient health care costs of bronchiolitis are higher than estimated previously and highlight the need for initiatives to safely reduce bronchiolitis hospitalizations and thereby decrease health care costs.
Epidemiology, Complications, and Cost of Hospitalization in Children With Laboratory-Confirmed Influenza Infection
Authors: Ampofo Krow , Gesteland Per H. , Bender Jeffery , Mills Michelle , Daly Judy , Samore Matthew , Byington Carrie , Pavia Andrew T. , Srivastava Rajendu 
Published: December 2006

BACKGROUND. Influenza causes significant morbidity among children. Previous studies used indirect case ascertainment methods with little cost data. We sought to measure the burden of laboratory-confirmed influenza from hospitalized children.
METHODS. We conducted a retrospective cohort study during 3 viral seasons at Primary Children's Medical Center (Salt Lake City, UT). Children ≤18 years of age who were hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed influenza infection were included. Outcomes included hospitalization rates, complications including intensive care unit stays, mechanical ventilation, length of stay, and total hospital costs.
RESULTS. A total of 325 children had hospitalizations attributable to influenza over 3 viral seasons: 28% &lt;6 months of age, 33% between 6 and 23 months of age; and 39% &gt;2 years of age; 37% had high-risk medical conditions. Population-based rates of hospitalization for Salt Lake County residents ranged from 6.3 to 252.7 per 100000 children. The highest rates were in children younger than 6 months, and rates decreased with increasing age. Forty-nine (15%) children had an ICU stay; 27 required mechanical ventilation, and half of these patients were &gt;2 years of age. Total hospital cost for the cohort was $2 million; 55% was accounted for by children &gt;2 years of age. Length of stay and total hospital costs were significantly higher in all children &gt;2 years of age compared with children &lt;6 months of age and were comparable to all children 6 to 23 months of age.
CONCLUSIONS. Proven influenza infection in children results in substantial hospital resource utilization and morbidity. Nationwide, the median hospital costs may total $55 million. Our data support the Advisory Committee on Immunization's recommendations to expand the use of influenza vaccine to children &gt;2 years of age.
Assessing Children’s Heart Sounds at a Distance With Digital Recordings
Authors: Finley John P. , Warren Andrew E. , Sharratt Geoffrey P. , Amit Minoli 
Published: December 2006

OBJECTIVE. The objective of this study was to assess whether computer-stored digital sound recordings can be used to distinguish innocent from pathologic systolic murmurs.METHODS. Recordings of 55 children aged 1 month to 19 years were made remotely with the use of a digital stethoscope and were e-mailed to a computer in our center for later assessment. Eight-second recordings were made by a physician in 2 to 4 locations on the chest. Three cardiologists who were blinded to the diagnosis reviewed the recordings independently using stethophones to assess the splitting of the second heart sound and whether murmurs were innocent or pathologic. Diagnoses were confirmed with echocardiography.RESULTS. Seventeen children had innocent murmurs and 38 had pathologic murmurs. For the 3 cardiologists, sensitivity was 0.87 to 1.0, specificity was 0.82 to 0.88, negative predictive value was 0.75 to 1.0, and positive predictive value was 0.93 to 0.95. Assessment of splitting of second heart sound was highly accurate.CONCLUSIONS. Digital recordings of children’s heart sounds allow reliable differentiation between innocent and pathologic murmurs. Use of this technology may allow remote diagnosis of childhood murmurs and avoid the expense and stress of travel to pediatric cardiology centers for some children. Cardiologists who use recordings should assess their diagnostic accuracy before clinical application.
Tracking Trichophyton tonsurans Through a Large Urban Child Care Center: Defining Infection Prevalence and Transmission Patterns by Molecular Strain Typing
Authors: Abdel-Rahman Susan M. , Simon Steve , Wright Krista J. , Ndjountche Liliane , Gaedigk Andrea 
Published: December 2006

OBJECTIVES. Trichophyton tonsurans is the single most common cause of pediatric dermatophytoses in North America and is observed with increasing frequency in other countries. This investigation was designed to gain insight into the natural course of T tonsurans infection.
PATIENTS AND METHODS. This 2-year prospective, longitudinal study evaluated all preschool-aged children attending a single child care center. Scalp cultures were collected monthly from each child in attendance, and the presence of disease symptoms recorded at each visit. Dermatophyte genotype was assigned based on the combination of stable sequence variations (2 length variants, 8 single-nucleotide polymorphisms, a 10-base pair insertion, a 14-base pair deletion) present in 2 gene loci.
RESULTS. A total of 3541 scalp cultures were collected from 446 children during 24 months. Twenty-two percent to 51% of scalp cultures per month were positive, contributing 1390 fungal cultures of which 1048 were typeable. Among children with multiple typeable isolates, 51% exclusively carried the same strain, 37% demonstrated a single predominant strain with secondary strains transiently acquired, and 12% harbored a different strain of T tonsurans with each typeable culture. The probability that the same strain persisted in subsequent months was 0.898 and unlikely to have arisen by chance. Rates of symptomatic disease were significantly different between exclusive, predominant, and transient carriers of T tonsurans.
CONCLUSIONS. In contrast to dermatophyte infections in older individuals, where symptomatic disease seems to be a consequence of pathogen acquisition and carriers can be traced to an index case, in this preschool-aged population infection was endemic, and symptomatic disease seemed to represent activation of a single strain that persisted on the scalp.
A Logistic Regression Model for Predicting the Upstream Extent of Fish Occurrence Based on Geographical Information Systems Data
Authors: Fransen Brian R. , Duke Steven D. , McWethy L. Guy , Walter Jason K. , Bilby Robert E. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Regulations governing human activities in streams and riparian zones frequently differ depending on whether or not a stream reach supports fish. Fish presence or absence is usually determined by sampling or by assuming the presence of fish if the stream exhibits certain physical characteristics. Field surveys of fish occurrence in streams are time consuming and expensive. Inference of fish presence from simple thresholds of physical attributes, such as gradient or channel width alone, is inaccurate. We attempted to improve the accuracy and efficiency of this determination by developing a geographical information systems (GIS)-based predictive model. A 10-m digital elevation model incorporated field data on fish distribution from 517 streams in western Washington State and GIS-derived representations of the physical characteristics of stream networks. A model predicting the upstream extent of fish occurrence was derived using logistic regression models coupled with a heuristic “stopping rule.” Candidate variables included stream gradient, upstream basin area, elevation, and mean annual precipitation. When assessed against independent survey data, 91.9% of the occupied fish habitat was correctly classified by the model. Errors were generally small, but occasional large errors did occur and were most frequently associated with barriers to fish movement. Smaller errors occurred in marginal habitats, streams of low topographic relief, and streams that originated from headwater ponds. Use of this type of model, coupled with targeted field survey in areas most likely to be associated with model error, would greatly improve the efficiency and accuracy of current classification schemes.
Emigration of Fish from Two South Carolina Cooling Reservoirs
Authors: Paller M. H. , Fletcher D. E. , Standora M. M. , Grabowski T. B. , Jones T. A. , Dyer S. A. , Isely J. J. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
We assessed fish escapement from two South Carolina reservoirs, Par Pond and L Lake, from spring 2002 through summer 2003. Escapement was greatest in the spring and early summer, with lake chubsucker Erimyzon sucetta dominating the escapement catch in early spring and several sunfishes Lepomis spp. dominating in late spring and early summer. Most of the escaping centrarchids were bluegill L. macrochirus, warmouth L. gulosus, and redbreast sunfish L. auritus in L Lake and warmouths, bluegills, dollar sunfish L. marginatus, and spotted sunfish L. punctatus in Par Pond. Escapement was enhanced by high reservoir water levels and surface discharge over the spillway. Escapement declined during periods of hypolimnetic release from bottom discharge gates. Location of the Par Pond discharge structure in the littoral zone rather than the pelagic zone as in L Lake contributed to greater escapement of littoral species in Par Pond. Species composition in the escapement catches and reservoirs was not significantly correlated. Relatively low escapement from L Lake and Par Pond compared with that in other reservoirs may have been related to the configuration of the discharge structures, low water levels during 2002, fish habitat preferences, species composition and abundance in the reservoirs, and low rates of discharge.
Linking Angling Catch Rates and Fish Learning under Catch-and-Release Regulations
Authors: Askey Paul J. , Richards Shane A. , Post John R. , Parkinson Eric A. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Many recreational fisheries are subject to varying degrees of catch-and-release fishing through regulations and conservation-minded anglers. Clearly, releasing a proportion of the catch improves conservation of the fishery, yet it is not clear how the released catch contributes to angling quality. If fish change their behavior to lower their individual catchability after they have been caught, then angler catch rates may not be proportional to fish density. Therefore, even catch-and-release fisheries could exhibit poor angling quality if there is sufficiently high angler effort. We tested this idea by experimentally fishing five small lakes that contained rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss in the interior of British Columbia. We found that with sustained effort of 8 angler-hours · d−1 · ha−1 and complete release of the catch, catch rates quickly dropped within 7–10 d. Given the individual capture histories of tagged fish, the most parsimonious catchability model incorporated learning and heterogeneity into intrinsic catchability. The best-fit parameter values suggest that the population contained a group of highly catchable fish that were quickly caught and then learned to avoid hooks. There was a seasonal decrease in catchability that was independent of angling; however, it was not sufficient to explain the data. Our results indicate that catch rates may decline because of high angling effort even when the number of fish remains constant. Therefore, management goals that go beyond conservation issues and attempt to maximize angler satisfaction must account for effort density on a recreational fishery.
Laboratory and Field Evidence for Structural Habitat Affinity of Young‐of‐the‐Year Lingcod
Authors: Petrie Megan E. , Ryer Clifford H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractLingcod Ophiodon elongatus are an overexploited fisheries species in the Pacific Northwest. Although there has been extensive study of the habitat requirements of adults, particularly during spawning, relatively little is known about the habitat requirements of juveniles. Many juvenile fish use structural components of habitat to alleviate the risk of predation as well as for foraging. Laboratory experiments and a field tagging study were performed to investigate habitat preference in juvenile lingcod. Initial laboratory experiments demonstrated an affinity for structure (rock, shell, or seagrass) over bare sand habitats. An acoustic tagging study conducted in Yaquina Bay, Oregon, corroborated the basic habitat preferences seen in laboratory experiments. Juvenile lingcod showed a high degree of site fidelity, remaining in discreet areas of significant structural complexity, as evidenced by underwater video of benthic habitat. Results from both laboratory and field studies establish that juvenile lingcod preferentially use structurally complex habitats. With this information, we can start to identify what constitutes essential fish habitat for juveniles of this important fisheries species.