bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Moisture diffusivity and water activity of part‐baked bread at above and sub‐freezing temperatures
Authors: Hamdami Nasser , Monteau Jean‐Yves , Bail Alain Le 
Published: October 2005

SummaryAccurate values of the effective moisture diffusivity and water activity of foodstuffs are necessary in order to study mass transfer and the weight loss during freezing. This work focuses on the evaluation of the effective moisture diffusivity of part‐baked bread and its crumb and crust and of the water activity of the part‐baked bread crust. The effective diffusivities have been estimated by analyses of drying data on the bread and crumb samples. They were related to the temperature by the Arrhénius relationship. Water activity was experimentally determined at positive temperatures. Experimental data were modelled by the Guggenheim–Anderson–de Boer (GAB) model and a model deduced from the Clausius–Clapeyron equation. The results predicted by the Arrhénius and GAB models showed a good agreement with the experimental values. Finally, the moisture diffusivity and water activity in the subzero domain were obtained by extrapolation using an Arrhénius model and a GAB model, respectively.
The microbial safety of strawberry and raspberry fruits packaged in high‐oxygen and equilibrium‐modified atmospheres compared to air storage
Authors: Siro István , Devlieghere Frank , Jacxsens Liesbeth , Uyttendaele Mieke , Debevere Johan 
Published: October 2005

SummaryMicrobial safety of strawberry and raspberry fruits was assessed after shelf‐life extension by two new packaging systems, high‐oxygen atmospheres (HOA) and equilibrium‐modified atmospheres (EMA), in combination with an ethylene absorbing film. Both fruits had a shelf‐life of 3 days at 7 °C when macroperforated films were used. Strawberry fruits were acceptable for 5 days in both packages, raspberries had a shelf‐life of 7 and 5 days when using EMA and HOA respectively. Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes were artificially inoculated onto packaged fruits. All were able to survive on packaged fruits stored at 7 °C. Raspberries showed an enhanced inactivation of Salmonella during storage time in both types of packaging. Growth of L. monocytogenes was observed on the calyx of strawberries after the end of the established shelf‐life. Generally, increasing the shelf‐life of the fruits with EMA and HOA did not give an increased microbial risk.
Effects of cooking methods on chlorophylls, pheophytins and colour of selected green vegetables
Authors: Turkmen Nihal , Poyrazoglu Ender Sinan , Sari Ferda , Sedat Velioglu Y. 
Published: October 2005

SummaryThe effect of microwave and conventional cooking methods on chlorophyll pigments and colour properties of squash, green beans, peas, leek, broccoli and spinach were studied, by HPLC and colorimetry, respectively. In five of six vegetables, chlorophyll a was found more heat resistant compared with chlorophyll b, except in peas. Chlorophylls in peas were retained to the 80–90%, the highest in all vegetables evaluated. Chlorophylls were retained to 19–100%, depending on the vegetable type and cooking method. Pheophytins increased in all vegetables after cooking. Highest chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b losses were observed in boiled leek while microwaved peas and boiled peas retained the most chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, respectively. Pheophytin a and pheophytin b formation was highest at boiled squash and boiled green beans, which were fifty‐ninefold and twenty‐onefold compared with fresh ones, respectively. Most of the pheophytin formations occurred in boiled and the least in microwaved vegetables. Surface colour changed depending on the type of vegetable and cooking method.
Effect of extrusion process on the antioxidant activity and total phenolics in a nutritious snack food
Authors: O˝zer Emir Ayşe , Herken Emine Nur , Güzel Salih , Ainsworth Paul , İbanoğlu Şenol 
Published: October 2005

SummaryThe effect of screw speed (220–340 rpm), moisture content of the feed (11.0–15.0%, wet base) and feed rate (22.0–26.0 kg h−1, wet base) on the total antioxidant capacity (TAA) and concentration of total phenolics (TP) in a nutritionally balanced extruded snack were investigated. Regression equations describing the effect of each variable on the responses were obtained. Results indicated that screw speed, moisture content of the feed and feed rate had an effect on the TAA values of the samples at 95% confidence interval (CI). The interaction between the three factors was also found to be significant at 95% CI for TAA values. Extrusion conditions applied in this study did not change the TP values in the samples. The TAA value of samples decreased with an increase in screw speed and decrease in moisture content.
Oral hygiene care for residents with dementia: a literature review
Authors: Chalmers Jane , Pearson Alan 
Published: October 2005

Aim.  This paper presents a literature review of oral hygiene care for adults with dementia in residential aged care facilities, including evidence for: (1) prevalence, incidence, experiences and increments of oral diseases; (2) use of assessment tools to evaluate residents’ oral health; (3) preventive oral hygiene care strategies; and (4) provision of dental treatment.Background.  The impact of dementia on residential care is ever‐increasing and regular oral hygiene care provision is challenging for cognitively impaired residents. Although an abundance of oral hygiene care recommendations for older people have been published, the supporting evidence has not been clearly delineated.Methods.  A review was conducted of English language publications (1980–2002), using a two‐step approach (keyword electronic database search, supplemented with secondary search of cited references). All 306 selected articles were critically reviewed and systematically categorized.Results.  Evidence confirmed clinicians’ observations of poor oral health in older residents with dementia. Possible risk factors identified were: salivary dysfunction, polypharmacy, medical conditions, swallowing and dietary problems, functional dependence, oral hygiene care assistance and poor use of dental care. One comprehensive, reliable and validated oral assessment screening tool for residents with dementia had been published. Expert opinion indicated that oral assessment screening by staff and a dentist would be ideal at admission and regularly thereafter. Clinicians and researchers suggested that oral hygiene care strategies were effective in preventing oral diseases and appropriate for residents with dementia.Conclusion.  These literature review findings supported the use of oral assessment screening tools by staff and efficacious preventive oral hygiene care strategies/products for adults with dementia in residential care facilities. Further research with this population is needed to develop and validate oral assessment tools and staff education programmes, trial preventive oral hygiene care strategies/products and trial dementia‐focused behaviour management and communication strategies.
Modelling the Hypothalamic Control of Growth Hormone Secretion
Authors: MacGregor D. J. , Leng G. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractHere, we construct a mathematical model of the hypothalamic systems that control the secretion of growth hormone (GH). The work extends a recent model of the pituitary GH system, adding representations of the hypothalamic GH‐releasing hormone (GHRH) and somatostatin neurones, each modelled as a single synchronised unit. An unpatterned stochastic input drives the GHRH neurones generating pulses of GHRH release that trigger GH pulses. Delayed feedback from GH results in increased somatostatin release, which inhibits both GH secretion and GHRH release, producing an overall pattern of 3‐h pulses of GH secretion that is very similar to the secretory profile observed in male rats. Rather than directly stimulating somatostatin release, GH feedback triggers a priming effect, increasing releasable stores of somatostatin. Varying this priming effect to reduce the effect of GH can reproduce the less pulsatile form of GH release observed in the female rat. The model behaviour is tested by comparison with experimental observations with a range of different experimental protocols involving GHRH injections and somatostatin and GH infusion.
A comparative study of two antimicrobial/anti‐inflammatory formulations in the treatment of canine otitis externa
Authors: ROUGIER SANDRINE , BORELL DANIELA , PHEULPIN SANDRINE , WOEHRLÉ FRÉDÉRIQUE , BOISRAMÉ BERNARD 
Published: October 2005

Abstract  The efficacy and tolerability of a marbofloxacin‐clotrimazole‐dexamethasone otic suspension (MCD) was compared with a standard topical treatment using a phase III clinical trial protocol. In a total of 140 dogs with clinical signs of acute or subacute otitis externa, Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas, Enterobacteriaceae and Malassezia were isolated from samples taken at inclusion to identify the causative pathogen; a further sample was collected in the event of failure or relapse, and from dogs (at day 14) for which Pseudomonas species had been isolated at inclusion. One group received MCD (10 drops per affected ear) once daily and a second received Surolan® (containing polymyxin B, miconazole and prednisolone) (5 drops per affected ear), twice daily. Each group received treatment for 7 or 14 days according to the clinical outcome on day 7. Efficacy and tolerability were evaluated on days 7, 14 and, if necessary, 28 for dogs treated for 14 days. The trial demonstrated equivalence of both treatments in terms of efficacy, with a cure rate of 58.3% for MCD and 41.2% for Surolan®. Both medications were equally well tolerated by dogs, but MCD was superior in terms of pain relief, decrease in pus quantity and smell, response rate and investigator's assessment on day 14.
Sex‐Difference in The Ossification Rate of The Appendicular Skeleton in Capra pyrenaica Schinz, 1838, and Its Utility in The Sex Identification of Long Bones
Authors: Serrano E. , Pérez J. M. , Christiansen P. , Gállego L. 
Published: October 2005

SummaryThe main goal of our work is to quantify differences in the rate of ossification in post‐cranial Iberian ibex skeletons, related to sex. Another objective is to improve criteria for assessing the sex of post‐cranial bones by combining the degree of ossification of the distal epiphysis and biometrical data. Forty Capra pyrenaica skeletons were examined in order to determine the degree of ossification by means of an Ossification Index. Our results evidence that sexual differences in the rate of ossification become visible at 6 months of age. On average, females complete their bone development 2 years before males do. Finally, by means of lineal classification functions which take into account both biometrical and anatomical criteria, we can achieve, in average, a 95.5% of correct sex discrimination within a sample consisting of ibex metacarpi and metatarsi from individuals aging from <1 to 12 years. Therefore, we conclude that the rhythm of ossification in the post‐cranial skeleton of C. pyrenaica may be used as a criterion for assessing the sex of skeletal remains and could be applicable to other dimorphic ungulates. Nevertheless, the results obtained for specimens belonging to a particular population may have limited application to other populations with different medium sizes and living at particular densities within habitats with variable quality.
Corticotropin‐Releasing Factor Immunoreactivity Increases in the Cerebellar Climbing Fibers in the Novel Ataxic Mutant Mouse, Pogo
Authors: Jeong Y. G. , Chung S. H. , Kim C. T. , Kim K. H. , Han S. Y. , Hyun B. H. , Lee N. S. , Sawada K. , Won M. H. , Fukui Y. 
Published: October 2005

SummaryThe ataxic pogo mouse (pogo/pogo) is a novel neurological mutant, which was derived as an inbred strain (KJR/MsKist) from a Korean wild mouse. The pathological manifestations include a difficulty in maintaining a normal posture, the failure of inter‐limb coordination and an inability to walk straight. In this study, we examined the distribution of corticotropin‐releasing factor (CRF) immunoreactive cerebellar climbing fibres and their projections to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactive Purkinje cells in the cerebellum of the pogo mutant mouse using immunohistochemistry. In the pogo/pogo mouse, a subset of climbing fibres was stained more intensely for CRF than in the control. Moreover, ataxic pogo mouse, neurons of the inferior olivary nucleus projecting climbing fibres were also more intensely stained for CRF than in the control. In the pogo/pogo mouse, TH immunoreactivity was located in the Purkinje cells, whereas no TH expression was found in the control. Double immunostaining for CRF and TH in the pogo/pogo cerebellum revealed that the distribution of TH‐immunoreactive Purkinje cells corresponded to terminal fields of CRF‐immunoreactive climbing fibres but not to the CRF‐immunoreactive mossy fibres. Therefore, we suggest that an increase of CRF level may alter the function of targeted Purkinje cells and that it is related to the ataxic phenotype in the pogo mutant mouse.
Crohn's disease in mainland China: a systematic analysis of 50 years of research
Authors: ZHENG Jia Ju , ZHU Xia Shuang , HUANGFU Zhao , GAO Zhi Xin , GUO Zhi Rong , WANG Zhen 
Published: October 2005

BACKGROUND:  Crohn's disease appears to be increasing in frequency in many areas of the world. However, little information with regard to disease incidence, prevalence and temporal trends has been published in China.OBJECTIVE:  The aim of this review is to better understand the occurrence of Crohn's disease in mainland China, and to give an overview of the current status of the disease.METHODS:  We used a computer‐based literature search using 50‐years of records from the Chinese Database of Biology and Medicine (CBM, 1979–2002), combined with a manual year‐by‐year search of the literature from 1950 to 1979. Each article was double‐reviewed, and all descriptive epidemiological data were recorded, pooled and statistically analyzed.RESULTS:  In total, 1526 cases of Crohn's disease since 1950 have been reported by more than 50 hospitals from 22 provinces and cities in mainland China, comprising 884 male and 642 female patients, with a 1.38:1 male predominance. More than 70% of patients were aged 20 to 50 years old, with a mean age of 37.2 ± 2.68 (ranging from 1 to 83) years. The extrapolated disease incidence and prevalence rates are 0.28/100 000 person years and 1.38/100 000 persons, respectively.CONCLUSIONS:  The incidence and prevalence rates of Crohn's disease are still lower than those in Western and other Asian countries, but these rates have been increasing rapidly, and the disease is no longer uncommon. An underestimation may occur because the patients who were misdiagnosed or did not seek medical advice could not be included in the study. A future population‐based survey is warranted.
Fat food for a bad mood. Could we treat and prevent depression in Type 2 diabetes by means of ω‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids? A review of the evidence
Authors: Pouwer F. , Nijpels G. , Beekman A. T. , Dekker J. M. , van Dam R. M. , Heine R. J. , Snoek F. J. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractAims  Evidence strongly suggests that depression is a common complication of Type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, there is considerable room to improve the effectiveness of pharmacological antidepressant agents, as in only 50–60% of the depressed subjects with diabetes does pharmacotherapy lead to remission of depression. The aim of the present paper was to review whether polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) of the ω‐3 family could be used for the prevention and treatment of depression in Type 2 diabetes.Methods  MEDLINE database and published reference lists were used to identify studies that examined the associations between ω‐3 PUFA and depression. To examine potential side‐effects, such as on glycaemic control, studies regarding the use of ω‐3 supplements in Type 2 diabetes were also reviewed.Results  Epidemiological and clinical studies suggest that a high intake of ω‐3 PUFA protects against the development of depression. There is also some evidence that a low intake of ω‐3 is associated with an increased risk of Type 2 diabetes, but the results are less conclusive. Results from randomized controlled trials in non‐diabetic subjects with major depression show that eicosapentaenoic acid is an effective adjunct treatment of depression in diabetes, while docosahexanoic acid is not. Moreover, consumption of ω‐3 PUFA reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease and may therefore indirectly decrease depression in Type 2 diabetes, via the reduction of cardiovascular complications.Conclusions  Supplementation with ω‐3 PUFA, in particular eicosapentaenoic acid, may be a safe and helpful tool to reduce the incidence of depression and to treat depression in Type 2 diabetes. Further studies are now justified to test these hypotheses in patients with Type 2 diabetes.
Diabetes screening anxiety and beliefs
Authors: Skinner T. C. , Davies M. J. , Farooqi A. M. , Jarvis J. , Tringham J. R. , Khunti K. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractAims  This study assesses the impact of screening for diabetes on anxiety levels in an ethnically mixed population in the UK, and explores whether beliefs about Type 2 diabetes account for these anxiety levels.Methods  This cross‐sectional study recruited individuals who were identified at high risk of developing diabetes through general practitioners’ (GPs) lists or through public media recruitment. Participants completed an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Between blood tests, participants completed the Spielberger State Anxiety Scale Short Form, the Emotional Stability Scale of the Big Five Inventory 44 and three scales from the Diabetes Illness Representations Questionnaire, revised for this study.Results  Of the 1339 who completed the OGTT and questionnaire booklet, 54% were female, with 21% from an Asian background. Forty‐five per cent of participants reported little to moderate amounts of anxiety at screening (mean 35.2; sd = 11.6). There was no significant effect of family history of diabetes, ethnic group or recruitment method on anxiety. The only variable significantly associated (negatively) with anxiety was the personality trait of emotional stability. Of responders, 64% and 61% agreed that diabetes was caused by diet or hereditary factors, respectively. Only 155 individuals (12%) agreed that diabetes was serious, shortens life and causes complications.Conclusions  The results of this study replicate that of previous studies, indicating that screening for diabetes does not induce significant anxiety. Bivariate analysis indicated that individuals who perceived diabetes to be serious, life shortening and resulting in complications had higher anxiety scores, the personality trait of emotional stability being the strongest predictor of anxiety.
Coronary flow reserve, insulin resistance and blood pressure response to standing in patients with normoglycaemia: is there a relationship?
Authors: Nemes A. , Lengyel C. , Forster T*. , Várkonyi T. T. , Takács R. , Nagy I. , Kempler P. , Lonovics J. , Csanády M. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractAims  To establish the relationships between coronary flow reserve, cardiovascular autonomic function, and insulin resistance characterized by the homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance score in patients with normal carbohydrate metabolism according to the World Health Organization (WHO) and American Diabetes Association (ADA) criteria, and with morphologically normal epicardial coronary arteries.Methods  Twenty‐five patients [12 women and 13 men, mean (sd) age: 53 ± 11 years] with normal coronary angiography were enrolled into the study. Coronary flow reserve was measured during stress transoesophageal echocardiography. Autonomic dysfunction was assessed by means of five standard cardiovascular reflex tests. The fasting serum glucose and insulin levels were determined and the homeostasis assessment model insulin resistance score was calculated.Results  In patients with normal carbohydrate metabolism, negative correlations were observed between the coronary flow reserve and both the serum insulin level (r = −0.445, P = 0.026) and the homeostasis assessment model insulin resistance score (r = −0.449, P = 0.024). The systolic blood pressure response to standing also correlated with the coronary flow reserve (r = −0.519, P = 0.011). The heart rate response to deep breathing, the Valsalva ratio, the 30/15 ratio and the sustained handgrip test results were not correlated with the coronary flow reserve.Conclusions  Our data suggest the possible role of insulin resistance and early sympathetic nerve dysfunction in the development of decreased coronary flow reserve in patients without diabetes mellitus or impaired glucose tolerance.
Is pregnancy a risk factor for microvascular complications? The EURODIAB Prospective Complications Study
Authors: Vérier‐Mine O. , Chaturvedi N. , Webb D. , Fuller J. H. ,   The EURODIAB Prospective Complications Study Group
Published: October 2005

AbstractAims  To examine the long‐term influence of pregnancy on the development and progression of microvascular complications in Type 1 diabetes.Methods  In the EURODIAB Prospective Complications Study (PCS), 793 women potentially child bearing at baseline completed the follow‐up (7.3 years) and 163 (21%) gave birth during the follow‐up period. We compared risk factors [mean levels of age, duration of diabetes, HbA1c, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and proportion giving birth] between those that did or did not develop microvascular complications during the follow‐up period.Results  For the 425 childless women at baseline, 102 gave birth during follow‐up. HbA1c was a significant risk factor for progression to microalbuminuria but age, duration of diabetes, systolic blood pressure or giving birth were not. Duration of diabetes and high HbA1c were significant risk factors for progression to proliferative retinopathy, whereas giving birth was not. Similar results were obtained for progression to any form of retinopathy. Giving birth was not significantly related to the incidence of neuropathy. Similar results were obtained for women with children at baseline giving birth during follow‐up (n = 61/368).Conclusions  In this European study, having a first or another pregnancy did not seem to be a risk factor for long‐term progression of any microvascular complication. This is in accordance with the findings of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT).