bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Calcium concretions in the interstitial tissues of the Australian freshwater mussel
Hyridella depressa
(Hyriidae)
Authors: Byrne Maria 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

The Australian freshwater mussel
Hyridella depressa
(Lamarck, 1819) has extensive deposits of calcium phosphate granules in its interstitial connective tissues. The structure, distribution and elemental profile of these granules were documented by light and electron microscopy. For the elemental study, granules in cryo-prepared mantle tissue were examined by X-ray microanalysis. The granules were bright orange and formed a conspicuous cover over the mantle and palps, and were also abundant in the visceral mass. By contrast, they were not common in the gills and foot. The granules were typically distributed in discrete clusters and, in places, dominated the tissue space. Iron was a particularly important component of the granules and may account for their colour. The granules also contained other common elements, including Mg, Mn and Al, and trace elements, including Cu, Zn and Pb. Considering the important position of the Hyriidae in understanding the evolution and phylogeny of the Unionoida, emphasis was placed on comparison of the calcium granules of
H. depressa
to those in the Margaritiferidae and Unionidae. Granule distribution in
H. depressa
was most similar to that described for margaratiferids and contrasted with that described for unionids. The impressive capacity to accumulate extensive calcium deposits in their tissues is a unique feature of the Unionoida, but the rationale underlying production of these excess calcium stores is not understood. It is suggested that the granules may be a by-product of biomineralization processes in the Unionoida associated with the highly efficient calcium uptake system these bivalves evolved in conjunction with colonization of freshwater environments.
Teranota
and its implications on anomalodesmatan phylogeny
Authors: Rogalla Nicole S. , Amler Michael R. W. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

Bedded carbonaceous siltstones from the Buechel Subformation of the Bergisch-Gladbach-Paffrath Syncline, Germany, of Middle Devonian (Middle Givetian) age have yielded a remarkable sample of extremely elongated, articulated bivalves preserved in life orientation. The specimens are associated with a single left valve embedded horizontally in the bedding plane and further isolated but articulated shells. Combining the information given by the specimens and the palaeobiological interpretations allows the reconstruction of the complete morphology and probable life habits. The very distinct morphological features led to the erection of a new taxon,
Teranota ebbighauseni
Rogalla & Amler, 2000, provoking discussion on habitats, life habits and evolutionary trends in anomalodesmatan bivalves. A combination of characters typical of the orthonotids and the modiomorphids, as well as the preserved life position at an angle of some 60–70° relative to the bedding plane, suggests that these specimens were part of a minor branch off the main evolutionary lineages within the Anomalodesmata. It is proposed that these animals represent a convergent line of endobenthic bivalves distantly related to true siphonate forms.
Size: all it’s shaped up to be? Evolution of shape through the lifespan of the Cenozoic bivalve
Spissatella
(Crassatellidae)
Authors: Crampton James S. , Maxwell Phillip A. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

Outline shape is a key morphological character of infaunal bivalves that reflects both phylogenetic history and function. A new method of Fourier shape analysis has been used here to study the evolution of shape and size in the Cenozoic genus
Spissatella
(Crassatellidae), using material from New Zealand. The Fourier method can be used to construct a map of morphological ‘geography’, to generate synthetic average or extreme morphologies, and to visualize marginal growth fields and allometries. The results demonstrate that growth in
Spissatella
was strongly allometric and that differences between individual growth stages are commonly far greater than evolutionary changes in shape spanning 20 Ma. In all taxa, allometry was dominated by the relative elongation of the posterior margin with growth, an inferred functional adaptation for life in relatively high-energy environments. Heterochrony was the dominant evolutionary mechanism and, following an initial peramorphic expansion into morphospace, both paedomorphosis and peramorphosis probably occurred in approximately equal proportions. In general, it is not possible to decouple patterns of shape and size evolution. The data reveal no directional trends in evolution of these traits. The ontogenetic pathway followed by
Spissatella
may be a key genus-level taxonomic character and apparently represents a developmental constraint that largely controlled evolution within the genus.
Diversity, growth forms and taphonomy: key factors controlling the fabric of coralline algae dominated shelf carbonates
Authors: Nebelsick James H. , Bassi Davide 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The fabric of biogenic carbonate sediments can be differentiated (1) with respect to diversity of constituent components, (2) using features pertaining to their growth forms and (3) upon consideration of taphonomic aspects. These not only determine limestone fabrics, but also form the basis for facies differentiation and palaeoecological interpretation.
This study is based on coralline algae dominated Lower Oligocene shelf carbonates from northern Slovenia from which seven facies (nummulitic, bivalve, foraminiferal-coralline algal, coralline algal, coralline algal-coral, coral and grainstone) are differentiated. The role of diversity, growth forms and taphonomy of coralline algae in each facies is discussed. Nine species from seven genera of coralline algae including geniculates and non-geniculates were recognized. Numerous different growth forms ranging from crusts, protuberances, lamellae to arborescent types are present. A wide range of taphonomic features including disarticulation, encrustation, fragmentation and abrasion can be observed.
The determination of diversity is dependent on taxonomic identification using preserved diagnostic characters relevant to palaeontological and botanical systematics. Growth-form determination in thin section is influenced by orientation and sectioning effects. The taphonomy of red algae is highly dependent on initial growth form and the specific environment in which they are found. A number of taphonomic processes described in Recent environments (e.g. disease, shallow grazing) cannot be ascertained in fossil material, while others are readily observable. Some taphonomic processes are detrimental (e.g. fragmentation, abrasion) to the preservation and recognition of vegetative and growth-form features, while others have positive effects (e.g. encrustation).
Factors regulating the development of elevator rudist congregations
Authors: Gili Eulàlia , Skelton Peter W. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Upper Cretaceous carbonate platform deposits show a widespread development of distinctive lenticular to tabular bodies of rock (lithosomes) formed by congregations of upright tubular (‘elevator’) rudist bivalves. Here we discuss the factors that regulated the initiation, consolidation and termination of such lithosomes, based on examples in the Santonian of the southern Central Pyrenees.
In the study area, rudist congregations developed between phases of sediment influx from neighbouring source areas. For the initiation of settlement, sedimentation rate evidently had to be very low or nil. The first rudist settlers both provided more hard substrates for subsequent recruitment, and fuelled the in situ formation of bioclastic sediment, leading to the embedding and consolidation of the congregation (both positive feedbacks to establishment). Thereafter, rudist density correlated with inferred sediment destabilization at the benthic boundary layer, which in turn affected rudist recruitment. Thus, successful rudist larval settlement declined with increasing numerical density of individuals in the congregation — a crucial negative feedback mechanism. The density of the rudist congregations could then have been maintained at more or less the same level through time by this stabilizing process. Finally, development of the rudist congregations ceased with progressive shallowing, usually involving reworking of their upper parts and/or burial by renewed influxes of sediment.
Geochemistry and provenance of Devono-Carboniferous volcano-sedimentary sequences from the Southern Vosges Basin and the geodynamic implications for the western Moldanubian Zone
Authors: Eisele Jürgen , Gertisser Ralf , Montenari Michael 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

The Southern Vosges host a volcano-sedimentary basin subdivided into a Lower Unit of Late Devonian age containing marine greywackes associated with bimodal volcanism, a marine Middle Unit (of Early Carboniferous age) and a terrestrial Upper Unit (of Late Carboniferous age), both accompanied by volcanism of intermediate to evolved composition. Petrographically and geochemically, sediments from the Lower Unit are characterized by mafic volcanic, sedimentary and metamorphic components and a positive Cr-Ni anomaly. A negative Nb anomaly weakens in the Middle and Upper Units. These units are dominated by intermediate to felsic volcanic detritus, and exhibit an enrichment in incompatible trace elements and disappearance of the Cr-Ni anomaly. The facies and composition of the volcano-sedimentary sequences indicate that an extensional basin existed in Late Devonian time (
c.
360 Ma). Subduction-related volcanism and successive closure of the basin occurred in the Lower Carboniferous (
c.
330 to
c.
325 Ma). Sedimentation graded from flysch into molasse in Late Carboniferous time, where terrestrial conditions indicate that continental collision had occurred. The volcanism reported here coincides with arc magmatism in the Mid-German Crystalline High and closure of the Rheno-Hercynian Ocean, which was possibly responsible for the geodynamic evolution of the Southern Vosges Basin.
Depositional and structural setting of the (?)Lower Old Red Sandstone sediments of Ballymastocker, Co. Donegal
Authors: McSherry M. , Parnell J. , Leslie A. G. , Haggan T. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Approximately 250 m of unfossiliferous sediments attributed to the Old Red Sandstone outcrop onshore at Ballymastocker, Donegal in northwest Ireland. Massive sandstones and trough cross-bedded sandstones pass upwards into coarse purple-brown basal conglomerates. The majority of the clast types, which include quartzite, marble, pelite, schist, vein quartz and metadolerite, are derived from the local Dalradian basement. Acid to intermediate porphyry clasts have no local source and may indicate a source to the northeast in the vicinity of the Devonian Lorne Plateau volcanic rocks in Argyll. The rocks are believed to represent an intermontane alluvial fan environment. The sediments occur in an outcrop of 3 km length against the northern flank of Knockalla Mountain, bounded to the southeast by the NE-SW-trending Caledonian Leannan Fault and resting on fractured Argyll Group Dalradian basement. No unconformable contact is observed and all contacts may be tectonic. Coarsening-up cycles within the sediments may reflect syn-sedimentary tectonic activity. The Devonian rocks are transected by a fracture system implying dextral transpressional activity on the Leannan Fault. The Dalradian basement rocks preserve evidence of sinistral strike-slip movement in late Caledonian times. Slickenfibres observed within the sediments and Dalradian rocks provide evidence for oblique dip-slip movement to the northwest. It is considered that these structures represent the last movement of the ORS basin, dropping it below denudation level, which resulted in its preservation. Movement along the Leannan Fault played a major role in the preservation of the offshore basins in the Islay-Donegal Platform region.
Palaeoenvironment of the plant bearing horizons of the Devonian-Carboniferous Kiltorcan Formation, Kiltorcan Hill, Co. Kilkenny, Ireland
Authors: Jarvis D. E. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The environment of deposition of the plant-bearing horizons of the Devonian-Carboniferous Kiltorcan Formation in Co. Kilkenny is poorly known. Previous studies suggested a possible lacustrine palaeoenvironment with plant material being swept in and fluvial conditions. Reinvestigation of the plant-rich localities on Kiltorcan Hill using both sedimentological facies and palynofacies suggests that there were high-sinuosity streams carrying fine-grained sediments with the plant fossils preserved on point bars, and marginal back-swamp conditions with plant material deposited close to the growth site.
Sedimentology, cyclicity and floodplain architecture in the Lower Old Red Sandstone of SW Wales
Authors: Love Susan E. , Williams Brian P. J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The high-quality, laterally continuous coastal exposures of the Moor Cliffs Formation have allowed a highly detailed 2D reconstruction of the floodplain sediments and their contained pedogenic horizons to be made. The thick siltstone packages were actively deposited as finely laminated and rippled sheets, or as intraformational clasts forming larger bedforms. It is proposed that the unusual sediment geometries preserved are intimately related to the timing of land plant colonization of the Old Red Sandstone continent. Channels were extremely broad with low relief and flow over interfluvial areas was common. Evidence for ephemerality and regular desiccation is also closely related to the lack of rooted vegetation and not to palaeoclimate, which is postulated to be warm and seasonally wet. The low net sandstone (<10%) fluvial sediments are the product of deposition by shallow, high width to depth fluvial ‘channels’ flanked by broad, low-relief silty plains on which Vertisols formed. The reconstructions of this fluvial system reveal distinctive and systematic vertical and lateral variations in floodplain architecture and palaeosol development. Pedogenic maturity consistently increases with distance both vertically and laterally from channels. The vertical patterns of palaeosol development and maturity suggest that autocyclic processes of aggradation and avulsion predominated.
Introduction
Authors: Hart Malcolm B. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
In recent years media attention has focused on global climate change and the impacts on the human experience that this may cause. This interest has stimulated earth scientists into a re-appraisal of the rates of change seen in the geological record and which, for years, had been taken for granted. Climatic modelling and other palaeoclimate assessments have reversed the geological adage that the ‘present is the key to the past’ into ‘the past may be the key to the future’. This renewed interest was the driving force behind the European Palaeontological Association’s Congress in Vienna.
Palaeoclimatic evolution in the Miocene from the Transylvanian Depression reflected in the fossil record
Authors: Chira Carmen , Filipescu Sorin , Codrea Vlad 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The palaeoclimate during the Miocene of the Transylvanian Depression (Romania) is interpreted mainly by the response of calcareous nannoplankton, microfauna (foraminifera), molluscs and mammals (rhinoceros) assemblages.
The first significant palaeoclimatic event is recorded during the early Miocene. The climatic warming at the level of the Vima Formation was followed by a more important warming during the Eggenburgian, which is preserved in the fossil record of the Corus Formation. During the Ottnangian, a cooling episode is recorded in the Hida Formation, probably related to Atlantic and Boreal influences. The climate on land was probably subtropical, humid, but much cooler than the Eggenburgian, as the remains of rhinoceros from this formation indicate.
The Middle Miocene marine sub-tropical assemblages are present in the Dej Formation (early Badenian), but towards its upper part sub-tropical species become scarce. The endemic elements, with boreal influences, are recognized in Kossovian strata. On land, the Moravian rhinoceros also suggest a sub-tropical climate, with marshy, densely afforested areas. Another rhinoceros found in the upper part of the Moravian, indicates a tendency to the continentalization of the climate. The early Sarmatian began with short period of warming, followed again by a cooling episode (Feleac Formation).
The last significant warming is recorded in the Late Miocene, during the Pannonian (Lopadea Formation). The small aceratheres from the Pannonian suggest marshy areas with a relatively warm climate.
Late Miocene climatic cycles and their effect on sedimentation (west Hungary)
Authors: Korpás-Hódi M. , Nagy E. , Nagy-Bodor E. , Székvölgyi K. , Kovács L. Ó. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
On the basis of sedimentological, well-log, palaeontological and pedological analyses of three Upper Miocene borehole sections from Hungary, a cyclic change of sediments from deltaic and alluvial depositional systems is presented, which is considered to have been driven by a cyclical change of the climate (temperature and precipitation). A delayed but positive correlation between the sedimentary cyclicity linked with fourth order sedimentary sequences, and a long-term cyclicity in temperature have been observed. Within this cyclicity, higher-order sedimentary changes are seen. They are interpreted as fifth order sedimentary cycles related, in turn, to short-term climate phases. Within a long-term cycle, four short-term climate phases are defined as a result of changes in temperature and precipitation: semi-arid, turning from warm-temperate to cold-temperate; humid, cold-temperate; warm-temperate with a warming trend, with average but decreasing precipitation; and warm-temperate, with average precipitation.
‘
Uisge Mèinne
’: mine water hydrogeology in the Celtic lands, from
Kernow
(Cornwall, UK) to
Ceap Breattain
(Cape Breton, Canada)
Authors: Younger Paul L. , LaPierre Anthony B. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

Mining has historically made a major contribution to the economies of all the contemporary Celtic lands. At the start of the third Millennium, the bulk of mining activity has ceased, and problems associated with hydrogeological changes in abandoned mines are now common to all these lands. In global terms an unusually high proportion of mining in the Celtic lands has been by underground methods, a fact which is reflected in the range of hydrogeological problems encountered in these countries. Recent experiences in these countries offer insights which should be useful elsewhere when currently-active deep mines are eventually abandoned. Particular lessons are drawn from case studies and analyses of previously unpublished data from
Alba
(Scotland),
Ceap Breattain
(Cape Breton, Canada),
Cymru
(Wales) and
Kernow
(Cornwall). These lessons are:

(1)
The importance of recognizing the predominance of mined features in the post-closure hydrogeology of abandoned mines.

(2)
Dynamic temporal changes in hydrogeological behaviour arise from collapse of mined voids, caused by fluvial erosion by rapidly-flowing mine waters and/or by pneumatic fracturing by mine gases compressed in pockets during mine water rebound; these changes can have significant implications for human safety and environmental protection.

(3)
Net-acidic mine waters are generally restricted to situations in which high-sulphur strata are present in (i) recently-flooded deep-mine workings (ii) shallow partially flooded mine workings and (iii) perched groundwater systems in spoil heaps and opencast backfill.

(4)
Net-alkaline mine waters are associated with (i) low-sulphur strata in any hydrogeological setting and (ii) high-sulphur strata at depth in long-flooded workings. In practice, this means that the net-alkaline mine waters are far more abundant than the net-acidic.

(5)
The presence of limestone in a mined sequence is not on its own a guarantee that mine waters will be net-alkaline; the patterns of groundwater flow (which determine the transport of limestone dissolution products through the mined system) must also be favourable.

(6)
Mine water often becomes hydrochemically stratified during rebound. However, when discharge from a mined system commences, this stratification can break down, resulting in discharges considerably poorer in quality than would have been inferred by sampling the uppermost waters alone.
Groundwater protection in Scotland
Authors: Fox I. A. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The way in which groundwater protection policy is implemented in Scotland is briefly reviewed, before the current status (July 1999) is examined. Imminent changing circumstances, particularly the advent of the Scottish Parliament and the implications of the forthcoming Water Framework Directive are discussed and related to a review of current and proposed groundwater research and development projects which should take forward the protection of Scottish groundwaters in the new millennium.
Public water supplies from alluvial and glacial deposits in northern Scotland
Authors: Jones C. R. C. , Singleton A. J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Surface runoff from upland areas in northern Scotland can be excessively coloured and turbid, making water treatment costs high. In contrast, groundwater has little colour or suspended solids, and has a more stable water quality, therefore treatment needs can be minimal. A number of public water supply schemes based on the development of groundwater in alluvial and glacial deposits are reviewed. These supplies range from major projects such as the 27 Ml/d Spey and 10 Ml/d Fort William schemes to the 0.16 Ml/d supply for Dalwhinnie. It has been demonstrated that yields of up to 2 Ml/d can be achieved from dug wells or boreholes even where the aquifer thickness is limited. Larger yields have been obtained from infiltration galleries and Ranney wells. Future challenges include improved siting techniques to locate thicker and more productive sediments and the avoidance of groundwater containing high iron and/or manganese concentrations.
QSC graphs: an aid to classification of data-poor aquifers in Ireland
Authors: Wright G. R. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The Geological Survey of Ireland’s aquifer classification system recognizes three main categories: Regionally Important, Locally Important and Poor Aquifers. This system is increasingly used to assist local authorities and state agencies to make decisions on planning applications and integrated pollution control licences, by prioritizing areas according to the value of their underlying groundwater resources. Most aquifers in Ireland are unconfined fractured hard rock aquifers, often of limited extent, which can exhibit a wide range of properties. Pumping test data are scarce, patchy and often of uncertain quality, and reliable transmissivity or permeability values are unavailable for many aquifers. Under these circumstances, the classification of a given geological formation in a given region can be difficult. The ‘QSC Graph’ compares the specific capacity (SC) for a borehole, determined by a pumping test, with the abstraction rate during the test (Q), and indicates a ‘borehole productivity index’, in five classes (I, II, III, IV and V from highest to lowest). From the relative frequency of productivity classes for a given aquifer, the appropriate aquifer category can be inferred. However, other types of information for the aquifer should also be considered. The current QSC data set comprises about 1100 boreholes, and for individual formations up to 150 boreholes. The minimum data set required for an aquifer, depending on the diversity or compactness of the data, is between 20 and 50. Examples are given of the application of the approach to a number of Irish aquifers.