bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The New International Economic Order: an Overview
Authors: Singer H. W. 
Published: November 2008

The term ‘New International Economic Order’ – often referred to as N.I.E.O. – suggests two immediate thoughts: the first is related to ‘New’ and the second emphasises ‘Order’.The New Versus The Old International Economic OrderIf there is to be a new order, then presumably it must be contrasted with an old order, an O.I.E.O., namely the Bretton Woods system which was established at the end of World War II as a result of Anglo-American negotiations, with an absorbing interplay between the intellect of Keynes, subtly representing British interests, coming up against the hard facts of U.S. power and economic supremacy.
Conference on the Use of Mass Media in the Education of Adults
Authors: Temu Peter 
Published: November 2008

The educational problems in developing countries are immense. Not least is the shortage of teachers. This shortage is felt—in Africa certainly—not only in the schools but also in the adult education field. Can the developing countries afford to wait wishfully, in the belief that out of the womb of time a natural solution will one day emerge in the shape of enough teachers to satisfy the enormous demand?From the very outset, the Lusaka conference on mass media was convinced that the answer to this question is an emphatic no; that the problem of adult education must be solved, not shelved—and that a serious beginning must be made now. The task of the conference was to see how the resources of the mass media could be harnessed in an all-out effort to wipe out ignorance and illiteracy. The conference was short and fruitful, its recommendations practical and to the point.
Income Differentials and Unbalanced Planning—the Case of Botswana
Authors: Jackson Dudley 
Published: November 2008

In the Third World the need to find solutions to the growing problem of unemployment is becoming increasingly urgent, as reflected in many recent economic development plans:The current tempo of economic activity is insufficient to provide productive employment to all…A major objective of the Plan is to create more employment opportunities in the rural and urban sectors on an increasing scale.1
Ethnic Identity, Political Integration, and National Development: the Igbo Diaspora in Nigeria
Authors: Onwubu Chukwuemeka 
Published: November 2008

In his Path to Nigerian Freedom – the blueprint for the nation-state he had envisioned – Chief Obafemi Awolowo, the man who later came to be one of the leading figures on the Nigerian political scene, stated categorically in 1947:Nigeria is not a nation. It is a mere geographical expression. There are no ‘Nigerians’ in the same sense as there are ‘English’ or ‘Welsh’ or ‘French’. The word ‘Nigeria’ is merely a distinctive appellation to distinguish those who live within the boundaries of Nigeria from those who do not.
Regulating FDI in weak African states: a case study of Chinese copper mining in Zambia
Authors: Haglund Dan 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACTChina's engagement with African countries is growing rapidly, spanning trade, investment and development cooperation. Some observers have suggested that poor operating standards among Chinese investors may contribute to the social ills associated with extractive industries and undermine host countries' sustainable development. Drawing on case study data from the copper mining sector in Zambia, this paper argues that the economic and political context surrounding Chinese investment risks undermining the effectiveness of local environmental, social and fiscal regulation. The analysis first explores particular characteristics of large-scale Chinese investment, including the prevalence of state-led financing and the challenges of effectively monitoring overseas Chinese projects. It proceeds to place these characteristics within the host country regulatory context, which in the case of Zambia features significant capacity constraints, political interventionism and a pervasive lack of transparency. The paper argues that, within a weak regulatory setting, Chinese investment may pose significant challenges for effective business regulation. Yet the resulting state-firm dynamics are by no means exclusive to Chinese investment. Rather, it is host country regulatory characteristics, in combination with certain features of investors' corporate governance, that together herald a new set of challenges for business regulation in developing African countries.
Effect of Sorghum Decortication and Use of Protease Before Liquefaction with Thermoresistant α‐Amylase on Efficiency of Bioethanol Production
Authors: Pérez‐Carrillo Esther , Serna‐Saldívar Sergio O. , Alvarez Mario M. , Cortes‐Callejas M. Luisa 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACTThe aim was to study the dual effect of sorghum decortication and protease treatment before liquefaction with α‐amylase on the performance of subsequent steps of saccharification and fermentation. A bifactorial experiment with a level of confidence of P < 0.05 was designed to study differences among grains (maize, whole, and decorticated sorghum) and the effectiveness of the protease before liquefaction. Sorghum was decorticated to remove most of the pericarp and part of the germ and increase starch concentration of the feedstock. The decorticated sorghum had significantly higher starch hydrolysis during liquefaction compared with the whole kernel. These hydrolyzates contained ≈50% more reducing sugars than the untreated counterparts. At the end of saccharification, the final glucose concentration in hydrolyzates treated without protease was the highest for maize (180 mg/mL), followed by decorticated sorghum (165 mg/mL), and whole sorghum (145 mg/mL). Decortication and protease treatment had a significant effect on fermentation times. In decorticated sorghum mash treated with and without protease, fermentation times were 22 and 60 hr, respectively. The decorticated sorghum treated with protease yielded similar amounts of ethanol compared with maize and 44% more ethanol compared with the untreated whole sorghum. Both sorghum decortication and protease treatments before hydrolysis with α‐amylase are recommended to increase ethanol yields, lower yields of distilled grains, and save liquefaction, saccharification, and fermentation times.
Auricular acupuncture for postoperative pain control: a systematic review of randomised clinical trials
Authors: Usichenko T. I. , Lehmann Ch. , Ernst E. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryThe number of publications on the peri‐operative use of auricular acupuncture has rapidly increased within the last decade. The aim was to evaluate clinical evidence on the efficacy of auricular acupuncture for postoperative pain control. Electronic databases: Medline, MedPilot, DARE, Clinical Resource, Scopus and Biological Abstracts were searched from their inception to September 2007. All randomised clinical trials on the treatment of postoperative pain with auricular acupuncture were considered and their quality was evaluated using the Jadad scale. Pain intensity and analgesic requirements were defined as the primary outcome measures. Of 23 articles, nine fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Meta‐analytic approach was not possible because of the heterogeneity of the primary studies. In eight of the trials, auricular acupuncture was superior to control conditions. Seven randomised clinical trials scored three or more points on the Jadad scale but none of them reached the maximum of 5 points. The evidence that auricular acupuncture reduces postoperative pain is promising but not compelling.
Use of a leucocyte filter to remove tumour cells from intra‐operative cell salvage blood
Authors: Catling S. , Williams S. , Freites O. , Rees M. , Davies C. , Hopkins L. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryThe intra‐operative blood loss of 50 consecutive gynae‐oncology patients undergoing surgery for endometrial, cervical or ovarian cancer was cell salvaged and filtered. In each case blood samples were taken from the effluent tumour vein, a central venous line, the cell saver reservoir, the cell salvage re‐transfusion bag after processing but before filtration and from the cell salvage re‐transfusion bag after processing and filtration. Samples were examined using immunohistochemical monoclonal antibody markers for epithelial cell lines. Viable, nucleated malignant cells were detected in 2/50 central venous samples, 34/50 reservoir samples and 31/50 unfiltered cell salvaged samples. After passage through a Pall RS leucocyte depletion filter no remaining viable, nucleated malignant cells were detected in any sample. The clinical risks of cell salvage in these circumstances should be reviewed in the light of the risks of allogeneic blood transfusion.
Prevalence of difficult intubation in a bariatric population, using the beach chair position
Authors: Fox W. T. A. , Harris S. , Kennedy N. J. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryWe retrospectively reviewed the anaesthetic charts of patients who had undergone bariatric surgery in our regional centre since the start of the service. We identified Cormack and Lehane grade of laryngoscopy, any difficulties associated with tracheal intubation, and the impact of age, gender and body mass index on laryngoscopy grade. The patients were anaesthetised in the in the ‘beach chair’ position prior to laryngoscopy. One hundred and ninety‐two patients’ notes were available for review out of a total of 198. Mean age was 43.3 years (SD 10.3) and mean BMI 50.8 (SD 8.0). Grade of laryngoscopy was unrecorded in 20 patients. Of the 192 patients, 162 (84%) had a Cormack and Lehane grade of 1 or 2. Nine (4.7%) patients were graded as 3 and only one patient had a grade 4 laryngoscopy. There were two cases (1%) of difficulty in intubation. A bougie was used 16 times (8%). Logistic regression showed that age was a significant factor for increasing laryngoscopy grade (p = 0.0102) but that BMI was not (p = 0.6271).
A study to assess the value of bispectral analysis in intravenous sedation with midazolam during third molar surgery under local anaesthesia
Authors: Cheung C. W. , Irwin M. G. , Chiu W. K. , Ying C. L. A. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryThis study aimed to determine whether bispectral index (BIS) can be used as an indicator of sedation and recovery with intravenous midazolam. In Part A, 30 healthy patients undergoing third molar extraction under local anaesthesia were recruited. They were sedated with intravenous midazolam titrated to clinical endpoints. BIS values were recorded when adequately sedated (BISS) and when clinical recovery criteria were met (BISR). In Part B, another 30 patients were sedated to the range of BISS obtained in Part A. Recovery was assessed postoperatively when the range of BISR from Part A was reached. BIS titrated patients required less midazolam (p < 0.001). Seventy percent of Part B patients required increments of midazolam during surgery, compared to 16.7% in Part A (p < 0.001). Total dose of midazolam given was lower in Part B (p = 0.025). BIS is not effective as a sole indicator of endpoint in sedation with intravenous midazolam.
Responsiveness to stimuli of bispectral index, middle latency auditory evoked potentials and clinical scales in critically ill children
Authors: Lamas A. , López‐Herce J. , Sancho L. , Mencía S. , Carrillo Á. , José Santiago M. , Martínez V. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryWe performed simultaneous recordings of Bispectral Index (BIS) and middle latency auditory evoked potentials. We also recorded two clinical scales, the Modified Ramsay scale and the COMFORT scale. Heart rate and blood pressure were measured once a day, for a maximum of 5 days, in 81 critically ill children. Changes with tactile, auditory, and painful stimuli were analysed. All the stimuli significantly increased the BIS value, the painful stimulus having the greatest effect. The painful stimulus was the only one that altered the middle latency auditory evoked potentials. Although the responses of the clinical scales to stimuli were statistically significant, they were of little clinical relevance. None of the stimuli used significantly altered the heart rate or blood pressure. We conclude that tactile, auditory and painful stimuli produced changes of little relevance in the clinical scales, BIS or middle latency auditory evoked potentials. We found the BIS was the most sensitive method and the painful stimulus had the greatest effect.
A study of the occurrence of monochorionic and monozygotic twinning in the pig
Authors: Bjerre D. , Thorup F. , Jørgensen C. B. , Vejlsted M. , Fredholm M. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryIn humans as well as in most farm animals, monozygotic twins have been described. Nevertheless, only a few reports of twinning in the pig have been published. It has been suggested that monozygotic twins are formed during the first 14 days of pregnancy. This monozygotic twin study includes the investigation of porcine monochorionic embryos from 76 sows at days 26–29 post‐insemination (p.i.), as well as an examination of 10 whole litters at days 21–22 p.i. In the former group, 29% of the sows carried monochorionic embryos. Based on DNA profiling using microsatellite markers, one monozygotic twin pair was found among these embryos. In the latter group, three monozygotic twin pairs were identified. Thus, it can be concluded that although the occurrence of monozygotic twins in pigs is a sporadic event, the fusion of extra‐embryonic membranes is relatively common.
Expression of the porcine adrenergic receptor beta 2 gene in longissimus dorsi muscle is affected by cis‐regulatory DNA variation
Authors: Muráni E. , Ponsuksili S. , Srikanchai T. , Maak S. , Wimmers K. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryThe beta‐2 adrenergic receptor (AR) mediates metabolic actions of catecholamines, including glycogenolysis, lipolysis and proteolysis, in muscle and adipose tissue. Factors influencing the density of beta‐2 ARs thus might affect carcass composition and meat quality. One such factor might represent cis‐regulatory DNA variation affecting mRNA expression of the adrenergic receptor beta 2 (ADRB2) gene in relevant tissues. To identify potential cis‐regulatory DNA variation of porcine ADRB2, we comparatively sequenced part of the 5′ flanking region and identified 10 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The SNP at position g.673C>T (AF000134) resides in an evolutionarily conserved region (ECR) in an in silico predicted androgen response element. Quantification of total transcript levels and allelic expression imbalance (AEI) revealed significant variability in mRNA expression of ADRB2 in longissimus dorsi muscle of slaughter pigs, partly attributable to cis‐regulatory DNA variation. However, the g.673C>T SNP has, in the given temporo‐spatial context, no significant effect but is apparently in linkage disequilibrium with the causal cis‐regulatory DNA variant. We used the g.673C>T SNP as a marker to study the association of ADRB2 variation with carcass and meat quality in four commercial lines. We found association with the pH of loin at 45 min and 24 h postmortem (p.m.) and with the pH of ham at 24 h p.m. Supporting evidence for ADRB2 as a candidate gene for pork quality is provided by our assignment of the gene to the telomeric end of the q arm of porcine chromosome 2, where several quantitative trait loci for meat quality were reported.
Safety and efficacy of imatinib in chronic eosinophilic leukaemia and hypereosinophilic syndrome – a phase‐II study
Authors: Metzgeroth Georgia , Walz Christoph , Erben Philipp , Popp Helena , Schmitt‐Graeff Annette , Haferlach Claudia , Fabarius Alice , Schnittger Susanne , Grimwade David , Cross Nicholas C. P. , Hehlmann Rüdiger , Hochhaus Andreas , Reiter Andreas 
Published: November 2008

SummaryThis study evaluated the efficacy and safety of imatinib in chronic eosinophilic leukaemia (CEL, n = 23) and hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES, n = 13). In CEL with FIP1L1‐PDGFRA (n = 16) or various PDGFRB fusion genes (n = 5), complete haematological remission (CHR) was achieved in 95% (20/21) after 3 months. Complete molecular remission (CMR) was seen in 75% (12/16) of cases with FIP1L1‐PDGFRA positive CEL by 6 months, and in 87% (13/15) after 12 months. CMR was achieved in three of five PDGFRB fusion positive patients after 3, 9 and 18 months respectively. All patients are currently on imatinib (100 mg; n = 13, 400 mg; n = 8) and no molecular relapse has yet been observed (median 26·7 months; range, 6·9–39·9). Imatinib was less effective in HES and CEL without known molecular aberration (n = 15); CHR was observed in 40% (6/15) of patients, two patients relapsed after 4·8 and 24·5 months. Three patients died due to imatinib‐resistant progressive CEL (n = 2) or myocardial infarction (n = 1) unrelated to study treatment. Overall, imatinib was well tolerated with a low incidence of grade III/IV toxicities. These data confirmed the long‐term efficacy of imatinib for PDGFR‐rearranged CEL patients, and also showed that a minority of HES cases without known molecular aberrations may benefit from imatinib.
Liposomal daunorubicin versus standard daunorubicin: long term follow‐up of the GIMEMA GSI 103 AMLE randomized trial in patients older than 60 years with acute myelogenous leukaemia
Authors: Latagliata Roberto , Breccia Massimo , Fazi Paola , Iacobelli Simona , Martinelli Giovanni , Di Raimondo Francesco , Sborgia Marco , Fabbiano Francesco , Pirrotta Maria Teresa , Zaccaria Alfonso , Amadori Sergio , Caramatti Cecilia , Falzetti Franca , Candoni Anna , Mattei Daniele , Morselli Monica , Alimena Giuliana , Vignetti Marco , Baccarani Michele , Mandelli Franco 
Published: November 2008

SummaryThis randomized phase III clinical trial explored the efficacy of DaunoXome (DNX) versus Daunorubicin (DNR) in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) patients aged >60 years. Three hundred and one AML patients were randomized to receive DNR (45 mg/m2 days 1–3) or DNX (80 mg/m2 days 1–3) plus cytarabine (AraC; 100 mg/m2 days 1–7). Patients in complete remission (CR) received a course of the same drugs as consolidation and then were randomized for maintenance with AraC+ all trans retinoic acid or no further treatment. Among 153 patients in the DNR arm, 78 (51·0%) achieved CR, 55 (35·9%) were resistant and 20 (13·1%) died during induction. Among 148 patients in the DNX arm, 73 (49·3%) achieved CR, 47 (31·8%) were resistant and 28 (18·9%) died during induction. Univariate analysis showed no difference as to induction results. After CR, DNX showed a higher incidence of early deaths (12·5% vs. 2·6% at 6 months, P = 0·053) but a lower incidence of relapse beyond 6 months (59% vs. 78% at 24 months, P = 0·064), with a cross in overall survival (OS) and disease‐free survival (DFS) curves and a later advantage for DNX arm after 12 months from diagnosis. DNX seems to improve OS and DFS in the long‐term follow‐up, because of a reduction in late relapses.
Fluorescence in situ hybridization characterization of ider(20q) in myelodysplastic syndrome
Authors: Douet‐Guilbert N. , Laï J. L. , Basinko A. , Gueganic N. , Andrieux J. , Pollet B. , Plantier I. , Delattre C. , Crépin O. , Corm S. , Le Bris M. J. , Morel F. , De Braekeleer M. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryIsochromosome of the long arm of chromosome 20 with loss of interstitial material [ider(20q)] is a variant of deletion of chromosome 20q and a rare abnormality in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). We studied seven cases with an ider(20q) in MDS. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) studies showed all proximal breakpoints to be consistently located in 20q11.21 band whereas distal breakpoints were variable. Amplification of HCK, TNFRSF6B and DIDO1 genes included in retained regions associated with loss of tumour suppressor genes in deleted regions could explain cell tumour progression and possibly the less favourable prognosis of ider(20q) compared with del(20q).
Eichhornia crassipes control in the largest Portuguese natural freshwater lagoon1
Authors: Laranjeira C. M. , Nadais G. 
Published: November 2008

Pateira de Fermentelos is one of the largest natural freshwater lagoons in the Iberian Peninsula (approximately 529 ha). It is an important and extensive humid area integrated in the Special Protection Area (SPA) Ria de Aveiro (PTZPE0004) due to its ornithological importance and habitat typology.Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) is a major factor threatening the environmental and ecological balance of the lagoon and associated ecosystems. In recent years, the water hyacinth has spread over more than 50% of the lagoon surface, thus contributing to the degradation of the ecological, economical and social conditions and, ultimately, the lagoon system of Ria de Aveiro. In December 2006 the Municipal Authority of Águeda, in association with other public entities, initiated the mechanical removal (using an aquatic‐harvester) of the extensive water hyacinth mats that covered the lagoon, with the intention of improving the system in a sustainable manner. Since the beginning of this action, the aquatic‐harvester has removed more than 15 500 m3 of vegetal mats from the lagoon, which, in accordance with the current legislation, has been transported to an old inactive quarry site. At present the lagoon water is free from this invasive exotic plant, hence allowing navigation and the maintenance of traditional activities such as fishing and boating. The monitoring of the lagoon water quality is in progress in several locations, to monitor the system evolution, and develop actions and research aiming for sustainable management of the Pateira.
Resource quality and stoichiometric constraints on stream ecosystem functioning
Authors: HLADYZ SALLY , GESSNER MARK O. , GILLER PAUL S. , POZO JEŚUS , WOODWARD GUY 
Published: November 2008

Summary1. Resource quality and stoichiometric imbalances in carbon : nutrient ratios between consumers and resources can influence key ecosystem processes. In many streams, this has important implications for food webs that are based largely upon the utilization of terrestrial leaf‐litter, which varies widely among litter types in its value as a food source for detritivores and as a substrate for microbial decomposers.2. We measured breakdown rates and macroinvertebrate colonization of leaf‐litter from a range of native and exotic plants of differing resource quality and palatability to consumers [e.g. carbon : nitrogen : phosphorus (C : N : P) ratios, lignin and cellulose content], in a field experiment. We also measured C : N : P ratios of the principal leaf‐shredding invertebrates, which revealed strong stoichiometric imbalances across trophic levels: C : N and C : P ratios typically differed by at least one order of magnitude between consumers and resources, whereas N : P imbalances were less marked. Application of the threshold elemental ratio approach, which integrates animal bioenergetics and body elemental composition in examining nutrient deficiency between consumers and resources, revealed less marked C : P imbalances than those based on the simpler arithmetic differences described above.3. Litter breakdown rates declined as nutrient imbalances widened and resource quality fell, but they were independent of whether resources were exotic or native. The principal drivers of total, microbial and invertebrate‐mediated breakdown rates were lignin : N, lignin : P and fungal biomass, respectively. However, multiple regression using orthogonal predictors yielded even more efficient models of litter breakdown, as consumers responded to more than one aspect of resource quality. For example, fungal biomass and litter C : N both influenced invertebrate‐mediated breakdown.4. Large stoichiometric imbalances and changes in resource quality are likely to have serious consequences for stream ecosystem functioning, especially when riparian zones have been invaded by exotic plant species whose chemical composition differs markedly from that of the native flora. Consequently, the magnitude and direction of change in breakdown rates and, thus, resource depletion, will be driven to a large extent by the biochemical traits (rather than taxonomic identity per se) of the resident and invading flora.