bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adverse Outcomes of Osteoporotic Fractures in the General Population
Authors: Melton L Joseph 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Osteoporotic fractures exact a terrible toll on the population with respect to morbidity and cost, and to a lesser extent mortality, which will increase dramatically with the growing elderly population. Attention has focused on the 12-20% excess deaths after hip fracture, but most are caused by underlying medical conditions unrelated to osteoporosis. More important is fracture-related morbidity. An estimated 10% of patients are disabled by hip fracture, and 19% require institutionalization, accounting for almost 140,000 nursing home admissions annually in this country. Distal forearm and vertebral fractures less commonly result in nursing home placement, but about 10% of postmenopausal women have vertebral deformities that cause chronic pain, and a substantial minority have poor function after forearm fracture. These fractures interfere greatly with the activities of daily living, and all of them can have a substantial negative impact on quality of life. Annual expenditures for osteoporotic fracture care in the United States ($17.5 million in 2002 dollars) are dominated by hip fracture treatment, but vertebral fractures, distal forearm fractures, and importantly, the other fractures related to osteoporosis contribute one-third of the total. Although all fracture patients are at increased risk of future fractures, few of them are currently treated for osteoporosis, and only a subset (i.e., those with vertebral fractures) are considered candidates for many clinical trials. Eligibility criteria should be expanded and fracture end-points generalized to acknowledge the overall burden of osteoporotic fractures.
High Bone Mass in Mice Expressing a Mutant LRP5 Gene
Authors: Babij Philip , Zhao Weiguang , Small Clayton , Kharode Yogendra , Yaworsky Paul J , Bouxsein Mary L , Reddy Padmalatha S , Bodine Peter Vn , Robinson John A , Bhat Bheem , Marzolf James , Moran Robert A , Bex Frederick 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
A unique mutation in LRP5 is associated with high bone mass in man. Transgenic mice expressing this LRP5 mutation have a similar phenotype with high bone mass and enhanced strength. These results underscore the importance of LRP5 in skeletal regulation and suggest targets for therapies for bone disease.
A mutation (G171V) in the low-density lipoprotein receptor related protein 5 (LRP5) has been associated with high bone mass (HBM) in two independent human kindreds. To validate the role of the mutation, several lines of transgenic mice were created expressing either the human LRP5 G171V substitution or the wildtype LRP5 gene in bone. Volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) analysis by pQCT showed dramatic increases in both total vBMD (30-55%) and trabecular vBMD (103-250%) of the distal femoral metaphysis and increased cortical size of the femoral diaphysis in mutant G171V transgenics at 5, 9, 17, 26, and 52 weeks of age (p &lt; 0.01 for all). In addition, high-resolution microcomputed tomography (microCT) analysis of the distal femorae and lumbar vertebrae revealed an increase (110-232%) in trabecular bone volume fraction caused by both increased trabecular number (41-74%) and increased trabecular thickness (34-46%; p &lt; 0.01 for all) in the mutant G171V mice. The increased bone mass was associated with significant increases in vertebral compressive strength (80-140%) and the increased cortical size with significant increases in femoral bending strength (50-130%). There were no differences in osteoclast number at 17 weeks of age. However, compared with littermate controls, the mutant G171V transgenic mice showed an increase in actively mineralizing bone surface, enhanced alkaline phosphatase staining in osteoblasts, and a significant reduction in the number of TUNEL-positive osteoblasts and osteocytes. These results suggest that the increased bone mineral density in mutant G171V mice was caused by increased numbers of active osteoblasts, which could in part be because of their increased functional lifespan. While slight bone anabolic activity was observed from overexpression of the wildtype LRP5 gene, it is clear that the G171V mutation, rather than overexpression of the receptor itself, is primarily responsible for the dramatic HBM bone effects. Together, these findings establish the importance of this novel and unexpected role of a lipoprotein receptor in regulating bone mass and afford a new model to explore LRP5 and its recent association with Wnt signaling in bone biology.
Role of Osteoclast Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase (ERK) in Cell Survival and Maintenance of Cell Polarity
Authors: Nakamura Hiroaki , Hirata Azumi , Tsuji Takehito , Yamamoto Toshio 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Morphological changes of osteoclasts by a MEK1 inhibitor, PD98059, were investigated to clarify a role of ERK. PD98059 promoted apoptosis of osteoclasts and the loss of ruffled borders. This study supports the importance of ERK in survival and polarity of osteoclasts.
Introduction: Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) is a mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) that has been reported to play a role in the survival and apoptosis of osteoclasts. However, the precise signal transduction mechanism is not fully understood. The aim of this study was to clarify the role of ERK in osteoclasts by histological analysis.
Materials and Methods: Using a rat calvarial organ culture system, the inhibition of ERK phosphorylation by PD98059, a MAPK/ERK kinase 1 (MEK1) inhibitor, was assayed by immunoblotting. Morphological changes in osteoclasts induced by PD98059 were elucidated by light and electron microscopy. The cellular localization of ERK was also determined by immunoelectron microscopy.
Results: PD98059 inhibited phosphorylated ERK after a 1-h incubation. Ultrastructural study demonstrated that PD98059 induced the accumulation of vesicles and vacuoles in osteoclasts and the loss of ruffled border at 1 h. At 3 h, some osteoclasts showed apoptosis with nuclear condensation, and at 6 h after PD98059 treatment, many osteoclasts were detached from the bone surface and had lost their cell polarity. Electron microscopic immunohistochemistry revealed that ERK was mainly localized in the cytoplasm of clear zones in control osteoclasts, but apoptotic osteoclasts also showed immunoreactivity in clear zone-like structures in contact with osteoblast-lineage cells.
Conclusion: These findings indicate that ERK in osteoclasts is involved in their survival and may be involved in the formation of a ruffled border and the maintenance of cell polarity.
Osteomalacic and Hyperparathyroid Changes in Fibrous Dysplasia Of Bone: Core Biopsy Studies and Clinical Correlations
Authors: Corsi Alessandro , Collins Michael T , Riminucci Mara , Howell Peter GT , Boyde Alan , Robey Pamela Gehron , Bianco Paolo 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Deposition, mineralization, and resorption of FD bone compared with unaffected bone from FD patients was investigated in iliac crest biopsy specimens from 13 patients. Compared with unaffected bone, lesional FD bone seemed to be very sensitive to the effects of PTH and renal phosphate wasting, which respectively bring about hyperparathyroid or osteomalacic changes in the lesional bone.
Introduction: Fibrous dysplasia is a genetic noninherited disease caused by activating mutations of the GNAS1 gene, resulting in the deposition of qualitatively abnormal bone and marrow. This study was designed to learn more about the local processes of bone deposition, mineralization, and resorption within lesional fibrous dysplasia (FD) bone compared with unaffected bone of FD patients.
Methods: Histology, histomorphometry, and quantitative back-scattered electron imaging (qBSE) analysis was conducted on affected and unaffected biopsy specimens from 13 patients and correlated to markers of bone metabolism.
Results and Conclusions: There was a marked excess of unmineralized osteoid with a nonlamellar structure and a reduced mineral content in mineralized bone within FD lesions (p &lt; 0.001). A negative correlation (p = 0.05) between osteoid thickness (O.Th) and renal tubular phosphate reabsorption (measured as TmP/GFR) was observed for lesional bone, but not for unaffected bone, in which no histological or histomorphometric evidence of osteomalacia was observed in patients with renal phosphate wasting. Histological and histomorphometric evidence of increased bone resorption was variable in lesional bone and correlated with serum levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH). Hyperparathyroidism-related histological changes were observed in fibrous dysplastic bone, but not in the unaffected bone, of patients with elevated serum PTH secondary to vitamin D deficiency. Our data indicate that, compared with unaffected bone, lesional FD bone is very sensitive to the effects of PTH and renal phosphate wasting, which, respectively, bring about hyperparathyroid or osteomalacic changes in the lesional bone. Osteomalacic and hyperparathyroid changes, which emanate from distinct metabolic derangements (which superimpose on the local effects of GNAS1 mutations in bone), influence, in turn, the severity and type of skeletal morbidity in FD.
Identification of a Parathyroid Hormone in the Fish Fugu rubripes
Authors: Danks Janine A , Ho Patricia MW , Notini Amanda J , Katsis Frosa , Hoffmann Peter , Kemp Bruce E , Martin T John , Zajac Jeffrey D 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
A PTH gene has been isolated from the fish Fugu rubripes. The encoded protein of 80 amino acid has the lowest homology with any of the PTH family members. Fugu PTH(1–34) had 5-fold lower potency than human PTH(1–34) in a mammalian cell system.
Introduction: Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is the major hypercalcemic hormone in higher vertebrates. Fish lack parathyroid glands, but there have numerous attempts to identify and isolate PTH from fish.
Materials and Methods: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed with primers based on preliminary data from the Joint Genome Institute database. PCR amplification was performed on genomic DNA isolated from Fugu rubripes. PCR products were purified and DNA was sequenced. All sequence was confirmed from more than one independently amplified PCR product. Multiple sequence alignments were carried out, and the percentage of identities and similarities were calculated. An unrooted phylogenetic tree, using all the known PTH and PTH-related protein (PTHrP) amino acid sequences, was determined. Synthetic peptides were tested in a biological assay that measured cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate formation in UMR106.1 cells. Rabbit polyclonal antisera specific for N-terminal human PTHrP and one rabbit polyclonal antiserum specific for N terminus hPTH were used to test the cross-reactivity with fPTH(1–34) in immunoblots.
Responses to Selection for Partial Resistance to Crown Rust in Oat
Authors: Long Jin , Holland James B. , Munkvold Gary P. , Jannink Jean‐Luc 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTCrown rust, caused by the fungal pathogen, Puccinia coronata Corda var. avenae W.P. Fraser Ledingham, reduces kernel quality and grain yield in oat (Avena sativa L.). Partial resistance is considered to be a durable form of rust resistance. This study sought to evaluate the feasibility of simultaneously improving partial resistance to crown rust, grain yield, and seed weight in an oat population, and to estimate predicted and realized heritabilities for area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) and genetic correlations between AUDPC and agronomic traits in both crown rust‐inoculated and fungicide‐treated plots. A single cycle of selection for partial resistance to crown rust was performed. The initial (C0) and selected (C1) generations were evaluated in a field experiment in 2001 and 2002 at two Iowa locations. Selection on an index increased the levels of crown rust resistance, grain yield, and seed weight in crown rust−inoculated plots, and seed weight in fungicide‐treated plots. However, the change for the grain yield in fungicide‐treated plots was not significant. In both C0 and C1 populations, AUDPC was highly heritable (H = 0.77 and 0.78 respectively), and was favorably correlated with grain yield, seed weight, and test weight measured in inoculated plots. Realized heritabilities for all traits except grain yield under fungicide treatment were consistent with predicted heritabilities. Our results suggested that index selection could increase levels of crown rust resistance, grain yield, and seed weight simultaneously.
On the Necessity of Violation
Authors: Lebel Jean-Jacques 
Published: April 2006

We must also be capable of setting ourselves above morality; not with the uneasy rigidity of the man who constantly fears to lose his footing and fall, but with the practised ease of one who can float, disport himself above it! And how should we achieve this without art, without the madman's aid? … And as long as you are in any way ashamed of yourself, you cannot possibly be of our number.Nietzsche (Die Fröbliche Wissenschaft)The middle-class hero, product of Western culture, still dreams of seeing his moral sense triumphant over all rebellions. This mediocrity has a bête noire—free art. He thinks that he, personally, is being attacked by the transformations which young artists claim to be bringing into his life as well as to their own.
The Old and the New in Brazilian Cinema
Authors: Viany Alex 
Published: April 2006

The first stirrings of the Cinema Nôvo movement were in the early 1950's, when some young filmmakers began to protest the expensive imitations of Hollywood and cheap musical comedies (chanchadas) that made up the traditional Brazilian cinema. This protest found an immediate echo among young film critics.In 1952, Italian neo-realism was the main inspiration of my first film, Agulha no palheiro (Needle in a Haystack), for which Nelson Pereira dos Santos served as assistant director. Neo-realism dominated dos Santos’ own first two films, Rio, 40 grans (Rio, 40 Degrees), 1955, and Rio, zona none (Rio, Northern District), 1957, as well as his production of Roberto Santos’ O grande momenta (The Great Moment) in 1958. From 1958 to 1962, there was a series of experimental short films.The name of the movement, Cinema Nôvo, appeared for the first time around 1959-60, but even then it was as fluid and undefined as that of the French nouvelle vague.
Kinesics and Performance
Authors: Schechner Richard , Mintz Cynthia 
Published: April 2006

At least as far back as Darwin's The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals(1872) scientists have studied analogic (as distinct from digital) modes of communication. Clearly all artists other than writers are technicians of the analogic.Analogic codification constitutes a series of symbols that in their proportions and relations are similar to the thing, idea, or event for which they stand. […] Such a form of codification deals with continuous functions, unlike digital codification, which deals with discrete step intervals. […] The principles of analogic codification as contrasted with digital codification have a central importance to students of human behavior that is still perhaps insufficiently understood. The use of words, whether in speech or writing, has certain limitations akin to those of digital computers: words remain identifying or typifying symbols that lack the impelling immediacy of analogic devices.
Greek Resistance Theatre in World War II
Authors: Myrsiades Linda Suny 
Published: April 2006

The Greek resistance movement, supported and directed by EAM (Ethnikon Apeleftherotikon Metopon—the National Liberation Front) in the mountains of Greece under the German occupation of World War II, spawned a popular resistance theatre that schooled itself among the people and brought a measure of political enlightenment to peasants in the mountain villages, who had small exposure to theatre. Those who went to market saw some Karaghiozis—Greek shadow puppet theatre—and those who attended religious festivals occasionally saw Lenten plays. Secular theatre was sometimes performed in tents in provincial villages and refugee settlements.Because, in the beginning, artists would not come into the mountains to write songs for the struggle or to dramatize events, the andartes, or mountain fighters, began to write and perform. Their intention initially was to familiarize the people with their work and to develop friendly territories in which they could operate freely.
Stuart Sherman's Singular Spectacles
Authors: Scott Trudy 
Published: April 2006

Through visual idea-music, retinally heard, seeing and thinking become duplicate metaphors for a languageworld whose actions and objects remain unnamed.Stuart ShermanAt one time, Stuart Sherman was writing a great deal. To begin the process, he would open a book, choose a word and write. The initial word might be eliminated eventually, no longer needed, but the accumulated associations would have provided ample material for a story. He felt the use of a visual stimulus prevented preconceived notions about the work from hindering the flow of Ideas. In those days, he was also making abstract line drawings, word pictures, of everyday objects: a tree, sunlight, a waterfall. However, the two-dimensionality of the drawings and the writing began to give him the sense of increasing alienation from “animate” things. As a result, he now performs pieces that he considers visual abstract language about the relations between objects; he calls the work “Spectacles.”
Training at the Waseda Little Theatre: The Suzuki Method
Authors: Brandon James R. 
Published: April 2006

During the past dozen years or so a number of contemporary theatre groups in Tokyo have been exploring, each in their own way, new and intensely theatrical approaches in the actor's art. Each group bases its work on ensemble playing, so that in the midst of the exploration, some consistency of performance style has seemed desirable. In either formal or informal ways, this usually means an actor training system created out of the group and designed for its own needs. A training system that is especially Japanese is the one developed by Tadashi Suzuki with members of the acting company of the Waseda Little Theatre (Waseda Shogekijo see T60, T65).Suzuki formed the Waseda Little Theatre in 1965. Among the twenty members of the acting company today, seven are part of that original group. They gather four nights a week, after working at other jobs, to train under Suzuki's direction. Suzuki, with the actors, has created a series of training disciplines, combining voice and body, which, while being flexible and capable of variation, are precise in their structure.
Study of the evaporation of pollutant liquids under the influence of surfactants
Authors: Gavril Dimitrios , Atta Khan Rashid , Karaiskakis George 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn the present work, reversed‐flow gas chromatography (RF‐GC) is utilized for the study of the evaporation of volatile liquids. Evaporation rates and the respective diffusion coefficients are determined for the evaporation of ethanol and 1,1,1‐trichloroethane in nitrogen, at 306.2 K. The precision (>99.5%) and accuracy of the method, as well as the uncertainty of the determined parameters, ascertain the potential of the presented methodology. The experimentally obtained evaporation rates have units of velocity, and for high volatility compounds their values are identified with the liquid film mass‐transfer coefficients. The latter compare successfully to available literature values, further ascertaining the validity of the presented methodology. The variation of the evaporation rates of ethanol and 1,1,1‐trichloroethane, in the presence of various amounts of Triton X‐100, indicates that different, but in any case high amounts of surfactant are required for the drastic retardation of the vaporization rate. The reduction of the evaporation rate can be attributed either to the formation of densely packed surface monolayers or to the formation of an insoluble monolayer. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Reactive distillation design with considerations of heats of reaction
Authors: Huang Kejin , Nakaiwa Masaru , Wang San‐Jang , Tsutsumi Atsushi 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAlthough reactive distillation columns allow direct utilization of heat of reaction to separation operation, the effectiveness of internal heat integration appears generally to be unsatisfactory and their thermodynamic efficiency could quite often be improved substantially through seeking further internal heat integration between the reaction and separation operations. Prudent arrangement of reactive section, effective determination of feed location, and deliberate distribution of catalyst constitute the three methods that can complement internal heat integration within a reactive distillation column. The reactive section is suggested to superimpose properly onto the stripping section for exothermic reactions and onto the rectifying section for endothermic reactions. Feed location and distribution of catalyst should be determined so that the effect of internal heat integration can be maximized to its fullest extent. A sequential procedure is proposed to determine an appropriate process configuration for internal heat integration within a reactive distillation column. Five reactive distillation systems, involving not only equilibrium‐limited but also kinetically controlled reactions, are used to evaluate the design philosophy proposed. It has been found that a substantial improvement in system performance can be achieved even for some reaction systems with side reactions and/or unfavorable thermodynamic properties. Seeking further internal heat integration has been demonstrated to be an effective method for refining process design of a reactive distillation column involving reactions with highly thermal effect. These conclusions are of great significance and can provide process designers with additional latitude to elaborate their process designs. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Schizophrenia in an adult with 6p25 deletion syndrome
Authors: Caluseriu O. , Mirza G. , Ragoussis J. , Chow E.W.C. , MacCrimmon D. , Bassett A.S. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChromosomal deletions at 6p25‐p24 are rare findings in patients with developmental delay. There is limited information about the adult phenotype. We present a 36‐year‐old patient with schizophrenia, mild mental retardation, progressive hearing deficits, and characteristic facial features. Ocular (Axenfeld–Rieger anomaly) abnormalities were diagnosed in infancy; vision, however, has remained unimpaired. There were no other major congenital anomalies. Brain imaging showed only minor changes. There was no family history of intellectual deficits or psychosis. Karyotyping revealed a 6p25 deletion, and detailed fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analyses using 23 probes confirmed a 6.7 Mb 6p25‐pter deletion. The breakpoint is near a possible 6p25‐p24 locus for schizophrenia. Psychotic illness may be part of the neurodevelopmental abnormalities and long‐term outcome of patients with 6p terminal deletions. Other similarly affected patients likely remain to be diagnosed in adult populations of schizophrenia and/or mental retardation. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.