bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the mutual consistency of magnetic charts
Authors: Davids Norman , Bernstein Arthur 
Published: February 2008

Introduction— This paper is the result of a study to find and apply a method of improving the accuracy of world isomagnetic and isoporic charts using only the data provided in the original construction, the final results to be in accord with the requirements of electromagnetic theory. It contains, mainly, an appraisal of the curl‐test for mutual consistency of magnetic charts which was proposed and used by Chapman [see 1 of “References” at end of paper].This statement of the problem does not presume that the cartographer did not make the best use (by reference to the criteria he actually employed) of the data at his disposal, but rather that certain conditions provided by theory were ignored. Consider, for example, the world‐charts for horizontal intensity (H) and declination (D) [or north intensity (X) and east intensity (Y)]. Each is drawn separately, the contours of the one being sketched without reference to the other, and the curves then are smoothed visually. The observations upon which the charts are based are poorly distributed, of varying reliability, and no trustworthy observations at all obtain for some significantly large areas. The main function of the test for consistency and scheme of adjustment is to assist in improving chart‐values in the poorly surveyed regions.
Tucson Magnetic Observatory October to December, 1947
Authors: Nelson J. H. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 32° 14′.8 N., longitude 110° 50′.1 or 7h 23m.3 W. of Gr.)September 30‐October 3—A magnetic storm of moderate intensity began suddenly at 18h 08m GMT, September 30. Activity for the first nine hours was very light. Between 03h, October 1, and 03h, October 2, the traces were moderately rough, but without special characteristics. Large, irregular changes in D and H, with a markedly depressed H, began early on October 2 and continued until the end of the storm about 14h, October 2, Ranges: D, 25′; H, 194 γ; Z, 62 γ.
Geophysical Institute of Huancayo October to December, 1947
Authors: Giesecke Albert A. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 12° 02′,7 S., longitude 76° 20′.4 or 5h 01m.4 W. of Gr.)Note: Except for a sudden‐commencement type of storm on November 24, there were no disturbances throughout this period that reached worth‐while proportions; however, those periods of abnormal activity, as indicated by H, are described below.
Variability of Annual Runoff in the Lake Ontario Basin
Authors: Sanderson Marie 
Published: February 2008

A study of variability of runoff in the Lake Ontario basin is undertaken to provide background information for the International Field Year on the Great Lakes to be held in 1972 on Lake Ontario, since it is realized that a period of 1 year is a small sample in the life history of a lake basin and that there are large annual fluctuations in the variables in the water balance. Because of a lack of long‐term records of measured runoff, the Thornthwaite‐Mather water balance model for estimating point runoff from climatic data is used for the 81 stations in and near the basin with records of 15–136 years.Statistical tests show that annual station runoff has a normal distribution, and standard deviations are computed to express variability. Maps of average runoff, as well as plus and minus two standard deviations of runoff, are drawn and thus permit the estimation of the volumes of annual runoff that can be expected in the Lake Ontario basin. A coefficient of variability of runoff map indicates that the southwestern areas of the basin have the most variable runoff.
Snowmelt delay by oversnow travel
Authors: Hogan A. W. 
Published: February 2008

Oversnow vehicles compact the snowpack several inches as a result of their passage; drifting snow tends to refill these tracks to ambient level. This repeated travel and drifting result in storage of much greater water content in the snowmobile trails than in the adjacent undisturbed snowpack. A brief field study was initiated to determine the magnitude of the increase in water content and the time delay of snowmelt in an area frequently traveled by oversnow vehicles.The area chosen for study was an abandoned farm with an elevation of 700–1100 feet msl near the confluence of the Schoharie and Mohawk valleys. The area is quite hilly, and the rather steep slopes face north or east. Average snowfall in this area is about 80 in./year. During the study year approximately 120 inches fell, and there was continuous total snow cover from December 4, 1970, until the first bare spots appeared on April 1, 1971. Snowmobile travel began with the first snow and continued through the winter, the last known passage occurring after the snowstorm of April 10. No accurate log of time or number of snow vehicle traverses was maintained; however, 25–50 passages per week would be a reasonable estimate of traffic over the most often used trail.
The extended Boussinesq Problem
Authors: Collins Michael A. 
Published: February 2008

Summary and entire article are available on microfiche. Order from American Geophysical Union, 1909 K Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20006. Document W‐76‐001; $1.00. Payment must accompany order.The original Boussinesq problem of the decline of a groundwater mound between parallel drains is extended to include vertical leakage and recharge and cases of freshwater lenses in confined and unconfined saline aquifers. The solution of appropriate continuity equations with some imposed restrictions by variable separation results in three distinct flow depth configurations, which can be described analytically. Transient behavior in two of these cases is nonlinear but amenable to exact solution and can be delineated in a (2μ + β, σ + μ) plane, where β and σ are leakage and recharge parameters and μ is a separation constant. It is found that similarity solutions, one of which is the original Boussinesq solution, exist for both decreasing and increasing flow depths. Active and passive influences of boundary conditions are distinguished. Solutions are applied to the evaluation of saline water intrusion in some coastal zones of Long Island, New York.
Termination of hydrologic data collection (a case study)
Authors: Lane Leonard J. , Davis Donald R. , Nnaji Soronadi 
Published: February 2008

Research objectives for the Southwest Watershed Research Center (SWRC), as determined by the U.S. Department of Agriculture‐Science Education Administration (USDA‐SEA), require a broad data base. The operation of seven experimental watersheds near Albuquerque, New Mexico and Safford, Arizona, which only obtain data on precipitation and runoff, was examined to determine (1) if their operation should continue as is, (2) if their data collection abilities should be expanded, or (3) if their operation should be discontinued. The decision‐making procedure is modeled in terms of the theory of ‘bounded rationality’ rather than classical optimization theory.The choice of alternatives was subject to three constraints: that the resources for data collection activities at SWRC would not be increased, that it be administratively feasible, and that no research program be seriously impaired, A problem‐data matrix that showed the data needs for several research objectives was constructed. Based on this matrix and an estimate of the value of the research to the agricultural community, the three alternatives for the operation of seven watersheds were evaluated.Considering the constraint of no additional resources and of administrative feasibility, the alternative of closing the seven watersheds was the best. To check that the third constraint was not violated, regional studies were made to compare precipitation and runoff characteristics of the Safford and Albuquerque watersheds with other experimental watersheds. A Bayesian decision analysis on the worth of future data was made. The regional analysis and the Bayesian study showed that closure of the watersheds would be detrimental to the precipitation and runoff data base, but not to the extent of impairing research objectives. The Albuquerque and Safford watersheds were closed in June 1976.
Reductions in active plantarflexor moment are significantly correlated with static stretch duration
Authors: Kay Anthony D. , Blazevich Anthony J. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractWe investigated the effects of static stretch duration on peak isometric plantarflexor moment and passive ankle moment in seven healthy volunteers. After the passive ankle plantarflexor moment was recorded on an isokinetic dynamometer, the peak isometric ankle moment was measured with simultaneous electromyographic monitoring of the medial gastrocnemius. The participants subsequently performed a single 5‐s stretch, a single 15‐s stretch, four 5‐s stretches, four 15‐s stretches or no stretch (control) before being re‐tested. All participants randomly completed each condition with a 24‐h rest between tests. The main finding of the study was a significant correlation between reductions in peak moment and stretch duration (r=0.68; P<0.05), which became significantly different from the control group after four 15‐s stretches (16.7%, s=5.3; P<0.05). There was a similar decrease in passive moment (20.9%, s=1.3; P<0.05) after each stretch condition, but this was not accompanied by a change in hysteresis. The electromyographic activity recorded during maximal plantarflexion did not change significantly after stretching. Our results are the first to show a duration‐dependent effect of stretch on force (moment) production of the plantarflexors. Further research is required to elucidate the mechanisms responsible, as alterations in the stiffness properties of the muscle–tendon complex or muscle recruitment cannot completely explain the changes.
Case of cheilitis granulomatosa associated with apical periodontitis
Authors: KAWAKAMI Tomoko , FUKAI Kazuyoshi , SOWA Junko , ISHII Masamitsu , TERAMAE Hiroyuki , KANAZAWA Koutetsu 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACTThe etiology of cheilitis granulomatosa is unknown. In some cases, rapid improvement and/or complete elimination of swelling of the lips after dental treatment has been reported. Here, we describe another case of improvement following dental treatment. A 57‐year‐old woman had developed asymptomatic swelling of the lower lip 2 months previously. Histological examination revealed non‐caseous giant cell granulomas. Neither facial nerve palsy nor fissuring of the tongue was present. Patch testing for metal allergy revealed only mild irritation to zinc ion. Although topical corticosteroid ointment and oral tranilast for 4 months were ineffective, rapid and remarkable improvement of the swelling was noted soon after treatment of two lesions of apical periodontitis. Thorough examination for foci of infection is necessary when treating a patient with cheilitis granulomatosa.
Association of Epstein–Barr virus antibody levels with precancerous gastric lesions in a high‐risk cohort
Authors: Schetter Aaron J. , You Wei‐cheng , Lennette Evelyne T. , Gail Mitchell T. , Rabkin Charles S. 
Published: February 2008

We evaluated associations between Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) antibody levels and precancerous gastric lesions (chronic atrophic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia, and dysplasia) in 183 subjects from Linqu, China. Immunoglobulin G antibody titers to EBV nuclear antigen (EBNA) and viral capsid antigen (VCA) were determined by two‐fold serial dilution using immunofluorescence assays. Histological progression and regression were assessed by gastroscopic examination at the time of phlebotomy and at follow up 2 years later. Antibody titers did not differ significantly among histological diagnoses determined at the time of phlebotomy. However, subjects with dysplasia at follow up had significantly higher geometric mean antibody titers for both anti‐VCA and anti‐EBNA. Subjects with greater than median antibody levels were more likely to progress between examinations, especially in the subgroup with intestinal metaplasia at the time of phlebotomy (odds ratios [95% confidence intervals]: 5.7 [1.6–20] for anti‐EBNA ≥1:320; 3.8 [1.0–15] for anti‐VCA ≥1:640). Our findings suggest a possible role for EBV reactivation at an early phase of gastric carcinogenesis. (Cancer Sci 2008; 99: 350–354)
High‐grade mature B‐cell lymphoma with Burkitt‐like morphology: Results of a clinicopathological study of 72 Japanese patients
Authors: Nomura Yuko , Karube Kennosuke , Suzuki Ritsuro , Ying Guo , Takeshita Morishige , Hirose Shinichi , Nakamura Shigeo , Yoshino Tadashi , Kikuchi Masahiro , Ohshima Koichi 
Published: February 2008

The aim of the present study was to estimate optimum chemotherapeutic regimens for high‐grade mature B‐cell lymphoma cases with Burkitt‐like morphology (Burkitt's lymphoma [BL]/Burkitt‐like lymphoma [BLL]) patients. We analyzed 72 BL/BLL, including 36 with the c‐myc translocation (molecular BL [mBL]), 20 without it (mBL‐like), and 16 in whom we were uncertain regarding the existence of the c‐myc translocation, and compared them with 182 diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) cases. On clinical and immunophenotypic analysis, the typical BL immunophenotype (CD10 positive, bcl‐2 negative, and Ki‐67 index ≥95%) was noted in 23 (66%) and 11 (55%) of the 35 mBL and 20 mBL‐like patients, respectively. The presence of the c‐myc translocation and typical immunophenotype in BL did not affect the overall survival of BL/BLL. There were no significant differences between the overall survival of DLBCL (45%) and BL/BLL (50%, P = 0.85). However, the overall survival of BL/BLL patients who received cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisolone‐related therapy (22%) was significantly lower than that of DLBCL patients (P = 0.01). In contrast, the overall survival of BL/BLL patients who received aggressive short‐term chemotherapy (75%) was better than that of the patients who received cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisolone therapy (P < 0.01). The finding was confirmed by multivariate analysis (hazard ratio 4.4; confidence interval 2.0–9.7; P = 0.0003). We concluded that aggressive short‐term chemotherapy improves survival in BL/BLL, regardless of its genetic and immunophenotypic features. (Cancer Sci 2008; 99: 246–252)
A randomized trial to evaluate a management training program to prevent illegal alcohol sales
Authors: Toomey Traci L. , Erickson Darin J. , Lenk Kathleen M. , Kilian Gunna R. , Perry Cheryl L. , Wagenaar Alexander C. 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACTAims  To evaluate effects of a training program for owners/managers of alcohol establishments—Alcohol Risk Management (ARM)—on: (i) propensity to sell alcohol to obviously intoxicated patrons; and (ii) changing establishment‐level policies/practices.Design  We assigned alcohol establishments randomly to intervention (full‐ARM) and delayed‐intervention/control (ARM Express) conditions.Setting  One large metropolitan area in Midwestern United States.Participants  Owners and managers at 231 on‐premise alcohol establishments (i.e. bars, restaurants).Intervention  Training programs consisted of one‐to‐one sessions with the owner/manager at each establishment. The goal of training was to help owners/managers to select and implement alcohol control policies in their establishments. The full‐ARM training consisted of four one‐to‐one sessions and the ARM Express was a single session.Measurements  We measured intervention effects through baseline and follow‐up pseudo‐intoxicated alcohol purchase attempts (i.e. feigning intoxication while attempting to purchase alcohol) and telephone surveys of owners/managers at alcohol establishments.Findings  Sales rates to pseudo‐intoxicated patrons reduced 23% (relative to delayed‐intervention/control condition) at the first follow‐up purchase attempt (P = 0.06) but returned to baseline levels 3 months later. On average, establishments selected 13 of 18 recommended policies, but in multivariate models we observed no significant differences at follow‐up in reported policies/practices across establishments.Conclusions  Reliance on manager training to promote responsible establishment alcohol policies is not sufficient to prevent illegal alcohol sales to obviously intoxicated patrons and to reduce alcohol‐related problems.
Increased drinking in a metropolitan city in China: a study of alcohol consumption patterns and changes
Authors: Zhang Jiafang , Casswell Sally , Cai Hongmei 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACTAims To investigate alcohol drinking among urban Chinese and any changes between 2002 and 2005.Design Two identical face‐to‐face interviews were carried out with two random samples with 2327 and 2613 respondents, respectively.Setting Respondents were selected randomly from Wuhan City, Hubei province, China, between May and June 2002, and June and August 2005.Participants Fifteen to 65‐year‐old urban Chinese adults.Measurements Prevalence of drinking, frequency of drinking, typical occasion quantity, volume of annual consumption and heavier drinking were the main measures.Findings Nearly three‐quarters (90% for men and 55% for women) were current alcohol drinkers in 2005, and the prevalence of drinking alcohol had increased significantly since 2002 among both men and women; the largest increases occurred in the younger group (18–19 years) and among older women. There was no change in the frequency of drinking, the average quantities consumed by drinkers and the volume of absolute alcohol consumed by drinkers over this 3‐year period. However, reflecting the increased prevalence of drinkers, the median volumes of absolute alcohol consumed in the sample as a whole had increased significantly. Older males were more likely to be categorized as larger‐quantity drinkers: 30–65‐year‐old men accounted for 63%. There was also an increase over time in the proportion of larger‐quantity drinkers: the proportion of male larger‐quantity drinkers increased from 27% in 2002 to 35% in 2005.Conclusions In the urban setting of Wuhan, over the time‐period 2002–05, there was an increase in prevalence of drinkers, particularly among younger people and older women. The average frequency and quantities consumed by drinkers did not change over this period; among drinking men the volumes of alcohol consumed were comparable to those in much more saturated commercial alcohol markets. The results did, however, show an increase over time in the proportion of older men who were engaged in heavier drinking and, in 2005, the proportion exceeded that in more saturated markets. These data suggest that, given the relatively high levels of consumption among established drinking groups, increases in the prevalence of drinkers over time may result in increases in harm if effective policies are not implemented.
Frequency and spectrum of central nervous system involvement in 193 children with haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis
Authors: Horne AnnaCarin , Trottestam Helena , Aricò Maurizio , Egeler R. Maarten , Filipovich Alexandra H. , Gadner Helmut , Imashuku Shinsaku , Ladisch Stephan , Webb David , Janka Gritta , Henter Jan‐Inge ,   for the Histiocyte Society
Published: February 2008

SummaryHaemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) may cause meningoencephalitis and significant neurological sequelae. We examined the relationship between neurological symptoms and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) at diagnosis, and long‐term outcome, in all children enroled in the HLH‐94‐study prior to July 1, 2003, for whom information on CSF at diagnosis was available (n = 193). Patients were divided into four groups: (i) normal CSF (cells/protein) and no neurological symptoms (n = 71); (ii) normal CSF but neurological symptoms (n = 21); (iii) abnormal CSF but no symptoms (n = 50); and (iv) abnormal CSF with neurological symptoms (n = 51). At diagnosis, neurological symptoms were reported in 72/193 (37%) (seizures = 23); abnormal CSF in 101/193 (52%), and either or both in 122/193 (63%). Altogether 16/107 (15%) survivors had neurological sequelae at follow‐up (median 5·3 years). Multivariate hazard ratios (HR) for mortality were 0·98 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0·42–2·31], 1·52 (0·82–2·82) and 2·05 (1·13–3·72) for groups 2–4, compared with group 1. Moreover, sequelae were more frequent in group 4 (7/21, 33%) compared to groups 1–3 (9/86, 10%) (P = 0·015). Patients with abnormal CSF at diagnosis had significantly increased mortality [HR = 1·78 (95% CI = 1·08–2·92), P = 0·023]. Thus, a substantial proportion of HLH survivors suffer neurological sequelae, and children with abnormal CSF have increased risk of mortality and neurological sequelae. Prompt treatment of HLH at onset or relapse may reduce these complications.
Wing morphology and fluctuating asymmetry depend on the host plant in cactophilicDrosophila
Authors: SOTO I. M. , CARREIRA V. P. , SOTO E. M. , HASSON E. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractAs in most insect groups, host plant shifts in cactophilicDrosophilarepresent environmental challenges as flies must adjust their developmental programme to the presence of different chemical compounds and/or to a microflora that may differ in the diversity and abundance of yeasts and bacteria. In this context, wing morphology provides an excellent opportunity to investigate the factors that may induce changes during development. In this work, we investigated phenotypic plasticity and developmental instability of wing morphology in flies on the cactophilicDrosophila buzzatiiandDrosophila koepferaeraised on alternative breeding substrates. We detected significant differences in wing size between and within species, and between flies reared on different cactus hosts. However, differences in wing shape between flies emerged from different cactus hosts were not significant either inD. buzzatiior inD. koepferae. Our results also showed that morphological responses involved the entire organ, as variation in size and shape correlated between different portions of the wing. Finally, we studied the effect of the rearing cactus host on developmental instability as measured by the degree of fluctuating asymmetry (FA). Levels of FA in wing size were significantly greater in flies of both species reared in non‐preferred when compared with those reared in preferred host cacti. Our results are discussed in the framework of an integrative view aimed at investigating the relevance of host plant shifts in the evolution of the guild of cactophilicDrosophilaspecies that diversified in South America.