bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Matrix Metalloproteinase‐2, ‐9, and ‐12 Gene Polymorphisms in Generalized Aggressive Periodontitis
Authors: Gürkan Ali , Emingil Gülnur , Saygan Buket Han , Atilla Gül , Çınarcık Serhat , Köse Timur , Berdeli Afig 
Published: November 2007

Background: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are involved in periodontal tissue remodeling and degradation. Polymorphisms in the promoter region of the MMP‐2 and ‐9 genes and in the coding region of the MMP‐12 gene could affect transcription and the function of these enzymes. The aim of the present study was to determine the association between the aforementioned MMP polymorphisms and generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAgP).Methods: Genomic DNA was obtained from the peripheral blood of 92 subjects with GAgP and 157 periodontally healthy subjects. MMP‐2 −735C/T, MMP‐9 −1562C/T, and MMP‐12 357Asn/Ser polymorphisms were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism. Probing depth, clinical attachment loss, supragingival plaque accumulation, and bleeding on probing were recorded. The data were analyzed by χ2, logistic regression, and Mann‐Whitney U tests.Results: The genotype distributions, allele frequencies, and rare allele carriage of MMP‐2 and MMP‐12 genes were similar in GAgP and healthy subjects (P >0.05). T allele frequency and T allele carriage of the MMP‐9 −1562 C/T polymorphism were significantly lower in the GAgP group than in the healthy group (P <0.05). In addition, logistic regression analysis revealed a protective effect for MMP‐9 −1562 T allele carriers (odds ratio = 0.52; P = 0.04).Conclusions: MMP‐2 −735C/T and MMP‐12 357Asn/Ser polymorphisms are not related to GAgP. Conversely, the MMP‐9 −1562 gene T allele might be associated with a decreased risk for GAgP in the Turkish population.
Subgingival Microbiologic Effects of One‐Time Irradiation by CO2 Laser: A Pilot Study
Authors: Mullins Stephanie L. , MacNeill Simon R. , Rapley John W. , Williams Karen B. , Eick J. David , Cobb Charles M. 
Published: November 2007

Background: Third‐generation carbon dioxide (3‐CO2) lasers have handpieces that accommodate a periodontal insert that permits irradiation directly into the periodontal pocket/sulcus. The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate, by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the surface effects of 3‐CO2 laser treatment on the root surfaces and soft tissues and to investigate the effects of 3‐CO2 laser on periodontal pathogenic bacteria compared to negative controls.Methods: Five patients with chronic periodontitis and treatment planned for a maxillary immediate denture were included in the study. Periodontal pockets with a mean probing depth of 5.5 ± 0.8 mm were irradiated one time by CO2 laser (wavelength of 10,600 nm) at a power of 2.2 W, 50 Hz, an 80‐millisecond pulse length, and an exposure rate of 1 mm per 5 seconds. DNA analysis of eight periodontal bacteria was performed on samples collected from laser‐treated and control sites prior to and immediately following treatment and was compared between groups. In addition, block biopsies, including soft tissue, were harvested for SEM examination.Results: SEM examination of test group specimens showed heat damage on the soft tissues in three of 17 specimens (17.6%). In addition, 11.7% (two of 17) of the 3‐CO2–treated teeth exhibited localized slight damage to root surfaces. Microbiologic results of the control sites indicated that 90.6% of the bacterial counts remained the same, 6% increased, and 3% decreased. In the test group, 71.25% of the bacterial count analyses for the eight different periodontal microbes remained the same, 12.50% increased, and 16.25% decreased.Conclusion: A one‐time use of the 3‐CO2 laser in periodontal pockets did not sterilize or substantially reduce subgingival bacterial populations compared to negative controls.
Use of Anorganic Bovine‐Derived Hydroxyapatite Matrix/Cell‐Binding Peptide (P‐15) in the Treatment of Class II Furcation Defects: A Clinical and Radiographic Study in Humans
Authors: Eto Ana L. , Joly Julio C. , Jeffcoat Marjorie , de Araújo Ney S. , de Araújo Vera C. , Cury Patricia R. 
Published: November 2007

Background: This study compared clinical and radiographic findings for the treatment of Class II furcation defects in human mandibular molars using anorganic bovine‐derived hydroxyapatite matrix (ABM)/cell‐binding peptide (P‐15) or open flap debridement (OFD).Methods: Twelve subjects showing two comparable Class II furcation defects in their mandibular molars were enrolled. The defects in each subject were assigned randomly to the test (ABM/P‐15) or the control (OFD) group. Clinical measurements and standardized radiographs were taken at baseline and 6 to 7 months after surgery.Results: There were no statistically significant differences between the test and control groups for any clinical or radiographic parameter (P >0.05). On comparing the baseline and final measurements, the gain in horizontal clinical attachment level and reduction in gingival recession were significant only in the test group (P ≤0.02), whereas the gain in the vertical clinical attachment level was significant in both groups (P ≤0.04). In the test group, four of 12 sites showed complete closure, and five showed partial closure; in the control group, three defects showed complete closure, and four showed partial closure (P = 0.42). Subtraction radiography revealed similar gains in bone height and increases in mean bone density with both treatments (P >0.05).Conclusions: ABM/P‐15 yielded favorable results in the treatment of Class II furcation defects over a 6‐month evaluation period; however, there was no difference compared to OFD. Further studies using a larger sample size are needed to confirm the present findings.
The Efficacy of Subgingival Calculus Removal With Endoscopy‐Aided Scaling and Root Planing: A Study on Multirooted Teeth
Authors: Michaud Robert M. , Schoolfield John , Mellonig James T. , Mealey Brian L. 
Published: November 2007

Background: The dental endoscope was developed to facilitate visualization of the subgingival environment as an aid in diagnosis and non‐surgical root debridement. The purpose of this study was to determine whether endoscopy‐aided scaling and root planing (SRP) resulted in a greater reduction of residual calculus compared to SRP alone in multirooted teeth.Methods: Twenty‐four patients were enrolled and contributed 35 tooth pairs (70 teeth in total). Each tooth per pair was randomly assigned to receive endoscopy‐aided SRP (test) or SRP alone (control). Both teeth were extracted immediately after treatment, washed with water, and stained with methylene blue. The percentage of residual calculus was determined via stereomicroscopy and digital image software by a single masked examiner.Results: Overall, there was 1.16% (P = 0.097) less residual calculus at test versus control sites. At interproximal surfaces, test roots had 2.63% less residual calculus than control roots (P = 0.003), whereas test roots had slightly more residual calculus than controls at buccal/lingual surfaces (0.36%; P = 0.652). There were no statistically significant differences in residual calculus between groups at deeper probing depths or at sites with deep furcation invasions. Only at shallower interproximal sites with probing depths ≤6 mm was significantly less residual calculus seen in roots treated with endoscopy (P = 0.020). Treatment time decreased significantly as operator experience increased; however, no significant improvement in residual calculus levels was noted with greater experience.Conclusion: Within the confines of this study, the use of the endoscope as an adjunct to traditional SRP provided no significant improvement in calculus removal in multirooted molar teeth.
Indigenous Ways of Knowing: Implications for Participatory Research and Community
Authors: Cochran Patricia A. L. , Marshall Catherine A. , Garcia-Downing Carmen , Kendall Elizabeth , Cook Doris , McCubbin Laurie , Gover Reva Mariah S. 
Published: November 2007

Researchers have a responsibility to cause no harm, but research has been a source of distress for indigenous people because of inappropriate methods and practices. The way researchers acquire knowledge in indigenous communities may be as critical for eliminating health disparities as the actual knowledge that is gained about a particular health problem. Researchers working with indigenous communities must continue to resolve conflict between the values of the academic setting and those of the community. It is important to consider the ways of knowing that exist in indigenous communities when developing research methods. Challenges to research partnerships include how to distribute the benefits of the research findings when academic or external needs contrast with the need to protect indigenous knowledge.
Self-Reported Tuberculosis Disease and Tuberculin Skin Testing in the New York City House Ballroom Community
Authors: Marks Suzanne M. , Murrill Chris , Sanchez Travis , Liu Kai-lih , Finlayson Teresa , Guilin Vincent 
Published: November 2007

Objectives. We sought to describe the history of tuberculosis disease and tuberculin skin testing among the New York City House Ballroom community—a social network of diverse sexual and gender identities or expressions. Methods. Members of the House Ballroom community were convenience sampled, surveyed, and tested for HIV in 2004. We identified characteristics associated with history of tuberculosis, tuberculin skin testing, and test positivity and described the timing of skin testing. Results. Of 504 participants, 1.4% (n=7) reported a history of tuberculosis and 81.1% (n=404 of 498) had received a tuberculin skin test. Of those tested, 16 (4%) had positive results, which indicated latent infection, and 68% had received a test in the 2 years prior to the survey. Participants with health insurance were more likely and those with little education were less likely to have received a skin test. HIV-infected participants (16%) were not more likely to have received a tuberculin skin test compared with non-HIV-infected individuals. Foreign-born participants and self-identified heterosexuals and bisexuals were more likely to have had positive skin tests. Conclusions. Self-reported history of tuberculosis was high among the House Ballroom community. Although many community members had a recent skin test, further efforts should target services to those who are HIV infected, have low education, lack health insurance, or are foreign born.
Breastfeeding Duration and Childhood Overweight Among Low-Income Children in Kansas, 1998–2002
Authors: Procter Sandra B. , Holcomb Carol Ann 
Published: November 2007

Objectives. We sought to determine whether increased duration of breast-feeding was associated with decreased risk of overweight among 4-year-old children in Kansas families with limited means. Methods. We linked data on Kansas families from the Pediatric Nutrition Surveillance System and Pregnancy Nutrition Surveillance System, 1998 to 2002, to determine breastfeeding duration and weight status at age 4 years. Overweight among 4-year-old children was defined as body mass index–for-age at the 95th percentile and above. Linked analysis included 3692 children. Logistic regression was applied to determine odds of being overweight at each duration of breastfeeding. Results. Breastfeeding duration considered independently showed a significant protective association with childhood overweight at age 4 years for all non-Hispanics (odds ratio [OR]=0.72; 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.55, 0.94) and for Whites only (OR=0.68; CI=0.50, 0.92). When we controlled for other significant risk factors for childhood overweight, the association diminished and was not statistically significant. Conclusions. Although breastfeeding for longer duration appeared to be protective against overweight among 4-year-old non-Hispanic children, cultural and environmental factors may override this protective benefit.
Racial/Ethnic Minority Children’s Use of Psychiatric Emergency Care in California’s Public Mental Health System
Authors: Snowden Lonnie R. , Masland Mary C. , Libby Anne M. , Wallace Neal , Fawley Kya 
Published: November 2007

Objectives. We examined rates and intensity of crisis services use by race/ethnicity for 351174 children younger than 18 years who received specialty mental health care from California’s 57 county public mental health systems between July 1998 and June 2001. Methods. We used fixed-effects regression for a controlled assessment of racial/ethnic disparities in children’s use of hospital-based services for the most serious mental health crises (crisis stabilization services) and community-based services for other crises (crisis intervention services). Results. African American children were more likely than were White children to use both kinds of crisis care and made more visits to hospital-based crisis stabilization services after initial use. Asian American/Pacific Islander and American Indian/Alaska Native children were more likely than were White children to use hospital-based crisis stabilization services but, along with Latino children, made fewer hospital-based crisis stabilization visits after an initial visit. Conclusions. African American children used both kinds of crisis services more than did White children, and Asian Americans/Pacific Islander and American Indians/Alaska Native children visited only when they experienced the most disruptive and troubling kind of crises, and made nonrecurring visits.
Improvements in Middle School Student Dietary Intake After Implementation of the Texas Public School Nutrition Policy
Authors: Cullen Karen Weber , Watson Kathy , Zakeri Issa 
Published: November 2007

Objectives. We assessed the effect of the Texas Public School Nutrition Policy on middle school student lunchtime food consumption. Methods. Three years of lunch food records were collected from middle school students in southeast Texas: baseline (2001–2002), after local district changes (2002–2003), and 1 year after implementation of the Texas Public School Nutrition Policy (2005–2006). Students recorded amount and source of foods and beverages they consumed. Analysis of variance and covariance and nonparametric tests were used to compare intake after the policy change with intake during the 2 previous years. Results. After implementation of the nutrition policy, student lunch consumption of vegetables, milk, and several nutrients increased (protein, fiber, vitamins A and C, calcium, and sodium), and consumption of less desirable items (sweetened beverages, snack chips) decreased, as did percentage of energy from fat. Most of the desired nutrients and foods (vegetables and milk) were obtained from the National School Lunch Program meal. Fewer sweetened beverages, candy, chips, and dessert foods were purchased and consumed, but more of these items were brought from home and purchased from the snack bar. Conclusions. Overall, state school nutrition policies can improve the healthfulness of foods consumed by students at lunch.
Anterolateral approach to the cervical spine: major anatomical structures and landmarks
Authors: Civelek Erdinc , Kiris Talat , Hepgul Kemal , Canbolat Ali , Ersoy Gokhan , Cansever Tufan 
Published: November 2007

Object
The authors undertook a study to explore the topographic anatomical features seen during the anterolateral approach to cervical spine, anatomical variations, and certain landmarks related to the surgical procedure.

Methods
The study was conducted in 30 fresh cadavers.

Results
The common carotid artery bifurcation was mostly found at the level of C-4 (78%). The inferior belly of the omohyoid muscle was seen to cross the sternocleidomastoid muscle at the C5–6 disc level along the entire C-6 vertebral body. To reach the lower cervical region, the sacrifice of this muscle makes the procedure easier. The facial vein drained into the internal jugular vein mostly at the level of C3–4 (54%). The superior ganglion of the cervical sympathetic chain was located at the C-4 vertebra, but the location of the intermediate ganglion exhibited some variation. The vertebral artery entered the transverse foramen of C-6 in 27 cadavers (90%), the transverse foramen of C-7 in two cadavers (7%), and the transverse foramen of C-4 in one cadaver (3%). Because the inferior thyroid artery crossed the C6–7 interspace obliquely, the course of the inferior thyroid artery may complicate the procedure. The C-5 uncinate process was shortest and narrowest and had the greatest distance from the medial edge of the process to the anterior tubercle (p < 0.001).

Conclusions
Understanding the qualitative anatomy of this region not only improves the safety of anterior and anterolateral cervical spine surgery but also allows adequate decompression of neural elements and resolution of the other pathological processes of this region. In this fresh cadaveric study, our goal was to improve the approach and decrease the incidence of complications.
Money does not bring well‐being, but it does help! The relationship between financial resources and life satisfaction of the chronically ill mediated by social deprivation and loneliness
Authors: Rijken Mieke , Groenewegen Peter P. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractChronically ill people have lower incomes and higher illness‐related costs than the general population. Therefore, their financial situation can be considered vulnerable, like their health. The aims of this study were (1) to assess the strength of the relationship between financial resources and life satisfaction of patients with chronic physical illness and (2) to investigate the mediating roles of social deprivation and loneliness in this relationship. Data were used of 1265 patients diagnosed with one or more somatic chronic disease(s), aged 25 years and older, who were recruited from 56 general practices in The Netherlands. GPs provided data on diagnoses and illness duration; chronically ill patients provided data on their functional status, financial situation, social deprivation, loneliness and life satisfaction. Data were analysed by means of correlation and linear regression analyses as well as LISREL path analysis. Available income correlates 0.13 with life satisfaction, which is similar to correlations found in general Western populations. The effect of available income on life satisfaction is mainly an indirect effect that can be explained by the mediating roles of social deprivation and loneliness. Policy should pay specific attention to income support of the chronically ill and disabled in order to improve their opportunities for social participation and increase the quality of their life. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
‘But everyone else is doing it’: a closer look at the occupational taxpaying culture of one business sector
Authors: Ashby Julie S. , Webley Paul 
Published: November 2007

AbstractWhen individuals embark on their careers they not only become acculturated into their occupational sectors' day‐to‐day norms and practices, but also their taxpaying ones. Although the research on taxpaying cultures is still in its infancy, understanding more about taxpaying cultures could improve our understanding of the processes underlying tax compliance. To this end, this study aimed to build a detailed picture of the taxpaying culture (i.e. the norms and values) of one business sector—the hairdressing/beauty industry. Nineteen small business and self‐employed hairdressers/beauticians were interviewed and a variant of Grounded theory was used to uncover the main themes that ran through the interviews as a whole. The main themes that emerged—which appear to characterize this sector's culture—include a reliance on accountants/tax advisors, the notion of an acceptable level of cash‐in‐hand payments, and the use of different mental accounts for different types of income. Although some of these themes have already arisen in the small business literature they have often been couched in individualistic terms. We build a case that these issues are more cultural than individual—they are tied to occupational group membership as they are socially constructed within occupational groups and are a key component of the group's taxpaying culture. Implications and directions for future research are discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
To have and to be: towards the social representation of quality of life in China
Authors: Liu Li 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThis study explores the social representation of quality of life (QOL) in the Chinese socio‐cultural context. The data were collected by 16 open‐ended individual interviews. The study shows that the social representation of QOL embedded deeply in the collective memory of Chinese society is generated from, and organized around, the central thema of ‘having’/‘being’. ‘Having’ and ‘being’ are both antinomic and dialogically interdependent. ‘Having’ gives priority to how subject instrumentalizes object as resources to be possessed and consumed. It is manifested in the possessions of money, food, housing and car. The possessions are not only simply the material things but also the objects of symbolic significance. ‘Being’ prioritizes the authentic relationship between subject and object. It is manifested in rootedness, connectedness, participation and freedom. These provide a sense of belonging, commitment, direction and purpose and involve the establishment and maintenance of the union between the self and others, and between the individual and the outside world. On the other hand, neither ‘having’ nor ‘being’ exists in its pure form. Rather, they co‐exist dynamically, in rival or complementary ways, and each calls the possibility of the other into play. It is the synthesis of opposites between ‘having’ and ‘being’ that the social representation of QOL is generated and structured. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bullying in school and adolescent sense of empowerment: an analysis of relationships with parents, friends, and teachers
Authors: Nation Maury , Vieno Alessio , Perkins Douglas D. , Santinello Massimo 
Published: November 2007

AbstractWe explore the development of bullying and victimization in school by investigating 11‐, 13‐ and 15‐year‐olds' sense of interpersonal empowerment with parents, friends and teachers. A national sample of 4386 male and female students from 243 middle and secondary schools in Italy were surveyed. Boys were more likely than girls to be bullies and more likely to have been a bully/victim. Victimization and the likelihood of being both a bully and a victim declined with age. Bullying increased with age among boys whereas for girls it was slightly more prevalent at age 13 than ages 11 or 15. The sense of empowerment students experience with their teachers decreased in the older cohorts. Disempowered relationships with teachers consistently predicted bullying behaviour. Higher social competence was reported by 13‐ and 15‐year‐old bullies. Chronically bullied students had lower social competence in all age cohorts. Otherwise, predictors of victimization varied by age: 11‐year‐old victims felt less empowered by their teachers; 15‐year‐old victims reported more difficulties in negotiating cooperative relationships with parents. Bullies in all cohorts and younger bully/victims feel less empowered by their teachers. These findings suggest that students who are disempowered by teachers may either compensate by oppressing (bullying) peers or generalize the power differential with peers (become a victim). Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.