bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A review of forecast error covariance statistics in atmospheric variational data assimilation. I: Characteristics and measurements of forecast error covariances
Authors: Bannister R. N. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThis article reviews the characteristics of forecast error statistics in meteorological data assimilation from the substantial literature on this subject. It is shown how forecast error statistics appear in the data assimilation problem through the background error covariance matrix, B. The mathematical and physical properties of the covariances are surveyed in relation to a number of leading systems that are in use for operational weather forecasting. Different studies emphasize different aspects of B, and the known ways that B can impact the assimilation are brought together. Treating B practically in data assimilation is problematic. One such problem is in the numerical measurement of B, and five calibration methods are reviewed, including analysis of innovations, analysis of forecast differences and ensemble methods. Another problem is the prohibitive size of B. This needs special treatment in data assimilation, and is covered in a companion article (Part II). Examples are drawn from the literature that show the univariate and multivariate structure of the B‐matrix, in terms of variances and correlations, which are interpreted in terms of the properties of the atmosphere. The need for an accurate quantification of forecast error statistics is emphasized. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
A review of forecast error covariance statistics in atmospheric variational data assimilation. II: Modelling the forecast error covariance statistics
Authors: Bannister R. N. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThis article reviews a range of leading methods to model the background error covariance matrix (the B‐matrix) in modern variational data assimilation systems. Owing partly to its very large rank, the B‐matrix is impossible to use in an explicit fashion in an operational setting and so methods have been sought to model its important properties in a practical way. Because the B‐matrix is such an important component of a data assimilation system, a large effort has been made in recent years to improve its formulation. Operational variational assimilation systems use a form of control variable transform to model B. This transform relates variables that exist in the assimilation's ‘control space’ to variables in the forecast model's physical space. The mathematical basis on which the control variable transform allows the B‐matrix to be modelled is reviewed from first principles, and examples of existing transforms are brought together from the literature. The method allows a large rank matrix to be represented by a relatively small number of parameters, and it is shown how information that is not provided explicitly is filled in. Methods use dynamical properties of the atmosphere (e.g. balance relationships) and make assumptions about the way that background errors are spatially correlated (e.g. homogeneity and isotropy in the horizontal). It is also common to assume that the B‐matrix is static. The way that these, and other, assumptions are built into systems is shown.The article gives an example of how a current method performs. An important part of this article is a discussion of some new ideas that have been proposed to improve the method. Examples include how a more appropriate use of balance relations can be made, how errors in the moist variables can be treated and how assumptions of homogeneity/isotropy and the otherwise static property of the B‐matrix can be relaxed. Key developments in the application of dynamics, wavelets, recursive filters and flow‐dependent methods are reviewed. The article ends with a round up of the methods and a discussion of future challenges that the field will need to address. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
The detection of androstenedione abuse in sport: a mass spectrometry strategy to identify the 4‐hydroxyandrostenedione metabolite
Authors: Cawley Adam T. , Trout Graham J. , Kazlauskas Rymantas , George Adrian V. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractStudies have shown that the administration of androstenedione (ADIONE) significantly increases the urinary ratio of testosterone glucuronide to epitestosterone glucuronide (T/E) – measured by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) – in subjects with a normal (≈1) or naturally high (>1) initial values. However, the urinary T/E ratio has been shown not to increase in subjects with naturally low (<1) initial values. Such cases then rely on the detection of C6‐hydroxylated metabolites shown to be indicative of ADIONE administration. While these markers may be measured in the routine GC/MS steroid profile, their relatively low urinary excretion limits the use of gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/C/IRMS) to specifically confirm ADIONE administration based on depleted 13C content. A mass spectrometry strategy was used in this study to identify metabolites of ADIONE with the potential to provide compound‐specific detection. C4‐hydroxylation was subsequently shown to be a major metabolic pathway following ADIONE administration, thereby resulting in urinary excretion of 4‐hydroxyandrostenedione (4OH‐ADIONE). Complementary analysis of 4OH‐ADIONE by GC/MS and GC/C/IRMS was used to confirm ADIONE administration. Copyright © 2008 Commonwealth of Australia. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry analysis of alkylresorcinols in red blood cells
Authors: Nagy Kornél , Ross Alastair B. , Fay Laurent B. , Bourgeois Alexandre , Kussmann Martin 
Published: November 2008

AbstractErythrocyte alkylresorcinols (5‐alkyl‐1,3‐dihydroxybenzenes) are potential biomarkers of wholegrain wheat and rye intake. However, their high‐throughput quantitative analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) is hindered by the time‐consuming sample preparation and, more importantly, by interfering compounds that still remain after sample cleanup. In the present work we describe a gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS) method for the rapid and reliable quantification of alkylresorcinols in erythrocyte samples. The performance of the GC/MS/MS method is compared with that of GC/MS. The main characteristics of the method are: lower limits of detection: 2–10 µg/L standard solution; lower limits of quantification: 6–30 µg/L standard solution; linearity coefficients: 0.9611–0.9888; linear ranges: 2–20 µg/L in erythrocytes; and intra‐day precisions (n = 6): 4–13% at endogenous analyte levels in non‐spiked erythrocytes. Tandem mass spectrometry showed greatly improved selectivity over single‐stage mass spectrometry in the case of erythrocyte samples, eliminating all interferences detectable in single‐stage MS and enabling simple peak integration for quantification. Moreover, increased selectivity resulted in GC separation speeded up by a factor of two, allowing the duplicate analysis of over 40 samples per day. This GC/MS/MS method is suggested as an improved alternative to GC/MS for the quantification of alkylresorcinols in erythrocytes for assessing wholegrain wheat and rye intake. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gas‐phase behavior of noncovalent transmembrane segment complexes
Authors: Weigang Linda M. M. , Langosch Dieter , Letzel Thomas 
Published: November 2008

AbstractSpecific helix oligomerization between transmembrane segments (TMSs) is often promoted by motifs like GxxxG. Disruption of this motif in the transmembrane segments of vesicular stomatitis virus G‐protein and of glycophorin A results in a reduced dimerization level studied by in vivo systems like ToxR. This paper reports the influence of sequence motifs like GxxxG in solution and the gas phase.The transmembrane segments may behave differently in the gas and liquid phase, because of the absence of surrounding solvent molecules in the gas phase. Comparison of experiments depending on peptide properties performed in the gas and liquid phase discloses that the peptides retain ‘some memory’ of their liquid‐phase structure in the gas phase. A direct correlation has been found between helicity in solution as determined by circular dichroism and dimerization in the gas phase monitored by electrospray mass spectrometry. These results show that a proper folding in solution is required for oligomerization.On the other hand, sequence‐specific oligomerization depending on the GxxxG motif was not observed with the mass spectrometric detection. Further on, neither concentration‐dependent complex studies nor studies regarding complex stability in the gas phase – via collision‐induced dissociation (CID) – led to sequence‐specific differences.Finally, the findings show that in mass spectrometric measurements noncovalent interactions of studied TMSs is rather more dependent on the secondary structure and proper folding than on their primary structure. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Change‐point alterations of extreme water levels and underlying causes in the Pearl River Delta, China
Authors: Chen Yongqin David , Zhang Qiang , Xu Chong‐Yu , Yang Tao , Chen Xiaohong , Jiang Tao 
Published: November 2008

AbstractIn this paper, the Bayesian model and Lepage test were used to detect change point and to analyse associated statistical properties of high/low water levels in summer (June, July and August (JJA)) and winter (December, January and February (DJF)) months across the PRD (Pearl River Delta). The results indicate that: (1) two time intervals, that is 1979–1981 and 1988–1995, witness abrupt changes of SmH/SmL (summer mean high water level/summer mean low water level). The lower PRD is dominated by increased mean and coefficient of variation (Cv) of SmH. Increased mean but decreased Cv of SmL can be observed in the Mainstem Pearl River; (2) WmL (winter mean low water level) and WmH (winter mean high water level) of about 74% of the total stations have two change points occurred roughly during 1969–1971 and 1993–1995. First change points of WmH are mainly characterized by increased mean and Cv, but decreased mean and increased Cv of WmL can be observed across major parts of the PRD. The driving factors causing abrupt changes of water levels are various. Intensive human activities cannot be ignored, for example in‐channel dredging and reallocation of the streamflow within the river channels due to human‐induced topographical changes of river channel. Different responses of high/low water levels to externally influencing factors and interactions between influencing factors make the alterations of the water levels across the PRD more complicated. The findings of this paper will be helpful for the management of the PRD and human mitigation to natural hazards under the changing environment. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Contribution of urban design to economic sustainability of urban renewal projects in Hong Kong
Authors: Chan Edwin H. W. , Lee Grace K. L. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractUrban renewal in Hong Kong plays an important role in stimulating local economy by optimizing development potential of disturbed site and introducing new activities/businesses with large profit margins. However, past and current urban renewal practices put too much emphasis on achieving economic objectives, and overlook the environmental and social needs of the community, which violates the global trend to promote sustainable development in the urban areas. In view of it, this paper has reviewed the property‐led/ market‐led urban renewal approach continuously adopted in Hong Kong, and suggested a more sustainable approach to meet economic objectives. In order to facilitate such approach, this paper has highlighted a list of urban design considerations contributing to sustainable development and identified key design factors improving economic sustainability of the urban renewal projects. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Multiple imputation to correct for partial verification bias revisited (5880–5889)
Authors: de Groot J. A. H. , Janssen K. J. M. , Zwinderman A. H. , Moons K. G. M. , Reitsma J. B. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractStatist. Med. DOI: 10.1002/sim.3410. Published Online: 27th August 2008 10:34AM.The Editors regret that the print publication of this paper, which was published on Early View on 27th August 2008, has occurred after the publication of a submitted Correction (Statistics in Medicine 2008; 27:4614) to the paper by Harel and Zhou [3].The lack of reference in this Correction to previous correspondence [4,5] and to this paper by de Groot, Janssen, Zwinderman, Moons and Reitsma is particularly unfortunate and we apologize to our readers and to de Groot, Janssen, Zwinderman, Moons and Reitsma.
Student interest generated during an inquiry skills lesson
Authors: Palmer David H. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract“Situational interest” is a short‐term form of motivation which occurs when a specific situation stimulates the focused attention of students (e.g., a spectacular science demonstration could arouse transient interest amongst nearly all the students in a class, even those who are not normally interested in science). However, there have been very few studies of situational interest and its potential to motivate students in science classrooms. The purpose of this project was to investigate situational interest and its sources. Small groups of grade 9 students participated in a science lesson which focused on inquiry skills, and data were obtained on their interest levels and sources of interest. The results indicated that interest arousal was substantial but did fluctuate throughout the lesson, according to the types of activities in which students were involved. The main source of interest was novelty, although choice, physical activity, and social involvement were also implicated. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 46: 147–165, 2009
Written extended‐response questions as classroom assessment tools for meaningful understanding of evolutionary theory
Authors: Nieswandt Martina , Bellomo Katherine 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThis qualitative study analyzed grade 12 biology students' answers to written extended‐response questions that describe hypothetical scenarios of animals' evolution. We investigated whether these type of questions are suitable for students (n = 24) to express a meaningful understanding of evolutionary theory. Meaningful understanding is comprised of factual, procedural (rules, algorithms), schematic (“knowing why”), and strategic knowledge (when, where and how to apply knowledge). Evolutionary theory as a multi‐level concept includes concepts on three different levels (descriptive, hypothetical, and theoretical). Students' answers are examined as to whether they reflect the meaningful linking of all concepts through appropriate use of scientific language. Results showed that students (a) predominantly linked descriptive concepts and, although expected, (b) demonstrated only some cross‐concept‐level links (theoretical–descriptive), (c) exhibited even fewer multi‐concept‐level links (theoretical–descriptive–hypothetical), and (d) avoided the linking of hypothetical concepts with theoretical ones. All these results showed the lack of explanations and reasoning (absence of schematic and strategic knowledge) and knowledge of how to link concepts about evolutionary theory meaningfully. The results indicate further that written extended‐response questions are only partially suitable for demonstrating meaningful understanding. Implications for teaching of evolutionary theory are discussed. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 46: 333–356, 2009
Influences on visitor behavior at a modern immersive zoo exhibit
Authors: Ross Stephen R. , Gillespie Katie L. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractZoos serve as centers for both research and education. The challenge is to convey messages about their conservation projects while meeting visitor expectations, which often include recreation and entertainment. One way this can be achieved is through the design of immersive exhibits that draw visitors in and engage them with interactive educational elements. Regenstein African Journey (RAJ) opened at Lincoln Park Zoo in 2003 and was designed to take visitors on a simulated safari through Africa. Because visitor experience was a major design goal, we conducted a timing and tracking study to evaluate use of the building and educational components. For a 9‐week period in 2003, we tracked 338 visitors to RAJ and recorded continuous data as they moved through the building. Data were collected on handheld computers that provided precise timing data. The median visit was 11.08 min, 41% of which was spent looking at animals and 9% of which was spent engaged with interpretive elements. We found significant differences in the way visitors used signage: those in groups without children spent more of their visit engaged with signage than those with children and visitors who spent more of their visit interacting socially spent less time engaged with signage. By understanding how visitors use the educational opportunities presented to them, we can better meet their expectations and more effectively achieve the goal of conservation education. Zoo Biol 28:462–472, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Frequency and seriousness of parental offending and their impact on juvenile offending
Authors: Nijhof Karin S. , de Kemp Raymond A.T. , Engels Rutger C.M.E. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe present study investigated to what extent the frequency and seriousness of parental offending were related to their offspring offending. Police officers in one Dutch province completed a form to register risk factors and the actions undertaken when they came into contact with offenders aged 8–14 years. These juveniles were followed for 18 months to establish whether or not they committed more crimes. In addition, the parents of these children were traced in the police criminal record systems. Data were gathered from 577 children and their parents. Of these children, 34% were exposed to parental criminality, of which 33 delinquents had two criminal parents and 163 had one criminal parent. If both parents were criminal, the child had the highest frequency of offending. Further, the frequency of parental offending was positively related to the frequency of the child's offending. Concerning the seriousness of juvenile crimes, the seriousness of the committed offences of the father showed a positive relation with the seriousness of his child's offending. Unexpectedly, a negative association was found between the seriousness of maternal offending and the seriousness of her child offending. These results offered a better understanding of the influence that parents with a criminal history have on their children. Further research is needed to identify mechanisms underlying this relationship in order to provide appropriate prevention and intervention strategies.
Symptoms of problematic cellular phone use, functional impairment and its association with depression among adolescents in Southern Taiwan
Authors: Yen Cheng‐Fang , Tang Tze‐Chun , Yen Ju‐Yu , Lin Huang‐Chi , Huang Chi‐Fen , Liu Shu‐Chun , Ko Chih‐Hung 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe aims of this study were: (1) to examine the prevalence of symptoms of problematic cellular phone use (CPU); (2) to examine the associations between the symptoms of problematic CPU, functional impairment caused by CPU and the characteristics of CPU; (3) to establish the optimal cut‐off point of the number of symptoms for functional impairment caused by CPU; and (4) to examine the association between problematic CPU and depression in adolescents. A total of 10,191 adolescent students in Southern Taiwan were recruited into this study. Participants' self‐reported symptoms of problematic CPU and functional impairments caused by CPU were collected. The associations of symptoms of problematic CPU with functional impairments and with the characteristics of CPU were examined. The cut‐off point of the number of symptoms for functional impairment was also determined. The association between problematic CPU and depression was examined by logistic regression analysis. The results indicated that the symptoms of problematic CPU were prevalent in adolescents. The adolescents who had any one of the symptoms of problematic CPU were more likely to report at least one dimension of functional impairment caused by CPU, called more on cellular phones, sent more text messages, or spent more time and higher fees on CPU. Having four or more symptoms of problematic CPU had the highest potential to differentiate between the adolescents with and without functional impairment caused by CPU. Adolescents who had significant depression were more likely to have four or more symptoms of problematic CPU. The results of this study may provide a basis for detecting symptoms of problematic CPU in adolescents.
Deliberate self‐harm in adolescents: Comparison between those who receive help following self‐harm and those who do not
Authors: Ystgaard Mette , Arensman Ella , Hawton Keith , Madge Nicola , van Heeringen Kees , Hewitt Anthea , Jan de Wilde Erik , De Leo Diego , Fekete Sandor 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThis international comparative study addresses differences between adolescents who engage in deliberate self‐harm (DSH) and who receive help following the DSH episode versus those who do not. A standardised self‐report questionnaire was completed by pupils aged 14–17 in Australia, Belgium, England, Hungary, Ireland, The Netherlands, and Norway (n = 30 532). An act of DSH in the year prior to the study was reported by 1660 participants. Nearly half (48.4%) had not received any help following DSH, 32.8% had received help from their social network only and 18.8% from health services. Except for Hungary, cross‐national comparisons revealed remarkably similar findings. Adolescents who had been in contact with health services following DSH reported more often a wish to die, lethal methods, alcohol/drug problems and DSH in the family compared to those who had not. However, those who received no help or help from their social network only were also heavily burdened.
Different types of Internet use, depression, and social anxiety: The role of perceived friendship quality
Authors: Selfhout Maarten H.W. , Branje Susan J.T. , Delsing M. , ter Bogt Tom F.M. , Meeus Wim H.J. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe current study examined the longitudinal associations of time spent on Internet activities for communication purposes (i.e., IM‐ing) versus time spent on Internet activities for non‐communication purposes (i.e., surfing) with depression and social anxiety, as well as the moderating role of perceived friendship quality in these associations. Questionnaire data were gathered from 307 Dutch middle adolescents (average age 15 years) on two waves with a one‐year interval. For adolescents who perceive low friendship quality, Internet use for communication purposes predicted less depression, whereas Internet use for non‐communication purposes predicted more depression and more social anxiety. These results support social compensation effects of IM‐ing on depression and poor‐get‐poorer effects of surfing on depression and social anxiety, respectively.