bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
POTE Paralogs Are Induced and Differentially Expressed in Many Cancers
Authors: Bera Tapan K. , Fleur Ashley Saint , Lee Yoomi , Kydd Andre , Hahn Yoonsoo , Popescu Nicholas C. , Zimonjic Drazen B. , Lee Byungkook , Pastan Ira 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
To identify new antigens that are targets for the immunotherapy of prostate and breast cancer, we used expressed sequence tag and genomic databases and discovered POTE, a new primate-specific gene family. Each POTE gene encodes a protein that contains three domains, although the proteins vary greatly in size. The NH2-terminal domain is novel and has properties of an extracellular domain but does not contain a signal sequence. The second and third domains are rich in ankyrin repeats and spectrin-like helices, respectively. The protein encoded by POTE-21, the first family member discovered, is localized on the plasma membrane of the cell. In humans, 13 highly homologous paralogs are dispersed among eight chromosomes. The expression of POTE genes in normal tissues is restricted to prostate, ovary, testis, and placenta. A survey of several cancer samples showed that POTE was expressed in 6 of 6 prostate, 12 of 13 breast, 5 of 5 colon, 5 of 6 lung, and 4 of 5 ovarian cancers. To determine the relative expression of each POTE paralog in cancer and normal samples, we employed a PCR-based cloning and analysis method. We found that POTE-2α, POTE-2β, POTE-2γ, and POTE-22 are predominantly expressed in cancers whereas POTE expression in normal tissues is somewhat more diverse. Because POTE is primate specific and is expressed in testis and many cancers but only in a few normal tissues, we conclude POTE is a new primate-specific member of the cancer-testis antigen family. It is likely that POTE has a unique role in primate biology. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(1): 52-6)
Eco‐efficiency for Pollution Prevention in Small to Medium‐Sized Enterprises: A Case from South Korea
Authors: Suh Sangwon , Lee Kun Mo , Ha Sangsun 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA simple method of representing the eco‐efficiency (E/E) of a product system has been developed and applied to a pollution prevention program at a small to medium‐sized enterprise (SME). Cost‐side and environment‐side indicators were derived using total cost accounting and life‐cycle assessment, respectively. The derived indicators were subsequently normalized to reference values representing the current cost and environmental situation. By combining these normalized indicators, the E/E of a product system can be expressed on a simple graph. The method was applied in a case study carried out at a South Korean SME producing components for electronic equipment such as mobile communication base stations. A silver‐plating process was identified as one of the key processes driving a substantial fraction of the total cost and aggregate environmental impact of the product system. Focusing on the key issues identified, a series of alternative processes, including use of a product insulation cover, a sieve‐type ancillary electrode, a balanced‐uniform plating technique, stream segregation, and noncyanide electroplating, were proposed. The feasibility of these alternatives was validated against product specifications as well as the company's financial and spatial capacity. The potential improvements accruing from these alternatives are presented as a simple graph that can be used by decision makers to readily identify trade‐offs between economic and environmental issues.
How Can the Eco‐efficiency of a Region be Measured and Monitored?
Authors: Seppäläa Jyri , Melanen Matti , Mäenpää Ilmo , Koskela Sirkka , Tenhunen Jyrki , Hiltunen Marja‐Riitta 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe concept of eco‐efficiency is commonly referred to as a business link to sustainable development. In this article, ecoefficiency is examined at a regional level as an approach to promoting the competitiveness of economic activities in the Finnish Kymenlaakso region and mitigating their harmful impacts on the environment. The aim is to develop appropriate indicators for monitoring changes in the eco‐efficiency of the region. A starting point is to produce indicators for the environmental and economic dimensions of regional development and use them for measuring regional eco‐efficiency. The environmental impact indicators are based on a life‐cycle assessment method, producing different types of environmental impact indicators: pressure indicators (e.g., emissions of CO2), impact category indicators (e.g., CO2 equivalents in the case of climate change), and a total impact indicator (aggregating different impact category indicator results into a single value). Environmental impact indicators based on direct material input, total material input, and total material requirement of the Kymenlaakso region are also assessed. The economic indicators used are the gross domestic product, the value added, and the output of the main economic sectors of Kymenlaakso. In the eco‐efficiency assessment, the economic and environmental impact indicators are monitored in the same graph. In a few cases eco‐efficiency ratios can also be calculated (the economic indicators are divided by the environmental indicators). Output (= value added + intermediate consumption) is used as an economic indicator related to the environmental impact indicators, which also cover the upstream processes of the region's activities. In the article, we also discuss the strengths and weaknesses of using the different environmental impact indicators.
A Microphysical Bulk Formulation Based on Scaling Normalization of the Particle Size Distribution. Part I: Description
Authors: Szyrmer Wanda , Laroche Stéphane , Zawadzki Isztar 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
The authors address the problem of optimization of the microphysical information extracted from a simulation system composed of high-resolution numerical models and multiparameter radar data or other available measurements. As a tool in the exploration of this question, a bulk microphysical scheme based on the general approach of scaling normalization of particle size distribution (PSD) is proposed. This approach does not rely on a particular functional form imposed on the PSD and naturally leads to power-law relationships between the PSD moments providing an accurate and compact PSD representation. To take into account the possible evolution of the shape/curvature of the distribution, ignored within standard one- and two-moment microphysical schemes, a new three-moment scheme based on the two-moment scaling normalization is proposed. The methodology of the moment retrieval included in the three-moment scheme can also be useful as a retrieval algorithm combining different remote sensing observations. The developed bulk microphysical scheme presents a unified formulation for microphysical parameterization using one, two, or three independent moments, suitable in the context of data assimilation. The effectiveness of the scheme with different combinations of independent moments is evaluated by comparison with a very high resolution spectral model within a 1D framework on representative microphysical processes: rain sedimentation and evaporation.
Prostanoid receptor EP1 and Cox-2 in injured human nerves and a rat model of nerve injury: a time-course study
Authors: Durrenberger Pascal F , Facer Paul , Casula Maria A , Yiangou Yiangos , Gray Roy A , Chessell Iain P , Day Nicola C , Collins Sue D , Bingham Sharon , Wilson Alex W , Elliot David , Birch Rolfe , Anand Praveen 
Published: January 2006

Abstract

Background
Recent studies show that inflammatory processes may contribute to neuropathic pain. Cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) is an inducible enzyme responsible for production of prostanoids, which may sensitise sensory neurones via the EP1 receptor. We have recently reported that while macrophages infiltrate injured nerves within days of injury, they express increased Cox-2-immunoreactivity (Cox-2-IR) from 2 to 3 weeks after injury. We have now investigated the time course of EP1 and Cox-2 changes in injured human nerves and dorsal root ganglia (DRG), and the chronic constriction nerve injury (CCI) model in the rat.

Methods
Tissue sections were immunostained with specific antibodies to EP1, Cox-2, CD68 (human macrophage marker) or OX42 (rat microglial marker), and neurofilaments (NF), prior to image analysis, from the following: human brachial plexus nerves (21 to 196 days post-injury), painful neuromas (9 days to 12 years post-injury), avulsion injured DRG, control nerves and DRG, and rat CCI model tissues. EP1 and NF-immunoreactive nerve fibres were quantified by image analysis.

Results
EP1:NF ratio was significantly increased in human brachial plexus nerve fibres, both proximal and distal to injury, in comparison with uninjured nerves. Sensory neurones in injured human DRG showed a significant acute increase of EP1-IR intensity. While there was a rapid increase in EP1-fibres and CD-68 positive macrophages, Cox-2 increase was apparent later, but was persistent in human painful neuromas for years. A similar time-course of changes was found in the rat CCI model with the above markers, both in the injured nerves and ipsilateral dorsal spinal cord.

Conclusion
Different stages of infiltration and activation of macrophages may be observed in the peripheral and central nervous system following peripheral nerve injury. EP1 receptor level increase in sensory neurones, and macrophage infiltration, appears to precede increased Cox-2 expression by macrophages. However, other methods for detecting Cox-2 levels and activity are required. EP1 antagonists may show therapeutic effects in acute and chronic neuropathic pain, in addition to inflammatory pain.
Modification of Anodized Aluminum Film by Hyperbranched Poly(siloxysilane)s in Conductive Polymer Aluminum Solid Electrolytic Capacitor
Authors: Nogami Katsunori , Kakimoto Masa-aki , Hayakawa Teruaki , Yokomachi Kazutoshi , Seino Makoto , Sakamoto Kiyoshi 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
An aluminum solid electrolytic capacitor, using poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) as a counter electrode, was prepared with hyperbranched poly(siloxysilane)s (HBPSi) to improve an interface of aluminum oxide and PEDOT. Capacitance and equivalent series resistance (ESR) were significantly improved comparing to those without HBPSi.
A Randomized, Community-Based Trial of Home Visiting to Reduce Blood Lead Levels in Children
Authors: Brown Mary Jean , McLaine Pat , Dixon Sherry , Simon Peter 
Published: January 2006

OBJECTIVE. The objective of this study was to measure the effectiveness of intensive case management to reduce blood lead levels (BLLs) in children. Lead poisoning remains a common, preventable pediatric condition despite advances in reducing children's BLLs in the United States. Substantial evidence implicates lead paint–contaminated house dust as the most common high-dose source of lead in children's environments. Housekeeping and parental supervision also may contribute to risk for lead exposure.METHODS. We conducted a community-based, randomized trial of comprehensive education and home visiting for families of children with BLLs 15 to 19 μg/dL. BLLs after 1 year of follow-up were compared for intervention group children, whose families received individualized education that was designed to address specific risks factors in a child's environment, and comparison group children, whose families received customary care, usually 1 or 2 educational visits. Environmental samples were collected at baseline and after 1 year of follow-up for intervention group children and compared with those of comparison group children, collected only at the end of study.RESULTS. During the follow-up period, parents of intervention group children (n = 92) successfully decreased dust lead levels and significantly improved parent-child interaction and family housekeeping practices compared with comparison group children (n = 83). Overall geometric mean BLLs declined by 47%, and the difference in BLL by group was not significant (9 vs 8.3 μg/dL for intervention versus comparison group children, respectively.) After 1 year, nearly half of enrolled children had BLLs ≥10 μg/dL.CONCLUSIONS. Until a reservoir of lead-safe housing is created, programs that educate families to reduce environmental exposure are needed. Although providing families with quantitative information regarding lead contamination may have a role in short-term efforts to prevent lead exposure, these null findings suggest that it has little benefit once BLLs are elevated.
Dental microwear from Natufian hunter‐gatherers and early Neolithic farmers: Comparisons within and between samples
Authors: Mahoney Patrick 
Published: January 2006

AbstractMicrowear patterns from Natufian hunter‐gatherers (12,500–10,250 bp) and early Neolithic (10,250–7,500 bp) farmers from northern Israel are correlated with location on facet nine and related to an archaeologically suggested change in food preparation. Casts of permanent second mandibular molars are examined with a scanning electron microscope at a magnification of 500×. Digitized micrographs are taken from the upper and lower part of facet nine. Microwear patterns are recorded with an image‐analysis computer program and compared within and between samples, using univariate and multivariate analyses. Comparisons within samples reveal a greater frequency of pits on the lower part of the facet among the farmers, compared to the upper part. Microwear does not vary over the facet among the hunter‐gatherers. Comparisons between samples reveal larger dental pits (length and width) and wider scratches among the farmers at the bottom of the facet, compared to the hunter‐gatherers. Microwear does not vary between samples at the top of the facet. The microwear patterns suggest that the Natufian to early Neolithic development led to a harder diet, and this is related to an archaeologically suggested change in food processing. The harder diet of the early farmers may have required higher bite forces that were exerted at the bottom of facet nine, in the basin of the tooth. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stereoselective Incorporation of an Unsaturated Isoleucine Analogue into a Protein Expressed in E. coli
Authors: Mock Marissa L. , Michon Thierry , van Hest Jan C. M. , Tirrell David A. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe unsaturated amino acid 2‐amino‐3‐methyl‐4‐pentenoic acid (E‐Ile) was prepared in the form of its (2S,3S),(2R,3R) and (2S,3R),(2R,3S) stereoisomeric pairs. The translational activities of SS‐E‐Ile and SR‐E‐Ile were assessed in an E. coli strain rendered auxotrophic for isoleucine. SS‐E‐Ile was incorporated into the test protein mouse dihydrofolate reductase (mDHFR) in place of isoleucine at a rate of up to 72 %; SR‐E‐Ile yielded no conclusive evidence for incorporation. ATP/PPi exchange assays indicated that SS‐E‐Ile was activated by the isoleucyl‐tRNA synthetase at a rate comparable to that characteristic of isoleucine; SR‐E‐Ile was activated approximately 100‐times more slowly than SS‐E‐Ile.
Numerical Analysis of Isothermal Gaseous Flows in Microchannel
Authors: Cao B. , Chen G. , Li Y. , Yuan Q. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractTwo‐dimensional compressible momentum equations were solved by a perturbation analysis and the PISO algorithm to investigate the effects of compressibility and rarefaction on the local flow resistance of isothermal gas flow in circular microchannels. The computations were performed for a wide range of Reynolds numbers and inlet Mach numbers. The explicit expression of the normalized local Fanning friction factor along the microchannel was derived in the present paper. The results reveal that the local Fanning friction factor is a function of the inlet Mach number, the Reynolds number and the length‐diameter ratio of the channel. For larger Reynolds and inlet Mach numbers, the friction coefficient in the microchannel is higher than the value in a macrotube, and the gas flow in the microchannel is dominated only by compressibility. For smaller Reynolds and inlet Mach numbers, the Fanning friction factor of gas flow in the microchannel is lower than that in a circular tube of conventional size due to slip flow at the wall and thus, rarefaction has a significant effect on the fluid flow characteristics in a microchannel.
Enhancement of Thermal Conductivity with CuO for Nanofluids
Authors: Liu M.‐S. , Lin M. C.‐C. , Huang I.‐T. , Wang C.‐C. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe enhancement of the thermal conductivity of ethylene glycol in the presence of copper oxide (CuO) is investigated. CuO nanofluids are prepared in a two‐step method. No surfactant is employed as a dispersant. The volume fraction of CuO nanoparticles suspended in ethylene glycol liquid is below 5 vol.‐%. The crystalline phases of the CuO powders are measured with x‐ray diffraction patterns (XRD). CuO nanoparticles are examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to determine their microstructure. The thermal conductivities of the CuO suspensions are measured by a modified transient hot wire method. The viscosity was measured with a viscosity instrument. The results show that CuO nanofluids with low concentrations of nanoparticles have considerably higher thermal conductivities than the identical ethylene glycol base liquids without solid nanoparticles. The thermal conductivity ratio improvement for CuO nanofluids is approximately linear with the volume fraction of nanoparticles. For CuO nanoparticles at a volume fraction of 0.05 (5 vol‐.%) thermal conductivity was enhanced by up to 22.4 %. CuO nanofluids thus have good potential for effective heat transfer applications.
Combustion Prevention of Iron Powders by a Novel Coating Method
Authors: Moghtaderi B. , Shames I. , Doroodchi E. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe effectiveness of a novel coating method in providing fine iron powder particles with a protective barrier against rapid oxidation was systematically studied. Particles were individually coated with an alumina‐based (Al2O3) ultra‐thin film using the Atomic Layer Deposition method. The oxidation resistance of the coating layer was found to be greatly dependent on the film thickness. Furthermore, for each film thickness there was a corresponding temperature above which the film drastically lost its protective effectiveness, primarily due to cracking caused by the thermal expansion mismatch between the particle and the alumina film. This problem was largely overcome when, instead of Al2O3, the protective film was generated from alternating layers of Al2O3/ZnS to ensure that the thermal expansion properties of the resultant film matched that of iron. The technique employed in this study is quite robust and can be adapted for combustion prevention in other types of metal powders.
Effect of Solvent Composition on Crystallization Process of Ascorbic Acid
Authors: Omar W. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe crystal growth kinetics of ascorbic acid in water and in the solvent systems water/ethanol, water/methanol, and water/propanol is determined by means of seeded isothermal batch crystallization experiments. The measurements are correlated by a power low equation of the form (G = kg σn). The composition of the solvent system is found to have a significant influence on the kinetic parameters of growth of ascorbic acid. An increase in growth rate in the presence of alcoholic solvents (20 wt %) is measured compared to experiments with pure water. The thermodynamic effect of the solvent on the growth kinetics is approached by the UNIFAC method. The kinetic effect of solvent composition is explained using the two‐step model. Both thermodynamic and kinetic analyses give the same result: The addition of alcoholic solvents (20 wt % ethanol, methanol, and propanol) to the ascorbic acid/water system slightly reduces the diffusion rate and significantly accelerates the surface integration process.
Design, Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and Molecular Modeling Studies of TIBO‐Like Cyclic Sulfones as Non‐Nucleoside HIV‐1 Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
Authors: Di Santo Roberto , Costi Roberta , Artico Marino , Ragno Rino , Lavecchia Antonio , Novellino Ettore , Gavuzzo Enrico , La Torre Francesco , Cirilli Roberto , Cancio Reynel , Maga Giovanni 
Published: January 2006

AbstractTIBO‐ and TBO‐like sulfone derivatives 1 and 2 were designed, synthesized, and tested for their ability to block the replication cycle of HIV‐1 in infected cells. The anti‐HIV‐1 activities of sulfones 3, which were intermediates in the syntheses of 1 and 2, were also evaluated. Surprisingly, the sulfone analogues of TIBO R82913 (compounds 1) were inactive, whereas interesting results were obtained for truncated derivatives 2. Compound 2 w was the most potent among this series in cell‐based assays (EC50=0.07 μM, CC50>200 μM, SI>2857). It was twofold less potent than R82913, but more selective. An X‐ray crystallographic analysis was carried out to establish the absolute configuration of 2 w and its enantiomer 2 x, which were obtained by semipreparative HPLC of 2 v, one of the most potent racemates. Compounds 1–3 were proven to target HIV‐1 RT. In fact, representative derivatives inhibited recombinant HIV‐1 RT in vitro at concentrations similar to those active in cell‐based assays. 3D QSAR studies and docking simulations were developed on TIBO‐ and TBO‐like sulfone derivatives to rationalize their anti‐HIV‐1 potencies and to predict the activity of novel untested sulfone derivatives. Predictive 3D QSAR models were obtained with a receptor‐based alignment by docking of TIBO‐ and TBO‐like derivatives into the NNBS of RT.
Identification of evolutionarily conserved regulatory elements in the mouse Fgf8 locus
Authors: Beermann Friedrich , Kaloulis Kostas , Hofmann Denise , Murisier Fabien , Bucher Philipp , Trumpp Andreas 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe secreted signaling molecule fibroblast growth factor 8 (Fgf8) is an essential component of certain embryonic signaling centers including the mid‐hindbrain (isthmic) organizer, the first branchial arch (BA1), and the apical ectodermal ridge (AER). In these signaling centers Fgf8 transcripts are expressed in a dynamic and transient fashion, but the mechanism by which this highly specific expression pattern is established remains largely unknown. We used DNA sequence comparisons coupled to transgenic approaches to obtain insight into the structure and function of regulatory elements in the Fgf8 locus. First, a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) containing the mouse Fgf8 gene partially rescues the embryonic lethality of Fgf8‐deficient mice and controls Fgf8‐specific gene expression of a coinjected lacZ reporter transgene. Second, sequence comparison of vertebrate Fgf8 loci revealed evolutionarily highly conserved noncoding sequences that were unexpectedly located mainly 3′ of the Fgf8 coding region. Third, in transgenic mice some of these elements were sufficient to target expression to the AER, tail bud, and brain, including the isthmic organizer, indicating that they may represent Fgf8 cis‐acting elements. Collectively, these data identify novel regulatory elements of the Fgf8 gene sufficient to drive expression to regions of known Fgf8 activity. genesis 44:1–6, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.