bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DNA BARCODING: CO1 DNA barcoding amphibians: take the chance, meet the challenge
Authors: SMITH M. ALEX , POYARKOV NIKOLAI A. , HEBERT PAUL D. N. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractAlthough a mitochondrial DNA barcode has been shown to be of great utility for species identification and discovery in an increasing number of diverse taxa, caution has been urged with its application to one of the most taxonomically diverse vertebrate groups — the amphibians. Here, we test three of the perceived shortcomings of a CO1 DNA barcode's utility with a group of Holarctic amphibians: primer fit, sequence variability and overlapping intra‐ and interspecific variability. We found that although the CO1 DNA barcode priming regions were variable, we were able to reliably amplify a CO1 fragment from degenerate primers and primers with G‐C residues at the 3′ end. Any overlap between intra‐ and interspecific variation in our taxonomic sampling was due to introgressive hybridization (Bufo/Anaxyrus), complex genetics (Ambystoma) or incomplete taxonomy (Triturus). Rates of hybridization and species discovery are not expected to be greater for amphibians than for other vertebrate groups, and thus problems with the utility of using a single mitochondrial gene for species identification will not be specific to amphibians. Therefore, we conclude that there is greater potential for a CO1 barcode's use with amphibians than has been reported to date. A large‐scale effort to barcode the amphibians of the world, using the same primary barcode region of CO1, will yield important findings for science and conservation.
PERMANENT GENETIC RESOURCES: Isolation of 60 polymorphic microsatellite loci in EST libraries of four sibling species of the phytopathogenic fungal complex Microbotryum
Authors: GIRAUD T. , YOCKTENG R. , MARTHEY S. , CHIAPELLO H. , JONOT O. , LOPEZ‐VILLAVICENCIO M. , DE VIENNE D. M. , HOOD M. E. , REFREGIER G. , GENDRAULT‐JACQUEMARD A. , WINCKER P. , DOSSAT C. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractWe report the development of 60 microsatellite markers on four species of the fungal complex Microbotryum, causing anther smut of the Caryophyllaceae. Microsatellites were found in four expressed sequence tag (EST) libraries, built from isolates of M. lychnis‐dioicae, M. violaceum sensus stricto, M. lagerheimii and M. dianthorum, collected, respectively, from the plants Silene latifolia, S. nutans, S. vulgaris and Dianthus carthusianorum. Intrapopulation polymorphism was investigated using 24 isolates, and cross‐amplification was explored using 23 isolates belonging to at least 10 different Microbotryum species. This study provides numerous microsatellite markers for population genetics and mapping studies.
PERMANENT GENETIC RESOURCES: Isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers in the white‐faced capuchin monkey (Cebus capucinus) and cross‐species amplification in other New World monkeys
Authors: MUNIZ L. , VIGILANT L. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractSeventeen polymorphic microsatellite loci were identified for white‐faced capuchin monkeys from an enriched genomic library in addition to one locus found through cross‐species comparisons. In a sample of 187 wild individuals, these loci exhibited an average of five alleles and an observed heterozygosity of 0.62. The combined probability of exclusion of a random individual from parentage was 0.99. These loci were screened in 23 other New World monkeys and an average of seven loci was variable per species, suggesting that these loci could be of use in studies of other Neotropical primates.
PERMANENT GENETIC RESOURCES: Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci from the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Crambidae)
Authors: KIM KYUNG SEOK , COATES BRAD S. , HELLMICH RICHARD L. , SUMERFORD DOUGLAS V. , SAPPINGTON THOMAS W. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractFew useful microsatellites are available for population studies of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner). An enrichment strategy was used to develop microsatellite markers for O. nubilalis, and over 500 positive clones were isolated. Seventy‐five contained unique microsatellites, 10 of which were polymorphic with discernable polymerase chain reaction products. The 10 loci were surveyed for variability in 72 wild individuals from central Iowa. Five loci showed no deviation from Hardy–Weinberg proportions, and all were successfully cross‐amplified in the related Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis. These loci represent a significant addition to microsatellites appropriate for population studies of O. nubilalis.
PERMANENT GENETIC RESOURCES: Characterization of tri‐ and tetranucleotide microsatellite loci for the slatey‐grey snake (Stegonotus cucullatus, Colubridae)
Authors: DUBEY SYLVAIN , BROWN GREGORY P. , MADSEN THOMAS , SHINE RICHARD 
Published: September 2007

AbstractWe characterized nine polymorphic microsatellite (six trinucleotides and three tetranucleotides) loci for the slatey‐grey snake (Stegonotus cucullatus) from Australia, in order to study the mating system of this species. Based on a total of 100 samples, the number of alleles per locus ranged from three to 10, and the observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.62 to 0.86 and from 0.53 to 0.83, respectively.
COMPUTER PROGRAMS: nessi: a program for numerical estimations in sporophytic self‐incompatibility genetic systems
Authors: BILLIARD S. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract nessi is a computer program generating predictions about allelic and genotypic frequencies at the S‐locus in sporophytic self‐incompatibility systems under finite and infinite populations. For any pattern of dominance relationships among self‐incompatibility alleles, nessi computes deterministic equilibrium frequencies and estimates distributions in samples from finite populations of the number of alleles at equilibrium, allelic and genotypic frequencies at equilibrium and allelic and genotypic frequency changes in a single generation. These predictions can be used to rigorously test the impact of negative frequency‐dependent selection on diversity patterns in natural populations.
PERMANENT GENETIC RESOURCES: Ten novel polymorphic dinucleotide microsatellite loci cloned from the Antarctic fur seal Arctocephalus gazella
Authors: HOFFMAN JOSEPH I. , DASMAHAPATRA KANCHON K. , NICHOLS HAZEL J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractTen new dinucleotide microsatellite loci were isolated from the Antarctic fur seal Arctocephalus gazella. These markers should prove useful for studying the reproductive ecology of Antarctic fur seals and other related pinniped species.
PERMANENT GENETIC RESOURCES: Development of microsatellite markers in the Japanese common squid Todarodes pacificus (Ommastrephidae)
Authors: IWATA Y. , LIAN C. L. , SAKURAI Y. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract Todarodes pacificus is an important species for commercial fisheries, but its reproductive biology has been little understood. We isolated 11 polymorphic microsatellite loci from this species. These loci provided highly polymorphic microsatellite markers with four to 26 alleles per locus. The observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.150 to 1.000, and from 0.660 to 0.974, respectively. These markers will be useful for research about the mating systems and genetic diversity of T. pacificus.
Increased Natural Killer Cell Cytotoxicity and IL‐2 Production in Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion
Authors: Hadinedoushan Hossein , Mirahmadian Mahroo , Aflatounian Abbas 
Published: September 2007

ProblemTo determine whether natural killer (NK) cells cytotoxicity in peripheral blood is altered in patients with a history of recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA); also, if there is any correlation between cytokine production and NK cytotoxicity.Method of studyIn this case–control study, 21 patients with RSA within 24 hr of the last abortion (group I), and 32 pregnants with no history of abortion (group II) were surveyed. NK cell cytotoxicity was evaluated by flow cytometry, and IL‐2, IL‐10, transforming growth factor β1 were measured in cell culture supernatant by ELISA method.ResultsGroup I showed higher NK cytotoxicity than group II at all of effector to target (E:T) ratios (P ≤ 0.045).The correlation between production of IL‐2 and NK cytotoxicity was positively significant (R = 0.350, P = 0.001). Group I had significantly higher levels of IL‐2 than group II (P = 0.001). In group II, the production of IL‐10 by peripheral blood mononuclear cells was higher than group I (P = 0.002).ConclusionIncreased NK cell cytotoxicity and high level of IL‐2 may be considered as a risk factor for RSA.
Rice allelopathy and the possibility for weed management
Authors: Khanh T.D. , Xuan T.D. , Chung I.M. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractIn attempts to control weeds in rice, much effort has been focused on rice allelopathy research for more than 30 years. Among screening methods that have been developed, some estimate the allelopathic potential of various rice cultivars in a limited time and space, which is less costly and can be conducted year round. Rice allelopathy activity is variety dependent and origin dependent, where Japonica rice shows greater allelopathic activity than Indica and Japonica–Indica hybrids. Allelopathic characteristics in rice are quantitatively inherited and several allelopathy‐involved traits have been identified. Numerous phytotoxins such as cytokinins, diterpenoids, fatty acids, flavones, glucopyranosides, indoles, momilactones (A and B), oryzalexins, phenols, phenolic acids, resorcinols and stigmastanols have been identified and determined as growth inhibitors in rice. However, the fate and actual modes of action of these compounds as well as other potent rice phytotoxins in nature are not well understood. The question of which compounds play a major role in rice allelopathy has remained obscure; however, rice allelopathy might be attributable to the interaction of all present allelochemicals. Despite locating genes determining or involving allelopathy in rice having attracted much effort, the introduction of these genes into target rice cultivars has not yet been achieved. Success in breeding new rice cultivars having good weed‐suppressing ability would benefit farmers in rice‐cultivating countries and play an important role in sustainable agricultural production.
Disentangling the effects of PAR and R:FR on lodging‐associated characters of wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Authors: Sparkes D.L. , King M. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractIt has been previously demonstrated that large wheat canopies are more prone to lodging than smaller canopies and it has been suggested that this is because of the plant’s response to changes in the light environment. However, it is unclear whether plants are responding to reduced light quantity (photosynthetically active radiation, PAR) or reduced light quality (red:far‐red, R:FR). Two glasshouse experiments were designed, using shading materials and supplementary light, to manipulate PAR and R:FR independently, so that the response of lodging‐associated characters of wheat could be ascribed to the different aspects of shade. The increase in lodging susceptibility associated with mutual plant shading was found to be because of both PAR and R:FR. Calculated stem failure wind speed and its component traits responded to shading entirely through their response to reductions in PAR. Ear number, which led to differences in plant leverage, was also explained by differences in PAR. In contrast, calculated anchorage failure wind speed and rooting traits demonstrated additional responses to R:FR, over and above those to PAR. Thus, the aspect of mutual plant shading responsible for increased lodging susceptibility of wheat varied between stem and root traits. PAR was solely responsible for changes in stem traits associated with lodging but R:FR played a role in determining rooting traits that affect the anchorage capacity of wheat plants.
Neutral hydrogen in galactic fountains
Authors: Booth C. M. , Theuns Tom 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Simulations of an isolated Milky Way-like galaxy, in which supernovae power a galactic fountain, reproduce the observed velocity and 21-cm brightness statistics of galactic neutral hydrogen (Hi). The simulated galaxy consists of a thin Hi disc, similar in extent and brightness to that observed in the Milky Way, and extra-planar neutral gas at a range of velocities due to the galactic fountain. Mock observations of the neutral gas resemble the Hi flux measurements from the Leiden–Argentine–Bonn Hisurvey, including a high-velocity tail which matches well with observations of high-velocity clouds. The simulated high-velocity clouds are typically found close to the galactic disc, with a typical line-of-sight distance of 13 kpc from observers on the solar circle. The fountain efficiently cycles matter from the centre of the galaxy to its outskirts at a rate of around 0.5M⊙yr−1.
Galaxy merging in modified Newtonian dynamics
Authors: Nipoti Carlo , Londrillo Pasquale , Ciotti Luca 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
We present the results of N-body simulations of dissipationless galaxy merging in modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND). For comparison, we also studied Newtonian merging between galaxies embedded in dark matter haloes, with internal dynamics equivalent to the MOND systems. We found that the merging time-scales are significantly longer in MOND than in Newtonian gravity with dark matter, suggesting that observational evidence of rapid merging could be difficult to explain in MOND. However, when two galaxies eventually merge, the MOND merging end-product is hardly distinguishable from the final stellar distribution of an equivalent Newtonian merger with dark matter.
Pharmacokinetics of Acyclovir after Intravenous Infusion of Acyclovir and after Oral Administration of Acyclovir and Its Prodrug Valacyclovir in Healthy Adult Horses
Authors: Garré B. , Shebany K. , Gryspeerdt A. , Baert K. , van der Meulen K. , Nauwynck H. , Deprez P. , De Backer P. , Croubels S. 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was twofold. The first aim was to evaluate the oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetics (PKs) of acyclovir in horses after intravenous (i.v.) administration and after oral administration of acyclovir and its prodrug, valacyclovir. Second, we aimed to combine these PK data with pharmacodynamic (PD) information, i.e., 50% effective concentrations (EC50values) from in vitro studies, to design an optimal dosage schedule. Three treatments were administered to healthy adult horses: 10 mg of acyclovir/kg of body weight delivered as an i.v. infusion over 1 h, 20 mg of acyclovir/kg administered as tablets by nasogastric intubation, and 20 mg of valacyclovir/kg administered as tablets by nasogastric intubation. Total plasma concentrations were measured by a high-performance liquid chromatography method combined with fluorescence detection, while unbound plasma concentrations were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The peak concentration of i.v. acyclovir was approximately 10 μg/ml for both the total and the unbound plasma concentrations. The mean half-life of elimination was between 5.05 h (total concentration) and 11.9 h (unbound concentration). Oral administration of acyclovir resulted in low maximum concentration in plasma (Cmax) and poor bioavailability. A 10-times-higherCmaxand an 8-times-higher bioavailability were achieved with oral administration of valacyclovir. The i.v. administration of 10 mg/kg acyclovir and the oral administration of 20 mg/kg valacyclovir achieved concentrations within the sensitivity range of equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1). The higher bioavailability of valacyclovir makes it an attractive candidate for the prophylactic and/or therapeutic treatment of horses infected with EHV-1. The results from the PK/PD modeling showed that a dosage of 40 mg/kg valacyclovir, administered three times daily, would be sufficient to reach plasma concentrations above the EC50values.
Lack of Correlation betweenembBMutation and Ethambutol MIC inMycobacterium tuberculosisClinical Isolates from China
Authors: Shi Ruiru , Zhang Jianyuan , Otomo Koji , Zhang Guolong , Sugawara Isamu 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTSeventy-fourMycobacterium tuberculosisclinical isolates from China were subjected to drug susceptibility testing using ethambutol, isoniazid, rifampin, and ofloxacin. The results revealed that the presence ofembBmutations did not correlate with ethambutol resistance but was associated with multiple-drug resistance, especially resistance to both ethambutol and rifampin.
Clinical and Pharmacological Determinants of the Therapeutic Response to Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine for Drug-Resistant Malaria
Authors: Price R. N. , Hasugian A. R. , Ratcliff A. , Siswantoro H. , Purba H. L. E. , Kenangalem E. , Lindegardh N. , Penttinen P. , Laihad F. , Ebsworth E. P. , Anstey N. M. , Tjitra E. 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACT

Dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DHP) is an important new treatment for drug-resistant malaria, although pharmacokinetic studies on the combination are limited. In Papua, Indonesia, we assessed determinants of the therapeutic efficacy of DHP for uncomplicated malaria. Plasma piperaquine concentrations were measured on day 7 and day 28, and the cumulative risk of parasitological failure at day 42 was calculated using survival analysis. Of the 598 patients in the evaluable population 342 had infections with
Plasmodium falciparum
, 83 with
Plasmodium vivax
, and 173 with a mixture of both species. The unadjusted cumulative risks of recurrence were 7.0% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.6 to 9.4%) for
P. falciparum
and 8.9% (95% CI: 6.0 to 12%) for
P. vivax
. After correcting for reinfections the risk of recrudescence with
P. falciparum
was 1.1% (95% CI: 0.1 to 2.1%). The major determinant of parasitological failure was the plasma piperaquine concentration. A concentration below 30 ng/ml on day 7 was observed in 38% (21/56) of children less than 15 years old and 22% (31/140) of adults (
P
= 0.04), even though the overall dose (mg per kg of body weight) in children was 9% higher than that in adults (
P
< 0.001). Patients with piperaquine levels below 30 ng/ml were more likely to have a recurrence with
P. falciparum
(hazard ratio [HR] = 6.6 [95% CI: 1.9 to 23];
P
= 0.003) or
P. vivax
(HR = 9.0 [95% CI: 2.3 to 35];
P
= 0.001). The plasma concentration of piperaquine on day 7 was the major determinant of the therapeutic response to DHP. Lower plasma piperaquine concentrations and higher failure rates in children suggest that dose revision may be warranted in this age group.
Molecular and Biochemical Characterization of the Chromosome-Encoded Class A β-Lactamase BCL-1 from
Bacillus clausii
Authors: Girlich Delphine , Leclercq Roland , Naas Thierry , Nordmann Patrice 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACT

A chromosomal β-lactamase gene from
Bacillus clausii
NR, which is used as a probiotic, was cloned and expressed in
Escherichia coli
. It encodes a clavulanic acid-susceptible Ambler class A β-lactamase, BCL-1, with a pI of 5.5 and a molecular mass of ca. 32 kDa. It shares 91% and 62% amino acid identity with the chromosomally encoded PenP penicillinases from
B. clausii
KSM-K16 and
Bacillus licheniformis
, respectively. The hydrolytic profile of this β-lactamase includes penicillins, narrow-spectrum cephalosporins, and cefpirome. This chromosome-encoded enzyme was inducible in
B. clausii
, and its gene is likely related to upstream-located regulatory genes that share significant identity with those reported to be upstream of the penicillinase gene of
B. licheniformis
. The
bla
BCL-1
gene was located next to the known chromosomal
aadD2
gene and the
erm34
gene, which encode resistance to aminoglycosides and macrolides, respectively. Similar genes were found in a collection of
B. clausii
reference strains.
Antimicrobial Effect of Halocidin-Derived Peptide in a Mouse Model ofListeriaInfection
Authors: Jang Woong Sik , Lee Sang-Chul , Lee Young Shin , Shin Yong Pyo , Shin Kyoung Hwa , Sung Boo Hee , Kim Byung S. , Lee Soo Han , Lee In Hee 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTHalocidin is an antimicrobial peptide found in the tunicate. A series of experiments were previously conducted in an attempt to develop a novel antibiotic derived from halocidin, as the peptide was determined to evidence profound antimicrobial activity against a variety of antibiotic-resistant microbes, with significantly less toxicity to human blood cells. In this study, we assessed the validity of one of the halocidin congeners, called Khal, as a new antibiotic for the treatment of systemic bacterial infections. Our in vitro antimicrobial tests showed that the MICs of Khal against several gram-positive bacteria were below 16 μg/ml in the presence of salt. We also determined that Khal retained sufficient target selectivity to discern microbial and human blood cells and was therefore capable of efficiently killing invading pathogens. Furthermore, Khal caused no aggregation problems upon incubation with human serum and also proved to be resistant to proteolysis by enzymes occurring in human serum. In the following experiments conducted with a mouse model ofListeria monocytogenesinfection, we demonstrated that a single intravenous inoculation with Khal resulted in significant therapeutic effects on the survival of mice. In addition, our bacterial-enumeration analysis showed that afterListeriainfection, livers and spleens from Khal-treated mice generated a great deal fewer recoverable CFU. Finally, the antibiotic effects of Khal were evaluated under confocal microscopy after we immunostained the liver sections with anti-Khal antibody. It was concluded that Khal bound specifically to the surfaces of bacteria colonized in the mouse liver and killed the bacteria rapidly.
Emergence of the Quinolone Resistance-Mediating Gene
aac(6′)-Ib-cr
in Extended-Spectrum-β-Lactamase-Producing
Klebsiella
Isolates Collected in Slovenia between 2000 and 2005
Authors: Ambrožič Avguštin Jerneja , Keber Rok , Žerjavič Katja , Oražem Toni , Grabnar Miklavž 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACT

Seventy-four nonrepetitive uropathogenic fluoroquinolone-resistant or -intermediate extended-spectrum-β-lactamase-producing
Klebsiella
isolates from Slovenia were screened for the presence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes. None of the known
qnr
genes were detected. The
aac(6′)-Ib-cr
allele was detected on plasmids from 25 transconjugants for which the ciprofloxacin MIC was higher than for the recipient
Escherichia coli
strain.