bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Public choice: “Yes Minister” made it popular, but does winning the Nobel Prize make it true?
Authors: Borins Sandford F. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract: This paper discusses the influence and validity of public choice economics, which uses the traditional methodology of self‐interested utility‐maximizing rational choice to explain the behaviour of voters, politicians and bureaucrats. Public choice authors view the democratic political system pessimistically, fearing that politicians, interest groups and bureaucrats will collude to expand government activity, which will benefit these three groups but harm the public at large. Thus, public choice writers are supporters of the conservative agenda of balanced budgets and reduced government spending. The article shows how the successful British television series “Yes Minister” draws much of its inspiration from the public choice model and how this is reflected in the behaviour of the key characters in the series. It is argued that the series has been effective at popularizing the model. Finally, the article critically reviews the recent Canadian public choice literature, and finds that it uses the marginal voter hypothesis tautologically, that many tests of the validity of the public choice model have been methodologically sloppy, and that public choice writers could have profited from an interview methodology in attempting to explain public policy outcomes.Sommaire: Cet article analyse l'influence de l‘école du “choix public” en économie laquelle utilise la méthode classique du choix rationnel fondé sur les intérêts personnels et la maximisation de l'utilité pour expliquer le comportement des électeurs, des politiciens et des bureaucrates. Les auteurs, tenants de cette école, sont pessimistes à l’égard du régime politique démocratique car ils craignent que les politiciens, les groupes d'intérêt et les bureaucrates se concertent pour accroître les activités gouvernementales à leur avantage mais au détriment du grand public. Ces auteurs favorisent donc un programme politique conservateur prônant l‘équilibre budgétaire et la réduction des dépenses gouvernementales. L'article montre comment le feuilleton télévisé britannique “Yes Minister”, qui connaît un vif succès dans le monde entier, s'inspire du modèle “du choix public” et comment le jeu des principaux personnages en est influencé. On affirme même que le feuilleton a contribuéà populariser ce modèle. L'auteur critique enfin les derniers ouvrages canadiens sur le choix public et estime qu'on utilise l'hypothèse de l’électeur marginal de manière tautologique et, par ailleurs, que de nombreux tests sur la validité du modèle du choix public laissent à désirer au niveau de la méthodologie. Les auteurs du choix public auraient eu intérêt à recourir à la méthode des entrevues pour expliquer les décisions gouvernementales.
Oral cancer awareness for the general practitioner: new approaches to patient care
Authors: Farah CS , McCullough MJ 
Published: February 2008

AbstractIn Australia, oral cancer accounts for approximately 2–3 per cent of all cancers, and approximately 1 per cent of deaths from cancer. The incidence of intra‐oral cancer is gradually increasing. It is now well established that early detection of potentially malignant disease can improve the clinical outcome for patients, and as such it is the responsibility of dentists to identify such lesions early. To facilitate early detection of suspicious oral lesions several clinical methods of detection can be used. In addition to conventional visual screening of oral tissues with the naked eye under projected incandescent or halogen illumination, there are many clinical diagnostic aids that can be undertaken to help detect oral cancer. In this article we explore clinically available modalities that may be used by the general dental practitioner, and highlight their inherent strengths and weaknesses.
An in vitro assessment of the role of Tooth Mousse in preventing wine erosion
Authors: Piekarz C , Ranjitkar S , Hunt D , McIntyre J 
Published: February 2008

AbstractBackground:  The recommendation that Tooth Mousse (TM), an anticariogenic remineralizing agent, is effective for controlling dental erosion in professional wine tasters is not evidence‐based. The aim of this in vitro study was to determine the effectiveness of TM in reducing erosion of coronal enamel and radicular dentine/cementum simulating a typical wine judging session.Methods:  Enamel and dentine/cementum from buccal halves (experimental sample) and palatal halves (control sample) of human maxillary premolar teeth were subjected to 1500 one‐minute exposures (cycles) to white wine (pH = 3.5). TM was applied every 20 cycles to the experimental sample, but not to the control sample. Paired t‐tests were used to determine whether there were significant differences in erosion depths between the experimental and control samples.Results:  Mean erosion depths were significantly shallower in the experimental sample than the control sample for both enamel (34.4 μm versus 49.2 μm, respectively) (p < 0.05) and dentine/cementum (143.2 μm versus 203.7 μm, respectively) (p < 0.01).Conclusions:  TM may have significant role in the management of wine erosion, which is under‐recognized as an occupational hazard by the Australian wine industry. Future studies are needed to compare the relative benefits of TM and other remineralizing agents, when used individually or in combination, in preventing dental erosion.
The Caries Management System: an evidence‐based preventive strategy for dental practitioners. Application for adults
Authors: Evans RW , Pakdaman A , Dennison PJ , Howe ELC 
Published: February 2008

AbstractIn the absence of effective caries preventive methods, operative care became established as the means for caries control in general practice. Water fluoridation resulted in a declining caries incidence which decreased further following the advent of fluoridated toothpaste. The challenge today is to develop a non‐invasive model of practice that will sustain a low level of primary caries experience in the younger generation and reduce risk of caries experience in the older generations. The Caries Management System is a ten step non‐invasive strategy to arrest and remineralize early lesions. The governing principle of this system is that caries management must include consideration of the patient at risk, the status of each lesion, patient management, clinical management and monitoring. Both dental caries risk and treatment are managed according to a set of protocols that are applied at various steps throughout patient consultation and treatment. The anticipated outcome of implementing the Caries Management System in general dental practice is reduction in caries incidence and increased patient satisfaction. Since the attainment and maintenance of oral health is determined mainly by controlling both caries and periodontal disease, the implementation of the Caries Management System in general practice will promote both outcomes.
The effect of casein phosphopeptide‐amorphous calcium phosphate on remineralization of artificial caries‐like lesions: an in vitro study
Authors: Kumar VLN , Itthagarun A , King NM 
Published: February 2008

AbstractBackground:  The aims of this study were to investigate the efficacy of CPP‐ACP containing Tooth Mousse on the remineralization of enamel lesions and to compare its efficacy to that of a fluoride‐containing toothpaste.Methods:  Permanent teeth were placed in demineralizing solution for 96 hours to produce artificial caries‐like lesions 120–200 μm in depth. They were sectioned into 100–150 μm thick samples and randomly assigned to five groups: for Group A, a fluoridated toothpaste (1100 ppm) was used as a positive control and in Group B, a non‐fluoridated toothpaste was used as a negative control. Tooth Mousse containing CPP‐ACP was tested by three different means: as a toothpaste (Group C); as a topical coating (Group D); and (Group E) as a topical coating after treating the sections with the same fluoridated toothpaste as in Group A.Results:  The lesion depth decreased significantly by 7 per cent in Group A, 10.1 per cent in Groups C and D, and 13.1 per cent in Group E (Paired t‐ test, p < 0.05), while in Group B the lesion depth increased significantly by 23 per cent.Conclusions:  Based on the data obtained, CPP‐ACP containing Tooth Mousse remineralized initial enamel lesions and it showed a higher remineralizing potential when applied as a topical coating after the use of a fluoridated toothpaste.
Ridge preservation: what is it and when should it be considered
Authors: Darby I , Chen S , De Poi R 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe resorption of bone following extraction may present a significant problem in implant and restorative dentistry. Ridge preservation is a technique whereby the amount of bone loss is limited. This paper discusses the scientific literature examining the healing post‐extraction and ridge preserving techniques, primarily from the perspective of implant dentistry. Some indications for ridge preservation and methods considered appropriate are discussed.
A qualitative assessment of non‐carious cervical lesions in extracted human teeth
Authors: Nguyen C , Ranjitkar S , Kaidonis JA , Townsend GC 
Published: February 2008

AbstractBackground:  Opinions vary about the causes of non‐carious cervical lesions (NCCLs). They have been attributed to toothbrush abrasion, acid corrosion (commonly termed dental erosion), and abfraction. The purpose of this study was to examine the microwear details of NCCLs in a collection of extracted human teeth using scanning election microscopy (SEM).Methods:  Negative replicas of large NCCLs in 24 extracted human teeth were obtained in polyvinylsiloxane impression material (Light Body Imprint ™II, 3M ESPE) and viewed under SEM.Results:  All NCCLs extended from the cemento‐enamel junction to the root surface and they displayed a variety of wedge‐shaped appearances. There was evidence of both abrasion and corrosion in 18 of the 24 teeth (75.0 per cent), abrasion only in one tooth (4.2 per cent) and corrosion only in five teeth (20.8 per cent). Horizontal furrows with smooth edges and minor scratch marks, characteristic of abrasion and corrosion, were noted in 13 teeth (54.2 per cent).Conclusions:  Based on microscopic assessment of a sample of extracted teeth, it appears that abrasion and corrosion are common associated aetiological factors in the formation of NCCLs.
Working practices and job satisfaction of Victorian dental hygienists
Authors: Hopcraft M , McNally C , Ng C , Pek L , Pham TA , Phoon WL , Poursoltan P , Yu W 
Published: February 2008

AbstractBackground: Increasing demand for dental services and a projected shortage in the oral health workforce in Victoria has focused attention on dental hygienists as one mechanism for increasing the supply of dental services. Understanding the dental hygienist workforce is essential in order to plan effectively for the future delivery of dental services in Victoria.Methods: A postal survey of a random sample of Victorian dental hygienists was undertaken in 2006. Data on hygienists’ demographic characteristics, current dental practice, history of career breaks, aspects of clinical practice and job satisfaction were collected.Results: A response rate of 77 per cent was achieved. A total of 94.0 per cent of hygienists were currently working as a dental hygienist, working an average of 28.7 hours per week. Younger hygienists worked longer hours than their older colleagues. Career breaks were common, with 44.8 per cent reporting a career break of greater than one month, predominantly for child rearing, with a mean career break of 20.1 months. Hygienists reported a high level of satisfaction with most aspects of their employment.Conclusions: Victorian hygienists worked predominantly in private practices in metropolitan Melbourne, providing a range of preventive and periodontal services. Understanding the working patterns of dental hygienists is critical as hygienist numbers expand in the future, in order to undertake thorough evidence‐based workforce planning.
Cross‐pinning: the philosophy of retrievability applied practically to fixed, implant‐supported prostheses
Authors: Gervais MJ , Hatzipanagiotis P , Wilson PR 
Published: February 2008

AbstractBiologic and technical complications are widely reported in the dental literature and often compromise the functional and/or aesthetic features of fixed, implant‐supported prostheses. Managing complications without damaging or destroying a restoration is an obvious advantage of implant‐based dentistry where the option of prosthetic retrievability is almost always available. The technique of cross‐pinning uses a transverse screw to secure a prosthesis to a milled implant abutment, allowing prosthetic retrievability irrespective of dental implant alignment. This study presents guidelines for cross‐pinning implant‐supported prostheses based on resistance form, screw mechanics and natural tooth contours. The technical aspects of cross‐pinning are also discussed using examples from four implant systems.
Discussion of the Fatigue Crack Model Used as Decision Basis for Probabilistic Inspection Planning
Authors: Sigurdsson G. , Torhaug R. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractMarine structures are often highly utilized structures and are operating in an environment dominated by dynamic loading. The fatigue limit state is of main concern and is governing the structural dimensions and the amount of resources utilized in inspection of several members and joints. There is a considerable uncertainty related to the parameters determining the fatigue life, and probabilistic analyses have therefore been used extensively in fatigue analysis. The models used both on describing the fatigue driving mechanisms and the deterioration mechanism, however, are always compromises between ability to describe nature and computational applicapability. In a state-of-the-art probabilistic fatigue analysis, major assumptions are made when establishing the crack growth model, such as: 1) the relation between membrane and bending stresses is assumed to be constant for all stress ranges, and one common stress component for the total stress is used to calculate fatigue crack growth. 2) The crack growth is assumed to follow a pattern with a constant relation between crack depth and crack length. This paper investigates the foregoing fundamental assumptions for the fatigue driving mechanism and shows the effect on time to the first inspection based on state-of-the-art probabilistic crack growth analysis for the detail of interest, for a simple but realistic jacket structure.
Dynamic Response of a Single Flexible Cylinder in
Waves
Authors: Duggal A. S. , Niedzwecki J. M. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
A large-scale experimental study to investigate the dynamic response of a single flexible cylinder in waves is presented. The cylinder was designed to exhibit the dynamic characteristics of a TLP riser or tendon in approximately 1000 m of water. Instrumentation provided detailed information on the inline and transverse curvature along the length of the cylinder. Wave loading mechanisms and the resulting response were investigated and compared with previous studies of rigid cylinders in oscillating flow. It was found that the complicated multifrequency response at large Keulegan-Carpenter numbers could be explained by introducing the depth dependence of the Keulegan-Carpenter number. The predicted inline response was shown to be reasonable for the wave frequency component of the measured inline response. Similarities between the measured transverse response and the high-frequency inline response were also shown. Probability density functions of the measured curvature were non-Gaussian, leading to significantly higher probabilities of curvature than would be predicted based on assuming a Gaussian process.
Inelastic Response of a Deep Crack Single-Edge Notch Specimen Under
Impact Loading
Authors: Vargas P. M. , Dodds R. H. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Three-dimensional dynamic analyses are performed for a single-edge bend, SE(B), fracture specimen (a/W = 0.5) subjected to impact loading. Loading rates obtained in routine drop tower tests (terminal load-line velocity of 100 in./s or 2.54 m/s) are applied in the analyses. Explicit time integration coupled with an efficient element integration scheme is used to compute the dynamic response of the specimen. Strainrate sensitivity is introduced via a new, efficient implementation of the Bodner-Partom viscoplastic constitutive model. Material properties for A533B steel (a medium strength pressure vessel steel) are used in the analyses. Static analyses of the same SE(B) specimens provide baseline results from which inertial effects are assessed. Similarly, dynamic analyses using a strain-rate insensitive material provide a reference for the assessment of strain rate effects. Strains at key locations and the support reactions are extracted from the analyses to assess the accuracy of static formulas commonly used to estimate applied J values. In ertial effects on the applied J are quantified by examining the acceleration component of J. Results show that dynamic effects for the steel analyzed are negligible after twice a characteristic time that can be defined in terms of the first elastic period of the specimen.
Uniaxial Constant Compressive Stress Creep Tests on Sea
Ice
Authors: Sinha N. K. , Zhan C. , Evgin E. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
First-year columnar-grained sea ice from Resolute Passage (74° 42′ N, 94° 50′ W), off Barrow Strait in the Canadian High Arctic, was tested under constant uniaxial compressive stress applied normal to the length of the columns. Creep tests were performed at 263 K, 253 K, and 243 K in the stress range of 0.7 to 2.5 MPa, using prismatic samples with dimensions of 50 mm × 100 mm × 250 mm. Because three-dimensional creep data are extremely useful for developing constitutive equations, axial strain was measured in conjunction with the measurements of two lateral strains and acoustic emissions. The deformations were measured using displacement gages mounted on the samples. A description of the experimental procedures and the observations are presented here. One-to-one correspondence has been obtained between the present results on the dependence of minimum creep rate on stress and previous data on the dependence of uniaxial compressive strength on strain rate under constant strain rate. The strain-rate sensitivity of compressive strength can, therefore, be obtained from creep tests which can be performed by using simple dead-load test systems.
Floating Membrane Breakwater
Authors: Williams A. N. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
The hydrodynamic properties of a flexible floating breakwater consisting of a membrane structure attached to a small float restrained by moorings are investigated theoretically. The tension in the membrane is achieved by hanging a clump weight from its lower end. The fluid motion is idealized as linearized, two-dimensional potential flow and the equation of motion of the breakwater is taken to be that of a one-dimensional membrane of uniform mass per unit length subjected to a constant axial force. The boundary integral equation method is applied to the fluid domain, and the dynamic behavior of the breakwater is also described through an appropriate Green function. Numerical results are presented which illustrate the effects of the various wave and structural parameters on the efficiency of the breakwater as a barrier to wave action. It is found that the wave reflection properties of the structure depend strongly on the membrane length, the magnitude of the clump weight, and the mooring line stiffness, while the membrane weight and excess buoyancy of the system are of lesser importance.
Offshore North Sea Pipeline and Riser Loss of Containment Study
(PARLOC)—Applications and Limitations in the Assessment of Operating
Risks
Authors: Robertson J. L. M. , Smart D. , Al-Hassan T. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Since the Piper Alpha disaster in 1988, there has been an urgent requirement to prevent such tragedies occurring by the introduction of higher safety standards and by improving the confidence in the statistical information available for the assessment of the risks of loss of containment associated with operation of North Sea pipelines. In order to achieve the latter, two databases have been compiled: 1) a pipeline database containing details of pipelines and risers installed in the North Sea; 2) an incident database containing details of reported “occurrences” (covering the period from 1975 to end 1993), which directly resulted or threatened to result in loss of containment from a pipeline or riser. The data has been compiled from information obtained from: U.K., Norwegian, Dutch and Danish Regulatory Authorities; Operators in the U.K., Dutch and Danish Sectors; reports from previous studies made available to the study; published sources. The databases have been used to perform assessments of factors affecting the frequency of incidents, such as: incident cause; part of pipeline or riser affected; pipeline or riser diameter, length, contents, age, type; whether the line is trenched or buried, piggy-backed or not; hydrotest pressure; location of pipeline or riser in the North Sea. The PARLOC study identifies potential hazards and provides an indication of likely loss of containment frequency associated with the operation of North Sea pipelines and risers. Furthermore, PARLOC provides a continually updated key reference for comparative risk assessment and ultimately for the implementation of risk control as part of an overall risk management program.
Welding Residual Distortions in Ring-Stiffened Pipes
Authors: Josefson B. L. , Wikander L. O. , Hederstierna J. F. , Johansson F. K. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
A fast and simple method for the determination of the residual deformation for a class of welding problems, ring-stiffened pipes, is proposed. The method can predictradial as well as angular distortion of the thin-walled pipe-ring-stiffener/flange assembly. The pipe and stiffener material is elasto-plastic. In particular, the accumulation of deformation in multipass welding is incorporated in the model. Each weld pass is treated separately. This facilitates the assessment of the influence of the sequence in which the weld passes are deposited on the residual deformation state. The method will be included in a conversational knowledge-based “expert” system for the production of a welded ring-stiffened pipe.
Fracture Toughness of Freshwater Ice—Part I: Experimental Technique
and Results
Authors: Weber L. J. , Nixon W. A. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Experiments have been performed to determine the effect of loading rate and temperature on the fracture toughness of both granular and S2 columnar freshwater ice. Loading rate was varied from 0.04 to 40.0 kPam s-1, and over this range the fracture toughness was observed to decrease from 201 to 109 kPam. Examination of load—CMOD curves indicate that at a loading rate of 40 kPam s-1, the crack tip plasticity was sufficiently limited that the specimen behavior can be considered linear elastic, thus providing a valid Kq measurement. When test temperature was varied from −5 to −45°C for the S2 columnar ice, no significant variation in toughness was observed. In contrast, for granular ice, a higher toughness (144 kPam) was observed in the −5 to −20°C range than for the S2 columnar ice. However, the toughness of the granular ice at−45°C is not significantly different from that of the S2 columnar ice. A companion paper (Weber and Nixon, 1996) analyzes the results in greater detail comparing them with previous work, and presents a detailed fractographic analysis of the failure surfaces.