bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in child safety restraint use and parental driving behaviours in Italy
Authors: Collarile Paolo , Valent Francesca , Di Bartolomeo Stefano , Barbone Fabio 
Published: May 2008

AbstractAim: To evaluate the changes in prevalence of child‐restraint correct use, level of parental information and parental driving behaviours in a population of North‐Eastern Italy 2 years after a previous survey.Methods: A mail survey of 514 families with children <12 years. We examined the prevalence of child restraint correct use, level of parental information, parental driving behaviours and the concordance between the responses to the current and previous survey. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify factors influencing correct restraint use.Results: Habitual restraint use was reported for 92.5% of children. The frequency of habitual use decreased with increasing child's age (p = 0.0143). Among children 3–7 years, correct restraint use was lower than in the previous survey (p = 0.0039). Increased child's age was associated with decreased likelihood of correct restraint use. Previous correct restraint use and parental information on child restraints, and current parental seat belt use were positively associated with correct use. In the last 2 years, only 17.5% of families have received information on transport safety. Most parents declared to comply with traffic regulations.Conclusion: In our study area, the use of child restraints is common, although non‐habitual use is reported, especially among older children. The information on transport safety is insufficient. Law enforcement and information campaigns could further enhance parental compliance with traffic regulations.
A Conceptual Model for Nursing Information
Authors: Hughes Rodney , Lloyd David , Clark Dame June 
Published: May 2008

PURPOSE.  This Conceptual Model for Nursing Information describes the core activities of nursing, the collection of information about these activities, and argues that these activities must be described using standardized nursing languages. DATA SOURCES.  Relevant literature, both national and international, was reviewed and summarized. DATA SYNTHESIS.  A maximum data set for nursing was developed. CONCLUSIONS.  In the United Kingdom, a new and radical approach to the process of nursing is required; one that demonstrates that nursing is the decision‐making that takes place in all core activities of nursing. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE.  Unless nurses have a clear view of what the profession requires from technological solutions for the recording of nursing activities, less than optimal solutions will be forced upon the profession.
The Developmental Processes for NANDA International Nursing Diagnoses
Authors: Scroggins Leann M. 
Published: May 2008

PURPOSE.  This study aims to provide a step‐by‐step procedural guideline for the development of a nursing diagnosis that meets the necessary criteria for inclusion in the NANDA International and NNN classification systems. DATA SOURCES.  The guideline is based on the processes developed by the Diagnosis Development Committee of NANDA International and includes the necessary processes for development of Actual, Wellness, Health Promotion, and Risk nursing diagnoses. DATA SYNTHESIS.  Definitions of Actual, Wellness, Health Promotion, and Risk nursing diagnoses along with inclusion criteria and taxonomy rules have been incorporated into the guideline to streamline the development and review processes for submitted diagnoses. CONCLUSIONS.  A step‐by‐step procedural guideline will assist the submitter to move efficiently and effectively through the submission process, resulting in increased submissions and enhancement of the NANDA International and NNN classification systems.
New Zealand cookbooks as a reflection of nutritional knowledge, 1940–1969
Authors: MITCHELL Janet 
Published: May 2008

AbstractNew Zealanders have been exposed to nutritional information from health professionals, government and non‐government bodies for at least 100 years. The present study analyses both community and national cookbooks published in New Zealand from 1940 to 1969 to ascertain if nutritional information and/or recipes with special nutritional significance are transmitted to the community via this medium. During the war years and rationing, it was found that food shortages limited food choice; therefore, it was important to choose food carefully to obtain the required nutrients to maintain good health. Cookbooks published during the 1940s that dealt with rationing, therefore, proved to be an important source of information about nutrition. After the war, as the food supply returned to normal, New Zealanders returned to their traditional diet which led to over consumption and a focus on slimming diets. Cookbooks examined in the present study illustrated nutrition concerns during the period and changes in our culinary culture.
Enhancing nutritional research within an aged care facility
Authors: NOWSON Caryl , JARMAN Heather , HERD Angela 
Published: May 2008

AbstractAim:  The present study examined the barriers to the implementation of a nutritional intervention project and sought ways to enhance future projects.Methods:  The study, utilising a qualitative approach, included participants from key areas involved in the project and who were employed by either the university or regional aged care facility.Results:  Through analysis the themes ‘successes’, ‘stumbling blocks’ and ‘solutions’ emerged. Within these themes descriptive stories of what worked, what did not work and suggestions for future projects are depicted.Conclusions:  Communication was the connecting element of each theme, suggesting effective verbal and written communication that ensures ownership by all involved is essential for successful clinical research projects. Strategies to enhance this process have been included to assist future researchers.
Histological evaluation of the effect of three medicaments; trichloracetic acid, formocresol and mineral trioxide aggregate on pulpotomised teeth of dogs
Authors: Karami Babak , Khayat Akbar , Moazami Fariborz , Pardis Soheil , Abbott Paul 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe aim of this study was to use clinical, radiographic and histological examinations to compare the dental pulp response in 162 premolar roots of eight dogs when trichloracetic acid (TCA), formocresol, mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and zinc oxide eugenol were used as pulpotomy agents. The teeth were divided into four groups. Following pulpotomy, the teeth were restored with amalgam. The animals were sacrificed at 48 h, 2, 4 and 8 weeks (two dogs at each interval). Histological evaluation indicated no cases with necrosis. After 8 weeks follow up, dentine bridge formation was evident in 20%, 50% and 91.7% of formocresol, TCA and MTA cases respectively. The first signs of bridge formation were seen for MTA at 2 weeks and for TCA at 4 weeks. MTA was superior to formocresol and TCA in treating pulps in dogs. However, bridge formation was seen in 50% of TCA cases after 8 weeks which is a desirable finding in pulpotomy procedures.
Estimating age of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) with incisor teeth and morphometrics
Authors: Blundell Gail M. , Pendleton Grey W. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractWe compared annuli counts from sets of canine, postcanine, and incisor teeth from 450 subsistence‐harvested harbor seals, submitted blind to a laboratory. Postcanine and incisor ages were highly correlated with canine age estimates (r= 0.985 andr= 0.984, respectively), as were postcanine and incisor teeth (r= 0.984). Age estimates from teeth of 23 known‐aged seals were highly correlated; canine teethr= 0.987; postcaniner= 0.996; incisorr= 0.992, although age for all tooth‐types was underestimated for a 29‐yr‐old seal. Incisor estimates were variable; comparison of age estimates from two incisors/individual (n= 42) wasr= 0.992 if only high‐quality age estimates were used andr= 0.705 if lower‐quality estimates were used. Morphometrics and incisor‐based ages of 164 live‐captured seals were explored to derive a method of estimating ages of harbor seals when age estimates are needed immediately; 39 seals were of known age. Curvilinear length, mass, and axial girth were most predictive of age for females, and curvilinear length and mass for males (equations for morphometrically calculating ages are given). Morphometric‐based age estimates were highly correlated with known ages (r= 0.896) and incisor‐based estimates (r= 0.904) and discrepancies between known and morphometric‐based ages were small for younger seals. Morphometric‐based age estimates also accurately distinguished between young and mature individuals.
Phylogenetic Diversity and Molecular Detection of Bacteria in Gull Feces
Authors: Lu Jingrang , Santo Domingo Jorge W. , Lamendella Regina , Edge Thomas , Hill Stephen 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACT

In spite of increasing public health concerns about the potential risks associated with swimming in waters contaminated with waterfowl feces, little is known about the composition of the gut microbial community of aquatic birds. To address this, a gull 16S rRNA gene clone library was developed and analyzed to determine the identities of fecal bacteria. Analysis of 282 16S rRNA gene clones demonstrated that the gull gut bacterial community is mostly composed of populations closely related to
Bacilli
(37%),
Clostridia
(17%),
Gammaproteobacteria
(11%), and
Bacteriodetes
(1%). Interestingly, a considerable number of sequences (i.e., 26%) were closely related to
Catellicoccus marimammalium
, a gram-positive, catalase-negative bacterium. To determine the occurrence of
C. marimammalium
in waterfowl, species-specific 16S rRNA gene PCR and real-time assays were developed and used to test fecal DNA extracts from different bird (
n
= 13) and mammal (
n
= 26) species. The results showed that both assays were specific to gull fecal DNA and that
C. marimammalium
was present in gull fecal samples collected from the five locations in North America (California, Georgia, Ohio, Wisconsin, and Toronto, Canada) tested. Additionally, 48 DNA extracts from waters collected from six sites in southern California, Great Lakes in Michigan, Lake Erie in Ohio, and Lake Ontario in Canada presumed to be impacted with gull feces were positive by the
C. marimammalium
assay. Due to the widespread presence of this species in gulls and environmental waters contaminated with gull feces, targeting this bacterial species might be useful for detecting gull fecal contamination in waterfowl-impacted waters.
Bifidobacterium bifidumLacto-N-Biosidase, a Critical Enzyme for the Degradation of Human Milk Oligosaccharides with a Type 1 Structure
Authors: Wada Jun , Ando Takuro , Kiyohara Masashi , Ashida Hisashi , Kitaoka Motomitsu , Yamaguchi Masanori , Kumagai Hidehiko , Katayama Takane , Yamamoto Kenji 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTBreast-fed infants often have intestinal microbiota dominated by bifidobacteria in contrast to formula-fed infants. We found that several bifidobacterial strains produce a lacto-N-biosidase that liberates lacto-N-biose I (Galβ1,3GlcNAc; type 1 chain) from lacto-N-tetraose (Galβ1,3GlcNAcβ1,3Galβ1,4Glc), which is a major component of human milk oligosaccharides, and subsequently isolated the gene fromBifidobacterium bifidumJCM1254. The gene, designatedlnbB, was predicted to encode a protein of 1,112 amino acid residues containing a signal peptide and a membrane anchor at the N and C termini, respectively, and to possess the domain of glycoside hydrolase family 20, carbohydrate binding module 32, and bacterial immunoglobulin-like domain 2, in that order, from the N terminus. The recombinant enzyme showed substrate preference for the unmodified β-linked lacto-N-biose I structure. Lacto-N-biosidase activity was found in several bifidobacterial strains, but not in the other enteric bacteria, such as clostridia, bacteroides, and lactobacilli, under the tested conditions. These results, together with our recent finding of a novel metabolic pathway specific for lacto-N-biose I in bifidobacterial cells, suggest that some of the bifidobacterial strains are highly adapted for utilizing human milk oligosaccharides with a type 1 chain.
Infection Dynamics of Coexisting Beta- and Gammaproteobacteria in the Nested Endosymbiotic System of Mealybugs
Authors: Kono Marie , Koga Ryuichi , Shimada Masakazu , Fukatsu Takema 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACT

We investigated the infection dynamics of endosymbiotic bacteria in the developmental course of the mealybugs
Planococcus kraunhiae
and
Pseudococcus comstocki
. Molecular phylogenetic analyses identified a betaproteobacterium and a gammaproteobacterium from each of the mealybug species. The former bacterium was related to the β-endosymbionts of other mealybugs, i.e., “
Candidatus
Tremblaya princeps,” and formed a compact clade in the
Betaproteobacteria
. Meanwhile, the latter bacterium was related to the γ-endosymbionts of other mealybugs but belonged to distinct clades in the
Gammaproteobacteria
. Whole-mount in situ hybridization confirmed the peculiar nested formation in the endosymbiotic system of the mealybugs: the β-endosymbiont cells were present in the cytoplasm of the bacteriocytes, and the γ-endosymbiont cells were located in the β-endosymbiont cells. In nymphal and female development, a large oval bacteriome consisting of a number of bacteriocytes was present in the abdomen, wherein the endosymbionts were harbored. In male development, strikingly, the bacteriome progressively degenerated in prepupae and pupae and became almost unrecognizable in adult males. In the degeneration process, the γ-endosymbionts disappeared more rapidly than the β-endosymbionts did. Quantitative PCR analyses revealed that (i) the population dynamics of the endosymbionts in female development reflected the reproductive activity of the insects, (ii) the population dynamics of the endosymbionts were strikingly different between female development and male development, (iii) the endosymbiont populations drastically decreased in male development, and (iv) the γ-endosymbiont populations decreased more rapidly than the β-endosymbiont populations in male development. Possible mechanisms underlying the uncoupled regulation of the β- and γ-endosymbiont populations are discussed in relation to the establishment and evolution of this unique prokaryote-prokaryote endosymbiotic system.
Isolation and Characterization of Bacteriophages Infecting the Fish Pathogen
Flavobacterium psychrophilum
Authors: Stenholm Anne Rønnest , Dalsgaard Inger , Middelboe Mathias 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACT

Flavobacterium psychrophilum
is a serious pathogen in trout aquaculture, responsible for the diseases rainbow trout fry syndrome (RTFS) and cold water disease (CWD). Bacteriophage control of
F. psychrophilum
may constitute a realistic approach in the treatment of these diseases; however, a detailed understanding of the phage-host interactions is needed to evaluate the potential of
F. psychrophilum
bacteriophages for that purpose. Twenty-two
F. psychrophilum
phages from Danish rainbow trout farms were isolated and characterized. The phage genome sizes differed considerably and fell into three major size classes (8.5 to 12 kb, 48 kb, and 90 kb). The phage host ranges comprised from 5 to 23 of the 28 tested
F. psychrophilum
strains, and 18 of the phage isolates showed unique host ranges. Each bacterial strain had a unique pattern of susceptibility to the 22 phages, and individual strains also showed large variations (up to 10
7
-fold differences) in susceptibility to specific phages. Phage burst size (7 to 162 phages infected cell
−1
) and latency period (4 to 6 h) also showed pronounced differences both between phages and, for a specific phage, between host strains. In general, the characterization documented the presence of diverse
F. psychrophilum
phage communities in Danish trout farms, with highly variable patterns of infectivity. The discovery and characterization of broad-host-range phages with strong lytic potential against numerous pathogenic
F. psychrophilum
host strains thus provided the foundation for future exploration of the potential of phages in the treatment of RTFS and CWD.
Field-Based Stable Isotope Probing Reveals the Identities of Benzoic Acid-Metabolizing Microorganisms and Their In Situ Growth in Agricultural Soil
Authors: Pumphrey Graham M. , Madsen Eugene L. 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACT

We used a combination of stable isotope probing (SIP), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-based respiration, isolation/cultivation, and quantitative PCR procedures to discover the identity and in situ growth of soil microorganisms that metabolize benzoic acid. We added [
13
C]benzoic acid or [
12
C]benzoic acid (100 μg) once, four times, or five times at 2-day intervals to agricultural field plots. After monitoring
13
CO
2
evolution from the benzoic acid-dosed soil, field soils were harvested and used for nucleic acid extraction and for cultivation of benzoate-degrading bacteria. Exposure of soil to benzoate increased the number of culturable benzoate degraders compared to unamended soil, and exposure to benzoate shifted the dominant culturable benzoate degraders from
Pseudomonas
species to
Burkholderia
species. Isopycnic separation of heavy [
13
C]DNA from the unlabeled fraction allowed terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analyses to confirm that distinct 16S rRNA genes were localized in the heavy fraction. Phylogenetic analysis of sequenced 16S rRNA genes revealed a predominance (15 of 58 clones) of
Burkholderia
species in the heavy fraction.
Burkholderia
sp. strain EBA09 shared 99.5% 16S rRNA sequence similarity with a group of clones representing the dominant RFLP pattern, and the T-RFLP fragment for strain EBA09 and a clone from that cluster matched the fragment enriched in the [
13
C]DNA fraction. Growth of the population represented by EBA09 during the field-dosing experiment was demonstrated by using most-probable-number-PCR and primers targeting EBA09 and the closely related species
Burkholderia hospita
. Thus, the target population identified by SIP not only actively metabolized benzoic acid but reproduced in the field upon the addition of the substrate.
Proteomic Analysis of Stationary Phase in the Marine Bacterium “
Candidatus
Pelagibacter ubique”
Authors: Sowell Sarah M. , Norbeck Angela D. , Lipton Mary S. , Nicora Carrie D. , Callister Stephen J. , Smith Richard D. , Barofsky Douglas F. , Giovannoni Stephen J. 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACT

“
Candidatus
Pelagibacter ubique,” an abundant marine alphaproteobacterium, subsists in nature at low ambient nutrient concentrations and may often be exposed to nutrient limitation, but its genome reveals no evidence of global regulatory mechanisms for adaptation to stationary phase. High-resolution capillary liquid chromatography coupled online to an LTQ mass spectrometer was used to build an accurate mass and time (AMT) tag library that enabled quantitative examination of proteomic differences between exponential- and stationary-phase “
Ca
. Pelagibacter ubique” cells cultivated in a seawater medium. The AMT tag library represented 65% of the predicted protein-encoding genes. “
Ca
. Pelagibacter ubique” appears to respond adaptively to stationary phase by increasing the abundance of a suite of proteins that contribute to homeostasis rather than undergoing a major remodeling of its proteome. Stationary-phase abundances increased significantly for OsmC and thioredoxin reductase, which may mitigate oxidative damage in “
Ca
. Pelagibacter,” as well as for molecular chaperones, enzymes involved in methionine and cysteine biosynthesis, proteins involved in ρ-dependent transcription termination, and the signal transduction enzyme CheY-FisH. We speculate that this limited response may enable “
Ca
. Pelagibacter ubique” to cope with ambient conditions that deprive it of nutrients for short periods and, furthermore, that the ability to resume growth overrides the need for a more comprehensive global stationary-phase response to create a capacity for long-term survival.
Characterization ofgtf, a Glucosyltransferase Gene in the Genomes ofPediococcus parvulusandOenococcus oeni, Two Bacterial Species Commonly Found in Wine
Authors: Dols-Lafargue Marguerite , Lee Hyo Young , Le Marrec Claire , Heyraud Alain , Chambat Gérard , Lonvaud-Funel Aline 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACT“Ropiness” is a bacterial alteration in wines, beers, and ciders, caused by β-glucan-synthesizing pediococci. A single glucosyltransferase, Gtf, controls ropy polysaccharide synthesis. In this study, we show that the correspondinggtfgene is also present on the chromosomes of several strains ofOenococcus oeniisolated from nonropy wines.gtfis surrounded by mobile elements that may be implicated in its integration into the chromosome ofO. oeni. gtfis expressed in all thegtf+strains, and β-glucan is detected in the majority of these strains. Part of this β-glucan accumulates around the cells forming a capsule, while the other part is liberated into the medium together with heteropolysaccharides. Most of the time, this polymer excretion does not lead to ropiness in a model medium. In addition, we show that wild or recombinant bacterial strains harboring a functionalgtfgene (gtf+) are more resistant to several stresses occurring in wine (alcohol, pH, and SO2) and exhibit increased adhesion capacities compared to theirgtfmutant variants.
Diversity and Distribution of Ecotypes of the Aerobic Anoxygenic Phototrophy Gene
pufM
in the Delaware Estuary
Authors: Waidner Lisa A. , Kirchman David L. 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACT

The diversity of aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic (AAP) bacteria has been examined in marine habitats, but the types of AAP bacteria in estuarine waters and distribution of ecotypes in any environment are not well known. The goal of this study was to determine the diversity of AAP bacteria in the Delaware estuary and to examine the distribution of select ecotypes using quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays for the
pufM
gene, which encodes a protein in the light reaction center of AAP bacteria. In PCR libraries from the Delaware River,
pufM
genes similar to those from
Beta
- (
Rhodoferax
-like) or
Gammaproteobacteria
comprised at least 50% of the clones, but the expressed
pufM
genes from the river were not dominated by these two groups in August 2002 (less than 31% of clones). In four transects, qPCR data indicated that the gammaproteobacterial type of
pufM
was abundant only near the mouth of the bay whereas
Rhodoferax
-like AAP bacteria were restricted to waters with a salinity of <5. In contrast, a
Rhodobacter
-like
pufM
gene was ubiquitous, but its distribution along the salinity gradient varied with the season. High fractions (12 to 24%) of all three
pufM
types were associated with particles. The data suggest that different groups of AAP bacteria are controlled by different environmental factors, which may explain current difficulties in predicting the distribution of total AAP bacteria in aquatic environments.