bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biographical functions of cinema and film preferences among older German adults: A representative quantitative survey
Authors: Hoffmann Dagmar , Schwender Clemens 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Previous research into film preferences and functions has looked above all at teenagers and younger to middle-aged adults. There is a lack of information in this area with respect to the behavior and preferences of older adults. In this study, for the first time, the fifty-and-older cohort was questioned in a representative sample about their film preferences. The analysis shows that the film preferences of the majority of those questioned were formed before the age of thirty. These early preferences remain relatively stable. Older people generally prefer films set in a time period or dealing with historic events that they themselves experienced and with which they therefore have a certain expertise. With increasing age, older men prefer film genres that otherwise tend to be preferred by female viewers. Women, as they are older, tend to increasingly prefer female film content.
Fractionation and characterization of xylan rich extracts from birch
Authors: Westbye Peter , Köhnke Tobias , Gatenholm Paul 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
There is a need for efficient separation processes that provide clean fractions of individual wood polymers. The purpose of this study was to remove lignin from a xylan rich fraction from birch by solid-liquid extraction followed by a liquid-liquid extraction. By this means, it was possible to diminish the lignin concentration (12%) of mildly extracted xylans from birch to a total lignin concentration of 3%, as determined as a sum of Klason lignin and acid soluble lignin. The molecular masses of the fraction were determined by size exclusion chromatography (SEC). The two xylan rich fractions obtained by the removal of lignin have molecular masses (M
W) of 15 300 and 27 900 Da in comparison to 11 900 Da for the lignin rich starting material. NMR and IR analysis revealed that the lignin removed is mostly unbound to the polysaccharides. The lignin was water soluble in the presence of xylan (as part of the xylan rich fraction), but not in isolated form in water alone. The remaining lignin in the xylan fractions has obviously a closer interaction with the xylan, and thereby its separation by liquid-liquid extraction is more difficult. It is also observed with NMR that the extractable lignin is built up mainly of syringyl units, chiefly bonded by β-O-4 linkages.
Polyoxometalate (POM) oxidation of lignin model compounds
Authors: Kim Yong Sik , Chang Hou-min , Kadla John F. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Various lignin model compounds were oxidized with polyoxometalate (POM), K5[SiVW11O40]·12 H2O, in sodium acetate buffer (I=0.2 M, pH 5.0) and the reaction kinetics were investigated. The reactions were found to have second order reaction rates, first order with regards to both lignin model compound and POM. A dramatic increase in reactivity was observed upon addition of methoxyl groups in ortho-positions to the phenolic hydroxyl group. Syringyl units reacted faster than guaiacyl units. Reaction rates of para-substituted guaiacyl and syringyl model compounds showed a strong dependency on the nature of the substituents. The reaction rate of a 5-5′ dimer lignin model compound was extremely fast. The addition of the ortho-phenol substituent not only increased the electron density of the aromatic ring, but also helped stabilize the intermediate phenoxy radical through resonance stabilization and delocalization.
Pyrolytic cleavage mechanisms of lignin-ether linkages: A study on p-substituted dimers and trimers
Authors: Kawamoto Haruo , Nakamura Takeshi , Saka Shiro 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Pyrolytic cleavage mechanisms of lignin-ether linkages were studied with some dimers and trimers which have various p-substituted Cα-phenoxy groups (-H, -OCH3, -Cl or -COCH3). Pyrolysis of these model compounds provides phenols and isoeugenol type products. To determine whether the reactions mechanisms are heterolytic or homolytic, the reactivities were compared based on Hammett's substituent constant (σ
p
) and the ΔBDE parameter, namely the bond dissociation energy (BDE) reduction. The α-ether-linkages in phenolic forms are cleaved in a heterolytic mechanism, while in non-phenolic forms the α-ether linkages are cleaved homolytically. Cleavage of these α-ether linkages is the rate-determining step for the scission of the Cβ-O bond in trimers. The β-ether-linkages in the non-phenolic trimers are cleaved through the β-scission type reaction from the benzyl radical intermediates. On the other hand, quinone methide formation through heterolytic cleavage of the α-ether linkages is the key step for following homolysis of the Cβ-O bonds in the phenolic trimers. Electron attracting character of the quinone methide structure reduces the BDE of the Cβ-O bond.
Distinguishing types of gaps in (ω)/fin
Authors: Yorioka Teruyuki 
Published: December 2007

AbstractSupplementing the well known results of Kunen we show that Martin's Axiom is not sufficient to decide the existence of (ω1, ϲ)-gaps when (ϲ, ϲ)-gaps exist, that is, it is consistent with ZFC that Martin's Axiom holds and there are (ϲ, ϲ)-gaps but no (ω1, ϲ)-gaps.
Interventions Used by Physical Therapists in Home Care for People After Hip Fracture
Authors: Mangione Kathleen Kline , Lopopolo Rosalie B , Neff Nancy P , Craik Rebecca L , Palombaro Kerstin M 
Published: December 2007

Background and PurposeThe majority of older people who survive a hip fracture have residual mobility disabilities. Any attempt to systematically reduce mobility disabilities after hip fracture, however, requires knowledge of the adequacy of current management practices. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to begin to understand the nature of physical therapy home care management by describing “usual care” for people after hip fracture.Subjects and MethodsIn 2003 and 2004, a national survey was conducted of all members of the American Physical Therapy Association who identified home care as their primary practice setting (n=3,130). “Usual care” was operationally defined as when more than 50% of respondents reported that they “always” or “often” use a specific intervention.ResultsSurvey questionnaires (1,029) were returned with a response rate of 32.9%. Functional training activities, including bed mobility, transfer and gait training, balance training, safety training, and patient education, were reported very frequently. Active-range-of-motion exercises were performed much more frequently than exercises involving added resistance.Discussion and ConclusionThis study provides a detailed description of the physical therapy interventions provided in the home care setting for patients after hip fracture. The sample size and national representation increase our confidence that this description accurately depicts physical therapist practice.
Polyaniline/pillared montmorillonite clay composite nanofibers
Authors: Binitha N. Narayanan , Sugunan Sankaran 
Published: December 2007

AbstractIn situ polymerization of aniline is done inside the pillared clay matrix. The nonswellable pillared clay confined matrix allows efficient polymerization that leads to nanofibrous morphology. As a result high polymer order and crystallinity is attained and is evident from XRD patterns. The strong interaction between the clay layers and polyaniline (PANI) is understood from FTIR and DRS spectra. Additionally these analytical results suggest that the prepared PANI is in the doped state. The PANI/pillared clay nanocomposite formation gives additional thermal stability to the polymer backbone and is clear from the DTG curves. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Effects of nitrogen and carbon dioxide gases on the degradation of low‐density polyethylene during extrusion and origin of the color
Authors: Dubrocq C. , Milesi M. , Ramès‐Langlade G. , Monasse B. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe effect of inert gases, nitrogen and carbon dioxide, on the oxidative degradation of low‐density polyethylene appearing as colored spots has been studied during an extrusion process in competition with an antioxidant. Extrusion under inert gases significantly decreases the degradation level in the critical region of the process in comparison with classical extrusion under air. The effect of antioxidants on degradation during extrusion at a high temperature is weak. The main processes acting on this reduction of polymer oxidation and the origin of the color of degraded domains have been investigated. Energy‐dispersive spectra of particles have confirmed that degradation is caused by thermooxidation. The nature of chromophore groups in degraded areas has been identified by IR microscopy. We found that β‐conjugated ketoenols are present inside colored spots and seem to be responsible for the color of degraded parts. Quantum calculations have confirmed that such chemical structures absorb visible light and create reddish and brown colors. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Target metabolic profiling analysis of free amino acids in plasma as EOC/TBDMS derivatives by GC‐SIM‐MS
Authors: Paik Man‐Jeong , Moon Seung‐Min , Kim Kyoung‐Rae , Choi Sangdun , Ahn Young‐Hwan , Lee Gwang 
Published: December 2007

AbstractMetabolic profiling analysis of free amino acids (AAs) in plasma (20 µL) was performed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry in selected ion monitoring mode after ethoxycarbonyl/tert‐butyldimethylsilyl derivatives. Characteristic fragment ions, including [M − 57] + ions, permitted sensitive and selective detection of most of the AAs in the presence of co‐extracted carboxylic acids, including free fatty acids, at much higher levels. The overall method was linear (r ≥ 0.9991), reproducible (relative standard deviation = 2.3–8.8%) and accurate (relative error = −7.3–7.7%) with detection limits of 0.01–1.9 ng/mL. A total of 18 AAs, 15 protein AAs and three nonprotein AAs were quantitatively screened in a normal human plasma sample. This selective and simple method using a minimal sample volume was effective for the quantitation of plasma free AAs. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Three circles theorems for Schrödinger operators on cylindrical ends and geometric applications
Authors: Colding Tobias H. , Minicozzi William P. , De Lellis Camillo 
Published: December 2007

AbstractWe show that for a Schrödinger operator with bounded potential on a manifold with cylindrical ends, the space of solutions that grows at most exponentially at infinity is finite dimensional and, for a dense set of potentials (or, equivalently, for a surface for a fixed potential and a dense set of metrics), the constant function 0 is the only solution that vanishes at infinity. Clearly, for general potentials there can be many solutions that vanish at infinity.One of the key ingredients in these results is a three circles inequality (or log convexity inequality) for the Sobolev norm of a solution u to a Schrödinger equation on a product N × [0, T], where N is a closed manifold with a certain spectral gap. Examples of such N's are all (round) spheres 𝕊n for n ≥ 1 and all Zoll surfaces.Finally, we discuss some examples arising in geometry of such manifolds and Schrödinger operators.© 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Different behavioral effects of neurotoxic dorsal hippocampal lesions placed under either isoflurane or propofol anesthesia
Authors: Baxter Mark G. , Murphy Kathy L. , Crosby Gregory , Culley Deborah J. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractAnesthetic protocols for behavioral neuroscience experiments are evolving as new anesthetics are developed and surgical procedures are refined to improve animal welfare. We tested whether neurotoxic dorsal hippocampal lesions produced under two different anesthetic protocols would have different behavioral and/or histo‐pathological effects. Rats were anesthetized with either propofol, an intravenous anesthetic, or isoflurane, a gaseous anesthetic, and multiple injections of an excitotoxin (N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate) were stereotaxically placed in the dorsal hippocampus bilaterally. Intraoperative physiological parameters were similar in the two surgical groups, as were the volumes of the lesions, although the profile of postoperative impairment in a spatial learning task differed between the lesion groups depending on the anesthetic regimen used. These results show that the choice of anesthetic protocol is a critical variable in designing behavioral neuroscience experiments using neurosurgical procedures. This factor should be considered carefully in experimental design and in cross‐study comparisons of lesion effects on behavior. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Renal failure does not preclude cure in children receiving chemotherapy for Wilms tumor: A report from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group
Authors: Feusner James H. , Ritchey Michael L. , Norkool Pat A. , Takashima Janice R. , Breslow Norman E. , Green Daniel M. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractBackgroundChildren with Wilms tumor can develop renal failure during treatment. Since there are few published data concerning the appropriate chemotherapy for this situation, we reviewed the experience of children who developed renal failure while being treated on National Wilms Tumor Study Group (NWTSG) studies 1–4 (1969–1994).Patients and MethodsData files in the NWTSG Data Center for all patients with Wilms tumor were screened. Patient demographics and tumor and treatment data were abstracted from those who developed renal failure.ResultsTwenty‐eight of 5,910 (0.47%) children with Wilms tumor registered on NWTSG studies I through IV (1971–1994) were treated with chemotherapy after developing renal failure. Among these patients vincristine at full dose (0.05 mg/kg dose) did not increase the risk of severe toxicity. Dactinomycin (full dose: 15 mcg/kg day × 5) increased the risk for severe neutropenia when given at 75–100% of full dose. There was no compelling evidence for increased toxicity of doxorubicin when given at 100% versus 50% dosing (full dose: 20 mg/m2 day × 3), but the number of patients analyzed was small. The overall survival percentage was 39%, but 64% for those patients who were in their initial treatment phase at the time of renal failure.ConclusionThe data suggest that, in the setting of renal failure, reduction of dosing is not necessary for the three main agents used for treatment of newly diagnosed Wilms tumor, and cure is not precluded. Accurate pharmacologic and pharmacokinetic studies are needed for any patient being treated while in renal failure. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;50:242–245. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prenatal testing for uniparental disomy: indications and clinical relevance
Authors: Kotzot D. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThis review aims to provide a rational and ethical basis for prenatal testing for uniparental disomy (UPD) in cases with abnormal ultrasound findings or numeric and/or structural chromosomal aberrations in chorionic villous or amniotic fluid samples. The clinical phenotypes of the genomic imprinting‐associated paternal UPD 6 (transient neonatal diabetes mellitus), maternal UPD 7 (Silver–Russell syndrome), paternal UPD 11p (Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome), maternal UPD 14 (precocious puberty, short stature and highly variable developmental delay), paternal UPD 14 (polyhydramnios and a bell‐shaped thorax), maternal UPD 15 (Prader–Willi syndrome), paternal UPD 15 (Angelman syndrome), maternal UPD 16 and UPD 20, as well as the diagnostic options, are summarized. In addition, the clinical impact of UPD testing and its relevance in various prenatal diagnostic situations are discussed. As a general rule, prenatal UPD testing, following genetic counseling, is justified if paternal UPD 14, maternal UPD 15 or paternal UPD 15 are suspected. In contrast, considering the mild phenotypes of paternal UPD 6 and maternal UPD 7, prenatal UPD testing is questionable. Because of the highly variable phenotype for paternal UPD 11p, maternal UPD 14 and maternal UPD 16, prenatal testing should be discussed critically on an individual basis. For all other chromosomes, prenatal UPD testing is purely academic and should therefore not be performed on a routine basis, particularly because a positive result might confuse the parents more than it actually helps them. Copyright © 2007 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Geographic patterns of endemism and speciation in amphibians and reptiles of the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan, with special reference to their paleogeographical implications
Authors: Ota Hidetoshi 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThis paper analyzes the phylogeographical patterns of amphibian and reptile lineages distributed in the Ryukyu islands south of the Tokara Gap on the basis of relevant distributional data and phylogenetic hypotheses hitherto published. Results indicate the numerical dominance of highly relict lineages in the central Ryukyus, and the occurences of a few more or less relict lineages in the Miyako Group as well. On the other hand, most species and subspecies endemic to the Yaeyama Group or to the Yaeyama and Miyako Groups are considered to be direct consequences of vicariance with adjacent regions. Three major hypotheses regarding the Cenozoic paleogeography of the central and the southern Ryukyus are examined in the light of the present results and a modified hypothesis is proposed accordingly.
How small can the difference among competitors be for coexistence to occur
Authors: Kashiwagi Akiko , Kanaya Tadashi , Yomo Tetsuya , Urabe Itaru 
Published: December 2007

AbstractClosely related competitors comprising of Escherichia coli strains having the same metabolic system and differing only with a few bases on the glutamine synthetase gene in the plasmid pKGN were previously shown to coexist in a chemostat. The differences among these closely related competitors can be considered large enough to allow coexistence as the level of enzyme activity is different. To bring the difference among competitors to the slightest possible, the mutation was introduced on the noncoding region of the plasmid pKGN harbored in the wild‐type strain (strain W). The new strain, strain W’, carries the plasmid pKGN’ with a 4‐base insertion at the Hind III site in the polycloning site of pKGN. As the noncoding region is a nucleotide segment that is not translated into amino acids, the relatedness between strains W and W’ is the closest possible from the genetic point of view. Interestingly, though both strains are almost identical, they can coexist stably in a chemostat irrespective of the initial population size. These experimental results suggest that in the natural ecosystem, no matter how akin competitors are, coexistence is not impossible.
Delayed maturation in the colonial coral Goniastrea aspera (Scleractinia): whole‐colony mortality, colony growth and polyp egg production
Authors: Sakai Kazuhiko 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe present study examines (1) the cost of reproduction on colony growth, and (2) relationships among sexual maturity, whole‐colony mortality rate and colony growth rate in Goniastrea aspera free from external influences by macrobenthos. Survival of colonies in permanent plots was followed for two years. Egg production by polyps in colonies collected just before the first spawning of a year was estimated by dissecting the polyps. Growth of the colonies (increase in number of polyps) was followed over one annual reproductive cycle. The cost of egg production on colony growth was apparent through colony ontogeny: (1) immature colonies had a greater annual growth rate than mature colonies, but produced almost no eggs; (2) in mature colonies, growth rate was negatively correlated with NE/PV (number of eggs per polyp volume mm‐3). Annual whole‐colony mortality was high in colonies with fewer than11 polyps in initial colony size, while mortality was extremely low once a colony grew beyond this size. This critical size for low whole‐colony mortality was much smaller than the colony size (40 polyps) which would attain maturity one year later. Age at maturity was estimated as six years. While survival to maturity may be a selective force for the evolution of delayed maturation, the present data suggest that high colony fecundity, achieved after a long growth period as an immature colony, and an abrupt decrease of colony growth rate after maturation are the crucial forces.
Genetic risk of domestication in artificial fish stocking and its possible reduction
Authors: Harada Yasushi , Yokota Masashi , Iizuka Masaru 
Published: December 2007

AbstractGenetic hazards associated with the stocking of fish juveniles produced in hatcheries were studied with simple mathematical models. Domestication is the process of acquiring a genetic characteristics that are advantageous in a hatchery environment but that are disadvantageous in a natural environment due to the selection pressure in the hatchery differing from that in the natural environment. Conditions for the propagation of mutants enhancing domestication were obtained for a variety of stocking strategies specified by parameters related to hatchery productivity and kind of brood stock used. By using this, the possibility of reducing the risk of domestication was studied. As a means of reducing the risk, selective use of wild‐born individuals for brood stock was considered. The effectiveness of this was analyzed for both the cases where all brood stock is collected from the wild, and the male brood stock is collected from the wild and the female brood stock is born and reared in a hatchery. We also estimate how much hatchery release can be increased without increasing the risk by employing these means. It is concluded that the use of only male brood stock from the wild is not very effective in reducing the risk of domestication. Further, it is concluded that selective use of the wild‐born individuals of both sexes for brood stock is highly desirable if the contribution of released individuals to the natural reproduction is high. In other words, substantial increase of hatchery release may be possible while keeping risk at a level comparable to that under moderate hatchery release, if it is accompanied by the selective use of wild‐born individuals for brood stock.
Social structure and the defensive role of soldiers in a eusocial bamboo aphid, Pseudoregma bambucicola (Homoptera: Aphididae): A test of the defence‐optimization hypothesis
Authors: Shibao Harunobu 
Published: December 2007

AbstractA complete understanding of the evolution of sociality in aphids requires a detailed knowledge of the patterns of soldier investment in their ecology. The eusocial bamboo aphid Pseudoregma bambucicola has a morphologically specialized first‐instar soldier caste. The proportion of soldiers was positively correlated with colony size. Within a colony, soldiers were evenly distributed among subcolonies; within each subcolony, however, their distribution was biased toward peripheries which were exposed to many predators. Field experiments introducing natural enemies such as Eupeodes confrater (Diptera: Syrphidae) and Synonycha grandis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) revealed that the survival rate of these predators was negatively correlated with the density of soldiers, suggesting that soldiers can more or less defend their colonies by killing or removing a range of natural enemies. Observations suggest that large mature colonies attract more predators than newly established small colonies and that, within a colony, the predators attack each subcolony regardless of its position on bamboo shoots. This implies the presence of a positive correlation between colony size and predation risk. Thus, the investment in soldiers seems to reflect the attacking pattern of predators within a colony. These results agree with the defence‐optimization hypothesis in soldier investment of P. bambucicola colonies.