bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Spectroscopic Investigations of Some Binuclear Organotin(IV) Complexes of Malonobis(salicylidenehydrazide) and Crystal Structure Study of [(C2H5)2Sn]2[OC6H4CH=NNCO]2CH2
Authors: Degaonkar Manju P , Puranik Vedavati G , Tavale Sudam S , Gopinathan Sarada , Gopinathan Changaramponnath 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The Schiff base, [HOC6H4CH=NNHCO]2CH2 [H4L], derived from the condensation of salicylaldehyde and malonodihydrazide, reacted with organotin chlorides to yield binuclear complexes of the type R2Sn[L]SnR2, where R=CH3–, C2H5–, C4H9–, C6H5–, CH3CO2CH2CH2–, and C6H5CH2–. The complexes were characterized and the structure assigned on the basis of their elemental analysis, IR, 1H, 13C, 119Sn NMR spectral, and X-ray crystallographic data. In these complexes, the ligand functions as a flexibly bridging tetrabasic hexadentate moiety binding two tin atoms through ONO donor atoms and both tin atoms are in trigonal bipyramidal environment.
A single crystal diffraction study of the complex, [(C2H5)2Sn]2(OC6H4CH=NNCO)2CH2, confirms the structure to be binuclear. The crystals are monoclinic, space group I2/a with a = 12.312(2), b = 11.526(2), c = 18.858(2) Å, β = 94.69(2)°, volume = 2667.1(7) Å3, Z = 4, Dc = 1.718 g cm−3. The final discrepancy factors are R = 0.042, Rw = 0.055 for 1698 observed reflections. Half of the molecule is bridged to the other half by two fold symmetry via C(13) atom. The tin atom has distorted trigonal bipyramidal coordination with two oxygens occupying axial positions while two ethyl groups and azomethine nitrogen occupy the equatorial positions. The two ethyl groups coordinated to tin are cis to each other.
SO-Photoextrusion of 7-Thiabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene 7-Oxides
Authors: Thiemann Carolin , Thiemann Thies , Li YuanQiang , Sawada Tsuyoshi , Nagano Yoshiaki , Tashiro Masashi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The photoextrusion of the SO-bridge of 7-thiabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene 7-oxides is discussed. An analysis of all the major by-products in the exemplary case of the photo reaction of 3a is given. The existence of intermediate dienes 4 has been established. Data on a comparative photoextrusion of an epithio-bridge of 7-thiabicyclo[2.2.1]-hept-2-ene (6) are provided.
Quinolinium Fluorochromate (QFC), C9H7NH[CrO3F]: An Improved Cr(VI)-Oxidant for Organic Substrates
Authors: Chaudhuri Mihir K , Chettri Shiv K , Lyndem Synjukta , Paul Pradip C , Srinivas Pendyala 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Yellow-orange crystalline quinolinium fluorochromate (QFC) is easily prepared in a nearly quantitative yield by the interaction of quinoline with CrO3 and hydrofluoric acid in 1 : 1.5 : 1 molar ratio. The reagent is stable. Compared with pyridinium fluorochromate (PFC), the new reagent is more soluble in organic solvents and less acidic. QFC in CH2Cl2 readily oxidizes primary, secondary, and allylic alcohols to the corresponding carbonyls, benzoin to benzil, and anthracene and phenanthrene to anthraquinone and 9,10-phenanthrenequinone, respectively. Oxidations work well also in a variety of sensitive environments, e.g. isopropylidene functionality and trimethylsilyl ethers. Organic sulfides are transformed to sulfoxides at room temperature. The facile oxidation of triphenylphosphine to triphenylphosphine oxide by QFC in CH2Cl2 or CH3CN provides a clear evidence for an oxygen-transfer reaction. The reduced product of QFC, isolated after such reactions, has been ascertained to be C9H7NH[CrO2F], a chromium(IV) species. The advantages of QFC have been highlighted.
Halogenation Using N-Halogenocompounds. II. Acid Catalyzed Bromination of Aromatic Compounds with 1,3-Dibromo-5,5-dimethylhydantoin
Authors: Eguchi Hisao , Kawaguchi Hideichiro , Yoshinaga Sachiyo , Nishida Akiko , Nishiguchi Takeshi , Fujisaki Shizuo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Ring bromination of aromatic compounds using 1,3-dibromo-5,5-dimethylhydantoin in dichloromethane is promoted by the addition of strong acids. Both organic and inorganic acids whose pKa values are lower than -2 showed the promoting effect. This acid-catalyzed bromination is both practical and effective, even for aromatics having electron-withdrawing substituents.
Catalytic Polymerization of Aniline and Its Derivatives by Using Copper(II) Salts and Oxygen. New Type of Polyaniline with Branched Structure
Authors: Toshima Naoki , Yan Hu , Ishiwatari Mariko 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The catalytic polymerization of aniline and its derivatives was performed by stirring the solution of the corresponding monomer and copper(II) salts (50/5, mmol/mmol) in acetonitrile and water (1/1, v/v) under oxygen at room temperature for 24 h. Among copper salts, CuBr2 and CuCl2 are more active than the others. In each case the copper salts do not work as a stoichiometrical oxidant but work as a catalyst, which can be proved on the basis of turn-over-frequency. The polymers isolated were characteristic of polyaniline with an Emeraldine structure, although a small amount of branched structures were by-produced by an addition reaction at ortho-position. Thus, heat treatment of the polymer at 284 °C results in partial decomposition to produce the stable polymer and aniline. Although the resulting polymer had an Emeraldine type structure, a strong doping effect on its electroconductivity was not observed, probably because of the amorphous morphology. The UV-vis spectra of the reaction solution have suggested that the catalytic polymerization of aniline proceeds through the formation of the copper(II) complex of aniline.
Preparation and Characterization of T-Cage-Type S-Bridged RhIIICdII Polynuclear Complexes with 2-Aminoethanethiolate
Authors: Konno Takumi , Kageyama Yuichi , Okamoto Ken-ichi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The reaction of fac(S)-[Rh(aet)3] with Cd(NO3)2 in water gave a T-cage-type S-bridged RhIII4CdII3 complex with a “defective” [Cd3HO]5+ core, [{Rh(aet)3}4Cd3HO](NO3)5 (1). The corresponding T-cage-type RhIII4CdII4 complex with a “complete” [Cd4O]6+ core, [{Rh(aet)3}4Cd4O](NO3)6 (2), was formed by the reaction of fac(S)-[Rh(aet)3] with a mixture of Cd(NO3)2 and CdO in water. These complexes were characterized by a combination of X-ray diffraction and spectroscopic methods.
Preconcentration of Indium(III) by Coprecipitation with Gallium Phosphate for Electrothermal Atomization Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
Authors: Kagaya Shigehiro , Ueda Joichi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Gallium phosphate coprecipitates quantitatively 0.5—7.5 μg of indium(III) from 100—500 cm3 of water at pH 2.5—6.0 and from the same volume of sea water at pH 3.5—6.0. The detection limit (signal/noise = 2) is 0.3 ng cm−3 of indium(III) in 500 cm3 of the initial sample solution.
The development of insomnia within the first year: A focus on worry
Authors: Jansson Markus , Linton Steven J. 
Published: July 2006

Objectives: The aim of this investigation was to study the relationships between sleep‐related worry and subjective sleep perception as a function of stage of chronicity.Design: A cross‐sectional study consisting of 136 individuals with a short history of insomnia was used.Methods: The 136 participants were grouped to form two different levels of chronicity based on their duration of insomnia: short (3–7 months; n = 69) and long (>7–12 months; n = 67). Two domains of sleep‐related worry (sleeplessness and health) were used as predictors of subjective sleep perception (sleep onset latency, time awake after sleep onset, and total sleep time).Results: The association between worry for sleeplessness and subjective sleep perception was significantly different across the stages of chronicity. In the group with a short duration of insomnia, worry for sleeplessness was not related to subjective sleep perception. Worry for sleeplessness was however a significant predictor of subjective sleep perception in the group with a long duration of insomnia (unique variance: 33% on sleep onset latency, 19% on time awake after sleep onset, and 13% on total sleep time). Even if marked differences were observed between the two groups, worry for health was not significantly different across stages of chronicity on subjective sleep perception.Conclusions: This suggests that the role of sleep‐related worry to subjective sleep perception may increase over time. Given that worry was a mechanism with an increasingly stronger impact over time, this supports the idea that worry is a potential mechanism related to the development of insomnia.
Preanalytical variability: the dark side of the moon in laboratory testing / Präanalytische Variabilität: die Schattenseite klinischer Laboruntersuchungen
Authors: Lippi Giuseppe , Guidi Gian Cesare , Mattiuzzi Camilla , Plebani Mario 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Remarkable advances in instrument technology, automation and computer science have greatly simplified many aspects of previously tedious tasks in laboratory diagnostics, creating a greater volume of routine work, and significantly improving the quality of results of laboratory testing. Following the development and successful implementation of high-quality analytical standards, analytical errors are no longer the main factor influencing the reliability and clinical utilization of laboratory diagnostics. Therefore, additional sources of variation in the entire laboratory testing process should become the focus for further and necessary quality improvements. Errors occurring within the extra-analytical phases are still the prevailing source of concern. Accordingly, lack of standardized procedures for sample collection, including patient preparation, specimen acquisition, handling and storage, account for up to 93% of the errors currently encountered within the entire diagnostic process. The profound awareness that complete elimination of laboratory testing errors is unrealistic, especially those relating to extra-analytical phases that are harder to control, highlights the importance of good laboratory practice and compliance with the new accreditation standards, which encompass the adoption of suitable strategies for error prevention, tracking and reduction, including process redesign, the use of extra-analytical specifications and improved communication among caregivers.
Estimating Sockeye Salmon Smolt Flux and Abundance with Side-Looking Sonar
Authors: Mueller Anna-Maria , Degan Don J. , Kieser Robert , Mulligan Tim 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Abundance estimates of out-migrating sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka smolts are used to prepare preseason forecasts of adult returns and to set escapement goals. Here we describe a method for estimating smolt flux and abundance that uses side-looking sonar. This method more efficiently covers the river cross section and is logistically easier to deploy than up-looking sonar systems. To account for the skewed vertical distribution of smolts, we used a recently developed model for correcting echo integration bias associated with nonuniform target distribution. The correction is based on adjusting the integrated beam pattern for a given distribution of targets relative to the transverse cross section of the beam. We compared the results with estimates derived from video data and modeled the effect of three vertical distributions of smolts and three transducer pitch angles. The model estimated correction factors that ranged from 0.6 to 2.6. Correction factors were greater than 1 (which indicates negative bias in conventional echo integration) for smolt distributions skewed toward the edge of the beam and less than 1 (which indicates positive bias in conventional echo integration) for distributions skewed towards the center of the beam. For the scenarios modeled, the effect of the transducer pitch angle was small between the horizontal and −0.6° but increased nonlinearly as the angle increased. We conclude that, in the given application and at shallow transducer pitch angles, the bias in conventional echo integration is small and predictable enough to be corrected.
A Comparison of Methods for Sampling round Goby in Rocky Littoral Areas
Authors: Diana Christine M. , Jonas Jory L. , Claramunt Randall M. , Fitzsimons John D. , Marsden J. Ellen 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Invasion of the round goby Neogobius melanostomus in the Great Lakes has prompted investigation into qualitative and quantitative sampling strategies. Design of an optimal sampling strategy to monitor expanding round goby populations should consider the accuracy, precision, and associated costs of gears and their deployment strategies. The goal of this study was to compare three common, low-cost, readily available gear types used to sample round goby (gill nets, minnow traps, and trotlines) in terms of catch rates, size selectivity, and bycatch. During fall assessments, baited minnow traps were the most effective at collecting round goby, followed by trotlines and monofilament gill nets. Minnow traps were more selective of small round goby, while trotlines and gill nets were more selective of larger individuals. Bycatch associated with minnow traps and trotlines was lower than that associated with gill nets. Seasonal variation in gear effectiveness was apparent: during spring, gill nets caught 216 round goby and minnow traps caught none, while during the fall only 11 round goby were captured in gill nets and 868 were captured in minnow traps. During summer assessments, diel movements were evident, as gill nets set during periods of low or no light captured more round goby than those set during the day. The cost-benefit analysis indicated that passive gears had lower scores (i.e., were more cost-effective) than active gears. The financial cost of the three gears indicated that the cost per round goby varied among gears and seasons. Our results demonstrated that baited minnow traps set overnight were the most efficient, easily deployed, cost-effective gear and exhibited less variable catch rates during late summer and fall than either gill nets or trotlines.
A Comparison of Methods for Sampling Fish Diversity in Shallow Offshore Waters of Large Rivers
Authors: Lapointe Nicolas W. R. , Corkum Lynda D. , Mandrak Nicholas E. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Few studies of fish assemblages have been conducted in large rivers owing to the difficulties of sampling such complex systems. We evaluated the effectiveness of six different gear types (seine nets, boat electrofishers, hoop nets, Windermere traps, trap nets, and minnow traps) in sampling the fish assemblage at 30 sites in the shallow offshore waters of the middle Detroit River in July and August 2003. A total of 2,449 fish representing 38 species in 15 families were captured by seining (1,293 fish, 29 species), boat electrofishing (398 fish, 23 species), hoop nets (524 fish, 26 species), and Windermere traps (234 fish, 14 species). Trap nets and minnow traps were not effective in sampling offshore littoral sites. Significantly higher fish species richness and abundance were obtained and more unique species were captured by seine nets than by any other gear type. When effort is constant, the highest richness and abundance are obtained by seine nets. Windermere traps produced significantly lower abundance and richness than all other gear types, but proportionally more benthic species. Total species accumulation rates were not markedly reduced when Windermere trap data were excluded. Use of additional Windermere traps at each site could increase abundance, but samples taken by Windermere traps had the lowest rarefied richness among gear types at any level of abundance. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling showed that seine-net catches, which were dominated by midwater schooling species (brook silverside Labidesthes sicculus, emerald shiner Notropis atherinoides, and mimic shiner N. volucellus), were most dissimilar from Windermere trap catches, which were dominated by centrarchids. Seine nets were the most effective gear for sampling offshore waters.
Effects of Suspended Sediment on the Escape Behavior and Cover‐Seeking Response of Juvenile Chinook Salmon in Freshwater
Authors: Korstrom Jillian S. , Birtwell Ian K. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIn laboratory experiments, we quantified the innate adaptive escape behavior and cover‐seeking response of juvenile Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha exposed to elevated levels of turbidity and suspended sediments for a duration predicted to elicit sublethal effects. Treatment fish were held for 48 h at 10°C in a sediment slurry (30,000 mg/L; 50,000 nephelometric turbidity units [NTU]) made up of about 46% clay (<0.002 mm), 46% silt (<0.053 and >0.002 mm), and 8% fine sand (<2.00 and >0.053 mm). The behavioral response of individual control and treatment fish was then examined in clear water (1.9 NTU) through the use of a performance challenge test. Challenge tests can determine the sublethal effects of contaminants on an organism's ability to adapt and survive in its environment. The behavioral avoidance response was characterized as the amount of time in which individual fish swam out of the field of view and sought cover. The tendency of fish to escape to shelter, the time to swim from an open, well‐lit space into shade beneath overhead cover, and the trajectory of each escape response were recorded by a video camera coupled to a digital recorder. The ability of sediment‐exposed Chinook salmon to escape to cover was impaired relative to that of control fish: There was a significant increase in stuporous behavior and a significant reduction in cover‐seeking response in the sediment‐exposed fish. Treatment fish were slower to seek cover from intense light and displayed erratic swimming behavior. These results suggest that even a relatively brief (48‐h) exposure to elevated levels of suspended sediment could indirectly jeopardize survival in the wild, as such overt performance and behavioral changes would probably render juvenile Chinook salmon more conspicuous and therefore more susceptible to avian and aquatic predators.
Growth Modulation Alters the Incidence of Early Male Maturation and Physiological Development of Hatchery‐Reared Spring Chinook Salmon: A Comparison with Wild Fish
Authors: Larsen Donald A. , Beckman Brian R. , Strom Charles R. , Parkins Paul J. , Cooper Kathleen A. , Fast David E. , Dickhoff Walton W. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractPrevious studies conducted at the Cle Elum Spring Chinook Salmon Supplementation Hatchery in Washington State demonstrated that 37–49% of the male Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha released from this facility in its first years of operation precociously matured at age 2 rather than the more typical age 4. We examined the effects of altering seasonal growth rate on the incidence of age‐2 male maturation in an experimental subset of that population and compared their physiological development (size, growth rate, condition factor, whole‐body lipid, gill Na+,K+‐ATPase activity, and plasma insulin‐like growth factor‐I [IGF‐I]) with that of both hatchery (production) and wild fish. Altering summer and autumn rations resulted in four growth trajectories with the following size and precocious male maturation rates: The high summer—high autumn growth trajectory produced fish averaging 25 g and 69% precocious maturation; the high summer—low autumn trajectory yielded fish that averaged 18 g and exhibited 58% precocious maturation; the low summer—high autumn trajectory produced 18‐g fish with 51% precocious maturation; and the low summer—low autumn trajectory yielded fish averaging 16 g and 42% precocious maturation. Production fish averaged 22 g and exhibited a 53% precocious maturation rate. The high summer growth treatments and production fish were largest among all groups and had higher plasma IGF‐I, adiposity levels, and precocious male maturation rates than did the low summer growth treatments. Wild fish were significantly smaller and leaner and had much lower plasma IGF‐I levels than all other groups. Gill Na+,K+‐ATPase activity was not different between groups, suggesting that there was no differential effect on smoltification. Growth modulation reduced the precocious male maturation rate by 39% among experimental treatments and by 21% between production fish and the low—low treatment. However, the maturation rate and adiposity of hatchery fish differed markedly from those of wild fish, suggesting that more dramatic alterations of rearing regime may be required to further reduce the prevalence of this phenotype in cultured fish.
Reduced Streamflow Lowers Dry‐Season Growth of Rainbow Trout in a Small Stream
Authors: Harvey Bret C. , Nakamoto Rodney J. , White Jason L. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA wide variety of resource management activities can affect surface discharge in small streams. Often, the effects of variation in streamflow on fish survival and growth can be difficult to estimate because of possible confounding with the effects of other variables, such as water temperature and fish density. We measured the effect of streamflow on survival and growth of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss in a small stream in northwestern California by manipulating the flow entering four of eight enclosed stream sections (9.0–15.3 m long) containing one pool and 2.5–4.0 m of upstream riffle habitat. In the four manipulated experimental units, we reduced inflow by 75–80% over a 6‐week period in summer 2003. Flow diversion substantially decreased water velocity in riffle–pool transition areas but did not strongly affect habitat volume or water temperature. Fish in control units grew about 8.5 times as much as those in units with reduced streamflow; however, discharge manipulation did not affect survival, which exceeded 90% in both treatments. The input of invertebrate drift to pools within control units greatly exceeded the input into units with reduced streamflow; the concentrations of drifting invertebrates differed to a lesser extent between control and manipulated units. Managers concerned about salmonid populations in small streams should consider dry‐season streamflow to be a key variable affecting fish growth.
Thermal decomposition of ammonia. N2H4-an intermediate reaction product
Authors: Dirtu Daniela , Odochian Lucia , Pui Aurel , Humelnicu Ionel 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The paper reports the thermal decomposition of ammonia under dynamic conditions at 800°C in a quartz reactor. Its purpose is to confirm the homogeneous-heterogeneous degenerated branched chain mechanism established in previous studies, which assume the formation of N2H4 as a molecular intermediate; this paper identifies hydrazine as a product of thermal decomposition using FT-IR and UV-VIS spectroscopies.
Practical Aspects of Radioligand Binding
Authors: McKinney Michael , Raddatz Rita 
Published: July 2006

AbstractRadioligand binding has been used for many years to identify new binding sites, characterize receptors, and identify novel ligands. Although various techniques have been developed to improve the efficiency of preparing the biological source of the receptors and for detecting bound radioligand, the principles of the assays remain the same. This unit reviews theory and provides examples of the parameters that can be calculated from radioligand binding data to characterize ligand‐receptor interactions. The important aspects of assay development and validation that allow meaningful interpretation are discussed. The selection of a radioligand, buffer and other assay components is critical to developing a useful binding assay. The nature of the binding interaction can also be probed by varying assay conditions.