bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Eructation of gas through the gastroesophageal sphincter before and after limiting distension of the gastric cardia or infusion of a β-adrenergic amine in dogs
Authors: Strombeck Donald R. , Griffin D. W. , Harrold Doris 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Gas eructation function of the gastroesophageal sphincter (ges) was investigated in 6 conscious dogs before and after a sleeve was placed around the ges and gastric cardia and during iv infusion of a β-adrenergic amine (epinephrine). To induce eructation, nitrogen gas was insufflated (351.4 ± 2 ml/min; mean ± sem) into the stomach through 1 channel of a 4-lumen catheter. After baseline studies and epinephrine infusion studies were completed in each dog, surgery was done to limit partially gastric distension by intraluminal contents by placing a silicone rubber sleeve around the ges and the first few centimeters of the cardia. Gastroesophageal sphincter pressure was 31.8 ± 2.2 mm of Hg in baseline studies, 17.3 ± 1.3 mm of Hg during epinephrine infusion (P < 0.003), and 30.3 ± 2.2 mm of Hg after the sleeve was placed around the ges and cardia.
During insufflation, gastric pressures before eructation increased to 5.74 ± 0.41 mm of Hg before and to 15.15 ± 1.63 mm of Hg after cardia sleeve placement (P < 0.001). Eructation occurred at intervals of 1.83 ± 0.41 minutes before cardia sleeve placement, and eructations were not observed with the sleeve in place. Before the sleeve was placed, administration of epinephrine resulted in an eructation interval of 0.84 ± 0.09 minutes, which was significantly different from that in the same dogs given no drugs (P < 0.004).
In vitro comparison of stomachs filled with fluid or filled with fluid and gas revealed that relatively small amounts of gas added to a partially filled stomach caused marked distension of the gastric cardia in comparison with no effects when fluid only was added.
Seemingly, distension of the gastric cardia was the important stimulus for eructation. Limiting this distension prevented eructation and β-adrenergic stimulation increased eructation frequency.
Total and antigen-specific serum immunoglobulin isotype concentrations in hyperimmunized cattle that have undergone plasmapheresis
Authors: McVey D. Scott , Loan Raymond W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The effects of prolonged plasmapheresis of cattle on total and antigen-specific immunoglobulin production were evaluated. Five adult cows were hyperimmunized by repeated iv administration of live, logarithmic-phase Pasteurella haemolytica A1 organisms. Three of the cows underwent plasmapheresis daily for 3 weeks. From 2 cows, serum was only obtained periodically. Anti-P haemolytica antibody was assayed by indirect hemagglutination and a kinetic-augmented, antigen-capture elisa for capsular polysaccharide and lipopolysaccharide/outer membrane protein antigens. Total serum immunoglobulin concentration was determined for IgM, IgG1, and IgG2 by primary radial immunodiffusion. Anti-P haemolytica Al activity increased rapidly after immunization. After beginning plasmapheresis, the antigen-specific antibody activities remained nearly constant. In general, anti-lipopolysaccharide/outer membrane protein activity (in terms of concentration) was higher than anti-capsular polysaccharide activity and was not affected as much by the plasmapheresis. Total serum Ig concentration decreased transiently by a small amount after beginning plasmapheresis.
Antibody complement-dependent bacteriolysis in experimentally induced pasteurellosis in mice
Authors: McVey D. Scott , Loan Raymond W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Affinity-purified bovine immunoglobulin isotypes were bacteriolytic for Pasteurella haemolytica biotype A, serotype 1 (pha-1). This bacteriolysis was specific and complement-dependent. The IgM and IgG1 were the most active isotypes in the classic complement cascade. These isotypes also induced bacteriolysis through the alternative complement cascade. The comparative bacteriolytic activities of IgG1 and IgM were equal within each cascade; however, the bacteriolytic activities of IgG1 and IgM were lower in the alternative cascade than in the classical cascade. The IgG2 was more bacteriolytic than IgA in the classic and alternative complement pathways.
Bovine immunoglobulins passively protected C57BL/6 mice from experimentally induced pasteurellosis. There were no major differences in the protection among hyperimmune sera, purified IgM, or purified IgG. Mice were protected from pha-1 by approximately 1.9 μg of IgG and 1.2 or 0.1 (μg of IgM. Elimination of murine complement with cobra venom factor 3 reduced pha-1 clearance in passively immunized C57BL/6 mice. The protective effect of IgM mediated resistance was highly dependent on an intact complement system. The intact complement cascade was associated with enhanced clearance of pha-1 from the liver. Although pha-1 was susceptible to antibody complement-mediated bacteriolysis in vitro, the dependence on an intact complement cascade was not absolute in experimentally induced murine septicemic pasteurellosis.
Ivermectin plasma concentrations in Collies sensitive to ivermectin-induced toxicosis
Authors: Tranquilli W. J. , Paul A. J. , Seward R. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Five Collies sensitive to toxic effects of ivermectin and 7 nonsensitive Collies were given 100 μg of ivermectin/ kg of body weight, po. Blood samples were collected from each dog before treatment; at posttreatment hours 1, 2, 3.5, 5, and 8; and at posttreatment days 1, 2, 4, 7, 14, and 21. Each sample was assayed for ivermectin concentration, and statistical analyses were performed on the resulting plasma concentration data to determine differences in absorption and clearance of drugs between the 2 groups. Variables measured were area under the curve (using the trapezoidal rule), peak plasma concentration, and the time to peak concentration. Differences between sensitive and nonsensitive Collies for variables analyzed were not significant (P > 0.05).
Ultrastructure of hepatic and renal lesions in chickens fed aflatoxin
Authors: Mollenhauer Hilton H. , Corrier Donald E. , Huff William E. , Kubena Leon F. , Harvey Roger B. , Droleskey Robert E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Male broiler chicks were given feed and water ad libitum from hatching through 3 weeks of age. The feed contained 0, 1.25, 2.5, and 5.0 μg of aflatoxin/g of feed. The chicks were killed by cervical dislocation and specimens of liver and kidney were obtained for electron microscopy on days 3, 6, 9, 17, and 21. In chicks fed 5.0 μg of aflatoxin, the primary lesions in liver were hepatocellular lipidosis, enlargement of bile canaliculi, reduction in mitochondrial size, mild lymphocytic infiltration, and hepatocellular degeneration and necrosis. Similar lesions were noticed in some chicks fed 2.5 μg of aflatoxin, but none was observed in chicks fed at 1.25 μg of aflatoxin. At 5 μg of aflatoxin, the most consistent lesion in the kidney was thickening of the glomerular basement membrane. Similar glomerular lesions were observed at 2.5 μg of aflatoxin, but not at 1.25 μg of aflatoxin. Some foot processes of the glomerular epithelial cells were poorly developed. Fusion of foot processes was not observed and fibrous material was not evident in the basement membrane. The pseudopodia of endothelial cells lining the thickened basement membrane were depleted in number or were absent. Degenerative changes also were observed in the cells of the proximal convoluted tubules, but these were less consistent than those of the glomerulus.
Evaluations of buparvaquone as a treatment for equine babesiosis (Babesia equi)
Authors: Zaugg J. L. , Lane V. M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
We evaluated the efficacy of buparvaquone in eliminating Babesia equi of European origin in carrier horses and in experimentally infected splenectomized ponies. When administered at the rate of 2.5 mg/kg of body weight, im, 4 times at 96-hour intervals, buparvaquone was effective in eliminating B equi carrier infection in 1 horse. Such results could not be repeated at the same dosage or at 3.5 or 5 mg/kg, im. Buparvaquone given at the rate of 4 to 6 mg/kg iv and/or im was therapeutically effective in 4 of 5 acute B equi infections in splenectomized ponies. The treated ponies became carriers.
Transendoscopic neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet laser irradiation in horses
Authors: Tate Lloyd P. , Sweeney C. L. , Cullen J. M. , Corbett W. T. , Newman H. C. , Brown T. C. , Ketner M. T. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:yag) laser was used to study effects of applying laser irridation transendoscopically to the corniculate process of the asytenoid cartilage in horses. Dosimetry was established initially in vitro in 10 corniculate cartilages that were irridated and examined histologically to determine penetration depths at selected power settings.
Eleven-horses were given xylazine iv and butorphoral tartrate iv, and their left ventricle and corniculate process were irradiated. Six horses had left laryngeal hemiplegia and were euthanatized and necropsied 14 weeks after laser application and evaluation for upper airway stridor. Endoscopy was performed in the 5 other horses; they were euthanatize and necropsied at selected intervals to characterize the healing process.
Healing was by second intention and was complete at 14 weeks. Two horses developed buds of granulation tissue along the laser incision, which resolved after a second laser application. Scar tissue formation resulted in left of midline displacement of the dorsal portion of the right corniculate process. The left ventricle healed without complications and was totally ablated. All horses had inspiratory stridor when exercised 14 weeks after laser irradiation.
Neonatal survival in swine: Effects of low birth weight and clinical disease
Authors: Gardner Ian A. , Hird David W. , Franti Charles E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Data were collected for 3,636 full-term pigs born in a commercial swine herd to determine the effects of birth weight and clinical disease on survival during the first 3 weeks of life. Logistic regression models were constructed for 7-day survival for all live-born pigs, and for 21-day survival for pigs surviving the first week of life. Estimates of birth weight and disease effects were adjusted simultaneously for other risk factors including litter size, parity, and within-litter variation in birth weight. The 7-day survival model indicated that survival odds improved significantly with increasing birth weight. Maximal survival, relative to pigs weighing < 601 g at birth, was evident in pigs weighing > 2 kg at birth (odds ratio [or] = 349). Diarrhea (or = 2.7) and splayed limbs (splay leg; or = 37.3) significantly (P < 0.05) reduced 7-day survival. Models of 21-day survival indicated a smaller, but still significant, effect of birth weight on survival. Acyusted survival odds for pigs in the heaviest weight group ( > 2 kg) were 20.1 times higher than pigs weighing < 801 g. Diarrhea (or = 2.7) and lameness (or = 2.6, 2 limbs) significantly (P < 0.05) decreased 21-day survival.
Antigenic and restriction enzyme analysis of isolates of Campylobacter fetus subsp venerealis recovered from persistently infected cattle
Authors: Wesley Irene V. , Bryner John H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Thirty-two isolates of Campylobacter fetus subsp venerealis were obtained from 1 bull and 4 heifers with experimentally induced infection. When whole-cell antigens of isolates were cross titrated with antisera to the infecting strain, isolates from 3 heifers had limited antigenic variation, whereas whole-cell antigens of isolates from 2 cattle (the bull and a heifer) differed serologically from those of the infecting strain. Changes were detected specifically in 6 heat-labile antigens. Of the 6 heat-labile factors evaluated, all were initially present on the infecting parent strain, but not on early isolates obtained from 4 of the 5 cattle. Restriction enzyme analysis revealed minor variation in the dna fingerprints of isolates obtained from individual cattle, thus implying stability of the Campylobacter genome once persistent infection is established. Isolates with identical restriction enzyme patterns expressed different heat-labile antigens. Correlation could not be found between the dna electrophoretic pattern and the expression of heat-labile antigens.
Transmission of a vaccinal strain of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus from intranasally vaccinated steers commingled with nonvaccinated steers
Authors: Baker John C. , Rust Steven R. , Walker Robert D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Ninety-seven feeder steers, averaging 7 months of age, were allotted to 3 groups. Group I (n = 33) was vaccinated intranasally with an infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (ibrv) vaccine on postinoculation day (pid) 0; group II (n = 31) was not vaccinated on pid 0 but was commingled with group I; and group III (n = 33) served as controls housed in the same facility, but was physically separated from groups I and II. On pid 20, all steers were given a modified-live ibrv vaccine im. Virus isolation attempts from nasal swab specimens collected on pid 10 resulted in ibrv isolation from 19 (57.6%) of group I, 4 (12.9%) of group II, and 0 of group III. By pid 20, geometric mean titer for serum antibody to ibrv had increased in group I but had decreased in groups II and III. By pid 40, geometric mean titer for serum antibody to ibrv had increased in the 3 groups in response to im vaccination given on pid 20. Seemingly, transmission of a vaccinal strain of ibrv to nonvaccinated steers did not take place at a frequency that elicited a humoral immune response similar to that of vaccinated steers.
Influence of bovine intestinal fluid on the expression of K99 pili by Escherichia coli
Authors: Francis D. H. , Allen S. D. , White R. D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A study was conducted to determine whether intestinal fluid collected from various portions of bovine intestine differed in its effect on production of K99 pili by Escherichia coli. The small and large intestines of 7 calves, euthanatized 4 hours after a final feeding of milk, were divided into 6 to 9 segments from which intraluminal fluids were collected. Depending on the amount of fluid collected, up to 20 E coli strains that express K99 pili were grown on media prepared from the content of each specimen and then were tested for K99 pilus expression. In general, intestinal fluid from the most proximal small intestinal segments were more suppressive to K99 pilus expression than was fluid from more distal segments of small intestine. Only about 20% of the E coli test strains expressed K99 pili when grown on medium prepared from proximal small intestinal segmental fluid, whereas > 90% did when grown on medium prepared from distal small intestinal segmental fluid. Fluid from the large intestine varied considerably from calf to calf in its effect on K99 pilus expression.
A correlation was found between K99 pilus expression and pH of the intestinal fluid, with the lower pH values (characteristic of proximal intestinal segmental fluid) being suppressive. The correlation between K99 pilus production and the pH of the medium was verified, using defined laboratory media adjusted to various pH values. Strains of E coli grown in medium at or below pH 5.5 failed to express K99 pili, whereas the same strains when grown in medium at or above pH 6.5 expressed K99 pili in abundance.
Serodiagnosis of ovine paratuberculosis, using lipoarabinomannan in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
Authors: Sugden E. A. , Corner A. H. , Samagh B. S. , Brooks B. W. , Turcotte C. , Nielsen K. H. , Stewart R. B. , Duncan J. R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The use of lipoarabinomannan (lam; obtained from Mycobacterium paratuberculosis) in an elisa (lam-elisa) to test 75 sheep sera from a paratuberculosis-infected flock resulted in an approximate threefold increase in sensitivity (from 23.5% to 70.6%), compared with the use of Annau's polysaccharide in a complement fixation test (p-cft). Even after manipulation of the lam-elisa cut-off value to produce a specificity of 100% to match that of the p-cft, the sensitivity still was approximately twofold greater than that of the p-cft. Anti-bovine monoclonal antiglobulin-enzyme conjugates matched commercially available anti-ovine polyclonal antiglobulin-enzyme conjugates with respect to sensitivity and specificity. False-positive results were found to be less frequent after combining 2 serodiagnostic tests, lam-elisa and d antigen-agar gel immunodiffusion, resulting in an increase in specificity from 88.1% to 95.2%. The repeatability of true seropositive and seronegative results was found to be 89.5% and 91.1%, respectively, for sera obtained ≤ 1 month prior to slaughter and 91.7% and 95.5%, respectively, for reanalysis of sera obtained at the time of slaughter.
Study of association between histologic features and echogenicity of architecturally normal cat kidneys
Authors: Yeager Amy E. , Anderson Wayne I. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Thirty-eight grossly and histologically normal cat kidneys were examined ultrasonographically. The echogenicity of the renal cortex was subjectively evaluated by scoring it as largely or not largely different from the echogenicity of the renal medulla and as similar or not similar to the echogenicity of the renal sinus. The presence or absence of a medullary hyperechoic band was determined. The length, width, and height of each kidney was measured. Hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections of each kidney were examined microscopically. The amount of fat vacuoles in the tubular epithelium of the renal cortex was scored as plentiful or not plentiful. The presence or absence of a medullary band of mineral deposits within the lumina of renal tubules was determined. A plentiful amount of fat vacuoles in renal cortex was associated positively with a large difference in echogenicity between cortex and medulla (P < 0.01) and with similar echogenicity of cortex and sinus (P < 0.01). The presence of a medullary hyperechoic band was associated positively with a band of mineral deposits within medullary tubular lumen (P 0.01). Kidneys with a large difference in echogenicity between cortex and medulla and kidneys with a plentiful amount of fat vacuoles were not significantly different in size (P = 0.56). These groups were larger (P < 0.01) in length, width, and height than were kidneys without a large difference in echogenicity between cortex and medulla and kidneys that did not have plentiful cortical fat vacuoles.
In situ production of interferon in tissues of chickens exposed as embryos to turkey herpesvirus and Marek's disease virus
Authors: Sharma J. M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Chicken eggs at embryonation day (ed) 18 or newly hatched chicks were inoculated with turkey herpesvirus (hvt), Marek's disease virus (mdv), or virus-free diluent and, at intervals after inoculation, tissue homogenates of virus-exposed and virus-free chickens or chicken embryos were examined for interferon (ifn) activity. Homogenates of lung, thymus and spleen specimens from chickens given hvt at ed 18 had ifn activity. Activity of ifn in the lungs was studied further. Homogenates of lung specimens from chickens exposed to hvt at hatching also had ifn activity, although the concentration of ifn was lower than that in chickens given hvt at ed 18. The pathogenic isolates of mdv (JM-mdv), but not the attenuated (Md11/75C-mdv) or nonpathogenic (SB1-mdv) isolates, inoculated at ed 18 also induced high lung ifn activity. Exposure to a combination of hvt and SB1-mdv induced ifn activity comparable with that in chickens given hvt alone. The ifn activity in homogenates of lung specimens from virus-exposed chickens was species specific and heat and pH stable, but was destroyed by trypsin treatment. Occasionally, low ifn activity also was detected in homogenates of tissue specimens from virus-free chickens or chicken embryos. This ifn activity could have been produced constitutively or may have been induced by substances (inducers) in the environment.
Ultrasonographic and biometric evaluation of the eye and orbit of dogs
Authors: Cottrill Nancy B. , Banks William J. , Pechman Robert D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The normal B-scan ultrasonographic anatomic features of the eye and orbit of mesocephalic and dolichocephalic dogs were described. The B-scan appearance of ocular and orbital structures correlated well with the visual morphologic features of the specimens.
The eyes of mesocephalic and dolichocephalic dogs were measured by use of ultrasonographic methods; those measurements were compared with direct measurements of the specimens. The 2-tailed Student t-test was used for all statistical analyses (P = 0.05). Measurements made included mid-cornea to anterior lens surface, lens thickness, vitreous body (posterior lens surface to retina), and axial globe length. The A-scan measurements of all 4 ocular distances were significantly different, compared with direct measurements. The B-scan measurements of mid-cornea to anterior lens surface, lens thickness, and vitreous body were significantly different from direct measurements; however, there was no significant difference between B-scan and direct measurements of axial globe length. There was no significant difference between A- and B-scan measurements. These findings suggest that A- and B-scan measurements are similar and that B-scan measurements are reasonably accurate for axial globe determination.
Several variables were compared by B-scan and direct measurement methods. The axial globe length of dolichocephalic dogs was significantly longer than that of mesocephalic dogs. The axial globe length of made and female dogs was not significantly different in mesocephalic or dolichocephalic dogs. There was no significant difference in the axial globe length of right and left eyes in mesocephalic or dolichocephalic dogs.
Normal blood supply to the canine mandible and mandibular teeth
Authors: Roush James K. , Howard Paul E. , Wilson James W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The normal blood supply to the canine mandible and mandibular teeth was determined by microangiography and correlated histology. Branches of the inferior alveolar artery supplied the cortical bone of the mandibular body. Vessels from the periosteal and endosteal surfaces supplied symphyseal cortical bone. Direct vascular anastomoses were not found to cross the fibrous mandibular symphysis. Blood supply to the mandibular teeth was via dental arteries derived from the inferior alveolar artery, with interdental and interradicular arteries supplying the alveolar bone and periodontal ligament.
Role of leukotriene B4 in the pathogenesis of Klebsiella pneumoniae-induced bovine mastitis
Authors: Rose David M. , Giri Shri N. , Wood S. J. , Cullor J. S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Mastitis was induced in 4 lactating cows by inoculation of Klebsiella pneumoniae (107 organisms/ml) via the teat canal. Sterile isotonic saline solution (1 ml) was instilled into designated control quarters via the teat canal. Changes in milk leukotriene B4 and C4 (ltb4, ltc4) concentrations, milk somatic cell counts, and milk bovine serum albumin concentration were monitored over a 24-hour postinoculation period.
Milk ltb4 concentration before inoculation in control quarters and quarters later to be infected was 376 ± 45 and 326 ± 56 pg/ml of milk, respectively. A significant (P < 0.05) increase in milk ltb4 concentration in the infected quarters was first observed at postinoculation hour 6, and milk ltb4 concentration in infected quarters generally remained significantly high through postinoculation hour 14. Thereafter, milk ltb4 concentration in infected quarters was not significantly different from the concentration in control quarters. Measurable amounts of ltc4 were not detected in the milk of either control or infected quarters. Milk bovine serum albumin concentration in the infected quarters generally was high throughout the study, as were milk somatic cell counts. The results of this study suggested that ltb4 contributes to the pathogenesis of bovine mastitis.