bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Examining the testing effect with open‐ and closed‐book tests
Authors: Agarwal Pooja K. , Karpicke Jeffrey D. , Kang Sean H. K. , Roediger Henry L. , McDermott Kathleen B. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractTwo experiments examined the testing effect with open‐book tests, in which students view notes and textbooks while taking the test, and closed‐book tests, in which students take the test without viewing notes or textbooks. Subjects studied prose passages and then restudied or took an open‐ or closed‐book test. Taking either kind of test, with feedback, enhanced long‐term retention relative to conditions in which subjects restudied material or took a test without feedback. Open‐book testing led to better initial performance than closed‐book testing, but this benefit did not persist and both types of testing produced equivalent retention on a delayed test. Subjects predicted they would recall more after repeated studying, even though testing enhanced long‐term retention more than restudying. These experiments demonstrate that the testing effect occurs with both open‐ and closed‐book tests, and that subjects fail to predict the effectiveness of testing relative to studying in enhancing later recall. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Repetition and dual coding in procedural multimedia presentations
Authors: Brunyé Tad T. , Taylor Holly A. , Rapp David N. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractStudents learned toy assembly sequences presented in picture, text, or one of three multimedia formats, and completed order verification, recall, and object assembly tasks. Experiment 1 compared repetitious (i.e. dual format presentations each conveying similar information) with complementary (i.e. dual format presentations each conveying different information) multimedia presentations. Repetitious presentations appear to provide learning benefits as a function of their inherent redundancy; complementary presentations provide benefits as a result of users actively integrating picture and text elements into a cohesive mental model. Experiment 2 compared repetitious with interleaved (i.e. assembly steps presented in alternating picture‐text formats) multimedia presentations. Again, multimedia presentations led to overall learning advantages relative to single‐format presentations, with an emphasis on both repetition and integrative working memory processes. Object assembly performance consistently demonstrated the utility of picture learning, with or without accompanying text. Results are considered relative to classic and contemporary learning theory, and inform educational design. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Getting from neuron to checkmark: models and methods in cognitive survey research
Authors: Holleman Bregje C. , Murre Jaap M. J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractSince the 1980s much work has been done in the field of Cognitive Survey Research. In an interdisciplinary endeavour, survey methodologists and cognitive psychologists (as well as social psychologists and linguists) have worked to unravel the cognitive processes underlying survey responses: to improve survey measurement, but also to obtain fundamental insight into the process of question answering, the nature of attitudes, the functioning of human memory, etc. Yet, despite the amount of work that has been done, less progress has been made than was deemed possible. This paper suggests ways in which to develop cognitive theories that may help to obtain an integrated understanding of question answering in surveys. One way to build better theories is to focus on model construction. Different types of cognitive models are discussed that can be used to model question answering. Second, a larger variety of methods from the cognitive toolbox can be used to further develop and test these models. An overview is given of the various tools available to researchers of cognitive aspects of survey research, with a special focus on newer methods from cognitive neuroscience. To connect different tools and methods into an integrative theory of question answering, the idea of hierarchical modelling is proposed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemisorption of carbon dioxide on sodium oxide promoted alumina
Authors: Lee K. B. , Beaver M. G. , Caram H. S. , Sircar S. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractNew equilibrium and column dynamic data for chemisorption of carbon dioxide from inert nitrogen at 250, 350, and 450°C were measured on a sample of sodium oxide promoted alumina, which was found to be a reversible chemisorbent for CO2. The equilibrium chemisorption isotherms were Langmuirian in the low pressure region (p <2.0 kPa) with a large gas–solid interaction parameter. The isotherms deviated from the Langmuirian behavior in the higher pressure region. A new analytical model which simultaneously accounted for Langmuirian chemisorption of CO2 on the adsorbent surface and additional reaction between the gaseous and sorbed CO2 molecules was used to describe the measured equilibrium data. The heats of CO2 chemisorption and the additional surface reaction were, respectively, 64.9 and 37.5 kJ/mol. The column breakthrough curves for CO2 sorption from inert N2 on the chemisorbent as well as the desorption of CO2 from the chemisorbent by N2 purge at 350°C could be described by the linear driving force (LDF) model in conjunction with the new sorption isotherm. The same LDF mass transfer coefficients can be used to describe both sorption and desorption processes. The CO2 mass transfer coefficients were (i) independent of feed gas CO2 concentration in the range of the data at a given temperature, and (ii) a weak function of temperature. The ratio of the mass transfer zone length to the column length was very small due to highly favorable CO2 sorption equilibrium. Several sequential cyclic CO2 sorption–desorption column dynamic tests were conducted to demonstrate the apparent stability of the material. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
Metatropic dysplasia: Clinical and radiographic findings in 11 patients demonstrating long‐term natural history
Authors: Kannu Peter , Aftimos Salim , Mayne Val , Donnan Leo , Savarirayan Ravi 
Published: September 2007

AbstractWe report on the largest long‐term follow‐up study in metatropic dysplasia incorporating data collected over a 37‐year period. Case summaries from 11 patients are presented, ranging from 20 weeks of gestation to age 70 years, characterizing the natural history. All patients were seen through the Victorian Clinical Genetics Service and the Southern Cross Bone Dysplasia Centre. Our data lend little support for the current clinical classification of metatropic dysplasia and highlight a spectrum of severity in this rare condition, which we propose has an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern. Complications such as upper respiratory obstruction secondary to laryngo‐tracheal dysfunction need to be carefully monitored for in infancy because this is a preventable cause of mortality. The progression of a thoracic kyphoscoliosis in this condition is often relentless and resistant to surgical treatment. Other causes of morbidity include cervical instability, hearing loss, and functional impairments resulting from degenerative joint deformity. Intellectual outcome in all surviving cases has been normal. Final adult heights ranged from 107 to 135 cm. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Natal emigration by both sexes in the La Pacifica population of mantled howlers: when do some stay?
Authors: Clarke Margaret R. , Glander Kenneth E. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractWe have reported previously that all male and female mantled howlers emigrate from natal groups at Hacienda La Pacifica, Costa Rica. In the years since that report, a small number of juveniles have stayed in the natal group without experiencing a solitary phase. Here, we present a post hoc analysis on juvenile emigration in six groups of howlers under observation for varying amounts of time between 1972 and 2005. Our records revealed 139 juveniles for whom emigration status was certain, and 125 of these did emigrate. There was a significant association between presence of mother and emigration: juveniles without mothers were more likely to remain in their natal group (χ= 53.1,P<.0001). The mean age of emigration for all juveniles (n= 125) was 2.47 years (SD = 0.9, range = 1.5–6.5). There was no difference in age of emigration by adult male composition (one‐male, multi‐male, both), but juveniles of unknown sex emigrated younger than either known males or females (F2,116= 4.4,P<.02). For emigrating juveniles of known sex (n= 99), both males and females without mothers left at a later age than those with mothers (F1,95= 6.5,P<.02). Although philopatry or delayed emigration occurs in a few motherless animals, most males and females do emigrate from their natal groups at ages consistent with those reported for other species of howlers. Am. J. Primatol. 70:195–200, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pathological correlates of dementia in a longitudinal, population‐based sample of aging
Authors: Sonnen Joshua A. , Larson Eric B. , Crane Paul K. , Haneuse Sebastien , Li Ge , Schellenberg Gerald D. , Craft Suzanne , Leverenz James B. , Montine Thomas J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractObjectivePreviously published community‐ or population‐based studies of brain aging and dementia with autopsy were restricted to a single sex, a single ethnic group, Roman Catholic clergy, or focused pathological assessments. Our goal was to determine the independent pathological correlates associated with dementia in a typical US population.MethodsWe evaluated autopsy data from the Adult Changes in Thought study, an ongoing longitudinal, population‐based study of brain aging and dementia. Analyses were based on data collected from about 3,400 people 65 years or older who were cognitively intact at the time of enrollment in the Group Health Cooperative in King County, Washington. All consecutive autopsies (n = 221; 20% of deaths) from this cohort were evaluated and analyzed by weighted multivariate analysis to account for potential participation bias.ResultsAfter adjusting for age, sex, education, and APOE, independent correlates of dementia (relative risk, 95% confidence interval; overall p value) included Braak stage (V/VI vs 0/I/II: 5.89, 1.62–17.60; p < 0.05), number of cerebral microinfarcts in standardized sections (>2 vs none: 4.80, 1.91–10.26; p < 0.001), and neocortical Lewy bodies (any vs none: 5.08, 1.37–18.96; p < 0.05). Estimates of adjusted population attributable risk for these three processes were 45% for Braak stage, 33% for microinfarcts, and 10% for neocortical Lewy bodies.InterpretationOur results underscore the therapeutic imperative for Alzheimer's and Lewy body diseases, and provide evidence to support the immediate use of strategies that target cerebral microinfarcts as a means to partially prevent or delay the onset of dementia. Ann Neurol 2007
Risk for symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage after thrombolysis assessed by diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Singer Oliver C. , Humpich Marek C. , Fiehler Jens , Albers Gregory W. , Lansberg Maarten G. , Kastrup Andiras , Rovira Alex , Liebeskind David S. , Gass Achim , Rosso Charlotte , Derex Laurent , Kim Jong S. , Neumann‐Haefelin Tobias 
Published: September 2007

AbstractObjectiveThe risk for symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH) associated with thrombolytic treatment has not been evaluated in large studies using diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI). Here, we investigated the relation between pretreatment DWI lesion size and the risk for sICH after thrombolysis.MethodsIn this retrospective multicenter study, prospectively collected data from 645 patients with anterior circulation stroke treated with intravenous or intraarterial thrombolysis within 6 hours (<3 hours: n = 320) after symptom onset were pooled. Patients were categorized according to the pretreatment DWI lesion size into three prespecified groups: small (≤10ml; n = 218), moderate (10–100ml; n = 371), and large (>100ml; n = 56) DWI lesions.ResultsIn total, 44 (6.8%) patients experienced development of sICH. The sICH rate was significantly different between subgroups: 2.8, 7.8, and 16.1% in patients with small, moderate, and large DWI lesions, respectively (p < 0.05). This translates to a 5.8 (2.8)‐fold greater sICH risk for patients with large DWI lesions as compared with patients with small (or moderate) DWI lesions. The results were similar in the large subgroup (n = 536) of patients treated with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator. DWI lesion size remained an independent risk factor when including National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, age, time to thrombolysis, and leukoariosis in a logistic regression analysis.InterpretationThis multicenter study provides estimates of sICH risk in potential candidates for thrombolysis. The sICH risk increases gradually with increasing DWI lesion size, indicating that the potential benefit of therapy needs to be balanced carefully against the risk for sICH, especially in patients with large DWI lesions. Ann Neurol 2007
Generation of microcellular polyurethane with supercritical carbon dioxide
Authors: Ito Shunsuke , Matsunaga Katsuji , Tajima Masahiro , Yoshida Yasuhiko 
Published: September 2007

AbstractWe examined the formation of microcellular foam in a thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer (TPU) with supercritical carbon dioxide. Measurements of the permeability and impregnation with carbon dioxide suggested that the impregnation of TPU with carbon dioxide was affected by the soft‐segment chain length and soft‐segment concentration in TPU and that carbon dioxide was mainly present in the soft‐segment area. Thus, it seemed likely that the nucleation and growth of the nuclei in the microcells occurred in the soft‐segment area. In addition, scanning electron microscopy of the microcells indicated that the higher the saturation pressure was, the smaller the mean cell diameter was; that is, the higher the cell number density was, the lower the foaming temperature was, the smaller the mean cell diameter was, and the lower the saturation pressure was, the more conspicuous this phenomenon was. These results showed that the saturation pressure and foaming temperature affected the cell structure. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Moisture permeability through multilayered barrier films as applied to flexible OLED display
Authors: Greener J. , Ng K. C. , Vaeth K. M. , Smith T. M. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractStrict protection of organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) and other optoelectronic materials from direct contact with ambient moisture and oxygen is one of the major challenges in the development of flexible OLED displays and other flexible electronic devices. This problem is typically addressed by the use of polymeric substrates with multilayered barrier coatings comprising alternating organic/inorganic layers. The multilayered barrier approach is critically examined using a numerical model based on a defect‐dominated diffusion process combined with experiments involving face‐to‐face lamination of two barrier films. The modeling results identify two regimes, corresponding to two distinct permeation mechanisms, and provide scaling relationships and general design criteria for multilayered barrier coatings. The results suggest that the most significant gain in barrier performance can be realized when the thickness of the organic/adhesive layer(s) in the multilayered structure is less than the average pinhole (defect) size in the inorganic barrier layer(s). © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Kinetics of oil palm empty fruit bunch phenolysis in the presence of sulfuric acid as a catalyst
Authors: Ahmadzadeh Ali , Zakaria Sarani 
Published: September 2007

AbstractOil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) was successfully phenolyzed in the presence of sulfuric acid as a catalyst at different temperatures, reaction times, and percentage of catalyst used. Sulfuric acid was used as catalyst (5 and 8%) at the reacting temperature of 110–150°C with various reaction times. The kinetics parameters along with the weight of reacted EFB and phenol were calculated using the second‐ and third‐order reaction kinetics models. The weight of the reacted EFB in phenol shows that about 97% of EFB was liquefied during the reaction. However, only 70% of phenol was reacted with EFB. The kinetic studies showed that the EFB phenolysis in the presence of sulfuric acid followed a bimolecular type of the second‐order reaction. The activation energy calculated from the Arrhenius equation was 50.7 and 18.06 kJ/mol when the catalyst concentration was 5 and 8%, respectively. It can be depicted that the activation energy decreased as the catalyst increased. The reaction enthalpy showed that the liquefaction of EFB in phenol had dominantly followed the endothermic reaction. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Enhanced thermal conductivity of boron nitride epoxy‐matrix composite through multi‐modal particle size mixing
Authors: Yung K. C. , Liem H. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractCastable particulate‐filled epoxy resins exhibiting excellent thermal conductivity have been prepared using hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) and cubic boron nitride (cBN) as fillers. The thermal conductivity of boron nitride filled epoxy matrix composites was enhanced up to 217% through silane surface treatment of fillers and multi‐modal particle size mixing (two different hBN particle sizes and one cBN particle size) prior to fabricating the composite. The measurements and interpretation of the curing kinetics of anhydride cured epoxies as continuous matrix, loaded with BN having multi‐modal particle size distribution, as heat conductive fillers, are highlighted. This study evidences the importance of surface engineering and multi‐modal mixing distribution applied in inorganic fillered epoxy‐matrix composite. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Copolymerization of N‐(4‐bromophenyl)‐2‐methacrylamide with n‐butyl methacrylate: Synthesis, characterization and monomer reactivity ratios
Authors: Delibaş Ali , Soykan Cengiz 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe monomer, N‐(4‐bromophenyl)‐2‐methacrylamide (BrPMAAm) has been synthesized by reacting 4‐bromoaniline with methacryloyl chloride in the presence of triethylamine (NR3) at 0−5°C. Copolymerization of BrPMAAm with n‐butyl methacrylate (n‐BMA) has been carried out in 1,4‐dioxane by free radical solution polymerization at (70 ± 0.1)°C utilizing 2,2′‐azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as an initiator in different in‐feed ratios. The composition of the copolymer was determined by the elemental analysis. The comonomer reactivity ratios determined by Fineman‐Ross (FR), Kelen‐Tüdös (KT), and extended Kelen‐Tüdös (EKT) methods. The copolymers were characterized by FTIR, 1H‐, and 13C NMR spectroscopic technique. Gel permeation chromatography was employed for estimating the weight–average (Mw) and number–average (Mn) molecular weights and polydispersity index (PDI) of the copolymers. Glass transition temperatures (Tg) were determined by differential scanning calorimetry and found to be characteristic of copolymer composition. As the N‐(4‐bromophenyl)‐2‐methacrylamide content increases, the Tg increases from 339 to 437 K. Thermal stabilities of the homo‐ and copolymers were calculated using thermogravimetric analysis. Thermally stable copolymers were obtained by the incorporation of BrPMAAm units as the initial decomposition temperature of the copolymers increased with the increase in concentration of BrPMAAm units. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Moisture absorption by various polyamides and their associated dimensional changes
Authors: Monson L. , Braunwarth M. , Extrand C. W. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe dimensional changes associated with moisture absorption were examined for various polyamides (PAs). Plaques of varying thickness were compression‐molded or injection‐molded and then immersed in water. Periodically, the plaques were removed from water and their mass and dimensions were measured. This was continued until they were completely saturated. The more polar PA46 absorbed more water than less polar PA6 and PA66 and therefore, was more susceptible to moisture‐induced dimensional growth. For a given polymer, it was found that the thicker samples took longer to reach saturation, but had the same diffusion coefficient as thinner ones. Changes in dimensions coincided with changes in mass. Sorption and swelling followed slightly different paths, but arrived at their respective equilibrium values at the same time. Within experimental error, dimensional expansion due to water absorption was the same in all directions. Injection‐molded samples absorbed slightly more water than compression‐molded ones, but their absorption rates were equal. Equilibrium water absorption data were used to approximate the dimensional changes associated with the swelling of the PAs. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Processibility and mechanical properties of micronized polytetrafluoroethylene reinforced silicone rubber composites
Authors: Park Eun‐Soo 
Published: September 2007

AbstractVarious micronized polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) powders were compounded with silicone rubber (MQ) and mechanical properties of the MQ/PTFE composites were evaluated. The fracture surface morphologies of prepared composites were also investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). At a level of only 5 wt %, the fractured surface of MQ/PTFE composites show layered structure morphology. This structure effectively improves the tear strength of MQ but it also led to lower the tensile properties of the composites. The addition of fluorosilicone rubber (FMQ) as compatibilizer, tensile and tear strength of the composites improved considerably. However, tensile properties of the MQ/solution of sodium in liquid ammonia treated PTFE composite decreased compared with those of the untreated one. To investigate the production potential of extrusion process, an electric wire was extruded with MQ/PTFE/FMQ composites. During the curing process, volatile molecules lead to bubble and void formation of extruded layer depending on the filler shapes. The spherical PTFE powder was suitable for extrusion process. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Condition assessment of lamprey populations in the Yorkshire Ouse catchment, north‐east England, and the potential influence of physical migration barriers
Authors: Nunn A.D. , Harvey J.P. , Noble R.A.A. , Cowx I.G. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
River lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis) and sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) are designated features of the River Derwent Special Area of Conservation (SAC) and the Humber Estuary (a possible SAC). This study determined the condition of lamprey populations in the Yorkshire Ouse catchment by assessing the species composition, distribution, abundance and size‐structure of larval (ammocoete) populations in five major tributary rivers (Derwent, Swale, Ure, Nidd and Wharfe).
According to EU condition assessment criteria, Lampetra populations (assumed to be mostly river lamprey) are at present in favourable condition, with site mean (±SE) densities ranging from 2.7 (±1.2) to 160.3 (±50.5) individuals m−2 (all river means >2 individuals m−2), and at least two size (≈age) classes present in optimal microhabitats. By contrast, no sea lamprey larvae were recorded, suggesting that populations of this species are in unfavourable condition.
Actions to protect and enhance nationally or internationally important stocks must be implemented from at least a catchment perspective, because many of the issues affecting such species are not localized. With respect to lampreys, particular attention should be given to protecting spawning and nursery habitats, improving water quality, reducing impingement at abstraction points, preventing exploitation at spawning grounds and increasing passage at potential physical obstructions.
Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.