bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Continuing Problem of False Positives in Repeated Measures ANOVA in Psychophysiology: A Multivariate Solution
Authors: Vasey Michael W. , Thayer Julian F. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTViolation of the validity assumptions of repeated measures analysis of variance continues to be a problem in psychophysiology. Such violation results in positive bias for those tests involving the repeated measures factor(s), Recently it has been shown that the tests of simple interactions and multiple comparisons are even more vulnerable to bias (Boik. 1981; Mitzel & Games, 1981). The present paper offers a discussion of the validity assumptions for both overall and sub‐effect tests and describes a multivariate approach which allows exact analysis of such designs. A modification of the univariate approach is also described. Validity concerns for both approaches are much less problematic than those of the traditional approach.
Effects of Mood on Lacrimal Flow: Sex Differences and Asymmetry
Authors: Delp Mindy J. , Sackeim Harold A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAfter baseline assessments or mood and lacrimal flow in each eye, 80 subjects participated in either a sadness or happiness mood manipulation. They were requested to generate imagery of sad or happy events in their lives and (o reexperience the associated affect. Self‐reports of mood and lacrimal flow were then reassessed. For both sexes, the sadness condition was associated with reports of greater dysphoric affect than the elation condition. In females, lacrimal flow tended to increase following the sadness manipulation and significantly decreased following the happiness manipulation. Mood did not significantly influence flow values in males. Among females, the left eye showed larger changes than the right as a function of mood condition. The nature of the sex differences, the implications of the findings for theories of lateralization of emotion, and the utility of the lacrimal flow measure as an index of mood are discussed.
Facial Muscle Activity During Induced Mood Stales: Differential Growth and Carry‐Over of Elated Versus Depressed Patterns
Authors: Sirota Alan D. , Schwartz Gary E. , Kristeller Jean L. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTwo groups of 14 women volunteers each read a standard set of 40 self‐referent statements and engaged in imagery designed to induce moods of either elation or depression. Subjective ratings of emotion and facial muscle activity constituted the dependent measures. Feelings of depression as well as anger and sadness grew over time for Depression subjects, white feelings of happiness increased for Elation subjects. Elation led to increased zygomatic muscle activity while depression led to enhanced corrugator activity and slightly decreased zygomatic activity. Facial muscle activity was correlated with subjective ratings primarily for Depression subjects. For these subjects, corrugator activity grew over time and carried over into non‐imagery rest periods. In contrast, the increased zygomatic activity of Elation subjects returned to baseline during rest periods. The differential growth and carry‐over effects of the two mood states are discussed in terms of a positive psychobiological feedback loop which may serve to perpetuate depressive patterns of cognitive as well as somatic activity.
Personality and Individual Differences in Spinal Motoneuronal Excitability
Authors: Pivik R.T. , Stelmack R.M. , Bylsma F.W. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAlthough individual differences in sensation‐seeking are characterized by a wide range of differences in the expression of motor behavior, the psychophysiological correlates of these characteristics have not been extensively explored. In the present investigation the response characteristics of compound muscle action potentials, the H‐reflex and associated motor responses, were examined in young adult subjects who were administered the Sensation Seeking Scale (Zuckerman, 1979) and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (Eysenck & Eysenck, 1975). Variations in reflex responses were observed using two independent procedures. A paired stimulus method assessed the extent of reflex amplitude recovery at varying pulse intervals. A second method, termed homosynaptic depression, examined motoneuronal excitability in response to trains of pulses delivered at varying rates. The personality groups did not differ with respect to the intensity of stimulation required to elicit muscle action potentials or the nerve conduction velocities of those potentials. High disinhibition and high extraversion groups displayed reduced motoneuronal excitability as assessed by analysis of reflex recovery functions. For extraversion, similar effects were observed with the homosynaptic depression measure. These results demonstrate that individual differences in disinhibition and extraversion can be referred to discrete levels of CNS motor system activity. In this context, stimulus seeking behavior is not distinguished by a need for stimulation (initial hypoexcitability) but reflects instead reduced motor excitability which becomes evident once motoneuronal activity is initiated.
Cardiovascular Responses to an Extended Aversive Video Game Task
Authors: Miller Sydney B. , Ditto Blaine 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTActive coping stressors, which tend to produce increases in cardiac output disproportionate to metabolic need, may elicit compensatory autoregulatory responses elevating peripheral resistance if exposure is prolonged. Two studies (total N=24) were conducted in which healthy male undergraduates participated in both one‐hour shock avoidance and separate counterbalanced baseline sessions. In an attempt to maximize subject involvement, a somewhat unconventional, complex shock avoidance procedure was employed. The subject could avoid mild electric shocks depending on video game performance. The primary dependent measures were heart rate, digital blood volume pulse (DBVP), and blood pressure. In both studies, most subjects exhibited immediate and pronounced increases in heart rate in response to the stressor, followed by some habituation. In contrast, DBVP responses did not usually habituate. Similarly, blood pressure was more or less constantly elevated by the stressor. The results of multiple regression analyses indicated that individual differences in mean arterial blood pressure response to the stressor were significantly related to individual differences in heart rate response to the first 15 minutes, but increasingly unrelated to heart rate response, and more related to DBVP response, as the session progressed.
Physical Versus Psychological Determinants of Heart Rate Reactivity to Mental Arithmetic
Authors: Brown Thomas G. , Szabo Attila , Seraganian Peter 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe feasibilty of partitioning heart rate response to a psychosocial streesor into physical versus psychological components was brought under experimental scrutiny. Two tasks were performed in a counterbalanced order. The psychological task consisted of a set of mental arithmetic problems for which verbal answers were requested. The physical task mimicked the speech demands of the psychological task but required no arithmetic processing. Heart rate increased significantly over baseline during both psychological and physical task but there was a greater increase seen with the former. During both tasks, heart rate attained peak levels at about 50s into the tasks and then declined. Degree of reactivity to the two tasks was correlated.Subjectively, the physical task was assesed as possessing almost no difficulty whereas the psychological task had intermediate difficulty. Since the physical demands of response verbalization may account for a substantial portion of the total reactivity to a psychosocial strssor, greater attention to precise identification of reactivity determinats may be indicated.
Heartbeat Detection: Judgments of the Simultaneity of External Stimuli and Heartbeats
Authors: Brener Jasper , Kluvitse Cecile 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAfter practice in judging the simultaneity of brief visual and auditory stimuli, 32 subjects were examined on a heartbeat discrimination procedure in which tones were presented at intervals of 0, 100, 200, 300, 400, or 500 ms following each R‐wave. On each of 60 trials spread over two sessions, tones presented at these intervals could be inspected as frequently and for as long as subjects wished before reaching a decision on which interval yielded stimuli that were coincident with heartbeat sensations. The group as a whole judged tones that were 200–300 ms after the R‐wave to be most contiguous with heartbeat sensations. Although some subjects showed modal preferences for the 100‐ms and 400‐ms intervals, none preferred the 0‐ms or 500‐ms intervals. During each trial subjects inspected preferred intervals more frequently and for longer than non‐preferred intervals. Although interval preferences tended to be stable over the two sessions, preferences were less variable during the second session than during the first session. Furthermore, the number of intervals examined and the duration of each interval examination decreased significantly from Session 1 to Session 2 indicating the development of recognition criteria for heartbeat‐coincident tones.
For Distinguished Early Career Contribution to Psychophysiology: Award Address, 1988
Authors: Turner J. Rick 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis program of experiments examined heart rate responses to mental arithmetic and a video game. Attention first focused on their metabolic relevance. Comparison with heart rate/oxygen consumption regression equations generated from isotonic exercise data revealed that the heart rate increases of certain individuals were considerably in excess of those necessitated by contemporary metabolic demand. Both temporal and intertask consistency of reaction were explored, and supportive evidence was obtained. The relationship between laboratory and real‐world reactions was investigated, and preliminary evidence found suggesting that in‐laboratory responses are indicative of responses to more naturalistic stressors. Finally, twin studies examining the genetic and environmental determinants of individual differences in heart rate change during the tasks revealed a substantial genetic component for these responses.
Continuous Recordings of Impedance and Phase Angle During Electrodermal Reactions and the Locus of Impedance Change
Authors: Boucsein Wolfram , Schaefer Florian , Neijenhuisen Henk 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe relatively few studies that use alternating current (AC) in exosomatic electrodermal recording techniques focus on tonic measurement but not on phasic measures. AC methods of phasic measurement, however, are most useful in testing electrical models of the electrodermal response. Problems arising from AC recording of fast electrodermal changes are discussed, and an appropriate measurement concept for continuous recording of impedance and phase angle is developed. This enables tonic values of both parameters to be offset in order to sufficiently amplify small changes. An AC frequency of 100 Hz was used in recording electrodermal activity in 10 subjects during an habituation series of 80dB 1000 Hz tones. Comparison of transformed curves showed that the main component of electrical changes accompanying electrodermal response is a shift in conductance while susceptance shows only small fluctuations. According to a widely accepted simple electrical model of skin, these results indicate that electrodermal responses take place mainly in the resistive element which parallels the capacitance associated with the stratum corneum, but that other components may be involved too.
Aerobic Fitness and the Cardiovascular Response to Stress
Authors: van Doornen Lorenz J.P. , de Geus Eco J.C. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe observation that aerobically fit persons react to physical load with a smaller sympathetic response than do less fit subjects suggests that their response to psychological stress might also be reduced. The evidence for this, however, is far from consistent. It was argued that this inconsistency might be due to the incomplete measurement of the response system involved. In the present experiment two groups, which differed strongly in maximal aerobic power, were compared with respect to their cardiovascular response to a laboratory stressor. In addition to the traditional heart rate and blood pressure measurements, pre‐ejection period, cardiac output, and peripheral resistance were assessed. Since only the part of the stress response that isnotaccounted for by metabolic needs might have pathological significance, the so‐called “additional’ responses were also measured. Fitness was shown to be associated with smaller sympathetic effects on both heart and vessels. The decrement in pre‐ejection period and the heart rate response were smaller in the high fit group. The total peripheral resistance and diastolic blood pressure responses pointed to a much stronger vascular reactivity in the low fit group. Unexpectedly cardiac output did not increase during stress. The strong heart rate response in the low fit group was compensated by a reduction in stroke volume, which probably originated in an increased peripheral resistance. The largest discrepancy between the effects of sympathetic activation during stress and exercise occurred in the vessels, as demonstrated by the large “additional’ response in total peripheral resistance during stress. The data point to the often neglected role of vascular processes in experiments of this kind. Furthermore, it seems necessary to take the effect of fitness into account when comparing subjects with respect to their cardiovascular stress response.
Predicting Home and Work Blood Pressure Measurements from Resting Baselines and Laboratory Reactivity in Black and White Americans
Authors: Ironson Gail H. , Gellman Marc D. , Spitzer Susan B. , Llabre Maria M. , Carlo Pasin Rosemary De , Weidler Donald J. , Schneiderman Neil 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe relationship between blood pressure in the laboratory (both at rest and in response to laboratory tasks) and ambulatory blood pressure at home and at work was evaluated. One hundred nineteen normotensive and unmedicated mild‐moderate hypertensive black and white females and males participated in laboratory blood pressure monitoring at rest and during four challenging tasks (structured interview, video game, bicycle exercise, and cold pressor test) as well as ambulatory blood pressure monitoring while at home and at work. Baseline blood pressure taken while subjects were at rest was the strongest predictor of ambulatory systolic blood pressure (r=.64) and diastolic blood pressure (r=.77) at work. Among reactivity tasks the strongest predictors of ambulatory blood pressure in the total population were the structured interview and the video game (both psychological tasks) followed by the cold pressor test. Racial comparisons, however, determined that the cold pressor test predicted diastolic blood pressure significantly better for blacks (r=.73) than for whites (r=.40), suggesting a possible difference in blood pressure regulation.
Event‐Related Potentials to Visual and Language Stimuli in Normal and Dyslexic Children
Authors: Taylor Margot J. , Keenan Nancy K. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTEvent‐related potentials (ERPs) were recorded in 31 normal and 21 dyslexic children, the latter with visual processing impairment, in three visual reading‐related tasks: a nonalphabetic, an alphabetic, and a lexical decision task (two levels of difficulty in each). ERPs were recorded from fifteen active electrodes for 1.5 s following stimulus presentation; analyses were done on difference waves. N2 and P3 components were usually longer in latency and P3 was lower in amplitude in the dyslexic than in the normal children. The P3 had a flatter, broader distribution in the dyslexics than in the controls, which was very similar to the effect of difficulty in the two easier tasks. The lack of Group × Age interactions is inconsistent with either a maturational lag between the groups of children, or with the dyslexic children catching up to normals in terms of their speed of processing. Thus, the dyslexic children required more time to process the visual information across tasks (with only their letter classification being equal to that of the normal controls) and appeared to have a different developmental pattern in their ERPs from that of the normal children.
Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials (BAEPS) and Selective Attention Revisited
Authors: Hirschhorn Tatiana N. , Michie Patricia T. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTEvidence of peripheral filtering of auditory information at the cochlear and brainstem levels was sought using brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs) recorded during auditory and visual tasks. It can be argued that the discrimination tasks used in the past to investigate peripheral filtering of sensory information in humans involve two levels of discrimination, the consequences of which result in two independent types of inhibition: crossmodal inhibition as a result of between‐modality discrimination, and intramodal inhibition as a result of within‐modality discrimination. Therefore, the observed effects on the BAEPs may reflect the extent to which these two types of inhibition are engaged. In this investigation a paradigm that included two non‐discrimination (passive) tasks and two discrimination (active) tasks was employed. BAEPs recorded during listening (a passive auditory task) provided a baseline measure, against which comparisons of BAEPs recorded during auditory and visual discrimination could be made for independent evidence of crossmodal and intramodal inhibition.The data in this study did not support the presence of two types of inhibition proposed above, or show evidence of peripheral filtering of auditory information at the cochlear and brainstem levels. However, the sensitivity of BAEPs to efferent system activation at the cochlea and hence their value as a tool in investigations of peripheral filtering in humans was questioned.
Awareness of P300‐Related Cognitive Processes: A Signal Detection Approach
Authors: Sommer Werner , Matt Juliana 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAlthough the P300 component of the human event‐related potential is purported to indicate consciousness of an event, it is unclear which of the P300‐related processes, if any, are accessible to awareness. This study explored awareness of such processes in Bernoulli series of auditory stimuli using signal detection theory and selective averaging of ERPs according to the subjects’ classifications. Following targets eliciting appropriate P300 amplitudes, the subject was requested to classify his brain response as small, medium, or large, whereupon visual feedback was given about the correctness of the response. Averaging the ERPs according to the subjects’ classifications showed P300 amplitudes to increase with the classification category, whereas the prestimulus and post‐P300 event‐related potentials were unrelated to the category. Signal detection analysis revealed nonzero sensitivity measures for the P300 amplitude categories. Although no conclusive suggestion can be made at present as to the basis of the P300 discrimination ability found here, it was possible to rule out electro‐ocular and electromyographic activity, the preceding auditory stimulus, and the prior feedback given, as cues for discrimination.
Sleep Stage Physiology, Mood, and Vigilance Responses to Total Sleep Deprivation in Healthy 80‐Year‐Olds and 20‐Year‐Olds
Authors: Brendel D.H. , Reynolds C.F. , Jennings J.R. , Hoch C.C. , Monk T.H. , Berman S.R. , Hall F.T. , Buysse D.J. , Kupfer D.J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTLittle is known about sleep and the effects of total sleep loss in the ‘old old’ (i.e., 80‐year‐olds). We investigated sleep, mood, and performance responses to acute sleep deprivation in healthy 80‐year‐olds (n–10) and 20‐year‐olds (n = 14). The protocol consisted of three nights of baseline sleep, one night of total sleep deprivation, and two nights of recovery sleep. Mood and vigilance were tested using visual analog scales and a Mackworth clock procedure in the morning and evening of each study day. Daytime sleepiness was measured by five naps on the days following the third and sixth nights. Old subjects had lower sleep efficiency and less delta sleep than young subjects. However, sleep continuity and delta sleep were enhanced in both groups on the first recovery night, indicating that sleep changes in old subjects are at least partially reversible by this procedure. Surprisingly, young subjects had shorter daytime sleep latencies than the old, suggesting a greater unmet sleep need in the former group. Mood and performance were disturbed by sleep loss in both groups, but to a greater extent among the young. This suggests that acute total sleep loss is a more disruptive procedure for the young than for the old.
Facial Coloration and Temperature Responses in Blushing
Authors: Shearn Don , Bergman Erik , Hill Katherine , Abel Andy , Hinds Lael 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTLittle work on the psychophysiology of blushing has been done since Darwin's 1872 observations. Facial vascular and temperature changes have been largely ignored in psychophysiology. We had 16 female and 16 male undergraduate volunteers watch a videotape intended to produce blushing (the individual's singing recorded the previous day), and a videotape not intended to produce blushing, but elicit physiological responses for comparison (a segment from Hitchcock's movie Psycho). Four people were present as a subject watched these video segments. Cheek and ear coloration, measured photoplethysmographically, cheek temperature, and finger skin conductance responses were significantly greater during stimulation intended to elicit blushing than during comparison stimulation. Gender interacted statistically with kind of stimulation only in cheek temperature. Only video segments of the subject's face that coincided with maximal cheek coloration during stimulation intended to produce blushing were judged reliably as blushing, and then more often in females than in males.
The Effect of an Acoustic Warning Stimulus Upon the Electrically Elicited Blink Reflex in Humans
Authors: Boelhouwer A.J.W. , Teurlings R.J.M.A. , Brunia C.H.M. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTIn a warned Go/No‐Go reaction time experiment blink reflexes were elicited electrically immediately before, at, and shortly after the onset of a low intensity acoustic warning stimulus. This provided the opportunity to study the mutual effects of two stimuli of different modalities arriving at the facial nucleus. The warning stimulus was followed after 3 s by an acoustic response stimulus.Sixteen subjects participated in the experiment. They were informed by the response stimulus if a response (a voluntary blink of the right eye) was required.R1 magnitude was increased from 10 ms to 100 ms after warning stimulus onset, with a pronounced peak at 50 ms. The bilateral late component R2 was enhanced when the reflex eliciting stimulus preceded the warning stimulus. Between 20 ms and 30 ms after warning stimulus onset, R2 returned to control level, whereas an eliciting stimulus presented 40 ms or later after warning stimulus onset produced a pronounced inhibition. R2 latency was facilitated immediately after warning stimulus onset.It was concluded that the mutual effects of stimuli of different modalities can be interpreted only if the moment of arrival at the motor nucleus is taken into consideration.