bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthetic env gp41 peptide as a sensitive and specific diagnostic reagent in different stages of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection
Authors: Närvänen Ale , Korkolainen Mirja , Suni Jukka , Korpela Jukka , Kontio Sari , Partanen Paul , Vaheri Antti , Huhtala Marja‐Liisa 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAn enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for serum antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1), based on the synthetic pentadecapeptide SGKLICTTAVPWNAS, a segment of the transmembrane glycoprotein (gp41) of the virus, was developed and tested for sensitivity and specificity. Sera of 152 individuals at various stages of HIV‐1 infection, including two prospectively and six retrospectively studied patients exposed to HIV‐1 but seronegative on initial testing in whole‐virus EIA and immunoblotting, were screened with the gp41 peptide antibody EIA. The reference population consisted of 1,000 healthy HIV‐1 antibody‐negative blood donors. In addition, five individuals with antibodies to HIV‐2 were studied. Antibodies to the synthetic peptide were detected in 100% of those with asymptomatic infection. Only one patient with LAS failed to react in the peptide EIA. Patients with HIV‐2 infection did not react in this test. The peptide antibodies appeared rapidly after infection, were detectable at the time when seroconversion was observed by immunoblotting, and preceded reactivity in whole‐virus EIA. Sera of seven patients with verified HIV‐1 infection did not react with gp41 in immunoblotting, although antibodies were readily detectable in the gp41 peptide EIA.
Nucleic acid spot hybridization with nonradioactive labeled probes in screening for human papillomavirus DNA sequences
Authors: Melki Ronald , Khoury Bernadette , Catalan Francois 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe examined 161 human tissue samples using the spot hybridization technique with nonradioactive labeled DNA probes of human papillomavirus (HPV). Whole cells were spotted on nitrocellulose filters; DNA of the cells was denatured and fixed to the filter. Then the DNA spots were hybridized to nonradioactive labeled DNA and monitored by a sandwich immunoenzymatic reaction. This technique is simple, sensitive, specific, requires no special equipment, and can be used in clinical settings.HPV DNA was found in 92% of samples in which, on the basis of histologic and colposcopic criteria, its presence was suspected, as well as in 31 samples where it was not suspected.
Vertical transmission of woodchuck hepatitis virus
Authors: Kulonen Katariina , Millman Irving 
Published: March 2007

AbstractOne newborn and 24 fetal woodchuck litters from a woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) endemic population were examined for serological or hepatic evidence of WHV. In 18 of 24 fetal litters, there was detectable WHV DNA in the livers, either at explant culture or tissue extract. Most of those WHV DNA‐positive liver extracts, which were examined by Southern blot, showed integration of WHV. However, WHV DNA replicative forms without integration were demonstrated in livers of two litters from late gestation. Woodchuck hepatitis surface antigen was detected in the sera of two other fetal litters from the late gestation period. WHV DNA was demonstrated in sera of three litters at different stages of ontogeny.
Seroepidemiological study of infection with West Nile virus in Karachi, Pakistan, in 1983 and 1985
Authors: Sugamata Masami , Ahmed Akhtar , Miura Teiji , Takasu Toshiaki , Kono Reisaku , Ogata Takayuki , Kimura‐Kuroda Junko , Yasui Kotaro 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe prevalence of West Nile (WN) virus infection in Karachi, Pakistan, was unknown until 1982. It had been noticed that there were more than a few patients with encephalitides in Karachi, and it was supposed that Japanese encephalitis (JE) cases would be found among them. Therefore, a seroepidemiological study was conducted to define the prevalence of WN virus infection and the possible occurrence of JE virus infection in the Karachi area. Prevalences of haemagglutination inhibition (HI) and neutralization (NT) antibodies against WN virus were studied among 81 serum samples (in July, 33 samples; in September, 48) during 1983, and among 156 paired serum samples that were collected twice, in July and October of 1985. Nearly the same antibody‐positive rates were obtained in July of both years (1983: HI 55%; 1985: HI 53%; NT 50%); the rates increased slightly during September/October (1983: HI 65%; 1985: HI 59%, NT 54%). Among 156 paired samples in 1985, 20 (13%) and 12 (8%) showed positive‐ or negative‐antibody conversion between July and October. Two serum samples from each of 156 residents obtained in July had a significantly higher NT antibody titre against JE virus than against WN virus (in case 1, JE 1:80, WN < 1: 10; in case 2, JE 1:40, WN < 1:10). This is the first report to show the prevalence of WN virus infection in Karachi, Pakistan.
Molecular epidemiology of human rotavirus infections based on genome segment variations in viral strains
Authors: Sethi S. K. , Olive D. M. , Strannegard O. O. , Al‐Nakib W. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractMolecular epidemiology of rotavirus infections in 621 hospitalized children was investigated by analysis of migration patterns of viral genomic ribonucleic acid (RNA) segments by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels. Based on migration patterns of RNA segments of 184 rotavirus strains, seven different electropherotypes were identified: 146 (79.3%) strains were “long,” and 38 (20.7%) were “short” electropherotypes; 61% belonged to a single dominant “long” electropherotype, which persisted throughout the 15‐month period of study, whereas six other cocirculating types appeared at varying intervals. Electrophoretic migration patterns of RNA from viral isolates of two patients suggested mixed infections with different rotaviruses. There was a lack of correlation between the electrophoretic migration of segments 10 and 11 and serologically defined subgroup specificity in three of the rotavirus strains. Rotavirus infections and different electropherotypes were observed throughout the year.
Appearance of immune complexes during experimental hepatitis A infection in chimpanzees
Authors: Margolis Harold S. , Nainan Omana V. , Krawczynski Krzysztof , Bradley Daniel W. , Ebert James W. , Spelbring John , Fields Howard A. , Maynard James E. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractCirculating immune complexes (CICs) were detected during the course of experimental hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection in 8 of 9 chimpanzees. In all cases, the predominant class of antibody detected in the CIC was IgM. The appearance of IgM‐CIC usually preceded the onset of liver enzyme elevations, and in all instances, the appearance of IgM‐CIC correlated with the presence of IgM anti‐HAV. Six of 8 animals tested had significant depression of C3 concentrations during the course of infection, and this depression occurred at the peak of CIC activity. Immunohistologic studies demonstrated granular deposits of IgM localized in sinusoidal cells during peak of IgM‐CIC activity. IgM‐CICs appear to be a fairly consistent finding during HAV infection and probably represent the viremic phase of the disease. However, they do not appear to mediate hepatocellular injury by direct action on hepatocytes.
Detection of human cytomegalovirus by slot‐blot hybridisation assay employing oligo‐primed 32P‐labelled probe
Authors: Agha S. A. , Coleman J. C. , Selwyn S. , Mahmoud L. A. , Abd‐Elaal A. M. , Archard L. C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA 32P‐labelled Hind III‐0 DNA fragment (nine Kilobases; Kb) from human cytomegalovirus AD‐169 (HCMV) was used in slot‐blot hybridisation assay for the detection of HCMV in clinical samples. The results obtained with DNA hybridisation assay (DNA HA) were compared with virus isolation using conventional tube cell culture (CTC) and centrifugation vial culture (CVC), immunofluorescence (IF), and complement fixation test (CFT). Of 15 CTC‐positive samples, 13 were positive with DNA HA (sensitivity 86.7%). Also, 14 additional samples were DNA HA‐positive but CTC‐negative. CVC and/or IF confirmed the diagnosis in nine of 14; the remaining five samples were from three patients who showed fourfold rising antibody titre by CFT. Although DNA HA using 32P‐labelled probes is relatively cumbersome and expensive, it is a valuable test for quantitation of viral shedding in patients with HCMV infections who may benefit from antiviral therapy.
Serum alphafetoprotein levels in subjects infected with hepatitis B virus
Authors: Kitau M. J. , Grint P. C. A. , Heath R. B. , Chard T. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSerum alphafetoprotein (AFP) levels were measured using a sensitive radioimmunoassay in 108 hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)‐positive subjects and 695 controls. The concentrations were significantly higher in the HBsAg‐positives. Within this group, the highest levels were found in those with active HBV infection. In those without evidence of acute infection, the levels were higher in the high‐risk than in the low‐risk subjects. It is concluded: 1) that measurement of serum AFP might be a useful additional index of infectivity and prognosis in HBsAg‐positive subjects; and 2) that in the light of the association between chronic HBV infection, hepatocellular carcinoma, and raised AFP in non‐European populations, consideration should be given to regular monitoring of AFP levels in HBsAg‐positive subjects in the United Kingdom.
Susceptible adult murine model for Junin virus
Authors: Campetella Oscar E. , Galassi Nora V. , Sanjuan Norberto , Barrios Hebe A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe adult mouse model had been considered resistant to Junin virus (JV) infection. However, we found that C3H/HeJ murine strain proved highly susceptible up to 5 months of age to intracerebral inoculation with the prototype XJ JV strain, showing neurological signs and 80–90% mortality within 13 days. Neutralizing antibodies (Nt Ab) were absent, but low immunofluorescent Ab levels (1:5) were detected as from day + 7. The virus could only be rescued by coculture of brain samples with Vero cells. Histopathological findings were consistent with the suckling mouse model and with a delayed‐type hypersensitivity reaction. XJ inoculation by extraneural routes failed to cause disease, however, it induced Nt Abs. Ic infection with XJCL3 strain of JV attenuated for man and guinea pig, but not for mouse, induced high Nt Ab levels but not mortality. In either case, mice resisted ic XJ challenge. Thus, C3H/HeJ is the first adult mouse model susceptible to JV.
Genome analysis of adenovirus 4a, a causative agent of pharyngoconjunctival fever and respiratory diseases in Brazil
Authors: Gomes S. A. , Gabbay Y. B. , Nascimento J. P. , Niel C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAn outbreak of pharyngoconjunctival fever caused by adenovirus (Ad) occurred in 1976 in Belem (northern Brazil). By restriction endonuclease analysis, it was shown that the type responsible was Ad4a, a variant of Ad4 prototype (Ad4p) and previously decribed as causative agent of ocular diseases. In an epidemiologic study carried out in Rio de Janeiro and Belem between 1977 and 1986, 148 Ads were isolated from children with respiratory disease. All five Ad4 strains encountered during this study were also Ad4a. This type, circulating in South America, can therefore cause both ocular and respiratory diseases. No Ad4p was isolated during this study. A percent of comigrating restriction fragments of only 50% between Ad4p and Ad4a was calculated from 13 restriction enzyme patterns. The restriction maps of Ad4a for nine endonucleases are presented and compared with those of Ad4p.
Detection of anti‐rotavirus IgG, IgM, and IgA antibodies in healthy subjects, rotavirus infections, and immunodeficiencies by immunoblotting
Authors: Ushijima Hiroshi , Honma Hitoshi , Ohnoda Hideki , Mukoyama Junji , Oyanagi Hisao , Araki Kazuko , Shinozaki Tatsuhiko , Morikawa Shigeru , Kitamura Takashi 
Published: March 2007

AbstractImmune responses to individual simian rotavirus (SA 11) structural polypeptides were studied with emphasis on specific IgG, IgM, and IgA in paired sera from four children with rotavirus infections. Responses to simian rotavirus (SA 11) were also studied in 103 healthy children, 10 patients with primary immunodeficiency who received intravenous immunoglobulin, and 11 human immunodeficiency virus antibody‐positive patients.All samples were immunoblotted for two major polypeptides—VP2 and VP6—of IgG. Immunoblotted IgA and IgM were elevated 2–4 weeks after the onset of the disease (stage II) in patients with rotavirus infection. Immunoblotted IgG remained almost the same at the onset of the disease and stage II.The scores for primary and secondary immunodeficiency patients were lower than for healthy children. The score obtained by totaling all polypeptides found in each individual was compared with the optical density (OD) value obtained by enzyme immunoassay.
The Size of the Hepatitis Delta Agent
Authors: He Li‐Fang , Ford Eugenie , Purcell Robert H. , London William T. , Phillips Jere , Gerin John L. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe size of the hepatitis delta virus was determined by filtration of infectious plasma through polycarbonate membranes and the inoculation of filtrates into chimpanzees. Chimpanzees inoculated with filtrates of 50 nm and 30 nm, but not 15 nm filters, developed delta hepatitis. The minimum size of infectious hepatitis delta virus was estimated to be approximately 30 nm, which is consistent with measurements of particles thought to be the virus.
Neutralizing activity of antibodies against the major herpes simplex virus type 1 glycoproteins
Authors: Eing Bodo R. , Kühn Joachim E. , Braun Rüdiger W. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe specificity and neutralizing activity of antibodies against the major herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV‐1) glycoproteins were tested in serum samples of patients with a history of HSV‐1 infection. By preabsorption of sera to preparations of native and denatured HSV‐1 proteins, followed by immunoblotting and microneutralization, it was shown that the majority of neutralizing antibodies are directed against denaturation‐sensitive epitopes. Furthermore, preabsorption of sera to proteins of viral ts and deletion mutants revealed that antibodies specific for gB, gC, and gE had a low neutralizing activity. These results suggest a major role of anti‐gD in neutralization of viral infectivity. In addition, it was shown that antibodies directed against the gB monomer were distinct from antibodies against the gB homodimers. The latter, however, did not reveal any measurable neutralizing activity.
Replication of poliovirus in human mononuclear phagocyte cell lines is dependent on the stage of cell differentiation
Authors: Roivainen Merja , Hovi Tapani 
Published: March 2007

AbstractBoth wild‐type and attenuated strains of poliovirus type 3 were found to replicate in the U‐937 cells, an established cell line derived from human histiocytic lymphoma. However, preincubation of the cells with phorbol ester (PMA) that brought about the typical adherent macrophagelike appearance of the cultures, converted the cells to practically nonpermissive for poliovirus, while their ability to replicate vesicular stomatitis virus was not impaired. RC2A, another human cell line derived from monocytic leukemia, showed no detectable progeny virus production within 48 hr. Poliovirus replication in U‐937 cells may be a suitable model for detailed studies of poliovirus‐leukocyte interactions.
Recombinant‐yeast‐derived hepatitis b vaccine in healthy adults: Safety and two‐year immunogenicity of early investigative lots of vaccine
Authors: Butterly Lynn , Watkins Eloise , Dienstag Jules L. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe tested the safety and long‐term immunogenicity of two of the early investigative lots of a recombinant‐yeast‐derived hepatitis B vaccine in immunocompetent adults. Three 10‐μg doses of recombinant hepatitis B vaccine (Merck Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, West Point, PA) were administered by deltoid intramuscular injection at time 0, 1, and 6 months to 65 seronegative adult health workers. Following a complete three‐injection course, 98% of vaccinees acquired anti‐HBs, 97% at levels >10 mlU/ml, and 95% maintained such “protective” antibody levels at 1 year. At 2 years, 93% retained antibody, but only 68% had levels >10 mlU/ml. In those who responded to vaccination by achieving any detectable level of antibody, the peak geometric mean titer of anti‐HBs, measured at 9 months, was 741 ± 6 mlU/ml the geometric mean titer fell to 348 ± 6 at 1 year and to 66 ± 7 at 2 years. Side effects were trivial, and levels of yeast antibody, as measured by radioimmunoassay, were not changed from prevaccine levels. No serious adverse effects were encountered, and neither type B nor non‐B hepatitis occurred in any vaccinee. These findings demonstrate that the recombinant yeast hepatitis B vaccine is safe and immunogenic but that 10 μg of the early investigative lots of the recombinant vaccine is less immunogenic than 20 μg of the plasma‐derived vaccine. Recipients of early investigative vaccine lots should be considered for booster vaccination with currently available, more immunogenic vaccine lots.
Lymphocyte subsets alteration in patients with argentine hemorrhagic fever
Authors: Vallejos Daniel A. , Ambrosio Ana M. , Feuillade María R. , Maiztegui Julio I. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPeripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations were studied in 15 patients with Argentine Hemorrhagic Fever (AHF), during the acute period of the disease and in early convalescence. Antihuman lg antibodies were used to identify B cells and monoclonal antibodies to assess T4 and T8 subsets. During the acute period of the disease, significant alterations were found in B, T4, and T8 lymphocytes (P < 0.001), as well as in T4/T8 ratios (P < 0.001). These abnormalities disappeared in early convalescence, around 30 days after the clinical onset. Diminished numbers of T4 lymphocytes are interpreted as relevant to the immunodepression that characterizes the acute phase of AHF.
Regulation of lymphocyte proliferation after influenza virus infection of human mononuclear leukocytes
Authors: Roberts Norbert J. , Nichols Joan E. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPrevious studies demonstrated that in vitro infection with influenza A viruses altered several functions of human monocytes‐macrophages but did not detectably alter functions of human lymphocytes. However, both types of cells were infected, as determined by production and surface expression of viral antigens. In the current studies, human mononuclear leukocytes were infected in vitro and assayed for both influenza virus‐induced proliferation and mitogen (phytohemagglutinin [PHA])‐induced proliferation, as well as for ability to stimulate proliferative responses by normal autologous leukocytes. The leukocytes showed proliferation in response to the infectious virus, but concomitant depressed proliferative responses to PHA. Coculture experiments suggested suppression of PHA‐induced responses by the virus‐infected cells. However, upon coculture with fresh autologous leukocytes (without PHA stimulation), both virus‐infected macrophages and virus‐infected lymphocytes induced autologous lymphocyte proliferative responses. Altered proliferative responses to mitogen stimulation after exposure to the virus were not due to diminished interleukin‐1 production or diminished expression of HLA‐DR by monocytes‐macrophages. The expression of influenza virus antigens and resulting induction of autologous proliferative responses, combined with depressed mitogen‐induced proliferation, may be important in human antiviral defense.
Protein and nucleic acid analysis of influenza B viruses isolated in Italy in 1984
Authors: Donatelli I. , Mancini G. , Castrucci M. R. , Campitelli L. , Corcoran T. , Yates P. , Oxford J. S. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractGenomic and phenotypic analysis of 30 influenza B viruses, isolated in Italy in 1984, antigenically closely related to the B/USSR/100/83 prototype virus, was carried out using T1oligonucleotide fingerprinting of total RNA and one‐dimensional peptide mapping. The results of fingerprinting analysis indicated an oligonucleotide spot homology of 90–96%, corresponding to a nucleotide sequence variation of only 0.75–0.3%. All the strains appear to belong to the same evolutionary line. Nevertheless, heterogeneity was found at the structural and antigenic level, when the viruses were compared by peptide mapping and monoclonal antibody analysis. No correlation between the biochemical variability of the viruses and the epidemiological characteristics of the different strains was established, which is consistent with the hypothesis that distinct variants, arisen at different times from a parental strain, co‐circulate during an epidemic, although the additional occurrence of random mutations during the evolution of the epidemic cannot be excluded.
Immunoblot analysis of the serological response in hantavirus infections
Authors: Zöller L. , Scholz J. , Stohwasser R. , Giebel L. B. , Sethi K. K. , Bautz E. K. F. , Darai G. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSera from patients with nephropathia epidemica (NE) or Korean hemorrhagic fever (KHF) were tested for specific antibody response to antigens of Hällnäs virus and Hantaan virus strain 76–118. A Vero E6 derived cell line persistently infected with Hantaan virus strain B1, and Vero E6 cells freshly infected with Hantaan virus type strain 76–118 were used as antigens in the immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and the immunoblot. Blots were prepared from whole cell lysates. The convalescent‐phase sera of NE patients tested in this study regularly revealed a marked reaction with a 52 kilodalton (Kd) protein of Hällnäs virus and a 50 Kd protein of Hantaan virus. A convalescent serum from a patient with Korean hemorrhagic fever and a rat antiserum against Hantaan virus could recognize the 50 Kd band of Hantaan virus but showed no apparent reactivity with the 52 Kd component of Hällnäs virus in the standard dilutions. Some sera could additionally identify minor bands in the 55 Kd and/or 67 Kd region of the blots. A one‐way cross reactivity between Hantaan and Hällnäs viruses was also evident from the results of the immunofluorescence assays in that NE convalescent sera reacted with both viruses, whereas KHF convalescent or anti‐Hantaan sera gave strongly positive results with Hantaan virus but only faint reaction with Hällnäs virus.
Relationship between the occurrence of virus in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of hiv‐1 infected individuals
Authors: Sönnerborg A. , Ehrnst A. , Strannegård Ö 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAttempts to isolate human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1) were carried out on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood plasma samples from 111 HIV‐1 infected subjects in various stages of infection. HIV‐1 was recovered at a low rate from CSF of persons with normal immunological parameters but frequently from patients with abnormal values, in all stages of immune system involvement. Isolation from plasma was positive in the majority of the patients, in all stages of infection, with a frequency that was related to the degree of immunodeficiency.HIV‐1 could be recovered from the CSF of most patients (74%) with viremia when 85 paired specimens of 58 patients were analyzed. By contrast, HIV‐1 was isolated from CSF, but not from plasma, in one case only. HIV‐1 p24 antigen measured by an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was detectable in only four CSF samples compared with 15 serum samples in paired specimens.These findings indicate that most patients with HIV‐1 infection have circulating cell‐free infectious virus in the blood and simultaneously demonstrable HIV‐1 in the CSF. Replication of HIV‐1 exclusively in the central nervous system (CNS) appears to be a rare event.