bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early childhood caries: Current evidence for aetiology and prevention
Authors: Gussy Mark G , Waters Elizabeth G , Walsh Orla , Kilpatrick Nicola M 
Published: February 2006

Background: Despite the fact that it is largely preventable, dental caries (decay) remains one of the most common chronic diseases of early childhood. Dental decay in young children frequently leads to pain and infection necessitating hospitalization for dental extractions under general anaesthesia. Dental problems in early childhood have been shown to be predictive of not only future dental problems but also on growth and cognitive development by interfering with comfort nutrition, concentration and school participation. Objective: To review the current evidence base in relation to the aetiology and prevention of dental caries in preschool‐aged children. Methods: A search of MEDLINE, CINALH and Cochrane electronic databases was conducted using a search strategy which restricted the search to randomized controlled trials, meta‐analyses, clinical trials, systematic reviews and other quasi‐experimental designs. The retrieved studies were then limited to articles including children aged 5 years and under and published in English. The evidence of effectiveness was then summarized by the authors. Conclusions: The review highlighted the complex aetiology of early childhood caries (ECC). Contemporary evidence suggests that potentially effective interventions should occur in the first 2 years of a child's life. Dental attendance before the age of 2 years is uncommon; however, contact with other health professionals is high. Primary care providers who have contact with children well before the age of the first dental visit may be well placed to offer anticipatory advice to reduce the incidence of ECC.
Idiopathic apparent life‐threatening event in Northern Israel
Authors: Tirosh Emanuel , Avengulov Igor , Jaffe Michael 
Published: February 2006

Objective: To note whether the incidence of idiopathic apparent life‐threatening event (IALTE) has decreased since 1993 in parallel to the decline in the incidence of sudden unexpected death in infancy (SUDI) 2. To compare their epidemiological profile to infants with acute unrelated illness. Methods: The discharge diagnoses of each infant investigated for apparent life‐threatening event or apnea in the five major hospitals in Northern Israel were reviewed over the period 1991–2000. Infants with identified aetiology or apnea only were excluded. Each infant was matched with two other infants admitted for an acute respiratory illness unrelated to apnea. IALTE rates were compared to the national rates of SUDI. Results: Two hundred and forty‐three infants were diagnosed with IALTE. No evidence for a decline in incidence was noted over the period of the study, while a consistent decline in the incidence of SUDI was observed. Only few differences in the epidemiological profile were noted between the study and the comparison group, that is, increased rate of prematurity and first‐born infants. Conclusions: (i) The two conditions probably do not share a common aetiology in the majority of cases; and (ii) the epidemiological profile of IALTE is predominantly similar to that of infants hospitalized for respiratory illness.
Effect of antireflux medication, placebo and infant mental health intervention on persistent crying: A randomized clinical trial
Authors: Jordan Brigid , Heine Ralf G , Meehan Michele , Catto‐Smith Anthony G , Lubitz Lionel 
Published: February 2006

Objective: To assess the effect of medical antireflux treatment, and of an infant mental health consultation (IMHC), on persistent crying in infants and maternal distress. Methods: Infants under 9 months of age with persistent crying, and their mothers, were enrolled in a randomized placebo‐controlled trial. At enrolment, a questionnaire on demographic and clinical details was completed by mothers, and maternal distress was measured (Experience of Motherhood Questionnaire; EMQ). Oesophageal 24‐h pH monitoring was performed in all infants on day 2. At week 4, the cry chart and EMQ were repeated in conjunction with a final interview. Results: One hundred and three infants (56 under 3 months of age; 55 male) who were randomized to active medication (ranitidine plus cisapride; n = 34), placebo (n = 29) or IMHC (n = 40) completed the trial. There was a significant reduction in crying duration from baseline to week 4 (253 ± 96.5 min vs 159 ± 92.3 min per 24 h; P < 0.001), without differences between treatment groups (AVOVA: F = 0.75; P = 0.48). There was a modest improvement in EMQ scores from 44.9 ± 8.6 at day 1 to 42.8 ± 9.4 at week 4; P = 0.006. The improvement in maternal stress was similar in all treatment groups (Kruskal–Wallis χ2 = 0.354; P = 0.84), but subsequent admission to a mother–infant unit was significantly less frequent in the IMHC group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Antireflux medications and IMHC were not superior to placebo in treating infants with persistent crying. Although the reduction in maternal distress was similar in all treatment groups, the individualized IMHC reduced the need for subsequent admission to a mother–infant unit.
Sulcochrysis biplastida gen. et sp. nov.: Cell structure and absolute configuration of the flagellar apparatus of an enigmatic chromophyte alga
Authors: Honda Daiske , Kawachi Masanobu , Inouye Isao 
Published: February 2006

SUMMARYSulcochrysis biplastida gen. et sp. nov., a golden, marine, mixotrophic flagellate is described. Cells resemble Ochromonas in light microscopic features, but they are distinct at the electron microscopic level from Ochromonas or any other typical chrysophyte.Ultrastructural features that discriminate Sulcochrysis from the Chrysophyceae are: (i) a proximal helix in the flagellar transition region; (ii) basal bodies situated in the anterior depression of the nucleus; (iii) the lack of the rhizoplast; and (iv) simple flagellar hairs lacking lateral filaments. These features suggest that Sulcochrysis is a relative of the Pedinellophyceae, Dictyochophyceae and Pelagophyceae. However, Sulcochrysis has a flagellar root system similar to that of the Ochromonas‐type cell and it may use the R3 root for prey capture, as do ochromonadalean algae. The R3 root and the phagotrophic mechanism using the R3 root are interpreted as a plesiomorphy, because these are also distributed in primitive heterokonts such as the bicosoecids. Sulcochrysis has one microtubule probably homologous with the x‐fibre of Bicosoeca maris Picken. Based on these features it is suggested that Sulcochrysis is an organism that links bicosoecids (Bicosoeco‐phyceae), Pedinellophyceae, Dictyochophyceae and Pelagophyceae.
Apical cells of brown algae with particular reference to Sphacelariales, Dictyotales and Fucales
Authors: Katsaros Christos I. 
Published: February 2006

SUMMARYBrown algae show a significant diversity in thallus forms, giving a great number of model systems for the study of many important morphogenetic mechanisms. Thallus growth in brown algae is diffuse, intercalary or apical. The latter takes place by means of one or more apical cells. Among the brown algal groups, Sphacelariales, Dictyotales and Fucales give the best examples of apical growth, and have been repeatedly used for the study of the morphogenetic role of apical cells.In Sphacelariales the apical cells appear strongly polarized, the polarity expressed also on the organization of the microtubule cytoskeleton. These cells show a type of growth that can be compared with tip growth of root hairs, moss protonemata, pollen tubes and fungal hyphae, and is called ‘tip‐like growth’. The thallus of Dictyotales grows by the activity of one or more apical cells showing variable degree of polarity. These cells do not exhibit any type of apical growth. In Fucales the vegetative thallus develops by means of an active apical meristem, which includes a large apical cell. This cell does not show polar organization or apical growth. However, in germinating zygotes of Fucales a polar axis is established and during the first stages of development they show a typical tip growth.In the present paper, the available information on the structure and division pattern of apical cells is presented. Their morphogenetic role is discussed, in relation to polarity, cytoskeleton organization, and apical dominance.
Gametogenesis and chromosome number in Postelsia palmaeformis (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae)
Authors: Lewis Raymond J. 
Published: February 2006

SUMMARYGametophytes of the ‘sea palm’, the kelp Postelsia palmaeformis Ruprecht, produced gametes whether or not chelated iron was supplied in the culture medium, in contrast to the inhibition of gametogenesis seen with the absence of iron in many other kelps. As gametogenesis proceeded, every cell of the gametophytes was converted into a gamete so that the gametophytes did not continue to grow vegetatively. The portion of the life history from spore release through germination, gametophyte growth, gametogenesis, fertilization and growth of the young sporophyte was completed in 9–10 days under laboratory conditions. Chromosome counts showed that sporophytes had a diploid number of 26–34 chromosomes while sporangia and gametophytes had a haploid number of 14–17 chromosomes, indicating a typical haplodiplophasic life history as seen in other Laminariales.
A new ‘paralyzed’ flagella mutant, OC‐10, in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Volvocales, Chlorophyceae) that can be reactivated with adenosine triphosphate
Authors: Nakamura Shogo , Kawanishi Emiko , Nakamura Soichi , Watanabe Shin , Kojima Manabu K. 
Published: February 2006

SUMMARYA new ‘paralyzed’ mutant. OC–10, was isolated in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Dangeard. OC‐10 cannot swim and generally shows very little flagellar movement. However, when OC‐10 was demembranated, axonemal motility was reactivated in the presence of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) or adenosine diphosphate (ADP). The beating form of the reactivated axonemes was almost the same as that of the wild‐type axonemes. Flagellar regeneration of OC‐10 was slower than that of the wild‐type. Electron microscopic examination showed no abnormality in OC‐10 flagella, but SDS/PAGE revealed that mobility of a flagellar membrane protein was changed and a few bands disappeared in OC‐10 flagella, When the mutant was crossed to wild‐type to form temporary dikaryon cells with 4 flagella, OC‐10 flagella did not regain motility. Tetrad analysis of crosses between OC–10 and wild‐type demonstrated a 1:1 segregation on the basis of flagellar motility. From these results, we suppose that OC‐10 may be limited in ATP availability inside the flagella, or altered in flagellar membrane proteins important for motility.
Heterocapsa circularisquama sp. nov. (Peridiniales, Dinophyceae): A new marine dinoflagellate causing mass mortality of bivalves in Japan
Authors: Horiguchi Takeo 
Published: February 2006

SUMMARY Heterocapsa circularisquama Horiguchi sp. nov. is described from Ago Bay, central Japan. The dinoflagellate produced large‐scale red tides in the bays of central and western Japan and caused mass mortality of bivalves, notably the pearl oysters. The cell is small and is composed of a conical epitheca and a hemi‐spheroidal hypothecs. The chloroplast is single and is connected to the single pyrenoid. The nucleus is elongated and is located in the left side of the cell. Thecal plate arrangement has been determined as: Po, cp, 5′, 3a, 7″, 6c, 5s, 5″′, 2″″. Heterocapsa circularisquama is morphologically very similar to Heterocapsa illdefina and it is almost impossible to distinguish these two species at light microscopical level. The characteristics which can be used to distinguish these two species are the morphology of body scales and the ultrastructure of the pyrenoid matrix. The body scales of H. circularisquama possess six radiating ridges on the circular basal plate; no such ridges can be observed on the roughly triangular basal plate of the scales of H. illdefina. Furthermore, the scales of the latter species possess substantially shorter spines compared to those of H. circularisquama. The pyrenoid matrix of H. circularisquama is hardly perforated by cytoplasmic tubules, while in H. tlldefina the pyrenoid matrix is always penetrated by many cytoplasmic tubules. Based on the arrangement of thecal plates, morphology of body scales, and ultra‐structure of the pyrenoid, I am placing H. circularisquama sp nov. into the genus Heterocapsa.
Morphology and life history of Halopteris filicina (Sphacelariales, Phaeophyceae) from Korea
Authors: Keum Yeon‐Shim , Oh Yoon Sik , Lee In Kyu 
Published: February 2006

SUMMARYThe vegetative morphology and life history of Halopteris filicina (Grateloup) Kutzing, collected from Korea, were examined in laboratory culture. Field plants attaining 3–5 cm in height were epilithic, tufted, yellowish‐brown, and produced numerous erect axes with alternately distichous branches from compact basal discs. They were cultured under a 12:12 h LD photoperiod at 10°‐C, 15°C and 20°C to observe the influence of temperature on reproduction. At 10°C plants grew only vegetatively, whereas at 15°C and 20°C they produced unilocular sporangia. Unispores released from sporangia developed into monoecious, anisogamous gametophytes that formed plurilocular female and male gametangia on the same lateral branches. The zygotes, by fusion of female macrogametes and male microgametes, developed into sporophytes bearing unilocular sporangia, whereas the unfused female gametes germinated parthenogenetically. This species was confirmed to have an isomorphic life history, basically similar to the other species of Sphacelariales.
Kinetics of non‐photosynthetic callus production from the brown alga Laminaria setchellii (Laminariales)
Authors: Qi Hans , Rorrer Kristin A. , Jiang Zhi D. , Rorrer Gregory L. 
Published: February 2006

SUMMARYWhite, filamentous, callus‐like tissue was produced from the temperate marine brown alga Laminaria setchellii Silva under non‐photosynthetic conditions. Explant disks from the medullary core of the stipe section were plated on solid medium (1.5 wt% agar in seawater base, pH 8) at 8 ± 2°C in the dark, and the formation of callus‐like tissue was followed as a function of time up to 8 weeks. Although 30% of the total explants plated formed filamentous, callus‐like growths, only 3 to 6% of the total explants produced relatively large amounts of filamentous and rounded callus‐like cells. The fresh weight yield of this callus‐like tissue was 3.74 ± 0.93 mg per 10 mm explant disk (0.053 g callus per g explant). Attempts at establishing a growing, cell suspension of the dispersed callus tissue in PES liquid medium at 24 μmol photon m−2 s−1 were not successful.
Growth of the conchocelis phase ofPorphyra columbina(Bangiales, Rhodophyta) at different temperatures and levels of light, nitrogen and phosphorus
Authors: Frazer Allen W. J. , Brown Murray T. 
Published: February 2006

SUMMARYTemperature, light, nitrogen and phosphorus all had significant effects on the growth of conchocelis colonies ofPorphyra columbinaMontagne when grownin vitrousing a shell substrate. High rates of growth were recorded at 15°C and at 8°C under low light levels. These fight and temperature conditions are similar to those found in the subtidal environment of southern New Zealand coastlines. Little growth occured at 22°C. Nitrogen stimulated growth at concentrations far greater than are likely to be foundin situ, while at concentrations of 120 μmol/L and above phosphorus had an inhibitory effect on growth, The culture parameters were strongly interactive in their effect on growth, in particular temperature and light. Conchosporangia formed in all treatments 14 days after alteration of the photoperiod to 10 h light: 14 h dark. Optimal conditions for culture of the conchocelis ofP. columbinafrom southern New Zealand are a water temperature of approximately 15°C, light levels between 10 and 50 μmol m−2s−1and seawater nitrogen levels maintained above 100 μmol/L.
Life history in culture of the obligate epiphytePorphyra subtumens(Bangiales, Rhodophyta) endemic to New Zealand
Authors: Nelson W. A. , Knight G. A. 
Published: February 2006

SUMMARYThis is the first report of the growth in culture ofPorphyra subtumensJ. AgardhexLaing (Bangiales, Rhodophyta), an obligate epiphyte ofDurvillaeaspecies and endemic to New Zealand waters. Archeospores, previously observed on field material, develop directly into the blade phase. Spores released from field collected blades form conchocelis. Conchospores develop into new blades, completing the life history in culture. Earlier reports of reproduction inP. subtumensgave conflicting accounts with some authors citing this species as having an asexual, monophasic life history with an unusual form of spore production, while others described spermatangia and carposporangia on the blade phase.
Taxonomic studies on the Chlorarachniophyta. II. Generic delimitation of the chlorarachniophytes and description of Gymnochlora stellata gen. et sp. nov. and Lotharella gen. nov.
Authors: Ishida Ken‐ichiro , Nakayama Takeshi , Hara Yoshiaki 
Published: February 2006

SUMMARYA new chlorarachniophytan alga, Gymnochlora stellata Ishida et Y. Hara gen. et sp. nov., has been isolated from Anae Island in Guam. It is a green, star‐shaped, unicellular, amoeboid organism with several filopodia that do not form a reticulopodial network. Neither zoospores nor walled coccoid cells have been observed throughout the life cycle. The chloroplast ultrastructure is similar to those of described species; however, the pyrenoid matrix, which is invaded by many tubular structures originating from the inner membrane of the chloroplast envelope, is unique. A classification system is proposed for the Chlorarachniophyta. In this system, the ultrastructural features of the pyrenoid and the location of the nucleomorph in the periplastidial compartment are used as generic criteria, while the morphological features of the vegetative cells and life cycle patterns are used for species criteria. The described species, except for Cryptochlora perforans Calderon‐Saenz et Schnetter, are also reassessed under the new system, and consequent nomenclatural requirements for the genus Chlorarachnion are dealt with in this paper. The taxonomic rank of a previously described species, Chlorarachnion globosum Ishida et Y. Hara, is elevated and Lotharella globosa (Ishida et Y. Hara) Ishida et Y. Hara gen. nov. et comb. nov. is proposed.
The phylogenetic relationship between the Chlamydomonadales and Chlorococcales inferred from 18SrDNA sequence data
Authors: Nakayama Takeshi , Watanabe Shin , Mitsui Kaoru , Uchida Hidenobu , Inouye Isao 
Published: February 2006

SUMMARYNuclear‐encoded small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (185rDNA) sequences were determined for Chlamydomonas moewusii Gerloff and five chlorococcalean algae (Chlorococcum hypnosporum Starr; Chlorococcum oleofaciens Trainor et Bold; Chlorococcum sp.; Tetracystis aeria Brown et Bold; Protosiphon botryoides (Kützingl Klebs). All these algae are characterized by a clockwise CCW) flagellar apparatus. Phylogenetic trees were constructed from sequences from these algae together with 20 green algae. All algae with a CW flagellar apparatus form a monophyletic clade (CW group). Three principal clades can be recognized in the CW group, although no morphological character supports monophyly of any of these three clades. The 185rDNA trees clearly demonstrate the non‐monophyly of the Chlamydomonadales and Chlorococcales, suggesting that vegetative morphology does not reflect phylogenetic relationships in the CW group. The paraphyly or polyphyly of the genus Chlamydomonas and Chlorococcum are also revealed. Present analysis suggests that the presence or absence of a zoospore's cell wall and the multinucleate condition have limited taxonomic values at higher taxonomic ranks.
Cellulose‐synthesizing terminal complexes and microfibril structure in the brown alga Sphacelaria rigidula (Sphacelariales, Phaeophyceae)*
Authors: Tamura Hiroshi , Mine Ichiro , Okuda Kazuo 
Published: February 2006

SUMMARYThe brown alga Sphacelaria rigidula Kützing synthesizes cellulose microfibrils as determined by CBH I‐gold labeling. The cellulose microfibrils are thin, ribbon‐like structures with a uniform thickness of about 2.6 nm and a variable width in the range of 2.6‐30 nm. Some striations appear along the longitudinal axis of the microfibrils. The developed cell wall in Sphacelaria is composed of three to four layers, and cellulose micro‐fibrils are deposited in the third layer from the outside of the wall. A freeze fracture investigation of this alga revealed cellulose‐synthesizing terminal complexes (TCs), which are associated with the tip of microfibril impressions in the plasmatic fracture face of the plasma membrane. The TCs consist of subunits arranged in a single linear row. The average diameter of the sub‐units is about 6 nm, and the intervals between the neighboring subunits, about 9 nm, are relatively constant. The number of subunits constituting the TC varies between 10 and 100, so that the length of the whole TC varies widely. A model that has been proposed for the assembly of thin, ribbon‐like microfibrils was applied to microfibril assembly in Sphacelaria.
Sorellocolax stellarisgen. et sp. nov., a hemiparasitic alga (Delesseriaceae, Rhodophyta) from the east coast of Honshu, Japan
Authors: Yoshida Tadao , Mikami Hideo 
Published: February 2006

SUMMARYA hemiparasitic alga,Sorellocotax stellarissp. nov. is described growing on plants ofSorella repenscollected from Onagawa, Miyagi Prefecture, east coast of Honshu, Japan. The thallus is small, up to 2 mm high, once or twice branched from the margin. The growing apex has a transversely dividing apical cell, and intercalary cell divisions occur in the cells of first‐order rows. Tetrasporangia are cut off from the cells of the inner cortex, The procarp is composed of a supporting cell, one group of sterile cells and two carpogonial branches. Carposporangia are borne in short chains.
Phylogeny of wall‐less green flagellates inferred from 18SrDNA sequence data
Authors: Nakayama Takeshi , Watanabe Shin , Inouye Isao 
Published: February 2006

SUMMARYTo elucidate the phylogeny of the Dunaliellalessensu Ettl.the taxon often thought to be intermediate between primitive green flagellates such as the prasinophytes and the advanced chlorophycean algae, the sequences of the nuclear‐encoded small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (18SrDNA) were determined and analyzed for five green algae, including three dunaliellalean algae. Phylogenetic trees based on 18SrDNA suggest thatOltmannsiellopsis viridis(Margraves et Steele) Chihara et Inouye represents an early divergence in the Ulvophyceae/Trebouxio‐phyceae/Chlorophyceae clade and has no close relationship to any other green algae, as also suggested from ultrastructural characters. We propose Oltmannsiellopsidates ord. nov. for this genus.HafniomonasandPolytomellaare included in the clade which is characterized by clockwise basal bodies (CW group). The 18SrDNA trees suggest that multiple losses of the cell wall of the flagellate cell occurred in the CW group, and that the Dunaliellales sensu Ettl has a polyphyletic nature. This study also suggests thatPlanophita terrestnsGroover et Hof‐stetter (Chaetopeltidales) andChaetophora incras‐sata(Hudson) Hazen (Chaetophorales) are distinct lineages in the Chlorophyceae.