bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trends in Prinking Problems and Attitudes in the United States: 1979–1984
Authors: HILTON MICHAEL E. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryChanges in the prevalence of drinking problems and in attitudes toward the acceptibility of drinking are examined using U.S. general population survey data from 1979 and 1984. Increases in the prevalence of dependence were found for men but not for women. There were no significant differences in the prevalence of drinking‐related consequences for either sex. Attitudes have changed, becoming less permissive toward alcohol use. This change is concentrated among younger respondents. Results are interpreted with reference to competing theoretical expectations, one holding that problem and attitude levels rise and fall in direct response to changes in aggregate consumption and the other positing a somewhat more complex dialectic of interactions between levels of consumption, problems, and attitudes.
Association of Transient Ischaemic Attack in Alcohol Withdrawal with Changes in Haemostasis
Authors: NEIMAN JACK 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA 48‐year‐old male alcoholic developed a transient ischaemic attack shortly after alcohol withdrawal. The attack occurred simultaneously with an increase in platelet aggregability to ADP and thromboxane B2 formation. It is suggested that the changes in these haemostatic parameters might contribute to the development of transient ischaemic attacks in alcoholics.
Intramural Research Program of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
Authors: TABAKOFF BORIS , PETERSEN ROBERT C. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe goals of the NIAAA Intramural Research Program are to understand the mechanisms by which alcohol produces intoxication, addiction, and damage to vital body organs and to develop clinical tools for prevention and treatment of those biochemical and behavioral anomalies. The unique combination of clinical and basic research facilities that is available to the Intramural Program allows these goals to be approached through a co‐ordinated interaction between clinical observations and basic laboratory findings.
International Trade and Availability of Alcoholic Beverages in Developing Countries
Authors: KORTTEINEN TIMO 
Published: January 2006

SummaryRecent developments in world alcohol availability show a clear trend. Per capita consumption of alcohol shows a rapid increase in some of the developing countries while consumption levels in developed countries have remained stable. It is often implied that a major factor underlying the increased consumption in developing countries is increased imports from developed countries. This conception is challenged by analysing previously unused statistical data. In the light of the analysis, indigenous alcohol production is by far the major source of all alcohol consumed in developing countries.
Alcohol Drinking Patterns and Work Areas: epidemiological study of factory and rural workers in Florence, Italy
Authors: ALLAMANI ALLAMAN , CIPRIANI FRANCESCO , INNOCENTI STEFANO , LOMUTO CANIO , MARCHI MARCO , MORETTINI ANTONIO 
Published: January 2006

SummaryTwo epidemiological studies have been recently carried out in Florence and the surrounding area in Italy, to lest a hypothesis that work conditions affect alcohol drinking patterns. This hypothesis is based both on available health statistics and on a previous epidemiological study carried out in the same area in the late 1970's. Two hundred and fourteen factory employees and 184 agricultural workers were interviewed using a questionnaire that addresses socio‐demographic characteristics, psychological and social aspects, and alcohol drinking patterns. The main results include: average per capita per day anhydrous alcohol consumption is 34.9g among factory employees, and 87.9 among agricultural workers. Wine is the most common alcoholic beverage, and it is drunk essentially together with other people. In the factory, workmen drink significantly more than clerks. There is a drinking culture that is more rooted in the country than in urban areas. No other significant relationship was found between drinking pattern and work features.
The Nature of Alcoholism: opinions of Canadian alcohol intervention workers
Authors: ISRAELSTAM S. , SYKORA K. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryPour hundred and ninety‐four intervention workers indicated their level of agreement with seven concepts describing alcoholism: a disease; a moral weakness; a genetic disposition; a multi‐faceted syndrome; a physiological weakness; an allergy and learned behaviour. ‘Multi‐faceted syndrome’ was the most agreed upon one, followed by ‘disease”. ‘Moral weakness’ was the concept least agreed with.
Drinkers at Risk in Western Australia
Authors: BLAZE‐TEMPLE DEBRA G. , BINNS COLIN W. , RADALJ TONY , PHILLIPS MICHAEL 
Published: January 2006

SummaryIn December 1986 the Australian federal government's National Health and Medical Research Council adopted new, conservative guidelines for the responsible consumption of alcohol (up to 2 drinks per day for non‐pregnant adult females and up to 4 drinks per day for adult males), but these have yet to be applied to Australian adult self‐reported alcohol consumption survey data to determine the percentage of the population at risk. Data from a 1986 probability survey of 1,187 Western Australian adults were used to determine the percentage of the state's current drinkers who were at risk (that is, above the responsible level) in relation to three methods: (1) the number of drinking days; (2) the maximum number of drinks consumed on any one day, and (3) the total number of drinks consumed in 1 week based on answers to a 7‐day retrospective alcohol consumption diary. The percentage of the sample at risk for each of the three methods of determining risk was extremely high as analysed by sex and age subgroups. Reported alcohol consumption would have to decrease by 41% if, hypothetically, all drinkers were to drink within responsible levels. It was concluded that attempts should be made to reduce overall alcohol consumption in the state (and indeed the nation) and that due to the demographic profiles of the individuals at risk simultaneously in relation to all three methods of defining risk, that health messages designed to reduce consumption should be targeted at the population as a whole.
Characteristics and Help‐seeking Patterns of Attenders at a Community‐based Voluntary Agency and an Alcohol and Drug Treatment Unit
Authors: ALLAN CAROLE A. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe assumption that clients using community‐based facilities in the form of Councils on Alcohol have less serious alcohol problems uncomplicated by the physical, social and psychological difficulties found in those attending Alcohol Treatment Units was not confirmed. One of the most striking findings were the similarities, rather than the differences between the two samples. Both groups had attenders who were heavily dependent on alcohol and were experiencing a wide range of problems. Attenders at both agencies, women as well as men, had help seeking patterns similar to those described for other populations which were discontinuous and uncoordinated and featured multiple contacts and simultaneous use of different services. The need for co‐ordination was discussed in the light of the improved outcome which can be expected given appropriate matching of clients to treatment. Some suggestions as to how this might be achieved were discussed.
Lephetamine Abuse and Dependence: clinical effects and withdrawal syndrome
Authors: JANIRI L. , MANNELLI P. , PIRRONGELLI C. , LO MONACO M. , TEMPESTA E. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryLephetamine (L‐SPA) is a compound with central analgesic and anti‐inflammatory action, recently reported to be abused in Italy. In this study, cases of L‐SPA abuse were recorded.The survey included 15 patients who were assessed for effects caused by using L‐SPA and induced by withdrawal. Moreover L‐SPA was administered to 15 volunteers. L‐SPA displayed effects partly similar to opiates and its withdrawal caused both subjective and objective symptoms. It is concluded that L‐SPA exhibits abuse liability and dependence potential of a certain degree.
Studies of Alpha‐2‐Adrenoceptor Function in Abstinent Alcoholics
Authors: GLUE PAUL , DOUGLAS SELLMAN J. , GARY NICHOLLS M. , ABBOTT ROBYN , JOYCE PETER R. , NUTT DAVID J. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryHormonal, haemodynamic and subjective psychological responses to the intravenous infusion of clonidine were investigated in nine male alcoholics who had been abstinent for 5 weeks, and were compared with those of nine healthy controls. The growth hormone response to clonidine was significantly blunted in the abstinent alcoholics. Both baseline cortisol levels and the clonidine‐induced cortisol decrease were significantly greater in the alcoholics than in controls. Blood pressure, pulse rate and psychological responses to clonidine were similar in both groups. These results indicate that some aspects of alpha‐2‐adrenoceptor sensitivity are persistently abnormal in alcoholics at least 5 weeks into abstinence.
Personality and Substance Use Among Adolescents: a longitudinal study
Authors: TEICHMAN MEIR , BARNEA ZIPORA , RAVAV GIORA 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe following hypotheses have been tested: (a) sensation seeking, A–State and Trait and Depressive Mood should positively affect the initiation and continuation of adolescent substance use: and (b) Following Zuckerman's conclusion with regard to the relationships between sensation seeking and drug use, and Khantzian's ‘self medication hypothesis’, different patterns of relationships between personality variables and substance use should be found: Whereas sensation seeking will be associated with substance use regardless of the specific psychopharmacological properties of a given substance, anxiety and depressive mood will be primarily associated with the use of depressants. One thousand nine hundred adolescents, 14–19 years old, were tested twice, 12 months apart, for alcohol and drug use. The major findings were as follows: (a) Sensation seeking was found to affect substance use among adolescents more than State and Trait Anxiety, and Depressive Mood; (b) Sensation seeking differentiated among abstainers, beginners, and users of all substances. A different pattern of relationship between State‐Trait Anxiety, and Depressive Moods and substance use was found. These personality variables appeared to differentiate only among those subjects who used depressants; (c) It is also evident that previous experimentation with drugs significantly affect current–use. The implications of these findings for interventions among adolescents are discussed.
Dutch Policy on the Management of Drug‐related Problems ⋆
Authors: ENGELSMAN E. L. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryIt is argued that the drug abuse problem should not be primarily seen as a problem of police and justice. It is essentially a matter of health. The Dutch acknowledge that the international repressive, prohibitive approach leads to unintentional negative side‐effects, both for the individual and for society. They try to avoid a situation in which consumers of cannabis suffer more damage from the criminal proceedings than from the use of the drug itself. They opt rather for a realistic and practical approach to the drug problem than for a moralistic and over‐dramatized one. The Dutch alternative is the normalization of the drug problem, as a pragmatic compromise between two extreme options: an intensified war on drugs and legalization. The implications of the normalization approach for the prevention and treatment policies are discussed: AIDS‐prevention, harm reduction instead of detoxification and de‐mystification. It is suggested that the policy of normalization is rather successful and does not produce an increase of drug use.
What Drives British Drug Policies ⋆
Authors: EDWARDS GRIFFITH 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis paper identifies four broad types of influence which have contributed to the dynamics of British drug policy development over many decades: international influences, varieties of fear, professional entrepreneur‐ship, and the perceived tension between treatment and control. A follow‐through of these same themes to current policy concerns is traced. The need to develop a comparative and international framework for policy analysis is stressed. Policy research, it is argued, deserves to be given greater attention as the necessary means toward a more informed sense of feasibilities and policy options.
The Relationship Between Impulsivity, Empathy and Involvement in Twelve Step Self‐help Substance Abuse Treatment Groups
Authors: McCOWN WILLIAM 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe relationship between impulsivity, empathy, substance‐free lifestyle and participation in Twelve Step self‐help groups is investigated. Utilizing S. B. G. Eysenck et al.s’Impulsivity Questionnaire (1–7) members of three self‐help‘clubs’were assessed for traits of empathy and impulsiveness. Impulsivity correlated positively with total number of substance abuse ‘slips’, and negatively with total months of substance abstinence. Empathy was correlated positively with length of abstinence and hours spent in Twelve Step self‐help activities per week. Possible interpretations and application of these findings to clinical recommendations are discussed.
Superior Outcome of Females Over Males After Brief Treatment for the Reduction of Heavy Drinking
Authors: SANCHEZ‐CRAIG MARTHA , LEIGH GILLIAN , SPIVAK KAREN , LEI HAU 
Published: January 2006

SummaryProblem drinkers (52 males, 38 females) recruited through advertisements were randomly assigned to one of three treatments: Guidelines: three sessions of advice using a pamphlet outlining basic steps for achieving abstinence or moderate drinking. Manual: three sessions of instruction in the use of a 'self‐help’manual presenting a step‐by‐step approach for attaining abstinence or moderate drinking. Therapist: six or more sessions of instruction in the methods outlined in the 'self‐help’manual. At 3, 6 and 12 months follow‐up, no significant differences were found among the groups in reduction of heavy drinking days (i.e. days when consumption exceeded four drinks, each containing 13.6 g/ethanol). Overall, the number of heavy days were reduced from an average of 43 at intake, to 20 over the 1‐year follow‐up period. Females, however, had significantly greater reductions than males (75% versus 35%). Three months after treatment the rate of successful moderate drinkers was significantly higher for females than males in the Guidelines (60% versus 33%) and the Manual condition (63% versus 18%), but not in the Therapist condition (25% versus 35%). At 1‐year follow‐up, females were more successful than males in all conditions. Mean changes in GGT and MCV levels lended support to the change in drinking status (from heavy drinker at intake to moderate drinker at follow‐up), based on clients’self‐reports.
Treatment at Farm Place
Authors: DITZLER JOYCE M. , DITZLER JAMES R. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe authors are the original adaptors of the Minnesota experience to the United Kingdom. The history of this method of treatment for addictive illnesses in the U.S.A. and in England is given. Their philosophy of addiction is discussed, as is its practical application to the programme of treatment. The composition of the treatment team, the patient population served, and the manner in which the team addresses addictive disease within the context of the whole family system is discussed. The concept of denial as related not only to patients abuse of their current drug but also the nature of poly drug abuse, is described. Criteria for selection of outpatient versus inpatient treatment are given. There is an outline of the daily treatment regime of the inpatient programme, detoxification procedures, a description of psychological testing, and how physical fitness is integrated into the programme. Also described is the inpatient treatment of non‐addicted family members and how treatment of eating disorders is integrated into the programme, designed primarily for substance abusers. The role of the self‐help movement is discussed and its relationship with treatment and aftercare is explained.
The Social Costs of Tobacco Smoking
Authors: MARKANDYA A. , PEARCE D. W. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis article is concerned with establishing a methodology for the measurement of the social cost of tobacco consumption, and with using that methodology to estimate the relative quantitative importance of each of the identified components of social cost. It begins by defining social cost and explaining its relevance to policy making. The next section derives a matrix of items that need to be calculated if the social cost is to be correctly measured. The third section surveys the existing empirical literature on the social costs of tobacco consumption in the light of the methodology derived in this paper. In general it concludes that most measures of ‘social cost’ are incorrect. However, some interesting numbers do emerge from the studies and these are highlighted. Finally, the last section discusses the policy relevance of actual and potential measures of social cost and concludes with some general observations on the direction of future research in this field.
The Health Policy Implications of International Trade in Alcohol and Tobacco Products
Authors: POWELL MELANIE 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe aim of national alcohol and tobacco preventive health policy is to reduce consumption in order to reduce harm. However, the level of domestic consumption depends upon the interaction of international demand and supply and the development of international trade policy. Trade policy may conflict with or act as a constraint on the implementation of preventive health policy. Trends in alcohol and tobacco trade and developments in international trade policy affecting these products are examined in this paper in relation to health policy goals. Economic models of the links between trade flows, quantities consumed and health effects are then outlined as a preliminary step towards identifying the complex interaction between alcohol and tobacco trade and production, consumption, health and welfare. It is shown that consideration of the economic trade links are an important factor in the development of international and domestic health policy.
Alcoholic Beverages in Ireland: market forces and government policy
Authors: WALSH BRENDAN M. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe changing pattern of consumption of alcoholic beverages in Ireland and the association between this and the trend in alcohol‐related problems are examined. As a result of a relatively low price and high income elasticities of demand for alcoholic beverages, the high level of taxation of alcohol in Ireland has resulted in an exceptionally large proportion of income being devoted to purchasing them rather than to a fall in their consumption. During the 1980's it became apparent that any major divergence between Irish and U.K. liquor prices generated a large cross‐border trade and was counter‐productive from a revenue perspective. Further pressure to reduce the level of taxation is coming from the move to harmonise taxes across EC member slates. The limitations of taxation policy as a means of controlling the consumption of demerit goods in a small economy are clearly illustrated by the Irish experience.
U.S. Tobacco Taxes: behavioural effects and policy implications
Authors: LEWIT EUGENE M. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis paper examines U.S. tobacco taxation, the effect of cigarette taxes on smoking and on the health effects of smoking, and equity and efficiency considerations that arise when cigarette excise taxes are used to reduce smoking. Cigarette excise taxes, imposed by the Federal Government, all Stale governments, and nearly 400 cities and counties, add approximately 34 cents per pack to the price of cigarettes. Real cigarette excise tax rates have fallen because tax increases have not kept pace with inflation. Increases in the price of cigarettes decrease smoking, particularly by adolescents. An estimated 100,000 additional persons may live to the age of 65 as a result of doubling the Federal cigarette tax in 1983. Because cigarette taxes are regressive and are borne primarily by smokers, inequities may arise when they are used to reduce smoking. Success in achieving a tobacco‐free society will require that tobacco taxes be replaced with alternative sources of revenue.
The Limitations of Econometric Analysis in Cigarette Advertising Studies
Authors: CHAPMAN SIMON 
Published: January 2006

SummaryEconometric analysis of the relationship between advertising and smoking has assumed a position of prominence in debate between public health and tobacco industry interests. Econometric methods are intrinsically limited in their ability to address the essential qualitative nature of advertising because they are obliged to assign arbitrary quantitative values to a medium where such assignation is highly debatable. The same problems occur when econometric methods attempt to assign values to other qualitative variables like health education campaigns and changing cultural factors relevant to smoking. Rather than commencing with the question “what does advertising to do people”, an alternative research paradigm which asks “what do people do with advertising’ should underpin research into advertising ‘effects’.
The Effects of Tobacco Advertising on Children
Authors: SMITH GLEN 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe London Based Children's Research Unit (CRU) has investigated juvenile smoking initiation and advertising in 15 countries. Each country investigated differed with respect to tobacco advertising restrictions, ranging from Norway, which has had a long‐term ban on all advertising of tobacco products, to Hong Kong and Japan, which had few advertising restrictions at the time of the research. Advertising was not found to significantly influence juvenile smoking initiation and it was also found to be a poor predictor of juvenile smoking prevalence. That is, countries with tobacco advertising did not have a higher level of juvenile smoking prevalence than countries without advertising.
Is the ‘New’ Problem Drinking Concept of Heather & Robertson More Useful in Advancing Our Scientific Knowledge Than the ‘Old’ Disease Concept?
Authors: GORMAN DENNIS M. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryHeather & Robertson maintain that the problem drinking concept represents a shift from a ‘pre‐scientific’ to a ‘scientific’ paradigm within the field of alcohol studies. They consider that the usefulness of a concept can best be assessed in terms of the extent to which it facilitates the testing of hypotheses. The disease concept is of no value when judged in these terms due to the aetiological assumptions that are built into it. It is argued that since Heather & Robertson's “new’ approach incorporates a set of assumptions parallel to those of the disease concept it is equally tautological, and therefore does not represent the type of change in paradigm they propose.
An Analysis of the Clinical Relevance of Type 1 and Type 2 Alcoholics
Authors: SCHUCKIT MARC A. , IRWIN MICHAEL 
Published: January 2006

SummaryPredictions inherent in the proposed Type I/Type 2 continuum of alcoholic subtypes were indirectly explored in 31 sons of primary alcoholic fathers. The fathers' alcoholism was rated on a 0–5 scale utilizing characteristics typical of the Type 2 extreme of the continuum. If a predisposition to Type 2 alcoholism is genetically transmitted, then we would have predicted that the sons of Type 2 alcoholics would be more likely than the sons of Type 1 men to show an earlier onset of drinking, as well as more alcohol and substance intake and associated problems. The results did not support any consistent trend in the correlation between the FHP fathers' alcoholic characteristics and the sons' problem picture. Potential explanations for this finding are discussed including the possibility that the Type 2 extreme might represent a separate diagnostic entity, the antisocial personality disorder, and not alcoholism itself.