bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polymerization and Condensation Reaction of N-Methylol Acrylamide within Cotton Fabric
Authors: Kamogawa H. , Murase R. , Sekiya T. 
Published: March 2007

Problems on the polymerization and condensation reaction of N-methylolacrylamide within cotton fabrics in which K2S2O8, (NH4) 2S 2O8, or H2O2 was used as initiator and NH4 Cl or (NH4 )2HPO4 used as the acid condensation catalyst were investigated primarily from the standpoint of the crease resistance of the treated fahric. The results obtained are as follows. The pre-drying process can be neglected, as almost the same result could be obtained even in the case of direct curing procedure, in which care should be taken not to over- cure. Crease recovery and abrasion resistance (flat) of the treated fabric increased with higher value of resin content ; tear strength, on the contrary, decreased presumably with some intrinsic cause. The effect of the addition of acid catalysts such as NH4Cl on the extent of the crease resistance was considerable, although some marked improvement was obtained in neutral catalysts such as K2S2O8 alone. The addition of comonomers such as acrylamide and hexamethylene diamine HCl-salt as well as softeners to the treating bath was effective in improving the strength losses induced by this treatment. Aftertreatment of the N-methylolacrylamide-treated fabric with hexamethylenediamine or thereafter with formalin was also effective, since some what continuous distribution of the different kinds of network-structures within the fiber could be obtained by this procedure. Durability of the treated fabric for boiling-alkali launderings was excellent.
Wearing Qualities of Selected New Mexico Wools
Authors: Lee Julia Southard , Barbour Helen F. , Finkner Morris D. 
Published: March 2007

Four lots of wool fiber, selected for fineness and crimp, were manufactured into comparable tropical worsted fabrics for wear in outer garments by girls six to 16 years of age. Breaking strength and elongation were used to measure the changes in the fabrics with wear. The breaking strength of the warp and of the filling of the fabrics made from the fine wools was greater than for the medium wool. Loss in fabric strength was a linear function of the hours of wear. Fabric elongation decreased with hours of wear, but generally, in a less direct fashion than did the strength. , The backs of the garments and the filling yarns in the backs lost most strength and elongation with wear.
Part VIII: N.M.R. Absorption by Water in Wool During Changes of Water Content
Authors: Haly A.R. , West G.W. , Feughelman M. 
Published: March 2007

The change with time of the nuclear magnetic resonance absorption by water in wool was observed during uptake and loss of water following relative humidity changes between near zero and 70%, 80%, and 93%. Exchange of D2O by H2O was also observed at 93% RH. During both uptake and loss of water the results indicate that line broadening is taking place because of reduced mobility of some protons. It is suggested that this low mobility follows, at least in part, from a low level of H-bond network formation during the transient state. In desorption most of the more mobile water is quickly removed and thereafter its concentration is small. The constant- regain diffusion coefficient for water in wool at 21° C and 93% RH calculated from the D2O-H2O exchange experiment was approximately 1.5 X 10-8 cm2/sec. It appears that the corresponding intrinsic diffusion coefficient lies between conflicting values found by other workers. The exchange curve, which should be a good approximation to a self-diffusion curve, deviated grossly from a Fickian shape after the first minute. It was found that the n.m.r. signal depended on previous sorption history if the wool was not thoroughly wetted-out before a test.
Rotproofing of Cellulosic Fibers by a Modified Dry Cure Resin Treatment
Authors: Boyle Richard J. 
Published: March 2007

A highly effective mildew and rot-resistant finish has been developed in which methylated trimethylol melamine is padded on the fabric in the presence of a cure modifier (thiourea) and an acid-forming catalyst and then cured at 350° F for 1-3 min. Reasons and data are given to support the selection of the recommended resin and buffer combination. The principle of this continuous process and its mill application are discussed. Test results are presented which demonstrate that finished fabrics may be expected to rctain 80-100% of their initial tensile strength through long periods of weathering or soil burial even when preceded by extended water leaching. Dimensional stabilization is achieved, and the finish has little or no adverse effect on hand, abrasion resistance, or shades of mineral dyed fabric. Data are cited showing the various levels of rot resistance that can be obtained by varying the resin ccmtent. The experimental evidence obtained suggests that cellulose is chemically moditied by the resin, and it is proposed that rot resistance is achieved by this mechanism.
Weathering Durability of Cotton Fabrics Treated with APO-THPC Flame Retardant
Authors: Bullock Joel B. , Welch Clark M. 
Published: March 2007

The influence of APO/THPC mole ratio on durability of flame retarclancy, resin retention, and strength retention of treated cotton fabric was determined by means of natural and artificial weathering tests. In both types of weathering, the use of photo active dyes as a means of accelerating the tests was studied. APO/THPC mole ratios of 2 : 1-8; 1 gave greater durability of APO-THPC resin and flame retardancy than did the standard I : 1 ratio. Photoactive dyes accelerated outdoor weathering by as much as fivefold, without obscuring the effect of mole ratio on resin durability. Predyeing was more effective than afterdyeing in causing accelerated weathering. Increased APO/ THPC mole ratios also gave increased breaking strength retention during weathering of undyed fabric, but produced no improvement on dyed fabric. These effects also occurred in Weather-Ometer tests made in the presence and absence of photoactive dyes. The APO-Zn(BF4)2 flame-resistant, wash-wear finish showed improved weathering durability comparable to that obtained from high-mole ratios 'of APO/THPC. The chlorine content of APO-THPC-treated fabric was 81% to 96% of theory at all mole ratios of APO THPC, indicating at least two modes of copolymer formation. The rate at which phosphorus was lost from APO-THPC during weathering was generally equal to the rate of nitrogen loss, expressed in percentage losses/time. The APO-Zn(BF 4)2 finish lost phosphorus more rapidly than nitrogen, indicating a different mode of resin breakdown.
Strain-Recovery Properties of of Wash-Wear— Treated Cotton Fabrics
Authors: Grant James N. , Orr Rollin S. , Tsoi Ruby H. , Weiss Louis C. 
Published: March 2007

Scoured and slack-mercerized fabrics were treated with dimethylol ethylene urea, methylated methylol melamine, and formaldehyde. Fabries with differences in resin add-on and differences in stretch during the cure were examined. Changes in tensile modulus caused by addition of resin were smaller than those caused by stretching during treatment. The elongation at break was greater for the slack-mercerized than for the scoured fabries. Also, the recovery from strain during the testing was greater for the slack- mercerized than the scoured fabric. Recovery increased with add-on for both the basket and the plain-weave fabrics. Stretch during treatment had-only minor effects on strain recovery during the testing. The correlation coefficients of fiber strain recovery to fabric strain recovery are lower than those of fabric strain recovery to wrinkle recovery. The correlation coefficient of the latter is increased if recovery is a function of both strain and stress rather than of either used separately.
A Corona Discharge Method of Producing Shrink-Resistant Wool and Mohair
Authors: Thorsen W.J. , Kodani R.Y. 
Published: March 2007

Wool fibers were exposed to corona discharge under a variety of voltages, fre quencies, temperatures, and gaseous environments. Optimum temperatures to give shrink resistance were between 100 and 140°C. Substantial shrink resistance was obtained with an exposure time as short as 2 sec. Oxygen slightly improved the results obtained in air. but nitrogen markedly reduced the effectiveness of the treatment. Fibers had to be thinly spread in the corona cell for uniform effect. Reaction rate increased with voltage and frequency and with center-tap grounding of the transformer. Small holes were burned in the samples at 400-800 cps. but burning could he prevented by using a corona cell with dielectric material at both electrodes. Corona discharge treatment increased the cohesive force of top and the tensile strength of yarn, perhaps because of increased single-fiber surface friction. Unchanged dyeing rates, unchanged solubility in acids and bases, and unchanged single-fiber tensile properties indicate that the reaction is limited to the cuticle. Application of cationic softeners at low pII eliminated shrink resistance; removal of the cationic compounds restored the shrink resistance. The corona treatments cause fibers to acquire a positive electrostatic charge. Fabric could not be made shrink resistant because the gaseous reactants did not penetrate adequately. However, shrink-resistant fabric was produced from 'continuously treated card webbing. Difficulty was encountered in pin drafting the sliver. Fiber and fabric hand was usually somewhat harsh, depending on degree of treatment, but softening agents at neutral or higher pH restored hand without significant loss of shrink resistance, No chemicals are required for the process, only electrical power. At one treatment level, electrical cost is estimated to be 0.05¢ or less per pound of wool treated. Low processing cost should make the method commercially attractive. The treatment can also make mohair shrink resistant.
A Consideration of the Critical Add-On and the Uniformity of Crosslinking
Authors: Heap S. Allan 
Published: March 2007

In a low add on, easy-care finishing system, the critical add-on value (CAV) is defined as that amount of finishing liquor which must be applied to a given fabric in order to avoid a nonuniform distribution of crosslinking after drying and curing. , At least two different types of nonuniformity have to be recognized. Type-one nonuniformity occurs when the amount of liquor applied is significantly higher than the CAV, so that migration of chemicals to the fabric surface occurs. Type- two nonuniformity is produced when the amount applied is low er than the CAV, so that more-or less isolated small spots of untreated fabric occur. It has been found that the CAV depends upon the fabric construction and the pretreatment. Mercerizing enforces higher CAV, but liquid ammonia treatment usually allows a reduction. The concentration of crosslinking agents in the formulation also exerts an influence. A short (5 s) steaming step between impregnation and drying allows a significant reduction in CAV and apparently eliminates the influence of the pretreatment.
Antiquing as a Tourism Recreational Activity in Southwestern Pennsylvania
Authors: Grado Stephen C. , Strauss Charles H. , Lord Bruce E. 
Published: March 2007

An economic impact study of travel and tourism in southwestern Pennsylvania iden tified 25 travel-related activities and associated visitor expenditures. Purchases of antiques appeared to be understated, therefore antiquing was included as a separate recreational activity in the second year of the study. All regional expenditures made by nonresident visitors were entered into an input-output model of the region. The majority of antique shops in the region belong to four cooperatives or antiquing centers. Annual visitation totaled 278,352 for the retail antiquing trade and was evenly split among residents and nonresidents. Nonresident visitors spent an average of $32.47 per activity day. The value-added component of the economic impact totaled $3.36 million, and 149 jobs were supported. The pursuit of antiques supported the consumption of regional goods and services and the generation of additional income and spending.
A Commentator's Approach To the 'Effective History' of Philippians
Authors: Bockmuehl Markus 
Published: March 2007

This study begins by offering an introduction to the neglected role of Wirkungs geschichte in biblical interpretation, developing reflections on appropriate methods and approaches in dialogue with the work of Heikki Räisänen and especially Ulrich Luz. It is argued that the modern meaning of a biblical text cannot be fully elucidated without reference to the history of both its meaning and its effects in the period between the ancient author and the modern interpreter. Turning to the effective history of Paul's letter to the Philippians, the article then examines both the influence of the letter as a whole and that of three particular passages (1.21-23; 2.5-11; 3.20). It is suggested that the genre of the commentary is particularly well suited to a running account of the place and presence of biblical books within the history of our civilization, which could provide vital tools for the construction of a hermeneutical bridge from the world of the text to the world of the Christian reader and his or her community
A Programme for the Early Identification of the Learning Needs of School Entrants
Authors: Gardiner Phyllis A. 
Published: March 2007

Increasing emphasis is being placed upon the need to prepare young children for school entry so that they can make the most of the school curriculum. The two articles which follow deal specifically with this subject. Beginning on this page is a description of an assessment programme to be introduced from this September in the Canadian province of Ontario, and on page 10 begins an article describing a recent field study in Munich, Germany, which explored means of aiding socially withdrawn children at the pre-school level. Phyllis A. Gardiner is a member of the Lakehead Board of Education, 2135 Sills Street, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.
Privacy, security, and freedom in the Information Society
Authors: Cawkell A.E. 
Published: March 2007

"It was a bright cold day in April and the clock was striking thirteen ...". It is almost mandatory to quote Orwell's "Nineteen Eighty Four" when writing about this topic - the above lines are the opening phrase of that work and some of Orwell's predictions are uncomfortably near fulfillment. Many new inter-related aspects of privacy have arisen in the last few years, some of which have been briefly discussed before by the author [1].
Market potential of CD ROM for text applications
Authors: Peniston Silvina 
Published: March 2007

The advantages of CD ROM as a distribution medium are outlined, and compared with other media, such as print, micro form and electronic information distribution. The present state and growth of the CD ROM market from 1985 to 1987 are analysed, as are information providers in this market. The issuing of second products, and continuing presence in the market, indicate their confidence in CD ROM as a distribution medium. There are other uses of CD including information storage. The future of CD for storage is uncertain, as there are some current disadvantages, and future technologies being developed may replace CD. The market, however, is moving in this direction. Further uses are for software distribution, train ing, and point-of-sale units. The market potential is very high, with a very large growth rate of installed CD drives in the USA. Current sales figures for individual titles compare well with other niche media products. Market penetration has been much slower than for electronic publishing on PCs, a technology with the same timescale. Awareness of CD still has some way to go, but other reasons for non-use are also present in the market. CD has the potential to move electronic information distribution towards the mass market, if end-users take up the technology on a large scale.
A unified model for data acquisition and decision making
Authors: Kleyle R. , de Korvin A. 
Published: March 2007

In this paper we present a model for decision making employing both the concepts of expected utility and belief functions. The situation modeled is that of a decision maker trying to select a single course of action from a finite set of possible courses of action. Although this selection is the major decision, the decision maker is also confronted with many preliminary decisions such as which data sources to access to obtain pertinent information and how to evaluate the mforma tion received. The proposed model partitions the total decision making problem into two interlocking sub-processes—the data acquisi tion process and the final decision process which is based on an elimination procedure. Decisions in the data acquisition phase employ a rationale based on expected utility, while the criterion upon which the final decision is made is based on belief functions. The application of this model is illustrated by two related examples which are discussed in some detail. The approach proposed in this paper is in a sense a mathematical structunng of the type of reasoning intuitively followed by an intelligent human decision maker when faced with a single important decision. The mathematical modeling of such processes is becoming increasingly important as the role of the computer in modem decision making continues to grow.
Design and evaluation of a speech interface for remote database searching
Authors: Philip G. , Peters B.F. , Smith F.J. , Crookes D. , Rafferty T. 
Published: March 2007

Advances in speech technology have made it possible to use speech as an effective man-machine interface in infor mation retneval applications. We believe that since it is among the most natural means of communication, limited use of speech should increase the speed and ease of access to large document databases. The purpose of this paper is to descnbe a two-year research programme which involved the design, im plementation and evaluation of a speech interface for the British Library Blaise online service The project began by examining an existing pnmitive voice interface which was developed during the early 1980s for an in-house text retneval system known as MicroBIRD. Evaluation of this interface has provided invaluable insights into the problems of voice interface design for online searching. The main lessons learned from this initial study were: (a) take full advantage of the well defined syntax of the query language to limit the difficulty of the speech recognition process; and (b) avoid antagonising the user by providing full control of the configuration of the interface, enabling varying degrees of audio reinforcement of visually presented data. Based on the experience gained from the MicroBiRD inter face we embarked on the more challenging task of designing a speech interface for the Blaise system. We will outline the hardware configuration, software development, analysis of the Blaise query language syntax and design features of the new interface. Having successfully developed the system the next logical step was to study the reactions of users to the interface. particularly in relation to the preferred mix of keyboard/voice input and screen/speech output. We have carried out a series of expenments using subjects from a wide range of back grounds. The evaluation expenments have shown that the use of voice for the input of commands and associated parameters is the area of greatest advantage of a voice interface. Indeed voice input is almost as fast as keyboard input, and sometimes slightly faster. Speech output, on the other hand, should be used pnmanly for providing short prompts (e.g. help messages) to the user. The reading out of an entire bibliographic record would be irksome and, because of the senal nature of speech. far too slow. If speech output is desired it should be limited to selected parts of a record such as author and title fields. Finally. our results have also shown that currently available speech recognition and synthesis hardware, along with intelli gent software, can provide an interface well suited to the needs of online information retrieval systems.
The MSc in Information Management of the University of Sheffield taught in Portugal: an example of knowledge transfer in education
Authors: Ramalho Correia Ana Maria , Wilson T.D. 
Published: March 2007

This paper describes the background to the estab lishment of a collaborative, distance-learning Master's pro gramme in Portugal, involving the Centre for Technical Infor mation for Industry of the Laboratório Nacional de Engen haria e Tecnologia Industrial, and the Department of Intor mation Studies at the University of Sheffield. Previous collab oration on an intensive, six-month training programme for Information Intermediaries had led to an awareness of a market readiness for a more advanced course and. following a year of preliminary work, the MSC programme was imple mented with the aid of funds from PFDIP. In this paper, after a brief overview of the training in Information in Portugal. including a short reference to the Postgraduate Course for Information Intermediaries launched by ( ITI, the experience of setting up the Master's Programme in Information Management ot the University of Sheffield, at I NETI/CITI is outlined.
Data handling and text compression
Authors: Gillman Peter 
Published: March 2007

Data compression has a function in text storage and data handling, but not at the level of compressing data files The reason is that the decompression of such files adds a time delay to the retrieval process, and users can see this delay as a drawback of the system concerned Compression techniques can with benefit be applied to index files A more relevant data handling problem is that posed by the need, in most systems, to store two versions of imported text. The first is the "native" version, as it might have come from a word processor or text editor. The second is the ASCH version which is what is actually imported. Inverted file in dexes form yet another version. The problem arises out of the need for dynamic indexing and re-indexing of revisable docu ments in very large database applications such as are found in Office Automation systems Four mainstream text-management packages are used to show how this problem is handled. and how generic document architectures such as OCA/CDN and SOMI might help.