bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Photosynthetic property and primary production of phytoplankton in sublittoral sand bank area in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan
Authors: Genkai‐Kato Motomi , Onishi Miyuki , Doi Hideyuki , Nozaki Kentaro , Yoshino Kenji , Miyasaka Hitoshi , Omori Koji 
Published: February 2008

AbstractWe investigated the photosynthesis–light intensity (P–I) relationships of phytoplankton collected from a sublittoral sand bank in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan, under different temperature conditions. In spite of low chlorophyll a concentration (<3 mg m−3), phytoplankton had considerably high photosynthetic potential (>10 mg C (mg chl a)−1 h−1) in the study area. Based on the P–I relationships, we conducted numerical simulation of areal primary production using published data on water temperature, chlorophyll a concentration, and irradiance. The areal primary production ranged between 159 and 187 g C m−2 year−1. This production was within the range of typical values reported previously in deeper areas of the Seto Inland Sea. The productivity in the sand bank area was discussed in relation to water current, allochthonous resource input, and fisheries.
Preparation and Characterization of Mesoporous Zirconia Made by Using a Poly (methyl methacrylate) Template
Authors: Duan Guorong , Zhang Chunxiang , Li Aimei , Yang Xujie , Lu Lude , Wang Xin 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Superfine powders of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) have been prepared by means of an emulsion polymerization method. These have been used as templates in the synthesis of tetragonal phase mesoporous zirconia by the sol–gel method, using zirconium oxychloride and oxalic acid as raw materials. The products have been characterized by infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, transmission electron microscopy, N2adsorption-desorption isotherms, and pore size distribution. The results indicate that the average pore size was found to be 3.7 nm.
Fatty Acid Composition, Antioxidant Properties, and Antiproliferative Capacity of Selected Cold‐Pressed Seed Flours
Authors: Parry John W. , Cheng Zhihong , Moore Jeffrey , Yu Liangli Lucy 
Published: February 2008

AbstractCold‐pressed seed flours from pumpkin, parsley, mullein, cardamom, and milk thistle were examined for total oil, fatty acid profile of the oil, total phenolic content (TPC), scavenging activities against peroxyl (ORAC), hydroxyl (HOSC) and 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (RDSC) radicals, and antiproliferative capacity against HT‐29 human colon cancer cells. The cold‐pressed parsley seed flour contained a very high concentration of total oil—17.6 g/100 g flour—with primarily C18:1 fatty acid at 86.2 g/100 g fatty acids. All other flour oils had relatively high levels of saturated fats, ranging from 39.0 to 62.9 g/100 g fatty acids. The tested seed flours demonstrated significant TPC and free radical scavenging activities. Milk thistle seed flour had the highest TPC value of 25.2 mg gallic acid equivalent per g flour (GAE mg/g) followed by that of parsley seed flour at 8.1 GAE mg/g. Milk thistle seed‐flour extract also had significantly higher antioxidant activities than all other extracts against all tested radicals. The milk thistle seed‐flour extract had an ORAC value of 1131 μmol trolox equivalents (TE) per g flour (TE μmol/g), a HOSC value of 893 TE μmol/g, and an RDSC value of 61 TE μmol/g. Also, ORAC, HOSC, and TPC values were significantly correlated (P < 0.01) under the experimental conditions. The cold‐pressed milk thistle seed flour inhibited the proliferation of HT‐29 cancer cells in a dose‐dependent manner. Results from this study suggest that these cold‐pressed seed flours may serve as natural sources of antioxidants and may be used to improve human health.
Management of distal tibial medial malleolus type-6 physeal fractures
Authors: Peterson Hamlet A. , Jacobsen F. Stig 
Published: February 2008

Purpose Type 6 is an open fracture in which part of the physis is missing. It is the least common physeal fracture, but has the highest rate of complications, particularly the formation of a physeal bar. Without preemptive treatment, a physeal bar always forms, producing growth retardation and angular deformity, and excision of these physeal bars has been uniformly unsuccessful. The distal medial malleolus is a common site for the fracture. Methods Strategies for the treatment of two varieties of acute medial malleolar type-6 fractures and two types of late deformities following type-6 fracture are given. The acute fractures were treated with either fat or cartilage applied to the exposed physis. The late deformities were treated with corrective iliac bone grafting. Results The acute fractures were prevented from forming physeal bars and the two late deformities were fully corrected with good outcomes. Conclusion Fat applied to an acute type-6 physeal fracture has a good chance of preventing bar formation. Ankle deformities due to bars can be corrected by means of iliac bone grafting.
Poverty Dynamics and Social Exclusion: An Analysis of Norwegian Panel Data
Authors: DAHL ESPEN , FLØTTEN TONE , LORENTZEN THOMAS 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThis article aims to examine the relationship between poverty and social exclusion in a dynamic perspective. We look at two dimensions of social exclusion (lack of friendship relationships and lack of participation in civic organisations), and scrutinise two aspects of poverty: poverty duration (that is, ‘previously poor’, ‘recently poor’, ‘recurrent poor’ and ‘permanently poor) and poverty gradation (defined as 50, 60 and 70 per cent of median income). For income, panel data for four waves are used (1997–2000). For the social exclusion indicators, data are available only for one wave, the year 2000. We find that poor people are more likely to see friends regularly than non-poor, but this is primarily caused by some third factor such as work activity or ethnicity, and not by povertyper se. With respect to relationship to civic organisations, the poor are less likely to participate than the non-poor. This occurs regardless of where the poverty line is drawn and the duration of poverty. These results are discussed in light of current anti-poverty policies and recent theories and research on social exclusion and social capital.
Strategies for the Prevention of Social Exclusion: An Analysis of the Children's Fund
Authors: BARNES MARIAN , MORRIS KATE 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe Children's Fund involved the development of partnerships in every local authority in England to prevent the social exclusion of children and young people. This article draws from the national evaluation of this initiative to consider the strategies used to implement the Fund, and reflect on their capacity to address the multiple dimensions of exclusion experienced by marginalised groups of children and young people. It discusses the contested nature of the concept of social exclusion, but argues that this is a useful framework for understanding the processes by which children may become excluded and for assessing the capacity of strategies to address this. It concludes that the Children's Fund is likely to have limited long-term impact in this respect.
Men Taking Up Career Leave: An Opportunity for a Better Work and Family Life Balance?
Authors: VANDEWEYER JESSIE , GLORIEUX IGNACE 
Published: February 2008

AbstractIn 2004, 9 per cent of female employees took advantage of the system of ‘career break’ or ‘time credit’ in Flanders, compared to only 3 per cent of male workers. Although the number of men taking a career break is increasing, they remain a small group. In this article the time use of men interrupting their careers full-time or part-time is compared to that of full-time working men, using representative time use data from 2004. Analyses show that a career break does not imply a reduced workload. Half of the men interrupting their career full-time do so to try out another job. Men who take part-time leave are mainly motivated by their desire for a better work and family life balance. About 80 per cent of the time they gain by working on a part-time basis is allocated to household and childcare activities. This suggests that encouraging men to work fewer hours could well be the best policy for achieving gender equality.
Common and distinct cognitive bases for reading in English–Cantonese bilinguals
Authors: LUK GIGI , BIALYSTOK ELLEN 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACTThe study explores the relationship between phonological awareness and early reading for bilingual children learning to read in two languages that use different writing systems. Participants were 57 Cantonese–English bilingual 6-year-olds who were learning to read in both languages. The children completed cognitive measures, phonological awareness tasks, and word identification tests in both languages. Once cognitive abilities had been controlled, there was no correlation in word identification ability performance across languages, but the correspondence in phonological awareness measures remained strong. This pattern was confirmed by a principal components analysis and hierarchical regression that demonstrated a different role for each phonological awareness factor in reading performance in each language. The results indicate that phonological awareness depends on a set of cognitive abilities that is applied generally across languages and that early reading depends on a common set of cognitive abilities in conjunction with skills specific to different writing systems.
Predicting mortality with pneumonia severity scores: importance of model recalibration to local settings
Authors: SCHUETZ P. , KOLLER M. , CHRIST-CRAIN M. , STEYERBERG E. , STOLZ D. , MÜLLER C. , BUCHER H. C. , BINGISSER R. , TAMM M. , MÜLLER B. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYIn patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) prediction rules based on individual predicted mortalities are frequently used to support decision-making for in-patient vs. outpatient management. We studied the accuracy and the need for recalibration of three risk prediction scores in a tertiary-care University hospital emergency-department setting in Switzerland. We pooled data from patients with CAP enrolled in two randomized controlled trials. We compared expected mortality from the original pneumonia severity index (PSI), CURB65 and CRB65 scores against observed mortality (calibration) and recalibrated the scores by fitting the intercept α and the calibration slope β from our calibration model. Each of the original models underestimated the observed 30-day mortality of 11%, in 371 patients admitted to the emergency department with CAP (8·4%, 5·5% and 5·0% for the PSI, CURB65 and CRB65 scores, respectively). In particular, we observed a relevant mortality within the low risk classes of the original models (2·6%, 5·3%, and 3·7% for PSI classes I–III, CURB65 classes 0–1, and CRB65 class 0, respectively). Recalibration of the original risk models corrected the miscalibration. After recalibration, however, only PSI class I was sensitive enough to identify patients with a low risk (i.e. <1%) for mortality suitable for outpatient management. In our tertiary-care setting with mostly referred in-patients, CAP risk scores substantially underestimated observed mortalities misclassifying patients with relevant risks of death suitable for outpatient management. Prior to the implementation of CAP risk scores in the clinical setting, the need for recalibration and the accuracy of low-risk re-classification should be studied in order to adhere with discharge guidelines and guarantee patients' safety.
Analysis of near-surface ozone variations in Terra Nova Bay, Antarctica
Authors: Cristofanelli P. , Bonasoni P. , Calzolari F. , Bonafè U. , Lanconelli C. , Lupi A. , Trivellone G. , Vitale V. , Petkov B. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractOzone concentration measurements were made during December from 2001–2005 to quantify the contributions of different processes to near-surface ozone concentrations (O3) in Terra Nova Bay, Antarctica. The average O3 concentration was 20.3 ppbv. On days characterized by high solar radiation fluxes (HSR), significantly higher concentrations of O3 (21.3 ppbv) were recorded compared to days with low solar radiation fluxes (LSR days, 16.8 ppbv). High O3 concentrations could be related to strong winds from SW–NW. Three-dimensional back-trajectories show that air from the interior of the continent could affect O3 at Terra Nova Bay. Moreover, during HSR days, high O3 concentrations were also recorded in connection with weak circulation, suggesting that emissions from the Italian base (located 2 km north) could also represent a significant source of O3. To clarify the role of local pollution in Terra Nova Bay, O3 values were also calculated using the photochemical steady state (PSS) approximation under clear sky and cloudy conditions.
Microsound in public space: compositional methods to enhance site-specific sound
Authors: Anderson Sven 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThis article documents the resolution of a problem encountered during the design of a semi-permanent interactive sound and video installation currently being installed at a tram station located in Dublin, Ireland. This artwork generates video and multi-channel sound output in real time, responding to changes in traffic patterns on an adjacent street. While the visuals are composed from pre-recorded content, the sound environment explores the use of site-specific sound within public urban space by sampling and processing sounds that occur naturally in and around the station. Regulations involving the artwork's volume resulted in the sound output being reduced to a level at which it was too subtle to be noticed amidst the busy activity of the station. It was therefore necessary to strengthen the artwork's aural presence without interfering with the subtleties of the site-specific sound environment. A dynamic field of sine tones and rhythmic glitches was composed to augment the more subtle sounds of the installation. This juxtaposition of site-specific sound with compositional structures associated with the popular musical genre known as microsound proved to be effective, calling attention to the mediated sound environment even at low volume levels and balancing the artwork's presence with the other functions of the site.
statics: a C++ implementation of functional iteration synthesis
Authors: Lilly Stephen F. 
Published: February 2008

Abstractstatics is a non-standard sound synthesis program that uses functional iteration to both generate sound events and organise them temporally. This paper gives a brief history on the use of functional iteration in music composition and then describes how it is implemented in statics. Also discussed is the conception of program design as compositional process. Since statics was designed by a composer with musical goals in mind, the program is itself is a collection of compositional decisions. Furthermore, the unique timbres and structures created by statics are a direct result of these decisions. Accordingly, I discuss my compositional process in two stages: those choices that are embedded into the program (general decisions) and those choices that occurred post-design (specific decisions). Using as examples the three individual compositions created with statics (congruent, convergence and cyclian), I delineate the effects of both types of decision on the compositional process and then describe how these three compositions embody different characteristics of my implementation of functional iteration.
Choice and Voice – A Review
Authors: Greener Ian 
Published: February 2008

‘Choice’ and ‘voice’ are two of the most significant means through which the public are able to participate in public services. Choice agendas position public service users as consumers, driving improvements by choosing good providers over bad, which then thrive through greater allocations of funds as money follows their selections (Le Grand, 2007). Choice-driven reforms tend to be about trying to make public services more locally responsive (Ferlie, Freeman, McDonnell, Petsoulas and Rundle-Smith, 2006). Voice-driven reforms, on the other hand, tend to position public service users as citizens, suggesting an emphasis on accountability mechanisms to drive service improvements through elections, with the possible removal of low regarded officials, or a greater involvement of local people in the running of services (Jenkins, 2006). Voice implies that citizens hold the right to participate in public services either through the political process, or through their direct involvement in the running or delivery of the services themselves. Of course, it is also possible to combine choice and voice mechanisms to try and achieve greater service responsiveness and accountability. In this review, choice reforms will be treated as those which are based upon consumer literature, and voice reforms those based upon attempting to achieve greater citizenship.Citizenship and consumption are two areas with significant literatures in their own right, but whereas the citizenship literature is widely cited in the social policy literature, the consumption literature appears rather more selectively. This review examines each area in turn in terms of its application to social policy, and then presents a synthesis of commonalties in the two literatures, which represent particularly promising avenues for exploring the relationship between public services and their users.
Metabolic and Morphological Differences between Rapidly Proliferating Cancerous and Normal Breast Epithelial Cells
Authors: Meadows Adam L. , Kong Becky , Berdichevsky Marina , Roy Siddhartha , Rosiva Rosiva , Blanch Harvey W. , Clark Douglas S. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe metabolic and morphological characteristics of two human epithelial breast cell populations‐MCF7 cells, a cancerous cell line, and 48R human mammary epithelial cells (48R HMECs), a noncancerous, finite lifespan cell strain‐were compared at identical growth rates. Both cell types were induced to grow rapidly in nutrient‐rich media containing 13C‐labeled glucose, and the isotopic enrichment of cellular metabolites was quantified to calculate metabolic fluxes in key pathways. Despite their similar growth rates, the cells exhibited distinctly different metabolic and morphological profiles. MCF7 cells have an 80% smaller exposed surface area and contain 26% less protein per cell than the 48R cells. Surprisingly, rapidly proliferating 48R cells exhibited a 225% higher per‐cell glucose consumption rate, a 250% higher per‐cell lactate production rate, and a nearly identical per‐cell glutamine consumption rate relative to the cancer cell line. However, when fluxes were considered on the basis of exposed area, the cancer cells were observed to have higher glucose, lactate, and glutamine fluxes, demonstrating superior transport capabilities per unit area of cell membrane. MCF7 cells also consumed amino acids at rates much higher than are generally required for protein synthesis, whereas 48R cells generally did not. Pentose phosphate pathway activity was higher in MCF7 cells, and the flux of glutamine to glutamate was less reversible. Energy efficiency was significantly higher in MCF7 cells, as a result of a combination of their smaller size and greater reliance on the TCA cycle than the 48R cells. These observations support evolutionary models of cancer cell metabolism and suggest targets for metabolic drugs in metastatic breast cancers.
NASA Proposed Budget Would Boost Human Spaceflight and Earth Science
Authors: Kumar Mohi 
Published: February 2008

NASA's budget request for fiscal year (FY) 2009 keeps the agency on schedule to replace the space shuttle program, fulfills international obligations to maintain the International Space Station, and includes several new Earth and planetary science missions, officials announced on 4 February.The agency's total budget request is US$17.6 billion, 1.8% higher than the FY 2008 enacted amount. The Constellation project, NASA's new fleet of spacecraft designed for human spaceflight, will receive much of this proposed boost, increasing by 23% (about $576 million) from the FY 2008 enacted amount to roughly $3.05 billion. In contrast, programs involving education, aeronautics, and astrophysics would each be cut by more than 10% compared with what Congress enacted for FY 2008. However, some of the proposed decreases were due to cuts in overhead or run‐outs of congressional grants. In addition, at least four science missions' total costs are over budget by at least 15%, according to the FY 2009 funding proposal.
New phytoplankton species in the Bay of Fundy since 1995
Authors: Martin Jennifer L. , LeGresley Murielle M. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Martin, J. L., and LeGresley, M. M. 2008. New phytoplankton species in the Bay of Fundy since 1995. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 759–764. A monitoring programme was initiated in 1987 to study phytoplankton populations in the Western Isles region of the Bay of Fundy, southwest New Brunswick. Samples are collected weekly from May through October, and monthly during the remaining months, to determine phytoplankton distribution and abundance at Brandy Cove, Lime Kiln Bay, Deadmans Harbour, the Wolves Islands, and mid-Passamaquoddy Bay. Since the programme was initiated, several previously absent or non-indigenous species have been found, suggesting that new species may have been introduced to the area. In order to establish a baseline for species indigenous to Bay of Fundy waters, we have taken a conservative approach and termed species reported for the first time in the Bay of Fundy system since 1995 as “new” species. New species include the following: (dinoflagellates) Alexandrium pseudogonyaulax, Amphidinium carterae, A. sphenoides, Ceratium macroceros, Polykrikos schwartzii, Preperidinium meunieri, Protoperidinium crassipes, and Pyrocystis lunata; (diatoms) Attheya septentrionalis, Attheya longicornis, Chaetoceros radicans, Cylindrotheca gracilis, Grammatophora serpentina, Lithodesmium undulatum, Mediopyxis helysia, Membraneis challengeri, Neodenticula seminae, Odontella sinensis, Proboscia eumorpha, Pseudo-nitzschia subpacifica, Pseudo-nitzschia fraudulenta, and Thalassiosira punctigera.
Developmental plasticity of mating calls enables acoustic communication in diverse environments
Authors: Beckers Oliver M , Schul Johannes 
Published: February 2008

Male calls of the katydidNeoconocephalus triopsexhibit substantial developmental plasticity in two parameters: (i) calls of winter males are continuous and lack the verse structure of summer calls and (ii) at equal temperatures, summer males produce calls with a substantially higher pulse rate than winter males. We raised femaleN. triopsunder conditions that reliably induced either summer or winter phenotype and tested their preferences for the call parameters that differ between summer and winter males.Neither generation was selective for the presence of verses, but females had strong preferences for pulse rates: only a narrow range of pulse rates was attractive. The attractive ranges did not differ between summer and winter females. Both male pulse rate and female preference for pulse rate changed with ambient temperature, but female preference changed more than the male calls.As a result, the summer call was attractive only at 25°C, whereas the slower winter call was attractive only at 20°C. Thus, developmental plasticity of male calls compensates for differences in temperature dependency between calls and preferences and enables the communication system to function in heterogeneous environments. The potential role of call plasticity during the invasion of new habitats is discussed.