bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PRELIMINARY AND COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON THE CULTIVATIONS OF DUNALIELLA SALINA BETWEEN OUTDOORS AND IN THE PHOTOBIOREACTOR
Authors: JIANG JIAN‐GUO , ZHU YUE‐HUI 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACT Open pond cultivation of algae is greatly affected by environmental factors, such as temperature, light, native predator, etc., which makes the controllability of aquiculture very poor. In the present research, a novel small helix‐tube photobioreactor (PBR) with a volume of 1 L was designed according to the universal principles of PBR. The specific surface area of the reactor reached 62 m2/v, much more than 10 m2/v of the open pond cultivation conditions. A comparative study on the cultivation of algae between the PBR and outdoors was carried out. A species of marine microalga, Dunaliella salina, was used as a model organism in this study. At the end of the logarithmic phase after 12 days, the biomass of D. salina in the PBR was 290 mg/L, and the content ofβ‐carotene reached 28.38 mg/L, while the biomass and content ofβ‐carotene in outdoor cultivation were 250 and 22.87 mg/L, respectively. These results indicated that cultivation of algae in the PBR was more effective than that outdoors.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSDespite the success of open systems, future advances in microalgal mass culture will require closed systems as the algal species of interest do not grow in highly selective environments. Furthermore, many of the new algae and algal products must be grown free of potential contaminants such as heavy metals and microorganisms. A helpful research was conducted in the present study to make a spiral‐tube photobioreactor (PBR) for the cultivation of Dunaliella salina in order to increase the output of β‐carotene. The designed PBR is based on the universal principles for such bioreactors, and is intended to overcome problems with outdoor cultivation. The advantages of PBRs in the light utilization ratio are obvious, including enhanced growth performance and higher biomass quality through cultivation in closed PBRs. It is hoped that this design of closed PBRs will be commercialized in the near future.
QUANTIFICATION OF FLUX DECLINE AND DESIGN OF ULTRAFILTRATION SYSTEM FOR CLARIFICATION OF TENDER COCONUT WATER
Authors: JAYANTI V.K. , RAI P. , DASGUPTA S. , DE S. 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACT Clarification of tender coconut water was carried out in a continuous stirred ultrafiltration cell at transmembrane pressures of 276, 414, 552 and 690 kPa and at stirrer speeds of 800 (Reynolds number [Re] = 0.93 × 105), 1,000 (Re = 1.17 × 105), 1,400 (Re = 1.63 × 105) and 1,600 (Re = 1.87 × 105) rpm, for each pressure. Permeate flux decline was analyzed using a first‐order kinetic model for the development of the polarized layer resistance. Correlations were proposed for the steady‐state polarized layer resistance with the operating conditions, e.g., transmembrane pressure difference, Reynolds number and membrane resistance. Decrease in membrane permeability after subsequent experiments was also quantified. Average irreversible fouling resistance was estimated as 7.5 × 1012 m−1. Using the developed design equations of the stirred continuous ultrafiltration system, finally, the performance of such system in terms of productivity as function of operating conditions, membrane area and number of cleaning cycles was also evaluated.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe application of membrane technology is one of the emerging areas in the food industry. The major application includes fruit juice clarification and concentration. Because of the nonthermal nature of membrane separation, the juice can be clarified at room temperature and packed aseptically for longer shelf life without the loss of its initial quality parameters. The major problem during clarification is decline in permeate flux of fruit juice with time. Identification of the reasons for flux decline is essential for designing membrane modules to make the clarification process commercially viable. The quality of juice during storage is vital, so the determination of the variation of its physicochemical properties during storage is also important. The present study helps in designing membrane modules for the production of clarified tender coconut water.
IMPACT OF BLENDING OF FRYING OILS ON VISCOSITY AND HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES
Authors: DEBNATH SUKUMAR , VIDYARTHI SRIRAM KUMAR , SINGH R. PAUL 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACT In the present work, the effect of binary blending of five frying oils on kinematic viscosity (ν) and convective heat transfer coefficient (h) was studied at elevated temperatures (170, 180 and 190C). A Cannon Ubbelhode calibrated capillary viscometer (Cannon Instrument Company, State College, PA) in a custom‐designed and fabricated convective air bath heater and a highly conductive cylindrical metal transducer were used for generatingνand h data, respectively. The value ofνdecreased from 3.617 × 10‐6 to 2.062 × 10‐6 m2 s‐1, and h increased from 221.0 to 301.2 Wm‐2 C‐1 by increasing the aforementioned oil temperatures. A good correlation betweenν (R2 > 0.996) or h (R2 > 0.987) of these frying oils and their selected binary blends with the previously mentioned temperature range was observed. Significant difference (P < 0.05) was found between different levels of parameters when treatments were compared using Tukey's test.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSIn food engineering applications, the physical properties of foods play an important role in the analysis of process parameters and in the design and fabrication of processing equipment. Determination of kinematic viscosity and convective heat transfer coefficients of frying oils and their selected blends at elevated temperatures are useful from an industrial point of view. In the present work, the effect of blending different edible oils on the kinematic viscosity and convective heat transfer coefficients at elevated temperatures was studied. Because selected blended oils provided lower levels of viscosities and higher levels of heat transfer coefficients, these results may be an attractive proposition in improving the quality of fried products and cost‐effectiveness in the fried food industry.
Management of stream compensation for a large conjunctive use scheme, Shropshire, UK
Authors: Shepley Martin G. , Streetly Mike , Voyce Kevin , Bamford Fiona 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe Shropshire Groundwater Scheme (SGS) is the largest conjunctive use scheme in the United Kingdom. The SGS operates in drought periods, pumping water from the Permo‐Triassic Sandstone aquifer in Shropshire, England to regulate flows in the River Severn, alongside releases from conventional surface water reservoirs. This regulation protects the environment and increases the security of supply of major public water supply abstractions downstream. An important operational consideration is the impact SGS groundwater abstraction has on small streams that rise on the Shropshire Permo‐Triassic Sandstone. Compensation boreholes have been installed to maintain flows during and after the operation of the SGS. This paper shows how a groundwater model of the East Shropshire Permo‐Triassic Sandstone has been used to estimate the required level of compensation flows for recent climatic conditions to optimise the use of the SGS. The catchment wide conditions are included in this analysis by using the results of a large‐scale surface water model of the River Severn.
Consequentializing
Authors: Portmore Douglas W. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA growing trend of thought has it that any plausible nonconsequentialist theory can be consequentialized, which is to say that it can be given a consequentialist representation. In this essay, I explore both whether this claim is true and what its implications are. I also explain the procedure for consequentializing a nonconsequentialist theory and give an account of the motivation for doing so.
Divergent Approaches to Religion in Modern Islamic Discourses
Authors: Tayob Abdulkader 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThis article interrogates some key concepts and categories of religion in contemporary Muslim discourses. It identifies two contrasting approaches that set the framework for negotiating modern challenges for Muslims. The first approach is a critical reading of Islamic sources that emphasizes the personal dimension of belief and devotion. The second associates Islam with a comprehensive culture that brooks little compromise. Between these two, Muslim intellectuals across the wider spectrum employ religion to engage in debate with each other. Muslims in general employ the categories of religion to (re)shape Islam.
Performance of automated slidemakers and stainers in a working laboratory environment – routine operation and quality control
Authors: SIMSON E. , GASCON‐LEMA M. G. , BROWN D. L. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryThe automated slidemaker/stainers of the four Beckman Coulter LH755 hematology systems in our laboratory are operated as analyzers, with similar requirements for setup, maintenance and quality control. A study was performed to confirm that these slide maker/stainers in routine use produce peripheral blood films that are completely satisfactory for microscopy and without cells, particularly abnormal cells, being pulled to the edges or sides of the film outside the usual working area. One hundred and thirty‐nine automated blood films that had been produced during routine operation were compared with well‐prepared manual films from the same patients. None of the films was unacceptable for microscopy. The distributions of normal white cell types within the counting areas of automated films compared with manual films, for all 139 samples for WBC from 1.0 to 352.8 × 109/l; for blasts and promyelocytes in the 65 samples in which they occurred and for nucleated red blood cells in the 58 samples in which they occurred all fell within the expected limits of 200 cell differential counts of CLSI H20‐A. Red cell morphology and the occurrence of WBC clumps, platelet clumps and smudge cells were comparable between the automated and manual films of all samples. We conclude that automated slidemaker/stainers, as typified by those of the Beckman Coulter LH755 system, are capable of producing blood films comparable with well‐prepared manual films in routine laboratory use; and that the maintenance and quality control procedures used in our laboratory ensure consistent high quality performance from these systems.
Intimate Partner Violence during Pregnancy: What Does the Research Tell Us?
Authors: Bergen Raquel Kennedy , Logue Melissa A. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThis article represents an interdisciplinary review of the current literature on intimate partner violence during pregnancy. Within the field of research, questions have been raised about whether or not women are at heightened risk for experiencing violence during pregnancy. We examined studies in both Western and non‐Western contexts to examine this question and consider prevalence rates, causal factors, and the consequences for victims and their fetuses. We found that even with variations in methodology, the literature indicates that violence against women during pregnancy is a serious and complex problem. Women's experiences of violence vary greatly, and while pregnancy may serve as a protective period for some women, for others, pregnancy has been found to increase the violence or even lead to changes in types of violence. However, most studies emphasize physical violence, while frequently neglecting women's experiences of sexual violence. We call for researchers in a variety of fields to continue their critical work into this pressing issue, with particular attention to broadening the type of violence addressed and to expanding the focus to the post‐partum period, improving the racial/ethnic diversity of samples, increasing the number of longitudinal studies, and recognizing variations between developed and developing nations.
A Confluence of Interests in Immigration Enforcement: How Politicians, the Media, and Corporations Profit from Immigration Policies Destined to Fail
Authors: Golash‐Boza Tanya 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe concept of an immigration industrial complex draws from previous work on the prison industrial complex and the military industrial complex. All three of these complexes point to the ways that the interests of government bureaucracies, corporate elites, and politicians shape laws and policies. This article explains how the undocumented status of migrants provides advantages to at least three groups: (a) media pundits who make their careers railing against ‘illegal aliens’; (b) politicians who use undocumented migrants as scapegoats; and (c) contractors who profit from massive immigration enforcement expenditures. The disenfranchised status of undocumented migrants enhances the ability of each of these groups to benefit from their presence. This confluence of interests explains why Congress has not enacted viable immigration policies that effectively deal with the ‘problem’ of illegal immigration. This is the second in a two‐part series on the immigration industrial complex.
The Immigration Industrial Complex: Why We Enforce Immigration Policies Destined to Fail
Authors: Golash‐Boza Tanya 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThis article provides a genealogy of the idea of an immigration industrial complex. The immigration industrial complex is the confluence of public and private sector interests in the criminalization of undocumented migration, immigration law enforcement, and the promotion of ‘anti‐illegal’ rhetoric. This concept is based on ideas developed with regard to the prison and military industrial complexes. These three complexes share three major features: (a) a rhetoric of fear; (b) the convergence of powerful interests; and (c) a discourse of other‐ization. This article explores why Congress has not passed viable legislation to deal with undocumented migration, and instead has passed laws destined to fail, and has appropriated billions of dollars to the Department of Homeland Security to implement these laws. This has been exacerbated in the context of the War on Terror, now that national security has been conflated with immigration law enforcement. This is the first in a two‐part series on the immigration industrial complex.
Community assemblage patterns of odonates inhabiting a wetland complex influenced by anthropogenic disturbance
Authors: REECE BRYAN A. , MCINTYRE NANCY E. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract.

Many wetland complexes around the world are highly influenced by human activity (chiefly land conversion for agriculture). Measuring the impact of such activity hinges not only upon using appropriate wetland indicator taxa but also upon metrics that are sensitive enough to capture subtle effects.
Over a 5‐year period, we quantified the distribution and community structure of odonates (dragonflies and damselflies) occupying a wetland complex in Texas. When using traditional community metrics, there were no significant differences in diversity or evenness in the odonate assemblages in wetlands surrounded by the two dominant regional forms of land use (tilled cropland and grassland). Similarity analyses likewise failed to detect any significant differences in odonate community composition with land use.
Discriminant function analysis, however, revealed that species co‐occurrences could be distinguished on the basis of surrounding land use, which indicates that odonate assemblages in these wetlands are structured in a manner that typical community metrics fail to adequately describe.
Differences between the approaches are discussed, particularly with regard to the use of presence–absence data.
Isolation and characterization of 22 polymorphic microsatellite loci for the Barrow's goldeneye (Bucephala islandica)
Authors: JAARI SONJA , JAATINEN KIM , MERILÄ JUHA 
Published: February 2009

AbstractWe describe primers and polymerase chain reaction conditions to amplify 22 microsatellite loci from the Barrow's goldeneye (Bucephala islandica). The primers were tested on 27 individuals from a population breeding in British Columbia, Canada. The developed primer pairs yielded an average of 6.11 alleles per locus (range 2–12), an average observed heterozygosity of 0.70 (range 0.07–0.96) and a polymorphic information content of 0.07–0.88.
Terrestrial carbon‐cycle feedback to climate warming: experimental evidence on plant regulation and impacts of biofuel feedstock harvest
Authors: LUO YIQI , SHERRY REBECCA , ZHOU XUHUI , WAN SHIQIANG 
Published: February 2009

AbstractFeedback between global carbon (C) cycles and climate change is one of the major uncertainties in projecting future global warming. Coupled carbon–climate models all demonstrated a positive feedback between terrestrial C cycle and climate warming. The positive feedback results from decreased net primary production (NPP) in most models and increased respiratory C release by all the models under climate warming. Those modeling results present interesting hypotheses of future states of ecosystems and climate, which are yet to be tested against experimental results. In this study, we examined ecosystem C balance and its major components in a warming and clipping experiment in a North America tallgrass prairie. Infrared heaters have been used to elevate soil temperature by approximately 2 °C continuously since November 1999. Clipping once a year was to mimic hay or biofuel feedstock harvest. On average of data over 6 years from 2000 to 2005, estimated NPP under warming increased by 14% without clipping (P<0.05) and 26% with clipping (P<0.05) in comparison with that under control. Warming did not result in instantaneous increases in soil respiration in 1999 and 2000 but significantly increased it by approximately 8% without clipping (P<0.05) from 2001 to 2005. Soil respiration under warming increased by 15% with clipping (P<0.05) from 2000 to 2005. Warming‐stimulated plant biomass production, due to enhanced C4 dominance, extended growing seasons, and increased nitrogen uptake and use efficiency, offset increased soil respiration, leading to no change in soil C storage at our site. However, biofuel feedstock harvest by biomass removal resulted in significant soil C loss in the clipping and control plots but was carbon negative in the clipping and warming plots largely because of positive interactions of warming and clipping in stimulating root growth. Our results demonstrate that plant production processes play a critical role in regulation of ecosystem carbon‐cycle feedback to climate change in both the current ambient and future warmed world.
Oral Live Vaccine Strain-Induced Protective Immunity against PulmonaryFrancisella tularensisChallenge Is Mediated by CD4+T Cells and Antibodies, Including Immunoglobulin A
Authors: Ray Heather J. , Cong Yu , Murthy Ashlesh K. , Selby Dale M. , Klose Karl E. , Barker Jeffrey R. , Guentzel M. Neal , Arulanandam Bernard P. 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTFrancisella tularensisis an intracellular gram-negative bacterium and the etiological agent of pulmonary tularemia. Given the high degrees of infectivity in the host and of dissemination of bacteria following respiratory infection, immunization strategies that target mucosal surfaces are critical for the development of effective vaccines against this organism. In this study, we have characterized the efficacy of protective immunity against pneumonic tularemia following oral vaccination withF. tularensisLVS (live vaccine strain). Mice vaccinated orally with LVS displayed colocalization of LVS with intestinal M cells, with subsequent enhanced production of splenic antigen-specific gamma interferon and of systemic and mucosal antibodies, including immunoglobulin A (IgA). LVS-vaccinated BALB/c mice were highly protected against intranasal (i.n.) SCHU S4 challenge and exhibited significantly less bacterial replication in the lungs, liver, and spleen than mock-immunized animals. Depletion of CD4+T cells significantly abrogated the protective immunity, and mice deficient in B cells or IgA displayed partial protection against SCHU S4 challenge. These results suggest that oral vaccination with LVS induces protective immunity against i.n. challenge withF. tularensisSCHU S4 by a process mediated cooperatively by CD4+T cells and antibodies, including IgA.
Ertapenem Resistance among Extended-Spectrum-β-Lactamase-Producing
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Isolates
Authors: Leavitt Azita , Chmelnitsky Inna , Colodner Raul , Ofek Itzhak , Carmeli Yehuda , Navon-Venezia Shiri 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACT

Ertapenem resistance in
Klebsiella pneumoniae
is rare. We report on an ertapenem-nonsusceptible phenotype among 25 out of 663 (3.77%) extended-spectrum-β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing
K. pneumoniae
isolates in a multicenter Israeli study. These isolates originated from six different hospitals and were multiclonal, belonging to 12 different genetic clones. Repeat testing using Etest and agar dilution confirmed ertapenem nonsusceptibility in only 15/663 (2.3%) of the isolates. The molecular mechanisms of ertapenem resistance in seven single-clone resistant isolates was due to the presence of ESBL genes (CTX-M-2 in four isolates, CTX-M-10 and OXA-4 in one isolate, SHV-12 in one isolate, and SHV-28 in one isolate) combined with the absence of OMPK36. Seven of 10 isolates initially reported as ertapenem nonsusceptible and subsequently classified as susceptible showed an inoculum effect with ertapenem but not with imipenem or meropenem. Population analysis detected the presence of an ertapenem-resistant subpopulation at a frequency of 10
−6
. These rare resistant subpopulations carried multiple ESBL genes, including TEM-30, SHV-44, CTX-M-2, and CTX-M-10, and they lacked OMPK36. The clinical and diagnostic significance of the results should be further studied.
Evaluation of Phenotypic Tests for Detection of Metallo-β-Lactamase-Producing
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Strains in China
Authors: Qu Ting-ting , Zhang Jun-li , Wang Jie , Tao Jing , Yu Yun-song , Chen Ya-gang , Zhou Jian-ying , Li Lan-juan 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACT

A total of 264 nonduplicate strains of imipenem (IPM)-nonsusceptible
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
were isolated from hospitals in 16 different regions throughout China. These 264 IPM-nonsusceptible clinical isolates of
P. aeruginosa
were examined by PCR, a metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) Etest, a double-disk synergy test (DDST), and a test using combined IPM disks supplemented with various amounts of EDTA. A total of 24 strains positive for MBLs were confirmed by PCR and DNA sequence analysis: 10 strains positive for the
bla
VIM-2
gene, 13 strains positive for the
bla
IMP-9
gene, and 1 strain positive for the
bla
IMP-1
gene. Real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) was used to verify whether the isolates harboring MBL genes produced the enzyme and was considered the standard for evaluation of the methodology in this study. Of these 24 MBL-positive stains, 21 were confirmed as MBL-producing strains by real time RT-PCR for MBL expression and the other 3 had no expression of MBLs. The sensitivities, specificities, and positive and negative predictive values for the MBL Etest, the DDST, and the combined disk (CD) assay were evaluated. The best method for screening for MBL production in
P. aeruginosa
strains from China was the CD assay (IMP-EDTA) using 750 μg of EDTA/disk with a breakpoint of ≥6 mm. In the CD assay (IPM-EDTA) with 290 μg and 750 μg EDTA, the zone diameter increases for VIM-2-producing
P. aeruginosa
isolates were greater than those for IMP-9-producing
P. aeruginosa
isolates (
P
= 0.00).