bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Nanoporous Gold Structures via Dealloying of Electroplated Au-Ni Alloy Films
Authors: Rouya Eric , Reed Michael L. , Kelly Robert G. , Bart-Smith Hilary , Begley Matthew , Zangari Giovanni 
Published: September 2007

We studied the synthesis of nanoporous gold (NPG) films using electrodeposited Au-Ni as a precursor for dealloying. Potentiostatic dealloying of amorphous Au-Ni (Ni 65, 77, and 85at%) films at 0.7VSCE in 10mM H2SO4, resulted in the formation of nanoporous structures with average pore diameter increasing with Ni content from 69 to 107 nm. Alloy films with high Ni content are more susceptible to surface cracking due to large internal stresses. Potentiostatic dealloying of amorphous Au-Ni 73at% at 1.0V, 1.3V, and 1.5VSCE in 10mM H2SO4 yielded NPG structures with an average pore size which decreased with increasing applied voltage, from 57nm to 36nm.	At higher anodic potentials, surface cracks become more apparent. Finally, the NPG structure could be tuned also by potentiostatic dealloying of partially crystallized Au-Ni 73at% at 0.7VSCE in 10mM H2SO4. The average pore size measured about 9nm, much smaller than those observed in dealloyed amorphous Au-Ni films.
Nafion/Prussian Yellow/ITO Multilayer Electrodes
Authors: Vicente Francisco , Sanmatías Ana , Giménez-Romero David , Gregori Juan , García José Juan 
Published: September 2007

The reversible electrochemical oxidation of Prussian Blue to Prussian Yellow films is analysed from CV and EIS experiments. The electrochemical quartz microbalance gives also relevant information on the participation of ions in this process. Due to the cation selectivity of Nafion®, this ionomeric material has been deposited on PB films with the aim of elucidate the role of the anions and cations in the PB PY process. However, their respective participation depends on the crystalline degree and on the more or less	soluble character of the Prussian Blue deposit. Crystalline and	soluble evolves to whit the participation of the potassium as is showed from thermodynamic and instantaneous F(dm/dQ) measurements, whichever the anion participation is put in evidence if the Prussian film not reaches this structure.
Wetting Phenomenon in Nanoporous Gold Films
Authors: Seker Erkin , Tauer Tania , Zhu Jianzhong , Begley Matthew , Bart-Smith Hilary , Zangari Giovanni , Kelly Robert G. , Utz Marcel , Reed Michael L. 
Published: September 2007

We have fabricated nanoporous gold (np-Au) films on silicon wafers by dealloying films formed by simultaneous sputter deposition of gold and silver.	We report an interesting wetting phenomenon observed after placing a droplet of liquid on the np-Au film surface. As a droplet was dispensed onto the surface, wetting equilibrium was quickly reached and a	wetting halo appeared with its perimeter equidistant from the perimeter of the droplet. Non-porous gold control samples did not display such behavior.	This phenomenon was systematically studied by dispensing liquid droplets with different surface tensions and then measuring the width of the wetting halo. It was observed that halo width increased with surface tension. Experiments were extended to observe the effects of film thickness and porosity on the halo width. The width increased as film thickness increased. The relationship between the width and porosity was inconclusive due to large data scatter.
Investigating Porosity and Stress Evolution in Nanoporous Gold Films by Timed Thermal Treatment
Authors: Seker Erkin , Begley Matthew , Bart-Smith Hilary , Zangari Giovanni , Kelly Robert G. , Reed Michael L. 
Published: September 2007

The stress evolution in nanoporous gold (np-Au) films and the influence of annealing temperature and duration was studied. Pore morphology was controlled by simply annealing the np-Au films.	To study the relationship between porosity and stress evolution, np-Au films were fabricated on silicon wafers and the porosity was varied by thermal annealing at temperatures 200, 300, and 400{degree sign}C with durations of 2.5, 10, and 20 minutes. Analysis of porosity (via digital image processing of scanning electron microscope images) revealed that the average pore radii of samples increased non-monotonically with the annealing temperature and reached a steady-state value with time. Wafer curvature tests showed that the tensile residual stress in films increased with temperature, and leveled off with time (except for 400{degree sign}C, where it increased). While thicknesses of the np-Au films remained relatively unchanged for 200 and 300{degree sign}C cases, it decreased for 400{degree sign}C.
Electrolytes for Low Temperature Operations of Li-Ion Batteries
Authors: Jow R. , Zhang Sheng S. , Xu Kang , Allen Jan 
Published: September 2007

The factors that limit the low temperature performance of Li- ion batteries were examined using an impedance analysis technique. The charge transfer resistance, Rct, obtained by this technique was increased with decreasing temperature following an Arrhenius relationship and it was the predominant resistance at low temperatures. The limiting step in the charge transfer process was discussed by comparing the activation energy of the charge transfer process and the activation energy obtained at a model interface designed by Abe et al. We also explored some electrolyte systems containing ester/carbonate solvent mixtures and/or LiBF4 salt. Lower Rct and activation energy were obtained for MCMB electrode in these electrolytes.	Improved low temperature cell performance was also obtained for cells using these electrolytes.
Effect of Catalyst on the Performance of Rechargeable Lithium/Air Batteries.
Authors: Debart Aurelie , Bao Jianli , Armstrong Graham , Bruce Peter G. 
Published: September 2007

Rechargeable lithium batteries are now a major technology, driven by their superior energy density compared with alternative rechargeable batteries. There is much interest in increasing further the energy density.	This is limited by the positive electrode, LiCoO2, which can cycle only around 0.5 Li per formula unit. Intensive research world-wide on new intercalation cathodes will increase the amount of Li that may be stored, but only by a factor of 2. Replacing the intercalation cathode with an O2 electrode could raise the capacity 5-10-fold. Here we explore the influence of the catalyst could have on the performance of a non-aqueous O2 electrode on a Li/O2 cell. Of the catalysts studied, the highest capacity retentions were observed with Fe3O4, CuO and CoFe2O4 (6.67% per cycle). Co3O4 gives the best compromise between initial capacity (2000mAhg-1) and capacity retention (6.5% per cycle), as well as the lowest charging voltage 4V.
Cathode Structure/Property Relationships: Electrochemistry and Mechanics
Authors: Babinec Susan J. , Tang Houxiang , Meyers Greg , Stajdl Jeremy 
Published: September 2007

The electrochemical responses of battery electroactive materials are evaluated with formulations which yield porous electrodes. In this study we detail the effects of the choice of binder, homopolymer PVDF and its copolymers, and its loading level on the electrochemical performance of LiCoO2 cathodes, coupling the analysis to electrode porosity. Electrode mechanical properties are also examined and correlated with the electrochemical responses.	We establish a fundamental trade-off between mechanical durability and electrochemical performance based in the need for complex porous microstructures to provide Li+ transport.
Liquid Cooling System for Advanced Microelectronics
Authors: Datta Madhav , Lin Eric , Choi Hae-Won. , McMaster Mark , Brewer Rick , Werner Doug , Hom James , Upadhya Girish , Gopalakrishnan Sudhakar , Rebarber Fred 
Published: September 2007

Heat removal from advanced microelectronic devices is becoming a major packaging challenge. Thermal management solutions such as microchannel liquid cooling are now becoming commercially available. The use of a liquid cooling system is attractive because of higher heat transfer coefficients or lower thermal resistance as compared to traditional heat pipe or heat sink solutions. In this paper we present a description of the key features of Cooligy's closed loop Liquid Cooling System (LCS).	Two key components of the LCS, namely a microheat exchanger and an electrokinetic pump are discussed in detail. Published literature on advanced thermal interface materials and nanofluids are briefly reviewed. Wherever applicable, the importance and impact of electrochemical processing and materials aspects are highlighted.
An Electrochemical Cell with Capacitance-Enhanced Double Layer
Authors: Ngu Yves , Peckerar Martin , Kbheis Michael , Lowy Daniel , Goldsman Neil , Metze George , Tender Leonard 
Published: September 2007

Initial studies on the fabrication of a new double-layer capacitor based on hydrated ruthenium oxide (RuO2.xH2O) are presented. The electrochemical capacitor cell is based on three designs approaches: active surface enhancement via corrugations, the use of an ultra-thin	self assembled	dielectric implemented with hydrated Ruthenium oxide and activated carbon powders in combination with sulfuric acid and the fusion of both processes. We address the key components of the electrochemical cell (i) packaging,; (ii) the methodology of incorporating sulfuric acid and the various powders, and (iii) the deposition technique for the powder.	The powder composition was varied to establish its effect on the overall capacitance. Mixing RuO2.xH2O and AC yielded devices with the greatest capacitance value, whereas devices containing only one of the two components had capacitance values lower by a factor of 10-50. The devices have capacitance values as large as 50 mF/cm2 per plate pair.
Study on the Influence of Chloride Concentration on Copper Electrodeposition
Authors: Montes de Oca Yemha María G. , Mostany Jorge L. , Ramírez-Silva María Teresa , Romero-Romo Mario , Scharifker Benjamin R. , Palomar-Pardavé Manuel 
Published: September 2007

Copper electrodeposition follows several paths depending on the system chemical variables to be controlled, such as pH and pCl that intervene directly in the thermodynamic study of the system. Thus in order to characterize the process it will also be required to	gather kinetic information of the chosen system. Therefore, based on thermodynamic grounds, a system is construed to enable proper election of the electrochemical reaction paths to attain metal deposition, whether the process may start from one thermodynamic species or other, like Cu(II) or Cu(I).
Molecular Basis of Downregulation of G-Protein–Coupled Inward Rectifying K+Current (IK,ACh) in Chronic Human Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Dobrev D. , Graf E. , Wettwer E. , Himmel H.M. , Hála O. , Doerfel C. , Christ T. , Schüler S. , Ravens U. 
Published: September 2007

BackgroundClinical and experimental evidence suggest that the parasympathetic nervous system is involved in the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation (AF). However, it is unclear whether changes in G-protein-coupled inward rectifying K+current (IK,ACh) contribute to chronic AF.Methods and ResultsIn the present study, we used electrophysiological recordings and competitive reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction to study changes inIK,AChand the level of theIK,AChGIRK4 subunit in isolated human atrial myocytes and the atrial tissue of 39 patients with sinus rhythm and 24 patients with chronic AF. The density ofIK,AChwas ≈50% smaller in myocytes from patients with AF compared with those in sinus rhythm, and this was accompanied by decreased levels of GIRK4 mRNA. The current density of the inward rectifying K+current (IK1) was 2-fold larger during AF than in sinus rhythm, in correspondence with an increase in Kir2.1 mRNA. The largerIK1in AF is consistent with more negative membrane potentials in right atrial trabeculae from AF patients. Moreover, action potential duration was reduced in AF, and the action potential shortening produced by muscarinic receptor stimulation was attenuated, indicating that the changes ofIK1andIK,AChwere functionally relevant.ConclusionsChronic human AF induces transcriptionally mediated upregulation ofIK1but downregulation ofIK,AChand attenuates the muscarinic receptor–mediated shortening of atrial action potentials. This suggests that atrial myocytes adapt to a chronically high rate by downregulatingIK,AChto counteract the shortening of the atrial effective refractory period due to electrical remodeling.
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation Combined With Task-Related Training Improves Lower Limb Functions in Subjects With Chronic Stroke
Authors: Ng Shamay S.M. , Hui-Chan Christina W.Y. 
Published: September 2007

Background and Purpose—Previous studies have shown that repeated sensory inputs could enhance brain plasticity and cortical motor output. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether combining electrically induced sensory inputs through transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) with task-related training (TRT) in a home-based program would augment voluntary motor output in chronic stroke survivors better than either treatment alone or no treatment.Methods—Eighty-eight patients with stroke were assigned randomly to receive a home-based program of (1) TENS, (2) TENS+TRT, (3) placebo TENS+TRT, or (4) no treatment (control) 5 days a week for 4 weeks. Outcome measurements included Composite Spasticity Scale, peak torques generated during maximum isometric voluntary contraction of ankle dorsiflexors and plantarflexors, and gait velocity recorded at baseline, after 2 and 4 weeks of treatment, and 4 weeks after treatment ended.Results—When compared with TENS, the combined TENS+TRT group showed significantly greater improvement in ankle dorsiflexion torque at follow-up and in ankle plantarflexion torque at week 2 and follow-up (P<0.01). When compared with placebo+TRT, the TENS+TRT group produced earlier and greater reduction of plantarflexor spasticity and improvement in ankle dorsiflexion torque at week 2 (P<0.01). When compared with all 3 groups, the TENS+TRT group showed significantly greater improvement in gait velocity (P<0.01).Conclusions—In patients with chronic stroke, 20 sessions of a combined TENS+TRT home-based program decreased plantarflexor spasticity, improved dorsiflexor and plantarflexor strength, and increased gait velocity significantly more than TENS alone, placebo+TRT, or no treatment. Such improvements can even be maintained 4 weeks after treatment ended.
The Variational Assimilation Method for the Retrieval of Humidity Profiles with the Wind-Profiling Radar
Authors: Furumoto Jun-ichi , Imura Shingo , Tsuda Toshitaka , Seko Hiromu , Tsuyuki Tadashi , Saito Kazuo 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Recently, a humidity estimation technique was developed by using the turbulence echo characteristics detected with a wind-profiling radar. This study is concerned with improvement of the retrieval algorithm for delineating a humidity profile from the refractive index gradient (M) inferred from the echo power. To achieve a more precise estimate of humidity, a one-dimensional variational method is adopted. Because the radar data provide only the absolute value of M, its sign must be determined in the retrieval. A statistical probability for the sign of M [Pr(z)] is introduced to the cost function of the variational method to determine the optimum result with reduced calculation cost. GPS-derived integrated water vapor (IWV) was assimilated together with the radar-derived |M| for constraining the signs of |M| to agree with the radar-derived IWV and the GPS-derived IWV. Humidity profiles were retrieved from the Middle and Upper Atmosphere (MU) radar–Radio Acoustic Sounding System (RASS) data for July–August 1999 using the first guess calculated from the time interpolation of radiosonde results. The |M| profiles from the MU radar–RASS were assimilated at 21 height layers between 1.5 and 7.5 km. A genetic algorithm is employed to find the global optimum. The humidity profiles are retrieved with the same vertical resolution as that of the observation values. The precision of the retrieval result using the new method is superior to that of the conventional method. The difference between the analysis and simultaneous radiosonde results was related to a large error in the first guess. The sensitivity of the analysis result to the shape of the Pr(z) profile was investigated, and the result appears to be insensitive to the profile of Pr(z). The improvement over the conventional method is especially evident for the case of a large error in the first guess.
General Matrix Inversion Technique for the Calibration of Electric Field Sensor Arrays on Aircraft Platforms
Authors: Mach D. M. , Koshak W. J. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
A matrix calibration procedure has been developed that uniquely relates the electric fields measured at the aircraft with the external vector electric field and net aircraft charge. The calibration method can be generalized to any reasonable combination of electric field measurements and aircraft. A calibration matrix is determined for each aircraft that represents the individual instrument responses to the external electric field. The aircraft geometry and configuration of field mills (FMs) uniquely define the matrix. The matrix can then be inverted to determine the external electric field and net aircraft charge from the FM outputs. A distinct advantage of the method is that if one or more FMs need to be eliminated or deemphasized (e.g., due to a malfunction), it is a simple matter to reinvert the matrix without the malfunctioning FMs. To demonstrate the calibration technique, data are presented from several aircraft programs (ER-2, DC-8, Altus, and Citation).
Fluorapatite-monazite relationships in granulite-facies metapelites, Schwarzwald, southwest Germany
Authors: Harlov D. E. , Marschall H. R. , Hanel M. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractFluorapatite grains with monazite inclusions and/or rim grains are described in two of four samples from a set of granulite-facies metapelites collected from the Variscan Schwarzwald, southern Germany. Fluorapatite in all four samples appears to have experienced some dissolution in the partial granitic melt formed during granulite-facies metamorphism. Monazite inclusions and rim grains are highly deficient in Th and are presumed to have formed from fluorapatite in association with partial melting during granulite-facies metamorphism. Monazite inclusions range from very small (<1 μm) and very numerous to small (1–2 μm), sometimes elongated, and less numerous; both types are evenly distributed throughout the fluorapatite grain interior. Monazite rim grains tend to be 1–10 μm. The formation of monazite inclusions is proposed to be due to dissolution-reprecipitation of the fluorapatite by the aqueous fluids inherent in the granitic melt. We propose that an increase in inclusion size coupled with a decrease in inclusion number is due to Ostwald ripening (interfacial energy reduction), which is greatly facilitated by the presence of an interconnected, fluid-filled porosity in the metasomatized fluorapatite. We further propose that monazite rim grains formed principally during partial dissolution of the fluorapatite in the granitic melt and to a lesser extent by partial dissolutionreprecipitation of the fluorapatite grain rim area allowing for the partial removal of (Y+REE). We conclude that fluorapatite, with monazite inclusions and rim grains, experienced partial dissolution in a H2O-rich peraluminous granitic melt compared to fluorapatite with monazite rim grains and no inclusions which reacted with a similar, relatively less H2O-rich melt. In contrast, monazite-free fluorapatite experienced partial dissolution in a comparatively H2O-poor, subaluminous, possibly peralkaline melt.
Roles of general adult psychiatrists in follow-up clinics
Authors: Mehta Sunil , Salvaji Abhijeetha , Abed Riadh 
Published: September 2007

Aims and MethodCore features of New Ways of Working include concentrating on service users with complex needs, acting in a consultative role and carrying out interventions that are timely rather than routine. In this service-mapping exercise a retrospective analysis of 150 case notes was performed to evaluate clinical activity in general adult out-patient clinics and to attempt to measure the complexity of the workload.ResultsAnalysis of care programme approach (CPA) level revealed that 40% of patients were not on CPA and 16% of patients were on enhanced CPA. Only a third of the sample had a non-medical care coordinator. Absolutely no changes were made to the management plan in around half of the sample. A minority of patients needed to be seen acutely, within a month, or had their appointment brought forward.Clinical ImplicationsCurrent out-patient activity of consultant teams does not appear to be consistent with New Ways of Working. Psychiatrists will be required to reflect on their roles in out-patient clinics to avoid ‘routine’ appointments and to use their time more efficiently.
Violence against psychiatrists by patients: survey in a London mental health trust
Authors: Dhumad Saleh , Wijeratne Anusha , Treasaden Ian 
Published: September 2007

Aims and MethodA survey was undertaken to investigate assaults of psychiatrists by patients in a 12-month period. Surveys were sent to 199 psychiatrists representing all sub-specialties and grades in a London mental health trust.ResultsThere were 129 returned responses (response rate 64.8%). In the 12-month study period, 12.4% of all psychiatrists and 32.4% of senior house officers were assaulted. None received or took up offers of formal, as opposed to informal, psychological support. Most assaults occurred on a psychiatric ward. Vulnerability to assaults was not influenced by courses on prevention and management of violence or by the attitudes of psychiatrists to violence by psychiatric patients.Clinical ImplicationsSenior house officers are most vulnerable to assaults. Greater attention may need to be given to psychiatric wards where most assaults occurred. Trusts should ensure that those assaulted are identified and offered support.
Before and after: introduction of the Mental Health (Care and Treatment) (Scotland) Act 2003
Authors: Smith Helen , White Tom 
Published: September 2007

Aims and MethodThe aim of the study was to assess the impact of the introduction of new mental health legislation in October 2005 on general adult psychiatry admissions. Patients were included in the study if they were admitted to Murray Royal Hospital, Perth from December 2004 to July 2005 and December 2005 to July 2006.ResultsFewer patients were detained but they were more likely to progress to longer-term detentions. Overall detained patients remained in hospital for shorter periods.Clinical ImplicationsThe change in de novo detention procedures reduced the number of de novo detentions. The new power to enforce medication in the community may have contributed to the reduced length of detention in hospital.