bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Body Mass Index Gain, Fast Food, and Physical Activity: Effects of Shared Environments over Time
Authors: Nelson Melissa C. , Gordon‐Larsen Penny , North Kari E. , Adair Linda S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: The magnitude of environmental vs. genetic effects on BMI, diet, and physical activity (PA) is widely debated. We followed a sibling cohort (where individuals shared households in childhood and adolescence) to young adulthood (when some continued sharing households and others lived apart) to examine the role of discordant environments in adult twins’ divergent trends in BMI and health behaviors and to quantify the variation in BMI and behavior among all siblings that is attributable to environmental and additive genetic effects.Research Methods and Procedures: In the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, siblings sharing households for ≥10 years as adolescents (mean age = 16.5 ± 1.7 years; N = 5524) were followed into adulthood (mean = 22.4 ± 1.8 years; N = 4368), self‐reporting PA, sedentary behavior, and dietary characteristics. Adult BMI and adolescent z scores were derived from measured height and weight.Results: Compared with those living together, twins living apart exhibited greater discordance in change in BMI, PA, and fast food intake from adolescence to adulthood. Adolescent household environments accounted for 8% to 10% of variation in adolescent fast food intake and sedentary behaviors and 50% of variation in adolescent overweight. Adolescent household effects on PA were substantially greater in young adulthood (accounting for 50% of variation) vs. adolescence. Young adult fast food intake was significantly affected by young adult household environment, accounting for 12% of variation.Discussion: These findings highlight important environmental influences on BMI, PA, and fast food intake during the transition to adulthood. Household and physical environments play an important role in establishing long‐term behavior patterns.
The Look AHEAD Study: A Description of the Lifestyle Intervention and the Evidence Supporting It
Authors:   The Look AHEAD Research Group
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe Look AHEAD (Action for Health in Diabetes) study is a multicenter, randomized controlled trial designed to determine whether intentional weight loss reduces cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in overweight individuals with type 2 diabetes. The study began in 2001 and is scheduled to conclude in 2012. A total of 5145 participants have been randomly assigned to a lifestyle intervention or to an enhanced usual care condition (i.e., diabetes support and education). This article describes the lifestyle intervention and the empirical evidence to support it. The two principal intervention goals are to induce a mean loss ≥ 7% of initial weight and to increase participants’ moderately intense physical activity to ≥175 min/wk. For the first 6 months, participants attend one individual and three group sessions per month and are encouraged to replace two meals and one snack a day with liquid shakes and meal bars. From months 7 to 12, they attend one individual and two group meetings per month and continue to replace one meal per day (which is recommended for the study's duration). Starting at month 7, more intensive behavioral interventions and weight loss medication are available from a toolbox, designed to help participants with limited weight loss. In Years 2 to 4, treatment is provided mainly on an individual basis and includes at least one on‐site visit per month and a second contact by telephone, mail, or e‐mail. After Year 4, participants are offered monthly individual visits. The intervention is delivered by a multidisciplinary team that includes medical staff who monitor participants at risk of hypoglycemic episodes.
Fasting Ghrelin Does Not Predict Food Intake after Short‐term Energy Restriction
Authors: Blom Wendy A. M. , Mars Monica , Hendriks Henk F. J. , de Groot Lisette C.P.G.M. , Stafleu Annette , Kok Frans J. , de Graaf Cees 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To study the role of ghrelin as a hunger signal during energy restriction and to test the hypothesis that changes in fasting leptin concentrations during energy restriction are associated with changes in fasting ghrelin concentrations.Research Methods and Procedures: Thirty‐five healthy, lean men (23 ± 3 years of age; BMI: 22.3 ± 1.6 kg/m2) participated in a controlled intervention study. Fasting ghrelin and leptin concentrations were measured before and after 2 days of 62% energy restriction and after a 2‐day period of ad libitum food intake. Energy intake during the latter period was assessed.Results: On average, ghrelin concentrations did not change (0.05 μg/liter; 95% confidence interval, −0.03; 0.12) during energy restriction. Changes in ghrelin concentration during energy restriction were not associated with energy intake during the ad libitum period (r = 0.07; not significant). Ad libitum energy intake was, however, associated with the change in ghrelin concentrations during the same period (r = −0.34; p = 0.05). Ghrelin and leptin concentrations were not associated. In addition, the ratio of percentage changes in ghrelin and leptin during energy restriction was not correlated with ad libitum food intake after energy restriction (r = −0.26; p = 0.14).Discussion: Fasting ghrelin concentrations did not rise after a 2‐day energy restriction regimen. Moreover, changes in ghrelin concentrations during energy restriction were not associated with subsequent ad libitum food intake, suggesting that fasting ghrelin does not act as a hunger signal to the brain. The data did not support our hypothesis that leptin suppresses ghrelin levels.
Energy Intake, Diet Composition, Energy Expenditure, and Body Fatness of Adolescents in Northern Greece
Authors: Hassapidou Maria , Fotiadou Elena , Maglara Evangelia , Papadopoulou Sousana K. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: The purpose of this study was to examine energy intake, energy expenditure, diet composition, and obesity of adolescents in Northern Greece.Research Methods and Procedures: Anthropometric measurements were taken for all participants. Height, weight, and skinfold thickness at two sites were measured. BMI and percentage body fat were calculated. Energy intake and macronutrient and micronutrient intakes were determined by a 3‐day weighed dietary diary. Energy expenditure was calculated based on calculated resting metabolic rate (RMR)1 multiplied by an activity factor based on reported physical activity.Results: Thirty‐one percent of boys and 21% of girls had BMI corresponding to ≥25 kg/m2 at 18 years and were classified as overweight. Both overweight boys and girls reported a lower energy intake compared with their non‐overweight counterparts when expressed as kilocalories per kilogram body weight. Overweight children had a higher negative energy balance. Both overweight and non‐overweight adolescents had higher than recommended fat intakes. Mean daily carbohydrate, protein, and fat intake, expressed as grams per kilogram body weight, of overweight adolescents were significantly lower compared with the non‐overweight adolescents. Total daily carbohydrate intake, when expressed in grams, was found to be higher for non‐overweight adolescents. Both overweight boys and girls had lower iron intakes than their non‐overweight counterparts. Overweight boys had statistically lower fiber and niacin intakes than non‐overweight boys. Both overweight and non‐overweight adolescents had lower than recommended iron intakes. Furthermore, overweight adolescents consumed more snacks (potato chips, chocolate bars, pizza, cheese pie, and cream pie), more sugar, jam, and honey, and fewer legumes, vegetables, and fruits than their non‐overweight counterparts.Discussion: Reported energy intake of overweight adolescents was lower than their non‐overweight counterparts. Regarding diet composition overweight subjects had significantly lower intakes of carbohydrates compared with non‐overweight subjects. The food consumption pattern of overweight children showed less adherence to the traditional Mediterranean diet.
Voices of disability on the radio
Authors: O'Malley Mary Pat 
Published: April 2008

Background: While much commentary exists in relation to the portrayal of disabled people in the media, very little research examines the talk itself in any detail. This paper examines the how people with communication disabilities and disabled people are dealt with in the talk of a radio programme about disability.Aims: To show how the voices of disabled people, and in particular people with communication difficulties, are dealt with on a radio programme titled For and About People with Disability (http:www.rte.ie).Methods & Procedures: Analysis of 15 episodes of an Irish radio programme for and about people with disability called Outside the Box to identify frames governing the discourse.Outcomes & Results: Three frames are identified: radio programme frame; presenter frame; and interview frame. Communication disability never appears as a topic in the radio programme frame. In the presenter and interview frames the presenter foregrounds medical aspects of experiences, asks questions that only seek factual information, and fails to respond to subjective aspects of disabled people's experiences. Analysis of the interviewees' responses show how they hold the floor and introduce subjective accounts of living with disability.Conclusions: Frame analysis reveals how disability (including communication disability) is dealt with in the talk of a radio programme for and about people with disability. There is an overemphasis on medical aspects of disability and a view of disability as a primarily physical phenomenon is broadcast. In spite of mainly medical/factual questions, interviewees manage to include rich accounts of their experience. People with communication disability are not included, possibly due to issues of intelligibility or lack of awareness. Speech and language therapists have a valuable role to play in terms of ‘learning to listen’ and ‘helping to tell’.
The Northwest Atlantic deep-sea red crab (Chaceon quinquedens) population before and after the onset of harvesting
Authors: Wahle Richard A. , Bergeron Charlene E. , Chute Antonie S. , Jacobson Larry D. , Chen Yong 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Wahle, R. A., Bergeron, C. E., Chute, A. S., Jacobson, L. D., and Chen, Y. 2008. The Northwest Atlantic deep-sea red crab (Chaceon quinquedens) population before and after the onset of harvesting. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 862–872. The population structure of deep-sea red crab (Chaceon quinquedens) in a nearly unexploited state is compared with its condition three decades later after more than a decade of sustained harvesting. Our study is based on a camera and net trawl survey conducted in 1974, which we repeated between 2003 and 2005 on the southern New England shelf break. Although the overall biomass of red crabs was estimated to be higher than in 1974, the abundance of large males, which are targeted by the fishery, was considerably lower. In particular, the biomass of large males (≥114 mm carapace width), considered in 1974 to be marketable, declined by 42%. Declines were most evident at depths and regions most accessible to the fishing fleet based in southern New England. With the change in fishery selectivity towards smaller male crabs, the abundance of currently harvestable crabs is about equal to 1974 levels. No declines were observed in the biomass of female and smaller male crabs not targeted by the fishery. Indeed, the abundance of juveniles appears considerably higher than in 1974. Perhaps, adverse effects on reproduction attributable to a reduction in the numbers of large males may be a consequence of fishing, but fishery impacts and productivity are difficult to assess because key biological information is lacking.
Minimally Invasive Video‐Assisted Thyroidectomy
Authors: Vaysberg Mikhail , Steward David L. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractBackground: Minimally invasive video‐assisted thyroidectomy (MIVAT) has been developed and successfully used in Italy to perform thyroidectomy and central node dissection through an incision of 2 to 3 cm.Objectives: Determine the safety, utility, and complication rates of MIVAT in a university setting within the United States.Study Design: Single surgeon series of MIVAT performed during an 18‐month period.Results: Two hundred fifty thyroidectomies were performed between January 2006 and June 2007. Ninety‐two (37%) met eligibility criteria for MIVAT. Six (7%) procedures were converted to open thyroidectomy (incision 4–5 cm) because of extent of the disease (3 strap muscle invasions, 1 thyroiditis, and 2 excessive size goiters). Eighty‐six (93%) procedures were completed via the MIVAT technique. There was one case of transient and no cases of permanent recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis (0.7% of nerves at risk). There were two cases of transient hypocalcemia (3.6% of total/completion cases). There were no hematomas or seromas. There were five (5.8%) cases of minor superficial skin burn. Mean operative times were significantly reduced during the study period (67 to 42 min for hemithyroidectomy, P = .0005; 110 to 77 min for total thyroidectomy, P = .02). Mean incision length measured after wound closure was 2.5 cm.Conclusion: We found implantation of MIVAT to be safe, with rates of hypocalcemia, vocal cord paresis, and hematoma comparable with those reported for the traditional open approach. Procedure times varied based on extent of thyroidectomy, patient factors, and experience of the operator and were significantly reduced during the study period.
Endoscopic Treatment of Salivary Gland Injuries due to Facial Rejuvenation Procedures
Authors: Nahlieli Oded , Abramson Alex , Shacham Rachel , Puterman Max B. , Baruchin Abraham M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: The purpose of this article is to describe innovative surgical techniques for treatment of salivary gland injuries caused by facial rejuvenation procedures.Methods: Between 2001 and 2007, a total of 14 patients, all females ages 46 to 70 who suffered from salivary gland injuries caused by facial rejuvenation procedures, were treated, primarily by an endoscopic‐guided technique that involved location of the injury and endoscopic repair.Results: There were four types of postsurgical injuries of the salivary glands that were caused by operations for facial rejuvenation: 1) compression of salivary ducts with temporary swelling (n = 1); 2) laceration of the capsule of the salivary gland (n = 3); 3) stretching and compression of the ducts with penetration of the capsule of the duct leading to sialocele and long‐term swelling (types 1 and 2 combined) (n = 5); and 4) complete cut or penetration of the main salivary duct or of one of its main branches resulting in sialocele (n = 5). The endoscopic technique treatment was successful in all cases.Conclusion: The main reasons for salivary gland injuries due to facial rejuvenation procedures in our patients were: poor anatomical identification of the border between the superficial muscular aponeurotic system (SMAS) and the parotid capsule; penetration of the salivary gland capsule by blunt or sharp dissection; unnecessary use of sharp‐tip scissors; and a tear of the salivary duct by hooks during a face‐lift procedure. Plastic surgeons should be aware of these complications and try to improve their techniques accordingly. To avoid atrophy of the salivary gland, once the diagnosis it made, it is advisable to send the patient to a maxillofacial or ENT surgeon skilled in endoscopy.
Reduced Levels of Lactoferrin in Biofilm‐Associated Chronic Rhinosinusitis
Authors: Psaltis Alkis J. , Wormald Peter‐John , Ha Kien R. , Tan Lor Wai 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective/Hypothesis: The diverse antipathogenic action of lactoferrin has been well characterized. In addition, it is the human body's only known antimicrobial peptide with antibiofilm properties. The purpose of this study was to examine the nasal mucosal expression of lactoferrin in the biofilm‐mediated disease, chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS).Study Design/Methods: Nasal biopsies from 41 CRS patients and 21 healthy controls were analyzed using confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for the presence of biofilms. The messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and protein level of lactoferrin in this tissue were also determined by quantitative real‐time reverse‐transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively.Results: Lactoferrin expression in chronic rhinosinusitis patients at both mRNA and protein level was downregulated relative to controls. Biofilm‐positive CRS patients showed a much greater reduction in lactoferrin expression than biofilm‐negative patients; mRNA median fold change biofilm positive = 0.03 (interquartile range 0.005–0.15) and biofilm‐negative CRS median fold change = 0.49 (interquartile range 0.15–0.81) with median lactoferrin protein expression biofilm‐positive patients' median lactoferrin protein expression = 32.58 ng/mL (interquartile range 8.67–59.9 ng/mL) and biofilm‐negative patients' median lactoferrin expression = 114.40 ng/mL (interquartile range 75.41–163.1 ng/mL).Conclusions: Genetic, transcriptional, or translational deficiencies in lactoferrin synthesis may reduce the functional level of this important antimicrobial/antibiofilm peptide in the nasal secretions of CRS patients, predisposing certain individuals to bacterial colonization, biofilm development, and recalcitrant sinus disease.
Chronologic Changes of Nitric Oxide Concentration in the Cochlear Lateral Wall and Its Role in Noise‐Induced Permanent Threshold Shift
Authors: Chen Yuh‐Shyang , Tseng Fen‐Yu , Lin Kai‐Nan , Yang Ting‐Hua , Lin‐Shiau Shoei Yn , Hsu Chuan‐Jen 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: The objective of this study was to investigate the chronologic changes of nitric oxide (NO) concentration in the cochlear lateral wall and to explore its possible role in permanent threshold shift (PTS) after intense noise exposure.Materials and Methods: Seventeen guinea pigs were subjected to a single continuous exposure to broadband white noise at 105 ± 2 dB sound pressure level (SPL) for 40 hours and were divided into four groups according to various postnoise recovery periods. Another 12 guinea pigs were not exposed to noise and served as controls. The hearing status of all animals was evaluated with auditory brainstem responses (ABR) evoked by condensation “click” sounds. ABR were recorded both prior to noise exposure and immediately before killing the animal. After death, NO concentration in the cochlear lateral wall was directly measured with an NO/ozone chemiluminescence technique.Results: An approximately 1.7‐fold increase in NO concentration was observed immediately postnoise exposure, which persisted for up to 28 days. The threshold of ABR elevation (mean, 30 dB SPL) peaked immediately after cessation of noise exposure and gradually resolved to a PTS (mean, 14.5 dB SPL) 56 days after noise exposure when NO concentration had returned to its prenoise exposure level.Conclusion: Noise‐induced threshold shift, which resolved to a mild PTS, can be partially attributed to NO elevation in the cochlear lateral wall. Our results revealed a nonlinear correlation between ABR recovery and depletion of NO, indicating that the mechanisms of NO changes in the cochlear lateral wall may be more complicated than previously conceived and that other pathophysiologic mechanisms may also play important roles in noise‐induced PTS.
Sialendoscopy and Associated Complications: A Preliminary Experience
Authors: Walvekar Rohan R. , Razfar Ali , Carrau Ricardo L. , Schaitkin Barry 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis: To review our experience with diagnostic and therapeutic sialendoscopy for the management of major salivary gland disorders with respect to complications and also to validate its use in our patient population.Study Design: Retrospective chart review.Methods: We identified 56 consecutive cases of sialendoscopy procedures performed over 2 years in the Department of Otolaryngology at the University of Pittsburgh from July 2005 to August 2007.Results: The mean age of presentation was 43 (range, 7–77) years, with a male to female sex ratio of 1:2. The most common indications included sialolithiasis (52%) followed by salivary gland swelling (16%). The average size of the stones ranged from 2 to 12 mm. The overall success rate for endoscopic stone removal was 74% (14 of 19). Three (3 of 29) patients required a planned combined technique for stone removal. The overall complication rate was 25% (14 of 56). The major and minor complication rates were 2% (1 of 56) and 23% (13 of 56), respectively.Conclusions: Sialendoscopy is a safe and effective technology for treating major salivary gland disorders. In the early phases of sequential learning, complications rates are significant. However, major complications are infrequent and in general can be salvaged by standard salivary gland surgery.
Postirradiated Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Sinonasal Tract
Authors: Wang Cheng‐Ping , Hsieh Chia‐Ying , Chang Yih‐Leong , Lou Pei‐Jen , Yang Tsung‐Lin , Ting Lai‐Lei , Ko Jenq‐Yuh 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis: Neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) of the sinonasal tract is rare. In this present study, we report our treatment experience with sinonasal NEC.Study Design: Retrospective case series.Methods: A retrospective review of the clinical outcomes and pathology of 18 patients with NEC arising from the sinonasal region.Results: Ten tumors were primary NEC without previous radiation, and eight tumors were postirradiated NEC occurring within the radiation field for previous nasopharyngeal carcinoma in six patients and tonsillar lymphoma in one and neck metastasis of unknown primary origin in one, with an interval between previous radiotherapy and diagnosis of NEC from 82 to 385 months, with a mean of 197 months. Fifteen tumors were small cell carcinoma, two were atypical carcinoid, and one was typical carcinoid tumor. Fifteen patients underwent surgery with/without postoperative adjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Three patients received induction chemotherapy or primary radiotherapy with further definitive treatment. The 5‐year disease‐free and overall survival rates of all 18 patients were 56.1% and 62.2%, respectively. In comparing primary NEC with postirradiated NEC, they were similar in age, sex distribution, stage, pathology, and treatment, and the 5‐year overall survival rates were 70% and 62.5%, respectively.Conclusions: In this series, postirradiated NEC is common, which may be the result of there being a large number of long‐term nasopharyngeal carcinoma survivors. The prognoses of postirradiated NEC and primary NEC appear to be similar despite the relatively short follow‐up period in the postirradiated NEC group.