bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mode of action of the anilino‐pyrimidine fungicide pyrimethanil. 2. Effects on enzyme secretion in Botrytis cinerea
Authors: Milling Richard J. , Richardson Caroline J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effect of pyrimethanil on the levels of cell wall degrading enzymes secreted by Botrytis cinerea Pers. was investigated in diseased plant tissues and in liquid B. cinerea cultures. Total proteinase activity isolated from infected carrot slices which were treated with 5.0 μM pyrimethanil was decreased by 76%, 3 d after inoculation. Polygalacturonase, cellulase, proteinase and laccase activities were all decreased in the medium of three day‐old cultures grown in the presence of pyrimethanil. The pyrimethanil concentrations resulting in 50% reduction in total enzyme activities (IC50) were approximately 0.25 μM for polygalacturonase, cellulase and proteinase, and approximately 1.0 μM for laccase. No significant growth inhibition was observed at these pyrimethanil concentrations. Pyrimethanil did not inhibit the enzymes directly, nor did it inhibit the synthesis of cytosolic proteins. Therefore, it was proposed that the fungicide inhibits protein secretion at a post‐translational stage in the secretory pathway.Large differences were found in the effects of pyrimethanil on the growth of B. cinerea in liquid cultures and on agar plates, depending on the composition of the medium. In liquid media containing cellulose and protein as carbon and nitrogen sources, growth inhibition occurred at 5.0 μM pyrimethanil, whilst no growth inhibition was observed with 50 μM pyrimethanil in malt extract. Similarly, growth occurred on potato/dextrose agar (PDA) at 0.5 μM pyrimethanil, but no growth was seen at this concentration on agars containing cellulose and protein. Thus it appears that pyrimethanil is most active in media where the fungus has to utilise extracellular enzymes to mobilise the nutrients it requires for growth.
Sterol composition and resistance to DMI fungicides in Erysiphe graminis
Authors: Senior Ian J. , Hollomon Derek W. , Loeffler R. S. Thomas , Baldwin Brian C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effects of the fungicides, flutriafol, triadimenol and an experimental compound (2,2‐dimethyl‐3‐(2‐chlorobenzyl)‐4‐(1,2,4‐triazol‐1‐yl)‐butan‐3‐ol), on conidial viability and lipid composition, have been examined in strains of barley and wheat powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis DC.) sensitive or resistant to DMI fungicides. In the absence of fungicides, these strains had the same sterol composition, regardless of their sensitivity to DMIs. Following treatment with the compounds, conidia contained eburicol and obtusifoliol, indicating inhibition of the 14α‐demethylase. There was also an accumulation of episterol, suggesting that introduction of the 5,6‐double bond was also inhibited. The changes in sterol composition induced by the fungicides were small. The fatty acid composition of sensitive and resistant strains was also determined. Triadimenol treatment caused an increase in the saturation of C22 and C24 acids in all strains examined, but changes were not correlated with the biological effects of the fungicide. No single mechanism of resistance emerged from the study.
A comparative review of the mammalian toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis‐based pesticides
Authors: McClintock J. Thomas , Schaffer Cindy R. , Sjoblad Roy D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe extensive mammalian toxicity studies performed to support the safety of Bacillus thuringiensis‐containing pesticides clearly demonstrate that the tested isolates are not toxic or pathogenic. Toxicity studies submitted to the US Environmental Protection Agency to support the registration of B. thuringiensis subspecies have failed to show any significant adverse effects in body weight gain, clinical observations, or upon necropsy. Infectivity/pathogenicity studies have shown that the intact rodent immune system responds as expected to eliminate B. thuringiensis gradually from the body after oral, pulmonary or intravenous challenge. Similar clearance patterns were observed with B. subtilis and B. sphaericus, which also were non‐toxic to test animals. The results also indicate that the currently used protocols for toxicity/pathogenicity evaluations of micro‐organisms in laboratory animals have provided useful and necessary information for risk assessment. The study results raise the issue, however, of whether some reduced set of toxicily/pathogenicity studies could be required for new B. thuringiensis isolates of already registered subspecies, and whether this reduced data set would also apply to subspecies not yet registered as pesticidal active ingredients.
The use of artificial intelligence systems for predicting toxicity
Authors: Combes Robert D. , Judson Philip 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis review concentrates on the use of artificial intelligence (AI) systems for the prediction of toxic hazard via the establishment of structure‐activity correlations. Methods for the analysis of the structure and physicochemical properties of molecules referred to include topological analysis, molecular orbital calculations, input of chemical structures, molecular modelling, cluster analysis and pattern recognition. Emphasis is placed on the importance of identifying substructural fragments of sufficient size and physicochemical specificity to act as toxicophores. Procedures for processing structural information include decision‐tree and probabilistic systems, as well as algebraic and related statistical analyses for obtaining quantitative structure‐activity relationships (QSARs). The principal differences between knowledge‐based and automated rule‐induction expert systems, and their utilisation for predicting the activity of chemicals, are discussed by reference to the use of several methods, including DEREK, HAZARDEXPERT, COMPACT, CASE and TOPKAT. It is concluded that these AI expert approaches have an important role to play in predictive toxicity screening as alternatives to animal experiments. Also, knowledge‐based expert systems are being developed further for risk assessment.
Field validation of a decision support system for the control of pests and diseases in cereals in denmark
Authors: Secher Bo J. M. , Jørgensen Lise N. , Murali N. S. , Boll Peter S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe decision in 1986, on an action plan to reduce pesticide use in Denmark by 50% led to increased research on the potential of reducing dosages. A decision support system (PC‐Plant Protection), developed by The Danish Institute for Plant and Soil Science, implements this research. It combines a detailed use of threshold values to support decisions on treatment need, choice of pesticides and the appropriate dosage for actual problems in cereals. The pest and disease module within the system has been available commercially since 1993 and up to the end of April 1995, 2000 licences have been issued for its use at agricultural schools and by advisers and farmers. The recommendation model for pest and disease control has been validated in field trials since 1990. The validation has shown that the model is able to provide recommendations for the control of pests and diseases to a satisfactory level, without affecting farmers' gross margins. The model was able to adjust pesticide use to large yearly variations and the average amount of pesticides in the plots treated according to the model was well below that in the reference plots and in the commonly used strategies in Denmark.
Enhancement of thiazopyr bioefficacy by inhibitors of monooxygenases
Authors: Rao S. Raja , Feng Paul C. C. , Schafer David E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe preceding paper described inhibition of thiazopyr metabolism in plant seedlings by inhibitors of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, and the lack of inhibition by esterase inhibitors. We now describe greenhouse evaluation of the effects of these metabolic inhibitors on the bioefficacy of thiazopyr. Inhibitors of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, piperonyl butoxide (PBO), 1‐aminobenzotriazole (ABT), metyrapone (MET) and tetcyclacis (TET), all enhanced the bioefficacy of thiazopyr against pigweed and other plant species. In contrast, inhibitors of esterases, tributyl phosphate (TBP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPP), produced only slight enhancement of thiazopyr activity. The effect of PBO was dose‐dependent and was demonstrated against barnyardgrass, grain sorghum, redroot pigweed, seedling johnsongrass, and giant foxtail. PBO demonstrated no enhancement of thiazopyr activity in velvetleaf, tall morningglory, cotton, or soybeans. Bioefficacy was most enhanced via exposure of seedling shoots to PBO and thiazopyr. The combination of results from the present and the preceding papers suggests that PBO enhances thiazopyr bioefficacy by effectively inhibiting thiazopyr metabolism in plants.
Control of a population of norway rats resistant to anticoagulant rodenticides
Authors: Quy Roger J. , Cowan David P. , Prescott Colin V. , Gill J. Erica , Kerins Gerard M. , Dunsford Gary , Jones Ainsley , Macnicoll Alan D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFor the first time, it has been unequivocally shown that multiple‐feed second‐generation anticoagulant rodenticides were ineffective against a population of rats in N.W. Berkshire, UK because of an unusually high prevalence and high degree of resistance. Use of the non‐anticoagulant rodenticide calciferol led to a substantial reduction in the population, although primary poisoning of small birds appeared to be greater than with anticoagulant baits. There was strong evidence that many of the surviving rats had developed an aversion towards calciferol‐treated bait. A reduction in the degree of anticoagulant resistance in the population was evident after a period of 17 months without anticoagulant use. The long‐term strategy to manage the resistant population should integrate non‐anticoagulant and anticoagulant rodenticide use to take advantage of possible pleiotropic costs of resistance.
Effect of fenvalerate on protein and amino acid contents and enzyme activities in the ostracod Chrissia halyi
Authors: Zeba  , Khan M. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe short‐term effect of fenvalerate on some metabolites and enzymes of protein metabolism in the ostracod Chrissia halyi was studied. The ostracods were subjected to two different concentrations of fenvaierate and the alterations in total proteins, total free amino acids, transaminases i.e. aspartate amino transferase (AAT)/glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and alanine amino transferase (ALAT)/glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) after one and three days were noted. Total protein and free amino acid contents in the organisms were found to be depleted, whereas both the transaminases and GDH levels were elevated. The results indicate that exposure of C. halyi to fenvalerate leads to metabolic adaptations to suit the functional need of the animal.
Absorption and fate of imazapyr in leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula)
Authors: Nissen Scott J. , Masters Robert A. , Thompson W. Mack , Stougaard Robert N. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractImazapyr absorption, translocation, root release and metabolism were examined in leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.). Leafy spurge plants were propagated from root cuttings and [14C]imazapyr was applied to growth‐chambergrown plants in a water + 28% urea ammonium nitrate + nonionic surfactant solution (98.75 + 1 + 0.25 by volume). Plants were harvested two and eight days after herbicide treatment (DAT) and divided into: treated leaf, stem and leaves above treated leaf, stem and leaves below the treated leaf, crown, root, dormant and elongated adventitious shoot buds. Imazapyr absorption increased from 62.5% 2 DAT to 80.0% 8 DAT. Herbicide translocation out of the treated leaf and accumulation in roots and adventitious shoot buds was apparent 2 DAT. By the end of the eight‐day translocation period only 14% of applied 14C remained in the treated leaf, while 17% had translocated into the root system. Elongated and dormant adventitious shoot buds accumulated 3.2‐ and 1.8‐fold more 14C, respectively, 8 DAT than did root tissue based on Bq g−1 dry weight. Root release of 14C was evident 2 DAT, and by 8 DAT 19.4% of the 14C reaching the root system was released into the rooting medium. There was no metabolism of imazapyr in crown, root or adventitious shoot buds 2 DAT; however, imazapyr metabolism was evident in the treated leaf 2 and 8 DAT. Imazapyr phytotoxicity to leafy spurge appears to result from high imazapyr absorption, translocation to underground meristematic areas (roots and adventitious shoot buds), and a slow rate of metabolism.
Comparison of various loose fill cushioning materials based on protective and environmental performance
Authors: Singh S. Paul , Chonhenchob Vanee , Burgess Gary 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis paper compares various loose fill packaging materials based on the amount of material required for a given level of protection. A methodology developed to evaluate and compare package cushioning materials on the basis of environmental concerns relative to disposal and recycling is used to compare seven different loose fill materials. The materials compared include recycled expanded polystyrene (EPS), starch and paper based materials, wood shavings and popcorn. The shock level G was related to the amount of cushion material needed both by weight and by volume. The results show that starch‐based loose fill materials (Naturpack and Eco‐Foam) and Fiberflow showed the best protective performance and minimum material utilization by volume. 100% recycled EPS showed the best performance in terms of percent weight utilization. Other materials tested, like popcorn and wood shavings, showed poor material utilization.
Identification of the novel thio‐arsenosugars DMThioAsSugarCarboxyl, DMThioAsSugarCarbamate and DMThioAsSugarAdenine in extracts of giant clam tissues by high‐performance liquid chromatography online with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Nischwitz Volker , Pergantis Spiros A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractRecently, the identification of four thio‐arsenosugars in extracts of marine samples was reported. The biosynthesis of these arsenic species is most likely closely related to the well known oxo‐arsenosugars. Due to their symbiotic algae giant clams contain oxo‐arsenosugars with Carboxyl‐, Carbamate‐ and Adenine‐aglycone in significant amounts. Now we provide evidence for the presence of the thio analogues of these three arsenosugars in tissue extracts of the giant clams Tridacna maxima and Tridacna derasa. Anion‐exchange high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) online with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry was applied for the identification of the thio‐arsenosugars and the indirect quantification via their oxo analogues. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Properties of Starches Isolated from Sorghum Floury and Corneous Endosperm
Authors: Cagampang G. B. , Kirleis A. W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDecorticated grains of three sorghum cultivars of intermediate grain hardness were individually dissected to separate the floury and the corneous endosperm fractions. The starch and polymeric components (amylose and amylopectin) of each of the endosperm fractions were isolated and subsequently characterized. Results indicate that there exist major differences in the properties (granule size distribution, gelatinization temperature, iodine binding capacity, and rate of lintnerization) of the starch and starch components from the endosperm fractions. Close relationships between the starch properties and the strength of the alkali gel of the corresponding endosperm fraction were observed.
Differential Scanning Calorimetry of Air‐Classified Starch and Protein Fractions from Eight Legume Species
Authors: Sosulski F. W. , Hoover R. , Tyler R. T. , Murray E. D. , Arntfield S. D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe thermodynamic parameters of eight legume flours were interpreted following differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) of their air‐classified starch and protein fractions. Samples of legumes from different sources, and their air‐classified fractions, showed consistent peak gelatinization (TG) and peak denaturation/aggregation temperatures for each legume species. However, enthalpies of gelatinization and denaturation/aggregation were highly variable, were not specific to species, and appeared to be determined primarily by environmental conditions during seed development. The TG values for the starch fractions were closely correlated to the initial pasting temperatures but the viscosity characteristics of the starch slurries were not associated with DSC parameters or the amylose contents of the starch fractions. The amylograph viscosity curves lacked a distinct pasting peak and showed stable viscosities during the heating cycle.
Gelatinization of Crosslinked Potato Starch
Authors: Lelièvre J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe gelatinization temperature of crosslinked potato starch suspended in water was measured as a function of the water content of the sample. The resultant data were analysed using the thermo‐dynamic theory of melting in polymer‐diluent systems. The dependence of the values of the thermodynamic parameters so obtained on the procedure used to analyse the data is discussed. Differences between gelatinization and melting transitions in synthetic polymer‐organic diluent mixtures are considered.
Analysis of Hydroxypropyl Starch Hydrolysates by High Performance Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Wootton M. , Kesavamoorthy S. , Azemi B. M. N. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAcid hydrolysates of hydroxypropyl derivatives of wheat, maize, waxy maize and high amylose maize starches were separated using four HPLC procedures. An amine treated silica column gave best resolution of glucose and six nonglucose components. The proportions of these varied depending on the native starch and the acid used for hydrolysis. There was a linear relationship between molar substitution and ratio of nonglucose to glucose peak areas which varied between the native starches.
Determination of the Degree of Branching in Normal and Amylopectin Type Potato Starch with 1H‐NMR Spectroscopy Improved resolution and two‐dimensional spectroscopy
Authors: Nilsson Gunilla S. , Gorton Lo , Bergquist Karl‐Erik , Nilsson Ulf 
Published: November 2006

AbstractStarch from genetically modified potatoes was found to be highly branched compared with normal potato varieties through the use of 1H‐NRM spectroscopy. The average chain length, blue‐value, and the wavelength at maximum absorptivity clearly show that the new potato varieties produce amylopectin starch. Correlation between the degree of branching as determined by 1H‐NMR and starch‐iodine complexation, expressed as blue‐value, was good and the NMR‐method gives low standard deviation.For the first time, the anomeric proton, H‐1, of a (1→4)‐α‐linked D‐glucose residue and the H‐1 of the glucose residue of a non‐reducing end have been assigned separate chemical shifts in starch. Assignments were made as determined from two‐dimensional homonuclear and 1H‐13C heteronuclear spectroscopy (COSY, HMQC, and HMBC).The molecular weight in degraded starch and pullulan were determined by means of NMR‐spectroscopy. These results were in accordance with determinations by size exclusion chromatography and with the known molecular weights of pullulan standards.
New vectors for simplified construction of BrdU‐Incorporating strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Viggiani Christopher J. , Aparicio Oscar M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe thymidine analogue BrdU is a powerful tool for analysing nucleotide incorporation in studies of DNA replication or repair. S. cerevisiae lacks the thymidine salvage pathway that enables efficient cellular uptake and incorporation of thymidine analogues into DNA. Recent in vivo reconstitution of this pathway in yeast by high‐level expression of Herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV–TK) or combined expression of HSV–TK and human equilibrative nucleoside transporter (hENT1) has enabled analysis of BrdU incorporation in yeast. While the BrdU incorporation systems are highly valuable, the construction and use of strains utilizing these systems can be complicated by specific requirements of the available systems. We have created a set of vectors that simplify the construction and use of BrdU‐Incorporating (BrdU‐Inc) strains of budding yeast. Each vector in the set contains HSV–TK and hENT1 under the control of promoters that express constitutively, and one of four different selectable markers (HIS3, TRP1, LEU2 or URA3) for genomic integration. With these BrdU‐Inc vectors, one‐step integration of a single copy produces yeast that efficiently incorporate BrdU upon its addition to the medium. These vectors ease strain construction and maintenance, thereby facilitating routine use of BrdU for analysis in yeast. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microfluidics device for single cell gene expression analysis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Ryley James , Pereira‐Smith Olivia M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWe have measured single‐cell gene expression over time using a microfluidics‐based flow cell which physically traps individual yeast using µm‐sized structures (yeast jails). Our goal was to determine variability of gene expression within a cell over time, as well as variability between individual cells. In our flow cell system, yeast jails are fabricated out of PDMS and gene expression is visualized using fluorescently‐tagged proteins of interest. Previously, single‐cell yeast work has been done using micromanipulation on agar, or FACS. In the present device agar is eliminated, resulting in a superior optical system. The flow of media through the flow cell washes daughter cells away, eliminating the need for micromanipulation. Unlike FACS, the described device can track individual yeast over a time course of many hours. The flow cells are compatible with the needs of quantitative fluorescence microscopy, and allow simultaneous measurements to be done on a large number of individual yeast. We used these flow cells to determine the expression of HSP104‐GFPand RAS2‐YFP, genes known to affect yeast life span. The results demonstrate inter‐cell variation in expression of both genes that could not have been detected without this single‐cell analysis. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The financial performance effects of IT‐based supply chain management systems in manufacturing firms
Authors: Dehning Bruce , Richardson Vernon J. , Zmud Robert W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis paper examines the financial benefits of information technology investments around newly adopted IT‐based supply chain management (SCM) systems by 123 manufacturing firms over the period 1994–2000. We form hypotheses using the value chain to specify the expected financial impact of SCM systems. By examining the change in financial performance pre‐ and post‐adoption controlling for industry median changes in performance, we find that SCM systems increase gross margin, inventory turnover, market share, return on sales, and reduce selling, general, and administrative expenses. We also provide a model showing how process improvements around supply chain initiatives combine to improve overall performance. Finally, we show that contextual effects such as firms in the high‐tech industry and the scope of the supply chain implementation have dramatic effects on the overall financial performance resulting from supply chain implementations.