bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application-level isolation and recovery with solitude
Authors: Jain Shvetank , Shafique Fareha , Djeric Vladan , Goel Ashvin 
Published: April 2008

When computer systems are compromised by an attack, it is difficult to determine the precise extent of the damage caused by the attack because the state changes made by an attacker and those made by regular users can be closely intertwined. This problem occurs due to implicit sharing in operating systems, and it can be especially severe for persistent state. In particular, the file system provides a single namespace that when compromised can have cascading effects on the entire system, making intrusion analysis and recovery a time-consuming and error-prone process.
In this paper, we present Solitude, an application-level isolation and recovery system that is designed to both limit the effects of attacks and simplify the post-intrusion recovery process. Solitude uses a copy-on-write filesystem to provide a transparent, restricted privilege isolation environment for running untrusted applications, and it uses an explicit file sharing mechanism across the isolation environments that limits attack propagation without compromising functionality. Solitude provides two modes of recovery. If a sandboxed application proves to be untrustworthy, a course-grained recovery method allows easily removing the footprint of the software. However, if a user mistakenly moves malicious files to the trusted environment via explicit file sharing, then Solitude uses data dependency tracking to allow fine-grained recovery.
Itrustpage
Authors: Ronda Troy , Saroiu Stefan , Wolman Alec 
Published: April 2008

Despite the many solutions proposed by industry and the research community to address phishing attacks, this problem continues to cause enormous damage. Because of our inability to deter phishing attacks, the research community needs to develop new approaches to anti-phishing solutions. Most of today's anti-phishing technologies focus on automatically detecting and preventing phishing attacks. While automation makes anti-phishing tools user-friendly, automation also makes them suffer from false positives, false negatives, and various practical hurdles. As a result, attackers often find simple ways to escape automatic detection.
This paper presents iTrustPage - an anti-phishing tool that does not rely completely on automation to detect phishing. Instead, iTrustPage relies on user input and external repositories of information to prevent users from filling out phishing Web forms. With iTrustPage, users help to decide whether or not a Web page is legitimate. Because iTrustPage is user-assisted, iTrustPage avoids the false positives and the false negatives associated with automatic phishing detection. We implemented iTrustPage as a downloadable extension to FireFox. After being featured on the Mozilla website for FireFox extensions, iTrustPage was downloaded by more than 5,000 users in a two week period. We present an analysis of our tool's effectiveness and ease of use based on our examination of usage logs collected from the 2,050 users who used iTrustPage for more than two weeks. Based on these logs, we find that iTrustPage disrupts users on fewer than 2% of the pages they visit, and the number of disruptions decreases over time.
AXIOM
Authors: Page William S. 
Published: April 2008

Axiom has been in development since 1971. Originally called Scratchpad II, it was developed by IBM under the direction of Richard Jenks[1]. The project evolved over a period of 20 years as a research platform for developing new ideas in computational mathematics. ScratchPad also attracked the interest and contributions of a large number of mathematicians and computer scientists outside of IBM. In the 1990s, the Scratchpad project was renamed to Axiom, and sold to the Numerical Algorithms Group (NAG) in England who marketed it as a commercial system. NAG withdrew Axiom from the market in October 2001 and agreed to release Axiom as free software, under an open source license.
Tim Daly (a former ScratchPad developer at IBM) setup a pubic open source Axiom project[2] in October 2002 with a primary goal to improve the documentation of Axiom through the extensive use of literate programming[3]. The first free open source version of Axiom was released in 2003. Since that time the project has attracted a small but very active group of developers and a growing number of users.
This exhibit includes a laptop computer running a recent version of Axiom, Internet access (if available) to the Axiom Wiki website[4], and CDs containing Axiom software for free distribution[5].
Intended Coping Responses to Cancer Symptoms in Healthy Adults: The Roles of Symptom Knowledge, Detection Behavior, and Perceived Threat
Authors: Ruiter Robert A.C. , de Nooijer Jascha , van Breukelen Gerard , Ockhuysen-Vermey Caroline F. , de Vries Hein 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Background: To date, the causal effects of the knowledge of cancer-related symptoms and detection behavior on coping with cancer-related symptoms have not been identified. Therefore, the current study explored the effects of active or passive detection of supposedly well-known or less-known cancer-related symptoms on intended coping responses. In addition, we were interested in the extent to which these effects are driven by heightened perceptions of threat.
Methods: In an experimental study using a 2 × 2 within-subject design, 221 Dutch adults from the general population responded to a survey study sent to their homes (18.4% response). They were asked to read scenario information about four cancer-related symptoms that were (a) well known or less known and (b) actively or passively detected (e.g., self-examination versus unusual blood loss). The authors measured intended coping responses to the detection of cancer-related symptoms as either adaptive (e.g., visiting a general practitioner) or maladaptive (e.g., denial of the symptom).
Results: As expected, the findings revealed that well-known symptoms resulted in more anticipated adaptive coping and less anticipated maladaptive coping than less-known symptoms. Unfortunately, the findings also suggest that the active as opposed to passive detection of cancer symptoms (e.g., self-examination versus unusual blood loss) is likely to result in more maladaptive coping. These effects were mediated by heightened perceptions of threat.
Conclusions: Future health education programs that aim to motivate people to be more active in the early detection of cancer symptoms should first focus on increasing people's knowledge about the early warning signs of cancer. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(4):818–26)
Family History of Cancer and Associated Risk of Developing Neuroendocrine Tumors: A Case-Control Study
Authors: Hassan Manal M. , Phan Alexandria , Li Donghui , Dagohoy Cecile G. , Leary Colleen , Yao James C. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Background: Carcinoids are rare neuroendocrine tumors (NET). Familial clusterings of NETs are rarely reported, except for a small proportion associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome type 1. We evaluated the effect of positive family history of NET as well as other cancers on the development of NETs arising at five different locations.
Methods: We conducted a retrospective, hospital-based, case-control study involving 740 patients with histologically confirmed NETs and 924 healthy controls. Information on family history of cancer was collected, and unconditional logistic regression analysis was used to determine adjusted odds ratios (AOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).
Results: The authors observed a significant relationship between first-degree relatives with cancers and the development of NETs arising at the small intestine, stomach, lung, and pancreas; AORs (95% CI) were 1.6 (1.1-2.4), 2.5 (1.1-6.3), 2.6 (1.5-4.5), and 1.8 (1.1-3.1), respectively. A first-degree family history of esophageal cancer was significantly associated with pancreatic NETs; AOR, 5.6 (95% CI, 1.1-29.6). There was a 70% and 130% increased risk of developing small intestinal NETs among subjects with family histories of colorectal cancer and prostate cancer, respectively. Moreover, individuals with a family history of lung cancer had a 2-fold increase in risk of developing pulmonary NETs.
Conclusions: Having a first-degree relative with any cancer in general, and NET in particular, was a risk factor for NETs. The elevated risk of developing NETs extended to individuals with a family history of other cancers (not NETs) among first-degree relatives. These results suggested that risk of NETs may be partially explained by genetic factors. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(4):959–65)
Validation of Self-Reported Colorectal Cancer Screening Behavior from a Mixed-Mode Survey of Veterans
Authors: Partin Melissa R. , Grill Joseph , Noorbaloochi Siamak , Powell Adam A. , Burgess Diana J. , Vernon Sally W. , Halek Krysten , Griffin Joan M. , van Ryn Michelle , Fisher Deborah A. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Objective: The aim of the study was to validate self-reported colorectal cancer (CRC) screening using the National Cancer Institute Colorectal Cancer Screening questionnaire.
Materials and Methods: 890 patients, ages 50 to 75 years, from the Minneapolis Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center were surveyed by mail. Phone administration was attempted with mail nonresponders. VA and non-VA records were combined for the reference standard. Sensitivity, specificity, concordance, and report-to-records ratio (R2R) were estimated for overall and test-specific CRC adherence among respondents providing complete medical records. Secondary analyses examined variation in estimates by patient characteristics, treatment of missing and uncertain responses, and whether a strict or liberal time interval was used for assessing concordance.
Results: Complete medical records were available for 345 of the 686 survey responders. For overall adherence, sensitivity was 0.98, specificity was 0.59, concordance was 0.88, and R2R was 1.14. Sensitivity was 0.82 for fecal occult blood test (FOBT), 0.75 for sigmoidoscopy, 0.97 for colonoscopy, and 0.63 for double-contrast barium enema (DCBE). Specificity was 0.89 for FOBT, 0.76 for sigmoidoscopy, 0.72 for colonoscopy, and 0.85 for DCBE. Concordance was &gt;0.80 for all tests other than sigmoidoscopy (0.76). R2R was 1.31 for FOBT, 1.33 for sigmoidoscopy, 1.42 for colonoscopy, and 6.13 for DCBE. The R2R was lower for a combined sigmoidoscopy and colonoscopy measure. Overreporting was more pronounced for older, less-educated individuals with no family history of CRC. Sensitivity and R2R improved using a liberal interval and treating uncertain responses as nonadherent (versus missing), but differences were not statistically significant.
Conclusions: Self-reported CRC screening validity is generally acceptable and robust across definitional decisions, but varies by screening test and patient characteristics. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(4):768–76)
The Effects of Survey Mode and Asking About Future Intentions on Self-Reports of Colorectal Cancer Screening
Authors: Beebe Timothy J. , Jenkins Sarah M. , Anderson Kari J. , Davern Michael E. , Rockwood Todd H. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) screening rates are often ascertained via self-reports but can be subject to overreporting bias. Asking about intention to get screened before asking about past screening may minimize overreporting of cancer screening. In a statewide survey conducted from July through October of 2005, we embedded an experiment that tested the effect of question ordering (asking about future intention to get screened before or after asking about past screening; “future first” and “future second,” respectively), crossed with survey mode (mail versus telephone), on CRC screening rates. Weighted analysis focused on 752 respondents who were ages 50 years or older. We found (a) that asking about future intentions to get screened before asking about past screening (future first) statistically significantly lowers reports of past CRC screening [70.9% future second versus 58.0% future first; odds ratio (OR), 1.83; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.08-3.13]; (b) that there was no main effect of survey mode; and (c) that the effect of the ordering of the future intentions item varies by survey mode. In the mailed survey, the odds of reporting past CRC screening were almost thrice greater in the future second condition compared with the future first condition (72.4% versus 49.0%, respectively; OR, 2.74; 95% CI, 1.22-6.17). In the telephone condition, the odds of reporting were only 28% higher in the future second (69.5%) condition than in the future first condition (63.9%; OR, 1.28; 95% CI, 0.64-2.57). The results suggest that asking about future intentions to get screened before the actual behavior elicits lower, and arguably more truthful reports of CRC screening but mainly in mailed surveys. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(4):785–90)
Differential Methylation of a Short CpG-Rich Sequence within Exon 1 of TCF21 Gene: A Promising Cancer Biomarker Assay
Authors: Shivapurkar Narayan , Stastny Victor , Xie Yang , Prinsen Clemens , Frenkel Eugene , Czerniak Bogdan , Thunnissen Frederik B. , Minna John D. , Gazdar Adi F. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Detection of cancer cells at early stages could potentially increase survival rates in cancer patients. Aberrant promoter hypermethylation is a major mechanism for silencing tumor suppressor genes in many kinds of human cancers. A recent report from our laboratory described the use of quantitative methylation-specific PCR assays for discriminating patients with lung cancer from those without lung cancer using lung biopsies as well as sputum samples. TCF21 is known to be essential for differentiation of epithelial cells adjacent to mesenchyme. Using restriction landmark genomic scanning, a recent study identified TCF21 as candidate tumor suppressor at 6q23-q24 that is epigenetically inactivated in lung and head and neck cancers. Using DNA sequencing technique, we narrowed down a short CpG-rich segment (eight specific CpG sites in the CpG island within exon 1) of the TCF21 gene, which was unmethylated in normal lung epithelial cells but predominantly methylated in lung cancer cell lines. We specifically targeted this short CpG-rich sequence and developed a quantitative methylation-specific PCR assay suitable for high-throughput analysis. We showed the usefulness of this assay in discriminating patients with lung cancer from those without lung cancer using biopsies and sputum samples. We further showed similar applications with multiple other malignancies. Our assay might have important implications in early detection and surveillance of multiple malignancies. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(4):995–1000)
Antiproliferative Effects by Let-7 Repression of High-Mobility Group A2 in Uterine Leiomyoma
Authors: Peng Yi , Laser Jordan , Shi Guizhi , Mittal Khush , Melamed Jonathan , Lee Peng , Wei Jian-Jun 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
High-mobility group A2 (HMGA2) is commonly overexpressed in large leiomyomas. HMGA2 is an important regulator of cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis, and transformation. As a predicted target of Let-7 microRNAs (Let-7s), HMGA2 can be repressed by Let-7s in vitro. MicroRNA profiling analysis revealed that Let-7s were significantly dysregulated in uterine leiomyomas: high in small leiomyomas and lower in large leiomyomas. To evaluate whether Let-7 repression of HMGA2 plays a major role in leiomyomas, we analyzed the molecular relationship of HMGA2 and Let-7s, both in vitro and in vivo. We first characterized that exogenous Let-7 microRNAs could directly repress the dominant transcript of HMGA2, HMGA2a. This repression was also identified for two cryptic HMGA2 transcripts in primary leiomyoma cultures. Second, we found that the endogenous Let-7s were biologically active and played a major role in the regulation of HMGA2. Then, we illustrated that Let-7 repression of HMGA2 inhibited cellular proliferation. Finally, we examined the expression levels of Let-7c and HMGA2 in a large cohort of leiomyomas (n = 120), and we found high levels of Let-7 and low levels of HMGA2 in small leiomyomas, and low levels of Let-7 and high levels of HMGA2 in large leiomyomas. Our findings suggest that the Let-7–mediated repression of HMGA2 mechanism can be an important molecular event in leiomyoma growth. (Mol Cancer Res 2008;6(4):663–73)
DUSP1 Is Controlled by p53 during the Cellular Response to Oxidative Stress
Authors: Liu Yu-Xin , Wang Jianli , Guo Jianfen , Wu Jingjing , Lieberman Howard B. , Yin Yuxin 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
p53 controls the cellular response to genotoxic stress through multiple mechanisms. We report here that p53 regulates DUSP1, a dual-specific threonine and tyrosine phosphatase with stringent substrate specificity for mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). DUSP1 is a potent inhibitor of MAPK activity through dephosphorylation of MAPK. In a colon cancer cell line containing inducible ectopic p53, DUSP1 protein level is significantly increased upon activation of p53, leading to cell death in response to nutritional stress. In mouse embryo fibroblast cells, DUSP1 protein abundance is greatly increased after oxidative stress in a p53-dependent manner and also when apoptosis is triggered. We show that p53 induces the activity of a human DUSP1 regulatory region. Furthermore, p53 can physically interact with the DUSP1 regulatory region in vivo, and p53 binds to a 10-bp perfect palindromic site in this DUSP1 regulatory region. We show that overexpression of DUSP1 or inhibition of MAPK activity significantly increases cellular susceptibility to oxidative damage. These findings indicate that p53 is a transcriptional regulator of DUSP1 in stress responses. Our results reveal a mechanism whereby p53 selectively regulates target genes and suggest a way in which subgroups of those target genes might be controlled independently. (Mol Cancer Res 2008;6(4):624–33)
Cytotaxonomic considerations with the description of two new NOR locations for South American toads, genus Bufo (Anura: Bufonidae)
Authors: Baldissera Flavio A. , Batistic Radenka F. , Haddad Célio F.B. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Cytogenetic studies were made on Brazilian Bufo: B. marinus, B. paracnemis, B. ictericus, B. rufus, B. arenarum, B. crucifer, Bufo granulosus, B. pygmaeus and B. margaritifer (= B. typhonius). All these species had a typical karyotype of 2n = 22. Species from the marinus and crucifer groups had NORs on Chromosome 7, species from the granulosus group had NORs on Chromosome 5, and B. margaritifer had NORs on Chromosome 10. The last two locations of NORs are described for the first time for the genus Bufo in South America.
Northern Hemisphere Extratropical Cyclones: A Comparison of Detection and Tracking Methods and Different Reanalyses
Authors: Raible C. C. , Della-Marta P. M. , Schwierz C. , Wernli H. , Blender R. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The applicability of three different cyclone detection and tracking schemes is investigated with reanalysis datasets. First, cyclone climatologies and cyclone characteristics of the 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) are compared with the NCEP–NCAR dataset using one method. ERA-40 shows systematically more cyclones, and therefore a higher cyclone center density, than the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis dataset. Geostrophically adjusted geopotential height gradients around cyclone centers, a measure of cyclone intensity, are enhanced in ERA-40 compared with the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis dataset. The variability of the number of cyclones per season is significantly correlated between the two reanalysis datasets, but time series of the extreme cyclone intensity exhibit a higher correlation. This suggests that the cyclone intensity is a more robust measure of variability than the number of cyclones. Second, three cyclone detection and tracking schemes are compared, based on the ERA-40 dataset. In general the schemes show a good correspondence. The approaches differ in technical aspects associated with the cyclone identification and the tracking procedure, leading to deviations in cyclone track length. However, it is often not clear which scheme is correct or incorrect. With the application of lifetime thresholds, some of the cyclone tracks are too short to be included in statistical measures of cyclones. Nevertheless, consequences of these differences in mean cyclone characteristics are minor, but for specific research questions—for example, what is the cyclone activity in the Mediterranean in winter—the users should be aware of these potential differences and adjust their scheme if necessary. A trend analysis of cyclone characteristics shows that results appear to be sensitive to both the choice of cyclone detection and tracking schemes and the reanalysis dataset.
Diagnosis and Optimization of Ensemble Forecasts
Authors: Vukicevic Tomislava , Jankov Isidora , McGinley John 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
In the current study, a technique that offers a way to evaluate ensemble forecast uncertainties produced either by initial conditions or different model versions, or both, is presented. The technique consists of first diagnosing the performance of the forecast ensemble and then optimizing the ensemble forecast using results of the diagnosis. The technique is based on the explicit evaluation of probabilities that are associated with the Gaussian stochastic representation of the weather analysis and forecast. It combines an ensemble technique for evaluating the analysis error covariance and the standard Monte Carlo approach for computing samples from a known Gaussian distribution. The technique was demonstrated in a tutorial manner on two relatively simple examples to illustrate the impact of ensemble characteristics including ensemble size, various observation strategies, and configurations including different model versions and varying initial conditions. In addition, the authors assessed improvements in the consensus forecasts gained by optimal weighting of the ensemble members based on time-varying, prior-probabilistic skill measures. The results with different observation configurations indicate that, as observations become denser, there is a need for larger-sized ensembles and/or more accuracy among individual members for the ensemble forecast to exhibit prediction skill. The main conclusions relative to ensembles built up with different physics configurations were, first, that almost all members typically exhibited some skill at some point in the model run, suggesting that all should be retained to acquire the best consensus forecast; and, second, that the normalized probability metric can be used to determine what sets of weights or physics configurations are performing best. A comparison of forecasts derived from a simple ensemble mean to forecasts from a mean developed from variably weighting the ensemble members based on prior performance by the probabilistic measure showed that the latter had substantially reduced mean absolute error. The study also indicates that a weighting scheme that utilized more prior cycles showed additional reduction in forecast error.