bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Carbon‐13 nuclear magnetic resonance measurement of oil composition in single viable soybeans
Authors: Schaefer Jacob , Stejskal E. O. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractHigh‐resolution, natural abundance13C NMR spectra of intact, viable soybeans have been obtained by Fourier transform techniques. The spectra are interpreted in terms of the relative concentrations of the major fatty acids present in the soybean triglycerides. This nondestructive analysis is sufficiently fast and accurate to permit the selection of individual soybeans for use in a genetic breeding program designed to reduce the undesirably high linolenic acid content of soybean oil.
Importance of alkalis, dispersants and sequestrants in building action
Authors: Tokiwa Fumikatsu , Imamura Tetsuya 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe builder effects of a variety of alkalis, dispersants and sequestrants on detergency have been examined by changing builder compositions of detergents. The detergent formulated with an alkali, a dispersant and a sequestrant exhibits a high detergency, comparable to the standard detergent built with sodium tripolyphosphate. When any one of these three components is omitted, the detergency does not reach a satisfactory value. Further, when any two of them are eliminated, the detersive power is further reduced. Using these results the importance in building action of the combination of the three builder components has been discussed.
Reactions of the oxirane group
Authors: Swern Daniel 
Published: May 2007

AbstractEpoxidized oils and esters have been used commercially for about two decades; their consumption is now of the order of 100 million lb./year, mainly as stabilizer‐plasticizers for vinyl chloride polymers. Yet in spite of their low price and ready availability, chemical derivatives of these substances have not achieved similar commercialization. It has long been known that the oxirane group is highly reactive and undergoes a wide variety of ring‐opening reactions with a broad range of electrophiles and nucleophiles. During the past ten years, in particular, new and interesting reactions of the oxirane group have been described that provide new routes to other heterocyclic ring systems and functional groups. After a brief background survey, recently published and unpublished reactions from the author’s laboratory, as well as reactions published by other groups, are described.
Account of Dr. Lyman’s research on gossypol and its significance and impact on the cottonseed industry
Authors: Harper Garlon A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCarl M. Lyman and his associates made highly significant contributions to the development of basic and applied knowledge of gossypol and gossypol‐like pigments and their relationship to the utilization of cottonseed protein. Included among their studies were investigations of physiological activity, effect upon protein quality for monogastric animal nutrition, elimination and inactivation, biosynthesis of gossypol in the cotton root, isolation and characterization of a previously unidentified gossypol‐like compound, and ration formulation procedures for efficient feeding of both glanded and glandless cottonseed protein.
The effects of dietary gossypol on animals
Authors: Smith F. H. , Clawson A. J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe pathological effects of gossypol in animals and the effects of protein quality and quantity on its toxicity are described. The method used for the isolation of gossypol from the liver of gossypol‐intoxicated pigs and its identification are presented. Wide distribution of gossypol in swine is shown by determining the free and bound gossypol in the various organs. The levels of iron necessary to overcome toxicity and to lower its accumulation in pigs were investigated. Effects of copper, zinc, manganese and iron, alone and in combination, on the gains and the accumulation of gossypol in the liver of rats were studied. Iron was definitely the most effective detoxifying agent.
Biological behavior of some soap‐based detergents
Authors: Maurer E. W. , Cordon T. C. , Weil J. K. , Linfield W. M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe biodegradability of tallow soap, three soap‐based detergent formulations and their component lime soap dispersing agents—sodium methyl α‐sulfotallowate, sulfated N‐(2‐hydroxypropyl) tallowamide, and sodium N‐methyl N‐(2‐sulfoethyl) tallowamide—was determined under aerobic and microaerophilic conditions. Both sewage and river water microorganisms were used as the sources of inoculum. The course of biodegradation was followed by loss of carbon and methylene blue active substance, and by increase in turbidity and surface tension. Carbon analysis for soap in solutions containing Ca++ and Mg++, which would precipitate soap, was performed by an improved technique using the disodium salt of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid. Invariably a decrease in carbon content was accompanied by an increase in turbidity and surface tension. Also, loss in methylene blue active substance was concurrent with an increase in turbidity and surface tension of the degrading solutions of the detergent. Soap cannot be determined as methylene blue active substance because of the low pH of the test. Soap and the built soap formulations degraded under aerobic and microaerophilic conditions. Preliminary toxicity data upon mammals and fish indicated that the soap‐based detergents are as safe as conventional commercial detergents.
Fatty acid composition of spanish peanut oils as influenced by planting location, soil moisture conditions, variety, and season
Authors: Young C. T. , Worthington R. E. , Hammons R. O. , Matlock R. S. , Waller G. R. , Morrison R. D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractNine varieties or strains of Spanish type peanuts were grown in the National Variety Test in Georgia and Oklahoma with and without irrigation for two growing seasons. The oil of sound kernels was analyzed for fatty acid composition. Although no consistent pattern was found, in general, variation in fatty acid composition due to variety was much less in Oklahoma than in Georgia for both the irrigated and nonirrigated peanuts. Also, location effect and soil moisture conditions gave higher percentages of palmitic and oleic with a lower percentage of linoleic in the Georgia samples and in the nonirrigated samples from both locations. Several significant first and second order interactions with the three major fatty acids involving variety, location, and soil moisture conditions were observed.
Fully automated determination of solid fat content by pulsed NMR
Authors: Van Putte K. , Van Den Enden J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPulsed NMR has been developed into a quick, accurate fully automated method for the determination of the solid fat content in partially crystallized fats. Accepting a standard deviation of 0.3% solids, the percentage of solids is displayed on a digital voltmeter or printed out 6 sec after placing the sample into the sample holder. To allow for the dead time of the receiver, a correction factor has been introduced giving rise to only small errors (<1%) in the solid fat content. Due to the short measuring time, no temperature control of the sample holder is needed between 10–45 C. Pulsed NMR values can be converted into dilatations and vice versa.
Antioxidant activity of tocopherols, ascorbyl palmitate, and ascorbic acid and their mode of action
Authors: Cort W. M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn the quest to use antioxidant compounds occurring in nature or related compounds, extensive studies have been made on vegetable oils, animal fats, apocarotenal, and vitamin A as substrates with ascorbyl palmitate, tocopherols, and ascorbic acid as antioxidants. Antioxidant efficiency varies with the substrate. Ascorbyl palmitate at a level of 0.01% provides a useful increase in the shelf‐life of vegetable oils. Alone it is better than butylated hydroxytoluene and butylated hydroxyanisole and in combinations with other known antioxidants improves the shelf‐life of all vegetable oils, as well as potato chips. Solubility problems with ascorbyl palmitate and other esters of ascorbic acid are discussed. The tocopherols have their greatest effect in protection of animal fats, carotenoids, and vitamin A. Experiments utilizing tocopherols and tocopherol combinations are presented. The activity of ascorbic acid, an excellent scavenger of oxygen, is reviewed. Quenchers of singlet oxygen do not inhibit the direct oxidation of fats and oils under the conditions used.
Extraction of sesame seed protein and determination of its molecular weight by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
Authors: Guerra M. J. , Park Y. K. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSesame seeds are an important source of edible oil and protein. Studies were made on protein solubility of defatted sesame seed meal in aqueous solution over various pHs or in various salt solutions. Maximum solubility was found in alkaline solution, and the proteins were almost insoluble at acid solution. The solubility of protein in NaCl or CaCl2 solution was increased upon increasing the salt concentrations up to 1 M. In Na2SO3 or Na2HPO4 solution, the solubility of protein was higher at lower salt concentrations but decreased at higher salt concentrations at pH 8. Extractable sesame seed proteins in salt solution separated into seven fractions electrophoretically (sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis). The mol wt of the seven fractions were 51,000, 31,000, 28,500, 25,500, 21,800, 20,500, and 17,900.
Dimer acids: Gas chromatographic analysis
Authors: Nelson J. P. , Milun A. J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA gas chromatographic method is described for analyzing commercial polymerized fatty acids. The method determines unpolymerized acid, dimerized acid, and trimerized acid. Involved is an esterification to the methyl esters, followed by programed temperature gas liquid chromatography. Several years experience with this analysis has demonstrated its utility as a tool for quality control and research.
Chemical analysis of polymerization products in abused fats and oils
Authors: Waltking Arthur E. , Seery William E. , Bleffert George W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractFor more than a decade, numerous analytical methods have been proposed for the detection and measurement of polymers in vegetable fats and oils. Many of the methods have been little more than laboratory curiosities, either because they were concerned with only very specific compounds or were too cumbersome and time consuming to become very popular. More recently, a number of methods in common use for analysis of fats and oils has been shown to be useful for indirectly measuring polymeric materials in heat abused oils. The present report shows, by the use of gel filtration chromatography, the validity of two of the indirect methods of estimating polymeric products of abused fats and oils. These methods are: the estimation of polymers through changes in the iodine value and the measurement of retention materials on a gas liquid chromatographic column. A new simplified internal standard gas liquid chromatographic procedure utilizing triglyceride standards also is presented. This latter method permits estimating the degree of degradation of vegetable fats and oils by any laboratory capable of determining the fatty acid composition of a sample by gas liquid chromatography.
Characterization of the reversion flavor of soybean oil
Authors: Chang S. S. , Brobst K. M. , Tai H. , Ireland C. E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe reversion flavor isolated from reverted‐but‐not‐rancid soybean oil was separated into 14 fractions by gas‐liquid chromatography. The gas chromatographic fractions were collected in specially designed gas cells and polyethylene capillary traps for the determination of their infrared spectra by micro techniques. Ethyl formate, ethyl acetate, ethyl alcohol, n‐butyraldehyde, 2‐heptanone, and 2‐heptenal were positively identified. Presence of alcohol, ester, and possibly dimethyl amino compounds in the fractions with higher chromatographic retention times was indicated by infrared analyses. Ultimate analyses of the flavor compounds isolated from reverted‐but‐not‐rancid soybean oil also indicated the presence of nitrogen compounds.
Removal of radio‐tagged protein and stearic acid soil from glass
Authors: Harris Jay C. , Satanek Joseph 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBoth algal protein and stearic acid soils are removed by water alone to near a 50% level; retained soil then becomes more difficult to remove. The bonding of protein soil to glass is stronger than that of tristearin, with indications that stearic acid soil is als slightly more adherent. The shape of the protein soil removal curves lacks the sigmoid shape of the tristearin or stearic acid soils, suggesting either the absence of sharp dependence upon critical micelle concentration, or the existence of adsorption largely at an essentially single energetic level. Both these soils are generally more effectively removed by anionic surfactants than was tristearin.Sodium tripolyphosphate is quite effective for removal of both soils, but combination with surfactants failed to provide the synergistic combinations found in tristearin removal. Nevertheless surfactant soil removal was improved by STP combination.
Glyceride structure of vegetable oils by countercurrent distribution. VI. Corn oil
Authors: Scholfield C. R. , Nowakowska Janina , Dutton H. J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCorn oil has been fractionated in a 200‐tube countereurrent distribution apparatus. Although this technique gives no information about the positional isomers of the glycerides, the fatty acid composition of the fractions and the amounts of the more unsaturated triglycerides are in agreement with an essentially random pattern.
Glycidyl esters. II. Synthesis of esters of commercial and pure fatty acids
Authors: Maerker Gerhard , Saggese Edward J. , Port William S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe reaction of salts of earboxylic acids with epichlorohydrin in the presence of quaternary ammonium halides to form glycidyl esters has been demonstrated to be applieable to a variety of acids derived from fats, including commercial mixtures.The glycidyl esters of pelargonic, lauric, oleic, dimerized linoleic, ricinoleic, behenic, and sebacic acids as well as those of the fatty acids derived from tallow, wool wax, and soya oil have been prepared in 80–95% yields and purities.
Differentiation of 1‐ and 2‐Monoglycerides by near‐infrared absorption spectroscopy
Authors: Susi H. , Morris S. G. , Scott W. E. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract1‐ and 2‐monoglycerides can be differentiated and mixtures analyzed by investigating the overtone of the OH stretching vibration, which occurs in the near‐infrared spectral region close to 1.4 microns. The results are compared with data obtainable in the fundamental rock‐salt region.
Aliphatic urethanes. Effect of chain length on some physical properties
Authors: Shulman Sol , Formo Marvin W. , Rheineck Alfred E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDuring a study of the thixotropic behavior of certain fatty materials a series of alkyl esters of substituted carbamic acids was prepared, and some of the physical properties were examined. Highly purified fatty aleohols and fatty isocyanates were reacted to give urethanes with from 8 to 22 carbon atoms in both the O‐alkyl and N‐alkyl groups.The melting points of the urethanes were dependent not only on the number of carbon atoms in the molecule but also on the symmetry of the moiety. In an homologous series the melting point increases with the number of carbon atoms. When symmetry is reached, there is a sharp increase in the melting point. After this the increase is less pronounced.The urethanes give thixotropic gels with ethyl alcohol, soybean oil, solvent‐thinned resins, and other similar materials at concentrations as low as 0.5%. In general, better‐defined crystal structure and poorer thixotropic properties were observed with an increase in symmetry.
Characterization of oils from low‐gland and glandless cottonseed
Authors: Thaung U Kyaw , Gros Audrey , Feuge R. O. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractNew varieties of cotton which contain few or no gossypol pigment glands are being developed. Commercial production of such varieties should contribute to improving meal quality and reducing the color problems encountered with cottonseed oil. Samples of gland‐containing, low‐gland, and glandless seed grown in California were obtained, and the oils were extracted and characterized.With regard to the over‐all characteristics the oils from the low‐gland and glandless seed were indistinguishable from regular cottonseed oil. Iodine values, contents of unsaponifiables, cloud‐ and pour‐points, response to the Halphen test, and similar characteristics resembled those of commercial cottonseed oil. No differences were found in behavior during winterization.Determination of the component fatty acids by gas chromatography showed the fatty acid composition of the oils to be typical. Determination of the positions of the double bonds in the unsaturated acyl groups showed no differences between the oils from gland‐containing, low‐gland, and glandless seed. Ultraviolet, visible, and infrared spectra of the oils revealed no differences other than the presence of gossypol in the crude oil from the gland‐containing seed. The infrared spectra of the unsaponifiable fractions obtained from the oils showed some differences, which were not believed to be important.
The chemistry of polymerized oils. VII. Cyclization of methyl beta‐eleostearate
Authors: Rivett D. E. A. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryEvidence is presented for the presence of various structural types in the cyclic product obtained by thermal polymerization of methyl β‐eleostearate under mild conditions. Of these types a 1,2‐dialkyl‐3,5‐cyclohexadiene is probably the primary product.
Properties of the fatty acid esters of amylose
Authors: Gros Audrey T. , Feuge R. O. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTo help establish the suitability of esters of amylose and fatty acids as dip‐coating materials, esters of the evennumbered, saturated fatty acids, acetic through stearic, and of oleic and cottonseed oil fatty acids were prepared, and their properties were determined.The various esters generally were prepared by the interaction of acid chlorides with the amylose suspended in a suitable mixture of solvents. Analyses for content of free fatty acid groups indicated that high proportions of the hydroxyl groups were esterified. Intrinsic viscosity decreased as the chain length of the acyl group increased, a reflection of the changing nature of the products rather than a decrease in the degree of polymerization of the amylose.As the chain length of the saturated fatty acid group increased the softening point at first decreased and then increased, the minimum being obtained with the myristate. The stearate softened at 56.2ŶC. The stearate had a hardness index of 139, which was about equal to the index of 140 for completely hydrogenated cottonseed oil. Densities were greater than those of the corresponding triglycerides and decreased as the chain length of the fatty acid group increased. Permeability to water vapor also decreased as the chain length increased, the index being 620ȕ10蜢12 for the acetate and 15ȕ10蜢12 for the stearate. The acetate possessed the highest tensile strength, about 4.40 kg./sq. mm., while the palmitate had a tensile strength of about 0.49 kg./sq. mm. Elongation at the break point varied widely, being 632% for the caprate and 0.95% for the stearate.
Conjugation of polyunsaturated fats with dimsylsodium
Authors: Dejarlais W. J. , Gast L. E. , Cowan J. C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe conjugation of polyunsaturated fatty esters, including soybean oil, trilinolein, soybean methyl esters, and methyl linolenate and linoleate, with the sodium salt of dimethyl sulfoxide (dimsylsodium) as catalyst has been investigated. Methyl esters are ca. 95% conjugated within 2 hr. Glycerides react more slowly but are similarly conjugated within 24 hr. The glyceride linkages are not destroyed as they would be with aqueous or alcoholic alkali. Highly conjugated oils can thus be prepared.
Sterol composition of 19 vegetable oils
Authors: Itoh T. , Tamura T. , Matsumoto T. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe unsaponifiables from 19 vegetable oils were divided into a sterol and three other fractions by thin‐layer chromatography. All except olive and palm kernel oils gave the sterol fraction in a large quantity. Compositions of the sterol fractions were determined by gas liquid chromatography. Identification of each sterol was carried out by gas liquid chromatography and combined gas chromatograph‐mass spectrometry. Campesterol, stigmasterol and β‐sitosterol were present in all oils, and a minor amount of cholesterol in majority of the oils. Brassicasterol occurrence was widespread but its content was extremely small in oils other than rapeseed oil. Other sterols, presumably δ7‐stigmastenol and δ5‐ and δ7‐avenasterol were detected in most of the oils.
Preparation and properties of oxalic acid salts of C18 saturated and unsaturated fatty amides
Authors: Mod Robert R. , Magne Frank C. , Skau Evald L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCrystalline oxalic acid salts of stearamide, oleamide and elaidamide consisting of 2 mol amide to 1 mol oxalic acid have been prepared and characterized by melting point and IR and X‐ray diffraction measurements. Their IR spectra are compared to those of the amides. Long spacings are reported for the crystalline salts, and both long and short spacings for these amides and linoleamide.
Plasticizer properties of some acrylonitrile‐eleostearate adducts and their hydrogenated derivatives
Authors: Placek Lida L. , Mod R. R. , Magne Frank C. , Bickford W. G. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe addition products obtained by the Diels‐Alder reaction of acrylonitrile with the methyl, ethyl, and butyl eleostearates have been prepared in good yields and purified by means of high‐vacuum distillation. It has been possible to saturate preferentially by hydrogenation both the cyclic and exocyclic double bonds of the acrylonitrile adducts without material reduction of the nitrile group. Also the acrylonitrile adduct of tung oil has been prepared. All these adducts have been intercompared with DOP and evaluated as primary plasticizers for vinyl chloride‐vinyl acetate copolymer. These products, with the exception of the nonhydrogenated ethyl and butyl derivatives, were found to be satisfactory as primary plasticizers. The results obtained indicate that hydrogenation greatly improves the compatibility of the adducts without changing their other plasticizing characteristics appreciably. The outstanding characteristic of all the adducts is their high plasticizing efficiency, as reflected by their low modulus at 100% elongation.
Isolation of two nitrogen‐free toxins from tung kernels
Authors: Holmes R. L. , Rayner E. T. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryA procedure is described for isolating two nitrogen‐free toxins from tung kernels and from press cake. Chick‐feeding tests were used to determine which fraction was toxic at every separation. Both substances were highly toxic as 10‐mg. doses killed 4‐day old chicks. These substances were shown by chromatography on glass paper to be different and chromatography homogeneous, but also unstable. The elementary composition, hydroxyl content, saponification value, and specific rotation for the two toxins are given.