bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of Proposals for Increasing the Efficiency of Using Domestic High-Capacity Rolling Stock in the South of Russia
Authors: Rakhaev V. A. , Kuzina E. L. , Vasilenko M. A. 
Published: April 2024

The main trend in development of high-capacity rolling stock used in the South of Russia is specialisation of coaches. The article considers the advantages of double-decker trains compared to traditional single-decker trains. Double-decker trains make it possible to carry out multimodal transportation of passengers in conditions of increased demand and a decrease in alternative offers from other modes of transport, increase the capacity of passenger rolling stock, the transit capacity of the railway infrastructure, and ensure the most rational use of the dimensions of the rolling stock. As a result, the carrying capacity of railway lines increases with minimal costs since energy costs for traction and traction-related costs are reduced.The authors analysed and constructed a model for replacing traditional single-decker rolling stock with more spacious doubledecker rolling stock. The dependence of the volume of traffic on passenger flow and a potential area of replacing single-decker trains with double-decker trains are shown. A nomogram is presented for the dependence of the volume of transport services for the population on the regularity of train schedule. A general algorithm for assessing and selecting potential opportunities for assigning double-decker trains in the South of Russia is considered.Scenarios have been proposed for changing the category of transport services under the conditions of increased demand while replacing single-decker cars with double-decker ones. The annual effect from replacing single-decker cars with double-decker ones was calculated together with the total investment effect.
Unification of Passenger Trains when Organising Irregular Railway Transportation
Authors: Panova O. N. , Vakulenko S. P. , Egorov P. A. 
Published: April 2024

Passenger transportation by rail can be divided into regular (travelling with labour or recreational purposes, weekend trips), and irregular (tourist, rotational, migration and others). The organisation of regular transportation is based on medium- and long-term planning of number of transported passengers, which is not applicable to irregular transportation.Determining the optimal layout of a passenger train, the number of main types of sleeping cars (with compartments and reserved seats without compartments) is one of the key tasks in organising railway passenger transportation, including irregular one.One of the promising improvements in development of longdistance railway passenger transportation is unification of passenger trains, which makes it possible to organise a comprehensive rotation of trains, thereby reducing non-operational downtime and increasing the efficiency of using rolling stock.Studies to assess the optimal composition of a long-distance train were carried out for regular railway transportation. However, considering several features of irregular passenger transportation, such as short-term planning of the volumes, high differentiation in the number of groups of passengers, a possibility of using free seats on trains on existing routes, it is necessary to re-evaluate the effectiveness of using unified passenger train composition schemes under these conditions.The development of standard compositions of passenger trains is carried out using the cluster analysis method. The use of three unified compositions is proposed. When developing proposals for unifying the layouts of passenger trains in circulation, it is necessary to consider the additional passenger traffic in irregular transportation, which cannot be absorbed using the remaining free seats. The results of the study were applied to a fragment of the North-Eastern part of railway network.
Blockchain Applications in the Pharmaceutical Industry
Authors: Gaynor Mark , Gillespie Kathleen , Roe Allison , Crannage Erica , Tuttle-Newhall J.E. 
Published: April 2024

Background: In recent years, blockchain technology has made great strides in diverse industries but has fallen behind within the pharmaceutical industry. The pharmaceutical industry is complex and would benefit greatly from the distributed database and emphasis of information privacy promoted by blockchain technology. This paper identifies the potential best application for blockchain technology in the United States pharmaceutical industry by identifying current trends, companies exploring the possibilities of blockchain technology, and industry concerns with opportunities for improvement.
Methods: We utilized a 4D framework using ease of implementation, novelty, necessity, and fit of the overall industry to examine the adoption of blockchain technology in the pharmaceutical industry. Based on the 2D framework of difficulty and novelty as driving factors for the development of foundational technologies in the world of business by Iansiti and Lakhani in The Harvard Business Review, each application was ranked and scored for the best potential implementation. The potential applications proposed in this paper can be grouped into two main categories. The first category, management, includes best use cases such as health records, clinical trials, and inventory systems. The second category, monitoring, highlights cases such as pharmaceutical products, preventing counterfeits, optimizing supply chains, and addressing prescription misuse and abuse.Results: Each application was ranked by the four metrics in the framework, giving the greatest weight to necessity and ease of implementation. Using the highlighted methodology above, the applications for best implementation include Prescription Drug Misuse and Abuse Prevention, Prevention of Counterfeits, Clinical Trial Outcomes, and Smart Contracts.
Conclusion: Blockchain technology offers a new and promising solution to pharmaceutical industry needs. Each application of blockchain technology must fit within the framework of necessary, ease of implementation, familiarity amongst stakeholders, and fit of the overall industry to promote the most appropriate use. By using the extended framework proposed by Iansiti and Lakhani we show that blockchain, in all these domains, shows promise to improve pharmaceutical industry performance.
APPLICATION OF SIMULATED COMPUTER SIMULATION TO THE TASK OF PERSONAL DEPERSONALIZATION DATA. MODEL AND ALGORITHM FOR DECONTAMINATION BY SYNTHESIS
Authors: Borisov S. A. , Bosov A. A. , Ivanov D. E. 
Published: April 2024

The second part of the study on the topic of automated depersonalization of personal data is presented. The review and analysis of the prospects for research, performed earlier, is supplemented here by a practical result. A model of the depersonalization process is proposed, reducing task of ensuring anonymity of personal data to manipulation of samples of different types of random elements. Accordingly, the key idea of transforming data to ensure their anonymity, provided that utility is maintained, is to apply the synthesis method, i.e. complete replacement of all unpublished data with synthetic values. The proposed model identifies a set of element types for which synthesis patterns are proposed. The set of patterns compiles the depersonalization algorithm by the synthesis method. Methodically, each template is based on a typical statistical tool – frequency probability estimates, nuclear Rosenblatt-Parsen density estimates, statistical averages and covariances. The application of the algorithm is illustrated by a simple example from the field of civil air transportation.
Effects of Plant Acclimation on Electron Transport in Chloroplast Membranes of <i>Cucumis sativus</i> and <i>Cucumis melo</i>
Authors: Benkov M. A. , Suslichenko I. S. , Trubitsin B. V. , Tikhonov A. N. 
Published: April 2024

In this work, we have studied photosynthetic electron transport in chloroplasts of two “contrasting” species of Cucumis genus, the shade-tolerant species Cucumis sativus (cucumber) and the light-loving species Cucumis melo (melon). Plants were acclimated to moderate (50–125 μmole photons m−2 s−1) or high light (850–1000 μmole photons m−2 s−1). Parameters of a fast induction of chlorophyll a fluorescence, emitted from photosystem 2 (PS2), were determined using a conventional OJIP test. For monitoring the turnover of photosystem 1 (PS1) reaction centers \({\text{{Р}}}_{{700}}^{ + }\), we used electron paramagnetic resonance. The shade-tolerant (C. sativus) and light-loving (C. melo) species, acclimation to high or low light irradiation, revealed substantial difference in their response to variations of light intensity. Photosynthetic activity of shade-tolerant species C. sativus revealed higher sensitivity to light intensity during acclimation as compared to C. melo. In the course of the long-term acclimation (more than 2 months) of С. sativum to high light (≥ 500 μmole photons m−2 m−1), a photochemical activity of PS2 decreased. This was not the case, however, for leaves of C. melo. In С. sativus leaves, a decrease in photochemical activity of PS2 caused by acclimation to high light was reversible, demonstrating the recovery after the attenuation of irradiation intensity. Plants of both species acclimated to high and low light also revealed significant differences in the two-phase kinetics of \({\text{{Р}}}_{{700}}^{ + }\) redox transients. In the leaves of plants acclimated to strong light, we observed a lag-phase in the kinetics of \({\text{{Р}}}_{{700}}^{ + }\) photooxidation that could be attributed to cyclic electron transport (CET) around PS1. The ratio of the signals induced by white light and far-red light (707 nm) was higher in plants acclimated to strong light. This effect can be explained by the enhancement of CET and optimization of the energy balance at excess of light, protecting plants from oxidative stress. The data obtained are discussed in the context of the problem of photosynthesis optimization upon fluctuations of light intensity.
<sup>3</sup>He Refrigerator Based on Closed Cycle Cryocooler Cooling
Authors: Chernikov A. N. 
Published: April 2024

In the Laboratory of Neutron Physics of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, work is underway to create gaseous neutron detectors. To prepare a working mixture of gases, it is necessary to use pure 3He, which is obtained by freezing impurities. The 3He refrigerator was created for this purpose. The refrigerator can also be used to obtain low temperatures in a physics experiment. In this work, the operating modes of the refrigerator are studied. In the continuous mode of 3He circulation, a temperature of 0.78 K was obtained. When 3He vapor is pumped out by an external pump in a single cooling mode, a temperature of 0.52 K is reached. We also study relaxation modes in which, with pre-condensed 3He, the volume of the container plays the role of a pump. A regime is presented in which the temperature of the evaporator relaxes from 1 to 1.5 K within 11 days.
Study of the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Coatings Obtained by Vacuum-Arc Spraying of Ti–B–Si–Ni Cathodes Manufactured Using Self-Propagent High-Temperature Synthesis and Pressing
Authors: Savostikov V. M. , Leonov A. A. , Denisov V. V. , Denisova Yu. A. , Skosyrsky A. B. , Shulepov I. A. 
Published: April 2024

The article presents the results of a study of vacuum-arc coatings obtained by sputtering Ti–B–Si–Ni cathodes, manufactured by the method of self-propagating high-temperature synthesis with simultaneous pressing. The techniques for manufacturing cathodes of the indicated composition were characterized; the modernized NNV 6.6-I1 device, the conditions and modes of coating deposition in an argon atmosphere and in a nitrogen + argon gas mixture in a ratio of 90/10 were described. To study the physical and mechanical properties of the resulting coatings, the hardness was measured at different loads on the indenter; the strength of adhesion to the base was assessed by the Rockwell method; the elemental composition of the cathodes and the (Ti–B–Si–Ni)N coating was determined by Auger spectroscopy and the phase composition of the (Ti–B–Si–Ni)N coating was determined by X-ray phase analysis; a study of the properties of the coating (Ti–B–Si–Ni) was carried out by the scratching method (scratch testing). As a result of a comprehensive analysis of the results obtained, it was concluded that the high hardness of the (Ti–B–Si–Ni)N coating (more than 40 GPa) is due to its composition, which includes both nitrides and highly hard titanium borides. The heterophasic nature of the structure of this coating can serve as a contribution to the stressed state of the material. The coating has a gradient-layered structure. The material contains a Ti–B–Si–Ni layer bonding with the substrate and the main functional layer (Ti–B–Si–Ni) N. The coating has both high hardness and sufficient adhesion to the substrate (adhesion) determined by the scratch testing. The combination of these properties makes the material promising for its practical application in the production of tools.
Sizing the EUV Laser-Plasma Source for a Microscope
Authors: Reunov D. G. , Malyshev I. V. , Perekalov A. A. , Nechay A. N. , Chkhalo N. I. 
Published: April 2024

The size and intensity of laser-plasma sources based on pulsed argon gas jets operating at a wavelength of 13.84 nm were studied. The gas jet was excited by laser radiation at a wavelength of 1064 nm with a pulse duration of 4.4 ns, a repetition frequency of 10 Hz, and a pulse energy of 0.5 J. Two methods of forming a jet of a pulsed gas target were studied: using a jet with a supersonic nozzle and using a capillary. The capillary source is commercially available. The sources were certified using a mirror microscope operating in the extreme ultraviolet region at a wavelength of 13.84 nm. It was found that due to the possibility of supplying a higher pressure of the working gas to the nozzle inlet, increasing the density and reducing the exit angle of the gas jet in the supersonic nozzle compared to the capillary, the peak radiation intensity at a wavelength of 13.84 nm increased six times. The full width at half maximum of the nozzle-based source diameter was 250 ± 10 μm with a profile close to Gaussian. In the field of view of a microscope of 25 × 25 μm, the nonuniformity of illumination from the “source on the nozzle” is about 1%; in the field of view of 50 × 50 μm, it is about 4%. The full width at half maximum of the source diameter based on a commercial valve with a capillary source was 330 ± 10 µm with a profile close to П-shaped. Based on the results of the comparison, an upgraded version of the microscope with up to 350× magnification will use a nozzle-based source.
Kinetics of Hydrogen Evolution during Amminborane Hydrolysis with Cobalt-Based Catalysts
Authors: Dyankova N. Ya. , Lapin N. V. , Grinko V. V. , Vyatkin A. F. 
Published: April 2024

The kinetics of hydrogen evolution during the hydrolysis reaction of aqueous solutions of amminborane with cobalt-based catalysts deposited on various substrates – Co3O4/ZnO, Co/ZnO, Co3O4/zeolite, Co/zeolite, as well as Co(OH)2 powder, was studied. In each case, the reaction order, the rate constants and apparent activation energy of the reaction, and the rate of hydrogen evolution during hydrolysis in the temperature range 35–80°C were determined. In all cases, an amminborane solution with a concentration of 0.078 M was used. The amount of the active part of the catalysts was determined by the chemical method and was 7.5–10% of the total weight of the catalyst. For low-temperature Co–B and Co(OH)2 catalysts, the kinetic dependences corresponded to the zero or close to zero reaction order. When using the catalysts Co3O4/ZnO, Co/ZnO, Co3O4/zeolite, Co/zeolite, the first order of the reaction was observed. The maximum rate of hydrogen evolution at 80°C was 3125 mL H2 · (g-cat–1) · min–1 for Co/ZnO catalyst (turnover frequency TOF = 8.2 min–1) and 3750 mL H2 · (g-cat–1) · min–1 for Co–B catalyst (TOF = 11.7 min–1), respectively. The values of the apparent activation energy of the reaction of catalytic hydrolysis of amminborane were calculated for the catalysts: Co3O4/ZnO – 26.0, LT Co–B – 44.8, Co(OH)2 black – 43.4, Co(OH)2 blue – 47.4 kJ/mol, respectively.
Superconducting Solenoid (7 T) Indirectly Cooled by Cryocoolers for THz Radiation
Authors: Bragin A. V. , Volkov A. A. , Kubarev V. V. , Mezentsev N. A. , Tarasenko O. A. , Khrushchev S. V. , Tsukanov V. M. , Shkaruba V. A. 
Published: April 2024

The test results and performance characteristics of an indirectly crycooled superconducting solenoid to be used at the THz spectroscopy experimental station of free-electron laser at the Institute of Nuclear Physics, are presented. The superconducting solenoid with a winding diameter of 102 mm and a length of 0.5 m was designed for a magnetic field of 6.5 T. The warm bore diameter of 80 mm is available for THz spectroscopy experiments. The superconducting wire Cu/NbTi = 1.4 was used. The design implements passive protection methods due to sectioning and secondary connected circuits in case of a sudden quench. The required field uniformity of 0.5% was ensured by using an iron yoke and additional side windings. The cryogenics of the solenoid is based on two Sumitomo HI cryocoolers. The solenoid and iron yoke are cooled by the second stage of the cryocooler via copper links. The manufacturing technology of the solenoid is described in detail. The solenoid was tested in a liquid helium bath and in its own cryostat. Its characteristics meet the requirements of the experimental station. The obtained filed of 7.5 T is greater than the designed one due to overcooling up to 3.6 K. The magnetic field was measured both in a bath cryostat and in a design cryostat; the results corresponded to the design calculations. The solenoid cooling time is 13 days. The quench happened only twice, at 5.6 and 7.5 T.
Reconstruction of the mean January Air Temperature in the Early Holocene on the Eastern Coast of Chukotka
Authors: Budantseva N. A. , Maslakov A. A. , Vasil’chuk Yu. K. , Vasil’chuk A. C. , Kuzyakin L. P. 
Published: April 2024

The investigation is concerned with the Early Holocene syngenetic massive wedge ice exposed in the outcrop of a polygonal peatland in the upper part of the third marine terrace near Lorino settlement on the eastern coast of Chukotka. Based on the obtained radiocarbon dates of peat, it was found that the formation of a peatland in the area began about 14–13 cal ka BP, at the end of the Younger Dryas, while the termination of the active stage of peat accumulation was dated to about 10–9 cal ka BP. The beginning of peat accumulation at the end of the Younger Dryas, earlier the officially accepted limit of the lower boundary of the Holocene (11.7 cal ka BP), and the termination of its formation by the middle of the Greenlandian Holocene period is not a rare phenomenon in Russian permafrost zone, although it is traditionally assumed that the most active formation of peatlands has been going on during the thermal maximum in the middle of the Holocene. The age inversions noted in the peat vertical profiles are the most likely indicative of the processes of re-deposition of ancient organic material due to erosion by water of the third marine terrace sediments and the separation of the allochthonous peat. During the period from 2015 to 2021, six fragments of peatland exposures with the ice wedges were studied. Analysis of the obtained data on the content of stable oxygen isotopes in the ice show that δ18О values vary within the range from –15.5 to –18‰. These values are in good agreement with the data for Early Holocene ice wedges earlier obtained in other areas of the eastern coast of Chukotka (Anadyr town, Uelen settlement), where authors report the δ18O values from –16 to –19.4‰. This suggests that the ice wedge growth as well as the peat accumulation were the most active in Early Holocene. The highest δ18О values (from –13.1 to –16.8‰) were obtained for the modern ice veinlets. The ratio δ2H–δ18O in the ice wedges, in general, is indicative of a good preservation of isotope signature of winter precipitation. It has been found that approximate mean January air temperature in the Early Greenlandian period varied from –23 to –27°С, which is, on average, 3°С below than the present-day ones.
The Use of Isotope Indicators in Hydrological Studies in the Taldura River Basin, Central Altai
Authors: Bantcev D. V. , Ovsepyan A. A. , Rasputina V. A. , Kozachek A. V. , Tchikhatchev K. B. , Ganyushkin D. A. 
Published: April 2024

Received June 29, 2023; revised August 28, 2023; accepted October 2, 2023Stable isotopes investigation was carried out in the territory of the Yuzhno-Chuya Ridge (Central Altai) during the ablation season of 2022. Samples were taken to determine the contribution of meltwater and precipitation to feeding of water bodies. The main research objects are Nekrasov glacier – Tamozennoye Lake system and Taldura River. In the basin of Lake Tamozennoye, the average ice δ18O of the Nekrasov glacier (‒17.3%) was obtained. Based on the isotopic composition of ice and precipitation, it was estimated that in the stream flowing into Lake Customs, the contribution of glacier meltwater varies from 28 to 67%, on average 54%. For a stream flowing out of a lake, the proportion of meltwater is higher: 48–72, 61% on average. First of all, meltwater enters the lake by filtration through the moraine, and not by surface runoff. Along the Taldura River, δ18O does not change significantly (δ18O –16.58 … –16.84%) for 38 km before the Taldura River confluence into the Chagan River. This indicates the complete predominance of glacier meltwater in the river feeding in the middle of the ablation season. Repeated sampling of water from the Taldura River 5 km from the edge of the glacier showed, that the effect of precipitation can be traced in the isotopic composition of river water, but it does not exceed 20%.
Spatial-Temporal Variability of the δ<sup>18</sup>O Values and the Snow Cover Structure on the Territory of the Meteorological Observatory of the Lomonosov Moscow State University
Authors: Sokratov S. A. , Komarov A. Yu. , Vasil’chuk Yu. K. , Budantseva N. A. , Vasil’chuk J. Yu. , Seliverstov Yu. G. , Grebennikov P. B. , Frolov D. M. 
Published: April 2024

Received July 3, 2023; revised September 4, 2023; accepted October 2, 2023The isotopic composition (δ18O values) of snow layers, constructing snow cover to the time of reaching maximum snow water equivalent (SWE), was compared with the isotopic content of snow precipitated over the whole the winter season 2018/19 on the territory of the Meteorological Observatory of the Lomonosov Moscow State University (Moscow, Russia). Snow-sampling was carried out in a trench 20 m long simultaneously with detailed measurements of spatial variability of the structural characteristics of snow depth. Sampling was conducted for each precipitation event over the winter season, with the amount of precipitation also documented. It was found that the spatially-distributed enrichment with heavy oxygen isotopes along the trench fell within the range of 0–3.5‰, with average values for the four main formed snow layers changing from 1.3 to 2.5‰. The enrichment was not much dependent on the age of snow layer in the snowpack, and it was even more pronounced in the upper layers. This suggests that the post-precipitated change in the isotopic composition of snow cover for the conditions of the investigated site mainly took place when the snow was exposed to the atmosphere (due to sublimation and evaporation), while the processes of dry and wet metamorphism were either less important or even led to leveling the effects of isotopic fractionation. A positive correlation was found between the isotope composition of snow and the spatially varying snow density in each layer. This is most probably related to involvement of wind influence into the snow accumulation resulting in more dense snow. The spatial variability of the isotope composition of snow in each layer was smaller than changes in snow density and snow water equivalent.