bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application of the pseudoadiabatic operation to catalytic fixed bed reactors case of the orthoxylene oxidation
Authors: De Lasa H. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis is a further contribution to establish the crucial interest of appropriately considering the influence of a non‐boiling cooling flow when modeling and operating exothermal multitubular catalytic reactors. Particularly, the characteristics of a condition named “pseudoadiabatic operation” (PO) where the maximum temperature appears at the reactor exit is analysed. The purpose of the present study is to illustrate the peculiarities of the PO and their significance for the design and operation of orthoxylene oxidation multitubular catalytic reactors.
A theoretical and experimental investigation of trapping in pore doublets
Authors: Laidlaw W. G. , Wardlaw N. C. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe mechanism for trapping oil in a pore doublet with a finite source and sink is examined both theoretically and experimentally. The characteristics of the source and sink play a crucial role in determining whether there is a potential for trapping in the wider or narrower branch of the doublet and are explicitly treated for the first time.The analysis includes fluids of unequal viscosity and it is shown that the fluid viscosities should affect trapping only in special circumstances. Trapping of the displaced phase is not a function of scale when the external pressure drop is either zero or much larger than the capillary pressure. However, any attempt to control trapping by an external pressure is constrained by the scale of the pores involved.
Vapor‐liquid equilibrium calculations using the topological treatment of mixtures
Authors: Aucejo A. , Orchillés A. , Berna A. , Mulet A. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe Topological Treatment of mixtures is applied to several kinds of binary mixtures to obtain VLE diagrams. The excess Gibbs free energy, gE, is calculated as the product of a topological vector and an information vector. The pure compound topological description were obtained following the DARC system rules. A weighting function was introduced to obtain the topological description of a mixture. The information vector is calculated from experimental data. It is shown that for binary mixtures alcohol‐alkane, the components of this vector varies linearly with the average number of carbon atoms of chemical compounds. This relationship allows prediction of the VLE diagram for any other system of the family. The results obtained are in good agreement with literature data.
Temperature and pressure dependence of liquid viscosity
Authors: Utracki L. A. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractStatistical thermodynamics theory, based on the cell/hole model, provides an excellent description of liquid properties in the full range of reduced variables \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \tilde P.\tilde T.\tilde V $\end{document}. In addition, the theory provides the occupied site fraction y as a function of these reduced variables. This paper examines the relation between the temperature and pressure dependent liquid viscosity and the parameter y. Properties of n‐paraffins are discussed.
An analogy between the spouted bed phenomena and the bubbling‐to‐spray transition
Authors: Chen J. J. J. , Lam Y. W. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAn analogy is drawn between the onset of minimum spouting and the bubbling‐to‐spray transition on a sieve tray to derive an analytical equation which relates the bed depth to the minimum air velocity required for the onset of spouting. The derived equation and the significance of the terms appearing in it are discussed and compared with existing correlations and the available data.
Arzneiliche Kindertherapie in der frühen Neuzeit. “Pro infantibus”
Authors: Manzke Walter Martin 
Published: January 2009

AbstractDie hier besprochenen Schriften von Paulus Bagellardus (1472), Bartholomäus Metlinger (1473) und Cornelius Roelans von Mecheln (1483/84), Eucharius Rösslin (1513), Thomas Phaire (1544) und Hieronymus Mercurialis (1583) stellen die ersten gedruckten Monographien auf dem Gebiet einer sich langsam herausbildenden speziellen Kindermedizin dar. All diesen Publikationen galt dabei als wichtigstes therapeutisches Kriterium das Prinzip, zunächst den leichtesten Eingriff in die infantile Konstitution vorzunehmen, indem man mit dem schwächsten Medikament begann und dieses – wenn sich die erhoffte Besserung nicht einstellte – erst in einem zweiten Schritt durch stärkere ersetzte. Der Gedanke eines kinderadäquaten Heilkonzepts – in das auch stets die Amme eingebunden war – kommt zudem in der Warnung vor bestimmten Drogen ebenso zum Ausdruck wie im Verzicht auf einzelne Applikationsarten; ferner lässt sich in diesen Schriften bereits eine altersabhängige Differenzierung in der Dosierung sowie eine strenge Indikationsstellung bei der Verabfolgung hochwirksamer bzw. aus dem Erwachsenenrepertoire stammender Arzneimittel erkennen. An Darreichungsformen kamen hauptsächlich Externa und Oralia zum Einsatz, während es sich bei den verwendeten Arzneistoffen in der Regel um Vegetabilia handelte. Die Beigabe von Korrigenzien unterstreicht das Bemühen um eine kindgerechte Zubereitung und ist bis heute Bestandteil der medikamentösen Versorgung kleiner Patienten geblieben.
Rezeptur‐ und Defekturarzneimittel. Therapieoptionen für pädiatrische Patienten
Authors: Bruns Cornelia 
Published: January 2009

AbstractFür die Therapie von pädiatrischen und geriatrischen Patienten, aber auch von Erwachsenen mit seltenen Erkrankungen werden Rezeptur‐ und Defekturarzneimittel weiterhin eine wichtige Rolle spielen. Diese Arzneimittel zur Verfügung stellen zu können, verlangt von den herstellenden Apothekern ein hohes Maß an technologischem, analytischem, biopharmazeutischem und pharmakologischem Wissen, insbesondere auch auf dem Gebiet der Wirk‐ und Hilfsstoffe.Ob sich qualitativ hochwertige Rezeptur‐ und Defekturherstellung unter dem gegebenen wirtschaftlichen Druck und gesetzlichen Rahmenbedingungen der Versorgungswege durchsetzen kann, hängt nicht zuletzt davon ab, inwieweit die Notwendigkeit der Herstellung in Apotheken wieder Wertschätzung und Akzeptanz erfährt. Es ist daher auch eine Frage der Gesellschaft, welche Therapiemöglichkeiten sie sich leisten und konsequenterweise honorieren möchte.
Es grünt so grün...
Authors: Zündorf Ilse , Dingermann Theo , Winckler Thomas 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAnd the winner is... Aequorea victoria. Oh, Pardon, nein, vielmehr sind es die drei US‐Forscher Martin Chalfie, Roger Tsien und Osamu Shimomura, die in der Qualle aus dem Pazifik das grün‐fluoreszierende Protein (GFP) entdeckt, für erste Versuche angewendet und neue fluoreszierende Proteine davon abgeleitet haben. Dafür wurde ihnen der Nobelpreis für Chemie verliehen.
The determination of hydrophile‐lipophile balance by gas‐liquid chromatography
Authors: Becher Paul , Birkmeier R. L. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractMeasurement of the relative retention time of a pair of liquids, one polar and one nonpolar, permits determination of the polarity of the liquid Chromatographic substrate. It is shown that this polarity is a measure of the hydrophile‐lipophile balance (HLB) when the substrate is a surface‐active agent. The effects of structure, additivity in mixtures, and free polyol are discussed. A GLC apparatus, designed, to permit the rapid determination of HLB by this technique, is described.
Catalytic elimination of cyclopropene‐containing acids
Authors: Deutschman A. J. , Berry J. W. , Kircher H. W. , Sakir C. M. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractA procedure is described for decreasing the cyclopropene ring acids in cottonseed oil triglycerides as indicated by the Halphen test. Continuous reaction of the oil in the presence of aluminum silicate catalyst at elevated temp effectively decreases its cyclopropene acid content. The effect of temp and space velocity are described from temp of 170‐225C. The treated oil produces no observable effect on egg quality or production.
The oxidized‐metallic and grassy flavor components of autoxidized milk fat
Authors: Hammond E. G. , Hill F. D. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractOCt‐1‐en‐3‐one accounts for the metallic flavor of autoxidized milk fat. In combination with small amounts of aldehydes it gives an oxidized flavor to milk. The grassy flavor component observed in autoxidized milk fat is shown to betrans‐ cis‐2,6‐nonadienal. Mechanisms are proposed for the production of oct‐l‐en‐3‐one from linoleate and 2,6‐nonadienal from linolenate.
The temperature dependence of the expansion coefficient of liquid glycendes
Authors: Hendrikse P. W. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe temperature dependence of the expansion per degree C, E, has been determined for a number of simple triglycerides and for natural oils and fats. This dependence could be expressed as a straight line: E = Bo + kt The E‐values found for simple triglycerides indicate that: 1) The E‐value for the trisaturated glycerides is independent of the chain length; 2) the E‐lines for triolein and the trisaturated glycerides run parallel, thus enabling the E for a mixed triglyceride as 2‐oleoyl‐distearoyl glycerol to be calculated from those for triolein and tristearin; 3) the E‐line for trielaidin has a different slope from that of triolein. In calculating dilatations for practical purposes, the E‐values for natural oils and fats can be rounded off to 20.5 + 0.02 t. When we have to correct for the expansion of the liquid fat phase, the equation: Ux = E.(te ‐ tx) has to be changed into the more accurate expression:
Long Chaina‐phosphono fatty acids, salts and esters
Authors: Maurer E. W. , Stirton A. J. , Ault W. C. , Weil J. K. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractA series of ॅ‐phosphono fatty acids and their salts and esters was prepared from pelargonic, capric, lauric, myristic, palmitic, and stearic acids. In comparison to correspondingॅ‐sulfo fatty acids theॅ‐phosphono fatty acids are white solids of higher melting point, weaker acids, less hygroscopic, have a lower critical micelle concentration and are less resistant to hard water. Methyl, isopropyl, and amyl esters RCH. [PO (OH)2] CO2R艂, were prepared from the ॅ‐phosphono fatty acids; a sulfuric acid catalyst was required in the case of lower boiling alcohols. Hydrolysis studies with sodium methylॅ‐phosphonomyristate showed the a‐phosphono ester to be 50 times as stable towards alkali as the correspondingॅ‐sulfo ester, but only one‐tenth as stable toward acid hydrolysis. Wetting, foaming, detergent, and other surface active properties of theॅ‐phosphono fatty acids, salts, and esters were measured and compared with those of analogousॅ‐sulfo compounds.
A naturally occurring all‐cis 6,9,12,15‐Octadecatetraenoic acid in plant oils
Authors: Craig B. M. , Bhatty M. K. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractOil extracted from freshly ground seed ofOnosmodium occidentale contains 9‐oleic, 9,12‐linoleic, 6,9,12‐linolenic, 9,12,15‐linolenic, 6,9,12, 15‐octadecatetraenoic and 11‐eicosenoic as unsaturated fatty acids. Column chromatography employing silicic acid‐silver nitrate, and oxidation with permanganate‐periodate was used in conjunction with GLC to confirm the structures of the unsaturated acids. Oils extracted from other members of the Boraginaceae family also contain the 6,9,12, linolenic and octadecatetraenoic acids.
Determination of the glyceride structure of fats: Gas liquid chromatography of oxidized glycendes
Authors: Youngs C. G. , Subbaram M. R. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractA method has been developed for the determination of glyceride composition of natural fats, which involves oxidation of the fat by permanganate‐periodate, esterification of the oxidized glycerides, and subsequent GLC using a flame ionization detector. Quantitative analyses, requiring about 4 hr and 20 mg of sample, are reported. The method gives the distribution of individual saturated acids within the glycerides. Glyceride composition of four vegetable oils has been determined, using the above procedure.
Some problems in improving tropical materials utilized by the United Kingdom oilmilling industry
Authors: Hiscocks E. S. , Raymond W. D. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis paper considers palm oil, palm kernels, and peanuts imported to the U.K., mainly from Nigeria. The origin of the oil palm and the peanut plant, their commercial development, and the antiquity of the use of palm oil is discussed, and a brief description is given of the manner in which the crops are handled and processed in West Africa.By the control of lipolysis, due to 1) the presence of lipases in the fruit, 2) chemical hydrolysis, and 3) the lipolytic action of moulds, oil with about 1% fatty acid may be marketed; most Nigerian peasant‐produced oil is below 5%. It is mainly edible, but not easily bleached. This is due to oxidation caused by lipoxidases in the fruit, and oxidation by air catalysed in the presence of metals, especially iron. By control of these factors Nigerian oil of excellent bleach‐ability may be prepared.Palm kernels suffer from acidity and browning. Development of acidity is ascribed to kernel breakage with concomitant development of lipolytic moulds and bacteria. Non‐enzymic browning is mentioned.Nigerian peanut oil from the 1951‐52 crop averaged 5.63% free fatty acid content (FFA) compared with 1.46% for 1960‐61. This improvement is largely due to improved methods of decortication. Some preliminary studies are reported concerning mould growth on kernels stored under West African conditions and work on toxicity associated with certain batches of peanuts, caused by the mould,Aspergillus flavus.
The structure of polyenoic odd‐ and even‐numbered fatty acids of mullet (Mugil cephalus)
Authors: Sen Nirmal , Schlenk Hermann 
Published: January 2009

AbstractMullet oil contains more than 25% straight‐chain odd‐numbered fatty acids. Odd‐ and even‐numbered components of chain lengths C15 to C20 were isolated and their structures determined. The vinylmethane rhythm prevails in all polyun‐saturated acids. Numerous homologs have their double bonds in identical positions, relative to the carboxyl group, as for example, 舥9,12‐ and 舥6,9,12‐C15, ‐C16, ‐C17 and ‐C18 acids. The terminal structures which are characteristic for oleic, linoleic, etc., families are not found in the unsaturated odd‐numbered acids.The results show: that the proximal structure has greater influence than the terminal structure on the biosynthesis of unsaturated odd‐numbered acids; that chain lengths of 17 and 18 carbon atoms with double bonds in position 9 are crucial for synthesis of the polyenoic C19 and C20 acids; that chain lengths C15 and C16 with double bonds in position 9 are suitable for desaturation but that they are not suitable for desaturation after elongation.These specifications bring all acids of mullet into a rational order and reflect their possible interconversions. Presently, such classification has only limited predictive value in regard to the physiological properties of polyunsaturated acids. However, the new definitions for grouping the polyunsaturated fatty acids lead to interesting working hypotheses.
Disparities in Stroke Rehabilitation: Results of a Study in an Integrated Health System in Northern California
Authors: Sandel M. Elizabeth , Wang Hua , Terdiman Joseph , Hoffman Jeanne M. , Ciol Marcia A. , Sidney Steven , Quesenberry Charles , Lu Qi , Chan Leighton 
Published: January 2009

ObjectiveTo determine whether there are disparities in postacute stroke rehabilitation based on type of stroke, race/ethnicity, sex/gender, age, socioeconomic status, geographic region, or service area referral patterns in a large integrated health system with multiple levels of care.DesignCohort study tracking rehabilitation services for 365 days after acute hospitalization for a first stroke.SettingThe Northern California Kaiser Permanente Health System (approximately 3.3 million membership population)ParticipantsA total of 11,119 patients hospitalized for acute stroke from 1996 to 2003. The cohort includes patients discharged from acute care after a stroke. Postacute care rehabilitation services were evaluated according to the level of care ever‐received within the 365 days after discharge from acute care, including inpatient rehabilitation hospital (IRH), skilled nursing facility (SNF), home health and outpatient, or no rehabilitation services.InterventionsNot applicable.Main Outcome MeasureService delivery.ResultsPatients discharged to an IRH had longer lengths of stay in acute care. Patients with hemorrhagic stroke were less likely to be treated in an IRH. Patients whose highest level of rehabilitation was SNF were older and more likely to be women. After adjusting for age and other covariates, women were less likely to go to an IRH than men. Asian and black patients were more likely than white patients to be treated in an IRH or SNF. Also more likely to go to an IRH were patients from higher socioeconomic groups, from urban areas, and from geographic areas close to the regional rehabilitation hospital.ConclusionsThese results suggest variation in care delivery and extent of postacute care based on differences in patient demographics and geographic factors. Results also varied over time. Some minority populations in this cohort appeared to be more likely to receive IRH care, possibly because of disease severity, family support systems, cultural factors, or differences in referral patterns.
Practice Parameter: The Evaluation of Distal Symmetric Polyneuropathy: The Role of Autonomic Testing, Nerve Biopsy, and Skin Biopsy (An Evidence‐Based Review)
Authors: England J.D. , Gronseth G.S. , Franklin G. , Carter G.T. , Kinsella L.J. , Cohen J.A. , Asbury A.K. , Szigeti K. , Lupski J.R. , Latov N. , Lewis R.A. , Low P.A. , Fisher M.A. , Herrmann D. , Howard J.F. , Lauria G. , Miller R.G. , Polydefkis M. , Sumner A.J. 
Published: January 2009

BackgroundDistal symmetric polyneuropathy (DSP) is the most common variety of neuropathy. Since the evaluation of this disorder is not standardized, the available literature was reviewed to provide evidence‐based guidelines regarding the role of autonomic testing, nerve biopsy and skin biopsy for the assessment of polyneuropathy.MethodsA literature review using MEDLINE, EMBASE, Science Citation Index and Current Contents was performed to identify the best evidence regarding the evaluation of polyneuropathy published between 1980 and March 2007. Articles were classified according to a four‐tiered level of evidence scheme and recommendations were based upon the level of evidence.Results and Conclusions1. Autonomic testing may be considered in the evaluation of patients with polyneuropathy to document autonomic nervous system dysfunction (Level B). Such testing should be considered especially for the evaluation of suspected autonomic neuropathy (Level B) and distal small fiber sensory polyneuropathy (SFSN) (Level C). A battery of validated tests is recommended to achieve the highest diagnostic accuracy (Level B). 2. Nerve biopsy is generally accepted as useful in the evaluation of certain neuropathies as in patients with suspected amyloid neuropathy, mononeuropathy multiplex due to vasculitis, or with atypical forms of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP). However, the literature is insufficient to provide a recommendation regarding when a nerve biopsy may be useful in the evaluation of DSP (Level U). 3. Skin biopsy is a validated technique for determining intraepidermal nerve fiber (IENF) density and may be considered for the diagnosis of DSP, particularly SFSN (Level C). There is a need for additional prospective studies to define more exact guidelines for the evaluation of polyneuropathy.
Correcting for ascertainment bias in the inference of population structure
Authors: Guillot Gilles , Foll Matthieu 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Background: The ascertainment process of molecular markers amounts to disregard loci carrying alleles with low frequencies. This can result in strong biases in inferences under population genetics models if not properly taken into account by the inference algorithm. Attempting to model this censoring process in view of making inference of population structure (i.e.identifying clusters of individuals) brings up challenging numerical difficulties.
Method: These difficulties are related to the presence of intractable normalizing constants in Metropolis–Hastings acceptance ratios. This can be solved via an Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm known as single variable exchange algorithm (SVEA).
Result: We show how this general solution can be implemented for a class of clustering models of broad interest in population genetics that includes the models underlying the computer programs STRUCTURE, GENELAND and GESTE. We also implement the method proposed for a simple example and show that it allows us to reduce the bias substantially.
Availability: Further details and a computer program implementing the method are available from http://folk.uio.no/gillesg/AscB/
Contact: gilles.guillot@bio.uio.no
Molecular Interactions between the Specialist Herbivore Manduca sexta (Lepidoptera, Sphigidae) and Its Natural Host Nicotiana attenuata. VIII. An Unbiased GCxGC-ToFMS Analysis of the Plant's Elicited Volatile Emissions
Authors: Gaquerel Emmanuel , Weinhold Alexander , Baldwin Ian T. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Treating wounds in Nicotiana attenuata leaves with Manduca sexta oral secretions (W+OS) mimics most changes elicited by M. sexta herbivory, but an unbiased analysis of the effect of the different OS constituents on volatile emissions is lacking. We used two-dimensional gas chromatography/time-of-flight (GCxGC-ToF) mass spectrometry combined with multivariate statistics to parse volatiles into regulatory patterns. Volatiles released by wounding alone and by the alkalinity of OS were assessed by applying a buffer known to mimic the pH-mediated changes of OS elicitation (pectin methyl esterase activation and methanol release). The activities of fatty acid amino acid conjugates, well-known elicitors of antiherbivore defenses, and of 2-hydroxyoctadecatrienoic acid, a newly discovered signal in OS, were determined. Approximately 400 analytes were detected after deconvolution and alignment of GCxGC data; 35 volatiles were significantly regulated upon W+OS. Two-thirds of these were specifically regulated by OS, being either amplified (most terpenoids and certain hexenylesters) or strongly repressed (many short-chain alcohols and some aromatic and hexenylester derivatives). Fatty acid amino acid conjugates played a central role in this pattern of regulation, since they induced the emission of half of OS-elicited volatiles and inhibited the production of almost all OS-repressed volatiles; 2-hydroxyoctadecatrienoic acid influenced emission of trans-α-bergamotene, while other unknown OS constituents amplified hexenylester production. We conclude that the complex bouquet of herbivory-elicited volatiles results from the complex modulations of the wound response by diverse cues found in OS. This work also underscores the value of ultra-high-resolution GCxGC-ToF analysis combined with the nontargeted mining of the resulting data.