bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Metaphysics of Hyperspace
Authors: Hudson Hud 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis collection of chapters on metaphysics and philosophy of religion is organized around the theme of hyperspace. The book contains critical discussions and evaluations of some non-theistic reasons to believe in hyperspace in Chapter 1 (e.g., reasons arising from reflection on incongruent counterparts and fine-tuning arguments), of some theistic reasons in Chapter 7 (e.g., reasons arising from reflection on puzzles known as the problem of the best and the problem of evil), and of some distinctively Christian reasons in Chapter 8 (e.g., reasons arising from reflection on traditional Christian themes such as heaven and hell, the Garden of Eden, angels and demons, and new testament miracles). In the intervening chapters, the book provides critical discussions of a variety of puzzles in the metaphysics of material objects that are either generated by the hypothesis of hyperspace (e.g., the topics of mirror determinism and mirror incompatibilism) or else informed by the hypothesis of hyperspace (e.g., theories of receptacles, boundaries, contact, the four-color theorem, location and occupation relations, extended mereological simples, and superluminal motion).
5 Superluminal Motion and Superluminal Causation
Authors: Hudson Hud 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter shows that once one adopts certain principles of composition and decomposition, a popular view of persistence, and a highly-intuitive sufficient condition for motion, one can show that there are many material objects that move much faster than light. Whether this conflicts with Special Relativity depends on exactly what consequences we are permitted to draw from that theory, and this question is investigated at some length. Along the way, various restrictions on diachronic composition are proposed and rejected. Finally, five brief strategies for securing superluminal causation as well as superluminal motion are explored.
Behind Bars: Social Control in Licensed Premises
Authors: Hadfield Phil 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe ability to control the behaviour of one's customers is essential to the successful operation of licensed premises. In exploring the constitution of and application of control, this chapter highlights a key conceptual deficiency of previous studies; namely, the tendency to focus upon individual elements of the security agenda such as venue design, managerial style, and the application of discretion by door staff. One issue that has been insufficiently explored is the extent to which controls are applied strategically and diffusely to manipulate the mood and behaviour of those customers who are granted entry. These controls are applied through aspects of music selection and presentation, drinks serving and pricing policies, niche marketing, and other aspects of routine operational practice. Following Goffman, such strategic interaction is analysed in terms of its co-produced elements — members of staff working together as a team to mould certain forms of social order.
Contesting Public Space
Authors: Hadfield Phil 
Published: January 2009

AbstractDrawing from ethnographic work in seven British towns, this chapter documents the forms of criminality which are routinely played out in the public spaces of those areas devoted to night-time consumption. It draws on interviews with club managers, security staff, police, and city centre residents, and presents thick description of nights ‘on the town’. The chapter provides unique analyses of the challenges of frontline policing and presents a conceptual model which links the commercial homogeneity of the night-time high street to an erosion of social difference, a decline in civility, and an atrophy of informal social control. It cautions against apportioning all blame for night-time violence squarely on the young, predominantly male participants/combatants, and in calling for ‘zero tolerance’ policing. Long term solutions, it is argued, must encompass licensing and other governmental techniques to diversify the range of venues and clientele that occupy night-time leisure spaces.
Rose-coloured Spectacles Versus the Prophecies of Doom (the Shaping of Trial Discourse)
Authors: Hadfield Phil 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter presents detailed analyses of the ways in which specialist licensing barristers approach their work, constructing their cases in such a way as to best serve the interests of their clients. This involves dissection of the minutiae of legal argumentation from field notes, witness statements, and other legal documents relating to oral and written evidence in over 50 licensing hearings. This data is collated and organised to reveal what are termed ‘argument pools’, that is, sets of pre-established, yet fluid and constantly mutating, adversarial devices. These pools are shown to form the bases of a patterned and recurrent framing of legal and empirical evidential material, wherein each ‘side’ presents a version of the ‘truth’ that is both ‘scripted’ and partial.
Notes from the Frontline: Licensing and the Courts
Authors: Hadfield Phil 
Published: January 2009

AbstractLicensing trials and their outcomes exert huge influence over the shaping of crime control strategies for the night-time economy at a local, regional, and national level. This chapter highlights the performativity of the law and of the courtroom settings that form the designated contexts for the settling of disputes between regulator and regulated, public and private sector, and corporate interests and local communities. It reveals the differential and unequal resources available to participants and how a witness's credibility may be variously bolstered or demolished through live cross examination. Courtroom battles are shown to bind regulatory adjudication — and thus the shaping of the night-time city — to a constricting and in many ways perverse adversarial frame of action in which truth or falsity becomes secondary to notions of winning and losing.
Paul Samuelson and the Stability of General Equilibrium
Authors: Fisher Franklin M. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This chapter draws attention to the topic of stability in the 21st century, for it has not yet reached a ‘satisfactory’ conclusion. When rummaging into the equations of a theory — be it simple supply and demand equation — one always wants to know its stability properties in order to know the predictive power of models for scientific appraisals. Samuelson likened stability behavior to the soul and mind of business. It encompasses both statics and dynamics analyses, that is, instantaneous or timeless determination of economic variables by mutually interdependent relations. There is a formal dependence between comparative statics and dynamics, namely, the Correspondence Principle. Stability concerns are here to stay. All models of reality call upon them to assess their compatibility. Samuelson has grounded stability in dynamics, which is promising for the 21st century economics.
Protection and Real Wages: The Stolper–Samuelson Theorem
Authors: McCulloch Rachel 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter examines the Stolper–Samuelson's Theorem under varying conditions and assumptions. Using a previous reformulation of the theorem, it demonstrates that when the relative prices for labor-intensive goods fall, real wages decline in that sector, and the returns to other factors increase, resulting in a redistribution effect. The model had been robust in its predictions. When the number of goods and factors is increased, at least one factor is likely to gain or lose. The model is relevant for modern policies such as the Trade Adjustment Assistance and Unemployment Insurance Programs that assist distressed industries, where compensation can make a difference for individuals or firms that are hurt from free trade. The model is also relevant in the political arena where owners of factors vote or lobby. It has shown strength in explaining patterns of protection across countries.
Multipliers and the LeChatelier Principle
Authors: Milgrom Paul 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter examines Samuelson's Le Chatelier principle of how the market responds to a change in parameters of demand and supply curves. It uses examples in demand theory, economic policy, and empirical research to illustrate the principle. It also stresses the flexibility of the principle to adapt to changing assumptions. Changes from the optimizing agents to equilibrium systems whose primary use is to provide a foundation for understanding multipliers are observed. The chapter evaluates the performance of the principle performed when confronted with local optimization problems as in production function settings, and in positive feedbacks systems as in gaming situations. The principle is found progressive in that it is able to capitalize on symmetric relations among substitutes and complements. In that regard, the principle has extended research into multiplier analysis, a research area that will continue into the 21st century.
The Surprising Ubiquity of the Samuelson Configuration: Paul Samuelson and the Natural Sciences
Authors: Cooper James B. , Russell Thomas 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter appraises one aspect of how Samuelson adopted the methods of physics for economics. Samuelson is considered a leader in adopting the concepts of optimization with constraints to economics. The chapter grasps the source of this principle in the little used and obscure writings of the physicist James Clerk Maxwell. It prices Samuelson from the angles of physics and mathematics. Samuelson reasoned in terms of physical axioms and their order. In economic analysis, the terms ‘price’ and ‘quantity’ are used to replace such concepts as ‘pressure’ and ‘volume’ from physics. From the area of classical mechanics, Samuelson borrowed the law of conservation of (mechanical) energy. This conservation model has been a workhorse in modern economics in optimization problems, and shows no sign of weakening in the 21st century.
Paul Samuelson's Mach
Authors: Cross Rod 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis final chapter analyzes Samuelson's methodology through the work of the physicist, psychologist, and philosopher Ernst Mach, categorizing Mach's thoughts with a big ‘M’. Thoughts of Mach range from sensory observation to phenomenology, including other disciplines such as psychology to the extent that such disciplinary thoughts are in harmony with the stability of the concept. The chapter ventures that Samuelson's methodology arises from the consideration of many views of science. Faced with a blurred distinction between facts and theory, which highlighted by Orman Quine, and the argument that economics deals with the world of social phenomena, Samuelson maintains firm feet in reality, letting the facts tell their story. Samuelson also acknowledges that new thoughts such as Thomas Kuhn's paradigm regarding the notions of cumulative knowledge, and incommensurability contribute to the theory of science. He accepted that facts are numerous and therefore must be carefully sampled for their economy. Yet Samuelson maintains that we should be able to tell the ‘how’ and the ‘why’ of things and phenomena of the economic world.
The Advocate General and EC Law
Authors: Burrows Noreen , Greaves Rosa 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe prominence of the Advocate General is one of the most distinctive and controversial features of the European Court of Justice. The Advocate General and EC Law is the first comprehensive study of the Advocate General and his role in the development of EC Law. In Part I, the book examines the history of the role, the questions over its future, and the role's importance in the procedures of the Court. In Part II, the book analyses the contribution of some of the most influential Advocates General to the development of specific aspects of Community law, including Francis Jacobs on intellectual property, Walter van Gerven on discrimination, and Jean Pierre Warner on competition procedure. In Part III, the book explores the contributions of a range of Advocates General to specific principles of Community Law, including state liability, direct effect, and the concept of citizenship. This book offers a unique perspective on politics of the European Court of Justice — one of the driving forces behind closer European integration.
The Advocates General and the concept of citizenship
Authors: Burrows Noreen 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter asks whether the Advocates General have been instrumental in persuading the Court to interpret the citizenship provisions of the Treaty in a more radical way than previously thought possible. Or, have the Advocates General sought to act as a restraining influence, reminding the Court of the difficult genesis of these provisions and the reluctance of Member States to agree to any but the most skeletal of provisions? The chapter examines some cases in which the Court was asked to interpret Articles 17 and 18 EC3, seeking to examine what influence Advocates General had on the Court. It argues that it is possible for an Advocate General to have a major impact on the thinking of the Court in a particular area of Community law. It concludes the Advocate General can assist the Court best when he is able to take existing authorities and apply them logically, clearly and succinctly to the questions referred to the Court by the national judge.
Fractured Families: The Perils and Possibilities of Atlantic Distance
Authors: Pearsall Sarah M. S. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This chapter provides general background for the many reasons families experienced Atlantic distance in the 18th century, including the increased importance of the colonies, economic growth, migration, slavery, war, and revolution. These factors all separated families and caused concerns, not simply for the families involved but for the larger culture as a whole. Anxieties about the family and the fragility of its bonds in this period in part reflect these larger societal and economic shifts, as well as concerns relating to family disorder such as illegitimacy and adultery. The chapter demonstrates how these anxieties were crystallized in the divorce case of Esten v. the Duke of Hamilton. It also tracks rising literacy and letter writing, and explicates a prominent metaphor in letters: ‘launching into the ocean of the world’.
Credit in Life and Letters
Authors: Pearsall Sarah M. S. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This chapter examines the ways that credit was a value also inculcated by families. Credit and debt were critical to the Atlantic economy, and fathers in particular were uncomfortably aware of this fact. They thus sought to create ‘men of credit’ out of sons especially. The profound loss of credit, in the form of ruin, was a specter that haunted families, communities, and nations. Letter writers, men and women, measured each other's credit, in domestic and economic terms, as much through their letters as through their behavior. They thus inculcated values of fair exchange and keeping in credit. Fathers also used their letters to mold their sons so as to avoid ruin in a perilous Atlantic economy.
The Farewell Between Husband and Wife: The Politics of Family Feeling
Authors: Pearsall Sarah M. S. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This chapter attends to the separation of a husband and a wife during and immediately after the American Revolution, considering what attended those moments when the ‘silken cords’ of marriage were stretched by distance and disorder. Concentrating on New England (especially Newport, Rhode Island) and England, it seeks to answer the question of why a husband did not return to his wife at the war's end, and what this meant. Women in such circumstances could obtain a kind of limited leverage from eloquent sensibility. Charges of unfeelingness, an important domestic claim, could also take on additional political meaning in wartime situations. At the same time, claims of ‘family feeling’ could also be put in service of some rather dubious political and domestic choices.
The Old Husband and the Young Wife: Scandal, Feeling, and Distance
Authors: Pearsall Sarah M. S. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This chapter investigates a scandal in a family, examining why a cuckolded ‘old husband,’ a rich West Indian planter, was willing to offer forgiveness to his adulterous wife (who had slept with her own stepson-in-law, an Anglican clergyman). It raises issues about the lives of families divided between Jamaica and England, focusing on their wealth, ambitions, and sexuality, and the complicated ways in which distance between family members created both crises and the solutions to them. It also exposes how a man defined good fatherhood. The chapter scrutinizes white women's and even slaves' abilities to deploy eloquent sensibility, and the limits of this language. It also traces how Atlantic distance could both undermine and make possible ‘family feeling’.
Conclusion
Authors: Pearsall Sarah M. S. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This concluding chapter briefly surveys the central themes and arguments of the book. It also revises notions of ‘self-fashioning’ and the alleged emergence of the modern self in the 18th century. ‘Self-fashioning’ worked in tandem with fashioning others, in ways both strategic and internalized. Understanding the nebulous origins of the modern self requires first understanding what had to be stripped away, at least partially, to make room for that self: chief among these attenuated entities was the family. The rise of independent selfhood generated a host of anxieties about social connections of all sorts. Many used letters to remain attached and to alleviate the painful uncertainties they faced. The conclusion also calls for greater attention to the family in this period.
Targeted Killing in Contemporary Legal Doctrine
Authors: Melzer Nils 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter discusses the contemporary legal doctrine with regard to State-sponsored targeted killings. It identifies three different debates regarding the issue. The first, and most recent discussion is concerned with the international lawfulness of the respective policies of targeted killing adopted by States such as Israel, the United States, Pakistan, and Russia in their current counter-terrorism campaigns. The second involves primarily American writers and focuses on the concept of ‘assassination’ under international and US domestic law. The third, geographically fragmentalized, discussion addresses the permissibility of ‘shoot-to-kill’ policies under the law enforcement standards of the respective domestic legislations.
Epilogue: Targeted Killing and the Rule of Law
Authors: Melzer Nils 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter discusses the three requirements that must be met to ensure that that the resort by States to the method of targeted killing remains subject to the rule of law. First, it must be ascertained that international law provides clear and binding normative standards allowing the objective determination of the lawfulness of concrete targeted killings (normative requirement). Second, the rule of law requires that the observance of such normative standards be effectively ensured in practice (procedural requirement). Third, in order for the applicable normative standards to be perceived as legitimate, it must be ensured that they accurately reflect the values prevailing in the societies which they are designed to govern (moral basis).
Main theoretical concepts and tools
Authors: Aranson Igor S. , Tsimring Lev S. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This chapter introduces the main theoretical approaches and models employed in the physics of granular media, such as the kinetic theory of diluted granular gases, various methods of molecular dynamics simulations (event driven, soft particles, contact dynamics), order parameter phase-field models, depth-averaged and two-phase models of dense flows, and a variety of other phenomenological theories.
Phase transitions, clustering, and coarsening in granular gases
Authors: Aranson Igor S. , Tsimring Lev S. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This chapter discusses theoretical approaches to modeling patterns that emerge in dilute granular systems with or without external excitation. It begins with the simplest possible realization of such a system: a freely cooling granular gas. It is shown that this system exhibits complicated dynamics as it loses energy via inelastic collisions, including clustering and inelastic collapse. Similar instabilities also occur in driven granular gases. The most common experimental realization of driven granular gases has been in vertically vibrated granular sub-monolayers. At sufficiently high frequency of vibrations, the vibrating surface is qualitatively similar to a thermal bath supplying kinetic energy to the particles. Experiments show that despite of spatially-uniform energy injection (heating), the grains separate in dilute gas and a dense (sometimes even crystalline) cluster with distinctly different temperatures. The chapter also describes the bistability leading to the formation and coarsening of dense clusters in such systems.
Patterns in granular segregation
Authors: Aranson Igor S. , Tsimring Lev S. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This chapter contains an overview of experiments and theories on segregation occurring in heterogeneous granular materials. One of the most fascinating features of heterogeneous (i.e., consisting of different distinct components) granular materials is their tendency to segregate under external agitation rather than to mix, as one would expect from the naive entropy consideration. Various basic segregation mechanisms (e.g., entropic segregations, kinetic sieving, granular convection, condensation, etc.) and various experimental manifestations of granular segregation (e.g., granular stratification in surface flows, radial and axial segregation in rotating drums and related theoretical concepts, including discrete cellular automata and continuum phenomenological models) are discussed.
Externalist Cases and Internalist Theory
Authors: Mendola Joseph 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe dominant roots of externalism are the Twin Earth and Elm-Beech cases of Hilary Putnam, the Arthritis case of Tyler Burge, and the Feynman-Gell-Mann, Gödel-Schmidt, and Aristotle cases of Saul Kripke. This chapter sketches a general internalist response to these cases, deploying a certain sort of rigidification of description clusters. It isolates the three central intuitive difficulties of such a view: the belief-ascription objection, the multiple-contents objection, and the subject-matter objection.
The Reception Process in Russia and Ukraine
Authors: Nußberger Angelika 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter discusses the reception of the ECHR in Russian and Ukraine. Topics covered include the accession and ratification of the ECHR in both countries, the status of ECHR in national law, an overview of the activity of the Court, and the Court's case law and its effect on the national legal order. Despite the similar starting point for the reception of the ECHR in Russia and Ukraine, the later developments are marked by numerous divergences. The development in Russia, after a period of instability in the 1990s, led to the reestablishment of a more authoritarian rule under President Putin. Internally, Russia is struggling with the consequences of the war in Chechnya, but externally it takes a leading role in world politics and, with newly acquired self-confidence, starts to close the doors for criticism from abroad. In contrast, the transitory period in Ukraine continues.