bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molecular genotyping of Anisakis Dujardin, 1845 (Nematoda: Ascaridoidea: Anisakidae) larvae from marine fish of Balinese and Javanese waters, Indonesia
Authors: Palm H. , Damriyasa I. , Linda  , Oka I. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The genetic identification and distribution of Anisakis larvae in Indonesia is described. 110 Auxis rochei rochei and 45 Decapterus russellii were sampled from fish markets in North (Anturan) and South (Kedonganan) Bali. Nematode larvae from A. rochei rochei, Caesio cuning and Epinephelus areolatus from Kedonganan and from Coryphaena hippurus from Pelabuhan Ratu, South Java, were identified using sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS-1, ITS-2) and 5.8S region of rDNA. The larvae belonged to Anisakis typica with an identical sequence to this species from the spinner dolphin (Stenella longirostris) from Brazil, and to 2 further genotypes that differed from that sequence by 0.24–0.47 %. A. typica occurred in the migratory A. rochei rochei and C. hippurus, while Anisakis sp. 1 and 2 were isolated from the same fish species and the non-migratory C. cuning and E. areolatus. The latter genotype is distinguishable by 4 positions in the ITS-1 region (1.1 %), a genetic distance that indicates the presence of an Indonesian A. typica sibling species. The musculature infection in A. rochei rochei was low (2.5 %), indicating no major risk for the fish consumers. The much higher A. typica infection of fish intermediate hosts in the northern Bali coast is suggested to be dependent on the large dolphin population (nematode final hosts) in the waters off Lovina Beach (North Bali).
Occurence of Echinococcus multilocularis in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in southern Poland
Authors: Borecka A. , Gawor J. , Malczewska M. , Malczewski A. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The prevalence of Echinococcus multilocularis in 214 red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in the southern part of Poland (Małopolskie voivodship) was evaluated post mortem in 2005. Infected foxes were found in 8 districts within 17 examined, with the prevalence from 10.0 % to 63.9 % (a mean 20.1 % in the whole study area). The highest prevalence (41.2 % and 63.9 %) was revealed in two districts, in the south and the east of the province, respectively. The high prevalence of E. multilocularis in red foxes in the region previously recognised as that of low parasite endemicity provides evidence for the need of regular screening of the current epidemiological situation in foxes as well as the monitoring of humans from risk groups for early recognition of possible AE cases.
Interruptions create prospective memory tasks
Authors: Dodhia Rahul M. , Dismukes Robert K. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractWhen the theory of prospective memory is brought to bear on the ubiquitous experience of failing to resume interrupted tasks, the cognitive reasons for these failures may be understood and addressed. We examine three features of interruptions that may account for these failures: (1) Interruptions often abruptly divert attention, which may prevent adequate encoding of an intention to resume and forming an implementation plan, (2) New task demands after an interruption's end reduce opportunity to interpret resumption cues, (3) The transition after an interruption to new ongoing task demands is not distinctive because it is defined conceptually, rather than by a single perceptual cue. Hypotheses based on these three features receive support from two experiments that respectively manipulate encoding and retrieval conditions. The data support our contention that interrupted tasks are a special case of prospective memory, and allow us to suggest practical ways of reducing vulnerability to resumption failure. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characteristics of tissue‐centric biomedical researchers using a survey and cluster analysis
Authors: Kim Sujin , Rasmussen Edie 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe objective of this study was to characterize the types of tissue‐centric users based on tissue use, requirements, and their job or work‐related variables at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), Pittsburgh, PA. A self‐reporting questionnaire was distributed to biomedical researchers at the UPMC. Descriptive and cluster analyses were performed to identify and characterize the complex types of tissue‐based researchers. A total of 62 respondents completed the survey, and two clusters were identified based on all variables. Two distinct groups of tissue‐centric users made direct use of tissue samples for their research as well as associated information, while a third group of indirect users required only the associated information. The study shows that tissue‐centric users were composed of various types. These types were distinguished in terms of tissue use and data requirements, as well as by their work or research‐related activities.
Thermodynamic efficiency of biomass gasification and biofuels conversion
Authors: Ptasinski Krzysztof J. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBiomass has great potential as a clean renewable feedstock for producing biofuels such as Fischer‐Tropsch biodiesel, methanol, and hydrogen. The use of biomass is accompanied by possible ecological drawbacks, however, such as limitation of land or water and competition with food production. For biomass‐based systems a key challenge is thus to develop efficient conversion technologies which can also compete with fossil fuels. The development of efficient technologies for biomass gasification and synthesis of biofuels requires a correct use of thermodynamics. Energy systems are traditionally analyzed by energetic analysis based on the first law of thermodynamics. However, this type of analysis shows only the mass and energy flows and does not take into account how the quality of the energy and material streams degrades through the process. In this review, the exergy analysis, which is based on the second law of thermodynamics, is used to analyze the biomass gasification and conversion of biomass to biofuels. The thermodynamic efficiency of biomass gasification is reviewed for air‐blown as well as steam‐blown gasifiers. Finally, the overall technological chains biomass‐to‐biofuels are evaluated, including methanol, Fischer‐Tropsch hydrocarbons, and hydrogen. The efficiency of biofuels production is compared with that of fossil fuels. © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Synthetic mimics of antimicrobial peptides
Authors: Som Abhigyan , Vemparala Satyavani , Ivanov Ivaylo , Tew Gregory N. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractInfectious diseases and antibiotic resistance are now considered the most imperative global healthcare problem. In the search for new treatments, host defense, or antimicrobial, peptides have attracted considerable attention due to their various unique properties; however, attempts to develop in vivo therapies have been severely limited. Efforts to develop synthetic mimics of antimicrobial peptides (SMAMPs) have increased significantly in the last decade, and this review will focus primarily on the structural evolution of SMAMPs and their membrane activity. This review will attempt to make a bridge between the design of SMAMPs and the fundamentals of SMAMP‐membrane interactions. In discussions regarding the membrane interaction of SMAMPs, close attention will be paid to the lipid composition of the bilayer. Despite many years of study, the exact conformational aspects responsible for the high selectivity of these AMPs and SMAMPs toward bacterial cells over mammalian cells are still not fully understood. The ability to design SMAMPs that are potently antimicrobial, yet nontoxic to mammalian cells has been demonstrated with a variety of molecular scaffolds. Initial animal studies show very good tissue distribution along with more than a 4‐log reduction in bacterial counts. The results on SMAMPs are not only extremely promising for novel antibiotics, but also provide an optimistic picture for the greater challenge of general proteomimetics. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 90: 83–93, 2008.This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Development of a 6‐hydroxychroman‐based derivatization reagent: application to the analysis of 5‐hydroxytryptamine and catecholamines by using high‐performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection
Authors: Sasaki Tsukasa , Fukushima Takeshi , Ohishi Madoka , Toyo'oka Toshimasa 
Published: March 2008

AbstractWe developed a novel derivatization reagent, (2R)‐2,5‐dioxopyrrolidin‐1‐yl‐2,5,7,8‐tetramethyl‐6‐(tetrahydro‐2H‐pyran‐2‐yloxy)chroman‐2‐carboxylate (NPCA), for electrochemical (EC) detection in HPLC. NPCA was synthesized from (R)‐(+)‐6‐hydroxy‐2,5,7,8‐tetramethylchroman‐2‐carboxylic acid (α‐CA), which exhibits intense EC response. NPCA successfully yieldedα‐CA derivatives of primary amines by a two‐step derivatization procedure. Following pre‐column derivatization with NPCA, a simultaneous determination ofα‐CA derivatives of neuroactive monoamines [dopamine (DA), epinephrine, and 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT)], their monoamine oxidase metabolites (3,4‐dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, homovanillic acid, and 5‐hydroxyindole‐3‐acetic acid) and their catechol‐O‐methyltransferase metabolites [3‐methoxytyramine (3‐MT) and normetanephrine (NMN)] was completely achieved using our HPLC‐EC method. Using an HPLC equipped with coulometric electrode‐array detection system, the resultantα‐CA derivatives of NMN, 5‐HT, DA and 3‐MT showed intense EC responses, that were approximately 1.3, 1.4, 1.1 and 1.4‐fold higher than the corresponding native forms, respectively. The detection limits were in the range of approximately 16–60 fmol on column (signal‐to‐noise ratio 3). The proposed HPLC method was applied to determine 5‐HIAA, HVA,α‐CA‐5‐HT andα‐CA‐DA in rat urine. As a consequence, these analytes were successfully determined with satisfactory precisions. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Boldenone, testosterone and 1,4‐androstadiene‐3,17‐dione determination in faeces from horses, untreated and after administration of androsta‐1,4‐diene‐3,17‐dione (boldione)
Authors: Popot M. A. , Boyer S. , Menaut L. , Garcia P. , Bonnaire Y. , Lesage D. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractFaeces, which could be a potential alternative medium for doping control, have been used for the detection of 1,4‐androstadiene‐3,17‐dione administration to the horse. Semi‐quantitative analyses of 1,4‐androstadiene‐3,17‐dione, testosterone, 17α‐ and 17β‐boldenone have been conducted in pre‐ and post‐administration faeces, and in controls (untreated stallions, geldings and mares). Sample preparation comprised diethyl ether extraction, lipid removal, HPLC purification and derivatisation. 1,4‐Androstadiene‐3,17‐dione, testosterone, 17α‐ and 17β‐boldenone were analysed by GC‐EI/MS/MS. Quantitative limits of detection were 0.1 ng/g for 1,4‐androstadiene‐3,17‐dione, and 0.025 ng/g for testosterone, 17α‐ and 17β‐testosterone. In post‐administration samples from geldings and mares, peak levels of 1,4‐androstadiene‐3,17‐dione, 17α‐, 17β‐boldenone and testosterone were attained 24 h after administration. In untreated geldings and mares (in di‐ or anoestrus), 17α‐ and 17β‐boldenone and testosterone were not detected. Faeces from females in oestrus had detectable levels of boldenone isomers and testosterone. 1,4‐Androstadiene‐3,17‐dione was undetectable in faeces collected from untreated horses, but the presence of this androgen was recently reported in faeces from untreated swine and it would therefore be advisable to check for its possible presence in a larger number of individual faecal samples. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sensitive and specific LC‐MS assay for quantification of digoxin in human plasma and urine
Authors: Kirby Brian J. , Kalhorn Tom , Hebert Mary , Easterling Tom , Unadkat Jashvant D. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractDigoxin, a commonly prescribed cardiac glycoside with a narrow therapeutic window, is routinely used in pharmacokinetic studies to assess the in vivo activity of the drug efflux pump P‐glycoprotein. To minimize adverse events, a sub‐therapeutic dose of digoxin is usually administered, producing low plasma concentrations requiring a sensitive detection technique. Commonly available immunoassay techniques do not provide the required sensitivity to measure these low plasma concentrations and are potentially non‐specific in certain subject populations. Previously published mass spectrometric techniques require either large plasma volumes or a tandem mass spectrometer. To overcome these challenges we have developed a sensitive and specific LC‐MS method for the quantification of digoxin in small volumes of human plasma and urine. Plasma (1 mL) was extracted with methyl t‐butyl ether under basic conditions followed by LC‐MS detection of the sodium adducts of digoxin (803.4 m/z) and digitoxin (787.4 m/z, internal standard). Linearity and accuracy were demonstrated across a wide range of digoxin plasma concentration (0.05–1.5 ng/mL). This specific, sensitive, validated digoxin LC‐MS assay can be used to quantify sub‐therapeutic digoxin plasma concentrations in men and women (pregnant and non‐pregnant). Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination and pharmacokinetic study of nodakenin in rat plasma by RP‐HPLC method
Authors: Zhang Peng , Li Fei , Yang Xiu‐Wei 
Published: March 2008

AbstractA simple, sensitive and selective RP‐HPLC method has been developed for quantification of nodakenin in rat plasma. Nodakenin in rat plasma was extracted with acetonitrile, which also acted as a deproteinization agent. Chromatographic separation of nodakenin was performed on an analytical Diamonsil(™) ODS C18 column, with a mobile phase of MeOH–H2O (1:1, v/v) at a flow‐rate of 1.0 mL/min, and UV detection was set at 330 nm. The calibration curve was linear over the range 0.2–12.0 µg/mL (R2 = 0.9995) in rat plasma. The lower limit of detection and quantification were 0.01 and 0.1 µg/mL, respectively, using the rat plasma sample. The extraction recoveries were 77.36 ± 4.56, 82.89 ± 1.84 and 81.66 ± 2.49% at concentrations of 1.0, 5.0 and 10.0 µg/mL, respectively. The intra‐ and inter‐day precision and accuracy were validated by relative standard deviation and relative error, which were in the ranges 5.07–5.83 and 3.95–6.29%, respectively. After i.v. administration to rats at a single dose of 40 mg/kg, the plasma concentration–time curve of nodakenin was best conformed to a two‐compartment open model. This assay method has been successfully applied to the study of the pharmacokinetics of nodakenin in rats. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Leverage in real estate investments: an optimization approach
Authors: Tyrrell Nick , Bostwick Jesse 
Published: March 2008

AbstractReal estate investments are frequently leveraged. Leverage is an important tool for any real estate investor whose target return exceeds the expected return on core, unleveraged assets, since it can increase potential returns – although at the cost of increasing risk. It therefore competes with other means of raising risk and returns – in particular, buying riskier underlying investments – as a method of improving the performance of a portfolio. From a theoretical perspective, leverage should be preferred so long as the marginal increase in expected return per unit of extra risk from leverage exceeds that obtained from buying riskier assets. Since there are diminishing returns to leverage – primarily because costs rise as borrowing levels rise relative to value – this trade‐off will become less attractive as leverage rises, leading to an equilibrium optimal level of leverage. If all investors face the same opportunity set, then, from a theoretical perspective, all investors should leverage core investments up to this level so long as their return target is at least as high as the returns generated at this equilibrium point – a conclusion that is out of line with current practice. Unfortunately, it is very difficult to measure this equilibrium point, since, while it is relatively straightforward to compute the increase in risks and returns deriving from leverage, rather little is known about the risk/return trade‐off in real estate space. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermal Diffusion and MHD Effects on Combined Free‐Forced Convection and Mass Transfer of a Viscous Fluid Flow Through a Porous Medium with Heat Generation
Authors: Abdel‐Rahman G. M. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe problem of thermal diffusion and magnetic field effects on combined free‐forced convection and mass transfer flow past a vertical porous flat plate, in the presence of heat generation is studied numerically. The governing momentum, energy and concentration equations are converted into a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations by means of similarity transformations. The resulting system of coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations is solved numerically by using the Shooting method. Numerical results are presented for velocity, temperature and concentration profiles within the boundary layer for different parameters of the problem including suction parameter, heat generation parameter, Soret number, Dufour number, magnetic parameter, etc. In addition, the effects of the pertinent parameters on the skin friction and the rates of heat and mass transfer are discussed numerically and illustrated graphically.
Gold Catalysis: Deuterated Substrates as the Key for an Experimental Insight into the Mechanism and Selectivity of the Phenol Synthesis
Authors: Hashmi A. Stephen K. , Rudolph Matthias , Siehl Hans‐Ullrich , Tanaka Masato , Bats Jan W. , Frey Wolfgang 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe second phase of the gold‐catalyzed phenol synthesis, the ring opening of the intermediate arene oxide, follows general acid catalysis. The product selectivity is determined by the substrate only and can be explained by the stability of the intermediate arenium ions. Thus, even remote substitutents can be used to control the chemoselectivity of the overall reaction by electronic influences and their influence is stronger than the steric influence of neighboring substituents. This is supported by quantum chemical calculations of the intermediates. The lack of exchange of deuterium labels excludes even equilibria with acetylide or vinylidene intermediates and the observed deuterium distribution in the final products is in accord with the NIH‐shift reaction. In addition, these findings now explain previously obtained results.
A New Nanobiosensor for Glucose with High Sensitivity and Selectivity in Serum Based on Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) between CdTe Quantum Dots and Au Nanoparticles
Authors: Tang Bo , Cao Lihua , Xu Kehua , Zhuo Linhai , Ge Jiechao , Li Qingling , Yu Lijuan 
Published: March 2008

AbstractA novel assembled nanobiosensor QDs‐ConA‐β‐CDs‐AuNPs was designed for the direct determination of glucose in serum with high sensitivity and selectivity. The sensing approach is based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between CdTe quantum dots (QDs) as an energy donor and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as an energy acceptor. The specific combination of concanavalin A (ConA)‐conjugated QDs and thiolated β‐cyclodextrins (β‐SH‐CDs)‐modified AuNPs assembles a hyperefficient FRET nanobiosensor. In the presence of glucose, the AuNPs‐β‐CDs segment of the nanobiosensor is displaced by glucose which competes with β‐CDs on the binding sites of ConA, resulting in the fluorescence recovery of the quenched QDs. Experimental results show that the increase in fluorescence intensity is proportional to the concentration of glucose within the range of 0.10–50 μM under the optimized experimental conditions. In addition, the nanobiosensor has high sensitivity with a detection limit as low as 50 nM, and has excellent selectivity for glucose over other sugars and most biological species present in serum. The nanobiosensor was applied directly to determine glucose in normal adult human serum, and the recovery and precision of the method were satisfactory. The unique combination of high sensitivity and good selectivity of this biosensor indicates its potential for the clinical determination of glucose directly and simply in serum, and provides the possibility to detect low levels of glucose in single cells or bacterial cultures. Moreover, the designed nanobiosensor achieves direct detection in biological samples, suggesting the use of nanobiotechnology‐based assembled sensors for direct analytical applications in vivo or in vitro.
New Rare Earth Metal Complexes with Nitrogen‐Rich Ligands: 5,5′‐Bitetrazolate and 1,3‐Bis(tetrazol‐5‐yl)triazenate—On the Borderline between Coordination and the Formation of Salt‐Like Compounds
Authors: Eulgem Patrick J. , Klein Axel , Maggiarosa Nicola , Naumann Dieter , Pohl Roland W. H. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractFrom the two nitrogen‐rich ligands BT2− (BT=5,5′‐bitetrazole) and BTT3− (BTT=1,3‐bis(1H‐tetrazol‐5‐yl)triazene), a series of novel rare earth metal complexes were synthesised. For the BT ligand, a vast number of these complexes could be structurally characterised by single‐crystal XRD, revealing structures ranging from discrete molecular aggregates to salt‐like compounds. The isomorphous complexes [La2(BT)3]⋅14 H2O (1) and [Ce2(BT)3]⋅14 H2O (2) reveal discrete molecules in which one BT2− acts as a bridging ligand and two BT groups as chelating ligands. The complexes, [M(BT)(H2O)7]2[BT]⋅x H2O (3–5), (M=Nd (3), Sm (4), and Eu (5)), are also isomorphous and consist of [M(BT)(H2O)7]+ ions in which only one BT2− acts as a chelate ligand for each metal centre. [Tb(H2O)8]2[BT]3⋅x H2O (6) and [Er(H2O)8]2[BT]3⋅x H2O (7) are salt‐like compounds that do not exhibit any significant metal–nitrogen contacts. In the BTT–samarium compound 9, discrete molecules were found in which BTT3− acts as a tridentate ligand with three SmN bonds.
Siloxane‐based copolymers for use in two‐phase partitioning bioreactors
Authors: Amsden B. G. , Lau A. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractTwo‐phase partitioning bioreactors (TPPBs) have been recently demonstrated to be capable of using solid polymers as the absorbing/desorbing phase. In this paper, we examine the possibility of using a siloxane‐based copolymer as this phase. Copolymers were prepared using vinyl terminated oligo(dimethylsiloxane‐co‐diphenylsiloxane), copolymerized with varying amounts of the comonomers ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA), N‐vinyl pyrrolidone (NVP), or acrylic acid (AA), via free radical polymerization. The absorption rate of phenol as a representative pollutant into these polymers from water was measured. The inclusion of a water‐soluble comonomer resulted in swelling of the polymers in water, enhanced total phenol absorption, but reduced phenol diffusivity.
Properties of blends of linear and branched polypropylenes in film blowing
Authors: Fang Yunli , Sadeghi Farhad , Fleuret Guillaume , Carreau Pierre J. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe effect of blending a long‐chain branched polypropylene (LCB‐PP) with a linear polypropylene (L‐PP) on the processability and properties of blown films was investigated. The rheological data revealed that blending an LCB‐PP with an L‐PP improved the elongational properties and the bubble stability, but a severe drop in the mechanical strength was observed for the blends. The most deteriorating effect was the reduction in the elongation at break in tensile tests carried out in the transverse direction (TD), where no yielding behaviour was observed for the blends.