bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Formed and preformed metabolites: facts and comparisons
Authors: Pang K Sandy , Morris Marilyn E , Sun Huadong 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe administration of metabolites arising from new drug entities is often employed in drug discovery to investigate their associated toxicity. It is expected that administration of metabolites can predict the exposure of metabolites originating from the administration of precursor drug. Whether exact and meaningful information can be obtained from this has been a topic of debate. This communication summarizes observations and theoretical relationships based on physiological modelling for the liver, kidney and intestine, three major eliminating organs/tissues. Theoretical solutions based on physiological modelling of organs were solved, and the results suggest that deviations are expected. Here, examples of metabolite kinetics observed mostly in perfused organs that did not match predictions are provided. For the liver, discrepancies in fate between formed and preformed metabolites may be explained by the heterogeneity of enzymes, the presence of membrane barriers and whether transporters are involved. For the kidney, differences have been attributed to glomerular filtration of the preformed but not the formed metabolite. For the intestine, the complexity of segregated flows to the enterocyte and serosal layers and differences in metabolism due to the route of administration are addressed. Administration of the metabolite may or may not directly reflect the toxicity associated with drug use. However, kinetic data on the preformed metabolite will be extremely useful to develop a sound model for modelling and simulations; in-vitro evidence on metabolite handling at the target organ is also paramount. Subsequent modelling and simulation of metabolite data arising from a combined model based on both drug and preformed metabolite data are needed to improve predictions on the behaviours of formed metabolites.
A pH-triggered Reversible Aggregation of Gold Nanorods Modified with Denatured Bovine Serum Albumin
Authors: Zhu Changqing , Wang Xin , Xia Yunsheng , Wang Peng , Li Yan 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Water-soluble gold nanorods have been endowed with satisfying chemical stability and functionality through successfully surface modifying with chemically reduced bovine serum albumin. A pH-induced and highly reversible aggregation has been performed with obvious absorption wavelength shifts, allowing monitoring pH in the wide range of 4.2 to 9.4.
Synthesis of 3-Acetoxyacetanilide Derivatives by means of Semmler–Wolff-type Aromatization Reaction of Cyclohexane-1,3-dione Monooximes
Authors: Ishikawa Teruhiko , Arai Masaki , Nishiuchi Hironori , Ishiguro Hiroshi , Saito Seiki 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
A novel method for synthesizing 3-acetoxyaniline derivatives from substituted cyclohexane-1,3-diones is described. This synthetic process includes regioselective formation of cyclohexane-1,3-dione monooximes 2 and their Semmler–Wolff-type aromatization under very simple reaction conditions.
Local Color: Donizetti's Il furioso in Naples
Authors: Deasy Martin 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This article examines the furore aroused by Il furioso's simultaneous triple Neapolitan premiere in 1834. Situating the opera's unusual reception in the context of the complex and vibrant theatrical life of Naples, I describe how the coexistence of multiple versions of Il furioso—prose as well as operatic—inflected the meanings of Donizetti's work. Close attention is paid to the opera's interaction with local performance traditions, notably those obtaining in the city's less prestigious venues, where factors such as the permeability of the “fourth wall” brought the work into dialogue with local urban preoccupations. After considering the close parallels between the buffo slave Kaidamà (played blackface) and Pulcinella, the stock Neapolitan mask, I demonstrate how aspects of Kaidamà's representation unnervingly recalled the class of urban beggars (lazzaroni) that personified Neapolitan backwardness. At the hands of local conventions, Donizetti's work took on a form that, by evoking pervasive discourses of Southern inferiority, raised uncomfortable questions about Neapolitan self-image. The contingent and unpredictable meanings thrown up by Il furioso's reception suggest the potential importance of vernacular performance traditions as a line of future research.
The fine-needle aspiration biopsy efficacy of small thyroid nodules in the area of recently normalized iodine supply
Authors: Słowińska-Klencka Dorota , Popowicz Bożena , Lewiński Andrzej , Sporny Stanisław , Klencki Mariusz 
Published: September 2008

ObjectiveTo evaluate the incidence of focal lesions in the thyroid in the area of recently normalized iodine supply as well as to compare the efficacy of fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) of small (infracentimetric) and large thyroid lesions in this area.MethodsThe outcomes of 13 646 ultrasound (US) examinations, 13 437 US-guided FNABs of the thyroid and 1694 results of post-operative histopathological examinations were analysed.ResultsInfracentimetric nodules (INs ≤10 mm) were revealed by US examinations in 43.5% of patients; in the majority of the cases (82.2%) INs were multiple. The percentage of revealed carcinomas by aspiration of INs is similar to that observed when large nodules (LNs >10 mm) are examined cytologically. However, the efficiency of preoperative diagnosis of INs is lower than LNs with respect to both US selection of lesions for FNAB and the percentage of false negative results of FNAB (29.8 vs 5.4%, P<0.001). In post-operative histopathological examination, extrathyroidal extension of thyroid cancers was observed in nearly 30% of microcarcinomas.ConclusionsIn endemic or post-endemic areas, the efficiency of FNAB is lower in the case of small lesions than larger ones. In spite of this, the percentage of cytologically revealed carcinomas among small lesions is not lower than larger ones. Thus, it is particularly indicated to follow up small thyroid lesions with repeated US examinations in such areas.
Commentary: Practicing on the Tip of an Information Iceberg? Evidence of Underpublication of Registered Clinical Trials in Oncology
Authors: Ramsey Scott , Scoggins John 
Published: September 2008

Abstract

Objective.
Members of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors require, as a condition of consideration for publication, that all clinical trials be registered in a public trials registry. We evaluated the proportion of registered trials that are published in the peer-reviewed literature.

Methods.
After downloading the contents of the National Institutes of Health's ClinicalTrials.gov registry, we used key words to identify trials in oncology. We then evaluated the proportion of trials that had been published in journals listed in PubMed.gov. Among trials with published results, we determined the proportion that reported positive versus negative results.

Results.
Among the 2,028 trials meeting the inclusion criteria, 17.6% were available in PubMed. Twenty-one percent of the trials registered before September 1, 2004 were published, compared with 11.9% of those registered after this date. Trials sponsored by clinical trial networks published the greatest proportion of registered studies (59.0%); studies sponsored by industry published the fewest (5.9%). Among published studies, 64.5% reported the results as positive findings.

Conclusions.
Less than one in five studies in cancer that are registered with clinicaltrials.gov have been published in peer-reviewed journals. Research sponsors, researchers, and journal editors should redouble their efforts to encourage publication of registered clinical trials in oncology.
Assessment of clinical reasoning skills in veterinary students prior to and after the clinical year of training
Authors: Farnsworth Charles C. , Herman James D. , Osterstock Jason B. , Porterpan Brandy L. , Willard Michael D. , Hooper R. Neil , Roussel Allen J. , Schmitz David G. , Fogelberg Katherine , Kochevar Deborah T. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Objective—To examine the effect of various clinical tracks within the veterinary medical clinical curriculum at Texas A&M University on clinical diagnostic proficiency as determined by pre- and post-training assessment. We expected that the clinical track chosen by the student would impact their measured outcome with bias toward higher scores in their chosen field.
Design—Prospective cohort study.
Study Population—32 students from the College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences at Texas A&M University.
Procedures—By use of standardized, written case scenarios, clinical reasoning was assessed twice: once prior to the clinical (fourth) year of the curriculum and again at completion of the clinical year. Students demonstrated their abilities to collect and organize appropriate clinical data (history, physical examination, and laboratory findings), determine clinical diagnoses, and formulate and implement acceptable treatment modalities. Data from clinical assessments were compared for a given cohort and correlated with other measures (eg, grades, standardized test scores, and species-specific curricular track).
Results—Differences were detected in clinical diagnostic proficiency among students in different clinical tracks and for different species groups in the case scenarios. Tracking by species group in the clinical veterinary curriculum appeared to affect development of clinical reasoning and resulted in differential proficiency among cases for differing species groups.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Differences in clinical experiences between small animal tracks and all other track opportunities (large animal, mixed animal, and alternative) influenced the development of clinical proficiency in fourth-year veterinary students during their clinical training period.
Trends in gender, employment, salary, and debt of graduates of US veterinary medical schools and colleges
Authors: Chieffo Carla , Kelly Alan M. , Ferguson James 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Objective—To characterize trends in gender, employment, starting salaries, and educational debt of graduates of US veterinary medical schools and colleges from 1988 to 2007.
Design—Meta-analysis.
Sample Population—Veterinary medical graduates from 26 or 27 of 27 US veterinary schools and colleges from 1988 through 2007.
Procedures—Data were obtained from surveys published in the JAVMA. A χ2 test for trend was used to analyze trends in choices of employment and educational indebtedness for the veterinary graduate populations over time.
Results—The greatest changes in employment occurred in predominantly large animal practice, which attracted 10.7% of new graduates in 1989 but only 2.2% in 2007, and in advanced study, which attracted 15.2% of new graduates in 1989 and 36.8% in 2007. In 2007, 75% of graduates were women, but this gender shift was not associated with the decline in the percentage of graduates entering rural practice. From 1989 through 2007, starting salaries in private practice increased at a rate of 4.60%/y. During the same period, educational debt increased at an annual rate of 7.36%, or 60% higher than the rate of increases for starting salaries. As a result, debt at graduation increased from 1.1 times the starting salary in 1989 to 2.0 times the starting salary in 2007.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Veterinary students are now more in debt than they have ever been. This trend together with a substantial increase in the rate of interest charged for government-backed education loans create conditions for new graduates that appear unsustainable.
Development of a clinical severity index for dogs with acute pancreatitis
Authors: Mansfield Caroline S. , James Fleur E. , Robertson Ian D. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Objective—To establish a clinical severity index that correlates severity of body system abnormalities with outcome in dogs with acute pancreatitis (AP) and determine the usefulness of serum C-reactive protein (C-RP) concentration as an objective measure of AP severity.
Design—Retrospective cohort study.
Animals—61 client-owned dogs with ultrasonographically or histologically confirmed AP.
Procedures—Medical records of AP-affected dogs were reviewed, and signalment, physical examination findings, clinicopathologic data, and outcome (death or discharge from the hospital) were evaluated. The correlation of specific abnormalities in endocrine, hepatic, renal, hematopoietic, cardiovascular, and respiratory systems; local pancreatic complications; and intestinal integrity were evaluated, and a clinical severity index was developed for AP in dogs. The severity index score was compared with outcome and, for 12 dogs, with serum C-RP concentration.
Results—The clinical severity index had a good correlation with outcome and interval from hospital admission until end point (days until outcome), but there was no difference in days until outcome between survivors and nonsurvivors. All 12 dogs evaluated had high serum C-RP concentration, but this variable was not related to outcome; however, within a 2-day period after onset of clinical signs, serum C-RP concentration in survivors and nonsurvivors differed significantly.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Among AP-affected dogs, the clinical severity index may be useful for treatment comparisons and prediction of intensive management requirements. Serum C-RP concentration was best related to AP severity within a 2-day period after onset of clinical signs, but daily measurement may be more useful for monitoring progress.
Computed tomography–guided brain biopsy for in vivo diagnosis of a cholesterinic granuloma in a horse
Authors: Vanschandevijl Katleen , Gielen Ingrid , Nollet Heidi , Vlaminck Lieven , Deprez Piet , van Bree Henri 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Case Description—An 8-year-old warmblood mare was evaluated following an acute onset of neurologic abnormalities.
Clinical Findings—Computed tomography of the head revealed large masses in both lateral ventricles, and a presumptive diagnosis of cholesterinic granuloma was made.
Treatment and Outcome—Freehand biopsy of the intracranial masses was performed under computed tomographic guidance, and histologic examination of biopsy specimens confirmed the diagnosis. No adverse effects associated with the brain biopsy procedure were encountered. Clinical signs resolved, and long-term follow-up did not reveal any recurrence of neurologic deficits. The horse was able to return to its previous level of training.
Clinical Relevance—Findings suggested that computed tomographic–guided brain biopsy is feasible in horses and can be used to establish a diagnosis in horses with intracranial masses.
Isolation, Characterization of <i>Neurospora crassa</i> Mutants Exhibiting Growth Inhibition and Mutagenesis of this Fungus by the Leaf Extracts of <i>Leucas aspera</i> (Willd) Link
Authors: Bhuiyan M Nazrul Islam , Mozmader TIMA , Hoque M Amirul , Akter Sumi , Mahmud Jahedul Islam 
Published: September 2008

Ten Neurospora crassa mutants obtained by chemical mutagenesis were screened in Leucas aspera (willd) Link. (Bengali name- swetadrone) plants. The aqueous extracts of the leaves of L. aspera showed significant inhibition of growth and mutagenic effect on N. crassa. Results showed that 1 ml extract reacted with the test organism of N. crassa very rapidly. During the period of 24 hours, it produced only 2.6 cm linear vegetative growth of the mycelia. Whereas, 1 ml and 0.50 ml extracts exhibited mild reactions (3.20 and 3.90 cm. respectively). The linear growth decreased with the increase of the concentrations of extracts. Conidia of Ema (5297) of N. crassa were treated for 3-4 hours in 100% concentration of the extracts. 100% extracts produced ten types of mutants, namely- dirty, vigorus, ropy, albino, mat, plug, check, fluppy, cauliflower and conidial brand. Key words: Neurospora crassa, Leucas aspera, Mutants, Dirty, Vigorous, Cauliflower and Conidial brand. Â DOI = 10.3329/bjsir.v43i3.1155Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 43(3), 387-396, 2008
Mutation analysis of B3GALTL in Peters Plus syndrome
Authors: Reis Linda M. , Tyler Rebecca C. , Abdul‐Rahman Omar , Trapane Pamela , Wallerstein Robert , Broome Diane , Hoffman Jodi , Khan Aneal , Paradiso Christina , Ron Nitin , Bergner Amanda , Semina Elena V. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractPeters Plus syndrome comprises ocular anterior segment dysgenesis (most commonly Peters anomaly), short stature, hand anomalies, distinctive facial features, and often other additional defects and is inherited in an autosomal‐recessive pattern. Mutations in the β1,3‐glucosyltransferase gene (B3GALTL) were recently reported in 20 out of 20 patients with Peters Plus syndrome. In our study, B3GALTL was examined in four patients with typical Peters Plus syndrome and four patients that demonstrated a phenotypic overlap with this condition. Mutations in B3GALTL were identified in all four patients with typical Peters Plus syndrome, while no mutations were found in the remaining four patients that demonstrated some but not all characteristic features of the syndrome. The previously reported common mutation, c.660 + 1G > A, accounted for 75% of the mutant alleles in our Peters Plus syndrome population. In addition, two new mutant alleles, c.459 + 1G > A and c.230insT, were identified and predicted to result in truncated protein products. These data confirm an important role for B3GALTL in causing typical Peters Plus syndrome, and suggest that this gene may not be implicated in syndromic cases that involve Peters anomaly but lack other classic features of this complex condition. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Two cases of mosaicism for complex chromosome rearrangements (CCRM) associated with secondary infertility
Authors: Lebbar Aziza , Callier Patrick , Baverel Françoise , Marle Nathalie , Patrat Catherine , Le Tessier Dominique , Mugneret Francine , Dupont Jean‐Michel 
Published: September 2008

AbstractStructural chromosomal abnormalities can be associated with infertility through meiosis impairment or the formation of unbalanced gametes. Among these structural abnormalities, complex chromosomal rearrangements (CCR) relate to situations with more than two breakpoints and/or more than two chromosomes involved. Mosaic balanced chromosomal rearrangements are very rare events usually ascertained through infertility, recurrent miscarriages or liveborn abnormal children. Mosaicism for complex chromosome rearrangements (CCRM) has never been described to date. Here we report on two patients with secondary infertility whose karyotype revealed mosaic partially cryptic CCRs, revealed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). To our knowledge, this is the first report of mosaicism for complex chromosomal rearrangements (CCRM). We discuss the importance of molecular cytogenetic characterization of structural rearrangements to assist in genetic counseling related to the possible use of assisted reproductive technology. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Congenital vascular malformations: A series of five prenatally diagnosed cases
Authors: Connell Fiona , Homfray Tessa , Thilaganathan Baskaran , Bhide Amarnath , Jeffrey Iona , Hutt Renata , Mortimer Peter , Mansour Sahar 
Published: September 2008

AbstractIn the literature there are single case reports of mediastinal/chest and limb combined vascular malformations (previously labeled “hemangiolymphangiomas”). A variable outcome in such prenatally diagnosed cases is reported. Presented here is the only series of patients reported with these macrocystic, predominantly lymphatic malformations. Prenatal ultrasound scan and post‐mortem examination findings are described. In our experience the outcome has been poor and this highlights the dilemma faced by clinicians and parents when these lesions are diagnosed prenatally. We present a series of five, prenatally diagnosed vascular (combined vascular malformations and simple localized lymphatic malformations) malformations. Three cases had lower leg involvement with extension into the abdomen and two cases had lymphatic malformations of the chest wall with involvement of the upper limb(s). Management of a twin pregnancy, in which one twin was affected, is described. In two cases, termination of pregnancy was undertaken because of the extensive nature of the lesion. One case died in utero and one in the neonatal period. The fifth case is an 11‐year‐old boy, whose lower limb deformity illustrates the considerable morbidity associated with this condition. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Two new patients with Curry–Jones syndrome with trichoblastoma and medulloblastoma suggest an etiologic role of the sonic hedgehog‐patched‐GLI pathway
Authors: Grange Dorothy K. , Clericuzio Carol L. , Bayliss Susan J. , Berk David R. , Heideman Richard L. , Higginson Julie K. , Julian Stephanie , Lind Anne 
Published: September 2008

AbstractCurry–Jones syndrome (OMIM #601707) is a rare multiple malformation disorder of unknown etiology, associated with brain and skull abnormalities, polysyndactyly, and defects of the eyes, skin and gastrointestinal tract. We report on two new cases of Curry–Jones syndrome with previously unreported features, including benign and malignant neoplasms. The first patient had typical features of Curry–Jones syndrome as well as multiple intra‐abdominal smooth muscle hamartomas and trichoblastoma of the skin. The second patient was born with occipital meningoceles and developed a desmoplastic medulloblastoma. Routine lymphocyte karyotype, GLI3 gene analysis and Patched (PTCH) gene analysis on both patients and chromosome microarray analysis on the first patient were normal. We review the previously reported cases of Curry–Jones syndrome and compare our patients' findings. In view of the association of trichoblastoma with basal cell carcinoma and desmoplastic medulloblastoma with nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS) and PTCH mutations, we hypothesize that Curry–Jones syndrome is caused by malfunction of an element in the sonic hedgehog pathway. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Construction of a high resolution linkage disequilibrium map to evaluate common genetic variation inTP53and neural tube defect risk in an Irish population
Authors: Pangilinan Faith , Geiler Kerry , Dolle Jessica , Troendle James , Swanson Deborah A. , Molloy Anne M. , Sutton Marie , Conley Mary , Kirke Peadar N. , Scott John M. , Mills James L. , Brody Lawrence C. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractGenetic and environmental factors contribute to the etiology of neural tube defects (NTDs). While periconceptional folic acid supplementation is known to significantly reduce the risk of NTDs, folate metabolic pathway related factors do not account for all NTDs. Evidence from mouse models indicates that the tumor protein p53 (TP53) is involved in implantation and normal neural tube development. To determine whether genetic variation inTP53might contribute to NTD risk in humans, we constructed a high resolution linkage disequilibrium (LD) map of theTP53genomic region based on genotyping 21 markers in an Irish population. We found that nine of these variants can be used to capture the majority of common variation in theTP53genomic region. In contrast, the 3‐marker haplotype commonly reported in theTP53literature offers limited coverage of the variation in the gene. We used the expanded set of polymorphisms to measure the influence ofTP53on NTDs using both case–control and family based tests of association. We also assayed a functional variant in the p53 regulatorMDM2(rs2279744). Alleles of three noncodingTP53markers were associated with NTD risk. A case effect was seen with the GG genotype of rs1625895 in intron 6 (OR = 1.37 [1.04–1.79],P = 0.02). A maternal effect was seen with the 135/135 genotype of the intron 1 VNTR (OR = 1.86 [1.16–2.96],P = 0.01) and the TT genotype of rs1614984 (RR = 0.58 [0.37–0.91],P = 0.02). As multiple comparisons were made, these cannot be considered definitive positive findings and additional investigation is required. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.