bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of caller activity and habitat visibility on contact call rate of wild Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata)
Authors: Koda Hiroki , Shimooka Yukiko , Sugiura Hideki 
Published: July 2008

AbstractA major function of contact calls in nonhuman primates is to maintain spatial cohesion among individuals in a group. The risks of spatial/visual separation from the group are likely to affect auditory contact behavior, in particular by increasing the call rate. We tested whether the risk of separation influences coo call emission by investigating the variation in call rate among behavioral contexts in two wild populations of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata). We focused on caller activity and the degree of visibility within the habitat as primary potential factors mediating call rate. We first estimated the habitat visibility of the two research sites at Yakushima Island (YK) and Kinkazan Island (KZ), Japan. The habitat visibility of YK was significantly more restricted than that of KZ. We then compared the call rate of 20 adult and 12 juvenile female macaques between the two wild populations to examine the potential effects of environmental differences. Both populations had a lower call rate during grooming than during feeding and moving, which are behaviors associated to higher interindividual distances. The call rate of YK adult females was significantly greater than that of both juveniles and KZ adult females, independently of activity. The call rate increased as macaques matured in the YK population, but not in the KZ population, suggesting that different developmental processes involved in contact calling of the two populations. Our findings suggest that separation risk influences call rate, and also imply a possibility of social influence that social structure change effects on the call rates. Am. J. Primatol. 70:1055–1063, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hyperprogesteronemia in response to Vitex fischeri consumption in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii)
Authors: Emery Thompson Melissa , Wilson Michael L. , Gobbo Grace , Muller Martin N. , Pusey Anne E. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractChimpanzees in Gombe National Park consume fruits of Vitex fischeri during a short annual fruiting season. This fruit species is a member of a genus widely studied for phytoestrogen composition and varied physiological effects. One particularly well‐studied species, V. agnus‐castus, is noted for its documented effects on female reproductive function, evidenced in increased progesterone levels and consequent regulation of luteal function. We examined reproductive hormone levels in both male and female chimpanzees during a 6‐week period of intense V. fischeri consumption. V. fischeri consumption was associated with an abrupt and dramatic increase in urinary progesterone levels of female chimpanzees to levels far exceeding the normal range of variation. Female estrogen levels were not significantly impacted, nor were male testosterone levels. These are some of the first data indicating that phytochemicals in the natural diet of a primate can have significant impacts on the endocrine system, though the fluctuating nature of chimpanzee diet and reproductive function does not allow us to determine whether the effects observed during this short period had a broader positive or negative impact on female fertility. Given the widespread use of various Vitex species by African primates and the as‐yet‐undescribed phytochemical properties of these species, we predict that our observations may be indicative of a broader phenomenon. Am. J. Primatol. 70:1064–1071, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Production of cachexia mediators by Walker 256 cells from ascitic tumors
Authors: Rebeca Rosilene , Bracht Lívia , Noleto Guilhermina Rodrigues , Martinez Glaucia Regina , Cadena Silvia Maria Suter Correia , Carnieri Eva Gunilla Skare , Rocha Maria Eliane Merlin , de Oliveira Maria Benigna Martinelli 
Published: July 2008

AbstractIn neoplasic cachexia, chemical mediators seem to act as initiators or perpetuators of this process. Walker 256 cells, whose metabolic properties have so far been little studied with respect to cancer cachexia, are used as a model for the study of this syndrome. The main objective of this research was to pinpoint the substances secreted by these cells that may contribute to the progression of the cachectic state. Since inflammatory mediators seem to be involved in the manifestation of this syndrome, the in vitro production of nitric oxide (NO), cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6)), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) was evaluated in Walker 256 cells isolated from ascitic tumors. After 4 or 5 h, a significant increase in NO production was observed (2.55 ± 1.56 and 4.05 ± 1.99 nmol NO per 107 cells, respectively). When isolated from a 6‐day‐old tumor, a significantly lower production of IL‐6 and higher production of TNF‐α than in cells from a 4‐day‐old tumor were observed, indicating a relationship between the production of cytokines and the time of tumor development after implantation. Considerable production of PGE2 by Walker 256 cells isolated from the 6‐day‐old tumor was also observed. Polyamines were also determined in Walker 256 cells. Levels of putrescine, spermidine, and spermine did not show significant differences in tumors developed during 4 or 6 days. Direct evidence of the release of proinflammatory cytokines and PGE2 by Walker 256 cells suggests that these mediators can drive the cachectic syndrome in the host, the effect being dependent on tumor development time. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multi‐block and path modelling procedures
Authors: Höskuldsson Agnar 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe author has developed a unified theory of path and multi‐block modelling of data. The data blocks are arranged in a directional path. Each data block can lead to one or more data blocks. It is assumed that there is given a collection of input data blocks. Each of them is supposed to describe one or more intermediate data blocks. The output data blocks are those that are at the ends of the paths and have no succeeding data blocks. The optimisation procedure finds weights for the input data blocks so that the size of the total loadings for the output data blocks are maximised. When the optimal weight vectors have been determined, the score and loading vectors for the data blocks in the path are determined. Appropriate adjustment of the data blocks is carried out at each step. Regression coefficients are computed for each data block that show how the data block is estimated by data blocks that lead to it. Methods of standard regression analysis are extended to this type of modelling. Three types of ‘strengths’ of relationship are computed for each set of two connected data blocks. First is the strength in the path, second the strength where only the data blocks leading to the last one are used and third if only the two are considered. Cross‐validation and other standard methods of linear regression are carried out in a similar manner. In industry, processes are organised in different ways. It can be useful to model the processes in the way they are carried out. By proper alignment of sub‐processes, overall model can be specified. There can be several useful path models during the process, where the data blocks in a path are the ones that are actual or important at given stages of the process. Data collection equipments are getting more and more advanced and cheap. Data analysis need to ‘catch up’ with the challenges that these new technology provides with. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel Probes Showing Specific Fluorescence Enhancement on Binding to a Hexahistidine Tag
Authors: Kamoto Mie , Umezawa Naoki , Kato Nobuki , Higuchi Tsunehiko 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe introduction of hexahistidine (His tag) is widely used as a tool for affinity purification of recombinant proteins, since the His tag binds selectively to nickel–nitrilotriacetic acid (Ni2+–NTA) complex. To develop efficient “turn‐on” fluorescent probes for His‐tagged proteins, we adopted a fluorophore displacement strategy, that is, we designed probes in which a hydroxycoumarin fluorophore is joined via a linker to a metal–NTA moiety, with which it forms a weak intramolecular complex, thereby quenching the fluorescence. In the presence of a His tag, with which the metal–NTA moiety binds strongly, the fluorophore is displaced, which results in a dramatic enhancement of fluorescence. We synthesized a series of hydroxycoumarins that were modified by various linkers with NTA (NTAC ligands), and investigated the chemical and photophysical properties of the free ligands and their metal complexes. From the viewpoint of fluorescence quenching, Ni2+ and Co2+ were the best metals. Fluorescence spectroscopy revealed a 1:1 binding stoichiometry for the Ni2+ and Co2+ complexes of NTACs in pH 7.4 aqueous buffer. As anticipated, these complexes showed weak intrinsic fluorescence, but addition of a His‐tagged peptide (H‐(His)6‐Tyr‐NH2; Tyr was included to allow convenient concentration measurement) in pH 7.4 aqueous buffer resulted in up to a 22‐fold increase in the fluorescence quantum yield. We found that the Co2+ complexes showed superior properties. No fluorescence enhancement was seen in the presence of angiotensin I, which contains two nonadjacent histidine residues; this suggests that the probes are selective for the polyhistidine peptide.
Extended Surface Chirality for Enantiospecific Adsorption
Authors: Szabelski Pawel 
Published: July 2008

AbstractA rapid development of nanotechnology opens up a way for the fabrication of solid surfaces containing unique adsorption properties. In this article, we present the concept of a chiral nanostructured surface as a potential environment for the separation of chiral molecules. In particular, we focus on the effect of size and shape of the adsorbing molecules on the effectiveness of their separation on a surface with a special distribution of active sites. The Monte Carlo simulation method was used to study enantiospecific adsorption of model chiral molecules that differ in molecular footprint and adsorption energy. It was demonstrated that manipulating the footprint offers many possibilities for tuning the preference of the surface for adsorption of a selected enantiomer. One interesting finding was that subtle differences in the interaction pattern of the molecule with the chiral surface can lead to a reversal of enantioselectivity. The results of this work highlight the role of extended surface chirality in enantiospecific adsorption of enantiomers. They also suggest that the proposed mechanism of chiral selection can be a realistic alternative to those inherent in conventional enantioselective adsorbents.
How Elementary Mercury Reacts in the Presence of Halogen Radicals and/or Halogen Anions: A DFT Investigation
Authors: Maron Laurent , Dommergue Aurélien , Ferrari Christophe , Delacour‐Larose Marlène , Faïn Xavier 
Published: July 2008

AbstractReactions of elementary mercury in the gas phase (GEM) have been investigated at the DFT level in the presence of halogen radicals and/or halogen anions. In the presence of radicals, the formation of HgX3. and HgX42. is predicted to be favourable. Moreover, in the presence of anions, the free‐radical liberation is enhanced from these two species allowing the presence of halogen free radicals even without the presence of light radiation. This enhancement is associated with the formation of HgX3−, which is predicted to be the most stable species. In solution, redox chemistry can occur and transform GEM in the presence of X2. The redox potentials of the couples HgX2/Hg for X=Cl, Br and I were calculated to be 0.52, 0.48 and 0.04 V, respectively. This study gives new opportunities to elucidate the environmental chemistry of Hg in the polar regions. In these areas GEM has a unique and fast reactivity due to a combination of factors such as the polar sunrise, the presence of halogenated radicals, snow and ice surfaces and cold temperatures. This reactivity, known as atmospheric mercury depletion events (AMDEs), leads to the deposition of significant amounts of Hg2+ in these regions. The reaction pathways of AMDEs are as yet unknown and the DFT approach may contribute to their elucidation and to the proposal of new mechanisms. Additionally, this study introduces hypotheses concerning the reactivity of GEM inside snowpacks.
Fullerene Nanowires: Self‐Assembled Structures of a Low‐Molecular‐Weight Organogelator Fabricated by the Langmuir–Blodgett Method
Authors: Tsunashima Ryo , Noro Shin‐ichiro , Akutagawa Tomoyuki , Nakamura Takayoshi , Kawakami Hiroko , Toma Kazunori 
Published: July 2008

AbstractFullerene derivative C60TT, which is substituted with the low‐molecular‐weight organogelator tris(dodecyloxy)benzamide, formed nanowire structures on application of the Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) method. The surface morphology of the C60TT LB film was dependent on the holding time before deposition at a surface pressure of 5 mN m−1; it changed from a homogeneous monolayer to a bilayer fibrous structure via a fibrous monolayer structure, which was estimated to have dimensions of 1.2 nm in height, 8 nm in width, and 5–10 μm in length. From the structural and spectroscopic data, it is inferred that close packing of the fullerene moiety occurs along with intermolecular hydrogen bonding within the monolayer fibrous structure. The morphological changes in the LB film are explained kinetically by the Avrami theory, based on the decrease in the surface area of the monolayer at the air/water interface. The growth of the quasi‐one‐dimensional fibrous monolayer structures at holding times from 0 to 0.2 h is considered to be an interface‐controlled process, whereas the growth of the quasi‐one‐dimensional bilayer fibrous structures from 0.2 to 18 h is thought to be a diffusion‐controlled process.
Cooperative Binding of Calix[4]pyrrole–Anion Complexes and Alkylammonium Cations in Halogenated Solvents
Authors: Gross Dustin E. , Schmidtchen Franz P. , Antonius Wiebke , Gale Philip A. , Lynch Vincent M. , Sessler Jonathan L. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractCalix[4]pyrrole–chloride interactions are affected not only by the choice of countercation in halogenated solvents, but show a specific dependence on the way in which these cations are bound within the electron rich, bowl‐like calix[4]pyrrole cavity formed upon chloride anion complexation. In dichloromethane, the affinities of simple meso‐octamethylcalix[4]pyrrole (1) for methyl‐, ethyl‐, and n‐butylammonium chlorides are on the order of 105, 104, and 102 M−1, respectively, as determined from isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) analyses. These cation‐dependent anion affinity effects, while clearly evident, are less pronounced in other halogenated solvents, such as 1,2‐dichloroethane. Support for the proposed cation complexation selectivity is provided by solid state X‐ray crystallographic analyses.
Phase 1/2 dose‐escalation study of a GM‐CSF‐secreting, allogeneic, cellular immunotherapy for metastatic hormone‐refractory prostate cancer
Authors: Higano Celestia S. , Corman John M. , Smith David C. , Centeno Arthur S. , Steidle Christopher P. , Gittleman Marc , Simons Jonathan W. , Sacks Natalie , Aimi Junko , Small Eric J. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractBACKGROUNDThis open‐label, multicenter, dose‐escalation study evaluated multiple dose levels of immunotherapy in patients with metastatic hormone‐refractory prostate cancer (HRPC). The immunotherapy, based on the GVAX platform, consisted of 2 allogeneic prostate‐carcinoma cell lines modified to secrete granulocyte‐macrophage‐colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF).METHODSDose levels ranged from 100 × 106 cells q28d × 6 to 500 × 106 cells prime/300 × 106 cells boost q14d × 11. Endpoints included safety, immunogenicity, overall survival, radiologic response, prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) kinetics, and serum GM‐CSF pharmacokinetics.RESULTSEighty men, median age 69 years (range, 49‐90 years), were treated. The most common adverse effect was injection‐site erythema. Overall, the immunotherapy was well tolerated. A maximal tolerated dose was not established. The median survival time was 35.0 months in the high‐dose group, 20.0 months in the mid‐dose, group, and 23.1 months in the low‐dose group. PSA stabilization occurred in 15 (19%) patients, and a >50% decline in PSA was seen in 1 patient. The proportion of patients who generated an antibody response to 1 or both cell lines increased with dose and included 10 of 23 (43%) in the low‐dose group, 13 of 18 (72%) in the mid‐dose group, and 16 of 18 (89%) in the high‐dose group (P = .002; Cochran‐Armitage trend test).CONCLUSIONSThis immunotherapy was well tolerated. Immunogenicity and overall survival varied by dose. Two phase 3 trials in patients with metastatic HRPC are underway. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Wolfram syndrome 1 (Wfs1) gene expression in the normal mouse visual system
Authors: Kawano June , Tanizawa Yukio , Shinoda Koh 
Published: July 2008

AbstractConfocal laser scanning microscope image of double immunostaining for Wfs1 protein (green) and for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP; an astrocyte marker; red) in the normal mouse retina and optic nerve. Cell nuclei are labeled in blue. The Wfs1 protein, also called wolframin, is the Wolfram syndrome 1 (Wfs1) gene product. Wfs1 is the disease gene for Wolfram syndrome, a neurodegenerative disorder defined by insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus and progressive optic atrophy. This image shows that Wfs1 immunoreactivity is observed in the GFAP‐rich part of the optic nerve immediately behind the eye (central part of the image), and in most of the retinal layers (lower part of the image). J. Comp. Neurol. 510:1–23, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sox9 is expressed in mouse multipotent retinal progenitor cells and functions in Müller Glial cell development
Authors: Poché Ross A. , Furuta Yasuhide , Chaboissier Marie‐Christine , Schedl Andreas , Behringer Richard R. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractCryosection of an embryonic day 12.5 eye labeled for Sox9 (orange), Pax6 (blue), and DAPI (purple). J. Comp. Neurol. 510:237–250, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fabrication and Visualization of Metal‐Ion Patterns on Glass by Dip‐Pen Nanolithography
Authors: Basabe‐Desmonts Lourdes , Wu Chien‐Ching , van der Werf Kees O. , Peter Maria , Bennink Martin , Otto Cees , Velders Aldrik H. , Reinhoudt David N. , Subramaniam Vinod , Crego‐Calama Mercedes 
Published: July 2008

AbstractFluorescent self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) are used as dip‐pen nanolithography (DPN) substrates for the fabrication of patterns of Ca2+ and Cu2+ ions. The driving force for the transfer of these ions from an atomic force microscopy (AFM) tip to the surface is their complexation to organic ligands on the monolayer. By means of fluorescent surfaces, the patterns can be visualized under a fluorescence microscope. We use a custom‐built atomic force fluorescence microscope (AFFM), a combination of atomic force and confocal fluorescence microscopes, to deposit the metal ions onto the sensing SAMs by DPN and to subsequently visualize modulations of fluorescence intensity in a sequential write–read mode.
Agents and conflict: Adaptation and the dynamics of war
Authors: Findley Michael G. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractCivil wars pose one of the most challenging threats to peace in the post‐WWII era. The successful resolution of ongoing civil wars is particularly difficult. Parties opposing peace successfully subverted negotiated agreements in contexts as diverse as Rwanda, Northern Ireland, and Bosnia. Despite growing attention to civil wars in the empirical literature, little formal‐theoretic work addresses the dynamics of civil wars. Empirical work demonstrates that the resolution of civil wars is both complex and uncertain: civil war combatants are heterogeneous in their traits, incompletely informed, and thus, boundedly rational, capable of learning from history and adapting their behavior—all hallmarks of a complex adaptive system. I employ an agent‐based model, therefore, to capture these characteristics and address the conditions affecting the dynamics and evolution of civil wars. In particular, I focus on the evolutionary context of civil wars including learning and adaption and find that civil wars with adaptive combatants exhibit vastly different behavior than those without adaptive agents. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity, 2008
Is dyslexia necessarily associated with negative feelings of self‐worth? A review and implications for future research
Authors: Burden Robert 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThis paper will provide an overview of research in the past 20 years into the relationship between dyslexia and various aspects of self‐perception, including self‐concept, self‐esteem, self‐efficacy and locus of control. Problems are identified relating to the measurement of some of the most widely used constructs, as is the need for more precise identification of key variables relating to them. Critical issues concerning the assumptions that can be drawn from largely correlational data are highlighted also. The conclusion is drawn that an alternative approach to research in this area is required to enhance our understanding of how those suffering from learning disabilities of a dyslexic nature develop a positive or negative sense of identity. Suggestions are made as to how this can be achieved by drawing upon attribution theory and other aspects of social psychology. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Depression and excess mortality: evidence for a dose response relation in community living elderly
Authors: Schoevers R. A. , Geerlings M. I. , Deeg D. J. H. , Holwerda T. J. , Jonker C. , Beekman A. T. F. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractContextDepression is associated with an increased mortality risk. It is not known to what extent depression characteristics such as severity and length of exposure to depression contribute to the association with excess mortality.ObjectivesTo investigate the association between depression severity and duration with mortality in community‐living elderly.DesignTwo‐wave prospective cohort study with 10‐year follow‐up of vital status. Assessment of depression at baseline and at three year follow‐up (GMS‐AGECAT). Cox proportional hazards analyses of mortality with depression according to severity and length of exposure, adjusted for demographic variables, physical illnesses, cognitive decline and functional disabilities.Setting and participantsRandomly selected cohort of 3 746 non‐demented older community‐living persons in the city of Amsterdam.Main outcome measuresExcess mortality of both the baseline cohort, and of non‐demented subjects participating in both assessments (n = 1989).ResultsBoth moderate (MHR 1.29, 95% CI 1.03–1.61) and severe depression (MHR 1.34, 95% CI 1.07–1.68) predicted 10‐year mortality after multivariate adjustment. Chronic depression was associated with a 41% higher mortality risk in 6‐year follow‐up compared to subjects without depression.ConclusionsSeverity and chronicity of depression are associated with a higher mortality risk. In combination with other findings this is suggestive of a causal relationship and may have implications for both preventive and treatment strategies of late‐life depression. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.