bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The use of solid triglyceride stearines as fluid shortening ingredients
Authors: Linteris L. L. , Thompson S. W. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryOne deficiency of liquid oils as all‐purpose shortenings is their failure to cause the aeration in the mixing of conventional cake batters which is a normal function of the shortening ingredient. The addition of substantially insoluble, solid triglycerides in very finely divided form to liquid oils, with the object of improving their cake performance but not destroying fluidity, has been studied. Stearines made from rapeseed and mustardseed oils and certain peanut‐oil fractions possessed the desired properties. The effective triglycerides in these stearines were of the monobehenodistearin and stearopalmitobehenin type.
The effects of alkali cooking on the yields of crude and neutral oil from cottonseed meats
Authors: Eaves P. H. , Molaison L. J. , Knoepfler N. B. , Spadaro J. J. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryEqual quantities of flaked cottonseed meats of identical composition were similarly cooked at high moisture conditions with and without alkali present. The cooked flakes were exhaustively extracted with commercial hexane, and the yields of crude oil, neutral oil, and meal were determined. The yields from an equal quantity of uncooked flakes were similarly determined, chiefly to serve as a neutral oil control. Analyses of the crude oils and meals were compared to determine the effects of the presence of alkali while cooking on the composition of the products.These experiments show that there was a reduction in the yields of both crude and neutral oil resulting from the admixture of alkali with cottonseed flakes while cooking. Assuming yields from flakes cooked with water as 100%, and average of 0.6% less crude oil was obtained from alkali‐cooked than from watercooked flakes. A similar comparison of the yields of neutral oil shows that those from the alkali‐cooked flakes averaged about 0.75% less than from the flakes cooked with water.The crude oils from alkali‐cooked flakes contained only about one‐fifth as much gossypol as those from the water‐cooked flakes and were appreciably lower in free fatty acids. The crude oils from alkali‐cooked flakes were significantly higher in phosphorus. The sodium content of the oils from alkali‐cooked flakes indicated that their content of soaps ranged from 0.07% to 0.19%.
Effect of long‐term storage on acute oral toxicity and gossypol content of cottonseed pigment glands
Authors: Eagle Edward , Davies D. L. 
Published: April 2007

SummarySix samples of cottonseed pigment glands and two samples of pure gossypol stored for more than four to nine years were re‐evaluated for their acute oral toxicity in the rat and re‐analyzed for gossypol content. There was no appreciable effect on the acute oral toxicity or gossypol content after these long storage periods.
Pilot‐plant development of the alkali‐cooking process for cottonseed meats. III. Quantitative effect of cooking variables on solubility of meal nitrogen
Authors: King W. H. , Knoepfler N. B. , Hoffpauir Carroll L. 
Published: April 2007

Summary and ConclusionsA study was made of previously published data resulting from experimental cooking of cottonseed from the viewpoint of quantitative relationship between cooking conditions and denaturation of the protein as measured by the solubility of the meal nitrogen in 0.02N NaOH. It was observed that the rate of denaturation of hexane‐ and butanone‐extracted cottonseed meal, autoclaved at constant temperature and moisture content for various lengths of time, closely followed the equation for a firstorder reaction. The average reaction velocity constant is 0.012. Since, in commercial oil mill operations, temperature and moisture content of the meats vary during cooking, an analysis of laboratory data obtained under such conditions was made, which resulted in an observation of an empirical relationship between rate of reduction of nitrogen solubility and the three principal factors which affect the rate of denaturation under practical conditions. The factors studied were moisture content, temperature, and duration of the cooking period. In these experiments the meats were adjusted to a constant pH of 8.2. Mathematical treatment of this observation led to an empirical formula relating cooking conditions and denaturation which correlated well with the cooking data. This formula indicates that the temperature increment above 135°F. in degrees F. has about the same effect, numerically, as the cooking time in minutes under the conditions studied. When the sum of these two factors is multiplied by the moisture factorurn:x-wiley:0003021X:media:aocs0046:equation:aocs0046-math-0001 an approximate, consistent value is obtained which is commensurate with the reduction in nitrogen solubility of the meal cooked under those conditions. The observation suggests the desirability of continuing the study with additional, carefully obtained data under laboratory and plant conditions. It is entirely possible that experiments designed to show the independent effect of moisture content on denaturation at constant temperature may help to explain the theoretical basis for the the equation developed. Such information should be a valuable addition to the knowledge of protein chemistry.
Scale‐dependent effects of windthrow disturbance on forest arthropod communities
Authors: Hirao Toshihide , Murakami Masashi , Iwamoto Jiro , Takafumi Hino , Oguma Hiroyuki 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe effect of disturbance on local communities may operate within the context of the spatial landscape. We examined the scale‐dependent effects of windthrow disturbance caused by a large typhoon on three arthropod communities in a temperate forest of Japan. Canopy arthropods were collected by beating foliage, forest‐floor arthropods were collected by sweeping the vegetation, and flying arthropods were collected in Malaise traps. To assess the “functional spatial scale” at which arthropods responded to tree‐fall disturbance, the gap rate was quantified at different spatial scales by sequentially enlarging the radius of a circular landscape sector in 10‐m increments from 10 to 500 m. We then analyzed the responses of order richness and abundance to the gap rate for each arthropod community. The spatial scale of the significant best‐fitting model, which was selected from the models fitted to the gap rate at stepwise spatial scales, was regarded as the arthropod‐specific functional spatial scale. Arthropod order richness was not dependent on the gap rate. In contrast, arthropod order abundance depended significantly on the gap rate in many orders, but varied in the response direction and functional spatial scale. These order‐specific, scale‐dependent responses to tree‐fall gaps could complicate interactions among organisms, leading to complex community organization. An understanding of the spatial processes that link the use of space by organisms with the spatial scale at which ecological processes are experienced is required to elucidate the responses of populations, communities, and biotic interactions to disturbances in a spatial landscape context.
Rapid Analysis of Acylglycerols in Low Molecular Weight Milk Fat Fractions
Authors: Craven R. J. , Lencki R. W. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA suitable analytical method was required to facilitate development of an industrial‐scale short‐path distillation (SPD) process. Short‐path distillation produces milk fat distillates (MFD) enriched in low molecular weight milk fat components—viz. free fatty acids, monoacylglycerols, diacylglycerols, cholesterol and low molecular weight triacylglycerols. In this case, solid‐phase extraction (SPE) was considered a better alternative than thin‐layer chromatography for separating polar and apolar lipid components in MFD samples due to its speed and near‐complete recoveries. Solid‐phase extraction of MFDs yielded two fractions, both of which are sufficiently pure for subsequent analysis by gas chromatography. This procedure provided rapid and complete chemical characterization (including mass balances) of low‐molecular weight milk‐fat fractions.
Using Microwave Heating and Microscopy to Estimate Optimal Corn Germ Oil Yield with a Bench‐Scale Press
Authors: Dickey L. C. , Cooke P. H. , Kurantz M. J. , McAloon A. , Parris N. , Moreau R. A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe increase in ethanol production from corn has prompted development of processes to separate corn germ. The corn germ co‐product would be a source of corn oil if a practical oil separation process were also developed. We carried out bench‐scale corn‐germ‐pressing experiments to determine the maximum potential oil recovery which were then used to estimate commercial germ crushing costs. Corn germ was preheated in a microwave oven and oil was then extracted with a bench‐scale press. Preheating the germ was necessary to obtain good oil yields. The uniform heating of the microwave oven more closely resembles compressive heating of commercial scale presses than does oven heating. Three different microscopic techniques were used to examine the effects of microwave and conventional‐oven heating on corn germ. Microscopy revealed that microwave heating heated oil in the germ more quickly than the other components of the germ. Heating by both methods destroyed lipid body membranes and oil coalesced and pooled. Less oil could be pressed from germ initially containing 3–6% moisture than germ containing 15–20% moisture. Maximum oil recovery of about 65% was obtained for all germs tested when the optimum press temperature and germ feed moisture were used.
Mechanical fragmentation and transportation of calcium phosphate substrate by filopodia and lamellipodia in a mature osteoclast
Authors: Nagafusa T. , Hoshino H. , Sakurai T. , Terakawa S. , Nagano A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe functions of filopodia and lamellipodia in mature osteoclasts are not well known in the process of bone resorption. We investigated the function of filopodial/lamellipodial movement in mature osteoclasts by video‐enhanced contrast‐differential interference contrast (VEC‐DIC) microscopy. Mature osteoclasts, which were isolated from Japanese white rabbits, were cultured on calcium phosphate (CP)‐coated quartz coverslips to observe filopodial/lamellipodial movement and the formation of CP‐free areas precisely. Filopodia broke the CP substrate into pieces and transported them to the cell body by capturing them at the tip. Lamellipodia destroyed the CP substrate, and transported it to the cell body by capturing small particles in a mass. This study suggests two functions of filopodia and lamellipodia in mature osteoclasts, i.e., the mechanical fragmentation of the CP substrate and the transportation of the CP particles to the cell body.
Recent developments in nitric oxide donor drugs
Authors: Miller M R , Megson I L 
Published: April 2007

During the 1980s, the free radical, nitric oxide (NO), was discovered to be a crucial signalling molecule, with wide‐ranging functions in the cardiovascular, nervous and immune systems. Aside from providing a credible explanation for the actions of organic nitrates and sodium nitroprusside that have long been used in the treatment of angina and hypertensive crises respectively, the discovery generated great hopes for new NO‐based treatments for a wide variety of ailments. Decades later, however, we are still awaiting novel licensed agents in this arena, despite an enormous research effort to this end. This review explores some of the most promising recent advances in NO donor drug development and addresses the challenges associated with NO as a therapeutic agent.British Journal of Pharmacology(2007)151, 305–321; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707224
L‐Citrulline inhibits [3H]acetylcholine release from rat motor nerve terminals by increasing adenosine outflow and activation of A1 receptors
Authors: Barroso A , Oliveira L , Campesatto‐Mella E , Silva C , Timóteo M A , Magalhães‐Cardoso M T , Alves‐do‐Prado W , Correia‐de‐Sá P 
Published: April 2007

Background and purpose:Nitric oxide (NO) production and depression of neuromuscular transmission are closely related, but little is known about the role of L‐citrulline, a co‐product of NO biosynthesis, on neurotransmitter release.Experimental approach:Muscle tension recordings and outflow experiments were performed on rat phrenic nerve‐hemidiaphragm preparations stimulated electrically.Key results:L‐citrulline concentration‐dependently inhibited evoked [3H]ACh release from motor nerve terminals and depressed nerve‐evoked muscle contractions. The NO synthase (NOS) substrate, L‐arginine, and the NO donor, 3‐morpholinosydnonimine chloride (SIN‐1), also inhibited [3H]ACh release with a potency order of SIN‐1>L‐arginine>L‐citrulline. Co‐application of L‐citrulline and SIN‐1 caused additive effects. NOS inactivation with No‐nitro‐L‐arginine prevented L‐arginine inhibition, but not that of L‐citrulline. The NO scavenger, haemoglobin, abolished inhibition of [3H]ACh release caused by SIN‐1, but not that caused by L‐arginine. Inactivation of guanylyl cyclase with 1H‐[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3‐a]quinoxalin‐1‐one (ODQ) fully blocked SIN‐1 inhibition, but only partially attenuated the effects of L‐arginine. Reduction of extracellular adenosine accumulation with adenosine deaminase or with the nucleoside transport inhibitor, S‐(p‐nitrobenzyl)‐6‐thioinosine, attenuated the effects of L‐arginine and L‐citrulline, while not affecting inhibition by SIN‐1. Similar results were obtained with the selective adenosine A1 receptor antagonist, 1,3‐dipropyl‐8‐cyclopentylxanthine. L‐citrulline increased the resting extracellular concentration of adenosine, without changing that of the adenine nucleotides.Conclusions and implications:NOS catalyses the formation of two neuronally active products, NO and L‐citrulline. While, NO may directly reduce transmitter release through stimulation of soluble guanylyl cyclase, the inhibitory action of L‐citrulline may be indirect through increasing adenosine outflow and subsequently activating inhibitory A1 receptors.British Journal of Pharmacology (2007) 151, 541–550; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707242
Oxygen-regulated protein 150 and prognosis following myocardial infarction
Authors: Ng Leong L. , O'Brien Russell J. , Quinn Paulene A. , Squire Iain B. , Davies Joan E. 
Published: April 2007

ORP150 (oxygen-regulated protein 150) is a chaperonin expressed in tissues undergoing hypoxic or endoplasmic reticulum stress. In the present study, we investigated plasma levels of ORP150 in patients with AMI (acute myocardial infarction) and its relationship with prognosis, together with a known risk marker N-BNP (N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide). Plasma from 396 consecutive patients with AMI was obtained for measurement of ORP150 and N-BNP. Mortality and cardiovascular morbidity (acute coronary syndromes/heart failure) was determined during follow-up. A specific ORP150 assay detected the 150 kDa protein in plasma extracts, including 3 and 7 kDa fragments. During follow-up (median, 455 days), 43 (10.9%) patients died. Both N-BNP and ORP150 levels were higher in those who died compared with the survivors [N-BNP, 724 (14.5–28840) compared with 6167 (154.9–33884) pmol/l (P&lt;0.0005); ORP150, 257 (5.9–870.9) compared with 331 (93.3–831.8) pmol/l (P&lt;0.001); values are medians (range)]. In a Cox regression model for mortality prediction, both N-BNP (odds ratio, 5.06; P&lt;0.001) and ORP150 (odds ratio, 2.39; P&lt;0.01) added prognostic information beyond creatinine and the use of thrombolytics. A Kaplan–Meier survival analysis revealed that ORP150 added prognostic information to N-BNP, especially in those with supra-median N-BNP levels. A simplified dual-marker approach with both markers below and either above or both above their respective medians effectively stratified mortality risk (log rank statistic for trend, 32.7; P&lt;0.00005). ORP150 levels were not predictive of other cardiovascular morbidity (acute coronary syndromes or heart failure). In conclusion, ORP150 and peptide fragments derived from it are secreted following AMI and provide independent prognostic information on mortality. High levels associated with endoplasmic reticulum/hypoxic stress predict a poor outcome.
Using Genetically Engineered Kinases to Screen for Novel Protein Kinase Substrates: Generation of [γ-32P]ATP Analog from ADP Analog
Authors: Eblen Scott T. , Kumar N. Vinay , Weber Michael J. 
Published: April 2007

INTRODUCTIONThe generation of a high-specific-activity [γ-32P]ATP analog is essential for detecting direct substrates of a kinase. Synthesis of radiolabeled ATP analog from unlabeled ADP analog involves a succession of phosphotransfer reactions that are performed in two stages. The first stage involves transfer of phosphate from [γ-32P]ATP to nucleotide diphosphate kinase (NDPK) to make [32P]NDPK. The second stage involves transfer of labeled phosphate from [32P]NDPK to ADP analog to generate [γ-32P]ATP analog. In this protocol, radiolabeled [γ-32P]cpATP is prepared from cyclopentyl ADP (cpADP) and [γ-32P]ATP by a phosphate transfer reaction using NDPK.
Using Genetically Engineered Kinases to Screen for Novel Protein Kinase Substrates: Phosphorylation of Kinase-Associated Substrates
Authors: Eblen Scott T. , Kumar N. Vinay , Weber Michael J. 
Published: April 2007

INTRODUCTIONThis protocol describes a method for detection of direct substrates of a protein kinase in cell lysates or fractions. The approach involves identification of kinase-associated substrates by immunoprecipitating a tagged form of the mutant kinase from transfected COS-1 cells and performing a kinase reaction by the addition of [γ-32P]ATP analog. This technique has been used for the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 (ERK2) substrates; however, the methodology can be applied to other protein kinases as well.
Screening Kinase Phosphorylation Motifs Using Peptide Libraries
Authors: Manke Isaac A. , Yaffe Michael B. 
Published: April 2007

INTRODUCTIONThis protocol describes a method for oriented peptide library screening. This method, combined with bioinformatics-based searches of protein sequence databases, provides a strategy for identifying substrates of particular protein kinases, including low-abundance proteins. In oriented peptide library screening, a very large number of peptides are synthesized simultaneously by solid-phase peptide synthesis, with all of the peptides containing either a single fixed Ser, Thr, or Tyr residue at an “orienting” position within the peptide sequence. The orienting residue in the collection of peptides serves as the phospho-acceptor during an in vitro phosphorylation reaction with the protein kinase of interest and is flanked by a series of degenerate positions, which contain a mixture of all possible amino acids. Only those peptides that contain favorable amino acids surrounding the fixed Ser, Thr, or Tyr residues will be preferentially phosphorylated by the kinase of interest. This subset of phosphorylated peptides can then be separated from the bulk of nonphosphorylated peptides using immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC). The recovered phosphopeptides are sequenced in bulk by Edman degradation. By comparing the amount of each amino acid at each position flanking the fixed Ser, Thr, or Tyr in the phosphorylated peptides with the amount of each amino acid in the starting peptide library mixture, the affinity of the kinase for each amino acid in each position in the sequence is revealed. The end result of this process is a matrix of selection values that describes, in quantitative terms, the relative importance of each amino acid at each position within the kinase substrate motif, as well as the optimal peptide substrate sequence for that kinase. The matrix of kinase selectivity values can be used to search protein sequence databases and identify potential substrate proteins that contain the closest matches to the optimal protein kinase phosphorylation motif. These putative substrates can then be examined in vitro and in vivo to determine whether they are, in fact, kinase substrates under physiological conditions.
Hierarchical strategies and strategic fit in the keep‐or‐sell decision
Authors: Lichtenthaler Ulrich 
Published: April 2007

PurposeBesides applying knowledge in own products and services, firms increasingly exploit their knowledge assets externally, e.g. by means of licensing out technology. The aim of this paper is to help firms achieve strategic fit in the keep‐or‐sell issue, which results from potential external knowledge exploitation.Design/methodology/approachThe keep‐or‐sell decision refers to the issue whether to commercialize knowledge assets externally in addition to exploiting them inside the organization. Because of the high opportunities and risks of externally leveraging knowledge, the keep‐or‐sell decision constitutes a major area of conflict between strategies at different levels, particularly knowledge vs product strategies, corporate vs business unit strategies and R&D vs marketing strategies. After detailing the keep‐or‐sell decision, the paper conceptually explores how firms may respond to potential conflicts in the keep‐or‐sell decision by achieving strategic fit.FindingsThe paper identifies, in particular, three major characteristics of a firm's strategic approach, i.e. coordination, centralization, and collaboration, which may help firms achieve strategic fit in the keep‐or‐sell issue.Originality/valueThe keep‐or‐sell decision is a unique arena for studying hierarchical strategies and strategic fit. As a result, this paper has major implications for research into strategic fit, hierarchical strategies, knowledge management and open innovation. Achieving fit across a firm's different strategies in the keep‐or‐sell issue is essential for firm performance in a knowledge‐based economy.
Core competency beyond identification: presentation of a model
Authors: Ljungquist Urban 
Published: April 2007

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to outline a model that is conceptually and empirically applicable by practitioners in contexts extending beyond mere core competence identification.Design/methodology/approachThis paper presents a conceptual review of a model.FindingsThis paper demonstrates that the associated concepts (competence, capability, and resources) have characteristics that differ both conceptually and empirically. The findings also indicate that competencies are central to core competence matters; it is possible to distinguish them analytically by three criteria. Furthermore, the notions of hierarchy suggested in previous research could not be verified which implies that the associated concepts all reside at the same hierarchy level.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings advance core competence theories that better serve the needs of practicing managers and consultants, by initiating a specific research agenda in conceptual and empirical reviews and discussions. By proposing a model, the study provides a point of departure for core competency research that goes beyond matters of identification.Practical implicationsThe dissimilar characteristics of the associated concepts offer great opportunities to core competency management, by means of the different influences they have on core competencies. Their influence makes organizational change and rejuvenation not only comprehensible, but also manageable. This is of particular importance to organizations that need ongoing renewal of core competencies, for example, when facing dynamic business environments. Competence improvements manage and change core competencies; capability supports reinforce and create structure before, during, and after a change process; resource utilizations are operative, and need daily attention.Originality/valueThe paper initiates a new research agenda for core competency matters by acknowledging specific features of the concepts associated with core competence. This makes a significant contribution to the existing literature in terms of practical and scholarly applicability.