bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Normal Distribution of Body Weight Gain in Male Sprague‐Dawley Rats Fed a High‐Energy Diet
Authors: Archer Zoe A. , Rayner D. Vernon , Rozman Jan , Klingenspor Martin , Mercer Julian G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To investigate the effect of a high‐energy (HE) diet on caloric intake, body weight, and related parameters in outbred male Sprague‐Dawley (SD) rats.Research Methods and Procedures: Twenty‐eight SD rats were fed either chow (C) for 19 weeks or HE diet for 14 weeks and then C for 5 weeks. Blood hormones and metabolites were assayed, and expression of uncoupling protein‐1 and hypothalamic energy‐balance‐related genes were determined by Northern blotting and in situ hybridization, respectively.Results: HE rats gained body weight more rapidly than C animals with a range of weight gains, but there was no evidence that weight gain was bimodally distributed. Caloric intake was transiently elevated after introduction of the HE diet. Transfer of HE rats back to C resulted in a drop in caloric intake, but a stable body weight. In terminal analysis, two of four dissected adipose tissue depots were heavier in rats that had previously been fed HE diet. Blood leptin, insulin, glucose, and nonesterified fatty acids were not different between the groups. Uncoupling protein‐1 mRNA was elevated in interscapular brown adipose tissue from HE rats. There was a trend for agouti‐related peptide mRNA in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus to be higher in HE rats.Discussion: Contrary to other studies of the SD rat on HE diet, body weight and other measured parameters were normally distributed. There was no segregation into two distinct populations on the basis of susceptibility to diet‐induced obesity. This characteristic may be dependent on the breeding colony from which animals were sourced.
Lower Serum Adiponectin Levels in African‐American Boys
Authors: Degawa‐Yamauchi Mikako , Dilts Jason R. , Bovenkerk Jason E. , Saha Chandan , Pratt J. Howard , Considine Robert V. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To examine adiponectin, an adipocyte‐secreted hormone with anti‐inflammatory and insulin‐sensitizing effects, in relation to race or gender in younger subjects.Research Methods and Procedures: The relationship of adiponectin, quantitated by radioimmunoassay, to anthropometric and metabolic factors (fasting insulin, glucose, and leptin) and reproductive hormones was examined in 46 healthy African Americans (25 girls/21 boys) and 40 whites (20 girls/20 boys) ranging in age from 12 to 21 years.Results: There was no statistical difference in BMI or in BMI percentile among the four groups. Sums of skinfolds, but not skinfold percentile, were significantly lower in boys than girls (p = 0.001 and p = 0.896, respectively), whereas there was no difference between racial groups. Leptin was significantly greater in girls (p = 0.0002). There was no difference in fasting serum glucose, insulin, or homeostasis model assessment score among any of the groups. There was a significant negative univariate relationship between serum adiponectin and both BMI and BMI percentile for the entire group (p = 0.006 and p = 0.005). In a multivariate model, BMI percentile (p = 0.005) and the interaction between race and gender (p = 0.026) were significant predictors of serum adiponectin. In this model, African‐American boys had the lowest serum adiponectin level, 37% less than white boys, who had the highest adiponectin levels.Discussion: Serum adiponectin levels are reduced in young obese subjects (African Americans and whites) and are lower in African‐American boys than white boys. A lower adiponectin level in African‐American boys may predispose this group to a greater risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
Diet, Obesity, and Hyperglycemia in LG/J and SM/J Mice
Authors: Ehrich Thomas H. , Kenney Jane P. , Vaughn Ty T. , Pletscher L. Susan , Cheverud James M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To examine the differential response of obesity‐ and diabetes‐related traits to a high‐ or low‐fat diet in LG/J and SM/J mice. We also examined food consumption in these strains.Research Methods and Procedures: Mice were placed on a high‐ or low‐fat diet after weaning. Animals were weighed once per week and subjected to glucose tolerance tests at 20 weeks. At sacrifice, fat pads and internal organs were removed along with serum samples. For food consumption, LG/J and SM/J mice of each sex were assigned to a high‐fat or low‐fat diet after reaching maturity. Mice were weighed three times per week, and food consumed was determined by subtraction.Results: LG/J animals consume more total food, but SM/J animals consume more food per gram of body weight. LG/J mice grow faster to 10 weeks but slower from 10 to 20 weeks, have higher cholesterol and free fatty acid levels, and have lower basal glucose levels and better response to a glucose challenge than SM/J mice. For most traits, SM/J mice respond more strongly to a high‐fat diet than LG/J mice, including body weight and growth, basal glucose levels, organ weights, fat distribution, and circulating triglycerides and cholesterol levels.Discussion: Obesity‐related phenotypes, as well as response to increased dietary fat, differ genetically between LG/J and SM/J and can, therefore, be mapped. This study indicates that the cross of SM/J and LG/J mice would be an excellent model system for the study of gene‐by‐diet interaction in obesity.
Lipoprotein Oxidation and Plasma Vitamin E in Nondiabetic Normotensive Obese Patients
Authors: Myara Isaac , Alamowitch Catherine , Michel Odile , Heudes Didier , Bariety Jean , Guy‐Grand Bernard , Chevalier Jacques 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To correlate the susceptibility of low‐(LDL) and very‐low‐density lipoprotein to oxidation in vitro and the concentrations of serum antibodies against malondialdehyde‐modified LDL and plasma vitamin E with the anthropometric and laboratory characteristics of obesity.Research Methods and Procedures: A total of 75 nondiabetic, normotensive obese patients were assigned to one of four groups according to their body mass index (BMI): moderately obese (30 ≤ BMI ≤ 34.9 kg/m2, n = 11), severely obese (35 ≤ BMI ≤ 39.9 kg/m2, n = 20), morbidly obese (40 ≤ BMI ≤ 50 kg/m2, n = 29), and very severely obese (BMI > 50 kg/m2, n = 15).Results: The oxidation lag time for LDL from patients with a BMI ≥35 kg/m2 was shorter than that for LDL from non‐obese controls (n = 13), whereas very‐low‐density lipoprotein oxidation lag times were not significantly different. The serum antibodies against modified LDL were similar in all groups, whereas the plasma vitamin E concentrations of obese patients were decreased (p ≤ 0.01). There was a negative correlation between LDL oxidation lag time and BMI (r = −0.35, p = 0.0008), and between plasma vitamin E and BMI (r = −0.53, p < 0.0001) and waist‐to‐hip ratio (r = −0.40, p = 0.0003).Discussion: The LDL of nondiabetic, normotensive obese patients is more readily oxidized, and plasma vitamin E concentrations are low. These are both risk factors for coronary heart disease.
Evidence for Genetic Factors Underlying the Insulin Resistance Syndrome in American Indians
Authors: North Kari E. , Williams Ken , Williams Jeff T. , Best Lyle G. , Lee Elisa T. , Fabsitz Richard R. , Howard Barbara V. , Gray R. Stuart , MacCluer Jean W. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractPrevious analyses of American Indians of the Strong Heart Study have demonstrated that various insulin‐resistance variables cluster, although knowledge about the genetic determination of these clusters is unknown. In an effort to explore the influences on the aggregation of insulin‐resistance phenotypes, we used principal component factor analysis to examine the clustering of these phenotypes in participants of the Strong Heart Family Study and evaluated the genetic and environmental contributions of such factors. Nine traits were chosen for principal component factor analysis: BMI, diastolic blood pressure, fasting glucose, high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol, natural log‐transformed insulin, natural log‐transformed triglycerides, percentage of body fat, systolic blood pressure, and waist‐to‐hip ratio. Analyses revealed three clusters: glucose/insulin/obesity, blood pressure, and dyslipidemia factors. Using a variance component approach and accounting for the effects of age, sex, center, and medication, we detected significant heritabilities (h2) for the three factors: h2 = 0.67, h2 = 0.33, and h2 = 0.61, respectively. In multivariate analysis, no significant genetic correlations among factors were found. These results suggest that heredity explains a substantial proportion of the variability of the factors that underlie the insulin resistance syndrome in American Indians and that these factors are genetically independent.
Methods of Estimation of Visceral Fat: Advantages of Ultrasonography
Authors: Ribeiro‐Filho Fernando F. , Faria Alessandra N. , Azjen Sergio , Zanella Maria‐Teresa , Ferreira Sandra R.G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To compare methods for the assessment of visceral fat with computed tomography (CT) and establish cutoffs to define visceral obesity based on such alternative methods.Research Methods and Procedures: One hundred women (50.4 ± 7.7 years; BMI 39.2 ± 5.4 kg/m2) underwent anthropometric evaluation, bioelectrical impedance, DXA, abdominal ultrasonography (US), and CT scan.Results: Waist circumference, waist‐to‐hip ratio (WHR), and US‐determined visceral fat values showed the best correlation coefficients with visceral fat determined by CT (r = 0.55, 0.54, and 0.71, respectively; p < 0.01). Fat mass determined by DXA was inversely correlated with visceral‐to‐subcutaneous‐fat ratio (r = −0.47, p < 0.01). Bioimpedance‐determined fat mass and skinfolds were correlated with only subcutaneous abdominal fat quantified by CT. Linear regression indicated US visceral‐fat distance and WHR as the main predictors of CT‐determined visceral fat (adjusted r2 = 0.51, p < 0.01). A waist measurement of 107 cm (82.7% specificity, 60.6% sensitivity) and WHR of 0.97 (78.8% specificity, 63.8% sensitivity) were chosen as discriminator values corresponding with visceral obesity diagnosed by CT. A value of 6.90 cm for visceral fat US‐determined diagnosed visceral obesity with a specificity of 82.8%, a sensitivity of 69.2%, and a diagnostic concordance of 74% with CT.Discussion: US seemed to be the best alternative method for the assessment of intra‐abdominal fat in obese women. Its diagnostic value could be optimized by an anthropometric measurement. Prospective studies are needed to establish CT and US cutoffs for defining visceral‐fat levels related to elevated cardiovascular risk.
Insulin Resistance in Nondiabetic Morbidly Obese Patients: Effect of Bariatric Surgery
Authors: Pereira Juliano Alves , Lazarin Mary Aparecida C.T. , Pareja José Carlos , de Souza Aglécio , Muscelli Elza 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To evaluate insulin action on substrate use and insulinemia in nondiabetic class III obese patients before and after weight loss induced by bariatric surgery.Research Methods and Procedures: Thirteen obese patients (four men/nine women; BMI = 56.3 ± 2.7 kg/m2) and 13 lean subjects (five men/eight women; BMI = 22.4 ± 0.5 kg/m2) underwent euglycemic clamp, oral glucose tolerance test, and indirect calorimetry. The study was carried out before (Study I) and after (∼40% relative to initial body weight; Study II) weight loss induced by Roux‐en‐Y Gastric bypass with silastic ring surgery.Results: The obese patients were insulin resistant (whole‐body glucose use = 19.7 ± 1.5 vs. 51.5 ± 2.4 μmol/min per kilogram fat‐free mass, p < 0.0001) and hyperinsulinemic in the fasting state (332 ± 86 vs. 85 ± 5 pM, p < 0.0001) and during the oral glucose tolerance test compared with the lean subjects. Fasting plasma insulin normalized after weight loss, whereas whole‐body glucose use increased (35.5 ± 3.7 μmol/min per kilogram fat‐free mass, p < 0.05 vs. Study I). The higher insulin clearance of obese did not change during the follow‐up period. Insulin‐induced glucose oxidation and nonoxidative glucose disposal were lower in the obese compared with the lean group (all p < 0.05). In Study II, the former increased slightly, whereas nonoxidative glucose disposal reached values similar to those of the control group. Fasting lipid oxidation was higher in the obese than in the control group and did not change significantly in Study II. The insulin effect on lipid oxidation was slightly improved (p = 0.01 vs. Study I).Discussion: The rapid weight loss after surgery in obese class III patients normalized insulinemia and improved insulin sensitivity almost entirely due to glucose storage, whereas fasting lipid oxidation remained high.
Self‐Selected Macronutrient Diet Affects Energy and Glucose Metabolism in Brown Fat‐Ablated Mice
Authors: Ortmann Sylvia , Prinzler Julia , Klaus Susanne 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Obese transgenic UCP‐DTA mice have largely ablated brown adipose tissue and develop obesity and diabetes, which are highly susceptible to a high‐fat diet. We investigated macronutrient self‐selection and its effect on development of obesity, diabetes, and energy homeostasis in UCP‐DTA mice.Research Methods and Procedures: UCP‐DTA and wild‐type littermates were fed a semisynthetic macronutrient choice diet (CD) ad libitum from weaning until 17 weeks. Energy homeostasis was assessed by measurement of food intake, food digestibility, body composition, and energy expenditure. Diabetes was assessed by blood glucose measurements and insulin tolerance test.Results: Wild‐type and UCP‐DTA mice showed a high fat preference and increased energy digestion on CD compared with a low‐fat standard diet. On CD, wild‐type mice accumulated less body fat (16.9%) than UCP‐DTA (32.6%) mice, although they had a higher overall energy intake. Compared with wild‐type mice, resting metabolic rate was reduced in UCP‐DTA mice irrespective of diet. UCP‐DTA mice progressively decreased their carbohydrate intake, resulting in an almost complete avoidance of carbohydrate. UCP‐DTA mice developed severe insulin resistance but showed decreased fed and fasted blood glucose on CD.Discussion: In contrast to wild‐type mice, UCP‐DTA mice were not able to reduce their weight gain efficiency on CD. This suggests that, because of the high fat preference of the background strain and the increased metabolic efficiency, brown adipose tissue‐deficient mice still develop obesity and insulin resistance on a macronutrient CD even when decreasing overall energy intake. Through the avoidance of carbohydrates, however, they are able to maintain normoglycemia.
Stimulatory Effect of Leptin on Nitric Oxide Production Is Impaired in Dietary‐Induced Obesity
Authors: Bełtowski Jerzy , Wójcicka Grażyna , Jamroz Anna 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: We investigated the effect of leptin on nitric oxide production in lean and rats made obese by a high‐calorie diet.Research Methods and Procedures: The animals were placed in metabolic cages, and urine was collected in 2‐hour periods after leptin (1 mg/kg intraperintoneally) or vehicle administration. Blood was obtained 0.5, 1, 2, 4, or 6 hours after injection.Results: Leptin had no effect on systolic blood pressure in either lean or obese animals. Plasma concentration of NO metabolites (nitrites + nitrates, NOx) increased in lean rats by 31.5%, 58.0%, and 27.9% at 1, 2, and 4 hours after leptin injection, respectively. In the obese group, plasma NOx increased only at 2 hours (+36.5%). Leptin increased urinary NOx excretion by 31.8% in the first 2‐hour period after injection in lean but not in obese rats. In lean animals, leptin elevated plasma cyclic 3′, 5′‐guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) at 1, 2, and 4 hours by 35.3%, 96.3%, and 57.3%, respectively. In the obese group, plasma cGMP was higher only at 2 and 4 hours (+44.6% and +32.1%, respectively). Urinary excretion of cGMP increased in lean animals by 67.1% in the first period and by 50.4% in the second period. In the obese group, leptin induced a 53.9% increase in urinary cGMP excretion only in the first 2‐hour period.Discussion: The stimulatory effect of leptin on NO production is impaired in dietary‐induced obesity; however, leptin does not increase blood pressure in obese animals, suggesting that other NO—independent depressor mechanisms are stimulated.
Vision and Eating Behavior in Obese Subjects
Authors: Barkeling Britta , Linné Yvonne , Melin Eva , Rooth Pål 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Vision is one of a number of factors influencing the amount of food consumed during a meal. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of vision on the microstructure of the eating behavior of obese subjects.Research Methods and Procedures: Eighteen obese subjects with a body mass index (mean ± SD) of 39.1 ± 6.3 kg/m2 twice consumed a standardized test meal in excess, once with and once without a blindfold. The microstructure of the eating behavior was registered by VIKTOR, a computerized eating monitor. Subjective motivation to eat (i.e., desire to eat, hunger, satiety, and prospective consumption) was rated by visual analogue scales (VASs) before, immediately after, and then hourly up to 3 hours after the test meals.Results: The obese subjects ate 24% less food when blindfolded (359 ± 194 g vs. 472 ± 179 g; p < 0.01). Despite a smaller amount of food consumed when blindfolded, there were no significant differences with or without the blindfold for any of the VASs measuring subjective motivation to eat after test meals.Discussion: The importance of vision in regulating our eating behavior was demonstrated in this study. The obese subjects ate 24% less food blindfolded without feeling less full. Eating blindfolded could be tested as a didactic tool to make obese subjects aware of what factors affect the termination of eating.
Objectively Measured Intensity of Physical Activity and Adiposity in Middle‐Aged Women
Authors: Tucker Larry A. , Peterson Travis R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between objectively measured physical activity (ACT), particularly intensity of physical activity (iACT), and body fat percentage (BF%) in 278 middle‐aged women. Secondary purposes were to ascertain the association between physical activity duration (dACT) and BF% and the extent to which potentially confounding factors, including total ACT, energy intake, body weight, and season of assessment, influenced the relationship between iACT and BF%.Research Methods and Procedures: A cross‐sectional design was used. Subjects were apparently healthy, 35 to 45 years old, premenopausal, nonsmokers, with BMIs < 30 kg/m2. Approximately 90 percent were white, 81% were married, and 37% were college graduates. ACT was assessed using Computer Science and Application accelerometers worn for 7 consecutive days. The accelerometers recorded movement continuously, and activity counts were collapsed into 10‐minute epochs. Intensity was indexed using seven activity count cut‐off points, and duration was based on the number of 10‐minute epochs at each intensity level. BF% was assessed using multiple measurements in the Bod Pod. Energy intake was measured using 7‐day weighed diet records during the same week subjects wore the accelerometers.Results: BF% was strongly and inversely associated with iACT and dACT. Controlling for energy intake and body weight strengthened the relationships among iACT, dACT, and BF%. Control of total ACT weakened the association.Discussion: Engaging in higher intensity and/or longer duration ACT is associated with lower BF% compared with lower intensity and/or shorter durations of activity.
Discrimination of Health Risk by Combined Body Mass Index and Waist Circumference
Authors: Ardern Christopher I. , Katzmarzyk Peter T. , Janssen Ian , Ross Robert 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: NIH Clinical Guidelines (1998) recommend the measurement of waist circumference (WC, centimeters) within body mass index (BMI, kilograms per square meter) categories as a screening tool for increased health risk.Research Methods and Procedures: The Canada Heart Health Surveys (1986 through 1992) were used to describe the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in Canada and to test the use of the NIH guidelines for predicting metabolic risk factors. The sample included 7981 participants ages 20 to 74 years who had complete data for WC, BMI, high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol, triglycerides, diabetic status, and systolic and diastolic blood pressures. National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III risk categories were used to identify the metabolic syndrome and associated risk factors. Logistic regression was used to test the hypothesis that WC improves the prediction of the metabolic syndrome, within overweight (25 to 29.9 kg/m2) and obese I (30 to 34.9 kg/m2) BMI categories.Results: The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was 17.0% in men and 13.2% in women. The odds ratios (OR) for the prediction of the metabolic syndrome were elevated in overweight [OR, 1.85; 95% confidence interval (95%CI), 1.02 to 3.35] and obese (OR, 2.35; 95%CI, 1.25 to 4.42) women with a high WC compared with overweight and obese women with a low WC, respectively. On the other hand, WC was not predictive of the metabolic syndrome or component risk factors in men, within BMI categories.Discussion: In women already at increased health risk because of an elevated BMI, the additional measurement of WC may help identify cardiovascular risk.
Fat Compartments and Apolipoprotein B‐100 Kinetics in Overweight‐Obese Men
Authors: Watts Gerald F. , Chan Dick C. , Barrett P. Hugh R. , Susekov Andrei V. , Hua Jianmin , Song Swithin 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To examine the association between the kinetics of very‐low‐density‐lipoprotein (VLDL)‐apolipoprotein B‐100 (apoB) and intraperitoneal, retroperitoneal, subcutaneous abdominal, and total adipose tissue masses (IPATM, RPATM, SAATM, and TATM, respectively) in overweight/obese men.Research Methods and Procedures: Hepatic secretion of VLDL was measured using an intravenous infusion of 1‐[13C]‐leucine in 51 men with a wide range of body mass index (25.1 to 42.2 kg/m2). Isotopic enrichment of VLDL‐apoB was measured using gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry and a multicompartmental model used to estimate VLDL‐apoB metabolic parameters. IPATM, RPATM, and SAATM (kilograms) were quantified between T11 and S1 using magnetic resonance imaging; TATM (kilograms) was determined using bioelectrical impedance. Insulin resistance was estimated by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) score.Results: In stepwise regression, IPATM was the best predictor of hepatic secretion of VLDL‐apoB (r = 0.390, p < 0.005) and TATM was the best predictor of VLDL‐apoB fractional catabolic rate (r = 0.282, p < 0.05). IPATM remained significantly associated with VLDL‐apoB secretion after adjusting for TATM or HOMA score (r = 0.360, p < 0.01 and r = 0.310, p < 0.05, respectively). This association was also independent of age, dietary intake, and body mass index. None of the fat compartments were significantly associated with the fractional catabolic rate of VLDL‐apoB after adjusting for HOMA score.Discussion: In overweight/obese men, the quantity of both IPATM and TATM determine the kinetics of VLDL‐apoB. The effect of IPATM on VLDL‐apoB secretion is independent of both total fat mass and the degree of insulin resistance.