bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electrification of British Railways' East Coast Main Line: Civil Engineering Works, Doncaster to Berwick
Authors: Fenwick T. H. 
Published: July 2007

This Paper describes a number of significant civil engineering projects associated with the electrification of the East Coast Main Line, between Doncaster and the Scottish Border. It does not provide a comprehensive catalogue of the work carried out but concentrates on some of the more interesting items. The topics covered include an overbridge reconstruction, the jacking up of the 33 m span truss bridge at Holgate Road, major remodelling of the track layout and related station structure alterations, all at York. Some particular considerations to be addressed when modernizing railways which pass through or over listed structures are discussed, with special reference being made to work carried out at Durham Viaduct, Durham Station, Newcastle High Level Bridge, Newcastle Central Station, Newcastle Ouseburn Viaduct, Morpeth Station, and Berwick Royal Border Bridge. Rationalization of the track-layout at and around Newcastle is outlined along with some of the bridge works required. An economical method was found for lowering the tracks to achieve electrification clearances through Red Barns Tunnel. This is described. Also provided are details of the solution used for stabilizing the railway where this crosses Newham Bog between Morpeth and Berwick. This novel approach, using geotextiles and plastics, enabled the line speed over the peat bog to be raised from 125 km/h (80 mph) to 160 km/h (l00 mph) cost-effectively, to the satisfaction of the client, InterCity.
Air traffic control towers
Authors: Billing W. G. , Latter B. V. 
Published: July 2007

Air traffic control towers are specialist-use buildings of varying degrees of complexity, and considerable differences in size. They do, however, share many common features in both construction, and therefore design, and in the selection of sites. This Paper looks at the processes through which the most suitable site is selected for a control tower building (CTB) at an aerodrome and at the design and construction features of the CTB and its associated technical and support accommodation. It emphasizes the input of professional air traffic control (ATC) staff into the design brief, which is then considered by civil engineering consultants who will produce the architectural design. Whereas suitability for purpose in the operational ATC sense is determined by ATC planning staff, within the parameters thus obtained, the consultants will have some considerable degree of freedom in their own design work, leading to CTBs of striking dissimilarities in appearance capable of fulfilling similar operational roles.
M40 Oxford to Birmingham Landscape and environment
Authors: Jacob T. H. , Moore P. B. 
Published: July 2007

With the main emphasis of the Department of Transport's road programme now turning to the widening of existing roads, the M40 extension between Oxford and Birmingham has been seen as the last link in the strategic network of motorways begun in 1959. The challenge of such a long greenfield route was to prepare a design which respected the sensitive environment of the corridor and kept intrusion to nearby villages to a minimum. A thorough assessment of the scheme's impact, covering aspects such as landscape, nature conservation and noise led to the optimization of the design in environmental terms and to extensive proposals in mitigation. Now that the motorway is open to traffic, the Paper looks in detail at how it fits into its environment and how the planting proposals and new habitats for conservation are taking shape. Illustrations are provided of how the landscape measures are taking effect and of how the motorway fits into its setting. A particularly sensitive issue for local residents is traffic noise. Detailed calculations of noise levels were presented at public inquiries into the scheme and these are discussed in relation to people's perception of the noise problem and to the actual levels from traffic now using the motorway.
Design and construction of the Dornoch Firth Bridge: construction
Authors: Beaney N. J. , Martin J. M. 
Published: July 2007

This Paper explains the construction phase of the project. It contains an introduction followed by a detailed description of the temporary works, and the construction methods and equipment used. A detailed discussion is provided on the factors that influenced the choice of systems for the major items of temporary works such as deck and portal formwork, launching equipment and piling frames. The construction section of the Paper, provides detailed comment on the methods and equipment used, how they performed, and how any difficulties were overcome for each phase of the construction, namely piling, portal construction, deck construction. A brief description of the 16000 kN testpile is also included. Comment is made on the merits of design and construct contracts in the public works sector.
Validity of Self‐Reported Periodontal Status in the Florida Dental Care Study
Authors: Gilbert Gregg H. , Litaker Mark S. 
Published: July 2007

Background: Our objectives were to assess the validity of self‐reported periodontal status by quantifying the 1) concordance between self‐reported and clinical status at baseline; and 2) validity using a multivariable regression of self‐reported periodontal status and sociodemographic status.Methods: The Florida Dental Care Study was a prospective study that used a population‐based, stratified random sample of 873 persons in four counties of north Florida who were ≥45 years of age at baseline. Analyses used baseline data derived from in‐person interviews and clinical periodontal examinations. Multivariable logistic regressions were done to quantify the relationships between the outcome (clinically determined periodontal attachment level) and predictors (self‐reported dental symptoms, self‐reported dental behaviors, sociodemographic circumstances, and clinically determined number of remaining teeth).Results: Self‐rated “gum” health and presence of a loose tooth were the only periodontal measures that were associated significantly with clinically determined periodontal status in multivariable regressions. The validity of self‐reported periodontal status improved when the threshold of severity was increased. Significant racial differences in the validity of self‐reports were evident.Conclusion: Self‐reported measures of periodontal status were related to clinically measured periodontal attachment loss and warranted classifying their validity as “moderate” and useful for some circumstances.
Interim Analysis of Validity of Periodontitis Screening Questions in the Australian Population
Authors: Slade Gary D. 
Published: July 2007

Background: The purpose of this study was to provide interim results regarding the validity of six periodontal screening questions in predicting the prevalence of clinically assessed periodontitis among Australian adults.Methods: The Australian National Survey of Adult Oral Health is a cross‐sectional survey of Australians aged 15 years or older. Subjects were selected using a multistage probability sampling design. The interview included six questions to screen for periodontal disease and five demographic/health history questions that represented traditional risk indicators for the disease. Oral examinations were conducted by trained, calibrated dentists who measured periodontal recession and probing depth at mesio‐buccal, mid‐buccal, and disto‐buccal sites on all erupted teeth. A computer algorithm determined three categories of periodontal case status: none/mild, moderate, or severe. Multivariable binary logistic regression models were constructed using six screening questions, five traditional risk indicators, and all 11 variables.Results: This interim analysis used data from 2,999 subjects who resided in the first five states/territories that completed the survey. Based on clinical findings, 4.0% of subjects were classified with “severe” periodontitis and 25.2% were classified with “moderate” periodontitis. Five screening questions had non‐response rates of <2%, whereas bivariate correlations among screening questions were weak, indicating little redundancy among items. The combined set of 11 questions achieved “useful” overall levels of prediction based on area under receiver operating characteristic curves. Values of combined sensitivity and specificity were modest when considered at a threshold needed for predicting prevalence. Larger values of combined sensitivity and specificity were achieved when higher prevalence was predicted.Conclusion: Six screening questions and five conventional risk indicators can be used readily in large population surveys, yielding useful levels of validity in predicting the prevalence of periodontitis.
Use of Guided Tissue Regeneration in the Treatment of a Lateral Periodontal Cyst With a 7‐Month Reentry
Authors: Nart José , Gagari Eleni , Kahn Michael A. , Griffin Terrence J. 
Published: July 2007

Background: The lateral periodontal cyst (LPC) is an unusual cyst of odontogenic origin, most frequently encountered in the mandible between the roots of canines and premolars. The most common treatment for LPC is surgical enucleation. This article reports a case of an LPC treated with guided tissue regeneration (GTR) and bone allograft.Methods: A 74‐year‐old woman presented for periodontal examination. Radiographs revealed a cystic lesion with LPC characteristics. After surgical incisions and flap reflection, the cyst was removed and sent for biopsy. Because of the anatomy of the resulting intrabony defect, GTR was considered the ideal treatment.Results: The biopsy revealed the histologic features of an LPC. Radiographs at 7 months post‐treatment indicated bone fill of the initial defect. Although some attachment loss occurred, the reentry demonstrated a high percentage of bone fill of the defect after 7 months.Conclusion: Depending on the anatomy of the defect left after the removal of an LPC, GTR, along with bone grafting, can be a very useful tool for its treatment by reducing the attachment loss observed after simple enucleation of the cyst.
Gingival Involvement in Oral Paracoccidioidomycosis
Authors: Silva Cléverson O. , Almeida Aroldo dos Santos , Pereira Alessandro Antônio Costa , Sallum Antônio Wilson , Hanemann João Adolfo Costa , Tatakis Dimitris N. 
Published: July 2007

Background: Paracoccidioidomycosis, a deep mycosis endemic in parts of Latin America, often presents with oral lesions involving the gingiva. Nevertheless, the periodontal literature is devoid of references to oral paracoccidioidomycosis. The purpose of this study was to characterize the gingival involvement in oral paracoccidioidomycosis and to contrast clinical and histopathologic diagnosis of the disease. Differential diagnosis and management of oral paracoccidioidomycosis were reviewed.Methods: From January 1995 to October 2006, the files of the Oral Pathology Laboratory, School of Dentistry, Alfenas Federal University, were reviewed to identify cases referred because of a clinical diagnosis of oral paracoccidioidomycosis. Data collected included patient demographics (age, gender, race, and occupation), clinical information (oral lesion location), and histopathologic diagnosis.Results: Forty‐six cases were identified, and 34 were histopathologically confirmed as paracoccidioidomycosis. Of the remaining 12 cases, one‐half were diagnosed as either carcinoma or dysplastic leukoplakia. Of the 34 confirmed paracoccidioidomycosis cases, 45% presented with multiple site involvement, whereas the gingiva/alveolar process was the most prevalent site overall (52%). The gingiva/alveolar process was the most prevalent site in both multiple and single site cases. The majority of patients were men (88%), white (75%), and in their fourth decade of life (47%). Statistical analysis revealed that patients with gingival/alveolar process involvement were demographically indistinguishable from those without.Conclusions: Oral paracoccidioidomycosis has a strong predilection for the gingiva, whereas patients with gingival lesions do not differ from patients lacking such involvement. Early diagnosis of gingival/oral lesions may prevent life‐threatening complications of this mycosis.
Immunohistochemical Localization of Syndecan‐1 in the Dental Follicle of Postnatal Mouse Teeth
Authors: Shibata Shunichi , Dias Rubia A. , Hashimoto‐Uoshima Mariko , Abe Tatsuhiko , Yanagishita Masaki 
Published: July 2007

Background: Syndecans are cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans that modulate the action of growth factors and extracellular matrix components. Syndecan‐1 plays important roles during early tooth development, and it is expressed in the dental follicle of fetal tooth germ. However, no studies have followed its expression in the dental follicle during the postnatal period. We hypothesized that syndecan‐1 protein expression in the dental follicle may be important for postnatal tooth development, and, thus, examined its expression patterns.Methods: Syndecan‐1 protein expression in the dental follicle of the lower first molar was investigated by immunohistochemistry using embryonic day (E) 18.5 to 21‐day‐old (d 21) mice. Immunoelectron microscopy was applied to the dental follicle and pulp cells to confirm its membrane localization in mesenchymal cells.Results: Strong syndecan‐1 immunostaining was maintained in the dental follicle and the adjacent dental pulp surrounded by the Hertwig's epithelial root sheath (HERS) from d 4 to d 14, but reduced staining was noted at d 21 with the near‐completion of tooth eruption. Three dimensionally, syndecan‐1–positive areas plugged the apical foramina surrounded by HERS. However, immunostaining was detected constantly in the dental follicle and the dental pulp of the lower incisor at d 21. In addition, membrane localization of syndecan‐1 protein was confirmed for the first time in mesenchymal cells, including dental follicle and pulp cells, by immunoelectron microscopy.Conclusion: The spatial and temporal expression of syndecan‐1 in the dental follicle suggests that this proteoglycan is important for the maintenance of proliferation and/or movement of cells in this region during tooth eruption.
Synergies between Bio‐ and Oil Refineries for the Production of Fuels from Biomass
Authors: Huber George W. , Corma Avelino 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAs petroleum prices continue to increase, it is likely that biofuels will play an ever‐increasing role in our energy future. The processing of biomass‐derived feedstocks (including cellulosic, starch‐ and sugar‐derived biomass, and vegetable fats) by catalytic cracking and hydrotreating is a promising alternative for the future to produce biofuels, and the existing infrastructure of petroleum refineries is well‐suited for the production of biofuels, allowing us to rapidly transition to a more sustainable economy without large capital investments for new reaction equipment. This Review discusses the chemistry, catalysts, and challenges involved in the production of biofuels.
Assessing indices of happiness and unhappiness in individuals with developmental disabilities: a review
Authors: Dillon Courtney M. , Carr James E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe behavioral deficits of individuals with profound multiple disabilities (PMD) make it difficult to assess their satisfaction and quality of life. To address this problem, researchers have recently evaluated affective behavior (i.e., indices of happiness and unhappiness) to document the effects of therapeutic interventions and to assist with clinically relevant decisions. We review the recent literature on indices of happiness and unhappiness and discuss its major themes. In addition, potential concerns with this technology are discussed and clinical recommendations are provided. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of preference for behavioral treatment versus baseline conditions
Authors: Dozier Claudia L. , Vollmer Timothy R. , Borrero John C. , Borrero Carrie S. , Rapp John T. , Bourret Jason , Gutierrez Anibal 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis study was designed to determine whether behavioral treatments would be preferred over no treatment (baseline) conditions. Functional analyses and descriptive observations were conducted to determine the variables that maintained each participant's problem behavior. Next, treatments were implemented based on assessment results. Finally, participants were provided a choice between baseline and treatment conditions to determine whether they preferred to participate in treatment. Baseline conditions were in place on one side of a room and treatment conditions were in place on the other side of the room. Assessment results suggested that problem behavior was automatically reinforced for one participant and multiply controlled for another participant. The treatment results showed that differential reinforcement and extinction (extinction was not implemented for automatically reinforced behavior) were effective in reducing problem behavior for each participant. Results of the choice between baseline and treatment phase showed that both participants chose treatment over baseline conditions. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Single molecule studies of molecular diffusion in cellular membranes: Determining membrane structure
Authors: Ritchie Ken , Spector Jeff 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSince the advent of single particle/molecule microscopies, researchers have applied these techniques to understanding the fluid membranes of cells. By observing diffusion of membrane proteins and lipids in live cell membranes of eukaryotic cells, it has been found that membranes contain a mosaic of fluid compartments. Such structure may be instrumental in understanding key characteristics of the membrane. Recent single molecule observations on prokaryotic cell membranes will also be discussed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 87: 95–101, 2007.This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Students' preferred teaching techniques for biochemistry in biomedicine and medicine courses
Authors: Novelli Ethel L. B. , Fernandes Ana Angélica H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the students' preferred teaching techniques, such as traditional blackboard, power‐point, or slide‐projection, for biochemistry discipline in biomedicine and medicine courses from São Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil. Preferences for specific topic and teaching techniques were determined from questionnaires on a Liquert scale from 1 to 5 (strongly disagree; disagree; neither agree, nor disagree; agree; strongly agree) distributed at the end of biochemistry discipline to 180 biomedical students (30 students/year) and 540 medical students (90 students/year), during the years 2000–2005. Despite of the different number of hours applied to the course topics for the two groups of students, the majority of undergraduates from biomedicine and medicine preferred metabolic topics. Although the perception of a medical student is expected to be different than that of a biomedical student, as the aims of the two programs are different, 92.4% of students from each course agreed or strongly agreed with the biochemistry topics, and 92.1% thought highly on this subject. The majority of students, a number of 139 undergraduates from biomedicine and 419 from medicine course, preferred traditional blackboard teaching than slide‐projection, or power‐point class. In conclusion, it is imperative that the health courses reflect on sophisticated technology and data presentation with high density of information in biochemistry discipline. The traditional classes with blackboard presentation were most favored by students from biomedicine and medicine courses. The use of students' preferred teaching techniques might turn biochemistry more easily understood for biomedical and medical students.
Lactate dehydrogenase kinetics and inhibition using a microplate reader
Authors: Powers Jennifer L. , Kiesman Natalie E. , Tran Connie M. , Brown John H. , Bevilacqua Vicky L. H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzyme kinetics laboratory experiment has been developed in which students obtain kinetic data using a microplate spectrophotometer (reader). These instruments have the capability of reading absorbances of many samples in a very short time frame. In this experiment 12 samples are prepared at a time and the absorbances read in less than 1 min. In a 3‐hr laboratory period, students collect data at five different substrate concentrations without inhibitor and also in the presence of two different concentrations of inhibitor. Students have enough time to repeat each part if they obtain too much scatter in their data. The enzyme examined, LDH, correlates with the study of metabolism and has particular relevance for students who are interested in medical careers. The LDH assay itself is not new, but the microplate format and the use of urea as a quench reagent are novel features. Students plot Michaelis–Menten and Lineweaver–Burk plots and calculate values for Vmax, apparent Vmax (Vmaxapp), Km, apparent Km (Kmapp), kcat, and KI. Students typically obtain results correctly showing that oxalic acid is a competitive inhibitor and oxamic acid is a noncompetitive inhibitor when lactate is the substrate of the reaction.
Hexahydro‐closo‐hexaborane as a Ligand in Coordination Compounds: Syntheses and Crystal Structures of [M2(μ‐bis‐η3‐B6H6)(PPh3)2] )M = Cu, Au)
Authors: Schaper Tanja , Preets Wilhelm 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBy reaction of (PPh3)3 CuCl and PPh3AuCl with [B6H6]2− in organic media, dinuclear complexes are formed containing the hexaborate as a bridging ligand coordinated to the metal centers by opposite B3 facets of the B6 cluster in a trihapto mode. This is verified by single‐crystal X‐ray structural analysis of the isotypical (Paā) compounds [Cu2μ‐bis‐η3‐B6H6)(PPh3)2] (1) and [Au2(μ‐bis‐η3‐B6H6)(PPh3)2)] (2) which showed the metal centers to be very close to the B3 plane [1.92 (1), 2.10 (2) Å. The 11B NMR spectra of the two compounds feature doublets, at δ= −15.32 in 1 and at −11.51 in 2, which are significantly shifted downfield in comparison to [B6H6]2‐ (δ= −17.2).
Recent Developments in the Chemistry of Covalent Azides
Authors: Klapötke Thomas M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe experimental and theoretical chemistry of covalently bound azides is an area that has seen considerable renaissance over the past 10 years. This review is not exhaustive in scope but rather focuses on and highlights certain aspects in this field. In particular, the stability and dissociation of HN3is discussed at a very high level of theory (CASSCF and MCSCF‐CI) and compared and contrasted with experimental data and results from „medium”︁‐level ab initio computations (MP2, B‐LYP). From these results credence is given to those values calculated for larger systems and heavy elements for which very high level computations are not possible. The experimentally well‐characterized covalent halogen azides (XN3, where X = F, Cl, Br, I) as well as the heavy‐element group‐15 compound Sb(N3)3are discussed. The review also includes discussion of the bond properties of the highly unstable N‐bound azides ON–N3and (FSO2)2N–N3. In the final chapter attention is drawn to the recently predicted and eventually experimentally verified elusive species OCN–NCO, which is isoelectronic to the hitherto unknown diazide N6.