bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Concepts Behind ASTM E 931-85: Empirical Practice for Classification of Occupancies for Their Relative Fire Hazard to Life
Authors: Hirschler MM 
Published: March 2009

After the ASTM fire policy was first adopted in 1973, it was established that committee E5 would be responsible for developing fire hazard assessment and fire risk as- sessment standards. Since fire hazard is directly related to the type of occupancy involved, it was quickly recognized that a practice needed to use different criteria depending on the occupancy. Thus, a set of 23 occupancies was developed. The associated hazards were weighted based on empirical hazard ratings associated with issues such as (1) presence or absence of detection or suppression systems or both; (2) factors based on the fire, the occupants, or the type of ignition; and (3) the area available per occupant. A modified Delphi approach was used, based on ASTM committee members, to develop the numerical output. The result was a standard practice originally entitled “Assessment of Fire Risk by Occupancy Classification,” which was published as ASTM E 931, in 1985.
This standard was generated well before proper techniques existed to carry out fire hazard or fire risk assessments. The technology of fire hazard and fire risk assessment has since become more quantitative, and subjective assessments now have insufficient validity. ASTM E5 has also now developed a standard guide for development of fire hazard assessment stan- dards, ASTM E 1546. The definitions of fire hazard and fire risk used by the fire science community have been improved, so that the real focus of the standard was discovered to have been fire hazard, rather than fire risk. Finally, it was discovered that there had been some transcription errors between the values calculated for ASTM E 931 and those actually printed in the standard. An attempt was made to correct the mislabeling (by replacing fire hazard for fire risk) to include the corrected tables and figures and thus develop a modified standard. This was rejected in June 1992 by ASTM subcommittee E5.15, even as an interim measure. A new standard practice, bearing the number ASTM E 931 and entitled “Classification of Occupancies for Their Relative Fire Hazard” will soon be published excluding all numerical values.
Building codes and insurance companies often use occupancy classifications in order to compare the different threats to life or property inherent in the occupancy itself. Such codes control the use of materials, products, or assemblies in buildings. However, they often do not specifically address the potential threat posed by those furnishings or contents brought in by the consumer. The empirical practice described contains guidelines for rating the response of occupancies to a fire on the basis of the predicted threat to life. Thus, this paper was written to aid such potential users by ensuring ASTM archival maintenance of the correct results of the original work, which has had wide empirical use, rather than because the numbers have rigorous validity.
1983 to 1990 Fire Losses in Ontario: A Focus on Furnishings and Contents of Buildings as Ignition Sources and Items to First Ignite in Fires
Authors: Crawford D , Prencipe M 
Published: March 2009

Fire loss statistics play a vital role in the identification of fire loss trends; in the legislative and standard development process; and in promoting the reduction of loss of life and property from fire. To fulfill the need for fire loss data, the Office of the Ontario Fire Marshal has been recording detailed information on all fires occurring in the province since 1983.
This study consists of an analysis of fire losses occurring in Ontario from 1983 to 1990 and focuses on furnishings and building contents as both ignition sources and as items to first ignite in fires. Property types targeted fall within a broad range of categories including places of assembly, institutional facilities, commercial establishments, and warehousing facilities; however, more emphasis is placed on residential properties which account for close to 70% of all structural fires and over 90% of all structural fire deaths. To better define the circumstances surrounding given incidents, some fires identified by object first ignited are further broken down by ignition source. In addition, several fire death scenarios are constructed for residential properties.
Findings reveal fire losses that could potentially be altered through public education, regulation, and the enhancement of fire and flammability properties of furnishings and building contents.
Fire Properties of Room Lining Materials Measured by the Cone Calorimeter, OSU, IMO, and Full-Scale Room/Corner Tests
Authors: Kim A 
Published: March 2009

Thirteen typical construction materials were evaluated over a two-year period using three small-scale standard test methods; the ASTM E 906 method using the Ohio State University Calorimeter (OSU), the International Maritime Organization (IMO) test method using the Robertson (radiant panel) apparatus, and the ASTM E 1354 method using the Cone Calorimeter. The same lining materials were also evaluated in full-scale room burn tests.
Small-scale test data were compared with those of full-scale tests. Each small-scale test method was examined to evaluate its appropriateness for predicting full-scale fire performance of lining materials. The cone calorimeter and OSU methods were also evaluated to determine repeatability and reproducibility.
The data from all tests were examined to determine patterns of correlation between the small-scale and full-scale results. Based on the data provided by the OSU and the IMO methods, it seems possible to classify materials that flashover in the full-scale room burn using the PHR and THR from the small-scale tests. Materials with PHR values above 220 kW/m2 and THR values above 45 MJ/m2 in the OSU test (with 50 kW/m2 exposure) will likely reach flashover in the selected room fire scenario.
Cone calorimeter data were used to approximate flashover time in the full-scale test. Various combinations of sample density, thickness, ignition time, PHR, and THR were used to predict flashover time. The goal was not to correlate flashover times necessarily, which may depend on the ignition flame size, but to determine the fire hazard potential of materials by determining whether the material will flashover in a full-scale test. The small-scale methods were not always adequate in predicting full-scale performance for some materials, such as rigid polyurethane.
Modeling of Indoor Air Quality for a Personal Computer
Authors: Yamamoto T , Ensor DS , Sparks LE 
Published: March 2009

A menu-driven ventilation model for a personal computer was developed that is capable of determining the distributions of time-averaged, two-dimensional, steady-state flow fields and particulate or gaseous contaminants under isothermal conditions for a given particulate/gaseous diffusion coefficient. The model was written for a personal computer so that engineers can use it as a tool to evaluate a potential ventilation performance in indoor space yet to be designed.
The model's computational speed is extremely fast (a few minutes) with reasonable accuracy. This paper discusses the computational algorithm and user interactiveness for the use of this model. Case studies were performed for a simple indoor environment. Ventilation effectiveness in relation to the locations of the supply air duct and the contaminant source was investigated.
The Practical Application of Indoor Airflow Modeling
Authors: Jones P , Waters R 
Published: March 2009

This paper discusses the application of three-dimensional computational airflow and smoke modeling to building environmental design. It is particularly concerned with the integration of modeling into the design process. The principles of airflow and smoke modeling techniques are discussed in terms of: • definition of building geometry and boundary conditions, • skills and resources required to carry out modeling, and • visualization of results.
The integration of modeling into the design process can be applied at two levels: • to assist in the development of design solutions at the early concept design stage and • to assess the design at detailed design stage.
During both stages, close liaison with the design team is essential. It is also necessary to be able to carry out the modeling work in “design time.” Results should be of a good visual quality in order to be easily understood by the design team and the client. This paper relates to a range of design projects. In each project, the use of modeling has had a significant impact on the design solution. This paper concludes that computational airflow modeling, if carried out by skilled personnel, can reduce the risk of building failure due to unsatisfactory environmental performance.
Directions for Research in Oldtimers Hockey: A Summary of Findings on Physical Preparation and Attitudes in the Jordan Oldtimers Hockey League
Authors: Adams LJ , Montelpare WJ 
Published: March 2009

With the growing number of participants in Oldtimers hockey, there appears a number of research-related questions. For example: (1) Why do individuals continue to participate in this intense activity? (2) What is the attraction of Oldtimers hockey? (3) What benefits do participants feel they are receiving? (4) What is the prevalence and incidence of injury? and, finally, (5) Does Oldtimers hockey provide fitness benefits that could be acquired through other forms of physical activity?
A series of questionnaires were administered to the members of the Jordan Oldtimers Hockey League. The league is made up of 6 teams with a 20-game, 20-week schedule plus playoffs. Consistent with Oldtimers regulations, the league is noncontact and nonslapshot, and helmets are mandatory. The incidence of violence-related penalties is also minimal. Questionnaires gathered information on players' motivation to play, perception of the role of participation in stress reduction, physical preparation for play, as well as some information on type and rate of injury within the league.
The findings indicate that players are motivated by fun and the social aspects of the game, that participation in once-a-week hockey is perceived as an emotional stress reducer, that Oldtimers do very little to prepare for the physical stress of play, and that injuries are generally musculoskeletal or the result of contact with a stick, the puck, the boards, or an opponent.
Hockey Equipment: Safety or an Illusion?
Authors: Stoner LJ , Keating M 
Published: March 2009

In the last quarter of a century, ice hockey equipment and the enforcement of rules that mandate the wearing of protective gear have greatly reduced the incidence of facial, dental, and catastrophic eye injuries. Head protection is also improved, although severe neck injuries have increased at higher levels of competition as players collide and slide with little concern for their safety or that of their opponents.
The authors review historical changes in hockey equipment, injury statistics, and game dynamics to form a basis for discussion of a comprehensive view of the effects of equipment on the game and on players. One aspect of this discussion is the serious concern that players have become invincible warriors, wearing a suit of armor, doing battle in the ice arena—that violence and aggression are part of the game. This attitude is seen by some as evidence that changes in the game of hockey, as a result of this body armor, are undesirable.
The New ISO Standards for Ice Hockey Helmets and Face Protectors: Moving Toward International Standards Harmonization and Conformity Assessment
Authors: Dixon JL , Brodie IKR 
Published: March 2009

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is a world leader in the development of voluntary international standards. Consisting of 89 member countries, ISO addresses standardization in all fields except electrical and electronic engineering.
In 1979, the need for international standards on protective equipment for ice hockey was identified. The first ISO/TC83/SC5 meeting was conducted in Ottawa, Canada, in 1987. Since then, SC5 has met annually, with meetings being held in Helsinki, Finland; Stockholm, Sweden; Colorado Springs, United States; Waterloo, Canada; and Prague, Czech Republic.
In its six years of existence, SC5 has produced two Draft International Standards (DIS) and over 60 related documents. Publication of the DISs for ice hockey helmets and face protectors is uncertain as Finland and Sweden continue to vote against them.
Notable technical advances reflected in the DIS include dynamic impact tests, objective optical test methods for face protectors, and gravity-assisted impact tests for helmeted headforms onto an anvil.
Publication of the two international standards will signify an important step to providing hockey players worldwide with an equal level of protection, and the potential reality of “one product, one test” for hockey manufacturers. However, the creation of a committee by Comité Europeén de Normalisation (CEN) to develop a standard on ice hockey helmets and face protectors for use in the European community has complicated this goal. Through the Vienna Agreement, a charter signifying cooperation between ISO and CEN, the goal of achieving one set of internationally accepted standards for ice hockey helmets and face protectors is closer.
Application of Statistical Quality Assurance Techniques to Continuous Process Analyzer Systems for On-Line Product Quality Certification
Authors: Lau ATC 
Published: March 2009

In the petroleum refining industry, use of Continuous Process Analyzer Systems to perform product quality measurement functions has been common practice for over at least two decades. Designed to operate unattended, these systems provide analytical information ranging from physical properties such as viscosity, density to total and trace chemical composition, on samples continuously extracted from the main process streams. While this information has primarily been used for process monitoring, control, and real time optimization, its usage for on-line product quality certification has been limited. In spite of the capability of these systems to equal or outperform their labour-intensive laboratory counterparts both in precision and accuracy, most organizations are reluctant to use them for product certification purposes. This is primarily due to the lack of a structured, objective, data-driven approach taken by both internal and external users (customers) of these systems to measure, compare, and demonstrate their capabilities. With the increasing cost of crude oil, and more stringent product specifications demanded by customers and environmental legislation, the business incentive capturable by using a more capable measurement system for product quality certification has become increasingly significant.
This paper begins with an overview discussion of the measurement process, its uses, and performance metrics. The main body deals with the application of basic statistical quality assurance concepts, principles and practices to identify the appropriate (statistical) model, quantify, compare, and continuously demonstrate in-control status of measurement systems. Control charts referenced include X-bar, I, R, MR2, and EWMA. Statistical tools referenced include t, F tests of significance, normal probability plot, ANOVA. This paper concludes with examples of how these tools and practices are successfully applied to the on-line certification of gasoline vapour pressure quality using a continuous process analyzer system.
Detailed presentation on mathematical formulae and computational mechanics for statistical tools and control charts are beyond the intended scope of this paper. Readers interested in these details are referred to statistics and statistical quality assurance textbooks. Several are listed in the reference section.
Proposed Preferred Method for Displaying Three- Dimensional Structure Information of Matter/Molecules
Authors: Barcza S 
Published: March 2009

Conveying, exchanging information between databases, programs and humans in any combination and direction is important. This paper concerns the cases where there is at least one human partner as the receiver. More specifically, the delivery of graphic information about the structure of matter, including molecules to humans is addressed.
I review and systematize, to my knowledge uniquely, various methods for the display and perception of the 3-D structure of molecules in flat media, and summarize their advantages and disadvantages. Some examples include: rotation, depth cueing, stereopairs, polarized light or color distinction, time-gated displays, holograms, etc.
I propose the method of “crossed” or “reverse” stereopair to become the standard for the display of the 3-D structure of matter, specifically, molecules, molecular assemblies, annotations and geometry-localized property descriptors, using flat media.
This method is most practical, and has the most favorable ratio of advantages over disadvantages. A major advantage is that the method appplies not only to paper and the computer CRT screen but, with no more serious training or requirement for equipment, to projection by an ordinary slide projector or overhead projector onto an ordinary screen, for an auditorium-full of viewers.
The proposed method appplies not only to real objects, such as molecules, but is equally useful for conveying the true three-dimensionality of data, mathematical functions and curves, relationships, etc. Statistical graphics would especially benefit from the 3-D displays.
It must be noted however, that all methods leading to true perception of three-dimensionality are only feasible for persons who have vision in both eyes.
NetCDF — A Defacto, Standardized Framework for Analytical Data Exchange, Storage, and Archival
Authors: Lysakowski R 
Published: March 2009

In January 1989, the Analytical Data Interchange and Storage Standards (ADISS) Project was initiated to develop global standards to make analytical data much more portable and reusable. At that time, no widespread data standards existed for analytical chemistry laboratory automation. The first six months of the ADISS Project were spent doing a thorough technical study of the requirements for exchanging, storaging, and archiving of data by analytical chemists. Simultaneously, a full business needs analysis was done to discover what organizational and business requirements must be fulfilled to have any such standards live long and prosper.
Next, a technical systems architecture, called the ADISS Architecture, was designed to meet the technical and business requirements for at least the next decade. The ADISS Architecture includes the ADISS Analytical Information Model (ADISS AIM), the ADISS Application Programming Interface (ADISS API), the ADISS Toolkit, and the ADISS Data Dictionaries. The architecture's two most important technical requirements are: 1) it must work well for all major analytical techniques, and, 2) it must be independent of computer platform type, vendors, and particular applications. The two most important business constraints are that: 1) there is a good, well-funded technical support group for one or more robust reference implementations of the architecture, and, 2) such a software system must be available at minimal to no cost to developers and end users alike.
From the ADISS Architecture technical requirements and design, and the business and organizational constraints, a search was done to find available standards and systems that most closely matched. After many months of evaluating all available existing systems, standards, and proposals, the network Common Data Format (netCDF), supplied by the Unidata Program Center, emerged as the system that would eventually be recommended to various standards groups. This was in mid-1990.
NetCDF was proposed to the Analytical Instrument Association (AIA), which had initiated its Data Standards Program more than a year earlier. The AIA adopted netCDF unchanged because it meets their business and technical requirements. By then, the ADISS AIM had been applied to chromatography, proposed to the AIA, and used as the foundation of the AIA's Chromatography Data Standard, after being modified to meet its specific scope and needs. Since then, the American Society of Mass Spectrometry has successfully applied the ADISS/netCDF framework to mass spectrometry. These groups' usage of the software framework led to its emergence as a defacto standard for data communications for these techniques.
This paper presents technical details and requirements of the ADISS Architecture, describes capabilities of the netCDF system, and some tools available to apply ADISS/netCDF to other analytical techniques.
The Demand for and the Value of a Standard, Unified Data Architecture for Analytical Testing Data
Authors: Weimar RD 
Published: March 2009

People infer.
Computers do NOT infer.
Computers for well into the 21st century will be absolutely logical. They will not process data and information in the same way people do. For computers to share data and information having the same meaning for all users, there MUST be ONE and ONLY ONE Unified Data Architecture (UDA) at EACH system interface that shares data. The ADISS Architecture (Analytical Data Interchange and Storage Standards), being developed by ASTM and the Analytical Instrument Association (AIA), has an UDA whose initial core covers the Subject Areas of Material, Property and Analytical Testing. The need for and value of such an UDA will be presented for the area of Analytical Testing. A cost effective mechanism is proposed which allows each business or enterprise to implement this Data Architecture at a rate suitable to its individual needs and resources.
Future ADISS Data Architecture for Materials, Properties and Analytical Testing
Authors: Weimar RD 
Published: March 2009

As discussed in the paper immediately preceding this, “The Demand for and Value of a Standard, Unified Data Architecture for Analytical Testing Data”: people infer; computers do NOT infer. Computers are and will remain rigidly logical for some time. These two conditions DEMAND a standard, UDA for sharing understandable, accurate data between computer systems.
The ADISS Architecture (Analytical Data Interchange and Storage Standards), being developed by ASTM and the Analytical Instrument Association (AIA), includes such an Unified Data Architecture (UDA). The core of this unified Architecture is being developed around the Subject Areas of Material, Property and Analytical Testing. The principles and methodology required to develop an UDA will be covered. The Data Hierarchy Model being developed upon which this Architecture is based will be presented along with the initial Entity/Relationship Model. Examples of definitions from this Data Architecture will also be presented.
This ADISS Data Architecture being proposed is the core of a global, standard, UDA for businesses and enterprises with laboratories and for those who use Material, Product Property and analytical test data in conducting their business. A mechanism for businesses to migrate to this Data Architecture will be reviewed.