bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ear Lobe Photoplethysmography
Authors: Stern Robert M. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTEvidence is provided showing that there is very little change in pulse volume in the ear lobe as a function of the usual types of psychological stimuli. On the one hand, this makes ear lobe plethysmography an excellent source of a signal to trigger a cardiotachometer for investigators interested in pulse rate who do not want to, or cannot, use EKG recording. On the other hand, this makes the ear lobe an inappropriate place from which to record vasomotor reactivity.
Physical, Physiological, and Psychological Factors That Affect Pain Reaction to Electric Shock
Authors: Tursky Bernard 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper reviews a number of years of comprehensive research in the use of electric shock as a pain stimulus in the psychophysiology laboratory. The development of a standard stimulation technique is described. Studies involving the use of this procedure to investigate psychological, physiological, and clinical factors that affect the evaluation of pain are discussed. Cultural and behavioral influences on pain tolerance are investigated and physiological response measures tested. Possible clinical applications are studied, and special consideration is given to the psychophysical evaluation of the sensory and connotative components of the pain experience.
Heart Rate Perception and Heart Rate Control
Authors: McFarland Richard A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTwenty‐one subjects look the Autonomic Perception Questionnaire (APQ) and later were given another test of ability to perceive heart activity. The second test involved subjects' tracking of their own heart rates (HR). They were then tested for ability to increase and decrease HR from their resting baseline levels. No significant relationships were found between HR control and APQ score. HR decrease success seemed to depend mainly on respiration differences between rest and decrease periods. The subjects who achieved high scores on the heart tracking test increased HR significantly better than did low scorers. This heart perception vs HR increase relationship did not depend upon respiration rate, respiration amplitude, or baseline HR differences between high and low scorers on the tracking test. A low correlation between APQ and tracking score seemed to indicate that the two perception tests measured different attributes of the subjects.
Relationship Between Essential Hypertension and Cognitive Functioning: Effects of Biofeedback
Authors: Goldman Herbert , Kleinman Kenneth M. , Snow Muriel Y. , Bidus Donald R. , Korol Bernard 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTSeven malt essential hypertensives underwent 9 weekly 2‐hr biofeedback training sessions in an attempt to produce decreases in blood pressure. Feedback, contingent Upon heart bent by heart beat decreases in systolic pressure, was provided by an automated blood pressure monitoring system. The subjects were administered the Category Test (a subtest of the HaLstead‐Reitan Neuropsychological test Battery) both before and after biofeedback training. As controls, 4 male hypertensives underwent 3 weekly sessions in which blood pressure was monitored without feedback being provided. Prior to training, a significant positive correlation was otained between systolic blood pressure and number of errors made on the Category Test, Biofeedback training produced significant decreases in systolic pressure within sessions and in diastolic pressure between sessions, in the control subjects, no significant changes in pressure were observed. For both systolic and diastolic pressures, significant correlations w‐ere obtained between magnitude of decrease during biofeedback training and improvement in Category Test scores subsequent to training.
A Comparison of Auditory and Visual Feedback in Biofeedback Assisted Muscular Relaxation Training
Authors: Alexander A. Barney , French Cheryl Anne , Goodman Naomi J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis study compared the efficacy of auditory and visual feedback in electromyographic (EMG) biofeedback assisted relaxation training of the frontalis muscle.Twenty‐eight subjects, divided into 4 groups matched on baseline frontalis EMG levels and trait anxiety, received 7 training sessions each under one of the following conditions: (1) auditory feedback‐eyes closed; (2) auditory feedback‐eyes open; (3) visual feedback; or (4) no feedback‐eyes closed. The group who received auditory feedback with the eyes closed manifested significant lowering of EMG over session compared to no significant reduction in EMG for the other three groups. EMG changes failed to correlate significantly with changes in self reports of subjective relaxation derived from pre‐to‐post session state anxiety test data. The possibility that the ineffectiveness of visual feedback in this study may be specific to the frontalis muscle was discussed and the need for further research in several areas was stressed.
Sleep and Memory: Retention 8 and 24 Hours After Initial Learning
Authors: Benson K. , Feinberg I. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTRetention of nonsense syllables was tested in two groups of Ss: those having initial learning in the morning and those having initial learning at night immediately before sleep. These groups were subdivided so that recall was tested either 8 or 24 hrs after initial learning. As Jenkins and Dallenbach first demonstrated, retention was superior after 8 hrs for Ss when learned at night compared to those who learned in the morning. Retention with night learning was equal after 24 hrs to that observed after 8 hrs. Surprisingly, retention scores after morning learning were superior after 24 hrs to those observed after 8 hrs. Some possible interpretations of this result are advanced.
The Cold Pressor Test and Autonomic Function: A Review and Integration
Authors: Lovallo William 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe purpose of the present paper is to review the literature on the cold pressor test and to discuss the ways in which these investigations have pointed toward a model of homeostatic function. The research employing the cold pressor test includes studies of psychosomatic illness, factors influencing autonomic response in stress, the relationship between psychological disorder and autonomic responsivity, as well as studies of cortical influences on autonomic function, and the relationship between stress and task performance. From these studies, several parameters of a potential model of homoeostasis are selected and discussed. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of autonomic balance and initial values in influencing autonomic response to stress.
A Vaginal Plethysmograph System
Authors: Sintchak George , Geer James H. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA vaginal plethysmograph system utilizing an indirectly (reflected) lighted photocell probe has been developed and used experimentally with excellent results. While the standard lamp and photocell plethysmograph using transmitted light is not unique, its application in measuring vaginal blood volume presented numerous instrumentation and mechanical problems not previously encountered. It is believed that this is the first system to reliably measure vaginal blood volume changes by indirect methods.
Digital Temperature Autoregulation and Associated Cardiovascular Changes
Authors: Surwit Richard S. , Shapiro David , Feld Joyce L. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTwo studies were designed to explore the extent to which individuals can learn to control their digital skin temperature and how such learning might be associated with changes in cardiovascular functioning. In the first experiment, 8 male and 8 female subjects were assigned to two experimental conditions in which either increases or decreases in digital skin temperature were rewarded. Subjects were given 2 baseline days and either 5 or 9 days of training. Analysis of the temperature data indicated that the differences between conditions were due to changes primarily in the decrease direction. All changes were bilateral. Analysis of heart rate revealed a sex difference in the cardiac response to voluntary vasodilation. Data from two plethysmographic measures are also presented. In the second experiment, it was demonstrated that lowering the ambient temperature decreased the ability of 8 subjects to voluntarily vasodilate.
Evoked Potentials in Hyperkinetic and Normal Children Under Certainty and Uncertainty: A Placebo and Methylphenidate Study
Authors: Prichep Leslie S. , Sutton Samuel , Hakerem Gad 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTDifferences between hyperkinetic children and normal children and the effects of methylphenidate on hyperkinetic children were investigated under conditions of differential attentional demands. Auditory average evoked potentials were recorded from vertex using a single/double click guessing paradigm under conditions of certainty and uncertainty.Under conditions of certainty (low attention), in which the subject was told the identity of each stimulus in advance, few significant group differences were found. Under conditions of uncertainty (high attention), in which the subject was asked to guess which stimulus would be presented, large group differences were found. In response to the second click the P200 component was found to be smaller and the N250 component was larger in hyperkinetic children than in normal children. Treatment with methylphenidate “normalized” the evoked potentials of the hyperkinetic children making them more like those of normal children.The findings are believed: 1) to reflect the deficit in attention observed behaviorally in hyperkinetic children, 2) to support a model of hypoarousal in hyperkinetic children, and 3) to reflect the behavioral “normalization” observed in hyperkinetic children treated with melhylphenidate.
Skin Potential and Vasomotor Responsiveness of Black and White Children
Authors: Janes Cynthia L. , Worland Julien , Stern John A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA few instances or racial differences in physiological response systems are found in the literature, but investigation of this variable has been relatively rare. The present report deals with cardiovascular as well as endosomatic electrodermal activity in 64 black and 42 while, 6–11 yr old children. In a standard habituation paradigm black children were more responsive in the vaso‐motor measure while whites were more responsive in skin potential. Skin potential results are discussed in terms of electrodermal mechanisms. Race is seen as a variable appropriate and useful for the study of physiological response systems.
Habituation and the Structure of the Electrodermal System
Authors: Martin Irene , Rust John 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe intercorrelatons among fifteen common SRR variables were investigated on two samples of male subjects in a standard habituation paradigm. The first group (N = 212) was made up of 149 prisoners and 63 controls (mean age = 28yrs) while the second group (N =84) were all twins (mean age=25 yrs). All subject received 21 auditory stimuli at an ISI of 33 sec. Each stimulus was sinusoidal, at 1000 Hz. of 1 see duration and at 95 (IB ire 20 N/cm2). The fifteen SRR measures taken from each subject included mean and change scores for basal conductance, response amplitude, spontaneous fluctuation frequency, number of responses, and onset, peak and half‐recovery latencies. The variables were Intel‐correlated and factor analyzed. The.05 rejection region was adopted in all statistical tests. A fun h simple structure for the variables was demonstrated. Hit' results emphasized the importance of a large general reactivity component in must of these variables. Within‐subject correlations were calculated and found to be different from across‐subject correlations. It is suggested that under constant stimulus conditions subjects display different but individually topical SCR shapes which reduce in size during habituation.
The Effects of Temporal and Event Uncertainty in Determining the Waveforms of the Auditory Event Related Potential (ERP)
Authors: McCarthy Gregory , Donchin Emanuel 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTIn each of two experimental conditions, subjects were presented with a series of tones; one of two tones (1500 Hz or 1000 Hz) was presented on each trial with a probability respectively of .10 or .90. The subjects counted the rare (p=.10) tones; such counted rare tones are normally associated with a large P300 component.The two conditions differed in that in one the tunes were triggered by the subject's button press; in the other the tones were triggered by computer. Schafer and Marcus (1973) reported that all the components of event‐related potentials (ERPs) elicited by self‐triggered tones were substantially smaller than those elicited by machine‐triggered stimuli. Our paradigm allowed a detailed assessment of the effects of self‐stimulation on specific ERP components as well as the interaction of temporal with event uncertainty.Data were analyzed using a Principal Components technique. Both temporal and event uncertainty appeared to augment a negative component of the ERP with approximately 140 msec latency. Such effects, however, were confounded by the presence of slow negative potentials preceding the button press in the self‐stimulation conditions. As expected, the P300 component was largest for the ERPs elicited by the rare tones. Temporal uncertainty diminished the amplitude of P300 at central electrode sites. A large slow wave was present following P300; its anterior‐posterior distribution was altered by mode of stimulus presentation. It appears that temporal and event uncertainty have distinct effects upon the morphology and distribution of KRP components.
Effects of Stimulus Probability and Task‐Relevance on Event‐Related Potentials
Authors: Roth Walton T. , Ford Judith M. , Lewis Stephen J. , Kopell Bert S. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTStimuli were delivered to 12 subjects in a sequence that included regularly occurring standard tone pips, random warning tone pips, and random while noise bursts. Half the noise bursts were preceded by warning tones (high probability), and half were not (low probability). There were four runs, each having one of two noise burst intensities, and each having the warning tone and noise bursts either both task‐relevant to a reaction time task or both task irrelevant. Event‐related potentials (ERPs) were obtained by signal averaging in F2, C2, P2 and eye leads.The P3 to the warning tone was largest in P, and was not affected by task relevance. CNVs preceded all the high probability noise bursts. These CNVs had an amplitude of 5μV even when the bursts were task irrelevant. Low probability noise bursts elicited larger P3s in all leads for the task‐irrelevant condition, but only in Pz for the task‐relevant conditions. In Cz, the amplitudes of NI. P2, and P3 to the high probability. task‐relevant noise bursts correlated with the amplitude of the preceding CNV.
The Role of Awareness in Human Differential Autonomic Classical Conditioning: The Necessary‐Gate Hypothesis
Authors: Dawson Michael E. , Furedy John J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA “necessary‐gate” hypothesis is proposed regarding the relationship between awareness of the CS‐UCS relationship and autonomic classical conditioning. The hypothesis is that awareness is a necessary but not sufficient condition, and a gate but not analog condition, for human differential autonomic classical conditioning. Evidence in support of the hypothesis is reviewed and directions for future research and theory development are suggested.
Authoritarianism, Introspection, and Alpha Wave Biofeedback Training
Authors: Ancoli Sonia , Green Kenneth F. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTFifty volunteers were given personality tests measuring the traits of introspection and authoritarianism. Seven subjects from each extreme of the resulting scale were then chosen to participate in 6 alpha wave biofeedback training sessions, conducted in a darkened room with eyes closed. Trust, empathy, and introversion scales were also completed and subjective state evaluations were collected.The results showed that those scoring high in introspection and low in authoritarianism (High Group) could produce a larger difference between their alpha‐on and alpha‐off periods (thus indicating control), than those scoring low in introspection and high in authoritarianism (Low Group). In addition, the two groups differed in the trait of trust with the High Group scoring significantly higher on that trait. There were no differences in the traits of introversion or empathy.
Performance and Mood During and After Gradual Sleep Reduction
Authors: Friedmann J. , Globus G. , Huntley A. , Mullaney D. , Naitoh P. , Johnson L. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTLong‐term gradual sleep reduction effects were investigated on 4 young adult collegiate couples. The battery of assessment tools included a sleep log, Stanford Sleepiness Scale, Profile of Mood States, Feeling Tone Checklist, a measure of circadian oral temperature, Williams Word Memory test, Digit Span test, Wilkinson Auditory Vigilance task, Wilkinson Addition task, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, Rapid Alternation task, psychiatric and medical examinations, and a subjective effects questionnnaire. It was concluded that 6–8 months of gradual sleep restriction, down to 4.5–5.5 hrs per night, does not result in behavioral effects measurable by the instruments used. Subjective fatigue appears to be the limiting factor in determining tolerability of gradual sleep restriction. At the end of an additional 12‐month follow‐up period, total sleep time was still 1–2.5 hrs below baseline, but measures of well‐being had returned to baseline levels.
Temporal Distribution and Ontogenetic Development of EEG Activity During Sleep
Authors: Keane Barry , Smith Jack , Webb Wilse 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to investigate nightly patterns of temporal organization of EEG alpha, beta, delta, and sigma spindle activities and to measure changes in these patterns with age. A total of 50 nights of EEG recordings were obtained from normal subjects from various age groups, ranging from 3 to 79 yrs. A Sleep Analyzing Hybrid Computer (SAHC) measured min by min amounts of each EEG waveform. The amount of beta activity occurring in the first half of the night increased with age, whereas the amount occurring later in the night decreased. An opposing trend was observed in the occurrence of delta activity. Alpha activity increased significantly for subjects in their 50's and increased tremendously after age 65. In the oldest group the alpha had developed a very definite ultradian pattern and appeared coincident with REM. This alpha‐REM pattern was suppressed in the younger age groups.
Effects of Light Intensity and Edge Density on Visually Evoked Potentials in Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: Short Robert A. , Lieb Jeffrey P. , Wilson William A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTVisually evoked potentials were recorded from bipolar electrodes implanted in the foveal and parafoveal striate, prestriate and inferotemporal cortices of mature rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). The stimuli used were a blank field and three checkerboard patterns containing checks whose sizes were 2° 24′, 36′, and 9′ of visual arc. In addition to the size of the checks within the patterns, the intensity at which the stimuli were presented was also varied. In all four regions studied, check size had a significant effect on the amplitude of the average evoked potential, but intensity showed an effect only in the two striate regions. Certain regions of the visual cortex can apparently process two dimensions of a stimulus concurrently, and the same mass of neuronal tissue can participate in the processing of different dimensions of a stimulus at different times. The results are discussed in the context of existing literature concerning the evoked potential as an indicator of sensory information processing.
Autonomic Correlates of Depression and Clinical Improvement Following Electroconvulsive Shock Therapy
Authors: Dawson Michael E. , Schell Anne M. , Catania Jeffrey J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTElectrodermal responses (EDRs) and heart rate (HR) were recorded during a variety of tasks from 20 hospitalized depressed patients before and after a series of electroconvulsive shock treatments (ECTs). The depressed patients, compared to nondepressed controls during the pre‐ECT test, exhibited lower skin conductance levels, smaller phasic skin conductance responses with longer latencies, higher tonic HR, and smaller HR changes to stimuli. This response pattern suggests a complex state of “environmental rejection” coupled with “low arousal” in the depressed patients. Certain EDR measures were related to the severity of depressive symptomatology while tonic HR was related to the agitation/retardation symptoms. Patients who subsequently responded well following ECT were more like the controls on certain pre‐treatment measures than those who failed to respond favorably. There were little EDR or HR changes following ECT and what changes did occur were unrelated to differences in clinical improvement. It was suggested that, despite temporary clinical improvement following ECT, depressed patients have a chronic affective disorder which is reflected in the EDR and HR measures.
EEG Alpha‐Hypnotizability Correlations: A Review
Authors: Dumas Roland A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTExperimental investigations of the relationships between EEG alpha indices and hypnotic susceptibility are reviewed. The literature is characterized as indicating that the simple alpha‐hypnotizability correlation does not exist in the general population. When such correlations are found, they are usually due to complex patterns which result in non‐representative subject pools when subjects are non‐naive volunteers. When subjects are invited to participate in experiments, significant correlations are not found.The implications of these conclusions are threefold: 1) The research on the relationship between EEG alpha and hypnotizability can now center on describing the mechanisms by which volunteer samples yield such correlations. 2) Researchers should be aware that subject selection methods can be the primary determinants of significant results. 3) Experiments based on the assumption that there is no alpha‐hypnotizability correlation in the population can yield information on the differences in cognitive ability between high and low hypnotizables.
First Interval Skin Conductance Responses: Conditioned or Orienting Responses?
Authors: Prokasy William F. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper was concerned primarily with whether or not the first interval response in classical skin conductance conditioning can be interpreted as a response which occurs at least in part as a consequence of the pairing of, or contingency between, a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus. Based on a context in which classical conditioning is seen strictly as a method of inquiry, not as a process, the problems of various control procedures were discussed. It was concluded that with a simple conditioning paradigm the data available to date are sufficiently confounded with differential habituation rates in control‐experimental group comparisons that it is difficult to conclude with assurance that the first‐interval response does reflect the contingency between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus. In spite of possible confounding factors, the data obtained in differential conditioning experiments permit the conclusion that the first interval response does reflect stimulus pairing.