bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Selective remodeling of cardiolipin fatty acids in the aged rat heart
Authors: Lee Ho-Joo , Mayette Jana , Rapoport Stanley I , Bazinet Richard P 
Published: January 2006

Abstract

Background
The heart is rich in cardiolipin, a phospholipid acylated in four sites, predominately with linoleic acid. Whether or not aging alters the composition of cardiolipin acyl chains is controversial. We therefore measured the fatty acid concentration of cardiolipin in hearts of 4, 12 and 24 month old rats that consumed one diet, adequate in fatty acids for the duration of their life.

Results
The concentration (nmol/g) of linoleic acid was decreased in 24 month old rats (3965 ± 617, mean ± SD) vs 4 month old rats (5525 ± 656), while the concentrations of arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acid were increased in 24 month old rats (79 ± 9 vs 178 ± 27 and 104 ± 16 vs 307 ± 68 for arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids, 4 months vs 24 months, respectively). Similar changes were not observed in ethanolamine glycerophospholipids or plasma unesterified fatty acids, suggesting specificity of these effects to cardiolipin.

Conclusion
These results demonstrate that cardiolipin remodeling occurs with aging, specifically an increase in highly unsaturated fatty acids.
Genome-wide review of transcriptional complexity in mouse protein kinases and phosphatases
Authors: Forrest Alistair RR , Taylor Darrin F , Crowe Mark L , Chalk Alistair M , Waddell Nic J , Kolle Gabriel , Faulkner Geoffrey J , Kodzius Rimantas , Katayama Shintaro , Wells Christine , Kai Chikatoshi , Kawai Jun , Carninci Piero , Hayashizaki Yoshihide , Grimmond Sean M 
Published: January 2006

Abstract

Background

Alternative transcripts of protein kinases and protein phosphatases are known to encode peptides with altered substrate affinities, subcellular localizations, and activities. We undertook a systematic study to catalog the variant transcripts of every protein kinase-like and phosphatase-like locus of mouse http://variant.imb.uq.edu.au.

Results

By reviewing all available transcript evidence, we found that at least 75% of kinase and phosphatase loci in mouse generate alternative splice forms, and that 44% of these loci have well supported alternative 5' exons. In a further analysis of full-length cDNAs, we identified 69% of loci as generating more than one peptide isoform. The 1,469 peptide isoforms generated from these loci correspond to 1,080 unique Interpro domain combinations, many of which lack catalytic or interaction domains. We also report on the existence of likely dominant negative forms for many of the receptor kinases and phosphatases, including some 26 secreted decoys (seven known and 19 novel: Alk, Csf1r, Egfr, Epha1, 3, 5,7 and 10, Ephb1, Flt1, Flt3, Insr, Insrr, Kdr, Met, Ptk7, Ptprc, Ptprd, Ptprg, Ptprl, Ptprn, Ptprn2, Ptpro, Ptprr, Ptprs, and Ptprz1) and 13 transmembrane forms (four known and nine novel: Axl, Bmpr1a, Csf1r, Epha4, 5, 6 and 7, Ntrk2, Ntrk3, Pdgfra, Ptprk, Ptprm, Ptpru). Finally, by mining public gene expression data (MPSS and microarrays), we confirmed tissue-specific expression of ten of the novel isoforms.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that alternative transcripts of protein kinases and phosphatases are produced that encode different domain structures, and that these variants are likely to play important roles in phosphorylation-dependent signaling pathways.
Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms for Diagnosis of Salt-Sensitive Hypertension
Authors: Sanada Hironobu , Yatabe Junichi , Midorikawa Sanae , Hashimoto Shigeatsu , Watanabe Tsuyoshi , Moore Jason H , Ritchie Marylyn D , Williams Scott M , Pezzullo John C , Sasaki Midori , Eisner Gilbert M , Jose Pedro A , Felder Robin A 
Published: January 2006

AbstractBackground: Salt-sensitive (SS) hypertension affects &gt;30 million Americans and is often associated with low plasma renin activity. We tested the diagnostic validity of several candidate genes for SS and low-renin hypertension.Methods: In Japanese patients with newly diagnosed, untreated hypertension (n = 184), we studied polymorphisms in 10 genes, including G protein–coupled receptor kinase type 4 (GRK4), some variations of which are associated with hypertension and impair D1 receptor (D1R)-inhibited renal sodium transport. We used the multifactor dimensionality reduction method to determine the genotype associated with salt sensitivity (≥10% increase in blood pressure with high sodium intake) or low renin. To determine whether the GRK4 genotype is associated with impaired D1R function, we tested the natriuretic effect of docarpamine, a dopamine prodrug, in normotensive individuals with or without GRK4 polymorphisms (n = 18).Results: A genetic model based on GRK4 R65L, GRK4 A142V, and GRK4 A486V was 94.4% predictive of SS hypertension, whereas the single-locus model with only GRK4 A142V was 78.4% predictive, and a 2-locus model of GRK4 A142V and CYP11B2 C-344T was 77.8% predictive of low-renin hypertension. Sodium excretion was inversely related to the number of GRK4 variants in hypertensive persons, and the natriuretic response to dopaminergic stimulation was impaired in normotensive persons having ≥3 GRK4 gene variants.Conclusions: GRK4 gene variants are associated with SS and low-renin hypertension. However, the genetic model predicting SS hypertension is different from the model for low renin, suggesting genetic differences in these 2 phenotypes. Like low-renin testing, screening for GRK4 variants may be a useful diagnostic adjunct for detection of SS hypertension.
Anwendung eines Laser-Speckle-Korrelationsverfahrens zur Messung lokaler Dehnungen in Mikromaterialien (Application of a Laser-Speckle Correlation Technique for Measuring Local Strain in Micromaterials)
Authors: Schneider Sebastian C. , Zagar Bernhard , Zimprich Peter 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
Berührungslose Dehnungsmessverfahren für Materialien in Mikrometerdimensionen, wie sie in der Mikroelektronik und Mikrosystemtechnik Verwendung finden, gewinnen in den Materialwissenschaften zunehmend an Bedeutung. Die mechanischen Eigenschaften dieser „Mikromaterialien“ können deutlich von jenen, die an Makroproben gewonnen wurden, abweichen. Zur Erhöhung der Zuverlässigkeit von Mikrosystemen ist daher die Materialprüfung in kleinen Dimensionen notwendig. Dabei spielen optische Methoden, die ohne Messmarken an der Probenoberfläche und ohne Probenpräparierung auskommen, eine besondere Rolle und eröffnen völlig neue Prüfmöglichkeiten, die mit Standardmethoden nicht gegeben sind.
Bewertung von Nanorauheiten durch Streulichtmessung (Nano-roughness Assessment by Light Scattering Measurement)
Authors: Schröder Sven , Duparré Angela , Tünnermann Andreas 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
Die stürmischen Entwicklungen in der Nanotechnologie ziehen neuartige Anforderungen an eine produktionsumfeldgerechte Messtechnik nach sich. Ein Schwerpunkt dabei sind Mess- und Auswerteverfahren zur Bestimmung von Rauheits- und funktionsbezogenen Kenngrößen. Streulichtbasierte Verfahren bieten dafür besonders vorteilhafte Voraussetzungen. Die Grundlagen und Konzepte für eine fertigungsrelevante Umsetzung werden im Rahmen des DFG-Schwerpunktprogramms SPP 1159 im Teilprojekt „NanoStreu” untersucht.
Dimensionelle Nanometrologie in der PTB – eine Übersicht (Dimensional Nanometrology at PTB – a Survey)
Authors: Bosse Harald , Wilkening Günter 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
Die Nanotechnologie umfasst Applikationen, die im Wesentlichen auf physikalischen Phänomenen basieren, welche im Bereich von Dimensionen unterhalb 100 nm wirksam sind. Entsprechend betreffen die Messaufgaben, die in der Nanotechnologie durchzuführen sind, die Geometrie sowie andere physikalische und chemische Eigenschaften. Im Vergleich zum makroskopischen Bereich müssen hier Messungen eher holistisch gesehen werden: Die Dimensionen der Strukturen spielen immer eine wesentliche Rolle – auch wenn physikalische oder chemische Eigenschaften bestimmt werden sollen. Dieser Beitrag konzentriert sich auf den dimensionellen Aspekt.
Metrologieinstitute arbeiten weltweit auf dem Gebiet der dimensionellen Nanometrologie. Dieser Beitrag stellt neuere Arbeiten der PTB auf diesem Gebiet vor. Er konzentriert sich dabei auf hoch auflösende Messgeräte mit großem Messbereich, auf das Modellieren von Sensor-Oberfläche-Wechselwirkungen, Geräte mit kombinierten Sensoren und geht auf neue Entwicklungen von Normalen ein.
Messung von Mikro-Verzahnungen – Entwicklung multisensorieller Messstrategien in der KMT (Measurement of Micro Gears – Development of Multi-sensor Measurement Strategies for CMMs)
Authors: Fleischer Jürgen , Behrens Ivesa 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
In der Industrie ist der zunehmende Einsatz von Kleinstgetrieben mit Mikro-Verzahnungen zu beobachten. Dieser Entwicklung stehen jedoch weder einheitliche Strategien zur allgemeinen Qualitätsbeurteilung noch Vorgehensweisen speziell für die messtechnische Erfassung der Bauteilgestalt gegenüber. Wir berichten über Arbeiten zur Entwicklung dimensioneller Qualitätsmerkmale und Messstrategien für Mikro-Verzahnungen unter Ausnutzung der Flexibilität der multisensoriellen Koordinatenmesstechnik. Ansätze und erste Ergebnisse werden im vorliegenden Beitrag vorgestellt.
Effects of Variable Flows on Water Chemistry Gradients and Fish Communities at the Hillsborough River, Florida
Authors: Catalano Matthew J. , Allen Micheal S. , Murie Debra J. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
We evaluated the effects of variable flows on water chemistry and fish communities to recommend biologically based minimum flows that protect low-salinity zones for freshwater–oligohaline (FO) fishes below the Hillsborough River Dam, Tampa, Florida. We plotted the distributions of hypoxic (dissolved oxygen (DO) ≤ 4 mg/L) and meso- and polyhaline (salinity &gt; 5‰) habitats and evaluated changes in species richness and spatial distributions of FO fishes on five sampling dates from October 2002 to July 2004. During low flows (0.12 m3/s; &lt;25th percentile) in May 2004, oligohaline habitat was reduced as a salt wedge (&gt;5‰) migrated upstream to within 1,300 m of the dam and DO decreased to less than 4 mg/L in the lower part of the reach. However, intermediate (1.19–2.18 m3/s; 25th–50th percentiles) and high flows (5.49 m3/s; 50th–75th percentiles) on four of the five sampling dates maintained oligohaline salinities (i.e., ≤5‰) and DO greater than 4 mg/L throughout most of the reach. Using fyke net data, we found no flow-related trends in FO fish species richness. However, spatial occurrence data indicated that the distribution of FO fishes shifted upstream to within 1,660 m of the dam during a low flow in May 2004. Thus, FO fishes may have congregated in the upper part of the reach or moved out of the lower reach because of unsuitable water quality during low flows. Our results suggest that the best minimum flow to preserve obligate freshwater and oligohaline fishes in the lower Hillsborough River would be between 0.12 m3/s, which eliminated freshwater and reduced oligohaline habitat, and 1.19 m3/s, which provided freshwater and oligohaline habitat throughout most of the study reach. Freshwater flows below the Hillsborough Dam influenced salinity gradients and the spatial occurrence of FO fishes in this system. Low-salinity habitats and FO fish taxa should be considered when setting minimum flows for estuaries.
Metabolic Changes in Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Osteogenic Medium Measured by Autofluorescence Spectroscopy
Authors: Reyes Johann M.G. , Fermanian Sara , Yang Fan , Zhou Shi-You , Herretes Samantha , Murphy Douglas B. , Elisseeff Jennifer H. , Chuck Roy S. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to measure metabolic changes in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) placed in osteogenic medium by autofluorescence spectroscopy. MSCs were plated in stem cell-supporting or osteogenic medium and imaged. Shift from the basic growth environment to the inductive osteogenic environment was confirmed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Reduced pyridine nucleotides were detected by exciting near 366 nm and measuring fluorescence at 450 nm, and oxidized flavoproteins were detected by exciting at 460 nm and measuring fluorescence at 540 nm. The ratio of these fluorescence measurements, reduction-oxidation (redox) fluorometry, is a noninvasive measure of the cellular metabolic state. The detected pyridine nucleotide to flavoprotein ratio decreased upon transitioning from the stem cell to the differentiated state, as well as with increasing cell density and cell-cell contact. MSC metabolism increased upon placement in differentiating medium and with increasing cell density and contact. Redox fluorometry is a feasible, noninvasive technique for distinguishing MSCs from further differentiated cells.
Sodium Halides
Authors: Kust Roger N. , Mueller Werner H. , Merrell Philip H. , Peters Elizabeth M. ,   Updated by Staff
Published: January 2006

Abstract
Sodium bromide is the most common and available alkali bromide, occurring in both the anhydrous and dihydrate forms. The anhydrous salt is hygroscopic but not deliquescent and has a very high solubility in water. Commercial quantities are prepared from bromine and sodium hydroxide solutions. Sodium bromide is moderately toxic by ingestion and can affect the gastrointestinal and central nervous systems and the skin. A primary use of sodium bromide is as a heavy, clear brine fluid in completing and working over oil and gas wells. Another principal use of sodium bromide is in industrial wastewater treatment. When activated with hypochlorites or isocyanurates sodium bromide becomes a very effective biocide. Sodium bromide is used in the photographic industry, has some application as a cocatalyst, as a wood preservative, and as a pharmaceutical.
Sodium has two fluorides: sodium fluoride, used in pesticide formulations and in the fluoridation of potable water supplies; and sodium bifluoride, used as a laundry sour and in the cleaning of stone and brick building faces. Physical and chemical properties are discussed.
Sodium iodide, its occurrence, physical properties, manufacture, economic aspects, and uses are described. It is produced by acid–base reaction yielding no by‐products and is stored on the basic side to retard oxidation.
This important halide salt is used in medicine as a detector for such devices as computer‐assisted tomography scans and positron emission tomography. It tends to form the dihydrate at temperatures below 65°C and is deliquescent, which makes it much different in handling characteristics from its potassium counterpart.
Tin Compounds
Authors: Gitlitz M. N. , Moran M. K. ,   Updated by Staff
Published: January 2006

Abstract
Tin, in Group 14 (IVA) of the periodic table, occurs in the earth’s crust and has as its the most commercially significant form the ore cassiterite, with tin‐producing areas in Asia, South America, and Africa. It forms stannous (tin(II)) and stannic (tin(IV)) compounds, complex stannites, stannates, and others; only ca 100 are commercially important. Inorganic tin compounds include halides, oxides, metal stannates, salts, and others. Inorganic tin and its compounds generally have low toxicity. Tin is normally present in animals, including humans.
Organotin compounds, ie, those having at least one tin–carbon bond, are of commercial importance where R is methyl, butyl, octyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl, or β, β‐dimethylphenethyl (neophyl). This class of compounds includes tetraorganotins, triorganotins, diorganotins, and monoorganotins. The largest industrial application of organotin is in the stabilization of PVC. Other tin compounds include those with tin–tin bonds. The most rapidly increasing use for tin is in chemicals. The price of tin chemicals depends large on fluctuations in the price of tin.
Sequential Nucleation and Growth of Complex Nanostructured Films
Authors: Sounart T. L. , Liu J. , Voigt J. A. , Hsu J. W. P. , Spoerke E. D. , Tian Z. , Jiang Y. B. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractNanostructured films with controlled architectures are desirable for many applications in optics, electronics, biology, medicine, and energy/chemical conversions. Low‐temperature, aqueous chemical routes have been widely investigated for the synthesis of continuous films, and arrays of oriented nanorods and nanotubes. More recently, aqueous‐phase routes have been used to produce films composed of more complex crystal structures. In this paper, we discuss recent progress in the synthesis of complex nanostructures through sequential nucleation and growth processes. We first review the use of multistage, seeded‐growth methods to synthesize a wide range of nanostructures, including oriented nanowires, nanotubes, and nanoneedles, as well as laminated films, columns, and multilayer heterostructures. We then describe more recent work on the application of sequential nucleation and growth to the systematic assembly of large arrays of hierarchical, complex, oriented, and ordered crystal architectures. The multistage aqueous chemical route is shown to be applicable to several technologically important materials, and therefore may play a key role in advancing complex nanomaterials into applications.
Seeded isothermal batch crystallization of lysozyme
Authors: Carbone Martina N. , Etzel Mark R. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe kinetics of lysozyme crystallization under seeded isothermal batch conditions was followed by measurement of the decline in solution concentration versus time. Kinetics were measured for five different values of the seed crystal mass. The data were analyzed using a recently proposed mathematical model. For each seed mass, the model fit the kinetic data well. Growth rate constants determined using the model were approximately constant over a sixfold increase in the seed crystal mass, and fell well within the range of values reported in the literature, but obtained using entirely different experimental techniques. These results confirmed the utility of the proposed model. The proposed model can be used to analyze crystallization kinetics using absorbance measurements only, without the need to characterize the crystal size, thus avoiding the need for expensive laser light scattering and digital microscopy instrumentation. Thus, the model offers a low‐cost straightforward method to analyze and simulate the effects of changes in operating parameters such as the seed crystal mass, solution volume, initial protein concentration, pH, temperature, salt concentration, and time. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Use of glucose‐responsive material to regulate insulin release from constitutively secreting cells
Authors: Cheng S.‐Y. , Constantinidis I. , Sambanis A. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractGenetically‐engineered cells offer a solution to the cell availability problem in tissue engineering a pancreatic substitute for the treatment of insulin‐dependent diabetes. These cells can be non‐beta cells, such as hepatocytes or myoblasts, retrieved as a biopsy from the same patient and genetically engineered to secrete recombinant insulin constitutively or under transcriptional regulation. However, the continuous or slowly responsive insulin secretion dynamics from these cells cannot provide physiologic glucose regulation in patients. Our objective consists of using such cells as an insulin source and of regulating insulin release by incorporating a glucose‐responsive material, which acts as a control barrier for insulin in a cell–material hybrid device. Experiments were performed with insulinoma βTC3 cells, HepG2 hepatomas, and C2C12 myoblasts, the latter two genetically‐modified to constitutively secrete insulin. The control barrier consisted of concanavalin A (con A)‐based glucose‐responsive material, which forms a gel at low and a sol at high glucose concentrations. Results demonstrated that the device released insulin at a higher rate in response to glucose challenges. In contrast, a device containing an inert hydrogel instead of glucose‐responsive material released insulin at an essentially constant rate, irrespective of the surrounding glucose concentration. Necessary material improvements include increased sensitivity to glucose, so that the material responds to physiologically relevant glucose concentrations, and increased stability. The prospects of developing a properly functional, implantable substitute based on engineered non‐β cells and glucose‐responsive material, and the material and device improvements that need to be made prior to in vivo experiments, are discussed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Structural Determination of the O‐Chain Polysaccharide from the Lipopolysaccharide of the Haloalkaliphilic Halomonas pantelleriensis Bacterium
Authors: Corsaro M. Michela , Gambacorta Agata , Iadonisi Alfonso , Lanzetta Rosa , Naldi Teresa , Nicolaus Barbara , Romano Ida , Ummarino Salvatore , Parrilli Michelangelo 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe structural determination of the O‐chain repeating unit of the lipopolysaccharide from the haloalkaliphilic Halomonas pantelleriensis bacterium is described. The structure of the repeating unit was suggested on the basis of chemical analysis and NMR and MS data. The 4‐O‐[(S)‐1‐carboxyethyl]‐D‐GlcA residue has been found for the first time in a lipopolysaccharide, being previously only found in capsular polysaccharides. A comparison of the O‐chain structures of Halomonas magadiensis and H. pantelleriensis is also reported. The results show that both bacteria present lipopolysaccharides containing a high number of carboxylate groups whose salification might determine a protective buffer effect on bacterium against extreme life conditions. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Hybrid density functional theory for π‐stacking interactions: Application to benzenes, pyridines, and DNA bases
Authors: Waller Mark P. , Robertazzi Arturo , Platts James A. , Hibbs David E. , Williams Peter A. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe suitability of a hybrid density functional to qualitatively reproduce geometric and energetic details of parallel π‐stacked aromatic complexes is presented. The hybrid functional includes anad hocmixture of half the exact (HF) exchange with half of the uniform electron gas exchange, plus Lee, Yang, and Parr's expression for correlation energy. This functional, in combination with polarized, diffuse basis sets, gives a binding energy for the parallel‐displaced benzene dimer in good agreement with the best available high‐level calculations reported in the literature, and qualitatively reproduces the local MP2 potential energy surface of the parallel‐displaced benzene dimer. This method was further critically compared to high‐level calculations recently reported in the literature for a range of π‐stacked complexes, including monosubstituted benzene–benzene dimers, along with DNA and RNA bases, and generally agrees with MP2 and/or CCSD(T) results to within ±2 kJ mol−1. We also show that the resulting BH&H binding energy is closely related to the electron density in the intermolecular region. The net result is that the BH&H functional, presumably due to fortuitous cancellation of errors, provides a pragmatic, computationally efficient quantum mechanical tool for the study of large π‐stacked systems such as DNA. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 27: 491–504, 2006