bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In-Situ Burning - One Method of Effective Oil Spill Response in the South China Sea
Authors: Boben Mark E. , Yanting Yue 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Phillips Petroleum International Corporation Asia (PPICA) is the operator of the twin Xijiang Oilfields in the South China Sea. The very special characteristics of the Xijiang crude demanded that innovative means of cleanup be employed in the event of a major oil spill. The Xijiang crude has a very high wax content and high pour point. The crude must be heated to flow. In the event of a major oil spill, clean up would require non-traditional means of response. During the laboratory analysis it was discovered that if a specific thickness of crude could be contained on the surface of the water that it could be ignited and burned. The potential effectiveness of the bum was ascertained to be 95-98%. A decision was made in 1992 during the design engineering phase to utilize in- situ burning as the primary means of response in the event of a major oil spill.
During April 1995 the first ever demonstration of in-situ burning was conducted in Shekou, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China by Phillips Petroleum International Corporation Asia. This exercise clearly demonstrated the effectiveness of in-situ burning on the Xijiang crude.
New Norwegian HSE Standard for the Offshore Industry
Authors: Huse Jan Reier 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
NORSOK (The competitive standing of the Norwegian offshore sector ) is the Norwegian industry initiative to add value, reduce cost and lead time and remove unnecessary activities in offshore field developments and operations.
The NORSOK standards are developed by the Norwegian petroleum industry as a part of the NORSOK initiative and are jointly issued by the Norwegian Oil Industry Association and the Federation of Norwegian Engineering Industries.
The purpose of the industry standard is to replace the individual oil company specifications for use in existing and future petroleum industry developments, subject to the individual company's review and application.
The NORSOK Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) standards covers: -Technical Safety,-Working Environment,-Environmental Care,-HSE during Construction.
The standards are now being used in ongoing offshore development projects, and the experience with standards shows that the principle aim is being met. The development of standards continues, implementing experience gained.
Environmental and Safety Audits - A Process to Improve Business Performance
Authors: Brommelsiek William A. , Tinsley Kirk T. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
For a number of years numerous organizations have utilized environmental and safety compliance audits to verily that facilities and operations were meeting legal and company requirements. Historically these audits have focused on ensuring that regulatory standards, permit conditions, company standards, etc., were being achieved. In some companies the focus of internal audits is moving away from compliance to an evaluation of the management systems and work processes that lead to improved environmental and safety performance in concert with improved business performance.
This paper discusses this evolution within a U S. Business Unit of an international oil and gas company. A process for the management of these audits at both a facility and business unit level will be presented. The benefits of periodic reviews focused on the environmental and safety management systems and work processes within an organization in identifying both deficiencies and ‘best practices" will be demonstrated. It will also be shown that improvements in environmental and safety performance, as measured by both safety and environmental performance metrics, can contribute to improved business performance in terms of reduced operating costs.
Decision Making in Offshore Emergencies: Are Standard Operating Procedures the Solution?
Authors: Skriver Jan , Flin Rhona H. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Emergency situations on offshore installations can have devastating effects as seen in the Piper Alpha disaster in 1988. Offshore installations in the North Sea can be situated more than 100 miles from the coast and it is therefore imperative that personnel have the ability and facilities to deal with an emergency on their own. The offshore installation manager (OIM) is responsible for handling an incident which is likely to be characterised by time pressure, high risk, ambiguous information, unclear goals, and constantly changing conditions. To help the OIM, standard operating procedures (SOPs) have been introduced by the operating companies, which provide a set of rules to apply in a given crisis. At present there is a trend towards creating SOPs for every predictable offshore crisis. A constant increase in the number of procedures, generated to cover every eventuality, may obviate the need for OIM decision making but also create a problem if a novel emergency is encountered. Moreover, there may be dangers associated with too great a reliance on SOPs as they may become hard and fast rules that must be followed blindly. It is therefore of interest to identify how SOPs are utilised and what knowledge underpins their use. This research is based on interviews with 10 experienced OlMs on UKCS platforms from one major operator. It suggests that experienced OlMs have a repertoire of standard responses which they can apply in a crisis. This intimate knowledge of the emergency procedures has been developed through regular exercises, onshore simulator training, and involvement in the maintenance and improvement of the safety management systems on their installations. That is, decision making in offshore emergencies appears to be based on sound foundations, not on blind application of rules. A comparison is drawn between the decision making of the OIM and that of other emergency commanders, with particular reference to current theories of naturalistic decision making. Implications for OIM training are discussed.
A New Approach to Develop Petroleum Engineering Software
Authors: Xiong Hongjie , Rahim Zillur , Holditch Stephen A. , Lancaster David E. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In this paper, we present a new approach to software development for solving engineering problems. The paper presents the possible solutions to the problems that we encounter during the development of engineering software where we incorporate different techniques and tools such as a database, case base, knowledge base, expert help, on-line help, multiple-applications, and guidance board/map. The paper also discusses the reusability of code that is derived for a different application. Finally, the paper illustrates how we use this approach to develop a comprehensive software system.
The paper concludes that engineering software must be versatile in nature. The software should be a working tool for industry experts and experienced engineers. The software should also be a training and learning tool for young and inexperienced engineers.
Experimental Design in Interactive Reservoir Simulation
Authors: Faidi S. A. , Ponting D. K. , Eagling T. L. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The existence of multiple processors on a network or a parallel machine enables sets of reservoir simulations to be performed. It is then possible to build up a model of the reservoir as a response surface. This can be a function of input variables related to symbols in the user's data definition. Controlling these variables by a master program and using experimental design methods in a series of runs we can model the behavior of the simulation. This would then predict its response to further engineering requests. Sequential designs are particularly relevant when a bank of available processors exists. Once the basic number of runs required to parameterize the reservoir response functions have been performed, additional simulations may be used to obtain error bars on quantities such as recoverable oil.
Once the response surface exists, both automatic optimization and large scale risk analysis predictions may be performed at high speed.
This approach combines well with multiple realization geological modeling. Running a number of geologies enables the error involved in the simulation of a given engineering scenario to be quantified - this can be used to predict the uncertainty on all the predictions of the study.
By monitoring the results of the simulations interactively, and measuring the quality of the history match obtained with each, it is possible to condition subsequent runs - for example by reducing the use of realizations which consistently yield poor matches.
We describe software to perform such multiple realization studies, acting as an interactive supervisor through a simple open PVM (parallel virtual machine) interface to a reservoir simulator.
Application of Hazard and Effects Management Tools and links to the HSE Case
Authors: Gower-Jones A. D. , van der Graaf G. C. , Milne D. J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Many tools and techniques are promoted for the analysis and management of hazards and their effects. The proliferation in the last 5-6 years of (hese tools has resulted in an overload on designers, engineers and operators of E&P activities and assets to the extent that they are unsure what to do when and how this fits together. This paper starts from the basic E&P business (a business model) the basic structure of any accidental event (bow tie) and maps the tools and techniques to analyse the hazards and effects for both asset and activity HSE management. The links to developing an HSE case within the HSE-MS for assets and activities are given.
Biological Cleaning of Soil and Reservoirs from Oil Products
Authors: Zinberg M. B. , Ivanovskaya I. B. , Gafarov N. A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The production of oil and gas condensate invariably involves enviromental hazards: water and soil contamination due to miscellaneous breakdowns of technological equipment and pipeline damage. Among many existing contamination methods biological cleaning has become more popular lately.
It took us some years to make investigations and to carry out a number of field tests in order to develop biological methods of cleaning soil and reservoirs from oil and gas condensate products. Our method is based on the use of special biological agents containing various active hydrocarbon oxidizing bacteria. It has been experimentally proved that biological agents of "Devouroil" possess the greatest oxidizing properties. "Devouroil" contains five kinds of hydrocarbon oxidizing bacteria of Pseudomonas, Rodococcus, Candida genera. These bacteria are extracted from natural ecosystems: underground waters, soils, reservoirs. As the agents are grown on oil distillate, they are very destructive to different oil products. We also proved the described microorganisms' ability to oxidize sulfate oil and hydrocarbon condensate, which are the most toxic components. For four years our colleagues have been cleaning soil and reservoirs contaminated with oil, black oil, gas condensate and other products of hydrocarbon origin. This method was used to treat different kinds of soil and ground (grass and arable land, swamp and forest) in actual hazardous situations involving oil and gas condensate spills. Besides it was successfully applied to clean sludge storage which had been filled with oil process sewage for several years.
The efficiency of soil treatment depends on many factors: the age and degree of contamination, the depth and the type of polluted soil, climate. The cleaning effect of the proposed method proved 75-90% over the period of 2-3 months with initial pollution up to 150 g/kg, all the requires being fulfilled. The test results are represented in Table 1.
Bioprocess for Treating Coproduced Oily Sands
Authors: Munnecke D.M. , Ireland Jim 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The production of oil from certain oil fields creates significant amounts of oily sand which in many regulatory jurisdictions is regulated as a hazardous material, thus disposal costs can be significant. Environmental BioTechnologies, Inc. (San Carlos, CA) has developed a physical/biological treatment process that is able to economically treat these coproduced sands and produce a product that contains less than 2,000 ppm total petroleum hydrocarbons.

Introduction
Production of crude oil from some reservoirs results in significant amounts of coproduced sand. This sand, once separated from the crude oil, still contains between 1–5% crude oil which limits disposal options and increase costs for those disposal process suitable for this hazardous waste. Environmental BioTechnologies, Inc. has developed a treatment process that can economically treat these oily sands and produce a treated product which has less than 2,000 ppm total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH). This process, as diagrammed in Figure 1, involves three distinct treatment stages. In the first stage, the oily sand is collected and transported to a holding tank where sand, waste and oil are allowed to gravity separate. From the separation tank, the sand is washed with hot water to remove 75% of the crude oil, reducing the TPH concentrations to the 10,000 ppm range. A third process involves biopolishing to reduce the TPH levels to below 2,000 ppm.

Results
The key to this treatment process is the biological polishing step that reduces TPH concentrations to below 2,000 ppm thereby allowing the sand to be classified as a non hazardous waste (level varies depending on regional regulatory requirements) or byproduct. Treatment by chemical or physical process steps alone is not able to reach these low end treatment levels.
The rate of removal of crude oil in the biopolishing step is shown in Figure 2. TPH levels drop rapidly over the first 28 days of treatment, going from approximately 10,000 ppm to below 2,000 ppm in 28 days.

Conclusions
The combined physical and biological treatment process for oily sands is expected to be economical to alternative waste disposal processes in regions where oily sand is regulated as a hazardous material. If disposal costs are above $40.00 per cubic yard, then this treatment process is expected to lower treatment and disposal operational costs. The most economical application of the treatment technology is to construct treatment facilities in areas of oily sand production, Units can be designed for the specific volumes of oily sand generated by the oil production operation. The first step in evaluating this technology is to conduct a short biofeasibility laboratory study to determine the effectiveness of crude oil removal and biodegradation. With this information, we can then estimate how to design this process for a specific crude oil - sand waste and develop cost estimates. Subsequent actives would involve a field pilot demonstration and then full scale operation of the process.
P. 765
Utilization of Gas Satellites to Reduce Environmental Impact in the Cavalier Gas Field
Authors: Ogden Peter K. , Davies Colin , Ho Ki-Tat , Soo Edmond 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
There are significant benefits to utilizing gas satellites to reduce the environmental impact of gas field development as compared to having individual wellsite facilities. Potential economic gains and operational advantages associated with gas satellites can make the option attractive on a project specific basis.
A Review of the Concepts and Methodology of Determining "Net Pay"
Authors: Snyder Richard H. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A review of the methods of determining net pay in hydrocarbon-bearing reservoirs is presented with emphasis placed on the ultimate use of the net placed on the ultimate use of the net pay map; i.e., for determining total pay map; i.e., for determining total in-place hydrocarbons, for the determination of the total energy balance of the reservoir and evaluating secondary recovery prospects. The use of various logs, core data and test data are discussed in conjunction with calibration of the net pay. The concept of petrophysical cut-off values and approaches to their determination are illustrated. An idealized reservoir is mapped using net thickness, pore volume and hydrocarbon pore volume pore volume and hydrocarbon pore volume datums and the results compared. The results indicate that the mapping using these different datums are essentially compatible, dependent only on the intended usage of the maps. Volumetric calculations are also made and the results are compared and evaluated.

Introduction
One of the most misunderstood and poorly defined terms used in reservoir poorly defined terms used in reservoir geology and formation evaluation is the concept of net pay. The following discussion is an attempt to more precisely define this term, to demonstrate precisely define this term, to demonstrate methods of selecting net pay and show that the intended use of the net pay often determines how net pay is "picked". Several different systems of determining net pay thickness and mapping techniques for net intervals are illustrated using an example reservoir. Methods for calculating volumes of net pay from these different types of maps are also discussed and compared.
Thermal Well Casing Failure Analysis
Authors: Maharaj G. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Casing failures in steam injectors and cyclic steam wells have been encountered in old wells completed with low strength J55 casing as well as in new wells with higher grade N80 casing. Eighty five percent (85%) of the failures occurred at the coupling due to joint pullout or fracture caused by cyclical or rapid heating and cooling. Fifteen percent (15%) of the failures were due to buckling resulting from poorly cemented casing and low cement tops. Different techniques have been used to prevent casing failures: insulated tubing, packers and thermal cups. However, these were found to perform unreliably and did not achieve large scale implementation. There have been no failures in ten (10) wells completed with N80 buttress prestressed casing subjected to continuous and cyclic injection over the last five years.
Environmental Performance Indicators : A Survey of their Actual Use in the E&P Industry and of their Foreseeable Development
Authors: Garland E. , Thomas I. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Major industries or governmental bodies have developed Environmental Performance Indicators. Many oil and gas exploration and production companies started to use the measurements and data they gather as environmental performance indicators. The Oil Industry International Exploration and Production Forum organised a workshop on the subject in 94 and, subsequently, made a survey of their actual use in the E&P industry.
The results of this survey, conducted in 1995, are presented. They confirm the interest of companies for such indicators but also reveals difficulties inherent to their use. Proposals are made to improve that situation.
Modeling Fractured Reservoirs With Stochastic Fractals
Authors: Olarewaju Joseph 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The aim of this paper is to present a method of building a heterogeneous reservoir permeability field for flow simulation using pressure transient data. The permeability field will be derived from effective permeability and fractal dimension obtained from well test analysis and conditional simulation techniques. The paper presents and discusses the different levels of heterogeneity that can be created with different values of the fractal exponent.
A mathematical model is presented for estimating effective permeability and fractal dimension from transient data from naturally fractured reservoir. This model is more appropriate than existing models because it considers the irregular and random nature of the fractured system in the reservoir matrix. The model is well suited for computer automated well test analysis.
An illustrative example of how to use effective permeability and fractal dimension derived from pressure transient test data with some reservoir data to generate consistent reservoir description is presented.

Introduction
The need to describe reservoir heterogeneity for flow simulation has been realized for many years. However, this has proved to be an almost impossible task because the required petrophysical properties are sampled at a few locations in the reservoir. Reservoir engineering practitioners often have to use constant or interpolated values for porosity and permeability in the simulations cells. Researchers have recently adopted the use of geostatistical techniques and reported favorable results in history matching field data. They have reported that the use of constant porosity and permeability or interpolated property fields lead to a highly optimistic sweep efficiencies and late breakthrough times of the injected fluid. The reason for this optimistic results in terms of breakthrough time and sweep efficiency is because of the absence of the heterogeneity that actually exist in the field. The appropriate high permeability channels and streaks that affects fluid channelling is absent in these constant or interpolated property models.
Improvements in reservoir characterization can yield major improvements in reservoir performance predictions but the sparseness of data makes this difficult. The fact that the measured data density is sparse has made the use of stochastic property fields rather more appealing than deterministic reservoir models. The idea behind the stochastic models is to construct property distributions of the reservoir that honor measured data at sampled locations using the correlation derived from the measured data and some conditional simulation algorithm.
The scarcity of data is even more serious for permeability which is the most important input data for the reservoir simulator. Usually, unlike porosity, this cannot be accurately derived from well logs. If cores are available, it may be possible to derive a good porosity versus core permeability transform. Most of the time this is not so, and the only data available may be pressure transient measurement from a few wells.
P. 352
Completion and Stimulation of Horizontal Wells in Yibal Carbonate Reservoir, Oman
Authors: Al-Bimani Atika , Veeken Kees , Brakel Jan , Sardar Khalid , Kapteijn Pieter 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Yibal carbonate reservoir in North Oman is developed using horizontal wells. The completion technique has evolved from open hole to cemented and perforated liner. In parallel, the stimulation technique developed from spotting small volumes of acid across barefoots to selective acid treatment of perforated liner sections.
This paper describes the completion and stimulation techniques and compares their production performance based on a 55 well data set.