bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lost and found: Stanley C. Hollander's (1956) History of Labels
Authors: McLean Paula A. 
Published: February 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to provide an historical review of Stanley C. Hollander's History of Labels.Design/methodology/approachHistorical review essays summarize and evaluate older, historically significant books by situating them in historical perspective often using biographical details of the subject.FindingsIn History of Labels, Hollander shows us early in his career that he is a rigorous marketing historian, and a brilliant and entertaining writer. Anyone doing research in marketing history should include this book on their reading list.Originality/valueIn the context of this special issue celebrating Hollander's life and work, the subject of this review essay is one of his earliest historical works and has never been reviewed in this fashion.
Increased serum phosphate levels and calcium fluxes are seen in smaller individuals after a single dose of sodium phosphate colon cleansing solution: a pharmacokinetic analysis
Authors: EHRENPREIS E. D. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryBackground  Sodium phosphate containing colonoscopy preparations may cause electrolyte disturbances and calcium‐phosphate nephropathy. Decreased body weight is an unexplored risk factor for complications with sodium phosphate ingestion.Aim  To perform a pharmacokinetic analysis of a single dose of Fleet Phospho‐Soda in smaller and larger individuals.Methods  Seven subjects weighing <55 kg (Group I) and six weighing >100 kg (Group II) consumed 45 mL Fleet Phospho‐Soda. Serum electrolytes were measured. Hydration was closely maintained by monitoring weight, fluid intake and total body water.Results  Marked increases in serum phosphate were seen in Group I compared to Group II. For example, mean serum phosphate at 120 min was 7.8 ± 0.5 mg/dL in Group I and 5.1 ± 0.8 mg/dL in Group II (P < 0.001). Normalized area under the phosphate vs. time curve for Group I was 1120 ± 190 mg/dL*min and 685 ± 136 mg/dL*min for Group II (P < 0.001). Twelve‐hour urine calcium was lower in Group I (16.4 ± 7.6 mg) than in Group II (39.2 ± 7.8 mg, P < 0.001).Conclusions  Increased serum phosphate occurs in smaller individuals after ingestion of sodium phosphate preparations, even with strict attention to fluid intake. Smaller body weight poses a potential risk for calcium‐phosphate nephropathy.
Exhuming the Alps through time: clues from detrital zircon fission‐track thermochronology
Authors: Bernet M. , Brandon M. , Garver J. , Balestieri M. L. , Ventura B. , Zattin M. 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTThe European Alps are a mountain belt that is characterized by a series of discrete orogenic events, which have long been recognized. Despite the inherent episodic nature of orogenic evolution, the Alps have been continuously exhumed, mainly by erosion, but also by normal faulting. Since continental collision started in the late Eocene/Early Oligocene evidence for ongoing erosional exhumation has been preserved in synorogenic sediments that accumulated in basins adjacent to the pro‐ and retro‐side of this double‐vergent mountain belt. This long‐term erosion record can be used to determine exhumation rates. Lag‐times calculated from fission‐track (FT) ages of detrital zircon from synorogenic sediments are fairly constant for the European Alps since the Oligocene–Late Miocene. Although the fast exhuming areas were unroofed at rates of 0.4–0.7 km Myr−1, the overall average exhumation rate is between 0.2 and 0.3 km Myr−1 on a regional scale. The detrital and bedrock zircon FT data of the Alps do not detect the increase in erosion rates since the Pliocene over the past ∼5 Myr, as shown elsewhere. This increase cannot be detected yet with the detrital zircon FT method because not enough rock has been removed to widely expose zircons with Pliocene or younger cooling ages in the Alps. Long term (30 Myr) exhumation rates appear to have been approximately constant when averaged over a sliding time window of about 8 Myr, or depth window of 5 to 10 km (ZFT closure depths); shorter‐term fluctuations are not identified using this method.
Release from foliar and floral fungal pathogen species does not explain the geographic spread of naturalized North American plants in Europe
Authors: Van Kleunen Mark , Fischer Markus 
Published: February 2009

Summary

During the last centuries many alien species have established and spread in new regions, where some of them cause large ecological and economic problems. As one of the main explanations of the spread of alien species, the enemy‐release hypothesis is widely accepted and frequently serves as justification for biological control.
We used a global fungus–plant host distribution data set for 140 North American plant species naturalized in Europe to test whether alien plants are generally released from foliar and floral pathogens, whether they are mainly released from pathogens that are rare in the native range, and whether geographic spread of the North American plant species in Europe is associated with release from fungal pathogens.
We show that the 140 North American plant species naturalized in Europe were released from 58% of their foliar and floral fungal pathogen species. However, when we also consider fungal pathogens of the native North American host range that in Europe so far have only been reported on other plant species, the estimated release is reduced to 10.3%. Moreover, in Europe North American plants have mainly escaped their rare, pathogens, of which the impact is restricted to few populations. Most importantly and directly opposing the enemy‐release hypothesis, geographic spread of the alien plants in Europe was negatively associated with their release from fungal pathogens.
Synthesis. North American plants may have escaped particular fungal species that control them in their native range, but based on total loads of fungal species, release from foliar and floral fungal pathogens does not explain the geographic spread of North American plant species in Europe. To test whether enemy release is the major driver of plant invasiveness, we urgently require more studies comparing release of invasive and non‐invasive alien species from enemies of different guilds, and studies that assess the actual impact of the enemies.
Five‐parameter grain boundary analysis of a grain boundary–engineered austenitic stainless steel
Authors: JONES R. , RANDLE V. , ENGELBERG D. , MARROW T.J. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryTwo different grain boundary engineering processing routes for type 304 austenitic stainless steel have been compared. The processing routes involve the application of a small level of strain (5%) through either cold rolling or uni‐axial tensile straining followed by high‐temperature annealing. Electron backscatter diffraction and orientation mapping have been used to measure the proportions of Σ3n boundary types (in coincidence site lattice notation) and degree of random boundary break‐up, in order to gain a measure of the success of the two types of grain boundary engineering treatments. The distribution of grain boundary plane crystallography has also been measured and analyzed in detail using the five‐parameter stereological method. There were significant differences between the grain boundary population profiles depending on the type of deformation applied.
In situ observation of intergranular crack nucleation in a grain boundary controlled austenitic stainless steel
Authors: RAHIMI S. , ENGELBERG D.L. , DUFF J.A. , MARROW T.J. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryGrain boundary engineering has been proposed to increase the lifetime performance of sensitized austenitic stainless steel in aggressive environments. Increased microstructure resistance is typically associated with higher fractions of twin (Σ3) grain boundaries, but there is uncertainty about the properties and role of other boundaries. To develop predictive models for stress corrosion crack nucleation, more information is required about how grain boundary crystallography and the orientations of the grain boundary plane and its surrounding grains affect crack development. Digital image correlation combined with electron backscatter diffraction has been used to characterize the microstructure and to observe, in situ, the nucleation and propagation of short stress corrosion cracks in thermo‐mechanically processed type 304 stainless steel. The crack path and its growth rate have been determined and are found to be influenced by the microstructure.
The weighted Burgers vector: a new quantity for constraining dislocation densities and types using electron backscatter diffraction on 2D sections through crystalline materials
Authors: WHEELER J. , MARIANI E. , PIAZOLO S. , PRIOR D.J. , TRIMBY P. , DRURY M.R. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryThe Weighted Burgers Vector (WBV) is defined here as the sum, over all types of dislocations, of [(density of intersections of dislocation lines with a map) × (Burgers vector)]. Here we show that it can be calculated, for any crystal system, solely from orientation gradients in a map view, unlike the full dislocation density tensor, which requires gradients in the third dimension. No assumption is made about gradients in the third dimension and they may be non‐zero. The only assumption involved is that elastic strains are small so the lattice distortion is entirely due to dislocations. Orientation gradients can be estimated from gridded orientation measurements obtained by EBSD mapping, so the WBV can be calculated as a vector field on an EBSD map. The magnitude of the WBV gives a lower bound on the magnitude of the dislocation density tensor when that magnitude is defined in a coordinate invariant way. The direction of the WBV can constrain the types of Burgers vectors of geometrically necessary dislocations present in the microstructure, most clearly when it is broken down in terms of lattice vectors. The WBV has three advantages over other measures of local lattice distortion: it is a vector and hence carries more information than a scalar quantity, it has an explicit mathematical link to the individual Burgers vectors of dislocations and, since it is derived via tensor calculus, it is not dependent on the map coordinate system. If a sub‐grain wall is included in the WBV calculation, the magnitude of the WBV becomes dependent on the step size but its direction still carries information on the Burgers vectors in the wall. The net Burgers vector content of dislocations intersecting an area of a map can be simply calculated by an integration round the edge of that area, a method which is fast and complements point‐by‐point WBV calculations.
Tomography of insulating biological and geological materials using focused ion beam (FIB) sectioning and low‐kV BSE imaging
Authors: WINTER D.A. MATTHIJS DE , SCHNEIJDENBERG C.T.W.M. , LEBBINK M.N. , LICH B. , VERKLEIJ A.J. , DRURY M.R. , HUMBEL B.M. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryTomography in a focused ion beam (FIB) scanning electron microscope (SEM) is a powerful method for the characterization of three‐dimensional micro‐ and nanostructures. Although this technique can be routinely applied to conducting materials, FIB–SEM tomography of many insulators, including biological, geological and ceramic samples, is often more difficult because of charging effects that disturb the serial sectioning using the ion beam or the imaging using the electron beam. Here, we show that automatic tomography of biological and geological samples can be achieved by serial sectioning with a focused ion beam and block‐face imaging using low‐kV backscattered electrons. In addition, a new ion milling geometry is used that reduces the effects of intensity gradients that are inherent in conventional geometry used for FIB–SEM tomography.
Three‐genome mosses: complex double allopolyploid origins for triploid gametophytes in Sphagnum
Authors: KARLIN ERIC F. , BOLES S. B. , RICCA M. , TEMSCH E. M. , GREILHUBER J. , SHAW A. J. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThis paper documents the occurrence of allotriploidy (having three differentiated genomes) in gametophytes of two Southern Hemisphere Sphagnum species (S. australe, S. falcatulum). The pattern of microsatellite alleles indicates that both species are composed of a complex of allodiploid and allotriploid gametophytes, with the latter resulting from two allopolyploidization events. No haploid (n = x) gametophytes were found for either species. The ploidal levels suggested by the pattern of microsatellite alleles were confirmed by flow cytometry and Feulgen DNA image densitometry. For both S. australe and S. falcatulum, the respective allodiploid plants (or their ancestors) are one of the parent species of the allotriploid plants. This is the first report of triploidy in Sphagnum gametophytes occurring in nature and also the first report of the presence of three differentiated genomes in any bryophyte. It is also the first report of intersectional allopolyploidy in Sphagnum, with S. australe appearing to have parental species from Sphagnum sections Rigida and Sphagnum, and S. falcatulum having parental species from Sphagnum sections Cuspidata and Subsecunda. In both species, the allotriploid cytotypes were the most prevalent cytotype on the South Island of New Zealand. The pattern of microsatellite alleles shows the presence of two genetically distinct populations of allodiploid S. australe, possibly indicating multiple origins of polyploidy for that allodiploid cytotype. Morphological evidence is also highly indicative of recurrent polyploidy in the allotriploid cytotype of S. falcatulum. Allopolyploidy has clearly played a major evolutionary role in these two Southern Hemisphere taxa. This study, in conjunction with other recent research, indicates that allopolyploidy is a common, if not the predominant, form of polyploidy in Sphagnum.
Auxin‐induced, SCFTIR1‐mediated poly‐ubiquitination marks AUX/IAA proteins for degradation
Authors: Dos Santos Maraschin Felipe , Memelink Johan , Offringa Remko 
Published: February 2009

SummaryThe plant hormone auxin (indole‐3‐acetic acid or IAA) regulates plant development by inducing rapid cellular responses and changes in gene expression. Auxin promotes the degradation of Aux/IAA transcriptional repressors, thereby allowing auxin response factors (ARFs) to activate the transcription of auxin‐responsive genes. Auxin enhances the binding of Aux/IAA proteins to the receptor TIR1, which is an F‐box protein that is part of the E3 ubiquitin ligase complex SCFTIR1. Binding of Aux/IAA proteins leads to degradation via the 26S proteasome, but evidence for SCFTIR1‐mediated poly‐ubiquitination of Aux/IAA proteins is lacking. Here we used an Arabidopsis cell suspension‐based protoplast system to find evidence for SCFTIR1‐mediated ubiquitination of the Aux/IAA proteins SHY2/IAA3 and BDL/IAA12. Each of these proteins showed a distinct abundance and repressor activity when expressed in this cell system. Moreover, the amount of endogenous TIR1 protein appeared to be rate‐limiting for a proper auxin response measured by the co‐transfected DR5::GUS reporter construct. Co‐transfection with 35S::TIR1 led to auxin‐dependent degradation, and excess of 35S::TIR1 even led to degradation of Aux/IAAs in the absence of auxin treatment. Expression of the mutant tir1‐1 protein or the related F‐box protein COI1, which is involved in jasmonate signaling, had no effect on Aux/IAA degradation. Our results show that SHY2/IAA3 and BDL/IAA12 are poly‐ubiquitinated and degraded in response to increased auxin or TIR1 levels. In conclusion, our data provide experimental support for the model that SCFTIR1‐dependent poly‐ubiquitination of Aux/IAA proteins marks these proteins for degradation by the 26S proteasome, leading to activation of auxin‐responsive gene expression.
Measuring patients’ perceptions of communication with healthcare providers: Do differences in demographic and socioeconomic characteristics matter?
Authors: DeVoe Jennifer E. , Wallace Lorraine S. , Fryer Jr George E. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractBackground  National governments across the globe have set goals to improve healthcare delivery. Understanding patient–provider communication is essential for the development of policies that measure how well a healthcare system delivers care.Objectives  This study was designed to determine which, if any, demographic factors were independently associated with how US patients perceive various aspects of communication with their healthcare providers.Design and methods  The study was a secondary, cross‐sectional analysis of nationally representative data from the 2002 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS). Among US adults with a healthcare visit in the past year (n = approximately 16 700), we assessed the association between several covariate demographic and socioeconomic factors and four dependent measures of patient perceptions of communication with their healthcare providers.Results  Across all four measures of communication, older patients were more likely to report positively. Having health insurance and a usual source of care were consistent predictors of positive perceptions of communication. Hispanic patients also reported better perceptions of communication across all four measures. The most economically disadvantaged patients were less likely to report that providers always explained things so that they understood. Male patients were more likely to report that providers always spent enough time with them.Conclusions  This study suggests that patient perceptions of communication in healthcare settings vary widely by demographics and other individual patient characteristics. In this paper, we discuss the relevance of these communication disparities to design policies to improve healthcare systems, both at the individual practice level and the national level.
Conceptual problems in laypersons’ understanding of individualized cancer risk: a qualitative study
Authors: Han Paul K. J. , Lehman Thomas C. , Massett Holly , Lee Simon J. C. , Klein William M. P. , Freedman Andrew N. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractObjective  To explore laypersons’ understanding of individualized cancer risk estimates, and to identify conceptual problems that may limit this understanding.Background  Risk prediction models are increasingly used to provide people with information about their individual risk of cancer and other diseases. However, laypersons may have difficulty understanding individualized risk information, because of conceptual as well as computational problems.Design  A qualitative study was conducted using focus groups. Semi‐structured interviews explored participants’ understandings of the concept of risk, and their interpretations of a hypothetical individualized colorectal cancer risk estimate.Setting and participants  Eight focus groups were conducted with 48 adults aged 50–74 years residing in two major US metropolitan areas. Participants had high school or greater education, some familiarity with information technology, and no personal or family history of cancer.Results  Several important conceptual problems were identified. Most participants thought of risk not as a neutral statistical concept, but as signifying danger and emotional threat, and viewed cancer risk in terms of concrete risk factors rather than mathematical probabilities. Participants had difficulty acknowledging uncertainty implicit to the concept of risk, and judging the numerical significance of individualized risk estimates. The most challenging conceptual problems related to conflict between subjective and objective understandings of risk, and difficulties translating aggregate‐level objective risk estimates to the individual level.Conclusions  Several conceptual problems limit laypersons’ understanding of individualized cancer risk information. These problems have implications for future research on health numeracy, and for the application of risk prediction models in clinical and public health settings.
Primary‐care patients’ expectations and experiences of online cognitive behavioural therapy for depression: a qualitative study
Authors: Beattie Angela , Shaw Alison , Kaur Surinder , Kessler David 
Published: February 2009

AbstractObjective  To explore expectations and experiences of online cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) among primary‐care patients with depression, focusing on how this mode of delivery impacts upon the therapeutic experience.Design  Qualitative study, using repeat semi‐structured interviews with patients before and after therapy. The study was conducted in parallel with a randomized controlled trial examining the effectiveness and cost‐effectiveness of online CBT for patients with depression.Participants  Twenty‐four patients with depression recruited from five general practices in southwest England, who were offered up to 10 sessions of CBT, delivered via the internet by a psychologist.Results  Most participants accessed the therapy from their home computer and found this to be a major advantage, in terms of convenience and fitting therapy into their daily routine, with any technical problems quickly resolved. Two key themes regarding expectations and experiences of online CBT were: developing a virtual relationship with a therapist, and the process of communicating thoughts and emotions via an online medium. Online CBT seems to be acceptable to, and experienced as helpful by, certain subgroups of patients with depression, particularly those who are familiar with computers, feel comfortable with writing their feelings down, enjoy the opportunities to review and reflect that written (or typed) communication offers are attracted to the ‘anonymity’ of an online therapeutic relationship and are open to the proactive requirements of CBT itself. However, on‐line CBT may feed into the vulnerability of depressed people to negative thoughts, given the absence of visual cues and the immediate response of face‐to‐face interaction.Conclusions  Online CBT has the potential to enhance care for patients with depression who are open to engaging in ‘talking’ (or typing) therapies as part of their treatment. If online CBT is to be provided via the NHS, it is important to establish patient preferences regarding this mode of delivery and ensure that referral practices are appropriately targeted. The results of our main trial will provide evidence regarding the effectiveness and cost‐effectiveness of receiving therapy via this modality.
Polymorphisms in interleukin‐1 receptor‐associated kinase 4 are associated with total serum IgE
Authors: Tewfik M. A. , Bossé Y. , Lemire M. , Hudson T. J. , Vallée‐Smejda S. , Al‐Shemari H. , Laprise C. , Desrosiers M. 
Published: February 2009

Background:  Serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) level is recognized to be under strong genetic control, but the causal and susceptibility genes remain to be identified. We sought to investigate the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the Toll‐like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway and total serum IgE level.Methods:  A population of 206 patients with severe chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) was used. Precise phenotyping of patients was accomplished by means of a questionnaire and clinical examination. Blood was drawn for measurement of total serum IgE, as well as DNA extraction. A maximally informative set of SNPs in the TLR1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 10, CD14, MD2, MyD88, IRAK4, and TRAF6 genes were selected and genotyped. Significant findings were replicated in a second independent population of 956 subjects from 227 families with asthma.Results:  A total of 97 out of 104 SNPs were successfully genotyped. Three SNPs in IRAK4– rs1461567, rs4251513, and rs4251559 – were associated with total serum IgE levels (P < 0.004). In the replication sample, the same SNPs as well as the same orientation of the risk allele were associated with IgE levels (P < 0.031).Conclusions:  These results demonstrate a clear association between polymorphisms in the IRAK4 gene and serum IgE levels in patients with CRS and asthma. IRAK4 may be important in the regulation of IgE levels in patients with inflammatory diseases of the airways.