bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human and nonhuman primate brains: Are they allometrically scaled versions of the same design?
Authors: Rilling James K. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAllometric analyses of brain structure sizes across the primate order demonstrate that human, ape, and other anthropoid brains are not simply allometrically scaled versions of the same generalized design. Both human and ape brains exhibit specializations with respect to other anthropoid brains. Ape specializations include elaboration of the cerebellum (all apes) and frontal lobes (great apes only), and probably connectivity between them. Human brain specializations include an overall larger proportion of neocortex, with disproportionate enlargement of prefrontal and temporal association cortices; an apparent increase in cerebellar connections with cerebral cortical association areas involved in cognition; and a probable augmentation of intracortical connectivity in prefrontal cortex.
Retrospective motion correction protocol for high‐resolution anatomical MRI
Authors: Kochunov Peter , Lancaster Jack L. , Glahn David C. , Purdy David , Laird Angela R. , Gao Feng , Fox Peter 
Published: April 2006

AbstractModern computational brain morphology methods require that anatomical images be acquired at high resolution and with a high signal‐to‐noise ratio. This often translates into long acquisition times (>20 minutes) and images susceptible to head motion. In this study we tested retrospective motion correction (RMC), common for functional MRI (fMRI) and PET image motion correction, as a means to improve the quality of high‐resolution 3‐D anatomical MR images. RMC methods are known to be effective for correcting interscan motion; therefore, a single high‐resolution 3‐D MRI brain study was divided into six shorter acquisition segments to help shift intrascan motion into interscan motion. To help reduce intrascan head motion, each segment image was reviewed for motion artifacts and repeated if necessary. Interscan motion correction was done by spatially registering images to the third image and forming a single average motion‐corrected image. RMC was tested on 35 subjects who were considered at high risk for head motion. Our results show that RMC provided better contrast‐to‐noise ratio and boundary detail when compared to nonmotion‐corrected averaged images. Hum Brain Mapp, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A method for the effective formation of hepatocyte spheroids using a biodegradable polymer nanosphere
Authors: Gwak So‐Jung , Choi Dongho , Paik Seung Sam , Cho Seung‐Woo , Kim Sang‐Soo , Choi Cha Yong , Kim Byung‐Soo 
Published: April 2006

AbstractCultures of hepatocytes in spheroid form are known to maintain higher cell viability and exhibit better hepatocyte functions than those in monolayer cultures. In this study, a method for the formation of hepatocyte spheroids was developed using biodegradable polymer nanospheres. The addition of poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) nanospheres to hepatocyte cultures in spinner flasks increased the efficiency of hepatocyte spheroid formation (the number of cells in spheroids divided by the total cell number) as compared with hepatocyte cultures without nanospheres (control). The viability and mitochondrial activity of the hepatocyte spheroids in the nanosphere‐added cultures were significantly higher than those in the control. In addition, the mRNA expression levels of albumin and phenylalanine hydroxylase, both of which are hepatocyte‐specific proteins, were significantly higher in the nanosphere‐added cultures than in the control. This new culture method improves upon the conventional method of forming hepatocyte spheroids in terms of spheroid formation efficiency, cell viability, and hepatocyte function. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
Time course characteristics of human herpesvirus 6 specific cellular immune response and natural killer cell activity in patients with exanthema subitum
Authors: Kumagai Takuji , Yoshikawa Tetsushi , Yoshida Mariko , Okui Toyo , Ihira Masaru , Nagata Nobuo , Yano Shoki , Shiraki Kimiyasu , Yamada Masao , Ichihara Kiyoshi , Asano Yoshizo 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe time‐course of cell‐mediated immunity in exanthema subitum is not well documented. The lymphoproliferative response to purified human herpesvirus 6 (HHV‐6) antigen and to phytohemagglutinin was measured and natural killer (NK) cell activities determined in three consecutive specimens obtained biweekly from 18 young children and infants with exanthema subitum. Virus isolation and PCR detection of virus DNA and determination of neutralization antibody to HHV‐6 and ‐7 were also carried out. The magnitude of the HHV‐6 specific lymphoproliferative response varied; however, in most cases the time course kinetics revealed a low response in the acute phase with a subsequent gradual increase. In contrast, NK cell activities were high in the acute phase and declined gradually during convalescence. The lymphoproliferative response to phytohemagglutinin did not show a consistent trend in kinetics of time; however, dynamic changes in activity were observed in patients during the acute and convalescent periods. The results suggest that NK cells play a major role in resolving acute phase infection while specific lymphocyte activity develops later. The cause of the delayed development of HHV‐6 specific lymphoproliferative response is unknown. The lymphoproliferative response to phytohemagglutinin ratios implied that HHV‐6 infection has some impact on host T‐cell immunity during the course of exanthema subitum. J. Med. Virol. 78:792–799, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
HHV‐6 and HHV‐7 antigenemia related to CMV infection after liver transplantation
Authors: Härmä Maiju , Höckerstedt Krister , Lyytikäinen Outi , Lautenschlager Irmeli 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBackgroundBetaherpesviruses human herpesvirus‐6 and ‐7 (HHV‐6, HHV‐7), which are closely related to cytomegalovirus (CMV), have been reported in transplant patients. In this retrospective study, we investigated the occurrence of HHV‐6 and HHV‐7 antigenemia in relation to symptomatic CMV infection after liver transplantation. Methods: Sample material from 64 adult liver transplant recipients was included in the study. The patients were monitored weekly for CMV, HHV‐6, and HHV‐7. CMV infections were diagnosed by pp65‐antigenemia and viral cultures. Concomitantly HHV‐6 and HHV‐7 antigens were demonstrated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells by monoclonal antibodies against both variants A and B and immunoperoxidase staining. Altogether 540 post‐transplant blood specimens were analyzed. Results: Nineteen patients (30%) developed symptomatic CMV pp65 antigenemia during the first 3 months (mean 33 days, range 5–62 days) post‐transplantation and were treated with intravenous ganciclovir. Concurrent HHV‐6 antigenemia was detected in 16/19 (median 9 days, range 6–24 days) and HHV‐7 antigenemia 15/19 patients (median 17 days, range 5–58 days) after transplantation. HHV‐6 appeared before CMV in most cases (12/16), HHV‐7 usually together with CMV. In those cases that HHV‐6 preceded CMV antigenemia, it also was a possible cause of graft dysfunction. HHV‐7 and CMV were so closely overlapping, that no symptoms could solely be linked with HHV‐7. Conclusion: HHV‐6 and HHV‐7 antigenemia usually occurred together with symptomatic CMV infection after liver transplantation. HHV‐6 preceded CMV, but HHV‐7 appeared together with CMV. Further investigation of the clinical significance of HHV‐6 and HHV‐7 antigenemia in organ transplant patients is necessary. J. Med. Virol. 78:800–805, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Long‐term evaluation of rabbit peripheral nerve repair with end‐to‐side neurorrhaphy in rabbits
Authors: Zhang Zijie , Johnson Elizabeth O. , Vekris Marios D. , Zoubos Aristides B. , Bo Jinyan , Beris Alexandros E. , Soucacos Panayotis N. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis study was designed to quantitatively assess long‐term end‐to‐side neurorrhaphy in rabbits. The cut right ulnar nerve was repaired and sutured to the median nerve, in which a perineurial window was created in an end‐to‐side fashion 3 cm above the elbow joint. Both the extent of the reinnervation and the integrity of the intact donor nerve were evaluated in 36 rabbits randomly treated with fresh or delayed nerve repair. Evaluations included motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV), dry muscle weight (DMW), and histological examinations at 9 and 12 months postoperatively. The recovery rates of MNCV were 90.1% and 92.8% for the ulnar nerve, and 95.7% and 96.8% for the median nerve, compared to intact contralateral nerves at 9 and 12 months, respectively. MNCV was not detectable for the ulnar nerve in control animals, while it was normal for the median nerve. Recoveries of flexor carpi ulnaris dry muscle weight of about 90.7% and 94.5% were observed at 9 and 12 months postoperatively, respectively. However, muscle mass measurements revealed a recovery of only 31.3% and 27% for control groups at 9 and 12 months postoperatively. The differences between experimental groups and control groups were statistically significant (P < 0.01). Neurofilament and silver stains showed numerous sprouting axons originating from the median nerve to the ulnar nerve. The results indicate that end‐to‐side neurorrhaphy could induce axonal sprouting from the main nerve trunk of upper limbs in rabbits, leading to useful functional recovery. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2006
Facial paralysis
Authors: Vlastou Catherine 
Published: April 2006

AbstractDetailed knowledge of embryology, anatomy, and function of the facial nerve is essential in treating the devestating functional, aesthetic, and psychological sequelae of facial paralysis. Two basic factors influence the method of repair and the subsequent outcome of the effort to combat facial paralysis. First is the availability of a viable proximal nerve stump which can be used as the source for motor axons, and which is related to the level of the injury. Second is the duration of the paralysis, which will dictate the possibility of reinnervating the facial muscles. Early restoration of nerve continuity, and therefore reestablishment of the neuromuscular junction and preservation of the function of the facial muscles, lead to superior functional and aesthetic rehabilitation. Secondary reconstruction, after the establishment of atrophy of the motor endplates of the facial muscles, is possible with nerve grafts and microsurgical free functional muscle transfer. These techniques, although not perfect, greatly improve aesthetic balance and alleviate the functional and psychological implications of the paralysis.© 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2006
Musculocutaneous neurotization to restore elbow flexion in brachial plexus paralysis
Authors: Vekris Marios D. , Beris Alexandros E. , Johnson Elizabeth O. , Korobilias Anastasios V. , Pafilas Dimitrios , Vekris Anastasios D. , Soucacos Panayotis N. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBrachial plexus injuries may result in devastating paralysis, especially if they involve all the roots. The upper roots are often traumatized, and therefore elbow flexion is usually lost. The prognosis of these injuries is grave if root avulsions are present and the paralysis includes the hand as well. The current management of brachial plexus injuries should be early, aggressive microsurgical reconstruction of the plexus, combining various neurotizations with intraplexus and extraplexus nerve donors. Following this principle, we present the results of musculocutaneous neurotization in our unit, as well as a review of the literature on this subject. Our results are comparable to those reported in the literature, and indicate that the strongest function is achieved after neurotization via intraplexus donors, while some extraplexus donors (i.e., phrenic and accessory nerve) can offer equally strong elbow flexion, especially if they are used in combination. Neurotization of the musculocutaneous nerve should be one of the primary goals in the reconstruction of the injured plexus, since the return of elbow flexion is of paramount importance in daily activity. The restoration of function is ensured if the stronger and healthier motor donors are dedicated to the neurotization of the musculocutaneous nerve. Sometimes in order to match the axonal number of the target to the lower number of axons offered by the donors, two or more donor nerves may be driven to the same target, such as the musculocutaneous nerve. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2006
Ifosfamide‐induced nephrotoxicity in 593 sarcoma patients: A report from the Late Effects Surveillance System
Authors: Stöhr W. , Paulides M. , Bielack S. , Jürgens H. , Treuner J. , Rossi R. , Langer T. , Beck J.D. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBackgroundIfosfamide is widely used in paediatric oncology, but its use is limited by nephrotoxic side effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence and risk factors of tubulopathy, with special emphasis on the influence of age, where different findings have been published so far.ProcedureFive hundred ninety three children and adolescents treated for Ewing, osteo‐ or soft‐tissue sarcoma (median age at diagnosis: 11.7 years) were prospectively investigated for nephrotoxicity in the Late Effects Surveillance System (LESS) study. Tubulopathy was diagnosed in case of continuing hypophosphatemia and proteinuria.ResultsAfter a median follow up of 19 months, 27 patients (4.6%; 95% CI: 3.0–6.6%) had newly developed tubulopathy. This incidence was 0.4% (95% CI: 0–2.4%) in patients treated with a cumulative ifosfamide dose of ≤24 g/m2, 6.5% (95% CI: 3.6–10.7%) after 24–60 g/m2, and 8.0% (95% CI: 4.2–13.6%) after ≥60 g/m2. In multivariate analysis, children younger than 4 years at time of diagnosis had an 8.7‐fold (95% CI: 3.5–21.8) higher risk for tubulopathy than older patients. Neither carboplatin treatment nor abdominal irradiation showed any significant influence.ConclusionIfosfamide‐induced nephrotoxicity was found in 4.6% of patients. Risk factors were the cumulative ifosfamide dose and young age at treatment. Pediatr Blood Cancer © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ion sampling effects under conditions of total solvent consumption
Authors: Schneider Bradley B. , Javaheri Hassan , Covey Thomas R. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe motivation of this work was to study some of the properties of nanoelectrospray operation under conditions where the entire sprayed liquid is vaporized and inhaled into the vacuum system. Under these conditions the desolvation requirements, sampling efficiency, concentration versus mass sensitivity, and molar response characteristics of various compounds were studied. The combined efficiency of ion production from solution and transfer into the vacuum system, referred to as sampling efficiency, is presented under various inlet conditions including different flow rates, solution compositions, and compound types. Under ideal solvent conditions the results for favorable compounds show sampling efficiencies of 70–85% at flows in the range of 50–500 nL/min. Efficiencies were lower for aqueous samples and compounds of different structures gave different molar response factors under these high sampling efficiency conditions. The relative molar response factors are presented in terms of those observed with higher flow rate sources which operate at significantly lower sampling efficiencies. In all cases, operating in this flow regime, the ion count rate was directly proportional to the absolute mass of analyte molecules entering the source. The experimental source used to carry out these studies included gas nebulization to stabilize the electrospray process, a heated laminar flow chamber to enhance desolvation and ion production, and various atmosphere‐to‐vacuum aperture diameters to maximize ion transfer. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A state space embedding approach to approximate feedback linearization of single input nonlinear control systems
Authors: Deutscher Joachim , Schmid Christian 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis contribution presents a numerical approach to approximate feedback linearization which transforms the Taylor expansion of a single input nonlinear system into an approximately linear system by considering the terms of the Taylor expansion step by step. In the linearization procedure, higher degree terms are taken into account by using a state space embedding such that the corresponding system representation has not to be computed in every linearization step. Linear matrix equations are explicitly derived for determining the nonlinear change of coordinates and the nonlinear feedback that approximately linearize the nonlinear system. If these linear matrix equations are not solvable, a least square solution by applying the Moore–Penrose inverse is proposed. The results of the paper are illustrated by the approximate feedback linearization of an inverted pendulum on a cart. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Threshold setting and the cycling of a decision threshold
Authors: Weaver Elise A. , Richardson George 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWhen policy‐makers use a test result with a cut‐off score in a decision, the cut‐off threshold may change over time. An example is the threshold of “reasonable suspicion” used to justify a police search. Hammond (1996) postulated that a decision threshold will oscillate over time in response to competing pressures from affected constituencies, as unavoidable cases of false positives (e.g., innocent people searched) and false negatives (e.g., guilty people overlooked) emerge from the uncertainty of using an imperfect test (e.g., level of evidence) to predict the actual measure of interest (e.g., guilt). The structural underpinnings of a cycling threshold are analyzed in this theory‐building article. First, we present a simplified converging model of Hammond's initial insight. Then, we present three alternative models: a model with delays in policy‐maker responsiveness; one with stakeholders' shifting constituencies in response to recent errors; and one with integral control representing the historical dissatisfaction of competing constituencies. The “history” model meets the theoretical requirements set out by Hammond and fits historical data regarding FBI denials of access to information regarding a third party due to privacy concerns. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On rotating thermal convection driven by non-uniform heating from below
Authors: Hignett Phillip , Ibbetson Alan , Killworth Peter D. 
Published: April 2006

Experiments are described in which a radial temperature gradient is maintained along the lower horizontal boundary of a rotating annulus containing a thermally convecting fluid; the vertical side walls and upper horizontal boundary are nominally insulating. Comparison is made with the non-rotating experiments of Rossby (1965) and the same general asymmetric circulation is observed, i.e. that of a weakly stratified interior of slowly descending fluid occupying most of the annular gap, overlying a thin thermal layer of large vertical temperature gradients, stable over the cold part of the base and statically unstable over the warmer part; the circulation is completed by a narrow region of rising motion at the warm end of the base.A boundary-layer scaling analysis demonstrates the existence of six flow regimes, depending on the magnitude of a quantity Q defined such that Q is the square of the ratio of the (non-rotating) thermal-layer scale to the Ekman-layer scale. For small Q the flow is only weakly modified by rotation but as Q increases past unity rotation tends to thicken the thermal layer. Also presented are some numerical similarity solutions for the special case of a quadratic temperature distribution on the lower boundary and partially covering the range of Q achieved in the experiments, which is zero to ten. Above a certain critical value of Q (for the geometry used here Qc = 3·4) a baroclinic wave regime exists but is not examined in detail here although a brief discussion of an instability problem is given. Throughout comparisons are drawn between the experimental results and theoretical aspects of the problem.It is thought that the essential features of a system thermally driven in this way have their counterparts in natural systems such as the large-scale thermally induced ocean circulation driven by the latitudinal variation of incoming solar radiation.
On vortex shedding from smooth and rough cylinders in the range of Reynolds numbers 6×103 to 5×106
Authors: Achenbach E. , Heinecke E. 
Published: April 2006

The influence of surface roughness on the vortex-shedding frequency in the wake of a single cylinder has been investigated. The experiments were carried out in an atmospherical and a high-pressure wind tunnel. The tests were started with a smooth cylinder. Then the wake flow of cylinders with relative roughnesses of ks/d = 75 × 10−5, 300 × 10−5, 900 × 10−5, and 3000 × 10−5 was investigated.For all roughness parameters tested the Strouhal number exhibited an increase in the critical flow regime. With growing roughness parameter the step in the curve became smaller. At transcritical flow conditions the Strouhal number was measured to be in the range of Sr = 0·25 ± 0·018 for all surface roughness tested. No regular vortex shedding could be observed in the critical flow range for the smooth cylinder with l/d = 3·38. When prolonging the test body to l/d = 6·75 the wake fluctuations became periodic.
Structure of space-time correlations of bursting phenomena in an open-channel flow
Authors: Nakagawa Hiroji , Nezu Iehisa 
Published: April 2006

The present study is to investigate the structure of space-time correlations of bursting motions, such as ejections and sweeps in an open-channel flow, by a new conditional sampling analysis of the instantaneous velocity and Reynolds-stress signals measured simultaneously by two dual-sensor hot-film probes. One probe was fixed near the edge of the buffer layer, while the other probe was moved in the streamwise, vertical and spanwise directions. The sorted instantaneous Reynolds-stress signals obtained from the fixed probe were used as a detecting information of the occurrences of ejection or sweep events. The streamwise and vertical spatial characteristics of the ejection-sweep motions, and their convection process are investigated in detail. Also, the spanwise spatial properties of the high- and low-speed streaks in the bursting motions are examined experimentally by the present conditional sampling method.Next, a qualitative model is proposed which attempts to explain the space-time structures of the bursting phenomenon, on the basis of the above anemometry information and other visual observations.