bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vulnerability of the Domestic Food Supply Chain
Authors: Chalk Peter 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
The US agricultural and food industries have received comparatively little attention with respect to critical infrastructure protection (CIP) and general homeland security. Unfortunately, these fiscally important sectors remain inherently vulnerable to deliberate disruption and sabotage. The impact of a major strike against agriculture and related food products could be significant, politically and, especially, economically. Although agro‐terrorism is unlikely to constitute a principal mode of terrorist aggression, it could well emerge as a favored secondary tactic that is designed to disrupt rather than physically destroy. Agro‐terrorism is also a tactic that would seem to have salience to the strategic calculus of the post‐9/11 militant international jihadist movement, both in terms of ease of management and the imposition of asymmetric cost‐burden effects.
This article expands the debate on domestic homeland security by assessing the vulnerabilities of the agricultural and related food processing industries to a deliberate act of biological terrorism. It explores the vulnerabilities inherent in agriculture, the capability requirements of exploiting these vulnerabilities, the likely outcomes of a successful attack, and the place of agro‐terrorism in the overall strategic calculations of the post‐9/11 international jihadist movement.
Risk Communication—An Overlooked Tool in Combating Terrorism
Authors: Ropeik David 
Published: November 2008

AbstractEfforts to protect the public from acts of terrorism, or to mitigate the impacts of attacks that do occur, are inadequate if they fail to take into account public perceptions of and reactions to such attacks. Those perceptions and reactions can lead to real harms, which can exceed the direct impacts of the attacks themselves. Risk communication, therefore, should be a high priority for mitigating those secondary harms, whether terrorists are using bullets, bombs, or bugs on food.
Microbial Forensics and Plant Pathogens: Attribution of Agricultural Crime
Authors: Fletcher Jacqueline , Melcher Ulrich , Luster Douglas G. , Sherwood John L. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractNew awareness of the vulnerability of a nation's agricultural infrastructure to the intentional introduction of pathogens or pests has led to the enhancement of programs for prevention and preparedness. A necessary component of a balanced biosecurity plan is the capability to determine whether an outbreak may have been deliberate, to trace that outbreak to its source, and to identify those responsible for it. Microbial forensics is an emerging discipline that blends elements of numerous disciplines including microbiology, forensic science, and agricultural sciences. The discipline of plant pathology offers much knowledge, as well as many technologies and resources developed for peaceful purposes, which can be adapted and applied to the development of the new subdisciplines of plant pathogen forensics. Targeted research and education programs also will be needed to meet this need.
Potential for Human Illness from Animal Transmission or Food‐Borne Pathogens
Authors: Hartley David M 
Published: November 2008

AbstractTheoretically, human illness could result accidentally in a biological attack aimed at domestic livestock, or as the intended outcome of a bioterrorist utilizing animal species, food, or foodstuffs to specifically target human populations. The number and diversity of agents, modes of transmission, disease ecologies, and illnesses and outcomes form a vast zoonotic and food‐borne disease “threat space” against which we must defend. In this brief resume, we describe the diversity of zoonotic and food‐borne threats and observe that most of these remain poorly characterized from an analytical viewpoint. Options for control exist for many of these diseases, but often the options are problematic. Significant gaps exist in terms of prophylactic and therapeutic agents for the majority of these diseases. Methodologies exist that can be applied to identify and analyze potential public health prevention and response strategies and to guide future research. Although programmatic opportunities exist for pursuing such research, much remains to be done.
The Use of Threat, Vulnerability, and Consequence (TVC) Analysis for Decision Making on The Deployment of Limited Security Resources
Authors: Linacre Nicholas A. , Cohen Marc J. , Koo Bonwoo , Birner Regina 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
The allocation of security resources to counterterrorism is a complex task that requires decisions on the risk allocation mechanism, estimation of risk, and tolerable levels of risk. The purpose of this article is to provide an understanding of threat, vulnerability, and consequence (TVC) analysis, its use in the deployment of limited resources, and some of the challenges associated with using TVC as a risk‐based allocation mechanism for homeland security.
Classes of Vulnerabilities and Attacks
Authors: Meunier Pascal 
Published: November 2008

AbstractIn the first part of this article, popular vulnerability and attack types used in books, vulnerability disclosures, and databases are reviewed. They are discussed in the context of what makes them useful and how they fail to meet scientific criteria, without going into the exploit details. Practical efforts such as the various MITRE enumerations and lists of common security problems by other organizations are also reviewed. The second part discusses attempts at scientific classifications, with the reasoning leading to the current state of the art. The third part discusses ongoing and future research with a focus on ontologies.
Multilevel Security
Authors: Irvine Cynthia E. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractMandatory access control (MAC) policies regulate the access by users to information based upon the sensitivity level of the information and the authorization of each individual user. Multilevel secure systems provide a technical mechanism for enforcing MAC policies. Here, the background and motivation for multilevel secure systems is provided through a description of both mandatory confidentiality and mandatory integrity access control policies. Confinement is motivated and described. Supporting policies are introduced along with the notion of trusted subjects. A discussion of the criticality of multilevel mechanisms leads to design considerations and the reference monitor concept. Implementation techniques to ensure life cycle assurance are presented, including requirements for covert channel analysis. Specific technical approaches for monolithic and distributed multilevel systems are presented. Challenges associated with the development of applications able to enhance user's access to information at multiple sensitivity levels are discussed.
Cyber Security Metrics and Measures
Authors: Black Paul E. , Scarfone Karen , Souppaya Murugiah 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Metrics are tools to facilitate decision making and improve performance and accountability. Measures are quantifiable, observable, and objective data supporting metrics. Operators can use metrics to apply corrective actions and improve performance. Regulatory, financial, and organizational factors drive the requirement to measure IT security performance. Potential security metrics cover a broad range of measurable features, from security audit logs of individual systems to the number of systems within an organization that were tested over the course of a year. Effective security metrics should be used to identify weaknesses, determine trends to better utilize security resources, and judge the success or failure of implemented security solutions.
Cyber Security for the Banking and Finance Sector
Authors: Abend Valerie , Peretti Brian , Axlerod C Warren , Bach Andrew , Barry Kevin , Donahue Don , Wright Ken , Carlson John , Castelluccio Frank , DeWaal Dan , Engaldo David , Hender George , LaFalce David , Merkow Mark , Nelson William , Panchery John , Schutzer Dan , Solo David , Bayuk Jennifer L. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
The banking and finance sector requires secure, resilient, and reliable systems to ensure seamless operations and maintain public confidence in monetary systems. Many financial institutions are at the forefront of developing best practices and deploying advanced technologies to secure their systems and assets. More importantly, the sector serves as a model of the cooperation necessary to develop standards and best practices that benefit all sectors. This article identifies some of the important cyber security‐related collaboration among the private and public sector organizations that make up the sector, and explores the culture that enables such cooperation.
Information security is an important concern for all institutions in the banking and finance sector. Financial institutions are persistently targeted by criminals and others with malicious intent. To address these problems, institutions across the sector worked collaboratively to improve inter‐ and intrasector communication and created private–public partnerships for information sharing and encouraging innovation. This article explores the foundations of cooperation and information sharing, including some of the major initiatives, associations, and challenges the sector faced as it worked to improve defenses against attack, enhance resiliency, and sustain public confidence in trusted banking relationships.
Sensing Releases of Highly Toxic and Extremely Toxic Compounds
Authors: Gray D. Anthony 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Chemical terrorism is a serious threat in modern society (i.e., using or threatening to use chemicals as weapons of terror), which is likely to continue for many years. One of the ways to prepare for chemical terrorism events is to develop sensors capable of identifying and quantifying the chemical in use so that when an event occurs, it can be rapidly and accurately identified and its effects can be mitigated. A second way is to identify a list of chemicals that have toxicological and physiochemical properties that are consistent with use as a chemical agent. Both of these activities are important to preparing for such an event and are the major topics discussed in this article. This article is therefore devoted to describing a methodology for identifying potential chemical threat agents, identifying a set of toxic industrial chemicals that fit the criteria, and describing sensor availabilities for selected highly and extremely toxic chemicals.
An adaptive switching scheme for uncertain discrete time‐delay systems
Authors: Moezzi Kaveh , Momeni Ahmadreza , Aghdam Amir G. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractIn this paper, an adaptive switching control algorithm is proposed for the stabilization of uncertain discrete‐time systems with time‐varying delay. It is assumed that the time delay is unknown and time varying, nonetheless bounded with a known bound. It is supposed that the system is highly uncertain, and that a set of controllers are designed (off‐line) to stabilize the system in the whole uncertain parameter space; subsequently, a switching scheme is developed to stabilize the uncertain time‐delay system. A thorough stability analysis for the uncertain time‐delay system under the mentioned control scheme is provided. Furthermore, an upper bound on the allowable rate of change of the system parameters and delay is obtained. Simulation results are presented to show the efficacy of the proposed switching scheme. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Asymmetric Dimerization of Disubstituted Ketenes Catalyzed by N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes
Authors: Lv Hui , Zhang Yan‐Rong , Huang Xue‐Liang , Ye Song 
Published: November 2008

AbstractA series of chiral N‐heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs), derived from L‐pyrogutamic acid, were found to be efficient catalysts for the asymmetric dimerization of alkylarylketenes to give the corresponding α‐quaternary β‐alkylidenyl‐β‐lactones in good yields with up to 97% ee. A chiral NHC with a proximal hydroxy group is superior in comparison with the corresponding NHC with its hydroxy group protected.
Identification of a HOXD13 mutation in a VACTERL patient
Authors: Garcia‐Barceló Maria‐Mercè , Wong Kenneth Kak‐yuen , Lui Vincent Chi‐hang , Yuan Zhen‐wei , So Man‐ting , Ngan Elly Sau‐wai , Miao Xiao‐ping , Chung Patrick Ho‐yu , Khong Pek‐lan , Tam Paul Kwong‐hang 
Published: November 2008

AbstractVACTERL acronym is assigned to a non‐random association of malformations in humans with poorly known etiology. It is comprised of vertebral defects (V), anal atresia (A), cardiac anomaly (C), tracheoesophageal fistula with esophageal atresia (TE), renal dysplasia (R) and limb lesions (L). Here, we report on, for the first time, a female patient with VACTERL association with a 21 base‐pair deletion in the exon 1 triplet repeats of HOXD13, a sonic hedgehog (SHH) downstream target. Our data provide the first piece of clinical evidence of the implication of the SHH pathway in VACTERL. Moreover, HOXD13 may not only be implicated in limb malformations but also in the development of gut and genitourinary structures, as predicted from the mouse models. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Skeletal dysplasia in ancient Egypt
Authors: Kozma Chahira 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe ancient Egyptian civilization lasted for over 3000 years and ended in 30 BCE. Many aspects of ancient Egyptian culture, including the existence of skeletal dysplasias, and in particular achondroplasia, are well known through the monuments and records that survived until modern times. The hot and dry climate in Egypt allowed for the preservation of bodies and skeletal anomalies. The oldest dwarf skeleton, the Badarian skeleton (4500 BCE), possibly represents an epiphyseal disorder. Among the remains of dwarfs with achondroplasia from ancient Egypt (2686–2190 BCE), exists a skeleton of a pregnant female, believed to have died during delivery with a baby's remains in situ. British museums have partial skeletons of dwarfs with achondroplasia, humeri probably affected with mucopolysaccharidoses, and a skeleton of a child with osteogenesis imperfecta. Skeletal dysplasia is also found among royal remains. The mummy of the pharaoh Siptah (1342–1197BCE) shows a deformity of the left leg and foot. A mummified fetus, believed to be the daughter of king Tutankhamun, has scoliosis, spina bifida, and Sprengel deformity. In 2006 I reviewed the previously existing knowledge of dwarfism in ancient Egypt. The purpose of this second historical review is to add to that knowledge with an expanded contribution. The artistic documentation of people with skeletal dysplasia from ancient Egypt is plentiful including hundreds of amulets, statues, and drawing on tomb and temple walls. Examination of artistic reliefs provides a glance of the role of people with skeletal dysplasia and the societal attitudes toward them. Both artistic evidence and moral teachings in ancient Egypt reveal wide integration of individuals with disabilities into the society. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prenatal diagnosis of monosomy 1p36: A focus on brain abnormalities and a review of the literature
Authors: Campeau Philippe M. , Ah Mew Nicholas , Cartier Lola , Mackay Katherine L. , Shaffer Lisa G. , Der Kaloustian Vazken M. , Thomas Mary Ann 
Published: November 2008

AbstractMonosomy 1p36 is an increasingly recognized chromosomal anomaly. We describe two patients with monosomy 1p36 who had brain abnormalities detected on prenatal ultrasound. The first patient was ascertained prenatally with ultrasound abnormalities, including ventriculomegaly, a single umbilical artery, a unilateral club foot, a ventricular septal defect, and intra‐uterine growth retardation. Amniocentesis showed a normal karyotype. A postnatal MRI showed moderate to severe non‐obstructive hydrocephalus, bilateral colpocephaly, and abnormal myelination of the anterior limb of the internal capsule. A postnatal karyotype demonstrated a deletion of 1p36.3 that was not detected prenatally due to low resolution. Molecular studies by array comparative genome hybridization (CGH) identified a terminal deletion of ∼10 Mb. Our second patient was a fetus who had brain abnormalities suggestive of holoprosencephaly identified on prenatal ultrasound. Amniocentesis showed 46,XX,der(1)t(1;20)(p36.1;p12.2), that was found to be maternally inherited. Fetal autopsy demonstrated hydrocephalus, focal polymicrogyria, and cerebellar hypoplasia. However, holoprosencephaly was not confirmed. In addition to describing two patients with monosomy 1p36 who had abnormal brain anatomy on prenatal ultrasounds, we review the literature of other prenatally detected patients with monosomy 1p36 and review brain abnormalities seen both prenatally and postnatally. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A previously undescribed syndrome combining fibular agenesis/hypoplasia, oligodactylous clubfeet, anonychia/ungual hypoplasia, and other defects
Authors: Santos Silvana C. , Pardono Eliete , Ferreira da Costa Maria Ione , de Melo Aurea Nogueira , Graciani Zodja , de Albuquerque e Souza Alessandra Cavalcanti , Lezirovitz Karina , Thiele‐Aguiar Renata Soares , Mingroni‐Netto Regina Célia , Opitz John M. , Kok Fernando , Otto Paulo A. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractWe describe an apparently new genetic syndrome in six members of a family living in a remote area in Northeastern Brazil. This syndrome comprises: short stature due to a marked decrease in the length of the lower limbs (predominantly mesomelic with fibular agenesis/marked hypoplasia), grossly malformed/deformed clubfeet with severe oligodactyly, upper limbs with acromial dimples and variable motion limitation of the forearms and/or hands, severe nail hypoplasia/anonychia sometimes associated with mild brachydactyly and occasionally with pre‐axial polydactyly. This syndrome is apparently distinct from the syndrome of brachydactyly‐ectrodactyly with fibular aplasia or hypoplasia (OMIM 113310), the syndrome of fibular aplasia or hypoplasia, femoral bowing and poly‐, syn‐, and oligodactyly (OMIM 228930), and from other previously described conditions exhibiting fibular agenesis/hypoplasia. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Familial twinning and fertility in Dutch mothers of twins
Authors: Hoekstra Chantal , Willemsen Gonneke , van Beijsterveldt Toos C.E.M. , Montgomery Grant W. , Boomsma Dorret I. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractWe studied twinning and fertility indices in mothers with spontaneous monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins and in mothers who conceived their twins after the use of assisted reproduction techniques (ART). Participants in this study consisted of 8,222 and 5,505 women with spontaneous DZ and MZ offspring and 4,164 and 250 women with ART DZ and MZ twin pairs, respectively. Women were compared with respect to the number of sibs and offspring, the presence of other relatives with twins and the time it took to conceive the twins. We also compared familial twinning between a younger and an older age group. Women with spontaneous DZ twins more often reported female relatives with twins than those with spontaneous MZ twins. The proportion of DZ versus MZ twin offspring in relatives was also larger in women with spontaneous DZ offspring than in women with MZ offspring. The first group of women reported a shorter time to conceive. Women with ART twins had fewer sibs and offspring and less often reported relatives with twins. We did not observe that DZ twinning was more familial in women who had their twins before age 36 years compared to older women. Familial DZ twinning is clearly present in mothers of spontaneous DZ twins. The mechanisms underlying spontaneous and non‐spontaneous DZ twinning are different and fertility treatment should be taken into account in any study of twinning. Twinning is not more familial in women who have their twins at a younger age. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of stressful life events, maternal depression and 5‐HTTLPR genotype on emotional symptoms in pre‐adolescent children
Authors: Araya Ricardo , Hu Xianzhang , Heron Jon , Enoch Mary‐Anne , Evans Jonathan , Lewis Glyn , Nutt David , Goldman David 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThere has been a large but inconsistent literature on interactions between the 5‐HTTLPR polymorphism of the serotonin transporter gene and adversity on emotional disorders. We investigated these interactions in 4,334 children from a birth longitudinal cohort: the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). We measured emotional symptoms at 7 years with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Mothers rated stressful life events between ages 5 and 7 years. Maternal depression was defined as a score ≥12 on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale at 2 or 8 months postnatally. Triallelic genoptyping of the 5‐HTTLPR polymorphism was performed. We found strong associations between stressful life events (OR 1.19; 1.12–1.26;P < 0.01) and maternal postnatal depression (OR 1.91; 1.63–2.24;P < 0.01) with emotional symptoms in the children. There were no main 5‐HTTLPR genotype effects or significant interactions between genotype and life events or maternal postnatal depression on emotional symptoms. There was marginal evidence (P = 0.08) for an interaction between stressful life events and genotype in boys only, with those in the low and high 5‐HTTLPR expression groups showing stronger associations. In these 7‐year‐old children, we did not replicate previously reported G × E interactions between 5‐HTTLPR and life events for emotional symptoms. Gene by environment interactions may be developmentally dependent and show variation depending on the type and levels of exposure and sex. Young cohorts are essential to improve our understanding of the impact of development on gene and environment interactions. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Out of Arabia—The settlement of Island Soqotra as revealed by mitochondrial and Y chromosome genetic diversity
Authors: Černý Viktor , Pereira Luísa , Kujanová Martina , Vašíková Alžběta , Hájek Martin , Morris Miranda , Mulligan Connie J. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe Soqotra archipelago is one of the most isolated landmasses in the world, situated at the mouth of the Gulf of Aden between the Horn of Africa and southern Arabia. The main island of Soqotra lies not far from the proposed southern migration route of anatomically modern humans out of Africa ∼60,000 years ago (kya), suggesting the island may harbor traces of that first dispersal. Nothing is known about the timing and origin of the first Soqotri settlers. The oldest historical visitors to the island in the 15th century reported only the presence of an ancient population. We collected samples throughout the island and analyzed mitochondrial DNA and Y‐chromosomal variation. We found little African influence among the indigenous people of the island. Although the island population likely experienced founder effects, links to the Arabian Peninsula or southwestern Asia can still be found. In comparison with datasets from neighboring regions, the Soqotri population shows evidence of long‐term isolation and autochthonous evolution of several mitochondrial haplogroups. Specifically, we identified two high‐frequency founder lineages that have not been detected in any other populations and classified them as a new R0a1a1 subclade. Recent expansion of the novel lineages is consistent with a Holocene settlement of the island ∼6 kya. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.