bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Age factor and the pattern of change in craniofacial structures
Authors: Israel Harry 
Published: February 2006

AbstractToday special emphasis is being placed upon the understanding of human aging and this study is an attempt to shed light on the craniofacial complex during the later years. Postcranial skeletal alteration is clear and it is now evident that cranial and facial structures are no exception to the aging process. The longitudinal information presented here indicates continuing overall growth from early adulthood to later life. The cranium thickens and the skull diameter increases. Endocranial dimensions enlarge as well. This suggests larger overall skull size and expansion of the cranial cavity. The visceral cranial structures also participate in the continuing growth process. Enlargement in all areas seems to be of similar magnitude except for skull thickness, sella turcica, and frontal sinus. The size increase in these three structures is greater than in other segments examined. In essence, the craniofacial complex is in a state of growth throughout life. The entire system is involved in a process of symmetrical enlargement.
Hypodontia: Prevalence amongst Jewish populations of different origin
Authors: Eidelman Eliecer , Chosack Aubrey , Rosenzweig Kurt A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe teeth of 10,371 male and 11,013 female Israel Jews were examined. Prevalence of all hypodontia was 4.60% with no significant difference between the sexes; 2.11% lacked upper lateral incisors, the females having a significantly higher prevalence than males. Second premolars were missing in 1.87% of the population, with no significant differences between the sexes. Missing lower incisors was diagnosed in 0.68% of the children, with a higher prevalence in males. Prevalence of missing lower incisors was similar in the Ashkenazi and in the non‐Ashkenazi. The teeth most frequently missing in descending order were the upper lateral incisors and the lower second premolars.
Possible metabolic constraints on human brain weight at birth
Authors: Epstein Herman T. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractHaving humans born with adult‐size brains would entail only a small and readily evolved increase in the size of the human female birth canal. The explanation for the present size of the human brain at birth is then plausibly based on the upper limit of brain that can be nourished by present human nutritional strategies. This limit turns out to be about 10% of the body weight of the newborn infant, in agreement with the actual value.
Some genetic traits in Solomon Island populations. II. Hand clasping, arm folding, and handedness
Authors: Rhoads John G. , Damon Albert 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAmong 1,438 persons in four Solomon Island populations, handclasp showed no age, sex, or tribal differences. The percentage of R‐claspers (right thumb on top), 66.4, exceeded those previously reported for Caucasian and Mongoloid peoples and resembled those for Oceanic and African samples. Handclasp was associated with handedness but not with armfold; it showed no assortative mating and no simple form of inheritance. Armfold showed an age association (more R‐folders among the youngest children), but none with sex or tribe, no assortative mating, and no pattern of inheritance. Its frequency, 41.4%, resembled those of populations around the world. Left handedness, 2.8% over all four tribes, paralleled contact with Western culture.
Some genetic traits in Solomon Island populations. III. Relative toe length
Authors: Papadopoulos Cathleen C. , Damon Albert 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAmong 1,605 Solomon Islanders from four tribes, there was no sex difference in relative length of the first and second toes. In three of the tribes, longer first toes were slightly more frequent in persons over the age of 45. The percentages of longer first toes in the groups as a whole were 60.5% for Baegu, 66.4% for Nasioi, and 72.1% for Kwaio. These frequencies, resembling those reported for white Americans, Europeans, and single small samples of New Caledonians and Vietnamese, were much below those for Africans. The fourth tribe, the Lau, had only 37.1% with a longer first toe, the lowest percentage reproted so far around the world. No simple mode of single‐gene inheritance was apparent, and polygenic inheritance is proposed.
On the estimation of some demographic characteristics on a prehistoric population from the American Southwest
Authors: Bennett Kenneth A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAfter a general discussion of some of the limitations and assumptions inherent in paleodemographic studies, a method for the estimation of average life expectancy when only deaths by age are known is described and applied to the remains from Point of Pines, a prehistoric Western Pueblo population from the American Southwest. It was found that the method was not applicable to these data in its entirety, since there were considerable differences in mortality shapes between this prehistoric group and those summarized in the U. N. Model Life Tables. It is suggested that a range of average life expectancy can be calculated when the intrinsic rates of natural increase vary, and these are given for the Point of Pines data.
Economic impact on tooth emergence
Authors: Garn Stanley M. , Nagy Jerrold M. , Sandusky Sam T. , Trowbridge Frederick 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAs shown in nearly 10,000 Negro and White boys and girls between 4.5 and 16.5 years of age, poverty‐level children (with an income‐to‐needs ratio of 1.0) tend to be delayed in permanent tooth emergence as compared with those approximating median per‐capita income. For boys, a per‐capita income difference of $2200 was associated with a 0.15 standard deviation difference in emergence timiing of 28 permanent teeth.
Aegyptopithecus endocasts: Oldest record of a pongid brain
Authors: Radinsky Leonard 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIncomplete endocasts of Aegyptopithecus, one of the oldest known pongids. indicate that by 26 to 28,000,000 years ago the pongid brain was advanced over that of most prosimians in having relatively more visual cortex, relatively smaller olfactory bulbs and a well developed central sulcus, and in being relatively larger. The brain of Aegyptopithecus was more primitive than that of modern anthropoids in having a relatively smaller frontal lobe. The brain of Aegyptopithecus was relatively long and low, like that of Alouatta, but unlike that of most other anthropoids; that difference in shape may be the result of allometric factors, or may reflect retention of primitive cranial features in Aegyptopithecus.
Semi‐natural and enclosed groups of Macaca mulatta: A behavioral comparison
Authors: Drickamer Lee C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractDifferences in aggression and grooming frequencies between enclosed and semi‐natural groups of Macaca mulatta were studied quantitatively. Group composition, group densities and time of day were held constant. Results indicated that semi‐natural monkey groups were significantly more aggressive, while enclosed groups exhibited significantly higher grooming frequencies. These results raise the question: Do alterations in behavioral frequencies lead to changes in social behavior patterns and group social organization?
Adaptive significance of small body size under poor socio‐economic conditions in southern Peru
Authors: Frisancho A. Roberto , Sanchez Jorge , Pallardel Danilo , Yanez Lizandro 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe relationship of variations in parental body size to offspring survival has been studied in a population of poor socio‐economic conditions (“Barriada”) in the southern highland of Peru. Parents of small body size, especially mothers, had significantly greater per cent offspring survival than parents with larger body size. In other words, the offspring survival effectiveness of subjects of small body size was greater than that of subjects of large body size. It is postulated that the greater offspring survival effectiveness associated with small parental body size may reflect possible adaptive responses to poor socio‐economic conditions.
Interactive use of computer models in teaching population genetics
Authors: Appleton D. R. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA technique using a computer with a graphical display unit to teach students the effects of genetic drift, selection and migration is described. Both diallelic and triallelic loci are discussed. The Fokker‐Planck equation is used as the mathematical model of the genetic system, and its validity as an approximation in this context is demonstrated by an investigation into selection at the ABO locus.An appendix contains a derivation from the Fokker‐Planck equation of the formula used in the paper for the gene frequency distribution at a multiallelic locus in equilibrium under selection and migration.
A method of deriving subgroups of a population: A study of craniofacial taxonomy
Authors: Hirschfeld W. J. , Moyers R. E. , Enlow D. H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSubgroups within a population are often difficult to discover and describe except by subjective methods. In this study, cluster analysis (numerical taxonomy) methods were used on selected craniofacial measurements obtained from 308 North American White children of both sexes in the age range 6–18 to derive categories of skeletal facial types.Two different cluster analysis approaches were used in conjunction with a separate overall evaluation of facial balance, an independent measure of maxillo‐mandibular relationship (AB/FOP), and a traditional classification (Angle). The categories derived rest on corroborative and overlapping evidence from each of those methods.The categories were examined to determine if it is possible to classify a sample by means of cluster analysis, the size and discreteness of each class, how they compare with the Angle classification of the same sample, and the percentage of individuals that may be identified unequivocally by this classification scheme.Five categories were obtained. Labeled Category A — Category E, they show some correspondence to the Angle Classes I, II, and III, but categories A, B, and C appear to be subgroups, heretofore undetected, of Angle Class II. Categories D and E correspond to Angle Classes I and III, respectively. The categories are more realistic and informative than the Angle classes. Each category is reported along with its distinguishing skeletal characteristics.
Occlusal surface pattern of the lower molars and the second deciduous molar among the living Polynesians
Authors: Suzuki Makoto , Sakai Takuro 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe occlusal surface pattern of the lower molars and the second deciduous molar among the Polynesians living in Western Samoa was studied on plaster casts. The following are the characteristic traits of this race. The occlusal surface pattern of the first and second lower molars falls within the range of variation of the Mongoloid racial group. In general, the variation of the furrow pattern is remarkable, but the tendency of reduction of number of cusps is not conspicuous.The frequency of C6 in the lower molars and C7 in m2 is far higher than in any other population, but the frequency of C7 in M1 or M2 is not noticeably different.
The interpolation of isolated fossil foot bones into a discriminant function analysis—a reply
Authors: Day M. H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn a recent note (Oxnard, '72) on the interpretation of the results of interpolating fossils into a discriminant function analysis it was suggested that the wrong conclusions had been drawn from the analyses. It is shown here that these criticisms stem from an incomplete understanding of the aims of the original work and of the biological interpretation put upon the statistical analyses.
Human biology in Mexico. II. A comparison of blood group, serum and red cell enzyme frequencies, and genetic distances of the Indian populations of Mexico
Authors: Crawford M. H. , Leyshon W. C. , Brown K. , Lees Francis , Taylor L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThree hundred and ninety‐five individuals from two populations from the State of Tlaxcala, Mexico, were studied in relation to the ABO, Rh, MNS, P, Kell, Lewis, Diego, Kidd, Duffy, Haptoglobin, Transferrin, Group specific component, Albumin, Acid Phosphatase and Phosphoglucomutase systems. One of the populations (San Pablo del Monte) is Indian, while the other (City of Tlaxcala) is Mestizo. The alleles which show variation in the Mestizo population are intermediate between the Spanish and the Indian gene frequencies. Three different genetic distance measures suggest that the Mestizo population is a triracial hybrid, while the Indian population is closely related to its two most proximal geographic neighbors, Vera Cruz and Puebla.
A quantitative method of morphological assessment of hybridization in the U. S. Negro‐White male crania
Authors: Saksena Sudha S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe study develops a morphological method of assessing the amount of parental components in a U.S. Negro‐White Hybrid sample and tests to what extent a multivariate discriminant analysis actually reflects the morphological pattern of hybridization.To formulate norms of description for the parental and hybrid populations, a seventeenth century London Farringdon Street series of 94 crania was selected to represent the British White ancestral component and the data on the cadaverand‐skeletal series in the T. W. Todd collection of Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, were used in the selection of 115 Unmixed Negro and 115 Negro‐White Hybrid male crania.The conclusions are: (1) the morphological scores of the Negro‐White Hybrid series shows a biological overlap with the two parental series in the proportion of 1:3 (i.e., 25% White to 75% Negro). This overlap reflects the probable porportion of ancestral mixture in the ratio of one‐fourth White to three‐fourths Negro in the Negro‐White Hybrid sample; and (2) the morphological approach to the assessment of the parental components with multivariate discriminant analysis as a tool, proves to be highly reliable in providing a biologically meaningful index of relationship.
Birotundal diameter of the human sphenoid bone from age six years to early adulthood
Authors: Knott Virginia B. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractLongitudinal data for a twenty‐year period are presented for a dimension of the human sphenoid bone as seen on postero‐anterior roentgenograms of 22 males and 18 females (healthy, American‐born Caucasoids). Birotundal diameter measured as the distance between the centers of the right and left foramen rotundum averaged near 32.0 mm for each sex at age 6 years. Individual increase in size to age 26 years ranged between 3.2 mm and 8.3 mm. There is no correlation between size at age 6 years and change between this age and early adulthood.For 54 males and 50 females at age 9 years, intercorrelations were obtained among six variables: birotundal diameter, head breadth, bizygomatic diameter, bigonial diameter, upper and loweer dental arch widths at the permanent first molars. The r's were nonsignificant or low positive (with the exception of upper‐lower dental arch, r = 0.76).The results of this study are aligned with three previous studies of human cranial base width.
A case of Carrion's disease associated with human sacrifice from the Huari culture of Southern Peru
Authors: Allison Marvin J. , Pezzia Alejandro , Gerszten Enrique , Mendoza Daniel 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA case of Carrion's disease in the verruga phase from a mummy of the Tiahuanaco culture of Southern Peru is reported. The characteristics of the disease are described as well as the bacterium. The man was apparently sacrificed and certain organs used in rituals.
Blood group, serum protein and red cell enzyme groups of Amerindian populations in Colombia
Authors: Kirk R. L. , McDermid E. M. , Blake N. M. , Gajdusek D. C. , Leyshon W. C. , MacLennan R. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractRed cell samples from persons belonging to four Amerindian linguistic groups in Colombia were investigated for genetic variants in eight blood group systems: for three of the groups investigations were extended to ten red cell enzyme and four serum protein systems. The groups studied are the Noanama (including six Empera) of the Rio Siquirisua and Rio Docampado on the Pacific lowlands and the Cofan, Ingano and Siona Indians of the Upper Rio Putumayo and its tributaries to the east of the Andes. Only blood group O was present among two of the groups and the same groups were 100% Kp(b +), k in the Kell system. Di(a +) frequencies were high in three groups and there was marked variation between groups for the MNS, Rh, P, Lewis and Duffy systems. Polymorphism in all the three linguistic groups studied for serum proteins and red cell enzymes was present only in the red cell acid phosphatase, phosphoglucomutase (locus‐1) and haptoglobin systems. 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase was polymorphic in the Noanama, and caeruloplasmin was polymorphic in the Ingano linguistic group. In addition two persons belonging to the Cofan linguistic group revealed the presence of an “atypical” component in the lactate dehydrogenase system. No variation was found in the other six red cell enzyme and two serum protein systems.Comparison with published data on red cell enzyme and serum protein groups for other South American Amerindian populations shows the Colombian populations studied here most closely resemble the Cayapo of Brazil.
New evidence of the genus Homo from East Rudolf, Kenya (III)
Authors: Day M. H. , Leakey R. E. F. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA new fossil hominid partial skeleton (KNM‐ER 803) that was discovered from the Plio‐Pleistocene sediments to the east of Lake Rudolf is described. It includes parts of a femur, two tibiae, an ulna, two radii, a third metatarsal and several toe bones. There are also two teeth, an upper canine and an upper central incisor. A second new fossil hominid (KNM‐ER 164) is represented by a parietal fragment, two vertebrae and some hand bones. A third is represented by a massive left femur (KNM‐ER 999).The specimens are described in anatomical detail, some are illustrated and selected measurements are given. It is concluded that they should be attributed to the genus Homo sp. indet. Detailed comparative studies will be published in due course.
Dermatoglyphics and flexion creases in the Lebanese population
Authors: Naffah Josette 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA comparison of finger and palmar dermatoglyphics in eight representative samples of the Lebanese population totaling 480 individuals, males and females, showed fairly similar characteristics in spite of the religious isolation of these groups. As in other populations of the Near and the Middle East, finger patterns in Lebanon are particularized by a higher whorl frequency and lower loop and arch frequencies than in Western Caucasoid populations. Palmar features are similar, as a rule, to those of other Caucasoid populations. But some differences exist: a high frequency of absence of triradius c, an inversion of sexual distribution of the third interdigital patterns, and a predominance of D line termination at position 9, in one female group only. These peculiarities are found in some of the other populations of the Near and Middle East. They indicate perhaps an ancient Mongoloid influence that numerous historic invasions of the whole region make possible.As far as available data allow comparisons, dermatoglyphics of the Middle East populations may be described as “Oriental Mediterranean.” Blood groups, like dermatoglyphics data, fit the geographic situation of Lebanon, lying at the cross‐roads of Europe, Asia and Africa.
Neandertal dental asymmetry and the probable mutation effect
Authors: Suarez Brian K. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to show that if Brace's hypothesis concerning the role of random mutations in structural reduction (PME) is accepted for the sake of argument, then it cannot be used to explain hominid tooth size reduction since the Mousterian. Specifically it is shown that Brace's Hypothesis implies a smaller variance in dental asymmetry for Neandertal than modern man. Variance analysis reveals that, to the contrary, Neandertal dentitions are more variable than a large sample of modern man's. Finally it is shown that the sequence of dental asymmetry per tooth class is approximately the same in Neandertal as in modern man.
A long term trend in tooth size in the Eastern Mediterranean
Authors: LeBlanc Steven A. , Black Babette 
Published: February 2006

AbstractPosterior occlusal tooth areas were measured for a sample of Greek and Turkish populations spanning a 8500 year period. Rates of reduction of 2% per 1000 years for maxillary teeth and 1% per 1000 years for the mandibulary teeth were found. These rates are shown to be greater than those for earlier populations from Western Europe.
Mineral metabolism and microstructural defects in primate teeth
Authors: Molnar Stephen , Ward Steven C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThere are numerous structural defects that occur in primate teeth due to variable calcification during certain growth stages. These interruptions are usually areas of hypomineralization in enamel and dentin which are referred to as Striae of Retzius and Hunter Shreger bands in the enamel or Incremental Lines of von Ebner and Contour Lines of Owen in the case of the dentin. The frequency of occurrence of these variations in mineralization can be related to such factors as growth tempo, dietary quality, state of health, and past disease episodes. Another structure that appears in the dentin is a region that fails to calcify and is referred to as Inter‐globular Dentin.Our studies have shown that the microstructural quality of different species' dentition varies widely. Samples obtained from certain free‐ranging cercopithecoids show that these species have the least hypomineralizations while man has the most. Other primate species range between these two extremes with the pongids nearer to man in these characteristics, as previously noted by Sognnaes. Additionally, our initial study shows a great deal of diversity between prehistoric human populations in the microstructural quality of their teeth. We offer the tentative explanation that this variation is due to differences in the calcifying properties of the diet and hence a difference in the general state of their health.
The sex difference in dimensional communalities in Macaca nemestrina
Authors: Garn Stanley M. , Swindler Daris R. , Minnis Paul E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIntra‐individual correlations for cranial, mandibular and dental measurements made on lateral skull radiographs of Macaca nemestrina were systematically higher in 30 adult females than in 31 adult males by an average of 0.11 to 0.15, depending upon method of computation. Clearly, for the adult pig‐tailed monkey as in Homo during both prenatal and postnatal life, developmental and dimensional communalities are systematically higher in the female indicating a general principle or trend.
Thickness of the normal skull in the American blacks and whites
Authors: Adeloye Adelola , Kattan Kenneth R. , Silverman Frederic N. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractNormal skull thickness has been measured in a general hospital population of 300 blacks and 200 whites in America. In both groups, there is a rapid increase in skull thickness during the first two decades of life, followed by a small uniform increase reaching a peak in the fifth and sixth decades. The sex differences are variable, but in certain age groups the females in both races have significantly thicker parietal and occipital bones than their male counterpart. The frontal bone is thicker in the white male than in the black, and the parieto‐occipital thicker in the blacks than in the whites. Some suggestions are offered to explain the sex and racial differences noted.