bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic and OtherDNA‐Based Biosensor Applications
Authors: Laureyn Wim , Stakenborg Tim , Jacobs Paul 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe interest and research effort into the development of DNA diagnostic tools has increased dramatically and new instruments to detect, analyze, and quantify gene‐specific information are expected to revolutionize healthcare. In this chapter, a number of application fields for DNA‐based biosensors are described, together with some examples highlighting the specific nature of DNA‐based diagnostics, its impact on biosensor requirements, and how specific challenges in the field can be addressed. An overview, illustrated with some original work, provides aspects of a potential route toward affordable DNA‐sensor arrays with a particular focus on multiplexing and compatibility with polymer integration technology.
Utility of Biosensors in the Pharmaceutical Industry
Authors: Chapman Trevor , Legge Coulton , Patel Ash 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe pharmaceutical industry continues to undergo major change while our knowledge of the mechanisms of disease continues to grow, which is, in part, attributable to the advances made within the biosensor community. This contribution will present an overview of areas within the pharmaceutical R&D process that are currently making progress through the use of biosensors. The merits of these techniques will be given along with suggestions on where they could be further improved. Finally, future requirements of biosensors and why their developments may become key to the continued success of the field within the pharmaceutical industry will be presented.
Chip‐Based Biosensors for Environmental Monitoring
Authors: Rogers Kim R. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractTechnological advances in microfabrication and detection techniques continue to effectively miniaturize biosensors onto planer surfaces. One of the advantages of this evolution is the ability to simultaneously measure multiple analytes or multiple attributes of a single sample using an array of biorecognition elements. Multi‐analyte capability often requires more versatile, complex, and expensive instrumentation adapted to multiple biorecognition elements (e.g., multiple antibodies). Although biosensor technologies, for the most part, have shown limited application and commercialization as stand‐alone analytical devices, biosensor concepts and technologies, particularly for biochip formats, have provided key components in a wide range of clinical, diagnostic, and research instrumentation.Although chip‐based biosensors show the potential for meeting some of the persistent environmental monitoring needs such as simple, cost‐effective, and portable multi‐analyte analysis methods, a range of challenges must be overcome before biosensors find widespread use in environmental monitoring applications. One of the keys to the successful development of chip‐based biosensor systems for environmental applications will be to make use of their multi‐analyte array capability. Nevertheless, it is critical to consider issues such as multiple and shifting pollutants of concern as well as sample preparation strategies for difficult and variable matrices.
Environmental Biochemical Oxygen Demand and Related Measurement
Authors: Nomura Yoko , Shimomura‐Shimizu Mifumi , Karube Isao 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Biosensors are often used for environmental analyses such as biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) measurements since they can measure or detect pollutants without the special techniques required by conventional methods. Many types of biosensors such as microbial sensors, enzyme sensors, and immunosensors have been developed, and microbial sensors (whole‐cell sensors) are very suitable for environmental monitoring because of their stability. This section describes the BOD sensor as the first microbial sensor or whole‐cell sensor; a few other related microbial sensors are also discussed.
Food and Beverage Applications of Biosensor Technologies
Authors: Schnerr Helge R. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
The quality control of nutritional content and confirmation of food safety are major tasks for food manufacturers to ensure high‐quality standards and minimize the risk for the consumer. Since food products and their raw materials are complex mixtures of chemical compounds, highly specific, cost‐effective, and reliable methods are increasingly needed. For the past 25 years, we have witnessed remarkable progress in the development of affinity biosensors and their applications in areas such as medical diagnostics, drug screening, and food safety and security.
This chapter presents a review of the potential application of biosensors in the food and drinks industry, the commercially available systems, and some upcoming technology for future developments in this sector.
Agriculture, Horticulture, and Related Applications
Authors: Terry Leon A. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
The inherent specificity, selectivity, and adaptability of biosensors make them ideal candidates for use throughout the food industry. Until now the main impact of these devices has been in the medical diagnostics field. However, with ongoing technical development, the food industry will be one of the prime beneficiaries from biosensor technology in the future. This chapter assesses the current and future trends in the application of biosensors to the food industry, particularly focusing on both potential and current target analytes that are fundamental to fresh produce quality, traceability, and safety.
FromEarth to Space: Biosensing at the International Space Station
Authors: Baumstark‐Khan Christa , Hellweg Christine E. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractHumans in space, on board of the International Space Station (ISS) as well as in interplanetary missions, are confronted to a complex matrix of a multitude of environmental factors of various kinds and intensities, with microgravity and cosmic radiation as the most dominant stressors. In the endeavor to assess the risks for humans in space—especially for long‐duration missions—the concerted action of all stimuli has to be known and warning signals about changes of the “health” status of the environment are required. The ISS can be used by scientists and industry as a test bed for the development and validation of biomonitoring systems for human space flight activities and earth‐bound applications. The ISS is still under construction, with many challenges yet to come. Despite somewhat constrained resources available for research to date, much has already been accomplished. Unique investigations in human life sciences have been completed, are still in progress or in preparation, utilizing available facilities on board, such as the Human Research Facility (HRF). Additional facilities, such as the European Laboratory Columbus equipped with different science racks will be added in the coming years, and new types of investigations will be enabled.
Surface‐Enhanced Laser Desorption/Ionization (
SELDI
) Technology
Authors: Lomas Lee O. , Weinberger Scot R. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Surface enhanced laser desorption/ionization (SELDI) protein array technology represents a collection of analytical tools and protocols that address the challenges of protein separation, protein purification, and protein detection by mass spectrometry (MS). Commercially, SELDI has been embodied within Ciphergen Biosystems Inc. ProteinChip®Array products (Fremont, CA, USA). First introduced as a commercial product in 1997, this collection of tools has played a significant role, although at times controversial, in the shaping of the proteomics field and in particular the role of “biomarkers” and their relevance to translational medicine. Most recently, SELDI technology has demonstrated the ability to translate the fundamental discovery of protein biomarkers into predictive assays for the purpose of diagnosing the presence of metabolic disease and cancer. This chapter serves as an introduction to the fundamentals of SELDI biochip array technology and providing a recent review of new technologies and achievements in basic proteomic and clinical proteomic research.
RAPTOR
: Development of a Fiber‐Optic Biosensor
Authors: Anderson George P. , McCrae David A. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
This chapter reviews the development of the fiber‐optic biosensor at the Naval Research Laboratory and the path that led toward the instrument currently produced by Research International, the RAPTOR. We also look ahead to the future of this technology and the capabilities of its successor the BioHawk.
Conducting Polymer Nanowire‐Based Biosensors
Authors: Wanekaya Adam K. , Chen Wilfred , Myung Nosang V. , Mulchandani Ashok 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
This chapter addresses the applications of conducting polymer nanowires (CP NWs) in chemical and biological sensing. In the first section, we introduce CP NWs as new members of the one‐dimensional (1D) nanostructured materials family. We discuss the advantages associated with the use of 1D nanostructure materials in general and CP NWs in particular. In the second section, various methods that are used to synthesize and fabricate CP NWs are discussed including their strengths and limitations. The third section outlines the functionalization of these nanostructures to tailor them to respond only to desired target analytes while the fourth section involves the assembly/alignment of these CP NWs to form functional devices. We demonstrate some sensing applications based on CP NWs in the fifth section and conclude with a brief summary and outlook on the future of CP NWs in sensing applications and some of the limitations that have to be overcome to make them competitive sensing materials.
Manipulation and Detection of Magnetic Nanoparticles for Diagnostic Applications
Authors: Yellen Benjamin B. , Erb Randall M. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
This review presents recent developments concerning the use of nanoscale magnetic materials in the field of biosensors and bioelectronics. Compared with optical and electrical materials, magnetic materials enjoy several advantages which have been applied to numerous bioanalytical devices. For example, biological fluids do not attenuate magnetic fields, which is advantageous both for detection and manipulation systems due to the reduction of background noise. Magnetic materials are also more stable than their fluorescent counterparts, in which photo‐bleaching is a serious impediment to quantitative analysis. This article begins with a brief tutorial on the magnetization behavior of nanoscale magnetic materials. It is followed by a discussion of how force can be applied to colloidal materials with various magnetic manipulation apparatus, with a particular emphasis on the role that size and geometry play in determining the efficiency of magnetic particle manipulation in the context of randomizing thermal energy. Design principles will be provided to demonstrate how the manipulation apparatus can achieve greater flexibility by using two sources of magnetic field, one which produces strong local magnetic field gradient and the other which produces uniform magnetic field. Next, we review recent developments on miniature magnetic field sensor devices, which are routinely applied to detect and analyze the presence of biological molecules and micro‐organisms. An outline of the different types of magnetic field sensors used in biodiagnostics is provided, however the focus is mainly on the physical principles underlying the most commonly used sensor based on magnetoresistive materials. Finally, a brief conclusion is provided on the future outlook of nanoscale magnetic materials in lab‐on‐a‐chip devices.
Biosensors for Neurological Disease
Authors: Bell Kathryn M. , Kornguth Steven E. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
The diagnosis of neurological disease (ND) traditionally involves the association of specific symptoms in a patient with a clinical examination, consideration of the patient's prior medical history, and clinical laboratory testing (e.g., electroencephalography, electromyography). The decoding of the human genome has made possible the identification of proteomic and genomic biomarkers associated with specific neurological disorders. The identification of multiple biomarkers, including determination of chemical nature and concentration, provides a disease “signature” that is not achievable through testing for any single marker alone. Biomarker signatures can augment conventional clinical evaluation and testing by improving diagnosis, prognosis, monitoring progression, and management of ND. Biomarker signature profiling for a patient can allow for personalized medicine catered to individual need.
The need for biosensors in the detection of ND is illustrated by recent events. Two cases of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in Canada have cost their beef industry millions of dollars and resulted in precluding shipment of cattle from Canada to the United States. The ability to determine absence of prion disease in live cattle could greatly increase confidence in cattle imports. In a separate example, Tysabri, an immunosuppressant drug effective in lengthening periods of remission in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), was withdrawn from the market because of occurrence of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) in treated individuals. PML in the treated MS individuals was caused by proliferation of JC virus. The ability to detect JC virus production during treatment with Tysabri could remedy this problem.
Biosensors designed to detect analytes indicative of disease are currently available. Ranging from single target detection to more complex multitarget signature profiling, these biosensors are offered for a wide range of disorders. Many focus on the detection of cancer and ND. The platforms used for cancer detection are directly applicable to ND determination because the sensors detect analytes or genetic mutations present in both disease types. Specific products and technologies that are already being used for or can be readily adapted to ND diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment are discussed. A select list of ND‐related biomarkers for current and future study is presented.
Need for Biosensors in Infectious Disease Epidemiology
Authors: Baril Laurence 
Published: February 2008

AbstractInfectious disease epidemiology is an emerging discipline which requires a strong interdisciplinary approach. Most infectious diseases do not occur randomly but are related to environmental, economic, societal, and personal characteristics. Novel laboratory testing tools such as optical biosensors will improve the quality of the epidemiological information. In this chapter, the author discusses infectious disease epidemiology, and the methods used in the different applications of this domain. A practical lexicon of the main definitions used in epidemiology and in testing the performance of newly developed diagnostic tools is proposed.
Aptameric Biosensors
Authors: Meir Anat , Marks Robert S. , Stojanovic Milan N. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractAptamers are synthetic single stranded DNA or RNA molecules that can bind with high affinity and specificity to their non‐nucleic acid target molecules. The artificial nucleic acid ligands can be generated against proteins, small molecules, ions, whole cells, tissues and organs.The process of aptamers isolation, their affinity properties and applications thereof are described. In addition, the particular case of how structural changes in aptamers can be used to construct fluorescent molecular sensors coupling both recognition and signaling properties is explained and their use finally as recognition elements in various platforms of biosensors are herein illustrated.
Biosensors Based on Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotube Near‐Infrared Fluorescence
Authors: Barone Paul W. , Jeng Esther S. , Heller Daniel A. , Strano Michael S. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractSingle walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) possess unique optical properties that render them excellent materials for biosensing. SWNTs photoluminesce at near‐infrared wavelengths, where scattering and absorption from tissue, whole blood, and water is low; and cell autofluorescence is minimal. Furthermore all of the SWNT atoms are on the surface, making them sensitive to local events. This chapter discusses the use of SWNT photoluminescence for bionsensors. One class of sensors utilizes the modulation of photoluminescence intensity to detect molecules such as glucose. A decrease in the intensity is caused by the reaction of glucose oxidase with glucose, coupled to another mediating reaction. Another type of sensor detects events through a shift in the photoluminescence energy. In one scheme DNA hybridizes on the nanotube, resulting in an increased surface coverage of the nanotube after hybridization, causing a photoluminescence energy increase. In another system, divalent ions induce a structural change in DNA strands that are wrapped around SWNTs causing an energy decrease in the nanotube photoluminescence. This sensor is capable of detecting ions even in highly scattering media such as blood, and inside cells. SWNTs represent a new class of materials that have the potential to be widely utilized in various biosensing applications.
Nucleic Acid Arrays
Authors: Miyachi Hirotaka 
Published: February 2008

AbstractAfter the completion of the genome project, researchers confronted the issue of requirement of multiple‐detection tools for gene analysis in a single experiment. Today, nucleic acid arrays are the fashion in the field of biological research, genomics, and medical science. In this chapter, the technical foundations of nucleic acid array technology as well as recent research and developments are discussed. The integration of semiconductor and nanotechnology in array production technologies are also discussed.
Prevalence of parameter indicators of obesity and its relationship with metabolic syndrome in urban Moroccan women
Authors: Ayachi Mohammed El , Mohamed Mziwira , Denis Lairon , Rekia Belahsen 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThis study aimed to examine the relationship between metabolic syndrome (MS) and different types of obesity in urban Moroccan women. On 213 women aged 25–55 years, Triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐c), lower‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐c), and fasting blood glucose levels were assessed. Body mass index (BMI), waist to hip ratio (WHR), Waist circumference (WC), and blood pressure (BP) were also measured. Globally 36.6% of women were overweight (25 ≤ BMI < 30 m2), 23.9% obese (BMI > 30 m2), 19.7% had WHR > 0.85 and 28.8% had WC ≥ 88 cm. Indicators of obesity increased with age and the prevalence of co‐morbid factors increased with obesity. The women with android obesity (WHR > 0.85) and central obesity (WC ≥ 88 cm) had greater risk compared to those with overweight and general obesity. The prevalence of MS was 17.8% and increased (31.49%) with high BMI and high WHR (50%). MS and its co‐morbidity factors are prevalent among Moroccan women aged 35years and over. The exaggerated influence of obesity in this prevalence suggests that the prevention of obesity could prevent MS and its complications. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ontogenesis changes and sex dimorphism of subcutaneous fat distribution: 12‐Year longitudinal study of children and adolescents from Cracow, Poland
Authors: Chrzanowska Maria , Suder Agnieszka 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe aim of the work was to analyze the direction and tempo of subcutaneous fat redistribution during ontogenesis, appearing sex differences and relations to puberty on the basis of 12‐year longitudinal data of 270 boys and 154 girls from Cracow, Poland. They all had complete data (from 7 to 18‐years old) of three trunk (subscapular, abdominal, suprailiac) and three extremity (triceps, knee, medial calf) skinfold thicknesses. The type of subcutaneous adipose tissue distribution was determined based on trunk to extremity ratio to analyze the process of fat redistribution. The analysis included medians of extremity and trunk skinfolds and medians of their sums and age altered frequency of central and peripheral type of fat distribution. To present empirical values, the median variability of the sums of three trunk and extremity skinfolds was calculated using a third degree polynomial as an age function. Polynomial regression of extremity skinfolds median explained 88% of its variability (F = 71.2, P < 0.001) and for trunk skinfolds as far as 96% (F = 111.65, P < 0.001). The median variability curves of both types of distribution crossed at the age of 11.88 in girls and 13.45 in boys directly preceding puberty stage, which indicated clear dependencies between fat redistribution and puberty. The results showed a tight connection between the process of subcutaneous fat redistribution and puberty, and also sex dimorphism of the process. More dynamic fat redistribution in boys contrasted trunk and extremity fatness, while in girls less dynamic changes resulted in more even fatness. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transport properties of natural rubber latex layered clay nanocomposites
Authors: Jacob Ansu , Kurian Philip , Aprem Abi Santhosh 
Published: February 2008

AbstractNatural rubber latex layered clay nanocomposites were prepared with low loadings of nanoclay using conventional compounding technique. A higher loading of clay resulted in processing difficulties due to viscosity build up. X‐ray analysis showed that nanocomposites in which layered silicate layers were either delaminated or ordered as in an intercalated structure was obtained. Partially exfoliated structure was observed from TEM photographs of nanocomposites with 3 phr nanoclay. The transport properties, sorption, diffusion, and permeation coefficients were measured using the solvent toluene at 303 K. A higher decrease for the diffusion coefficient for nanocomposites directs the presence of tortuous path for the diffusing molecules. Thermodynamic parameters show a better compatibility for the silicates with rubber resulted in the formation of an elastomeric network. Gas permeability results of the nanocomposites suggest a better barrier resistancefor oxygen molecules even in lower loading of nanoclay and different gas transport models (Nielsen, Bharadwaj, Cussler) were applied to describe the behavior of these nanocomposites. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Chemoselective hydrolysis of methyl 2‐acetoxybenzoate using free and entrapped esterase in K‐carrageenan beads
Authors: Desai P. D. , Dave A. M. , Devi Surekha 
Published: February 2008

AbstractPorcine liver esterase was entrapped in natural polysaccharides K‐carrageenan and retention of its activity was determined using p‐nitrophenyl acetate as the substrate. The optimum pH for esterase activity of entrapped enzyme showed a little shift towards acidic side. Immobilized enzyme showed improved thermal and storage stability. The entrapped esterase retained 50% of its activity after eight repetitive cycles. Michaelis constant Km for the free and entrapped enzymes was almost same indicting no conformational change during immobilization. Maximum velocity Vmax was observed to decrease on immobilization. The free and entrapped esterase was used for selective hydrolysis of methyl 2‐acetoxybenzoate to methyl 2‐hydroxybenzoate in batch process as well as in a fixed bed reactor. The hydrolysis was observed to be 99% within 2 h for free as well as immobilized enzyme in batch process. The rate of hydrolysis was found to depend on pH. The turn over number of selective hydrolysis in batch and fixed bed reactor was 3.08 × 106 and 1.19 × 107, respectively. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008