bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Improved Cryogen for Plunge Freezing
Authors: Tivol William F. , Briegel Ariane , Jensen Grant J. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe use of an alkane mixture that remains liquid at 77 K to freeze specimens has advantages over the use of a pure alkane that is solid at 77 K. It was found that a mixture of methane and ethane did not give a cooling rate adequate to produce vitreous ice, but a mixture of propane and ethane did result in vitreous ice. Furthermore, the latter mixture produced less damage to specimens mounted on a very thin, fragile holey carbon substrate.
Detection of Single Atoms and Buried Defects in Three Dimensions by Aberration-Corrected Electron Microscope with 0.5-Å Information Limit
Authors: Kisielowski C. , Freitag B. , Bischoff M. , van Lin H. , Lazar S. , Knippels G. , Tiemeijer P. , van der Stam M. , von Harrach S. , Stekelenburg M. , Haider M. , Uhlemann S. , Müller H. , Hartel P. , Kabius B. , Miller D. , Petrov I. , Olson E.A. , Donchev T. , Kenik E.A. , Lupini A.R. , Bentley J. , Pennycook S.J. , Anderson I.M. , Minor A.M. , Schmid A.K. , Duden T. , Radmilovic V. , Ramasse Q.M. , Watanabe M. , Erni R. , Stach E.A. , Denes P. , Dahmen U. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe ability of electron microscopes to analyze all the atoms in individual nanostructures is limited by lens aberrations. However, recent advances in aberration-correcting electron optics have led to greatly enhanced instrument performance and new techniques of electron microscopy. The development of an ultrastable electron microscope with aberration-correcting optics and a monochromated high-brightness source has significantly improved instrument resolution and contrast. In the present work, we report information transfer beyond 50 pm and show images of single gold atoms with a signal-to-noise ratio as large as 10. The instrument's new capabilities were exploited to detect a buried Σ3 {112} grain boundary and observe the dynamic arrangements of single atoms and atom pairs with sub-angstrom resolution. These results mark an important step toward meeting the challenge of determining the three-dimensional atomic-scale structure of nanomaterials.
Erratum: Diversity and abundance of diazotrophic microorganisms in the South China Sea during intermonsoon
Authors: Moisander Pia H , Beinart Roxanne A , Voss Maren , Zehr Jonathan P 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Correction to: The ISME Journal (2008) 2, 954–967; doi:10.1038/ismej.2008.51 The authors of the above noted an error in the footnote to Table 1. The footnote should read: The three different cyanobacterial symbionts in diatoms are Het-1, Richelia (in Rhizosolenia), Het-2, Richelia (in Hemiaulus) andHet-3, Calothrix (in Chaetoceros).
Just-in-time assembly of cell-cycle protein complexes
Authors: Jensen Lars , de Lichtenberg Ulrik , Jensen Thomas , Brunak Søren , Bork Peer 
Published: September 2008

AbstractOur comparative analysis of eukaryotic cell-cycle complexes reveals that the identity of the periodically expressed subunits differs significantly between organisms and is often mirrored by changes in cell-cycle-dependent phosphorylation of the protein products. This indicates that many different solutions have evolved for just-in-time assembly of the same molecular machines.
AAC Language Assessment: Considerations for Adults With Aphasia
Authors: Lasker Joanne P. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
The process of recommending AAC systems and strategies for adults with aphasia requires clinicians to analyze both the language skills of the client and the specific language demands posed by different AAC systems. This paper describes some of the challenges people with aphasia face when attempting to use AAC approaches and presents a brief overview of language assessment techniques for people with aphasia. We review the AAC-Aphasia Classification System (Garrett & Lasker, 2005)—a tool for describing communication behaviors of people with aphasia. We present a brief analysis of the language features inherent in some AAC systems in terms of language storage and retrieval. We also discuss the importance of matching clients' current and potential language skills with an appropriate AAC tool.
Linguistic Interactions: A Therapeutic Consideration for Adults With Aphasia
Authors: Fox Lynn E. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Linguistic interaction models suggest that interrelationships arise between structural language components and between structural and pragmatic components when language is used in social contexts. The linguist, David Crystal (1986, 1987), has proposed that these relationships are central, not peripheral, to achieving desired clinical outcomes. For individuals with severe communication challenges, erratic or unpredictable relationships between structural and pragmatic components can result in atypical patterns of interaction between them and members of their social communities, which may create a perception of disablement. This paper presents a case study of a woman with fluent, Wernicke's aphasia that illustrates how attention to patterns of linguistic interaction may enhance AAC intervention for adults with aphasia.
Augmentative and Alternative Communication Treatment for Persons With Primary Progressive Aphasia
Authors: Fried-Oken Melanie 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Persons with primary progressive aphasia (PPA) are appearing more frequently in our AAC clinics. The syndrome is identified by the insidious onset and gradual loss of word finding, object naming, or word-comprehension skills with otherwise intact cognitive skills over a 2-year period in adults. Management of persons with this language-based neurodegenerative disease challenges our understanding of language competence and performance in adults. Clients present us with questions about when and how to provide intervention techniques and how to change the treatment as they slowly lose language skills. An AAC framework for intervention during the neurodegenerative language process seen in Nonfluent Progressive Aphasia is proposed. Tools and strategies are presented that have been reported in clinical cases for individual clients.
ADZE: a rarefaction approach for counting alleles private to combinations of populations
Authors: Szpiech Zachary A. , Jakobsson Mattias , Rosenberg Noah A. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Motivation: Analysis of the distribution of alleles across populations is a useful tool for examining population diversity and relationships. However, sample sizes often differ across populations, sometimes making it difficult to assess allelic distributions across groups.
Results: We introduce a generalized rarefaction approach for counting alleles private to combinations of populations. Our method evaluates the number of alleles found in each of a set of populations but absent in all remaining populations, considering equal-sized subsamples from each population. Applying this method to a worldwide human microsatellite dataset, we observe a high number of alleles private to the combination of African and Oceanian populations. This result supports the possibility of a migration out of Africa into Oceania separate from the migrations responsible for the majority of the ancestry of the modern populations of Asia, and it highlights the utility of our approach to sample size correction in evaluating hypotheses about population history.
Availability: We have implemented our method in the computer pro-gram ADZE, which is available for download at http://rosenberglab.bioinformatics.med.umich.edu/adze.html.
Contact: szpiechz@umich.edu
Growth, reproduction, and feeding of large monkfish, Lophius americanus
Authors: Johnson A. K. , Richards R. Anne , Cullen Daniel W. , Sutherland Sandra J. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Johnson, A. K., Richards, R. A., Cullen, D. W., and Sutherland, S. J. 2008. Growth, reproduction, and feeding of large monkfish, Lophius americanus. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 1306–1315. The American monkfish, Lophius americanus, supports important commercial fisheries in the Northwest Atlantic. Although life history information is available for smaller L. americanus, the biology of large monkfish (>70 cm) is poorly understood because relatively few large fish are caught in standard resource surveys. Between 2006 and 2008, 699 L. americanus of 71–118 cm total length were collected from commercial gillnet fishers operating in the mid-Atlantic Bight (n = 689) and in the Gulf of Maine (n = 10) to investigate growth rates, reproductive biology, and feeding habits of large monkfish. All those collected were mature females ranging in age from 7 to 13 years. Growth was linear at an average annual rate of 7.6 cm. Hepatosomatic indices peaked in February and gonadosomatic indices between February and April. Postovulatory follicles and vitellogenic oocytes were observed in the same ovaries, evidence that monkfish spawn over a protracted period and possibly more than once annually. Food habits were similar to those reported for smaller benthic phase monkfish, but cannibalism was more prevalent in large fish (5.6% frequency of occurrence). Frequencies of feeding and cannibalism were greatest in females in the final stage of oocyte maturation.
Validation of a method of estimating age, modelling growth, and describing the age composition of Coilia mystus from the Yangtze Estuary, China
Authors: He Wenping , Li Zhongjie , Liu Jiashou , Li Yuxuan , Murphy Brian R. , Xie Songguang 
Published: September 2008

AbstractHe, W., Li, Z., Liu, J., Li, Y., Murphy, B. R., and Xie, S. 2008. Validation of a method of estimating age, modelling growth, and describing the age composition of Coilia mystus from the Yangtze Estuary, China. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 1655–1661. A collection of 577 Coilia mystus was made during April 2006 and 2007 from China’s Yangtze Estuary to estimate the age structure and growth patterns of the population. Examination of sectioned sagittal otoliths revealed a periodic straight/curved growth pattern. The straight zone was from April to November, and the curved zone from October to May, indicating annual periodicity. Annual periodicity was also verified by margin zone analysis. The shift from a curved-zone to the next straight-zone stanza was defined as an annulus. The fish from which the otoliths were taken were 0–5 years old. The von Bertalanffy growth function was fitted to standard length (LS)-at-age data as LS = 215.16 (1 – e−0.53 (t+ 0.30)) (n = 577, r2 = 0.81, p < 0.05). The mature females included five age classes, ages 1 and 2 accounting for 74.3% of the population. The mature males included fish aged 1 and 2, those at age 1 accounting for 86.4% of the population. Mean length was smaller, and annual growth less, for mature males than for females of comparable age. The study demonstrated that the Yangtze population of C. mystus consists of more age classes than previously thought and that the age structure of the population needs to be considered in management decisions.
Characterization of the Drosophila melanogaster retinin gene encoding a cornea‐specific protein
Authors: Kim E. , Choi Y. , Lee S. , Seo Y. , Yoon J. , Baek K. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractTwo‐dimensional analysis of head extracts from Drosophila melanogaster identified the four eye‐specific protein spots corresponding to the retinin protein. The retinin protein spots were specifically stained with phosphoprotein‐specific dye, suggesting that the retinin protein undergoes post‐translational modification by phosphorylation. Northern blot analysis showed that the retinin gene begins to be expressed during the late stage of puparium formation during development. Analysis of the N‐terminal sequence and expression of the retinin gene in S2 suggest that retinin is a secretory protein. Transgenic flies with knockdown expression of the retinin gene by RNA interference (RNAi) were established. However, no significant phenotypic changes in eye structure or phototransduction were observed in the transgenic flies. Western blot analysis and immunohistochemical studies of D. melanogaster eyes suggest that retinin is a cornea‐specific protein.
Rice Resistance to Brown Spot Mediated by Silicon and its Interaction with Manganese
Authors: Zanão Júnior Luiz Antônio , Rodrigues Fabrício Ávila , Fontes Renildes Lucio Ferreira , Korndörfer Gaspar Henrique , Neves Júlio César Lima 
Published: September 2008

AbstractBrown spot is one of the most devasting and prevalent disease of rice and its control is mainly dependent on fungicide application. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the effects of Si and Mn on the development of brown spot on rice plants grown in hydroponic culture. Rice plants (cv. ‘Metica‐1’) were grown in plastic pots containing 0 or 2 mm Si (−Si and +Si treatments, respectively) with three Mn rates (0.5, 2.5 and 10 μm). Plants were inoculated with B. oryzae 39 days after emergence. The following components of resistance were evaluated: incubation period (IP), number of lesions (NL) per cm2 of leaf area, real disease severity (RDS) and area under brown spot progress curve (AUBSPC). The content of Si and Mn in the plant tissues was also determined. Si content was significantly higher in rice tissue of plants of the +Si treatment than of the −Si treatment regardless of the Mn rates used. The Mn rates did not affect the Si content of the rice plants. The Mn content of the rice tissues was significantly higher in the −Si treatment than on +Si treatment, regardless of the Mn rate used. The Mn content was significantly lower at 0.5 μm Mn in comparison to the other rates for both −Si and +Si treatments. The IP of brown spot on rice leaves significantly increased in the +Si treatment; but the Mn rates in the presence of Si had no effect on IP. In the −Si treatment, the IP was significantly higher only at the rate of 2.5 μm. The NL, RDS and AUBSPC were significantly reduced in the +Si treatment regardless of the Mn rates. The Mn rates in the presence of Si had no effect on these components of resistance. Overall, Si dramatically impacted the development of brown spot regardless of the presence of Mn at either low or high rates. This may be useful in regions where the soil has either toxic or deficient levels of Mn and cultivars with brown spot resistance are not commercially available.
Fourier analysis of digital retinal images in estimation of cataract severity
Authors: Abdul‐Rahman Anmar M , Molteno Tim , Molteno Anthony CB 
Published: September 2008

AbstractPurpose:  To evaluate the efficacy of Fourier analysis of digital retinal images in grading cataract severity.Methods:  A total of 330 eyes from 165 patients were divided into 287 phakic and 43 pseudophakic eyes. All patients underwent clinical examination, colour fundus photography and photoscreening. Phakic eyes were classified into 232 cataractous and 55 control eyes using the Lens Opacity Classification System (LOCS III). Assessment was repeated at 6 weeks postoperatively for 157 eyes in the cataractous group and in 24 pseudophakic eyes. The predictive value in assessing cataract severity using discrete Fourier transforms in fundus image analysis was compared with LogMAR visual acuity and LOCS III grading.Results:  The mean age of the population was 71.7 years ± 13.4 (range 19–92) there were 70 (42.4%) males and 95 (57.6%) females. The mean LogMAR visual acuity was 0.44 ± 0.41 (range −0.2 to 1.4). In the cataract group there were 232 eyes (80.8%), the mean age was 75.5 years ± 9.3 (range 21–92). Fourier analysis of retinal images showed a moderate correlation with LOCS III (R2 = 0.59) in grading cataract severity and demonstrated a comparable correlation with visual acuity (R2 = 0.39) as LOCS III (R2 = 0.44). As with LOCS III score the Fourier value had a poor correlation with visual acuity in clear (R2 = 0.05) and pseudophakic lenses (R2 = 0.07).Conclusion:  Fourier analysis is a useful automated method in grading of cataract severity for both pure and mixed types of cataract; however, similar to many objective systems it cannot determine the anatomic type of cataract.
Nucleus extraction in sutureless surgery: getting hooked!
Authors: Murray Neil L , Murray Tania NT 
Published: September 2008

AbstractSimple modifications to a readily available disposable 25 gauge cannula facilitate nucleus extraction in sutureless extracapsular cataract surgery. A case series using the modified cannula, and a temporal incision approach, are presented. Outcomes and complications attributable to the use of the cannula are discussed.
Reducing psychotropic medications in elderly rehabilitation inpatients with a fall‐related admission: How often is it happening?
Authors: Clements Richard M 
Published: September 2008

Aim:  To assess the frequency of psychotropic medication withdrawal in an inpatient geriatric rehabilitation population with a fall‐related admission diagnosis.Methods:  A retrospective medical record audit. The medical records department randomly selected 100 patients admitted between October 2006 and April 2007 to the geriatric rehabilitation ward of Casey Hospital with a fall‐related admission diagnosis.Results:  The population was predominantly female (71%) and elderly (average age, 80 years) with the vast majority of patients living at home (88%) prior to admission. Twenty‐six of 49 (53%) of patients admitted on psychotropic medication were on a reduced regime by discharge (reduced dose or number of psychotropic medications). Just 7 of 100 patients had an increased psychotropic medication regime by discharge. Benzodiazepines were far more likely to be reduced (20/24, 83%) than other psychotropic medications.Conclusion:  This audit does suggest an acceptable awareness in this geriatric rehabilitation setting of the fall risk posed by psychotropic medication. It needs to be further explored why benzodiazepines are so much more likely to be reduced in this population than other psychotropic medications, despite those other types also posing a significant fall risk.
Daily blood glucose profiles of glibenclamide and gliclazide taken once or twice daily in elderly type 2 diabetic patients
Authors: Kigawa Yoshiaki , Oba Kenzo , Futami‐Suda Shoko , Norose Jun , Yasuoka Hiroko , Suzuki Kazunari , Ouchi Motoshi , Watanabe Kentaro , Suzuki Tatsuya , Nakano Hiroshi 
Published: September 2008

Aim:  The aim of this study was to evaluate the difference in daily blood glucose profiles between once‐ and twice‐daily regimens of a moderate daily dose of glibenclamide or gliclazide in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes.Methods:  Daily blood glucose profile data were evaluated in 18 elderly type 2 diabetic patients treated with 80 mg/day gliclazide or 5 mg/day glibenclamide as monotherapy. The first daily blood glucose profile of the twice‐daily regimen was performed approximately 1 week before hospital discharge, and the second was performed after taking a once‐daily regimen for 4–7 days. Plasma glucose and plasma immunoreactive insulin (IRI) concentrations were measured daily at 12 time points: 08.00 (before breakfast); 10.00; 12.00 (before lunch); 14.00; 18.00 (before dinner); 20.00; 0.00; 02.00; 03.00; 04.00; 06.00; and 08.00 hours the next morning.Results:  Daily blood glucose profiles and plasma IRI profiles did not differ between the once‐ and twice‐daily regimen groups in either the gliclazide group or the glibenclamide group. Plasma glucose values between midnight and early morning tended to be lower than the 08.00 hours plasma glucose value in the glibenclamide group, but not in the gliclazide group.Conclusion:  These results suggest that the blood glucose‐lowering effects of a once‐ and twice‐daily moderate daily dose of glibenclamide or gliclazide do not differ in elderly type 2 diabetic patients. However, glibenclamide, regardless of the dosage schedule, tends to lower the plasma glucose values between midnight and early morning.
In‐depth descriptive analysis of trends in prevalence of long‐term care in Japan
Authors: Fukuda Yoshiharu , Nakao Hiroyuki , Yahata Yuichiro , Imai Hirohisa 
Published: September 2008

Background:  Long‐term care (LTC) insurance was introduced in Japan in 2000. Herein, we describe the trends in demand for LTC, using age‐standardized and level‐specific rates of entitlement and utilization of LTC at national and prefectural levels.Methods:  We analyzed LTC data from 2002–2005 to examine: (i) the influence of population aging, calculating crude and age‐standardized entitlement and utilization rates; (ii) the relation between baseline entitlement rate and increase in the rate over this 3‐year period; and (iii) differences in increases in entitlement rate between low and high care levels.Results:  The entitlement and utilization rates increased even after adjustment for age; approximately two‐thirds of the increase was not due to population aging. Variations in the entitlement rates among prefectures did not decrease (coefficient of variance was 0.12 in 2002 and 0.11 in 2005), and there was no significant correlation between baseline entitlement rates and the later increases among prefectures (r = −0.20, P = 0.19). The increase in entitlement rate was larger for low than for high care levels (31% vs 6%), and those for low and high care levels were weakly correlated.Conclusion:  This study suggested that a large part of the increase in LTC demand could not be explained by population aging, and the increase did not result from equalization of LTC services across the country. In addition, it seems that the demands of low and high care levels depend on different factors. The increase in LTC demand should be monitored carefully to identify underlying factors and to ensure sustainability of the system.
Effects of aging and sex on progression of carotid intima‐media thickness: A retrospective 6‐year follow‐up study
Authors: Takato Tetsuya , Yamada Namie , Ashida Terunao 
Published: September 2008

Aim:  We retrospectively examined the relationship of aging, sex and risk factors to increased carotid intima‐media thickness (IMT) over a follow‐up period of 6 years in patients with multiple risk factors.Methods:  Subjects were comprised of 463 patients (287 men, 176 women) with a mean age of 64 ± 0.4 years who had undergone carotid ultrasonography twice or more at intervals of 5 years or older. The mean follow‐up period was 6.0 ± 0.1 years.Results:  Mean baseline IMT for all subjects was 1.40 ± 0.02 mm, and no significant difference was seen between sexes. Mean IMT after 6 years for all subjects was 1.84 ± 0.03 mm, and was significantly greater in men than in women. Mean annual increase in IMT (ΔIMT) for all subjects was 0.073 ± 0.005 mm/year, with a significant positive correlation between baseline age and ΔIMT (r = 0.11, P < 0.05), and ΔIMT was significantly greater in men than in women (0.087 ± 0.007 mm vs 0.050 ± 0.007 mm, P < 0.001). IMT increased with age in both men and women, but ΔIMT increased with age only in men. Multivariate analysis showed baseline age and diabetes mellitus as significant risk factors with baseline IMT as the objective variable. Age and sex represented significant risk factors with ΔIMT as the objective variable.Conclusion:  Sex differences exist in the relationship between increases in IMT and age. Age, sex and diabetes mellitus represented the main risk factors.