bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE STABILITY IN WATER OF A NEW CHLORAMINE DISINFECTANT AS A FUNCTION OF pH, TEMPERATURE, AND WATER QUALITY1
Authors: Worley S. D. , Burkett H. D. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe stabilities in water and dry storage of two solid‐state disinfectants (3‐chloro‐4, 4‐dimethyl‐2‐oxazolidinone, agent I, and calcium hypochlorite) have been compared under a variety of conditions. Variables in the study included pH, temperature, and water quality. Agent I is considerably more stable in dry storage and in water, especially at pH 4.5 and 7.0, than is calcium hypochlorite. This is true for solutions of the two compounds in sterile, distilled, deionized, demandfree water or in a synthetic water containing heavy organic load. Prior work in these laboratories concerning use of agent I as a disinfectant for lake water in a laboratory‐scale treatment plant had suggested that agent I has considerable potential for use as an alternative to cholorine gas for water disinfection. The present work suggests that agent I is of sufficient stability to be of use as a solid‐state disinfectant for swimming pools and for potable water for remote areas.
AN EVALUATION OF THE HYDROLOGIC SOIL GROUPS AS USED IN THE SCS RUNOFF METHOD ON RANGELANDS1
Authors: Wood M. Karl , Blackburn Wilbert H. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT:The U.S. Soil Conservation Service has developed a method for estimating runoff for small watersheds when stream flow data are not available. The technique is based on a simplified infiltration model of runoff using various kinds of soil, land use, and empirical approximation.
WATER DEMAND AT WESTERN U.S. RECREATION DEVELOPMENTS1
Authors: Hughes Trevor C. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTAlthough the volume of potable water used at recreation developments is minor relative to total regional water use, very high quality is required and the source is often of limited capacity, such as a mountain spring or small local aquifer. Frequent confrontations between developers and regulatory agencies result from claims by developers that water demand will be very small while regulators tend to treat such developments the same as municipal residence. Almost no published data base exists for resolving such conflicts. Included here are: 1) Water use measurements of various peak period durations (seasonal, monthly, daily, and instantaneous) at several types of recreational developments in Utah and Wyoming (mountain cabins, both ski‐ and water‐based condominiums, and recreation vehicle campgrounds), 2) statistical (frequency) analysis of the data and a comparison with municipal demands in the same region, and 3) analysis of occupancy rates at the various categories of developments.
IDENTIFICATION OF AN OPTIMAL GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT STRATEGY IN A CONTAMINATED AQUIFER1
Authors: Colarullo Susan J. , Heidari Manoutchehr , III Thomas Maddock 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTA groundwater hydraulic management model is used to identify the optimal strategy for allocating limited fresh‐water supplies and containing wastes in a hypothetical aquifer affected by brine contamination from surface disposal ponds. The present cost of pumping from a network of potential supply and interception wells is minimized over a five‐year planning period, subject to a set of hydraulic, institutional, and legal constraints. Hydraulic constraints are formulated using linear systems theory to describe drawdown and velocity variables as linear functions of supply and interception well discharge decision variables. Successful validation of the optimal management strategy suggests that the model formulation can feasibly be applied to define management options for locally contaminated aquifer systems which are used to fulfill fresh‐water demands.
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF TECHNIQUES FOR SPATIAL INTERPOLATION OF PRECIPITATION1
Authors: Tabios Guillermo Q. , Salas Jose D. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTOne of the problems which often arises in engineering hydrology is to estimate data at a given site because either the data are missing or the site is ungaged. Such estimates can be made by spatial interpolation of data available at other sites. A number of spatial interpolation techniques are available today with varying degrees of complexity. It is the intent of this paper to compare the applicability of various proposed interpolation techniques for estimating annual precipitation at selected sites.The interpolation techniques analyzed include the commonly used Thiessen polygon, the classical polynomial interpolation by least‐squares or Lagrange approach, the inverse distance technique, the multiquadric interpolation, the optimal interpolation and the Kriging technique. Thirty years of annual precipitation data at 29 stations located in the Region II of the North Central continental United States have been used for this study. The comparison is based on the error of estimates obtained at five selected sites. Results indicate that the Kriging and optimal interpolation techniques are superior to the other techniques. However, the multiquadric technique is almost as good as those two. The inverse distance interpolation and the Thiessen polygon gave fairly satisfactory results while the polynomial interpolation did not produce good results.
FOURIER INFERENCE: SOME METHODS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF ARRAY AND NONGAUSSIAN SERIES DATA1
Authors: Brillinger David R. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTFourier inference is a collection of analytic techniques and philosophic attitudes, for the analysis of data, wherein essential use is made of empirical Fourier transforms. This paper sets down some basic results concerning the finite Fourier transforms of stationary process data and then, to illustrate the approach, uses those results to develop procedures for: 1) estimating cloud and storm motion, 2) passive sonar and 3) fitting finite parameter models to nonGaussian time series via bispectral fitting. This last procedure is illustrated by an analysis of a stretch of Mississippi River runoff data. Examples 1), 2) refer to data having the form Y(xj, yj, t) for j = 1, …, J and t = 0, …, T‐l say, and view that data as part of a realization of a spatial‐temporal process. Such data has become common in geophysics generally and in hydrology particularly. The goal of this paper is to present some new statistical procedures pertinent to problems in the water sciences, equally it is to illustrate the genesis of those procedures and how their properties may be approximated.
AN EVALUATION OF EIGHT WASTELOAD ALLOCATION METHODS1
Authors: Chadderton Ronald A. , Kropp Irene S. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTEvidence suggests that there is no superior wasteload allocation method. Eight allocation strategies have been evaluated based on: total cost of implementation, equity in distributing costs and loads among dischargers, effectiveness in use of available waste assimilative capacity, and sensitivity to changes in water‐quality‐related variables. One method, which allocated equal percentages of the maximum allowable dissolved oxygen deficit, was eliminated as a feasible strategy because it led to excessive costs and overly conservative load estimates. The other seven methods remained viable alternatives. Two methods proved to be insensitive to changes in the water‐quality‐related variables tested, which may be advantageous in certain applications. This report presents seven workable alternatives that may be used in wasteload allocation and demonstrates a procedure to determine the practicability of other methods.
PATTERNS OF SUSPENDED SEDIMENT TRANSPORT IN A COASTAL ALASKA STREAM1
Authors: Sidle Roy C. , Campbell Alan J. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTSuspended sediment data from a 154 ha watershed on northeast Chichagof Island, Alaska, were collected over three fall storm seasons from 1980 to 1982. Sediment rating curves for nine pooled storms explained less than 34 percent of the variation in total suspended solids (TSS). Significantly higher concentrations of suspended sediment occurred during the rising limb of storm hydrographs than for similar flows on the falling limb, accounting for hysteresis loops in TSS versus streamflow plots for individual storms. These hysteresis loops were wider during early season storms, indicating that easily transportable fine sediment may have been flushed from the upper portion of channel banks and from behind large organic debris during early season peak flows. Regression relationships (TSS versus Q) developed for the highest stormflows (> 1 m3/s) had steeper slopes than the lower stormflows (< 1 m3/s). Turbidity correlated well (r=0.94) with TSS for all storm‐flow data combined. Organic matter constituted an average of 35 percent (by weight) of TSS for all water quality samples.
USING LANDSAT DATA TO CLASSIFY LAND USE FOR ASSESSING THE BASINWIDE RUNOFF INDEX1
Authors: Still D. A. , Shih S. F. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTRemote sensing data in the form of Landsat computer compatible tapes (CCT) was used to determine land use and land cover as an aid in hydrologic studies that were used to estimated a basinwide runoff index. With the use of the General Electric Image 100 multispectral image processing system in conjunction with the Earth Resources Laboratory Application Software (ELAS), CCT's on February 9, 1976, were analyzed by spectral differences to determine unique land use conditions within the Econlockhatchee (Econ) River Basin, Florida. The result showed that the Landsat data can be successfully used to monitor the USGS land use Level 1. An advantage of using the Landsat data for land use classification is that new data are periodically available for updating the land use information. The Soil Conservation Service curve number was used to establish a basinwide runoff index which includes a prime variable of land use changes with the time. The basinwide runoff index in 1972 (with USGS 1972 Land Use maps) was similar to the one in 1976 (with Landsat data dated February 9, 1976). This implies that the runoff from the entire Econ Basin was not noticeably changed during the period of 1972 and 1976.
BEDROCK CONTROLS ON STREAM CHANNEL ENLARGEMENT WITH URBANIZATION, NORTH CENTRAL TEXAS1
Authors: Allen Peter M. , Narramore Rebecca 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTLoss due to channel erosion in the Dallas, Texas, area is estimated to approach one‐half million dollars in the last several years. Hydrogeomorphic analysis of natural and urban chalk and shale watersheds was performed in the central Texas area on watersheds ranging in size from 0.5 to 10 square miles in an effort to more adequately predict channel enlargement due to urbanization.Chalk watersheds were found to have greater drainage density, greater channel slope, lower sinuosity, and greater discharge per unit area than similar sized shale watersheds under natural conditions. With subsequent urbanization of the watersheds, chalk channel enlargement was from 12 to 67 percent greater than shale channel enlargement for similar sized watersheds. Greater enlargement in chalk channels is attributed to greater channel velocities and unit tractive force. Vegetation seems to play a significant role in influencing channel adjustments to the new flow regimes brought on by urbanization.Channel response to urbanization is documented and specific nonstructural guidelines are proposed which could reduce structural loss along urban stream channels.
FLOOD‐RUNOFF FORECASTING WITH HEC1F1
Authors: Peters John C. , Ely Paul B. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTHEC1F is a computer program for making short‐ to medium‐term forecasts of uncontrolled flood runoff. The program employs unit hydrographs and hydrologic routing to simulate runoff from a subdivided basin. Estimates of future rainfall can be accommodated. Runoff parameters for gaged headwater subbasins can be estimated (optimized) in real time. Blending of calculated with observed hydrographs can be performed. HEC1F is a component of an on‐line software system that includes capability for data acquisition and processing, precipitation analysis, streamflow forecasting, reservoir system analysis, and graphical display of data and simulation results. The conceptual framework for HEC1F is described, and application of the program is illustrated.
SOME GEOMORPHIC RELATIONSHIPS AND HYDROGRAPH ANALYSIS1
Authors: Rogers W. F. , Singh V. P. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: First order drainage channels originate when the tractive force exerted by flowing water is sufficient to move surface sediment. The amount of runoff available to move sediment is a function of geologic and climatic characteristics. An experimental analysis showed that soils derived from fine grained rocks had lower infiltration rates and higher runoff volume than soils derived from coarser grained rocks in a semi‐arid climate. Root density and penetration increased in a more humid climate and increased infiltration rates. The number of first order channels was inversely proportional to the infiltration capacity of the soil.Each first order channel acts as a source area for surface runoff. The distribution of first order channel distances from the gage determines the timing of the delivery of water to the gage. A comparison of the frequency histogram of first order channel distances for drainage basins in Pennsylvania and their hydxographs of runoff from general storms showed marked similarity. This close correspondence indicated the shape of the surface runoff hydrograph and was largely controlled by the distribution of first order channel distances.
DISTRIBUTION OF BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATES IN A STREAM EXPOSED TO URBAN RUNOFF1
Authors: Garie Henry L. , McIntosh Alan 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A study of benthic macroinvertebrate community composition was conducted at eight sites along Shabakunk Creek, a small stream in Mercer County, New Jersey, which receives urban runoff. The relationship between changes in substrate composition and the nature of the benthic macroinvertebrate community has been examined. Organisms were collected seasonally from natural substrates in riffles. Attempts to employ artificial substrates for invertebrate collection proved unsuccessful, as the population on the samplers was not representative of that in the stream bed.Number of total benthic macroinvertebrate taxa collected declined from 13 in relatively undeveloped upstream areas to four below heavily developed areas, while population density decreased simultaneously in the same areas. Periphyton samples collected from natural substrates were analyzed for selected heavy metals. Significantly higher heavy metal concentrations are reported from substrates sampled below heavily developed areas, and changes in these values are discussed with regard to changes in benthic macroinvertebrate distribution.
REGIONAL RAINFALL INTENSITY‐DURATION‐FREQUENCY CURVES FOR PENNSYLVANIA1
Authors: Aron Gert , Wall David J. , White Elizabeth L. , Dunn Christopher N. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A statistical analysis of all available continuous hourly and 15‐minute duration rainfall records for Pennsylvania was performed to develop an updated procedure to estimate design storms. As a resuit of this study, Pennsylvania was divided into five homogeneous rainfall regions and a set of rainfall intensity‐duration curves developed for each region, for return periods of 1 to 100 years and durations ranging from 5 minutes to 24 hours. The PDT‐IDF curves were judged to be a better representation of Pennsylvania rainfall than the nationwide TP‐40 maps, particularly for storm events of 10‐years and lower return periods.The average time distribution of 24‐hour storms in Pennsylvania was found to be well represented by the SCS Type II distribution. The Corps of Engineers SPS 24‐hour distribution was found to differ appreciably from both the SCS Type H and the Pennsylvania 24‐hour storm distribution. For storm durations between 15 and 90 minutes the standard Yarnell intensity‐duration curves closely resemble Pennsylvania storm distributions.
INFILTRATION CAPACITY OF DISTURBED SOILS: TEMPORAL CHANGE AND LITHOLOGIC CONTROL1
Authors: Jorgensen David W. , Gardner Thomas W. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The hydrologic character and response of disturbed land is controlled, to a large degree, by soil infiltration characteristics. Reconstructed soils on surface mines (minesoils) of different age (1 to 4 years old) are used to investigate infiltration rates on disturbed landscapes. The data consist of soil/surface properties and runoff volumes fit to the Horton infiltration equation.Infiltration rates on newly reclaimed minesoils are an order of magnitude lower than adjacent, undisturbed soil. Few significant correlations exist between soil/surface properties and infiltration parameters for newly reclaimed soils. However, the correlation between infiltration and minesoil characteristics increases with soil age. Multiple regressions are used to explore relationships between infiltration parameters and soil/surface properties for each soil age. Regression models of 30‐min infiltration volume and the steady‐state rate consistently include the percent silt and clay, slope, bulk density, and vegetation.Mean infiltration volumes at different mines are equal in the first year following reclamation, but become significantly different with surface age. The magnitude of the increase is controlled by the soil texture, vegetation, slope, and bulk density. Soil characteristics are determined ultimately by the overburden lithology and its effect on mineralogy and grain size during physical redistribution of soil particles and initial weathering.
INTERPLAY BETWEEN PARAMETER UNCERTAINTY AND MODEL AGGREGATION ERROR1
Authors: Warwick John J. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTS: Modeling error can be divided into two basic components: use of an incorrect model and input parameter uncertainty. Incorrect model usage can be further subdivided into inappropriate model selection and inherent modeling error due to process aggregation. Total modeling error is a culmination of these various modeling error components, with overall optimization requiring reductions in all.A technique, utilizing Monte Carlo analysis, is employed to investigate the relative importance of input parameter uncertainty versus process aggregation error. An expanded form of the Streeter‐Phelps dissolved oxygen equation is used to demonstrate the application of this technique. A variety of scenarios are analyzed to illustrate the relative obfuscation of each modeling error component. Under certain circumstances an aggregated model performs better than a more complex model, which perfectly simulates the real system. Alternately, process aggregation error dominates total modeling error for other situations. The ability to differentiate modeling error impact is a function of the desired or imposed model performance level (accuracy tolerance).
UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS OF RUNOFF ESTIMATES FROM A RUNOFF CONTOUR MAP1
Authors: Rochelle Barry P , Stevens Donald L. , Church M. Robbins. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in cooperation with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) conducted an analysis to quantify the uncertainty associated with interpolating runoff to specific sites using a runoff contour map. We interpolated runoff to 93 gaged watersheds from a runoff contour map using (1) hand interpolation to the watershed outlet, (2) a computer interpolation to the watershed outlet, and (3) hand interpolation to the watershed centroid. We compared the interpolated values to the actual gaged values and found that there was a bias in the average interpolated value for runoff estimated at basin outlets, with interpolated values being less than the actual. We found no significant difference between the hand interpolation method and the computer interpolation method except that the computer method tended to have higher variability due to factors inherent to the software used. There were no strong spatial correlations or regional patterns in the runoff interpolations, which indicates that there are no regional biases introduced in the development of the contour map.We determined that we could estimate runoff, on the average, within approximately 8.9 cm (3.5 in; 15 percent) of the measured value using the three methods. The results of this work indicate that runoff contour maps can he used in regional studies to estimate runoff to ungaged systems with quantifiable uncertainty.
HYDROLOGIC UNCERTAINTY MEASURE AND NETWORK DESIGN1
Authors: Husain Tahir 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: This paper presents a simple methodology, using the entropy concept, to estimate regional hydro logic uncertainty and information at both gaged and ungaged grids in a basin. The methodology described in this paper is applicable for (a) the selection of the optimum station from a dense network, using maximization of information transmission criteria, and (b) expansion of a network using data from an existing sparse network by means of the information interpolation concept and identification of the zones from minimum hydrologic information. The computation of single and joint entropy terms used in the above two cases depends upon single and multivariable probability density functions. In this paper, these terms are derived for the gamma distribution.The derived formulation for optimum hydrologic network design was tested using the data from a network of 29 rain gages on Sleeper River Experimental Watershed. For the purpose of network reduction, the watershed was divided into three subregions, and the optimum stations and their locations in each subregion were identified. To apply the network expansion methodology, only the network consisting of 13 stations was used, and feasible triangular elements were formed by joining the stations. Hydrologic information was calculated at various points on the line segments, and critical information zones were identified by plotting information contours. The entropy concept used in this paper, although derived for single and bivaviate gamma distribution, is general in type and can easily be modified for other distributions by a simple variable transformation criterion.