bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Meteorological factors influencing the occurrence of air pollution episodes involving chimney plumes
Authors: Fisher Bernard 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThis paper is concerned with meteorological processes that may have an influence on the occurrence of episodes of high pollution involving chimney plumes. It reviews meteorological mechanisms that could lead to or maintain high concentrations at distances beyond the range normally considered in dispersion models (distances greater than 30 km). Fundamental parameters of the atmospheric boundary layer are shown to largely determine short‐range and long‐range dispersion, but their values are usually not well known in specific cases. A simple estimate is provided of the magnitude of the maximum hourly average concentrations during a long‐range fumigation episode from a tall stack. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society
Turbulent kinetic energy in the atmospheric surface layer during the summer monsoon
Authors: Srivastava Manoj K , Sarthi P Parth 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) in the atmospheric surface layer (ASL) gives a measure of the intensity of turbulence that could be altered or brought about by mechanical generation, by thermal generation, through vertical transport into or away, and through dissipation. TKE is mainly responsible for the transportation of pollutants suspended in the air. In this paper, TKE evolution in the ASL is studied for Kharagpur (22.20° N, 87.18° E) during the summer monsoon by making use of data from a 30 m micrometeorological tower set up as part of the Monsoon Trough Boundary Layer Experiment (MONTBLEX). Under steady state and homogeneous conditions the various terms in the TKE equation are studied for active and non‐active phases of the monsoon in 1990. Their day‐to‐day variations and the budgets are studied at the 8 m and 15 m levels. The study reveals strong day‐to‐day variation and significant vertical variations within the ASL. Despite being a tropical station, the buoyancy term is much less than the contribution by mechanical generation ostensibly due to the monsoon. There are also differences between active and non‐active phases of the monsoon. Mechanical generation by wind shear has been found to be the dominating production term, while dissipation dominates the magnitude of all other terms. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society
The environmental Kuznets curve and satiation: a simple static model
Authors: Lieb Christoph M. 
Published: July 2002

The environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) is a hypothesis stating that pollution rises with income at low income levels but falls at higher ones. We analyse the EKC in a representative consumer model in which pollution is generated by consumption and can be abated. We show that at low income levels no abatement is optimal and pollution increases with income. Once abatement expenditures are positive, we demonstrate that satiation in consumption is not only sufficient to find an EKC, but a tendency to satiation—or in other words the condition that environmental quality is a normal good—is even necessary if we assume a standard functional form for the pollution function. Finally, we reconsider the results of two related models of the literature: We verify that the relationship between the income elasticity of demand for environmental quality and the EKC is ambiguous.(JEL: D62, O40, Q20)
Theory and practice
Authors: THE EDITORS  
Published: July 2002

Theory is usually assumed to precede practice but ‘Practice preceding theory’ is the
telling sub-title to Patrick Hodgkinson's essay on Leslie Martin on p. 297 of this issue.
It is a full year since we published an extended celebration of Martin's work together
with his essay ‘The grid as generator’ (arq 4/4). Kenneth Frampton's subsequent
Postscript (arq 5/1) placed Martin in a historical perspective. Spurred by Frampton's
assessment, Hodgkinson now reminds us how Martin's later theoretical work can be
said to have had its origins in the studio's early work.This thought-provoking reminder comes at a time when, in the UK, architecture's
standing as a research-led university discipline remains as low as ever. Once again in
the government's recent Research Assessment Exercise no architecture school
achieved the highest rating. This was unremarked upon both by the professional
press (which was much more interested in the upsets at the top end of the league-table)
and by the RIBA (which probably hasn't even noticed and has certainly never
grasped the significance of university research). It seems that neither much of the
‘theory’ which so many architecture academics expound nor the odd bit of practice
that they manage to undertake is highly rated by the assessors.This, of course, is not the outcome intended by the 1958 Oxford Conference on
Architectural Education (master-minded by Martin) which determined that in future
all architects should be educated within the research-led university system. But does
the RAE debacle matter? It certainly does. Research-rich schools are better resourced
— and that benefits both teaching and practice. We need to take a hard look at why
architecture fares so badly — and to question its grouping with construction
management and surveying. We must also consider the very nature of university-based
architectural research. Hodgkinson is right when he concludes, ‘much
thought still needs to be given to architectural theory if it is to raise itself from being
purely academic — and therefore practically useful.’But take a look, too, at the articles on pp. 305 and 312 of this issue. The first, by
occasional practitioner and academic Peter Blundell Jones, sets out the case for
‘Working with the given’. In the second, ‘New meanings from old buildings’, Blundell
Jones and another practitioner/academic, John Sergeant, appraise three very modest
house conversions and extensions designed by them and by David Lea. These
architects have evolved their position over many years — developing, through
building, discussion and writing, a genuinely sustainable approach to the use of
resources. Their buildings may be modest but, together with their writing, they
eloquently encapsulate an approach or theory that is increasingly relevant — and
utterly practical.
Publication bias in ecology and evolution: an empirical assessment using the ‘trim and fill’ method
Authors: JENNIONS MICHAEL D. , MØLLER ANDERS P. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTRecent reviews of specific topics, such as the relationship between male attractiveness to females and fluctuating asymmetry or attractiveness and the expression of secondary sexual characters, suggest that publication bias might be a problem in ecology and evolution. In these cases, there is a significant negative correlation between the sample size of published studies and the magnitude or strength of the research findings (formally the ‘effect size’). If all studies that are conducted are equally likely to be published, irrespective of their findings, there should not be a directional relationship between effect size and sample size; only a decrease in the variance in effect size as sample size increases due to a reduction in sampling error. One interpretation of these reports of negative correlations is that studies with small sample sizes and weaker findings (smaller effect sizes) are less likely to be published. If the biological literature is systematically biased this could undermine the attempts of reviewers to summarise actual biology relationships by inflating estimates of average effect sizes. But how common is this problem? And does it really effect the general conclusions of literature reviews? Here, we examine data sets of effect sizes extracted from 40 peer‐reviewed, published meta‐analyses. We estimate how many studies are missing using the newly developed ‘trim and fill’ method. This method uses asymmetry in plots of effect size against sample size (‘funnel plots’) to detect ‘missing’ studies. For random‐effect models of meta‐analysis 38% (15/40) of data sets had a significant number of ‘missing’ studies. After correcting for potential publication bias, 21% (8/38) of weighted mean effects were no longer significantly greater than zero, and 15% (5/34) were no longer statistically robust when we used random‐effects models in a weighted meta‐analysis. The mean correlation between sample size and the magnitude of standardised effect size was also significantly negative (rs=‐0.20, P < 0‐0001). Individual correlations were significantly negative (P < 0.10) in 35% (14/40) of cases. Publication bias may therefore effect the main conclusions of at least 15–21% of meta‐analyses. We suggest that future literature reviews assess the robustness of their main conclusions by correcting for potential publication bias using the ‘trim and fill’ method.
Progression of fibrosis in untreated patients with hepatitis C virus infection
Authors: Lagging L. Martin , Westin Johan , Svensson Elisabeth , Aires Nibia , Dhillon Amar P. , Lindh Magnus , Wejstål Rune , Norkrans Gunnar 
Published: July 2002

Abstract: Background/Methods:In order to evaluate the progression of liver fibrosis associated with Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, two liver biopsy specimens obtained prior to antiviral therapy from 98 patients with HCV were scored and evaluated using statistical methods appropriate for ordered categorical data.Results/conclusions:Greater progression of fibrosis was seen with increasing time between the biopsies. Likewise, the change in fibrosis score was significantly more pronounced in the 11 patients whose first biopsy was obtained within the first year after acquiring HCV. A multivariate logistic regression analysis of possible explanatory factors for the fibrosis outcome showed that interface hepatitis in both biopsies, the time interval between the biopsies, and age at first biopsy were associated with change in the fibrosis score. In addition we found that higher age at the time of infection was associated with development of cirrhosis, that moderate intake of alcohol was associated with fibrosis progression, and that an inflammatory response in the form of moderate interface hepatitis in the first biopsy was not necessarily associated with greater progression of fibrosis if the second biopsy showed mild interface hepatitis. However, having moderate interface hepatitis later in the course of infection as reflected by the second biopsy may be detrimental. If moderate interface hepatitis early in the course of the disease is followed by less interface hepatitis later there is less fibrosis; and if moderate interface hepatitis persists, there is more fibrosis eventually.
Isolation, characterization, and family study of DTI, a novel partial D phenotype affecting the fourth external loop of D polypeptides
Authors: Omi Toshinori , Takahashi Junko , Seno Taiko , Tanaka Mitsunobu , Hirayama Fumiya , Matsuo Michie , Ueda Naoki , Obara Kenryo , Okuda Hiroshi , Iwamoto Sadahiko , Tani Yoshihiko , Kajii Eiji 
Published: July 2002

BACKGROUND: The Rh system is the most polymorphic of the blood group systems and is of major importance in transfusion medicine. The partial D phenotypes lack one or more of the D epitopes. These variants appear to have arisen through hybrid RhD‐CE‐D or by spontaneous point mutations in RhD. The serologic findings and the molecular characterization of a novel partial D phenotype, termed DTI, are presented here. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: RBCs from the DTI proband and RBCs from individuals with other partial D phenotypes were tested with MoAbs against 16 D epi‐ topes, according to the recommendations of the 4th ISBT Workshop on MoAbs (Rh Section 1A). A full‐length cDNA encoding DTI and introns 4 and 5 of RhD were isolated and analyzed by DNA sequencing. A family study of the DTI allele was carried out using PCR‐RFLP and long‐range PCR methods. RESULTS: Analysis of RBCs from the proband revealed that the DTI phenotype lacks epitopes D1, D2.1 (partial), D2.2, D5, D6 (partial), and D8. The DTI polypeptide exhibits seven amino acid substitutions in the D polypeptide: F223V, A226P, E233Q, V238M, V245L, G263R, and K267M. The genomic organization of DTI showed that the replacement of RhD with RhCE was located in intron 4, and the replacement of RhCE with RhD was located in intron 5. Family studies revealed that the DTI allele was inherited maternally, whereas the RhD− allele was inherited paternally in the proband. CONCLUSION: The serologic data provide the first molecular characterization of DTI, a previously unknown partial D phenotype. This phenotype affected the D polypeptide within the fourth external loop, resulting in a new RhD‐CE (entire exon 5)‐D hybrid gene. It is worth noting that P226, encoded by exon 5, is derived from E of RhCE in the DTI polypeptide. Family studies demonstrated that DTI was associated with a cDTIE haplotype.
Embryonic Arrhythmia by Inhibition of HERG Channels: A Common Hypoxia‐related Teratogenic Mechanism for Antiepileptic Drugs?
Authors: Azarbayjani Faranak , Danielsson Bengt R. 
Published: July 2002

Summary:  Purpose: There is evidence that drug‐induced embryonic arrhythmia initiates phenytoin (PHT) teratogenicity. The arrhythmia, which links to the potential of PHT to inhibit a specific potassium channel (Ikr), may result in episodes of embryonic ischemia and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) at reperfusion. This study sought to determine whether the proposed mechanism might be relevant for the teratogenic antiepileptic drug trimethadione (TMO).Methods: Effects on embryonic heart rhythm during various stages of organogenesis were examined in CD‐1 mice after maternal administration (125–1,000 mg/kg) of dimethadione (DMO), the pharmacologically active metabolite of TMO. Palatal development was examined after administration of a teratogenic dose of DMO and after simultaneous treatment with DMO and a ROS‐capturing agent (α‐phenyl‐N‐tert‐butyl‐nitrone; PBN). The Ikr blocking potentials of TMO and DMO were investigated in HERG‐transfected cells by using voltage patch‐clamping tests.Results: DMO caused stage‐specific (gestation days 9–13 only) and dose‐dependent embryonic bradycardia and arrhythmia at clinically relevant maternal plasma concentrations (3–11 mM). Hemorrhage in the nasopharyngeal part of the embryonic palate (within 24 h) preceded cleft palate in fetuses at term. Simultaneous treatment with PBN significantly reduced the incidence of DMO‐induced cleft palate, from 40 to 13%. Voltage patch‐clamping studies showed that particularly DMO (70% inhibition), but also TMO, had Ikr blocking potential at clinically relevant concentrations.Conclusions: TMO teratogenicity, in the same way as previously shown for PHT, was associated with Ikr‐mediated episodes of embryonic cardiac arrhythmia and hypoxia/reoxygenation damage.
Working artefacts: ethnomethods of the prototype
Authors: Suchman Lucy , Trigg Randall , Blomberg Jeanette 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTThis paper follows recent science studies in theorizing information technologies as socio‐material configurations, aligned into more and less durable forms. The study of how new technologies emerge shifts, on this view, from a focus on invention to an interest in ongoing practices of assembly, demonstration, and performance. This view is developed in relation to the case of the ‘prototype’, an exploratory technology designed to effect alignment between the multiple interests and working practices of technology research and development, and sites of technologies‐in‐use. In so far as it is successful, the prototype works as an exemplary artefact that is at once intelligibly familiar to the actors involved, and recognizably new.
Lateral hopping conductivity and large negative
magnetoresistance in InAs/AlGaAs self-organized quantum dots
Authors: B Kochman  , S Ghosh  , J Singh  , P Bhattacharya  
Published: July 2002

We report experimental studies on lateral transport in
self-organized quantum dots. We find that below 100 K, conduction occurs
through interdot hopping and that experimental results are described
quite well by a variable-range hopping model. In the hopping regime, the
in-plane conductance varies as G = G
0exp [(-T
0/T)1/3], and
T
0 is found to be 7100-9400 K. We have also observed a large
negative magnetoresistance in this structure.
Visualizing metabolic activity on a genome-wide scale
Authors: Luyf A. C. M. , de Gast J. , van Kampen A. H. C. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Motivation: To enhance the exploration of gene expression data in a metabolic context, one requires an application that allows the integration of this data and which represents this data in a (genome-wide) metabolic map. The layout of this metabolic map must be highly flexible to enable discoveries of biological phenomena. Moreover, it must allow the simultaneous representation of additional information about genes and enzymes. Since the layout and properties of existing maps did not fulfill our requirements, we developed a new way of representing gene expression data in metabolic charts.
Results: ViMAc generates user-specified (genome-wide) metabolic maps to explore gene expression data. To enhance the interpretation of these maps information such as sub-cellular localization is included. ViMAc can be used to analyse human or yeast expression data obtained with DNA microarrays or SAGE. We introduce our metabolic map method and demonstrate how it can be applied to explore DNA microarray data for yeast.
Availability: ViMAc is freely available for academic institutions on request from the authors.
Contact: a.h.vankampen@amc.uva.nl
* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Adaptive algorithm of automated annotation
Authors: Leontovich A. M. , Brodsky L. I. , Drachev V. A. , Nikolaev V. K. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Motivation: It is common knowledge that the avalanche of data arriving from the sequencing projects cannot be annotated either experimentally or manually by experts. The need for a reliable and convenient tool for automated sequence annotation is broadly recognized.
Results: Here, we describe the Adaptive Algorithm of Automated Annotation (A4) based on a statistical approach to this problem. The mathematical model relates a set of homologous sequences and descriptions of their functional properties, and calculates the probabilities of transferring a sequence description onto its homologue.
The proposed model is adaptive, its parameters (distribution characteristics, transference probabilities, thresholds, etc.) are dynamic, i.e. are generated individually for the sequences and various functional properties (words of the description).
The proposed technique significantly outperforms the widely used test for frequency threshold, which is a special case of our model realized for the simplest set of parameters.
The prediction technique has been realized as a computer program and tested on a random sequence sampling from SWISS-PROT.
Availability: The automated annotation program based on the proposed algorithm is available through the Web browser at http://www.genebee.msu.su/services/annot/basic.html
Contact: nik@genebee.msu.su
* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
SST: an algorithm for finding near-exact sequence matches in
time proportional to the logarithm of the database size
Authors: Giladi Eldar , Walker Michael G. , Wang James Z. , Volkmuth Wayne 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Motivation: Searches for near exact sequence matches are performed frequently in large-scale sequencing projects and in comparative genomics. The time and cost of performing these large-scale sequence-similarity searches is prohibitive using even the fastest of the extant algorithms. Faster algorithms are desired.
Results: We have developed an algorithm, called SST (Sequence Search Tree), that searches a database of DNA sequences for near-exact matches, in time proportional to the logarithm of the database size n. In SST, we partition each sequence into fragments of fixed length called ‘windows’ using multiple offsets. Each window is mapped into a vector of dimension 4k which contains the frequency of occurrence of its component k-tuples, with k a parameter typically in the range 4–6. Then we create a tree-structured index of the windows in vector space, with tree-structured vector quantization (TSVQ). We identify the nearest neighbors of a query sequence by partitioning the query into windows and searching the tree-structured index for nearest-neighbor windows in the database. When the tree is balanced this yields an O(logn) complexity for the search. This complexity was observed in our computations. SST is most effective for applications in which the target sequences show a high degree of similarity to the query sequence, such as assembling shotgun sequences or matching ESTs to genomic sequence. The algorithm is also an effective filtration method. Specifically, it can be used as a preprocessing step for other search methods to reduce the complexity of searching one large database against another. For the problem of identifying overlapping fragments in the assembly of 120 000 fragments from a 1.5 megabase genomic sequence, SST is 15 times faster than BLAST when we consider both building and searching the tree. For searching alone (i.e. after building the tree index), SST 27 times faster than BLAST.
Availability: Request from the authors.
Contact: egiladi@incyte.commwalker@incyte.com
* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
AiO, combining DNA/protein programs and oligo-management
Authors: Karreman Christiaan 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Summary: AiO (All in One) is a program for Windows, that combines typical DNA/protein features such as plasmid map drawing, finding of ORFs, translate, backtranslate and high quality printing with a number of databases. These databases allow the management of oligonucleotides, oligonucleotide-manufacturers, restriction enzymes, structural DNA and program users in a multi-user/multi-group environment.
Availability: An AiO specific website, with the possibility to download is at: http://134.99.88.55/aio/
Contact: karreman@onkochemie.uni-duesseldorf.de
Supplementary Information: Examples with screen shots— http://134.99.88.55/aio/ : Manual (in PDF format)—http://134.99.88.55/aio/manual.pdf
CS-PSeq-Gen: Simulating the evolution of protein sequence under constraints
Authors: Tufféry P. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Summary: CS-PSeq-Gen is a program derived from PSeq-Gen, designed to perform simulations of the evolution of protein sequences under the constraints of a reconstructed phylogeny. It also provides a basis for the investigation of the correlated evolution of sites.
Availability: http://condor.urbb.jussieu.fr/CS-PSeq-Gen.html
Contact: tuffery@urbb.jussieu.fr