bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
cDNA microarray analysis of differentially expressed genes in penile tissue after treatment with tadalafil
Authors: Andrade Enrico , Andrade Priscila Maria , Borra Ricardo Carneiro , Claro Joaquim , Srougi Miguel 
Published: November 2007

OBJECTIVETo evaluate differential gene expression in penile tissue after treatment with the phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitor tadalafil, as of the three clinically available PDE5 inhibitors (sildenafil, tadalafil, and vardenafil) used for the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED), tadalafil has a long half‐life and low incidence of side‐effects.MATERIALS AND METHODSIn all, 32 adult rats were divided into two groups. The control group received 0.5 mL of drinking water alone, while the tadalafil group was treated with tadalafil at a dose of 0.27 mg/kg. At 4 h after treatment with water or tadalafil the rats were killed and the penile tissue was removed. The total RNA was isolated from the penile tissue from both groups and differentially expressed genes were identified by cDNA microarray analysis. To validate the expression data from the microarray analysis, quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemistry were used.RESULTSIn all, 153 genes were differentially expressed between the control group and the tadalafil group. We validated the microarray results by quantitative PCR for the insulin‐like growth factor binding protein 6 (IGFBP‐6) gene and the neuronal calcium sensor 1 (NCS‐1) gene, both of which were up‐regulated in the tadalafil group, and for the natriuretic peptide receptor 1 (NPR‐1) gene that was down‐regulated in this group. Immunohistochemistry showed localization of the NCS‐1 protein in sinusoid trabeculae of the corpus cavernosum in control and tadalafil‐treated rats.CONCLUSIONSThere was differential expression in 153 genes after tadalafil treatment. Some of these genes such as IGFBP‐6, NPR‐1 and NCS‐1, might result in new targets in the treatment of ED.
Reactive oxygen species mediate detrusor overactivity via sensitization of afferent pathway in the bladder of anaesthetized rats
Authors: Masuda Hitoshi , Kihara Kazunori , Saito Kazutaka , Matsuoka Yoh , Yoshida Soichiro , Chancellor Michael B. , De Groat William C. , Yoshimura Naoki 
Published: November 2007

OBJECTIVESTo investigate the effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on the micturition reflex in vivo, especially in bladder afferent signalling in rats, as several pathophysiological conditions in the urinary bladder (e.g. ischaemia/reperfusion and inflammation) are characterized by the formation of ROS.MATERIALS AND METHODSAdult female Sprague‐Dawley rats under urethane anaesthesia (normal or pretreated with 125 mg/kg capsaicin, subcutaneously, 4 days before) were assessed by continuous cystometrography (CMG) with or without the intravesical administration of H2O2 (0.003–3%) to stimulate ROS damage. To investigate the mechanism of H2O2, catalase (a H2O2 scavenger) was applied intravesically (2000 IU/mL), or rats were given intravenous injections with superoxide dismutase (SOD, 20 000 IU/kg, a superoxide anion scavenger), dimethylthiourea (DMTU, 100 mg/kg, a hydroxyl radical scavenger), deferoxamine (20 mg/kg, an iron‐chelator that prevents the formation of hydroxyl radical), indomethacin (3 mg/kg, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor) or ketoprofen (1 mg/kg, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor) just before or during the intravesical administration of H2O2. Prostaglandin (PG) levels (PGE2 and 6‐keto‐PGF1α) were measured in the bladder of rats treated with intravesical 0.3% H2O2 for 30 min with or without indomethacin.RESULTSIntravesical administration of H2O2 induced detrusor overactivity, as shown by a reduction in the mean (sem) intercontraction interval (ICI), in a dose‐dependent manner in normal rats (0.3% H2O2, P < 0.01, 36.2 (4.7)% of the control ICI). H2O2‐induced detrusor overactivity was almost abolished by catalase and significantly suppressed by DMTU, deferoxamine, capsaicin pretreatment, indomethacin or ketoprofen but not by SOD. The level of PGs was significantly increased by H2O2 instillation, and indomethacin significantly inhibited the increase in PGs.CONCLUSIONThese results indicate that oxidative stress induced by H2O2 activates capsaicin‐sensitive C‐fibre afferent pathways, at least in part, mediated via stimulation of the cyclooxygenase pathway, thereby inducing detrusor overactivity. Thus, rats treated with intravesical H2O2 appear to be a suitable model for the study of detrusor overactivity.
Narrow‐band imaging flexible cystoscopy in the detection of recurrent urothelial cancer of the bladder
Authors: Bryan Richard T. , Billingham Lucinda J. , Wallace D. Michael A. 
Published: November 2007

OBJECTIVETo investigate whether narrow‐band imaging (NBI) flexible cystoscopy improves the detection rate of urothelial carcinomas (UCs) of the bladder. NBI is an optical image enhancement technology in which the narrow bandwidth of light is strongly absorbed by haemoglobin and penetrates only the surface of tissue, increasing the visibility of capillaries and other delicate tissue surface structures by enhancing contrast between the two.PATIENTS AND METHODSBetween November 2005 and May 2007 at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, NBI flexible cystoscopy was performed on 29 patients with known recurrences of UC of the bladder after initial conventional white‐light imaging (WLI) flexible cystoscopy with the same instrument (Olympus Lucera sequential RGB endoscopy system).RESULTSSubjectively, NBI provided a much clearer view of bladder UCs and in particular their delicate capillary architecture. Objectively, NBI detected 15 additional UCs in 12 of 29 patients (41%), as compared with WLI. The mean (sd) difference was 0.52 (0.74) UCs per patient (P < 0.001, Wilcoxon signed‐rank test).CONCLUSIONSEven in the few patients studied there is strong evidence that NBI differs from WLI in the number of UCs it detects, with a significantly increased detection rate. We feel that further evaluation of NBI flexible cystoscopy in more patients will show this technique to be highly valuable in the detection of both new and recurrent bladder UCs, and this work is continuing in our unit.
Changes in body composition, muscle function and energy expenditure after radical cystectomy
Authors: Mathur Sachin , Plank Lindsay D. , Hill Andrew G. , Rice Michael A. , Hill Graham L. 
Published: November 2007

OBJECTIVETo determine the changes in body composition, muscle function and energy expenditure after radical cystectomy (RC).PATIENTS AND METHODSEleven consecutive men (median age 66 years, range 44–79) who had a RC over a 1‐year period had measurements made of their total body protein, by neutron‐activation analysis, total body water by tritium dilution, total body potassium by whole‐body counting, resting energy expenditure by indirect calorimetry, and grip strength and respiratory muscle strength. These variables were measured on the day before surgery and at 2 weeks and 6 months after RC. Total body fat was derived using a multicompartment model. Artificial nutritional support was not provided after RC and no oral caloric intake was provided until bowel function returned.RESULTSFive patients were malnourished before RC and four had significant complications afterward. Over the first 2 weeks there were significant losses in mean (sem) protein levels, at 0.68 (0.17) kg (P < 0.001) and water, at 3.00 (0.73) L (P < 0.001), while body fat was unchanged. Resting energy expenditure was 11% higher than predicted at 14 days after RC (P < 0.001). Body potassium changes mirrored the protein changes but were not statistically significant. Over the subsequent 6 months, 63%, i.e. 0.43 (0.24) kg, of the body protein lost after surgery was regained. Muscle function had returned to baseline levels at 6 months.CONCLUSIONSThis study shows that the catabolic loss of body protein after RC is not regained by 6 months. Regimens directed at early nutritional support after RC for these patients might improve the recovery of body composition, with consequent clinical benefits.
α‐blockers improve chronic ischaemia of the lower urinary tract in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms
Authors: Pinggera Germar‐M. , Mitterberger Michael , Pallwein Leo , Schuster Antonius , Herwig Ralf , Frauscher Ferdinand , Bartsch Georg , Strasser Hannes 
Published: November 2007

OBJECTIVETo investigate whether a mechanism of action of α‐blockers on lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) involves improved perfusion of the LUT.PATIENTS, SUBJECTS AND METHODSThe accuracy of perfusion measurements using transrectal colour Doppler ultrasound (TRCDUS) and colour pixel density (CPD) was initially confirmed in a porcine model. Following this confirmation, measurements were taken from four healthy male volunteers and 19 patients with LUTS. The urinary bladder was filled slowly (50 mL/min) with 0.2 m KCl, which resembles the osmolarity of concentrated urine, and evaluated by cystometry. In parallel, TRCDUS and measurement of the CPD of the LUT were performed. The patients with LUTS were then treated with daily α‐blocker (0.4 mg tamsulosin) for 5 weeks and urodynamic variables as well as perfusion were evaluated again.RESULTSIn the healthy men, perfusion of the LUT increased considerably (157%) during filling of the bladder to a mean (sd) maximum cystometric capacity (Cmax) of 481 (28.9) mL. All the patients with LUTS had a reduced mean Cmax during filling with KCl at 322.4 (58.5) mL. The mean CPD in the urinary bladder and the prostate were only increased by 58.4% during filling with KCl. After α‐blocker therapy the mean Cmax during filling with KCl rose to 382.5 (42.9) mL; furthermore, perfusion of the LUT measured by CPD was significantly increased (132.8%).CONCLUSIONSThe present data strongly suggest that LUTS are associated with chronic ischaemia of the prostate and urinary bladder. α‐blockers increase perfusion in the LUT and Cmax. These results might explain the therapeutic effects of α‐blockers on LUTS.
Measurement of factors influencing the participation of patients with prostate cancer in clinical trials: a Canadian perspective
Authors: Davison B. Joyce , So Alan , Goldenberg S. Larry , Berkowitz Jonathan , Gleave Martin E. 
Published: November 2007

OBJECTIVETo identify factors that patients with prostate cancer believe to be important determinants in their decisions about future enrolment in clinical trials.PATIENTS AND METHODSIn all, 122 patients (within 5 years of a diagnosis of prostate cancer) who had never been asked to participate in a clinical trial were asked to complete a 30‐item measure of ‘Factors Influencing Participation’ in clinical trials.RESULTSFactor analysis showed that variables influencing participation can be grouped into three areas: acceptability (e.g. recruitment process and altruistic beliefs); awareness (e.g. impact on quality of life, survivorship and randomization process); and accessibility (e.g. costs to patient, influence of family, age, time and need for extra tests). Awareness items were rated significantly more important by patients with T1 or T2 disease (P = 0.002). Patients who had not made a treatment decision also rated awareness (P = 0.05) and acceptability (P = 0.04) items higher. Patients with less than a university education identified access items as more important (P = 0.03). Helping future patients with prostate cancer, the impact of the study protocol on survival, being fully informed about the study, relationship with specialists, and impact of study on quality of life were identified as the five variables having the most influence on future enrolment.CONCLUSIONSMen rated items related to awareness and acceptability as being the most important determinants to future enrolment in a clinical trial. Knowledge about what these men believe is important for their future participation in a clinical trial will help researchers to design protocols that address the needs of targeted patient groups.
REGIONAL DYNAMICS AND CONVERGENCE PROFILES IN THE ENLARGED EUROPEAN UNION: A NON‐PARAMETRIC APPROACH
Authors: EZCURRA ROBERTO , RAPÚN MANUEL 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the evolution of spatial disparities in labour productivity in the enlarged European Union, using data on 250 NUTS‐2 regions over the period 1991–2003. To achieve this aim, a non‐parametric approach that allows us to analyse the external shape and dynamics of the entire cross‐sectional distribution has been applied. The estimates show the distribution under consideration to have a bimodal structure, which raises the possible presence in this context of a polarisation pattern characterised by two internally homogeneous regional clusters. The evidence presented does nevertheless suggest a process of convergence over the sample period, despite a relatively low degree of intra‐distribution mobility. Factors such as the geographical location of the various regions, agglomeration economies or the sectoral composition of economic activity have also been examined for their role in explaining the observed disparities.
TIME SPENT IN PAID WORK BY WOMEN AND MEN IN URBAN AND LESS URBAN CONTEXTS IN THE NETHERLANDS
Authors: DE MEESTER EDITH , MULDER CLARA H. , FORTUIJN JOOS DROOGLEEVER 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper addresses the question to what extent the degree of urbanisation influences the time spent in paid work by men and women in the Netherlands. The effects of the residential context have been estimated separately for women and men and for different household contexts, after accounting for age, age differences between partners, educational level and differences between partners in educational level. Data from the Netherlands Kinship Panel Study and Tobit regression analyses have been used. The hypotheses are based on human capital theory, gender inequality theory, time space geography, and ideas concerning lifestyle orientations. The results indicate that in strongly urbanised areas women work more hours than women living elsewhere, whereas men in strongly urbanised areas work fewer hours. The impact of the residential context is strongest for women and men who have a partner and children.
A MODEL OF MULTIDIMENSIONAL SEGREGATION IN THE ARAB GHETTO IN TEL AVIV‐JAFFA
Authors: GOLDHABER RAVIT , SCHNELL IZHAK 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTSegregation is studied as a multidimensional characteristic of individual behaviour in social space. It is argued that in a globalising world, homology among residential, territorial (forms of regionalising daily life) and interactive (forms of developing social networks) segregations cannot be taken for granted. The study shows that even in the highly segregated case of Arabs resident in Jaffa, the different dimensions of segregation only partially correlate, and they are explained by different mechanisms of exclusion. The results of the study suggest that structural constraints impact on ghettoisation of Arabs in Jaffa, but at the same time it is shown that Arabs respond differentially to these constraints. Four types of segregation are noted: (i) the majority, who are segregated in all three dimensions (residential, territorial and interactive); (ii) a small minority who succeeded in forming desegregated daily activity spaces and interethnic social networks regardless of their levels of residential segregation; (iii) those who failed to transform their desegregated daily activity spaces into interethnic social networks and (iv) those who succeeded in developing interethnic networks within the residential space of the ghetto. The analysis highlights the double marginalisation of Arab females, who are restricted to poor residential spaces by state and municipal renewal policies and to segregation in everyday life activity spaces by Arab males.
New Approaches to Sacred Space
Authors: CROSBY VANESSA 
Published: November 2007

Stephen Murray: A Gothic Sermon: Making a Contract with the Mother of God, Saint Mary of Amiens. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004.Jaime Lara: City, Temple, Stage: Eschatological Architecture and Liturgical Theatrics in New Spain. Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press, 2004.Robert Nelson: Hagia Sophia 1850–1950: Holy Wisdom, Holy Monument. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004.Robert W. Moss: Historic Sacred Places of Philadelphia. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005.
Educating student pharmacists about herbal medicines: faculty–librarian collaboration
Authors: Lapidus Mariana 
Published: November 2007

AbstractObjective: To determine the impact of the teaching collaboration between faculty and librarians in instructing pharmacy students on herbal medicines.Methods: An elective course with an integrated library instruction component is described. Qualitative data on students’ perceptions of library instruction were collected and analysed as the result of pre‐ and post‐surveys.Results:Based on the results of pre‐test and post‐test surveys, the number of students who felt they were able to select the best print and electronic resources for finding herbal information increased to 100% from 50 and 60 correspondingly. This indicated a significant change in students’ perceived knowledge of information sources in the field of herbal medicine, as well as overall progress in information literacy and problem‐solving skills.Conclusion: Team teaching by faculty librarians is an effective way of educating future pharmacists on the information resources in the field of complementary and alternative therapies.
Developing a database of behavioural medicine interventions1
Authors: Falzon Louise , Trudeau Kimberlee J. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractObjective:  To describe the development of the Cochrane Behavioral Medicine Field database of interventions and its contribution to the knowledge base of this field.Methods:  A list of behavioural medicine interventions was solicited from content experts. The resulting list of index terms was used to generate a comprehensive search strategy to retrieve relevant records, and a thesaurus of terms with which to index them. The records are included in a register. A subset of records have been coded for study design, health condition, intervention, study participants, setting and provider and made available in a public online database.Results:  The Cochrane Behavioral Medicine Field database consists of over 3500 records of systematic reviews, meta‐analyses and randomized controlled trials for public educational use.Conclusions:  The register provides a comprehensive listing of studies relating to behavioural medicine interventions. The public online database enables easy access to the evidence base and provides enhanced details of the studies included on it. These databases are a valuable resource for the behavioural medicine community. Other fields are encouraged to duplicate these methods in the design of content‐specific databases.
Interprofessional/multiprofessional health professions education: designing an efficient search to scope the literature of this exploding field
Authors: Dimoliatis Ioannis D. K. , Roff Sue 
Published: November 2007

AbstractBackground and objective:  With the advent of an interprofessional approach to delivering health care in today's health care systems, should health care professionals be educated together? Supported by policy‐making circles worldwide, interprofessional education is accumulating a research literature at an exponential rate. Using one‐word search terms in the medline query box for scoping this body of literature, we obtained an unmanageable number of articles (342 338 in all fields). The objective of our study was to outline an efficient specific query.Methods:  We created 1072 phrasal search terms consisting of a prefix, an adjective and a noun. Of those, 66 were prolific for the whole indexed period (1950–2006).Results:  Only 2510 citations have the search term in all medline fields; of those 2049 were in title/abstract and 652 in title alone. From the 1950s, the citations were published at a slow rate, but the rate then exploded during the decade 1995 to 2006. The combination of prefixes ‘inter’ and ‘multi’ with the adjectives ‘professional’, ‘disciplinary’ and ‘shared’, and the nouns ‘education’, ‘learning’ and ‘training’ may retrieve almost all the relevant citations, while the terms ‘collaborative’ and ‘common’ may retrieve mainly irrelevant ones. The adjective ‘cohesive’ and nouns ‘practice’ and ‘role’ should be also considered.Conclusion:  Phrasal search terms highly increased the relevance of medline‐retrieved citations.
Measuring the value and impact of health library and information services: past reflections, future possibilities
Authors: Marshall Joanne Gard 
Published: November 2007

AbstractObjectives:  To summarize the context, history and results of research studies conducted on the value and impact of health library and information services by the author since 1975 and to use this as a basis for examining ongoing developments related to evaluation research. To provide a comprehensive bibliography of library value and impact studies.Methods:  Literature review and background based on personal involvement in the studies under discussion.Results:  The author's studies demonstrate an ongoing evolution of value and impact studies since the mid‐1970s. In health sciences libraries, the approach taken to measuring value and impact has been strongly influenced by the type of research being conducted in the health sciences field as a whole. As a result, health sciences library researchers have become early adopters of methods that incorporate outcome and impact measures and rigorous research designs, and the concept of evidence‐based library and information practice. The paper recommends that a range of research approaches from various disciplines be used to guide future evaluation research.Conclusions:  Value and impact studies will continue to be important resources for evidence‐based practice as health information professionals deal with evolving user needs and new ways of delivering information to a variety of audiences.
Oxidative stress activates a positive feedback between the γ‐ and β‐secretase cleavages of the β‐amyloid precursor protein
Authors: Tamagno Elena , Guglielmotto Michela , Aragno Manuela , Borghi Roberta , Autelli Riccardo , Giliberto Luca , Muraca Giuseppe , Danni Oliviero , Zhu Xiongwei , Smith Mark A. , Perry George , Jo Dong‐Gyu , Mattson Mark P. , Tabaton Massimo 
Published: November 2007

AbstractSequential cleavages of the β‐amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) by β‐secretase and γ‐secretase generate the amyloid β‐peptides, believed to be responsible of synaptic dysfunction and neuronal cell death in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Levels of BACE1 are increased in vulnerable regions of the AD brain, but the underlying mechanism is unknown. Here we show that oxidative stress (OS) stimulates BACE1 expression by a mechanism requiring γ‐secretase activity involving the c‐jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK)/c‐jun pathway. BACE1 levels are increased in response to OS in normal cells, but not in cells lacking presenilins or amyloid precursor protein. Moreover, BACE1 is induced in association with OS in the brains of mice subjected to cerebral ischaemia/reperfusion. The OS‐induced BACE1 expression correlates with an activation of JNK and c‐jun, but is absent in cultured cells or mice lacking JNK. Our findings suggest a mechanism by which OS induces BACE1 transcription, thereby promoting production of pathological levels of amyloid β in AD.