bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Crude Oil Wetting Behavior by Adhesion Tests
Authors: Buckley J. S. , Morrow N. R. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Wettability in a rock/oil/brine system determines the distribution of fluids and can have a dramatic effect on oil recovery. A better understanding of the state of wetting in the presence of a crude oil is required for design of displacement experiments and interpretation of results for satisfactory prediction of oil recovery by waterflooding. The adhesion test has been developed to characterize interactions between a crude oil and brines of varying composition.
Adhesion maps show several consistent trends for most of the crude oils examined which are unlike those for refined mineral oils. At low salinity, there is a characteristic pH above which adhesion does not occur. This pH has been shown to correspond reasonably well with the cutoff predicted by calculations based on electrostatic forces and DLVO theory.1 In higher salinity brines, electrostatic forces are less important, and the adhesion test results indicate that other mechanisms must be responsible for determining wetting behavior. In this area of greatest practical interest, the adhesion test provides an empirical measure of the interactions between oil and solid. The effects of temperature, surface preparation, oil composition, and oxidation are reported.
A Model for Small-Scale Permeability Measurement With Applications to Reservoir Characterization
Authors: Jensen J. L. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Traditionally, quantitative assessment ot small-scale permeability variations has depended primarily upon core plug measurements. Minipermeameters, however, are increasingly being used to supplement core plug data despite some unresolved issues concerning the minipermeameter measurement. Two of the more important are whether the minipermeameter can provide a truly quantitative assessment of permeability and how the measurements may be applied in reservoir description.
To address these issues, a statistical model of minipermeameter and core plug measurements has been developed. The model uses the Monte Carlo method to emulate both sampling techniques. Three applications of such measurements were examined using the model: Correlations of permeability with wireline porosity log measurements; heterogeneity measurement; and prediction of effective permeability.
In all three cases, we found that, even if the minipermeameter does not give a precise permeability value, the ability to sample frequently can provide more accurate information about formation properties than does core plug data taken at one foot intervals.
Applying Digital Data-Encoding Techniques to Mud Pulse Telemetry
Authors: Monroe S. P. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
More and more downhole devices are requiring two-way communication with the surface to telemeter data and device status and/or receive telemetered instructions which effect the operation or status of the downhole device. This paper examines the application of digital data-encoding techniques to MWD mud pulse telemetry and shows how they can significantly improve data transmission rates over conventional MWD telemetry methodologies. It further represents a study of how established technologies can be reapplied and open up new opportunities to improve communication systems in our industry. The analysis describes MWD telemetry in particular, but it is also applicable to other active downhole devices, such as adjustable bent subs or variable stabilizers.
Traditional mud pulse telemetry methodologies along with recent innovations which have focussed on encoding data by using a set of unipolar pulses in combinatorial patterns within a fixed time interval or by employing phase shift keying (PSK) to form different data patterns are reviewed. An examination will follow of digital data encoding techniques used in high density mass storage systems which can be applied to mud pulse telemetry and discussion of their advantages and disadvantages. A recommendation, using the nature, benefit, and limitations observed as design factors, will then be made for selecting an optimal encoding scheme.
Expert System for Productive Water Wells: SEPA
Authors: Lazzereschi S. , Tous Bravo C. , Estok F. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Water is essential to, and plays an important role in the oil industry. Subsurface water-bearing sand formations for water production are preferred for various reasons. This type of water is produced through water wells.
SEPA has been conceived in order to capture and make available the knowledge and experience of MARAVEN's staff involved in the maintenance and operation of these wells.lt can also be used as a training aid for new professionals dealing with this kind of wells.
SEPA is a menu driven and conversational diagnosis system, assisting the user in identifying and helping him with the solution of problems encountered in the production/operation of water wells. Loss of water flow potential with or without sediments and normal water flow with sediments are the contemplated problem areas. Within each of the problems an analysis is made, in order to ascertain whether the cause is due to any one or a combination of the following: –Properties/conditions of the water aquifer.–Type of well completion,–Well equipment installed.
SEPA has been developed in IBM/PC, using Teknowledge's M.l software and is installed in two different geographical user environments ( Lagunillas and Pariaguan ). The knowledge base consists of 1245 entries (517 rules, 334 facts and 394 meta-facts).
DIANA: An Expert System for Fault Diagnosis in Gas Compression Plants
Authors: Ramirez R. , Haor M. , Backhurst M. , Lugo L. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
DIANA is an expert system developed for assisting the maintenance and operations departments with the diagnosis and correction of failures of the unmanned mini compression plants of Lagoven S.A. in Lake Maracaibo. It is anticipated that the system will be used in problems associated with sixty-three (63) shut-down alarms, the start-up sequence and the on-line troubleshooting.
There are thirteen miniplants in various parts of Lake Maracaibo which together with other types of gas plants, compress the gas produced with the crude oil. The compressed gas passes to a distribution system where it is used for: Gas liftingFuel (industrial and domestic)Petrochemical and fertilizer manufactureRe-injection to reservoirs for conservation
The use of this expert system will help to reduce the down-time and repetitive start-ups bydiagnosing the cause of the shut-down before restarting the plant. This will reduce the impacton both gas generator and power turbine, as one start-up of these equipments is roughly equivalent to eight hours run-time. The overall reliability and availability of the plants should improve thus increasing crude oil production and reducing operating and maintenance costs.
Computer Laboratory System
Authors: Wienck L. K. , Surjaatmadja J. B. , Strange A. F. , Almond S. W. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The collection of data concerning well characteristics, cement properties, and corresponding cement tests has been of primary interest to field operators, laboratory technicians, and service companies. Such data provides the designer a tool which allows him to critically evaluate past jobs in order to design a cement system for a particular well. It is therefore important that the data can be retrieved for this purpose.
Previously, data was stored using a paper filing system. Difficulties encountered with such a system were loss or misplacement of data, and inaccessibility of data at critical times. The determination of correlations between well and slurry characteristics becomes difficult if not impossible.
Computer data filing of well characteristics, slurry design, and test results aids in archiving and retrieving of cement information. One such system is a menu-driven PC software package written to fulfill the needs of field and laboratory personnel. Using this system, analysis required for job designs can be performed without the inconvenience of manual searching in a paper filing system.
This paper discusses the implementation of such a system in an actual laboratory environment. Added features such as automatic reporting and computing, locating needed information, and networking further increase laboratory efficiency, thus promoting faster turnaround time for creating job designs.
The Effect of Hole Inclination on Gas Migration
Authors: Shipley S. E. , Mitchell B. J. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A laboratory model was constructed to investigate "worm hole" gas migration through an inclined cement column. The model consisted of 10 foot long PVC tubes. Gas was allowed to migrate through the initially overbalanced cement placed in the 10 foot tubes. The tubes were inclined from the vertical, at angles between zero and 80 degrees. Migrated gas did not flow at a 0° inclination angle.
At 30°, the gas migration flow rate peaked. And at angles greater than 30°, gas migration flow rate decreased.
The laboratory model was altered so hydrostatic pressure at the bottom of each inclined tube could be measured with respect to setting time. On pressure verses setting time plot, pressure plateaus were observed. During these pressure plateaus, pressure changed very little with respect to time.
These plateaus were persistent for all inclination angles. It is theorized that these plateaus are associated with the different cement growth periods.
Verification of Slurry Response Number Evaluation Method for Gas Migration Control
Authors: Harris K. L. , Ravi K. M. , King D. S. , Wilkinson J. G. , Faul R. R. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
To date, the means of efficiently dealing with annular gas migration by way of cement slurry design has been unstructured in approach. The major tools still relied upon are past experiences and a basic knowledge of gas migration theory. Although an accepted procedure for determining a well's potential to flow is available,1 research has not been heavily conducted relating gas flow potential to a specific cement slurry performance required to achieve a predictable success. Instead, "types" of cements (low fluid loss, thixotropic, etc.) are recommended in relation to the degree of flow potential that may be encountered in a well.
In response to this deficiency, a method was recently developed and published by Sutton and Ravi.2 Labeled the Slurry Response Number, SRN, this engineering tool defines the capability of a specific cementing system to combat gas migration in a specific gas well. It is the purpose of this paper to show - through several case histories - that this derived relationship does exist, and can be used to more efficiently design anti-gas migration slurries.
More specifically, the field cases observed in this study display a relationship between the Gas Flow Potential (GFP) - a mathematical term Indicating the probability of gas flow given a set of cement Job conditions - and the more recently developed SRN. As reported by Sutton and Ravi, the SRN Is a number attached to a specific cementing system (cement, spacer, and drilling fluid), based on fluid loss and static gel strength properties, that directly grades the capability of a cement slurry to prevent gas migration. This unique rating system can be used very effectively for relative comparisons between cement slurries or as confirmed through the case histories presented in this text, can serve as a guideline in choosing a cement slurry design for a specific well with a calculated gas flow potential.
Downhole Adjustable Gauge Stabilizer Improves Drilling Efficiency in Directional Wells
Authors: Eddison A. , Symons J. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper evaluates the use of a downhole adjustable stabilizer in place of conventional stabilizers through the tangent sections of directional wells. It includes a survey of more than 100 directional wells and illustrates typical applications of the tool.
The strategic placement of undergauge and full gauge nearbit and/or first string stabilizers to control hole inclination is now proving unnecessary. A correctly positioned adjustable stabilizer allows changes to be made to the Bottomhole Assembly (BHA) without pulling out of hole.
Not only can expensive BHA trips be avoided, but correct utilisation of the an adjustable stabilizer will improve the trajectory of the hole section and minimise doglegs to reduce torque and pipe drag.
New Ideas in Offshore Development Drilling
Authors: Patteson R. M. , Cole F. , Gillett B. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
ARCO Oil and Gas Company is reducing tangible and intangible development drilling costs by using a combination of modified equipment and different techniques. Field tests were performed in the Gulf of Mexico in the High Island 24L area and the West Cameron 248 field.
ARCO's shallow water free standing caissons were typically installed by overdriving successful development wells with a large O.D. caisson. The first test case was a combination 30" × 48" caisson, which functioned as drivepipe and caisson. The drivepipe/caisson combination eliminates the time and cost of overdriving a caisson.
The second field test was a predrill of a template prior to installing a jacket and deck. A template with deviated drivepipe was installed using a small construction jackup boat prior to rig arrival. The drive pipe preinstallation included a starter wellhead that was a combination "quick connection (snap latch)" diverter connection and landing profile for either conductor or surface casing. The casing head (screw on) is landed through the contractor's 21-1/4" diverter onto the landing profile with or without the optional conductor string in place. The diverter and high pressure stacks were directly moved from the finished well to the next well reducing handling time.
The techniques in the field tests described above have reduced dry hole drilling costs significantly. The emphasis is on modification of procedure and existing equipment, rather than development of new technology.
U.S. Petroleum Engineering Manpower Supply & Demand
Authors: Ghalambor A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is Co report the results of the supply and demand surveys conducted annually by the SPE manpower committee. 1,2
The 1990 Demand Survey was sent to the companies in the upstream side of the petroleum industry, they included major operators, independent producers, and various service companies. A total of 21 responses were received compared to the 23 in 1989. A group of six respondents had 7 to 42 engineers employed, three with 60-76 engineers, four with 105-339, and five with more than 500 engineers. The remaining responses were not usable. Most of the surveys had been completed prior to the Geo-political and military events of August 2, 1990 in the Persian Gulf.
The following questions are asked in the survey for the years 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, and 1989: Total Number of Engineers Employed at the year-endTotal number of BS or MS degreed Petroleum Engineers Employed at the year-endTotal Number of On-campus Engineering Grad* uates HiredActual Number of BS or MS degreed Petroleum Engineers HiredTotal Number of Engineering Graduates Hired
The following questions are asked in the survey for the years 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, and 1994. Total High and Low Number of Engineers to be on the Job at year-end.Total High and Low Number of On-campus Engineering Graduates to be HiredTotal High and Low Number of BS and MS degreed Petroleum Engineering Graduates to be Hired.
The 1989-90 supply survey was sent to 28 petroleum engineering programs in the O.S. Twenty-five of these schools offer degree programs in Petroleum Engineering and three offer options in petroleum engineering within another engineering degree program. A total of 26 schools responded to the surveys, which approximately represent 97% of the U.S. enrollment.
Each school reports the number of graduates during the 1989-90 academic year at the B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. levels. Those graduates who are non U.S. citizens, non U.S. residents, attending graduate schools, or entering the military are reported as not seeking a job. The remainder are considered as a number of those who are seeking a job.
The type of employment is divided into the following nine employer categories: Major ProducersIndependent ProducersGas Transmission CompaniesService and Drilling CompaniesGovernment (Federal and State)ConsultingOther Petroleum Related (Finance, Education)Non-Petroleum RelatedUnknown (Employer Not Reported)
Additionally, the Petroleum Engineering enrollment data from the seme schools were obtained by the SPE Manpower Committee for the 1990-91 academic year. The enrollment data reported were for the fall semester of each academic year.
Wettability Determination: Pore Surface Analysis
Authors: Mitchell A. G. , Hazell L. B. , Webb K. J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The nature of pore morphology and surface chemistry are inherent in determining the recovery performance of reservoir rock through their influence on relative permeability. Assessment of pore morphology can be made directly by using imaging techniques, although recovery prediction based on this assessment is still difficult. The surface chemistry of the pore structure can determine the very important parameter, wettability. Determination of the most representative wetting state of the reservoir is essential to the laboratory core analyst, in order to establish representative relative permeability data. This paper discusses the application of surface science analytical techniques to the characterisation of the pore surfaces of reservoir material.
Both inorganic and organic analyses have been performed on reservoir samples of known core properties. Techniques such as X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) and Laser Induced Mass Analysis (LIMA) have been used. Particular emphasis has been paid to the correlations generated between wettability parameters and the organic content on the pore surfaces. The work demonstrates quite clearly that direct analysis analysis of the pore surfaces gives information pertaining to the wetting state. Further, chemical information is obtained which helps identify the functionality of organic species that leads to oil wetting character.
The suggestion is made that the techniques outlined could be used to rapidly determine the wetting state of reservoir material. The surface analysis approach could also lead to a better understanding of how reservoir quality and wetting state can be modified, thus leading to improved predictive capabilities.
Flow Into Oil Wells Through Perforations
Authors: Meyer Henry 
Published: December 2007

Introduction
In modern well completion, most wells are completed by perforating the casing. If this completion practice is good, the flow into the well from a given reservoir through these perforations will be essentially equal to the flow into an uncased well. In order to prescribe an efficient completion practice, it is necessary to understand the fluid mechanics of flow through these restrictions. Previous attempts at an analytic solution of the problem have involved so many simplifying assumptions that the results are quite specialized. Solutions by electrical analogy suffer from the inherent nuisance of constructing models and even more basically from the fact that the analogy between flow of an electric current through an electrolyte and fluid flow through a porous rock is not in all cases exact.
This paper presents what is intended to be a more general solution of the problem of the effect of perforation on well production. It is divided into two parts. In the first part different cases are considered in which the rock is completely filled with one fluid, and for simplicity the liquid level in the well itself is taken to be above the top of the producing formation. The second part of this paper is concerned with flow of the denser fluid when the porous rock contains two immiscible fluids and there is consequently an interface between them.
The body of the report is essentially a collection and explanation of mathematical solutions for special cases. The mathematical details are relegated to appendices.

Jet Contraction
Unconfined jet flowing from an orifice will experience a contraction due to its inertial properties. At the minimal cross-section of the jet [vena contracta], the streamlines are parallel and the pressure equal to that in the surrounding fluid. The volume rate of flow in a free jet with contraction will be very nearly equal to that from an orifice which does not produce contraction, e.g., a rounded orifice whose area is equal to the minimal cross-section of the contracted jet. As previously mentioned, jet contraction is largely due to the inertial character of fluid; rectilinear flow of a fluid around a sharp corner without separation would involve infinite acceleration.
Pressure Transient Analysis of Horizontal Wells in a Naturally Fractured Reservoir
Authors: Williams E. T. , Kikani J. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper presents case histories for a number of horizontal well pressure tests in the Bakken Formation of the Williston Basin. The Bakken formation is a very rich organic source rock with extensive natural fracturing present due to regional tectonics, localized structure, and internal expulsion forces. Numerous operators are currently attempting to exploit this vast resource with the utilization of horizontal wells.
Pressure surveys have been carried out on a number of these horizontal wells. The pressure transient tests were generally designed to obtain information related to original reservoir pressures and the potential skin damage effects. However, complexities introduced by horizontal well dynamics have made it difficult to interpret these welltests using conventional techniques.
A combination of analytical and numerical methods is used to provide a consistent interpretation of the well tests taking into account the possible dual porosity nature of the reservoir. In addition, the orientations of the wells provide some evidence to support arguments about permeability anisotropy in the reservoir. Anisotropic effects are of special interest in horizontal well applications as a critical consideration in the orientation of horizontal wellbores. To date, the orientation of horizontal wells has been relatively random and has been directly influenced by both geographic or land consideration, and structural interpretation.
Numerical studies have been carried out on a state-of-the-art numerical simulator which provides specific capabilities for horizontal completions, local grid refinement, and dual porosity/permeability systems.
Coalbed Methane Production Facilities: A Case History
Authors: Moore D. W. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper describes the production facilities ARCO has recently installed to develop reserves on approximately fifty sections of land in the La Plata County, Colorado area of the San Juan Basin for producing methane gas from coal beds in the Cretaceous Fruitland formation. The project involves 107 wells and is expected to reach a peak rate of 85 MMCFD (2.4 E+06m3/d). The facilities described include artificial lift,wellhead separation, gathering systems, compression, gas treating, water disposal, field automation and corrosion protection. Operating experience is also discussed. Existing production engineering technology is adequate to economically develop these resources so long as design parameters and equipment limitations are understood.