bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The external rotation method for reduction of acute anterior shoulder dislocations
Authors: Marinelli Mario , de Palma Luigi 
Published: January 2009

AbstractBackgroundShoulder dislocations account for almost 50% of all joint dislocations, and are most commonly anterior (90–98%) and occur due to trauma. This prospective study was conducted to report our experiences of using the external rotation method (ERM) in the reduction of acute anterior shoulder dislocation.Materials and methodsBetween August 2006 and April 2007, ERM was applied to 31 patients who presented with traumatic anterior shoulder dislocation to the Emergency Department of our Hospital which is a level 2 trauma centre. We evaluated the type of dislocation, the effectiveness of the procedure in achieving reduction, the need for premedication, the ease of performing the reduction, and complications, if any.ResultsOf the 31 patients, 29 had a successful reduction. No premedication was required in 25 patients who had a successful reduction, and the average time required for reduction in 25 was less than 2 min. Only five patients reported severe pain during the process of reduction. The method was not successful in two patients in whom the reduction was achieved under narcosis. We experienced a success rate of 89% at the first attempt. None of the patients encountered any complication.ConclusionsERM for the reduction of acute anterior dislocation of the shoulder is a safe and reliable method, mainly without requirement for any sedatives or opiate analgesics, that can be performed relatively painlessly for anterior shoulder dislocations. As no single method has a 100% success rate, ERM is a useful one to know.
Sepiapterin reductase deficiency in a 2‐year‐old girl with incomplete response to treatment during short‐term follow‐up
Authors: Kusmierska K. , Jansen E. E. W. , Jakobs C. , Szymanska K. , Malunowicz E. , Meilei D. , Thony B. , Blau N. , Tryfon J. , Rokicki D. , Pronicka E. , Sykut‐Cegielska J. 
Published: January 2009

SummarySepiapterin reductase (SR) catalyses the last step in the tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthesis pathway; it converts 6‐pyruvoyl‐tetrahydropterin (6‐PTP) to BH4 in an NADPH‐dependent reaction. SR deficiency is a very rare autosomal recessive disorder with normal phenylalanine (Phe) concentration in blood and diagnostic abnormalities are detected in CSF. We present a 16‐month‐old girl with SR deficiency. From the newborn period she presented with an adaptation regulatory disorder. At the age of 3 months, abnormal eye movements with dystonic signs and at 4.5 months psychomotor retardation were noticed. Since that time axial hypotonia with limb spasticity (or rather delayed reflex development), gastro‐oesophageal reflux and fatigue at the end of the day has been observed. Brain MRI was normal; EEG was without epileptiform discharges. Analysis of biogenic amine metabolites in CSF at the age of 16 months showed very low HVA and 5‐HIAA concentrations. Analysis of CSF pterins revealed strongly elevated dihydrobiopterin (BH2), slightly elevated neopterin and elevated sepiapterin levels. Plasma and CSF amino acids concentrations were normal. A phenylalanine loading test showed increased Phe after 1 h, 2 h and 4 h and very high Phe/Tyr ratios. SR deficiency was confirmed in fibroblasts and a novel homozygous g.1330C>G (p.N127K) SPR mutation was identified. On l‐dopa and then additionally 5‐hydroxytryptophan, the girl showed slow but remarkable progress in motor and intellectual ability. Now, at the age of 3 years, she is able to sit; expressive speech is delayed (to 1 1/2 years), passive speech is well developed. Her visual‐motor skills, eye–hand coordination and social development correspond to the age of 2 1/2 years.
Assessment of the reproducibility of facial expressions with 3‐D stereophotogrammetry
Authors: Sawyer Adam R. , See Marlene , Nduka Charles 
Published: January 2009

OBJECTIVEThere is little research into analyzing whether facial expression changes are secondary to actual treatment or normal day‐to‐day variation. This study aims to ascertain whether nine‐facial expressions were reproducible.SUBJECTS AND METHODSThirty‐nine white subjects performed nine‐facial expressions, captured by three‐dimensional stereophotogrammetry in three sessions. After initial capture (session 1), each expression was repeated after 15 minutes (session 2) and then 4 weeks (session 3) after the initial session. Statistical analysis was performed on the mean variability of facial landmarks between session 1 and 2 and session 1 and 3.RESULTSRepose was the most reproducible expression. The least reproducible was “blow‐out‐the‐cheeks.” Analysis between session 1 and 2 showed no significant differences in expression reproducibility. Analysis between session 1 and 3 showed significant differences for the “smile‐with‐lips‐open” and “blow‐out‐the‐cheeks” expressions.CONCLUSIONFacial expressions are reproducible in a 15‐minute period. There are significant differences in the ability to reproduce facial expressions 4 weeks apart for “smile‐with‐lips‐open” and “blow‐out‐the‐cheeks.”
A comparison between endoscope‐assisted partial parotidectomy and conventional partial parotidectomy
Authors: Huang Xiaoming , Zheng Yiqing , Liu Xiang , Sun Wei , Zeng Liang , Cai Xiang , Liu Wei , Xu Yaodong , Zhang Zhigang , Huang Hongzhang 
Published: January 2009

OBJECTIVETo report the feasibility of endoscope‐assisted parotidectomy with an ultrasonic scalpel.STUDY DESIGNRandomized clinical trial.SUBJECTS AND METHODSA total of 38 patients were randomly assigned to conventional (20 patients) or endoscope‐assisted (18 patients) partial parotidectomy. Via retrograde approach, endoscopic and surgical instruments were inserted through two 20‐ to 25‐mm incisions (retromandibular and postauricular).RESULTSThe endoscopic surgery lasted for 108.61 ± 11.86 minutes and the bleeding volume was significantly lower than in the conventional group. All 18 patients were satisfied with their cosmetic results; 14 patients (65%) were satisfied with the great auricular nerve preservation; only one patient had temporary facial paresis and salivary fistula. There was no tumor recurrence in both groups during the follow‐up after 26 to 40 months) the endoscope‐assisted parotidectomy group (median 30 months, range 26–40 months) and conventional group (median 32 months, range 26–40 months).CONCLUSIONEndoscope‐assisted parotidectomy is a feasible technique. This procedure may serve as an alternative approach that allows a smaller incision.
A minimally invasive registration method using Surface Template‐Assisted Marker Positioning (STAMP) for image‐guided otologic surgery
Authors: Matsumoto Nozomu , Hong Jaesung , Hashizume Makoto , Komune Shizuo 
Published: January 2009

OBJECTIVEA new, minimally invasive registration method was developed for image‐guided otologic surgery. We utilized laser‐sintered template of the patient's bone surface to transfer the virtual markers to the patient's bone intraoperatively and eliminated the necessity for preoperative marker positioning or additional CT scan.STUDY DESIGNSimulation surgeries and clinical application.SUBJECTS AND METHODSWe measured registration errors in 10 trials using replicas and six ear surgeries (two cochlear implant insertions, four translabyrinthine acoustic tumor removals).RESULTSThe target registration errors varied among the surgical targets. Errors were less than 1 mm near the cochlear implant insertion target both in phantom study and in actual surgeries.CONCLUSIONOur newly developed method reduced the preoperative procedures for patients but did not reduce the accuracy in cochlear implant surgery. Our method would be a useful image‐guided surgery method in the field of otology, where both accuracy and noninvasiveness are required.
Old and new aspects of middle turbinate histopathology
Authors: Berger Gilead , Finkelstein Yehuda , Ophir Dov , Landsberg Roee 
Published: January 2009

OBJECTIVETo study the histology of the normal and pathologic middle turbinate (MT).STUDY DESIGNNonrandomized, controlled study.SUBJECTS AND METHODSQualitative and quantitative assessment of soft tissue and bony elements of 14 normal and 10 chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) MT samples (patients' mean CT score, 6.5 ± 6.7). A comparison with 14 normal inferior turbinate (IT) samples was accomplished. Quantitative assessment was limited to the lateral mucosal layer (LML).RESULTSThe thickness of the LML was significantly greater in pathologic MT than in normal MT (P = 0.002). Except for veins that underwent significant increase (P = 0.036), other soft tissue constituents of the pathologic MT did not change significantly. Glands were more abundant in normal MT and veins in normal IT (P < 0.001, P = 0.001, respectively). Qualitative assessment showed larger veins in the normal IT compared with the normal MT. Inflammatory cell infiltrate, edema, and fibrosis were found in CRS. None of our MT bones exhibited osteomyelitic changes.CONCLUSIONSThe different proportion of glands suggests varied functional roles for both the MT and IT. The significant involvement of the MT in the inflammatory process of CRS and the relatively small size and paucity of veins with relatively little effect on nasal airflow justify partial excision of the MT.
Laryngeal and vocal evaluation in untreated growth hormone deficient adults
Authors: Barreto Valéria M. P. , D'Ávila Jeferson S. , Sales Neuza J. , Gonçalves Maria Iněs R. , Seabra Juliane Dantas , Salvatori Roberto , Aguiar‐Oliveira Manuel H. 
Published: January 2009

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the consequences of lifetime, severe and untreated isolated growth hormone deficiency (IGHD) on vocal and laryngeal function.STUDY DESIGNCross‐sectional.SUBJECTS AND METHODSA total of 23 IGHD adult subjects and 22 controls were administered a questionnaire about vocal complaints and harmful voice habits, and underwent videolaryngostroboscopic examination, voice evaluation by perceptual‐auditory analysis with GRBAS scale including grade of dysphonia, roughness, breathiness, asthenia and strain items, objective voice evaluation by maximum phonation time (MPT), and acoustic analysis.RESULTSThere was no difference in vocal complaints between IGHD subjects and controls. Vocal abuse and smoking were more frequent in IGHD subjects. IGHD subjects presented higher values for roughness, breathiness, and strain. Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) signs and laryngeal constriction were more frequent in IGHD individuals. MPT was similar in the two groups. Fundamental frequency was higher in IGHD females and males. Harmonic to noise ratio was higher in IGHD in both genders and shimmer was lower in IGHD females.CONCLUSIONSIGHD subjects have higher prevalence of signs of LPR and laryngeal constriction, with high pitch in both genders, which suggests a prominent role of IGHD on these parameters.
Homotopy classification and the generalized Swan homomorphism
Authors: Johnson F.E.A. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractIn his fundamental paper on group cohomology [20] R.G. Swan defined a homomorphism for any finite group G which, in this restricted context, has since been used extensively both in the classification of projective modules and the algebraic homotopy theory of finite complexes ([3], [18], [21]). We extend the definition so that, for suitable modules J over reasonably general rings Λ, it takes the form here is the quotient of the category of Λ-homomorphisms obtained by setting ‘projective = 0’. We then employ it to give an exact classification of homotopy classes of extensions 0 → J → Fn → … → F0 → F0 → M → 0 where each Fr is finitely generated free.
k-invariants for K-theory of curves over global fields
Authors: Arlettaz Dominique , Banaszak Grzegorz 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWe investigate the k-invariants for the K-theory and étale K-theory spaces of schemes. We give numerical estimates of the orders of k-invariants for the K-theory and étale K-theory spaces of regular and proper models over of smooth, proper and geometrically irreducible curves defined over global fields F.
CrATP as a new inhibitor of ecto-ATPases of trypanosomatids
Authors: MOREIRA O. C. , RIOS P. F. , ESTEVES F. F. , MEYER-FERNANDES J. R. , BARRABIN H. 
Published: January 2009

SUMMARYTrypanosomatid protozoa include heteroxenic species some of them pathogenic for men, animals and plants. Parasite membrane contains ecto-enzymes whose active sites face the external medium rather than the cytoplasm.Herpetomonassp. displayed a Mg2+-dependent ecto-ATPase activity, a Mg-independent ecto-ADPase and an ecto-phosphatase activity. Both, the ecto-ADPase and phosphatase activities were insensitive to CrATP (chromium(III) adenosine 5′-triphosphate complex). Ecto-ATPase activity was reversibly inhibited. At 2 mmATP the apparent Ki was 4·7±1·0 μmbut a fraction of about 40–50% was insensitive to CrATP. Remarkably, at low substrate concentration (0·2 mm) more than 90% of the ecto-ATPase was inhibited with Ki=0·33±0·10 μm. These parameter dependences are interpreted as the presence of 2 ecto-ATPases activities, one of them with high ATP apparent affinity and sensitivity to CrATP. DIDS (4,4 diisothiocyanatostilbene 2,2′ disulfonic acid), suramin and ADP were also effective as inhibitors. Only ADP presented no additive inhibition with CrATP. The pattern of partial inhibition by CrATP was also observed for the ecto-ATPase activities ofLeishmania amazonensis,Trypanosoma cruziandTrypanosoma rangeli. CrATP emerges as a new inhibitor of ecto-ATPases and as a tool for a better understanding of properties and role of ecto-ATPases in the biology of parasites.
Flow cytometry analysis of the circulating haemocytes from Biomphalaria glabrata and Biomphalaria tenagophila following Schistosoma mansoni infection
Authors: MARTINS-SOUZA R. L. , PEREIRA C. A. J. , COELHO P. M. Z. , MARTINS-FILHO O. A. , NEGRÃO-CORRÊA D. 
Published: January 2009

SUMMARYAiming to further characterize the haemocyte subsets in Biomphalaria snails, we have performed a detailed flow cytometric analysis of whole haemolymph cellular components using a multiparametric dual colour labelling procedure. Ethidium bromide/acridine orange fluorescence features were used to first select viable haemocytes followed by flow cytometric morphometric analysis based on the laser scatter properties (forward scatter-FSC and side scatter-SSC). Our findings demonstrated that B. glabrata (BG-BH, highly susceptible to S. mansoni) and 2 strains of B. tenagophila (BT-CF, moderately susceptible and BT-Taim, resistant to S. mansoni) have 3 major circulating haemocyte subsets, referred to as small, medium and large haemocytes. The frequency of small haemocytes was higher in BG-BH, while medium haemocytes were the most abundant cell-type in both B. tenagophila strains. Schistosoma mansoni infection resulted in early reduction of large and medium circulating haemocytes followed by an increase of small haemocytes. Although parasite infection induced haemocyte alterations in all Biomphalaria strains, the response was particularly intense in BT-Taim, the parasite-resistant snail. Interestingly, the trematode infection induces changes in haemocytes with less granular rather than in those with more granular profile. The results indicated that, in B. tenagophila of Taim strain, circulating haemocytes, especially the medium and high subset with less granular profile, are very reactive cells upon S. mansoni infection, suggesting that this cell subset would participate in the early parasite destruction observed in this snail strain.
Cysteine peptidases inHerpetomonas samuelpessoaiare modulated by temperature and dimethylsulfoxide-triggered differentiation
Authors: Pereira F. M. , Elias C. G. R. , d'Avila-Levy C. M. , Branquinha M. H. , Santos A. L. S. 
Published: January 2009

SUMMARYCysteine peptidases of protozoa have been implicated in a variety of biological events, and the expression of these enzymes is modulated in response to distinct stimuli, including environmental changes and differentiation. In the present work, we have examined the expression of cysteine peptidases fromHerpetomonas samuelpessoaigrown at distinct temperatures and during dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)-elicited differentiation. We demonstrated that a 45 kDa cysteine peptidase had its activity reduced during the parasite growth at 37°C in comparison to 26°C, and when cultured up to 72 h in the presence of DMSO. The modulation in the 45 kDa cysteine peptidase expression is connected to the differentiation process, since both temperature and DMSO are able to trigger the promastigote to paramastigote transformation inH. samuelpessoai. The possible immunological similarity ofH. samuelpessoaiproteins with well-known cysteine peptidases produced by trypanosomatid pathogens, including cruzipain (Trypanosoma cruzi) and cysteine peptidase b (cpb) fromLeishmania mexicana, was also investigated, as well as with calpain molecules. The protein cellular lysate ofH. samuelpessoaireacted with antibodies raised against cpb ofL. mexicanaand calpain ofDrosophila melanogaster; however, no reaction was observed against cruzipain. The 35 kDa cpb-like protein had its expression diminished in DMSO-treated parasites, while the 80 kDa calpain-like molecule was enhanced and an additional 30 kDa calpain-related polypeptide was exclusively observed in these cells. Fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry analyses corroborated these data. The results described above addH. samuelpessoaito the list of parasites whose differentiation seems to be correlated with cysteine peptidase expression.
Conditionals, Inference, and Possibility in Ancient Mesopotamian Science
Authors: Rochberg Francesca 
Published: January 2009

ArgumentThis paper argues that ancient Babylonian signs (omens) reflect a mode of inferential reasoning as a function of their syntactic and logical structure as conditionals. Taking into account the institutional context that produced a systematic written body of omens, the paper is principally interested in the cognitive disposition of such texts. Investigating what constitutes system in these works, formal aspects of the material are examined in terms of the nature of conditionals and the logic of conditional statements. It is argued that conditional statements about ominous phenomena speak as much to a notion of conceivability and possibility as to empirical physical actuality. It is claimed that the epistemological character of the Babylonian compendia of signs cannot be understood without due attention to epistemic possibility and further, that the cuneiform omen texts comprise a different kind of scientific knowledge from that limited to a knowledge of physical phenomena and their laws.
Astronomical and Optical Principles in the Architecture of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople
Authors: Schibille Nadine 
Published: January 2009

ArgumentTextual and material evidence suggests that early Byzantine architects, known asmechanikoi, were comprehensively educated in the mathematical sciences according to contemporary standards. This paper explores the significance of the astronomical and optical sciences for the working methods of the twomechanikoiof Hagia Sophia in Constantinople, Anthemios of Tralles and Isidoros of Miletus. It argues that one major concern in the sixth-century architectural design of the Great Church was the visual effect of its sacred interior, particularly the luminosity within. Anthemios and Isidoros seem to have been thoroughly conversant with the ancient corpus of astronomical and optical writings and, as will be shown, implemented their theoretical knowledge in the design of Hagia Sophia. Specifically, the paper demonstrates that the orientation of the building's longitudinal axis coincides with the sunrise on the winter solstice according to ancient computations, implying that the orientation was intentionally calculated in order to secure an advantageous natural illumination of the interior. Light and visual effects served to reinforce the symbolic significance of the sacred space that furthermore provides evidence for optical considerations with respect to late antique concepts of light and vision.
Egg-Forms and Measure-Bodies: Different Mathematical Practices in the Early History of the Modern Theory of Convexity
Authors: Kjeldsen Tinne Hoff 
Published: January 2009

ArgumentTwo simultaneous episodes in late nineteenth-century mathematical research, one by Karl Hermann Brunn (1862–1939) and another by Hermann Minkowski (1864–1909), have been described as the origin of the theory of convex bodies. This article aims to understand and explain (1) how and why the concept of such bodies emerged in these two trajectories of mathematical research; and (2) why Minkowski's – and not Brunn's – strand of thought led to the development of a theory of convexity. Concrete pieces of Brunn's and Minkowski's mathematical work in the two episodes will, from the perspective of the above questions, be presented and analyzed with the use of the methodological framework of epistemic objects, techniques, and configurations as adapted from Hans-Jörg Rheinberger's work on empirical sciences to the historiography of mathematics by Moritz Epple. Based on detailed descriptions and a comparison of the objects and techniques that Brunn and Minkowski studied and used in these pieces it will be concluded that Brunn and Minkowski worked in different epistemic configurations, and it will be argued that this had a significant influence on the mathematics they developed for those bodies, which can provide answers to the two research questions listed above.
Recent advances in cause-effect research on oak decline in Europe.
Authors: Thomas F. M. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract

This review attempts to assess the causal factors and their interrelations that cause decline of widespread European oak (
Quercus
) species. In particular, it provides an overview of recent advances in cause-effect research since 2000. The first recorded outbreak of oak decline took place in 1739-1748, and was followed by several other decline episodes, most of them occurring in the twentieth century. The mortality rates differ substantially among the European regions and decline episodes; however, the decline of entire stands is a rare event. The principal causes of oak decline are the following site-unspecific factors: severe (in particular, repeated) defoliation by insect larvae, especially in combination with infection by powdery mildew and weather extremes (summer drought, winter frost and spring frost); and the following site-specific factors: the root pathogen
Phytophthora quercina
(which is virulent in soils with a pH[CaCl
2
] value ≥3.5 and certain fractions of exchangeable calcium), and a distinct decrease in the groundwater level. At hydromorphic sites, intermittent soil moisture can intensify the impact of drought. At least in the temperate regions, two or more of these factors have to act in combination to cause major outbreaks of decline. Other biotic factors such as the root pathogen
Collybia fusipes
and the borers
Agrilus biguttatus
or
Platypus cylindrus
can contribute to the damage in later stages of decline. In the Mediterranean region, the aggressive root pathogen
Phytophthora cinnamomi
as well as prolonged periods of intense drought probably are capable of causing oak decline without any contribution of additional factors. Other possible causal factors, whose importance still has to be corroborated, are the decrease in chemical defence compounds against leaf herbivores due to eutrophication with nitrogen, and increased ozone concentrations.