bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Solvent extraction of oil from cottonseed prior to the removal of linters and treatment of the residue to effect separation of meal, hulls, and linters
Authors: Clark S. P. , Cecil Wamble A. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe results of the work which has been described can be summarized as follows:

A new, workable process has been developed using standard oil mill machinery, which can process cottonseed into oil, meal, linters, and a new product.

The economic position of the new process depends upon the use made of the new product; in the version of the new process investigated by this study, the new process competes on about equal terms with existing processes.

Although the new process does not give immediate promise of additional profits to cottonseed processors, another possibility for new products from cottonseed has been explored which might become important in the future if the present demands for second cut linters and hulls should decline.
A determination of the effects of several variables on the performance characteristics of shortening, using statistical experimental designs
Authors: Truax H. Mack , MacDonald Ira A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTo obtain shortening of higher water absorption, one should increase the level of monoglyceride used in the shortening. Icing volume is adversely affected by higher levels of monoglycerides. It is immaterial whether the monoglyceride has 40–44% or 56–58%alpha mono content, and the I.V. may range from 56 to 90 without producing significant effects on water absorption, icing volume, or cake results. Tempering and the choice of vegetable fat or rearranged meat fat stocks are of importance.
Epoxy acid in seed oils ofMalvaceae and preparation of (+)threo‐12,13‐Dihydroxyoleic acid
Authors: Hopkins C. Y. , Chisholm Mary J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSeed oils of six species ofMalvaceae, representing four genera, were found to containcis‐12,13‐epoxyoleic acid in amounts estimated at 1,5–7% of the total fatty acids. Acetolysis of the oils gave the corresponding dihydroxyoleic acid, which was shown to be predominantly adextro‐rotatory form ofthreo‐12,13‐dihydroxyoleic acid. It was obtained optically pure, and its structure was confirmed by orthodox methods. The hydrogenation product, (+)‐threo‐12,13‐dihydroxystearic acid, was also obtained optically pure and characterized. The best yield of dihydroxyoleic acid was obtained from the seed oil ofMalope trifida.Samples of oil from four other species ofMalvaeae had a very low or negligible content of epoxy acid.
Butter texture: The prevalent triglycerides
Authors: Bornaz Salwa , Fanni Jacques , Parmentier Michel 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe effect of composition on butter texture usually has been treatedvia the iodine value or the fatty acid content. The development of a new analytical technique allowed accurate determination of triglyceride composition of five different types of butters collected in winter and summer periods. The firmness of these samples has been measured in parallel, by using an Instron® universal testing machine and a cone penetrometer. As expected, a regional and seasonal variation of butter firmness was found. The correlation between firmness at 15°C and triglyceride composition allows the selection of four triglyceride fractions (TG1, TG2, TG3 and TG4) mainly represented by: TG1, POO; TG2, MyOO; TG3, CLaO + CyMyO + CoPO + BuSO and TG4, BuPO + CoMyO + CoPL (P, palmitic acid; O, oleic acid; My, myristic acid; C, capric acid; La, lauric acid; Cy, caprylic acid; Co, caproic acid; Bu, butryic acid; S, stearic acid; L, linoleic acid). The proportions of TG1 and TG2 are negatively correlated with firmness (r=0.89 and r=0.95, respectively). The level of the two other groups runs parallel to firmness (r=0.95 and r=0.91, respectively). The high correlation coefficients of these prevalent triglyceride fractions could be a better representative indication than iodine value or fatty acid content on the variation of this physical property of butter.
Solubilization of Acyl‐CoA elongases from developing rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)
Authors: Créach Anne , Lessire René 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAcyl‐CoA elongases are important in producing high‐erucic acid rapeseed. The effects of Triton X‐100,N‐octyl‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside and deoxycholate on the C18:1‐CoA and C20:1‐CoA elongase(s) have been studied by using a 15,000 ×g pellet from developing rapeseed. The synthesis of very long chain monounsaturated fatty acids (VLCMFA) and, in particular, that of erucic acid were stimulated by Triton X‐100, whatever the substrate used. In the presence ofN‐octyl‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside, the elongase activity was practically unchanged, whereas deoxycholate strongly inhibited VLCMFA synthesis. Triton X‐100 was chosen for the solubilization, at an optimal Triton X‐100/protein (w/w) ratio of 2.5. Acyl‐CoAs were the major products synthesized by the solubilized acyl‐CoA elongase(s). The analysis of the reaction intermediates showed that the entire elongation complex has been solubilized and was still functional.
Purification and characterization of thermophilic and alkalophilic tributyrin esterase fromBacillus strain A30‐1 (ATCC 53841)
Authors: Wang Yongxiang , Saha Badal C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAn extracellular esterase (EC 3.1.1.1) from a thermophilicBacillus A30‐1 (ATCC 53841) was purified 139‐fold to homogeneity by sodium chloride (6 M) treatment, ammonium sulfate fractionation (30–80%) and phenyl‐Sepharose CL‐6B column chromatography. The native enzyme was a single polypeptide chain with a molecular weight of about 65,000 and an isoelectric point at pH 4.8. The optimum pH for esterase activity was 9.0, and its pH stability range was 5.0–10.5. The optimum temperature for its activity was 60°C. The esterase had a half‐life of 28 h at 50°C, 20 h at 60°C and 16 h at 65°C. It showed the highest activity on tributyrin, with little or no activity toward long‐chain (12–20 carbon) fatty acid esters. The enzyme displayed Km and Kcat values of 0.357 mM and 8365/min, respectively, for tributyrin hydrolysis at pH 9.0 and 60°C. Cyclodextrin (α, β, and γ), Ca2+, Co2+, Mg2+ and Mn2+ enhanced the esterase activity, and Zn2+ and Fe2+ acted as inhibitors of the enzyme activity. The enzyme activity was not affected by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, p‐chloromercuribenzoate andN‐bromosuccinimide.
Report of the color committee, 1953–1954
Authors: Agee G. W. , Buswell R. J. , Coleman W. T. , Formo M. W. , Goldwasser Seymore , Henry D. L. , Macmillan Duncan , Wallen E. J. , Manning C. L. , Mehlenbacher V. C. , O’Connor R. T. , Pope R. C. , Whyte L. K. , Stillman R. C. 
Published: May 2007

ConclusionsIt may be concluded from the work of the committee during the past year that

eight of 18 instruments used in reporting requested data do not meet A.O.C.S. specifications. This conclusion is not necessarily a criticism of the instruments since only two of the instruments gave results materially out of line;

the use of standardizing solutions holds promise;

the possibility of using readings at only one or two appropriate wave‐lengths suggests itself as a practical method of oil grading;

additional committee work is necessary not only in the direction so far taken but in other directions which may hold promise of giving precise instrumental color values.
Fractionation of some polyethenoxy lauryl ethers
Authors: Karabinos J. V. , Quinn E. J. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryMolecular distillation was applied to the fractionation of lauryl ether‐ethylene oxide condensates. It was shown that the distribution, in general, follows Poisson’s Law as applied to polyethylene glycols by Flory. Detergency studies on the individnal fractions indicate optimum soil removal at approximately seven ethenoxy units and optimum whiteness retention at about four ethenoxy units.
Purification of crude glycerin by ion exclusion
Authors: Prielipp Glenn E. , Keller Harold W. 
Published: May 2007

ConclusionThe results obtained from operating a pilot plant, using the ion exclusion process for the separation of crude glycerin from its dissolved solids, proved to be predictable according to previous publications. The operating variables investigated were: temperature, flow rate, nonionic concentration, ionic concentration, and feed volume. No serious problems were incurred as a result of scale up from the 0.6‐in. diameter laboratory column to the 12‐in. diameter pilot plant and laboratory data were duplicated in the pilot plant. The product obtained from the ion exclusion pilot plant, which was finished by ion exchange and evaporation, meets and/or exceeds U.S.P. specifications for CP glycerin.A cost analysis based on the above process, which includes operational cost, equipment, and resin amortization, indicates that CP glycerin could be produced for one cent per pound.
A paper chromatographic procedure for separating 1‐mono‐, 1,3‐di‐, and triglycerides, cholesterol, and cholesteryl esters
Authors: Dieckert Julius W. , Reiser Raymond 
Published: May 2007

SummaryA reproducible paper chromatographic procedure has been developed for resolving a mixture consisting of 1‐mono‐, 1,3‐di‐, and triglycerides, cholesterol, and cholesteryl esters. The separation is accomplished, using silicic acid impregnated glass fiber filter paper as the chromatographic medium and various ethyl ether‐isooctane mixtures as the solvent systems. A reagent consisting of 1:1 concentrated sulfuric acid: water has been introduced for visualizing the lipides on the chromatogram and for distinguishing between glycerides and cholesterol‐containing lipides. Unsaturation in the fatty acid moiety of the mono‐, di‐, and triglycerides had no detectable effect on the Rf values of these substances. Fatty acid chain length did not affect the Rf of the cholesteryl esters with the solvent systems studied. Increasing the percentage ethyl ether in the solvent system caused an increase in the Rf values of each lipide not moving at the solvent front.
Effects of hexamethylphosphoric triamide (hempa) upon allylic grignard reagents: Synthesis of long chain alkenol acetates
Authors: Sonnet P. E. , Bierl B. A. , Beroza M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractE or Z allylic Grignard reagents reacted with allylic halides in tetrahydrofuran‐Hempa to give products in which the double bond from the organometallic fragment was predominantly Z. Protonation of the allylic Grignard reagents gave an increased proportion of Δ2‐alkene and a higher ratio of Z:E isomers when Hempa was added.
Lipid peroxidationin vivo
Authors: Witting Lloyd A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractUnder a rather rigidly defined set of empirical conditions, the kinetics of production of a specific tocopherol‐deficiency sign, creatinuria, in the rat were comparable to the kinetics of the autoxidation of pure polyunsaturated fatty acids in model systemsin vitro. The tocopherol requirement of the rat under these conditions was clearly related to the kinetics of lipid peroxidation. Dietary, biologically available selenium decreased the rate of production of creatinuria and the rate of disappearance of tissue polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) equally and, therefore, may have functioned as a lipid antioxidantin vivo. A hypothetical model of lipid peroxidation was prepared in an attempt to describe the interaction of PUFA, tocopherol, biologically available selenium, and sulfur amino acids.
Glyceride studies. Part III. The component glycerides of five seed oils containing linolenic acid
Authors: Gunstone F. D. , Padley F. B. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe component glycerides of linseed, wild rose, candlenut, soya and stillingia oils have been estimated by chromatography on thin layers of silica impregnated with silver nitrate. The separated glycerides are identified, qualitatively and quantitatively, by gas‐liquid chromatography (GLC) of their methyl esters in presence of added methyl heptadecanoate as an internal standard. The results agree with those obtained by lipolysis or calculated directly from the component acids on the basis of the theory of positional distribution.
Glyceride studies. Part IV. The component glycerides of ten seed oils containing linoleic acid
Authors: Gunstone F. D. , Qureshi M. Ilyas 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe component glycerides of ten seed oils (safflower, tobacco, sunflower,Argemone mexicana, maize, cotton, groundnut,Macadamia ternifolia, Gmelina asiatica, andMadhuca latifolia) have been estimated by chromatographic procedures. The results agree with those obtained by lipolysis or calculated directly from the component acids on the basis of the theory of positional distribution.
Glyceride studies. V. The distribution of unsaturated acyl groups in vegetable triglycerides
Authors: Gunstone F. D. , Hamilton R. J. , Padley F. B. , Qureshi M. Ilyas 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe distribution of oleic, linoleic, linolenic, petroselinic, hexadec‐9 and 11‐enoic, sterculic, four conjugated octadecatrienoic acids, isolinolenic, and octadeca‐6,9,12,15‐tetraenoic acid in vegetable triglycerides has been studied by hydrolysis with pancreatic lipase. The results, discussed in terms of a selectivity factor, indicate that these unsaturated acids do not compete equally for the secondary hydroxyl group.
The triglyceride composition of linseed oil
Authors: Vereshchagin A. G. , Novitskaya Galina V. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe triglyceride composition of linseed oils obtained under different ecological conditions and having different fatty acid compositions was determined by a combination of several chromatographic techniques. The triglyceride mixture was first separated in 8 fractions of different polarity by reversed‐phase paper chromatography. Each glyceride fraction was then separated in a partition chromatographic system as the triglyceride coordination complexes with silver ions into individual compounds. The fatty acid compositions of the original oil, single glyceride fractions, and individual triglycerides were determined by gas‐liquid chromatography. The molar ratio between the two neighboring glyceride fractions was determined by relating the fatty acid composition of each fraction to the fatty acid composition of their sum. The triglyceride composition of the total oil was then calculated from these results.The presence of 18舑19 triglycerides was ascertained in the samples studied, and the molar concentration of each glyceride was estimated. Linseed oil contains only triunsaturated and monosaturated‐diunsaturated triglycerides. Within each of these types the fatty acid distribution is close to random. At the same time, the content of some triglycerides departed regularly from a random pattern.A method for calculation of linseed oil triglyceride composition from the fatty acid composition is given.The same general pattern of glyceride formation in linseed is followed regardless of ecological conditions; therefore, the qualitative and quantitative triglyceride composition reflects the differences in fatty acid composition of linseed oil.
Determination of nonionic surfactant biodegradability: Physical properties vs. colorimetry
Authors: Huddleston R. L. , Allred R. C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBiodegradation studies with three alkyl phenol nonionic products have revealed that loss of cobaltothiocyanate colorimetric sensitivity may not necessarily correlate with loss of surface tension lowering and foaming properties when these type structures are exposed to microbial attack. Where this type of disagreement between analytical methods is present, only the surface tension and foam data are valid measurements of biodegradation.
Titration of cyclopropene esters with hydrogen bromide
Authors: Feuge R. O. , Zarins Zigrida , White John L. , Holmes Raiford L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractEsters of the naturally occurring cyclopropene acids have heretofore been determined by titration with hydrogen bromide in glacial acetic acid. However, highly purified cyclopropenes had an apparent purity of only 83–86% by this method. The catalyzed addition of acetic acid during the titration has been shown to occur. Substituting toluene for the acetic acid not only gives the correct cyclopropene content, but also sharpens the end point of the titration. The new titration is performed at 70–75 C and 1,3‐diphenylguanidine, which is soluble in toluene, should be used as a primary standard. The indicator solution is 0.03% crystal violet in butyric acid. Mono‐ and diglycerides and oxidized fatty compounds must be removed before titration. Oxirane oxygen can be determined by the new procedure, probably with an accuracy greater than that possible with hydrogen bromide in glacial acetic acid.
The effects of the changing textile technology on detergent formulations
Authors: Hunter Robert T. , Roga Robert C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe rapidly changing character of the laundry load has created new cleaning criteria for the modern detergent composition. The effect of some likely changes in detergent formulations on the performance of a representative set of modern fabrics has been investigated. The results indicate that certain benefits in the cleaning of permanent press fabric can be achieved through some rather simple formulation changes. These changes include: the use of olefin sulfonate surfactant; and the use of mixed STPP‐SNTA builders. Nonionics and nonionic‐LAS mixtures were found to have rather flat response curves on the fabrics in this study. The maintenance of adequate use concentration when laundering with common detergents was also found to be quite beneficial in cleaning the modern textiles. The most apparent progress in achieving better appearance of laundered fabrics has been made by the development of the soil release finish for permanent press.
Comparison of oxalic acid and phosphoric acid as degumming agents for vegetable oils
Authors: Ohlson R. , Svensson C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractFor many years, phosphoric acid has been used for degumming vegetable oils with high phosphatide content prior to alkali refining. One disadvantage of this technique is the resulting undesirable phosphate waste in streams, a problem which has increased substantially in importance in recent times. We have investigated an alternative degumming technique using oxalic acid that alleviates the pollution problem in cases where water purification by means of a chemical treatment process is not possible.
Continuous sheeting and packaging of pastry type and other fats
Authors: Edmunds R. S. , Budlong T. L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractHigh speed production of sheeted roll‐in pastry fats, margarine, and butter is featured in a general discussion. Methods of processing the fat products to be sheeted, including the use of scraped surface heat exchangers and continuous and vane type butter churns, are included. Various means of connecting the processing function to the sheeting and packaging equipment, including fully closed systems and open hopper systems, round out this discussion on provisions now available to set up fully continuous processes to handle products from liquid, emulsion, and churning cream stages to finished packages for industrial and consumer use.
Geometrical isomerization of 1,5‐dienes: Isomers of gossyplure, the pink bollworm sex attractant
Authors: Sonnet P. E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe isomeric components of gossyplure, (Z,Z)‐and (Z,E)‐7,11‐hexadecadien‐1‐o1 acetates, were isomerized cleanly to the (E,E) and (E,Z) acetates by the method of Vedejs and Fuchs. This method is applicable to the double inversion of 1,5‐dienes. Thus, geometrical isomers of some compounds of biological interest, such as the insect sex attractants, can be more readily obtained.
The reactions of hydrogen bromide with oleic acid and its esters. II. Free radical addition
Authors: Jungermann Eric , Spoerri P. E. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryOleic acid and a series of its esters were reacted with hydrogen bromide under conditions favoring addition by a free radical mechanism. Variations of the solvents, catalysts, temperatures, dilution, and the ester groups were investigated. Under all conditions a statistical 50∶50 distribution of position isomers was found.
The 2‐thiobarbituric acid reagent for determination of oxidative rancidity in fish oils
Authors: de Koning A. J. , Silk M. H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA method has been devised for the quantitative determination of malonaldehyde in oxidized fish oils by means of the 2‐thiobarbituric acid reagent in alcoholic solution. TBA numbers and peroxide values have been determined at intervals during hydroperoxidation of pilchard oil. The curves follow the same general pattern but the numerical relationship between them depends upon the temperature of oxidation.In alcoholic solution, the reaction between thiobarbituric acid and malonaldehyde is carried out in the dark, because sunlight causes a decrease in optical density of the TBA‐malonaldehyde complex at 532 mॖ with the appearance of a second maximum at 452 mॖ. The nature of the compounds responsible for absorption at these two wave‐lengths is discussed.
Suspensions of high‐melting triglycerides
Authors: White J. L. , Singleton W. S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA method for preparing stable oil/water suspensions of cottonseed stearine, tristearin, tripalmitin, trimyristin, methyl stearate, and palmitic acid in concentrations up to 10% with minimum concentrations of stabilizing agents is described. Using 2.5% of polyethylene glycol 400 monostearate (based on weight of hard fat), 0.1% of Pluronic F 68, and 0.2舑0.25% of Carbopol 934 (the concentrations of these two agents are based on the weight of the aqueous phase), suspensions of the hard fats were prepared by simple stirring, were stable for at least one month at room temperature, and could be sterilized. The size of the dispersed fat particles was 20舑40 ॖ. Apparent viscosities of cottonseed stearine suspensions at 2, 5, and 10% concentrations were 3.59, 5.95, and 6.62 poises at 25C, respectively. Suspensions as described should have utility in those areas of investigation in which solid fatty materials in the form of stable dispersions are desirable.
Glycidyl esters. IV. Hydration of glycidyl stearate
Authors: Maerker G. , Ault W. C. , Port W. S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe acid‐catalyzed conversion of glycidyl stearate to monostearin has been investigated. By use of au essentially nonaqueous reaction medium and a two‐step procedure, high yields of monostearin were obtained at 15舑20C in brief reaction periods, while avoiding ester hydrolysis. Distearin was found to be a by‐product. The influence of solvent, reaction temperature, and type of acid catalyst upon the relative amounts of monostearin and distearin produced were studied. A possible reaction path leading to the formation of distearin is proposed.
Dynamics of the soap industry
Authors: Peet Roy 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThis has been a review of the dynamics of the soap industry. We have seen the growth of cleanliness and of a recognition of the part cleanliness plays in health and morale. We have traced the increase of industrialization which has brought low‐priced plumbing equipment, hot water in the home, and washing machines within the reach of all. Each has made life better, healthier, easier, and each has increased the consumption of soap.It is fitting that an industry which makes a product so basic to the health and well‐being of the people should be an aggressive, competitive, and enlightened industry.We are proud of the fact that the soap industry has played its part for the welfare of the country as a whole and is ever alert to serve the public better. I hope those of you who are already working in the industry will derive as much pleasure from it as I have; and to those who have taken this course only because of an outside interest in the subject of soap, let me just say, “Come on in, the water is fine!”