bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preparation, Characterization and Application of Silver Chloride-Eosin Y Inclusion Material
Authors: Gao Hong-Wen , Bai Jing , Pei Xiao-Mei , Wang Hong-Yan , Wang Shi-Long 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
From the adsorptive precipitation of Cl–, eosin Y (EY) and Ag+, we developed in-situ inclusion of EY into growing silver chloride particles to form ternary electronegative micro-conductors. The composition of the particles was determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), ion chromatography (IC) and spectrophotometry and the size and pattern of the particles characterized by the particle size analysis, X-ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetry. The results showed that the in-situ inclusion of EY into AgCl crystal particles in layer-by-layer and the supermolecular complex {[(AgCl)50EY]n}2n– was formed in cubic and globe-like shape. The ternary inclusion particles adsorbed cationic dyes selectively, rapidly and with high efficiency. A representative cationic dye, victoria blue B (VBB), was used to investigate the performance of the ternary particles as adsorbents and the mechanism involved. The equilibrium adsorption capacity of the ternary particles is 353 mg/g VBB, over 10 times higher than absorption to the silver chloride–only particles and over 3 times to activated carbon. Moreover, the adsorption approached the equilibrium in 10 min, which is much less than that with activated carbon in about 2 h. This work advanced a sample method for preparation of the supramolecular inclusion materials as dye adsorbent and it provided a simple, efficient and practical approach for the recovery or removal of organic substances from aqueous.
Heat Induced Charge Transfer in the Solid Solution Co3–xTx[Fe(CN)6]2 yH2O with T = Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn and Cd
Authors: Romero S. , Jimenez-Gallegos J. , Yee-Madeira H. , Reguera E. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Cobalt hexacyanoferrates have a relatively low energy barrier for the charge transfer between cobalt and iron atoms. That energy barrier can be overcome by irradiation with light in the ultraviolet-blue region or through the sample heating. Such feature for that charge transfer process is determined by structural and compositional factors. In this contribution the role of a second metal partially substituting to Co in the material composition on the heat induced charge transfer is studied. Samples of the solid solution Co3–xTx[Fe(CN)6]2yH2O with T = Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn and Cd, were prepared by a simple synthetic route and their behavior on moderate heating, from 80 to 160 °C, was evaluated. The behavior of the solid solution on heating was followed by infrared, X-ray diffraction and Mössbauer data. The heat induced charge transfer appears to be favored once the crystal water is removed, when the metal-metal interaction, through the CN bridges, reaches its maximum strength. From this fact, when a metal like Cu, Zn and Cd, with a relatively weak interaction with the coordinated water molecules and, as a consequence, with a low dehydration temperature, is present in the material structure, a lower activation energy is required to be able the heat induced charge transfer. Even in the presence of a second divalent transition metal occupying a fraction of the structural sites for Co, the charge transfer was observed, which is particularly pronounced in the 120–140 °C temperature range. The heat-induced charge transfer was also evaluated from the photo-induced inverse process in the heated samples using photo-acoustic spectroscopy.
Genetic Changes Accompanying the Evolution of Host Specialization in Drosophila sechellia
Authors: Dworkin Ian , Jones Corbin D 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Changes in host specialization contribute to the diversification of phytophagous insects. When shifting to a new host, insects evolve new physiological, morphological, and behavioral adaptations. Our understanding of the genetic changes responsible for these adaptations is limited. For instance, we do not know how often host shifts involve gain-of-function vs. loss-of-function alleles. Recent work suggests that some genes involved in odor recognition are lost in specialists. Here we show that genes involved in detoxification and metabolism, as well as those affecting olfaction, have reduced gene expression in Drosophila sechellia—a specialist on the fruit of Morinda citrifolia. We screened for genes that differ in expression between D. sechellia and its generalist sister species, D. simulans. We also screened for genes that are differentially expressed in D. sechellia when these flies chose their preferred host vs. when they were forced onto other food. D. sechellia increases expression of genes involved with oogenesis and fatty acid metabolism when on its host. The majority of differentially expressed genes, however, appear downregulated in D. sechellia. For several functionally related genes, this decrease in expression is associated with apparent loss-of-function alleles. For example, the D. sechellia allele of Odorant binding protein 56e (Obp56e) harbors a premature stop codon. We show that knockdown of Obp56e activity significantly reduces the avoidance response of D. melanogaster toward M. citrifolia. We argue that apparent loss-of-function alleles like Obp56e potentially contributed to the initial adaptation of D. sechellia to its host. Our results suggest that a subset of genes reduce or lose function as a consequence of host specialization, which may explain why, in general, specialist insects tend to shift to chemically similar hosts.
A Novel Method of Distal End-Tidal CO2 Capnography in Intubated Infants: Comparison With Arterial CO2 and With Proximal Mainstream End-Tidal CO2
Authors: Kugelman Amir , Zeiger-Aginsky Dana , Bader David , Shoris Irit , Riskin Arieh 
Published: November 2008

OBJECTIVE. The objective of this study was to evaluate a novel method of distal end-tidal CO2 capnography by comparison with Paco2 and with the more standard method that measures mainstream proximal end-tidal CO2 in intubated infants.
METHODS. Included in the study were all infants who were ventilated with conventional mechanical ventilation and intubated with a double-lumen endotracheal tube in our NICU during the study period. Data were collected prospectively from 2 capnographs simultaneously and compared with Paco2. Sidestream distal end-tidal CO2 was measured by a Microstream capnograph via the extra port of a double-lumen endotracheal tube. Mainstream proximal end-tidal CO2 was measured via capnograph connected to the endotracheal tube.
RESULTS. Twenty-seven infants (median [range] birth-weight: 1835 [490–4790] g; gestational age: 32.5 [24.8–40.8] weeks) participated in the study. We used for analysis 222 and 212 measurements of distal end-tidal CO2 and proximal end-tidal CO2, respectively. Distal compared with proximal end-tidal CO2 had a better correlation with Paco2 and a better agreement with Paco2. The accuracy of distal end-tidal CO2 decreased, but it remained a useful measure of Paco2 in the high range of Paco2 (≥60 mmHg) or in conditions of severe lung disease. A subanalysis for infants who weighed &lt;1500 g (13 infants, 84 observations) revealed a good correlation and agreement between distal end-tidal CO2 and Paco2 and poor correlation and agreement for proximal end-tidal CO2.
CONCLUSIONS. Distal end-tidal CO2 measured via a double-lumen endotracheal tube was found to have good correlation and agreement with Paco2, remained reliable in conditions of severe lung disease, and was more accurate than the standard mainstream proximal end-tidal CO2.
Nerve grafting in peripheral nerve injuries
Authors: Grujicic Danica , Samardzic Miroslav , Rasulic Lukas , Savic Dragan , Cvrkota Irena , Simic Vesna 
Published: November 2008

Autologous nerve grafting is the most commnly used operative technique in delayed primary, or secondary nerve repair after the peripheral nerve injuries. The aim of this procedure is to overcome nerve gaps that results from the injury itself, fibrous and elastic retraction forces, resection of the damaged parts of the nerve, position of the articulations and mobilisation of the nerve.	In this study we analyse the results of operated patients with transections and lacerations of the peripheral nerves from 1979 to 2000 year. Gunshot injuries have not been analyzed in this study. The majority of the injuries were in the upper extremity (more than 87% of cases). Donor for nerve transplantation had usually been sural nerve, and only occasionally medial cutaneous nerve of the forearm was used. In about 93% of cases we used interfascicular nerve grafting, and cable nerve grafting was performed in the rest of them. Most of the grafts were 1 do 5 cm long (70% of cases). Functional recovery was achieved in more than 86% of cases, which is similar to the results of the other authors. Follow up period was minimum 2 years. We analyzed the influence of different factors on nerve recovery after the operation: patient?s age, location and the extent (total or partial) of nerve injury, the length of the nerve graft, type of the nerve, timing of surgery, presence of multiple nerve injuries and associated osseal and soft tissue injuries of the upper and lower extremities.
Diabetes and Risk of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Authors: Mitri Joanna , Castillo Jorge , Pittas Anastassios G. 
Published: November 2008

OBJECTIVE—To examine the epidemiologic association between diabetes and risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL).
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We searched MEDLINE for observational studies on the association between diabetes and NHL in adults using the keywords “diabetes” and “lymphoma.” Prospective cohort studies that reported relative risks or standardized incidence ratios and case-control studies that reported odds ratios with 95% CIs were included. A random-effects model was used to combine results from the individual studies.
RESULTS—A total of 15 manuscripts (reporting data from 5 prospective cohort and 11 case-control studies) met the inclusion criteria. Combining data from all studies, the risk ratio (RR) of developing NHL in patients with diabetes was 1.19 (95% CI 1.04–1.35). Based on prospective studies, patients with diabetes had an RR of developing NHL of 1.41 (1.07–1.88), without heterogeneity among studies (I2 = 34.3%; P &gt; 0.10). Based on case-control studies, patients with diabetes had an RR of 1.12 (95% CI 0.95–1.31) of developing NHL compared with people without diabetes, with some heterogeneity among studies (I2 = 36.28%; P = 0.09).
CONCLUSIONS—Diabetes is associated with a moderately increased risk of NHL, which is consistent with other reported associations between diabetes and malignancies. Future studies should focus on elucidating potential pathophysiologic links between diabetes and NHL.
Genotype-by-Environment Interactions for Seed Composition Traits of Breeding Lines in The Uniform Peanut Performance Test
Authors: Isleib T. G. , Tillman B. L. , Pattee H. E. , Sanders T. H. , Hendrix K. W. , Dean L. O. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Peanut composition is influenced by several groups of factors: environmental, genetic, and their interaction. This study evaluated the relative contributions of these factors using data from the USDA-ARS quality testing program using samples from the multi-state Uniform Peanut Performance Tests (UPPT). Data were subjected to restricted maximum likelihood estimation of variance components reflecting the main effects of year, production region, location within region, genotype (cultivar or breeding line), and kernel grade (“seed size”) within genotype, and the interactions among these main effects. Genetic variation in oil content was low (9% of total variation); however, fatty acid composition of the oil was highly influenced by genotype (34–77%) with the exception of lignoceric acid (1%). Genetic influence on tocopherols was generally less than that of fatty acids. Environmental variation of tocopherols was greater than the variation attributable to genotype-by-environment interaction. The lowest genetic variation was observed in sugar content; however, environmental variation was high (68%). The magnitude of genetic influence on oil content and fatty acid concentrations suggests that these traits are amenable to improvement through breeding.
Identification of a CREB‐dependent serotonergic pathway and neuronal circuit regulating foraging behavior in Caenorhabditis elegans: A useful model for mental disorders and their treatments?
Authors: Zubenko George S. , Jones Michelle L. , Estevez Annette O. , Hughes Hugh B. , Estevez Miguel 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe cAMP‐response element binding protein (CREB)‐mediated cell signaling pathway is conserved through evolution and participates in a broad range of complex behaviors of divergent species including man. This study describes the integration of genetic, pharmacologic, and anatomic methods to elucidate a serotonergic signaling pathway by which the CREB homolog CRH‐1 controls foraging rate (FR) in the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans, along with the complete neuronal circuit through which this pathway operates. In the anterior afferent arm of the circuit, CRH‐1 controls FR by regulating the expression of tph‐1, the sole structural gene for tryptophan hydroxylase, in serotonergic sensory (ADF) neurons whose post‐synaptic effects are mediated through 5HT2‐like SER‐1 receptors. The posterior afferent limb of the circuit includes an interneuron (RIH) that does not express tph‐1 and whose serotonergic phenotype is dependent on the contribution of this neurotransmitter from another source, probably the ADF neurons. The postsynaptic effects of the RIH interneuron are mediated through 5HT1‐like SER‐4 receptors. This model has potential utility for the study of clinical disorders and experimental therapeutics. Furthermore, the discovery of serotonergic neurons that depend on other sources for their neurotransmitter phenotype could provide a mechanism for rapidly altering the number and distribution of serotonergic pathways in developing and adult nervous systems, providing a dimension of functional complexity that has been previously unrecognized. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of alginate–chitosan bioadhesive beads as a drug delivery system for the controlled release of theophylline
Authors: Elzatahry A. A. , Eldin M. S. Mohy , Soliman E. A. , Hassan E. A. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThis study describes the preparation of mucoadhesive alginate–chitosan beads containing theophylline intended for colon‐specific delivery. The calcium alginate beads were coated with chitosan by the ionotropic hydrogelation method with a polyelectrolyte complex reaction between two oppositely charged polyions. The release profiles of theophylline from the beads were determined by ultraviolet–visible absorption measurement at 272 nm. Scanning electron microscopy was used for morphology observation. The in vitro mucoadhesive tests for particles were carried out with the freshly excised jejunum of Sprague‐Dawley rats. The bead particles, which ranged in size from 200 to 400 μm, exhibited excellent mucoadhesive properties. The results showed that the formulated coated beads succeeded in controlling the release of theophylline over a 24‐h period. In conclusion, the release of theophylline was found to be dependent on the composition of the beads, the component polymer and its possible interactions, and the bioadhesiveness. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Synthesis and characterization of high‐density polypropylene‐grafted polyethylene via a macromolecular reaction and its rheological behavior
Authors: Yao Zhen , Lu Zhan‐Quan , Zhao Xi , Qu Bang‐Wei , Shen Zhi‐Cheng , Cao Kun 
Published: November 2008

AbstractHigh‐density polyethylene grafted isotactic polypropylene (PP‐g‐HDPE) was prepared by the imidization reaction between maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene and amine‐grafted polypropylene in a xylene solution. The branch density was adjusted by changes in the molar ratio between maleic anhydride and primary amine groups. Dynamic rheology tests were conducted to compare the rheological properties of linear polyolefins and long‐chain‐branched polyolefins. The effects of the density of long‐chain branches on the rheological properties were also investigated. It was found that long‐chain‐branched hybrid polyolefins had a higher storage modulus at a low frequency, a higher zero shear viscosity, a reduced phase angle, enhanced shear sensitivities, and a longer relaxation time. As the branch density was increased, the characteristics of the long‐chain‐branched structure became profounder. The flow activation energy of PP‐g‐HDPE was lower than that of neat maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (PP‐g‐MAH) because of the lower flow activation energy of maleic anhydride grafted high‐density polyethylene (HDPE‐g‐MAH). However, the flow activation energy of PP‐g‐HDPE was higher than that of PP‐g‐MAH/HDPE‐g‐MAH blends because of the presence of long‐chain branches. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Radiopaque acrylic bone cements with bromine‐containing monomer
Authors: Rusu Marius Ciprian , Ibanescu Constanta , Cameliu Ichim Ionut , Riess Gerard , Popa Marcel , Rusu Daniela , Rusu Mihai 
Published: November 2008

AbstractOne important issue for the acrylic bone cements concerns the radiopacity, which may be achieved by different ways. In this work, a new bromine‐containing acrylic monomer, the 2‐(2‐bromopropionyloxy) propyl methacrylate (BPPM), was synthesized and proposed to be used for providing radiopaque bone cements. Different acrylic bone cements were realized by partially replacing the methyl methacrylate (MMA) monomer phase with 5–20% w/w of BPPM‐comonomer. The effect of this comonomer on the curing parameters of acrylic bone cements, on their thermal and rheological properties, water absorption, density, contact angle, compression tests, and radiopacity was studied. It appears that the presence of BPPM does provide radiopacity, improves the curing parameters by decreasing the maximum curing temperature and increasing the setting time. The new BPPM‐acrylic bone cements exhibit lower glass transition temperature and better thermal stability when compared with the classical radiolucent acrylic cements. Rheological measurements have shown that 10–20% w/w of BPPM in the liquid phase of acrylic bone cement formulations increase its flexibility, and may also induce a slight crosslinking reaction during the curing phase. BPPM‐modified acrylic bone cements present lower polymerization shrinkage and higher compression strength, and similar water uptake, porosity, and water contact angle as the radiolucent PMMA‐cements. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Effect of a dodecylsulfate‐modified magnesium–aluminum layered double hydroxide on the morphology and fracture of polystyrene and poly(styrene‐co‐acrylonitrile) composites
Authors: Realinho V. , Antunes M. , Arencón D. , Fernández A. I. , Velasco J. I. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractComposites of polystyrene (PS) and poly(styrene‐co‐acrylonitrile) (SAN) containing a fraction of a dodecylsulfate‐modified Mg–Al layered double hydroxide (LDH) were prepared by means of a melt‐extrusion process. The structure and morphology were analyzed with wide‐angle X‐ray scattering and transmission electron microscopy, respectively. The X‐ray spectra of the PS matrix composite displayed the diffraction peak characteristic of the hybrid LDH basal plane at 2θ = 3.1 deg. The SAN matrix composite did not exhibit such a diffraction peak. Both PS and SAN composites displayed an intercalated type of morphology with respect to the LDH platelets, as assessed by transmission electron microscopy. A plasticizing effect due to the hybrid LDH particles was observed for all composites and was supported by a decrease in the glass‐transition temperature values and by Fourier transform infrared spectra. Besides tensile properties, the fracture toughness of the composites was compared with that of the pure polymers through the linear elastic fracture mechanics parameters. They were determined from fracture tests under a three‐point‐bending configuration. The results indicated that the effect of adding a small fraction of modified LDH particles to SAN caused an improvement in fracture toughness of 50% with respect to that of the pure polymer. Moreover, the relative increase in the fracture energy was about 200%. For PS matrix composites, both tensile properties and linear elastic fracture mechanics fracture parameters remained unaffected. These results were explained on the basis of the different plasticities developed by both polymers around the particles. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Synthesis of thermosensitive glycopolymers containing D‐glucose residue: Copolymers with N‐isopropylacrylamide
Authors: Shinde Vaishali S. , Pawar Vishwas U. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractA new glycomonomer, 3‐acrylamido‐3‐deoxy‐1,2:5,6‐di‐O‐isopropylidene‐α‐D‐glucofuranose, was synthesized from D‐glucose. This monomer was homopolymerized and copolymerized with N‐isopropylacrylamide in different compositions by free‐radical polymerization. The composition of the copolymer was determined with 1H‐NMR spectroscopy. On acid hydrolysis, water‐soluble deprotected copolymers were obtained. The protected and deprotected copolymers showed a sharp cloud‐point temperature. A linear correlation was obtained between the lower critical solution temperatures and the concentration of glycomonomer in the copolymers © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Carboxymethyl guar: Its synthesis and macromolecular characterization
Authors: Pal Sagar 
Published: November 2008

AbstractGuar gum was partially carboxymethylated by the reaction of the base polysaccharide with the sodium salt of monochloroacetic acid in presence of sodium hydroxide. The resulting products (carboxymethyl guar with different degrees of substitution) were characterized by a variety of material characterization techniques, such as intrinsic viscosity measurement, determination of molecular weight, elemental analysis, thermal analysis, 13C‐NMR spectra, and Fourier transform infrared analysis. Various grades of carboxymethyl guar gum, which were synthesized in the laboratory, were studied for their suitability as flocculants and viscosifiers. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009