bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Self‐selection bias in sleep and psychophysiological studies of posttraumatic stress disorder
Authors: Woodward Steven H. , Stegman Wendy K. , Pavao Joanne R. , Arsenault Ned J. , Hartl Tamara L. , Drescher Kent D. , Weaver Christopher 
Published: August 2007

AbstractPsychobiological studies of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) often challenge participants to assess the dynamics of systems evolved to organize responses to extreme events. Informed consent insures that volunteers have every opportunity to preevaluate the conditions of the research experience and decline if made uncomfortable by them. Notwithstanding their necessity, these protections set the stage for self‐selection phenomena that may bias study outcomes. This study compared prospectively obtained psychometric data from 196 participants and 1229 nonparticipants in sleep and psychophysiological studies of PTSD. Lower subjective nightmare severity was endorsed by persons who later agreed to participate in a study of baseline sleep, an observation consistent with the low nightmare frequencies observed in most laboratories studies of sleep in PTSD.
Validation of a screening instrument for posttraumatic stress disorder in a community sample of Bedouin men serving in the Israeli Defense Forces
Authors: Caspi Yael , Carlson Eve B. , Klein Ehud 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThis study evaluates the performance of the Screen for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (SPTSS) in the assessment of a high‐risk ethnic minority sample. Participants included 317 Bedouin men serving in the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF), who disclosed extensive trauma and loss. The sensitivity and specificity of the SPTSS were calculated using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐IV (SCID) as the criterion for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which was diagnosed in 14.5% of respondents. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis using the SPTSS total mean scores maximized classification accuracy at a cut point of 5.5, yielding equal sensitivity and specificity rates of 89%. Likelihood ratios indicated that men with positive screens who did not meet criteria for PTSD were likely to report significant emotional distress and functional impairment.
Impact of behavioral contingency management intervention on coping behaviors and PTSD symptom reduction in cocaine‐addicted homeless
Authors: Lester Kristin M. , Milby Jesse B. , Schumacher Joseph E. , Vuchinich Rudolph , Person Sharina , Clay Olivio J. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to examine changes in posttrauma symptoms among 118 homeless cocaine‐dependent adults participating in a randomly controlled trial studying effective treatments for dually diagnosed homeless individuals. Among those with trauma exposure and PTSD symptoms, the group receiving more behaviorally intensive, contingency management treatment had significantly greater reductions in PTSD symptomatology than did the group receiving less‐intensive treatment. Regression analyses revealed that greater positive distraction coping and lower negative avoidance coping at baseline, in addition to changes in avoidance coping over the 6‐month study period, were significantly related to greater symptom and severity reductions. The study provides some initial evidence of important treatment outcomes other than abstinence in addiction‐related interventions.
Traumatic events and posttraumatic stress in cross‐cultural mission assignments
Authors: Schaefer Frauke C. , Blazer Dan G. , Carr Karen F. , Connor Kathryn M. , Burchett Bruce , Schaefer Charles A. , Davidson Jonathan R. T. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractIn addition to cross‐cultural and environmental stressors, aid workers and missionaries are frequently exposed to trauma. We explored the frequency of traumatic events, their mental health impact, and factors associated with posttraumatic stress in two groups of missionaries, one representing a predominantly stable setting (Europe) and the other an unstable setting (West Africa). The 256 participants completed self‐report measures assessing lifetime traumatic events, current posttraumatic stress, depressive and anxiety symptoms, resilience, and functioning. The rate of traumatic events was significantly higher in the unstable setting. More‐frequent traumatic events were associated with higher posttraumatic stress. Factors associated with the severity of posttraumatic stress were depression, functional impairment, subjective severity and number of traumatic events, and the level of resilience.
Partial and full PTSD in Brazilian ambulance workers: Prevalence and impact on health and on quality of life
Authors: Berger William , Figueira Ivan , Maurat Ana Maria , Bucassio Érika P. , Vieira Isabela , Jardim Sílvia R. , Coutinho Evandro S. F. , Mari Jair J. , Mendlowicz Mauro V. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA cross‐sectional survey for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was conducted with 234 Brazilian ambulance workers (180 men and 54 women) using a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist–Civilian Version, and the Short Form Health Survey‐36. Current prevalence rates for full and partial PTSD were 5.6% (men = 6.7%, women = 1.9%) and 15% (men = 13.3%, women = 20.4%), respectively. Male workers with full PTSD were more likely to be nonmarried (75% vs. 43%) and those with partial PTSD reported more emotional problems (65.2% vs. 30%) and medical visits (67% vs. 44%) than the controls. Workers with PTSD showed impairment in the physical and mental domains of the SF‐36, whereas workers with partial PTSD had only the later compromised. The characteristics and the level of exposure to trauma of the study population may account for the low prevalence of PTSD.
Posttraumatic stress symptom severity predicts marijuana use coping motives among traumatic event‐exposed marijuana users
Authors: Bonn‐Miller Marcel O. , Vujanovic Anka A. , Feldner Matthew T. , Bernstein Amit , Zvolensky Michael J. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe present study examines the relation between posttraumatic stress symptom severity and motives for marijuana use among 103 (55 women) young adult marijuana users (current) who reported experiencing at least one traumatic event in their lifetime. As expected, after covarying for the theoretically relevant variables of frequency of past 30‐day marijuana use, number of cigarettes smoked per day, and volume of alcohol consumed, posttraumatic stress symptom severity was significantly related to marijuana use coping motives, but no other motives for marijuana use. Results are discussed in relation to better understanding the role of coping‐motivated marijuana use among young adults experiencing posttraumatic stress.
Circumstances of service and gender differences in war‐related PTSD: Findings from the National Vietnam Veteran Readjustment Study
Authors: Turner J. Blake , Turse Nicholas A. , Dohrenwend Bruce P. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractData from the National Vietnam Veteran Readjustment Study (NVVRS) revealed a prevalence of current posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in female Vietnam Theater veterans half the size of the prevalence in their male counterparts. This stands in contrast to the elevated prevalence of PTSD in women obtained in general population surveys. This study undertakes further analyses of gender differences in the NVVRS and how these differences might be specified by the amount and type of exposure to war‐zone stress. The findings indicate that male elevations in PTSD are limited to men who served under circumstances of high probable severity of war‐zone stress exposure. When prewar demographic differences are controlled, male veterans in low‐exposure circumstances display a level of PTSD prevalence substantially lower than female veterans.
An epidemiologic approach to the development of early trauma focused intervention
Authors: Zatzick Douglas F. , Galea Sandro 
Published: August 2007

AbstractEarly, trauma‐focused intervention development has emphasized unidirectional trajectories that begin with basic research and efficacy trials followed later by effectiveness and dissemination studies. In this article, the authors present methods derived from social and clinical epidemiology that constitute foundational research in the development of early trauma‐focused intervention. They also describe how population‐based practice research may serve to feed back and inform what has been conceptualized as earlier stages of intervention development such as efficacy trials. Examples of relevant epidemiologic research methods are presented to illustrate these points. The authors posit that the continued application of population‐based methods may produce treatments that can be feasibly applied to the unique patient, provider, organizational, and community contexts relevant to early interventions for survivors of trauma.
Revisiting Dohrenwend et al.'s revisit of the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study
Authors: McNally Richard J. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractCritics of the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study (NVVRS) suspect that the NVVRS overestimated the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among Vietnam veterans. Dohrenwend et al. (2006) confirmed this suspicion. Dohrenwend et al.'s reanalysis of the NVVRS data resulted in a prevalence estimate 40% lower than the original NVVRS estimate. Furthermore, had they required clinically significant functional impairment, the prevalence rate would have been 65% lower than the original NVVRS rate. That is, the current (late 1980s) prevalence estimates for PTSD are 15.2% (original NVVRS), 9.1% (Dohrenwend et al.), and 5.4% (clinically significant functional impairment). The policy implications of these findings are discussed.
Differentiating biological correlates of risk, PTSD, and resilience following trauma exposure
Authors: Yehuda Rachel , Flory Janine D. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractRisk and resilience factors presumably explain the individual differences in the response to adversity. However, little is known about how such factors are related. Risk and protective factors may reflect a quantitative difference along a single dimension (e.g., low IQ might be associated with risk and high IQ with resilience); however, they may also refer to orthogonal constructs that interact and/or moderate stress effects to increase or diminish the probability of developing trauma‐related psychopathology (e.g., good coping could offset low IQ). The authors illustrate experimental strategies for distinguishing between these possibilities for any putative measure relating to symptom development, using a database that includes published and unpublished psychological and biological variables from a relatively homogenous cohort of exposed and nonexposed veterans.
Individual differences in fear: Isolating fear reactivity and fear recovery phenotypes
Authors: Bush David E. A. , Sotres‐Bayon Francisco , LeDoux Joseph E. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractAlthough different people respond differently to threatening events, animal research on the neural basis of fear tends to focus on typical responses. Yet there are substantial individual differences between animals exposed to identical behavioral procedures. In an effort to begin to understand the nature and causes of fear variability and resilience, we separated outbred Sprague‐Dawley rats into high and low reactivity, and fast and slow recovery phenotypes, based on freezing levels during fear conditioning and extinction, respectively. Subsequent tests revealed stable differences in both measures, indicating that fear responses reflect trait‐like phenotypes in outbred animals. Because clinical disorders may reflect extreme phenotypes, identification of the biological basis for these differences could provide insights into human individual differences in fear.
Confounding the critics: The Dohrenwend and colleagues reexamination of the National Vietnam Veteran Readjustment Study
Authors: Kilpatrick Dean G. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe National Vietnam Veteran Readjustment Study (NVVRS; R. A. Kulka et al., 1988) has been highly influential, but critics argue that the study had several flaws. In this article, the author addresses how the recent NVVRS reevaluation (B. P. Dohrenwend et al., 2006) refutes most of the critic's major concerns including that self‐report of exposure to war‐zone stressors could not be verified, that PTSD did not require functional impairment, and that PTSD prevalence was too high for a low‐intensity war in which relatively few veterans were assigned to combat military operation specialties. The author also addresses misleading statements made by critics discussing the NVVRS, the reevaluation, and related articles. The proper role of science and public policy, the importance of reporting findings accurately, and placing findings in proper perspective are discussed.
The psychological risks of Vietnam: The NVVRS perspective
Authors: Schlenger William E. , Kulka Richard A. , Fairbank John A. , Hough Richard L. , Jordan B. Kathleen , Marmar Charles R. , Weiss Daniel S. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractIn recent years, controversy concerning the psychological consequences of service in the Vietnam war has rearisen. In this article, the Co‐Principal Investigators of the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study (NVVRS) provide a perspective on new findings reported by B. P. Dohrenwend et al. (2006) that addresses criticisms of the NVVRS PTSD (posttraumatic stress disorder) prevalence findings, and on a perspective that was provided by R. J. McNally (2006) in an accompanying commentary. They find that Dohrenwend et al.'s study, which evaluated empirically a variety of the critics' alternative explanations and found little support for any of them, represents a landmark contribution to the trauma field. However, they found that McNally's commentary misrepresented the history and context of the NVVRS, and then misinterpreted Dohrenwend et al.'s findings and their importance.
Stress inoculation‐induced indications of resilience in monkeys
Authors: Lyons David M. , Parker Karen J. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe negative consequences of stress are well‐recognized in mental health research. Exposure to early life stressors, for example, increases the risk for the development of mood, anger, anxiety, and substance abuse disorders. Interestingly, however, early life stressors have also been linked to the subsequent development of resilience. Variously described as inoculating, immunizing, steeling, toughening, or thriving, the hypothesis that early life stressors provide a challenge that, when overcome, induces adaptations that enhance emotional processing, cognitive control, curiosity, and neuroendocrine regulation is examined in this review of squirrel monkey research.
Treatment considerations for clinicians in applying evidence‐based practice to complex presentations in child trauma
Authors: Amaya‐Jackson Lisa , DeRosa Ruth R. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractProfessionals in the child trauma field, eager to bring best practices to children and their families who have suffered from traumatic life events, have developed a number of evidence‐based treatments (EBTs) and promising practices available for adoption and implementation into community practice. Clinicians and researchers alike have raised questions about “if, when, and how” these EBTs can be applied to some of the more complex trauma presentations seen in real world practice. The authors take an evidence‐based practice approach, including critical appraisal of clients' unique needs and preferences, utilizing applicable trauma treatment core components and current EBTs, and emphasizing monitoring strategies of client progress, particularly when needing to adapt EBTs for select clients.
Applications of dialectical behavior therapy to the treatment of complex trauma‐related problems: When one case formulation does not fit all
Authors: Wagner Amy W. , Rizvi Shireen L. , Harned Melanie S. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractIn this article, the authors take the perspective that effective treatment of complex trauma‐related problems requires, in the absence of empirically supported treatments, a reliance on theory, idiographic assessment, and empirically supported principles of change. Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT; M. M. Linehan, 1993) is used to demonstrate the applicability of this approach to the treatment of multiproblem, heterogeneous populations in general. Two case studies are presented that highlight the utility of DBT principles to complex trauma‐related problems specifically.
Continuing controversy over the psychological risks of Vietnam for U.S. veterans
Authors: Dohrenwend Bruce P. , Turner J. Blake , Turse Nicholas A. , Adams Ben G. , Koenen Karestan C. , Marshall Randall 
Published: August 2007

AbstractIn 1988, the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study (NVVRS) reported 30.9% lifetime and 15.2% current rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and a strong dose/response relationship with retrospective reports of combat exposure. Skeptics argued that recall bias and other flaws inflated the results. Using a new record‐based exposure measure and diagnoses in an NVVRS subsample, the authors addressed this controversy in a recent issue of Science (B. P. Dohrenwend et al., 2006). They found little evidence of falsification, an even stronger dose/response relationship and, when fully adjusted for impairment and evidence of exposure, 18.7% onset and 9.1% current rates of war‐related PTSD. The fact that these rates are lower than the original NVVRS rates has stimulated continuing controversy that has tended to obscure the more important implications of the study's results.
Changes in copper content and distribution in young, old and abandoned vineyard acid soils due to land use changes
Authors: Fernández‐Calviño D. , Nóvoa‐Muñoz J. C. , López‐Periago E. , Arias‐Estévez M. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractWe studied total Cu content and its distribution in 33 surface soil samples cultivated with vines for variable lengths of time in the Monterrei designation of origin (DO), located in Galicia (NW Spain). The study was focused on the influence of land use changes on soil degradation by effect of Cu accumulation and availability. Total copper concentration in soils ranged from 25 to 272 mg kg−1. The time during which each soil was cultivated with vines was found to affect both the total concentration of copper and its distribution. The average concentration of copper in young vineyards was 64 mg kg−1, whereas those in old and abandoned vineyards were 100 and 132 mg kg−1, respectively. Copper bound to organic matter and to amorphous inorganic colloids were greater in old and abandoned vineyards, where they accounted for 51 and 52 per cent, respectively, of total copper, than in young vineyards (39 per cent). Copper bound to crystalline Al and Fe colloids accounted for 21, 22 and 12 per cent of total Cu in old, abandoned and young vineyards respectively.The prevalence of Cu bound to the organic fraction reduces the adverse environmental effects of this metal on soil organisms and plants. However, some management practices such as organic matter addition or liming should be implemented in order to delay or avoid soil degradation in young vineyards. For abandoned vineyards, the influence of new land uses on potential Cu mobilisation necessitates careful examination. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Short‐scale distribution of copper fractions in a vineyard acid soil
Authors: Fernández‐Calviño D. , López‐Periago E. , Nóvoa‐Muñoz J. C. , Arias‐Estévez M. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractWe studied short‐scale variation in the total concentration of copper and its fractions in a soil vineyard. Soil samples were collected at a depth of 0–20 cm between plant rows (1), between individual plants (2) and at their base (3) in a vine‐grown plot in NW Spain. The mean total content in Cu (Cut) in the soil was found to be 97 mg kg−1 and that of potentially available Cu (CuEDTA) 34 mg kg−1. Copper bound to organic matter (CuOM) and to non‐crystalline inorganic soil components (CuIA) were the dominant fractions and accounted for 34% of total copper each. The contents in exchangeable (Cue), pyrophosphate‐extractable (Cup), oxalic/oxalate‐extractable (Cuo) and total copper (Cut) exhibited statistically significant correlations with pH, sum of base cations (S), cation‐exchange capacity (CEC) and exchangeable calcium (Cae). Both total and fractional copper contents were higher in plant rows than between them, particularly in the centre of the plot. Also, CuOM and CuIA were higher in planting rows than between rows. These copper results may have been influenced by the vine‐growing practices of the area and also by the distribution of plants and their pruning. This variability pattern for Cu distribution is crucial with a view to minimising potential adverse effects of fungicides and optimising any reclamation treatments needed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modelling spatial uncertainty of soil erodibility factor using joint stochastic simulation
Authors: Castrignanò A. , Buttafuoco G. , Canu A. , Zucca C. , Madrau S. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractSoil erosion varies greatly over space and is commonly estimated using the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE). Neglecting information about estimation uncertainty, however, may lead to improper decision‐making. One geostatistical approach to spatial analysis is joint stochastic simulation, which draws alternative, equally probable, joint realizations of a regionalized variable. Differences between the realizations provide a measure of spatial uncertainty and allow us to carry out an error propagation analysis.The objective of this paper was to assess spatial uncertainty of a soil erodibility factor (K) model resulting from the uncertainties in the input parameters (texture and organic matter). The 500 km2 study area was located in central‐eastern Sardinia (Italy) and 152 samples were collected. A Monte Carlo analysis was performed where spatial cross‐correlation information through joint turning bands simulation was incorporated. A linear coregionalization model was fitted to all direct and cross‐variograms of the input variables, which included three different structures: a nugget effect, a spherical structure with a shorter range (3500 m) and a spherical structure with a longer range (10 000 m). The K factor was then estimated for each set of the 500 joint realizations of the input variables, and the ensemble of the model outputs was used to infer the soil erodibility probability distribution function. This approach permitted delineation of the areas characterized by greater uncertainty, to improve supplementary sampling strategies and K value predictions. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identity crisis: Recognizing the triggers of a growing type of conflict
Authors: Ruderman Marian N. , Chrobot‐Mason Donna , Weber Todd J. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractAs today's organizations become more globally oriented, their leaders must help those they lead deal with an increasingly prevalent source of conflict—social identities. Our social identities are made up of the aspects of ourselves that are tied to the various demographic and cultural groups to which we belong. Learning how to deal with social identity conflicts isn't easy, but it is possible.
Seeing your way: Why leaders must communicate their visions
Authors: Cartwright Talula , Baldwin David 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA vision has to be shared in order to do what it is meant to do: inspire, clarify, and focus the work of the organization. One part of a leader's job is to create commitment to the organization's vision. To do this, leaders must communicate the vision effectively in ways that will help others understand it, remember it, and share it.