bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Association Between Maternal Periodontitis and an Increased Risk of Preeclampsia
Authors: Cota Luís Otávio Miranda , Guimarães Alessandra Neves , Costa José Eustáquio , Lorentz Telma Campos Medeiros , Costa Fernando Oliveira 
Published: November 2006

Background: Periodontal disease has been considered a systemic exposure implicated in a higher risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. The aim of the present study was to determine whether maternal periodontitis is associated with an increased risk of preeclampsia.Methods: A case‐control study was conducted in a public hospital in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. During the study period, 588 women, aged 14 to 46 years, were deemed eligible and had data available for analysis. Maternal demographic and medical data were collected from medical records. Preeclampsia was defined as blood pressure >140/90 mm Hg and ≥1+ proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation. A periodontal examination was performed postpartum. Maternal periodontitis was defined as the presence of four or more teeth with one or more sites with a probing depth ≥4 mm and clinical attachment loss ≥3 mm at the same site. The effects of maternal age, chronic hypertension, primiparity, smoking, alcohol use, and number of prenatal visits were analyzed. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for preeclampsia were calculated using multivariate logistic regression.Results: The prevalence of periodontitis was 63.9% and preeclampsia was 18.5%. Variables associated with preeclampsia were chronic hypertension (OR = 4.10; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.0 to 8.4; P = 0.001), primiparity (OR = 2.40; 95% CI = 1.5 to 3.9; P = 0.004), maternal age (OR = 1.07; 95% CI = 1.0 to 1.1; P = 0.001), and maternal periodontitis (OR = 1.88; 95% CI = 1.1 to 3.0; P = 0.001).Conclusion: Maternal periodontitis was determined to be associated with an increased risk of preeclampsia.
Effects of Sinus Membrane Perforations on the Success of Dental Implants Placed in the Augmented Sinus
Authors: Karabuda Cüneyt , Arısan Volkan , Hakan Özyuvacı 
Published: November 2006

Background: Maxillary sinus lifting procedure enables clinicians to place implant‐supported prostheses even in cases with very limited vertical bone height of the maxillary sinus. The aim of this study was to evaluate the implant success with regard to effects of the sinus membrane perforations that occurred during sinus lifting surgery.Methods: The study group consisted of 91 patients (29 females and 54 males) with edentulous posterior maxilla. Implant placement combined with sinus lifting surgery was performed, and 259 implants were inserted. Sinus membrane perforations were detected in 12 sinus sites. After proper treatment of perforations, 26 implants were placed into perforated sinus areas. Baseline panaromic radiographs were taken before the beginning of prosthetic treatment. Panaromic radiographs taken at the last recall were used for evaluation and compared to the baseline panaromic radiographs using image analysis software to reveal the peri‐implant resorption rate for the implants placed in perforated and non‐perforated sinus area. The modified sulcus bleeding index and plaque index were used for the assessment of soft tissue conditions.Results: Eleven implants were lost during the follow‐up period, resulting in an overall survival rate of 95.9%. Two failures occurred in the group with sinus perforations. There was no statistically significant difference regarding peri‐implant bone resorption (P = 0.778) and soft tissue conditions for implants placed into perforated‐augmented sinus areas and augmented sinus areas.Conclusion: Within the limits of this study, perforation of the sinus membrane did not compromise the osseointegration process or the success of dental implants placed in the augmented maxillary sinus.
Plasma and Gingival Crevicular Fluid Phenytoin Concentrations as Risk Factors for Gingival Overgrowth
Authors: Güncü Güliz N. , Çağlayan Feriha , Dinçel Aysun , Bozkurt Atilla , Saygı Serap , Karabulut Erdem 
Published: November 2006

Background: Gingival enlargement is one of the side effects associated with the administration of phenytoin. The mechanism by which phenytoin induces gingival enlargement is not well understood. This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between plasma and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) phenytoin concentrations and the degree of gingival overgrowth in patients with similar gingival and plaque indices and also to determine the risk factors for gingival enlargement.Methods: Eighteen patients taking phenytoin in regular doses ≥6 months prior to the investigation participated in the study. Gingival enlargement was evaluated with two indices to score vertical and horizontal overgrowth. The gingival index (GI), plaque index (PI), gingival bleeding time index (GBTI), probing depth (PD), and clinical attachment level (CAL) were also evaluated. GCF and plasma phenytoin concentrations were determined by using high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).Results: There was no significant difference between responders and non‐responders for PD, CAL, PI, GI, and GBTI. Phenytoin was detected in all of the GCF and plasma samples using the HPLC analysis method. The mean concentration of phenytoin in GCF was significantly greater than the concentration of phenytoin in plasma. No significant difference was observed for the concentration of GCF phenytoin between responders and non‐responders. However, the concentration of plasma phenytoin was significantly higher in responders than non‐responders.Conclusion: This study showed that plasma phenytoin level appeared to be a risk factor for phenytoin‐induced gingival overgrowth.
Autoantibodies Directed to Extracellular Matrix Components in Patients With Different Clinical Forms of Periodontitis
Authors: De‐Gennaro Luiz A. , Lopes José D. , Mariano Mario 
Published: November 2006

Background: Periodontal disease occurs in different clinical forms, from mild and easily controllable to more aggressive inflammatory manifestations, with difficult clinical or surgical control. There is evidence that a local autoimmune reaction may participate in the onset and persistence of the aggressive forms of periodontal disease. As the underlying mechanism in this process is not fully understood, we decided to investigate whether patients bearing this form of disease presented higher levels of antibodies directed to extracellular matrix (ECM) components such as type I collagen, fibronectin, and laminin.Methods: Three groups of patients were selected by clinical criteria: 22 subjects with aggressive periodontitis (AgP) = group A; 18 subjects with chronic periodontitis (CP) = group B; and 10 healthy (H) volunteers without periodontal disease = group C. Autoantibody levels were evaluated in the sera of these patients using the enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method.Results: The levels of autoantibodies directed to ECM components (type I collagen, fibronectin and laminin) in the sera of patients with AgP and CP were shown to be statistically different (P <0.05).Conclusions: Although the present findings suggest an involvement of autoantibodies directed to ECM components per se in the pathogeny of certain types of periodontal disease, the available data do not support the classification of the lesions as autoimmune. Nevertheless, the findings open a possibility for the development of an additional method for a differential diagnosis of the aggressive forms of periodontal disease.
A 2‐Year Clinical Report of Patients Treated With Two Loading Protocols for Mandibular Overdentures: Early Versus Conventional Loading
Authors: Turkyilmaz Ilser , Tözüm Tolga F. , Tumer Celal , Ozbek Esma Nida 
Published: November 2006

Background: The original Brånemark protocol for dental implant treatment was based on submerged healing prior to loading. In recent years, immediate/early functional loading has been reported to be possible with high success for various indications including two splinted mandibular implants supporting an overdenture. However, there are a limited number of studies regarding the early loading protocol for two unsplinted mandibular implants supporting an overdenture.Methods: A total of 26 edentulous patients were treated with two unsplinted dental implants supporting mandibular overdentures. All implants were placed in the canine regions of each mandible according to the one‐stage surgery. For the test group, overdentures were connected 1 week after surgery, and for the control group, overdentures were connected 3 months after surgery. Peri‐implant parameters were recorded 1, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months after surgery. Marginal bone levels were evaluated at implant placement and after 6, 12, 18, and 24 months. Clinical stability measurements were performed at surgery, and after 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months.Results: No implant from either group was lost during 2 years. Clinical peri‐implant parameters, clinical implant stability measurements, and marginal bone resorptions showed no statistically significant differences between the two groups during 24 months.Conclusion: The results of this clinical trial suggest that the early loading approach of two dental implants supporting a mandibular overdenture does not jeopardize peri‐implant soft tissue health, marginal bone resorption, and implant stability.
Gingival Crevicular Fluid Matrix Metalloproteinase (MMP)‐7, Extracellular MMP Inducer, and Tissue Inhibitor of MMP‐1 Levels in Periodontal Disease
Authors: Emingil Gülnur , Tervahartiala Taina , Mãntylã Pãivi , Määttä Marko , Sorsa Timo , Atilla Gül 
Published: November 2006

Background: During periodontal inflammation, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are under the control of several regulatory mechanisms including the upregulation of expression by inducers and downregulation by inhibitors. Our study aimed to examine the levels and molecular forms of MMP‐7, tissue inhibitor of MMP (TIMP)‐1, and extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN) in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) from patients with different periodontal diseases.Methods: A total of 80 subjects (20 patients with generalized aggressive periodontitis [GAgP], 20 with chronic periodontitis [CP], 20 with gingivitis, and 20 periodontally healthy subjects) were included in this study. Periodontal status was evaluated by measuring probing depth, clinical attachment loss, presence of bleeding on probing, and plaque. GCF MMP‐7, TIMP‐1, and EMMPRIN levels and molecular forms were analyzed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western immunoblot techniques using specific antibodies.Results: Total amounts of GCF MMP‐7 were found to be similar between the study groups. GAgP, CP, and gingivitis groups had significantly higher total amounts of GCF EMMPRIN compared to healthy subjects (P <0.008). Among the patient groups, the GAgP group had the highest total amount of GCF EMMPRIN relative to the gingivitis group (P = 0.0004). Soluble EMMPRIN existed in GCF in multiple molecular‐weight species especially in periodontitis‐affected GCF under non‐reducing conditions, i.e., 30‐, ‐5‐, 100‐, 180‐, and 200‐kDa species. All patient groups had significantly elevated total amounts of GCF TIMP‐1 relative to the healthy group (P <0.0001). GAgP and CP groups also had a higher total amount of GCF TIMP‐1 compared to the gingivitis group (P <0.0001 and P <0.0001, respectively). The GAgP group had higher GCF TIMP‐1 and EMMPRIN levels compared to the CP group, but this elevation did not reach statistical significance.Conclusions: Our data indicate that MMP‐7 is associated with the innate host defense in periodontal tissues. Increased EMMPRIN and TIMP‐1 levels in GCF are associated with the enhanced severity of periodontal inflammation, indicating that these molecules can participate in the regulation of progression of periodontal diseases. To our knowledge, the present study demonstrated the presence of soluble forms of EMMPRIN in GCF of patients with different periodontal diseases for the first time.
The Mental Foramen and Nerve: Clinical and Anatomical Factors Related to Dental Implant Placement: A Literature Review
Authors: Greenstein Gary , Tarnow Dennis 
Published: November 2006

Background: The mental foramen is a strategically important landmark during osteotomy procedures. Its location and the possibility that an anterior loop of the mental nerve may be present mesial to the mental foramen needs to be considered before implant surgery to avoid mental nerve injury.Methods: Articles that addressed the position, number, and size of the mental foramen, mental nerve anatomy, and consequences of nerve damage were evaluated for information pertinent to clinicians performing implant dentistry.Results: The mental foramen may be oval or round and is usually located apical to the second mandibular premolar or between apices of the premolars. However, its location can vary from the mandibular canine to the first molar. The foramen may not appear on conventional radiographs, and linear measurements need to be adjusted to account for radiographic distortion. Computerized tomography (CT) scans are more accurate for detecting the mental foramen than conventional radiographs. There are discrepancies between studies regarding the prevalence and length of the loop of the mental nerve mesial to the mental foramen. Furthermore, investigations that compared radiographic and cadaveric dissection data with respect to identifying the anterior loop reported that radiographic assessments result in a high percentage of false‐positive and ‐negatives findings. Sensory dysfunction due to nerve damage in the foraminal area can occur if the inferior alveolar or mental nerve is damaged during preparation of an osteotomy.Conclusions: To avoid nerve injury during surgery in the foraminal area, guidelines were developed based on the literature with respect to verifying the position of the mental foramen and validating the presence of an anterior loop of the mental nerve. These guidelines included leaving a 2 mm zone of safety between an implant and the coronal aspect of the nerve; observation of the inferior alveolar nerve and mental foramen on panoramic and periapical films prior to implant placement; use of CT scans when these techniques do not provide clarity with respect to the position of the nerve; surgical corroboration of the mental foramen's position when an anterior loop of the mental foramen is suspected of being present or if it is unclear how much bone is present coronal to the foramen to establish a zone of safety (in millimeters) for implant placement; once a safety zone is identified, implants can be placed anterior to, posterior to, or above the mental foramen; and prior to placing an implant anterior to the mental foramen that is deeper than the safety zone, the foramen must be probed to exclude the possibility that an anterior loop is present. In general, altered lip sensations are preventable if the mental foramen is located and this knowledge is employed when performing surgical procedures in the foraminal area.
A National Survey of Tobacco Cessation Programs for Youths
Authors: Curry Susan J. , Emery Sherry , Sporer Amy K. , Mermelstein Robin , Flay Brian R. , Berbaum Michael , Warnecke Richard B. , Johnson Timothy , Mowery Paul , Parsons Jennifer , Harmon Lori , Hund Lisa , Wells Henry 
Published: December 2006

Objectives. We collected data on a national sample of existing community-based tobacco cessation programs for youths to understand their prevalence and overall characteristics. Methods. We employed a 2-stage sampling design with US counties as the first-stage probability sampling units. We then used snowball sampling in selected counties to identify administrators of tobacco cessation programs for youths. We collected data on cessation programs when programs were identified. Results. We profiled 591 programs in 408 counties. Programs were more numerous in urban counties; fewer programs were found in low-income counties. State-level measures of smoking prevalence and tobacco control expenditures were not associated with program availability. Most programs were multisession, school-based group programs serving 50 or fewer youths per year. Program content included cognitive-behavioral components found in adult programs along with content specific to adolescence. The median annual budget was $2000. Few programs (9%) reported only mandatory enrollment, 35% reported mixed mandatory and voluntary enrollment, and 56% reported only voluntary enrollment. Conclusions. There is considerable homogeneity among community-based tobacco cessation programs for youths. Programs are least prevalent in the types of communities for which national data show increases in youths’ smoking prevalence.
Characteristics of Persons With Heterosexually Acquired HIV Infection, United States 1999–2004
Authors: Espinoza Lorena , Hall H. Irene , Hardnett Felicia , Selik Richard M. , Ling Qiang , Lee Lisa M. 
Published: December 2006

Objectives. In the United States a growing proportion of cases of heterosexually acquired HIV infections occur in women and in persons of color. We analyzed the association between race/ethnicity, whether diagnoses of HIV infection and AIDS were made concurrently, and the survival after diagnosis of heterosexually acquired AIDS. Methods. We used data from 29 states that report confidential name-based HIV/AIDS cases to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to calculate estimated annual percentage change in the number of actual diagnoses and analyzed the association between race/ethnicity and concurrent diagnoses of HIV and AIDS. We adjusted for reporting delays and absence of information about HIV risk factors. Results. During 1999 to 2004, diagnoses of heterosexually acquired HIV were made for 52 569 persons in 29 states; 33 554 (64%) were women. Among men and women, 38 470 (73%) were non-Hispanic Black; 7761 (15%), non-Hispanic White; and 5383 (10%), Hispanic. The number of persons with heterosexually acquired HIV significantly increased: 6.1% among Hispanic men (95% confidence interval=2.7, 9.7) and 4.5% among Hispanic women (95% confidence interval=1.8, 7.3). The number significantly decreased (–2.9%) among non-Hispanic Black men. Concurrent HIV and AIDS diagnoses were slightly more common for non-Hispanic Whites (23%) and Hispanics (23%) than for non-Hispanic Blacks (20%). Conclusions. To decrease the incidence of heterosexually acquired HIV infections, prevention and education programs should target all persons at risk, especially women, non-Hispanic Blacks, and Hispanics.
The Impact of Cost on the Availability of Fruits and Vegetables in the Homes of Schoolchildren in Birmingham, Alabama
Authors: Ard Jamy D. , Fitzpatrick Stephanie , Desmond Renee A. , Sutton Bryce S. , Pisu Maria , Allison David B. , Franklin Frank , Baskin Monica L. 
Published: December 2006

Objectives. Fruit and vegetable cost is a presumed barrier to intake. We sought to determine whether fruit and vegetable cost and consumers’ race and income would predict availability of fruits and vegetables in homes of schoolchildren in the Birmingham, Ala, area. Methods. Data on availability of 27 fruit and vegetable items were obtained from homes of 1355 children (32% African American) in the Birmingham area. Fruit and vegetable costs were obtained from the US Department of Agriculture. We used discrete choice analysis with the dependent variable represented as presence or absence of the fruit or vegetable item. Explanatory variables included fruit and vegetable price per serving; child’s gender, race, and age; and parent’s body mass index and income. Results. Higher cost was inversely related to fruit and vegetable availability. Higher income, African American race, and female gender were positively related to availability. Cost per serving was stratified into 3 categories—low, medium, and high. Relative to low-cost items, only high-cost items decreased the odds of availability significantly. Conclusions. Fruit and vegetable cost does impact availability and has the greatest impact for high-cost items. Although cost was inversely related to availability, African Americans reported higher fruit and vegetable availability than Whites. Additional studies are needed to determine whether food items of lower nutritive value and comparable cost impact availability.
Designing Auctions in R&D: Optimal Licensing of an Innovation
Authors: Brocas Isabelle 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
We study an R&D game in which a research unit undertakes a (non-observable) research effort and, if an innovation is obtained, auctions licenses to a pool of producers. Each producer has a private valuation for the license and suffers a negative externality when a competitor becomes a licensee. We compare the optimal rule for the allocation of licenses and the level of research effort implemented by the innovator in two scenarios: free licensing by the innovator vs. optimal regulation. As long as the cost of public intervention is sufficiently low, free licensing induces two different types of inefficiencies: an excessively high price for licenses and a suboptimal dissemination of knowledge, and an excessively low research effort. This indicates that public intervention should combine the following measures: (i) an antitrust agency which limits the royalties that innovators can ask for a license, and (ii) a direct subsidy to research activity.
Increasing Returns, Input-Output Linkages, and Technological Leapfrogging
Authors: Gallo Fredrik 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Firms agglomerate in one region due to increasing returns, input-output linkages and transportation costs. In the de-industrialised region factor prices are lower and a new technology may be profitable to adopt in that region instead, inducing a change in the technological leadership. This paper shows that the risk of locking in to an old technology is monotonically increasing in the benefits of agglomeration. Greater incompatibility between technologies also increases the risk of rejecting potentially superior manufacturing processes.
Higly fusogenic cationic liposomes transiently permeabilize the plasma membrane of HeLa cells
Authors: Stebelska Katarzyna , Wyrozumska Paulina , Gubernator Jerzy , Sikorski Aleksander 
Published: December 2006

AbstractCationic liposomes can efficiently carry nucleic acids into mammalian cells. This property is tightly connected with their ability to fuse with negatively charged natural membranes (i.e. the plasma membrane and endosomal membrane). We used FRET to monitor and compare the efficiency of lipid mixing of two liposomal preparations — one of short-chained diC14-amidine and one of long-chained unsaturated DOTAP — with the plasma membrane of HeLa cells. The diC14-amidine liposomes displayed a much higher susceptibility to lipid mixing with the target membranes. They disrupted the membrane integrity of the HeLa cells, as detected using the propidium iodide permeabilization test. Morphological changes were transient and essentially did not affect the viability of the HeLa cells. The diC14-amidine liposomes were much more effective at either inducing lipid mixing or facilitating transfection.