bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Automated Method of Computer-Controlled Low-Cycle Fatigue Crack Growth Testing Using the Elastic-Plastic Parameter Cyclic J
Authors: Joyce JA , Sutton GE 
Published: December 2008

The application of J-integral methods to fatigue crack growth testing was first presented by Dowling and Begley [1]. They demonstrated that under certain conditions the J-integral range (ΔJ) applied to a cracked body correlates well with the measured crack growth per cycle in tests performed in the elastic-plastic regime. This paper presents an automated test system for computer-controlled low-cycle fatigue crack growth evaluation of ductile materials using cyclic-J, and details the procedure for this technique. The system consists of a hydraulic test machine, a minicomputer, and a microcomputer. The test machine is controlled in either clipgage or stroke mode with the control signal of the minicomputer channeled through a digital-to-analog converter. The microcomputer is dedicated to compliance calculation. Analysis of crack length, closure load, and applied ΔJ is performed each cycle and the control signal is adjusted to achieve the desired J-range. Crack growth results are periodically stored on disk along with load-crack opening displacement data for the cycle.
This automated system has been utilized for rising J-range, J-range shedding, and constant J-range tests using compact tension specimens of two high-strength structural steels. Results from these tests show agreement with the linear extrapolation of crack growth data obtained under linear-elastic conditions, and demonstrate the promise of such an approach for low-cycle fatigue crack growth characterization.
Error Analysis of Measuring Thermal Conductivity by Circular and One Side Heat Flow Type Guarded Hot Plate Apparatus
Authors: Eguchi K 
Published: December 2008

This paper deals with the theoretical analysis on total errors which occur upon measuring the thermal conductivity of a circular specimen using a one side heat flow type guarded hot plate.
Introducing three input parameters, that is, (a) temperature of ambient air, (b) that of guard ring, and (c) that of guard plate, which are normalized by letting the temperature of a hot plate be a unit and that of the cooling plate be zero, the theoretical solution of the total errors was derived. The errors were classified into the ones caused by the three parameters, and they were also classified according to the heat flow paths.
Heat exchange at the edges of the specimen and insulation between hot plate and guard plate was treated as the surface heat transfer including edge insulation.
The total errors were expressed with the following seven normalized parameters, that is, (a) ratio of the radius of the hot plate to that of the guard ring, (b) ratio of the thickness of the specimen to the radius of the guard ring, (c) ratio of the thickness of the insulation between the hot plate and the guard plate to the radius of the guard ring, (d) ratio of the thermal conductivity of the insulation to that of the specimen, (e) ratio of the equivalent edge insulation thickness to the radius of the guard ring, (f) ratio of the direct heat flow across the gap to the heat flow out of the hot plate into the specimen which is obtained assuming one-directional heat flow, and (g) ratio of the direct heat flow through the thermal bridges between the hot plate and the guard plate to the heat flow out of the hot plate into the insulation which is obtained assuming one-directional heat flow.
In this paper, each of (f) and (g) is considered to be determined by the analytical solution using experimental data.
Present and Future Research on Guarded Hot Plate and Heat Flow Meter Apparatus
Authors: De Ponte F 
Published: December 2008

The paper discusses some problems related to the guarded hot plate (GHP) and heat flow meter (HFM) apparatus that justify today research efforts and future research programs. For the GHP these include the problem of imbalance detection and its correlation with the metering area definition, the problem of gap width, and the problem of apparatus speed. Also discussed are the specimen-related issues involved in measurements on rigid, highly conductive materials and mass transfer within the specimen during tests.
For the HFM apparatus the different configurations are surveyed, and the effect of the HFM temperature uniformity and its possible correlation with the HFM thermopile layout are discussed.
In conclusion a concise account is given of the activity within the International Organization for Standardization's Technical Committee 163 on Thermal Insulation in its development of international documents for the two test methods.
Development of a Large Area Heat Flow Meter
Authors: Miyake Y , Eguchi K 
Published: December 2008

A large area heat flow meter (HFM) is required to measure heat flow from whole area of building walls. Therefore, the cost of the HFM must be as low as possible.
Under such background we developed a large area HFM by means of photoetching and electroplating techniques. The new large area HFM can be also used as a small area HFM by cutting it into small units. Further, we developed a new calibration method which enabled us to calibrate HFM, by both absolute and relative methods at the same time with a single apparatus due to capability of cross checking. The difference of the calibrated values by both methods was not greater than ±1%. For practical use of a large area HFM, calibration of several HFMs must be carried out at the same time; we also described the method in this paper.
Construction and Performance of In Situ Heat Flux Transducers
Authors: Hauser RL 
Published: December 2008

Heat flux transducers have been used for the past 30 years to measure heat generation and transmission. The transducers have been made using thermopile principles with multiple junctions on opposite sides of an insulating core. Junctions have been made from welded ribbons with selective notching and folding, metallized foils, printed circuit with dissimilar junctions, and constantan wire plated with copper or silver. The overall electrical and thermal efficiency of the plated system can be in the range of 80%.
The characteristics of commercial heat flux transducers are described, ranging from very small to very large, rigid to flexible, and low to high sensitivities.
ASTM has two task groups actively developing standard practices for the use of heat flux transducers on pipelines and on buildings; both groups have had multiple ballots of initial drafts and will be ready for subcommittee ballot in the near future.
Flexible belt-type heat flux transducers have been used by the author for measuring insulation performance on steam lines. Good information was obtained showing areas of superior insulation performance and areas of deficiency or inadequacy.
Use of the Indentation Size Effect on Microhardness for Materials Characterization
Authors: Sargent PM 
Published: December 2008

This paper describes several different physicochemical mechanisms that produce an indentation size effect on microhardness. The mechanisms are illustrated with reference to published data. A simple quantitative model for surface layer effects is presented, and its relevance to chemomechanical effects on ceramics is discussed.
A well-behaved empirical function describing some indentation size effects is introduced, and its advantages are discussed. It is used in a new method of graphically presenting microhardness data which is presented here for the first time. This “error-ellipsoid” diagram not only is visually compact and statistically rigorous but is based on a new physically meaningful parameter, the “10-μm hardness.”
Quality Assurance of Polymeric Materials and Products—The Underwriters Laboratories Safety Performance Viewpoint
Authors: Bratvold H , Miller RW 
Published: December 2008

Plastic materials are used in a variety of applications in devices and appliances each requiring different type materials and levels of performance. The first step in maintaining acceptable levels of product safety performance is an evaluation of the applications or uses of component materials, including polymerics. Such evaluations must include (1) a determination of the functional use of the plastic part (critical versus non-critical properties), (2) inputing manufacturing considerations, (3) establishing a performance-oriented test program, (4) preparation of comprehensive reports of test results for use in finished product compatability reviews, and (5) establishing a cost optimized follow-up program for assurance that the same component materials are used in continuing finished product production.
This paper examines the Underwriters Laboratories (UL) system of “quality assurance” for maintaining required levels of product performance. In particular, it discusses the follow-up program for polymeric materials from the manufacturer's point of view on basic ingredient and end-product.
Using Rheological Measurements for Quality Assurance
Authors: Driscoll SB 
Published: December 2008

Recently, members of the ASTM Subcommittee D20.10 on Mechanical Properties have authored ASTM Definition and Description of Terms Relating to The Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Plastics (D 4092) for identifying or characterizing the important rheological properties of plastics materials and composite systems. ASTM Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Plastics (D 4065), which is being developed currently, addresses the specific procedures that are to be used in measuring these important viscoelastic properties. The study of rheology is of special interest to scientists and engineers since it identifies important macromolecular characteristics that affect the functional properties of a fabricated part, such as an injection molded steering wheel, an iron oxide coating on a magnetic recording tape, or a high strength epoxy/graphite helicopter rotor blade. In every case the quality of the incoming material, the effect of processing, and the quality of the final functional part are equally important. ASTM D 4065 and D 4092 address these needs and provide meaningful information for establishing and monitoring quality control/assurance procedures.
The review of the major features of ASTM D 4065 and selected case studies will illustrate how rheological measurements have been used in quality control/quality assurance (QC/QA) programs. Results for thermoplastics and thermosetting resins are presented, including typical additives. Dynamic mechanical properties are provided as functions of frequency (dynamic oscillation), strain, temperature, and time. Additionally, thermosetting prepregs shall be studied for the effect of cure mode, rate of heating, and post-cure thermal treatments.
The importance of ASTM D 4065 and D 4092 definitions are emphasized in the discussions.
Loosening of Well-Cemented Total-Hip Femoral Prosthesis Due to Creep of the Cement
Authors: Ebramzadeh E , Mina-Araghi M , Clarke IC , Ashford R 
Published: December 2008

A review of previous publications on the mechanical complications of cemented total-hip prosthesis femoral component indicates several failure mechanisms. However, the biomechanical significance of the various reported radiographic phenomena has not been clearly assessed with static testing or with computer models.
A new technique was developed to directly measure internal cement strains in a simulated proximal femur with cemented femoral total-hip prostheses. Static experimental testing of a Delrin plastic-bone-analog with a cemented metallic femoral prosthesis indicated highest cement strains in the proximal-medial aspect of the cement sheath, which correlated with highest cement stresses in the same location in a corresponding finite-element analysis computer model. The most noticeable observation from the cyclic testing was the 73% decrease of cement strains in the proximal-medial region after 4.1 million cycles. This time-dependent behavior, that is, creep, may have significance in the failure mechanisms of cemented femoral total-hip replacement components and should be considered in future static or cyclic experimental testing and computer modeling of such prosthetic components.
Water Quality Criteria: Protection of Use Perspective
Authors: Gostomski FE 
Published: December 2008

A water quality standard is a rule or law comprised of the use or uses to be made of a water body or segment and the water quality criteria necessary to protect that use or uses. States have primary responsibility for establishing appropriate uses of water bodies through a periodic review process involving consultation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and public hearings, which must occur at least once every three years. Where designated uses do not include those specified in the goals of the Clean Water Act (that is, fishable/swimmable), the state is required to conduct a use attainability analysis. The EPA has provided guidance for doing such an analysis.
Criteria are elements of state water quality standards expressed as constituent concentrations or levels, or narrative statements, that represent a quality of water that supports a particular use. When criteria are properly selected and met, it is presumed that water quality will protect the designated use. The EPA is recommending that states develop site-specific criteria to reflect local conditions and has provided guidance for doing so.
Acclimation as a Factor Influencing Metal Criteria
Authors: Chapman GA 
Published: December 2008

Laboratory research, primarily with salmonid fish, has demonstrated that metal acclimation can increase metal tolerance. Although slight decreases in tolerance have been reported following acclimation, reports of approximate doublings in tolerance predominate. The magnitude of increased tolerance may be metal-specific, and available data suggest the magnitude of acquired tolerance follows the series: Zinc &gt; Copper &gt; Cadmium &gt; Chromium. Tolerance appears to change within a week of major changes in acclimation concentration.
The significance of acclimation-induced tolerance may be important to the survival of organisms in metal-contaminated environments, but the magnitude of the tolerance change is probably within the range of many other factors influencing the accuracy of criteria. For example, the use of mean concentrations to express cycling exposure may underestimate chronic toxicity by a factor of two. Metal speciation/complexation is probably much more important to criteria accuracy than acclimation. Another important aspect of criteria evaluation is the relative resolution of laboratory tests and field monitoring. The problem of detecting biological effects following criteria violations is discussed.
Usefulness of the Lipid Index for Bioaccumulation Studies with Daphnia magna
Authors: Dauble DD , Klopfer DC , Carlile DW , William Hanf R 
Published: December 2008

Bioaccumulation studies with Daphnia magna have become an important tool for hazard evaluation of potentially toxic materials released to aquatic environments. Despite widespread use of this test organism, little attention has been paid to influence of stored lipids on uptake of xenobiotics. We drew upon principles of zooplankton population dynamics in the limnological literature to define experimental parameters for bioconcentration testing of organic compounds.
Adult test populations were initially starved and monitored for lipid content and brood production. Mean lipid index values declined at 72 h to less than 50% of those observed at 24 h. The number of hatched young peaked at 48 h and was inversely related to lipid storage and ovary production. In a separate experiment, uptake kinetics of 14C-labelled quinoline were compared between two daphnid test groups with mean lipid scores of 5.4 and 2.8, respectively. Total radioactivity was significantly higher for the high lipid group at 8 h, and the coefficient of variation was lower. Estimated bioconcentration factors adjusted to dry weight were similar. Our studies indicated that lipid reserves of daphnid test populations can be routinely monitored as an indicator of stress in the laboratory. Bioaccumulation tests should be limited to less than 24 h to avoid depletion of lipid stores, which may cause increased variation in tissue concentration over time.
Developing an Accelerated Test: Problems and Pitfalls
Authors: Ketcham SJ , Jankowsky EJ 
Published: December 2008

Naval aircraft spend considerable time on the decks of aircraft carriers exposed to sea spray and sulfur-bearing stack gases. A series of exposure tests of various aircraft materials and coatings have been conducted on operational carriers for over five years. There were two objectives for this work: (1) to find out how the materials behaved in the hostile carrier environment and (2) to develop a laboratory test to simulate that environment. The first objective is being successfully met. The second objective is more difficult to achieve.
To date, experiments have included use of a salt fog chamber with periodic introduction of sulfur dioxide gas. Various cyclic conditions have been studied. such as spraying salt fog, introducing sulfur dioxide gas followed by a soak period at high humidity. This cycle reproduces in two weeks the exfoliation attack on susceptible aluminum alloys that occur on a carrier in about eight months. However on cadmium plated steel, which undergoes little or no attack on the carrier, this cycle causes considerable attack on the coating. Since an accelerated test is also desired for materials, such as paints, corrosion preventive compounds, sealants, and other organics used on naval aircraft, finding one accelerated test that will reproduce carrier results on such a wide variety of materials presents a formidable task.
An Accelerated Simulated Can Corrosion Test for Tinplate
Authors: Warwick ME , Hampshire WB 
Published: December 2008

The internal corrosion of tinplate and lacquered tinplate containers is extremely complex and is a function of many interacting parameters. Electrochemical tests give an insight to the main reaction pathways controlling such corrosion but are not widely applicable to real situations. Industry is forced to rely on expensive and time-consuming pack tests when contemplating changes in either the design of the container or the characteristics of the product packed.
This paper describes an accelerated test that takes the form of a simulated can, which has been developed and used at the International Tin Research Institute over the last decade. The results of investigations into particular aspects of tinplate corrosion using this test are described and related to industrial experience with real containers. Providing care is taken in the interpretation of results, it is felt that the accelerated test provides a reliable way of reducing the need for pack testing.
Once Through Versus Recirculated Seawater Testing for Calcareous Deposit Polarization of Cathodically Protected Steel
Authors: Nye TL , Smith SW , Hartt WH 
Published: December 2008

In seawater, cathodic protection systems for steel structures rely on the formation of a calcareous film to help polarize the surface and thereby reduce the current required to maintain the potential in the protection range. These models require experimental determination of the polarization behavior for the cathodically protected steel. The experiments have been carried out in a variety of electrolytes including artificial seawater, recirculated seawater, and once through fresh seawater. While the latter is obviously the preferred method, there are few research facilities capable of extensive testing in fresh flow-through seawater. This results in the use of the less preferred recirculated natural and artificial seawater procedures.
This paper presents the results of an investigation contrasting data obtained in a series of otherwise identical once-through and recirculating seawater experiments in which the current decay rates of cathodically protected steels were determined. The experiments were run in fresh Atlantic Ocean seawater at the Center for Marine Materials Laboratory at Florida Atlantic University and ASTM Specification for Substitute Ocean Water (D 1141) artificial seawater. Both once-through and recirculating experiments were run concurrently. Possible explanations for the observed polarization rate differences include the effect of dissolved organic carbons and ion depletion.
Corrosion Induced Deformation Behavior of Brick Masonry Wall Panels
Authors: Dial SA , Carrasquillo RL , Breen JE 
Published: December 2008

The main purpose of the work described herein was to study the magnitude of corrosion induced distress in brick masonry wall panels under service conditions in a structure exposed to an acid rain environment. For this purpose, some specimens were subjected to a constant sustained load during exposure testing typical of dead loading under service conditions.
Specimens consisted of nine masonry wall panels with a steel plate, representative of shelf angles used in construction, embedded in the mortar joints at the third and sixth courses. Following twelve weeks of strain readings after load application, an acid-water solution was sprayed on the face of the walls, and accelerated corrosion was electrically induced in the embedded steel plates. Corrosion was also induced in six steel plate specimens that were immersed in tubs filled with the acid-water solutions. Expansion strains and cracking caused by the corrosion of the embedded steel were recorded, and the weight loss of the steel plate specimens was measured. The corrosion products on the steel plates were analyzed under an electron microscope and using X-ray diffraction analysis.
The results show that the embedded plates do not affect the overall temperature and moisture deformation behavior of the wall panels except for local disturbances in the joints containing the plates. The plate regions in the loaded wall panels underwent larger creep strains than regions of the wall panels that did not contain embedded plates. The average creep strains for the loaded walls were 39% lower than the creep strains reported from a previous investigation using similar wall panels that did not contain embedded plates. The presence of the embedded plates appeared to decrease the magnitude and duration of creep.
The induced corrosion of the embedded steel plates caused expansion strains that were several orders of magnitude greater than the tensile strain of masonry at failure. The weight loss of the plates from the nonloaded walls generally was slightly greater than that of the plates from the loaded walls for similar exposure times and was approximately 50% less than the weight loss of the immersed plate specimens.
Jet-in-Slit Test for Studying Erosion-Corrosion
Authors: Matsumura M , Oka Y , Okumoto S , Furuya H 
Published: December 2008

“Jet-in-slit” was used for erosion-corrosion tests on 6/4 yellow brass in a 3% sodium chloride solution together with free jet and submerged jet (common nozzle diameter of 1.6 mm). The latter jets are typical testing methods for evaluating the resistance of alloys to erosion-corrosion. Each specimen sustained a characteristic damage on its surface after 24-h running under common flow rate (0.4 L/min) of the test liquid. The most critical damage occurred on the jet-in-slit specimen.
Measurements through hydrodynamic as well as electrochemical techniques have proved that on a free jet specimen, the damage occurs only on the place of maximum shear stress, and on the submerged jet and jet-in-slit specimens occurs not only at the place of maximum shear stress but also at a place downstream where the flow velocity is considerably low but where impulsive pressure occurs intermittently. Based upon the experimental results obtained, the authors recommended the jet-in-slit for a standard testing method of erosion-corrosion resistance.