bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthese von anionischen N‐acylierten L‐Aminosäuren, Oligopeptiden und Proteinhydrolysaten als Eiweißtenside und deren Anwendung in der Wollveredlung
Authors: Schäfer Karola , Wirsching Jochen , Höcker Hartwig 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAls Modellverbindungen für Eiweiß‐Fettsäurekondensationsprodukte wurden zehn L‐Aminosäuren durch Schotten‐Baumann‐Reaktion mit Fettsäurechloriden N‐acyliert. Dabei wurde durch Verwendung gesättigter Fettsäuren unterschiedlicher Kettenlängen (C8–C18) eine strukturelle Variation des hydrophoben Molekülteils erreicht. Die Carboxylgruppe wurde durch Umsetzung mit verschiedenen Aminosäuren verändert. Weiterhin wurden N‐Octanoyl‐ und N‐Dodecanoyl‐di, ‐tripeptide und Eiweiß‐Fettsäurekondensationsprodukte durch Schotten‐Baumann‐Reaktion synthetisiert. Durch Aufnahme der Oberflächenspannungs‐Konzentrations‐Isothermen wurde eine Abhängigkeit der Grenzflächenaktivität von Molekulargewicht und Aminosäurezusammensetzung des Peptidteils festgestellt: Mit steigendem Molekulargewicht und zunehmender Polarität des Peptidteils nehmen die kritischen Mizellbildungskonzentrationen (CMC) zu. Dies entspricht einer Verringerung der Grenzflächenaktivität. Mit zunehmender Alkylkettenlänge in einer homologen Reihe von N‐Acyl‐L‐alanin‐Derivaten steigt hingegen die Grenzflächenaktivität. Für die synthetisierten anionischen Eiweißtenside wurden gute biologische Abbaubarkeiten (68–78% BSB5/CSB) bestimmt.Das Aufziehverhalten von Tensiden auf Eiweißbasis auf Wolle in Wollveredlungsprozessen wurde an Proteinderivaten untersucht. Durch Zusatz von N‐Acyl‐L‐aminosäuren oder kommerzielle erhältlichen Eiweiß‐Fettsäurekondensaten zur Färbeflotte konnte beim Färben von Wolle mit verschiedenen Farbstoffen ein verstärkter Badauszug und intensivere Anfärbung der Wolle erzielt werden.
Vitamin E und Haltbarkeit von Pflanzenölen
Authors: Elmadfa Ibrahim , Wagner Karl‐Heinz 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAuf Grund der Synthese und des Lösungsverhaltens kommt Vitamin E hauptsächlich in Pflanzenölen, Samen, Nüssen und Getreide vor. Die wichtigste Funktion der Tocopherole liegt in ihrer Wirkung als Antioxidans im Lipidanteil von Nahrungsmitteln. Tocotrienole zeigen gegenüber den korrespondierenden Tocopherolen ein geringeres antioxidatives Potential. Entsprechend der chemischen Struktur sind γ‐ und δ‐Tocopherole antioxidativ wirksamer als α‐Tocopherol. Verbesserungen der antioxidativen Kapazität lassen sich durch gezielte Mischungen einiger Tocopherole untereinander und den Einsatz von Synergisten, wie Ascorbylpalmitat, erzielen. Hierbei muß jedoch immer die Fettsäurezusammensetzung des Öls berücksichtigt werden sowie dessen ursprünglicher Gehalt an Tocopherol und die Bedingungen, die während einer Oxidation vorherrschen.
Accumulation of storage lipids in species of Rhodococcus and Nocardia and effect of inhibitors and polyethylene glycol
Authors: Alvarez Hector M. , Kalscheuer Rainer , Steinbüchel Alexander 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMembers of the genera Rhodococcus and Nocardia corallina were investigated for their capability to accumulate storage lipids that occur in the cytoplasm during cultivation of the cells under nitrogen‐limiting conditions in the absence or presence of various effectors. All bacteria were able to accumulate triacylglycerols (TAG) as main compounds plus minor amounts of diacylglycerols and wax esters. In addition to neutral lipids, R. fascians, R. erythropolis, and R. opacus MR22 accumulated small amounts of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), and N. corallina and R. ruber accumulated significant amounts of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) consisting of 3‐hydroxybutyrate (3HB) and 3‐hydroxyvalerate (3HV) from glucose or valerate. Alloxan or 3‐nitropropionate, which are inhibitors of the citric acid cycle, caused a decrease in the content of odd‐numbered fatty acids in the TAG accumulated from acetate by R. opacus PD630. Cerulenin, an inhibitor of the fatty acid de novo synthesis, completely inhibited accumulation of TAG from glucose or gluconate but not from hexadecane in all bacteria investigated. In addition, cerulenin caused an increase of the PHA content and resulted in an increase of the relative amounts of 3HB units in the PHA in R. ruber and N. corallina. Acrylic acid, an inhibitor of fatty acid β‐oxidation, completely or partially inhibited accumulation of TAG from hexadecane or valerate, respectively, in R. opacus PD630. In R. ruber, acrylic acid completely inhibited accumulations of TAG from valerate; under these conditions the content of PHA increased twofold, and the polyester consisted exclusively of 3HV. PEG‐200 (0.2 to 5%, w/v) caused a decrease in the PHA content, but stimulated the incorporation of 3HV units into the PHA in R. ruber. Therefore, the relative amounts and compositions of both storage lipids can be affected by various compounds in these Gram‐positive bacteria.
β‐Ketoacyl‐acyl carrier protein synthases in the regulation of fatty acid synthase activity in higher plants — An overview
Authors: Schuch Ricardo , Winter Elke , Brück Fritzi Maike , Brummel Monika , Spener Friedrich 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe role of β‐ketoacyl‐ACP synthases (condensing enzymes, KAS) in the regulation of the biosynthesis of medium‐chain fatty acids in Cuphea lanceolata seed (86.5% decanoic acid in oil) was investigated. KAS III catalyzes the first condensing step of fatty acid synthase (FAS) reaction between acetyl‐CoA and malonyl‐ACP. This condensing reaction was highly sensitive to inhibition by decanoyl‐ACP, as determined using FAS preparations from C. lanceolata seeds. These data provide strong evidences that KAS III is a target for feedback regulation of fatty acid biosynthesis. Studies on the elongation of octanoyl‐ and hexadecanoyl‐ACP by KAS I and KAS II, respectively, showed that the accumulation of β‐ketoacyl‐ACP, the direct product of condensing reaction, results in decarboxylation of malonyl‐ACP to acetyl‐ACP. The data demonstrate that condensing enzymes can modulate the levels of malonyl‐ACP inside the plastids during the fatty acid biosynthesis.
Polymeric and oxidized triglyceride content of crude and refined vegetable oils — An overview
Authors: de Greyt Wim F. , Kellens Mark J. , Huyghebaert Andre D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractHigh‐pressure size‐exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) was used in combination with column chromatography on silica to determine the polymeric and oxidized triglyceride content of 19 refined vegetable oil samples of different origin (corn, sun, soy, peanut, rapeseed, palm and olive oil). The evolution of these compounds during the labscale physical refining of corn oil was also studied. Dimeric and oxidized triglyceride levels of the refined oils ranged between 0.32–2.01% (mean = 1.07%) and 1.53–4.83% (mean = 3.11%), respectively. A major increase of polymeric triglycerides was observed during the deacidification‐deodorization step, while the oxidized triglycerides increased mainly during bleaching. Further studies to determine the exact influence of refining conditions on the formation of polymeric and oxidized triglycerides are necessary.
Contents of trans fatty acids (TFA) in German foods and estimation of daily intake
Authors: Fritsche Jan , Steinhart Hans 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe contents of trans fatty acids (TFA) in 139 German foods were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography. The TFA analysis included myristelaidic acid (C14:1 t9), palmitelaidic acid (C16:1 t9), petroselaidic acid (C18:1 t6), elaidic acid (C18:1 t9), trans vaccenic acid (C18:1 t11), octadecadienoic acid isomers (C18:2 c9t12, C18:2 t9t12, and C18:2 9tc12), and 9 geometrical octadecatrienoic acid isomers (C18:3 n‐3). Maximum TFA contents occurred in French fries (up to 34%), crisps (up to 22%) and in instant sauces (up to 22%) The TFA content in dairy products ranged from 2.0% (blue cheese) to 6.1% (Jurassic cheese), in meat products from 0.2% (cooked ham) to 8.6% (lamb), in fish from 0.4% (pollock) to 1.0% (carp), and in vegetable fats and oils and margarines from <0.01% (edible oils) to 4.1% (sunflower margarines). The average estimated TFA intake was calculated to 1.9g TFA/d for women and 2.3g TFA/d for men.
Cholesteryl ester compounds containing alkyl branched acyl groups — their preparations, properties and applications
Authors: Urata Kouichi , Takaishi Naotake 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCholesterol having a reactive hydroxyl group at C3‐position can react with fatty acids to give the corresponding cholesteryl esters. Most of the natural cholesteryl esters consist of straight alkyl chain fatty acids with a high melting point. In oleochemistry it is well known that alkyl branched fatty acids, which are derived from petroleum or the fat and oil industry, have low melting points (mp.) and are chemically more stable if they are saturated acids. We designed alkyl branched fatty acid cholesteryl esters by means of common esterification and found some esters having a low mp. (mostly as a liquid). They had no irritative effect on both animal and human skin. They showed characteristic emulsification properties, namely the formation of either O/W or W/O emulsion coexistence together with other lipid components. Applying them onto human skin, they were able to penetrate towards the stratum corneum and improve the water‐retaining ability and the barrier function of the stratum corneum. Based on these properties we have been applying the alkyl branched fatty acid cholesteryl ester, especially the methyl branched isostearic acid cholesteryl ester (IS‐CE), to a shampoo and a rinse as hair cosmetics, skin care cosmetics and bath‐additive products in the past decade.
Selection of induced mutants with improved linolenic acid content in camelina
Authors: Vollmann Johann , Damboeck Astrid , Baumgartner Sabine , Ruckenbauer Peter 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCamelina (Camelina sativa (L.) Crtz.) is regarded as a potential crop producing a seed oil rich in linolenic acid (C18:3), which could be utilized for different oleochemical applications. Seeds of a camelina breeding line have been irradiated with gamma‐rays in order to induce genetic variation in fatty acid composition. In the M2‐generation, 8017 plants were subjected to a thiobarbituric acid test to identify mutants with increased linolenic acid content. Subsequently, M3‐lines were isolated, which showed significantly higher concentrations of linolenic acid (up to 40.8%) than the control (34–36%). Moreover, genotypes with an erucic acid content of less than 2% were also found in the mutant population. Different mutant lines can thus be combined in order to obtain transgressive segregants, which could give a further increase in linolenic acid content.
Potentiometrische Titration des Gehalts an Primär‐, Sekundär‐ und Tertiär‐Aminstickstoff von Tensiden — Deutsche Einheitsmethoden zur Untersuchung von Fetten, Fettprodukten, Tensiden und verwandten Stoffen: Analyse von grenzflächenaktiven Stoffen XXXII
Authors: Arens M. , Hirschen M. , Klotz H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDie nachstehende Methode wurde im „Gemeinschaftsausschuß für die Analytik von Tensiden (GAT)”︁ im Ringversuch geprüft. Der GAT stellt die Methode, die dann in den DGF‐EinheitsmethodenVerlegt bei der Wissenschaftlichen Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Stuttgart.
veröffentlicht werden soll, zur Diskussion und bittet um Anmerkungen an die Berichterstatter.
Characteristics of carcass composition, fat metabolism and meat quality of genetically different pigs
Authors: Nürnberg Karin , Kuhn Gerda , Ender Klaus , Nürnberg Gerd , Hartung Margitta 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe aim of the study was to quantify the differences in meat and fat quality and lipid metabolism of pigs with either high or medium capacity for lipid accretion. A total of 58 castrated males of the breeds German Saddle Back (SB) and German Landrace (DL) were included in the experiment. Animals were housed individually and fed twice daily semi ad libitum. Saddle Back pigs indicated a lower lean meat content (41.4% vs 52.6%) and a higher fat percentage (40.9% vs 28.2%) in comparison to DL as a result of high lipid accumulation. The larger fat content of SB was related to an increased intramuscular fat concentration of longissimus muscle. A significant correlation between intramuscular fat content and fatty acid composition was estimated in both breeds. The relative concentration of saturated fatty acids was significantly increased in SB pigs. The percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids (8.3%) in SB muscle fat was significantly lower than in DL muscle fat (10.7%). The de novo biosynthesis of fatty acids resulted in mostly saturated fatty acids and oleic acid. The higher activities of lipogenetic enzymes in backfat of SB proved a higher lipogenetic capacity. There were no significant differences in meat quality traits of longissimus muscle between the two breeds.
A parallel fast multipole accelerated integral equation scheme for 3D Stokes equations
Authors: Wang Haitao , Lei Ting , Li Jin , Huang Jingfang , Yao Zhenhan 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn this paper, we discuss a numerical scheme for the Stokes equations in three dimensions. It uses an integral equation formulation and is accelerated by the new version of fast multipole method first introduced by Greengard and Rokhlin in 1997 (Acta Numerica 1997; 6:229–269). The code is parallelized to solve problems of extremely large size. The
resulting numerical solver can be applied to Stokes flows in complex geometry and also serves as a building block for solving the Navier–Stokes equations of low to moderate Reynold's numbers. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Psychotropics use in the Spanish elderly: predictors and evolution between years 1993 and 2003
Authors: Carrasco‐Garrido P. , Jiménez‐García R. , Astasio‐Arbiza P. , Ortega‐Molina P. , de Miguel A. Gil 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPurposeThis study mainly aimed at describing the prevalence of psychotropic medication consumption in the Spanish elderly population between the years 1993 and 2003.MethodsDescriptive, cross‐sectional study covering the Spanish population aged 65 years and over, using data drawn from the 1993 and 2003 Spanish National Health Surveys (ENSS). A total of 9570 interviews were analysed (3436 from 1993 and 6134 from 2003). The independent variables were sociodemographic and health‐related, and the dependent variable was total consumption of psychotropic medication. Using logistic multivariate regression models, we have analysed the temporal evolution of psychotropic medication consumption between 1993 and 2003.ResultsThe prevalence of consumption was significantly higher in women (6.7% from 1993 and 26.4 % from 2003) versus men (2.4% from 1993 and 10.6% from 2003) (p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis, highlighted the association between increased psychoactive drug intake and sex, nervous, depressive, sleep disorders and negative perception of health, displayed a strong association with consumption of psychoactive drugs across the 2 years.ConclusionsIn Spain, the prevalence of psychoactive drug consumption is higher among elderly women than men, and increases with negative perception of health. The prevalence of consumption was significantly higher in the year 2003. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermal stability of shear‐induced precursor structures in isotactic polypropylene by rheo‐X‐ray techniques with couette flow geometry
Authors: Somani Rajesh H. , Sics Igors , Hsiao Benjamin S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCombined in situ rheo‐SAXS (small‐angle X‐ray scattering) and ‐WAXD (wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction) studies using couette flow geometry were carried out to probe thermal stabilty of shear‐induced oriented precursor structure in isotactic polypropylene (iPP) at around its normal melting point (162 °C). Although SAXS results corroborated the emerging consensus about the formation of “long‐living” metastable mesomorphic precursor structures in sheared iPP melts, these are the first quantitative measures of the limiting temperature at which no oriented structures survive. At the applied shear, rate = 60 s−1 and duration ts = 5 s, the oriented iPP structures survived a temperature of 185 °C for 1 h after shear, while no stable structures were detected at and above 195 °C. Following Keller's concepts of chain orientation in flow, it is proposed that the chains with highly oriented high molecular weight fraction are primarily responsible for their stability at high temperatures. Furthermore, the effects of flow condition, specifically the shear temperature, on the distributions of oriented and unoriented crystals were determined from rheo‐WAXD results. As expected, at a constant flow intensity (i.e., rate = 30 s−1 and duration, ts = 5 s), the oriented crystal fraction decreased with the increase in temperature above 155 °C, below which the oriented fraction decreased with the decrease in temperature. As a result, a crystallinty “phase” diagram, i.e., temperature versus crystal fraction ratio, exhibited a peculiar “hourglass” shape, similar to that found in many two‐phase polymer–polymer blends. This can be explained by the competition between the oriented and unoriented crystals in the available crystallizable species. Below the shear temperature (155 °C), the unoriented crystals crystallized so rapidly that they overwhelmed the crystallization of the oriented crystals, thus depleting a major portion of the crystallizable species and increasing their contribution in the final total crystalline phase. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 3553–3570, 2006
Structure–degradability relationships for propyzamide analogues in soils
Authors: Cantier Jean Michel , Bastide Jean , Coste Camille 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe kinetics of the degradation in soil of propyzamide and nine analogues have been measured at two temperatures (28 and 60°C). The degradation rates of propyzamide were determined in sterilised soil and in soil perfusates. The results obtained are in agreement with a chemical degradation of propyzamide and its analogues. Relationships were established between degradation rate constants and physicochemical parameters of the compounds: log k = −aσ+bπ + c where σ = Hammett constant, π = hydrophobic constant, a, b, c are constants.
A review of the correlation between physicochemical properties and bioaccumulation
Authors: Esser Herbert O. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBioaccumulation, describing selective transfer of a chemical from compartments into organisms, and biomagnification, describing such a transfer from organisms of lower trophic levels to organisms of higher trophic levels in food chains, are environmental partitioning processes that have received special attention because of their potential toxicological significance. Both phenomena are determined by certain physicochemical properties of a given chemical and by the environmental systems concerned, as well as by the chemical and metabolic degradability of the chemical in these systems. A number of correlations between the physicochemical properties and the bioaccumulation potential of a chemical have been established of which the relationship between the n‐octanol/water partition coefficient and the bioaccumulation factor is the most relevant. The predictive value and the limitations of these correlations have been discussed. Included in this discussion is the question as to what extent degradability allows the predicted bioaccumulation potential of a chemical to come into effect in different species. A pragmatic use of the established relationships and bioaccumulation test results in a stepwise approach is recommended to provide a realistic estimate of the bioaccumulation potential of a chemical for the assessment of its environmental risk.
Quantitative structure–activity relationships in aquatic toxicology
Authors: Hermens Joop L. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractQuantitative structure–activity relationships (QSARs) enable the toxicity of aquatic pollutants to be predicted from their physicochemical properties. This paper reviews several techniques that can be used to obtain QSARs and examples of QSAR studies are presented for some important groups of aquatic pollutants; reactive organic halides, anilines, phenols and for some relatively unreactive, non‐ionised compounds. Finally the possibility of applying predicted toxicities in environmental hazard assessment is discussed.
The prediction of biodegradability by the use of quantitative structure–activity relationships: Correlation of biological oxygen demand with atomic charge difference
Authors: Dearden John C. , Nicholson Robert M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe use of quantitative structure—activity relationships for the prediction of bioaccumulation, toxicity and biodegradability is briefly surveyed. A new parameter—the difference of the modulus of atomic charge across a selected bond in a molecule—is shown to correlate extremely well with 5‐day biological oxygen demand for several series of compounds; furthermore, the equations for the several series are then combined to give a single, all‐embracing correlation for the quantitative prediction of biodegradability.
Application of reverse‐phase h.p.l.c. for the determination of partition coefficients
Authors: Eadsforth Charles V. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractReverse‐phase high performance liquid chromatography (h.p.l.c.), using a C18 analytical column, has been applied to the determination of partition coefficients for a range of agrochemicals and industrial chemicals. Using a correlation plot of the logarithm of the capacity factor (k) with the logarithm of the n‐octanol/water partition coefficient (Pow), partition coefficients were predicted with a 95% tolerance interval of ± log 0.80 of the literature ‘shake flask’ value for compounds of random structure over the log Pow range 0–6. Individual regression lines were fitted for compounds of comparable size and functional grouping, which reduced any bias and thereby enabled more accurate predictions to be made. The reverse‐phase h.p.l.c. method has a number of advantages over the traditional ‘shake‐flask’ method. Quantitative methods are not required or do not have to be developed and only the determination of the retention time is necessary. Quick and precise determinations of retention times are facilitated by h.p.l.c. and further improvement can be obtained by automation of solvent mixing, solute injection and data processing. H.p.l.c. was used to generate partition coefficient data for highly hydrophobic materials and, because of its resolving power, data for mixtures and solvent fractions. Dual detection, using u.v. and r.i. in series, was necessary for some compounds, particularly unknown mixtures and impure compounds. Calculations of log Pow based on the fragment‐addition method using the structural data file, MACCS, was of considerable value in confirming experimentally derived values. In certain cases, calculated log Pow values were considered more trustworthy than experimental values.
Antimicrobial activity of some N‐(arylalkyl)maleimides
Authors: Watanabe S. , Igarashi Y. , Yagami K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA series of N‐(arylalkyl)maleimides was prepared for the reaction of maleic anhydride and N‐(arylalkyl) amines, and their antimicrobial activities were examined. All compounds exhibited antibacterial activity against gram‐positive bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus. Almost all compounds exhibited antibacterial activity against the gram‐negative bacterium, Escherichia coli, but were inactive against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Activities against gram‐positive bacteria were independent of the nature of the substituent on the benzene ring or the length of alkyl group, but that against gram‐negative bacteria was influenced by these parameters. All N‐(arylalkyl)maleimides showed activity against yeasts and mycelial fungi.