bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study of the process of secondary failure of sulphonylurea by a Markov model
Authors: Tang Wen‐Lu , Wang Yong‐Ming , Du Wen‐Min , Cheng Neng‐Neng , Chen Bin‐Yan 
Published: March 2008

AbstractPurposeThe study was to reflect and forecast the evolutive tendency and influence factors of secondary failure of sulphonylurea (SFS) changing with time by using a Markov (MKV) model in the elderly diabetic population in Shanghai.MethodsA total of 549 patients with elderly diabetes mellitus (DM) were enrolled and grouped in the study. A door‐to‐door retrospective epidemiological survey was used to collect data. The MKV model was used to assess the process and influence factors of SFS and the MKV process decision support system was adopted to calculate state probability of the MKV process.ResultsThe rate of SFS in the group of all cases, FPG ≤ 10 mmol · L−1 before treatment and FPG > 10 mmol · L−1 before treatment, taking single type of sulphonylurea (SU) and taking two types of SU and over respectively was 9.11%, 3.55%, 11.03%, 8.54% and 11.21%. The years of changing into the state of secondary failure in half patients was 5 years, 11–12 years, 4 years, 5 years, 4 years, respectively in the following groups: all cases, FPG ≤ 10 mmol · L−1 before treatment and FPG > 10 mmol · L−1 before treatment, taking single type of SU and taking two types of SU and over.ConclusionsA MKV model could predict the long‐term evolutive process of SFS by a short‐term observation; the speed of SFS was related to the degree of DM patients' condition, patients with higher glucose levels prior to treatment would develop SFS faster; but we cannot postpone the development of secondary failure by exchanging SU types. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Developing tools for the safety specification in risk management plans: lessons learned from a pilot project
Authors: Cooper Andrew J. P. , Lettis Sally , Chapman Charlotte L. , Evans Stephen J. W. , Waller Patrick C. , Shakir Saad , Payvandi Nassrin , Murray Alison B. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractPurposeFollowing the adoption of the ICH E2E guideline, risk management plans (RMP) defining the cumulative safety experience and identifying limitations in safety information are now required for marketing authorisation applications (MAA). A collaborative research project was conducted to gain experience with tools for presenting and evaluating data in the safety specification. This paper presents those tools found to be useful and the lessons learned from their use.MethodsArchive data from a successful MAA were utilised. Methods were assessed for demonstrating the extent of clinical safety experience, evaluating the sensitivity of the clinical trial data to detect treatment differences and identifying safety signals from adverse event and laboratory data to define the extent of safety knowledge with the drug.ResultsThe extent of clinical safety experience was demonstrated by plots of patient exposure over time. Adverse event data were presented using dot plots, which display the percentages of patients with the events of interest, the odds ratio, and 95% confidence interval. Power and confidence interval plots were utilised for evaluating the sensitivity of the clinical database to detect treatment differences. Box and whisker plots were used to display laboratory data.ConclusionsThis project enabled us to identify new evidence‐based methods for presenting and evaluating clinical safety data. These methods represent an advance in the way safety data from clinical trials can be analysed and presented. This project emphasises the importance of early and comprehensive planning of the safety package, including evaluation of the use of epidemiology data. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Indicators for preventable drug‐related morbidity. Practical application in home‐based care
Authors: Gianino M. M. , Foti G. , Borghese R. , Lorelli S. , Siliquini R. , Renga G. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractAimThe aim of this study is of evaluating Morris' PDRM indicator system in the Italian Health Care System, especially in the context of home‐based health care assistance, so as to assess the reliability of such a system to detect preventable events of drug‐related morbidity (DRM).MethodsThis is a pilot study which has been carried out on a control group of patients. The results, which have been obtained, have then been used to calculate the incidence of the preventable drug‐related morbidity (PDRM) in the entire population. The sample of patients was taken from the Health District of Chivasso (Local Health Unit 7 in Piedmont). The subjects had all been inserted in the Integrated Home Healthcare Assistance programme in the period from 1st January to 31st December 2004.ResultsThe PDRM is equal to 32, with an incidence of 15.6% in the entire population (205). Seven indicators out of 19 were able to identify PDRM. Of these, the indicator which showed the best detection rate scored 72%.ConclusionsThe study revealed that this indicator system has the capability of detecting events of PDRM. In addition to this, the version of the system which has been approved by the expert panel has proved executable in the Italian healthcare system, especially in home‐based healthcare. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Risk of ischaemic cardiovascular events from selective cyclooxygenase‐2 inhibitors in osteoarthritis
Authors: Cunnington Marianne , Webb David , Qizilbash Nawab , Blum David , Mander Adrian , Funk Michele Jonsson , Weil John 
Published: March 2008

AbstractPurposeMost previous observational studies assessing cardiovascular risk associated with Cox‐2 inhibitors (Cox‐2is) used a case control approach, limiting the assessment of absolute risk by disease group and effect of duration of exposure. We conducted a retrospective cohort study in patients with osteoarthritis.MethodsUsing the Life‐link US claims database, all subjects had at least five years history in the database. Exposure was defined as the first chronic period of Cox‐2i (celecoxib, rofecoxib or valdecoxib) or naproxen use. Non‐users and non‐chronic users of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID)/Cox‐2i within the osteoarthritis cohort served as the reference. The primary outcome was myocardial infarction and ischaemic stroke.ResultsA cohort of 16 580 subjects were chronically exposed to celecoxib, 9800 received rofecoxib, 2907 received naproxen and 51 539 were non‐chronically exposed controls. With a median follow up of 506 days, there were 2116 ischaemic events for the entire cohort. The strongest predictors of AMI/ ischaemic stroke risk were history of ischaemic stroke (HR 2.34, 2.12–2.59) and age 65+ years (HR 2.28, 2.07–2.52). For rofecoxib, (HR 1.25,1.04–1.50), the attributable risk varied from 3 per 1000 patients years in individuals aged under 65 years with no history of CVD to 19 per 1000 patients years in older individuals with a history of CVD. The hazard ratios did not change over time. Celecoxib and naproxen were not associated with increased risks.ConclusionsThe attributable risk for rofecoxib varied substantially with the underlying cardiovascular risk profile, being lower in clinical trial than in clinical practice populations. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The pattern of use of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) from 1997 to 2005: a nationwide study on 4.6 million people
Authors: Fosbøl Emil Loldrup , Gislason Gunnar H , Jacobsen Søren , Abildstrom Steen Z , Hansen Morten Lock , Schramm Tina Ken , Folke Fredrik , Sørensen Rikke , Rasmussen Jeppe N , Køber Lars , Madsen Mette , Torp‐Pedersen Christian 
Published: March 2008

AbstractPurposeTo describe the nationwide pattern of use of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in the Danish population.MethodsAll Danish citizens aged 10 or above 1 January 1997 were included in the study. The national prescription registry was used to identify all claimed prescriptions for NSAIDs by the cohort until 2005. By individual‐level‐linkage of nationwide registries, information was acquired concerning hospitalizations, comorbidity, concomitant pharmacotherapy and socioeconomic factors.ResultsThe population consisted of 4 614 807 individuals, of which 2 663 706 (57.8%) claimed at least one prescription for NSAID from 1997 to 2005. Ibuprofen and diclofenac were the most frequently used non‐selective NSAIDs, whereas rofecoxib and celecoxib were the most frequently used selective cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) inhibitors. The usage was similar across all age groups. Female sex and increasing age was associated with increased use of NSAID. Factors predicting extensive NSAID use were: rheumatic disease (odds ratio (OR) = 1.79, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.69–1.90), gout agents (allopurinol) (OR = 2.54, CI: 2.44–2.64) and other pain medication (OR = 3.27, CI: 3.23–3.31). NSAIDs were most often prescribed for use for one distinct treatment interval and for a short period (overall inter‐quartile range [IQR]: 9–66 days). High doses were used in a relatively large proportion of the population (8.9% for etodolac to 19.5% for celecoxib) and 54 373 (2.0%) claimed prescriptions for more than one NSAID at the same time.ConclusionNSAIDs were commonly used in the Danish population. Since NSAIDs have been associated with increased cardiovascular risk, further research on the overall risk associated with these drugs on a national scale is needed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coronary heart disease outcomes in patients receiving antidiabetic agents in the PharMetrics database 2000–2007
Authors: Walker Alexander M. , Koro Carol E. , Landon Joan 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBackgroundThe risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) in users of antidiabetic agents must be quantified to permit reasoned therapeutic choices.ObjectivesTo assess the risk of myocardial infarction (MI) and coronary revascularization (CR), in diabetic patients who began rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, metformin, or sulfonylureas.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study of MI and CR in the PharMetrics database. We performed head‐to‐head comparisons using propensity‐score‐stratified Cox proportional hazards models, examining risks both on‐treatment and during total follow‐up before regimen switches.ResultsFor the combined outcome (MI and CR), the crude rates per 1000 person years were 9 on monotherapy, 13 on dual therapy, and 21 on therapies combined with insulin. In the absence of insulin, regimens containing thiazolidinediones (TZDs) tended toward lower risk than comparable regimens containing sulfonylureas and higher risk than those containing metformin. The summary hazard ratio for rosiglitazone versus pioglitazone was 1.04 (95%CI: 0.94–1.14) for total follow‐up and 1.05 (0.92–1.19) for on‐treatment time. For MI, the hazard ratios were 1.07 (0.89–1.27) for total follow‐up and 1.21 (0.95–1.54) for on‐treatment time.ConclusionsThe present data indicate that the risk of CHD in patients using TZDs appears to lie between the risks associated with sulfonylureas and metformin. Neither the risk of MI and CR together nor the risk of MI alone was significantly different between rosiglitazone and pioglitazone. A nonsignificant observed excess risk of 21% for MI during on‐treatment time will require combination with the results of other studies to provide a reliable assessment. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pyrethroids, knockdown resistance and sodium channels
Authors: Soderlund David M 
Published: March 2008

AbstractKnockdown resistance to DDT and the pyrethrins was first described in 1951 in the housefly (Musca domestica L.). This trait, which confers reduced neuronal sensitivity to these insecticides, was subsequently shown to confer cross‐resistance to all synthetic pyrethroid insecticides that have been examined to date. As a consequence, the worldwide commercial development of pyrethroids as a major insecticide class over the past three decades has required constant awareness that pyrethroid overuse has the potential to reselect this powerful resistance mechanism in populations that previously were resistant to DDT. Demonstration of tight genetic linkage between knockdown resistance and the housefly gene encoding voltage‐sensitive sodium channels spurred efforts to identify gene mutations associated with knockdown resistance and understand how these mutations confer a reduction in the sensitivity of the pyrethroid target site. This paper summarizes progress in understanding pyrethroid resistance at the molecular level, with particular emphasis on studies in the housefly. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis and characterization of synthetic analogs of cinnacidin, a novel phytotoxin from Nectria sp.
Authors: Irvine Nicholas M , Yerkes Carla N , Graupner Paul R , Roberts Roben E , Hahn Don R , Pearce Cedric , Gerwick B Clifford 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND: The novel natural product cinnacidin was isolated from a fungal fermentation extract of Nectria sp. DA060097. The compound was found to contain a cyclopentalenone ring system with an isoleucine subunit linked through an amide bond. Initial biological characterization of cinnacidin suggested promising herbicidal activity.RESULTS: Two synthetic analogs, (2S,3S)‐2‐[(3RS,3aSR,6aRS)‐3‐methoxy‐4‐oxo‐3,3a,4,5,6,6a‐hexahydropentalen‐1‐ylcarbamoyl]‐3‐methylvaleric acid and benzyl (2S,3S)‐2‐[(3RS,3aSR,6aRS)‐3‐methoxy‐4‐oxo‐3,3a,4, 5,6,6a‐hexahydropentalen‐1‐ylcarbamoyl]‐3‐methylvalerate, were prepared for further characterization, and their herbicidal activities were compared with that of cinnacidin.CONCLUSIONS: The synthetic compounds were highly phytotoxic on a range of weeds. Based on the symptoms in treated plants, the mode of action of these compounds is suggested to be similar to that of coronatine and jasmonic acid. Coronatine was more active against warm‐season grasses, while the cinnacidin benzyl ester analog was more effective on cool‐season grasses. In a seedling growth bioassay conducted on bentgrass, the cinnacidin analog was equivalent in activity to coronatine. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Assessment of the suitability of Tinopal as an enhancing adjuvant in formulations of the insect pathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuillemin
Authors: Reddy Narasimha P , A Khan Pathan Akbar , Devi Koduru Uma , Victor John S , Sharma Hari C 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND: Biopesticides based on Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuillemin hold great promise for the management of a wide range of insect pests. The conidia in the biopesticide formulation require an adjuvant to protect them from photoinactivation by sunlight. The suitability of Tinopal, an optical brightener used as sunscreen for baculovirus formulations, for use with B. bassiana was assessed. The aim was to study the effect of Tinopal on the growth and photoprotection of B. bassiana, and its effect on the susceptibility of insects to B. bassiana.RESULTS: Tinopal was found to have no adverse effect on the growth of B. bassiana. It was found to confer total protection (∼95% conidial germination at 10 g Tinopal L−1) from sunlight up to 3 h of exposure, and a better survival rate than controls even up to 4 h. Helicoverpa armigera Hübner larvae fed on diet with 5 g kg−1 Tinopal were found to have reduced growth. The duration of the larval stage increased by 3–4 days in 1 and 5 g kg−1 Tinopal treatments. Among the moths that emerged from larvae fed on diet with 5 g kg−1 Tinopal, a significantly high number were malformed compared with controls. The larvae that were fed diet with Tinopal showed quicker and higher mortality and required a lower effective lethal dose (LC50) than the controls. Tinopal was found to have a synergistic effect with B. bassiana in causing insect mortality.CONCLUSIONS: Tinopal was found to be a suitable adjuvant for B. bassiana‐based biopesticide formulations. It conferred tolerance to sunlight and caused stress in the insect, leading to a synergistic effect with B. bassiana. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Gerry Brooks and epoxide hydrolases: four decades to a pharmaceutical
Authors: Morisseau Christophe , Hammock Bruce D 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe pioneering work of Gerry Brooks on cyclodiene insecticides led to the discovery of a class of enzymes known as epoxide hydrolases. The results from four decades of work confirm Brooks' first observations that the microsomal epoxide hydrolase is important in foreign compound metabolism. Brooks and associates went on to be the first to carry out a systematic study of the inhibition of this enzyme. A second role for this enzyme family was in the degradation of insect juvenile hormone (JH). JH epoxide hydrolases have now been cloned and expressed from several species, and there is interest in developing inhibitors for them. Interestingly, the distantly related mammalian soluble epoxide hydrolase has emerged as a promising pharmacological target for treating hypertension, inflammatory disease and pain. Tight‐binding transition‐state inhibitors were developed with good ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion). These compounds stabilize endogenous epoxides of fatty acids, including arachidonic acid, which have profound therapeutic effects. Now EHs from microorganisms and plants are used in green chemistry. From his seminal work, Dr Brooks opened the field of epoxide hydrolase research in many directions including xenobiotic metabolism, insect physiology and human health, as well as asymmetric organic synthesis. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Differences in the amount of lipolysis induced by atrial natriuretic peptide in small and large adipocytes
Authors: Yu Jiahua , Yu Hee‐Chul , Kim Kyung‐Ah , Kwon Kang‐Beom , Park Jin‐Woo , Kim Sung‐Zoo , Kim Suhn Hee , Park Byung‐Hyun 
Published: March 2008

AbstractAtrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is a 28‐amino acid polypeptide that is primarily secreted by the heart. ANP is believed to be a hormone that regulates cardiovascular dynamics and renal functions; however, studies conducted in the past few decades revealed that ANP is also a potent lipolytic agent in human adipocytes that functions through the cGMP‐dependent pathway. In this study, we separated human adipocytes within the same fat depot into small and large fractions using their floating properties and nylon filters of different pore sizes. Real‐time PCR revealed that large adipocytes expressed higher mRNA levels of natriuretic peptide receptor (NPR)‐A and hormone sensitive lipase, and binding studies showed that large adipocytes expressed more NPR‐A on the membrane than small adipocytes. This finding was confirmed by the increase in the amount of glycerol that was released from adipocytes as the cell size increased. Taken together, these results clearly suggest that adipocyte size is an important determinant of ANP‐stimulated lipolysis. Copyright © 2008 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microstructure, dielectric, and piezoelectric properties of Ce‐modified Na0.5Bi4.5Ti4O15 high temperature piezoceramics
Authors: Zhao Liang , Xu Jian‐Xiu , Yin Na , Wang Hong‐Chao , Zhang Cheng‐Ju , Wang Jin‐Feng 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe cerium modified sodium bismuth titanate (Na0.5Bi4.5Ti4O15, NBT) piezoelectric ceramics have been prepared by using the conventional mixed oxide method. X‐ray diffraction analysis revealed that the cerium modified NBT ceramics have a pure four‐layer Aurivillius phase structure. The piezoelectric activity of NBT ceramics was found significantly improved by the modification of cerium. The Curie temperature Tc, and piezoelectric coefficient d33 for the NBT ceramics with 0.50 wt% cerium modification were found to be 655 °C, and 28 pC/N respectively. The Curie temperature gradually decreased from 668 °C to 653 °C with the increase of cerium modification. The dielectric spectroscopy showed that the samples possess stable piezoelectric properties, demonstrating practical potential that for high temperature applications. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A robust brain deformation framework based on a finite element model in IGNS
Authors: Liu Yixun , Song Zhijian 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBackgroundBrain deformation plays an important role in causing inaccuracy in image‐guided neurosurgery. Three types of approaches have been proposed to solve this problem: intra‐operative imaging, deformation atlas and non‐rigid registration. By comparing these approaches, we here show that the non‐rigid registration approach, based on a linear elastic model, may be the most feasible method during clinical application.MethodsBased on the non‐rigid registration model, we designed a framework used to correct the brain deformation. A laser range scanner (LRS) was introduced into this framework to obtain the intra‐operative brain surface. Using this device, we designed a novel surface‐tracking algorithm, which includes space transformation (rigid registration) and surface moving. We first transformed the point set from LRS space into image space by a series of transformations, then simulated the movement of the brain surface using a thin‐plate spline.ResultsWe tested the framework using pigs. In these experiments, we segmented and meshed the pig's brain and transformed the initial surface (from a MRI scan) and deformed surface (from LRS) into the same coordinate system, using rigid registration. Using this method, the surfaces of pigs' brains were tracked accurately and the internal brain deformation was estimated. The pre‐operative images can be corrected accordingly.ConclusionsOur animal experiments indicate that this framework can effectively capture the surface deformation and hence estimate the internal deformation of the brain. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cytomegalovirus UL97 mutations in the era of ganciclovir and maribavir
Authors: Chou Sunwen 
Published: March 2008

AbstractMutations in the human CMV UL97 kinase gene are a major mechanism of viral resistance to two anti‐CMV drugs, ganciclovir (GCV) and maribavir (MBV). GCV, the most widely used and established therapy for CMV, is a substrate for the UL97 kinase. Well‐characterised GCV‐resistance mutations at UL97 codons 460, 520 and 590–607 impair the phosphorylation of GCV that is necessary for its antiviral activity, presumably by altering substrate recognition. In contrast, MBV is an inhibitor of the UL97 kinase and is the first new CMV therapy to reach later stage clinical trials in many years. No MBV‐resistant CMV isolates have yet been detected in clinical trials, but after culture propagation under drug, UL97 mutations that confer moderate to high‐level MBV resistance have been identified at codons 353, 397, 409 and 411. These mutations are located upstream of the GCV‐resistance mutations and are close to the ATP‐binding and catalytic domains common to all kinases, consistent with MBV acting as a small molecule ATP‐competitive kinase inhibitor. So far, no UL97 mutations are known to confer resistance to both GCV and MBV. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Host factors for replication and transcription of the influenza virus genome
Authors: Nagata Kyosuke , Kawaguchi Atsushi , Naito Tadasuke 
Published: March 2008

AbstractFor replication and transcription of the influenza virus genome of eight‐segmented and negative‐stranded RNAs, not only viral factors but also host‐derived cellular factors (host factors) are required. This paper focuses on the identification and characterisation of the host factors involved in replication and transcription of the influenza virus genome, reviewing recent progresses in the related molecular mechanisms. Functional assay systems for screening of host factors using cell‐free reconstitution systems and an yeast‐based influenza virus replicon system are highlighted. We have summarised the property of host factors comprehensively and provided a clue for the perspective in the determination mechanism of host range and virulence and the development of a new strategy to control the influenza virus. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.