bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The evaluation of automatic retrieval procedures— selected test results using the SMART system
Authors: Salton Gerard 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe generation of effective methods for the evaluation of information retrieval systems and techniques is becoming increasingly important as more and more systems are designed and implemented. The present report deals with the evaluation of a variety of automatic indexing and retrieval procedures incorporated into the SMART automatic document retrieval system. The design of the SMART system is first briefly reviewed. The document file, search requests, and other parameters affecting the evaluation system are then examined in detail, and the measures used to assess the effectiveness of the retrieval performance are described. The main test results are given and tentative conclusions are reached concerning the design of fully automatic information systems.
Comparison of the results of bibliographic coupling and analytic subject indexing
Authors: Kessler M. M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA detailed comparison of how 334 papers in Vol. 112 of Physical Review form related groups according to two criteria of relatedness. The criteria are: (1) the Analytic Subject Index as used by the editors of the Physical Review; and (2) the method of Bibliographic Coupling. The similarities and differences between the groups thus formed are illustrated and discussed.
An operating model of a national information system
Authors: Ebersole J. L. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe eventual configuration of any National Information System will require close coordination between the many existing indexing‐abstracting services. Reduction of the overlap among these services is one of the important objectives of a national system. North American Aviation, Incorporated, has developed and implemented a system which solves some of the problems of linking services or networks together so as to combine maximum scope of information retrieval with minimum indexing and abstracting effort. The techniques used in this system are discussed and some proposals are presented showing how these systems techniques can be combined with other proposed methods for use in a National Information System.
Cost distribution and analysis in computer storage and retrieval
Authors: Marron Harvey , Snyderman Martin 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA method for costing computer jobs done by a mechanized storage and retrieval activity is proposed and discussed. Attention is confined solely to computer costs. The Science Information Exchange, a mechanized installation handling information on research in progress is used as the case in point. All computer jobs are grouped as batched, singly run or maintenance tasks. Job unit costs are calculated with and without inclusion of file maintenance costs. Should other activities compute their costs similarly, interactivity cost comparisons can be made readily, opening the door to cost‐quality criteria for mechanized searches and report preparation.
Coming of age in academe—Information science at 21
Authors: Donohue Joseph C. , Karioth N. E. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe little tyke was conceived during the fleeting affair between that somewhat shabby and passive old maid, librarianship, and the rich playboy, science. The poor kid hasn't even been named yet; in fact most of us don't even know what he looks like. Still, they were all talking about him at the FID (International Federation for Documentation) Congress in October in Washington. Some of the family felt that he ought to be reared by his mother in her flat on the outskirts of Academe. The others said that his father could give him a better life, with prestige, wealth, and status, on the best street in town. They were already calling him by his father's name, hoping he would be known as “Information Science.” (1).
Librarianship and the science of information
Authors: Donohue Joseph C. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractUtilizing query responses from accredited library schools, courses offered have been analyzed to determine emphasis on various subjects, with special reference to Information Science (IS)—i.e., the study of the information processes—and Science Information (SI)—the bibliography of science, operation of scientific information services, etc. Generally, schools continue to stress subjects related to operation of public and school libraries. Certain library schools are developing programs and/or courses in IS and SI and in some cases the two are combined. Many schools now offer some training in nontraditional techniques. Increased stress on science information and the addition of courses in the new information technology have not radically altered the theoretical structure of library education. But the Information Science approach promises to contribute greatly to that structure. Librarianship possesses a long‐established corpus of knowledge relating to a science of information. Librarians, traditionally service‐oriented rather than research‐oriented, have not exploited that body of knowledge for general principles of IS. Research should be directed to the areas of:

Cataloging and classification—the logical and epistemological underpinnings of respective systems; the relationships of given systems to prevailing theory of knowledge.
The technique of reference service—for its rich potential contribution to the theory of problem solving.
The understanding of the social and institutional framework of the information community. Library schools need now to accompany technical instruction with research into these and similar problems in order to contribute to the theory of IS and to gain from IS better technique for the practice of librarianship.
A graphic graphics card catalog and computer index
Authors: Kuvshinoff Boris W. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe development of a low‐cost library control system for visual aids based on punch cards is described. Miniature pictures of the visual aids are printed on the cards with a Xerox 914 Office Copier, identifying information is keypunched, and additional information is entered by typewriter An inventory of other forms of the visual aid, such as glossy photographs, slides, and VuGraphs, is indicated by check marks on a small form printed on the card. The cards are designed to permit updating by additional punching as well as by overpunching previously punched symbols. The punched data is used by a computer to prepare indexes to the visual aid collection, and the cards themselves are used as a manual card catalog for everyday retrieval of visual aids.
Relationship of keywords in titles to references cited
Authors: Adams Wm. Mansfield 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSome machine‐produced indexes have been compared. The objectives of an index and the search procedure are analyzed. It is proposed that a hypothetical title be used for searching, not a question. This permits comparison of similar items for common characteristics. A relationship between “keywords in title” and “key references” of the same article is given. It is shown that for an efficiently produced article there will be more references than keywords in the title. This is because, according to the basic theorem of linear programming, there will be as many concepts in the article as there are completely utilized references. The structural model proposed requires additional experimental verification.
A multiple testing of the natural language storage and retrieval ABC method: Preliminary analysis of test results
Authors: Altmann Berthold 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAfter a brief summary of the test program, the statistical results tabulated as over‐all “ABC‐Relevance Ratios” and “ABC‐Recall Figures” are presented and reviewed. An abstract model developed in accordance with Max Weber's “idealtypus” is used in discussing such observations as the absence of the detrimental effects of an inverse relationship of Relevance and Recall upon a system's effectiveness. The increase of Recall in proportion to the number of documents retrieved is attributed to the ABC‐system's peculiar capability of making the user an integral part of the system.
Book‐indexes as building blocks for a cumulative index
Authors: Kochen Manfred , Tagliacozzo Renata 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe advantages of a cumulative subject‐index, built by merging the subject‐indexes of books, are illustrated; and the conditions under which such cumulation would be feasible are discussed. A mathematical model for estimating the overlap between book indexes, applied to a sample of books belonging to the same subject area, show that the overlap is surprisingly small. Some statistical properties and grammatical features of book‐indexes are described in an attempt to determine how much they depart from the characteristics of book‐indexes ideally suited for cumulation. Possible reasons accounting for the great variability of index‐entries are discussed.
Subject searching with science citation index: Preparation of a drug bibliography using chemical abstracts, index medicus, and science citation index 1961 and 1964
Authors: Spencer Carol C. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA bibliography on the drug thalidomide was prepared through a search of Chemical Abstracts (CA) and Index Medicus (IM) for the years 1956–1964, which took 14.6 hours. This was compared with a similar bibliography prepared through a search of Science Citation Index (SCI) 1961 and 1964, carried out for an equal length of time according to search procedures described, in an effort to determine if and how SCI might be helpful in subject searches. A satisfactory procedure for manual search of SCI was developed. The cumulative number of references found through SCI plotted against time gave a convex curve, while corresponding data from the conventional indexes gave a linear response. For periods up to eight hours, SCI yielded more references than did either IM or CA. However, at 14.6 hours SCI did not produce all references obtainable through CA‐IM. Each of the three indexes produced a high percentage of unique references, SCI's being the highest. SCI‐1964's coverage of articles published in 1964 was more complete than was IM‐1964's. CA‐IM gave superior coverage of chemical papers, patents, and papers in the less common languages. SCI's coverage of pharmacological papers was superior to that of either CA or IM. In this search SCI and conventional indexes could be profitably used together; each produced a large number of references not to be found in the other. In this search SCI was not appreciably less efficient in retrieving drug references than were CA and IM; for short time intervals, it was more efficient. More general conclusions must await further investigation.
SDI: A program for public libraries
Authors: Davis Charles H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAlgorithms are described for the selective dissemination of information associated with both fiction and non‐fiction holdings, and the use of a well‐established classification scheme as a search medium is discussed. It is shown that the classification scheme can be used as a code which will describe the users' interests and which will also allow for the selection of the appropriate generic levels of information. This coded information can then be stored on an interest profile sheet and used as the basis for search logic. A program of this type can be used to provide either retrospective or current awareness searches.
A framework for comparing term association measures
Authors: Jones Paul E. , Curtice Robert M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe problem of choosing an association measure for some particular application is reviewed. Two methods are presented for treating various measures in a common framework—a parameterized model and a graphical interpretation of the measures. Some association measures which have been suggested to date are discussed in terms of this framework, and an example is chosen from the NASA vocabulary. Qualitative features of the list of associated terms are related to properties of the measure used, and it is suggested that this characterization can be useful in choosing which measure to use.
Relevance disagreements and unclear request forms
Authors: O'Connor John 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDisagreements about the relevance of documents to retrieval requests occur because relevance judges differently interpret requests or documents. Requests may be differently interpreted because they are unclear. Well‐known types of request obscurity are reviewed. Less well known is that a request may be unclear because its form—“documents about subject S,” “documents answering question Q,” etc.—is unclear.Explications are developed of the meanings of the request forms just given and several others. A request of any of the forms discussed is interpreted to be for documents which support statements of a specified kind in a specified way. For example, an “about S” request requires documents supporting statements which contain expression S (though several qualifications are needed); a “question Q” request requires documents which support answers to Q. Examples are given which suggest that some, perhaps all, “about S” requests are unclear. Some ways of formulating clear question requests are given.Various ways in which documents may support statements are distinguished. These depend on such factors as parts of a document used, inference strength, and background knowledge permitted. Some possibly clear support specifications are indicated.
Analysis of questions addressed to a medical reference retrieval system: Comparison of question and system terminologies
Authors: Flood Barbara 
Published: June 2007

AbstractRequests for subject and author searches submitted to the Medical Documentation Service of the Library of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia were studied. A total of 483 subject reference questions were analyzed for the number of question terms matching system subject headings (M), number of question terms translatable to system subject headings (T), number of stop‐list words (S), and number of untranslatable words (U), using the judgment of the author. The average question had one M term or 22% M, one T term or 21% T, two S words or 38% S, and one U word or 19% U. Thus 81% of the average question was accounted for by M + T + S; in addition, 46% of the questions had no U words. Analysis of variance failed to show significant (5% level) differences between doctors' and lawyers' questions or between negotiated and nonnegotiated questions in number of M, T, S, or U. Study of limitations on searches for the 483 subject search requests and 38 requests for author searches showed that the requestor rarely stipulated type of material to be covered, languages to be included, time period to be covered, cost, or time for completion.
Analysis and automated handling of technical information at the nuclear safety information center
Authors: Buchanan J. R. , Hutton F. C. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe Nuclear Safety Information Center serves the nuclear community by collecting, storing, evaluating, and disseminating safety information relevant to the design and operation of nuclear facilities. In 1964, after about a year of operation, the information‐handling system was computerized in order to increase broadly the scope of the Center's services and enable efficient functioning in the future. Computer programs were developed for the preparation of a bibliography, complete with key‐words and personal author indexes, that is issued quarterly and for a program of selective dissemination of information (SDI) that is produced on 5 × 8 in. cards. These programs and other services of the Center are discussed.
Problems in the conversion of bibliographical data—A keypunching experiment
Authors: Hammer Donald P. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA keypunching test project is described in which the data from 2,600 library cards were converted to machine‐readable form (including 908 verified). The test was run as a normal keypunching situation using 12 keypunchers at a service bureau. Card catalog data was converted as found in a typical catalog. All types of data, including foreign language material, were converted, except those characters not of a Roman alphabet. The problems encountered during the test and the solutions for some of them are included. In addition, the system devised for the computer manipulation of the data is outlined. Statistics, including costs, are given.
On a theory of documentation
Authors: Graziano Eugene E. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAll of the phenomena of the field of documentation may be classified under the notions of the three forms of: material, ideational, and energy. It is suggested that the phenomenological method may be advantageously applied to documentation in conjunction with the methods of speculative philosophy. Examples are offered to illustrate how such methods may illuminate some of the more fundamental problem areas of the field, such as the problems of identification and “information” by yielding operational definitions.
Survey of practical training in information science
Authors: Bracken Marilyn C. , Shilling Charles W. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper presents a survey of practical training being conducted in the United States. All the universities known by the authors to have programs to train information scientists and all the industrial organizations known or thought to have programs for this type of training were surveyed. No qualitative assessments are made by the authors. Rather, quantitative results of the survey are presented on various program characteristics. Tables 1 & 2 summarize certain facts about the programs of the organizations.
A literature search and file organization model
Authors: Leimkuhler Ferdinand F. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA principle of sequential optimization in search theory distributes the search effort at each stage so as to maximize the probability of target detection with the effort expended thus far. As an application of this principle to the search for pertinent items in a literature file, the file items should be arranged in decreasing order of the probability that an item will yield the information sought. Complete ordering in this manner may not be feasible, and it is proposed that the files be partially ordered in search zones with some loss in search efficiency. A model for assessing the relative efficiency of partial ordering is developed and used to determine optimal zone sizes under an assumed target distribution pattern. In this way, trade‐offs between file organization effort and search effort can be meaningfully evaluated. A representative target distribution function for research literature appears to follow the Bradford law of scattering. This function is used to demonstrate the application of the model over a meaningful range of parameters obtained from empirical studies. It is shown that a good two‐zone search plan for scientific literature is one in which 15–20% of the most useful documents are examined first. Only about one of three searches should have to go on to a search over the remainder of the file.
A computer‐based serials control system for a large biomedical library
Authors: Roper Fred W. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractRather than reiterate the obvious purposes and procedures involved in creating a computer system for control of serials, in this paper the author deals with the concept upon which the UCLA system is based and the manner in which the system is maintained in day‐to‐day operations of the UCLA Biomedical Library. The paper deals with some of the points made in an earlier publication from the UCLA serials project. The attempt is to show how the theory of publication pattern (discussed in the earlier article) has been used to produce a different idea in computer control of serials. Publication pattern information which is entered into the master record for each title causes check‐in cards for the next expected issue of each title to be generated by the computer, regardless of when this next issue is expected—next week, next month, next year. This is a departure from most systems, which attempt to predict a certain number of issues which should arrive during a given time period. The information, which must be a part of the computer record, is described, as are library procedures in maintaining the system.
Reading guide and index to the cancer‐virology literature
Authors: Schless Arthur P. , Purdy Marie E. , Stevenson Robert E. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAn alerting service to the pertinent articles in the field of cancer‐virology has been in operation, successfully, for four years. By cooperative efforts, approximately 200 investigators are kept aware of useful information in 230 journals. Its low cost, ease of operation, and extensive up‐to‐date coverage make it an attractive model for many other applications. An information retrieval addition to this system is discussed.
An approach to weeding criteria for newspaper libraries
Authors: Slote Stanley J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA sampling of past use patterns may be able to provide valid, specific weeding criteria for newspaper picture files. In this study, no photographic cut had been re‐used after the 13th year of its first use; nor after the 8th year of its first use, when it hadn't been re‐used at all up to that time.
Some Questions concerning “information need”
Authors: O'Connor John 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe expression “satisfying a requester's information need” is often used, but its meaning is obscure. The literature on “information need” in relation to retrieval suggests three different (though not inconsistent) possible interpretations. However, each of these interpretations is itself fundamentally unclear. The various obscurities involved are indicated by critical questions, which those who write of information need are invited to answer.
1,2,3‐Tricarbonylverbindungen, XIII Über Reaktionen des Ninhydrins bzw. 1,2,3‐Indantrions mit 1,2‐ und 1,3‐bifunktionellen Verbindungen. Ein Beitrag zur Bildung von Spiroverbindungen aus Ninhydrin
Authors: Schönberg Alexander , Singer Erich , Eschenhof Brita , Hoyer Georg‐A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractNinhydrin (1) reagiert mit den N, N′‐disubstituierten Ethylendiaminen 2–6 nach Schema (1) unter Bildung der 1,4‐Diazaspiro[4.4]nonane 7–11. Die Umsetzung mit Piperazin führt zum Bis‐halbaminal 14. Spiro[1,3‐dioxolan‐2,2′‐indan]‐1′,3′‐dion (16) und Spiro[1,3‐dioxan‐2,2′‐indan]‐1′,3′‐dion (17) entstehen bei der Reaktion von 1 mit 2‐Bromethanol bzw, 3‐Brompropanol. Die unkatalysierte Einwirkung von 1,2‐Ethandithiol auf 1 oder dehydratisiertem Ninhydrin (1,2,3‐Indantrion; 15) liefert das Bis‐halbmercaptal 18, während mit 15 unter Bortrifluorid‐Katalyse das Bis‐ethylemercaptal 19 gebildet wird. Die Bildung von Spiroverbindungen aus Ninhydrin (1) wird diskutiert.
Carbenes, 18: Isomerization Reactions of Phosphoryl‐vinyl‐carbenes to Phosphorylated Cyclopropenes, Allenes, Acetylenes, Indenes, and 1,3‐Butadienes
Authors: Welter Wolfgang , Hartmann Alfons , Regitz Manfred 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBestrahlung der durch Bamford‐Stevens‐Reaktion zugänglichen Phosphoryl‐vinyl‐diazomethane 5a–g in Benzol liefert die Carbene 6a–g, die ausschließlich intramolekular reagieren. Die Cyclopropenphosphonsäureester 8a–d und g sind die Hauptprodukte der Reaktion (21–78%), während die Allenphosphonsäureester 9a, b und e–g nur in Ausbeuten von 4–7% entstehen. Der Inden‐Ringschluß zu 16 (5%) ist auf das Carben 6g beschränkt. Die Allene 9a und b wurden zumindest teilweise durch nachträgliche Isomerisierung entsprechender Cyclopropene gebildet, wobei Vinylcarbene (6a, b oder 13a, b) als Zwischenstufen auftreten. Die gleichen Kumulene gehen durch photochemisch erlaubte [1,3s]‐sigmatrope Wasserstoffverschiebung in die Alkine 14a und b über. Carbene (6a und d) oder entsprechende Carbenoide werden ebenfalls als Zwischenstufen für die kupferkatalysierte Umwandlung der Cyclopropene 8a und d in die 1,3‐Butadiene 24a und c postuliert. Die Cyclopropenphosphonsäureester 8a–d sind geeignete Dienophile für Diels‐Alder‐Reaktionen; mit 1,3‐Diphenylisobenzofuran werden die Tricyclo[3.2.1.02,4]octene 25a–d erhalten.