bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Construction of the model for the Genetic Analysis Workshop 14 simulated data: genotype-phenotype relationships, gene interaction, linkage, association, disequilibrium, and ascertainment effects for a complex phenotype
Authors: Greenberg David A , Zhang Junying , Shmulewitz Dvora , Strug Lisa J , Zimmerman Regina , Singh Veena , Marathe Sudhir 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
The Genetic Analysis Workshop 14 simulated dataset was designed 1) To test the ability to find genes related to a complex disease (such as alcoholism). Such a disease may be given a variety of definitions by different investigators, have associated endophenotypes that are common in the general population, and is likely to be not one disease but a heterogeneous collection of clinically similar, but genetically distinct, entities. 2) To observe the effect on genetic analysis and gene discovery of a complex set of gene × gene interactions. 3) To allow comparison of microsatellite vs. large-scale single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data. 4) To allow testing of association to identify the disease gene and the effect of moderate marker × marker linkage disequilibrium. 5) To observe the effect of different ascertainment/disease definition schemes on the analysis. Data was distributed in two forms. Data distributed to participants contained about 1,000 SNPs and 400 microsatellite markers. Internet-obtainable data consisted of a finer 10,000 SNP map, which also contained data on controls. While disease characteristics and parameters were constant, four "studies" used varying ascertainment schemes based on differing beliefs about disease characteristics. One of the studies contained multiplex two- and three-generation pedigrees with at least four affected members. The simulated disease was a psychiatric condition with many associated behaviors (endophenotypes), almost all of which were genetic in origin. The underlying disease model contained four major genes and two modifier genes. The four major genes interacted with each other to produce three different phenotypes, which were themselves heterogeneous. The population parameters were calibrated so that the major genes could be discovered by linkage analysis in most datasets. The association evidence was more difficult to calibrate but was designed to find statistically significant association in 50% of datasets. We also simulated some marker × marker linkage disequilibrium around some of the genes and also in areas without disease genes. We tried two different methods to simulate the linkage disequilibrium.
Linkage analysis and association analysis in the presence of linkage using age at onset of COGA alcoholism data
Authors: Zhong Xiaoyun , Zhang Heping 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
Complex disease mapping usually involves a combination of linkage and association techniques. Linkage analysis can scan the entire genome in a few hundred tests. Association tests may involve an even greater number of tests. However, association tests can localize the susceptibility genes more accurately. Using a recently developed combined linkage and association strategy, we analyzed a subset of the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA) data for the Genetic Analysis Workshop 14 (GAW14). In this analysis, we first employed linkage analysis based on frailty models that take into account age of onset information to establish which regions along the chromosome are likely to harbor disease susceptibility genes for alcohol dependence. Second, we used an association analysis by exploiting linkage disequilibrium to narrow down the peak regions. We also compare the methods with mean identity-by-descent tests and transmission/disequilibrium tests that do not use age of onset information.
Effect of Sex Hormone Administration on Circulating Ghrelin Levels in Peripubertal Children
Authors: Lebenthal Y. , Gat-Yablonski G. , Shtaif B. , Padoa A. , Phillip M. , Lazar L. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
Background: Ghrelin levels gradually decrease throughout childhood and with advancing pubertal stage. The change during puberty is more pronounced in boys than girls.
Objective: The objective of the study was to investigate whether the pubertal drop in ghrelin secretion is modified by the increase in sex hormones.
Patients and Methods: Ghrelin levels were measured in 34 short peripubertal children (17 boys and 17 girls) aged 8–12.5 yr before and after sex hormone priming for GH stimulation testing.
Results: In boys, priming with testosterone increased testosterone to pubertal levels (23.7 ± 7.1 nmol/liter), which in turn induced a marked decrease in ghrelin (from 1615.8 ± 418.6 to 1390.0 ± 352.0 pg/ml) and leptin (from 8.0 ± 4.5 to 5.8 ± 3.2 ng/ml) and an increase in IGF-I (from 162.7 ± 52.8 to 291.1 ± 101.6 ng/ml) (P &lt; 0.001 for all parameters). In girls, priming with estrogen led to a supraphysiological increase in estradiol levels (1313.8 ± 438.0 pmol/liter), which had no effect on ghrelin, leptin, or IGF-I. There was no correlation between ghrelin levels and levels of sex hormones, leptin, or body mass index in either boys or girls.
Conclusions: A pharmacological increase in sex hormones is associated with a marked decline in circulating levels of ghrelin in boys but not girls. Additional longitudinal studies through puberty are needed to elucidate the physiological interaction between sex hormones and ghrelin.
Autoimmune Polyendocrinopathy-Candidiasis-Ectodermal Dystrophy Syndrome with Renal Failure: Impact of Posttransplant Immunosuppression on Disease Activity
Authors: Ulinski Tim , Perrin Laurence , Morris Michael , Houang Muriel , Cabrol Sylvie , Grapin Christine , Chabbert-Buffet Nathalie , Bensman Albert , Deschênes Georges , Giurgea Irina 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
Context: Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the gene AIRE (autoimmune regulator). APECED affects mainly endocrine organs resulting in hypoparathyroidism, adrenocortical failure, diabetes mellitus, hypogonadism, and hypothyroidism. Nonendocrine organ manifestations are autoimmune hepatitis, vitiligo, pernicious anemia, exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, and alopecia. APECED’s first manifestation generally is mucocutaneous candidiasis presumably related to T cell dysfunction.
Patient: A 5-yr-old Iranian girl presented first with pernicious anemia, exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, and nail candidiasis. She had renal dysfunction due to chronic interstitial nephritis (CIN), which progressed to end-stage renal failure. She was transplanted 1 yr later. Common causes of CIN were excluded. APECED was suspected first because she developed progressively hypoparathyroidism, adrenocortical failure, glucose intolerance, and hypothyroidism.
Results: Genetic analysis revealed a large homozygous deletion (g.424_2157del1734), spanning exons 2–4, in the AIRE gene. The predicted protein, if it is produced, has only 44 amino acids (exon 1) in common with the wild-type protein. Immunosuppression after the first renal transplant included prednisone, azathioprine, and cyclosporine A. Multiple acute rejection episodes occurred. Chronic rejection resulted in lost graft and she was retransplanted 2 yr later. Surprisingly, all APECED-related symptoms including candidiasis and autoantibody levels decreased, presumably due to the reinforced immunosuppression (tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, prednisone).
Conclusions: This is the first report of an APECED patient with CIN resulting in end-stage renal failure. Clinical and biological improvement was observed under posttransplant multidrug immunosuppression including tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil.
Reactive Oxygen Species-Induced Oxidative Stress in the Development of Insulin Resistance and Hyperandrogenism in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Authors: González Frank , Rote Neal S. , Minium Judi , Kirwan John P. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractContext: Insulin resistance and chronic low level inflammation are often present in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of hyperglycemia on reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation from mononuclear cells (MNCs) in PCOS.Design: This was a prospective controlled study.Setting: The study was conducted at an academic medical center.Patients: The study population consisted of 16 women with PCOS (eight lean, eight obese) and 15 age- and body composition-matched controls (eight lean, seven obese).Main Outcome Measures: Insulin sensitivity was derived from a 2-h, 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (ISOGTT). ROS generation and p47phox protein expression were quantitated from MNCs obtained from blood drawn fasting and 2 h after glucose ingestion.Results: ISOGTT was lower in PCOS, compared with controls (3.1 ± 0.3 vs. 6.3 ± 0.9, P &lt; 0.003). The percent change in ROS generation from MNCs was higher in lean and obese PCOS, compared with lean controls (138.8 ± 21.3 and 154.2 ± 49.1 vs. 0.6 ± 12.7, P &lt; 0.003). The percent change in ROS generation from MNCs correlated positively with glucose area under the curve (r = 0.38, P &lt; 0.05), and plasma levels of testosterone (r = 0.59, P &lt; 0.002) and androstenedione (r = 0.50, P &lt; 0.009). The percent change in p47phox from MNCs was also higher in lean and obese PCOS, compared with lean controls (36.2 ± 18.2 and 39.1 ± 8.0 vs. −13.7 ± 8.7, P &lt; 0.02), and correlated negatively with ISOGTT (r = −0.39, P &lt; 0.05).Conclusion: ROS generation from MNCs in response to hyperglycemia is increased in PCOS independent of obesity. The resultant oxidative stress may contribute to a proinflammatory state that induces insulin resistance and hyperandrogenism in women with this disorder.
Ordered CoSb3 Nanowire Arrays Synthesized by Electrodeposition
Authors: Chen Lijie , Hu Haining , Li Yangxian , Chen Guifeng , Yu Shuyun , Wu Guangheng 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
Highly ordered CoSb3 nanowire arrays have been fabricated successfully by direct current electrodeposition from aqueous solution into the pores of a porous anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) template. Extensive characterization of the as-synthesized sample has been performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The analysis indicates that the CoSb3 nanowires are single crystals with highly preferential orientation and the atomic ratio of Co to Sb is very close to 1:3.
Design of Chiral Macrocyclic Complexes Based on trans-Chelation of n:n Metal–Bidentate P,N- or N,N-Ligands
Authors: Hatano Manabu , Asai Takafumi , Ishihara Kazuaki 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
Chiral self-assembled macrocyclic Pd(II) and Cu(II) complexes with trans-chelation of n:n metal–bidentate P,N- and N,N-ligands have been designed toward the possibility of asymmetric Diels–Alder catalysis.
Skinner's “Interpretation Panel”— A Means to Balance “Power”
Authors: WALLACE WANDA A. 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACTThe rules versus principles debate and the vital importance of context ‐ the circumstances‐specific nature of judgment ‐ are at the heart of Ross Skinner's suggestion for an “interpretation panel". International considerations and developments involving governance and regulation have created imbalances in power, expertise, and impartiality, increasing the importance of and need for such a panel. This analysis considers the nature of the problem, how professional judgment has been characterized, and why a panel would be appropriate to address, among other concerns, the audit committee's dilemma when accounting disputes arise. Evidence is provided that management turnover is higher in cases involving multiple restatements, governance problems, or regulators' sanctions. Although, intuitively, management turnover is likely to be associated with widely publicized restatements, some patterns suggest that it is a function of entity size, scope of management changes considered, and the manner in which the restatement was identified. Specifically, an identifiable source of discovery, as well as external involvement, is associated with a greater propensity for management change. In contrast, restatements linked to changes in available guidance from regulators are less likely to result in such turnover. One implication is that effective control design and monitoring to facilitate internal discovery of errors can decrease the likelihood of multiple restatements and reduce fault finding that leads to management change. The judgmental nature of restatements suggests that an infrastructure supporting “right‐mindedness” does have merit. An interpretation panel would increase the feasibility of principles‐based standards, facilitating timely resolution of accounting‐associated disputes and thereby enhancing the information environment underlying the allocation of capital.
An Investigation of the Value Relevance of Alternative Foreign Exchange Disclosures*
Authors: Şabac Florin , Scott Thomas W. , Wier Heather A. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractWe demonstrate analytically and empirically that valuing a firm with foreign operations in the presence of exchange rate uncertainty requires information on the foreign operating cash flows disaggregated by currency and persistence. In particular, given consolidated earnings, investors need information on the exchange gain or loss on permanent foreign operating cash flows. We extend the model to show how the permanent foreign cash flows can be used to condition the change in the translation adjustment to make it value‐relevant; however, using the permanent foreign cash flows directly is superior for valuation purposes. The empirical tests support our hypothesis that the market response to exchange rate movements is sensitive to the relative magnitudes of revenues and costs denominated in each foreign currency in which a firm has transactions. Disclosure of cash flows by currency should enhance the valuation of firms with foreign operations.
Who Cares about Auditor Reputation?*
Authors: BARTON JAN 
Published: January 2006

AbstractI provide evidence on the demand for auditor reputation by examining the defections of Arthur Andersen LLP's clients following the accounting scandals and criminal conviction marring the auditor's reputation in 2002. About 95 percent of clients in my sample did not switch auditors until after Andersen was indicted for criminal misconduct regarding its failed audit of Enron Corp. I test whether the timing of client defections and the choice of a new auditor are consistent with managers' incentives to mitigate potentially costly information and agency problems. I find that clients defected sooner, mostly to another Big 5 auditor, if they were more visible in the capital markets; such clients attracted more analysts and press coverage, had larger institutional ownership and share turnover, and raised more cash in recent security issues. However, my proxies for agency conflicts — managerial ownership and financial leverage — are not associated with the timing of defections or the choice of new auditor. Overall, my study suggests that firms more visible in the capital markets tend to be more concerned about engaging highly reputable auditors, consistent with such firms trying to build and preserve their own reputations for credible financial reporting.
Professional Judgment and Departures from GAAP: “Judgment in Jeopardy” Revisited*/ JUGEMENT PROFESSIONNEL ET DÉROGATION AUX PCGR: LA PIERRE ANGULAIRE REVISITÉE
Authors: MORRILL JANET 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACTPrior to 2003, the CICA Handbook both required and allowed reporting entities to depart from generally accepted accounting principles if, in the professional judgment of the preparers and the auditors, compliance with GAAP would result in misleading financial statements. In 2003, the CICA Handbook was amended to remove these provisions. In this paper, the history of the amendment is discussed in light of Skinner's 1995 article “Judg‐ment in Jeopardy". I argue that while there is evidence of certain shortcomings in the exercise of professional judgment, remedies are available. Those remedies include (1) revisiting pre‐existing recommendations; (2) improving dialogue between standard‐setters, researchers, and practitioners; (3) increasing emphasis on accounting theory in professional accounting curricula; and (4) rigorously investigating and disciplining lapses in professional judgment.I suggest that we can rely on professional judgment, and that such reliance is both necessary and desirable. Admittedly, there will likely be few situations where compliance with GAAP would result in misleading financial statements and the discretion to depart from GAAP can lead to abuses that, at the very least, would hamper the comparability of financial statement information. However, the requirement to verify that the application of GAAP results in fair presentation is an important safeguard given the complexity of the financial reporting environment.
An Experimental Investigation of Approaches to Audit Decision Making: An Evaluation Using Systems‐Mediated Mental Models*
Authors: CHOY AMY K. , KING RONALD R. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe objective of this research is to articulate a decision‐making foundation for the systems audit approach. Under this audit approach, the auditor first gains an understanding of the auditee's economic environment, strategy, and business processes and then forms expectations about its performance and financial reporting. Proponents of this audit approach argue that decision making is enhanced because the knowledge of the system allows the auditor to focus on the most important risks. However, there has not been an explicit framework to explain how systems knowledge can enhance decision making. To provide such a framework, we combine mental model theory with general systems theory to produce a hypothesis we refer to as a systems‐mediated mental model hypothesis. We test this hypothesis using experimental economics methods. We find that (1) subjects make systematic errors under the setting without an organizing framework provided by the systems information, and (2) the presence of an organizing framework results in lower reporting errors. Importantly, the organizing framework significantly enhances decision making in the settings where the environment changed. Establishing a decision‐making foundation for systems audits can provide an important building block that, in part, can contribute to the development of a more effective and efficient audit technology ‐ an important objective now when audits are facing a credibility crisis.
Zustandsbeobachter für periodische Signale: Anwendung zur Erkennung von Verbrennungsaussetzern (State Observers for Periodic Signals: A Case Study in Misfire Detection)
Authors: Bohn Christian , Magnor Olaf , Schultalbers Matthias 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
Viele der im Automobil auftretenden Signale weisen aufgrund der periodischen Energieumsetzung des Verbrennungsmotors ebenfalls periodischen Charakter auf. Zur Analyse dieser Signale sind Zustandsbeobachter auf Basis eines Signalmodells, welches diese Periodizität nachbildet, sehr gut geeignet. Der vorliegende Beitrag zeigt dies am Beispiel der Analyse des Kurbelwellengeschwindigkeitssignals zur Erkennung von Verbrennungsaussetzern.
How to Treat the Ewing's Family of Sarcomas in Adult Patients
Authors: Scurr Michelle , Judson Ian 
Published: January 2006

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Describe how ESFT is not only a disease of children, but equally that of young adults.Discuss the established prognostic variables in ESFT and the unresolved controversy surrounding the role of older age in patient outcome.Explain that until large studies, such as the current EuroEwings study, can prospectively define the role of age as a prognostic variable, adult patients with ESFT need to be treated as intensively as younger patients.
Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 AMA PRA category 1 credit at CME.TheOncologist.com
Hooke Park As a New AA Initiative in Education
Authors: Prizeman Mark 
Published: January 2006

AbstractArchitectural education is passing another milestone. Whilst the reverberation of the 20th‐century avant‐garde can still be registered, a barrage of questions and choices is facing the next generation of graduates and their educators. Mark Prizeman argues a case to nourish designing by making as a passionate, cultural, intellectual and human activity. Through making, he concludes, three stages of building a confident architecture are found. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Makeshift: Some Reflections on Japanese Design Sensibility
Authors: Chaplin Sarah 
Published: January 2006

AbstractBy constructing a series of prologues on preconditions of making across cultural and industrial traditions, Sarah Chaplin describes the embedded condition of uncertainty that lies within the very human act of making. ‘Makeshift’ recognises the impermanent and the imperfect, the ritualistic and the indeterminate. From a question of meaning, this text argues that in Japanese culture at least, ‘things are never fully designed, but are always in a state of being designed’. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Blockarchitecture
Authors: Borden Iain 
Published: January 2006

AbstractCuration or selection offers up probably the greatest challenge for the contemporary architect. With the onslaught of information, the emphasis is now on what an architect chooses to respond to rather than what is available to him or her in terms of sources. Iain Borden discusses how Block Architecture's responsive position enables the firm to react with immediacy to its urban surroundings, while also resulting in highly attuned ‘architectures of suggestion and momentary thinking’. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raines Court
Authors: Melvin Jeremy 
Published: January 2006

AbstractMuch of what has been written about the Raines Court housing project in Hackney, East London, has focused on the logistical challenges of prefabrication. Here, Jeremy Melvin also acknowledges the contribution that Allford Hall Monaghan Morris (AHMM) has made at Raines Court with a high‐density scheme that makes a conscious effort to address the public realm, but also uses modular units to advance internal planning. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Brunswick Centre Marchmont Street London WC1
Authors: Stewart Bruce 
Published: January 2006

AbstractSome 30 years after completion, one of London's most iconic postwar schemes is being refurbished by Levitt Bernstein, with its original architect, Patrick Hodgkinson, on board as a consultant. Bruce Stewart describes the plans and asks what the impact of the renewal of the building might be on residents and on the immediate local area. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Drawing Instruments
Authors: Chard Nat 
Published: January 2006

AbstractDespite the obvious diversity in the ideology, materiality and character of architectural production, here it is argued that the way we (architects) draw is surprisingly uniform. One reason for this might be the limited range of materials and tools we draw with, and their generic qualities. Architect, researcher and maker Nat Chard reveals relationships between acts of drawing, making images and making ideas, by taking us through the design and manufacture of a series of analytical drawing instruments and contingent works. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.