bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Catherine's governors and governors-general, 1763-1796
Authors: Le Donne John P. 
Published: October 2008

John P. Le Donne, Catherine's governors and governors-general, 1763-1796.
The purpose of this article is to discuss one of the major changes brought about by the local government reform of 1775-1782 in the charge of governor. The governors of central Russia before the reform are identified and their career pattern is described in some detail. A similar examination of the background and functions of the post-reform governor-general follows, and a comparison of their posts shows that the governor-general, not the new governor, was the successor of the pre-reform governor. The article also seeks to explain why governors-general were appointed over two provinces while the statute of 1775 provided for one in each province. It is suggested that the divergence reflected the rivalry between Potemkin and the Procurator-General and resulted in giving Potemkin a measure of control over the administration of central Russia which had been until then the almost exclusive preserve of the Procurator-General.
La Russie, la Roumanie et les nouvelles frontières dans les Balkans [Le cas de la Dobroudgea]
Authors: Durandin Catherine 
Published: October 2008

Catherine Durandin, La Russie, la Roumanie et les nouvelles frontières dans les Balkans: le cas de la Dobroudgea.
L'annexion de la Dobroudgea à la Roumanie, décidée par les Grandes Puissances au Congrès de Berlin, ouvre quelques propositions paradoxales. Cette terre, les Roumains la refusent tout d'abord. Mais, et de manière concomitante, la Dobroudgea est présentée comme une acquisition légitime : l'annexion circonscrit un espace naturel ; la présence valaque sur le sol dobroudgien est multiséculaire. Seul l'obstacle du franchissement du Danube a été « comme une barrière mise par le destin entre la terre roumaine et la Dobroudgea ». Ce problème trouve sa solution dans un programme d'ensemble dont l'inauguration avec une pompe exceptionnelle du port de Constantza par le roi, en octobre 1909, marque l'aboutissement. Il s'agit d'un choix de roumanisation. Carol de Roumanie fut soucieux de faire de son pays une sorte d'État occidental aux confins orientaux. Cette colonisation de la Dobroudgea par les Roumains a signifié, avec le départ accéléré des populations nomades, l'élimination de la civilisation antérieure. L'annexion en 1875 de la Dobroudgea au Vieux Royaume est une manifestation de la démarche unitaire du nationalisme roumain, fondée sur l'argument géopolitique des voies naturelles, de la région carpathique à la mer.
« Польша, 1920 г. »
Authors: Pachmuss Temira 
Published: October 2008

Ternira Pachmuss, Pologne, 1920.
Le récit « Pologne, 1920 » a été écrit par Z. N. Hippius à l'époque où elle travaillait à ses mémoires intitulés D. S. Merežkovskij. Il a pour trame les événements et les projets auxquels les Merežkovskie furent mêlés en Pologne après leur fuite de Saint-Pétersbourg en 1919. A son arrivée à Varsovie, B. V. Savinkov fut chargé d'organiser la résistance contre les bolcheviks ; D. V. Filosofov, ami de longue date des Merežkovskie, se vit confier la présidence du comité russe et Hippius la section littéraire du journal Svoboda. Pilsudski approuva la constitution d'un détachement russe camouflé en « comité d'évacuation ». Après la chute de l'autocratie russe, Hippius fonda de grands espoirs en Savinkov et Kerenskij, en qui elle voyait les porteurs des idées nouvelles. Elle escomptait le renversement du pouvoir soviétique qu'elle abhorrait. Lorsqu'elle cessa de croire Savinkov capable de diriger la lutte contre les bolcheviks, elle le considéra comme un dictateur et même comme un agent des forces malignes. Ce récit qui montre certains comment et pourquoi de la révolution russe de 1917 est intéressant avant tout en tant que document historique et littéraire.
Le « Système asiatique » de Jean Potocki ou le rêve oriental dans les Empires d'Alexandre I et de Napoléon, 1806-1808
Authors: Beauvois Daniel 
Published: October 2008

Daniel Beauvois, Le « Système asiatique » de Jean Potocki, ou le rêve oriental dans les Empires d'Alexandre I et de Napoléon. 1806-1808.
Les textes présentés définissent la politique que le Polonais Jean Potocki, l'un des rares connaisseurs de l'Asie au début du XIXe siècle, aurait aimé voir adoptée par la Russie en 1806. Membre de l'expédition infructueuse du comte I. A. Golovkin en Chine, il tire la leçon des erreurs de celui-ci. Le « Système asiatique » est un véritable traité de colonialisme, en cinq brefs mémoires, qui préconise les différentes attitudes à adopter vis-à-vis de la Transcaucasie, de la Perse, de l'Inde et de la Chine. Prématuré en 1806, pour les Russes, ce système suscite l'intérêt des agents de Napoléon pendant la période d'euphorie qui succède au traité de Tilsitt : l'ambassade de France à Saint-Pétersbourg en envoie un résumé à Paris en 1808.
Islam : how strong is it in the Soviet Union ? [Inquiry based on oral interviews with Soviet Germans repatriated from Central Asia in 1979]
Authors: Karklins Rasma 
Published: October 2008

Rasma Karklins, Islam: how strong is it in the Soviet Union? Inquiry based on oral interviews with Soviet Germans repatriated from Central Asia in 1979.
The article is based on interviews with former Soviet citizens of German ethnicity who lived in the Muslim areas of the USSR until their emigration in 1979. Respondents were asked whether the local Muslims still observe their religion and traditions. Replies were overwhelmingly affirmative, which is the more remarkable since the respondents mostly lived in areas that have never been the most Islamic ones and which frequently have an ethnically mixed population.
Comments and concrete illustrations of the contemporary observance of Islam in the Soviet Union are summarized and illustrated in three main sections: I. Reli gious observance, II. Islamic familial rites, and III. Social customs associated to Islam. A summary analysis in the fourth section of the article provides a ranking of the various aspects of Islam as it is observed by the Soviet Muslims today. According to this, the retention of social customs ranks lowest, religious observance takes a middle place with fasting and praying engaged in selectively, but in a manner impressive to the outside observer, and familial rites with a communal significance rank at the top. It is concluded that the continued strength of Islam in the USSR sets concrete barriers to ethnic integration in the familial and communal sphere, and, by implication, to full national integration.
Osip Rabinovič (II)
Authors: Markish Simon 
Published: October 2008

Simon Markish, Osip Rabinovič.
Osip Rabinovič est un écrivain du milieu du siècle dernier, presque totalement tombé dans l'oubli de nos jours. Pourtant il fut le fondateur de la littérature russo-juive qui a donné aux lettres de l'Empire russe des noms comme ceux de Juškevič, Ajzman, Babel'. Le présent article dégage les sources de l'œuvre de Rabinovič et fait ressortir ses liens avec les traditions littéraires russe et juive (hébraïque, yiddish, juive d'expression allemande), sa place dans les lettres russes du milieu du XIXe siècle, ainsi que dans les cultures juives d'expression diverse de l'époque moderne et contemporaine.
Existait-il une infiltration de droite dans le système politique soviétique ?
Authors: Agurskij Mihail 
Published: October 2008

Mihail Agursky, Was there an infiltration of the conservatives in the Soviet political system?
The present article intends to give some information on the fate of the extreme right parties after the Bolshevik revolution. It has been established that on the eve of the February revolution they had already lost most of their personnel and were in fact reduced to a ghostlike existence. After February and just before the October revolution, the majority of active lower members of the extreme right parties had gone over to the Bolsheviks. On the other hand, leaders of these parties had been wiped out by the Bolsheviks or had emigrated. Nevertheless, the fate of many is unknown. A number of members of the Black Hundred joined the Bolsheviks, the Party leadership not being openly adverse to them. The attitude of Lenin, Trotsky and Lunacharsky was pragmatic insofar as they were concerned, as shown by their public declarations. The ease with which the extreme right elements joined the extreme left is explained by the close psychological relationship of the extremes.
From the pistol to the pen [The military memoir as a source on the social history of pre-Reform Russia]
Authors: Keep John L. H. 
Published: October 2008

John Keep, From the pistol to the pen : the military memoir as a source on the social history of pre-Reform Russia.
Memoirs by Russian officers who served during the early Imperial era (c. 1700-1855), despite the inherent defects of the genre, represent an important source for the study of material conditions and intellectual attitudes in the tsarist army. As members of a closed caste enjoying high social status and privileges, these men were overwhelmingly loyal to the 'state service'. Patronage influenced their choice of career and promotion prospects. The volatility of the labour market for officers made for insecurity and discontent. Although living standards improved, many were poor, and by 1800 there emerged a 'military intelligentsia' with reformist aspirations whose views were, however, heavily coloured by nationalism and respect for tradition. Their concern for moral rather than political issues helps to explain the failure of the Decembrists.
L'exhumation des reliques dans les premières années du pouvoir soviétique
Authors: Marchadier Bernard 
Published: October 2008

Bernard Marchadier, Exhumation of relies in the first years of Soviet power.
Based on items published in the review Revoliutsiia i tserkov' which had appeared at irregular intervals from 1919 till 1924, this article recounts the incidents that the atheist propaganda of the period had nicknamed the "epopee of the relics".
It is known that the Orthodox Church — as well as the Catholic Church — presents the relics of its Saints to the worship of the faithful. In 1918 and on, this cult was denounced as an unhealthy and barbarous superstition. About 60 corpses were exhumed, exhibited in public and "submitted to scientific examination". This measure of "demystification" was in a sense successful inasmuch as popular beliefs in Russia tend to associate the sanctity of the relics with their incorruptibility. Some dignitaries of the Church were summoned before the courts in connection with the "relics lawsuit" the proceedings of which are summarized herewith.
Uzbek feelings of ethnicity [A study of attitudes expressed in recent Uzbek literature]
Authors: Fierman William 
Published: October 2008

William Fierman, Uzbek feelings of ethnicity. A study of attitudes expressed in recent Uzbek literature.
Recent works of fiction, literary criticism and articles on other cultural matters by Soviet Uzbek authors offer an almost untapped source of information about feelings of ethnicity. Evidence in the literature surveyed for this study indicates that Uzbeks are exhibiting renewed pride in their own land, history, customs, language, literature, music and art. During the Stalin period a dominant message to Uzbek readers was that to be modern was to be Russian; today, in contrast, Uzbek readers are also frequently reminded that they are heirs to a tradition (in no way inferior to the European one) which is relevant to the modern world. Uzbeks who have turned their backs on their own culture are portrayed as fools and opportunists. Although no Uzbek authors deny that a multinational Soviet culture is being created, some are particularly insistent that their own contribution to it not be underestimated; moreover, they maintain that Soviet culture's Asian elements are as "international" as the European ones are.
Anarchisme et internationalisme : Autour du Manifeste des Seize [Correspondance inédite de Pierre Kropotkine et de Marie Goldsmith, janvier-mars 1916]
Authors: Confino Michaël 
Published: October 2008

Michael Confino, Russian anarchists, internationalism and the Manifesto of the Sixteen. (Unpublished correspondence of Peter Kropotkin and Marie Goldsmith, January- M arch, 1916).
This unpublished correspondence (which comprises five letters of P. Kropotkin and one of M. Goldsmith) allows us to observe the ideological debate among the anarchists of "defensist" trend at the time of the elaboration and publication of the famous Manifesto of the Sixteen, which constituted the theoretical and political platform of this tendency. The main points at issue were the meaning of the notion of internationalism within the context of the World War; the nature of this war and whether it was necessary to strive for an immediate peace within the conditions existing at the beginning of 1916. The exchange of the thereto unpublished letters between P. Kropotkin (who wrote and signed the Manifesto) and M. Goldsmith (who did not sign it) contributes to define the position of these two prominent Russian anarchists and reveals the tensions and ruptures that occurred between Russian anarchist emigre groups since the beginning of the war.
Les débuts du droit de la famille en RSFSR : Pourquoi et comment ?
Authors: Berelowitch Wladimir 
Published: October 2008

Wladimir Berelowitch, The beginnings of the family legislation in RSFSR. Why and how?
The family legislation of the Soviet government was expressed in a series of regulations that shocked the mental habits, provoked passionate debates and still give rise, in our days, to interrogations as to their motives. This article endeavours to insert the family legislation of the 1920's in the Communist project as a whole. Expressing the will to destroy the existing family and to promote a transparent society in which matrimonial relations would be free from economic and legal compulsions, it was a contradictory attempt to abolish the old legislation by means of a law. The debates of 1925-1926 around the project of codification aimed at the part played by the Communist state in the regulation of family life. These laws, foreign to the Russian society of the time, destructive of its legislation, produced a series of "perverse effects" in matters of divorce and payment of alimony.
К литературному фону книги : Как закалялась сталь
Authors: Tolstaja-Segal Elena 
Published: October 2008

Elena Tolstaja-Segal, La toile de fond du livre : Comment l'acier fut trempé.
Publié par la revue Oktjabr' dans les années 20, le livre de Nikolaj Ostrovskij, œuvre maîtresse du réalisme socialiste, ressortit à ce qu'on appelle la « prose du komsomol ». Le présent article tente de retracer l'histoire de cette œuvre, de dégager le rôle qu'a joué le groupe d'extrême-gauche Litfront et d'analyser les remaniements subis par le texte. Faut-il voir en Ostrovskij uniquement un écrivain naïf, sincère, victime des impératifs idéologiques de la rédaction qui a mutilé son livre ? Il ressort de la discussion qu'Ostrovskij était en fait le premier à se censurer, ce qui est indispensable pour devenir un écrivain professionnel.
Russophilie ou francophilie dans la Renaissance bulgare ? [À propos d'un « activiste de la Renaissance bulgare ». L'autobiographie d'Alexandre Exarh, 1810-1891]
Authors: Voillery Pierre 
Published: October 2008

Pierre Voillery, Russophilie ou francophilie dans la Renaissance bulgare ? A propos d'un « activiste de la Renaissance bulgare ». L' autobiographie ď Alexandre Exarh. 1810-1891.
Né au début du XIXe siècle à Eski Zaara (Bulgarie ottomane), Alexandre Stoilov Bey Oglou Exarhos eut une vie exactement inscrite dans son siècle. Personnage central de la Renaissance bulgare, il fut l'un des pères fondateurs de la Bulgarie indépendante. Son activité nous était connue jusqu'à présent par des témoignages indirects ou parcellaires et par le fonds d'archives, incomplet, déposé à Sofia. Le texte inédit présenté ici dans son intégralité est son autobiographie manuscrite. Son intérêt est fondamental pour l'histoire bulgare et pour l'histoire ottomane. Ce récit, qui contribue à l'élargissement des recherches sur ce personnage, offre un exemple rare de témoignage vécu provenant d'un notable bulgare chrétien ottoman du XIXe siècle, en même temps qu'il apporte une vision nouvelle des événements qui se passèrent, à cette époque, en Roumélie.
Une utopie russe au siècle de Catherine
Authors: Monnier André 
Published: October 2008

André Monnier, Une utopie russe au siècle de Catherine.
Le présent article analyse un ouvrage peu connu du prince Ščerbatov, le Voyage en Ophirie. Il s'agit d'une utopie de type "passéiste", où la critique transparente du présent s'associe à la nostalgie d'une Russie patriarcale, dans laquelle le pouvoir de la noblesse n'était pas bridé par l'autocratie.
L'auteur de l'article étudie successivement les différents aspects de l'idéal de Ščerbatov : société ultra-hiérarchisée, pureté des moeurs préservée à la fois par la police et la religion, ordre politique fondé sur la limitation des prérogatives du souverain par l'aristocratie.
N. S. Leskov : Premières polémiques [Janvier 1860-mai 1862]
Authors: MullerdeMorogues Inès 
Published: October 2008

Inès Muller De Morogues, N. S. Leskov. First controversies. January 1860-May 1862.
This article is devoted to Leskov' s first polemical works between January 1860 and mid-May 1862. The first in date is "A few words about police doctors in Russia", in which Leskov denounced the corruption of police doctors. The article was noticed by the ministry of the Interior, in consequence of which Leskov engaged in a controversy with V. I. Askochenskii and Domashniaia beseda. In his article "Literary men with blue blood", Leskov participated in a controversy which opposed the press of Petersburg to that of Moscow, in particular to the conservative section of the latter. Finally, in a series of editorials of Severnaia pchela, Leskov launches regular attacks against the radicals. These diversified and violent polemics throw a light on the isolation in which Leskov found himself after the scandal of Nowhere to go.
Pamjat' : de l'histoire en contrebande
Authors: Heller Michel 
Published: October 2008

Michel Heller, Pamiať : smuggling of history.
The five booklets of Pamiať (Istoricheskii sbornik) represent an important source of information on the political, social and cultural life in the Soviet Union since the time of the revolution and up to our days. The present article aims to acquaint with the contents of these compilations, whilst analyzing the causes of nationalization of history in USSR and the necessity to infringe upon the monopoly of memory reserved to the state.
Anna Karénine : Le dyptique du Ciel et de l'Enfer
Authors: Cornillot François 
Published: October 2008

François Cornillot, Anna Karénine : le diptyque du Ciel et de l'Enfer ?
Selon le plan initial de son auteur, Anna Karénine ne devait être que l'histoire d'une déchéance, la relation du drame vécu par "une femme mariée, de la haute société, mais qui s'est perdue". Au terme d'une longue maturation, ce récit s'est trouvé toutefois contrebalancé par une seconde intrigue - l'ascension et l'émergence spirituelle de Lévine -, une seconde intrigue qui semble même avoir fini par prendre le pas sur la première dans l'esprit de Tolstoï : c'est tout au moins ce que suggère, en dépit de son titre, la composition finale de l'oeuvre : la chute d'Anna y sert de repoussoir au triomphe de Lévine.
En opposant ces deux destins exemplaires, l'auteur a-t-il écrit deux romans en un seul ? Le croire serait méconnaître la perspective de son dessin, la profondeur de son dessein : ce qui fait l'extraordinaire unité des deux volets de ce grand diptyque, c'est le regard intense, le regard visionnaire du peintre qui découvre et explore sous nos yeux les voies du Ciel et de l'Enfer.
Из архива Мережковских: Письма 3. Н. Гиппиус к М. В. Вишняку
Authors: Pachmuss Temira 
Published: October 2008

Extracts from the Merezhkovsky Archives. Letters of Z. N. Hippius to M. V. Vishniak, presented by Temira Pachmuss.
Hippius' letters to Vishniak recreate vividly the atmosphere of "Russian Paris", in the 1920' s and 1930's. They reveal the complex interrelationships of Russian émigrés, who found themselves abroad in strained financial circumstances. The letters portray the émigrés' many activities, describe the appearance of Russian journals, newspapers and almanacs, and discuss various ideological conflicts and disagreements among the émigrés. The letters also convey Hippius' sense of humor and her keen observation. Moreover, they reveal her personality, as well as her complex Weltanschauung. She was endowed with an alert eye and a profound understanding of the events taking place around her. As Vishniak himself admitted:
"Hippius' letters are extremely interesting. In them, she discussed the topics which were invariably important. Besides, she was an excellent stylist, always writing in a perfect and picturesque Russian..." Her letters "characterize her as a person and a 'politician.' "
" Hippius' correspondence also enables the reader to observe the personality of Vishniak and his role as editor of an influential Russian publication in Western Europe.
Lettres d'Ivan Bunin à Mark Aldanov, II. 1948-1953
Authors: Fedoulova Rosa 
Published: October 2008

Lettres d'Ivan Bunin à Mark Aldanov ; II : 1948-1953, presentees par Rosa Fedoulova.
La publication couvre les années 1948-1953 et n'inclut que les lettres qui éclairent le mieux la vie de l'écrivain, ses relations, son travail. On y trouve quantité de jugements de Bunin très intéressants, tant sur les grands écrivains russes du XIXe siècle que sur A. Belyj, A. Blok, M. Gor'kij et certains écrivains émigrés. Ces lettres contiennent en outre des informations sur la vie de l'émigration russe en France et aux Etats-Unis, de même que sur la fondation des éditions Čehov.
The Internal Agency : Linchpin of the political police in Russia
Authors: Schleifmann Nurit 
Published: October 2008

Nurit Schleifmann, The Internal Agency: linchpin of the political police in Russia.
The purpose of this article is to outline several of the characteristic features of police infiltration into the revolutionary movement by means of the secret agent. These features stem largely from the underlying conception of the Police Department which viewed its cardinal objective as "liquidation": the surveillance of revolutionary groups with the aim of eliminating them at an appropriate moment. Thus the Internal Agency - as the secret agents were collectively dubbed by the Police - had pride of place in the activity of each Okhrana section; the data gathered by the agents were given top priority in appraising the situation and since this information was tendentious, this led to incongruities between the revolutionary tide and the deployment of the police to combat it. Moreover, the underlying conception dictated police concentration on the individual revolutionary act and brought about the erroneous assumption that the larger the revolutionary organization, the greater its menace. Police comprehension of reality determined also their attitude towards the various components of the revolutionary camp. However, the scope of infiltration into a given movement was affected by a combination of three factors: the degree of interest evinced by the police in the movement's activity, the movement's size and the nature of its organization.