bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Formal strategic planning: annual raindance or wheel of success?
Authors: O'Regan Nicholas , Ghobadian Abby 
Published: April 2007

Abstract

The findings from the research presented in this paper indicate that strategic planning is now an established management tool with over half of all small and medium size enterprises (SMEs) engaging in formal strategic planning.

However, some SMEs fail to consider or include some vital components in their strategic plans, leading to the conclusion that many formal strategic plans are little more than a paper exercise.

From an operational perspective, formal strategic planning firms place a higher emphasis on the attributes of strategic planning. However, there are no significant differences on the barriers to strategy implementation in formal or non‐formal planning firms.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Understanding mission command: a model for developing competitive advantage in a business context
Authors: Yardley Ivan , Kakabadse Andrew 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAcademic and business journals have extensively covered the requirements for the successful implementation of business strategies without arriving at a consensus as to how this objective should be achieved. In Nutt's (2002) 20‐year research on the decision‐making process he found that over 50% of the decisions made by corporate leaders failed. The author contends that failed or poor decisions are directly linked to the way those decisions are implemented and therefore implementation methodology has become a critical business issue.This paper critically reviews the British Army's implementation methodology which has shown extensive versatility in such circumstances as the Gulf War, the firemen's strike, the foot and mouth crisis and a host of unexpected support operations. This work examines the British Army's definition of mission command, its historical background, the underpinning concepts and the potential utility of such an approach for the private sector. The authors argue that despite the British Army's training and terms of reference it has shown the flexibility and adaptability to achieve success in a volatile and diverse spectrum of tasks. At the heart of the organization's implementation process is mission command.Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mass spectrometry for enzyme assays and inhibitor screening: An emerging application in pharmaceutical research
Authors: Greis Kenneth D. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractRobust methods that monitor enzyme activity and inhibitor potency are crucial to drug discovery and development. Over the past 20 years, mass spectrometric methods have increasingly been used to measure enzyme activity and kinetics. However, for rapid screening of inhibitory compounds, various forms of fluorescence and chemiluminscence readout have continued to dominate the market. As the sensitivity, speed, and miniaturization of mass spectrometry methods continue to advance, opportunities to couple mass spectrometry with screening will continue to come to the forefront. To appreciate the tremendous potential for MS‐based screening assays, it becomes necessary to understand the current state of capabilities in this arena. Thus, this review is intended to capture how mass spectrometry for studying enzymes activity has progressed from simple qualitative questions (i.e., is the product detected?) to quantitative measures of enzyme activity and kinetics and then as a tool for rapidly screening inhibitory compounds as an alternative to current methods of high throughput drug screening. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev
Analytical strategies for identifying drug metabolites
Authors: Prakash Chandra , Shaffer Christopher L. , Nedderman Angus 
Published: April 2007

AbstractWith the dramatic increase in the number of new chemical entities (NCEs) arising from combinatorial chemistry and modern high‐throughput bioassays, novel bioanalytical techniques are required for the rapid determination of the metabolic stability and metabolites of these NCEs. Knowledge of the metabolic site(s) of the NCEs in early drug discovery is essential for selecting compounds with favorable pharmacokinetic credentials and aiding medicinal chemists in modifying metabolic “soft spots”. In development, elucidation of biotransformation pathways of a drug candidate by identifying its circulatory and excretory metabolites is vitally important to understand its physiological effects. Mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) have played an invaluable role in the structural characterization and quantification of drug metabolites. Indeed, liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with atmospheric pressure ionization (API) MS has now become the most powerful tool for the rapid detection, structure elucidation, and quantification of drug‐derived material within various biological fluids. Often, however, MS alone is insufficient to identify the exact position of oxidation, to differentiate isomers, or to provide the precise structure of unusual and/or unstable metabolites. In addition, an excess of endogenous material in biological samples often suppress the ionization of drug‐related material complicating metabolite identification by MS. In these cases, multiple analytical and wet chemistry techniques, such as LC‐NMR, enzymatic hydrolysis, chemical derivatization, and hydrogen/deuterium‐exchange (H/D‐exchange) combined with MS are used to characterize the novel and isomeric metabolites of drug candidates. This review describes sample preparation and introduction strategies to minimize ion suppression by biological matrices for metabolite identification studies, the application of various LC‐tandem MS (LC‐MS/MS) techniques for the rapid quantification and identification of drug metabolites, and future trends in this field. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev
Proteomics in neurosciences
Authors: Drabik Anna , Bierczynska‐Krzysik Anna , Bodzon‐Kulakowska Anna , Suder Piotr , Kotlinska Jolanta , Silberring Jerzy 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis review provides an outline of the most important proteomic applications in the study of neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's (AD), Parkinson's (PD), Huntington's (HD), and prion diseases, and also discusses advances in cancer and addiction. One of the scopes is to illustrate the potential of proteomics in the biomarkers discovery of these diseases. Finally, this article comments the advantages and drawbacks of the most commonly used techniques and methods for samples preparation. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev
Bifurcation of periodic orbits in coupled chemical reactors II
Authors: Friedli A. , Kirchgraber U. , Waldvogel J. , Hagedorn P. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn this part of the paper we deal with computational aspects of the bifurcation problem introduced in Part I, cf. [1]. It follows from Section 3 that the bifurcation behaviour is essentially determined by the expression KP(Ω) – ∧β, where β is some constant which was assumed to be nonzero, while P(Ω) is some 2π‐periodic function which was implicitly defined in Section 2. In Section 4 we first derive easily computable expressions for P(Ω) and β from the definitions of Section 2. Secondly we offer a direct, although formal, derivation for these quantities. In Section 5 we briefly show how P(Ω). β can actually be computed by means of a high speed computer and discuss a number of examples. In Section 6 finally we give some asymptotic results for systems depending on an additional parameter.
An approximation method for the cauchy problem to the three‐dimensional equation of vorticity transport
Authors: Hebeker F.‐K. , Martensen E. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe vorticity problem (V0) is shown to have (at least) locally in time a unique classical solution. For numerical purposes global solvability is desired. So by suitable operations we proceed to a family of modified vorticity problems (Vϵ), ϵ > 0, possessing a unique classical solution globally in time.For (Vϵ) a constructive approximation method is introduced. This procedure yields a sequence (ω) of approximate vorticity fields, converging to the global solution of (Vϵ) and to the local solution of (V0).
Periodic motions of a string vibrating against a fixed point‐mass obstacle: II
Authors: Cabannes H. , Neunzert H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA string fixed at both ends A and B, can oscillate in a plane which there is a fixed point obstacle, placed in the middle of the line AB. The string is initially at rest with a prescribed shape, symmetric with respect to the normal mid‐plane of the segment AB. Using results established before [9] we find new periodic motions.
Stabilization and regularization for solutions of an ill posed problem for the wave equation
Authors: Levine H. A. , Vessella S. , Payne L. E. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn this paper we study the problem of finding u: [O, T] → D(A), D(A) ⊆ H, H a Hibert space such that:magnified imageIs a linear positive, self‐adjoint operator with a compact inverse. The problem is well known to be illposed because uniqueness and existence generally fail. We restore the stability with an a priori bound on ∥ du(0)/dt ∥ for some particular values of T.
On the approximation method of solving integral equations in diffusion problems
Authors: Bobula E. , Twardowska K. , Piskorek A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn this paper we consider the one‐dimensional problem of heat or mass transport in the system with moving ends. We show that without solving the heat transfer equation, the heat flux flowing out from the system can be found when temperature on the boundary of this system is known. We make use of the Banach contraction theorem for appropriate integral equations. Our method also enables us to find the distribution of temperature in the whole domain that forms the physical system.
Pyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidines. A combined multinuclear magnetic resonance (1H, 13C, 15N, 19F) and DFT approach to their structural assignment
Authors: Sanz Dionisia , Claramunt Rosa M. , Saini Anil , Kumar Vinod , Aggarwal Ranjana , Singh Shiv P. , Alkorta Ibon , Elguero José 
Published: April 2007

AbstractMultinuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy together with GIAO‐DFT calculations allowed establishment of the structure of the products obtained by condensation of 3(5)‐amino‐4‐phenyl‐1H‐pyrazole and β‐dicarbonyl compounds bearing a trifluoromethyl group. They are 3‐phenyl‐5‐(R)‐7‐trifluoromethylpyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidines. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Satoyoshi syndrome has antibody against brain and gastrointestinal tissue
Authors: Matsuura Eiji , Matsuyama Wataru , Sameshima Tomoyuki , Arimura Kimiyoshi 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSatoyoshi syndrome is a rare postnatal disorder with muscle spasms, alopecia, and diarrhea of unknown etiology. Nutritional deficiency seems to influence lifespan. We present a patient with this syndrome having a unique “mesh‐like” mucosal change radiographically and white granules endoscopically in the gastrointestinal tract. A common antibody against brain, stomach, and duodenal tissue, according to Western blot analysis, was detected in the sera of two patients with this syndrome. These findings suggest that Satoyoshi syndrome is a systemic autoimmune disease involving the nervous, endocrine, and gastrointestinal systems. Muscle Nerve, 2007
Investigation of a changing range genetic algorithm in noisy environments
Authors: Amirjanov Adil 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis paper analyses the effect of noise on the performance of a changing range genetic algorithm (CRGA). CRGA adaptively shifts and shrinks the size of the search space of the feasible region by employing feasible and infeasible solutions in the population to reach the global optimum. An additional modification of CRGA was introduced to reduce the effects of noise on the performance of the algorithm. Several test cases demonstrated the ability of the improved CRGA to deal with an additive noise. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficient 3D‐finite element formulation for thin mechanical and piezoelectric structures
Authors: Braess Dietrich , Kaltenbacher Manfred 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIt is the aim to compute efficiently the deformations of the mechanical structures that are excited or damped by piezoelectric actuators. They are treated as 3D structures to have much flexibility. Special design of the finite element concept is required since the structures are thin walled and locking effects have to be avoided. Although the computations are performed in the framework of 3D elasticity, we use ideas from modern plate elements and mixed methods. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nonconforming spline collocation methods in irregular domains
Authors: Sun Weiwei , Wu Jiming , Zhang Xiaoping 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis article studies a class of nonconforming spline collocation methods for solving elliptic PDEs in an irregular region with either triangular or quadrilateral partition. In the methods, classical Gaussian points are used as matching points and the special quadrature points in a triangle or quadrilateral element are used as collocation points. The solution and its normal derivative are imposed to be continuous at the marching points. The authors present theoretically the existence and uniqueness of the numerical solution as well as the optimal error estimate in H1‐norm for a spline collocation method with rectangular elements. Numerical results confirm the theoretical analysis and illustrate the high‐order accuracy and some superconvergence features of methods. Finally the authors apply the methods for solving two physical problems in compressible flow and linear elasticity, respectively. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2007
Pressure projection stabilizations for Galerkin approximations of Stokes' and Darcy's problem
Authors: Burman Erik 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn this study, we consider some recent stabilization techniques for the Stokes' problem and show that they are instances of the framework proposed by Brezzi and Fortin in “A minimal stabilisation procedure for mixed finite element methods” (Numer Math 89, (2001) 457). We also propose an analysis for Taylor‐Hood elements with discontinuous pressures stabilized using penalization of the interelement pressure jumps. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2007
Control of particle size in the formation of polymer latices
Authors: Goodwin James W. , Ottewill Ronald H. , Pelton Robert , Vianello Givvanni , Yates David E. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA brief survey is given of the methods which can be used to produce polymer latices with a narrow size distribution. The factors which control both the particle size and the nature of the chemical groupings on the latex particle surface are discussed for latices prepared without the addition of an emulsifier. In particular, it is demonstrated experimentally that the ionic strength of the aqueous phase plays a major role in controlling particle size and that the free radicals produced by thermal decomposition of the initiator become incorporated as end‐groups on the polymer chains and hence form the surface groups on the particle. A theoretical explanation is given which indicates the reasons for the importance of ionic strength in controlling particle size.
The Thermal Decomposition of some Dialkyl Dicarbanilates
Authors: Jiricny Josef , Reese Colin B. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe thermal decomposition at 300 C of five dicarbanilates derived from 4,4 '— diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) was studied in an attempt to elucidate the low‐temperature decomposition mechanism of rigid MDI‐based polyurethane foams. The dicarbanilates of primary and secondary alcohols decomposed via normal fission of the urethane linkages, whereas those of tertiary alcohols yielded 4,4′—diphenylmethane diamine (MDA), carbon dioxide and the appropriate olefin via abnormal fission of the carbanilates.
Gelation and Crystallisation of Nylon‐6 from Dilute Solution
Authors: Stamhuis Jan E. , Pennings Albert J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractDilute solutions of nylon‐6 in benzyl alcohol transform to heavy transparant gels upon cooling, in contrast to the solutions in 1,4‐butanediol, which yield flaky precipitates in a similar concentration range.Differential scanning calorimetry and electron microscopy indicate that the gels are composed of an interlacement of thin fibrillar crystals with constant lateral dimensions partially aggregated in larger ribbons. On the other hand, a sheaflike morphology, characterised by strongly tapered and corrugated lath shaped crystals, developed in 1, 4‐butanediol. The crystals from both solvents have the monoclinic α‐structure with the hydrogen bonds parallel to the long axis and the chains perpendicular to the growth direction.The difference in morphology of the present crystals is explained by specific interaction of the benzyl alcohol and 1,4‐butanediol molecules on the growing crystal faces in the laterial as well as the H‐bond direction.
Preclinical Evaluation of Polymer Membranes and Coatings
Authors: Courtney James M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn vitro testing for in vivo purposes is considered with reference to the preclinical evaluation of polymers used as membranes in haemodialysis and polymers used to coat activated carbon granules for haemoperfusion. The respective roles of the polymer membrane and polymer coating are contrasted.The design of haemodialysis membranes and the assessment of dialysis, ultrafiltration and mechanical properties and blood compatibility are examined. Blood compatibility assessment is described in terms of a procedure for estimating platelet retention.The selection of polymer coatings for activated carbon granules is considered. The in vitro testing of coatings is described by reference to techniques for estimating the influence of a polymer coating on solute removal rates by adsorption, the generation of fine carbon particles and blood compatibility.
Light scattering characterisation of polymers I. An extension of the zimm plot
Authors: Suzuki Hidematsu 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA new method is proposed for extrapolating light‐scattering data to the zero angle of scattering. Essentially the method consists of iterative extrapolations by use of the regression method as a subroutine, and it applies in general to the data obtained at low polymer concentrations and at low angles of scattering. Light‐scattering results on high molecular weight linear polystyrene in benzene were successfully analysed with the method. In comparison with other published methods, the strong points and limitations of the method are discussed.
The science of acrylic adhesives
Authors: Lees William A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe paper reviews the major developments published in the Patent literature over the last thirty years insofar as these reflect the evolution of the so‐called anaerobic and cyanoacrylate adhesives and the recent introduction of the ‘toughened’ acrylic adhesives.Reaction mechanisms are postulated and the problems of formulation and production discussed in detail together with the performance characteristics of the individual adhesive types.
Studies on the rigidity of gelatine gels
Authors: Tar Ildikó , Wolfram Ervin 
Published: April 2007

AbstractGelatine gel samples formed in contact with phases of various polarity such as glass, plexiglass (PMMA) and air have been studied by a Röth‐type micro‐penetrometer. The experimental results showed that the penetrability of the gels was significantly effected by the adjacent phase. Comparing the data with those found on a freshly cut surface representing the bulk of the gel it can be assumed that the differences are caused by different orientation of the gelatine molecules in the penetrated region. In order to prove this assumption gels containing sodium chloride, sodium sulphate and sodium dodecyl sulphate, respectively were prepared. It has been shown that the rigidity of the gel/air surface and that of the bulk was effected similarly but not equally by the salts.In order to learn the processes occurring in presence of the above mentioned cosolutes turbidity measurements were carried out on all samples using a Pulfrich nephelometer.
Polymers with mesogenic elements and flexible spacers in the main chain: Aromatic‐aliphatic polyesters
Authors: Meurisse P. , Noel C. , Monnerie L. , Fayolle B. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA new series of aromatic‐aliphatic polyesters of general structure:magnified imageR1 = terphenyl, biphenyl, stilbeneR2 = (CH2)n;  CH2C(Me)2CH2;CH2;C(Et)2CH2; (CH2CH2O)n CH2CH2 has been synthesised. The existence of thermotrpic liquid crystalline phases has been shown by polarised light microscopy. The texture observations have suggested the existence of nematic, SA or/and SC phases depending on the chemical structure. The temperature of transition between the phases and, as a consequence, the range of mesomorphism are highly dependent upon the chemical structure. The clearing point is high, even for the longest aliphatic group, while the melting point is depressed.
Preparation of lithium and sodium phosphate‐polyphenylphosphonate hybrid glasses
Authors: Currell Brian R. , Grzeskowiak Roman , Lynn Michael E. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe interaction of phenylphosphonic dichloride and sodium or lithium phosphate gives glassy polymers which are hybrids of lithium and sodium metaphosphate glasses and polyphenylphosphonates. Tg's increases as the proportion of the alkali metal incorporated in the polymer increases. Reaction is most conveniently carried out by heating in chloroform under reflux. Polymers were prepared with up to 1 in 5 of the phosphorus atoms associated with Li+and up to 1 in 6 associated with Na+. Glasses could also be formed by reaction in the absence of solvent but difficulty was experienced in the complete removal of hydrogen chloride.
Preparation of monodisperse polymer samples by solubility difference method
Authors: Kamide Kenji , Miyazaki Yukio , Abe Tatsuyuki 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAn attempt was made to prepare the polymer fractions having extremely sharp molecular weight distribution (MWD), by using a successive solutional fractionation (SSF) method, in which a polymer‐lean phase was separated as a fraction from a polymer‐rich phase. For this purpose a large‐scale preparative SSF apparatus was constructed. Atactic polystyrene (PS) high‐density polyethylene (PE), and cellulose di‐ and tri‐acetates (CDA and CTA) were fractionated by SSF. The fractions isolated from a quasi‐binary mixture (polymer/solvent system) have the same MWD as that predicted by the computer simulation technique. Even under the conventional fractionation conditions (initial polymer volume fraction vop = ∼ 0.01, total number of fractions nt = 10 ∼ 20) the fractions with the ratio of the weight to number‐average molecular weight Mw/Mn less than 1.1 for PS, 1.2 for PE, 1.3 for CDA and 1.4 for CTA were obtained, with exception of a few initial fractions. The advantage of the SSF method was clarified over the conventional preparative methods such as gel permeation chromatography and the column fractionation method.