bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
METABOLISM OF [4-14C]LYNESTRENOL IN MAN
Authors: KAMYAB SORAYA , FOTHERBY K. , KLOPPER A. I. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
After the administration of [4-14C]lynestrenol (17α-ethynyl-19-nor-androst-4-en-17β-ol) to 7 human subjects 31·–57·6% of the dose, whether administered orally or i.v., was excreted in the urine within 5 days. The biological half-life of radioactivity was 26·5 hr. After acid and enzymatic hydrolysis, 58·7 and 45·6% respectively of the urinary radioactivity was extractable. About 10% of the urinary metabolites were excreted as sulphate conjugates. A mean value of 1·75% of the administered dose was converted to phenolic compounds. The metabolites in the free fraction and enzymehydrolysed extract of urine were almost entirely polar compounds, whereas 70% of the metabolites in the sulphate fraction were much less polar. The chromatographic evidence showed that hydroxylation of lynestrenol must have occurred at two points in the molecule. Plasma radioactivity decreased more rapidly than after administration of norethisterone.
THE METABOLISM OF TESTOSTERONE, ANDROSTENEDIONE AND OESTRONE BY TESTES FROM A CASE OF TESTICULAR FEMINIZATION
Authors: WADE A. P. , WILKINSON G. S. , DAVIS J. C. , JEFFCOATE T. N. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
[4-14C]Testosterone, [4-14C]androstenedione and [4-14C]oestrone were incubated with testicular tissue obtained from an 18-yr.-old patient with the complete form of the testicular feminization syndrome.
Considerable biosynthesis of testosterone from androstenedione occurred, but metabolism of testosterone by the tissue was minimal. The small phenolic fraction from these incubations did not contain any recognizable oestrogens.
Metabolism of oestrone was almost complete, less than 4% being recovered as unchanged oestrone. Of eight areas of radioactivity found during chromatography, five were shown to be associated with oestrone, 2-methoxyoestrone, oestradiol-17β, 2-hydroxyoestradiol-17β, and 2-methoxy-oestradiol-17β. Chromatographic evidence suggested that an oxo-oestrone and a compound more polar than oestriol were present. No oestriol was found.
The results confirm those of other workers to the effect that testosterone is the major metabolite of androstenedione in feminizing testes. Incubation of the testes with oestrone showed them also to possess the enzyme systems necessary for hydroxylation at position 2 and the subsequent methylation of this group.
Urinary steroid measurements before and after removal of the testes showed these organs to be actively secreting.
Attempts to demonstrate oestrogenic activity in the urine additional to that accounted for by chemical estimation were unsuccessful.
EFFECT OF THE PITUITARY INHIBITOR, METHALLIBURE, ON THE SECRETION OF GONADOTROPHIC HORMONES IN PARABIOTIC RATS
Authors: GANGADHARA N. S. , RAMAIAH T. R. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effect of methallibure, a non-steroidal pituitary inhibitor, on the hypersecretion of gonadotrophins in parabiotic rats after castration of one partner has been investigated. At lower doses the compound prevents the hypertrophy of the ovaries in the intact partner. At higher doses it may cause a decline in the ovarian weight of the intact partner.
AN IMPROVED BIOASSAY FOR CALCITONIN
Authors: STURTRIDGE W. C. , KUMAR M. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A sensitive method for the assay of calcitonin is described with a much lower detection limit than that reported hitherto. Calcitonin was injected intravenously into fasting Wistar rats and aortic blood was collected 30 min. later under anaesthesia. Equivalent hypocalcaemia was produced in 3-week-old rats by doses less than a third of those required in 5-week-old ones. Less than 0·1 m-u. calcitonin/3-week-old rat could be measured with an index of precision of about 0·2.
THE ASSAY OF PANCREOZYMIN, AND OF SECRETIN AND PANCREOZYMIN SIMULTANEOUSLY, IN THE RAT
Authors: HEATLEY N. G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A procedure for the almost quantitative collection of rat pancreatic secretion formed during a given period is described. Its enzyme content has been followed indirectly in terms of protein, as measured by absorption at 278 mμ.
As in other species, basal protein output normally decreases for several hours after the operation, but if the rat is anaesthetized 3–4 hr. before the operation, the protein output remains steady.
A procedure is proposed for the assay of pancreozymin, or secretin and pancreozymin simultaneously.
HORMONAL EFFECTS ON LIVER d-GLUCURONOLACTONE DEHYDROGENASE LEVELS IN MICE
Authors: MOWAT A. P. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
d-Glucuronolactone dehydrogenase activity in mouse liver was determined after castration, the injection of hormones, and after both measures. Spaying of female mice increased enzyme activity to the slightly higher level found in intact males. Oestrone decreased activity in males, spayed females and in females injected with norethisterone. Norethisterone increased activity in intact females, but testosterone had no definite effect.
DEVELOPMENTAL EFFECTS ON LIVER d-GLUCURONOLACTONE DEHYDROGENASE LEVELS AND ON d-GLUCARIC ACID EXCRETION IN URINE; HORMONAL EFFECTS ON d-GLUCARIC ACID EXCRETION IN URINE
Authors: MOWAT A. P. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Total urinary d-glucaric acid excretion increased with age and weight gain in males and was found to be low in terms of unit body weight in the newborn. In premature infants, there was a direct relationship between the serum bilirubin level and urinary d-glucaric acid excretion. In women excretion was not found to vary with the menstrual cycle, but was increased during prolonged therapy with contraceptive agents.
CHANGES IN THE DENSITY AND PROGESTERONE CONTENT OF LUTEAL TISSUE IN THE EGYPTIAN BUFFALO DURING PREGNANCY
Authors: EL-SHEIKH A. S. , SAKLA F. B. , AMIN S. O. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The histological and functional changes were studied in 30 corpora lutea (CL) of Egyptian buffaloes during four stages of pregnancy including the changes in shape, colour, weight and volume of CL, the volume of luteal cells and intercellular spaces, and in nuclear and cytoplasmic volume. Progesterone content and concentration were also estimated using column absorption chromatography and a counter-current distribution system.
Active cells were numerous in the first two periods of gestation. Retrogression of the CL began in the third period of gestation as indicated by the decrease in active cells and the increase in degenerating luteal cells. The progesterone content and concentration in the CL increased consistently and reached its peak in the second period of pregnancy, it then decreased gradually until the fourth period.
THE ACTIVITY OF ENZYMES IN THE RABBIT UTERUS AND EFFECT OF PROGESTERONE AND OESTRADIOL
Authors: MURDOCH R. N. , WHITE I. G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The activity of several enzymes has been measured in the uterine endometrium of the rabbit during oestrus and pseudopregnancy and after injecting oestradiol benzoate or progesterone 28 days after ovariectomy. The enzyme activity of the uterine fluid has been determined during oestrus and the effect of uterine ligation studied.
Progesterone and the induction of pseudopregnancy stimulated succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (GDH) activity and depressed amylase and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) activity. In ovariectomized does, glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) activity increased after the injection of progesterone. Progesterone also stimulated endometrial phosphatase after ovariectomy but, when given after a period of oestrogen treatment, it limited the even greater response of acid and alkaline phosphatase to oestrogen; the activity then attaining the same level as when progesterone alone was given.
SDH, GDH and glycerylphosphorylcholine (GPC) diesterase could not be detected in uterine fluid but amylase and alkaline phosphatase were in greater concentration than in the endometrium. GPC diesterase was, however, found to be present in uterine tissue. Ligation of the uterus did not significantly alter the enzyme activity of the endometrium.
THYROID FUNCTION TESTS DURING PREGNANCY, THE NORMAL MENSTRUAL CYCLE AND IN WOMEN USING ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES
Authors: STANDEVEN RUTH M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Endogenous and exogenous oestrogenic effects on thyroid function tests were studied. [125I]Tri-iodothyronine charcoal uptake (T3 uptake) and protein-bound iodine (PBI) were measured in serum obtained from women during the menstrual cycle and the different trimesters of pregnancy and from women taking oral contraceptives for varying periods of time. The free thyroxine index (FTI) was calculated for the pregnant subjects and the free thyroxine factor (FTF) evaluated for all samples studied.
Significant deviations from control values in T3 uptake, PBI, FTI and FTF could not be correlated with relatively large changes in the levels of oestrogens. T3 uptake results appeared to reflect changing oestrogenic patterns more closely than the corresponding PBI measurements. Evidence presented suggests that the FTF is preferred to the FTI for clinical use in the diagnosis of thyroid status although further modification to the FTF formula involving PBI and [125I]T3 charcoal uptake measurements may be necessary.
NADP-LINKED 17β- AND 20α-STEROID REDUCTASE ACTIVITY IN THE RABBIT UTERUS
Authors: MACARTNEY J. C. , THOMAS G. H. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
NADP-linked 17β- and 20α-reductase has been investigated in the uterus of immature (8–15 weeks) and adult rabbits using three labelled steroid substrates: progesterone, androstenedione and oestrone. The enzymic profile of the adult uterus differed from that of the immature, in that only the adult showed high levels of a 17β-reductase which had far greater specificity for oestrone than for androstenedione. Compared with the adult rabbit, the uterus of the rat, ferret and rhesus monkey showed little or no reductase activity.
Studies on the enzyme levels of the ovariectomized adult rabbit, and the immature rabbit treated with gonadotrophin, oestradiol, and oestradiol together with progesterone, showed that the uterine oestrone 17β-reductase was stimulated by the ovarian hormones; the response of androstenedione 17β-reductase to these hormone treatments was less marked. The oestradioldependant oestrone 17β-reductase was found predominantly in the myometrium.
EFFECT OF METHALLIBURE (ICI 33,828) ON THE NITROGEN RETENTION AND GROWTH INDUCED BY OVINE GROWTH HORMONE
Authors: RAMAIAH T. R. , GANGADHARA N. S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effect of methallibure, a non-steroidal pituitary inhibitor, on the growth and nitrogen retention of young rats treated with ovine growth hormone has been studied. Growth hormone induces nitrogen retention and body growth and this effect was suppressed by the simultaneous administration of methallibure. The possibility that the drug acts as an antimetabolite is discussed.
LIPOLYSIS IN CHICKEN ADIPOSE TISSUE IN VITRO
Authors: LANGSLOW D. R. , HALES C. N. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effects on lipolysis of various compounds have been studied in intact chicken adipose tissue and in isolated fat cells prepared from chicken adipose tissue. Glucagon stimulated lipolysis at concentrations down to 1 ng./ml. in intact pieces and 0·1 ng./ml. in isolated fat cells. The effect was enhanced by high concentrations of insulin. No anti-lipolytic effect of insulin was observed. Adrenaline, noradrenaline, porcine corticotrophin (ACTH) and long-acting ACTH were lipolytic but the effects were small and high concentrations were required. The adrenaline effect was blocked by propranolol hydrochloride. Dibutyryl 3′,5′-(cyclic)-AMP and theophylline stimulated lipolysis as did a combination of crude chicken growth hormone and hydrocortisone sodium succinate. It was concluded that the pattern of response of chicken adipose tissue was markedly different from that of the rat.
THE AGE AT WHICH THE BLOOD VESSELS OF THE RAT TESTIS BECOME SENSITIVE TO CADMIUM SALTS
Authors: CLEGG E. J. , NIEMI M. , CARR I. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The age at which cadmium salts first cause an increase in vascular permeability in the rat testis has been studied using Evans blue as a marker.
Cadmium-induced blueing of the testis, indicative of increased vascular permeability, first occurred on the 9th day of life, at about the same time as the descent of the testes and an apparent increase in the amount of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-positive tissue. The increased permeability coincided approximately with a rise in the alkaline phosphatase reactivity of the testicular capillary endothelium. It is suggested that the onset of sensitivity of the testicular blood vessels to cadmium salts is related in some way to the onset of androgen production by the testes.
THE LACTATIONAL ANOESTRUS OF THE SOW: THE STATUS OF THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY-OVARIAN SYSTEM DURING LACTATION AND AFTER WEANING
Authors: CRIGHTON D. B. , LAMMING G. E. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The status of the anterior pituitary-ovarian system of the sow was examined during lactational anoestrus and after weaning up to the occurrence of the first oestrus after weaning. The ovaries and uteri were examined and the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) contents of the anterior pituitary glands were measured.
Suppression of follicular growth and uterine development was apparent during lactation. This was relieved by weaning, when follicle size increased and oestrus and ovulation occurred within 6 days.
A high level of pituitary FSH was found during lactation which was maintained after weaning until oestrus occurred, when the level fell. The level of LH was low during lactation, rose after weaning and fell when oestrus occurred.
Ovariectomy of sows during lactation did not affect the growth of the young. While ovariectomy during the oestrous cycle produced the expected uterine atrophy, ovariectomy during lactation did not result in any further decline in uterine weight or length, suggesting that oestrogen secretion is at a very low level during late lactation. Pituitary LH content rose as a result of ovariectomy performed during the oestrous cycle but failed to do so as a result of ovariectomy performed during lactation, thus demonstrating inability of the lactating sow to increase LH synthesis under circumstances when the cycling sow is capable of doing so.
From these results it is postulated that (a) a considerable release of both FSH and LH occurs at about the time of the after-weaning oestrus, similar to that which is believed to occur at cyclic oestrus, (b) failure primarily of release of FSH and of synthesis of LH occurs during lactation which accounts for suppression of follicle growth, anoestrus and anovulation during lactation in the sow.
THE EFFECTS OF PROGESTERONE AND OF PENTOBARBITONE ADMINISTERED AT THE DIOESTROUS STAGE ON THE OVARIAN CYCLE OF THE RAT
Authors: BROWN-GRANT K. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Changes in the uterus:plasma and oviduct:plasma concentration ratios for radioactive iodide after the administration of progesterone at the dioestrous stage of the oestrous cycle have confirmed that significant oestrogen secretion begins on the afternoon of the day of dioestrus in a 4-day cycle. Progesterone injected at dioestrus delays ovulation and the change to a facilitatory effect on luteinizing hormone (LH) release does not occur until early on the day of pro-oestrus, about 12 hr. after the estimated time at which oestrogen secretion begins.
Pentobarbitone (Nembutal) injected at 13.30 hr. on the day of pro-oestrus blocks ovulation, but does not do so when injected 3 hr. later. When injected at either 13.30 or 16.30 hr. in dioestrus, it delays ovulation and may prevent it completely in that cycle. The injection of Nembutal at dioestrus does not appear to prevent the release of gonadotrophin responsible for oestrogen secretion and the delay of ovulation may be due to interference with some of the normal effects of oestrogen secreted at this stage of the cycle on the hypothalamo-hypophysial system. The delay of ovulation is not prevented by the injection of oestrogen with Nembutal at dioestrus but is prevented by the subsequent injection of progesterone at pro-oestrus.
The results are discussed in relation to other studies on the time of onset of oestrogen secretion in the oestrous cycle and to the change in the response to progesterone injection from inhibition to facilitation of LH release following the period of oestrogen secretion.
THE INDUCTION OF OVULATION BY OVARIAN STEROIDS IN THE ADULT RAT
Authors: BROWN-GRANT K. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
When oestrogen was administered early in the oestrous cycle of the rat on the day of metoestrus, the inhibitory effect of progesterone injected at dioestrus on ovulation was lost and a facilitatory effect was observed; ovulation was advanced by one day. The advancement of ovulation by oestrogen injected at the dioestrus — 1 stage of a 5-day cycle was confirmed; it was shown that this response could be elicited by as little as 0·13 μg. oestradiol benzoate. These results are discussed in relation to other studies on the time of oestrogen secretion in the normal cycle, the alteration of the response of the pituitary to progesterone injection from an inhibitory to a facilitatory effect by previous exposure to oestrogen, and the mechanism of induction of ovulation by oestrogen in the 5-day cycle and in pregnancy. The relevance of these and similar experiments on the induction of ovulation by ovarian steroids in the rat as a guide to what is occurring during the normal cycle is questioned, principally because when ovulation was induced by these means the changes in the activity of the thyroid gland that are associated with ovulation in the normal cycle were not reproduced.
LUTEINIZING HORMONE LEVELS IN PLASMA AND URINE IN WOMEN DURING NORMAL MENSTRUAL CYCLES AND IN WOMEN TAKING COMBINED CONTRACEPTIVES OR CHLORMADINONE ACETATE
Authors: ORR A. HILARY , ELSTEIN MAX 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Radioimmunoassay measurements of luteinizing hormone (LH) levels were made in urine and plasma throughout normal menstrual cycles and cycles when either a combined oral contraceptive or low dosage continuous chlormadinone acetate were being taken by healthy young women. The typical mid-cycle ovulatory increase of LH was suppressed in the cycles when the combined contraceptive preparations were taken but was present in the majority of cycles during the administration of continuous chlormadinone acetate.
THE PINEAL GLAND AND LIGHT-INDUCED OESTRUS IN FERRETS
Authors: HERBERT J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Pinealectomy (10 animals) or superior cervical ganglionectomy (14 animals) prevented the acceleration of oestrus in ferrets by two different daily regimes of artificial light. Both sets of animals came into oestrus in the spring following operation at about the same time as normal ferrets kept in daylight. Neither procedure affected the duration of the oestrous period. The interval between onsets of successive postoperative annual oestrous periods in both control-operated and normal animals kept in daylight supplemented by 6 hr. artificial evening illumination was about 1 yr., but was much greater in pinealectomized or ganglionectomized ferrets. An attempt to section the nn. conarii failed to provide direct evidence for a functional link between the superior cervical ganglia and the pineal, but there was a relation between the volume of pineal remaining after this procedure and the activating effect of artificial light on oestrus.
THE AFFERENT PATH OF THE MILK-EJECTION REFLEX IN THE BRAIN OF THE RABBIT
Authors: TINDAL J. S. , KNAGGS G. S. , TURVEY A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The afferent path of the milk-ejection reflex has been studied in the brain of the anaesthetized lactating rabbit. Electrical stimulation was applied between a monopolar electrode in the brain and an indifferent electrode in the scalp. The brain was transected at the mid-cerebellar level to eliminate sympathetico-adrenal activation, and intramammary pressure and arterial blood pressure were monitored to detect release of neurohypophysial hormones.
In the mid-brain, the afferent path of the reflex is compact, lying in the lateral tegmentum of each side and passing forwards to lie medio-ventral to the medial geniculate body. On entering the diencephalon, the pathway on each side bifurcates: a dorsal path passing forwards in association with the extreme rostral central grey and periventricular region, and a ventral path ascending through the subthalamus. The dorsal and ventral paths reunite in the posterior hypothalamus. Delineating the pathway further forward in the hypothalamus, using a simple stimulation technique, was not possible because at this level it intermingles with efferent fibres descending from the paraventricular nucleus to the pituitary stalk. The afferent path of the reflex is concerned with the preferential release of oxytocin from the neurohypophysis, is not a major pathway for the release of vasopressin and its neural substrate in the mid-brain is believed to be the spinothalamic system of fibres.
THE EFFECTS OF CORTISONE ON NITROGEN BALANCE AND GLUCOSE METABOLISM IN DIABETIC AND NORMAL KANGAROOS, SHEEP AND RABBITS
Authors: GRIFFITHS M. , McINTOSH D. L. , LECKIE R. M. C. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Alloxan diabetes can be induced in red and in grey kangaroos and the initial changes in blood sugar levels after injection of the drug are similar to those in other herbivores, or in other vertebrates generally.
In general the presence or absence and the severity of catabolic effects of diabetes in rabbits, sheep and red kangaroos all eating the same diet depends on the amount of food eaten.
Injection of large amounts of cortisone into normal rabbits and a sheep induced the usual catabolic effects and injection of cortisone exacerbated the catabolism of diabetic rabbits and diabetic sheep. The same and larger dose rates of cortisone injected into 12 normal and two diabetic red kangaroos had no effect on N balance, hyperglycaemia, food intake, glycosuria, insulin sensitivity, or on intravenous glucose tolerance.
OESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE CONTENT OF OVARIAN VEIN BLOOD OF THE EWE DURING THE OESTROUS CYCLE
Authors: MOORE N. W. , BARRETT SUSAN , BROWN J. B. , SCHINDLER IRENE , SMITH MARGERY A. , SMYTH BARBARA 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Ovarian vein blood was collected by cannulating the ovarian vein of 37 ewes at various times during the oestrous cycle. Plasma progesterone and oestrogen concentrations, determined by chemical methods, showed marked cyclic variations during the cycle. Progesterone was detected at all stages of the cycle. Plasma concentrations were rising rapidly by the 4th day after the onset of oestrus and were maintained at levels greater than 100 μg./100 ml. plasma from the 8th to the 14th day of the cycle. They started to fall about 48 hr. before the onset of oestrus. Very low levels, of the order of 1 μg./100 ml. plasma, were maintained from 24 hr. before to 8–16 hr. after the onset of oestrus.
Oestradiol-17β made up almost all of the oestrogens measured. Oestrone accounted for less than one-eighth of the total oestrogens. Oestradiol first appeared on the 14th day of the cycle and its concentration rose rapidly during the immediate pre-oestrous period to reach peak levels of over 100 ng./100 ml. plasma 20–30 hr. before the onset of oestrus. They then rapidly declined and by 24 hr. after the onset had reached almost non-detectable levels.
The ovarian secretion rate of progesterone was calculated to be 3·5 mg./day at mid-cycle and the total secretion of oestradiol during the follicular phase was 4·9 μg. Blood flow through the cannula was not affected by either the stage of cycle at which blood was collected or by the structure (corpus luteum or Graafian follicle) in the ovary bled.