bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Lycoming County, Pennsylvania, Sanitary Landfill: State‐of‐the‐Art in Ground‐Water Protectiona
Authors: Giddings M. Todd 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTA 120‐acre sanitary landfill site is being developed in north‐central Pennsylvania to serve a six‐county area. The design of the site will prevent ground‐water contamination by leachate from the refuse through the use of a 20‐mil (.5 mm) PVC plastic liner which will lie between two protective layers of sand containing drainpipe networks.Sampling of the composite ground‐water flow from the underdrainpipe network in the sand blanket under the liner will provide sensitive monitoring of the liner performance. In the unlikely event of a leak, the pipe draining that area would be diverted to the leachate treatment facility, thus providing a backup leachate collection system. A thick (15 to 75 feet, 4.6 to 22.9 metres) glacial till deposit is present at the site and confines ground‐water flow within the underlying shale bedrock. The low permeability of the till and the artesian head within the bedrock flow system provide additional protection against ground‐water contamination.Operation of the site will be by the area‐fill method; the refuse will be deposited in 8‐foot (2.4‐metre) lifts up to a maximum height of 120 feet (36.6 metres). Based on an initial refuse deposit rate of 400 tons (363 metric tons) per day, the site is expected to have a 20‐year life at a disposal cost of approximately $5.00 per ton.Local residents who felt this project posed a severe threat to their wells strenuously opposed the project and appealed the State permit. The Pennsylvania Environmental Hearing Board upheld the permit; the decision was appealed to Commonwealth Court and was upheld. Residents remain unconvinced the design and site conditions will provide adequate protection and have petitioned the Pennsylvania Supreme Court to consider another appeal.A baseline water‐quality monitoring program has been undertaken to establish on‐site conditions and a private‐well sampling program will begin before the landfill is in operation. Till and bedrock monitoring wells at the site will be used to evaluate the performance of this landfill; analysis of the nearby private wells will be provided to the owners to demonstrate confidence in the design and the satisfactory operation of the ground‐water protection measures.
Quantifying the Natural Flushout of Alluvial Aquifersa
Authors: Fryberger John S. , Bellis William H. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTA plume of contaminated water may extend downstream for several miles in an alluvial aquifer. Hydrologic forces acting on the aquifer generally tend to dilute the contaminant downstream from the source. After the pollution has been stopped, how rapidly will these hydrologic forces flush out the contaminant? The answer to this question may be calculated by using the mass‐balance equation herein developed.This mass‐balance mathematical model incorporates all the hydrologic forces acting on the alluvial aquifer that affect the concentration of the contaminant. Methods are presented to define and quantify each of the hydrologic forces. These forces include (1) present quantity and quality (with respect to contaminant) of water in the alluvium and the change in the quality downstream, (2) quantity and quality of ground‐water inflow, (3) quantity and quality of flood inflow, (4) quantity and quality of base flow, (5) quantity of recharge from precipitation, and (6) quantity of loss from evapotranspiration.The equation is first balanced to agree with past conditions and observed field data and is then used to predict future quality changes after the pollution is stopped.The method is applicable primarily to situations in which the pollution has been taking place over a long period of time and the water quality in the alluvium has reached equilibrium at any given point. Modifications may be possible to permit use of the general approach to short‐term or slug‐type pollution events.
Land Disposal of Hazardous Wastes: An Example from Hopewell, Virginiaa
Authors: Walz D. H. , Chestnut K. T. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTIn early September 1975 a Technical Committee was established by the Virginia State Department of Health to clean up and dispose of a manufacturing plant which had produced the pesticide Kepone, in Hopewell, Virginia. The Committee recommended that the hazardous wastes be buried in a virgin section of the new City of Hopewell landfill. The disposal pit was designed to encapsulate the wastes in clay and plastic. The project was completed in early March 1976. The disposal site is monitored by the Virginia State Water Control Board via an observation well and an underdrain system.
Utilizing a Digital Model to Determine the Hydraulic Properties of a Layered Aquifer
Authors: Land Larry F. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe hydraulic characteristics of a layered ground‐water system are determined by a modified digital model. Its use provides information on the hydraulic conductivity and storage coefficient of a stratum and on the transmissivity and storage coefficient of the ground‐water system as a whole. These characteristics are determined by trial‐and‐error test runs until the calculated drawdowns reasonably match drawdown data from observation wells which are open to the artesian aquifer and to the confining beds above or below. An aquifer test of a layered ground‐water system in Palm Beach County, Florida shows that the transmissivity of the ground‐water system as a whole is 50 percent higher than just the transmissivity of the major water‐bearing zone in this system.
Toxic Metals in Ground Water of the Front Range, Colorado
Authors: Klusman Ronald W. , Edwards Kenneth W. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTA study of toxic trace metal distribution in ground waters of the Front Range mineral belt, Colorado and adjacent areas was performed in order to determine the relationship of water quality to mineralization and the magnitude of potential health effects. A total of 149 samples were collected and analyzed for arsenic, cadmium, copper, iron, lead, manganese, mercury, silver and zinc. Field determinations of pH, Eh, and specific conductance were also made.The trace element data exhibited a lognormal distribution and are described utilizing the geometric mean and geometric deviation. Four populations were recognized in the samples: (1) samples in the mineral belt with plumbing contamination; (2) samples in the mineral belt without plumbing contamination, (3) samples outside the mineral belt with plumbing contamination, and (4) samples outside the mineral belt without plumbing contamination. Differences in these populations for several elements are observed utilizing the t test.Utilizing the observed data distributions, geochemical abundance estimates are made for the four recognized populations. The data distributions are corrected for analytical error, corrected for determinations below the detection limit and expressed as a predicted central 95% range for each element in each population. The corrected geometric mean, corrected geometric deviation, along with the U.S. Public Health Service limit for each element determined are used to determine the probability of ground water exceeding the specified limit for each constituent. Ground waters in the mineral belt are estimated to exceed the U.S. Public Health Service limit in 14% of the samples for Cd, 1% for Cu, 51% for Fe, 74% for Mn, 2% for Hg, and 9% for Zn. Ground waters outside the mineral belt have a similar probability of exceeding the limit for Hg and lesser probabilities for all other elements.
Two‐Dimensional Searches for High‐Yield Well Sites
Authors: Türk Göksel 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTIn areas where bedrock is irregular, greater saturation thickness of aquifer will associate with the depression in the bedrock formation. Wells located upon these depressions can yield significantly higher amounts of water. Hence, finding the bottom of depression in the area will be of interest, and this can be facilitated by drilling test holes. These test holes can be drilled at the nodes of a regular grid; however, more efficient search techniques are available. Fibonacci search in one dimension has recently been proposed and potential saving in drilling cost demonstrated. But the problem is essentially two‐dimensional in nature. This paper describes some two‐dimensional search procedures for this purpose and shows that potential saving in drilling cost can be dramatic.
Disposal of Salt Water During Well Construction: Problems and Solutionsa
Authors: Pitt William A. J. , Meyer Frederick W. , Hull John E. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe recent interest in the disposal of treated sewage effluent by deep‐well injection into salt‐water‐filled aquifers has increased the need for proper disposal of salt water as more wells are drilled and tested each year.The effects on an unconfined aquifer of the improper disposal of salt water associated with the construction of three wells in southeastern Florida emphasize this need. In two of the wells provisions to prevent and detect salt‐water contamination of the unconfined aquifer were practically nonexistent, and in one well extensive provisions were made. Of the three drilling sites the one with proper provision for detection presented no serious problem, as the ground water contaminated by the salt water was easily located and removed. The provisions consisted of drilling a brine‐injection well to dispose of salt water discharged in drilling and testing operations, using a closed drilling circulation system to reduce spillage, installing shallow observation wells to map the extent and depth of any salt‐water contamination of the shallow aquifer, and installing a dewatering system to remove contaminated ground water.
Storage of Treated Sewage Effluent and Storm Water in a Saline Aquifer, Pinellas Peninsula, Florida
Authors: Rosenshein J. S. , Hickey J. J. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe Pinellas Peninsula, an area of 750 square kilometres (290 square miles) in coastal west‐central Florida, is a small hydrogeologic replica of Florida. Most of the Peninsula's water supply is imported from well fields as much as 65 kilometres (40 miles) inland. Stresses on the hydrologic environment of the Peninsula and on adjacent water bodies, resulting from intensive water‐resources development and waste discharge, have resulted in marked interest in subsurface storage of waste water (treated effluent and untreated storm water) and in future retrieval of the stored water for nonpotable use. If subsurface storage is approved by regulatory agencies, as much as 265 megalitres per day (70 million gallons a day) of waste water could be stored underground within a few years, and more than 565 megalitres per day (150 million gallons a day) could be stored in about 25 years. This storage would constitute a large resource of nearly fresh water in the saline aquifers underlying about 520 square kilometres (200 square miles) of the Peninsula.The upper 1,060 metres (3,480 feet) of the rock column underlying four test sites on the Pinellas Peninsula have been explored. The rocks consist chiefly of limestone and dolomite. Three moderately to highly transmissive zones, separated by leaky confining beds, (low permeability limestone) from about 225 to 380 metres (740 to 1,250 feet) below mean sea level, have been identified in the lower part of the Floridan aquifer in the Avon Park Limestone. Results of withdrawal and injection tests in Pinellas County indicate that the middle transmissive zone has the highest estimated transmissivity‐about 10 times other reported values. The chloride concentration of water in this zone, as well as in the two other transmissive zones in the Avon Park Limestone in Pinellas Peninsula, is about 19,000 milligrams per litre. If subsurface storage is approved and implemented, this middle zone probably would be used for storage of the waste water and the zone would become the most extensively used in Florida for this purpose.
Estimating Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient from Abstraction Well Data
Authors: Rushton K. R. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTA numerical model for analyzing pumping tests is used to estimate the transmissivity and the storage coefficient from abstraction well‐water levels measured during both the abstraction and recovery phases. The technique is applied to a practical test. In addition, an ideal test is devised and the technique is used to give satisfactory estimates of the parameters.
Maine's Ground‐Water Situation
Authors: Caswell W. Bradford 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTMaine's population is highly dependent upon ground‐water supplies that are obtained from low‐yield, fractured, crystalline bedrock aquifers. Although most domestic bedrock wells yield less than 10 gallons per minute (gpm), there are a number of bedrock wells that yield 10 to 300 gpm. Many of these wells are drilled in the vicinity of major faults. Some bedrock wells intersect fractures that open directly to the land surface, which causes them to be particularly susceptible to contamination. The glacial cover is generally less than 20 feet thick and is not considered a significant aquifer in most places. Sand and gravel aquifers are scattered across the State, but in total cover only about 15% of the surface. Coastal residents commonly obtain water from the fractured rock aquifer. Salt‐water intrusion occurs, but in most places appears to be caused by the geometry of the rock fractures, rather than by excessive pumping. Ground‐water quality is generally good because of low solubility of the crystalline rocks, and because of dilution by plentiful rainfall.
Electric Analog Model Study of Aquifer in Krishni‐Hindon Interstream Region, U.P., India
Authors: Gupta C. P. , Thangarajan M. , Rao V.V.S. Gurunadha 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTOverexploitation of ground water in Krishni‐Hindon interstream region (Lat. 29°05′N‐29°29′N and Long. 77°19′E‐77°32′E) in Uttar Pradesh, India, prompted us to carry out aquifer modeling studies. The area lies in Gangetic alluvial plain. The interconnections in the phreatic aquifer and the lower semiconfined aquifer led to the assumption of a single‐story aquifer for which an R‐C analog model was constructed.The input‐output quantities in the model have been simulated using current/voltage generators and current sinks which are appropriately programmed in time‐domain with the help of wave‐form synthesizers for a realistic representation of the field system.The model study shows that the aquifer can sustain the present output rate of 200 mcm/year without much damage to the ground‐water regime. In another scheme, an annual increase of 5% in exploitation rate, shows deleterious effects on the aquifer. Decreased rainfall/ droughts would worsen the situation.The influence of hydraulic connectivity between the aquifer and the Krishni‐Hindon river system is quite significant. If the present exploitation rate were to continue for 20 years, the annual inflow to the aquifer from rivers is estimated to increase by about 36.0 mem.More hydrogeological data is required for further validation and refinement of the model.
MACROECONOMIC UNCERTAINTY AND AGGREGATE PRIVATE INVESTMENT IN SOUTH AFRICA
Authors: Kumo Wolassa L. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper investigates the effects of time varying uncertainty on aggregate private fixed investment in South Africa. The GARCH generated measures of volatility of selected macroeconomic variables indicating five measures of uncertainty are used in the analysis. These are output growth uncertainty, uncertainty about changes in the real effective exchange rate, uncertainty about changes in the real interest rate, producer inflation uncertainty, and terms of trade uncertainty. The results of the estimation by an empirical ECM model of conventional investment determinants controlling for the effects of uncertainty indicated that, over all, time varying macroeconomic uncertainty significantly reduces private fixed investment.
INTEREST RATE PASS‐THROUGH IN THE COMMON MONETARY AREA OF THE SACU COUNTRIES
Authors: Sander Harald , Kleimeier Stefanie 
Published: July 2006

AbstractWe investigate the interest rate pass‐through in the four Common Monetary Area (CMA) countries of the South African Customs Union (SACU). We employ an empirical pass‐through model that allows for thresholds, asymmetric adjustment, and structural changes. We show that CMA bank lending markets exhibit quite some degree of homogenization as the pass‐through is often fast and complete. Deposit markets are somewhat more heterogeneous by showing differing degrees of interest rate stickiness and asymmetric adjustment. Policy makers should therefore be concerned about imperfect competition which may be at the heart of the remaining cross‐country differences in monetary transmission in the CMA.
Role of the p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway in the Generation of Arsenic Trioxide–Dependent Cellular Responses
Authors: Giafis Nick , Katsoulidis Efstratios , Sassano Antonella , Tallman Martin S. , Higgins Linda S. , Nebreda Angel R. , Davis Roger J. , Platanias Leonidas C. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Arsenic trioxide (As2O3) induces differentiation and apoptosis of leukemic cells in vitro and in vivo, but the precise mechanisms that mediate such effects are not known. In the present study, we provide evidence that the kinases MAPK kinase 3 (Mkk3) and Mkk6 are activated during treatment of leukemic cell lines with As2O3 to regulate downstream engagement of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. Using cells with targeted disruption of both the Mkk3 and Mkk6 genes, we show that As2O3-dependent activation of p38 is defective in the absence of Mkk3 and Mkk6, establishing that these kinases are essential for As2O3-dependent engagement of the p38 pathway. Pharmacologic inhibition of p38 enhances As2O3-dependent activation of the c-jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) and subsequent induction of apoptosis of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)– or acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL)–derived cell lines. In addition, in APL blasts, inhibition of p38 enhances myeloid cell differentiation in response to As2O3, as well as suppression of Bcl-2 expression and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. Similarly, induction of As2O3-dependent apoptosis is enhanced in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) with targeted disruption of both the Mkk3 and Mkk6 genes, establishing a key role for this pathway in the regulation of As2O3-induced apoptosis. In other studies, we show that the small-molecule p38 inhibitors SD-282 and SCIO-469 potentiate As2O3-mediated suppression of myeloid leukemic progenitor growth from CML patients, indicating a critical regulatory role for p38 in the induction of antileukemic responses. Altogether, our data indicate that the Mkk3/6-p38 signaling cascade is activated in a negative regulatory feedback manner to control induction of As2O3-mediated antileukemic effects. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(13): 6763-71)
Low Multiplicity of Infection ofHelicobacter pyloriSuppresses Apoptosis of B Lymphocytes
Authors: Bussiere Francoise I. , Chaturvedi Rupesh , Asim Mohammad , Hoek Kristen L. , Cheng Yulan , Gainor Justin , Scholz Adina , Khan Wasif N. , Wilson Keith T. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractHelicobacter pylori infection of the human stomach causes chronic gastritis that can lead to gastric cancer. Because activated lymphocytes persist in the gastric mucosa, and because a high multiplicity of infection (MOI) of H. pylori is needed to induce apoptosis in vitro, we speculated that resistance of lymphocytes to apoptosis is an important feature of the immune response to H. pylori. Freshly isolated mouse splenocytes underwent substantial spontaneous apoptosis and displayed a biphasic response to H. pylori, in which low MOI (1-10) markedly inhibited apoptosis, whereas high MOI (≥75) potentiated apoptosis. Low MOI reduced mitochondrial membrane depolarization, caspase-3 and caspase-9 activation, and cytochrome c release and increased Bcl-2 levels. Low MOI also induced cellular proliferation. When cells were subjected to fluorescence-activated cell sorting after coculture with H. pylori, CD19+ B cells were found to be protected from apoptosis and undergoing proliferation at low MOI, whereas CD3+ T cells did not exhibit this pattern. The protective effect of low MOI on apoptosis persisted even when B cells were isolated before activation. Immunophenotyping showed that all B-cell subsets examined were protected from apoptosis at low MOI. Additionally, gastric infection with H. pylori resulted in protection of splenic B cells from spontaneous apoptosis. Our results suggest that the low levels of H. pylori infection that occur in vivo are associated with B-cell survival and proliferation, consistent with their potential to evolve into mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(13): 6834-42)
Gene Expression Differences in Normal Esophageal Mucosa Associated with Regression and Progression of Mild and Moderate Squamous Dysplasia in a High-Risk Chinese Population
Authors: Joshi Nina , Johnson Laura Lee , Wei Wen-Qiang , Abnet Christian C. , Dong Zhi-Wei , Taylor Philip R. , Limburg Paul J. , Dawsey Sanford M. , Hawk Ernest T. , Qiao You-Lin , Kirsch Ilan R. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled 2 × 2 factorial chemoprevention trial was conducted in Linxian, China to assess the effects of selenomethionine and celecoxib on the natural history of esophageal squamous dysplasia. Results from this study indicated that asymptomatic adults with mild dysplasia were more likely to show an improvement when treated with selenomethionine compared with placebo (P = 0.02). Prompted by this finding, we examined the molecular profiles associated with regression and progression of dysplastic lesions in normal mucosa from 29 individuals, a subset of the Linxian cohort, using the Affymetrix U133A chip. Twenty differentially expressed genes were associated with regression and 129 were associated with progression when we compared the change in gene expression over time. Genes associated with immune response (n = 15), cell cycle (n = 15), metabolism (n = 15), calcium transport or calcium ion activity (n = 10), regulation of transcription (n = 9), signal transduction (n = 7), cytoskeleton and microtubules (n = 5), nucleotide processing and biosynthesis (n = 4), G-coupled signaling (n = 4), and apoptosis (n = 3) were present in the list of 149 genes. Using the Expression Analysis Systematic Explorer pathway analysis program, only the immune response pathway was significantly overrepresented among these 149 genes. Individuals whose lesions regressed seemed to have higher expression of genes associated with immune stimulation, such as antigen presentation, survival of T cells, and T-cell activation (HLA-DRA, HLA-DPA1, HLA-DBQ1, CD58, and FCER1A). In contrast, individuals whose lesions progressed had higher expression of genes involved in immune suppression and inflammation (CNR2, NFATC4, NFRKB, MBP, INHBB, CMKLR1, CRP, ORMS, SERPINA7, and SERPINA1). These data suggest that local and systemic immune responses may influence the natural history of esophageal squamous dysplasia. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(13): 6851-60)