bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Approach To Data Distributions in Chapel
Authors: Diaconescu R.E. , Zima H.P. 
Published: July 2007

A key characteristic of today's high performance computing systems is a physically distributed memory, which makes the efficient management of locality essential for taking advantage of the performance enhancements offered by these architectures. Currently, the standard technique for programming such systems involves the extension of traditional sequential programming languages with explicit message-passing libraries, in a processor-centric model for programming and execution. It is commonly understood that this programming paradigm results in complex, brittle, and error-prone programs, because of the way in which algorithms and communication are inextricably interwoven. This paper describes a new approach to locality awareness, which focuses on data distributions in high-productivity languages. Data distributions provide an abstract specification of the partitioning of large-scale data collections across memory units, supporting coarse-grain parallel computation and locality of access at a high level of abstraction. Our design, which is based on a new programming language called Chapel, is motivated by the need to provide a high-productivity paradigm for the development of efficient and reusable parallel code. We present an object-oriented framework that allows the explicit specification of the mapping of elements in a collection to memory units, the control of the arrangement of elements within such units, the definition of sequential and parallel iteration over collections, and the formulation of specialized allocation policies as required for advanced applications. The result is a concise high-productivity programming model that separates algorithms from data representation and enables reuse of distributions, allocation policies, and data structures.
Origin and distribution of the BRCA2-8765delAG mutation in breast cancer
Authors: Palomba Grazia , Cossu Antonio , Friedman Eitan , Budroni Mario , Farris Antonio , Contu Antonio , Pisano Marina , Baldinu Paola , Sini Maria C , Tanda Francesco , Palmieri Giuseppe 
Published: July 2007

Abstract

Background
The BRCA2-8765delAG mutation was firstly described in breast cancer families from French-Canadian and Jewish-Yemenite populations; it was then reported as a founder mutation in Sardinian families. We evaluated both the prevalence of the BRCA2-8765delAG variant in Sardinia and the putative existence of a common ancestral origin through a haplotype analysis of breast cancer family members carrying such a mutation.

Methods
Eight polymorphic microsatellite markers (D13S1250, centromeric, to D13S267, telomeric) spanning the BRCA2 gene locus were used for the haplotype analysis. Screening for the 8765delAG mutation was performed by PCR-based amplification of BRCA2-exon 20, followed by automated sequencing.

Results
Among families with high recurrence of breast cancer (≥ 3 cases in first-degree relatives), those from North Sardinia shared the same haplotype whereas the families from French Canadian and Jewish-Yemenite populations presented distinct genetic assets at the BRCA2 locus. Screening for the BRCA2-8765delAG variant among unselected and consecutively-collected breast cancer patients originating from the entire Sardinia revealed that such a mutation is present in the northern part of the island only [9/648 (1.4%) among cases from North Sardinia versus 0/493 among cases from South Sardinia].

Conclusion
The BRCA2-8765delAG has an independent origin in geographically and ethnically distinct populations, acting as a founder mutation in North but not in South Sardinia. Since BRCA2-8765delAG occurs within a triplet repeat sequence of AGAGAG, our study further confirmed the existence of a mutational hot-spot at this genomic position (additional genetic factors within each single population might be involved in generating such a mutation).
Methane Oxidation in Freely and Poorly Drained Grassland Soils and Effects of Cattle Urine Application
Authors: Li Zheng , Kelliher Francis M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA sink for atmospheric methane (CH4) is microbial oxidation in soils. We report CH4 oxidation rates in freely and poorly drained soils on an intensively managed dairy farm. Following cattle urine application to half the plots (650 kg of nitrogen [N] ha−1) 31 chamber measurements were made over 100 d during autumn and winter. In the control plots, the freely and poorly drained soils' integrated CH4 oxidation rates averaged 1.8 ± 0.2 and 0.6 ± 0.1 kg CH4 ha−1 yr−1, respectively. In the poorly drained soil, the highest CH4 oxidation rates occurred when water‐filled pore space (WFPS) < 56% and CH4 oxidation rate declined by ninefold to near zero as WFPS increased from 56 to 68%. Urine application induced the freely and poorly drained soils' CH4 oxidation rates to decline for up to 2 mo by 0.7 ± 0.2 and 0.4 ± 0.1 kg CH4 ha−1 yr−1, respectively. The two soils' responses were thus not significantly different. After urine application, soil pore space CH4 concentration profiles suggested a simultaneous inhibition of bacteria that were CH4 oxidizers and stimulation of CH4 producers.
Sources of Phosphorus Lost from a Grazed Pasture Receiving Simulated Rainfall
Authors: McDowell R. W. , Nash D. M. , Robertson F. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractNutrients exported from grazing systems contribute to eutrophication of surface waters. In this study the contributions of soil, pasture‐plants, and dung to P exports in overland flow were compared using simulated rainfall. The treatments were (i) grazed pasture‐plants (isolated from soil by application of petrolatum to the soil surface), (ii) grazed pasture‐plants and supporting soil, (iii) grazed pasture‐plants and soil and treading, and (iv) grazed pasture‐plants and soil and treading and dung. In general, dissolved reactive P (DRP) accounted for the majority of the P exported and P losses decreased in the order: treading and dung treatment > treading > pasture‐plants and soil > pasture‐plants. Very little dissolved organic P was lost in overland flow and the effects of treading diminished with time. Over a normal grazing cycle (30 d), the portion of P lost from pasture‐plants was approximately half that lost from pasture‐plants and soil, one‐third that lost from treaded pasture‐plants and soil, and one‐quarter that lost from treaded pasture‐plants, soil, and dung. The DRP in the pasture‐plants treatment was approximately half that in the pasture‐plants and soil treatment and suggests that a significant portion of the P exported from these systems is derived directly from pasture‐plants. Due to higher proportions of particulate P (PP) in the treaded and dung treatments, DRP accounted for less of total P than in the pasture‐plants and pasture‐plants and soil treatments. Lower infiltration capacities probably caused by mechanical disaggregation at the soil surface are consistent with the higher proportions of PP in the treading treatments. These results were used to estimate P exports from a field trial site in Southland, New Zealand. The results suggested that P export attributable to fertilizer, dung, pasture‐plants, and soil components were approximately 10, 30, 20, and 40%, respectively. These results suggest that since 90% of the P exports are derived from the soil–plant system and dung returns, managements to lessen P exports should continue to focus on maintaining soil P within the optimal range for pasture‐plant production and maintaining soil surface properties that maximize infiltration and minimize overland flow.
Passive Flux Meter Measurement of Water and Nutrient Flux in Saturated Porous Media: Bench‐Scale Laboratory Tests
Authors: Cho Jaehyun , Annable Michael D. , Jawitz James W. , Hatfield Kirk 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe passive nutrient flux meter (PNFM) is introduced for simultaneous measurement of both water and nutrient flux through saturated porous media. The PNFM comprises a porous sorbent pre‐equilibrated with a suite of alcohol tracers, which have different partitioning coefficients. Water flux was estimated based on the loss of loaded resident tracers during deployment, while nutrient flux was quantified based on the nutrient solute mass captured on the sorbent. An anionic resin, Lewatit 6328 A, was used as a permeable sorbent and phosphate (PO43−) was the nutrient studied. The phosphate sorption capacity of the resin was measured in batch equilibration tests as 56 mg PO43− g−1, which was determined to be adequate capacity to retain PO43− loads intercepted over typical PNFM deployment periods in most natural systems. The PNFM design was validated with bench‐scale laboratory tests for a range of 9.8 to 28.3 cm d−1 Darcy velocities and 6 to 43 h deployment durations. Nutrient and water fluxes measured by the PNFM averaged within 6 and 12% of the applied values, respectively, indicating that the PNFM shows promise as a tool for simultaneous measurement of water and nutrient fluxes.
Summer Cover Crops Reduce Atrazine Leaching to Shallow Groundwater in Southern Florida
Authors: Potter Thomas L. , Bosch David D. , Joo Hyun , Schaffer Bruce , Muñoz‐Carpena Rafael 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAt Florida's southeastern tip, sweet corn (Zea Mays) is grown commercially during winter months. Most fields are treated with atrazine (6‐chloro‐N‐ethyl‐N′‐[1‐methylethyl]‐1,3,5‐triazine‐2,4‐diamine). Hydrogeologic conditions indicate a potential for shallow groundwater contamination. This was investigated by measuring the parent compound and three degradates—DEA (6‐chloro‐N‐[1‐methylethyl]‐1,3,5‐triazine‐2,4‐diamine), DIA (6‐chloro‐N‐ethyl)‐1,3,5‐triazine‐2,4‐diamine, and HA (6‐hydroxy‐N‐[1‐methylethyl]‐1,3,5‐triazine‐2,4‐diamine)—in water samples collected beneath sweet corn plots treated annually with the herbicide. During the study, a potential mitigation measure (i.e., the use of a cover crop, Sunn Hemp [Crotalaria juncea L.], during summer fallow periods followed by chopping and turning the crop into soil before planting the next crop) was evaluated. Over 3.5 yr and production of four corn crops, groundwater monitoring indicated leaching of atrazine, DIA, and DEA, with DEA accounting for more than half of all residues in most samples. Predominance of DEA, which increased after the second atrazine application, was interpreted as an indication of rapid and extensive atrazine degradation in soil and indicated that an adapted community of atrazine degrading organisms had developed. A companion laboratory study found a sixfold increase in atrazine degradation rate in soil after three applications. Groundwater data also revealed that atrazine and degradates concentrations were significantly lower in samples collected beneath cover crop plots when compared with concentrations below fallow plots. Together, these findings demonstrated a relatively small although potentially significant risk for leaching of atrazine and its dealkylated degradates to groundwater and that the use of a cover crop like Sunn Hemp during summer months may be an effective mitigation measure.
Kombinatorische und Hochdurchsatz‐Techniken in der Materialforschung
Authors: Maier Wilhelm F. , Stöwe Klaus , Sieg Simone 
Published: July 2007

AbstractHochdurchsatztechniken zur Entdeckung, Entwicklung und Optimierung von Materialien und Katalysatoren gewinnen zunehmend an Akzeptanz in der Industrie. Über die Jahre ist eine relative, synchron verlaufende Entwicklung von Techniken zur parallelisierten Herstellung und Charakterisierung mit dazugehöriger Software und Informationstechnologien zu verzeichnen. Im vorliegenden Aufsatz wird versucht, einen umfassenden Überblick über den Stand der Technik an ausgewählten Beispielen zu vermitteln. Datenbanken, “Design of Experiment”, Data‐Mining‐Techniken, Modellierungstechniken und Entwicklung evolutionärer Strategien werden ebenso angesprochen wie die vielen komplexen Materialien, für deren Erforschung bereits geeignete Techniken entwickelt wurden. Unterschiedlichste Methoden zur parallelisierten Synthese führen zu Einzelsubstanz‐ oder Gradientenbibliotheken für elektronische und optische Materialien ebenso wie für Polymere und Katalysatoren oder anhand von Formulierungsstrategien erzeugten Produkten. Viele Beispiele illustrieren die unterschiedlichsten Insellösungen und dokumentieren eine bisher kaum wahrgenommene Vielfalt an neuen Verfahren für Synthese und Analyse nahezu beliebiger Materialien. Der Aufsatz endet mit einer Zusammenfassung literaturbekannter Erfolge und einer Abschätzung von noch vorhandenen Problemen und Zukunftsaufgaben.
Combinatorial and High‐Throughput Materials Science
Authors: Maier Wilhelm F. , Stöwe Klaus , Sieg Simone 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThere is increasing acceptance of high‐throughput technologies for the discovery, development, and optimization of materials and catalysts in industry. Over the years, the relative synchronous development of technologies for parallel synthesis and characterization has been accompanied by developments in associated software and information technologies. This Review aims to provide a comprehensive overview on the state of the art of the field by selected examples. Technologies developed to aid research on complex materials are covered as well as databases, design of experiment, data‐mining technologies, modeling approaches, and evolutionary strategies for development. Different methods for parallel synthesis provide single sample libraries, gradient libraries for electronic or optical materials, similar to polymers and catalysts, and products produced through formulation strategies. Many examples illustrate the variety of isolated solutions and document the barely recognized variety of new methods for the synthesis and analysis of almost any material. The Review ends with a summary of success stories and statements on still‐present problems and future tasks.
Growth and morphology of an endangered native freshwater fish, crucian carp Carassius carassius, in an English ornamental pond
Authors: Copp Gordon H. , Černý Jaroslav , Kováč Vladimír 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Crucian carp Carassius carassius, which is native to south‐east England, has received little previous study in Britain but is threatened by introductions of goldfish Carassius auratus through hybridization and by frequent mis‐identification of brown goldfish as crucian carp. The present study provides the first data on back‐calculated growth, morphology and age‐at‐maturity of crucian carp in Britain.
The youngest mature crucian were female (age 2+), the smallest mature crucian were male (age 3+), with almost all fish mature at age 3+. Sex dimorphism in back‐calculated standard length at age was not observed except at age 2+ (juveniles longest). Shifts in morphological characters often associated with maturation (dorsal and ventral fin length, dorsal and anal fin depth, pre‐dorsal distance, body width) were observed between ages 4+ and 7+, which (in contrast to the relatively abrupt shift in maturity) suggests that age and size at maturation may not reflect the size and age of active (i.e. real) spawning.
Back‐calculated standard lengths at age for crucian carp were intermediate relative to other European populations, indicating that environmental conditions in England appear to be well suited to the species despite being at the westernmost extent of the species' native European range. The management of ornamental ponds specifically for crucian carp is discussed.
© Crown copyright 2007. Reproduced with the permission of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Grouper aquaculture: Asian success and Mediterranean trials
Authors: Pierre Stéphanie , Gaillard Sandrine , Prévot‐D'Alvise Nathalie , Aubert Josiane , Rostaing‐Capaillon Odile , Leung‐Tack Daniel , Grillasca Joël‐P. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Grouper are of considerable economic value in tropical and subtropical regions and most particularly in south‐east Asia. Moreover, it is in Asia, where this fish is highly prized, that the grouper farming began in the 1980s.
The organoleptic qualities of the groupers are not the only characteristics to be appreciated; in culture, their robustness in heavily populated conditions, as well as their rapid growth at elevated temperatures makes them a good species for aquaculture. However, it is, above all, market demand that is outstripping the supply of fish, which is motivating the expansion of grouper aquaculture.
At the present time, aquaculture is unable to satisfy demand. The chronic shortage of broodstock means that the alevins, destined for aquaculture, are taken mainly from natural habitats with the aid of fish traps, nets and cyanide, thus contributing to the destruction of south‐east Asian reefs. Nevertheless, research is progressing and the number of species whose reproduction is totally controlled is increasing. It is in Taiwan that grouper aquaculture is at its most advanced with a total of five species being raised.
Aquaculture is divided into four stages, carried out by different farmers, allowing a more rapid turnover for each farmer and therefore a better financial return. On the other hand, in the Mediterranean at present time, there are no completely controlled grouper captive‐breeding programmes. The first attempts at controlled breeding have been carried out since 1995 in Italy, Croatia and Greece. However, farming groupers in captivity, and in particular the control of their reproduction, poses numerous problems.
Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The impact factor, total citations, and better citation mouse traps: A commentary
Authors: Bensman Stephen J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis communication comments upon the article “Measuring the Utility of Journals in the Crime‐Psychology Field: Beyond the Impact Factor” by Walters (2006), recently published in JASIST. Walters' article is utilized as a vehicle to demonstrate certain misconceptions and incorrect value judgments common to the literature on the impact factor, arising from a lack of understanding of this measure's role in the thought structure of its creator, Eugene Garfield, as well as of his utilization of this measure.
Adaptations in the structure and innervation of follicle‐sinus complexes to an aquatic environment as seen in the Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris)
Authors: Sarko Diana K. , Reep Roger L. , Mazurkiewicz Joseph E. , Rice Frank L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFlorida manatees are large‐bodied aquatic herbivores that use large tactile vibrissae for several purposes. Facial vibrissae are used to forage in a turbid water environment, and the largest perioral vibrissae can also grasp and manipulate objects. Other vibrissae distributed over the entire postfacial body appear to function as a lateral line system. All manatee vibrissae emanate from densely innervated follicle‐sinus complexes (FSCs) like those in other mammals, although proportionately larger commensurate with the caliber of the vibrissae. As revealed by immunofluorescence, all manatee FSCs have many types of C, Aδ and Aβ innervation including Merkel, club, and longitudinal lanceolate endings at the level of the ring sinus, but they lack other types such as reticular and spiny endings at the level of the cavernous sinus. As in non‐whisking terrestrial species, the inner conical bodies of facial FSCs are well innervated but lack Aβ‐fiber terminals. Importantly, manatee FSCs have two unique types of Aβ‐fiber endings. First, all of the FSCs have exceptionally large‐caliber axons that branch to terminate as novel, gigantic spindle‐like endings located at the upper ring sinus. Second, facial FSCs have smaller caliber Aβ fibers that terminate in the trabeculae of the cavernous sinus as an ending that resembles a Golgi tendon organ. In addition, the largest perioral vibrissae, which are used for grasping, have exceptionally well‐developed medullary cores that have a structure and dense small‐fiber innervation resembling that of tooth pulp. Other features of the epidermis and upper dermis structure and innervation differ from that seen in terrestrial mammals. J. Comp. Neurol. 504:217–237, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Targeting Abasic Sites in DNA by Aminoalkyl‐Substituted Carboxamidoacridizinium Derivatives and Acridizinium–Adenine Conjugates
Authors: Benner Katja , Granzhan Anton , Ihmels Heiko , Viola Giampietro 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTwo isomeric acridizinium–adenine conjugates, along with three model compounds (i.e. two 9‐(N‐alkylcarboxamido)acridizinium salts and one 9‐{N‐[(dimethylamino)alkyl]carboxamido}acridizinium salt) were prepared from the corresponding carboxyacridizinium salts. The interaction of these compounds with calf thymus DNA was studied by spectrophotometric and viscosimetric titrations, LD spectroscopy, and thermal DNA denaturation experiments. Both of the acridizinium–adenine conjugates and the N‐alkylcarboxamides intercalate into calf thymus DNA with moderate affinity [K ≈ 104 M–1 (DNA concentration in bp)]. In contrast, the N‐[3‐(dimethylamino)propyl]‐substituted carboxamide exhibits a significantly higher binding constant under identical conditions (K ≈ 105 M–1). The association of the acridizinium derivatives with abasic‐site containing DNA was assessed by thermal denaturation experiments with synthetic double‐stranded oligonucleotides, which contained one (TX) or no abasic site (TA). The acridizinium–adenine conjugates stabilize the DNA with the abasic position slightly more than they do the regular duplex, as indicated by the difference of the induced melting‐temperature shifts between the TX and TA duplexes (ΔΔTm ≈ 4 °C) at a ligand/DNA ratio r of 0.5. Most notably, a significantly more efficient stabilization (ΔΔTm = 9.6 °C) of the abasic duplex is achieved by theaminoalkyl derivative, namely 9‐{N‐[3‐(dimethylamino)propyl]carboxamido}acridizinium salt, which does not carry an adenine substituent. These results indicate that the design of abasic‐site‐targeting ligands must not necessarily involve the attachment of a nucleic acid base to the DNA intercalator.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
A nonradioactive method for detecting phosphates and polyphosphates separated by PAGE
Authors: Omelon Sidney , Grynpas Marc 
Published: July 2007

AbstractNonradioactive polyphosphate (poly(P); (PO3−)n) species resolved by PAGE can be detected by hydrolytic degradation of the polyphosphates into orthophosphates (Pi) with a 5 M HCl solution saturated with NaCl, followed by staining the Pi degradation products in a 1 M HCl solution of 0.25% w/v methyl green and 1% w/v ammonium molybdate. This method detects down to 0.5 nmol of phosphate as Pi, linear poly(P) (condensed phosphate), pyrophosphate (P2O74−), or cyclic trimetaphosphate ion (P3O9)3− species. This method improves the current method of staining linear poly(P) longer than four phosphate units with Toludine blue‐O after PAGE. This study also shows that Stains‐All can visualize resolved linear poly(P) shorter than those visualized by Toluidine blue‐O. It is hoped that this sequential hydrolytic degradation and phosphate visualization method for detecting ortho‐, linear, and cyclic poly(P) species will be a useful tool, as poly(P) are being discovered in a wide variety of biological systems, and their biochemical roles are still largely unknown.