bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Decreased Nasal Mucosal Sensitivity in Older Subjects
Authors: Wrobel Bozena B. , Bien Alexander G. , Holbrook Eric H. , Meyer George E. , Bratney Neil A. , Meza Jane , Leopold Donald A. 
Published: August 2006

Background The sensitivity of the human nasal cavity mucosa to touch is not well understood. The site of receptors and mode of action responsible for the sensation of the nasal airflow is a topic of controversy. Previous studies have suggested that the skin-lined nasal vestibule is more sensitive to airflow than the mucosa of the nasal cavity. A possible decline in nasal sensitivity to airflow in older subjects has not been studied. Methods The threshold of the mucosal sensitivity to jets of air was assessed in 76 subjects with healthy nasal cavities. A total of 141 nostrils were tested, 67 in younger patients and 74 in older patients. Results Statistically significant (p < 0.001) increases in thresholds were found for all points tested for older patients compared with the younger patients. In general, the more sensitive locations were in the nasal vestibule. The nasal cavity mucosa in the inferior meatus was slightly more sensitive than the middle meatus. Conclusion We have measured the threshold to touch (air jet sensitivity) in nine places in each of 141 nasal cavities and determined that the variability and sensitivity of these measurements among people varies by age and the distance from the nostril. Older subjects were found to have a higher threshold for the sensation of air flow, and the nasal vestibule was found to be more sensitive than the rest of the nasal cavity mucosa with the inferior meatus slightly more sensitive then the middle meatus.
Evaluation of Nasal Volume by Acoustic Rhinometry before and after Physical Exercise
Authors: Fonseca Marconi T. , Voegels Richard L. , Pinto Kelerson M. C. 
Published: August 2006

Background The nasal structures generate airflow resistance that can reach ∼50% of the total respiratory resistance. There are a series of factors that can alter the volume of these structures, among them physical exercise. The objective of this study was to determine the degree of changes in nasal volume at different levels of physical exercise, evaluating the influence of exercise intensity and duration, as well as the duration of the effect of exercise on the nasal mucosa. Methods Nineteen individuals were submitted to three distinct physical tests on a cycle ergometer: test 1, exercising for 5 minutes on a cycle ergometer at 50% the maximal load; test 2, exercising for 10 minutes on a cycle ergometer at 50% the maximal load; and test 3, exercising for 5 minutes on a cycle ergometer at 75% the maximal load. In each test, nasal volume was measured by acoustic rhinometry immediately after the end of exercise and 10 and 20 minutes thereafter. Results The rhinometry results showed a significant increase (p < 0.001) in nasal volume after physical exercise for all tests performed. At 20 minutes, nasal volume had returned close to resting levels in all three tests. Comparison of the degree of improvement of nasal volume between the three physical tests showed a significant difference (p < 0.05) between T1 and T2 (T2 presented gain of 8.3% more in nasal volume than T1). Test 3 showed no significant difference (p > 0.05) compared with the other two tests, with 5.8% higher gain in nasal volume observed compared with T1, while the increase was 2.5% lower than in T2. Conclusion Physical exercise in general causes a significant increase in nasal volume, with the duration of exercise exerting a greater effect on the degree of improvement than intensity.
Increased Expression of Acidic Mammalian Chitinase in Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps
Authors: Ramanathan Murugappan , Lee Won-Kyung , Lane Andrew P. 
Published: August 2006

Background Chitin is an abundant polysaccharide found in fungi, insects, and parasitic nematodes. Innate immune host defense against chitin-containing pathogens include production of chitinases. In human lower airways, acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase) is produced in epithelial cells via a Th2-specific, IL-13–dependent pathway, and may act as an inflammatory mediator in asthma. The role of AMCase in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) has not been studied previously. Methods Eleven controls and 22 subjects with medically recalcitrant CRS were prospectively enrolled before undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery. RNA was extracted from surgically obtained ethmoid mucosa, and real-time PCR was used to determine expression of AMCase, eotaxin, and IL-13. Subjects were followed for at least 6 months postoperatively to assess for polyp recurrence. Based on the presence or absence of polyps, the subjects were classified as either recalcitrant or responsive to therapy. Results AMCase mRNA was detected in the sinus mucosa of 72% of control subjects and in 72% of patients with eosinophilic CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). The expression of AMCase was significantly greater in recalcitrant CRSwNP than it was in treatment-responsive CRSwNP. There was no significant difference in IL-13 expression between these two groups. Conclusion AMCase may be an important mediator in the pathogenesis of Th2 inflammatory diseases of the respiratory tract. Failure of medical and surgical therapy in CRSwNP is associated with significantly increased expression of AMCase, but not the Th2 cytokines IL-13 and eotaxin. Additional studies are needed to determine the potential of AMCase as a therapeutic target in CRSwNP.
Altered Sinonasal Ciliary Dynamics in Chronic Rhinosinusitis
Authors: Chen Bei , Shaari Jeffrey , Claire Steven Eau , Palmer James N. , Chiu Alexander G. , Kennedy David W. , Cohen Noam A. 
Published: August 2006

Background Although multiple etiologies contribute to the development of rhinosinusitis, a common pathophysiological sequelae is ineffective sinonasal mucociliary clearance, resulting in stasis of sinonasal secretions, with subsequent infection, and persistent inflammation. The respiratory cilia beat continually at a basal rate, while during times of stress, such as exercise or infection, ciliary beat frequency (CBF) increases, accelerating mucus clearance. Previous investigations have led to conflicting results with some authors reporting decreased CBF while others have found normal values of CBF in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Additionally, these studies have only analyzed basal CBF. The goal of this study was to compare the basal as well as the stimulated sinonasal CBF in patients with CRS versus controls. Methods A dual temperature controlled perfusion chamber, differential interference contrast microscopy, and high-speed digital video were used to analyze both basal and adenosine triphosphate (100 μM)–stimulated CBF in human sinonasal mucosal explants. Results Although no difference in basal CBF was detected between control and CRS patients, a marked difference in stimulated CBF was noted. Exogenously applied adenosine triphosphate resulted in a 50–70% increase of CBF in control tissue with a minimally observed CBF increase in explants from CRS patients. Conclusion Dynamic regulation of respiratory ciliary activity is critical for the respiratory epithelium to adapt to varying environmental situations. Thus, diminished or absent adaptation could predispose the sinonasal cavity to accumulation of inhaled infectious and noxious particulate matter resulting in infection/inflammation. Our findings suggest that CRS patients have decreased sinonasal ciliary adaptation to environmental stimuli.
Correlation between Fiberoptic Nasal Endoscopy and Acoustic Rhinometry in Adults without Nasal Complaints
Authors: Ouriques Débora Mery , Carlini Daniela , Fujita Reginaldo , Pignatari Shirley Shizue Nagata , Weckx Luc Louis Maurice 
Published: August 2006

Background Acoustic rhinometry indirectly calculates cross-sectional areas of the nose at various locations from the nostrils and the total volume of the nasal cavity. These parameters are calculated from an area-distance curve displayed by the device. Methods Seventy-seven adults between the ages of 20 and 40 years who had no nasal complaints were examined by acoustic rhinometry and fiberoptic nasal endoscopy in an attempt to compare and correlate areas of nasal narrowing detected by these two methods. Results The comparison between the distances to the various narrowed areas revealed a statistically significant correlation between the first three constrictions detected by acoustic rhinometry and the first three areas of anatomic narrowing measured by fiberoptic nasal endoscopy in both nares but no correlation between the fourth constriction and the fourth measurement on either side. Conclusion The results confirm an anatomic correlation between the two examination methods, identifying the first constriction as the nasal valve, the second constriction as the head of the inferior nasal turbinate, and the third constriction as the head of the middle turbinate. The fourth constriction did not correspond to the choanal region.
Outcome of Endoscopic Sinus Surgery in Children with Allergic Rhinitis
Authors: Ramadan Hassan H. , Hinerman Raymond A. 
Published: August 2006

Background Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a morbid condition in children with chronic rhinosinusitis. The study goal was to determine whether children with AR who are undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) will have a poor outcome. Methods The study population consisted of141 patients who underwent ESS between January 1994 and December 2002. The outcome of ESS was measured at least 1 year after the operation. Results The overall success rate was 80%. Children with an allergy had 77% success rate compared with children with no allergy who had an 84% success rate (p = 0.25). Children with AR who were on treatment before surgery had an 84% success rate compared with 62% for those children with AR but were not treated (p = 0.022). Conclusion ESS in children with AR does not have a poorer outcome. Treatment of the allergy before surgery may improve the success of ESS.
Changes in Nasal Resonance after Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery
Authors: Jiang Rong-San , Huang Hui-Tsu 
Published: August 2006

Background Hyponasality may be present in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis because of decreased resonance of nasal cavities. Nasalance is a parameter of nasality measured by a nasometer. This study investigated the influence of functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) on nasalance and determined the correlation of the nasalance change with nasal volume change. Methods When patients with chronic rhinosinusitis underwent FESS, nasalance was measured by nasometry and nasal volume was measured by acoustic rhinometry before and at least 6 months after surgery. Results There were 81 eligible patients enrolled in the study. Nasalance scores and nasal volumes were significantly increased after FESS. The increased nasalance value was moderately correlated with the increased midnasal and postnasal volumes. The correlation between postoperative changes in nasalance scores and nasal volumes was more remarkable in patients without nasal polyps than in those with nasal polyps and it was also higher in patients with allergic rhinitis than in those without allergic rhinitis. Conclusion This study showed that the FESS effectively increased nasalance scores and nasal volumes in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis, but the increase in nasalance scores did not appear to be achieved largely through the increased nasal volumes.
Image Guidance: A Survey of Attitudes and Use
Authors: Orlandi Richard R. , Petersen Everett 
Published: August 2006

Background The aim of this study was to determine access to, usage of, and attitudes toward image guidance in endoscopic sinus and anterior skull base surgery. Methods We performed a survey of American Rhinologic Society members. Results Of 1050 surveys mailed, 340 (32.4%) were returned and scored. Image guidance was available to 86% of respondents. Eighteen percent of respondents did not use image guidance in any cases, and 25% used it in up to 10% of cases. Eight percent of respondents used image guidance in >90% of cases. Respondents felt the primary indication for this technology is in revision or advanced cases. Seventy percent of respondents felt image guidance was not typically indicated for a primary total ethmoidectomy and >90% of respondents felt it was either a relative or absolute indication for revision frontal sinus exploration, modified Lothrop procedure, or closure of cerebrospinal fluid leak. Attitudes of the respondents did not vary by year of residency completion or by the use of image guidance during residency. Current access to image guidance was associated with a higher likelihood of feeling it was indicated. Conclusion The majority of respondents had access to image guidance. Many feel it is a relative or absolute indication for revision and advanced endoscopic sinus and skull base procedures. A very small minority used this technology in all cases. The results of this survey reflect the opinion of the respondents. They do not necessarily reflect the views of the American Rhinologic Society or of practicing otolaryngologists in general.
Pattern of Inflammation and Impact of Staphylococcus Aureus Enterotoxins in Nasal Polyps from Southern China
Authors: Zhang Nan , Holtappels Gabriele , Claeys Cindy , Huang Ganquan , van Cauwenberge Paul , Bachert Claus 
Published: August 2006

Background This study analyzes the impact of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins (SAEs) and the inflammatory pattern in polyps from China. Methods Nasal tissue was obtained from 27 consecutive bilateral nasal polyps and 15 control patients and assayed for eotaxin, interleukin-5, soluble interleukin-2 receptor, transforming growth factor (TGF) β1, myeloperoxidase, eosinophil cationic protein, total IgE, and specific IgE to SAEs. Activated eosinophils were stained using EG2 antibodies in polyps from Chinese and comparative white patients. Results The number of EG2+ eosinophils was significantly lower in polyps from Chinese patients versus white patients. Chinese polyps showed significantly increased IgE and soluble interleukin-2 receptor versus control samples, whereas TGF-β1 was significantly decreased. Ten of 27 samples in the polyp group versus 0 of 15 controls contained SAE-IgE (p < 0.01). TGF-β1 was significantly down-regulated in SAE+ samples versus SAE- samples (p = 0.04). Conclusion Nasal polyps from China are characterized by B- and T-cell activation, a minor eosinophilic inflammation compared with polyps from white subjects, and a decrease in TGF-β1 in comparison with control inferior turbinate tissue. One-third of patients with polyps showed an IgE response to SAEs.
Endoscopic Sinus Surgery for the Treatment of Vascular Tumors
Authors: Sciarretta Vittorio , Pasquini Ernesto , Farneti Giovanni , Frank Giorgio , Mazzatenta Diego , Calbucci Fabio 
Published: August 2006

Background This study points out the effectiveness of the endoscopic approach for the treatment of vascular lesions such as angiofibroma, hemangioma, and hemangiopericytoma involving the nose and paranasal sinuses. Methods We performed a retrospective study at an academic tertiary referral center. Thirteen patients, diagnosed with vascular tumors of the nose and paranasal sinuses were treated endoscopically between February 1996 and July 2003. All patients underwent endonasal endoscopic surgery. Preoperative angiography with embolization was performed in all but two cases. Results The follow-up of this series varied from 6 to 75 months (mean, 23 months); only one recurrence (8%) was observed in the juvenile angiofibroma group encountered 20 months postoperatively. This recurrence was again treated endoscopically. The average intraoperative blood loss for the removal of the juvenile angiofibroma group was 300 mL and it was 100 mL for the other vascular tumors. Conclusion Endoscopic treatment alone is an effective approach for the removal of selected cases of vascular tumors. Even in the presence of a lesion with limited intracranial extension, the tumor still may be amenable to an endoscopic approach alone. On the contrary, this is not true if the intracranial extension receives feeding vessels from the internal carotid arterial system.
Inflammatory Pathway Gene Expression in Chronic Rhinosinusitis
Authors: Anand Vijay K. , Kacker Ashutosh , Orjuela Andres F. , Huang Clark , Manarey Casey , Xiang Jenny 
Published: August 2006

Background The main objective in this preliminary experiment was to compare gene expression in the sinus mucosa of patients with chronic hyperplastic rhinosinusitis (CRS) against normal subjects, using gene microarray technology. The specific aim was to examine alterations in inflammatory mediator expression in patients with CRS. We performed a prospective experimental study. Methods Total RNA samples were obtained from the sinus mucosa biopsies of 14 patients with chronic hyperplastic sinusitis and 4 normal controls, using the Affymetrix recommended protocol. The data for 22,000 genes on the GeneChip U133A were generated from 18 hybridizations. Affymetrix GeneChip 5.0 was used as the image acquisition software for the U133A chips. Data normalization, log transformation, statistical analysis, and pattern study were performed with GeneSpring software. Comparison between patients with CRS and normal controls were performed using the Welch t-test, with log transformed data. Results There were a total of 1283 genes scored as differentially expressed between groups. The value of p, the probability of a false positive, was set to <0.05. Hierarchical clustering was applied to study coexpression patterns of the 1283 significant genes. The inflammatory pathway was overlaid with the differential expressed gene list. Four genes involved in the inflammatory pathway, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-12A, IL-13, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α (2) were consistently overexpressed in patients with hyperplastic CRS. Conclusion There is overexpression of four major genes of the inflammatory pathway (IL-6, IL-12A, IL-13, and TNF-α (2)) in patients with CRS compared with the normal population. Defining gene expression profiles may help elucidate new key factors in the pathogenesis of CRS and perhaps aid in the development of new therapeutic modalities.
Surgical Management of Lesions of the Sphenoid Lateral Recess
Authors: Tami Thomas A. 
Published: August 2006

Background Pneumatization of the sphenoid sinus occasionally includes an extensive lateral recess creating an area beneath the temporal lobe that is relatively inaccessible to surgical intervention. Pathology in this anatomic location presents special surgical and therapeutic challenges. Recently, several authors have described the endoscopic transpterygopalatine fossa approach to this anatomic region. This approach is associated with minimal morbidity while providing direct endoscopic surgical access for managing a variety of disease processes in this region. Methods This study presents eight cases requiring this approach or a modification of this approach. Six patients presented with temporal lobe meningoencephaloceles with cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea. Each case was managed successfully through this surgical approach. Results One patient experienced transient postoperative palatal anesthesia due to injury to the greater palatine nerve and another complained of ipsilateral dry eye postoperatively. Two other patients had neoplasms (inverting papilloma and chondrosarcoma), which were successfully addressed through this technique. There were no postoperative complications in these patients. Conclusion We have previously described the relationships of neural and vascular structures in this anatomic region. This article will review these relationships as they pertain to this surgical approach and will discuss the indications, techniques, and surgical outcomes in this series of patients. This approach is a valuable addition to the endoscopic armamentarium of the experienced endoscopic surgeon.
Epidermoids of the Paranasal Sinuses and Beyond: Endoscopic Management
Authors: Chandra Rakesh K. , Palmer James N. 
Published: August 2006

Background Epidermoid tumors of the craniofacial skeleton are uncommon, with the exception of acquired cholesteatoma of the temporal bone. These lesions may be primary embryologic in origin or, less frequently, may be iatrogenic or posttraumatic. Methods We report three cases of unusually encountered epidermoids, all of which were managed by endoscopic marsupialization via paranasal sinus approaches. We also review the pathophysiology and clinical presentation of these rare entities. Results The first patient is a 60-year-old man with a congenital epidermoid of the petrous apex removed via an endoscopic transsphenoid approach assisted by image-guided surgical navigation with CT/MRA merge. The second case is a 48-year-old woman with a history of trauma found to have a mass in the pterygopalatine space. An endoscopic transmaxillary approach was used to ligate the internal maxillary artery and marsupialize the cyst into the maxillary sinus. The third patient is a 22-year-old woman with a supraorbital ethmoid epidermoid tumor discovered intraoperatively during surgery for a presumed mucocele. This patient also had a known history of trauma. The cyst was marsupialized into the adjacent frontal sinus. Image-guided surgical navigation using CT was performed in the latter two cases. All patients are free of recurrence with follow-up ranging from 14 to 26 months. Conclusion With advancements in endoscopic techniques, including the use of image guidance, many of these relatively uncommon lesions can be managed by minimally invasive approaches via the paranasal sinuses.
Single‐Cell Sequencing Reveals MYOF‐Enriched Monocyte/Macrophage Subcluster as a Favorable Prognostic Factor in Sepsis
Authors: Zhang Yi‐Fan , Yi Zhu‐Jun , Zhang Wen‐Feng , Yang Lian , Qi Feng , Yu Ting , Zhu Zhu , Li Ming‐Jie , Cheng Yao , Zhao Lei , Gong Jian‐Ping , Li Pei‐Zhi 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThis research utilized single‐cell RNA sequencing to map the immune cell landscape in sepsis, revealing 28 distinct cell clusters and categorizing them into nine major types. Delving into the monocyte/macrophage subclusters, 12 unique subclusters are identified and pathway enrichment analyses are conducted using KEGG and GO, discovering enriched pathways such as oxidative phosphorylation and antigen processing. Further GSVA and AUCell assessments show varied activation of interferon pathways, especially in subclusters 4 and 11. The clinical correlation analysis reveals genes significantly linked to survival outcomes. Additionally, cellular differentiation in these subclusters is explored. Building on these insights, the differential gene expression within these subclusters is specifically scrutinized, which reveal MYOF as a key gene with elevated expression levels in the survivor group. This finding is further supported by in‐depth pathway enrichment analysis and the examination of cellular differentiation trajectories, where MYOF's role became evident in the context of immune response regulation and sepsis progression. Validating the role of the MYOF gene in sepsis, a dose‐dependent response to LPS in THP‐1 cells and C57 mice is observed. Finally, inter‐cellular communications are analyzed, particularly focusing on the MYOF+Mono/Macro subcluster, which indicates a pivotal role in immune regulation and potential therapeutic targeting.