bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chitosan stuffs atmospheric freeze‐drying kinetics
Authors: Stawczyk Jan , Li Sheng , Modrzejewska Zofia 
Published: August 2007

AbstractAtmospheric freeze drying (AFD) is a solution that combines the advantages of both freeze drying (high product quality) and convective heat pump drying (lower process costs). A computer controlled atmospheric freeze dryer was designed, built and tested in the Department of Heat and Mass Transfer, Technical University of Łódź. The effect of AFD kinetics of chitosan membrane and white and brown chitosan granules have been investigated, and the classical constant and falling drying rate periods were determined at different process temperatures. Drying process was controlled by surface ice sublimation during the overall process. The surface structure was studied via atomic force microscopy and the structural characteristics of chitosan membrane; volume and surface area of micropores and mesopores were compared with the results of vacuum freeze drying and convective drying. Copyright © 2007 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Carbamoyl ethylation of starch for enhancing the adhesion capacity to fibers
Authors: Zhu Zhifeng , Chen Peihua 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe influence of starch carbamoylethylation upon the adhesion capability of starch to pure cotton, all polyester, and polyester/cotton blend fiber substrates were investigated. The carbamoylethyl starch was prepared by the reaction of starch with acrylamide in an aqueous dispersion. The capability was evaluated in terms of the maximum strength and work‐to‐break of a roving impregnated with the starch pastes. The mechanical behaviors of the adhesive layers were estimated through a method by casting starch films and then by measuring their behaviors under controlled condition. It was found that the carbamoylethylation is an effective means for enhancing the adhesion of starch to fibers. No matter what type of the fibers is used, the adhesion capability obviously enhances compared with those of unmodified starch, even if the degree of substitution is at a very low level. The capacity increases steadily as the modification extent increases. Moreover, the experimental results are also discussed and analyzed especially through the failure type, internal stress, stress concentration, and mechanical behaviors of the adhesive layers among fibers. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Binding of several heavy metal ions by polyaspartyl polymers and their application to some Chinese herbal medicines
Authors: Sun Bo , Mi Zhen‐Tao , An Gang , Liu Guozhu 
Published: August 2007

AbstractWater‐insoluble polyaspartyl polymers were synthesized by using water as medium instead of organic medium. Taking Ca2+ as a reference, the binding of several heavy‐metal ions, including Pb2+, Cd2+, Hg2+, Cr3+, Cu2+, and Mn2+, by polyaspartyl polymers was studied. The experimental results revealed that polyaspartate is an excellent binding agent for the investigated heavy‐metal ions. These cation ions were bound to polyaspartate polymer by the same mechanism as Pb2+, which can be explained by ion exchange model. Since polyaspartate has a protein‐resembling structure that is sensitive to trace heavy metal, it was used to remove some trace heavy‐metal elements in Chinese herbal medicines. It was found that polyaspartate material was an effective agent for the removal of Pb2+, Cd2+, and Hg2+ ions from glycyrrhizin, angelica, and gynostemma pentaphyllum. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Synthesis and characterization of resol‐layered silicate nanocomposites
Authors: López M. , Blanco M. , Ramos J. A. , Vazquez A. , Gabilondo N. , del Val J. J. , Echeverría J. M. , Mondragon I. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractResol‐layered silicate nanocomposites were synthesized by intercalative polymerization of phenol and formaldehyde using layered clays such as an aminoacid‐modified montmorillonite (MMT) and a commercial modified MMT (Cloisite 30B). The composites were prepared by a sequential process in which one of the reactives of the phenolic resin was reacted with the organosilicate and subsequently cured with triethylamine. The nanocomposites were studied by means of X‐ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. Results show a strong clay composition dependence on the intercalation state. The composite of resol with 2 wt % aminoacid‐modified MMT content has the best dispersion of clay layers. Thermal stability of nanocomposites was slightly increased in comparison with the neat resol. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Heat‐Capacity Changes in Host–Guest Complexation by Coulomb Interactions in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Kano Koji , Ishida Yoshiyuki , Kitagawa Kohei , Yasuda Mayuko , Watanabe Maki 
Published: August 2007

AbstractHeat‐capacity changes (ΔCp0) were determined for the complexation of 1‐alkanecarboxylates with protonated hexakis(6‐amino‐6‐deoxy)‐α‐cyclodextrin (per‐NH3+‐α‐CD) and heptakis(6‐amino‐6‐deoxy)‐β‐cyclodextrin (per‐NH3+‐β‐CD). ΔCp0 decreased with an increase in the binding constant (K) and plateaued at K=4000 M−1. The complexes of 1‐pentanoate, 1‐hexanoate, and 1‐heptanoate with per‐NH3+‐α‐CD are classified as the host–guest system in which the size of the guest fits the CD cavity well. In such a system, van der Waals interaction is the major force for complexation, leading to a negative ΔH0 value. Simultaneously, the water molecules around the hydrophobic alkyl chain of the guest and inside the CD cavity are released to the aqueous bulk phase, leading to a positive ΔS0 value. The negative ΔCp0 value in such complexation is ascribed to dehydration of the hydrophobic alkyl chain of the guest and extrusion of the water molecules inside the CD cavity. Meanwhile, the complexes that show positive ΔCp0 values are characterized by complexation in which the guest molecules are significantly smaller than the CD cavities. In such a case, the complexation is endothermic and driven by the entropy gain. When the guest is much smaller than the CD cavity, the main binding force should be Coulomb interaction. To form an ionic bond, dehydration of the charged groups must occur. This process is endothermic and leads to positive ΔH0 and ΔS0 values. As the top of the CD cavity is capped by a small but hydrophobic alkyl chain, the water molecules inside the CD cavity may form the iceberg structure. This process must be accompanied by a positive ΔCp0 value. Hence, the complexation of a small guest with the CD with a large cavity through Coulomb interactions shows positive and large ΔCp0 values. These conclusions were applied to the electrostatic binding of proteins with an anionic ligand.
Cascade Triple‐Aldehyde Addition of 1,2,3,4‐Tetrakis(pinacolatoboryl)but‐ 2‐ene: Stereoselective Synthesis of 2,3‐Bis(alkylidene)alkane‐1,5‐diols
Authors: Shimizu Masaki , Shimono Katsuhiro , Hiyama Tamejiro 
Published: August 2007

AbstractTreatment of (Z)‐1,2,3,4‐tetrakis(pinacolatoboryl)but‐2‐ene, prepared from 2,3‐bis(pinacolatoboryl)buta‐1,3‐diene and bis(pinacolato)diboron, with three molar equivalents of aldehyde in toluene at 100 °C gave the 2,3‐bis(alkylidene)alkane‐1,5‐anti‐diol as a single stereoisomer. The reaction is applicable to both aromatic and α‐unbranched aliphatic aldehydes. The 1,5‐anti‐diols were also synthesized by the one‐pot preparation/triple‐aldehyde addition of the tetraborylated butene. Experimental results for the stepwise treatment of the butene with two types of aldehydes suggest that the rate‐determining step of the triple‐aldehyde addition is the third allylation.
Stability of the Hydrogen Trioxy Radical via Infrared Action Spectroscopy.
Authors: Murray Craig , Derro Erika L. , Sechler Timothy D. , Lester Marsha I. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Rietveld Refinement of the LnNi4B Compounds (Ln: Gd, Tb, Er).
Authors: Salamakha P. S. , Sologub O. L. , Hester J. R. , Rizzoli C. , Goncalves A. P. , Almeida M. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Phase Relationships of the La—Ni—Mg System at 500 °C from 66.7 to 100 at.% Ni.
Authors: De Negri S. , Giovannini M. , Saccone A. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Microwave Synthesis of Spherical Li[Ni0.4Co0.2Mn0.4]O2 Powders as a Positive Electrode Material for Lithium Batteries.
Authors: Lee Ki‐Soo , Myung Seung‐Taek , Sun Yang‐Kook 
Published: August 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Metal‐Oxide‐Based Nucleation Process under Confined Conditions: Two Mixed‐Valence V6‐Type Aggregates Closing the W48 Wheel‐Type Cluster Cavities.
Authors: Mueller Achim , Pope Michael T. , Todea Ana Maria , Boegge Hartmut , van Slageren Joris , Dressel Martin , Gouzerh Pierre , Thouvenot Rene , Tsukerblat Boris , Bell Aidan 
Published: August 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Merrifield Resin—C6H4CH2N3P (MeNCH2CH2)3N: An Efficient Reusable Catalyst for Room‐Temperature 1,4‐Addition Reactions and a More Convenient Synthesis of Its Precursor P(MeNCH2CH2)3N.
Authors: Venkat Reddy Chinta Reddy , Verkade John G. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Green and Chemoselective Oxidation of Sulfides with Sodium Perborate and Sodium Percarbonate: Nucleophilic and Electrophilic Character of the Oxidation System.
Authors: Gomez M. Victoria , Caballero Ruben , Vazquez Ester , Moreno Andres , de la Hoz Antonio , Diaz‐Ortiz Angel 
Published: August 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Water‐Soluble Arene Ruthenium Catalysts Containing Sulfonated Diamine Ligands for Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of α‐Aryl Ketones and Imines in Aqueous Solution.
Authors: Canivet Jerome , Suess‐Fink Georg 
Published: August 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Radical Transfer Hydroamination with Aminated Cyclohexadienes Using Polarity Reversal Catalysis: Scope and Limitations.
Authors: Guin Joyram , Mueck‐Lichtenfeld Christian , Grimme Stefan , Studer Armido 
Published: August 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Copper‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Aryl Azides and 1‐Aryl‐1,2,3‐triazoles from Boronic Acids.
Authors: Tao Chuan‐Zhou , Cui Xin , Li Juan , Liu Ai‐Xiang , Liu Lei , Guo Qing‐Xiang 
Published: August 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Regio‐ and Diastereoselective Decarboxylative Coupling of Heteroaromatic Alkanes.
Authors: Waetzig Shelli R. , Tunge Jon A. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Carbonylative Suzuki—Miyaura Coupling Reaction of Lactam‐, Lactone‐, and Thiolactone‐Derived Enol Triflates for the Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Dienones.
Authors: Bartali Laura , Guarna Antonio , Larini Paolo , Occhiato Ernesto G. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Stereoselective Synthesis of Enantioenriched Acetylenic 1,2‐Amino Alcohols.
Authors: Chemla Fabrice , Ferreira Franck , Gaucher Xavier , Palais Laetitia 
Published: August 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Diastereoselective Coupling of Propargylic Oxiranes with Terminal Alkynes.
Authors: Yoshida Masahiro , Hayashi Maiko , Shishido Kozo 
Published: August 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Activation of Mononuclear Arene Ruthenium Complexes for Catalytic Propargylation Directly with Propargyl Alcohols.
Authors: Bustelo Emilio , Dixneuf Pierre H. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Syntheses of 1,2‐Amino Alcohols and Their Applications for Oxazaborolidine‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Reduction of Aromatic Ketones.
Authors: Vatmurge Namdev S. , Hazra Braja G. , Pore Vandana S. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Air‐Accelerated Enantioselective Hydrosilylation of Ketones Catalyzed by Copper(I) Fluoride—Diphosphine Complexes: Investigations of the Effects of Temperature and Ligand Structure.
Authors: Mostefai Naouel , Sirol Sabine , Courmarcel James , Riant Olivier 
Published: August 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Aryl Ketones Mediated by a Copper Catalyst.
Authors: Shimizu Hideo , Igarashi Daisuke , Kuriyama Wataru , Yusa Yukinori , Sayo Noboru , Saito Takao 
Published: August 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Reliable, High‐Yielding Preparation of 2,6‐Dimethyl‐4‐hydroxybenzaldehyde.
Authors: Coppola Gary M. , Gong Yongjin 
Published: August 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Nucleophilic Acylation of o‐Quinone Methides: An Umpolung Strategy for the Synthesis of α‐Aryl Ketones and Benzofurans.
Authors: Mattson Anita E. , Scheidt Karl A. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Functionalization of Baylis—Hillman Bromides with Symmetric and Asymmetric Bifunctional Aromatics.
Authors: Zulykama Yusuf , Perumal Paramasivan T. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
An Efficient Synthesis of Amides and Esters via Triacyloxyboranes.
Authors: Huang Zhongping , Reilly John E. , Buckle Ronald N. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Convenient Procedure for the Preparation of Sulfonamidoureas Using Triphosgene.
Authors: Safaei‐Ghomi Javad , Bamoniri Abdolhamid , Abbaszadeh‐Nooshabady Aboalfazl 
Published: August 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Reductase‐Mimicking Thiourea Organocatalyst Incorporating a Covalently Bound NADH Analogue: Efficient 1,2‐Diketone Reduction with in situ Prosthetic Group Generation and Recycling.
Authors: Procuranti Barbara , Connon Stephen J. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Polymer‐Supported Chiral Monodentate Phosphoramidites in Palladium‐Catalyzed Allylic Alkylation Reactions.
Authors: Jiang Zhi‐Dong , Meng Zhao‐Hai 
Published: August 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Formal [4 + 2] Cycloaddition of o‐Xylylenes with Olefins.
Authors: Kuwano Ryoichi , Shige Takenori 
Published: August 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
An Aryl to Imidoyl Palladium Migration Process Involving Intramolecular C—H Activation.
Authors: Zhao Jian , Yue Dawei , Campo Marino A. , Larock Richard C. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Arylation of Electron‐Rich Heterocycles with Aryl Chlorides.
Authors: Chiong Hendrich , Daugulis Olafs 
Published: August 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Bi‐ and Tricyclic β‐Lactam Libraries in Aqueous Medium.
Authors: Kanizsai Ivan , Gyonfalvi Szilvia , Szakonyi Zsolt , Sillanpaeae Reijo , Fueloep Ferenc 
Published: August 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Antiparasitic Evaluation of Bis‐2,5‐[4‐guanidinophenyl]thiophenes.
Authors: Gonzalez Jose L. , Stephens Chad E. , Wenzler Tanja , Brun Reto , Tanious Farial A. , Wilson W. David , Barszcz Todd , Werbovetz Karl A. , Boykin David W. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A New Approach to the Synthesis of 1,2,3,5‐Tetrasubstituted Pyrroles.
Authors: Vizer S. A. , Dedeshko E. H. , Yerzhanov K. B. , Dembitsky V. M. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Single Electron Transfer Induced Photoaddition Reactions of Silyl Enol Ether to N‐Methylphthalimide.
Authors: Oh Sun Wha , Kim Jin Young , Cho Dae Won , Choi Jung Hei , Yoon Ung Chan 
Published: August 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Stereoselective Synthesis of N‐Unsubstituted Pyrazolidines from 3‐Nitro‐2‐trichloromethyl‐2H‐chromenes and Hydrazine Hydrate.
Authors: Korotaev Vladislav Yu. , Kutyashev Igor B. , Sosnovskikh Vyacheslav Ya. , Kodess Mikhail I. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Facile Synthesis of 4‐Substituted 3‐exo‐Methylenechroman Derivatives via Radical Cyclization Starting from Salicylaldehydes.
Authors: Gowrisankar Saravanan , Lee Ka Young , Kim Jae Nyoung 
Published: August 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Sequential Alkylation/Heterocyclization of β‐(2‐Aminophenyl)‐α,β‐ynones Promoted by Electrogenerated Carbanions: A New Approach to Functionalized 4‐Alkylquinolines.
Authors: Arcadi Antonio , Bianchi Gabriele , Inesi Achille , Marinelli Fabio , Rossi Leucio 
Published: August 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Cross‐Recyclization of 4‐Aryl‐2,6‐diamino‐4H‐thiopyran‐3,5‐dicarbonitriles with 1‐Morpholino‐1‐cyclopentene: New Route to 4‐Aryl‐2‐thioxo‐2,5,6,7‐tetrahydro‐1H‐[1]pyrindine‐3‐carbonitriles (III) and Their Derivatives (V), (VII).
Authors: Dyachenko V. D. , Dyachenko A. D. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Direct Access to Various 1‐Substituted‐imidazo[1,5‐a]pyridine‐3(2H)‐thione Derivatives.
Authors: Kim Ikyon , Lee Ge Hyeoung , No Zae Sung 
Published: August 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Reactions of α‐Aminoazoles with Diethyl Benzylidenemalonate.
Authors: Lipson V. V. , Karnozhitskaya T. M. , Desenko S. M. , Shishkina S. V. , Shishkin O. E. , Musatov V. I. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Reaction of 3‐Oxo‐3‐R1‐N‐R2‐propanethioamides with 2‐Amino‐5‐R‐pyridines.
Authors: Britsun V. N. , Borisevich A. N. , Pirozhenko V. B. , Lozinskii M. O. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Efficient One‐Pot Synthesis of Enantiomerically Pure 2‐(Hydroxymethyl)morpholines.
Authors: Breuning Matthias , Winnacker Malte , Steiner Melanie 
Published: August 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.