bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tactile-Evoked Potentials in Schizophrenia
Authors: Tress Kathleen H. , Caudrey David J. , Mehta Bharat 
Published: August 2008

SummaryEEG potentials evoked by tactile stimulation of the forearm (tactile-evoked potentials or TEPs) were recorded simultaneously from both cerebral hemispheres in a group of schizophrenics and a group of healthy control subjects. Differences between the groups were found for the early waves of the TEPs: in the control subjects the first two positive waves (P25 and P50) and the first negative wave (N35) recorded from the hemisphere on the same side as the stimulation were slower (i.e. had longer latency) than those recorded from the hemisphere contralateral to the stimulation. This lateralization effect’ was not seen in the schizophrenic subjects. It was concluded that the TEPs recorded from the hemisphere ipsilateral to the stimulus were not being transmitted from the other hemisphere via the corpus callosum and must therefore have been transmitted via direct ipsilateral pathways from the periphery.In a second experiment the drug pindolol was administered to schizophrenic subjects but differences in P50 latency between ipsilateral and contralateral hemispheres were found equally in both drug and placebo groups. We also found slight evidence to suggest that the more severely ill the patient the more similar the TEP latencies recorded from the contralateral and the ipsilateral hemispheres.
A Controlled Comparison of the Effects of Social Skills Training and Remedial Drama on the Conversational Skills of Chronic Schizophrenic Inpatients
Authors: Spencer P. G. , Gillespie C. R. , Ekisa E. G. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThis study compared the effects of social-skills training, remedial drama and group discussion on the conversation skills of chronic schizophrenic patients. After 16 one-hour treatment sessions only the social-skills training resulted in significant improvement, which was maintained at two-month follow-up. Although there was little evidence to support generalisation, the results are seen as indicating the usefulness of social-skills training in improving the performance level of chronic schizophrenic inpatients and in maintaining their social functioning. The implications for future rehabilitation practice are discussed.
Relationships between Measures of Direct and Indirect Hostility and Self-Destructive Behaviour by Hospitalized Schizophrenics
Authors: Yesavage Jerome A. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryTo test the hypothesis that suicidal and self-destructive behaviour correlate with subjective and objective measures of hostility and violence, these behaviours in hospitalized schizophrenics were correlated to self-report (Buss-Durkee) and observer-rated (Lion Scale) measures. Self-destructive acts were significantly correlated with six of the seven of the Buss-Durkee self-report hostility subscales. The observed measures of hostility and violence correlated with seclusion and with restraint as a self-protective measure. Neither the Lion nor the Buss-Durkee measures correlated with depression measures. Thus, our data indicate that self-destructive acts in hospitalized schizophrenics may be better predicted by feelings of anger and hostility than by depression, a finding with relevance for clinicians who treat schizophrenic patients.
Impulsiveness in Obsessive-Compulsive Patients
Authors: Hoehn-Saric Rudolf , Barksdale Vernon C. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryObsessive-compulsive patients with a history of poor impulse control were identified and compared with non-impulsive obsessive-compulsive patients. Although both groups reported comparable obsessive-compulsive symptoms, the impulsive group rated significantly higher on disturbances during childhood, which included learning problems, low frustration tolerance, poor interpersonal relationships and attention-seeking behaviour. The impulsive group also scored highly on the neuroticism scale of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire and reported a higher incidence of somatic symptoms. It appears that poor impulse control was related to disturbances which had already manifested themselves during childhood, while the obsessive-compulsive disorder was superimposed at a later time.
The Role of Perceived Parental Rearing Practices in the Aetiology of Phobic Disorders: A Controlled Study
Authors: Arrindell Willem A. , Emmelkamp Paul M. G. , Monsma Alie , Brilman Els 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe perceived parental rearing practices and attitudes of social phobics, agoraphobics, height phobics and non-patient normal controls were investigated, employing the EMBU, an inventory for assessing memories of upbringing. Findings revealed that, as compared with the controls, social phobics and height phobics scored both parents not only as lacking in emotional warmth, but also as having been rejective and overprotective. Agoraphobics reported both parents as having lacked emotional warmth, but only their mothers as being rejecting. Interestingly, the perception of negative rearing practices of parents appeared to be stronger in height phobics than in either social phobics or agoraphobics.
Mood Change following Bilateral Hemisphere Brain Injury
Authors: Lipsey John R. , Robinson Robert G. , Pearlson Godfrey D. , Rao Krishan , Price Thomas R. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryFifteen patients with bilateral hemisphere brain injury secondary to thromboembolic stroke or trauma were evaluated for depression, cognitive impairment, and functional physical impairment. Analysis of CT scans and standardized mood scales revealed that patients with left anterior brain injury were significantly more depressed than patients without such injury. Depression severity was directly and significantly correlated with left lesion proximity to the frontal pole. Left lesion age, lesion temporal sequence, right lesion location, cognitive impairment, and functional physical impairment did not significantly correlate with depression. Depressive symptomatology previously shown to be associated with single left frontal lobe lesions appeared to dominate post-brain injury psychopathology regardless of location or temporal sequence of other brain lesions.
Long-Term Prophylactic Effects of Carbamazepine in Affective Disorder
Authors: Kishimoto Akira , Ogura Chikara , Hazama Hidebumi , Inoue Kinuo 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe prophylactic effects of carbamazepine (CBZP) were studied in 32 patients with affective disorder who were receiving long-term therapy with CBZP. Complete inhibition of both manic and depressive episodes was observed in four cases, reduced incidence of episodes or decreased intensity of symptoms in twenty, and no change in eight. CBZP was significantly more effective in cases with an onset before the age of 20, and subjects showing a continuous pattern of alternating episodes responded better than those with a more intermittent history of mania and depression. Where CBZP had an effect it was generally apparent soon after therapy started. These results suggest that in some cases CBZP is an agent suitable for long-term continuous prophylactic therapy in manic-depressive disorder.
The Sexual Adjustment of Chronic Schizophrenics: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Lyketsos G. C. , Sakka P. , Maïlis A. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA comparison of a group of chronic schizophrenics with controls showed that: the patients had significantly less interest in sex, frequency of intercourse, and satisfaction from sex; the percentage of individuals with sexual dreams and sexual fantasies did not differ between the two groups; the severity of psychopathology influenced frequency of intercourse and satisfaction from sex, and the length of institutionalization influenced interest in sex; the schizophrenics had a variety of sexual disorders, but there was a significant difference between the sexes in disturbances of thought and perception; and, significantly more male schizophrenics, in comparison with females, had sexual dysfunction associated with pharmacotherapy, but feminization in the males was far from predominant.The patients' sexual disorders are not disturbing to the social life of the open mental hospital or the community surrounding it.
Thyrotrophin Response to Thyreostimulin in Affectively Ill Women Relationship to Suicidal Behaviour
Authors: Linkowski P. , Van Wettere J. P. , Kerkhofs M. , Brauman H. , Mendlewicz J. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryPast history of suicidal behaviour was investigated in 51 depressed women (27 unipolar and 24 bipolar) in whom the TSH response to TRH was studied. Patients with a history of violent suicidal attempts were shown to have a reduced TSH response to TRH, compared to depressed patients with a history of non-violent suicidal attempts and depressed patients with no history of suicidal behaviour. A five-year follow-up study on these patients revealed that four patients who died from suicide had an absence of TSH response to TRH.
Addison's Disease, Psychosis, and the Syndrome of Inappropriate Secretion of Antidiuretic Hormone
Authors: Lever E. G. , Stansfeld S. A. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA case of tuberculous Addison's disease presenting with psychosis, profound hyponatraemia, and detectable plasma antidiuretic hormone is reported. Clinical and biochemical improvement after corticosteroid replacement was followed by relapse with further psychosis and inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion: both were promptly reversed by demethylchlortetracycline. The association of psychological symptoms with Addison's disease, the role of anti-diuretic hormone secretion in Addison's disease, and the inter-relationship between Addison's disease, psychosis and anti-diuretic hormone secretion are discussed.
The use of ECT for Mania in Childhood Bipolar Disorder
Authors: Carr Vaughan , Dorrington Carol , Schrader Geoffrey , Wale Jocelyn 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA case of childhood bipolar disorder, manic type, is presented in which electroconvulsive therapy was used for the acute manic episode. The pharmacological complications which led to this choice of treatment and the computerized tomography finding of ventricular enlargement, are discussed.
Contraindications and Dangers of Psychotherapy
Authors: Crown Sidney 
Published: August 2008

SummaryPsychotherapy, like any other effective treatment in medicine, may lead to negative effects either in the patient or those around him. The source of these unwanted effects may be in the patient's or the therapist's personality, in the patient-therapist interaction, in faulty therapy technique or in the patient's unresolvable social situation. The possibility of negative effects should be anticipated during the descriptive and psychodynamic assessment of the patient and before establishing the therapeutic contract. The technique of a trial of psychotherapy should be more frequently used than it is in cases where the therapist is in doubt. If negative effects do develop, these should be minimized by decreasing the frequency of psychotherapy sessions and depth of exploration. This may be done by allowing greater therapist “transparency”, by making fewer psychodynamic interpretations and by altering the focus of therapy from problems of early development to problems of current living.
Social Relationships During the Onset and Remission of Neurotic Symptoms
Authors: Henderson A. S. , Moran P. A. P. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIn a prospective study of a community sample, we examined changes in social relationships accompanying the onset and remission of neurotic symptoms. For those who developed symptoms in the course of 12 months, no decrease was found in the availability or reported adequacy of either close or diffuse ties, compared to those who remained symptom-free. For those having a remission, an increase in the adequacy of social relationships and a decrease in rows was observed only in those who improved later on, at the 12-month interview. But with either the onset or remission of symptoms, the availability of relationships remained unchanged. These observations cannot establish the direction of causality, but suggest that neurotic symptoms are more associated with the perception of social relationships than with the structure of personal networks.
Coefficients of Agreement
Authors: Dewey M. E. 
Published: August 2008

SummarySeveral coefficients have been suggested for the measurement of agreement between raters. Recently Maxwell (1977) has proposed, and Janes (1979) has extended, a new coefficient, which they have termed therandom errorcoefficient (RE).This paper criticizes their proposal and suggests that Cohen's (1960) coefficientkappa(K) is still the measure of choice.
Short-Course Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride for Treatment of Methadone Withdrawal Symptoms
Authors: Ives T. J. , Stults C. C. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe authors conducted a preliminary trial of a 5-day course of diphenoxylate in the treatment of out-patients with methadone withdrawal symptoms. Diphenoxylate provided substantial relief from detoxification symptoms with no drug-associated adverse effects.
Delusional Depressive In-Patients, 1892 to 1982
Authors: Eagles John M. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThree groups of 114 depressed patients admitted to hospital in Edinburgh, one in the year 1892, one in 1942–3 and one in 1981–2, were studied. The occurrence and content of depressive delusions were recorded. A significantly higher proportion of depressives had delusions in 1892 than in 1942–3, but there was no significant decline between 1942–3 and 1981–2. It is concluded that this decline in the proportion of depressives having delusions since 1892 probably does not reflect a genuine decline in the prevalence of depressive illness with delusions. The content of delusions differs between the years and between the sexes, and these differences are discussed.
Changes in Cognition with Pharmacotherapy and Cognitive Therapy
Authors: Blackburn I. M. , Bishop S. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA treatment trial comparing cognitive therapy and pharmacotherapy, alone and in combination, in depressed out-patients, indicated that outcome on cognitive variables was similar to outcome on mood and severity measures, pharmacotherapy being less effective than cognitive therapy or the combined treatment in a hospital and a general practice sample. While combined treatment was superior to cognitive therapy in the hospital outpatients, the two treatments were equivalent in the general practice. Significant effects were obtained on measures of views of self, the world and the future, whose validity was demonstrated. The pattern of change through treatment showed the same order of progress for responders, while non-responders to cognitive therapy tended to do worst. The specificity of treatment effect is discussed.
Hyperkinetic Syndrome of Childhood: Clinical Characteristics
Authors: Thorley Geoffrey 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe diagnosis of hyperkinetic syndrome is rarely used in the UK, in marked contrast to its counterpart in the USA. Most of the work on hyperkinesis is concerned with the North American concept and relatively little attention has been paid to the British approach. The present paper reviews the development of the UK concept and diagnosis, describes the characteristics of 73 hyperkinetic syndrome children seen at the Bethlem and Maudsley Hospitals over 13 years and compares them to matched psychiatric controls diagnosed as conduct disordered. Results indicate that the two groups are differentiated by a number of symptomatic and clinical features, with the conduct disorder group showing a greater frequency of aggressive, antisocial, emotional and psychosocial disturbance which contrasts with higher frequencies of motor disturbance, inattentive and articulatory disturbance in the hyperkinetic group. No differences were found between the groups in brain pathology or sensory handicap. The findings provide support, at least in terms of symptoms and clinical features, for the concept and diagnosis of hyperkinetic syndrome (ICD 9).
Alcohol Dependence and Phobic Anxiety States I. a Prevalence Study
Authors: Smail Penelope , Stockwell Tim , Canter Sandra , Hodgson Ray 
Published: August 2008

SummarySixty alcoholics (40 males) were assessed for agoraphobia and social phobia, and over half the sample were rated as having either or both these disorders when last drinking. Twenty one subjects had mild phobias and eleven had severe phobias. The more severely phobic males were also found to be the most alcohol dependent and those with no phobias were least alcohol dependent but this effect was not found among the females. All phobic alcoholics reported that alcohol had helped them to cope in feared situations, and almost all had deliberately used it for this purpose.A small sample of out-patients referred for phobias alone were also asked about their use of alcohol. The majority had found it helpful in coping with fears, although more men than women had deliberately used it for this purpose.
Morbidity following Sudden and Unexpected Bereavement
Authors: Lundin Tom 
Published: August 2008

SummaryWith the help of data on the registered days of sickness per year, a study was made of a group of relatives (n = 32) who had suffered sudden and unexpected bereavement to determine whether this resulted in an increase in morbidity in the two-year period following the loss, compared with the previous two years. A comparison was made with a control group of relatives who had also suffered bereavement but where the deaths were not unexpected. Increased morbidity, especially psychiatric morbidity, was found following sudden and unexpected bereavement but not in the control group. It is concluded that persons exposed to sudden and unexpected loss of a close relative are subject to increased psychiatric morbidity and should be regarded as a high-risk group.
Cerebral Ventricular Enlargement in Non-Genetic Schizophrenia: a Controlled Twin Study
Authors: Reveley Adrianne M. , Reveley Michael A. , Murray Robin M. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIn a group of schizophrenics of twin birth, no evidence of ventricular enlargement was found where there was a family history of major psychiatric disorder. Among those schizophrenics without such a family history, cerebral ventricular size was significantly increased (P <0.01), and there was also evidence of birth complications. Among normal control twins, those who reported complicated births had significantly larger ventricles.
Change in the Pattern of Care for the Demented
Authors: Christie A. B. , Train Jean D. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe experience of 82 demented female patients, admitted to Crichton Royal in the period 1957–59, is compared with 107 similar female patients from 1974–76. All finally died in the hospital, or at the closure of the study in November 1981 were long-stay patients there. Results show that on average, each patient in the more recent group spent 24 per cent longer in hospital; the results, however, were only statistically significant in the very elderly—over 85. Further study of the 1970s failed to demonstrate that day care and intermittent holiday admissions had any effect on the length of time the patient spent in hospital on final admission. Using the study data, models of future needs are worked out on the basis of bed requirements for patients admitted without prospect of discharge.
The Reliability of Dangerousness Assessments. A Decision Making Exercise
Authors: Montandon Cléopâtre , Harding Timothy 
Published: August 2008

SummaryOne hundred and ninety three raters drawn from six countries and representing different professional groups considered 16 case histories. Raters were asked to indicate what degree of ‘dangerousness' they attributed to each individual and what they considered to be the optimal management.The level of agreement between raters concerning the assessment of dangerousness was generally low, the level of 60 per cent being reached for only 4 cases out of 16. Psychiatrists did not reach a higher level of agreement on the ratings of dangerousness than non-psychiatrists. Psychiatrists had a tendency to rate individuals as more dangerous than did non-psychiatrists.The results of this exercise do not support the use of ‘dangerousness' as a scientifically or operationally valid concept.
Body Shape Perception and its Disturbance in Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Touyz S. W. , Beumont P. J. V. , Collins J. K. , McCabe M. , Jupp J. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe perception of body shape was studied in 15 female patients with anorexia nervosa and 15 age matched controls. A lens was used which could be manipulated to cause a horizontal distortion of an image projected onto a video monitor. The patients showed a greater tendency to over- and under-estimate their present body shape than did the controls. Further, the patients' desired body shape was significantly thinner than that of controls, as was their estimation of what constitutes a normal body shape. These findings are discussed in relation to the literature and it is suggested that they may have important implications for treatment.
Elevated Cerebrospinal Fluid Noradrenaline in Tardive Dyskinesia
Authors: Jeste Dilip V. , Doongaji Dinshaw R. , Linnoila Markku 
Published: August 2008

SummaryCerebrospinal fluid was collected from 28 psychiatric (mostly schizophrenic) inpatients from Bombay, India. These included eight patients with tardive dyskinesia, five with spontaneous dyskinesia and 15 without dyskinesia. The samples were flown to the National Institute of Mental Health, Washington, D.C., where they were analyzed “blind” for concentrations of noradrenaline and several monoamine metabolites. Patients with tardive dyskinesia had significantly higher noradrenaline concentrations in the CSF as compared with the other two groups. Spontaneous dyskinesia group had significantly lower concentrations of homovanillic acid in the CSF. Our results support the hypothesis of noradrenergic hyperactivity, rather than postsynaptic dopamine receptor supersensitivity, in tardive dyskinesia.
Life Events and Personality Traits in Obsessive-Compulsive Neurosis
Authors: Mckeon Joseph , Roa Bridget , Mann Anthony 
Published: August 2008

SummaryTwenty-five patients with obsessive-compulsive neurosis and matched controls had their life event scores (Paykel's Life Event Schedule) rated for the year prior to the onset of illness and the date of interview, respectively. The Standard Assessment of Personality Schedule, whose high inter-temporal and inter-informant reliability was confirmed, was used to rate the patients' premorbid personality.The obsessive-compulsive patients' mean life event score was significantly higher than the control subjects; and this excess spanned the six months prior to the onset of illness. Patients with abnormal personality traits (obsessional, anxious and self-conscious) experienced significantly fewer life events than those without such traits.
Obsessive-Compulsive Neurosis Following Head Injury
Authors: McKeon Joseph , McGuffin Peter , Robinson Paul H. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryFour cases of obsessive-compulsive neurosis following head injury are described, three of which are from a consecutive series and the fourth from a discordant monozygotic twin pair. The aetiological significance of head injury in this disorder is discussed in the context of the clinical findings and of previous series of brain injured patients.