bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Episodic memory—From brain to mind
Authors: Ferbinteanu Janina , Kennedy Pamela J. , Shapiro Matthew L. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractNeuronal mechanisms of episodic memory, the conscious recollection of autobiographical events, are largely unknown because electrophysiological studies in humans are conducted only in exceptional circumstances. Unit recording studies in animals are thus crucial for understanding the neurophysiological substrate that enables people to remember their individual past. Two features of episodic memory—autonoetic consciousness, the self‐aware ability to “travel through time”, and one‐trial learning, the acquisition of information in one occurrence of the event—raise important questions about the validity of animal models and the ability of unit recording studies to capture essential aspects of memory for episodes. We argue that autonoetic experience is a feature of human consciousness rather than an obligatory aspect of memory for episodes, and that episodic memory is reconstructive and thus its key features can be modeled in animal behavioral tasks that do not involve either autonoetic consciousness or one‐trial learning. We propose that the most powerful strategy for investigating neurophysiological mechanisms of episodic memory entails recording unit activity in brain areas homologous to those required for episodic memory in humans (e.g., hippocampus and prefrontal cortex) as animals perform tasks with explicitly defined episodic‐like aspects. Within this framework, empirical data suggest that the basic structure of episodic memory is a temporally extended representation that distinguishes the beginning from the end of an event. Future research is needed to fully understand how neural encodings of context, sequences of items/events, and goals are integrated within mnemonic representations of autobiographical events. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Poly (ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP) is essential for sulfur mustard‐induced DNA damage repair, but has no role in DNA ligase activation
Authors: Bhat K. Ramachandra , Benton Betty J. , Ray Radharaman 
Published: August 2006

AbstractConcurrent activation of poly (ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP) and DNA ligase was observed in cultured human epidermal keratinocytes (HEK) exposed to the DNA alkylating compound sulfur mustard (SM), suggesting that DNA ligase activation could be due to its modification by PARP. Using HEK, intracellular 3H‐labeled NAD+ (3H‐adenine) was metabolically generated and then these cells were exposed to SM (1 mM). DNA ligase I isolated from these cells was not 3H‐labeled, indicating that DNA ligase I is not a substrate for (ADP‐ribosyl)ation by PARP. In HEK, when PARP was inhibited by 3‐amino benzamide (3‐AB, 2 mM), SM‐activated DNA ligase had a half‐life that was four‐fold higher than that observed in the absence of 3‐AB. These results suggest that DNA repair requires PARP, and that DNA ligase remains activated until DNA damage repair is complete. The results show that in SM‐exposed HEK, DNA ligase I is activated by phosphorylation catalysed by DNA‐dependent protein kinase (DNA‐PK). Therefore, the role of PARP in DNA repair is other than that of DNA ligase I activation. By using the DNA ligase I phosphorylation assay and decreasing PARP chemically as well as by PARP anti‐sense mRNA expression in the cells, it was confirmed that PARP does not modify DNA ligase I. In conclusion, it is proposed that PARP is essential for efficient DNA repair; however, PARP participates in DNA repair by altering the chromosomal structure to make the DNA damage site(s) accessible to the repair enzymes. Published in 2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of emulsified chitosan–PLGA matrices formed using controlled‐rate freezing and lyophilization technique
Authors: Moshfeghian Aliakbar , Tillman Jeremy , Madihally Sundararajan V. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThis study evaluated the formation of chitosan–50:50 poly‐lactic‐co‐glycolic acid (PLGA) blend matrices using controlled‐rate freezing and lyophilization technique (CRFLT). An emulsion system was used in the presence of 1,2‐dimyristoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine (DMPC), a cellular component, as a stabilizer. Blended scaffolds showed an open pore morphology and homogenous interdispersion of PLGA and chitosan. Forming emulsions after dissolving PLGA in chloroform, benzene, or methylene chloride indicated better emulsion stability with benzene and chloroform. Scaffolds formed by freezing at −20, −78, and −196°C from these emulsions showed significant influence of the solvent and freezing temperature on the microarchitecture of the scaffold. By controlling the concentration of chitosan, scaffolds with greater than 90% porosity were attained. Since the two polymers degrade by different mechanisms, formed scaffolds were analyzed for degradation characteristics for 4 weeks in presence of 10 mg/L lysozyme. These results showed no significant difference in the weight loss and dimension changes, as all scaffolds showed significant (a) weight loss and (b) nearly 60% reduction in volume. Further, pH of the incubation media decreased in all the samples. When cellular activity of green fluorescence protein‐transfected smooth muscle cells was analyzed, no apparent cytotoxicity was observed. However, the cell spreading area decreased. In summary, these results show promising potential in tissue engineering and drug delivery applications. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
CD44 regulates myoblast migration and differentiation
Authors: Mylona Eleni , Jones Kristen A. , Mills Stephen T. , Pavlath Grace K. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractCD44 is a transmembrane protein that plays a role in cell–cell interactions and motility in a number of cell types. Cell–cell interactions are critical for myoblast differentiation and fusion but whether CD44 regulates myogenesis is unknown. Here, we show that CD44 plays a functional role in early myogenesis. Analyses of myofiber cross‐sectional area, after local injury in mouse tibialis anterior (TA) muscles, revealed that growth was transiently delayed in the absence of CD44. A muscle‐intrinsic role for CD44 is suggested as primary myoblasts from CD44−/− mice displayed attenuated differentiation and subsequent myotube formation at early times in a differentiation‐inducing in vitro environment. Chemotaxis of CD44−/− myoblasts toward hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) was totally abrogated, although expression of their respective receptors did not appear to differ from wild‐type. Furthermore, motility of CD44−/− myoblasts was decreased at early stages of differentiation as determined by time‐lapse microscopy. Wild‐type myoblasts contained two subpopulations of slow‐ and fast‐migrating cells, whereas CD44−/− myoblasts were composed predominantly of the slower migrating subpopulation. Taken together, these data suggest that myoblast migration and differentiation are closely linked and CD44 is a key regulator. J. Cell. Physiol. 209: 314–321, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Simultaneous analysis of seven astragalosides in Radix Astragali and related preparations by liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Wang Duo , Song Yue , Li Song‐Lin , Bian Yun‐Yun , Guan Jia , Li Ping 
Published: August 2006

AbstractA method has been developed for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of pharmacologically active astragalosides isolated from several species of the genus Astragalus by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry. Seven astragalosides in Radix Astragali and their commercial pharmaceutical preparations were analyzed using the developed method. The extracted ion current chromatograms were obtained from the total ion current chromatogram using the m/z of [M+Na]+ ions produced by target compounds for peak determination. The limits of detection and limits of quantification were in the range of 0.10–0.22 ng and 0.22–0.52 ng in full scan mode, respectively. All calibration curves showed good linear regression (r2 ⪈0.9965) within the test range. The overall intra‐ and inter‐day precision was less than 2.86% for peak area and the accuracy was higher than 92.9% on using ginsenoside I as internal standard. The assay was successfully utilized to analyze the major biologically active astragalosides in six samples of Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge var. mongholicus (Bge.) Hsiao. and eight commercial preparations. The overall results demonstrate that this method is simple, selective, and suitable for the quality control of Chinese medicine and their preparation in the low nanogram range.
Response surface methodology in the development of a stacking‐sensitive capillary electrophoresis method by field‐amplified injection for the analysis of tricyclic antidepressants in the presence of salts
Authors: Acedo‐Valenzuela María‐Isabel , Galeano‐Díaz Teresa , Mora‐Díez Nielene , Silva‐Rodríguez Antonio 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe work presented here explores the possibilities of the electrokinetic injection (EK) to achieve sensitive methods for the determination of tricyclic antidepressants in biological samples (serum). The addition of ACN to the sample, with high content in salts, causes stacking at the tip of the capillary, in a similar way as for hydrodynamic injection. An experimental design with the response surface methodology has been used to find the optimum composition of the matrix of the sample (sodium chloride and ACN percentages) and the conditions for the EK (water‐plug length, time, and voltage of injection) in few experiments. The composition of the separation buffer was the same as utilized in a previous paper. The use of a bubble capillary to reach lower detection limits implies a loss of the resolution and requires a new optimization. Finally, a comparison between electrokinetic and hydrodynamic injections is made.
Capillary electrochromatography with monolithic silica columns. IV. Electrochromatographic characterization of polar bonded monolithic stationary phases having surface‐bound cyano functionalities
Authors: Zhong Hengwen , El Rassi Ziad 
Published: August 2006

AbstractTwo polar ligands, namely 3‐hydroxypropionitrile and 1H‐imidazole‐4,5‐dicarbonitrile (IDCN) were covalently attached to epoxy‐activated silica‐based monolithic capillary columns via an epoxide ring‐opening reaction to yield CN–OH‐Monolith and 2CN–OH‐Monolith, respectively. The silica monolith was prepared by a sol–gel process, and the resulting “rod‐like” stationary phase was subjected to pore tailoring with an alkaline solution to convert small pore domains to mesopore domains, thus yielding a monolith with bimodal pore structure consisting of flow through pores (i. e., flow channels for mobile‐phase flow) and mesopores that provide most of the adsorption capacity of the monolith toward the separated solutes. The two polar monoliths, CN–OH‐Monolith and 2CN–OH‐Monolith, were evaluated in normal‐phase CEC with organic‐rich mobile phases less polar than the stationary phase. The 2CN–OH‐Monolith bearing more polar functions than the CN–OH‐Monolith exhibited more retention and improved selectivity toward model polar solutes.
HPLC determination of ciprofloxacin, cloxacillin, and ibuprofen drugs in human urine samples
Authors: Espinosa‐Mansilla Anunciación , Muñoz de la Peña Arsenio , González Gómez David , Cañada‐Cañada Florentina 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThis paper reports, for the first time, a liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of three frequently co‐administered active principles, two antibiotics, ciprofloxacin (CIPRO) and cloxacillin (CLOXA) belonging to the fluoroquinolones and β‐lactam families, respectively, and ibuprofen (IBU), a non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug. The chromatographic separation was performed on a C‐18 analytical column, using isocratic elution with methanol‐acetonitrile‐pH 3 formate buffer (CT = 0.1 M) (15 : 12 : 73, v/v/v) for 3 min and, after that, a linear gradient with methanol‐acetonitrile (88 : 12, v/v) for 8 min. Several absorption spectra were obtained for each peak using a DAD detector. Chromatograms at the maximum absorption wavelength for each analyte, 220 nm for both IBU and CLOXA, and 280 nm for CIPRO were selected as the most suitable. The proposed chromatographic method requires about 15 min per sample. The presence of a urine background was tested and no interference was found. The method was satisfactorily applied to the determination of CIPRO, CLOXA, and IBU, in fortified urine, and in urine samples from a patient undergoing treatment with these three active principles, among others. Limits of quantification in urine were 1.00, 1.70, and 2.87 μg/mL for CIPRO, CLOXA, and IBU, respectively.
Managing innovation through social architecture, learning, and competencies: a new conceptual approach
Authors: Murray Peter , Blackman Deborah 
Published: August 2006

AbstractTraditional innovative narratives are presented in a structured, almost prescribed, fashion in the innovation literature. This structural approach treats knowledge as a commodity that can be easily developed and shared. In this paper we argue the opposite, suggesting that developing competencies is fundamentally linked to socially constructed innovative practices and processes developed over time as the organisation evolves and learns new ways. We suggest that the latter is better reflected by a processual view of knowledge management; how it evolves, how it leads to innovation. While the innovation literature is familiar with the importance of learning and knowledge practices, we contend that the learning routines themselves are not practised in a systematic fashion. We argue that innovation is seldom of a breakthrough type. Instead, we call for an integrative approach that combines social processes with learning and innovation. Socially crafted routines we suggest lead to greater innovative outcomes and effectiveness. This paper explores and investigates these ideas by matching different contexts to processes. The paper develops a theoretical framework which indicates the integrative and interactive forces required for successful innovation implementation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Process learning in alliances developing radical versus incremental innovations: evidence from the telecommunications industry
Authors: Feller Jan , Parhankangas Annaleena , Smeds Riitta 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThis paper sets out to explore the extent to which the alliance partners' approaches to knowledge creation, as well as their ability to upgrade their collaborative R&D processes, vary by the novelty of technology developed within the partnership. The empirical data are based on a survey of 105 R&D partnerships in the global telecommunications industry. The results of this study show that the alliances developing radical innovations differ from alliances developing the incremental innovations in terms of their knowledge creation processes, partner and alliance characteristics, as well as process learning outcomes. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An empirical examination of performance measurement for managing continuous innovation in logistics
Authors: Soosay Claudine A. , Chapman Ross L. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractPerformance measurement within organisations identifies areas of a business that need attention and improvement. The measurement and control of logistics performance requires the selection of critical performance measures and the development of information systems to gather required data, report on variance analysis and recommend corrective action. The logistics function is increasing in its strategic importance as more and more firms in developed economies such as Singapore and Australia are forced to compete globally to survive. Innovative firms measure outcomes of strategies and action plans to ensure that systems and processes allow for continuing improvement. The key objective of the research reported in this paper was to investigate the performance measures used in logistics firms and their significance in enabling improvements and continuous innovation in logistics operations. The study adapted and refined the CIMA model for Continuous Innovation and used it as the basis for in‐depth case studies on 10 firms from Singapore and Australia. The findings show that logistics firms are placing an increasing importance on performance measurement, and using a broader spectrum of performance measures, due to the dynamic business environment. This study provides important lessons for managers in logistics organisations (and in organisations that include a logistics function) because the timely and effective measurement of outcomes is imperative for firms wishing to examine the effectiveness of their innovation processes and competitiveness in the marketplace. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
What knowledge management for mobile workers?
Authors: Corso Mariano , Giacobbe Andrea , Martini Antonella , Pellegrini Luisa 
Published: August 2006

AbstractIn today's global economy, many economic activities in and among firms are based on the contribution of workers that are mobile or work most of their time in geographically dispersed locations. In such environments, tools supporting Knowledge Management (KM) are essential, not only because of the advantage for business performance, but also because of their potential benefit in terms of people satisfaction and well being. Building on from the results of a 3‐year field research survey in Italy, this paper explores: (i) the emerging approaches that companies use to manage knowledge in such dispersed environments; and (ii) their relations with Dispersed Workers (DW) Profiles (types and activities). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Traditional versus improved agroforestry systems in Vietnam: a comparison
Authors: Sekhar N. U. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractCombined with the diverse biophysical and social heterogeneity encountered in the northern mountains, the socioeconomic changes in Vietnam that accompanied the decollectivisation process led to complex agrarian dynamics that today challenge traditional farming and management of natural resources. Data for this study were collected from villages in and around Ba Be National Park (BNP) in the Bac Kan Province located in the northern mountains of Vietnam. Traditional slash and burn cultivation is no longer a sustainable practice in Vietnam. The main challenges in the region are to protect biodiversity, maintain the land productivity and simultaneously support local livelihoods. The study shows that improved agroforestry cultivation could provide significantly higher productivity and income per unit of land, besides decreasing pressure on natural forests. The challenge to protect biodiversity is not met, as improved agroforestry implies less tree species. From an institutional and socio‐economic perspective, it is not easy for local communities to readily adapt to improved agroforestry. New systems must be tailored site‐specific to the diverse local conditions of resource‐poor farmers. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mapping and monitoring land degradation risks in the Western Brazilian Amazon using multitemporal Landsat TM/ETM+ images
Authors: Lu D. , Batistella M. , Mausel P. , Moran E. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractMapping and monitoring land degradation in areas under human‐induced stresses have become urgent tasks in remote sensing whose importance has not yet been fully appreciated. In this study, a surface cover index (SCI) is developed to evaluate and map potential land degradation risks associated with deforestation and accompanying soil erosion in a Western Brazilian Amazon rural settlement study area. The relationships between land‐use and land‐cover (LULC) types and land degradation risks as well as the impacts of LULC change on land degradation are examined. This research indicates that remotely sensed data can be effectively used for identification and mapping of land degradation risks and monitoring of land degradation changes in the study area. Sites covered by mature forest and advanced successional forests have low land degradation risk potential, while some types of initial successional forests, agroforestry/perennial agriculture and pasture have higher risk potential. Deforestation and associated soil erosion are major causes leading to land degradation, while vegetation regrowth reduces such problems. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anti‐apoptotic effect of insulin‐like growth factor (IGF)‐I and its receptor in porcine preimplantation embryos derived from in vitro fertilization and somatic cell nuclear transfer
Authors: Kim Sue , Lee So Hyun , Kim Ji Hye , Jeong Yeon Woo , Hashem M.A. , Koo Ok Jae , Park Sun Mi , Lee Eu Gine , Hossein M.S. , Kang Sung Keun , Lee Byeong Chun , Hwang Woo Suk 
Published: August 2006

AbstractInsulin‐like growth factor (IGF)‐I is a receptor‐mediated autocrine and/or paracrine growth and/or survival factor for mammalian embryo development. It is known to promote the growth and development of mouse preimplantation embryos. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of IGF‐I (50 ng/ml), anti‐IGF‐I receptor antibody (50 ng/ml) and their combination on porcine preimplantation embryo development. Furthermore, the mechanism underlying the embryotropic effects of IGF‐I was evaluated by monitoring the incidence of apoptosis and expression of apoptosis‐related genes. In both in vitro fertilized (IVF) and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos, culturing with IGF‐I increased the rate of blastocyst formation and this embryotrophic effect was neutralized by culturing with IGF‐I along with anti‐IGF‐I receptor (IGF‐IR) antibody. Culturing IVF and SCNT embryos with IGF‐I significantly increased the number of total cells in blastocysts and decreased the number of apoptotic nuclei. These effects of IGF‐I were also neutralized by culturing with IGF‐I along with anti‐IGF‐IR antibody. Expression of the anti‐apoptotic Bcl‐2 gene was increased, while expression of the pro‐apoptotic Bax was decreased in both IVF and SCNT embryos cultured with IGF‐I. In both IVF and SCNT embryos, anti‐IGF‐IR antibody along with IGF‐I neutralized the effect of IGF‐I on expression of Bcl‐2 and Bax genes. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that IGF‐I through its specific receptors improved the developmental competence of IVF and SCNT embryos by decreasing the incidence of apoptosis and regulating apoptosis‐related genes in porcine preimplantation embryos. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 73: 1523–1530, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mass spectrometry as a tool in dendrimer chemistry: from self‐assembling dendrimers to dendrimer gas‐phase host–guest chemistry
Authors: Schalley Christoph A. , Baytekin Bilge , Baytekin H. Tarik , Engeser Marianne , Felder Thorsten , Rang Alexander 
Published: August 2006

AbstractMass spectrometry has played a significant role in dendrimer chemistry, because it serves as an excellent analytical means to determine the purity and analyze the nature of defects even for higher generations. However, a mass spectrometer can also be used as a laboratory to study isolated dendrimer molecules in the gas phase or their host–guest complexes. Since the properties of molecules under environment‐free conditions are often quite different from those in solution, their gas‐phase chemistry provides valuable new insight into properties which cannot easily be studied in solution. This article summarizes some of our work on characterizing self‐assembling metallo‐supramolecular dendrimers, on analyzing ionization artifacts, on the differentiation between several, sometimes even isomeric defects through tandem MS experiments, and finally on the analysis of a surprisingly clear dendritic effect occurring in the fragmentation of dendritic host–guest complexes. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.