bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE PRIVATE SOCIETY AND THE LIBERAL PUBLIC GOOD IN JOHN LOCKE'S THOUGHT
Authors: Claeys Eric R. 
Published: June 2008

This essay interprets John Locke's teachings about private societies, or free private associations. The essay proceeds by interpreting Locke's mature writings on ethics, politics, and philosophy, and then by illustrating Locke's teachings as they apply to two contemporary problems in associational freedom. Although Locke wrote about private societies primarily in the course of arguing for religious toleration, throughout his mature corpus he develops an internally consistent general theory of associational freedom. At first glance, Locke seems to suggest that all citizens are entitled to associate for any end of their choosing, to control admission into and expulsion from their membership, and to enforce their own internal rules of governance. However, Locke qualifies this broad right to bar societies from organizing around ends inconsistent with the minimal moral and political conditions of liberalism. Ultimately, Locke suggests, citizens deserve a broad right of private society only to the extent that they are well enough formed by their regime and its private institutions to be capable of governing themselves in both private and public life.In contrast with contemporary practice, Locke's justification is broader in some respects and narrower in others. The essay illustrates the implications by considering how Locke's teachings justify limiting the scope of anti-discrimination laws and enlarging the scope of government efforts to dissolve seditious associations.
‘So where we are?’ Spoken lingua franca English at a technical university in Sweden
Authors: Björkman Beyza 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACTThis article discusses the use of English as a lingua franca (ELF) by engineering students and its effectiveness in content courses at a technical university, reporting the preliminary results of part of a study that investigates authentic and high-stakes speech events at a Swedish technical university. The main aim of my research is to find out what kind of divergence from standard morphosyntactic forms of English if any leads to disturbance, i.e. breakdown, in ELF speech.
The weather
Authors: Tulloch Alexander 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACTEtymology and the winds of change. There's a lot of weather about these days, isn't there? Until relatively recently the weather was just what we saw when we drew back the curtains and looked out of the bedroom window in the morning, but now things have changed dramatically. These days every time we turn on the TV or open a newspaper it is quite ‘usual’ for some part of the world to be experiencing ‘unusual’ weather. The Arctic is not yet a tropical paradise but it is starting to move in that direction and England, parts of which a mere year or so ago were drying up like so many dead leaves, has in recent months seen some of the worst floods in its history. And who among us had heard of the word tsunami (Japanese for ‘harbour wave’) before the terrible events of December 2004 in Thailand and Indonesia?
The role of thermal contraction crack polygons in cold-desert fluvial systems
Authors: Levy Joseph S. , Head James W. , Marchant David R. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThermal contraction crack polygons modify the generation, transport, and storage of water in Wright Valley gullies. Water generation is contributed to by trapping of windblown snow in polygon troughs. Water transport is modified by changes to the ice-cement table and active layer topography caused by polygon trough formation. Water storage is modified by sediment grain-size distribution within polygons in gully distal hyporheic zones. Patterned ground morphological variation can serve as an indicator of fluvial modification, ranging from nearly unmodified composite-wedge polygons to polygons forming in association with gully channels. Thermal contraction crack polygons may also constrain the gully formation sequence, suggesting the continuous presence of permafrost beneath the Wright Valley gullies during the entire period of gully emplacement. This analysis provides a framework for understanding the relationships between polygons and gullies observed on Mars. If comparable stratigraphic relationships can be documented, the presence of an analogous impermeable ice-cemented layer beneath the gullies can be inferred, suggesting an atmospheric source for Martian gully-carving fluids.
Oncocalyxone A inhibits human platelet aggregation by increasing cGMP and by binding to GP Ibα glycoprotein
Authors: Ferreira M A D , Do Nascimento N R F , De Sousa C M , Pessoa O D L , De Lemos T L G , Ventura J S , Schattner M , Chudzinski‐Tavassi A M 
Published: June 2008

Background and purpose:Oncocalyxone A (OncoA) has a concentration‐dependent anti‐platelet activity. The present study aimed to further understand the mechanisms related to this effect.Experimental approach:Human platelet aggregation was measured by means of a turbidimetric method. OncoA (32–256 μM) was tested against several platelet‐aggregating agents, such as adenosine diphosphate (ADP), collagen, arachidonic acid (AA), ristocetin and thrombin.Key results:OncoA completely inhibited platelet aggregation with a calculated mean inhibitory concentration (IC50‐μM) of 122 for ADP, 161 for collagen, 159 for AA, 169 for ristocetin and 85 for thrombin. The anti‐aggregatory activity of OncoA was not inhibited by 1H‐[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3‐a]quinoxalin‐1‐one (ODQ). OncoA, at a concentration that caused no significant anti‐aggregatory activity, potentiated sodium nitroprusside (SNP) anti‐aggregatory activity (18.8±2.9%‐SNP vs 85.0±8.2%‐SNP+OncoA). The levels of nitric oxide (NO) or cAMP were not altered by OncoA while cGMP levels were increased more than 10‐fold by OncoA in resting or ADP‐activated platelets. Flow cytometry revealed that OncoA does not interact with receptors for fibrinogen, collagen or P‐selectin. Nevertheless, OncoA decreased the binding of antibodies to GP Ibα, a glycoprotein that is related both to von Willebrand factor and to thrombin‐induced platelet aggregation.Conclusion and implications:OncoA showed anti‐aggregatory activity in platelets that was associated with increased cGMP levels, not dependent on NO and with blocking GP Ibα glycoprotein. This new mechanism has the prospect of leading to new anti‐thrombotic drugs.British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 154, 1216–1224; doi:10.1038/bjp.2008.199; published online 2 June 2008
Vasorelaxation induced by prostaglandin E2in human pulmonary vein: role of the EP4receptor subtype
Authors: Foudi N , Kotelevets L , Louedec L , Leséche G , Henin D , Chastre E , Norel X 
Published: June 2008

Background and purpose:PGE2has been shown to induce relaxations in precontracted human pulmonary venous preparations, while in pulmonary arteries this response was not observed. We investigated and characterized the prostanoid receptors which are activated by PGE2in the human pulmonary veins.Experimental approach:Human pulmonary arteries and veins were cut as rings and set up in organ baths in presence of a TP antagonist. A pharmacological study was performed using selective EP1−4ligands. The cellular localization of the EP4receptors by immunohistochemistry and their corresponding transcripts were also investigated in these vessels.Key results:PGE2and the EP4agonists (L‐902688, ONO‐AE1‐329) induced potent vasodilatation of the human pulmonary vein, pEC50values: <7.22±0.20, 8.06±0.12 and 7.80±0.09, respectively. These relaxations were inhibited by the EP4antagonist GW627368X and not modified in presence of the DP antagonist L‐877499. Higher concentrations (1 μM) of the EP2agonist ONO‐AE1‐259 induced relaxations of the veins. The EP4agonists had no effect on the precontracted arteries. Finally, the EP1antagonists ONO‐8713 and SC‐51322 potentiated the relaxation of the veins induced by PGE2. EP4and EP1receptors were detected by immunohistochemistry in the veins but not in the arteries. EP4mRNA accumulation was also greater in the veins when compared with the arterial preparations.Conclusions and implications:Of the 4 EP receptor subtypes, smooth muscle cells in the human pulmonary vein express the EP4and EP1receptor subtypes. The relaxations induced by PGE2in this vessel result from the activation of the EP4receptor.British Journal of Pharmacology(2008)154, 1631–1639; doi:10.1038/bjp.2008.214; published online 2 June 2008
Use of a Hearing and Balance Screening Survey With Local Primary Care Physicians
Authors: Danhauer Jeffrey L. , Celani Kristina E. , Johnson Carole E. 
Published: June 2008

Purpose
This investigation is a follow-up to a national survey of hearing/balance screening and referrals in elderly patients by primary care physicians (PCPs). This local study focused on PCPs who actually treated elderly patients and could be contacted and followed in a single community.

Method
PCPs in Santa Barbara, CA, were surveyed with a 35-item questionnaire via mailings, phone calls, and hand delivery to determine their participation in, knowledge of, and attitudes toward hearing/balance screening and referrals for the elderly. Potential respondents were 154 PCPs obtained from WebMD, Google, and telephone and provider directories for Santa Barbara. Of the 154 surveys mailed/delivered, 33 were returned undeliverable or unusable, and 32 were returned usable, producing an overall response rate of 26.5%.

Results
Results were similar to those of the national study; PCPs were unlikely to screen for hearing/balance problems unless patients complained. The PCPs were unaware of patient self-report screening methods and probably would not use them in the future.

Conclusions
These PCPs acknowledged the importance of hearing/balance problems in the elderly, but their responses demonstrated insufficiencies in knowledge and potential attitudinal, time, and reimbursement obstacles that could interfere with their screening for hearing/balance problems. Audiologists should partner with PCPs to improve ways of meeting patients' needs but must consider resource/payoff implications for such endeavours.
Establishing a Tinnitus Clinic in Your Practice
Authors: Tyler Richard S. , Haskell George B. , Gogel Stephanie A. , Gehringer Anne K. 
Published: June 2008

Purpose
While tinnitus is very common among the hearing impaired population, specific treatment for tinnitus is not provided in most clinics. This article provides a plan for establishing a tinnitus treatment program that can be implemented in stages at most audiology clinics.

Method
Preparation for establishing a tinnitus clinic includes having an overall plan regarding the type and degree of tinnitus management. Assessment involves a measurement of tinnitus and of the reaction a patient has to the tinnitus, including the use of handicap questionnaires. Management typically involves some form of counseling and sound therapy. Four problematic areas in tinnitus management are thoughts and emotions, hearing and communication, sleep, and concentration.

Conclusions
Licensed audiologists generally have the essential training necessary to provide counseling and sound therapy to treat tinnitus patients. We introduce 3 levels of treatment implementation, depending on whether the patient is curious, concerned, or distressed. Follow-up and referrals might be necessary in more severe cases. Finally, the development of a tinnitus clinic centers around establishing a need for individual treatment, creating a treatment plan, estimating the need for additional staff and resources, reimbursement options, and assessing the effectiveness of the program.
The Effect of Room Acoustics and Sound-Field Amplification on Word Recognition Performance in Young Adult Listeners in Suboptimal Listening Conditions
Authors: Larsen Jeffery B. , Vega Alison , Ribera John E. 
Published: June 2008

Purpose
To compare the speech recognition performance of young adult listeners with normal hearing in 2 college classrooms, only 1 of which met American National Standards Institute (ANSI) S12.60-2002 acoustic standards. Also, differences in speech recognition performance were compared in both classrooms with and without the use of a classroom amplification system. The speech was presented at low intensity to simulate listening in the rear seats of a large college classroom.

Method
Listeners were randomly assigned seats in the 2 classrooms, and Northwestern University Auditory Test No. 6 (NU-6) words were presented via a loudspeaker from the front of the classroom for all listening conditions as well as through a sound-field infrared system with ceiling-mounted speakers during the amplified condition.

Results
Results showed statistically significant differences in speech recognition performance between classrooms, with and without classroom amplification, and across the rows of each classroom when the classroom amplification system was not used.

Conclusions
These results demonstrate how meeting the ANSI S12.60-2002 standard, which was written for elementary school classrooms, can benefit young adult listeners in postsecondary classrooms. Also, classroom amplification was shown to improve speech recognition for students across the classroom in both acoustically poor and acoustically sound classroom environments.
Studies of Varying Alignment Algorithm, Amino Acid Scoring Matrix, and Gap Penalties
Authors: Mount David W. 
Published: June 2008

INTRODUCTIONComparing different amino acid scoring matrix-gap penalty combinations poses several problems. For example, the analysis often overlooks the purposes of different matrices; e.g., protein family or domain searching, evolutionary analysis, or structural alignment. In the past, gap penalties were usually not published or well known, thus throwing a level of uncertainty into the results. More recently, when investigators publish a new scoring matrix, they usually provide suitable choices for gap penalties that may be used for comparisons with other matrices. This article summarizes a number of reports that have examined combinations of alignment algorithm, scoring matrix, and gap penalties used to align sequences for various purposes.
Phenotypic Analysis of Arabidopsis Mutants: Brassinosteroid Hormone Response
Authors: Wang Zhiyong 
Published: June 2008

INTRODUCTIONBrassinosteroid (BR) is required for normal plant growth and development; most notably, BR promotes cell elongation. Thus, mutants with defects in BR biosynthesis or response have defects in cell elongation. They fail to undergo skotomorphogenesis (etiolation) in the dark and they are dwarves when grown in the light. Whether a cell elongation defect can be rescued, unaffected, or alleviated by BR treatment provides an important criterion for whether a mutant has a defect in BR biosynthesis or BR response or whether the mutant phenotype is unrelated to BR. On the other hand, mutants with increased BR signaling are less sensitive to the BR-biosynthesis inhibitor brassinazole (BRZ). The hypocotyl length of dark-grown seedlings and petiole length of light-grown plants are often measured to determine BR responsiveness; BRZ inhibition of BR biosynthesis can reduce hypocotyl and petiole elongation. Wild-type seedlings grown on 1 μM BRZ in the dark have hypocotyls approximately one-third the length of those on medium lacking BRZ. This protocol describes the measurement of BR responsiveness, with or without BRZ, in light- and dark-grown seedlings.
Immunogold Staining of Epoxy Resin Sections for Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM): Figure 1.
Authors: Skepper Jeremy N. , Powell Janet M. 
Published: June 2008

INTRODUCTIONIn post-embedding methods of immunogold staining, the cells or tissues are fixed chemically or cryoimmobilized, dehydrated, and embedded in epoxy or acrylic resins. Thin sections (50-70 nm in thickness) are cut using an ultramicrotome with a diamond knife, using a water bath to collect the sections as they slide off the knife. The sections are stretched with solvent vapor or a heat source and collected onto either bare or plastic-coated nickel grids. The sections are then stained immunochemically with primary antibodies raised against antigens exposed on the surface of the sections. The primary antibodies are visualized by staining immunochemically with secondary antibodies raised against the species and isotype of the primary antibodies, conjugated to colloidal gold particles. The immunochemically stained sections are then contrast stained with salts of uranium (uranyl acetate) and lead (lead citrate) to reveal the ultrastructure of the cells, and are finally viewed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Chemical fixation and embedding in a highly cross-linked epoxy resin is the method of choice for optimal ultrastructure and stability of the thin section in the electron beam. Immunogold staining of thin epoxy resin sections, described here, is useful if the antigen of interest is very resistant to fixative, or if only archived material that was fixed primarily for ultrastructural studies is available.
Immunogold Staining of London Resin (LR) White Sections for Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM): Figure 1.
Authors: Skepper Jeremy N. , Powell Janet M. 
Published: June 2008

INTRODUCTIONIn post-embedding methods of immunogold staining, the cells or tissues are fixed chemically or cryoimmobilized, dehydrated, and embedded in epoxy or acrylic resins. Thin sections (50-70 nm in thickness) are cut using an ultramicrotome with a diamond knife, using a water bath to collect the sections as they slide off the knife. The sections are stretched with solvent vapor or a heat source and collected onto either bare or plastic-coated nickel grids. The sections are then stained immunochemically with primary antibodies raised against antigens exposed on the surface of the sections. The primary antibodies are visualized by staining immunochemically with secondary antibodies raised against the species and isotype of the primary antibodies, conjugated to colloidal gold particles. The immunochemically stained sections are then contrast stained with salts of uranium (uranyl acetate) and lead (lead citrate) to reveal the ultrastructure of the cells, and are finally viewed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). LR White was introduced as a low-toxicity alternative to epoxy resins, which frequently contained carcinogens. Unlike the simplest acrylic resins, in which monomers are polymerized to form long chains, the LR resins contain aromatic cross-linkers to improve the stability of the sections under the electron beam. LR White and Gold both have very low viscosity and readily penetrate, even into dense tissue. In this protocol, aldehyde-fixed tissue is dehydrated in ethanol, impregnated in LR White resin and polymerized under vacuum or in a nitrogen atmosphere before sectioning and immunogold staining.
Using BLOSUM in Sequence Alignments
Authors: Mount David W. 
Published: June 2008

INTRODUCTIONThe original Dayhoff percent accepted mutation (PAM) matrices were developed based on a small number of protein sequences and an evolutionary model of protein change. By extrapolating from the observed changes at small evolutionary distances to large ones, it was possible to establish a PAM250 scoring matrix for sequences that were highly divergent. Another approach to finding a scoring matrix for divergent sequences is to start with a more divergent set of sequences and produce a scoring matrix from the substitutions found in those less-related sequences. The blocks amino acid substitution matrices (BLOSUM) scoring matrices were prepared this way. This article explains how BLOSUM scoring matrices were created and how they can best be used.
Ultrastructural Immunochemistry
Authors: Skepper Jeremy N. , Powell Janet M. 
Published: June 2008

INTRODUCTIONThe use of colloidal gold technology was undoubtedly the most significant event in the development of immunochemistry. Gold particles are particularly useful for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies, because they scatter electrons strongly and even small particles are clearly visible under the electron microscope. Before proceeding to immunogold staining, it is important to gather as much information as possible about the antibody of interest and its respective antigen: Where is it likely to be located? Is the antigen extracellular, intracellular, membrane-associated, or a soluble component of the cytoplasm? Is it present in significant quantities? Is it sequestered at high concentration in any specific subcellular compartment, such as the mitochondria or the nucleus? How vulnerable to fixation and embedding is the antigen of interest? Information on the specificity of antibodies from Western blotting is valuable, but is not guaranteed to be useful for immunochemistry. Antibodies that “work well” on blots frequently have to be used at concentrations of up to three or more orders of magnitude greater for immunofluorescence and even more for immunogold staining studies, and some antibodies simply cannot be used for immunochemistry. This article describes methods and considerations for the use of immunogold staining, including fixation, controls, resolution, and quantification.
Day case general anaesthesia in a patient with narcolepsy
Authors: Doyle A. , Wilkinson D. 
Published: June 2008

SummaryWe report a patient suffering from narcolepsy who presented for day case gynaecological surgery under general anaesthesia. Her symptoms were normally well controlled using modafinil therapy which she had omitted on the day of surgery. Modafinil is a unique drug and has potential for many interactions with anaesthetic agents; these are discussed in this report. Her anaesthetic course was uneventful and we review previous reports of patients suffering with narcolepsy undergoing anaesthesia and suggest that narcolepsy should not be a contra‐indication to day case surgery.
Mantle cell lymphoma with aberrant expression of CD10
Authors: Zanetto U , Dong H , Huang Y , Zhang K , Narbaitz M , Sapia S , Kostopoulos I , Liu H , Du M‐Q , Bacon C M 
Published: June 2008

Aims:  Morphological, immunophenotypic and genetic heterogeneity amongst mantle cell lymphomas (MCLs) can lead to difficulties in diagnosis and management. The aim was to describe the clinical and pathological features of MCLs with aberrant expression of CD10.Methods and results:  Of 17 specimens from 13 patients, 14 expressed CD10 and three (presenting before or after a CD10+ specimen) did not. All expressed cyclin D1 and carried the t(11;14)(q13;q32)/CCND1‐IGH translocation. Similar to non‐selected MCL patients, most patients had disseminated disease and an adverse clinical course. Five specimens showed pleomorphic blastoid morphology and blastoid transformation was associated with a change in phenotype, including gain or loss of CD10. Additional phenotypic variations likely to cause diagnostic difficulty were present in eight specimens: five were CD5− and five (all CD10+) expressed Bcl‐6. One Bcl‐6+ case carried a BCL‐6 translocation and three others had extra copies of the BCL‐6 gene. Sequence analysis of the immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region in five cases showed only one to have low‐level somatic mutation, indicating that they did not arise from germinal centre B cells.Conclusions:  Expression of CD10 by MCL is often associated with other variant morphological, immunophenotypic or genetic features, but does not reflect derivation from germinal centre B cells.