bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Experimental Hypertriglyceridaemia on Tissue and Serum Lipoprotein Lipase Activity
Authors: Shafrir Eleazar , Biale Yigal 
Published: March 2008

Abstract Hypertriglyceridaemia was produced in rats by the intravenous infusion of Intralipid emulsion or of very low density (d < 1.006) rabbit or human lipoproteins (VLDL). Lipoprotein lipase activity was assayed, in tissues removed at the end of infusion, on serum‐activated mono‐ and triolein emulsions at pH 8.6. Hypertriglyceridaemia resulted in a marked decrease in epididymal adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase activity and in an increase in heart enzyme activity. These changes were evident with both mono‐ and triolein substrates. The effects on adipose tissue enzyme activity seemed roughly dependent on the triglyceride (TG) level and, relative to TG elevation, were most pronounced in the case of VLDL infusion. Serum lipoprotein lipase activity, measured in the absence of heparin, was considerably increased suggesting that the TG‐rich material “leached” the adipose tissue enzyme into the circulation. Leaching of lipoprotein lipase from adipose tissue by Intralipid emulsion or VLDL was also demonstrated in an in vitro system devoid of heparin. Contact with the TG‐poor, 1.006 < d < 1.063, lipoprotein induced only a small loss in adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase activity, either in vitro or in vivo.Intracellular lipolytic activity toward mono‐ and triolein, measured in adipose tissue and heart homogenates at pH 7.2 in the absence of serum, was not significantly affected by TG elevation. Thus, the observed changes in lipoprotein lipase activity seem unrelated to the intracellular lipolytic activity.It is suggested that the low adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase activity and the retarded TG removal observed in certain hypertriglyceridaemic conditions may be secondary to the increased supply of TG‐rich lipoproteins.
Nonsuppressible Insulin‐Like Activity (NSILA) of Human Serum*
Authors: Oelz O. , Jakob A. , Froesch E. R. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract 10 mU of NSILA‐S, as determined by the fat pad assay, lowered blood glucose and free fatty acids of adrenalectomized rate for a much longer period than 10 mU of crystalline insulin. NSILA‐S was not measurably inactivated by the liver during a 2 h cyclical perfusion, whereas insulin rapidly lost activity with a half‐life of 42 min. 6 mU of NSILA‐S injected intravenously stimulated the incorporation of [6‐14C] glucose into the diaphragm of streptozotocin‐diabetic rats to a much greater extent than 6 mU of insulin, whereas their effects on the incorporation of carbon 14 into the fat pad were equal.When injected intraperitoneally in maximal doses to normal rats both agents stimulated the incorporation of [U‐14C] glucose into adipose tissue and diaphragm to the same extent. There was no potentiation of either agent by the other on adipose tissue in vitro, indicating that they affect the same transport site of the cell membrane. Insulin and NSILA‐S influenced the metabolism of adipose tissue of fasted‐refed rats in the same manner.It is concluded that i.v. injected NSILA‐S is more effective in vivo than comparable doses of insulin because it is not inactivated by the liver. Furthermore, it seems to have a particular affinity to receptors of the muscle cell membrane. This may be an additional factor in protecting it from inactivation by other tissues.
Studies on the Haemodilution Anaemia of Splenomegaly
Authors: Blendis Laurence M. , Ramboer Carlos , Williams Roger 
Published: March 2008

Abstract The occurrence and causes of a haemodilution anaemia have been studied in two groups of patients, one with diseases of the blood or reticulo‐endothelial system, the other with cirrhosis.In the blood dyscrasia group 37 of 46 patients were anaemic but only 3 had a reduced red cell mass. In the remainder the plasma volume was increased to a greater extent than the red cell mass which was slightly elevated or within the normal range. A significant correlation was found between a decrease in haemoglobin concentration and an increase in plasma volume. Both the increase in plasma volume and the changes in red cell mass were related to enlargement of the spleen. Measurements carried out at splenectomy showed that an excess of red cells was held within the enlarged spleen whereas up to 30 per cent only of the excess plasma could be found there. A correlation between the plasma volume and spleen blood flow was found but both are related to spleen size and the most likely explanation for the increased plasma volume was a primary increase in vascular capacity. The different effect of posture on the plasma volume in patients before and after splenectomy would also support this hypothesis.In contrast, 20 of the 50 cirrhotic patients were anaemic and seven of these had a reduced red cell mass. In the other 13 patients the plasma volume was increased to a greater extent than the red cell mass but even in those with a haemodilution anaemia, the haemoglobin concentration was not inversely related to the plasma volume. In seven patients the increase in plasma volume was less than that of the red cell mass and four patients were polycythaemic. There was no correlation between the changes in red cell mass and plasma volume or between either of these and the enlargement of the spleen. The presence of portal hypertension appeared to be an important factor but the increase in plasma volume was not related to the extent of the portosystemic venous collaterals.
Factor VIII and IX Variants. Relationship between Haemophilia BM and Haemophilia B+
Authors: Meyer Dominique , Larrieu Marie José 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. Haemophilia A and B can be divided into at least two groups which are different from the moderate and severe forms already known. Most patients have a true deficiency, lacking both coagulant and antigenic activities, while 10% of them display a reduced coagulant activity with antigenic determinants in common with normal factor VIII or IX. These factor VIII or IX variants are genetically determined but speculation about the exact mode of inheritance would be premature.The relationship between the factor IX variant and haemophilia BM (characterized by an abnormal reaction of plasma with ox‐brain thromboplastin in a few patients with haemophilia B) is emphasized.
Growth Promoting Effect of Serum from Portal Blood on Liver CellsIn Vitro
Authors: Lie Sverre O. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract.The present work has demonstrated that portal blood of pig will stimulate growth of granular hepatocyte‐like cells from human embryonic liver explantsin vitro.Under otherwise identical cultural conditions, this cell type do not grow when using peripheral sera from human, pig, chicken, or fetal calf.The hepatocyte‐like cells were maintained in culture for up to 110 days before signs of degeneration appeared.The results support the theory that a portal blood factor may be necessary for liver regenerationin vivo, and emphasises the importance of the local environment of specialized cells.
Study by Direct Calorimetry of Thermal Balance on the First Day of Life
Authors: Ryser G. , Jéquier E. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. Using a gradient layer direct calorimeter, total heat losses were measured in 69 full term new‐borns at 5 different ambient temperatures (TA): 28, 30, 32, 34 and 36° C. The relative humidity of the air was kept constant at 50%. Oesophageal temperature (Teg) and mean skin temperature (T̄s) were continuously recorded. All experiments lasted at least one hour.The mean total heat loss was at 28° C: 3.55 W/kg; at 30° C: 2.97 W/kg; at 32° C: 2.35 W/kg; at 34° C: 1.92 W/kg and at 36° C: 2.05 W/kg. Dry heat loss was proportional to the external temperature gradient. Evaporative heat loss was constant when new‐borns were not subjected to heat or cold stress, with a mean of 0.39 W/kg. This value is a measurement of insensible perspiration.Sweating was elicited at a TA of 36° C when the internal temperature gradient reached a mean value of 0.68° C. Heat storage (S). was calculated and was found to be negative at a TA of 28 and 30° C, and positive at 34 and 36° C. A regression analysis between heat storage and total heat loss showed a mean heat loss of 2.61 W/kg when the new‐borns were in thermal equilibrium (S= 0). This occured in most babies at a TA slightly below 32° C.A minimal metabolic rate of about 6.0 ml kg‐1 min‐1, determined by direct calorimetry and calculation of S, was found at a TA of 34 and 36° C.The cutaneous thermal conductance, which is an index of cutaneous blood flow was minimal at a TA of 30° C. It increased sharply when T̄s reached 36.3° C.These data indicate that the range of thermal comfort on the first day of life in normal full‐term new‐borns is very narrow and that there is a perfect thermal balance at a TA slightly below 32° C. However, at this TA, the metabolic rate is not at a minimal level.
Measurement of Plasma 25‐Hydroxycholecalciferol in Man
Authors: Bayard Francis , Bee Philippe , Louvet J. Pierre 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. A radio‐ligand assay for the measurement of 25‐hydroxycholecalciferol (25‐OH D3) in human plasma has been devised. Three ml of plasma, with 25‐hydroxychole‐calciferol‐26, 27‐H3 (3H‐25‐OH D3) added for recovery, was extracted and purified by thin‐layer chromatography. The plasma from an osteomalacic man, diluted 1 to 800, was used as a source of binding proteins. After overnight incubation at 4° C bound and free fractions were separated using Florisil. The method has no blank and high sensitivity (2 ng).Plasma concentration of 25‐OH D3 in normal subjects was 1.50±0.42 (mean ±SD, μg/100ml); in vitamin D deficient patients the values ranged from 0.2 to 0.7 (μg/100 ml.
The Turnover of Blast Cells in Peripheral Blood After in vitro3H‐Cytidine Labelling and Retransfusion in Human Acute Leukaemia*
Authors: Hoelzer D. , Harriss E. B. , Fliedner T. M. , Heimpel H. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. The present study was undertaken to investigate the survival and turnover rate of blast cells in the peripheral blood of patients with acute leukaemia. Results from four cases of acute leukaemia and one blast crisis in chronic myelocytic leukaemia are reported. The method used was to label a random sample of leukaemic blast cells (LBC) representative of the total blood LBC population and to observe their behaviour after retransfusion into the patient. 500 ml blood was incubated with 3H‐cytidine in vitro (resulting in 87.3 to 99.7% labelling of LBC), retransfused and serial blood samples taken for 10–20 days. The change in labelling index of LBC was evaluated from autoradiographs and the number of labelled LBC was calculated. Mean grain counts were also determined.From the initial dilution after retransfusion, it appears that the cells are rapidly distributed in a pool some 2 to 5 times greater than that calculated from the blood volume and blast count. In analogy with similar studies on granulocytes, and lymphocytes, it is assumed that the circulating LBC exchange with a marginal LBC pool.The disappearance of labelled LBC can be approximated by a double exponential function with T1/2 values of 1/2 to 2 h and 2.5 to 6 days. Probable reasons for the rapid component are exchange of cells between intravascular and extravascular pools, removal of cells damaged in the labelling process, and sequestration e.g. in the lungs. The slow component is governed largely by the disappearance of LBC from the blood (random loss in addition to senescence) and their replacement by newly produced unlabelled cells. The blood transit times for LBC of 3.7 to 8.5 days, calculated from the slow component, are long compared with those of normal granulocytes and the corresponding turnover rates of LBC are slower than that of normal granulocytes. The blood transit times calculated from the slow component are minimal values since, as a result of cell metabolism, label i8 lost from the LBC so that some cells fall below the threshold of autoradiographic detectability and the curve does not represent only the disappearance of cells. A comparison of the labelling index and number of labelled LBC curves and their changes during the course of the leukaemia and its treatment gives information on the flux changes of LBC since the slope of labelling index depends upon the inflow and outflow of LBC, while the slope of the number of labelled LBC is dependent only on the outflow of cells from the peripheral blood.
Metabolic Activity in Human Skeletal Muscle Effect of Peripheral Arterial Insufficiency
Authors: Holm J. , Björntorp P. , Scherstén T. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract Succinic oxidase activity and the incorporation rates of glucose‐carbon into glycogen, lipids, lactate and carbon‐dioxide were studied in vitro in samples of skeletal muscle taken from patients with peripheral arterial insufficiency.In the patients with intermittent claudication significantly increased succinic oxidase activity and incorporation rates of glucose‐carbon were found in muscle tissue taken from the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle. In patients with evidence of ischaemia at rest the metabolic activity in the muscle tissue was similar to the controls but significantly lower than in the patients with claudication on all points.
Dietary Factors Affecting Biliary Lipid Secretion in the Rhesus Monkey A Mechanism for the Hypocholesterolaemic Action of Polyunsaturated Fat?*
Authors: Campbell C. Bryan , Cowley David J. , Dowling R. Hermon 
Published: March 2008

Abstract Using an experimental model which permits representative bile sampling whilst maintaining an almost “intact” enterohepatic circulation, it was found that different diets markedly influenced biliary lipid secretion in the rhesus monkey. In different studies, we have previously shown that bile volume, bile salt, phospholipid and cholesterol secretion rates were significantly less in animals given a low fat commercial diet then in monkeys given a second commerical diet with higher fat content.The present paired studies confirmed that in the same animals, the higher fat diet stimulated bile volume and biliary lipid secretion. On the higher fat diet there was no change in bile salt concentration or in pool size, the greater secretion rate being due to a greater bile volume and to more frequent circulations of the bile salt pool.Since the major differences between the two commercial diets were in fat and calories, the effect of supplementing the low fat diet with individual additives of olive, corn and medium chain triglyceride oil and with 40% dextrose was examined in further paired studies.In six monkeys, supplements of mono‐unsaturated olive oil had no effect on biliary lipid secretion, but in seven animals given comparable doses of polyunsaturated corn oil, there was a significant increase in biliary bile salt, phospholipid and cholesterol output.The addition of medium chain triglyceride oil or of 250 ml of 40% dextrose did not change biliary lipid secretion rates. None of the dietary manipulations significantly altered cholesterol solubility in bile.In monkeys where hepatic bile salt synthesis had been maximally induced by partial biliary diversion (33.3% interruption of the EHC), corn oil no longer increased bile salt secretion suggesting that the stimulatory effect of corn oil was due to stimulation of bile salt synthesis.It is postulated that the increased turnover of bile salts seen after feeding corn oil, with a resultant acceleration in cholesterol catabolism, may explain, at least in part, the hypocholesterolaemic action of polyunsaturated fat.
Myocardial Lipid and Carbohydrate Metabolism in Healthy, Fasting Men at Rest: Studies During Continuous Infusion of 3H‐Palmitate
Authors: Lassers B.W. , Kaijser L. , Carlson L.A. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract Myocardial metabolism of lipid and carbohydrate substrates was studied in 17 healthy men at rest by measuring the arterial‐coronary sinus [(a—cs)] concentration differences. A continuous intravenous infusion of albumin‐bound 3H‐palmitate was given to provide a tracer for the plasma free fatty acids (FFA) and to produce endogenous labelling of plasma triglycerides (TG).A statistically significant positive (a—cs) difference in triglyceride (TG) concentration was detected in 10 of the 17 subjects and averaged 18±4 (SEM) μmol/1 plasma for the 17 subjects. This was 1.0% of the average arterial TG concentration. A significant positive (a—cs) difference in TG radioactivity was found in 12 of the 17 subjects but it was not possible to quantitate myocardial TG extraction from these radioisotope data.Myocardial extraction of FFA based on the radiopalmitate data was on average 39% greater than the extraction of FFA measured chemically. This was interpreted as indicating an efflux of unlabelled fatty acids into the coronary sinus, most probably from a glyceride pool within the myocardium. The finding that this efflux of fatty acids was not accompanied by free glycerol suggested either that the fatty acids were derived from partial hydrolysis of glycerides, or that glycerol was metabolised within the myocardium. Seven of the subjects had significant, positive (a—cs) differences in free glycerol concentration suggesting that the human heart is capable of metabolising glycerol.There were significant, negative linear correlations between arterial FFA concentration and myocardial extraction of glucose, lactate and pyruvate with significant efflux of pyruvate from the heart at higher FFA concentrations. These findings suggested that FFA can decrease glucose extraction by the human heart and that one possible mechanism for this may be the inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase.The average (±SEM) oxygen extraction ratios (OERs) for the substrates were: TG 16±4%; FFA 48±3%; glucose 20±3%; lactate 8±2%; pyruvate 1±0.3%. The total OER for these substrates averaged 97% suggesting that in the resting, fasting, state there is little change in the total energy content of endogenous myocardial substrate pools.
Effect of Nicotinamide on Carbohydrate Metabolism in the Rat Liver during Starvation
Authors: Talke H. , Maier K. P. , Kersten M. , Gerok W. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. A single high dose of nicotinamide (500 mg/kg body weight) results in an eight‐hour long inhibition of lipolysis in adipose tissue by transformation to nicotinic acid. In the present paper the effect of inhibited lipolysis on carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism after forty‐eight hours starvation was examined in vivo. Within two hours after the injection of nicotinamide (Nam) the plasma level of FFA declines from 900 μval/l to 300 μval/l. The FFA level rises again between 8–12 h after Nam injection. The reduced supply of FFA to the liver leads to a reduced oxidation rate, characterized by a fall in the acetyl‐CoA content of the liver and of ketone bodies in liver and blood. Simultaneously there is an increase in protein catabolism. This increase is characterized by increased urinary excretion of urea up to 10 h after Nam injection and by a higher urea production rate in liver slices of rats pretreated with Nam. In the liver the levels of the following amino acids rise very sharply SER (100%), CIT (400%), ORN (250%), ALA (300%), α‐AB (470%), VAL (350%), LEU (250%), ILE (370%). The content of THR is reduced to 63%, and GLY to 50%. In comparison to the values of the control groups the contents of ASP, GLU, TYR, LYS, HIS and ARG are unchanged.The result of the increased precursor supply for gluconeogenesis is a higher rate of glucose production, characterized by an increase in blood glucose by 40 mg/100 ml, by an increase in liver glycogen content, by an increase in the concentrations of intermediates of the Embden‐Meyerhof‐pathway (mainly the concentrations of PEP (870%), 3PGA (480%), FDP (150%), G6P (250%) and glucose (220%). In liver slice experiments the glucose production rate from L‐ALA rises significantly, compared to the control group, after pretreatment of the animals with Nam. The results show that a stimulation of gluconeogenesis is obtainable in vivo, although the oxidation rate of FFA is reduced. Thus, they support the assumption, that an increased fatty acid oxidation rate is not a primary condition of stimulated gluconeogenesis.
Postheparin Plasma Lipase in Human Subjects.: Studies with Chylomicrons, Very‐Low Density Lipoproleins and a Fat Emulsion
Authors: Huttunen Jussi K. , Nikkilä Esko A. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. The properties of human postheparin lipolytic activity (PHLA) have been studied using an artificial triglyceride emulsion (Intralipid®), chylomicrons and endogenous lipoproteins as substrates. The assay system used requires only small amounts of plasma as the enzyme source and so reduces interference from the various activators and inhibitors present in plasma.The pH‐activity curves of PHLA were characteristically flat for all three substrates used, the optimum being between 8.4 and 9.0. The apparent Km (as triglyceride) was lower for chylomicrons than for very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) or Intralipid°. Wide variation was found, in the effects of protamine sulphate and 1 M NaCl on PHLA. This variation depended both on the donor of PHLA and on the type of substrate used.When the peak PHLA towards different substrates was compared in normal and hyperglyceridaemic subjects, an excellent correlation was found between the activities against chylomicrons and VLDL. The correlation between the activities towards endogenous substrates and Intralipid° was not so good. A significant negative correlation was observed between the fasting triglyceride level and lipolytic activity towards endogenous lipoproteins but not towards Intralipid°.No difference was found in the rates of disappearance of the lipolytic activities towards chylomicrons and VLDL after injection of heparin, when the results from 20 subjects were pooled. After a change from a high‐fat to a high‐carbohydrate diet PHLA decreased on average by 40%, irrespective of the substrate used.The results provide some further evidence for the presence of several triglyceride lipases in postheparin plasma. These upases may differ from each other both in substrate specificity and in their behaviour in the presence of various inhibitors.
Metabolic Activity of Skeletal Muscle in Patients with Peripheral Arterial Insufficiency
Authors: Dahllöf Ann‐Gret , Björntorp P. , Holm J. , Scherstén T. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. 18 patients with intermittent claudication were studied to find some explanation for the beneficial effect of physical training on their symptoms. The patients were randomly allocated to a training group and a placebo‐treated control group. The effect of treatment on serum lipids, muscle lipids and glycogen, walking tolerance, calf blood flow, muscle succinic oxidase activity and the in vitro incorporation rate of glucose‐carbon into various metabolites were studied.In the control group none of these parameters were changed.In the trained group the following significant changes were found: Walking tolerance improved; muscle contents of cholesterol and phospholipids increased, as did succinic oxidase activity and the incorporation rate of glucose‐carbon into glycogen, lipids and carbon dioxide. Incorporation of glucose‐carbon into lactate decreased.The improvement in walking tolerance was correlated with the altered pattern of metabolic activity but was not associated with increased calf blood flow. It is concluded that metabolic changes in skeletal muscles may be important in explaining the beneficial effects of physical training in patients with peripheral arterial insufficiency.