bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fishermen, farmers, traders: Language and economic history on St. Barthélemy, French West Indies
Authors: Maher Julianne 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTSt. Barthélemy, a small island in the northeastern Caribbean, is populated primarily by descendants of 17th century French settlers, and hosts seven language varieties. To explain the linguistic complexity of the island, this article reconstructs both its social history (using censuses, church records, and land registries) and its economic history, analyzing the effects of economic change on the island's population. The two offshoot communities on St. Thomas provide evidence of social fragmentation related to occupational differences. Functional explanations for St. Barth's linguistic diversity are inadequate; however, the social network theory of Milroy & Milroy 1992 proves useful in explaining the persistence of language differences in this small isolated community. (Social networks, life-modes, economic change, societal multilingualism, creole languages, French, West Indies, St. Barthélemy)
The ancient Greek address system and some proposed sociolinguistic universals
Authors: Dickey Eleanor 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThis article summarizes the results of a longer study of address forms in Ancient Greek, based on 11,891 address tokens from a variety of sources. It argues that the Greek evidence appears to contradict two tendencies, found in address forms in other languages, which have been claimed as possible sociolinguistic universals: the tendency toward T/V distinctions, and the principle that “What is new is polite.” It is suggested that these alleged universals should perhaps be re-examined in light of the Greek evidence, and that ancient languages in general have more to contribute to sociolinguistics than is sometimes realized. (Address, Ancient Greek, T/V distinctions)
Dialect contact and phonological reallocation: “Canadian Raising” in the English Fens
Authors: Britain David 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThis article reports on research carried out in the Fens in Eastern England, a region noted in the dialectological literature as the site of a number of important phonological transitions, most notably [] and [a – a:], which separate northern and southern varieties of British English. Recordings of 81 speakers from across the Fens were analyzed for the use of (ai), a particularly salient local variable. A “Canadian Raising” type of allophonic variation was found in the central Fenland: speakers in this area used raised onsets of (ai) before voiceless consonants but open onsets before voiced consonants, morpheme boundaries, and //. The article weighs a number of possible explanations for the emergence of this variation in the Fens. Based on compelling evidence from the demographic history of the area, it supports a view that such an allophonic distribution, previously thought not to be found in Britain, emerged as the result of dialect contact. The sociolinguistic process of koinéization that is commonly associated with post-contact speech communities (Trudgill 1986) is held responsible for the focusing of this allophonic variation from the input dialects of an initially mixed variety. The article concludes by suggesting a socially based explanatory model to account for the way that speakers implement processes of focusing and koinéization in areas of dialect contact. [English, dialects, contact, koiné, geographical linguistics, social networks, structuration theory)
Sex, speech, and stereotypes: Why women use prestige speech forms more than men
Authors: Gordon Elizabeth 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTIt is widely reported that women use more prestige speech forms than men, and style-shift more dramatically than men. This article puts forward the view that this behavior of women is not a matter of self-promotion, but of avoidance. Evidence from a survey of New Zealand middle-class speakers shows that their stereotype of a lower-class female speaker includes potential sexual immorality. Because of society's double standard regarding men's and women's sexual behavior, the stereotype affects women more than men, and could be an explanation for middle-class women's use of prestige forms as a way of avoiding association with the lower-class stereotype. (Women's speech, social class, speech varieties, sex and language, stereotypes, New Zealand)
Affect and letter-writing: Unconventional conventions in casual writing by young Japanese women
Authors: Kataoka Kuniyoshi 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTWith special attention to the use of unconventional practices and pictorial signs in casual letter writing, this article shows how young Japanese women effectively exploit affect-laden shape, form, and function in order to establish intimate and solidary relationships. They rely on both conventional and unconventional aspects of Japanese orthography, encoding affect specific to the given context and merging spoken with written modes of self-representation. In so doing, they seem to draw on diverse “frames” of written language, and to manipulate symbolic means of association and integration for achieving reciprocity. These features not only provide the basis for reciprocity, but may also suggest a new mode of literacy caused by social change. (Writing, literacy, affect, Japanese, pictorial signs, letter-writing)
Naming practices and the power of words in China
Authors: Blum Susan D. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThis article examines use of kinship terms, pronouns, and proper names in China, in an overall framework termed “naming” that demonstrates the performative power of uttering relational terms, especially by the junior in the relationship. It also describes the prototypical routine of introductions, which consist of three participants, in contrast to the more typical conversation in Western analysis which posits two participants. In this three-party exchange, the animator is not the author of the words, but rather the willing and necessary namer of the relationship. Finally, it situates this performative function of naming within a general discussion of language ideology in Chinese society, in which signifiers and their homophones are seen as somehow inseparable from the signifieds. (Naming, speech act theory, ideology, kinship, China)
From Fisin to Pijin: Creolization in process in the Solomon Islands
Authors: Jourdan Christine , Keesing Roger 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTIn a combination of ethnohistorical records and longitudinal data gathered over a period of 30 years, the development of Solomon Islands Pijin is documented and analyzed in light of the current debate surrounding creolization theory. Using a pragmatic definition of a Creole (Jourdan 1991), the authors argue that pidgins can be very elaborate codes even before they become the mother tongue of children, and that this elaboration is the result of the linguistic creativity of adults. It is further shown that, in sociolinguistic niches where adults and children use the pidgin as their main language, the impact of the latter on the evolution of the language is of a different nature. (Creolization theory, pidgin languages, substrate influences, urbanization, Solomon Islands Pijin)
Women, men, and type of talk: What makes the difference?
Authors: Freed Alice F. , Greenwood Alice 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTIn a study of dyadic conversations between four female and four male pairs of friends, the use of the phraseyou knowand questions are examined within three types of discourse. Women and men are found to use these features with equal frequency; and all speakers, regardless of sex or gender, use them in comparable ways. Although these particular discourse features have been previously associated with a female speech style, the results of this study show that it is the particular requirements associated with the three types of talk that motivate their use, and not the sex or gender of the individual speaker. The problems of generalizing about the characteristics of female or male speech, outside of a particular conversational context, are discussed; and it is shown that a gendered style cannot be adequately defined by counting individual speech variables removed from the specifics of the talk context. (Gender, questions, tag questions, discourse analysis, conversation analysis)
Gender, identity, and the political economy of language: Anglophone wives in Tunisia
Authors: Walters Keith 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTUsing the frameworks of the political economy of language, and of language use as acts of identity, this study attempts to describe and analyze the situation of natively anglophone wives living with their Tunisian husbands in Tunisia – a speech community characterized by Arabic diglossia and Arabic/French bilingualism. Particular attention is devoted to these women's beliefs about using Tunisian Arabic (TA), the native language of their husbands, and the ways in which access to TA or the use of it becomes a site of conflict between husbands and wives, or mothers and children, in these mixed marriages. (Gender, identity, political economy of language, ideology, Tunisia, Arabic,francophonie, diglossia, code-switching, bilingualism, multilingualism, family relations)
Unequal partnership: Sociolinguistics and the African American speech community
Authors: Rickford John Russell 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTAmerican quantitative sociolinguistics has drawn substantially on data from the African American speech community for its descriptive, theoretical, and methodological development, but has given relatively little in return. Contributions from the speech community to sociolinguistics include the development of variable rules and frameworks for the analysis of tense-aspect markers, social class, style, narratives, and speech events, plus research topics and employment for students and faculty. The contributions which sociolinguistics could make in return to the African American speech community – but has not done sufficiently – include the induction of African Americans into linguistic, the representation of African Americans in our writings, and involvement in courts, workplaces, and schools, especially with respect to the teaching of reading and the language arts. This last issue has surged to public attention following the Oakland School Board's “Ebonics” resolutions on Dec. 18, 1996.The present unequal partnership between researcher and researched is widespread within linguistics. Suggestions are made for establishing service in return as a general principle and practice of teaching and research in our field. (African American Vernacular English, Ebonics, applications of sociolinguistics, community service, dialect readers, variation theory)
Honorific possession: Power and language in Pohnpei, Micronesia
Authors: Keating Elizabeth 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTMental categorization schemes, such as noun classification systems, can be productive sites for examining how experience is meaningfully and culturally structured through metaphorical and metonymic associations. Pohnpeian possessive classifiers not only constitute cultural categories of rank and power relations, but dynamically re-sort or re-classify these categories through honorific speech. Linguistic and interactional data are here combined with ethnographic data about Pohnpeian society and cultural beliefs, particularly notions about the meaning and construction of ranked social relationships, to show how micro-interactions which index status are linked both to larger cultural ideologies about power and, metaphorically, to the experiential domain. (Pohnpei, Micronesia, honorifics, status, metaphor, possessive constructions)
Between friends: Gender, peer group structure, and bilingualism in urban Catalonia
Authors: Woolard Kathryn A. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTA gap exists between studies of gender and language and studies of bilingualism. The considerable attention given by studies of discourse style to gender differences in friendship patterns is not reflected in research on bilingual communities. This ethnographic case study of high school students in the Barcelona area shows that gender differences in peer group structure can affect the use of the bilingual repertoire, even when there are no apparent sex differences in second language acquisition. In this setting, girls' friendship circles are more solidary and cohesive than boys'. Moreover, girls' groups are ethnically and linguistically homogeneous, while boys' social circles can be ethnically mixed and internally differentiated linguistically. Girls' friendships set stronger constraints on language behavior. In turn, boys and girls reap different social benefits and costs for their linguistic choices, with more serious consequences for girls' social identities and acceptance by peers. (Gender, sex differences, bilingualism, peer groups, language acquisition, social networks, language shift)
Frederick II of Prussia, Austria, and the Hungarian Protestants: Bishop Márton Padányi Biró of Vezprém and theEnchiridion de fide
Authors: Bahlcke Joachim 
Published: March 2009

On february13, 1751, the Department of Foreign Affairs notified Frederick II of Prussia about a new plea for support by the Hungarian Protestants:The persecution of Hungary's Protestants at the hands of the papist clergy has been increasing daily and the Protestants are afraid of being completely exposed to their enemies' rage. In this desperate situation they have taken the liberty of imploring his Royal Highness to grant them his noble protection, even before the diet assembles in Bratislava [Pozsony].1
3D Navigational Path Planning
Authors: Rao T.M. , Arkin Ronald C. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe problem of path planning for a mobile robot has been studied extensively in recent literature. Much of the work in this area is devoted to the study of path planning for an earth-bound robot in two dimensions. In this paper, we explore the problem for a robot that can fly in three dimensional space or crawl on 3D surfaces or use a combination of both. We assume that the obstacles can be modeled as polyhedral objects.
Cascade control of hydraulically actuated manipulators
Authors: Sepehri N. , Dumont G.A.M. , Lawrence P.D. , Sassani F. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYA fundamental study on the control of hydraulically actuated robots is presented. Dynamic modelling is performed in both time-domain and frequency-domain. It is shown that the inclusion of hydraulic elements increases the order of the system. Hydraulic compliance is the most effective factor in this regard.Three distinct control strategies are applied. Their performances are evaluated and compared. All three methods are exemplified with a two link hydraulic robot in a computer simulation. The robot has the same hydraulic configuration as many existing industrial manipulators. The simulation program is written in ACSL (Advanced Continuous Simulation Language) running on a VAX 11/750.
A closed-loop inverse kinematic scheme for on-line joint-based robot control
Authors: Siciliano Bruno 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYA computationally fast inverse kinematic scheme is derived which solves robot's end-effector (EE) trajectories in terms of joint trajectories. The inverse kinematic problem (IKP) is cast as a control problem for a simple dynamic system. The resulting closed-loop algorithms are shown to guarantee satisfactory tracking performance. Differently from previous first-order schemes which only solve for joint positions and velocities, we propose here newsecond order tracking schemeswhich allow the on-line generation of joint position + velocity + acceleration (PVA) reference trajectories for any computed torque-like controller in sensor-based robot applications. The algorithms do explicitly solve the IKP for both EE position and orientation. Simulation results for asix-degree-of-freedom PUMA-like geometry demonstrate the effectiveness of the scheme, even near singularities.
Developments in robot grippers for soft fruit packing in New Zealand
Authors: Tedford J.D. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe heavy reliance which New Zealand places on its primary industries makes it important that every effort be made to automate these industries to improve their productivity. This presents many unique problems, especially when consideration is given to the use of robots in the horticultural sector for the handling of soft fruit for export. As part of this process, fruit must be individually packed in trays without the risk of damage. This is currently achieved through labour-intensive manual handling and for this reason a range of specialised robot grippers have been developed. These, to varying degrees, overcome many of the problems associated with the harsh handling which occurs when conventional industrial robot grippers are used.
Robotic handling and packaging of poultry products
Authors: Khodabandehloo K. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThis paper presents the findings of a research programme leading to the development of a robotic system for packaging poultry portions. The results show that an integrated system, incorporating machine vision and robots, can be made feasible for industrial use. The elements of this system, including the end-effector, the vision module, the robot hardware and the system software are presented. Models and algorithms for automatic recognition and handling of poultry portions are discussed.
Mobile robot using ultrasonic sensors: study of a degraded mode
Authors: Blazevic P. , Delaplace S. , Fontaine J. G. , Rabit J. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYIn this paper, we develop a method for mobile robot control using ultrasonic sensors to determine displacement constraints between two parallel planes. Robot control has been simulated for this situation. Results obtained by simulation and experimentation are presented. A degraded mode which considers the use of one valid ultrasonic sensor is studied. In this case, a new model is developed and new results are analyzed.
Use of vision in dispensing control and inspection of adhesives
Authors: Sun C.-M. , Sezgin O.S. , Forrest A.K. , Davies B.L. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYA prototype system utilizing a vision technique to monitor the parameters of adhesive beads or sealants is presented. The system uses a structured light technique to investigate adhesive beads and extract information about the shape of the bead from binary images. The geometrical model of the bead, the relationship between this model and the shape of a line of light on the image are investigated. The models for calculating the parameters of the bead and the height of the camera are analyzed. Control strategies are suggested.
Optimal trigonometric robot joint trajectories
Authors: Simon Dan , Isik Can 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYInterpolation of a robot joint trajectory is realized using trigonometric splines. This original application has several advantages over existing methods (e.g. those using algebraic splines). For example, the computational expense is lower, more constraints can be imposed on the trajectory, obstacle avoidance can be implemented in real time, and smoother trajectories are obtained. Some of the spline parameters can be chosen to minimize an objective function (e.g. minimum jerk or minimum energy). If jerk is minimized, the optimization has a closed form solution. This paper introduces a trajectory interpolation algorithm, discusses a method for path optimization, and includes examples.
A nonlinear iterative learning method for robot path control
Authors: Bien Zeungnam , Hwang Dong-Hwan , Oh Sang-Rok 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYAn iterative learning control method is proposed for a class of non-linear dynamic systems with uncertain parameters. The method, in which non-linear system model is used, employs the model algorithmic control concept in the iteration sequence. A sufficient condition for convergency is provided. Then the method is shown to be applicable to continuous-path control of a robot manipulator.
Motion planning for multiple robots with multi-mode operations via disjunctive graphs
Authors: Lin Chi-Fang , Tsai Wen-Hsiang 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYA new approach to motion planning for multiple robots with multi-mode operations is proposed in this paper. Although sharing a common workspace, the robots are assumed to perform periodical tasks independently. The goal is to schedule the motion trajectories of the robots so as to avoid collisions among them. Rather than assigning the robots with different priorities and planning safe motion for only one robot at a time, as is done in most previous studies, an efficient method is developed that can simultaneously generate collision-free motions for the robots with or without priority assignment. Being regarded as a type of job-shop scheduling, the problem is reduced to that of finding a minimaximal path in a disjunctive graph and solved by an extension of the Balas algorithm. The superiority of this approach is demonstrated with various robot operation requirements, including “non-priority”, “with-priority”, and “multicycle” operation modes. Some techniques for speeding up the scheduling process are also presented. The planning results can be described by Gantt charts and executed by a simple “stop-and-go” control scheme. Simulation results on different robot operation modes are also presented to show the feasibility of the proposed approach.
Rigid Body dynamics and decoupled control architecture for two strongly interacting manipulators
Authors: Unseren M.A. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYA rigid body dynamical model and control architecture are developed for the closed chain motion of two structurally dissimilar manipulators holding a rigid object in a three-dimensional workspace. The model is first developed in the joint space and then transformed to obtain reduced order equations of motion and a separate set of equations describing the behavior of the generalized contact forces. The problem of solving the joint space and reduced order models for the unknown variables is discussed. A new control architecture consisting of the sum of the outputs of a primary and secondary controller is suggested which, according to the model, decouples the force and position-controlled degrees of freedom during motion of the system. The proposed composite controller enables the designer to develop independent, non-interacting control laws for the force and position control of the complex closed chain system.
A curvilinear snake arm robot with gripper-axis fibre-optic image processor feedback
Authors: Taylor W. K. , Lavie D. , Esat I. I. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYA curvilinear robot constructed from a number of modular flexible sections of fixed length and diameter but independently controlled radius and direction of curvature has been equipped with an optical fibre image guide transmitting images from between the gripper jaws to the remote TV camera of Microvision-100, a microcomputer controlled real-time DMA-based vision System that is easily trained to recognise the shape, position and orientation of components. The gripper position and orientation is controlled by feedback from the vision System, the action taken depending on component recognition and inspection for defects. Redundant degrees of freedom enable the curvilinear robot to avoid obstacles and work in confined spaces.