bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Informational needs and the experiences of women with abnormal Papanicolaou smears
Authors: Bertram Cathy Cramer , Magnussen Lois 
Published: September 2008

AbstractPurpose: To describe the experience of women with abnormal Papanicolaou (Pap) smears with a particular focus on their informational needs.Data source: The small purposive sample consisted of 10 demographically diverse women with a history of at least one abnormal Pap smear, who attended one Women’s Health outpatient clinic that typically serves a multiethnic, low‐income population. Individual 30‐ to 60‐min tape‐recorded interviews were conducted, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed according to Colaizzi’s eidetic method of phenomenological analysis. A manual categorizing strategy and a computer software (Qualrus, version 2.0) strategy were used for data management and coding.Conclusions: Six major themes emerged from the data: initial response to the diagnosis; dealing with stigma; seeking information and support; enduring diagnostic and treatment procedures; formulating a concept of disease; and normalizing. The essential structure of the experience of having an abnormal Pap smear in terms of informational needs involved initial anxiety at disclosure, followed by an urgent need for information. Stigma associated with a sexually transmitted disease (STD) and a dearth of information available for male partners were problematic and influenced decisions about disclosure of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection to current or future partners. Misinformation or misunderstanding of available information was common. Information obtained from the Internet was experienced as private and allowed adequate time, but Web sites that grouped HPV with general STD information were confusing and further stigmatizing. Information obtained from healthcare providers was experienced as supportive if facts were accompanied by reassurance and familiar analogies were used. Information from providers was experienced as nonsupportive if too much medical jargon was used, if not enough time was spent to explain the information, if facts were not accompanied by interpersonal concern, or if a patient–provider relationship was not established.Implications for practice: Patient education regarding abnormal Pap smears and HPV should address the concerns of those affected and should use message framing that informs but decreases stigmatization. Women should be offered the option of individualized informative and supportive counseling resources after initial disclosure of an abnormal Pap smear to adequately address concerns such as information for partners, the nature of HPV, an appropriate concept of cancer risk, and reassurance regarding potential effects on sexuality and fertility. Public information forums should address issues specific to high‐risk HPV rather than generalization as an STD.
Measuring mobbing experiences of academic nurses: Development of a mobbing scale
Authors: Ozturk Havva , Sokmen Serap , Yılmaz Fatma , Cilingir Dilek 
Published: September 2008

AbstractPurpose: The aims of this study were to develop a mobbing scale for academic nurses and to determine their mobbing experiences.Data sources: Data were collected between January and June 2006 with a 60‐item mobbing scale and a questionnaire composed of 6 questions concerning demographics and 10 questions regarding nurses’ opinions about mobbing.Conclusions: For the Mobbing Scale for Academic Nurses, the content validity index was 88%, item‐to‐total correlations ranged from .41 to .73, Cronbach αwas .97, and Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin measure of sampling adequacy was .72. Barlett’s test yielded quite significant results (χ2= 7905.47, p = .000). The scale was composed of eight subscales. One fifth of the academic nurses experienced mobbing, and there was evidence of mobbing at university nursing schools.Implications for practice: The mobbing scale for academic nurses can be used to collect reliable and accurate data about mobbing experienced by academic nurses. If there is mobbing in nursing faculties and schools, appropriate precautions should be taken to protect people against mobbing, and a safe and comfortable atmosphere must be created in nursing faculties and schools.
Body mass index and nutritional intake in patients with HIV and chronic diarrhea: A secondary analysis
Authors: Capili Bernadette , Anastasi Joyce K. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractPurpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the differences in nutritional intake and body mass index (BMI) in HIV patients with chronic diarrhea via secondary analysis of patients’ nutritional diaries. A secondary purpose was to evaluate the quality of diets against national dietary guidelines.Data sources: Seventy‐five ambulatory patients with HIV were included in this study. Patients were categorized using baseline BMI as normal weight (BMI 18.5–24.9 kg/m2), overweight (BMI 25.0‐29.9 kg/m2), and obese (BMI ≥30.0 kg/m2). Seven‐day nutritional diaries were used to estimate diet in terms of dietary fats, cholesterol, fiber, protein, and sugar. A one‐way analysis of variance was conducted to evaluate the relationship between BMI and mean nutritional intake from fat, saturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, monounsaturated fat, cholesterol, fiber, and sugar.Conclusions: 39.7% and 13.3% of participants were overweight and obese, respectively. The mean intake of fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol was higher than the recommended levels by the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP), while the mean intake of monounsaturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, and fiber was below the NCEP guideline. Although the results were not statistically different between groups, grams of fiber intake were lowest for individuals with BMI ≥30.0 kg/m2.Implications for practice: Advanced practice nurses should encourage increased physical activity and healthy diets at each visit for individuals living with HIV. The continued use of nutritional supplements to boost weight should also be reviewed at each visit to prevent the consumption of unnecessary calories.
A challenge in academia: Meeting the healthcare needs of the growing number of older adults
Authors: Scherer Yvonne K. , Bruce Susan A. , Montgomery Carolyn A. , Ball Lisa S. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractPurpose: The purposes of this study were to survey nurse practitioners (NPs) to determine their comfort level with knowledge about caring for individuals aged 65 years and older and to obtain their input on enhancing geriatric content in the educational preparation of advanced practice nurses who provide care to older adults but are not specialists in gerontology.Data sources: The sample consisted of 500 randomly selected NPs who were certified to practice in New York State. The Geriatric Curriculum Survey designed by the researchers was based on the 47 “Older Adult Care” competencies developed by the American Association of Colleges of Nursing. The survey was mailed to the subjects along with a stamped self‐addressed envelope to facilitate its return. Two hundred and twenty–two surveys (44%) were returned.Conclusions: A majority of the respondents were comfortable with their assessment skill knowledge of individuals aged 65 years and older in all areas except those related to cultural/ethnic items. Over half of the respondents were only “somewhat comfortable” with knowledge of management of Alzheimer’s disease, delirium, dementia, neurological problems, polypharmacy, and sleep issues. Finally, respondents were asked to rate their knowledge comfort level on topics relevant to physical and psychosocial issues of individuals aged 65 years and older. The majority of respondents only felt “somewhat comfortable” with their knowledge on all but one of the nine items in this category. Health promotion and disease prevention was the only item that over 50% of the respondents felt “very knowledgeable” about. Ninety‐five percent indicated they would be better prepared to care for individuals aged 65 years and older if a didactic course in geriatrics was required in their program of study. Seventy percent indicated they would consider taking an online course in geriatrics.Implications for practice: Based on the results of this study, an online, four‐credit geriatric‐focused course “Issues in Geriatric Management” was developed. The course is required in the acute care and adult NP programs. Eventually, this course will be offered as continuing education credit for practicing NPs. The offering of a course focused on geriatrics will help to better prepare NPs to care for the growing number of elderly in this country.
BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Musculoskeletal Imaging
Authors: McLean C. Louise 
Published: September 2008

BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Musculoskeletal Imaging
Edited by Frances J. Barr and Robert M. Kirberger Published by the BSAVA, 2006, paperback, 220 pages, Price £70.00, ISBN‐10: 0905214862, ISBN‐13: 978‐0905214863
General population‐based cohorts for studies of lung health in adults in Sweden
Authors: Lundbäck B. , Rönmark E. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractEpidemiological population‐based studies about lung health in Sweden have mostly been focused on obstructive airway diseases. From the 1960s to the 1980s, the epidemiological studies were cross‐sectional, aiming at the study of the prevalence of asthma, chronic bronchitis and respiratory symptoms and their associations with mainly demographic data. With the exception of highly stratified samples, for instance the men born on 1913 in Gothenburg and cohorts of occupational groups or work places, general population‐based cohorts for studies of lung health in adults are still not very common. Two large‐scale studies of lung health have been in progress in Sweden for more than 20 years; the Obstructive Lung Disease in Northern Sweden (OLIN) Studies, which started in 1985, and the Swedish part of European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS) since 1989 with the follow‐up survey labelled Respiratory Health in Northern Europe (RHINE). During the 1990s the comparative studies between Finland, Estonia and Sweden (The FinEsS Studies) started. These and other studies will be reviewed in the following exemplifying change of aims and study designs over time as well as change of focus of risk factors under study.Please cite this paper as: Lundbäck B and Rönmark E. General population‐based cohorts for studies of lung health in adults in Sweden. The Clinical Respiratory Journal 2008; 2: 2–9.
The Obstructive Lung Disease in Northern Sweden (OLIN) longitudinal paediatric study I – the first 10 years
Authors: Rönmark E. , Bjerg A. , Hedman L. , Perzanowski M. , Sundberg S. , Lundbäck B. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractBackground:  Prospective studies of asthma and allergic conditions based on the general population are scare.Aim:  To summarize the methods and main results from a prospective study among school children.Methods:  In 1996, a cohort of 3525 children aged 7/8 years in Northern Sweden were invited to a questionnaire survey using an expanded ISAAC protocol, and 97% participated. The cohort has been followed up yearly with high participation rate. Skin prick tests were conducted 1996, 2000 and 2006/2007. Allergens in dust from homes and schools have been analyzed. Sub samples have participated in interviews, lung function tests, bronchial hyper reactivity test, and analyses of IgE and IgG antibodies in serum.Results:  The prevalence of asthma was 6% at age 7–8 years and increased by age. The incidence of physician‐diagnosed asthma after the age of 7–8 years was around 1/100/year. The prevalence of positive skin prick test increased from 21% at age 7–8 to 30% at age 11–12 years. Remission of allergic sensitization was rare, while asthma remission was 5% yearly. The main risk factor for asthma and allergic sensitization increased in importance with increasing age. Allergic and non‐allergic asthma had different risk factor pattern. Environmental risk factors decreased in impact after the age of 7. Avoidance of pets at home did not protect from asthma or allergic sensitization.Conclusion:  The study includes important sources of data for further longitudinal analyses that will contribute to the understanding of the development and the nature of asthma and allergic sensitization.Please cite this paper as: Rönmark E, Bjerg A, Hedman L, Perzanowski M, Sundberg S and Lundbäck B. The Obstructive Lung Disease in Northern Sweden (OLIN) longitudinal paediatric study I – the first 10 years. The Clinical Respiratory Journal 2008; 22: 26–33.
What can we learn about asthma and allergy from the follow‐up of the RHINE and the ECRHS studies?
Authors: Omenaas E. , Svanes C. , Janson C. , Toren K. , Jogi R. , Gislason T. , Franklin K. A. , Gulsvik A. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractObject:  The international population‐based studies RHINE and ECRHS have provided new insight in the epidemiology and management of asthma, allergy and rhinitis in young adults. The aim of the present review is to focus on longitudinal results with regard incidence and net change of asthma and asthma‐like symptoms, risk factors and management of asthma, with special reference to the Nordic‐Baltic countries.Results:  Asthma and rhinitis are common conditions that are important in a public health perspective. There are gender differences in incidence and remission. A socio‐economic gradient that non‐atopic asthma is more strongly related to poverty seems to have developed in the last decade. These findings will challenge our welfare states in the future.In addition, occupational, as well as indoor and outdoor environmental exposures, influenced the onset of asthma. The population‐attributable risk for adult asthma because of occupational exposures is equivalent to an incidence of new‐onset asthma of 250–300 cases per million per year. Genetic factors, allergic sensitisation, gastro‐oesophageal reflux, habitual snoring, diet and other factors may also contribute to the onset of asthma and rhinitis. Even though management of asthma has improved, there are still great variations throughout Europe. These findings highlight the key role doctors and nurses play in educating and reviewing management of patients.Please cite this paper as: Omenaas E, Svanes C, Janson C, Toren K, Jogi R, Gislason T, Franklin KA and Gulsvik A. What can we learn about asthma and allergy from the follow‐up of the RHINE and the ECRHS studies? The Clinical Respiratory Journal 2008; 2: 45–52.
Association between respiratory symptom score and 30‐year cause‐specific mortality and lung cancer incidence
Authors: Frostad A. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractIntroduction: Respiratory symptoms are among the main reasons why patients make contact with healthcare professionals and they are associated with several diseases.Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between respiratory symptoms reported at one time and 30 years cause‐specific mortality and incidence of lung cancer in an urban Norwegian population.Materials and Methods: A total of 19 998 men and women, aged 15–70 years, were in 1972 selected from the general population of Oslo. They received a postal respiratory questionnaire (response rate 89%). All were followed for 30 years for end‐point mortality and for lung cancer. The association between respiratory symptoms, given as a symptom load, and end point of interest were investigated separately for men and women by multivariable analyses, with adjustment for age, occupational exposure to air pollution and smoking habits.Results: A total of 6710 individuals died during follow‐up. Obstructive lung diseases (OLDs) and pneumonia accounted for 250 and 293 of the total deaths, respectively. Ischaemic heart disease (IHD) accounted for 1572; stroke accounted for 653 of all deaths. Lung cancer developed in 352 persons during follow‐up. The adjusted hazard ratio for mortality from OLD and pneumonia, IHD and stroke increased in a dose–response manner with symptom score, more strongly for OLD and IHD than for pneumonia and stroke.Conclusions: Respiratory symptoms were positively associated with mortality from OLD, pneumonia, IHD and stroke, and incidence of lung cancer. This association was significant for mortality from OLD and IHD.Please cite this paper as: Frostad A. Association between respiratory symptom score and 30‐year cause‐specific mortality and lung cancer incidence.The Clinical Respiratory Journal2008; 2: 53–58.
COPD and co‐morbidities, with special emphasis on cardiovascular conditions
Authors: Löfdahl Claes‐Göran 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe concept of COPD as a systemic disease has been widely accepted in the past several years. In parallel, it has been emphasised that COPD morbidity and mortality is strongly related to co‐morbid conditions.This review summarises some recent studies showing that in patients with COPD, the prevalence of cardiac failure is manifested in 10%–46% of the patients, and that up to 40% of patients with cardiac failure show evidence of COPD, about half of them not earlier diagnosed. Recent data also show an increased risk for arteriosclerotic manifestations in COPD patients, and cardiac complications are common causes of death in COPD patients. Other manifestations of the metabolic syndrome, as diabetes, are also over‐represented in patients. It is also a well‐established fact that a low FEV1 is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and events.Mechanistically, a systemic inflammation in COPD could be a link to cardiovascular events. COPD raises inflammatory parameters and local anti‐inflammatory treatment seems to have a potential to decrease the systemic inflammation and also to decrease cardiovascular events.Please cite this paper as: Löfdahl C‐G. COPD and co‐morbidities, with special emphasis on cardiovascular conditions. The Clinical Respiratory Journal 2008; 2: 59–63.
The Obstructive Lung Disease in Northern Sweden Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Study: design, the first year participation and mortality
Authors: Lindberg A. , Lundbäck B. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractBackground:  Most epidemiological data on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are cross‐sectional, and the longitudinal course of disease on population bases is incompletely described.Aim:  To describe an epidemiological study designed to follow the longitudinal course of disease in chronic obstructive lung disease, COPD, including co‐morbidity and mortality and further, to evaluate the impact of COPD on quality of life and health economics.Materials and Methods:  From the Obstructive Lung Disease in Northern Sweden studies database cohorts I–IV, all subjects with COPD according to the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease spirometric criteria, FEV1/FVC < 0.70 (n = 993), were identified together with a similar size age‐ and gender‐matched control group. The study population was invited to a yearly examination starting in year 2005. The examinations included structured interview, spirometry with reversibility testing, oxygen saturation and health‐related quality of life questionnaires.Results:  On the first year, 83% of the population was examined, and the subjects unable to attend the examination were interviewed by telephone. Altogether, 91% of the original study population participated (95% of all subjects were alive at the end of the first year). Mortality was significantly higher among subjects with COPD, 5.1%, compared with controls, 3.0% (P = 0.018).Conclusion:  The study design including cases of COPD representative of COPD by disease severity in the general population and a similar sized control group, together with a high participation rate in the first study year, creates excellent conditions for evaluating the impact of COPD on population bases, and to follow the longitudinal course of disease in COPD.Please cite this paper as: Lindberg A and Lundbäck B. The Obstructive Lung Disease in Northern Sweden Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Study: design, the first year participation and mortality. The Clinical Respiratory Journal 2008; 2: 64–71.
Designing studies for diagnostic tests
Authors: Bakke Per S. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractBackground and Aims:  Requirements for diagnostic tests include high validity and good repeatability.Methods and Results:  The validity of a test refers to what extent the test measures what it is supposed to measure and is often expressed in terms of sensitivity and specificity. A graph may be constructed to incorporate both the sensitivity and specificity of a given test, the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve. The ROC curve actually compares the true positive fraction (sensitivity) vs the false positive fraction for a series of cut‐off points for a given test. Use of the curve requires that the diagnostic test and the gold standard must be independent of each other. Repeatability is the ability of a test to give the same results in repeated measurements.Conclusion:  When designing a study to examine a diagnostic test, the following principles should be followed. First, the order of performance of the diagnostic test and the gold standard in repeated measurements should be randomised. Second, in repeated measurements, the test situations should be equal. Third, the technicians performing the tests should be blinded to the data obtained in the other test or to the result of the gold standard. A pilot study is recommended before conducting the study to examine the diagnostic test.Please cite this paper as: Bakke PS. Designing studies for diagnostic tests. The Clinical Respiratory Journal 2008; 2: 72–75.
Is CT a new research tool for COPD?
Authors: Dirksen A. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractIntroduction:  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is composed of two diseases: chronic bronchitis and emphysema.Methods and results for emphysema:  The essence of emphysema is loss of alveolar walls. Computed tomography (CT), which is based on the attenuation of x‐rays, provides precise anatomical information on the density of tissues. Therefore, CT, especially HRCT, is the in vivo method of choice for detection and quantification of emphysema. Reduction of radiation dose has little influence on lung density measurements. This opens up opportunities for CT as a screen for emphysema. Furthermore, repeat scans can be used to follow the progress of emphysema. The depth of inspiration is an important source of variation of lung density measurements, but inspiratory level has no influence on the total weight of the lung derived from CT scans, making it easy to adjust lung densities to a standardised volume such as predicted Total Lung Capacity (TLC) by the following formula: adjusted lung density = observed lung density × observed TLC/predicted TLC.Methods and results for chronic bronchitis:  Chronic bronchitis represents the airway component of COPD. During recent years, improved resolution of HRCT with faster scans, smaller detectors and multi‐detector‐row technology has made it possible to visualise airways down to a range of 2 mm diameter (6th generation), which represents the upper‐size limit of the pathophysiologically important ‘small airways’.Conclusion:  In the future, CT may replace pulmonary function measurements (FEV1) as the gold standard for assessing the response to treatment in clinical trials of COPD, provided that the lung community does the same painstaking work of standardising and validating CT that it did for spirometry.Please cite this paper as: Dirksen A. Is CT a new research tool for COPD? The Clinical Respiratory Journal 2008; 2: 76–83.