bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of reduced pressure, vibration and orientation to simulate high altitude testing of liquid pharmaceutical glass and plastic bottles
Authors: Singh S. Paul , Burgess Gary , Kremer Matt , Lockhart Hugh 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis paper discusses the impact of high‐altitude shipments of glass and plastic bottles on package integrity. High altitudes are encountered when trucks travel over mountain passes and when cargo and feeder aircraft transport packages in non‐pressurized or partially pressurized cargo holds. This is the second research study conducted on liquid product shipments. The first was performed on liquid hazardous material combination packaging. The testing of pharmaceutical packaging is critical since the integrity of the product may be compromised during shipping and handling. Current shipping tests performed in labs do not account for simultaneous pressure changes and vibration together. This study shows that packages currently being used for shipments of liquid pharmaceuticals that perform well when tested to existing American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) and International Standard Organization (ISO) shipping tests are often inadequate, and can result in a significant number of leakers. Testing under combined vibration and pressure is necessary to insure integrity. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of modified atmosphere packaging with various sizes of silicon gum film window on the storage of Agrocybe Chaxingu Huang and the modelling of its respiration rate
Authors: Li Tiehua , Zhang Min 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAn Agrocybe chaxingu Huang packaged in 5% O2‐ and 10% CO2‐modified atmospheres with different sizes (0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5cm2) of silicon gum film window was stored at a temperature of 3 ± 1°C for 20 days. Changes of ascorbic acid content, titratable acidity, electrolyte leakage and sensory characteristic were evaluated. Significant differences were found among the packages with different sizes of silicon gum film window on ascorbic acid content, titratable acidity, electrolyte leakage, general appearance, firmness and odour after 8, 8, 12, 12, 12 and 4 days of storage, respectively. The package with a 1.0cm2 silicon gum film window was the most effective for keeping the quality of Agrocybe chaxingu Huang. Based on the optimum storage condition in this study, an enzyme kinetics respiration model was set successfully and the applicability of the enzyme kinetics respiration model was verified by using the packages of Agrocybe chaxingu Huang with weights of 105 and 125g, respectively. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Robust absolute stability of Lurie interval control systems
Authors: Liao Xiaoxin , Chen Zhen , Xu Fei , Yu Pei 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis paper considers robust absolute stability of Lurie control systems. Particular attention is given to the systems with parameters having uncertain, but bounded values. Such so‐called Lurie interval control systems have wide applications in practice. In this paper, a number of sufficient and necessary conditions are derived by using the theories of Hurwitz matrix, M matrix and partial variable absolute stability. Moreover, several algebraic sufficient and necessary conditions are provided for the robust absolute stability of Lurie interval control systems. These algebraic conditions are easy to be verified and convenient to be used in applications. Three mathematical examples and a practical engineering problem are presented to show the applicability of theoretical results. Numerical simulation results are also given to verify the analytical predictions. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oxidation‐induced nanostructures on Cu{100}, Cu(Ag) and Ag/Cu{100} studied by photoelectron spectroscopy
Authors: Lampimäki M. , Lahtonen K. , Hirsimäki M. , Valden M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractInitial surface oxidation and nanoscale morphology on Cu{100}, Cu(Ag) and Ag/Cu{100} have been investigated in situ by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X‐ray induced Auger electron spectroscopy (XAES) and the inelastic electron background analysis as a function of oxygen exposure at 3.7 × 10−2 and 213 mbar pressures at a surface temperature of 373 K. Relative Cu2O concentrations have been quantified by analysis of the peak shape of the XAES Cu LMM transition. The surface morphology of Cu2O islands and the Ag layer has been characterized by inelastic electron background analysis of XAES O KLL and Ag 3d transitions. Oxygen‐induced segregation of Cu, as well as the subsequent Cu2O island formation on Cu(Ag) and Ag/Cu{100} surfaces, has been investigated quantitatively. Our results indicate that Ag has a clear inhibitive effect on the initial oxidation and Cu2O island formation on Cu(Ag) and Ag/Cu{100} surfaces. The Cu2O islands are also observed to remain highly strained on Ag/Cu{100} even at higher O2 exposures. The results suggest that strained Cu2O islands eventually penetrate through the buried Ag layer, and in conjunction with segregating Cu atoms enable the oxidation to proceed at a similar rate to or even faster than on the unalloyed Cu surface. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bonding mechanisms of laser‐fabricated titanium/polyimide and titanium coated glass/polyimide microjoints
Authors: Mian Ahsan , Sultana Taslema , Auner Greg , Newaz Golam 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn this study, two bimaterial joining systems, namely, titanium coated glass/polyimide (TiGPI) and titanium/polyimide (TiPI) are considered. The joints were prepared by employing transmission type laser‐joining procedure. Both the TiGPI and TiPI bimaterial systems were subjected to tensile loading using a microtester, and failure loads per unit bond length were documented. The average failure strengths of the TiPI and TiGPI samples were found to be 5.1 and 7.3 N/mm, respectively. It is thus clear from the failure data that the TiGPI joints are stronger (1.4 times) than the TiPI joints although same chemical bonds between titanium and polyimide (PI) exist for both the systems. It is thus believed that material surface morphology has contributed to such variation in the microjoint strengths. Later, atomic force microscopy (AFM) of titanium surfaces of both titanium coated glass and titanium foil was performed, and was observed that they had root mean squared (RMS) surface roughnesses of 220 and 55 nm, respectively. The surface roughness provides improved surface contact area, number of chemical bonds, and mechanical interlocking that may have resulted in higher bond strength for the TiGPI system. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oxidation behavior of NiAl alloy at low temperatures
Authors: Ohtsu Naofumi , Oku Masaoki , Obara Kazuo , Ito Shun , Shisido Toetsu , Wagatsuma Kazuaki 
Published: March 2007

AbstractOxidation behavior of NiAl alloy at low temperatures was studied. A NiAl plate was oxidized by exposure to ambient atmosphere at room temperature, heated at 473 K in air, and heated at 773 K in air. The oxide formed on the NiAl surface was investigated by angle‐resolved X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (AR‐XPS). Chemical composition and atomic concentration in the oxide layer were analyzed with factor analysis of XPS spectra. Exposure of the NiAl plate to the ambient atmosphere resulted in the formation of an Al2O3 layer along with a small amount of NiO. Oxidation of the NiAl plate at 473 K in air formed a film of double‐layered oxide; the top layer consisted of NiAl2O4 and a small amount of NiO, and the second layer was Al2O3. Successive oxidation at 773 K only changed the oxide‐layer thickness without changing the structure. Formation of oxide observed in the present study corresponds to the thermodynamic prediction for the oxidation behavior of NiAl at 1373 K. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of covalent surface immobilization on the bactericidal efficacy of a quaternary ammonium compound
Authors: Brizzolara Robert A. , Stamper David M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis study investigates the effect of surface immobilization on the bactericidal function of a quaternary ammonium compound. Quaternary ammonium silane (QAS) coated planar surfaces did not produce any measurable mortality of Staphylococcus aureus, while 1 µm QAS‐coated microparticles did produce S. aureus mortality. The experiments using QAS‐coated microparticles indicate that the ability of QAS molecules to disrupt the cell wall is not hindered by covalent immobilization of QAS to a surface. These results provide evidence that S. aureus cells on a QAS‐coated planar surface are not exposed to a sufficient number of QAS molecules to produce significant mortality. This result has important implications for the development of self‐decontaminating coatings. Covalent immobilization is used to prevent leaching of the bactericidal compound. However, covalent immobilization may result in a significant tradeoff in bactericidal performance. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of nitrogen in multiorganism strategies for biosurfactant production
Authors: Kosaric N. , Cairns W. L. , Gray N. C. C. , Stechey D. , Wood J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractProduction of large quantities of biosurfactants which are costcompetitive with surfactants of petrochemical origin requires the use of cost‐free or cost‐credit wastes as process feedstocks for microbial growth and biosurfactant synthesis. Several multiorganism strategies are suggested for improving biosurfactant yields from wastes. One such strategy involving co‐culturing of lipogenic (oleaginous) microbes at one stage of the overall process was found imcompatible with the nitrogen requirements for regulation of lipogenesis. Other strategies are proposed which avoid conflicts in regulatory mechanisms. Emphasis is placed in these latter strategies on the uniqueness of municipal wastewater treatment sludges both to produce a costcompetitive biosurfactant and to offset the costs of high quality wastewater treatment.
Further aspects of wax ester biosynthesis byAcinetobacter sp. HO1‐n
Authors: Geigert J. , Neidleman S. L. , DeWitt S. K. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractEarlier reports from our laboratory have shown thatAcinetobacter sp. HO1‐N can synthesize wax esters from diverse substrates: individual n‐alkanes, acetic acid, propionic acid, ethanol and propanol. The chemical nature of the wax ester mixture obtained is both substrate and temperature dependent. In a continuation of these studies, we have found that the use of n‐alkane mixtures, including primary gas oil, yields an even broader range of wax ester mixtures than previously produced from single n‐alkane substrates. In addition, two techniques for improving wax ester yields are discussed: the use of mutant strains ofAcinetobacter sp HO1‐N, and the presence of an excess of water‐immiscible substrate, for example, n‐hexadecane. In each case, it is speculated that a reduction of wax ester degradation contributes to the improved yields.
Developing a new industrial enzyme application: A strategy
Authors: Boyce C. O. L. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractMany companies view industrial enzymes as potential tools for making technological breakthroughs in their industries. Some have created special biotechnology groups to pursue this aim. Too often their projects are terminated before the intended goals are met. A major reason is too much time was consumed for too little perceived gain. A strategy is proposed to help R&D groups and their managers conserve valuable resources. It focuses on the essentials in evaluating new enzyme applications and in better developing discoveries.
Industrial‐scale application of enzymes to the fats and oil industry
Authors: Posorske L. H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractEnzymes have advantages for industrial processing. These are: 1) specificity which permits control of the products produced and also can increase yield by reducing the amount of side products; 2) mild conditions which can decrease the cost in terms of energy and capital equipment as well as reducing the amount of unwanted side products by reducing the rate at which they are formed by virtue of the lower temperature, and 3) lowered waste treatment costs. Enzymes function well in an industrial setting, since enzymatic modification of carbohydrate or protein is an integral part of the process in a number of major industries. Enzymatic modification of lipids currently is being used commercially in the area of flavor development as well as degreasing for leather processing. Recent investigations have shown that enzymes have potential in large‐scale processing of lipid material, particularly in the areas of fat splitting, synthesis by reversal of hydrolysis and interesterification.
A spectrophotometric method for determination of solid fat content of palm oil
Authors: Ong A. S. H. , Boey P. L. , Ng C. M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA new spectrophotometric method has been developed for determining solid fat content (SFC) of crude palm oil based on the different solubilities of the inherent carotenes in the solid and liquid components of the oil. The sample to be analyzed is tempered according to usual procedures and then either filtered or centrifuged to liberate the liquid component (olein). The carotene contents of the palm oil and olein as determined by spectrophotometry are then fitted into an equation to obtain the SFC. The carotenes are apparently insoluble in the solid component of palm oil. The standard deviation of analysis on palm oil samples at 25 C is 0.5% which is almost comparable to that of the wide‐line NMR technique. The correlation coefficient of SFC measured by these 2 methods over a range of temperatures is 0.99. The new method can also be used to determine SFC of hybrid palm oil (Elaeis guineensis ×E. oleifera) and different palm oil‐stearin blends.
Factors affecting slip melting point of palm oil products
Authors: Berger K. G. , Siew W. L. , OH Flingoh C. H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe effect of different factors affecting the slip melting point of palm oil has been evaluated. The most important factor appears to be the difference in tempering temperatures. The influence of different tempering temperatures on slip point values is, however, dependent on the nature of the sample. For hydrogenated oils and for some high‐melting palm stearins, tempering has no effect. For palm oil and palm olein, higher melting points were obtained when tempering at the higher temperatures in the range of 4–15 C. For some soft stearins, however, lower melting points were obtained at the higher tempering temperatures. These effects are investigated with differential scanning calorimetry and an explanation is offered, based on phase diagrams. A secondary effect on the slip melting point was the height of fat in the capillary tube. Effects of using different methods of determination are also shown. Collaborative trials on a standard testing procedure, AOCS Cc3‐25, revealed the inadequacy for palm oil of the temperature range of 4–10 C specified in the procedure and its fractions. Strict adherence to a fixed tempering temperature produced better precision and reproducibility among laboratories. Tempering at 10±1 C is recommended.
Linear alkylbenzene sulfonates in the prevention of vagrant dye pick‐up on polyester textile fabric during laundering
Authors: Lannert K. P. , Crutchfield M. M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe unwanted pick‐up of low levels of vagrant dyes during washing of textile fabrics can be a significant contributor to long‐term polyester appearance degradation. Fabric appearance loss from pick‐up of small quantities of a standard yellow dye are measured on both optically brightened and unbrightened polyester. Linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) surfactant micelles act as effective dye scavengers, reducing the level of dye pick‐up by the fabric substantially. The efficacy of LAS as a dye scavenger is quantified as a function of alkyl chain length and use concentration. Dye scavenging ability per unit weight of LAS increases with increasing molecular weight and decreasing critical micelle concentration (cmc). Dye scavenging of up to 80% of the transferable dye is achieved at high LAS concentrations. Results with C9, C11, C13 and C15 single homolog alkyl chain lengths, and with several mixed chain length blends are presented.
World production trends‐edible fats and oils
Authors: Mehr Stanley 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn the past decade, production trended upwards at nearly a million tons a year. Below‐trend growth in foreign production between 1968 and 1970 sparked sharp price rises in 1969 and 1970, which in turn stimulated a strong increase in foreign production in 1971 and 1972. This increase appears likely to continue in 1973, barring unfavorable weather. Continued expansion of production, however, could again lead to depressed prices and a subsequent diminution of growth, repeating the price and production cycle of the sixties.
Trends in use and prospects for the future harvest of world fisheries resources
Authors: Sprague Lucian M. , Arnold John H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractEstimates of the potential yield from the marine environment have varied between 20–1000 million metric tons because they were based on poor and incomplete data and differing approaches to trophic level evaluation. The data is improving slightly and the estimates are beginning to agree within half an order of magnitude. We believe that the yield of marine fisheries could ultimately be expanded to ca. 400 million metric tons, by utilizing presently known but underutilized resources, by opening new fisheries in areas like the Indian Ocean and Antarctic and by improving systems of regulating the catch and fishing effort. In order to meet the maximum potential of the marine environment we will have to harvest at a lower trophic level in the food chain because most fish in higher trophic levels are being harvested at their maximum sustainable yield. This increasing harvest of smaller fish, plus the increasing demand for fishmeal for animal feed will cause an increasing proportion of the fish harvested to be used for reduction to fishmeal and oil.
Reactions of carbon monoxide with unsaturated fatty acids and derivatives: A review
Authors: Pryde E. H. , Frankel E. N. , Cowan J. C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe important reactions of carbon monoxide with unsaturated fatty derivatives that are reviewed in this paper include hydroformylation (the oxo reaction), Koch carboxylation and Reppe carbonylation. With oleic acid as a substrate, the products are C19 bifunctional compounds e.g., formyl‐ or carboxy‐stearic acid. Double bond isomerization before carbon monoxide addition is characteristic of these catalytic reactions; additionally, rearrangement to introduce methyl branching occurs in the Koch carboxylation. Isomerization does not occur when a rhodium‐triphenylphosphine catalyst replaces cobalt in the oxo reaction. Properties of the C19 dicarboxylic acids differ and depend upon method of preparation: Many areas of application have been reported for C19 compounds‐lubricants, plasticizers, polyurethanes, epoxy resins, leather and other coatings, unsaturated polyester resins and transparent polyamide plastics.
Food emulsifiers—Science and art
Authors: Nash Nat H. , Brickman Lawrence M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractGeneral classifications of food emulsifiers are presented, and their functions are discussed. Examples of many food products are given, and recommended emulsifier usage levels are presented. Some of the food applications cited include: cakes, icings, toppings, bread, sweet goods, frozen desserts, coffee whiteners, peanut butter, margarine and confectionery coatings.
Carbonate and phosphate detergent builders: Their impact on the environment
Authors: Jungermann E. , Silberman H. C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe impact of detergent builders on the environment is critically examined by review of the literature, material balance calculations, wastewater treatment experiments and aquatic toxicity studies. The experiments were designed to assess the influence of alkalinity and carbonates on various sewage treatment processes. Carbonate detergent builders were found to have no detrimental effect on sewage treatment. There was no indication that carbonate detergents are more toxic to fish than phosphate detergents.
The X‐ray diffraction of molecular compounds of 2‐aminopyridine with long chain saturated and unsaturated fatty acids
Authors: Skau Evald L. , Mod Robert R. , Magne Frank C. , O’Connor Robert T. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractX‐Ray diffraction measurements of long and short spacings are reported for the crystalline 1:1 and 4:1 molecular compounds of 2‐aminopyridine with the C10 to C18 saturated fatty acids and the 1:1 and 2:1 compounds of oleic, elaidic, alpha‐eleostearic and beta‐eleostearic acids. Data are also reported for 2‐aminopyridine, α‐eleostearic acid and β‐eleostearic acid. The angle of tilt of the 1:1 saturated compounds is 42°15′. The long spacings of the 4:1 compounds indicate a unit cell length of four molecules of fatty acid and one molecule of 2‐aminopyridine with an angle of tilt of 62°15′. The contribution of the 2‐aminopyridine to the length of a molecule of the 1:1 compounds is ca. 6 Å, the distance between the NH2 and the CH2 in the para position. In the 4:1 and 2:1 compounds it is ca. 3 Å, the distance between the NH2 and the ring nitrogen.
Application of NMR for the determination of HLB values of nonionic surfactants
Authors: Ben‐Et G. , Tatarsky D. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractHydrophilic lipophilic balance (HLB) values for various commercial nonionic surfactants have been determined by means of high resolution NMR. The results are in good agreement with given HLB values. The method is rapid, nondestructive and requires only small samples.
Two‐step homogeneous conjugation and hydrogenation of methyl esters of unsaturated fatty acids
Authors: Ben‐Et G. , Dolev A. , Schimmel M. , Stern R. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA new approach to the selective hydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids is suggested. It consists of a two step process. The first is a selective conjugation of the double bonds, while the second consists of the hydrogenation reaction using a catalyst which is specific to conjugated systems. Potassiumt‐butoxide was used as a conjugation catalyst and its activity and selectivity were tested at various concentrations, different molar ratios of catalyst to oil, and in various solvents. Phenanthrene chromium tricarbonyl was used as the hydrogenation catalyst and its activity tested at various concentrations, temperatures and in various solvents.
Trace metal contents, chemical properties and oxidative stability of capelin and herring oils produced in norwegian plants
Authors: Notevarp O. , Chahine M. H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe iron and copper contents of 14 crude capelin oils, two herring oils and one blend produced in oil meal plants in northern Norway were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Their oxidative stability, peroxide (PV), benzidine (BV) and iodine values (IV), free fatty acids (FFA) and tocopherol contents were also evaluated. The oxidative stability was found to be more dependent on the tocopherol content and BV of the crude oils than on their content of trace metals. Changes in iron, copper and nickel contents were determined by AAS after refining and hydrogenation of marine oils in two Norwegian hydrogenation plants. The content of trace metals in the oils and hydrogenated products decreased as a result of alkali refining and bleaching to the lower limits of detectability by the method used, and amounted to 0.01 (oils), 0.02 and <0.3 ppm for iron, copper and nickel respectively.
A convenient preparation of 10‐hydroxydecanoic acid
Authors: Elliger Carl A. , Diamond M. J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe alkaline cleavage of ricinoleates may be carried out in ethanol at temperatures of 190–200 C using two to three equivalents of NaOH to give yields up to 69% of pure 10‐hydroxydecanoic acid. This method avoids the use of large excesses of alkali as well as the use of high boiling alcohols as reaction media.