bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implementation of an adaptive group sequential design in a bioequivalence study
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Nibedita , Dragalin Vladimir 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe study design was a multi‐center, multiple‐dose, randomized, open‐label, 2 × 2 crossover study in patients with advanced solid tumors. Each patient was randomized to receive the test formulation or the reference formulation of the drug. The primary objective of the study was to demonstrate the bioequivalence of the test formulation T relative to the reference formulation R. The primary pharmacokinetic endpoints were AUC and Cmax. Since there were different bioequivalence criteria, different endpoints, with different and highly variable coefficients of variation, an adaptive design with a stopping rule for early establishing the bioequivalence as well as early stopping for futility with a flexible information‐based monitoring based on error spending approach was implemented to manage uncertainty in assumptions of variability and expected slow enrollment rates. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clean Synthesis in Water: Uncatalyzed Three‐Component Condensation Reaction of 3‐Amino‐1,2,4‐triazole or 2‐Aminobenzimidazole with Aldehyde in the Presence of Activated CH‐Acids
Authors: Shaabani Ahmad , Rahmati Abbas , Rezayan Ali Hossein , Darvishi Mariya , Badri Zahra , Sarvari Afshin 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAn environment‐friendly three‐component condensation of 3‐amino‐1,2,4‐triazole or 2‐aminobenzimidazole, an aldehyde and activated CH‐acid such as β‐dicarbonyl compounds and malononitrile, affords the corresponding pyrimidine‐based annulated di‐ and triheterocyclic ring systems. Reactions are performed in water, without the addition of catalyst, and in good yield.
A Quantitative Approach to the Estimation of Chemical Space from a Given Geometry by the Combination of Atomic Species
Authors: Ogata Koji , Isomura Tetsu , Yamashita Hiroshi , Kubodera Hideo 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn order to estimate the size of chemical spaces, a quantitative approach was employed consisting of summing all possible combinations of atomic species generated computationally for a given three‐dimensional geometry. The atomic species were comprised of heavy atoms (N, C, O, S and Cl) and various numbers of H atoms (e.g., CH3 and CH2 groups). The assignment of atomic species to a given geometry maintained consistent bond orders between adjacent atoms. Between 108 and 1019 compounds were generated from individual geometries. A slightly smaller number of compounds were obtained by applying a nonleadlikeness filter that considered the properties of the substituents. Principal component analysis using descriptors representing the molecular structures and properties revealed that the compounds generated from only one geometry largely covered the chemical space of known compounds. Moreover, the compounds with the best scores, defined as the interaction energies between the compounds and the protein, contained original ones within the entire collection of compounds generated from the same geometry. This method can be used to improve the scaffold of compound structures during drug development.
Comparative Classical QSAR Modeling of Anti‐HIV Thiocarbamates
Authors: Leonard Joseph Thomas , Roy Kunal 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe present Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationships (QSAR) study attempts to explore the structural and physicochemical requirements ofO‐[2‐(phthalimido)ethyl]‐substituted‐phenylthiocarbamates for cytoprotection data from MT‐4‐based assays using a Linear Free Energy Related (LFER) model of Hansch. QSAR models have been developed using electronic (Hammettσ), hydrophobicity (π) and steric (molar refractivity and STERIMOLL, B1, and B5) parameters of phenyl ring substituents of the compounds along with appropriate dummy variables. Statistical techniques like stepwise regression, Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) with Factor Analysis (FA) as the data preprocessing step (FA‐MLR), Partial Least Squares (PLS), Principal Component Regression (PCR), Multiple Linear Regression with Genetic Function Approximation (GFA‐MLR) and Genetic Partial Least Squares (G/PLS) model were applied to identify the structural and physicochemical requirements for the cytoprotection activity. The generated equations were statistically validated using leave‐one‐out technique. The quality of equations obtained from these techniques were of acceptable statistical qualities (explained variance ranging from 57.7 to 75.9%, while predicted variance ranging from 53.2 to 68.5%), while the best model came from the PLS technique. The PLS equation with variables selected based on standardized regression coefficients show explained and predicted variances of 75.9 and 68.1%, respectively, and the G/PLS explained and predicted variances of 75.1 and 68.5%, respectively, of the cytoprotection activity data. Both stepwise regression and GFA derived models show high intercorrelation among predictor variables used in the equations, while the FA‐MLR derived model has comparatively lower statistical quality. The best models were also subjected to leave‐25%‐out crossvalidation. The results of the present QSAR study are in agreement with the observations of the previously reported docking experiment of thiocarbamate derivatives.
A genomic view of TGF‐β signal transduction in an invertebrate deuterostome organism and lessons from the functional analyses of Nodal and BMP2/4 during sea urchin development
Authors: Lapraz François , Duboc Véronique , Lepage Thierry 
Published: April 2007

AbstractEchinoderms are marine invertebrates but are phylogenetically much more related to the chordates, to which we belong, than are other invertebrate model organisms like Drosophila or C. elegans. The recently available sequence of the sea urchin genome offers an opportunity to draw an inventory of the developmental genes represented in a non‐chordate deuterostome and to compare this complement with that present in vertebrates and other invertebrates. In the first part of this review, we draw an inventory of the genes acting in the TGF‐β signal transduction pathway and describe the sea urchin complement of ligands, receptors, Smads, extracellular modulators and transcriptional regulators present in the genome of the purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. In the second part of this review, we describe the results of recent studies addressing the function of some of these TGF‐β during sea urchin embryogenesis. Finally, we discuss hypotheses regarding a possible ancestral function of the Nodal/Lefty signalling pathway in deuterostomes.
Asymptotic and discrete concepts for optimal control in radiative transfer
Authors: Herty M. , Pinnau R. , Thömmes G. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractOptimal control problems for the radiative transfer equation and for approximate models are considered. Following the approach first discretize, then optimize, the discrete SPN approximations are for the first time derived exactly and used for the study of optimal control based on reduced order models. Moreover, combining asymptotic analysis and the adjoint calculus yields diffusion‐type approximations for the adjoint radiative transport equation in the spirit of the approach first optimize, then discretize.
New data on kimberlite magmatism in southwestern Angola
Authors: Egorov K.N. , Roman’ko E.F. , Podvysotsky V.T. , Sablukov S.M. , Garanin V.K. , D’yakonov D.B. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
First data on the geologic and geochemical compositions of kimberlites from nine kimberlite pipes of southwestern Angola are presented. In the north of the study area, there are the Chikolongo and Chicuatite kimberlite pipes; in the south, a bunch of four Galange pipes (I–IV); and in the central part, the Ochinjau, Palue, and Viniaty pipes. By geochemical parameters, these rocks are referred to as classical kimberlites: They bear mantle inclusions of ultrabasites, eclogites, various barophilic minerals (including ones of diamond facies), and diamonds. The kimberlite pipes are composed of petrographically diverse rocks: tuffstones, tuff breccias, kimberlite breccias, autolithic kimberlite breccias, and massive porphyritic kimberlites. In mineralogical, petrographic, and geochemical compositions the studied kimberlites are most similar to group I kimberlites of South Africa and Fe-Ti-kimberlites of the Arkhangel’sk diamondiferous province. Comparison of the mineralogical compositions of kimberlites from southwestern Angola showed that the portion of mantle (including diamondiferous) material of depth facies in kimberlite pipes regularly increases in the S-N direction. The northern diamond-bearing kimberlite pipes are localized in large destructive zones of NE strike, and the central and southern diamond-free pipes, in faults of N-S strike.
Results of research into Holocene sediments of the South and Central basins of Lake Baikal (BDP-97 and short cores)
Authors: Vologina E.G. , Kashik S.A. , Sturm M. , Vorob’eva S.S. , Lomonosova T.K. , Kalashnikova I.A. , Khramtsova T.I. , Toshchakov S.Yu. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
Results of investigations of Baikal bottom sediments from a long core (BDP-97) and several short (0–1 m) cores are presented. It has been shown that the Holocene sediments in the Baikal basins consist of biogenic-terrigenous muds, accumulated under calm sedimentation conditions, and of turbidites, formed during catastrophic events. The turbidites can be distinguished from the host sediments by their enrichment in heavy minerals and thus their high magnetic susceptibility. Often, Pliocene and Pleistocene diatom species observed in the Holocene sediments (mainly in the turbidites) point to redeposition of ancient offshore sediments. Our results indicate that deltas, littoral zones, and continental slopes are the source areas of turbidites. The fact that the turbidites occur far from their sources confirms the existence of high-energy turbidity currents responsible for long-distance lateral-sediment transport to the deep basin planes of the lake.
Application of geological and petromagnetic methods to facies-genetic division of subaerial deposits in the Ob’ region near Novosibirsk (Ogurtsovo key section)
Authors: Zhdanova A.I. , Kazansky A.Yu. , Zol’nikov I.D. , Matasova G.G. , Gus’kov S.A. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
The Ogurtsovo section, one of the key sections of the Ob’ region near Novosibirsk, has been comprehensively studied using a detailed geological description of deposits, granulometric and petromagnetic analyses. The combined methods allowed us not only to interpret the geologic structure of the Ogurtsovo section in terms of its facies and genesis but also to refine and supplement the Pleistocene geologic history of the region. Emphasis was placed upon relationships between granulometric and petromagnetic parameters. As a result, we have revealed regularities in the behavior of magnetic characteristics and their relationships as a function of granulometry in different lithogenetic types of deposits. On the example of this key section, criteria are proposed for distinguishing facies of the subaerial complex by analytical methods.
Bottom temperature monitoring in Lake Baikal
Authors: Duchkov A.D. , Kazantsev S.A. , Duchkov A.A. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
We report results of bottom temperature monitoring of 2003–2004 in the deepwater South Baikal basin (Lake Baikal) near active gas-fluid methane vents at lake depths of 1020 and 1350 m. Sediments and water temperatures were measured using an autonomous temperature recorder designed at the Institute of Geophysics (Novosibirsk). Experiments implied short-duration recording and pioneering continuous 350 day-long monitoring near the Staryi vent. Measurements within a 1 m thick layer above and below the bottom showed notable variations in water (up to 0.07 °C) and sediment temperatures and in geothermal gradient. The long temperature records include a relatively steady period (mid-June 2003-early February 2004) with smooth temperature variations (especially in sediments) and two transient unsteady periods. The steady season is the best time for heat flow studies in the South Baikal basin. The 0.04–0.05 °C drop in bottom water temperature during the unsteady periods may result from intrusion of cold surface water. A positive temperature anomaly of ∼0.04 °C recorded in April 2003 may be caused, among other reasons, by active gas venting.
A morphotectonic study of the Central System, Iberian Peninsula
Authors: Cotilla M.O. , Córdoba D. , Herraiz M. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
The Central System (CS) or Spanish Central System forms part of two of the five morphotectonic mesoblocks that make up the Intermediate macroblock (number 6) of the Iberian plate. The combination of geological, geophysical and geomorphological data, used in accordance with the Rantsman methodology (1979), served as the basis for obtaining a regional analysis. The cartography obtained shows territorial units (4 macroblocks, 4 mesoblocks, 35 blocks, 85 microblocks and 162 nanoblocks), morphotectonic alignments (quantity/order: 3/2, 4/3, 5/23, 6/48, 7/93 and 8/164) and morphotectonic knots (quantity/order: 1/2, 5/3, 35/4, 85/5, 162/6, 324/7, 816/8). The number of delimited morphostructures increases from the central part towards the east. At the block level, one may distinguish a transverse differentiation of the territorial units and alignments, which is interpreted as an expression of the region’s lithospheric heterogeneity. There is a close relationship between the morphostructures and seismicity, indicating that greater activity occurs in the blocks of the eastern and northeastern sectors.
Induction of altered epigenetic regulation of the hepatic glucocorticoid receptor in the offspring of rats fed a protein-restricted diet during pregnancy suggests that reduced DNA methyltransferase-1 expression is involved in impaired DNA methylation and changes in histone modifications
Authors: Lillycrop Karen A. , Slater-Jefferies Jo L. , Hanson Mark A. , Godfrey Keith M. , Jackson Alan A. , Burdge Graham C. 
Published: April 2007

Prenatal nutritional constraint induces an altered metabolic phenotype in the offspring which in humans confers an increased risk of non-communicable disease. Feeding a protein-restricted (PR) diet to pregnant rats causes hypomethylation of specific gene promoters in the offspring and alters the phenotype. We investigated how altered epigenetic regulation of the hepatic glucocorticoid receptor (GR) 110promoter is induced in the offspring. Rats were fed a control (180 g casein/kg) or a PR (90 g casein/kg) diet throughout pregnancy, and chow during lactation. Offspring were killed at postnatal day 34 (n5 per maternal dietary group). Methylation-sensitive PCR showed that GR110promoter methylation was 33 % lower (P < 0·001) and GR expression 84 % higher (P < 0·05) in the PR offspring. Reverse transcription–PCR showed that DNA methyltransferase-1 (Dnmt1) expression was 17 % lower (P < 0·05) in PR offspring, while Dnmt3a/b and methyl binding domain protein-2 expression was not altered. Thus hypomethylation of the GR110promoter may result from lower capacity to methylate hemimethylated DNA during mitosis. Histone modifications which facilitate transcription were increased at the GR110promoter (147–921 %,P < 0·001), while those that suppress methylation were decreased (54 %,P < 0·01) or similar to controls. In human umbilical cord (n15), there was a 2-fold difference between the highest and lowest level of GR1-CTotalpromoter methylation. Dnmt1, but not Dnmt3a, expression predicted 49 % (P = 0·003) of the variation in GR1-CTotalpromoter methylation. These findings suggest that induction in the offspring of altered epigenetic regulation of the hepatic GR110promoter, and hence metabolic phenotype, may be due to reduced Dnmt1 expression.
Empirically derived major dietary patterns and their associations with overweight in Korean preschool children
Authors: Shin Kyung Ok , Oh Se-Young , Park Hyun Suh 
Published: April 2007

Prevailing dietary patterns and their association with nutritional outcomes are poorly understood, particularly for children in Korea. Our purposes were to identify major dietary patterns and to examine their associations with overweight among young children in Korea. For 1441 preschool children, usual diet was assessed by a FFQ, from which thirty-three food groups were created and entered into a factor analysis. We identified three dietary patterns by relative intake frequency of (1) vegetables, seaweeds, beans, fruits, milk and dairy products (Korean healthy pattern); (2) beef, pork, poultry, fish and fast foods (animal foods pattern); and (3) ice cream, soda, chocolate, cookies and candies (sweets pattern). The Korean healthy pattern was associated with better health status. As compared with the lowest quintile, the multivariate-adjusted OR of the highest quintile for health status inferior or similar to their peers was 0·59 (95 % CI 0·42, 0·84). Likelihood of being overweight was higher among those in the highest quintile (OR 1·77 (95 % CI 1·06, 2·94)) v. the lowest quintile regarding the animal foods pattern. These findings suggest that major dietary patterns are predictors of overweight and health status in Korean preschool children.
Tracking of fruit and vegetable consumption from adolescence into adulthood and its longitudinal association with overweight
Authors: te Velde Saskia J. , Twisk Jos W. R. , Brug Johannes 
Published: April 2007

The objective of the present study was to assess to what extent fruit and vegetable intakes track over a 24-year time period and to assess longitudinal associations between fruit and vegetable intakes and (change in) BMI and sum of skinfolds. Dietary intake and anthropometrics were repeatedly assessed for 168 men and women between the ages of 12 and 36 years. Linear general estimating equations analyses were applied (1) to estimate tracking coefficients, (2) to estimate predictability for meeting the national recommendation for fruit and vegetable intake and for being in the highest quartile for fruit and vegetable intake, and (3) to estimate the association between fruit and vegetable intake and BMI and sum of skinfolds. We found that tracking coefficients were 0·33 (P < 0·001) for fruit intake and 0·27 (P < 0·001) for vegetable intake. Mean fruit intake decreased over a 24-year period. For fruit intake, predictability was higher in men than in women (OR 6·02 (P < 0·001) and 2·33 (P = 0·001) for meeting the recommendation for men and women respectively). After adjustment, fruit intake was not associated with BMI, but being in the lowest quartile of fruit intake was significantly associated with a lower sum of skinfolds. Women in the lowest quartiles of vegetable intake had significantly higher BMI and sum of skinfolds and also greater positive changes in these parameters. In conclusion, tracking and predictability for fruit and vegetable intake appear to be low to moderate, which might indicate that fruit and vegetable promotion should be started at an early age and continued into adulthood. Despite the fact that we only observed beneficial weight-maintaining effects of vegetable intake in women, promoting vegetables is important for both sexes because of other positive properties of vegetables. No evidence was found for promoting fruit intake as a means of weight maintenance.
Maxillary sinus haematoma
Authors: Lim M , Lew-Gor S , Beale T , Ramsay A , Lund V J 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe maxillary sinus haematoma is an uncommon cause of a maxillary sinus mass. It presents with a variety of symptoms, the most common being epistaxis. Although histologically benign, it may be clinically progressive. Radiological findings can range from a benign appearance to a more aggressive process, including bony erosion. Surgical evacuation is the mainstay of therapy. We describe our experience in managing this condition and review available literature on the subject.
Magnetosonic solitons in space plasmas: dark or bright solitons?
Authors: POKHOTELOV O. A. , ONISHCHENKO O.G. , BALIKHIN M. A. , STENFLO L. , SHUKLA P. K. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe nonlinear theory of large-amplitude magnetosonic (MS) waves in highβ space plasmas is revisited. It is shown that solitary waves can exist in the form of ‘bright’ or ‘dark’ solitons in which the magnetic field is increased or decreased relative to the background magnetic field. This depends on the shape of the equilibrium ion distribution function. The basic parameter that controls the nonlinear structure is the wave dispersion, which can be either positive or negative. A general dispersion relation for MS waves propagating perpendicularly to the external magnetic field in a plasma with an arbitrary velocity distribution function is derived.It takes into account general plasma equilibria, such as the Dory–Guest–Harris (DGH) or Kennel–Ashour-Abdalla (KA) loss-cone equilibria, as well as distributions with a power-law velocity dependence that can be modelled by κdistributions. It is shown that in a bi-Maxwellian plasma the dispersion is negative, i.e. the phase velocity decreases with an increase of the wavenumber. This means that the solitary solution in this case has the form of a ‘bright’ soliton with the magnetic field increased. On the contrary, in some non-Maxwellian plasmas, such as those with ring-type ion distributions or DGH plasmas, the solitary solution may have the form of a magnetic hole. The results of similar investigations based on nonlinear Hall–MHD equations are reviewed. The relevance of our theoretical results to existing satellite wave observations is outlined.
Escapism and luck
Authors: JONES RUSSELL E. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractI argue that the problem of religious luck posed by Zagzebski poses a problem for the theory of hell proposed by Buckareff and Plug, according to which God adopts an open-door policy toward those in hell. Though escapism is not open to many of the criticisms Zagzebski raises against potential solutions to the problem of luck, escapism fails to solve the problem: it merely pushes luck forward into the afterlife. I suggest a hybrid solution to the problem which combines escapism and the claim that God gives enough grace to those in hell to cancel out any bad moral luck.
Murdochian humility
Authors: MILLIGAN TONY 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe following paper sets out a view of humility that is derived from Iris Murdoch but which differs from a strict Murdochian approach in two important respects. Firstly, any association with self-abnegation is removed; and secondly, the value of a limited form of pride (recognition pride) is affirmed. The paper is nevertheless strongly continuous with her work, in the sense that it builds upon her rejection of universalizability on the specific grounds that we have varying moral competences. A liberal commitment to equality should not be allowed to spill out of the political domain. We are not all equal when it comes to the demands of morality. Humility is treated as a just discernment of our own limited moral competences. As such, it is a recognition of our particularity and not a form of radical self-effacement.
Nietzsche and the murder of God
Authors: HAMILTON CHRISTOPHER 
Published: April 2007

AbstractNietzsche's tortured relationship to the Christian God has received scant attention from commentators. In this paper I seek to map out the central lines a proper understanding of Nietzsche in this regard might take. I argue that fundamental in such an understanding is Nietzsche's profoundly corporeal moral vocabulary, and I trace connections between this vocabulary and Nietzsche's concern with cleanliness, his asceticism, and the notion of a sense of common humanity with others.