bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is the World Flat or Spiky? Information Intensity, Skills, and Global Service Disaggregation
Authors: Mithas Sunil , Whitaker Jonathan 
Published: September 2007

Which service occupations are the most susceptible to global disaggregation? What are the factors and mechanisms that make service occupations amenable to global disaggregation? This research addresses these questions by building on previous work by Apte and Mason (1995) and Rai et al. (2006) that focuses on the unbundling of information and physical flows. We propose a theory of service disaggregation and argue that high information intensity makes an occupation more amenable to disaggregation because the activities in such occupations can be codified, standardized, and modularized. We empirically validate our theoretical model using data on more than 300 service occupations. We find that at the mean skill level, the information intensity of an occupation is positively associated with the disaggregation potential of that occupation, and the effect of information intensity on disaggregation potential is mediated by the modularizability of an occupation. We also find that skills moderate the effect of information intensity on service disaggregation. Furthermore, we study the patterns in U.S. employment and salary growth from 2000 to 2004. Contrary to popular perception, we do not find any adverse effect in terms of employment growth or salary growth for high information-intensity occupations at the mean skill level. Our findings show that high-skill occupations have experienced higher employment and salary growth than low-skill occupations at the mean level of information intensity. Notably, high information-intensity occupations that require higher skill levels have experienced higher employment growth, though this employment growth is accompanied by a decline in salary growth. Occupations with a higher need for physical presence have also experienced higher employment growth and lower salary growth. Overall, these results imply that firms and managers need to consider the modularizability of occupations as they reallocate global resources to pursue cost and innovation opportunities. For individual workers, our results highlight the importance of continuous investments in human capital and skill acquisition because high information-intensity and high-skill occupations appear to be relatively less vulnerable to global disaggregation.
Leveraging Standard Electronic Business Interfaces to Enable Adaptive Supply Chain Partnerships
Authors: Malhotra Arvind , Gosain Sanjay , El Sawy Omar A. 
Published: September 2007

Adaptive supply chain partnerships are a key factor in driving the ability of extended enterprise partners to achieve long-term goals in an environment characterized by disruptive environmental shifts. Adaptive extended enterprise arrangements allow participating enterprises to leverage their combined assets for collective exploration and exploitation. In the context of extended enterprises, where significant investments have been directed toward instituting common interfaces, this study examines the question: How does the use of standard electronic business interfaces (SEBIs) enable supply chain partnerships to become more adaptive?This study conceptualizes the use of SEBIs as a boundary-spanning mechanism that helps overcome boundaries that impede knowledge transfer between enterprises in supply chains. SEBIs enables partners to gain insight into their broader environments, enriching each partner's perspective (enhanced bridging). SEBIs also help strengthen the cooperative ties between partners, motivating each partner to adapt for collective gain (enhanced bonding).Our research model is empirically tested using data collected from 41 demand-side supply chain partnerships (between original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), distributors, and retailers) in the information technology (IT) industry. The results show that collaborative information exchange (CIE) between supply chain partners mediates the relationship between use of SEBIs and mutual adaptation (MA) and adaptive knowledge creation between supply chain partners. Interestingly, the use of SEBIs is found to be directly associated with MA but only indirectly associated with adaptive knowledge creation.The study points out that the strategic impacts of SEBIs go well beyond the exchange of transaction information and process integration. It also shows that multilateral, quasi-open, and information exchange–and process linkage–oriented SEBIs can result in both bonding and bridging across supply chain partners without binding them inflexibly to specific partners. Based on the model and results, the study offers practical implications for how SEBIs should be developed, adopted, and used.
"You've Got to Understand Community": Community Perceptions on "Breaking the Disconnect" Between Researchers and Communities
Authors: Goldberg-Freeman Clara , Kass Nancy E , Tracey Patricia , Ross Glenn , Bates-Hopkins Barbara , Purnell Leon , Canniffe Bernard , Farfel Mark 
Published: September 2007

Background: Community-based participatory research (CBPR) is a growing approach to research yet its implementation does not come without challenges. Incorporating CBPR may be especially difficult for large academic medical institutions where research is conducted by different stakeholders operating under different paradigms. The Environmental Justice Partnership (EJP) is a community–academic partnership that sought to understand and address these challenges. Objectives: To know how to effectively foster collaboration between a large academic medical center and its surrounding urban community, the EJP sought to understand community stakeholders' views on research, the research process, and how to improve researcher–community collaborations. Methods: This study used a qualitative approach to gather information from residents and representatives from community-based organizations (CBOs) and city agencies. The data are from 17 semistructured interviews and 8 focus groups (n = 80) conducted from October 2003 to May 2004. Results: Respondents emphasized the importance of disseminating research findings, working closely with the community before research starts and throughout the study, and listening to community members' priorities and needs. Those with personal research experience had more positive attitudes about research than respondents who had not been in research. Conclusions: Academic institutions need to make greater effort to involve communities regularly in their community-based research to identify community priorities and concerns. Institutions may want to develop strategies for their affiliated researchers to facilitate partnership building. Especially for large academic institutions in urban settings, such efforts may help to bridge distance between researchers and community to promote the shared goal of improved public health.
The Teen Photovoice Project: A Pilot Study to Promote Health Through Advocacy
Authors: Necheles Jonathan W , Chung Emily Q , Hawes-Dawson Jennifer , Ryan Gery Wayne , Williams La'Shield B , Holmes Heidi N , Wells Kenneth B. , Vaiana Mary E , Schuster Mark A 
Published: September 2007

Background: Clinicians, public health practitioners, and policymakers would like to understand how youth perceive health issues and how they can become advocates for health promotion in their communities. 1,2 Traditional research methods can be used to capture these perceptions, but are limited in their ability to activate (excite and engage) youth to participate in health promotion activities. Objectives: To pilot the use of an adapted version of photovoice as a starting point to engage youth in identifying influences on their health behaviors in a process that encourages the development of health advocacy projects. Methods: Application of qualitative and quantitative methods to a participatory research project that teaches youth the photovoice method to identify and address health promotion issues relevant to their lives. Participants included 13 students serving on a Youth Advisory Board (YAB) of the UCLA/RAND Center for Adolescent Health Promotion working in four small groups of two to five participants. Students were from the Los Angeles, California, metropolitan area. Results: Results were derived from photograph sorting activities, analysis of photograph narratives, and development of advocacy projects. Youth frequently discussed a variety of topics reflected in their pictures that included unhealthy food choices, inducers of stress, friends, emotions, environment, health, and positive aspects of family. The advocacy projects used social marketing strategies, focusing on unhealthy dietary practices and inducers of stress. The youths' focus on obesity-related issues have contributed to the center's success in partnering with the Los Angeles Unified School District on a new community-based participatory research (CBPR) project. Conclusion: Youth can engage in a process of identifying community-level health influences, leading to health promotion through advocacy. Participants focused their advocacy work on selected issues addressing the types of unhealthy food available in their communities and stress. This process appears to provide meaningful insight into the youths' perspective on what influences their health behaviors.
Perspectives on Cancer Screening Among Latino Community Members and Internal Medicine Residents
Authors: Salas-Lopez Debbie , Mouzon Dawne , Marks Jonnie , Kothari Neil , Natale-Pereira Ana 
Published: September 2007

Background: Latinos have lower rates of cancer screening, partially because of cultural beliefs that conflict with those of health care professionals. Moreover, established programs for training physicians in cultural competency often fail to incorporate input from the community. Methods: To explore beliefs about cancer and cancer screening among Latino community members and internal medicine residents. Three focus groups of Latino community members (n = 31) and one focus group of internal medicine residents (n = 9) were conducted to compare ideas regarding cancer and cancer screening. Results: We identified clear disconnects between residents and Latino community members regarding their understandings of cancer, ideas about risk and etiological factors, and barriers to screening. Notably, residents more often spoke of cancer in terms of risk factors, whereas Latinos attributed cancer to life circumstances and experiences. Conclusions: The results from these focus groups will inform development of a community-minded cultural competency cancer education training program for medical residents designed to increase screening rates and improve satisfaction with care among Latinos.
Surface modification of nano‐sized silicon nitride with BA‐MAA‐AN tercopolymer
Authors: Xia Ru , Zhang Yuchuan , Zhu Qingren , Qian Jiasheng , Dong Qiannian , Li Fangshan 
Published: September 2007

AbstractIn this work, a macromolecular coupling agent (BA‐MAA‐AN tercopolymer) was used for surface modification of native nano‐sized silicon nitride (Si3N4) powder. This modification strategy was designed for preparing nano‐Si3N4/NBR composites. The structure and surface properties of modified nano‐Si3N4 were systematically investigated by FTIR, XPS, TGA, TEM, Size Distributions Analyzer, and Contact Angle Measurement. It was found that, the optimum loading of BA‐MAA‐AN tercopolymer coated on the surface of nano‐sized Si3N4 is 10% of nano‐Si3N4. According to the spectra of FTIR, XPS and TGA, it can be inferred that this macromolecular coupling agent covalently bonds on the surface of nano‐sized Si3N4 particles and an organic coating layer is formed. The contact angle experiments show that the hydrophobic property of nano‐sized Si3N4 modified with macromolecular coupling agent is improved obviously. TEM reveals that modified nano‐Si3N4 possesses good dispersibility and the average diameter in NBR is less than 100 nm. It has also been found that the oil resistance of NBR based nanocomposites is improved greatly due to the modified nano‐Si3N4. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Synthesis and characterization of soluble copolyimides containing chalcone and phosphine oxide moieties in the main chain
Authors: Wang Wei , Wu Qunrong , Ding Liqin , Yang Zhilan , Zhang Aiqing 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe functional diamines 3,3′‐diaminochalcone and bis(3‐aminophenyl)‐3,5‐bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl phosphine oxide were successfully prepared by simple and convenient procedures with short reaction times, and the overall yields were 78 and 70%, respectively. Copolyimides prepared from 3,3′‐diaminochalcone, bis(3‐aminophenyl)‐3,5‐bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl phosphine oxide, and 4,4′‐(hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphthalic anhydride exhibited excellent solubility in several organic solvents, such as dimethyl sulfoxide, N,N‐dimethylformamide, N‐methyl pyrrolidone, tetrahydrofuran, and acetone. They also showed very good thermal stability even up to 450°C for 5% weight loss (by thermogravimetric analysis) in nitrogen and a high glass‐transition temperature up to 274°C (by differential scanning calorimetry) in nitrogen. The copolymers' adhesive and photoreactive properties were also investigated, and it was confirmed that the copolyimide containing chalcone and phosphine oxide moieties in the main chain had good adhesiveness and photoreactivity. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Formation of honeycomb films based on a soluble polyimide synthesized from 2,2′‐bis[4‐(3,4‐dicarboxyphenoxy)phenyl]hexafluoropropane dianhydride and 3,3′‐dimethyl‐4,4′‐diaminodiphenylmethane
Authors: Han Xutong , Tian Ye , Wang Lihua , Xiao Changfa 
Published: September 2007

AbstractA soluble polyimide was synthesized from 2,2′‐bis[4‐(3,4‐dicarboxyphenoxy)phenyl]propane dianhydride (BPADA) and 3,3′‐dimethyl‐4,4′‐diaminodiphenylmethane (DMMDA) by a two‐step method, and it had good solubility both in strong bipolar solvents and in common low‐boiling‐point solvents. The BPADA–DMMDA polyimide was dissolved in chloroform (CHCl3) and cast onto a glass substrate in a humid atmosphere. The BPADA–DMMDA/CHCl3 solution easily formed honeycomb films. Some affecting factors, such as the polymer solution concentration, atmospheric humidity, and solvent volatility, were tested. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Mechanical and thermal properties of blends of low‐density polyethylene and ethylene vinyl acetate crosslinked by both dicumyl peroxide and ionizing radiation for wire and cable applications
Authors: Basfar A. A. , Mosnáček J. , Shukri T. M. , Bahattab M. A. , Noireaux P. , Courdreuse A. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractFormulations of chemically crosslinked and radiation‐crosslinked low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) containing an intumescent flame retardant such as ammonium polyphosphate were prepared. The influence of blending LDPE with a poly(ethylene vinyl acetate) copolymer (EVA) and the effects of various coadditives, including polyethylene grafted with maleic anhydride (PEgMA), vinyl silane with boric acid, and talc, on the mechanical and thermal properties were investigated. Chemical crosslinking by dicumyl peroxide and crosslinking by ionizing radiation from an electron‐beam accelerator were both used and compared. Improved mechanical properties were observed by the partial replacement of LDPE with EVA. Similar mechanical or thermal properties were observed with coadditives such as PEgMA and vinyl silane with boric acid. The addition of a small amount of talc improved the tensile strength of the formulations. All crosslinked formulations showed good thermal stability on the basis of the retention of mechanical properties after thermal aging for 168 h at 135°C and a hot‐set test. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Synthesis of a novel polymerizable surfactant and its application in the emulsion polymerization of vinyl acetate, butyl acrylate, Veova 10, and hexafluorobutyl methacrylate
Authors: Mingyue Zhu , Weihong Qiao , Hongzhu Liu , Yingli Sun 
Published: September 2007

AbstractA novel anionic, polymerizable fumaric surfactant (surfmer) was synthesized. The chemical structure of the surfactant was confirmed with 1H‐NMR, IR, and mass spectrometry. The surfmer was then used with constant addition profiles in the semicontinuous polymerization of vinyl acetate, butyl acrylate, Veova 10, and hexafluorobutyl methacrylate. The particle size, amount of coagulum, and stability against electrolytes and freezing/thawing were evaluated. Films were cast from latices; then, photographs were taken of the films after immersion in water for days, and the water adsorption was assessed. As a reference, an unreactive surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate) was also used for the polymerization. Compared with sodium dodecyl sulfate, the surfmer behaved much better with respect to the stability of the latices and the water sensitivity of the films. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Effect of photosensitivity in acrylic photoreactive electrode pastes on line width uniformity for large‐sized plasma display panels
Authors: Kim Soon Hak , Kwon Younghwan , Han Yoon Soo , Hur Youngjune , Kwak Giseop , Woo Chang Min , Hur Byung Ki , Park Lee Soon 
Published: September 2007

AbstractAg electrodes with line width uniformity for large‐sized plasma display panels were successfully fabricated through a photolithographic process using photosensitive Ag pastes with optimized photosensitive properties. The photosensitivity of the Ag electrode pastes in the photolithographic process was investigated as a function of the types and contents of photoinitiators, the molecular weights and acid values of acrylic binders with carboxylic acid groups, and the process variables, such as the UV‐light intensity and dose, with a step tablet. This study revealed that the photoinitiator was a major parameter for the photosensitivity of the Ag electrode pastes. With the photosensitivity of the photosensitive Ag electrode pastes optimized by the study of the photoinitiator contents, Ag electrodes with line width uniformity were achieved with an HSP‐188 photoinitiator content of 15 wt % on the basis of the reactive monomers, regardless of the variation of the light dose from 250 to 350 mJ/cm2 and intensity from 15 to 25 mW/cm2. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Pressure‐Assisted Hetero‐ and Homodialkylation of Sulfide in [Pt2(μ‐S)2(dppp)2]: One‐Pot Conversion of {Pt2(μ‐S)2} into {Pt2(SR)2} and {Pt2(SR)(SR′)}
Authors: Chong Siew Huay , Young David J. , Hor T. S. Andy 
Published: September 2007

AbstractHeterodialkylation of [Pt2(μ‐S)2(dppp)2] (dppp=Ph2P(CH2)3PPh2) was achieved under high pressure (10 kbar). This enabled the synthesis of rare diplatinum complexes with structurally diverse thiolate bridges, such as [Pt2(μ‐SC5H10CO2CH2CH3)(μ‐SC3H7)‐(dppp)2](PF6)2, which was crystallographically identified. Complete homodialkylation was also achieved under similar conditions (6 kbar at room temperature), thus permitting the isolation of [Pt2(μ‐SC2H4CO2CH2CH3)2(dppp)2]‐(PF6)2. The isolation of these complexes extends the applications of high‐pressure chemistry to thiolato homo‐ and heterobridged complexes that are otherwise not accessible.
An Investigation into the Allylic Imidate Rearrangement of Trichloroacetimidates Catalysed by Cobalt Oxazoline Palladacycles
Authors: Nomura Hiroshi , Richards Christopher J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractDimeric palladacycles, di‐μ‐X‐bis[{η5‐(S)‐(pR)‐2‐[2′‐(4′‐methylethyl)oxazolinyl]cyclopentadienyl,1‐C,3′‐N}(η4‐tetraphenylcyclobutadiene)cobalt]dipalladium (COP‐X), containing bridging groups X=OAc, Cl, Br, I, O2CCF3, p‐O2CC6H4F, were synthesised and compared as catalysts for the asymmetric allylic imidate rearrangement of (E)‐Cl3CC(NH)OCH2CHCHR with R=nPr. The enantiomeric excess of the product (S)‐Cl3CC(O)NHCHRCHCH2 was essentially invariant of X (93–96 %) and the yield increased in the sequence I<p‐O2CC6H4F<OAc<O2CCF3≈Br≈Cl. With X=Cl (COP‐Cl), the catalyst loading was reduced to 0.25 mol % (CH3CN/70 °C/48 h) and these conditions applied to various trichloroacetimidates (R=nPr, Me, CH2Ph, CH2CHCH2, CH2OTBDMS) to give the corresponding (S)‐trichloroacetamides (68–88 % yield, 84–94 % ee; ee=enantiomeric excess). Addition of COP‐Cl to triphenylphosphinobenzoyl NovaGel AM resin gave a recyclable catalyst in which the ee was maintained over three cycles (89–94 %). Catalysis with COP‐OAc displayed a small positive non‐linear effect. The factors responsible for the activity of COP‐X are discussed.
Self‐Assembling Phenylpropyl Ether Dendronized Helical Polyphenylacetylenes
Authors: Percec Virgil , Peterca Mihai , Rudick Jonathan G. , Aqad Emad , Imam Mohammad R. , Heiney Paul A. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe first example of a self‐assembling phenylpropyl ether based dendronized polymer has been reported and its preferred helical handedness has been determined. Dendronized polymer poly(10) and its nondendritic analogue poly(8) are high‐cis‐content polyphenylacetylenes (PPAs) prepared by using [Rh(nbd)Cl]2/NEt3 (nbd: 2,5‐norbornadiene). Both polymers possess a stereocenter in their side chain, which selects a preferred helical handedness. Based on negative exciton chirality observed in the CD spectra of poly(10), we have designated this molecule as a right‐handed helical polymer, which persists over a wide temperature range. Poly(10) self‐organizes into both ${{\Phi}{{{\rm io}\atop {\rm h}}}}$ and Φh lattices in bulk. The ${{\Phi}{{{\rm io}\atop {\rm h}}}}$‐to‐Φh transition is associated with thermoreversible cis‐cisoidal to cis‐transoidal isomerization of the helical PPA, accompanied by a dramatic decrease in the column diameter and a decrease in the π‐stacking correlation length along the column. A model for the right‐handed helical dendronized PPA has been proposed wherein dendrons from adjacent column strata interdigitate to effectively fill space.
Methodology for the Process Based Acquisition and Assessment of Non‐Intended Outputs in the Mining Industry
Authors: Bielig Tina , Rosenkranz Jan , Kuyumcu Halit Ziya 
Published: September 2007

AbstractFor the activities of the mining industry land, equipment, material, and energy are used. During operation material and energy flows such as overburden, dead rock, tailings, wastewater, exhaust air, dust, energy, abrasion, coolant and lubricant losses, are released. These released material and energy flows are nearly always without value for the raw material supply chain as they are not production targets. Instead, they have negative effects on the economy and ecology and are, therefore, referred to as ‘non‐intended’. The knowledge of the quantities and qualities of these non‐intended outputs as a function of the processes and their parameters is the basis for technical and economical measures. A methodology for the acquisition and assessment of the material and energy flows in the mining industry was developed and tested at the Technical University Berlin, Germany. For that purpose and based on a system analysis in different mines, all relevant material and energy flows were assigned to individual processes. Causal relationships, possible interactions, quantities, and qualities were examined as functions of system parameters. Finally, a technical and economic evaluation was performed.