bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Deep Draft Floater Motions - Verification Study
Authors: Johannessen Thomas Berge , Wanvik Leiv 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
The paper presents the main findings from an internal verification study on motions of the Aker Kvaerner Deep draft Floater (DDF). The study employed traditional linear analysis techniques as well as coupled and uncoupled time domain analyses. The coupled analysis is carried out utilizing state of the art software belonging to the Norwegian Marine Technology Research Institute (Marintek) program portfolio and developed further in the DEEPER Joint Industry Program organized by Marintek and Det Norske Veritas (DnV) (ref /1/). The analysis case is based on the functional requirements of a DDF with 56 000 Mt displacement and up to 30 rigid risers. The DDF has been analyzed at 1400 m water depth both in a West Africa and a Gulf of Mexico natural environment.
By investigating the effect of including keel plates at large depths below the SWL, the heave response of the DDF can be controlled without significantly increasing the heave excitation on the structure. The 100-year return heave response has been found to be less than 1 m and 2 m for, respectively, the West Africa and the Gulf of Mexico Environment.
By comparing coupled and uncoupled analyses of the DDF motions it is concluded that the effect of coupling is slight at 1400 m water depth. With 30 rigid risers present, the fully coupled model will predict approximately 10 % smaller motions than the uncoupled time domain analysis model.

Introduction
Aker Kvaerner have taken part in the DEEPER JIP development project. As a part of the breaking-in exercise of new deep water time domain analysis software and in order to thoroughly investigate the scope for optimization of the DDF motion behavior, Aker Kvaerner decided to run an advanced verification study on motions of the Aker Kvaerner DDF. The scope of the analysis was as follows:Investigate and optimize first order heave motion of the Deep Draft Floater (DDF) using first order radiationdiffraction analysis. This is carried out employing the WADAM program which is based on WAMIT5 /2/.Investigate the motion of the DDF using the time domain analysis program SIMO developed by Marintek /3/.Investigate the motion of the DDF using SIMO coupled with RIFLEX as described in /1/Verify and optimize mooring line, riser and tensioner design.develop a DDF sizing tool which calculates stability and gives an accurate estimate of first order heave response. The three first points above are addressed in the present paper.

The Aker Kvaerner Deep Draft Floater

General.
The Aker Kvaerner DDF is a general-purpose marine facility for deep water environments. The design is focused on minimal vertical (heave) motions in order to facilitate rigid marine risers with dry trees. This type of design is very little affected by a change in water depth making the DDF ideal for use in deep waters. The DDF as shown in figure 1 can functionally be described as a multi-leg Spar or Truss Spar.
Composite Riser Lifetime Prediction
Authors: Huybrechts Dirk G. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
A background on phenomenological behavior of CRP laminates is given and the power of the superior laminate analysis theory by PUCK is outlined as a basis to build the confidence in the long-term performance of CRP materials for offshore tubular applications.
Special attention is drawn to the procedure for lifetime prediction of a riser with CRP load bearing structure. The importance of progressive laminate failure analysis is highlighted as the tool to tailor the design so that the component failure is fiber controlled. Based on this requirement the procedure for fatigue failure prediction developed by DNV and others is recommended.
As improvements to this procedure a unique fatigue test specimen is introduced and the basic idea of the remaining strength approach is implemented. Both contributes to the target to increase the level of consistency of the prediction theory compared to the real physical behavior of the product CRP laminate and therefore raise the reliability of lifetime predictions for composite offshore tubulars.

Introduction
ABB Vetco Gray and others have developed the technology to design and manufacture offshore composite tubulars. The present overall status of these technologies is probably best described in [1]. It is expected, that 2002 will become a major milestone with more field experience and initial commercial projects.
Regarding lifetime requirements the most challenging type of the composite tubulars are production risers for the reason, that a lifetime of 20-40 years needs to be guaranteed. Remaining reservations of potential oil industry customers seem to be focussed on concerns related to the long-term performance. This paper highlights ABB's efforts to address this key task.
Composite risers will essentially be made from carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CRP) for the load bearing tubular structure. This material in general has the reputation of very superior long-term, especially fatigue properties. Whereas the ratio of remaining strength after 107 load cycles to initial static strength for the first load cycle is about 0.3 for steel it is about 0.8 for unidirectional (UD) CRP. This superior property is a major driver for the usage of CRP for the application of production risers. However, the wall thickness needs to be tailored to given load cases and other requirements. A lifetime prediction resp. a long-term static and fatigue loading design procedure is needed. It may have some impact on necessary wall thickness and therefore on product weight and cost.
Since CRP composites have been used for commercial applications in other industries, especially aircraft for about 30 years one would expect to find long-term and fatigue design procedures in the public domain. This is, however, unfortunately not the case. Major sources like [2] are limited to very general information. A cause to this situation may have been that the use of CRP in most cases was motivated by stiffness requirements, leading to wall thicknesses that are very safe in terms of strength, which was excessively proven by testing.
Energy and the Environment - a Global View
Authors: Schroeder Art J. , Pena Emil 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
This set of speaker notes introduces the subject, which is the topic of a panel discussion for the 2002 Offshore Technology Conference. Participants include;Mr. Matthew R. Simmon's CEO Simmons & Co. an investment banking firm specializing in the energy sectorDr. Michael Economides, professor of Chemical Engineering at the University of Houston, a noted author of more than 7 books and 150 articlesMr. Luis Giusti, Sr. Advisor for Strategic and International Studies, a Washington D.C. based think tank, and former CEO of PDVSA.Dr. Don Paul, Vice President of Technology for ChevronTexacoMs. Amy Jaffe, Sr. Analyst from The Baker Institute at Rice UniversityMr. Bruce Rauhe, Technical Director of the Fuel Cell Research and Application Center at the Houston Advanced Research CenterMs. Elena Melchert, Director, Offshore Technology Program, United States Department of Energy

Introduction
Cheap, plentiful and reliable energy has arguably been one of the main drivers of the United States', and indeed the developed world's economy for the 20th century. Between 1945 and 1973, consumption of oil products rose at a startling 4-1/2 percent average annual rate, well in excess of growth of real GDP. Many experts believe that maintaining this trend will be quite difficult considering both the growing demand and the rapid decline of many of the world's existing fields. New ‘elephant’ size fields seem to be few and far between, and generally located in harsh, remote, and increasingly politically unstable regions. Clearly, the industry will be fully challenged just to meet the needs of the ‘developed’ world, much less figuring out how to provide light, heat and mobility to the billions of the world who have no cars, no homes, and cook their food over wood, peat, and other substances.
An accompanying question of growing importance is, 'can we afford to continue down this path without adding ‘clean’ to the list of qualifiers'? Nearly all knowledgeable observers give the industry at least some credit for figuring out how to cleanly explore and produce fossil fuels. The issue is now being re-defined around pollution from using the fuels.
While the current U.S. administration walked away from the Kyoto Protocol, a firestorm of European protest caused Mr. Bush to setup a cabinet level task force to study the problem and possible remedies. When Lord Browne of the super-major BP recognizes there is not only a problem, but then states that he intends to take action to reduce emissions, it can only be a matter of time before others follow his lead. Unless technology quickly fills the gap, higher energy prices seem almost inevitable.
Figure (Available in full paper)
Abundant marine life is typically found thriving around offshore platforms. Sport fishermen, diving enthusiasts, and nature lovers have strongly supported coastal state's rigs to reefs programs.
Saturation Diving - A Tool for Offshore Pipelining
Authors: Warren B.J. , Angel Thomas M. , Gray Roy 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT
Saturation diving has been developed over the past several years as a useful method to allow divers to spend a significant amount of working time in deep water.
It is now practical for divers to work 6 to 8 hour shifts each day on the bottom in order to complete difficult and time consuming tasks. When the job is completed they can decompress slowly and return to the surface.
In a recent application six (6) divers accomplished the task of connecting five small flanged pipelines to a subsea wellhead in water over 340 feet deep. The job required 42 hours bottom time and was completed in five (5) days. Conventional techniques would have cost approximately four times as much, considering the cost of both diving and floating support equipment, and would have involved considerably greater risk to the safety of the divers.
Underwater pipeline welding is another excellent application of saturation diving due to the amount of time required for joint line-up, joint preparation and weld metal deposition.
In most diving projects which require several consecutive hours of working time in fairly deep water, saturation diving should be considered as a potentially economical method of performing the work.
Although somewhat sophisticated, saturation diving should no longer be considered as experimental. Saturation diving is a practical and economical commercial tool which is available NOW.

INTRODUCTION
As the oil industry ventures into deeper waters, there is an ever increasing need for man to perform useful work under the sea. Utilizing conventional, surface oriented diving techniques, divers must remain on the bottom shorter and shorter times as the depths increase. In addition to this shorter time, the deeper water makes each dive more expensive. It is apparent, therefore, that each minute spent on the bottom is costing the customer more money.
Since today's offshore diving industry exists primarily to service the oil and gas industry, competition, along with new technology, has brought us saturation diving. It is the intent of this paper to describe the general principles of saturation diving and to demonstrate that saturation diving is a proven, useful, and economical tool for the offshore oil and gas industry.

WHAT IS "SATURATION DIVING"?
The following is a brief explanation of the principles o£ saturation diving for those who are not familiar with the techniques:
Under normal atmospheric conditions, a man's system has certain amounts of inert gas absorbed his blood and tissues. This seldom causes problems as long as the surrounding pressure does not change appreciably.
Remote Sensing Techniques Used in Determining Changes In Coastlines
Authors: Herbich John B. , Hales Z. Lyndell 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT
The capability of remote sensing techniques to detect the changes that occur incoastlines as a result of long-term climatologi cal phenomena or short-term events of meteorological significance such as hurricanes or other wave attack of-intense nature is examined.
The U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey is changed with the responsibility of providing nautical charts and other navigational aids pertaining to the coast zone, but the tremendous amount of coastal area to be and the great expense involved. prohibits resurveys which would reveal all pertinent changes in the coastline and the coastal zone.
The use of remote sensing techniques activated from either the orbiting satellite or low-level aircraft offers possibilities for frequent, synoptic data collection which will reveal all significant changes which occur in the coastal area. This eliminates the need of waiting for regularly scheduled resurveys and also reveals all coastal literations at their occurrence.
Low-level aerial photography of the San Luis Pass area of the Texas Gulf Coast was used to supplement the configurations as revealed by the nautical charts. The periodic nautical charts obviously do not indicate all the changes that are shown by the photographs, and the addition of frequent coverage greatly enhances one's understanding of the phenomena.
Conventional aerial photography, either color or black and white, is shown to be an adequate sensor for detecting coastline changes. It is felt that the declassification of pertinent satellite coverage would eliminate dual surveys and provide for a more coordinated system for the use of remote sensing data.

INTRODUCTION
A nation's coastline is continuously subjected to the forces caused by ocean waves expending their energy on the beaches and shores. The concept of the "significant wave" is used in this study. This is a statistical term used to denote waves with the average height and period of the highest one-third of the waves in a given group. It has been found to approximate the number an experienced observer would report as the dominant wave after observing the sea surface. The significant wave height is also frequently used as a "design" wave in engineering problems.
The coastline, which is composed of definite size particles arranged in a predetermined distribution, will experience either destructive forces or rebuilding for depending on whether or not specific meterologicalconditions exist. Beach particle size must be considered, of course, but in general, material will be carried in the onshore direction if the deep-water wave steepness, Ho/Lo, is less than 0.025, where Ho is the deep-water height and Lo is the deep-water wave length. Material will be moved to an offshore position when Ho/Lo is greater than 0.025.
Resource Utilization and Coastal Zone Management
Authors: Moore J. Jamison 
Published: October 2008

INTRODUCTION
The kaleidoscopic nature of the diversity of problems which we must face in the management of our national resources is readily apparent within the coastal zone. It is within this geographic area that we are focusing our efforts to gain some semblance of control over the rapidity of demographic and technological change which characterizes our present society.

COASTAL ZONE LEGISLATION
Current legislation, creating coastal zone authorities, is before Congress following the recommendations of the Marine Commission in its January, 1969, report "0ur Nati on and the Sea" (Chapter 3, pages 49 - 81 and 269 -270). Senators Magnusoh and Hart proposed that "itis the policy of Congress to preserve, protect, develop, and where possible, to restore the resources of the Nation's coastal zone through comprehensive and coordinated long-range planning and management ... II (Senate Bill No. 2802, 91st Congress, First Session.)
Federal programs are intended to empower and fund State commissions, agencies, or other governmental entities in an effort. designed to promote balanced development and produce the maximum benefit for society from such coastal areas." (ibid) Several States are structuring organizations to implement these programs and 'accommodate a wide variety of beneficial uses" through coastal land acquisition, master plans, zoning regulations, and development projects.

DIFFERENT NEEDS
The scope and nature of our coastal zone problems are different for each of the several States. In Alaska, the coastal zone provides logistical support for the interior development of the region. In certain other States, as in most underdeveloped countries of the world, the coastal zone may also contribute logistical support for the recovery or processing of offshore resources. The motivation is economic. The emphasis is on development. In California, there are internal, demographic, pressures against the coastal zone. Current emphasis is on conservation. Preservation of social amenities is the incentive.
However, this is too broad a generalization. California is also ranked seventh among the major powers in the world in gross national product. Some degree of industrial development within the coastal zone is inevitable and logistical support must be provided to maintain water-borne commerce. California has also taken a leading position in oceanography. The technology which permits recovery of offshore resources effectively extends California's economic potential beyond its geographic borders. Prohibitions or excessive taxes on the coastal investment marshalled to recover or process these resources, would redirect the value added or created to other jurisdictions - perhaps in closer proximity to the resource. The oceans lend themselves to this diverting approach more than does a similar form of operation on land.
It is also deceptive to think of the California coast line as a linear extension of a problem that is primarily centered within areas of metropolitan concentration.
Managing a Program of Drugs from the Sea
Authors: Abel Robert B. 
Published: October 2008

Propositions for developing ocean resources have been advanced from many functional angles, including living and mineral resources, marine transportation, and aquatic recreation. None of these, however, possesses the potential for dramatic representation as does marine pharmacology, or, as it sometimes phrased, drugs from the sea.
The reason for this is fairly obvious. We live today in the era of "hard sell". Further, sales are made to a public which has shown itself to possess an astonishingly short span of attention. This means that the American buyer must constantly confront something new and different or his purchase impulse wanders.
Our marine science program competes for public attention with a NASA, which can keep 40 million eyes glued to a television set while someone opens a box of rocks. In this perspective marine science could double the world's food intake from the ocean, could discover new mineral lodes throughout all of the seven seas, and could develop techniques for restoring beaches quickly from offshore deposits. Allthis might rate a polite ho-hum in the press.
But let someone announce a sure-fire human tumor arrestor derived from the extract of a sea cucumber's stomach and he will achieve national prominence overnight. Under the circumstances, it :is probably a credit to the oceanographic community that everyone is not busy grinding up invertebrates in quest of some utopian elixer that will mark his name forever on the tablets of history.
In fact, as Ara Der Marderosian points out, the history of preparation of drugs from marine organisms goes back to biblical times which would indicate that more than a few people have worked in this area. He also mentions that thousands of marine organisms are known or thought to contain biotoxic substances; yet fewer than 1 percent of these have been examined for biological activity. Of even these few dozens, fewer than six had been evaluated at the time of Der Marderosian's writing to the point where the chemical and biological characteristics were completely determined.
Based on these few simple determinants, it would seem likely that this country is ripe for. a great new surge of experimental effort in marine pharmacology a fascinating area of science. What this small but vociferous community of scientists must understand, however, is that marine pharmacology occupies but a small sector of marine science and a small. sector of pharmacology. In turn, pharmacology and marine science are but small sections in the frontiers of American science. What is needed, therefore, is some new form of collective promotion and of scientific. effort to provide a sort of technological acceleration to this field.
A Telemetry System for Data Acquisition and Computation of Offshore Well Logs
Authors: Williams J.A. , Gunter J.M. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract The entire offshore oil province of Louisiana is now within reliable FM radio coverage of a time proven system for digital log-data acquisition at the well site, transmission of these data to a 24-hour facility in New Orleans, and their conversion by a computer into a Synergetic Log. Duplicates of the basic logs are available immediately. This system offers to the offshore operator the obvious advantage of not having to send professional personnel to the rig to examine the logs for the purpose of making decisions on the well. It enables every level of management to participate in vital decisions regarding future well operations, testing, or further evaluation of the prospect. It has proved to be particularly beneficial in allowing partners to examine basic logs or computed results before making a commitment.
Since the DART system's inception several years ago, all equipment involved has been completely reengineered. The hardware consists of well site incremental tape recorder and transmitting equipment capable of modulating a FM radio link direct to a shore based receiver. Transmissions from the more distant locations are sent via an offshore repeater link which keys one of the shore-based stations. These radio towers are connected via a conventional leased telephone line to receiving equipment in downtown New Orleans where a duplicate magnetic tape is produced within minutes after the logging run in the Gulf of Mexico. This tape can be used to generate a duplicate optical log, or it can be transmitted via phone to another station (such as Houston), or it can be used by the Computing Center to produce a Synergetic Log.
The system has a reliability factor to date of 98%. This is based on 575 transmissions of both open- and cased-hole operations.

Introduction
Since the first system to transmit well logs by radio from offshore platforms became operation in the latter part of 19641, the entire telemetry system and the data acquisition components have been completely re-engineered. An acronym "DART" (Digital Automatic Receiving and Transmitting) is used to designate the system.
During the active offshore development phase of the late sixties, oil companies were faced with a critical shortage of trained personnel to witness logging runs in the Gulf and to recommend decisions on the well based on their observations. Often, their geologists or engineers were tied up for much as a week due to weather, transportation problems, or adverse hole conditions. A more efficient system was needed to make vital well logs available at decision making points at the company's office in New Orleans or other cities.
Basically, the method employed to solve the problem was to expand an existing data transmission system by which well logs recorded offshore on magnetic tape could be transmitted to a receiver on shore.