bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Topology optimization of fluid domains: kinetic theory approach
Authors: Evgrafov A. , Pingen G. , Maute K. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractWe consider the problem of optimal design of flow domains for Navier–Stokes flows in order to minimize a given performance functional. We attack the problem using topology optimization techniques, or control in coefficients, which are widely known in structural optimization of elastic solids and structures for their flexibility, generality, yet ease of use, and integration with existing FEM software. We use a simple kinetic model to approximate the Navier–Stokes system. Arguably, we take a rather unconventional path in the kinetic theory, using it only to gain insight about the Navier–Stokes‐related system of hydrodynamical equations, which we take as our starting point. Thus all the modifications we make to the kinetic models are “hydrodynamically” inspired and we seek no particular physical explanation for them; the only requirement for us is the convergence (at least, formal) of the kinetic equations towards the correct hydrodynamical limit. We formally compute the hydrodynamical limit of the proposed kinetic system, and rigorously establish the existence of flow solutions and their continuous dependence on the design parameters. Optimal controls are shown to belong to a special class (0–1 solutions) for a popular power dissipation minimization problem for viscous fluids.
Long‐term Experience with the Laparoscopic Approach to Perforated Diverticulitis plus Generalized Peritonitis
Authors: Franklin Morris E. , Portillo Guillermo , Treviño Jorge M. , Gonzalez John J. , Glass Jeffrey L. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractBackgroundThe treatment of perforated diverticulitis is changing form the current standard of laparotomy with resection, Hartmann procedure, and colostomy to a minimally invasive technique. In patients with complicated acute diverticulitis and peritonitis without gross fecal contamination, laparoscopic peritoneal lavage, inspection of the colon, and intraoperative drain placement of the peritoneal cavity appears to alleviate morbidity and improve the outcome. In this article, we report our experience of a laparoscopic peritoneal lavage technique with delayed definitive resection when necessary.Method and materialsRecords of patients who underwent intraoperative peritoneal lavage for purulent diverticulitis at the Texas Endosurgery Institute from April 1991 to September 2006 were retrospectively reviewed.ResultsForty patients were included in the study, with a male/female ratio of 26:14. The average age was 60 years. Many had associated co‐morbidities. The average operating time was 62 minutes. There were no conversions to an open procedure. Apart from mild postoperative paralytic ileus in six patients and chest infections in two, there were no significant peroperative or postoperative complications. Just over 50% underwent elective interval laparoscopic sigmoid colectomy. During the mean follow‐up of 96 months, none of the other patients required further surgical intervention.ConclusionLaparoscopic lavage of the peritoneal cavity and drainage is a safe alternative to the current standard of treatment for the management of perforated diverticulitis with or without gross fecal contamination. It is associated with a decrease in the overall cost of treatment; the use of a colostomy is avoided; patient improvement is immediate; and there is a reduction in mortality and morbidity as definitive laparoscopic resection can be performed in a nonemergent fashion. Perhaps the most important benefit, other than avoiding a colostomy, is the association of fewer wound complications such as dehiscence, wound infection, and the high risk of hernia formation. Laparoscopic lavage and drainage should be considered in all patients in whom medical and/or percutaneous treatment is not feasible. It carries minimal morbidity and should be considered the standard of care.
PERSPECTIVES IN RESEARCH ON OPIATE ADDICTION*
Authors: ISBELL HARRIS 
Published: February 2008

I deeply appreciate the honour the Society has done me in asking that I give this Eighth Kelynack Memorial Lecture, and I hope I can in some small measure fulfil the trust it has placed in me.My purpose tonight is to survey as briefly as possible what has gone on in research on addiction to opiates, and to indicate some of the directions which I think research should take in the future. I shall be referring throughout chiefly to work carried on in the United States. The reason is, of course, that the United States has had, and still has, the greatest problem of opiate addiction of any Western country and has, because of need, expended the greatest effort on the subject.
A Brief Survey of a Drug Dependency Unit in a Psychiatric Hospital
Authors: GEORGE H. R. , GLATT M. M. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYA preliminary, brief review is presented of experiences gained in the treatment of drug dependent patients within the framework of an alcoholisn‐addiction unit situated in a psychiatric hospital. In contrast to middle‐aged addicts the young heroin‐cocaine addict—who usually had started off a few years earlier with smoking reefers and taking amphetamine pills—present a difficult problem as he often lacks motivation to get off drugs, and earnestly to co‐operate and to persevere with treatment.RésuméUn bref compte‐rendu préliminaire a été présenté sur les expériences obtenues de patients dependant de la drogue dans la structure d'une unité d'alcoolisme située dans un hôpital psychiatrique. En contraste des habitués d'âge moyen, les jeunes habitués d'héroine‐cocaine qui ont d'habitude débuté quelques années auparavant en fumant des cigarettes à la marijuana et en prenant des pilules d'amphétamine présentent un problème difficile car ils manquent d'un motif suffisant pour arrêter de se droguer, et d'une volontéà coopérer et à perseverer le traîtement.ZusammenfassungDies ist ein einleitender, kurzer Bericht über Erfahrungen, welche bei der Behandlung von rauschgiftsüchtigen Patienten innerhalb des Rahmens einer Alkoholikergruppe in einem psychiatrischen Krankenhaus gewonnen wurden. Gegenüber den Süchtigen im mittleren Alter stellt der junge Heroin‐Kokainsüchtige, welcher gewöhnlich einige Jahre früher mit Marihuanazigarettenrauchen und Einnehmen von Benzedrinpillen begonnen hatte, ein schwieriges Problem dar, da ihm oft ein Beweggrund zur Aufgabe des Rauschgiftes fehlt und er deshalb weder ernstlich mitarbeitet noch die Behandlung beharrlich verfolgt.
Alcoholism and the Subnormal*
Authors: CRAFT M. , JENKINS C. , VILLA‐LANDA MRS. , CLUTTERBUCKH L. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryPsychiatric staff working in Cardiff (population 289,700) investigated the hypothesis that the mentally defective were prone to alcoholism. Using a follow‐up, they checked the further hypothesis that alcoholic defectives had a poor prognosis. “Defectiveness” was defined as applying to those with a standard I.Q. of less than 70; “alcoholism” to those needing admission to state institutions of whatever type on two or more occasions, due primarily to over‐use of alcohol.After checking mental hospitals, mental deficiency colonies, prisons, and welfare institutions in South and Mid Wales, only 9 patients under I.Q. 70 were found to have alcoholism, 4 being in institutions. This is the same proportion as for the general population; the follow‐up shows a better prognosis in terms of community function.It is concluded that past associations of subnormality and alcoholism were probably due to alcoholics of average intelligence being wrongly called defective in order to institutionalize them.
Conjoint Family Therapy for Alcoholics
Authors: ESSER P. H. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryExperiments with conjoint family therapy in the city of Haarlem have brought about recently a shift in interest from hospitalization and clinical care towards prolonged aftercare at home in a sociotherapeutic sense. It is important to realize that the family of an alcoholic is a group under stress. This stress is provided by disturbed interactions. Communication has to be restored as soon as possible. Role conflicts within the family are primarily dependent on the differences between the traditional and the new roles. The alcoholic is the identified patient, his alcoholism the identified problem. After appraisal of the drinking situation and the influence it has on the family we must relate the method of approach to the behavior pattern which leads to excessive drinking. Cooperation between psychotherapist and A.A. can be helpful.
A Controlled Study of the Characteristics of Young Male Alcoholics
Authors: HASSALL CHRISTINE 
Published: February 2008

SummaryCompared with controls young alcoholics suffered considerably more disturbance and deprivation in childhood. They report less satisfactory relationships than the controls on every level. They came to medical attention significantly more often than the controls, and complained more frequently of nervous symptoms. As a group the alcohol addicts were isolated and friendless.Making limited comparison with groups of alcoholics reported in the literature the young patients show a similar pattern of broken marriages and lack of participation in social activities, but are dissimilar in their lack of familial alcoholism.
Stem cell transplantation for children with Glanzmann thrombasthenia
Authors: Connor P. , Khair K. , Liesner R. , Amrolia P. , Veys P. , Ancliff P. , Mathias M. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryGlanzmann thrombasthenia (GT) is a rare autosomal recessive platelet function disorder. Stem cell transplantation (SCT) is curative, but it is only indicated in selected patients with a severe clinical phenotype or who develop anti‐platelet antibodies. SCT have previously been limited to full intensity myeloablative conditioning regimens. This study details the successful outcome of SCT in five consecutive patients with GT, three of whom received reduced intensity conditioning (RIC) with stem cells from non‐sibling donors. This is the first time RIC SCT has been reported in GT, and offers the possibility of curative therapy with reduced late effects.
Genomic profiling reveals different genetic aberrations in systemic ALK‐positive and ALK‐negative anaplastic large cell lymphomas
Authors: Salaverria Itziar , Beà Silvia , Lopez‐Guillermo Armando , Lespinet Virginia , Pinyol Magda , Burkhardt Birgit , Lamant Laurence , Zettl Andreas , Horsman Doug , Gascoyne Randy , Ott German , Siebert Reiner , Delsol Georges , Campo Elias 
Published: February 2008

SummaryAnaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is a T/null‐cell neoplasm characterized by chromosomal translocations involving the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene (ALK). Tumours with similar morphology and phenotype but negative for ALK have been also recognized. The secondary chromosomal imbalances of these lymphomas are not well known. We have examined 74 ALCL, 43 ALK‐positive and 31 ALK‐negative, cases by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), and locus‐specific alterations for TP53 and ATM were examined by fluorescence in situ hybridization and real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Chromosomal imbalances were detected in 25 (58%) ALK‐positive and 20 (65%) ALK‐negative ALCL. ALK‐positive ALCL with NPM‐ALK or other ALK variant translocations showed a similar profile of secondary genetic alterations. Gains of 17p and 17q24‐qter and losses of 4q13‐q21, and 11q14 were associated with ALK‐positive cases (P = 0·05), whereas gains of 1q and 6p21 were more frequent in ALK‐negative tumours (P = 0·03). Gains of chromosome 7 and 6q and 13q losses were seen in both types of tumours. ALCL‐negative tumours had a significantly worse prognosis than ALK‐positive. However no specific chromosomal alterations were associated with survival. In conclusion, ALK‐positive and negative ALCL have different secondary genomic aberrations, suggesting they correspond to different genetic entities.
Historical and projected interactions between climate change and insect voltinism in a multivoltine species
Authors: TOBIN PATRICK C. , NAGARKATTI SUDHA , LOEB GREG , SAUNDERS MICHAEL C. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractClimate change can cause major changes to the dynamics of individual species and to those communities in which they interact. One effect of increasing temperatures is on insect voltinism, with the logical assumption that increases in surface temperatures would permit multivoltine species to increase the number of generations per year. Though insect development is primarily driven by temperature, most multivoltine insect species rely on photoperiodic cues, which do not change from year‐to‐year or in response to climate warming, to initiate diapause. Thus, the relationship between climate change and voltinism could be complex. We use a phenology model for grape berry moth, Paralobesia viteana (Clemens), which incorporates temperature‐dependent development and diapause termination, and photoperiod‐dependent diapause induction, to explore historical patterns in year‐to‐year voltinism fluctuations. We then extend this model to predict voltinism under varying scenarios of climate change to show the importance of both the quality and quantity of accumulated heat units. We also illustrate that increases in mean surface temperatures > 2 °C can have dramatic effects on insect voltinism by causing a shift in the ovipositional period that currently is subject to diapause‐inducing photoperiods.
Dendritic cells derived from bone marrow cells fail to acquire and present major histocompatibility complex antigens from other dendritic cells
Authors: Bedford Penelope A. , Burke Fiona , Stagg Andrew J. , Knight Stella C. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryDendritic cells stimulate primary T‐cell responses and a major activation route is via presentation of antigens pre‐processed by other dendritic cells. This presentation of pre‐processed antigens most likely proceeds through transfer of functional major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens through exosomes, ‘live nibbling’ or apoptotic vesicles. We hypothesized that not all dendritic cell populations may both donate MHC antigen to dendritic cells and present antigens acquired from other dendritic cells. All populations tested, including those derived from bone marrow precursor cells stimulated primary, allogeneic T‐cell responses and acted as accessory cells for mitogen stimulation. Populations of responder type, splenic dendritic cells promoted allogeneic responses indirectly but those derived from bone marrow cells blocked rather than promoted T‐cell proliferation. To identify mechanisms underlying this difference we studied transfer of I‐A antigens between cells. Active, two‐way transfer of allogeneic I‐A occurred between splenic primary antigen presenting cells including CD8α+ lymphoid dendritic cells, CD8α− myeloid dendritic cells and B220+ cells; all these cell types donated as well as acquired MHC molecules. By contrast, the bone marrow‐derived dendritic cells donated I‐A antigens but acquired negligible amounts. Thus, dendritic cells derived directly from bone marrow cells may stimulate primary T‐cell responses through transferring functional MHC to other dendritic cells but may not be able to acquire and present antigens from other dendritic cells. The evidence suggests that T‐cell activation may be blocked by the presence of dendritic cells that have not matured through lymphoid tissues which are unable to acquire and present antigens pre‐processed by other dendritic cells.
The role of empathy in the care of dementia
Authors: NORMAN K. D. 
Published: February 2008

The role of empathy in the care of dementiaThe concept of empathy in relation to caring is reviewed. A variety of definitions of empathy are considered to show how empathy has been used within general nursing practice A wide range of literature is drawn on to gain insights into the multifaceted and diverse information on this topic. The differing perceptions that arise from various professional viewpoints are explored. A set of attributes are identified for empathy and these are considered in relation to clinical practice in elderly mental health.Three examples of care are discussed to show how emotive empathy can be employed to give an improved direction to care of dementia clients. The concept is reviewed in relation to the particular needs of caring for dementia. It is suggested that it should be included in mental health training. It is concluded that emotive empathy has a vital part to play in the delivery of care for the elderly mentally ill.
Distribution, abundance, and growth of larval tautog, Tautoga onitis, in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, USA
Authors: Gauthier David A. , Lincoln Jean A. , Turner Jefferson T. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractTautog, Tautoga onitis, is an abundant species of fish in estuaries of the northeastern United States. Planktonic tautog larvae are abundant in summer in these estuaries, but there is little information on rates of growth of tautog larvae feeding on natural assemblages of food in the plankton. We examined abundance and growth of larval tautog and environmental factors during weekly sampling at three sites along a nearshore‐to‐offshore transect in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, USA during summer 1994. This is the first study of a robust sample size (336 larvae) to estimate growth rates of field‐caught planktonic tautog larvae feeding on natural diets, using the otolith daily‐growth‐increment method. The study was over the entire summer period when tautog larvae were in the plankton. The sampling sites contrasted in several environmental variables including temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), and chlorophyll a concentration. There was a temporal progression in the abundance of tautog larvae over the summer, in relation to location and temperature. Tautog larvae were first present nearshore, with a pronounced peak in abundance occurring at the nearshore sites during the last 2 weeks in June. Larvae were absent at this time further offshore. From late June through August, larval abundance progressively decreased nearshore, but increased offshore although never approaching the abundance levels observed at the nearshore sites. The distribution and abundance of tautog larvae appeared to be related to a nearshore‐to‐offshore seasonal warming trend and a nearshore decrease in DO. Otoliths from 336 larvae ranging from 2.3 to 7.7 mm standard length had otolith increment counts ranging from 0 to 19 increments. Growth of larval tautog was estimated at 0.23 mm·day−1, and length of larvae prior to first increment formation was estimated at 2.8 mm indicating that first increment formation occurs 3–4 days after hatching at 2.2 mm. Despite spatial and temporal differences in environmental factors, there were no significant differences in growth rates at any of three given sites over time, or between sites. Because larval presence only occurred at a narrow range of temperature (17–23.5 °C) and DO (6.5–9.3 mg·l−1), in situ differences in growth did not appear to be because of differences in larval distribution and abundance patterns relative to these parameters.
Cortical auditory dysfunction in benign rolandic epilepsy
Authors: Boatman Dana F. , Trescher William H. , Smith Cynthia , Ewen Joshua , Los Jenna , Wied Heather M. , Gordon Barry , Kossoff Eric H. , Gao Qian , Vining Eileen P. 
Published: February 2008

Summary
Purpose: To evaluate cortical auditory function, including speech recognition, in children with benign rolandic epilepsy (BRE).
Methods: Fourteen children, seven patients with BRE and seven matched controls, underwent audiometric and behavioral testing, simultaneous EEG recordings, and auditory‐evoked potential recordings with speech and tones. Speech recognition was tested under multiple listening conditions.
Results: All participants demonstrated normal speech recognition abilities in quiet, as well as normal peripheral and subcortical auditory function. BRE patients performed significantly worse than controls when speech recognition was tested under adverse listening conditions, including background noise. Five BRE patients who were impaired on two or more tests had centrotemporal spiking on awake EEG. There were no significant group differences in the latency or amplitude of early N100 cortical responses to speech or tones. Conversely, the mismatch negativity, a preattentive index of cortical processing that is elicited passively, was absent or prolonged for speech, but not tones, in BRE patients as compared to controls.
Discussion: Children with BRE demonstrated specific speech recognition impairments. Our evoked potential findings indicate that these behavioral impairments reflect dysfunction of nonprimary auditory cortex and cannot be attributed solely to attention difficulties. A possible association between auditory impairments and centrotemporal spiking (>1/min) on awake EEG was identified. The pattern of speech recognition impairments observed is a known risk factor for academic difficulties in school‐age children. Our results underscore the importance of comprehensive auditory testing, using behavioral and electrophysiological measures, in children with BRE.
Sleeping through the night: Are extended‐release formulations the answer?
Authors: Calamaro Christina 
Published: February 2008

AbstractPurpose: To provide an overview of insomnia, including identification and current treatments, as well as review the efficacy and safety of extended‐release sleep medication.Data sources: Published clinical research and review articles, DSM‐IV criteria, and clinical trials.Conclusions: Insomnia is a highly prevalent and debilitating sleep disorder, which may present with one or more of the following symptoms: difficulty initiating sleep, difficulty maintaining sleep, or waking too early without being able to return to sleep. Difficulty maintaining sleep throughout the night is the most common symptom of insomnia. The recently approved nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic, zolpidem extended‐release, can be taken as long as medically necessary to improve sleep‐onset and reduce sleep‐maintenance difficulties in insomnia patients, without negatively affecting next‐day functioning.Implications for practice: Insomnia continues to be an underdiagnosed and undertreated disorder. The nurse practitioner, through routine inquiry about patient sleep habits and consideration of the appropriate treatment of insomnia, can help restore the quality of life of patients experiencing the negative consequences of insomnia.
Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: An emerging clinical entity in adult, pediatric, and obstetric critical care
Authors: McCoy Heather O’Hara 
Published: February 2008

AbstractPurpose: To describe the signs, symptoms, causative factors, and treatment for posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES), an emerging clinical neuroradiologic entity which may be encountered by nurse practitioners in almost any clinical setting.Data sources: Extensive review of worldwide literature, including peer‐reviewed medical specialty journals, supplemented by an actual case study. Currently, a paucity of information exists in the nursing literature.Conclusions: PRES occurs as a result of disordered cerebral circulatory autoregulation and/or endothelial dysfunction, usually as a result of acute, intermittent hypertension. Clinical manifestations include mental status change, headache, visual disturbance, and seizures. Characteristic abnormalities in the posterior cerebral white matter, seen best on diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging, confirm the presence of the syndrome. PRES has been documented worldwide among a diverse patient population, yet many clinicians are still unfamiliar with this diagnosis.Implications for practice: PRES is a clinical‐radiographic diagnosis that requires close collaboration between the clinician and interpreting radiologist. Rapid identification and appropriate diagnostics are essential, as prompt treatment usually results in reversal of symptoms; permanent neurologic injury or death can occur with treatment delay.