bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Star formation in the Eagle Nebula and NGC 6611
Authors: Oliveira J. M. , Jeffries R. D. , van Loon J. Th 
Published: April 2007

AbstractWe present IZJHKL′ photometry of the core of the cluster NGC 6611 in the Eagle Nebula. This photometry is used to constrain the Initial Mass Function (IMF) and the circumstellar disk frequency of the young stellar objects. Optical spectroscopy of 258 objects is used to confirm membership and constrain contamination as well as individual reddening estimates. Our overall aim is to assess the influence of the ionizing radiation from the massive stars on the formation and evolution of young low-mass stars and their disks. The disk frequency determined from the JHKL′ colour-colour diagram suggests that the ionizing radiation from the massive stars has little effect on disk evolution (Oliveira et al. 2005). The cluster IMF seems indistinguishable from those of quieter environments; however towards lower masses the tell-tale signs of an environmental influence are expected to become more noticeable, a question we are currently addressing with our recently acquired ultra-deep (ACS and NICMOS) HST images.
Massive star formation in the outer Galaxy: S284
Authors: Puga E. , Neiner C. , Hony S. , Lenorzer A. , Hubert A.-M. , Waters L. B. F. M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractS284 is a diffuse HII region located in the anti-centre of the galactic disk (l=212, b=−1.3), at a distance of 5.5 kpc and it is relatively isolated. S284 harbours a cluster of stars in its centre known as Dolidze 25 (also known as C 0642+0.03). A spectroscopic study of the cluster sources (Lennon et al. 1990, A&A, 240, 349) revealed: a) the spectral types of these central sources and b) the low metallicity of the cluster (a factor six lower than the solar metallicity). The age of the cluster (6 Myr) has been determined through isochrone fitting of precision photometry (Turbide & Moffat, 1993, AJ, 105, 1831).We have conducted Spitzer-IRAC observations of 0.9x1.2 degrees around S284 in the four IRAC bands (3.6, 4.5, 5.8 and 8.0 μm). These data provide us with an unprecedented perspective of the dust component toward S284. We also present complementary observations with the WFC-INT (Roque de los Muchachos) in the Hα filter. The inspection of the images reveals the existence of: i) Rings of dust that constraint the ionised gas, ii) Elephant trunks stretching toward the centre of the main HII region, namely the cluster Dolidze 25 and iii) various spatial scales (4 main shells and 22 knots).We have calculated the dynamical age of the central HII region (S284) in a very simple pressure-driven scenario, using the strong-shock approximation. The resultant age of the main shell is 8 Myr, in good agreement with the estimated age of the central cluster (Dolidze 25). The presence of another two smaller ionised bubbles (with diameters of 3′ and 5′, respectively) located at the rim of this HII region suggests a later generation of high-mass star-forming regions. The color-color diagram of the IRAC photometry betrays the existence of several Class I objects, most of which are located at the rim of the most prominent shell.Multi-wavelength photometry has been gathered to construct the Spectral Energy Distribution of the 22 blobs detected toward S284. The SEDs reveal luminosities corresponding to low- and intermediate-mass stars.We conclude that the remarkable symmetry of the main HII bubble, the spectra of masses harboured by the different blobs around it, and most importantly, the uniform presence of elephant trunks that stretch toward the centre can be best explained by the growth of dynamical instabilities in a collected layer (Garcia-Segura & Franco, 1996, ApJ, 469, 171). In the context of this hypothesis, the low metallicity of the environment would significantly determine the length and stability over time of the elephant trunks.
Adrenaline increases glucose transport via a Rap1‐p38MAPK pathway in rat vascular smooth muscle cells
Authors: Kanda Y , Watanabe Y 
Published: April 2007

Background and purpose:Adrenaline has been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. However, little is known regarding the role of adrenaline in glucose transport in VSMC.Experimental approach:In this study, we examined the effects of adrenaline on glucose uptake in rat VSMC. We also examined the downstream signaling pathway from the β‐adrenoceptor to glucose uptake, using a pharmacological approach. To investigate the downstream action of adenylate cyclase, we studied the effects of GGTI‐298, an inhibitor of geranylgeranylation of GTPases, including Rap1. To confirm the involvement of Rap1, we silenced Rap1 by siRNA.Key results:Adrenaline induced glucose uptake in a dose‐dependent manner. The adrenaline‐induced glucose uptake was inhibited by L‐propranolol, (a selective β‐adrenoceptor antagonist), but not by prazosin (a selective α1‐adrenoceptor antagonist) or UK14304 (a selective α2‐adrenoceptor antagonist), suggesting the involvement of β‐adrenoceptors in glucose transport. Long‐term treatment with cholera toxin, which resulted in sequestration of Gs proteins, prevented the adrenaline‐induced glucose uptake. Forskolin, a direct activator of adenylate cyclase, was found to mimic the effects of adrenaline. Adrenaline‐induced glucose uptake was inhibited by GGTI‐298, not by H89 (a selective inhibitor of PKA). Silencing of Rap1 by siRNA attenuated the adrenaline‐induced glucose uptake. Adrenaline‐induced glucose uptake was inhibited by SB203580 (a selective inhibitor of p38MAPK) and adrenaline‐induced p38MAPK activation was inhibited by GGTI‐298 and siRNA against Rap1.Conclusions and implications:These findings suggest that adrenaline‐induced glucose transport is mediated by β‐adrenoceptors, Gs, adenylate cyclase, Rap1, and p38MAPK in vascular smooth muscle cells.British Journal of Pharmacology (2007) 151, 476–482; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707247
Awards as compensation
Authors: Frey Bruno S. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAwards are non‐material, extrinsic compensation taking the form of orders, medals, decorations and prizes. They have been widely used in monarchies and republics, private organizations, not‐for‐profit and profit‐oriented firms. Nevertheless, they have so far not received much attention. This paper develops empirically testable hypotheses, analysing the determinants of the supply of awards. The hypotheses refer to the possibility of using awards, the effectiveness of awards, and the capacity to maintain the scarcity value of awards. As the number of awards bestowed cannot (at least so far) be measured adequately, empirical evidence is adduced by way of illustrative examples.
The role of rankings in codifying a business school template: classifications, diffusion and mediated isomorphism in organizational fields
Authors: Wedlin Linda 
Published: April 2007

AbstractHow are business school rankings shaping the international management education field? This paper investigates the role of classification mechanisms such as rankings in forming organizational fields, and asks to what extent rankings are influencing organizations to become more alike. Using a qualitative study of European business schools and their responses to international rankings, I show how the rankings are shaping and codifying an organizational template on which business schools form identities and identification with the field. The rankings codify this template by defining belongingness to a group, specifying measures for competition and comparison, and by promoting role models. Through the template, isomorphic pressures are mediated by the use of both specific and ambiguous criteria for performance, and in the way the template guides and channels imitation processes. This way, the template secures similarity and recognition of ‘belonging together’ in the field while allowing for considerable variation in organizational practices and identities.
Early Reversal of Profound Rocuronium-induced Neuromuscular Blockade by Sugammadex in a Randomized Multicenter Study: Efficacy, Safety, and Pharmacokinetics
Authors: Sparr Harald J. , Vermeyen Karel M. , Beaufort Anton M. , Rietbergen Henk , Proost Johannes H. , Saldien Vera , Velik-Salchner Corinna , Wierda J Mark K. H. 
Published: April 2007

Background
Sugammadex reverses the neuromuscular blocking effects of rocuronium by chemical encapsulation. The efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of sugammadex for reversal of profound rocuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade were evaluated.

Methods
Ninety-eight male adult patients were randomly assigned to receive sugammadex (1, 2, 4, 6, or 8 mg/kg) or placebo at 3, 5, or 15 min after 0.6 mg/kg rocuronium. Patients were anesthetized with propofol and fentanyl. The primary endpoint of the study was the time to achieve a recovery of train-of-four ratio to 0.9. Neuromuscular blockade was measured using acceleromyography. Concentrations of rocuronium and sugammadex were determined in venous blood and urine samples. A population pharmacokinetic model using NONMEM (GloboMax LLC, Hanover, MD) was applied.

Results
The mean time to recovery of the train-of-four ratio to 0.9 after dosing at 3, 5, and 15 min decreased from 52.1, 51.7, and 35.6 min, respectively, after administration of placebo to 1.8, 1.5, and 1.4 min, respectively, after 8 mg/kg sugammadex. Sugammadex was safe and well tolerated. However, 20.4% of patients showed signs of inadequate anesthesia after its administration. The median cumulative excretion of rocuronium in the urine over 24 h was 26% in the placebo group and increased to 58-74% after 4-8 mg/kg sugammadex. The mean plasma clearances of sugammadex and rocuronium were 0.084 and 0.26 l/min, respectively.

Conclusions
In male subjects, sugammadex safely reversed profound neuromuscular blockade induced by 0.6 mg/kg rocuronium in a dose-dependent manner. Sugammadex enhanced the renal excretion of rocuronium, and its clearance is approximately one third that of rocuronium.
Response to Recruitment Maneuver Influences Net Alveolar Fluid Clearance in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Authors: Constantin Jean-Michel , Cayot-Constantin Sophie , Roszyk Laurence , Futier Emmanuel , Sapin Vincent , Dastugue Bernard , Bazin Jean-Etienne , Rouby Jean-Jacques 
Published: April 2007

Background
Alveolar fluid clearance is impaired in the majority of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Experimental studies have shown that a reduction of tidal volume increases alveolar fluid clearance. This study was aimed at assessing the impact of the response to a recruitment maneuver (RM) on net alveolar fluid clearance.

Methods
In 15 patients with ARDS, pulmonary edema fluid and plasma protein concentrations were measured before and after an RM, consisting of a positive end-expiratory pressure maintained 10 cm H2O above the lower inflection point of the pressure-volume curve during 15 min. Cardiorespiratory parameters were measured at baseline (before RM) and 1 and 4 h later. RM-induced lung recruitment was measured using the pressure-volume curve method. Net alveolar fluid clearance was measured by measuring changes in bronchoalveolar protein concentrations before and after RM.

Results
In responders, defined as patients showing an RM-induced increase in arterial oxygen tension of 20% of baseline value or greater, net alveolar fluid clearance (19 +/- 13%/h) and significant alveolar recruitment (113 +/- 101 ml) were observed. In nonresponders, neither net alveolar fluid clearance (-24 +/- 11%/h) nor alveolar recruitment was measured. Responders and nonresponders differed only in terms of lung morphology: Responders had a diffuse loss of aeration, whereas nonresponders had a focal loss of aeration, predominating in the lower lobes.

Conclusion
In the absence of alveolar recruitment and improvement in arterial oxygenation, RM decreases the rate of alveolar fluid clearance, suggesting that lung overinflation may be associated with epithelial dysfunction.
Gene Targeting by Homologous Recombination as a Biotechnological Tool for Rice Functional Genomics
Authors: Terada Rie , Johzuka-Hisatomi Yasuyo , Saitoh Miho , Asao Hisayo , Iida Shigeru 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe modification of an endogenous gene into a designed sequence by homologous recombination, termed gene targeting (GT), has broad implications for basic and applied research. Rice (Oryza sativa), with a sequenced genome of 389 Mb, is one of the most important crops and a model plant for cereals, and the single-copy gene Waxy on chromosome 6 has been modified with a frequency of 1% per surviving callus by GT using a strong positive-negative selection. Because the strategy is independent of gene-specific selection or screening, it is in principle applicable to any gene. However, a gene in the multigene family or a gene carrying repetitive sequences may preclude efficient homologous recombination-promoted GT due to the occurrence of ectopic recombination. Here, we describe an improved GT procedure whereby we obtained nine independent transformed calli having the alcohol dehydrogenase2 (Adh2) gene modified with a frequency of approximately 2% per surviving callus and subsequently isolated eight fertile transgenic plants without the concomitant occurrence of undesirable ectopic events, even though the rice genome carries four Adh genes, including a newly characterized Adh3 gene, and a copy of highly repetitive retroelements is present adjacent to the Adh2 gene. The results indicate that GT using a strong positive-negative selection can be widely applicable to functional genomics in rice and presumably in other higher plants.
SCABP8/CBL10, a Putative Calcium Sensor, Interacts with the Protein Kinase SOS2 to Protect Arabidopsis Shoots from Salt Stress
Authors: Quan Ruidang , Lin Huixin , Mendoza Imelda , Zhang Yuguo , Cao Wanhong , Yang Yongqing , Shang Mei , Chen Shouyi , Pardo José M. , Guo Yan 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
The SOS (for Salt Overly Sensitive) pathway plays essential roles in conferring salt tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. Under salt stress, the calcium sensor SOS3 activates the kinase SOS2 that positively regulates SOS1, a plasma membrane sodium/proton antiporter. We show that SOS3 acts primarily in roots under salt stress. By contrast, the SOS3 homolog SOS3-LIKE CALCIUM BINDING PROTEIN8 (SCABP8)/CALCINEURIN B-LIKE10 functions mainly in the shoot response to salt toxicity. While root growth is reduced in sos3 mutants in the presence of NaCl, the salt sensitivity of scabp8 is more prominent in shoot tissues. SCABP8 is further shown to bind calcium, interact with SOS2 both in vitro and in vivo, recruit SOS2 to the plasma membrane, enhance SOS2 activity in a calcium-dependent manner, and activate SOS1 in yeast. In addition, sos3 scabp8 and sos2 scabp8 display a phenotype similar to sos2, which is more sensitive to salt than either sos3 or scabp8 alone. Overexpression of SCABP8 in sos3 partially rescues the sos3 salt-sensitive phenotype. However, overexpression of SOS3 fails to complement scabp8. These results suggest that SCABP8 and SOS3 are only partially redundant in their function, and each plays additional and unique roles in the plant salt stress response.
Fine structure of reproductive glands in two primitive marine pulmonates (Basommatophora: Siphonariidae)
Authors: Pal Purba 
Published: April 2007

AbstractWithin the clade Euthyneura the marine basommatophorans are particularly neglected. More morphological and molecular studies are needed because their phylogenetic relationships with other pulmonates remain unresolved. The present study examines the most conspicuous reproductive gland, the glandular complex in two marine limpets,Siphonaria capensisandS. serrata(Pulmonata: Basommatophora) at both gross and fine structural levels. These two sympatric species with different developmental modes were selected to compare the structure and function of this enormous glandular structure. In bothS. capensisandS. serrata, the glandular complex shows an undifferentiated state composed of an acidophilic albumen gland and a basophilic mucous gland. The glands contain secretory cells and supporting cells (= ciliated cells) that are highly ciliated. When the histochemical properties of the glandular complex were compared with those of siphonariid egg masses (of each species) it could be established that the albumen gland was responsible for the production of perivitelline fluid whereas the mucous gland secreted substances that help in the assembly of mucous layers surrounding the egg capsules. We suggest that the presence of a single glandular complex comprised of two glands is the most primitive organization of reproductive glands in pulmonates. Furthermore, the histology, fine structure and histochemistry of these glands are very similar to those of the reproductive glands of opisthobranchs.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers from the chestnut‐backed antbird, Myrmeciza exsul
Authors: BARNETT J. R. , WOLTMANN S. , STENZLER L. , BOGDANOWICZ S. M. , LOVETTE I. J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractWe describe nine microsatellite loci from the chestnut‐backed antbird (Myrmeciza exsul), and one locus from the spotted antbird (Hylophylax naevioides) that cross‐amplifies in chestnut‐backed antbirds. The chestnut‐backed antbird is a common understorey insectivore in Neotropical lowland rain forests ranging from eastern Nicaragua to western Ecuador. Primers were developed in order to assess population structure in a fragmented landscape and to study dispersal at a local scale. Primers were tested on 60–62 individuals from a single population in the Sarapiquí Province of Costa Rica. Loci had varying degrees of polymorphism, ranging from two to 19 alleles.
Graft Materials in Peyronie's Disease Surgery: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Kadioglu Ates , Sanli Oner , Akman Tolga , Ersay Ahmet , Guven Selcuk , Mammadov Firdovsi 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT

Objective
To discuss the currently used graft materials in Peyronie's surgery.

Methods
A MEDLINE search was conducted till the end of September 2006 on the surgical treatment of Peyronie's disease, and all aspects of the graft materials used for Peyronie's surgery were examined.

Results
Currently available interposing graft materials may be classified in three categories: autologous tissues, extracellular matrix (ECM) tissues, and synthetic materials. Each grafting material in these categories has its own advantages and drawbacks in terms of tissue properties, antigenicity, availability, and cost-effectiveness. Saphenous vein grafts are the most widely used among autologous grafts, with acceptable functional outcomes in the long term. Other graft materials include tunica vaginalis, fascia lata, rectus fascia, and buccal mucosa, with variable results. Despite numerous advantages in terms of tissue compatibility, the major drawback of autologous grafts is tissue harvesting that to morbidities and longer operative durations. For this reason, the use of readily available ECM tissues as the products of tissue engineering is recommended by some authors. Among ECM grafts, cadaveric and bovine pericardia have satisfactory mid-term outcomes. However, longer follow-ups with an adequate number of patients are lacking. On the other hand, recent evidence suggests that small intestinal submucosa may be associated with high rate of operative failure and complications. Generally, synthetic materials are no longer used in grafting procedures in Peyronie's surgery because of their antigenicity and inappropriate functional properties. For prosthesis surgery, pericardia as well as autologous rectus fascia grafts are probably the most suitable graft materials because of their suitable tissue characteristics that satisfy the mechanical demands of the prosthesis.

Conclusion
Saphenous vein grafting from autologous tissues and pericardium from ECM tissues have satisfactory results. However, further research and clinical studies are needed in order to determine the optimal graft material.
Sexual Dysfunction in Patients with Chronic Hand Eczema in the Turkish Population
Authors: Ergün Mahizer , Türel Ermertcan Aylin , Öztürkcan Serap , Temeltaş Gökhan , Deveci Artuner , Dinç Gönül 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Hand eczema can cause considerable psychosocial disorders, such as anxiety, depression, and difficulties at work, and it may also cause sexual dysfunction.

Aim
The aim of this study was to investigate sexual function in patients with hand eczema and to find out whether concomitant depression has an additional negative effect on sexual function in these patients.

Main Outcome Measures
Sexual functions were evaluated in hand eczema patients.

Methods
Ninety-one female (43 patients vs. 48 controls) and 79 male (45 patients vs. 34 controls) subjects were enrolled in the study. Hand eczema severity index was used to determine severity of hand eczema. The Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) and the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) were used to assess sexual function. Quality of life was assessed with the Dermatology Life Quality Index. Diagnosis of depression was made based on the Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-IV, while the Hamilton Depression Rate Scale was used for grading depression.

Results
Among 43 female subjects with hand eczema, 26 had depression (60.46%); of the 45 male patients, 11 had depression (24.44%). FSFI total score was found to be significantly decreased in female patients with both eczema and depression compared with controls (20.84 ± 9.19 vs. 24.04 ± 3.40, P &lt;0.05). FSFI total score was found to be significantly decreased in female patients with both eczema and depression compared with those without depression (20.84 ± 9.19 vs. 22.23 ± 5.82, P &lt;0.05). IIEF total score was also found to be significantly decreased in male patients with or without depression compared with controls (52.36 ± 14.83 vs. 59.88 ± 5.65 vs. 62.03 ± 11.04, P &lt;0.05).

Conclusions
The results of the study demonstrated that patients with hand eczema had sexual dysfunction, and concomitant depression had an additional negative effect on sexual dysfunction. Patients with hand eczema should be evaluated with regard to sexual function and depression to provide a better quality of life.
THERMOELECTROMAGNETIC COUPLING IN MICROWAVE FREEZE‐DRYING
Authors: HENG SUN , HONGMEI ZHU , HAIDONG FENG , LIE XU 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT A coupled thermoelectromagnetic model of microwave freeze‐drying was developed by introducing the reflection coefficient method of the electromagnetic theory into the sublimation‐condensation model, to describe the coupling between the electromagnetic field strength distribution and the heat and mass transfer in microwave freeze‐drying. The experiments of beef were provided and the good agreement between the predicted and experimental results validates the model. The variations of the field strength, the temperature and the moisture content distributions during the microwave freeze‐drying process were discussed based on the model. The simulated results show that the microwave distribution in the cavity is a moving standing wave and that the actual field strength inside the material is less than that in the cavity. The nonuniform heating of the microwave will increase either the temperature in the dried region or the temperature in the frozen region, depending on the microwave input direction.