bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Durability of Marble Cladding—A Comprehensive Literature Review
Authors: Grelk B. , Christiansen C. , Schouenborg B. , Malaga K. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Natural stone has been used for centuries as building material. In historical time it was mainly used as load bearing elements, but within the past 50 years a new processing technique has made it commercially feasible to produce and use thin façade cladding. Unfortunately, a number of marble facades on buildings in both Europe and elsewhere have had serious problems with deterioration of the stone material. The TEAM (TEAM = TEsting and Assessment of Marble and limestone) project consortium represents nine European countries and comprises 16 partners, representing stone producers and trade associations, testing laboratories, standardization and certificate bodies, consultants, building owners and caretakers and producers of fixing and repair systems. The project had a budget of approximately 5 million dollars and was partly funded by the European Commission under the contract no. G5RD-CT-2000-00233. Two of the main objectives in the TEAM project were: — To understand and explain the mechanisms of the expansion, bowing, and loss of strength leading to degradation of marble and limestone clad facades. — To prevent the use of deleterious marble and limestone by introducing a draft for new European standards. This paper presents some of the important conclusions drawn from a literature review carried out within the TEAM project—and was based on an extensive review of literature on marble and limestone deterioration dating from the late 1800s to 2006 and the results of the TEAM project. The comprehensive information from more than 70 selected literature references is reviewed and discussed in order to describe the present knowledge on the causes and mechanisms responsible for the bowing and strength loss of thin marble cladding. In the following, the literature and TEAM findings are grouped under a number of headings proposed to explain observations. Thus, the information from the literature is compared and supplemented with the results from the TEAM project in order to present a good overview of the existing, most relevant, knowledge in the field. The literature review reveals that only few researchers have examined the durability problem from a broad perspective. In addition, no conclusive answer about the mechanisms and influencing factors can be given. The TEAM project has made it possible to identify several of the key influencing factors in marble degradation, the relative importance of various factors, and to gain a deeper understanding of the mechanisms involved.
Long-term Safety and Efficacy of a Once-Daily Regimen of Emtricitabine, Didanosine, and Efavirenz in HIV-Infected, Therapy-Naive Children and Adolescents: Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol P1021
Authors: McKinney Ross E. , Rodman John , Hu Chengcheng , Britto Paula , Hughes Michael , Smith Mary Elizabeth , Serchuck Leslie K. , Kraimer Joyce , Ortiz Alberto A. , Flynn Patricia , Yogev Ram , Spector Stephen , Draper Linda , Tran Paul , Scites Melissa , Dickover Ruth , Weinberg Adriana , Cunningham Coleen , Abrams Elaine , Blum M. Robert , Chittick Gregory E. , Reynolds Laurie , Rathore Mobeen ,   for the Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol P1021 Study Team
Published: July 2007

BACKGROUND. Compliance with complex antiretroviral therapy regimens is a problem for HIV-1–infected children and their families. Simple, safe, and effective regimens are important for long-term therapeutic success.
METHODS. A novel, once-daily dosing regimen of 3 antiretroviral drugs, emtricitabine, didanosine, and efavirenz, was tested in 37 therapy-naive HIV-infected children and adolescents between 3 and 21 years of age (inclusive). Subjects were followed for ≥96 weeks on an intention-to-treat basis. Signs, symptoms, plasma HIV-1 RNA viral load, CD4 counts, and safety laboratories were followed regularly. End points were the proportion of subjects with plasma HIV &lt;400 or 50 HIV copies per mL and safety and tolerability of the regimen.
RESULTS. Thirty-seven subjects enrolled at 16 sites. Two subjects with rashes during the first 2 weeks of therapy were the only adverse events leading to study-drug discontinuation. Other early (before protocol-scheduled conclusion) study discontinuations included 3 viral failures on treatment and 5 patients who stopped therapy for apparently nonmedical reasons. Possible drug-related adverse events included 1 grade 4 low-glucose and 5 varied grade 3 events. There were no deaths. Virologic outcomes demonstrated that 32 (85%) of 37 subjects achieved viral suppression to &lt;400 RNA copies per mL, and 26 (72%) of 37 subjects maintained sustained suppression at &lt;50 copies per mL through week 96. The median baseline CD4 count was 310 per μL (17%), which increased at week 96 by a median of +329 cells per μL (by +18% CD4). Pharmacokinetic results were as predicted for emtricitabine, didanosine, and efavirenz capsules, whereas efavirenz concentrations in children receiving efavirenz oral solution were lower than anticipated, requiring a dose escalation after the planned assessment point.
CONCLUSIONS. A once-daily regimen of emtricitabine, didanosine, and efavirenz proved to be safe and tolerable and demonstrated good immunologic and virologic efficacy in this 2-year study.
Pediatricians' Adherence to Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Shortage Recommendations in 2 National Shortages
Authors: Fairbrother Gerry , Broder Karen , Staat Mary Allen , Schwartz Benjamin , Heubi Christine , Hiratzka Shannon , Walker Frances J. , Morrow Ardythe L. 
Published: July 2007

OBJECTIVES. The goals were (1) to compare pediatricians' heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine shortage experience and adherence to shortage recommendations during 2 heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine shortages, (2) to assess factors associated with nonadherence to second shortage recommendations, and (3) to assess opinions about national immunization policy during vaccine shortages.
METHODS. We mailed surveys to all pediatrician immunization providers in the greater Cincinnati, Ohio, metropolitan area. We assessed heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine supply and immunization practices during the shortages and provider attitudes regarding immunization shortage policy.
RESULTS. The response rate was 61% (171 of 282 providers). Most pediatricians experienced heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine shortages (first shortage: 86%; second shortage: 84%). The rate of adherence to recommendations to defer the fourth heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine dose for healthy children was significantly higher during the second shortage, compared with the first shortage (first shortage: 62%; second shortage: 89%). Adherence to recommendations to administer the fourth dose to high-risk children remained unchanged (first shortage: 43%; second shortage: 45%). Controlling for other factors, pediatricians who reported a severe second shortage had greater odds of not fully vaccinating high-risk children, compared with those who reported no shortage. Contrary to recommendations, many pediatricians did not maintain tracking systems during the heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine shortages (first shortage: 37%; second shortage: 46%). Most pediatricians (91%) thought that national vaccine shortage recommendations were needed to protect them from liability.
CONCLUSIONS. The rate of adherence to recommendations to defer heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine doses for healthy children increased significantly from the first shortage to the second shortage. The nonadherent practice of deferring the fourth dose for high-risk children was associated with more severe shortages and, potentially, an inability to vaccinate.
Arrival Patterns and Movements of Adult Sockeye Salmon in Lake Washington: Implications for Management of an Urban Fishery
Authors: Newell J. C. , Fresh K. L. , Quinn T. P. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
The Lake Washington watershed in Washington State has several discreet breeding populations of sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka that return over the course of several months and remain in the lake for up to 6 months before spawning. Depending on the arrival timing and distribution of sockeye salmon in the lake, in-lake fisheries might disproportionately exploit one population or another and might select individuals from within populations having traits that covary with arrival timing (e.g., age, size, and sex). We applied disk tags to adult sockeye salmon as they entered the lake in 2003 and 2004 and tracked individual fish with ultrasonic transmitters. Recovery rates of disk-tagged fish declined over the course of both seasons and were lower in 2004 than in 2003, suggesting that prespawning mortality was occurring because of high water temperatures. Arrival timing did not vary consistently between populations and was at most weakly correlated with life history traits (older fish tended to arrive earlier). Ultrasonic transmitters revealed that individual sockeye salmon were distributed throughout the lake in the early summer but gradually congregated near the mouth of their natal stream in the fall. Fisheries are therefore likely to exploit the populations in proportion to their overall abundance without selecting strongly for spawning date or life history traits, tending to minimize evolutionary effects within populations. However, the expansion of a hatchery on the river with the largest population has been proposed; if fisheries increase to take advantage of the enhanced population, they may have a disproportionate effect on the smaller wild populations in other tributaries.
The Influence of Water Temperature on Time to Surface for Adult Sockeye Salmon Carcasses and the Limitations in Estimating Salmon Carcasses in the Fraser River, British Columbia
Authors: Patterson D. A. , Skibo K. M. , Barnes D. P. , Hills J. A. , Macdonald J. S. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
We determined the postmortem specific gravity and examined the relationship between water temperature and the time to surface for carcasses of adult sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka. These results, in conjunction with other biophysical factors, were used to explain the difficulties associated with the detection of the carcasses of sockeye salmon that die during upstream migration in the Fraser River. Large negative differences have occurred between the sockeye salmon estimates at the river entry and spawning escapement (&gt;0.5 million in 8 of the past 15 years), but relatively few carcasses are observed. Without confirmation of mortality, managers are left with the dilemma of how to partition these differences among lower river escapement, spawning ground escapement, catch, en route mortality, and unreported catch. We investigated the reasons for the paucity of carcass observations by experimentally testing the influence of water temperature on carcass buoyancy and by examining hydrological factors that may affect carcass visibility. Because the Fraser River is turbid (Secchi depth, &lt;40 cm), only carcasses on the surface can be observed. Initially, all fish had specific gravity estimates of greater than 1 (mean ± SD, 1.057 ± 0.010) and were negatively buoyant when placed in tanks at different water temperatures. The time for a sockeye salmon carcass to surface was inversely related to water temperature and ranged from 1–3 d at 20°C to 12–18 d at 6°C. Annual counts of dead fish floating on the surface were positively correlated with river water temperature. Fisheries managers should not always expect to see large numbers of dead salmon in years of high estimated en route losses, given the factors that influence the visibility of salmon carcasses in a large river system. We recommend alternative methods for achieving more accurate and precise estimates of en route mortalities.
Catch-and-Release Mortality of Spotted Seatrout in Texas: Effects of Tournaments, Seasonality, and Anatomical Hooking Location
Authors: James Jason T. , Stunz Gregory W. , McKee David A. , Vega Robert R. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess initial and delayed mortality of spotted seatrout Cynoscion nebulosus captured during live-release tournaments. Additionally, we examined spotted seatrout mortality as a function of season and anatomical hooking location. We assessed tournament-related mortality at 10 live-release fishing tournaments held in four Texas bays—Galveston, Matagorda, Aransas, and Upper Laguna Madre—from February 2004 to April 2006. Combined overall mean mortality was 22.9%, mean initial mortality (percent of dead fish brought to weigh-in) was 10.4%, mean delayed mortality (percent of fish that died in tournament holding tanks) was 14.1%, and delayed short-term mortality (percent of fish that died during a 14-d observation period in laboratory tanks) was 1.9%. To assess seasonal mortality, we examined a total of 364 spotted seatrout captured by hook and line from July 2004 to June 2005 using replicated 3.5-m3 field enclosures for 72 h. Overall mortality for the seasonal study was 6%. Mortality rates were higher during spring (9%) and summer (10%) than during fall or winter (both 0%). Tournament organizers should avoid scheduling events during late spring and summer, when seasonal mortalities are the highest. To assess mortality as a function of anatomical hooking location, we examined a total of 479 spotted seatrout held in field enclosures after capture. We assigned hooking locations to four body regions: mouth, gills, esophagus, and external. Overall mortality for the anatomical hooking location study was 19%. Mortalities were higher for fish hooked in the esophagus (95%) and gills (75%) than for fish hooked in the mouth (10%) and externally (8%). Our results suggest that spotted seatrout mortality during live-release tournaments exceeds that observed under normal catch-and-release fishing practices and that posttournament delayed mortality is low. Anatomical hooking location is a major factor influencing mortality, but under normal fishing practices only about 12% of fish are hooked in locations that consistently cause mortality.
Catch-and-Release Mortality in Subadult and Adult Red Drum Captured with Popular Fishing Hook Types
Authors: Vecchio Julie L. , Wenner Charles A. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Saltwater anglers along the entire coast of the southeastern United States target red drum Sciaenops ocellatus more frequently than any other recreational fish species. The frequency of catch-and-release angling has increased dramatically for this species in the past two decades, but little is known about the survival of released fish. This study demonstrates that catch-and-release mortality rates for subadult and adult red drum differed significantly among the most popular types of fish hooks in each fishery. To investigate the effect of hook type on anatomical hooking location and short-term (48-h) mortality, we captured subadults (339–825 mm total length (TL)) by use of 2/0 J-hooks (n = 57 fish), 4/0 nonoffset circle hooks (n = 58 fish), and 4/0 offset circle hooks (n = 57 fish). Nonoffset circle hooks penetrated shallow regions of the body (jaw, tongue, or inside of mouth) significantly more frequently (90%) than did J-hooks (60%) or offset circle hooks (80%). Nonoffset circle hooks also resulted in the lowest rate of subadult mortality (2%). Adults (660–1,138 mm TL) were captured on bottom longline gear with 7/0 J-hooks (n = 60) and 9/0 nonoffset circle hooks (n = 107). The frequency of deep hooking in adults was significantly higher for J-hooks (30%) than nonoffset circle hooks (3%). Only deep hooked fish were monitored for 48-h survival. Adult mortality after 48 h was lower for nonoffset circle hooks (1.9%) than for J-hooks (3.3%). These mortality rates should be considered in future red drum stock assessments.
Survival, Growth, and Tag Retention in Age-0 Muskellunge Implanted with Passive Integrated Transponders
Authors: Wagner Curtis P. , Jennings Martin J. , Kampa Jeffrey M. , Wahl David H. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Mark–recapture studies are an important component of fisheries research and management. Underlying assumptions of such studies include minimal tag loss and negligible effects on the behavior, fitness, and survival of tagged individuals. Passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags are becoming increasingly commonplace, largely because of their small size, ease of implantation, longevity, and reportedly high rates of retention. We evaluated tag retention and survival and growth effects on age-0 muskellunge Esox masquinongy marked with PIT tags at two implantation sites, the peritoneal cavity and the dorsal musculature, during overwinter trials in Illinois and Wisconsin. For both trials, no significant differences in survival (88.0–89.8%), relative daily growth (0.0006–0.00062 mm·mm−1·d−1), or tag retention (99.5–99.8%) were observed among the two implantation groups and a control group. Survival and tag retention were also similar between trials. Our findings suggest that PIT tags implanted either in the peritoneal cavity or the dorsal musculature are acceptable for use in marking age-0 muskellunge.
Use of immobilised bacteria for the wastewater treatment – examples from the sugar industry
Authors: Jördening H.-J. , Hausmann K. , Demuth B. , Zastrutzki M. 
Published: July 2007

This work focuses on the implementation of high performance systems to the wastewater treatment of sugar factories. For this purpose, systems with immobilised bacteria were studied. For the hydrolysis of organic matter and denitrification, fluidized bed reactors were used. The nitrification was studied with an airlift reactor system. Both hydrolysis and nitrogen elimination were investigated on laboratory and pilot scales in sugar factories.
Although with porous materials higher biomass concentrations are attainable for the hydrolysis (up to 55 kg/m3), for economical reasons sand was used (22.5 kg/m3) for the pilot scale-study. With a pilot-scale reactor (volume 1 m3) the maximum sucrose conversion rate achieved with sand in the first campaign was 52 kg/(m3 d).
For the nitrogen elimination on the pilot scale, a system with denitrification and nitrification was combined. The highest performance for the nitrification (reactor volume: 0.68 m3) with pumice as support material was 1.2 kg NH4-N/(m3 d), limiting the whole system. The denitrification rate (reactor volume: 0.12 m3) was four times higher (3.5–5 kg NO3-N/(m3 d). Rules of the modelling of the system are discussed.
Integrated watershed management in Quebec (Canada): a participatory approach centred on local solidarity
Authors: Baril P. , Maranda Y. , Baudrand J. 
Published: July 2007

The Quebec Water Policy was launched in November 2002 in support of reform of the water governance. One of the government commitments is to gradually implement watershed-based management for 33 major watercourses located primarily in the St. Lawrence plain. At the local and regional levels, watershed organizations are responsible for implementing integrated management, from a sustainable-development perspective, by preparing a master plan for water (MPW), which will include watercourses, lakes, wetlands and aquifers. These watershed organizations rely on public consultation, as well as local and regional expertise, on the responsibilities for water of the municipalities and regional county municipalities of the territory, as well as those of the ministries and other government agencies. They are also required to observe national priorities regarding protection, restoration, and development of water resources and to comply with relevant guidelines, directives, standards, regulations, and legislation.
The role of watershed organizations is to act as planning and consultation tables. Government representatives are present, on the initial process, as the facilitator and for scientific and technical support. They do not have, at this moment, any voting or decisional rights. After two years, integrated water management mobilized water stakeholders on watersheds and they are on their way to initiating their first MPW.
Upgrading constructed wetlands phosphorus reduction from a dairy effluent using electric arc furnace steel slag filters
Authors: Weber D. , Drizo A. , Twohig E. , Bird S. , Ross D. 
Published: July 2007

In 2003, a subsurface flow constructed wetlands (SSF-CW) system was built at the University of Vermont (UVM) Paul Miller Dairy Farm as an alternative nutrient management approach for treating barnyard runoff and milk parlour waste. Given the increasing problem of phosphorus (P) pollution in the Lake Champlain region, a slag based P-removal filter technology (PFT) was established (2004) at the CW with two objectives: (i) to test the filters' efficiency as an upgrade unit for improving P removal performance via SSF-CW (ii) to investigate the capacity of filters technology to remove P as a “stand alone” unit.
Six individual filters (F1–F6) were filled with electric arc furnace (EAF) steel slag, each containing 112.5 kg of material with a pore volume of 21 L. F1–F4, fed with CW treated water, received approximately 2.17 g DRP kg−1 EAF steel slag (0.25 kg DRP total) during the 259 day feeding period. F1–F4 retained 1.7 g DRP kg−1 EAF steel slag, resulting in an average P removal efficiency of 75%. The addition of filters improved CW DRP removal efficiency by 74%. F5 and F6, fed non-treated water, received 1.9 g DRP kg−1 EAF steel slag (0.22 kg DRP in total) and retained 1.5 g DRP kg−1 resulting in a P removal efficiency of 72%. The establishment of the EAF slag based PFT is the first in-field evaluation of this technology to reduce P from dairy farm effluent in Vermont.
Energy-saving wastewater treatment systems: formulation of cost functions
Authors: Nogueira R. , Ferreira I. , Janknecht P. , Rodríguez J.J. , Oliveira P. , Brito A.G. 
Published: July 2007

Natural interactions between water, soil, atmosphere, plants and microorganisms include physical, chemical and biological processes with decontaminating capacities. Natural or energy-saving wastewater treatment systems utilize these processes and thereby enable a sustainable management in the field of wastewater treatment, offering low investment and operation costs, little or no energy consumption, little and low-skill labor requirements, good landscape integration and excellent feasibility for small settlements, especially when remote from centralized sewer systems.
The objective of this work is the development of cost functions for investment and operation of energy-saving wastewater treatment technologies. Cost functions are essential for making cost estimations based on a very reduced number of variables. The latter are easily identified and quantified and have a direct bearing on the costs in question. The formulated investment and operation cost functions follow a power law, and the costs decrease with the increase of the population served. The different energy-saving wastewater treatment systems serving small population settlements, between 50 p.e. and 250 p.e., present associated investment costs varying from 400 €/p.e. to 200 €/p.e. and annual operation costs in the range of 70 €/p.e. to 20 €/p.e., respectively.