bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Work of Zion: An Analysis of an African Zionist Ritual
Authors: Kiernan J. P. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphAfrican Zionist ritual is for the patient. The ambiguity is intended. Not only is Zionist ritual a healing rite but it makes demands on the patience of the participant. In the South African township of Kwa Mashu where African Zionists meet in small groups of from six to thirty people called Ibandla, i.e. a band, the meeting which takes place in one small room normally lasts for four or five of the hottest hours of the day. This is usually a Sunday. An occasional variant is to begin the meeting the previous midnight and continue into daylight. In either case, the most palpable feature of the meeting is its lack of urgency. It seems to meander indulgently from one unmanaged moment to the next and its atmosphere of unplanned relaxation leaves one with no expectation that it will ever end. The whole tenor of the meeting is therefore alien to the imposition of an organizational framework based on the division of activities into strict time intervals. Nevertheless time does intrude. In the course of the meeting the minister will more than once consult a watch ostentatiously placed before him on the table or he will interrupt activities publicly to enquire the time. Despite the general trend, therefore, some attempt is being made to measure and control the use of time. This is one way of stating the basic paradox of a Zionist meeting; despite an absence of overall control there are visible signs that control is somehow being exercised.
Inheritance and Women's Labour in Africa
Authors: Goody Jack , Buckley Joan 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphAfrica is notable for the extent to which women participate in cultivation. An examination of the contribution of men and women by means of ‘The Ethnographic Atlas (Ethnology, 1967) shows that women play the major part in cultivation in 45 per cent of societies in Africa as a whole, and in 53 per cent of sub-Saharan societies. We are concerned here with the contribution women make to cultivation (in pastoral as well as purely farming economies) and not to its over-all control, which is largely in the hands of men.
Meprises et admires: l'ambivalence des relations entre les Bacwa (Pygmees) et les Bahemba (Bantu)
Authors: Kazadi Ntole 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphUn énorme travail a été réalisé sur les populations Pygmées du Zaïre. Dans ce domaine, l'ethnologie, l'anthropologie, la théologie africaine doivent beaucoup à J.-P. Hallet, à P. Schebesta, à C. M. Turnbull et á bien d'autres. Bon nombre de ces études ont diffusé et privilgié l'image prédominante du Pygmée nomadisant á travers la forêt, son milieu naturel. Cependant, elles ont occulté la connaissance et empêché l'investigation sur de nombreux autres groupes de Pygmées vivant loin de la forêt. En effet, pour Schebesta, qui fait de l'anthropométrie un critère privilégié, les seuls vrais Pygmées sont les Bambuti de la forêt de l'Ituri (1933: 63). Tous les autres ne seraient que des ‘Pygmoformes’ ou des ‘Pygmoïdes’, des ‘peuples métissés dont un croisement aura abâtardi les caractères de race et de culture’ (1940: 20). De nos jours, les critéres ont changé. Certains chercheurs se fondent sur le caractère polyphonique de la musique comme élément primordial dans la définition du Pygmée.
The Politics of Defection from an African Utopia
Authors: Barrett Stanley R. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphBy definition Utopias are closed communities. They are established by people who believe that their basic goals—religious, social or otherwise—cannot be realized in conventional society. In order not to be contaminated by the mundane world, boundary-crossing is kept to a minimum. Members are discouraged from travelling outside the Utopias, and visitors are permitted only on a limited basis; usually, too, new members are unwelcome after a Utopia has been firmly established. Obviously Utopias vary in the extent to which the boundaries are closed (see Kanter 1972), but the above description is generally applicable. It is therefore understandable that a rapid increase in defection, and a concomitant upsurge in recruitment, should be regarded as a threat to the existence of a Utopia. From the point of view of the members, defectors have rejected the exact values that led to the Utopian movement, and thus threaten theirraison d'être. From the sociologist's perspective, a sharp increase in both defection and recruitment implies that the Utopia has begun to decline, because it cannot survive unregulated boundary-crossing.
Knowledge and belief in Suku thought
Authors: Kopytoff Igor 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThis discussion grows out of an attempt to account for the presence among the Suku of Zaïre of a rather common but somewhat puzzling feature of African ‘ancestor cults.’ For all the importance of ancestors in African traditional life and thought, there is surprisingly little elaboration of the mode of their existence in the other world. In a masterly discussion of ‘ancestor worship’ in Africa, Fortes (1965: 126ff) notes this fact but does not attempt to explain it. To be sure, the issue is distinctly secondary to his main concern—the sociological matrix of ancestor cults. In sociological perspective, what matters about ancestors is their social role in this world, not their style of life in the next. This sociological perspective is in tune with African ethnographic fact: like Fortes, African informants are primarily interested in the social relationship of the ancestors with the living and they show little sympathy with the ethnographer's occasional curiosity about the details of the ancestors' own existence.
Interethnic contacts in Nigerian cities
Authors: Peil Margaret 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphNigeria is widely known as the African state where interethnic conflicts led to civil war. A great deal has been written to explain the ‘crisis’, as Nigerians prefer to call it, but there has been little study of the less newsworthy peace—the fact that large numbers of Nigerians in mixed communities get on fairly well together and have done so over a long period of time. In the Nigerian situation, a case can be made that intercommunal conflicts are really about economic and political power; ethnicity is only used to categorize people met in impersonal situations, or not met at all. Since the real game is power, it can also be shown that conflict is stronger at the top than at the bottom of the social system; the élites have more to gain than the masses by forwarding their ethnic group in relation to others. Of course, the élites have, on occasion, convinced the masses that benefits would be shared by all. Ethnic violence would not have been so well supported if this were not the case. The ordinary people have participated in riots, supported a civil war (on both sides), and most can be shown to harbour some prejudice toward members of other groups. But large numbers of them who migrate to the towns live peacefully with members of other groups, often find friends among them and, sometimes, wives or husbands.
Formal and Informal Rights to Land in Zimbabwe's Black Freehold Areas: a case-study From Msengezi
Authors: Cheater A. P. 
Published: April 2006

INTRODUCTIONIn 1930 the Land Apportionment Act created freehold areas exclusively for blacks, known as the ‘native purchase areas’. Forty-seven years later these sixty-six separate areas lost their legal identity when the Land Tenure Amendment Act consolidated them, and the formerly ‘European’ commercial farms, into the ‘general area’ distinct from the communally held ‘Tribal Trust Land’. Today, although the new Government has not yet touched Zimbabwe's land law, it has popularized new terms to describe these three categories: ‘rural farmers’ describes the peasantry in the communal lands; ‘small-scale commercial farmers’ locates freeholders in the former African purchase lands; and ‘large-scale commercial farmers’ are those whites– and handful of blacks – who work land in what used to be the ‘European area’. The small-scale commercial farmers, however, remain exclusively black. Thus we can talk of the African purchase lands as if they had not been affected by the Land Tenure Amendment Act of 1977.
Healing: cultural fundamentalism and syncreticism in Buganda
Authors: Obbo Christine 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe article is based on a six-month survey of healers and sources of everyday medicine in and around Kampala, Uganda, during 1992. Four case studies of healers and their lives demonstrate the range of healing practice available to the sick or anxious. The emphasis is on the return to ‘our things’, to the techniques and beliefs of traditional Bugandan culture, in the face of ordinary people's poverty and the scarcity, cost or failure of biomedicine. But this ‘cultural fundamentalism’ is combined with practical syncretism, as the healers remain Muslims or Christians and readily recommend hospital treatment whenever it seems more appropriate.
The trade‐off between dispersability and longevity ‐ an important aspect of plant species diversity
Authors: Ehrlén J. , van Groenendael J.M. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract. Local presence of plant species is determined by population colonizations and extinctions. All traits that influence the capacity of individuals to colonize patches and survive within patches, are therefore important for community diversity. Spatial models can explain the coexistence of species provided that the inferior competitor has a greater spatial mobility and thereby can avoid competition. We searched the literature for empirical evidence for such trade‐offs and included all available information on correlations between traits associated with the capacity to colonize and traits promoting the ability to survive.A lower reproductive effort of a species is associated with a longer life span and a higher competitive ability. Morphological adaptations for dispersal are less common in species which better tolerate stress, that are better competitors or possess seed dormancy. Such patterns suggest that species that are good survivors may have a limited ability to colonize new patches and vice versa. A negative correlation between dispersability and longevity has important effects on the regional dynamics of single species as well as on the coexistence of species. From a conservation perspective differences in the colonization capacity among species imply that restoration of plant biodiversity must not only focus on conditions within patches, but also consider the spatial arrangement of patches in order to enable plants to bridge gaps in time and space.
Plant species richness in calcareous grasslands as affected by dispersability in space and time
Authors: Poschlod P. , Kiefer S. , Tränkle U. , Fischer S. , Bonn S. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract. Species richness in calcareous grassland is discussed against the background of historical dispersal processes associated with traditional land‐use management such as grazing, but also the artificial establishment by hayseed. Important vectors in the traditionally man‐made landscape were sheep and cattle or other livestock such as goats. Calcareous grasslands were not only connected to each other but also to other habitats such as villages, forests, arable fields and heathlands by these vectors which could cover large distances (e.g. transhumance shepherding), which is not the case in the current man‐made landscape.Species richness after restoration management of abandoned and afforested calcareous grasslands was predicted by using characters of dispersability in space and time. These were the persistence of the species in the vegetation and the diaspore bank after abandonment or afforestation and the dispersal capacity through wind and sheep. The results reveal that reintroduction of sheep grazing is necessary to reestablish the original species richness. The first validation of the prediction of the succession on clear‐cut sites and a comparison with data of species composition in abandoned quarries and the surroundings made it obvious that a species' own dispersal capacity in space is very low except for some well wind‐dispersed species. Therefore, it is recommended to include and to simulate dispersal processes in future management to be able to restore the original species richness.
An Archaeological Reconnaissance of the Middle and Lower Yukon Valley, Alaska
Authors: Laguna Frederica de 
Published: April 2006

During the summer of 1935, the University of Pennsylvania Museum sponsored an archaeological and geological survey of the middle and lower Yukon valley, Alaska. The work was financed through the generosity of the National Research Council and the American Philosophical Society. The party consisted of: Dr. A. J. Eardley, Department of Geology, University of Michigan; Mr. Kenneth Gorton, a student of geology at the same institution; Mr. Norman Reynolds, a student of anthropology at the University of Washington; and the writer.The principal object of the expedition was to investigate the possibilities of finding ancient human remains in the Yukon valley. The discoveries of ancient artifacts (belonging to the so-called Folsom culture) in association with bones of extinct animals, show that human beings lived on the southern High Plains east of the Rockies at the end of the Pleistocene or during the early post-Pleistocene.
Eskimo Stone House Ruins on the East Side of Hudson Bay: A Correction
Authors: Manning T. H. 
Published: April 2006

In 1944 when I was at Port Harrison, I enquired if there were any Eskimo stone house ruins in the region, but the Eskimos knew of none except ”strong“ tent rings. Because of this, and from the reactions of our Eskimo crew to the houses and strong tent rings on the King. George and Marcopeet islands, I concluded1 that if there were any Thule type houses on the mainland they were too old to be easily recognized.In 1946, I was again working for the Geodetic Service in that area. Through enquiries at Port Harrison, I heard of two groups of ruins, and at three out of our five stops on the Hudson Bay coast, I accidentally stumbled on other groups. Thus, not only are there house ruins on this coast, but they appear to be quite numerous.
Gold Ornaments of Chavín Style from Chongoyape, Peru
Authors: Lothrop S. K. 
Published: April 2006

Chavín de Huántar is a small village located in the Department of Ancash in the high mountains of central Peru. Near the modern town is a vast, partly subterranean temple, dating from prehistoric times, within and near which have been found numerous stone carvings of distinctive styles. The name Chavín has thus been applied to a very ancient culture which apparently once dominated the northern interior of Peru and, in places, emerged in the coastal valleys.The existence, if not the status, of Chavín culture was brought to the attention of the outside world many years ago by Antonio Raimondi, whose name clings to the celebrated stone carvings seen in Fig. 27, b. Charles Wiener has left a description of the great temple at Chavín and the huge dagger-like stone carving that was its chief idol. Plans and photographs have been recently published by Cornelius Roosevelt. In 1919, Dr. Julio C.
Note on an Apocynum Fabric
Authors: O'Neale Lila M. 
Published: April 2006

A textile specimen in the University of California Museum of Anthropology, perhaps to be identified as a sling pocket, adds a new item to the growing list of fabrications made of twisted dogbane fiber (Apocynum cannabinum).It is, moreover, constructed by a technique not to my knowledge previously reported. I am indebted to Professor Robert F. Heizer for calling my attention to this unique object and for the following paragraphs placing it in its relation to Nevada archeology.“The piece comes from a dry cave site (Humboldt Cave) in west central Nevada about 10 miles southwest of Lovelock Cave. The cave was excavated in 1936 by the University of California Department of Anthropology, and the final report on the excavation is now nearly completed.
Bone Implements from Shell Heaps around Frenchman's Bay, Maine
Authors: Hadlock Wendell S. 
Published: April 2006

There are several hundred known shell heaps, along the coast of Maine, some of which have been hardly dug into while others have been completely excavated. Except for their size, they appear much alike both on the surface and in their internal structure.It is not possible to say with certainty that one tribe or group of Indians inhabited each shell heap from the time of its beginning until the heap reached its present size. It is probable that many of the shell heaps were not, in many instances, occupied year after year, while others show a continual growth without any marked indication of periods when the areas were not in use.
Burial Mounds in the Baldhill Area, North Dakota
Authors: Hewes Gordon W. 
Published: April 2006

Two burial mounds on the east bluff overlooking the left bank of the Sheyenne River, east-central North Dakota, were excavated between June 25 and August 1, 1948, by a field party of the University of North Dakota, working in cooperation with the North Dakota State Historical Society. The archaeological resources of the area of the Baldhill Reservoir had been appraised in 1947 by a party of four, headed by M. F. Kivett, for the Missouri Valley Project of the River Basin Surveys. This survey resulted in the mapping of ten sites, three of them mounds or moundgroups, and the partial excavation of one mound to salvage skeletal material already partly exposed.Construction of Baldhill Dam, about 9 miles north of Valley City, was already far advanced in 1948, and several occupational sites in the Sheyenne River bottomland were in danger of flooding within a few years (see Fig. 81, a and b).
Notes on Soil Analysis and Archaeology
Authors: Solecki Ralph S. 
Published: April 2006

With the addition of Carbon 14 dating to the archaeologist's repertory as a technique for determining the actual age of archaeological specimens, this phase of archaeology in America has been put on a more exact basis. However, preoccupied as we seem to be with “dates,” a method of chemical analysis useful in archaeology and evolved twenty years ago by Arrhenius (1930) and applied by Schnell (1932) in northern Europe has remained unnoticed in this country, although Clark (1936, pp. 19-22) mentions it.
The Archaic Tradition in Puerto Rico
Authors: Alegría Ricardo , Nicholson H. B. , Willey Gordon R. 
Published: April 2006

Both Historical and archaeological sources on the West Indies provide evidence that these islands were once occupied by peoples with a culture markedly different from that of the agricultural, pottery-making Arawak. The archaeological remains of this Archaic mode of life are found on several of the islands in contexts which indicate their separateness from the pottery horizons and imply their greater antiquity. The ethnohistorical sources also attest to the survival of this Archaic tradition into early historic times (Martyr 1912 Vol. 1: 100, 380; Las Casas 1867: 35; 1951 Vol. 2: 240; Velásquez 1869: 424-5; Oviedo 1852 Vol. 1: 90).The characteristics of this West Indian Archaic tradition, as revealed by archaeology and supplemented by the ethnohistoric accounts, are: absence of agriculture and pottery; seminomadic living in small bands; frequent use of caves for shelter and burial; crude artifacts made of conch shells, flint, and other classes of stone; use of hematite or red ocher; and the absence of cranial deformation as practiced by the agricultural peoples of the Antilles.
The Rubber Mold Technic for the Study of Textile-Impressed Pottery
Authors: Rachlin Carol K. 
Published: April 2006

The custom of pressing textiles against the wet clay in the process of pottery making has a wide distribution, extending from the Eastern Woodlands in the United States to the heart of Asia. The archaeological specimens of this type of pottery enable us to reconstruct the textile technics where the textiles themselves no longer exist.In my attempts to do such textile reconstructions from pottery impressions I have used a number of different methods: (1) water-based clay, (2) clay made with similar temper and color as the original pottery, (3) plasticene, and (4) latex mold. For the present I will limit myself to the last of these, the latex-mold method of textile reproduction. Due to the special qualities a of the latex the mold that is produced can be stretched to twice its original sire; this has the advantage of making the textile impression easier to study.
Waterworn and Glaciated Stone Tools from the Thumb District of Michigan
Authors: Baggerly Carmen 
Published: April 2006

Several thousand stone tools have been found along the Imlay channel in eastern Michigan. The first were noticed in 1937, but it was not until 1952 that enough were accumulated to be very certain there was a people here before readvances of ice of the Wisconsin glaciation. The area is within that shown for the Cary Substage on the Glacial Map of North America (R. F. Flint, et al., Geol. Soc. of Am., Special Paper, No. 60, Pt. 1, 1945).Opinions have varied among professionals who have seen this material, some thinking it is all natural, others, that some at least might be artificial, and George F. Carter who examined the largest sample, nearly 500 specimens, that it is all man-made. That many of these are artifacts could be demonstrated to anyone taking the trouble to examine the stones of this region. While many can be ruled out as possibly of natural origin, others cannot.
The Mandeville Site in Southwest Georgia
Authors: Kellar James H. , Kelly A. R. , McMichael Edward V. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis site contains three major components. Mandeville I is a very Late Deptford culture, represented by sizable village deposits, the premound occupation under Mound A, the initial pyramidal mound building at Mound A, and most of the burial mound, Mound B. Significant contacts are seen with Copena and Ohio Valley Hopewell, and there are definite ties with the Crystal River complex. Mandeville II is a continuity with Mandeville I, but may be considered Early Swift Creek. New layers were added to Mound A, but there was little activity on Mound B. Village deposits of this component are extensive. Primary outside contact for the group is with the Crystal River complex, though some continuing Copena and Ohio Valley Hopewell influence is seen. Mandeville III, unrelated to the earlier components, is an expression of the Mississippian Rood focus 500 to 1000 years after Mandeville II. Village deposits of this component are not plentiful. Mound A was capped and presumably used for a temple base. Relationships lie with Macon Plateau and Lake Jackson, and ultimately to the northwest in the Tennessee and Mississippi valleys.