bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Dietary Protein Concentration and Feeding Rate on Weight Gain, Feed Efficiency, and Body Composition of Pond‐Raised Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus1
Authors: Robinson Edwin H. , Li Meng H. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractTwo experiments were conducted in earthen ponds to evaluate the effect of dietary protein concentration and feeding rate on weight gain, feed efficiency, and body composition of channel catfish. In Experiment 1, two dietary protein concentrations (28% or 32%) and four feeding rates (≤ 90. ≤ 112, ≤ 135 kg/ha per d, or satiation) were used in a factorial arrangement. Channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus fingerlings (average size: 27 g/fish) were stocked into 0.04‐ha ponds at a rate of 24,700 fish/ha. Fish were fed once daily at the predetermined maximum feeding rates for 282 d (two growing seasons). In Experiment 2, three dietary protein concentrations (24, 28, or 32%) and two feeding rates (≤ 135 kg/ha per d or satiation) were used. Channel catfish (average size: 373 g/fish) were stocked into 0.04‐ha ponds at a rate of 17,300 fish/ha. Fish were fed once daily for 155 d. In both experiments, five ponds were used for each dietary treatment. Results from Experiment 1 showed no differences in total feed fed, feed consumption per fish, weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), or survival between fish fed diets containing 28% and 32% protein diets. As maximum feeding rate increased, total feed fed, feed consumption per fish, and weight gain increased. There were no differences in total feed fed, feed consumption per fish, or weight gain between fish fed at ≤ 135 kg/ha per d and those fed to satiation. Fish fed the 28% protein diet had a lower percentage carcass dressout and higher percentage visceral fat than fish fed the 32% protein diet. Dietary protein concentrations of 28% or 32% had no effect on fillet protein, fat, moisture, and ash. Feeding rate did not affect FCR, survival, percentage carcass dressout, or fillet composition, except fillet fat. As feeding rate increased, percentage visceral fat increased. Fish fed at ≤ 90 kg/ha per d had a lower percentage fillet fat than fish fed at higher feeding rates. In Experiment 2, dietary protein concentration or maximum feeding rate did not affect total feed fed, feed consumption per fish, weight gain, FCR, or survival of channel catfish. Feeding rate had no effect on percentage carcass dressout and visceral fat, or fillet composition. This was due to the similar feed consumption by the fish fed at the two feeding rates. Fish fed the 24% protein diet had lower carcass dressout, higher visceral fat and fillet fat than those fed the 28% or 32% protein diet. Results from the present study indicate that both 28% and 32% protein diets provide satisfactory fish production, dressed yield, and body composition characteristics for pond‐raised channel catfish fed a maximum rate of 90 kg/ha per d or ahove.
Effect of Culture Temperature on Growth, Survival, and Biochemical Composition of Yellow Perch Perca fiavescens
Authors: Tidwell James H. , Coyle Shawn D. , Evans Jeff , Weibel Charles , McKinney Jonathan , Dodson Kim , Jones Halimah 
Published: April 2007

AbstractJuvenile yellow perch Perca fiavescens were evaluated under controlled conditions in tanks for 13 wk to determine the effect of temperature on growth to advanced sizes under intensive culture conditions. Yellow perch weighing 6.6 ± 1.5 g were stocked into nine 4,755‐L tanks at 131 fish/m3 (625 perch/tank). There were three replicate tanks per temperature (20, 24, and 28 C). Perch were fed to apparent satiation twice daily using a 45% crude protein diet with 16% crude fat. After 93 d the perch in the 24 C treatment were significantly larger (P < 0.05) than those in the 20 C and 28 C treatments, which were not significantly different (P < 0.05) from each other. Yellow perch raised at 28 C had significantly higher (P < 0.05) feed conversion ratios and significantly lower (P < 0.05) survival and net protein utilization than perch raised at 20 C or 24 C. Whole body moisture was significantly higher in (P < 0.05) yellow perch raised at 20 C which also had significantly higher levels of arachidonic acid (20:4 n‐6) and docosohexaenoic acid (22:6 n‐3). The ratio of palmitic acid (16:0) and palmitoleic acid (16:1 n‐6) had a positive correlation (P < 0.05) with culture temperature. These data indicate that 24 C may be an optimum temperature for yellow perch. At 20 C survival and feed conversion are good but growth rates are reduced. Temperatures near 28 C appear sufficient to represent chronic stress conditions.
Effects and Interactions of Stocking Density and Added Substrate on Production and Population Structure of Freshwater Prawns Macrobrachiurn rosenbergii
Authors: Tidwell James H. , Coyle Shawn , Webel Charles , Evans Jeff 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe effects and interactions of added artificial substrate with different stocking densities of prawns were evaluated. Juvenile prawns (0.2 ± 0.1 g) were stocked into 12 0.04‐ha ponds at 60,000ha and 120,000/ha with and without substrate. Added substrate consisted of horizontal plastic mesh and strips of “oyster netting” sutlicient to increase available surface area 80%. There were no statistically significant (P > 0.05) interactions between stocking density and presence of added substrate, allowing these main effects to be compared separately. Increasing stocking density produced a significant increase (P < 0.01) in total production but a significant decrease (P < 0.01) in average prawn size and production (P < 0.05) of market size prawns (>20 g, ‐27%; > 30 g, ‐56%). Added substrate also produced a significant increase (P < 0.05) in total production (18%). However, average prawn size was not decreased and production of marketable shrimp was increased (>20 g, 25%; >30 g, 19%). Feed conversion ratios were significantly decreased (P < 0.01) by the presence of substrate. Increased stocking density significantly increased (P < 0.05) the percentage of males which were small males (SM) and decreased (P < 0.01) the percentage of orange claw males (OC), but had no impact (P > 0.05) on numbers of reproductive (RF) and virgin (VF) female morphotypes. Increased stocking density also produced a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in average size of OC, RF, and VF morphotypes while the addition of substrate had no statistically significant impact (P > 0.05) on the number or size of different morphotypes. The mathematical relationship between available surface area and average prawn size should be determined to produce recommended inclusion rates for added substrate based on desired levels of total production, stocking rates, and optimum market sizes.
Histopathological Studies on Wild Broodstock of White Shrimp Penaeus vannamei in the Platanitos Area, Adjacent to San Blas, Nayarit, Mexico
Authors: Morales‐Covarrubias Maria Soledad , Chavez‐Sanchez Cristina 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn Mexico, the capture of wild broodstock of Penaeus vannamei or P. stylirostris for hatchery production of postlarvae is a common practice. During September 1995 and March‐April 1996, high mortalities were observed in the wild broodstock captured in the Platanitos area, on the coast of San Blas, Nayarit, Mexico. As a result of these mortalities, many hatcheries closed down their facilities. Because early histological analysis had shown that some of these animals were infected with different pathological agents, such as bacteria and viruses, the present study was carried out to determine the prevalence and severity grade of infectious diseases affecting these shrimp. During March 1996, a total of 28 female and 28 male shrimp were randomly selected from a recently captured stock of 600 breeders of P. vannamei. A second sampling (28 females and 28 males) was performed from a stock of 800 breeders captured in April 1996. On this occasion, the shrimp were sampled after 10 d of acclimation in a hatchery. The animals selected for examination were those with necrosis in the cuticule, red coloration in the telson and uropods, soft cuticle, empty gut, and erratic swimming. All of the specimens were subjected to histological analysis and dot blot hybridization with a gene probe specific for Infectious Hypodermal and Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus (IHHNV). The results showed that both stocks were infected with at least three different viruses (Infectious Hypodermal and Hematopoitetic Virus, Taura Syndrome Virus and Hepatopancreatic Parvo‐Like Virus), gram‐negative bacteria and other parasites such as gregarines. It is likely that the high mortalities observed are due to the recent introduction of TSV in the wild population of P. vannamei.
The Effect of Astaxanthin in Feed and Environmental Temperature on Carotenoid Concentration in the Gonads of the Green Sea Urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis Müller
Authors: Hávardsson Björgólfur , Imsland Albert K. , Christiansen Rune 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the long term development of carotenoid concentration in gonads and gonad development of green sea urchins reared at different temperatures and fed formulated feed containing dwerent levels of astaxanthin. Urchins, sampled from a natural population, were reared under two different temperature regimes (7 C and 12 C) and fed formulated feed containing 0, 100 and 500 mg astaxanthin/kg feed, respectively. The study lasted 112 d. Astaxanthin was detected in the groups fed feed containing astaxanthm, but in low quantities. No effect of temperature was observed on the retention of astaxanthin. Echinenone values declined throughout the study, probably due to the lack of suitable metabolic precursor for production of echinenone. Water and lipid concentration in the gonads increased throughout the study indicating the progressions of gametogenesis and the generally improved nutritional status of the animals. No significant difference in gonad index (GI) due to treatment was observed but GI varied between the sexes with male GI increasing significantly faster compared to females.
Sedimentation and Resuspension in Earthen Fish Ponds
Authors: Avnimelech Yoram , Kochva Malka , Hargreaves John A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractResuspension of particles from pond sediment into the water column may be an important nutrient transfer mechanism in aquaculture ponds. However, the magnitude of sediment re‐suspension cannot be determined directly because sediment traps collect particles settling from the water column as well as those re‐suspended from the pond bottom. We developed a dilution analysis method to differentiate the magnitude of the two particle source fluxes based upon the concentration of soil‐derived elements (Si, Al, and Fe) and water‐derived elements (C, N) in material collected by sediment traps placed in earthen ponds. Estimated organic C sedimentation from feed residues and algae was compared with trapped organic C as an independent and approximate measure of resuspension. Resuspension fluxes based independently on analyses of three soil‐derived elements and on the estimation of expected C sedimentation were similar and accounted for 60–90% of the total solids flux (121–2,676 g/m2 per d) in most ponds sampled. The proportion of total flux that was derived from resuspension in ponds stocked with common carp Cyprinus carpio and tilapia Oreochromis spp. was modeled as a hyperbolic function of fish size and density, with a threshold fish size of 200–300 g. Resuspension flux was conservatively estimated to be equivalent to the daily suspension of a few mm of the pond bottom. These results indicate that sediment resuspension is a major process in carp and tilapia ponds, suggesting that the exchange of nutrients between the sediment and overlying water is intensive.
Factors Affecting Metabolism of Commercial Channel Catfish Ponds as Indicated by Continuous Dissolved Oxygen Measurement1
Authors: Hargreaves John A. , Steeby James A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractContinuous dissolved oxygen (DO) measurements were analyzed to evaluate the rates of pond metabolic processes related to productivity and respiration in three commercial catfish ponds in northwest Mississippi. Multiple regression models were constructed to assess the relative importance of various forcing functions on indices of net primary productivity (NPP) and whole pond respiration (WPR), duration of automated aeration, and DO concentration below various threshold values. Water temperature, solar radiation, wind run, cumulative feed, and lagged values of these parameters were considered as forcing functions. Generally, NPP and WPR were most strongly affected by water temperature and only weakly related to solar radiation. The duration of nightly aeration was also strongly related to water temperature, although 10‐d cumulative feed was an important predictor in one pond. The best predictors of duration of DO below certain threshold values were NPP, WPR and wind run, the importance of which varied depending upon the pond and the threshold value considered. Change in feeding rate from one day to the next was inversely related to feeding rate on the previous day. The results of this analysis suggest that NPP and WPR rates, and the duration of required nightly aeration in commercial catfish ponds are controlled by factors not amenable to practical management control.
Effect of Partial and Total Replacement of Fish Meal on Growth and Body Composition of Sunshine Bass Morone chrysops×M. saxatilis Fed Practical Diets
Authors: Webster Carl D. , Tiu Laura G. , Morgan Ann M. , Gannam Ann 
Published: April 2007

AbstractWith the increasing emphasis to replace fish meal (FM) with less expensive protein sources in aquaculture diets without reducing weight gains, an 8‐wk feeding trial was conducted with juvenile (15 g) sunshine bass Morone chrysops×M. saxatilis) to evaluate growth and body composition when fed diets with different levels of FM (0, 7.5, 15, and 30%). Six practical floating diets were formulated to contain 40% protein and similar energy levels, with various percentages of FM, meat‐and‐bone meal (MBM), soybean meal (SBM), poultry by‐product meal (PBM), and/or distillers grains with solubles (DGS). Ten fish were stocked into each of 24 110‐L aquaria and were fed twice daily ad libitum (0730 and 1600 h). At the conclusion of the feeding trial, final weights of fish fed diet 2 (0% FM, 29% SBM, 29% MBM, and 10% DGS), diet 3 (0% FM, 32% SBM, and 28% PBM), diet 5 (15% FM and 44% SBM), and diet 6 (30% FM and 26% SBM) were not significantly different (P > 0.05) and averaged 72 g. However, final weights of sunshine bass fed diet 1 (0% FM, 30% SBM, and 31% MBM) and diet 4 (7.5% FM and 54% SBM) were significantly lower and averaged 55 g. Specific growth rate (SGR) of sunshine bass fed diet 4 was significantly lower (2.14) than fish fed diet 2 (2.70), diet 3 (2.80), diet 5 (2.68), and diet 6 (2.84), while feed conversion ratio (FCR) of fish fed diet 4 was significantly higher than sunshine bass fed diets 2, 3, 5, and 6. Carcass (fish were decapitated) composition of sunshine bass fed diet 4 had a significantly higher percentage of moisture (70%) and protein (54% on a dry‐matter basis) than fish fed all other diets. Percentage lipid was similar among fish fed all diets and averaged 41% (dry‐matter basis).Results from the present study indicate that diets in which all of the FM is replaced with a combination of animal‐ and plant‐source proteins can be fed to sunshine bass without adverse effects on weight gain, growth rate, and body composition. Further feeding trials are needed to refine diet formulations used in the present study and should be conducted in aquaria and ponds.
Effect of Astaxanthin on the Pigmentation of Goldfish Carassius auratus
Authors: Paripatananont Tippawan , Tangtrongpairoj Jirasak , Sailasuta Achariya , Chansue Nantarika 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe optimal dosage of astaxanthin for goldfish Carassius auratus was determined by feeding a series of diets containing 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mg of astaxanthin/kg of diet for 4 wk. The pigmentation on fish skin was measured by visual assessment against a color chart and by counting chromatophores produced in the dermis layer of fish skin. Both criteria showed that 36–37 mg/kg astaxanthin was the optimal dosage to stimulate fish color. A 4‐wk observation after this experiment demonstrated that fish color stimulated by dietary astaxanthin was stable in its intensity. Therefore feeding astaxanthin could be a suitable way for goldfish producers to stimulate color among fish grown in an algae‐free environment. The survival rate of fish fed diets with astaxanthin was significantly higher than fish fed diets without astaxanthin. However, there was no significant effect of astaxanthin on fish weight gain.
Effect of Heated and Unheated Fish Silage as a Protein Source in Diets for Abalone Haliotis fulgens
Authors: Viana Maria Teresa , Guzman Jose Manuel , Escobar Roberto 
Published: April 2007

AbstractBoth unheated (US) and heated (HS) fish silage were evaluated as sole dietary protein sources in an artificial diet for the culture of juvenile abalone Haliotis fulgens. The fish silage was heated to reduce the level of hydrolysis and thereby increase the availability of nutrients. After 140 d of culture, growth rates of abalone fed the US‐ and HS‐containing diets were 16.4 and 19.8 μm/d and were not significantly different despite greater leaching of protein and carbohydrate in the US‐containing diet. Growth rates achieved with the US‐ and HS‐containing diets were significantly lower than that achieved by feeding a commercially available diet used as a reference diet. Abalone that were fed the US‐ and HS‐containing diets were then switched to a diet in which two‐thirds of the total amount of silage was replaced with fishmeal. At the termination of the experiment, day 217, the abalone originally fed the US and HS diets had composite growth rates of 24.3 and 23.5 μm/d, while abalone that continued to be fed the commercial diet had a growth rate of 18.6 μm/d. Stability of the dry matter of the diets was not related to the level of protein leaching. Fish meal out performs fish silage as a dietary protein source for abalone. However, growth rates achieved still fall short of that needed to achieve a market size product within a 2‐yr period of growth.
Effect of Luteinising Hormone‐Releasing Hormone Analogue and Human Chorionic Gonadotropin on Ovulation, Plasma and Ovarian Levels of Gonadal Steroids in Greenback Flounder Rhombosolea tapirina
Authors: Poortenaar Carolyn W. , Pankhurst Ned W. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractFemale greenback flounder Rhombosolea tapirina were treated with either des Gly10 [D‐Ala6] LHRH ethylamide (LHRH‐a) at 50 or 100 pg/kg intraperitoneal injection (ipi), LHRH‐a cholesterol pellet (LHRH‐a pellet) 100 μg/kg implanted intraperitoneally, or human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) 1,000 IU/kg ipi. Treatment with hCG, LHRH‐a (50 μg/kg) ipi and LHRH‐a pellet increased the total number of ovulations above control levels. LHRH‐a (100 μg/kg) ipi was not consistently more effective than the control and both LHRH‐a (50 μg/kg) ipi and LHRH‐a pellet induced more ovulations than LHRH‐a (100 μg/kg) ipi. Of those fish that ovulated, most ovulated more than twice, and most ovulations occurred at daily intervals. Oocyte diameters increased and oocyte stage advanced significantly in response to all exogenous hormone treatments. This was accompanied by increases in plasma and ovarian levels of 17β‐estradiol (E2, and in most cases, plasma and ovarian levels of testosterone (T). Plasma and ovarian levels of 17,20β‐dihydroxy‐4‐pregnen‐3‐one (17,20βP) were not consistently elevated in association with reproductive events.
Induction of Spawning in the Sea Cucumber Holothuria scabra (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea)
Authors: Morgan Andrew David 
Published: April 2007

AbstractWith the advent of sea cucumber aquaculture in the South Pacific region, a reliable method is needed to induce large numbers of animals to spawn in captivity. Broodstock of the sea cucumber Holothuria scabra, collected from Stradbroke Island, Moreton Bay (27°90′N, 153°24′E) Australia, during the reproductive season from October to January, were used in spawning trials. During the 1997–1998 summer between one to five weeks of captivity, 100% of animals were induced to spawn in four trials at dusk on or close to a new or full moon, using nine males and nine females contained in a Reln tank and 30 cm of filtered sea water, using a 3–5 C temperature shock. H. scabra was induced to spawn in small numbers during the 1996–1997 summer despite a marked degree of weight loss, and all animals spawned during 1997–1998 with minimal loss of weight. The difference in the number of spawned eggs between animals of similar size and mean numbers of spawned eggs in consecutive trials decreased the longer animals were held in captivity before spawning. The hatch rate of eggs was reduced significantly for broodstock held for more than one month. Hatch rate and numbers of spawned eggs are important indicators of egg viability of broodstock maintained in captivity for an extended period.
Differences in Growth in Blue Catfish Ictalurus furcatus and Channel Catfish Z. punctatus Fed Low‐Protein Diets With and Without Supplemental Methionine and/or Lysine
Authors: Webster Carl D. , Tiu Laura G. , Morgan Ann M. , Gannam Ann L. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThree feeding experiments were conducted to evaluate growth and body composition in blue caffish Ictalurus furcatus or channel caffish I. punctatus when fed diets containing 22% protein with or without supplemented methionine and/or lysine. All experiments were conducted in 110‐L aquaria that were part of a recirculating system. In Experiment 1,15 juvenile blue catfish (2.7 g) were randomly stocked into aquaria and fed one of three diets containing different (22%, 27%, and 32%) percentages of protein. Fish were fed twice daily to excess for 10 wk. In Experiment 2, juvenile blue catfish (5.4 g) were randomly stocked into aquaria and fed one of six diets containing either 22% (diet 1) or 32% (diet 2) protein. The diet containing 22% protein (diet 1) had either 0.3% crystalline L‐methionine (diet 3), 0.4% crystalline L‐lysine (diet 4), or 0.3% L‐methionine + 0.4% L‐lysine (diet 5) added. A sixth diet was formulated to contain 32% protein and 0.2% crystalline L‐methionine. Fish were fed in excess for 12 wk. In Experiment 3, juvenile channel caffish (10.3 g) were stocked and fed diets 14 from Experiment 2, twice daily in excess for 8 wk.In Experiment 1, after 10 wk, final individual weight, weight gain (%), and specific growth rate (SGR) of blue catfish fed diets containing three protein levels were not significantly different (P > 0.05) and averaged 12.9 g, 378%, and 2.2%/d, respectively. Fish fed the diet containing 27% protein had higher (P < 0.05) whole‐body protein (65.4%) compared to fish fed diets containing either 22% or 32% protein. In Experiment 2, final weight, weight gain (%) and SGR of blue catfish were not significantly (P > 0.05) different among diets and averaged 24.7 g, 355%, and 1.8%/d, respectively. Percentage whole‐body protein and lipid were not significantly (P > 0.05) different between fish fed diets containing 22% or 32% protein. In Experiment 3, channel caffish fed a diet containing 32% protein had significantly (P > 0.05) higher final individual weight, weight gain (%), and SGR compared to fish fed diets containing 22% protein, with and without supplemental methionine or lysine.Results indicate that blue catfish may be able to utilize a diet with 22% protein, and that addition of crystalline methionine and/or lysine did not improve growth. However, channel catfish grown in aquaria did not appear to have similar growth when fed a diet containing 22% protein compared to fish fed 32% protein, even when supplemental methionine or lysine was added. Further research on blue catfish and the use of a low‐protein diet (22% protein) needs to be conducted in ponds.