bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The metabolic syndrome and the clinician
Authors: Einhorn Daniel 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe diagnosis of the Metabolic Syndrome is somewhat controversial, with many definitions and some arguments as to the need for a diagnosis. From the viewpoint of clinical medicine, however, the concept is highly useful in organizing our interest in prevention of the consequences of this condition. Drug Dev. Res. 600–601, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Metabolic syndrome and higher risk of maternal placental syndromes and cardiovascular disease
Authors: Ray Joel G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMaternal placental syndromes (MPS), including the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and abruption or infarction of the placenta, likely originate from diseased placental vessels. MPS is more common in women who exhibit the metabolic syndrome and classic risk factors for cardiovascular disease, including obesity, pre‐pregnancy hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia. The link between the MPS and premature cardiovascular disease is likely mediated by a woman's metabolic syndrome profile, thus providing an early opportunity for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in women through dietary and lifestyle modifications. Drug Dev. Res. 67:607–611, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Syndrome Zzzzzzzzz: the overlap between snoring, sleep apnea, and metabolic syndrome
Authors: Grunstein Ronald R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractObstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common medical condition strongly associated with central obesity. There is increasing evidence that OSA is an independent risk factor for impaired cardiovascular health but the strong association between OSA and central obesity has confounded cross‐sectional studies. Large‐scale OSA treatment intervention studies are needed to investigate cardiovascular endpoints in these patients and OSA needs to be an outcome variable for clinical trails in weight loss. Drug Dev. Res. 67:616–618, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The metabolic syndrome: linking oxidative stress and inflammation to obesity, type 2 diabetes, and the syndrome
Authors: Dandona Paresh , Ghanim Husam , Mohanty Priya , Chaudhuri Ajay 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMetabolic syndrome defined by a cluster of clinical features increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The original hypothesis linking this syndrome to these diseases was based on insulin resistance and the effect of hyperinsulinemia on atherogenesis. However, inflammatory processes have now been linked to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and insulin resistance. Novel data have shown the effect of macronutrients on inflammatory mediators and the anti‐inflammatory effects of insulin that is secreted in response to food intake. This review attempts to provide an alternative explanation for the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome and the increase in risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes on the basis of these findings. Drug Dev. Res. 67:619–626, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stearoyl‐CoA desaturase: a new therapeutic target of liver steatosis
Authors: Dobrzyn Pawel , Dobrzyn Agnieszka 
Published: November 2006

AbstractStearoyl‐CoA desaturase (SCD) is the rate limiting enzyme catalyzing the biosynthesis of monounsaturated fatty acids, mainly oleate and palmitoleoate, which are used as substrates for the synthesis of triglycerides, wax esters, cholesterol esters, and phospholipids. Recent studies have shown that SCD1, the main SCD isoform expressed in liver, is a key player in the regulation of lipid metabolism. SCD1 deficient mice have increased energy expenditure, reduced body adiposity, increased insulin sensitivity and are resistant to diet‐induced obesity and liver steatosis. SCD1 was found to be specifically repressed during leptin‐mediated weight loss and leptin‐deficient ob/ob mice lacking SCD1 showed markedly reduced adiposity, despite higher food intake. In addition, SCD1 deficiency completely corrects the hypometabolic phenotype and hepatic steatosis of ob/ob mice, and attenuates fasting‐induced liver steatosis in peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐α – deficient mice. Consequently, increased SCD activity has been found in humans and animals which accumulate significant amounts of lipids in liver, whereas SCD1 deficiency ameliorates both high‐fat diet induced and genetically induced hepatic steatosis. Much evidence indicates that the direct anti‐steatotic effect of SCD1 deficiency stems from increased fatty acid oxidation and reduced lipid synthesis. In this review we discuss our current understanding of the role of SCD1 in regulation of hepatic lipid partitioning and test the hypothesis that pharmacological manipulation of SCD might be of benefit in the treatment of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease. Drug Dev. Res. 67:643–650, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Viral infections as potential triggers of type 1 diabetes
Authors: van der Werf Nienke , Kroese Frans G.M. , Rozing Jan , Hillebrands Jan‐Luuk 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDuring the last decades, the incidence of type 1 diabetes (T1D) has increased significantly, reaching percentages of 3% annually worldwide. This increase suggests that besides genetical factors environmental perturbations (including viral infections) are also involved in the pathogenesis of T1D. T1D has been associated with viral infections including enteroviruses, rubella, mumps, rotavirus, parvovirus and cytomegalovirus (CMV). Although correlations between clinical presentation with T1D and the occurrence of a viral infection that precedes the development of overt disease have been recognized, causalities between viruses and the diabetogenic process are still elusive and difficult to prove in humans. The use of experimental animal models is therefore indispensable, and indeed more insight in the mechanism by which viruses can modulate diabetogenesis has been provided by studies in rodent models for T1D such as the biobreeding (BB) rat, nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse or specific transgenic mouse strains. Data from experimental animals as well as in vitro studies indicate that various viruses are clearly able to modulate the development of T1D via different mechanisms, including direct β‐cell lysis, bystander activation of autoreactive T cells, loss of regulatory T cells and molecular mimicry. Data obtained in rodents and in vitro systems have improved our insight in the possible role of viral infections in the pathogenesis of human T1D. Future studies will hopefully reveal which human viruses are causally involved in the induction of T1D and this knowledge may provide directions on how to deal with viral infections in diabetes‐susceptible individuals in order to delay or even prevent the diabetogenic process. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Slow versus fast proteins in the stimulation of beta‐cell response and the activation of the entero‐insular axis in type 2 diabetes
Authors: Tessari Paolo , Kiwanuka Edward , Cristini Michela , Zaramella Michela , Enslen Marc , Zurlo Corinna , Garcia‐Rodenas Clara 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBackgroundWe tested whether ingestion of whey protein can induce greater post‐prandial amino acid (AA) levels in the plasma and a higher beta‐cell response than casein ingestion in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.MethodsThe study was designed as a double‐blind, randomized, and controlled cross‐over clinical trial. Twelve post‐absorptive type 2 diabetic subjects who were withdrawn from their usual hypoglycemic therapy were studied. A medium calorie (≈6 kcal/kg BW), high protein (≈50% of total kcal) mixed meal, containing whey protein, casein, or a free amino acid (FREE AA) mixture matching the casein AA composition, was randomly administered on three different occasions.ResultsFollowing ingestion of whey protein, plasma concentrations of total, branched chain, and essential AA were 25–50% greater than after ingestion of casein (p < 0.0001), and were similar to those observed after the FREE AA meal. With whey protein, C‐peptide, insulin, and pro‐insulin concentrations were greater by 12–40% (p < 0.02 or less) than with casein, and similar to those with FREE AA. Glucagon‐like polypeptide 1 (GLP‐1) response tended to be lower with casein than with whey protein. Glucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) response was greater with either whey protein or casein than with FREE AA. Post‐prandial glucose concentrations were similar after whey protein and casein ingestion, but lower after the FREE AA meal.ConclusionsIn type 2 diabetes, the ingestion of a fast‐absorbable protein results in a greater post‐prandial aminoacidemia and a higher beta‐cell secretion than the ingestion of a ‘slow’ protein. Whether these changes can be maintained chronically in combination with hypoglycemic therapy, possibly also resulting in better glycemic control, remains to be established. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The C‐peptide fragment EVARQ reduces glomerular hyperfiltration in streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats
Authors: Nordquist Lina , Moe Erika , Sjöquist Mats 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBackgroundInitially, diabetes is commonly associated with an increased glomerular filtration rate (GFR), a potential mechanism involved in the progression of diabetic nephropathy. Several studies have reported reno‐protective effects of C‐peptide. C‐peptide reduces diabetes‐induced hyperfiltration, as well as renal hypertrophy and albuminuria. In order to gain further understanding of these effects, it is very important to localize the active sites within the C‐peptide molecule. This study was designed to elucidate the effects of the C‐peptide fragment EVARQ on kidney function, blood pressure and blood glucose levels in diabetic rats in vivo.MethodsThe study was performed on adult inactin‐anaesthetized male Sprague‐Dawley rats. Two weeks prior to the experiment, diabetes was induced by a single intravenous injection of streptozotocin (55 mg/kg BW). After recovery and recording of baseline values, vehicle, C‐peptide (50 pmol · kg BW−1·h−1) or EVARQ (500 pmol·kg BW−1·h−1) was continuously administered for a total of 100 min.ResultsBefore substance administration, all diabetic groups displayed a pronounced hyperfiltration as compared to the control rats. Continuous administration of both C‐peptide and EVARQ reduced the diabetes‐induced hyperfiltration within an hour. Furthermore, blood pressure was only reduced in diabetic rats that were given C‐peptide, whereas the blood glucose decreased in the diabetic groups that were given either C‐peptide or EVARQ.ConclusionsThe present study shows that administration of the C‐peptide fragment EVARQ has similar effects on GFR and blood glucose levels as the intact C‐peptide molecule, suggesting at least one active site within this region. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chordin affects pronephros development in Xenopus embryos by anteriorizing presomitic mesoderm
Authors: Mitchell Tracy , Jones Elizabeth A. , Weeks Daniel L. , Sheets Michael D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSpemann's organizer emits signals that pattern the mesodermal germ layer during Xenopus embryogenesis. In a previous study, we demonstrated that FGFR1 activity within the organizer is required for the production of both the somitic muscle‐ and pronephros‐patterning signals by the organizer and the expression of chordin, an organizer‐specific secreted protein (Mitchell and Sheets [2001] Dev. Biol. 237:295–305). Studies from others in both chicken and Xenopus embryos provide compelling evidence that pronephros forms by means of secondary induction signals emitted from anterior somites (Seufert et al. [1999] Dev. Biol. 215:233–242; Mauch et al. [2000] Dev. Biol. 220:62–75). Here we provide several lines of evidence in support of the hypothesis that chordin influences pronephros development by directing the formation of anterior somites. Chordin mRNA was absent in ultraviolet (UV) ‐irradiated embryos lacking pronepheros (average DAI<2) but was always found in UV‐irradiated embryos that retain pronepheros (average DAI>2). Furthermore, ectopic expression of chordin in embryos and in tissue explants leads to the formation of anterior somites and pronephros. In these experiments, pronephros was only observed in association with muscle. Chordin diverted somatic muscle cells to more anterior positions within the somite file in chordin‐induced secondary trunks and induced the expression of the anterior myogenic gene myf5. Finally, depletion of chordin mRNA with DEED antisense oligonucleotides substantially reduced somitic muscle and pronephric tubule and duct formation in whole embryos. These data and previous studies on ectoderm and endoderm (Sasai et al. [1995] Nature 377:757) support the idea that chordin functions as an anteriorizing signal in patterning the germ layers during vertebrate embryogenesis. Our data support the hypothesis that chordin directs the formation of anterior somites that in turn are necessary for pronephros development. Developmental Dynamics 236:251–261, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Storage space saving and error avoidance of passive delay variation measurement employing a hash‐based technique for IP networks
Authors: Ohta Satoru 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDelay variation of packets is a significant performance measure in IP networks. Both active and passive measurements can evaluate delay variation. Among these, passive measurement is more advantageous because it can monitor the performance experienced by users without disturbing network load. Meanwhile, a shortcoming of using passive measurement is an extremely large storage space required to record packets and timestamps. This problem is solved by feeding a portion of each packet to a hash function as its input and recording the output to identify the packet. Since the data length of the hash function output is very short, such an approach effectively decreases the storage space. However, this approach still needs a considerably large storage space to record time‐stamps. Additionally, the collisions among hash output values may bring unacceptable measurement errors. This paper proposes a method to decrease the storage space required to record timestamps for hash‐based delay variation measurement. This decrease is achieved by a variable length coding of timestamps. The paper also presents methods to avoid measurement errors brought by hash value collisions. Through experiments, it is shown that the proposed techniques correctly measure delay variation as well as effectively reduce the storage space. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 90(3): 21–32, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.20328
Optical/electrical two‐step heterodyne technique for 60‐GHz Radio‐On‐Fiber downlink
Authors: Taniguchi Tomohiro , Sakurai Naoya , Kumozaki Kiyomi 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn order to economically realize a Gbit/s class downlink using 60‐GHz millimeter waves, the authors have previously proposed an optical/electrical two‐step heterodyne system, based on the Radio‐On‐Fiber (ROF) transmission technique, in which millimeter‐wave filters at the wireless base station and a millimeter‐wave local oscillator at the wireless terminal are unnecessary. In this paper, for four types of three‐wave/four‐wave optical transmission method realizing the proposed scheme, the CNR of the IF signals obtained at the wireless terminal is analyzed and an optimization method is found for optical power distribution to each of multiple wavelength optical signals. The analytical results are compared to show that the scheme for generating three‐wave millimeter‐wave signals from four‐wave optical signals has excellent characteristics for application to either a feed or a nonfeed base station. At the wireless terminal, deterioration can be reduced to about 6.5 dB and about 4.8 dB in comparison with the conventional scheme using a millimeter‐wave local oscillator. Further, the output from a single optical source is optically modulated with two‐wave 30‐GHz‐band signals, and then the above optical transmission system generating the four optical signals is used for generation of the 1.0 Gbit/s‐BPSK millimeter‐wave/IF signal and for demodulation by synchronous detection. It is demonstrated that a BER of less than 10−9can be obtained for a PD input optical power of −11 dBm even in 10‐km SMF transmission. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 90(3): 9–20, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.20337
Residual capacity estimation of stationary lithium‐ion secondary battery based on its discharge voltage characteristics
Authors: Matsushima Toshio 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe relationship between the residual capacity and the discharge voltage of a lithium‐ion secondary battery having sufficient capacity to be used as a backup power supply in telecommunication applications is described. From results of high‐temperature accelerated deterioration tests conducted on lithium‐ion secondary cells, a drop in not only the capacity but also the discharge duration and the discharge voltage was observed, and a fixed relationship was found between the drop in discharge voltage and the residual capacity. This relationship was confirmed not only for single cells, but also for a multicell battery composed of 14 cells which was periodically discharged while being maintained at a floating charge. The possibility of estimating the residual capacity of lithium‐ion secondary cells and batteries from a voltage measurement obtained in constant‐current discharging was confirmed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 90(3): 1–8, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.20355
Reducing peak power for coded OFDM systems by multiple symbol mapping
Authors: Harada Masaaki , Yamamoto Takaya , Okada Hiraku , Katayama Masaaki , Ogawa Akira 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn this paper, we propose a method for reducing the peak power of the signal for orthogonal frequency division multiplex (OFDM) system in which convolutional code is used for an error‐correcting code. In the system, the bit sequence encoded using a convolutional code is mapped onto the multiple symbols which may constrain the peak power of the signal. In the conventional scheme, encoded bits are mapped onto a symbol sequentially. In such a method, the symbols assigned to each subcarrier are mutually uncorrelated and it is therefore difficult to let the symbols have a correlation with other symbols to constrain the peak power of the OFDM signal. In the proposed scheme, the encoded bit sequence is mapped onto the multiple symbols in which each symbol is correlated such as to reduce the peak power of the signal. In this way we are able to keep the peak power of the OFDM signal lower than that of the conventional scheme. For further performance improvement, set partitioning is performed to a set of multiple symbols to increase the Euclidean distance. This approach is made possible bymultiple trellis‐coded modulation(MTCM) that applies set partitioning to multiple symbols. We evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme in the presence of the effects of nonlinear amplification and show that the proposed scheme is effective for nonlinear amplification. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 90(3): 67–76, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.10168
Src homology 2 domain‐containing protein tyrosine phosphatase substrate 1 regulates the induction of Langerhans cell maturation
Authors: Fukunaga Atsushi , Nagai Hiroshi , Yu Xijun , Oniki Shuntaro , Okazawa Hideki , Motegi Sei‐ichiro , Suzuki Ryuji , Honma Nakayuki , Matozaki Takashi , Nishigori Chikako , Horikawa Tatsuya 
Published: November 2006

AbstractRecently, we reported that Src homology 2 domain‐containing protein tyrosine phosphatase substrate 1 (SHPS‐1) plays an important role in the migration of Langerhans cells (LC). Here, we show that SHPS‐1 is involved in the maturation of LC. Immunofluorescence analysis on epidermal sheets for I‐A or CD86 revealed that LC maturation induced by 2,4‐dinitro‐1‐fluorobenzene (DNFB) or by TNF‐α was inhibited by pretreatment with an anti‐SHPS‐1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) or with CD47‐Fc fusion protein, a ligand for SHPS‐1. Further, FACS analysis demonstrated that I‐A+ LC that had emigrated from skin explants expressed CD80 or CD86, whereas CD47‐Fc protein reduced CD80high+ or CD86high+ cells. CD47‐Fc protein also reduced the up‐regulation of surface CD80 or CD86 by LC remaining in the skin explants. In SHPS‐1 mutant mice, we observed that the up‐regulation of surface CD86 and CCR7 by LC induced by DNFB as well as that of surface CD80 and CD86 by LC in skin explants was attenuated. Finally, contact hypersensitivity (CHS) response was suppressed in SHPS‐1 mutant mice and in wild‐type mice treated with an anti‐SHPS‐1 mAb. These observations indicate that SHPS‐1 plays an important role in the maturation of LC ex vivo and in vivo, and that SHPS‐1‐CD47 interaction may negatively regulate CHS.
Expression and role of phosphatidylcholine‐specific phospholipase C in human NK and T lymphocyte subsets
Authors: Spadaro Francesca , Cecchetti Serena , Sanchez Massimo , Ausiello Clara Maria , Podo Franca , Ramoni Carlo 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWe recently reported evidence of phosphatidylcholine‐specific phospholipase C (PC‐PLC) involvement in NK cell‐mediated cytotoxicity and in lytic granule exocytosis. In the present study, different subpopulations of human PBL were investigated in relation to PC‐PLC enzyme expression. While a substantial intracellular amount of PC‐PLC was detected in all lymphoid subsets, expression of this enzyme on the outer membrane surface reached high levels only in NK cells, was present at low levels in B lymphocytes and in some TCR gamma/delta T cells and was practically absent in CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. Moreover, in NK cells two different subpopulations were identified, CD56dim PC‐PLCbright and CD56bright PC‐PLClow/– cells, corresponding to distinct subsets with cytolytic and immunoregulatory functions, respectively. Interestingly, the PC‐PLC expression level on the NK membrane surface correlated closely with that of the CD16 receptor, suggesting a possible relationship between enzyme externalization and NK cell maturation. In summary, our results suggest that a high PC‐PLC expression on the cell membrane surface of PBL is a peculiarity of NK cytolytic cells, in which the enzyme is apparently involved in the ability of this subset to lyse sensitive target cells.