bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Glutathione peroxidase 4 protects cortical neurons from oxidative injury and amyloid toxicity
Authors: Ran Qitao , Gu Mingjun , Van Remmen Holly , Strong Randy , Roberts James L. , Richardson Arlan 
Published: May 2006

AbstractPolyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in membrane lipids are prone to attack by reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the resulting lipid peroxidation can cause injury and death of cells. Glutathione peroxidase 4 (Gpx4) is an antioxidant defense enzyme that can directly detoxify lipid hydroperoxides generated by ROS. Overexpression of Gpx4 has been shown to be protective against oxidative damage in several cell lines. We examined in this study the stress response of neurons with increased expression of Gpx4, because neurons are especially vulnerable to oxidative injury as a result of their high content of PUFA. Our results show that primary culture cortical neurons derived from Gpx4 transgenic mice, which had increased expression of Gpx4, had increased cell survival and reduced level of apoptosis after exposure to t‐butyl hydroperoxide and hydrogen peroxide. We also studied the protective role of Gpx4 against β‐amyloid toxicity, because β‐amyloid‐induced neural toxicity is believed to be mediated through lipid peroxidation. Primary culture cortical neurons from Gpx4 transgenic mice had significantly less cell toxicity than their wild‐type counterparts after exposure to Aβ25–35 and Aβ1–40 peptides, and apoptosis induced by Aβ25–35 was attenuated in neurons from Gpx4 transgenic mice. Our data demonstrate that overexpression of Gpx4 protects neurons against oxidative injury and β‐amyloid‐induced cytotoxicity. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reconstructing hemispheric‐scale climates from multiple stalagmite records
Authors: Smith Claire L. , Baker Andy , Fairchild Ian J. , Frisia Silvia , Borsato Andrea 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe magnitude of recent warming, and the variability of climate on centennial‐millennial time scales are compromised by questions concerning the ability of tree rings to capture low‐frequency climate fluctuations. Annually laminated stalagmite records can potentially provide a low‐frequency climate archive through variations in annual growth rate. Presented here is an initial attempt to demonstrate the applicability of annually laminated stalagmite series to a large‐scale climate reconstruction, by producing a 500‐year Northern Hemisphere temperature reconstruction. The reconstruction shows an overall warming trend with a magnitude of 0.65 K and several other low‐frequency characteristics consistent with other independent Northern Hemisphere archives. The result is sufficiently encouraging to warrant significant future effort in characterising annual growth rate records from laminated speleothems. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society.
Synoptic sea‐level pressure patterns generated by a general circulation model: comparison with types derived from NCEP/NCAR re‐analysis and implications for downscaling
Authors: McKendry I. G. , Stahl K. , Moore R. D. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractA principal component analysis (PCA)‐based synoptic typing scheme is used to assess the ability of the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCma) Coupled Global Climate Model (CGCM2) to reproduce daily mean‐sea‐level (MSL) synoptic patterns and their frequencies for the Pacific Northwest region of North America. Model output for the ‘control’ period 1961–1989 is compared against the climatology based on National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) re‐analysis data. Although CGCM2 is able to reproduce the full range and seasonality of 13 synoptic types it significantly under‐represents three cold types and over‐represents (by about 50%) three warm/wet winter types. This effect is most pronounced in winter months. Differences in frequencies between the CGCM2 runs (1961–1989 climatology and 1990–2100 IPCC SRES ‘A2’ greenhouse gases (GHG) and aerosol forcing scenario) are smaller than the differences between NCEP and CGCM2 synoptic type frequencies for the 1961–1989 control. Unresolved orographic influences and atmosphere‐ocean coupling are cited as possible explanations for model deficiencies. Results suggest that application of CGCM2 output in downscaling studies examining regional impacts should take account of these potential biases. The approach adopted provides a methodology for not only assessing progress in emerging generations of more sophisticated higher resolution General Circulation Models (GCMs) (e.g. CGCM4 is under development), but also choosing the most appropriate model for regional downscaling studies. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society.
Pattern Evolution Induced by Periodic Temperature Modulation in a Binary Polymeric Mixture
Authors: Sun Zhe , Song Haihua 
Published: May 2006

AbstractSummary: The process of periodic phase separation is numerically studied based on Cahn‐Hilliard‐Cook theory for a binary polymer blend. The model system is quenched blow and above the critical point alternatively. And hierarchic morphologies consisting of large and small domains are observed. As the periodic phase separation proceeds, small domains are created and destroyed periodically, whereas large domains keep growing. Within the first half of each period, the behavior of small domains is similar to the two‐step phase separation. And the quench to one‐phase region during the second half period not only decreases the peak intensity of structure function for large domains, but also eliminates the high‐wave number peak corresponding to small domains. The average order parameter under oscillatory quenches exhibits a periodic behavior. The minimum of average order parameter in each period approaches to its equilibrium value monotonously and the maximum value increase in the early time regime and decrease in the late time regime. The magnitude of oscillation has considerable effects on the evolution of hierarchic structures. Small magnitude of oscillation hinders the formation of hierarchic morphologies. Moreover, large magnitude of oscillation slows down the coarsening of large domains in the early stage of periodic phase separation and accelerates the growth of large domains in the late time regime. In addition, no scaling invariance could be observed for the net growth of large domains.Snapshot picture of periodic phase separation with \bar \chi, Δχ, and τp.magnified imageSnapshot picture of periodic phase separation with \bar \chi, Δχ, and τp.
Transurethral radiofrequency energy collagen micro‐remodeling for the treatment of female stress urinary incontinence
Authors: Appell Rodney A. , Juma Saad , Wells W. Glen , Lenihan John P. , Klimberg Ira W. , Kanellos Angelo , Reilley Sandra F. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractAimsThis prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial was performed to demonstrate the 12 months safety and efficacy of transurethral radiofrequency energy (RF) collagen micro‐remodeling in women with stress urinary incontinence (SUI).Materials and MethodsWomen with SUI, bladder outlet hypermobility, and leak point pressure (LPP) ≥60 cmH2O were randomized to RF micro‐remodeling or “sham treatment.” Adverse events (AEs) were recorded. Incidence of ≥10 point incontinence quality of life (I‐QOL) score improvement, a magnitude of improvement with a demonstrated responsiveness to patient satisfaction with treatment and to ≥25% reduction in both incontinence episode frequency and stress pad weight, served as a subjective outcome measurement. Change in mean LPP served as an objective outcome measurement.Results110 women underwent RF micro‐remodeling and 63 underwent virtually identical “sham treatment” (with the exception of RF delivery). The 12 months RF micro‐remodeling safety profile was statistically no different than that of sham treatment (a brief bladder catheterization). Seventy‐four percent of women with moderate to severe baseline SUI experienced ≥10 point I‐QOL score improvement at 12 months (P = 0.04). Women who underwent RF micro‐remodeling demonstrated LPP elevation at 12 months, while sham treated women demonstrated LPP reduction (P = 0.02).ConclusionsNon‐surgical, transurethral RF micro‐remodeling is a safe treatment for women with SUI. In women with moderate to severe SUI, this novel therapy resulted in statistically significant improvement in quality of life of a magnitude associated with patient satisfaction with the treatment. Women who underwent RF micro‐remodeling demonstrated a statistically significant elevation in mean LPP at 12 months. Neurourol. Urodynam. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Emergency transshipment in decentralized dealer networks: When to send and accept transshipment requests
Authors: Zhao Hui , Deshpande Vinayak , Ryan Jennifer K. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractWhile there has been significant previous literature on inventory transshipment, most research has focused on the dealers' demand filling decision (when to fill transshipment requests from other dealers), ignoring the requesting decision (when to send transshipment requests to other dealers). In this paper we develop optimal inventory transshipment policies that incorporate both types of decisions. We consider a decentralized system in which the dealers are independent of the manufacturer and of each other. We first study a network consisting of a very large number of dealers. We prove that the optimal inventory and transshipment decisions for an individual dealer are controlled by threshold rationing and requesting levels. Then, in order to study the impact of transshipment among independent dealers in a smaller dealer network, we consider a decentralized two‐dealer network and use a game theoretic approach to characterize the equilibrium inventory strategies of the individual dealers. An extensive numerical study highlights the impact of the requesting decision on the dealers' equilibrium behavior in a decentralized setting. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2006
Site‐specific interactions of neurotrophin‐3 and fibroblast growth factor (FGF2) in the embryonic development of the mouse cochlear nucleus
Authors: Hossain Waheeda A. , D'Sa Chrystal , Morest D. Kent 
Published: May 2006

AbstractNeurotrophins and FGF2 contribute to formation of the cochlea, but their roles in cochlear nucleus development are unknown. The effects of these factors may differ in the cochlea and cochlear nucleus, which may influence each other's development. It is important to analyze the effects of these factors on cellular structures at well‐defined steps in the normal morphogenetic sequence. The present study used immunohistochemistry to localize factors in situ and to test hypotheses about their roles in an in vitro model. Specific antibody staining revealed that TrkC, the NT3 receptor, is present in neural precursors prior to embryonic day E11 until after birth. NT3 appeared in precursor cells during migration (E13–E15) and disappeared at birth. TrkC and NT3 occurred in the same structures, including growing axons, terminals, and their synaptic targets. Thus, NT3 tracks the migration routes and the morphogenetic sequences within a window defined by TrkC. In vitro, the cochlear nucleus anlage was explanted from E11 embryos. Cultures were divided into groups fed with defined medium, with or without FGF2, BDNF, and NT3 supplements, alone or in combinations, for 7 days. When neuroblasts migrated and differentiated, immunostaining was used for locating NT3 and TrkC in the morphogenetic sequence, bromodeoxyuridine for proliferation, and synaptic vesicle protein for synaptogenesis. By time‐lapse imaging and quantitative measures, the results support the hypothesis that FGF2 promotes proliferation and migration. NT3 interacts with FGF2 and BDNF to promote neurite outgrowth, fasciculation, and synapse formation. Factors and receptors localize to the structural sites undergoing critical changes. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol, 2006
Fabrication of GaN dot structures on Si substrates by droplet epitaxy
Authors: Kondo Toshiyuki , Saitoh Koji , Yamamoto Yo , Maruyama Takahiro , Naritsuka Shigeya 
Published: May 2006

AbstractNanosized GaN dot structures were fabricated on Si(111) substrate by droplet epitaxy using an rf plasma MBE system. The size and density of the GaN dots could be controlled by changing the amount of Ga supplied. By reducing the Ga supply, a maximum dot density of 3.3 × 1011 cm–2 was realized. Photoluminescence measurements at room temperature showed band edge emission with negligible yellow luminescence, which indicates a good optical property of GaN dots grown by this technique. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Ge[N(SiMe2iPr)2]2: Ein neues Germylen und dessen Koordinationschemie führt zu der kürzesten Ge–Co‐Bindung
Authors: Schnepf Andreas 
Published: May 2006

AbstractGe[N(SiMe2iPr)2]2: A New Germylene and its Coordination Chemistry leads to the Shortest Ge–Co BondThe high temperature reaction of Germanium with HBr, which is used for the synthesis of GeBr leads at a higher reaction pressure to a mixture of GeBr and GeBr2. GeBr2 reacts with the lithiumsalt LiN(SiMe2iPr)2 in good yield to the germylene Ge[N(SiMe2iPr)2]2. Subsequent reaction of this germylene with Co2(CO)8 leads to the germanium cobalt cluster compound {Co(CO)3Ge[N(SiMe2iPr)2]2}2 featuring the shortest Ge–Co bond giving hints to a possibly multiple bonded system.
Two Different Products Observed in the Reaction of a Bis(germylene) with Molybdenum Hydride [Mo(H)Cp(CO)3]
Authors: Krummenacher Ivo , Breher Frank 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe reaction of the dimeric bis(germylene) [Ge{3,5‐(CF3)2pz}2]2 (2) with protic molybdenum hydride [Mo(H)Cp(CO)3] yielded two different products. In diethyl ether the divalent germylene readily inserts into the Mo–H σ‐bond and the product of the oxidative addition, [Ge(H){Mo}(pz)2] (4) (with pz = 3,5‐disubstituted pyrazole, 3,5‐(CF3)2pz; {Mo} = [MoCp(CO)3]), was isolated featuring a germanium(IV) hydride moiety. In toluene an interesting “cascade” reaction takes place furnishing a bis‐metal substituted digermane [{Mo}(H)(pz)Ge–Ge(pz)2{Mo}]. Although the detailed mechanism of the reaction remains the subject of speculation it seems likely that a germylene, [GeII(pz){Mo}], inserts into the germanium(IV) hydrogen bond of [Ge(H){Mo}(pz)2] under formation of a germanium‐germanium bond, which is a rare reaction behaviour.
Crystal Structures of the Potassium and Silver Salts of Nitroform
Authors: Göbel Michael , Klapötke Thomas M. , Mayer Peter 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe solid state structures of three nitroformate (NF) salts were determined using single crystal X‐ray crystallography. The NF anion was found to be a non‐planar moiety which adopts either the commonly observed C2v conformation or distorted propeller conformation (D3) in the case of the silver salts, or, a C2 conformation in the case of the potassium salt. This latter C2 conformation has been uniquely observed for potassium nitroformate. All structures exhibit cation‐anion interactions that influence the structure of the anion. The 13C and 14N NMR spectra of the NF anion show broad singlets, which indicates the equivalence of the nitro groups in solution within the NMR time‐scale. In addition, the vibrational and mass spectra of potassium nitroformate and silver nitroformate monohydrate were recorded. Furthermore, the gaseous decomposition products of potassium nitroformate at 25 °C were detected using IR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry.
Ungewöhnliche Bildung und Struktur eines O‐Sulfinato‐Zinkkomplexes
Authors: Ibrahim Mohamed M. , Vahrenkamp Heinrich 
Published: May 2006

AbstractUnusual Formation and Structure of a O‐Sulfinato Zinc ComplexWhereas the reaction between hydrotris[(N‐xylyl)‐thioimidazolyl]borato‐zinc perchlorate ([L·Zn‐OClO3]) and ethanethiolate under an inert atmosphere leads to the thiolate complex [L·Zn‐SC2H5], the same reaction in air produces the sulfinato complex [L·Zn‐O‐S(O)‐C2H5] (1). 1 is the first fully characterized sulfinato‐zinc complex. Its structure determination has confirmed the unusual coordination of the sulfinato ligand via one of its oxygen atoms.
1,2‐Diaza‐3‐silacyclopent‐5‐ene – Synthese und Reaktionen
Authors: Armbruster Nina , Klingebiel Uwe , Noltemeyer Mathias 
Published: May 2006

Abstract1,2‐Diaza‐3‐silacyclopent‐5‐ene – Synthesis and ReactionsThe dilithium salt of bis(tert‐butyl‐trimethylsilylmethylen)ketazine (1) forms an imine‐enamine salt. 1 reacts with halosilanes in a molar ratio of 1:1 to give 1,2‐diaza‐3‐silacyclopent‐5‐enes. Me3SiCH=CCMe3 [N(SiR,R′)‐N=C‐C]HSiMe3 (2‐7). (2: R,R′ = Cl; 3: R = CH3, R′ = Ph; 4: R = F, R′ = CMe3; 5: R = F, R′ = Ph; 6: R = F, R′ = N(SiMe3)2; 7: R = F, R′ = N(CMe3)SiMe3). In the reaction of 1 with tetrafluorosilane the spirocyclus 8 is isolated. The five‐membered ring compounds 2‐7 and compound 9 substituted on the silicon‐fluoro‐ and (tert‐butyltrimethylsilyl) are acid at the C(4)‐atom and therefore can be lithiated. Experiments to prepare lithium salts of 4 with MeLi, n‐BuLi and PhLi gave LiF and the substitution‐products 10‐12. 9 forms a lithium salt which reacts with ClSiMe3 to give LiCl and the SiMe3 ring system (13) substituted at the C(4)‐atom. The ring compounds 3‐7 and 10‐12 form isomers, the formation is discussed. Results of the crystal structure and analyses of 8, 10, 12, and 13 are presented.
Levels of evidence in otolaryngology journals
Authors: Wasserman Jared M. , Wynn Rhoda , Bash Tal S. , Rosenfeld Richard M. 
Published: May 2006

OBJECTIVETo identify trends in clinical research and levels of evidence in otolaryngology journals.STUDY DESIGN AND SETTINGWe reviewed all original research articles from 1993, 1998, and 2003, in 4 major otolaryngology journals. Levels of evidence were graded 1 (strongest) through 5 (weakest).RESULTSOf 2584 total articles, 1924 (75%) were clinical research. During the study period, there was increased median sample size (from 22 to 30, P = 0.06), more planned research (from 30% to 37%, P = 0.023), more internal control groups (from 36% to 43%, P = 0.011), and more articles with P values (from 26% to 45%, P < 0.001) or confidence intervals (from 1.2% to 7.6%, P < 0.001). Most evidence was level 4 (57%), but median levels increased slightly over time (P = 0.027). Therapy articles had the weakest evidence (80% levels 3 to 5) and diagnostic test assessments had the strongest (75% levels 1 and 2).CONCLUSIONAlthough clinical research increased in quantity and quality, sample sizes were modest, most articles lacked controls, and confidence intervals were rare. Therapy articles would benefit from higher evidence levels.SIGNIFICANCEBy defining the current levels of evidence in otolaryngology journals, this overview should help guide future efforts.
The Effect of Hyoid Suspension in a Multilevel Surgery Concept for Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Authors: Baisch Alexander , Maurer Joachim Theodor , Hörmann Karl 
Published: May 2006

OBJECTIVEThis study investigated the outcome of the hyoid suspension as a part of a multilevel surgery protocol.STUDY DESIGN AND SETTINGEighty‐three patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) underwent a multilevel surgical treatment because of continuous positive‐airway pressure intolerance, 67 with the hyoid suspension and 16 without the hyoid suspension. All patients underwent a pre‐ and postoperative polysomnography in the sleep laboratory.RESULTSThe mean preoperative apnea hypopnea index (AHI) was 36.4 ± 21.2 and 19.4 ± 19.7 postoperatively for all patients (P < 0.0001). Further statistically significant changes were found for the arousal index, the oxygen saturation, and the daytime sleepiness. No statistically significant change was found for body mass index. In the group of patients treated without the hyoid suspension, the AHI did not decrease statistically significant. After surgery, 59.7% of the subjects with the hyoid suspension were regarded as cured.CONCLUSIONMultilevel surgery including the hyoid suspension is an effective treatment in subgroup of OSA patients.EBM rating: C‐4
Percutaneous balloon kyphoplasty in the treatment of pathological vertebral body fracture and deformity in multiple myeloma: a one-year follow-up
Authors: Pflugmacher R. , Kandziora F. , Schroeder R. -J. , Melcher I. , Haas N. P. , Klostermann C. K. 
Published: May 2006

Purpose: To evaluate the clinical and radiographic outcomes of balloon kyphoplasty in patients with fractures of the thoracic and lumbar spine caused by multiple myeloma.Material and Methods: Vertebral fractures due to multiple myeloma were treated by balloon kyphoplasty (20 patients, 48 vertebral bodies). Symptomatic levels were identified by clinical presentation, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), radiographs, and computed tomography (CT). During the following year, visual analog scale (VAS) and Oswestry disability score were documented. Radiographs were taken pre- and postoperatively at 3, 6, and 12 months. Vertebral height and kyphotic deformity were measured to assess restoration of the sagittal alignment.Results: The median pain scores (VAS) decreased significantly from pre- to post-treatment, as did the Oswestry disability score ( p<0.05). Clinically asymptomatic cement leakage occurred at 5 fracture levels (10.4%). During 1-year follow-up, this surgical technique demonstrated restoration and stabilization of the height of the vertebral body.Conclusion: Balloon kyphoplasty is an effective minimally invasive procedure for stabilizing pathological vertebral fractures caused by multiple myeloma and leading to a statistically significant reduction of pain status. Balloon kyphoplasty stabilizes the vertebral body height, but is only partially able to prevent further kyphotic deformities.
Value of fat-suppressed proton-density-weighted turbo spin-echo sequences in detecting meniscal lesions: comparison with arthroscopy
Authors: Schäfer F. K. W. , Schäfer P. J. , Brossmann J. , Frahm C. , Hilgert R.-E. , Heller M. , Jahnke T. 
Published: May 2006

Purpose: To evaluate fat-suppressed (FS) proton-density-weighted (PDw) turbo spin-echo (TSE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) compared to arthroscopy in the detection of meniscal lesions.Material and Methods: In a prospective study, 31 knee joints were imaged on a 1.5T MR scanner before arthroscopy using the following sequences: (a) coronal and sagittal FS-PDw TSE (TR/TE: 4009/15 ms); (b) coronal T1w SE (TR/TE: 722/20 ms), and sagittal PDw TSE (TR/TE: 3800/15 ms). Other imaging parameters were: slice thickness 3 mm, FOV 160 mm, matrix 256×256. A total of 186 meniscal regions (62 menisci; anterior horn, body, posterior horn) were evaluated. Standard of reference was arthroscopy. Sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value (npv), positive predictive value (ppv), and accuracy were calculated.Results: Arthroscopically, meniscal lesions were detected in 55/186 segments (35 medial and 20 lateral meniscal lesions). Sensitivity, specificity, npv, ppv, and accuracy for combination of coronal and sagittal FS PDw TSE were 91.4%, 98.3%, 95%, 97%, and 93.5% for the medial meniscus, and 90%, 98.6%, 97.3%, 94.7%, and 96.8% for the lateral. The results were comparable to the combination of coronal T1w SE and sagittal PDw TSE for the medial (88.6%, 98.3%, 93.4%, 96.9%, 91.4%) and the lateral (90%, 95.9%, 97.2%, 85.7%, 92.5%) meniscus.Conclusion: FS PDw TSE-MR sequences are an excellent alternative for the detection of meniscal lesions in comparison with diagnostic arthroscopy.