bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implementing Enterprise Architecture - Putting Quality Information in the Hands of Oil and Gas Knowledge Workers
Authors: Cox G. A. , Johnston R. M. , Palermo R. M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In their article "Escaping the IT abyss," Jed Dempsey, et. al., said the following: "There's a sense of despair these days in the boardrooms of companies struggling with IT. They are all too aware that information technology is vital to strategic success. Yet their application portfolios are inflexible and difficult to maintain. Their technology infrastructures are complex and hard to reconcile. And their IT organizations are overburdened, overstretched, and overwhelmed" [1].
In the May 1998 issue of JPT, Lesslar and van den Berg sited that in-house Shell studies suggested that technical professionals spend 60% of their time looking for data [2]. In an Oil & Gas Executive article, Baksi said, "Data-management problems are widespread though out… As a result, cycle times are long and assessing the risk associated with interpreted results can be difficult. Further, operating companies often have limited capability to leverage information, knowledge, or best practices among different asset teams or business units" [3].
Our company was formed from a merger followed by a major acquisition and property exchange. This history caused us to have numerous non-integrated legacy systems and inconsistent information management practices. In 1998 we implemented an enterprise resource planning (ERP) system. Although the EPR system brought greater functionality and some integration, we were still left with hundreds of legacy systems and inconsistent data practices. Information in our ERP was difficult to analyze. Initial feasibility studies indicated that, on average, our workers spent 40% of their time searching for and scrubbing data.
After struggling with this for two years, our company decided to develop an Enterprise Architecture Plan (EAP). This paper describes why EAP was chosen as the approach for improving our information management practices, the IT issues facing industry in general, the business benefits of architected systems, and the current status of our EAP implementation.
Uninterrupted Education: The Vital Role of SPE's Continuing Education in Professional Development
Authors: Fattahi B. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Traditional formal education, although still fundamental to preparation of individuals to join the ranks of future professionals, has long become insufficient in supplying the necessary knowledge base for the entire journey through a long professional career. The new work environment requires uninterrupted education. To accomplish this, subscribing to knowledge networks, maintaining good technical understanding, and being continually in touch with advancing technologies are critical to new professionals' success.
Professional development programs such as those organized by SPE are vital in providing the opportunity for our industry professionals to obtain the "Just-In-Time" training they need to keep abreast of the advancing technology. This paper presents a discussion on how SPE strives to accomplish its mission of technology dissemination through the continuing education process.
Integration of Production History and Time-lapse Seismic Data Guided by Seismic Attribute Zonation
Authors: Huang Xuri , Bentley Laurence R. , Laflamme Claude 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Cluster analysis is used to construct fluid flow zones from seismic attributes. The steps are (1) remove grid points that contain outliers in any seismic attribute; (2) scale each attribute to zero mean and unit variance; (3) use principal component analysis to transform the scaled attributes to uncorrelated principal component attributes; (4) principal component attributes are grouped into categories of similar seismic response using cluster analysis; (5) upscale the seismic grid to the computational grid scale using a weighted voting procedure (morphing); (6) spatially filter cluster assignments to remove small, isolated spots using a weighted voting scheme; (7) assign a seismic zone to spatially connected elements with the same cluster category. After zonation, rock properties such as porosity and permeability are perturbed as a group within each zone instead of node by node in order to match historical production and seismic data. Using a Gulf of Mexico test case, the zoning procedure produced useful computational zones and reduced the time required for history matching.
Development of a New Equation and an Algorithm To Estimate Permeabilities for Clean Formations From Resistivity Logs
Authors: Li Dacun , Engler Tom W. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Correlation between porosity and permeability for a certain rock type is a basic procedure used in core-data interpretation. However, the correlation may not always be satisfactory due to pore heterogeneity and pore geometry. In a reservoir, it is very common for rocks to have similar porosities but different permeabilities. Apparent formation factor was defined as true resistivity divided by water resistivity. Curves of apparent formation factor vs. water saturation are used to interpolate permeabilities. Unfortunately, the accuracy is limited at high water saturation because the curves are horizontal in that region.
In this paper, a numerical method is proposed to solve the problem. Based on combining a correlation between formation resistivity factor and permeability proposed by Ogbe and Bassiouni, Archie's equation, and the apparent formation factor definition, a new equation is derived to estimate permeabilities for clean formations from resistivity logs.
An algorithm is developed to carry out the procedures of the estimation and an example is given to illustrate how to use the algorithm. A computer program developed from the algorithm can be incorporated into a reservoir simulator as an improved way to input permeability values.
Orifice Meters for Steam Injector Monitoring - How Accurate are They?
Authors: Castrup Suzanne Griston 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Monitoring the amount of steam distributed to individual injectors is an important part of steamflood management. For many years, attempts have been made to employ orifice meters at injectors to measure steam quality or rate. However, published orifice meter correlations for two-phase steam vary significantly. Of primary concern is whether or not there is a strong correlation between the pressure drop across the orifice plate and changes in steam quality and/or flow rate. It is also important to understand the impact of two-phase flow regime (e.g., slug flow, annular-mist flow, stratified flow, …) on pressure drop across the orifice plate and how it affects the reliability and accuracy of the orifice meter.
This paper discusses the basic principles of steam flow through orifice meters and presents a straightforward analysis of the reliability and accuracy of orifice meters for measuring steam qualities or rates at injectors. Additionally, the problems encountered when using two orifice meters or orifice meter and critical flow choke in series to simultaneously measure injector steam quality and rate are examined.
A New Method for Evaluating the Performance of a New Modular Drilling Fluid System for a Small Turnkey Rig Using Hamiltonian-Lagrangian Minimum Energy Principles
Authors: Hayatdavoudi A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
For those who are familiar with the financial risks, it is very clear that showing a profit is not an easy task for a small turnkey drilling company. In fact, a small mis-step could spell disaster for a small turnkey contractor. This is an undeniable fact. It is also true that both Major Operators and Independents alike are sensitive to drilling bid prices even during times of prosperity and favorable oil and gas prices. Beating down the turnkey prices often, in some quarters, is considered a "good sport." What must a small turnkey contractor do then?
In order to meet the challenge of profitability for a small turnkey operator, the author introduced a simple Modular Drilling Fluid System that solved many costly problems. The Modular Drilling Fluid System, in nearly 70 wells, eliminated the "gumbo" problem and cut the drilling days by 20 to 50 percent. The reduction of drilling days, to the contractor, meant increased bit life by as much as 30 percent, savings in fuel costs by about 30 percent, savings in rig repair cost by about 30 percent, and a host of other savings. In this paper, in his comparative analysis, the author examines the bit records and other pertinent field data from three wells drilled in the same field and discusseses the principles of a modern Modular Drilling Fluid System that allowed a small turnkey contractor to become financially and technically successful. Furthermore, for analyzing the efficiency of the operational parameters such as bit hydraulics, weight on the bit, and rotary speed of the same small turnkey rig that drilled the above-mentioned wells, the author uses the simple yet powerful principles of Minimum Energy. This is done in order to quickly and easily point out where it is possible to save on the expenses of the small turnkey contractor. In this method, although more emphasis has been placed on hydraulic and mechanical energy, or power, all of the expended energies or powers of the rig system can be integrated over time. Applying a modified form of a combination of Lagrangian and Hamiltonian Integral1-7 carries out this process. The operational performance of the turnkey drill rig is said to be efficient when the value of this Integral is at a Minimum in comparison with the performance of the other drill rigs, or zero ideally. This technique enables the contractor to closely monitor his daily operational expenditure of Energy or Power and succeed both technologically and financially.
Propped Fracturing as a Tool for Prevention and Removal of Formation Damage
Authors: Bale Arthur , Larsen Leif , Barton David Tudor , Buchanan Alastair 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Formation damage caused by either fluid invasion, during the process of drilling through the reservoir, or introduced by various mechanisms while producing the reservoir, represents a dominant obstacle to optimum hydrocarbon production. Different stimulation methods/techniques are applied dependant upon the type of completion and the characteristics or source of the damage. This paper focuses on the role propped fracturing can play in prevention and removal of any type of formation damage.
An Engineered Approach to Matrix Acidizing HTHP Sour Carbonate Reservoirs
Authors: Jones A. T. , Rodenboog C. , Hill D. G. , Akbar Ali Anwar H. , de Boer P. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Conventionally, matrix acidising treatments have not been performed in HPHT wells with temperatures much above 150°C, because of the limitations on acid retardation technologies of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and the inhibition of corrosion of these fluids at elevated temperatures.
This paper presents the design and operational experience from a treatment performed on a gas well in a naturally-fractured, tight carbonate under conditions that were beyond the limit of conventional matrix acidizing experience. Stimulation of the well required acid to be placed below fracturing pressures into the natural fracture system beyond the near wellbore region. The reservoir was deep, sour and at high temperature and pressure.
Ensuring success of such an operation requires detailed design, involving extensive laboratory testing of fluid properties and design of placement techniques. Additional procedures and equipment are also required to effectively manage HSE risks and well integrity. This paper presents the critical factors in the design and operations planning stages, highlighting these with the case history for this well.
Acid Penetration in Natural Fracture Networks
Authors: Dong Chengli , Zhu D. , Hill A. D. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In this paper, we present a methodology for predicting the propagation of acid along natural fracture networks and the resulting etching of the fracture walls. The natural fracture network is modeled as a system of intersecting fractures that form a main pathway for acid transport and dissolution. The tails of the intersected fractures increase the leakoff from the main pathway and are accounted for in the model. The fracture network acidizing model is supported by comparisons with laboratory experiments and smaller scale simulations that determined the nature of acid channeling at fracture intersections. Model results illustrate the effects of variations in fracture properties on acid propagation. The model predicts deeper acid penetration under matrix conditions than would be possible with only matrix flow.
Evaluation of Filter Cake Flowback in Sand Control Completions
Authors: Tiffin D. , Stevens B. , Park E. , Elliott F. , Gilchrist J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Open hole gravel packing for sand control can offer productivity and cost reduction advantages over cased-hole completions, particularly in thick, high permeability sands. The filter cake formed by the reservoir drilling fluid can be trapped by the gravel, resulting in high drawdown requirements, non-uniform inflow profiles and/or low productivity. Effective clean-up and flow-back of this filter cake is necessary to fully realize productivity advantages of open-hole completions.
A comprehensive series of over 20 laboratory experiments were carried out to better understand filter cake flow-back in sand control completions. Variables investigated included mud weight and type, gravel size, additives like enzymes and acids, gravel size, and screen type. Results from 12 of these experiments are summarized in this paper.
Key findings include:
Tested synthetic oil base muds resulted in filter cakes which were much easier to remove than those formed from tested water-based muds. 40/60 mesh gravel can severely inhibit filter cake removal compared to larger gravel sizes, which still maintain sand control. An expandable screen pressed into the filter cake does not inhibit filter cake flow-back as long as solids are sized correctly, i.e. the drill-in mud is properly conditioned at the rig site.
Experiments were conducted in a standard cell where filter cakes were dynamically deposited and allowed to flow back through gravel and/or screens at scaled flow rates – many with gas. Following each experiment, the entire cell was saturated with epoxy and thin sections were cut across the filter cake and gravel. These visual images dramatically complement return permeability and "lift-off" pressure measurements and help illustrate the mechanics affecting return permeability performance.
Strategies for Sizing Particles in Drilling and Completion Fluids
Authors: Suri Ajay , Sharma Mukul M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
To minimize formation damage due to drill-in and completion fluids solids must be sized to satisfy two important criteria: (i) they must be large enough to not invade the rock, and (ii) they must be small enough to form filter cake that effectively filters drill solids and polymers from the filtrate entering the formation. These criteria when used together with the model presented in this paper quantitatively define the particle size that should be used in drill-in fluids for a given formation permeability, overbalance pressure and mud formulation.
A model is presented that estimates the depth and degree of formation damage caused by solids of widely different sizes present in drilling or completion fluids. The depth of damage and permeability loss is calculated after the invasion of the mud and also after flowback. The effect of the particle size distribution in the fluid, particle concentration, overbalance pressure, and permeability of the formation are studied. It is demonstrated that particle invasion and flowback processes are largely dependent on the particle size in the mud and the permeability of the formation. The results of the model are shown to agree well with mud filtration experiments.
To better estimate the particle size distribution in drill-in and completion fluids, different methods for measuring particle sizes were investigated. These results show that the measured particle sizes can vary over two orders of magnitude depending on the technique used and on sample preparation. Based on a comparative analysis of several samples light scattering techniques are recommended for measuring the particle size distribution. Recommendations for sample preparation are also provided.
IMPES Stability: The Stable Step
Authors: Coats K. H. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
An Impes stability criterion is derived for multidimensional three-phase flow for black oil and compositional models. The grid may be structured or unstructured. Tensor considerations are neglected. The criterion can be used to set the time steps in an Impes formulation or as a switching criterion in an adaptive implicit model.
The criterion extends previous work by accounting for three-phase flow, including capillary, gravity and viscous forces, with all the possible cocurrent and countercurrent flow configurations in a general grid. The criterion derivation uses stability theory, to the limits of its applicability, augmented by numerical experimentation, including extensive one-dimensional tests and numerous field study datasets.
Scaling Up of Laboratory Relative Permeability Curves. An Advantageous Approach Based on Realistic Average Water Saturations
Authors: Crotti M. A. , Cobeñas R. H. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Accordingly with Welge formulation, to obtain relative permeability curves at laboratory, all calculations are made on a selected point of the sample. Usually this point is located at the outlet face of the sample, where production rates are directly measured. As a result, relative permeability curves are reported as function of point saturations and not as function of average saturations. Laboratory curves are then adapted to reproduce reservoir behavior, usually through the derivation of pseudo functions. With usual methodologies, this pseudo curves are also expressed as function of point saturations and introduced in numerical simulators. In spite of this procedure, numerical simulators perform their calculations using the average water saturation at every grid block. Although point and average saturations are expected to be the same at infinitely small grid size, this is not the case with coarse areal simulation grids.
In this paper, water-cut as a function of produced oil is analyzed for a linear case. Several cases are developed using relative permeability curves defined as function of point saturations for different grid sizes, and as a function of average water saturation. It is shown that only curves with average values give reliable data.
As a result of this work, an advantageous methodology to transform laboratory measured curves into those consistent with numerical simulation approach is presented. It is also shown that the use of rock relative permeability curves, previously adapted to the particular geometry of the system under study, drastically reduces the number of grid blocks required and overcomes numerical dispersion.
Bitumen and Well Behavior in Loma La Lata Field: Summary and Analysis of New Information
Authors: Maretto H. M. , de Vera H. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The results obtained during 1999 s drilling plan in Loma La Lata field, related to the bitumen and the reservoir behavior through new information coming from production logs, NMR, and multipolar acoustic logs, formation tester, open hole completions, core analysis, pre-existent geochemical studies and detailed diagenetic descriptions; allow considering the postulate of bitumen generation related to an early migration from Los Molles Formation like more consistent. This bitumen has a wide and regional distribution and its influence should be contemplated in all the units older than Vaca Muerta Formation.
It is considered convenient logs that register the effective porosity to the correction of the conventional ones by some distribution law. In this sense the density of bitumen seems to be sufficiently high as for not affecting the NMR tools.
The porosity of Sierras Blancas Formation is secondary and generated in a second phase of dissolution, being the permeability controlled by rock type and abundance of pore bodies; acquiring importance again the magnetic resonance whose permeabilities and porosities show adjusted values with the petrophysics measurements.
Some layers of the reservoir could behave as tight gas, and the gas would be flowing to wells for channels of high pemeabilities in the main layer of the field. These variations in the units would be related with an intra-Tordillo unconformity and they demand the fracture of the same ones to accelerate their production.
A Novel Methodology To Reduce Formation Damage in Gravel Packed wells: Case Study, Casabe Field, Colombia
Authors: Zapata Jairo , Ferneynes Heberth 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
During the development of a secondary recovery project by water injection in a Colombian field called Casabe it was observed that the packed production wells presented an abnormal declination on production rates. This was initially attributed to the completion type: slotted liners or screen packed with 10/20 or 20/40 gravel. The packings have an average length of 1,200 ft. The partial recovery of a slotted liner and screen demonstrated that there was an impermeable material that plugging the external phase of the pipe by 90%, not allowing the oil to flow into the wells.
The phenomena in question seriously compromised the volumes of production and the life span of the injection project since plugging in the wells generates loss of productivity and represuring in the field causing premature casing collapse.
This article shows the methodology used by teamwork in charge of defining the cause for the plugging in the wells, designing a treatment that would lessen the problem and establishing an operational technique to selectively stimulate the intervals present in the packed wells.
Project Finance in the Brazilian Petroleum Industry
Authors: Ferreira Virgílio José M. , Gonçalves Armando Celestino 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In order to cover the financial capability of Public sector in the emergingcountries, new ways of financing of the Public expenditure in infrastructureprojects need to be studied. This is the particular case of the PetroleumIndustry in Brazil.
Perhaps, without private capital, both national or foreign, the BrazilianIndustry will never be able to support itself his own consumption demands.Therefore, the use of Project Finance (PF) modeling to meet an alternative wayto Corporate Finance, will be extensively used to substitute the governmentalrole of Public Investor, who, besides, doesn't have more capability to investintensively in Petroleum Projects.
Some advantages brought throughout Project Finance is separation of theproject risk, by the creation of the SPC (Special Purpose Company), whoseaccount life has independence to the players of the project. Otherwise, thiskind of financial modeling is used in projects that require intensive amountsof capital, like oil and gas projects. So, despite the higher cost of capital, the Project Finance alternative can be extensively used to find out his ownsself-sufficient in the production of oil and gas.