bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on straw and composts. I.—characterising straw, composts and bulky organic manures by optical extinction of alkaline extracts and cation‐exchange capacity measurements
Authors: Cornfield A. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBoth optical extinction of extracts made with o.05N‐NaOH (containing 0‐5% of ‘Calgon’) and cation‐exchange capacity measurements are suitable for characterising straw, compost prepared in various ways, farmyard manure and peat. Straw had the lowest and peat the highest optical extinction value and cation‐exchange capacity, whilst the other materials had intermediate values depending on their method of preparation, composition or time of rotting. The high correlation between the two measurements for all the materials studied indicates a difference in the number but only a small difference in the nature of the chemical groups with exchange properties.
Supplementation of chick diets with vitamin E to improve meat quality
Authors: Laksesvela B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe taste and odour of fresh chicken meat were significantly improved when the birds were fed diets containing 6 or 15% of an experimentally produced herring meal containing highly unsaturated fat (not favourable for the production of good‐quality meat) or of normal herring meal, provided a supplement of 36.7 mg. of d‐α‐tocopheryl acetate per kg. of diet is given. Likewise such addition tended to improve the flavour of birds reared on a diet with 6% of normal herring diet or on an all‐vegetable diet. High levels of d‐α‐tocopheryl acetate fed to chicks only in their first week of life, or only on the last 5 days before slaughter, also improved the taste of the fresh meat to some extent. The 36.7 mg. of d‐α‐tocopheryl acetate also apparently enhanced both growth rate and feed efficiency in normal diets; in a diet with 36% wheat offals, feed efficiency appeared to be only very slightly improved.
A study on the effect of colloidal silica in peptising iron oxide with reference to red brown soil formation on limestone
Authors: Khan D. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractColloidal silica will peptise Fe2O3 in alkaline media containing Na ions, but Ca ions cause flocculation of the silica and no peptisation of Fe2O2 occurs. It is concluded that the theory of Reifenberg on the formation of terra rossa on limestone is untenable.
Antioxidants in dry fat systems: Influence of the fatty acid composition of the substrate
Authors: Lea C. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe activities of a number of antioxidants have been compared at 37° and 50° in purified distilled methyl esters of cottonseed, linseed and cod liver oil fatty acids, to which a small quantity of the pre‐oxidised ester had been added as ‘starter’. Relative activities were found to vary considerably with the fatty acid composition of the substrate and with the temperature and level of oxidation at which the measurements were made.
The phenolic substances of manufactured tea. VIII.—Enzymic oxidations of polyphenolic mixtures
Authors: Roberts E. A. H. , Myers M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWhen a mixture of substrates is acted upon by the tea oxidase the substrate of lower rH is oxidised preferentially. In tea fermentation, therefore, oxidations are largely limited to those affecting the gallocatechins. When a mixture of two substrates is oxidised mixed dimers are not produced unless both have similar rH values. In tea fermentation there is only a limited coupled oxidation of gallic acid and theogallin. The trace substances Q (now confirmed to be a mixture) are produced by coupled oxidation of gallic acid; oxidation of theogallin probably results in the formation of substances chromatographically similar to the thearubigins. The catechins function as carriers for coupled oxidations of theaflavins, bisflavanols and thearubigins. Such coupled oxidations probably form part of the fermentation process and it is possible that such oxidations of theaflavins and bisflavanols yield thearubigins.
Application of thermogravimetry to the analysis of carbonates occurring in soils. I.—Analysis of pure carbonates and naturally occurring limestones
Authors: Wright J. R. , Hoffman I. , Schnitzer M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe thermogravimetric behaviour in an atmosphere of carbon dioxide of pure carbonates and naturally occurring limestones has been examined. The pyrolysis curves permitted quantitative determinations of total carbonates and the partitioning thereof into dolomite and calcite. The results have been compared with those found by chemical and X‐ray diffraction methods.
Application of thermogravimetry to the analysis of carbonates occurring in soils. II.—Analysis of carbonates in soils
Authors: Hoffman I. , Schnitzer M. , Wright J. R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe values for total carbonates in soils as measured by thermogravimetry were in good agreement with those obtained by chemical determinations. While the pyrolysis curves of some soils allowed a partitioning of the total carbonate, difficulties were encountered in this regard with others. For most of the soils where partitioning was possible, the results for dolomite were higher, and those for calcite lower, than values obtained by a chemical method.In order to determine the possible causes for this anomalous behaviour the interaction during pyrolysis between various inorganic salts and quartz with calcite was studied. Evidence is presented to show that the difficulty can be traced to an interaction between sodium and/or potassium and silica with calcite. Accordingly, caution should be exercised in interpreting thermogravimetric curves of soils for the purpose of partitioning the total carbonate content into dolomite and calcite.
The β‐monoester content of commercial monoglycerides after prolonged storage
Authors: Hartman L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe technique of determining ‘total’ and β‐monoglycerides by isomerisation with perchloric acid has been re‐examined and slightly modified to improve the reproducibility of results. The content of β‐monoglycerides in commercial monoglyceride preparations stored for 1 1/2–5 years has been found to be in the range of 5–9% of the total monoglycerides. This is contrary to a recent report that β‐monoglycerides are present in freshly prepared products only and disappear on prolonged storage.
The bleachability of nigerian palm oil
Authors: Ames G. R. , Raymond W. D. , Ward J. B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPalm oil of excellent bleachability can be obtained from Nigerian (wild) palm fruit if sufficient care is taken in its processing. Commercial Nigerian African‐produced oil has inferior bleachability due to oxidation by lipoxidases while the frequently bruised fruit awaits processing. Atmospheric oxidation catalysed by iron may also cause deterioration, and palm oil is frequently heated in iron vessels before shipment. Coupled oxidation of the oil and carotenoids results in the formation of degradation pigments less readily absorbed by bleaching earth or less easily rendered colourless on heat bleaching. The extent of the deterioration depends upon the quantity of carotene present which is usually higher in Nigerian than in Malayan palm oil. The findings are supported by numerous results obtained from the examination of palm fruit and samples of palm oil, many of which were specially collected in Nigeria.
Diffusion of sulphite during vegetable dehydration
Authors: Duckworth R. B. , Tobasnick Marian 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPrepared samples of potato, carrot and cabbage were scalded in solutions containing sulphite labelled with 35S. The distribution and movement of sulphite during subsequent dehydration and storage were studied by autoradiographic methods. After dehydration of potato and carrot strips, the sulphite is distributed throughout the strip with a slight concentration at the centre. The development of brown centres in such material is therefore not due to inadequate penetration of sulphite, but probably to accumulation of sugars and amino‐acids in this region. In cabbage, the sulphite is readily taken up by the veins of the leaf.
Changes in the adenosinetriphophatase activity and sulphydryl groups of cod flesh during frozen storage
Authors: Connell J. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe adenosinetriphophatase (ATP‐ase) activity, “easily‐reactable” and total sulphydryl groups of cod flesh have been determined during frozen storage for up to 170 weeks at — 14°, —22° and —29°. At —29° no change in enzyme activity could be detected, but at —22° and —14° definite loss of activity occurred. The rate of loss of activity at these two latter temperatures was very much less than the rate of development either of insolubility of the enzyme, or of toughness of the flesh. No change in either ‘easily‐reactable’ or total sulphydryl groups was detected at any storage temperature.
Composition of the seed fat of ceylon sweet orange
Authors: Weerakoon A. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA study has been made of the composition of the fatty oil which forms about 33% of the dried whole seed. The principal component fatty acids are palmitic (21·8% wt.), oleic (27·4%) and linoleic (34·2%). Myristic and stearic acids each form about 6–7% and linolenic about 2% of the total fatty acids. Lauric and arachidic acids occur in traces. The fat consists chiefly of monosaturated‐diunsaturated (54%) and disaturated‐monounsaturated (22%) glycerides. Triunsaturated glycerides form about 18% of the fat and fully saturated glycerides about 6%. The fat conforms to ‘even distribution’ except for the presence of the small percentage of fully saturated glycerides.
Some aspects of the potash nutrition of the potato
Authors: Harrap F. E. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe potassium requirements of potatoes are described, followed by a consideration of the relationship between potassium rate and source and the carbohydrate metabolism of the potato.Potassium nutrition and potato quality (texture and after‐cooking colour) are discussed, and the subject of potato quality is summarised with reference to the tests carried out at Levington.
Examination of wheat gluten by partial solubility methods. II.—Partition by dilute formic acid
Authors: Meredith P. , Sammons H. G. , Frazer A. C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWhen gluten is treated with dilute acid, swelling of the gelatinous component occurs with concomitant diffusion from the gel of the more soluble proteins. This process is independent of the partition by organic solvent described in Part I and the two processes may be applied consecutively in either order with substantially the same result. The resulting three fractions have been examined by viscosimetric and electrophoretic methods. The possible structure of gluten in terms of these fractions is discussed.
Organic acid metabolism in cider and perry fermentations. II.—Non‐volatile organic acids of cider‐apple juices and sulphited ciders
Authors: Whiting G. C. , Coggins R. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe non‐volatile organic acids of cider‐apple juices and of ciders from sulphited fermentations have been separated using chromatographic methods, and identified. Several juice acids not previously detected were identified, namely mucic, benzoic, gluconic and 2‐methyl‐2,3‐dihydroxybutyric acid. During fermentation malic and gluconic acids often increased considerably in amount, appreciable quantities of succinic and lactic acids being formed together with small amounts of 2‐methyl‐, 3‐methyl‐, 2‐ethyl‐ and 3‐ethyl‐dihydroxy‐butyric acids, fumaric, α‐hydroxyglutaric and perhaps 2‐ketogluconic acids; pectic degradation gave rise to appreciable quantities of mono‐, di‐ and tri‐galacturonic acids.
Effects of salt and other fertilisers on yield and mineral composition of forage crops. II.—Kale
Authors: Hemingway R. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSalt increased the yield of kale by about i ton/acre in five out of six experiments on soils which were not seriously deficient in available potassium. There were frequent negative interactions between salt and muriate of potash. Fertilisers, other than muriate of potash, did not materially influence the uptake of potassium. Salt and potash tended to depress the calcium and magnesium levels, but only slightly. Salt did not increase phosphorus utilisation although the soils were phosphate‐deficient. Salt and ammonium sulphate greatly increased sodium uptake and muriate of potash markedly reduced it.
The stabilising effect of piperonyl butoxide on pyrethrins exposed to ultra‐violet light
Authors: Donaldson J. M. , Stevenson J. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA mixture of the synergist piperonyl butoxide with pyrethrins is not significantly more toxic to adult moths than are pyrethrins alone. The reported stabilisation in ultra‐violet light of pyrethrins by piperonyl butoxide could therefore be investigated biologically without the complication of synergistic activity. Stabilisation was not demonstrated.
Determination of mercury in plant material
Authors: Pickard J. A. , Martin J. T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn analytical procedure used for the determination of traces of mercury in plant material is described. The conditions of combustion of organic matter are controlled to avoid loss of mercury and EDTA is used to reduce the values for apparent mercury on uncontaminated samples. Satisfactory recoveries of mercury added to apples, tomatoes and coffee are obtained.
Correlations between the pH value of meat and the diffusion of salt
Authors: Körmendy L. , Gantner Gy. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA study is made of the speed of penetration of salt into loin pork meat under constant conditions of pickling (weight and size of sample, ratio of pickle to meat, temperature), and the results statistically analysed. Under the conditions employed, the salt content of the meat after 24 h. is considered to be characteristic of the penetration rate of the salt.There was no close correlation‐between the pH of the meat and the 24‐h. salt content, but the pH values fell within a rather narrow range (87% between 5.4 and 6.7).
Gibberellic acid. XI.—The growth‐promoting activities of some functional derivatives of gibberellic acid
Authors: Moffatt J. S. , Radley Margaret 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA number of derivatives of gibberellic acid have been prepared and their growth‐promoting activities compared. Eleven salts and four acyl derivatives showed activities similar to that of gibberellic acid when applied to the roots or to the leaves of dwarf pea seedlings. Five esters and nine acyl derivatives of esters showed no activity when applied to the leaves; most of them were moderately active when applied, in aqueous culture solutions, to the roots possibly because they underwent slow hydrolysis.
Production of heat during fermentation of cacao beans
Authors: Kenten R. H. , Powell B. D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe heat produced during the fermentation of cacao beans could arise from the action of the bean enzymes as well as from the activities of micro‐organisms on the pulp which surrounds the beans. Experiments to ascertain the relative importance of each of these sources have shown that most of the heat produced arises from the activity of microorganisms in the pulp.
Effects of nitrogen and potassium fertilisers on the mineral status of perennial ryegrass (lolium perenne). I.—mineral content
Authors: Rahman H. , McDonald P. , Simpson K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractResults are given for the effects of ammonium nitrate applied at two levels and potassium sulphate at one level on the nitrogen, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, phosphorus, sulphur and chlorine content of perennial ryegrass grown pure and in the presence of clover. Three cuts were taken over two seasons and statistical analyses of the results are presented for each cut.Application of nitrogen fertilisers increased the N content of the ryegrass (chiefly the non‐protein nitrogen). Sodium contents were increased at all cuts and potassium in the second and third cuts, after application of nitrogen. Chlorine content was decreased and phosphorus increased (at second and third cuts). Variable magnesium contents were obtained, possibly due to rainfall conditions.
Pilot‐plant studies on the preparation of crude papain from raw papaya
Authors: Krishnamurthy G. V. , Bhatia B. S. , Lal Girdhari , Subrahmanyan V. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe results are presented of an investigation of the yield and total solids content of the latex obtained in successive tappings of papaya fruit and of the yield and activity of the crude papain obtained from the latex samples by sun‐ and vacuum‐drying. The effect of the addition of metabisulphite, with and without thymol, on the activity of the dried products is described.
Isolation of some urea‐formaldehyde compounds and their decomposition in soil
Authors: Long M. I. E. , Winsor G. W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe preparation of various members of the methylene‐urea series in pure or partially purified form is described, and their analysis and composition is discussed. The rates of mineralisation of the nitrogen of these compounds in soil decreased markedly with increasing molecular size. Methylene‐diurea and dimethylene‐triurea decomposed too rapidly in the soil to have any practical value as slow‐acting fertilisers, whereas a mixture of tetramethylenepentaurea with higher members of the series was highly resistant to decomposition in soil. Trimethylene‐tetraurea proved the most promising compound of the series as a possible constituent of urea‐formaldehyde fertilisers, but it appears unlikely that urea‐formaldehyde compounds of the methylene‐urea type, prepared by condensation under acid conditions, can ever possess the properties of an ideal slow‐acting fertiliser.
Flame‐photometric determination of calcium in plants
Authors: Brogan J. C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn the flame photometric estimation of calcium, phosphorus and sulphur cause interference which seriously affects the validity of the results. Hitherto it has been necessary to separate these interfering ions, but this is time‐consuming. It is now shown that at high concentrations of either phosphate or sulphate ions, the calcium emission is independent of small variations of either anion. This is used as the basis of a flame‐photometric method for estimating calcium in plants without separation of interfering ions, but in the presence of excess of sulphate.
Kaffircorn malting and brewing studies. VI.—Starch content of kaffir beer brewing materials
Authors: von Holdt M. M. , Brand J. C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractStarch was determined in kaffir beer brewing materials by a modification of the method of MacWilliam et al. Kaffircorn grains contained 61·1–69% starch; kaffrcorn malts 45·9–61–2% and maize grits and maize meals 71·8–81–7%. The starch content of the spent grains from different breweries varied widely, from 14·7 to 50·3%. In a trial brew, 40·7% of the starch in the raw materials escaped degradation during mashing, 32·8% appearing in the final beer and 7·9% in the spent grains.
Kaffircorn malting and brewing studies. VII.—Changes in the carbohydrates of kaffircorn during malting
Authors: von Holdt M. M. , Brand J. C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe sugars present in the kafficorn grain and malt have been identified: glucose, fructose and sucrose are present in the grain, while the malt contains also maltose and lower maltose oligosaccharides. Data are given for the changes occurring in the content of these sugars and starch during germination of the kaffircorn and drying of the malt at 50°.
Analysis of the structural carbohydrates of herbage
Authors: Bath I. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA method is proposed for the fractionation of the carbohydrates of plant material by successive extractions with ethanol‐benzene, 95% ethanol and hot water followed by delignification and extraction of the isolated holocellulose with potassium hydroxide solution to yield hemicellulose and α‐cellulose. The polysaccharides in the hot water extract, hemicellulose and α‐cellulose are hydrolysed and the constituent monosaccharides separated by paper chromatography and determined spectrophotometrically.
The quality of the protein in germ and milk breads as shown by the growth of weanling rats: The significance of the lysine content
Authors: Hutchinson J. B. , Moran T. , Pace J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBy calculation from data obtained previously, on the growth rate of weanling rats on diets containing white bread as the source of protein supplemented with different amounts of L‐lysine, it is now shown that the mean rate of growth is directly proportional to the mean intake of lysine. This applies when the protein content of the diet is 12–13% and the amounts of lysine added are within the range 0–0.25% of the diet. Under these conditions the rate of growth y (g./rat/day) is related to the intake of lysine x (mg./rat/day) by the empirical equation y = 0.06154x + 0.03. Growth rates on bread containing (a) wheat germ, (b) skim milk powder, and on bread crust have been measured, and the applicability of the equation to these data has been examined. On bread crust the rate of growth was significantly less than on bread crumb. When the observed growth rates were substituted in the empirical equation the calculated lysine content of the crust indicated a loss of available lysine compared with the crumb of about 20%. The observed rates of growth were comparable with the growth rates calculated from the lysine contents of bread containing added raw wheat germ. Heat processing of the raw wheat germ gave slightly lower rates of growth and food consumption, suggesting a small reduction in available lysine due to the processing. Similar results were obtained with bread prepared with dried milk powders (6% of flour weight).
Application of direct photometry to agricultural analysis
Authors: Scott R. O. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe applications of two direct‐reading spectrometers (porous‐cup spark method) to the analysis of agricultural materials are described: (1) a two‐channel instrument for the determination of 0.3–24 p.p.m. of magnesium in acetic acid and ammonium acetate extracts of soils and HCl extracts of plant materials; a coefficient of variation in direct analysis of about ±2.0% is found. The major composition of agricultural samples does not affect the determinations; (2) the eleven‐channel Hilger Medium Direct Reader for the determination in soil extracts of 0.1–24 p.p.m. copper, 1–400 p.p.m. manganese and 1–50 p.p.m. zinc, the coefficients of variation being ±1.10%, ±1.64% and ±7.01%, respectively. A tentative pelleted rotating disk method is given for the determination of zinc, boron, manganese and copper in ashed plant materials with coefficients of variation of ±1.9%, ±2.8%, ±3.3% and ±5.4%, respectively.
Drying of seaweeds and other plants. II.—Through‐circulation drying of laminaria longicruris
Authors: Merritt J. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTests on the through‐circulation drying of Laminaria longicruris on a semi‐commercial scale in a batch dryer have been made to determine the optimum conditions. There was a maximum feasible loading of approximately 5 lb./cu. ft. for the dryer. The effects of variations in the rate of air flow, of amount of air recirculated, of air‐flow reversal and of temperature (160–220°F) have been studied with particular reference to output and efficiency.