bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Responses of a Forage Hay Crop to the Residual Effects of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizers in On-Farm Trials in Northern Syria
Authors: Wahbi A. , Matar A. E. , Jones M. J. 
Published: October 2008

SummaryFourteen on-farm sites used in barley fertilizer trials were retained for a second year and, without further fertilizer, sown with a mixed vetch/barley forage crop. Rainfall at the sites ranged from 149 to 451 mm, and linear regression on rainfall accounted for 76% of the variation in hay yield between the sites, with a greater rain-related increase in vetch than barley. Soil nitrogen and phosphorus content at planting time in the second year was significantly affected by the rate of fertilizer application in the previous year. Previous phosphate fertilization tended to increase hay yields, particularly at sites where levels of native available phosphate were poor. However, responses to residual fertilizer nitrogen were small and variable.Respuesta al N y P residual en el norte de Siria
Response of Seed Longevity to Moisture Content in Three Genotypes of Soyabean (GLYCINE MAX)
Authors: Zanakis G. N. , Ellis R. H. , Summerfield R. J. 
Published: October 2008

SummaryReports that an Indonesian soyabean (Glycine max) line (TGm737p) shows greater seed storage longevity than an American cultivar (Bossier), and that the cross between them (TG×536–02D) is intermediate between the two parents in this regard, were investigated by growing all three genotypes under identical conditions (30°C/20°C, 12 h d-1 photoperiod) in a plastics house. Seeds were harvested when moisture content had declined naturally to 14–15% (wet basis), and then stored hermetically at five different moisture contents at 40°C. Analyses of the resultant seed survival curves revealed that the seed lot constant Ki (a measure of potential longevity) was greatest in TGm737p and least in cv. Bossier, the cross being much closer to the American parent in this regard. The negative logarithmic relation between σ (standard deviation of the frequency distribution of seed deaths in time) and moisture content did not differ (p > 0.10) among the three genotypes. Moreover, this relation was close to that predicted by earlier results for four different genotypes. Similarly, there was no significant difference (p > 0.25) among genotypes in the negative semi-logarithmic relation between σ and seed equilibrium relative humidity (rh): the regression slope was equivalent to a doubling of longevity for each 8.0% reduction in rh. Finally, comparison of the negative logarithmic relation between absolute longevity (50% viability period) and seed moisture content confirmed that TGm737p showed greatest longevity (p > 0.005), but failed to show a difference in absolute longevity between cv. Bossier and the cross (p > 0.25). The results confirm that the seed viability equation of Ellis and Roberts (1980a, b) provides a framework within which the seed longevity of different genotypes can be compared. They suggest too that there is considerable doubt as to whether or not the greater potential longevity of the Indonesian line TGm737p has been incorporated successfully into the cross TG×536–02D.Longevidad de la semilla de soja
Rethinking the Farmer's Role in Plant Breeding: Local Bean Experts and On-station Selection in Rwanda
Authors: Sperling Louise , Loevinsohn Michael E. , Ntabomvura Beatrice 
Published: October 2008

SummaryVarietal selection is particularly difficult for very heterogeneous environments where farmers have a range of preferences. To address these issues in Rwanda, local bean experts, generally women, are invited to the research station to assess cultivars and to select those they prefer for their plots. Farmers use observed yield as only one of several criteria to predict varietal performance in their more stressed home environments. The varieties they choose are often higher yielding on-farm and are retained longer by farmers than those selected by the breeders. The results of early farmer involvement also compare favourably with those of the standard breeding programme in terms of enhanced genetic diversity and reduced research costs. There are few pre-conditions for developing such a client-driven breeding programme.Papel del agricultor en la selección de variedades para una estación inaestigación
A Survey of the Mineral Nutrition of Valencia Orange in Trinidad
Authors: Weir C. C. 
Published: October 2008

SummaryA survey of citrus groves was conducted by analysing leaf and soil samples from the main citrus growing areas of the island. The leaf data, evaluated by comparing them with the California leaf analysis standards for assessing the nutrient status of citrus leaves, indicated that the California standards are of limited value in attempting to assess the nutritional status of citrus in Trinidad, particularly with reference to the elements zinc and magnesium. The possibility of using soil analyses as an index to the mineral nutrition of citrus is worthy of consideration. Although symptoms of zinc and magnesium deficiencies had often been observed, these elements had not been given the attention they deserved in the regular fertilizer programmes.
Effects of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium on Flowering and Yield of Soybeans in Nigeria
Authors: Tewari G. P. 
Published: October 2008

SummaryA NPK factorial experiment was conducted during two successive cropping seasons to study direct and residual effects of various treatments on the flower initiation and yield of soybeans. Plants were slower to reach the maximum flowering stage in the year of fertilizer application than in the following year. During the first year potassium in association with phosphorus delayed the flower forming process, whereas potassium alone hastened flowering in the second year unless associated with a high dosage of nitrogen. All the treatments gave far greater yields in the first season, suggesting that fertilizers should be applied during every cropping season. Nitrogen and phosphorus at 20 pounds of N2 and P2O5, per acre gave the biggest yields, but potassium failed to show any response. The residual responses to potassium and phosphorus during the second year were significant but not to nitrogen.
Resistance to Bacterial Blight of Cotton: The Genes B9 and B10
Authors: Innes N. L. 
Published: October 2008

SummaryLagière's B9 from Allen 51–296 (Gossypium hirsutum) was found to be non-homologous with Knight's B genes B1–B7, B9 and Bherb. To differentiate between this gene and Knight's B9 from G. herbaceum the symbols have been changed to B9L and B9K respectively. It was impossible to test Knight's B10 from Kufra Oasis G. punctatum and Lagière's B10 from Allen 51–296, but to avoid confusion it is proposed that these genes should be known as B10K and B10L.
Responses of Sugar Cane to Sunn Green Manuring in India
Authors: Singh Ambika 
Published: October 2008

SummaryThe results are reported of three field experiments conducted from 1955 to 1963 to investigate the effects of sunn green manuring in the sugar cane rotation. In a three-year rotation with sugar cane and wheat, green manuring twice was not superior to green manuring once, either in terms of sugar cane yield or the nitrogen and organic carbon status of the soil. Two experiments showed that the yield increase of cane was proportional to the weight of the green manure crop, irrespective of how the latter was disposed of, suggesting that the only factor with which yield increase was correlated was the weight of roots of sunn which were incorporated into the soil. The green manure effect is resolved into two components namely ‘green matter effect’ and ‘legume effect’, both of which are additive and nearly equal.
Agronomic Use of a Soil Survey in Barbados
Authors: Hudson J. C. 
Published: October 2008

SummaryA detailed soil map of the Island of Barbados has recently been completed, and a number of factors make this area an interesting ‘laboratory‘ in which to investigate the uses to which such a map may be put. The map has already proved to be of considerable value in extension work by providing a more rational basis for advice about cultivations, growth and ripening patterns, crop diversification and the organization of simple dispersed-block trials. Because of the importance of available soil moisture and drainage, techniques have been developed to investigate these aspects in relation to the different soil types. The most rewarding feature, however, has been the enthusiastic response of plantation managers to the soil map as a basis for the exchange of information, the communication of the results of experimental work, the reorganization of field boundaries, and the introduction of new crops.
Groundnut Improvement in the Sudan
Authors: Tahir W. M. 
Published: October 2008

SummaryGroundnuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) have been found to be one of the most promising additional cash crops for diversifying Sudan agriculture. Three hundred and thirteen agronomically distinct forms have been separated from 171 varietal samples, and 121 short-maturing upright bunch types and 49 long-maturing spreading bunch types have been tested in a series of trials over several years in four climatic regions. Among upright bunch varieties, PJ121070 and Large Natal 142 appeared to be the best selections as oil and confectionery types respectively, and among spreading bunch varieties, MH.372, Beladi Bunch and NJ37 for oil, confectionery kernels and unshelled nuts respectively. A hybridization programme was started in 1959 to improve the existing varieties of groundnuts and to produce non-germinating upright bunch varieties for growing in the heavy clay soils. Inheritance studies indicated the dominance of an alternate pattern of branching, prostrate plant habit and long maturity. Dominance of testa colours was in the order of purple–red–russet brown–light brown–white. Recessive albino seedlings were observed only in crosses involving different branching pattern. There appeared to be no association between the various characters studied except maturity period, which was related to branching pattern and growth habit.
Control of Leaf-Cutting Ants (Atta Spp.) by Fogging
Authors: Kennard C. P. 
Published: October 2008

SummaryIn a trial carried out in 1958, aldrin applied as a fog with a swingfog machine at concentrations of 10 and 20 per cent in gas oil was more effective than dieldrin or chlordane at similar concentrations for control of Atta cephalotes. Two applications of 10 and 20 per cent benzene hexachloride and toxaphene failed to give complete control. In a subsequent trial, aldrin in concentrations ranging from 2·5 to 8·0 per cent was also found to be effective against A. cephalotes but against A. laevigata, aldrin and dieldrin were more effective than chlordane at concentrations of 5·0 and 2·5 per cent. In campaigns carried out from 1959 to 1963, 5000 nests were destroyed by fogging with 2·5 per cent aldrin in gas oil.
Effects of Planting Dates on Flowering and Yields of Cowpeas in Nigeria
Authors: Tewari G. P. 
Published: October 2008

SummaryA two-year field experiment was conducted with fifteen varieties of cowpeas to evaluate responses to three different planting dates in relation to flowering and yield of beans. It appeared that most of the cowpea varieties required a day length of more than 12 hours to initiate flower formation. During both years 1962 and 1963, May plantings gave the best results, and July, August and September plantings failed to form flowers.
Availability of Phosphorus to Sugar Cane in Hawaii as Influenced by Various Phosphorus Fertilizers and Methods of Application
Authors: de Datta S. K. , Moomaw J. C. 
Published: October 2008

SummaryAn experiment was carried out in the glasshouse to determine the availability of P, and utilization of added phosphate fertilizers from three fertilizer materials, applied by two different methods to sugar cane grown in four diverse soil systems. Phosphorus was applied at the equivalent rate of 175 pounds P (400 pounds P2O5) per acre. A larger response from added P in terms of plant yields was obtained from an aluminous ferruginous latosol and least from dark magnesium clay. Differences in yields of sugar cane were evidently associated with differences in P content in the cane plants and, in certain cases, with a reduction in Al content in plant tops, and the less soluble superphosphate increased yields more than the highly soluble NH4H2PO4. Phosphate fertilizers applied as foliar spray greatly increased the P content in the plants, and plants contained twenty times more P when sprayed with NH4H2PO4 than when the same fertilizer was applied to the soil. However, increased P content in the plants did not necessarily indicate that the P was translocated within the plants or that the added P participated in metabolic processes. The evidence indicated that in soils where the ‘A’ value was high the P status of the sugar cane tops was not correspondingly high.
Effects of Crop Height on Evaporation from Lucerne and Wheat Grown in Lysimeters under Advective Conditions in the Sudan
Authors: El Nadi A. H. , Hudson J. P. 
Published: October 2008

SummaryA simple but reliable type of drainage lysimeter was used to measure evaporation rates from lucerne and wheat and these were compared with calculated estimates of evaporation. Plant height was found to have an important effect on the amount of water lost from a plant cover, which also varied between two different species of crop of similar heights. Using two different soil types, maintained at a high moisture status, the rate of water loss was not influenced by the type of soil in which the plants were grown.
Fertilizer Placement for Sole-Crop Cowpeas in Southern Nigeria
Authors: Ezedinma F. O. C. 
Published: October 2008

SummaryThe time and method of placement, and the distance from the plant at which fertilizers should be placed, was studied on sole-crop cowpeas. The development and yield of both early and late season crops were highest where fertilizers were applied at planting. It is suggested that it might be more advantageous to plough the fertilizers under before planting, so that the nutrients will become available to the seedlings from the time they emerge. Application of fertilizer in two bands gave the highest yields, but was not significantly superior to a less laborious method of application in one band. The distance at which the fertilizer was placed, and treatment interactions, did not show any definite trends.
Effect of Planting Time on Yield and Quality of Flue-Cured Tobacco in Iringa District, Tanzania
Authors: Akehurst B. C. 
Published: October 2008

SummaryAs part of a project to introduce Virginian-type flue-cured tobacco varieties into a new area, a number of experiments on the effect of time of planting showed that returns declined according to the delay in planting after the start of the rains. This decline was not arrested by differential fertilization, soil fumigation or the use of quicker maturing varieties. The early plantings appeared to have a greater growth potential, which could often be more fully realised under improved cultural techniques. Thus, early plantings gave substantial positive responses to applications of nitrogen which had little effect on, or were detrimental to, later plantings. It is suggested that the responses noted were linked with weather conditions during the first few weeks after planting. The drier and more sunny these were, the better, and the possibility therefore arises of using rainfall probability data, with a minimum of field experimentation, in future problems of this nature.
Responses of Rhodes Grass and Overseeded Legumes to Nitrogen and Potash Fertilizers and to the Availability of Soil Potassium in Israel
Authors: Dovrat A. 
Published: October 2008

SummaryResults are reported from experiments with nitrogen and potash fertilizers in irrigated Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana), into which annual winter legumes, e.g. berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum) and vetch (Vicia sativa) were overseeded. The experiments were carried out over a three year period on a sandy loam soil at Bet Dagan Experimental Farm, Israel. Ammonium sulphate, applied in equal split rates of up to 384 lb N per acre, linearly increased dry matter yields of Rhodes grass, and the increase of yield proportionally increased the uptake of K by harvest. The K content of the dry matter decreased with increasing nitrogen fertilization to 0·47 per cent which, however, was still found sufficient for maintaining maximum production of Rhodes grass. The yield of annual winter legumes decreased proportionally to the amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied during the summer. Acute potassium starvation was observed. An autumn application of potassium chloride restored dry matter production to normal levels. Availability of soil K, expressed in terms of energies of replacement [ΔF(− 1)], decreased proportionally to the amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied. When ΔF reached approximately 4,250 cal/mol, overseeded legumes were K-deficient, whereas Rhodes grass at that value was still able to extinct sufficient K from the soil for normal growth.
Improvement of Permanent Pasture by Overdrilling and Oversowing I. Pasture Establishment by Overdrilling
Authors: Warboys I. B. , Johnson R. J. 
Published: October 2008

SummaryThe apparent success of overdrilling in improving poor grazing pasture in other temperate climates led to an investigation of the technique under British conditions. With the development of a suitable machine, both for controlling competition and for drilling seeds and fertilizers simultaneously into established pasture, field trials were initiated in 1961 and 1962. Despite the achievement of satisfactory furrows for germination, the subsequent emergence and establishment of improved grasses and white clover was poor. This was thought to be due to various factors, particularly to competition from the short vigorous lowland swards, but also to unsatisfactory furrow environments where difficulties were experienced in covering seeds adequately, and in protecting seedlings from desiccation. Even when an overall application of herbicide was used to control competition, the seedlings were slow to colonize the bare ground and appeared to be particularly vulnerable to desiccation where vegetation was absent. Under the conditions of sward and climate at Aberystwyth, overdrilling by itself appears to offer no promise as a means of grassland improvement.
Estimation of Crop Production Relations and Their Use in Farm Planning
Authors: Barlow C. 
Published: October 2008

SummaryAlthough all methods of planning for the maximization of farm profits require knowledge of the basic ‘input-input’ and ‘input-output’ relationships, particularly detailed information is required when using linear programming. Specially designed crop experiments are one major source of such information, but it is important that each experiment should include all major interacting variables, since the response curves estimated from the data, and the relationships extracted from these curves, will otherwise be of little use for determining economic optimum input combinations. Where the matter of interest is the most likely production response, under the planning conditions envisaged, the best available estimate will usually be the average response estimated from a sample of experiments distributed randomly within the conditions. In each experiment of such a sample, the variables being examined should be at the same series of input levels, whilst other variables which are not of interest, but can be controlled, should be held constant at the same general level. With respect to the design of experiments established to generate production relationships, complete factorial and composite or rotatable arrangements are considered to be most suitable, although each of the types has certain disadvantages. Regarding the derivation of ‘input-input’ and ‘input-output’ relationships from the response curve fitted to the data obtained from such experiments, it is felt that this curve should first be ‘scaled down’, to allow both for the more favourable experimental conditions and for losses between the field and the point of use. After this, a number of individual production relationships should be selected, on that portion of the curve expected to be of economic interest. The relationships can then be employed in a linear programming procedure designed to generate a farm plan incorporating that combination of enterprises likely to earn the maximum profit.
Effects of Nitrogen, Phosphate and time of cutting on Green Material and Oil Yields from Geranium (Pelargonium Hybrid) in West Kenya
Authors: Weiss E. A. 
Published: October 2008

SummarySince the profitability of the geranium crop depends to a great extent on the total yield of oil per acre, methods of increasing this yield are of prime importance. Two trials were laid down to determine the responses to nitrogen, phosphate and cutting at various times during the year. Phosphate increased total weight of green material, nitrogen had little effect, and neither significantly affected the yield of oil per ton cut. Time of cutting influenced both oil and green material yields. Climatic factors producing higher yields of green material had the opposite effect on yields of oil per ton of material cut, and vice versa. Fertilizers had no discernable effect on oil quality, but there was an appreciable difference between oil produced after wet and dry periods.
Effects of Age on Establishment and Yield of Cocoyam Setts (Xanthosoma Sagittifolium Schott.)
Authors: Enyi B. A. C. 
Published: October 2008

SummaryThe chemical composition of setts of cocoyam (Xanthosoma sagittifolium) varied in different sections. The highest concentration of N, P and fat occurred in the youngest part but crude fibre and Ca were highest in the oldest portions. Dry matter was lowest in the youngest section. Positive linear relations were found between N and K percentage, Ca/P ratio and age of the various sections of the corm, with the highest N/P ratio towards the middle portion of the corm. The high sprouting percentage of the youngest sections of the corm was attributed to both greater bud number per given area and to the short period of their dormancy. Better establishment in the field was achieved by using setts from the oldest section of the corm, probably because they were less vulnerable to decomposition by soil micro-organisms. Positive linear relations were established between P concentration and sprouting percentage. Setts from the two oldest sections of the corm produced plants with the greatest leaf blade area, total dry weight and dry weight of various organs and it is recommended that planting setts should be obtained from the less succulent section of the corm. There were also positive linear relations between Ca concentration of setts and dry matter production in the field, and between leaf blade area at time of harvest and corm yield.
Evaluation of Fungicides for Use against Marasmius Palmivorus On Oil Palms
Authors: Turner P. D. 
Published: October 2008

SummaryOn some estates in Malaya the incidence of Marasmius bunch rot reaches serious proportions through causes other than poor sanitation or pollination. In such areas fungicidal sprays may be of value in both therapy and prophylaxis. In laboratory tests, using the paper disc diffusion and liquid culture methods, 32 fungicides were tested for activity against Marasmius palmivorus to provide an indication of promising formulations for field trials. A number of compounds showed strong inhibition of fungal growth in both series of tests, and amongst these the organo-mercury preparations were outstanding, especially Antimucin WBR. Other promising fungicides included Fylomac 90, Seprisan, Hyamine, Izal, Thiram and PCNB. In field trials in which Antimucin WBR and Verdasan were used for treatment of partially-infected immature bunches, these fungicides checked disease development, with a significant reduction in losses through disease. The value of fungicidal sprays formerly recommended in estate practice, and their potential value in prophylaxis, are discussed.