bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The use of nationwide on‐line prescription records improves the drug history in hospitalized patients
Authors: Glintborg Bente , Poulsen Henrik E. , Dalhoff Kim P. 
Published: September 2007

What is already known about this subject • Structured medication interviews improve the medication history upon hospitalization• Pharmacy records are valid lists of the prescribed medications available to individual patients• In Denmark, treating doctors now have access to their patients' pharmacy records through a real‐time online electronic database What this study adds • Omission errors are frequent among hospitalized patients despite structured drug interviews and home visits• Pharmacy records may be used to minimize patients' recall bias and improve the medication listsBackgroundStructured medication interviews improve the medication history in hospitalized patients. In Denmark, a nationwide electronic version of individual pharmacy records (PR) has recently been introduced. Use of these records could improve the medication lists in hospitalized patients.MethodsWe prospectively included 500 patients admitted to an acute medical department. In individual patients, the PR was compared with (i) the medication list written in the patient chart and (ii) drug information provided by the patient during a structured drug interview upon admission and during a home visit after discharge.ResultsMedian patient age was 72 years. Upon admission, patients reported using 1958 prescription‐only medications (POM) (median four drugs per patient, range 0–14), of which 114 (6%) were not registered in PR. In PR, 1153 POM (median one per patient, range 0–11) were registered during the month preceding admission. The patients did not report 309 (27%) of these upon admission. Home visits were performed in a subgroup of 115 patients. During home visits, 18% of POM registered in PR during the preceding month were not reported. Drug type was predictive of reporting irrespective of patient sex or age. Cardiovascular drugs were reported most and dermatologicals were reported less frequently. Underreporting might be due to recall bias, non‐adherence or discontinuation of drugs.ConclusionsOmission errors are frequent despite structured medication interviews. Pharmacy records or medication lists from all treating doctors must be included in medication reviews in order to reduce recall bias.
Common use of a Fear Survey Schedule for assessment of dental fear among children and adults
Authors: BOMAN ULLA WIDE , LUNDGREN JESPER , ELFSTRÖM MAGNUS L. , BERGGREN ULF 
Published: September 2007

Background.  Little is known about children with dental fear (DF) in a long‐term perspective. Measures of DF suitable for use among children, adolescents, and adults would be of value for longitudinal and family studies.Aim.  Our aim was to explore the DF subscale of the Children's Fear Survey Schedule (CFSS‐DS) in highly fearful adult dental patients.Design.  The subjects were 230 adult patients applying for treatment for severe DF at a specialized DF clinic. Questionnaires investigated background data, general fear and DF, and general anxiety and depression. Reference data were obtained from 36 nonfearful patients on a subset of questionnaires.Results.  The fearful group reported high levels of DF on all measures and at a level similar to children with severe DF. The DF measures clearly differed between the fearful and reference groups. A factor analysis revealed a three‐factor structure (fear of dental treatment, medical treatment, and of strangers and choking), which explained 68% of the variance.Conclusion.  The CFSS‐DS appears suitable for use in studies of adult populations. The results indicated that some areas of DF (physiology, avoidant behaviour, anticipatory anxiety), areas of importance among adult patients, are not assessed by the CFSS‐DS. Studies of adults should therefore also include established adult measures of DF.
Effect of dietary habits on laser fluorescence values of visually sound occlusal surfaces among Finnish schoolchildren
Authors: ANTTONEN VUOKKO , HAUSEN HANNU , SEPPÄ LIISA , NIINIMAA AHTI 
Published: September 2007

Aim.  This study was designed to ascertain whether schoolchildren with unfavourable dietary habits have higher values for laser fluorescence on clinically sound occlusal tooth surfaces than do those who have favourable dietary habits.Design.  The study was conducted in two phases. In the first phase, 462 children aged 13–14 years answered a questionnaire on dietary habits. The children were ranked according to a total score based on the presumed harmfulness of their dietary habits. One hundred children with the lowest and highest dietary scores were invited to the second phase of the study consisting of a visual examination, laser fluorescence scanning of premolars and molars, and an oral self‐care questionnaire.Results.  Seventy‐four and 76 children with favourable and unfavourable habits, respectively, were examined. A total of 1221 sound occlusal surfaces were scanned. Children with unfavourable dietary habits had higher median laser fluorescence values than did those with favourable habits (P < 0.0246). The effect of dietary habits was strongest in molars.Conclusion.  High laser fluorescence values on several clinically sound occlusal surfaces of a child may indicate unfavourable dietary habits.
Effects of culling on spatial associations of Mycobacterium bovis infections in badgers and cattle
Authors: JENKINS HELEN E , WOODROFFE ROSIE , DONNELLY CHRISTL A , COX D.R , JOHNSTON W.T , BOURNE F.J , CHEESEMAN C.L , CLIFTON‐HADLEY R.S , GETTINBY G , GILKS P , HEWINSON R.G , MCINERNEY J.P , MORRISON W.I 
Published: September 2007

Summary

Bovine tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium bovis, has serious consequences for Britain's cattle industry. European badgers (Meles meles) can transmit infection to cattle, and for many years the British government culled badgers in a series of attempts to reduce cattle infections.
We investigated the impact of badger culling on the spatial distribution of M. bovis infection in badger and cattle populations in replicated areas in England.
M. bovis infection was significantly clustered within badger populations, but clustering was reduced when culls were repeated across wide areas. A significant spatial association between M. bovis infections in badgers and cattle herds likewise declined across successive culls. These patterns are consistent with evidence that badgers are less territorial and range more widely in culled areas, allowing transmission to occur over greater distances.
Prior to culling, M. bovis infections were clustered within cattle populations. Where badger culling was localised, and in unculled areas just outside widespread culling areas, cattle infections became less spatially clustered as badger culling was repeated. This is consistent with expanded badger ranging observed in these areas.
In contrast, clustering of infection in cattle persisted over time on lands where badgers were repeatedly culled over wide areas. While this lack of a temporal trend must be interpreted with caution, it might reflect persistent infection within, and continued transmission between, cattle herds in areas where transmission from badgers to cattle had been reduced by badger culling. Continued spatial association of infections in cattle and badgers in such areas might partly reflect transmission from cattle.
Synthesis and applications: Our findings confirm that badger culling can prompt spatial spread of M. bovis infection, a phenomenon likely to undermine the utility of this approach as a disease control measure. Possible evidence of transmission from cattle, both to other cattle and to badgers, suggests that improved cattle controls might yield multiple benefits for TB management.
Dual localization pathways for the engulfment proteins during Bacillus subtilis sporulation
Authors: Aung Stefan , Shum Jonathan , Abanes‐De Mello Angelica , Broder Dan H. , Fredlund‐Gutierrez Jennifer , Chiba Shinobu , Pogliano Kit 
Published: September 2007

SummaryEngulfment in Bacillus subtilis is mediated by two complementary systems, SpoIID, SpoIIM and SpoIIP (DMP), which are essential for engulfment, and the SpoIIQ‐SpoIIIAGH (Q‐AH) zipper, which provides a secondary engulfment mechanism and recruits other proteins to the septum. We here identify two mechanisms by which DMP localizes to the septum. The first depends on SpoIIB, which is recruited to the septum during division and provides a septal landmark for efficient DMP localization. However, sporangia lacking SpoIIB ultimately localize DMP and complete engulfment, suggesting a second mechanism for DMP localization. This secondary targeting pathway depends on SpoIVFA and SpoIVFB, which are recruited to the septum by the Q‐AH zipper. The absence of a detectable localization phenotype in mutants lacking only SpoIVFAB (or Q‐AH) suggests that SpoIIB provides the primary DMP localization pathway while SpoIVFAB provides a secondary pathway. In keeping with this hypothesis, the spoIIB spoIVFAB mutant strain has a synergistic engulfment defect at septal thinning (which requires DMP) and is completely defective in DMP localization. Thus, the Q‐AH zipper both provides a compensatory mechanism for engulfment when DMP activity is reduced, and indirectly provides a compensatory mechanism for septal localization of DMP when its primary targeting pathway is disrupted.
The different fates of mitochondria and chloroplasts during dark‐induced senescence in Arabidopsis leaves
Authors: KEECH OLIVIER , PESQUET EDOUARD , AHAD ABDUL , ASKNE ANNA , NORDVALL DAG , VODNALA SHARVANI MUNENDER , TUOMINEN HANNELE , HURRY VAUGHAN , DIZENGREMEL PIERRE , GARDESTRÖM PER 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTSenescence is an active process allowing the reallocation of valuable nutrients from the senescing organ towards storage and/or growing tissues. Using Arabidopsis thaliana leaves from both whole darkened plants (DPs) and individually darkened leaves (IDLs), we investigated the fate of mitochondria and chloroplasts during dark‐induced leaf senescence. Combining in vivo visualization of fates of the two organelles by three‐dimensional reconstructions of abaxial parts of leaves with functional measurements of photosynthesis and respiration, we showed that the two experimental systems displayed major differences during 6 d of dark treatment. In whole DPs, organelles were largely retained in both epidermal and mesophyll cells. However, while the photosynthetic capacity was maintained, the capacity of mitochondrial respiration decreased. In contrast, IDLs showed a rapid decline in photosynthetic capacity while maintaining a high capacity for mitochondrial respiration throughout the treatment. In addition, we noticed an unequal degradation of organelles in the different cell types of the senescing leaf. From these data, we suggest that metabolism in leaves of the whole DPs enters a ‘stand‐by mode’ to preserve the photosynthetic machinery for as long as possible. However, in IDLs, mitochondria actively provide energy and carbon skeletons for the degradation of cell constituents, facilitating the retrieval of nutrients. Finally, the heterogeneity of the degradation processes involved during senescence is discussed with regard to the fate of mitochondria and chloroplasts in the different cell types.
Radioisotope ratios discriminate between competing pathways of cell wall polysaccharide and RNA biosynthesis in living plant cells
Authors: Sharples Sandra C. , Fry Stephen C. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryCell wall polysaccharides are synthesized from sugar‐nucleotides, e.g. uridine 5′‐diphosphoglucose (UDP‐Glc), but the metabolic pathways that produce sugar‐nucleotides in plants remain controversial. To help distinguish between potentially ‘competing’ pathways, we have developed a novel dual‐radiolabelling strategy that generates a remarkably wide range of 3H:14C ratios among the various proposed precursors. Arabidopsis cell cultures were fed traces of d‐[1‐3H]galactose and a 14C‐labelled hexose (e.g. d‐[U‐14C]fructose) in the presence of an approximately 104‐fold excess of non‐radioactive carbon source. Six interconvertible ‘core intermediates’, galactose 1‐phosphate ↔ UDP‐galactose ↔ UDP‐glucose ↔ glucose 1‐phosphate ↔ glucose 6‐phosphate ↔ fructose 6‐phosphate, showed a large decrease in 3H:14C ratio along this pathway from left to right. The isotope ratio of a polysaccharide‐bound sugar residue indicates from which of the six core intermediates its sugar‐nucleotide donor substrate stemmed. Polymer‐bound galacturonate, xylose, arabinose and apiose residues (all produced via UDP‐glucuronate) stemmed from UDP‐glucose, not glucose 6‐phosphate; therefore, UDP‐glucuronate arose predominantly by the action of UDP‐glucose dehydrogenase rather than through the postulated competing pathway leading from glucose 6‐phosphate via myo‐inositol. The data also indicate that UDP‐galacturonate was not formed by a hypothetical UDP‐galactose dehydrogenase. Polymer‐bound mannose and fucose residues stemmed from fructose 6‐phosphate, not glucose 1‐phosphate; therefore GDP‐mannose (guanosine 5′‐diphosphomannose) arose predominantly by a pathway involving phosphomannose isomerase (via mannose phosphates) rather than through a postulated competing pathway involving GDP‐glucose epimerization. Curiously, the ribose residues of RNA did not stem directly from hexose 6‐phosphates, but predominantly from UDP‐glucose; an alternative to the textbook pentose‐phosphate pathway therefore predominates in plants.
The N‐terminal region of Pseudomonas type III effector AvrPtoB elicits Pto‐dependent immunity and has two distinct virulence determinants
Authors: Xiao Fangming , He Ping , Abramovitch Robert B. , Dawson Jennifer E. , Nicholson Linda K. , Sheen Jen , Martin Gregory B. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryResistance to bacterial speck disease in tomato is activated by the physical interaction of the host Pto kinase with either of the sequence‐dissimilar type III effector proteins AvrPto or AvrPtoB (HopAB2) from Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. Pto‐mediated immunity requires Prf, a protein with a nucleotide‐binding site and leucine‐rich repeats. The N‐terminal 307 amino acids of AvrPtoB were previously reported to interact with the Pto kinase, and we show here that this region (AvrPtoB1‐307) is sufficient for eliciting Pto/Prf‐dependent immunity against P. s. pv. tomato. AvrPtoB1‐307 was also found to be sufficient for a virulence activity that enhances ethylene production and increases growth of P. s. pv. tomato and severity of speck disease on susceptible tomato lines lacking either Pto or Prf. Moreover, we found that residues 308–387 of AvrPtoB are required for the previously reported ability of AvrPtoB to suppress pathogen‐associated molecular patterns‐induced basal defenses in Arabidopsis. Thus, the N‐terminal region of AvrPtoB has two structurally distinct domains involved in different virulence‐promoting mechanisms. Random and targeted mutagenesis identified five tightly clustered residues in AvrPtoB1‐307 that are required for interaction with Pto and for elicitation of immunity to P. s. pv. tomato. Mutation of one of the five clustered residues abolished the ethylene‐associated virulence activity of AvrPtoB1‐307. However, individual mutations of the other four residues, despite abolishing interaction with Pto and avirulence activity, had no effect on AvrPtoB1‐307 virulence activity. None of these mutations affected the basal defense‐suppressing activity of AvrPtoB1‐387. Based on sequence alignments, estimates of helical propensity, and the previously reported structure of AvrPto, we hypothesize that the Pto‐interacting domains of AvrPto and AvrPtoB1‐307 have structural similarity. Together, these data support a model in which AvrPtoB1‐307 promotes ethylene‐associated virulence by interaction not with Pto but with another unknown host protein.
Prediction of health professionals' intention to screen for decisional conflict in clinical practice
Authors: Légaré France , Graham Ian D. , O’Connor Annette C. , Aubin Michèle , Baillargeon Lucie , Leduc Yvan , Maziade Jean 
Published: September 2007

AbstractObjective To identify the determinants of the intention of physicians to screen for decisional conflict in clinical practice.Background Screening for decisional conflict is one of the key competencies when educating health professionals about shared decision making. Theory‐based knowledge about variables predicting their intention to screen for decisional conflict in clinical practice would help design effective implementation interventions in this area.Design Data of two cross‐sectional surveys embedded within a large implementation study of the Ottawa Decision Support Framework (ODSF) in primary care.Setting and participants In total, 122 health professionals from five family practice teaching units.Methods Intention to screen for decisional conflict in clinical practice was defined as the intention to use the clinical version of the Decisional Conflict Scale (DCS) with patients at the end of the clinical encounter. It was assessed at the entry and the exit from this study. Both intentions were entered as a dependent variable in multivariate analyses.Main results At entry, the intention was influenced by: attitude (P < 0.001), subjective norm (P < 0.001), perceived behavioural control (P < 0.001) and clinical site (P < 0.05). On exit, it was influenced by: subjective norm (P < 0.001), perceived behavioural control (P < 0.001), clinical site (P < 0.05), international Continuing Medical Education (CME) (P < 0.05), other diplomas (P < 0.05) and intervention (P < 0.05). Inpost hocanalyses, there was a statistically significant difference between entry and exit in the impact of the level of exposure to the multifaceted implementation intervention on the intention (P = 0.003).Conclusions Variables predicting the intention of health professionals to screen for decisional conflict in clinical practice using the DCS change over time suggesting that effective implementation interventions in this area will need to be modified longitudinally.
Vulvar Discharge Syndrome in Loosely Housed Finnish Pigs: Prevalence and Evaluation of Vaginoscopy, Bacteriology and Cytology
Authors: Oravainen J , Heinonen M , Tast A , Virolainen JV , Peltoniemi OAT 
Published: September 2007

ContentsA total of 21 sow herds were randomly chosen to determine the prevalence of vulvar discharge syndrome (VDS) in loosely housed sows. The median VDS prevalence was low as expected, 0% (range 0–4.5%). Nine of the 655 animals examined (1.4%, 95% CI 0.5–2.3) displayed signs of VDS in 21 non‐problem herds. In addition, five VDS problem farms were visited to gather more animals affected with the syndrome in order to estimate which methods of examination are useful. Altogether, 19 VDS animals and 19 healthy controls were found, inspected and sampled. Ten of the VDS animals (53%) and three of the controls (16%) were positive in bacterial culture (p = 0.04) taken with a guarded swab from the anterior vagina. In addition, 94% of VDS animals had a positive vaginoscopic examination result and the corresponding figure in the control sows was 28% (p < 0.0002). Cytological smears were classified as positive in 37% of the case sows and in 5% of the control sows (p = 0.04). Detection of vulvar discharge was associated with vaginoscopic examination findings (p = 0.0005) and with bacteriology (p = 0.04), but not with leucocyte counts (p = 0.07). Susceptibility testing was performed on pure bacterial cultures. Totally, 7 (44%) of 16 isolates were considered to be resistant or showed intermediate susceptibility to at least one of the antimicrobial agents tested (sulpha‐trimethoprim and ampicillin). In conclusion, we found vaginoscopy and bacteriology as valid tools in diagnosis of VDS and susceptibility testing of antimicrobial treatments was found to be indicated.
Early Embryo Survival and Development in Sows with Lactational Ovulation
Authors: Gerritsen R , Soede NM , Langendijk P , Taverne MAM , Kemp B 
Published: September 2007

ContentsDuring lactation, daily separation of sow and piglets, intermittent suckling (IS), can induce lactational oestrus and ovulation. This study examined effects of IS on subsequent early embryo survival and development. Multiparous Topigs40 sows were separated from their piglets for either 12 consecutive hours per day (IS12, n = 13) or two times for 6 h per day (IS6, n = 10) from day 14 of lactation onwards until 23 days after ovulation. Control sows (C, n = 17) were weaned at day 21 of lactation. Oestrus was shown in all treatments within 5 days after the start of treatment. Sows were inseminated each day of oestrus and slaughtered at D23 after ovulation. Intermittent suckling did not significantly affect pregnancy rates of sows (75% IS12 vs 78% IS6 vs 94% C; p > 0.10). Embryo survival was not significantly affected by IS (IS12: 57%; IS6: 51%; p > 0.10) although it seemed to be lower than in C sows (70%). Some parameters of embryo, placental and uterine development were affected by IS, especially in the IS6 group. IS6 embryos had shorter placentas (17.5 ± 1.2 cm; p < 0.05) than C (20.3 ± 1.4 cm) and IS12 sows (20.9 ± 0.7 cm) were smaller and less developed than C sows (p < 0.05). In conclusion, embryo survival does not seem significantly affected by IS, although numerical differences were great. Embryo development, however, was negatively affected in IS6 sows possibly due to a combination of high milk production, stress and lactational effects on uterine development.
PNEUMONOTOMY: AN ALTERNATIVE WAY FOR MANAGING LUNG ABSCESS
Authors: Lee Chieh‐Hung , Liu Yun‐Hen , Lu Ming Shian , Hsieh Ming‐Ju , Wu Yi‐Cheng , Ko Po‐Jen , Liu Hui‐Ping 
Published: September 2007

Background:  Surgical resection (SR) is the most effective strategy in the management of patient with lung abscess who have failed medical treatment. Surgical drainage (SD) of lung abscess is an alternative in high‐risk patients. There are limited findings in comparing the two procedures. The aim of this study was to compare surgical outcomes in patients who underwent SR versus SD.Methods:  We retrospectively reviewed 61 patients receiving surgical intervention for lung abscess in our hospital from 1994 to 2002. The patients were divided into two groups according to different surgical procedure. They are patients who received SR (lobectomy, pneumonectomy or wedge resection) and patients who underwent SD (pneumonotomy) of lung abscess.Result:  There were 33 patients enrolled in SD and 28 patients in the SR for lung abscess. There was no significant difference between the two groups in number of risk factors or size or location of abscess. The operation time and blood loss seemed to be less in SD, although they did not reach statistic difference. Postoperative major complications were more frequent for SD than for SR (36.3 vs 32.1%, P = 0.038). The mortality rate and total complication rate were similar.Conclusion:  When surgery is indicated for lung abscess, SR is the preferred procedure. Whenever there are great difficulties during SR or patients are unable to tolerate major pulmonary resection, SD can be an alternative choice. The techniques were relatively easy and effective. The surgical outcomes in short term was favourable and can be comparable to that of standard SR.