bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social class and type of schizophrenia
Authors: Gallagher B.J. , Jones B.J. , McFalls J.A. , Pisa A.M. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractObjectiveCurrent and past research strongly indicates a high prevalence of schizophrenia in the lower class in the USA and other stratified societies. To date, no study has tested for a connection between type of schizophrenia and socioeconomic status (SES). We tested for an interrelationship between schizophrenic subtype, SES and race.MethodsPositive and negative symptom scales were used to evaluate 436 schizophrenic patients at a state hospital in the USA. All patients were also diagnosed by DSM standards. Social class of origin was assessed by the Occupational Classification Distributions of the U.S. Bureau of the Census. Multivariate analysis was conducted with the likelihood ratio chi-square.ResultsWe uncovered a distinct propensity for deficit schizophrenia to be elevated among the poor. The finding presents as a pure SES effect since the likelihood of deficit schizophrenia does not vary by race when social class is held constant.ConclusionThe finding is potentially an important new insight into the epidemiology of schizophrenia. It offers a better understanding for poor outcome among lower class patients in stratified societies such as the United States. It is also consistent with longitudinal research by European investigators.
Late Holocene paleoenvironment in northern New Caledonia, southwestern Pacific, from a multiproxy analysis of lake sediments
Authors: Wirrmann Denis , Sémah Anne-Marie , Chacornac-Rault Magali 
Published: June 2006

AbstractLithostratigraphic and palynological analysis of two cores recovered from the ‘Grand Lac’ (New Caledonia), combined with 35 14C AMS dates, yields a paleoenvironmental record spanning the last 2000 yr. The lithology is represented mainly by clayey or laminated layers. A catastrophic event, which is marked by very coarse deposits, occurred probably between ca 1070–960 cal yr B.P. and possibly is associated with an unusually severe La Niña event. Before and after this event, a similar combination of the two main sediment types is recorded. The repeated alternation of laminated and clayey layers is interpreted as the response to local hydrologic forcing, which may reflect a shift from relatively wet to relatively drier conditions, respectively. Variable amount of micro-charcoal is detected all along the profile. Without additional evidence, notwithstanding the initial local human settlement documented since ca 2900 14C yr B.P., micro-charcoal occurrence and variability cannot be linked directly to an anthropogenic origin. No distinct palynological zonations in relation to the lithology are observed, and the vegetation changes may only represent minor transitions across environmental limits.
Climate variability over the last 9900 cal yr BP from a swamp forest pollen record along the semiarid coast of Chile
Authors: Maldonado Antonio , Villagrán Carolina 
Published: June 2006

AbstractWe present a fossil pollen analysis from a swamp forest in the semiarid coast of Chile (32°05′S; 71°30′W), at the northern influence zone of southern westerly wind belt. A ∼10,000 cal yr BP (calendar years before 1950) palynological sequence indicates a humid phase characterized by dense swamp forest taxa dated between ∼9900 and 8700 cal yr BP. The presence of pollen-starved sediments with only scant evidence for semiarid vegetation indicates that extreme aridity ensued until ∼5700 cal yr BP. The swamp forest recovered slowly afterwards, helped by a significant increase in moisture at ∼4200 cal yr BP. A new swamp forest contraction suggests that another slightly less intense drought occurred between ∼3000 and 2200 cal yr BP. The swamp forest expansion begins again at ∼2200 cal yr BP, punctuated by a highly variable climate. Comparisons between the record presented here with other records across the region imply major variations in the extent of the southern westerlies during the Holocene. This variability could have been caused either by latitudinal displacements from the present mean position of southern westerlies wind belt or by changes in the intensity of the South Pacific Subtropical Anticyclone, both of which affect winter precipitation in the region.
Differential display proteomic analysis of Picea meyeri pollen germination and pollen‐tube growth after inhibition of actin polymerization by latrunculin B
Authors: Chen Yanmei , Chen Tong , Shen Shihua , Zheng Maozhong , Guo Yiming , Lin Jinxing , Baluška František , Šamaj Jozef 
Published: June 2006

SummaryTo investigate roles of the actin cytoskeleton in growth of the pollen tube of Picea meyeri, we used the actin polymerization inhibitor latrunculin B (LATB) under quantitatively controlled conditions. At low concentrations, LATB inhibited polymerization of the actin cytoskeleton in the growing pollen tube, which rapidly inhibited tip growth. The proteomic approach was used to analyse protein expression‐profile changes during pollen germination and subsequent pollen‐tube development with disturbed organization of the actin cytoskeleton. Two‐dimensional electrophoresis and staining with Coomassie Brilliant Blue revealed nearly 600 protein spots. A total of 84 of these were differentially displayed at different hours with varying doses of LATB, and 53 upregulated or downregulated proteins were identified by mass spectrometry. These proteins were grouped into distinct functional categories including signalling, actin cytoskeleton organization, cell expansion and carbohydrate metabolism. Moreover, actin disruption affected the morphology of Golgi stacks, mitochondria and amyloplasts, along with a differential expression of proteins involved in their functions. These findings provide new insights into the multifaceted mechanism of actin cytoskeleton functions and its interaction with signalling, cell‐expansion machinery and energy‐providing pathways.
Fatigue behaviour of nickel–titanium superelastic wires and endodontic instruments
Authors: BAHIA M. G. A. , GONZALEZ B. M. , BUONO V. T. L. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTEndodontic files made of nickel–titanium (NiTi) superelastic wires can be employed in rotary techniques for cleaning and shaping curved root canals, suffering tensile–compressive strain cycles with maximum amplitudes between 3 and 5%. The aim of this work was to study the fatigue behaviour of this material under such high deformation conditions, using NiTi instruments and superelastic wires taken from their production line. One hundred load–unload tensile cycles in the superelastic regime (4% elongation) were applied to NiTi wires. New endodontic instruments were fatigue‐tested simulating the geometrical conditions found in their clinical use. It was found that only small changes took place in the parameters describing the mechanical behaviour of the cycled wires. The measured average number of cycles to failure varies inversely with the maximum tensile strain amplitude in the fatigue tests (r= 0.993).
Invasional meltdown 6 years later: important phenomenon, unfortunate metaphor, or both?
Authors: Simberloff Daniel 
Published: June 2006

AbstractCases in which introduced species facilitate one another's establishment, spread, and impacts are increasingly noted, and several experimental studies have provided strong evidence of a population‐level impact. However, a full ‘invasional meltdown’, in which interspecific facilitation leads to an accelerating increase in the number of introduced species and their impact, has yet to be conclusively demonstrated. The great majority of suggested instances of ‘invasional meltdown’ remain simply plausible scenarios of long‐term consequences based on short‐term observations of facilitatory interactions between individuals of two species. There is a particular dearth of proven instances in which two invasive species each enhance the impact and/or probability of establishment and spread of the other. By contrast, in many authenticated cases, at least one partner is aided. The metaphor of meltdown focused attention on facilitation in invasion and has probably helped inspire recent studies. As have other metaphors from invasion biology and other sciences, ‘meltdown’ has struck a responsive chord with writers for the lay public; some have stretched it well beyond its meaning as understood by invasion biologists. There is no evidence that this hyperbole has impeded scientific understanding or caused loss of scientific credibility.
The different other – towards an including ethics of care
Authors: Myhrvold Trine 
Published: June 2006

Abstract  The aim of this article is to continue the discussion about factors of importance for an including ethics of care. A further polarization between partiality and impartiality does not seem a relevant approach. What is important is to direct attention both to the other and to the third person, which requires an acknowledgement of responsibility that extends beyond established relationships. Thus, we need to draw attention not only to the vulnerability existing within every seriously ill or injured person, but to factors of importance for marginalization of groups like refugees, people suffering from serious mental illness, and substance misusers, to mention some in the Western world. Marginalized groups are groups experiencing a discrepancy between need of health care and care given. They are not given proper priority in the distribution of resources, and they may experience ignorance when they first meet the healthcare system as patients.Efforts to understand what circumstances can lead to inadequate inclusion indicate that the elements of differentness and extensive losses of life contexts which may be causing feelings of hopelessness and helplessness in the health professionals, are key factors posing challenges to empathy both within and beyond established relationships, besides geographical distance. Groups of people who have suffered extensive loss in their life contexts may be threatening for us, as they reflect our own fears, and remind us of our own vulnerability.I raise the question: How can we contribute to meeting the need for an ethics of care that extends beyond the familiar to the unfamiliar both in established and non‐established relationships?
Bis(7)‐tacrine attenuates β amyloid‐induced neuronal apoptosis by regulating L‐type calcium channels
Authors: Fu Hongjun , Li Wenming , Lao Yuanzhi , Luo Jialie , Lee Nelson T. K. , Kan Kelvin K. W. , Tsang Hing Wai , Tsim Karl W. K. , Pang Yuanping , Li Zhiwang , Chang Donald C. , Li Mingtao , Han Yifan 
Published: June 2006

Abstractβ Amyloid protein (Aβ) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) have been shown to be closely implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. In the current study, we investigated the effects of bis(7)‐tacrine, a novel dimeric AChE inhibitor, on Aβ‐induced neurotoxicity in primary cortical neurons. Bis(7)‐tacrine, but not other AChE inhibitors, elicited a marked reduction of both fibrillar and soluble oligomeric forms of Aβ‐induced apoptosis as evidenced by chromatin condensation and DNA specific fragmentation. Both nicotinic and muscarinic receptor antagonists failed to block the effects of bis(7)‐tacrine. Instead, nimodipine, a blocker of L‐type voltage‐dependent Ca2+ channels (VDCCs), attenuated Aβ neurotoxicity, whereas N‐, P/Q‐ or R‐type VDCCs blockers and ionotropic glutamate receptor antagonists did not. Fluorescence Ca2+ imaging assay revealed that, similar to nimodipine, bis(7)‐tacrine reversed Aβ‐triggered intracellular Ca2+ increase, which was mainly contributed by the extracellular Ca2+ instead of endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria Ca2+. Concurrently, using whole cell patch‐clamping technique, it was found that bis(7)‐tacrine significantly reduced the augmentation of high voltage‐activated inward calcium currents induced by Aβ. These results suggest that bis(7)‐tacrine attenuates Aβ‐induced neuronal apoptosis by regulating L‐type VDCCs, offers a novel modality as to how the agent exerts neuroprotective effects.
Dynamics of diamondback moth oviposition in the presence of a highly preferred non‐suitable host
Authors: Badenes‐Perez Francisco R. , Nault Brian A. , Shelton Anthony M. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), highly prefers to oviposit on yellow rocket, Barbarea vulgaris (R. Br.) (Cruciferae) var. arcuata, despite larvae not being able to survive on it, suggesting it may have potential as a trap crop. In a no‐choice greenhouse experiment, P. xylostella laid 28% more eggs on B. vulgaris than on cabbage. Within the B. vulgaris plant, P. xylostella laid 3.7 times more eggs on younger than older leaves. Furthermore, we demonstrated that in the presence of B. vulgaris volatiles, P. xylostella laid 23% more eggs on cabbage plants than when B. vulgaris volatiles were absent. Because increased oogenesis in the presence of B. vulgaris could complicate the use of this host as a trap crop for P. xylostella, we wanted to examine levels of oogenesis in varying mixtures of cabbage and B. vulgaris. In outdoor screenhouse experiments, P. xylostella laid a decreasing percentage of eggs on cabbage as the percentage of B. vulgaris increased. However, the total number of eggs laid on cabbage did not differ among treatments, suggesting that the presence of B. vulgaris may have stimulated P. xylostella oviposition. In the field, total oviposition in cabbage plots containing B. vulgaris was 6.3 times higher than in cabbage plots without B. vulgaris. However, in plots with B. vulgaris, P. xylostella laid 99% of the eggs on B. vulgaris and oviposition on cabbage plants was 6.2 times lower than in the plots without B. vulgaris. The results of this study are discussed according to P. xylostella egg‐laying behavior and life history as it relates to its interaction with B. vulgaris.
The Origin and Dispersion Characteristics of the Observed Tropical Summertime Synoptic-Scale Waves over the Western Pacific*
Authors: Tam Chi-Yung , Li Tim 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The origin, initiation, and dispersion behavior of the observed summertime synoptic-scale disturbances in the tropical western Pacific are studied. These westward-propagating disturbances have the strongest growth rate over the region of ∼130°–160°E off the equator. The three-dimensional wave activity flux associated with a wave packet in the vicinity of this region is computed. In general, wave activity is directed westward. There is accumulation of activity flux, which gives rise to the amplification of waves. In the low levels, such accumulation can be attributed to the convergence of both the mean flow and the intrinsic group velocity. Diabatic forcing also contributes to the growth of disturbances and is most important in the 500–600-hPa layer. Along the east–west-oriented “storm tracks” of the synoptic-scale disturbances, there are two different dynamical regimes. West of ∼150°E, enhanced convection is associated with increased specific humidity at the top of the planetary boundary layer and is in phase with positive low-level vorticity anomalies. To the east of 150°E the vorticity leads the convection by about one-quarter of a wavelength. This phase relationship can be explained by adiabatic dynamics and is related to the positive vertical shear of the mean zonal flow in the latter region.
Near and to the east of the date line where disturbances are initiated in the low levels, the heat flux associated with the synoptic-scale eddies is negative (i.e., υ′T ′ &lt; 0) from about 300 to 700 hPa. This implies downward-directed wave activity. In the upper troposphere at the same geographical location, there is southward wave activity from the extratropics penetrating into the Tropics. These findings suggest that summertime synoptic-scale disturbances may originate from extratropical forcing. This hypothesis is supported by a case study. Intrusion of high potential vorticity into the Tropics was seen to be followed by downward development, resulting in low-level disturbances that subsequently moved westward in the western Pacific and grew.
Traumatic Spinal Cord Injuries from Snowboarding
Authors: Wakahara Kazuhiko , Matsumoto Kazu , Sumi Hiroshi , Sumi Yasuhiko , Shimizu Katsuji 
Published: June 2006

Background Little information has yet been made available on the types and mechanisms of snowboard-related spinal cord injuries or their neurologic involvement. Purpose To review the cause and types of spinal cord injuries seen in snowboarders. Study Design Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods The subjects were 18 patients (mean age, 24.0 years) referred to the authors’ institution for neurologic deficits associated with spinal injuries between November 1, 1995, and April 9, 2005. The clinical features of these patients were reviewed with respect to epidemiologic factors, mechanism of injury, fracture pattern, and neurologic status. Results The 18 snowboarders with spinal cord injuries constituted a very homogeneous group. First, almost all patients (94.4%) were young men. Second, most of the patients were intermediate or expert boarders. Third, the most common cause of injury was a failure of intentional jumping (83.3%). Fourth, the most commonly affected site was the thoracolumbar junction (66.7%), and the most common type of fracture was an anterior dislocation fracture (66.7%). Finally, in the thoracolumbar group, most patients (83.3%) were classed as Frankel grade A or B. Conclusion It is fundamentally important that snowboarders, especially young men, be made aware of the spinal injury risk associated with jumping.
Si–H and Si–C Bond Activation of a Triorganosilane Promoted by [RhCl{P(i-Pr)3}2]. Synthesis and Structure of a Dinuclear Rh(IV) Complex with μ-Silylene Ligands
Authors: Osakada Kohtaro , Koizumi Take-aki , Yamamoto Takakazu 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
[RhClL2] (L = P(i-Pr)3) reacts with tris(2-phenylethyl)silane in pentane to give a dinuclear Rh(IV) complex, [LRh(H)2{μ-Si(CH2CH2Ph)2}2Rh(H)2L] (1), and several organic products including ethylbenzene, chloro{tris(2-phenylethyl)}silane, and tetrakis(2-phenylethyl)silane. Results of X-ray crystallography and NMR study of 1 indicate a symmetrical molecular structure containing two Rh(IV) centers which are bonded to each other through two bridging silylene ligands. [1, triclinic, space group with a = 12.886(4), b = 13.217(3), c = 10.388(3) Å, α = 104.78(2), β = 106.50(2), γ = 61.70(2)°, V = 1478 Å3, Z = 1, R = 0.073, Rw = 0.081 for 3930 reflections with I &gt; 3σ(I) and 289 variables]. The initial reaction products contain mononuclear Rh(III) complexes, [RhCl(H)2L2] (2) and [RhCl(H) {Si(CH2CH2Ph)3}L2] (3), the latter of which is turned into 1 on further stirring. Reactions of tribenzylsilane and of tris(p-methylbenzyl)silane with [RhClL2] cause immediate separation of [RhL(R3Si)H(μ-Cl)2RhH(SiR3)L] (4: R = CH2Ph, 5: R = CH2C6H4Me-p). X-Ray crystallography of 4 has revealed the structure containing two Rh(III) centers with distorted trigonal bipyramidal coordination [4, monoclinic, space group P21/n with a = 11.513(3), b = 28.227(9), c = 20.883(5) Å, β = 94.14(2)°, V = 6769 Å3, Z = 4, R = 0.071, Rw = 0.066 for 4249 reflections with I &gt; 3σ(I) and 637 variables]. A prolonged reaction of tribenzylsilane leads to formation of chlorotribenzylsilane.
Magnetic Studies on the Dissociation Equilibria of Dinuclear Nickel(II) Alkanoates in Non-Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Emori Shuji , Hara Toshiaki 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Dinuclear nickel(II) alkanoates, [Ni2(RCOO)4(quin)2] (R = C2H5CH(CH3)–, C2H5C(CH3)2–, and (C3H7)2CH–; quin = quinoline), were prepared, and then characterized by means of magnetic-susceptibility and IR spectroscopy. The equilibria between the mono- and dinuclear species in mixed acetone–benzene, mixed ethanol–benzene, and mixed tetrahydrofuran–benzene solution are discussed in terms of the donor number of acetone, ethanol, and tetrahydrofuran and in terms of the Ni–O bond strength. By comparing the Ni–O and Cu–O bond strengths, the exchange-coupling strength through the carboxylate bridges between the nickel(II) ions was estimated from that between copper(II) ions.
Large Current Density CO2 Reduction under High Pressure Using Gas Diffusion Electrodes
Authors: Hara Kohjiro , Sakata Tadayoshi 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Electrochemical reduction of CO2 was studied under high pressure on Co, Rh, Ni, Pd, Pt, Ag, and Cu electrocatalysts supported in the gas diffusion electrode (GDE). CO was produced on Pd and Ag catalysts at faradaic efficiencies of 58 and 86%, respectively, at 300 mA cm−2 under CO2 20 atm. In the case of Cu-GDE, CO and formic acid were produced as the main reduction products. Hydrogen was the predominant reduction product in the electrolyses using other GDEs. Effects of the CO2 pressure, the current density, and the passed charge in the electrochemical reduction of CO2 using Pd and Ag-GDEs were investigated in detail. The maximum partial current density of CO formed on the Pd-GDE under CO220 atm was 450 mA cm−2. A very large partial current density of CO formation of 3.05 A cm−2 was achieved in the electrolysis under 30 atm on the Ag-GDE.
Theoretical Study of Cyclic Isomers of HNOx (x = 2—6)
Authors: Li Yumin , Iwata Suehiro 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
A series of cyclic isomers of HNOx (x = 2—6) are examined with ab initio MO methods. All of these cyclic isomers have a ring comprised of one nitrogen atom and two to five oxygen atoms. They are classified under the following three types. Type A: NOx ring with an exo hydrogen bonded to a nitrogen; type B: NOx ring with an exo OH bonded to a nitrogen, and type C: NOx ring with an exo OOH bonded to a nitrogen. The geometry optimizations are carried out at the HF and MP2 levels of approximation with 6-31G** basis set, and the energies are evaluated at the MP4SDTQ approximation. We have failed to locate a five-membered ring HNOx at the MP2 level. The geometries and vibrational frequencies are discussed by comparing with the data of the related known stable molecules. The conformational preferences among the isomers are interpreted in terms of an intramolecular long-range hydrogen-oxygen interaction.
Bidirectional Inclusion of Free-radical Probe by Water-soluble Calixarene as Detected by Electron Spin Resonance
Authors: Sueishi Yoshimi , Negi Mieko , Kotake Yashige 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The first detection of bidirectional inclusion by water-soluble calixarene is reported. The free-radical probe α-(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)benzyl tert-butyl nitroxide is shown to produce two isomeric inclusion complexes with p-sulfonatocalix[8]arene in aqueous media, being detected with ESR spectrometry. ESR spectra were assignable to tert-butyl-in and phenyl-in complex and the association constants at room temperature were 131 and 45 mol−1 dm3 for tert-butyl-in and phenyl-in, respectively.
Solvolysis of Benzyl Alcohols and Ethers in 1,2-Diols and Application to a Deprotection of Benzyl Ether-type Protecting Groups
Authors: Miyake Hideyoshi , Fujimura Masahiro , Tsumura Takatsugu , Sasaki Mitsuru 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Some kinds of benzyl alcohols and ethers react with 1,2-diols, such as ethylene glycol and propylene glycol, at 130–190 °C to give 2-hydroxyethyl or 2-hydroxypropyl ethers. Application of this reaction to a deprotection of benzyl ether-type protecting groups, under neutral conditions, was also described.