bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF THYROXINE ON GROWTH OF MAMMARY GLANDS, WHOLE BODY, HEART AND LIVER IN HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED RATS TREATED WITH INSULIN, CORTISONE AND OVARIAN STEROIDS
Authors: Jacobsohn Dora 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The effect of thyroxine on the growth of mammary glands and other tissues was studied in rats devoid of hypophysial hormones.
1. Experimental procedures permitting prolonged treatment of hypophysectomized rats with thyroxine together with long acting insulin, cortisone, oestradiolbenzoate and progesterone in doses inducing growth were worked out. It was found essential 1) to subject the rats to a fortnight's pretreatment with thyroxine before superimposing the other hormones and 2) to avoid cortisone in doses larger than 0.25 mg daily. 2. Administration of thyroxine with or without cortisone to gonadectomized hypophysectomized rats injected with oestradiolbenzoate and progesterone resulted in a development of end buds whilst other mammary tissues remained atrophic. 3. Thyroxine enhanced the growth reaction of the mammary glands to oestradiolbenzoate and progesterone in gonadectomized hypophysectomized rats treated with insulin and cortisone. 4. Determinations of the weight and length of the body and of the weight of the liver, heart ventricles and adrenal glands showed that thyroxine in the hypophysectomized rats treated with insulin, cortisone and ovarian steroids enhanced the growth of the body and heart ventricles. 5. The observations made in the present work support the view that the growth of the mammary gland is dependent upon the state of the general metabolism.
SUCCINIC DEHYDROGENASE ACTIVITY OF THE THYROID GLAND AS AN INDICATOR OF THE ACTIVITY OF THE THYROID CELLS
Authors: Telkkä Antti , Heikkilä K. J. , Hopsu Väinö K. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The thyroid glands of guinea-pigs were stimulated by the administration of methylthiouracil. The histochemically demonstrable succinic dehydrogenase activity was determined by the quantitative tetrazolium method. A marked increase in the enzymatic activity of the stimulated thyroid glands was observed and measured. The quantitative estimation of enzymatic activity is apparently a reliable and sensitive method for demonstrating the activity of the thyroid cells.
INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF ANTIRAT PITUITARY SERUM (APS) ON HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED RATS INJECTED WITH PITUITARY HORMONES
Authors: Anigstein Ludwik , Rennels Edward G. , Anigstein Dorothy M. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
This study concerns the effects of the rat pituitary antiserum (APS) and of bovine growth-hormone (STH) antiserum upon the organs of hypophysectomized rats. Hormonal stimulation was produced by the injection of rat pituitary homogenate or purified hormones. By using the tibial width test and organ weights, hormonal stimulation and the degree of inhibition by antisera were evaluated. It was found that APS, when injected in conjunction with rat pituitary homogenate into hypophysectomized rats, inhibited the activities of growth and gonadotrophic hormones. Similar inhibitory effect was obtained when APS was injected in conjunction with bovine STH into hypophysectomized rats. Bovine STH antiserum was found to inhibit stimulatory effect of rat pituitary. Serological studies by complement fixation and precipitin tests exhibited specific antibodies in APS and in bovine STH antiserum against their homologous antigens. The Ouchterlony technique revealed some common components in rat and bovine pituitary antigens.
BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF 9,10-ISOMERIC STEROIDS
Authors: Schöler H. F. L. , de Wachter A. M. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Progestational activity of four 9β,10α steroids (»retro-steroids«) has been studied. These new compounds have the hydrogen atom on carbon atom 9 in the β position, and the 19-methyl group on carbon atom 10 in the α position, which is the reverse of the normal 9α,10β structure.
The following compounds were subjected to the Clauberg test, both after subcutaneous and oral administration:
I retro-progesterone II 6-dehydro-retro-progesterone* III 17α-acetoxy-retro-progesterone IV 6-dehydro-17α-acetoxy-retro-progesterone.
All four compounds were orally active.
In the subcutaneous route the maximum effect (comparable total dose of progesterone 10 mg), was obtained for the compounds I, II, III and IV with total doses of 5 mg, 1 mg, 1 mg and 0.5 mg, respectively. In the oral route these figures were respectively 50 mg, 10 mg, 2.5 mg and 1.25 mg (compared with progesterone 10 mg s. c.). Compound IV was within the 95% confidence limit 3.5–12.6 times orally more active than progesterone s. c.
ISOLEMENT ET QUELQUES CARACTERISTIQUES D'UNE GONADOTROPHINE URINAIRE DE MÉNOPAUSE HOMOGÈNE A L'ELECTROPHORÈSE
Authors: Bourrillon R. , Got R. , Marcy R. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
A new method for preparation of Human Menopausal Gonadotrophin involves successively alcoholic precipitation, kaolin adsorption and chromatography on ion exchangers. A highly active material is obtained which corresponds to 1 mg per litre of urine and has an activity of 1 mouse uterus unit at a dose of 0.003 mg. This gonadotrophin possesses both follicle stimulating and luteinizing activities in hypophysectomized female rats, by histological study. It contains 13 % hexose, 10% hexosamine and 8.5 % sialic acid.
A further purification, by zone electrophoresis on starch, gives a final product, biologically active at 0.001 mg, which behaves as an homogenous substance in free electrophoresis with mobility −4.76 × 10−5 at pH 8.6.
COMPORTEMENT MÉTABOLIQUE DU RAT HÉPATECTOMISÉ
Authors: Béraud Th. , Vannotti A. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
A diffuse liver lesion (hepatitis) produced an increase of the organic iodine compounds of the blood without an increase of the basal metabolic rate. By measuring the oxygen consumption of the rat after thyroidectomy and hepatectomy, it was shown that the basal metabolism does not respond any more to the injection of triiodothyronine.
Six hours after the radiotriiodothyronine injection, strong retention of hormone in the blood was noticed, a weaker one in the kidney and in the myocardium. This retention is accompanied by a diminution of the urinary elimination. The chromatographic analyses allowed to explain that this was not only due to a slackening of the catabolism with accumulation of triiodothyronine in the circulation and in the tissues, but also to an alteration of the hormonal catabolism. Among the metabolites were found in particular monoiodotyrosine and the glucuronic acid conjugates of triiodothyronine. The kidney compensates the absence of the liver by carrying out the conjugation with glucuronic acid which generally occurs in the liver; the monoiodotyrosine would be the product of a scission, at the periphery, of triiodothyronine. These two processes of degradation explain, at least partly, the absence of a metabolic response after the triiodothyronine injection in the hepatectomized rat.
ENDOCRINE HISTOLOGY AS AFFECTED BY PLANE OF NUTRITION IN PREGNANT GILTS »SUS SCROFA L.«
Authors: Hafez E. S. E. , Ensminger M. E. , Eshiet N. E. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Pigs were reared on two planes of nutrition (high and low) for ten successive generations. Gilts of F10 were slaughtered 38 and 100 days post coitum. The adrenal, pituitary and thyroid glands were dissected out and fixed in formalin. Serial cross sections of the endocrine glands were mounted and stained with eosin-haematoxylin-azure II. The histological characteristics of these organs were studied microscopically (900 ×).
1. a. The plane of nutrition for ten successive generations (ten years) had no statistically significant effect on the weight of the adrenal glands or on the granulation of the nucleus and cytoplasm. b. The plane of nutrition had no statistical significant effect on cell count in zona glomerulosa of the 100-day pregnant group. In the 38-day group. there were significantly more cells in the zone glomerulosa of the high plane gilts. In the zona fasciculata-reticularis the high plane group had significantly more cells than the low plane group. This probably indicates greater activity among the gilts on high level. Level of feeding had no significant effect on the medulla. c. There were no statistical significant differences in the size of nucleus of adrenal. d. Plane of nutrition had a significant effect on the height of the zona glomerulosa of the 38-day pregnant gilts. There were no significant differences in respect to the height of zona fasciculata-reticularis and the medulla. 2. a. The plane of nutrition had no significant effect on the weight of the pituitary gland. b. There were no significant effects of plane of nutrition in respect to number of small beta cells, large beta cells, chromophobes, and acidophiles. There was, however, some evidence of acidophiles being the most numerous cell type. 3. Plane of nutrition had no significant effect on either the weight of the thyroid gland, height of epithelium or amount of stored colloid and height of colloid.
DER EINFLUSS DES ANORGANISCHEN BLUTJODES AUF DEN JODUMSATZ DER MENSCHLICHEN SCHILDDRÜSE
Authors: Reinwein D. , Klein E. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
In 26 euthyroid persons without goiter the influence of various concentrations of iodide in blood on the iodine metabolism of the thyroid was investigated. This iodide level in blood was maintained for 7 days.
1. At a normal iodide level in blood of about 0.8 μg/100 ml the average iodine uptake of the thyroid was 13.3 μg/h. 2. Increasing iodide concentration in blood caused depressed uptake of 131I from a tracer dose as well as decreased T/S ratio. With the exception of 3 cases there was no uptake above 20 μg/100 ml. 3. The absolute iodine uptake of the thyroid depending on the concentration of iodide in blood was stimulated by moderate increases, but inhibited respectively blocked by higher ones. At a middle iodide level of 6.1, 15.1, 34.4 and 86.4 μg/100 ml of the absolute iodine uptake amounts to 82.0, 32.7, 2.0 resp. 2.1 μg/h. 4. The hormonal phase of the thyroidal iodine metabolism remained in most cases unchanged by the one week's iodide medication. In two cases only an activated iodine metabolism was suggested. The hormonal iodine concentration in blood never showed a thyrogenic increment.
RELEASE OF INSULIN FROM ISOLATED RAT PANCREAS IN VITRO
Authors: Bouman P. R. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Krebs-Ringer solution in which pancreatic tissue of normal rats had been previously incubated, did not stimulate the glucose uptake of the isolated rat diaphragm. An increased glucose uptake was observed, however, after adding incubate of pancreatic tissue from rats in which the pancreatic ducts had been ligated 6 weeks prior to the experiment. Glucose uptake in the isolated diaphragm was also increased by joint incubation with pancreatic tissue of normal rats. Diaphragmatic glucose uptake was not stimulated by joint incubation with pancreatic tissue of alloxan-diabetic rats. It was concluded that insulin is released from pancreatic tissue under in vitro conditions. Unless muscular tissue is present, this insulin is completely inactivated, presumably by proteolytic pancreatic enzymes.
IDENTIFICATION OF THE ANTIDIURETIC SUBSTANCE IN HUMAN URINE
Authors: Mayer Frederick S. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
1. The urine of human subjects voided after smoking has been extracted by a method employing adsorption on zinc ferrocyanide and the extracts tested for the antidiuretic activity of arginine vasopressin by the intravenous assay method of Jeffers et al. with modifications by Dicker. 2. Smokers' urine extracts had an antidiuretic activity of approximately 100 mU of arginine vasopressin per litre of urine. 3. The pattern of the antidiuretic response of the urine extracts with regards to the dose-response relationship and duration of action was identical with that elicited by the U. S. P. reference standard of arginine vasopressin. 4. Upon paper chromatography by the descending method with the butanol-acetic acid-water system, the urine extract showed an Rf value identical to that of another sample of arginine vasopressin. 5. The antidiuretic substance excreted in human smokers' urine is arginine vasopressin, the hormone from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
THE INFLUENCE OF VITAMIN C ON EOSINOPHIL RESPONSE TO ACUTE ALCOHOL INTOXICATION IN RATS
Authors: Vanha-Perttula T. P. J. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The effect of ethyl alcohol on the circulating eosinophil cells has been studied in female albino rats. An intoxicating dose of alcohol caused a marked depletion of circulating eosinophils which was most clearly evident four hours after the administration of the alcohol. The initial values were not reached before 24 hours had elapsed. Intraperitoneal injection of vitamin C 12 hours prior to the alcohol administration very effectively prevented this eosinopenic reaction. The mechanism of regulation of the eosinophil cells in the circulation has been discussed in the light of previous results and of those obtained in this study.
ASSAY OF CORTICOTROPHIN PREDNISOLONE PRETREATMENT INSTEAD OF HYPOPHYSECTOMY IN THE ADRENAL ASCORBIC ACID DEPLETION TEST
Authors: Hamburger Christian 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The inhibitory effect of various corticosteroids and synthetic analogues on the stress-induced release of corticotrophin was measured in adult male rats by means of the adrenal ascorbic acid depletion test. All the compounds examined were active, dexamethasone and prednisolone being the most effective inhibitors.
A single subcutaneous injection of a microcrystalline aqueous suspension of prednisolone (1.5 mg per rat), given about 2 hours before left-sided adrenalectomy, blocked completely the adrenal ascorbic acid depletion. Quantitative assays of a purified corticotrophin preparation were carried out with hypophysectomized and prednisolone-treated intact rats. The latter were less sensitive to corticotrophin, but the slopes of the calibration curves and the standard deviations appeared to be the same in both instances.
It is concluded that it is feasible to replace the surgical hypophysectomy by prednisolone pretreatment in the ascorbic acid depletion test for corticotrophin.
Molecular genetics of thyroid diseases
Authors: Ledent Catherine , Parma Jasmine , Dumont Jacques , Vassart Gilbert , Targovnik Hector 
Published: December 2008

Ledent C, Parma J, Dumont J, Vassart G, Targovnik H. Molecular genetics of thyroid diseases. Eur J Endocrinol 1994;130:8–14. ISSN 0804–4643
Over the past 20 years, recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid technology has led to the cloning of three major thyroid specific protein genes (thyroglobulin, thyroperoxidase and thyrotrophin receptor), which happen to be also the main thyroid autoantigens implicated in thyroid diseases. In this context, the impact that molecular genetics has had on the understanding of aetiopathogeny and diagnosis of thyroid diseases is summarized, with special emphasis on a recently discovered genetic mechanism responsible for toxic nodules. One fruitful outcome of the basic research on thyroid-specific gene expression has been the possibility of targeting the expression of a series of genes to the thyroid in transgenic mice. The result is the availability of mouse models mimicking human thyroid diseases such as destructive hypothyroidism, hyperactive thyroid adenomas and thyroid cancers exhibiting varying levels of differentiation.
Gilbert Vassart, Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire, Faculté de médecine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Erasme, 808 route de Lennik, 1070 Bruxelles, Belgium
Cellular alterations in pituitary tumors
Authors: Spada Anna , Vallar Lucia , Faglia Giovanni 
Published: December 2008

Spada A, Vallar L, Faglia G. Cellular alterations in pituitary tumors. Eur J Endocrinol 1994;130:43–52. ISSN 0804–4643
In the last few years, molecular studies on pituitary adenomas have yielded evidence supporting a primary pituitary origin of these tumors. Although the existence of genomic alterations in tumoral cells is strongly suggested by the fact that almost all pituitary adenomas are monoclonal in origin, structural genetic abnormalities such as rearrangement, deletion or mutation, which could result in transcriptional activation, have been identified in a minority of tumors. As far as the possible loss of anti-oncogenes in pituitary tumors is concerned, gene alterations have not been found in the p53 nor in the retinoblastoma gene, while loss of chromosome 1 1q13 sequences, which contain the deduced location of the yet uncloned MEN-1 gene, has been reported in a subset of GH-secreting adenomas. With regard to the activation of dominant oncogenes in the process of tumor formation, activating mutations of either the Gs α-subunit or the ras gene have been identified in a large proportion of GH-secreting adenomas and in individual particularly invasive tumours, respectively. Promoting agents such as hypothalamic neurohormones and growth factors may be required for the selective growth of genetically altered cells. In this respect, it is worth noting that receptor/postreceptor alterations occurring in pituitary tumors may cause an increased action of stimulatory neurohormones with growth promoting properties as well as defective action of inhibitory inputs.
Anna Spada, Institute of Endocrine Sciences, Pad. Granelli Ospedale Maggiore IRCCS, via F Sforza 35, Milano 20122, Italy
Urinary profile of androgen metabolites at different stages of pubertal development in a population of sporting male subjects
Authors: Dehennin Louis , Delgado Antonio , Pérès Gilbert 
Published: December 2008

Dehennin L, Delgado A. Pérès G. Urinary profile of androgen metabolites at different stages of pubertal development in a population of sporting male subjects. Eur J Endocrinol 1994;130:53–9. ISSN 0804–4643
In this cross-sectional study on 140 subjects, several testosterone and epitestosterone metabolites have been analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry associated with stable isotope dilution, a technique requested for doping analysis in general, and detection of exogenous testosterone supply in particular. Urinary excretions of luteinizing hormone, testosterone and epitestosterone glucoronides and sulfates, as well as glucuronides of 5-androstene-3β,1 7α-diol. 5α- and 5β-androstane-3α,1 7α-diol and the corresponding 17β-isomers, present similar patterns of increase throughout pubertal development, from stage 1 up to stage 5. Excretion levels are significantly different in general between stages 1, 2, 3 and 4, the highest percentage increase being observed between stages 3 and 4. None of the ratios of testosterone to epitestosterone glucuronides are beyond the threshold value of 6, where testosterone abuse by athletes is suspected. No particular pubertal stage exceeded this critical value with a probability higher than p=0.006, a value that was determined on the whole population. This is consistent with the non-significant differences between correlation slopes of regression curves, relating either testosterone or epitestosterone glucuronide to chronological age. The ratio of testosterone glucuronide to luteinizing hormone increases significantly throughout puberty and this might be a limitation to the widespread use of this ratio for the detection of testosterone misuse. Other ratios, such as testosterone glucuronide to epitestosterone (glucuronide + sulfate), glucuronides of testosterone to 5-androstene-3β,1 7α-diol, glucuronides of epitestosterone to 5-androstene-3β,1 7α-diol and epitestosterone glucuronide to sulfate, which have been suggested as efficient complementary criteria for the detection of testosterone and/or epitestosterone self-administration, have non-significant interstage variability, except between stages 3 and 4.
L Dehennin, Fondation de Recherche en Hormonologie, 67 Boulevard Pasteur, 94260 Fresnes, France
Effect of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG)/follicle-stimulating hormone treatment versus hCG treatment alone on testicular descent: a double-blind placebo-controlled study
Authors: Hoorweg-Nijman Jantine JG , Havers Hester M , Delemarre-van de Waal Henriette A 
Published: December 2008

Hoorweg-Nijman JJG, Havers HM, Delemarre-van de Waal HA. Effect of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG)/follicle-stimulating hormone treatment versus hCG treatment alone on testicular descent: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Eur J Endocrinol 1994;1 30:60–4. ISSN 0804–4643
The medical treatment of retentio testis remains controversial because of ineffectiveness and/or adverse events. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) seems to influence the spontaneous descent of the testis; furthermore, it induces luteinizing hormone (LH) receptors. Therefore, we performed a double-blind placebo-controlled study to investigate the effect of FSH with human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) versus hCG alone in retentio testis patients. Twenty-two boys with retentio testis were investigated, excluding retractile testis. Group A (N= 14: four with bilateral and 10 with unilateral retentio testis; mean age 3.1 5 years) was treated with 150 IU of FSH twice a week for 2 weeks followed by 1 50 IU of FSH and 250 IU of hCG (half the recommended World Health Organization dose) twice a week for another 4 weeks. Group B (N = 8: two with bilateral and six with unilateral retentio testis: mean age 3.3 years) was treated with 250 IU of hCG twice a week for 6 weeks. Testicular position, volume and consistency as well as the appearance of the scrotum and the penile length were determined at the start of the treatment as well as at weeks 2.4.6 and 12 by two independent investigators. Blood investigation consisted of measurements of LH, FSH, testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin. Successful descent was considered when the testis reached a mid- or low scrotal position. In group A, 6/18 testes descended successfully. In group B, 6/10 testes descended. Of the unsuccessfully treated patients, six of group A and three of group B underwent surgery. Of these patients, 6/8 testes of group A and all testes of group B showed anatomical abnormalities, which could explain the lack of hormonal response. There were no significant differences in hormonal parameters between the two groups. In both groups no serious adverse events were mentioned or observed. In conclusion, half the recommended WHO dose of hCG is sufficient to reach successful descent in 43% of treated patients, with no serious adverse events; this response rate is in agreement with the literature. Follicle-stimulating hormone does not seem to have an additional effect on the success rate, and most of the unsuccessfully treated patients showed anatomical abnormalities at operation.
JJG Hoorweg-Nijman, Department of Paediatrics, Free University Hospital. PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands