bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A medium‐throughput screening assay to determine catalytic activities of oxygen‐consuming enzymes: a new tool for functional characterization of cytochrome P450 and other oxygenases
Authors: Olry Alexandre , Schneider‐Belhaddad Florence , Heintz Dimitri , Werck‐Reichhart Danièle 
Published: June 2007

SummaryA challenge of the post‐genomic era is to determine the functions of a plethora of orphan genes. This is a more acute problem when dealing with large gene families, such as the superfamily encoding cytochrome P450 enzymes in higher plants. We propose here a new, simple, medium‐throughput methodology to screen for potential substrates of orphan P450 mono‐oxygenases. The same technique can also be applied to screening for inhibitors of the oxygenases involved in the biosynthesis of compounds essential for plant development, such as growth regulators. The method is based on a commercially available microplate system, which detects the oxygen consumed by the catalytic reaction via an oxygen‐sensing fluorophore. It is optimized using as a model CYP73A1, the cinnamic acid hydroxylase from Helianthus tuberosus, expressed in yeast. We show that the procedure is suitable not only for the detection and real‐time monitoring, but also for the quantitative evaluation of enzyme activity. This new method has broad application for the identification of candidate substrates and inhibitors in chemical libraries, to support determination of physiological substrates, development of plant growth regulators, investigations on herbicide and pollutant metabolism, synthesis of valuable compounds and drug design. It also provides a fast‐assay platform for determination of catalytic and inhibition parameters. The method applies to plant P450 enzymes, but also to cytochromes P450 from other organisms, and all types of oxygenases. The critical steps, calculation of oxygen consumption from fluorescence signal, and limits of the methods are discussed.
Measurement of CD83 mRNA by real‐time polymerase chain reaction to determine removal of dendritic cells by leucoreduction of whole blood
Authors: Morrison Alex , MacGregor Ian 
Published: June 2007

summary Information is lacking regarding efficiency of removal of circulating dendritic cells (DCs) by leucoreduction (LR) of blood. This is important since DCs may play a role in transporting abnormal prion, the likely infectious agent of variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease. In this study, we report development of a real‐time polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) assay to quantify residual DCs in LR whole blood via measurement of selected messenger RNA (mRNA) markers.Taqman‐based RT‐PCR assays were set up for CD83 as a marker of mature DCs, and CD1c, CD11c, CD303 and CD304 as markers for plasmacytoid and myeloid DCs along with the pan‐leucocyte marker CD45. We then assayed 46 paired pre‐/post‐LR whole blood samples and determined the log10 reduction of their CD83 and CD45 mRNA.Our data indicate that RT‐PCR can be used to detect suitably low CD83 mRNA levels. We measured a median log10 reduction for CD83 mRNA of 4·5 [standard error of the mean (SEM) 0·07] and 4·1 (SEM 0·10) for CD45 mRNA. These reductions are comparable to cell removal, where flow cytometry indicated a reduction in total white cell counts of 4·3 log10 (SEM 0·09). Our other group of markers were reduced to their detection limits, CD1c (3·9 log10, SEM 0·3), CD11c (5·0 log10, SEM 0), CD303 (3 log10, SEM 0·1), CD304 (4·0 log10, SEM 0) which are all higher than the minimum specifications for LR products.In conclusion, we successfully developed an RT‐PCR assay to quantify suitably low numbers of DC cells. We show for the first time that DCs are effectively removed using a standard whole blood filter.
Ultrastructural Characteristics of Blood Cells of Juvenile Loggerhead Sea Turtles (Caretta caretta)
Authors: Casal A. B. , Freire F. , Bautista‐Harris G. , Arencibia A. , Orós J. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryUltrastructural characteristics of erythrocytes, heterophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, monocytes and thrombocytes of the loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) were evaluated, using blood samples from 15 healthy juvenile animals. Except for the eosinophils, the rest of the white blood cells from loggerhead turtles had similar ultrastructural characteristics compared with blood cells from other sea turtle species. Eosinophils from loggerhead turtles were homogeneous in size, and no crystalline structures were observed within the granules. This paper provides an ultrastructural characterization of blood cells of loggerhead sea turtles, as a reference for future haematological studies of this species.
Rhizina undulata. A review of research in the Netherlands1
Authors: Gremmen J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractResearch on killing of coniferous trees caused by the fungus Rhizina undulata Fr. ex Fr. in the Netherlands is reviewed. Aspects of the fungus’ pathogenicity, its biology and pyrophilous nature, and means to restrict or avoid damage in young plantations and older stands are discussed.
Der Nachweis unsichtbarer („physiologischer”) Fluor‐Immissionsschädigungen an Waldbäumen durch eine einfache kolorimetrische Bestimmung der Peroxidase‐Aktivität
Authors: Von Keller Th. , Schwager H. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract The detection of hidden F‐injury of forest trees by a simple colorimetric determination of peroxidase actívity. The paper describes a simple routine method for determining colorimetrically peroxidase activity (p. a.) in foliage of forest tree species, including conifers. The effect of factors such as foliage age, F Content, external F dust, necrosis etc. on p. a. is investigated. Analyses of plants exposed at different distances to F exhalates of an aluminum plant show that with decreasing distance F content and p. a. increase. P. a. thus is an indicator of air pollution effects on tree physiology even in the range where no visible symptoms of injury occur.
Untersuchungen iiber die Resistenzeigenschaften einiger Weißpappelklone gegenüber der Triebspitzenkrankheit
Authors: Von Dimitri L. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe resistance of several white poplar‐clones against Pollaccia radiosa. Continuing the work of Weisgerber (1967,1968 and 1969) clone‐typical forms of resistance against spring defoliation (shoot‐dieback), caused by Pollaccia radiosa were investigated in several Leuce‐poplarclones. The most obvious differences in attack occur under natural conditions. The observed differences concerning the type of resistance (infection versus spreading in the host) seem to depend on the anatomical structure of the host.
A Proposed International Program for Testing White Pine Blister Rust Resistance1
Authors: Bingham R. T. , Gremmen J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA two‐stage, international blister rust resistance test program proposed by the IUFRO Committee on (resistance to) White Pine Blister Rust is described. First, there would be a reevaluation of “naturally” resistant Eurasian white pines from near the original white pine: Cronartium ribicola gene center(s). Next, there would be more sophisticated testing of North American white pines developed by artificial selection and controlled crossing. Key test centers are needed in Siberia, south‐central Asia, the Baltic‐North Sea countries, and in eastern and western North America. Initial Committee inquiries indicate that 5 of the core cooperators could commence testing in the near future.
Scleroderris lagerbergii Gr.: The pathogen and disease symptoms
Authors: Gremmen J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis introductory paper reports on the pathogen's history in Europe and North America; the connection between the ascogenous stage, Sc1eroderris lagerbergii and the conidial form, Brunchorstia pinea; and the disease symptoms in nurseries as well as in plantations.
Epidemiology of Scleroderris lagerbergii
Authors: Skilling D. D. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe epidemiology of S. lagerbergii is discussed in four parts: (1) mode of infection, (2) production of inoculum, (3) dissemination of inoculum, and (4) development of epidemics. Scleroderris canker caused by S. lagerbergii is described as the most serious disease present in red pine plantations in North America.
Contribution ala Lutte Chimique contre le Gui (Visculn album L.)
Authors: Par Delabraze P. , Lanier L. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract Chemical control of mistletoe (Viscum album L.). Spraying or trunk injection of phytohormones has given promise of control of mistletoe (Viscum album L.) on silver fir. Definlte results were obtained some months after spring treatment, and autumn treatments appear equally promising. If these results are confirmed, the infection rate in low‐elevation silver firs stands could be reduced.
Infektion und abbau der Wurzelrinde von Fichte durch Fomes annaus1
Authors: Peek Von R.‐D. , Liese W. , Parmeswaran N. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract Infection and Deterioration of Spruce Root Bark by Fomes Annosus. The paper describes the mode of infection and consequent deterioration of spruce root bark by the root rot fungus, Fomes annosus using light and electron microscope observations. Spread of fungal hyphae occurs through bore holes produced by enzymatic activity. Although a definte loss of wall substance occurs, the bark tissues primarily represent merely a pathway for the fungus before it colonieses the xylem.
Das Keimverhalten der Konidiosporen von Fomes annosus (Fr.) Cke. bei Einwirkung verschiedener Standortfaktoren
Authors: Von Courtois H. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract The Influence of site factors on the Germination of Fomes annosus conidiospores. Cultures grown up on a source with an easily utilisable C‐source produce conidia with a lower germination rate. An easily utilisable C‐source in the medium promotes germination. Different strains vary individually in their germination behaviour in respect to temperature. Short‐time‐strains have an optimum between 12–28°C, longtime‐strains have a peak at about 24°C. Some strains tend to suddenly alter their germination rate at a lower or higher temperature, thus increasing the plasticity of the fungus.Germination behaviour with regard to pH is strainspecific. The optima lie between pH 4,0–6,5. The pH influences the germination rate more than the nutrients status of the soil. The standard deviations in germination behaviour for some soils are large. Between the various origins of strains there are no significant differences.
La culture in vitro de conifères alpins
Authors: Par Froidevaux L. , Amiet R. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract The in vitro culture of alpine conifers. Seeds of European larch, Scots pine, Mugo pine and Norway spruce were sterilized for 30 min in a bath of 30% hydrogen peroxide.Similarly, seeds of Swiss stone pine, of which the tegument had been removed with a little vice, were sterilized for 15 min.Germination and a sterility test were undertaken on malt‐agar. Finally, the seeds were transplanted in vitro on two media for mycorrhizal synthesis.
Anisogramma virgultorum (Fr.) Theiss. et Syd., un Ascomycète pathogène du Betula pubescens Ehrhart
Authors: Par Froidevaux L. , Müller E. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract Anisogramma virgultorum, a pathogenic Ascomycete on Betula pubescens. A sexual form of this Diaporthaceous fungus, consisting only of isolated perithecia was found on the youngest twigs. It is compared with the stromatic form which is more frequent. The systemic disease caused by this organism is expressed by a necrosis and the development of canker‐like growths. Perhaps, because of unsuccessful isolation and cultural development, the fungus is an obligate parasite.
Factor in Abies balsamea Responsible for Coremia Formation of Ceratocystis piceae
Authors: Neumann P. , Hubbes M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractCompounds are present in sapwood of Abies balsamea (L.) Mill., triggering the formation of coremia by Ceratocystis piceae (Münch) Bakshi. From several unsaturated fatty acids, linoleic acid is the most active coremia inducer.
Über den Verlauf einer Scleroderris‐lagerbergii‐Epidemie in einem Schwarzkiefernbestand
Authors: Von Butin H. , Hackelberg L. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe progress of an outbreak of Scleroderris lagerbergii in Pinus nigra.Tree ring analysis and amount of living branches were used to determine retrospectively the development of the disease in a stand of 3,3 ha. Originating from the southern part of the stand shaded by an old beech forest, the disease started in 1964 with increasing mortality till 1969. Since 1970 the surviving trees have recuperated.
The influence of 2,4‐D on ectomycorrhizal symbiosis in pine and spruce seedlings
Authors: Iloba Ch. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract In vitro and in vivo investigations with 2,4‐D concentrations showed that mycorrhizal fungi were suppressed particularly by higher concentrations while treated seedlings exhibited quantitative and qualitative deficiency in mycorrhizal development. Short roots became elongated or sometimes remained uninfected. Dichotomous root branching was absent in Pinus sylvestris L. The difference in terms of mycorrhizal impairment was highly significant (P = 0.01). Practical consequences are discussed.
Origine et principaux caractères des souches françaises d'Hypoxylon mammatum (Wahl.) Miller
Authors: Pinon J. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract The origin and the main characters of French isolates of Hypoxylon mammatum (Wahl.) Miller. The geographical distribution and the historical origin of aspen canker in France are described and discussed.Isolates are variable in both qualitative (pigmentation, sporulation) and quantitative (temperature requirements, growth) characters. The fungus is able to decompose wood and shows cellulytic activity in vitro.
Contribution à la connaissance de l'étiologie de la maladie de l'écorce du hêtre
Authors: Perrin R. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract Contribution to the knowledge of the etiology of beech bark disease. I. The health of French beech forests. Role of Nectria coccinea. Beech bark disease has occurred in France since 1968. Observations and experiments support the concept of a specific, functional and complementary association of Cryptococcus fagisuga Lind. and Nectria coccinea (Pers. ex Fries) Fries causing death of the bark.
Cercospora needle blight of pines in the Philippines
Authors: Kobayashi T. , Suto Y. , de Guzman E. D. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA needle blight disease caused by a species Cercospora was observed prevalent in Luzon and Mindanao islands of the Philippines. The disease was observed on Pinus kesiya, P. merkusii and P. caribaea. The causal organism was identified as Cercospora pini‐densiflorae Hori et Nambu through studies on the morphological characteristics and pathogenicity. This is the first report on the fungus from the Philippines, and Pinus kesiya is recorded as a new host for the fungus.
“Top‐dying” of Norway spruce, Picea abies (L.) Karst., with special reference to Rhizosphaera kalkhoffii Bubák
Authors: Diamandis S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDirect and indirect evidence related to “top‐dying” of Norway spruce is presented along with theoretical considerations to construct a hypothesis explaining the cause of the disease. It is thought that “top‐dying” is primarily caused by severe water stress created by adverse climatic conditions chiefly mild, windy weather during the dormant period reinforced by drought in the first part of the growing season. When such conditions occur for more than two consecutive years severe outbreaks of the disease may result.
The Sclerophomas associated with dieback of Douglas‐fir
Authors: Funk A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractTwo new species of Sclerophoma Höhn. are described from dieback of Douglas‐fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) in British Columbia, Canada, viz. S. xenomeria n. sp. (conidial Xenomeris abietis Barr), and S. semenospora n. sp. Morphological and cultural characteristics are compared with S. pithyophila (Corda) Höhn., another common species in the same disease syndrome.
Heterobasidion annosum. Comparison of basidiospores and conidia. Light microscopy versus SEM
Authors: Roll‐Hansen F. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBy light microscope investigations published in the year 1940 the basidiospores of Heterobasidion annosum were described as echinulate and skew, the conidia as smooth or nearly smooth and less skew; for the height of the echinulations an approximate measurement was given. By SEM the same differences between the two spore types have been demonstrated recently, but the height found for the echinulations may be too low.
Schadbild und Ätiologie des Tannensterbens
Authors: Schuck Von H. J. , Blümel U. , Geier L. , Schütt P. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract Symptoms and etiology of dieback of silver fir (fir dying). I. Evaluation of disease Symptoms. The percentage of dead crown and the intensity of “stork's‐nest” formation, expressed as a shoot length ratio, are disease symptoms more objective and easier to handle than the degree of needle retention.In silver firs, a normal wetwood core must be distinguished from a pathological one. Only the latter forms part of the silver fir dieback syndrome. Frequently a net of Armillaria rhizomorphs is found in the root systems of diseased trees, sometimes down to 1.5m.
Rot in stored sandal logs
Authors: Nayar R. , Ananthapadmanabha H. S. , Venkatesan K. R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSandal logs after removal from the natural stands are stored in depots pending sale. During this storage they are heaped in the open, exposed to the elements; consequently the logs are attacked by a number of basidiomycetous fungi; mainly the attack is on sapwood, rarely heartwood is also affected. In view of the value of sandalwood, it is necessary to protect the logs to prevent deterioration of both sapwood and heartwood.
Zusammenhänge zwischen Immissions‐ und Trockenresistenz bei Fichte, Picea abies (L.) Karst.
Authors: Klein Von B. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract The relationship between pollution resistance and drought resistance in spruce, Picea abies (L.) Karst. Under conditions of poor water supply, grafts of Norway spruce (P. abies [L.] Karst.) resistant to SO2 were also resistant to water deficiency.Clones resistant to air pollution and water deficiency showed delayed loss of needles when ill supplied with water. As 5 year old grafts under conditions of water deficiency they occupied the same positions respectively on the scale of damage.
Compatibility in Ceratocystis ulmi
Authors: Asina Sh. , Hubbes M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractFourteen strains of Ceratocystis ulmi were crossed on semi‐synthetic and synthetic media in vitro. Perithecia formed after 8 weeks of incubation. Some strains were found to be more fertile than others. The strains were classified into type A, type B and bisexual.
Tree‐to tree variation on Picea abies in growth inhibition against Fomes annosus
Authors: Kaufmann U. , Wellendorf H. , Dimitri L. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe spread of Fomes annosus was measured on a set of 20 mature trees which were artificial inoculated. These observations were compared with growth observations and laccase activity of F. annosus grown on wood dust from the same 20 trees.Although variation between Fomes strains as well as between trees was recorded, correspondance between field and laboratory observations was absent in the present material.
Survival of Ceratocystis fagacearum in branches of trees killed by oak wilt in Minnesota
Authors: Gibbs J. N. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe survival of Ceratocystis fagacearum in the branches of Quercus ellipsoidalis killed by oak wilt in Minnesota depends on the time of year when the trees die. In trees, which wilt in May or June, the pathogen can be isolated from the xylem for only 1–2 months. In trees which die later in the summer it may persist through to the following spring. Observations on oak bark beetles (Pseudopityophthorus spp.) breeding in the dead trees do not suggest that these beetles are important vectors of the disease in Minnesota.
Beobachtungen über Wechselwirkungen dreier Nadelpilze der Kiefer in vitro
Authors: Osorio Von M. , Rack K. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract Interactions in vitro among three pine needle fungi. Interactions in vitro among Lophodermium pinastri, Naemacyclus niveus and Dothistroma pini, all fungi on conifers, were related to their various host spectra. The results were remarkably conformable, with those species which were mutually tolerant in vitro being joint colonisers of many host species and vice versa.
Chemical resistance of Pinus densiflora to Fomes annosus
Authors: Dumas M. , Hubbes M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractOne compound isolated from the stem wood of Pinus densiflora Sieb. Zucc. is responsible for its resistance to Fomes annosus (Fr.) Cke. From thin layer chromatography and microanalytical evidence, the inhibitory compound is nitrogenous and may be an alkaloid.
Effect of sulfur‐dioxide on protein‐SH in needles of Picea abies1
Authors: Grill D. , Esterbauer H. , Scharner M. , Felgitsch Ch. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe effect of SO2 on the SH‐groups of proteins in needles of Picea abies is studied. The content of total protein SH and glutathione is estimated with 5.5′‐Dithio‐bis‐nitrobenzoic‐acid (Ellman reagent). In addition structural protein SH is measured microspectrophotometrically in sections stained with the SH reagent, mercurochrome. The results indicate that GSH and also total protein SH and structural protein SH are increased in needles of Picea abies growing in SO2 polluted areas. Compared to needles of trees in relatively unpolluted areas average increases of 2. 33 (GSH), 1.22 (total protein SH) and 1.55 (structural protein SH) are found.
Studies on the epiphytic bacteria on Populus tremula L. and Populus alba L. at the time of optimal and minimal cambium activity and infection by Venturia
Authors: Danilewicz Krystyna 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe participation of epiphytic bacteria in the groups of bacteria dominating on the shoots and root collars of two year aspen and white poplar differs both in quantity and quality and depends on the chemical composition of the diffusion exudates related to cambium activity. This indicates that epiphytic bacteria can utilize carbon sources in the exudates and transform lignin precursors.
Microorganisms which invade Picea abies in seasonal stem wounds
Authors: Roll‐Hansen F. , Roll‐Hansen Helga 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAscomycetes, Fungi imperfecti, and Bacteria invading experimentally created wounds on stems of 55–60 years oldPicea abieswere studied after 1,2, and 4 years. The effect of wounding season, number of years since wounding, tree diameter class, height above ground, size and depth of the wounds is discussed. A general discussion is given of all isolated microorganisms, the Hymenomycetes included. Mutual influence of microorganisms is discussed.
Krebsartige Erkrankung an Pinus contorta‐Herkünften
Authors: Stephan B. R. , Butin H. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract Canker in Pinus contorta provenances. In connection with canker of 9 Pinus contorta provenances the two discomycetous fungi, Crumenulopsis sororia and Lachnellularehmii, were identified. After artificial infections L. rehmii did not produce canker symptoms. Therefore only C. sororia is considered to be the primary parasite. The P. contorta provenances differed in their damage rate.
Studies on Drepanopeziza salicis (Tull.) v. Höhnel, perfect state of Gloeosporium salicis West.
Authors: Anselmi N. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe development of the apothecium of Drepanopeziza salicis– the perfect state of Gloeosporium salicis– following the appearance of the microconidia has been described.The formation of both microconidia, which possibly have a spermatial function of mature ascospores and the incubation period of the ascospore‐infection have been related to climatic conditions.