bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Receptor for Activated C Kinase 1 (RACK1) and Src Regulate the Tyrosine Phosphorylation and Function of the Androgen Receptor
Authors: Kraus Sarah , Gioeli Daniel , Vomastek Tomas , Gordon Vicki , Weber Michael J. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) remains functionally important in the development and progression of prostate cancer even when the disease seems androgen “independent.” Because signal transduction by growth factor receptors increases in advanced prostate cancer and is capable of sensitizing the AR to androgen, there is considerable interest in determining the mechanisms by which signaling systems can modulate AR function. We show herein that the adaptor/scaffolding protein receptor for activated C kinase 1 (RACK1), which was previously reported to interact with the AR, modulates the tyrosine phosphorylation of AR and its interaction with the Src tyrosine kinase. We also show that down-regulation of RACK1 by short interfering RNA inhibits growth and stimulates prostate-specific antigen transcription in androgen-treated prostate cancer cells. Our results suggest that RACK1 mediates the cross-talk of AR with additional binding partners, such as Src, and facilitates the tyrosine phosphorylation and transcriptional activity of the AR. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(22): 11047-54)
Markers and Tissue Resources for Melanoma: Meeting Report
Authors: Becker Dorothea , Mihm Martin C. , Hewitt Stephen M. , Sondak Vernon K. , Fountain Jane W. , Thurin Magdalena 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
The Markers and Tissue Resources for Melanoma meeting convened by the Cancer Diagnosis Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, Specialized Programs of Research Excellence at the Organ Systems Branch of the National Cancer Institute (NCI), and the Melanoma Research Foundation was held in Gaithersburg, MD on October 2005. The meeting reviewed the current status of biomarkers for early- and advanced-stage melanoma and addressed some of the challenges scientists and clinicians face as they unravel the biology of melanoma and try to apply these findings to patient care. Specifically, the participants focused on molecular changes associated with melanoma progression, potential diagnostic and prognostic markers emerging from molecular profiling studies, and new treatment targets for current and future clinical trials. They also highlighted the ongoing challenges about translational research in melanoma, including availability of tissue resources, and summarized the status of nevus and melanoma tissue microarrays, recently developed as a collaborative project between the melanoma research community and the NCI. The meeting report is intended to provide a perspective on emerging scientific approaches in translational research that can enhance the progress in discovery and validation of markers for melanoma. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(22): 10652-7)
Telomere-Driven Karyotypic Complexity Concurs with p16INK4a Inactivation in TP53-Competent Immortal Endothelial Cells
Authors: Wen Victoria W. , Wu Kaida , Baksh Sheik , Hinshelwood Rebecca A. , Lock Richard B. , Clark Susan J. , Moore Malcolm A.S. , MacKenzie Karen L. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Critically short telomeres promote chromosomal fusions, which in TP53-defective cells initiate the formation of cytogenetic aberrations that are typical of human cancer cells. Expression of the enzyme telomerase stabilizes normal and aberrant chromosomes by maintaining telomere length. However, previous investigations, including our own, have shown that overexpression of telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) does not prevent net telomere shortening in human endothelial cells. In the present study, two mass cultures of hTERT-transduced bone marrow endothelial cells (BMhTERT) and 26 clones were employed to further investigate the immortalization process and consequences of telomere shortening. Eighty-five percent (22 of 26) of the clones and both mass cultures were immortalized. However, cytogenetic analyses revealed recurring cytogenetic aberrations in the mass cultures and 12 representative clones. Several of the recurring aberrations, including +5p, +11, −13, +19, and +20, and nonreciprocal translocations involving 17p and 2p were previously implicated in human carcinogenesis. One mass culture and a subset of clones (5 of 12) had complex karyotypes, characterized by cytogenetic heterogeneity and at least five chromosomal abnormalities. p16INK4a was silenced exclusively in the five clones and mass culture with complex karyotypes, whereas the p53/p21cip1 pathway was defective in only one clone. Telomere dysfunction was implicated in the evolution of complex karyotypes by the presence of anaphase bridges, telomere associations, and dicentric chromosomes. These results show that complex karyotypes can evolve in TP53-competent cells and provide evidence that p16INK4a functions as a gatekeeper to prevent telomere-driven cytogenetic evolution. These investigations provide new insight to the role of p16INK4a as a tumor suppressor. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(22): 10691-700)
Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibition Suppresses αvβ6 Integrin–Dependent Oral Squamous Carcinoma Invasion
Authors: Nystrom Maria L. , McCulloch Diana , Weinreb Paul H. , Violette Shelia M. , Speight Paul M. , Marshall John F. , Hart Ian R. , Thomas Gareth J. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Worldwide oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) represents about 5.5% of all malignancies, with ∼30,000 new cases each year in the United States. The integrin αvβ6 and the enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) are implicated in OSCC progression and have been suggested as possible therapeutic targets. Each protein also is reported to identify dysplasias at high risk of malignant transformation, and current clinical trials are testing the efficacy of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) at preventing OSCC development. Given the probable increased expression of αvβ6 and COX-2 in OSCC and the inhibition of several integrins by NSAIDs, we investigated whether NSAIDs affected αvβ6-dependent cell functions. We found that expression of both αvβ6 and COX-2 was significantly higher in OSCC compared with oral epithelial dysplasias. Neither protein preferentially identified those dysplastic lesions that became malignant. Using OSCC cell lines, modified to express varying levels of αvβ6, we assessed the effect of COX-2 inhibition on cell invasion. We found that the COX-2 inhibitor NS398 inhibited specifically αvβ6-dependent, but not αvβ6-independent, OSCC invasion in vitro and in vivo, and this effect was modulated through prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)–dependent activation of Rac-1. Transient expression of constitutively active Rac-1, or addition of the COX-2 metabolite PGE2, prevented the anti-invasive effect of NS398. Conversely, RNA interference down-regulation of Rac-1 inhibited αvβ6-dependent invasion. These findings suggest that COX-2 and αvβ6 interact in promoting OSCC invasion. This is a novel mechanism that, given the ubiquity of αvβ6 expression by head and neck cancers, raises the possibility that NSAIDs could protect against OSCC invasion. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(22): 10833-42)
Molecular Imaging of Proliferation in Malignant Lymphoma
Authors: Buck Andreas K. , Bommer Martin , Stilgenbauer Stephan , Juweid Malik , Glatting Gerhard , Schirrmeister Holger , Mattfeldt Torsten , Tepsic Djurdja , Bunjes Donald , Mottaghy Felix M. , Krause Bernd J. , Neumaier Bernd , Döhner Hartmut , Möller Peter , Reske Sven N. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
We have determined the ability of positron emission tomography (PET) with the thymidine analogue 3′-deoxy-3′-[18F]fluorothymidine (FLT) to detect manifestation sites of malignant lymphoma, to assess proliferative activity, and to differentiate aggressive from indolent tumors. In this prospective study, FLT-PET was done additionally to routine staging procedures in 34 patients with malignant lymphoma. Sixty minutes after i.v. injection of ∼330 MBq FLT, emission and transmission scanning was done. Tracer uptake in lymphoma was evaluated semiquantitatively by calculation of standardized uptake values (SUV) and correlated to tumor grading and proliferation fraction as determined by Ki-67 immunohistochemistry. FLT-PET detected a total of 490 lesions compared with 420 lesions revealed by routine staging. In 11 patients with indolent lymphoma, mean FLT-SUV in biopsied lesions was 2.3 (range, 1.2-4.5). In 21 patients with aggressive lymphoma, a significantly higher FLT uptake was observed (mean FLT-SUV, 5.9; range, 3.2-9.2; P &lt; 0.0001) and a cutoff value of SUV = 3 accurately discriminated between indolent and aggressive lymphoma. Linear regression analysis indicated significant correlation of FLT uptake in biopsied lesions and proliferation fraction (r = 0.84; P &lt; 0.0001). In this clinical study, FLT-PET was suitable for imaging malignant lymphoma and noninvasive assessment of tumor grading. Due to specific imaging of proliferation, FLT may be a superior PET tracer for detection of malignant lymphoma in organs with high physiologic fluorodeoxyglucose uptake and early detection of progression to a more aggressive histology or potential transformation. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(22): 11055-61)
Spontaneous Transformation of Cultured Mouse Bone Marrow–Derived Stromal Cells
Authors: Zhou Yi Fu , Bosch-Marce Marta , Okuyama Hiroaki , Krishnamachary Balaji , Kimura Hideo , Zhang Li , Huso David L. , Semenza Gregg L. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Bone marrow–derived stromal cells have engendered interest because of their therapeutic potential for promoting tissue vascularization and repair. When mononuclear cells isolated from mouse bone marrow were cultured in DMEM supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, cell populations arose that showed rapid proliferation and loss of contact inhibition. These cells formed invasive soft tissue sarcomas after i.m. injection into nude or scid mice. I.v. injection resulted in the formation of tumor foci in the lungs. The tumors were transplantable into syngeneic immunocompetent mice. Direct injection of cultured cells into immunocompetent mice also resulted in tumor formation. Karyotype analysis showed that increased chromosome number and multiple Robertsonian translocations occurred at passage 3 coincident with the loss of contact inhibition. The remarkably rapid malignant transformation of cultured mouse bone marrow cells may have important implications for ongoing clinical trials of cell therapy and for models of oncogenesis. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(22): 10849-54)
An Inherent Role of Integrin-Linked Kinase-Estrogen Receptor α Interaction in Cell Migration
Authors: Acconcia Filippo , Manavathi Bramanandam , Mascarenhas Joseph , Talukder Amjad H. , Mills Gordon , Kumar Rakesh 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) and estrogen receptor (ER)-α modulate cell migration. However, the crosstalk between ERα and ILK and the role of ILK in ERα-mediated cell migration remain unexplored. Here, we report that ILK participates in ERα signaling in breast cancer cells. We found that ILK binds ERα in vitro and in vivo through a LXXLL motif in ILK. Estrogen prevented ERα-ILK binding, resulting in phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)–dependent increase in ILK kinase activity. Furthermore, the regulation of ERα-ILK interaction was dependent on the PI3K pathway. Unexpectedly, transient knockdown or inhibition of ILK caused hyperphosphorylation of ERα Ser118 in an extracellular signal–regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway–dependent manner and an enhanced ERα recruitment to the target chromatin and gene expression, a process reversed by overexpression of ILK. Compatible with these interactions, estrogen regulated cell migration via the PI3K/ILK/AKT pathway with stable ILK overexpression hyperactivating cell migration. Thus, status of ILK signaling may be an important modifier of ER signaling in breast cancer cells and this pathway could be exploited for therapeutic intervention in breast cancer cells. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(22): 11030-8)
Topotactic route to synthesis of novel hydroxylated phases: I. Trioctahedral Micas
Authors: Komarneni S. , Roy R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractK-depleted phlogopite mica was used as a topotactic precursor and treated with alkali (Li+, K+, , Rb+, Cs+), alkaline-earth (Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+) and trivalent (Al3+) cations under hydrothermal conditions of 200°C and 30 MPa pressure. K-, NH4-, Rb- and Cs-aluminosilicate micas were synthesised at 200°C in one day. The synthesis of Cs-aluminosilicate mica, with potential applications in the management of nuclear wastes, has been achieved for the first time by this approach. Ion exchange by Li+, Na+ and alkaline-earth cations under hydrothermal conditions did not produce anhydrous mica phases but resulted in hydrous phases with one or two layers of water molecules between the clay layers. The formation of hydrous phases may be attributed to the high hydration energy of the above cations compared to K+, , RB+ and Cs+. Ion exchange with Al3+ produced a chlorite-like phase because of the hydrolysis of Al3+ under these hydrothermal conditions. These studies are of relevance in the immobilization of wastes where hazardous ions can be fixed in highly stable insoluble phases like mica or chlorite.
Influence of soil redox conditions on oxidation of biotite
Authors: Bouda S. , Isaac K. P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBiotites from three peaty gleyed podzol soil profiles on ranite bedrock were examined to investigate the oxidation of the octahedral Fe during weathering. Oxidation of these biotites as determined by Mössbauer spectroscopy shows a good correlation with thein situmeasured soil Eh values of the sampled horizons. In every soil profile the highest Eh measured is in the A horizon and the lowest in the C horizon. Similarly, biotites from the A horizons are the most oxidized compared with those from the lower horizons. In most of the samples the oxidation is accompanied by loss of K+from the lattice, as demonstrated by a moderate degree of vermiculitization.
Interpretation of the IR spectra of celadonites and glauconites in the region of OH-stretching frequencies
Authors: Slonimskaya M. V. , Besson G. , Dainyak L. G. , Tchoubar C. , Drits V. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA method is given for quantitative analysis of IR spectra of dioctahedral micas in the OH-stretching region, which involves spectral decomposition and correlation of octahedral cation contents with integrated optical densities of the corresponding bands. It provides a basis for the study of order-disorder in these minerals and has allowed revision of the crystallochemical formulae of some glauconites and celadonites.
Diagenetic sequences and K/Ar dating in Jurassic sandstones, Central Viking Graben: effects on reservoir properties
Authors: Thomas M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe differences noticed in the porosity-permeability values and the clay mineralogy of the Brent and Statfjord reservoirs of two closely related wells from the Central Viking Graben appear to be due essentially to diagenesis. According to their type, nature and relationships, the diagenetic phases are organized into three distinct sequences, each induced by distinct hydrodynamic systems. These systems are related to three main episodes of the geological history of the reservoirs, which were: the compaction-lithilication phase, the Kimmerian to Lower Cretaceous emersive phase, and the hydrologic loading of the deep parts of the basins and/or fault panels. The late diagenetic sequence is expressed by quartz overgrowths, blocky kaolinite and illite authigenesis. With a probable ‘catalytic’ effect of temperature, this sequence is the most intensely developed and so greatly damages the porosity and permeability. In the oil-bearing reservoirs of Well 25/4-1, the stage of evolution of this third diagenetic sequence is not well advanced: illitization was rapidly stopped by the hydrocarbon charge so that permeabilities remained satisfactory (up to 500 mD). In the water-zone of Well 25/4-5, illitization is extensive and permeabilities considerably reduced (lower than 5 mD). K/Ar dating of authigenic illites provides evidence of a late Eocene phase (40–44 Ma) as the maximum age for the hydrocarbon entrapment in Well 25/4-1, whereas the last illite authigenesis from the water-zone of Well 25/4-5 gives an Oligocene phase (28 Ma in the Statfjord Formation). These data indicate that fluid circulation was effective until this time in the down-dip faulted panel of Well 25/4-5, and has therefore been responsible for the drastic permeability reduction.
Some applications of clay mineralogy to reservoir description
Authors: Hurst A. , Archer J. S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractStudy of sandstone diagenesis provides information about the origin, texture, distribution and composition of clay minerals, which in turn is used in reservoir description. Three examples of the use of clay mineralogy in reservoir description are given. (1) Kaolinite commonly forms pore-filling cements which are pervasive in specific sandstone intervals. It is shown that water-zone kaolinization homogenizes and lowers the porosity and permeability relative to the oil zone; in a reservoir model different Ø/Krelationships are defined above and below the oil-water contact. (2) An occurrence of chlorite in dish-structured horizons is shown to increase horizontal permeability and decrease formation resistivity. The sensitivity of the neutron porosity log to the chlorite cement reduces the usefulness of the log for porosity evaluation. Uncritical application of wireline logs to define reservoir parameters can give pessimistic reservoir evaluation. (3) Sand production can be related to wettability, which in turn is strongly influenced by clay mineralogy. A perforation strategy to minimize sand production may then be based on knowledge of the clay mineralogy of a reservoir.
Synthesis and crystallogenesis at low temperature of Fe(III)-smectites by evolution of coprecipitated gels: experiments in partially reducing conditions
Authors: Decarreau A. , Bonnin D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSyntheses of ferric smectites were performed at low temperature (75° C by aging coprecipitated gels of silica and Fe2+-sulphate under initially reducing then oxidizing conditions. Under strictly reducing conditions only nuclei of a trioctahedral ferrous stevensite were observed and crystal growth did not take place. When a spontaneous oxidization, in contact with air, was effected, the ferrous smectite nuclei transformed rapidly into a ferric, nontronite-like, smectite. Crystallogenesis of the ferric smectite was studied by XRD, IR, DTA, Mössbauer and EPR spectroscopies. The end-synthesis smectite contained only Fe3+ions, all located in the octahedral sheet. This clay was mixed with a cryptocrystalline iron oxide phase containing one-third of the iron atoms and undetectable by XRD.
Infrared evidence for the occurrence of SiO groups with double-bond character in antigorite, sepiolite and palygorskite
Authors: Yariv S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIR spectra of antigorite and sepiolite show an absorption band at ∼ 1200 cm−1. Spectra of palygorskite show several small absorptions between 1140–1200 cm−1. Since these three minerals are the only layer-silicates which show this absorption this band was assigned to Si-O-Si groups which serve as bridges between alternating alumino-Mg-silicate ribbons. By comparing the location of this band to bands observed in the spectra of P=O groups it was concluded that the contribution of π bonding in the bridging Si-O-Si group is of a high order. Similar conclusions were drawn after comparing the spectra of antigorite, sepiolite and palygorskite with those of various pyrosilicates. An inversion of the tetrahedral sheet requires an Si-O-Si angle of 180° which can be stabilized by dπ-pπ bonding in the Si-O-Si group. Due to the inductive effect of the octahedral sheet this type of bonding may occur in trioctahedral clay silicates, but is not to be expected in dioctahedral clay silicates.
Cation exchange in synthetic manganates: II. The structure of an alkylammonium-saturated phyllomanganate
Authors: Paterson E. , Clark D.R. , Russell D. , Swaffield R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA synthetic phyllomanganate saturated with a series of primary alkylammonium cations has been examined using XRD, chemical analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. A linear relationship exists between the basal spacing of the saturated alkylammonium-manganate and the hydrocarbon chain length in the interlayer, and from the gradient it is concluded that the alkyl chains are perpendicular to the manganate sheet. This orientation is a function of both the charge density and the presence of a layer of water molecules immediately adjacent to the manganate basal surfaces. Evacuation results in the loss of this interlayer water and the structure of the organo-manganate is considerably disrupted. The extent to which the interlayer arrangement can be reinstated by rehydration is dependent on the chain length of the saturating organo-cation. For cations of chain length > C6 the C contents suggest that cation in excess of the exchange capacity is present in the interlayer, but the absence of any compensating anion and the release of amine on evacuation suggests that the excess C arises from the presence of free amine.
Exogenous glucosamine globally protects chondrocytes from the arthritogenic effects of IL-1β
Authors: Gouze Jean-Noël , Gouze Elvire , Popp Mick P , Bush Marsha L , Dacanay Emil A , Kay Jesse D , Levings Padraic P , Patel Kunal R , Saran Jeet-Paul S , Watson Rachael S , Ghivizzani Steven C 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effects of exogenous glucosamine on the biology of articular chondrocytes were determined by examining global transcription patterns under normal culture conditions and following challenge with IL-1β. Chondrocytes isolated from the cartilage of rats were cultured in several flasks either alone or in the presence of 20 mM glucosamine. Six hours later, one-half of the cultures of each group were challenged with 10 ng/ml IL-1β. Fourteen hours after this challenge, RNA was extracted from each culture individually and used to probe microarray chips corresponding to the entire rat genome. Glucosamine alone had no observable stimulatory effect on the transcription of primary cartilage matrix genes, such as aggrecan, collagen type II, or genes involved in glycosaminoglycan synthesis; however, glucosamine proved to be a potent, broad-spectrum inhibitor of IL-1β. Of the 2,813 genes whose transcription was altered by IL-1β stimulation (P < 0.0001), glucosamine significantly blocked the response in 2,055 (~73%). Glucosamine fully protected the chondrocytes from IL-1-induced expression of inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors as well as proteins involved in prostaglandin E2 and nitric oxide synthesis. It also blocked the IL-1-induced expression of matrix-specific proteases such as MMP-3, MMP-9, MMP-10, MMP-12, and ADAMTS-1. The concentrations of IL-1 and glucosamine used in these assays were supraphysiological and were not representative of the arthritic joint following oral consumption of glucosamine. They suggest, however, that the potential benefit of glucosamine in osteoarthritis is not related to cartilage matrix biosynthesis, but is more probably related to its ability to globally inhibit the deleterious effects of IL-1β signaling. These results suggest that glucosamine, if administered effectively, may indeed have anti-arthritic properties, but primarily as an anti-inflammatory agent.