bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Temperature on Feed Consumption and Nutrient Absorption in Procambarus clarkii and Procambarus zonangulus
Authors: Croll Suzanne L. , Watts Stephen A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractFeeding characteristics of acclimated red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii and white river crayfish Procambarus zonangulus were determined at 8, 14, 20, 26, and 32 C. Food consumption rates of crayfish were directly related to temperature. Feeding was minimal at 8 C. At 14 CP. zonangulus consumed significantly more feed (5.5% body weight (BW/d) than P. clarkii (1.8% BW/d). At 32 C P. clarkii consumed significantly more feed (23% BW/d) than P. zonangulus (10% BW /d), reflecting species‐specific thermal optimums for feeding. Differences in food consumption rates correspond to differences in the geographical distributions of these two species. Dry matter absorption rates ranged from 55% to 75% for both species without significant temperature effect. Patterns of protein and carbohydrate absorption were similar in P. clarkii and P. zonangulus. Protein absorption efficiency decreased from 45% to 10% as temperature increased from 8 C to 32 C. The total amount of protein absorbed increased seven‐ to ten‐fold as temperature increased. Soluble carbohydrate absorption efficiency was reduced at low temperatures. However, absorption efficiency increased approximately five‐fold as temperature increased from 14 C to 20 C, but did not change substantially as temperature was increased to 32 C. The total amount of carbohydrate absorbed increased approximately 15‐ to 26‐fold as temperature increased. The protein to carbohydrate utilization ratio was similar between species, but varied dramatically with temperature. Both species absorbed between 2.5 and four‐times more protein than carbohydrate at low temperatures (8 C and 14 C). At 32 C both species utilized approximately three times more carbohydrate than protein. In spite of reduced consumption at lower temperatures, crayfish absorbed a greater protein portion. At these low temperatures it appears that crayfish maximize the efficiency of protein absorption, presumably for maintenance and growth requirements. At high temperatures it appears that crayfish maximize energy intake, presumably to sustain higher metabolic rates due to increased activity levels. These apparent temperature‐dependent nutrient requirements may influence natural foraging strategies or, for species in aquaculture, the effectiveness of commercial feed preparations. At high temperatures P. clarkii was more effective in consuming nutrients than P. zonangulus and may be more successful than P. zonangulus at these temperatures.
Following the Artificially Induced Eel Maturation Process by Means of In Vivo CT Scanning
Authors: Müller Tamás , Romvári Róbert , Bercsényi Miklós , Hancz Csaba , Molnár Tamás , Szabó András , Horn Péter 
Published: April 2007

AbstractArtificially induced maturation of 10 male eels Anguilla anguilla L. weighing 170 ± 30‐3 g was followed for 6 wk with in vivo CT scanning in a repeated manner. Since testis tissue has a well defined X‐ray density value, the volumetric development could be described. Parallel with this process, a strong decrease of the abdominal fat volume was measured and depicted with the applied surface smoothing method. As an affect of the hCG treatment (250 IU/week per eel) at the third wk, the testis could clearly be recognized on the images. From that time the average testis volume values of the 10 eels were 4,975, 6345, 11,583 and 14,553 mmJ respectively. At the sixth wk, the relative testis volume in the abdomen was 25%. In the fillet a characteristic shift (from ‐10 to ‐20 Hounsfield units) of the density histogram towards the fat interval was detected. The average density value of the fillet was found to be zero; this was supported furthermore by the histological analysis of the fillet (fat to muscle rate 0.35‐0.40). On the basis of the above findings, the applied CT scanning method was proven to be suitable to follow in vivo the maturation process of male eels.
Preservation of Integron Types among
Enterobacteriaceae
Producing Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamases in a Spanish Hospital over a 15-Year Period (1988 to 2003)
Authors: Machado Elisabete , Ferreira Joana , Novais Ângela , Peixe Luísa , Cantón Rafael , Baquero Fernando , Coque Teresa M. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT

The variable presence of integrons among extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing
Enterobacteriaceae
species (0 to 66%) is described. Association between
bla
ESBL
and integrons occurred when these are linked to specific ESBL-type genes (In
60
bearing IS
CR1
and
bla
CTX-M-9
) or when ESBL genes were superimposed onto selected plasmids carrying integrons. Some integrons were identical to those found during decades worldwide, illustrating the preservation of the genetic elements carrying them.
Moraxella catarrhalisOuter Membrane Protein CD Elicits Antibodies That Inhibit CD Binding to Human Mucin and Enhance Pulmonary Clearance ofM. catarrhalisin a Mouse Model
Authors: Liu Dai-Fang , McMichael John C. , Baker Steven M. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTThe outer membrane protein CD ofMoraxella catarrhalisis considered to be a potential vaccine antigen againstMoraxellainfection. We purified the native CD from isolate O35E, administered it to mice, and detected considerable titers of anti-CD antibodies. Anti-CD sera were cross-reactive towards six differentM. catarrhalisisolates and promoted bacterial clearance of O35E in a pulmonary challenge model. To circumvent the difficulty of generating large quantities of CD fromM. catarrhalisfor vaccine use, the CD gene from O35E was cloned intoEscherichia coli, and the recombinant CD, expressed without a signal sequence or fusion tags, represented ∼70% of the totalE. coliproteins. The recombinant CD formed inclusion bodies that were solubilized with 6 M urea and then purified by ion-exchange chromatography, a procedure that produced soluble CD of high purity and yield. Mice immunized with the purified recombinant CD had significant titers of anti-CD antibodies that were cross-reactive towards 24 differentM. catarrhalisisolates. Upon challenge, these mice showed enhanced bacterial clearance of both O35E and a heterologousM. catarrhalisisolate, TTA24. In an in vitro assay, antisera to either the native or the recombinant CD inhibited the binding activity of CD to human tracheobronchial mucin in a serum concentration-dependent manner, and the extent of inhibition appeared to correlate with the corresponding anti-CD antibody titer and whole-cell enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay titer. Our results demonstrate that the recombinant CD is a promising vaccine candidate for preventingMoraxellainfection.
Filamentous Influenza A Virus Infection Predisposes Mice to Fatal Septicemia following Superinfection with
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Serotype 3
Authors: Speshock Janice L. , Doyon-Reale Nicole , Rabah R. , Neely Melody N. , Roberts Paul C. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT

Previous studies have demonstrated that animals exposed to
Streptococcus pneumoniae
while recovering from influenza A virus infection exhibit exacerbated disease symptoms. However, many of the current animal models exploring dual viral and bacterial synergistic exacerbations of respiratory disease have utilized mouse-adapted influenza virus and strains of
Streptococcus pneumoniae
that in themselves are highly lethal to mice. Here we describe a mouse model of bacterial superinfection in which a mild, self-limiting influenza virus infection is followed by mild, self-limiting superinfection with
S. pneumoniae
serotype 3.
S. pneumoniae
superinfection results in rapid dissemination of the bacterium from the respiratory tract and systemic spread to all major organs of the mice, resulting in fatal septicemia. This phenomenon in mice was observed in superinfected animals undergoing an active viral infection as well as in mice that had completely cleared the virus 7 to 8 days prior to superinfection. Neutrophils were the predominant cellular inflammatory infiltrate in the lungs of superinfected mice compared to singly infected animals. Among other cytokines and chemokines, the neutrophil activator granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) was found to be significantly overexpressed in the spleens, lungs, and brains of superinfected animals. High G-CSF protein levels were observed in sera and lung lavage fluid from superinfected animals, suggesting that G-CSF is a major contributor to synergistic exacerbation of disease leading to fatal septicemia.
Global Economic History as the Accumulation of Capital Through a Process of Combined and Uneven Development: An Appreciation and Critique of Ernest Mandel
Authors: O'Brien Patrick Karl 
Published: April 2007

AbstractO'Brien provides a critical assessment of Ernest Mandel's 1975 monograph Late Capitalism. In so doing, he offers a historical narrative that puts into question Mandel's framing of 'waves' of capitalist development as a process of capital accumulation that was dependent upon uneven development in the Third World. O'Brien starts by problematising Mandel's argument that an initial concentration of money, capital and bullion in the hands of Europeans explains combined and uneven development. He goes on to demonstrate that Mandel's (and Lenin's) notion of imperialism as a necessary conduit for the flow of surplus capital from industrialising Europe does not stand up to the historical evidence. In fact, O'Brien maintains an alternative thesis, namely that these marginalised regions were insuffciently penetrated by European capital.
On the History and Logic of Modern Capitalism: The Legacy of Ernest Mandel
Authors: Krätke Michael 
Published: April 2007

AbstractMandel's Late Capitalism is the last large-scale effort to make sense of the development of capitalism since 1945 that is linked to the tradition of classical Marxism. The book provides an excellent case to study the difficulties of any such enterprise to come to grips with the historical developments of capitalism at large or with any of its particular phases or epochs. The difficulties that Mandel tries to surmount in order to reintegrate the theory and history of modern capitalism are, however, closely linked to ambiguities already present in Marx's original general theory of capitalism.
Concerning Der Spätkapitalismus: Mandel's Quest for a Synthesis of Late Capitalism
Authors: Stutje Jan Willem 
Published: April 2007

AbstractBetween 1940 and 1980, Ernest Mandel (1923–1995) studied many aspects of capitalism. With his magna opera, Traité d'économie marxiste (1962) and Der Spätkapitalismus (1972) he had a great impact on the social movements which emerged in the 1960s and 1970s of the last century. This article attempts to unravel the story of the development of Mandel's economic historical work. It follows the search for the synthesis of late capitalism, positions Mandel in the Marxist tradition and looks for what was innovative in his contributions. The Traité d'economie marxiste was a provocative experiment. The author shows how Mandel replaced history into the core of Marx's economic theory and how he supersedes Eurocentrism by independently asking for attention for Asia, Africa, the Islamic World and pre-Columbian America. Mandel worked on Der Spätkapitalismus for more than ten years. The article shows how Mandel rehabilitated the forgotten 'long-wave theory', which enabled him to offer an explanation for the exceptional postwar expansion, but also made him predict the end of the 'golden days of capitalism'. The study was completed in 1972 in a turbulent West Berlin, where as visiting professor at the leading Otto-Suhr-Institut für Politikwissenschaft he defended his vision in lively debate with students and confrères and where the last theoretical differences were ironed out.
Phallic Objects from Ardabil
Authors: Omid Parisa , Arakelova Victoria 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe article examined the phallic objects recently identified by the authors in the cemetery of Onar, Ardabil. The objects are typologically similar to the so-called mushroom-shaped phalli attested in various ancient cultures all over the world. Still, adapted to the Islamic tradition by means of re-interpretation of their form, they are used here as tomb-stones, one of them even bearing an epitaphic inscription in Arabic.
Rapport du capitaine en second Constantin Smirnov sur son voyage en Turquie en 1904
Authors: Ter-Oganov Nugzar 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe article includes the Report (with Introduction, French translation and commentaries) of Junior Captain Constantine Nicolaevich Smirnov, a Russian secret officer, about his trip (in company with Colonel Vladimir Platonovich Liakhov, an ominous figure in the history of the Constitutional Revolution of Iran) to Turkey in 1904. The Report is being kept at present in the Archives of the Institute of Manuscripts of the Georgian Academy of Science in Tbilisi.This document, never published before, has a considerable historical importance as a valuable source illuminating several issues of the history of Russian-Turkish relations, the situation of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, the policy of the Tsarist Russia and, in general, Russian radical nationalism towards Armenians at the beginning of the 20th century.Smirnov's Report also clearly shows that the Kurds in the Ottoman Empire, unlike Armenians, were under the protection of Turks and were involved in all repressive military structures against Armenians and other national minorities of the country. Judging from this Report, the position of Russians towards Armenians and Kurds was similarly differentiated. In any case and despite the widespread opinion about the Russian State's positive role in the Armenian people destiny, the official policy of Russia, as well as the common approach of the Russian intelligentsia were always strongly anti-Armenian and sometimes overstepped even the mark of elementary morality.
Tabari Language Materials from Il'ya Berezin's Recherches sur les dialectes persans
Authors: Borjian Habib 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe paper studies and summarises the linguistic materials on Tabari found in I. N. Berezin's "Recherches sur les dialectes persans". This book was the first attempt in Iranian dialectology, but due to the inaccuracies and incoherent transcription it has largely been ignored since its publication in 1953. Tabari, one of the Iranian languages studied in the book, has more than three million speakers in the Persian province of Mazandaran on the southern shores of the Caspian Sea. It sheds light on certain grammatical characteristics of Tabari not so clearly stated in other contemporaneous sources. From materials documented by Berezin, 24 sentences and a glossary (including a separate list of verbs) are extracted and listed in the article.
Starting with Lives
Authors: Tanner Denise 
Published: April 2007

• Summary: A recent summary of research findings concluded that social policy and practice should use older people's lives as the starting point to plan and evaluate services (Joseph Rowntree Foundation, 2004). Based on the findings of a small-scale qualitative study and related research, this article explores the strategies and ways of coping used by older people to manage changes and difficulties that accompany ageing. • Findings: It is suggested that older people's strategies and ways of coping can be understood as efforts to sustain a sense of self in later life and a model of some key processes involved is presented. The empirical findings of the study are related to theoretical models of ageing and identity management. Attention is directed to the interaction between structural resources and constraints, dominant cultural norms and values, and older people's individual capacities for reflexivity and interpretation. • Applications : It is argued that this understanding has significant implications for the planning and delivery of social work and social care services that aim to promote the well-being of older people. In particular, practitioners need to understand the meaning and significance that difficulties and different approaches to managing them have for individuals. Interventions should be sensitive to, and seek to support, older people's cognitive ways of coping, as well as their practical strategies.
The Needs of Victims of the Troubles in Northern Ireland
Authors: Manktelow Roger 
Published: April 2007

• Summary: The civil and political conflict in Northern Ireland over a 30-year period, known as the Troubles, has resulted in over 3600 deaths and some 40,000 injured. The present study investigates the needs of people affected by the Troubles and what contribution social work is making to help meet those needs. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with key representatives of 45 groups providing services to victims of the Troubles. Proposals are made for the development of specialist social work services for individuals suffering conflict-related trauma. • Findings: The results show that the psychological experience of the Troubles is characterized by the theme of a vulnerability to depression and anxiety arising from the internalization of negative feelings and the theme of loss — a sudden and violent bereavement and a grieving which has had to be denied and postponed. Victims suffered ill-health caused by long-term, attritional stress and the employment of coping mechanisms which in themselves placed individual health at risk. The Troubles caused adverse social effects including an individual experience of anomie, a community fragmentation and disintegration and a social culture of suspicion and segregation. • Applications : The prime recommendation of the study is that social work services provided for victims of the Troubles must be community based, offer safety and trust, recognize the right to campaign on human rights issues and offer a range of therapeutic responses.
Orality and Literacy
Authors: Nai Ming Tsang  
Published: April 2007

• Summary: This article examines the issue of orality and literacy and reflects critically on their relevance, challenges and opportunities in relation to social work practice and education. • Findings: The findings from language studies on the effects of literacy on individuals are examined, identifying the significant features of the oral and literate mind-sets. Using these findings, the hiatus between the literate mode of education and oral mode of practice in social work, and its possible effects, are scrutinized. Three types of incompatibility are identified: between clients and social workers; between direct and indirect practice; and between education and practice. • Applications : Empirical studies can be conducted in education and practice based on the deliberations of this article to test the validity of the assertions and the heuristic tools suggested. Social work educators and practitioners may want to redress the balance between the oral and written modes of communication in curriculum design, methods of assessment and accounting for practice, with due recognition of the orally mediated mode of knowledge construction and dissemination.
Breast Cancer Mortality Trends in the United States According to Estrogen Receptor Status and Age at Diagnosis
Authors: Jatoi Ismail , Chen Bingshu E. , Anderson William F. , Rosenberg Philip S. 
Published: April 2007

Purpose Since 1990, overall breast cancer mortality rates in the United States decreased 24%. This decline has been attributed to mammography screening and adjuvant systemic therapy. However, the efficacy of these modalities may depend on estrogen receptor (ER) expression and age. We therefore examined breast cancer mortality trends in the United States according to ER status and age. Methods Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program (1990-2003), we calculated trends in incidence-based mortality (IBM), annual hazard rates for breast cancer deaths after diagnosis, and relative hazard rates for women with ER-positive and ER-negative tumors. Relative hazard rates were assessed with Cox proportional hazards models, adjusted for stage and grade, and stratified by age at diagnosis. Results During the study period, IBM and annual hazard rates for breast cancer deaths decreased among women with ER-positive and ER-negative tumors, although declines were greater for those with ER-positive tumors. Among women younger than 70 years, relative hazard rates declined 38% for those with ER-positive tumors versus 19% for those with ER-negative tumors. Among women 70 years or older, relative hazard rates declined 14% for those with ER-positive tumors versus no significant decline for those with ER-negative tumors. Conclusion In the United States, breast cancer mortality rates have declined among women with ER-positive and ER-negative tumors, with greater declines among younger women and those with ER-positive tumors. Although mortality in all groups remains unacceptably high, additional emphasis should be placed on improving outcomes of breast cancer patients older than 70 years and those of all ages with ER-negative tumors.
Neurovascular changes after four-layer compression bandaging in people with chronic venous leg ulcers
Authors: Ogrin R , Darzins P , Khalil Z 
Published: April 2007

Objectives: Venous leg ulcers represent a major clinical problem, with poor rates of healing. Ideal treatment is compression bandaging. The effect of compression on neurovascular tissues involved in wound repair is unclear. This study aims to assess the effect of four-layer compression therapy (40 mmHg) on neurovascular function and wound healing in people with chronic venous leg ulcers – 15 people (55 years or older) with venous leg ulcers for more than six weeks. Methods: Basal microvascular perfusion measurement (MPM), oxygen tension (tc pO2) measured at sensor temperatures of 39°C and 44°C and sensory nerve function using electrical cutaneous perception thresholds (ECPT) at 5, 250 and 2000 Hz (corresponding to C, A δ and A β fibres) were assessed adjacent to the ulcer site, and at a mirror location on the non-ulcerated limb. Testing was undertaken before and after therapy for 5–12 weeks of four-layer compression bandaging. Results: There was significant improvement in tc pO2 at 44°C and ECPT at 2000 Hz ( P<0.05) compared with pre-intervention. Changes in basal MPM, tc pO2 at 39°C and ECPT at 5 and 250 Hz after compression therapy did not reach statistical significance. Conclusion: Four-layer compression bandaging in people with venous leg ulcers improved some components of neurovascularture in people with chronic venous leg ulcers. Whether this improvement has contributed to wound healing in this study requires further investigation.
Does size matter? The impact of calf muscle volume on venous return in patients with venous leg ulcers
Authors: Moloney M Clarke , Lyons G M , Egan M , Wallis F , Burke P E , Kavanagh E , Grace P A 
Published: April 2007

Objectives: The calf muscle pump is recognized as an integral component of effective venous return from the lower limbs. The aim of this study was to determine if there is a correlation between calf muscle volume and venous blood flow among patients with venous leg ulcers. Methods: Nine patients with venous leg ulceration were recruited for this study. These patients underwent haemodynamic testing using duplex ultrasound to measure peak venous velocities in response to voluntary maximum plantar flexion, with and without compression bandaging. Each patient then had magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the lower limbs. Calf muscle volume was calculated from the MRI images using a specially designed Matlab computer program to identify and count muscle pixels. Analyses applied Pearson's correlation coefficient to determine correlation between calf muscle volume and mean peak venous velocities in response to voluntary contraction. Results: No correlation was seen between calf muscle volume and haemodynamic venous return in response to voluntary contraction, with or without compression bandaging. Conclusion: The volume of calf muscle available for promoting venous return alone may not be an accurate indicator of muscle functioning capability.