bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modelling the known and unknown plant biodiversity of the Amazon Basin
Authors: Hopkins Michael J. G. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAims  The overall aim of this study is to provide the data needed for Amazonian conservation and the sustainable management of the region. To this end I model the hypothetical distribution of plant species richness across the Amazon Basin, the distribution of the proportion of this species richness that can be accounted for by described species, and hence the distribution of the biodiversity which remains unknown.Location  Amazonia, Neotropics.Methods  Species richness across the Amazon Basin is estimated by comparing the occurrences of 1584 species of Magnoliophyta whose taxonomy and geographical distributions are relatively well known. These data are used to collate checklists for squares of 1° latitude by 1° longitude. Comparison of the checklists allows estimation of the relative expected diversity in the vicinity of each degree square. Summing the distributions of the hypothetical real ranges gives the proportion of the biodiversity that can be accounted for by described species. Subtraction of the second distribution from the first gives a distribution of the contribution to the overall biodiversity that the model predicts, potentially, results from as yet undescribed species.Results  Collections documented in recent botanical monographs show an extremely biased distribution with the best knowledge being found in a very few relatively well‐collected areas. At the degree square level, this model predicts that gamma biodiversity in the Amazon Basin is uniformly high across most of the basin. The model predicts that four large areas of the basin are particularly poorly known, and that they should contain large numbers of uncollected species.Main conclusions  The model presented here highlights the difficulties of quantifying Amazonian plant diversity and its distribution. The low density of collections, and especially their extremely clumped distribution, undermines confidence in theories that seek to explain the apparent distribution of biodiversity. The model's prediction is substantially different from published predictions of the distribution of alpha diversity. Testing of this model in the areas identified as lacunae would require collecting programmes designed to collect fertile material of rare species. If the model's predictions are approximately accurate, the plant biodiversity of the Amazon Basin is considerably underestimated.
A comparison of altitudinal species richness patterns of bryophytes with other plant groups in Nepal, Central Himalaya
Authors: Grau Oriol , Grytnes John‐Arvid , Birks H. J. B. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAim To explore species richness patterns in liverworts and mosses along a central Himalayan altitudinal gradient in Nepal (100–5500 m a.s.l.) and to compare these patterns with patterns observed for ferns and flowering plants. We also evaluate the potential importance of Rapoport’s elevational rule in explaining the observed richness patterns for liverworts and mosses.Location Nepal, Central Himalaya.Methods We used published data on the altitudinal ranges of over 840 Nepalese mosses and liverworts to interpolate presence between maximum and minimum recorded elevations, thereby giving estimates of species richness for 100‐m altitudinal bands. These were compared with previously published patterns for ferns and flowering plants, derived in the same way. Rapoport’s elevational rule was assessed by correlation analyses and the statistical significance of the observed correlations was evaluated by Monte Carlo simulations.Results There are strong correlations between richness of the four groups of plants. A humped, unimodal relationship between species richness and altitude was observed for both liverworts and mosses, with maximum richness at 2800 m and 2500 m, respectively. These peaks contrast with the richness peak of ferns at 1900 m and of vascular plants, which have a plateau in species richness between 1500 and 2500 m. Endemic liverworts have their maximum richness at 3300 m, whereas non‐endemic liverworts show their maximum richness at 2700 m. The proportion of endemic species is highest at about 4250 m. There is no support from Nepalese mosses for Rapoport’s elevational rule. Despite a high correlation between altitude and elevational range for Nepalese liverworts, results from null simulation models suggest that no clear conclusions can be made about whether liverworts support Rapoport’s elevational rule.Main conclusions Different demands for climatic variables such as available energy and water may be the main reason for the differences between the observed patterns for the four plant groups. The mid‐domain effect may explain part of the observed pattern in moss and liverwort richness but it probably only works as a modifier of the main underlying relationship between climate and species richness.
The Major Arteries of the Shoulder and Arm of the White‐tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus, Raf inesque, 1832)
Authors: Bisaillon André 
Published: June 2007

SummaryAs in the domestic ruminants, the superficial cervical artery with its 5 named branches vascularizes to some extend the region of the shoulder, and the axillary artery with its 3 named branches vascularizes chiefly the muscles of the shoulder. In Odocoileus the suprascapular branch of the superficial cervical artery is the major supply to the large M. supraspinatus, whereas in the pig and domestic ruminants this branch is restricted to the free limb. The suprascapular artery of Odocoileus is very small. The transverse cubital artery gives off the cranial superficial antebrachial artery and does not anastomose with the collateral radial artery as it usually does in the domestic species.
Die Mm. omotransversarius und sternocleidomastoideus des Esels
Authors: Mitteilungen Kurze , Mitteilungen Kurze 
Published: June 2007

ZusammenfassungDer Esel besitzt wie das Pferd einen M. omotransversarius und einen dreiteiligen M. trapezius. Vom M. sternocleidomastoideus besitzt er beide Teile, die Pars sternomandibularis und die dem Pferde fehlende Pars cleido‐mastoidea.
The Anatomy of the Tendons of Insertion of the extrinsic Muscles of the Eyeball in the Buffalo, Cow and Camel
Authors: Hifny A. , Misk N. A. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryThe knowledge of the insertion of the eyeball's extrinsic muscles is of importance in the surgery and the forensic medicine. In the camel the features differ from those in the buffalo generally as regards the thickness and yellow colour of all tendons and specially as regards the position of the line of insertion of the lateral rectus, its position at the obliques and its mode of termination at the retractor. In the cow the line of insertion of the inferior oblique and the length of the tendons of the superior and lateral recti differ from those in the buffalo.ZusammenfassungZur Anatomie der Endsehnen der äußeren Augenmuskeln bei Büffeln, Rind und KamelDie Kenntnis der Insertionen der äußeren Augenmuskeln ist chirurgisch und forensisch bedeutsam. Abweichungen von den Verhältnissen beim Büffel betrefTen beim Kamel generell die Dicke und Gelbfärbung aller Endsehnen, speziell die Insertionslinie des lateralen Rectus, deren Anordnung bei den Obliqui und deren Endigungsweise beim Retractor. Beim Rind weichen die Insertion des unteren Obliquus sowie die Sehnenlange des oberen und lateralen Rectus ab.RésuméL'Anatomie des Tendons des Muscles extrinseques du Bulbe de l'oeil chez le Buffle, la Vache et le ChameauLa connaissance de l'insertion des muscles du bulbe de l'oeil est importante pour la chirurgie et pour la médecine légale. Chez le Chameau, les caractères different de ceux rencontrés chez le Buffle en ce qui concerne de manière générate lépaisseur et la coloration jaune de tous les tendons et de façon particuliere la situation de la ligne d'insertion du droit latéral, les rapports des obliques et la terminaison du rétracteur. Chez la Vache, la ligne d'insertion de l'oblique inferieur et la longueur des tendons des droits supérieur et latéral different de celles du Buffle.ResumenSobre la anatomía del tendón terminal del músculo ocular externo en el búfalo, el buey y el camelloConocimientos sobre la inserción del músculo ocular externo tienen gran importancia quirúrgica y médico‐legal. Discrepancias con respecto a la situación en le buAfalo, corresponden en el camello especialmente al espesor y al color amarillo de los tendones, así como a la línea de insercion del recto lateral, a la distribución de los tendones de los oblicuós y su manera de inserción en el retractor. En el buey difieren la inserción del oblicuo inferior y la longitud de los tendones de los músculos rectos superior y lateral.
Contribution to the Nasolacrimal Duct of Donkeys in Egypt
Authors: Said A. H. , Shokry M. , Saleh M. A. , Hegazi A. A. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryThe anatomy, radiography, and histology of the nasolacrimal duct of the egyptian donkey was investigated. In comparison to the horse there are 4 modifications. 1) The puncta lacrimalia are narrower and located bulbar on the lid margin. 2) The intraosseous part of the duct has a dorsal convex course. 3) At the level of the rostral margin of P3 the duct shows a partially distinct dilatation. 4) The ostium nasolacrimal is located on the cutaneous wall of the nostrile.ZusammentassungZur Anatomie des Ductus nasolacrimal bei Eseln in AgyptenDer Ductus nasolacrimalis ägyptischer Esel wurde anatomisch, radio‐graphisch und histologisch untersucht. Im Vergleich zum Pferd sind 4 Ab‐weichungen bemerkenswert. 1. Die Puncta lacrimalia sind enger und liegen am bulbären Lidrand. 2. Der intraossäre Teil des Ganges verläuft deutlich dorsal konvex. 3. In Höhe des Rostralrandes von P3 ist der Gang deutlich erweitert. 4. Das Ostium nasolacrimal liegt im Hautbereich der lateralen Nasenlochwand.
Absorption of Intraventricularly Injected Peroxidase by Tanycytes of the Median Eminence of the Neonatal Rat
Authors: Nozaki Masumi 
Published: June 2007

SummaryThe tanycytes of the median eminence absorbed peroxidase injected intraventricularly in 1 day, 1, 2 and 3 weeks old rats. Peroxidase was found both in the perikarya and the processes terminating at the hypophysial portal vessels. These observations suggest a functional link between the cerebrospinal fluid and the adenohypophysis through these tanycytes in the neonatal rats.ZusammenfassungAbsorption von intraventrikular injizierter Peroxidase durch Tanyzyten der Eminentia mediana bei neugeborenen RattenDie Tanyzyten der Eminentia mediana absorbierten intraventrikulär in‐jizierte Peroxidase bei einen Tag bis drei Wochen alten Ratten. Die Peroxidase wurde sowohl in den Perikarya gefunden als audi in den Zellfortsätzen, die an den Portalgefäßen der Hypophyse enden. Das spricht dafür, daß die Tanyzyten bei neugeborenen Ratten als funktionelles Bindeglied zwischen Zere‐brospinalflüssigkeit und Adenohypophyse agieren.
Histotopik von Glykosidasen im Eileiter des Haushuhns (Gallus domesticus)*
Authors: Skolek‐Winnisch R. , Sinowatz F. , Lipp W. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe histochemical patterns of distribution of six glycosidases were examined in the oviduct of mature hens (white Leghorn, Heysdorf— Nelson— Lohmann). The significance of the glycosidases possibly forming an antibacterial protective mechanism is discussed.
Experimentelle Untersuchungen zur Funktion der Cumuluszellen während der extrakorporalen Eizellreifung beim Schwein*
Authors: Meinecke B. , Meinecke‐Tillmann S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn order to study in more detail the functional significance of the granulosa cell reaction for the in vitro oocyte maturation in the pig, 412 oocytes taken from Graafian follicles and 510 taken from tertiary follicles were grown on different culture media. 147 oocytes, which during in vitro maturation showed a granulosa cell reaction, were transplanted and were utilized to study their embryonic developmental potentialities.It was possible to induce the granulosa cell reaction in about two‐thirds of oocytes by the addition of the fluid taken from Graafian follicles. Denudation of oocytes led to a severe inhibition of maturation.Only one‐third of the transplanted oocytes showed normal embryonic developmental potentialities.The findings suggest that maturation of the oocyte nucleus is related directly to the granulosa cell reaction, while the maturation of the cytoplasm is independent of it.
Comparative Cytology of the Neuro‐Intermediate Lobe of the Reptilian Pituitary
Authors: Weatherhead Brian 
Published: June 2007

SummaryIn many reptiles the pars nervosa bears a striking resemblance to the mammalian median eminence. The structure of the ependymal cells lining the infundibular recess and the fact that many of them are in synaptic contact with nerve fibres suggests that they subserve more than a mere structural role and that they may be involed in secretory or transport functions forming functional units with neuronal elements of the hypothalamus. All species possess large numbers of typical peptidergic fibres although some have in addition a second, rarer type; aminergic fibres are also present but their numbers vary in different species.The pars intermedia contains nerve fibres only in snakes and Caiman but even in these species the innervation is sparse. This observation coupled with the organisation of the pars nervosa leads to the conclusion that the latter may act, in part at least, as the “median eminence” of the pars intermedia. A more extensive survey, particularly amongst the families of lizards thought to be related to the ancestors of snakes, might throw further light upon the course of evolution of control mechanisms within the pars intermedia of reptiles.
Development of the Venous Drainage of the Equine Hypophysis Cerebri
Authors: Vitums Arturs 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe development of the venous drainage from the equine hypophysis cerebri was investigated in embryos and fetuses ca. 22nd to 270th day of gestation. The early venous drainage was represented by the right and left retrohypophysial veins which were tributaries of the primary head veins. In later development an anastomosis was formed between the contralateral retrohypophysial veins. This anastomosis was named the retrohypophysial sinus which was identical with the caudal intercavernous sinus of the postnatal animals. The development of the rostral intercavernous sinus was not observed. The right and left cavernous sinuses developed secondarily from the retrohypophysial sinus. The venous drainage was directed rostrolaterad into the ophthalmic veins. In addition to the rostrolateral route, a caudoventral route, represented by the right and left ventral petrosal sinuses, developed from the retrohypophysial sinus relatively late in the fetal period. Both the rostrolateral and caudoventral routes joined eventually the external jugular system basically resembling postnatal conditions.
The Afferent Venous Vessels to the Liver and the Intrahepatic Portal Distribution in the Fowl
Authors: Miyaki Takayoshi 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe afferent veins to the liver of 325 adult fowls belonging to ten breeds were investigated by celluloid and neoprene latex casts, and venography. The author elucidates macroscopically the basic pattern of the hepatic portal vein. The right and left portal veins ramify the main branches to the liver, therefore, the intrahepatic distribution is divided into the two portal territories varying in relative size, but this change relates to the development of the medial branch from the right portal vein and the presence of the hepatic fissure.
Observations on the Histological Development of the Bovine Rumen Papillae Morphological Changes Due to Age1,2
Authors: Arias J. L. , Cabrera R. , Valencia A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe present study aims to characterize the main morphological changes occurring on the bovine ruminal papillae during pre‐ and postnatal development. Light microscopic observations of the ruminal wall from bovine fetus (3 to 9 month fetal age) and from crossbreed (Holstein‐Frisian) calves (5 to 60 days‐old) were analysed. The results suggest that the postnatal papillary development corresponds mainly to a fully actualization of the differentiation pattern already developed at the prenatal stage.
Fine Structure of Developing Spermatids used as a Basis for Staging of the Spermateleosis in the Blue Fox (Alopex Lagopus)
Authors: Andersen Kjell 
Published: June 2007

AbstractUltrastructural changes of the different spermatid organelles have been studied in order to establish a basis for subdivision of blue fox spermateleosis. Testicular tissue from 9 sexually mature animals was obtained within the breeding season (March—April), As a result of electron microscopical observations, ten distinct stages of spermatid differentiation could be defined.
Zur funktionellen Morphologie des Rete testis, der Tubuli recti und der Terminalsegmente der Tubuli seminiferi des geschlechtsreif en Rindes1,2
Authors: Wrobel K.‐H. , Sinowatz F. , Kugler P. 
Published: June 2007

ZusammenfassungAm Terminalsegment des Tubulus seminiferus des geschlechtsreifen Bullen lassen sich drei Abschnitte, nämlich die Ubergangsregion, der Mittelabschnitt und der terminale Pfropf unterscheiden. Mittelabschnitt und terminaler Pfropf werden fast ausschließlich von modifizierten Stützzellen gebildet. Jedes Terminalsegment wird von einem Gefäßplexus manschettenartig umgeben. An den Tubulus seminiferus schliefk sich der Tubulus rectus an. Jeder Tubulus rectus beginnt mit einer kelchartigen Erweiterung, die den terminalen Pfropf umfaßt und die dann in einen engen und glattwandigen Kelchstiel übergeht. Rete‐wärts vom Kelchstiel findet sich ein durch die Ausbildung von intraepithelialen Invaginationen gekennzeichneter Tubulusabschnitt, der dann in das Rete testis einmündet. Das einschichtige Epithel von Tubulus rectus und Rete testis ent‐hält massenhaft freie Zellen (Lymphocyten und Makrophagen), die bis zu 25 % ausmachen können. Im subepithelialen Stroma des Rete testis liegen flache Zellen, die ihrem Phosphatasereichtum nach als kontraktil anzusprechen sind, sowie reichlich elastische Fasern.
Los ligamentos triangulares del perro
Authors: Martin Eduardo 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe triangular ligaments of 82 dogs were studied to determine the presence, number, size and hepatic attachment of each ligament. A new — dorsal or intermediate — ligament is described. The left ligament was found to be the largest and the only constant one. It could be simple, double or triple. The right and intermediate ligaments could be simple or double. The frequency of these types of ligaments and the variations of them are considered. There was a statisticaly significative difference between the dimensions of the left and right ligaments specially when the left was simple
Vergleichend‐anatomische Untersuchungen über einen transepithelialen Flüssigkeitsstrom in das Lumen der Kloake von Vögeln
Authors: Rautenfeld D. Berens von , Budras K.‐D. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryComparative anatomical studies on transepithelial fluid migration into the lumen of the cloaca in birdsIn the rooster the fluid migration originates principally from lymph capillaries and ends in the interstitium of the lymphfolds. In the male duck, coot and pigeon this phenomenon occurs in a corresponding zone of transudation. In these birds the fluid migration originates principally in blood capillaries, however. From the interstitium the fluid passes through intercellular spaces of the epithelium into the lumen of the cloaca where it appears as a transparent fluid. In all examined species immunocompetent cells migrate into the cloaca with the fluid. These cells produce the immunoglobulins which have been found in the transparent cloacal fluid of the rooster.
The Functional Structure of the Pylorus in the Ox
Authors: Lauwers H. , Ooms L. , Simoens P. , VOS N. R. De 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn spite of recent electromyographic experiments and myotomy on the pylorus, a detailed morphological study of that region is still lacking.In this study the pyloric part of the abomasum and the first 15 cm. of the duodenum have been investigated macro‐ and microscopically in 20 veal calves and 20 adult cattle. The circular muscle layer of the terminal part of the pars pylorica thickens into a proximal and a distal sphincter. Two U‐shaped muscle loops, one on the visceral and the other on the parietal surface, are fixed by their base to the sphincter pylori. Together with longitudinal fibers of the abomasum and the duodenum, they may form a dilator pylori. A fibrous septum, which separates the muscular coat of the stomach from that of the duodenum is absent. Some longitudinal fibers of the abomasum are continuous with those of the duodenum. The loose mucosal folds in the pars pylorica and also the torus pyloricus may act as a mucosal plug in closing the pylorus. These findings are discussed in view of possible functional implications.
Adrenocortical Interactions following Dehydration, Sodium chloride, Potassium chloride, Cortisone acetate and Desoxycorticosterone acetate Treatments in the Parakeet, Quail and Myna
Authors: Manna C. K. , Ghosh Asok 
Published: June 2007

SummaryDehydration results in an extreme hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the adrenocortical tissue, whereas NaCl produces a profound atrophic change. KCl brings the gland to some hypertrophy in parakeet and myna, but to some atrophy in quail. The response to cortisone and desoxycorticosterone acetate clearly indicates an atrophic look in quail and myna, however, in parakeet both the subcapsular and the central zones respond uniformly towards hypertrophy. No specific zonal responses could be detected even in cases with a histomorphological zonation. This may be due to the hormonal situation discussed by other authors.
Macrophages in the Excurrent Ducts of the Testes of Normal Domestic Fowl (Gallus domesticus)
Authors: Aire Tom A. , Malmqvist Margareta 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe purpose was to study the occurrence and fine structure of macrophages in the ex‐current ducts of the testis in normal fowls. The material was taken from six young adult cockerels, which were fixed by vascular perfusion. The macrophages were studied by light and electron microscopy. The occurrence and fine structure of the macrophages were described. The origin and fate of the macrophages were discussed.
Die Histotopik einiger Oxidoreduklasen im Nebenhoden des Hundes
Authors: Sinowatz F. , Winnisch‐Skolek R. , Lipp W. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the activity and localization of five oxidoreductases in dog's epididymis. The epididymes of 10 mature dogs were examined using enzyme‐histochemical methods. Our results suggest that glycolysis and the citrate cycle both play significant roles in the metabolism of the epididymal epithelium.
Differential Growth in the Supracoracoideus Muscles of Male and Female Turkeys
Authors: Swetland H. J. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryThe growth of supracoracoideus muscles in male and female turkeys was measured at two week intervals for 20 weeks after hatching. Growth in weight of the supracoracoideus was closely related to growth of the adjacent pectoralis and coracobrachialis muscle. Growth curves for muscle length and fascicular length exhibited marked deceleration so that more than 75% of the length at 20 weeks had been reached by 10 weeks. Growth curves for weight, cross sectional area at the muscle midlength and myofibre diameter were approximately linear with 50% or less of the 20 week growth attainment being reached by 10 weeks. Supracoracoideus muscles in most males had a greater cross sectional area and were longer and heavier than those in females. At 20 weeks, the greater mass of supracoracoideus muscles in males was due to radial and not longitudinal myofibre growth.