bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Respiratory sinus arrhythmia, cardiac vagal tone, and respiration: Within‐ and between‐individual relations
Authors: GROSSMAN PAUL , KOLLAI MARK 
Published: February 2007

AbstractRespiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) is frequently employed as an intra‐ and interindividual index of cardiac parasympathetic tone, although the relationship of RSA to interindividual differences in cardiac vagal tone remains questionable. Our study examined between‐ and within‐subject relations among RSA, cardiac vagal tone, and respiratory parameters. Twenty‐nine young adults performed two sessions of tasks under no medication and single and double autonomic blockade (intravenously administered propranolol and atropine). Parasympathetic tone was determined from heart period responses to complete vagal blockade. Results indicated the following. Resting RSA does not accurately predict individual differences in cardiac vagal tone. However, RSA and heart period together do predict such individual differences reasonably well. The relationship between individual variations in RSA and vagal tone is not improved by controlling respiratory parameters. Substantial cardiac vagal activity occurs during inspiration, and intraindividual variations in respiratory measures confound the association between RSA and cardiac vagal tone.
Stimulus presentation rate dissociates sequential effects in event‐related potentials and reaction times
Authors: LEUTHOLD HARTMUT , SOMMER WERNER 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe present study explored the impact of the stimulus presentation rate on sequential effects in event‐related potentials (ERPs) and reaction times (RTs). Random series of equiprobable tones were presented at interstimulus intervals (ISIs) of 1.3, 2.1, and 2.9s. Fast and accurate choice responses to the tones were required. Although sequential effects in RTs were stable across all ISIs, the common first‐order repetition effect in P300 amplitude was only observed at the 1.3‐s ISI and not at the slower presentation rates. This dissociation between the first‐order effects in RTs and ERPs speaks against an explanation of both effects by a common expectancy mechanism. In addition, sequential effects were observed as early as about 100 ms after stimulus onset in the lateralized readiness potential. Together with similar sequential effects in P300 latency, this finding supports a continuous flow model of information processing.
Modulation of event‐related potentials by word repetition: The role of visual selective attention
Authors: OTTEN LEUN J. , RUGG MICHAEL D. , DOYLE MICHAEL C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractEvent‐related potentials (ERPs) were recorded while subjects viewed visually presented words, some of which occurred twice. Each trial consisted of two colored letter strings, the requirement being to attend to and make a word/non word discrimination for one of the strings. Attention was manipulated by color in Experiment 1, and color and a precue were used in Experiment 2. As in previous ERP studies of word repetition, a positive offset to repeated words developed when both first and second presentations were the focus of attention. In Experiment 2, ERPs showed evidence of positive‐going repetition effects in all conditions in which at least one of the two presentations of the repeated word was attended. In the visual modality, the positive‐going ERP repetition effect occurs only when at least one of the two presentations of a repeated item is the object of attention, which suggests that one or more of the processes reflected by the effect is capacity limited.
Postural stability of hemodynamic responses during mental challenge
Authors: SHERWOOD ANDREW , TURNER J. RICK 
Published: February 2007

AbstractLaboratory stress testing is typically conducted while subjects are seated, whereas real‐life stressors may often be encountered while standing. The present study of 20 healthy young men evaluated blood pressure and underlying hemodynamic adjustments to a standardized mental arithmetic task performed twice while seated and twice while standing. Blood pressure increased during mental arithmetic in both postures, but the underlying hemodynamic determinants of the pressor responses were different for the two postures. Augmented cardiac output was responsible for increasing blood pressure during seated task performance, whereas increased vascular resistance was the mechanism for the pressor response to the task performed while standing. Blood pressure and hemodynamic responses were reproducible subject characteristics for a given posture; test‐retest correlations were significant for all cardiovascular measures. However, seated blood pressure responses were not significantly correlated with standing blood pressure responses. In contrast, significant between‐posture correlations were found for cardiac output and vascular resistance responses. This preliminary evidence of postural stability of the hemodynamic determinants of blood pressure responses during stress is consistent with growing evidence that hemodynamic response tendencies are robust characteristics of reactivity. Ambulatory monitoring of hemodynamic response patterns during real‐life stress may reveal more idiosyncratic profiles of stress reactivity than are displayed by blood pressure responses alone.
Looking at pictures: Affective, facial, visceral, and behavioral reactions
Authors: LANG PETER J. , GREENWALD MARK K. , BRADLEY MARGARET M. , HAMM ALFONS O. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractColored photographic pictures that varied widely across the affective dimensions of valence (pleasant‐unpleasant) and arousal (excited‐calm) were each viewed for a 6‐s period while facial electromyographic (zygomatic and corrugator muscle activity) and visceral (heart rate and skin conductance) reactions were measured. Judgments relating to pleasure, arousal, interest, and emotional state were measured, as was choice viewing time. Significant covariation was obtained between (a) facial expression and affective valence judgments and (b) skin conductance magnitude and arousal ratings. Interest ratings and viewing time were also associated with arousal. Although differences due to the subject's gender and cognitive style were obtained, affective responses were largely independent of the personality factors investigated. Response specificity, particularly facial expressiveness, supported the view that specific affects have unique patterns of reactivity. The consistency of the dimensional relationships between evaluative judgments (i.e., pleasure and arousal) and physiological response, however, emphasizes that emotion is fundamentally organized by these motivational parameters.
Automated physical activity monitoring: Validation and comparison with physiological and self‐report measures
Authors: PATTERSON STEPHEN M. , KRANTZ DAVID S. , MONTGOMERY LESLIE C. , DEUSTER PATRICIA A. , HEDGES SUSAN M. , NEBEL LINDA E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPhysical activity can be assessed via self‐report, via physiological measures such as heart rate and oxygen uptake, or via automated monitor. An electronic accelerometer‐based physical activity device (Actigraph) has been reported as an improvement over other activity measurement techniques in terms of utility and accuracy. Four studies provide systematic validation and reliability testing for this device and comparisons with other techniques for assessing daily activities. In the first study, the sensitivity of the Actigraph was determined for differentiating physical activities (walking, running, stair climbing, knee bends) versus sedentary activities (reading, typing, playing video games, and performing a mental arithmetic task). Fifteen healthy adults wore the Actigraph on their wrist during activities; oxygen uptake and heart rate were simultaneously recorded. Results revealed that the Actigraph significantly differentiated between the physical activities (p < .0001) and the sedentary activities (p < .0001). Actigraph counts also correlated significantly with oxygen uptake (r= .73) and heart rate (r= .71) during physical activities (r= .46) and sedentary activities (r= .35), respectively. Test‐retest reliability was very high for 12 activities (r= .98). The high level of activity differentiation and strong relationship to oxygen uptake and heart rate suggest the usefulness of this device for behavioral and biomedical studies. However, these studies also indicate that the wrist may not always be the most adequate placement for indexing rate and intensity of daily activities and that further studies are needed to determine the optimal site of monitor attachment. Advantages and disadvantages of self‐report, physiological, and automated measures of activity are discussed.
Parasympathetic nervous system control of heart rate responses to stress in offspring of hypertensives
Authors: MILLER SYDNEY B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe elevated heart rate response to stress in normotensive offspring of hypertensives (PH+) has been suggested to be a function of sympathetic nervous system activity. This study examined whether parasympathetic nervous system activity may also underlie familial differences in the heart rate response. Twenty‐four subjects, half of whom were PH+, were exposed to four stressor tasks administered in counterbalanced order. Stressors were chosen based on previous research that suggested vagal contributions to the heart rate response. Stressors were a cold pack to the forehead, isometric hand grip, a noxious film, and a shock‐avoidance video game task. Physiological measures included heart rate (HR), respiration rate (RR), and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA). RSA values were corrected for corresponding RR by analysis of covariance. Familial differences in HR were observed in response to the hand grip and video game tasks. However, in both cases analyses suggest that familial differences in reactivity were a function of primarily sympathetic as opposed to parasympathetic influences. Familial differences in RSA were not observed for rest or tasks. This study found no evidence for parasympathetic mediation of familial differences in the heart rate response to the stressors employed.
Cardiac vagal tone and sustained attention in school‐age children
Authors: SUESS PATRICIA E. , PORGES STEPHEN W. , PLUDE DANA J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThree hypotheses tested relationships between cardiac responses mediated via the vagus and sustained attention in a population of normal school‐age children. These hypotheses addressed the theoretical relationships among resting cardiac vagal tone (using the Porges estimate of respiratory sinus arrhythmia, V), performance measures of sustained attention, and cardiac reactivity during sustained attention. Thirty‐two fourth and fifth grade children performed a continuous performance task while their electrocardiograms were monitored. Children with higher resting levels of V performed better on the first 3‐min block of the continuous performance task. Additionally, levels of V were significantly reduced across the blocks of the 9‐min task for all children. No relationships were found between resting levels of V and change in either V or heart period during task performance. These findings support two of the three hypotheses proposed by Porges regarding individual differences in cardiac vagal tone and sustained attention.
Resting EEG in first‐episode and chronic schizophrenia
Authors: SPONHEIM SCOTT R. , CLEMENTZ BRETT A. , IACONO WILLIAM G. , BEISER MORTON 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe examined the frequency characteristics of the electroencephalogram (EEG) in 102 schizophrenic patients (44 first‐episode and 58 chronic patients) and 102 normal comparison subjects. EEGs of schizophrenic patients had more delta (1–3 Hz) and theta (3.125–8 Hz) activity and less alpha (8.125–13 Hz) activity than normal comparison subjects. There were no significant differences in the EEG frequency composition of first‐episode and chronic patients. Because first‐episode and chronic patients were characterized by different disorder durations and treatment histories, the similarity of their EEGs suggests that EEG abnormalities are stable characteristics of schizophrenia and are not treatment‐related epiphenomena. A principal components analysis of EEG power bands identified an augmented low frequency‐diminished alpha component and a beta component. Schizophrenic patients had significantly higher scores on the augmented low frequency‐diminished alpha component than did normal comparison subjects, and there was no significant group difference in scores on the beta component. The findings of this investigation suggest that EEG abnormalities in schizophrenia reflect aspects of brain dysfunction.
Mental processing during reactions toward and away from a stimulus: An ERP analysis of auditory congruence and S‐R compatibility
Authors: RAGOT RICHARD , FIORI NICOLE 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn its first usage, stimulus‐response (S‐R) compatibility defined strict S‐R relationships. The later use of more complex two‐dimensional stimuli led to the formulation of the Simon effect as a tendency to respond toward the side of stimulation. Ragot and Guiard (1992, European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 4, 219–232) observed an inversion of the Simon effect in the auditory modality. The present study was undertaken to present a more thorough observation of this seemingly paradoxical inversion through the use of brain event‐related potentials (ERPs). Two experimental variables were manipulated: (a) stimulus congruence, expressing the degree of correspondence between two randomly varying conflictual or nonconflictual attributes of the stimulus (spoken word droite or gauche presented to the right or left ear), and (b) S‐R compatibility as such, expressing the relationship between the relevant stimulus attribute (word) and the responding hand. Results show that the nature of the spoken word acts on N100 latency and is therefore the first stimulus attribute to be processed. Data on P300 indicate that S‐R compatibility is the last variable to be taken into account. The observed results are integrated into a cascade/parallel model.
The psychophysiology of crying
Authors: GROSS JAMES J. , FREDRICKSON BARBARA L. , LEVENSON ROBERT W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTwo conflicting views have emerged as to why people cry when they are sad. One suggests that crying serves homeostasis by facilitating recovery; the other suggests that crying produces an aversive high‐arousal state that motivates behavior aimed at ending the tears. To test hypotheses drawn from these views, we showed a short film known to elicit sadness to 150 women. During this film, 33 subjects spontaneously cried and 117 did not. Subjects who eried exhibited more expressive behavior and reported feeling more sadness and pain than did subjects who did not cry. Crying also was associated with increases in somatic and autonomic nervous system activity. The increases in autonomic activity could not be accounted for solely by the increases in somatic activity. Crying is thus associated with an aversive state, including negative emotion and a complex mixture of sympathetic, parasympathetic, and somatic activation, and we speculate about the functional implications of these findings.
Two separate frontal components in the N1 wave of the human auditory evoked response
Authors: ALCAINI M. , GIARD M. H. , THÉVENET M. , PERNIER J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractScalp current density analysis of the auditory evoked response to 1‐kHz tone bursts delivered at various interstimulus intervals (ISIs) (from 1 s to 2 min in separate runs) shows that two different frontal components can be observed and functionally dissociated in the N1 time range: one is elicited for all ISIs, peaks at about 95 ms poststimulus, and has a full recovery time below 8 s; the second is elicited only by infrequent stimuli (ISIs > 4 s), peaks around 140 ms, and significantly increases in amplitude with increasing ISIs. The first component can be considered a new obligatory component in N1 elicited simultaneously with the responses in auditory cortex; the later component could correspond to the orienting Component III of Näätänen and Picton (1987).
Focusing on the N400: An exploration of selective attention during reading
Authors: GUNTER THOMAS C. , JACKSON JANET L. , KUTAS MARTA , MULDER GIJSBERTUS , BUIJINK BERNARDINA M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn a series of two experiments, subjects read sentences wherein words were flanked in the lower visual field by irrelevant words (i.e., flankers). The visual angle between the words in the sentence and the flanker words was manipulated (i.e., 0.57°, 0.97°, 1.37°). Sentence endings were either congruent or inconguruent; incongruent endings elicited a large N400 component. Flanker effects were observed for sentence final words on electrophysiological measures during the reading task and on subsequent recognition memory performance for sentence final and new words. For both measures, the flanker effect interacted with the congruency of the sentence ending as well as the visual angle between the sentence final word and its flanker. The largest and earliest flanker effects were observed for congruent endings at the smallest visual angle (0.57°); congruent endings and flankers in intermediate visual angle (0.97°) conditions displayed a similar flanker‐related negativity but with a longer onset latency (490 vs. 280 ms). Congruent endings and their flankers in the largest visual angle (1.57°) conditions revealed no flanker effect.
Developmental dyslexia and attention dysfunction in adults: Brain potential indices of information processing
Authors: DUNCAN CONNIE C. , RUMSEY JUDITH M. , WILKNISS SANDRA M. , DENCKLA MARTHA B. , HAMBURGER SUSAN D. , ODOU‐POTKIN MARTHA 
Published: February 2007

AbstractEvent‐related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded from a group of 13 men with severe developmental dyslexia and 15 matched normal controls. Auditory and visual stimuli, presented in separate reaction time tasks of graded difficulty, were used to elicit ERPs. No group differences in P300 were seen under relatively undemanding task conditions. However, as task demands increased, visual P300 was reduced in the dyslexic men as compared with the normal readers. An Abbreviated Conners Parent Rating Scale was used to assess retrospectively childhood symptoms of attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Additional analyses revealed that the dyslexics with a history of many symptoms of ADHD in childhood (high ADHD) accounted for the group differences in P300; the dyslexics with a history of few or no such symptoms (low ADHD) were indistinguishable from the controls at all electrode sites. Furthermore, whereas the low‐ADHD dyslexics showed the same himispheric asymmetry in auditory P300 as did the controls (right > left), auditory P300 was more symmetrically distributed in the high‐ADHD dyslexics. The results are interpreted as suggesting that a distinct brain organization may characterize dyslexic men with a history of concomitant deficits in attention.
Autonomic indicators of information processing related to conditioning
Authors: KIRSCH PETER , BOUCSEIN WOLFRAM , BALTISSEN RÜDIGER 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to quantitatively investigate the role of information processing in conditioning using stimuli with varying amounts of information content. A letter reproduction task varying in complexity served as the unconditioned stimulus. In the first experiment, we tested the indicator function of electrodermal and car‐diovascular variables. The amount of information processing resources required emerged most clearly in electrodermal reactions (EDRs), showing an increase with increasing stimulus information content. A second experiment was performed using the same design to confirm the role of processing resources allocation during conditioning by means of an independent indicator. A reaction time task was introduced as a measure of information processing resources utilized. The results paralled the dependence of EDRs on stimulus information content, as was found in the first experiment.
Variation in the latencies and amplitudes of N400 and NA as a function of semantic priming
Authors: DEACON DIANA , MEHTA ASHESH , TINSLEY CLAYTON , NOUSAK JO MANETTE 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine whether the latencies of two event‐related potential (ERP) components, the NA and N400, were sensitive to semantic priming. Subjects performed a semantic judgment task, which was designed in such a way that the N400 could be examined without overlap from the P3. Priming effects on the latencies of both NA and N400 were most apparent at frontocentral sites. The amplitude of NA was not significantly affected by priming. The amplitude of N400 was smaller for primed than for unprimed words, but the effect was significant only at centroposterior sites. Current source density (CSD) analyses performed on the ERP data suggested the activation of multiple generators in the N400 time region. The ERP and CSD data were consistent with the existence of two types of N400, a frontal N400 that varies in latency as a function of semantic priming, and a posterior N400 that varies in amplitude.
Assessment of female sexual arousal: Response specificity and construct validity
Authors: LAAN ELLEN , EVERAERD WALTER , EVERS ANDREA 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSpecificity of vaginal pulse amplitude and vaginal blood volume in reaction to visual sexual stimuli was investigated by comparing responses to sexual, anxiety‐inducing, sexually threatening, and neutral film excerpts. Subjective sexual arousal, body sensations, emotional experience, skin conductance, and heart rate were monitored along with the genital measures. Self‐report data confirmed the generation of affective states as intended. Results demonstrated response specificity of vaginal vasocongestion to sexual stimuli. In terms of both convergent and divergent validity, vaginal pulse amplitude was the superior genital measure. Skin conductance discriminated among stimuli only to a small degree, whereas heart rate failed to discriminate among stimuli altogether.
Language, memory, and aging: An electrophysiological exploration of the N400 during reading of memory‐demanding sentences
Authors: GUNTER THOMAS C. , JACKSON JANET L. , MULDER GIJSBERTUS 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTwenty‐four young and 24 middle‐aged academics carried out a language recognition task in which sentences were presented that made either a high or a low demand on working memory (WM). The sentences ended either normally (i.e., congruent) or with an incongruous word. Middle‐aged subjects had smaller WM scores, a marginally slowed down recognition performance, and a smaller and delayed N400 component. The event‐related potential (ERP) difference between congruent and incongruent endings was smaller in the high‐load condition for younger subjects and totally disappeared for the middle‐aged subjects. ERPs for all subjects showed a WM‐related positivity in the middle of the sentence and a WM‐related negativity at the sentence ending. These shifts could be associated with either storage and retrieval processes or with clause wrap‐up processes. Most ERP‐effects were dependent on WM capacity. Age differences in sentence processing are not simply explained by age itself but depend to a large extent on individual memory capacity.