bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prognostic factors and validation of the histologic chronicity score for C3 glomerulopathy: a registry analysis
Authors: Mirioglu Safak , Cebeci Egemen , Yazici Halil , Derici Ulver , Sahin Gulizar , Coban Ganime , Eren Necmi , Gungor Ozkan , Dede Fatih , Dincer Tamer , Turkmen Kultigin , Basturk Taner , Duranay Murat , Arikan Hakki , Tunca Onur , Elcioglu Omer Celal , Tatar Erhan , Aydin Zeki , Oygar Deren , Demir Serap , Tanrisev Mehmet , Kurultak Ilhan , Oruc Aysegul , Turkmen Aydin , Akcay Omer Faruk , Cetinkaya Hakki , Ozturk Savas ,   the Glomerular Diseases Working Group of the Turkish Society of Nephrology (TSN-GOLD), Ozluk Yasemin , Gonul Ipek Isik , Gumrukcu Gulistan , Vural Cigdem , Gunay Emine Kilinc , Colak Aysel , Gurses Iclal , Esen Haci Hasan , Ozagari Ayse Aysim , Kiremitci Saba , Kaya Handan , Ozdemir Cigdem , Tasli Funda , Ayhan Arzu Saglam , Karabulut Yasemin Yuyucu , Guney Neslihan , Usta Ufuk , Vuruskan Berna Aytac 
Published: March 2024

ABSTRACT

Background
Data on the prognostic factors for C3 glomerulopathy (C3G) are limited, and validation of the new C3G histologic index (C3G-HI) in different settings is still needed. We aimed to evaluate the chronicity score of C3G-HI and probable prognostic factors in our population.

Methods
In this registry study, 74 patients from 20 centers with adequate follow-up data were included. Total chronicity score (TCS) was calculated according to percentages of glomerulosclerosis, interstitial fibrosis, tubular atrophy, and presence of arterio- and arteriolosclerosis. Primary composite outcome was defined as doubling of serum creatinine from baseline, undergoing dialysis or transplantation, development of stage 5 chronic kidney disease, or death.

Results
Median age was 34 [interquartile range (IQR) 24–46] years, and 39 patients (52.7%) were male. Median follow-up duration was 36 (IQR 12–60) months, and median TCS was 3 (IQR 1–5). Overall, 19 patients (25.7%) experienced primary composite outcome. Multivariate Cox regression model showed that only hemoglobin [adjusted HR (aHR) 0.67, 95% confidence interval 0.46–0.97, P = .035] predicted primary composite outcome, and TCS fell short of the statistical significance (aHR 1.26, 0.97–1.64, P = .08). Receiver operating characteristic analysis demonstrated that TCS showed an area under the curve value of 0.68 (0.56–0.78, P = .028) in discriminating primary composite outcome at 3 years, and 3-year kidney survival was lower in patients with TCS ≥4 (72.4%) compared with TCS &lt;4 (91.1%) in Kaplan–Meier analysis (P = .036).

Conclusions
Low hemoglobin levels predicted dismal outcomes in patients with C3G. TCS ≥4 was associated with a worse 3-year kidney survival, which validated the 3-year prognostic value of the TCS of C3G-HI in our population.
Recurrent angina and cardiac ischaemia as a presentation of pheochromocytoma: a case report
Authors: van de Bovenkamp Arno A , Kalkman Deborah N , Beijk Marcel A M , van de Veerdonk Mariëlle C 
Published: March 2024

Abstract

Background
We present a case of a pregnant patient with recurrent angina, in which her symptoms were initially attributed to coronary artery spasm. However, during follow-up, she was diagnosed as having pheochromocytoma, a rare neuroendocrine tumour.

Case summary
The 35-year-old patient was admitted to the hospital because of chest pain and elevated cardiac troponins after the use of MDMA. Physical examination, electrocardiogram, echocardiography, coronary angiogram, and cardiac MRI were normal. Symptoms were attributed to coronary spasm, and a calcium antagonist was started. Ten months later, when 36 weeks pregnant, her symptoms returned. One week later, the patient was readmitted to the hospital with signs of acute left ventricular (LV) failure, highly elevated troponins, and severe global LV dysfunction. Urgent section caesarean was performed due to maternal morbidity and foetal tachycardia. During section, flushes and marked variability in blood pressure were noted. Laboratory metanephrines testing was performed. LV function recovered within 3 days without any therapeutic intervention. However, chest pain reoccurred, now accompanied with headaches, malignant hypertension, and accelerated idiopathic ventricular rhythms. (Nor)metanephrines tests were positive. A solid lesion in the right adrenal on CT scan confirmed the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma. Fluid repletion and alpha-blocker therapy were started. Due to persistent symptoms, urgent laparoscopic adrenalectomy was performed. Hereafter, the patient remained without symptoms.

Discussion
A pheochromocytoma may present with recurrent angina and can result in a catecholamine-induced cardiomyopathy. It is important to timely recognize this diagnosis in order to minimize morbidity and mortality.
Transthoracic and transoesophageal echocardiography for tricuspid transcatheter edge-to-edge repair: a step-by-step protocol
Authors: Mazzola Matteo , Giannini Cristina , Sticchi Alessandro , Spontoni Paolo , Pugliese Nicola Riccardo , Gargani Luna , De Carlo Marco 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) carries an unfavourable prognosis and often leads to progressive right ventricular (RV) failure. Secondary TR accounts for over 90% of cases and is caused by RV and/or tricuspid annulus dilation, in the setting of left heart disease or pulmonary hypertension. Surgical treatment for isolated TR entails a high operative risk and is seldom performed. Recently, transcatheter edge-to-edge repair (TEER) has emerged as a low-risk alternative treatment in selected patients. Although the experience gained from mitral TEER has paved the way for the technique’s adaptation to the tricuspid valve (TV), its anatomical complexity necessitates precise imaging. To this end, a comprehensive protocol integrating 2D and 3D imaging from both transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) and transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE) plays a crucial role. TTE allows for an initial morphological assessment of the TV, quantification of TR severity, evaluation of biventricular function, and non-invasive haemodynamic evaluation of pulmonary circulation. TOE, conversely, provides a detailed evaluation of TV morphology, enabling precise assessment of TR mechanism and severity, and represents the primary method for determining eligibility for TEER. Once a patient is considered eligible for TEER, TOE, alongside fluoroscopy, will guide the procedure in the catheterization lab. High-quality TOE imaging is crucial for patient selection and to achieve procedural success. The present review examines the roles of TTE and TOE in managing patients with severe TR eligible for TEER, proposing the step-by-step protocol successfully adopted in our centre.
Spatial inequality in higher education: a growing urban–rural educational gap?
Authors: Zahl-Thanem Alexander , Rye Johan Fredrik 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Scholars have consistently found that inequalities in educational attainment are most pronounced along social origin and gender dimensions, but urban–rural inequalities have also been evident in recent years. A spatial gradient in educational attainment reflects how rural students are consistently less likely to gain higher education (HE) credentials than their urban peers. By drawing on full-population administrative data on the Norwegian birth cohorts from 1965 to 1989 (n = 1,419,406), followed from age 16 to 30, this article analyses how urban–rural differences in HE have changed over the last 25 years, and furthermore, whether urban–rural disparities have developed in distinct ways based on students’ social origin and gender. The results show that urban–rural disparities in higher educational attainment have become more pronounced for recent birth cohorts and particularly evident for post-1980 cohorts. This applies to students originating from both privileged and less privileged families. However, urban–rural inequalities are more evident for men than women, which over time has led gender differences to become considerably greater in rural areas. The results demonstrate that spatial inequality requires further attention in educational and stratification research, as the outcomes suggest that the urban–rural educational gap is not necessarily consistent over time.
A proxy implementation of thermal pressurization for earthquake cycle modelling on rate-and-state faults
Authors: Herrera Marco T , Ampuero Jean P , Crempien Jorge G F 
Published: March 2024

SUMMARY
The reduction of effective normal stress during earthquake slip due to thermal pressurization of fault zone pore fluids is a significant fault weakening mechanism. Explicit incorporation of this process into frictional fault models involves solving the diffusion equations for fluid pressure and temperature outside the fault at each time step, which significantly increases the computational complexity. Here, we propose a proxy for thermal pressurization implemented through a modification of the rate-and-state friction law. This approach is designed to emulate the fault weakening and the relationship between breakdown energy and slip resulting from thermal pressurization and is appropriate for fully dynamic simulations of multiple earthquake cycles. It preserves the computational efficiency of conventional rate-and-state friction models, which in turn can enable systematic studies to advance our understanding of the effects of fault weakening on earthquake mechanics. In 2.5-D simulations of pulse-like ruptures on faults with finite seismogenic width, based on our thermal pressurization proxy, we find that the spatial distribution of slip velocity near the rupture front is consistent with the conventional square-root singularity, despite continued slip-weakening within the pulse, once the rupture has propagated a distance larger than the rupture width. An unconventional singularity appears only at shorter rupture distances. We further derive and verify numerically a theoretical estimate of the breakdown energy dissipated by our implementation of thermal pressurization. These results support the use of fracture mechanics theory to understand the propagation and arrest of very large earthquakes.
Convergence and error estimates of a penalization finite volume method for the compressible Navier–Stokes system
Authors: Lukáčová-Medviďová Mária , She Bangwei , Yuan Yuhuan 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In numerical simulations a smooth domain occupied by a fluid has to be approximated by a computational domain that typically does not coincide with a physical domain. Consequently, in order to study convergence and error estimates of a numerical method domain-related discretization errors, the so-called variational crimes, need to be taken into account. In this paper we apply the penalty approach to control domain-related discretization errors. We embed the physical domain into a large enough cubed domain and study the convergence of a finite volume method for the corresponding domain-penalized problem. We show that numerical solutions of the penalized problem converge to a generalized, the so-called dissipative weak, solution of the original problem. If a strong solution exists, the dissipative weak solution emanating from the same initial data coincides with the strong solution. In this case, we apply a novel tool of the relative energy and derive the error estimates between the numerical solution and the strong solution. Extensive numerical experiments that confirm theoretical results are presented.
Optimal Conformal Prediction for Small Areas
Authors: Bersson Elizabeth , Hoff Peter D 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Existing methods for small-area data involve a trade-off between maintaining area-level frequentist coverage rates and improving precision via the incorporation of indirect information. In this article, we develop an area-level prediction region procedure that mitigates this trade-off. The method takes a conformal prediction approach in which the conformity measure is the posterior predictive density of a working model that incorporates indirect information. The resulting prediction region has guaranteed within-area frequentist coverage regardless of the working model, and, if the working model assumptions are accurate, the region has smaller expected volume compared to other regions with the same coverage rate. For a normal working model, we prove such a prediction region is an interval and construct a straightforward algorithm to obtain its endpoints. We illustrate the performance of our method through simulation studies and an application to EPA radon survey data.
Anxiety and Related Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-5, Child and Parent Version
Authors: Albano Anne Marie , Silverman Wendy K. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This book outlines the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-5, Child and Parent Versions. These are considered the gold standard semi-structured interviews used in clinical research and services to assess and diagnose the major mental health conditions affecting children, adolescents, and young adults. These interviews cover the range of conditions identified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), while also providing information for careful case formulation in treatment planning and evaluation of outcomes. Evaluators are able to quantify the severity of illness using a Clinician Severity Rating (CSR), as well as level of severity of symptoms and associated avoidance behavior. Decision rules for combining parent and youth report, examples of CSR levels for the child anxiety triad of separation anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder are included in the Clinician Guide, as well as detailed information on use of the Autism Supplement.
Oncology and palliative care
Authors: Furmedge Dan 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The importance of palliative and end-of-life care cannot be underestimated, as all doctors will come into contact with patients approaching the end of their life. As such, all doctors should have a working understanding of the principles of palliative care, as well as how to recognize terminal illness and how to manage symptoms at the end of life. This chapter contains 17 questions that encompass important areas of this subject, with detailed explanations. Unique to this series, questions are rated by difficulty and are cross-referenced to the eleventh edition of Oxford Handbook of Clinical Medicine to track revision progress and revise effectively.
Clinical chemistry
Authors: Furmedge Dan 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to help you with your working practical knowledge of clinical chemistry. With so many tests available and increasingly fast laboratory processors, there is a growing temptation to request large numbers of blood tests for every patient. Investigations should be used as an adjunct to the history and clinical examination. Test results should reinforce the likely diagnosis and rule out our differentials, rather than be used to try and make the diagnosis per se. This chapter contains 22 questions that encompass all of the important areas of this subject, with detailed explanations. Unique to this series, questions are rated by difficulty and are cross-referenced to the eleventh edition of Oxford Handbook of Clinical Medicine to track revision progress and revise effectively.
Radiology
Authors: Sinharay Rudy 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to help you with your preparation with your medical school exams, and raise awareness and your working practical knowledge of radiology. From the ubiquitous chest X-ray for diagnosing community-acquired pneumonia or congestive cardiac failure to an urgent computed tomography (CT) scan of the brain to confirm a suspected subarachnoid haemorrhage, radiological investigations are an essential (if sometimes overused) resource for diagnosing disease. This chapter contains 23 questions that encompass all of the important areas of this subject, with detailed explanations. Unique to this series, questions are rated by difficulty and are cross-referenced to the eleventh edition of Oxford Handbook of Clinical Medicine to track revision progress and revise effectively.
Organization
Authors: Orosz Judit , McGoughlin Steve 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Summary
Intensive care units (ICUs) care for patients who have or at risk of developing life-threatening organ dysfunction. ICUs require specialized infrastructure and equipment and a multi-disciplinary team who are trained to care for critically ill patients. There are several organizational factors that can influence patient outcomes and staff satisfaction, which need to be considered in the function of an ICU. Examples of these factors include the designation of responsibility of patient care within the ICU, the cohorting of critically ill patients, and the approach to staffing ICUs out of hours. COVID-19 has further emphasized the impact of organizational factors on patient outcomes as ICUs globally have had to develop and implement pandemic plans to cope with a surge of critically ill patients.
Mechanical Ventilation: How to Set Up the Ventilator
Authors: Boesing Christoph , Luecke Thomas , Krebs Joerg 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Summary
Mechanical ventilation is a key component in the management of critically ill patients. Therefore, the attending physician needs a comprehensive understanding of the indications, aims, and underlying physiology when treating mechanically ventilated patients to avoid potentially detrimental consequences like ventilator-induced lung injury. A structured approach includes an assessment of the respiratory system, the clinical situation of the patient, and choosing the correct ventilatory mode that avoids patient–ventilator asynchrony. This chapter outlines essential features of respiratory mechanics, their effect on different ventilator strategies, and key components of mechanical ventilation.
Advanced Respiratory Therapies: Inhaled Therapies, Heliox, ECMO and ECCO2-R, and Non-conventional Ventilatory Modes
Authors: Ehrmann Stephan , Juffermans Nicole P , Schultz Marcus J , Patroniti Nicolò , Molin Alex , Scharffenberg Martin , Nabecker Sabine , Abreu Marcelo Gama de 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Summary
This chapter discusses diverse and some esoteric aspects of respiratory critical care support, yet important to certain patient groups. Section 22.1 covers the indications, delivery, and practical aspects of inhaled therapies used for therapeutics such as bronchodilators, mucolytics, and antibiotics. The differences between circuits, non-invasive versus invasive mechanical ventilation, and particle delivery technologies are addressed. In Section 22.2, heliox, a gaseous mixture of helium and oxygen, is evaluated from a theoretical basis and in its implementation as a therapy for acute respiratory failure. It can reduce airway resistance and work of breathing. Heliox may be suitable for certain situations where upper airway flow is compromised despite conventional therapies. Clinical outcome studies in asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and airways stenoses are described. Section 22.3 covers extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal for respiratory failure. From their history, through technical and practical aspects of set-up, clinical indications, evidence, and future developments, this provides a comprehensive succinct understanding of its role in contemporary respiratory critical care. Finally, Section 22.4 describes non-conventional modes of ventilation, which aim to address the limitations of conventional modes, specifically monotonous respiratory patterns or non-ideal triggering. Airway pressure release ventilation, variable ventilation, high-frequency oscillatory ventilation, proportional assist ventilation, neurally adjusted ventilatory assist, and flow-controlled ventilation are discussed. The theoretical benefits of these types of ventilation, and patient cohorts to select for further clinical studies, allow a glimpse into further advances likely to emerge.
Fluid Balance
Authors: Aya Hollmann D , Cecconi Maurizio 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Summary
Fluid balance refers to the volume of fluid held in the body during a defined period of time. Management of fluid balance is important in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), acute kidney injury (AKI), and sepsis. In this chapter, we examine the evidence that supports the goal of a negative fluid balance goal and the potential confounders related to the fluid balance measurements. We also review the physiological background for the homeostasis of water and the upcoming technology to estimate intravascular fluid status in critically ill patients. We propose to use fluid balance in context with other clinical and biochemical observations, particularly those that can be surrogates of tissue or organ perfusion.
Delirium and Sleep
Authors: Al-Hindawi Ahmed , Rogers Eli , Vizcaychipi Marcela P 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Summary
Delirium, an acute dysfunction of cognition and memory, can occur at any age and is associated with increased mortality, worse cognitive function following discharge, and increased length and cost of stay. Its development is likely as a result of multiple intertwined mechanisms of neuroinflammation, neuronal hypoxia, and neurotransmitter imbalance that trigger a final common pathway. Two phenotypes of delirium occur: hypoactive and hyperactive, with the former occurring in the vast majority of patients, yet is the most difficult to clinically detect. Sleep plays an important role in the development of delirium although no causal link has yet been identified. Multiple mechanisms that are present in patients with delirium have been hypothesized to result in poor sleep quality and the development of delirium, but evidence is lacking. The diagnosis of delirium is operationalized by bedside scoring systems; the CAM-ICU score is sensitive, reproducible, and easy to perform. Identifying any modifiable risk factors is the treatment of choice as there is no specific treatment for this syndrome.
Fungal Respiratory Infections
Authors: Bassetti Matteo , Carnelutti Alessia , Righi Elda 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Summary
Invasive fungal infections are life-threatening diseases characterized by high mortality rates, especially among critically ill and immunocompromised patients. The impairment of defence mechanisms (e.g. lymphocyte dysfunction, drug-induced immunosuppression, and presence of invasive devices such as intravascular catheters), along with prolonged hospitalizations and broad-spectrum antimicrobial therapies, are potential risk factors for invasive fungal infections. The increasing complexity of medical care, the advent of more potent chemotherapeutic regimens, and more solid organ and haematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients have contributed to the progressive rise of invasive fungal infections. Candida spp. and Aspergillus spp. are the most common pathogens causing invasive fungal infections. Aspergillosis and Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia represent severe forms of lung infections. Less commonly, Cryptococcus neoformans may cause pneumonia with disseminated infection of bone, skin, and brain seen in profoundly immunocompromised patients. Candida are not usually pulmonary pathogens, but systemic Candida infection and candidemia can complicate the care of critically ill patients. The clinical diagnosis of invasive fungal infections is challenging, and nonculture-based methods can facilitate the management of high-risk patients. Conventional culture techniques are imperfect and slow whereas a range of antigen and nucleic acid/PCR-based tests are faster and more sensitive. Timely and appropriate antifungal treatment is paramount in the management of invasive fungal infections. Relatively new antifungals (e.g. triazoles and echinocandins) are available and promising in clinical practice for the treatment of invasive fungal infections. In this chapter, the clinical diagnosis and personalized pharmacological treatment of invasive fungal infections in critically ill patients are reviewed and discussed.