bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Learning by abduction: A geometrical interpretation
Authors: Semetsky Inna 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
This paper posits Peirce’s logical category of
abduction as a necessary component in the learning process. Because of the
cardinality of categories, Thirdness (or reason) always contains in itself the
Firstness of abduction. In psychological terms, abduction can be interpreted as
intuition or insight. The paper suggests that abduction can be modeled as a
vector on a complex plane. Such geometrical interpretation of the triadic sign
helps to clarify the paradox of new knowledge that haunted us since Plato first
articulated it in his Meno dialogue. Some implications for the actual teaching
practice are addressed, and the value of practical knowledge
affirmed.
On signing translation
Authors: Merrell Floyd 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
1. Setting the stage
Dinda Gorlée’s seminal On Translating Signs (Rodopi 2004, hereafter
OTS ) explores translation of texts under the guise of
‘semio-translation.’ In her previous book, Semiotics and the Problem of
Translation (1994, hereafter SPT ), Gorlée originally coined the
term semiotranslation, which subsequently gained some notoriety in
translation theory circles. She sees no need to give up the term, in fact
including it in hyphenated form in the subtitle of the book under review. For,
semio-translation ‘retains an ongoing excitement and creates a niche in semiotic
and translationtheoretical scholarship’ (OTS : 11). The author
perpetuates its use with the hope that ‘it will remain a vital and fruitful
challenge to future researchers everywhere, especially those who pay no mind to
the noise of passing scholarly genres and fashions’ (OTS : 11–12). Thus
OTS can be effectively read as a continuation of
SPT
.
Giambattista Vico’s open agenda of modernity
Authors: Konitzer Martin 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Giambattista Vico’s ‘Nova Sciencia’ (1725) can be read
as an early program of qualitative research in humanities. By discussing Vico’s
theory of metaphor, Vanessa Albus (2001) presents Vico as a predecessor of
modern neurolinguistics and semiotics. Moreover Vico anticipates in metaphorical
terms the flexible rules of actual ‘grounded theory’ as ‘lead lesbian ruler’ or
Peirce’s logical principle of ‘abduction’ as ‘salto.’ One may ask whether this
is an ‘open agenda of modernity’ complementary to Toulmin’s (1992) hypothesis of
a ‘hidden’ one represented by Montaigne.
Linearization in two ways
Authors: Holmberg Anders 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
What the theories of Fox & Pesetsky (F&P) and Erteschik-Shir (ES) have in common is that they both account for Holmberg’s Generalization (HG) in terms of linearization. That is virtually the only thing they have in common, though, and even that is more a nominal than a substantial resemblance. For one thing, in F&P it is a matter of linearization of VP constituents as part of the narrow-syntactic derivation, in ES a matter of linearization of adverbs in relation to verb and object in a model where phonology / prosody determines word order. They can’t both be right, but they can both be wrong, which, however, we can’t be certain of until the set of hypotheses they propose have been thoroughly investigated and tested.
Below I will present some critical remarks on both theories, pointing out some possible false predictions in F&P in section 2, and one or two possible flaws in ES in section 3. In section 4 I will consider how the two theories fare with respect to properties of Object Shift (OS) which they do not themselves take up. In section 5 I will briefly consider the problem of inverted objects.
Holmberg’s Generalization and Cyclic Linearization. Remarks on Fox and Pesetsky
Authors: Anagnostopoulou Elena 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Fox and Pesetsky (henceforth F&P) propose an architecture for the mapping between syntax and phonology which relates a number of different constraints on movement to the way in which phrase structure is linearized. They investigate Object Shift (henceforth OS) and Quantifier Movement (henceforth QM) in Scandinavian and argue that the restrictions on these processes, namely Holmberg’s Generalization (HG) effects on OS and what they call ‘‘the inverse Holmberg effect’’ on QM, reflect a requirement for preservation of the order established in the VP due to the fact that the VP is a Spell-out domain. F&P’s proposal relies on Holmberg’s (1999) formulation of HG which has been challenged by Anagnostopoulou (2002) on the basis of data discussed in Anagnostopoulou (2003) that directly contradict Holmberg (1999). It is my goal here to investigate how these data can be accommodated in F&P’s system. I will argue that even though F&P can, in principle, account for the data in question, the attempt to unify the restrictions on OS, QM with comparable restrictions on passivization under F&P’s architecture fails to express certain crosslinguistic generalizations which are straightforwardly captured in traditional locality accounts.
States and modification: A reply to Maienborn
Authors: Rothstein Susan 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
This very interesting paper investigates differences between copula verbs on the one hand, and ‘truly eventive’ verbs, on the other, discussing a number of important topics, including the effect of word order on modification relations, and the difference between internal and external event modification. The core claim of the paper is that states and eventualities have a different logical structure, and that the differences between them follow from this. Rather than commenting directly on the arguments made in the paper, I am going to concentrate in my response on this issue, trying to show that statives and eventualities are more similar than Maienborn assumes, and suggesting that the differences between them might be explained without postulating different logical structures.
Eventualities and different things: A reply
Authors: Maienborn Claudia 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
‘‘Comments are very welcome!’’ This basic attitude and the many ways of implementing it contribute immensely to the fascination of engaging in scientific research. I am grateful to Theoretical Linguistics for providing a public platform for this kind of scholarly exchange and I thank all commentators for their thoughtful, stimulating, and often challenging contributions to my target article. My response will address two main issues that are raised by the commentaries. The first issue is shaped by a cluster of questions relating to ontology. The second issue concerns questions of methodology pertaining in particular to the problem of judging data.
Die Dynamik des materiellen Strafrechtsunter dem Einfluss europäischer und internationalerEntwicklungen
Authors: Dannecker Gerhard 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
„Die fortschreitende Globalisierung schafft einen Handlungsbedarf, den die Einzelstaaten, auch Nationalstaaten genannt, allein nicht zu bewältigen vermögen. Schon Terrorismus, organisierte Kriminalität und staatenübergreifende Umweltbelastungen, … – sie alle drängen eine globale Rechtsordnung auf, ohne deshalb den Einzelstaaten alles Recht zu nehmen. In unserem Zeitalter der Globalisierung sind die beiden längst vertrauten Rechtsbereiche, das Staatsrecht und das Völkerrecht um Elemente eines Weltrechts und als Zwischenstufe um ein Recht von großregionalen Einheiten wie der Europäischen Union zu erweitern“. Diese Perspektive, die Otfried Höffe in seinem Beitrag „Global durch die Globalisierung“ eröffnet, gilt gleichermaßenfür das Strafrecht.
Enhancement of Fluoresceinyl Cypridina Luciferin Analog Chemiluminescence by Human Serum Albumin for Singlet Oxygen Detection
Authors: Zhou Jing , Xing Da , Chen Qun 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTFluoresceinylcypridinaluciferin analog (FCLA) is a chemiluminescence (CL) probe for detecting reactive oxygen species (ROS). Its efficiency for detecting singlet oxygen (1O2) can be significantly enhanced in the presence of human serum albumin (HSA). This phenomenon may apply to important applications for both research and clinical testing, because of the broad presence of HSA in the human system. In the current study the mechanism of the FCLA‐HSA CL system is studied by means of direct CL measurement and spectroscopy techniques. Our results show that FCLA can combine with HSAviaa single binding site to form a complex. The CL efficiency of the system is largely governed by an intersystem energy transfer between the two components upon interaction with1O2. The CL production reaches maximum in a synergetic manner when equal amounts of FCLA and HSA are present simultaneously, but production is less at other ratios. The results also show that the combination of FCLA with HSA does not significantly alter the ROS selectivity of FCLA. In conclusion, our study shows that FCLA and HSA can combine and form a complex with higher CL efficiency. This provides us a new approach in designing CL techniques for studying ROS.
Marketing Schemes for Native-Grown Produce in African Territories
Authors: Leubuscher Charlotte 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphGovernmental intervention in the sphere of marketing has become a feature of increasing frequency in the post-war economic policy of many countries, particularly during and since the economic depression of 1930 to 1932. In general, raw materials and foodstuffs have been made the object of regulations by authorities and statutory bodies more than manufactured articles, since the producers of the latter are usually able to come to voluntary agreements in relation to prices, limitation of production, &c., without the help of the Government. The general factors and ideologies which have brought about this considerable public intervention into a sphere which was left predominantly to private enterprise in pre-war days, are more or less common to all countries, but the particular difficulties and problems which have prompted statutory measures differ from country to country.
A Religious Festival in Northern Nigeria
Authors: Meek C. K. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThis article is an attempt to give some account of the magicoreligious ideas of the Bachama tribe. It is based on notes made during a ten-days' visit to the tribe in the spring of 1927. During this visit I had the good fortune to witness the annual festival at Fare, the description of which occupies the major part of the following remarks. I am indebted to Dr. Bronnum of the Danish Mission at Numan for a number of suggestions.
Social Aspects of First Fruits Ceremonies among the South-Eastern Bantu
Authors: Gluckmann Max 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThe Zulu live on the south-east coast of South Africa, in a region of fertile soil, watered by fair summer rains which are occasionally interrupted by drought. Towards the end of the agricultural season they hold a great tribal ceremony, which Sir James Frazer cites as a typical first fruits sacrament, though the ceremony itself has many different rites. I hope in this paper to show that these, and the taboos on the early eating of the first fruits, together with the ritual approach to them, guard against socially disruptive forces. To the natives the importance of the ceremony is that it protects them against mystical powers; their actual effect must be sought by the anthropologist.
Prose and Poetry of the Ful'be
Authors: Pfeffer G. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThe anthropologist is in general mainly concerned with peoples who have no means of writing. He has therefore paid little if any attention to an extensive field for research which may be said to lie between folk-lore and literature. It is a field which provides him with written material in poetry and prose existing among peoples who, although they are commonly regarded as illiterate, include in their society a group or social class which has acquired some means of writing. In postulating the existence of a field between folk-lore and literature we have to consider what is commonly understood by those terms and try to determine what are the essential differences between the cultural elements which they describe.
Some Traits of the Kipsigis in Relation to their Contact with Europeans
Authors: Orchardson I. Q. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphBecause the African continent looks a solid block, and because most of its inhabitants are dark-skinned and woolly-haired, we are apt to treat it as if it were really homogeneous and devise some general plan for governing and educating the whole. For in one and the same man one rarely finds the capacity for both the wide and the detailed view. But how vastly different in character, customs, capacity, and life are the innumerable tribes and nations which make up Africa. Even in such a comparatively small area as Kenya, after grouping together the more similar tribes there are quite a number of divisions which, if the true interests of the people are not to be sacrificed, should have different treatment. Their future development will be different, and it is neither wise nor humane to attempt to coerce them all to a pattern, a pattern devised by a race so totally different, and without the requisite knowledge to consider what is truly best for each group of people, especially from its own point of view.
Kinship Organization of the Banyankole
Authors: Oberg Kalervo 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphAn outstanding feature of the kinship organization of the Baniyankole is its lack of uniformity. Here we have an African tribe composed of pastoralists and agriculturalists, whose respective kinship organizations reveal marked differences, despite the fact that they have for a long time inhabited a common territory, spoken a common language, and practised many similar customs. Besides these two, so to speak, original forms there are the more recent variations due to European influences. If we are to study the family, for instance, we shall have to consider several types. There is the family of the Muhima herdsman, the family of the agricultural Mwiru of the old type, the family of the peasant who owns cattle and grows coffee, and the family of the government clerk or school teacher. Similarly, if we were to study the political organization, we should have to consider the old form of Banyankole kingship as it existed when the British took over the administration of Ankole, the outlines of which we are able to construct not only from the present form of government but also from official documents and the memories of missionaries and natives who lived at the time, and the series of changes that have taken place in this form of government. It at once becomes apparent that we are here dealing with variations and change. Differences in time and space are as much facts of the case as are the peculiarities and general features of a given item of culture. Any realistic approach to the variations and changes in the kinship organization of the Banyankole, therefore, calls not only for description but for comparison and interpretation.
The Hailey Survey
Authors: Coupland R. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphL'ÉTUDE DES LANGUES AFRICAINES: RÉSULTATS ACTUELS ET CEUX QUE L'ON ESPÈRE DANS L'AVENIRIt is only the span of one man's lifetime since the veil which had shrouded the heart of Africa from the knowledge of the outer world was torn aside by the great explorers. Between 1858 and 1872 the dominant physical features of Central Africa were discovered. Little more than ten years later, all this vast new-found area had been ‘partitioned’, together with the previously known and partly occupied country on the seaboard, between the colonial Powers of Europe. Since that time a variety of governments have been grappling according to their lights with the wide range of problems, physical and social, political and economic, involved in the administration of African peoples. They have had little to guide them. In South Africa, it is true, a great body of Africans, racially akin to those of Tropical Africa, had long been under European government; but the fact that the climate of South Africa had permitted Europeans to make it the homeland of a new European nation meant that the lessons of South African experience were largely inapplicable to that greater part of Tropical Africa which is unsuited for European settlement.
The Study of African Languages: Present Results and Future Needs
Authors: Westermann D. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphIn the closing phrases of the Introduction to his book, The Modern Languages of Africa, R. N. Cust says: ‘The actual out-turn of Languages admitted on my Schedule represent a very small portion of the Great Unknown.’ That was in 1883. To-day, more than half a century later, Africa has, linguistically as well as in other ways, ceased to be the ‘Great Unknown’, and yet we are far from possessing an exhaustive knowledge of the languages of Africa and their interrelations. It is impossible in this article to show in detail what has since been achieved; its main purport is rather to point to what is lacking and to direct attention to those spheres of study which appear to be of particular importance in the near future.
The Re-Bantuization of the Swahili Language
Authors: Broomfield G. W. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphMy recent article on the ‘Development of the Swahili Language’ was written before the publication of Pastor Roehl's article on ‘The Linguistic Situation in East Africa’. The former, therefore, though published six months after the latter, contains no reference to it. But Pastor Roehl's interesting article requires a reply. With much that he says I am in agreement, and I do not fail to appreciate his scholarship, but I must here confine myself to points of criticism.
Introdution to Nyakyusa Law
Authors: Wilson Godfrey 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThe Problem of Social Conformity in Action. The functional analysis of social life is concerned with the discovery and elucidation of the inner coherence and living unity of single cultures. The comparative analysis of social life, on the other hand, sets out to explain the similarities and differences which distinguish separate cultures by reference to universal laws which are objectively, that is to say actually, true of all known societies. Separate analysis must necessarily precede detailed comparison, for only so can intelligible units of comparison be discovered. None the less the analysis of a single culture must, right from the beginning, assume a certain general similarity between all cultures if it is to be successful in its own limited field. Intelligibility is nothing else than comparability, and it is only by making explicit the comparability of a Central African culture, for example, with our own and other cultures that we can make its own unity and inner coherence intelligible to ourselves. But, while we are concerned with a single unit only, its comparability with other units can only be made explicit in general terms and not in detail.
The Significance of Cattle Exchanges in Lovedu Social Structure
Authors: Krige J. D. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThe Louedu of the NE. Transvaal are patrilineal and marriage, which is patrilocal, involves (as it does among other S. Bantu tribes) the transfer of munywalo. This,institution has been variously interpreted as the legalization of the marriage, as a guarantee of a wife's status or good behaviour, and in terms of compensation, economic or ritual. But these interpretations are rather like parodies in which the emphasis on the features mentioned is not so much wrong as a caricature. We have, often complacently, projected our own values and motivations as universally valid. Much might be said in favour of such a caricature, if it is infused with the life of a character in Dickens, especially when the purpose has been to ennoble an institution which many regard as degrading. The kindly cartoon is better than the derogatory stereotype. It would, however, be better still if we could accommodate ourselves to a system in which the social arrangements are incommensurable with our own. More specifically, and that is the purpose of this article, we might try to discover the real place of munywalo in the social system. The manner in which we phrase the subject, that is, as the relation of the cattle exchanges to the social structure, is not meant to disguise our approach. It is intended to focus attention on the facts that cattle constitute the essence of munywalo, and that the exchanges of cattle involved are both the basis of important social arrangements and by far the most important use to which cattle are put in the society.
Craft Organization in Yoruba Towns
Authors: Lloyd Peter 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphEverywhere in West Africa contact with Western economy has brought changes in the technology of the indigenous people; today, side by side with the old man chipping away at a block of wood, making an image or a mask, and the weaver with his horizontal loom producing yard upon yard of narrow cloth strips to be sewn together into huge, flowing robes, sit the tailor making khaki shorts on his treadle sewing-machine and the carpenter nailing together planks for doors and window frames. In the traditional craft industries a father hands on his knowledge and skill to his sons; thus some crafts become the preserve of certain lineages. The sudden impact of the new technology did not give the craftsmen an opportunity to adapt their work to the new machines and tools; new men were recruited who had never been craftsmen and thus today the numerous tailors, carpenters, builders, and their like are not related to their fellow workers by blood ties; but, independent as these workers may appear, they are usually united to their fellow craftsmen by bonds of economic agreement whereby their work is strictly regulated. This study will attempt to describe the organization of the traditional crafts in some Yoruba towns and to show how the new crafts have formed guild organizations which preserve many of the functions of the older craft organization, but have a structure based not upon the lineage but upon the territorial divisions of society.
The Marriage of a Swazi Princess
Authors: Kuper Hilda 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphPrincess Bahashule, daughter of the late King Bunu, was close on thirty and not yet married. No one, however, thought of calling her a saliwakati (unwanted woman). Late marriage was the privilege of her rank and Bunu's eldest daughter Ladluli was also single. This had not prevented them from having lovers; indeed Bahashule already had a child by a commoner. Both Bahashule's own parents were dead, and she lived at Zombodze, the former capital of the Swazi nation. She was on good terms with Sobhuza, the king (her half-brother), and the ruling queen-mothrr (her ‘big mother’) and frequently came to stay with them.
African Age Groups: A Comparative Study
Authors: Eisenstadt S. N. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThe purpose of this study is to present a comparative analysis of men's age-group (or age-set) systems in Africa, and to determine: (a) some of the main structural differences between the various age-set systems; and (b) the conditions (or the types of societies) in which the different systems arise and the functions they fulfil. For reasons of space the material is presented summarily, no full description, nor a complete inventory of age sets, being included.