bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Endogeneizing Volatility: Pecuniary Externalities and the Credit Channel
Authors: Aghion Phillippe , Banerjee Abhijit 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter shows how volatility can emerge endogenously, in a world where credit constraints sometimes bind. An elementary theoretical framework is developed, which generates endogenous and persistent volatility in a growing economy with credit constraints. The basic mechanisms are the interaction of credit constraints and endogenous changes in market prices. It is argued that the model can account for a number of observed facts about lending booms and crises in emerging market economies. It also provides additional arguments in favour of countercyclical budgetary policies in less financially developed economies.
Endogenous Volatility in an Open Economy
Authors: Aghion Phillippe , Banerjee Abhijit 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter argues that financial liberalization introduces a new problem: Now the real exchange rate, which is the relative price between nontradable and tradable, becomes a source of instability. It goes up in a boom, squeezing profits, which limits borrowing and hence investment and brings the economy down. The fact that the economy is open to capital inflows may actually make things worse, since it allows investment demand to grow very fast in a boom.
Further Background Issues
Authors: Stainton Robert J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter explains three background issues additional to those presented in Chapter 1. First, it contrasts three senses of ‘sentence’ — syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic — and draws attention to three corresponding senses of ‘elliptical’. Second, it defends a commitment to an open evidence-base for the philosophical study of language, in the face of arguments that take off either from the nature of mind, or from the ontology of language. Finally, it briefly notes a commitment to an empirical thesis about the mind, viz. that it is structured into faculties, including in particular, one specific to language.
Semantic Ellipsis
Authors: Stainton Robert J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter looks at semantic ellipsis: expressions that are not syntactically sentential, but nevertheless have characters that yield propositional contents given a context. Relevant examples include ‘Attention!’ and ‘No shirt, no shoes, no service’. The idea is to use such cases to explain away apparently sub-sentential speech: an attempt is made to assimilate the cases under discussion (like ‘Nice dress’ and ‘On the stoop’) to commands such as ‘Attention!’. This attempted assimilation is rejected on two fronts. First, it would require that human languages contain masses of semantically elliptical sentences. Second, postulating these masses of elliptical sentences would introduce lots of new ambiguities — which would be otiose, since a language that lacked such ambiguities would be used in just the ways we actually observe.
Syntactic Ellipsis
Authors: Stainton Robert J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter discusses the plausibility of syntactic ellipsis in abstraction, surveying data-based arguments both for and against an ellipsis account (from case assignment, binding phenomena, licensing conditions, etc.). It is shown that the evidence against syntactic ellipsis heavily outweighs the evidence for it. It is argued that sub-sentential speech acts cannot be explained away as really involving syntactically elliptical sentences. Hence,premise one of the two-premise argument still stands: namely that speakers genuinely can utter ordinary words and phrases in isolation, and thereby perform full-fledged speech acts.
THE PRACTICAL GO OF IT
Authors: Wilson Mark 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Many ‘pre-pragmatist’ opponents of the classical picture begin with a suspicion that such doctrines place unrealistic demands upon human capacity: that when we grasp a collection of vocabulary, its syntax rarely becomes as firmly attached to the world as the classical story promises. In overreaction, thinkers such as W. V. Quine frequently become sceptical that the world independently possesses attributes to which language might potentially attach at all. Such doubts are impossibly radical, but a pre-pragmatist can plausibly argue on engineering grounds that it is not easy to set classical-style semantic attachments in place. Confronted with these practical impediments, over time language often develops into more complicated forms of semantic arrangement than classical thinking anticipates.
LINGUISTIC WAYFARING
Authors: Wilson Mark 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
After summarizing the key ingredients within a facade, this chapter reexamines the standard cases of philosophical puzzlement that were introduced in earlier chapters employing these structural possibilities, emphasizing the factors that lead us to overlook the patch-to-patch realignments typical of facade organization. It is emphasized that the fine grain of a facade-based usage rarely represents the result of original linguistic preparation, but arises later in silent adaptation to environmental pressures.
Against Singularism
Authors: McKay Thomas J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBecause of the power and significance of first-order logic in its traditional form, restricted to distributive predication, it has been natural to try to express non-distributive plurals within that framework. Two approaches leap quickly to the mind of the student of standard first-order logic who is trying to come to terms with non-distributive plurals. The first is ‘the multiple relations idea’. The second is the adoption of some variety of singularism, representing plurals by a single object that encompasses many. This chapter presents some initial considerations for the case that it will ultimately be better to reconsider the underlying logic.
THE: Context Sensitivity
Authors: McKay Thomas J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter considers the significance of the context sensitivity of definite descriptions (singular and plural) and suggests some ways of understanding it. It argues that many uses of definite descriptions are ‘incomplete’. That is, the explicit definite description does not uniquely specify an individual or, in the plural case, some maximally inclusive individuals; we rely on context to provide the additional resources that make the description uniquely applicable. Two processes of contextual supplementation are important here. One is predicate supplementation: a brief definite description stands proxy for a longer definite description that can be constructed by adding predicates that are explicit in the discourse context. The other is domain restriction: the context restricts the domain for the definite description, with uniqueness achieved within that smaller domain.
Hellenistic Ethics and Philosophical Power
Authors: Long A. A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe peculiarity of Hellenistic ethics is explored to understand its special significance. The issue is approached as a question concerning the intellectual history of Hellenistic philosophy in its formative years. A comprehensive answer would have to include subsequent developments of the Hellenistic schools, their reception at Rome, and their entry into the Renaissance. The focus of this chapter is the investigation of what it was about the ethical projects of the innovative Hellenistic philosophers that prepared the way for this curious legacy.
Arcesilaus in His Time and Place
Authors: Long A. A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractNo philosopher in the early Hellenistic period is more intriguing than Arcesilaus of Pitane, and few are of comparable historical significance. Arcesilaus in effect was the founder of Greek scepticism as a methodology for demonstrating that every claim to knowledge or theoretical belief could be met with a counter-argument of equal strength. By his rejoinders to Stoic theses, Arcesilaus ensured that Stoic philosophers must be constantly on the alert against sceptical challenges. Arcesilaus' formative years and relation to Stoics, and his dialectical methods and Socratic persona are discussed.
Lucretius on nature and the Epicurean self
Authors: Long A. A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter treats some of the ways in which Lucretius integrates the subjective and objective aspects of the Epicurean self. The term ‘integrates’ is used because there has been a tendency to regard Lucretius' objective voice as a register seriously at odds with his violent metaphors and alleged endorsement of a highly subjective view of nature. The issue of interest is not Lucretius' literary integrity or brilliance, but his effectiveness as an Epicurean expositor and missionary. It is shown that in seeking to come to terms with nature, Epicurus and Lucretius have a conception of the normative self that is thoroughly in line with the mainstream tradition of Greek philosophy.
Seneca on the Self: Why Now?
Authors: Long A. A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn urging himself and Lucilius to cultivate a ‘good mentality’ (bona mens), Seneca's principal point is that objective human excellence and authentic happiness depend intrinsically and essentially on the state of one's mind, and only instrumentally and contingently on the health and condition of one's body. This division between mind and body involves the folk psychology recognized in everyday consciousness; and it is compatible with the strict physicalism endorsed both by Stoicism and by most modern theorists. Seneca, moreover, taps completely into the contemporary world when one moves from the academy into popular culture.
Epictetus on Understanding and Managing Emotions
Authors: Long A. A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter argues, using the example of Epictetus, that ancient moral psychology can still be very good to think with because it addresses problems that human beings of any time or place encounter. Yet, Epictetus is embedded in his own time and place and Stoic doctrines. Thus, all his ideas should not be accepted as completely applicable to ourselves.
The Nature of Vagueness: Humpty Dumpty Gets His Due
Authors: Shapiro Stewart 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This chapter provides a simplified account of how vagueness arises in language and is manifested in the use of language. It is a commonplace that the extensions of vague terms vary with such contextual factors as the comparison class and paradigm cases. A person can be tall with respect to male accountants and not tall (or even short) with respect to professional basketball players. A person can be wealthy with respect to local business tycoons, but not wealthy with respect to CEOs of major software companies. The main feature of the present account is that the extensions (and anti-extensions) of vague terms also vary in the course of a conversation, even after the external contextual features, such as the comparison class, are fixed. A central thesis of the view is that, in some cases, a competent speaker of the language can go either way in the borderline area of a vague predicate without sinning against the meaning of the words and the non-linguistic facts.
Refinements and Extensions I: So-Called “Higher-Order Vagueness”
Authors: Shapiro Stewart 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Problems with the simplified account and some unnatural features of the model theory lead to refinements of the philosophical account, the model theoretic semantics, and perhaps the logic as well. This chapter deals with what passes for higher-order vagueness — vagueness in the notions of ‘determinacy’ and ‘borderline’. The philosophical picture is developed, by extending and modifying the account presented in Chapter 1. This is followed with the required modifications to the model theory, and the central meta-theorems.
The Two Functions of Political Philosophy
Authors: O’Meara Dominic J. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This chapter sets out the reasons why it is often thought that the Platonist philosophers of late Antiquity have no political philosophy. A preliminary definition is given of ‘political philosophy’ and it is shown that ‘political virtue’ can have two functions with regard to the goal of Late Antique Platonism (the divinization of the soul): preparing, as a preliminary stage, the divinization of the soul; and divinizing the state as a context providing this preparation. These two functions will be elaborated in Parts I and II of this book.
Divinization in Greek Philosophy
Authors: O’Meara Dominic J. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This chapter shows briefly that divinization is often the goal of Greek philosophers, be they Plato, Aristotle, Epicurean, or Stoic. It describes the variety of ways in which the goal of divinization is understood, the range of degrees of divinization, and of divine life conceived in Late Antique Platonism.
Direct Perceptual Realism II: Non‐Conceptual Content
Authors: Hanna Robert 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter explores the ‘direct’ aspect of direct perceptual realism, and in particular, Kant's theory of non-conceptual perceptual content. A cognition is direct in the Kantian sense if and only if it refers ‘immediately’ (unmittelbar) to an object, and in turn, a cognition refers immediately to an object if and only if it is non-epistemic (belief-independent), non-conceptual (concept-independent), and otherwise unmediated (in the sense that it does not, or at least need not, refer by means of any other sort of representational faculty, representational content, psychological intermediary, or physical intermediary). Since all beliefs intrinsically contain concepts, then non-conceptuality is both necessary and sufficient for a cognition's being non-epistemic. It is argued that non-conceptuality is also both necessary and sufficient for a perception's being otherwise unmediated. Thus, non-conceptuality is both necessary and sufficient for the directness of perception.
2 Democratization and Internal Conflict in the Asia‐Pacific
Authors: Reilly Benjamin 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter examines the interrelationship between democratization and ethnic conflict in the Asia-Pacific region. It begins by considering the divergent paths from authoritarian rule to democracy that different Asian and Pacific states have followed. It then examines the various internal conflicts afflicting states of the region. It concludes by considering which political strategies and institutional choices may be most appropriate for states facing the twin challenge of democratization and conflict management.
7 Power‐Sharing Institutions: Executive Formation and Federalism
Authors: Reilly Benjamin 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter examines the theory and practice of the various approaches to the sharing and dividing of governing power in the Asia-Pacific. It first looks at the broad issues of executive structure and the distinction between presidential and parliamentary systems across the region, at the divergent approaches taken by Asian and Pacific states to both formal and informal practices of executive inclusion, and at the empirical relationship between these variables and broader goals of political stability. An ‘index of power-sharing’ is constructed to compare the horizontal sharing of powers over time. The experience of vertical power-sharing via measures such as federalism, devolution, and autonomy is then considered. Overall, the evidence suggests that while informal executive power-sharing practices have been relatively successful, formal requirements for inclusive cabinets have been dogged by problems.
2 MULTILEVEL COORDINATION CAPACITIES
Authors: Jordan Andrew , Schout Adriaan 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter offers a more detailed theoretical explanation of the tools employed to assess the coordination capacities at network and actor level. The different sections link the two major theoretical concepts (networks and governance), provide different views on the management of networks, present a scale covering the different meanings of coordination, and describe how this will be used to assess coordination during the different phases of EU policy making.
4 THE COORDINATION OF EUROPEAN UNION POLICY: ACTOR PERSPECTIVES
Authors: Jordan Andrew , Schout Adriaan 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter introduces the basic administrative mechanisms for coordinating EU policy in the five actors. For each actor, it describes the most important administrative parts and explains the processes through which they seek to coordinate their input to EU policy making, both internally (that is, intra-departmentally) and with cognate actors (that is, inter-departmentally). To permit comparison, it begins by analysing the main coordination instruments and roles within each actor. It then describes the mechanisms through which each coordinates the various phases of EU policy making described in Chapter 2. Finally, it comments on how each is currently attempting to upgrade its coordination system.
5 ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY INTEGRATION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION: ACTOR PERSPECTIVES
Authors: Jordan Andrew , Schout Adriaan 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter explores the steps that each actor has taken to implement EPI within its own institutional ‘space’. In effect, it begins to explore how well each actor has responded to the second part of the ‘double challenge’ of addressing EPI in a multi-level system such as the EU. For each actor, the organizational unit that actively champions EPI (typically the national environment department) is introduced, before briefly describing how it tackles the challenge of EPI within its own institutional ‘space’.
6 Joseph Barker
Authors: Larsen Timothy 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Joseph Barker was a Methodist New Connexion minister, but his evolving religious journey led him to split the denomination. He moved to America and became a leading popular freethinker and anti-Bible lecturer. On his return to England, he was the co-editor with Charles Bradlaugh of the atheistic paper, the National Reformer. Concerns about morality were one factor in his reconversion.
10 Crisis of Doubt
Authors: Larsen Timothy 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
The Victorian Secularist movement knew that it was experiencing a crisis of doubt. Freethinkers reconverted because they came to believe that Secularism was merely negative, that it offered no basis for morality, and that it adhered to a procrustean system of logic. Positively, they were drawn to the Bible and to Jesus of Nazareth, to the realm of the spirit (sometimes through Spiritualism), and to Christians who modeled learning and a commitment to justice. Popular radicals were ahead of members of the social elite when it came to these intellectual trends.
The Supposed ‘Con‐formity’ of Language and World
Authors: McManus Denis 
Published: February 2007

AbstractGuided by the picture analogy, this chapter explores further how we succumb to the illusion that a con-formity between language and world underpins meaningful language use. It is argued that this illusion emerges as a result of our both having adopted particular ‘methods of comparison’ and failing to recognize that very adoption; certain equivocations over what we mean by ‘objects’ and ‘names’ — in other words, yet more sign/symbol conflations — serve to disguise this confusion, and hence, to conjure up this illusion. The role of Wittgenstein’s remarks about the ‘internal relatedness’ of propositions and names, and objects and names, in articulating and drawing our attention to the above confusions is further explored.
Objects Revisited
Authors: McManus Denis 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter returns to Wittgenstein’s proposals about ‘objects’ in order to reveal how they can also be seen as reflecting our failure to ascribe sense to the notion of the thinker ‘coming to’ or indeed already being ‘in contact with’ its world. We cannot make sense of deep worries about the capacity of ‘what we think about’ to be thought about: there are no questions to be raised in connection with the referents of the terms of the ultimate analyses of our propositions, about ‘their existence’, ‘their composition’, or ‘how they can combine to form facts’. But that points not to how the world must be constituted in order for thought to be possible, but to a confusion at the root of the idea of ‘thought being possible’.
Method Revisited
Authors: McManus Denis 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter looks back once again at Wittgenstein’s methodology, picking out aspects that may be more easily understood in the light of Chs. 5-9. It examines further the ‘elucidatory’ method Wittgenstein uses in the Tractatus, its ‘therapeutic’ character, its necessarily ‘argumentative’ form, and its relationship to what he calls ‘the only strictly correct method in philosophy’. The author’s interpretation is placed in relation to claims made by other ‘resolute’ readers and criticisms made of ‘resolute’ approaches.
The General Form of the Proposition
Authors: McManus Denis 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter explores Wittgenstein’s remarks on ‘the general form of the proposition’ and argues that these too are informed by his desire to show that the impression that there are substantial ‘logical truths’ is an illusion. It explores Wittgenstein’s understanding of logical inference as ‘unpacking’, his analysis of truth-functional connectives using truth-tables, his account of logical propositions as tautologies and contradictions, and the philosophical significance for Wittgenstein of providing a ‘topic-neutral’ account of logical inference and the logical connectives. Drawing on retrospective remarks of Wittgenstein’s, an explanation is offered on how he could have failed to recognize that his notion of the general form of the proposition is laden with problematic metaphysical commitments.
Ethics and ‘the Ladder’
Authors: McManus Denis 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter argues that Wittgenstein’s proposal that ethics is ‘inexpressible’ represents a rung on a ‘ladder’ that is to be ‘climbed’ and then ‘thrown away’. Evidence presented in the previous chapter is reviewed and other aspects of that evidence explored. It is argued that the forms of ‘inexpressible knowledge’ to which Wittgenstein leads us in his reflections on ethics — and logic — only loom if one is already under the influence of confused notions of what ‘knowledge’, ‘reasons’, and ‘expression’ represent in these spheres; confusions to a recognition of which Wittgenstein’s talk of ‘the inexpressible’ is meant to lead us. As elsewhere in the Tractatus, such talk leads us to recognize that confusions underpin philosophical projects to which we are committed, confusions that, once again, arise out of certain sign/symbol equivocations. How this realisation modulates the previous chapter’s proposals concerning ‘conscience’ and ‘decency’ is explored.
4 Psalmody
Authors: Holmes Andrew R. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This chapter examines the place of psalms in public worship, the style and standard of public praise, and popular attitudes to the psalms amongst the laity. It describes the strategies for reform devised by various reformers, the impact these had upon congregational praise, and the tensions within Presbyterianism that were brought to the surface as a result of attempts to change this central component of Presbyterian self-identity.
3 Women's Rights as Human Rights
Authors: Deveaux Monique 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter considers how human rights perspectives understand the gender/culture tension and the kinds of normative and practical solutions that they offer. In addition to discussing writing by feminist human rights scholars, it considers the work of philosopher Martha Nussbaum, who focuses on women’s capabilities for well-being, as well as the work of philosopher Onora O’Neill, who argues that we need to attend to the circumstances and capacities that women need if they are to genuinely give their consent to cultural practices and arrangements.