bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IMMUNOBIOLOGIC STUDIES ON THE MOLECULAR INDIVIDUALITY OF THYROTROPHIN AND LUTEINIZING HORMONE
Authors: Selenkow Herbert A. , Saravis Calvin A. , Garcia Antonio M. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Currently available preparations of thyrotrophin and luteinizing hormone contain biologically active and immunologically detectable quantities of both hormones. Several immunologic techniques correlated with biologic assay were used to determine whether bovine TSH and LH were each part of a single protein molecule or were two separate moieties. By studies of immunodiffusion, haemagglutination of sensitized erythrocytes and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis, it was shown that antibodies to TSH and LH appeared to be distinct and separable. It was further demonstrated that the biologic neutralizing capacity of antibodies to TSH were not measurably altered following removal of antibodies to LH. These studies favour the concept that TSH and LH are distinct and that antibodies to each can be separated from the other. These studies are also consistent with previous reports that TSH and LH are immunologically related and suggest the possibility that they might share a biologically active peptide »core«. The limitations of immunologic procedures and the difficulties inherent in currently available biologic assays of TSH and LH render premature any final statement on the separability or individuality of these hormones. Final confirmation must await chemical determinations of their individual structures.
EPIDEMIOLOGIC ASPECTS OF THYROTOXICOSIS
Authors: Greenwald Isidor 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The rate of increase in the number of cases of thyrotoxicosis in Copenhagen and in all of Denmark rose at constant rates from 1931 to 1937 and at a rate of 49 or 50 per cent per year over the preceding year from 1941 to 1944.
Examination of the statistics of mortality show a regular shift to the older age groups. Analysis shows that the women 55 to 84 years old in 1956 to 1960, at which time they furnished 85 per cent of all deaths (of females) from thyrotoxicosis had, in 1941–1943, 1922–1924 and 1903–1912, been in the age group that furnished the greatest morbidity.
Two alternative but not mutually exclusive hypotheses are suggested. (1) The German occupation in 1941 to 1944 precipitated the appearance of symptoms of a disease that had long been dormant in a large number of women. (2) Refugees in the 1930's and the occupation in 1941 introduced one or more new strains of a »specific unknown agent of unknown nature« (Meulengracht).
EFFECT OF A SINGLE GLYCOCORTICOID INJECTION ON THE FIRST DAY OF LIFE IN RATS
Authors: Fachet J. , Palkovits M. , Vallent K. , Stark E. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
A single large dose of glycocorticoid injected in the rat on the first day of life produces a fatal cachectic condition which is very similar to the wasting syndrome which follows post-neonatal thymectomy. After smaller doses the survival time is longer and the mortality rate is less. Body weights, weights of thymus, spleen and adrenals are lower in treated rats than in non-treated control littermates. So is the number of small lymphocytes in the peripheral blood and in the lymphoid organs.
ÉTUDE IN VITRO DU MÉTABOLISME DES HYDRATES DE CARBONE DANS LE LEUCOCYTE CIRCULANT DU COBAYE TRAITÉ À LA CORTISONE
Authors: Antonioli J. A. , Vannotti A. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
1.
The metabolism of suspensions of circulating leucocytes has been studied after intramuscular injection of a dose of 50 mg/kg of a corticosteroid (cortisone acetate). The suspensions were incubated under aerobic conditions in the presence of a glucose concentration of 5.6 mm. Glucose consumption, lactate production, and variations in intracellular glycogen concentration were measured. After the administration of the corticosteroid, the anabolic processes of granulocyte metabolism were reversibly stimulated. Glucose consumption and lactate production increased 12 hours after the injection, but tended to normalize after 24 hours. The glycogen content of the granulocytes was enhanced, and glycogen synthesis during the course of the incubation was greatly stimulated. The action of the administered corticosteroid is more prolonged in females than in males. The injection of the corticosteroid caused metabolic modifications which resemble in their modulations and in their chronological development those found in circulating granulocytes of guinea-pigs suffering from sterile peritonitis. These results suggest, therefore, that, in the case of acute inflammation, the glucocorticosteroids may play an important role in the regulation of the metabolism of the blood leucocytes.
OVULATORY DISCHARGE OF GONADOTROPHINS INDUCED BY HYPOTHALAMIC STIMULATION IN CASTRATED MALE RATS BEARING A TRANSPLANTED OVARY
Authors: Moll J. , Zeilmaker G. H. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Castrated young adult inbred male rats bearing ovarian transplants were subjected to electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus. This was done in order to investigate whether discharge of ovulatory amounts of gonadotrophins could be induced in such male animals by this procedure. Bilateral stimulations with unipolar electrodes and a DC current of 1.5 mA applied during 10 seconds induced in the ovarian grafts histological changes indicating the discharge of ovulatory amounts of gonadotrophins. In animals killed one day after stimulation these changes consisted of displacement of the ova towards the centre of the follicles with loosening of the cumulus oophorus. In one animal the ova had left the follicles. In animals killed three days after stimulation numerous young corpora lutea could be observed. These results were obtained with electrode tips either close to the median eminence, or in the preoptic area. Shamstimulations were ineffective.
Some of the experimental animals received progesterone pretreatment. This rendered the stimulations ineffective, if continued until the day preceding stimulation, but seemed without effect on the results of stimulation, if two or three days without progesterone preceded the stimulations.
EFFECTS OF ADRENALECTOMY ON THE PARATHYROIDS IN NEPHRECTOMIZED RATS
Authors: Hansson C. Göran 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Rat parathyroids were studied both after nephrectomy and after combined nephrectomy and adrenalectomy. As early as 24 hours after nephrectomy there were morphological indications of increased parathyroid activity in the form of increased glandular volume and enlarged cell nuclei. The corresponding changes after combined nephrectomy and adrenalectomy were less marked and the total serum calcium was higher than after nephrectomy only. These observations suggest that the adrenals could induce a change in calcium homeostasis opposite to that of the parathyroids.
THE EFFECTS OF MORPHINE AND OTHER NARCOTICS ON THYROID FUNCTION IN MICE
Authors: Redding Tommie W. , Bowers Cyril Y. , Schally Andrew V. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Several drugs from the morphine, pethidine and morphinan series were evaluated with respect to their action on the pituitary secretion of thyrotrophin (TSH). This action was measured by the release and the uptake of 131I by the thyroid gland of mice. Daily administration of 500 μg of morphine, codeine, dihydromorphinone, levorphan, dextrorphan or meperidine significantly depressed the uptake of 131I by the thyroid gland within five days. Single injections of 500 μg of either dihydromorphinone or levorphan increased the thyroidal uptake of 131I The thyroids of hypophysectomized mice, pretreated with 131I and thyroxine, failed to respond to injections of these drugs. Daily administration of these drugs for five days failed to change pituitary content of TSH from the control level, or to effect a change in the turn-over rate of exogenous radiothyroxine. These results suggest that these drugs do not exert direct action on the thyroid but act on thyroid function through their effect on the hypothalamus-pituitary axis.
A FLUORIMETRIC DETERMINATION OF UNCONJUGATED CORTISOL IN HUMAN URINE AFTER PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY
Authors: Pal S. B. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
A method for the estimation of unconjugated cortisol concentration in human urine is described. Using highly sensitive fluorimetric assay after paper chromatographic purification of cortisol, it is possible to quantitate the amount of endogenous cortisol excreted in 24 hours urine, after steroid suppression and corticotrophin stimulation (ACTH). According to this method, normal values (30 males and 30 females aged between 18–50 years) are 35.8–120 μg/24 hours; fluorimetric recoveries of cortisol from urine are 82.5–95.4% and radioactive recoveries are 74.8–88.6%. A trained person can perform 12 determinations in 5 working days.
THE MECHANISM IN INHIBITION OF OVULATION IN ORAL CONTRACEPTION. I.
Authors: Stamp J. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
A review is given of previous investigations on the excretion of pituitary gonadotrophins during treatment with gestagens, oestrogens or the combination of both. In the present study 14 fertile, 7 menopausal, and 9 oophorectomized women were treated with 6-methyl-6-dehydro-17α-acetoxyprogesterone (megestrol acetate) + 17α-ethynyl-oestradiol-3-methyl-ether (mestranol) for a period of 3 to 61 weeks. The fertile women were given 5 mg of megestrol acetate + 0.1 mg of mestranol cyclically, and the menopausal and oophorectomized women were given the same dose of megestrol acetate + mestranol continuously. The excretion of total pituitary gonadotrophins was determined at short intervals during treatment and during the period following cessation of treatment. There was a significant suppression of the total pituitary gonadotrophins in 22 out of the 30 patients, and in 19 patients the excretion became undetectable. This marked suppression of total gonadotrophins occurred after 2 to 60 weeks of treatment (an average of 15 weeks). The gonadotrophin output reached pre-treatment levels 2 to 7 weeks (an average of 4 weeks) after the treatment was discontinued.
THE EFFECT OF LONG-TERM ADMINISTRATION OF CORTISOL AND SOME ANDROGENIC-ANABOLIC STEROIDS ON THE RAT ADRENALS
Authors: Linèt O. , Bartovà A. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The effect of administration of some androgenic-anabolic steroids, as well as of cortisol and a combination of these steroids on the rat adrenals was investigated. 19-nortestosterone phenylpropionate (NTPP), methandrostenolone (MA) and dimethylandrostanolone (DMA) in a daily dose of 2 mg/100 g did not affect the adrenal weight and the corticosterone content, while the cholesterol level decreased. Cortisol 2 mg/100 g/day caused atrophy of this organ, accompanied by a marked reduction in cholesterol, ascorbic acid and corticosterone. NTPP or MA combined with cortisol caused an increase in adrenal weight, while cholesterol and corticosterone remained unchanged. DMA produced a similar effect except that it did not affect the adrenal atrophy caused by the administration of cortisol. An increase in the ascorbic acid level was observed in the group of animals receiving NTPP and cortisol as compared with the group treated with cortisol alone. 1,2α-oxido-androstane-3,17-dione, a compound without any androgenic-anabolic properties, but possessing some anticorticoid activity, given in a daily dose of 300 μg/100 g, normalized the cholesterol level in adrenals when combined with cortisol, but did not affect the decreased corticosterone level, caused by cortisol.
STUDIES ON THE ESTIMATION OF URINARY PREGNANETRIOL DURING PREGNANCY AND CHILDHOOD
Authors: Harkness R. A. , Love D. N. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The excretion of pregnanetriol in the urine of pregnant women was investigated using a modified method based upon the oxidation of pregnanetriol to aetiocholanolone with sodium metaperiodate. The Zimmermann reaction was then employed to estimate the aetiocholanolone produced. The reliability criteria of the present method have been investigated. The increased specificity of the method enables a more accurate estimate to be made of urinary pregnanetriol in pregnancy. An increase in the urinary levels of the compound occurred after the 30th week of pregnancy reaching a maximum at about the 36th to 37th week. The present method has also been applied to the urine of a small number of children as well as adult men and women. Studies on 2 adrenalectomized men and on a pregnant adrenalectomized woman suggest that the testes and the foeto-placental unit may be sources of the precursors of urinary pregnanetriol.
INDUCTION OF DECIDUOMA IN RABBITS: THE EFFECT OF DOSE OF PROGESTERONE, TIME OF TRAUMA, NATURE OF TRAUMA AND ROLE PLAYED BY OESTROGENS
Authors: Elton Richard L. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The role played by progesterone, type of uterine trauma, and time of uterine trauma on deciduogencsis was investigated in immature oestrogen primed rabbits. Progesterone, administered alone, in daily doses of 8 or 16 mg produced the most consistent hormonal support of the uterine response. Traumatization of the uteri mechanically, with a silk thread placed in the lumen of the uterus on the 7th or 8th days of progesterone treatment, was the most effective stimulus for initiating the decidual response followed by chemical stimuli. Essentially no decidual responses were obtained when the uteri were traumatized after the 9th day of progesterone treatment.
Increasing the amount of oestrogen during the priming period or during the first 5 days, or for 14 days, along with progesterone did not increase the time period during which deciduoma could be stimulated. Administration of oestrogen from the 10th to 14th day permitted DCR in uteri traumatized on the 10th day of progesterone treatment. Possible mechanisms to explain this effect were discussed.
THE RELATIONSHIP OF GONADOTROPHIN EXCRETION TO OVULATION DURING THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE
Authors: Bell E. T. , Mukerji S. , Loraine J. A. , Lunn S. F. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Serial determinations of urinary gonadotrophins, oestrogens and pregnanediol have been performed in one cycle from each of seven normally menstruating women. In all cycles there was evidence of ovulation as judged by steroid excretion although the actual time at which this event occurred varied considerably between individuals.
Assays of »total gonadotrophic activity« by the mouse uterus test were conducted in two subjects. In only one woman was a midcycle peak noted. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) was measured in five cycles. In four, levels tended to be higher at midcycle than at any other time although a definite peak of excretion was noted in only two of these. In the fifth subject FSH excretion was relatively constant throughout the period of investigation.
Luteinising hormone (LH) was estimated in four cycles. In two a definite peak of excretion occurred but in only one was this closely associated with ovulation. In the remaining two women the midcycle LH peak was less pronounced.
No definite correlation could be demonstrated between the excretion of FSH, LH and »total gonadotrophic activity« on the one hand and urinary steroid output on the other.
EFFECT OF STEROIDS AND COFACTORS ON THE ACTIVITY AND STABILITY OF HUMAN PLACENTAL GLUTAMATE DEHYDROGENASE
Authors: Peterson Dale M. , Warren James C. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Glutamate dehydrogenase (EC 1. 4. 1. 3.) has been purified approximately 3700 fold from human placenta. The effects of sex hormones and co-factors on the activity and stability of this preparation have been studied. NAD+ was noted to activate this enzyme at high concentrations while NADP+ did not. Mg2+ was shown to be a competitive activator of glutamate with NADP+ as cofactor and an uncompetitive inhibitor of glutamate with NAD+ as cofactor. With NAD+ as cofactor, steroids at concentrations physiological for placenta had no effect on activity while significant inhibition of initial velocity by 1.0 μm oestrone and 17β-oestradiol and 2.0 μm progesterone was seen with NADP+ as co-factor. The stability of the enzyme was uneffected by several steroids alone at 20 μm concentrations. The stability of the enzyme was markedly decreased by NADPH but natural steroids at physiological concentrations failed to potentiate this cofactor induced instability. Mg2+ ion, ATP and ADP at physiological concentrations, on the other hand, clearly protect the enzyme against NADPH. These observations militate against steroid effects on stability but do not exclude steroid inhibition of activity with NADP+ as cofactor as a possible mechanism of steroid action, at least in placenta.
RESPONSE OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX DURING EXCHANGE TRANSFUSION AND MAINTENANCE OF THE LOW CORTISOL/CORTISONE RATIO IN THE NEONATAL PERIOD
Authors: Buus Ole , Bro-Rasmussen Frede , Trolle Dyre , Lundwall F. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
By means of a specific isotope technique the individual corticosteroids were determined in the blood samples successively collected during an exchange transfusion.
It is shown that in five infants the adrenal cortex responds by a marked increase in the plasma cortisol concentration. The cortisone concentration is almost constant during the exchange transfusion, but is essentially higher than in normal adults.
Our earlier investigations have shown that the cortisol/cortisone ratio in the mother at the time of delivery is about 11, while it is 0.7 in the infant. During the exchange transfusion an increase is seen in the ratio caused by the increase in cortisol concentration.
In the course of some hours after termination of the exchange transfusion the cortisol/cortisone ratio again falls to a value near that observed before the exchange transfusion.
IMMUNOASSAY OF HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN
Authors: Brody Sam 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The assay of human chorionic gonadotrophin by means of a quantitative graded-response procedure based on complement fixation has been described in detail. The unit of 50% haemolysis (C′H50) has been applied. Only 2.5 C′H50 units have been used. The advantage of such balanced amounts of complement as compared with multiple C′H50 units has been discussed.
Human chorionic gonadotrophin in a number of serum samples has been estimated against a reference standard by means of four-point assays and the results have been submitted to statistical analysis according to the principle of orthogonal contrasts. Several indices of precision were computed to evaluate the precision of the method.
A comparison of these indices of precision with those characterizing several highly precise bioassay procedures is presented.
CLINICAL EXPERIENCE WITH PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM: EVALUATION OF TREATMENT
Authors: Goldsmith Richard E. , Zalme Elisabeth , Weinstein Aaron S. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Forty-four patients with »operatively proven« hyperparathyroidism were evaluated to decide 1) whether or not the diagnosis could be substantiated by some postoperative observations other than the gross anatomic diagnosis of the operative specimen and 2) what the long term value of operative treatment would be. It was found that an immediate and significant fall in urinary phosphorus excretion best documented the diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism. Over intervals up to 10 years, follow-up of the patients suggested a favourable response of the disease to operative treatment.
PLACENTAL TRANSFER OF INSULIN-131I IN GUINEA PIGS IMMUNIZED AGAINST INSULIN
Authors: Thorell Jan I. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The placenta is considered to be impermeable or only slightly permeable to insulin. Insulin antibodies are transferred from mother to foetus in man and in guinea pigs. The passage of insulin-131I from mother to foetus was studied in guinea pigs with and without antibodies against insulin. Antibody-bound insulin-131I was recovered in plasma from foetuses of immunized pregnant guinea pigs, at intervals of more than 5 hours after the injection of insulin-131I to the mother. The foetal levels of insulin-131I were rather low, the highest recorded value being 27% of the maternal plasma concentration. This peak was reached 32 hours after the injection. No insulin-131I was found in the foetuses of non-immunized guinea pigs.
THE MECHANISM IN INHIBITION OF OVULATION IN ORAL CONTRACEPTION. II.
Authors: Starup J. , Østergaard E. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
22 normally menstruating women were treated cyclically with a daily dose of 5 mg of 6-methyl-6-dehydro-17α-acetoxyprogesterone (megestrol acetate) + 0.1 mg of 17α-ethynyl-oestradiol-3-methylether (mestranol) for a period of 1 to 20 cycles. It has previously been shown by laparotomy, that this dose is effective for the inhibition of ovulation. Studies on the excretion of total gonadotrophins led to the assumption that the mechanism of this inhibition of ovulation involved a central effect on the hypothalamo-pituitary system. We therefore tried to counteract this effect and induce ovulation during the last treatment-cycle by (1) the administration of pregnant mares' serum gonadotrophin (PMS) alone, (2) human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) alone or (3) a combination of both. The standard dose was: 1500 IU of PMS on days 8, 10 and 12 and 4500 IU of HCG on days 13, 14 and 15. The response of the ovaries was assessed at laparotomy on day 24 by direct inspection and by histological examination of biopsies of the ovaries and the endometrium. Stimulation with PMS only did not induce ovulation, not even during the first month. With HCG alone it was – with one exception – only possible to induce ovulation in the first two months, but with PMS + HCG we found that ovulation occurred even after 20 months of treatment. It was concluded that the mechanism of inhibition of ovulation is essentially an inhibition of the pituitary gonadotrophins. It is probable that the luteinizing hormone (LH) is inhibited before the follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), but prolonged treatment, causes an inhibition of both LH and FSH.
STUDIES ON PITUITARY GONADOTROPHINS IN HUMAN PLASMA
Authors: Keller Paul J. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Gonadotrophic activity was estimated in individual plasma samples of 46 male and female subjects of all ages. The plasma was extracted by means of an ammonium acetate-ethanol procedure and tested biologically by the mouse uterine weight assay. The values in postmenopausal plasma ranged from 10 to 46 milligram-equivalents of the 2nd International Reference Preparation for Human Menopausal Gonadotrophin per litre. Plasma of men and women in the reproductive years contained 0.6–3.0 and 0.5–2.4 milligram-equivalents of the 2nd IRP per litre. The results in female plasma were assembled according to the day of the menstrual cycle. Though there was no significant difference in the mean values between group A (days 1–9), B (days 10–19) and C (days 20–30), the highest value was observed on the 13th day of the cycle of a 37 years old woman.
STUDIES ON PITUITARY GONADOTROPHINS IN HUMAN PLASMA
Authors: Keller Paul J. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Plasma pools obtained from men and postmenopausal women were extracted by an ammonium acetate-ethanol procedure and assayed by four biological systems assumed to measure »total« gonadotrophic activity, follicle-stimulating or luteinizing hormone activity. The 2nd International Reference Preparation for Human Menopausal Gonadotrophin, NIH-FSH-S2 and NIH-LH-S3 were used as standards. All assays were valid with regard to the statistical tests performed.
Postmenopausal plasma contained 17 times more total gonadotrophic activity, 15 times more FSH activity and 4–6 times more LH activity than male plasma. The FSH/LH ratio was 2–4 times higher in postmenopausal than in male plasma. When postmenopausal plasma was calculated in terms of male plasma, the biological dissimilarity of the two materials was also indicated by the indices of discrimination for combinations of assays, which were significantly different from unity for all groups measuring a relationship FSH/LH.