bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Markers of Increased Cardiovascular Risk: Are We Measuring the Most Appropriate Parameters?
Authors: Hawkins Meredith A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe vital task of evaluating cardiovascular disease risk in individual patients is challenging in light of the ever‐growing list of risk factors. Some of the traditional measures of cardiovascular risk, such as blood lipid levels, have been further refined to provide better risk assessments. Certain specific parameters, such as lipoprotein buoyancy, seem to be better predictors of cardiovascular disease than total lipoprotein levels. Furthermore, as the contribution of systemic inflammation to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis is increasingly recognized, several inflammatory markers have become associated with disease risk. Consequently, many studies have attempted to determine the individual merits of these factors in predicting cardiovascular risk.
Cardiovascular and Hormonal Aspects of Very‐Low‐Carbohydrate Ketogenic Diets
Authors: Volek Jeff S. , Sharman Matthew J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn recent years, restriction of carbohydrate intake for weight loss has become widespread. Our research group began studying physiological responses to very‐low‐carbohydrate ketogenic diets (VLCKDs) in the late 1990s because we felt there was a significant void in the literature and limited understanding of metabolic responses to VLCKDs. This launched us into a line of research examining the physiological effects of VLCKDs. In this paper, we briefly overview nine studies we have published on isoenergetic and hypoenergetic VLCKDs in men and women. These studies have focused on blood lipid responses to VLCKDs, but we have also addressed changes in body weight, body composition, and hormones. Compared with low‐fat diets, short‐term VLCKDs consistently result in improvements in fat loss, fasting and postprandial triacylglycerols, high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol, the distribution of low‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol subclasses, and insulin resistance. These are the key metabolic abnormalities of metabolic syndrome, a problem of epidemic proportions in the United States. There is substantial variability in total cholesterol and low‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol responses to VLCKD. The factors responsible for this variability are not known, and studies designed to identify methods to predict blood lipid responses to VLCKD and other dietary approaches represent critical areas for nutrition researchers. Further research is warranted to validate the physiological effects of VLCKD over longer periods of time, including studies that modify the quality of macronutrients (i.e., the type of fat and protein) and the interaction with other interventions (e.g., exercise, dietary supplements, drugs).
A Randomized Trial Comparing Low‐Fat and Low‐Carbohydrate Diets Matched for Energy and Protein
Authors: Segal‐Isaacson CJ , Johnson Shannah , Tomuta Vlad , Cowell Brandy , Stein Daniel T. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSeveral recent studies have found greater weight loss at 6 months among participants on a very‐low‐carbohydrate (VLC) weight‐loss diet compared with a low‐fat (LF) weight‐loss diet. Because most of these studies were not matched for calories, it is not clear whether these results are caused by decreased energy intake or increased energy expenditure. It is hypothesized that several energy‐consuming metabolic pathways are up‐regulated during a VLC diet, leading to increased energy expenditure. The focus of this study was to investigate whether, when protein and energy are held constant, there is a significant difference in fat and weight loss when fat and carbohydrate are dramatically varied in the diet. The preliminary results presented in this paper are for the first four of six postmenopausal overweight or obese participants who followed, in random order, both a VLC and an LF diet for 6 weeks. Other outcome measures were serum lipids, glucose, and insulin, as well as dietary compliance and side effects. Our results showed no significant weight loss, lipid, serum insulin, or glucose differences between the two diets. Lipids were dramatically reduced on both diets, with a trend for greater triglyceride reduction on the VLC diet. Glucose levels were also reduced on both diets, with a trend for insulin reduction on the VLC diet. Compliance was excellent with both diets, and side effects were mild, although participants reported more food cravings and bad breath on the VLC diet and more burping and flatulence on the LF diet.
Clinical Trial Experience with Fat‐Restricted vs. Carbohydrate‐Restricted Weight‐Loss Diets
Authors: Klein Samuel 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIt is unlikely that one diet is optimal for all overweight or obese persons. Both low‐fat and low‐carbohydrate diets have been shown to induce weight loss and reduce obesity‐related comorbidities. Low‐carbohydrate diets cause greater short‐term (up to 6 months) weight loss than low‐fat diets, but the long‐term clinical safety and efficacy of these diets has not been studied.
Efficacy of Lifestyle Modification for Long‐Term Weight Control
Authors: Wadden Thomas A. , Butryn Meghan L. , Byrne Kirstin J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA comprehensive program of lifestyle modification induces loss of ∼10% of initial weight in 16 to 26 weeks, as revealed by a review of recent randomized controlled trials, including the Diabetes Prevention Program. Long‐term weight control is facilitated by continued patient‐therapist contact, whether provided in person or by telephone, mail, or e‐mail. High levels of physical activity and the consumption of low‐calorie, portion‐controlled meals, including liquid meal replacements, can also help maintain weight loss. Additional studies are needed of the effects of macronutrient content (e.g., low‐fat vs. low‐carbohydrate diets) on long‐term changes in weight and health. Research also is needed on effective methods of providing comprehensive weight loss control to the millions of Americans who need it.
Long‐Term Pharmacotherapy for Obesity
Authors: Klein Samuel 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObese patients unable to achieve significant weight loss with lifestyle changes alone may require drug therapy, and such therapy may be needed long term lest weight lost be regained. In the United States, only sibutramine and orlistat are available for the long‐term treatment of obesity. Clinical trials have shown that both drugs can induce and maintain weight loss, even in patients with comorbid conditions such as hypertension or type 2 diabetes. Their use must be combined with behavior modification and a structured meal plan, however, for patients to reap the full benefits of such treatment.
Topiramate: A New Potential Pharmacological Treatment for Obesity*
Authors: Astrup Arne , Toubro Søren 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObesity is a growing worldwide epidemic that is associated with serious medical complications. Although diet and exercise are often effective treatment in the short run, the weight lost is usually regained unless intensive intervention is maintained. Pharmacological adjunctive measures are clearly needed, and topiramate is currently being investigated as a possible new therapy for obesity. This paper reviews three clinical trials of topiramate for weight reduction in obese subjects: a 6‐month dose‐ranging study, a 2‐year study of weight loss, and a 44‐week study in subjects who had previously lost weight on a low‐calorie diet. All three studies found topiramate to be significantly more efficacious than placebo. Notably, weight loss continued for 1 year and, perhaps, could have continued for a longer period. Topiramate was generally well tolerated, with adverse events being mild to moderate and mostly related to the central nervous system. Paresthesia was a frequent occurrence, but it did not lead to withdrawal of >5% of the subjects in any study.
Pathophysiology and Long‐Term Management of the Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Pi‐Sunyer F. Xavier 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe metabolic syndrome has been characterized by a cluster of abnormalities that include obesity, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. Other conditions associated with this syndrome include microalbuminuria, inflammation, a prothrombotic state, and a fatty liver. Together, these abnormalities lead to an environment where the risk of developing both type 2 diabetes and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease are greatly enhanced. Recognition of this syndrome by practitioners, early treatment, and long‐term management are crucial for disease prevention. Successful treatment requires the introduction of lifestyle changes initially and pharmacotherapy subsequently if lifestyle changes are not sufficient.
Regulation of 11β‐HSD Genes in Human Adipose Tissue: Influence of Central Obesity and Weight Loss
Authors: Engeli Stefan , Böhnke Jana , Feldpausch Mareike , Gorzelniak Kerstin , Heintze Ute , Janke Jürgen , Luft Friedrich C. , Sharma Arya M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjectives: The activity of adipose 11β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β‐HSD) 1 is increased in obese subjects, and animal data suggest that increased cortisol formation in adipose tissue contributes to the development of the metabolic syndrome. The aim of this study was to determine whether up‐regulation of human adipose 11β‐HSD1 in obesity can also be found at the gene expression level.Research Methods and Procedures: 11β‐HSD gene expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies of 70 postmenopausal women was studied by real‐time reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction. The influence of weight reduction and in vitro effects of several modulators of adipocyte gene expression on 11β‐HSD genes in human adipocytes were also studied.Results: The 11β‐HSD1 gene was highly expressed in human adipose tissue. 11β‐HSD2 mRNA was also detectable at lower levels. Adipose 11β‐HSD1 gene expression was increased by two‐fold and was positively correlated with waist circumference and homeostasis model assessment index of insulin resistance. 11β‐HSD2 gene expression was reduced by half in obese women. Weight reduction did not change gene expression levels of 11β‐HSD1 or 11β‐HSD2. Cortisol increased 11β‐HSD1 gene expression in isolated human adipocytes in vitro, whereas estradiol, triiodothyronine, angiotensin II, and pioglitazone had no influence.Discussion: Our data suggest that increased expression of the 11β‐HSD1 gene is associated with metabolic abnormalities in obese women and that increased expression of this gene may contribute to the previously reported increased local conversion of cortisone to cortisol in adipose tissue of obese individuals.
Gender Differences in Lipoprotein Lipase Activity after Acute Exercise
Authors: Perreault Leigh , Lavely Jennifer M. , Kittelson John M. , Horton Tracy J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To determine whether gender differences exist in lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity in response to exercise and/or insulin. Exercise and insulin are known modulators of LPL activity in men, but this is less clear in women. LPL activity may predict propensity for obesity; therefore, understanding its modulators is of considerable importance.Research Methods and Procedures: Gender differences in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue LPL activity were determined after a single bout of exercise followed by a hyperinsulinemic/euglycemic clamp and compared with an identical rest day in healthy lean men (n = 10) and women (n = 10). Muscle and adipose tissue biopsies were obtained pre‐ (post‐exercise vs. rest) and post‐clamp.Results: Basal levels of muscle and adipose tissue LPL activity were not different between men and women. There was, however, a significant gender by day interaction for muscle LPL activity (p = 0.023) and adipose tissue LPL activity (p = 0.013). In muscle, this was because of a significant increase in LPL activity on the exercise vs. rest day in men (p < 0.001) but not women. Adipose tissue LPL activity also increased significantly in men on the exercise day relative to rest day (p = 0.04) but decreased in women (p = 0.10). The hyperinulinemic/euglycemic clamp had no independent effect on tissue LPL activity, in either gender, after rest or exercise.Discussion: In the 3 to 4 hours after exercise, muscle and adipose tissue LPL activity increased significantly in men, whereas LPL activity remained unchanged in women.
Reciprocal Hemizygosity Analysis of Mouse Hepatic Lipase Reveals Influence on Obesity
Authors: Farahani Poupak , Fisler Janis S. , Wong Howard , Diament Adam L. , Yi Nengjun , Warden Craig H. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjectives: We previously demonstrated coincident quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for percentage body fat, plasma hepatic lipase (HL) activity, and plasma cholesterol on mouse chromosome 7. In the present study, we investigated whether hepatic lipase (Lipc) is an obesity gene, whether Lipc interacts with an unknown gene on chromosome 7, and how HL activity is linked to the chromosome 7 locus.Research Methods and Procedures: BSB mice are a model of complex obesity due to interactions among genes from C57BL/6J and Mus spretus (SPRET) in (C57BL/6J × SPRET) × C57BL/6J backcross mice. Five crosses tested the impact on obesity of combinations of inactive (knockout) and wild‐type Lipc alleles from C57BL/6J or SPRET in a reciprocal hemizygosity analysis.Results: The combined data from this allelic series suggest that Lipc alleles, and not alleles from a gene linked to Lipc, influence obesity. No interaction between Lipc and chromosome 7 was demonstrated. We confirmed the chromosome 7 QTLs for obesity, HL activity, and cholesterol. Because obesity and HL activity are not consistently associated in the BSB model, linkage of HL activity to chromosome 7 is not secondary to obesity per se. We also report, for the first time to our knowledge, a QTL in mammals for food intake.Discussion: This use of reciprocal hemizygosity analysis in mammals, which, to our knowledge, is the first reported, reveals its power to detect previously unknown effects of Lipc on obesity.
Cognitive Change in Obese Adolescents Losing Weight
Authors: Barton Stephen B. , Walker Lucy L.M. , Lambert Gillian , Gately Paul J. , Hill Andrew J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjectives: To investigate how obese adolescents think about themselves in terms of exercise, eating, and appearance and whether these cognitions change over the course of a residential weight loss camp.Research Methods and Procedures: Obese adolescents [N = 61; age, 14.1 (±0.2) years; BMI, 33.9 (±0.7) kg/m2] completed assessments of body weight and height and self‐esteem and a sentence‐completion test eliciting thoughts and beliefs about exercise, eating, and appearance at the start and end of the camp (mean stay, 26 days). They were compared with a single assessment of 20 normal‐weight adolescents [age, 15.4 (±0.2) years; BMI, 21.8 (±0.5) kg/m2].Results: The obese adolescents lost 5.7 kg and reduced their BMI SD score by 0.25. Camp residence was associated with a significant reduction in the number of negative automatic thoughts and an increase in positive thoughts, especially related to exercise and appearance. There was no change in conditional beliefs, either functional or dysfunctional. Including BMI SD score change as a covariate took away all the main and interaction effects of time, showing that cognitive change was largely accounted for by the reduction in weight. Despite this improvement, campers remained cognitively more negative and dysfunctional than the normal‐weight comparison adolescents.Discussion: Obese adolescents not only lost weight, but they improved their self‐representation, specifically in terms of automatic thoughts about exercise and appearance. Although these are short‐term cognitive changes, they reflect positively on the camp experience and show the value of psychological improvement in assessing obesity‐treatment outcomes.
Changes of Body Weight and Plasma Ghrelin Levels after Gastric Banding and Gastric Bypass
Authors: Stoeckli Rolf , Chanda Robin , Langer Igor , Keller Ulrich 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Ghrelin is an enteric peptide with strong orexigenic and adipogenic effects. Plasma ghrelin levels are decreased in obese subjects but increase after weight loss; this increase is not observed after Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass (RYGB). Prospective and comparative data after adjustable silicone gastric banding (ASGB) have not been reported previously.Research Methods and Procedures: Overnight fasting plasma ghrelin concentration was measured in morbidly obese subjects at baseline and 3, 6, 12, and 24 months after ASGB (n = 8) or RYGB (n = 5) and in nonoperated controls (n = 7).Results: After RYGB, body weight (BW) decreased by 29.5 ± 5.5 kg (mean ± SE, p < 0.001), whereas plasma ghrelin failed to increase significantly (+167 ± 119 pg/mL, not significant). In contrast, after ASGB, BW decreased less (by 22.8 ± 5.9 kg; p < 0.001), and plasma ghrelin significantly increased by 377 ± 201 pg/mL (p = 0.025). Neither BW nor plasma ghrelin changed in nonoperated controls. Plasma leptin decreased in both operated groups (similarly p < 0.05) but not in nonoperated controls. Plasma growth hormone and insulin‐like growth factor 1 were not correlated with changes in plasma ghrelin concentrations.Discussion: Plasma ghrelin levels failed to increase during substantial weight loss after RYGB, but did increase in response to lesser weight loss after ASGB. These findings suggest that the plasma ghrelin response after weight loss is impaired after exclusion of major parts of the stomach and the duodenum (RYGB), and the smaller long‐term weight loss after ASGB compared with RYGB may be due, at least in part, to an absent increase in plasma ghrelin after RYGB.
Targeting Parents Exclusively in the Treatment of Childhood Obesity: Long‐Term Results
Authors: Golan Moria , Crow Scott 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To report the long‐term change in children's overweight following a family‐based health‐centered approach where only parents were targeted compared with a control intervention where only children were targeted.Research Methods and Procedures: Fifty of the 60 children who participated in the original study were located 7 years later, and their weight and height were measured. At the point of the 7‐year follow‐up, the children were 14 to 19 years of age. Repeated measure ANOVA was used to test differences between the groups in percent overweight at different time‐points.Results: Mean reduction in percent overweight was greater at all follow‐up points in children of the parent‐only group compared with those in the children‐only group (p < 0.05). Seven years after the program terminated, mean reduction in children's overweight was 29% in the parent‐only group vs. 20.2% in the children‐only group (p < 0.05).Discussion: Over the long term, treatment of childhood obesity with the parents as the exclusive agents of change was superior to the conventional approach.
Energy‐Dense Snack Food Intake in Adolescence: Longitudinal Relationship to Weight and Fatness
Authors: Phillips Sarah M. , Bandini Linda G. , Naumova Elena N. , Cyr Helene , Colclough Skye , Dietz William H. , Must Aviva 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: The longitudinal relationship between the consumption of energy‐dense snack (EDS) foods and relative weight change during adolescence is uncertain. Using data from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Growth and Development Study, the current analysis was undertaken to examine the longitudinal relationship of EDS food intake with relative weight status and percentage body fat and to examine how EDS food consumption is related to television viewing.Research Methods and Procedures: One hundred ninety‐six nonobese premenarcheal girls 8 to 12 years old were enrolled between 1990 and 1993 and followed until 4 years after menarche. At each annual follow‐up visit, data were collected on percentage body fat (%BF), BMI z score, and dietary intake. Categories of EDS foods considered were baked goods, ice cream, chips, sugar‐sweetened soda, and candy.Results: At study entry, girls had a mean ± SD BMI z score of −0.27 ± 0.89, consumed 2.3 ± 1.7 servings of EDS foods per day, and consumed 15.7 ± 8.1% of daily calories from EDS foods. Linear mixed effects modeling indicated no relationship between BMI z score or %BF and total EDS food consumption. Soda was the only EDS food that was significantly related to BMI z score over the 10‐year study period, but it was not related to %BF. In addition, a significant, positive relationship was observed between EDS food consumption and television viewing.Discussion: In this cohort of initially nonobese girls, overall EDS food consumption does not seem to influence weight status or fatness change over the adolescent period.
Binge Status and Quality of Life after Gastric Bypass Surgery: A One‐Year Study
Authors: Malone Margaret , Alger‐Mayer Sharon 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: This study evaluated gastric bypass surgery outcomes according to presurgical binge eating severity.Research Methods and Procedures: Adult patients completed assessment questionnaires including the Short Form‐36, Gormally Binge Eating Scale (BES), and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) before and 12 months after surgery.Results: One hundred nine patients (18 men, 91 women) were recruited. Based on their baseline BES scores, patients were non‐ [n = 52 (48%)], moderate [n = 31 (28%)], or severe [n = 26 (24%)] binge eaters. Although the percentage of excess weight loss was greatest after 12 months in the severe binge eaters, the difference among groups was not significant. Severe binge eaters had higher baseline BDI scores than either non‐ or moderate binge eaters (p = 0.001). After surgery, BDI scores declined significantly in all groups from the baseline scores but remained higher postoperatively in the severe binge eaters (p = 0.018). BES scores declined significantly (p = 0.000) after surgery within all groups. There was no difference in the Short Form‐36 physical component summary scores at baseline among groups. Mental component summary scores were significantly lower in the severe binge eaters (p = 0.001). After surgery, there was no difference among groups in either physical or mental component summary scores.Discussion: In conclusion, data from the present study suggest that patients have similar outcomes in terms of improved depression scores, binge eating behavior, and health‐related quality of life regardless of their binge eating severity before surgery. Patients with the most severe binge eating behavior before surgery showed the most improvement when assessed 12 months after surgery.