bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Pressure Transient Method for Front Tracking
Authors: Benson S. M. , Bodvarrsson Gudmunder 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A pressure transient technique for tracking the advance of cold-water fronts during water flooding and geothermal injection operations has been developed. The technique is based on the concept that the steady state pressure buildup in the reservoir region inside the front can be calculated by a fluid skin factor. By analyzing successive pressure falloff tests, the advance of the front in&gt; the reservoir can be monitored. The validity of the method is demonstrated by application to three numerically simulated data sets, a nonisothermal step-rate injection test, a series of pressure falloffs in a multilayered reservoir, and a series of pressure falloff tests in a water flooded oil reservoir.
The Advanced Research Projects Agency
Authors: Frosch Robert A. 
Published: December 2007

Publication Rights Reserved
This paper was presented at the 40th Annual Fall Meeting of the Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME, to be held in Denver, Colorado, October 3–6, 1965. Permission to copy is restricted to an abstract of not more than 30 words. Illustrations may not be copied. The abstract should contain conspicuous acknowledgment of where and by whom the paper is presented. Publication elsewhere after publication in the JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY or the SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERS JOURNAL is usually granted upon requested to the Editor of the appropriate journal, provided agreement to give proper credit is made.
Discussion of this paper is invited. Three copies of any discussion should be sent to the Society of Petroleum Engineers Office. Such discussions may be presented at the above meeting and, with the paper, may be considered for publication in one of the two SPE magazines.
The Advanced Research Projects Agency, generally known as ARPA, is a line agency responsible to the DDR and E in the OSD. When I use the term line agency, I mean simply that we are responsible for planning and accomplishing work rather than giving advice on what to do and how to do it. ARPA is responsible for sponsorship and management of R and D work aimed at the improvement of U. S. defense capabilities. The particular projects and fields that we work on are assigned to us by DDR and E. It is frequently the case that we see the need for work in a particular area, do the basic planning, and go to DDR and E with the request that the work be assigned to us. Several of our present projects arose in just such a manner. ARPA does not generally compete with the research and development of efforts of the individual services. Rather we specialize in work that is either not obviously the province of any one service, or may be the province of several services. We also provide a fast action capability directly responsive to the Secretary of Defense and the DDR and E for the accomplishment of Department of Defense research and development projects. In addition to the regular ARPA-assigned work, we also sponsor and monitor for the ODDR and E specific technical studies and analyses that he or his staff may desire to have done.
The present annual budget of ARPA is about 275 million dollars. We have 125 people stationed in the Pentagon. Of these about 75 are professionals including 25 military officers. We consider the military officers professional not only because of their military competence but because they are generally scientists or engineers with advanced training in technological disciplines. In addition to the Washington group there are about 55 people stationed overseas in field units connected with Project Agile (which I will describe shortly).
At the present time, we have 7 technical offices. Of these three are concerned with projects having specific military or national goals, and four are concerned with research and development in general technological areas.
Numerical Simulation of Aquifers Using Transient Grid Block Properties
Authors: Syed-Kechik M. B. , Hutchinson H. L. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
An empirical, time-dependent correction of the block transmissibility for an aquifer block in a numerical reservoir model was derived. This correction allows the use of a single, large block to more accurately represent the aquifer behavior over long simulated time periods than does a single block without the correction. This allows savings in computing time over having to use multiple blocks for the aquifer while allowing comparably accurate results to a multiple block representation. Results are shown for a one-dimensional representation of a black-oil reservoir.
Mechanical Properties of Geopressured Core and Their Influence on Reservoir Performance: T-F&S/DOE Gladys McCall No. 1 Well
Authors: Kelkar S. M. , Cooley C. H. , Schatz J. F. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Reservoir deformations associated with large pore pressure drawdowns can play a significant role in the production performance of deep oil and brine reservoirs. In order to evaluate these effects, laboratory measurements were performed at simulated in-situ conditions on core from geopressured production intervals from the T-F&S/DOE Gladys McCall No. 1 Well, Cameron Parish, Louisiana. The test conditions ranged around 15,000 psi (103 MPa) confining pressure, 4000 psi (28 MPa) vertical deviatoric stress, and 13,000 psi (90 MPa) pore pressure at temperatures of 300°F (149°C). Reservoir drawdown was simulated by reducing the pore pressure at constant lateral strain and overburden stress. Elastic moduli, failure strengths and creep rates were determined from the tests. A number of permeability measurements were also carried out.
The effect of reservoir drawdown on the production potential was assessed by combining these measurements with a simple one-dimensional liquid phase reservoir model. It was found that creep rates considered very low on the laboratory scale may have a significant effect on the production. Recoverable reserves were found to increase by as much as 25-50% due to creep compaction.
Application Of Open Hole Acoustic Amplitude Measurements
Authors: Anderson Warren L. , Walker Terry 
Published: December 2007

Publication Rights Reserved
This paper is to be presented at the 36th Annual Fall Meeting of the Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME in Dallas October 8–11, 1961, and is considered the property of the Society of Petroleum Engineers. Permission to publish is hereby restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words, with no illustrations, unless the paper is specifically released to the press by the Editor of JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY or the Executive Secretary. Such abstract should contain conspicuous acknowledgment of where and by whom the paper is presented. Publication elsewhere after publication in JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY or SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERS JOURNAL is granted on request, providing proper credit is given that publication and the original presentation of the paper.
Discussion of this paper is invited. Three copies of any discussion should be sent to the Society of Petroleum Engineers office. Such discussion may be presented at the above meeting and considered for publication in one of the two SPE magazines with the paper.

Abstract
In acoustic velocity logging the phenomena of cycle skipping has been used to indicate the presence of fractures, etc. Since the cycle skips of interest are the result of attenuation of the acoustic signal, a measurement of formation amplitude is a more positive means for this purpose. In the field of acoustic bond logging the amplitude of the formation signal depends to a great extent upon the quality of bonding of cement to pipe and formation. By comparing the open hole acoustic amplitude to that in cased hole, the over-all effectiveness of the cement job may be more clearly distinguished.
Test well data is included to show the degree of attenuation of the acoustic signal at solid, liquid interfaces as would be present in fractured formations. Field examples of this and other applications of amplitude measurement are included to illustrate the effectiveness of the application.

Introduction
In the past there has been some use of acoustic velocity logs for the location of natural formation fractures and shallow gas sands by the presence of cycle skips on the log. This cycle skipping is the result of the amplitude of the acoustic signal being reduced to the extent that the trigger skips over to a later pulse of the signal. In fractured formations this reduction in signal amplitude is caused by the large reflection of energy and lower transmission at any interface where there is a large density change such as from limestone to water or oil, thus there is a lower signal amplitude at the receiver than if the fractures were not present.
The Use of Flexible Gridding for Improved Reservoir Modeling
Authors: Quandalle Philippe , Besset Philippe 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper describes some model improvements developed to allow new possibilities in reservoirs representation with simulators using a finite difference scheme. It includes: possibility of flow between any grid block and from one to many blocks;a multiple time step calculation which allows to solve flow equations with several time step lengths for different group of grid blocks.
These facilities provide a flexible and performant way of handling irregular and complex grid patterns with different nested levels of refinements. They are particularly useful to accurately simulate: –unconfined pilots or areas with smaller wells spacing;–faulted reservoirs;–vanishing or discordant geological layers;–reservoirs connected to a general aquifer.
The new approach has been tested on a black oil simulator, implicit in pressure, implicit in saturation.
The solutions used for some important aspects of model design are outlined. These are the Input/Output data organisation, the inner model grid pattern representation, the matrix solver, the multiple time steps selector and the associated equation solver.
Two examples illustrate the use of the modified black oil simulator, and results are presented.
The first example concerns the simulation of a repeated five spot injection. This test is made to check the local mesh refinements efficiency.
The second example is a full field reservoir study for which using the modified model is suitable. The performance of a produced oil reservoir connected to an aquifer is simulated.
In both cases, results obtained with a composite grid and the modified model are compared to those obtained with a coarse grid and then a fine grid used on a conventional model. The following points are outlined: –the use of local grid refinements give results very closed to those obtained with the fine gridded conventional model;–on the computers used, the running time of the modified model simulations is much lower than the time needed for the conventional model.
Moreover, it is shown that the modified model results remain unchanged when the multiple time step selector is used. A different time step length is then automatically calculated for the oil reservoir and the aquifer, thus allowing a noticeable extra gain of processing running time.
A New Formulation for Numerical Simulation of Compaction, Sensitivity Studies for Steam Injection
Authors: Espinoza C. E. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A thermal simulator was modified in order to study the effect of different formulations of the compac tion phenomenon in modelling steam injection processes. The modified model can simulate total or partial irreversibility of this phenomenon, as well as the reversible formulation commonly used. Options to recalculate block permeabilities, transmissibilities, and thermal conductivities according to changes in porosity and thickness due to compaction are included.
Results from a series of simulations using data of hypothetical reservoirs are presented; these show a strong dependence of the quantities injected and produced, with the chosen formulation for compaction. It is found that the results are more sensitive to changes in the pore volume, than to changes in permeability and transmissibility.
This improved representation of the compaction phenomenon in the simulator, proved to be of great help to understand injection and production mechanisms in steam injection processes. It also widens the possibilities of using reservoir simulators for history match purposes, and also enables the user to take more into account the compressibility data obtained from laboratory experiments.
A Seven-Point Finite Difference Method for Improved Grid Orientation Performance in Pattern Steamfloods
Authors: Pruess Karsten , Bodvarsson G. S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper presents a novel seven-point finite difference approximation for simulations of adverse mobility ratio displacements. The method is based on partitioning of a two-dimensional flow domain into regular or nearly regular hexagons. The accuracy of the method for pattern steam-floods of heavy oil reservoirs is compared to five-and nine-point approximations. For five-spot floods, the accuracy of the seven-point method is good and comparable to that of the nine-point scheme. For seven-spot floods, the seven-point method provides good numerical accuracy at substantially less computational work than five-or nine-point methods. For nine-spot floods, only the nine-point method is found to give accurate results.
Numerical Solution of the Buckley-Leverett Equations
Authors: Sethian J. A. , Chorin A. J. , Concus Paul 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A modified random choice method is described for solving simultaneously the Buckley-Leverett, incompressibility, and Darcy's Law equations for immiscible displacement in a porous medium. The main idea of the numerical method is to modify the one-dimensional Riemann solvers in the split random choice method so that the multidimensional flow is represented correctly. Other features include flux conserving differencing of pressure and velocity and an accurate description of sources and sinks. Numerical results for a two-dimensional five-spot waterflood indicate that the advancing front is kept sharp by the method, that the time of breakthrough is accurate, and that grid orientation effects are unimportant.
Practical Considerations for Incomplete Factorization Methods in Reservoir Simulation
Authors: Behie Alda , Forsyth P. A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Various incomplete factorization (ILU) methods coupled with ORTHOMIN acceleration are discussed. These include natural, D2 and D4 orderings with several degrees of factorization, the modified factorization (MILD) and the COMBINATIVE method. These techniques can also be used with the bordered systems resulting from fully-coupled, fully-implicit multi-block wells. Test results are reported for fully implicit black oil and fully implicit thermal simulations. Some results are also reported for vector and scalar modes on the CRAY.
Incorporation of Mixed Finite Element Methods in Compositional Simulation for Reduction of Numerical Dispersion
Authors: Ewing R. E. , Heinemann R. F. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Previous studies have shown that standard finite difference techniques cause numerical dispersion and grid orientation problems when used to simulate enhanced recovery processes with adverse mobility ratios. In compositional simulation, numerical dispersion can diffuse sharp fluid interfaces yielding erroneous predictions of fluid compositions and corresponding errors in the velocities of the miscible frontal advance. Numerical dispersion can also effect the computed locations of the boundaries of the regions of single-phase and two-phase flow.
Inaccurate fluid velocities and suboptimal use of upstream weighting of transport terms combine to cause many aspects of the numerical dispersion and grid orientation problems. A mixed finite element method has been developed to obtain more accurate approximations to the fluid velocities. In this method the Darcy velocities are considered as primary variables together with the total fluid pressure.
Although finite element techniques are used to compute the more accurate fluid velocities, these velocities are then incorporated into a more standard finite difference method for the bulk of the simulation process. This paper presents the use of mixed methods in a two-dimensional finite difference compositional simulator to reduce problems caused by numerical dispersion. Comparisons are made with a standard finite difference simulator on problems involving immiscible displacement and multiple contact miscibility phenomena.
A Practical Numerical Simulator for Three-Dimensional Fracture Propagation in Heterogeneous Media
Authors: Barree R. D. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A numerical simulator capable of predicting fracture geometries during propagation in both height and length directions has been developed. The simulator is capable of handling random spatial variations in elastic properties, confining stress, pore pressure, and rock strength. Fracture fluid pressures, fracture widths, and net stresses are calculated at uniformly spaced points over the entire fracture face.
The solution of the problem combines a finite difference formulation for calculation of fluid flow within the crack with an integral equation for fracture width. The fracture width equation is based on the work of I. N. Sneddon, but eliminates some of the simplifying assumptions he introduced.
Results of simulation of laboratory fractures under various stress conditions are presented. The effects of varying rock properties and stresses on fracture containment are shown.
The general nature of the formulation, with its flexibility in handling any number of randomly arranged rock formations, is ideal for application of the simulator to the prediction of hydraulic fracture geometries under field conditions. Input and output of the model are easily comprehensible and convenient to the user.
Mathematical Modeling of 15-meter Subsea Wellheads
Authors: DaMota Augusto C. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A mathematical model has been developed for subsea wellheads to calculate bearing and hoop stresses. For hoop stress calculations a tentative critical cross section has been introduced which, although controversial, gives results which correlate remarkably well with field tests.
Wellheads designed according to the conventional geometry exhibit high stress levels both in collapse and/or bearing loading. Existing systems have been found to be good up to 5,000 psi WP (SOUR SERVICE). At higher pressures, it has been found that existing systems rely on friction, which is very limited when oil-based muds are used.
The model shows that stress levels do not depend on wellhead sizes but solely on the relative through bores of housings and hangers. This is contrary to the accepted practice of using small bore wellheads with conventional geametry to cope with high pressures.
Accordingly, a revised geometry has been recommended for the design of systems for higher working pressures.
Application of the results given by this model will minimise expensive failures and tedious full scale model tests.
Pumping Unit Geometry vs. Prime Mover Speed Variation as a Method of Torsional Reduction in a Beam and Sucker Rod Pumping System
Authors: Byrd J. P. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Theoretically, it is possible to effect a significant reduction in peak (in-balance) torque, with resulting cost savings, in a beam and sucker rod pumping system by two different methods. The first is the optimum selection of unit geometry; while the second employs a special, low inertia (or high slip) prime mover, permitting the unit's speed variation to more closely respond to the torsional load demand. Following is a discussion of a comparative study using the most advanced predictive technique, covering two field applications, which illuminates the relative effectiveness and economy of both methods on the torsional loading of beam pumping units, as well as the effect on other selected parameters.
Opportunities for Investment
Authors: Gaffney Peter D. , Moyes C. P. , Archer J. D. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The past ten years have seen major changes in the Asia Pacific petroleum position. Significant new offshore reserves have come onstream, as have major gas fields and LNG facilities. The region as a whole, while not totally insulated from the cycle affecting the worldwide petroleum business, nevertheless has retained a more comfortable position in the most recent recession, protected by the indigenous demand in the region, prior success ratios and the relatively attractive economics.
Significant discoveries of gas within the region have created a position of over-abundance as it remains difficult to develop indigenous gas utilization — something which must be a task over the next decade.
The prospects, opportunities and legislation in many countries are excellent, the question must be whether the industry will extend its efforts further and whether other competing regions get a greater share of exploration dollars in the next decade as many of the competing areas lie in hostile, expensive environments. We continue to believe that the signs remain set for continued growth in the region across a broad spread of the industry.
History and Geology of the Tinggi Field Offshore Peninsular Malaysia
Authors: Brami J. B. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Tinggi field is the fifth field put on production by Esso Production Malaysia Inc (EPMI), off the East Coast of Peninsula Malaysia. It is the first proposed for development on the basis of only one exploration well. Currently it produces from four differ nt sandstone units namely the J-16, J-17, J-18/20 and K-20/30. The Tinggi field is located approximately 260 kilometres east of Kuala Trengganu Figure 1 in 73 metres of water. Of the twenty-seven wells presently planned for the field, twenty-five have been drilled to date and of these, only one well was sidetracked to an alternate location due to hole problems.
Full Wave Acoustic Logging: Some Examples
Authors: Minear John W , Ajam Sami O 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
More information about formation properties than is commonly utilized is available in the acoustic signal. The objective of full-wave acoustic logging is to use more of this information to determine formation properties.
Full-wave acoustic tools generally have transmitter-to-receiver spacings greater than about eight feet. This provides deeper penetration and facilitates signal analysis. Full-wave acoustic signals are briefly discussed.
Shear wave slowness, or Δts, is one of the most important new acoustic logging measurements. Used with ∆tp, ∆ts provides basic log quantities for lithology identification, gas zone identification, estimation of lithology and porosity with acoustic logs only, and improved formation elastic property estimation.
Is There a Satisfactory Classification for Southeast Asian Tertiary Basins
Authors: Hutchison Charles S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
From Jurassic through Early Miocene there was active rifting of the south China and north Australian continental margins. Magnetic anomalies of the marginal seas indicate that microcontinents were drifted as far as Borneo. Together with island arcs, these microcontinents formed the nuclei against which distal turbidites accumulated, with their source perhaps as far away as the Mekong Delta.
The post Oligocene convergence of Australia and the Philippines against Indonesia, effected by subduction of extinct marginal sea lithosphere, resulted in uplift of the ancient microcontinents and their turbidite drapes to form new provenance landmasses for shallow water sedimentation in adjacent basins.
Plate tectonic basin classification cannot be successful unless the important role of the microcontinents is recognised. Their presence in the Southeast Asian developing orogen hinders the formulation of an elegant classification.