bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Sign that History is Happening: Shakespeare in 20th‐Century South African literature
Authors: Distiller Natasha 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis article makes use of the notion of cultural hybridity as developed by Homi Bhabha in order to come to terms with the ways in which specific writers in 20th‐century South Africa incorporated Shakespeare as an icon and as a collection of texts into their work. I explore how the parameters of, particularly, gender and class impact on the identity positions that are both enabled by and developed in defiance of colonial and apartheid knowledge systems and institutions. In this context, extracts from the work of Solomon Plaatje and William Bloke Modisane are briefly discussed. Shakespeare's putative universalism is invoked by both these writers who, positioned at different points in South Africa's pre‐democratic history, make use of the texts, and the cultural and humanist associations that accrue to “Shakespeare.” The hybrid textual inscriptions that result need to be understood in terms of the local conditions of production, the subject positions they in part enabled, and the changing socio‐political climate which made its own demands on the writers who had access to Shakespeare. I locate this discussion within a post‐colonial framework in order to unravel some of the cultural complexities at work in the presence of Shakespeare in 20th‐century South African literature, and the connections with specific political and social conditions.
Erotics, Aesthetics, Politics: Henry James Today
Authors: Hannah Daniel K. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis article surveys important developments in the study of Henry James over the past five years or so. Taking my cue from the recent near simultaneous publication of Colm Toíbín's and David Lodge's biographical novels about James, The Master and Author, Author, I trace areas of current critical dispute and renewed interest in their divergent treatments of James's ‘character’. In particular, I consider recent debates over James's handling of the erotic and sexuality, the resurgent study of James's aesthetics and his place in the literary marketplace of the late nineteenth century, and finally, the place of James studies in relation to cultural criticism.
Talking Back at the Centre: Demotic Language in Contemporary Scottish Fiction
Authors: Scott Jeremy 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis article attempts a survey of a common trend in contemporary Scottish fiction (1994–2003): a unifying concern with issues of ‘voice’ in narrative. The survey proceeds from an assumption that many Scottish writers make use of so‐called demotic voices within their work (i.e. sociolects and dialects from everyday situations, or ‘street language’). Very often, this concern with the demotic arises out of ideological standpoints peculiar (arguably) to Scotland: attempts to create a distance from Standard English, a nationalist position, or the ambition to reassert the primacy (or, at least, the equivalency) of oral over written forms of language. The conclusion must be that choices made with regard to narrative technique are ideological choices, and that the demotic method is not without its pitfalls. This assertion is demonstrated through an exploration of three writers: James Kelman, Alan Warner and Anne Donovan. All of these demotic techniques are aided and abetted by the writer's intense identification with place, with Glasgow (for Kelman and Donovan) or with Scotland as a whole, and the intrinsically ‘polyphonic’ conditions which exist there, i.e. a range of dialects and voices standing as ‘other’ to Standard (colonial?) English. The writers’ goal is to exploit the particular cultural and linguistic conditions peculiar to the country in order to produce a narrative art form which could adequately aspire to represent them; in other words, to create a distinctive literary voice the better to represent a particular regional or national constituency. The pitfalls need to be addressed too: a tendency towards the mundane and repetitive in demotic narratives, a certain belligerence which can alienate readers and the essential question of who this writing is written for. Can it be read with true engagement outside of its target constituency? If not, is such writing open to the charge of parochialism?
The Old Aestheticism and the New
Authors: Shrimpton Nicholas 
Published: January 2006

AbstractAestheticism, the literary theory that dared not speak its name, has started to come back into view. Both as an object of historical study (the late‐nineteenth‐century ‘British Aestheticism’ of Rossetti, Swinburne and Pater, as American scholars carefully label it), and as a mode of contemporary critical thought, an unfashionable body of artistic and philosophical assumptions is being rediscovered. The nineteenth‐century Aesthetic Movement has been the object of lively attention, not just from conventional literary historians, but also from critics working in such fields as cultural materialism, gender studies and deconstruction. And a review, in 1993, of one such book, Jonathan Loesberg's Aestheticism and Deconstruction: Pater, Derrida and de Man, suggested the need for ‘a new aestheticism’. Since 1993 that movement has been rapidly gathering strength. In the hands of art critics like Dave Hickey, philosophers like Alexander Nehamas, and literary scholars such as Andrew Bowie and Susan Wolfson, the ‘New Aestheticism’ and ‘New Formalism’ have been reasserting the importance for modern critical practice of concepts associated with the creed of Art for Art's Sake.
John Clare and Revaluation
Authors: Houghton Sarah 
Published: January 2006

AbstractBeginning with a brief biographical outline, this article emphasizes the extraordinary range of John Clare's literary output. Describing the relatively strong tradition of biography in the field, the article offers an overview of critical approaches to Clare, delineates the attitude of Clare's contemporaries to his work, sketches the long period of critical neglect which has marked Clare scholarship, and moves on to survey the areas to which modern critics have tended to be drawn. The article identifies some areas which remain neglected and which deserve attention, and, asking if Clare's resistance to conventional categorization might lie at the heart both of his neglect and, now, his new popularity, concludes by emphasizing the necessity for criticism to continue to integrate different approaches to his work.
Shakespeare in the Restoration
Authors: Clark Sandra 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis article considers the role and status of Shakespeare in the period from 1660 to 1700, a liminal period when the adaptations of his plays had many cultural functions to perform, not only in providing a ready‐made repertoire when the theatres re‐opened, but also, in their adapted forms, articulating the political concerns of these troubled years. Because Shakespeare, though increasingly venerated by critics, was not regarded as sacrosanct as he was to become from the mid‐eighteenth century, it was possible to rewrite his plays in radical ways that responded to the new mood of the times as well as to new aesthetic standards. Some of the plays of the Beaumont and Fletcher canon, more popular than Shakespeare's for much of the period, were also adapted, but to a lesser extent, and in much less radical ways, suggesting that the extraordinary cultural flexibility of Shakespeare's plays had already been perceived. Towards the end of the century the concern to distinguish his own text from that of adapters began to appear, leading to the production of many editions of his complete works in the eighteenth century. This marks another stage in the construction of Shakespeare's identity as author and national icon.
Legal and Familial Recordkeeping: Chancery Court Records and Charlotte Smith's The Old Manor House
Authors: Nixon Cheryl 
Published: January 2006

AbstractEmphasizing the Romantic period's new legal recordkeeping practices, this essay traces Charlotte Smith's reliance on and critique of legal records in The Old Manor House (1793). Smith's novel connects legal structure to family structure, depicting a family misshapen by legal misrepresentation. In order to understand Smith's use of legal records, this essay focuses on the family “account” and examines late eighteenth‐ and early nineteenth‐century legal commentaries, treatises, and case reports. Extending this exploration to the manuscript legal record, this essay also uncovers account journals and ledgers held in the Chancery Court archives. As these materials reveal, both Smith and the law are united in imagining an ideal left unachieved: both seek an organized record of the family, as such a record offers the promise of organizing the family itself
Ten Questions for Shakespeare
Authors: Bruster Douglas 
Published: January 2006

AbstractWhat questions could William Shakespeare answer for us in person? This essay begins by imagining that we could ask Shakespeare any ten questions we wished. Acknowledging the imperfect, always incomplete nature of writers’ relation to their works, this essay nonetheless poses questions that could clear up small mysteries concerning Shakespeare – while of course creating even other questions to ponder. Among the ten are queries concerningHamlet, the Sonnets, and Shakespeare's early years.A rationale for each question is given, as well as comment on what the answers to these questions could tell us about Shakespeare's life, writings, and times. The essay closes with additional questions we may wish to have answered, and provides a list of suggested readings on a variety of topics connected with Shakespeare's life and art.
Tears, Bezoars and Blazing Comets: Gender and Politics in Hester Pulter's Civil War Lyrics
Authors: Ross Sarah 
Published: January 2006

AbstractHester Pulter composed her verse during the 1640s and 1650s in a kind of royalist retirement at her country home of Broadfield, Hertfordshire, and her biographical isolation is mirrored in a poetic preoccupation with loss. Contributing to the sense that her verse might encapsulate a ‘female aesthetic’ of retreat (a phrase that has been used of male, royalist devotional writers) is the predominance in her verse of a discourse of sighs and tears. In this paper, however, I will argue that the sighs and tears of Pulter's lyrics in fact constitute a significant, gendered, female reaction to political events. In a self‐construction drawing on Francis Quarles’ emblematic representation of Esther, Hester Pulter constructs a notion of godly fame, in which her poetic sighs and tears provide a consolatory example for other royalist readers.
Reading Hester Pulter Reading
Authors: Robson Mark 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis article offers a reading of the poetry of the seventeenth‐century royalist Hester Pulter. Focusing on the question of how best to respond to Pulter's poems, the article takes up the matter of ‘reading as’, explicitly acknowledging the role of gender in and as reading. I suggest that a concern withaisthesismakes possible an engagement that makes apparent reading processes rather than simply producing more readings. Noting the possibility of accounting for Pulter's poetry through an attention to the ways in which some poems establish a distance between her own position and that of a conventional male tradition, I propose that other poems resist this impression in their division of a ‘female’ position in terms of political subjectivity and class. Drawing on debates about the role of theory in early modern studies that are exemplified in the relation of historicism to presentism, I call for a recognition of the singularity of literature that will keep in play the multiple identifications that Pulter's poetry both enacts and demands from its readers.
The Grave Scholarship of Antiquaries
Authors: Scalia Christopher 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis article explores Romantic‐era representations of antiquarian exhumations; in the process, it participates in the recent scholarly re‐evaluation of antiquarian research during the Romantic period. After a brief overview of the main characteristics of antiquarianism, I present two prose accounts of exhumations – Valentine Green's “An Account of the Discovery of the Body of King John in the Cathedral Church ofWorcester” (1797) and Francis Grose's Olio (1792) – that illustrate the antiquary's fascination with the grave and its contents. I conclude by examining Thomas Rowlandson and William Combe's The English Dance of Death (1815–16) – a collection of illustrated verse satires – which registers the ambivalent status of antiquaries during the Romantic period. Though Rowlandson and Combe are not above using stock jokes about antiquaries, the text also articulates a profound sympathy and gratitude for the mode of research, and advertises its own status as a product of antiquarian values.
Paradigms Lost, Paradigms Found: The New Milton Criticism
Authors: Herman Peter C. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis article describes the current state of Milton studies. In the first part, I outline the dominant paradigm – i.e., that Milton is a poet of certainty and orthodoxy – showing how this paradigm arose and how it continues to shape a great deal of Milton scholarship. In the second part, I outline how a New Milton Criticism is starting to take shape, one which embraces indeterminacy and incertitude.
The New Woman in the New Millennium: Recent Trends in Criticism of New Woman Fiction
Authors: Heilmann Ann 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis essay offers an overview of the current state of criticism on New Woman fiction. Starting with a brief survey of the critical perspectives established in the last thirty years of the twentieth century, it moves to a more detailed discussion of three trends since the turn of the millennium. As I argue, critical literature since 2000 has explored the specifically ‘feminine’ aesthetic of New Woman writers, and scrutinized the racialist and imperialist roots of New Woman thought. The recent move away from an exclusive concentration on white Anglo‐American New Women has allowed important new insights into the international, ethnically diverse aspects of this fin‐de‐siècle and early twentieth‐century movement.
Shakespeare and Embodiment: An E‐Conversation
Authors: Floyd‐Wilson Mary , Greenfield Matthew , Paster Gail Kern , Pollard Tanya , Rowe Katherine , Yates Julian ,   Conducted March–April 2004
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe participants in this online conversation here assess the current state of work on early modern bodies, offer bibliographical suggestions, and suggest topics for future inquiries. Paster, a key figure in the development of this sub‐field, describes her work to date as an “ecology of the passions” or an “ecology of the body” more generally; she calls for more study of “the ensouled body.”
Detection as Method: Reconstructing the Past in Godwin and Freud*
Authors: Rzepka Charles J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractPsychoanalysis emerged as a distinct science toward the end of a century that witnessed important developments in two fields using investigative methods closely resembling its own: the historical sciences – especially the new sciences of antiquity and prehistory such as archeology, geology, and paleontology – and detective fiction. Psychoanalysts, historians, and detectives employ similar methods of induction and inference in their attempts to reconstruct causal sequences of past events and weave them into a coherent narrative form. However, the new science of mind differed from the emerging sciences of prehistory and the new genre of fictional forensics in its swift adoption of a transparent “literary” model of interpretation largely untroubled by the challenges to theorization posed by new material data, as opposed to linguistic or symbolic evidence. Two figures in particular can help us trace these interlocking developments in psychoanalysis, the historical sciences, and literary detection: Sigmund Freud and William Godwin. The former drew on the fields of archeology and detection to illustrate the methodology of his new science of mind, while the latter not only concerned himself with the practice and theory of history, but also, according to many scholars of the genre, all but invented modern detective fiction and the psychological thriller.
Medieval Crusading in the Literary Contexts of England: Teaching Romance and Chronicle
Authors: Yeager Suzanne M. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractPast scholarship has proven the generic category of romance to be no simple classification scheme.1 For the past fifteen years, a subset called “crusade romance” has added much complexity to this discussion, if only for the texts’ epic scale, violence, vengeance, and cultural fantasies of the Other. Certainly, the creation of new generic subsets within romance represents an endless exercise whose current usefulness may have tapered; however, the applicability of the generic debate in the classroom retains its vitality simply because students often carry with them traditionally based preconceptions of romance. At the same time, more recent approaches to romance, such as those which reach across the disciplines, add new contexts to the discussion of romance. This article discusses a multi‐disciplinary approach to teaching the romance and chronicle texts of medieval crusading that were produced mainly in England during the twelfth through early fifteenth centuries. While the title of the course, “The Crusade Romances: The Project of Empire” invokes only one literary genre and discipline, the course brought a sampling of romance genres, crusade chronicles, crusading art, and medieval philosophy to bear on the production of the so‐called crusade romance.
Moving Beyond the Trickle‐Down Approach: Addressing the Unique Disparate Health Experiences of Adolescents of Color
Authors: Guthrie Barbara J. , Low Lisa Kane 
Published: January 2006

PURPOSE.  Health disparities in adults have received significant attention and research, yet the healthcare experiences of adolescents of color have been ignored. The purpose of this paper is to identify the shortcomings of our state of knowledge regarding adolescent health disparities and argue for the use of an intersectional, contextually embedded understanding of healthcare experiences. CONCLUSIONS.  To understand health disparities, deficit‐based models should be replaced with the framework proposed in this paper. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS.  Using the proposed model in practice will aid in identifying and preventing the health disparities experienced by adolescents of color.
Untangling the Health Disparities of Teen Pregnancy
Authors: Talashek Marie L. , Alba Melinda L. , Patel Angira 
Published: January 2006

PURPOSE.  The purpose of this secondary analysis is to determine whether a developmental maturity model differentially predicts pregnancy for African American, Puerto Rican, and Mexican inner‐city teens. DESIGN AND METHODS.  This is a secondary analysis of data from a case control study that tested a model of developmental maturity and teen pregnancy with 183 pregnant and never‐pregnant pairs of inner‐city teens matched on age, ethnicity, and freshman cohort. RESULTS.  The models differentially predict pregnancy for the separate ethnic groups, with sexual behaviors being the most important factors regardless of ethnicity. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS.  The health disparities of teen pregnancies may not decrease unless patterns of dating/sexual behaviors are reversed.
Being Healthy: Voices of Adolescent Women Who Are Parenting
Authors: Stevens Christine A. 
Published: January 2006

PURPOSE.  The purpose of this ethnography was to explore how adolescent women who are parenting describe what “being healthy” means to them and how they define their health needs. METHODS.  In addition to traditional ethnographic methods of interviewing and participant observation, photovoice was utilized. RESULTS.  Women's definitions of “being healthy” were grouped into three categories: (1) “taking care of my body,” (2) “not being stressed out,” and (3) “having what you need.” PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS.  The findings of this research study suggest that healthcare professionals should consider adolescent mothers knowledgeable actors of their own lives and move beyond current strategies to concentrate on issues, such as socioeconomic contexts, that hinder the health and nutrition of these young women.
Parent–Child Communication Processes: Preventing Children's Health‐Risk Behavior
Authors: Riesch Susan K. , Anderson Lori S. , Krueger Heather A. 
Published: January 2006

PURPOSE.  Review individual, family, and environmental factors that predict health‐risk behavior among children and to propose parent–child communication processes as a mechanism to mediate them. CONCLUSIONS.  Improving parent–child communication processes may: reduce individual risk factors, such as poor academic achievement or self‐esteem; modify parenting practices such as providing regulation and structure and acting as models of health behavior; and facilitate discussion about factors that lead to involvement in health‐risk behaviors. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS.  Assessment strategies to identify youth at risk for health‐risk behavior are recommended and community‐based strategies to improve communication among parents and children need development.
The relative importance of landscape and community features in the invasion of an exotic shrub in a fragmented landscape
Authors: M. Bartuszevige Anne , L. Gorchov David , Raab Lindsey 
Published: January 2006

Although invasive plants are recognized as a major ecological problem, little is known of the relative importance of plant community characteristics versus landscape context in determining invasibility of communities. We determined the relative importance of community and landscape features of 30 woodlots in influencing the invasion of Lonicera maackii. We sampled woodlots using the point‐quarter method and calculated canopy openness and basal areas and densities of shrub, sapling and tree species, as well as woody species richness. We used aerial photos and ArcView GIS to calculate landscape parameters from the same woodlots using a buffer distance of 1500 m. We used logistic and linear regression analyses to determine the community and landscape factors that best explain L. maackii presence and density. We also tested whether woodlot invasion by L. maackii begins at woodlot edges.Presence of L. maackii was significantly explained only by distance from the nearest town (logistic regression, p=0.017); woodlots nearer town were more likely to be invaded. Among invaded woodlots, density of L. maackii was positively related to the amount of edge in the landscape (partial R2=0.592) and negatively related to total tree basal area (partial R2=0.134), number of native woody species (partial R2=0.054), and sapling shade tolerance index (partial R2=0.054). Lonicera maackii in woodlot interiors were not younger than those on the perimeters, leading us to reject the edge‐first colonization model of invasion.Our findings reveal that landscape structure is of primary importance and community features of secondary importance in the invasion of L. maackii. This shrub is invading from multiple foci (towns) rather than an advancing front. Connectivity in the landscape (i.e. the number of corridors) did not promote invasion. However, edge habitat was important for invasion, probably due to increased propagule pressure. The community features associated with L. maackii invasion may be indicators of past disturbance.