bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multimodel Multisignal Climate Change Detection at Regional Scale
Authors: Zhang Xuebin , Zwiers Francis W. , Stott P. A. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Using an optimal detection technique and climate change simulations produced with two versions of two GCMs, we have assessed the causes of twentieth-century temperature changes from global to regional scales. Our analysis is conducted in nine spatial domains: 1) the globe; 2) the Northern Hemisphere; four large regions in the Northern Hemispheric midlatitudes covering 30°–70°N including 3) Eurasia, 4) North America, 5) Northern Hemispheric land only, 6) the entire 30°–70°N belt; and three smaller regions over 7) southern Canada, 8) southern Europe, and 9) China. We find that the effect of anthropogenic forcing on climate is clearly detectable at global through regional scales.
The effect of combined greenhouse gases and sulfate aerosol forcing is detectable in all nine domains in annual and seasonal mean temperatures observed during the second half of the twentieth century. The effect of greenhouse gases can also be separated from that of sulfate aerosols over this period at continental and regional scales. Uncertainty in these results is larger in the smaller spatial domains. Detection is improved when an ensemble of models is used to estimate the response to anthropogenic forcing and the underlying internal variability of the climate system. Our detection results hold after removal of North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO)-related variability in temperature observations—variability that may or may not be associated with anthropogenic forcing. They also continue to hold when our estimates of natural internal climate variability are doubled.
Intercomparison of Arctic Regional Climate Models: Modeling Clouds and Radiation for SHEBA in May 1998
Authors: Inoue Jun , Liu Jiping , Pinto James O. , Curry Judith A. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
To improve simulations of the Arctic climate and to quantify climate model errors, four regional climate models [the Arctic Regional Climate System Model (ARCSYM), the Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS), the High-Resolution Limited-Area Model (HIRHAM), and the Rossby Center Atmospheric Model (RCA)] have simulated the annual Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean (SHEBA) under the Arctic Regional Climate Model Intercomparison Project (ARCMIP). The same lateral boundary and ocean surface boundary conditions (i.e., ice concentration and surface temperature) drive all of the models. This study evaluated modeled surface heat fluxes and cloud fields during May 1998, a month that included the onset of the surface icemelt. In general, observations agreed with simulated surface pressure and near-surface air properties. Simulation errors due to surface fluxes and cloud effects biased the net simulated surface heat flux, which in turn affected the timing of the simulated icemelt. Modeled cloud geometry and precipitation suggest that the RCA model produced the most accurate cloud scheme, followed by the HIRHAM model. Evaluation of a relationship between cloud water paths and radiation showed that a radiative transfer scheme in ARCSYM was closely matched with the observation when liquid clouds were dominant. Clouds and radiation are of course closely linked, and an additional comparison of the radiative transfer codes for ARCSYM and COAMPS was performed for clear-sky conditions, thereby excluding cloud effects. Overall, the schemes for radiative transfer in ARCSYM and for cloud microphysics in RCA potentially have some advantages for modeling the springtime Arctic.
Soil Moisture Feedbacks to Precipitation in Southern Africa
Authors: Cook Benjamin I. , Bonan Gordon B. , Levis Samuel 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
The effects of increased soil moisture on wet season (October–March) precipitation in southern Africa are investigated using the Community Climate System Model version 3 (CCSM3). In the CTRL case, soil moisture is allowed to interact dynamically with the atmosphere. In the MOIST case, soil moisture is set so that evapotranspiration is not limited by the supply of water. The MOIST scenario actually results in decreased precipitation over the region of perturbed soil moisture, compared to CTRL. The increased soil moisture alters the surface energy balance, resulting in a shift from sensible to latent heating. This manifests in two ways relevant for precipitation processes. First, the shift from sensible to latent heating cools the surface, causing a higher surface pressure, a reduced boundary layer height, and an increased vertical gradient in equivalent potential temperature. These changes are indicative of an increase in atmospheric stability, inhibiting vertical movement of air parcels and decreasing the ability of precipitation to form. Second, the surface changes induce anomalous surface divergence and increased subsidence. This causes a reduction in cloud cover and specific humidity above 700 hPa and results in a net decrease of column-integrated precipitable water, despite the increased surface water flux, indicating a reduction in moisture convergence. Based on this and a previous study, soil moisture may act as a negative feedback to precipitation in southern Africa, helping to buffer the system against any external forcing of precipitation (e.g., ENSO).
Probabilistic Multimodel Regional Temperature Change Projections
Authors: Greene Arthur M. , Goddard Lisa , Lall Upmanu 
Published: October 2006

AbstractRegional temperature change projections for the twenty-first century are generated using a multimodel ensemble of atmosphere–ocean general circulation models. The models are assigned coefficients jointly, using a Bayesian linear model fitted to regional observations and simulations of the climate of the twentieth century. Probability models with varying degrees of complexity are explored, and a selection is made based on Bayesian deviance statistics, coefficient properties, and a classical cross-validation measure utilizing temporally averaged data. The model selected is shown to be superior in predictive skill to a naïve model consisting of the unweighted mean of the underlying atmosphere–ocean GCM (AOGCM) simulations, although the skill differential varies regionally. Temperature projections for the A2 and B1 scenarios from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report on Emissions Scenarios are presented.
Use of the Broselow Tape May Result in the Underresuscitation of Children
Authors: Nieman Carolyn T. , Manacci Christopher F. , Super Dennis M. , Mancuso Charlene , Fallon William F. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract Objectives The purpose of this study was to determine the concordance of the Broselow tape with the measured heights and weights of a community‐based population of children, especially in light of the increase in obesity in today's children. Methods The authors examined more than 7,500 children in a cross‐sectional, descriptive study in two different cohorts of children to compare their actual weight with their predicted weight by a color‐coded tape measure. Results In all patients, the percent agreement and κ values of the Broselow color predicted by height versus the actual color by weight for the 2002A tape were 66.2% and 0.61, respectively. The concordance was best in infants, followed by school‐age children, toddlers, and preschoolers (κ= 0.66, 0.44, 0.39, and 0.39, respectively; percent agreement, 81.3%, 58.2%, 60.7%, and 64.0%, respectively). The tapes accurately predicted (within 10%) medication dosages for resuscitation in 55.3%–60.0% of the children. The number of children who were underdosed (by ≥10%) exceeded those who were overdosed (by ≥10%) by 2.5 to 4.4 times (p < 0.05). The tapes accurately predicted uncuffed endotracheal tube sizes when compared with age‐based guidelines in 71% of the children, with undersizing (≥0.5 mm) exceeding oversizing by threefold to fourfold (p < 0.05). Conclusions The Broselow tape color‐coded system inaccurately predicted actual weight in one third of children. Caregivers need to take into consideration the accuracy of this device when estimating children's weight during the resuscitation of a child.
Developing a Valid Evaluation for Interpersonal and Communication Skills
Authors: Reisdorff Earl J. , Hughes Mary Jo , Castaneda Carlos , Carlson Dale J. , Donohue William A. , Fediuk Thomas A. , Hughes William P. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract Objectives The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education requires that residency programs evaluate the acquisition of six general competencies, including Interpersonal and Communication Skills (ICS). To develop a 360‐degree method for accomplishing this, a semantic‐differentiation matrix for various communication traits for nurses to evaluate physician ICS was developed. The authors sought to determine whether this evaluation method could discriminate between more experienced medical communicators (faculty) and less experienced medical communicators (residents). Methods A 98‐item questionnaire measured several communication dimensions by using an eight‐element semantic‐differentiation scale. In addition, global assessment ratings assessed nursing perceptions of physician ICS skills. This process was repeated for various clinical scenarios. Results There were 26 nurse evaluators, 19 emergency medicine (EM) residents (EM2 and EM3), and 30 EM faculty. Each physician received five independent evaluations (total, 245 evaluations). All EM residents (EM2 and EM3) were compared with the EM faculty. All eight items on the semantic‐differentiation scale were compared. Likewise, the global assessment scores were compared. In every category, the faculty scored higher (Mann‐Whitney U: p < 0.001). Conclusions An evaluation process integrating a semantic‐differentiation matrix was applied to various clinical scenarios (as well as global assessment items) and demonstrated discriminatory results. Faculty physicians scored significantly higher than resident physicians. The ability to provide discriminatory results is a requisite in the development of a valid evaluation process. The described semantic‐differentiation matrix and global assessment questions may be valid measurements of ICS.
Ascorbate Oxidase-catalyzed Electrochemical Reduction of Dioxygen Using 2,6-Dichloroindophenol as an Electron-transfer Mediator
Authors: Murata Kenichi , Sugihara Misa , Nakamura Nobuhumi , Ohno Hiroyuki 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Electrochemical reduction of dioxygen to water proceeds through the 2,6-dichloroindophenol (DCIP)-mediated and Acremonium sp. HI-25 ascorbate oxidase (ASOM)-catalyzed reaction. The optimum pH of the reaction has been proven to be neutral pH 7.5.
n-Type and Ambipolar FET Characteristics Using Pyrazinophenanthrolines Linked with Oligothiophenes
Authors: Nishida Jun-ichi , Murakami Shigeki , Tada Hirokazu , Yamashita Yoshiro 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Phenanthroline rings were used to generate n-type FET properties for the first time. A FET device based on a pyrazinophenanthroline with a quinquethiophene unit showed clear ambipolar FET characteristics.
THROMBOSIS OF THE SUPERIOR PETROSAL SINUS AND MENINGITIS FOLLOWING ACUTE MASTOIDITIS
Authors: Meleney Henry E. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract1. A case is described in which meningitis terminated an apparently convalescent case of acute otitis media and mastoiditis.2. At necropsy a partly organized, partly septic thrombus was found in the superior petrosal sinus adjacent to the involved tympanic cavity, but no direct connection was found between the primary infection and either the thrombosis or the meningitis.3. No case of otitis media or mastoiditis is free from the possibility of cerebral complication until it is entirely healed4. It is suggested that the physical signs which were interpreted as those of brain abscess were possibly due to irritation of the cranial nerves which lay close to the inflammed region, and that this irritation was caused by the same inflammatory process which produced the thrombosis of the superior petrosal sinus.
Intrathoracic lesions of clinical and pathologic interests
Authors: Hart V. K. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractReport of a Small Series Including: 1. Ganglioneuroma of Mediastinum. 2. Endobronchial Adenoma. 3. Endobronchial and Extrabronchial Adenoma. 4. Total, Permanent, Benign, Obstructive, Unilateral Atelectasis. 5. Cyst of Mediastinum.
Diagnosis, prevention and treatment of hereditary sensorineural hearing loss
Authors: Proctor Conrad 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn the past several years it has become apparent that hearing loss is the most common chronic disability facing Americans today, afflicting 66 persons in each 1000. In the past 10 years many dramatic and important discoveries in the field of genetics, physiology, micropathology and biochemistry have demonstrated that many types of sensorineural hearing loss are now preventable and even treatable.One of the greatest challenges facing todays otolaryngologists is that of alerting audiologists, other health professionals and the general public to the importance of a complete otolaryngological workup in all persons with hearing loss.Since there are more than 1000 genetic syndromes, many of which are associated with hearing loss, it becomes almost impossible for the clinician to be well versed in more than a few of these conditions. It is most important for the otolaryngologist to be able to recognize the more common familial syndromes associated with deafness, and to be especially aware of those conditions for which prevention or treatment is now available.The more common syndromes associated with sensorineural hearing loss include diabetes mellitus (11/1000), familial hyperlipoproteinemias (10/1000), cochlear otosclerosis (5/1000), Rh incompatibility (.6/1000), Paget's disease (.5/1000), congenital rubella (.2/1000), retinitis pigmentosa (.05/1000), and Pendred's syndrome (.05/1000). Combining these 8 syndromes, we can account for 27 of the 66 persons that have a significant hearing loss among each 1000 persons in the general population of the United States.When the genetic aspects of noise‐induced hearing loss and the pharmacogenetics of ototoxicity and drug reaction are better understood, we will be able to relate over 50% of all forms of deafness to genetic predispositions.There are over 30 treatable or preventable diseases with inborn errors of metabolism, including Wilson's syndrome, gargoylism, Tay‐Sachs' syndrome, and Refsum's syndrome which are combined with hearing loss.The problem of diagnosing hereditary hearing loss is a complex and challenging one. Many forms of it do not develop until adulthood and the hereditary factors are often concealed. The importance of a careful history and thorough physical exam are stressed. Special diagnostic tests, many recently developed, are invaluable in diagnosing these conditions. A plea is made for the temporal bones of more of these patients, with special attention to the new micropathological techniques.Undoubtedly the next generation will see even greater change in the field of hereditary hearing loss, as more and more of these disorders become diagnosable and treatable.
E.N.T. manifestations of von recklinghausen's disease
Authors: Holt G. Richard 
Published: October 2006

AbstractVon Recklinghausen's Disease (VRD) is a neurocutaneous, systemic disease characterized by CNS tumors and disorders, cafe‐au‐lait spots, generalized cutaneous neurofibromata, skeletal deformities, and somatic and endocrine abnormalities. It is an autosomal dominant, hereditary disorder found in approximately 1:2500 to 3300 births. There are many manifestations of this disease in the head and neck region of interest to the otolaryngologist.Case reports of three patients with multiple ENT involvements are detailed. A review of the literature is presented with a brief discussion of diagnosis and treatment.The most common intracranial tumor in the adult is the acoustic neuroma, usually bilateral, while in the child it is the astrocytoma. A defect in the sphenoid bone is common and may produce temporal lobe herniation into the orbit causing pulsatile exophthalmos. Involvement of the facial bones usually causes radiolucent defects secondary to neurofi‐bromata within nerve pathways, and a variety of asymmetrical changes, especially within the mandible. “Elephantiasis” of the face is a hypertrophy of the soft tissues overlying a neurofibroma, often quite extensive and disfiguring. Laryngeal and neck involvement may compromise the airway and early and repeated surgical intervention is required. The overall malignancy rate approaches 30%, indicating that the patient with VRD may be predisposed to developing a malignancy. There appears to be an increased surgical risk in these patients, with some demonstrating abnormal responses to neuromuscular blockade.
Pediatric tracheostomy and associated complications
Authors: Gaudet Paul T. , Peerless Alter , Sasaki Clarence T. , Kirchner John A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA retrospective analysis of 123 pediatric tracheostomies reveals an overall complication rate of 33%. Immediate complications were present in 12% or 15 patients. The most frequent immediate complications were pneumomediastinum and pneumothorax. Delayed complications occurred in 24% or 30 patients. The most frequent delayed complications were subglottic stenosis, fused vocal cords, and tracheal granuloma. Four patients died because of tracheostomy‐related complications. Age, underlying disease, and prior endotracheal intubation had a high degree of correlation with complications. The use of a mechanical respirator following tracheostomy did not appear to be significantly related to complications. Fifty percent of the delayed complications in this series were regarded as being unrelated to the tracheostomy or the trachesotomy tube itself.
Surgical treatment of tympanosclerosis
Authors: Emmett John R. , Shea John J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDuring the 5‐year period (1971‐1976), 45 patients at the Shea Clinic underwent reconstructive surgery for tympanosclerosis. The most common ossicular chain problem was found to be malleus and incus fixation (33%); malleus, incus, and stapes fixation (22%); and stapes fixation (13%). The most successful reconstructive approaches included removal of tympanosclerosis from tympanic membrane or isolated plaque from ossicular chain, the use of the Partial Ossicular Replacement Prosthesis (PORP), and the Total Ossicular Replacement Prosthesis (TORP).
Testing for food allergy: A statistical comparison of cytotoxic and intracutaneous tests
Authors: King William P. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis study presents a comparison of in vitro cytotoxic food allergy test results with those of in vivo intracutaneous food allergy testing by both objective serial dilution titration and subjective provocation. During the study the cytotoxic test was utilized as a screening device for follow‐up Lee intracutaneous testing, the latter providing statistics for both noted in vivo intracutaneous tests.The study is presented in two stages. The first stage documents almost 6000 comparison test results on 300 consecutive food‐allergic otolaryngology patients. Thirty‐four of the more frequently offending foods were utilized. Of the cytotoxic tests, 86% resulted in positive reactions. Of the positive cytotoxic reactors, 74% were intracutaneously rechecked. Only those negative cytotoxic reactors suspected of false negativity were so challenged, affording comparison statistics for a smaller 21% of the negative reactors. Poor correlation statistics for this select negative reacting group prompted a follow‐up 30‐patient study on 11 foods that appeared to possess a lesser potential for hypersensitivity production. The second stage emphasizes similar test comparisons on the negative cytotoxic reactors.The study concludes that no correlation exists between in vitro cytotoxic test determinations and those of in vivo intracutaneous testing by objective serial dilution titration or subjective provocation. Because most allergic individuals have multiple food allergies, clinical success utilizing the information obtained from any or all of these procedures may rely significantly on the tests' inherent tendency to identify multiple guilty foods for ultimate treatment.
Speech rehabilitation of a laryngectomized‐glossectomized patient
Authors: Anderson Jack D. , Thomas Susan 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA 58‐year‐old English speaking female, who underwent total laryngectomy and glossectomy and subsequently learned to communicate verbally via various phonatory and articulatory compensations, is described in this report. Radiologic study and empirical observation showed her to be using the inhalation method to achieve esophageal air charge. Her articulatory compensations were typical of those used by other glossectomized patients. The extent of her recovery of verbal communication skills through alaryngeal speech suggests that glossectomized‐laryngectomized patients with similar impairment might benefit from speech rehabilitation where prognosis and general health permit.
Small cell anaplastic (oat cell) carcinoma of the larynx: Report of a case and review of the literature
Authors: Myerowitz Richard L. , Barnes E. Leon , Myers Eugene 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe fifth reported patient with primary laryngeal oat cell carcinoma is described. Electron microscopy of tumor cells revealed typical neurosecretory‐type granules similar to those described for pulmonary oat cell carcinoma. Analysis of clinical data from all five reported patients revealed that this neoplasm is a virulent one which spreads early and rapidly and kills quickly. Combination chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy, which has significantly prolonged life in patients with oat cell carcinoma of lung, may be indicated as an adjunct to surgery for this rare malignant tumor of the larynx.
Symposium: Adjuvant cancer therapy of head and neck tumors. The use of postoperative irradiation — its goals and 1978 attainments
Authors: Byers Robert M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe use of postoperative irradiation as an adjunctive measure for better control of local and regional disease after a surgical procedure has been used at the Anderson Hospital since approximately 1965. The common clinical setting occurs in those patients in whom, after surgical ablation of the tumor, there are microscopic foci of residual disease at the margins, perineural invasion, histologically a very poorly differentiated carcinoma, dermal lymphatic involvement, multiple nodes in the neck or very large nodes in which the tumor has broken through the nodal capsule and entered the connective tissue. We have been applying this criterion for the treatment of salivary gland malignancies, squamous carcinomas of the hypopharynx and supraglottic larynx, and all sites in the head and neck in which there was extensive cervical nodal metastasis. The results of this therapeutic approach will be reported and discussed.
The ultrastructural cytochemistry of peroxisomes in the guinea pig cochlea: A metabolic hypothesis for the stria vascularis
Authors: Spector Gershon J. , Carr Charles 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe roles of catalase and α‐hydroxyacid oxidase activities are studied in the peroxisomes of the guinea pig inner ear. The major activities are located primarily in the intermediate cells of the stria vascularis. The peroxisomes of the stria vascularis behave cytochemically in a similar fashion to those found in the proximal convoluted tubules of the kidney.This study indicates that the stria vascularis may behave as a compartmentalized metabolic system.