bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Major earthquake strikes Japan
Authors: Suyehiro Kiyoshi 
Published: September 2007

On 16 July 2007 at 10:13 A.M. local time (0113 UT) an earthquake of local magnitude 6.8 rumbled offshore Niigata Prefecture on Japan's Honshu Island, originating approximately 17 kilometers underground at 37.5°N, 138.6°E, according to the Japan Meteorological Agency.The epicenter was less than 10 kilometers from the shore, close to Kashiwazaki, a city with a population of approximately 100,000. The death toll as of 19 July is 10; all fatalities were people more than 70 years old, most of whom were buried under collapsed buildings, the majority of which were old wooden houses. More than 1300 were injured.
Deep underground lab design team picked
Authors: Showstack Randy , Kumar Mohi 
Published: September 2007

The U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) announced on 10 July 2007 the selection of a University of California‐Berkeley proposal to produce a technical design for a U.S. Deep Underground Science and Engineering Laboratory (DUSEL) at the former Homestake gold mine near Lead, S.D. NSF also will begin working with researchers to identify initial experiments that might be deployed in DUSEL, according to Tony Chan, assistant director for NSF's Directorate of Mathematical and Physical Sciences.NSF concurred with a panel of external experts who had determined that the proposal offered the greatest potential for developing a DUSEL. Any decision to construct and operate this laboratory needs further approvals by NSF and the U.S. National Science Board. An interdisciplinary “deep science” laboratory could shield sensitive physics experiments from background activity and could provide scientists with direct access to geological structures, tectonic processes, and life forms that are best studied deep underground. A Homestake DUSEL, if built as envisioned by its supporters, would be the largest and deepest facility of it kind in the world.
Coral ecosystem plan
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: September 2007

With climate change, unsustainable fishing practices, and disease “transforming coral communities at regional to global scales,” a 30 July report from the U.S. Geological Survey outlines a strategy for conducting research on coral ecosystems. The report indicates that USGS coral ecosystem research will focus on three major themes during the next five years, as funding permits: reef structure, ecological integrity, and the role of marine reserves; land‐based and local impacts; and responses to global change.“Strategic Science for Coral Ecosystems” is available at the Web site: http://fisc.er.usgs.gov/coral_plan_finaLApril_2007.pdf
Abbott out as National Science Foundation's Assistant Director for Geosciences
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: September 2007

Mark Abbott will not head the U.S. National Science Foundation's Geosciences Directorate, the agency stated on 2 August. This reverses a 10 July announcement by NSF that Abbott, dean of the College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences at Oregon State University (OSU), would assume the NSF assistant director position in October (Eos, 17 July 2007, p. 294).A mid‐July review by the NSF Office of General Council raised concerns that conflict of interest rules would limit Abbott's ability to manage significant parts of the Geosciences Directorate. Because Abbott would have remained affiliated with OSU and with a number of programs, he would have needed to recuse himself from involvement in 4 out of 9 major funding areas related to the geosciences portfolio, according to Jeff Nesbit, director of the NSF Office of Legislative and Public Affairs.
Satellites, tsunamis, and early warnings
Authors: Allan T. D. 
Published: September 2007

In the early morning of 26 December 2004 the ocean research satellite Jason flew over the Indian Ocean and recorded a surface tsunami wave less than 1 meter high. If it was no more than chance that a satellite equipped with a sensitive radar passed over at that precise moment, then the potential role of orbiting spacecraft in future early warning systems was established.This special tsunami workshop was convened during the PORSEC biennial symposium to review the performance of satellites and consider the extent to which future space systems could contribute to reducing the impact of marine hazards.
Northern high‐latitude ecosystems respond to climate change
Authors: Bunn Andrew G. , Goetz Scott J. , Kimball John S. , Zhang Ke 
Published: September 2007

The northern high latitudes are an area of particular importance to global climate change. As a system dependent on freezing conditions, the top of the planet contains vast amounts of carbon in biomass, soils, and permafrost that have the potential to interact with the atmosphere through the biosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and cryosphere. If released en masse, this carbon would greatly exacerbate the levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.Over the past 2 years, a growing body of research has provided evidence of substantial but idiosyncratic environmental changes, with some surprising aspects, across the region. This article reviews some recent findings and presents a new analysis of northern vegetation photosynthetic and productivity trends tracked from Earthobserving satellites.
Science and math education action plan
Authors: Kumar Mohi 
Published: September 2007

The U.S. National Science Board has proposed a plan to improve the quality of science and math education at all grade levels nationwide. If implemented, the plan will help attract and retain quality educators, enhance scientific literacy in current teachers and students, develop national math and science standards for each grade, and ensure that continuity in learning exists as students move from one grade to the next.A National Action Plan for Addressing the Critical Needs of the u.s. Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Education System, released in draft form on 8 August, seeks to correct what National Science Board (NSB) members see as failures of the U.S. science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education system in ensuring that all U.S. students receive the skills and knowledge required to be successful in the 21st‐century workforce.
Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Histoplasmosis: 2007 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America
Authors: Wheat L. Joseph , Freifeld Alison G. , Kleiman Martin B. , Baddley John W. , McKinsey David S. , Loyd James E. , Kauffman Carol A. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractEvidence-based guidelines for the management of patients with histoplasmosis were prepared by an Expert Panel of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. These updated guidelines replace the previous treatment guidelines published in 2000 (Clin Infect Dis 2000; 30:688–95). The guidelines are intended for use by health care providers who care for patients who either have these infections or may be at risk for them. Since 2000, several new antifungal agents have become available, and clinical trials and case series have increased our understanding of the management of histoplasmosis. Advances in immunosuppressive treatment for inflammatory disorders have created new questions about the approach to prevention and treatment of histoplasmosis. New information, based on publications from the period 1999–2006, are incorporated into this guideline document. In addition, the panel added recommendations for management of histoplasmosis in children for those aspects that differ from aspects in adults.
Politicians' Perceptions of the “Muslim Problem”
Authors: Cherribi Sam 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter is divided into three sections. The first examines social science literature on migration and citizenship, and its relevance to the issue of Muslims in Europe. The second examines the results of two sets of interviews conducted with European parliamentarians, and underscores striking convergences across the political spectrum in how the issue of Muslim migration is constructed. The third section looks at the 2004 murder of filmmaker Theo van Gogh. The handling of this in the Netherlands represents a dramatic example of the political discovery of a Muslim problem with far-reaching implications for the future of religious pluralism and democracy.
The Legacy of Alexander
Authors: Bosworth A. B. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis book presents a study dedicated to the thirty years after the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC. It deals with the emergence of the successor monarchies and examines the factors which brought success and failure. Some of the central themes are the struggle for pre-eminence after Alexander's death, the fate of the Macedonian army of conquest, and the foundation of Seleucus' monarchy. The book also examines the statesman and historian Hieronymus of Cardia, concentrating on his treatment of widow burning in India and nomadism in Arabia. Another highlight is the first full analysis of the epic struggle between Antigonus and Eumenes (318-316), one of the most important and decisive campaigns of the ancient world.
Women Latin Poets
Authors: Stevenson Jane 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This book addresses women's relationship to culture between the 1st century BC and the 18th century by identifying women who wrote poetry in Latin. It also considers women's prose writing in Latin and their performance as Latin orators. The earlier chapters move forward through time up to the Renaissance, which is then treated on a country-by-country basis, followed by a second suite of chapters on the early modern era. It surveys the phenomenon of women who achieved a position in public life at a time when this was not open to women in general, and how the societies in which this occurred permitted this to happen. It is completed by a checklist of more than 300 women Latin poets, identifying where possible their names, place, milieu, and providing details of their work and a comprehensive finding guide listing manuscripts, editions, and translations.
REPRINT DYNAMICS OF CONCENTRATED POLYMER SYSTEMS PART 2.—MOLECULAR MOTION UNDER FLOW
Authors: Doi M. , Edwards S. F. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The primitive chain model presented in Part 1 is extended here to the case in which the system is macroscopically deformed. The molecular expression of the stress due to the primitive chain is given, and the stress relaxation after a sudden deformation is calculated as an example.
Image to Interpretation
Authors: Terras Melissa 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe ink and stylus tablets discovered at the Roman fort of Vindolanda are a unique resource for scholars of ancient history. However, the stylus tablets in particular are extremely difficult to read. This book details the development of what appears to be the first system constructed to aid experts in the process of reading an ancient document, exploring the extent to which techniques from artificial intelligence can be used to develop a system that could aid historians in reading the stylus texts. Using knowledge elicitation techniques (borrowed from artificial intelligence and engineering science), a model is proposed for how experts construct a reading of a text. A prototype system is presented that can read in image data and produce realistic and plausible textual interpretations of the writing that appears on the documents. Incorporating knowledge elicited from experts working on the texts, and utilizing image processing techniques developed in engineering science to analyze the stylus tablets, the book includes a corpora of letter forms generated from the Vindolanda text corpus, and a detailed description of the architecture of the system. This research presents the first stages towards developing a cognitive visual system that can propagate realistic interpretations from image data.
The Rise of the To-Infinitive
Authors: Los Bettelou 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis book describes the historical emergence and spread of the to-infinitive in English. It shows that to + infinitive emerged from a reanalysis of the preposition to plus a deverbal nominalization, which spread first to purpose clauses, then to other non-finite environments. The book challenges the traditional reasoning that infinitives must have been nouns in Old English because they inflected for dative case and can follow prepositions. In fact, as early as Old English, the to-infinitive was established in most of the environments in which it is found today, and its syntactic behaviour clearly shows that it is already a clause rather than a phrase at this early date. Its spread was largely due to competition with finite subjunctive that-clauses, which it gradually replaced. Later chapters consider Middle English developments. The book provides a measured evaluation of the evidence that the infinitive marker to undergoes a period of degrammaticalization. It concludes that the extent to which to gains syntactic freedom in Middle English is due to the fact that speakers began to equate it with the modal verbs, and therefore to treat it syntactically as a modal verb. The rise of to-infinitival Exceptional Case-Marking constructions is a Middle English innovation, triggered by changes in information structure that were in turn caused by the loss of verb-second.
Writing Under Tyranny
Authors: Walker Greg 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This book considers the impact of Henry VIII’s break with Rome and the Royal Supremacy of the 1530s upon the generation of poets, playwrights, and prose-writers who lived through those events. Spanning the boundaries between literature and history, it charts the profound effects that Henry’s increasingly tyrannical regime had on the literary production of the early 16th century and shows how English writers strove to mitigate, redirect, and finally resist oppressive royal demands. The book argues that the result of Henrician tyranny was both the destruction of a number of venerable literary forms and the collapse of a literary culture that had dominated the late-medieval period, as well as the birth of many modes of writing now seen as characteristic of the English literary renaissance. Separate sections of the book focus specifically upon the work of John Thynne, the editor of the first collected Works of Chaucer; the playwright John Heywood; Sir Thomas Elyot; Sir Thomas Wyatt; and Henry Howard, the poet Earl of Surrey.
PepSplice: cache-efficient search algorithms for comprehensive identification of tandem mass spectra
Authors: Roos Franz F. , Jacob Riko , Grossmann Jonas , Fischer Bernd , Buhmann Joachim M. , Gruissem Wilhelm , Baginsky Sacha , Widmayer Peter 
Published: September 2007

AbstractMotivation: Tandem mass spectrometry allows for high-throughput identification of complex protein samples. Searching tandem mass spectra against sequence databases is the main analysis method nowadays. Since many peptide variations are possible, including them in the search space seems only logical. However, the search space usually grows exponentially with the number of independent variations and may therefore overwhelm computational resources.Results: We provide fast, cache-efficient search algorithms to screen large peptide search spaces including non-tryptic peptides, whole genomes, dozens of posttranslational modifications, unannotated point mutations and even unannotated splice sites. All these search spaces can be screened simultaneously. By optimizing the cache usage, we achieve a calculation speed that closely approaches the limits of the hardware. At the same time, we control the size of the overall search space by limiting the combinations of variations that can co-occur on the same peptide. Using a hypergeometric scoring scheme, we applied these algorithms to a dataset of 1 420 632 spectra. We were able to identify a considerable number of peptide variations within a modest amount of computing time on standard desktop computers.Availability: PepSplice is available as a C++ application for Linux, Windows and OSX at www.ti.inf.ethz.ch/pw/software/pepsplice/. It is open source under the revised BSD license.Contact: franz.roos@alumni.ethz.ch or jacob@in.tum.deSupplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Drosophila Embryo Collection
Authors: Rothwell Wendy F. , Sullivan William 
Published: September 2007

INTRODUCTIONA number of factors make the early Drosophila embryo particularly amenable to cellular analysis. First, large numbers of specifically staged embryos are easily collected from normal and mutant stocks. Also, the morphological and cellular events of embryogenesis have been characterized extensively. For example, directly after fertilization, the embryo proceeds through a series of rapid nuclear divisions that rely on the highly coordinated dynamics of the microtubules, microfilaments, and other cytoskeletal components. During this time, critical events that establish the axis and patterning in the embryo occur. These events have been thoroughly described and provide an excellent resource in which to analyze the primary cellular defect in newly isolated mutations. Analysis of fixed samples allows many more embryos to be examined in a single session on the microscope, and the fixed preparations are stable for long periods. If fluorescent probes are used, anti-quenching reagents in the mounting media allow extensive documentation of the samples without signal deterioration. Double- and triple-labeling for colocalization studies are easily performed. Finally, images can be recorded from fixed samples over multiple planes for three-dimensional reconstructions. This protocol describes the most common and generally applicable procedure for collecting Drosophila embryos for fixed cellular analysis.
Tracking the role of alternative prey in soybean aphid predation by Orius insidiosus: a molecular approach
Authors: HARWOOD JAMES D. , DESNEUX NICOLAS , YOO HO JUNG S. , ROWLEY DANIEL L. , GREENSTONE MATTHEW H. , OBRYCKI JOHN J. , O′NEIL ROBERT J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe soybean aphid, Aphis glycines (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is a pest of soybeans in Asia, and in recent years has caused extensive damage to soybeans in North America. Within these agroecosystems, generalist predators form an important component of the assemblage of natural enemies, and can exert significant pressure on prey populations. These food webs are complex and molecular gut‐content analyses offer nondisruptive approaches for examining trophic linkages in the field. We describe the development of a molecular detection system to examine the feeding behaviour of Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) upon soybean aphids, an alternative prey item, Neohydatothrips variabilis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), and an intraguild prey species, Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Specific primer pairs were designed to target prey and were used to examine key trophic connections within this soybean food web. In total, 32% of O. insidiosus were found to have preyed upon A. glycines, but disproportionately high consumption occurred early in the season, when aphid densities were low. The intensity of early season predation indicates that O. insidiosus are important biological control agents of A. glycines, although data suggest that N. variabilis constitute a significant proportion of the diet of these generalist predators. No Orius were found to contain DNA of H. axyridis, suggesting intraguild predation upon these important late‐season predators during 2005 was low. In their entirety, these results implicate O. insidiosus as a valuable natural enemy of A. glycines in this soybean agroecosystem.
The nature of fisheries‐ and farming‐induced evolution
Authors: HUTCHINGS JEFFREY A. , FRASER DYLAN J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractHumans have a penchant for unintentionally selecting against that which they desire most. In fishes, unprecedented reductions in abundance have been associated with unprecedented changes in harvesting and aquaculture technologies. Fishing, the predominant cause of fish‐population collapses, is increasingly believed to generate evolutionary changes to characters of import to individual fitness, population persistence and levels of sustainable yield. Human‐induced genetic change to wild populations can also result from interactions with their domesticated counterparts. Our examination of fisheries‐ and farming‐induced evolution includes factors that may influence the magnitude, rate and reversibility of genetic responses, the potential for shifts in reaction norms and reduced plasticity, loss of genetic variability, outbreeding depression and their demographic consequences to wild fishes. We also suggest management initiatives to mitigate the effects of fisheries‐ and farming‐induced evolution. Ultimately, the question of whether fishing or fish farming can cause evolutionary change is moot. The key issue is whether such change is likely to have negative conservation‐ or socio‐economic consequences. Although the study of human‐induced evolution on fishes should continue to include estimates of the magnitude and rate of selection, there is a critical need for research that addresses short‐ and long‐term demographic consequences to population persistence, plasticity, recovery and productivity.
Merging methods in molecular and ecological genetics to study the adaptation of plants to anthropogenic metal‐polluted sites: implications for phytoremediation
Authors: PAUWELS MAXIME , WILLEMS GLENDA , ROOSENS NANCY , FRÉROT HÉLÈNE , SAUMITOU‐LAPRADE PIERRE 
Published: September 2007

AbstractMetallophyte species that occur naturally on metal‐enriched soils represent major biological resources for the improvement of phytoremediation, a benign and cost‐effective technology that uses plants to clean up anthropogenic metal‐polluted soils. Within the last decade, molecular genetic studies carried out on several model organisms (including Arabidopsis halleri) have considerably enhanced our understanding of metal tolerance and hyperaccumulation in plants, but the identification of the genes of interest for phytoremediation purposes remains a challenge. To meet this challenge, we propose to combine ‘‐omics’ with molecular ecology methods. Using A. halleri, we confronted molecular genetic results with: (i) within‐species polymorphism and large‐scale population differentiation for zinc tolerance; (ii) the demographical context (e.g. migration pattern) of the species for zinc tolerance evolution; (iii) the Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) analysis of the genetic architecture for zinc tolerance; and (iv) the fine‐scale dissection of identified QTL regions, to discuss more precisely the nature of the genes potentially involved in the adaptation to zinc‐polluted soils.