bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microseismic monitoring of the infill trial at Castlefields Mine, Dudley
Authors: Miller A. , Richards J. A. , McCann D. M. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
During the infill trial at Castlefields Mine, a network of geophones and seismometers was used to monitor any seismic activity associated with roof or pillar failure. Roof-falls in the infill area were not excessive (38 were detected in three months of overnight recordings), and there was no evidence of any very large collapses in this part of the mine during the infill trials. Records of activity in the non-infill area of the accessible mineworkings, which was used for test pumping of infill materials, suggested a relatively high rate of deterioration in this area. A crownhole, which appeared above the flooded workings some 150 m north of the monitored area prior to the main infill, did not produce any dramatic seismic events on the back-up recording
system. However, the detection of some possible precursor events indicates that the seismic monitoring technique might provide warning, even at this late stage in the crownhole’s development, with a more localized network.
The monitoring of open underground mine workings beneath a major road construction
Authors: Smith M. J. , Sutherland J. A. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The Al Edinburgh to London trunk road has been diverted in the vicinity of the Blue Circle Cement Works near Dunbar, in order to free an area of land for opencast extraction of limestone. Limestone has been extracted in the past in this area both by opencast and underground mining techniques. A section of the new Al route passes directly over an area of shallow underground workings which were abandoned in 1959.
In 1979 Lothian Regional Council appointed consulting engineers Thorburn Associates to examine the condition of the abandoned workings in order to assess their long term stability in the light of the new alignment of the Al, and to determine whether any additional safety measures might be required.
Room and pillar extraction techniques were employed in the mine. The limestone pillars and roof appear to be in good condition and a convergence gauge monitoring system was introduced into the mine in 1977 to determine the extent of any movements. The potential for roof collapse required careful consideration, and, therefore, a ground investigation was carried out and additional support measures were considered to reduce the probability of failure.
The paper outlines the background history of the mine, the results of the ground investigation and laboratory testing, and the remedial safety measures considered, together with details of the monitoring system employed.
Conclusions are drawn concerning the monitoring results and their implications with regard to stability and the need for continued monitoring. In addition, the usefulness of such a monitoring exercise for this type of problem is assessed, and compared with the immediate implementation of structural/stabilization works.
Subsidence associated with the abstraction of fluids
Authors: Bell F. G. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Subsidence of the ground surface due to the withdrawal of groundwater, oil, gas or brine from sedimentary deposits has ccurred in many parts of the world. The abstraction of groundwater has been the principal cause of subsidence, primarily because more groundwater is abstracted than all the other liquids put together. Subsidences of several metres have been recorded, for example, in California due to the exploitation of oil, as well as groundwater. Such ground movements represent a notable problem in engineering geology. Generally these subsidences take place slowly but the occurrence at the surface of sinkholes as a result of water tables being lowered in limestone terrains is a rapid process.
In the case of groundwater, gas or oil abstraction the reduction in pore pressure in the voids due to the decline in head leads to an increase in effective load on the sediments concerned, bringing about consolidation, which is reflected at the surface as subsidence. On the other hand when mineral deposits are worked by solution mining the rock material itself is removed which, if uncontrolled, resultsin subsidence.
The removal of fluids from sediments frequently has resulted in the formation of fissures at the surface. Indeed there are cases on record where faults are alleged to have been formed. Such fissures often occur around the periphery of the subsidence trough.
Subsidence resulting from the dissolution of Permian gypsum in the Ripon area; its relevance to mining and water abstraction
Authors: Cooper A. H. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Because gypsum dissolves rapidly in flowing water the subsurface dissolution of Permian gypsum at Ripon results in severe subsidence. The pattern of subsidence and methods of propagation are similar to those which might result from mining. Breccia pipe propagation and bulking factors for Permian rocks are discussed. The implications both of gypsum dissolution and the forceful expansion of anhydrite by hydration in flooded gypsum mines are assessed. The removal of gypsum and possible subsidence caused by large-scale water abstraction and mine dewatering are also considered.
Fault-plane analysis of microseismicity induced by fluid injections into granite
Authors: Green A. S. P. , Baria R. , Madge A. , Jones R. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

A hot dry rock geothermal reservoir has been created at a depth of 2 km in the Carnmenellis granite by fluid injection, inducing approximately 6000 locatable microseismic events. The onset of seismicity and the direction of growth of the microseismic locations depends upon the
in situ
stresses, jointing and pore pressure. Analysis of a number of composite fault-plane solutions indicates that the maximum horizontal stress has an orientation of 310–315° N. This is consistent with near surface overcoring stress measurements and in agreement with hydrofracture stress measurements carried out at depths of approximately 2 km. The fault-plane solutions also indicate that failure is on existing subvertical joints that strike NW-SE.

Measurement of the
in situ
stresses and jointing has been relatively successful at a depth of 2 km. However it is uncertain that these measurements will be possible at 6 km, the depth of an economic hot dry rock reservoir. The good agreement at 2 km between the known stresses and jointing and the fault-plane solutions of the microseismic data indicates that analysis of microseismic data induced at a depth of 6 km will become a powerful diagnostic tool for understanding the
in situ
conditions.
Strength and deformation parameters from pressuremeter tests in clay
Authors: Anderson W. F. , Pyrah I. C. , Pang L. S. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Pressuremeter tests in clay have been simulated at laboratory scale by expanding hollow cylindrical specimens of clay using different expansion procedures. The results clearly demonstrate the influence of time dependent phenomena (consolidation and creep) on the pressuremeter expansion curves and the derived undrained strength and shear modulus values. The findings of the laboratory scale study have been confirmed by results obtained using a Cambridge Self-Boring Pressuremeter in a clay calibration chamber. Recommendations are made for test procedures which minimize the time dependent effects.
Pressuremeter interpretation for weak rock
Authors: Johnston I. W. , Haberfield C. M. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
When a pressuremeter test is carried out in a weak or weathered rock, it is likely that tensile cracks will be formed and propagated during instrument expansion within the rock mass. By using numerical modelling techniques, it is shown that pressuremeter response can be radically affected by these cracks. Consequently, current methods of interpretation for weak rock require significant reappraisal if relevant engineering properties are to be derived from the tests.
Pressuremeter tests on stiff clays and soft rocks: factors affecting measurements and their interpretation
Authors: Marsland A. , Powell J. J. M. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Results from pressuremeter tests performed on a number of stiff clays and soft rocks are summarized. The tests measuremets and the resulting interpretations made are shown to depend upon a number of factors including the type of instrument used and the methods of insertion, the soil: its fabric and stress history, and the methods of analysis. The pressuremeter results are compared with those from other test methods and the full scale performance of instrumented foundations. These comparisons have proved most valuable in assessing the most appropriate methods to be used in the interpretation of the results.
Measuring the creep properties of ice in situ
Authors: Shields D. H. , Domaschuk L. , Kjartanson B. H. , Azizi F. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The pressuremeter can be applied to the measurement of the creep properties of ice. There is reasonable argeement between the results of carefully controlled, constant pressure, pressuremeter tests and the results of constant stress, uniaxial compression tests of equally high calibre. In addition, field tests in the artic in winter have shown that the pressuremeter is a versatile and viable tool for in situ creep tests.
Careful calibration of the pressuremeter is essential. For example, the resistance of the rubber membrane of the pressuremeter probe varies not only with how much it is stretched as the probe expands, but also with the temperature of the rubber and the length of time after the start of the test. In the field a wide range of ice temperature may be encountered. Since the length of time that any particular test is run is a function of both the test pressure and the temperature of the ice, temperature has a double role to play in determining the resistance of the membrane at any particular test location. There is merit in equipping the probe with a thermocouple or thermistor to measure the temperature.
Field tests on pavement foundations
Authors: Dawson A. R. , Thom N. H. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Generally the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) is used to quantify the properties of subgrades for use in pavement design. In the last few years, a wide variety of less familiar, but potentially more useful, tests has been developed. This paper describes some trials in which the results of Dynamic Cone Penetrometer, Clegg Hammer and Falling Weight Deflectometer tests are compared. Comparisons with the output of an instrumented vibrating roller and Plate Bearing Test results are also made.
The practical problems of relating the collected information to the engineering properties (particularly stiffness) of the soil are discussed and some tentative proposals for dealing with these problems are put forward.
In situ and laboratory testing of Anglian stage Pleistocene sands and gravels
Authors: Little J. A. , Carder D. R. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
An accurate knowledge of ground properties is essential in the design of civil engineering structures and this information is usually obtained by a combination of in situ and laboratory testing. The interpretation of in situ testing depends in the main on empirical correlations with published data, whilst the usefulness of laboratory soil testing depends on how realistically the field conditions can be reproduced. This paper provides a comparative study of ground properties determined using a number of different techniques in a sequence of Pleistocene sands and gravels overlying till in the Vale of St Albans. In situ testing techniques included both static and dynamic cone penetration tests and also a limited number of self-boring pressuremeter tests in the sands. Recovery of bulk disturbed samples from the site enabled laboratory shear tests to be carried out on large samples of the soil compacted to their maximum density conditions. Values for modulus, angles of shearing resistance and relative density from the in situ and laboratory tests on the soil are compared, and these in turn are correlated with data published by others for similar soil types.
Seismic refraction surveys for predicting the intensity and depth of weathering and fracturing in granitic masses
Authors: Lee S. G. , de Freitas M. H. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Seismic refraction surveys were employed for shallow investigations (down to 20–30 m depth) and conducted across the top of vertical exposures where the underlying geology could be directly inspected. The suitability of shallow seismic refraction surveys for identifying the intensity and depth of rock weathering and fracturing at the respective locations could thus be correctly assessed. Research completed on granites of Jurassic and Cretaceous age from Korea had previously indicated that these granitic materials could be divided with reasonable accuracy into five weathering groups using visual and simple mechanical techniques. Weathering boundaries determined by seismic refraction methods were found to agree within a 2 m variance with visible differences in weathering in the vertical exposure beneath each test site. The intensity of fracturing could also be predicted by seismic refraction surveys with relatively good accuracy. It was concluded that the field seismic survey method in shallow Korean granitic masses could be considered a very useful and cost-effective technique for assessing the intensity and depth of weathering and fracturing.
The measurement of reinstatement backfill quality by a non-intrusive method
Authors: Winter M. G. , Selby A. R. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The need for reinstatements to be performed to a higher and more reliable standard was identified in the Horne Committee Report of 1985. This end was perceived as desirable not only to improve road quality and safety, but also to increase the protection offered by the overlying layers of fill to the utility apparatus, thereby reducing the number of excavations required for its repair and replacement. One possible method of improving backfill quality is the introduction of an in situ test on the surface of the unbound reinstatement. Acceptance, or rejection, of the work could be based upon the result of such a test, which should give an evaluation of backfill stiffness throughout its depth. Current research at the University of Durham involves the measurement of propagation velocities of Rayleigh-type surface waves, set up in unbound granular materials, to give an indirect evaluation of soil stiffness properties as a function of depth. Tests are currently being conducted, in a purpose-built laboratory trench facility, on granular fills under a range of carefully controlled compaction levels. Implicit within the method is the assumption that the effective depth of propagation of a Rayleigh wave is one-half the wavelength, within an isotropic elastic half-space. The applicability of this analysis to the waves under consideration has been assessed by means of measurements taken from buried accelerometers. Laboratory tests suggest that wave propagation velocity is a much more sensitive measure of the degree of compaction than are either dry density or Impact Value measurements. Preliminary field trials of the technique also show promising results.
Crosshole and downhole seismic surveys in the UK Trias and Lias
Authors: Pinches G. M. , Thompson R. P. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

Crosshole and downhole seismic surveying methods are being used increasingly in geotechnical investigations to evaluate dynamic properties of soils and rocks when earthquake effects on structures have to be considered. The paper describes two case histories for which crosshole and downhole seismic surveying has been carried out. It was found that the compressional and shear wave velocities are related to depth and have a close correlation with lithology. For both sites, crosshole measurements had higher values than those obtained from downhole methods. This might be construed as evidence for anisotropy. Both sites are interbedded, one with mudstones and limestones and the other with mudstones and siltstones. It is therefore suggested that the crosshole velocities are exaggerated in the vicinity of stronger beds in horizontally layered ground. The derivation of dynamic soil properties from the results of seismic surveys is discussed using the velocity data obtained from the two sites. The sensitivity of dynamic Poisson’s ratio to low
V
p
/
V
s
ratios is examined and the sensitivity of dynamic shear modulus to velocity variations is demonstrated.
Developments in in situ permeability testing
Authors: Corke D. J. , Smith A. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Assessment of field permeability of soil and rocks can be made using the various techniques outlined in BS 5930, Section 4. Recently, two additional techniques have been used; the slim hole packer testing equipment developed by Soil Mechanics Limited, and the multiple port piezometer Westbay system. This paper describes the equipment and methods used, together with examples of the results obtained.

A suite of slim hole packer equipment has been developed to provide testing capability in very low to moderate permeability ground (10
−10
to 10
−5
m s
−1
). Pressures are measured with either a manometer board or transducers and flows monitored using a parafin/water manometer or gapmeters. An on-site computer is used to record and plot test data and calculate permeability results.

The Westbay multiple port piezometer system consists of plastic casing, connected with ‘o’-ring seal couplings, installed in a borehole. Casing lengths can be selected so as to divide the borehole into a series of isolated response lengths. The couplings can incorporate monitoring ports for water pressure measurement and groundwater sampling or pumping ports for permeability testing and groundwater. This system has been used to carry out rising head tests by first lowering the water level in the access tube and then recording the change in water level either by using a dipmeter inside the access tube, or via an adjacent monitoring port using a Westbay electronic pressure probe.
Packer testing in geotechnical engineering
Authors: Walthall S. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The packer test has been used for many years as a simple method of assessing the hydraulic conductivity of a limited section of a borehole. Separate developments in grouting, engineering geology, the oil industry and, particularly, in hyrogeology have improved the testing techniques dramatically. The use of continuous recording equipment, modern materials for packers, lightweight installations and revised testing procedures have enabled accurate economic testing. It is suggested that a revised specification should be adopted, other than that given in BS 5930 and other standards, in order to improve the quality of the test and the information obtained. In particular, it is suggested that, wherever possible, outflow testing should be used and, under normal conditions, a testing pressure not exceeding 25% of the hydrostatic head, or 10 m head for deep wells, should be used for reliable measurements. Large differential heads only should be used to investigate hydraulic fracturing and associated problems. A procedure for interpretation of the results obtained is suggested, together with information on the investigation of fissures and the effects of anistropy in the test zone. The paper includes a suggested specification for the testing procedure such that high-quality, reliable, useful and economic packer testing may become routine in conventional site investigation.
Engineering geology of Quaternary soils: II Methods of treatment
Authors: Bell F. G. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The various soils of Quaternary age present a wide range of engineering problems such as low density, low strength, high compressibility, high permeability, collapsibility and high swell/shrink potential, as well as difficulties caused by the presence of high water tables and zones of high pore water pressures. This introductory paper describes a number of methods of ground treatment that can be used to alleviate these problems including exclusion techniques, grouting, ground freezing, drainage and groundwater lowering techniques, electro-osmosis and electro-chemical stabilization techniques, compaction and reinforcement, and methods of chemical and thermal stabilization.
Some influences of ice thrusting in geotechnical engineering
Authors: Cruden D. M. , Tsui P.C. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Ice-thrust features are widespread on the Interior Plains of Canada and cause geotechnical problems. Case histories here show that shear zones from ice-thrusting have strongly influenced design, construction and Instrumentation of coal mine slopes and earth and tailings dams.
The identification of ice-thrust terrain requires aerial photograph analyses, geological field mapping and study of borehole logs and topographic maps. Three geomorphological settings which are susceptible to glaciotectonic deformation are described as escarpment, valley and plains settings. Ice-thrust features can be expected where local slopes are inclined toward the former glacier margin and where proglacial water bodies were impounded. These water bodies cause disintegration of proglacial permafrost hence decreasing the resistance of subglacial strata to ice thrusting.
A fissured, brecciated Palaeocene mudstone, once heavily overconsolidated, from an ice-thrust shear zone, behaved as normally to lightly overconsolidated in laboratory tests. Shear deformation was non-brittle with a maximum strength close to residual. Fabric elements present included principal displacement shears, Reidel shears, conjugate sets of particle alignments, cutans, lithorelics and aggregations which had a dense core of randomly oriented clay platelets wrapped by an external layer of oriented clay particles. The fabric is similar to shear zones formed by tectonic activity and by laboratory shear tests, suggesting that all these shear zones were formed under similar kinematic restraints. This was confirmed by back analysis of movements of a mine highwall and two earth dams.
The influence of fissures on the consolidation of a glacial till
Authors: Hossain D. , McKinlay D. G. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The influence of fissures on the permeability, compressibility and consolidation rate properties of glacial till at three sites in and near Glasgow, Scotland has been studied. This included both the determination of the orientation and other characteristics of the fissures in the tills, both in-situ and in laboratory specimens, and measurement of the above properties by testing large specimens at various loading/drainage orientations.
Comparatively large variations in permeability and consolidation rate and small variations in compressibility were observed for specimens of different sizes and orientations of sampling and testing. The influence of fissures was found to be most marked at the lower effective stresses.