bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Monitoring mouse stocks for lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-a human pathogen
Authors: Skinner H. H. , Knight E. H. 
Published: June 2007

Wild house mice ( Mus musculus) persistently infected with high titres of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (tolerant infection) are the source of human inapparent and overt infections, the latter sometimes being of a serious nature. Infections have also occurred in laboratory staff studying the virus and in others handling biological materials contaminated with it. The literature is reviewed. Great Britain is one of the countries in which pockets of infected wild house mice exist, and these can be a source of infection for laboratory mouse colonies within which congenital transmission through tolerantly infected females would be the main method of spread. Overt signs of the infection may not be detected in mice, and absence of the infection would be certain only if 100% of the litters from which future breeding stock are to be selected were monitored for infectivity and maintained in isolation from unmonitored mice. A suitable monitoring technique is described. It must be the aim of all breeders of mice to eliminate the possibility of their colonies being a potential hazard to human health. The life-long high infectivity of tolerantly infected mice provides a long-term source of infection for those who handle them and for other biological materials in which the virus can persist without recognition.
The Australian scrub wallaby (Wallabia rufogrisea) as a laboratory animal
Authors: Redshaw N. R. 
Published: June 2007

Because of its relatively large hind-limb bulk, the Australian scrub wallaby is a useful substitute for man in blood-flow experimentation. Capture of these wallabies by a simple rope snare, and subsequent housing, caging and feeding are described. Anaesthesia is induced with pentobarbitone sodium and continued with nitrous oxide-oxygen-halothane mixture.
Physiological and histopathological measurements on lungs of laboratory rats maintained under barrier and under conventional conditions
Authors: Binns R. , Clark G. C. , Healey P. 
Published: June 2007

Measurements of goblet-cell activity in the trachea and bronchiolus and of respiratory mechanics were made on colonies of caesarian-derived rats maintained under strict barrier conditions and on animals derived from the same stock but kept under conventional conditions. It was consistently found over a period of 10 months that no significant changes in goblet-cell activity occurred during a holding period of 6 weeks under conventional conditions. Furthermore, comparison of goblet-cell activity and respiratory mechanics in groups of rats held under barrier and conventional conditions were not significantly different after a holding period of 21 weeks. It is concluded that for relatively short-term studies, particularly for inhalation work in which these parameters are used to assess irritancy, caesarian-derived rats can be maintained under conventional holding conditions without showing significant spontaneous changes in either structure or mechanical function of the lungs, provided there is no contact with older rats with lung disease.
The management of a small colony of the marsupial Potorous tridactylus, and a record of its breeding in captivity
Authors: Bates P. C. , Bigger T. R. L. , Hulse E. V. , Palmer A. 
Published: June 2007

12 Potorous tridactylus were imported from Tasmania and the colony derived from them has been maintained for over 4 years. 4 of the 7 imported females reared young, and animals from this and the next (i.e. second) generation animals have also bred. A total of 38 young have been reared. The 3rd generation is still too young to breed. The young become fertile at 8-11 months and reproductive life can extend for at least 4 years. Only 1 young is produced at a time. Immature young are occasionally ejected from the pouch before they are capable of independent existence. Potorous tridactylus tends to be nervous and nesting boxes into which they may retreat should always be provided. The animals are best kept in breeding pairs. Adult males kept together in cages may fight. Details of caging, feeding and handling are given and the method of bleeding for cytogenetic studies is described.
Suppression of aggressive behaviour in the mongolian gerbil, Meriones unguiculatus
Authors: Norris M. L. , Adams C. E. 
Published: June 2007

The incidence of fighting was significantly higher in male-male (70%) than in female-male (16%) or female-female (10%) pairings. The use of a deodorant spray or anaesthesia to overcome aggression was examined. Application of the spray before pairing did not reduce the level of aggression. Anaesthesia before pairing reduced the level of aggression in 83% of pairs, but not in groups of 4 animals. When successfully paired animals were separated for a week and then re-united they again behaved aggressively. Anaesthesia could have a practical application in the pairing of species that behave aggressively.
Incidence of cystic ovaries and reproductive performance in the mongolian gerbil, Meriones unguiculatus
Authors: Norris M. L. , Adams C. E. 
Published: June 2007

The incidence and severity of ovarian cysts were stongly age dependent, increasing from 7% in 89 female gerbils aged 135-399 days to 47% in 45 females aged 400-899 days. Cysts varied in size from less than 1 mm up to 50 mm in diameter, and accounted for from 1 to 16% of the female's live weight. Litter sizes were reduced in the presence of ovarian cysts, and reproduction ceased prematurely. Ovulation and formation of corpora lutea could still occur in cystic ovaries but the proportion of eggs developing normally was reduced from 90 to 29%, probably because of impaired gamete transport.
Further studies on induced respiratory viral infection of vervet monkeys (cercopithecus aethiops)
Authors: Martin Gillian V. , Heath R. B. 
Published: June 2007

Infection of vervet monkeys with the simian viruses SV5 and SVI7, and an equine rhinovirus, provide useful models of acute respiratory tract disease of man. In these experiments the monkeys were infected with varying concentrations of these viruses. It was found that an inoculum containing a high dose of virus produced a consistent and reproducible pattern of infection, but this was not always achieved when lower doses were used. There was good correlation between the isolation of virus from the respiratory secretions and the development of serum antibody. The selection of an optimum dose of infecting virus, when using these models for the evaluation of antiviral compounds, is discussed. Quantitative studies of the respiratory secretions produced a flat type of virus growth curve, but the titres were moderately high. The possible value of using this elaboration of the basic test procedure is discussed.
Transmission of Toxoplasma gondil across the guinea-pig placenta
Authors: Wright Ingle 
Published: June 2007

6 guinea-pigs were inoculated intraperitoneally at 4-54 days of pregnancy with 60 or 100 Toxoplasma cysts in mouse-brain saline suspension. All foetuses were infected. 3 sows died on 17-19th post-inoculation day, with signs of meningo-encephalitis, and displayed focal lymphocytic inflammation and, in 2, Toxoplasma rosette formation in the cerebral hemisphere. 6 Sows previoulsy inoculated with 100-200 cysts were followed in later pregnancy: 5 of 17 foetuses were found to be infected when delivered-a further 4, and 3 carneous moles, were not examined. 4 non-pregnant sows died at 12-14 days after inoculation with 100-200 cysts, with similar clinical signs to those in the first group. Antibody titres of 256 were found at 2&frac12; weeks, rising to a maximum of 16 384 at 6 weeks. Levels were consistently falling by 12-14 weeks. Transmission across the placenta could not wholly be prevented by the presence of antibody except in high titre, and the important factor was concluded to be the parasitaemia. The strain RB is midway in virulence in guinea-pigs between strains RH and 76.
The electrocardiogram (ECG) of the baboon (Papio spp.)
Authors: Osborne Barry E. , Roberts Colin N. 
Published: June 2007

6-lead (3 standard, 3 augmented) electrocardiograms were recorded from 150 captured African baboons being used as undosed controls in toxicity studies. The animals, of 14 months to 2 years of age, were unanaesthetised and restrained supine. Analysis of lead II revealed a heart rate of 230±46 beats/min, P-R interval of 0.07±0.02 s, QRS 0.03±0.02 s, Q-T 0.16±0.03 s, and component wave-form amplitudes P (l.6±0.065 mm), Q (0-0.63 mm), R (0-10.44 mm), S (0-5.44 mm), T (0-3.54 mm). The QRS axis was 48±85°. Deep Q waves were rarely seen preceding an R wave. There: was a conspicuous absence of T wave discordancy in direct contrast to the findings of other workers using anaesthetised animals. No sex differences were seen in any parameter.
Difficulties in the management of Sminthopsis crassicaudata due to iodine deficiency and thyroid disease
Authors: Breckon G. , Hulse E. V. 
Published: June 2007

Sminthopsis crassicaudata, imported from a laboratory colony in Australia, originally bred successfully in this country, but 4 months after importation animals began to die with enlarged thyroid glands which were devoid of colloid. Deaths were not prevented until the iodine intake was increased to 60 μg/day. It is possible that this high iodine requirement is in some way related to the mineral content of the soils from whence the animals which formed the nucleus of the Australian colony were obtained. Spontaneous tumours occur in the species; we observed several animals with uterine polyps and one with a reticulum-cell sarcoma. An X-irradiated animal developed a thyroid carcinoma.
Natural routes for post-natal transmission of murine lymphocytic choriomeningitis
Authors: Skinner H. H. , Knight E. H. 
Published: June 2007

Albino mice of an isolated colony in which murine lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) of natural origin has been congenitally transmitted for many years were used to simulate wild house mice with a persistent tolerant infection (PTJ) in investigations on possible routes of infection of LCM-free (SPF) colonies. For 50% of SPF contact mice to acquire infection from PTI donors of the same sex, at least a week of close contact was required when they were docile weanlings or young adults. With older aggressive mice a contact period of only 30 minutes was sufficient for 70% of the SPF contacts to become infected if involved in a fight. Bites made artificially and contamination of scarified skin with the urine or saliva of PTI mice regularly transmitted infection to SPF mice of all ages. The SPF female of an SPF x SPF mating may give birth to tolerantly infected mice if she acquires an infection early in pregnancy. This could occur through a bite or contact, and both these routes could introduce tolerant infection into a colony of SPF mice from wild PTI mice. The tolerant form of infection would then be perpetuated in the progeny of PTI females. Horizontal transmission would occur between mixed new-born PTl and SPF mice, thus introducing the risk of post-partum mated SPF foster-mothers becoming infected in early pregnancy. None of these natural infections of adults or young were clinically recognisable.
Establishment of a colony of mice free from lymphocytic choriomeningitis in kenya
Authors: Cooper J. E. 
Published: June 2007

The introduction of mice free from lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) necessitated a rigorous program of elimination of LCM-infected mice, followed by disinfection and rodent-proofing of buildings. The program was phased to ensure a continuing supply of experimental mice to the laboratory. The maintenance of the LCM-free colony, including strict hygienic precautions such as the wearing of protective clothing and the disinfection of food, bedding and equipment, is described. The value of LCM-free mice in laboratory work and the use of the colony in testing other laboratory and wild rodents for LCM are briefly discussed.
Histopathology of the myocardium in 50 apparently healthy cats
Authors: Nobel T. A. , Neumann F. , Klopfer U. 
Published: June 2007

Post-mortem examination revealed that about 30% of the cats were free from lesions. Few animals showed active muscle necrosis or extensive fibrosis, but the occurrence of other cardiac lesions suggests that any cat giving variable or abnormal responses in pharmacological studies should be examined for such pathological changes. Hepatozoon-like schizonts were found in 42% of the animals.
Some diseases in normal and immunosuppressed experimental animals
Authors: Taffs L. F. 
Published: June 2007

Some observations made during routine clinical and pathological examination of laboratory mice, guinea-pigs, rats, rabbits, cats and pigs are discussed. Increased susceptibility to disease was noted following a variety of immunosuppressive and experimental procedures. Thymectomy and/or irradiation precipitated deaths in mice from Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteriaemia. Deaths from Tyzzer's disease followed irradiation or injection of mice with lymphocytes. Large clusters of spore-like organisms were seen in the livers of 2 irradiated mice with Tyzzers disease. A rapid clinical response followed treatment with an anti-protozoal drug in young pigs from which a spirochaete and a ciliate Balantidium coli were demonstrated in profuse mucoid diarrhoeic faeces.
Postnatal development of the testes in the cuis, Galea musteloides
Authors: Holt W. V. 
Published: June 2007

Testicular development to 9 months of age has been studied. Seminiferous tubule diameter increased in a linear manner between 13 and 65 days of age, and there was a steep increase in testicular weight with age. At about 9 months the animals weighed 400-500 g and total testicular weight was about 10 g. This relatively large testicular size was correlated with high sperm density in the semen. Spermatogenesis commenced at about 21-25 days of age, when the first spermatids were found. Spermatozoa appeared in a small proportion of seminiferous tubules by 31-35 days of age, and were seen in the epididymides of an animal of 31 and another of 34 days. Epididymal spermatozoa were consistently present in large numbers after 60 days and this correlated with the increased frequency of mature seminiferous tubules. Leydig cell size increased rapidly from 13 to about 60 days, then remained constant. Inferences have been drawn from this and the study of spermatogenesis about the level of testosterone secretion. The results indicate that the male cuis is almost fully grown and sexually mature by about 90 days of age.
The india-ink immunoreaction: a method for the rapid diagnosis of encephalitozoonosis
Authors: Waller T. 
Published: June 2007

Sera from 37 rabbits were assayed for antibodies against Encephalitozoon cuniculi (Nosema cuniculi) by the india-ink immunoreaction and the indirect fluorescent antibody tests: all animals seropositive to the former were also positive to the latter test. 27 of the rabbits were also tested for skin hypersensitivity and then autopsied. Animals positive to the skin test were also positive to the serological tests. At autopsy 18 of 22 rabbits positive in the immunological tests showed lesions typical of encephalitozoonosis. Sera from 200 rabbits originating from 6 institutes were assayed by the india-ink test: seropositive rabbits were found from all institutes (9·1 to 81·9% incidence), with serum titres ranging from 1:125 to 1:5000. The india-ink test appears to be a rapid and convenient method for diagnosis of encephalitozoonosis in rabbits.
Defeudalization: Towards a Pluralist Land System in New Zealand
Authors: Hepburn Samantha 
Published: June 2007

The Crown has no property interest in customary land and is not the source of title to it. ( Ngati Apa v Attorney-General [2003] 3 NZLR 643 at [47], per Elias CJ.) … the king is the universal lord and original proprietor of all the lands in his kingdom; and no man doth or can possess any part of it, but what has mediately or immediately been derived as a gift from him … (William Blackstone1)
Cameos from the World of District Judges
Authors: Darbyshire Penny 
Published: June 2007

This article draws cameo portraits from observational research of the working lives of three diverse district judges (magistrates' courts), exercising their criminal jurisdiction in a variety of courts. It puts flesh on the bones of previous statistical research. Its purpose is to provide an insight into their day-to-day working world and their approach to it, especially the unseen youth court, for those of us who are unfamiliar with it, such as academics, many practising lawyers and other levels of the judiciary. ‘Here, it's like easyJet. You turn up and take off.’
Racial Influences on the Likelihood of Police Searches and Search Hits: A Longitudinal Analysis from an American Midwestern City
Authors: Leinfelt Fredrik H. 
Published: June 2007

In the recent past, there has been a significant policy space and political salience for issues pertaining to racial profiling and alleged discriminatory police practices. Problems and questions surrounding racial profiling are important as they challenge the fundamental assumptions of our legal system by corroding its most basic components of fairness and equality. The systemic assumption is, of course, that police do not use race as a criterion (or pretext) for discretionary traffic stops. The present study examined traffic stop data from officerinitiated traffic stops collected from a Midwestern American police agency over a two-year period ( N = 13,566). In concordance with previous studies, multivariate analysis shows that minorities were searched at a higher rate than are white motorists. Results also suggest that police search minorities at a disproportionate rate compared to whites and are less successful in finding contraband on minority motorists. In contrast to some previous research, however, findings from the present analysis also showed large variations within minority populations; Native Americans were searched four times more than whites, Latinos were searched almost three times more frequently than whites, and blacks were searched below the overall ‘minority average’ in the examined jurisdiction. These findings would suggest that a simple dichotomisation of race/ethnicity disguise and camouflage potentially important racial differences.
Clinician Optimism: Development and Psychometric Analysis of a Scale for Mental Health Clinicians
Authors: Byrne Mitchell K. , Sullivan Nichole L. , Elsom Stephen J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractClinician optimism is an important factor in achieving treatment outcomes in counselling contexts. Currently, there are no measures of mental health clinician optimism which report substantial psychometric validation. This study sought to assesses the validity and reliability of the Therapeutic Optimism Scale (TOS). 223 mental health clinicians working in a range of clinical settings were administered the TOS and convergent and discriminate validity were established. Test–retest reliability was established over a period of 1 month. The TOS was found to achieve acceptable reliability (Cronbach's α = .68) and yielded consistent scores over a one month period (r = .68, p < .01). Factor analyses revealed a 3-factor solution reflecting (1) General Treatment Outcome Expectancy, (2) Personal Treatment Outcome Expectancy, and (3) Pessimism. These findings support the utility of the TOS for research purposes, but further revision is recommended to enhance the reliability of the scale.
Motivation, Psychological Distress and Exercise Adherence Following Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Ljubic Mary Angela , Deane Frank P. , Zecchin Robert P. , Denniss Robert 
Published: June 2007

AbstractFifty patients with myocardial infarction were recruited from a hospital based Cardiac Education and Assessment Program (CEAP) in Sydney, Australia. The Exercise Motivation Inventory-2 (EMI-2) and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS) were administered prior to commencement in the program and re-administered by telephone interview at 5-month followup. Four exercise adherence measures were completed: attendance, exercise stress test, self-report ratings and a 7-day activity recall interview. There was a 46% adherence rate for MI patients during the hospital based CEAP. Of those individuals who completed CEAP, 91% obtained functional improvement on the exercise stress test. For the 38 patients who were followed-up by telephone interview at 5 months, 71% were exercising according to CEAP prescription. Higher levels of anxiety were associated with lower levels of self-reported exercise adherence. The 3 strongest motivations for exercise in this group of MI patients were all health related; wanting to be free from illness, maintaining good health and recovering from the effects of coronary heart disease. The discussion highlights the implications of these findings for cardiac rehabilitation programs and the need for empirically driven guidelines for measuring exercise adherence.
Two-Year Follow-Up of a Community Gatekeeper Suicide Prevention Program in an Aboriginal Community
Authors: Deane Frank P. , Capp Kim , Jones Caroline , de Ramirez Dawn , Lambert Gordon , Marlow Beth , Rees Anna , Sullivan Edwina 
Published: June 2007

AbstractFew studies report long term follow-up of community gatekeeper training programs that aim to facilitate help-seeking for suicide and there are none in Aboriginal communities. This study aimed to determine long term effects of the Shoalhaven Aboriginal Suicide Prevention Program (SASPP), which used community gatekeeper training as its primary strategy. Following consultation with the Aboriginal community, a brief questionnaire and semi-structured interview was completed by 40 participants who attended a community gatekeeper workshop 2 years earlier. Fifteen of the 40 participants stated that they had helped someone at risk of suicide over the 2-year follow-up period. Intentions to help and confidence to identify someone at risk of suicide remained high. A significant relationship was found between intentions to help prior to the workshop and whether participants had actually helped someone at risk of suicide. Correlations suggested a link between intentions to help, and subsequent help provision. However, it is unclear whether workshop attendance contributed to this effect. Future prevention programs need to be customised to specific Aboriginal communities to reduce barriers to helpseeking behaviour.
Young Women and Injured Blokes: Gender and Change in Rehabilitation Work
Authors: Lumb Peter 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis article begins by reviewing some findings contained in the recent report: Gender, Workplace Injury and Return to Work (2005), before elaborating a relational perspective on gender and its importance to rehabilitation counselling. The article presents data about gender and injury in and out of workplaces, with a special interest in gendered data. Data is also presented about gender of rehabilitation counsellors, before reflecting on the complexity associated with gendered professionals and injured older men. The article draws on Australian data sets, and takes a critical sociological approach.