bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The future of Southern Africa: what prospects after majority rule?
Authors: Martin William G. 
Published: July 2007

In the debates about a post‐apartheid future, the prospects for the region as a whole have been ignored. They depend first on the position of southern and South Africa in the global division of labour: this has worsened more than most areas since 1950 – even South Africa is more dependent today on exporting primary products; and regional trade, despite the Southern African Conference on Coordination and Development (SADCC), is declining. This deterioration could continue under the redefinition of economic activities now occurring in the world economy. These prospects also reflect the inherited realities: over and above the modest efforts of SADCC, southern Africa's long relations with the South African economy make it into a whole that is more than just a geographically specific set of peripheral states.
Three possible scenarios are explored: the region's renewed and enhanced subordination to an apartheid‐free South African economy; the break‐up of regional ties and the subordination of each of the countries as separate ‘peripheries’ of one section or other of the developed core, as it itself is being redefined between the North Atlantic and Pacific; an alternative, equitable, cooperative regional association, embracing SADCC and South Africa. In the light of historical experience in southern Africa and elsewhere, this latter will face severe odds, cannot be left to dominant interests, and is only possible with regional alliances of anti‐systemic forces.
External collusion with kleptocracy: can Zaïre recapture its stolen wealth?
Authors: Askin Steve , Collins Carole 
Published: July 2007

For 28 years, Mobutu Sese Seko has carefully and thoughtfully refined his system for transforming the public resources of Zaïre into private wealth, while using bribery, coercion and violence to thwart all movements for change. The consequences of his system, commonly known as ‘kleptocracy’ or government by theft, are well known: immiseration of the people; destruction of the nation's infrastructure; enrichment of Mobutu and his collaborators; the transformation of Zaïre into the prime staging ground for foreign intervention against other African nations. This article will focus neither on the consequences of kleptocracy nor the growing opposition which, for the past three years, has aggressively but so far unsuccessfully challenged Mobutu's rule.
It will instead examine questions of causation and culpability. It will identify some of the architects, beneficiaries and allies of kleptocracy; analyse the methods used for misdirecting Zaïre's wealth, and catalogue the benefits Mobutu, his domestic associates and his external sponsors drew from this system. It will also discuss the legal mechanisms a post‐Mobutu government might use to recapture stolen assets or set aside debts arising from loans whose proceeds were stolen.
Land claims in Namaqualand: the Komaggas reserve
Authors: Sharp John 
Published: July 2007

The recent transition to democracy in South Africa has raised expectations about land redistribution. Although much will be done in this regard over the next few years, there will be many claims for the return of land of which people were dispossessed that fall outside the practical guide‐lines laid down by the new state. Since many of these claims will not be frivolous or opportunistic, there is a serious question about how they should be handled. It is not easy to make generalisations; rather, it will be necessary to deal with specific instances on their relative merits. One cannot arrive at a series of ad hocsolutions without regard to their wider implications and the precedents they may set.
This article examines one instance of a claim for the return of lost land. It looks at the land claims advanced by people in Komaggas, one of six communal reserves inhabited by coloured people in the Namaqualand district of the Northern Cape province. One aim is to show that people in Komaggas have a long‐standing, and entirely reasonable, claim to land beyond the current boundary of their reserve; another aim is to illustrate how, and why, people in Komaggas have struggled, and struggle still, to present their claim in a form to which there can readily be a positive response.
The Insanity Defence: From wild Beasts to M'Naghten
Authors: Allnutt Stephen , Samuels Anthony , O'Driscoll Colman 
Published: July 2007

Objective: This paper provides an overview of the insanity defence. An historical context is offered and each element of the M'Naghten Rules is discussed, highlighting differing interpretations within various jurisdictions. Discussion is offered on the role of expert evidence in addressing the ‘ultimate issue’ before the courts. Significant case law in relation to the insanity defence is highlighted. Conclusions: Psychiatrists have an important role to play in addressing issues central to the M'Naghten Rules and making these accessible and comprehensible to court and jurors in particular. Insanity is a legal construct designed to determine the extent to which a person may be deemed criminally responsible for a criminal act and is often difficult to reconcile within medical and public paradigms of mental illness and justice. Principles are offered to guide psychiatrists who are called to give evidence in cases where the mental illness defence has been raised.
Overview of Psychiatric Ethics IV: The Method of Casuistry
Authors: Robertson Michael , Ryan Christopher , Walter Garry 
Published: July 2007

Objective: The aim of this paper is to describe the method of ethical analysis known as casuistry and consider its merits as a basis of ethical deliberation in psychiatry. Conclusions: Casuistry approximates the legal arguments of common law. It examines ethical dilemmas by adopting a taxonomic approach to ‘paradigm’ cases, using a technique akin to that of normative analogical reasoning. Casuistry offers a useful method in ethical reasoning through providing a practical means of evaluating the merits of a particular course of action in a particular clinical situation. As a method ethical moral reasoning in psychiatry, casuistry suffers from a paucity of paradigm cases and its failure to fully contextualize ethical dilemmas by relying on common morality theory as its basis.
The influence of added impurities on the growth and nucleation of sodium chloride
Authors: Cooke E. G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSummarizing investigations on the solubility, nucleation and growth of NaCl in presence of K4Fe(CN)6 are reported. Raising the contents of K4Fe(CN)6 induces at first the formation of cubes, then skeletal forms and finally suppression of nucleation and growth for the duration of the experiment. Secondary nucleation is promoted under conditions for skeletal growth. Laboratory results are proved in a semitechnical continuous evaporator. — Secondary nucleation in MgSO4‐solutions coincides with the sudden appearence of whiskers.
Gittergeometrische Betrachtung der plastischen Verformung von Lavesphasen
Authors: Krämer Ursula , Schulze G. E. R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDie Sprödigkeit vieler intermetallischer Verbindungen auch bei metallischem Bindungscharakter läßt einen Zusammenhang mit der Gittergeometrie vermuten. Der Einfluß der Atomanordnung auf das Gleiten der Versetzungen wird für die Lavesphasengitter des MgZn2‐Typs (C 14) und des MgCu2‐Typs (C 15) vergleichend mit den dicht gepackten metallischen Elementgittern untersucht. Betrachtet werden die Änderung der Koordinationsverhältnisse beim Gleiten, die Verzahnung der Ebenen im Modell starrer Kugeln, mögliche Stapelfehler und Teilversetzungen und daraus die günstigsten Gleitebenen für Ganzversetzungen mit stabilem bzw. gegen Dissoziation indifferentem Burgersvektor und Teilversetzungen ermittelt. Beim Schneiden von gleitenden Stufenversetzungen wird erwartet, daß Zwischengitteratome entstehen. Der Vergleich mit den Elementgittern legt den Schluß nahe, daß die Sprödigkeit der Verbindungsgitter eine Folge der komplizierten Atomanordnung ist.
Effect of substrate orientation on growth rate and doping level of vapour grown GaAs. Interval (111)A—(100)—(111)B
Authors: Lavrentyeva L. G. , Kataev Yu. G. , Moskovkin V. A. , Yakubenya M. P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe effect of the substrate orientation and the supersaturation on the growth rate and doping level of vapor grown GaAs is considered. Experimental results are discussed in terms of crystal growth theory developed by BURTON, CABRERA, FRANK and CHERNOV (BCFCh). It is shown that the main predictions of theory are in agreement with the experimental results. At the same time experimental results, on the whole, are more complicated than predicted by simple crystal growth model. It can be concluded that the BCFCh‐theory is applicable for analysing the growth rate and doping level anisotropy for vapor grown crystals.
Single crystal synthesis and properties of lithium‐gallium‐, lithium‐aluminium‐oxide and mixed compounds (I) growing of LiGaO2‐, LiAlO2‐ and LiAlxGa1−x crystals from fluxes
Authors: Schwarzer H. , Neels H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractLiGaO2 forms a single eutectic with PbO/B2O3 (molar ratio 9:4). A nearly linear slope of the liquidus curve is followed by a steep rise of the temperature coefficient of solubility. The solvent power at 1300°C is 0.35 g LiGaO2/g PbO, B2O3; from 1000 to 1300°C there exist only poor differences in solubility of LiGaO2 and LiAlO2 in PbO/B2O3. LiGaO2 crystals up to 1 p in weight grew spontaneously by slow cooling from fluxes or by evaporation of the solvent, those of about 1–1.5 p from seeds by cooling stirred fluxes. LiAlO2 crystals are essentially smaller (6 mm). – By partial substitution of Ga2O3 by Al2O3 mixed crystals LiAlxGa1−xO2 result. In the case of x ≦ 0.5 the coefficient of segregation remains ≦1. The al concentrations along the polar axis decrease by more than 25 p.c., perpendicular to [001] they keep constant till to the crystal surface. – Crystals show hypermorphism from mm2 to mmm. With high initial exceedings only {110} and {011}, with lower ones also {120}, {130}, {210} and {310} as well as the reduced {100}, {010} combinations are observed. – LiGaO2 crystals grow by nucleous, sceletal or faceted growth resp. during the cooling period. – Primarily at 1270°C formed nuclei up to 1150°C grow to critical dimensions (≈0.5 mm) and develop to the main branch along [001]. Primary branches deflect to [010]. The convex secondary branches intergrow along (110), often including flux. With decreasing temperature a new crystallisation front is formed at the periphery leading to a stable faceted growth at about 1000°C.
Die Parameter der Drehung und die Orientierungsverteilungsfunktion (OVF)
Authors: Pospiech Jan 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFür die Berechnung der dreidimensionalen Orientierungsverteilungsfunktion der Kristallite im vielkristallinen Material sind die Eulerschen Winkel als Orientierungsparameter besonders günstig. Andererseits ist die Darstellung von Orientierungsparameters besonders günstig. Andererseits ist die Darstellung von Orientierungen durch Angabe der Drehachse und des zugehörigen Drehwinkels besonders anschaulich. Es ist daher zweckmäßig, im letzten Rechenschritt auf diese Koordinaten zu transformieren. Dazu wurden die Transformationsbeziehungen zwischen beiden Orientierungsdarstellungen hergeleitet, und es wurde die zweckmäßigste Wahl des symmetrischen Grundbereiches in beiden Darstellungen erörtert.
Zu einigen Eigenschaften des polaren Gadoliniummolybdats (II) Morphische piezoelektrische und elastische Koeffizienten
Authors: Scheiding C. , Schmidt G. , Kürsten H. D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFür das ferroelektrische GMO wurden die elastischen Nachgiebigkeiten s11 und s′11 für die [110]‐Richtung sowie die morphischen Piezomoduln d31 und d33 bestimmt. Alle diese Stoffgrößen steigen bei Annäherung and den Umwandlungspunkt an. Die Ergebnisse lassen einige qualitative Aussagen über Kopplungen mit den Umwandlungsparametern im Rahmen der thermodynamischen Theorie zu.
Proto‐Djurleite, a metastable form of cuprous sulphide
Authors: Mulder B. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn a study of thin single crystals of cuprous sulphide we found that the high‐temperature hexagonal form of chalcosite (Cu2S) can be metastable with respect both to temperature (supercooling) and to composition. In reversible equilibrium with the metastable chalcosite a second metastable phase is formed, resembling djurleite (Cu1.96S), which we propose to call proto‐djurleite. When cooled to a critical temperature the crystal suddenly reverts to a mixture of the stable low‐temperature forms of chalcosite and djurleite. The boundaries of the metastable two‐phase region have been determined between its upper temperature limit, which is 93 °C, and 75 °C.
Chemical and plasmachemical vapour deposition of aluminium nitride layers
Authors: Arnold H. , Biste L. , Bolze D. , Eichhorn G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAIN was deposited pyrolytically by means of the aluminium trichloride‐ammonia process (either introducing both compounds seperately or in complex form) and by plasmachemical reaction of aluminium trichloride with nitrogen at temperatures from 600 to 1300°C. Layers deposited onto (100) spinel had an epitaxial (0001) orientation, whereas fibre textures resulted on silicon and quartz glass.
Beeinflussung des spezifischen Widerstandes von sauerstoffreichen Silizium‐Einkristallen durch Temperprozesse
Authors: Gaworzewski P. , Riemann H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractVeränderungen des Absolutwertes und der Verteilung des spezifischen Widerstandes von sauerstoffreichen Silizium‐Einkristallen durch Wärmebehandlung bei Temperaturen um 450 °C sind auf die Bildung donatorwirksamer Silizium‐Sauerstoff—Komplexe zurückzuführen. Die Maximalkonzentration der Thermodonatoren, die nach mehr als 100 Stunden Temperzeit vorliegt, ist der 3. Potenz der Konzentration des auf Zwischengitterplatz befindlichen, quasifreien Sauerstoffs proportional. Die experimentellen Ergebnisse werden anhand bestehender Modellvorstellungen diskutiert. Beispiele für die Kinetik der Thermodonatorbildung in Mikrobereichen werden an Proben mit stark inhomogenen Sauerstoffverteilungen angegeben. Ein Verfahren zur Ermittlung des Sauerstoffgehaltes in Mikrobereichen von radialen und axialen Schnitten von Silizium‐Einkristallen wird abgeleitet und die Nachweisgrenzen werden abgeschätzt.
Some extents to the VANDER PAUW method
Authors: Lourido Javier 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe linearity of a system composed of a sample on which resistivity (ϱ0) and the Hall constant (R) is measured by the VAN DER PAUW method in the case of non‐point contacts is shown. Influence of contact dimensions on results is discussed, both theoretically and experimentally, on quantitative basis. Equations for the output currents involving the electrical and geometrical characteristics of the sample are given. These currents determine the necessary equipment sensitivity for effect detection.
Defect characterization of mixed SrCa tartrates
Authors: Patel A. R. , Arora S. K. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA few defect characteristics which are typical of gel‐grown mixed single crystals of SrCa tartrates (Sr1−XCaxC4H4O6 · 4H2O) having different concentration, x, of the cations have been described. The temperature of decomposition has been found to be related, to some extent, to dislocation concentration. The magnitude of configurational entropy, which is a manifestation of lattice disorder, has been computed. The Vickers microhardness and dislocation density of crystals have been found to bear good correlation. An empirical formula has been suggested to explain the observed variation in microhardness with the concentration of ions in the mixed lattice.
Electromigration of 113Sn in Cu
Authors: Neidhardt A. , Reinhold U. , Krautheim G. , Zehe A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractElectromigration of 113Sn in Cu was investigated by the isothermal method in the temperature range from 918 to 1042 °C using the thin layer boundary condition. Following Gilder and Lazarus the welding interface was marked by help of a 181Hf‐layer. The pseudo activation energy, which is (1.87 ± 0.29) eV, agrees within the experimental errors with the activation energy of impurity diffusion. Because of the fluctuation of the individual values a significant temperature dependence of the apparent effective charge could not been observed. The average value of the apparent effective charge z = −33 ± 2. The residual resistance due to electron scattering at the jumping atoms yields for the models of Fiks, Huntington, Bosvieux and Friedel (3.4 ± 0.3)μ Ω cm/at%, (6.8 ± 0.6) μΩ/at% and (5.7 ± 0.6) μΩ cm/at%, respectively.
Interface kinetics and the vapour phase mass transport in closed tube CdS:I2‐system
Authors: Paorici C. , Attolini G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractExperimental evidence is given for the CdS:I2 closed‐tube CVD system that small deviations of the experimental transport rate from the calculated mass transport rate through the vapour when interface kinetics is assumed not to be rate‐limiting, can be enhanced by the presence of mass convection in the This phenomenon which is strictly related to the presence of activational constraints at the solid‐vapour interfaces, is shown to be independent on the stoichiometry defect of the CdS charge, but dependent upon the presence of foreign impurities in the charge.
Epitaxial layers of CuInTe2 on GaAs
Authors: Neumann H. , Nowak E. , Schumann B. , Tempel A. , Kühn G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractCuInTe2 thin films were deposited onto semi‐insulating (111)A‐oriented GaAs substrates by flash evaporation. Epitaxial growth was found in the substrate temperature range Tsub = 620 … 790 K. Above 750 K a second phase was found besides the chalcopyrite phase. All epitaxial films were p‐type conducting and showed an increase of the hole concentration with rising substrate temperature above Tsub = 720 K. Three acceptor states with ionization energies of 350 … 500 meV, 135 … 150 meV, and of some 10−3 eV were found.
Evaluation of degree of crystallization by optical microscopy and chemical analysis in crystallization of alkaline‐earth metal tungstates from solutions in lithium chloride melts
Authors: Roy B. N. , Packter A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA comparative study of the accuracy of optical microscopy and chemical analysis of residual solutions for evaluation of degree of crystallisation was carried out to ascertain their suitability for kinetics study of CaWO4 and BaWO4 crystallisation from LiCl melts (i) by continuous cooling at a constant cooling rate, and (ii) at constant temperature from a supersaturated solution. Chemical analysis of residual solution does not give desirable accuracy for the case (i) for αt values <0.30, and for the case (ii) for αt values <0.60. Optical microscopy was more accurate and suitable for both cases.
Defect generation in LPE garnet films during annealing
Authors: Hergt R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe defects induced in LPE garnet films during annealing processes near 1300°C were investigated by X‐ray topography, etching, scanning electron microscopy and Nomarski interference microscopy. The results show that besides loops and more complicated dislocation configurations point defects play an essential role for the stress relaxation mechanism in the film. The observed coarsening effects on the film surface are due to the high surface free energy of {111} faces on garnets. A consistent explanation of the various experimental observations is given by assuming the creation of oxygen vacancies during annealing.
The properties of hydrogen forms of zeolite T obtained by the treatment with hydrochloric acid at 22°C
Authors: Cichocki A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractHydrogen forms of zeolite T obtained by the treatment of synthetic zeolite of erionite‐offretite type with hydrochloric acid at 22°C were tested with the methods of chemical analysis, sorption and X‐ray diffraction. The influence of the variations in the number of treatments with acid, the concentration of acid and the calcination at 500°C on the properties of the samples was observed. It was found that the modification runs in two steps. The existence of the threshold of stability of the zeolite T structure under the treatment with 0.1 N HCl was indicated at the degree of decationization of 45–48% and the degree of dealumination of 25–28%. It was also found that about 30–33% of alkali cations in zeolite T are at the more accessible positions.
Quantitative analysis of Bi1−xSbx
Authors: Christ B. , Oelgart G. , Rogaschewski S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe chemical composition of Bi1‐xSbx alloys is determined by means of square‐wave polarography, density measurements, measurements of the electron backscatter coefficient, and electron probe microanalysis. These experimental methods are discussed with respect to their results. At 10 keV, the electron probe microanalysis allows the determination of any antimony concentration without corrections (cSb = kSb).
Kinetics of crystallization in binary solutions
Authors: Dhanasekaran R. , Ramasamy P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA two‐dimensional nucleation is required to grow the crystals of low energy planes. Expressions for the size and free energy of the two‐dimensional nucleus corresponding to a saddle point in binary system are derived. The concentration of the critical nuclei in the system is related to the critical free energy of the two‐dimensional nucleus. A circular island of atoms on the growing surface is considered and the flux of atoms on the surface going to the growing walls of the island from either direction is calculated. The rate of advance of the curved step is determined and hence the velocity of the straight step in the A‐B crystal‐binary solution interface is found.
Silicon inhomogeneities in Fe‐3 wt% Si single crystals grown by floating zone melting
Authors: Vanêk P. , Kadečková S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe development of radial Si inhomogeneities and striations with the growth rate increasing from 20 to 65 mm/h has been observed in Fe‐3 wt% Si single crystals grown by floating zone melting. Within a relatively small interval of growth rates (49–54 mm/h) the distinct striations extend from the periphery with enhanced Si concentration to the whole crystal volume. The solid state diffusion cannot be responsible for this phenomenon although it modifies the striation structure, especially at lower growth rates.
On the existence of generalized inverse estimators in a singular system of equations
Authors: Dhrymes Phoebus J. , Schwarz Samuel 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper deals with estimation problems in the context of singular systems of equations. It provides the necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of restricted estimators as a routine extension of the standard theory of restricted least squares estimation. The paper also provides the means for carrying out tests of hypotheses on subsets of restrictions imposed on the system by explicitly providing an expression for the (appropriate) Lagrange multipliers.