bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hepatitis C is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus in HIV‐infected persons without traditional risk factors
Authors: Jain MK , Aragaki C , Fischbach L , Gibson S , Arora R , May L , Vardhineni K , Lee WM 
Published: October 2007

ObjectivesHepatitis C virus (HCV) monoinfection has been linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). We evaluated the effect of HCV on risk of DM in relation to traditional risk factors such as age, body mass index (BMI) and family history of DM in an HIV‐infected population.MethodsThis was a retrospective, cross‐sectional study of 1529 HIV‐infected out‐patients. An adjusted multivariate logistic regression was performed to assess the effect of HCV seropositivity on DM stratified by low and high propensity for DM based on age, BMI and family history.ResultsRace, age, BMI, family history and HCV were associated with DM. Use of protease inhibitors (PIs) was not associated with DM, but HIV/HCV‐coinfected patients were less likely to be on PIs than those with HIV infection alone. In a multivariate analysis controlled for race, the association between HCV and DM was stronger in lean, young patients without a family history of DM; the low‐risk group. No association between HCV and type 2 DM was seen in patients who were older or overweight or had a family history of DM; the high‐risk group. PI use did not affect the association between HCV and DM.ConclusionsHepatitis C is an independent risk factor for type 2 diabetes in young, lean, HIV‐infected patients. HIV‐infected patients with HCV infection, regardless of whether they are on PIs, should be carefully screened for DM even if traditional risk factors for DM are not present.
Incidence of anaemia among HIV‐infected patients treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy*
Authors: Curkendall SM , Richardson JT , Emons MF , Fisher AE , Everhard F 
Published: October 2007

ObjectiveThe aim of the study was to compare the incidence of anaemia in patients treated with zidovudine (ZDV) with that in patients treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) not including ZDV.MethodsUsing HIV Insight, a database of abstracted US HIV care centre medical charts, ZDV‐naïve patients starting ZDV‐containing HAART were compared with those starting non‐ZDV, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor‐containing HAART. Cohorts were divided as follows: group 1: without baseline anaemia [haemoglobin (Hb) ≥11 g/dL]; group 2: with baseline anaemia (Hb <11 g/dL). The incidence of anaemia (anaemia diagnosis, Hb <11 g/dL, erythropoietic therapy or blood transfusion) was computed for group 1. The anaemia hazard ratio (HR) was adjusted using Cox regression. The rate of worsening anaemia (Hb decrease ≥1.0 g/dL) was computed for group 2.ResultsIn group 1, the incidence of anaemia was 24.3 and 8.1 per 100 person‐years in the ZDV and non‐ZDV cohorts, respectively, after 6 months of follow‐up, and 12.5 and 5.3 per 100 person‐years after 24 months. Significant predictors of anaemia were ZDV, low initial Hb, injecting drug use, CD4 count <200 cells/μL and AIDS. The adjusted HR for ZDV was 1.6 (P=0.005). In group 2, the ZDV/non‐ZDV risk ratio for worsening anaemia was 2.2 (95% confidence interval 1.1–4.3).ConclusionsPatients initiating ZDV‐containing HAART are at greater risk of developing new anaemia or worsening anaemia than patients initiating non‐ZDV‐containing HAART.
Validation of three‐dimensional laser scanning for the assessment of facial fat changes
Authors: Paton NI , Yang Y , Sitoh Y‐Y , Oo Tha Naing 
Published: October 2007

ObjectiveWe aimed to evaluate the accuracy of three‐dimensional laser scanning as an objective method for detecting facial changes.MethodsFacial laser scanning was performed at baseline and repeated after a median of 10 months in 24 HIV‐infected patients, 12 with ongoing lipodystrophy, five with >10% weight loss and seven with >10% weight gain. Surface volume change was estimated using a standardized technique, and compared with change in cheek fat measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).ResultsThe median laser scanning surface volume changes were −2.1 (range −4.6 to −0.8) mL in the lipoatrophy group, −1.5 (range −6.8 to −1.3) mL in the weight loss group and +3.1 (range −0.2 to +5.4) mL in the weight gain group (the median MRI cheek fat changes were −4.6, −3.7 and +7.0 mL in the three groups, respectively). Laser scanning and MRI measurements were not significantly associated in lipoatrophy patients (r=0.34, P=0.28), but there was a good association in patients who changed weight (r=0.71, P=0.01).ConclusionsLaser scanning detects changes in the appropriate direction, although it underestimates MRI‐measured cheek fat changes. Laser scanning may be useful as an objective measure of cheek surface volume changes, but needs further validation in larger clinical cohorts.
Presence of M184I/V in minor HIV‐1 populations of patients with lamivudine and/or didanosine treatment failure
Authors: Svedhem V , Bergroth T , Lidman K , Sönnerborg A 
Published: October 2007

ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to investigate the presence of M184I/V in minor HIV‐1 populations of patients who failed lamivudine (3TC) and/or didanosine (ddI) treatment.Materials and methodsFourteen 3TC‐experienced patients who, after switching therapy to a ddI regimen, had a new failure without M184I/V in the major viral population were included in the study. Ninety plasma samples were analysed by direct sequencing and selective real‐time polymerase chain reaction (SPCR), which detects GTG/GTA and ATA mutants down to 1 and 0.2% of the population, respectively.ResultsIn five samples, SPCR detected resistant virus when direct sequencing detected wild‐type M184. In patients with mixed viral populations at sequencing, the median proportion of mutants detected by SPCR was 30%. SPCRGTG reactivity dominated, while SPCRATA reactivity only was uncommon. M184I/V disappeared in patients in whom 3TC was stopped but ddI continued. Ten patients with ddI failure had no M184I/V.ConclusionsMinor HIV‐1 strains may harbour M184I/V in patients failing ddI therapy, despite direct sequencing showing wild‐type virus. Although M184I/V may reduce the genetic barrier of ddI for mutations such as K65R and L74V, the lack of re‐emergence of M184I/V in the minor quasispecies of most patients who failed ddI suggests that M184I/V was not a preferred route to ddI resistance in our patient population.
Impact of transmission of drug‐resistant HIV on the course of infection and the treatment success. Data from the German HIV‐1 Seroconverter Study
Authors: Poggensee G , Kücherer C , Werning J , Somogyi S , Bieniek B , Dupke S , Jessen H , Hamouda O ,   for the HIV‐1 Seroconverter Study Group
Published: October 2007

BackgroundData on the clinical course of infection in patients with transmitted drug‐resistant HIV before and after initiation of treatment are scarce.Patients and methodsGenotypic resistance was analysed in 504 therapy‐naïve individuals with a known date of infection. Resistance was predicted using the Stanford algorithm. Clinical parameters for 80 individuals with transmitted drug‐resistant HIV and for 424 patients with susceptible virus were analysed.ResultsIn 16% of the individuals transmitted drug‐resistant HIV was found. Detection of drug‐resistant HIV was more likely in individuals with acute primary HIV infection [odds ratio (OR)=1.529; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.001; 2.236]. At the time of infection patients with an acute infection with resistant HIV had lower viral loads. CD4 cell counts tended to be higher and the CD4 cell loss more pronounced in the group with resistant HIV. Suppression of the viral load below the detection limit was achieved in 64% of the group with resistant HIV and in 85% of the group with susceptible HIV 6 months after initiation of therapy (P=0.199). The majority of the group with resistant HIV (74%) received at least one compromised drug.ConclusionFirst‐line treatment including drugs with predicted resistance can impair virological success in some patients. Factors influencing the decision to include compromised drugs need to be investigated.
Efficacy and tolerability of a double boosted protease inhibitor (lopinavir + saquinavir/ritonavir) regimen in HIV‐infected patients who failed treatment with nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
Authors: Chetchotisakd P , Anunnatsiri S , Mootsikapun P , Kiertiburanakul S , Anekthananon T , Bowonwatanuwong C , Kowadisaiburana B , Supparatpinyo K , Ruxrungtham K ,   the study team
Published: October 2007

ObjectivesLong‐term nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)‐based antiretroviral treatment failure in most developing countries has led to broad cross‐resistance within NNRTI and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) classes. In this study, we investigated the efficacy and tolerability of a double boosted protease inhibitor (PI) regimen in this setting.MethodsA total of 64 HIV‐infected patients who had failed NNRTI‐based regimens were randomized to receive either lopinavir/saquinavir/ritonavir [LPV/SQV/r; 400/1000/100 mg twice a day (bid)] alone or indinavir/ritonavir (IDV/r; 800/100 mg bid) plus two NRTIs optimized with genotypic drug resistance guidance. Patients who had no available optimized NRTI backbone were allocated to the LPV/SQV/r arm.ResultsAt 48 weeks, the percentages of patients with plasma viral load<50 HIV‐1 RNA copies/mL were 60% (31 of 52 patients) in the LPV/SQV/r arm vs 50% (six of 12) in the IDV/r/2NRTIs arm in the intent‐to‐treat (ITT) analysis, and 61% (31 of 51) vs 71% (five of seven), respectively, in the as‐treated analysis. The median (interquartile range) increases in absolute CD4 cell count from baseline were 177 (91–269) and 100 (52–225) cells/μL in the LPV/SQV/r and IDV/r/2NRTIs groups, respectively (P=0.32). Four of 12 patients (33%) in the IDV/r/2NRTIs group experienced severe nausea and vomiting and four patients (8%) in the LPV/SQV/r group had significant hepatitis.ConclusionsLPV/SQV/r and high‐dose boosted IDV were not well tolerated and led to <65% ITT virological efficacy outcomes. A randomized larger scale study with new formulations and/or more tolerable boosted PIs in NNRTI‐based failure is warranted.
Impact of GB virus type C infection on mother‐to‐child HIV transmission in the Women and Infants Transmission Study Cohort
Authors: Handelsman E , Cheng I , Thompson B , Hershow R , Mofenson LM , Hollinger FB , Chen KT , Burchett SK , Klinzman D , Stapleton JT ,   the Women and Infants Transmission Study Group (WITS)
Published: October 2007

BackgroundGB virus type C (GBV‐C) viraemia is associated with a beneficial outcome in HIV‐infected individuals in several though not all studies. GBV‐C viraemia was examined in a matched case–control study of 133 HIV‐infected pregnant women who transmitted HIV to their infants (‘cases’) and 266 non‐transmitting controls.MethodsHIV‐infected children and controls were pair‐matched for high‐risk delivery, race and year of delivery. GBV‐C status was determined in maternal plasma samples obtained at or within 3 months of delivery.ResultsPregnant women with GBV‐C viraemia (11% of those studied) had lower HIV RNA levels (P=0.01) and higher CD4 percentages (P=0.006) than women without GBV‐C. A trend towards decreased mother‐to‐child transmission in the multivariate analysis was observed among GBV‐C viraemic women delivering after highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) became available [odds ratio (OR) 0.30, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.08–1.05; P=0.06], but not in women delivering prior to the widespread use of HAART.ConclusionsGBV‐C viraemia was associated with a beneficial effect on CD4 percentage and HIV RNA level in these pregnant women, and was also associated with a trend towards reduced risk of mother‐to‐child HIV transmission among women after HAART became available. Further studies with larger or multiple cohorts are necessary to assess possible benefits in this population.
Ischaemic stroke – impact of renal dysfunction on in‐hospital mortality
Authors: Fabjan T. Hojs , Hojs R. , Tetičkovič E. , Balon B. Pečovnik 
Published: October 2007

Renal dysfunction predicts mortality in patients with myocardial infarction but less is known about the impact of renal dysfunction on in‐hospital mortality after ischaemic stroke. All 361 patients (185 men, 176 women; mean age 72.1 years) with ischaemic stroke and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) <90 ml/min/1.73 m2 were followed‐up. GFR was calculated according to abbreviated modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD) formula. Stroke severity was determined by National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS).The mean GFR was 61.5 ± 16.6 ml/min/1.73 m2. There were 49 (13.6%) in‐hospital deaths. Patients who died had higher NIHSS (P = 0.0001), were older (P = 0.024), had lower GFR (P = 0.028), higher hs‐C‐reactive protein (P = 0.001) and lower albumin (P = 0.048). No differences in presence of diabetes and hypertension, cholesterol (total, HDL and LDL), triglycerides and BMI between patients who died or survived were found. With univariate analysis association between in‐hospital mortality and NIHSS (P = 0.0001), GFR (P = 0.041), total cholesterol (P = 0.021) and LDL cholesterol (P = 0.034) was found. With Cox multivariable regression analysis of risk factors, NIHSS (P = 0.0001), GFR (P = 0.018), total cholesterol (P = 0.008) and LDL cholesterol (P = 0.011) were only predictors of in‐hospital mortality. In patients with ischaemic stroke, decreased GFR was associated with higher in‐hospital mortality.
Labour market developments in the new EU Member States
Authors: Morley John 
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACTThe impact of the latest EU enlargements—with the arrival of 10 new Member States in May 2004 and the addition of Romania and Bulgaria in 2007—had been a subject of concern given their low initial living standards (around half the EU average). In practice, the experience has been largely positive, with strong inward investment and significant improvements in economic growth, employment and incomes, especially in the last two years. However, regional imbalances have worsened—notably between city regions and others—and job prospects for the unskilled have declined dramatically. Moreover, because industrial relations systems in the new Member States remain seriously underdeveloped, progress in embracing the EU social model (in all its diversity) is slow and uneven.
More voice after more exit? Unstable industrial relations in Central Eastern Europe
Authors: Meardi Guglielmo 
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACTThe article examines the industrial relations developments in the post‐communist countries that entered the EU in 2004. Rather than introducing the ‘European Social Model’, EU accession has led to some social tensions, in spite of relatively strong economic growth, because of deregulation, European Monetary Union conditions and the enduring need to compete for foreign investment. EU institutional promotion of social dialogue through the Directive on Information and Consultation of Workers, sector social dialogue committees and the European Employment Strategy has only had limited effects in increasing the ‘voice’ of employees in employment relations. National‐level social dialogue has produced poor results and has even been weakened in Slovenia (where it was originally strong) and, initially, in Slovakia. The lack of ‘voice’ for employees has led to increased ‘exit’ through political populism/abstention and migration. A double paradox emerges. Pro‐labour policies are being developed not by the EU, but rather by its opposite, Euro‐sceptical governments (in Poland and Slovakia), while in the workplaces, employers are forced to concessions not by their employees, but by those who leave and cause labour shortages. However, there is also some evidence of a resurgent ‘voice’ from below, through strikes, organising campaigns, informal collective protests and collective bargaining innovations. Drawing on both theory and history of industrial relations, it is concluded that some preconditions for more stable social compromises including more ‘voice’ are emerging.
The role of the state in Central and Eastern European industrial relations: the case of minimum wages
Authors: Kohl Heribert , Platzer Hans‐Wolfgang 
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACTGovernments in Central and Eastern Europe are dominant players in the field of industrial relations, acting in a ‘liberalisation dilemma’ between the needs of further state regulation to compensate the shortcomings of autonomous self‐regulation by social actors and the demands of liberalised markets in the enlarged EU. Compared with the different types of industrial relation systems in Western Europe, a transitional model with specific etatist features has emerged. This becomes particularly evident when analysing the decision‐making process in Tripartite Councils and its function in determining national minimum wages. The article underlines the recent trends of differentiation and convergence of such pay principles as well as urgent tasks of the state to regulate the unsolved problems of poverty, labour markets and labour standards.
The Conservation of Industrial Remains as a Source of Individuation and Socialization
Authors: SEVERCAN YUCEL CAN , BARLAS ADNAN 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe disappearance of public spaces from the urban realm is a sign of the de‐individuation and asocialization of the modern individual. However, cities still provide important tools for reclaiming our lost public life. The aim of this essay is to approach industrial heritage, usually considered a conservation issue, from a different perspective, as a tool for individuation and socialization. In order to do this, we start by describing the effects of capitalism and globalization on public open spaces, and then link this to governments’ privatization policies for industrial heritage. We show how industrial landscapes could function as public spaces. Finally, we explain how, in the absence of other public open spaces, industrial landscapes could be used for public purposes to meet the social needs of humans, and could thus be instrumental in the proliferation of our rituals.RésuméLa disparition des espaces publics de la sphère urbaine reflète la désindividuation et l'associalisation de l'individu moderne. Pourtant, les villes procurent encore d'importants outils de revendication de notre vie publique perdue. Ce travail envisage le patrimoine industriel, non pas dans la perspective conservatrice habituelle, mais comme un outil en faveur de l'individuation et de la socialisation. Pour ce faire, nous décrivons d'abord les effets du capitalisme et de la mondialisation sur les espaces ouverts publics, puis les associons aux politiques de privatisation des gouvernements en faveur du patrimoine industriel. Nous montrons comment les paysages industriels pourraient opérer en tant qu'espaces publics. Enfin, nous expliquons comment, en l'absence d'autres espaces ouverts publics, les paysages industriels pourraient servir à des fins publiques pour répondre aux besoins sociaux des hommes et contribuer ainsi à la propagation de nos rituels.
There's More Than One Way to be ‘Serious’ about City‐Regions
Authors: JONAS ANDREW E.G. , WARD KEVIN 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThis short essay responds to Harding's own response to our recent debate on city regions in this journal. While we welcome Harding's contribution, we also take issue with aspects of his critique. First, we reiterate our claims that the emergence in recent years of a variety of city‐region models cannot be traced back to neoliberalism alone. Second, we suggest that the introduction of more economics into the political economic study of city‐regions is not as straightforward as Harding implies. We highlight the different ways in which economics and the economy are understood. Third, we consider what we see as a problematic distinction between ‘abstract’ theory and ‘applied’ policy work, and argue instead that a more fruitful way forward is to ensure all academics reflect on the variety of ways in which they may represent their research according to the intended publics. In light of this we make no apologies for adopting the approach we did in our debates forum.RésuméCe court article répond à la réaction de Harding à notre récent débat sur les régions métropolitaines paru dans cette revue. Si nous saluons sa contribution, nous sommes néanmoins en désaccord avec plusieurs aspects de sa critique. Premièrement, nous réaffirmons que l'apparition récente de plusieurs modèles de région métropolitaine ne peut être imputée au seul néolibéralisme. Deuxièmement, nous pensons qu'intégrer davantage d'Economie dans l'économie politique des régions métropolitaines n'est pas aussi facile que le sous‐entend Harding; à cet égard, nous soulignons les différentes façons dont on peut comprendre Economie et économie. Troisièmement, à notre avis, il s'agit d'un problème de distinction entre théorie ‘abstraite’ et travaux de politique ‘appliquée’; il nous paraît donc plus constructif de s'assurer que tous les chercheurs réfléchissent aux multiples manières de représenter leurs travaux en fonction des publics visés. C'est pourquoi nous assumons pleinement l'approche que nous avons adoptée dans notre forum de débat.
Making a Niche: North American Voice Actors and Korean Labor Intermediaries in Seoul, Korea
Authors: GRESS DOUGLAS R. , BAGCHI‐SEN SHARMISTHA 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThis article analyzes the role of intermediaries in the newly forming and demand‐driven niche market of English voice dubbing in Seoul, Korea. Standardized surveys and structured interviews of North American voice actors and South Korean agents are used to gather data. The findings suggest that cultural and structural embeddedness as well as ‘power’ be integrated into studies of intermediary‐facilitated networks, particularly when foreign workers are adjusting to a local work environment. Research results reveal six network configurations that represent the structural embeddedness of networks deployed by agents, voice actors, client firms and studios active in this niche market. The power and trust associated with these relationships is studied vis‐à‐vis the culturally embedded environment of the local market in Seoul. Agents conform to Benner's typologies in that they are highly specialized in their market segments, reduce transaction costs and help manage risk, and act as ‘market makers’.RésuméCet article analyse le rôle des intermédiaires sur la toute nouvelle niche commerciale que génère la demande de doublage en anglais à Séoul, en Corée. Enquêtes standardisées et entretiens structurés auprès de comédiens spécialisés originaires d'Amérique du Nord et d'agents sud‐coréens fournissent les données. D'après les résultats, il faudrait intégrer l'encastrement culturel et structurel ainsi que la dimension de ‘pouvoir’ dans les études des réseaux facilités par des intermédiaires, notamment lorsque des étrangers s'adaptent à un environnement de travail local. Les recherches révèlent six configurations représentant l'encastrement structurel des réseaux qu'implantent les agents, comédiens spécialisés, entreprises clientes et studios actifs sur cette niche. Le pouvoir et la confiance associés à ces relations sont étudiés par rapport au marché de Séoul et à son encastrement culturel. Les agents correspondent aux typologies de Benner, puisqu'ils sont très spécialisés sur leur segment de marché, réduisent les frais de transaction et facilitent la gestion du risque, agissant en ‘faiseurs de marché’.