bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increased leak conductance in dentate gyrus granule cells of temporal lobe epilepsy patients with Ammon’s horn sclerosis
Authors: Stegen Michael , Young Christina C. , Haas Carola A. , Zentner Josef , Wolfart Jakob 
Published: March 2009

SummaryPurpose: Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is often associated with Ammon’s horn sclerosis (AHS) characterized by hippocampal cell death and dentate gyrus granule cell dispersion (GCD). Granule cells survive AHS and have been proposed to be hyperexcitable in TLE. Here we studied whether the passive excitability of granule cells correlates with the severity of AHS.Methods: We analyzed the passive membrane properties of identified granule cells using patch‐clamp recordings in acute tissue slices obtained from TLE surgery. Independent Wyler grading and GCD measurements were used to assess the severity of AHS.Results: The input resistances and membrane time constants of granule cells were reduced in high‐grade versus low‐grade AHS samples and negatively correlated with the degree of GCD. Granule cells possessed large Ba2+‐sensitive, inwardly rectifying K+conductances.Discussion: The increased leak conductance, likely mediated by K+channels, does not argue for an increased excitability of granule cells but rather points to a neuroprotective mechanism in the sclerotic focus in TLE.
Carbon Balance in an Alpine Steppe in the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau
Authors: Pei Zhi‐Yong , Ouyang Hua , Zhou Cai‐Ping , Xu Xing‐Liang 
Published: March 2009

Abstract Carbon fluxes were measured using a static chamber technique in an alpine steppe in the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau from July 2000 to July 2001. It was shown that carbon emissions decreased in autumn and increased in spring of the next year, with higher values in growth seasons than in winters. An exponential correlation (Ecarbon= 0.22(exp(0.09T) + ln(0.31P+ 1)), R2= 0.77, P < 0.001) was shown between carbon emissions and environmental factors such as temperature (T) and precipitation (P). Using the daily temperature (T) and total precipitation (R), annual carbon emission from soil to the atmosphere was estimated to be 79.6 g C/m2, 46% of which was emitted by microbial respiration. Considering an average net primary production of 92.5 g C/m2 per year within the 2 year experiment, alpine steppes can take up 55.9 g CO2‐C/m2 per year. This indicates that alpine steppes are a distinct carbon sink, although this carbon reservoir was quite small.
New prediction of extragalactic GeV γ-ray emission from radio lobes of young AGN jets
Authors: Kino M. , Ito H. , Kawakatu N. , Nagai H. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
We present a new prediction of GeV γ-ray emission from radio lobes of young active galactic nuclei jets. In the previous work of Kino, Kawakatu & Ito, MeV γ-ray bremsstrahlung emission was predicted from young cocoons/radio lobes in the regime of no coolings. In this study, we include cooling effects of bremsstrahlung emission and adiabatic loss. With the initial conditions determined by observed young radio lobes, we solve a set of equations describing the expanding lobe evolution. Then, we find that the lobes initially have electron temperature of ∼GeV, and they cool down to ∼MeV by the adiabatic loss. Correspondingly, the lobes initially yield bright bremsstrahlung luminosity in ∼GeV range and they fade out. We estimate these γ-ray emissions and show that nearby young radio lobes could be detected with Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope.
Trends and Subgroup Differences in Transportation‐Related Injury Risk and Safety Behaviors Among US High School Students, 1991‐2007
Authors: Jones Sherry E. , Shults Ruth A. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTBackground:  Seventy percent of unintentional injury‐related fatalities—the leading cause of death among youth in the United States—are motor vehicle traffic related. Examining traffic‐related safety, therefore, is crucial to public health. This study examines trends in traffic safety issues among US high school students: helmet use while riding a bicycle, seat belt use as a passenger, driving when drinking alcohol, and riding in a car with a driver who had been drinking alcohol.Methods:  Data from the 1991‐2007 national Youth Risk Behavior Surveys (YRBS) were analyzed. The YRBS is a self‐administered, anonymous survey that uses a national probability sample of US students in public and private schools in grades 9‐12. Demographic subgroup differences were determined for 2007 data using t tests. Temporal changes were analyzed using logistic regression analyses.Results:  From 1991 to 2007, the percentage of high school students who rarely or never wore bicycle helmets decreased from 96.2% to 85.1%; decreases were also seen in the percentage who never wore a seat belt (from 25.9% to 11.1%), rode with a driver who had been drinking alcohol (39.9‐29.1%), and who drove when drinking alcohol (16.7‐10.5%).Conclusions:  Although the trends are encouraging, many students still put themselves at risk. Policy approaches (eg, state or local laws or ordinances) complemented by community and school programs may be the best approach to reducing transportation‐related injuries and fatalities.
Responses to Positive Results From Suspicionless Random Drug Tests in US Public School Districts
Authors: Ringwalt Chris , Vincus Amy A. , Ennett Susan T. , Hanley Sean , Bowling J. Michael , Yacoubian George S. , Rohrbach Louise A. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTBackground:  Little is known about the context in which school‐based suspicionless random drug testing (SRDT) occurs. The primary purpose of the current study was to describe school districts’ responses to students’ first positive result in districts with SRDT programs.Methods:  Data were collected in spring 2005 from 1612 drug prevention coordinators in a nationally representative sample of 1922 school districts (83.9% response rate), of which 205 districts reported SRDT in high school grades.Results:  Respondents reported an array of consequences for students with an initial positive SRDT, including requiring parents or guardians to meet with school officials (88.4%) and requiring students to participate in an education, counseling, or treatment program (60.8%). However, some districts also reported consequences contraindicated by federal advisory guides, such as notifying law enforcement officials (45.1%) and suspending the student from an athletic team (65.0%) or from school (31.0%). Some respondents may have conflated their districts’ responses to for cause and random tests. Districts generally had available key services for students testing positive, including professional counseling for substance use problems (87.3%) and referrals to counseling services (91.9%).Conclusions:  More understanding is needed of schools’ responses to students who test positive following the administration of SRDT, available advisory guides concerning best practices should be more effectively disseminated, and appropriate training and technical assistance should be available to schools with SRDTs.
Biofilm formation and proteolytic activities of Pseudoalteromonas bacteria that were isolated from fish farm sediments
Authors: Iijima Saori , Washio Kenji , Okahara Ryota , Morikawa Masaaki 
Published: March 2009

SummaryIn order to save natural resources and supply good fishes, it is important to improve fish‐farming techniques. The survival rate of fish fry appears to become higher when powders of foraminifer limestone are submerged at the bottom of fish‐farming fields, where bacterial biofilms often grow. The observations suggest that forming biofilms can benefit to keep health status of breeding fishes. We employed culture‐based methods for the identification and characterization of biofilm‐forming bacteria and assessed the application of their properties for fish farming. Fifteen bacterial strains were isolated from the biofilm samples collected from fish farm sediments. The 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that these bacteria belonged to the genera, Pseudoalteromonas (seven strains), Vibrio (seven strains) and Halomonas (one strain). It was found that Pseudoalteromonas strains generally formed robust biofilms in a laboratory condition and produced extracellular proteases in a biofilm‐dependent manner. The results suggest that Pseudoalteromonas bacteria, living in the biofilm community, contribute in part to remove excess proteineous matters from the sediment sludge of fish farms.
Preclinical Safety Validation of a Stabilized Viral Vector Direct Injection Approach to the Cervical Spinal Cord
Authors: Federici Thais , Riley Jonathan , Park John , Bain Mark , Boulis Nicholas 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe current lack of a validated intraspinal delivery approach precludes translation of promising cell or viral‐based therapeutics for treatment of varied spinal cord afflictions. We have developed a stabilized cervical microinjection platform with the intent of precise delivery to intraspinal sites of interest. Nine 30–40 kg female swine underwent coordinate‐based microinjection AAV2‐GFP at three injected volumes (10, 25, and 50 μL (n= 3/group)) and matched infusion rates (1.0, 2.5, and 5.0 μL/min) over a period (t= 10 minutes). Preliminary validation is provided by behavioral and targeting data demonstrating safe delivery of a viral vector carrying a fluorescent reporter gene to the cervical spinal cord ventral horn.
Gratuitousness: Notes Towards an Anthropology of Interiority
Authors: Rapport Nigel 
Published: March 2009

Interiority—an individual's inner consciousness, the continual conversation one has with oneself–remains an anthropological terra incognita. Literature has been less circumspect in this regard; fiction might be said to be ‘truer’ than social science in its efforts and intent to deal with how individual consciousness feels in the everyday and is immanent in social life. In this article I argue for recognising interiority as a crucial focus of anthropological endeavour, and I outline a possible way in which interiority might be evidenced as irrupting onto the social scene. Interiority makes its paradoxical appearance in social settings in the form of a strangeness, an individual purity and integrity, for which the term ‘gratuitousness’ is apposite. The language of individuals' interior conversation is routinely contained within the language of public exchange; on occasion it bursts these bounds. In both cases, I contend, interior conversation is an existential norm, which holds a key to understanding social life. The course of the article is to review, briefly but critically, disciplinary tendencies which have rendered individual interiority an impossible or irrelevant anthropological theme. A method of interiority is then outlined by way of an anthropological reading of two literary texts. The article ends by reconsidering the potential of an anthropology project that has a concern for interiority. The modern discovery of inner experience, of a realm of purely personal events that are always at the individual's command, and that are his exclusively as well as inexpensively for refuge, consolation and thrill is also a great and liberating discovery. It implies a new worth and sense of dignity in human individuality.
Tolerability of Gemcitabine and Carboplatin Doublet Therapy in Cats with Carcinomas
Authors: Martinez‐Ruzafa I. , Dominguez P.A. , Dervisis N.G. , Sarbu L. , Newman R.G. , Cadile C.D. , Kitchell B.E. 
Published: March 2009

Background:This study was performed to determine the toxicity of gemcitabine‐carboplatin doublet therapy in cats with carcinomas.Hypothesis:Gemcitabine and carboplatin are safe in tumor‐bearing cats.Animals:Twenty cats with spontaneously occurring carcinomas.Methods:A cohort of 6 cats received gemcitabine (2 mg/kg IV) on days 1, 8, and 15 and carboplatin (10 mg/kg IV) immediately after gemcitabine on day 1 of a 21‐day cycle. A 2nd cohort of 14 cats received carboplatin 4 hours after gemcitabine on day 1 and gemcitabine on day 8 but not day 15. The cycles were repeated every 21 days.Results:Cats in the 1st cohort received a median of 3.75 cycles per animal (range, 1–6). Two cats (33.3%) developed grade 3 or 4 neutropenia, 1 (16.7%) grade 4 thrombocytopenia, and 1 (16.7%) grade 3 gastrointestinal toxicity. Gemcitabine dose reductions and treatment delays occurred in 1 and 4 cats, respectively. Cats in the 2nd cohort received a median of 2 cycles per animal (range, 0.5–10). Two cats (14.3%) had grade 3 or 4 neutropenia and 1 (7.1%) had grade 3 and 4 gastrointestinal toxicity. One cat required gemcitabine dose reduction and 6 had treatment delays. In the 2nd cohort, of 11 cats with measurable tumors, there was 1 complete response (pancreatic carcinoma) and 1 partial response (squamous cell carcinoma, receiving concurrent nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs).Conclusions and Clinical Importance:Gemcitabine‐carboplatin combination appears moderately well tolerated in tumor‐bearing cats. Minimal patient benefit suggests that alternative schedules or combinations of gemcitabine with other agents should be explored.
Development and Validation of a Three-Dimensional Finite Element Model of the Face
Authors: Barbarino G. G. , Jabareen M. , Trzewik J. , Nkengne A. , Stamatas G. , Mazza E. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
A detailed three-dimensional finite element model of the face is presented in this paper. Bones, muscles, skin, fat, and superficial muscoloaponeurotic system were reconstructed from magnetic resonance images and modeled according to anatomical, plastic, and reconstructive surgery literature. The finite element mesh, composed of hexahedron elements, was generated through a semi-automatic procedure with an effective compromise between the detailed representation of anatomical parts and the limitation of the computational time. Nonlinear constitutive equations are implemented in the finite element model. The corresponding model parameters were selected according to previous work with mechanical measurements on soft facial tissue, or based on reasonable assumptions. Model assumptions concerning tissue geometry, interactions, mechanical properties, and the boundary conditions were validated through comparison with experiments. The calculated response of facial tissues to gravity loads, to the application of a pressure inside the oral cavity and to the application of an imposed displacement was shown to be in good agreement with the data from corresponding magnetic resonance images and holographic measurements. As a first application, gravimetric soft tissue descent was calculated from the long time action of gravity on the face in the erect position, with tissue aging leading to a loss of stiffness. Aging predictions are compared with the observations from an “aging database” with frontal photos of volunteers at different age ranges (i.e., 20–40 years and 50–70 years).
Failure Analysis of a Fibrous Composite Half-Space Subjected to
Uniform Surface Line Load
Authors: Gururaja Suhasini , Ramulu Mamidala 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Unidirectional fiber-reinforced plastic (UD-FRP) laminates have been modeled previously as an equivalent quasihomogeneous monoclinic half-space subjected to an inclined line load on the surface using Lekhnitskii’s formulation simulating the orthogonal edge trimming loads in UD-FRPs. In continuation, failure analysis of the aforementioned composite half-space has been carried out in the present investigation based on Tsai–Wu criterion. In particular, the failure behavior of the half-space laminate with respect to the fiber orientation, load inclination angle, and spatial coordinates has been examined in detail. The motivation behind such a study lies in correlating the failure behavior of the half-space laminate with the machining damage observed during orthogonal edge trimming experiments. The present work strives at identifying this relationship and, in the process, understanding the physics of orthogonal cutting of UD-FRP laminates.
RIEMANNIAN GEOMETRY OF HARTOGS DOMAINS
Authors: DI SCALA ANTONIO J. , LOI ANDREA , ZUDDAS FABIO 
Published: March 2009

Let DF = {(z0, z) ∈ ℂn | |z0|2 < b, ||z||2 < F(|z0|2)} be a strongly pseudoconvex Hartogs domain endowed with the Kähler metric gF associated to the Kähler form [Formula: see text]. This paper contains several results on the Riemannian geometry of these domains. These are summarized in Theorems 1.1–1.3. In the first one we prove that if DF admits a non-special geodesic (see definition below) through the origin whose trace is a straight line then DF is holomorphically isometric to an open subset of the complex hyperbolic space. In the second theorem we prove that all the geodesics through the origin of DF do not self-intersect, we find necessary and sufficient conditions on F for DF to be geodesically complete and we prove that DF is locally irreducible as a Riemannian manifold. Finally, in Theorem 1.3, we compare the Bergman metric gB and the metric gF in a bounded Hartogs domain and we prove that if gB is a multiple of gF, namely gB = λ gF, for some λ ∈ ℝ+, then DF is holomorphically isometric to an open subset of the complex hyperbolic space.
Development and Validation of a Cervical Cancer Screening Self-Efficacy Scale for Low-Income Mexican American Women
Authors: Fernández María E. , Diamond Pamela M. , Rakowski William , Gonzales Alicia , Tortolero-Luna Guillermo , Williams Janet , Morales-Campos Daisy Y. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Although self-efficacy, a construct from social cognitive theory, has been shown to influence other screening behaviors, few measures currently exist for measuring Papanicolaou test self-efficacy. This article describes the development and psychometric testing of such a measure for Mexican American women. Data from two separate samples of Mexican American women ages ≥50 years, obtained as part of a study to develop and evaluate a breast and cervical cancer screening educational program, were used in the current study. Exploratory factor analysis indicated a single-factor solution and all item loadings were &gt;0.73. Confirmatory analysis confirmed a single-factor structure with all standardized loadings &gt;0.40 as hypothesized. The eight-item self-efficacy scale showed high internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.95). As hypothesized, self-efficacy was correlated with knowledge, prior experience, and screening intention. Logistic regression supported the theoretical relationship that women with higher self-efficacy were more likely to have had a recent Papanicolaou test. Findings showed a significant increase in self-efficacy following the intervention, indicating that the measure has good sensitivity to change over time. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(3):866–75)
Family History and Risk of Renal Cell Carcinoma: Results from a Case-Control Study and Systematic Meta-Analysis
Authors: Clague Jessica , Lin Jie , Cassidy Adrian , Matin Surena , Tannir Nizar M. , Tamboli Pheroze , Wood Christopher G. , Wu Xifeng 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
We conducted a case-control analysis, a family-based population analysis, and a meta-analysis to assess the role of family history of cancer and kidney cancer in association with the risk of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). A total of 325 cases and 329 controls were identified from an ongoing case-control study of RCC. Study variables were assessed through 45-minute structured face-to-face interviews. In the case-control analysis, a family history of any cancer (in first-degree relatives) was associated with a nonsignificant 1.2-fold increase in RCC risk [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.8-1.6]. The risk increased to 1.7 and became significant when the relative was a sibling (95% CI, 1.1-2.5). A family history of kidney cancer (kidney cancer in first-degree relatives) was associated with a 4.3-fold significantly increased risk of RCC (95% CI, 1.6-11.9). The cases reported a total of 2,536 first-degree relatives of which 21 (0.8%) had kidney cancer, and the controls reported a total of 2,333 first-degree relatives of which 5 (0.2%) had kidney cancer (P = 0.003). In the family-based population analysis, a family history of kidney cancer was associated with a 2.8-fold increased risk of RCC (95% CI, 1.0-7.8). The meta-analysis further confirmed this significant association with a 2.2-fold increased risk of RCC (95% CI, 1.6-2.9). To our knowledge, this is the first study to use three analytic strategies to investigate the association between a family history of kidney cancer and risk of RCC, and the first systematic evaluation of the relative risk for developing RCC associated with family history.(Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;18(3):801–7)
Trends in Colorectal Cancer Screening Utilization among Ethnic Groups in California: Are We Closing the Gap?
Authors: Maxwell Annette E. , Crespi Catherine M. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Background: Given the low prevalence of and racial/ethnic disparities in colorectal cancer screening, it is important to monitor whether prevalence and disparities are increasing or decreasing over time.
Methods: We estimated the prevalence of colorectal cancer screening by year (2001, 2003, and 2005), modality (endoscopy, fecal occult blood test, either), and recency (ever had, up-to-date) for the California population as a whole, major racial/ethnic groups (White, Black, Latino, Asian), and selected Asian subgroups (Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese) using data from the California Health Interview Survey. All prevalence estimates were age- and gender-standardized.
Results: From 2001 to 2005, prevalence of up-to-date screening increased significantly among Whites and Latinos but not among Blacks and Asian Americans. Screening prevalence varied substantially among Asian subgroups, with Korean, Filipino, and Vietnamese Americans having the lowest prevalence. Korean Americans were the only group in the analysis with a significant decline in screening prevalence from 2001 to 2005. The gap between the highest and the lowest up-to-date screening prevalence using any screening modality, exhibited by Japanese and Korean Americans, increased from 18% in 2001 to 30% in 2005.
Conclusions: Findings suggest that we need to intensify efforts to increase colorectal cancer screening, especially among Korean Americans but also among Filipinos, Vietnamese, and Latinos. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(3):752–9)