bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SURFACE EFFECT SHIP (SES) AMPHIBIOUS ASSAULT SHIP (LSES) FEASIBILITY STUDY
Authors: STOIKO MICHAEL , PATAPIS ISIDOR 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTAmphibious warfare and the MARINE CORPS national defense role for the 1980s and beyond have been changing drastically since World War II. In the ensuing 36 years, terrorism has become commonplace on a national scale, many sophisticated weapons have been developed including rockets and other precision‐guided munitions, long‐range jet aircraft, and highly aggresssive mobile armored units, which can be applied against a beachhead. The potential for surprise, accordingly, has been severely reduced, and a large amphibious force assembled for an assault has become extremely vulnerable.The full impact of these military technological changes cannot be determined precisely. In general, it is expected that each will tend to increase the tempo of amphibious warfare in the sense that increased mobility will vastly reduce the time between events on the beachhead and cause increased casualties and material destruction.It was both appropriate and timely, therefore, that this study not only discuss the revolutionary LSES ship design aspects but also re‐examine the classical missions and doctrines and present innovative changes that are more compatible with the increased tempo of modern warfare and will permit the UNITED STATES NAVY and the UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS to continue to effectively fulfill their assigned roles and missions into the next century.
NAVAL SURFACE WEAPONS SYSTEMS CONTROL SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY
Authors: CORNETT PAUL C. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe Missile Launching Control System of the Guided Missile Launching System (GMLS) Mark 13 Mod 4 is being modified to improve troubleshooting and maintenance, and a training system has been developed to improve training techniques for the operation of the GMLS Mk 13 Mod 4. The improved training technique is the Launcher Maintenance Operational Training System (LMOTS) which allows the technician to get operational and troubleshooting training at the control panel without the need for an actual launcher attached to that control panel. The launcher is replaced by a Launcher Order Responder Unit (LORU) which simulates the actions of the launcher and the possible failures which may occur within the launcher system.An improved troubleshooting technique for the GMLS Mk 13 Mod 4 is accomplished through the use of Built‐In Test Equipment (BITE). The BITE lets the technician identify and troubleshoot problem areas by means of a keyboard/display and the schematic diagrams. In the future, the On‐Line Monitor (OLM), may actually do the troubleshooting for the technician. The OLM continuously monitors the system and notifies the technican of any problems via a code on the display. Future technology may also include a redundant microcomputer‐based control system which, due to the redundancy, could require little or no unscheduled maintenance. This system, as with the previous system described, is dedicated to increasing the efficiency of troubleshooting the GMLS's control system and helping to reduce the mean time to repair the system.
CURING HIGH PERFORMANCE STRUCTURAL ADHESIVES BY ELECTRON‐BEAM RADIATION
Authors: CAMPBELL FRANCIS J. , BRENNER WALTER 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTElectron‐beam curing of structural adhesives offers a number of potentially attractive features as compared to currently used thermal curing techniques. Probably the most significant feature is the capability of this technique to effect cures at ambient temperatures in remarkably short periods of time using only contact pressure. Radiation curing also helps to avoid residual thermal stresses which are often induced by curing at elevated temperatures. Other benefits which are of practical value include: less energy consumption due to the elimination of autoclaves and curing ovens, simplified processing at essentially contact pressure, and avoidance of air pollution as no volatile products are evolved during the cure of the totally reactive adhesive composites. Experiments have been carried out to identify polymer systems for adhesive applications which can be cured via radiation and to optimize their performance when exposed to various environmental conditions including moisture, solvents and high temperature aging. Aluminum lap‐shear test specimens which were cured with electron beam radiation over a wide range of dosages, were employed for these studies. Data have been developed on a number of candidate structural adhesive systems such as polyesters, vinyl esters, acrylics and modified polymides. Preliminary conclusions are presented on the performance of these systems and recommendations are made for optimizing this technique for curing prototype assemblies with industrial electron beam accelerator equipment. Commercially available electron accelerators having magnetic beam‐sweeping heads can be used for assembly‐line processing, and remote‐controlled linac heads can be directed for localized processes such as spot‐bonding, weld‐bonding, applying repair patches and installing stiffeners on aircraft, missiles and high‐performance ships.
ADVANCES IN TOWED VEHICLE DESIGN TECHNIQUES
Authors: HUMPHREYS DOUGLAS E. , SUMMEY DELBERT C. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTA hydrodynamic vehicle design analysis of a towed environmental sensing system was conducted. The primary thrust of the analysis was to determine the towed vehicle geometry and mass characteristics which best meet the depth‐keeping and stability requirements. The effect of the tow cable, depressor, and tow ship were also examined. The design requirements, initial vehicle geometry, the effects of geometry modifications, and the final vehicle geometry are presented. Longitudinal and lateral stability are presented as a function of geometry. Towed vehicle response is predicted for typical seaway and ship motion forcing functions, and the system tow performance is presented as a function of speed and depth.
THE PERA (SS) ROLE IN SUBMARINE LIFE‐CYCLE MAINTENANCE PLANNING
Authors: LANZILLO KENNETH F. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTSubmarine Life‐Cycle maintenance and modernization planning has undergone dramatic and far reaching changes in recent years contributing significantly to the readiness, availability and quality of submarines. These changes emanated through innovative thinking at NAVSEA, the Submarine Type Commanders and PERA (SS). This paper deals specifically with the role of PERA (SS) in conceiving, developing and implementing those changes.The paper outlines a brief history of PERA (SS), discusses submarine life‐cycle maintenance and modernization methodology, and provides a glimpse of evolving innovations that will set the pace for the 1980's and beyond.The paper describes the major programs and products provided by PERA (SS). These include technical maintenance standards for restoration of submarine components; overhaul and restricted availability work packages which consolidate, integrate and define all work authorized by the various customers; hardware and specifically applicable engineering drawings to modernize submarines; complex components for direct change‐out during overhauls; identification of maintenance and modernization material needs; and standarized test documents.
THE INTRODUCTION OF HEAT RECOVERABLE COUPLINGS TO SHIP REPAIR AND MAINTENANCE
Authors: LIBERATORE DONALD J. , BASKERVILLE JAMES E. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTAlthough Heat Recoverable Couplings (HRCs), used to join pipe, may be labeled innovative “state‐of‐the‐art” technology for U.S. Naval Shipyards, they have been in use in foreign ships and high technology industries for over a decade.HRCs provide a permanent leak‐proof pipe joint in specified applications without the use of high temperature and the inherent hazards of an open flame. Manufactured from NITINOL, a nickel‐titanium alloy developed by the U.S. Navy, the couplings exhibit a “shape memory” characteristic. That is, they return (shrink) to a specified shape (pipe diameter) thus forming a mechanical seal when the expanded coupling is removed from a cryogenic environment and warmed above approximately —130°C.This paper provides background information into the development of NITINOL, technical explanation of shape memory metallurgy, and a summary of results, with specific examples, describing the trial use of HRCs at Pearl Harbor and Norfolk Naval Shipyards. Limited return cost data and recommendations for future use are presented.Then, using the HRC Program as a basis, the Authors discuss the conservative nature of the ship repair and maintenance environment. This environment, in the Authors' opinion, couples with complex contractual constraints and requirements which serve to restrict the introduction of new ideas. An analogy is made to Russian tenacity of recent years which promotes “exploring and doing” while we in the U.S. Navy are frequently content to study.
INTERNAL BALLISTICS OF WEAPON LA UNCHING SYSTEMS
Authors: YAGLA JON J. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe management of hot rocket exhaust has been of particular concern in the development of the new canister type launching systems. Special materials have been required to protect the launchers and ships from the rocket exhaust. The design of the Vertical Launching System (VLS) for STANDARD missile has been particularly critical due to the tremendous temperatures and quantity of exhaust from the missile and the additional fact that the exhaust must be safely managed within the ship.The analysis of the internal gas flows through the new missile launching systems has been a challenging problem in transient internal ballistics in which many complicating factors have played significant roles. For example, strong pressure waves traveling through the system govern the mechanical strength of the design. Turbulent convective heat transfer from the hot exhaust stream provides the largest thermal input to the launching system and requires the design of protective material for the interior surfaces of the canisters and launchers. Complicated and ill‐understood chemical reactions occur in the exhaust stream as it passes through the system, causing the chemical composition of the exhaust, and, therefore its material properties, to be different at every point.
APPLICATION OF FIBER OPTIC TECHNOLOGY TO SHIPBOARD USE: NEAR AND FAR‐TERM
Authors: SWAIN RONALD A. , POYER DAVID C. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTTransmission of multiplexed data by means of optical fibers — pulses of light, conducted through channels of glass — offers many advantages over conventional multiwire systems. Optical fiber is lighter, is easier to run, is cheaper to install, is fireproof, and resists shock, and is inherently resistant to EMI and EMP. It has been proven in commercial use.Responding to these advantages, programs have been underway for several years to provide specifications for shipboard application of fiber optic connectors, couples, splices, penetrators, sources, and detectors. This effort is near its successful end, and the first operational shipboard application has been approved.Fiber optic systems will thus be moving into shipboard use very soon. Their advent has required shipbuilders and designers to reexamine their body of knowledge concerning data systems design, cable and system installation, and shipboard testing. The impending introduction of additional optical instrumentation — gyroscopes, sensors, and the like — will add to the scope of this change.This paper provides a brief overview of fiber optic principles; a discussion of the status of standardization; a description of the first production system design; planned installation procedures; and some thoughts on the future of optical communication/sensing aboard ships of the 1990s and later.
THE USE OF REAL‐TIME MANEUVERING SIMULATIONS IN THE CONTRACT DESIGN EVALUATION OF A SALVAGE SHIP
Authors: MILLER EUGENE R. , VAN DYKE PETER , LORD RICHARD S. , CONRAD REILLY E. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper describes the use of a maneuvering simulation in the evaluation of a ship's performance during the design stage. The specific case investigated is the new U.S. Navy Rescue Salvage Ship ARS‐50. The objective of the simulation program was to verify the acceptability of the ship's maneuvering performance in a wide range of missions. The Ship Maneuvering Simulator at Hydronautics, Inc. was used. This simulator has relatively simple equipment and displays coupled to very complete mathematical models.Required ship missions were reviewed, and a group of representative scenarios was developed for evaluation purposes. These included open‐water maneuvers, maneuvers around docks and piers, approach and station‐keeping on a stranded ship in shallow water, approach to a drifting ship, and towing of a disabled ship.The simulations were carried out by experienced naval officers with service on ARS Class ships and knowledge of the maneuvering and performance requirements of such vessels. The officers evaluated the performance of the ARS‐50 on its ability to carry out the required missions and its performance relative to existing ships. The maneuvering performance of the ARS‐50 was found to be acceptable, and recommendations were made relative to some modification of the ship control system.
EXPERIENCES WITH REVERSE OSMOSIS DESALINATION ABOARD USS FLETCHER
Authors: ADAMSON WAYNE L. , PIZZINO JOSEPH F. , SMITH WILBUR 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTAs part of a program to develop reverse osmosis (RO) desalination systems for shipboard freshwater production, the David Taylor Naval Ship Research and Development Center worked with the Naval Sea Systems Command to install a 12,000 gal/day, two‐stage RO plant aboard USS Fletcher (DD 992) in 1981. The first stage provides potable water (less than 500 parts/million total dissolved solids) for crew needs; the second stage provides high purity water (less than 2 parts/million of total dissolved solids) for boiler makeup. The plant has been producing acceptable water quality and quantity despite some materials related problems. The system design has proven to be well suited for minimizing manning and maintenance requirements. A 12,000 gal/day “ship quality” RO system is now under contract to meet Navy needs for a reliable, minimum weight and volume, low energy desalination plant for future surface ships. The preproduction plant will be required to meet stringent reliability requirements as well as shock, vibration, and noise specifications as part of the process for obtaining approval for full production. This paper describes the technology developments necessary to achieve the present naval performance levels and discusses plans for future applications.
MATERIALS PROBLEMS IN UNDERWATER MINES
Authors: JOHNSTON JACK L. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper discusses some significant materials problems, which, until corrected, drastically affected reliability and, in some cases, safety of underwater mines. Means of avoiding these problems in the future are presented. These problems involve hydrogen embrittlement, stress‐corrosion cracking and general corrosion stemming from inherent material weaknesses, material incompatibilities, poor specifications and faulty manufacturing processes.
DON'T MAKE IT BIGGER —PLEASE!
Authors: HEMOND HAROLD C. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTWith attack submarines, the laws of physics assure that a bigger ship will not be a better ship. Speed increases, depth increases, and cost reductions are all associated with smaller submarines. Factors that can be controlled to reduce the size of the attack design, including better control of lead ballast, drastic reductions in crew size, and innovative ideas on reducing machinery weight and space as well as storing, handling and launching weapons are discussed. A conceptual design attack submarine that embodies the ideas described is presented.
ABATEMENT OF POLLUTION FROM U.S. NAVY SHIPS — THE FIRST TEN YEARS
Authors: GEYER ANDREW T. , SPENCE JAMES A. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTIncreasing public concern over the decline of our national environmental quality resulted in the passage of Public Law 92–500, “The Federal Water Pollution Control Act.” Issuance of subsequent executive orders, including 12088 of 13 October 1978, directed all federal facilities, including naval ships, to comply with all federal, state and local pollutant discharge regulations. This requirement is promulgated to the naval forces afloat by the Chief of Naval Operations via OPNAV INST 5090.1 of 26 May 1983.The early 1970s saw the evolution of an aggressive U.S. Navy research and development program in the area of shipboard pollution control. Early efforts focused on the development of flow‐through type marine sanitation devices (MSDs). However, available commercial technology could not produce a reliable and easily maintainable device which was capable of consistently meeting the effluent discharge requirements established by the U.S. Coast Guard.Anticipating the April 1981 compliance date, the Navy committed to installing a collection, holding and transfer (CHT) system on board most of its vessels. Between 1973 and 1983, over 430 ships and 400 small craft had been fitted with MSDs. In addition, 53 Navy ships have had a state‐of‐the‐art oily waste treatment systems installed in anticipation of future requirements.This paper addresses major installation, operation and maintenance problems encountered and lessons learned over the last decade. Ongoing efforts leading to the design of optimized shipboard pollution abatement equipment are also discussed.
SHIPBOARD GAS GENERATION USING MOLECULAR SIEVES
Authors: ORTMANN ROBERT A. , WOERNER JOSEPH A. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTMolecular sieve pressure swing adsorption is a method of filtering unwanted gases from air to produce nitrogen or oxygen. This technology is being used to provide pilot breathing oxygen and inerting nitrogen for fuel tanks in military aircraft. Large scale plants are being developed for shipboard use with a goal of replacing aircraft carrier cryogenic plants and possibly using dry nitrogen in place of electronic dry air on some ships.
SHIP OVERHA ULS AND QUALITY ASSURANCE IN PRIVATE SHIPYARDS
Authors: CULVER JOHN A. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper provides a comprehensive overview of quality assurance activities for waterfront operations at private shipyards for Navy ship overhauls. It treats the inspection required by ship repair contractors, the function of the supervisor of shipbuilding (SupShip) related to quality assurance, the interfaces between the personnel of the contractor, SupShip and ship's force, the struggle between production and quality, and the necessity for quality assurance engineers in waterfront operations.
A REVIEW OF WATER EMULSIFIED FUEL INVESTIGATIONS FOR SHIPBOARD APPLICATIONS
Authors: STRANDELL PATRICIA A. , SCHAB HENRY W. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTA comprehensive summary of a survey on research into the theory and application of water‐emulsified fuel is presented. Its potential impact on diesel, boiler, and gas turbine shipboard power plants is discussed in terms of fuel consumption, maintenance, emissions, and safety.Intermediate grade to heavy fuel oils emulsified with 6% to 10% water have the most potential for cost savings in shipboard propulsion systems. Maintenance is reduced in boilers and is significantly lower for all power plants. Water‐emulsified fuel burns more cleanly and offers the potential for improved safety.
SHIP DESIGN COMPUTER PROGRAMS —AN INTERPOLATIVE TECHNIQUE
Authors: BROWER KENNETH S. , WALKER KENNETH W. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTNaval ship design synthesis computer programs, the original development of which was pioneered by the U.S. Navy, are now used by the U.S. Navy to conduct feasibility design studies and to conduct reverse engineering analyses of foreign ships. The use of these computer programs has substantially reduced the time and cost of conducting feasibility design trade‐off studies and has allowed the ship designer to develop very accurate design solutions that can be effectively used as the basis for preliminary and contract design.The paper describes an interpolative technique for ship design which the authors have developed and incorporated in a variety of ship design synthesis computer programs, without any loss in the accuracy of the design solution. The interpolative technique short cuts the classic and time consuming design spiral approach to conducting ship design studies, which was incorporated in the original ship design computer programs. The interpolative technique also significantly reduces computer operating costs and provides the ship designer with the flexibility required to quickly study the performance and cost impact of using any number of innovative ship configurations.The paper describes programming techniques and ship design logic which allow a ship design computer program to be used to study the impact of using alternative ship design criteria and practices, including different types of hull forms and stability criteria. Also discussed are alternative ways that ship design parametric data can be developed for use in a ship design synthesis computer program. An example of a ship design study which was conducted using the interpolative technique is shown.
SYSTEM CONCEPT AND CRITERIA FOR BATTLE GROUP DECISION MAKING
Authors: ABRAHAM DAVID 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe command and control system problem associated with the battle group, an ad hoc assemblage of naval resources, with the mission of achieving a predetermined objective as assigned by higher authority, is discussed. After restatement of the problem, criteria for evaluating system concepts are proposed. Emphasis is placed on combat environments.A concept for development of a battle group command and control system consistent with existing command philosophy and functional partition is presented. The philosophic principle is command by exception in a multi‐hierarchical structure. Functional partition into warfare areas such as ASW, AAW, and ASUW provides the basis for the multiple branches of the hierarchy.Finally, the system criteria are applied to the battle group command and control concept presented herein. The resulting evaluation demonstrates that the conceptual system is readily implementable and can meet battle group operational needs.
ELECTRONIC MODULE DESIGN EVALUATION BY THERMAL IMAGING ANALYSIS
Authors: HOFFER KIP O. , SHAW THOMAS W. , ROBERTSON LARRY D. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThermal imaging (or thermography) is a noncontact measurement technique which can determine the temperature of an object by measuring the amount of infrared radiation generated by the object. Since it is a noncontact method of temperature measurement, thermal imaging is useful in almost any situation where the surfaces to be measured are in motion, electrically hot, changing temperature rapidly or where a contact measurement would tend to upset a thermal balance. This paper reviews the work being done at the Naval Weapons Support Center, Crane, Indiana, in the areas of thermal imaging and thermal design verification of electronic modules.
POTENTIAL NAVAL SHIPBOARD APPLICATION OF NONAZEOTROPIC ENERGY CONVERSION
Authors: WU CHIH , HWANG BAOCHUAN C. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe thermodynamic performance of an energy conversion device may be improved potentially by using a nonazeotropic mixture in a vapor cycle. A nonazeotropic mixture has a temperature distribution parallel to that of the surrounding fluid with which heat transfer takes place during the evaporation and condensation processes. Interest has increased in recent years in the use of nonazeotropic refrigerant mixtures to improve the performance of energy conversion devices. This report surveys developments in nonazeotropic energy conversion, describes the theory of a nonazeotropic energy conversion cycle, predicts energy savings possible from use of nonazeotropic energy conversion devices, and discusses potential naval shipboard application of such an energy conversion cycle.