bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Flow cytometric evaluation of multidrug resistance proteins on grossly normal canine nodal lymphocyte membranes
Authors: Schleis Stephanie E. , LeBlanc Amy K. , Neilsen Nancy R. , LeBlanc Casey J. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Objective—To demonstrate efficacy of flow cytometric evaluation of expression and activity of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and multidrug resistance–associated protein (MRP) efflux pumps and characterize and correlate their expression and activity in grossly normal canine nodal lymphocytes.
Sample Population—Nodal lymphocytes from 21 clinically normal dogs.
Procedures—Pump expression was assessed by use of fluorescent-labeled mouse antihuman P-gp (C494) and MRP1 (MRPm6) antibodies and expressed as median values (antibody value divided by isotype control value). The P-gp and MRP activities were assessed by measuring cellular retention of rhodamine 123 and 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein diacetate in the absence and presence of inhibitors (verapamil and PSC833 for P-gp, probenecid and MK-571 for MRP). Protein activity was expressed as median fluorescence of cells with inhibitors divided by that without inhibitors.
Results—Expression of P-gp was (mean ± SEM) 50.62 ± 13.39 (n = 21) and that of MRP was 2.16 ± 0.25 (13). Functional activity was 1.27 ± 0.06 (n = 21) for P-gp and both inhibitors and 21.85 ± 4.09 (21) for MRP and both inhibitors. Function and expression were not correlated.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Use of flow cytometry effectively assessed P-gp and MRP expression and activity in canine lymphocytes. Optimization of the flow cytometric assay was determined for evaluating activity and expression of these pumps in canine lymphoid cells. Evaluation of expression or activity may offer more meaning when correlated with clinical outcome of dogs with lymphoproliferative diseases. Cell overexpression of P-gp and MRP can convey drug resistance.
Oral bioavailability of etoposide after administration of a single dose to tumor-bearing dogs
Authors: Flory Andrea B. , Rassnick Kenneth M. , Balkman Cheryl E. , Kiselow Michael A. , Autio Karoliina , Beaulieu Bernard B. , Lewis Lionel D. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Objective—To characterize oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetic disposition of etoposide when the IV formulation was administered orally to dogs.
Animals—8 tumor-bearing dogs.
Procedures—An open-label, single-dose, 2-way crossover study was conducted. Dogs were randomly assigned to initially receive a single dose of etoposide (50 mg/m2) IV or PO. A second dose was administered via the alternate route 3 to 7 days later. Medications were administered before IV administration of etoposide to prevent hypersensitivity reactions. Oral administration of etoposide was prepared by reconstituting the parenteral formulation with 0.9% NaCl solution and further diluting the reconstituted mixture 1:1 with a sweetening agent. Plasma samples were obtained after both treatments. Etoposide concentrations were measured with a high-performance liquid chromatography assay, and plasma etoposide concentration–time profiles were analyzed by use of noncompartmental methods.
Results—4 dogs had hypersensitivity reactions during IV administration of etoposide. No adverse effects were detected after oral administration. Plasma etoposide concentrations were undetectable in 2 dogs after oral administration. Oral administration of etoposide resulted in significantly lower values for the maximum plasma concentration and the area under the plasma etoposide concentration-versus-time curve, compared with results for IV administration. Oral bioavailability of etoposide was low (median, 13.4%) and highly variable among dogs (range, 5.7% to 57.3%).
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Vehicle-related toxicosis can limit the IV administration of etoposide in dogs. The parenteral formulation of etoposide can be safely administered orally to dogs, but routine use was not supported because of low and variable oral bioavailability in this study.
Novel variations and loss of heterozygosity of BRCA2 identified in a dog with mammary tumors
Authors: Yoshikawa Yasunaga , Morimatsu Masami , Ochiai Kazuhiko , Nagano Masashi , Tomioka Yukiko , Sasaki Nobuo , Hashizume Kazuyoshi , Iwanaga Toshihiko 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Objective—To establish novel polymorphic markers for analysis of loss of heterozygosity (LOH), so as to study the possible involvement of BRCA2 in mammary tumors obtained from dogs.
Sample Population—Blood samples, mammary gland specimens, or mammary tumors from 3 tumor-bearing dogs and 10 tumor-free dogs.
Procedures—Nucleotide sequence analysis was performed with a DNA autosequencer. Loss of heterozygosity analysis was performed for markers established in the present study. The expression level of canine BRCA2 was quantified by real-time PCR analysis.
Results—3 novel microsatellite markers with high heterozygosity rates (> 50%) were established, and the previously reported marker for canine BRCA2 gene locus was improved. These markers were used for the analysis of DNA from formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded samples. By use of these markers, LOH in canine BRCA2 was identified as a result of recombination. In mammary tumor DNA that corresponded to the LOH-positive dog, the level of canine BRCA2 expression was decreased compared with that of nonneoplastic mammary gland tissue; the open reading frame contained 4 missense variations, 1 insertion variation, and 1 silent variation, some of which were localized to functional domains.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—3 novel polymorphic markers were developed for LOH analysis of canine BRCA2 and identified a dog with LOH with some variations in the functional domains. These markers could be useful for assessing the relevance of BRCA2 variation in mammary tumors of dogs.
Characterization and prevalence of cataracts in Labrador Retrievers in The Netherlands
Authors: Kraijer-Huver Ingrid M. G. , Gubbels Ed J. , Scholten Janneke , Djajadiningrat-Laanen Sylvia C. , Boevé Michael H. , Stades Frans C. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Objective—To assess the prevalence and distribution of types of cataract, investigate the effects of selective breeding on cataract development, and identify the relationship between posterior polar cataract and other types of cortical cataracts in Labrador Retrievers in The Netherlands.
Animals—9,017 Labrador Retrievers.
Procedures—Records of 18,283 ophthalmic examinations performed by veterinary ophthalmologists from 1977 through 2005 were reviewed. There were 522 dogs affected by hereditary cataracts in 1 or both eyes without progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) and 166 PRA-affected dogs with cataracts. These cataracts were divided into 3 groups: posterior polar (triangular) cataract, extensive immature and mature cataract, and a miscellaneous group. Dogs with PRA were analyzed separately.
Results—From 1980 through 2000, the prevalence of hereditary cataracts was stable at 8%. The prevalence of cataracts in offspring of cataract-affected dogs was significantly increased, compared with the prevalence in offspring of nonaffected dogs. The distribution of types of cataract was significantly different between dogs with primary cataracts and PRA-affected dogs. Dogs with posterior polar (triangular) cataracts produced affected offspring with the same distribution of types of cataracts as the entire population of primary cataract–affected dogs.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Cataract development in the Labrador Retriever population in The Netherlands appears to be a predominantly genetic disorder. Posterior polar (triangular) cataracts appear to be related to other types of hereditary cataract. Although there is no conclusive evidence, it seems valid to continue exclusion of all Labrador Retrievers affected by any type of primary cataract from breeding.
Evaluation of matrix metalloproteinase concentrations in precorneal tear film from dogs with Pseudomonas aeruginosa–associated keratitis
Authors: Wang Li , Pan Qingshan , Xue Qin , Cui Jun , Qi Changming 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the changes in concentrations of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 in the precorneal tear film of dogs with Pseudomonas aeruginosa–associated keratitis during corneal healing and stromal remodeling.
Animals—10 dogs with unilateral P aeruginosa–associated keratitis and 10 clinically normal dogs.
Procedures—Precorneal tear film samples were collected from both eyes of 10 dogs with unilateral P aeruginosa–associated keratitis on the day of admission to the hospital and then at various time points until complete healing of the cornea was achieved. Precorneal tear film samples were also collected from both eyes of 10 clinically normal adult dogs (control group). Concentrations of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in precorneal tear film samples from each group were determined via gelatin zymography for comparison.
Results—The proteolytic processes in the ulcerated eyes decreased as corneal healing progressed. On the day of admission, concentrations of latent and active forms of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in ulcerated eyes were significantly higher than values in the contralateral unaffected eyes in dogs with P aeruginosa–associated keratitis; concentrations of latent MMP-2 and MMP-9 were also greater than control group values. Concentrations of latent and active forms of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in the healed eyes of dogs with P aeruginosa–associated keratitis were significantly lower than concentrations in the ulcerated eyes on the day of admission.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that reduction of precorneal tear film concentrations of MMPs by use of proteinase inhibitors may be effective in the treatment of dogs with P aeruginosa–associated keratitis.
Effects of intravenous administration of two volumes of calcium solution on plasma ionized calcium concentration and recovery from naturally occurring hypocalcemia in lactating dairy cows
Authors: Doze Johanna G. , Donders Rogier , van der Kolk Johannes H. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Objective—To compare the effects of administration of 2 volumes of a calcium solution (calcium oxide and calcium gluconate) on plasma ionized calcium concentration (PICaC) and clinical recovery from naturally occurring hypocalcemia (NOHC; milk fever) in lactating dairy cows.
Animals—123 cows with NOHC (PICaC < 0.95 mmol/L [3.81 mg/dL]) and 20 clinically normal control cows.
Procedures—Affected cows were treated IV once or repeatedly with 450 (n = 56) or 750 mL (67) of calcium solution (1.65 g of calcium/100 mL) until clinical recovery was achieved. The PICaC was assessed 48 hours after the first treatment or after the treatment that achieved clinical recovery. Biochemical recovery was defined as PICaC ≥ 0.95 mmol/L. Plasma from control cows was used for PICaC reference range determination. Plasma samples from both groups were assessed after storage for 20 days at 20°C.
Results—The PICaC reference range derived from blood collected in tubes containing lithium heparin was 1.02 to 1.29 mmol/L (4.09 to 5.17 mg/dL). Following storage, plasma samples were suitable for PICaC assessment. All cows treated with ≥ 1 volume of 450 and 750 mL of calcium solution recovered clinically; however, 31 of 83 (37%) evaluated cows were not biochemically recovered at 48 hours following treatment. Only cows with PICaC < 0.48 mmol/L (1.92 mg/dL) before the first treatment had to be treated ≥ 3 times.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results did not support the need to increase the administered volume of calcium solution from 450 to 750 mL for treatment of NOHC in dairy cows.
Safety and efficacy of an ocular insert for apomorphine-induced emesis in dogs
Authors: Cote Dennis D. , Collins David M. , Burczynski Frank J. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the safety and efficacy of an ocular insert designed to provide controlled release of apomorphine for the induction of emesis in dogs.
Animals—5,001 dogs treated with ocular apomorphine inserts and 32 dogs treated with IV administration of apomorphine.
Procedures—Data collected on a case report form included breed, body weight, time to emesis after placement of the insert, and any information available regarding the nature of the toxicosis and clinical signs. A list of potential adverse effects was provided, and attending clinicians graded their occurrence by use of a subjective scale. Similar report forms were used for dogs that received apomorphine IV. Treatment was considered successful if emesis occurred within 15 minutes of administration. Safety was assessed by evaluation of the frequency and severity of adverse effects.
Results—For the ocular insert and IV injection groups, the success rates were 83.5% and 90.6% respectively, and were not significantly different. Adverse effects were more frequent in the IV group, whereas ocular irritation was most frequent in the insert group.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Overall, the ocular inserts provided an alternative to parenteral administration of apomorphine with comparable efficacy and a lower prevalence of adverse effects.
A focus group study of veterinarians' and pet owners' perceptions of veterinarian-client communication in companion animal practice
Authors: Coe Jason B. , Adams Cindy L. , Bonnett Brenda N. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Objective—To compare veterinarians' and pet owners' perceptions of client expectations with respect to veterinarian-client communication and to identify related barriers and challenges to communication.
Design—Qualitative study based on focus group interviews.
Participants—6 pet owner focus groups (32 owners) and 4 veterinarian focus groups (24 companion animal veterinarians).
Procedures—Independent focus group sessions were conducted with standardized open-ended questions and follow-up probes. Content analysis was performed on transcripts of the focus group discussions.
Results—Five themes related to veterinarian-client communication were identified: educating clients (ie, explaining important information, providing information up front, and providing information in various forms), providing choices (ie, providing pet owners with a range of options, being respectful of owners' decisions, and working in partnership with owners), using 2-way communication (ie, using language clients understand, listening to what clients have to say, and asking the right questions), breakdowns in communication that affected the client's experience (ie, owners feeling misinformed, that they had not been given all options, and that their concerns had not been heard), and challenges veterinarians encountered when communicating with clients (ie, monetary concerns, client misinformation, involvement of > 1 client, and time limitations).
Conclusions—Results suggested that several factors are involved in providing effective veterinarian-client communication and that breakdowns in communication can have an adverse effect on the veterinarian-client relationship.
Microbial culture of blood samples and serologic testing for bartonellosis in cats with chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Berryessa Nicolas A. , Johnson Lynelle R. , Kasten Rick W. , Chomel Bruno B. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Objective—To assess the role of Bartonella spp in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) by determining detection rates for the organism by serologic testing and microbial culture of blood samples for Bartonella spp in cats with CRS and control cats (cats with other nasal diseases, cats with systemic illnesses, and healthy cats).
Design—Prospective case-control study.
Animals—19 cats with CRS, 10 cats with other nasal diseases, 15 cats with systemic illness, and 15 healthy cats.
Procedures—Serologic testing for Bartonella clarridgeiae and Bartonella henselae and microbial culture of blood samples were conducted in all cats. In cats with CRS and cats with other nasal diseases, a nasal biopsy specimen was submitted, when available, for tissue PCR assay to detect Bartonella spp.
Results—9 of 19 cats with CRS had positive results for serologic testing for 1 or both Bartonella spp; whereas, 4 of 10 cats with other nasal diseases, 2 of 15 cats with systemic diseases, and 4 of 15 healthy cats had positive results for serologic testing to detect Bartonella spp. These values did not differ significantly among groups. Microbial culture of blood samples yielded B henselae in 1 cat with a nasopharyngeal abscess. The PCR assay for Bartonella spp in nasal tissues yielded negative results for 9 of 9 cats with CRS and 5 of 5 cats with other nasal diseases.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—A role for Bartonella spp in the pathogenesis of CRS in cats was not supported by results of this study.
Quantification of the association between intervertebral disk calcification and disk herniation in Dachshunds
Authors: Jensen Vibeke F. , Beck Sarah , Christensen Knud A. , Arnbjerg Jens 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Objective—To quantify the association between intervertebral disk calcification and disk herniation in Dachshunds.
Design—Longitudinal study.
Animals—61 Dachshunds that had been radiographically screened for calcification of intervertebral disks at 2 years of age in other studies. Thirty-seven of the dogs had survived to the time of the present study and were ≥ 8 years of age; 24 others had not survived.
Procedures—Radiographic examination of 36 surviving dogs was performed, and information on occurrence of disk calcification at 2 years of age were obtained from records of all 61 Dachshunds. Information on occurrence of disk herniation between 2 and 8 years of age was obtained from owners via questionnaire. Associations between numbers of calcified disks and disk herniation were analyzed via maximum likelihood logistic regression.
Results—Disk calcification at 2 years of age was a significant predictor of clinical disk herniation (odds ratio per calcified disk, 1.42; 95% confidence interval, 1.19 to 1.81). Number of calcified disks in the full vertebral column was a better predictor than number of calcified disks between vertebrae T10 and L3. Numbers of calcified disks at ≥ 8 years of age and at 2 years of age were significantly correlated.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Number of calcified disks at 2 years of age was a good predictor of clinical disk herniation in Dachshunds. Because of the high heritability of disk calcification, it is possible that an effective reduction in occurrence of severe disk herniation in Dachshunds could be obtained by selective breeding against high numbers of calcified disks at 2 years of age.
Results of the Confidential Enquiry into Perioperative Small Animal Fatalities regarding risk factors for anesthetic-related death in dogs
Authors: Brodbelt David C. , Pfeiffer Dirk U. , Young Lesley E. , Wood James L. N. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Objective—To identify major risk factors associated with anesthetic-related death in dogs.
Design—Case-control study.
Animals—148 dogs that died or were euthanized within 48 hours after undergoing anesthesia or sedation and for which anesthesia could not be reasonably excluded as a contributory factor (cases) and 487 control dogs that did not die within 48 hours after undergoing anesthesia or sedation (controls).
Procedures—Details of patient characteristics, preoperative evaluation and preparation, procedure, anesthetic and sedative agents used, monitoring, postoperative management, and personnel involved were recorded. Mixed-effects logistic regression modeling was used to identify factors associated with anesthetic-related death.
Results—An increase in physical status grade, urgency of the procedure, age, or intended duration of the procedure; a decrease in body weight; anesthesia for a major versus a minor procedure; and use of injectable agents for anesthetic induction and halothane for maintenance or use of inhalant anesthetics alone (compared with use of injectable agents for induction and isoflurane for maintenance) were associated with increased odds of anesthetic-related death.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The results suggested that specific factors could be associated with increased odds of anesthetic-related death in dogs. Knowledge of these factors should aid the preoperative assessment and perioperative management of dogs undergoing anesthesia and sedation.
Diagnosis and treatment of blastomycosis affecting the nose and nasopharynx of a dog
Authors: Wehner Astrid , Crochik Sonia , Howerth Elizabeth W. , Koenig Amie 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Case Description—A 2-year-old 38.9-kg (85.58-lb) sexually intact male German Shepherd Dog was examined because of a 4-month history of severe nasal swelling and nasal mucosa congestion. The signs were slowly progressive.
Clinical Findings—Physical examination revealed that the dorsal aspect of the dog's nose was swollen and hard. Mucous membranes in both nostrils were hyperemic and edematous. Diagnostic investigation revealed severe nasal osteolysis and pyogranulomatous rhinitis and nasopharyngitis attributable to blastomycosis.
Treatment and Outcome—Oral administration of itraconazole was initiated (5 mg/kg [2.27 mg/lb], q 12 h for 5 days and then q 24 h). After a treatment period of 3 months, the nose had regained its normal appearance. After 5 months of treatment, the Blastomyces infection was eliminated as confirmed by results of rhinoscopy and biopsy specimen examination. No relapse was evident within 1 year after discontinuation of treatment.
Clinical Relevance—In dogs, nasal and nasopharyngeal blastomycosis can result in severe osteolysis of the nasal bone. Resolution of disease can be achieved with oral administration of itraconazole for a period of at least 5 months.
The Secret Life of Fat: What are Fat Cells Doing for the Regulation of Metabolism
Authors: Tzontcheva Anna 
Published: October 2008

The Secret Life of Fat: What are Fat Cells Doing for the Regulation of MetabolismAdipose tissue has long been regarded as an organ the sole purpose of which was to store excess energy as triglycerides, and release energy as free fatty acids, which itself is an essential self-defense system for survival during starvation. This point of view has now changed, fat tissue has emerged as an endocrine and secretory organ affecting more than one metabolic pathway. Its major endocrine function is secreting several hormones, notably leptin and adiponectin. Also, adipose tissue releases adipo-kines involved in inflammation and hemostasis: growth factors (TNFα, transforming growth factor-beta, nerve growth factor, VEGF), cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10), chemokines (IL-8), acute-phase proteins (haptoglobin, serum amyloid A) and prothrombotic factor (plasminogen activator inhibitor-1). This review aims to present some of the recent topics of selected adipokine research that may be of particular importance.