bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The capuchin, the howler, and the Caatinga: seed dispersal by monkeys in a threatened Brazilian forest
Authors: de A. Moura Antonio C. , McConkey Kim R. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractRegeneration of the Brazilian Caatinga forest may be restricted by the naturally low diversity and density of fruit‐eating animals, which has been aggravated by local faunal extinction induced by human activities. We made a preliminary evaluation of the potential seed‐dispersal role of capuchin (Cebus apella libidinosus) and howler monkeys (Alouatta caraya) in Serra da Capivara National Park. The monkeys dispersed at least 26 species. Alouatta dispersed larger seeds than Cebus, and the two species apparently dispersed seeds in different local habitats. Seed dispersal by monkeys potentially makes a significant contribution to Caatinga regeneration. Am. J. Primatol. 69:1–7, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hand use by tufted capuchins (Cebus apella) to extract a small food item from a tube: digit movements, hand preference, and performance
Authors: Spinozzi G. , Laganà T. , Truppa V. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe aim of this study was to analyze the manual patterns used by tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) to retrieve a small food item from a narrow tube, with special attention focused on the independent use of single fingers, fine digit movements, hand preference, and intermanual differences in the time it took the monkeys to obtain the food. The capuchins (n = 20) mainly used their forefinger to extract the food from the tube. The simultaneous use of the index and middle fingers occurred less frequently, and the use of the forefinger in combination with other digits occurred rarely. The capuchins demonstrated a capacity to move single digits independently when the fingers were locating the food inside the tube, and displayed a high mobility of the distal phalanx joints. However, they possessed only a limited capacity to coordinate single fingers in space, and displayed only a slight degree of manual preshaping when they approached the tube. A hand‐preference analysis failed to reveal any significant lateral bias for the group, since both adults (≥5 years) and immature individuals (<5 years) of both sexes used either hand with the same frequency. Conversely, a latency analysis showed a significant interaction between the subject's age and performance difference between hands: in adults, but not in immature individuals, the left hand was faster than the right hand in retrieving food. Am. J. Primatol. 69:1–17, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Partner effects on food consumption in brown capuchin monkeys
Authors: Dindo Marietta , De Waal Frans B.M. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractIt has been claimed that capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) show inequity aversion in relation to food rewards for a simple exchange task. However, other factors may affect the willingness of a monkey to consume foods of high or low value in the presence of a conspecific. In this study, pairs of monkeys were presented with unequally valued foods, but without any task‐performance: they simply received the food under four experimental conditions. By looking at the rate of collection and consumption of low‐valued cucumber slices we expected to see variation dependent on whether the partner either had 1) cucumber (equity), 2) grape (inequity), 3) inaccessible cucumber or 4) inaccessible grape. Testing 12 adult capuchin monkeys, our findings differed from those of other authors in that the monkeys failed to show negative reactions to inequity, but rather responded with scramble competition (i.e., fast food collection) in the presence of a conspecific without access to food. They also showed facilitated consumption in the presence of a conspecific consuming high‐valued food. Possibly, (in)equity plays a different role if food serves as a reward for a task rather than if it is simply made available for consumption. Am. J. Primatol. 69:1–9, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Punishment and ethics deterrents: A study of insider security contravention
Authors: Workman Michael , Gathegi John 
Published: December 2006

AbstractInformation security is a growing concern among the general population. For instance, it has been estimated by the U.S. Department of Justice (2004) that one in three people will become victims of identity theft at some point in their lifetime. The bulk of the research into information security has gone into the investigation of technological aspects of security, and there are gaps in the literature relative to contravention of security measures. Drawing from deterrence theory and using the theory of planned behavior as a general framework, this empirical field study investigated the effects of punishment and ethics training on behaviors related to contravention of information security measures among information professionals to fill an important gap in the literature. We found that both punishment and ethics training can be effective in mitigating the threat of software and information security, but that these depend on certain underlying motivational factors of individuals. The results of this study suggest a need to develop and refine the theoretical models, and we offer suggestions for getting at the root of behavioral issues surrounding information security.
Feedback quality adjustment with Bayesian state‐space models
Authors: Triantafyllopoulos K. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractIn this paper we develop a Bayesian procedure for feedback adjustment and control of a single process. We replace the usual exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) predictor by a predictor of a local level model. The novelty of this approach is that the noise variance ratio (NVR) of the local level model is assumed to change stochastically over time. A multiplicative time series model is used to model the evolution of the NVR and a Bayesian algorithm is developed giving the posterior and predictive distributions for both the process and the NVR. The posterior distribution of the NVR allows the modeller to judge better and evaluate the performance of the model. The proposed algorithm is semi‐conjugate in the sense that it involves conjugate gamma/beta distributions as well as one step of simulation. The algorithm is fast and is found to outperform the EWMA and other methods. An example considering real data from the microelectronic industry illustrates the proposed methodology. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High amounts of 17‐methylated anabolic‐androgenic steroids in effervescent tablets on the dietary supplement market
Authors: Parr Maria K. , Geyer Hans , Hoffmann Bernhard , Köhler Karsten , Mareck Ute , Schänzer Wilhelm 
Published: December 2006

AbstractIn numerous studies it has been demonstrated that several nutritional supplements contain prohormones not declared on the label. In the current study two products (effervescent tablets) containing high amounts of the 17‐methylated anabolic androgenic steroids metandienone (product 1: 16.8 mg/tablet) and stanozolol (product 2: 14.5 mg/tablet) were identified. Additionally in both products norandrostenedione was detected, in product 2 with minor amounts of several other steroids. The substances identified can cause enormous health risks. In addition, the use of the analyzed tablets can lead to positive doping results for metabolites of the respective steroids in sports. This study again shows the insufficient surveillance of the production and trade of dietary supplements. Consumers should be aware of the enormous health and doping risks connected with the use of such products. For GC‐MS identification of the analytes the trimethylsilyl derivatives of the steroids and the mixed N‐tbutyldimethylsilyl,O‐trimethylsilyl derivatives were used. The quantitation of metandienone, norandrostenedione, and stanozolol was performed using HPLC‐DAD. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Core Twisting on Self‐Assembly and Optical Properties of Perylene Bisimide Dyes in Solution and Columnar Liquid Crystalline Phases
Authors: Chen Zhijian , Baumeister Ute , Tschierske Carsten , Würthner Frank 
Published: December 2006

AbstractA series of highly soluble and fluorescent core‐twisted perylene bisimide dyes (PBIs) 3 a–f with different substituents at the bay area (1,6,7,12 positions of the perylene core) were synthesized and fully characterized by 1H NMR, UV/Vis spectroscopy, MS spectrometry, and elemental analysis. The π–π aggregation properties of these new functional dyes were investigated in detail both in solution and in condensed phase by UV/Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy, vapor pressure osmometry (VPO), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), polarizing optical microscopy (POM), and X‐ray diffraction. Concentration‐dependent UV/Vis measurements and VPO analysis revealed that these core‐twisted π‐conjugated systems show distinct self‐dimerization equilibria in apolar solvent methylcyclohexane (MCH) with dimerization constants between 1.3×104 and 30 M−1. The photoluminescence spectra of the dimers of PBIs 3 a–f exhibit bathochromic shifts of quite different magnitude which could be attributed to different longitudinal or rotational offsets between the dyes as well as differences in the respective π–π stacking distance. In condensed state, quite a few of these PBIs form luminescent rectangular or hexagonal columnar liquid crystalline phases with low isotropization temperatures. The effects of the distortion of the π systems on their π–π stacking and the optical properties of the resultant stacks in solution and in LC phases have been explored in detail. In one case (3 a) a particularly interesting phase change from crystalline into liquid crystalline could be observed upon annealing that was accompanied by a transformation from non‐fluorescent H‐type into strongly fluorescent J‐type packing of the dyes.
Allosteric Tuning of the Intra‐Cavity Binding Properties of a Calix[6]arene through External Binding to a ZnII Center Coordinated to Amino Side Chains
Authors: Darbost Ulrich , Sénèque Olivier , Li Yun , Bertho Gildas , Marrot Jérôme , Rager Marie‐Noëlle , Reinaud Olivia , Jabin Ivan 
Published: December 2006

AbstractMolecular recognition by calix[6]arene‐based receptors bearing three primary alkylamino side chain arms (1) is described. Complexation of ZnII ion provides the dinuclear μ‐hydroxo complex ${{\bf 2}{{{\rm OH}\hfill \atop {\rm G}\hfill}}}$, XRD characterization of which, together with solution studies, provided evidence of its hosting of neutral polar organic guests G. Treatment of this complex with a carboxylic acid or a sulfonamide (XH) results in the formation of mononuclear species ${{\bf 3}{{{\rm X}\hfill \atop {\rm G}\hfill}}}$, one of which (X = Cl) has been characterized by XRD. A dicationic complex ${{\bf 3}{{{\rm RNH}{_{2}}\hfill \atop {\rm G}\hfill}}}$ is obtained upon treatment of ${{\bf 2}{{{\rm OH}\hfill \atop {\rm G}\hfill}}}$ with a mixture of an alkylamine and a strong acid. Each of these ZnII complexes features a tetrahedral metal ion bound to the three amino arms of ligand 1 and to an exogenous ligand (either HO−, X−, or RNH2) sitting outside of the cavity. As a result, the metal ion structures the calixarene core, constraining it in a cone conformation suitable for guest hosting. The receptor properties of these compounds have been explored in detail and are compared with those of the trisammonium receptor ${{\bf 1}{{3\,{\rm H}{^{+}}\hfill \atop {\rm G}\hfill}}}$, based on the same calixarene core, as well as those of the trisimidazole‐based dicationic Zn funnel complexes. This study reveals very different host properties, in spite of the common hydrophobic, π‐basic, and hydrogen‐bonding acceptor properties of the calixarene cores. A harder external ligand produces a less polarized receptor that is consequently particularly sensitive to the hydrogen‐bonding ability of its guest. The less electron‐rich the apical ligand, and a fortiori the trisammonium host, the more sensitive the receptor to the dipole moment of the guest. All this stands in contrast with the funnel Zn complexes, in which the coordination link plays a dominant role. It is also shown that the asymmetry of an exo‐coordinated enantiopure amino ligand is sensed by the guest. This supramolecular system nicely illustrates how the receptor properties of a hydrophobic cavity can be allosterically tuned by the environment.
Gas‐Phase Chemistry of Diphosphate Anions as a Tool To Investigate the Intrinsic Requirements of Phosphate Ester Enzymatic Reactions: The [M1M2HP2O7]− Ions
Authors: Pepi Federico , Barone Vincenzo , Cimino Paola , Ricci Andreina 
Published: December 2006

AbstractExperimental studies on gaseous inorganic phosphate ions are practically nonexistent, yet they can prove helpful for a better understanding of the mechanisms of phosphate ester enzymatic processes. The present contribution extends our previous investigations on the gas‐phase ion chemistry of diphosphate species to the [M1M2HP2O7]− ions where M1 and M2 are the same or different and correspond to the Li, Na, K, Cs, and Rb cations. The diphosphate ions are formed by electrospray ionization of 10−4 M solutions of Na5P3O10 in CH3CN/H2O (1/1) and MOH bases or M salts as a source of M+ cations. The joint application of mass spectrometric techniques and quantum‐mechanical calculations makes it possible to characterize the gaseous [M1M2HP2O7]− ions as a mixed ionic population formed by two isomeric species: linear diphosphate anion coordinated to two M+ cations (group I) and [PO3⋅⋅⋅M1M2⋅⋅⋅HPO4]− clusters (group II). The relative gas‐phase stabilities and activation barriers for the isomerization I→II, which depend on the nature of the M+ cations, highlight the electronic susceptibility of P‐O‐P bond breaking in the active site of enzymes. The previously unexplored gas‐phase reactivity of [M1M2HP2O7]− ions towards alcohols of different acidity was investigated by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT‐ICR/MS). The reaction proceeds by addition of the alcohol molecule followed by elimination of a water molecule.
Pterocaryquinone, a Novel Naphthoquinone Derivative from Pterocarya tonkinesis
Authors: Liu Hong‐Bing , Cai Bing , Cui Cheng‐Bin , Gu Qian‐Qun , Zhao Qing‐Chun , Guan Hua‐Shi 
Published: December 2006

AbstractPterocaryquinone, a novel 1,4‐naphthoquinone derivative, was isolated from Pterocarya tonkinesis and its structure was elucidated by spectroscopic methods. Pterocaryquinone is a new dimeric 1,4‐naphthoquinone derivative having a pentacyclic skeleton with two five‐membered carbon rings, which provided a novel structural skeleton for 1,4‐naphthoquinone derivatives and showed apoptosis‐inducing activity toward mouse cancer tsFT210 cells.
Hydrogenation of Furfural to Furfuryl Alcohol over Co‐B Amorphous Catalysts Prepared by Chemical Reduction in Variable Media
Authors: Li Hui , Chai Wei‐Mei , Luo Hong‐Shan , Li He‐Xing 
Published: December 2006

AbstractFive Co‐B amorphous alloy catalysts were prepared by chemical reduction in different media, including pure water and pure ethanol as well as the mixture of ethanol and water with variable ethanol content. Their catalytic properties were evaluated using liquid phase furfural hydrogenation to furfuryl alcohol as the probe reaction. It was found that the reaction media had no significant influence on either the amorphous structure of the Co‐B catalyst or the electronic interaction between metallic Co and alloying B. This could successfully account for the fact that all the as‐prepared Co‐B catalysts exhibited almost the same selectivity to furfuryl alcohol and the same activity per surface area (RSH), which could be considered as the intrinsic activity, since the nature of active sites remained unchanged. However, the activity per gram of Co (RmH) of the as‐prepared Co‐B catalysts increased rapidly when the ethanol content in the water‐ethanol mixture used as the reaction medium for catalyst preparation increased. This could be attributed to the rapid increase in the surface area possibly owing to the presence of more oxidized boron species which could serve as a support for dispersing the Co‐B amorphous alloy particles.
Glucose‐lowering Activity of Amino Acid‐N‐phosphonic Acid Oxovanadium Complexes and Its Interaction with DNA
Authors: Liu Ju‐Tao , Fan Sheng‐Di , Li Chuan‐Bi , Li De‐Qian 
Published: December 2006

AbstractVanadium has well‐documented lowering glucose properties both in vitro and in vivo. The design of new oxovanadium(IV) coordination compounds, intended for use as insulin‐enhancing agents in the treatment of diabetes mellitus, can potentially benefit from a synergistic approach, in which the whole complex has more than an additive effect from its component parts. Biological testing with oxovanadium(IV) organic phosphonic acid, for insulin‐enhancing potential included acute administration, by oral gavage in streptozotocin (STZ) diabetic rats. The complexes of oxovanadium(IV) amino acid‐N‐phosphonic acid exhibit higher lowering glucose activity in vivo. The interaction of the complexes of oxovanadium(IV) amino acid‐N‐phosphonic acid with DNA was investigated by agarose gel electrophoresis. The results indicated that these complexes have strong interaction with DNA.
Forming and Gathering of SnO2 Nanoparticles on External Surface of High Silica TON, MFI and FAU Type Zeolites
Authors: Xu Xiao‐Wen , Wang Jing , Long Ying‐Cai 
Published: December 2006

AbstractTin dioxide (SnO2) nano‐particles were prepared on high silica TON, MFI and FAU type zeolites by impregnation of SnCl2 solution and subsequent calcination at 873 K. XRD and SAED were used to characterize the crystalline phase, and TEM was used to characterize the morphology, the particle size and the agglomerative state of the formed nano‐materials. The nano‐particles, which possess 8 nm, 10–80 nm and 6 nm in size, were found to form on the outer surface of TON, MFI and FAU zeolites, respectively. SnO2 microcapsules and SnO2 netlike nanostructure were obtained by decomposition of SnO2‐TON and SnO2‐MFI in 40% hydrofluoric acid at room temperature. Compared with the nano‐particles formed on NaY zeolite, the special morphology and the agglomerative state of SnO2 nanostructures on TON and MFI type zeolites with one and two dimension channel system indicate that the heterogeneous framework, surface structure and property perform important function for forming and growing SnO2 nanostructure on the outer surface of the zeolites.
Ionic Liquid Based Electrolyte with Mesoporous Silica SBA‐15 as Framework for Quasi‐solid‐state Dye‐sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Xiao Qin , Yang Hong , Cheng Yun‐Fei , Zhou Zhi‐Guo , Chen Zhi‐Gang , Li Fu‐You , Yi Tao , Huang Chun‐Hui 
Published: December 2006

AbstractQuasi‐solid‐state electrolytes were fabricated with mesoporous silica SBA‐15 as a framework material. Ionic conductivity measurements revealed that SBA‐15 can enhance the conductivity of the quasi‐solid‐state electrolyte. The diffusion coefficients of polyiodide ions such as I−3 and I−5 which were confirmed by Raman spectroscopic measurement, were about twice larger than that of I−. The optimized photoenergy conversion efficiency of dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSC) with the quasi‐solid‐state electrolyte was 4.3% under AM 1.5 irradiation at 75 mW·cm−2 light intensity.
Capillary Electrophoresis for the Simultaneous Determination of Metals by Using Ethylenediamine Tetraacetic Acid as Complexing Agent and Vancomycin as Complex Selector
Authors: Threeprom Jirasak , Som‐aum Waraporn , Lin Jin‐Ming 
Published: December 2006

AbstractA new separation system of capillary electrophoresis for the simultaneous determination of metals by using ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) as complexing agent and employing vancomycin as complex selector was described. The Z‐shape cell capillary electrophoresis was used to enhance the sensitivity for the determination of the complexes of Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II) and Fe(III) with EDTA. The partial filling method (co‐current mode) was used in order to increase the selectivity of the electrophoretic method, meanwhile vancomycin was not present at the detector path during the detection of metal‐EDTA complexes. The vancomycin concentration, phosphate concentration and pH of the buffer strongly influenced mobility, resolution and selectivity of the studied analytes. Under the optimal condition, the relative standard deviations (n=5) of the migration time and the peak area were less than 3.14% and 7.35%, respectively. Application of the Z‐shape cell capillary electrophoresis method with UV detection and vancomycin loading led to the reliable determination of these metal ions in tap water and the recoveries were97%–101%. The detection limits based on a signal to noise ratio of 3:1 were found in the range of 2–10 µg·L−1.
Rod‐like Schiff Base Magnetic Liquid Crystals Bearing Organic Radical
Authors: Zheng Min‐Yan , An Zhong‐Wei 
Published: December 2006

Abstract4 novel rod‐like Schiff base magnetic liquid crystals have been prepared in which trans‐bicyclohexyl or trans‐cyclohexyl phenyl and biphenyl carboxylic acid phenol ester mesogenic cores with n‐propyl and n‐pentyl substituents were terminated by 4‐amino‐TEMPO (TEMPO=2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐1‐oxyl). Of these compounds the silk‐like and schlieren textures were found from 4c and 4d by POM (Polarizing Optical Microscope). DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimeter) measurements show that the mesophase exists from 4–6 °C. EPR spectra reveal their paramagnetic properties.
Development of Monoclonal Antibody‐based Enzyme‐linked Immunosorbent Assay to the Estrogen Diethylstilbestrol
Authors: Wang Wen‐Jun , Li Ji , Zhao Ji‐Xun , Zhang Guo‐Zhong , Xu Ting , Sheng Wei 
Published: December 2006

AbstractDiethylstilbestrol (DES) is a synthetic estrogen that has ever been used worldwide. Polyclonal antibodies (PAbs) were used in immunoassay for detection of DES residues in environmental and agricultural samples in previous paper. In this paper, an indirect competitive enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (icELISA) was developed based on monoclonal antibody (MAb) for the determination of diethylstilbestrol. Mono‐o‐carboxypropyldiethylstilbestrol (DES‐CP) and mono‐o‐carboxymethyldiethylstilbestrol (DES‐CME) were synthesized to be haptens. DES‐CP was coupled to bovine serum albumin (BSA) to be an immunogen in BALB/c female mouse for MAb production. The MAb was characterized for specificity and affinity to DES in icELISA. Under the optimum condition, the icELISA showed an IC50 of 9.8 ng/mL, the limit of detection (IC20) of 2.3 ng/mL and a working range of 2–42 ng/mL. Hexestrol and dienestrol exhibited cross‐reactivity values were 44% and 27%, respectively. Cross‐reactivity of natural estrogen 17β‐estradiol was less than 0.1%. The influences of some factors such as salt concentration, pH and organic solvent concentration on the assay were evaluated. The concentrations of DES in the fortified water samples determined by the assay were correlated well with the fortification levels. The results were confirmed with analysis by HPLC.