bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Articulatory settings’
Authors: Jenner Bryan 
Published: September 2007

SummaryThe term ‘articulatory setting’ first appeared in English phonetic literature in a much-cited article by Beatrice Honikman (1964). The link between this term and a set of synonyms used by a range of 19th century European scholars was amply demonstrated by Laver (1978). By examining a few of the many sources available, this article seeks to show, as Laver’s article did not, that the phenomenon that Honikman discusses has been almost continuously present in German phonetic literature from Sievers (1876) onward, and that British scholars in the 20th century failed to take account of this. As a result, the concept was entirely absent from British phonetic literature from about 1909 until 1964. Against this background the article also seeks to establish possible direct sources for Honikman’s ideas.
Une traduction arabe de la grammaire de Lhomond (1857)
Authors: Bechraoui Mohamed-Fadhel 
Published: September 2007

Résumé
Le succès de la grammaire scolaire dans la France du XIXe siècle avait favorisé la traduction de certains de ses manuels, comme le Lhomond ou le Noël et Chapsal, pour servir de méthodes d’apprentissage aux étrangers. Le Lhomond tout particulièrement, après la traduction anglaise de Longfellow (1830) avait connu une traduction arabe, publiée à Paris en 1857 par un Tunisien du nom de Soliman al-Haraïri (1824–1877). Il y développe en fait, une double traduction: traduction libre et traduction littérale. Cette dernière, très paradoxalement, constitue le noyau d’une méthode présentée par l’auteur comme une invention didactique à laquelle il n’a jamais été précédé. L’effort de traduction y est considérable par rapport à ce que l’on trouve dans l’ouvrage anglais. La langue arabe, ainsi que la grammatisation autochtone qui s’y rapporte sont tellement éloignées du français et de sa grammatisation que le traducteur est amené à faire œuvre de linguiste et non de simple traducteur. La traduction de la terminologie, comme celle des exemples et des paradigmes, nécessite en effet une grande connaissance de l’arabe et de sa grammaire. Le recours au dialecte marque d’ailleurs l’épuisement des ressources de l’arabe classique. La transcription s’y ajoute pour faire encore reculer l’écart, au-delà de la grammaire et du système phonologique, jusqu’à l’écriture elle-même. Les éléments d’une recherche contrastive viennent, en outre, accompagner la traduction littérale comme pour en retracer les limites et révéler les irréductibles difficultés de l’apprentissage. Mais la correspondance entre les deux langues, incarnée dans cette traduction, a été expressément exagérée pour gagner plus de terrain dans le rapprochement du Lhomond, dans sa langue originale, à l’élève arabe. L’objectif étant de le mettre immédiatement en contact avec la langue française, via ce pré-texte qu’est la traduction littérale. Quant à la traduction libre, elle est considérée comme superflue, ne pouvant profiter qu’à l’élève français censé y trouver un ‘guide de bien traduire’.
Some notes on the life and work of John Minsheu (1560–1627)
Authors: Salmon Vivian 
Published: September 2007

SummaryJohn Minsheu (1560–1627) has long been known to historians of lexicography as the author of an impressive comparative and etymological dictionary,Ductor in Linguas(1617). Less well known is his grammar of Spanish (1599), which is unusual for its time in displaying interest in socio-linguistic issues. This paper is intended to stimulate interest in the neglected grammar and to propose a solution to the mystery of Minsheu’s biography – a topic likewise overlooked in the literature. The paper ends with a set of proposals for further research.
La dérivation délocutive
Authors: Larcher Pierre 
Published: September 2007

Summary
The notion ‘delocutive derivation’ was introduced by Emile Benveniste (1902–1976) in a paper published in 1958. It appears to have gone unnoticed at the time. However, when the article was reissued in Benveniste’s Problèmes de linguistique générale (1966), things seem to have changed dramatically, in particular in 1972, when Ducrot made a connection between ‘delocutivity’ and ‘performativity’ (e.g., promettre = dire je promets), leading in 1975 delocutivity back to the side of a semantic reinterpretation (e.g., je trouve que). Subsequently, Cornulier (1976) introduced the concept of ‘autodelocutivity’ and Anscombre, in a series of articles from the late 1970s and early 1980s, attempted a theorization of this notion. Since then, the subject fell into oblivion. The object of the present paper is twofold: (1) It tries to understand the cometic rise of a notion on the linguistic horizon; (2) to demonstrate that notion ‘delocutive derivation’ is a fundamental mechanism that linguistics, both synchronic and diachronic, would make a mistake in ignoring, to the effect that its ‘enunciative’ specificity does not mask a much more general mechanism, namely, that of natural metalanguage, and beyond, that of metonymy.
Tense, mood and aspect in the first grammar of Croatian (Kašić 1604)
Authors: Pandžić Zvonko 
Published: September 2007

Summary
This paper deals with the first Croatian grammar published in 1604 by the Jesuit Bartul Kašić (1575–1650). Within the framework of a multi-level approach of historical hermeneutics, the author investigates both the linguistic and the philosophical presuppositions of this grammar. After having established Kašić’s humanistic sources (Manutius, Giambullari, Linacre, Álvares, Gretser), the paper sketches the historical background of the grammatization process of Slavic languages in general. It then analyses the verbal categories of tense, mood and aspect within this humanistic tradition as well as the immanent semantics of Kašić’s work. The focal point of the paper is Aristotle’s definition of time that Thomas Linacre (1524) had reintroduced into the description of verbs and which was taken over by Kašić through the work of Giambullari (1552). This notion of time, however, served not only to portray verbal tenses in vernacular grammars but also those of Greek and Latin (Apollonius Dyscolus, Diomedes, Augustine, Priscian, etc.). As the author tries to demonstrate, Kašić’s work constitutes the genuine crystallising point of the so-called onto-semantic view of language and grammar. Furthermore, Kašić’s analysis of verbal moods is shown to follow the humanistic tradition and that of the grammatization of Slavic moods. Kašić’s attempt to relate the eminently important category of aspect in Slavic to ‘Aristotelian’ and ‘Varronian’ aspects of Latin grammar may be regarded as pioneering in the history of Slavic linguistics.
Gender-specific communication in Graeco-Roman antiquity
Authors: Fögen Thorsten 
Published: September 2007

SummaryIt has been the main interest of numerous studies in modern linguistics, in particular since the 1980s, to analyse gender-specific language and modes of communication. However, the vast majority of these contributions completely ignores the fact that some ancient authors already raised the problem of gender-specific language and thus made at least a first step towards a diaphasic sketch of the linguistic levels and varieties of both Greek and Latin. The ancient sources on women’s language are admittedly not very ample and, moreover, rather scattered. It is the aim of this contribution to bring together relevant metalinguistic passages and provide a close reading in order to obtain a more differentiated impression of the ancients’ views on gender-specific language and style. It is highlighted that differences are pointed out by ancient authors not only in pragmatic respects, but also for the phonological, morphological and lexico-semantic levels. The focus is on excerpts from Plato, Aristophanes, Roman comedy and rhetorical writings, but further (sometimes indirect) sources are also included. The final part of this contribution considers the evidence on “women’s speech” in Giovanni Boccaccio’s treatiseDe mulieribus claris.
La linguistique des grammaires françaises publiées en Espagne dans la première moitié du XIXe siècle
Authors: Lépinette Brigitte 
Published: September 2007

RésuméDans cet article, nous examinons un corpus de 13 grammaires pour l’enseignement du français aux Espagnols, éditées dans la première moitié du XIXe siècle. Nous prenons en compte, dans une analyse de type transversal, (1) les sources citées par les auteurs ; (2) la nature de la définition de la grammaire et le nombre des parties du discours ; (3) la définition du nom (avec la présence ou non du schéma canonique de la déclinaison ou des classes spécifiques de cet élément) ; (4) la définition du verbe avec la présence ou non des catégories canoniques) ; et (5) la syntaxe. Notre objectif est de déterminer la linguistique explicite et implicite de ces grammaires scolaires, à une époque où la grammaire générale pénètre en Espagne dans les ouvrages de langue maternelle et où sont introduits les exercices d’analyses logique et grammaticale.
An Englishman’s Vindication of Scots
Authors: Häcker Martina 
Published: September 2007

Summary
This article investigates the linguistic work of the English Jesuit James Adams (1737–1802). It places Adams’ work in the socio-cultural context of 18th-century linguistic writing, in particular with respect to two ongoing debates: (1) on a monogenetic vs. a polygenetic origin of language and (2) on the origins of Scots. Both of these were highly ideological debates, in the first case between a biblical and a scientific world view, and in the latter between those who were content with the political state of affairs (the Union of Scotland and England), and those who would rather have had an independent Scotland. Adams manages to reconcile linguistic evidence with monogenism, while his views on language and dialects are guided by ‘Christian phil­anthropy’. They contrast sharply with those of many of his contemporaries. In his “Vindication of the Dialect of Scotland”, which is the central part of the “Appendix” of his Pronunciation of the English Language (published in 1799), Adams strongly votes for Scottish linguistic independence, though not for political independence, even advocating a separate Scots spelling. The analysis of this work shows that his attitude to dialects is informed by his education and life as a Jesuit in the 18th century, his belief that all people are created as equals, his didactic concerns as a teacher, and the personal experience of an extended stay in Scotland.
William Perry’sThe Royal Standard English Dictionary(1775)
Authors: Sturiale Massimo 
Published: September 2007

SummaryThis paper examines the role of William Perry (1747–post 1805), an active Scottish schoolteacher and lexicographer, in the prescription of norms for a ‘correct’ pronunciation of standard English, being perfectly in line with the language guardians of the time. Although Perry shares a few characteristics with Thomas Sheridan (1719–1788) and James Buchanan (fl. 1753–1773), as he himself maintains in the Preface to hisThe Royal Standard English Dictionary, first published in Edinburgh in 1775, he also reveals a certain dissatisfaction with the way ‘the sounds of words are expressed’ by the other two 18th-century scholars. Therefore, the paper examines the ‘more rational method’ proposed in his attempt to better represent the sounds of the English language.
Marginalia as evidence
Authors: Navest Karlijn 
Published: September 2007

SummaryThis article provides a detailed study of the annotations in the two Winchester College copies of Robert Lowth’s (1710–1787)Short Introduction to English Grammar(1762) which R. C. Alston used for his facsimile edition (1968). Alston believed that one of the copies belonged to Lowth and that the other copy was used for the second edition of the grammar in 1763. My article, however, demonstrates that this was not the case. It present arguments that serve to identify the owner of the second copy, and it demonstrates that there is one feature in his language the historical development of which was very likely due to influence from Lowth’s grammar. From a wider perspective, this article will highlight the extent to which contemporary readers responded to books they owned by including annotations in them.
Designing documents for train operators
Authors: Torsi Silvia , Rizzo Antonio , Pozzi Simone , Save Luca 
Published: September 2007

This paper addresses the issue of redesigning a train list. The train list is a paper document of few pages that provides train operators of the Italian railway company with basic information about the features of the railway line they are moving along, the means of traction and engine characteristics.
Methodologies borrowed from the fields of document design and human–computer interaction were applied to the analysis, redesign, and evaluation of a new train list following a first prototype developed by the railway company.
In all phases (analysis, redesign, evaluation) the study was guided by the theoretical framework of cultural-historical psychology, according to which artifacts historically shaped by human practice always mediate human cognition. The results of the evaluation provide empirical evidence to support the added value of combining document design techniques with the heuristic role of the historical analysis of an artifact, especially in a safety-critical context, so as to properly improve tools and instruments used in human activity and thus reduce the risk of breakdowns.
Visualizing complexity
Authors: Mirel Barbara , Allmendinger Leif 
Published: September 2007

In this paper, we look at experienced problem solvers who are experts in their own domains and who visually model the processes people use when they solve complex problems. Our hope is that improved problem models can inform software development teams and lead to better problem solving software.
We discuss what to model – the interdependent data ordeals, wayfinding, and sense-making activities that make up patterns of inquiry. We propose a model, which describes how experts explore problem landscapes, putting information and their own conclusions together in different ways in order to satisfy contending goals and agendas.
Film as language: The politics of early film theory (19201960)
Authors: Rheindorf Markus 
Published: September 2007

While conventional accounts of the history of film theory portray early theoretical writings as ‘naïve’, ‘unsystematic’, and ‘impressionistic’, this paper argues that, although there is a factual basis for this dismissive appraisal, such accounts thoroughly ignore the many contradictions that mark these writings.
This paper focuses on a historically specific case, the film theory of Siegfried Kracauer, and relates the major contradictions in Kracauer’s theory of film and his conception of ‘film as language’ to a changing socio-cultural context. This case study serves to illustrate the fact that theoretical discourses, especially in their formative, pre-institutionalised stages, are open to a variety of ideological and political struggles. The specifics of early film theory also throw some light on the politics of discursive strategies establishing analogies (and difference) between ‘film’ and ‘language’ decades before the ‘structuralist turn’ in film theory.
La traduction des textes scientifiques
Authors: Rey Joëlle 
Published: September 2007

RésuméL’analyse des textes scientifiques dans une perspective discursive fait apparaître que, bien que leur contenu porte sur des sujets universels, leur forme est liée à la culture de la langue dans laquelle ils ont été produits. En effet, ils ont pour but de modifier l’univers cognitif du lecteur, ce qui implique la mise en oeuvre de mécanismes spécifiques souvent associés à des formes linguistiques déterminées. A partir d’un corpus de textes de semi-vulgarisation scientifique en anglais, en français et en espagnol, cet article se propose de montrer que, dans certains cas, les contraintes liées à la progression textuelle obligent le traducteur à calquer des formes de mise en texte de l’original, même si elles sont peu usuelles dans la langue d’arrivée.
Tailoring Translation Programs to Social Needs
Authors: Li Defeng 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
To ensure that translation programs meet the constantly changing needs of the market, it is of paramount importance to first identify what those needs are. This article reports on a data-based study of professional translators undertaken in Hong Kong. The study reveals that recent social-political changes in the country have brought about changes in the needs of professional translators characterized by demand for better bilingual competence including mastery of Putonghua, better command of selective translation and more collaborative translation. It was also found that training in English and Chinese proved most helpful to professional translators at work, whereas training in interpretation and subject knowledge proved inadequate. The author recommends that training in L1 and L2 be strengthened, and translation teaching be brought closer to the real world through authentic training, thus responding to changing social needs.
Towards a Methodology for Investigating the Style of a Literary Translator
Authors: Baker Mona 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Translation studies has inherited from literary studies its preoccupation with the style of individual creative writers and from linguistics the preoccupation with the style of social groups of language users. It also inherited from both disciplines the association of style with ‘original’ writing. Little or no attention has been paid so far to the possibility of describing the ‘style’ of a translator or group of translators in terms of what might be distinctive about the language they produce. This paper offers a first attempt to outline a methodological framework for investigating the question of style in literary translation—not in the traditional sense of whether the style of a given author is adequately conveyed in the relevant translation but in terms of whether individual literary translators can be shown to use distinctive styles of their own.
Translation, Normalisation and Identity in Galicia(n)
Authors: Millán-Varela Carmen 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This article approaches the role and position of literary translation in the Galician context during the 20th century. The socio-linguistic situation of the native language, Galego (Galician), and the asymmetrical relations of power with respect to Castilian have been shaping and determining the dynamics of translation, and, to a certain extent, Galician cultural life in general. Translation therefore appears as a crucial and ambiguous activity, both contributing to the process of linguistic and cultural normalisation but also revealing the lingering weakness of the target language. Translation therefore becomes a powerful mirror on which to contemplate pressing domestic debates on language and identity.
Strategic Interaction amongst Australia's East Coast Ports
Authors: Menezes Flavio M. , Pracz Marcin , Tyers Rod 
Published: September 2007

Abstract Australia's principal container ports, located in its state capitals, are owned and operated by state authorities that largely return profits from port operations to state governments. Since they govern the volumes of trade in most merchandise, they command immense influence over the openness and flexibility of the national economy. In this study, we estimate the elasticities of substitution between container services of ports in Brisbane, Sydney and Melbourne. We also examine the pricing of port services to estimate the extent of their interaction, from which we derive conjectural variations parameters to assess the actual and potential levels of price collusion. The results confirm the conventional wisdom that the degree of substitution between the major east coast ports is small. While this highlights the possibility that these ports possess substantial market power, actual mark ups are considerably smaller than the predicted mark ups, suggesting that the ports' localised monopoly power is constrained by factors other than price competition.
Providing Duty‐Free Access to Australian Markets for Least‐Developed Countries: A General Equilibrium Analysis
Authors: Zhang Xiao‐guang , Verikios George 
Published: September 2007

Abstract The Doha ministerial declaration commits WTO members to liberalising access to their markets for least‐developed countries (LDCs). Preferential trade policies have diverse impacts on the initiating country and its trading partners. These effects are of concern to scholars and policy makers. We use Australia as a case study to quantify the direct and indirect effects of providing preferential access to LDC imports entering Australian markets, using a general equilibrium model of the world economy. LDCs are projected to benefit and Australia is predicted to lose, reflecting adverse terms of trade effects. However, the magnitude of the adverse effect on Australia is small. If one was to view this initiative as an exercise in foreign aid, it suggests that Australia can provide a significant benefit to the poorest nations with which it trades, at almost no cost to itself.
The Affianced
Authors: REDGROVE PETER 
Published: September 2007

Sylvia Plath: The Colossus and Other PoemsGraham Hough: Legends and Pastorals Thistles and Roses, by Iain Crichton Smith The Astronomy of Love, by Jon Stallworthy Heart's Needle, by W. D. Snodgrass The Map of Clay, by Jack Clemo Once Bitten Twice Bitten, by Peter PorterM. H. Abrams. The Mirror and the Lamp: Romantic Theory and the Critical Tradition. Paper back edition Maurice Maeterlinck: A Study of his Life and Thought, by W. D. HallsDonald Davie, The Heyday of Sir Walter ScottRoger Asselineau. The Evolution of Walt Whitman; The Creation of a Personality
Pornography ‐ what is the problem?1
Authors: CAMERON DEBORAH 
Published: September 2007

IntroductionI am among those feminists who believe that there is a problem with pornography, and more generally with the repertoire of culturally available representations of sex and gender. What I take the problem to be will, I hope, become clearer below; but in the first instance, I want to focus on the problem of defining the problem.
A TEST FOR SEGREGATION RATIOS IN FAMILY DATA
Authors: SMITH By C. A. B. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryA method is given for checking the agreement of the observed segregation of a character in family data, and the expected segregations calculated on the basis of Mendelian ratios and the Hardy‐Weinberg formulae. The method is only worked out in detail for the simple case of two alleles, one recessive to the other; in principle it could be extended to multiple alleles.
THE INHERITANCE OF HUMAN BIRTH WEIGHT*
Authors: MORTON By NEWTON E. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryJapanese data on half‐sibs, twins, full sibs and consanguineous matings are consistent with the hypothesis that the resemblance in birth weight of sibs is largely attributable to the maternal constitution or environment, not to genetic similarity of sibs. The following intraclass correlations were obtained: paternal half‐sibs, 0·102; maternal half‐sibs adjacent in birth order. 0·581; like‐sexed twins, 0·557; unlike‐sexed twins, 0·655; full sibs adjacent in birth order. 0·523; full sibs with one sib intervening, 0·425; full sibs with two sibs intervening. 0·363; full sibs adjacent in birth order, whose parents are first cousins, 0·481. No significant effect of inbreeding was observed on the variance of birth weight or the correlation between sibs, but inbreeding of the foetus did appear to affect mean birth weight, 10% inbreeding being estimated to decrease birth weight by about 4·3 decagrams. Other data on the genetics of mammalian body weight are reviewed.