bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STUDIES IN BACTERIOSIS. XV A DISEASE OF SWEDES AND TURNIPS
Authors: PAINE SYDNEY G. , NIRULA RAM. L. 
Published: February 2008

Summary.

A disease of swedes is shown to be related to the presence of bacteria.
Certain features of the disease lead the authors to reserve their opinion as to whether bacteria are wholly responsible until opportunity for further investigation shall have presented itself.
An organism has been isolated and described.
The organism has been shown to be identical with one isolated contemporarily from cauliflower in France by Dufrenoy and Szymanek.
The identity of the organism with Pseudomonas campestris has been discussed and it has been suggested that it is probably a saltant strain of this species, though the authors reserve the question of actual identity until farther evidence is available.
The strain possesses more than one flagellum.
ON THE LIFE‐HISTORY OF “WIREWORMS” OF THE GENUS AGRIOTES ESCH.: PART IV.
Authors: ROBERTS A. W. RYMER 
Published: February 2008

Summary.The most reliable characters for distinguishing the larva of Agriotes lineatus from the closely similar larva of A. obscurus have been found in the spiracles. The spiracles of A. lineatus are longer and more parallelsided than those of A. obscurus and also bear a noticeably larger number of teeth bordering the orifices.
THE GROWTH OF FUNGI IN SOIL1
Authors: McLENNAN E. 
Published: February 2008

Summary.

Sterile soil was inoculated with a known quantity of spores of four different fungi, incubated at 9°C. and at intervals representative samples were plated out by the dilution method and an analysis of the. plate population made. Results showed that high plate counts were not in any way connected with vegetative growth and supported Conn's idea that in such a case one is simply measuring the sporing capacity of the forms used.
Samples of moist soil and of soil which had been dried in a vacuum desiccator over calcium chloride were plated out by the dilution method and the number of fungal colonies per plate compared. A marked decrease was noted with the dried sample. The reduced pressure was found to have no effect as drying under ordinary air‐pressure gave comparable results.
Suspensions in soil, and in sand, of fragmented mycelia and of a mixture of fungal spores, were in turn plated out directly and after drying. No colonies developed from the sample in the desiccator containing only mycelia, whereas the sample containing spores was in no way affected. It is suggested therefore that the decrease obtained after drying is due to the desiccation of the vegetative mycelium in the soil and since the reduction in the number of colonies per plate is very pronounced after this treatment, it. is thought that the normal fungal constituents of the soil are present extensively in the mycelial condition.In conclusion I should like to acknowledge my indebtedness and gratitude to Sir John Russell for offering to me the hospitality of the Rothamsted Experimental Station and to Dr W. B. Brierley, Head of the Department of Mycology, for placing at my disposal all the facilities of the Department and for his encouragement and helpful eritieism during my work at the Station.
EXPERIMENTS WITH A MOSAIC DISEASE OF TOMATO
Authors: SMITH J. HENDERSON 
Published: February 2008

Summary.A description is given of a mosaic disease produced in tomato by a virus, possibly identical with Johnson's Tobacco Virus 6, which differs from that of ordinary tomato mosaic in the brilliance and intensity of its leaf‐symptoms, but in other respects is indistinguishable from it by the characters investigated.The filtered juice of infected plants transmits the disease in dilutions in water up to 1 in 10,000, retains its activity for a year or more at room temperature, and withstands heating for 10 minutes at 80°C. but is inactivated at 90°C.It is not inactivated by alcohol up to 90 per cent. The virus comes down with the precipitate, and is not destroyed when the formation of precipitate is prevented by the addition of NaOH.Attempts at cultivation of the virus outside the living plant are described; all were unsuccessful. The methods employed in filtration, inoculation, etc. are given in detail.
ON CLADOSPORIUM HERBARUM: THE QUESTION OF ITS PARASITISM, AND ITS RELATION TO “THINNING OUT” AND “DEAF EARS” IN WHEAT
Authors: BENNETT F. T. 
Published: February 2008

Summary.The only types of Cladosporitun found occurring on our four cereals were strains of C. herbarum, not different species.Five strains of C. herbarum, tentatively termed “prevalent strains” of wheat, barley, oats, cabbage and broccoli, were isolated from these plants respectively.The bud‐spore forms, or so‐called Hormodendron stages, of these strains do not differ in parasitic capacity from the normal Cladosporium forms; they do not cause perforation of leaves.None of these strains of C. herbarum, and they may be regarded as typical of the species, is parasitic in any stage or form on brassicas or cereals; they are all “semi‐parasitic,” establishing themselves on, and thereafter hastening the death of, dying tissues. C. herbarum is not the cause of “thinning out,”“premature ripening (whiteheads),” or “deaf ears” in wheat.
THE BIONOMICS OF APION ULICIS FÖRST. (GORSE WEEVIL), WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ITS ROLE IN THE CONTROL OF ULEX EUROPAEUS IN NEW ZEALAND1
Authors: DAVIES W. MALDWYN 
Published: February 2008

Summary.

The present study of Apion vlicis Först. is in reference to the use of this weevil in the control of Ulex europaeus in New Zealand: its synonymy and geographical distribution are dealt with.
The external morphology of the egg, larva, pupa and imago of Apion ulicis have been studied, special attention being devoted to the mouth parts of both adult and larva. The male and female reproductive organs are also described and figured.
The details of its life‐history and feeding habits are given and an account of the damage caused by both adult and larva is included.
A survey of 62 districts in Great Britain has been organised and as high as 92 per cent. pod infection has been observed.
Primary attention has been given to the possibility of Apion ulicis attacking economic plants. It was found that only leguminous plants need be considered, and of these oviposition only occurred in pods of Ulex europaeus. Tests to ascertain the ability of Apion ulicis to thrive on other leguminous plants gave entirely negative results.
A parasite identified as Splintherus leguminum, Ratz. has been bred, a 4 per cent. parasitism was estimated. Three other records of parasites of Apion ulicis are quoted.
THE GERMINATION AND EARLY GROWTH OF WHEAT TREATED WITH COPPER CARBONATE AND TILLANTIN R.
Authors: SAMPSON KATHLEEN , DAVIES D. WALTERS 
Published: February 2008

Summary.From a review of recent literature the authors conclude that the supposed “stimulating effect” of such substances as uspulun tillantin, and copper carbonate, is in most cases clearly to be attributed to the fungicidal properties of these compounds.
THE COMMON GREEN CAPSID BUG (LYGUS PABU LINUS)
Authors: PETHERBRIDGE F. R. , THORPE W. H. 
Published: February 2008

Summary.The capsid bug Lygus pabulinus has become a serious pest of currants, gooseberries, strawberries, potatoes and dahlias, and is also present on apples, pears, plums, cherries and peaches, and a large number of cultivated plants and weeds.A detailed account is given of the characteristics and measurements of the various stages which will serve the purpose of identification, and also of the genitalia.Diagnostic characters are given for the purposes of distinguishing it from the P. rugicollis which causes similar damage on currants and apples.There are two generations per annum. Eggs are laid in the autumn in woody plants such as currants, gooseberries, apples and roses and then migration to herbaceous hosts usually takes place where the summer eggs are laid, the second generation returning to the woody host to lay their eggs.In the first generation a secondary migration from strawberries to other herbaceous hosts takes place. Details are given of the damage done to the more important host plants and of the habits of the bug in its various stages. Control measures are given.
On Two Cases Of Recovery From A Mosaic Disease Of Tomato Plants, Lycopersicum Esculentum
Authors: VERWOERD LEN 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARY.Experiments are recorded which indicate that from a number of tomato plants raised from mosaic‐diseased cuttings, two plants were free from mosaic disease.These two plants showed no symptoms of mosaic disease and neither was the active principle of the disease present in the juice obtained from these plants.
STUDIES ON POTATO VIRUS DISEASES V. INSECT TRANSMISSION OF POTATO LEAF‐ROLL
Authors: SMITH KENNETH M. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARY.

Inoculation experiments with seven different species of insects carried out in 1927 gave negative results, except in the case of the aphis Myzus persicae Subs, which gave a high percentage of positive infections.
Further inoculation tests with this aphis in 1928 proved it to De an efficient carrier of the leaf‐roll virus.
Experiments carried out during two years on the question of the inheritance of the leaf‐roll virus by the progeny of Effective aphides proved negative. It is therefore assumed that the virus is not hereditary in the offspring of the aphis.
One or two virus‐bearing aphides are capable of infecthg a healthy potato plant with leaf‐roll. Such infection when achieved differenced in no degree of severity from that induced by 18 aphides. The incidence. of infection was greatest among plants colonised with groups of 18 infective aphides.
Colonisation of virus‐bearing aphides upon non‐solanaceous hosts such as cabbage for periods varying from 24 hours to 7 days did not affect the subsequent infective power of such aphides.
M. persicae, when colonised upon plants affected with combinations of viruses of which leaf‐roll was one constituent, transmitted only leaf‐roll to healthy potatoes. The combinations used were leaf‐roll and streak, and leaf‐roll and mosaic. In the latter case the aphis was shown, by its infection of tobacco with a mottling disease, to be picking up both viruses of which only leaf‐roll developed in the potato.
The incubation period of the leaf‐roll virus' in the plant averaged about 30 days under glasshouse conditions. In some cases the disease was found to develop in 18–20 days.
Seven varieties of potato have been infected with leaf‐roll by means of M. persicae. There existed no apparent difference in degree of resistance to leaf‐roll.
The leaf‐roll virus can be disseminated by the feeding of M. persicae, either on the sprouts of the tuber, on the leaves and shoots of the growing plant, or on the stem alone.
THE BIOLOGY OF THYSANOPTERA WITH REFERENCE TO THE COTTON PLANT IV. THE RELATION BETWEEN THE DEGREE OP INFESTATION AND SURFACE CAKING OF THE SOIL
Authors: MACGILL ELSIE I. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARY.

Results of experiments on the effect of water supply on the infestation of a plant by thrips suggested that the surface caking of the soil has an important influence on the degree of infestation.
Plants grown in pots in which the surface of the soil was tilled showed a higher infestation by thrips than plants in similar pots, but in which the soil was allowed to cake, although both sets of plants were receiving an equal water supply, and all other conditions were the same.
The difference in the infestation factors for the two groups was largely due to differences in the numbers of larval thrips, but it is pointed out that the number of larvae forms a more reliable factor than the number of adult insects.
The present experiments support the suggestion put forward that surface caking of the soil acts inimically to soil pupating species of thrips.
ADDITIONAL HOSTS OF SYNCHYTRIUM ENDOBIOTICVM (SCHILB.) PERC
Authors: MARTIN MARY S. 
Published: February 2008

Summary.Infection of numerous species of Solanaceae by Synchylrium endobioticum has been obtained using Glynne's “green wart” method. Plants grown in contaminated soil did not show infection. The following new hosts are recorded: Solanum dulcamara var. villosissimum, Nicandra physalodes, Solanum dulcamara alba, Solanum nodiflorum and Solanum villosum.In certain hosts the fungus may occur in the tissues with little or no external sign of its presence.I am indebted to Dr W. B. Brierley for helpful criticism and suggestions received during the course of this work; and to the Director, Research and Experimental Station, Cheshunt, Herts, The Director. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Surrey, The Regius Keeper, Royai Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh, and Martin H. Sutton, Esq., Erlegh Park, Whiteknights, Reading, for seed and tubers used in the experiments.
THE CONTROL OF CUCUMBER AND TOMATO MOSAIC DISEASES IN GLASSHOUSES BY THE USE OF CLEAN SEED
Authors: BEWLEY W. F. , CORBETT W. 
Published: February 2008

Summary.

Evidence is submitted to show that mosaic disease of both the cucumber and the tomato is transmitted by the seed.
Stocks of infected seeds have been cleaned by early and careful roguing of diseased plants.
There is every reason to believe that in this country the incidence of this disease in glasshouses can be reduced to small proportions, if not entirely prevented, by the use of clean seed.
INSECTS FOUND ASSOCIATED WITH CACAO, SPICES AND DRIED FRUITS IN LONDON WAREHOUSES
Authors: RICHARDS O. W. , HERFORD G. V. B. 
Published: February 2008

Summary.The pests found in certain cacao, spice and dried fruit warehouses in London have been enumerated. Reference has been made to some of the more important papers in which the food, habits or distribution of the species have been described.To make the identification of some of the pests more easy we have made new keys to the species met with in the following genera:Carpophilus, Laemophlaeus, Dermestes, Gnathocerusand allies,EphestiaandDrosophila.The following insects appear to be recorded from Britain for the first time. Those marked with an asterisk have only been found dead. Coleoptera: Plochionus pallens F. (Carabidae), Carpophilus flavipes Murr. (Nitidulidae), Tenebroides oblongus Shp.* (Trogositidae), Laemophlaeus janeti Grouv. (Cucujidae), Dermestes cadaverinus F. and D. carnivorus F. (Dermestidae), Cyclocephala tetrica* Voert., Diplognatha silacea* Moel. and phileurus didymus* L. (Scarabaeidae), corynetes analis Kl. (Cleridae), Catorama herbarium Gorh. (Anobidae), Monomma brunneum* Thoms.(Monommidae), Sitophagus hololeptoides Casteln. (Tenebrionidae), Anthicus australis* Lea (Anthicidae), Caulophilus latinasus Say (Curculionidae), Stephanoderes busckii* Hopk. (Ipidae). Hymenoptera: Holepyris hawaiiensis Ashmd. and Cephalonomia carinata Kieff. (Bethylidae), Campoplex prytanes Cam. (Ichneumonidae), Zeteticontus laeviscutum Thoms. (Encyrtidae). Diptera: Drosophila immigrans sturt. (Drosophilidae).
THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VIRUS DISEASES IN PLANTS
Authors: CALDWELL JOHN 
Published: February 2008

Summary.In this paper the movement in the plant of the causative agent of virus disease is discussed. The relevant data in the literature are summarised.A method is described whereby a portion of the stem in the middle of a tomato plant was killed either by chloroform or by steam. In this way the living upper and lower portions of the plant were connected by a bridge of dead tissue. It is shown that the symptoms appeared in that part of the plant in which the inoculation was made. The virus agent did not travel across the dead region.The xylem tracts were not materially affected by this treatment, and water travelled across the region. Evidence of this is the fact that the distal portion remained turgid and sometimes continued growth for a considerable time. If the stem were removed above the ground level and put into eosin solution, this travelled readily over the dead tissue. That the vessels were not occluded by protein plugs is shown by the fact that particulate substances were carried up the xylem tracts past the dead region.No evidence of adsorption of the virus agent to the cell remains could be adduced, so it is assumed that it was not travelling in the xylem stream.
THE RÔLE OF THRIPS TABACI LINDEMAN IN THE TRANSMISSION OF VIRUS DISEASES Of TOMATO
Authors: JARRETT PHYLLIS H. 
Published: February 2008

Summary.A description is given of experiments designed to show the rôle of Thrips tabaci Lindeman in the transmission of tomatoes.The diseases tested were tobacco mosaic and glasshouse streak singly, and the viruses of each of these two combined with a potato mosaic virus to give a disease termed experimental streak.The source of the materials used and the methods employed are described in detail.In no case was transmission of any of the viruses recorded, although the insects had fed freely on all the plants. It is concluded that Thrips tabaci does not transmit virus diseases of tomatoes under all conditions. The importance of this insect as a vector of these diseases in commercial glasshouses in England is therefore doubtful.
THE INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ANGULAR LEAF‐SPOT DISEASE OF COTTON. II. THE INFLUENCE OF SOIL TEMPERATURE ON PRIMARY AND SECONDARY INFECTION OF SEEDLINGS
Authors: STOUGHTON R. H. 
Published: February 2008

Summary.Experiments on the angular leaf‐spot disease of cotton carried out under controlled conditions lead to the following conclusions:

Seed derived from diseased plants may give rise to infected seedlings.
This infection is due to bacteria carried on the outside of the seed and in the fuzz.
Thorough disinfection of the exterior of the seed results in healthy seedlings.
The amount of primary infection resulting from infected seed decreases at soil temperatures above 30° C., but infection is not inhibited at 40° C.
Soil temperature has little or no effect on secondary infection resulting from spray inoculation of the plants.
Plants diseased in the seedling stage grow out free from disease, if no further inoculation occurs.
THE RELATION BETWEEN THE NUMBERS OF A SOIL BACTERIUM AND THE AMMONIA PRODUCED BY IT IN PEPTONE SOLUTIONS; WITH SOME REFERENCE TO THE EFFECT ON THIS PROCESS OF THE PRESENCE OF AMOEBAE
Authors: MEIKLEJOHN JANE 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARY.

Two sets of experiments on ammonia production from peptone were carried out, one with “YB” bacteria in liquid cultures, and another comparing “YB” and Hartmanella with “YB” alone in sand cultures.
In liquid cultures an inverse linear relation was found to hold between bacterial numbers and efficiency.
The greatest rate of production of ammonia was found to correspond to a bacterial content of about 500 million per c.c, any increase in bacterial numbers above this lowered the rate of ammonia production.
The effect of diluting the inoculum ten times was to increase the “lag” period, both for bacterial growth and for ammonia production, to a week or more; after this extended “lag” period the cultures then followed a normal course.
In sand cultures the presence of amoebae, while lowering the bacterial numbers, appears to increase the rate of ammonia production.
It is suggested that the amoebae reduce the bacterial numbers from too high a valua to a value nearer the optimum for ammonia production, and so increase the rate of ammonia production.

I should like to express my thanks to Mr Woolf, of the Sir William Dunn Institute of Biochemistry, Cambridge, for demonstrating the details of his method to me, and also to Dr Wishart and Dr Fisher, of the Statistical Department, Rothamsted, for help in the analysis of the results, and especially to Mr D. Ward Cuder, in whose department the work recorded in this paper was carried out, for his constant help and encouragement.
ON THE LIFE‐HISTORY OF BLASTODACNA ATRA HAW., THE PITH MOTH OF THE APPLE
Authors: MILES MARY 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARY.A study has been made of the life‐history and habits of the pith moth of the apple.The adults, which are described, emerge during the latter part of July.The eggs, a description of which is included, are laid singly on the twigs, usually near the base of the buds. Incubation requires 14 to 17 days.Immediately on hatching, in the first half of August, the larvae tunnel into the bark of the twigs, without first feeding on the leaves.
THE RELATION OF ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY TO TOMATO LEAF MOULD (CLADOSPORIUM FULVUM)
Authors: SMALL T. 
Published: February 2008

Summary

A study of the relation of atmospheric temperature and humidity to tomato leaf mould (Cladosporium fulvum) has been made with a view to assisting growers to control the disease by cultural methods.
The optimum temperature for the various stages of leaf mould is about 22° C. At 10° to 15° C. severe infection occurs under humid conditions, but the disease develops very slowly.
Humidities exceeding 90 per cent, are very favourable. At 22° C. infection is severe at 80 per cent, humidity but is rare at 70 per cent. At 18° C. infection and subsequent development are considerably retarded at 80 per cent, humidity.
Experiments indicate that seasonal variations in the severity of leaf mould are related to temperature.
Data are given which show that humid conditions obtain in large glasshouses for several hours each night and that these conditions are largely responsible for the severity of leaf mould.
Wetting of the foliage caused by overhead watering does not appear to favour the disease. Excessive watering produces turgid, susceptible plants.
A basis for controlling leaf mould by cultural methods is suggested.
POLYSULPHIDE SULPHUR IN RELATION TO THE FUNGICIDAL EFFICIENCY OF CERTAIN SPRAY MATERIALS
Authors: GOODWIN WILLIAM , MARTIN H. , SALMON E. S. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryThe results of a prolonged investigation of the fungicidal properties of solutions containing sulphur in polysulphide form upon the hop powdery mildew (S. Humuli) have been classified and summarised. During the course of this work the fungicidal efficiency of various lime sulphurs, liver of sulphurs, and solutions containing sodium, potassium, ammonium, calcium and barium polysulphides have been compared and it has been shown that, in all cases, the effect upon the fungus, when growing under similar biological and external conditions and provided that the sprays are applied under standardised conditions, is determined solely by the content of polysulphide sulphur of the spray fluid. The estimation of the amount of polysulphide sulphur present provides, therefore, a measure of the efficiency of these materials against S. Humuli.
Studies In Bacteriosis XVIII. A Bacterial Canker Of Apple Trees
Authors: LACEY MARGARET S. , DOWSON WALTER J. 
Published: February 2008

Summary.A bacterial canker of apple trees is described and compared with cankers previously described by Rose and Hopkins, and with fire blight. The causal organism bears a certain likeness to B. amylovorus, but it is regarded as identical with Ps. papulans Rose. The suggestion is made that the latter organism should be considered as a weak parasite producing disease only where some physiological condition renders the trees liable to be attacked.