bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Brain stem auditory-evoked response of the nonanesthetized dog
Authors: Marshall A. Edward 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The brain stem auditory evoked-response was measured from a group of 24 healthy dogs under conditions suitable for clinical diagnostic use. The waveforms were identified, and analysis of amplitude ratios, latencies, and interpeak latencies were done. The group was subdivided into subgroups based on tranquilization, nontranquilization, sex, and weight. Differences were not observed among any of these subgroups. All dogs responded to the click stimulus from 30 dB to 90 dB, but only 62.5% of the dogs responded at 5 dB. The total number of peaks averaged 1.6 at 5 dB, increased linearly to 6.5 at 50 dB, and remained at 6.5 to 90 dB. Frequency of recognizability of each wave was tabulated for each stimulus intensity tested; recognizability increased with increased stimulus intensity. Amplitudes of waves increased with increasing stimulus intensity, but were highly variable. The 4th wave had the greatest amplitude at the lower stimulus intensities, and the 1st wave had the greatest amplitude at the higher stimulus intensities. Amplitude ratio of the 1st to 5th wave was > 1 at ≤ 50 dB stimulus intensity, and was 1 for stimulus intensities > 50 dB. Interpeak latencies did not change relative to stimulus intensities. Peak latencies of each wave averaged at 5-dB hearing level for the 1st to 6th waves were 2.03, 2.72, 3.23, 4.14, 4.41, and 6.05 ms, respectively; latencies of these 6 waves at 90 dB were 0.92, 1.79, 2.46, 3.03, 3.47, and 4.86 ms, respectively. Latency decreased between 0.009 to 0.014 ms/dB for the waves.
Endometrial and serum gentamicin concentrations in pony mares given repeated intrauterine infusions
Authors: Pedersoli W. M. , Fazeli M. H. , Haddad N. S. , Ravis W. R. , Carson R. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Endometrial tissue and blood serum gentamicin (gt) concentrations were determined in 6 ovariectomized pony mares given intrauterine infusions (50 ml of a 5% commercial aqueous solution of gt) each day for 5 consecutive days. The mares were subjected to the following 3 treatments: (1) gt infusion only (trial A, control); (2) progesterone plus gt (trial B, P + G); and (3) estradiol plus gt (trial C, E + G). Endometrial tissue concentrations of gt (μg/g) at 24 and 120 hours were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in trials B (65.54 ± 15.57 and 100.33 ± 19.27) and C (73.33 ± 22.53 and 74.09 ± 8.60) than in trial A (4.23 ± 0.70). Endometrial concentration for trial A at 120 hours was also significantly higher than trial A at 24 hours. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in endometrial concentrations among trials A, B, and C at 120 hours. Serum gt concentrations were significantly lower than endometrial tissue concentrations. The highest serum concentrations of gt found in every trial occurred at 6 hours after each intrauterine infusion of gt. The highest overall serum concentration of gt (μg/ml) determined occurred in trial B (8.30 ± 1.28) at 78 hours. There was no significant difference in serum concentrations of gt between days of treatment, except for trial A at 78 and 102 hours, respectively. Serum concentrations of gt were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than trial A at 30, 54, 78, and 102 hours in trial B, and at 78 and 102 hours in trial C. There was no significant difference in serum concentrations of gt between trials B and C.
Susceptibility of cats, sheep, and swine to a rabbit isolate of Encephalitozoon cuniculi
Authors: Pang Victor F. , Shadduck John A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Newborn cats, pigs, and sheep (3 to 14 days old) and postweanling cats (2.5 months old) that had been inoculated with Gardner feline sarcoma virus and feline leukemia virus at 10 days of age were infected experimentally with a rabbit isolate of the mammalian protozoan parasite Encephalitozoon cuniculi. Infection occurred in all cats and in some sheep, but was questionable in pigs. Brain and kidney were the 2 major target organs in cats. The lesions were compatible with, but less severe than, those of naturally infected cats and other carnivores. Of 13 cats, E cuniculi could be detected morphologically in the kidneys of 12 cats and in the brain of 1 cat. The organisms were reisolated from 2 cats with ground tissue suspension of kidney or urine sediment. The indirect immunofluorescence antibody (ifa) titers were 1:20 to 1:1,280 at the time the animals were killed, but antibodies were not detected before inoculation. Lesions were seen in the kidneys of 2 of 4 sheep. These lesions were mild, but were compatible with those in a spontaneously affected goat. Encephalitozoon cuniculi were found morphologically in the kidney of 1 sheep with lesions. All sheep had ifa titers of 1:10 to 1:20 before inoculation, and the titers were 1:20 to 1:320 when they were killed. Vasculitis, similar to the subacute-to-chronic stage of polyarteritis nodosa, was observed in 1 of 8 pigs. The lesions were primarily present in the kidney; comparable but milder lesions were also seen in the heart and brain. Antibody was not detected before inoculation. The ifa titers of 1:2 to 1:8 developed in 5 pigs, although the antibodies decreased to undetectable levels in 2 pigs at the time they were killed. The results confirmed that cats are susceptible to E cuniculi and indicated that sheep probably are also susceptible, although the susceptibility may be low.
Correlation of tissue infection and serologic findings in pigs fed Toxoplasma gondii oocysts
Authors: Prickett Michael D. , Dreesen David W. , Waltman W. Douglas , Blue Jack L. , Brown John 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Each of thirteen 6-week-old pigs was inoculated per os with 10,000 sporulated oocysts of Toxoplasma gondii. By postinoculation day (pid) 13, pigs were seropositive by the indirect fluorescent antibody test. Beginning on pid 13 and every 7 days thereafter through pid 97, 1 pig was killed and 6 tissues were examined for T gondii. Of the 13 pigs, 11 were infected, including the 1st pig killed on pid 13, although none of the pigs had gross lesions of toxoplasmosis. Tissues harboring T gondii most frequently were the heart and brain; organisms were detected less frequently in the longissimus muscles, diaphragm, and liver. Toxoplasma gondii was not detected in the bronchial lymph nodes. There was good correlation between antibody and presence of T gondii in these pigs. One additional pig, maintained as a noninfected control, remained seronegative and had no evidence of infection when killed on pid 97.
Serologic diagnosis of toxoplasmosis in experimentally infected pregnant goats and transplacentally infected kids
Authors: Dubey J. P. , Desmonts George , Antunes F. , McDonald Connie 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Eight pregnant goats were inoculated orally with 10 to 1,000 oocysts of Toxoplasma gondii at 83 to 102 days of gestation. Serum samples from the goats and from the kids born to them were analyzed, using the Sabin-Feldman dye test (dt), a commercially available modified agglutination test (mat), and a latex agglutination test. Six of the does were observed for > 1 year; during this time, they delivered twice. All does developed dt and mat antibody titers of ≥ 1:2,048 within 29 days after inoculation, and the high titers persisted through the 2nd pregnancy; therefore, serologic results alone should not be relied on for the diagnosis of T gondii-induced abortion in does. On the other hand, all transplacentally infected kids had dt or mat antibody titers of 1:2,048 before ingesting colostrum, indicating the usefulness of serologic evaluation of the fetus or stillborn kid in the diagnosis of abortion. Antibody was not found in the sera of noninfected kids born to Toxoplasma-infected does. The passively acquired colostral antibody declined by 5 months. Therefore, specific antibody found in adult goats is probably actively acquired. The commercially available mat was simple, sensitive, and reliable for the diagnosis of caprine toxoplasmosis. The latex agglutination test needs further improvement, as titers rarely exceeded 1:256.
Comparison of total white blood cell count and total protein content of lumbar and cisternal cerebrospinal fluid of healthy dogs
Authors: Bailey Cleta Sue , Higgins Robert J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Lumbar and cisternal csf from 31 healthy dogs were analyzed and compared statistically. The mean total protein of the lumbar csf samples was 28.68 mg/dl; the mean total protein of cisternal csf was 13.97 mg/dl. The mean total wbc count of lumbar csf was 0.55 cells/μl; the mean wbc count of cisternal csf was 1.45 cells/μl. Statistical analysis indicated that the protein and wbc differences between the 2 types of csf were significant (P = < 0.001 and P = < 0.01, respectively).
Plasma fibronectin concentrations in dogs with disseminated intravascular coagulation
Authors: Feldman Bernard F. , Thomson Don B. , O’Neill Sharron 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Plasma fibronectin concentrations were significantly (P < 0.001) below the reference range in dogs with disseminated intravascular coagulation (dic) secondary to nonlymphomatous neoplasia, acute necrotizing pancreatitis, sepsis, chronic active hepatitis, and heat stroke. There was no statistical evidence of a group effect. Decrease in fibronectin concentration was associated with severe dic, although no attempt was made to correlate fibronectin concentration with prognosis. These findings parallel those reported for severely ill human beings with diseases associated with dic. They exemplify the potential of spontaneous diseases in animals as models for the study of human disease.
Lesions induced in the respiratory tract of chickens by encapsulated or nonencapsulated variants of Haemophilus paragallinarum
Authors: Sawata Akira , Nakai Toyotsugu , Kume Katsumi , Yoshikawa Hiroyasu , Yoshikawa Takashi 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Lesions induced in chickens by an encapsulated or nonencapsulated strain of Haemophilus paragallinarum were investigated.
In terms of lesion severity, major differences in pathogenicity were observed between the encapsulated and nonencapsulated variants. The principal lesion manifested by the encapsulated variant was an acute catarrhal inflammation of the upper respiratory tract, mainly of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinus. Infiltration of a large number of mast cells into the lamina propria of the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity was also characteristic. Numerous organisms were found on the cilia or on the surface of the epithelial cells of the nasal mucosa. Chickens with these histologic lesions had severe clinical signs of coryza, and organisms were recovered in high numbers from the nasal cavity and paranasal sinus. In contrast, chickens that were given the nonencapsulated variant did not have clinical signs of coryza, and the organisms were recovered in low numbers from the inoculated sites; slight histopathologic lesions were observed in the nasal mucosa at postinoculation day 1. Mast cell infiltration in the chickens inoculated with the encapsulated variant indicated that mast cells may be responsible for producing clinical signs of coryza via the activation of pharmacologic mediators. Adherence to and colonization of the encapsulated variant on the nasal mucosa seems to be a first step of the infection.
Comparison of minimal inhibitory concentration and disk-diffusion antimicrobic sensitivity testing of bacterial pathogens isolated from food animals
Authors: Libal Melissa C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Disk-diffusion sensitivity tests were conducted with the antimicrobics sulfathiazole, gentamicin, erythromycin, kanamycin, penicillin, ampicillin, and spectinomycin on 300 to 350 bacterial isolates of food animal origin. The minimal inhibitory concentration of each antimicrobic was also determined for each bacterial isolate, using a microdilution technique. Results indicated that inhibitory zone sizes should be larger for some antimicrobics when testing animal pathogens than those zone sizes recommended for testing human pathogens. In addition, zone interpretive data are reported for spectinomycin, a drug for which such data were previously lacking.
Pasteurella haemolytica bacteriophage; Identification, partial characterization, and relationship of temperate bacteriophages from isolates of Pasteurella haemolytica (biotype A, serotype 1)
Authors: Richards Alan B. , Renshaw Harland W. , Sneed Loyd W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Pasteurella haemolytica (biotype A, serotype 1) isolates (n = 15) from the upper respiratory tract of clinically normal cattle, as well as from lung lesions from cases of fatal bovine pasteurellosis, were examined for the presence of bacteriophage after irradiation with uv light. Treatment of all P haemolytica isolates with uv irradiation resulted in lysis of bacteria due to the induction of vegetative development of bacteriophages. The extent of growth inhibition and bacterial lysis in irradiated cultures was uv dose-dependent. Bacterial cultures exposed to uv light for 20 s reached peak culture density between 60 and 70 minutes after irradiation; thereafter, culture density declined rapidly, so that by 120 minutes, it was approximately 60% of the original value. When examined ultrastructurally, lytic cultures from each isolate revealed bacteriophages with an overall length of approximately 200 nm and that appeared to have a head with icosahedral symmetry and a contractile tail.
Cell-free filtrate from each noninduced bacterial isolate was inoculated onto the other bacterial isolates in a cross-culture sensitivity assay for the presence of phages lytic for the host bacterial isolates. Zones of lysis (plaques) did not develop when bacterial lawns grown from the different isolates were inoculated with filtrates from the heterologous isolates.
Bluetongue virus-induced interferon in cattle
Authors: MacLachlan N. James , Thompson Joanne 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Calves were inoculated iv with bluetongue virus (btv), serotype 10. Titers of interferon (ifn) in serum and btv in peripheral blood were determined. All inoculated calves produced circulating ifn that persisted for 2 to 4 days. Highest titers of btv in peripheral blood were present after serum ifn was no longer detected. The persistence of btv in peripheral blood, as compared with the transient ifn response, indicated that ifn was most important in the initial antiviral response of cattle to btv infection. Bluetongue virus is probably not a suitable model inducer of circulating ifn in cattle because the profound neutropenia that accompanied btv infection may predispose cattle to infections with other agents.
Storage stability of some bovine plasma enzymes
Authors: Blincoe Clifton , Marble Donald W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Blood samples taken from domestic or wild ruminant animals typically require transportation to an analytical laboratory. Depending on circumstances, several hours or even a few days may pass between sampling and analysis. Several diagnostic plasma enzymes were measured in bovine blood samples immediately after sampling and after storage under a variety of conditions. Conditions studied included storing whole heparinized blood at 20 C for 6 hours, storage at 4 C for 3 and 5 days, and freezing freshly prepared plasma once and 4 times before analysis. For studies of erythrocyte enzymes, fresh erythrocytes were compared with erythrocytes frozen once, frozen 4 times, and prepared from whole blood stored for one week at 4 C. None of these conditions deteriorated erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase. The serum pseudoacetylcholinesterase and lactate dehydrogenase were not affected by any storage condition used. By contrast, acid phosphatase was significantly decreased by all storage conditions used. Ornithine carbamoyltransferase, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase were stable under some of the storage conditions tested.
Hemorrhagic septicemia: Naturally acquired antibodies against Pasteurella multocida types B and E in calves in the United States
Authors: Sawada Takuo , Rimler Richard B. , Rhoades Keith R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Antibodies against Pasteurella multocida capsular types B and E, which cause hemorrhagic septicemia, were demonstrated in a high percentage of sera from domestic feeder calves. Since the calves had not been vaccinated with any Pasteurella organisms, the antibodies were considered to be naturally acquired. The antibodies were demonstrated by passively immunizing mice and by indirect hemagglutination and agglutination tests, Sera from 81% (44 of 54) of the calves protected mice that were challenge exposed with a capsular type B organism, and sera from 91% (49 of 54) of the calves protected mice that were challenge exposed with a capsular type E organism. Indirect hemagglutination and agglutination tests demonstrated antibody in nearly all sera. Since capsular type E organisms have been isolated only in Africa and there is only 1 report of capsular type B isolation from cattle in the United States, these organisms were not considered likely sources of the antigenic stimulation that provoked production of these antibodies.
Isolation of mononuclear cells from bovine milk by continuous-flow and density gradient centrifugation: Response of cells to mitogens
Authors: Nonnecke Brian J. , Kehrli Marcus E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Continuous-flow centrifugation (cfc) and 2 types of discontinuous density gradients (Ficoll-diatrizoate or polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated colloidal silica) were used to obtain bovine mononuclear cells from milk. Determinants considered were efficiency of cell recovery, cell viability, and functional activity of the enriched cell population in a lymphocyte blastogenesis (lbt) assay. Milk leukocytes were recovered by cfc with an efficiency of 46% and a viability of 63%. Selective loss of a cell population due to cfc was not observed. Using density gradients, enrichment was marginally effective (73% mononuclear cells with polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated colloidal silica and 82% mononuclear cells with Ficoll-diatrizoate) and overall mononuclear cell efficiency of recovery was reduced. In comparison, using either density gradient, blood mononuclear cells were harvested with efficiencies of 61.5% and 63.4%, with 85.6% and 89.3% viability and > 99% purity. Compared with peripheral blood lymphocytes, milk mononuclear cells were less viable. When evaluated using the lbt assay, milk mononuclear cells were hyporesponsive to mitogenic stimulation, regardless of the density gradient used. The methods used allowed for the collection of a sufficient number of nonelicited milk mononuclear cells for replicate evaluation of several mitogens or antigens, using the lbt assay. Mononuclear cells recovered had a consistently reproducible blastogenic response to T-cell mitogens.
Photomicrographic evaluation of stallion spermatozoal motility characteristics
Authors: Huffel Xavier M. Van , Varner Dickson D. , Hinrichs Katrin , Garcia Marolo C. , Strzemienski Paul J. , Kenney Robert M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A photomicrographic method for evaluation of stallion spermatozoal motility was developed, and spermatozoal image and velocity characteristics were defined. The photomicrographic method was compared with visual estimation of motility in the same semen sample over time. Using photomicrography, velocities and percentages of individual spermatozoal image characteristics were determined. Although there was a high correlation between results of the 2 methods, results of the photomicrographic method were more repeatable than were those of the visual method.
Antagonism of xylazine-pentobarbital anesthesia by yohimbine in ponies
Authors: McGruder John P. , Hsu Walter H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Effects of yohimbine on xylazine-pentobarbital anesthesia were evaluated in ponies. Five minutes after the iv injection of xylazine (1.1 mg/kg of body weight), pentobarbital sodium (12.7 mg/kg, iv) and additional xylazine (2.2 mg/kg, im) were given and produced anesthesia in 12 ponies for 64.0 ± 16.4 minutes (mean ± sd) as well as immobilization for 89.8 ± 34.2 minutes. Eleven ponies were given yohimbine (0.1 mg/kg, iv) 50 minutes after pentobarbital dosing. In these 11 ponies, durations of anesthesia and immobilization were shorter, 52.0 ± 1.4 and 65.5 ± 14.8 minutes, respectively.The xylazine-pentobarbital combination caused bradycardia that was reversed by yohimbine injection. Xylazine-pentobarbital produced a small, but steady, decrease of mean arterial blood pressure, which was compounded by yohimbine administration and was evident for approximately 2 minutes.Within a minute after yohimbine injection, the ponies’ respiratory rate decreased and the length of inspiration and expiration and thoracic breathing increased. This lasted approximately 2 to 3 minutes and was followed by an increase in respiratory rate. The anesthesia also produced a decrease in PaO2 that gradually returned to base line in 12 control ponies, but was more pronounced in 11 ponies given yohimbine. The PaCO2, although remaining moderately high in control ponies, returned to base line after yohimbine injection. An increased pHa was seen 60 minutes after induction of anesthesia and was especially noticeable after yohimbine administration.Decreases in the number of wbc, hemoglobin content, pcv, plasma protein and serum aspartate transaminase resulting from xylazine-pentobarbital were reversed by yohimbine. Conversely, serum glucose values and creatine kinase activities were increased by xylazine-pentobarbital. After administration of yohimbine, the hyperglycemia was unchanged when compared with that in the controls, but the serum creatine kinase activities were increased further.Seemingly, the xylazine-pentobarbital combination was safe and effective for 1 hour of anesthesia in ponies, and yohimbine was an effective antagonist for this combination.
Blastogenesis-suppressing serum factors, decreased immunoglobulin A, and increased β1-globulins in Airedale Terriers with diskospondylitis
Authors: Barta Ota , Turnwald Grant H , Shaffer Linda M. , Pourciau Susan S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
In Airedale Terriers with diskospondylitis, immunologic tests revealed heat-stable blastogenesis-suppressing serum factors affecting primarily the effector (phytohemagglutinin-sensitive) lymphocytes; decreased serum concentrations of immunoglobulin A; and increased serum concentrations of undetermined [β1-globulins. Data indicated that the dogs had decreased immunoglobulin A production and were immunosuppressed, which probably contributed to penetration of bacteria into the body and subsequent spreading to the disks. Eosinophilia and basophilia were also detected, which indicated a potential for a type-I hypersensitivity reaction that may have ameliorated the inflammatory reaction.