bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Chromium in Freshwater Algae and Macrophytes
Authors: Bassi M , Corradi MG , Favali MA 
Published: March 2009

We have tried to assess the effects of chromium(VI) in four freshwater green algae (Coccomyxa minor, Scenedesmus armatus, S. dimorphus, and Haematococcus lacustris) and two freshwater macrophytes (Lemna minor and Pistia stratiotes). The algae were kept in liquid or solid culture medium containing 1, 2, 5 and 10 mg/L of chromium (VI) supplied as K2Cr2O7. Lemna and Pistia were grown in nutrient solution to which chromium was added as K2Cr2O7 to give final concentrations of Cr(VI) from 0.1 to 20 mg/L.
Coccomyxa and S. dimorphus seem to be less tolerant than the other algae because 1 mg/L Cr(VI) is sufficient to induce alterations of chloroplasts and cell wall. S. armatus and the quiescent spores of Haematococcus show alterations if Cr(VI) concentration is at least 5 mg/L. With 10 mg/L spore germination is completely inhibited. All the algae show loss of chlorophyll and other pigments and cell vacuolation. The chloroplasts appear damaged, and electronopaque deposits are visible in the cytoplasm and vacuoles.
In Lemna and Pistia the main macroscopical effects are retardation of growth, chlorosis, and wilting. Ultrastructural alterations consist in convolution and retraction of the plasma membrane, thylakoid disarrangement and swelling, transient increase of the number of mitochondria. Chlorophyll content diminishes, while protein content at first increases, then returns to average control values. These alterations are caused by even low doses of the metal (0.1 mg/L in Lemna and 1 mg/L in Pistia).
Delineation of Lithology and Groundwater Quality in a Complex Fluvial Estuarine Depositional Zone
Authors: Kuhlmeier PD , Sturdivant TE 
Published: March 2009

In the development of a shallow subsurface investigation design strategy, a fundamental objective is the quantification of pollutants both vertically and horizontally within the subsurface. The dilemma produced in the design phase is one of a tradeoff between study costs and sufficient data collection to meet the study objectives. A novel application of two devices normally used in geotechnical engineering was tested at Naval Air Station Moffett Field for their ability to provide low cost, and timely hydrogeologic and chemical data.
The first device, a cone penetrometer, is capable of determining variations in soil media physical properties, both in saturated and unsaturated media, by measuring friction and pore water pressure. It provides a continuous log of unconsolidated materials through depth thus allowing for delineation of aquifer and aquitard zones. The second device, a hydropunch, is similar in nature to a well point and is capable of collecting in-situ pore water samples from depths up to 250 feet. A volume of 500 ml may be retrieved through a porous stainless steel tip and removed by closing upper and lower check valves.
Over 130 such CPT/Hydropunch measurements were used to characterize the mixed rivertine and estuarine sediments at the Mountain View, California Naval Air Station. The base which is on the National Priorities List contains numerous sites where pollutants have been identified. The study described in this paper focuses on the methods and results obtained from comprehensive use of the CPT/Hydropunch™ screening methodology in variably saturated media, to a depth of 60 feet.
Methodology for the In-Field Design of Monitoring Wells in Heterogeneous Fine-Grained Formations
Authors: Reynolds SD , Zemo DA 
Published: March 2009

As part of the remedial investigation for a southern California Superfund site, clusters of depth-staggered monitoring wells were installed in heterogeneous unconsolidated alluvium. It was imperative that filter packs and well screens be properly designed such that ground-water samples and hydraulic head data would be suitable for use in litigation. The highly variable geometry and texture of the sediments precluded the use of a generic well design and suggested the need for a method of in-field design of monitoring wells.
In order to provide timely well design parameters, representative core samples of intervals to be screened were analyzed on-site. Simultaneous with the geophysical logging of the core boring, samples were sieved and the grain-size distribution data were used to design the filter packs and well screens. This approach provided a means by which each individual well could be tailored to the specific zone of interest, without delaying the pace of drilling and well construction or incurring costs above those normally associated with the more conventional approach employing a generic well design.
Measurement and Control Method for Cutting Resistance of Protective Gloves
Authors: Payot F 
Published: March 2009

Among industrial injuries, those related to hands are most frequent. The mechanical aggressions essentially depend on the type of activity and most of them are easy to simulate. However, the objective and simple measurement of the cutting resistance of any protective material comes up against the reproducibility of the process, considering the delicate specifications and measurements of the sharpness of the blades used for this purpose. Moreover, we also have to distinguish between cutting by slicing (motion parallel to the surface) and cutting by impact (motion perpendicular to the surface). Whatever the case, the sharpness of the blade needs some sophisticated means of observation, which is expensive. In 1987, I T F - LYON (Institut Textile de France), at the request of I N R S (Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité), developed a method to measure the cutting effects by slicing where blade sharpness supervision is not necessary with certain limits.
This method consists of measuring the cutting effects on a given material against those measured on a defined control specimen.
Assessment of the Resistance of Protective Gloves to Chemicals
Authors: Mahieu J-C , Barat F 
Published: March 2009

A study of the resistance of gloves to industrial solvents has been carried out by the French National Research and Safety Institute (INRS — Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité). The aim of this study was to help French users to select their protective equipment among the gloves which are available on the French market.
Resistance to 8 chemicals was assessed for about 70 protective gloves.Three types of tests were used: Direct permeability test, Kinetic permeability test, and Dynamic dip test.[1]
The results of these three tests are combined and each glove is classified into one of the following three categories:“Not recommended”, “Acceptable”, “Excellent”.
For the time being, the major methods used for assessing protectiveglove resistance to chemicals are based on permeation testing, the results of which provide relevant information but do not adequately take degradation into account. For a more complete evaluation of glove resistance,testing on the whole glove seems to be advisable. For these reasons, it seems important to develop additional testing methods.
Anthropometric Analysis of Fit Problems in Chemical Protective Gloves
Authors: Tremblay JF , Crown EM , Rigakis KB 
Published: March 2009

This paper demonstrates the usefulness of anthropometries in analyzing sizing problems found in commercially available chemical protective gloves for agricultural workers and makes recommendations for the design of better fitting gloves. The Engineering Anthropometric Clothing Design Model served as the framework for this research.
Because no data on the hand dimensions of agricultural workers were available an anthropometric survey was conducted of 380 Alberta grain farmers who handle pesticides. Nineteen hand dimensions were measured for each subject. When compared to military populations, the hand circumference of agricultural workers was found to be significantly larger.
A smaller sample of farmers who were representative of the agricultural population evaluated the static and dynamic fit of four glove types. Through this evaluation several major problems in the design of the gloves were identified. To improve the fit of chemical protective gloves for agricultural workers, the length of fingers need to be shortened and the thumb position relocated.
Developing and Selecting Test Methods for Measuring Protective Clothing Performance in Chemical Flashover Situations
Authors: Stull JO , Veghte JH , Mann PC , Storment SB 
Published: March 2009

A number of chemical protective suits have been developed to provide a wide range of chemical resistance, durability relative to physical hazards, and limited resistance to ignition. Vapor-protective and liquid splash-protective suits compliant with NFPA 1991 and 1992, respectively, require primary materials (garment, visor, gloves, and boots) to resist ignition and provide self-extinguishing properties. While this requirement is designed to limit the use of inherently flammable materials in the construction of chemical protective suits, it does little to address a major concern to emergency responders - the rapid combustion or flash of a flammable chemical atmosphere. The ability of the chemical suit ensemble to protect under these circumstances remains uncertain without tests to demonstrate suit performance in a simulated chemical flashover.
This study involved development and selection of test methods to measure chemical protective suit performance in chemical flash environments. This work supports the development of the new NFPA Standards for flash protective clothing. A two part approach was followed. This first involved selecting a test for materials which simulates the relatively short, but high temperature exposure of a chemical flash. This phase involved comparing material performance in flame resistance, thermal protective performance (TPP), radiant reflective, and small scale flash environment tests. The second part was aimed at conducting a whole ensemble test where the chemical protective suit was placed on a mannequin within an enclosed area which was then filled with propane and ignited. This test was developed such that temperatures measured inside the suit can determine the extent of protection offered by the ensemble.
The resulting overall condition of the suit is also a recommended means for assessing performance.
Toxicity of Ambient Waters to the Estuarine Mysid, Mysidopsis bahia
Authors: Khan AA , Barbieri J , Khan SA , Sweeney FP 
Published: March 2009

Many studies have investigated the toxicity of ambient waters of the Arthur Kill (NJ) to a variety of aquatic organisms. Most of these studies, however, have investigated acutely toxic effects only. Few studies have examined sublethal effects of the waters of Arthur Kill.
The present study investigated sublethal effects of ambient waters of the Arthur Kill to the estuarine mysid, Mysidopsis bahia. Three different sites were evaluated for effects on survival, growth and sexual maturity. Site one is upstream of the wastewater discharge from a large power plant. Sites two and three are one and two miles downstream of the discharge from the power plant, respectively. Water from Manasquan (NJ) inlet was used as the control for the study. The study was performed three times during a 3-month period.
The method for the study was based on recommendations of the manual “Interim Chronic Toxicity Testing Methodologies For Use in the New Jersey Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Permit Program, Version 1.0.”
Results indicate that survival was not affected in any of the sites investigated. Growth of mysids exposed to the upstream site was significantly reduced, as compared to controls, in all three tests. Growth of mysids exposed to water from sites two and three did not show any adverse effects in any of the three trials. Sexual maturity was adversely affected in mysids exposed to waters from sites two and three as compared to the controls. Sexual maturity in mysids exposed to water from site one was not significantly different from those in the controls.
Results from this study will contribute to the database on the ambient water quality of the Arthur Kill. The study clearly demonstrates the applicability of short-term screening toxicity tests as a simple tool for detecting ambient water quality. In addition, this study utilizes sexual maturity as a sublethal endpoint rather than fecundity for Mysidopsis bahia, representing a new means of including both sexes in reproductive toxicity.
Validation and Upgrade of a QSAR Study of the Toxicity of Amines to Freshwater Fish
Authors: Newsome LD , Johnson DE , Nabholz JV 
Published: March 2009

Further development of a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) relies on a broader variety of chemical structures without loss of statistical robustness. Newsome et al.1 (1990) showed that a QSAR can be applied to a discrete class of amines to predict fish acute toxicity: log 1/LC50 = 0.70 log P −0.85 EQ. 1 (n = 41;r2= 0.84; s = 0.56)
A reevaluation of the amine class was performed to include more compounds and species. This study includes data for a variety of freshwater fish species and 20 acyclic and cyclic, mono- and diamines. The study extends the QSAR for predicting fish acute toxicity to a broader set of amine structures: log 1/LC50 = 0.673 log P -−0.81 EQ. 2 (n = 61;r2 = 0.86; s = 0.53)
The limitations of this QSAR as well as any outliers were examined.
Experiences in the Automation of Mechanical Testing
Authors: Gebhardt P 
Published: March 2009

To be competitive, mechanical testing has to be automated to a high degree, up to ghost shift if possible. To effectively automate the laboratory, certain rules have to be followed. Mechanical testing systems are no longer laboratory machines, but have to be thought of as production systems. The new European Standard, EN 10002, is taking computerized automated testing into consideration.
Automation has to fit into the strategic objective of the company. This means that management has to promote the project.
As not only testing is concerned, a group of experts have to cooperate. The following disciplines are involved and have to be coordinated: Testing, Specimen Preparation, Process Control, Laboratory Data Management, Maintenance, Employees, and Safety. An example is shown in Mechanical Testing and Laboratory Automation in an Integrated Steel Mill.
Measurement, Control, and Data Processing Techniques in the Automation of Mechanical Testing
Authors: Mumford PM 
Published: March 2009

Automation of mechanical testing began about 20 years ago with the addition of computers to provide automatic data acquisition and reduction for tensile tests. This paper will review developments in automated testing, with attention to some particular areas of interest or concern.
The computer, as a testing system component, offers great utility in automation of the testing process. Not only does the computer handle data acquisition and reduction, but also performs data storage and testing machine control functions.
The interface devices that allow the computer to access force and extension measurements and to control the loading process have improved many fold, and some new measurement devices, such as electronic calipers and optical extensometers, have been introduced.
Much progress has been made in algorithms and mathematical models for analysis of the data collected during the test. Particular attention will be given to modeling the data storage.
Damage-Based Assessment of Stress Corrosion Performances Among Aluminum Alloys
Authors: Lukasak DA , Bucci RJ , Colvin EL , Lifka BW 
Published: March 2009

At Alcoa Laboratories the breaking load test was developed to provide a more discriminating accelerated laboratpry practice for rating stress corrosion cracking (SCC) performances of relatively resistant aluminum materials. The method involves residual strength measurements from tensile bar specimens previously exposed to sustained tensile stress in a corrosive medium. The degree of SCC degradation is measured by comparing the specimen postexposure strength with the original tensile strength (no exposure); the greater the strength loss, the more harmful the attack. In contrast to the more traditional pass/fail life testing approaches, the breaking load method enables numerical differentiation among materials and precludes long waiting periods for specimens to fail in the environment. In addition, the breaking load method provides descriptors amenable to flaw size and probabilistic fracture mechanics interpretations, thereby enabling expression of SCC ratings in meaningful terms of crack initiation and growth kinetics. Conventionally used descriptors of SCC behavior (e.g., time to failure, percent survival, threshold stress, KIscc) are influenced to varying degrees by both the strength and toughness of the test material and the conditions of the testing (e.g., specimen geometry and loading method). The damage-based evaluation of breaking load data is advantageous in that potential biases in SCC performance ratings caused by material property differences and specimen size effects can be normalized.
Extensive work to refine and demonstrate the usefulness of the breaking load practice for aluminum SCC evaluation was completed in 1984 under a NASA-Langley contract to Alcoa Laboratories. Much of the development work to this point was largely based on single-lot evaluations of AA7075 plate/temper variations. Since this time, Alcoa has adopted the breaking load method in alloy development, and this paper provides new additional data to illustrate the general applicability of the approach. Included in these results are posttest fractography and fracture mechanics analysis, illustrating advantages of damage-based interpretation over conventional SCC descriptors developed from smooth and precracked (DCB or WOL-type) specimen tests. The significance of the findings is discussed in terms of general material selection guidance related to durability and damage-tolerant structural design objectives.
Corrosion Fatigue Crack Growth Rate of Aluminum-Lithium Alloy Sheet and its Weldment
Authors: Lin CS , Krams WE 
Published: March 2009

A high-speed welding process has been successfully developed for aluminum-lithium alloy joints, the product of which demonstrates a substantial weight-saving potential for aircraft, spacecraft and missile applications. Because dynamic environmental effects, interpreted as corrosion-fatigue crack growth, can lead to a reduction in the strength of airframe, engine, and accessory structures, the corrosion-fatigue cracking susceptibility of aluminum-lithium alloy and its weldment must be understood by aerospace designers if further consideration is to be given to this material.Corrosion-fatigue crack growth in an optimally welded aluminum-lithium alloy joint was investigated at ambient temperature by alternate immersion in a 3.5% NaCl solution and air. The corrosion-fatigue crack growth rate (da/dN) was evaluated by studying precracked compact-tension specimens and then correlating the results with the applied cyclic stress intensity range (ΔK). The crack and fracture morphology exhibited by tested specimens were investigated with scanning electron microscopy and Auger electron spectroscopy. Metallurgical factors, such as linear grain-boundary precipitation and spherical general precipitation at the crack tip area, were analyzed for the development of a corrosion-fatigue cracking mechanism.
The Scanning Brookfield Technique of Low-Temperature, Low-Shear Rheology -- Its Inception, Development, and Applications
Authors: Selby TW 
Published: March 2009

The development of the Scanning Brookfield Technique (SBT) has generated new understandings of the rheology of automotive lubricants at low temperatures, particularly in engine oils and even more particularly in regard to the phenomenon of air-binding, which is believed caused by oil gelation. The latter phenomenon has been directly implicated in the pumpability failure of engines in the field and in cold-room simulation.
This paper first traces the prior studies and use of the Brookfield Viscometer at low temperatures -- work which generated low-temperature information on lubricants and methods ultimately leading to the development of the Scanning Brookfield Technique (SBT) and the application of this technique to the detection of the presence and severity of gelation at lower temperatures of automotive operation. The SBT has shown close correlation with the Pumpability Reference Oils (PROs) used in the ASTM engine pumpability study and detected significant gelation in all known field- or engine-failing oils.
The most recent studies generated by the SBT show that the technique permits the measure of new criteria of gelation, two of which are 1. Gelation Index, a measure of maximum gelation severity closely correlated with the yield stress of a lubricant, and 2. Gelation Temperature, the temperature at which the Gelation Index is generated.
Compressive Strengths and Bond Strengths of Portland Cement-Lime Mortars
Authors: Melander JM , Conway JT 
Published: March 2009

ASTM Standard Specification for Mortar for Unit Masonry (ASTM C 270) requires mortar to be specified either by proportion specifications or property specifications. For portland cement-lime (PCL) mortars, it has been suggested that a significant difference exists between the properties of mortars mixed according to the proportion specifications and the requirements of the property specifications.
This paper presents data confirming that compressive strengths of PCL mortars according to current proportion limits do vary significantly from present property specification requirements. Alternative proportions that would bring the performance of cement-lime mortars more in line with the property specification requirements can be formulated based on the data.
The paper also investigates the relationship of portland cement content to flexural bond strength development of cement-lime mortars as obtained from tests conforming to UBC Standard 24-30. A mathematical model of the relationship is proposed and compared to additional experimental data.
Slurry Walls-Construction Quality Control
Authors: Tamaro GJ , Poletto RJ 
Published: March 2009

Structural slurry walls have become a standard method for the construction of deep underground structures in the United States. Structural slurry walls have been excavated to great depth and have been installed to plan dimensions from approximately 10 meters in diameter for circular shafts to hundreds of meters for walls for tunnels or large commercial basements. Slurry walls have been installed through a variety of difficult geological formations with varying success, and have been used as temporary walls, permanent walls, water cutoff walls, load bearing elements or in lieu of underpinning.
Currently there are no United States standards for the design and/or construction of slurry walls. Government agencies, private consultants, contractors and trade groups have prepared and, from time to time, published and distributed specifications for the construction of slurry walls [1]. These specifications vary in degree of complexity and quality standards. Some specifications place excessive emphasis on the preparation and control of bentonite slurry used for excavation, with insufficient emphasis placed on quality control of the tremie concrete placement or requirements for the finished product. This paper will discuss the slurry wall construction process, identifying those areas which require special scrutiny by the contractor and owner.