bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predicting Satisfaction and Outcome Acceptance with Advisory Committee Meetings: The Role of Procedural Justice1
Authors: McComas Katherine , Tuite Leah Simone , Waks Leah , Sherman Linda Ann 
Published: May 2007

Research on procedural justice shows that when people view procedures as fair, they are more satisfied with the process and accepting of the outcomes. The group value model, in particular, argues that people care about procedural justice because it communicates whether those in charge are neutral, trustworthy, and respectful of people's rights. This study tested the group value model using survey data from people attending U.S. Food and Drug Administration advisory committee meetings. The results confirmed a strong role for procedural justice, even when controlling for procedural knowledge, tolerance for potential conflicts of interest among committee members, and respondents' stakes in the outcomes.[T]o seem to be just to the disappointed participant, to retain his allegiance, this must surely be one of the more difficult tests that a decision‐making system can undergo (Thibaut & Walker, 1975, p. 68).
Welfare impacts of import controls on Botswana's horticulture
Authors: Seleka Tebogo B. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBotswana has, for the past two decades, used import controls (permits) to regulate horticultural imports, and thereby promote economic diversification through import substitution. This article estimates import demand equations to capture the impact of import controls on horticultural imports (oranges, potatoes, and onions) into Botswana, using data for 1974 to 2001. Parameter estimates are used to compute nominal protection rates (NPRs) and welfare effects. Model‐generated NPRs are estimated at 191%, 75%, and 109% for oranges, potatoes, and onions, respectively. Imports of oranges, potatoes, and onions declined by 32%, 29%, and 35%, respectively, due to the implementation of import controls. Over time consumer losses and quota rents rose while producer gains declined. Net social losses also increased, implying that import controls became increasingly burdensome. It is argued that import controls have not been very effective in promoting import substitution. The study is important for the trade liberalization debate in the Southern African Customs Union (SACU) and within the Southern African Development Community (SADC), where import permits and other nontariff barriers are pervasive, have proliferated, and are a major hindrance to intraregional trade.
Characteristics and hedonic pricing of differentiated beef demands
Authors: Hahn William F. , Mathews Kenneth H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWe estimate a CBS system model of U.S. derived demand for meat. We use this model (1) to examine relationships between three quality categories of beef and three other meats and (2) to simulate how taste shifts have affected demands for meats over time. We extend previous studies by disaggregating wholesale beef production into three quality categories: (1) USDA Choice grade or higher, (2) USDA Select or lower, and (3) cow and bull beef. Innovative features of our empirical model include a breakout of ‘table cuts’ into Choice and Select and the use of a hedonic characterization of the two breakouts to value “Choice‐ness” and “beef‐ness.” Our model demonstrates important shifts in separate demands for Choice and Select beef. We show that, separately, the demand for Choice‐grade beef declined in the 1980s and 1990s and the demand for Select beef increased, a departure from the relatively stable demand characterizations of more aggregated measures of combined Choice and Select beef.
Acute appendicitis in a chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes)
Authors: D'Agostino Jennifer , Isaza Ramiro , Fingland Roger , Hoskinson James , Ragsdale John 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBackground  A 7‐year old, female chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) developed acute abdominal pain and anorexia. An irregular, mineral opacity was identified in the caudal right quadrant of the abdomen on radiographs and computed tomography scan, which appeared to be in the region of the cecal appendage.Results and conclusions  A diagnosis of acute appendicitis was made based on clinical signs, abnormal haematology findings, and consultation with a human radiologist. Exploratory laparotomy was performed and the cecal appendage was removed. On histologic examination, the mucosal epithelium contained eosinophilic and neutrophilic inflammation. The inflammation extended through the tunica muscularis to the serosal surface and adjacent mesentery. The histologic findings were consistent with acute appendicitis in humans. The chimpanzee recovered well from surgery with immediate improvement in clinical signs and no post‐operative complications.
Markers of cartilage and bone matrix metabolism differ between the sera of macaque and squirrel monkeys
Authors: Kramer P. , Simkin P. , Newell‐Morris L. , Wener M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBackground  Nonhuman primates develop the characteristic lesions of osteoarthritis, making them attractive biomedical models for the study of environmental factors, such as diet, which may influence the progress of the condition.Methods and materials  We used ELISA assays of potential markers of osteoarthritis which were developed for use in humans to see if we could determined the presence of immunoreactivity in two nonhuman primate genera–Macaca (macaque monkeys) and Saimiri (squirrel monkeys).Results  Inter‐generic differences were significant for most markers. Three markers (bone alkaline phosphatase, hyaluronin and YKL‐40) were outside the human range and two markers (laminin and C2C) did not yield useful results because they were off‐scale high.Conclusion  Our results indicate that most of the ELISA assays designed for use with human serum can be used in nonhuman primates. The highly significant differences we observed between the sera of Macaca and Saimiri, suggest that further examination is warranted.
Expression of secretory leukocyte proteinase inhibitor in the submandibular glands of AIDS patients
Authors: Rocha LA , Vargas PA , Silva LFF , Leon JE , Santos AB , Hiemstra PS , Mauad T 
Published: May 2007

Objective:  Secretory leukocyte proteinase inhibitor (SLPI) is an endogenous proteinase inhibitor present in mucosal secretions. It also displays antimicrobial activity including anti‐human immunodeficiency virus activity. This protease inhibitor is also expressed in submandibular glands (SMG), but there are few data on its expression in AIDS patients with infectious conditions.Methods:  We analyzed the expression of SLPI using immunohistochemistry in submandibular gland samples of 36 AIDS patients [10 with normal histology, 10 with chronic nonspecific sialadenitis, eight with mycobacteriosis, and eight with cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection] and 10 HIV‐negative controls. The proteinase inhibitor was quantified using image analysis and expressed as % of positively stained area.Results:  There was a higher expression of SLPI in AIDS patients with CMV infection (% of stained area, mean ± SD: 37.37 ± 14.45) when compared with all other groups (P = 0.009). There were no significant differences between control subjects (22.70 ± 9.42%) and AIDS patients without histologic alterations (18.10 ± 7.58%), with chronic nonspecific sialadenitis (17.13 ± 5.36%), or mycobacterial infection (21.09 ± 4.66%).Conclusion:  Cytomegalovirus infection increases SLPI expression in the SMG of AIDS patients. Our results reveal new insights into the pathogenic association between HIV and CMV in AIDS patients.
Inhibitory effects of isoleucine and antagonism of the other branched‐chain amino acids on fermentation parameters by mixed ruminal microbes in batch cultures and rumen simulating fermenters (Rusitec)
Authors: KAJIKAWA Hiroshi , TAJIMA Kiyoshi , MITSUMORI Makoto , TAKENAKA Akio 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThe inhibitory effect of isoleucine (Ile) and antagonistic effect of leucine (Leu) and valine (Val) against the inhibition by Ile were investigated using simple batch and semicontinuous cultures of mixed ruminal microbes under feeding conditions using ordinary feed (timothy hay and corn grain). In the batch culture experiment, supplementation with Ile inhibited digestion and fermentation at 8–24 h of incubation as the concentration of Ile increased up to 5 mmol/L, but these inhibitions diminished at 48 h. The inhibition caused by Ile was mitigated by the addition of Leu and Val. In a semi‐continuous culture experiment using Rusitec, digestion and fermentation of the diet was suppressed by the administration of 1 and 5 mmol/L of Ile. The daily yield of microbial‐N was also reduced by Ile, but the density of the protozoa was not. The presence of Leu and Val alleviated the inhibition by Ile. These results suggest that the dietary inclusion of Ile possibly represses the bacterial growth, feed digestion and fermentation in the rumen in ordinary feeding situations by feedback inhibition, which could be diminished in the presence of other branched‐chain amino acids. The influences of the passage and level of supplementation on inhibition by amino acids are discussed.
Changes in molecular species composition of triacylglycerol in subcutaneous fat from beef cattle during fattening
Authors: SUZUKI Sayoko , ISHIKAWA Shin‐ichi , ARIHARA Keizo , ITOH Makoto 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThe composition of the molecular species of triacylglycerols (TG) in subcutaneous fat biopsied from Japanese Black steers was studied during the fattening period. An analysis of the fatty acid (FA) composition of the TG showed that palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic and oleic acids were the major FA, together accounting for over 80% of the total FA. The concentrations of C14:0, C16:0 and C18:0 decreased between 10 and 30 months of age, while those of C16:1 c9 and C18:1 c9 increased during the fattening period. The major molecular species among more than 40 compounds were palmitoyl‐dioleoyl‐glycerol (POO) and dipalmitoyl‐oleoyl‐glycerol (PPO). POO showed the highest concentration during the fattening period. The levels of palmitoyl‐oleoyl‐linoleoyl glycerol and some tentatively identified molecular species increased during the fattening period, while the levels of tripalmitoyl, dipalmitoyl‐stearoyl‐glycerol, palmitoyl‐distearoyl and palmitoyl‐stearoyl‐oleoyl‐glycerol decreased with growth. A comparison of the experimental values of TG molecular species with theoretical values derived from the experimental FA contents showed that the FA distribution in TG was non‐random. TG synthesis favors the formation of TG molecular species containing at least one C16 FA, rather than three C18 FA.
Formal Pasts and Formal Possibilities in Victorian Studies
Authors: Levine Caroline 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis essay tells a story about the complex and sometimes fraught relationship between Victorian studies and literary formalism. After the New Critics had thrown Victorian literature into disrepute for its formalist failures, socio‐political approaches to literature reclaimed the Victorians – but often by discarding form. This essay shows how recent criticism has begun to bring formalist approaches to historical and political concerns in exciting new ways, and it traces four dynamic trends in Victorian formalist criticism: form as ideology, form as a manifestation of socio‐political relations, form as a self‐conscious, deliberate mode of political engagement, and social institutions as forms.
Testosterone Regulates RhoA/Rho-Kinase Signaling in Two Distinct Animal Models of Chemical Diabetes
Authors: Vignozzi Linda , Morelli Annamaria , Filippi Sandra , Ambrosini Stefano , Mancina Rosa , Luconi Michaela , Mungai Sara , Vannelli Gabriella Barbara , Zhang Xin-Hua , Forti Gianni , Maggi Mario 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT

Introduction
The contractile RhoA/Rho-kinase (ROCK) signaling pathway is upregulated in penile tissue in animal models of experimental diabetes and has been proposed to contribute to diabetes-related erectile dysfunction (ED).

Aim
To investigate the effect of testosterone (T) on the RhoA/ROCK signaling in diabetes.

Methods
We used two distinct animal models of chemical diabetes (alloxan-induced in the rabbit and streptozotocin-induced in the rat) with or not T supplementation.

Main Outcome Measures
The effect of diabetes and T supplementation on RhoA/ROCK signaling was evaluated as responsiveness to the selective ROCK inhibitor Y-27632 either by “in vitro” contractility study (diabetic rabbit) or “in vivo” as erectile response elicited by intracavernous injections (diabetic rats). RhoA/ROCK gene and protein expression were also analyzed.

Results
In both models, hypogonadism was observed, characterized by reduced T plasma level and androgen-dependent accessory glands atrophy. Diabetic animals showed a significant increase in responsiveness to increasing concentrations of Y-27632. T substitution (30 mg/kg, weekly) completely prevented hypogonadism and diabetes-induced penile hypersensitivity to Y-27632. To test whether this effect was due to a T-dependent regulation of RhoA/ROCK gene expression, we measured RhoA/ROCK mRNA. Both isoforms of ROCK (ROCK1/ROCK2) were analyzed by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in rat penile samples. We found that ROCK1 mRNA was significantly increased (P &lt;0.05) in penile tissues from diabetic animals and maintained at the control values by T, as also confirmed by semiquantitative RT-PCR in rabbit. Conversely, RhoA and ROCK2 mRNA expression was not influenced either by diabetic condition or by T administration. Accordingly, ROCK1 protein expression, as evaluated by Western blot and immunohistochemistry analysis, was increased in penile samples from diabetic animals and normalized by T.

Conclusion
Our data further support the hypothesis that the overexpression of RhoA/ROCK signaling contributes to diabetes-related ED. Moreover, treating hypogonadism in course of diabetes may maintain erectile function also by normalizing RhoA/ROCK pathway upregulation.
A Three-Dimensional Theoretical Model of the Relationship Between Cavernosal Expandability and Percent Cavernosal Smooth Muscle
Authors: Luo Haibiao , Goldstein Irwin , Udelson Daniel 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Percent corporal smooth muscle content, a traditional predictor of corporal veno-occlusive function, is invasive and clinically assessed by histomorphometric analyses of erectile tissue biopsies. Cavernosal “expandability” which may be a more physiologically relevant parameter is a measure of work performed to achieve penile erection, and as a consequence, an indicator of the ability to approach maximum penile volume at low intracavernosal pressure.

Aim
To demonstrate that cavernosal “expandability” determined by noninvasive methodology can replace the determination of percent smooth muscle. To predict Young's modulus for the corpora cavernosa in rabbits and, this by inference, in humans; the latter facilitates the comparison of resistance to penile expansion presented by the tunica vs. cavernosal tissue.

Main Outcome Measure
A refined three-dimensional formula for cavernosal expandability, defined as the negative reciprocal of the cavernosal bulk modulus in the semierect state, was derived as a function of percent corporal smooth muscle content, using principles of engineering mechanics of materials. The model included Young's modulus, E, for the corpora cavernosa as an unknown parameter.

Methods
Volume-pressure data obtained from three groups of New Zealand white rabbits: (i) control group (N=7); (ii) hypercholesterolemic group (N=5) on 0.5%; (iii) atherosclerotic group (N=8), was plotted, and compared with the model.

Results
Data points of mean cavernosal expandability (0.012–0.017 (mm Hg)−1) vs. percent trabecular smooth muscle content (33.9–45.4%) for the three groups of rabbits were analyzed. The revised model formula was fitted to the existing rabbit experimental data points producing a value of Young's modulus equal to 0.01 (MPa).

Conclusion
Rabbit cavernosal expandability can predict percent smooth muscle content. Cavernosal Young's modulus can be predicted. Further clinical research efforts to provide human data are needed.
Overactive Bladder and Women's Sexual Health: What is the Impact?
Authors: Coyne Karin S. , Margolis Mary Kay , Jumadilova Zhanna , Bavendam Tamara , Mueller Elizabeth , Rogers Rebecca 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Overactive bladder (OAB) is quite prevalent and significantly affects health-related quality of life and daily functioning.

Aim
The impact of OAB on sexual health is currently not known. This qualitative study was conducted to gain a thorough understanding of OAB's impact.

Methods
Sexually active women with continent or incontinent OAB were recruited from urology and urogynecology clinics. Six focus groups of women (three continent and three incontinent) were conducted to assess the sexual health of women with OAB. Data were analyzed descriptively and qualitatively.

Main Outcome Measures
Qualitative data, Sexual Quality of Life Questionnaire—Female, Overactive Bladder Questionnaire.

Results
Thirty-four women (11 continent; 23 incontinent) participated; mean age was 48.4 years; 76% were white, 67% postmenopausal, and 88% in a long-term relationship. Continent women reported more frequent sexual activity than incontinent women; 91% reported intercourse ≥1–3 times per month vs. 50% of incontinent women. Half of the incontinent women reported a reduction in sexual desire related to OAB, aging, and menopause. Over half of continent women experienced pain with intercourse, and the majority complained of having to interrupt intercourse to void. Although not all incontinent women reported incontinence during intercourse, the majority were embarrassed by their incontinence and OAB with resulting loss of self-image. Both continent and incontinent women reported difficulty achieving orgasm because of pain, fear of incontinence, or anxiety related to intercourse. Approximately a third of the women would not initiate discussion of sexual issues with their physicians, but all women expressed concern about the impact of OAB on their sexual life.

Conclusion
Overactive bladder with or without incontinence negatively affects women's sexual health, reducing sexual desire and ability to achieve orgasm. Given the impact of OAB on sexual health, sexual health should be routinely assessed by clinicians and addressed by researchers.
Electrophysiologic Activity of the Tunica Albuginea and Corpora Cavernosa: Possible Role of Tunica Albuginea in the Erectile Mechanism
Authors: Shafik Ahmed , Shafik Asmail I. , El Sibai Olfat , Shafik Ali A. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT

Introduction
It is claimed that the tunica albuginea (TA) shares in the erectile mechanism by compressing the emissary veins passing through it. However, the TA does not contain smooth muscle fibers.

Aim
We investigated the hypothesis that TA lacks a contractile activity on the emissary veins passing through it.

Methods
Fourteen healthy male volunteers (mean age 35.2 ± 4.3 years) were studied. The electromyographic (EMG) activity of the TA and corpora cavernosa (CC) was individually recorded in the flaccid and erectile phases by EMG needle electrodes. Recording was performed in the upper, middle, and lower third of the TA and CC on one and then on the contralateral side.

Main Outcome Measures
The TA lacks a contractile activity on the emissary veins passing through it.

Results
The EMG of the CC in the flaccid phase recorded regular slow waves and random action potentials. The wave variables in the erectile phase exhibited a significant decrease (P &lt;0.01) compared with the variables in the flaccid phase of the same subject. The TA EMG showed no electric waves in the flaccid or erectile phases. These recordings were similar from the upper-, middle-, and lower-third of the penis, and were reproducible from the contralateral CC.

Conclusion
Electric waves were recorded from the CC in the flaccid phase; wave variables decreased at erection. In contrast, the TA showed no electric waves in the flaccid or erectile phases. It appears that the TA acts as a CC covering sheet which expands passively at erection, and shares in compressing the subtunical venular plexus between it and the tumescent CC.
Interstitial Cystitis/Painful Bladder Syndrome as a Cause of Sexual Pain in Women: A Diagnosis to Consider
Authors: Whitmore Kristene , Siegel Judy Fried , Kellogg-Spadt Susan 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Sexual pain, or dyspareunia, is a common symptom among women. Dyspareunia presents in many ways, and arises from a range of causes. Interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome (IC/PBS) is one potential cause that may frequently be overlooked by clinicians. Interstitial cystitis is increasingly recognized as more common than was once thought. However, it can be difficult to identify, as the symptoms of IC/PBS (urinary urgency and frequency, dyspareunia, nocturia, and pelvic pain) overlap with other urogynecologic conditions.

Aim
This article will review the association between dyspareunia and IC/PBS, and will provide an approach to the diagnosis and treatment of IC/PBS in women with sexual pain.

Methods and Main Outcome Measures
Review of the medical literature and expert medical opinion.

Results
Many women with IC/PBS experience dyspareunia, often in conjunction with chronic pelvic pain. When IC/PBS is suspected, there are simple measures to aid in the diagnosis of this condition, and treatments are readily available.

Conclusion
When a woman presents with the symptoms of urinary urgency and frequency, dyspareunia, nocturia, and/or pelvic pain, IC/PBS should be part of the diagnostic evaluation.
Androgen Deficiency and Abnormal Penile Duplex Parameters in Obese Men with Erectile Dysfunction
Authors: Zohdy Wael , Kamal Emad Eldien , Ibrahim Yasser 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT

Introduction
The clinical identification of metabolic syndrome is based on measures of abdominal obesity, atherogenic dyslipidemia, elevated blood pressure, and glucose intolerance. However, the impact of hypogonadism associated with obesity on penile hemodynamics is not well investigated.

Aim
In this retrospective study, we sought to evaluate the effect of obesity on serum total testosterone (TT) level and penile duplex parameters in men with erectile dysfunction (ED).

Methods
Our participants (N=158) were evaluated for erectile function using an abridged, five-item version of the International Index of Erectile Function-5. Determination of body mass index (BMI) was performed. Measurements of TT, fasting lipid profile, and blood sugar were conducted. Penile hemodynamics was assessed using intracavernosal injection and penile duplex study.

Main Outcome Measures
Bivariate associations among BMI and serum testosterone, blood pressure, and lipid profile, as well as penile duplex parameters. We compared all clinical, laboratory, and penile duplex parameters between lean men (BMI&lt;25) and overweight and obese men (BMI ≥ 25).

Results
The participants' age ranged between 20 and 56 years. A significant negative correlation between BMI and TT was detected (r =−0.431, P =0.0001). Hypogonadism was identified in 54/158 (34.2%) of men with ED. The incidence of hypogonadism varied from as low as 1/18 (5.6%) in lean men to as high as 18/36 (50%) to 21/35 (60%) in morbid and severe obesity, respectively. Vasculogenic ED was detected in 32/54 (59.3%) men with BMI ≥ 25, compared with 5/18 (27.8%) in lean men (P =0.029). In order to study the effect of obesity on erectile function, cases with other risk factors were excluded. Of 67 men suffering from ED with no other risk factor(s) apart from obesity, vasculogenic ED was detected in 32/54 (59.3%) men with BMI ≥ 25, compared with 3/13 (23.1%) in lean men (P =0.029).

Conclusion
Obesity is associated with lower TT and disturbances of penile hemodynamics. It is an independent clinical factor for vasculogenic ED.