bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Extract of Ginkgo biloba induces glutamate cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC)
Authors: Liu Xiao‐Ping , Goldring Christopher E. P. , Wang Hai‐Yi , Copple Ian M. , Kitteringham Neil R. , Park B. Kevin , Wei Wei 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb), containing 24% flavone glycosides and 6% terpenoids, is widely used to treat early‐stage Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, peripheral claudication and vascular tinnitus. Its marked antioxidant activity has recently been demonstrated in both cell lines and animals. Glutathione (GSH) plays an important role in the antioxidant system by conjugating to xenobiotics to facilitate their export from cells. Glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL) is the rate‐limiting enzyme for GSH synthesis and its catalytic subunit (GCLC) determines this de novo synthesis. Thus, induction of GCLC is a strategy to enhance the antioxidant capability in cells. The present study aimed to investigate the induction effect of EGb on GCLC in HepG2 and Hep1c1c7 cell lines. Real‐time PCR, Western blot and enzyme activity assay were used to detect induction and it was found that GCLC was induced by EGb in these two cell lines. It is suggested that the antioxidant activity of EGb is (or is partly) through the induction of GCLC. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inhibitory effect of Ginkgo Biloba extract on hyperhomocysteinemia‐induced intimal thickening in rabbit abdominal aorta after balloon injury
Authors: Liu Fenye , Zhang Jidong , Yu Shudong , Wang Rong , Wang Bo , Lai Liping , Yin Huiqiu , Liu Guilin 
Published: December 2007

AbstractGinkgo biloba extract (GBE) has been widely used to treat cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disorders. Hyperhomocysteinemia (Hhcy) is associated with the risk of atherosclerosis and restenosis after angioplasty. The objective of this study was to investigate whether GBE could attenuate the Hhcy‐induced intimal thickening after balloon injury in rabbit abdominal aorta. It was observed in this study that GBE could decrease the neointima area (NA) and the ratio of the neointima area to the media area (NA/MA), down‐regulate the mRNA expression of matrix metalloproteinase‐9 (MMP‐9) and up‐regulate the protein expression of p21 WAF1/CIP1 (p21). It suggests that GBE can reverse the Hhcy‐induced neointima formation in rabbits following balloon injury, and the suppressive effect of GBE on the migration and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) may contribute to its actions. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Process modeling by process owners: A decentralized approach
Authors: Turetken Oktay , Demirors Onur 
Published: December 2007

AbstractMajority of current methods for process modeling utilize a centralized approach in which a group of experts work with the agents to understand, model, and improve the organization's processes. This article proposes a novel approach for process modeling that is based on the idea that modeling organizations' processes can be performed by process owners—individuals actually performing the processes. Instead of having a centralized and devoted group of people, process performers are held responsible for the model and improve their own processes concurrently and in a decentralized manner. The article also summarizes the lessons learned by the application of the method in two organizations. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New Technologies for the Surgical Curriculum
Authors: Aggarwal Rajesh , Leong Julian , Leff Daniel , Warren Oliver , Yang Guang‐Zhong , Darzi Ara 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe aim of a surgical residency program is to produce competent professionals displaying the cognitive, technical, and personal skills required to meet the needs of society. Current changes to the delivery of healthcare necessitate the development of new models of training. These can be supported with the development of new technologies to train and assess surgical practitioners. This article describes recent developments within Imperial College London with regard to eye tracking, noninvasive brain imaging, and an innovative mentoring scheme for the new surgical curriculum. The concept of eye tracking is described, together with surgical application for this technique in terms of dexterity analysis during minimally invasive procedures. We have also begun to understand spatial localization within the brain cortex during surgical knot‐tying tasks. The aim is to develop a map of the cortex with regard to surgical novices and experienced surgeons and then to develop the hypothesis that a translational process of cortical plasticity occurs during training. Finally, the article is intended to describe a training scheme that goes beyond dexterity, and moves toward the development of a successful surgeon through surgical mentoring. It is hoped that some of these tools will enhance the training of future surgeons in order to continue to provide a high‐quality service to our patients.
Elevated microsomal prostaglandin‐E synthase‐1 in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Chaudhry Uzma A. , Zhuang Hean , Crain Barbara J. , Doré Sylvain 
Published: December 2007

BackgroundThe proinflammatory prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) fluctuates over time in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the cerebral distribution and expression patterns of microsomal prostaglandin‐E synthase (mPGES)–1 have not been compared with those of normal human brains.MethodsMiddle frontal gyrus tissue from AD and age‐matched control brains was analyzed by Western blot, immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemistry with mPGES‐1–specific antibodies.ResultsWestern blotting revealed that mPGES‐1 expression was significantly elevated in AD tissue. Furthermore, immunofluorescence of mPGES‐1 was observed in neurons, microglia, and endothelial cells of control and AD tissue. Although mPGES‐1 was consistently present in astrocytes of control tissue, it was present in only some astrocytes of AD tissue. Immunohistochemical staining suggested that mPGES‐1 was elevated in pyramidal neurons of AD tissue when compared with controls.ConclusionsThe results suggest that mPGES‐1 is normally expressed constitutively in human neurons, microglia, astrocytes, and endothelial cells but is up‐regulated in AD.
Phonological Awareness Intervention: Beyond the Basics
Authors: Schuele C. Melanie , Boudreau Donna 
Published: December 2007

Purpose
The purpose of this article is to advance practitioners' knowledge base of best practices in phonological awareness intervention to facilitate the implementation of evidence- or research-based practices in everyday clinical practice. Although most speech-language pathologists (SLPs) have a basic knowledge of phonological awareness, this article provides additional information on the variables to consider in the design and implementation of phonological awareness intervention; access to this information has a clear impact on practitioners' efforts to move research to practice.

Method
We reviewed the relevant literature on the nature and development of phonological awareness and phonological awareness intervention to identify evidence-based intervention practices. We draw on clinical experience to supplement the research literature, particularly where the research literature provides limited direction.

Implications
SLPs have a unique contribution to make in school-based teams' efforts to facilitate literacy development in children, particularly children who are at risk for reading disability. Research provides much information to guide clinicians in the design and implementation of phonological awareness intervention.
Promoting Literacy in Students With ASD: The Basics for the SLP
Authors: Lanter Elizabeth , Watson Linda R. 
Published: December 2007

PurposeThis article provides a tutorial for speech-language pathologists (SLPs) concerning approaches for improving the reading skills of students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). SLPs are encouraged to modify their role to include a literacy focus, not only because of inclusion and standardized reading tests, but also because SLPs offer skills to enrich the literacy skills of students with ASD.MethodThis article is organized to provide guidance on approaches associated with reading achievements in 3 stages of development: (a) emergent, (b) conventional, and (c) skilled reading. For each, we provide a brief overview of major achievements observed in students with typical development as well as a synopsis of what is currently known concerning the achievements of students with ASD. We then provide suggestions concerning specific approaches that can be used to further the reading and oral language skills of students with ASD within the particular stage.ImplicationsThis article suggests literacy interventions that target critical oral language and literacy skills that have been well documented as areas of need among many students with ASD. SLPs can draw on this information when designing and implementing transdiciplinary literacy interventions for this growing population of students whose literacy needs are currently underserved.
Absenteeism Rates in Students Receiving Services for CDs, LDs, and EDs: A Macroscopic View of the Consequences of Disability
Authors: Redmond Sean M. , Hosp John L. 
Published: December 2007

Purpose
Elevated levels of absenteeism have been reported for students receiving special education services, especially students with learning disabilities (LDs) and emotional disturbances (EDs). In contrast, little is known about absenteeism rates associated with students with communication disorders (CDs).

Method
Archival records of student attendance for the 1997–2001 academic years from a mid-sized urban school district in the Intermountain West were used to examine absenteeism rates in students receiving services for CDs, LDs, and EDs. Two cohort samples were generated (K–4th grade and 5th–9th grade).

Results
Students with CDs displayed absenteeism rates that were comparable to those of students receiving general education. Significant group and group × grade effects were found. Students in the LD and ED groups displayed elevated levels of absenteeism, especially at Grade 9.

Conclusion
The outcomes of this study support the characterization of the socioemotional concomitants associated with CDs as being typologically different and exerting a weaker influence on student’s health levels than those associated with either LDs or EDs.
Language Intervention Practices for School-Age Children With Spoken Language Disorders: A Systematic Review
Authors: Cirrin Frank M. , Gillam Ronald B. 
Published: December 2007

Purpose
This systematic review focuses on peer-reviewed articles published since 1985 that assess the outcomes of language intervention practices for school-age students with spoken language disorders.

Method
We conducted computer searches of electronic databases and hand searches of other sources for studies that used experimental designs that were considered to be reliable and valid: randomized clinical trials, nonrandomized comparison studies, and multiple-baseline single-subject design studies.

Results
The review yielded 21 studies concerning the efficacy or effectiveness of language intervention practices with school-age children since 1985. Eleven of the studies limited participants to children in kindergarten and first grade, and no studies were located that focused on students in middle grades or high school. The relatively high quality of the studies that met our criteria, and the moderate-to-high effect sizes we calculated for the majority of studies, suggests that clinicians can have some confidence in the specific language intervention practices examined.

Conclusion
The fact that only 21 studies met our criteria means that there is relatively little evidence supporting the language intervention practices that are currently being used with school-age children with language disorders. We outline significant gaps in the evidence and discuss the implications for clinical practice in schools.
A new construction of quantum error-correcting codes
Authors: Feng Keqin , Xing Chaoping 
Published: December 2007

In this paper, we present a characterization of (binary and non-binary) quantum error-correcting codes. Based on this characterization, we introduce a method to construct

p
p

-ary quantum codes using Boolean functions satisfying a system of certain quadratic relations. As a consequence of the construction, we are able to construct quantum codes of minimum distance

2
2

. In particular, we produce a class of binary quantum

(
(
n
,

2

n
−
2

−

1
2

(

n
−
1

(
n
−
1
)

/

2

)

,
2
)
)

((n,2^{n-2}-\frac 12{n-1\choose (n-1)/2},2))

-codes for odd length

n
≥
5

n\ge 5

. For

n
≥
11

n\ge 11

, this improves the result by Rains in Quantum codes of minimal distance two, 1999, showing the existence of binary quantum

(
(
n
,
3
⋅

2

n
−
4

,
2
)
)

((n,3\cdot 2^{n-4},2))

-codes for odd

n
≥
5

n\ge 5

. Moreover, our binary quantum

(
(
n
,

2

n
−
2

−

1
2

(

n
−
1

(
n
−
1
)

/

2

)

,
2
)
)

((n,2^{n-2}-\frac 12{n-1\choose (n-1)/2},2))

-codes of odd length achieve the Singleton bound asymptotically. Finally, based on our characterization some propagation rules of quantum codes are proposed and the rules are similar to those in classical coding theory. It turns out that some new quantum codes are found through these propagation rules.
Free boundary regularity close to initial state for parabolic obstacle problem
Authors: Shahgholian Henrik 
Published: December 2007

In this paper we study the behavior of the free boundary

∂
{
u
>
ψ
}

\partial \{u>\psi \}

, arising in the following complementary problem:

(
H
u
)
(
u
−
ψ
)
=
0
,

u
≥
ψ
(
x
,
t
)

i
n

Q
+

,
H
u
≤
0
,
u
(
x
,
t
)
≥
ψ
(
x
,
t
)

o
n

∂
p

Q
+

.

\begin{gather*} (Hu)(u-\psi )=0,\qquad u\geq \psi (x,t) \quad \mathrm {in}\ Q^+, Hu \leq 0, u(x,t) \geq \psi (x,t) \quad \mathrm {on}\ \partial _p Q^+. \end{gather*}

Here

∂
p

\partial _p

denotes the parabolic boundary,

H
H

is a parabolic operator with certain properties,

Q
+

Q^+

is the upper half of the unit cylinder in

R

n
+
1

\textbf {R}^{n+1}

, and the equation is satisfied in the viscosity sense. The obstacle

ψ
\psi

is assumed to be continuous (with a certain smoothness at

{

x
1

=
0

\{x_1=0

,

t
=
0
}

t=0\}

), and coincides with the boundary data

u
(
x
,
0
)
=
ψ
(
x
,
0
)

u(x,0)=\psi (x,0)

at time zero. We also discuss applications in financial markets.
Effects of FeedingSpodoptera littoralison Lima Bean Leaves: IV. Diurnal and Nocturnal Damage Differentially Initiate Plant Volatile Emission
Authors: Arimura Gen-ichiro , Köpke Sabrina , Kunert Maritta , Volpe Veronica , David Anja , Brand Peter , Dabrowska Paulina , Maffei Massimo E. , Boland Wilhelm 
Published: December 2007

AbstractContinuous mechanical damage initiates the rhythmic emission of volatiles in lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) leaves; the emission resembles that induced by herbivore damage. The effect of diurnal versus nocturnal damage on the initiation of plant defense responses was investigated using MecWorm, a robotic device designed to reproduce tissue damage caused by herbivore attack. Lima bean leaves that were damaged by MecWorm during the photophase emitted maximal levels of β-ocimene and (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate in the late photophase. Leaves damaged during the dark phase responded with the nocturnal emission of (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, but with only low amounts of β-ocimene; this emission was followed by an emission burst directly after the onset of light. In the presence of 13CO2, this light-dependent synthesis of β-ocimene resulted in incorporation of 75% to 85% of 13C, demonstrating that biosynthesis of β-ocimene is almost exclusively fueled by the photosynthetic fixation of CO2 along the plastidial 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol 4-P pathway. Jasmonic acid (JA) accumulated locally in direct response to the damage and led to immediate up-regulation of the P. lunatus β-ocimene synthase gene (PlOS) independent of the phase, that is, light or dark. Nocturnal damage caused significantly higher concentrations of JA (approximately 2–3 times) along with enhanced expression levels of PlOS. Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana transformed with PlOS promoter∷β-glucuronidase fusion constructs confirmed expression of the enzyme at the wounded sites. In summary, damage-dependent JA levels directly control the expression level of PlOS, regardless of light or dark conditions, and photosynthesis is the major source for the early precursors of the 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol 4-P pathway.
Parasitism by Cuscuta pentagona Attenuates Host Plant Defenses against Insect Herbivores
Authors: Runyon Justin B. , Mescher Mark C. , De Moraes Consuelo M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Considerable research has examined plant responses to concurrent attack by herbivores and pathogens, but the effects of attack by parasitic plants, another important class of plant-feeding organisms, on plant defenses against other enemies has not been explored. We investigated how attack by the parasitic plant Cuscuta pentagona impacted tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) defenses against the chewing insect beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua; BAW). In response to insect feeding, C. pentagona-infested (parasitized) tomato plants produced only one-third of the antiherbivore phytohormone jasmonic acid (JA) produced by unparasitized plants. Similarly, parasitized tomato, in contrast to unparasitized plants, failed to emit herbivore-induced volatiles after 3 d of BAW feeding. Although parasitism impaired antiherbivore defenses, BAW growth was slower on parasitized tomato leaves. Vines of C. pentagona did not translocate JA from BAW-infested plants: amounts of JA in parasite vines grown on caterpillar-fed and control plants were similar. Parasitized plants generally contained more salicylic acid (SA), which can inhibit JA in some systems. Parasitized mutant (NahG) tomato plants deficient in SA produced more JA in response to insect feeding than parasitized wild-type plants, further suggesting cross talk between the SA and JA defense signaling pathways. However, JA induction by BAW was still reduced in parasitized compared to unparasitized NahG, implying that other factors must be involved. We found that parasitized plants were capable of producing induced volatiles when experimentally treated with JA, indicating that resource depletion by the parasite does not fully explain the observed attenuation of volatile response to herbivore feeding. Collectively, these findings show that parasitic plants can have important consequences for host plant defense against herbivores.
A Naturally Occurring Mutation in an Arabidopsis Accession Affects a β-d-Galactosidase That Increases the Hydrophilic Potential of Rhamnogalacturonan I in Seed Mucilage
Authors: Macquet Audrey , Ralet Marie-Christine , Loudet Olivier , Kronenberger Jocelyne , Mouille Gregory , Marion-Poll Annie , North Helen M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Arabidopsis thaliana accession Shahdara was identified as a rare naturally occurring mutant that does not liberate seed mucilage on imbibition. The defective locus was found to be allelic to the mum2-1 and mum2-2 mutants. Map-based cloning showed that MUCILAGE-MODIFIED2 (MUM2) encodes the putative β-d-galactosidase BGAL6. Activity assays demonstrated that one of four major β-d-galactosidase activities present in developing siliques is absent in mum2 mutants. No difference was observed in seed coat epidermal cell structure between wild-type and mutant seed; however, weakening of the outer tangential cell wall by chemical treatment resulted in the release of mucilage from mum2 seed coat epidermal cells, and the mum2 mucilage only increased slightly in volume, relative to the wild type. Consistent with the absence of β-d-galactosidase activity in the mutant, the inner layer of mucilage contained more Gal. The allocation of polysaccharides between the inner and outer mucilage layers was also modified in mum2. Mass spectrometry showed that rhamnogalacturonan I in mutant mucilage had more branching between rhamnose and hexose residues relative to the wild type. We conclude that the MUM2/BGAL6 β-d-galactosidase is required for maturation of rhamnogalacturonan I in seed mucilage by the removal of galactose/galactan branches, resulting in increased swelling and extrusion of the mucilage on seed hydration.
The Arabidopsis MUM2 Gene Encodes a β-Galactosidase Required for the Production of Seed Coat Mucilage with Correct Hydration Properties
Authors: Dean Gillian H. , Zheng Huanquan , Tewari Jagdish , Huang Jun , Young Diana S. , Hwang Yeen Ting , Western Tamara L. , Carpita Nicholas C. , McCann Maureen C. , Mansfield Shawn D. , Haughn George W. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Seed coat development in Arabidopsis thaliana involves a complex pathway where cells of the outer integument differentiate into a highly specialized cell type after fertilization. One aspect of this developmental process involves the secretion of a large amount of pectinaceous mucilage into the apoplast. When the mature seed coat is exposed to water, this mucilage expands to break the primary cell wall and encapsulate the seed. The mucilage-modified2 (mum2) mutant is characterized by a failure to extrude mucilage on hydration, although mucilage is produced as normal during development. The defect in mum2 appears to reside in the mucilage itself, as mucilage fails to expand even when the barrier of the primary cell wall is removed. We have cloned the MUM2 gene and expressed recombinant MUM2 protein, which has β-galactosidase activity. Biochemical analysis of the mum2 mucilage reveals alterations in pectins that are consistent with a defect in β-galactosidase activity, and we have demonstrated that MUM2 is localized to the cell wall. We propose that MUM2 is involved in modifying mucilage to allow it to expand upon hydration, establishing a link between the galactosyl side-chain structure of pectin and its physical properties.
The Downy Mildew Effector Proteins ATR1 and ATR13 Promote Disease Susceptibility in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Sohn Kee Hoon , Lei Rita , Nemri Adnane , Jones Jonathan D.G. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The downy mildew (Hyaloperonospora parasitica) effector proteins ATR1 and ATR13 trigger RPP1-Nd/WsB– and RPP13-Nd–dependent resistance, respectively, in Arabidopsis thaliana. To better understand the functions of these effectors during compatible and incompatible interactions of H. parasitica isolates on Arabidopsis accessions, we developed a novel delivery system using Pseudomonas syringae type III secretion via fusions of ATRs to the N terminus of the P. syringae effector protein, AvrRPS4. ATR1 and ATR13 both triggered the hypersensitive response (HR) and resistance to bacterial pathogens in Arabidopsis carrying RPP1-Nd/WsB or RPP13-Nd, respectively, when delivered from P. syringae pv tomato (Pst) DC3000. In addition, multiple alleles of ATR1 and ATR13 confer enhanced virulence to Pst DC3000 on susceptible Arabidopsis accessions. We conclude that ATR1 and ATR13 positively contribute to pathogen virulence inside host cells. Two ATR13 alleles suppressed bacterial PAMP (for Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns)-triggered callose deposition in susceptible Arabidopsis when delivered by DC3000 ΔCEL mutants. Furthermore, expression of another allele of ATR13 in plant cells suppressed PAMP-triggered reactive oxygen species production in addition to callose deposition. Intriguingly, although Wassilewskija (Ws-0) is highly susceptible to H. parasitica isolate Emco5, ATR13Emco5 when delivered by Pst DC3000 triggered localized immunity, including HR, on Ws-0. We suggest that an additional H. parasitica Emco5 effector might suppress ATR13-triggered immunity.