bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Calcium Supplements in Healthy Children Do Not Affect Weight Gain, Height, or Body Composition
Authors: Winzenberg Tania , Shaw Kelly , Fryer Jayne , Jones Graeme 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: Calcium intake is a potential factor influencing weight gain and may reduce body weight, but the evidence for this in children is conflicting. The aim of this study was to use data from randomized controlled trials to determine whether calcium supplementation in healthy children affects weight or body composition.Research Methods and Procedures: This study is a systematic review. We identified potential studies by searching the following electronic bibliographic databases: CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, AMED, MANTIS, ISI Web of Science, Food Science and Technology Abstracts, and Human Nutrition up until April 1, 2005 and hand‐searched relevant conference abstracts. Studies were included if they were placebo‐controlled randomized controlled trials of calcium supplementation, with at least 3 months of supplementation, in healthy children and with outcome measures including weight. Meta‐analyses were performed using fixed effects models and weighted mean differences for weight and height and standardized mean differences (SMDs) for body composition measures.Results: There were no statistically significant effects of calcium supplementation on weight [+0.14 kg; 95% confidence interval (CI), −0.28, +0.57 kg], height (+0.22 cm; 95% CI, −0.30, +0.74 cm), body fat (SMD, +0.04; 95% CI, −0.08, +0.15), or lean mass (SMD, +0.14; 95% CI, −0.03, +0.31).Discussion: There is no evidence to support the use of calcium supplementation as a public health intervention to reduce weight gain or body fat in healthy children. Although our results do not rule out an effect of dietary supplementation with dairy products on weight gain or body composition, there is little evidence to support this hypothesis.
Recurrent Dieting and Smoking among Finnish Men and Women
Authors: Saarni Suoma E. , Silventoinen Karri , Rissanen Aila , Sarlio‐Lähteenkorva Sirpa , Kaprio Jaakko 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: To examine the association of smoking with recurrent dieting and BMI among Finnish adults.Research Methods and Procedures: We used questionnaire data from 1990 on 11,055 subjects from the Finnish Twin Cohort who were 33 to 61 years of age. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was carried out using lifetime dieting as the outcome variable and smoking as the main explanatory variable, adjusted for BMI and age. Twin pairs discordant for dieting and smoking were studied to examine the effect of environmental and genetic factors.Results: Among women, current smokers [odds ratio (OR), 1.09 to 1.41 at different ages] and former smokers (OR, 1.52 to 2.82) were more likely to have dieted recurrently than never smokers. Among men, current smokers were less likely (OR, 0.69; 95% confidence interval, 0.55, 0.87) and former smokers were more likely (OR, 1.30; 95% confidence interval, 1.05, 1.61) to have dieted recurrently at different ages. The differences between the discordant pairs were consistent with this, although not statistically significant.Discussion: Recurrent dieting was associated with former smoking in both sexes and with current smoking in women.
The Influence of Weight Loss on Serum Osteoprotegerin Concentration in Obese Perimenopausal Women
Authors: Holecki Michał , Zahorska‐Markiewicz Barbara , Janowska Joanna , Nieszporek Teresa , Wojaczyńska‐Stanek Katarzyna , Żak‐Gołąb Agnieszka , Więcek Andrzej 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: To assess the influence of weight reduction therapy on serum osteoprotegerin (OPG) concentration in obese patients and compare these results with normal‐weight controls.Research Methods and Procedures: Forty‐three obese women (BMI, 36.7 ± 4.1 kg/m2; mean age, 50.1 ± 4.5 years) were studied. The control group consisted of 19 normal‐weight women (BMI, 24.2 ± 2.1 kg/m2; mean age, 53.8 ± 5.2 years). In all patients, serum concentrations of OPG, C telopeptide of type I collagen containing the cross‐linking site (CTX), osteocalcin, parathormone, 25‐(OH)‐D3 (vitamin D), and total calcium and phosphorus were assessed before and after a 3‐month weight reduction therapy.Results: In obese subjects, serum concentrations of OPG, 25‐(OH)‐D3, osteocalcin, total calcium, and phosphorus were significantly lower, and serum concentration of parathormone was significantly higher, before weight reduction therapy in comparison with normal‐weight controls. After weight reduction, a significantly higher serum concentration of 25‐(OH)‐D3 and CTX and significantly lower concentration of OPG were found.Discussion: Serum concentration of OPG was significantly lower in obese patients in comparison with normal‐weight controls. Weight reduction therapy resulted in further decrease in OPG serum concentrations. Therefore, OPG cannot be treated as a protective factor from bone loss in obese patients.
The Measurement of Resting Metabolic Rate in Preschool Children
Authors: Jackson Diane M. , Pace Lucienne , Speakman John R. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: This study examined the repeatability of measuring resting metabolic rate (RMR) in preschool children and the effect of different calculation protocols.Research Methods and Procedures: Eleven children (4 females and 7 males) participated in the project. They were recruited through advertisements in local schools and community centers. Resting metabolic rate was measured on 3 occasions over a 2‐week period, each after an overnight fast and each lasting ∼20 to 25 minutes. Results were compared using repeated‐measures ANOVA to check for repeatability, and a number of methods of calculating RMR were assessed.Results: Repeatability of RMR measurements was good (coefficient of variation of replicates, 6.8%), with no significant difference between days of measurement. The lowest RMR measurement was obtained when the first 10 minutes were excluded and periods during which large activity was observed were excluded. This measurement was, on average, 4% lower than averaging the measurements after the first 5 minutes, including body movements.Discussion: This study suggests that RMR can be measured in preschool children and that the best method for calculating RMR in these subjects is to exclude periods when large body movements occur and the first 10 minutes of the measurement period. Only a single measurement of RMR is needed to obtain a reliable estimate.
11β‐HSD Type 1 Expression in Human Adipose Tissue: Impact of Gender, Obesity, and Fat Localization
Authors: Paulsen Søren Kildeberg , Pedersen Steen Bønløkke , Fisker Sanne , Richelsen Bjørn 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: Pre‐receptor amplification of glucocorticoids is, in part, determined by the isoenzymes 11β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β‐HSD) type 1 and type 2, interconverting inert cortisone and active cortisol. Increased tissue activity of cortisol may play a part in features of the metabolic syndrome. Our objective was to compare 11β‐HSD1 gene expression in different fat depots (visceral, subcutaneous abdominal, and subcutaneous gluteal) in lean and obese men and women.Research Methods and Procedures: A cross‐sectional study design was used for healthy patients undergoing minor abdominal surgery (lean men, 10), minor gynecological surgery (lean woman, 10), or gastric banding operations (obese men, 10; and obese women, 10). Gene expressions of 11β‐HSD1 in adipose tissue samples were determined by real‐time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR).Results: Lean women had lower 11β‐HSD1 gene expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue compared with men (62% lower, p < 0.01), whereas no significant difference was found between obese men and women. 11β‐HSD1 mRNA in human adipose tissue was higher in obese subjects compared with lean subjects in both women and men and in both subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue. No difference in mRNA expression of 11β‐HSD1 between visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue or between subcutaneous adipose tissue from different depots was found.Conclusions: 11β‐HSD1 in adipose tissue is increased in obesity in both women and men, and may contribute to the associated metabolic syndrome. As 11β‐HSD1 expression in lean women was found to be significantly lower than in lean males, the up‐regulation associated with obesity may be relatively more devastating in women than in men, and may help explain the higher relative risk of cardiovascular disease in women suffering from the metabolic syndrome.
Macrophage‐Colony Stimulating Factor in Obese Adipose Tissue: Studies With Heterozygous op/+ Mice
Authors: Sugita Satoshi , Kamei Yasutomi , Oka Jun‐Ichiro , Suganami Takayoshi , Ogawa Yoshihiro 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: We examined the gene expression of macrophage‐colony stimulating factor (M‐CSF) in mice with diet‐induced obesity and in genetically obese mice. We also examined the effect of decreased M‐CSF signaling on the susceptibility to obesity and macrophage recruitment into the adipose tissue of mice.Research Methods and Procedures: The adipose tissue from mice with diet‐induced obesity, obese KKAy mice, and ob/ob obese mice was used for RNA preparation. Production of M‐CSF and monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1) was examined by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. The op/+ heterozygous mice, with decreased functional M‐CSF expression, were placed on a high‐fat diet or crossed with KKAy mice to study the susceptibility to obesity. The gene expression of macrophage markers in adipose tissue was examined.Results: The expression of M‐CSF was not significantly changed in mice on a high‐fat diet or in either type of genetic obesity (KKAy or ob/ob mice). No change in the degree of obesity or macrophage‐related gene expression (F4/80, CD68, and MCP‐1) in the adipose tissue was observed in op/+ mice compared with +/+ control mice, which were either treated with a high‐fat diet or crossed with KKAy mice.Discussion: This study demonstrated that there was no significant change in the expression of M‐CSF in the adipose tissue from obese mice and only a minor phenotypic change, such as macrophage infiltration, in the adipose tissue from op/+ mice, suggesting that M‐CSF does not play a major role in macrophage recruitment in the adipose tissue of obese mice.
C57BL/6J and A/J Mice Fed a High‐Fat Diet Delineate Components of Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Gallou‐Kabani Catherine , Vigé Alexandre , Gross Marie‐Sylvie , Rabès Jean‐Pierre , Boileau Catherine , Larue‐Achagiotis Christiane , Tomé Daniel , Jais Jean‐Philippe , Junien Claudine 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: The aim of this study was to assess the suitability of A/J and C57BL/6J mice of both sexes as models of some components of the human metabolic syndrome (MetS) under nutritional conditions more comparable with the actual worldwide diet responsible for the increased incidence of the MetS.Research Methods: We fed large cohorts (n = 515) of two strains of mice, A/J and the C57BL/6J, and of both sexes a high‐fat diet (HFD; 60% fat) that, in contrast with most previous reports using saturated fats, was enriched in mono‐ and polyunsaturated fatty acids, thus more closely mimicking most Western diets, or a control diet (10% fat), for 20 weeks.Results: In sharp contrast to previous reports, weight gain and hyperleptinemia were similar in both strains and sexes. Hyperinsulinemia, glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, and hypercholesterolemia were observed, although with important differences between strains and sexes. A/J males displayed severely impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance. However, in contrast with C57BL6/J mice, which displayed overt type 2 diabetes, A/J mice of both sexes remained normoglycemic.Discussion: With important differences in magnitude and time course, the phenotypic and metabolic characteristics of both strains and both sexes on this HFD demonstrate that these models are very useful for identifying the mechanisms underlying progression or resistance to subsequent type 2 diabetes.
The Relationship Between Relative Weight and School Attendance Among Elementary Schoolchildren
Authors: Geier Andrew B. , Foster Gary D. , Womble Leslie G. , McLaughlin Jackie , Borradaile Kelley E. , Nachmani Joan , Sherman Sandy , Kumanyika Shiriki , Shults Justine 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: To determine the relationship between relative weight and school attendance among elementary schoolchildren.Research Methods and Procedures: A total of 1069 fourth to sixth graders from nine elementary schools in the inner city of Philadelphia, PA, were part of an ongoing randomized control trial to assess prevention strategies for obesity. The mean rate of students eligible for free/reduced meals was 82.9 ± 11.5%. Weight was measured in the second semester of the academic year. Absentee data for the entire academic year were recorded by homeroom teachers. Participants were classified into relative weight categories described by the Institute of Medicine: underweight, normal‐weight, overweight, and obese.Results: ANOVA showed that overweight children were absent significantly more than normal‐weight children (12.2 ± 11.7 days vs.10.1 ± 10.5 days) (p < 0.05). Linear regression showed that the obese category remained a significant contributor to the number of days absent even after adjusting for age, race/ethnicity, and gender.Discussion: These data suggest that in addition to the medical and psychosocial consequences of being overweight, heavier children have greater risk for school absenteeism than their normal‐weight peers. As the rate of childhood obesity increases, parallel increases in school absenteeism should be expected.
Advances and Controversies in the Design of Obesity Prevention Trials
Authors: Stevens June , Taber Daniel R. , Murray David M. , Ward Dianne S. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractBecause randomized controlled trial designs are used more frequently to evaluate obesity prevention programs, nuances in the methodology used for this application become apparent. Areas of attention are the selection of outcome measures with high validity, attention to the description of the intervention, the use of analyses that match the sampling design, and dealing with loss to follow‐up. We recommend increased use of preliminary or evidentiary research designed to develop and test intervention components and hypothesized mediators before fully powered, randomized, obesity prevention trials are attempted. Both randomized and observational designs can be used for the purpose. Attention to design issues will ultimately lead to more successful, cost‐effective randomized trials, and more rapid movement toward efficacious and effective obesity prevention programs.
Design Characteristics of Worksite Environmental Interventions for Obesity Prevention
Authors: Pratt Charlotte A. , Lemon Stephenie C. , Fernandez Isabel Diana , Goetzel Ron , Beresford Shirley A. , French Simone A. , Stevens Victor J. , Vogt Thomas M. , Webber Larry S. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective:This paper describes the design characteristics of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)‐funded studies that are testing innovative environmental interventions for weight control and obesity prevention at worksites.Research Methods and Procedures:Seven separate studies that have a total of 114 worksites (∼48,000 employees) across studies are being conducted. The worksite settings include hotels, hospitals, manufacturing facilities, businesses, schools, and bus garages located across the U.S. Each study uses its own conceptual model drawn from the literature and includes the socio‐ecological model for health promotion, the epidemiological triad, and those integrating organizational and social contexts. The interventions, which are offered to all employees, include environmental‐ and individual‐level approaches to improve physical activity and promote healthful eating practices. Environmental strategies include reducing portion sizes, modifying cafeteria recipes to lower their fat contents, and increasing the accessibility of fitness equipment at the workplace. Across all seven studies about 48% (N= 23,000) of the population is randomly selected for measurements. The primary outcome measure is change in BMI or body weight after two years of intervention. Secondary measures include waist circumference, objective, and self‐report measures of physical activity, dietary intake, changes in vending machines and cafeteria food offerings, work productivity, healthcare use, and return on investment.Discussion:The results of these studies could have important implications for the design and implementation of worksite overweight and obesity control programs.
Lipid Oxidation According to Intensity and Exercise Duration in Overweight Men and Women
Authors: Pillard Fabien , Moro Cédric , Harant Isabelle , Garrigue Eric , Lafontan Max , Berlan Michel , Crampes François , de Glisezinski Isabelle , Rivière Daniel 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: Our objective was to compare the effect of different exercise intensities on lipid oxidation in overweight men and women.Research Methods and Procedures: Nine young, healthy, overweight men and women were studied (age, 31.4 ± 2.3 and 26.7 ± 2.1 years; BMI, 27.9 ± 0.4 and 27.2 ± 0.5; for men and women, respectively). On one study day, the subjects first performed 30 minutes of cycling exercise at 30% of their maximal oxygen uptake (Vo2max; E1 session), followed by 30 minutes of exercise at 50% Vo2max (E2 session). On a second study day, a similar E1 session was followed by 30 minutes of exercise at 70% Vo2max (E3 session). From the gas exchange measurements, the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) and the fat oxidation rate (FOR) were calculated. Plasma concentrations of glycerol and non‐esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) were assayed.Results: RER was significantly lower for women during only the E1 session. For both sexes, RER decreased over time during the E2 and E3 sessions. During the E1 session, the FOR per kilogram of lean mass (LM) was higher among women, and it did not change over time despite an increase in plasma NEFAs. FOR per kilogram of LM was higher during the E2 exercise for both sexes. During E2 and E3 sessions, as the exercise time was prolonged, the FOR/kg LM increased simultaneously with the increase in the plasma glycerol.Discussion: Lipid oxidation during exercise is optimized for moderate and lengthy exercise. The enhancement of lipid oxidation occurring over time during moderate‐ and high‐intensity exercises could be, in part, linked to the improvement of lipid mobilization. This fact is discussed to shed light on exercise modalities as a tool for the management of overweight.
Stress Reactivity and Adiposity of Youth
Authors: Roemmich James N. , Smith Jasmine R. , Epstein Leonard H. , Lambiase Maya 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: The relationship between stress reactivity and total or central adiposity in children has not been widely studied. Data from two studies were combined to determine the relationship between reactivity to interpersonal stress and the adiposity of children.Research Methods and Procedures: Stress reactivity to an interpersonal stressor (speech) was measured in 36 boys (9.8 ± 1.3 years of age) and 27 girls (9.3 ± 1.3 years of age). Total adiposity (percentage body fat) was estimated from skinfolds and central adiposity from the abdominal girth. Multiple regression was used to establish the associations of change in perceived stress and heart rate reactivity with adiposity. Age, sex, ethnicity, and baseline perceived stress and heart rate served as covariates for total adiposity. Fat mass was included as an additional covariate for the prediction of log abdominal girth (central adiposity).Results: Based on adjusted β‐weights, change in perceived stress (β = 1.13, p ≤ 0.001) and heart rate reactivity (β = 0.14, p ≤ 0.03) independently predicted percentage body fat. Heart rate reactivity (β = 0.002, p ≤ 0.04) independently predicted log abdominal girth.Discussion: Reactivity to psychological stress may initiate the antecedents of cardiovascular disease before adolescence by increasing total and central adiposity. Future studies should determine whether stress reactivity increases the adiposity of youth by increasing their consumption of energy‐dense snack foods and decreasing their willingness to be physically active.
Is Rural Residency a Risk Factor for Overweight and Obesity for U.S. Children?
Authors: Lutfiyya May Nawal , Lipsky Martin S. , Wisdom‐Behounek Jennifer , Inpanbutr‐Martinkus Melissa 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: Despite studies suggesting that there is a higher prevalence of overweight or obese children in rural areas in the U.S., there are no national studies comparing the prevalence levels of overweight or obese rural to metropolitan children. The objective of this research was to examine the hypothesis that living in a rural area is a risk factor for children being overweight or obese.Research Methods and Procedures: Using the National Survey of Children's Heath, the prevalence of overweight and/or obese rural children was compared with that of children in metropolitan settings. Multivariate analyses were performed on the data to detect if differences varied by health services use factors or demographic factors, such as household income, gender, and race.Results: Multivariate analysis revealed that overweight or obese children ≥5 years of age were more likely to live in rural rather than metropolitan areas (odds ratio = 1.252; 95% confidence interval, 1.248, 1.256). Rural overweight U.S. children ≥5 years of age of age were more likely than their metropolitan counterparts to: be white, live in households ≤200% of the federal poverty level, have no health insurance, have not received preventive health care in the past 12 months, be female, use a computer for non‐school work >3 hours a day, and watch television for >3 hours a day. In addition, they were more likely to have comorbidities.Discussion: Living in rural areas is a risk factor for children being overweight or obese.
The Validity of Self‐reported Weight Change among Adolescents and Young Adults
Authors: Field Alison E. , Aneja Parul , Rosner Bernard 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: To assess the association of weight change based on serial self‐reported vs. measured weights.Research Methods and Procedures: Two thousand two hundred eighty‐four male and 2476 female participants in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health who provided information on weight at Waves II and III and were at least 16 years of age were studied. Linear regression was used to assess predictors of the discrepancy between weight change based on self‐reported vs. measured weights. Logistic regression was used to identify predictors of self‐report correctly classifying participants in terms of weight change category.Results: Self‐reported weight was slightly lower than measured weight at Waves II and III, but weight change based on self‐reported weights underestimated true weight change by only 2.1 (female participants) to 2.8 (male participants) pounds. Overweight and obese female participants were consistent in their under‐reporting of their weight more than their leaner peers; thus, the discrepancy between weight change from Wave II to Wave III based on serial self‐reports vs. measured weights was significantly smaller among the obese female vs. healthy‐weight female participants (0.3‐ vs. 2.3‐pound underestimation, p < 0.05). Among the male participants, the same pattern was evident. African‐American ethnicity, Hispanic ethnicity, the level of physical activity, the hours per week watching television, and weight change efforts were not related to the discrepancy between weight change based on self‐reported vs. measured weights.Discussion: The discrepancy between weight change based on self‐report vs. measured weights was minor and not related to race, weight change efforts, activity, or inactivity, thus suggesting that much of the error is random.