bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emergence of Community-Associated Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureusStrains as a Cause of Healthcare-Associated Bloodstream Infections in Korea
Authors: Park Sun Hee , Park Chulmin , Yoo Jin-Hong , Choi Su-Mi , Choi Jung-Hyun , Shin Hyun-Ho , Lee Dong-Gun , Lee Seungok , Kim JaYoung , Choi So Eun , Kwon Young-Mi , Shin Wan-Shik 
Published: January 2009

Background.The prevalence of community-associated methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(CA-MRSA) strains causing bloodstream infection (BSI) has not been studied in Korea.Objective.We sought to determine the prevalence of CA-MRSA strains among isolates recovered from patients with MRSA BSIs and to explore epidemiological changes in Korea. We also sought to evaluate clinical characteristics relevant to the development of healthcare-associated BSIs.Methods.We prospectively collected consecutive MRSA isolates from patients with BSI at 4 hospitals from July 1 through November 30, 2007, and we also included MRSA isolates recovered from culture of blood samples collected during a previous year (October 1, 2004 through September 30, 2005) at a different hospital. Molecular typing studies were performed, including pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), multilocus sequence typing,Staphylococcusprotein A (spa) typing, and staphylococcal cassette chromosomemec(SCCmec) typing. We compared the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with healthcare-associated BSI due to CA-MRSA strains with those of patients with healthcare-associated BSI due to healthcare-associated MRSA (HA-MRSA) strains.Results.There were 76 cases of MRSA BSI, of which 4 (5.3%) were community-associated and 72 (94.7%) were healthcare-associated. Among the 72 HA-MRSA BSIs, 18 (25%) were community onset, and 54 (75%) were hospital onset. PFGE type D-ST72–spaB-SCCmectype IVA MRSA, the predominant genotype of CA-MRSA in Korea, accounted for 19 (25%) of all 76 MRSA BSIs, including 17 (23.6%) of 72 HA-MRSA BSIs and 11 (20.8%) of 53 hospital-onset HA-MRSA BSIs. Patients with healthcare-associated BSIs due to CA-MRSA strains carrying SCCmectype IVA tended to have fewer healthcare-associated risk factors, compared with patients with healthcare-associated BSIs due to HA-MRSA strains carrying other SCCmectypes. The presence of a central venous catheter or other invasive device was the only independent factor differentiating patients infected with hospital-associated genotype strains from patients infected with other strains. Clinical outcomes were similar between both groups.Conclusions.CA-MRSA strains are emerging as a major cause of BSI in healthcare settings in Korea. This changing epidemiology of MRSA poses a challenge to public health and infection control in hospital settings.
Recovery of Both Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci and Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureusFrom Culture of a Single Clinical Specimen From Colonized or Infected Patients
Authors: Han Sang Hoon , Chin Bum Sik , Lee Han Sung , Jeong Su Jin , Choi Hee Kyung , Kim Chang Ki , Kim Chang Oh , Yong Dongeun , Choi Jun Yong , Song Young Goo , Lee Kyungwon , Kim June Myung 
Published: January 2009

Objective.To describe the incidence of recovery of both vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) and methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) from culture of a single clinical specimen, to describe the clinical characteristics of patients from whom these specimens were recovered, and to identify the risk factors of these patients.Design.A retrospective cohort and case-control study.Setting.A tertiary care university hospital and referral center in Seoul, Korea.Methods.We identified 61 case patients for whom a single clinical specimen yielded both VRE and MRSA on culture, and 122 control patients for whom any clinical specimen yielded only VRE on culture. The control patients were selected by matching 2 :1 with the case patients for age, sex, and first date of sampling that led to isolation of VRE or both VRE and MRSA among 1,536 VRE-colonized patients from January 1, 2003, through December 31, 2006. To identify patient risk factors for the recovery of both VRE and MRSA in a single clinical specimen, we performed univariate comparisons between the 2 groups and then multivariate logistic regression analysis.Results.The incidence of recovery of both VRE and MRSA from culture of a single clinical specimen was 3.97% (for 61 of 1,536 VRE-colonized patients) over 4 years. Among these 82 single clinical specimens, the most common type was wound specimens (26.8%), followed by lower respiratory tract specimens (18.3%), urine specimens (17.1%), and catheter tips (15.9%). Of the 61 case patients, 14 (23.0%) had 2 or more single clinical specimens that yielded both VRE and MRSA on culture, and the longest interval from the first sampling that yielded both organisms to the last sampling that yielded both was 174 days. Independent patient risk factors for the presence of both VRE and MRSA in a single clinical specimen were chronic renal disease (odds ratio [OR], 7.00;P= .012), urinary catheterization (OR, 3.36;P= .026), and longer total cumulative duration of hospital stay within the previous year (OR, 1.03;P< .001).Conclusion.We confirmed that the recovery of VRE and MRSA from a single clinical specimen occurs continually. Because prolonged cell-to-cell contact can facilitate transfer ofvanA,close observation and surveillance for vancomycin-resistantS. aureus, especially among patients with risk factors for the recovery of both VRE and MRSA from a single clinical specimen, should be continued.
Everyday Practice of Science
Authors: Grinnell Frederick 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Scientific facts can be so complicated that only specialists in a field fully appreciate the details, but the nature of everyday practice that gives rise to these facts should be understandable by everyone interested in science. This book describes how scientists bring their own interests and passions to their work, illustrates the dynamics between researchers and the research community, and emphasizes a contextual understanding of science in place of the linear model found in textbooks with its singular focus on “scientific method”. This book also introduces readers to issues about science and society. Practice requires value judgments: What should be done? Who should do it? Who should pay for it? How much? Balancing scientific opportunities with societal needs depends on appreciating both the promises and the ambiguities of science. Understanding practice informs discussions about how to manage research integrity, conflict of interest, and the challenge of modern genetics to human research ethics. Society cannot have the benefits of research without the risks. The last chapter contrasts the practices of science and religion as reflective of two different types of faith and describes a holistic framework within which they dynamically interact.
DISCOVERY
Authors: Grinnell Frederick 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Chapter 2 describes discovery in science: exploration at the frontiers of knowledge, becoming first to know something new, and establishing intellectual ownership by making public a discovery claim. Every scientist faces Plato's paradox — the tendency to find that for which one is looking. Noticing the unexpected frequently provides the key to transcending this paradox, and unintended experiments often provide the opportunities. Each researcher has a unique thought style that depends on education, experience, and temperament and influences every aspect of discovery: what to study, what experiments to do, what distinguishes data from background noise. Thought styles explain the researcher's courage to pursue convictions despite community skepticism and experimental difficulties. Discovery transforms the researcher's thought style and world view. Collaboration among researchers and introduction of new research technologies enhance possibilities for this transformation to occur.
FAITH
Authors: Grinnell Frederick 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Implicit in human experience are potential insights about how to control the world (the scientific attitude) and about the meaning and purpose of the individual and of life (the religious attitude). Scientific and religious attitudes depend on different types of faith. Science requires faith in the uniformity and continuity of shared sensory space — faith that nature's patterns and structures can be understood (“intelligible design”). Religion requires faith in starting assumptions from outside of shared sensory space — belief in an unseen order to which the individual seeks harmonious adjustment. The scientific attitude defers unchangeable Truth to the future, while the religious attitude unconditionally accepts certain Truths in the present. Scientific and religious attitudes exhibit complementarity — two distinct domains of knowledge that cannot be seen, inferred, or negated from the other's perspective and that merge into a dynamic, holistic framework not possible to resolve further, offering different answers to fundamental questions about the self and the world.
The Case for Kinship Adoption Laws
Authors: Takas Marianne , Hegar Rebecca L. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This chapter discusses the impact of the new status of “kinship adoption” on family relationships. It reviews how the law regulates parent/child relationships. It argues that kinship adoption could be an effective solution when it is desired by all parties that the child maintain some level of relationship with one or both birth parents after adoption by a relative, family friend, or foster parent.
Kin as a Family and Child Welfare Resource
Authors: Berrick Jill Duerr , Needell Barbara , Barth Richard P. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This chapter discusses a survey of child care workers in California to determine their views regarding kinship care. The survey asked specific questions about the differences between working with kin and working with foster family parents. Child care workers have indicated that services to kin take more of their time than services to nonkin. The special challenges posed by the nature of kinship homes, the need for system changes in kinship care, and some implications for practice are discussed.
From Welfare to Work
Authors: Perlmutter Felice Davidson 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Using a case example of how Pennsylvania Blue Shield trained, hired, and retained several hundred welfare recipients on its work force, this book offers a success story and a broad discussion of welfare reform, public policy, and corporate social responsibility. It also offers a practical explanation of the specific steps needed to establish such a program, including corporate tax incentives, business and government collaborations, and the special needs of welfare recipients. The book demonstrates that it is possible for corporate America to combine bottom-line goals with socially responsible goals.
The Importance of Staff
Authors: Perlmutter Felice Davidson 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
One of the keys to the success of Pennsylvania Blue Shield's program was the competency of the staff selected to work in the training program. This chapter discusses the personnel considerations, and organizational perspectives that went into the preparation and execution of the training program. It describes some of the problems that arose as staff members strove to maintain corporate standards while providing needed support to the trainees to ensure that they would have the opportunity for success.
A Win-Win Game
Authors: Perlmutter Felice Davidson 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This chapter describes what happened to the trainees who completed the program and program outcomes in terms of costs and savings. Pennsylvania Blue Shield's data showed a dramatic return on investment in training. For an investment in the program of $655,266, more than $2.4 million was saved in welfare support payments between 1989 and 1992, during which the training was conducted and the graduates were employed. Tax credits to which Blue Shield was entitled totalled $430,492. The program gave Blue Shield an avenue to express its civic-mindedness and social responsibility; it also benefited in terms of public relations.
Fostering Innovation in Organizations and Creating Innovative Organizations
Authors: ROTHMAN JACK , DAMRON-RODRIGUEZ JOANN 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter discusses innovation from an organizational perspective. It identifies seven organizational factors associated with innovation: external relationships and funding, goals, organizational size, professionalization, leadership and group participation, task environment, and job satisfaction. Innovation is also affected by what has gone before, by the stages of innovations, and by the actors involved in the organization. Six key variables pertaining to organizational dynamics are discussed: previous experience of the organization with innovation, organizational discontent, type of innovation, communication and contact by organization members with the innovation, the innovation actors, and factors associated with the implementation of an innovation.
Exposure to Urban Violence
Authors: LORION RAYMOND P. , BRODSKY ANNE E. , COOLEY-QUILLE MICHELE 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the extent of urban violence and the effects of the exposure of children and adolescents to this violence. It begins with a discussion of literature on the nature, extent, and effects of pervasive community violence on children and adolescents. It presents a framework by which interventions can be categorized and organized, and then reviews literature on some of the more successful intervention programs developed to address this problem. It argues that the nation's mental health services must respond proactively to the threat or urban violence consistent with the ongoing evolution of services toward a merger of mental and public health.
The Evolution of Service Innovations for Adults with Severe Mental Illness
Authors: SOLOMON PHYLLIS 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter focuses on service innovations for adults suffering from long-lasting, persistent major mental illnesses that result in social and functional disability. It begins with a discussion of the subpopulation of adults with serious mental illness, including those with a coexisting substance abuse disorder, those who are homeless and mentally ill, and those involved with the criminal justice system. The theoretical underpinnings of intensive case management are then presented. The Assertive Community Treatment (ACT) model is discussed, including its effectiveness and the degree to which the model has been implemented in actual case management practice.
Innovations in Institutional Care from a Patient-Responsive Perspective
Authors: KAHANA EVA , KAHANA BOAZ , CHIRAYATH HEIDI T. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter focuses on nursing home care for the elderly. It begins with an overview of the goals, approaches, and types of interventions that characterize special programs in nursing home settings. It then reviews recent programs and practice innovations, focusing on initiatives aimed at improving overall quality of resident life. A conceptual framework for patient-responsive care in nursing homes is developed to guide future initiatives as well as identify neglected areas that require intervention.
Innovations in Managing Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: CAMP CAMERON J. , MATTERN JEANNE M. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter reviews interventions for managing Alzheimer's disease (AD). It begins with an overview of AD, including its stages and risk factors. It then discusses innovative interventions including spaced-retrieval focused on individuals with AD; question-asking reading, an intervention for small groups of persons with AD; and an Intergenerational Montessori-based program for dyads of persons with AD and preschool children.
Decision Making, Dating, and Mate Selection Expectations
Authors: Joyce West Stevens 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter investigates questions of pubertal development noting that age marks key transitions relative to cognitive processes, socioemotional processes, and reproductive maturity. Unquestionably, decision making competencies will affect choices made about romantic attachments, whether to have sex and with whom to have sex; such issues are fully explored in this chapter. The maturational task of decision making is to grow in problem solving competencies in coping with daily problems in living, including anticipation and planning for future goals.
A Social Work Practice Model: Core Principles of Intervention
Authors: Joyce West Stevens 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter presents a model of psychosocial intervention that aims to demonstrate counselling techniques to help adolescents and their families deal with stress and problems in living. It explicates how the PPC paradigm and seven developmental domains frame therapeutic encounters; four unique intervention principles are enumerated and clarified. Acknowledging a psychotherapeutic integrationist approach, the chapter also identifies other principles common to most psychological therapies.
Four Types of Urban Capacity-Enhancement Projects (Murals, Gardens, Playgrounds, and Sculptures)
Authors: Delgado Melvin 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter describes four community capacity-enhancement projects and places them within a historical context to provide a better appreciation of their significance in the lives of urban communities. The concept of community-built projects is defined, and data related to these types of projects are presented to highlight their importance to urban-based communities across the United States. The various dimensions and tasks associated with each project are also defined and described in detail.
Analysis of Common and Unique Development Tasks
Authors: Delgado Melvin 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter analyzes what makes an urban setting attractive for macro social work practice using an assets paradigm. The chapter is divided into two sections. The first section analyzes what makes murals, gardens, community-built playgrounds, and sculptures important to urban communities and identifies the common developmental aspects of these community capacity-enhancement projects. The second section addresses the unique developmental tasks associated with each of the four community capacity-enhancement projects and highlights their key conceptual and practice differences, and discusses what makes them important to the community, any aspects that are culture specific to a group, and the implications for social work education and practice.
Application of the Framework to Practice: Engagement
Authors: Delgado Melvin 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter discusses the engagement phase of the community capacity-enhancement framework. Engagement refers to the sociopolitical process of developing relationships, eliciting commitments from community residents, and helping to ensure a harmonious working agreement between all significant parties. The process of engagement is critical to the ultimate success of any community capacity-enhancement effort. It takes on added significance when it involves population groups that have historically been ignored in setting agendas for change.
Application of the Framework to Practice: Intervention
Authors: Delgado Melvin 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter discusses the intervention phase of the community capacity-enhancement framework. The phase is often categorized as the “bottom line” for most social agencies. It represents the ultimate benefits of much hard work and preparation, as evidenced during the initial three phases. The nature of intervention (goals, type of project, target group, complexity, extent of resource allocation, and time) greatly depends on local circumstances. Thus, practitioners must always be prepared to modify the intervention to take into account local issues and priorities.
Reflections on Practice (Lessons and Recommendations)
Authors: Delgado Melvin 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter presents a synthesis of the lessons learned in undertaking urban-based community capacity-enhancement practice. The rewards, challenges, hopes, and despair that are often associated with practice in urban areas must energize social workers in their quest for economic and social justice for undervalued groups that often face multiple jeopardies in their lives. Recommendations for future work are discussed. These recommendations cover a variety of arenas regarding practice and social work education as a means of bringing these two “worlds” together.
A Working Life for People with Severe Mental Illness
Authors: Becker Deborah R. , Drake Robert E. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe history of mental health service delivery has been marked by an emphasis on clients’ vulnerabilities and deficits. As treatment programs have moved out of hospitals and into communities, however, the need to work with clients in developing real-world, practical skills, such as job training, has never been more important. Versions of this approach traditionally include skills training classes, job clubs, and sheltered employment, but have not been successful in helping people with severe mental illness gain competitive employment. This book describes the theory, empirical support, and practice of the Individual Placement and Support (IPS) approach to supported employment. IPS is the most widely studied and validated approach to supported employment for people with severe mental illness. The overall goals of IPS are to assist clients in finding jobs that are consistent with their preferences and skills, and to support their efforts in working. The book is divided into three sections: 1) Conceptual and Empirical Support for Individual Placement and Support; 2) Practice Guidelines for Implementing Supported Employment; and 3) Special Issues. Many vignettes and sample documents that provide practical information are included.
The Structure of IPS in the Mental Health Agency
Authors: Becker Deborah R. , Drake Robert E. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter covers what is required to set up an IPS program in a mental health agency. Two methods are described. In one way, IPS is added to the current menu of services. In the other way, IPS replaces another service such as rehabilitative day treatment. Organizationally, mental health services are provided by treatment teams, and employment specialists join one or two teams. The teams meet weekly to discuss client situations and make recommendations on the clients’ service plans. Vignettes are provided to illustrate examples of team support. Careful planning is required when deciding to implement IPS. Specific steps are outlined, for example incorporating employment in the agency’s mission statement, determining financing, anticipating effects of IPS on other programs, determining the staffing pattern and training needs, tracking employment outcomes, and monitoring fidelity to the model.