bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and 3-Year Incidence of Abuse Among Postmenopausal Women
Authors: Mouton Charles P. , Rodabough Rebecca J. , Rovi Susan L. D. , Hunt Julie L. , Talamantes Melissa A. , Brzyski Robert G. , Burge Sandra K. 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. We examined prevalence, 3-year incidence, and predictors of physical and verbal abuse among postmenopausal women. Methods. We used a cohort of 91 749 women aged 50 to 79 years from the Women’s Health Initiative. Outcomes included self-reported physical abuse and verbal abuse. Results. At baseline, 11.1% reported abuse sometime during the prior year, with 2.1% reporting physical abuse only, 89.1% reporting verbal abuse only, and 8.8% reporting both physical and verbal abuse. Baseline prevalence was associated with service occupations, having lower incomes, and living alone. At 3-year follow-up, 5.0% of women reported new abuse, with 2.8% reporting physical abuse only, 92.6% reporting verbal abuse only, and 4.7% reporting both physical and verbal abuse. Conclusions. Postmenopausal women are exposed to abuse at similar rates to younger women; this abuse poses a serious threat to their health.
Assessing the Long-Term Effects of the Safe Dates Program and a Booster in Preventing and Reducing Adolescent Dating Violence Victimization and Perpetration
Authors: Foshee Vangie A. , Bauman Karl E. , Ennett Susan T. , Linder G. Fletcher , Benefield Thad , Suchindran Chirayath 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. This study determined 4-year postintervention effects of Safe Dates on dating violence, booster effects, and moderators of the program effects. Methods. We gathered baseline data in 10 schools that were randomly allocated to a treatment condition. We collected follow-up data 1 month after the program and then yearly thereafter for 4 years. Between the 2- and 3-year follow-ups, a randomly selected half of treatment adolescents received a booster. Results. Compared with controls, adolescents receiving Safe Dates reported significantly less physical, serious physical, and sexual dating violence perpetration and victimization 4 years after the program. The booster did not improve the effectiveness of Safe Dates. Conclusions. Safe Dates shows promise for preventing dating violence but the booster should not be used.
Social Disparities in Housing and Related Pediatric Injury: A Multilevel Study
Authors: Shenassa Edmond D. , Stubbendick Amy , Brown Mary Jean 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. We conducted an ecologic analysis to determine whether housing characteristics mediate the associations between concentration of poverty and pediatric injury and between concentration of racial minorities and pediatric injury and whether the association between housing conditions and pediatric injury is independent of other risks. Methods. We created a hierarchical data set by linking individual-level data for pediatric injury with census data. Effect sizes were estimated with a Poisson model. Results. After adjustment for owner occupancy and the percentage of housing built before 1950, the association between concentration of poverty and pediatric injury was attenuated. For concentration of racial minorities, only percentage of owner occupancy had some mediating effect. In hierarchical models, housing characteristics remained independent and significant predictors of pediatric injury. Conclusions. The association between community characteristics and pediatric injury is partially mediated by housing conditions. Risk of pediatric injury associated with housing conditions is independent of other risks.
Parental Social Determinants of Risk for Intentional Injury: A Cross-Sectional Study of Swedish Adolescents
Authors: Engström Karin , Diderichsen Finn , Laflamme Lucie 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. We investigated the effect of family social and economic circumstances on intentional injury among adolescents. Methods. We conducted a cross-sectional register study of youths aged 10 to 19 years who lived in Sweden between 1990 and 1994. We used socioeconomic status, number of parents in the household (1- or 2-parent home), receipt of welfare benefits, parental country of birth, and population density as exposures and compiled relative risks and population-attributable risks (PARs) for self-inflicted and interpersonal violence–related injury. Results. For both genders and for both injury types, receipt of welfare benefits showed the largest crude and net relative risks and the highest PARs. The socioeconomic status–related PAR for self-inflicted injury and the PAR related to number of parents in the household for interpersonal violence–related injury also were high. Conclusions. Intentional-injury prevention and victim treatment need to be tailored to household social circumstances.
A Matched Case–Control Study Evaluating the Effectiveness of Speed Humps in Reducing Child Pedestrian Injuries
Authors: Tester June M. , Rutherford George W. , Wald Zachary , Rutherford Mary W. 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. We evaluated the protective effectiveness of speed humps in reducing child pedestrian injuries in residential neighborhoods. Methods. We conducted a matched case–control study over a 5-year period among children seen in a pediatric emergency department after being struck by an automobile. Results. A multivariate conditional logistic regression analysis showed that speed humps were associated with lower odds of children being injured within their neighborhood (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 0.47) and being struck in front of their home (adjusted OR = 0.40). Ethnicity (but not socioeconomic status) was independently associated with child pedestrian injuries and was adjusted for in the regression model. Conclusions. Our findings suggest that speed humps make children’s living environments safer.
Housing Characteristics and Children’s Respiratory Health in the Russian Federation
Authors: Spengler John D. , Jaakkola Jouni J. K. , Parise Helen , Katsnelson Boris A. , Privalova Larissa I. , Kosheleva Anna A. 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. We studied housing characteristics, parental factors, and respiratory health conditions in Russian children. Methods. We studied a population of 5951 children from 9 Russian cities, whose parents answered a questionnaire on their children’s respiratory health, home environment, and housing characteristics. The health outcomes were asthma conditions, current wheeze, dry cough, bronchitis, and respiratory allergy. Results. Respiratory allergy and dry cough increased in association with the home being adjacent to traffic. Consistent positive associations were observed between some health conditions and maternal smoking during pregnancy, many health conditions and lifetime exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), and nearly all health conditions and water damage and molds in the home. Conclusions. Vicinity to traffic, dampness, mold, and ETS are important determinants of children’s respiratory health in Russia.
Metropolitan-Area Estimates of Binge Drinking in the United States
Authors: Nelson David E. , Naimi Timothy S. , Brewer Robert D. , Bolen Julie , Wells Henry E. 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. We estimated adult binge drinking prevalence in US metropolitan areas. Methods. We analyzed 1997 and 1999 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data for 120 metropolitan areas in 48 states and the District of Columbia. Results. The prevalence of binge drinking varied substantially across metropolitan areas, from 4.1% in Chattanooga, Tenn, to 23.9% in San Antonio, Tex, (median = 14.5%). Seventeen of the 20 metropolitan areas with the highest estimates were located in the upper Midwest, Texas, and Nevada. In 13 of these areas, at least one third of persons aged 18 to 34 years were binge drinkers. There were significant intrastate differences for binge drinking among metropolitan areas in New York, Tennessee, and Utah. Conclusions. Metropolitan-area estimates can be used to guide local efforts to reduce binge drinking.
Child Health: Reaching the Poor
Authors: Wagstaff Adam , Bustreo Flavia , Bryce Jennifer , Claeson Mariam ,   the Who–World Bank Child Health and Poverty Working Group
Published: December 2008

In most countries, rates of mortality and malnutrition among children continue to decline, but large inequalities between poor and better-off children exist, both between and within countries. These inequalities, which appear to be widening, call into question the strategies for child mortality reduction relied upon to date. We review (1) what is known about the causes of socioeconomic inequalities in child health and where programs aimed at reducing inequalities may be most effectively focused and (2) what is known about the success of actual programs in narrowing these inequalities. We end with lessons learned: the need for better evidence, but most of all for a new approach to improving the health of all children that is evidence based, broad, and multifaceted.
Oral Disease Burden in Northern Manhattan Patients With Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Lalla Evanthia , Park David B. , Papapanou Panos N. , Lamster Ira B. 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. We explored the association between diabetes mellitus and oral disease in a low-socioeconomic-status urban population. Methods. Dental records of 150 adults with diabetes and 150 nondiabetic controls from the dental clinic at Columbia University in Northern Manhattan matched by age and gender were studied. Results. There was a 50% increase in alveolar bone loss in diabetic patients compared with nondiabetic controls. Diabetes, increasing age, male gender, and use of tobacco products had a statistically significant effect on bone loss. Conclusions. Our findings provide evidence that diabetes is an added risk for oral disease in this low-income, underserved population of Northern Manhattan. Oral disease prevention and treatment programs may need to be part of the standards of continuing care for patients with diabetes
Dental Insurance Visits and Expenditures Among Older Adults
Authors: Manski Richard J. , Goodman Harold S. , Reid Britt C. , Macek Mark D. 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. We examined the effect of age, income, and coverage on dental service utilization during 1996.Methods. We used data from the 1996 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey.Results. Edentulous and poorer older adults are less likely to have coverage and less likely to report a dental visit than dentate or wealthier older adults.Conclusions. These analyses help to describe the needs of older adults as they cope with diminishing resources as a consequence of retirement, including persons previously accustomed to accessing oral health services with dental insurance.
Does Supplemental Private Insurance Affect Care of Medicare Recipients Hospitalized for Myocardial Infarction?
Authors: Fang Jing , Alderman Michael H. 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. We sought to determine whether supplemental private insurance coverage among Medicare recipients alters patterns of health care or outcomes associated with acute myocardial infarction. Methods. Medicare patients hospitalized after a myocardial infarction were identified from New York City hospitalization records. Patients who had only Medicare coverage were compared with those who had supplemental private or public insurance coverage. Results. Patients with supplemental private insurance exhibited increased rates of revascularization and decreased rates of in-hospital mortality relative to patients with either Medicare only or Medicare and public insurance. Moreover, Blacks and women were less likely to undergo revascularization and exhibited higher in-hospital mortality rates. Conclusions. Despite Medicare, private insurance coverage appears to influence the likelihood of coronary revascularization among older patients hospitalized for acute myocardial infarction.
Assessment of Household Food Security Among Food Stamp Recipient Families in Maryland
Authors: Oberholser Cheryl A. , Tuttle Cynthia Reeves 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. We assessed the relationship between food security status and various sociodemographic characteristics among households that include children and that receive food stamps. Methods. A modified version of the US Food Security Survey Module was implemented by telephone survey with Maryland food stamp recipients. Results. Of the 245 households, 66% experienced food insecurity. Food security status was associated with participation in the Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants, and Children, the summer food program, and a food bank. Food security status was not associated with the number of months households received food stamps. There was no difference between the food security status of households living in urban and rural counties. Conclusions. A gap exists between the food stamp support provided and some households’ nutritional and economic needs.
Racial Differences in Survival Among Men With Prostate Cancer and Comorbidity at Time of Diagnosis
Authors: Freeman Vincent L. , Durazo-Arvizu Ramon , Keys LaShon C. , Johnson Marc P. , Schafernak Kristian , Patel Vikas K. 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. This study evaluated the effect of comorbidity at diagnosis on racial differences in survival among men with prostate cancer. Methods. Clinical and demographic data were abstracted from records of 864 patients diagnosed at 4 Chicago area hospitals between 1986 and 1990. Comorbidity was scored on the basis of clinical information in the Charlson index. Cause-specific relative mortality adjusted for age, stage, differentiation, and treatment was compared across Charlson scores with Cox proportional hazards functions. Results. Blacks had significantly greater mortality from prostate cancer and other causes (vs Whites, relative risk [95% confidence interval] = 1.84 [1.22, 2.79] and 1.69 [1.33, 2.29], respectively; P < .001). However, differences disappeared as initial comorbidity increased (1.75 [1.33, 2.31] vs 0.90 [0.59, 1.29] for scores = 0 and ≥ 5, respectively). Conclusions. Absence of a significant preexisting medical diagnosis is associated with a higher risk for excess mortality among Black men diagnosed with prostate cancer.
Effect of Discrimination on Mental Health Service Utilization Among Chinese Americans
Authors: Spencer Michael S. , Chen Juan 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. We examined the association between discrimination and mental health service use among a representative sample of Chinese Americans. Methods. Our data were derived from the 2-wave Chinese American Psychiatric Epidemiological Survey, a strata-cluster survey conducted in 1993 and 1994 in a western American city. Results. Language-based discrimination was associated with higher levels of use of informal services and seeking help from friends and relatives for emotional problems. Negative attitudes toward professional mental health services were associated with greater use of informal services. Conclusions. The findings suggest that language-based discrimination influences patterns of mental health service use among Chinese Americans. Implications for service providers and policymakers are discussed.
Vision Impairment and Hearing Loss Among Community-Dwelling Older Americans: Implications for Health and Functioning
Authors: Crews John E. , Campbell Vincent A. 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. We investigated the health, activity, and social participation of people aged 70 years or older with vision impairment, hearing loss, or both. Methods. We examined the 1994 Second Supplement on Aging to determine the health and activities of these 3 groups compared with those without sensory loss. We calculated odds ratios and classified variables according to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health framework. Results. Older people with only hearing loss reported disparities in health, activities, and social roles; those with only vision impairment reported greater disparities; and those with both reported the greatest disparities. Conclusions. A hierarchical pattern emerged as impairments predicted consistent disparities in activities and social participation. This population’s patterns of health and activities have public health implications.
Self-Reported Changes in Drug and Alcohol Use After Becoming Homeless
Authors: O'Toole Thomas P. , Gibbon Jeanette L. , Hanusa Barbara H. , Freyder Paul J. , Conde Alicia M. , Fine Michael J. 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. We identified substance use patterns and factors associated with increased substance use after users become homeless. Methods. We carried out a 2-city, community-based survey that used population-proportionate sampling of 91 sites with random selection at each site. Results. Five hundred thirty-one adults were interviewed; 78.3% of them met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Revised Third Edition criteria for substance abuse or dependence. Most of those who met the criteria reported using drugs and alcohol less since they became homeless, commonly because they were in recovery. Factors independently associated with increased use were no health insurance (odds ratio [OR] = 1.6; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.02, 2.58), alcohol abuse or dependence (OR = 3.5; 95% CI = 1.85, 6.78), and selling plasma (OR = 2.6; 95% CI = 1.32, 5.14) or panhandling (OR = 3.0; 95% CI = 1.65, 5.55) to acquire drugs. Conclusions. Becoming homeless plays a role in self-reported substance use. Multiservice treatment programs and tailored interventions for homeless persons are needed.
Highway Repair: A New Silicosis Threat
Authors: Valiante David J. , Schill Donald P. , Rosenman Kenneth D. , Socie Edward 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. We describe an emerging public health concern regarding silicosis in the fast-growing highway repair industry. Methods. We examined highway construction trends, silicosis surveillance case data, and environmental exposure data to evaluate the risk of silicosis among highway repair workers. We reviewed silicosis case data from the construction industry in 3 states that have silicosis registries, and we conducted environmental monitoring for silica at highway repair work sites. Results. Our findings indicate that a large population of highway workers is at risk of developing silicosis from exposure to crystalline silica. Conclusions. Exposure control methods, medical screenings, protective health standards, and safety-related contract language are necessary for preventing future occupational disease problems among highway repair workers.
Evaluation of a Community-Based Intervention to Promote Rear Seating for Children
Authors: Greenberg-Seth Jennifer , Hemenway David , Gallagher Susan S. , Ross Julie B. , Lissy Karen S. 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. We evaluated the short-term effect of a community-based effort to promote child rear seating in a low-income Hispanic community. Methods. Child seating patterns were observed pre- and postintervention at intersections in 1 intervention and 2 control cities. Brief interviews assessed exposure to program messages. Results. Child rear seating increased from 33% to 49% in the intervention city (P < .0001), which represented a greater increase than that in the control cities (P < .0001). The greatest improvement was observed in relatively higher-income areas. Rear seating was significantly correlated with reported program exposure. Incentives and exposure to the program across multiple channels seemed to have the greatest effect. Conclusions. Independent of legislation, community-based programs incorporating incentives can increase child rear seating.
Health Programs in Faith-Based Organizations: Are They Effective?
Authors: DeHaven Mark J. , Hunter Irby B. , Wilder Laura , Walton James W. , Berry Jarett 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. We examined the published literature on health programs in faith-based organizations to determine the effectiveness of these programs. Methods. We conducted a systematic literature review of articles describing faith-based health activities. Articles (n = 386) were screened for eligibility (n = 105), whether a faith-based health program was described (n = 53), and whether program effects were reported (28). Results. Most programs focused on primary prevention (50.9%), general health maintenance (25.5%), cardiovascular health (20.7%), or cancer (18.9%). Significant effects reported included reductions in cholesterol and blood pressure levels, weight, and disease symptoms and increases in the use of mammography and breast self-examination. Conclusions. Faith-based programs can improve health outcomes. Means are needed for increasing the frequency with which such programs are evaluated and the results of these evaluations are disseminated.
Individual Health Status and Racial Minority Concentration in US States and Counties
Authors: Mellor Jennifer M. , Milyo Jeffrey D. 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. We examined whether the positive association between mortality rates and racial minority concentration documented in ecological studies would be found for health status after control for race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and region of residence. Methods. We estimated least squares and probit models using aggregate and individual health status data from the 1995, 1997, and 1999 versions of the Current Population Survey merged with data from the US Bureau of the Census regarding state- and county-level racial minority concentration. Results. Except in the case of older Whites, racial minority concentration was not associated with health status after control for individual characteristics and fixed regional factors. Conclusions. Racial minority concentration may not be a determinant of individual health; differential migration patterns may explain the anomalous result for older Whites.
Ethics, Practice, and Research in Public Health
Authors: MacQueen Kathleen M. , Buehler James W. 
Published: December 2008

Ethical issues that can arise in distinguishing public health research from practice are highlighted in 2 case studies—an investigation of a tuberculosis outbreak in a prison and an evaluation of a program for improving HIV prevention services. Regardless of whether such public health investigations represent research or practice, we see a need for ethics oversight procedures that reflect actual risks and enable timely responses to crises. Such oversight should accommodate the perspectives of persons and communities affected by public health threats and by governmental responses to those threats; it should further recognize that public health ethics is a distinct field combining bioethics, political philosophy, human rights, and law.
“Only the Best Class of Immigration”
Authors: Abel Emily K. 
Published: December 2008

Public health officials contributed to the early 20thcentury campaign against Mexicans and Filipinos in Los Angeles. In 1914, the newly established city and county health departments confronted the overwhelming task of building a public health infrastructure for a rapidly growing population spread over a large area. However, for several years public health reports focused almost exclusively on the various infectious diseases associated with Mexican immigrants. Although the segregation of Mexicans was illegal in California until 1935, county officials established separate clinics for Whites and Mexicans during the 1920s. With assistance from state officials, local health authorities participated actively in efforts to restrict Mexican immigration throughout the 1920s and to expel both Mexicans and Filipinos during the 1930s.