bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Some findings on mutagenicity in airborne particulate pollutants
Authors: Tokiwa Hiroshi , Kitamori Shigeji , Horikawa Kazumi , Nakagawa Reiko 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMutagenic activity in particulate airborne pollutants in several samples collected in a wide variety of industrial, residential, and small‐scale factory districts over the past seven years was detected by the Ames test. The particulate air samples that were not contaminated with several chemicals such as NO (<0.001 ppm), NO2 (<0.001 ppm), and SO2 (<0.001 ppm) showed only low mutagenic activity (1 revenant /m ) when they were tested with Salmonella typhimurium strain TA98 in the presence of S9 mix. However, most of the samples polluted by particulate matters showed high mutagenicity, with responses varying from 2.4 to 445 revertants per m3: 67 samples from an industrial area induced an average of 44 revertants per m3; 60 from a residential area, 16.2; and 10 from a small‐scale factory area, 72.1. For assessing the mutagenic potential of the pollution in the atmosphere, the frequency of mutation determined with strain TA98 in the presence of S9 mix was used to divide the samples tentatively into five groups (A‐E) on the basis of the normal logarithmic distribution curve of 137 samples. Air samples belonging to group A gave less than 2.3 revenants per m3 of air (1.12 ± 0.12, no pollution); those of group B gave a range of 2.4 to 8.6 (5.93 ± 1.91, slight pollution); those of group C gave a range of 8.7 to 30.2 (16.0 ± 5.36, moderate pollution); those of group D gave a range of 30.3 to 115 (56.7 ± 20.1, considerable pollution); and those of group E gave more than 116 (234 ± 119, heavy pollution). Of the 137 samples tested, 6 samples (4.4%) were assigned to group A, 38 (27.7%) to group B, 52 (38.0%) to group C, 34 (24.8%) to group D, and 7 (5.1%) to group E. Furthermore, the samples in an industrial area were classified in the order of group C (35.8%), group B (26.9%), group D (22.4%), group E (8.96%), and group A (5.97%), and those in a residential area in the order of group C (46.7%), group B (33.3%), group D (18.3%), and group A (1.67%).
Tradescantia‐micronucleus (trad‐MCN) test on the genotoxicity of malathion
Authors: Ma Te‐Hsiu , Anderson Van A. , Harris Mary M. , Bare Janie L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe Tradescantia‐Micronucleus (Trad‐MCN) bioassay was utilized to determine the genotoxicity of Malathion, a common insecticide. Four different treatment procedures were applied: a) absorption of Malathion/water mixture (with or without DMSO and/or S‐9) through the stem, b) spraying a Malathion/water mixture onto the plant cuttings in enclosed chambers, c) spraying a Malathion/ water mixture on an open population of plants in the greenhouse, and d) absorption of Malathion fumes through the leaves and buds. Most treatments were administered for 6 hr, followed by a 24‐hr recovery time. Slides were prepared from the samples and scored for micronucleus (MCN) frequencies. Results of 16 experiments indicated that the genotoxicity of liquid Malathion absorbed through the stem was very low and often masked by high toxicity, causing dead cells in the stem, leaves, and meiocytes. Malathion spray at the dosage of 0.435% in an enclosed chamber or on an open population of plants yielded negative responses. Malathion fumes at dosages of 0.15–0.25% induced signficantly higher (0.05) MCN frequencies above the controls and altered the nuclear structure to form unequal sized nuclei and multiple breaks in each of the four cells of a tetrads. It also caused degeneration of nuclei, “protrusions on nuclei,” and inhibition of cell growth. Higher dosages (above 0.25%) were toxic.
Chromosome aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges in styrene‐exposed workers with reference to their smoking habits
Authors: Watanabe Toshiaki , Endo Akira , Kumai Miho , Ikeda Masayuki 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe incidences of chromosome aberrations and the frequencies of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) were investigated in cultured lymphocytes of 18 styrene‐exposed workers in comparison with six controls. There was a marginal increase in the incidence of structural chromosomal aberrations in first‐division metaphases in the styrene‐exposed workers, as compared with the nonexposed controls. However, there was no difference in SCE frequencies. When each group was divided into smokers and nonsmokers, styrene‐exposed smokers tended to have higher SCE frequencies than styrene‐exposed nonsmokers. Furthermore, cell proliferation was inhibited in styrene‐exposed workers (both smokers and nonsmokers) and control smokers.
The use of neurospora in the evaluation of the mutagenic activity of environmental chemicals
Authors: de Serres Frederick J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe utility of various assay systems developed with Neurospora for hazard identification, hazard evaluation, and risk estimation is discussed. The use of the ad‐3 test system in a two‐component heterokaryon is discussed in relation to its utility for hazard evaluation and risk estimation. This ad‐3 assay provides information on those specific locus mutations that arise by multilocus deletions with regard to both frequency and relative size. Information on this class of specific locus mutations is particularly important because, as shown in Drosophila, mouse, and man, this type of damage can have immediate and undesirable effects on F1 progeny.
Effect of bacterial concentration on reversions induced in salmonella typhimurium TA1538 by N‐hydroxy‐2‐acetylaminofluorene
Authors: White G. L. , Beranek D. T. , Heflich R. H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractReversions induced by N‐hydroxy‐2‐acetylaminofluorene (N‐OH‐AAF) were measured in the Salmonella/microsome quantitative plate assay using various concentrations of Salmonella typhimurium strain TA 1538. The number of induced revertants increased with an increasing number of bacteria/plate, but the variation in reversion frequency was not as great as the variation in bacterial concentration. The effects of bacterial concentration on reversion fixation, phenotypic expression, selection of his+ revertants, and the interaction of the mutagen with bacterial DNA were examined. Suspension cultures of TA 1538 were exposed to N‐OHAAF and various dilutions were prepared and assayed for revertants/108 bacteria. Reversion frequencies were very dependent on bacterial concentration between approximately 0.2 × 108 and 2 × 108 bacteria/plate. Revertants/108 TA 1538 were reduced above about 2 × 108 bacteria/plate, indicating that culture conditions limited reversion fixation, expression and/or selection at these concentrations. The number of spontaneous revertants/plate determined both from bacteria exposed to dimethyl sulfoxide in suspension culture and in the Salmonella/microsome assay were not greatly affected by bacterial concentration. To study the effect of bacterial concentration on the interaction of the mutagen with bacterial DNA, various concentrations of TA 1538 were exposed to the same dose of N‐OH‐AAF. Both revertants/108 TA 1538 and DNA adducts varied inversely with bacterial concentration. The effect of bacterial concentration on both reversion fixation and/or expression and on mutagen binding to DNA may influence reversion frequencies in the Salmonella/microsome assay.
Evaluation of di‐(2‐ethylhexyl)phthalate and its major metabolites in the ames test and L5178Y mouse lymphoma mutagenicity assay
Authors: Kirby P. E. , Pizzarello R. F. , Lawlor T. E. , Haworth S. R. , Hodgson J. R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDi‐(2‐ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) and its two major metabolites, mono‐(2‐ethylhexyl)phthalate (MEHP) and 2‐ethylhexanol (EH), were tested for genetic activity in both the Salmonella/mammalian microsome mutagenicity (Ames) assay and the L5178Y TK+/— mouse lymphoma cell mutagenicity assay. All chemicals were tested in both the presence and absence of Aroclor‐induced liver microsomes prepared from male Sprague‐Dawley rats. Dose levels for both assays were selected from preliminary toxicity studies for each chemical. Neither DEHP, MEHP, nor EH exhibited any significant mutagenic activity in strains TA‐98, TA‐100, TA‐1535, TA‐1537, and TA‐1538 in the Ames test or when tested in the L5178Y TK+/ — mouse lymphoma cell mutagenicity assay.
Methylmercury effects on Syrian hamster metaphase II oocyte chromosomes
Authors: Mailhes John B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMethylmercury (MM) denatures DNA and can induce chromosomal aberrations. In addition, it destroys microtubules and increases the incidence of aneuploidy and mitotic arrest. Although MM is distributed to gonads, data relating the cytogenetic effects of MM on mammalian germ cells in vivo have not been found. To determine whether MM increases the incidence of cytogenetic damage in oocytes, Syrian hamsters were divided into three groups: (1) negative controls; (2) positive controls, 0.25 mg Trenimon (T)/kg; and (3) 10 mg methylmercury chloride (MMC)/kg. Superovulation was utilized and metaphase II oocytes analyzed for numerical and structural chromosome aberrations. A highly significant (P = .015, Fisher's exact test) difference in the incidence of hyperploid (N = 23) oocytes was obtained between negative controls (0/150) and the MMC group (6/ 150). The incidence of hypoploid (N = 21) oocytes in negative controls and the MMC group was 12/150 and 21/150, respectively (P = .069). Structural aberrations were not observed. Of 281 oocytes analyzed in the T group, 42.7% had structural aberrations. These results primarily indicate that MMC increases the incidence of hyperploidy and not structural aberrations.
Dinitro and mononitrobenzo(ghi)perylenes and mononitrocoronene are highly mutagenic in the ames salmonella assay
Authors: Vance William A. , Chan Raymond 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBenzo(ghi)perylene (B(ghi))Per, (191–24–2)) and coronene (Cor, (191–07–1)) are major constituents of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) found in automobile exhaust and polluted air [eg, Grimmer et al, 1981]. Nitration of these PAH by NO2 and traces of HNO3, which are also formed in automobile exhaust, seems highly probable. To identify the presence of these nitroarenes in environmental samples and to examine their mutagenic potencies we synthesized and characterized nitro derivatives of both PAH. 5‐NO2B(ghi)Per (81316‐87‐2) and l‐NO2Cor (81316‐84‐9) produced 405 and 340 revertants/nmole respectively in TA98 in the presence of 0.6 mg of microsomal enzymes (S‐9) per plate in the Ames test. 5,8‐diNO2B(ghi)Per (83292‐25‐5) and 5,10‐diNO2B(ghi)Per (83292‐26‐6) produced 21,500 and 4,000 revertants/nmole in TA98 without microsomal activation. Mutagenicity for the dinitrobenzo(ghi)perylenes was also high in TA98NR and TA97 but was reduced by 97% in TA98‐1,8DNP. There is close similarity in the orientation and distances between reactive sites (nitrenium ion and carbocation) on the dinitrobenzo(ghi)perylenes and 1,6‐dinitropyrene (42397‐64‐8) and 1.8‐dinitropyrene (42397‐65‐9).
Comparison of the mutagenic responses of 12 anticancer drugs at the hypoxanthine‐guanine phosphoribosyl transferase and adenosine kinase loci in chinese hamster ovary cells
Authors: Singh Bhag , Gupta Radhey S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe mutagenic responses of 12 anticancer drugs—lomustine, dacarbazine, mitomycin C, chlorambucil, cis‐diamminedichloroplatinum (II), busulfan, ellipticine, daunomycin, adriamycin, VM‐26, VP16‐213, and bleomycin—in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells at two independent genetic loci which affect purine salvage pathway enzymes, hypoxanthine‐guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) and adenosine kinase (AK) have been compared within the same experiments. The cellular mutants which lack either HGPRT (HGPRT− mutants) or AK (AK−mutants) activity can be directly selected in CHO cells using 6‐thioguanine and 6‐methyl mercaptopurineriboside (6‐MeMPR) respectively, and optimal conditions for their selection have been described. Results of our studies show that all of the above drugs caused a concentration‐dependent increase in the frequencies of both 6‐thioguanine‐ and 6‐MeMPR‐resistant mutants. However, for a number of these drugs, namely adriamycin, daunomycin, bleomycin, and dacarbazine, which are only weakly mutagenic at the HGPRT locus, a relatively strong and clear mutagenic response was observed at the AK locus. In contrast, VM‐26 showed a more pronounced effect at the HGPRT locus. For the remaining compounds, the mutagenic responses of the two loci (as indicated by the slopes of the dose‐response curves) were comparable. The observed increase in the frequency of AK− mutants after treatment with various drugs, many of which predominantly induce frameshift and chromosome‐breakage type of genetic lesions, suggests that like the HGPRT locus the AK locus is also capable of detecting all the different types of genetic lesions. The favorable response of the AK locus as compared to that of HGPRT locus in these studies indicates that the selection system of AK− mutants should provide a very useful genetic marker for mutagenesis studies in CHO cells.
Distribution of extractable mutagenic activity in steel foundry air particulates of different sizes
Authors: McCalla D. R. , Kaiser‐Farrell C. , Kerr A. , Lockington J. N. , Gibson E. S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAn Andersen 2000 sampler was used to collect different size classes of airborne particulate matter in a large steel foundry. When extracts of these particles were assayed for mutagenicity using the Ames Salmonella/S‐9 assay, much of the mutagenic activity was found in particles of respirable size. Furthermore, mutagens requiring activation were distributed among the various size classes roughly in proportion to the total surface area of the particles with the smallest class (<1.1 μm) containing by far the largest amount of mutagenic activity. The distribution of direct‐acting mutagenic activity was more variable and in some samples the bulk of this activity was in the largest size class (>7.0 μm).
Germ cell comparative drosophila mutagenesis: Sensitivity and mutation pattern in chemically treated stem cells
Authors: Abrahamson S. , Houtchens K. , Jia X. Li , Foureman P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMutagenesis studies on Drosophila oogonial cells with methylnitrosourea, dimethylnitrosamine, and diethylnitrosamine revealed unexpectedly high rates of sex‐linked recessive lethals relative to other male and female germ cell stages. Indeed, the oogonial mutation rates with chemicals are higher than with massive X‐ray or neutron exposures of oogonia. Analysis of the distribution of lethals per treated female suggests most of the mutations recovered are of independent origin, with very small levels of clustering of identical mutations. In the male stem cell population (spermatogonia) on the other hand, the distribution of lethals is primarily nonrandom and highly clustered. The nature of the mutational endpoint and the different pattern of germ cell development in the two sexes are the probable causes of this difference.The oogonial sensitivity to chemical mutagens may have important bearing on strategies for assessing human hazard.
Correlation between mixed‐function oxidase enzyme induction and aflatoxin B1‐induced unscheduled DNA synthesis in the chick embryo, in vivo
Authors: Hamilton Joshua W. , Bloom Stephen E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) technique has been adapted for use in the chick embryo, in vivo, to determine the relationship between induction of the mixed‐function oxidase (MFO) enzyme system and genetic damage from an indirect‐acting mutagen‐carcinogen. Embryos were injected at 6 days of incubation (DI) with either phenobarbital (PB), a specific inducer of P‐450‐associated enzyme activities, or 3,4,3′,4′‐tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCB), a specific inducer of P1‐450‐associated enzyme activities. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) was injected 24 hr later (7 DI), followed by a 5‐hr continuous 3H‐thymidine exposure. The livers were removed, prepared for autoradiography, and hepatocytes were scored for an increase in grains/nucleus, indicative of UDS. Aflatoxin B1 caused a dose‐related increase in UDS in all control and induction groups. Phenobarbital‐induced embryos had an increased UDS response while TCB‐induced embryos had a decreased UDS response, relative to noninduced embryos, for each dosage of AFB1. This suggests that the genotoxicity of an indirect‐acting mutagen‐carcinogen can be either increased or decreased, in vivo, depending on the inducer used. The chick embryo provides an excellent system for studying the effect of MFO induction on the genotoxicity of promutagen‐carcinogens in a developing system.
The genetic toxicology of metal compounds: I. Induction of λ prophage in E coli WP2S(λ)
Authors: Rossman T. G. , Molina M. , Meyer L. W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA number of metal compounds have been shown to be human carcinogens. Others, while not proven human carcinogens, are able to cause tumors in laboratory animals. Short‐term bacterial assays for genotoxic effects have not been successful in predicting the carcinogenicity of metal compounds. We report here the ability of some metal compounds to cause the induction of λ prophage in E coli WP2S(λ). By far the strongest inducing ability was observed with K2CrO4, followed by Pb(N03)2 > MnCl2 > Ni(OOCCH3)2 > CrCl2 > NaWO4 > Na2MoO4 > KMnO4. With the exception of chromate, long‐term exposures in a narrow, subtoxic dose range were required in order to demonstrate phage induction. A new microtiter assay for λ prophage induction, which incorporates these features, is described. This system also was able to detect very small amounts of organic carcinogens.
Contribution of wood combustion to indoor air pollution as measured by mutagenicity in Salmonella and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentration
Authors: Alfheim Ingrid , Ramdahl Thomas 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSamples of airborne particles have been collected in the same room when the room was heated by electricity and when heating was done by woodburning. These samples were compared with respect to mutagenic activity and concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). The effects of the various heating conditions were examined in the presence and absence of tobacco smoking.Whereas wood heating in an “airtight” stove was found to cause only minor changes in the concentration of PAH and no measurable increase of mutagenic activity of the indoor air, both these parameters increased considerably when wood was burned in an open fireplace, yielding PAH concentrations comparable to those of ambient urban air. Relatively high concentrations of moderately polar polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon derivatives were also found in the indoor air when wood was burned in an open fireplace. Woodburning in the closed stove did, however, result in increased concentrations of mutagenic compounds and PAH on particles sampled in the vicinity of the house.The effects of wood burning in an open fireplace on the mutagenic activity of indoor air could still be considered moderate when compared to those resulting from tobacco smoking in the room. The extracts of particles collected when moderate smoking occurred were several times more mutagenic than samples from urban air collected close to streets with heavy traffic when measured in the Salmonella assay with strain TA98 with metabolic activation.
Chemical mutagenesis testing in Drosophila: I. Comparison of positive and negative control data for sex‐linked recessive lethal mutations and reciprocal translocations in three laboratories
Authors: Woodruff R. C. , Mason J. M. , Valencia R. , Zimmering S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAs part of the validation phase of the Drosophila melanogaster segment of the National Toxicology Program, a comparison has been made of positive and negative controls for sex‐linked recessive lethal mutations and reciprocal translocations from three laboratories. This comparison involves approximately 700,000 spontaneous recessive lethal mutation tests, 70,000 spontaneous translocation tests, and screens for genetic damage induced by N‐nitrosodimethylamine and β‐propiolactone. Spontaneous frequencies for lethal mutations and translocations were homogeneous in the laboratories regardless of solvent or broods sampled. Inhomogeneity was observed in induced frequencies among laboratories, but the variation was no greater than that found within a laboratory.
Effects of mutagenized X chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster on viability and fitness in males
Authors: Simmons Michael J. , Raymond John D. , Anklesaria Farhad X. , Hawkins Elizabeth T. , Johnson Nancy A. , Cooper Jeffrey S. , Cox Nancy M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDrosophila melanogaster males were treated with different doses of X‐rays or ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) and mated so that mutagenized X chromosomes could be recovered and tested for lethal mutations and for less drastic mutations affecting viability and other aspects of fitness. The lethals were detected in standard X‐linked lethal tests. The less drastic mutations were detected in one generation tests for effects on viability and in multigeneration tests for effects on overall fitness. The Poisson‐corrected frequencies of the lethal mutations increased linearly with dose for both X‐rays and EMS. Based on the data, 1 Krad X‐rays given acutely induces the same number of lethals as 0.55 mM EMS administered by feeding. For some of the X‐ray and EMS doses, the mutagenized chromosomes that were nonlethal reduced the viability of their carriers by a small amount, but there was no discemable dose‐effect relationship. However in every case where a viability effect was seen, the percentage reduction was less than the corresponding frequency of lethals. All the groups of mutagenized nonlethal chromosomes reduced overall fitness by a significant percentage. Wherever a meaningful comparison was possible, this reduction was 2–3 times the reduction in viability, but, as in the viability data, no dose‐effect relationship was discernable.
Comparison of methods for detecting mitomycin C‐ and ethyl nitrosourea‐induced germ cell damage in mice: Sperm enzyme activities, sperm motility, testis weight
Authors: Ficsor Gyula , Oldford Gregory M. , Loughlin Karen R. , Panda Brahma B. , Dubien Janice L. , Ginsberg Leonard C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTestes weights, sperm motility and enzyme activities in single sperm were compared with respect to their ability to detect either developmental or mutational damage to germ cells. Male mice were injected i.p. with 2.5 mg/kg mitomycin C (MC) or 50 or 100 mg/kg ethylnitrosourea (ENU) or saline and were then killed at times such that sperm derived from treated vas sperm (SZ), spermatids (ST), preleptotene‐late‐spermatogonial cells (PLSG), spermatogonial cells (SG), or spermatogonial stem cells (SGS) could be evaluated.Testis weights decreased significantly as early as 1 wk after treatment, with the greatest decrease reached 3–4 wk after treatment, followed by recovery to normal levels 10–15 wk after treatment. We conclude that testis weight, which is easily obtained, is a sensitive indicator of germ cell damage by these agents.Sperm from each animal were evaluated for sperm motility, acrosin activity, succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) activity with or without the competitive inhibitor malonate or after exposure to 60°C for 10 min. The latter two assays were to detect sperm enzymes resistant to the inhibitor or heat. The presence of the acrosin protein was also detected immunologically. Sperm motility decreased most from treatment of PLSG and SG. After MC or ENU treatment, the greatest loss of acrosin activity and of the acrosin protein was also noted in sperm derived from treated PLSG and SG. MC and ENU failed to induce SDH activity in single sperm resistant to 60°C heat inhibition or to inhibition by malonate. Of the sperm assays, acrosin activity proved to be the most sensitive indicator of germ cell damage and was the simplest to measure.