bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Scientific Objectivity
Authors: Resnik David B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter examines science’s most important norm, objectivity. It argues that science ought to be objective because democratic societies need objective beliefs and methods to help resolve controversial moral, political, economic, cultural, and social debates. To help with the resolution of these debates, scientists should attempt to give unbiased testimony in public forums and should try to develop theories, hypotheses, methods, and concepts that are free from personal, cultural, social, moral or political biases. The most effective way of developing unbiased theories (hypotheses, methods, and concepts) is to attempt to test these theories against a mind-independent world. Even though objectivity is often difficult to achieve in science, the quest for objectivity is not an impossible dream or vain pursuit.
2 Dissecting de libero arbitrio
Authors: Harrison Simon 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This chapter discusses the evidence for the claim that On Free Choice is internally inconsistent because Augustine changed his mind in the course of writing it. These are: Augustine’s account of its composition in the Retractations; the perceived change from an optimistic, classical emphasis on the ‘facilitas’ (easiness) of doing good in book one to a pessimistic, Pauline account of the ‘difficultas’ (difficulty, impossibility) of doing good in book three; and the use of On Free Choice by Augustine and his opponents in the later Pelagian controversy.
3 The Integrity of de libero arbitrio
Authors: Harrison Simon 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This chapter sets out a positive case for regarding On Free Choice as a text to be read as a coherent and consistent whole. On Free Choice is a single unified piece of work. The case for reading it as such is one of elucidating something that is self-evident; it is a dialogue. The manuscript evidence and what is known of ancient literary practice suggests that the interlocutors should not be identified as ‘Augustine’ and ‘Evodius’, an identification that has obscured the significance of the role of the reader as part of the argumentative strategy of the work as a whole. It consists of three books, the argument, subject matter, and style of which are developed in a programmatic and interrelated progression. This progression is illustrated in the deployment of some technical theological terms and the overall architecture of the argument.
4 Approaching the Will
Authors: Harrison Simon 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This chapter sets out the argument (or ‘way in’) that is fundamental to On Free Choice. Augustine’s ‘way in’ to the will is to call the concept itself into question: ‘Do we have a will?’, and the possibility of denying that we do is explored. The way ‘will’ is called into question instantiates a concept of freedom and responsibility. Moreover, it acts as a ‘starting point’ for the rest of the enquiry. Augustine’s argument is further explored by comparing it with similar arguments in the Confessions (7.3) and On the Trinity (10.10.14).
1 Probing the Tradition: Schleiermacher's Revision of the Doctrine in his Essay on Election
Authors: Gockel Matthias 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe chapter shows to what extent Schleiermacher's essay on election agrees with Augustine and Calvin that the ground of election and reprobation is not found in human beings but in God. Those who are captured by the power of God's Word are the elect, those who are not captured by it are the reprobate. Reprobation does not entail damnation; nobody ever loses the possibility of being spiritually revived. The exclusion from the community of believers is not the result of a divine foreordination but an expression of the historical development of God's kingdom. Schleiermacher rejects not only the idea of a positive divine decree of reprobation, as Lutheran theologians did in their quarrel with the Reformed side, but he refutes altogether the idea of particular decrees for individuals or for two different groups of persons. Election and reprobation are rooted in a single divine decree.
2 A Universal Predestination to Salvation in Christ: The Doctrine of Election inThe Christian Faith
Authors: Gockel Matthias 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe chapter discusses the doctrine of election in the context of the Glaubenslehre. The concept of a single divine decree structures the argument throughout the book, and the content of the decree is a universal predestination to salvation in Christ. Christ's redemptive work is realized gradually and without miraculous leaps. The historical existence of believers and unbelievers does not result from a foreordained division of human beings. Divine mercy and righteousness pertain to every person; the idea of double predestination is rejected. Since the Christian church is the complete revelation of Christ's dignity, it is possible that every person will be included in the fellowship with him. Schleiermacher's position remains theocentric; predestination is defined in terms of divine omniscience and omnipotence, not in terms of redemption. Christ is the universal mediator of salvation, but his appearance in history does not contribute significantly to the determination of the divine decree.
3 From Reprobation to Election: Barth's Revision of the Doctrine of Election in hisCommentary on Romans
Authors: Gockel Matthias 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe chapter argues that Karl Barth's Commentary on Romans questions the individualistic assumptions of traditional views. For Barth, as for Schleiermacher, predestination is a divine act that constitutes the unity of all human beings and not an absolute distinction between two kinds of persons. Every person is the object of God's universal judgment and grace, at once separated from and bound to God. The divine decision to elect or reprobate is not predetermined but occurs time and again in the historical event in which God's address leads to faith or to unbelief. Is Barth's thinking already ‘open toward the later characteristic christological centring of election’? He argues that humankind's reprobation is overcome in Christ because of Christ's resurrection from the dead, but he does not yet say that Christ's reconciling death is the result of God's self‐determination to be God in a covenant with humankind.
4 To Believe or not to Believe: The Doctrine of Election in theGöttingen Dogmatics
Authors: Gockel Matthias 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe chapter argues that the main theme of the doctrine of election in Karl Barth's Göttingen Dogmatics is the twofold possibility of faith and unbelief, which is an integral part of God's address to humanity. God's ‘unveiling’ is the purpose of His ‘veiling’, but the decision when and how the ‘unveiling’ occurs is made by God alone. Reprobation is the event in which God withholds the gift of faith, but it is not an end in itself and is always oriented toward election and salvation as the steadfast goal. Barth changes the concept of an eternal double predestination from a concept that refers to a pre‐temporal divine foreordination into an actualistic concept that refers to the freedom and contingency of God's acting in history. The modification underscores the theocentric and teleological character of his view.
5 Barth's Christological Revolution
Authors: Gockel Matthias 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe chapter shows how Barth's second revision of the doctrine, culminating in Church Dogmatics II/2, puts the doctrine on a new foundation. Predestination now is identical with the election of Jesus Christ. It is a primal decision, by which God determines not only humankind but also Himself, and a gracious choice, by which God chooses reprobation for Himself and election for human beings. The idea of Jesus Christ as the subject and object of election overcomes the traditional distinction between God's will in Jesus Christ and God's eternal will. Barth's second revision of the doctrine succeeds in defining election more concretely. The teleological view of reprobation and election is preserved, but with a new focus on Jesus Christ, the ‘atoning substitute’ (Schleiermacher). The christological revision leads to a consideration of the election of the congregation and of the individual, two topics neglected in the Göttingen Dogmatics.
The Evolving Reputation of Richard Hooker
Authors: Brydon Michael 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Richard Hooker has long been viewed as the first systematic defender of Anglicanism, as a via media between Roman Catholicism and Reformed Protestantism. In the last twenty years, this traditional assumption has been increasingly challenged, and it has been argued that Hooker was a Reformed figure whose Anglican credentials are the invention of the Oxford Movement. Whilst the theological ambiguity of Hooker remains perplexing, this study makes clear that the 17th and not the 19th century was responsible for the creation of his reputation as a leading Anglican father. It is argued that Hooker’s position of authority was much disputed and only gradually fashioned, and that his variable significance was dependent on the interplay between the polemical and religious needs of those who used him, and the complexities and evasions of his own work. Hooker initially came to prominence due to a suspicion that he was insufficiently Reformed. This then encouraged Catholic polemicists to view him as being representative of the theological position of the English Church. Although there was a desire to retain him as a Reformed figure, he was eventually appropriated by the avant-garde churchmen who eventually triumphed at the Restoration and enthroned him as the epitome of the Anglican identity. Unsurprisingly, the unfolding of contemporary crises led to some reappraisal of his standing. Notably, the Glorious Revolution meant that Hooker’s previously marginalized belief in an original governmental compact came to the forefront, and he was increasingly recognized as a meaningful political writer. Whilst the boundaries of Hooker’s emblematic status continued to expand and contract, the developments of the 17th century ensured that his status as an important writer has remained constant ever since.
5 The Mask of Discontinuity: Hooker in the Reigns of James II and William and Mary
Authors: Brydon Michael 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
The use of Hooker to promote the doctrine of passive obedience placed the Church in an impossible dilemma following the accession of James II. His reign discredited the Restoration political understanding of Hooker, and threatened Hooker’s guardianship of the English Church through a resurgent Catholic exploitation of his vagaries. James’s enforced abdication, however, brought Hooker’s previously discounted doctrine of original compact back into favour amongst Whigs and some Tories, and more latitudinarian attitudes developed within the Church.
Musical Chills
Authors: Levinson Jerrold 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This essay focuses on a particular musical phenomenon, namely, the distinctive and usually pleasurable chills, shivers, or frissons that listening to certain passages of music produce in many listeners. This phenomenon is described and then situated in the field of musical pleasures as a whole, and the explanations of the phenomenon and its value that have been offered by cognitive psychologists are considered. A more satisfactory explanation is offered, one illustrated most fully in connection with a piano piece of Scriabin, his Etude in C# minor, op. 42, no. 5.
Becoming Inflated
Authors: Bourne Craig 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSome tense theorists think that the expansion of the universe can be used to define an absolute cosmic time that then serves to define the notion of absolute simultaneity required by tense theories. I show how Mellor's argument against this strategy fails. Clarifying the strategy leads to an exposition of the Robertson‐Walker metric, which describes such expanding universes. I identify the real reasons why we should reject this way of defining absolute simultaneity and temporal becoming.
Volatility and Growth: AK versus Schumpeterian Approach
Authors: Aghion Phillippe , Banerjee Abhijit 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe modern approach to growth, often called ‘new growth theory’, consists of two quite distinct theories. One is the so-called AK approach, which emphasizes the role of capital accumulation. The alternative to the AK model is the Schumpeterian model, which emphasizes the role of R&D and productivity-enhancing investments in the growth process. This chapter reviews what these two canonical views of growth say about how volatility affects growth.
The Third Generation Approach to Currency Crises
Authors: Aghion Phillippe , Banerjee Abhijit 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter presents a highly stylized model, based on limited access to credit that can explain why an economy that is carrying a large amount of foreign currency debt might be vulnerable to currency crises, leaving it with a depreciated currency and GDP that remains lower than the pre-crisis trend for some time into the future. It is argued that in a monetary economy with standard price rigidities, credit constraints together with pecuniary externalities working through the nominal exchange rate are sufficient to generate currency crises.
CHAPTER 8Rationality and Simulation
Authors: Millar Alan 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe emerging perspective is that understanding people has a distinctive subject-matter — rational agents who, as such, are subjects to ideals of reason and the related normative commitments. It differs from natural-scientific understanding because of the explanatory role it accords to normative considerations. This chapter compares and contrasts this perspective with simulation theory, often contrasted with the theory-theory. Particular attention is paid to work by Jane Heal. The upshot is that putting rationality considerations centre-stage in relation to understanding people does not commit us to putting simulation centre-stage. Following this, there is a critical discussion of Stephen Stich’s attempt to downplay the significance of the link between rationality and the possession of propositional attitudes.
1 The European Union as Regional State
Authors: Schmidt Vivien A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter argues that it would do better to conceive of the EU as a regional state in the making, and as such as a regional union of nation-states in which the creative tension between the Union and its member-states ensures both ever-increasing regional integration and ever-continuing national differentiation. It considers the EU’s move to regional sovereignty, the variability of the EU’s regional boundaries, the composite character of EU identity, the compound framework, and the fragmented nature of the EU’s democracy. It ends with a discussion of the real sources of the democratic deficit in the EU, linked to the lack of ideas and discourse about national democracy, and how this affects simple and compound national polities.
Among
Authors: McKay Thomas J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter develops some axioms that express the fundamental features of the among relationship. It shows that although among is interdefinable with one of on one understanding of the one of relation, there is reason to think that that is not the only understanding available for one of, and that will help to clarify some issues in the semantics of plurals, especially concerning the status of the plurally plural (the perplural). The relationships among theory to set theory and to second-order logic are considered, and the reasons to think of among as a logical relationship are discussed. The first-order plural theory of among may provide a base for a first-order way of talking about everything, contrary to Tim Williamson's claim that second-order logic is needed for such ‘generality absolutism’.
Plurals and Events
Authors: McKay Thomas J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter shows how to use the material developed in the book to deal with some of the principal puzzles that have led people to the conclusion that the introduction of events into the semantics of English is important to understanding plurals. While events may be important to the semantics of English for other reasons, core issues involving plurals can be dealt with without giving a central role to events.
Refinements and Extensions II: Objects, Identity, and Abstracts
Authors: Shapiro Stewart 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
The present study, so far, has focused exclusively on vague predicates such as ‘bald’, ‘tall’, and predicates such as ‘determinately bald’ and ‘borderline bald‘. Intuitively, what makes a predicate vague is that there is some indeterminacy over whether it applies to some objects: vague predicates have borderline cases. Some aggregates of sand are borderline heaps, some potential NBA players are borderline tall (for an NBA player), some men are borderline bald, and perhaps some men are borderline-borderline bald. At least prima facie, there also seem to be vague objects. This chapter looks at some variations on this theme, and then extends the model theory to handle them.
Platonopolis
Authors: O'Meara Dominic J. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Conventional wisdom suggests that the Platonist philosophers of Late Antiquity — from Plotinus in the 3rd century to the 6th-century schools in Athens and Alexandria — neglected the political dimension of their Platonic heritage in their concentration on an otherworldly life. This book presents a reappraisal of these thinkers, arguing that their otherworldliness involved, rather than excluded, political ideas. A reconstruction of the political philosophy of these thinkers is proposed for the first time, including discussion of these Platonists’ conceptions of the function, structure, and contents of political science (including questions concerning political reform, law, justice, penology, religion, and political action), its relation to political virtue and to the divinization of soul and state. This book also traces the influence of these ideas on selected Christian and Islamic writers: Eusebius, Augustine, Pseudo-Dionysius, and al-Farabi.
4 Political Engineering: Consociationalism, Centripetalism, and Communalism
Authors: Reilly Benjamin 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter begins by looking briefly at some of the overarching theoretical issues confronting the field of institutional design and the rival approaches to political engineering on which they are based. It then assesses the merits of the three most coherent models of political engineering in the contemporary world: consociationalism, centripetalism, and communalism. It concludes by assessing the empirical record of each approach in the Asia-Pacific region.
5 Representative Institutions: Elections and Electoral Systems
Authors: Reilly Benjamin 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn examining the relationship between political reform and the redesign of Asia-Pacific electoral systems, this chapter argues that many of the political reforms undertaken across the region in recent years have, at their heart, the objective of promoting the development of more aggregative, centrist, and stable politics by encouraging cohesive political parties and limiting party fragmentation. It also highlights several distinctive patterns of electoral reform across the region, including the increasing prevalence of ‘mixed member’ systems in Asia; the spread of alternative vote systems in the Pacific Islands; the distinctively majoritarian nature of these reform trends; and the increasing willingness of many Asian and Pacific states to borrow from each other in the search for appropriate models of electoral system design.
The Method of the Tractatus
Authors: McManus Denis 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter presents three more crucial ideas in the interpretation of the Tractatus. The first is ‘resolution’; it discusses attempts to articulate quite what ‘resolute readings’ of the Tractatus involve and introduces some of the main criticisms that critics of ‘resolution’ offer. The second is an understanding of what it might be to ‘elucidate’ nonsense. This understanding, which is presented partly through an exploration of examples of nonsense from Lewis Carroll’s work, shows a certain sense in talking about ‘understanding nonsense’ and nonsense having a ‘logic’. The third is an interpretation of the intent behind Wittgenstein’s remarks about ‘internal relations’ and ‘internal properties’. These ideas are drawn upon in the interpretation of the Tractatus as a working-through of the confused pseudo-logic of con-formism.
Ethics and ‘the Inexpressible’
Authors: McManus Denis 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter presents evidence that suggests that ideas of decency and conscience play a part in Wittgenstein’s obscure early remarks about the ethical and its supposed ‘inexpressibility’. An initial reading is offered, which gives a way of making sense of some of these remarks and identifies parallels with themes in the philosophy of logic that Wittgenstein seemed to have seen as parallel. However, the following chapter will argue that the inexpressible form of ‘ethical knowledge’ that the initial reading seems to reveal is actually a rung on a ‘ladder’ that is to be ‘climbed’ and then ‘thrown away’.
2 Liberal Approaches to Conflicts of Culture
Authors: Deveaux Monique 
Published: February 2007

AbstractHow have liberal political theorists grappled with liberal democratic states’ sometimes competing commitments to sexual equality and accommodation of minority cultural groups? This chapter begins by offering a critique of the paradigm of toleration as a vehicle for reflecting on the accommodation of cultural minorities. It also engages liberal multiculturalism — work by Will Kymlicka, Brian Barry, and Susan Moller Okin — as well as more laissez-faire approaches to cultural accommodation, such as those of Chandran Kukathas, Jeff Spinner-Halev, and Jorge Valadez, critically evaluating their responses to the challenges presented when cultural arrangements (particularly of non-liberal cultural and religious minorities) conflict with sexual equality.
1 The current view of personalism and its origins
Authors: Bengtsson Jan Olof 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This chapter discusses the current accounts and assessments of personalism in general and in the form of ‘personal idealism’ by historians of philosophy. It further looks at the view of the defining American school of personalism of the sources, development, and nature of personalism. Finally, it introduces briefly some larger historical and comparative perspectives on personalism that have hitherto been absent in its scholarly treatment.
2 Personal ‘reason’ and impersonal ‘understanding’
Authors: Bengtsson Jan Olof 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This chapter begins a thematic exposition of the emerging worldview of personalism, drawing on representative thinkers from the whole of the period covered. It focuses on the central epistemological aspects of the personalist criticism of modern rationalism, absolute idealism, and pantheism, and on the personalist alternative’s reinterpretation of the concept of the subject in terms of the concept of the person.
5 Early personalism and its meaning
Authors: Bengtsson Jan Olof 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the main results reached in Chapters 2 to 4, drawing general conclusions from them with reference to the current historical accounts discussed in Chapter 1. It also returns to the broader cultural and historical perspectives, seeking briefly to ascertain and assess in their light the proper meaning of ‘early personalism’, the origins, development, and nature of which have been described in the preceding chapters.