bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Think‐Tac‐Toe, a Motivating Method of Increasing Comprehension
Authors: Samblis Kelley 
Published: March 2006

Many researchers agree that student choice plays a pivotal role in motivating pupils to put more into their assignments and to take responsibility. The Think‐Tac‐Toe strategy allows students to choose tasks that better align with their learning styles and interests and makes them accountable for revisiting important literacy skills. It is attractive because of its game‐like quality. To implement the Think‐Tac‐Toe strategy, the teacher decides on a specific skill or concept to review, and creates nine tasks that practice that skill or concept. The students are allowed to choose three of the tasks to complete.This article describes the concept of Think‐Tac‐Toe, reviews the benefits of using the strategy, and explains how to create Think‐Tac‐Toe grids using comprehension examples that include story grammar, main idea, sequencing, and summarizing.
Catalase Activity Assays
Authors: Shangari Nandita , O'Brien Peter J. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractCatalase (hydrogen peroxide/hydrogen peroxide oxidoreductase) is an important cellular antioxidant enzyme that defends against oxidative stress. It is found in the peroxisomes of most aerobic cells. It serves to protect the cell from toxic effects of high concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by catalyzing its decomposition into molecular oxygen and water, without the production of free radicals. It is important to measure catalase levels because oxidative stress is inherent in pathological conditions such as cancer, diabetes, cataracts, atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative disease, aging, and nutritional deficiencies. This unit provides methods for catalase activity measurements.
Scoring Learning and Memory in Developing Rodents
Authors: Branchi Igor , Ricceri Laura 
Published: March 2006

AbstractLearning and memory abilities can be reliably measured in rodents starting from very early phases of postnatal development. In particular, in the study of learning and memory in periweanling or adolescent (from around postnatal day 20 to 50) mice or rats, two experimental protocols are appropriate for a reliable characterization of cognitive ability development: the water maze and the spatial open‐field with objects. These experimental protocols have been developed to study the behavior of adult rodents, but are easily adapted to the peculiar physiological and behavioral responses of immature animals by applying selected modifications to both test apparatuses as well as protocols. It is worth noting that these two experimental protocols have been proven to be complementary because they provide different information on possible cognitive deficits; thus, use of both is recommended for an exhaustive behavioral characterization.
Host Resistance Model to an Intracellular Pathogen
Authors: Cao Ling 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis unit describes a model for the determination of host resistance in mice using a Gram‐positive intracellular bacterium, Listeria monocytogenes (LM), and discusses its broad use in immunotoxicological studies. The provides detailed procedures for LM infection and sample analysis, including preparation and infection of mice with LM, recording of sickness behaviors in infected mice, and determination of viable LM numbers in the tissues from infected animals. The protocol also describes use of serum and tissue homogenates for assessment of cytokines. Additionally, background information on LM and LM infection is provided for better understanding and utilization of this model. The LM infection model is useful for the initial screening of possible modulation of immune responses, particularly innate immunity and type‐1 cell‐mediated immunity (CMI), by environmental factors, as well as for further investigation of the underlying mechanisms of environmental factor–induced changes in immunity.
Determining the Structure of Oligosaccharides N‐ and O‐Linked to Glycoproteins
Authors: Royle Louise , Dwek Raymond A. , Rudd Pauline M. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractMany proteins involved in biological events are glycosylated. A glycoprotein consists of a mixture of glycosylation variants of a single polypeptide chain, known as glycoforms. It has become clear that a detailed understanding of the roles which glycosylation plays in the biosynthesis, transport, biological function, and degradation of a glycoprotein can only be achieved when the protein and sugar(s) are viewed as an entity. Many glycoproteins can now be modeled by combining glycan sequencing data and oligosaccharide structural information with protein structural data. Pivotal to this approach is sensitive, state‐of‐the‐art oligosaccharide sequencing technology which can give a rapid insight into the glycosylation of a glycoprotein without the need for sophisticated equipment and expertise. This unit gives a detailed introduction into the analysis of glycans, and the many figures will help the user identify which type of experiment needs to be undertaken. Methods for releasing glycans from glycoproteins are followed by protocols for labeling and purifying (by HPLC) the glycans from the rest of the components. Strategies for N‐ and O‐glycan analysis are also included.
Determining the Structure of Glycan Moieties by Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Harvey David J. , Dwek Raymond A. , Rudd Pauline M. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractAcquisition of mass spectra using fast‐atom bombardment (FAB), matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI), and electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry is summarized in this unit. Molecular weights of the carbohydrates provide information on their composition in terms of isobaric monosaccharide composition, and tables of residue masses are provided to assist these calculations. More detailed structural analysis can be performed by fragmentation; the main fragmentation modes of carbohydrates and their nomenclature are discussed. Fragmentation of negative ions generated by nano‐electrospray, in particular, provide very informative spectra and give details such as the position of fucose substitution, branching pattern, and the presence or absence of bisecting GlcNAc residues. Practical details are given for the purification of samples prior to mass spectrometric analysis and for recording FAB, MALDI, and ESI spectra.
Production and Use of Trimeric Isoleucine Zipper Fusion Proteins to Study Surface Receptor Ligand Interactions
Authors: Watzl Carsten 
Published: March 2006

AbstractSoluble recombinant forms of surface receptors are commonly used to study the interaction between cell surface receptors and their ligands. By fusing the extracellular domain of the receptor to an isoleucine zipper (ILZ) sequence, it is possible to generate recombinant receptor fusion proteins that form trimers in solution. These ILZ fusion proteins demonstrate several advantages over the commonly used Fc fusion proteins. This unit describes the production and purification of recombinant ILZ fusion proteins. A protocol is also provided for the use of ILZ fusion proteins to study cell surface receptor‐ligand interactions on intact cells by flow cytometry.
In Vitro Systems for the Study of T Cell Development: Fetal Thymus Organ Culture and OP9‐DL1 Cell Coculture
Authors: Ramsdell Fred , Zúñiga‐Pflücker Juan Carlos , Takahama Yousuke 
Published: March 2006

AbstractMost T cell development occurs within the thymus and includes a series of selection processes that are, in large part, still poorly understood. Studies of T cell development have been greatly advanced by the description of multiple phenotypic subsets of T cells and their maturational relationships. This unit describes a system for observing and modulating T cell development in vitro via the culture of entire mouse fetal thymic lobes. Methods are included for the isolation of fetal thymi and culture to allow for normal T cell development on either transwell plates or Gelfoam sponges. A method for depleting hematopoietic cells from thymic lobes using 2′‐deoxyguanosine and subsequent reconstitution with precursor cells is also described. This protocol is valuable for the study of tolerance and T cell selection. A support protocol describing methods of altering and monitoring T cell development are outlined. In addition, methods for culturing fetal thymic lobes under high oxygen submersion conditions and for the preparation of reaggregate thymus organ cultures are provided. Finally, a simple and practical method that allows for the thymus‐independent generation of T cells from defined sources of stem/progenitor cells by OP9‐DL1 coculture is described.
Web Sites of Interest to Immunologists
Authors: Lefranc Marie‐Paule 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe astonishing increase in the amount of biologically relevant data on the World Wide Web enables immunologists to immediately access databases, scan literature, use tools and software, find information on collections, educational resources, and research groups, and exploit that information for scientific projects and clinical trials. This appendix presents a selection of the links available at the international ImMunoGeneTics (IMGT) database. Most of the sections such as Databases, Immunology themes, Journals, Societies, and Tools, provide direct access to Web sites. Three other sections (Molecular Biology Servers, Resources, and Universities and Institutes) offer their own lists of useful links.
Using Bioinformatics Tools for the Sequence Analysis of Immunoglobulins and T Cell Receptors
Authors: Lefranc Marie‐Paule 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe huge potential repertoire of 1012 immunoglobulins and 1012 T cell receptors per individual results from complex mechanisms of combinatorial diversity between the variable (V), diversity (D), and junction (J) genes, nucleotide deletions and insertions (N‐diversity) at the junctions and, for the immunoglobulins, somatic hypermutations. The accurate analysis of rearranged immunoglobulin and T cell receptor sequences, and the annotation of the junctions, therefore represent a huge challenge. The IMGT Scientific chart rules, based on the IMGT‐ONTOLOGY concepts, were the prerequisites for the implementation of the IMGT/V‐QUEST and IMGT/JunctionAnalysis tools. IMGT/V‐QUEST analyzes germline V and rearranged V‐J or V‐D‐J nucleotide sequences. IMGT/JunctionAnalysis is the first tool that automatically analyzes the complex junctions in detail. These interactive tools are easy to use and freely available on the Web (http://imgt.cines.fr), either separately or integrated.
Viewing composite sketches: lineups and showups compared
Authors: Dekle Dawn J. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis study assesses the effect of high‐and low‐similarity composites on identification accuracy, using both lineups and showups. Participants witnessed a mock crime scene, viewed a composite of the perpetrator, then attempted an identification. The results indicate that witnesses are not overly influenced by low‐similarity composites on subsequent identification accuracy. There was also no evidence that showups were less accurate identification procedures than lineups, across composition conditions. In fact, in perpetrator absent situations, showups were better identification procedures than lineups in terms of accuracy. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Conidial fungi on plants in the Biebrzański National Park
Authors: Orłowska Mirosława , Lengiewicz Ilona , Ostrowska Halina 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe presence of Hyphomycetes developing on Eriophorum vaginatum L. and Sphagnum apiculatum H. Lindb was monitored. Samples were collected from water bodies accumulating over excavated peat in the Biebrzan?ski National Park in autumn and winter of 2002, and in spring and summer of 2003. 67 species of Fungi imperfecti were identified. We found 54 taxa of Hyphomycetes on Sphagnum apiculatum and 41 taxa on Eriophorum. 24 species were present on both species. The highest number of species was found in spring and the fewest in summer.
Geochronology of anthropogenic contaminants in a dated sediment core of the Rhine River (Germany): emission sources and risk assessment
Authors: Heim Sabine , Hucke Achim , Schwarzbauer Jan , Littke Ralf , Mangini Augusto 
Published: March 2006

AbstractA subaquatic sediment core was taken from the Rhine River to determine substance specific concentration profiles in correlation to time and depth. Based on these data emission histories were related for selected contaminants. Significant emission sources and emission pathways were compiled. In correlation to investigations of national and international monitoring programmes a significant reduction of environmental emissions up to a tenth of previous values were found since 1998. Some selected compounds, discharged by municipal and industrial activities, for example disinfectants (methyltriclosan), flame retardants (tris(chloropropyl)phosphate), chlorinated benzenes, anilines and naphthalenes, can be classified as significant synthetic substances in the scope of the Water Framework Directive. Because of their chemical characters, their persistence, bioaccumulation and ecotoxicity, as well as their occurrence within the sediment core, these compounds create a significant potential risk for water quality, but a reduction of these synthetic compounds to zero cannot be expected for the next future. In summary, this study provides a comprehensive reconstruction of the pollution history of anthropogenic contaminants, their fate and behaviour in the fluvial system. In addition, an estimation of the time period required for environmental measurements and monitoring programmes to improve, achieve and save a good status of the river systems are given.
METEOR: a step‐by‐step procedure to explore effects of indicator aggregation in multi criteria decision aiding – application to water management in Berlin, Germany
Authors: Simon Ute , Brüggemann Rainer , Behrendt Horst , Shulenberger Eric , Pudenz Stefan 
Published: March 2006

AbstractMETEOR (METhod of Evaluation by ORder) is introduced as a new evaluation approach, based on partial order theory. METEOR combines transparent decision support and convenient tools for data analysis with the ability to include stakeholders' preferences in the decision process. The basic idea is a systematic step‐by‐step aggregation of indicators, including their weighting. We applied METEOR to evaluate the eco‐hydrological effects of nine water management strategies upon the complex surface water system of Berlin and Potsdam, Germany. Altogether 14 river sections are defined, each of which is evaluated by a set of four hydro‐chemical indicators. Aggregation of indicators was performed on two levels: spatially with respect to the river sections, and thematically to the four indicators themselves. The METEOR result is in good agreement with that obtained by the PROMETHEE approach. However, advantages of METEOR are (1) identification of sensitive steps of indicator aggregation, and (2) extraction of explanatory background information about advantages and disadvantages of scenarios. Both topics enhance the transparency of the evaluation process and thus support public acceptance of the decision.
Vielsegmentige Nanostäbe: Templatsynthese und Eigenschaften
Authors: Hurst Sarah J. , Payne Emma Kathryn , Qin Lidong , Mirkin Chad A. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractNanomaterialien gewinnen in den Natur‐ und Ingenieurwissenschaften rasant an Stellenwert. Für viele derartige Materialien sind inzwischen zuverlässige Synthesen verfügbar, die vielfältige Anwendungen in allen Bereichen von Nanowissenschaften und Nanotechnologie ermöglicht haben. Bisweilen ist es erwünscht, dass ein einziges Nanomaterial mehrere Funktionen zugleich ausübt, sodass sich die Forschung zu Mehrkomponenten‐Nanomaterialien wie Kern‐Schale‐ oder Legierungsnanopartikeln sowie gestreiften Nanodrähten intensiviert. Solche multifunktionalen Strukturen bieten vielversprechende Perspektiven für die Entwicklung von neuartigen Anwendungen. Dieser Aufsatz präsentiert aktuelle Fortschritte bei der Synthese vielsegmentiger eindimensionaler Nanostäbe und ‐drähte mit Metallen, Halbleitern, Polymeren, Molekülen und sogar Lücken als Komponenten. Zudem werden Anwendungen dieser Mehrkomponenten‐Nanomaterialien in den Bereichen Magnetismus, Selbstorganisation, Elektronik, Biologie, Katalyse und Optik vorgestellt. Ein besonderer Schwerpunkt liegt auf neuen Materialien und Anwendungen, bei denen die Vorteile von Mehrkomponenten‐Nanodrähten gegenüber Einkomponentenstrukturen zutage treten.
Multisegmented One‐Dimensional Nanorods Prepared by Hard‐Template Synthetic Methods
Authors: Hurst Sarah J. , Payne Emma Kathryn , Qin Lidong , Mirkin Chad A. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractIn the science and engineering communities, the nanoscience revolution is intensifying. As many types of nanomaterials are becoming more reliably synthesized, they are being used for novel applications in all branches of nanoscience and nanotechnology. Since it is sometimes desirable for single nanomaterials to perform multiple functions simultaneously, multicomponent nanomaterials, such as core–shell, alloyed, and striped nanoparticles, are being more extensively researched. Nanoscientists hope to design multicomponent nanostructures and exploit their inherent multiple functionalities for use in many novel applications. This review highlights recent advances in the synthesis of multisegmented one‐dimensional nanorods and nanowires with metal, semiconductor, polymer, molecular, and even gapped components. It also discusses the applications of these multicomponent nanomaterials in magnetism, self‐assembly, electronics, biology, catalysis, and optics. Particular emphasis is placed on the new materials and devices achievable using these multicomponent, rather than single‐component, nanowire structures.
Fourier transform rheometry on carbon black filled polybutadiene compounds
Authors: Leblanc Jean L. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractA series of high cis‐1,4 polybutadiene compounds with various levels of N330 carbon black were prepared and tested using a Rubber Process Analyzer RPA® (Alpha Technologies), suitably modified for so‐called Fourier transform rheometry. Strain sweep test protocols were used in order to capture strain and torque signals, that were consequently treated through Fourier transform calculations, using the appropriate proprietary software. Through strain sweep tests, the non‐linear viscoelastic behavior was investigated, with significant odd‐harmonics detected in the torque response, not only as the strain magnitude increases but also as the carbon black level increases. Differences in non‐linear behavior, due to growing filler level are easily and clearly detected and the dependence upon strain of the relative third harmonic component is adequately modelled with simple four parameter models. Two such models were compared and found to give similar results, both offering two parameters to describe the strain sensitivity. First derivatives of the models allow a single number, i.e., the slope at a given strain, to be calculated as a “quantification” of the strain sensitivity, and hence of the non‐linear character. Carbon black volume fraction appears then as the main compounding parameter influencing the non‐linear viscoelastic response. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 5102–5118, 2006
Hydrogenation of natural rubber in the presence of OsHCL(CO)(O2)(PCY3)2: Kinetics and mechanism
Authors: Hinchiranan N. , Prasassarakich P. , Rempel G. L. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe homogeneous catalyst precursor, OsHCl(CO)(O2)(PCy3)2, was utilized for the hydrogenation of natural rubber to convert the unsaturated structure to a saturated form, providing an alternating ethylene‐propylene copolymer. A detailed kinetic investigation was carried out by monitoring the amount of hydrogen consumption during the reaction using a gas‐uptake apparatus. 1H NMR spectroscopy was used to determine the final olefin conversion to the hydrogenated product. Kinetic data, collected according to a statistical design framework, defined the influence of catalyst and polymer concentration, hydrogen pressure, and reaction temperature on the catalytic activity. The kinetic results indicated that the hydrogenation rate exhibited a first‐ shifted to zero‐order dependence on hydrogen at lower hydrogen pressure, which then decreased toward an inverse behavior at pressures higher than 41.4 bar. The hydrogenation was also observed to be first‐order with respect to catalyst concentration, and an apparent inverse dependence on rubber concentration was observed due to the impurities in the rubber. The hydrogenation rate was dependent on reaction temperature, and the apparent activation energy over the temperature range of 125–145°C was found to be 122.76 kJ/mol. Mechanistic aspects of the hydrogenation of natural rubber in the presence of OsHCl(CO)(O2)(PCy3)2 were proposed on the basis of the observed kinetic results. The addition of some acids and certain nitrogen containing materials showed an effect on the hydrogenation rate. The thermal properties of hydrogenated natural rubber indicated that the thermal stability increased with increasing % hydrogenation of the rubber. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 4499–4514, 2006
Graft copolymerization of 2‐acrylamido‐2‐methyl‐1‐propanesulfonic acid onto carboxymethylcellulose (sodium salt) by H2O2/Fe+2 redox pair
Authors: Behari Kunj , Kant Pandey Peeyoosh 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe effect of the reaction conditions on the grafting parameters during grafting of 2‐acrylamido‐2‐methyl‐1‐propanesulfonic acid onto sodium carboxymethylcellulose using H2O2/Fe+2 redox pair are studied at 30°C. The grafting ratio, add on, and conversion initially increase with the H2O2 concentration in the range of (10.0–15.0) × 10−2 mol dm−3. Thereafter, these parameters decrease with the H2O2 concentration. The grafting ratio, add on, and conversion increase when increasing the ferrous ion concentration from (0.5 to 4.0) × 10−2 mol dm−3 and decrease with a further increase in the concentration. It is observed that the grafting ratio and add on increase with the monomer concentration, whereas the conversion decrease. The hydrogen ions seem to be facilitating the grafting reaction up to a certain concentration and after this concentration seem to be retarding the process. The grafting ratio, add on, and conversion decrease with the sodium carboxymethylcellulose concentration. When increasing the time period from 60 to 90 min, the grafting parameters increase but decrease thereafter. Similarly, when increasing the temperature from 25 to 30°C, the grafting parameters increase and decrease thereafter. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 4819–4825, 2006
Syntheses and optical properties of hybrid materials containing azobenzene groups via sol–gel process for reversible optical storage
Authors: Kim Mi‐Ra , Choi Young‐Il , Park Sang‐Wook , Lee Jae‐Wook , Lee Jin‐Kook 
Published: March 2006

AbstractWe focused on the synthesis and optical properties of new organic–inorganic hybrid materials containing azobenzene groups for rewritable optical recording media. Hybrid material (SGUR19‐n's) design has the structure of azobenzene group with urethane bonds in the silica network. The structures of the synthesized monomers and precursors were confirmed by FTIR and 1H NMR spectrophotometer. Also, we reported on the effects of the direction of the polarized beam, the intensity of the induced beam, and the structures of SGUR19‐n's materials on the diffraction efficiency of SGUR19‐n's films. It was revealed that SGUR19‐n's films prepared by the sol–gel process have adequate writing–erasing–rewriting properties when used as a reversible optical storage material. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 4811–4818, 2006