bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High technology diagnostics: Detection of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, using DNA probes
Authors: Maddox Carol W. , Wilson Richard A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A relatively new technique termed colony blot hybridization appears to be a reliable replacement for the ligated porcine gut loop assay previously used to detect stable toxin-B producing Escherichia coli. The highly reproducible blot assay enables screening of large numbers of isolants for the presence of E coli stable-B toxin genes, thus avoiding variations in phenotypic expression and poor repeatability inherent in the in vivo assays. Availability of this diagnostic test can aid practitioners in identifying enterotoxigenic E coli related disease in swine and in determining the benefits of vaccination programs.
Salmonellosis in hospitalized horses: Seasonality and case fatality rates
Authors: Carter James D. , Hird David W. , Farver Thomas B. , Hjerpe Charles A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Salmonellosis was studied during an 11-year period (July 1971 through June 1982) in 245 hospitalized horses. Ten years' data (207 cases) were analyzed in a time series study. Peak seasonality of the disease was from June through September. The cycle curve revealed 3 major outbreaks, with no apparent periodicity. Eighteen Salmonella serotypes caused clinical salmonellosis in horses, but 84% of the cases and 90 % of the deaths were caused by 5 serotypes: Salmonella typhimurium, S typhimurium var copenhagen, S anatum, S kottbus, and S saintpaul. Overall, the case fatality rate was 44.9 %. Excluding mixed infections, horses infected with S typhimurium and S typhimurium var copenhagen, had a significantly higher (P<0.001) case fatality rate (60.4 %) than those infected with other Salmonella serotypes (32.3 %).
Patterns of nonclinical intramammary infection in a ewe flock
Authors: Hueston William D. , Hartwig Nolan R. , Judy John K. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Coagulase-negative staphylococci were the most frequent bacterial isolates from nonclinical intramammary infections (nimi) in a ewe flock. The prevalence of nimi was 22.9 % of the udder halves at lambing and decreased to 12.5% or less between week 2 and week 6 of lactation. The decrease was due mainly to the elimination of infections involving coagulase-negative staphylococci. The frequency of new nimi in the first 6 weeks of lactation was less than 1% of the noninfected udder halves per week.
The prevalence of nimi increased steadily from 16.1 % of the udder halves at the time of weaning the lambs to 29% at postweaning week 3. The new infection rate averaged 9.7% per week during the postweaning 3 weeks. The principal bacterial isolate in the new nimi was coagulase-negative staphylococcus.
Nonclinical intramammary infection in a ewe flock was monitored by bacteriologic cultural examinations of milk samples obtained from both udder halves of 24 ewes during early lactation and of 31 ewes in the same flock during the early postweaning period. The patterns of nimi were similar to the patterns reported in cattle.
Risk Factors for Salmonellosis in Hospitalized Horses
Authors: Hird David W. , Casebolt Donald B. , Carter James D. , Pappaioanou Marguerite , Hjerpe Charles A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A case-control study to identify risk factors associated with isolation of Salmonella was accomplished, at using data from records of horses hospitalized in the period July 1971 through June 1982. Horses in which nasogastric tubes were passed were at 2.9 times greater risk of having Salmonella isolated, compared with horses that did not undergo this procedure. Horses treated with antibiotics parenterally were at 6.4 times greater risk, and those treated with antibiotics orally and parenterally were at 40.4 times greater risk of developing salmonellosis, compared with horses not receiving such treatment. Horses admitted because of colic were 4.2 times as likely to have Salmonella isolated as those admitted for other reasons. Breed, age, and type of surgery did not appear to be risk factors. The risk factors identified and the magnitude of their association with Salmonella isolation were similar to those observed in a preceding study.
Cutaneous histiocytosis in dogs
Authors: Calderwood Mays Maron B. , Bergeron Jan A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Multifocal cutaneous histiocytic lesions were recognized in 9 dogs. Clinically the dogs had multiple erythematous plaques or nodules in the skin (1 to 5 cm diameter). Histologically, the lesions were comprised of dermal or pannicular infiltrates of large histiocytic cells, with varying numbers of other inflammatory cells intermixed. By electron microscopy, the cells resembled those of canine cutaneous histiocytoma. The lesions seemed to wax and wane and appeared in new sites, regardless of treatment. The dogs ranged in age from 2 to 13 years; 7 dogs were under 6 years of age. Both sexes and various breeds were represented. An infectious agent could not be identified.
Death associated with parenteral administration of copper disodium edetate in calves
Authors: Bulgin Marie S. , Maas J. , Anderson Bruce C. , Klugh David , Lincoln S. D. , Lane V. Michael 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Copper disodium edetate in recommended doses was apparently responsible for the deaths of one calf and clinical signs of toxicosis in 5 others on one farm, and 7 deaths and clinical signs of toxicosis in a number of others on another ranch. Signs of hyperexcitability, hypermetria, hindlimb weakness, head pressing, depression, and opisthotonos occurred 6 to 24 hours after injections and preceded death by 1 to 2 days. Necropsy and histologic examination revealed massive liver necrosis. High blood concentrations of liver enzymes in affected cattle that did not die indicated that they had liver damage. High blood concentration of iron in cattle that died indicated possible interaction of copper and iron.
Inconsistencies in the absorptive capacities of Schirmer tear test strips
Authors: Hawkins Eleanor C. , Murphy Christopher J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The absorptive capacities of 4 commercially available tear test strips were determined and compared with 5-mm × 40-mm strips of #41 filter paper. Significant differences in the absorption of water over a given time interval were found in 3 of the groups tested. Major inconsistencies were found only within 1 lot of tear test strips from a single manufacturer. Tear test strips from this lot consisted of 2 distinct populations that were distinguishable by transillumination. Strips with widely spaced horizontal lines had the same absorptive capacity as the filter paper, whereas those with fine lines consistently absorbed less water. The clinical importance of this discrepancy was verified by comparing measurements of tear production in 6 normal dogs.
Radiographic bone surveys in the evaluation of primary bone tumors in dogs
Authors: LaRue Susan M. , Withrow Stephen J. , Wrigley Robert H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Forty-two dogs with primary bone tumors underwent radiographic bone surveys. The use of radiographic bone surveys led to a higher yield in finding other nonclinically detectable neoplastic sites (7.1%) than did thoracic radiographs (4.7%). Multicentric bone tumors accounted for 9.5% of total cases. Bone infarcts were identified in 3 dogs (7.1%).
A live Pasteurella haemolytica vaccine efficacy trial
Authors: Purdy Charles W. , Livingston Charles W. , Frank Glynn H. , Cummins Joseph M. , Cole N. Andy , Loan Raymond W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A live Pasteurella haemolytica serotype 1 vaccine was used in an efficacy trial conducted on 100 lightweight feeder calves purchased from a Florida ranch. Forty-one calves were inoculated with the vaccine intradermally in the neck. Fifty-nine calves served as nonvaccinated controls. Fourteen days later, the calves were shipped to an order buyer in eastern Tennessee, where the calves were mixed with 60 local calves in a community sale barn for 72 hours. After 3 additional days, the calves were shipped to a research feedlot in Bushland, Tex. They remained in the feedlot for 56 days, and the test was concluded 76 days after vaccination.
The P haemolytica vaccine had no significant effect on performance, morbidity, or mortality. There was no significant difference between the vaccinated and non vaccinated calves in the number of times Pasteurella was isolated. The calves became seropositive to bovine viral diarrhea virus, respiratory syncytial virus, and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (ibr) virus during the 76-day experiment. All calves initially were seropositve to parainfluenza-3 virus. A virulent outbreak of ibr occurred 30 days after the calves arrived at the feedlot. Before the onset of ibr, the isolation of P haemolytica serotype 1 from nasal turbinates was rare (2 of 500 nasal swabs). After the ibr outbreak, P haemolytica serotype 1 was isolated from 40 of 92 calves.
Emergence of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella agona in horses in Kentucky
Authors: Donahue James Μ. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Eighty-seven of 283 isolates of salmonellae recovered from horses in Kentucky by the Livestock Disease Diagnostic Center from July 1, 1980 through June 30, 1984 were Salmonella agona. No isolations of S agona were made from Jan 1, 1972 through June 30, 1980. Salmonella agona was isolated from horses on 56 farms and most of the isolations were made in the spring. All age classes of horses were involved. Clinical forms of salmonellosis observed were diarrhea, septicemia, infertility, and abortion. Antibiotic susceptibilities were determined for 83 of the 87 isolates, and 79 were resistant to multiple antimicrobial agents, including chloramphenicol and gentamicin.
Slab fractures of the fourth and intermediate carpal bones in five horses
Authors: Auer J. A. , Watkins J. P. , White N. A. , Taylor T. S. , Rooney J. R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Fractures of the fourth carpal bone were diagnosed in 5 horses; 3 fractures were associated with fracture of the intermediate carpal bone. The diagnosis was delayed in all 5 horses, apparently because of the moderate nature of the clinical signs. Open surgical reduction with lag screw type fixation was used in all horses.
Because of delayed treatment, transfixation of carpal bones (necessary for stability), and surgical trauma, degenerative joint disease with osteophyte formation occurred in all 5 horses. None of the 5 horses was able to begin or return successfully to work, although 4 of the 5 were pasture/breeding sound. One horse was euthanatized after being allowed free exercise too early. A mechanical hypothesis is presented for the pathogenesis of these fractures.
Dietary sodium bicarbonate as a treatment for exertional rhabdomyolysis in a horse
Authors: Robb Edward J. , Kronfeld D. S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A 3-year-old mare repeatedly had clinical signs of rhabdomyolysis on mild exertion. Serum creatine kinase and aspartate transaminase activities were high at rest. Responses to dietary sodium bicarbonate were tested through 7 alternating periods of supplementation of a basal ration of timothy hay and oats. Physical signs; venous blood pH and gases; blood glucose and lactate; serum electrolytes, enzymes, and creatinine; and urine pH were monitored before and after exercise. Dietary sodium bicarbonate raised resting venous blood pH and bicarbonate slightly and significantly increased urine pH from pH 7.46 to 8.2 (P<0.001). An exercise test included 5 minutes at the walk followed by 20 minutes at the trot. The exercise induced gait stiffness, muscle fasciculations, and muscle induration when the diet was not supplemented, but not when it was supplemented with sodium bicarbonate. Myoglobin was present in 16 of 21 urine samples after exercise during nonsupplemented periods, but only in 3 of 28 urine samples during supplemented periods (P<0.0001). Bicarbonate supplementation significantly decreased the responses of blood lactic acid, serum creatine kinase, and aspartate transaminase to exercise. Supplementation of the diet was associated with higher venous blood pH and bicarbonate ion concentrations throughout exercise. Dietary sodium bicarbonate apparently mitigated or prevented physical, chemical, and enzymatic characteristics of exertional rhabdomyolysis in this mare, possibly through its enhancement of buffering capacity in muscle tissue fluids.
Response of pups to modified-live canine parvovirus component in a combination vaccine
Authors: O'Brien S. E. , Roth J. A. , Hill B. L. 
Published: February 2025

Summary
Twenty-eight pups from a general pet population were vaccinated for canine parvovirus (cpv) with a combination vaccine every 3 weeks until the pups were 11 to 16 weeks old. Canine parvovirus antibody titers were measured by serum neutralization before each vaccination and ≥ 2 weeks after the final vaccination. Eighteen pups that initially were seronegative for cpv seroconverted after 1 to 3 doses of modified-live virus cpv vaccine administered when the pups were between 8 and 16 weeks old; 16 of 18 seroconverted after the 1st dose. Of 10 pups that were seropositive for cpv at initial examination, 7 did not develop protective titers after 3 doses of vaccine, with the last dose given when the pups were 14 to 16 weeks old. Maternally derived antibody was the primary cause of vaccination failure.
Use of brain stem auditory-evoked response to evaluate deafness in a group of Dalmatian dogs
Authors: Marshall A. Edward 
Published: February 2025

Summary
A group of 18 adult and 28 six-week-old purebred Dalmatian dogs was tested for hearing by brain stem auditory-evoked responses. Each ear was tested independently. Absence of a response was considered evidence of deafness in that ear. Responses from bilaterally hearing adults and pups and unilaterally hearing dogs were compared with each other and with responses from normally hearing, adult, mixed-breed dogs.
Of the 18 adults tested, 5 had normal responses from both ears, 6 were deaf in both ears, and 7 had a response from only one side. Of 28 pups tested, 14 had normal responses from both ears, 9 had a response from only one ear, and 5 were bilaterally deaf.
Wave peak latencies from all ears that responded were within normal limits, except that the 5th and 6th waves from unilaterally hearing adults had significantly longer latencies. There were no differences between males and females.
Noninfectivity of semen from bulls infected with bovine leukosis virus
Authors: Monke Donald R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
An opportunity for study of the potential role of semen in the transmission of bovine leukosis virus (blv) was provided when a Jersey herd was found to be blv-seronegative. This was a closed herd; new genetic material had been introduced by artificial insemination (ai), using semen collected and processed at 7 ai centers in the United States. Of 66 donor bulls from which semen had been collected for ai use in the herd during the 5 years the herd remained seronegative, 24 were consistently blv-seropositive and 2 became seropositive for blv during the study. Semen collected from the blv-seropositive bulls accounted for 1,019 semen units, representing 48.3% of the semen purchased. The maintenance of blv seronegativity in this herd for 5 years, when semen from blv-seropositive bulls was used for ai, provided evidence for the lack of infectivity of blv in bovine semen.
Relationship of hepatic lipidosis to health and performance in dairy cattle
Authors: Gerloff Brian J. , Herdt Thomas H. , Emery Roy S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
In a field study of 80 cows in 9 dairy herds, serial liver biopsies were performed over the peripartum period to determine degree of hepatic lipidosis. Cattle were separated into categories of mild, moderate, and severe hepatic lipidosis on the basis of maximal amounts of hepatic triglyceride that accumulated during this period. Number of cattle with mild, moderate, and severe hepatic lipidosis were 52, 16, and 12, respectively. Cattle with severe hepatic lipidosis had greater concentrations of hepatic triglyceride before calving and after parturition, and greater serum nonesterified fatty acid concentrations and body condition loss after parturition than cattle with mild hepatic lipidosis. Rate of disease and culling and death rate because of disease were greater in cattle with severe hepatic lipidosis. Cattle with severe hepatic lipidosis had reproductive performance equal to clinically normal cattle; however, cattle with moderate hepatic lipidosis had increased days to conception, possibly related to greater milk production.
Computed tomographic characteristics of primary brain tumors in 50 dogs
Authors: Turrel Jane M. , Fike John R. , LeCouteur Richard A. , Higgins Robert J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Fifty histologically identified primary brain tumors in the dog were analyzed by computed tomography to establish criteria for identifying tumor types by computed tomography characteristics. Meningiomas could be distinguished from tumors within the brain parenchyma because they usually were broad-based, peripherally located masses that were enhanced homogeneously with contrast material. Among parenchymal tumors, astrocytomas were not distinguished easily from oligodendrogliomas because both tumors had similar features of ring-like and nonuniform enhancement, and poorly defined tumor margins. Choroid plexus tumors were seen as well-defined, hyperdense masses that had marked, uniform contrast enhancement. Pituitary tumors were distinguished readily by their location, minimal peritumoral edema, uniform contrast enhancement, and well-defined margins. Distinguishing features of other less frequently seen tumors (ependymoma, primitive neuroectodermal tumor, glioma, and neoplastic reticulosis) were not identified.
Nasal obstruction caused by cystic nasal conchae in cattle
Authors: Ross M. W. , Richardson D. W. , Hackett R. P. , Tulleners E. P. , Orsini J. A. , Ohnemus T. F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Four Holstein heifers were found to have partial nasal obstruction caused by bilateral cystic conchae. Three of the heifers (age range, 4 to 6 months) had a history of progressive nasal obstruction since near birth, were affected severely, and required surgical management. Each of 2 surgical procedures, a bilateral dorsolateral nasal flap approach and a dorsal nasal flap approach, was used successfully. The fourth heifer, which was 15 months old, had signs of nasal obstruction since shortly after birth, but was affected only mildly and was not treated. Follow-up information obtained 10 to 37 months later revealed that all cattle were considered normal and had no signs of nasal obstruction.
In each case, a developmental problem or malformation of the ventral nasal concha resulting in cystic enlargement was suspected. The onset of clinical signs early in life and the bilateral nature suggested that the defect was of congenital origin.
Review of the pathophysiology of alterations in potassium homeostasis
Authors: Brobst Duane 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The 2 interrelated systems of external and internal balance that regulate potassium homeostasis must function properly if normal plasma potassium concentration and total body potassium content is to be maintained. Should external balance fail, with renal or gastrointestinal wasting of potassium, hypokalemia with depletion of total body potassium may result. In the absence of this type of potassium wasting, hypokalemia most often is caused by redistribution, with potassium moving from the extracellular-fluid into cells and total body potassium content remaining unaltered. Likewise, factors regulating internal balance may redistribute potassium from cells into the extracellular fluid and cause hyperkalemia, but with normal total body potassium content. Should the kidneys or urinary system fail to excrete potassium, hyperkalemia with an increase in total body potassium content would result.
Distribution of Toxoplasma gondii tissue cysts in commercial cuts of pork
Authors: Dubey J. P. , Murrell K. D. , Fayer R. , Schad G. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Distribution of Toxoplasma gondii cysts in tissues used for human consumption was studied in 4 naturally infected pigs (acquired infections) and in 2 experimentally infected pigs. On the day of euthanasia, pigs with acquired toxoplasmosis had serum antibody titers of 160 to 1,280 against T gondii (modified agglutination test). Experimentally infected pigs were inoculated with 10,000 oocysts of the GT-1 strain of T gondii and were euthanatized 267 or 357 days after inoculation. On the day of euthanasia, the experimentally infected pigs had serum antibody titers of 16 and 32 against T gondii. Fifty to 100-g specimens from each of 6 cuts of meat commercially used to prepare Boston butt, arm picnic, ham, tenderloin, spareribs, and bacon and from the tongue, heart, brain, liver, kidneys, and diaphragm were collected from each pig and were digested in acid pepsin solution. Washed sediment from the digest of each specimen was inoculated sc into mice (6 mice/organ). Toxoplasma gondii was isolated from tissues of the 4 pigs with acquired toxoplasmosis; T gondii was isolated from the arm picnic, Boston butt, and tongue of 3 pigs, from the ham, tenderloin, spareribs, diaphragm and heart of 2 pigs, and from the bacon and brain of 1 pig. Toxoplasma gondii was not isolated from the kidneys of the 4 pigs with acquired toxoplasmosis. Toxoplasma gondii was isolated from the arm picnic, Boston butt, ham, spareribs, bacon, tongue, diaphragm, heart, and brain of the 2 experimentally infected pigs, and from the kidneys of one of the experimentally infected pigs. Toxoplasma gondii was not isolated from the liver of the 6 pigs evaluated. Because T gondii can survive approximately 1 year in various commercial cuts of pork and in various organs, all pork and edible organs should be cooked at 70 C before human or animal consumption.
Malignant histiocytosis in Bernese Mountain Dogs
Authors: Rosin Anne , Moore Peter , Dubielzig Richard 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Malignant histiocytosis was diagnosed in 10 male and 1 female Bernese Mountain Dogs. Nine of these dogs were closely related. The disease was characterized by a rapidly progressive and inevitably fatal course. Clinical signs varied, but lethargy, anorexia, weight loss, and respiratory and cns abnormalities predominated. The lungs were the primary site of tumor involvement in 10 dogs. The eleventh dog had lymphadenopathy and severe anemia. Metastatic lesions were detected in all dogs. Anaplastic pulmonary carcinoma was diagnosed originally in 6 of the 11 cases, but this diagnosis was changed to malignant histiocytosis after electron microscopic examination of tissues and immunohistochemical identification of histiocytic markers in the tumor cells.
Trichinosis in a herd of swine: Cannibalism as a major mode of transmission
Authors: Hanbury R. D. , Doby Paul B. , Miller Harold O. , Murrell K. Darwin 
Published: February 2025

Summary
In a herd of approximately 1,000 hogs, evaluation of muscle specimens collected at various intervals during a 12-year period (1973 to 1985) indicated continuous transmission of Trichinella spiralis. The farm's rat population and the incidence of trichinosis in the rats was high during 1974, but diminished markedly by 1978. In January 1984, a longitudinal investigation, using tracer pigs, was performed to determine whether rodents and/or other wild animals were involved in transmission of T spiralis on this farm. Tracer pigs exposed to rodents and wild animals did not become infected with T spiralis. The rodent population on the farm was small and none of the rodents trapped and examined were found to be infected. Hog cannibalism also was evaluated as a mode of T spiralis transmission. Results of the investigation indicated that hog cannibalism was the mode of transmission for trichinosis in the herd.