bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conclusions
Authors: Horn Cornelia B. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis concluding chapter presents a synthesis of the analysis made in this volume. This study examined the following sources: the Vita Petri Iberi (extant in Syriac, translated into German), the Plerophoriae (extant in Syriac, translated into French), and the De obitu Theodosii (extant in Syriac, translated into Latin), all of which can reasonably be ascribed to John Rufus, the anti-Chalcedonian biographer and likely successor of Peter the Iberian. Based on these texts as well as on supplementary literary, historical, and archaeological sources, this book brought into focus the figure of Peter the Iberian, who until recently had been thoroughly neglected. It is shown that the concerns of Peter and his followers, as presented through Rufus’ lens, were not to engage in a thorough discussion of theology based on hermeneutical or philosophical categories to apologize for and to defend themselves and to prove all else was heresy. Rather, their aim was to live out their belief in their own life, no matter what forms of hardships that would require.
Individuality and Non-Individuality in Quantum Mechanics
Authors: French Steven , Krause Décio 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis chapter discusses the concepts of indistinguishability, individuality, and non-individuality in the quantum context. It is argued that the above view of particles as non-individuals is not a necessary consequence of the physics, and that quantum particles can be taken to be individuals, subject to certain constraints. However, the sense of individuality here cannot be understood in terms of the Identity of Indiscernibles, since on a standard interpretation of quantum theory, Leibniz’s Principle is violated by both fermions and bosons. Criticisms of this argument are reviewed, as is Saunders’ recent attempt to defend a Quinean form of the Principle. The consequences of regarding quantum particles as individuals are considered in detail, and Teller’s account of entanglement in terms of non-supervenient relations is developed in this context. The conclusion is reached that quantum physics supports two alternative metaphysical packages of individuality and non-individuality, yielding a stronger form of underdetermination, which can be used to support a form of structuralism.
A Problem for Present-Day Mathematics
Authors: French Steven , Krause Décio 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis chapter explores Manin’s suggestion that formal axioms for indiscernible objects in physics should be given. Collections of such objects cannot be regarded as sets, since such sets are typically taken to be collections of distinguishable objects. The theory of identity in classical logic and set theory is considered to lay the groundwork for the discussion of the corresponding theory for (truly) indiscernible objects in Chapter 7. The usual ways of accommodating such objects in standard logic and mathematics are critically assessed, with emphasis on the concept of indiscernibility in a structure.
The Logic of Quanta
Authors: French Steven , Krause Décio 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis chapter begins with a philosophically-oriented outline of quantum field theory that looks at the different ways in which a quantum field can be constructed. The difficulties in articulating a particle ontology are discussed, and it is argued that any putative interpretation of the theory must accommodate the observed particle ‘grin’. A range of metaphysical options are explored, including trope theory and Davudson’s theory of events. The foundations of Fock space are presented in detail from the model-theoretic perspective, and it is suggested that quasi-set theory provides the appropriate formal foundation. Thus, the quanta of quantum field theory can also be accommodated in terms of the overall framework of this work.
3 New World Order Policeman: Responding to Iraqi Aggression Against Kuwait
Authors: Malone David M. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
This chapter discusses the second phase of UN involvement in Iraq, which seemed to herald the emergence of the Security Council as a New World Order Policeman. The Security Council’s capacity to legitimize the use of force provided a legal basis for international action to expel Iraqi forces from Kuwait in 1991. The chapter recounts the diplomatic and military success of Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm — mandated to compel the withdrawal of Iraq from Kuwait and conducted by a coalition of states — drawing legitimacy from Security Council decisions under Chapter VII of the UN Charter. Chapter VII also provided a newly assertive basis for traditional activities, such as ceasefire implementation and border-monitoring tasks, the Council gave to a new mission, UNIKOM, deployed along the border between Iraq and Kuwait. This new police role for UN peace operations was part of a larger ‘New World Order’ heralded by President George H. W. Bush, which seemed to hold the promise of an international rule of law, enforced by a united P-5 operating through the Security Council.
4 Creeping Unilateralism: Humanitarian Interventions and No‐Fly Zones
Authors: Malone David M. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
This chapter discusses the third phase of UN involvement in Iraq, characterized by creeping unilateralism, occurring within the context of a more multidisciplinary approach to peace operations. That approach often incorporated humanitarian objectives into peace operations, as reflected in the deployment of UN ‘Guards’ to northern Iraq; but it was also characterized by the early resort (or reversion) by several Security Council members to unilateral action. The chapter specifically examines the imposition by France, the United Kingdom, and the United States of no-fly zones over Iraq in 1991 and 1992, and the launch of Operation Provide Comfort to protect Kurdish refugees in northern Iraq. This creeping unilateralism was a harbinger of further unilateral enforcement measures to come that would sunder the unity of the Security Council’s purpose on Iraq by 1998.
8 Crisis of Confidence: Annus Horribilis and a ‘Vital’ Role
Authors: Malone David M. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
This chapter examines events in Iraq during the most recent fifth phase of UN involvement. Having been largely sidelined on Iraq in the fourth phase, the UN underwent a Crisis of Confidence between 2004 and 2005, searching for a means to address its demotion. It is argued that that the deadlock in the Council over Iraq in 2003 had critically undermined the UN’s credibility globally, which no amount of activity elsewhere, notably in Africa, could recover. During this period, under Council resolutions, the UN was meant to be playing a ‘vital’ role in Iraq, but its margin for maneuver was circumscribed on the one hand by the continuing strong guiding hand of the United States in Iraqi affairs and on the other by the dreadful security situation in Iraq, precluding deployment of a large UN international staff. During these years, various aspects of the UN’s earlier activities in Iraq, notably the OFF Program, returned to haunt it, making 2004 Kofi Annan’s ‘annus horribilis’.
9 Conclusions: Serious Consequences: How Twenty‐Five Years of Involvement with Iraq Has Changed the Security Council
Authors: Malone David M. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the instrumental approach of all five permanent members to the Council as a resource for their own purposes, in effect their instrumental multilateralism. It addresses conceptions of legality, legitimacy, representation, and democracy in the Council, seeking to draw lessons from the Council’s drift into decision-making in a legal-regulatory (rather than politico-military) mode, not least with respect to accountability. It also examines some of the challenges the UN and its Member States face when attempting peacebuilding, perhaps better thought of as (responsible) state-building.
The Language and Reality of Time
Authors: Sattig Thomas 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe book develops a comprehensive framework for doing philosophy of time. It brings together a variety of different perspectives, linking the ordinary conception of time with the physicist’s conception, and linking questions about time addressed in metaphysics with questions addressed in the philosophy of language. Within this framework, the book explores the temporal dimension of the material world in relation to the temporal dimension of our ordinary discourse about the world. The discussion is centred around the dispute between three-dimensionalists and four-dimensionalists about whether the temporal profile of ordinary objects mirrors their spatial profile. Are ordinary objects extended in time in the same way in which they are extended in space? Do they have temporal as well as spatial parts? Four-dimensionalists say ‘yes’, three-dimensionalists say ‘no’. The book develops an original three-dimensionalist picture of the material world, and argues that this picture is preferable to its four-dimensionalists rivals if ordinary thought and talk are taken seriously. Among the issues discussed are the metaphysics of persistence, change, composition, location, coincidence, and relativity; the ontology of past, present, and future; and the semantics of predication, tense, temporal modifiers, and sortal terms.
Four‐Dimensionalist Supervenience
Authors: Sattig Thomas 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis chapter presents a new account of temporal predication — the representational account — combined with four-dimensionalism to yield the temporal-parts account of temporal supervenience. This elegant account asserts and explains the theses that the facts of persistence logically supervene on facts about the spatiotemporal location of temporal parts of objects, and that the facts of temporal instantiation logically supervene on facts about the atemporal instantiation of properties by temporal parts of objects. It is further shown that the questions of temporal supervenience as well as the four-dimensionalist answers to these questions have interesting spatial and modal analogues. Despite its success in explaining the supervenience of facts of persistence and change, the temporal-parts account has objectionable consequences. Three problems are raised, the most serious of which is the problem of predicational overkill. Each of these problems concerns the account’s failure to capture certain ordinary temporal facts.
Three‐Dimensionalist Supervenience
Authors: Sattig Thomas 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis chapter develops a three-dimensionalist account of temporal supervenience — the temporal-regions account — and argues that the latter shares the main virtues and avoids the main drawbacks of its four-dimensionalist rival. The three-dimensionalist account asserts and explains the theses that the facts of persistence logically supervene on facts about the spatiotemporal location of objects, and that the facts of temporal instantiation logically supervene on the atemporal instantiation of properties by temporally unextended spacetime regions occupied by objects. Structural similarities of the temporal-regions account and the temporal-parts account are pointed out, and the temporal-regions account is shown to avoid the problems that threaten the temporal-parts account. The remainder of the chapter deals with various consequences and apparent difficulties of three-dimensionalist supervenience.
4 The Auld Enemy
Authors: Hussain Asifa , Miller William 
Published: September 2006

AbstractQuestions in the 2003 Scottish Social Attitudes Survey were used to compare Islamophobia with four other Scottish phobias: sectarianism (primarily anti-Catholic), and phobias about Europe, Asylum seekers, and ‘the auld enemy’(England). Social factors affected all phobias the same way, but political factors discriminated. Conservative voters scored low on Anglophobia but high on every other phobia; SNP voters scored high on Anglophobia but not on other phobias. This suggested that Anglophobia itself displaced Islamophobia by providing another target, and that England itself helped reduce within-Scotland phobias by providing Scots with a common, external and very significant ‘other’. Scotland is too small, too peripheral, and too insignificant to play a corresponding role in displacing phobias within England. However, by stimulating English nationalism without providing a truly significant ‘other’, Scottish nationalism may actually increase Islamophobia in England, but not in Scotland.
6 Harassment, Discrimination, Abuse
Authors: Hussain Asifa , Miller William 
Published: September 2006

AbstractTwo-thirds of Pakistanis and two-fifths of English report being subjected to ‘intentional insults’, although most claim that their abusers were not really ‘typical Scots’. Integration may reduce the harassment of English immigrants, but the more Pakistanis integrate, the more they suffered. Those who were born in Scotland, spoke English at home, or worked outside the home or the family business experienced more harassment and abuse. For ethnic Pakistanis, more contact meant more harassment, and perhaps greater sensitivity to it. General perceptions of conflict between minorities and majority of Scots were strongly linked to personal experience, with frequency having more impact than severity; even irritating ethnic jokes created a perception of conflict if they were frequent. The impact of personal experience on general perceptions of conflict with majority Scots was as strong amongst English immigrants as they were amongst ethnic Pakistanis.
8 Identity and Identifying
Authors: Hussain Asifa , Miller William 
Published: September 2006

AbstractIdentities or self-images are multiple, nested, hyphenated, flexible, and instrumental. Culture and identity provide both bridges and walls between Scots and minorities, but what is a bridge for one is a wall for another. For English immigrants, culture is the bridge and identity the wall, while for ethnic Pakistanis, culture is the wall and identity the bridge. Since English immigrants’ identities are primarily territorial, they cannot identify with Scotland despite respecting its traditions. Since Pakistani identities are primarily cultural (Muslim), their territorial identities are flexible and instrumental. They identify quickly and easily with Scotland, despite wishing to change its culture and traditions by adding more variety. The SNP’s welcoming political stance and its opposition to the 2003 invasion of Iraq has made it even easier for Muslims to identify with Scotland.
The Value of Humanity in Kant's Moral Theory
Authors: Dean Richard 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe humanity formulation of Kant’s Categorical Imperative demands that we treat humanity as an end in itself. Because this principle resonates with currently influential ideals of human rights and dignity, contemporary readers often find it compelling, even if the rest of Kant’s moral philosophy leaves them cold. Moreover, some prominent specialists in Kant’s ethics recently have turned to the humanity formulation as the most theoretically central and promising principle of Kant’s ethics. Nevertheless, despite the intuitive appeal and the increasingly recognized philosophical importance of the humanity formulation, it has received less attention than many other, less central, aspects of Kant’s ethics. This book is the most sustained and systematic examination yet of the humanity formulation. It argues that the ‘rational nature’ that must be treated as an end in itself is not a minimally rational nature consisting of the power to set ends or the unrealized capacity to act morally, but instead is the more properly rational nature possessed by someone who gives priority to moral principles over any contrary impulses. In other words, good will is the end in itself. This non-standard reading of the humanity formulation provides a firm theoretical foundation for deriving plausible approaches to particular moral issues. Contrary to first impressions, it does not impose moralistic demands to pass judgment on others’ character. This reading of the humanity formulation also enables progress on problems of interest to Kant scholars such as reconstructing Kant’s argument for accepting the humanity formulation as a basic moral principle, and allows for increased understanding of the relationship between Kant’s ethics and supposedly Kantian ideas such as ‘respect for autonomy’.
Introduction
Authors: Dean Richard 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis chapter introduces the basic ideas of the book. It connects the main idea of part I — that good will is the end in itself — to the further examination of the humanity formulation in part II. The scholarly and practical points of part II are linked to part I because they rely on taking good will to be the end in itself, and because both parts of the book emphasize Kant’s concept of value, which says that talk about value is just a way to capture the conceptually prior idea of rational choice.
The Textual Dispute, and Arguments in Favour of Minimal Readings
Authors: Dean Richard 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Commentators more or less universally agree that the ‘humanity’ that must be treated as an end in itself is not literally membership in the human species, but rather some minimal form of ‘rational nature’ possessed by all typical adult humans. But there is more disagreement than is generally recognized about exactly what aspect of rational nature qualifies someone as an end in herself. Although Kant’s texts are not perfectly consistent, the most justified overall reading is that Kant means the end in itself to be the will of a being committed to morality, rather than the end in itself being just the power to set ends (Willkür), the self-legislation of moral principles through Wille, or the overall capacity to act morally. Many of the texts offered in favor of one of the minimal readings of ‘humanity’ actually favour the good will reading if taken within their larger context, and some key passages favouring the good will reading have been overlooked or minimized.
The Argument for the Humanity Formula
Authors: Dean Richard 
Published: September 2006

AbstractIt is no easy task to decipher Kant’s argument for accepting the humanity formulation as a fundamental principle of morality (often called his ‘derivation’ of the humanity formulation). The argument may be viewed as having two steps. The first step, establishing that each rational agent has reason to treat her own rational nature in certain ways, is justified because one’s own rational nature is the necessary condition of the value of any other ends one has. The second step, establishing that each rational agent also must treat others’ rational nature in certain ways, depends on Kant’s idea that any formulation of the Categorical Imperative must embody basic everyday assumptions about the nature of morality. A principle of morality must give people common ends to work toward, rather than spurring them toward inevitable conflict. Thus, a moral principle based on the importance of rational nature must emphasize the importance of everyone’s rational nature, instead of telling each person to care only about her own.
Kantian Value, Beneficence, and Consequentialism
Authors: Dean Richard 
Published: September 2006

AbstractIn order to properly understand the duties that Kant thinks follow from the humanity formulation, it is important to keep Kant’s conception of value firmly in mind. If one fails to take account of Kant’s idea that choice is conceptually prior to claims about value, then it is easy to arrive at exaggerated conclusions about the duties that we have toward others. It is argued that this kind of mistake is the source of some commentators’ claims that the humanity formulation leads to a strong duty of beneficence: a requirement to treat others’ ends in the same way we treat our own. It also is a major problem in David Cummiskey’s arguments for ‘Kantian Consequentialism’.
Non‐Human Animals, Humanity, and the Kingdom of Ends
Authors: Dean Richard 
Published: September 2006

AbstractA strategy developed by Thomas E. Hill Jr. — that of using the kingdom of ends as a moral constructivist device for deliberating about specific moral questions — is adopted as a further interpretive tool for moving from the basic humanity formulation to particular duties. But unlike Hill, it is emphasized that this use of the kingdom of ends presupposes that to be an end in oneself, or a deliberator in the kingdom of ends, one must be committed to morality. As an example of a specific moral issue, the moral status of non-human animals is considered. The examination of animals’ moral status shows that although the good will reading of the humanity formulation may seem extreme, it can lead to moderate conclusions about specific moral issues. It is also suggested that the emphasis on a distinction between direct and indirect duties is an oversimplification of a Kantian view of animals’ moral status.
Autonomy as an End in Itself?
Authors: Dean Richard 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe idea that autonomy is the end in itself deserves more careful examination, since it captures an idea that many readers of Kant find intuitively appealing about the central importance of freedom in Kant’s overall philosophical system. Paul Guyer has defended the idea that the value of freedom is actually the foundation of Kant’s moral philosophy, and other commentators have pointed out texts in which Kant seems to identify the more specifically defined free and autonomous self-legislation of moral principles as the end in itself. It is argued that most of the case for these readings depends either on ambiguous texts or on identifiable misunderstandings of Kant’s statements.
Some Big Pictures
Authors: Dean Richard 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis chapter makes three large-scale points about the positions developed in the book. First, it explains that taking good will as an end in itself is consistent with Jerome Schneewind’s emphasis on the historical context of Kant’s revolutionary moral insights. In particular, Kant’s opposition to voluntarism or divine command theory fits with the good will reading. The second point is that of all the possible readings of the humanity formulation, the least justified is the one which takes the mere power of choice or Willkür to be the end in itself. The third point is just a final emphasis on the role of humanity in Kant’s moral theory, that Kant not only takes humanity to be an object of moral concern, but also a moral ideal toward which we should strive continuously.
Chapter 1 Introduction: The Paradox of Early Exit from Work
Authors: Ebbinghaus Bernhard 
Published: September 2006

AbstractEarly retirement has become a major issue of current welfare state reforms in aging societies. This introductory chapter discusses the different protection-oriented ‘pull’ and production-oriented ‘push’ factors that caused more early exit from work prior to age 65. It argues for systematic comparison of welfare regimes, production systems, and labor relations, as well as the study of the key role of social partners in institutional change.
Chapter 3 Protection, Production, and Partnership Institutions: From Institutional Affinities to Complementarities
Authors: Ebbinghaus Bernhard 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThree major regime typologies are compared: welfare regimes, production systems (or ‘varieties of capitalism’), and labor relations between employers and trade unions. These ideal type classifications are compared with empirical indicators for eight European countries, Japan, and the USA. The institutional affinities between protection, production, and partnership institutions, and the consequences they have are considered.