bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Circulating levels of inhibin, prolactin, TSH, LH, and FSH in benign prostatic hypertrophy before and after tumor resection
Authors: Phadke Meena A. , Vanage Geeta R. , Sheth Anil R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractUsing specific radioimmunoassays, serum prolactin, TSH, LH, FSH, and inhibin levels were estimated in normal subjects and in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) before and after tumor resection. In the case of BPH, there was a significant rise in inhibin levels as compared to age‐matched control groups, whereas LH and FSH levels were decreased significantly. The levels of inhibin and prolactin were significantly reduced after surgery, but no consistent changes in LH, FSH, or TSH levels were noted. The changes observed in hormonal levels in the BPH patients were not related to patient's age or size of the tumor.
Nuclear roundness factor: A quantitative approach to grading in prostatic carcinoma, reliability of needle biopsy tissue, and the effect of tumor stage on usefulness
Authors: Clark Terry D. , Askin Frederic B. , Bagnell Charles R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMorphometric analysis and histologic grading were performed on case material from 26 patients. Relative nuclear roundness factor (RNRF) was calculated and correlated with clinical course in 14 patients undergoing prostatectomy for stage A or B prostatic carcinoma. The only patients with progression of disease were two with RNRF of 1.10. RNRF in cases without progression ranged from 0.98 to 1.07. Histologic grading by the methods of Gleason or the M.D. Anderson system failed to discriminate between the progressing and nonpro‐gressing groups. However, when RNRF was measured in tumors initially diagnosed as stage C or D, four of eight were below 1.10, within the range of the nonprogressing low‐stage cases. Thus, the usefulness of morphometry and RNRF may be limited to low‐stage disease. It was additionally found that RNRF could not be reliably measured in needle biopsy specimens.
Effect of prolactin and androgens on the prostate of bonnet monkeys, Macaca radiata: I. nucleic acids, phosphatases, and citric acid
Authors: Arunakaran J. , Aruldhas M. Michael , Govindarajulu P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe effects of prolactin (PRL), bromocriptine (Br), testosterone propionate (TP), dihydro‐testosterone (DHT), and the combinations of these androgens with PRL/Br on the growth and secretory activities of cranial and caudal prostates were studied in castrated mature monkeys, Macaco radiata. Castration decreased the body weight, organ weights, nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), phosphatases, and citric acid of cranial and caudal prostates. PRL did not alter the body weight but increased the organ weights, nucleic acids, phosphatase activities, and citric acid. Br given alone decreased the body weight and the secretory activities of prostates but caused no significant alteration in the nucleic acids. TP/DHT replacement brought back the body weight and prostatic nucleic acids to normal. It enhanced the weights, phosphatase activities, and citric acid contents of cranial and caudal prostates. PRL + TP/DHT enhanced the body weight, organ weights, and secretory activities. Br + TP/DHT decreased the body weight and secretory products of prostate but it did not produce any alteration in the organ weight and RNA content. These results suggest that PRL plays a specific stimulatory influence on monkey prostate.
Latent and clinically manifest prostatic carcinoma
Authors: Hayashi Tadashi , Taki Yoji , Ikai Kyoko , Hiura Masaru , Kiriyama Tadao , Shizuki Kohzo 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn a histological study of 17 prostates excised in toto for stages B and C primary carcinoma, we found one focus of well differentiated carcinoma in each of six prostates, which, in addition to those foci, had large tumors of invasive prostatic carcinoma. In four of the six prostates, the foci were located near but separate from the main tumor, and in the remaining two they were invaded by the main tumor. These findings strongly suggest that prostatic carcinoma is multifocal in origin and that focal well differentiated carcinomas are different in biological behavior from invasive poorly differentiated carcinomas.
Activated ki‐ras oncogene in human prostatic adenocarcinoma
Authors: Peehl Donna M. , Wehner Nancy , Stamey Thomas A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe role of cellular oncogenes in the development of human prostate cancer has not been extensively studied. A search for activated oncogenes was undertaken by testing DNA isolated from prostatic adenocarcinoma tissues for transforming activity in a 3T3 transfection assay. A transforming sequence homologous to Ki‐ras was detected in one of the samples. DNA from the other cancers was negative in the transformation assay, suggesting that the activation of oncogenes, at least those detectable by the 3T3 transfection assay, is not a frequent event in prostate cancer. Amplification of genomic oncogene sequences in prostatic tissues was also examined, but amplification of Ki‐ras, Ha‐ras, c‐myc, N‐myc, c‐sis or c‐fos was not detectable in any of the samples.
Biological significance of measurable androgen levels in the rat ventral prostate following castration
Authors: Kyprianou Natasha , Isaacs John T. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWithin 12 hr after castration, there is a dramatic drop in the serum testosterone (T) levels to approximately 1.3% of the intact value (2.5 ± 0.8 ng/ml). By 1 day following castration, the serum T levels are approximately 3.3% of the intact control level. In contrast, serum 5α‐dihydrotestosterone (DHT) levels decrease to only 50% of the intact value within 12 hr postcastration and remain at a value >50% of the intact control level even following long‐term castration for up to 20 weeks. Following castration, tissue T and DHT concentrations in rat ventral prostate (RVP) exhibited a similar sequence of changes. Within 12 hr after castration, there is a substantial decrease in T to 27% and DHT to 20% of their intact values; after a further transient decrease during the subsequent 7 days, these levels remain constant with RVP at approximately 40% for T and 20% for DHT of the intact control levels even following long‐term castration. Thus castration induces only a partial withdrawal of the tissue androgens. The low but measurable androgen levels in RVP of castrated host are of adrenal origin, since following surgical adrenalectomy these remaining androgen levels become undetectable. Thus castration plus adrenalectomy produces a complete androgen withdrawal within the RVP. To determine the biological significance of the measurable androgen levels remaining following castration, the RVP cell number and the rate of prostatic DNA synthesis were compared in RVP following castration alone (ie, partial androgen withdrawal) or castration combined with surgical adrenalectomy (ie, complete androgen withdrawal). These results demonstrated that complete elimination of the remaining androgens in the RVP of long‐term castrates, by means of surgical adrenalectomy, did not induce any further reduction in either of these prostatic growth parameters. Therefore, in the rat, DHT must be decreased to a critical threshold but does not have to be completely eliminated to decrease maximally androgen effect on the prostate.
Relationship of testosterone, sex hormone binding globulin, and calculated free testosterone to subsequent clinical progress in patients with carcinoma of the prostate treated with bilateral orchidectomy or estrogens
Authors: Levell M. J. , Siddall J. K. , Rowe E. , Glashan R. W. , Robinson M. R. G. , Pidcock N. B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe concentration in serum of testosterone, sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), and albumin has been measured, and from these measurements free testosterone has been calculated in 75 patients with carcinoma of the prostate treated with either bilateral orchidectomy, stilbestrol, or estramustine phosphate (Estracyt). After exclusion of 3 noncompliant patients, total testosterone did not differ significantly between treatments, but free testosterone was lower in estrogen‐treated patients (5.9 ± 0.9 (SEM) pmol/l, n = 28) compared with the orchidectomized patients (23 ± 1.4 pmol/l, n = 44) (P< 0.001); all of the estrogen‐treated patients falling in the lower third of the range of the orchidectomized patients. Free testosterone did not change systematically during several years of treatment and there was no evidence of a rise with clinical deterioration. In the 33 patients with metastatic cancer treated with orchidectomy, the third with the lowest free testosterone or total testosterone showed a better survival over 2 years than the two‐thirds with higher free or total testosterone; thereafter, the advantage was lost.
Comparative study of plasma steroid and steroid glucuronide levels in normal men and in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia
Authors: Brochu Michéle , Bélanger Alain 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPlasma steroids were analyzed in 16 normal men and in 10 men with prostatic benign hyperplasia (BPH). The steroids measured by radioimmunoassay include pregnenolone, 17‐OH‐pregnenolone, dehydroepiandrosterone, androst‐5‐ene‐3β, 17β‐diol, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, androstane‐3α 17β‐diol, androstane‐3β, 17β‐diol, estrone, and estradiol as well as their glucuronide derivatives. In addition, cortisol and the sulphoconjugated form of dehydroepiandrosterone were determined. Whereas the levels of pregnenolone, pregnenolone glucuronide and 17‐OH‐pregnenolone glucuronide are not different in the two groups, the levels of 17‐OH‐pregnenolone in the BPH group (0.87 ± 0.07 ng/ml) exceed by two‐fold (p < 0.01) those observed in normal men. Plasma dehydroepiandrosterone and androst‐5‐ene‐3β, 17β‐diol concentrations are markedly elevated in the BPH group (1.49 ± 0.23 and 0.55 ± 0.08 ng/ml vs the control groups 0.43 ± 0.11 and 0.31 ± 0.05 ng/ml, respectively). Since the plasma cortisol and pregnenolone levels are comparable in these two groups, our data suggest that the elevation of plasma 17‐OH‐pregnenolone, dehydroepiandrosterone, and androst‐5‐ene‐3β, 17β‐diol reflects an increase of adrenal 17‐hydroxylase activity in patients with BPH. A slight increase of the plasma dihydrotestosterone and androsterone glucuronide concentration is also observed in men with BPH, indicating an increase of 5α‐reduced androgen formation. We have also observed, in the BPH group, a 50% decrease (p < 0.01) of plasma glucuronidated androst‐5‐ene‐3β,17β‐diol, estrone, and estradiol levels, suggesting that the transformation of unconjugated estrogenic steroids into glucuronide derivative is inhibited in BPH patients. In summary, our data indicate that adrenal C‐19 steroids might be involved in the process of BPH. Furthermore, whereas the estrogen glucuronide formation is diminished in men with BPH, the prostatic androgen metabolism as reflected by plasma dihydrotestosterone and androsterone glucuronide concentrations seems to be increased.
Stress stimuli‐induced histopathological changes in the prostate: An experimental study in the rat
Authors: Gatenbeck Lars , Aronsson Anita , Dahlgren Sven , Johansson Bengt , Strömberg Lennart 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTo elucidate a suggested relationship between stress stimuli and prostatitis, a histological study on the genital organs of seven rats was performed. The specimens were histopathologically examined after a 10‐day period, during which the rats had been submitted to standardized stress stimuli, and compared with corresponding organs from a control group of seven male rats. Inflammatory histopathological changes and large numbers of inflammatory cells were seen in the prostatic glands of all rats submitted to the long‐term stress stimuli. The findings agreed with those from the prostatic glands of human males with prostatitis. No corresponding changes were observed in the control group. There was no evidence indicating a bacterial origin. The results indicate a connection between stress stimuli and prostatitis.
Modalities of chemotherapy and endocrine therapy for growth inhibition of androgen‐stimulated mouse carcinoma (shionogi carcinoma 115)
Authors: Hara Shigeru , Ichikawa Tomohiko , Akimoto Susumu , Wakisaka Masami , Shimazaki Jun 
Published: February 2007

AbstractEffects of chemotherapy and endocrine therapy applied individually or in combination on growth of an androgen‐stimulated mouse tumor, Shionogi carcinoma 115 (SC 115), were examined. In the present study cyclophosphamide and castration were used as chemo‐ and endocrine therapy, respectively, and simultaneous combination of these two treatments was found to be the most effective in inhibiting tumor growth. When comparing the effect of castration alone with that of injection of cyclophosphamide alone, the former retarded the tumor growth more efficiently, but relapse occurred in both instances. Injection of cyclophosphamide to the relapsed tumor after castration caused a marked effect when compared with the effect of the drug on the untreated or the chemotherapy‐relapsed tumors. Castration caused a retardation of growth in the chemotherapy‐relapsed tumor, but the survival period was shorter than that observed in the mice that received castration followed by injection of cyclophosphamide. From these results, it was concluded that castration followed by chemotherapy was the preferred order among sequential treatments for the SC 115; however, the optimal treatment was produced by simultaneous combination of chemotherapy plus castration.
Cytosolic retinoic acid‐binding protein in human prostatic dysplasia and neoplasia
Authors: Jutley Jaswant K. , Kelleher Jerry , Whelan Peter , Mikel John 
Published: February 2007

AbstractProstate samples from 41 patients with acute on chronic prostatitis, benign hyperplasia, chronic prostatitis or adenocarcinoma were assayed for cytosolic retinoic acid binding protein (cRABP). Binding protein was detected in all samples. Scatchard analysis revealed dissociation constant values of 15.0‐31.8 nM and maximum binding capacity of 5.2 ± 2.0 (S.E.) pmo/mg protein. Using sucrose density gradient centrifugation, cRABP was quantitated and values varied from 1.2 to 12.5 pmol/mg protein. High levels (> 3.5 pmol/mg protein) were found in 28/41 samples. There was no correlation between the cRABP binding/mg protein and the volume (%) of glandular tissue (compared with stroma). While there was no significant difference in the quantities of cRABP in the different disease groups, there was a tendency for a progressive increase from acute on chronic prostatitis to chronic prostatitis, the highest levels being present in carcinoma.
Adenocarcinoma of the canine prostate: Immunohistochemical examination for secretory antigens
Authors: McEntee M. , Isaacs W. , Smith C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThirty‐one canine adenocarcinomas of prostatic origin were examined immunohistochemcally with antibodies generated against three prostate‐specific antigens by using a peroxidase‐antiperoxidase technique. Primary antibodies included two generated with human prostatic antigens (PSA, PSAP) and one generated with a canine prostatic antigen (CPSP). Eight of 31 adenocarcinomas were positive with CPSP, two were positive with PSA, and three were PSAP positive. Normal and hyperplastic canine prostatic epithelium was strongly positive with all three markers. These results contrast with those in human studies in which PSA and PSAP stain normal and neoplastic epithelium with comparable intensity in all but the most anaplastic tumors.
Serum hormone levels among patients with prostatic carcinoma or benign prostatic hyperplasia and clinic controls
Authors: Hulka Barbara S. , Checkoway Harvey , Hammond John E. , Ferdinando George Di , Mickey Don D. , Fried Floyd A. , Stumpf Walter E. , Beckman William C. , Clark Terry D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis study sought to identify differences in serum hormone levels between prostatic cancer (Cap) patients, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) patients, and clinic controls (CC). Serum testosterone, estradiol, and prolactin values were obtained from 35 Cap, 42 BPH, and 161 CC patients attending a single medical center between January 1984 and April 1985. Relative risk estimates adjusted for age and race were calculated to compare hormone values between each case group and the CC. The distributions of hormone values and the testosterone to estradiol (T/E) ratios were grouped into thirds with the lowest third forming the reference category. The relative risk estimates for BPH in the middle and high thirds of testosterone were greater than unity (1.26 and 2.10, respectively), whereas the relative risk estimates in the middle and high thirds of estradiol were less than unity (0.63 and 0.35, respectively). For the middle and high thirds of the T/E ratio, the relative risk estimates for BPH showed statistically significant three‐ to fourfold increases. Modest depression of serum testosterone and estradiol was noted for CaP patients compared to CC, although the differences were not statistically significant. This depression was interpreted to be a likely result of the malignant process rather than a cause of it, whereas the development of clinically evident BPH was felt to be a biologically plausible response to an elevated T/E ratio.
Renewal timing of long‐acting depot luteinizing hormone‐releasing hormone agonist (Zoladex) is critical in the treatment of hormone‐dependent rat prostatic carcinoma (R3327‐H)
Authors: Geldof A. A. , De Voogt H. J. , Rao B. R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe effects of luteinizing hormone‐releasing hormone (LHRH) agonist (Zoladex) treatment on hormone‐dependent rat prostate adenocarcinoma (R3327‐H) were investigated based on changes in tumor volume and histology. Tumor‐bearing rats were treated for 10 weeks with Zoladex in depot preparation by implantation every 2, 4, or 6 weeks. Tumor growth rate was similar in the castrated group and in the rats treated every 2 weeks with Zoladex. This growth rate was significantly slower than in animals treated with Zoladex every 6 weeks and the nontreated group. The growth rate in rats treated every 4 weeks appeared to be faster than that in the castrated animals (not significant). Changes in testosterone levels measured during Zoladex treatment correlated with tumor growth kinetics. Zoladex implantation yields effective and complete androgen deprivation only in the rats with two weekly depot renewal regimen. Tumor histology indicated that the stromal as well as the glandular epithelial cells responded to both castration and to Zoladex treatment. However, in tumors from rats treated with Zoladex every 4 and 6 weeks progressive increasing signs of restoration of normal elements, comparable to non‐treated tumors were observed. These results strongly suggest that careful attention has to be paid to the timing of LHRH depot renewal in prostate cancer treatment.
Induction of estrogen‐related hyperplastic changes in the prostate of the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) by androstenedione and its antagonization by the aromatase inhibitor 1‐methyl‐androsta‐1,4‐diene‐3,17‐dione
Authors: Habenicht Ursula‐F. , Schwarz Klaus , Neumann Friedmund , El Etreby M. Fathy 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe cynomolgus monkey was selected as an experimental model to investigate the role of estrogens in the pathogenesis of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) because its prostate seems to be more like the human prostate than that of other primate species. The treatment of intact, adult animals with the aromatizable substrate androstenedione for 3 months resulted in no significant changes in prostate weight, but in microscopically clearly detectable estrogen‐related hyperplastic changes, particularly in a marked smooth muscle activation. These effects were antagonized by simultaneous, subcutaneous treatment with the aromatase inhibitor 1‐methyl‐androsta‐1,4‐diene‐3,17‐dione (1‐Methyl‐ADD) and only partially reversed by oral treatment. The serum estradiol (E2) concentration, which was not significantly elevated after treatment with androstenedione in comparison to the control, was drastically decreased after subcutaneous treatment with 1‐Methyl‐ADD and moderately decreased after oral treatment. In conclusion, these results as well as the great anatomical and histological similarities between the prostate of the cynomolgus monkey and that of man indicate that it might be a suitable and interesting model for future BPH studies.
Cell proliferation studies in the rat prostate: II. The effects of castration and androgen‐induced regeneration upon basal and secretory cell proliferation
Authors: Evans G. S. , Chandler J. A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe changes over short and prolonged periods (up to three months) after castration on the proliferative activity of basal and secretory epithelial cells in the rat prostate were studied. Although castration induced widespread apoptosis of the secretory cells, no compensatory hyperplasia of the basal cells in response to this was noted. Instead, observations of the cell kinetics and ultrastructure suggested that both the basal and secretory cells entered a quiescent state as a result of castration. The proliferative potential of secretory cells was not diminished up to three months after castration. During androgen‐induced regeneration of the prostate the pattern of basal and secretory cell proliferation was found to be similar to that observed during normal growth, although it was more rapid and of shorter duration.
Androgen dependence of the dunning R3327G cell line in monolayer culture
Authors: Santen R. J. , Mowszowicz I. , Portois M. C. , Mauvais‐Jarvis P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractFor optimal application of new treatment strategies for prostate cancer, the basic biologic effects of androgens on cell kinetics and DNA synthesis require detailed examination. An androgen‐responsive prostate cancer cell line in monolayer culture provides a means to study the biochemical mechanisms mediating hormonal stimulation of cell proliferation. We chose to evaluate the proliferative response of the Dunning R3327G tumor cell line (Du‐G cells) to 5α‐dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in monolayer culture. The DU‐G cells grew more rapidly in the presence of increasing concentrations of DHT in the range of 10−8−10−5 M than with vehicle control. At 10−7 M DHT, 3H‐thymidine incorporation increased from 400 ± 34 counts/min/well to 751 ± 77 (p <.01). Effects of DHT were maximal when a plating density of 10,000 cells/well was employed. Androgen effects on cellular growth were reproducible but were limited in magnitude. Rapid metabolism of DHT in culture did not explain this phenomenon. Du‐G cells were not completely dependent on androgen, since cells continued to grow in media containing <10−11 M dihydrotestosterone and hydroxyflutamide.
Tissue type plasminogen activator as a marker for functional zones, within the human prostate gland
Authors: Reese Jeffrey H. , McNeal John E. , Redwine Elise A. , Stamey Thomas A. , Freiha Fuad S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe cellular distribution of tissue plasminogen activator in the prostate central zone, prostate peripheral zone, and seminal vesicle was studied by using immunohistochemistry. Samples of these three regions were taken from 20 radical prostatectomy specimens. Sixteen of 18 central zone samples showed positive staining of 20–90% of the epithelial cells. All 15 peripheral zone samples were negative, and only three of 14 seminal vesicles showed positive staining, which was present in less than 5% of cells.The distribution of tissue plasminogen activator within the prostate was the same as that previously reported for pepsinogen II. This suggests that the central zone of the prostate may be the selective site of origin for proteolytic enzymes in seminal fluid.