bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Opening the Closed World of the Cold War and American Nuclear Strategy
Authors: RIX MARK 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT
It is argued in this paper that the closed world of computer simulations and nuclear games which Edwards describes is an imaginary place. Indeed, Edwards' closed world is a caricature of the real world of Cold War and American nuclear strategy. His account of the imaginary world and its development draws on and perpetuates the folklore of Cold War and American nuclear strategy. The folklore, which fails to acknowledge the frightening realities of the strategy of nuclear deterrence, has achieved a high level of academic respectability in the United States and elsewhere. Even though Edwards does not simply accept the folklore chapter and verse, enough of it survives intact in his book to leave his history of computers in the Cold War wanting at key stages and in important respects. Because he likens nuclear war to a computer game, he seriously underestimates the grave risks and dangers that accompanied American preparations and planning for nuclear war with the Soviet Union. In the end, Edwards trivialises the deadly serious business of nuclear war planning and preparation.
Competition and Copyright: Retransmission of Free-to-Air Television Signals by Pay TV Services
Authors: LEVY JONATHAN D. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Free-to-air television stations remain the most popular source of programming, even in pay TV households. Consumers value the bundling of pay TV channels with retransmitted free-to-air channels for a variety of reasons, in particular the improved signal quality provided in areas where off-air reception is less than ideal. Hence, the conditions under which pay TV services can retransmit free-to-air signals are of crucial importance. This paper compares US and Australian signal retransmission regulations and assesses their impact on competition between pay TV and free-to-air television and on actual or potential competition between pay TV media such as cable and satellite television. The analysis also touches on the competitive implications of common ownership of satellite and cable pay TV services. To place the signal retransmission issues in the proper context, the paper examines differences in the structure of free-to-air television distribution systems in Australia and the US. In particular, it contrasts the Australian tendency to distribute most programming and sell most advertising nationally with the more locally oriented network—affiliate system in the US. The paper considers the relative merits of compulsory licensing and full copyright protection for free-to-air television signals and examines mandatory signal carriage (‘must-carry’) regulations.
A Comparative Macro-level Assessment of New Zealand's ‘National Innovation System’
Authors: Engelbrecht Hans-Jürgen , Darrogh Jenny 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT
It has been argued that the power of the concept of a ‘National Innovation System’ (NIS) lies in its comparative nature. Adopting this viewpoint, we provide a comparative snapshot of New Zealand's NIS. Using macro-level indicators to measure innovation, knowledge absorption and diffusion, we compare the performance of New Zealand with that of other OECD economies. The data indicate that New Zealand continues to have a weak NIS, despite major changes to its research, science and technology sector since the late 1980s, and despite its openness to foreign direct investment. We conclude with some general policy considerations to remedy what, by international comparison, still seems to be a NIS failure in New Zealand. The paper also suggests directions for further research.
Exploring the Social Construction of IT Policy—Thailand and Singapore
Authors: Corbitt Brian 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT
This paper explores the nature of two IT policies, one in Singapore and one in Thailand. The analysis employed suggests that IT policies are socially constructed and thus reflect discourse and ideologies that are pervasive in society. As such then a comparison of the two policies should reflect a difference. This paper argues that the differences between the Singaporean and Thai national IT policies reflect differences in the discourses that frame the social construction of the policy in each case. This paper argues that one fundamental difference between the IT policies implemented in Thailand and Singapore is that the Thai policy is introspective reflecting a deferent society, whilst Singapore's is outward looking and pointedly global, reflecting a society markedly more extrovert. In analysing the text of the two policies it is argued that IT policy reflects a discourse framed by the state, which in turn represents the dominant discourse in society.
A National Linkage Program for Technological Innovation
Authors: Mohannak Kavoos 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT
A new perspective and conceptual framework of institutional linkages is explored and an institutional linkage model is developed. The model incorporates the linkage patterns and characterises major policy issues affecting technological innovation and technology transfer among the participating organisations. The development of the linkage model will draw on the insights provided by the literature on innovation. Particularly, it is argued that the nature and role of the linkage in technology development is a reflection of a generalised version of an interactive and systemic model of innovation which would suggest policy implications for promoting linkages and interactions within National Systems of Innovation.
The Protein Feature Ontology: a tool for the unification of protein feature annotations
Authors: Reeves Gabrielle A. , Eilbeck Karen , Magrane Michele , O'Donovan Claire , Montecchi-Palazzi Luisa , Harris Midori A. , Orchard Sandra , Jimenez Rafael C. , Prlic Andreas , Hubbard Tim J. P. , Hermjakob Henning , Thornton Janet M. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractMotivation: The advent of sequencing and structural genomics projects has provided a dramatic boost in the number of uncharacterized protein structures and sequences. Consequently, many computational tools have been developed to help elucidate protein function. However, such services are spread throughout the world, often with standalone web pages. Integration of these methods is needed and so far this has not been possible as there was no common vocabulary available that could be used as a standard language.Results: The Protein Feature Ontology has been developed to provide a structured controlled vocabulary for features on a protein sequence or structure and comprises ∼100 positional terms, now integrated into the Sequence Ontology (SO) and 40 non-positional terms which describe features relating to the whole-protein sequence. In addition, post-translational modifications are described by using a pre-existing ontology, the Protein Modification Ontology (MOD). This ontology is being used to integrate over 150 distinct annotations provided by the BioSapiens Network of Excellence, a consortium comprising 19 partner sites in Europe.Availability: The Protein Feature Ontology can be browsed by accessing the ontology lookup service at the European Bioinformatics Institute (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/ontology-lookup/browse.do?ontName=BS).Contact: gabby@ebi.ac.uk
REJECTOR: software for population history inference from genetic data via a rejection algorithm
Authors: Jobin Matthew J. , Mountain Joanna L. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Summary: We introduce REJECTOR, software for parameter estimation and comparison of alternate models of population history from genetic data via a rejection algorithm. Through coalescent simulation, REJECTOR generates numerous gene genealogies, and hence simulated data, under a model of population history specified by the user. Summary statistics derived from such simulated data are compared with observed statistics, leading to acceptance or rejection of a given set of parameter values. We performed tests of the software using known parameter values in order to assess the inferential power provided by each summary statistic. The tests demonstrate the precision and accuracy of estimation made possible using this approach.
Availability: http://www.rejector.org
Contact: mjobin@stanford.edu
Supplementary Information: Supplementary data are available at http://www.rejector.org/guide.pdf
Regional factors associated with the distribution of South American fur seals along the Atlantic coast of South America
Authors: Túnez Juan I. , Cappozzo Humberto L. , Cassini Marcelo H. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Túnez, J. I., Cappozzo, H. L., and Cassini, M. H. 2008. Regional factors associated with the distribution of South American fur seals along the Atlantic coast of South America. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 1733–1738. Breeding colonies of the South American fur seal (Arctocephalus australis) are not homogeneously distributed along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean, but show an unusual patchiness, with colonies located only at the northern and southern extremities of the breeding range. We used bibliographic data of censuses carried out in the mid- and late 20th century, along with a Geographic Information System, to compare the pattern of distribution of colonies during these two periods, and to identify the anthropogenic and natural factors associated with the present pattern at a regional scale, using principal components analysis. The distribution of colonies did not vary in the period analysed even when the population abundance increased tenfold. The distribution was associated with the distance to the continental shelf break, and the availability of island and protected areas. We conclude that A. australis colonies are located in places where the continental shelf is narrow and there is no human disturbance.
Selection and Characterization of Hepatitis C Virus Replicons Dually Resistant to the Polymerase and Protease Inhibitors HCV-796 and Boceprevir (SCH 503034)
Authors: Flint Mike , Mullen Stanley , Deatly Anne M. , Chen Wei , Miller Lynn Z. , Ralston Robert , Broom Colin , Emini Emilio A. , Howe Anita Y. M. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT
HCV-796 is a nonnucleoside inhibitor of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) nonstructural protein 5B (NS5B) polymerase, and boceprevir is an inhibitor of the NS3 serine protease. The emergence of replicon variants resistant to the combination of HCV-796 and boceprevir was evaluated. Combining the inhibitors greatly reduced the frequency with which resistant colonies arose; however, some resistant replicon cells could be isolated by the use of low inhibitor concentrations. These replicons were approximately 1,000-fold less susceptible to HCV-796 and 9-fold less susceptible to boceprevir. They also exhibited resistance to anthranilate nonnucleoside inhibitors of NS5B but were fully sensitive to inhibitors of different mechanisms: a pyranoindole, Hsp90 inhibitors, an NS5B nucleoside inhibitor, and pegylated interferon (Peg-IFN). The replicon was cleared from the combination-resistant cells by extended treatment with Peg-IFN. Mutations known to confer resistance to HCV-796 (NS5B C316Y) and boceprevir (NS3 V170A) were present in the combination-resistant replicons. These changes could be selected together and coexist in the same genome. The replicon bearing both changes exhibited reduced sensitivity to inhibition by HCV-796 and boceprevir but had a reduced replicative capacity.
Inhibition of Endothelial Interleukin-8 Production and Neutrophil Transmigration byStaphylococcus aureusBeta-Hemolysin
Authors: Tajima Akiko , Iwase Tadayuki , Shinji Hitomi , Seki Keiko , Mizunoe Yoshimitsu 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTNeutrophils play a crucial role in the host response to infection withStaphylococcus aureus, which is a major human pathogen capable of causing life-threatening disease. Interleukin-8 (IL-8) is a potent chemoattractant and activator of neutrophils. We previously reported thatS. aureussecretes a factor that suppresses IL-8 production by human endothelial cells. Here we isolated an inhibitor of IL-8 production from the supernatant and identified it as staphylococcal beta-hemolysin. Beta-hemolysin reduced IL-8 production without cytotoxicity to endothelial cells. Pretreatment with beta-hemolysin decreased the expression of both IL-8 mRNA and protein induced by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). Migration of neutrophils across TNF-α-activated endothelium was also inhibited by beta-hemolysin. In contrast, beta-hemolysin had no effect on intercellular adhesive molecule 1 expression in activated endothelial cells. These results showed that beta-hemolysin produced byS. aureusinterferes with inflammatory signaling in endothelial cells and may helpS. aureusevade the host immune response.
The Mechanism of
Bacillus anthracis
Intracellular Germination Requires Multiple and Highly Diverse Genetic Loci
Authors: Barua Soumitra , McKevitt Matthew , DeGiusti Kevin , Hamm Elaine E. , Larabee Jason , Shakir Salika , Bryant Katie , Koehler Theresa M. , Blanke Steven R. , Dyer David , Gillaspy Allison , Ballard Jimmy D. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT

In an effort to better understand the mechanisms by which
Bacillus anthracis
establishes disease, experiments were undertaken to identify the genes essential for intracellular germination. Eighteen diverse genetic loci were identified via an enrichment protocol using a transposon-mutated library of
B. anthracis
spores, which was screened for mutants delayed in intracellular germination. Fourteen transposon mutants were identified in genes not previously associated with
B. anthracis
germination and included disruption of factors involved in membrane transport, transcriptional regulation, and intracellular signaling. Four mutants contained transposon insertions in
gerHA, gerHB, gerHC
, and
pagA
, respectively, each of which has been previously associated with germination or survival of
B. anthracis
within macrophages. Strain MIGD101 (named for macrophage intracellular germination defective 101) was of particular interest, since this mutant contained a transposon insertion in an intergenic region between BAs2807 and BAs2808, and was the most highly represented mutant in the enrichment. Analysis of
B. anthracis
MIGD101 by confocal microscopy and differential heat sensitivity following macrophage infection revealed ungerminated spores within the cell. Moreover,
B. anthracis
MIGD101 was attenuated in cell killing relative to the parent strain. Further experimental analysis found that
B. anthracis
MIGD101 was defective in five known
B. anthracis
germination pathways, supporting a mechanism wherein the intergenic region between BAs2807 and BAs2808 has a global affect on germination of this pathogen. Collectively, these findings provide insight into the mechanisms supporting
B. anthracis
germination within host cells.
Toll-Like Receptor 9 Modulates Immune Responses toAspergillus fumigatusConidia in Immunodeficient and Allergic Mice
Authors: Ramaprakash Hemanth , Ito Toshihiro , Standiford Theodore J. , Kunkel Steven L. , Hogaboam Cory M. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTThe role of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) in antifungal responses in the immunodeficient and allergic host is unclear. We investigated the role of TLR9 in murine models of invasive aspergillosis and fungal asthma. Neutrophil-depleted TLR9 wild-type (TLR9+/+) and TLR9-deficient (TLR9−/−) mice were challenged with resting or swollenAspergillus fumigatusconidia and monitored for survival and lung inflammatory responses. The absence of TLR9 delayed, but did not prevent, mortality in immunodeficient mice challenged with resting or swollen conidia compared to TLR9+/+mice. In a fungal asthma model, TLR9+/+and TLR9−/−mice were sensitized to solubleA. fumigatusantigens and challenged with resting or swollenA. fumigatusconidia, and both groups of mice were analyzed prior to and at days 7, 14, and 28 after the conidium challenge. When challenged with resting conidia, TLR9−/−mice exhibited significantly lower airway hyper-responsiveness compared to the TLR9+/+groups. In contrast,A. fumigatus-sensitized TLR9−/−mice exhibited pulmonary fungal growth at days 14 and 28 after challenge with swollen conidia, a finding never observed in their allergic wild-type counterparts. Increased fungal growth in allergic TLR9−/−mice correlated with markedly decreased dectin-1 expression in whole lung samples and isolated dendritic cell populations. Further, whole lung levels of interleukin-17 were lower in allergic TLR9−/−mice compared to similar TLR9+/+mice. Together, these data suggest that TLR9 modulates pulmonary antifungal immune responses to swollen conidia, possibly through the regulation of dectin-1 expression.
Inactivation of Rho GTPases by Statins Attenuates Anthrax Lethal Toxin Activity
Authors: deCathelineau Aimee M. , Bokoch Gary M. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT

Anthrax lethal factor (LF), secreted by
Bacillus anthracis
, interacts with protective antigen to form a bipartite toxin (lethal toxin [LT]) that exerts pleiotropic biological effects resulting in subversion of the innate immune response. Although the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases (MKKs) are the major intracellular protein targets of LF, the pathology induced by LT is not well understood. The statin family of HMG-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors have potent anti-inflammatory effects independent of their cholesterol-lowering properties, which have been attributed to modulation of Rho family GTPase activity. The Rho GTPases regulate vesicular trafficking, cytoskeletal dynamics, and cell survival and proliferation. We hypothesized that disruption of Rho GTPase function by statins might alter LT action. We show here that statins delay LT-induced death and MKK cleavage in RAW macrophages and that statin-mediated effects on LT action are attributable to disruption of Rho GTPases. The Rho GTPase-inactivating toxin, toxin B, did not significantly affect LT binding or internalization, suggesting that the Rho GTPases regulate trafficking and/or localization of LT once internalized. The use of drugs capable of inhibiting Rho GTPase activity, such as statins, may provide a means to attenuate intoxication during
B. anthracis
infection.
The PmrA/PmrB Two-Component System ofLegionella pneumophilaIs a Global Regulator Required for Intracellular Replication within Macrophages and Protozoa
Authors: Al-Khodor Souhaila , Kalachikov Sergey , Morozova Irina , Price Christopher T. , Abu Kwaik Yousef 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTTo examine the role of the PmrA/PmrB two-component system (TCS) ofLegionella pneumophilain global gene regulation and in intracellular infection, we constructedpmrAandpmrBisogenic mutants by allelic exchange. Genome-wide microarray gene expression analyses of thepmrAandpmrBmutants at both the exponential and the postexponential phases have shown that the PmrA/PmrB TCS has a global effect on the expression of 279 genes classified into nine groups of genes encoding eukaryotic-like proteins, Dot/Icm apparatus and secreted effectors, type II-secreted proteins, regulators of the postexponential phase, stress response genes, flagellar biosynthesis genes, metabolic genes, and genes of unknown function. Forty-one genes were differentially regulated in thepmrAorpmrBmutant, suggesting a possible cross talk with other TCSs. ThepmrBmutant is more sensitive to low pH than thepmrAmutant and the wild-type strain, suggesting that acidity may trigger this TCS. ThepmrBmutant exhibits a significant defect in intracellular proliferation within human macrophages,Acanthamoeba polyphaga, and the ciliateTetrahymena pyriformis. In contrast, thepmrAmutant is defective only in the ciliate. Despite the intracellular growth defect within human macrophages, phagosomes harboring thepmrBmutant exclude late endosomal and lysosomal markers and are remodeled by the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Similar to thedot/icmmutants, the intracellular growth defect of thepmrBmutant is totally rescuedin ciswithin communal phagosomes harboring the wild-type strain. We conclude that the PmrA/PmrB TCS has a global effect on gene expression and is required for the intracellular proliferation ofL. pneumophilawithin human macrophages and protozoa. Differences in gene regulation and intracellular growth phenotypes between thepmrAandpmrBmutant suggests a cross talk with other TCSs.
A Novel Autotransporter Adhesin Is Required for Efficient Colonization during Bubonic Plague
Authors: Lawrenz Matthew B. , Lenz Jonathan D. , Miller Virginia L. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTMany proteins secreted by the type V secretion system (autotransporters) have been linked to virulence in gram-negative bacteria. Several putative conventional autotransporters are present in theYersinia pestisgenome, but only one, YapE, is conserved in the other pathogenicYersiniaspecies. Here, we introduce YapE and demonstrate that it is secreted via a type V mechanism. Inactivation ofyapEinY. pestisresults in decreased efficiency in colonization of tissues during bubonic infection. Coinfection with wild-type bacteria only partially compensates for this defect. Analysis of the host immune response suggests that YapE is required for either efficient colonization at the inoculation site or dissemination to draining lymph nodes. YapE also demonstrates adhesive properties capable of mediating interactions with bacteria and eukaryotic cells. These findings support a role for YapE in modulating host-pathogen interactions that are important for colonization of the mammalian host.
The mortality of women exposed environmentally and domestically to blue asbestos at Wittenoom, Western Australia
Authors: Reid A , Heyworth J , de Klerk N , Musk A W 
Published: October 2008

Objectives:Knowledge of mortality patterns following exposure to asbestos has been determined mostly from cohort studies of men who were exposed to asbestos in their workplace. Women are more likely to have obtained their asbestos exposure domestically or from their environment.Methods:2552 women and girls are documented to have lived in the blue asbestos mining and milling township of Wittenoom between 1943 and 1992 and were not involved in asbestos mining or milling. Quantitative asbestos exposure measurements were derived from periodic dust surveys undertaken in the industry and around the township. Death records were obtained for the period 1950–2004. Standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) were calculated to compare the Wittenoom women’s mortality with that of the Western Australian female population.Results:There were 425 deaths, including 30 from malignant mesothelioma. There was excess mortality for all causes of death (SMR = 1.13), all neoplasms (SMR = 1.42), symptoms, signs and ill defined conditions (SMR = 6.35), lung cancer (SMR = 2.15) and pneumoconiosis (SMR = 11.8). Mortality from cancer of the ovary (SMR = 1.52), upper aerodigestive cancers (SMR = 2.70) and tuberculosis (SMR = 5.38) was increased but not significantly. The risk of death from mesothelioma was increased, but not significantly, in residents known to have lived with or washed the clothes of an Australian Blue Asbestos Company asbestos worker (HR = 2.67, 95% CI 0.77 to 9.21; HR = 2.61, 95% CI 0.85 to 7.99, respectively).Conclusion:Women who were former residents of Wittenoom, exposed to asbestos in their environment or in their home, have excess cancer mortality, including mesothelioma, compared with the Western Australian female population.