bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Simple Method for Estimating Poisson’s Ratio of Geosynthetics at Zero Strain
Authors: Shukla Sanjay Kumar , Sivakugan Nagaratnam , Mahto Sitaram 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
A theoretical expression for the Poisson’s ratio of geosynthetics as a function of axial normal strain may be very useful, particularly during the initial design stage of some geosynthetic-related projects. This technical note examines the suitability of such an expression suggested by Giroud 2004 (Geotext. Geomembr., Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 297–305) in detail, and suggests a simple approach to estimate the appropriate values of the Poisson’s ratio of the geosynthetics at zero strain (ν0), which are required for use of this expression. A chart is presented for this purpose, which can be used by knowing the experimental value of the Poisson’s ratio of a geosynthetic at any one nonzero strain. The suggested procedure and proposed chart can equally be applied for estimating ν0 of other similar materials. Based on the limited experimental results presented in this note, the Giroud’s expression is recommended for use with ν0=0.57 for the high density polyethylene (HDPE) geomembranes and ν0=1.75 for the nonwoven geotextiles, assuming that these values will not differ significantly for other similar geosynthetics, because ν0 is dependent only on the nature of material.
A Cyclic Simple Shear Apparatus for Dry Granular Materials
Authors: Ansell P , Brown SF 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
The development of a simple shear apparatus for cyclic loading of dry granular material is described. Full details of the equipment are given together with information on its performance. The motivation for this work was provided by the need to determine the response of granular material in roads and railroads to the modes of cyclic loading imposed by moving traffic. The equipment is relatively simple and is operated by pneumatic rams. Stress conditions on the central third of a rectangular specimen are measured by load cells attached to the loading platens. The top platen is split into three parts to allow differential dilation of the specimen to occur when failure conditions are approached near the ends. Thus, uniform stress conditions are maintained over the central third. Both one directional and reversed shear tests can be performed at frequencies up to about 0.5 Hz on specimens 210 by 140 by 30 mm.
Cubical Triaxial Apparatus for Soil Testing
Authors: Lade PV 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Three different principal stresses can be applied in fixed directions to a cubical specimen in this apparatus. The requirements and the construction and operation principles for the cubical triaxial apparatus are presented. The loading system and the deformation measurement principles are described, and procedures for preparing sand and clay specimens are presented. The advantages and limitations of the cubical triaxial apparatus are discussed. The apparatus is relatively inexpensive to build, and it fulfills all basic requirements for high quality soil testing in three dimensions.
Prediction of Potential Heave of Swelling Soil
Authors: Johnson LD , Snethen DR 
Published: December 2008

AbstractMethods of characterizing swell behavior and predicting total potential heave of foundation soils were compared with field measurements for three test sections. The methods used included nine empirical procedures, three types of consolidometer tests, and a thermocouple psychrometric soil suction method. It was found that simple classification tests can provide reasonable estimates of field heaves. Predictions of potential heave using the consolidometer were sometimes low and may often represent minimal heaves when compared to field observations. Predictions based on the soil suction method provided reasonable upper limits for all test sites.
A Laboratory Method for Preparation of a Layered Soil System
Authors: Murthy MK , Nagaraj TS , Sridharan A 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Most previous laboratory methods for preparation of soil specimens have been intended for homogeneous clays. Here, preparation of a layered soil with alternate layers of fine sand and kaolin is described; the method used closely simulates field conditions. Procedures for sedimentation of layers and techniques for taking vertical, horizontal, and inclined samples are presented. Test results for different samples were found to be reproducible.
Automated Data Acquisition, Transducers, and Dynamic Recording for the Geotechnical Testing Laboratory
Authors: Silver ML 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Automated data acquisition systems combined with appropriate test transducers and dynamic recording equipment can provide the benefits of improved measurement of test values and better use of laboratory personnel in geotechnical testing laboratories. This paper suggests requirements for such data acquisition systems and discusses characteristics that should be designed into the systems to avoid operational difficulties. Tables are provided showing suggested transducer performance characteristics and data acquisition response characteristics.
A Data Acquisition System for Testing the Mechanical Properties of Ice
Authors: Lasca NP , Burns SD , Gajkowski WA 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
A testing system incorporating strain measuring, load application and monitoring, data acquisition and monitoring, and the capacity for an optional pulse-velocity subsystem was designed to determine the mechanical properties of ice. The testing system enables determination of the following test parameters and types of specimen behavior: axial stress and stress rate, axial and circumferential strain and strain rates, and optional P- and S-wave pulse velocities. These data allow the determination of a variety of static and dynamic ice properties.
Strength Testing of Compacted Shale
Authors: Abeyesekera RA , Lovell CW , Wood LE 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Little has been written about the strength testing of compacted soft rocks such as siltstones, claystones, mudstones, and shales. The behavior of one such Indiana shale, the New Providence, was examined. While the testing procedures generally follow those developed for compacted soils, there is sufficient individuality to suggest that a detailed description would be of interest. The preparation, shearing, and definition of failure parameters for triaxial specimens of this Indiana shale are described. A stress ratio between the compaction pressure and the preshear consolidation pressure is a kind of overconsolidation ratio and is a key to the stress-strain observations. Both highly overconsolidated and essentially normally consolidated experimental values are included. The effective stress failure parameters defined by maximum deviator stress are relatively insensitive to all testing variables for this single compacted and soaked shale, and the authors believe this to be the most appropriate failure criterion for nondurable shales.
Estimation of Consolidation Properties of Clay from Field Observations
Authors: Pelletier JH , Olson RE , Rixner JJ 
Published: December 2008

AbstractAnalyses to obtain theoretical time-settlement curves for embankments typically make use of soil properties measured in the laboratory on small disturbed samples subject to strain rates and hydraulic gradients that are several orders of magnitude greater than those encountered in the field. Only analyses of well-documented case histories can demonstrate the validity of such extrapolations. Refined analyses based on detailed field observations of settlements and pore water pressures at various depths beneath the main I-295 highway embankment adjacent to the Fore River in Portland, Me., have demonstrated that: (1) the field e versus log gs curves are typically above the laboratory curves and have a sharper break at ¯σmax; (2) cv is higher in the field than in the laboratory; (3) at this site cr/cv ranged from 1 to 2; and (4) there was a generally good correlation between field properties and reconstructed laboratory properties. At this site the large differences between strain rates and hydraulic gradients in the laboratory and the field apparently did not introduce important errors.
Metal Versus Nonwoven Fiber Fabric Earth Reinforcement in Dry Sands: A Comparative Statistical Analysis of Model Tests
Authors: Tumay MT , Antonini M , Arman A 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
An experimental model study to compare the efficiency of metal and nonwoven fiber fabric reinforcement in mobilizing “sand-tie interaction” was developed. Model retaining walls were constructed in a sample box, sand was pluvially deposited at predetermined relative densities by a specially designed stationary depositor, and reinforcements were placed during deposition at varying levels and concentrations to meet the requirements of a statistical experimental setup. Two phases of tests were performed. Pull-out tests for measuring the lateral reaction on the face of the retaining wall, which consisted of three strain-gage instrumented aluminum plates, were conducted in the first phase. From the results obtained in these tests a comparative statistical analysis was made. During the second phase, the reinforcements in models of reinforced-soil retaining walls were overstressed to failure by surcharging of the backfill, and a comparison of the height of backfill at failure versus the length of the reinforcement was made. It was concluded that fiber fabric has advantages over the metal reinforcement used in the construction of Reinforced Earth® structures.
Consolidation Behavior of Peats
Authors: Dhowian AW , Edil TB 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Four peat samples, covering a wide range of fiber contents, were subjected to one-dimensional consolidation tests. The development and dissipation of excess pore water pressure, effluent outflow, and permeability were also monitored during some of the consolidation tests. The other test variables included the application of back pressure, specimen thickness, and specimen orientation. Significant compression and effluent outflow take place after the dissipation of measurable excess pore water pressure, while permeability decreases drastically during consolidation. The rate of secondary compression, after a certain time, increases with the logarithm of time before gradually decreasing until it vanishes for very large times, resulting in a new stage termed “tertiary” compression. This behavior, along with the observations of peat microstructure, supports the presence of a two-level structure for peats, possibly consisting of macropores and micropores. The rate of compression of peats depends primarily on void ratio; peat type appears to be of secondary importance. Test results provide certain insights into the nature and the mechanisms of peat consolidation. The consolidation behavior of peats is quite distinct from that of other soils and requires special considerations in laboratory testing procedures and interpretation of results.
A Manual for the Chemical Analysis of Metals
Authors: Dulski TR 
Published: December 2008

Description
MNL 25 is a practical laboratory reference that summarizes useful solutions to a wide range of common analytical problems. In its extensive focus on hybrid chemical/instrumental approaches, the manual represents a new approach, containing information otherwise only available by consulting a long list of scattered references.
The organization of MNL 25 follows the analytical process:
Materials covers the physical essentials required to assemble and maintain a laboratory for the chemical analysis of metals.
Samples covers all aspects of the laboratory sample which are largely independent of the analysis.
Separations covers all chemical manipulations which lead to complete or partial isolation of the element of interest.
Measurement covers the quantifying technique which yields the final result .
Quality covers all aspects of quality assurance as they relate to metals analysis laboratories.
The Appendixes include common methods of separation and determination
A concise reference source for laboratory technicians, chemists, and lab managers who are faced with detection limit difficulties,spectroscopic line interferences, precision problems at high concentrations, or with an alloy that takes too long to dissolve. Emphasis on steels, nickel and cobalt based alloys; also copper, aluminum, titanium, lead, and precious metals.
The low-temperature structure of nopinone
Authors: Palin Luca , Brunelli Michela , Wright Jonathan P. , Pattison Philip , Fitch Andrew N. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
6,6-dimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]heptan-2-one, (1R)-(+)-nopinone, is a liquid at room temperature. It solidifies below 260 K to form an orientationally disordered body-centred cubic phase (a = 7.644 Å at 255 K), which transforms to an ordered structure below 240 K. The low-temperature structure has been solved from powder X-ray diffraction data, and is orthorhombic, space group P212121, Z′ = 1, Z = 4, with a = 17.6441(8) Å, b = 6.9682(3) Å, c = 6.5272(3) Å at 120 K.
Ab-initio structure determination from X-ray powder data and solid-state DFT study of monohydrate and anhydrous cyclohexanespiro-5′-hydantoin
Authors: Chattopadhyay Basab , Mukherjee Monika , Kantharaju  , Sureshbabu Vommina V. , Mukherjee Alok K. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
The synthesis, thermal analysis, and crystal structures of cyclohexanespiro-5′-hydantoin monohydrate (I) and its anhydrous form (II) have been reported. The compounds (I) and (II) crystallize in space group Pna21 and P21/c, respectively. In the present work, redetermination of crystal structure of (I) and ab-initio structure analysis of (II) have been accomplished from laboratory X-ray powder diffraction data. The crystal structures of both compounds were solved following direct-space approach, and refined by the Rietveld method and solid-state DFT calculation. The results of two refinement procedures for structure determination from X-ray powder data have been compared. The effect of dehydration of (I) has been revealed in different crystal packing arrangements in (I) and (II). In (I), extensive intermolecular N–H · · · O, and O–H · · · O hydrogen bonds involving lattice water molecules generate a two-dimensional C(5)[R3
3(10)][R4
3(10)] supramolecular assembly, whereas in (II), a C2
2(9)[R2
2(8)] [R2
2(8)] framework is established via intermolecular N–H · · · O hydrogen bonds.
Diffraction analysis of elastic strains in micro and nanostructures
Authors: Thomas Olivier 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Very high stresses arise in thin films and in nanosized structures (lines, dots) because of the constraint of the substrate to which they are attached. The mechanical behavior of these small structures can deviate significantly from scaling laws developed for bulk materials. Moreover, the origins and mag nitudes of these stresses are of great interest in technology as many fabrication and reliability problems are stress related. X-ray diffraction has at least three distinct advantages with respect to strain measurements: 1) it is very sensitive to atomic displacements; 2) it is non-destructive; 3) it can yield the six elements of the strain tensor. In objects with small dimensions stress gradients can arise from the proximity of surfaces or interfaces. The knowledge of strain distributions in such objects is necessary in order to understand their properties. The need to characterize displacement fields in nanostructures together with the advent of third generation synchrotron radiation sources has generated new and powerful methods (coherent diffraction, micro-diffraction, …). This paper reviews some of the recent and promising results in the field of strain measurements in small dimensions via X-ray diffraction.
Alfarabi's Book of Rhetoric: An Arabic-English Translation of Alfarabi's Commentary on Aristotle's Rhetoric
Authors: Ezzaher Lahcen E. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract:
What follows is an Arabic-English translation of Alfarabi's short commentary on Aristotle's Rhetoric. This is the first English translation of a significant medieval Arabic text made available to English-speaking scholars in rhetoric, philosophy, and logic.
L'interprétation de l'ēthos aristotélicien par al-Fārābī
Authors: Woerther Frédérique 
Published: December 2008

Résumé:
Il s'agit ici d'analyser la façon dont al-Fārābī (870–950) a interprété l'ēthos aristotélicien dans les Didascalia in Rethoricam Aristotelis ex glosa Alpharabii, introduction de son Grand Commentaire à la Rhétorique d'Aristote. Alors qu'Aristote organise ses moyens de persuasion en fonction du critère de technicité (pisteis entechnoi vs pisteis atechnoi), al-Fārābī choisit de les classer selon un critère formel puisqu'il distingue les moyens de persuasion syllogistiques des moyens de persuasion non syllogistiques. Pour être cernée au plus près, l'interprétation farabienne de l'ēthos aristotélicien nécessite la prise en compte des conditions dans lesquelles la transmission de la Rhétorique d'Aristote s'est opérée dans le monde oriental, ainsi que le contexte culturel, politico-religieux et philosophique propre à la composition des Didascalia.
Bernard Lamy's L'Art de Parler Addresses Religious Exigencies
Authors: Manolescu Beth Innocenti , Milford Mike 
Published: December 2008

Abstract:
Bernard Lamy's view of rhetoric in L'Art de Parler may be explained as an attempt to address religious exigencies. Lamy advises about two religious roles: theologian and preacher. Theologians' attempts to overcome ignorance and preachers' attempts to overcome willful blindness and inattentiveness in congregations help to account for why Lamy views truth as a matter of certainty rather than probability, and argument as syllogistic rather than connected to style and audience beliefs. Since Lamy conceives of a traditional sense of rhetoric—copious eloquence—as a source of religious problems, he advocates a modernized view of rhetoric to address them.
Application of ridge regression to quantify marginal effects of collinear soil properties on phytotoxicity of arsenic, cadmium, lead, and zinc
Authors: Anderson Richard H. , Basta Nicholas T. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Soil properties that the mitigate hazardous effects of environmental contaminants through soil chemical sequestration should be considered when evaluating ecological risk from terrestrial contamination. The objective of the present research was to identify predominant soil chemical and physical properties that modify the phytotoxicity of As, Cd, Pb, and Zn to the nonhyper-accumulating higher plant perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). Phytotoxicity parameters were estimated from a dose-response experiment using the aboveground dry matter growth endpoint and were correlated with an assortment of relevant soil property measurements, with the ultimate goal of developing statistical prediction models for soil-specific adjustments to ecological risk assessments. Significant correlations between soil properties and phytotoxicity estimates were observed for all four contaminants; however, intercorrelation was observed among soil properties, necessitating an alternative to the conventional multiple regression commonly used by ecotoxicologists. Ridge regression, a regression-based technique that suppresses the effects of multicollinearity and enables prediction, was used to assess the marginal contributions of all properties found to mitigate phytotoxicity. Ridge regression models are presented along with two common conventional regression methods and are collectively discussed within the context of the mitigating effects of soil properties on metal/metalloid phytotoxicity. Ridge regression appears to be a powerful alternative to conventional multiple regression for ecotoxicological studies when intercorrelation among predictors is experimentally unavoidable, such as with soil properties.
Comparing methods for analyzing overdispersed binary data in aquatic toxicology
Authors: Noble Robert B. , Bailer A. John , Noe Douglas A. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Historically, death is the most commonly studied effect in aquatic toxicity tests. These tests typically employ a gradient of concentrations and exposure with more than one organism in a series of replicate chambers in each concentration. Whereas a binomial distribution commonly is employed for such effects, variability may exceed that predicted by binomial probability models. This additional variability could result from heterogeneity in the probabilities across the chambers in which the organisms are housed and subsequently exposed to concentrations of toxins. Incorrectly assuming a binomial distribution for the statistical analysis may lead to incorrect statistical inference. We consider the analysis of grouped binary data, here motivated by the study of survival. We use a computer simulation study to examine the impact of overdispersion or outliers on the analysis of binary data. We compare methods that assume binomial or generalizations that accommodate this potential overdispersion. These generalizations include adjusting the standard probit model for clustering/correlation or using alternative estimation methods, generalized estimating equations, or generalized linear mixed models (GLMM). When data were binomial or overdispersed binomial, none of the models exhibited any significant bias when estimating regression coefficients. When the data were truly binomial, the probit model controlled type I errors, as did the Donald and Donner method and the GLMM method. When data were overdispersed, the probit model no longer controlled type I error, and the standard errors were too small. In general, the Donald and Donner and the GLMM methods performed reasonably based on this study, although all procedures suffered some impact in the presence of potential outliers.
Uptake and biotransformation of structurally diverse brominated flame retardants in zebrafish (Danio rerio) after dietary exposure
Authors: Nyholm Jenny Rattfelt , Norman Anna , Norrgren Leif , Haglund Peter , Andersson Patrik L. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractZebrafish (Danio rerio) were fed a diet containing a mixture of 11 structurally diverse brominated flame retardants (BFRs) at nominal concentrations of either 1 or 100 nmol/g for up to 42 d, followed by an elimination period of 14 d. Uptake rates and elimination constants for five of the BFRs were calculated from measurements of their concentrations in the male fish during the exposure and elimination phases. Observed uptake efficiencies were highest for 2,4,4′-tribromodiphenyl ether (BDE 28) and 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)cyclohexane (TBECH) and were lowest for decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209). Estimated half-lives for TBECH and 2,4,6-tribromophenol were short (&lt;2 d). Four BFR metabolites were identified in the fish: 2,2′,3,4′,5′,6-Hexabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 149), 2,2′,4,4′,5,6′-hexabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 154), 2,4,6-tribromoanisole, and 1,2,4,5-hex-abromobenzene. These metabolites were still present in the zebrafish after the 14-d elimination period. No relationship between the BFR concentrations in the zebrafish and their log octanol-water partition coefficient (KOW) values was found. Generally, low tendencies to bioaccumulate were observed for perbrominated and hydroxylated compounds. The observed accumulation of BFR metabolites in fish, however, shows that low concentration of a BFR does not provide, in isolation, a sound indication that the BFR poses low risks.