bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reproductive strategy and the compositional dynamics of crustose lichen communities on aspen (Populus tremula L.) in Scotland
Authors: ELLIS Christopher J. , COPPINS Brian J. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract:Ecological studies are essential in understanding the response of crustose lichens to habitat dynamics and developing effective conservation strategy. While the combined response of individual crustose species within a community will be tremendously complex, the overall result of individualistic change can be simplified using trait-based analyses. In this paper we examine the response of crustose species with contrasting reproductive traits (predominantly sexual vs asexual reproduction) and which occur within a closely defined habitat (as epiphytes on the lower bole of aspen) to environmental drivers measured at two different scales, i.e. between and within aspen stands. Our results point to the important effect of tree age and subsequent shifts in bark quality (pH) on the composition of the crustose community. However, shifts in community composition putatively controlled by bark quality comprise a change from a community dominated by sexual species to a community with mostly asexual crusts. Our results suggest therefore that variation within this crustose community may be driven by the combined effects of allogenic change (tree age and bark quality) and autogenic processes that are related to a species’ adaptive life-history traits.
Nematicidal effects of cysteine proteinases against sedentary plant parasitic nematodes
Authors: STEPEK G. , CURTIS R. H. C. , KERRY B. R. , SHEWRY P. R. , CLARK S. J. , LOWE A. E. , DUCE I. R. , BUTTLE D. J. , BEHNKE J. M. 
Published: July 2007

SUMMARYCysteine proteinases from the fruit and latex of plants, such as papaya, pineapple and fig, have previously been shown to have substantial anthelmintic efficacy,in vitroandin vivo, against a range of animal parasitic nematodes. In this paper, we describe thein vitroeffects of these plant extracts against 2 sedentary plant parasitic nematodes of the generaMeloidogyneandGlobodera. All the plant extracts examined caused digestion of the cuticle and decreased the activity of the tested nematodes. The specific inhibitor of cysteine proteinases, E-64, blocked this activity completely, indicating that it was essentially mediated by cysteine proteinases.In vitro, plant cysteine proteinases are active against second-stage juveniles ofM. incognitaandM. javanica, and some cysteine proteinases also affect the second-stage juveniles ofGlobodera rostochiensis. It is not known yet whether these plant extracts will interfere with, or prevent invasion of, host plants.
Lee Teng-hui and the Idea of “Taiwan”
Authors: Jacobs J. Bruce , Ben Liu I-Hao 
Published: July 2007

AbstractLee Teng-hui, president of Taiwan from 1988 to 2000, played an important role in launching the widespread nationalism in Taiwan today. Since the end of his presidency, Lee has pushed very hard for a separate Taiwan nation, but during his terms of office he moved very cautiously and only announced his “special state-to-state” relationship to describe Taiwan's relations with China after China repeatedly refused to negotiate. Although Lee's efforts at democratization have received widespread affirmation in Taiwan, his efforts in creating Taiwan nationalism have proven more controversial.
Mao's Parades: State Spectacles in China in the 1950s
Authors: Hung Chang-Tai 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPolitical parades in the People's Republic of China are a rich and complex cultural text from which historians can gain a deeper understanding of the nature and policies of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). The CCP's state spectacles, primarily the parades during the May Day and National Day (1 October) celebrations held in Tiananmen Square in the 1950s, were a well-organized political ritual with multiple purposes: festivals of iconoclasm, demolishing the old order and embracing the new era of socialism; a legitimation of the CCP's authority; a display of myriad achievements under communism; an affirmation of the centrality of Mao's role in modern Chinese revolutionary history; and an announcement of China's presence in the international socialist camp. The parades, although influenced by the Soviet Union, exhibited strong native colours. They also reflected a nation undergoing political and economic changes. In the end, Mao Zedong and his senior Party leaders, acting both as actors and directors, carefully controlled and choreographed the paraders, who were themselves the audience, in Tiananmen Square to heap praise on the achievements of the Party and its chairman.
Comparing Poverty Among Older People in Urban China Internationally
Authors: Saunders Peter 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe decline in China's overall poverty rate in recent decades reflects the success of the economic reforms, but it is also important to examine the structure of poverty. Its incidence among older people can highlight where and how pension schemes and other mechanisms succeed in providing income adequacy in old age. This article compares poverty rates among the aged living by themselves (or with their spouse) in urban China with those existing in a range of other, mainly richer industrial countries. It uses data from a national survey of the aged in China conducted in 2000 and estimates derived from the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS), an international project that has set the standards for comparative research on economic well-being, poverty and inequality. The results provide a robust assessment of how well China has performed in reducing poverty among older people. Using poverty lines set at one-half of median and mean income, the analysis indicates that while relative poverty among older people in urban China exceeds that in other countries, the gap varies with living arrangements, where the poverty line is set and how older people are defined, but is far smaller than the underlying differences in per capita income.
Women as State-Builders in Qinghai Province: Evidence from the 2000 Census
Authors: Rohlf Greg 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDuring the Qing dynasty, the expansion of the Chinese empire was led by male-dominated institutions. This pattern continued into the first decades of the People's Republic of China. Qinghai province was on the receiving end of largely male population transfers beginning in the 1950s. In the 1960s and 1970s, in-migration continued at lower levels but the gender balance of in- and out-migration shifted. Official population figures show that the population of Han women grew faster than Han men in the 1960s and 1970s despite ongoing male resettlement and sex ratios at birth that favoured males. The faster rate of growth for Han women is therefore most likely to be the result of population transfers to Qinghai, rather than births or deaths. One can also see evidence of population transfers of women in the 1960s and 1970s in two middle-aged cohorts of Qinghai's urban population in 2000 that are dominated by females. It is likely that this bulge in the numbers of middle-aged women in Qinghai's municipalities has been produced by population transfers and that it reflects a state policy to adjust the imbalanced gender ratios it had created in the 1950s.
An exercise tissue Doppler and strain rate imaging study of diastolic myocardial dysfunction after Kawasaki syndrome in childhood
Authors: Arnold Raoul , Goebel Björn , Ulmer Herbert E. , Gorenflo Matthias , Poerner Tudor C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractObjectiveMyocardial dysfunction due to coronary arterial lesions is an important complication after Kawasaki syndrome in childhood. Tissue Doppler echocardiography, and strain rate imaging, have shown their value in detecting regional myocardial dysfunction in coronary arterial disease. We aimed to examine the diagnostic value of these methods in patients with coronary arterial lesions after Kawasaki syndrome.MethodsWe assessed regional myocardial function in 17 asymptomatic patients with coronary arterial lesions. Follow-up coronary angiographies were available in all cases. Tissue Doppler echocardiography, and strain rate imaging, were performed at rest and during bicycle exercise. Examination included peak systolic and diastolic velocities, peak systolic strain and strain rate. We enrolled 17 age- and gender-matched persons to serve as a control group.ResultsSegmental left ventricular longitudinal function did not significantly differ between the groups with respect to peak systolic velocity, strain, and strain rate. Diastolic abnormalities were identified in segments supplied by coronary arteries with stenotic lesions. Peak diastolic velocity decreased significantly during exercise in those areas, from 77 plus or minus 34 to 59 plus or minus 56 millimetres per second, p smaller than 0.05. Under exercise, a peak diastolic velocity value under 90 millimetres per second enabled us to identify coronary arterial stenosis with a sensitivity of 75 percent and specificity of 64 percent.ConclusionsAfter Kawasaki syndrome, diastolic impairment develops in segments supplied by stenotic coronary arteries before systolic dysfunction is detectable. Exercise tissue Doppler echocardiography has the potential to detect these subtle abnormalities, and help monitor progression of the disease.
The peoples of the north in the eyes of the Muslims of Umayyad al-Andalus (711–1031)
Authors: Bennison Amira K. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis article explores how the Muslim inhabitants of the Iberian peninsula, known in Arabic as al-Andalus, located themselves in space and time in relation to other ‘Europeans’. It has been asserted that Muslims did not show much interest in the peoples living beyond the boundaries of the Islamic world before European imperialism impacted upon them, and that much of what they did write was formulaic and predicated on the primordial religious enmity which existed between Muslims and non-Muslims. While true up to a point, this article attempts to nuance this argument, and point to ways in which the Muslims of al-Andalus did refer to other peoples and other epochs, and incorporate them into their worldview, thereby positioning themselves not only within the dār al-islām but also within a Mediterranean historical trajectory. It also looks at the ways in which northerners did participate in and shape Andalusi society, despite the reluctance of much Arabic writing to fully record or recognize this phenomenon.
High specificity but contrasting biodiversity of Sphagnum-associated bacterial and plant communities in bog ecosystems independent of the geographical region
Authors: Opelt Katja , Berg Christian , Schönmann Susan , Eberl Leo , Berg Gabriele 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Mosses represent ecological niches that harbor a hitherto largely uncharacterized microbial diversity. To investigate which factors affect the biodiversity of bryophyte-associated bacteria, we analyzed the bacterial communities associated with two moss species, which exhibit different ecological behaviors and importance in bog ecosystems, Sphagnum magellanicum and Sphagnum fallax, from six temperate and boreal bogs in Germany and Norway. Furthermore, their surrounding plant communities were studied. Molecular analysis of bacterial communities was determined by single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis using eubacterial and genus-specific primers for the dominant genera Burkholderia and Serratia as well as by sequence analysis of a Burkholderia 16S rRNA gene clone library. Plant communities were analyzed by monitoring the abundance and composition of bryophyte and vascular plant species, and by determining ecological indicator values. Interestingly, we found a high degree of host specificity for associated bacterial and plant communities of both Sphagnum species independent of the geographical region. Calculation of diversity indices on the basis of SSCP gels showed that the S. fallax-associated communities displayed a statistically significant higher degree of diversity than those associated with S. magellanicum. In contrast, analyses of plant communities of Sphagnum-specific habitats resulted in a higher diversity of S. magellanicum-specific habitats for all six sites. The higher content of nutrients in the S. fallax-associated ecosystems can explain higher diversity of microorganisms.
Effects of cattle husbandry on abundance and activity of methanogenic archaea in upland soils
Authors: Radl Viviane , Gattinger Andreas , Chroňáková Alica , Němcová Anna , Čuhel Jiri , Šimek Miloslav , Munch Jean Charles , Schloter Michael , Elhottová Dana 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that animal treading associated with a high input of organic matter would favour methanogenesis in soils used as overwintering pasture. Hence, methane emissions and methanogen populations were examined at sections with different degree of cattle impact in a Farm in South Bohemia, Czech Republic. In spring, methane emission positively corresponded to the gradient of animal impact. Applying phospholipid etherlipid analysis, the highest archaeal biomass was found in section severe impact (SI), followed by moderate impact (MI) and no impact. The same trend was observed for the methanogens as showed by real-time quantitative PCR analyses of methyl coenzyme M reductase (mcrA) genes. The detection of monounsaturated isoprenoid side chain hydrocarbons (i20:1) indicated the presence of acetoclastic methanogens in the cattle-impacted sites. This result was corroborated by the phylogenetic analysis of mcrA gene sequences obtained from section SI, which showed that 33% of the analysed clones belonged to the genus Methanosarcina. The majority of the sequenced clones (41%) showed close affiliations with uncultured rumen archaeons. This leads to the assumption that a substantial part of the methanogenic community in plot SI derived from the grazing cattle itself. Compared to the spring sampling, in autumn, a significant reduction in archaeal biomass and number of copies of mcrA genes was observed mainly for section MI. It can be concluded that after 5 months without cattle impact, the severely impact section maintained its methane production potential, whereas the methane production potential under moderate impact returned to background values.
Designing tools to evaluate fishery management strategies: can the scientific community deliver?
Authors: Schnute Jon T. , Maunder Mark N. , Ianelli James N. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSchnute, J. T., Maunder, M. N., and Ianelli, J. N. 2007. Designing tools to evaluate fishery management strategies: can the scientific community deliver? – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 1077–1084. Techniques for quantitative fishery management have evolved rapidly during a period when computers, programming languages, and computational algorithms have also changed dramatically. Despite these advances, many stock assessment methods remain untested. A process of management strategy evaluation (MSE) could potentially rectify this problem, but it would require a framework in which to conduct systematic tests. We survey the tools currently used for stock assessments and discuss the development of new standards for testing management procedures. A successful project would depend on human skills scattered among various nations, organizations, and academic disciplines. Analogies from civil engineering illustrate the discipline and collaboration required for an effective outcome. If the world community of fishery scientists could design, build, and support such a project, it would revolutionize the theory, teaching, and practice of scientific fishery management.
Potential Impact of Pyrethroid Resistance in Helicoverpa zea to the Midwest Processing Industry: Sweet Corn and Snap Beans
Authors: Flood Brian R. , Rabaey Thomas L. 
Published: July 2007

Midwest food processors are well positioned to avoid major crop losses, and product contamination resulting from pyrethroid resistance in corn earworm (CEW), Helicoverpa zea (Boddie). However, we do recognize risks associated with late-season plantings, particularly for sweet corn and snap beans. CEW usually migrate into the production areas by late July to mid-August. Crops at risk for most Midwest locations primarily include sweet corn planted after 10 June and snap beans planted after 10 July (about 25% of the Midwest acreage). Pyrethroid insecticides continue to be the commercial standard, with alternative chemistries either ineffective or more expensive. The CEW “treatment window” for sweet corn is from row tassel to dark brown silk and, for snap beans, from bloom to 10 days before harvest. In sweet corn, CEW is only vulnerable as an adult, egg, or early instar feeding on the silk. If left untreated, or with insecticide failure, we anticipate a loss of about one square inch of kernels per larva (2 cases/ton of final cut-corn product). The loss of kernels and the creation of black kernels from contamination associated with feeding injury are estimated to have a market cost in excess of $100/acre, or $6 million for Midwest sweet corn and snap beans. We currently have no effective alternative insecticides for CEW for either crop. In the short term, processors will likely use higher rates of pyrethroids, shorter intervals, and/or additional treatments. Long term, we will increasingly rely on a “process-out” approach to husk out, wash out, and vision-sort larval contaminants and damaged kernels. Accepted for publication 23 February 2007. Published 19 July 2007.
Improving our Understanding of Helicoverpa zea Migration in the Midwest: Assessment of Source Populations
Authors: Sandstrom Michael A. , Changnon David , Flood Brian R. 
Published: July 2007

Corn earworm (Helicoverpa zea) (CEW) generally are not able to overwinter annually in the Upper Midwest, thus they must migrate northward to affect the primary vegetable-growing locations in this area. Migration of CEW is highly dependent on the weather. Provided a source region in the southern United States, migration of CEW from south to north appeared to occur when a high-pressure system was located in the eastern United States and a low-pressure system and attendant frontal boundary was observed to the east of the Rocky Mountains and/or northern plains states. Southerly wind flow located west of the high and east of the low forms an “insect pump.” Convection cells allowed CEW to lift and advance from their source region northward in the low-level insect pump. When CEW encountered an area of downward motion during their northward flight, such as a frontal boundary or a light precipitation area, they had a tendency to “drop out” of the sky into fields below, an area referred to as the “Drop Zone.” Favorable weather patterns for CEW migration and subsequent infestation of fields in north-central Illinois were confirmed by high CEW trap counts at Rochelle over the last four decades. Accepted for publication 5 September 2006. Published 19 July 2007.
Percutaneous Versus Surgical Tracheotomy: An Updated Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Oliver Eric R. , Gist Amber , Gillespie M Boyd 
Published: July 2007

AbstractObjective: Perform an updated meta‐analysis investigating differences in complication rates, procedure times, and costs between percutaneous dilational tracheotomy (PDT), operating room surgical tracheotomy (ST), and bedside surgical tracheotomy (BST).Methods: Meta‐analysis using the Mantel‐Haenszel fixed effects model. Prospective and randomized trials comparing ST with PDT from 1999 to present were identified through two independent searches. Outcome measures analyzed included mortality, early complications, late complications, procedure times, and cost.Results: Fourteen studies were identified (1,273 patients) that satisfied the search criteria. Analysis of randomized studies demonstrated significantly more minor early complications with PDT compared with ST (odds ratio [OR], 1.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01–2.66). Randomized studies comparing PDT with BST demonstrated significantly more early complications with PDT (OR, 4.66; 95% CI, 1.46–14.91). There was no significant difference in late serious complications in studies that randomized patients to ST or PDT (OR, 1.39; 95% CI, 0–16,000). PDT is significantly faster to perform than ST (OR, 0.51; 95% CI, 95% 0.49–0.53). BST and PDT have similar costs, and both are less expensive than ST.Conclusions: Although significantly faster than ST, PDT has more early complications compared with open tracheotomy in the operating room or at the bedside. The long‐term complications of the two techniques appear comparable but have not been thoroughly investigated. These findings suggest that a team approach between surgeons and critical care specialists is essential to select the appropriate tracheotomy technique for a given patient.
Hard Palate Necrosis After Bilateral Internal Maxillary Artery Embolization for Epistaxis
Authors: Guss Joel , Cohen Marc A. , Mirza Natasha 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSuperselective embolization is an effective method of treating epistaxis that is refractory to conservative treatment. Soft tissue necrosis is a rare complication owing to the extensive collateral blood supply of the head and neck. We describe the case of a patient who developed unilateral necrosis of the mucosa overlying the hard palate after undergoing bilateral internal maxillary artery embolization. The presence of a nasopharyngeal balloon and bilateral nasal packs for 2 days after embolization may have compressed collateral vessels in the soft palate and nose and contributed to this complication. Packing should be removed as soon as possible after embolization.
Excision repair cross‐complementation group 1 predicts progression‐free and overall survival in non‐small cell lung cancer patients treated with platinum‐based chemotherapy
Authors: Azuma Koichi , Komohara Yoshihiro , Sasada Tetsuro , Terazaki Yasuhiro , Ikeda Jiro , Hoshino Tomoaki , Itoh Kyogo , Yamada Akira , Aizawa Hisamichi 
Published: July 2007

Expression of excision repair cross‐complementation group 1 (ERCC1), p53, or thioredoxin (TRX) is reported to be correlated with resistance to platinum‐based drugs. The authors evaluated whether ERCC1, p53, or TRX expression could predict progression‐free and/or overall survival in relapsed non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients treated with platinum‐based chemotherapy. Immunohistochemistry was used to examine the expression of these three proteins in resected lung tumor samples obtained from 67 patients treated with platinum‐based chemotherapy against recurrent tumors after curative resection. Immunostaining for ERCC1, p53, and TRX was positive in 29, 35, and 24 patients, respectively. Patients negative for ERCC1 had a significantly longer median progression‐free (44 vs 26 weeks, P = 0.0075) and overall (73 vs 44 weeks, P = 0.0006) survival than those positive for ERCC1. Patients negative for p53 expression had a significantly longer median overall (70 vs 62 weeks, P = 0.0289), but not progression‐free (37.5 vs 36 weeks, P = 0.2465), survival than those positive for p53 expression. From multivariate analysis, negative ERCC1 expression (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.3740, P = 0.0147) was a significantly favorable factor for progression‐free survival, and negative ERCC1 expression (HR = 1.6533, P = 0.0018) and better performance status (HR = 1.9117, P = 0.0017) were significantly favorable factors for overall survival. This retrospective study indicates that immunostaining for ERCC1 may be useful for predicting survival in NSCLC patients receiving platinum‐based chemotherapy against recurrent tumors after curative resection and can provide critical information for planning personalized chemotherapy. (Cancer Sci 2007; 98: 1336–1343)