bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Successful Hydrajet Acid Squeeze and Multifracture Acid Treatments in Horizontal Open Holes Using Dynamic Diversion Process and Downhole Mixing
Authors: Rees M. J. , Khallad A. , Cheng A. , Rispler K. A. , Surjaatmadja J. B. , McDaniel B. W. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Effective stimulation of wells with long, openhole horizontal completions is generally considered a difficult task, especially in low-permeability carbonate reservoirs that require deep penetration with live acid. Because the creation of multiple effective fractures, the opening (etching) of existing fractures, or the creation of extensive wormholes is generally desired, this task becomes even more difficult, time-consuming, and expensive if conventional acidizing processes are used. If the live acid is not channeled properly, it will be spent rapidly at unwanted locations, often greatly enlarging the fluid-entry point. Under such circumstances, creating etched fractures or wormholes of any significant lengths can be nearly impossible.
A relatively new hydrajet fracturing process can be used to solve this problem. This process can be used in two ways: (1) dynamic fluid energy is used to divert flow into a specific fracture entry point to initiate a fracture at the intended location with live acid directed into this fracture plane, (2) high-pressure downhole mixing is used to create foam for high-intensity acid squeezes. This technique typically uses two independent fluid streams, one in the treating string and another in the annulus. The two fluids (if dissimilar) are mixed downhole at a tremendously high energy to form a homogenous mixture.
This paper discusses and compares the results of conventional acid treatments with various styles of hydrajet fracture-acidizing treatments performed in several openhole horizontal wells within two different areas of the same formation. The novel use of the downhole mixing feature is also discussed.
Temperature Effect on NMR Surface Relaxation
Authors: Godefroy S. , Fleury M. , Deflandre F. , Korb J.-P. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
We present NMR relaxation experiments of water and oil confined in a series of calibrated porous media and natural rocks of different wettability, at various temperatures and magnetic fields. The longitudinal 1/T1 and transverse 1/T2 relaxation rates are interpreted with an original theoretical model which shows that the solid-liquid interactions occurring at the grain surface are responsible for the temperature dependence of the relaxation rates. For instance, 1/T1 and 1/T2 measured on water saturated samples of silica surfaces present an anomalous temperature behavior, contrary to the case of water in porous media with calcium carbonate surfaces. The relaxation rates of oil saturated porous media present always a normal temperature behavior for every surface. The temperature effect is not negligible for high reservoir temperature and should be taken into account or tested when calibrating log data using experiments performed at laboratory temperature.
Use of Mud Microloss Analysis While Drilling to Improve the Formation Evaluation in Fractured Reservoir
Authors: Beda G. , Carugo C. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Massive or small losses of drilling mud, flowing from the wellbore into surrounding formations, can be considered as good indicator of the natural fractures permeability and can be successfully used to support and integrate other detection methodologies.
Most of the techniques currently used for natural fracture detection do not clearly differentiat e between fractures that allow fluid flow and those that do not. Image logs, for example, can accurately locate the presence of fractures but are unable to discriminate between open and closed fractures. The most commonly used techniques to detect the mud losses consist in monitoring the level of the mud pits with acoustic, floating sensors and/or using paddles set inside the flow line that measure the return mud flow rate with a small degree of accuracy.
In the last years these sensors have been partially replaced by the more accurate electromagnetic flowmeters. These tools are able to measure the mud flow rate with an accuracy of around +/− 15–20 litres/min.
The mud losses are now processed in time domain and no more in depth domain, permitting a better accuracy in the identification and location of the conductive (microlosses) events. Moreover, the analysis of the microloss shape can allow the identification of the event causing the losses (natural or induced fracture, matrix porosity etc.).
The main advantages of using mud losses as permeability indicators can be summarised as follows: Direct information about reservoir permeability properties on a large volume of rock,Only conductive fractures are detected,Possibility of distinguishing damaged plugged up conductive fracture from impermeable ones,Inexpensive techniqueApplication and interpretation while drilling.
Some case studies are presented in this paper, showing how the microloss monitoring and analysis can help and support the conventional Formation Evaluation in the detection and location of productive fractures.
A System Engineering Approach to Field Development
Authors: Robertson A. L. , Cunningham P. R. P. , Gayton P. W. , Castell M. K. , Menzies N. A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A system engineering approach can enhance the prospects of field developments by removing the demarcation between technical disciplines. Considering the system as a whole from the reservoir through to final export over the field life can real-ise significant benefits and this paper will demonstrate how this approach has been successfully applied to one project in detail.
The traditional approach to fields is for a reservoir team to analyse the reservoir development scheme and de-velop production profiles. These profiles then form the basis of the facilities design. The facilities design is then carried out on this fixed basis of design. Economics are then applied us-ing the capital cost from the facilities design and the produc-tion profiles from the reservoir analysis. This approach can take considerable time and can have little interface communication.
An alternate approach is to condense the reservoir knowledge into a model that can be integrated into an overall system model which can then be run over the life of field. The model is intended to be simple and fit for purpose and as such, the ease of calculation allows many more outcomes to be considered.
These models can be developed further to include the full economic analysis as well. As the models are simple and computationally efficient, risk analysis can be applied to them such that all the key uncertainties can be analysed and risk profiles developed. This can be used to develop the facilities in such a way as to reduce the development risks. This ap-proach is quick and efficient with the end result being a much more robust system design.
Using Rotary Closed-Loop Drilling to Increase Operational Efficiency and Reduce Operational Risk
Authors: Johnstone John A. , Gruenhagen Hartmut 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper reviews the operational experience gained of utilizing Rotary Closed - Loop Steerable (RCLS) drilling technology on development drilling projects in the UKCS for the period 1997 - 2000. Despite the general decline in drilling activity in this period, there was a significant increase in RCLS drilling activity. Sufficient operational experience has now been gained to a) fully evaluate the impact of the new technology on the drilling operation and to b) make a comparison of RCLS system performance against a conventional drilling operation.
The paper focuses on the following three key performance measures of the RCLS operation: Reliability of the Technology: A review is made of the RCLS system performance, where problems occurred at the introduction of the technology and what solutions were implemented to improve system reliability.Operational Performance: An assessment of the factors which influence the operational efficiency of the RCLS operation is presented and a comparison is made with the operational efficiency of a conventional drilling operation.Safety & Environmental Performance: The introduction of RCLS technology facilitates a safer working environment for drilling operations at the rig site. The positive impact that the technology has made to the drilling operation is reviewed here.
In reviewing past performance, the direct and indirect advantages of deploying RCLS are discussed in light of experience gained on a number of offshore UK North Sea assets including those projects managed by low cost operators or where field economics are marginal.
Case Study: First Intelligent Completion System Installed in the Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Jackson V. B. , Tips T. R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
To maintain profitability in the development of marginal fields, many new technologies and concepts have been exploited. One of the most promising technologies has been the "Intelligent Well Concept," which allows the operator to produce, monitor and control the production of hydrocarbons through remotely operated completion systems. These systems are developed with techniques that allow the well architecture to be reconfigured at will and real-time data to be acquired without any well intervention. This paper concerns a case history in the Gulf of Mexico in which an operator was able to justify completion of marginal wells based upon the cost savings generated from innovative technologies.
The completion methods chosen for this development were successful because of careful preplanning for all phases of the completion scenario and proved that close interaction among all suppliers and parties involved in the actual equipment purchasing, interface issues, and all operational strategies is critical for project success. These topics will be discussed in depth. Detailed test programs were implemented during the design and manufacturing processes to eliminate field failures. In this case, testing revealed system issues that ultimately led to the use of an alternative design.
Also shown is the importance of allowing the proper amount of time to adequately plan and test these systems for their specific applications in order to assure delivery of a design that can meet the functional requirements for that application. In this case, although the system design was changed, the original functional goals were met. Two wells in this field were completed in April and July 1999. An additional well may be completed in early 2000.
Hydraulic Fracture Stimulation in Changbei Tight Gas Reservoir - Challenges and Achievements
Authors: Wong Sau-Wai , Hii King-Kai 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Changbei tight gas reservoir has presented a number of challenges in successful application of fracture stimulation techniques. In an appraisal program, 4 wells have been fracture stimulated. Issues related to fracture containment and high fluid leak-off in coal layers above and below the sand reservoir have led to a number of design and operation challenges. The fractures placed have led to significant production improvements, up to a factor of 10 over pre-frac production. This paper gives an overview of the treatment operations, and without going into details of fracture design and execution, key aspects are outlined and their implications discussed.
Use of Well Flowrate-Pressure Data to Estimate Formation Drainage-Area Static Pressure
Authors: Medina P. Raul A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A method has been developed to estimate the reservoir drainage-area static pressure (P¯) and the well skin factor (s) through the analysis of flow-after-flow tests. Previous analysis methods of these flowing tests required the indispensable prior knowledge of P¯ for their analyses. The present method obtain P¯and s values from the proposed graphic method Log(Pwf /J) vs. Log(Q) and the equations presented in the paper.
Two previous published data of flow-after-flow tests in oil wells were analyzed, obtaining an excellent prediction of the reported static pressure in the first one and a different but consistent value in the second.
The method developed here is an approach to obtain information about the well-reservoir system through the use of common Production Engineering tools, like well Inflow Performance Relationship models. This approach would contribute in a simple and economic way to the continuous surveillance and study of the reservoir pressure behavior by drainage-areas. The method is likewise applicable to gas reservoirs.
Liquid-Free CO2/Sand Stimulations: An Overlooked Technology - Production Update
Authors: Mazza R. L. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) supported the demonstration of a unique liquid-free hydraulic stimulation technology (CO2/Sand) in the water sensitive Devonian Shale's of eastern Kentucky in 1993. The initial production results from four wells which were stimulated with two-stage CO2/Sand stimulations indicated a significant advantage over N2 gas and N2 foam stimulations. The nine-month production responses from a 15 well (30 stages) study group were presented in SPE paper #29191 "Analysis of Production Response to CO2/Sand Fracturing: A Case Study" and reported a measured production benefit of CO2/Sand stimulations over N2 gas and N2 foam of 1.9 and 4.9 respectively.This updated review includes: the 5-year production from those wells, the addition of three more single-stage CO2/Sand stimulation treatments, and the elimination of the early-time "flush" production from the analysis. The production responses for 21 wells (37 stages) is comprised of: CO2/Sand - 7 wells (11 stages), N2 gas - 9 wells (17 stages), and N2 foam - 5 wells (9 stages) are presented.
Report on First SPE Industry — University R&D Conference
Authors: Blasingame T. A. , Green D. W. , Kansas U. , Kamal M. M. , Kazemi H. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The 2001 SPE R&D Conference was organized to address the critical issue of industry-university-government partnerships in education, technology development, and technology transfer. The Conference was very successful in the sense that representatives from both the industry and academia appeared strongly willing to continue working together, with the solidarity in purpose, to expedite timely development and delivery of technology needs.
Specifically, it was concluded that industry is looking for new technologies and innovations that reduce cost and improve profitability; therefore, it is looking for value in R&D. Furthermore, R&D funding is not a major issue because good ideas will be funded.
Development and Testing of an Expandable Sand Screen and Expansion Tool
Authors: Echols Ralph , Gano John , Shy Perry , Tuckness Cindy , Zhang Haoyue , Campo Don 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Many traditional sand-control completion techniques have inherent weaknesses that can significantly affect borehole stabilization and completion costs. Also, gravel-pack operations can increase logistical requirements in horizontal and extended reach wellbores. Finally, stand-alone screen completions are subject to borehole collapse and screen-erosion during production. A new technology recently introduced to the oilfield — expandable-sand-screens — has focused on providing solutions for these problems.
This paper will review a new expandable sand screen and associated expansion tool that shows promise of solving some of the inherent problems discussed above. The innovative sand screen system allows the screen to be expanded toward the borehole ID. This principally increases the sand screen surface area, thus reducing pressure drop across the filter and increasing production rates. Secondly, expansion helps to stabilize the borehole to minimize the potential for sand production. The new screen eliminates the need for gravel packing operations in many wells and provides a larger production ID than is normally possible with traditional screens.
The discussion will review 1) the development of the technology required to expand perforated pipe plastically, 2) the tools and techniques employed, 3) the development of the screen, and 4) the testing results. The discussion will also include a review of the first field trial of the expandable sand screen system.
Is Spurt Loss a Reality During Frac/Packing in High Permeability Formations?
Authors: Gadiyar B. , Morales R. H. , Norman W. D. , Gupta A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In general, laboratory leak-off tests, either static or dynamic, are used to estimate the spurt loss. Most of the spurt loss values reported in the literature are measurements which result from the injection of brine based gels in brine-saturated cores. When using brine-saturated cores, an important aspect, which is the relative permeability to hydrocarbons, is neglected. The presence of hydrocarbons and the relative permeability to hydrocarbon and brine can significantly affect spurt loss.
This paper discusses the impact of hydrocarbons on spurt loss in high permeability formations. Results of static and dynamic leak-off tests of frac/pack fluids in the presence of mobile oil saturation are presented. The main observation is that the spurt loss in hydrocarbon-saturated cores is significantly smaller than that observed in brine saturated cores. Another observation is that spurt loss decreases with increase of the hydrocarbon viscosity.
Frac Packing in Soft Formations: Low Efficiency Fluids Exacerbate Formation Damage
Authors: McElfresh Paul M. , Khodaverdian Mohamad F. , Baycroft Perry D. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Hydraulic fracturing injection experiments were performed in unconsolidated sand under stress to delineate the mechanisms controlling fracture propagation and to determine the effect of these mechanisms on potential formation damage. The tests included injection of cross-linked guar and visco-elastic surfactant into 3-Darcy sand samples subjected to different overburden stresses. The following observations were made:
The experimental data indicate that fracture propagation in unconsolidated sand is primarily a result of fluid invasion and shear failure in a process zone ahead of the fracture tip. The shear failure is caused by large tip stresses or by pore pressure increase within the process zone. Three different invasion/damage zones were observed, including the external filtercake, the gel-invaded zone (or the internal filtercake), and the filtrate-invaded zone. Sub-parallel "micro fracturing" and complex fracture geometry was encountered. The sub-parallel fractures may be initiated at the tip or at the fracture wall due to shear failure and is dependent on the fluid efficiency and the type of leakoff, i.e., wall building or viscous. Field consequences of micro fracturing during stimulation may include early screenout, short fracture length and extensive formation damage as the fracturing fluid invades the sheared interfaces. Typically, lower efficiency fluids were associated with increased net propagation pressure and higher density of micro fracturing.
These findings suggest that injection of low efficiency fluids in weak, poorly consolidated formations results in a different type of formation damage, namely creation of sub-parallel micro fractures enveloping the main propped fracture, that could severely undermine post-stimulation productivity.
HSE Information Management in Real Time
Authors: Pickles Simon , Valoz Jesus , DeVol Ed , Leon Ronald 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Within individual companies and throughout industry as a whole, superior Health, Safety and Environmental (HSE) performance and information is demanded by a variety of stakeholders. Internally, both lagging and leading indicators are viewed critically for assessment of the business and development of plans to improve. The historical barrier to conducting these kinds of assessments has been the inability to collect the data in "real time," store it in a common format and database, and make the information available in a format that is useful to stakeholders. Local requirements and methods of gathering and tracking data make it very difficult to create regionally comparable statistics, much less provide a comprehensive global picture.
The significant advances in information systems technologies during the last few years has made it easier to meet the challenges of providing a comprehensive network for the collection, analysis and communication of HSE performance data in real time. Information about HSE performance from remote locations around the world can more easily be shared and lessons learned more quickly and effectively with these new technologies.
This paper focuses on the challenges associated with establishing processes and systems for collecting and tracking both leading and lagging HSE performance indicators, and describes the issues, challenges, and lessons learned from the implementation of these systems and processes at a large multinational company.
Health Risk Assessment in the Upstream Petroleum Industry
Authors: Jackson Rajesh , Zainuddin Azizin , Singh Jaswant , Samuel Shamini 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Safety is a paramount concern on every offshore platform. Potential threats such as fire or explosion or catastrophic release of hazardous materials under pressure are constant reminders of safety hazards. Detailed and systematic industrial hygiene assessments, however, have not been conducted at many rigs. Potential exposures at an offshore platform include: components of gas and crude oil, process chemicals, cleaning compounds, paints, fibers and indoor air quality, among others. As industrial hygiene programs expand in Asia, the use of Qualitative Health Risk Assessments (Qualitative Industrial Hygiene Assessments (QIHA)) is becoming popular among employers. QIHA is a tool used to evaluate and prioritize the risk of exposure to chemical in the workplace and provides a summary of occupational exposure information for a defined work exposure group. The QIHA approach goes beyond routine observation-based occupational exposure assessments to systematically review the workplace hazards and evaluate the exposure risks.
Enhance Human Performance through Advanced Ergonomics in Computer Workplaces
Authors: Leitao Joao Andresen , Larsen Reidun 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
SEPNo experienced a few cases of Repetitive Strain Injury (RSI) in 1992 and has since 1993 been monitoring computer workload, health complaints and RSI cases in the Company.
Eight years follow-up period demonstrates: That our employees report an increasing amount of hours spent on computer work, andA concerning high number of health complaints related to this work.
This paper presents how we:
1 Mapped the key elements workload and health; Developed our philosophy on variation of working as background for good ergonomic design of computer workplaces;Established management guidelines for work organization, education and awareness;Introduced furniture specifications, andRan a project for refurbishment of our offices.
We present a follow-up evaluation of this project after 1 year.
Finally we discuss the need for focusing on methods for registration and follow-up of "complaints" and "alert" for the fact that modern ergonomical solutions are computer based.
An Ecological Model for Assessment of Effects on the Environment of Deep Drilling Projects
Authors: Peball Ulrich , Predl Franz A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Many companies show a strong commitment to the environment and to the prevention of pollution in their policy statements. But reality shows that the introduction of most environmental programs fail because of limited knowledge about the actual situation within a company.
ISO14001 requires a company to establish procedures to identify and control the environmental aspects of its activities. The identification of significant impacts enables the company to define environmental objectives and targets.
The real knowledge of mass balances and material flows offers an unique possibility for cost savings by switch to less waste producing or energy demanding technologies.