bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dietary phosphorus for beef cows
Authors: Call J. W. , Butcher J. E. , Shupe J. L. , Blake J. T. , Olson A. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Hereford heifers (48 initially) were individually fed variable amounts of dietary phosphorus (P) from weaning through their 8th gestation. During phase I, 2 groups (24 cows each) were given 20.6 to 38.1 g of P/day and 6.0 to 12.1 g of P/day (increasing as animals grew). During phase II (the 4th gestation), half of the animals from each group were maintained with the same respective diets, and the other half were given 5.1 to 6.6 g of P/day. Within 6 months, animals given 5.1 to 6.6 g of P/day gradually developed signs of P deficiency. Clinical signs of deficiency and lesions included general unthriftiness, body weight loss, reduced feed consumption, reluctance to move, abnormal stance, spontaneous bone fractures, and finally, impaired reproductive performance. Cows given 7.8 to 8.9 g of P/day in diet 2 during phase II did not develop discernible clinical signs of P deficiency. Cows that were given 5.1 to 6.6 g of P/day apparently regained their health and reproductive capability when fed 11.7 to 12.6 or 17.1 to 20.5 g of P/day. The data indicate that bones serve as an effective storage source of P and support and buffer body needs until there is serious depletion of skeletal P. These results indicate that common recommendations for dietary P, such as those outlined by the National Research Council (17.5 g of P/day over the entire year for cows weighing 450 kg), exceed the basic requirements for beef cattle; 12 g of P/day is adequate for 450-kg beef cows.
Frequency and consequence of caseous lymphadenitis in sheep and lambs slaughtered at a Western Australian abattoir
Authors: Batey R. G. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A total of 8,711 sheep in 3 distinct age/sex groups were examined to determine for occurrence and extent of caseous lymphadenitis after slaughter at a major Western Australian abattoir. An adaptation of current mean inspection procedures to provide a numerical weighted evaluation according to number, site, and size of lesions was used to determine extent of involvement. Frequency in slaughter populations was estimated to be 3.4 ± 0.6% for lambs, 41.8 ± 3.9% for mixed-age rams, and 53.7 ± 1.5% for adult ewes at 95% confidence intervals. The results confirmed that frequency increased with age, but also revealed increases in extent of involvement and occurrence of visceral lesions, particularly in association with lesions of the body. Nevertheless, lesions occurred more frequently in the body than in the viscera. However, the mean visceral involvement was greater than mean body involvement in all groups, and the ratio was found to be more or less constant. Visceral involvement was found to be more extensive in rams than in ewes. Difficulties associated with complexity of current inspection procedures were also recorded. The relevance of these findings to pathogenesis and postmortem disposition after slaughter is discussed. It is suggested that current postmortem inspection criteria should be reevaluated.
Effect of induced prostatic infection on semen quality in the dog
Authors: Barsanti J. A. , Caudle A. B. , Crowell W. A. , Shotts E. B. , Brown J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Chronic Escherichia coli prostatitis was induced in 6 dogs, with 5 sham-operated dogs serving as controls. Semen volume and sperm motility, concentration, and appearance were measured 3 times (every other day) before surgery and 3 times during the 3rd and 5th week after surgery. When values for these collections were compared, using a 2-factor analysis of variance, no significant differences (P > 0.05) were found. However, the percentage of normal sperm decreased markedly (from 92% to 61% to 64%) in 2 infected dogs because of an increase in primary (from 6% to 32%) or secondary (from 2% to 28%) sperm abnormalities. Testes from both of these dogs were histologically normal.
Inoculation of lambs with ovine adenovirus 5 (Mastadenovirus ovi 5) strain RTS-42
Authors: Lehmkuhl Howard D. , Cutlip Randall C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Twelve 1-week-old colostrum-deprived lambs inoculated with the RTS-42 strain of Mastadenovirus ovi 5 were killed and necropsied (2 lambs/day) on postinoculation days (pid) 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 21. Four noninoculated lambs were killed and necropsied (2/day) on pid 6 and 12. Virus was isolated from nasal secretions and feces on pid 1 to pid 6, from tracheal fluids and lung tissue of lambs necropsied on pid 2, 4, and 6, and from lung tissue from 1 lamb necropsied on pid 8. Virus was not recovered from liver, kidney, or small intestine of inoculated lambs or samples from noninoculated lambs. Serum antibody was first detected on pid 6 in the inoculated lambs. Noninoculated lambs remained seronegative. None of the lambs in the study developed clinical signs of infection although lesions were produced in the respiratory tract.
Incubation of Pasteurella haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida lipopolysaccharide and with sheep lung surfactant
Authors: Brogden K. A. , Rimler R. B. , Cutlip R. C. , Lehmkuhl H. D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Lipopolysaccharides (lps) were extracted from a serotype of each of 2 species of Pasteurella isolated from sheep with respiratory tract infections. Lipopolysaccharides from P haemolytica 82-25 (serotype 1A) or P multocida P-1573 (serotype 12) were mixed with sheep lung surfactant and were incubated for 6 hours at 37 C. After incubation, lps-surfactant mixtures were centrifuged overnight in sucrose density gradients, and fractions were analyzed. Binding occurred between lps and surfactant vesicles resulting in a stable complex with densities greater than those with the surfactant alone. The surfactant alone had a density of 1.052 to 1.060 g/ml. Diffuse bands of surfactant had a density of 1.075 to 1.092 when incubated with P haemolytica lps and a density of 1.069 to 1.105 when incubated with P multocida lps.
Pasteurella multocida isolated from rabbits and swine: Serologic types and toxin production
Authors: Rimler Richard B. , Brogden Kim A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Pasteurella multocida isolates from rabbits and swine of different geographic origins were serologically grouped and typed. Similar capsule serogroups and somatic serotypes were common to both species. Selected serotypes of both serogroups A and D were tested for toxin production. Toxin-producing isolates from both rabbits and swine were found in serogroup D, but not serogroup A. A correlation was not found between somatic serotype and the capability of an isolate to produce toxin. Noncapsulated variants derived from parent capsulated toxin-producing isolates also produced toxin. The capability of an isolate to produce a toxin did not necessarily make it virulent. The toxins from rabbit and swine Ρ multocida of different geographic origins were antigenically similar.
Cell lysis was compared with sonication as a method to release cell-associated toxin for biochemical purification. The toxin was purified from lysates by ammonium sulfate precipitation, followed by ion exchange and gel-filtration chromatographic procedures. The purified toxin had a molecular weight of 112,000 to 158,000 and an apparent isoelectric point of 4.65 to 4.8. The toxin precipitated at pH near its isoelectric point.
Electrofocusing-electrophoresis titration curves of the purified toxin preparation showed it consisted of 2 similar proteins which varied in their capabilities to stain with Coomassie brilliant blue. The proteins precipitated together near their apparent isoelectric point and interacted at pH 9.7.
Detection of antibody in rams with contagious epididymitis, using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
Authors: Cardenas A. Lucia , Maki Leroy R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, using whole-cell and sonicated antigens prepared from Brucella ovis, Actinobacillus seminis, and Actinobacillus seminis-like cultures isolated from rams in Wyoming, was able to detect antibody to these antigens in rams with epididymitis. The whole-cell antigens used in this procedure gave lower background values, compared with those of the sonicated antigens. The procedure was able to detect antibody in rams before clinical signs of epididymitis became apparent.
Detection of bovine herpesvirus-specific nucleic acids by in situ hybridization with biotinylated DNA probes
Authors: Dunn Donna C. , Blair Carol D. , Ward David C. , Beaty Barry J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Biotin-labeled DNA probes for bovine herpesvirus type 1 (bhv-1) were used to detect viral nucleic acids in infected cell cultures and clinical specimens by in situ hybridization. Hybridization signal was detected 2 hours after inoculation in the cytoplasm of infected cells, presumably representing input virus. Hybridization was first detected in the nucleus at 4 hours after inoculation; by 10 hours after inoculation, hybridization signal was detected in both nucleus and cytoplasm of almost 50% of the cells. By 15 hours after inoculation, 95% of the cells were positive. Treatment of specimens with ribonuclease or deoxyribonuclease before hybridization allowed clear differentiation of virus-specified DNA and RNA within infected cells. The bhv-1 nucleic acid sequences were detected in nasal epithelial cells obtained from inoculated calves.
Since in situ hybridization provides a rapid technique for the detection of bhv-l-specified nucleic acid sequences, it should facilitate studies on the replication, pathogenesis, and diagnosis of bhv-1 infections.
In vitro interference between equine herpesvirus types 1 and 2
Authors: Dutta S. K. , Myrup A. C. , Thaker S. R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Interference between equine herpesvirus types 1 (ehv-1) and 2 (ehv-2) was studied in equine dermis (ed) monolayer cell cultures and equine lymphocyte cultures. Cell cultures were infected with ehv-2, and after a short incubation period, the cultures were superinfected with ehv-1. At various intervals, different measurements of ehv-1 expression in dually infected cultures, compared with those in cultures infected with ehv-1 alone, were studied. In dually infected ed cell cultures, the ehv-1 cytopathic effect, ehv-1 titer, and ehv-1 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay antigen titer were maximally reduced to values of 40%, 58.5%, and 54.9%, respectively, at postsuperinfection hour (psih) 36. Values of these ehv-1 expressions were subsequently increased at psih 48. However, thymidine kinase activity was reduced to a maximum of 67.3% reduction at psih 48. In dually infected lymphocyte cultures, the ehv-1 titer, ehv-1 infective centers, ehv-1 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay antigen titer, and thymidine kinase activity were maximally reduced to values of 77.4%, 78.7%, 98.3%, and 72.9%, respectively, at psih 24. These reductions of ehv-1 expressions were completely abrogated at psih 48 to 72. In both cell culture systems, a marked interference of ehv-1 by ehv-2 was observed; this was transient in the lymphocyte cultures, but was more prolonged in ed cell cultures. This interference appeared not to be interferon mediated. The multiplication of ehv-2 in the dually infected ed cell cultures appeared unaffected.
Effect of recombinant DNA-derived bovine and human interferons on replication of bovine herpesvirus-1, parainfluenza-3, and respiratory syncytial viruses
Authors: Fulton Robert W. , Burge Lurinda J. , McCraken J. S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Antiviral effects of recombinant DNA-derived bovine (Bo) and human (Hu) interferons (ifn) on the replication of bovine herpesvirus-1, parainfluenza-3, and respiratory syncytial viruses were studied. Bovine monolayer cultures were treated with recombinant DNA-produced Bo ifn-α 1, Bo ifn-β 2, Hu ifn-α A, or Hu ifn-α A/D and then challenge exposed with bovine herpesvirus-1, bovine parainfluenza-3 virus, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, or vesicular stomatitis virus. Treatment with each ifn reduced the viral yield for each of these viruses, compared with that of control cultures.
Virion polypeptide specificity of immune complexes and antibodies in cats inoculated with feline infectious peritonitis virus
Authors: Horzinek Marian C. , Ederveen Joke , Egberink Herman , Jacobse-Geels Helen E. L. , Niewold Theo , Prins Jan 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Immune complexes purified from sera and ascitic fluids of cats after inoculation with feline infectious peritonitis (fip) virus contained proteins and proteolytic fragments of the peplomer, nucleocapsid, and envelope polypeptides; in addition, host proteins were demonstrated in the immune complexes. Free (uncomplexed) antibodies against the 3 classes of virion polypeptides were detected and quantitated; the weakest and latest response was directed against the peplomer protein.
Immunofluorescence titers showed the best correlation with the antibody response directed against the envelope polypeptides. Differences in reactivity were not found between sera and ascitic fluids from the same animals and between seropositive healthy cats and cats which had died of fip. Humoral antibody and hypergammaglobulinemia showed a linear correlation, but the wide variation in antiviral titers at a given concentration of γ-globulin indicated that additional (autoimmune) reactions occur during the pathogenesis of fip.
Genetic stability in calves of a single strain of bluetongue virus
Authors: MacLachlan N. James , Fuller Frederick J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Newborn calves were inoculated iv with highly plaque-purified bluetongue virus (btv), serotype 10. The electrophoretic migration patterns of RNA segments and proteins of viruses isolated from calves at intervals after inoculation were compared. In addition, sera collected from calves at intervals after inoculation were compared for their abilities to neutralize several virus isolates from the same calf. Viremia persisted in calves for up to 56 days. Differences were not detected in the electrophoretic migration pattern of RNA segments or proteins of any of the btv isolates. All calves produced high titers of neutralizing antibody to the original btv inoculum by 28 days after inoculation, and significant (≥ 4-fold) differences were not detected in the neutralizing titers of sera to viruses collected at intervals after inoculation. The plaque-purified strain of btv appeared to be stable genetically in infected calves, and failure to demonstrate antigenic variation among isolates indicated that antigenic shift was not the mechanism that allowed viremia to persist in btv-infected calves.
Prevalence of feline leukemia virus infection among adult cats at an animal control center: Association of viremia with phenotype and season
Authors: McMichael John C. , Stiers Susan , Coffin Susan 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The overall frequency of feline leukemia virus infection among 555 cats tested from the Hillsborough County Florida Animal Control facility, using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, was 9.4%. Among male cats, the frequency was 13.8%, which was statistically higher (P = 0.003) than that for females (5.9%). There was no statistical evidence to associate frequency of viral infection with hair length or coloration. There was an association with color distribution. The frequency of viral infection in cats with a solid color in their coat, excluding tabby, calico, and tortoise, was higher (12.2%) than the frequency in the remainder of the cats (5.5%; Ρ = 0.011). Finally, there was a difference in frequency related to season. For the 10 months of the study, cats collected in the 5 cooler months (January, February, March, April, and October) had a frequency of 14.6%; cats obtained in the 5 warmer months (May, June, July, August, and September) had a frequency of 7.2% (P = 0.038).
Use of tolazoline as an antagonist to xylazine-ketamine-induced immobilization in African elephants
Authors: Allen Jack L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A group of 15 African elephants (Loxodonta africana) were immobilized with a combination of xylazine (0.2 mg/kg of body weight, im) and ketamine (1 to 1.5 mg/kg of body weight, im). Ten of the African elephants were allowed to remain recumbent for 30 minutes and the remaining 5 elephants, for 45 minutes before they were given tolazoline (0.5 mg/kg of body weight, iv).
For the group of 15, the mean induction time (the time required from injection of the xylazine-ketamine combination until onset of recumbency) was 14.2 ± 4.35 minutes (mean ± sd), and standing time (the time required from the tolazoline injection until the elephant stood without stimulation or assistance) was 2.8 ± 0.68 minutes. All of the elephants were physically stimulated (by pushing, slapping, shouting) before they were given tolazoline, and none could be aroused. After tolazoline was given and the elephant was aroused, relapses to recumbency did not occur. Recovery was characterized by mild somnolence in an otherwise alert and responsive animal.
Failure (no arousal) rates were 0% (95% confidence interval, 0 to 0.3085) for elephants given tolazoline after 30 minutes of recumbency and 100% for elephants that were not given tolazoline. There was no significant (P < 0.05) difference in standing time 30 or 45 minutes after tolazoline injection.
Dose-dependent pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in sheep
Authors: Brown Scott Anthony , Coppoc Gordon L. , Riviere J. Edmond , Anderson Virgil L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Dose-related changes in the pharmacokinetics of gentamicin sulfate were investigated in 9 sheep given 3, 10, or 20 mg/kg of body weight iv in a crossover design with a 24-day washout period. The pharmacokinetics of the 3 mg/kg single dose were compared with that of the terminal phase pharmacokinetics of 3 mg of gentamicin/kg iv every 8 hours for 7 days in 8 additional sheep. Serum concentrations were monitored for 21 to 24 days after the dose. Polyexponential equations were fit to each data set. The number of exponential terms was determined by optimizing the fit for each data set. The pharmacokinetics of the 3 mg/kg single dose were mainly described by triexponential equations. The 10 mg/kg and the 20 mg/kg single doses and the 3 mg/kg multiple-dose data were described by a tetraexponential equation. The elimination rate constant was significantly smaller (P < 0.05) after the larger single doses, and the serum gentamicin clearance increased as the dose increased (P < 0.05). The crossover design sequence had a significant effect on serum gentamicin clearance and the area under the curve normalized to unit dose (P < 0.01). The final exponential phase was not detectable with the present assay sensitivity after the 3 mg/kg single dose. The triexponential equation underpredicted the terminal serum concentrations determined after the 3 mg/kg multiple dose, whereas the 4 phase equation overpredicted the same terminal serum concentrations, perhaps reflecting saturation of the tissue pools that were mirrored by the serum gentamicin concentrations after 24 hours. The present study emphasized the complexity of the terminal phase gentamicin pharmacokinetics and acknowledged the need for a long-term washout period when using the crossover design for gentamicin pharmacokinetic studies.
Cardiovascular changes in dogs given diazepam and diazepam-ketamine
Authors: Haskins Steve C. , Farver Tom B. , Patz John D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The cardiopulmonary consequences of diazepam (0.5 mg/kg, iv) followed by ketamine (10 mg/kg, iv) were evaluated in 11 dogs. Diazepam did not exhibit a tranquilizing effect and was frequently associated with excessive excitement. It produced minimal cardiopulmonary effects, except for a significant increase in heart rate. Ketamine administration was associated with less cardiovascular stimulation when administered after diazepam than it did when administered alone; the respiratory depression was greater. Compared with ketamine alone, the diazepam-ketamine combination was associated with more vomition, less muscle hypertonus, less seizure activity, and less salivation.
Fate of [14C]xanthotoxin (8-methoxypsoralen) in a goat and in bovine ruminai fluid
Authors: Ivie G. Wayne , Beier Ross C. , Bull Don L. , Oertli Ernest H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A lactating Nubian goat was treated with [14C]xanthotoxin, a photosensitizing psoralen that occurs naturally in some phototoxic range plants, as a single oral dose equivalent to 10.0 mg of xanthotoxin/kg of body weight. The radiochemical was rapidly absorbed, metabolized, and excreted. Although expired air was not monitored for the presence of volatile radiocarbon, the data indicated that > 50% of the administered [14C]xanthotoxin was metabolized by cleavage of the O-[14C]methyl moiety, with subsequent loss of the label as, presumably, [14C]C02. Studies with bovine ruminai fluid in vitro indicated that cleavage of the O-methyl moiety of xanthotoxin could occur rapidly in the rumen. In the goat, nonmetabolized xanthotoxin was not excreted in urine, and of several metabolites in urine extracts, 3 were identified as resulting from opening of the furan or lactone ring. Only about 2% of the dose was recovered in the feces, and this consisted mainly of unmetabolized xanthotoxin. Although appreciable amounts of radiocarbon were secreted into milk, this radiocarbon was not in the form of xanthotoxin or any identifiable metabolites. The radiocarbon in milk likely resulted from the biosynthetic incorporation of [14C]CO2 into normal milk components.
Electrocardiographic evaluation of the healthy raccoon (Procyon lotor)
Authors: Hamlin Robert L. , Hren J. , Sparrow P. V. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Leads I, aVF, V3, and V10 ecg were obtained from 12 healthy raccoons anesthetized with xylazine and ketamine. Intervals and amplitudes of component deflections were remarkably uniform among the individuals. Vector orientation of QRS mimicked that for the dog; but the relatively low voltages to QRS mimicked those of cats. The QT interval varied inversely with heart rate, whereas the PQ interval varied directly with body weight. Relationship between heart rate and body weight was not significant (P > 0.05).
Copper inhibition of the thiobarbituric acid reaction in Bedlington Terriers
Authors: Hultgren Bruce D. , Menken B. Zaspel , Csallany A. Saari 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The effect of copper on thiobarbituric acid (tba) reaction values, an index of lipid peroxidation, was examined in Bedlington Terriers, healthy dogs, and rats. High hepatic concentrations of copper appeared to lower tba values in the inherited, chronic, progressive hepatic degeneration of Bedlington Terriers, a disease associated with copper toxicosis. The suspected tba inhibition was confirmed when Cu2+ was added to homogenates of healthy dog or rat liver or a malondialdehyde standard. The amount of copper added approximated that in diseased Bedlington Terriers. Because of the interference by copper, the tba test was judged to be an inappropriate test for the evaluation of lipid peroxidation in samples containing high copper concentrations such as those in diseased Bedlington Terriers.