bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of salinity and source of inocula on germination of Anabaena akinetes from a tidally influenced lake
Authors: FAITHFULL CAROLYN L. , BURNS CAROLYN W. 
Published: March 2006

Summary1. Sedimentary akinetes (resting stages) may represent significant potential inocula for nuisance blooms of cyanobacteria. We studied the effects of salinity and sediment source on the germination and subsequent growth of Anabaena flos‐aquae akinetes from a shallow, tidally influenced lake.2. Surface sediments collected from littoral and open‐water sites were used as inocula to culture A. flos‐aquae akinetes in four salinities (0.1, 2.2, 4.4 and 6.5) over 22 days. Akinete germination and development was followed by counting developmental stages every second day.3. Filament growth, but not akinete germination, was inhibited by salinity and there were significantly fewer filaments at 6.5 than at 0.1 and 2.2. Cultures inoculated with littoral sediment had more akinetes, germlings and filaments than those inoculated with open‐water sediment.4. Sediment is a potential source of inocula for Anabaena blooms in the lake, which potentially could develop solely from this source because germination and subsequent filament growth do not depend on the existence of an initial pelagic Anabaena population.
Habitat structure and fish predation: effects on invertebrate colonisation and breakdown of stream leaf packs
Authors: RUETZ CARL R. , BREEN MATTHEW J. , VANHAITSMA DANA L. 
Published: March 2006

Summary1. We investigated the effects of two features of leaf‐pack habitat structure (i.e. mass of a leaf pack and surface area of leaves comprising a leaf pack) and fish predation on colonisation of shredders and leaf breakdown rates in a coldwater stream. Packs were constructed of red maple (Acer rubrum) leaves.2. A 2 × 3 × 3 factorial experiment was used to manipulate fish predation (exclusion and control cage), leaf‐pack mass (1, 3 and 5 g dry mass) and leaf surface area (small: approx. 17.9 cm2, medium: approx. 34.6 cm2, large: approx. 65.6 cm2). Exclusion cages had mesh on all sides, whereas control cages lacked mesh on two sides to provide access to fish.3. Common shredders were Gammarus pseudolimnaeus, Pycnopsyche and Lepidostoma. Shredder biomass per leaf pack increased with the mass of a leaf pack (P < 0.001), but biomass per unit mass of leaf pack did not differ with leaf‐pack mass (P = 0.506). Shredder densities did not respond to the exclusion of fish (P > 0.7) or leaf surface area (P > 0.7), and interactions among treatment factors were not significant (P > 0.2).4. Breakdown rates were lower for leaf packs comprised of small leaves (P < 0.001) and leaf packs with high mass (P = 0.001). Excluding fish did not significantly affect leaf breakdown rates (P = 0.293), and interactions among treatment factors were not significant (P > 0.3). Breakdown rates were highest when packs consisted of few leaves (i.e. leaf packs with large leaves and low mass) and were colonised by many shredders.5. Fish predation was not an important factor controlling shredder densities in leaf packs over the spatiotemporal scale of our experiment. Nevertheless, we found shredder colonisation was proportional to leaf‐pack mass and breakdown rates were affected by leaf‐pack size (i.e. number of leaves in a pack). We suspect that fragmentation is the primary mechanism causing the breakdown rates to be dependent on leaf‐pack size.
Taxon‐specific variation in the stable isotopic signatures (δ13C and δ15N) of lake phytoplankton
Authors: VUORIO KRISTIINA , MEILI MARKUS , SARVALA JOUKO 
Published: March 2006

Summary1. The variability in the stable isotope signatures of carbon and nitrogen (δ13C and δ15N) in different phytoplankton taxa was studied in one mesotrophic and three eutrophic lakes in south‐west Finland. The lakes were sampled on nine to 16 occasions over 2–4 years and most of the time were dominated by cyanobacteria and diatoms. A total of 151 taxon‐specific subsamples covering 18 different phytoplankton taxa could be isolated by filtration through a series of sieves and by flotation/sedimentation, followed by microscopical identification and screening for purity.2. Substantial and systematic differences between phytoplankton taxa, seasons and lakes were observed for both δ13C and δ15N. The values of δ13C ranged from −34.4‰ to −5.9‰ and were lowest in chrysophytes (−34.4‰ to −31.3‰) and diatoms (−30.6‰ to −26.6‰). Cyanobacteria were most variable (−32.4‰ to −5.9‰), including particularly high values in the nostocalean cyanobacterium Gloeotrichia echinulata (−14.4‰ to −5.9‰). For δ13C, the taxon‐specific amplitude of temporal changes within a lake was usually <1–8‰ (<1–4‰ for microalgae alone and <1–8‰ for cyanobacteria alone), whereas the amplitude among taxa within a water sample was up to 31‰.3. The values of δ15N ranged from −2.1‰ to 12.8‰ and were high in chrysophytes, dinophytes and diatoms, but low in the nitrogen‐fixing cyanobacteria Anabaena spp., Aphanizomenon spp. and G. echinulata (−2.1‰ to 1.6‰). Chroococcalean cyanobacteria ranged from −1.4‰ to 8.9‰. For δ15N, the taxon‐specific amplitude of temporal changes within a lake was 2–6‰, (2–6‰ for microalgae alone and 2–4‰ for cyanobacteria alone) and the amplitude among taxa within a water sample was up to 11‰.4. The isotopic signatures of phytoplankton changed systematically with their physical and chemical environment, most notably with the concentrations of nutrients, but correlations were non‐systematic and site‐specific.5. The substantial variability in the isotopic signatures of phytoplankton among taxa, seasons and lakes complicates the interpretation of isotopic signatures in lacustrine food webs. However, taxon‐specific values and seasonal patterns showed some consistency among years and may eventually be predictable.
Litter‐associated bacteria and fungi – a comparison of biomass and communities across lakes and plant species
Authors: MILLE‐LINDBLOM CECILIA , FISCHER HELMUT , TRANVIK LARS J. 
Published: March 2006

Summary1. We investigated the importance of lake water chemistry and substrate properties in regulating microbial decomposer communities on macrophyte litter. Ten lakes of differing water chemistry, including such variables as nutrient concentration, pH and dissolved organic carbon, were sampled in October 2003. Water chemistry was analysed, and litter from the macrophytes Phragmites australis, Schoenoplectus lacustris and Nuphar lutea was collected from both above and below the water surface.2. The three plant species differed widely in carbon and nitrogen content. The aerial parts of P. australis had highest C : N ratio (mean value 125), while the lowest values were found in leaves of N. lutea (19.8).3. Fungal carbon ranged from 0.15 to 6.4 mg g−1 dry weight (DW), and was higher on aerial than on submerged plant parts. Fungal biomass was highest on S. lacustris and lowest on N. lutea. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis revealed no differences in the number of fungal taxa between plant species or plant parts, with the limitation that no molecular analysis was possible for N. lutea.4. In contrast, bacteria were most abundant on N. lutea, but showed no significant difference between leaf and stem parts. The number of bacterial taxa was highest on the submerged parts of P. australis.5. The correlations between microbial variables and the properties of lakes and litter were analysed using multivariate statistics. In a principal component analysis, litter properties explained 78% of the variation in microbial variables. In contrast, redundancy analysis revealed that the explanatory power of lake water chemistry was only 20%, indicating that the properties of the growth substratum were more important than those of the lake water for the attached microbial communities.
Nasointestinal intubation with tiger tubes: a case series indicates risk of mucosal damage
Authors: Taylor S. J. , Pullyblank A. , Manara A. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractIn five intubations using the tiger tube (Cook) two were successfully placed into the small intestine. Two of the three intubation failures were due to early death due to the underlying condition. Nasointestinal placement permitted successful enteral feeding. Unfortunately, both nasointestinal placements were associated with mucosal damage that appears to be related to the tube ‘flaps’. The tiger tube facilitates nasointestinal tube placement but until concerns regarding safety are addressed its clinical use cannot be recommended.
Mechanotransduction and the glycocalyx
Authors: TARBELL J. M. , PAHAKIS M. Y. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract.Endothelial cells (ECs) line all blood vessel walls and are exposed to the mechanical forces of blood flow which modulate their function and play a role in vascular regulation, remodelling and disease. The principal mechanical forces sensed by ECs are the shear stress of flowing blood on their apical surface, and the circumferential stress resisting blood pressure, which induces stretch in the cell body. ‘Mechanotransduction’ refers to the mechanisms by which these forces are transduced into biomolecular responses of the cells. Given the importance of endothelial mechanotransduction in cardiovascular physiology and pathology, numerous research efforts have been dedicated to identifying the mechanosensory component(s) of ECs. This review focuses on mechanotransduction of shear stress by ECs and considers the evidence in support of the surface glycocalyx acting as a mechanotransducer.
Vasculoprotective properties of the endothelial glycocalyx: effects of fluid shear stress
Authors: GOUVERNEUR M. , VAN DEN BERG B. , NIEUWDORP M. , STROES E. , VINK H. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract.The endothelial glycocalyx exerts a wide array of vasculoprotective effects via inhibition of coagulation and leucocyte adhesion, by contributing to the vascular permeability barrier and by mediating shear stress‐induced NO release. In this review, we will focus on the relationship between fluid shear stress and the endothelial glycocalyx. We will address the hypothesis that modulation of glycocalyx synthesis by fluid shear stress may contribute to thinner glycocalyces, and therefore more vulnerable endothelium, at lesion‐prone sites of arterial bifurcations. Finally, we will discuss the effects of known atherogenic stimuli such as hyperglycaemia on whole body glycocalyx volume in humans and its effect on endothelial function.
Effect of Neonatal Hypothyroidism on the Kinetic Properties of Na+, K+‐ATPase from Rat Brain Microsomes
Authors: Katyare S. S. , Billimoria F. R. , Dave B. N. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe effects of neonatal hypothyroidism on the kinetic properties of Na+, K+‐ATPase from rat brain microsomes were examined. Neonatal hypothyroidism resulted in decreased Na+, K+‐ATPase activity compared to control samples (7.4 ± 1.48 and 29.8 ± 2.30 µmol Pi/h/mg protein, respectively, P < 0.001). Substrate kinetics studies with ATP, Na+ and K+ revealed that there were generalised decreases in Vmax. For ATP, Na+ and K+, activities resolved into two kinetic components in the control group. In hypothyroid animals, the low‐affinity component for ATP was absent. The opposite pattern (i.e. an absence of the high‐affinity component) was noted for Na+. For K+, although both kinetic components were discernible in neonatal hypothyroid brain microsomes, the Km of the high‐affinity component was significantly higher (P < 0.001) compared to control samples. In the control group, the enzyme displayed allosteric behaviour at high concentrations of Mg2+; in hypothyroid animals, the pattern was completely allosteric. The Na+, K+‐ATPase enzyme from the hypothyroid brain microsomes bound two molecules of ATP rather than one, unlike in the control animals. Our results thus indicate that neonatal hypothyroidism results in an impairment of microsomal Na+, K+‐ATPase activity in the rat brain, together with subtle alterations in the kinetic properties of the enzyme.
Spectroscopic analyses of six suspected chemically peculiar stars
Authors: Catanzaro Giovanni 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The abundance pattern of six stars classified as suspected chemically peculiar in the General Catalogue of Ap and Am stars by Renson has been derived to ascertain the real nature of these objects. Spectroscopic observations in the range λλ4800–5600 Å have been carried out at the stellar station of the INAF – Catania Astrophysical Observatory.
Among the studied stars, for only three of them we confirmed their peculiarity, HD 155102 being a silicon star, HD 159082 a mercury–manganese star and HD 162132 a moderate metallic A-type star.
The other three objects have chemical abundances not so different from the standard values derived in the literature for A-type stars and, furthermore, they do not show light variability. Hence, we suggest that they could be ruled out from Renson's catalogue.
Susceptibility of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) to pitch canker, caused byGibberella circinata(anamorph = Fusarium circinatum)
Authors: Gordon T. R. , Kirkpatrick S. C. , Aegerter B. J. , Wood D. L. , Storer A. J. 
Published: March 2006

For better characterization of the risk of pitch canker (caused byGibberella circinata, anamorph = Fusarium circinatum) to Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), Californian isolates, selected exotic isolates, and ascospore progeny of a cross between wild‐type Californian isolates were tested for aggressiveness to this host species. In addition, seedlings from representative provenances ofP. menziesiiin California were tested for susceptibility to pitch canker. The results revealed only minor differences between isolates, but differences in susceptibility between trees were often significant. The majority of the tested trees were relatively resistant as indicated by the development of only very short lesions, but some were clearly susceptible.
Prevention of malaria during pregnancy in West Africa: policy change and the power of subregional action
Authors: Newman Robert D. , Moran Allisyn C. , Kayentao Kassoum , Benga‐De Elizabeth , Yameogo Mathias , Gaye Oumar , Faye Ousmane , Lo Youssoufa , Moreira Philippe Marc , Doumbo Ogobara , Parise Monica E. , Steketee Richard W. 
Published: March 2006

SummaryBackground  Despite a broadening consensus about the effectiveness of intermittent preventive treatment (IPTp) in preventing the adverse outcomes of malaria during pregnancy, policy change to IPTp was initially limited to East Africa. In West Africa, where the policy change process for the prevention of malaria during pregnancy started much later, IPTp has been taken up swiftly.Objective  To describe the factors that contributed to the rapid adoption of policies to prevent malaria during pregnancy in West Africa.Results and Conclusion  Several factors appear to have accelerated the process: (1) recognition of the extent of the problem of malaria during pregnancy and its adverse consequences; (2) a clear, evidence‐based program strategy strongly articulated by an important multilateral organization (World Health Organization); (3) subregionally generated evidence to support the proposed strategy; (4) a subregional forum for dissemination of data and discussion regarding the proposed policy changes; (5) widespread availability of the proposed intervention drug (sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine); (6) technical support from reputable and respected institutions in drafting new policies and planning for implementation; (7) donor support for pilot experiences in integrating proposed policy change into a package of preventive services; and (8) financial support for scaling up the proposed interventions.
Components of Resistance to Early Blight in Four Potato Cultivars: Effect of Leaf Position
Authors: Dita Rodriguez M. A. , Brommonschenkel S. H. , Matsuoka K. , Mizubuti E. S. G. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractComponents of early blight resistance were quantified in leaves of different ages in four potato cultivars. The components of resistance: incubation period (IP), lesion number (LN), early blight severity, lesion expansion rate (LER), latent period (LP) and spore production by lesion area (SPLA), were evaluated separately in the lower, middle and upper leaves of four potato cultivars. Plants of cultivar Aracy (resistant), Delta (moderately resistant), Desirée (susceptible) and Bintje (susceptible) were inoculated with an Alternaria solani isolate at the beginning of the flowering stage. Disease severity varied in different plant parts. In all cultivars, regardless of resistance, the smallest values of LN, and severity were recorded on the upper leaves, suggesting that young tissues are less susceptible. In cultivar Aracy, the IP was long, with small values of LN and LER and consequently, low values of early blight severity in all leaf positions were recorded. Although IP was long in cultivar Aracy, no differences between the moderately resistant cultivar Delta and the susceptible cultivars Bintje and Desirée could be detected for this component. The IP was only influenced by leaf position in cultivar Aracy. Clear differences in resistance levels among cultivars could be detected regarding LN, severity and LER. However, neither LP nor SPLA were associated with resistance level of cultivars or with leaf position. Analyses according to plant part suggest that evaluations on leaves of the middle third part are most suitable for screening for early blight resistance in potato.
Sequence Heterogeneity in the 16S rDNA of Tomato Big Bud Phytoplasma Belonging to Group 16SrIII
Authors: Amaral Mello A. P. O. , Bedendo I. P. , Camargo L. E. A. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractPhytoplasmas are associated with several plant diseases occurring in Brazil. A phytoplasma of group 16SrIII found in tomato plants with symptoms of big bud was identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of 16S rDNA. RFLP patterns using HhaI and RsaI endonucleases were distinct from those exhibited by phytoplasmas representatives of diverse subgroups of group 16SrIII. Nucleotide sequence analyses demonstrated sequence heterogeneity expressed through a few base positions and restriction site among cloned fragments, revealing lineages different from members of currently known subgroups. The detection of lineages within tomato big bud phytoplasma present in Brazil revealed the diversity of representatives of group 16SrIII in tropical ecosystem and confirmed the genetic diversity of phytoplasmas of that group around the world.
Race Distribution, Vegetative Compatibility and Pathogenicity of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis Isolates in Greece
Authors: Elena K. , Pappas A. C. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractRaces and vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) in Greek isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis(Fom) were characterized. Three races (0, 2 and 1–2) among 12 isolates tested and two VCGs among 19 isolates tested, were identified. Race 1–2 was the most common and race 1 was not detected. One widespread VCG corresponded to a VCG previously reported from Israel (coded 0138), and included seven isolates of races 0 and 1–2. The other VCG, which was unclassified, included four isolates of races 0, 2 and 1–2. The latter VCG was detected only in a specific melon‐growing location of Evros. The remaining eight isolates tested for VCG did not show positive reactions with other isolates, with each other or with the testers of VCGs 0135 or 0138, although they produced complementary mutants. Using two inoculation methods, the local cv. ‘Golden Head’ was found susceptible to all known Fom races, and especially to race 1–2. These results show the presence of more than one VCG and the widespread distribution of the race 1–2, in Greece.
Performance of a pediatric ambulatory anesthesia program – a developing country experience
Authors: HARIHARAN SEETHARAMAN , CHEN DERYK , MERRITT‐CHARLES LORNA , RATTAN R , MUTHIAH K. 
Published: March 2006

SummaryBackground:  The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of a pediatric ambulatory anesthesia program in a tertiary care teaching hospital in a developing country.Methods:  Data on all pediatric patients (<16 years of age) scheduled to have elective day‐care surgery during a 1 year period from January 1999 to December 1999 were collected retrospectively. An audit form was used to determine the specialty of the procedures, anesthesia techniques, postoperative analgesia, perioperative complications, unplanned admissions and outcomes with respect to morbidity and mortality.Results:  A total of 763 pediatric ambulatory surgical procedures were performed during the year of 1999. The procedures included general surgery, ENT, orthopedic and plastic surgery. The most common procedure was inguinal hernia repair followed by umbilical hernia repair, adenotonsillectomy and circumcision and 96% of the patients had general anesthesia. There were only three unplanned admissions (0.4%); one for a surgical reason and two for anesthetic reasons. There was no serious morbidity or mortality in any patient.Conclusions:  Performance of pediatric day‐care anesthesia has been good in our day‐care unit and we have a successful ambulatory surgery program, despite the limitations of a developing country.
Status of two cryptic species, Typhlodromus exhilaratus Ragusa and Typhlodromus phialatus Athias‐Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae): consequences for taxonomy
Authors: Tixier Marie‐Stéphane , Kreiter Serge , Barbar Ziad , Ragusa Salvatore , Cheval Brigitte 
Published: March 2006

Typhlodromus phialatus and T. exhilaratus are morphologically close species. Their differentiation is based on the shape of the insemination apparatus and on idiosomal setae length. However, the setae length values are often intermediate between these two species and do not allow accurate identification. Furthermore, the handful of differences in insemination apparatus shape are also questionable as a means of differentiation. Synonymy between these species has thus been questioned. Three experiments were carried out. Idiosomal seta length measurements, molecular tests and cross experiments were conducted for three populations, identified as T. exhilaratus and T. phialatus according to the shape of their insemination apparatus. The results show that the variation range of seta lengths is great and that these criteria do not allow accurate separation of these populations into two species. However, molecular tests show a species‐level nucleotide differentiation between them. Cross experiments confirm this result, showing complete reproduction incompatibility between the mites bearing different insemination apparatus shapes. Therefore, T. exhilaratus and T. phialatus could be considered to be two valid species and the insemination apparatus could be considered as a pertinent diagnostic criterion at the specific level.
THE HURWITZ ZETA DISTRIBUTION
Authors: Hu Chin‐Yuan , Iksanov Aleksander M. , Lin Gwo Dong , Zakusylo Oleg K. 
Published: March 2006

SummaryThis paper shows that a normalization of the Hurwitz zeta function is a characteristic function. This generalizes the 1938 result of Khinchine about the Riemann zeta function. The paper investigates the infinite divisibility of the resulting distribution.
Hurricane Katrina and the Burdens of History
Authors: Rothman Adam 
Published: March 2006

AbstractAlmost three months after Hurricane Katrina made landfall on the Gulf Coast, aNew York Timeseditorial mourns, “We are about to lose New Orleans.” The city remains crippled. Whole neighborhoods have been reduced to rubble. The federal, state, and local governments dither. Basic services are yet to be fully restored. Only a fraction of its residents have returned, and many never will. By the last count, more than a thousand New Orleanians died in the disaster. The sad truth is that we have already lost New Orleans. Whatever replaces it will not be the same. The city is history.1