bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diffraction enhanced imaging and x‐ray fluorescence microtomography for analyzing biological samples
Authors: Rocha H. S. , Pereira G. R. , Anjos M. J. , Faria P. , Kellermann G. , Pérez C. A. , Tirao G. , Mazzaro I. , Giles C. , Lopes R. T. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn this work, breast tissue samples were investigated in order to verify the distribution of certain elements by x‐ray fluorescence computed tomography (XRFCT) correlated with the characteristics and pathology of each tissue observed by diffraction enhanced imaging (DEI).The DEI system can show details in low attenuation tissues. It is based on the contrast imaging obtained by extinction, diffraction and refraction characteristics and can improve reduction in false positive and false negative diagnoses. XRFCT allows mapping of all elements within the sample, since even a minute fluorescence signal can be detected. DEI imaging techniques revealed the complex structure of the disease, confirmed by the histological section, and showed microstructures in all planes of the sample. The XRFCT showed the distribution of Zn, Cu and Fe at higher concentration. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fractional vacuum distillation of herring oil methyl esters
Authors: Ackman R. G. , Ke P. J. , Jangaard P. M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMethyl esters of a Canadian Atlantic herring oil containing 62% monoethylenic fatty acids were subjected to batch fractional distillation under vacuum on a pilot plant scale, to study the feasibility of fractionating fatty acid esters of marine oils of low iodine value into monounsaturated fractions with increased commercial value for industrial chemical uses. A total of 64 methyl ester fractions were collected and analyzed by gas liquid chromatography. Recoveries of the major saturated and monounsaturated acids were close to 100%, and some fractions contained over 90% of the desired 22:1 long chain monounsaturated acids. The short chain polyunsaturated acids were recovered in good yields, but the long chain highly unsaturated acids were recovered in yields of 60% or less due to oxidative and thermal decomposition in the particular apparatus employed. If small amounts of unsaturated acids are acceptable, fractional distillation of low iodine value marine oils could inexpensively supply fractions with high concentrations of methyl esters of longer chain (C20 and C22) monounsaturated and shorter chain (C14) saturated acid or (C16) saturated‐monounsaturated acid mixture.
Hydrogenation and deuteration of conjugated isomers of linoleate and linolenate with palladium, platinum, nickel and lindlar catalysts
Authors: Koritala Asmbasivarao , Scholfield C. R. , Selke E. , Dutton H. J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractConjugated isomers of methyl linoleate and linolenate were reduced with palladium, platinum, nickel and Lindlar catalysts at atmospheric hydrogen or deuterium pressure. After the products were separated, positions of their double bonds were determined by ozonolysis. Palladium and platinum catalysts reduced β‐eleostearate directly to monoene. Nickel reduced β‐eleostearate to dienes chiefly by 1,2‐addition and to a lesser extent by 1,4‐ and 1,6‐addition, whereas Lindlar catalyst reduced by 1,2‐and 1,6‐addition only. All catalysts reduced conjugated linoleate isomers by both 1,2‐ and 1,4‐addition, with nickel being somewhat preferential for 1,2‐addition. Selectivity for the catalytic reduction of dienes to monoenes decreased in the order: nickel, palladium and platinum. Lindlar catalyst did not isomerize or reduce monoenes that formed during reduction. Palladium and platinum did not isomerize conjugated dienes and trienes during their reduction, whereas nickel and Lindlar catalysts isomerized them slightly. Some deuterium was found in unreacted conjugated diene and triene with nickel and Lindlar catalysts, but none with palladium or platinum. Deuterated products contained a wide range of isotopic isomers with some products having up to 31 deuterium atoms. This wide deuterium distribution resulted from (a) exchange followed by addition, (b) addition followed by exchange and (c) exchange‐addition‐exchange reactions.
Concentrations of some aliphatic aldehydes and ketones found in raw and roasted spanish and runner peanuts
Authors: Brown David F. , Senn Vincent J. , Dollear F. G. , Goldblatt L. A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCarbonyl compounds in oil cold‐pressed from raw and roasted peanuts were isolated and quantitated as their 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazones. Quantitative data were obtained for more than 40 compounds and compared to the flavor threshold values of the compounds in oil. In general, concentrations of aldehydes and ketones in Spanish peanuts were higher than in runner peanuts. Hexanal and octanal and possibly nonanal, 2‐octenal and 2‐nonenal may contribute to the “green‐beany” flavor of raw peanuts. Concentrations of 2‐methylpropanal, 2‐methylbutanal and 3‐methylbutanal vastly exceeded their flavor thresholds and probably contribute significantly to the harsh note of freshly roasted peanuts. Other compounds that could contribute to the flavor and aroma of roasted peanuts are: hexanal, heptanal, octanal, nonanal, dodecanal, 2‐heptenal, 2‐octenal, 2‐nonenal, 2‐decenal and 2,4‐decadienal.
Liquid‐liquid extraction of BHT from vegetable oils
Authors: Phipps A. M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPartition behavior of the antioxidants BHT and BHA has been investigated betweenn‐heptane and the polar phases; DMSO, DMF, acetonitrile and 80% methanol‐water v/v. The distribution of four vegetable oils in these solvent pairs was also examined, as well as the influence of the oil on the partition of the antioxidants. Consideration has been given to requirements for quantitative extraction in the more promising cases.
The presence of volatile, nonpolar bromo organic compounds synthesized by marine organisms
Authors: Lunde Gulbrand 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe presence of volatile, nonpolar bromine‐containing compounds in marine organisms is demonstrated. These compounds represent, especially in tissue containing a high fat content, ca. 0.1–1.0% of the total amount of bromo organic compounds present in marine oils. In tissue with a low fat content, a higher concentration of bromo organic compounds is found. It is concluded that these compounds are probably synthesized in one or more stages in the marine food chain. These compounds may follow and disturb the analyses when isolating and determining chlorinated hydrocarbons originating from industrial and other sources of pollution.
The analysis of organically bound elements (As, Se, Br) and phosphorus in raw, refined, bleached and hydrogenated marine oils produced from fish of different quality
Authors: Lunde Gulbrand 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMarine oils have been produced in pilot plant by boiling, pressing and separation of the press liquor from raw material (mackerel and herring) of different levels of spoilage. The difference in quality is obtained by varying the period of storage. Some of the oil samples have been refined and hydrogenated. In samples taken both from the raw oils and from oils at the different steps in the processing, organic bound arsenic, selenium, bromine and phosphorus are analyzed. When the raw material deteriorates during storage, an increase in the selenium and phosphorus content in the oils produced from these materials is observed, whereas the bromine and the arsenic content is nearly constant. During the refining the arsenic and phosphorus disappear almost completely from the oils, whereas the selenium content is reduced to about two‐thirds and the bromine content is nearly unaffected. In the hydrogenation step the selenium disappears relatively fast and the bromine more slowly.
Determination of tin salts in fats
Authors: Lowry Robert R. , Tinsley Ian J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTin compounds in both the oxidation states of II and IV can be determined directly in the fat or oil, using a solution of pyrocatechol violet in ethyl acetate and methanol. This method provides a rapid estimation of tin in the range of 5–54 µg/g of fat with either solid or liquid samples. The stability of the color with respect to both oxidation states and the effects of fat and free fatty acid levels are discussed.
Influence of solvent on degree of acylation in the formation of sucrose esters
Authors: Weiss T. J. , Brown Mona , Zeringue H. J. , Feuge R. O. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSucrose palmitates were prepared by the interesterification of sucrose and methyl palmitate in different solvents. The ratio of methyl palmitate to sucrose in dimethylformamide (DMF) solution was varied so that the effect on yield and ester composition could be evaluated. When sucrose esters were prepared in DMF, the palmitoyl groups approximated a random distribution when only penta‐ and lower esters were formed. When the proportion of palmitoyl groups was increased, hexa‐ through octaesters were formed, but the yield was less than that calculated for a random distribution. The interesterification of sucrose and methyl palmitate in solvents other than DMF, but under otherwise identical reaction conditions, yielded different reaction products. Only traces of sucrose esters were produced in hexamethylphosphoramide and formylmorpholine. Reactions in dimethylsulfoxide and N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidinone yielded larger percentages of higher esters than were obtained in DMF. However the distribution was far from random.
Selective hydrogenation catalyzed by polymeric palladium and platinum complexes
Authors: Bruner Harold S. , Bailar John C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAn organic polymer containing a diphenylbenzyl‐phosphine functional group, combined with PtCl2 or PdCl2, gives a heterogeneous hydrogenation catalyst which is analogous to the homogeneous catalysts PtCl2(Pø3)2 and PdCl2(Pø3)2. In the hydrogenation of soybean methyl ester, this catalyst is highly selective, the products being monoene and diene, with almost no increase in the content of saturated ester.
Alkali isomerization of linoleate isomers: Characterization of products
Authors: Koritala Sambasivarao 
Published: May 2007

AbstractGeometrical isomers of methyl linoleate were reacted with alakli, and the resulting conjugated isomers were separated intotrans,trans;cis,trans; andcis,cis fractions. The position of double bonds in the various fractions was determined by reductive ozonolysis.trans‐9,trans‐12‐Isomer of linoleate formedtrans,trans‐ andcis,trans‐conjugated dienes, whereascis‐9,trans‐12‐ andtrans‐9,cis‐12‐isomers in addition formedcis,cis‐conjugated dienes. The formation of the products is in accordance with the theoretical predictions. During conjugationtrans double bonds shifted to form atrans bond preferentially. During conjugation ofcis‐9,trans‐12‐ andtrans‐9,cis‐12‐linoleate isomers, thecis double bond shifted preferentially over thetrans double bond. A small amount of diene not conjugated was probably a geometrical and positional isomer of the starting material.
Thickening action of hydroxystearates in peanut butter
Authors: Elliger Carl A. , Guadagni D. G. , Dunlap C. E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWhen 0.5–1% of 12‐hydroxystearic acid or the corresponding triglyceride is incorporated into unhardened peanut butter, the resulting product has stiff creamy consistency, and no oil separation takes place upon standing. Sensory evaluation of this peanut butter indicated that it was indistinguishable from typical commercial material in flavor and texture.
Hearing loss in a family affected by Fabry disease
Authors: Sergi Bruno , Conti Guido 
Published: May 2007

SummaryFabry disease is an inborn error of metabolism due to deficient activity of the lysosomal enzyme α‐galactosidase A. The enzyme defect leads to the systemic accumulation of neutral glycosphingolipids in tissues. Otological manifestations consist of hearing loss and mild vestibular disorders. In this report we describe a family of five members affected by Fabry disease with four subjects showing inner ear involvement.
Switching to the bingeing/purging subtype of anorexia nervosa is frequently associated with suicidal attempts
Authors: Foulon C. , Guelfi J.D. , Kipman A. , Adès J. , Romo L. , Houdeyer K. , Marquez S. , Mouren M.C. , Rouillon F. , Gorwood P. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractObjectiveAnorexia nervosa has the highest suicide mortality ratio of psychiatric disorders, suicide being associated with many factors. We assessed the first lifetime occurrence of these factors taking into account their possible overlap.MethodThree hundred and four in- and out-patients with anorexia nervosa (DSM-IV) were systematically recruited in three hospitals of Paris suburbs, between December 1999 and January 2003. Patients were assessed by a face-to-face interview (DIGS). Current eating disorder dimensions were measured, and patients interviewed by a trained clinician to assess minimal BMI and, retrospectively, the age at which anorexia nervosa, major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders and switch to bingeing/purging type occurred for the first time, if applicable.ResultsMajor depressive disorder (p < 0.001) and subtype switch from the restrictive to the bingeing/purging type (p < 0.001) were the two factors significantly more frequently occurring before suicidal attempts, and remained involved when a multivariate analysis is performed, whether syndromic or dimensional measures are being used. Taking into account lifetime occurrence with a survival analysis, the switch to bingeing/purging type of anorexia appears as a major predictive factor, with a large increase of the frequency of suicidal attempts (OR = 15) when compared to patients with neither major depressive disorder nor bingeing/purging type.ConclusionsBingeing/purging type of anorexia nervosa is largely associated with suicidal attempts, and may deserve specific attention. If confirmed on a prospectively designed study, these results would argue for early detection and/or more intensive and specific therapeutic intervention on this aspect of bingeing and purging behaviors.
Nitric oxide homeostasis as a target for drug additives to cardioplegia
Authors: Podesser B K , Hallström S 
Published: May 2007

The vascular endothelium of the coronary arteries has been identified as the important organ that locally regulates coronary perfusion and cardiac function by paracrine secretion of nitric oxide (NO) and vasoactive peptides. NO is constitutively produced in endothelial cells by endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). NO derived from this enzyme exerts important biological functions including vasodilatation, scavenging of superoxide and inhibition of platelet aggregation. Routine cardiac surgery or cardiologic interventions lead to a serious temporary or persistent disturbance in NO homeostasis. The clinical consequences are “endothelial dysfunction”, leading to “myocardial dysfunction”: no‐ or low‐reflow phenomenon and temporary reduction of myocardial pump function. Uncoupling of eNOS (one electron transfer to molecular oxygen, the second substrate of eNOS) during ischemia‐reperfusion due to diminished availability of L‐arginine and/or tetrahydrobiopterin is even discussed as one major source of superoxide formation. Therefore maintenance of normal NO homeostasis seems to be an important factor protecting from ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Both, the clinical situations of cardioplegic arrest as well as hypothermic cardioplegic storage are followed by reperfusion. However, the presently used cardioplegic solutions to arrest and/or store the heart, thereby reducing myocardial oxygen consumption and metabolism, are designed to preserve myocytes mainly and not endothelial cells. This review will focus on possible drug additives to cardioplegia, which may help to maintain normal NO homeostasis after I/R.British Journal of Pharmacology (2007) 151, 930–940; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707272
Feedstock Recycling of Plastic Wastes
Authors: Aguado Jose , Serrano David P , Braithwaite M J , Hassur Steven M , Papenfuhs T 
Published: May 2007

The use of plastic materials has seen a massive increase in recent years, and generation of plastic wastes has grown proportionately. Recycling of these wastes to reduce landfill disposal is problematic due to the wide variation in properties and chemical composition among the different types of plastics. Feedstock recycling is one of the alternatives available for consideration, and Feedstock Recycling of Plastic Wastes looks at the conversion of plastic wastes into valuable chemicals useful as fuels or raw materials. Looking at both scientific and technical aspects of the recycling developments, this book describes the alternatives available. Areas include chemical depolymerization, thermal processes, oxidation and hydrogenation. Besides conventional treatments, new technological approaches for the degradation of plastics, such as conversion under supercritical conditions and coprocessing with coal are discussed.
This book is essential reading for those involved in plastic recycling, whether from an academic or industrial perspective. Consultants and government agencies will also find it immensely useful.
SQUINT: a multiple alignment program and editor
Authors: Goode Matthew G. , Rodrigo Allen G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSummary: SQUINT is a sequence alignment tool, and combines both automated progressive sequence alignment with facilities for manual editing. The program imports nucleotide or amino acid sequence multiple alignment files in standard formats, and permits users to view two translations of the same multiple alignment simultaneously. Edits in one view are instantaneously reflected in the other, and the scoring cost of the changes are shown in real-time. Progressive multiple alignments, using a variety of alignment parameters, can be performed on any block of sequences, including blocks embedded in the existing alignment.Availability: The software is freely available for download at http://www.cebl.auckland.ac.nzContact: a.rodrigo@auckland.ac.nz
AutoCSA, an algorithm for high throughput DNA sequence variant detection in cancer genomes
Authors: Dicks E. , Teague J. W. , Stephens P. , Raine K. , Yates A. , Mattocks C. , Tarpey P. , Butler A. , Menzies A. , Richardson D. , Jenkinson A. , Davies H. , Edkins S. , Forbes S. , Gray K. , Greenman C. , Shepherd R. , Stratton M. R. , Futreal P. A. , Wooster R. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
The undertaking of large-scale DNA sequencing screens for somatic variants in human cancers requires accurate and rapid processing of traces for variants. Due to their often aneuploid nature and admixed normal tissue, heterozygous variants found in primary cancers are often subtle and difficult to detect. To address these issues, we have developed a mutation detection algorithm, AutoCSA, specifically optimized for the high throughput screening of cancer samples.
Availability: http://www.sanger.ac.uk/genetics/CGP/Software/AutoCSA.
Contact: mrs@sanger.ac.uk
Comparing association network algorithms for reverse engineering of large-scale gene regulatory networks: synthetic versus real data
Authors: Soranzo Nicola , Bianconi Ginestra , Altafini Claudio 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Motivation: Inferring a gene regulatory network exclusively from microarray expression profiles is a difficult but important task. The aim of this work is to compare the predictive power of some of the most popular algorithms in different conditions (like data taken at equilibrium or time courses) and on both synthetic and real microarray data. We are in particular interested in comparing similarity measures both of linear type (like correlations and partial correlations) and of non-linear type (mutual information and conditional mutual information), and in investigating the underdetermined case (less samples than genes).
Results: In our simulations we see that all network inference algorithms obtain better performances from data produced with ‘structural’ perturbations, like gene knockouts at steady state, than with any dynamical perturbation. The predictive power of all algorithms is confirmed on a reverse engineering problem from Escherichia coli gene profiling data: the edges of the ‘physical’ network of transcription factor–binding sites are significantly overrepresented among the highest weighting edges of the graph that we infer directly from the data without any structure supervision. Comparing synthetic and in vivo data on the same network graph allows us to give an indication of how much more complex a real transcriptional regulation program is with respect to an artificial model.
Availability: Software is freely available at the URL http://people.sissa.it/~altafini/papers/SoBiAl07/
Contact: altafini@sissa.it
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Genetdes: automatic design of transcriptional networks
Authors: Rodrigo Guillermo , Carrera Javier , Jaramillo Alfonso 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMotivation: The rational design of biological networks with prescribed functions is limited to gene circuits of a few genes. Larger networks involve complex interactions with many parameters and the use of automated computational tools can be very valuable. We propose a new tool to design transcriptional networks with targeted behavior that could be used to better understand the design principles of genetic circuits.Results: We have implemented a Simulated Annealing optimization algorithm that explores throughout the space of transcription networks to obtain a specific behavior. The software outputs a transcriptional network with all the corresponding kinetic parameters in SBML format. We provide examples of transcriptional circuits with logical and oscillatory behaviors. Our tool can also be applied to design networks with multiple external input and output genes.Availability: The software, a tutorial manual, parameter sets and examples are freely available at http://synth-bio.yi.org/genetdes.htmlContact: Alfonso.Jaramillo@polytechnique.edu
Clinical outcome of de novo acute myeloid leukaemia patients with normal cytogenetics is affected by molecular genetic alterations: a concise review
Authors: Baldus Claudia D. , Mrózek Krzysztof , Marcucci Guido , Bloomfield Clara D. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryNormal cytogenetics are detected pretreatment in approximately 45% of patients with de novo acute myeloid leukaemia (AML); thus this constitutes the single largest cytogenetic group of AML. Recently, molecular genetic alterations with prognostic significance have been reported in these patients. They include internal tandem duplication of the FLT3 gene, partial tandem duplication of the MLL gene, mutations of the CEBPA and NPM1 genes and aberrant expression of the BAALC, ERG and MN1 genes. Additionally, gene‐expression profiling has been applied to identify prognostically relevant subgroups. Substantial progress has been made in the understanding of molecular pathways deregulated in leukaemogenesis and how these defects can be targeted by novel therapeutic compounds. Here we critically review the molecular heterogeneity among AML patients with normal cytogenetics and discuss how these data may translate into a prognostic, molecular‐based treatment stratification that may improve the currently unsatisfactory outcome of these patients.