bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electrolytic removal of 17α‐ethinylestradiol (EE2) in water streams
Authors: Pauwels Bram , Deconinck Sam , Verstraete Willy 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe electrolytic removal of ethinylestradiol (EE2), the most potent synthetic estrogen, in effluent of a membrane bioreactor (MBR) treating hospital sewage and in drinking water, was studied at dosed concentrations of about 1 mg EE2 L−1. Removal efficiencies of up to 98% were obtained with supplemental efficient eradications of bacteria (up to 3.4 log units). Residual effects were observed when a treated flow was mixed with an untreated flow. An increasing concentration of NaCl resulted in an enhanced EE2 removal. This effect was more pronounced in MBR effluent than in drinking water. To approach more environmentally realistic concentrations, an experiment with initial concentration of 10 µg EE2 L−1 drinking water was set up, still resulting in an EE2 removal of 85%. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Characterization of a photocatalytic reaction in a continuous‐flow recirculation reactor system
Authors: Shiraishi Fumihide , Nagano Mayumi , Wang Shinpon 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA continuous‐flow recirculation mode, generally called a recycle mode, is known to be practically meaningless except when the reactant is separated from the product at the reactor exit or when the reaction is autocatalytic, because when simply circulating a small amount of the fluid containing a reactant, the reactant concentration in this mode is lowered due to mixing of the fluid at the reactor entrance, leading to a decrease in the conversion at the reactor exit. This mode may, however, be meaningful in photocatalytic reactions with very large film‐diffusional resistance. To indicate the validity of this estimation, therefore, characteristics of a continuous‐flow recirculation reactor have been investigated both theoretically and experimentally. As a result, it is found that by increasing the circulation flow rate the conversion and productivity in this reactor is higher than that in a continuous‐flow reactor because the film‐diffusional resistance is remarkably reduced. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Attenuation of a vaccine strain of vaccinia virus via inactivation of interferon viroceptor
Authors: Dénes Béla , Gridley Daila S. , Fodor Nadja , Takátsy Zsuzsanna , Timiryasova Tatyana M. , Fodor István 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBackgroundInterferons (IFNs) play an important role in host antiviral responses, but viruses, including vaccinia viruses (VV), employ mechanisms to disrupt IFN activities, and these viral mechanisms are often associated with their virulence. Here, we explore an attenuation strategy with a vaccine strain of VV lacking a virus‐encoded IFN‐γ receptor homolog (viroceptor).MethodsTo facilitate the monitoring of virus properties, first we constructed a Lister vaccine strain derivative VV‐RG expressing optical reporters. Further, we constructed a VV‐RG derivative, VV‐RG8, which lacks the IFN‐γR viroceptor (B8R gene product). Replication, immunological and pathogenic properties of the constructed strains were compared.ResultsViruses did not show significant differences in humoral and cellular immune responses of immune‐competent mice. Replication of constructed viruses was efficient both in vitro and in vivo, but showed marked difference in kinetics of propagation. In cultured CV‐1 epithelial cells, the VV‐RG8 strain retained the propagation potential of the parental virus, while, in the C6 glial cells, significant delay was observed in the kinetics of the VV‐RG8 replication cycle compared to VV‐RG. The pathogenesis of the viruses was tested by survival assay and biodistribution in nude mice. High dose inoculation of nude mice with VV‐RG8 caused less pronounced virus dissemination, improved weight gain, and increased survival rate, as compared with the VV‐RG strain.ConclusionsThe replication‐competent virus VV‐RG8 carrying a mutation at the B8R gene is less pathogenic for mice than the parental vaccine virus. We anticipate that step‐wise inactivation of VV vaccine genes involved in evasion of host immune response may provide an alternative approach for generation of hyper‐attenuated replication‐competent vaccines. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Immobilization of gene vectors on polyurethane surfaces using a monoclonal antibody for localized gene delivery
Authors: Mei Lin , Jin Xu , Song Cunxian , Wang Manyan , Levy R. J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBackgroundConventional strategies of gene therapy using viral vectors result in suboptimal localization and potentially dangerous distal spread of vector. We hypothesized that localized delivery of adenoviral gene vectors could be achieved from a polyurethane (PU) film through a mechanism involving anti‐viral antibody tethering.MethodsPU films were formulated with a collagen coating. Anti‐adenoviral monoclonal antibodies were covalently bound to the collagen surface. These antibodies enabled tethering of replication‐defective adenoviruses [Ad‐GFP (encoding green fluorescent protein)] through highly specific antigen‐antibody affinity. The binding stability and in vitro delivery of virus bound on PU films were investigated. Cell culture studies with rat arterial smooth muscle cells (A10) assessed transduction on or near the PU matrix. In vivo experiments with collagen‐coated PU films investigated atrial epicardial implant and subdermal implant models in Yorkshire swine.ResultsWe report for the first time successful PU film‐based gene delivery using antibody‐tethered adenovirus encoding the green fluorescent protein (GFP), demonstrating efficient and highly localized gene delivery to arterial smooth muscle cells in cell culture and pig implant. In comparison, direct injections of viral vectors into subcutaneous sites gave sparse, needle‐track‐oriented GFP expression patterns.ConclusionWe conclude that PU film is a suitable platform for a localizable viral vector delivery system that also prevents systemic spread of vector. Gene delivery using PU film‐based anti‐viral antibody tethering of vectors should be suitable for a wide array of single or multiple therapeutic gene strategies, and for further device‐based gene delivery therapeutic strategies. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of the silanol‐suppressing potency of ionic liquids
Authors: Marszałł Michał Piotr , Baczek Tomasz , Kaliszan Roman 
Published: April 2006

AbstractRecently, increasing attention has been paid to the use of ionic liquids for high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and capillary electrophoresis. In the present study, the silanol‐suppressing potency of ionic liquids was evaluated by HPLC using the two‐retention site model proposed previously by Nahum and Horváth (J. Chromatogr. 1981, 203, 53–63). The binding constant, KA, in that approach has been demonstrated to reliably reflect the ability of the ionic liquids to block the silanols of the silica support material of the stationary phase. The determinations were carried out for ionic liquids of the 1‐alkyl‐3‐methylimidazolium group with the use of a series of basic drugs as the test analytes. Comparison of ionic liquids with standard mobile phase additives such as triethylamine showed the former to possess advantages as silanol suppressors in HPLC. The main advantage of the method is that it provides a simple and fast determination of the silanol complex stability, which allowed comparison of the suppressing efficiency of several ionic liquids.
Determination of calibration function in thermal field flow fractionation under thermal field programming
Authors: Pasti Luisa , Ventosa Edgar A. , Mingozzi Ines , Dondi Francesco 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA new procedure for determining the calibration function able to relate retention and operative parameters to molecular weight of the species in thermal field flow (ThFFF) under thermal field programming (TFP) conditions is presented. The procedure involves determining the average values of retention parameters under TFP and determining a numerical function related to the temperature variations that occur during TFP. The calibration parameters are obtained by a procedure fitting the retention and operative parameters that hold true at the beginning of the TFP. The procedure is closely related to the one previously developed to calibrate the retention time axis under TFP ThFFF and, together, they constitute a full calibration procedure. Experimental validation was performed with reference to polystyrene (PS)‐decalin and PS‐THF systems. The calibration functions here obtained were compared to those derived by the classical procedure at constant thermal field ThFFF to obtain the calibration function at variable cold wall temperatures. Excellent agreement was found in all cases proving “universality” of the ThFFF calibration concept, i. e. it is independent of the particular system on which it was determined and can thus be extended to ThFFF operating under TFP. The new procedure is simpler than the classical one since it requires less precision in setting the instrumentation and can be obtained with fewer experiments. The potential applications for the method are discussed.
Fair‐trade beliefs, attitudes and buying behaviour of Belgian consumers
Authors: Pelsmacker Patrick De , Janssens Wim , Sterckx Ellen , Mielants Caroline 
Published: April 2006

Abstract

A survey of 858 Belgians (615 people drawn from the general public and 243 visitors to Oxfam World Shops), examined the knowledge, beliefs, attitudes and behaviour of consumers with respect to fair‐trade issues. The results showed that the respondents' knowledge and attitudes generally supported the fair‐trade concept. However, many of the people questioned believed that fair‐trade organizations should provide more and better information on fair‐trade products, especially in shops and on the items themselves. In addition, fair‐trade products should be more readily available in regular supermarkets, and their price should be lowered. The most interesting socio‐demographic target group for non‐profit fair‐trade organizations appears to be older people with higher education and income. Consumers from the south (French‐speaking) part of Belgium in general have a more positive attitude towards fair trade.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanical properties of plastic‐bonded explosive binder materials as a function of strain‐rate and temperature
Authors: Cady C.M. , Blumenthal W.R. , Gray G.T. , Idar D.J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractCompression measurements were conducted on three explosive formulation binders, extruded Estane, plasticized Estane, and plasticized hydroxyl‐terminated polybutadiene, as a function of temperature and strain rate. The mechanical response of the Estane was found to exhibit the strongest dependency on strain rate and temperature and higher flow strength for similar test conditions of the three materials tested. Plasticized Estane was less sensitively dependent on strain rate and temperature, followed by the plasticized HTPB. The visco‐elastic recovery of all three binders is seen to dominate the mechanical behavior at temperatures above the glass transition temperature (Tg). There is a pronounced shift in the apparentTgto higher temperatures as the strain rate is increased. Two distinct behaviors are observed in the binders below theTg. At low strain rates, the binders exhibit a yield behavior, followed by a drop in the flow stress, which may or may not recover. At high strain rates, the load drop does not occur and the flow stresses either gradually increase, as in plasticized HTPB, or it levels out as seen in the Estane‐based binders. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 46:812–819, 2006. © 2006 Society of Plastics Engineers
Stimulation of bone healing in new fractures of the tibial shaft using interferential currents
Authors: Fourie J A , Bowerbank P 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe aim of this research was to establish whether interferential currents (IFC) could significantly reduce the healing time for fractures of the tibia and thereby prevent nonunion. Males between the ages of 12 and 86, who had sustained fractures of the tibiae, were entered into this double blind clinical trial. According to strict inclusion and exclusion criteria, a final sample of 227 cases (208 subjects) were entered by block randomization into two groups; an experimental group (n=41) and placebo group (n=35). A further group was entered retrospectively – control group (n=151). IFCs were applied to the experimental group via suction electrodes for 30 minutes per day for 10 days, using a beat frequency of 10 – 25 Hz and a swing mode of 6 ∫ 6. The placebo group had only suction electrodes applied, the intermittent mode produced a rhythmical massage effect; subjects in this group commented on pain relief which resulted in the addition of the control group as a check on the possible effect of intermittent suction. The control group received no intervention. The data were analysed using analysis of covariance which resulted in a finding of no significant difference in the time taken to union for the three groups. This means that to date there is no reason to believe that IFCs (using the parameters of this trial) can reduce the healing time for new fractures of the tibia or prevent nonunion. However, further investigation is recommended. Copyright © 1997 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Flight path control of small unmanned air vehicle
Authors: Kumon Makoto , Nagata Masanobu , Kohzawa Ryuichi , Mizumoto Ikuro , Iwai Zenta 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn this paper, a path following control system for a small and light unmanned air vehicle (UAV), called Kiteplane, was proposed. The aircraft contains a large delta‐shaped main wing and exhibits stable flying dynamics. Because of this feature, a simple proportional integral differential control method could be implemented since attitude control to stabilize the motion was not needed. Devices installed on board the aircraft were developed for the autopilot system and the proposed control method was implemented. Results of numerical simulations and experiments showed the effectiveness of the approach. This paper also provides an algorithm for using the aircraft to estimate wind direction based on Kiteplane dynamics under the wind effect. A numerical estimation method was proposed and it was implemented on the autopilot system. The experimental results also supported the proposed wind estimating method. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Self‐organization of periodically structured single‐crystalline zinc branches by electrodeposition
Authors: Liu Tao , Wang Sheng , Wang Mu , Peng Ru‐Wen , Ma Guo‐Bin , Hao Xi‐Ping , Ming Nai‐ben 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWe report here the electrodeposition of periodically structured single‐crystalline zinc branches from an ultrathin aqueous electrolyte layer of ZnSO4. The main trunk and side branches of electrodeposits are regularly angled, and each branch is made of periodic bead‐like structures. Layered morphology has been observed on each bead. During electrodeposition, spontaneous oscillation of electric current occurs when constant voltage is applied across the electrodes, and the oscillation leads to periodic patterns on deposit branches. According to electron diffraction of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the whole branch of electrodeposits has the same crystallographic orientation despite the fact that the branch looks like an assembly of beads. We interpret this unique growth behavior to the epitaxial nucleation in the transport‐limited growth system. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Finite element analysis of V‐shaped cantilevers for atomic force microscopy under normal and lateral force loads
Authors: Müller Matthias , Schimmel Thomas , Häußler Pascal , Fettig Heiko , Müller Ottmar , Albers Albert 
Published: April 2006

AbstractFor the quantitative investigation of surface properties such as elasticity, friction and wear by atomic force microscopy (AFM), a quantitative determination of the forces acting on the probe during its motion along the sample surface is essential. In this article, a fully parameterized finite element model for V‐shaped cantilevers is presented and the three‐dimensional mechanical deformations of the AFM cantilever are investigated. Force constants and detection angles for tip displacements in the three spatial directions are calculated for widely used cantilevers. The limits of linearity according to Hook's law are studied. It is found that the AFM contact cantilevers investigated here show a linear bending behavior for tip displacements within a range below approx. 10 nm in lateral directions and 100 nm in the normal direction. Displacements within this range are typical for many AFM applications including force modulation techniques. For higher loads as used e.g. for surface modification, a significant deviation from linear behavior is observed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Growth and magnetism of self‐organized Co nanoplatelets on Si(111) surface
Authors: He Ke , Pan Ming‐Hu , Wang Jun‐Zhong , Liu Hong , Jia Jin‐Feng , Xue Qi‐Kun 
Published: April 2006

AbstractMagnetic nanodots have great potential for applications in ultrahigh‐density information storage, quantum computing and many other fields. In this work, Co nanoplatelets with uniform size, height and shape were fabricated by ultrahigh vacuum metal evaporation on the Si(111)‐(7 × 7) surface, using a two‐dimensional identical Al cluster array as the template and spacer. The Al clusters reduce Si dangling bonds significantly and prevent the reaction between Si and the ferromagnetic metal Co. Almost all Co nanoplatelets appear as equilateral triangles with a side length of 5.4 nm and a magic thickness of 2 ML, pointing in the [211] direction. In situ scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) was used to determine the atomic structure and atomistic formation process of the Co nanoplatelets. Magnetic properties of the Co platelets were measured by SQUID at 5 K. Such quantum dots exhibit unusually high perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. The present study demonstrates a promising pathway to directly integrate magnetic nanostructures with Si‐based electronic devices. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mesoscopic phases and characteristics of nano‐structured interfaces
Authors: Yamazaki Yoshitake , Gleiter Herbert , Ou‐Yang Zhong‐can , Zhu Xing , Zhang Zhaohui , Shi Qing‐fan , Shen Diang‐hong , Lu Kun‐quan 
Published: April 2006

AbstractMesoscopic phases and characteristics of nano‐structured interfaces are derived using renormalizing methods. Many mesoscopic phases arise, and properties for each mesoscopic phase are represented with universal homogeneous functions and characteristic exponents. It may be possible to control the characteristics of nano‐structured interfaces by external fields. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nanoscale lines of supported nanogold particles and lysozyme–nanogold conjugates generated by atomic force microscopy in aqueous solution
Authors: Wiechmann Matthias , Enders Oliver , Leisten Frank , Becker Jörg Michael , Haug Rolf Johann , Kolb Hans‐Albert 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe line‐scan mode is applied in aqueous suspensions of NHS–nanogold and NHS—nanogold–lysozyme conjugates to generate tip‐induced linelike pattern with a width in the nanometer scale. With increasing ionic strength the spontaneous adsorption of the particles to the mica surface can be reduced. The reduction causes an increase in the processing time, which is necessary to form a continuous line composed of the respective particles. The line width increases with increasing loading force. For NHS–nanogold, a minimal line width of about 40 nm could be achieved. The results were used to connect two opposite macroscopic gold contacts about 5 µm apart by a line of NHS–nanogold, which appeared to be of continuous structure down to the nanometer scale, according to the corresponding topography. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Herbivory damage does not indirectly influence the composition or excretion of aphid honeydew
Authors: Hembry David H. , Katayama Noboru , Hojo Masaru K. , Ohgushi Takayuki 
Published: April 2006

AbstractRecent research has shown that extrafloral nectar secretion by plants, which also attracts ants, is a defense inducible by herbivory damage. Our research addresses the question of whether plants can manipulate the honeydew secretions of homopterans as an inducible defense in response to herbivory in the same manner as extrafloral nectaries. We investigated changes in honeydew composition and excretion rate by the facultatively ant‐attended aphidChaitophorus salinigerShinji (Homoptera: Aphididae) depending on the presence or absence of herbivory by caterpillars (Clostera anastomosisL.; Lepidoptera: Notodontidae) on their host plant, the willowSalix gilgianaSeemen. Our results found no evidence to suggest that herbivory damage to the aphid's host plant causes significant changes in aphid population growth, honeydew droplet volume, volume of honeydew excreted per aphid per hour, or composition of three abundant sugars in aphid honeydew as a result of herbivory damage to the aphids’ host plant, suggesting that, in this particular system, the plant is not manipulating the aphids’ honeydew output for its own benefit.
Macrophage‐stimulating protein differently affects human alveolar macrophages from smoker and non‐smoker patients: evaluation of respiratory burst, cytokine release and NF‐κB pathway
Authors: Gunella Gabriele , Bardelli Claudio , Amoruso Angela , Viano Ilario , Balbo Piero , Brunelleschi Sandra 
Published: April 2006

Macrophage activation is a key feature of inflammatory reactions occurring during bacterial infections, immune responses and tissue injury. We previously demonstrated that human macrophages of different origin express the tyrosine kinase receptor recepteur d'origine nantaise, the human receptor for MSP (RON) and produce superoxide anion (O2−) when challenged with macrophage‐stimulating protein (MSP), the endogenous ligand for RON.
This study was aimed to evaluate the role of MSP in alveolar macrophages (AM) isolated from healthy volunteers and patients with interstitial lung diseases (sarcoidosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis), either smokers or non‐smokers, by evaluating the respiratory burst, cytokine release and nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐κB) activation. MSP effects were compared with those induced by known AM stimuli, for example, phorbol myristate acetate, N‐formyl‐methionyl‐leucyl‐phenylalanine, lipopolysaccharide.
MSP evokes O2− production, cytokine release and NF‐κB activation in a concentration‐dependent manner. By evaluating the respiratory burst, we demonstrate a significantly increased O2− production in AM from healthy smokers or smokers with pulmonary fibrosis, as compared to non‐smokers, thus suggesting MSP as an enhancer of cigarette smoke toxicity.
Besides inducing interleukin‐1 beta (IL‐1β) and interleukin‐10 (IL‐10) production, MSP triggers an enhanced tumor necrosis factor‐alpha release, especially in healthy and pulmonary fibrosis smokers. On the contrary, MSP‐induced IL‐10 release is higher in AM from healthy non‐smokers.
MSP activates the transcription factor NF‐κB; this effect is more potent in healthy and fibrosis smokers (2.5‐fold increase in p50 subunit translocation). This effect is receptor‐mediated, as it is prevented by a monoclonal anti‐human MSP antibody.
The higher effectiveness of MSP in AM from healthy smokers and patients with pulmonary fibrosis is suggestive of its role in these clinical conditions.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2006) 148, 478–489. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706751