bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Second–Harmonic Generation from the Monolayers of Rare Earth Complexes Et2NC6H4CH=CHC5H4NC16H33Ln(TTA)4 (Ln = La, Nd, Dy, Yb)
Authors: Wang Ke Zhi , Jiang Wei , Huang Chun Hui , Xu Guang Xian , Xu Ling Ge , Li Tian Kai , Zhao Xin Sheng , Xie Xiao Ming 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The LB films of four hemicyanine salts with rare earth complex anions were prepared. From second-harmonic generation experiments, the second-order molecular hyperpolarizability β was evaluated to be about 2 × 10−27e. s. u. Enhanced second-order nonlinearity compared with the hemicyanine bromide was discussed according to the crystal structure of a model complex. The results of UV-Vis, IR and low angle X-ray diffraction for the LB films are also reported.
Formal Synthesis of a Unsaturated Trihydroxy C-18 Fatty Acid
Authors: Sharma Pradeep Kumar 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Stereoselective synthesis of (4R,5S)-2,2-dimethyl-5-[(Z)-2-pentenyl]-1,3-dioxolane-4-carboxaldehyde, a key intermediate for the synthesis of (9S,12S,13S)-trihydroxy-(10E,15Z)-octadecadienoic acid starting from cis-butene-1,4-diol, is described.
Recovery of Nickel and Vanadium from a Fly Ash of Bitumen-in-Water Emulsion by Chemical Vapor Transport
Authors: Murase Kuniaki , Nishikawa Ken-ichi , Machida Ken-ichi , Adachi Gin-ya 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Nickel and vanadium in a fly ash of bitumen-in-water emulsion, as a new fuel, were recovered with the yields of 67 and ∼100%, respectively, by a high temperature chlorination and a subsequent chemical vapor transport along temperature gradient. To use a vapor complex former, Al2Cl6(g), increased the yield of the nickel, and to optimize the temperature gradient reduced the contamination of magnesium in the recovered nickel.
Asymmetric Carbene C–O Insertion Reaction Using Optically Active Bipyridine-Copper Complex as a Catalyst. Ring Expansion of Oxetanes to Tetrahydrofurans
Authors: Ito Katsuji , Katsuki Tsutomu 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Copper complex of (7R,7R′)-7,7′-di(1-t-butyldimethylsiloxy-1-methylethyl)-6,6′,7,7′-tetrahydro-5H,5′H-2,2′-bi-1,1′-pyrindine (3) was found to be an effective catalyst for asymmetric carbene insertion reaction into the C-O bond of oxetanes. For example, the reaction of dl-2-phenyloxetane and t-butyl diazoacetate in the presence of Cu-3 complex provided trans- and cis-t-butyl 3-phenyltetrahydrofuran-2-carboxylate of 75% ee and 81% ee, respectively.
Simultaneous Epoxidation of 1-Hexene and Hydroxylation of Benzene during Electrolysis of Water
Authors: Otsuka Kiyoshi , Yamanaka Ichiro , Hagiwara Makoto 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Epoxidation of 1-hexene and hydroxylation of benzene to phenol and hydroquinone occurred at the same time on the anode and the cathode, respectively, during electrolysis of water at room temperature. The most favorable anode and the cathode for these reactions were Pt black and the carbon whisker added with Pd black and Fe2O3, respectively.
Reaction of ortho-Azidohetarenecarbaldehydes with bis(Trimethylsilyl)sulfide. A Novel Route to Fused Isothiazoles
Authors: Degl’innocenti Alessandro , Funicello Maria , Scafato Patrizia , Spagnolo Piero 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
o-Azidohetarenecarbaldehydes react with bis(trimethylsilyl)sulfide and hydrochloric acid to give fused isothiazoles in yields strongly dependent upon the nature of the heteroaromatic ring through intramolecular cyclization reaction of presumable intermediate o-azidocarbothialdehydes.
Preparation and X-Ray Structure Analysis of 3,3-Diphenyl-2-(2,4,6-tri-t-butylphenyl)-1,2-thiaphosphirane
Authors: Toyota Kozo , Shimura Kazuho , Takahashi Hiroaki , Yoshifuji Masaaki 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Reaction of low coordinated 2,2-diphenyl-1-(2,4,6-tri-t-butylphenyl)phosphaethene with elemental sulfur afforded the corresponding 1,2-thiaphosphirane 2-sulfide 6 via methylene(thioxo)phosphorane 5. Desulfurization reaction of 6 gave the corresponding thiaphosphirane 7 and the structure was analyzed by X-ray crystallography. Valence isomerism between 5 and 7 by heat or light was studied.
α-Umpolung of Ketones via Enol Cation Radicals. Mechanistic and Synthetic Aspects
Authors: Schmittel Michael , Levis Michael 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The novel α-Umpolung of ketones via intermediate enol cation radicals has been explored mechanistically and tested for different nucleophiles that are compatible to the oxidative conditions. The rate of the reaction was determined indicating that enolization takes place prior to the one-electron oxidation step.
Synthesis and Structural Features of a Series of κ3SNS Pincer Complexes of Group 10 Metals σ-Bonded to Centered Pyrrolate Unit
Authors: Okamoto Ken , Kanbara Takaki , Yamamoto Takakazu 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
N-Metalation of N,N′-dibenzyl-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dicarbothioamide afforded new pincer complexes of group 10 metals with κ3SNS-type coordination. Molecular structures of the complexes were characterized by X-ray crystallography.
Surface Ignition of Aluminum in Oxygen
Authors: Chiffoleau G , Newton B , Holroyd NJH , Havercroft S 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Published reports of burning aluminum in oxygen using ASTM G 124-type testing demonstrated that aluminum alloys are difficult to ignite but once ignited are extremely flammable in terms of regression rate and energy release. The ignition resistance of aluminum is associated with its tenacious and protective oxide, which allows aluminum to safely contain high-pressure oxygen in certain applications. The ignitability of aluminum varies between alloys and surface treatments so a test method was developed to evaluate the ignitability of various aluminum surfaces. The test method uses a promoted ignition chamber consistent with ASTM G 124 testing; however, the test sample is configured in the shape of a coupon. Instead of promoting the sample with an electrically heated wire, a controlled electrical arc is generated by drawing an electrode away from the center of the coupon while passing current through the sample. The level of energy applied to the surface of the coupon is semi-quantifiable and kept constant between tests. Based on this semi-quantifiable amount of energy, an ignition pressure is established and the influence of alloy composition and surface treatments on aluminum is evaluated.
Application of Low Plasticity Burnishing (LPB) to Improve the Fatigue Performance of Ti-6Al-4V Femoral Hip Stems
Authors: Hornbach DJ , Prevey PS , Loftus EF 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Low plasticity burnishing (LPB) is a surface enhancement method that produces a deep layer of compressive residual stress with minimal cold working and an improved surface finish. Extensive fatigue testing, performed on numerous metal alloys in simulated environmental conditions, demonstrates that LPB significantly improves fatigue strength of highly stressed components. LPB is a flexible process, capable of being implemented on a wide variety of CNC machine tools. A product-specific LPB process was developed and applied to the modular neck taper junction of a Ti-6Al-4V total hip prosthesis (THP). LPB produced a compressive residual stress field with an improved surface finish, which enhanced component fatigue strength and resistance to fretting damage. X-ray diffraction (XRD) residual stress measurements, made before and after LPB application, are shown. High cycle fatigue (HCF) results obtained on LPB-processed hip stems are shown along with baseline data for unprocessed hip stems. HCF tests demonstrate complete elimination of fretting fatigue failures in the LPB processed area of the taper junction and a substantial increase in overall THP fatigue strength.
Sorption of Cm(III) onto different Feldspar surfaces: a TRLFS study
Authors: Stumpf Silvia , Stumpf Th. , Walther C. , Bosbach Dirk , Fanghänel Thomas 
Published: April 2006

Summary
The pH dependent sorption of Cm(III) onto alkali Feldspars (albite and orthoclase) is investigated by time resolved laser fluorescence spectroscopy (TRLFS) in the pH range from 3.4 to 9.4. Three single components are calculated from the raw spectra for both feldspar systems. The first component which corresponds to the Cm(III) aquo ion has a peak maximum at 593.8 nm and a fluorescence emission lifetime of 68±4 μs. This lifetime corresponds to a Cm(III) coordination of nine water molecules in the first coordination sphere of the actinide ion. The second component with a peak maximum at 601.4 nm corresponds to an adsorbed species. Its lifetime of 107±3 μs indicates a reduction of coordinating H2O/OH− ligands from nine to five caused by inner-sphere complex formation. The third component (603.6 nm) can be attributed to another sorption species. The corresponding lifetime is again 107±3 μs. Hence the number of coordinating ligands remains constant while the ligand field changes caused by the hydrolysis of the sorbed Cm(III).
In a further set of experiments the Cm(III) sorption onto albite which is altered at pH 6.0 and pH 9.0 is also investigated by TRLFS. Independent of the dissolution and different surface morphologies caused by the alteration process the same Cm(III) species are formed as found for the sorption onto the untreated albite surface. With regard to the clarification of a feldspar dissolution mechanism the TRLFS results of the Cm(III) sorption onto altered feldspar surfaces give no evidence for a dissolution-reprecipitation based alteration mechanism.
Alternate-Day Feeding Strategy for Nile Tilapia Grow Out in the Philippines: Marginal Cost-Revenue Analyses
Authors: Bolivar Remedios B , Jimenez Eddie Boy T , Brown Christopher L 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus were produced in an experimental, on-farm grow-out cycle in which economic and production efficiencies were partially examined. Milled feeds were provided either daily (control) or on alternate days (experimental) at a given percentage of body weight, ranging from 20% initially to 2% at the end of the experiment. Growth, survival, feed conversion efficiency, cost, yield, and income were considered under the two strategies. Although the cost of feeds was cut in half by the experimental feeding treatment, feeding on alternate days did not reduce Nile tilapia growth or production performance variables, and yields were not significantly different. A trend favoring larger fish among the controls was not significant, and profit margins were higher for the alternate-day feeding strategy than for the control strategy. Although feed conversion ratios varied considerably among the nine participating farms, the improved efficiency in the experimental groups was consistently observed and was statistically significant. It is possible that the improved performance attained by alternate-day feeding is a result of reduced feed waste, either through more complete consumption of or improved nutrient absorption from available feeds.
Changes in Fish Assemblage Structure Upstream of Impoundments within the Upper Wabash River Basin, Indiana
Authors: Guenther Cameron B. , Spacie Anne 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe effects of dams and impoundments on downstream fish assemblages have been well documented, but changes in fish assemblages in upstream tributaries have received little attention. We compared changes in abundance and composition in fish assemblages in streams fragmented by impoundments with those found in nearby unfragmented streams by sampling fish, in‐stream habitat, physicochemical factors, and drainage features in 22 agriculturally dominated streams during the summers of 2002 and 2003. Eleven sampling sites were tributaries upstream of impoundments, while 11 were tributaries of free‐flowing rivers. We tested the hypothesis that fish assemblages upstream of impoundments would differ from those found in streams without impoundments. Using multiple regression and canonical correspondence analysis, we partitioned the variation in species distributions into that explained by in‐stream habitat, reach‐level factors, drainage features, and temporal variation. Spatial patterns of species distributions indicated significant upstream effects of impoundment, fragmentation being the single largest predictor of species distributions. Mean fluvial specialist richness was significantly greater in unfragmented (6 species/reach) than in fragmented streams (3 species/reach), whereas mean fluvial generalist richness was significantly greater in fragmented (12 species/reach) than unfragmented streams (8 species/reach). A shift in piscivore abundance and composition was also observed, with smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu and redfin pickerel Esox americanus replaced by largemouth bass M. salmoides and white bass Morone chrysops in the streams fragmented by impoundments. Additionally, greater total richness and piscivore abundance was observed in tributaries upstream of impoundments. Unfragmented streams showed a significantly lower total abundance of piscivores (7 fish/reach) than upstream tributaries of impoundments (14 fish/reach). The downstream presence of an impoundment led to significant homogenization of fish assemblages through a significant increase in generalist richness and abundance in fragmented streams and a shift in the abundance and type of piscivores.
Factors Contributing to the Physiological Disturbance in Walleyes during Simulated Live‐Release Angling Tournaments
Authors: Killen Shaun S. , Suski Cory D. , Cooke Steven J. , Philipp David P. , Tufts Bruce L. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe goal of the current study was to examine the physiological disturbances in walleyes Sander vitreus that occurred during the different phases of a live‐release angling tournament. To achieve this, we took blood and white muscle samples from walleyes during experiments that simulated different aspects of a live‐release tournament (angling, live‐well confinement, and weigh‐in procedure). In accordance with recent findings for largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides, the physiological disturbance experienced by tournament walleyes results mainly from two distinct bouts of anaerobic metabolism occurring during angling and the weigh‐in procedure. These periods are characterized by large increases in white muscle and plasma lactate concentrations, reductions in white muscle ATP, phosphocreatine, and glycogen and a significant cardiac disturbance. The physiological effects of angling are already well understood, but the physiological disturbance that occurs during the weigh‐in procedure of tournaments has received little attention. In view of the results from our tournament simulations, a final set of experiments was conducted to examine more closely the bout of anaerobic metabolism experienced by walleyes during the tournament weigh‐in. The results of these experiments showed that the magnitude of the physiological disturbance in tournament‐caught walleyes is directly related to the duration of air exposure occurring during the weigh‐in. Based on these findings, we suggest that to reduce the physiological disturbance experienced by tournament‐caught walleyes, tournament organizers should strive to minimize air exposure during the weigh‐in procedure.
Migration Depths of Juvenile Chinook Salmon and Steelhead Relative to Total Dissolved Gas Supersaturation in a Columbia River Reservoir
Authors: Beeman John W. , Maule Alec G. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe in situ depths of juvenile salmonids Oncorhynchus spp. were studied to determine whether hydrostatic compensation was sufficient to protect them from gas bubble disease (GBD) during exposure to total dissolved gas (TDG) supersaturation from a regional program of spill at dams meant to improve salmonid passage survival. Yearling Chinook salmon O. tshawytscha and juvenile steelhead O. mykiss implanted with pressure‐sensing radio transmitters were monitored from boats while they were migrating between the tailrace of Ice Harbor Dam on the Snake River and the forebay of McNary Dam on the Columbia River during 1997–1999. The TDG generally decreased with distance from the tailrace of the dam and was within levels known to cause GBD signs and mortality in laboratory bioassays. Results of repeated‐measures analysis of variance indicated that the mean depths of juvenile steelhead were similar throughout the study area, ranging from 2.0 m in the Snake River to 2.3 m near the McNary Dam forebay. The mean depths of yearling Chinook salmon generally increased with distance from Ice Harbor Dam, ranging from 1.5 m in the Snake River to 3.2 m near the forebay. Juvenile steelhead were deeper at night than during the day, and yearling Chinook salmon were deeper during the day than at night. The TDG level was a significant covariate in models of the migration depth and rates of each species, but no effect of fish size was detected. Hydrostatic compensation, along with short exposure times in the area of greatest TDG, reduced the effects of TDG exposure below those generally shown to elicit GBD signs or mortality. Based on these factors, our results indicate that the TDG limits of the regional spill program were safe for these juvenile salmonids.
Church History and Secular History
Authors: Nichols James Hastings 
Published: April 2006

The historical consciousness of modern Western man, a trait of the cultured mind of the last half-dozen generations, seems to be the legacy to a secular civilization from the historians of the Christian church.Since the creation of man, to be sure, rudimentary types of historical thought have doubtless existed nearly everywhere. With memory and moral freedom of choice was given to Adam the ethical situation in which historical thought appears, for history is the interpretation of social memory in relation to present decisions and hopes for the future. This absolute beginning of historical thought is forever shrouded in mystery, however, and the earliest records of such thought, ages and centuries later, bear little similarity to our patterns of history. These earliest histories are precisely what the modern historian pursues with puritan hatred, myth and legend. The first histories recount relatively little of what men have done; they tell of natural disasters, wars, and migrations primarily as the deeds of the gods. Modern secular history has sought to escape this religious aspect of its archetype, but if the thesis of this paper is correct, the attempt has been vain, the gods have been exorcised from history only by the power of other gods, and the ancient myths displaced only for a more extravagant mythology. And the vagaries of secular Western history are the recognizable corruptions of Christian church history.
Moses Mather (Old Calvinist) and the Evolution of Edwardseanism
Authors: Noll Mark A. 
Published: April 2006

In the fall of 1811, President Timothy Dwight of Yale College, traveling once again into the countryside in pursuit of New England's natural history, stopped briefly at Middlesex, Connecticut. Only five years before Dwight's visit, this village, known today as Darien, had suffered the loss of its longtime Congregational minister, Moses Mather. After commenting on the village, Dwight went on to say something about its late pastor:Dr. Mather was a man distinguished for learning and piety, a strong understanding, and a most exemplary life. His natural temper was grave and unbending. His candor was that of the Gospel.… Dr. Mather died September 21, 1806, venerated by all who knew him, in the eighty-eighth year of his age.
Compatibility of polymer blends. I. Copolymers with organic solvents
Authors: Sabzi Fatemeh , Boushehri Ali 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn this work, we present a theoretical discussion regarding the Flory–Huggins χ interaction parameter for 11 random copolymer‐solvent systems along with their corresponding polymer pairs. Copolymers studied are poly(acrylonitrile‐co‐butadiene) in acetonitrile, poly(styrene‐co‐acrylonitrile) in 1,2‐dichloroethane, poly(acrylonitrile‐co‐butadiene) in hexane, and poly(acrylonitrile‐co‐butadiene) in pentane. For ternary systems, the results are expressed in terms of χ1,23, which is reduced to the classical Flory–Huggins χ12 interaction parameter in case of binary mixtures. The data on χ1,23 may be used for an approximate estimation of the χ′23 interaction parameter for the limiting case of zero solvent concentration. For this purpose, at the end of each subsection of tables, the limiting value of $\chi^{\infty}_{1,23}$ is given. The limiting values of $\varphi^{\infty}_{2}$, $\varphi^{\infty}_{3}$, and χ′23 also appear at the end of each table. It should be noted that these values are obtained by the graphical extrapolation of data to zero concentration of solvent. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 492–498, 2006
Synthesis and characterization of polystyrene initiated using polymeric peroxide
Authors: Lin Yijian , Guo Xingpeng , Zhong Wei , Yang Yuliang , Du Qiangguo 
Published: April 2006

AbstractPolymer peroxides were synthesized by copolymerizing tert‐butyl‐3‐isopropenylcumylperoxide (D‐120) with styrene (St). Exothermic peak at 192.7°C in DSC thermogram indicated that peroxy bonds in D‐120 remained intact during the copolymerizing process. The polymeric peroxide was used to initiate polymerization of St. GPC results showed that polystyrene (PS) initiated by the polymeric peroxides was composed of both linear and branched molecules. In addition, the rheology test showed that PS samples initiated by polymeric peroxide contained branched structure and had lower shear viscosities. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 197–202, 2006
Mechanism of paper wet strength development by polycarboxylic acids with different molecular weight and glutaraldehyde/poly(vinyl alcohol)
Authors: Guozhong Xu Gordon , Qixiang Yang Charles , Den Yuling 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn our previous research, we found that crosslinking paper using poly(carboxylic acid)s with different molecular weight or using the combination of glutaraldehyde and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) significantly improved the wet strength of the paper. In this research, we studied the mechanism of paper wet strength development using crosslinking systems with different molecular weight by measuring scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images, wet strength, folding endurance, wet thickness, water retention, and Z‐direction tensile strength of the treated paper. The paper crosslinked by a high‐molecular weight (MW) poly(carboxylic acid) shows more swelling by water than that crosslinked by a low‐MW polycarboxylic acid in the SEM micrographs even though both treated paper samples have similar wet strength. Thus, the data suggest that high‐MW poly(carboxylic acid)s promote the formation of interfiber crosslinking. Crosslinking paper by glutaraldehyde, a crosslinking agent of small molecular size, improves wet strength and reduces flexibility and swellability of paper because of the formation of intrafiber crosslinking. Combining glutaraldehyde with PVA as a coreactant increases wet strength and also retains flexibility and swellability of the treated paper because of the formation of interfiber crosslinking. The hypothesis that PVA reacts with glutaraldehyde to form a polymeric pentanedialated‐PVA crosslinking system and promotes the formation of interfiber crosslinking on the paper is supported by the data of wet strength, folding endurance, wet thickness, water retention, and Z‐direction tensile strength of the treated paper. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 277–284, 2006