bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Frizzled‐1 is down‐regulated in follicular thyroid tumours and modulates growth and invasiveness
Authors: Ulivieri A , Lavra L , Dominici R , Giacomelli L , Brunetti E , Sciacca L , Trovato M , Barresi G , Foukakis T , Jia‐Jing L , Larsson C , Bartolazzi A , Sciacchitano S 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe mechanisms of follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) transformation and progression are not well understood. Previously, we detected LOH at 7q21 in all FTCs examined, indicating that loss of genetic material in that region is a common trait in these lesions. To analyse the effects of LOH on gene expression, we performed an analysis of the mRNA expression levels of six different genes, located at 7q21.1–7q21.3. A total of 23 lesions, including eight follicular hyperplasias (FHs), eight follicular adenomas (FAs), two FTCs and five papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs) were analysed. The Frizzled‐1 (FZD‐1) gene, located at 7q21.13, showed the lowest levels of mRNA expression. Down‐regulation of FZD‐1 expression was also confirmed in an independent series of 69 follicular neoplastic lesions compared to 25 PTCs, analysed by quantitative RT–PCR. In vitro studies showed that FZD‐1 expression was also markedly reduced at both protein and mRNA levels in three FTC‐derived cell lines (FRO, WRO and FTC‐133), while it was normal in the three PTC‐derived cell lines (Ca300, Ca301 and K1) examined. We demonstrated that over‐expression of FZD‐1 in 3 FTC‐derived cells decreased invasiveness and proliferation rate, indicating a possible pathogenetic role. In addition, FZD‐1 RNA interference in the PTC‐derived cell line K1 increased invasiveness. Our data indicated that FZD‐1 is involved in growth of follicular tumours and may be considered as a novel marker of this type of tumour. Copyright © 2008 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of Size Distributions of Concentrated Polymer Particles Embedded in a Solid Polymer Matrix
Authors: Soulé Ezequiel R. , Eliçabe Guillermo E. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractIn this work we present the results obtained from the size characterization of polymer particles embedded in a solid polymer matrix using Static Light Scattering (SLS) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The analyzed samples are the result of the solution polymerization of isobornyl methacrylate (IBoMA) in polyisobutylene (PIB) at complete conversion. Induced by polymerization, the system undergoes phase separation. As a result, spherical micron sized particles rich in PIB are formed. At the end of the polymerization, the particles become trapped in a solid polymer matrix rich in Poly‐IBoMA. Size, concentration, and refractive index, make the resulting particle system scatter light under the Rayleigh‐Debye‐Gans (RDG) regime with interparticle interference. For Light Scattering (LS) characterization the samples are measured with a Flat Cell Static Light Scattering (FCSLS) apparatus, in which the reaction takes place. The resulting SLS spectra are analyzed using the Percus‐Yevick approximation to model the interference effects. The local monodisperse approximation is used to consider polydispersity in the particle sizes. The estimated particle size distributions agree well with the measurements from SEM. In this work a concentrated particle system that naturally scatters light according to the RDG regime has been fully characterized in terms of its particle size distribution. This work, against the opinion of other authors, shows the feasibility of measuring still particles using a one dimensional array of light detectors.
Fabrication and characterization of self‐assembled InGaN quantum dots by periodic interruption growth
Authors: Choi Seung‐Kyu , Jang Jae‐Min , Jhin Jung‐Keun , Jung Woo‐Gwang 
Published: February 2008

AbstractA trial was carried out to fabricate self‐assembled InGaN QD structures through periodic interruption growth, which is new method for supplying the source materials in a metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) reactor. The growth of InGaN QDs was interrupted periodically by stopping the ammonia gas for selected time periods during periodic interruption growth. The change in surface morphology was investigated during the progress of InGaN QD growth. In addi‐ tion, the morphological and optical characteristics were compared with respect to the period time of 3 or 5 seconds for growth and interruption. InGaN QDs of 25–35 nm in lateral size were grown on GaN surfaces with a density of approximately 4–15 × 1010 cm–2. The composition of QDs was estimated to be In0.14Ga0.86N. Periodic interruption growth enables the fabrication of self‐assembled InGaN QDs with high density and uniform‐size. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Eigenfunctions of the 2‐dimensional anisotropic elasticity operator and algebraic equivalent materials
Authors: Specovius‐Neugebauer M. , Steigemann M. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe displacement field of an elastic anisotropic solid with a crack has an asymptotic expansion near the crack tip in terms of special solutions of the homogeneous elasticity problem in the whole plane with a semi‐infinite crack. These so‐called eigenfunctions of the elasticity operator and their coefficients play an essential role in the determination of crack paths. Eigenfunctions are exactly known for isotropic solids, but not for anisotropic ones. Using the concept of algebraically equivalent materials, analytical expressions of the eigenfunctions can be presented for all classes of anisotropic materials which are algebraically equivalent to isotropic materials. The paper contains a complete characterization of these materials. For arbitrary materials, the polynomial eigenfunctions are found analytically, while for the remaining eigenfunctions a simple and efficient method is presented for the numerical computation.
Secrets to Creating Effective and Interesting Educational Experiences: Tips and Suggestions for Clinical Educators
Authors: Seibert Diane C. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractGenetic Counselors (GCs) spend years learning about genetics and practicing counseling techniques in classroom environments. From the learner perspective, teaching may seem straightforward: provide appropriate information, develop tests or assignments and submit grades. When asked to teach for the first time, however, clinicians suddenly realize that there is a lot more to education than standing in front of a class and talking. This article introduces clinical educators to strategies and learning principles that help make the teaching/learning process more interesting and successful for faculty and students alike. The instructional concepts presented here are useful across the entire spectrum of learning situations; a 1 hour discussion with a lay audience, a 3 hour workshop at a professional meeting, a 15 week graduate course, or a series of courses culminating in an advanced degree. The article offers suggestions for writing course competencies, selecting instructional approaches, embedding learning engagement options, leveling course content and choosing evaluation strategies.
Efficacy model for mosquito stage transmission blocking vaccines for malaria
Authors: SAUL A. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYVaccines that target antigens found on the mosquito stages of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax parasites are under development as transmission blocking vaccines. Antisera from vaccinated animals and humans are able to block oocyst development in artificially fed mosquitoes but it is not clear from these data what level of antibody response would be required for a useful vaccine in a field setting. This paper describes a mathematical model that takes into account the relationship between antibody levels and blocking of oocyst levels in artificial feeds, the distribution of antibody responses seen in human populations and the distribution of oocyst densities in infected mosquitoes in the field to calculate the levels of antibody in the host population that would be required to achieve a level of herd immunity in a vaccinated human population that would give an operationally useful level of transmission blocking. The model predicts that current formulations of Pfs25 are likely to achieve useful reductions in transmission when tested in human field trials.
Rat hippocampal GABAergic molecular markers are differentially affected by ageing
Authors: Vela José , Gutierrez Antonia , Vitorica Javier , Ruano Diego 
Published: February 2008

AbstractWe previously reported that the pharmacological properties of the hippocampal GABAA receptor and the expression of several subunits are modified during normal ageing. However, correlation between these post‐synaptic modifications and pre‐synaptic deficits were not determined. To address this issue, we have analysed the mRNA levels of several GABAergic molecular markers in young and old rat hippocampus, including glutamic acid decarboxylase enzymes, parvalbumin, calretinin, somatostatin, neuropeptide Y and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). There was a differential age‐related decrease in these interneuronal mRNAs that was inversely correlated with up‐regulation of the α1 GABA receptor subunit. Somatostatin and neuropeptide Y mRNAs were most frequently affected (75% of the animals), then calretinin and VIP mRNAs (50% of the animals), and parvalbumin mRNA (25% of the animals) in the aged hippocampus. This selective vulnerability was well correlated at the protein/cellular level as analysed by immunocytochemistry. Somatostatin interneurones, which mostly innervate principal cell distal dendrites, were more vulnerable than calretinin interneurones, which target other interneurones. Parvalbumin interneurones, which mostly innervate perisomatic domains of principal cells, were preserved. This age‐dependent differential reduction of specific hippocampal inteneuronal subpopulations might produce functional alterations in the GABAergic tone which might be compensated, at the post‐synaptic level, by up‐regulation of the expression of the α1 GABAA receptor subunit.
Blockade of ionotropic glutamate receptors produces neuronal apoptosis through the Bax‐cytochrome C‐caspase pathway: the causative role of Ca2+ deficiency
Authors: Yoon W. J. , Won S. J. , Ryu B. R. , Gwag B. J. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractBlockade of ionotropic glutamate receptors induces neuronal cell apoptosis. We investigated if mitochondria‐mediated death signals would contribute to neuronal apoptosis following administration of glutamate antagonists. The administration of MK‐801 and CNQX (MK‐801/CNQX), the selective antagonists of N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) and α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)/kainate receptors, produced widespread neuronal death in neonatal rat brain and cortical cell cultures. MK‐801/CNQX‐induced neuronal apoptosis was prevented by zVAD‐fmk, a broad inhibitor of caspases, but insensitive to inhibitors of calpain or cathepsin D. Activation of caspase‐3 was observed within 6–12 h and sustained over 36 h after exposure to MK‐801/CNQX, which cleaved PHF‐1 tau, the substrate for caspase‐3. Activation of caspase‐3 was blocked by high K+ and mimicked by BAPTA‐AM, a selective Ca2+ chelator. Reducing extracellular Ca2+, but not Na+, activated caspase‐3, suggesting an essential role of Ca2+ deficiency in MK‐801/CNQX‐induced activation of caspases. Cortical neurons treated with MK‐801/CNQX triggered activation of caspase‐9, release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, and translocation of Bax into mitochondria. The present study suggests that blockade of ionotropic glutamate receptors causes caspase‐3‐mediated neuronal apoptosis due to Ca2+ deficiency that is coupled to the sequential mitochondrial death pathway.
Some Comments on Pittman's “Rush to Combine”
Authors: POPHAM ROBERT E. , LINT JAN E. E. DE , SCHMIDT WOLFGANG 
Published: February 2008

Résumé— Il est débattu que les dissemblances entre l'alcoolisme et autres intoxications citées par Pittman dans sa publication “Rush to Combine” logiquement échouent de soutenir son affirmation que les deux sphères soient traitées de la même façon. Également il y des nombreuses différences entre les patients d'une seule clinique de maladies mentales ou parmi les groupes dépendant d'autre remèdes psychoactifs ou les malades alcooliques eux‐mêmes. On arrive á la conclusion que des avantages distincts mènent á un accès compréhensif. Par exemple il y une probabilité accrue que des “intoxications mélangées” seront identifiées et traitées et que des médicaments psychoactifs seront utilisés plus judicieusement dans le traitement des intoxiqués. D'ailleurs quand les patients impliqués sont variés quant á l'utilisation des médicaments, un champ de vue plus vaste est accompli et certaines recherches qui autrement seraient négligées, sont stimulées et justifiées.Zusammenfassung—Es wird behauptet, dass die Unterschiedlichkeiten zwischen Alkoholismus und anderen Arten der Abhängigkeit von Rauschgiften, die von Pittman in seiner Abhandlung “Der Drang zur Vereinheitlichung” angeführt werden, im logischen Sinne versagen, sein Argument, dass diese beiden Bereiche nicht von ein und derselben Stelle behandelt werden sollten, zu unterstützen. Ebenso zahlreiche Unterschiede herrschen bei den Insassen ein und derselben Anstalt für Geisteskranke oder bei Gruppen, die von anderen psychoaktiven Rauschgiften abhängig sind, und selbst bei den alkoholischen Insassen. Man kam zu der Schlussfolgerung, dass durch allgemeine Angriffsmethoden ausgesprochene Vorteile erzielt werden können. So besteht z.B. eine gesteigerte Möglichkeit, dass “Mischsüchtige” identifiziert sowie behandelt und psychoaktive narkotische Drogen zur Behandlung der Abhängigkeitserscheinungen wohlüberlegter eingesetzt werden. Ausserdem wird, falls Unterschiedlichkeiten in Bezug auf die Einnahme von Rauschgiften bei den betreffenden Insassen bestehen, eine weitreichendere Perspektive erzielt und gewisse Forschungen, die andererseits vernachlässigt werden könnten, werden sowohl angeregt als auch gerechtfertigt.
Binding of Morphine in Tolerant Rats
Authors: PENNA‐HERREROS A. , TAMPIER L. , SANCHEZ E. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryThe proportion of bound morphine: [100 (total‐free morphine): (total morphine)] in the liver and of free morphine in the blood of tolerant rats receiving a lethal dose of morphine by intravenous infusion at 1, 3, 8 and 16 days after withdrawal were studied. The results were compared with those obtained in two groups of non‐tolerant controls. One of them receiving a lethal dose of morphine and the other receiving under artificial respiration the lethal dose of tolerant rats. The alkaloids were estimated after chromatographic separation of free morphine from normorphine and other metabolites. The lethal dose of tolerant rats was significantly higher in the first 3 days after withdrawal than in the controls. The proportion of bound morphine found in the liver of tolerant rats in the first 3 days after withdrawal was significantly higher than in the controls. This increased ability of the liver of tolerant rats to bind morphine was not the consequence of the larger dose injected, since it was not observed in non‐tolerant controls receiving the same dose under artificial respiration.In spite of the fact that the lethal dose of morphine in the first 3 days after withdrawal was significantly higher in the tolerant rats as compared with the non‐tolerant controls, the blood levels of free morphine in both groups were not significantly different.
Initiating and terminating verbal interaction between nurses and severely demented patients regarded as vocally disruptive
Authors: EDBERG A.‐K. , SANDGREN Å NORDMARK , HALLBERG I. R. 
Published: February 2008

Initiating and terminating verbal interaction between nurses and severely demented patients regarded as vocally disruptive.The care of demented patients requires clear communication during care procedures. Earlier studies have shown that nurses were often vague in their verbal communication and unpublished observations indicated that in some cases demented patients continued to be verbally active after the nurses had left. This study aimed at exploring further the initiating and terminating phases of verbal interaction episodes between nurses and severely demented patients, to explore any relationship between nurses' communication style and vocally disruptive patients. Nine severely demented patients identified as vocally disruptive were tape‐recorded between 07.00 h and 13.00 h. Any nurse–patient interaction episode lasting more than 30 s (n= 58) during care procedures was transcribed verbatim and its verbal communication activity was analysed for content and meta communication, and a communication index was calculated. The results showed strong task orientation and decreased verbal interaction during the course of the interaction. The data supported the assumption that the nurses' communication style increases or decreases patients' vocal activity. Vocal activity after the actual interaction episode seemed to coincide with the parties' communication on various levels, with a different focus of content, and with several nurses being involved in the same procedure. Nurses may become impatient and stressed by their patients' severe communication problems and therefore need to be relieved of this stress and supported so that they can remain close to the patient and be able to interpret his/her communication.
The report of the clinical standards advisory group: standards of care for people with schizophrenia in the UK and implications for mental health nursing
Authors: GOURNAY K. , BEADSMOORE A. 
Published: February 2008

The report of the clinical standards advisory group: standards of care for people with schizophrenia in the UK and implications for mental health nursingThe Clinical Standards Advisory Group Schizophrenia Committee has spent two years (1993–1995) developing a standards protocol to assist all Purchasers and Providers with the task of producing optimum services for people with schizophrenia and other serious and enduring mental illnesses. This work has been underpinned by research that included visits to a representative sample of services throughout the UK. The report of this initiative, which was published in the summer of 1995, has many implications for mental health nursing. These include the continuing necessity to focus on serious mental illness; more effort to develop multidisciplinary working and the use of the Care Programme Approach; an increased focus on relevant training in case management and psychosocial interventions; the need to recognize physical health problems; the importance of medication management; and, as the Review of Mental Health Nursing emphasized, the issue of leadership should be targeted as a priority for action.
Taking the pith out of reality: a reflexive methodology for psychiatric nursing research
Authors: STEVENSON C. 
Published: February 2008

Taking the pith out of reality: a reflexive methodology for psychiatric nursing researchPositivist knowledge, although well respected, is only one kind of knowing. Positivist methodology has made a partial contribution to knowledge of psychiatric nursing practice. Knowledge that relates directly to practice is the most sought after by practitioners themselves. Practitioners are in the best position to undertake ‘insider’ research that allows the process, rather than the outcome, of practice to be explored. A social constructionist approach is congruent with an insider research position. Social constructionism entails more tolerance concerning how we know our world. However, this tolerance breeds difficulty in evaluating research findings. Overall, knowing from practice is problematic. Tacit knowledge acquired through professional socialization is, by definition, difficult to articulate. Social realism deals with this issue by theorizing about mechanisms that would account for practice phenomena. However, social realism may simply represent a dilution of other inquiry positions without offering enough compensating strengths. A new methodology, based on reflexivity, is suggested. The researcher is required to continually reflect on her/his relation to the research process, both in relation to the choice of method and in the gathering and interpretation of data.
Literature and psychiatry: a mutually interested view
Authors: SMALE R. 
Published: February 2008

Literature and psychiatry: a mutually interested viewThis discussion paper addresses a perceived gap between nurses and literature. The author contends that nurses are suspicious of literature. As a consequence nurses are disadvantaged when works of fiction are dismissed in relation to their thinking and to elements of their professional practice in emotional work with the people who use mental health services. The author contends that a cloud of suspicion hangs over literature in many nurses' minds, and that a long conditioning of a practical, problem‐solving discipline obviates the need to read widely. Therefore the practical necessity of distinguishing between good or bad books, well or badly‐written books, and useful books is often not addressed. A parallel is to be drawn between a creative writer's construction of his/her characters and the psychiatric nurse/therapist's efforts to empathize with clients' experience, as either activity can be an emotional experience.
Behavioural and instrumental stressors in Dementia (BISID): refocussing the assessment of caregiver need in dementia
Authors: KEADY J. , NOLAN M. 
Published: February 2008

Behavioural and Instrumental Stressors in Dementia (BISID): refocusing the assessment of caregiver need in dementiaThe importance of supporting family carers of people with dementia is well accepted and is likely to remain one of the primary areas of intervention for mental health practitioners. This article argues for a holistic assessment of need prior to designing intervention strategies Such an assessment should include both objective and subjective stressors. Following discussion of a relevant theoretical approach to assessment, a new index for measuring behavioural and instrumental stressors is presented.
An equal struggle (psychodynamic assessment following repeated episodes of deliberate self harm)
Authors: JONES A. 
Published: February 2008

An equal struggle (psychodynamic assessment following repeated episodes of deliberate self harm)Psychodynamic psychotherapy is a complex method of enabling a person to engage with life difficulties. This narrative paper investigates the value of psychodynamic psychotherapy within the framework of the ‘Health of the Nation’ document (Department of Health 1992). The paper explores an encounter with a young gay man who was admitted to the medical unit following an episode of deliberate self harm, in response to profound and thematic relationship difficulties. The writer (a liaison mental health nurse, working in a general hospital setting) examines the complexities of the transference, countertransference relationship. A case is made for the facilitation of choice as a primary goal of therapy. It is suggested that the inauguration of transference resolution is determined through an equitable relationship, in which therapist and client are engaged equally in the struggle toward understanding.The paper concludes with the suggestion that psychotherapy is an appropriate and effective method for dealing with relational conflict. However, personal, temporal and social resources may not provide the client with what is, in Kleinian terms, a necessary holding environment. The assessment process nevertheless can provide important learning and enable significant changes to be made in supportive networks.