bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adherence therapy for people with schizophrenia
Authors: Gray Richard , Leese Morven , Bindman Jonathan , Becker Thomas , Burti Lorenzo , David Anthony , Gournay Kevin , Kikkert Martijn , Koeter Maarten , Puschner Bernd , Schene Aart , Thornicroft Graham , Tansella Michele 
Published: November 2006

BackgroundThere is equivocal evidence of the effectiveness of adherence therapy in
improving treatment adherence and clinical outcomes for people with
schizophrenia.AimsTo evaluate the effectiveness of adherence therapy in improving quality
of life for people with schizophrenia.MethodA 52-week, single-blind, multicentre randomised controlled trial of the
effectiveness of adherence therapy. Participants were individually
randomised to receive eight sessions of adherence therapy or health
education. Assessments were undertaken at baseline and at 52-week
follow-up.ResultsAdherence therapy was no more effective than health education in
improving quality of life.ConclusionsThis effectiveness trial provides evidence for the lack of effect of
adherence therapy in people with schizophrenia with recent clinical
instability, treated in ordinary clinical settings.
Predicting community violence from patients discharged from mental health services
Authors: Doyle Michael , Dolan Mairead 
Published: November 2006

BackgroundThe MacArthur Violence Risk Assessment Study (MacVRAS) in the USA provided strong evidence to support an actuarial approach in community violence risk assessment.AimsTo examine the predictive accuracy of the MacVRAS measures, in addition to structured professional judgement, in a UK sample of patients discharged from in-patient care in the north-west of England.MethodA prospective study of 112 participants assessed pre-discharge and followed up at 24 weeks post-discharge. Pre-discharge measures were compared with prevalence of violent behaviour to determine predictive validity of risk factors.ResultsHistorical measures of risk and measures of psychopathy, impulsiveness and anger were highly predictive of community violence. The more dynamic clinical and risk management factors derived from structured professional judgement (rated at discharge) added significant incremental validity to the historical factors in predicting community violence.ConclusionsAlthough static measures of risk relating to past history and personality make an important contribution to assessment of violence risk, consideration of current dynamic factors relating to illness and risk management significantly improves predictive accuracy.
Urbanisation and the incidence of eating
disorders
Authors: Van Son Gabriëlle E. , Van Hoeken Daphne , Bartelds Aad I. M. , Van Furth Eric F. , Hoek Hans W. 
Published: November 2006

SummaryThe link between degree of urbanisation and a number of mental disorders is
well established. Schizophrenia, psychosis and depression are known to occur
more frequently in urban areas. In our primary care-based study of eating
disorders, the incidence of bulimia nervosa showed a dose–response relation
with degree of urbanisation and was five times higher in cities than in
rural areas. Remarkably, anorexia nervosa showed no association with
urbanisation. We conclude that urban life is a potential environmental risk
factor for bulimia nervosa but not for anorexia nervosa. These findings
provide a promising avenue for further research into the aetiology of eating
disorders.
Group cognitive-behavioural therapy for
schizophrenia
Authors: Barrowclough Christine , Haddock Gillian , Lobban Fiona , Jones Steve , Siddle Ron , Roberts Chris , Gregg Lynsey 
Published: November 2006

BackgroundThe efficacy of cognitive–behavioural therapy for schizophrenia is
established, but there is less evidence for a group format.AimsTo evaluate the effectiveness of group cognitive – behavioural therapy
for schizophrenia.MethodIn all, 113 people with persistent positive symptoms of schizophrenia
were assigned to receive group cognitive – behavioural therapy or
treatment as usual. The primary outcome was positive symptom improvement
on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scales. Secondary outcome measures
included symptoms, functioning, relapses, hopelessness and
self-esteem.ResultsThere were no significant differences between the cognitive-behavioural
therapy and treatment as usual on measures of symptoms or functioning or
relapse, but group cognitive – behavioural therapy treatment resulted in
reductions in feelings of hopelessness and in low self-esteem.ConclusionsAlthough group cognitive – behavioural therapy may not be the optimum
treatment method for reducing hallucinations and delusions, it may have
important benefits, including feeling less negative about oneself and
less hopeless for the future.
Structure of internalising symptoms in early
adulthood
Authors: Fergusson David M. , Horwood L. John , Boden Joseph M. 
Published: November 2006

BackgroundDebate surrounds the underlying structure of internalising disorders
including major depression, generalised anxiety disorder, phobias and
panic disorders.AimsTo model the within-time and across-time relationships of internalising
symptoms, incorporating effects from generalised internalising and
disorder-specific components of continuity.MethodData were gathered from a 25-year longitudinal study of a birth cohort of
953 New Zealand children. Outcome measures included DSM–IV symptom scores
for major depression, generalised anxiety disorder, phobia and panic
disorder at the ages of 18, 21 and 25 years.ResultsStructural equation modelling showed that, within-times, a common
underlying measure of generalised internalising explained symptom score
comorbidities. Across-time correlation of symptom scores was primarily
accounted for by continuity over time in generalised internalising.
However, for major depression and phobia there was also evidence of
across-time continuity in the disorder-specific components of
symptoms.ConclusionsInternalising symptoms can be partitioned into components reflecting both
a generalised tendency to internalising and disorder-specific
components.
Distress and fear disorders: an alternative empirically based
taxonomy of the ‘mood’ and ‘anxiety’ disorders
Authors: Clark Lee Anna , Watson David 
Published: November 2006

SummaryThe nosological organisation of DSM – IV and ICD–10 does not capture the
empirical structure of the mood and anxiety disorders. Instead, they form a
broad group of ‘internalising’ disorders with two subclasses: distress
disorders and fear disorders. This empirical structure should form the basis
for revised taxonomies in DSM–V and ICD–11.
Transferring people with mental illness from emergency department to acute mental health wards: survey of contemporary practice
Authors: Antwi Charles , Flynn Adrian , Chrichard Paul , Haddock Amanda , Johnson Claire , Hammond Jo , Aitken Peter 
Published: November 2006

Aims and MethodA substantial minority of patients attending emergency departments do so with a primary mental health problem. A number will require admission to an acute psychiatric unit. There is little guidance about the best practice in terms of risk assessment and escorting of these patients. We conducted a telephone questionnaire survey of acute trusts, to identify current policies for the transfer of patients with mental illness to acute psychiatric units.ResultsEighty-two trusts were contacted. We could not verify the presence of any current policies. There was considerable variation in the assessment and management of risk in these clinical circumstances.Clinical ImplicationsCurrent local service structure and transfer distance may influence the way in which risk is assessed. However, there is a need for trusts to ensure that basic standards of risk assessment are maintained for the transfer of these high-risk patients. We recommend that all emergency departments should have such policies and that liaison psychiatry is well placed to aid their development.
Study on the Prevalence of Campylobacter spp. from Chicken Meat in Hanoi, Vietnam
Authors: QUYNH HUONG LUU , THI HANH TRAN , DAC CAM PHUNG , THI BE NGUYEN 
Published: November 2006

Abstract:
Campylobacter spp. is considered to be the most common bacterial cause of human gastroenteritis worldwide. In developing countries, Campylobacter spp. diarrhea is an important cause of childhood morbidity. Chicken meat is known to be a major source of Campylobacteriosis infection in the world. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in chicken meat. A total of 100 samples from breast part of chicken carcass were collected from retail market in Hanoi. The samples were taken for bacteriological analysis following the ISO 10272 standards. Thirty one samples (31%) were found positive for Campylobacter spp. The most frequently isolated Campylobacter was Campylobacter jejuni (45.2%) followed by Campylobacter coli (25.8%). Due to high contamination rates of retail chicken products, special attention must be paid to good manufacturing practices of food processors and vendors. Further studies should be done to assess the risk factors of Campylobacter spp. contamination in the Vietnamese fowl production chain.
Prevalence of Cryptosporidium among Dairy Cows in Thailand
Authors: JITTAPALAPONG SATHAPORN , PINYOPANUWAT NONGNUCH , CHIMNOI WISSANUWAT , SIRIPANTH CHUTATIP , STICH ROGER W. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract:
Cryptosporidium species are frequently associated with diarrhea among AIDS patients in Thailand, and dairy herds are a possible source of some of these infections. A cross‐sectional study was performed to determine if Cryptosporidium is present among dairy cows in Thailand. Fecal samples were randomly collected from 363 Holstein‐Friesian dairy cows from 108 of 860 farms in the Nong Pho region of central Thailand. The average prevalence of Cryptosporidium among dairy cows was 9.4%, according to an assay for Cryptosporidium‐specific antigen (CSA) and 0.6% by microscopic examination of acid‐fast stained feces. CSA was detected in all host age categories tested, but was most prevalent among calves (15.1%). Overall, 31.5% of farms were contaminated with Cryptosporidium infections. Fifty percent of poorly managed farms had CSA‐positive cows, which were more likely to contaminate water and raw milk, while 12.9% of farms with acceptable management practices had CSA‐positive cows. There was no association between the detection of Cryptosporidium and other gastrointestinal parasites. These results indicate that Cryptosporidium is enzootic among Thai dairy cattle, and suggest that cattle could have a role in zoonotic cryptosporidiosis in Thailand.
Molecular Diagnosis of Granulocytic Anaplasmosis and Infectious Cyclic Thrombocytopenia by PCR‐RFLP
Authors: ALBERTI ALBERTO , SPARAGANO OLIVIER A.E. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract:
Anaplasma phagocytophilum (A. phagocytophilum, formerly Ehrlichia phagocytophila) is a tick‐borne pathogen responsible for tick‐borne fever in ruminants, equine granulocytic ehrlichiosis (EGE) in horses, canine granulocytic ehrlichiosis (CGE) in dogs, and for human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE). Human cases have been registered in many countries with a broad range of symptoms and pathogenicity. This article focused on Sardinia as the prevalence in humans was almost seven times higher than in the rest of Italy. To evaluate the risk, blood samples were collected from dogs and horses on the island. Genomic DNA was extracted from the buffy coat and amplified by heminested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the groEL gene primers. The first PCR reaction amplified a 624‐bp fragment for both A. phagocytophilum and A. platys while the second PCR reaction amplified 573‐bp and 515‐bp fragments for the above two pathogens, respectively. Six A. phagocytophilum samples were PCR positive (3 dogs and 3 horses) while another dog was A. platys PCR positive. A phylogenetic analysis was conducted with A. phagocytophilum sequences in GenBank from the United States, Slovenia, Switzerland, Germany, UK, Austria, and Czech Republic. Surprisingly, the related phylogenetic tree showed that the Sardinian isolates were closer to the American isolates, which were showing highest mortality rates than from the other two European lineages.
Phylogenetic Position of Small‐Ruminant Infecting Piroplasms
Authors: AHMED JABBAR S. , LUO JIANXUN , SCHNITTGER LEONHARD , SEITZER ULRIKE , JONGEJAN FRANS , YIN HONG 
Published: November 2006

Abstract:
Theileria and Babesia are tick‐transmitted protozoa that cause great economical losses in livestock. Recently, interest has risen in sheep‐infecting piroplasms and a number of previously unidentified pathogens were described, particularly in China. To address the phylogenetic relationship of Theileria and Babesia species infecting sheep, the complete sequences of the 18 S small subunit ribosomal RNA genes of a panel of piroplasm isolates, including T. lestoquardi, T. ovis, T. separata, B. ovis, B. motasi, B. crassa, and several novel species, were compared. The classification based on the established phylogenetic tree corresponded with traditional systematics and revealed that sheep/goat piroplasm species are of a polyphyletic origin. In addition, these studies revealed the existence of at least two novel sheep/goat piroplasm species, designated Theileria sp. (China 1) and Theileria sp. (China 2).
Quantification of Regulatory T Cells Enables the Identification of High-Risk Breast Cancer Patients and Those at Risk of Late Relapse
Authors: Bates Gaynor J. , Fox Stephen B. , Han Cheng , Leek Russell D. , Garcia José F. , Harris Adrian L. , Banham Alison H. 
Published: November 2006

Purpose To assess the clinical significance of tumor-infiltrating FOXP3-positive regulatory T cells (TR) in breast cancer patients with long-term follow-up. Patients and Methods FOXP3-positive TR were detected by immunohistochemistry with our new, extensively characterized FOXP3 monoclonal antibody, 236A/E7. Numbers of FOXP3-positive lymphocytes in tissue microarray cores from pure ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS; n = 62), invasive breast cancer (n = 237) or from comparable areas of normal terminal duct lobular breast tissue (n = 10) were determined. A median cutoff of ≥ 15 defined patients with high numbers of TR. Results TR numbers were significantly higher in in situ and invasive breast carcinomas than in normal breast; invasive tumors have significantly higher numbers than DCIS (P = .001). High numbers of FOXP3-positive TR identified patients with DCIS at increased risk of relapse (P = .04) and patients with invasive tumors with both shorter relapse-free (P = .004) and overall survival (P = .007). High TR numbers were present in high-grade tumors (P ≤ .001), in patients with lymph node involvement (P = .01), and in estrogen receptor (ER) –negative tumors (P = .001). Importantly, high numbers of TR within ER-positive tumors identified high-risk patients (P = .005). Unlike conventional clinicopathologic factors, high numbers of FOXP3-positive TR can identify patients at risk of relapse after 5 years. Conclusion These findings indicate that quantification of FOXP3-positive TR in breast tumors is valuable for assessing disease prognosis and progression, and that TR are an important therapeutic target for breast cancer. FOXP3-positive TR represent a novel marker for identifying late-relapse patients who may benefit from aromatase therapy after standard tamoxifen treatment.
Phase III Trial Comparing Supportive Care Alone With Supportive Care With Oral Topotecan in Patients With Relapsed Small-Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: O'Brien Mary E.R. , Ciuleanu Tudor-Eliade , Tsekov Hristo , Shparyk Yaroslav , Čučeviá Branka , Juhasz Gabor , Thatcher Nicholas , Ross Graham A. , Dane Graham C. , Crofts Theresa 
Published: November 2006

Purpose For patients with small-cell lung cancer (SCLC), further chemotherapy is routinely considered at relapse after first-line therapy. However, proof of clinical benefit has not been documented. Patients and Methods This study randomly assigned patients with relapsed SCLC not considered as candidates for standard intravenous therapy to best supportive care (BSC) alone (n = 70) or oral topotecan (2.3 mg/m2/d, days 1 through 5, every 21 days) plus BSC (topotecan; n = 71). Results In the intent-to-treat population, survival (primary end point) was prolonged in the topotecan group (log-rank P = .0104). Median survival with BSC was 13.9 weeks (95% CI, 11.1 to 18.6) and with topotecan, 25.9 weeks (95% CI, 18.3 to 31.6). Statistical significance for survival was maintained in a subgroup of patients with a short treatment-free interval (≤ 60 days). Response to topotecan was 7% partial and 44% stable disease. Patients on topotecan had slower quality of life deterioration and greater symptom control. Principal toxicities with topotecan were hematological: grade 4 neutropenia, 33%; grade 4 thrombocytopenia, 7%; and grade 3/4 anemia, 25%. Comparing topotecan with BSC, infection ≥ grade 2 was 14% versus 12% and sepsis 4% versus 1%; other grade 3/4 events included vomiting 3% versus 0, diarrhea 6% versus 0, dyspnea 3% versus 9%, and pain 3% versus 6%. Toxic deaths occurred in four patients (6%) in the topotecan arm. All cause mortality within 30 days of random assignment was 13% on BSC and 7% on topotecan. Conclusion Chemotherapy with oral topotecan is associated with prolongation of survival and quality of life benefit in patients with relapsed SCLC.
A Simple and Innovative Device to Measure Arm Volume at Home for Patients With Lymphedema After Breast Cancer
Authors: Lette Jean 
Published: November 2006

Purpose We designed an arm volumeter specifically for home use based on the water displacement method. The objective of this study was to determine its accuracy and precision, and compare it with a standard volumeter used in lymphedema clinics worldwide. Patients and Methods Using a standard model hospital volumeter and our own device, we took three consecutive measurements of 11 specially cast cylinders, which had known volumes ranging from 10mL to 4 L, and measurements of both arms of 15 volunteers. Results Measurements with both volumeters were highly accurate (R2 = 0.9999) when compared with the known volumes of the cast cylinders, and were strongly correlated (R2 = 0.9974) when each arm volume was compared between volumeters. Measurements with our volumeter were more precise both with the cylinders (average standard deviation [SD], 3.2 v 8 mL; P = .0553) and with the arms (average SD, 11.1 v 19 mL; P = .0034). Whereas the standard volumeter is expensive, fragile (acrylic), and prone to leaks, our volumeter is inexpensive, virtually indestructible, leak proof, and suitable for home use. Conclusion Arm volumes can be measured quickly and accurately at home using a simple, inexpensive, and robust device based on water displacement. Readily accessible arm volumetry at home may have widespread influence on the management of lymphedema after breast cancer.
Detrimental Effects of Tumor Progression on Cognitive Function of Patients With High-Grade Glioma
Authors: Brown Paul D. , Jensen Ashley W. , Felten Sara J. , Ballman Karla V. , Schaefer Paul L. , Jaeckle Kurt A. , Cerhan Jane H. , Buckner Jan C. 
Published: November 2006

Purpose There is growing recognition that the primary cause of cognitive deficits in adult patients with primary brain tumors is the tumor itself and more significantly, tumor progression. To assess the cognitive performance of high-grade glioma patients, prospectively collected cognitive performance data were analyzed. Patients and Methods We studied 1,244 high-grade brain tumor patients entered onto eight consecutive North Central Cancer Treatment Group treatment trials that used radiation and nitrosourea-based chemotherapy. Imaging studies and Folstein Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores recorded at baseline, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months were analyzed to assess tumor status and cognitive function over time. Results The proportion of patients without tumor progression who experienced clinically significant cognitive deterioration compared with baseline was stable at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months (18%, 16%, 14%, and 13%, respectively). In patients without radiographic evidence of progression, clinically significant deterioration in MMSE scores was a strong predictor of a more rapid time to tumor progression and death. At evaluations preceding interval radiographic evidence of progression, there was significant deterioration in MMSE scores for patients who were to experience progression, whereas the scores remained stable for the patients who did not have tumor progression. Conclusion The proportion of high-grade glioma patients with cognitive deterioration over time is stable, most consistent with the constant pressure of tumor progression over time. Although other factors may contribute to cognitive decline, the predominant cause of cognitive decline seems to be subclinical tumor progression that precedes radiographic changes.
Intelligent intraoral drug delivery microsystem
Authors: Velten T , Schuck H , Knoll T , Scholz O , Schumacher A , Göttsche T , Wolff A , Beiski B Z , Consortium IntelliDrug 
Published: November 2006

The authors report on the concept and development of an intelligent intraoral drug delivery microsystem, that provides an alternative approach for the treatment of addiction and chronic diseases. The drug delivery system (DDS) comprises a medication replacement reservoir, a medication release mechanism, a built-in intelligence, a remote control, microsensors, and microactuators. It is thus able to release the medication in a controlled manner according to the patient needs. The emphasis of this article is on the application of sensors and microfluidic components in a real microsystem and also showing some details of two system components, namely, the osmotic pump and the flow sensor. The motivation for the microfluidic approach, the concept of the DDS, the requirements for this specific application, and the arising problems will be presented and discussed. Regarding the sensors and actuators, the problems mainly concern size and power consumption. A major challenging aspect of microfluidic component development is to avoid clogging of small channels because of particles and recrystallization of saturated fluids.