bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PROFIT PLANNING AND CONTROL FOR DECENTRALIZED CORPORATIONS
Authors: PEGELS C. C. , SOUTHWICK L. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTManagers of profitable firms frequently have a great deal of latitude in their decisions on resource allocation. Because they are often not the owners of their firms, their objectives may not be the maximum profit goal envisioned by classical economics. A more likely objective may involve a combination of profit and personal power. It is thus likely that some profits will be sacrificed to excess staff expenditures. For a large, decentralized firm such as a conglomerate, the adverse effect on profits caused by such motives in the subunit managers may be severe. However, direct intervention in subunit management may cause other deleterious effects. This paper utilizes the assignment of central office overhead as a motivating force and develops a formula for the optimal allocation of this overhead. Thus, direct intervention is minimized and the goals of subunit managers are utilized to achieve the desired result of higher profits.
AN EXPLORATION IN STORE IMAGE MEASUREMENT
Authors: PETERS WILLIAM S. , KUHN RICHARD 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe authors believe that marketing applications of the semantic differential have not sufficiently explored the potential of the standard scales developed by the initiators of the semantic differential. The current study was undertaken to test the feasibility of a standard semantic differential instrument in store image measurement. The sets of scale evaluations of five department stores by forty female subjects were subjected to principle component analyses followed by a rotation for simple structure. The separate analyses for each store suggested certain similarities in the semantic space employed by subjects to judge quite dissimilar stores. A single analysis over subjects and stores simultaneously revealed a strong evaluative factor, a potency factor and a novelty factor, but no separate activity factor. These factors appear closely identified with honesty, femininity, and novelty as judgmental attributes of stores. This semantic structure is regarded as highly suggestive, but its utility in an ongoing managerial framework has yet to be proven.
STATISTICAL CONTROL CHARTS FOR ADMINISTRATIVE DECISION
Authors: HUBBARD CHARLES L. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTProfessional examples of a p‐chart and a c‐chart are presented as illustrations of a rather underdeveloped technique for administrative decision under risk. Each example shows preparation of the control chart, signals for review of strategy, appropriate management analysis, and results of action taken. A broad range of administrative control areas is suggested for each type of chart. In addition, sufficient computational formulas, information, and theory is included in compact form for the preparation and operation of five types of basic control charts.
BEFORE THE INDUCTIVE LEAP: EIGHT STEPS TO SYSTEM SIMULATION
Authors: SEXTON DONALD E. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this article is to critically describe when and how one applies simulation to business systems.Throughout, the discussion is based on a realistic example of a grocery checkout counter. The construction of both a deterministic and a stochastic simulation are explained and illustrated. Important topics covered include: the advantages and disadvantages of simulation, the formulation of system simulations, the methods of moving time, the concept and use of random numbers, tests of validity, and the analysis of results.
SOME DATA BASED MODELS FOR ANALYZING SALES FLUCTUATIONS
Authors: MORRISON DONALD , PERRY ARNON 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe models developed in this paper can be used to study period to period fluctuations in sales. They allow for a heterogenious population of consumers; that is, frequent and infrequent buyers and for one package and multiple package buyers. The data needed for the models are readily available from many sources, particularly consumer panel data. Methods for estimating parameters and detailed numerical examples are given. These models allow a manager to answer the following question: “Which type(s) of consumer is most responsible for the fluctuations in my total sales volume.” Some new results in Bayesian inference are also developed.
COGNITIVE FRUSTRATION AND LEARNING*
Authors: CANGELOSI VINCENT E. , USREY GERALD L. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe emphasis of this study is on the mechanism through which man structures and restructures his impression of a contention in a problem‐solving situation with which he is faced. Concept formation being an integral part of the individual's cognitive activities, this paper attempts to clarify the role which cognitive frustration plays in the individual's concept formation or learning.The method of inquiry is that of generating primary data from a laboratory experimental situation in which individual subjects are confronted with a learning situation demanding a sophisticated use of conceptual insight. The results of the experiment show that cognitive frustration tends to regulate the development of problem‐solving behavior. In short, the study concludes that cognitive frustration is the psychological mechanism which provides the motivational impetus to man's inherent inclination to conceptualize and, thus, to categorize the feedbacks of his environmental interaction. This frustration augments his learning process.
ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS: AN ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK
Authors: CHERVANY NORMAN L. , DICKSON GARY W. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper provides a framework for analyzing the ingredients involved in the economic evaluation of computer based management information systems (MIS). The approach presented revolves around viewing the development of MIS configurations as a series of economic decisions. These decisions are categorized into analysis decisions – what information should the MIS provide to management – and design decisions – what technology should the MIS employ to provide this information. Using this decision dichotomy, the types and sources of benefits and costs can be more accurately identified and evaluated.
AN ANALYTICAL MODEL OF BUYER‐SELLER BEHAVIOR
Authors: GIACOLETTO L. J. , LAZER WILLIAM 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTA purchase acceptability function is first developed for both buyers and sellers which includes emotional and rational product factors such as price, age, style, and color. In this context, the buyer‐seller negotiating process is described and analyzed. The result is the determination of a threshold price. Given the threshold price, the analysis proceeds to the discussion of an acceptance function with a third variable considered, product age. A three dimensional surface depicting the situation is discussed. This model can be extended to the n dimensional case.The analysis then proceeds to the development of a model approximating services to represent the acceptance functions of both buyers and sellers. This is handled by Taylor series expansion. The resulting planes represent buyer‐seller negotiation positions.Buyers are often in a position of considering trade‐offs between various product attributes. Therefore, an acceptability transformation is introduced and normalized using ordinal scaling to arrive at a scaled acceptability function which relates product attributes to trade‐offs in price.It is noted that this analysis can be readily extended to include the interaction of acceptance functions for a number of products, the negotiation process in non‐product situations, and the introduction of time as a variable, where dynamic changes are considered.
DECOMPOSITION OF PLANNING SYSTEMS
Authors: KIM CHAIHO 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTWhile Dantzig and Wolfe have formulated the decomposition algorithm as a computational device, it was subsequently recognized that the principle underlying the algorithm may also be utilized by a planning system to achieve a centralized planning within the framework of a decentralized organizational structure. This paper illustrates the workings of such a planning system and, at the same time, explores some of the problems connected with its actual implementation. The planning system under the study is called the decomposed planning system in order to distinguish it from either the centralized planning or the decentralized planning.
THE EMPLOYMENT OF A STUDENT FLOW COMPUTER SIMULATION MODEL IN EVALUATING THE FEASIBILITY OF AN EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM*
Authors: KACZKA EUGENE , LEININGER WAYNE , WILLIAMS GEORGE 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe article presents the development of a computer simulation model that was used in evaluating the feasibility of proposed curricular changes in a school of education. A discussion of the educational setting and the changes proposed is followed by a presentation of the simulation model. Each component of the model is examined and related to the proposed educational system. Present limitations of the model and future directions are probed. An appendix focuses specifically on construction of the Fortran computer program used in the simulation.
STUDY PROGRAM DETERMINATION BY DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING*
Authors: PEGELS C. CARL 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe problem this paper deals with is the selection of an optimal study program or curriculum, tailored to an individual student, by maximizing educational potential. Educational potential in a subject area is defined as a non‐linear function of the number of courses taken in the respective subject area. Parameters of the educational potential function include a type of learner parameter, a type of teaching parameter, and a subject area parameter. The latter is a function of the number of courses available in the subject area.The educational potential or learning function is based on a body of empirical data accumulated by experimental psychologists, and has the shape of a stretched‐out letter S.The optimal study program is obtained by finding the maximum sum of the subject areas' educational potentials. The technique used to find this maximum sum is called dynamic programming. A computer program was written to perform the solution procedure on a digital computer.
IMPLICATIONS OF THE UNDERLYING ASSUMPTIONS OF PERT
Authors: SWANSON LLOYD A. , PAZER HAROLD L. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractPERT, as an aid in planning for project managers, has been widely accepted, but as yet there appears to be a wide gap between the user's apparent impression of the underlying assumptions and the theoretical assumptions. This paper points out some of the more common misconceptions and their implications upon the total project. The Beta distribution as the underlying probability distribution is evaluated as to first, the overall effects of the inherent errors that are imposed by the basic PERT assumptions, and second, the effects, from a probability distribution viewpoint, of some of the more common PERT misconceptions. Finally, several alternatives to the basic PERT methodology are explored, both from the theoretical and practical viewpoints.
AN INDEX FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF CONSUMER LOYALTY*
Authors: BURFORD ROGER L. , ENIS BEN M. , PAUL GORDON W. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe concept of consumer “loyalty” (i.e., preference for a particular store or brand) is intriguing to marketing scholars and practitioners. Research in this area would be enhanced by the acceptance of an operational measure of consumer loyalty. Loyalty appears to be a tri‐dimensional concept; per cent of budget, allocated to the store or brand, amount of switching, and number of alternatives explored have been used to measure loyalty. Consequently, the authors propose a “loyalty index” which combines these three measures. An empirical test of the proposed index showed that the index did discriminate among degrees of consumer loyalty, and was related to consumer psychological characteristics in a manner similar to that of the generally used single measures of consumer loyalty.
A CONCEPTUAL DESCRIPTION OF A FINANCIAL PLANNING MODEL FOR COMMERCIAL BANKS
Authors: SPRAGUE RALPH H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper describes a conceptually sound and powerful model to aid bank managers in short and long range decision making for the management of the financial performance of the bank. The planning model is a key element in an integrated computer‐based planning system which includes a forecast of economic, monetary, and loan market conditions, an analysis of internal relationships, and a system of reports which provide management with access to historical data and planning summaries.The planning model at the heart of the system, contains an imbedded linear programming algorithm to optimize “balance sheet management” decisions within liquidity and capital adequacy constraints. The model recognizes the interaction between assets and liabilities, it recognizes the time value of money, and it accommodates the difference between the net marginal yield for decision making, and the gross average yield used for determining revenue. Finally, the model recognizes the crucial role of liquidity with an important treatment of gross cash flows from normal asset turnover as a major source of liquidity, and the liquidity aspects of liabilities, as well as the more traditional concept of asset marketability.
A REVIEW OF HEURISTIC PROGRAMMING
Authors: Michael George C. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThis article presents some of the basic concepts and definitions of the technique of heuristic programming. An analysis and criticism of the heuristic programming methodology is made. A survey of the existing literature demonstrates the power and the generality possible of heuristic programming. Furthermore, a look forward reveals likely future developments of teh technique.For several years now, impressive and extensive applications of heuristic programming have been made of various decision situations. Yet, seminars and discussions of heuristic programming continue to find the heuristic programming experts fielding basic questions such as the following: Where did heuristic programming originate? Does heuristic programming have a lexicon? What are some examples of heuristics? What is the heuristic approach? Hasn't the validity of heuristic programming been questioned? What progress has been made in using heuristic programming? What basic approaches have evolved in using heuristic programming? Is heuristic programming compatible with other research now being carried out? And what is the future of heuristic programming?This article brings the answers to these questions together for easy reference for researchers in the decision sciences of all areas.
THE SIGNIFICANCE AND INTERPRETATION OF CANONICAL ANALYSIS
Authors: Tatham Ronald L. , Dornoff Ronald J. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTWith the increasing complexities involved in analyzing marketing problems, it is often necessary to use complex multivariate‐statistical techniques. Although canonical analysis in many respects is similar to other multivariate techniques, it is not as easy to interpret the results as in the case of the more familiar techniques of multiple regression and discriminant analysis. This article provides insights into the problems which arise in interpreting the results of canonical analysis. Specifically, it deals with the two tests of significance and the three analytical phases–canonical correlation, extracted variance, and redundancy.
INFORMATION THROUGH SAMPLING FROM A BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION*
Authors: Philippatos George C. , Gressis Nicolas 
Published: June 2007

AbstractLindley's measure of experimental information is utilized to determine the optimal sample‐size that is required to obtain a prescribed level of accuracy about the parameter of a binomial distribution. The measure is expressed through its approximate limiting relationship to the posterior variance of the parameter, and a simple application of the methodology is presented.
DIMENSIONS OF UTILITY IN A REGIONAL PLANNING CONTEXT*
Authors: Davidson Fredrick 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTCity and regional planners exist in an environment where they must satisfy numerous contending pressure groups. This paper illustrates an application of utility and decision theory in one such situation: the selection of a “land‐use plan” for a large rural area in a southeastern state. The planning group was required to generate a utility matrix for a set of alternative plans consistent with their perceived hierarchy of needs for the region in question. Subsequently, expected value calculations were used to determine the optimal plan. The examination concludes with a discussion of the reliability and sensitivity of this approach, along with an exploration of areas for possible utilization and the problems attendent thereto.
THE REAL AND ILLUSORY VIRTUES OF ENTROPY‐BASED MEASURES FOR BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
Authors: Horowitz Ann R. , Horowitz Ira 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe entropy measure H=−σpi log pi is being used with increasing frequency in the analysis of business and economic data. It is, however, simply another measure of dispersion which can be related to the moments of the probability function. Its virtues stem from its decomposition and interpretative properties. This paper surveys the uses to which the measure has been put in the literature, and discusses whether its use has been appropriate and innovative.
THE IDENTIFICATION OF TARGET MARKETS
Authors: Doyle Peter , Hutchinson Peter 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper demonstrates the use of computer‐based multivariate techniques in analysing survey data and segmenting markets. Such techniques are increasingly used to deal with the vast amounts of data currently being collected by market researchers. Three techniques are illustrated and compared in detail‐regression analysis, AID, and cluster analysis. These methods have wide application in marketing. A simple data set is used to illustrate their principles and comparative advantages.
QUANTIFYING MARKETING TRADE–OFFS IN PHYSICAL DISTRIBUTION POLICY DECISIONS
Authors: Perreault William D. , Russ Frederick A. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe physical distribution management process involves dual, but conflicting objectives: (1) the minimization of system costs and (2) the maximization of service levels. Most physical distribution research focuses on cost minimization and treats service levels as constraints. This paper, however, highlights the service aspect of distribution. It reports an experiment with purchasing agents designed to test three alternative approaches for evaluating customers' (dollar) trade‐offs between service levels received and cost. Two of the approaches indirectly derive trade‐off values; the other approach relies on directly reported trade‐off information. In this experiment all three of the approaches were quite accurate in modeling customers' preferences for different physical distribution mixes, but the indirect procedures were more accurate than the direct approach.
STRUCTURING THE LEISURE MARKET—A MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS
Authors: Ritchie J. R. Brent 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe derivation of an empirically based classification scheme for the leisure market is discussed from both a substantive and methodological viewpoint. The substantive findings relate to the manner in which respondents structured relationships among 12 leisure activities and to the criteria they used in doing so. Based on the apparent structure, a number of activity types were identified. The methodological thrust of the article provides one example of how a variety of multivariate methods (multidimensional scaling, property fitting, cluster analysis and factor analysis) can be employed to form a system of complementary techniques aimed at providing an in‐depth understanding of data and the phenomena they describe.
AN INTEGRATED WORK SHIFT SCHEDULING SYSTEM
Authors: Buffa Elwood S. , Cosgrove Michael J. , Luce Bill J. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTAn integrated work shift scheduling system is developed and applied in the scheduling of 2600 telephone operators in 43 locations of the General Telephone Company of California. The system involves the forecasting of calls on a half‐hourly basis, the conversion to operator requirements, the scheduling of tours by a heuristic algorithm, the assignment of operators to tours, and the operation of the system.
FIELD EXPERIMENTS WHICH COMPARED THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DESIGN METHODS*
Authors: Nutt Paul Charles 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe influence of “method” on the design of services was investigated in three organizational settings. Models of “Systems,”“Behavioral,” and “Heuristic” design approaches were used to plan several service programs. These plans were compared using measures of their “quality,”“acceptance,” and “innovation.” Service plans designed by the Systems approach were found to have high quality (p < .05), and service plans designed by the Behavioral approach were found to be innovative (p < .05). These findings are employed to provide guides to select a Design Method and to suggest some research issues.
ORGANIZATIONAL CHOICE AND SOME CORRELATES OF INDIVIDUALS' EXPECTANCIES1
Authors: Oldham Greg R. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThis study uses expectancy theory to predict the sorority choices of 121 undergraduate students. Results show that the complete, multiplicative expectancy model is only a slightly better predictor of choice behavior than other versions of the model. Several personal and situational correlates of individuals' expectancies of entering sororities also are examined. Results show significant relationships between expectancy and subjects' self‐esteem, perception of value similarity with sorority members, and number of perceived friendships with sorority members.
DISAGGREGATION IN MANUFACTURING AND SERVICE ORGANIZATIONS: SURVEY OF PROBLEMS AND RESEARCH
Authors: Buffa Elwood S. , Krajewski LeRoy J. , Ritzman Larry P. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper addresses a class of problems, referred to as “disaggregation problems,” which lie between planning at the top level and the more detailed decisions of inventory control and scheduling at the bottom level. Most real‐world problems are sufficiently complex to warrant a sequential or top‐down approach to problem solving. However, researchers have paid scant attention to disaggregation until very recently. The resulting lack of an interfacing mechanism diminishes the utility of solution procedures for aggregate planning, inventory control, and scheduling. In order to draw attention to this gap, a taxonomy of disaggregation problems is developed for both manufacturing and service organizations. The purpose is to identify and classify problems, describe representative research, and identify unresolved issues.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ROLLING SCHEDULES IN PRODUCTION PLANNING
Authors: Baker Kenneth R. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTAn experimental study was designed to investigate the efficiency of decisions obtained from optimizing a finite, multiperiod model and implementing (structure is parallel with “optimizing” above) those decisions on a rolling basis. The results of the study suggest that rolling schedules are quite efficient and also that they point to some important design issues in model‐building for production planning.
CUMULATIVE ADVERTISING EFFECTS: THE ROLE OF SERIAL CORRELATION; A REPLY
Authors: Clarke Darral G. , McCann John M. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTIn a recent paper, Houston and Weiss applied a non‐linear estimation procedure to a serial correlation model of advertising effect. Although the methodology is interesting, their conclusions, based on the annual Lydia Pinkham data, are in error. This paper locates the source of the error and corrects the conclusions. It also applies the Houston and Weiss methodology to the monthly Lydia Pinkham data with interesting results.