bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Health Check: Major Surgery or Cosmetic Procedures? Bilan de santé: Opération de grande importance ou démarche cosmétique Der Gesundheitscheck: Größere Operation oder kosmetischer Eingriff?
Authors: Moss Joan , Binfield Julian , Patton Myles , Zhang Lichun , Westhoff Pat 
Published: December 2008

SummaryHealth Check: Major Surgery or Cosmetic Procedures?The impacts of the CAP Health Check proposals are examined using a partial equilibrium modelling framework. Health Check scenario projections are compared with a Baseline projection that assumes unchanged policies. The results indicate that the impact of the Health Check reforms on agriculture in the EU is small. The further decoupling of direct payments has a marginal impact on production and prices in the arable and livestock sectors. Under current CAP policy most of the arable area payment has been included in the Single Farm Payment and thus extending decoupling further has little impact, while the retention of the coupled Suckler Cow Premium and Ewe Annual Premium within the proposals help to maintain animal numbers. The proposed changes to intervention prices in the crop sector have no impact since favourable market price conditions mean that intervention purchases are not triggered in the Baseline. The proposed phased expansion in milk quotas prior to abolition in 2015 has little impact at the overall EU‐27 level since the already agreed 2 per cent increase in milk quotas in the 2008/2009 marketing year absorbs latent EU production potential under the conditions projected here. Nonetheless, there is a redistribution of milk production between member states within the EU.
US Farm Bill 2008: Back to the Future? La loi agricole de 2008 aux États‐Unis : Retour vers le futur? Das US‐Landwirtschaftsgesetz von 2008: Zurück in die Zukunft?
Authors: Westhoff Patrick , Binfield Julian 
Published: December 2008

SummaryUS Farm Bill 2008: Back to the Future?After years of deliberation, eight temporary extensions of expiring law and two overridden vetoes, the Food, Conservation and Energy Act became law on June 18, 2008, framing the policy environment for US farmers for several years to come. The farm bill was written in a period of lean supplies, soaring demand, increased budget deficits, and intense scrutiny. When the dust settled the bill had five new titles, a new disaster program, and a new option offering an irrevocable choice of the traditional price‐based safety net or a new revenue‐based program. The latter constituted a new direction for US policy, moving towards more revenue based payments, a move that was resisted by the administration concerned with the implications for the WTO and that disapproved of the changes to the budget that financed the new programs. In the end the desires of the members of Congress trumped the administration’s veto. FAPRI–MU’s analysis shows that the impact of the 2008 farm bill on agricultural markets will be small. However, the direction of US agricultural policy is likely to put the farm bill at odds with the WTO, especially if there is a new agreement under the Doha round.
Food Security Strategies: Building Resilience Against Natural Disasters Stratégies de sécurité alimentaire : améliorer la résistance aux catastrophes naturelles Strategien für die Sicherung der Ernährung: Stärkung der Widerstandsfähigkeit gegen Naturkatastrophen
Authors: De Haen Hartwig 
Published: December 2008

SummaryFood Security Strategies: Building Resilience Against Natural DisastersA large and growing share of the world’s poor lives under a double risk. They are food insecure and live in conditions in which high risk of natural hazards coincides with high vulnerability. As a result natural disasters hit the poor disproportionately. This article argues that in order to mitigate disaster impacts on poor population groups, development policy and disaster management need to become more mutually supportive. Focusing on food security, it is suggested that in disaster‐prone locations, measures to improve disaster resilience should be an integral part of food security policies and strategies. A ‘triple track strategy’ is recommended. In addition to investments in productivity enhancement, primarily for the rural poor (track one) and social safety nets for the most needy (track two), such a strategy would entail cross‐cutting investments in building resilience against disaster impacts and risk management. Practical areas requiring more attention include risk information and analysis; land use planning; upgrading physical infrastructures; diversification and risk transfer mechanisms. As agriculture is particularly vulnerable to disaster risk, protecting agricultural lands, water and assets, should get greater weight in development strategies and food security policies. There is evidence that the benefits of this approach could significantly outweigh the costs.
How Effective is Farmer Early Retirement Policy? Quelle est l’efficacité de la politique de préretraite pour les agriculteurs? Wie effektiv ist das Vorruhestandprogramm für Landwirte?
Authors: Caskie Paul , Davis John , Wallace Michael 
Published: December 2008

SummaryHow Effective is Farmer Early Retirement Policy?Financial support for EU farmers seeking early retirement is a discretionary element of CAP rural development policy and some EU member states, most notably France, Ireland and Greece have chosen to implement the measure. We explore whether the introduction of such schemes is likely to represent good value for money. We use data from Northern Ireland, a region with a relatively small‐scale family‐farm structure, where there have been periodic calls from farmer groups to introduce support for early retirement. We estimate the benefits that might arise from the introduction of such a scheme using FADN data and a separate survey of 350 farmers aged 50 to 65. We find that farm scale is a significant determinant of profit per hectare but that operator age is not. Benefits from releasing land through an early retirement scheme are conditional on such transfers bringing about significant farm expansion and changes in land use. Even when these conditions are satisfied, however, pensions payments of only about one‐third the statutory maximum could be justified in a best‐case scenario. Almost a quarter of all payments would incur deadweight losses, i.e., go to farmers who would be retiring anyway. Overall, the economic case for such a scheme is considered to be weak.
The Effect of Glucose Availability and Utilization on Chylomicron Metabolism in the Rat
Authors: Brown David F. , Olivecrona Thomas 
Published: December 2008

AbstractFollowing i.v. administration of H3 palmitate labelled chylomicrons a greater amount of radioactivity was recovered from adipose tissue of refed than fasted rats and from insulin treated than insulin deprived diabetic rats. Adipose tissue uptake of label appeared to be potentiated by insulin in normal as well as in diabetic rats. No definite differences in the rate of clearing chylomicrons from blood was noted in insulin treated and insulin deprived diabetic rats. Although the enhanced adipose tissue uptake of triglyceride fatty acid might be related to the availability of α glycerophosphate for esterification it is equally possible that adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase content may be a regulating factor. Heparin, as opposed to saline administration prior to chyle injection, produced marked acceleration in the rate of removal of chyle from the blood of treated and untreated diabetic animals. The accelerated removal was related to accelerated uptake of activity by the liver and could be attributed in part to intravascular lipolysis of chyle triglyceride. The effect of heparin on the degree and the nature of hepatic uptake was no different in treated and untreated diabetic animals.
An Evoked Potential Study of Different Pathways from the Hindlimb to the Somatosensory Areas in the Cat
Authors: Norrsell Ulf , Wolpow Edward R. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractEvoked potentials from contralateral hindlimb nerves were recorded in SI and SII of cats anesthetized with Nembutal. Initially positive short latency potentials could be elicited from low threshold cutaneous afferents and low (groups I and II) and high (group III) threshold muscle afferents as well as high threshold afferents of the posterior knee‐joint nerve. The low threshold muscle afferents were not of stretch receptor origin. The effects were transmitted via two spinal pathways, the dorsal columns and the spinocervical tract. The transmission via the spinocervical tract was faster by 2 msec for cutaneous impulses and by 7 msec for impulses from group III muscle afferents. The finding of McIntyre (1962b) that the low threshold afferents of the interosseous nerve project mainly to SII via the dorsal columns was confirmed. After transection of the above‐mentioned pathways, initially negative short latency potentials could be elicited from low threshold cutaneous afferents and high threshold muscle afferents via a pathway in the ventral quadrant contralateral to the stimulated nerves.
Peripheral Autonomic Influence on the Motility of the Urinary Bladder in the Cat: III. Micturition
Authors: Gjone Ragnar 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe micturition act was found to be regulated by an antagonistic nervous influence mediated through the two peripheral autonomic pathways to the bladder. The alterations of micturition following section and stimulation of these nerves were recorded by means of a technique (Gjone and Setekleiv 1963, Gjone 1965a, b) which does not interfere with the emptying function of the bladder. By section of the parasympathetic vesical supply the micturition reflex was abolished, whereas micturition was induced by parasympathetic stimulation. In accordance with the results of previous workers, excitatory effects on micturition were thus found to be mediated by this pathway. Following primary section of the sympathetic nerves the micturition threshold was markedly reduced, and by sympathetic stimulation interruption of reflex micturition ensued. By the latter effect, not previously demonstrated, the inhibitory influence of the sympathetic nerves to the bladder, was established. The activity of the so called“internal sphincter” was studied through direct cystoscopic examination as well as by pressure recording from the outlet region. It was concluded that the smooth muscle surrounding the internal urethral orifice acts in phase with and as part of the detrusor musculature, viz., the closure of the bladder outlet is due to relaxation, and its opening is caused by contraction. In support of this view it was noted that urinary continence persisted when the musculature of 1 he bladder neck was divided by a vertical incision, whereas incomplete and prolonged emptying of the bladder ensued subsequent to this procedure.
Radiostrontium, Radiophosphorus, Stable Strontium, Stable Calcium, DNA and DNA‐P in Ram Spermatozoa
Authors: ÅBerg Bertil , Gillner Margot 
Published: December 2008

AbstractA detailed study was performed in order to determine the normal content of DNA, DNA‐P, Sr and Ca in ram spermatozoa. Furthermore 89Sr and 32P were injected intravenously and their uptake by spermatozoa followed as well as their effect on the sperm cell picture. The normal content of DNA in spermatozoa was found to be 2.9 pg per cell and the content of DNA‐P 0.21 pg per cell. The ratio stable strontium to stable calcium in spermatozoa was 1: 118 and the ratio stable strontium to DNA‐P 1: 1,846. The ratio stable calcium to DNA‐P was found to be 1: 18. After intravenous administration of radio‐strontium to rams a maximal concentration occurred in the spermatozoon on the 3rd to 7th day. At that time the ratio 89Sr: DNA‐P was 0.25‐10‐8. After i.v. administration of radiophosphorus to rams the maximal ratio of 52P: DNA‐P was 0.17‐ 10‐6. When 31.5 mCi of 89Sr was i.v. administered to a ram the sperm cells were dead between the 45th and 52nd day. Eight weeks after the administration the sperm cell picture was normalised.
Cardiac Output in the Supine and Sitting Position Determined by a CO2 Method
Authors: Lundin G. , Thomson D. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractCardiac output was determined in the supine and sitting position with a CO2 rebreathing method. Eight normal adult subjects were used. A mean cardiac output of 3.5 1/min in the sitting position and 4.3 1/min in the supine, was found. The stroke volumes were 50 ml and 66 ml respectively.
Effects of Picrotoxin on Stretch‐Activated Post‐Synaptic Inhibitions in Spinal Motoneurones
Authors: Kellerth Jan‐Olof , Szumski Alfred J. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe effects of picrotoxin on post‐synaptic inhibitions were intracellularly investigated in cat popliteal, common peroneal and hamstring motoneurones which were activated by stretch of the triceps surae, tibialis anterior or semitendinosus muscles. In some experiments a single electrical shock to the nerve was also used as a stimulus. Inhibitions from muscle stretch were studied by the following criteria: i) hyperpolarization of the post‐synaptic membrane, ii) decrease in size of the monosynaptic excitatory post‐synaptic potential, iii) reduction of firing rate of a motoneurone stimulated by injected depolarizing current, iv) ‘synaptic activation noise’ in a hyperpolarizing direction, and v) sensitivity of the post‐synaptic inhibition to an increased intracellular concentration of chloride ions. Post‐synaptic inhibitions remaining after picrotoxin (picrotoxin‐resistant) and those abolished by picrotoxin (picrotoxin‐sensitive) were identified. Both types of inhibition were shown definitely to act on the post‐synaptic membrane. As with strychnine‐resistant post‐synaptic inhibition (Kellerth and Szumski 1966), picrotoxin‐sensitive post‐synaptic inhibition was found to have characteristics similar to those described for presynaptic inhibition. In no case was a post‐synaptic inhibition found to be resistant to both strychnine and picrotoxin. and in strychninized cats, the remaining post‐synaptic inhibitions were always abolished by picrotoxin.
A Comparison of the Biological Value of Various Types of Swedish Bread and the Effect of Added Lysine
Authors: Larson Stig 
Published: December 2008

AbstractFeeding experiments on rats given diets made from various types of bread widely used in Sweden are reported. It was found that the addition of L‐lysine to all diets increases the activities of glutamic‐oxalacetic transaminase (GOT) and ornithine‐carbamyl transferase (OCT) of the liver. At the same time the total body fat decreases. It was also shown that the common wheat bread, crisp bread and school bread have about the same biological value. Wheat‐rye bread and rye bread have low biological values which may be elevated by lysine supplementation. It is suggested that some types of obesity are influenced by the biological value of the diets.
Dopamine in Human Urine during Muscular Work
Authors: Häggendal Jan , Werdinius Bengt 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIn four healthy men the urinary excretion of total (free and conjugated) adrenaline and noradrenaline rose during hard muscular work, while dopamine and homovanillic acid were unchanged or even decreased somewhat. The source of urinary dopamine is discussed.
Vasoconstriction in Isolated Blood‐Perfused Rabbit Lungs and its Inhibition by Cresols
Authors: Hauge A. , Lunde P. K. M. , Waaler B. A. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractPerfusion of isolated rabbit lungs with heparinized whole blood was complicated by the development of a very marked increase in pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), which occurred in the course of from 10 min to 2 hr. This increase in PVR occurred also when nearly all thrombocytes had been removed from the perfusate. Inhibition of the vasoconstrictor action of noradrenaline, 5‐hydroxytryptamine, histamine or acetylcholine did not prevent the development of the increase in PVR. Plasma kinins, which cause marked vasoconstriction in this preparation, were not present in significant amounts in the perfusate during periods of high PVR. The increase in PVR could be efficiently counteracted by tri‐cresol, 4–8 μ/ml perfusate. Two of the cresol isomers, namely o‐cresol and p‐cresol, were more efficient than the third isomer, m‐cresol. Adeno‐ sine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in doses above a certain level caused vasoconstriction in the preparation. Their vasoconstrictor effect, which increased very markedly during the first part of the perfusion, was inhibited by tri‐cresol. Also the vasoconstrictor effect of noradrenaline was reduced by tri‐cresol. Apart from these actions and from that on the spontaneously increasing PVR, tri‐cresol had no other apparent effects on the preparation. A relationship between the increase in PVR and effects of ATP and ADP in the preparation seems likely.
The Effect of Bradykinin, Kallidin and Eledoisin upon the Pulmonary Vascular Bed of an Isolated Blood‐Perfused Rabbit Lung Preparation
Authors: Hauge A. , Lunde P. K. M. , Waaler B. A. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe polypeptides bradykinin, kallidin and eledoisin were more potent vasoconstrictors in an isolated blood‐perfused rabbit lung preparation than were noradrenaline, 5‐hydroxytryptamine and histamine. Acetylcholine was, however, even more potent as a vasoconstrictor in the preparation than were the three polypeptides. The polypeptides were apparently not acting via a liberation into the perfusate of circulating noradrenaline, 5‐hydroxytryptamine or histamine. Bradykinin and kallidin both showed some tachyphylaxis, and also cross‐tachyphylaxis, indicating a common site of action. Eledoisin showed a very marked tachy‐phylaxis, but no cross‐tachyphylaxis towards the two other peptides, indicating a different site of action from that of bradykinin and kallidin. Phenylbutazone and sodium salicylate reduced the responses to plasma kinin injections by some 30–60 per cent, but nonspecifically, as e.g. 5‐hydroxytryptamine responses were reduced to the same extent.
Insulin Antagonistic Effect of Human Plasma Albumin on Protein Synthesis in vitro and on Glycogen Synthesis in vivo in the Rat Diaphragm Muscle
Authors: Jervell Jak 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe earlier finding of an antagonistic effect of human plasma albumin on the insulin‐stimulated glucose uptake of the cut rat diaphragm in vitro has been confirmed. In the intact rat hemidiaphragm in vitro 1 mU of insulin per ml caused a marked increase (40–70 per cent) of the incorporation of 14C‐labelled phenylalanine into protein. Adding 5 per cent albumin caused a significant reduction of this insulin effect. Intraperitoneal injection of 1mU of insulin caused a marked increase in glycogen content and 14C‐labelled glucose incorporation into glycogen in the diaphragm muscle in vivo. This effect was antagonized by the simultaneous injection of 50–150 mg of “antagonistic” albumin; control injections of “non‐antagonistic” albumin had no such effect. Increasing the insulin dose 10‐fold abolished the antagonistic effect of the albumin. The result support the assumption that the “synalbumin” antagonist is a physiological antagonist of insulin action.
Excretion of Methylmalonate and Succinate in the Urine of Rats during Deficiency of Vitamin B12 and after Administration of Propionate
Authors: Asunta Jussi , Koivusalo Martti , Suorsa Markku 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe excretion of methylmalonate and succinate in the urine of rats was studied during deficiency of vitamin B12 induced by feeding a diet deficient in vitamin B12. If the diet was given already to the pregnant rats and continued to the offspring for 7 weeks the excretion of methylmalonate by the litters increased 50—100 fold as compared with the corresponding controls. If the diet was started later, only a slight increase in the excretion of methylmalonate was found. When normal rats were fed 1 g of sodium propionate per day for 2 days there was a slight increase in the excretion of methylmalonate and a marked increase in the excretion of succinate. Methylmalonate and succinate were isolated and determined by silicic acid column and thin layer chromatography and by paper chromatography.
Estimation of the Protein Concentration of the Capillary Filtrate by an Isotope Technique
Authors: Appelgren L. , Jacobsson S. , Kjellmer I. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractA method for direct estimation of the protein content of the capillary filtrate during venous congestion and muscular exercise is descr bed. The volume changes of the calf muscles of the cat are recorded plethysmo‐graphically. Changes in the albumin content of the calf are recorded by external monitoring of the activity from intravenously injected radioactive iodinated human serum albumin. Corrections for changes of activity due to variations in regional blood volume are made possible by the simultaneous measurement of changes of the activity from Cr51‐labelled erythrocytes. The difficulties and errors of the method are discussed. The protein content of the capillary filtrate is low both during venous congestion and exercise, about 0.3 g/100 ml or less than 10 % of that of plasma.As a control of the method the protein content of the filtrate formed during continuous intraarterial infusion of histamine was also studied. In these experiments the protein concentration of the capillary filtrate rose to as much as 75% of that in plasma.
Theory of the Heated Thermocouple Principle
Authors: Grängsjö G. , Sandblom J. , Ulfendahl H. R. , Wolgast M. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe heated thermocouple principle is widely used for blood flow measurements in tissues. A theoretical deduction of the relationship between the fluid flow and the response of the heated thermocouple is shown to be a hyperbola. Experimental values from model and animal experiments fit the theoretical curve quite well. It seems quite impossible to precalibrate the thermocouples due to the fact that they are surrounded by a nonperfused zone of injured tissue or noncirculating blood.
Urinary Excretion of Catecholamines and Vanilmandelic Acid in Rats Exposed to Cold
Authors: Motelica Ion 
Published: December 2008

AbstractMale Sprague Dawley rats of an average weight of 300 g excreted during laboratory conditions at 20–22o C on an average 18 ng/kg/hr adrenaline (A), 97 ng/kg/hr noradrenaline (NA) and about 4 /ig/kg/hr vanilmandelic acid (VMA). Individual, diurnal and seasonal variations were noticed. During exposure to a temperature of +3o C, NA increased to 300– 400 ng/kg/hr in the first 24 hrs and remained high for the entire duration of exposure, while adrenaline excretion increased gradually to about 50 ng/kg/hr. The VMA excretion increased to about 10 jug/kg/hr during exposure to +3o C. After bringing the rats back to room temperature catecholamines and VMA excretion reverted to normal values in 1–2 days.
Compensatory Hypertrophy of the Rat's Submaxillary Gland
Authors: Elmèr Mats , Ohlin Per 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe secretory activity of the submaxillary gland in the conscious rat is increased in the acute experiment when the secretion from one or more of the other salivary glands is prevented from reaching the oral cavity. In chronic experiments the weight of the submaxillary gland is augmented after duct ligation of other salivary glands. It seems likely that increased secretory activity as observed in the acute experiments, is the cause of this glandular hypertrophy.