bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Infection of human monocyte‐derived macrophages by human immunodeficiency virus mediated by cell‐to‐cell transmission
Authors: Luce Serena St , Arts Eric , Geleziunas Romas , Bour Stéphane , Wainberg Mark A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe have infected ten‐day‐old primary cultures of human monocyte‐derived macrophages (MDM) with HIV‐1 by cocultivation with chronically infected monocytic cell lines. This work has involved the U‐937 monocytoid cell line, chronically infected with the HIV‐IIIB strain of HIV‐1 (U‐937HIV IIIB) as well as a number of cell clones, termed UHC, which were derived from U‐937HIV IIIB by limiting dilution. Cell‐free virus, derived from each of U‐937HIV IIIB cells and the UHC1 clone were noninfectious for MDM, as determined by failure to express viral p24 antigen (Ag). In contrast, viral p24 Ag production was detected in MDM that had been cocultivated with U‐937HIV IIB, and with each of three UHC clones that produced infectious virus. Infection, in each case, was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction detection via the amplification of proviral DNA. In contrast, cocultivation with the UHC15.7 clone, which fails to cleave viral gp160 to its gp120 and gp41 products or the UHC8 clone, which lacks functional reverse transcriptase, did not lead to infection of MDM. Pretreatment of MDM for 2 hr with 1 μM AZT completely prevented infection by culture fluids containing HIVada' a macrophage‐tropic virus, but did not affect infection mediated by cocultivation. These results suggest that cell‐to‐cell transmission of HIV‐1, among monocyte‐derived macrophages, can be mediated by proviral DNA. Moreover, gp120 at the surface of infected cells may play an important role in this process, since cell‐to‐cell HIV transmission could not be demonstrated with the UHC clone that is defective in cleavage of the viral envelope glycoprotein gp160.
Detection of human papillomavirus L1 protein in condylomata acuminata from adults with defects in cell‐mediated immunity
Authors: Brown Darron R. , Bryan Janine T. , Wools Kara , Rodriguez Michael , Tyring Stephen 
Published: March 2007

AbstractImmunohistochemical assays for human papillomavirus (HPV) L1 protein, using antiserum directed against the L1 major capsid protein of bovine papillomavirus (anti‐BPV serum), were performed on 101 condylomata acuminata biopsy samples from 47 men (40 of whom had intact cell mediated immunity [CMI], and 7 with conditions known to cause CMI defects), and 54 women (48 with normal CMI, and 6 with CMI defects). L1 protein was detected in 28% of all biopsies, including 20.5% of samples from patients with normal CMI and 76.9% of patients with CMI defects (P = .00002). For both males and females, L1 protein was detected significantly more often in samples from patients with CMI defects than those with normal CMI. Immunohistochemical assays of HPV 11‐infected human foreskin implants grown in athymic mice were performed to optimize the conditions of the assay. Three dilutions of anti‐BPV serum or preimmune rabbit serum were used. A 1:500 dilution provided readily interpretable results, while preimmune serum at this dilution did not stain to any significant degree. However, at 1:10 and 1:100 dilution, both the anti‐BPV serum and preimmune serum caused an unacceptable amount of nuclear staining, making results uninterpretable. Defects in CMI may allow active viral particle assembly at an increased rate, as judged by detection of L1 protein in condylomata acuminata from these patients.
Immunohistological detection of human herpes virus 6 in formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded lung tissues
Authors: Pitalia Anil K. , Liu‐Yin John A. , Freemont Anthony J. , Morris David J. , Fitzmaurice Richard J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractHuman herpes virus type 6 (HHV‐6) infection is widespread in healthy individuals. The only definite disease association is with exanthem subitum in infants though the virus has been linked with a variety of other diseases including interstitial pneumonitis in bone marrow allograft recipients. In order to investigate the role of HHV‐6 in the latter disease we have developed an optimised staining method for the demonstration of specific antigen in routinely processed post‐mortem tissues. Formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded lung tissue from 8 immunocompromised patients who died from interstitial pneumonitis was subjected to immunoperoxidase staining with monoclonal antibodies against HHV‐6, cytomegalovirus (CMV), and adenovirus, using a modified avidin‐biotin complex (ABC) method. Staining for HHV‐6 was obtained in 6 of the 8 patients studied and was present in pneumocytes and macrophages. CMV and adenovirus antigens were identified in 4 and 6 patients, respectively. Whilst the lung tissue of 6 patients contained more than one virus, there was no evidence of cross‐reactivity between the monoclonal antibodies. We demonstrated that accurate localisation of HHV‐6 using monoclonal antibodies is possible in post‐mortem lung tissue and conclude that either HHV‐6 alone or in combination with other viruses may play a role in the development of interstitial pneumonitis following bone marrow transplantation or chemotherapy.
Seroepidemiology of hepatitis A and hepatitis B virus infection in a Gurkha community in Singapore
Authors: Goh K. T. , Kong K. H. , Heng B. H. , Oon C. J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe overall prevalence of hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection among the Gurkhas and their families stationed in Singapore was 83.2%, with antibody to HAV detected in 67 (38.1%) of 176 children under 5 years of age, 121 (76.6%) of 158 children between 5 and 14 years, and 600 (97.9%) of 613 older children and adults over age 15 years. Children born in Singapore (102/223 or 45.7%) had a significantly lower crude prevalence than those born in Nepal (85/110 or 77.3%) (P < 0.000001). The age‐adjusted difference in prevalence was also statistically significant (P < 0.001). Susceptible children had a high risk of acquiring HAV infection when they travelled to Nepal. As for hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, the prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was 2.8%, with a higher rate in males (20/560 or 3.6%) than in females (6/384 or 1.6%). The highest HBsAg prevalence (4/26 or 15.4%) was in young adult Gurkhas 15–19 years of age. No significant difference in the crude prevalence of HBV markers was noted between children born in Singapore (45/224 or 20.1%) and those born in Nepal (19/107 or 17.8%). Even after age adjustment, the difference remained insignificant. The prevalence of HBV markers of children of seropositive parents (27/156 or 17.3%) was not significantly higher than that of seronegative parents (19/131 or 14.5%). Married men had a significantly higher age‐adjusted prevalence of infection than unmarried men (45.4% and 32.4%, respectively; P < 0.05), Seropositivity of one spouse was significantly correlated with the seropositivity of the other (P < 0.05), suggesting a role for heterosexual transmission of HBV infection.
Transfer of humoral immunity against cytomegalovirus proteins following transplantation of T‐cell‐depleted allogeneic bone marrow from seropositive donors
Authors: Roy Donna M. , Brenner Malcolm K. , Cook Derek , Duncan R. Ian , Griffiths Paul D. , Grundy Jane E. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPrevious work by Grob et al. [Lancet i:774, 1987] has demonstrated that allogeneic, T‐cell‐depleted bone marrow transplant recipients have a better prognosis for reactivated cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection if their donor is also immune. It was proposed that adoptively transferred humoral immunity was responsible for the protective effect of active infection. Immunoblot analysis using purified virions was used here to examine pre‐ and posttransplant antibody responses of seropositive recipients who had undergone active viral infection after transplantation. Immunoblots were assessed for the numbers of polypetides recognised and reactivity against individual polypeptides. Immunoblots were also scanned by quantitative densitometry, and the intensity of antibody responses against total viral protein and individual polypeptides was determined. Sera from recipients with immune donors exhibited a secondary‐type immune reponse in terms of both intensity and polypeptide specific pattern of antibody reactivity, compared with those recipients with nonimmune donors. In particular, recipients with immune donors appeared to show a greater reactivity against a protein of Mr 55,000; this may represent the envelope glycoprotein gB, which is a major target for neutralising antibodies, and might also be utilised for preparing an effective vaccine for CMV.
Current seroepidemiology of rubella virus infection among female residents in Taiwan
Authors: Lin Ding‐Bang , Chen Chien‐Jen 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTo examine the epidemiological characteristics of rubella virus infection on Taiwan Island and in Orchid and Pescadore islets, a community‐based survey was carried out in 19 townships and metropolitan precincts randomly selected through stratified sampling. Serum specimens of 4,770 healthy girls and women randomly sampled from study areas were screened for the rubella antibody by passive latex agglutination testing and confirmed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. A total of 2,934 subjects were antibody positive, giving a prevalence of 61.5%. The mean ± standard deviation of rubella IgG index was 2.51 ± 0.37. The seropositive rate increased with age in all residential areas and ethnic groups. The age pattern indicated that the regular 10‐year cycle of rubella epidemic was no longer existent after 1978. A higher prevalence was observed in the eastern island and Orchid Islets compared with other areas. The highest seropositive rate was found in Orchid Islets. The overall seronegative rate was 62.9% for females <20 years of age and 36.9% for women between the ages of 20 and 29 years. With such a high susceptible density among girls and women of child‐bearing ages as well as the endemicity of rubella virus infection in Taiwan, mass vaccination against rubella should be enforced in order to prevent possible future outbreaks of the congenital rubella syndrome.
Prevalence of hepatitis C virus in family members of patients with Hepatitis C
Authors: Oshita Masahide , Hayashi Norio , Kasahara Akinori , Yuki Nobukazu , Takehara Tetsuo , Hagiwara Hideki , Hayakawa Yuji , Yasumatsuya Yumi , Kishida Yutaka , Fusamoto Hideyuki , Kamada Takenobu 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTo investigate the prevalence of hepatitis C virus in the family members of patients with hepatitis C, we examined antibody to hepatitis C virus with a second‐generation enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and viral RNA with a combined assay of reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction in sera. Among 219 (75 spouses, 110 children, and 34 others), 26 (12%) were antibody positive. The positive rate of antibody to hepatitis C virus was significantly higher than that of the control group (2.0%) and of volunteer blood donors in our district (1.5%), and it increased with age. In particular, the positive rate of antibody to hepatitis C virus among spouses was high (24%). Among family members with elevated ALT, 59% were antibody positive, which was significantly higher than that of the control group (11%). Of the 26 who were antibody positive, 21 (81%) had viral RNA, whereas of the 70 who were antibody negative, only one (1.4%) had viral RNA. These data suggest that hepatitis C virus was transmitted by the intrafamilial route during long duration of contact with patients or sexual transmission. In family members, hepatitis C viral infection is the main cause of liver disorder, and many who were antibody‐positive with a second‐generation enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay had viremia in the sera.
Sequence variation within the human immunodeficiency virus V3 loop at seroconversion
Authors: Ait‐Khaled Mounir , Emery Vincent C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAnalysis of the HIV‐1 V3 quasispecies present in an individual at the time of seroconversion was carried out. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify proviral HIV‐1 DNA extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells from a patient who was viraemic (p24 = 15 pg/ml) and had an equivocal HIV‐1 antibody status. The PCR products were cloned and the DNA sequence determined for 15 clones. These data showed that the V3 region contained only limited sequence heterogeneity with a major variant accounting for 66% of the protein quasispecies present. The protein sequence of the principal neutralising domain on all species contained the relatively rare GPGKTL motif rather than GPGRAF. The relevance of these data for early stages of HIV infection are discussed.
Evaluation of anti‐hepadnavirus activity of Phyllanthus amarus and Phyllanthus maderaspatensis in duck hepatitis b virus carrier Pekin ducks
Authors: Munshi Anupama , Mehrotra Raj , Ramesh Rajagopal , Panda Subrat K. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractExtracts of the two traditional Indian herbs, Phyl lanthus amarus (P. amarus) and Phyllanthus maderaspatensis (P. maderaspatensis), described by others as useful in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus infection were studied for antiviral properties on duck hepatitis B virus infection. One hundred and fourteen ducks infected posthatch with the duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) were divided into groups at three months of age and treated intraperitoneally with the aqueous, butanol, and alcoholic extracts of these two plants at doses of 25, 50, or 200 mg/kg body weight. Saline‐treated animals served as controls. In the ducks negative for DHBV in serum after treatment, we observed replicative intermediates in the liver. There was no definite antiviral property observed in the treated ducks.
T‐cell receptor Vα region usage in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with mumps meningitis
Authors: Kimura Hiroshi , Ando Yoshihiro , Shibata Motohiro , Abe Tokuichiro , Morishima Tsuneo 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTo investigate clonality of local T cells in viral infections of the central nervous system, the T‐cell receptor (TCR) repertoire was evaluated in T cells from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of nine patients with mumps meningitis, using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. The usage of the variable region of TCR α chain gene (Vα gene) in the CSF was widespread, and an average of 13 out of the 18 Vα families were expressed. Quantitative PCR analyses showed that the Vα gene expression was biased toward three or less Vα families in the CSF of each patient. When compared with peripheral blood T cells, the average percentages of Vα 11 and Vα 12 gene expression were significantly higher in the CSF than in the peripheral blood. These results suggested that mumps‐specific T lymphocytes with a restricted TCR repertoire are selectively recruited to the central nervous system in mumps meningitis, although polyclonal, probably nonspecific, T‐cell populations are present in the CSF.
Hepatitis C virus plus‐ and minus‐ strand RNA in hepatocellular carcinoma and adjoining nontumorous liver
Authors: Horiike Norio , Nonaka Takashi , Kumamoto Izumi , Kajino Kazunori , Onji Morikazu , Ohta Yasuyuki 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe presence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA in serum and liver tissue was examined in seven patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), using the reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction method with primers for the 5′‐noncoding region. Plus‐strand HCV‐RNA was detected in the serum and liver tissue (both cancerous and noncancerous tissue) of all five patients who were positive for anti‐HCV antibodies (C100‐3 and P22) and was not detected in both of two patients who were negative for anti‐HCV antibodies. Minus‐strand HCV‐RNA was only detected in the liver tissue (cancerous and noncancerous portion) of the five anti‐HCV antibodypositive patients. The relative liver tissue content of minus‐strand HCV‐RNA ranged from 1 to 100 time less than that of plus strand HCV‐RNA in cancerous and noncancerous tissue in each patient, respectively. There was no similar tendency in the HCV‐RNA content between the cancerous and noncancerous portions of the liver in each patient. These results suggest that HCV exists and replicates in HCC tissue and may have some role in the development of HCC.
Longitudinal study of hepatitis C viremia in chronic hepatitis C
Authors: Cheung Ramsey C. , Chan Rachel T. , Lok Anna S. F. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSerial serum samples from 20 untreated patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection were tested for HCV RNA by a nested polymerase chain reaction assay using primers from the highly conserved 5′ noncoding region to determine the relationship between hepatitis C viremia and the activity of liver disease during the natural course of chronic HCV infection. Semiquantitation of serum HCV RNA level was achieved by testing serial 10‐fold dilutions of RNA extracts to determine the end‐point titer. All the patients were HCV RNA positive at presentation. There was a poor correlation between the initial HCV RNA titer and serum transaminase levels. All patients except one were persistently HCV RNA positive during a follow‐up period of 1.5‐15 years, although 17 (85%) had periods of normal or near‐normal transaminase levels. There was no correlation between changes in the serum transaminase levels and HCV RNA titer. Patients with chronic HCV infection have persistent viremia despite fluctuations in ALT levels.
Variant of hepatitis B virus isolated in zimbabwe
Authors: Chirara Michael M. , Chetsanga Christopher J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify an approximately 1.2 kb DNA fragment encompassing the pre‐S/S gene region of HBV DNA from serum of patients with acute hepatitis B virus infection. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed a number of interesting features in the S gene region. Two Bam HI sites were located at nucleotide positions 557 and 872, respectively, in the S gene. Guanine (G) was found at nucleotide position 903 as part of AGA, the codon for arginine (R) corresponding to amino acid position 122 of the S protein. Ade‐nine (A) was found at nucleotide position 1017 as part of AXIA, the codon for lysine (K) corresponding to amino acid position 160 of the S protein. Nucleotide sequence alignment revealed a 97% homology to the corresponding domain of an HBVadw genome (clone pFDW294). Within the second loop of the “a” determinant, two mutations resulting in substitution of serine or threonine with the hydrophobic amino acids, methio‐nine at position 143 and with alanine in place of glycine at position 145, are predicted from the consensus nucleotide sequence of the PCR‐derived clones. Subtyping with monoclonal antibodies showed that the HBsAg was of the ayw subtype. © 1994 Wiiey‐Liss, Inc.
Serological response to rotavirus infection in newborn infants
Authors: Floras Jorge , White Laura , Blanco Mario , Perez‐Schael Irene 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe report the identification of rotavirus in stools of newborn infants at the “Hospital Materno Infantil de Caricuao” (HMIC) as well as the infants' serological responses to various rotavirus strains. The serological responses of another group of rotavirus‐positive neonates studied previously at the “Maternidad Concepcion Palacios” (MCP) hospital was also evaluated. Fifty‐four of 266 (20%) newborns examined at HMIC shed rotavirus. The infection rate was higher among infants admitted to the nursery (75%) than in those “rooming in” with their mothers (7%) (P < 0.01). Eleven of the 54 neonates (20%) had diarrhea; seven of them experienced mild, short‐lived episodes, whereas five had frequent diarrhea bouts or diarrhea lasting for over 3 days; the remaining 43 infants were asymptomatic. Twenty‐seven of 28 rotavirus specimens tested at HMIC had VP7 serotype 4 specificity and one belonged to VP7 serotype 1; VP4 typing performed on 24 of the viruses by RNA hybridization showed these viruses to be similar to the M37 strain, a rotavirus previously associated with asymptomatic infections in newborns at MCP. IgA seroresponses were detected in eight of 11 infants born at HMIC (73%), but most failed to developed neutralization responses to homologous or heterologous strains. Newborn infants who had shed the M37 rotavirus strain at MCP reacted similarly: 16 of 24 (67%) developed a rotavirus IgA rise, but only 29% developed a neutralization response. © 1994 Wiiey‐Liss, Inc.
Dengue virus infects mouse cultured neurons but not astrocytes
Authors: Imbert Jose Luis , Guevara Patricia , Ramos‐Castañeda Jose , Ramos Celso , Sotelo Julio 
Published: March 2007

AbstractCultures of mouse brain cells containing a high proportion either neurons or astrocytes were inoculated with various strains of dengue virus. At analysis by double immunofluorescence, all strains of dengue virus studied were tropic for neurons. In no case were the astrocytes infected. Only ∼10% of all neurons were infected, suggesting that the virus may enter the cell through a membrane receptor present only in a subgroup of neurons. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection of hepatitis C viral sequences in formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded liver tissue: Effect of interferon alpha therapy
Authors: Diamond David A. , Davis Gary L. , Qian Ke‐Ping , Lau Johnson Y. N. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTo determine the effect of interferon‐α (IFN) therapy on hepatitis C virus (HCV) in liver, reverse transcription “nested” polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) was applied to detect HCV RNA in formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded liver biopsy specimens obtained before and at the end of IFN therapy in 42 patients with chronic HCV infection. Results were correlated with the clinical and biochemical outcome in 36 cases. Fifteen patients were nonresponders to IFN; 13 patients had a complete response to IFN but relapsed shortly after IFN was stopped (responders who relapsed); and 8 patients showed a complete and sustained response to IFN therapy (sustained responders). Total RNA was extracted using proteinase K digestion and phenol/chloroform/ isoamyl alcohol extraction, and HCV RNA was detected by standard RT‐PCR using primers from the highly conserved 5′ untranslated region. HCV RNA was detected in 41 of the 42 pretreatment specimens. Of the 36 patients with paired posttreatment samples, HCV RNA was detected in all 15 patients who did not respond to IFN and 9 of 13 who responded to IFN but relapsed shortly after IFN was stopped. In contrast, only one of the eight patients who had a sustained response to IFN therapy had HCV RNA detected by RT‐PCR (P < 0.04). These data confirm 1) the feasibility of detecting HCV RNA in formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissue from patients with chronic HCV infection, 2) show that sustained response to IFN is associated with loss of liver HCV RNA at the end of IFN therapy, and 3) offer an explanation for recurrence in patients who relapse. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.