bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory activity of extracts from Opuntia humifusa Raf.
Authors: Cho J Y , Park S-C , Kim T-W , Kim K-S , Song J-C , Lee H-M , Sung H-J , Rhee M-H , Kim S-K , Park H-J , Song Y-B , Yoo E-S , Lee C-H 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Opuntia humifusa Raf. (O. humifusa Raf.) is a member of the Cactaceae family. To determine the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of this herb, various solvent fractions (methanol, hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol, and water) prepared from the leaves of cacti were tested using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-l-picrylhydrazyl radical) and xanthine oxidase assays, and nitric oxide (NO)-producing macrophage cells. We found that O. humifusa Raf. displayed potent antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activity. Thus, all solvent fractions, except for the water layer, showed potent scavenging effects. The scavenging effect of the ethyl acetate fraction was higher than that of the other fractions, with IC50 values of 3.6 and 48.2 μg mL−1. According to activity-guided fractionation, one of the active radical scavenging principles in the ethyl acetate fraction was found to be quercetin. In contrast, only two fractions (chloroform and ethyl acetate) significantly suppressed nitric oxide production from the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW264.7 cells. In addition, chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions significantly blocked the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthetase (iNOS) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) from the RAW264.7 cells stimulated by LPS. Moreover, ethyl acetate fractions significantly blocked the expression of IL-1β from the RAW264.7 cells stimulated by LPS. Therefore, the results suggested that O. humifusa Raf. may modulate radical-induced toxicity via both direct scavenging activity and the inhibition of reactive species generation, and the modulation of the expression of inflammatory cytokines. Finally, O. humifusa Raf. may be useful as a functional food or drug against reactive species-mediated disease.
Hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic effects of fractions from kolaviron, a biflavonoid complex from Garcinia Kola in streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus rats
Authors: Adaramoye O A , Adeyemi E O 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
In the search for natural hypoglycaemic agents as alternatives to synthetic ones that are expensive and not easily accessible, and to justify the use of Garcinia kola seeds in traditional African medicine to treat diabetes, the hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic effects of fractions from kolaviron (KV) (a Garcinia kola seed extract) were investigated in normal and streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic rats. KV, a biflavonoid complex from Garcinia kola seed, was separated by thin-layer chromatography into three fractions; Fraction I (FI), Fraction II (FII) and Fraction III (FIII) with RF values of 0.48, 0.71 and 0.76, respectively. In normoglycaemic rats, KV, FI and FII administered at a dose of 100 mg kg−1 body weight elicited significant (P &lt; 0.05) hypoglycaemic activity within 4 h of oral administration. Precisely, KV, FI and FII decreased blood glucose levels of normoglycaemic rats by 66%, 50% and 61%, respectively, when compared with controls 30 min after oral administration of the extracts. In hyperglycaemic rats, KV, FI and FII significantly (P &lt; 0.05) reduced blood sugar levels in STZ-diabetic rats within 4 h of oral administration. Furthermore, KV alone produced a significant (P &lt; 0.05) anti-diabetic effect from day 3 to day 7 of oral intubation of STZ-diabetic rats. In addition, the extracts showed favourable effect on the plasma lipid profile of STZ-diabetic rats, and also decreased significantly (P &lt; 0.05) the STZ-induced increase in the activity of microsomal glucose-6-phosphatase and lipid peroxidation (LPO) products. This study confirms the anti-diabetic and hypo-lipidaemic effects of KV in STZ-diabetic rats. These observed effects of KV are attributed to two of its fractions, FI and FII, with RF values of 0.48 and 0.71, respectively.
The inhibitory effect of phenylpropanoid glycosides and iridoid glucosides on free radical production and β2 integrin expression in human leucocytes
Authors: Lin Lie-Chwen , Shen Yuh-Chiang , Wang Yea-Hwey , Liou Kuo-Tong , Hou Yu-Chang , Chang Shiou , Wang Wen-Yen , Chou Yueh-Ching 
Published: December 2005

AbstractRapid production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and upregulation of β2 integrin by leucocytes are two important inflammatory responses in human leucocytes. To evaluate whether three phenylpropanoid glycosides (acteoside, crenatoside, and rossicaside B) and two iridoid glucosides (boschnaloside and 8-epideoxyloganic acid) identified from two medicinal plants with similar indications (Orobanche caerulescens and Boschniakia rossica) exhibited anti-inflammatory activity, their effects on N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) and phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA)-activated peripheral human neutrophils (PMNs) and mononuclear cells were examined. Pretreatment with 1–50 μm phenylpropanoid glycoside concentration-dependently diminished PMA- and fMLP-induced ROS production with IC50 values of approximately 6.8–23.9 and 3.0–8.8 μm, respectively. Iridoid glucoside was less effective than phenylpropanoid glycoside with an IC50 value of approximately 8.9–28.4 μm in PMA-activated PMNs and 19.1–21.1 μm in fMLP-activated mononuclear cells. Phenylpropanoid glycosides also effectively inhibited NADPH oxidase (NOX) and displayed potent free radical-scavenging activity, but did not interfere with pan-protein kinase C (PKC) activity. Furthermore, all compounds, except rossicaside B, significantly inhibited PMA- and fMLP-induced Mac-1 (a β2 integrin) upregulation at 50 μm but not that of fMLP-induced intracellular calcium mobilization. These drugs had no significant cytotoxicity as compared with the vehicle control. Our data suggested that inhibition of ROS production, possibly through modulation of NOX activity and/or the radical scavenging effect, and β2 integrin expression in leucocytes indicated that these compounds had the potential to serve as anti-inflammatory agents during oxidative stress.
Protective effect of crude extract from Wedelia paludosa (Asteraceae) on the hepatotoxicity induced by paracetamol in mice
Authors: Rosa Juliana Martins , Brocardo Patrícia S , Balz Daniela , Rodrigues Ana Lúcia S , Waltrick Ana Paula , Bagio Angelize , Goulart Eduardo Comeli , Meotti Flavia Carla , Dafre Alcir Luiz , Santos Adair R S 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Several in-vitro and in-vivo ethnopharmacological studies carried out with plants of the genus Wedelia have already demonstrated hepatoprotective effects in chemically-induced liver injury, including those induced by paracetamol. Here, the effects of the crude extract from Wedelia paludosa on paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in mice was investigated. Intraperitoneal injection of paracetamol (1000 mg kg−1) caused 80% death after 24 h in mice, which was significantly reduced by oral pretreatment with W. paludosa (500 mg kg−1). Hepatotoxicity was observed 24 h after an intraperitoneal injection of paracetamol (600 mg kg−1), as evidenced by an increase in plasma activity of aspartate and alanine aminotransferases. That hepatotoxicity was significantly attenuated by W. paludosa pretreatment (100–500 mg kg−1) in a dose-response manner. Paracetamol (1000 mg kg−1) drastically depleted total glutathione levels and decreased glutathione peroxidase and δ-aminolevulinate dehydratase activity in the liver, such effects not being prevented by pretreatment with W. paludosa. Neither paracetamol treatment alone nor pretreatment with W. paludosa altered glutathione reductase and glutathione S-transferase activity or the levels of end-products of lipid peroxidation. In conclusion, we found that W. paludosa protected against paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity, an effect not observed over oxidative stress-related parameters. Hepatoprotection is likely mediated by some terpenes present in W. paludosa extract. However, further studies will be required to explain the mechanisms involved in the hepatoprotection afforded by W. paludosa.
Protective effect of glycoprotein isolated from Ulmus davidiana Nakai on carbon tetrachloride-induced mouse liver injury
Authors: Lee Sei-Jung , Oh Phil-Sun , Ko Jeong-Hyeon , Lim Kye-Taek , Lim Kwang 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
This study was carried out to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of glycoprotein isolated from the stems of Ulmus davidiana Nakai (UDN), which has been used as an anti-inflammatory agent in folk medicine. We evaluated lipid peroxidation in glucose/glucose oxidase (G/GO)-induced BNL CL.2 cells and measured thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), nitric oxide (NO), antioxidant enzyme (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)), activity of cytotoxic-related signals (hepatic cytochrome c, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1)) and levels of plasma lipids (triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC)) in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4, 1.0 mL kg−1)-induced A/J mouse. The results in G/GO-induced BNL CL.2 cells showed that UDN glycoprotein had a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on lipid peroxidation. The results in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4, 1.0 mL kg−1)-induced A/J mouse indicated that treatment with UDN glycoprotein (40 mg kg−1) lowered LDH activity and TBARS formation, and increased NO production and antioxidant enzymes activity, compared with control. Also, our finding from CCl4-treated mice after pretreatment with UDN glycoprotein demonstrated that the activity of cytotoxic-related signals decreased but the levels of plasma lipids increased, compared with CCl4 treatment alone. Here, we speculate that UDN glycoprotein has a protective character to CCl4-induced mouse liver injury.
Comparing ultrasound measurements of neonatal hips using the methods of Graf and Terjesen
Authors: Falliner A. , Schwinzer D. , Hahne H.-J. , Hedderich J. , Hassenpflug J. 
Published: December 2005

In a prospective study, 232 neonates were examined sonographically using the methods of Graf and Terjesen. In order to determine the reproducibility of the methods, 50 hips were evaluated by two skilled examiners. In an inter-observer study, five physicians and five medical students evaluated 24 images, which were evaluated on ten occasions at two-weekly intervals by one of the authors. Statistical evaluation used the Bland-Altman approach. The neonates (110 females, 122 males) were less than four days old. The mean α angle was 62.4° and mean femoral head cover was 55.4%. According to Graf’s method, 1.3% of hips were pathological, compared with 4.1% according to Terjesen. Spearman’s correlation coefficient between femoral head cover and α angles was 0.552. The Bland-Altman approach shows greater variation for femoral head cover than for α, if measured by experienced examiners. The Bland-Altman approach shows almost equal reproducibility for α and femoral head cover in the inter-observer test, but better repeatability for α in the intra-observer test. The Graf results relate better than Terjesen’s to the well-known frequency of 1% to 2% hip dysplasia in the European population. Kappa statistics indicate a fair agreement between the two methods. Inter-observer evaluation shows an equal reproducibility of both methods, whereas intra-observer tests reveal better repeatability with Graf’s method.
Removal of acetabular bone in resurfacing arthroplasty of the hip
Authors: Loughead J. M. , Starks I. , Chesney D. , Matthews J. N. S. , McCaskie A. W. , Holland J. P. 
Published: December 2005

Resurfacing arthroplasty of the hip is being performed more frequently in the United Kingdom. The majority of these patients are younger than 55 years of age, and in this group the key benefits include conservation of femoral bone stock and the potential reduction in the rate of dislocation afforded by the larger resurfacing head. Early aseptic loosening is well recognised in patients younger than 55 years of age, and proponents of resurfacing believe that the improved wear characteristics of the metal-on-metal bearing may improve the long-term survival of this implant. There has been some concern, however, that resurfacing may not be conservative of acetabular bone. We compared a series of 33 consecutive patients who had a hybrid total hip arthroplasty with an uncemented acetabular component and a cemented femoral implant, with 35 patients undergoing a Birmingham hip resurfacing arthroplasty. We compared the diameter of the implanted acetabulum in both groups and, because they were not directly comparable, we corrected for patient size by measuring the diameter of the contralateral femoral head. The data were analysed using unpaired t-tests and analysis of covariance. There was a significantly larger acetabulum in the Birmingham arthroplasty group (mean diameter 56.6 mm vs 52.0 mm; p < 0.001). However, this group had a significantly larger femoral head diameter on the contralateral side (p = 0.03). Analysis of covariance revealed a significant difference between the mean size of the acetabular component implanted in the two operations. The greatest difference in the size of acetabulum was in those patients with a larger diameter of the femoral head. This study shows that more bone is removed from the acetabulum in hip resurfacing than during hybrid total hip arthroplasty, a difference which is most marked in larger patients.
Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome in morbidly obese children with tibia vara
Authors: Gordon J. E. , Hughes M. S. , Shepherd K. , Szymanski D. A. , Schoenecker P. L. , Parker L. , Uong E. C. 
Published: December 2005

Morbid obesity and its association with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome have been increasingly recognised in children. Orthopaedic surgeons are often the primary medical contact for older children with tibia vara, which has long been associated with obesity, but are unfamiliar with the evaluation and treatment of sleep apnoea in children.We reviewed all children with tibia vara treated surgically at one of our institutions over a period of five years. Thirty-seven patients were identified; 18 were nine years of age or older and 13 of these (72%) had morbid obesity and a history of snoring.Eleven children were diagnosed as having sleep apnoea on polysomnography. The incidence of this syndrome in the 18 children aged nine years or older with tibia vara, was 61%. All these patients required pre-operative non-invasive positive-pressure ventilation; tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy were necessary in five (45%). No peri-operative complications related to the airway occurred.There is a high incidence of sleep apnoea in morbidly obese patients with tibia vara. These patients should be screened for snoring and, if present, should be further evaluated for sleep apnoea before corrective surgery is undertaken.
Risk factors for failure after treatment of a periprosthetic fracture of the femur
Authors: Lindahl H. , Malchau H. , Odén A. , Garellick G. 
Published: December 2005

Periprosthetic fracture of the femur is an uncommon complication after total hip replacement, but appears to be increasing. We undertook a nationwide observational study to determine the risk factors for failure after treatment of these fractures, examining patient- and implant-related factors, the classification of the fractures and the outcome. Between 1979 and 2000, 1049 periprosthetic fractures of the femur were reported to the Swedish National Hip Arthroplasty Register. Of these, 245 had a further operation after failure of their initial management. Data were collected from the Register and hospital records. The material was analysed by the use of Poisson regression models. It was found that the risk of failure of treatment was reduced for Vancouver type B2 injuries (p = 0.0053) if revision of the implant was undertaken (p = 0.0033) or revision and open reduction and internal fixation (p = 0.0039) were performed. Fractures classified as Vancouver type B1 had a significantly higher risk of failure (p = 0.0001). The strongest negative factor was the use of a single plate for fixation (p = 0.001). The most common reasons for failure in this group were loosening of the femoral prosthesis, nonunion and re-fracture. It is probable that many fractures classified as Vancouver type B1 (n = 304), were in reality type B2 fractures with a loose stem which were not recognised. Plate fixation was inadequate in these cases. The difficulty in separating type B1 from type B2 fractures suggests that the prosthesis should be considered as loose until proven otherwise.
The Oxford medial unicompartmental knee replacement using a minimally-invasive approach
Authors: Pandit H. , Jenkins C. , Barker K. , Dodd C. A. F. , Murray D. W. 
Published: December 2005

This prospective study describes the complications and survival of the first 688 Phase 3 Oxford medial unicompartmental knee replacements implanted using a minimally-invasive technique by two surgeons and followed up independently. None was lost to follow-up. We had carried out 132 of the procedures more than five years ago. The clinical assessment of 101 of these which were available for review at five years is also presented. Nine of the 688 knees were revised: four for infection, three for dislocation of the bearing and two for unexplained pain. A further seven knees (1%) required other procedures: four had a manipulation under anaesthesia, two an arthroscopy and one a debridement for superficial infection. The survival rate at seven years was 97.3% (95% confidence interval 5.3). At five years, 96% of the patients had a good or excellent American Knee Society score, the mean Oxford knee score was 39 and the mean flexion was 133°. This study demonstrates that the minimally-invasive Oxford unicompartmental knee replacement is a reliable and effective procedure.
Maintaining standards in surgical training
Authors: Jain N. , Willett K. M. 
Published: December 2005

In order to assess the efficacy of inspection and accreditation by the Specialist Advisory Committee for higher surgical training in orthopaedic surgery and trauma, seven training regions with 109 hospitals and 433 Specialist Registrars were studied over a period of two years. There were initial deficiencies in a mean of 14.8% of required standards (10.3% to 19.2%). This improved following completion of the inspection, with a mean residual deficiency in 8.9% (6.5% to 12.7%.) Overall, 84% of standards were checked, 68% of the units improved and training was withdrawn in 4%. Most units (97%) were deficient on initial assessment. Moderately good rectification was achieved but the process of follow-up and collection of data require improvement. There is an imbalance between the setting of standards and their implementation. Any major revision of the process of accreditation by the new Post-graduate Medical Education and Training Board should recognise the importance of assessment of training by direct inspection on site, of the relationship between service and training, and the advantage of defining mandatory and developmental standards.
Synthetic methodology using tertiary phosphines as nucleophilic catalysts
Authors: Lu Xiyan , Du Yishu , Lu Cheng 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Allenoates or 2-alkynoates are known to react with tertiary phosphines to form the phosphine-substituted 1,3-dipoles, which can react with various substrates with the simultaneous elimination of the tertiary phosphine. The reaction is catalytic to the tertiary phosphine used. The investigation of the appropriate dipolarophiles and the further extension of this reaction are discussed.
Recent developments in the chemistry of low-coordinated organophosphorus compounds
Authors: Yoshifuji Masaaki 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Sterically protected organophosphorus compounds are described, involving diphosphenes, phosphaethenes, diphosphinidenecyclobutenes (DPCBs), phosphaalkynes, phosphaquinones, diphosphathienoquinones, and so on of coordination number 2 or 1. Application of the DPCBs as well as phosphinophosphaethenes as a ligand of transition-metal catalysts for several organic coupling reactions has been investigated.
Transition-metal-catalyzed reactions of carbon-heteroatom bond formation by substitution and addition processes
Authors: Beletskaya Irina P. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Two types of transition-metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions, which both lead to the formation of carbon-heteroatom bonds, are considered: RX + E-H and E-X + RM. The potential of addition reactions of E-H or E-E to double or triple bond in C-E bond formation is also demonstrated.
Thiocarbonyl-based 1,3-dipolarophiles for the synthesis of C(2)-unsubstituted penems
Authors: Gallagher Timothy , Sanchez Sylvie , Bateson John H. , O'Hanlon Peter J. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
The azomethine ylid strategy for β-lactam synthesis, which involves the fragmentation of a β-lactam-based oxazolidinone to give a carboxylated azomethine ylid, has been extended to the C(2)-unsubstituted penem scaffold associated with C(6)-exoalkylidene penems. This involved the use of S-methyl dithioformate as a reactive 1,3-dipolarophile, which was most effectively employed by initial trapping with cyclopentadiene and subsequent regeneration of S-methyl dithioformate via a retro Diels-Alder reaction in the presence of the requisite oxazolidinone. This provided access to the penam scaffold, and this overall sequence was very effectively accelerated by microwave irradiation. The synthesis of C(2)-unsubstituted penems was then accomplished by application of an oxidative elimination sequence.
Discovery of fused azetidines as novel selective α4β2 neuronal nicotinic receptor (NNR) agonists
Authors: Ji Jianguo , Bunnelle William H. , Li Tao , Pace Jennifer M. , Schrimpf Michael R. , Sippy Kevin B. , Anderson David J. , Meyer Michael D. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
An efficient synthesis of (1R,5S)-6-(5-cyano-3-pyridinyl)-3,6-diaza-bicyclo[3.2.0]heptane A-366833, a novel potent selective neuronal nicotinic receptor (NNR) agonist, is described. The enantiomerically pure pharmacophore benzyl (1S,5S)-3,6-diaza-bicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-3-carbamate was successfully constructed from benzyl N-allyl-N-(2-hydroxyimino-ethyl)-carbamate through a convenient approach including an intramolecular [1,3]-dipolar cycloaddition, reductive ring-opening reaction, chiral resolution, and intramolecular cyclization. Subsequent N-arylation of the pharmacophore with 3-bromo-5-cyanopyridine and N-Cbz deprotection with trifluoroacetic acid furnished A-366833.
Recent progress in Lewis acid-Lewis base bifunctional asymmetric catalysis
Authors: Kanai Motomu , Kato Nobuki , Ichikawa Eiko , Shibasaki Masakatsu 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Two enantioselective cyanation reactions, the Strecker reaction of ketoimines and the Reissert reaction of pyridine derivatives, promoted by Lewis acid-Lewis base bifunctional asymmetric catalysts are described.
Dual enantioselective control by heterocycles of (S)-indoline derivatives
Authors: Kim Yong Hae , Jung Doo Young , Youn So Won , Kim Sam Min , Park Doo Han 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Diastereo-and enantioselective pinacol coupling reactions of chiral α-ketoamides mediated by samarium diiodide afforded extremely high diastereoselectivities. Enantiopure (S,S)- or (R,R)-2,3-dialkyltartaric acid and derivatives can be synthesized. Diels-Alder cycloadditions of S-indoline chiral acrylamides with cyclopentadiene in the presence of Lewis acids proceed with high diastereofacial selectivity, giving either endo-R or endo-S products depending on Lewis acid and the structures of chiral dienophiles.