bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MWL fraction with a high concentration of lignin-carbohydrate linkages: Isolation and 2D NMR spectroscopic analysis
Authors: Balakshin Mikhail Yu. , Capanema Ewellyn A. , Chang Hou-min 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
A preparation enriched in lignin-carbohydrate fragments (LCC-AcOH) was isolated in the course of purification of loblolly pine crude milled wood lignin (MWL). The preparation contained approximately equal amounts of lignin and carbohydrates, with high amounts of arabinose and galactose compared to their levels in wood. LCC-AcOH was investigated by 2D 1H-13C (HMQC and HMBC) correlation NMR techniques and quantitative 13C NMR. The HMQC spectra allowed direct detection of phenyl glycoside, ester and benzyl ether lignin-carbohydrates linkages in high amounts. The assignment of these structures was supported by the HMBC technique. It is noteworthy that in the ester lignin-carbohydrate linkages, a uronic acid residue was attached not to the benzylic position of lignin, as commonly believed, but to the γ-position of the side chain.
Violet light causes photodegradation of wood beyond the zone affected by ultraviolet radiation
Authors: Kataoka Yutaka , Kiguchi Makoto , Williams R. Sam , Evans Philip D. 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
The limited penetration of wood by light explains why the weathering of wood exposed outdoors is a surface phenomenon. Wood is rapidly degraded by short-wavelength UV radiation, but the penetration of light into wood is positively correlated with its wavelength. Hence, sub-surface degradation is likely to be caused by longer-wavelength light that still has sufficient energy to degrade wood. In this paper we test this hypothesis and determine the wavelengths of visible light that extend photodegradation into wood beyond the zone affected by UV radiation. Sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) earlywood was exposed to UV and visible light with narrow band gaps (20 nm) and the penetration of light into the wood was measured using a photodetector. Photodegradation was depth-profiled using FT-IR microscopy. There was a positive correlation between the penetration of light into sugi earlywood and the wavelength of the incident radiation within the range 246–496 nm. The depth of photodegradation also increased with wavelength up to and including the violet region (403 nm) of the visible spectrum. Blue light (434–496 nm) penetrated wood to a greater extent than violet light and was capable of bleaching the wood, but it did not significantly modify lignin, and hence it was not responsible for sub-surface photodegradation of wood. We conclude that violet light is the component of the visible spectrum that extends photodegradation into wood beyond the zone affected by UV radiation. Accordingly, surface treatments designed to protect wood used outdoors should shield wood from the effects of violet light.
Effect of treatments with 1,3-dimethylol-4,5-dihydroxy-ethyleneurea (DMDHEU) on the tensile properties of wood
Authors: Xie Yanjun , Krause Andreas , Militz Holger , Turkulin Hrvoje , Richter Klaus , Mai Carsten 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
The thin-veneer strip technique was applied to investigate the modifying effects of 1,3-dimethylol-4,5-dihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU) on the tensile strength of wood. Pinewood veneers treated with solutions of DMDHEU alone and in combination with magnesium chloride (MgCl2) as a catalyst showed considerable strength losses of up to 50% in zero-span and up to 70% in finite-span testing modes. The higher strength losses in the latter case are due to hemicellulose degradation, which cannot be assessed in zero-span testing. Strength loss observed after treatment with DMDHEU and MgCl2 was approximately as high as the sum of the strength losses determined after individual treatments with MgCl2 or DMDHEU. Micrographs of veneers after finite-span testing revealed that catalysed DMDHEU treatment changed the predominant failure mode from interfibre fracture (in controls) to intrafibre fracture. The mechanism of strength loss resulting from treatment with DMDHEU is discussed.
External and internal fungal flora of pine sapwood (Pinus sylvestris L.) specimens in above-ground field tests at six different sites in south-west Germany
Authors: Råberg Ulrika , Brischke Christian , Rapp Andreas O. , Högberg Nils O.S. , Land Carl Johan 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
The occurrence of fungal species on pine sapwood samples obtained from an above-ground field test study was analysed by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP), cloning, and sequencing. Samples were taken from eight double-layer set-ups that were exposed to the environment at six different locations in south-west Germany. The occurrence of fungal species was correlated with decay intensity and rot types on one hand, and characteristics of the test sites, such as precipitation, average temperature and height above sea level on the other hand. In total, 62 different fungal species were found based on T-RFLP, cloning and sequencing. Of the 39 species that were found four or more times, 30 were ascomycetes, five were basidiomycetes, and four could not be classified. The most common fungus found in this study was Coniochaeta ligniaria ((Grev.) Cooke), a soft rot fungus that occurred in 87 of 152 samples (57%). No single factor at the test sites seemed to be decisive for the abundance of fungal species or decay intensity. Within the first years of this study, soft rot fungi was found more frequently in pine sapwood specimens than basidiomycetes.
Pain Exposure and Brain Connectivity in Preterm Infants
Authors: Selvanathan Thiviya , Ufkes Steven , Guo Ting , Chau Vann , Branson Helen M. , Ibrahim George M. , Ly Linh G. , Kelly Edmond N. , Grunau Ruth E. , Miller Steven P. 
Published: March 2024

ImportanceEarly-life exposure to painful procedures has been associated with altered brain maturation and neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants, although sex-specific differences are largely unknown.ObjectiveTo examine sex-specific associations among early-life pain exposure, alterations in neonatal structural connectivity, and 18-month neurodevelopment in preterm infants.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis prospective cohort study recruited 193 very preterm infants from April 1, 2015, to April 1, 2019, across 2 tertiary neonatal intensive care units in Toronto, Canada. Structural connectivity data were available for 150 infants; neurodevelopmental outcomes were available for 123 infants. Data were analyzed from January 1, 2022, to December 31, 2023.ExposurePain was quantified in the initial weeks after birth as the total number of invasive procedures.Main Outcome and MeasureInfants underwent early-life and/or term-equivalent-age magnetic resonance imaging with diffusion tensor imaging to quantify structural connectivity using graph theory measures and regional connection strength. Eighteen-month neurodevelopmental outcomes were assessed with the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition. Stratifying by sex, generalized estimating equations were used to assess whether pain exposure modified the maturation of structural connectivity using an interaction term (early-life pain exposure × postmenstrual age [PMA] at scan). Generalized estimating equations were used to assess associations between structural connectivity and neurodevelopmental outcomes, adjusting for extreme prematurity and maternal education.ResultsA total of 150 infants (80 [53%] male; median [IQR] gestational age at birth, 27.1 [25.4-29.0] weeks) with structural connectivity data were analyzed. Sex-specific associations were found between early-life pain and neonatal brain connectivity in female infants only, with greater early-life pain exposure associated with slower maturation in global efficiency (pain × PMA at scan interaction P = .002) and local efficiency (pain × PMA at scan interaction P = .005). In the full cohort, greater pain exposure was associated with lower global efficiency (coefficient, −0.46; 95% CI, −0.78, to −0.15; P = .004) and local efficiency (coefficient, −0.57; 95% CI, −1.04 to −0.10; P = .02) and regional connection strength. Local efficiency (coefficient, 0.003; 95% CI, 0.001-0.004; P = .005) and regional connection strength in the striatum were associated with cognitive outcomes.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cohort study of very preterm infants, greater exposure to early-life pain was associated with altered maturation of neonatal structural connectivity, particularly in female infants. Alterations in structural connectivity were associated with neurodevelopmental outcomes, with potential regional specificities.
Miniaturized Optical Glucose Sensor Using 1600–1700 nm Near‐Infrared Light
Authors: Yang Mingjie , Dhanabalan Shanmuga Sundar , Robel Md Rokunuzzaman , Thekkekara Litty Varghese , Mahasivam Sanje , Rahman Md Ataur , Borkhatariya Sagar , Sen Suvankar , Walia Sumeet , Sriram Sharath , Bhaskaran Madhu 
Published: March 2024

AbstractBlood glucose measurement is crucial for diabetes diagnosis and treatment, but invasive sampling methods have drawbacks. Non‐invasive near‐infrared (NIR) spectroscopy‐based optical glucose sensing has gained attention but faces challenges due to the strong absorbance of NIR light by water and the need for complex equipment. Here, four distinct glucose fingerprints at specific NIR wavelengths: 1605, 1706, 2145, and 2275 nm are identified. Utilizing a surface‐mounted LED with a spectral range of 1600–1700 nm and focusing on the most prominent peaks at 1605 and 1706 nm, a miniaturized and non‐invasive glucose sensor is developed. The device successfully detects in vitro assays of glucose solutions within the physiological range of 50–400 mg dL−1, attaining a limit of detection as low as 10 mg dL−1. The findings demonstrate the feasibility of NIR spectroscopy‐based glucose sensing and its potential applications in non‐invasive point‐of‐care diagnostics, with the potential for extension to other biomarkers in future.
Data‐Driven Detection of Integrated Energy Theft Based on VMD‐MIC and Informer
Authors: Liu Yang , Wang Lei , Liu Hongwei , Zhang Pengchao , Jiang Qiaoyong 
Published: March 2024

AbstractIntegrated energy systems (IES) may experience energy theft through disinformation injection attacks. With electricity as the primary target, the attacks are essentially two way. They gain additional benefits by manipulating meter readings on both the consumer and supply side. Regression based deep learning models with feature engineering can be used to detect these attacks. To detect energy theft more efficiently, this paper proposes an integrated energy systems theft detection (IESTD) based on variational modal decomposition‐maximal information coefficient (VMD‐MIC) and Informer. And using kernel density estimation (KDE), the error between the predicted and true values is fitted as a probability density function (PDF).The thresholds for the confidence intervals of the PDF and the thresholds for the number of outliers are set as the detection metrics. Simulations are performed on the three generated datasets. The results show that the model has good detection accuracy and strong robustness.
Area and Device Count Efficient Binary Logic Circuits using Anti‐Ambipolar Switch Devices
Authors: Jun Jae Hyeon , Lee Yongsu , Lee Hae‐Won , Kim Minjae , Hwang Hyeon Jun , Lee Byoung Hun 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThe unique characteristics of an anti‐ambipolar switch (AAS) device exhibit Λ‐shaped transfer responses (namely delta conductance) and present unique opportunities to overcome the limit of silicon‐based, complementary metal‐oxide‐semiconductor (CMOS) logic circuits. It is crucial because a device that only turns on under a certain bias range can be utilized to simplify the logic circuit and reduce the device count and circuit area required to perform logic functions. In this study, a physically scalable AAS device is investigated using ZnO and dinaphtho[2,3‐b:2′,3′‐f]thieno[3,2‐b]thiophene as heterojunction structures to reduce the operating voltage and enhance the peak current and peak‐to‐valley ratio of the AAS device. Moreover, novel logic circuits for AND, OR, XOR, DEMUX, and half‐adder functions are demonstrated using AAS devices. AAS device‐based logic circuits exhibit power‐efficiency characteristics (≈49 times lower than that of the 90‐nm silicon‐based CMOS inverter) and reduce the transistor count and the circuit area by ≈67% and ≈70%, respectively. These results indicate that the use of AAS device‐based logic circuits can be a promising approach to overcome the physical scaling limit of current CMOS technology.
Compromised health: Examining growth and health in a late antique Roman infant and child cemetery
Authors: Malis Sierra W. , Wilson Jordan A. , Zuckerman Molly Kathleen , Osterholtz Anna J. , Paige Julianne , Miller Shane , Paraman Lujana , Soren David 
Published: March 2024

AbstractObjectivesCombining research from infant and child development, public health, anthropology, and history, this research examines the relationship between growth, growth disruption, and skeletal indicators of chronic and/or episodic physiological stress (stress) among juvenile individuals (n = 60) interred at the late antique infant and child cemetery at Poggio Gramignano (PG) (ca. 5th century CE), associated with a rural agricultural community.Materials and methodsGrowth disruption—evidenced by decreased long bone length compared to dental age—and stress experience—evidenced by skeletal stress indicators—within these individuals are compared to those within juveniles from a comparative sample (n = 66) from two urban Roman‐era cemeteries, Villa Rustica (VR) (0–250 CE) and Tragurium City Necropolis (TCN) (0–700 CE).ResultsResults indicate that individuals from PG had significantly smaller femoral lengths‐for‐age than those from VR and TCN; however, the frequency of skeletal stress indicators was higher among juveniles from VR and TCN.DiscussionThese differences in growth and stress experience are likely related to the different biosocial and ecological environments present in these two regions. For the community at PG, internal and external violent conflicts, as well as social, political, and economic turmoil, and subsistence shortages, endemic and epidemic infectious disease, nutritional deficiencies, and inherited or acquired anemia may have synergized to create chronically and/or episodically deleterious conditions for its juveniles.
High‐performance ZSR/P(MMA/BA) composites with enhanced thermal and excellent water resistance properties
Authors: Chen Lijing , Wu Jianxin , Gu Yuxin , Liu Liang , Li Yong , Lin Xiaofeng , Lin Wenjing , Ji Lei , Peng Yanhong , Yi Guobin 
Published: March 2024

AbstractAcrylate had developed rapidly because of its excellent chemical resistance, high‐gloss surface, and weather resistance. However, the poor heat resistance of acrylate limited its application in coatings. To overcome this problem, an organic–inorganic hybrid polymer of zirconium silicone resin (ZSR)‐modified acrylate has been successfully synthesized by solution polymerization. The results indicated that the heat resistance of acrylate was significantly improved due to the SiOSi and SiOZr structures of ZSR and the increased cross‐linking density induced by ZSR. After the incorporation of ZSR, the decomposition temperatures of 5% of acrylate increased from 300.4 and 349.2°C. The performance of the ZSR/(P(MMA/BA)) showed no significant change in uniformly heating at 200°C for 24 h. The composite films showed hydrophobicity, with the contact angles increasing to more than 90°. The S4 sample displayed the outstanding comprehensive performance, that is, 5% weight loss at 341.3°C, water contact angle of 97.9°, elongation at break of 852%, and tensile strength of 9.9 MPa. The high‐performance heat resistant coating is a promising material for application in architecture, decoration, and mechanical equipment.
The nasal spine suture: A novel approach for membrane stabilization
Authors: Bane William E. , Blyleven Gary M. , Lincicum Adam R. , Stancoven Brian W. , Inouye Kimberly A. , Johnson Thomas M. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractBackgroundCurrent evidence acknowledges guided bone regeneration (GBR) as a predictable therapeutic modality in the augmentation of a deficient alveolar ridge. Such deficiencies often reveal inadequate bone volume to support implant placement in a position amenable to prosthetic reconstruction. Additionally, an evolving body of literature demonstrates that membrane fixation may lead to improved clinical bone gain through positively influencing blood clot formation, stability, and the eventual osteogenic potential of the defect. Alternative benefits to membrane fixation, such as reduced graft displacement and reduction in wound micromotion, have also been cited as mechanisms for an increased regenerative response.Methods and ResultsThe aim of this report was to present a case, including diagnosis, treatment, and follow‐up for the reconstruction of a horizontal ridge deficiency. The patient's deficiency in ridge volume was found to be a developmental sequelae of lateral incisor agenesis, resulting in an underdeveloped midfacial region of the alveolar process subjacent to sites #7 and #10. The fixation protocol outlined in this report demonstrated adequate horizontal ridge augmentation to facilitate future prosthetic reconstruction with the use of implants.ConclusionsNumerous protocols have been established in an attempt to achieve effective barrier membrane stabilization for bone augmentation procedures. However, some techniques are poorly suited for the anatomically challenging region of the anterior maxilla. A case report describing the utilization of the anterior nasal spine for anchorage of a membrane‐stabilizing suture may present a novel, safe, and effective technique for stabilizing the intended region of augmentation, as well as preventing graft migration beyond the membrane–maxilla interface.Key points
Regarding guided bone regeneration (GBR) procedures, micromotion of the membrane or of the underlying particulate graft may negatively influence the volume of the augmented site.
The ability to adequately stabilize the graft–membrane interface is recognized as a necessary prerequisite to predictably achieve optimal surgical outcomes.
To the authors’ knowledge, there is no clinical or scientific evidence regarding the use of the anterior nasal spine for membrane anchorage in maxillary GBR procedures, and thus a novel approach to membrane stabilization is introduced.
Bibenzyl–Phenylpropane Hybrids with Immunosuppressive Activities from Dendrobium Nobile Lindl
Authors: Wang Qing‐Tao , Wang Chao‐Fan , Liu Ying , Zhan Rui 
Published: March 2024

AbstractFifteen bibenyls and four fluorenones, including five new bibenzyl–phenylpropane hybrids, were isolated from the aerial part of Dendrobium nobile Lindl. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic methods. Bioassay on the LPS–induced proliferations of mouse splenic B lymphocytes, and Con A‐induced T lymphocytes showed that compounds 1, 2, and 14 showed excellent immunosuppressive activities with IC50 values of 1.23, 1.01, and 3.87 μM, respectively, while compounds 3–4, 7, 10, 13, and 15 exhibited moderate immunosuppressive activities with IC50 values ranging from 6.89 to 14.2 μM.
Police shootings, violent crime, race and socio‐economic factors in municipalities in the United States of America
Authors: Henderson Howard , Bourgeois Jennifer Wyatt , Smith Sven , Ferguson Christopher J. , Barthelemy Juan 
Published: March 2024

AbstractBackgroundBoth police shootings and violent crime remain high in the United States of America compared to other developed nations but debates continue about whether race, mental health or other social factors are related to them.AimsOur aim was to test relationships between community factors indicative of socio‐economic status, racial demographics, police shootings, and violent crime.MethodsData on police shootings, violent crime and community sociodemographic factors were drawn from two publicly accessible datasets: health and police records of 100 US municipalities and relationships between them explored using regression analyses.ResultsData were from the 100 largest US municipalities as designated by the mapping police violence database. The median per capital violent crime rate was 5.94 and median killings by police per 10 thousand arrests was 13.7. Violent crime was found to be related mainly to income inequality and lower academic achievement in the community. Race was unrelated to violent crime after controlling for other factors. Police shootings were found to be related to community level mental health concerns, food insecurity and the municipality's violent crime rate.ConclusionThe evidence suggests that socio‐economic factors are the primary drivers of both violent crime perpetration and police shootings. Policy approaches aimed at improving education and reducing poverty are likely to mitigate both violent crime and police shootings. However, it is important to recognise that being Black is an indicator of particular disadvantage within this context. This underscores the need for comprehensive strategies that address the systemic issues of racial disparities and socio‐economic inequality, while also acknowledging the complex interplay of race, poverty and policing in the context of violent crime and police shootings.
Roles of Oxygen‐Containing Functional Groups in Carbon for Electrocatalytic Two‐Electron Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Zhao Guoqiang , Chen Tianci , Tang Aidong , Yang Huaming 
Published: March 2024

AbstractRecent years have witnessed great research interests in developing high‐performance electrocatalysts for the two‐electron (2e−) oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) that enables the sustainable and flexible synthesis of H2O2. Carbon‐based electrocatalysts exhibit attractive catalytic performance for the 2e− ORR, where oxygen‐containing functional groups (OFGs) play a decisive role. However, current understanding is far from adequate, and the contribution of OFGs to the catalytic performance remains controversial. Therefore, a critical overview on OFGs in carbon‐based electrocatalysts toward the 2e− ORR is highly desirable. Herein, we go over the methods for constructing OFGs in carbon including chemical oxidation, electrochemical oxidation, and precursor inheritance. Then we review the roles of OFGs in activating carbon toward the 2e− ORR, focusing on the intrinsic activity of different OFGs and the interplay between OFGs and metal species or defects. At last, we discuss the reasons for inconsistencies among different studies, and personal perspectives on the future development in this field are provided. The results provide insights into the origin of high catalytic activity and selectivity of carbon‐based electrocatalysts toward the 2e− ORR and would provide theoretical foundations for the future development in this field.