bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Oxygen Affinity of Haemoglobin in Chronic Renal Failure
Authors: Mitchell T. R. , Pegrum G. D. 
Published: March 2008

Summary. The position of the oxygen dissociation curve of haemoglobin was established in 42 healthy subjects and 30 anaemic patients with chronic renal failure, 20 of whom were being treated by maintenance haemodialysis.Twenty‐four patients showed right‐shifted dissociation curves with a different distribution pattern from that in normal subjects.This study has shown a negative correlation between the degree of anaemia and the half saturation value of the dissociation curve (r = ‐ 0.59) in chronic renal failure. In patients with undialysed chronic renal failure the patient's own hydrogen ion concentration was found to be important in determining the position of the curve.The mean advantage in the calculated haemoglobin concentration due to the right shift in the curve was 0.5 g/100 ml more than that measured photometrically. These changes could result in as much as 25% saving in cardiac output in a resting subject. We therefore consider that these compensatory changes are helpful in ameliorating tissue hypoxia in anaemic subjects.
The Significance of Lysozyme Estimations in Acute Myeloid and Chronic Monocytic Leukaemia
Authors: Catovsky D. , Galton D. A. G. , Griffin C. 
Published: March 2008

Summary. Serum and urine concentrations of lysozyme (muramidase) were estimated by a turbidimetric method in 17 adults suffering from acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and six from chronic monocytic leukaemia (CMoL). AML case were classified on cytological and cytochemical criteria as myeloblastic (AMbL), myelomonocytic (AMML) or monoblastic‐monocytic (AMoL) leukaemia.Serum lysozyme was within normal limits in AMbL, was increased from moderate to high levels in AMML and greatly increaed in all but one AMoL; CMoL had also raised concentrations. The concentrations of lysozyme in 24 hr collections of urine corresponded in general with the serum levels. When serum levels were very high (above 400 μg/ml) the ratio urine/serum was raised 15–40 times.Repeated lysozyme estimations made for periods of 1–12 mth during the course of treatment in seven patients with AMML or AMoL demonstrated three patterns of changes: (a) in four cases the serum concentrations fell during remission and rose again during relapse; when the remission was not complete they remained above the upper limit of the normal range; (b) in one case the changes were as (a), but when the relapse occurred the serum and urine concentrations remained normal; (c) in two cases of AMML with only moderately increased lysozyme levels, the changes in the serum concentration followed only the changes in the monocyte counts, thus reflecting only partially the activity of the disease.Lysozyme estimations are useful in classifying AML and in assessing the degree of remission achieved as a result of treatment. Additional observations regarding the presence of abnormalities in the neutrophils, lymphadenopathy, and gum hypertrophy were also found to be useful in the classification of AML, the former being more common in AMbL and the latter in AMoL.
Reptilase®‐R—A New Reagent in Blood Coagulation
Authors: Funk C. , Gmür J. , Herold R. , Straub P. W. 
Published: March 2008

Summary. Reptilase®‐R, a purified thrombin‐like snake‐venom enzyme from Bothrops atrox, has been tested for its usefulness as a substitute for thrombin in two coagulation assay systems. Reptilase was found to be more stable than thrombin and not to be inhibited by heparin and hirudin.Performance of the Reptilase time allows the rapid exclusion of heparin contamination in plasma samples with prolonged thrombin times. In the presence of fibrinogen/fibrin split products, the Reptilase time is less prolonged than the thrombin time, whereas in patients with prolonged thrombin times because of congenital dysfibrinogenaemia the inverse is found. Thus, performance of both Reptilase time and thrombin time allows the rapid identification of three major causes for a prolongation of the thrombin time. In patients on heparin therapy because of a defibrination syndrome, the Reptilase time may replace the thrombin time as a guide for the degree of coagulation inhibition by FDP, although our results show that it is somewhat less sensitive.Reptilase can also be substituted for thrombin in the rapid chronometric fibrinogen assay. Unfortunately the advantages of reagent stability and insensitivity to heparin are balanced by a lesser reproducibility, especially in the presence of FDP.
The Sequestration Site of Platelets in Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura: its Correlation with the Results of Splenectomy
Authors: Najean Y. , Ardaillou N. 
Published: March 2008

Summary. The clinical usefulness of external scanning data after infusion of 51Crlabelled platelets into patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is a matter of controversy. Observations have been made in 575 patients with ITP. Short‐term (6 mth) results of splenectomy were assessed in 206 subjects, and longterm (1‐3 yr) in 153. It appears that the site of sequestration is neither a direct function of the severity of the disease nor of the duration of the disease from the clinical onset. Diffuse sequestration, which cannot be taken as an indication for or against splenectomy, is frequently seen in recent and severe cases. Splenic sequestration is more often observed in young patients (72.5% under 30 yr of age) than in older subjects (36% over 30 yr of age).A good correlation was found between the site of sequestration and the shortand long‐term results of splenectomy: success in more than 90% of cases with splenic sequestration but complete failure in 70% with hepatic sequestration. In any patient with ITP splenectomy should be undertaken only after a careful study of the platelet sequestration site.
Immunological Homogeneity of Membrane Proteins from Hereditary Spherocytic, Hereditary Elliptocytic, and Normal Red Cells
Authors: Gomperts E. D. , Metz J. , Zail S. S. 
Published: March 2008

Summary. Haemagglutination inhibition and immunodiffusion techniques were applied to the study of red‐cell membrane protein obtained from normal human subjects, patients with hereditary spherocytosis, patients with hereditary elliptocytosis, and also from calves and monkeys.These techniques failed to detect differences between the normal and abnormal human red cells but did show differences between the red cells of the human and the two other mammalian species.
Coexistence of Pernicious Anaemia and Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia: An Experiment of Nature Involving Vitamin B12 Metabolism
Authors: Corcino J. J. , Zalusky R. , Greenberg M. , Herbert V. 
Published: March 2008

Summary. Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) and pernicious anaemia (PA) coexisted in a 51‐yr‐old man (who also had myasthenia gravis). His serum vitamin B12 level was normal instead of the high value expected in CML, or the low value expected in PA. Short‐term culture of his peripheral blood cells showed deranged DNA synthesis of the type observed in vitamin B12 deficiency, indicating that his ‘normal’ serum vitamin B12 level was not associated with normal amounts of vitamin B12 available to his CML cells. A tracer dose of 0.45 μg of[57 Co]vitamin B12 disappeared abnormally slowly from his serum over 24 hr (as previously observed by others in patients with either CML or PA). A therapeutic injection of vitamin B12 appeared to disappear abnormally slowly from his serum over a period of 2 yr. His serum showed a markedly elevated unsaturated vitamin B12 binding capacity, with a less sharp increase in percentage of vitamin B12 binding α as compared to β globulin than usually expected in CML.Withholding therapeutic vitamin B12 for 2 yr has been associated with stabilization of his WBC at the 40 000‐50 ooo/μl range. Although this association could be chance rather than cause and effect, the patient does represent an ‘experiment of nature’ involving vitamin B12 metabolism and does raise the question as to whether his leukaemia is retarded by his deficiency of vitamin B12, which results from inadequate absorption of vitamin B12 and possibly from elevated serum vitamin B12 binding a globulin rendering his circulating vitamin B12 metabolically inert.
The Subcellular Distribution of 59Fe in Small Intestinal Mucosa: Studies with Normal, Iron Deficient and Iron Overloaded Rats
Authors: Worwood M. , Jacobs A. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryIron deficient and iron loaded rats were given 59Fe by stomach tube and the subcellular distribution of 59Fe in the intestinal mucosa was investigated. There was considerable concentration of 59Fe in the soluble fraction shortly after administration of the dose but concentration in the mitochondria at 12 and 18 hr. Concentration in the mitochondria was particularly marked in the iron deficient rats. After intravenous injection of 59Fe normal, iron deficient and iron loaded rats all showed the greatest concentration of the isotope in the mitochondrial fraction. The incorporation of 59Fe into ferritin was not greater in the iron loaded rats than in normal rats, although the absorption of 59Fe was only one third of the normal level. In iron deficiency very little radioiron was incorporated into ferritin. These results support the suggestion that ferritin formation may not be a major controlling factor in iron absorption and demonstrate the need to consider the role of mitochondria in iron transport within the intestinal epithelial cell.
Studies of the Antibody on the Platelet Surface in Patients with Factor‐VIII Inhibitors
Authors: Ali M. A. M. , Blajchman M. A. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryAn IgG $kP immunoglobulin was present on the surface of the platelets in four of five patients with factor‐VIII inhibitor. A similar antibody was found in the plasma of two out of three patients. Serum IgM was subnormal in two out of three patients with‘idiopathic’ acquired factor‐VIII inhibitor, while the two patients with haemophilia A (with inhibitors) had normal serum immunoglobuhns.
Storage of Human Platelets: Effects on Metabolically Active ATP and on the Release Reaction
Authors: Kotelba‐Witkowska Barbara , Holmsen Holm , Murer Erik H. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryDuring storage platelets rapidly lose their viability and their functions of aggregation, adhesion and secretion. This loss of function does not correlate with the small decrease in total ATP occurring. Platelet adenine nucleotides probably exist in two pools, one metabolically active and one inactive, so that only 40% of total ATP actually participates in the energy reactions. The metabolic pool was labelled by incubation of platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) in acidified citric acid‐sodium citrate‐dextrose (ACD) with trace amounts of radioactive adenine. Platelets thus labelled in acidified ACD‐PRP were stored in the same medium for 24 hr at 4°C, and the effect of storage on radioactive ATP and on the release reaction induced by collagen and thrombin was studied. The total amount of ATP decreased by only 10% during storage, whereas the metabolic ATP was reduced by 40–50% with a corresponding formation of hypoxanthine. The reactivity in the release reaction also dropped by 50%. When the acidified ACD‐PRP was stored with 9 him inosine a 20% reduction of metabolic ATP and 25% reduction in release ability occurred. Storage with 8 mM adenosine also counteracted the loss in release ability, but 50% of the ATP radioactivity was lost. Adenosine increased the total ATP level during storage. Thus, the metabolic ATP pool might have been preserved intact under these circumstances, while exchange of radioactive ATP with nonradioactive ATP synthesized from adenosine took place. These results indicate strongly that during storage of platelets the metabolic ATP pool is lost by degradation to hypoxanthine in quantities that might well account for the loss in function.
Platelet and Fibrinogen Kinetics with [75Se]Selenomethionine in Thrombocytopenic States. II
Authors: Brodsky Isadore , Ross Evelyn M. , Kahn S. Benham , Petkov Goldie 
Published: March 2008

SummarySimultaneous platelet and fibrinogen kinetics were determined with a cohort label, [75Se]selenomethionine, in 19 thrombocytopenic patients divided into three groups. Group 1 consisted of six patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, five were splenectomized and one treated with corticosteroids after the isotope study; Group 2 consisted of four patients with hypersplenism who were splenectomized after the isotope study; and Group 3—nonsplenectomized patients—consisted of two with hepatic cirrhosis, six with either leukaemia or lymphoma and one with paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH). A control group, consisting of patients with non‐haernatologic disease and normal coagulation profiles, had a mean platelet survival of 10.5 days and a mean fibrinogen survival of 7.8 days. In both Groups 1 and 2 the mean platelet survivals of 2.4 and 5.2 days respectively were sharply decreased as compared to the controls and also to the mean platelet survival of 11.0 days in Group 3. Mean platelet turnovers in all three groups were either decreased or normal as compared to the control range. Platelet survival curves in Groups 1 and 2 suggested random destruction and in Group 3 a combination of random plus senescent destruction. In Groups 1 and 2 splenectomy or corti‐costeroid therapy resulted in excellent haematologic remissions. In all three groups the mean fibrinogen survivals were within the control range of 6.5–9.5 days. However, one patient, in Group 2 had a substantial decrease in both platelet and fibrinogen survival, probably indicative of low‐grade disseminated intravascular coagulation. A hypercoagulable state was not demonstrated in the patient with PNH. Simultaneous platelet and fibrinogen kinetics are important adjuncts to the study of the pathogenesis, differential diagnosis, therapy, and criteria for splenectomy in thrombocytopenic patients.
Production of Spherocytosis and Increased Osmotic Fragility in Normal Erythrocytes by Sodium Stress
Authors: Ikoku N. B. , Fielding J. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryRed cells from normal human subjects were exposed to hypertonic sodium chloride solutions for varying periods of time. The cell changes commonly observed in hereditary spherocytosis were induced, including microspherocyte formation with corresponding increase in osmotic fragility. Solutions of magnesium sulphate of equal osmolarity did not produce these changes. These observations lend support to the theory that excessive sodium permeability is concerned in the pathogenesis of hereditary spherocytosis. Increased influx of sodium and water into erythrocytes leads to spherocytosis, but only increased efflux of sodium leads to irreversible microspherocytosis.
Coagulation Studies in Patients with Acute Infectious Hepatitis
Authors: Gallus A. S. , Lucas C. R. , Hirsh J. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryCoagulation studies were performed on 104 hospital inpatients with acute infectious hepatitis. Patients with clinical evidence of liver failure were studied separately from those without liver failure.A coagulation defect was found in 57 of the 78 patients without liver failure. This consisted of a prolonged prothrombin time and reduced levels of factors V, VII and X, and plasminogen. The defect was mild in most patients and was not associated with bleeding. A severe coagulation defect was found in all 26 patients with liver failure. Factors II, V, VII and X were markedly reduced. Plasminogen was reduced in all patients, and a low plasma fibrinogen concentration and thrombo‐cytopenia were found in half. One third of the patients studied showed an increase in serum fibrin/ fibrinogen degradation products. It is suggested that in some of these patients disseminated intravascular thrombosis contributed to the coagulation defect. Two patients had evidence of increased fibrinolytic activity.Bleeding occurred in 15 patients with liver failure and required treatment in 10. Fifteen patients with liver failure died. Nine patients with liver failure were treated with exchange transfusions during which a significant improvement of the prothrombin time and a slight reduction in platelet count was observed. Bleeding stopped during exchange transfusions in six of eight patients. It is possible that the improvement of the coagulation defect during exchange transfusions contributed to improved haemostasis.
A Direct Method of Determining Red Cell Lifespan Using Radioiron: An Application of the Occupancy Principle
Authors: Dagg J. H. , Horton P. W. , Orr J. S. , Shimmins J. 
Published: March 2008

Summary. Existing methods of measuring directly the lifespan of red cells are inconvenient or technically difficult. In the present study, plasma iron clearance and red cell utilization curves were followed after the intravenous injection of radioiron as for routine ferrokinetic measurements; chemical determinations of stable iron in plasma and red cells were also made. The mean red cell lifespan and the flow rate of iron into erythropoiesis were derived from these data by applying the occupancy principle (Orr & Gillespie, 1968).Using this method, the red cell lifespan in two normal subjects was found to be 104 and 115 days respectively. Five patients with various haematological disorders were also studied; in one of these a normal lifespan of 107 days was obtained, and in four others there were shortened lifespans ranging from 25.8 to 49.6 days. In five of the subjects, the survival of in vitro51Cr‐labelled red cells was also determined. A good correlation was obtained between the red cell lifespan measured by the radio‐iron occupancy method, and estimates of red cell survival using 51Cr‐labelled red cells (P < 0.05). The plasma iron flow rate derived from radioiron occupancy, and the conventional plasma iron transport rate, were also calculated and these are compared in relation to the clinical data.
A Comparison of the Cobalt, Methylene Blue, Zinc, Arsenite and Amino Triazole Effect on Erythropoietin Production
Authors: Thorling E. B. 
Published: March 2008

Summary. The possible mechanisms of action of cobalt in stimulating erythropoietin production are considered.It is demonstrated that although arsenite shares some of its biochemical effects with cobalt, it does not stimulate the production of erythropoietin. It has been claimed previously that methylene blue could prevent the development of erythrocytosis after cobalt. In the present series of experiments, however, methylene blue did not affect the production of erythropoietin after injection of cobalt to rabbits.
The Attachment of Heinz Bodies to the Red Cell Membrane
Authors: Winterbourn Christine C. , Carrell R. W. 
Published: March 2008

Summary. The binding between Heinz bodies or heat‐precipitated haemoglobin and the red cell membrane was investigated. Ghosts containing Heinz bodies prepared from red cells containing Hb Christchurch and ghosts bound to heat‐precipitated Hb A were examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate. Using this technique, which separated the membrane and Heinz body proteins according to size, no protein bands corresponding to derivatives of haemoglobin covalently bound to a ghost protein were detected. Binding between red cell ghosts and heat‐precipitated Hb A was also studied by density gradient ultracentrifugation, which separated ghosts bound to haemoglobin from pure ghosts and pure heat precipitate. Sulphydryl reducing and blocking agents were found to have no effect on the attachment of the insoluble haemoglobin to the ghosts, and reduction of electrostatic interactions in 2 m‐NaCl was also ineffective.It is concluded that covalent bonding, and in particular disulphide bonding, is not involved in the attachment of Heinz bodics to the red cell membrane. Hydrophobic bonding is suggested as the likely alternative.
Studies on the Transcobalamins
Authors: England J. M. , Clarke H. G. M. , Down M. C. , Chanarin I. 
Published: March 2008

Summary. Vitamin B12 absorbed from the gut is transported on all the vitamin B12 binding proteins (transcobalamins) and not primarily on Transcobalamin II. Absorbed vitamin B12 can still be detected on the vitamin B12 binding proteins after 10 days suggesting that the very rapid plasma clearance of the TCII‐vitamin B12 complex previously reported was probably due to damage to TCII prior to re‐injection.Vitamin B12 binder III is part of Transcobalamin I complex showing immunological identity with other binders in tissue fluids (R binders). Heparin given in vivo or in vitro prevented separation of Binder III from TCI and this effect was neutralized by protamine.
Characterization of Developing Adult Mammalian Erythroid Cells Separated by Velocity Sedimentation
Authors: Denton M. J. , Arnstein H. R. V. 
Published: March 2008

Summary.By virtue of their different sedimentation rates at unit gravity, different classes of erythroblast have been separated from the bone marrow of the anaemic rabbit. Each class of erythroblast has been characterized by morphological and biochemical criteria. The classes thus characterized form a series of cell types leading from the large immature erythroblast to the marrow reticulocyte. The fractionation procedure permits complete separation between erythroblasts which synthesize RNA and those which are no longer active in RNA synthesis.
The Clinical Features of Sickle‐Cell/β Thalassaemia in Jamaica
Authors: Serjeant G. R. , Ashcroft M. T. , Serjeant B. E. , Milner P. F. 
Published: March 2008

Summary.The clinical and haematological features of 56 Jamaican patients with sickle‐cell /β‐thalassaemia (S/Thal) are reviewed. The two types of S/Thal (with and without Hb A) had distinctive haematological and clinical characteristics. In general, the non‐Hb‐A type had evidence of lower haemoglobin levels, a more rapid haemolytic rate, and a more severe clinical course than the Hb‐A type.
‘Autosomal Haemophilia’: A Variant of von Willebrand's disease
Authors: Veltkamp J. J. , van Tilburg N. H. 
Published: March 2008

Summary. A patient representing the family with autosomal haemophilia A described elsewhere (Hensen et al, 1965) shows ‘de novo synthesis’ of factor VIII after transfusion with normal and haemophilic cryoprecipitate. Several patients in the family have very low factor VIII‐related antigen levels. These findings are consistent with a diagnosis of von Willebrand's disease but the normal or nearly normal bleeding times and the similarity in factor‐VIII activity levels in all the members of this family are unusual in this condition.Thus far, three loci involved in factor‐VIII synthesis have been postulated. The locus most frequently occupied by a mutant gene is on the X chromosome and results in haemophilia A, a trait long known to be sex‐linked (for instance in ancient Jewish and Arabian literature; see review by Ikkala, 1960). The effects of mutation in an autosomal locus were first described by von Willebrand (1926, 1931). A third locus involved in factor‐VIII synthesis was postulated by Hensen et al (1965). The effects of this mutant gene have been particularly difficult to study because the features that led to postulate its existence have been reported in only one family. This report deals with the evidence that this condition, originally described as ‘autosomal haemophilia’, is only a variant of von Willebrand's disease.