bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Fat on Gastric Emptying of and the Glycemic, Insulin, and Incretin Responses to a Carbohydrate Meal in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Gentilcore Diana , Chaikomin Reawika , Jones Karen L. , Russo Antonietta , Feinle-Bisset Christine , Wishart Judith M. , Rayner Christopher K. , Horowitz Michael 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Context: Gastric emptying (GE) is a major determinant of postprandial glycemia. Because the presence of fat in the small intestine inhibits GE, ingestion of fat may attenuate the glycemic response to carbohydrate.
Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of patterns of fat consumption on GE and glucose, insulin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) concentrations after a carbohydrate meal in type 2 diabetes.
Design: This was a randomized, cross-over study in which GE of a radioisotopically labeled potato meal was measured on 3 d.
Setting: The study was performed at the Royal Adelaide Hospital.
Patients: Six males with type 2 diabetes were studied.
Intervention: Subjects ingested 1) 30 ml water 30 min before the mashed potato (water), 2) 30 ml olive oil 30 min before the mashed potato (oil), or 3) 30 ml water 30 min before the mashed potato meal that contained 30 ml olive oil (water and oil).
Main Outcome Measures: GE, blood glucose, plasma insulin, GLP-1, and GIP concentrations were the main outcome measures.
Results: GE was much slower with oil compared with both water (P &lt; 0.0001) and water and oil (P &lt; 0.05) and was slower after water and oil compared with water (P &lt; 0.01). The postprandial rise in blood glucose was markedly delayed (P = 0.03), and peak glucose occurred later (P = 0.04) with oil compared with the two other meals. The rises in insulin and GIP were attenuated (P &lt; 0.0001), whereas the GLP-1 response was greater (P = 0.0001), after oil.
Conclusions: Ingestion of fat before a carbohydrate meal markedly slows GE and attenuates the postprandial rises in glucose, insulin, and GIP, but stimulates GLP-1, in type 2 diabetes.
Fetal Exposure to 3,4-Diaminopyridine in a Pregnant Woman with Congenital Myasthenia Syndrome
Authors: Pelufo-Pellicer Ana , Monte-Boquet Emilio , Romá-Sánchez Eva , Casanova-Sorní Carlos , Poveda-Andrés Jose L 
Published: March 2006

Objective:To report a case of fetal exposure to pyridostigmine and 3,4-diaminopyridine (3,4-DAP) in a pregnant woman with congenital myasthenia syndrome (CMS).Case Summary:A 31-year-old woman with postsynaptic CMS, not genetically characterized, was being treated with pyridostigmine and 3,4-DAP. She decided to become pregnant, despite having been informed about the paucity of available information on the possible risks of these drugs for the fetus. The dose of pyridostigmine remained stable throughout the pregnancy (60 mg every 8 h), and the 3,4-DAP dose was adjusted according to the patient's level of fatigue (20 mg/day, with occasional additional doses of 5 mg). At 25 weeks' gestation, ultrasonography confirmed the presence of only one umbilical artery. The results of other tests were normal. At 38 weeks' gestation, a healthy male neonate was born. His APGAR scores were 9 and 10 at 1 and 5 minutes, respectively. Five months later, the infant was healthy and his pediatric progress had been uneventful.Discussion:It was difficult to find information about the possible congenital defects related to the use of 3,4-DAP because it is a rarely used drug. This case attracted our interest because it is an uncommon disease, and we found no reports on the use of 3,4-DAP during pregnancy. To our knowledge, as of this writing, this is the first published report of the use of 3,4-DAP during pregnancy.Conclusions:A successful pregnancy with a healthy infant was achieved after fetal exposure to 3,4-DAP and pyridostigmine.
Drug-Induced Thyrotoxic Periodic Paralysis
Authors: Kane Michael P , Busch Robert S 
Published: March 2006

Objective: To report a case of iodine-induced (Jod–Basedow) hyperthyroidism leading to thyrotoxic periodic paralysis (TPP). Case Summary: A 64-year-old white male, one day status-post-cardiac catheterization, presented to the local emergency department with profound weakness of his extremities and an inability to stand on his own. Pertinent laboratory test results included a potassium level of 3.0 mEq/L Treatments of oral and intravenous potassium supplementation resulted in his complete recovery. Two days later he was diagnosed with hyperthyroidism and subsequently treated with nadolol 40 mg daily and methimazole 20 mg daily. At time of writing, the patient remained euthyroid, receiving no antithyroid medications. There had been no further reports of paralysis in the 6 years since his original presentation. The Naranjo probability scale indicated a probable relationship between the patient's episode of TPP and his exposure to the iodinated contrast dye. Discussion: TPP is an uncommon manifestation in white patients with hyperthyroidism. Iodine-induced TPP is even more rare, with only 2 such cases reported as of November 2, 2005. In this case, Jod–Basedow hyperthyroidism was induced by the iodine-containing dye that the patient received during cardiac catheterization. Soon after the dye was administered, he developed TPP. Conclusions: Clinicians should be aware not only of potential causes of drug-induced thyroid disease, but also of the potential for drug-induced hyperthyroidism leading to TPP. The diagnosis of TPP should be considered in patients presenting with acute onset of extremity weakness or paralysis and hypokalemia. Quick diagnosis and prompt treatment of TPP can prevent life-threatening complications of this treatable and curable disorder.
Obesity and Risk for Death Due to Motor Vehicle Crashes
Authors: Zhu Shankuan , Layde Peter M. , Guse Clare E. , Laud Purushottam W. , Pintar Frank , Nirula Raminder , Hargarten Stephen 
Published: March 2006

Objectives. We examined the role of body mass index (BMI) and other factors in driver deaths within 30 days after motor vehicle crashes. Methods. We collected data for 22 107 drivers aged 16 years and older who were involved in motor vehicle crashes from the Crashworthiness Data System of the National Automotive Sampling System (1997–2001). We used logistic regression and adjusted for confounding factors to analyze associations between BMI and driver fatality and the associations between BMI and gender, age, seatbelt use, type of collision, airbag deployment, and change in velocity during a crash. Results. The fatality rate was 0.87% (95% confidence interval [CI]=0.50, 1.24) among men and 0.43% (95% CI=0.31, 0.56) among women involved as drivers in motor vehicle crashes. Risk for death increased significantly at both ends of the BMI continuum among men but not among women (P<.05). The association between BMI and male fatality increased significantly with a change in velocity and was modified by the type of collision, but it did not differ by age, seatbelt use, or airbag deployment. Conclusions. The increased risk for death due to motor vehicle crashes among obese men may have important implications for traffic safety and motor vehicle design.
Suggestive evidence for association of the circadian genes PERIOD3 and ARNTL with bipolar disorder
Authors: Nievergelt Caroline M. , Kripke Daniel F. , Barrett Thomas B. , Burg Elyssa , Remick Ronald A. , Sadovnick A. Dessa , McElroy Susan L. , Keck Paul E. , Schork Nicholas J. , Kelsoe John R. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBipolar affective disorder (BPAD) is suspected to arise in part from malfunctions of the circadian system, a system that enables adaptation to a daily and seasonally cycling environment. Genetic variations altering functions of genes involved with the input to the circadian clock, in the molecular feedback loops constituting the circadian oscillatory mechanism itself, or in the regulatory output systems could influence BPAD as a result. Several human circadian system genes have been identified and localized recently, and a comparison with linkage hotspots for BPAD has revealed some correspondences. We have assessed evidence for linkage and association involving polymorphisms in 10 circadian clock genes (ARNTL, CLOCK, CRY2, CSNK1ε, DBP, GSK3β, NPAS2, PER1, PER2, and PER3) to BPAD. Linkage analysis in 52 affected families showed suggestive evidence for linkage to CSNK1ε. This finding was not substantiated in the association study. Fifty‐two SNPs in 10 clock genes were genotyped in 185 parent proband triads. Single SNP TDT analyses showed no evidence for association to BPAD. However, more powerful haplotype analyses suggest two candidates deserving further studies. Haplotypes in ARNTL and PER3 were found to be significantly associated with BPAD via single‐gene permutation tests (PG = 0.025 and 0.008, respectively). The most suggestive haplotypes in PER3 showed a Bonferroni‐corrected P‐value of PGC = 0.07. These two genes have previously been implicated in circadian rhythm sleep disorders and affective disorders. With correction for the number of genes considered and tests conducted, these data do not provide statistically significant evidence for association. However, the trends for ARNTL and PER3 are suggestive of their involvement in bipolar disorder and warrant further study in a larger sample. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
[18F]FDOPA PET as an endophenotype for Parkinson's Disease linkage studies
Authors: Racette Brad A. , Good Laura , Antenor Jo Ann , McGee‐Minnich Lori , Moerlein Stephen M. , Videen Tom O. , Perlmutter Joel S. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractParkinson disease (PD) is a late onset disorder with age‐dependent penetrance that may confound genetic studies, since affected individuals may not demonstrate clinical manifestations at the time of evaluation. The use of endophenotypes, biologic surrogates for clinical disease diagnoses, may permit more accurate classification of at‐risk subjects. Positron emission tomography (PET) measurements of 6‐[18F]fluorodopa ([18F]FDOPA) uptake indicate nigrostriatal neuronal integrity and may provide a useful endophenotype for PD linkage studies. We performed [18F]FDOPA PET in 11 members of a large, multi‐incident Amish family with PD, 24 normals and 48 people with clinically definite idiopathic PD (PD controls). Clinical diagnoses in the Amish were clinically definite PD in four, clinically probable in one, clinically possible in five, and normal in one. Abnormal [18F]FDOPA posterior putamen uptake was defined as less than 3 standard deviations below the normal mean. The criteria were applied to the Amish sample to determine a PET endophenotype for each. We performed genetic simulations using SLINK to model the effect phenoconversion with the PET endophenotype had on logarithm of odds (LOD) scores. PET endophenotype confirmed the status of two clinically definite subjects. Two clinically definite Amish PD subjects had normal PETs. Two possible PD were converted to “PET definite PD.” The remainder had normal PETs. The average maximum LOD score with the pre‐PET was 6.14 ± 0.84. Simulating phenoconversion of subjects with unknown phenotypes increased the LOD score to 7.36 ± 1.23. The [18F]FDOPA PET endophenotype permits phenoconversion in multi‐incident PD families and may increase LOD score accuracy and power of an informative pedigree. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Optimierung farbstoffsensibilisierter Solarzellen
Authors: Robertson Neil 
Published: March 2006

AbstractFarbstoffsensibilisierte Solarzellen (DSSCs) bieten sich als eine vielversprechende, billige Photovoltaiktechnologie an. Ihre Funktionsweise beruht auf der Ladungstrennung in einem Farbstoff, der sich an der Grenzfläche zwischen einem anorganischen Halbleiter und einem Lochleiter befindet. Durch sorgfältigen Entwurf der Farbstoffkomponente lassen sich Energieverlustmechanismen minimieren und Lichtsammelausbeuten erhöhen. Probleme, die gegenwärtig den Masseneinsatz von DSSCs verhindern, sind die umständliche Fertigung der Bauelemente und die mangelnde Langzeitstabilität des flüssigen Redoxelektrolyten, der in den bislang wirksamsten Zellen eingesetzt wird. In diesem Kurzaufsatz untersuchen wir Strategien zur Entwicklung von Farbstoffen, die in neuartigen Zellentwürfen mit alternativen Flüssigelektrolyten eingesetzt werden können. Solche Feststoff‐ und Gel‐DSSCs sind vielversprechende Elemente für billige, effiziente und robuste Photovoltaiksysteme.
Optimizing Dyes for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Robertson Neil 
Published: March 2006

AbstractDye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have emerged as an important cheap photovoltaic technology. Charge separation is initiated at the dye, bound at the interface of an inorganic semiconductor and a hole‐transport material. Careful design of the dye can minimize loss mechanisms and improve light harvesting. Mass application of DSSCs is currently limited by manufacturing complexity and long‐term stability associated with the liquid redox electrolyte used in the most‐efficient cells. In this Minireview, dye design is discussed in the context of novel alternatives to the standard liquid electrolyte. Rapid progress is being made in improving the efficiencies of such solid and quasi‐solid DSSCs which promises cheap, efficient, and robust photovoltaic systems.
The use of gamma irradiation to prepare ureaformaldehyde/acrylic acid copolymer gypsum composites for use in construction applications
Authors: El‐Nahas H. H. , Abdel Aal S. E. , Taher N. H. , Gad Y. H. , Dessouki A. M. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThermoset/thermoplast and gypsum copolymer composites were prepared as ureaformaldehyde (UF) copolymerized with acrylic acid monomer at various gamma radiation doses, where the latter monomer produced the greatest improvement in mold stability as cracks treatment, weight loss, hardness, and water absorption. This is due to water absorption showing an increase in water uptake for UF‐gypsum composites containing high amounts of acrylic acid monomer copolymerized through the irradiation process, producing a hydrophilic mold able to retain water from evaporation and weight loss, thus obtaining an unshrinkable crackless mold. The influence of acrylic acid and the gamma irradiation process on water absorption, gelation time, weight loss, surface hardness, and compressive strength was studied. The results showed improvement of mechanical flexibility with a reduced sensitivity to cracks indicating the possibility of using these improved molds after mixing with gypsum in the field of construction as inner partition panels and tile seals. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 4491–4498, 2006
Functional finishing of nonwoven fabrics. I. Accessibility of surface modified PET spunbond by atmospheric pressure He/O2 plasma treatment
Authors: Shin Younsook , Son Kyunghee , Yoo Dong Il , Hudson Sam , McCord Marian , Matthews Suzanne , Whang Yoon‐Jung 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe surface of a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) spunbond nonwoven was modified by using atmospheric pressure He/O2 plasma treatment. Accessibility of the modified PET nonwoven has been investigated in terms of crystallinity, surface chemical composition, hydrophilicity, and dye uptake. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) for crystallinity measurement and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) for chemical composition measurement were used. Surface morphology was studied by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Percentage crystallinity increased due to the depletion of amorphous region by plasma etching. Redeposition of etched particles was observed. Oxygen‐based functional groups on the surface of PET increase from 27 to about 32% after 90 s exposure. Wettability increases by more than 10 times and moisture regain increases by three times, compared with the untreated sample. Dye uptake was not changed significantly. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 4306–4310, 2006
Failure of homocysteine to induce neural tube defects in a mouse model
Authors: Bennett Gregory D. , VanWaes Janee , Moser Kristine , Chaudoin Tammy , Starr Lois , Rosenquist Thomas H. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBACKGROUND:Folate deficiencies have been associated with many adverse congenital abnormalities. It is not clear, however, whether these defects are due to a folate deficiency or to an increase in homocysteine. Homocysteine has been shown to be teratogenic in the chicken‐embryo model and it has been suggested that homocysteine‐induced defects are mediated by inhibiting the N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor on neural crest cells. The majority of the teratology studies have been carried out using the chicken embryo model. In an effort to develop a murine model of homocysteine‐induced neural tube defects, several inbred mouse strains were treated with homocysteine or the NMDA inhibitor MK801 and the fetuses examined for any induced‐NTD.METHODS:Several in‐bred mouse strains were administered homocysteine once on gestational day (GD) E8.5 or once daily on GD 6.5–10.5. Additionally, because homocysteine was been reported to mediate its effects through the NMDA receptor, the effect of MK801, an antagonist of this receptor, was also investigated.RESULTS:Regardless of the mouse treatment time, homocysteine failed to induce neural tube defects in our in‐bred mouse strains. Homocysteine also failed to increase the number of neural tube defects in the splotch strain, regardless of the genotype.CONCLUSIONS:Irrespective of the mouse strain or treatment, homocysteine failed to induce neural tube defects in our mouse models, which is in contrast to what has been reported in the chicken embryo models.Birth Defects Res (Part B)77:89–94, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Structure, dynamics, and elasticity of free 16s rRNA helix 44 studied by molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Réblová Kamila , Lankas̆ Filip , Rázga Filip , Krasovska Maryna V. , Koc̆a Jaroslav , S̆poner Jir̆í 
Published: March 2006

AbstractMolecular dynamics (MD) simulations were employed to investigate the structure, dynamics, and local base‐pair step deformability of the free 16S ribosomal helix 44 from Thermus thermophilus and of a canonical A‐RNA double helix. While helix 44 is bent in the crystal structure of the small ribosomal subunit, the simulated helix 44 is intrinsically straight. It shows, however, substantial instantaneous bends that are isotropic. The spontaneous motions seen in simulations achieve large degrees of bending seen in the X‐ray structure and would be entirely sufficient to allow the dynamics of the upper part of helix 44 evidenced by cryo‐electron microscopic studies. Analysis of local base‐pair step deformability reveals a patch of flexible steps in the upper part of helix 44 and in the area proximal to the bulge bases, suggesting that the upper part of helix 44 has enhanced flexibility. The simulations identify two conformational substates of the second bulge area (bottom part of the helix) with distinct base pairing. In agreement with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and X‐ray studies, a flipped out conformational substate of conserved 1492A is seen in the first bulge area. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations reveal a number of reversible α‐γ backbone flips that correspond to transitions between two known A‐RNA backbone families. The flipped substates do not cumulate along the trajectory and lead to a modest transient reduction of helical twist with no significant influence on the overall geometry of the duplexes. Despite their considerable flexibility, the simulated structures are very stable with no indication of substantial force field inaccuracies. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 82: 504–520, 2006This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Forensic psychiatry in the USA and the UK: a clinician's view
Authors: Beck James C. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe UK and the USA share a fundamental belief in the rule of law, but they have different beliefs about the relationship between government and the individual. The laws which govern forensic and general psychiatric practice reflect those differences. The two countries differ also in forensic psychiatry training and practice and in the organisation of forensic mental health services. Strengths in the UK include the extensive training of forensic psychiatrists and the integrated forensic health and social care systems. The two countries face common ethical problems, and common problems of service delivery to forensic patients. Copyright © 1996 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Law and psychiatry in the USA and UK: another perspective
Authors: Brakel Samuel Jan , Cavanaugh James L. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractDr Beck's comparative description of forensic psychiatry in the UK and the USA is generally on target. One of its more useful insights is that the differences that are there tend to stem from different conceptions of the relationship between government and the individual. Another important point is that differences ‘on the books’ frequently soften, if not disappear, when one looks at actual practices in the respective countries. Still, there are occasional points in the article where one is prompted to dissent from Dr Beck's description and analysis. In particular, there is a sense that if the article had been more forward‐looking, more commonality would have been found between US and UK ways of doing psychiatric forensics. In most respects, mental health law and practice in our two countries are more similar today than in the past and will probably continue to grow closer together. Copyright © 1996 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
A mental health survey of community correctional clients in Canada
Authors: Wormith J.S. , McKeague Frances 
Published: March 2006

AbstractProbation and parole officers completed a brief survey questionnaire on 2500 community correctional clients, who were randomly selected from a total caseload of 60 000 active files. The survey instrument inquired about the mental health histories and the clinical or programme needs of these clients, most of whom (76.5%) were on probation. Among the sample, 13.2% had a known psychiatric diagnosis, including 5.0% who had been diagnosed with a schizophrenic illness, bipolar disorder or mental retardation. A total of 6.4% had at least one documented psychiatric hospitalisation. Subjects with a history of hospitalisation had an average of 4.6 psychiatric admissions and an average total of 73.2 days' stay in mental health facilities. A total of 9.0% had a rating on the Global Assessment of Functioning scale that indicated serious mental health symptoms or serious social impairment, whilst 2.0% were rated as being suicidal, grossly impaired or delusional. Collectively, 18.9% met at least one of the three criteria, whilst 8.3% of the subjects met two or more of the criteria. Disordered clients were more likely than their non‐disordered counterparts to have inadequate accommodation, to live alone, and to be in an institution or on social assistance and less likely to be employed or in school. According to staff ratings, the commonest need areas for the disordered offenders were general counselling, alcohol/drug programmes, psychological services, life/social skills training, psychiatric assessment and employment. Needs were most likely to be met for medical problems and least likely for non‐clinical, social services. Refusal, lack of motivation, dropping out from a service and unsuccessful previous participation accounted for approximately one‐half of the unserviced needs. The importance of integrating services between health, corrections and social service agencies for disordered offenders is highlighted. Copyright © 1996 Whurr Publishers Ltd.