bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Allergy to rubber condom urinals and medical adhesives in male spinal injury patients
Authors: Bransbury Anthea J. 
Published: April 2006

In the National Spinal Injuries Unit at Stoke Mandeville Hospital, rubber condom urinals, kept on the penis with a medical adhesive, are used for incontinent male patients where possible. However, contact allergy to rubber condoms and/or the adhesives is a common problem and can cause considerable morbidity in paralysed patients. This paper investigates the rubber chemicals and adhesives most commonly implicated in causing contact allergy. The survey was divided into two parts:

Patch testing symptomatic inpatients
A questionnaire sent to new patients from January 1974 to ascertain the overall incidence of contact allergy.

It was found that allergy to mercaptobenzthiazole (MBT)‐ and thiuram‐containing condoms was relatively common and that latex/petroleum tube medical adhesives most commonly caused adhesive allergy. It is suggested that a condom made of the least allergenic: rubber and an adhesive causing the least number of allergic reactions should be used from the outset for paralysed patients requiring a condom urinal.
Nickel cobalt and chromium sensitivity in patients with pompholyx (dyshidrotic eczema)
Authors: Vien Niels K. , Kaaber Knud 
Published: April 2006

Sixteen patients with negative routine patch tests were challenged orally in a controlled trial with 2.5 mg nickel, I nig cobalt, and 2.5 nig chromium given as salts of the respective metals. All of the patients had symmetrical, vesicular hand dermatitis and in some cases also foot involvement. The dermatitis of two patients flared after challenge with cobalt; in two patients flare occurred following chromate ingestion.Prior to the oral challenge all the patients were patch tested with nickel sulphate, cobalt. chloride and potassium dichromate after adhesive tape stripping. Solutions of the same metal salts were used for intradermal testing. The intradermal test sites were read after 20 minutes and 48 hours, the patch tests, after 4Nh. Skin test reactivity correlated poorly to the results of the oral challenge, possibly due to nonspecific skin test reactivity.It is concluded that oral challenge is it valuable adjunctive diagnostic procedure in patients with pompholyx. Who have negative routine patch tests.
Antibodies against nickel‐albumin in rabbits and man
Authors: Veien N. K. , Christiansen A.H. , Svejgaard E. , Kaaber K. 
Published: April 2006

Five albino rabbits were immunized every 2 weeks by intradermal injections of a nickel rabbit‐albumin complex and during alternate weeks by occluded cutaneous applications of 5% nickel sulphate in petrolatum. After 6 weeks of immunization, passive immunodiffusion disclosed precipitating antibodies against the nickel‐albumin complex in the serum of all the rabbits. The specificity of these antibodies was substantiated by the precipitation of anti‐albumin antibodies with rabbit albumin prior to immunodiffusion.Passive immunodiffusion was used to examine serum from 14 nickel‐sensitive patients for precipitating antibodies against a nickel human‐albumin complex. Five of the patients had widespread erythematous, nun‐eczematous reactions following oral challenge with 2.5 mg nickel us nickel sulphate, while five others suffered an aggravation of their nickel dermatitis. Precipitating antibodies were found in three patients, all of whom had experienced rapid‐onset erythema after oral challenge. A weak precipitate was seen in one of nine controls. The specificity of the precipitates was substantiated by reproducibility and by negative immunodiffusion after precipitation in the positive sera with the antigen.
Petechial reaction following patch testing with cobalt
Authors: Schmidt H. , Larsen F. Schultz , Larsen P. Ølholm , Søgaard H. 
Published: April 2006

A total of 132 patch tested patients reacted with petechial reactions to cobalt chloride 1 % in petrolatum; 23 were retested with various concentrations of cobalt. In about 60% of those retested the petechial reaction could be reproduced. Histopathological examination showed slight perivascular tymphocytic infiltration, swollen endothelium and extravasation of erythrocytes but no signs of vasculitis.It is suggested that in predisposed patients the petechial reaction following patch testing could be the result of primary irritation.
Contact allergy to the Brazilian rosewood substitute Machaerium scleroxylon Tul. (Pao ferro)
Authors: Conde‐Salazar L. , Diez A. Garcia , Rafeensphrger F. , Hausen B. M. 
Published: April 2006

Five carpenters in a television set factory hail allergic contact dermatitis of the hands, forearms and neck after contact with the sawdust of the Brazilian rosewood substitute Machaerium scleraxylon Tul. (Pao ferro)Patch tests with R‐3,4dimethoxydalbergione from Pao ferro and with two other dalbergiones from rosewood species were positive. R‐3, 4‐dirnethoxydalbergione isolated from the Pao ferro sample was shown to he a strong sensitizer and thus to be responsible for these cases of contact allergy.
Contact dermatitis to estradiol benzoate
Authors: Ljunggren Bo 
Published: April 2006

Three patients developed facial dermatitis after contact with preparations containing estradiol benzoate. Patch tests were positive to estradiol henzoate 0.1% in MEK but negative to other related estrogens including estradiol. All three patients also had positive tests to resorcinol monobenzoate and two out of three to balsam of Peru.Most likely estradiol benzoate was the primary sensitizer.
Occupational dermatitis from IPPD in tyres
Authors: Ancona Armando , Monroy Felope , Fernández‐Diez Jorge 
Published: April 2006

A tyre assembler developed contact dermatitis from IPPD, a rubber antioxidant. The lichenified clinical pattern corresponded histologically to lichenified dermatitis.Tyre assemblers appear to acquire contact dermatitis to this aromatic amine mare frequently than any other workers in the tyre manufacturing industry. Possible adjuvant factors and preventive measures are discussed.
The guinea pig as a model for predicting photoallergic contact dermatitis
Authors: Jordan William P. 
Published: April 2006

This report describes modifications in the techniques used for both the induction and elicitation of photoallergic contact dermatitis (PACD) in the guinea pig. These changes have improved the reliability of this animal as the model of choice for screening chemicals or products for (heir tendency to produce PACD.The induction period consists of 15 exposures of the test substance to shoulder skin that has been abraded with a nylon brush rotating at 13,000 rpm. One hour later, the KM site is irradiated with broadband UVA from a source having some irradiance below 320 nm (UVA/b). The animals receive 450 J/cm2 of UVA during the three‐week induction period. The elicitation (challenge) test is repeated fur two consecutive days. Each day, the test material, if a liquid, is applied to two sties even 30 lo 60 min for 6 h; then one of the sites receives 20 J/cm2 of UVA.These photo‐induction and photo‐elicitation procedures have demonstrated that low‐level concentrations (0.25% range) of 6‐melhyl coumarin or musk ambrette will both induce and elicit PACD in the guinea pig. This report adds more evidence that the induction of PACD in the guinea pig is dependent on broadband UVA.
Contact dermatitis in children
Authors: Veien N. K. , Hattel T. , Justesen O. , Nørholm A. 
Published: April 2006

168 children, 14 years of age or younger, were patch tested with the Standard Series of the International Contact Dermatitis Research Group (ICDRG) over a 5‐year period, 77 of the children had 1 or more positive reactions: relevant test results were found in 80% of them.8 boys and 24 girls were allergic to nickle, which proved to be the most common allergen: 5 boys and 6 girls reacted to chromate, and 5 boys and 4 girls reacted to one or more of the rubber chemicals.
Cross reaction pattern of 26 acrylic monomers on guinea pig skin*
Authors: Walle H. B. Vander , Bensink T. 
Published: April 2006

The cross reaction pattern of acrylic monomers was investigated in 20 groups of animals sensitized to a different acrylic monomer.Aminals sensitized to one monoacrylated tend to react to other monoacrylates. Reactions to a corresponding monomethacrylates (same alcohol group in the ester) or other monomethacrylates did not occur. Some reactions to di(meth)acrylates were observed.A number of animals sensitized to one monomethacrylated to some other monomethacrylates and to monoacrylates. Reactions to di(meth)acrylates were observed.Animals sensitized to di(meth)acrylates showed hardly any positive cross reaction.A universal screening allergen to detected acrylic monomer sensitizations does not exist. The composition of (industrial) products should be made accessible to the occupational dermatologist in order to prevent the undresirable situation in which a patient suspected of having an acrylic monomer sensitization must be tested with a large series of potent allergens in order to detect the real origin of the sensitization.
Lanolin allergy: crisis or comedy*
Authors: Kligman Albert M. 
Published: April 2006

Lanolin has been applied to human skin from at least Egyptian limes. Its virtues as an emollient and vehicle for cosmetics and drugs have been extolled for centuries. 50 years ago, a fly was found in the ointment – the first case of lanolin allergy was reported (1). Since then lanolin has achieved considerable notoriety as a contact sensitizer. Dozens of articles in the dermatologic literature emphasize the high frequency of lanolin allergy. European dermatologists seem 10 have become especially sensitized to lanolin allergy. Medical students learn early on. that medicaments in lanolin bases arc hazardous. Every novice knows that lanolin is a sensitizer! The nadir of lanolin's fall from grace has been reached in advertisements of topical drugs which emphasize the absence of lanolin in the vehicle.These denouncements by dermatologists have not slowed down the demand for lanolin. About 2 billion pounds of finished cosmetics contain lanolin or its derivatives. It is impossible to reconcile this expanding market with the apprehensions of skin doctors.It is my intention to review the history of lanolin allergy, to present experimental data on its contact sensitizing potential and to put the risk of lanolin allergy in perspective.
Contact allergy to trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA) in an aziridine plastic hardener
Authors: Dahlquist Inger , Freigert Sigfrid , Truison Lena 
Published: April 2006

4 workers developed hand and face dermatitis when exposed to a floor top coal. This contained a polyurethane arid a polyfunctional aziridine hardener and additives. The aziridine hardener was made by reacting propyleneimine with a polyfunctional acrylate, trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA). All 4 reacted to the hardener and to TMPTA, which is present in excess, 2 of them also reacted to pentacrythritol triacrylate (PETA), which can be used in the production of aziridine hardeners. TMPTA and PETA cross‐react, and are known sensitizers in UV‐hardening acrylates.The present finding shows that well‐known sensitizers can be found in hidden sources when used in a quite different chemical process.
Contact allergy to petrolatums
Authors: Dooms‐Goossens A. , Degreef H. 
Published: April 2006

46 yellow and while petrolatums were screened for their skin sensitizing properties in 3 subjects with known histories of contact sensitivity to yellow petrolatum.Patch testing revealed that all the petrolatums examined contain sensitising substances in varying amounts. The results were analyzed with regard to origin, color, purification procedures involved in the production of pharmaceutical grade petrolatum, and pharmacopoeial requirements satisfied. Allergenicity correlated positively with these parameters, but only among petrolatums of the same brand.Petrolatum sensitivity may sometimes account for false positive patch test reactions to substances diluted in it. A petrolatum which causes no reaction on healthy skin may cause rczematous reactions on damaged skin.
Prevalence of dichromate sensitivity
Authors: Peltonen Leena , Fräki Jorma 
Published: April 2006

In a population of 822 healthy adult volunteers, 2% of the 410 men and 1.5% of the 412 women showed a positive patch lest reaction to 0.5% potassium dichromate in pet. Most of the positive reactions (10/14) occurred in the group of 110 offset printers, lithographers and printing plant cleaners with present occupational exposure to chromium. Among the remaining test population, sensitivity to dichromate was rare (4/712). Of the 14 chromium‐allergic persons, 9 had present or past hand eczema, 2 had eczema only on the face, and 3 could not recall having had any skin trouble.In 2981 Clinic patients tested during a 5‐year period, the frequency of chromate sensitivity was 6.8% in men and 2.8% in women among all patients tested, but 20% in men and 8% in women of the 499 patients with occupational hand eczema. The incidence of chromium allergy in separate occupational groups is presented.
Elbow eruptions in nickel and chromate dermatitis
Authors: Kaaber K. , Sjølin K. E. , Mennne T. 
Published: April 2006

In 7 patients with nickel or chromate allergy and dyshidrotic hand eczema, we observed symmetric hyperkeratotic lesions on the elbows which ran a similar course to the hand dermatitis.Histopathological examinations show findings suggestive of lichen simplex chronicus and subacute‐chronic dermatitis, but exclude psoriasis.We conclude that these elbow lesions are a characteristic of systemic allergic contact dermatitis.
Type‐1 reactions to commercial fish in non‐exposed individuals
Authors: Beck Hans‐Iver , Nissen Birge Knudsen 
Published: April 2006

The frequency of type‐I reactions (contact urticaria) to plaice, whiting, common dab, witch, codfish, Norwegian haddock, herring and halibut has been examined in 26 individuals; 23 of these carried through all the investigations.65% of the volunteers had a positive scratch patch test to one or more species of fish. All 120 min closed patch tests were negative.5 of the volunteers were atopics. They showed about twice as many positive scratch patch tests when compared to the non‐atopics.The investigation shows that the “fish allergen” is destroyed by cooking but not by freezing. The possibility of common and specific fish allergens is discussed.
Oral challenge with metal salts. (I). Vesicular patch‐test‐negative hand eczema
Authors: Veien N. K. , Hattel T. , Justesen O. , Nørholm A. 
Published: April 2006

202 patients, 68 males and 134 females, with patch‐test‐negative, symmetrical vesicular hand eczema were challenged orally in a controlled study with 2.5 mg nickel, 2.5 mg chromium and 1 mg cobalt given as salts of the respective metals. Initially a mixture of the 3 metal salts was given, and if this produced a flare of the eczema, the salts were administered individually at 1 week intervals.55 patients reacted to the mixture of salts as well as to 1 or 2 of the individual salts. 3 other patients were challenged openly with nickel alone. Male patients reacted primarily to chromate and cobalt, while female patients more commonly reacted to nickel and cobalt.56 patients were instructed to follow diets planned to reduce the daily intake of the respective metals. The dermatitis of 36 patients cleared or improved markedly after 1 month of dieting. Responses to a questionnaire sent to these 36 patients indicated that 28 of them had followed the prescribed diet rigorously or intermittently for at least a year, because they experienced recurrence of the dermatitis if they stopped dieting, 6 noted no long‐term benefit and 2 did not respond.
Sensitizing potential of 12di(meth)acrylates in the guinea pig*
Authors: van der Walle H. B. , Wagemakers Th. , Bensink T. 
Published: April 2006

The aim of this study was to investigate the sensitizing potential of 12di(meth)acrylates, when tested in the Guinea Pig Maximization Test (GPMT) and Freund's Complete Adjuvant Test (FCAT). In these tests the same (molar) concentration was used for intradermal induction. The results (see table, below) show that dimethacrylates are moderate to strong sensitizers in the guinea pig. In the group of diacrylates, no sensitization to diethylene glycol diacrylate was observed. 1,2‐ethanediol diacrylate and 1,6‐hexanediol diacrylate sensitized a number of animals. The challenge reaction pattern of the FCAT with 1,4‐butanediol diacrylate, neopentane diol diacrylate and 1,5‐pentanediol diacrylate differed from that commonly observed with sensitizers. Positive reactions were seen only to the maximum non‐irritant concentration at 24 h in the challenge at day 21. At 48 h and in the second challenge at day 35, the reactivity had decreased or disappeared. This different reaction pattern makes it difficult to classify these monomers with certainty as sensitizers.In most of the FCATs, a decrease in reactivity in successive challenges was found. Possible explanations for this decrease and for the different challenge reaction patterns of some diacrylates are discussed.The skin irritant capacity of di(meth)acrylates was estimated after one open application. Diacrylates are very strong irritants on guinea pig skin. Dimethacrylates are weak irritants.
How sensitizing is chlorocresol?
Authors: Andersen Klaus E. , Hamann Knud 
Published: April 2006

Chlorocresol is a biocide with widespread use in industry and pharmaceutical products. It is an occasional human contact sensitizer.The sensitizing potential of chlorocresol was judged strong using the guinea pig maximization test (GPMT) and doubtful in the less sensitive open epicutaneous test (OET). When different induction concentrations were used, the results indicated an optimal sensitizing concentration above which no further increase in the sensitization rate occurred. Re challenge 2 weeks later showed a marked decrease in sensitivity.Consecutive human patch tests with chlorocresol 2% in pet. showed 11 reactions among 1462 patients tested, but none were explainable and reproducible during re‐tests and provocative use tests, indicating that the GPMT overestimated the sensitization potential.The results from guinea pig allergy tests cannot stand alone but have to be validated by other sources of information.
Lymphocytes and Langerhans cells in patch tests
Authors: Kanerva Lasse , Ranki Annamari , Lauharanta Jorma 
Published: April 2006

The distribution of immunocompetent cells was analysed in allergic (nickel) and irritant (dithranol) patch tests using conventional transmission electron microscopy and labelling with monoclonal antibodies in an avidin‐biotin immunoperoxidase study. The biopsies were taken 24 or 48 h after the allergen/irritant application.In allergic and irritant reactions, most inflammatory cells were OKT11 positive (pan T lymphocytes). The majority of these cells were also OKT4 positive (pan T lymphocytes), while the minority were OKT8 positive (suppressor/cytotoxic T lymphocytes). NK9 positive cells (natural killer cells) were observed in small numbers. The number of dendritic OKT6 and OKIaI positive cells (Langerhans cells) in the epidermis was unaffected in allergic reactions. In irritant reactions, a normal number of OKT6 positive Langerhans cells was observed, while the number of OKIaI positive cells had increased in the epidermis. Dithranol caused prominent fine structural changes in the mitochondria of the Langerhans cells, while the keratinocytes appeared largely unaffected.The present study indicates that allergic and irritant patch tests cannot be differentiated reliably using current immunohistopathological or electron microscopic techniques, in spite of the small differences observed.
Biocide patch tests
Authors: Andersen Klaus E. , Velen Niels K. 
Published: April 2006

Routine path testing with a series of 6 industrial biocides containing methylene‐bis‐thiocyanate (Cytoc 3522®), benzosothizolin‐3‐one (BIT), chlorocresol (Preventol CMK®), 2‐n‐octyl‐4‐isothiazolin‐3‐one (Kathon 863®), polyhdroxymethylene monobenzylether (Preventol D2®) or 1,3,5‐tris (hydroxy‐ethyl) hexahydrotrizine (Grotan BK®) was carried out in 6 Danish out‐patient clinics to evaluate guinea pig allergy test results with the same compounds.A total of 1652 consecutive patients with dermatitis were tested. The usefulness of this patch test battery was limited. There were a few positive reactions to Cytoc 3522®, BIT and the 2 formaldehyde releasers, Preventol D2® and Grotan BK®. These reactions could not, however, be explained.The MOAHL‐index (% of Male patients. Occupational cases, Atopic patients, Hand eczemas, and 1 eg ulcers/stasis dermatitis) for patients from the 6 clinics showed equal frequencies of male patients and atopics, but significant differences in the frequencies of occupational cases, hand eczemas, and leg ulcers/stasis dermatitis, indicating possible variations in referral patterns, use of patch tests, and/or environmental factors.
Dermatitis from aziridine hardener in Printing ink
Authors: Garabrant David H. 
Published: April 2006

13 of 51 workers developed dermatitis of the hands and face after handling a water‐based ink containing a polyfunctional aziridine hardening agent. Improper work practices resulted in skin contamination with the ink and its ingredients. The aziridine hardener contained trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA). The incidence of dermatitis was highest among the ink mixers who handled the undiluted aziridine (6 of 8 workers affected), was lower among printers who handled ink containing 2 to 4% aziridine (7 of 22 workers affected), and was absent in workers who did not handle ink. The mean latency from first contact with the ink to the development of the rash was 3.2 months among the ink mixers, and 6.2 months among the printers.The present findings demonstrate the risk of handling aziridine hardeners when protective clothing is not properly used and when work practices result in direct skin contact. Further research should be performed to discern whether aziridine compounds themselves, free of TMPTA, can cause dermatitis.
Patch testing for nickel allergy The influence of the vehicle on the response rate to topical nickel sulphate
Authors: Mendelow Anne Y. , Forsyth Angela , Florence Alexander T. , Baillie Alan J. 
Published: April 2006

A group of 43 patients with a clinical history of nickel allergy who exhibited an equivocal or no allergic reaction to a patch test al 48 h were further challenged using several different formulations of nickel sulphate. This experimental test battery comprised aqueous, dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) and propylene glycol(PG) solutions of nickel sulphate, and nickel sulphate incorporated into cetomacrogol cream and yellow soft paraffin (PMF).Although some of these vehicles were irritant a formulation‐dependent test response was observed, such that in terms of the number of responses per unit weight of nickel sulphate applied in the skin, the vehicles could be ranked: DMSO > PG > aqueous solution cetomacrogol cream > PMF preparations. This ranking could be correlated with the relative ease with which nickel sulphate could be dialysed from each vehicle in vitroThis study demonstrates that for nickel sulphate, the vehicle can influence the outcome of patch testing apparently by modifying the quantity of nickel released into the skin for elicitation of the allergic response.