bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Socio-spatial Segregation in Metropolitan Lima, Peru
Authors: Peters Paul A , Skop Emily H 
Published: April 2007

The development of Latin American cities is characterized by formal and informal urban development patterns, weak land-use planning, inequitable economic opportunities, and unequal social divisions. These and other factors have created divergent, and highly fragmented patterns of spatial segregation at all geographic levels. However, little empirical evidence has captured the extent and magnitude of spatial segregation of the poor within specific mega-cities. The combination of advanced spatial segregation indicators with statistical measures allows for the detection and measurement of segregation between multiple groups at multiple scales across the urban region. The paper explores the extent of spatial segregation of different socio-economic groups in Lima, Peru, using 1993 census and more recently released data, presenting a methodology for integrating older and newer data sources. The results indicate that segregation across the Metropolitan Region is localized, with "pockets" of difference across otherwise seemingly homogeneous areas.  	El desarrollo de las ciudades latinoamericanas es caracterizado por patrones de desarrollo urbano formales e informales, planificación débil de uso del suelo, oportunidades económicas injustas y divisiones sociales desiguales. Estos y otros factores, han creado patrones de segregación espacial divergentes y muy fragmentados a todos niveles geográficos. Sin embargo, poca evidencia empírica ha captado el grado y magnitud de la segregación espacial de los pobres dentro de mega-ciudades específicas. La combinación de indicadores avanzados de segregación espacial con medidas estadísticas, permite la detección y medición de la segregación entre múltiples grupos y escalas dentro de la región urbana. Este estudio explora el grado de segregación espacial de distintos grupos socioeconómicos en Lima, Perú, utilizando datos del censo de 1993 y otros datos recientes, presentando una metodología que integra fuentes de datos nuevos y viejos. Los resultados indican que la segregación en la región metropolitana está localizada en "bolsillos" de diferencias a lo largo y ancho de áreas aparentemente homogéneas.
Evaluation of a 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D Enzyme Immunoassay
Authors: Seiden-Long Isolde , Vieth Reinhold 
Published: April 2007

AbstractBackground: Radioactive reagents are used in most assays for measurement of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D]. We evaluated a 1,25(OH)2D enzyme immunoassay (EIA) from IDS Ltd. that uses solid-phase immunoextraction and colorimetric detection and compared results to those of the thymus radioreceptor assay (RRA) for 1,25(OH)2D.Methods: We collected serum samples (n = 145) representing an even distribution (0–200 pmol/L) of 1,25(OH)2D concentrations and Vitamin D External Quality Assessment Scheme (DEQAS) proficiency survey samples from 2004 surveys (n = 15) and stored them at −20 °C. We analyzed all samples with both EIA and RRA methods. We calculated imprecision using 5 QC samples in quadruplicate in each run (n = 6), including both pooled patient material used for QC with the RRA and QC material included in the EIA reagent set. We evaluated calibration stability by analyzing calibrators from different lots on the same plate and determining if calculated sample values drifted significantly.Results: Deming linear regression between IDS EIA and RRA methods yielded slope 1.25 (95% CI 1.13–1.37), y-intercept −3 (95% CI −18 to 12), R2 = 0.74. DEQAS proficiency survey samples for 2004 were all within 30% of the all-methods-trimmed mean. Imprecision CVs were 12%–16% within-run and 15%–20% between-run.Conclusions: We find no evidence of inferiority to the classic calf-thymus receptor assay for 1,25(OH)2D and no disadvantage in the results generated by the IDS EIA using samples from the major proficiency survey for 1,25(OH)2D. According to the product insert, however, the IDS EIA underestimates 1,25(OH)2D2 compared with the D3 form.
Cover Picture: Self‐Assembled Metal Oxide Bilayer Films with “Single‐Crystalline” Overlayer Mesopore Structure (Adv. Mater. 8/2007)
Authors: Brezesinski T. , Antonietti M. , Smarsly B. M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractMesoporous films with biaxial, “single‐crystalline” arrangements of spherical pores are obtained by “evaporation‐induced self‐assembly” (EISA) in work reported by Torsten Brezesinski, Markus Antonietti, and Bernd Smarsly on p. 1074. The films are dip‐coated onto a sublayer with sufficiently different surface tension and a specific nanoscale periodicity. Low adhesion to the sublayer surface results in a relatively small number of nucleation sites and a uniform orientation of the evolving mesostructure in the toplayer.
A farm‐to‐fork stochastic simulation model of pork‐borne salmonellosis in humans: Lessons for risk ranking
Authors: McNamara Paul E. , Miller Gay Y. , Liu Xuanli , Barber David A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA food systems perspective offers many appealing analytic features to food safety researchers with an interest in the design and targeting of effective and efficient policy responses to the risks posed by foodborne pathogens. These features include the ability to examine comparative questions such as whether it is more efficient to target food safety interventions on‐farm or in the food processing plant. Using the example of a farm‐to‐fork stochastic simulation model ofSalmonellain the pork production and consumption system, the authors argue the feasibility of such a food systems approach for food‐safety risk assessment and policy analysis. They present an overview of the farm‐to‐fork model and highlight key assumptions and methods employed. Lessons from their experience in constructing a farm‐to‐fork stochastic simulation model are derived for consideration in other food safety risk assessment efforts and for researchers interested in developing “best practice” benchmarks in the area of food safety risk assessments. [EconLit Citations: Q18, I18, I12]. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Agribusiness 23: 157–172, 2007.
A brief report of gram‐negative bacterial endotoxin levels in airborne and settled dusts in animal confinement buildings
Authors: Thedell Terry D. , Mull Judith C. , Olenchock Stephen A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractGram‐negative bacterial endotoxins, implicated in adverse worker health responses, were found in settled and airborne dust samples obtained from poultry and swine confinement units. Results of the Limulus amebocyte lysate gel test found endotoxin levels in dust samples ranged from 4.5 to 47.7 μg of FDA Klebsiella endotoxin equivalents/gm. Differences in endotoxin levels between dust samples may have been due to variables in time, geographic locations, confined animals, confinement buildings and equipment, and methods of sample collection. Animal confinement workers are potentially exposed to large amounts of gram‐negative bacterial endotoxins; however, the respiratory health effects of such exposures to animal confinement workers have yet to be determined.
Radiological evidence of asbestos disease among ship repair workers
Authors: Selikoff Irving J. , Nicholson William J. , Lilis Ruth 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAsbestos materials are now infrequently used in new ship construction. However, significant amounts were used in vessels constructed before 1975. As a consequence, for the next 30 or more years, the potential for asbestos exposure in the repair of such vessels will remain.We studied 286 workers who were 20 or more years from onset of employment in ship repair work. Eighty‐six percent had radiological evidence of asbestosis, and five instances of previously undiagnosed lung cancer were found. This suggests that unless industrial hygiene precautions are taken in the future repair of vessels that have been built with asbestos, we will add additional decades to the legacy we already face as the result of uncontrolled shipyard exposures of the past.
Psychiatric ratings in occupational health research: A study of mental symptoms in lacquerers
Authors: Struwe Göran , Mindus Per , Jönsson Bengt 
Published: April 2007

AbstractMost previous occupational health studies have employed various questionnaires for the quantitative assessment of mental symptoms. However, reporters' errors may reduce the value of the information so obtained. Semistructured psychiatric interviews and rating scales offer another method to collect data on the prevalence of mental symptoms. This paper describes the application of rating techniques in an epidemiological study of the effect on the nervous system of occupational exposure to organic solvents. The results suggest that ratings by trained interviewers are as useful as many neurophysiological and psychometrical methods to detect early neurotoxicity. The contention agrees with a general opinion that slight changes in mental comfort and personality often are the first signs of progressive brain damage.
Neurophysiological and psychological picture of solvent poisoning
Authors: Seppäläinen Anna Maria , Lindström Kari , Martelin Tuija 
Published: April 2007

AbstractNeurophysiological and psychological tests were administered to 107 patients ‐ 48 men and 59 women ‐ with a diagnosis of solvent poisoning after longstanding (mean 9.6 years for males and mean 7.6 years for females) occupational exposure. Electroencephalography (EEG) and a wide psychological test battery were applied in all cases, and electroneurographic measurements were performed in 77 subjects. Sixty‐five percent of the patients showed an abnormal EEG, and excessive beta activity, not induced by drugs, was found in 54% of patients. At least one abnormally slow nerve conduction velocity (CV) was found in 48 out of 77 patients. The scores of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) subtests Digit Span (DSp) and Digit Symbol (DSy) among the men and scores of Similarities (Sim), Digit Symbol (DSy), Picture Completion (PC), and Block Design (BD) among the women were statistically significantly lower than in the Finnish standardization sample. Long duration of exposure was related to poor performance in the Santa Ana Dexterity test in both sexes, to poor visual memory among the men and to poor visuoconstructive intellectual tasks among the women. The background frequency in the EEG showed a correlation to the DSp test of WAIS and some relationship emerged also between the former and the BD, the Symmetry Drawing test, the Santa Ana Dexterity test, and the Mira test. Focal slow wave abnormalities were related to inaccurate hand movements in the psychomotor Mira test. Neurophysiological and psychological tests seem to reflect partly different aspects of neurologic effects and their combined use helps in the evaluation of hazards of solvent exposure.
Changes in psychological performances of solvent‐poisoned and solvent‐exposed workers
Authors: Lindström Kari 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe changes in psychological performances associated with long‐term exposure to organic solvents and solvent mixtures were studied in a group of 56 male workers diagnosed as having an occupational disease caused by solvents. Their mean duration of exposure was 9.1 ± SD 8.3 years, and they were exposed mainly to halogenated and aromatic hydrocarbons and to mixtures of paint solvents. The psychological performances of these solvent‐exposed patients were compared with those of 98 styrene‐exposed workers and a nonexposed group of 43 construction workers. The applied psychological test variables were factor analyzed, before other statistical analysis, in order to clarify what they measured in the present study. The solvent‐exposed group was characterized by a decline in visuomotor performance and decreased freedom from distractibility. The poor visuomotor performances were also related to the long duration of solvent exposure in this group of patients. The index applied for the exposure level revealed no significant relationships to psychological performances among the solvent‐exposed patients. The psychological performances of the styrene‐exposed group differed only very slightly from those of the non‐exposed workers.
A mortality study of newspaper printing workers
Authors: Bertazzi Pier Alberto , Zocchetti Carlo 
Published: April 2007

AbstractFollowing an inquiry from the workers of a large newspaper plant in Milan, Italy, a mortality study was undertaken to investigate the reportedly high occurrence of cancer. The study covered the period from 1956 to 1975. Among the 700 workers participating, for a total of 12,198 person‐years, 199 deaths had occurred. Overall mortality was not lower than expected and a significant excess was found among the workers aged 25‐54 years. Cancer mortality was higher than expected; the only significant excess, however, was found among packers and forwarders who had a greater incidence of all neoplasms, all respiratory cancers, and lung cancer. Some possible explanations concerning personal life‐style and occupational exposure previously not considered are proposed. Mortality from circulatory diseases and ischemic heart disease was significantly in excess among the workers aged 25‐54 years and was associated with length of employment, age at the time of hiring, and duration of follow‐up; analysis by job category revealed a significant mortality excess from these causes among packers and forwarders. It is suggested that the mortality pattern observed for cardiovascular disease, as well as for all causes, could be interpreted in the light of the peculiar characteristics of newspaper production. The initial complaint, instigating the study, arose from the packers and forwarders department.
Quantitative eye tracking tests in lead workers
Authors: Baloh Robert W. , Langhofer Laurn , Brown C. Perry , Spivey Gary H. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA microcomputer system for on‐line analysis of saccadic and smooth‐pursuit tracking eye movements is described. Results from a longitudinal study of lead workers and matched controls reveal a consistent decrease in saccade accuracy in the lead workers compared to the controls. Saccade peak velocity and latency and smooth pursuit were not significantly different in the two groups. The abnormal saccade accuracy measurements may indicate a sub‐clinical effect of increased lead absorption, but because of the large scatter in normal values, saccade accuracy measurements are not a reliable indicator of early lead toxicity in a single lead worker.
Congenital defects of the central nervous system and occupational factors during pregnancy. A case‐referent study
Authors: Holmberg Peter C. , Nurminen Markku 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe possible impact of occupational factors on the furtherance of congenital defects has been under study at our department for the past four years, and it has assumed a special interest because of the importance to understand the etiology of these disorders and a good possibility for prevention by elimination of the causative factor from the work environment. In connection with a register based case‐referent study utilizing supplementary information, acquired by a single interviewer, we analyzed various occupational factors related to pregnancy. We found that organic solvent exposure and exposure to various dusts during the pregnant period were more common among the case mothers than among their matched referents. These findings may offer further rough guidance in the quest for the identification of possibly embryotoxic agents that may occur in occupational life.
Mortality studies of smelter workers
Authors: Enterline Philip E. , Marsh Gary M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn view of the historic importance of smelter workers in the field of occupational medicine, it is surprising that until very recently little data was available on the mortality experience of these workers. The problem in most studies lies in identifying the smelter workers, because smelting, strictly speaking, refers to the melting of ores for the purposes of recovering metals, whereas smelters sometimes perform the operations of roasting, calcining, sintering, converting, and refining. These distinctions are not made in most mortality studies. Most mortality studies of smelter workers conducted to date have shown some excess in lung cancer. For lead, copper, cadmium, and nickel smelters a different etiologic agent has been proposed for each. These different explanations arise partly from different initial perspectives in conducting the studies.In this paper, data are presented on a current historical‐prospective study of males who worked a year or more during the period January 1, 1940 to December 31, 1964 at a copper smelter in Tacoma, Washington. This smelter (and refinery) handled a copper ore with a relatively high arsenic content and produced arsenic trioxide as a by‐product. Overall 97.2% of the original study population was traced through 1976. Of the 1,061 who were found to have died, death certificates were obtained for 1,018, or 96%. For all causes of death, the mortality rates in this cohort, expressed as a Standardized Mortality Ratio (SMR), were 3.5% higher than that expected based on the United States white male mortality experience. A total of 104 respiratory system cancers were observed compared to 54.6 expected (SMR = 190.5, p <.05). Respiratory cancer rates were found to be elevated in both smokers and nonsmokers. Overall, a gradual rise in SMR's for respiratory cancer was observed with increasing duration of exposure but not with an increasing interval from onset of exposure. This observation is consistent with the notion that the effects of arsenic on cancer incidence disappear with time. This phenomenon has also been observed for cigarette smokers and chromate workers. Additional analyses are planned for the Tacoma cohort, which will examine mortality according to process as well as by exposure to arsenic and other contaminants.The importance of studies of workers at other kinds of smelters and refineries is stressed.
Occupational health and safety in the smelting and foundry industries in Mexico
Authors: Cuellar Alfredo 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis paper reviews the epidemiological features of the accidents and illnesses in smelters and foundries affiliated with Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social for the year 1977. The accident rate per 100 workers was 26, which was second to mining among all industries listed; this rate is almost double that for all factories as a whole, and the accidents tended to be more severe. In contrast, there was little reporting of occupational illnesses in smelters and foundries. There were only 29 illnesses with 20 resulting in permanent disability and one in death. The most common occupational illnesses were: acoustic trauma (50%), industrial bronchitis (20%), siderosis (10%), chemical and physical conjunctivitis (5%), and miscellaneous including poisonings (15%).
A review of the health effects of cadmium
Authors: Lee Jeffrey S. , White Kenneth L. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA review of the health effects of cadmium is presented. Overexposure to cadmium produces numerous acute and chronic effects. Cases of acute poisoning resemble metalfume poisoning. The first and most distinctive indication of chronic effects is renal tubular dysfunction characterized by proteinuria. Other chronic effects include liver damage, emphysema, osteomalacia, neurological impairment, testicular, pancreatic, and adrenal damage, and anemia. Tumorigenic effects have been observed in animals, and excessive prostatic and lung cancer has been observed in worker studies. In vitro and in vivo mutagenic effects have been noted. Cadmium has been shown to cause hypertension in animals; however, it is unclear whether it is capable of causing similar effects in exposed human populations. Normal urinary excretion is less than 2 μg/day and correlates with exposure. Normal blood concentration is below 10 ng/gm of whole blood, and although levels are elevated in exposed groups, there is no apparent direct correlation. Hair values correlate well with exposure. Occupational and environmental standards are discussed.
In vivo measurement of critical level of kidney cadmium: Dose effect studies in cadmium smelter workers
Authors: Ellis Kenneth J. , Morgan Wynford D. , Zanzi Italo , Yasumura Seiichi , Vartsky David , Cohn Stanton H. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn vivo measurements of kidney and liver cadmium burdens were obtained in 82 industrially exposed workers and ten control subjects. Kidney cadmium levels ranged from 0.9 mg to 57 mg, and liver concentrations ranged from 0.8 ppm to 120 ppm for the industrial group. Comparison values for the control group were 0.4 mg to 11.8 mg for the kidney and 0.6 ppm to 7.9 ppm for the liver. A biphasic relationship between kidney Cd levels and liver Cd levels was observed. The kidney and liver Cd levels showed an increase until approximately a 40 ppm concentration was reached in the liver. Thereafter, the kidney levels decreased as the liver concentration continued to increase. The kidney cadmium level at which this change occurred was approximately 31 mg for the total kidney. Further estimates of the critical level, based on years of exposure and renal dysfunction (β2‐microglobulin, proteinuria), yielded estimates of 31 mg to 42 mg cadmium (300–400 μg/gm for the renal cortex).
Toxicity of metal ions to alveolar macrophages
Authors: Castranova V. , Bowman L. , Miles P. R. , Reasor M. J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSignificant concentrations of metals are found in the respirable particulate effluents associated with metallurgical smelters. In this investigation the effects of the metallic ions lead, cadmium, iron, mercury, aluminum, chromium, and nickel on various aspects of alveolar macrophage function were studied. The production of antibacterial substances (ie, reactive forms of oxygen) by these cells and oxygen consumption are very sensitive to the metals. Particle uptake displays moderate sensitivity, while lysosomal enzyme activity and membrane integrity are fairly resistant to metals. In addition, the effects of the organic solvents carbon tetrachloride, toluene, and xylene on alveolar macrophage function were tested. These solvents were found to inhibit oxygen consumption and the release of antibacterial substances while not greatly affecting membrane integrity. The results of these experiments indicate that some metals and some organic substances are toxic to alveolar macrophage function.
The respiratory health of school children in smelter communities
Authors: Dodge Russell 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis study compares the pulmonary function and prevalence of respiratory symptoms and disorders among school children living in smelter towns and other communities of Arizona. The rate of asthma was found to be significantly higher in whites than Mexican‐Americans, although differences in related problems, such as wheezing, were not significant. When the subjects were grouped by area of residence, the children living in areas with relatively high particulate levels had significantly lower pulmonary function than children living in areas with low particulate levels. No relation between symptoms or pulmonary function and sulfur dioxide levels was observed.