bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The fate of aflatoxins during the production of “Ogiri”, a West African fermented melon seed condiment from artificially contaminated seeds
Authors: Ogunsanwo B. M. , Faboya O. O. , Idowu O. R. , Ikotun T. , Akano D. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTwenty‐six market samples and four laboratory‐prepared samples of “ogiri” were screened for aflatoxin contamination. Aflatoxins were not detected in any of the samples. The fermented product (ogiri) was prepared with Aspergillus flavus contaminated melon seeds. Losses of 64.7% aflatoxin B1 and 82.9% aflatoxin G1 were observed at the end of the third day of fermentation of the ground melon seeds. The samples were completely detoxified at the fourth day of fermentation. Increase in pH of the mash from 6.2 to 7.2 was observed during fermentation.
Variability of thiamine, riboflavin and niacin content in soybean seed
Authors: Vedrina‐Dragojević I. , Šebčić B. , Balint L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBecause of its composition and high biological value soybean is considered the food of the future and is being used worldwide both in preparation of various dietary products and for diverse food articles. The addition of soybean and evaluation of the biological value of products is mostly based on data about the content of individual soybean components obtainable from different tables on the composition and nutritional value of food products. Therefore, within a more extensive project, investigations were carried out in our laboratory to find out how genetic and climatic factors effect the biosynthesis and accumulation of different soybean seed components and to what extent the observed differences influence the accuracy of nutritional value evaluation of food products obtained.Although the vitamin B complex is important for the growth and metabolism of living organisms, as an essential part of the enzyme system which is the basis of life processes, these vitamins are not sufficiently represented in the research concerning soybean. Except for the few authors [1–5] who studied the distribution of thiamine, Liener [6] summarizing the results of previous investigations gives the most complete account of B vitamins content in mature and immature soybean seed.
The response of quality and yield of black tea of twocamellia sinensis varieties to methods and intervals of harvesting
Authors: Owuor P Okinda , Odhiambo Herman O 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe sensory evaluation and chemical quality parameters of black teas changed with variety, plucking round length and method of plucking. Hand plucked teas had higher theaflavins (TF), caffeine, brightness, flavour index. Group II volatile flavour compounds (VFC) and sensory evaluations, but lower Group I VFC than shear plucked teas irrespective of variety. Black teas plucked from short plucking rounds were superior to those from long plucking rounds as assessed by TF, caffeine, brightness, the chemical aroma quality parameters and sensory evaluation. Long plucking intervals and shear plucking reduced tea yields and produced coarser leaf than short plucking intervals and hand plucking respectively.
Influence of sulphur and nitrogen on seed yield and quality of low glucosinolate oilseed rape (Brassica napus L)
Authors: Zhao Fangjie , Evans Eric J. , Bilsborrow Paul E. , Syers J. Keith 
Published: November 2006

AbstractInfluence of S and N application on seed yield and quality of a double low (low erucic acid and glucosinolate content) variety of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L) was examined in field experiments at both S‐sufficient and S‐deficient sites. At the S‐sufficient site, application of S had no significant influences on seed yield, yield components, seed protein and oil contents, and resulted in only a marginal increase in seed glucosinolate content. Application of N increased seed yield and protein content, but decreased oil content concurrently. A significant increase in seed glucosinolate content in response to the increasing N rate was obtained at this site, which was more noticeable in those treatments with applied S than without. In contrast, at the S‐deficient site, there were significant interactions between S and N on seed yield, protein and glucosinolate contents. Increasing the N rate beyond 150 kg ha−1 did not increase seed yield in the absence of applied S. However, with an application of 300 kg N ha−1, seed yield increased by 10·7% with an application of 50 kg S ha−1. The effect of N on seed yield was achieved mainly through enhanced pod formation, and that of S through reduced pod abortion. Sulphur application also increased seed protein content at the high N rate, and increased methionine content at the expense of aspartic acid. On average, a two‐fold increase in seed glucosinolate content in response to an application of 100 kg S ha−1 was obtained at the S‐deficient site. Also, increasing the N rate decreased seed glucosinolate content in the absence of applied S, but increased it when S was applied. The interaction between S and N on seed glucosinolate content was explained in terms of the allocation of S towards primary and secondary metabolites within plants.
Dietary non‐extractable condensed tannins as indigestible compounds: Effects on faecal weight, and protein and fat excretion
Authors: Bravo Laur A. , Mañas Eva. , Saura‐Calixto Fulgencio 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe possible degradation of non‐extractable condensed tannins (NECT) within the intestinal tract and their effect on faecal weight and composition was studied. Two groups of male Wistar rats were fed either a NECT‐free control diet, or a diet containing 100 g carob pod concentrate kg−1 (53 g NECT kg−1 dry matter) for 5 weeks. A slight effect of NECT on growth rate was observed in the fifth week. The NECT diet did not affect food intake. Significant increases of total faecal output as well as water, nitrogen and fat excretion were observed. NECT were not degraded in the intestinal tract, since they were quantitatively recovered in faeces (98 ± 1%). Since the usual spectrophotometric methods gave contradictory results on NECT levels in the diet and faeces, an alternative method based on Klason lignin residues was used.
Sugars versus starch as supplements to grass silage: Effects on ruminal fermentation and the supply of microbial protein to the small intestine, estimated from the urinary excretion of purine derivatives, in sheep
Authors: Chamberlain David G. , Robertson Stuart , Choung Jai‐Jun. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effects of various purified carbohydrates, given as supplements to a basal diet of grass silage, on ruminal fermentation and on the urinary excretion of purine derivatives (PD) were investigated using six sheep in a 6 × 6 Latin square experiment with period lengths of 14 days. The six experimental treatments were (i) the basal diet of 4 kg day−1 of grass silage, supplemented with (ii) sucrose, (iii) lactose, (iv) xylose, (v) wheat starch, and (vi) fructose. All supplements were given at 200 g day−1. The basal diet and the supplements were given in two equal meals each day. Relative to the basal diet, xylose, starch and fructose all reduced (P < 0·05) the mean ruminal pH; for sucrose, the depression was non‐significant (P > 0·05) whilst lactose produced virtually no depression of pH. All supplements reduced (at least P < 0·05) the ruminal concentrations of ammonia compared with the basal diet but, excepting xylose, all the sugar supplements produced a greater (P < 0·05) reduction than did the starch treatment; for xylose, this effect just failed to reach statistical significance (0·10 > P > 0·05). Starch did not alter the volatile fatty acid (VFA) pattern from the basal diet but the sugars produced very marked changes in the molar proportions of VFA. All sugars reduced the proportions of acetic acid (for xylose, 0·10 > P > 0·05, for the others, at least P < 0·05) but compensation was in terms of increased proportions either of propionic acid (xylose and fructose) or of butyric acid (sucrose and lactose). All four sugars increased (P < 0·05) the urinary output of PD over that seen with the basal treatment but the much smaller increase with the starch supplement was statistically non‐significant (P > 0·05). The calculated supply of microbial nitrogen to the small intestine was 10·2, 14·8, 14·3, 13·1, 11·9 and 13·7 g day−1 for the basal, sucrose, lactose, xylose, starch and fructose treatments respectively; the value for sucrose was significantly (P < 0·05) greater than that for starch but differences between sugars were statistically non‐significant (P > 0·05). It is concluded that sugars, particularly sucrose, are clearly superior to starch as an energy source for the microbial fixation of nitrogen in the rumen.
Determination of chemical composition of carob pods by near‐infrared reflectance spectroscopy
Authors: Albanell Elena , Plaixats Josefina , Caja Gerardo 
Published: November 2006

AbstractNear‐infrared (NIR) reflectance spectroscopy was used to develop calibration equations to measure chemical composition (dry matter, crude protein and reducing sugars) in carob samples. Calibration equations were obtained by multiple linear regression of conventional laboratory analysis values on NIR spectra from 75 samples and verified with 20 additional samples from the original population, collected on the Spanish Mediterranean littoral in different years. A Tecnichon Infra Alyzer model 450 monochromator interfaced with an IBM PS2 microcomputer was used for the study. Two alternative calibrations were chosen using three and six wavelengths. The coefficients of multiple correlation ranged from 0·91 to 0·95 and the standard errors of calibration ranged from 0·38 to 1·62. The study showed that NIR analysis can be used for predicting the chemical composition of carob pulp.
Polyacetylene content and UV‐induced 6‐methoxymellein accumulation in carrot cultivars
Authors: Mercier Julien , Ponnampalam Rathy , Bérard L. S. , Arul Joseph 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe antifungal polyacetylenes falcarindiol and falcarinol, the production potential of the phytoalexin 6‐methoxymellein (6‐MM), and the carbohydrate profiles of five carrot cultivars were studied in order to assess variability in their content of these compounds as well as to determine the existence of any interrelationship among them. The polyacetylene content was measured in the peel of carrot roots shortly after harvest; the accumulation of 6‐MM was measured in carrot slices incubated at 1°C after exposure to ultraviolet light (UV‐C); and the carbohydrate content (glucose, fructose, sucrose and total non‐structural), determined on whole carrots. Significant differences among the cultivars were noted in the content of polyacetylenes and 6‐MM accumulation as well as in the carbohydrate constituents. The variation among the cultivars for the polyacetylene content and that for the accumulation of 6‐MM were found to be independent of each other. The results suggest that cultivars with higher levels of antifungal compounds could be bred in order to improve their resistance to diseases. The carbohydrate profiles of the cultivars did not affect their production of 6‐MM. Furthermore, 6‐MM accumulation–UV dose response was similar for all the cultivars. Thus, a single dose of UV could be used to induce 6‐MM in several cultivars of carrot.
The essential oil from Heteropyxis natalensis harv: Its antimicrobial activities and phytoconstituents
Authors: Gundidza Muzuru , Deans Stanley G. , Kennedy Alan I. , Mavi Steven , Waterman Peter G. , Gray Alexander I. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe essential oil obtained from Heteropyxis natalensis by steam distillation was tested for antimicrobial properties. Twenty five bacterial and four fungal species were used as test organisms in this study. These included animal and plant pathogens, food poisoning bacteria and mycotoxigenic fungal strains. The essential oil exhibited considerable inhibitory activities against all the test organisms. GC–MS analysis indicated the essential oil contained 1,8‐cineole, limonene, β‐myrcene, α‐phellandrene and α‐pinene.
Characterisation and enzymatic hydrolysis of nettle (Urtica dioica L) deproteinated biomass
Authors: de Leo Pietro , Miceli Antonio , Antonaci Carmen , Vigna Grazia 
Published: November 2006

AbstractNon‐starch polysaccharides (NSP) were obtained from deproteinated nettle biomass and characterised for pectin, hemicellulose and cellulose content. The nettle deproteinated biomass (NDB) represents 52·4% (w/w) of the dry nettle biomass and contains 695·5 g kg−1 NSP. The pectin, hemicellulose and cellulose amounts are 196·7, 334·5 and 128·5 g kg−1, respectively. The high content of pectins and hemicelluloses may make the NDB an important source of dietary fibre. The NSP were hydrolysed by crude enzymatic preparations and both their biodegradability and the amount of simple sugars released have been determined. In the best conditions more than 40% of the NSP were hydrolysed with a considerable increase of sugars. These enzymatic treatments could be used to improve the feed digestibility of the biomass or to obtain bioenergetic compounds by fermentation of the hydrolysed sugars.
Hydration, swelling and solubility behaviour of rice in relation to other physicochemical properties
Authors: Sowbhagya Chakrabhavi M , Ramesh Benakanakere S , Ali Syed Zakiuddin 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWater uptake at 90°C and above in 16 rice cultivars, representing eight cooking‐quality types, showed positive correlation (P≤0.001) with the surface area of the grain, while at 60°C it was negatively related to amylose (P≤0.01), and gelatinisation temperature (P≤0.001), and positively to equilibrium moisture content on soaking (P≤0.001). The swelling and solubility curves for all varieties showed a two‐stage swelling pattern. Swelling at 60°C was positively correlated (P≤0.001) with water uptake at 60 and 70°C, while swelling at 70°C, and solubility at 60 and 70°C, showed highly negative correlation (P≤0.001 and P≤0.01, respectively) with water uptake at high temperatures. Waxy rices showed distinct differences from non‐waxy rices in their hydration, swelling and solubility behaviour. They swelled more but solubilised less than the non‐waxy rices at 96°C.
Purification and characterisation of protease inhibitors from pigeon pea (cajanus cajan (l) millsp) seeds
Authors: Godbole Sangeeta A , Krishna Thirumalai G , Bhatia Chittaranjan R 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTwo protease inhibitors from Cajanus cajan seeds have been purified to homogeneity by trichloroacetic acid (TCA) solubilisation, ion‐exchange and gel‐filtration chromatography followed by preparative polyacrylamide gel electro‐phoresis. One of the inhibitors, Cajanus trypsin‐chymotrypsin inhibitor (CTCI), inhibits both bovine trypsin and chymotrypsin while the other, Cajanus trypsin inhibitor(CTI), inhibits only bovine trypsin. The two inhibitors contained no carbohydrate and had an isoelectric point of 6. CTCI and CTI had average molecular weights of 15000 and 10500, respectively. The purified inhibitors in solution were stable to heat at 80°C for 15 min and pH 7–10. In the pH range 3–5, 80% of the activity was retained. Autoclaving totally destroyed the inhibitor activity. CTCI had two sites for trypsin binding and one site for chymotrypsin binding while CTI had only one site for trypsin binding. The inhibitors were very specific towards mammalian serine proteases and did not inhibit other proteases or serine proteases of bacterial origin.
Developmental changes in the concentration and composition of flavonoids in skin of a red and a green apple cultivar
Authors: Lister Carolyn E , Lancaster Jane E , Sutton Kevin H , Walker John R L 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFlavonoids from the skin of Granny Smith, a green apple cultivar, and Splendour, a red apple cultivar, were quantified by high‐performance liquid chromatography for two seasons (1989–1990 and 1990–1991). Both cultivars contained a similar composition and concentration of quercetin glycosides and proanthocyanidins. Splendour also synthesised cyanidin glycosides during ripening. Quercetin glycosides and proanthocyanidins were highest in the skin of very young fruit of Granny Smith and decreased by 50% during fruit development. In Splendour, concentrations of quercetin glycosides and proanthocyanidins in the skin decreased by 50% from early to mid‐season but then increased during ripening. Cyanidin glycosides in Splendour increased to about 1 mg g‐1 fresh weight during ripening. There were significant differences between the two cultivars but not between years. Total amount of flavonoids increased throughout the season as fruit surface area increased. For Granny Smith there was an estimated net synthesis per apple of 0.16 mg day‐1 quercetin glycosides, 0.1 mg day‐1 proanthocyanidins and for Splendour a net synthesis per apple of 0.28 mg day‐1 quercetin glycosides, 0.21 mg day‐1 proanthocyanidins and during ripening 0.21 mg day‐1 cyanidin glycosides. Relative proportions of major quercetin glycosides and proanthocyanidins were stable during fruit development. For Splendour, however, cyanidin glycoside synthesis was accompanied by a corresponding increase in quercetin glycoside and proanthocyanidin synthesis. The data suggest a coordinate regulation of enzymes in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway during fruit development.
Crisp quality of two potato varieties: Effects of dehydration and rehydration
Authors: Kulkarni Karuna D , Govinden N , Kulkarni Dilip N 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCrisps adversely made from stored whole potatoes turn brown, whereas texture is adversely affected when crisps are made from dehydrated slices. Rehydration as a step prior to crisp‐making has been investigated in two commercially grown potato varieties in Mauritius. The raw material was analysed for physical, chemical and processing characteristics including peeling losses, blanching time, drying rates and yield. Rehydration rates and ratios were determined. The sensory characteristics of the crisps were evaluated. Potatoes of the Exodus variety were smaller with more eyes and had higher peeling loss than those of the Spunta variety. The former had higher specific gravity and better drying characteristics. There were no significant differences between the varieties in respect of blanching time, chemical composition and crisp quality, and the drying curves were similar. Slight differences were observed in the rehydration characteristics. Crisps made from dehydrated slices were inferior in texture and taste to those of the control. However, crisps made from rehydrated slices were comparable to control crisps.
Lipid distribution and composition of commercially farmed atlantic salmon (salmosalar)
Authors: Aursand Marit , Bleivik Bente , Rainuzzo Jose R , Leif Jörgensen , Mohr Viggo 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSkin, red and white muscle, belly flap, dorsal fat depot, backbone, head, visceral tissue and liver of commercially farmed Atlantic salmon(Salmo salar)were analysed for total lipid content, lipid classes and fatty acid composition. The fat is deposited in a number of tissues and organs with the highest level in the dorsal fat depot (38.4% of wet weight), red muscle (27.2%) and belly flap (28.1%). The fat content in white muscle is 9.6% of wet weight. The lipid class distribution is nearly uniform throughout the fish body. The belly flap contains the highest amount of triacylglycerols (98.8% of total lipid) and white muscle and visceral tissue have the lowest levels, 93.3% and 93.1%, respectively. The variation in total saturates, monoenes, polyenes,n‐6 andn‐3 fatty acids was much less between tissues than the variation in total lipid content. In the edible part, the belly flap (16.7%) contained significantly lower levels ofn‐3 fatty acids than red (18.4%) and white muscle (19.7%) mainly due to lower level of 22: 6n‐3 and 20: 5n‐3 fatty acids.
Effect of calcium salts of fatty acids on rumen function and the digestibility of rations by sheep
Authors: Bayourthe Corine , Vernay Michèle , Moncoulon Raymond 
Published: November 2006

AbstractExperiments were conducted to determine the effects of supplementing chopped ryegrass hay with 0, 1.5, 3, 6 or 12% calcium salts of fatty acids (CaSFA; Megalac) on digestion in the rumen of cannulated cows and on nutrient digestibility by sheep. In‐situ ruminal disappearances of dry matter (DM) and cell wall fractions (acid detergent fibre, ADF, and neutral detergent fibre, NDF) were measured by the nylon bag technique. The DM, ADF and NDF disappearances were reduced for diets containing CaSFA at the 1.5, 3 or 6% levels after 48 h of rumen exposure. For diets containing 12% CaSFA, irrespective of the time of rumen incubation, DM disappearance was decreased, while ADF and NDF breakdown was improved. CaSFA supplementation did not influence invitro fermentation characteristics (pH, volatile fatty acid patterns). A digestibility experiment with six mature sheep showed no difference in nitrogen digestibility between unsupplemented and CaSFA‐supplemented diets. However, digestibilities of DM, ADF and NDF were higher relative to the basal for the 12% CaSFA: 63.1 versus 60.6%, 63.8 versus 58.7% and 67.4 versus 62.7%, respectively. Ether extract digestion was enhanced by increasing the level of CaSFA, the corresponding values being 49.1, 66.5, 78.6, 81.9 and 77.9% at 0, 1.5, 3, 6 and 12% CaSFA, respectively. Apparent digestibility of energy was higher for the 12% CaSFA than the control diet 68.8 versus 62.1%). Nitrogen and energy retention was improved due to the decreases in urine and faecal excretion, respectively.
Biological variability in lignification of maize: Expression of the brown midrib bm3 mutation in three maize cultivars
Authors: Chabbert B , Tollier M T , Monties B , Barrière Y , Argillier O 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCell wall‐linked phenolics were investigated in maize internodes located at three positions of the stem (top‐middle‐bottom). While the lignin content did not change drastically with position, the amount of cell wall‐ester linked p‐coumaric acid sharply increased from the top to the bottom internodes of the stem. Conversely, the saponified ferulic acid content remained relatively unchanged along the stem. Moreover, the highest syringyl content of the β‐O‐4‐lignin structures was found in the basal (most mature) internode. Therefore, enhanced p‐coumaric esterification of the cell wall and preferential deposition of syringyl units in the lignin polymer might indicate an extended maturity stage of the cell wall of maize internodes. The bm3 mutation in the three maize hybrids is expressed by lignin reduction and ester‐bound p‐coumaric decrease in the mutant lines. Furthermore, all bm3 hybrids synthesised lignin polymers which were characterised by a very low S/G molar ratio (0.16‐0.43). This ratio originates from the substantial reduction of the syringyl unit content in β‐O‐4‐lignin structures compared with the normal lignin. The occurrence in the same range of the 5‐hydroxyguaiacyl unit in bm3 lignin from each type of hybrids was noteworthy, demonstrating the high heritability of the bm3 mutation at the molecular level. The alkaline solubility of lignin was greater for the three mutant lines compared to the normal cultivars. Furthermore, the alkali‐labile fraction of lignin of both normal and mutant lines had a monomeric composition which was consistent with the non‐condensed structures of in‐situ lignin.