bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seed fate of Marah macrocarpus (Cucurbitaceae) following fire: do seedlings recruit from rodent burrows?
Authors: Borchert Mark 
Published: March 2006

AbstractFor numerous species in fire‐prone ecosystems, the passage of fire triggers the release of large quantities of seeds within 2 years of the fire. This special case of masting has been described for species in an array of floras, but few studies have followed the fates of seeds liberated into the postfire environment. In this study, I followed the fates of 990, magnet‐bearing Marah macrocarpus seeds sown at three seed densities in a large, high‐intensity burn area. Seeds disappeared over 6.6 months and removal at all three densities became negatively density‐dependent in late summer until all seeds disappeared in mid winter. I recovered only 5% of the magnets, mostly from rodent tunnels. Based on the recovery of magnets, I estimate rodents moved ~91% of the seeds belowground. Seed burial trials showed that seedlings established from seeds buried up to 16 cm whereas seeds sown on the surface did not germinate. Seedlings also readily established from burial in soils with 50% rock fragments as well as from artificial tunnels in both pot and field experiments. Excavation of 50 natural seedlings suggested up to 20% established in rodent burrows. Findings of this study suggest that ecologists may have underestimated the role of burrows as locations for recruitment of large‐seeded species.
Concurrent chemoradiotherapy with carboplatin and uracil–ftegafur in patients with stage two (T2 N0 M0) squamous cell carcinoma of the glottic larynx
Authors: Taguchi T , Tsukuda M , Mikami Y , Horiuchi C , Ishitoya J-I , Katori H 
Published: March 2006

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of concurrent chemoradiotherapy as a primary treatment modality for larynx preservation in patients with stage two squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the glottic larynx. Between February 2000 and August 2003, a total of 20 patients received concurrent chemoradiotherapy. Carboplatin was given intravenously once a week during the period of radiotherapy. The weekly carboplatin dose was based on the area under the curve 1 to 1.25. Uracil–ftegafur (UFT) was given in a daily oral dose of 300 mg as tegafur. Radiotherapy was delivered five days a week using a once-daily fractionation of 2.0 Gray (Gy), to a total dose of 66–72 Gy. The three-year overall survival rate with larynx preservation was 100 per cent.Concurrent chemoradiotherapy with carboplatin and UFT for stage two SCC of the glottic larynx was safe and effective in improving local control with larynx preservation.
A comparative analysis of anterior versus posterior squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue: a 10-year review
Authors: Mackle T , O'Dwyer T 
Published: March 2006

Introduction: The study sought to compare and contrast squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the anterior mobile tongue with SCC of the tongue base, with emphasis on clinical presentation, management and outcome.Methods: This was a retrospective, comparative analysis of patients treated for SCC of the tongue over a 10-year period. Cox's regression model was used to assess the effect of tumour site on survival.Results: The study included 142 patients, of whom 86 were treated for SCC of the anterior tongue and 56 for tongue base lesions. Patients with carcinoma of the anterior tongue tended to present with a visible lump or ulceration of the tongue, whereas the majority of patients with tongue base SCC presented with pain. Sixty per cent of anterior tongue lesions were early stage (I or II) at initial presentation as compared with 21 per cent of tongue base lesions.Conclusion: Patients with anterior tongue lesions had a better prognosis, but this was not statistically significant when adjusted for stage.
The Brief Core Schema Scales (BCSS): psychometric properties and associations with paranoia and grandiosity in non-clinical and psychosis samples
Authors: FOWLER DAVID , FREEMAN DANIEL , SMITH BEN , KUIPERS ELIZABETH , BEBBINGTON PAUL , BASHFORTH HANNAH , COKER SIAN , HODGEKINS JOANNE , GRACIE ALISON , DUNN GRAHAM , GARETY PHILIPPA 
Published: March 2006

Background. Traditional instruments that measure self-esteem may not relate directly to the schema construct as outlined in recent cognitive models. The Brief Core Schema Scales (BCSS) aim to provide a theoretically coherent self-report assessment of schemata concerning self and others in psychosis. The scales assess four dimensions of self and other evaluation: negative-self, positive-self, negative-other, positive-other.Method. We analysed the psychometric properties of the BCSS using a sample of 754 students recruited by email and 252 people with psychosis recruited as part of a trial of cognitive therapy. We report the internal consistency, stability and the factor structure of the scale, and the association of the BCSS with measures of self-esteem and with symptoms of paranoia and grandiosity.Results. The BCSS have good psychometric properties and have more independence from mood than the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Schedule. People with chronic psychosis reported extreme negative evaluations of both self and others on these scales, but their levels of self-esteem and positive evaluations of self and others were similar to the student sample.Conclusions. Extreme negative evaluations of self and others appear to be characteristic of the appraisals of people with chronic psychosis, and are associated with symptoms of grandiosity and paranoia in the non-clinical population. The BCSS may provide a more useful measure of schemata about self and others than traditional measures of self-esteem.
Attribution style and psychosis: evidence for an externalizing bias in patients but not in individuals at high risk
Authors: JANSSEN I. , VERSMISSEN D. , CAMPO J. À. , MYIN-GERMEYS I. , OS J. VAN , KRABBENDAM L. 
Published: March 2006

Background. The aims of the study were to investigate whether (i) patients with lifetime presence of non-affective psychosis show an external-personal attribution bias for negative events, (ii) this attribution style can also be detected in first-degree relatives of patients with psychosis and subjects with subclinical psychotic experiences, and (iii) this attribution style is related to the presence of psychotic symptoms, in particular delusions.Method. Participants were 23 patients with lifetime presence of non-affective psychosis, a high- risk group of 36 first-degree relatives of patients with non-affective psychosis, a high-risk group of 31 subjects with subclinical psychotic experiences and 46 normal controls. Attribution style was measured by the Internal, Personal and Situational Attribution Questionnaire. Positive symptoms were assessed with the Present State Examination (PSE) and the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS).Results. Relative to the controls, an externalizing bias was apparent in the patient group (β=0·20, p=0·03) but not in the two high-risk groups. There was a dose–response association between externalizing bias and the delusions subscale of the PSE (relative to lowest level: highest level of delusions: β=0·53, p=0·04; intermediate levels of delusions: β=0·23, p=0·35). No significant differences were found in personalizing bias between the four groups.Conclusions. Patients with psychosis tend to use an externalizing bias in their explanations of negative social events, and this bias is associated with the presence of positive psychotic symptoms, in particular delusions. A deviant attribution style is not part of the vulnerability to psychosis.
Emotional dysfunction in schizophrenia spectrum psychosis: the role of illness perceptions
Authors: WATSON P. W. B. , GARETY P. A. , WEINMAN J. , DUNN G. , BEBBINGTON P. E. , FOWLER D. , FREEMAN D. , KUIPERS E. 
Published: March 2006

Background. Assessing illness perceptions has been useful in a range of medical disorders. This study of people with a recent relapse of their psychosis examines the relationship between illness perception, their emotional responses and their attitudes to medication.Method. One hundred patients diagnosed with a non-affective psychotic disorder were assessed within 3 months of relapse. Measures included insight, self-reported illness perceptions, medication adherence, depression, self-esteem and anxiety.Results. Illness perceptions about psychosis explained 46, 36 and 34% of the variance in depression, anxiety and self-esteem respectively. However, self-reported medication adherence was more strongly associated with a measure of insight.Conclusions. Negative illness perceptions in psychosis are clearly related to depression, anxiety and self-esteem. These in turn have been linked to symptom maintenance and recurrence. Clinical interventions that foster appraisals of recovery rather than of chronicity and severity may therefore improve emotional well-being in people with psychosis. It might be better to address adherence to medication through direct attempts at helping them understand their need for treatment.
Biofouling: an historic and contemporary review of its causes, consequences and control in drinking water distribution systems
Authors: Bachmann R. T. , Edyvean R. G. J. 
Published: March 2006

Biofouling in water distribution systems has, arguably, affected our lives for more than 3500 years. It may be defined as the undesirable accumulation of biotic matter on a surface, which can cause odour and taste problems, the deterioration of pipe materials and fittings and result in the discoloration of water. Early efforts to combat these problems included the use of sedimentation tanks, disinfection by silver ionization and cleaning of the distribution network. At the turn of the nineteenth century, rapid sand filtration and water disinfection became widely used and helped to reduce the organic and bacterial load in drinking water. A better understanding of the role and causes of biofouling in water distribution systems resulted in various legislations, which in turn have been a driving factor for improving or developing new water treatment methods, pipe materials, analytical techniques, etc. However, increasing requirements on water quality in the late twentieth century made water treatment and specific anti-corrosion and/or microbial control regimens insufficient as a means of solving the transportation problem owing to the heterogeneity of pipe materials and contamination from outside the distribution system. Furthermore, as drinking water passes through the mains it undergoes a series of quality changes owing to interactions with the pipe walls, bacteria and the sediment phase.This review emphasizes the extent to which biofouling depends on interactions between microorganisms and (1) nutrients, (2) environmental conditions (temperature), (3) physicochemical processes (sedimentation, corrosion, disinfection) and (4) pipe material. A good knowledge of these complex interactions is necessary for implementing a successful biofouling control strategy.
Involvement of Rho kinase and protein kinase C in carbachol‐induced calcium sensitization in β‐escin skinned rat and guinea‐pig bladders
Authors: Durlu‐Kandilci N Tugba , Brading Alison F 
Published: March 2006

The signal transduction pathways involved in carbachol (CCh)‐induced calcium sensitization in β‐escin permeabilized rat and guinea‐pig bladder smooth muscles were investigated and the results were compared with guinea‐pig taenia caecum.
Calcium contractions elicited cumulatively (pCa 7.5–5) in the presence of calmodulin were significantly increased in all three tissues when CCh (50 μM) was added to the medium.
Under constant [Ca2+]i conditions (pCa 6), calmodulin (1 μM) and then GTP (100 μM) initiated significant contractions. CCh (50 μM) added to the bath caused a further contraction in all three tissues – calcium sensitization. This sensitization was significantly inhibited by atropine (50 μM).
The incubation of the tissues with the IP3‐receptor blocker 2‐APB (30 μM) reduced the subsequent development of calcium sensitization by CCh in rat bladder but did not affect it in guinea‐pig bladder and taenia ceacum.
The Rho kinase (ROK) inhibitor Y‐27632 (5 μM) added in the presence of CCh reversed the calcium sensitization in rat bladder, whereas a transient contraction followed by a relaxation to a level not significantly different from the CCh contraction was seen in both guinea‐pig bladder and taenia caecum. Y‐27632 (1 μM) continuously present significantly inhibited the CCh‐induced Ca2+ sensitization in rat bladder but not in guinea‐pig bladder or taenia caecum.
In the presence of cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) (1 μM) and calmodulin (1 μM), Y‐27632 (5 μM) did not change the calcium response curve (3 × 10−7–10−5 M) in rat bladder but increased the contractile responses significantly in both guinea‐pig bladder and taenia caecum.
The protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor GF 109203X (5 μM) added in the presence of CCh inhibited the calcium sensitization induced by this muscarinic agonist in all three tissues in different ratios.
In conclusion, muscarinic receptor activation induces calcium sensitization in rat and guinea‐pig detrusor smooth muscles but there are differences in their pathways.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2006) 148, 376–384. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706723
S‐nitrosylation of cysteine 289 of the AT1receptor decreases its binding affinity for angiotensin II
Authors: Leclerc Patrice C , Lanctot Pascal M , Auger‐Messier Mannix , Escher Emanuel , Leduc Richard , Guillemette Gaetan 
Published: March 2006

Nitric oxide (NO) is known to affect the properties of various proteinsviatheS‐nitrosylation of cysteine residues. This study evaluated the direct effects of the NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) on the pharmacological properties of the AT1receptor for angiotensin II expressed in HEK‐293 cells.SNP dose‐dependently decreased the binding affinity of the AT1receptor without affecting its total binding capacity. This modulatory effect was reversed within 5 min of removing SNP.The effect of SNP was not modified in the presence of the G protein uncoupling agent GTPγS or the soluble guanylyl cyclase inhibitor 1H‐[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3‐a]quinoxalin‐1‐one.The binding properties of a mutant AT1receptor in which all five cysteine residues within the transmembrane domains had been replaced by serine was not affected by SNP. Systematic analysis of mutant AT1receptors revealed that cysteine 289 conferred the sensitivity to SNP.These results suggest that NO decreased the binding affinity of the AT1receptor byS‐nitrosylation of cysteine 289. This modulatory mechanism may be particularly relevant in pathophysiological situations where the beneficial effects of NO oppose the deleterious effects of angiotensin II.British Journal of Pharmacology(2006)148, 306–313. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706725
Informational Properties of Anxiety
and Sadness, and Displaced Coping
Authors: Raghunathan Rajagopal , Pham Michel Tuan , Corfman Kim P. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Replicating Raghunathan and Pham (1999), results from two experiments confirm that while anxiety triggers a preference for options that are safer and provide a sense of control, sadness triggers a preference for options that are more rewarding and comforting. Results also indicate that these effects are driven by an affect-as-information process and are most pervasive when the source of anxiety or sadness is not salient. Finally, our results document a previously unrecognized phenomenon we term displaced coping, wherein affective states whose source is salient influence decisions that are seemingly—but not directly—related to the source of these affective states.
Long‐term and concentration‐dependent beneficial effect of efavirenz on HDL‐cholesterol in HIV‐infected patients
Authors: Pereira Sofia A. , Branco Teresa , Côrte‐Real Rita M. , Germano Isabel , Lampreia Fátima , Caixas Umbelina , Monteiro Emília C. 
Published: March 2006

Aims To investigate the long‐term effects of efavirenz on cholesterol (TC), high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C), low‐density lipoprotein (LDL‐C) and triglycerides (TG).Methods Thirty‐four HIV‐infected patients who commenced efavirenz therapy were monitored for 36 months.Results In patients with baseline HDL‐C < 40 mg · dL−1 an increase in HDL‐C from 31 ± 1 mg · dL−1 to 44 ± 2 mg · dL−1 (95% confidence interval 5.9, 21.9, P < 0.01) was observed and remained throughout the follow‐up period. Median efavirenz plasma concentration was 1.98 mg · L−1 and a direct correlation between percentage of HDL‐C variation or TC/HDL‐C ratio and efavirenz plasma concentrations was found.Conclusions There is evidence of a long‐term and concentration‐dependent beneficial effect of efavirenz on HDL‐C in HIV‐infected patients.
An evaluation of potential mechanism‐based inactivation of human drug metabolizing cytochromes P450 by monoamine oxidase inhibitors, including isoniazid
Authors: Polasek Thomas M. , Elliot David J. , Somogyi Andrew A. , Gillam Elizabeth M. J. , Lewis Benjamin C. , Miners John O. 
Published: March 2006

AimsTo characterize potential mechanism‐based inactivation (MBI) of major human drug‐metabolizing cytochromes P450 (CYP) by monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, including the antitubercular drug isoniazid.MethodsHuman liver microsomal CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6 and CYP3A activities were investigated following co‐ and preincubation with MAO inhibitors. Inactivation kinetic constants (KIandkinact) were determined where a significant preincubation effect was observed. Spectral studies were conducted to elucidate the mechanisms of inactivation.ResultsHydrazine MAO inhibitors generally exhibited greater inhibition of CYP following preincubation, whereas this was less frequent for the propargylamines, and tranylcypromine and moclobemide. Phenelzine and isoniazid inactivated all CYP but were most potent toward CYP3A and CYP2C19. Respective inactivation kinetic constants (KIandkinact) for isoniazid were 48.6 µmand 0.042 min−1and 79.3 µmand 0.039 min−1. Clorgyline was a selective inactivator of CYP1A2 (6.8 µmand 0.15 min−1). Inactivation of CYP was irreversible, consistent with metabolite‐intermediate complexation for isoniazid and clorgyline, and haeme destruction for phenelzine. With the exception of phenelzine‐mediated CYP3A inactivation, glutathione and superoxide dismutase failed to protect CYP from inactivation by isoniazid and phenelzine. Glutathione partially slowed (17%) the inactivation of CYP1A2 by clorgyline. Alternate substrates or inhibitors generally protected against CYP inactivation.ConclusionsThese data are consistent with mechanism‐based inactivation of human drug‐metabolizing CYP enzymes and suggest that impaired metabolic clearance may contribute to clinical drug–drug interactions with some MAO inhibitors.
α‐Haemoglobin stabilising protein is a quantitative trait gene that modifies the phenotype of β‐thalassaemia
Authors: Lai Mei I. , Jiang Jie , Silver Nicholas , Best Steve , Menzel Stephan , Mijovic Aleksandar , Colella Stefano , Ragoussis Jiannis , Garner Chad , Weiss Mitchell J. , Thein Swee L. 
Published: March 2006

SummaryIt has been suggested that altered levels or function of α‐haemoglobin stabilising protein (AHSP), an erythroid‐specific protein that binds specifically to free α‐(haemo)globin, might account for some of the clinical variability in β‐thalassaemia. To assess the variation of AHSP expression, mRNA levels in circulating reticulocytes of 103 healthy individuals were measured by quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction. AHSP expression varied up to threefold, and did not correlate with age or sex. A systematic survey of the AHSP locus identified eight sequence variants, of which six were common. Four common variants, including the longer homopolymer (T18) in the putative promoter, are strongly associated with AHSP expression. Reporter assays in K562 cells showed that the activity of the shorter (T15) reporter was relatively lower than that of the T18 reporter. In a study of nine anaemic patients who were heterozygous for β‐thalassaemia and also heterozygous for the triplicated α‐globin gene (ααα/αα), frequency of the shorter homopolymer was higher than expected. AHSP expression is variable, with cis control accounting for some of its variance. In some families, the subtle altered levels in AHSP related to the AHSP genotype appears to be a relevant contributory factor in the haematological phenotype.
Role of interleukin (IL-10) in probiotic-mediated immune modulation: an assessment in wild-type and IL-10 knock-out mice
Authors: Sheil B , MacSharry J , O'Callaghan L , O'Riordan A , Waters A , Morgan J , Collins J K , O'Mahony L , Shanahan F 
Published: March 2006

SummaryWhile the impact of Bifidobacterium infantis 35624 and other probiotics on cytokines has been shown in established colitis, the effects of B. infantis consumption in pre-inflammation of interleukin (IL)-10 knock-out (KO) mice and on the wild-type (WT) C57Bl/6 mice have not been well demonstrated. The objective of this study was to examine cytokine responses in mucosal and systemic lymphoid compartments of IL-10 KO mice early in disease and to compare with control WT mice. Mice were fed B. infantis or placebo for 5 weeks and culled prior to the onset of chronic intestinal inflammation (12–14 weeks). The spleen, Peyer’s patches and intestinal mucosa were removed and stimulated with various bacterial stimuli. Cytokine levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. While basal intestinal and systemic cytokine profiles of WT and IL-10 KO mice were similar, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β was reduced in the spleen of IL-10 KO mice. Following probiotic consumption, interferon (IFN)-γ was reduced in the Peyer’s patch of both WT and IL-10 KO mice. Alterations in IFN-γ in the Peyer’s patches of WT mice (enhancement) versus IL-10 KO (reduction) were observed following in vitro stimulation with salmonella. Differential IL-12p40, CCL2 and CCL5 responses were also observed in IL-10 KO mice and WT mice. The cytokine profile of IL-10 KO mice in early disease was similar to that of WT mice. The most pronounced changes occurred in the Peyer’s patch of IL-10 KO mice, suggesting a probiotic mechanism of action independent of IL-10. This study provides a rationale for the use of B. infantis 35624 for the treatment of gastrointestinal inflammation.