bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recovering the past: reviving the legacy of the early scholars of corporate social responsibility
Authors: Marens Richard 
Published: January 2008

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to elucidate and explain the origins and transformation of the study of corporate social responsibility (CSR) over its half‐century history.Design/methodology/approachThis paper is a historical study in two parts. The first and larger part examines the CSR literature of the 1950s from both an intellectual and social perspective. It not only analyzes the content of these writings, but it also places them and their authors in a political and economic context. The second part explains why so many of the themes and approaches of this first generation have been abandoned by more recent CSR scholars by pointing to decisive changes in the American social and political environment.FindingsEarly CSR research was a product of the cataclysmic events that the scholars in this field experienced personally and professionally, most importantly the labor conflicts of the 1930s and the uneasy labor peace that subsequently followed. By contrast, the more modern approach that emphasizes the ethics of executive decision making became the dominant paradigm in the 1980s when institutional support for a macro perspective disappeared.Practical implicationsThe first generation of scholars were concerned with issues of economic fairness and the independence of governments from interest group pressures. With these issues currently reasserting themselves on a global level, modern scholars could learn a great deal from studying the insights and practical experience of these neglected thinkers.Originality/valueThis is both the first in‐depth study of the content and origins of early CSR scholarship and an explanation of its limited influence.
The Man in the Gray Flannel Suitin the executive suite
Authors: Spector Bert 
Published: January 2008

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to analyze how popular culture in general and movies in particular both reflected and shaped public attitudes to newly emerging corporate giants in the 1950s; to demonstrate how that view was itself shaped by political context and prevailing American ideology.Design/methodology/approachThe paper rests on a content analysis of 11 corporate films released in the USA between 1954 and 1960.FindingsStudying corporate movies during the 1950s lends an appreciation of the salience of understanding the political/cultural context of business history. The movies also reflected Cold War realities: the constraints imposed by an anti‐communist blacklist, and the belief – hope, perhaps – that capitalist corporations would stand as a bulwark against the alien ideology of Communism.Research limitations/implicationsThe films studied are all US‐made. Studying films from later decades might also lend additional perspective.Originality/valueThe paper demonstrates the value of considering political context and ideology in understanding business history.
Nonlocal Cyclic Life Prediction for Gas Turbine Components With
Sharply Notched Geometries
Authors: Mücke Roland , Kiewel Holger 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The safe and efficient operation of modern heavy duty gas turbines requires a reliable prediction of fatigue behavior of turbine components. Fatigue damage is located in areas where cyclic stress and strain amplitudes are highest. Thus, geometrical notches associated with stress/strain concentrations and stress/strain gradients appear to be the most important sites for fatigue crack initiation. The paper addresses a nonlocal concept for cyclic life prediction of notched components. Contrary to various local approaches in the field, the proposed method explicitly accounts for stress and strain gradients associated with notches arising from grooves, cooling holes, fillets, and other design features with stress raising effect. As a result, empirical analytical expressions for considering either strain or stress gradients for cyclic life prediction are obtained. The method has been developed from cyclic test data on smooth and notched specimens made of a ferritic 1.5CrNiMo rotor steel. The analytical formulations obtained have then been applied to test data on the nickel base superalloy MAR-M247 CC showing a good agreement between prediction and measurement. Moreover, the proposed nonlocal lifing concept has been validated by component tests on turbine blade firtrees. The predicted number of cycles to failure correlates well with the experimental results showing the applicability of the proposed method to complex engineering designs.
Improved High Cycle Fatigue Damage Tolerance of Turbine-Engine
Compressor Components by Low Plasticity Burnishing
Authors: Prevéy Paul S. , Jayaraman N. , Ravindranath Ravi A. , Shepard Michael 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Significant progress has been made in the application of low plasticity burnishing (LPB) technology to military engine components, leading to orders of magnitude improvement in damage tolerance. Improved damage tolerance can facilitate inspection, reduce inspection frequency, and improve engine operating margins, all leading to improved military readiness at significantly reduced total costs. Basic understanding of the effects of the different LPB process parameters has evolved, and finite element based compressive residual stress distribution design methodologies have been developed. By incorporating accurate measurement of residual stresses to verify and validate processing, this combined technology leads to a total solution approach to solve damage problems in engine components. An example of the total solution approach to develop LPB processing of a first stage Ti-6Al-4V compressor vane to improve the foreign object damage tolerance from 0.002in.to0.025in. is presented. The LPB process, tooling, and control systems are described, including recent developments in real-time process monitoring for quality control. Performed on computer numerical control (CNC) machine tools, LPB processing is easily adapted to overhaul and manufacturing shop operations with quality assurance procedures meeting military and industry standards, facilitating transition to military depots and manufacturing facilities.
Real-Time PCR Approach for Detection of Environmental Sources of
Campylobacter
Strains Colonizing Broiler Flocks
Authors: Ridley Anne M. , Allen Vivien M. , Sharma Meenaxi , Harris Jill A. , Newell Diane G. 
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT

Reducing colonization of poultry flocks by
Campylobacter
spp. is a key strategy in the control and prevention human campylobacteriosis. Horizontal transmission of campylobacters, from in and around the farm, is the presumed route of flock colonization. However, the identification and prioritization of sources are confounded by the ubiquitous nature of these organisms in the environment, their poor rates of recovery by standard culture methods, and the need for cost-effective and timely methods for strain-specific comparison. A real-time PCR screening test for the strain-specific detection of campylobacters in environmental samples has been developed to address this issue. To enable this approach, fluorescently labeled PCR oligonucleotide probes suitable for a LightCycler-based assay were designed to match a highly variable DNA segment within the
flaA
short variable region (SVR) of
Campylobacter jejuni
or
C
.
coli
. The capacity of such probes to provide strain-specific tools was investigated by using bacterial cultures and spiked and naturally contaminated poultry fecal and environmental samples. The sensitivity of two representative probes was estimated, by using two different
C
.
jejuni
strains, to be 1.3 × 10
2
to 3.7 × 10
2
CFU/ml in bacterial cultures and 6.6 × 10
2
CFU/ml in spiked fecal samples. The specificity of the SVR for
C
.
jejuni
and
C
.
coli
was confirmed by using a panel of strains comprising other
Campylobacter
species and naturally contaminated samples. The approach was field tested by sampling the environment and feces of chickens of two adjacently located poultry houses on a conventional broiler farm throughout the life of one flock. All environmental samples were enriched for 2 days, and then DNA was prepared and stored. Where feasible, campylobacter isolates were also recovered and stored for subsequent testing. A strain-specific probe based on the SVR of the strain isolated from the first positive chicken fecal sample was developed. This probe was then used to screen the stored environmental samples by real-time PCR. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was used to compare recovered environmental and fecal isolates to assess the specificity of the method. The results established the proof of principle that strain-specific probes, based on the SVR of
flaA
, can identify a flock-colonizing strain in DNA preparations from enriched environmental cultures. Such a novel strategy provides the opportunity to investigate the epidemiology of campylobacters in poultry flocks and allows targeted biosecurity interventions to be developed. The strategy may also have wider applications for the tracking of specific campylobacter strains in heavily contaminated environments.
Novel Microarray Design Strategy To Study Complex Bacterial Communities
Authors: Huyghe Antoine , Francois Patrice , Charbonnier Yvan , Tangomo-Bento Manuela , Bonetti Eve-Julie , Paster Bruce J. , Bolivar Ignacio , Baratti-Mayer Denise , Pittet Didier , Schrenzel Jacques 
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT
Assessing bacterial flora composition appears to be of increasing importance to fields as diverse as physiology, development, medicine, epidemiology, the environment, and the food industry. We report here the development and validation of an original microarray strategy that allows analysis of the phylogenic composition of complex bacterial mixtures. The microarray contains ∼9,500 feature elements targeting 16S rRNA gene-specific regions. Probe design was performed by selecting oligonucleotide sequences specific to each node of the seven levels of the bacterial phylogenetic tree (domain, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species). This approach, based on sequence information, allows analysis of the bacterial contents of complex bacterial mixtures to detect both known and unknown microorganisms. The presence of unknown organisms can be suspected and mapped on the phylogenetic tree, indicating where to refine analysis. Initial proof-of-concept experiments were performed on oral bacterial communities. Our results show that this hierarchical approach can reveal minor changes (≤1%) in gingival flora content when samples collected in individuals from similar geographical origins are compared.
Bacterial Communities of
Bartonella
-Positive Fleas: Diversity and Community Assembly Patterns
Authors: Jones Ryan T. , McCormick Katherine F. , Martin Andrew P. 
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT

We investigated the bacterial communities of nine
Bartonella
-positive fleas (
n
= 6
Oropsylla hirsuta
fleas and
n
= 3
Oropsylla montana
fleas), using universal primers, clone libraries, and DNA sequencing. DNA sequences were used to classify bacteria detected in a phylogenetic context, to explore community assembly patterns within individual fleas, and to survey diversity patterns in dominant lineages.
The Chemolithoautotroph
Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans
Can Survive under Phosphate-Limiting Conditions by Expressing a C-P Lyase Operon That Allows It To Grow on Phosphonates
Authors: Vera Mario , Pagliai Fernando , Guiliani Nicolas , Jerez Carlos A. 
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT

The chemolithoautotrophic bacterium
Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans
is of great importance in biomining operations. During the bioleaching of ores, microorganisms are subjected to a variety of environmental stresses and to the limitations of some nutrients, such as inorganic phosphate (P
i
), which is an essential component for all living cells. Although the primary source of phosphorus for microorganisms is P
i
, some bacteria are also able to metabolize P
i
esters (with a C-O-P bond) and phosphonates (with a very inert C-P bond). By using bioinformatic analysis of genomic sequences of the type strain of
A. ferrooxidans
(ATCC 23270), we found that as part of a Pho regulon, this bacterium has a complete gene cluster encoding C-P lyase, which is the main bacterial enzyme involved in phosphonate (Pn) degradation in other microorganisms.
A. ferrooxidans
was able to grow in the presence of methyl-Pn or ethyl-Pn as an alternative phosphorus source. Under these growth conditions, a great reduction in inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) levels was seen compared with the level for cells grown in the presence of P
i
. By means of reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR), DNA macroarrays, and real-time RT-PCR experiments, it was found that
A. ferrooxidans phn
genes were cotranscribed and their expression was induced when the microorganism was grown in methyl-Pn as the only phosphorus source. This is the first report of phosphonate utilization in a chemolithoautotrophic microorganism. The existence of a functional C-P lyase system is a clear advantage for the survival under P
i
limitation, a condition that may greatly affect the bioleaching of ores.
Detection of Viable but Nonculturable
Escherichia coli
O157:H7 Bacteria in Drinking Water and River Water
Authors: Liu Yanming , Gilchrist Ainslie , Zhang Jing , Li Xing-Fang 
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT

A sensitive method for specific detection of viable
Escherichia coli
O157:H7 cells, including viable but nonculturable (VBNC) cells, in water samples was developed. This method involved capture of the bacterial cells on a low-protein-binding membrane and direct extraction and purification of RNA followed by reverse transcription-PCR and electronic microarray detection of the
rfbE
and
fliC
genes of
E. coli
O157:H7. It detected as few as 1 CFU of
E. coli
O157:H7 in diluted cultures, 3 to 4 CFU/liter in tap water, 7 CFU/liter in river water, and 50 VBNC cells in 1 liter of river water, demonstrating the best limit of detection reported to date for VBNC cells in environmental water samples.
Emergence of Secretion-Defective Sublines of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
PAO1 Resulting from Spontaneous Mutations in the
vfr
Global Regulatory Gene
Authors: Fox Áine , Haas Dieter , Reimmann Cornelia , Heeb Stephan , Filloux Alain , Voulhoux Romé 
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT

Pseudomonas aeruginosa
undergoes spontaneous mutation that impairs secretion of several extracellular enzymes during extended cultivation in vitro in rich media, as well as during long-term colonization of the cystic fibrosis lung. A frequent type of strong secretion deficiency is caused by inactivation of the quorum-sensing regulatory gene
lasR
. Here we analyzed a spontaneously emerging subline of strain PAO1 that exhibited moderate secretion deficiency and partial loss of quorum-sensing control. Using generalized transduction, we mapped the secretion defect to the
vfr
gene, which is known to control positively the expression of the
lasR
gene and type II secretion of several proteases. We confirmed this secretion defect by sequencing and complementation of the
vfr
mutation. In a reconstruction experiment conducted with a 1:1 mixture of wild-type strain PAO1 and a
vfr
mutant of PAO1, we observed that the
vfr
mutant had a selective advantage over the wild type after growth in static culture for 4 days. Under these conditions, spontaneous
vfr
emerged in a strain PAO1 population after four growth cycles, and these mutants accounted for more than 40% of the population after seven cycles. These results suggest that partial or complete loss of quorum sensing and secretion can be beneficial to
P. aeruginosa
under certain environmental conditions.
Trm1p, a Zn(II)
2
Cys
6
-Type Transcription Factor, Is a Master Regulator of Methanol-Specific Gene Activation in the Methylotrophic Yeast
Candida boidinii
Authors: Sasano Yu , Yurimoto Hiroya , Yanaka Mikiko , Sakai Yasuyoshi 
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT

The methylotrophic yeasts are commonly used as hosts for heterologous gene expression. In this study, we describe a novel gene,
TRM1
, in
Candida boidinii
, responsible for the transcriptional activation of several methanol-inducible promoters. The encoded protein, Trm1p, is a Zn(II)
2
Cys
6
-type zinc cluster protein. Deletion of
TRM1
completely inhibits growth on methanol but causes no growth defect on glucose or other nonfermentative carbon sources, glycerol, ethanol, or oleate. Trm1p is responsible for transcriptional activation of five methanol-inducible promoters tested, but not for peroxisome assembly or peroxisomal protein transport. Expression of the
TRM1
gene was constitutive, and Trm1p localizes to the nuclei regardless of the carbon source. Two
cis
-acting methanol response elements (MREs), MRE1 and MRE2 are present in the promoter of the dihydroxyacetone synthase gene. Trm1p is shown to be required for MRE1-dependent methanol-inducible gene expression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays reveal that Trm1p binds to five methanol-inducible promoters upon methanol induction but does not bind in glucose-grown cells. Thus, the
TRM1
gene encodes a master transcriptional regulator responsible for methanol-specific gene activation in the methylotrophic yeasts.
TheXanthomonas oryzaepv. oryzae PhoPQ Two-Component System Is Required for AvrXA21 Activity,hrpGExpression, and Virulence
Authors: Lee Sang-Won , Jeong Kyu-Sik , Han Sang-Wook , Lee Seung-Eun , Phee Bong-Kwan , Hahn Tae-Ryong , Ronald Pamela 
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACTThe rice pathogen recognition receptor, XA21, confers resistance toXanthomonas oryzaepv. oryzae strains producing the type one system-secreted molecule, AvrXA21.X. oryzaepv. oryzae requires a regulatory two-component system (TCS) called RaxRH to regulate expression of eightrax(required forAvrXA21 activity) genes and to sense population cell density. To identify other key components in this critical regulatory circuit, we assayed proteins expressed in araxRgene knockout strain. This survey led to the identification of thephoPgene encoding a response regulator that is up-regulated in theraxRknockout strain. Next we generated aphoPknockout strain and found it to be impaired inX. oryzaepv. oryzae virulence and no longer able to activate the response regulator HrpG (hypersensitive reaction and pathogenicity G) in response to low levels of Ca2+. The impaired virulence of thephoPknockout strain can be partially complemented by constitutive expression ofhrpG, indicating that PhoP controls a key aspect ofX. oryzaepv. oryzae virulence through regulation ofhrpG. A gene encoding the cognate putative histidine protein kinase,phoQ, was also isolated. Growth curve analysis revealed that AvrXA21 activity is impaired in aphoQknockout strain as reflected by enhanced growth of this strain in rice lines carrying XA21. These results suggest that theX. oryzaepv. oryzae PhoPQ TCS functions in virulence and in the production of AvrXA21 in partnership with RaxRH.
Proteomic, Microarray, and Signature-Tagged Mutagenesis Analyses of AnaerobicPseudomonas aeruginosaat pH 6.5, Likely Representing Chronic, Late-Stage Cystic Fibrosis Airway Conditions
Authors: Platt Mark D. , Schurr Michael J. , Sauer Karin , Vazquez Gustavo , Kukavica-Ibrulj Irena , Potvin Eric , Levesque Roger C. , Fedynak Amber , Brinkman Fiona S. L. , Schurr Jill , Hwang Sung-Hei , Lau Gee W. , Limbach Patrick A. , Rowe John J. , Lieberman Michael A. , Barraud Nicolas , Webb Jeremy , Kjelleberg Staffan , Hunt Donald F. , Hassett Daniel J. 
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACTPatients suffering from cystic fibrosis (CF) commonly harbor the important pathogenPseudomonas aeruginosain their airways. During chronic late-stage CF,P. aeruginosais known to grow under reduced oxygen tension and is even capable of respiring anaerobically within the thickened airway mucus, at a pH of ∼6.5. Therefore, proteins involved in anaerobic metabolism represent potentially important targets for therapeutic intervention. In this study, the clinically relevant “anaerobiome” or “proteogenome” ofP. aeruginosawas assessed. First, two different proteomic approaches were used to identify proteins differentially expressed under anaerobic versus aerobic conditions. Microarray studies were also performed, and in general, the anaerobic transcriptome was in agreement with the proteomic results. However, we found that a major portion of the most upregulated genes in the presence of NO3−and NO2−are those encoding Pf1 bacteriophage. With anaerobic NO2−, the most downregulated genes are those involved postglycolytically and include many tricarboxylic acid cycle genes and those involved in the electron transport chain, especially those encoding the NADH dehydrogenase I complex. Finally, a signature-tagged mutagenesis library ofP. aeruginosawas constructed to further screen genes required for both NO3−and NO2−respiration. In addition to genes anticipated to play important roles in the anaerobiome (anr,dnr,nar,nir, andnuo), thecysGanddksAgenes were found to be required for both anaerobic NO3−and NO2−respiration. This study represents a major step in unraveling the molecular machinery involved in anaerobic NO3−and NO2−respiration and offers clues as to how we might disrupt such pathways inP. aeruginosato limit the growth of this important CF pathogen when it is either limited or completely restricted in its oxygen supply.
Functional Consequences of Amino Acid Substitutions to GerVB, a Component of the
Bacillus megaterium
Spore Germinant Receptor
Authors: Christie Graham , Lazarevska Milena , Lowe Christopher R. 
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT

The extreme metabolic dormancy and resistance properties of spores formed by members of the
Bacillus
and
Clostridium
genera are lost upon exposure to a variety of small-molecule germinants. Germinants are known to interact in an as yet undefined manner with cognate receptor complexes that reside in the inner membrane that surrounds the spore protoplast. The receptor itself is a complex of at least three proteins, and in this study we identify amino acid residues, predicted to lie in loop regions of GerVB on the exterior aspect of the membrane, that influence the
Bacillus megaterium
spore germination response. Three consecutive residues adjacent to putative transmembrane domain 10 (TM10) were demonstrated to mediate to various degrees the proline germinative response while also influencing germination in response to leucine, glucose, and inorganic salts, suggesting that this region may be part of a ligand binding pocket. Alternatively, substitutions in this region may affect the conformation of associated functionally important TM regions. Leucine- and KBr-mediated germination was also influenced by substitutions in other outer loop regions. These observations, when considered with accompanying kinetic analyses that demonstrate cooperativity between germinants, suggest that binding sites for the respective germinants are in close spatial proximity in the receptor but do not overlap. Additionally, proline recognition was conferred to a chimeric receptor when TM regions associated with the putative binding loop were present, indicating that residues in TM9 and/or TM10 of GerVB are also of functional importance in the proline-induced germinative response.