bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detection of a genetic mutation for myotonia congenita among Miniature Schnauzers and identification of a common carrier ancestor
Authors: Bhalerao Dilip P. , Rajpurohit Yashoda , Vite Charles H. , Giger Urs 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To develop a molecular genetic test to detect the mutant skeletal muscle chloride channel (ClC-1) allele that causes myotonia congenita in Miniature Schnauzers and to analyze the relationship of affected and carrier dogs.Animals—372 Miniature Schnauzers from the United States, Canada, Australia, and Europe that were tested between March 2000 and October 2001.Procedure—The sequence surrounding the mutation in the ClC-1 allele was amplified by use of a unique pair of primers. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products were digested with the restriction enzymeHpyCH4 III and separated on a 6% polyacrylamide gel. Pedigrees from all available carrier and affected dogs were analyzed, and a composite pedigree was established.Results—Enzyme digestion of PCR products of the normal ClC-1 allele resulted in 3 fragments of 175, 135, and 30 bp, whereas PCR products of the mutant allele resulted in fragments of only 175 and 165 bp. Of the 372 Miniature Schnauzers, 292 (78.5%) were normal, 76 (20.4%) were carriers, and 4 (1.1%) were affected (myotonic) dogs. Frequency of the mutant allele was 0.113. Pedigree analysis revealed that a popular sire, documented to be a carrier, was a common ancestor of all carriers and affected dogs.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—A PCR-based enzyme digestion DNA test was developed. The mutant allele for this disease is frequent in Miniature Schnauzers that are related to a common carrier ancestor. Breeding dogs should be tested by this specific DNA test to help limit the spread of this deleterious mutation. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:1443–1447)
Role of bovine viral diarrhea virus biotype in the establishment of fetal infections
Authors: Harding Martha J. , Cao Xuemei , Shams Homayoun , Johnson Anthony F. , Vassilev Ventzislav B. , Gil Laura H. , Wheeler David W. , Haines Deborah , Sibert Gary J. , Nelson Lynn D. , Campos Manuel , Donis Ruben O. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To examine the role of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) biotype on the establishment of fetal infection in cattle.Animals—30 mixed-breed pregnant cows.Procedure—Pregnant cows were inoculated oronasally with either i-VVNADL, originating from an infectious BVDV cDNA clone of the National Animal Disease Laboratory (NADL) isolate, or the parental virus stock, termed NADL-A.Results—All cows developed neutralizing antibodies to BVDV, and virus was commonly isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells or nasal swab specimens of NADL-A inoculated cows; however, virus was rarely isolated from specimens of i-VVNADL inoculated cows. i-VVNADL did not cause fetal infection, whereas all fetuses harvested from NADL-A inoculated cows at 6 weeks after inoculation had evidence of infection. Immunoblot analysis of fetal virus isolates revealed the absence of NS3, confirming a noncytopathic (NCP) biotype BVDV in the NADL-A stock. The sequence of the NCP contaminant (termed NADL-1102) and the i-VVNADL genome were virtually identical, with the exception of a 270 nucleotide-long insert in the i-VVNADL genome. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that NADL-1102 forms a monophyletic group with 6 other NADL genomes.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—These data suggest that the contaminating NCP virus in the NADL-A stock was the ancestral NADL virus, which originally infected a bovine fetus and recombined to produce a cytopathic (CP) variant. Following oronasal infection of pregnant cows, viremia and transplacental transmission of CP BVDV to the fetus is rare, compared with the high occurrence of maternal viremia and fetal infection observed with NCP BVDV. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:1455–1463)
Use of multi-site quantitative ultrasonography for noninvasive assessment of bone in horses
Authors: Carstanjen Bianca , Lepage Olivier M. , Detilleux Johann , Duboeuf François , Amory Hélène 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To evaluate the usefulness of multisite quantitative ultrasonography for noninvasive assessment of bone in horses.Sample Population—12 healthy horses and both forelimbs from 8 clinically normal horses.Procedure—For in vivo measurements, various regions of interest (ROI) were examined on the third metacarpal bone, radius, and tibia. Precision error for speed of sound (SOS) measurements was obtained by measuring each ROI of 4 horses 10 times with probe repositioning. Additionally, 3 operators measured each aspect of the third metacarpal bone of 6 horses 5 times each. For ex vivo measurements, third metacarpal bones were examined at 9 ROI, and SOS measurements were performed before and after soft tissue removal. One ROI of a single forelimb was subjected to 96 ex vivo measurements with 3 different contact media.Results—The lateral aspect of the third metacarpal bone had significantly higher SOS values than the dorsal and medial aspect of the third metacarpal bone. No difference was obtained between SOS values of the lateral and medial aspect of the radius. The tibia had significantly higher SOS values than the lateral aspect of the radius and the dorsal and medial aspect of the third metacarpal bone. Intraoperator coefficients of variation ranged from 0.62 to 3.15%, and interoperator coefficients of variation ranged from 0.78 to 2.70%. Values of SOS were highest when silicone oil was used as the contact medium.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Speed of sound measurements obtained by quantitative ultrasonography in axial transmission mode can be used to precisely measure superficial cortical bone properties of third metacarpal bone, radius, and tibia in horses. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:1464–1469)
Serum lactoferrin concentrations in colostrum-fed calves
Authors: Holloway Nicole M. , Lakritz Jeff , Tyler Jeff W. , Carlson Steven L. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine serum lactoferrin concentrations (SLFC) in neonatal calves before and after ingestion of colostrum and to develop models that predict SLFC as a function of colostral lactoferrin concentrations (CLFC) in calves.Animals—13 Holstein calves.Procedure—Calves were fed 4 L of colostrum via oroesophageal feeder within 3 hours after birth. Serum samples were collected before ingestion of colostrum (day 0) and 2, 4, 6, and 7 days after birth. Colostrum and serum IgG concentrations were measured by use of radial immunodiffusion. The CLFC and SLFC were determined by use of an ELISA.Results—Mean ± SD SLFC on days 0, 2, 4, 6, and 7 were 2.5 ± 1.6 (range 0.47 to 7.1), 6.0 ± 3.0 (range 2.0 to 16.6), 12.0 ± 12.4 (range 0.0 to 43.5), 17.1 ± 13.6 (range 2.2 to 39.4), and 13.6 ± 16.4 (range 0.0 to 43.8) mg/ml, respectively. The SLFC on days 6 and 7 differed significantly from SLFC on day 0. The model that best estimated SLFC on day 6 predicted that (SLFC)2was a function of the logarithm of relative efficiency of passive transfer (REPT) and ([CLFC]2× [REPT]2), whereR2= 0.4. The model for SLFC on day 7 predicted that (SLFC)2was a function of log(REPT), whereR2= 0.44.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Definitive evidence for passive transfer of lactoferrin via colostrum is lacking, because SLFC on day 2 or 4 were not significantly different than day 0. Relative efficiency of lactoferrin absorption was directly related to SLFC on day 6 but inversely related to SLFC on day 7. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:476–478)
Frequency of the mutant MDR1 allele associated with ivermectin sensitivity in a sample population of Collies from the northwestern United States
Authors: Mealey Katrina L. , Bentjen Steven A. , Waiting Denise K. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine the frequency of the MDR1 gene mutation (polymorphism) associated with ivermectin sensitivity in a sample population of Collies in Washington and Idaho.Animals—40 healthy client-owned Collies.Procedure—A blood sample (8 ml) was collected from each dog and used for RNA extraction. Reverse transcriptase was used to generate MDR1 cDNA. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers were designed to amplify a 1,061-base pair region of the MDR1 gene. The PCR products were sequenced to determine whether the Collies had 0, 1, or 2 mutant alleles. Pedigrees of some dogs were available for analysis to determine relatedness of affected dogs.Results—Of the 40 Collies, 9 (22%) were homozygous for the normal allele (normal), 17 (42%) were heterozygous (carrier), and 14 (35%) were homozygous for the mutant allele (affected). Pedigree analysis revealed that some, but not all, affected dogs were related to each other within the 4 most recent generations.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—A high percentage of a sample population of Collies in Washington and Idaho are affected or carriers of the mutant MDR1 allele associated with ivermectin sensitivity. A similar frequency of this mutation may be detected in dogs from other geographic areas. Pharmacologic treatment with ivermectin, loperamide, vincristine, and other drugs that are substrates of P-glycoprotein, the MDR1 gene product, may result in neurologic toxicosis in a high percentage of Collies. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:479–481)
Calculation of variables describing plasma nonvolatile weak acids for use in the strong ion approach to acid-base balance in cattle
Authors: Constable Peter D. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To calculate values for the total concentration of nonvolatile weak acids (Atot) and the effective dissociation constant for nonvolatile weak acids (Ka) of bovine plasma and to determine the best method for quantifying the unmeasured strong anion concentration in bovine plasma.Sample Population—Data sets from published and experimental studies.Procedure—The simplified strong ion model was applied to published and experimentally determined values for pH, Pco2, and strong ion difference (SID+). Nonlinear regression was used to solve simultaneously for AtotandKa. Four methods for quantifying the unmeasured strong anion concentration in plasma (anion gap, the Fencl base excess method [BEua], the Figge unmeasured anion method [XA], and the strong ion gap [SIG]) were compared in 35 cattle with abomasal volvulus.Results—For bovine plasma at 37 C, Atot was 25 mM/L, equivalent to 7.6 times the albumin concentration or 3.6 times the total protein concentration; Ka was 0.87 × 10–7, equivalent to pKaof 7.06. The AtotandKavalues were validated, using data sets from in vivo and in vitro studies. Plasma unmeasured strong anion concentration was most accurately predicted in critically ill cattle by calculating SIG from serum albumin ( R2, 0.66) or total protein concentration ( R2, 0.60), compared with BEua(R2, 0.56), [XA] (R2, 0.50), and the anion gap (R2, 0.41).Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Calculated values for Atot,Ka, and the SIG equation should facilitate application of the strong ion approach to acidbase disturbances in cattle. (Am J Vet Res2002; 63:482–490)
Serologic evaluation of five unvaccinated heifers to detect herds that have cattle persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus
Authors: Pillars Roxanne B. , Grooms Daniel L. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine whether serologic evaluation of 5 unvaccinated 6- to 12-month-old heifers is a valid method for identifying herds that contain cattle persistently infected (PI) with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV).Animals—14 dairy herds with a history of BVDV infection, with health problems consistent with BVDV infection, or at risk for contracting BVDV infection.Procedure—5 unvaccinated 6- to 12-month-old heifers were randomly selected from each herd. Neutralizing antibody titers for type-I and -II BVDV were determined. A herd was classified as likely to contain PI cattle when at least 3/5 heifers had antibody titers ≥ 128. Virus isolation was performed on all cattle to identify PI cattle. Genotype of isolated viruses was determined by nested multiplex polymerase chain reaction.Results—6 of 14 herds contained PI cattle. Sensitivity and specificity of serologic evaluation of 5 heifers for identifying these herds were 66 and 100%, respectively. In herds that contained PI cattle, the predominant BVDV titer in the tested heifers corresponded to the genotype of the isolated virus.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Serologic evaluation of unvaccinated 6- to 12- month-old heifers is an accurate method for identifying herds containing PI cattle. Both type-I and -II BVDV antibody titers should be determined to prevent herd misclassification. The genotype of BVDV found in PI cattle can be predicted by the predominant neutralizing antibody titers found in tested heifers. Serologic evaluation of 5 unvaccinated heifers can be used to determine whether a herd is likely to contain PI cattle. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:499–505)
Results of clinical examinations, laboratory tests, and ultrasonography in dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism treated with trilostane
Authors: Ruckstuhl Nadja S. , Nett Claudia S. , Reusch Claudia E. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine the efficacy of trilostane, a 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibitor, in dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism (PDH).Animals—11 dogs with PDH.Procedure—The initial dose of trilostane was 30 mg, PO, q 24 h for dogs that weighed < 5 kg and 60 mg, PO, q 24 h for dogs that weighed ≥ 5 kg. A CBC count, serum biochemical analyses, urinalysis, ACTH stimulation test, and ultrasonographic evaluation of the adrenal glands were performed in each dog 1, 3 to 4, 6 to 7, 12 to 16, and 24 to 28 weeks after initiation of treatment.Results—All dogs responded well to treatment. All had reductions in polyuria-polydipsia and panting and an increase in activity. Polyphagia decreased in 9 of 10 dogs, and 9 of 11 dogs had improvement of coat quality and skin condition. Concentration of cortisol after ACTH stimulation significantly decreased by 1 week after initiation of treatment. After treatment for 6 months, clinical signs resolved in 9 dogs. In the other 2 dogs, marked clinical improvement was reported for 1 dog, and moderate improvement was reported in the other dog. Ultrasonographically, there was a considerable change in the parenchyma and an increase in size of the adrenal glands. Adverse effects consisted of 1 dog with transient lethargy and 1 dog with anorexia.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Trilostane is an efficacious and safe medication for treatment of dogs with PDH. Additional studies in a larger group of dogs and characterization of progressive changes in adrenal glands are needed. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:506–512).
Measurement of the activation of equine platelets by use of fluorescent-labeled annexin V, anti-human fibrinogen antibody, and anti-human thrombospondin antibody
Authors: Kingston Janene K. , Bayly Warwick M. , Sellon Debra C. , Meyers Kenneth M. , Wardrop K. Jane 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To investigate the potential use of fluorescent- labeled annexin V, anti-human fibrinogen antibody, and anti-human thrombospondin antibody for detection of the activation of equine platelets by use of flow cytometry.Sample Population—Platelets obtained from 6 Thoroughbreds.Procedure—Flow cytometry was used to assess platelet activation as indicated by detection of binding of fluorescent-labeled annexin V, anti-human fibrinogen antibody, and anti-thrombospondin antibody to unactivated and ADP-, collagen-, platelet activating factor (PAF)-, and A23187-activated equine platelets. Human platelets were used as control samples. Determination of 14C-serotonin uptake and release was used to assess the extent of platelet secretion.Results—Anti-human thrombospondin antibody failed to bind to equine platelets. Annexin V bound to platelets activated with PAF or A23187 when platelets had undergone secretion. Anti-human fibrinogen antibody bound to ADP-, PAF-, and A23817- activated platelets, but binding was not dependent on platelet secretion. The extent of binding of anti-fibrinogen antibody was less in equine platelets, compared with that for human platelets, despite maximal stimulation.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Activation of equine platelets can be detected by use of fluorescent- labeled annexin V and anti-human fibrinogen antibody but not by use of anti-human thrombospondin antibody. These flow cytometric techniques have the potential for detection of in vivo platelet activation in horses at risk of developing thrombotic disorders. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:513–519)
Instrumented treadmill for measuring vertical ground reaction forces in horses
Authors: Weishaupt Michael A. , Hogg Hermann P. , Wiestner Thomas , Denoth Jachen , Stüssi Edgar , Auer Jörg A. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To develop and validate a novel instrumented treadmill capable of determining vertical ground reaction forces of all 4 limbs simultaneously in horses.Sample Population—Data obtained while a horse was walking and trotting on the treadmill.Procedure—18 piezo-electric force transducers were mounted between the treadmill frame and supporting steel platform to measure the actual forces at the corresponding bearing points. Each of the 18 sensor forces is equal to the sum of the unknown hoof forces weighted with the transfer coefficients of the corresponding force application points. The 4 force traces were calculated, solving at each time point the resulting equation system, using the Gaussian least-squares method. System validation comprised the following tests: determination of the survey accuracy of the positioning system, determination of the natural frequencies of the system, linearity test of the force transfer to the individual sensors, determination of superimposed forces with the treadmill-integrated force measuring system (TiF) in a static configuration, and comparison of vertical ground reaction forces determined simultaneously by use of TiF and force shoes mounted on the forelimbs of a horse.Results—Comparison between static test loads and TiF-calculated forces revealed deviations of < 1.4%. Force traces of TiF-calculated values and those recorded by use of the force shoes were highly correlated ( r ≥ 0.998).Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—This instrumented treadmill allows a reliable assessment of load distribution and interlimb coordination in a short period and, therefore, is suitable for use in experimental and clinical investigations. (Am J Vet Res002;63:520–527).
Effects of racing on lymphocyte proliferation in horses
Authors: Nesse Live L. , Johansen Grete Irene , Blom Anne K. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To measure the lymphocyte proliferation response in horses 12 to 16 hours after completion of a race.Animals—8 Thoroughbreds that competed in 14 races and 3 control Thoroughbreds that did not race.Procedure—Horses participated in races during the late afternoon or evening. Venous blood samples were collected on a morning before a race (1 or 2 days before the race or on the day of the race), on the afternoon of a race (40 to 60 minutes after the race), and on the morning of the day after a race (12 to 16 hours after the race). Lymphocyte proliferation responses and WBC count were measured in samples obtained in the mornings. Plasma cortisol was measured in all samples.Results—Lymphocyte proliferation responses were significantly reduced and WBC counts significantly increased 12 to 16 hours after a race. Plasma cortisol concentrations were significantly increased 40 to 60 minutes after a race. In samples from the control horses, lymphocyte proliferation responses, WBC counts, or plasma cortisol concentrations did not differ significantly among time periods.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—A decrease in proliferative responses of circulating lymphocytes can be found as late as 12 to 16 hours after a horse participates in a race. Although the clinical consequences of these exercise-related alterations of the immune response are not yet known, managers of horses should take into account that the immune system of a horse may be affected by racing. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:528–xxx)
Age-related changes in lymphocyte subsets of Quarter Horse foals
Authors: Smith III Roger , Chaffin M. Keith , Cohen Noah D. , Martens Ronald J. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To characterize changes in lymphocyte subsets over time in foals from birth to 18 weeks of age, accounting for differences among individuals, and to determine the effect of overnight storage of blood samples on foal lymphocyte subset concentrations.Animals—8 healthy Quarter Horse foals from birth to 18 weeks of age.Procedure—Blood samples were collected longitudinally from birth to 18 weeks of age and a CBC performed on each sample. The samples were stained for lymphocyte markers, either immediately or after overnight storage and analyzed by flow cytometry.Results—Total leukocytes, total lymphocytes, and the absolute concentrations of all lymphocyte subsets increased significantly with age. The proportions of B29A+, CD21+, and equine major histocompatability complex class-II molecule+lymphocytes increased significantly with age. The proportion of equine (Eq) CD5+, EqCD8+, and EqWC4+lymphocytes decreased significantly with age. Significant differences among foals were found with respect to initial concentrations with respect to initial concentrations, but not with respect to the rate of increase of the various subsets tested. Significant differences were not found in subset values when comparing blood samples stained on the day of collection or after overnight storage at room temperature (approx 21 C) or under refrigeration.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—These results are consistent with an increase in subset numbers and proportions over time, but with individual differences among foals. The observation of individual differences in subsets among foals suggests that there may be individual differences in susceptibility to infectious disease during the perinatal period. The absence of an effect of overnight storage makes field studies of lymphocyte subset concentrations more feasible. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:531–537)