bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
H. L. Mencken and American Cultural Masculinism
Authors: Schaum Melita 
Published: January 2009

H. L. Mencken's antagonism to women's issues seems paradoxical in a man so committed to emancipation and the reexamination of conventional social roles — the very goals for which the women's movement was fighting during the early decades of the twentieth century. The apparent discord of Mencken's attacks on suffragettes, his deprecating depictions of womanhood, and his thinly veiled vilification of women as a source of cultural mediocrity have spurred critics to explain, reformulate, or deny Mencken's disturbing prejudice. Edward A. Martin quixotically suggests that Mencken only “posed as an antifeminist,” while Charles A. Fecher wonders why “today's advocates of ‘women's liberation’ have not resurrected In Defense of Women” — Mencken's lashing satire on the female in America, grossly misread by Fecher as a tribute to women's “intelligence.” But Mencken was not “posing” as an antifeminist any more than he was pretending to be anti-Philistine. His views of women were not only consistent with his own cultural philosophy but joined a paradigm of masculinism underlying the definition of American culture during these years.This essay does not deny Mencken's considerable contributions to the scene of American letters in the early twentieth century. Alarm at the recently published diaries — which illustrate Mencken's disposition to be “careless of the decencies” in his random remarks on African-Americans and Jews — while justified, often de-contextualizes his opinions from the wider cultural atmosphere. Regarding his views on women as well, I argue that metaphoric and broadly philosophical foundations place many of his views within a larger climate of opinion seeking to link the rise of the feminine with intellectual mediocrity.
Thomas McGuane: Nature, Environmentalism, and the American West
Authors: Ingram David 
Published: January 2009

The recent writings of Thomas McGuane show a particular interest in environmentalist concerns, examining the role played by inherited mythologies of the frontier in the ecology and politics of the contemporary American West. McGuane's explorations reveal complex and ambivalent responses to these subjects, in part liberal, radical and conservative.This essay will discuss these issues in relation to contemporary American attitudes to nature. The basis for my approach will be to assume that conceptions of “nature” are socially constructed, and that “nature” and “culture” are separate but mutually interdependent. The relationship between human societies and the natural world will therefore be considered as an ongoing process in which the term “nature” must not be wholly subsumed under that of “culture.” Environmental history is, as Donald Worster puts it, “a story of reciprocity and interaction rather than of culture replacing nature.”Thomas McGuane's writings tend both to repeat and to question what may be called “traditional” or “Romantic” attitudes to nature. In particular, he combines both aesthetic and utilitarian perspectives: nature as a scene of spiritual restoration through the appreciation of beauty, and as the object of technological mastery and control. In practice, these two approaches are historically interrelated, in that they are both responses to, and constructions of, nature produced within an urban capitalist society. As Walter J. Ong has argued, a necessary precondition for Romantic attitudes to nature is a society that has confidence in its capacity to dominate nature, through the use of the very industrial technologies such attitudes ostensibly reject.
Naming of Parts; or, The Comforts of Classification: Thomas Jefferson's Construction of America as Fact and Myth
Authors: Manning Susan 
Published: January 2009

Henry Reed's poem of the Second World War offers a studied, ironic catalogue of some parts of experience silencing others. Here are observable facts, given as imperative command; knowledge of their use is for the future, rather than a possession of the present, however: one of the many things we (or you) have not got. Here also is the beauty of nature and its utter irrelevance to the human struggle. “Naming of Parts” excludes more than it includes: what is not said constantly overbears and threatens to break through what is. But the balance of information is precariously maintained, the unspeakable, the horror which is the truth of the war being disguised, expressed, and controlled in the naming of parts.In a very different register, William Gass writes in his Habitations of the Word,Lists, then, are for those who savor, who revel and wallow, who embrace, not only the whole of things, but all of its accounts, histories, descriptions, justifications.
What Books Survive from the 1930s?
Authors: Cowley Malcolm 
Published: January 2009

An age of faith — such as the 1930s appear to be in retrospect — is almost certain to become an age of quarrels among the faithful. They divide into bitterly hostile sects, each with a different leader and each hoping for support from one group or another among the infidels. Such quarrels disfigure the pattern of the 1930s, especially toward the end. Looking back from another age, however, one is surprised to find how much the American writers in different factions, as well as those standing apart from any faction, radical or conservative, were affected by the same fears and aspirations for human society. ‘ There is a great destiny ’, Emerson says in his journal for 1841,which comes in with this as with every age, which is colossal in its traits, terrible in its strength, which cannot be tamed, or criticized, or subdued. It is shared by every man and woman of the time, for it is by it they live. As a vast, solid phalanx the generation comes on, they have the same features, and their pattern is new in the world. All wear the same expression, but it is that which they do not detect in each other. It is this one life which ponders in the philosophers, which drudges in the laborers, which basks in the poets, which dilates in the love of the women….
Endecott and the Red Cross: Puritan Iconoclasm in the New World
Authors: Bremer Francis J. 
Published: January 2009

The place was Salem, noon on an autumnal day in 1634 as Nathaniel Hawthorne told the story. The town's train band has assembled to be put through its paces. Fluttering in the wind is the military ensign featuring the royal colours – the red cross of St. George on a white field. Captain John Endecott receives a message from Roger Williams, who has just returned from Boston. The note tells of a plan by the king to send a governor general to rule Massachusetts and establish episcopacy. “Endecott,” writes Hawthorne, “gazed round at the excited countenances of the people, now full of his own spirit, and then turned suddenly to the standard-bearer, who stood close behind him:”‘Officer, lower your banner!’ said he.
Campylobacter in housed broiler chickens: a longitudinal study of risk factors
Authors: RUSHTON S. P. , HUMPHREY T. J. , SHIRLEY M. D. F. , BULL S. , JØRGENSEN F. 
Published: January 2009

SUMMARYInfections by Campylobacter spp. are a major cause of gastrointestinal disease in the United Kingdom. Most cases are associated with the consumption of chicken that has become contaminated during production. We investigated the epidemiology of Campylobacter spp. in chickens in a 3-year longitudinal study of flocks reared on 30 farms in the United Kingdom. We used Generalized Linear Mixed Effect Models (GLMM) to investigate putative risk factors associated with incidence and prevalence of flock infection arising from farm and flock management and local environmental conditions during rearing. We used survival analysis to investigate infection events and associated risk factors over the course of the study using two marginal models – the independent increment approach, which assumed that individual infection events were independent; and a conditional approach, which assumed that events were conditional on those preceding. Models of flock prevalence were highly overdispersed suggesting that infection within flocks was aggregated. The key predictors of flock infection identified from the GLMM analyses were mean temperature and mean rainfall in the month of slaughter and also the presence of natural ventilation. Mean temperature in the month of slaughter was also a significant predictor of flock infection, although the analyses suggested that the risk in flocks increased in a unimodal way in relation to temperature, peaking at 12°C. The extent of pad burn was also identified as a predictor in these analyses. We conclude that predicting prevalence within flocks with linear modelling approaches is likely to be difficult, but that it may be possible to predict when flocks are at risk of Campylobacter infection. This is a key first step in managing disease and reducing the risks posed to the human food chain.
Resistance of Helicoverpa armigera to Cry1Ac toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis is due to improper processing of the protoxin
Authors: Rajagopal Raman , Arora Naresh , Sivakumar Swaminathan , Rao Nagarjun G. V. , Nimbalkar Sharad A. , Bhatnagar Raj K. 
Published: January 2009

The bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis produces ICPs (insecticidal crystal proteins) that are deposited in their spore mother cells. When susceptible lepidopteran larvae ingest these spore mother cells, the ICPs get solubilized in the alkaline gut environment. Of approx. 140 insecticidal proteins described thus far, insecticidal protein Cry1Ac has been applied extensively as the main ingredient of spray formulation as well as the principal ICP introduced into crops as transgene for agricultural crop protection. The 135 kDa Cry1Ac protein, upon ingestion by the insect, is processed successively at the N- and C-terminus by the insect midgut proteases to generate a 65 kDa bioactive core protein. The activated core protein interacts with specific receptors located at the midgut epithilium resulting in the lysis of cells and eventual death of the larvae. A laboratory-reared population of Helicoverpa armigera displayed 72-fold resistance to the B. thuringiensis insecticidal protein Cry1Ac. A careful zymogram analysis of Cry1Ac-resistant insects revealed an altered proteolytic profile. The altered protease profile resulted in improper processing of the insecticidal protein and as a consequence increased the LC50 concentrations of Cry1Ac. The 135 kDa protoxin-susceptible insect larval population processed the protein to the biologically active 65 kDa core protein, while the resistant insect larval population yielded a mixture of 95 kDa and 68 kDa Cry1Ac polypeptides. N-terminal sequencing of these 95 and 68 kDa polypeptides produced by gut juices of resistant insects revealed an intact N-terminus. Protease gene transcription profiling by semi-quantitative RT (reverse transcription)–PCR led to the identification of a down-regulated HaSP2 (H. armigera serine protease 2) in the Cry1Ac-resistant population. Protease HaSP2 was cloned, expressed and demonstrated to be responsible for proper processing of insecticidal protoxin. The larval population displaying resistance to Cry1Ac do not show an altered sensitivity against another insecticidal protein, Cry2Ab. The implications of these observations in the context of the possibility of development of resistance and its management in H. armigera to Cry1Ac through transgenic crop cultivation are discussed.
Mortality and blood loss by blue swimmer crabs (Portunus pelagicus) after simulated capture and discarding from gillnets
Authors: Uhlmann Sebastian S. , Broadhurst Matt K. , Paterson Brian D. , Mayer David G. , Butcher Paul , Brand Craig P. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Uhlmann, S. S., Broadhurst, M. K., Paterson, B. D., Mayer, D. G., Butcher, P., and Brand, C. P. 2009. Mortality and blood loss by blue swimmer crabs (Portunus pelagicus) after simulated capture and discarding from gillnets. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 455–461. Two laboratory experiments were carried out to quantify the mortality and physiological responses of juvenile blue swimmer crabs (Portunus pelagicus) after simulated gillnet entanglement, air exposure, disentanglement, and discarding. In both experiments, all but control blue swimmer crabs were entangled in 1-m2 gillnet panels for 1 h, exposed to air for 2 min, subjected to various treatments of disentanglement ranging between the forceful removal of none, one, two, and four appendages, then “discarded” into individual experimental tanks and monitored for 10 d. In Experiment 1, mortalities were associated with the number of appendages removed and the occurrence of unsealed wounds. In Experiment 2, live blue swimmer crabs were sampled for blood at 2 min and 6, 24, and 72 h post-discarding to test for the effects of disentanglement and appendage removal on total haemocyte counts, clotting times, protein levels (by refractive index), and blood ion concentrations. Compared with blue swimmer crabs that had sealed or no wounds, those with unsealed wounds had lower total haemocyte counts, protein, and calcium concentrations and increased clotting times and magnesium and sodium levels. Induced autotomy, as opposed to the arbitrary, forceful removal of appendages has the potential to minimize the mortality and stress of discarded, juvenile blue swimmer crabs.
Starch Granule Size Distribution from Seven Wheat Cultivars Under Different Water Regimes
Authors: Dai Zhongmin , Yin Yanping , Wang Zhenlin 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTSeven wheat cultivars with different starch contents were used as materials to investigate the distribution of grain starch granule size under irrigated and rainfed conditions. In mature grains, the diameter of starch granules was 0.37–52.6 μm, and the percent volume distribution showed a two‐peak curve with the mean particle diameter of 5 (B‐type) and 25 μm (A‐type) at each peak. The volume percentages of A‐ and B‐types were 52.7–65.5% and 34.5–47.3%, respectively. A two‐peak curve is also shown in percent surface area distribution of starch granules, but only one peak in percent number. Both irrigated and rainfed conditions had a significant effect on the starch granule size distribution of the seven cultivars. As compared with irrigated treatment, rainfed treatment affected the distribution of starch granules in grains of all cultivars through increasing the volume percentage and surface area percentage of 2–9.8 and <9.8 μm starch granules and decreasing those of >9.8 and >18.8 μm starch granules. The soil water deficit also decreased the contents of amylose and starch in grains and increased protein content, indicating that different water regimes had an evident effect on grain quality. According to correlation coefficients (r), the contents of amylose, starch, and protein in grains was significantly correlated with the volume percentage of starch granules with different diameter ranges.
Genotype and Environment Affect Phytosterol Content and Composition of Wheat
Authors: Chen Yongfen , Dunford Nurhan T. , Edwards Jeff , Carver Brett , Goad Carla 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTPhytosterols (PS) lower low density lipoprotein (LDL) levels by as much as 10–14% in normal and hypercholesteromic people. High LDL levels in the blood are associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease. Wheat germ and bran contain significant amounts of PS. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of genotype and environment on PS content and composition in whole wheat grain. Protein and ash contents and mineral composition of the samples were also determined. Grain samples were collected from three cultivars, Jagger, Trego, and Intrada, grown at three locations, Alva, Balko, and Goodwell, OK in 2005. Irrigated and dryland samples were obtained from Goodwell. Total PS content and composition in the grain samples were determined using a gas chromatography system. Whole wheat grain samples varied in PS content from 202 mg/kg to 355 mg/kg. β‐Sitosterol, campesterol, and stigmasterol were the major PS compounds found in all the samples. PS exhibited a significant location‐by‐cultivar random effect (P < 0.048), indicating the presence of genotype‐by‐location interaction. Within each location, a significant cultivar effect was also observed. Protein and ash contents and mineral composition of the samples, except those collected from Goodwell‐dryland, were within the range published in the literature for other wheat cultivars. A fundamental understanding of compositional variation in wheat grain requires multi‐environment testing of genotypes, perhaps over several years. This study is a first step for achieving this goal.
Refrigerated Storage of Yellow Alkaline Durum Noodles: Impact on Color and Texture
Authors: Hatcher D. W. , Dexter J. E. , Fu B. X. 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTDurum wheat straight‐grade flour samples, representing the cultivars Commander and Strongfield, a composite cargo mixture of Canada Western Amber Durum cultivars and a Japanese commercial durum flour were used to make yellow alkaline noodles. A Canada Western Red Spring common wheat composite straight‐grade flour was included in the study for comparative purposes. Alkaline noodles were prepared using 1% w/w kansui reagent (sodium and potassium carbonates, 9:1) and stored for 1, 2, 3 and 7 days at 4°C to duplicate a normal convenience store operation. The raw noodle color of the durum alkaline noodles exhibited significantly better noodle brightness, L*, and yellowness, b*, as compared to noodles prepared from common wheat at all storage periods. The number of discolored specks in the durum flour based noodles was significantly lower as well as significantly lighter than those of common wheat at all time intervals. Noodles prepared from Commander, Strongfield, or the cargo composite flours displayed significantly lower water uptake during cooking than both the commercial durum flour and the common wheat noodles. The commercial durum flour noodles displayed the thinnest cooked noodles, while the common wheat flour noodles were the thickest. Evaluation of cooked noodle texture, immediately after production and subsequent storage of the raw noodles at 4°C for 1, 2 and 3 days before cooking showed a general increase in maximum cutting stress (MCS) with storage. Noodles prepared from Commander flour consistently display MCS values exceeding those of CWRS as well as the highest resistance to compression (RTC) and recovery (REC) measurements. The visual improvements in noodle brightness, enhanced yellowness, reduced speck numbers and darkness in combination with equivalent to improved cooked noodle texture attributes compared with common wheat flour suggests that durum flours are an ideal material for fresh, refrigerated yellow alkaline noodles.
Hop Stunt Decline: A Disease or Disorder of Unknown Aetiology in Australian Hop Yards
Authors: Pethybridge Sarah J. , McGee Patricia , Hamilton Peter 
Published: January 2009

Hop stunt decline was first observed in commercial hop yards in northeastern Tasmania in 1991. Over the next seven years, the incidence of hop stunt decline increased and reductions in cone yield were estimated to be approximately 30%. Symptoms of hop stunt decline include retarded spring growth, reduced burr production in summer, prolific lateral branching, and progressively shorter internodes on the main bine, and lateral branches which give the plant a “pine-tree” appearance. Final height of affected plants was between one-half to two-thirds of normal growth. Despite extensive investigations over 10 years, the cause of this problem has not been elucidated. However, the role of herbicides, soil physical properties, all described viruses and viroids affecting hop, phytoplasmas, deficiencies of molybdenum, manganese, boron and zinc, plant-parasitic nematodes, and soil-borne fungal diseases have been excluded. Planting with resistant (or tolerant) cultivars was successful at alleviating hop stunt decline. Accepted for publication 3 October 2008. Published 16 January 2009.
Becoming involved in raising a relative's child: reasons, caregiver motivations and pathways to informal kinship care
Authors: Gleeson James P. , Wesley Julia M. , Ellis Raquel , Seryak Claire , Talley Gwen Walls , Robinson Jackie 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTInterviews with 207 informal kinship caregivers describe a dynamic process that influences how children come to live with a relative other than their parent. This process involves three overlapping and often simultaneously occurring factors: (1) the reasons the children's parents were unable to care for them; (2) the caregiver's motivation for assuming responsibility for the child; and (3) the pathways or routes that children took to the caregiver's home. Understanding these factors and their mutual and simultaneous influence is important as we shape policies, programs and interventions to support families as they consider whether to care for a relative's child and once they assume this responsibility.
Plasma monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1) and macrophage inflammatory protein‐1α are increased in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and associated with adiposity, but unaffected by pioglitazone treatment
Authors: Glintborg Dorte , Andersen Marianne , Richelsen Bjørn , Bruun Jens M. 
Published: January 2009

SummaryObjective  Hirsutism is most often caused by polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). PCOS patients are characterized by insulin resistance, abdominal obesity and low‐grade inflammation. Insulin sensitizing treatment reduces the inflammatory state, but the effect on serum levels of migration inhibitor factor (MIF), monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)‐1 and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)‐1α have not been evaluated before in PCOS.Research design and methods  Plasma chemokine levels (MCP‐1, MIP‐1α and MIF) were measured in two study designs. (i) 51 hirsute patients and 63 matched controls and (ii) 30 PCOS patients before and after randomized treatment with 30 mg pioglitazone/placebo for 16 weeks. Clinical evaluations and whole body DXA‐scans were performed in all participants.Results  Hirsute patients (n = 51) had significantly increased MCP‐1 [121 (15–950) vs. 81 (18–365) pg/ml; P < 0·05] and MIP‐1α[179 (8–4202) vs. 103 (4–1598) pg/ml; P < 0·05] than controls of matched body composition [geometric mean (–2SD to +2SD)]. In PCOS (n = 30), MCP‐1, MIP‐1α and MIF correlated positively with central fat mass. A BMI independent positive association was found between MIF and free testosterone (r = 0·49, P = 0·01) in PCOS. Pioglitazone treatment significantly improved insulin sensitivity without affecting testosterone, body composition, MCP‐1, MIP‐1α and MIF levels.Conclusions  Chemokine levels were significantly increased and showed close associations with measures of adiposity in PCOS patients, but were unchanged during insulin sensitizing treatment with pioglitazone. Our data suggests a fat mass independent association between testosterone and MIF levels in PCOS and the effect of anti‐androgen treatment on chemokine levels needs to be examined.