bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Comparison between the Core Orienter and the Borehole Impression Device
Authors: Gamon T. I. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The core orienter and the borehole impression device have both been used for the orientation of discontinuities in boreholes during the site investigation for a large site formation project in weathered granitic rock in Hong Kong.
The borehole impression device was found to have a number of advantages over the core orienter as it gave a more detailed picture of the discontinuity characteristics, it provided a permanent record, and was more cost effective. Core orientation techniques are recommended in areas where there is insufficient exposure of bedrock at the surface to carry out surface outcrop logging.
BS 5930: The Role of Geomorphological and Geological Techniques in a Preliminary Site Investigation
Authors: Griffiths J. S. , Marsh A. H. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The recommendations for the design of a site investigation presented in BS 5930 were not found to be suitable for an investigation recently undertaken for the proposed A35 Axminster Bypass. Due to the many alternative alignments initially under consideration an investigation of all routes, involving boreholes, was not regarded as cost-effective and a programme of trial pitting and geotechnical mapping was instigated. This approach provided sufficient information for outline designs to be prepared enabling relative cost comparisons to be made between the various options and a preferred alignment to be suggested. It is proposed that amendments be made to BS 5930 to encompass the design and execution of this type of first stage site investigation and in particular to provide guidelines on the use of geotechnical mapping as a standard technique of investigation.
Point Load Tests: Correlation Factors and Contractual Use. An Example from the Corallian at Weymouth
Authors: Hawkins A. B. , Olver J. A. G. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
BS 5930 (1981) provides no help for engineers wishing to take advantage of the quick, cheap rock strength assessment provided by the point load test introduced in 1972.
The paper discusses the correlation factors obtained as a result of testing the same material from the Corallian strata at Weymouth by point load and uniaxial compression.
The considerable advantage obtained using the point load strength as a quick test in contractual situations is described.
Timing and Correct Chemical Testing of Soils/Weak Rocks
Authors: Hawkins A. B. , Pinches G. M. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Experiments to explain the rise in the floor of a hospital built on calcareous black pyritic shales have substantiated the reported chemical changes which bring about the formation of selenite (gypsum) along bedding planes. The experiments have also indicated that the sulphate content of a weak rock is not constant and depends on the weathering state.

If the long-term importance of sulphates is to be determined there is strong evidence that it is the maximum potential S0
3
or total sulphur that should be assessed as this would be more beneficial than simply acquiring the S0
3
% as is currently done in most site investigations.

Although BS5930 recommends that sulphate and pH testing is carried out as soon as possible after the sample has been taken, it does not give any cautionary note to indicate that the soil chemistry is likely to change with exposure. Experiments are described to show the effect of this change with time.
Principles for Description and Classification of Weathered Rock for Engineering Purposes
Authors: Martin R. P. , Hencher S. R. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
There is a clear need for separate descriptive schemes for the degree of weathering at a small scale (material grades) and at a large scale (mass zones). Such weathering classifications should be established according to clear principles using well defined terminology. The schemes recommended in BS 5930 for this purpose are considered inadequate due to confusing terminology, loosely defined material grades and unjustified mass zonal boundaries. In this paper, published schemes both at the material grade scale and the mass zonal scale are reviewed and proposals made for standardised terminology. Examples of three schemes for classifying materials, and which meet many of the criteria advocated here, are presented. An idealised zonal scheme for heterogeneous weathered rocks is presented and the engineering significance of each proposed zone boundary is discussed.
The Use of Oblique Aerial Photography to Investigate the Extent and Sequence of Landslipping at Stag Hill, Guildford, Surrey
Authors: Matthews M. C. , Clayton C. R. I. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The University of Surrey is situated on the northern slopes of Stag Hill, below Guildford Cathedral, which occupies the summit. During the investigation for the design of the University, it became apparent that the site was underlain by a large landslip, 500 m wide from east to west and extending 160 m from rear scarp to toe. Considerable effort was made to establish its geometry and extent (Skempton & Petley (1967), and Morgenstern & Tchalenko (1967)).
In recent years it was realised that because the construction of the Cathedral extended over a long period of time, the likelihood of Stag Hill being covered by oblique aerial photography would be high. Some forty oblique aerial photographs, spanning the period 1949 to 1982, were collected and analysed together with vertical aerial photographs and topographic maps.
Although the landslip is visible on vertical aerial photographs, individual elements are not easily identified. Using oblique photography, in particular that in which recognition of subdued topography has been enhanced by low sun angles, up to six phases of landslipping were identified.
This paper uses this example to demonstrate the usefulness of aerial photography in site investigation and in particular the value of oblique photography, a topic which receives little attention in BS 5930:1981 considering how cost effective this tool can be.
The Effective Application of Electrical Conductivity Techniques in Site Investigations for Civil Engineers
Authors: Penn S. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The application of electrical conductivity techniques to site investigation has proved to be a rapid, cost effective method for the location and mapping of shallow mine workings in different rock types; faults, clay pockets and the variation in overburden thickness. Non-contacting terrain conductivity meters have a rapid response and are direct reading; therefore large areas can be investigated quickly, and in contrast to some other geophysical techniques conductivity surveys may be undertaken on small sites.
On sites where there is a contrast in electrical conductivity between the ‘disturbed’ and ‘undisturbed’ ground this technique provides high quality information which can be used, to financial advantage, in the design of target drilling or pitting programmes. The combination of conductivity surveys and target drilling has facilitated the completion of full site investigations within limited budgets.
A Question of Priority—Product Before Procurement
Authors: Rys L. J. , Wood I. R. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The paper presents the results of recent research into the influence of different methods of procurement and of specifying the work on the quality of site investigation in the UK, as perceived by its consumers.
The results of the research revealed widespread dissatis- faction with site investigation work where rigid and inappropriate instigation procedures were used by the consumer. Despite calls for reform there remains an urgent need for consumer guidance concerning the adoption of methods of procurement relevant to the special nature of site investigation and for greater flexibility in the specification of the work.
Investigation of the Properties of Recent Nile Delta Deposits, Port Said, Egypt
Authors: Smith N. A. , Welch D. E. , Tunbridge L. W. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
In 1978 Golder Associates carried out a major geotechnical investigation over an area of 1200 ha surrounding Port Said, Egypt. The investigation was primarily directed to the design of a land reclamation scheme and future development of the area. The soils investigated were deep deltaic deposits of the River Nile, laid down within the past 10000 years.
The methods of investigation used, both for drilling and sampling, differed from those commonly used in the UK. The results of the work demonstrate the quality of results which can be achieved by wash boring methods, and stress the need for a suitable level of geotechnical engineering input whatever the method of investigation. The investigation techniques included the establishment of an on-site laboratory capable of handling a large volume of testing during the course of the site work. The reductions in both delay and transport between sampling and testing are considered to have been instrumental in obtaining much more reliable data on the soil properties.
Some data are presented as examples of the quality of results. The stratum of most interest and importance was a thick layer of highly plastic clay, which prior to this investigation had been considered to be soft and possibly underconsolidated. The clay was demonstrated to be firm to stiff and overconsolidated, and the overconsolidation was shown to have been at least partially the result of secondary compression effects and, additionally, fluctuations in sea level since deposition.
Planning and Design of Site Investigations
Authors: Head J. M. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Guidance on planning and design of site investigations is not explicitly included in the Code of Practice for Site Investigations (1981). Insufficient emphasis is given to developing a strategy and a programme of activities which is relevant to the proposed development and ground conditions.
A more formal approach to the organisation of these preliminary stages is presented and an outline given for a planned programme of administration.
Guidelines are given on how to develop an appropriate strategy including categorisation of investigation, preliminary design assessment and detailing site work. The need for records and refinement is highlighted.
Desk Studies, Air Photograph Interpretation and Reconnaissance for Site Investigation
Authors: West G. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Desk studies, air photograph interpretation and reconnaissance are the main elements in Stage I of an engineering site investigation, and unless they are done properly the whole site investigation may be inadequate. The paper comments on how these subjects are dealt with by BS 5930:1981, and notes the contributions made by the contributors to the Conference. Finally some recommendations are made for when BS 5930:1981 is revised.
A Comparison of Methods of Testing at a Site in London Clay
Authors: Epps R. J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The results of a site investigation carried out in 1982 at a site in London Clay are summarised. A number of screw plate and pressuremeter tests have since been carried out, and the screw plate test and the methods of analysis adopted are described. The objectives of the 1982 investigation are reviewed and it is shown from comparison of the two sets of results that whilst these were achieved by methods recommended in BS 5930, the same answers could also have been provided by a site investigation designed around the screw plate test apparatus.
Correlation of Cone Penetration Tests and Undrained Shear Strength in Alluvial Soils in the Humberside Area
Authors: Erwig H. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
An intensive site investigation consisting of electric cone
penetration tests, vane tests, Delft sampling and thin wall
sampling holes has been carried out in soft alluvial soils in
the Humberside area. This programme facilitated a
correlation to be made between static cone end resistance
with the undrained shear strengths obtained from the vane
testing and laboratory test results. A discussion is presented
on the various cone correlation factors (Nk) obtained and
these results are compared to the cone factors established by
others in similar soil conditions elsewhere.
Planning for engineering geologists
Authors: Worth D. H. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Commencing with a brief historical outline of past planning of towns this paper considers in outline the land use planning process as decision making in the use of land. It considers the legal basis for planning in England and Wales (parallel legislation exists in Scotland) and discusses the functions of planning authorities in plan making, control of development and research and intelligence. It comments on the qualifications and education of planners with particular reference to recent changes of particular relevance to communication of technical (particularly engineering geology) information to planners. It indicates the political nature of planning decision making by elected representation.
Economic design of ground investigations for planning
Authors: Cripps J. C. , Attewell P. B. , Woodman J. P. 
Published: April 2008

Abtract
Planning the development of an urban area is a complex operation in which many disparate objectives and constraints must be reconciled. An attempt is usually made to achieve particular aims at minimum cost. If geological and geotechnical factors are considered in isolation, then a particular structure will cost least to build in locations offering the most favourable ground conditions. Unfortunately, seldom is suitable geological and geotechnical information available at this early stage of development.
The paper outlines a mechanism whereby reduction in the uncertainty about the ground conditions, achieved by carrying out site investigations work, may be related, through the application of simple probability theory, to a consequent expected loss caused by construction or maintenance. Thus in planning decisions a financial optimum can be identified in which the cost implications of ground investigations, construction and maintenance can be taken into account.
Data acquisition
Authors: Meigh A. C.O.B.E. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Data acquisition at the planning stage of a project involves the identification of hazards, namely, major hazards, tractable hazards and materials hazards. Hazards can have a significant effect on the cost of a project, especially if discovered during construction. Data acquisition should include sub-surface investigations at the planning stage to minimize the risk of expensive surprises.
The Frindsbury area, Rochester: a review of historical data and their implication on subsidence in an urban area
Authors: Charman J. H. , Cooper C. G. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
A sudden subsidence under a footpath which led to the tragic death of a pedestrian was followed by a series of further subsidences over a period of several years, all incidents apparently located within an area no more than approximately 1 km square. The area is one of high density housing of the terraced style which was largely developed in the period 1900-1940. Further housing estates have been added in the period since the 1950s.
Increasing public concern over the incidents led to the commissioning of a preliminary study by the Rochester-upon-Medway City Council to collate and assess relevant archival information to determine whether the subsidence occurrences in the area could be related to some common cause. The study included reference to local museums, libraries and societies, visits to the British Library Map Department, a review of the geological literature and a collation of the industrial history of the area. Several potential causes of subsidence were discovered; these included the existence of old water wells and dene holes and, more significantly, extensive excavations associated with brick production at the turn of the century. In addition, a canal had been tunnelled under the area in 1823, subsequently partly infilled and converted to railway use.
The probable cause of the incidents at Frindsbury has been attributed to the existence of chalk mines associated with the brickfields and further investigation is now taking place to locate these.
Clues to all of the features discussed above were available as open file information in public records. This paper describes how the information was acquired and assimilated and emphasizes the importance of the role of desk study in the initial stages of any development project.
Application of lithic and structural geological data to the assessment of ground stability above shallow abandoned coal mines
Authors: Hart P. A. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Borehole log data gathered during a subsidence investigation in 1978–79 are used to derive a classification scheme for Coal Measure rocks. The results of height of void migration above workings are compared to those arising from use of Piggott & Eynon’s (1977) geometrical collapse zone method and Bienawski’s (1980) Rock Mass Rating scheme. It is concluded that the analysis helps to assess areas of greatest instability, which thus aids land-use planning and also the planning of ground investigations, ground stabilization, and re-development.
Land evaluation and site assessment: mapping for planning purposes
Authors: Dearman W. R. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Maps and plans represent essential tools of the trade for planners and applied earth scientists alike, and thematic maps produced by geologists should be able to be understood by planners. Geology, geotechnics, geomorphology, hydrogeology and related sciences can provide essential data on some of the constraints to development and resources for development. Recognition of these permits safer, more cost- effective planning and development, and allows rational decisions to be taken as far as the exploitation of resources is concerned. Consequently the Department of Environment had been commissioning research to investigate the best means of collecting, collating, interpreting and presenting, in sets of maps and reports, geological results of direct applicability to land-use planning. For example, some years ago initial studies in thematic mapping were undertaken by the British Geological Survey and more recently a number of private consultants have carried out such work. Unfortunately, the results of some of these surveys have not, as yet, been published.
Environmental geology mapping: An international review
Authors: Doornkamp J. C. , Brunsden D. , Cooke R. U. , Jones D. K. C. , Griffiths J. S. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

Interest in environmental geological maps (EGMs) has increased in Britain since the publication in 1982 of the IGS Report 82/15
Environmental Geology of the Glenrothes District, Fife Region
. Over the past decade or so similar interests have been developing elsewhere, particularly in the USA and in Europe. This review examines the style and purpose of EGMs in both the USA and Europe, and recognises distinct, yet different, characteristics in each. The review provides a reference against which British experience, when it is published, can be assessed.

The US work, though very variable in style and scale of mapping, is consistently concerned to provide earth- science information to planners, engineers and politicians concerned with development, urban growth and redevelopment. The weakest of these studies provide raw geological data, the best make an effort to translate these data into terms that can be understood by the potential user.

The European approach to EGMs has been different in that it tends to appear under the title ‘engineering geological maps’, and in some cases, such as under the ZERMOS scheme in France, has a direct relevance to the concept of
Le Code de L’Urbanisme et de l’habitation
(article R 128.18, 1970). In fact variations in style and purpose exist across Europe, with varying degrees of influence upon regulations or legislation in terms of planning and development.
The use or abuse of thematic mining information maps
Authors: McMillan A. A. , Browne M. A. E. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Thematic and environmental geology mapping has been applied in recent years by the British Geological Survey (BGS) in cities, towns, urban fringes, rural areas and major estuaries. Experience in Scotland indicates that the separate portrayal of particular aspects of the drift and solid geology, former underground mining, and geotechnical properties are of greatest benefit to planners and civil engineers concerned with land use and ground stability. The maps prepared for this purpose may have an additional application in the field of resource assessment. BGS always emphasises that these maps are interpretations of the data available at the date of compilation, that they are only to be used for preliminary studies, and that they are not intended as a substitute for on-site investigation.
This paper illustrates some of the pitfalls of a too literal use of thematic mining information maps and indicates ways in which these have evolved to assist the user. Early thematic maps depicted areas of undermining assumed to be (a) within 30 m of surface and (b) at depths greater than 30 m below surface. Known and suspected mining were not differentiated. Modifications were introduced for the Glasgow district, such that only areas of mining shown on mine plans were depicted: no areas of suspected mining were shown. Separate maps were prepared to show areas of total known mining; current mining; known mining within 30 m of rockhead together with locations of shafts and boreholes encountering shallow workings; and mining for minerals other than coal and ironstone. Recent work in Coatbridge and Fife has resulted in further modifications, including the presentation of separate shaft atlases. Attempts have been made to construct seam atlases although these are not available as part of the portfolios. In Fife, known and inferred shallow mining are differentiated, and shown on the same map.
Each modification has reflected an attempt to clarify the presentation of known and inferred mining. The maps have, however, been prepared in response to the requirements of different customers, and while it is generally agreed that it is valuable to portray the extent of mining known from mine plans, opinions differ on the desirability and usefulness of showing inferred areas. The latter classification is considered to be beneficial by national and regional planners and also by city engineers. However, there is concern about the release of such maps on open file to the general user who is not fully informed of the background and nature of mining maps. Areas outlined as ‘undermined’ should not automatically be subjected to planning blight, and a recognition is required that engineering problems in urban areas only occur if property was not planned, designed and constructed with reference to the state of undermining.