bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Une tentative de vulgarisation avortée : l'hévéaculture villageoise en Côte d'Ivoire.
Authors: Pillet-Schwartz Anne-Marie 
Published: October 2008

A.-M. Pillet-Schwartz—An Aborted Attempt at Vulgarisation: Small-Scale Rubber Cultivation in the Ivory Coast.
The development of rubber cultivation in the Ivory Coast is essentially based upon large-scale plantations owned and exploited by foreign capitalist firms in association with Eburnean State corporations (SODE). Nevertheless an attempt was made, in 1968-1970, to experiment with smallholdings, on the Malayan-Indonesian pattern, among Atie and Ebrie planters in the Lagoon region, west of Abidjan. The author analyses the factors which resulted into an overall failure of the experiment.
Situational Analysis : Its Potential and Limitations for Anthropological Research on Social Change in Africa.
Authors: Doorne-Huiskes Anneke 
Published: October 2008

J. H. Van Doorne — L'analyse situationnelle : son potentiel et ses limites pourra recherche anthropologique sur le changement social en Afrique.
Critique détaillée des méthodes structuralo-fonctionnalistes de la social anthropology britannique classique, en particulier en ce qui concerne l'approche du social change, le tout d'un point de vue plutôt watsonien.
Position de l'enquête anthropologique en milieu urbain africain.
Authors: Gibbal Jean-Marie , Le Bris Emile , Marie Alain , Osmont Annick , Salem Gérard 
Published: October 2008

J.-M. Gibbal, E. Le Bris, A. Marie, A. Osmont, G. Salem—The Position of the Anthropologie al Approach in an African Urban Environment.
The practical experience of a multidisciplinary team working on family de-structuration and group formation in African towns has led to the conclusion that an anthropological, rather than sociological, approach is best fitted for the study of a number of urban situations. The anthropologist is, however, confronted with a variety of methodological, theoretical, and practical (as well as ethical) problems often quite different from those encountered in rural field work. This paper is an attempt to define these problems without setting forth any actual solution.
Les kodro de Bangui : un espace urbain « oublié ».
Authors: Adrien-Rongier Marie-France 
Published: October 2008

M.-F. Adrien-Rongier—Bangui's ' Kodro' : A Forgotten Urban Space.
In Bangui three specifie modes of urban adaptation are to be observed not so much in the city's centre and allotted wards (as is usually the case with officiai enquiries and declarations) as in the kodro, which occupy some 75 % of the built up area. For the last fifteen years the town has grown rapidly without the benefit of a consistent employment and education policy. Hence the nature of the kodro's social and economie practices, as exemplified by the Gbaya of the Gbafio ward: persistence of a family-based habitat, co-existence of agriculture, trade and wage-earning activities with a sexual division of labour, economie survival organized on kinship terms. While the administrators' and technicians' studies ignore or deplore this state of afiairs, the governement has chosen to control it by delegating a part of its authority to the ward chiefships while 'forgetting' this urban space, which remains, for this reason, underequipped.
The Kingdom of Kongo, ca. 1390-1678. The Development of an African Social Formation
Authors: K. Thornton John 
Published: October 2008

J. K. Thornton — Le royaume du Kongo, ca. 1390-1678. Développement d'une formation sociale africaine.
L'abondance et l'ancienneté de la documentation concernant le Kongo permettent d'analyser son évolution par les méthodes du matérialisme historique. Le royaume apparaît alors comme une formation sociale combinant deux modes de production : un mode esclavagiste centré sur la capitale, et un mode villageois dans les zones rurales. La période 1390-1678 correspond au développement et à la prédominance du mode esclavagiste. Elle s'achève quand ce mode est détruit par la guerre civile. La contradiction centrale réside dans le fait que, alors que les forces économiques concentraient leur domination dans la capitale, une compétition constante pour le contrôle de cette ville opposait les lignages. Quand la traite atlantique provoqua le développement d'une deuxième ville dans la province de Sonyo, les vaincus de la lutte pour la capitale purent y trouver refuge. Ainsi, lorsque les troupes portugaises infligèrent une défaite temporaire au Kongo (1665), il se produisit une situation —crise dans la capitale, conflit entre ses lignages et ceux de Sonyo — qui entraîna la guerre civile et la destruction de Sâo Salvador.
Trade and Tribute. Archaeological Evidence for the Origin of States in South Central Africa
Authors: Bisson Michael S. 
Published: October 2008

M. S. Bisson — Commerce et tribut. Documents archéologiques sur l'origine des États du sud de VAfrique centrale.
Cet article examine le rapport du négoce et du tribut avec le développement d'États préhistoriques en Afrique sud-centrale, à l'aide de données historiques et archéologiques. L'hypothèse selon laquelle le négoce organisé sur de longues distances aurait été la cause première de la formation des États est examinée en ce qui concerne les Yeke, le Monomatapa et les Lunda du Sud et de l'Est. Les données archéologiques porteraient à conclure que le commerce au long cours fut un facteur important dans la croissance de l'État. Toutefois, il y a aussi trace d'une formation d'État antérieure, et qui aurait été provoquée par le développement d'un réseau tributaire, avant l'apparition du négoce s'étendant aux littoraux.
Le héros et son destin. Essai d'interprétation des traditions orales relatant la genèse d'un État du Soudan central, le Kabi, au XVIe siècle
Authors: Piault Marc-Henri 
Published: October 2008

M. H. Piault — The Hero and his Destiny: A Tentative Interpretation of Oral Traditions concerning the Genesis of a Central Soudanic State (Kabi, 16th Century).
History—or rather ethnohistory—as practised here is not a reconstitution of the past but an attempted restitution of the way in which the various participants in a contemporary polity conceive that past. We deal with a body of remembered facts whose 'reality' is established through the multiplicity of evidence. Yet we also have to allow for the emergence of collective fantasies, which express norms and their transgression, as well as the loci of group identification. In this respect the heroes' story is a 'recollected' acting out of the social organisation, a corpus of the values and behaviour viewed as normative. The hero and his story give a nearly concrete shape to the ideological production concerned with the value System, the social practices and the generally accepted norms. The remembered history of the founder of the Kabi kingdom in North-West Nigeria (16th century) is hereby shown, through the choice and identification of its hero, as being one of the logical forms of legitimation of the State structure as well as the ordering stroke of a pseudo-historical necessity.
Dār Silā, the Sultanate in Precolonial Times, 1870-1916.
Authors: Kapteijns Lidwien 
Published: October 2008

L. Kapteijns — Le sultanat du Dâr Sila à l'époque précoloniale, 1870-1916.
Au moment de la conquête du Wadai par les Français, en 1909, le souverain du sultanat dâjû du Dâr Silâ préféra éviter l'affrontement en se plaçant spontanément sous protectorat français, en échange de la reconnaissance et du maintien de sa souveraineté interne. En dépit de quoi, en 1916, après sept ans d'incompréhension réciproque, il fut détrôné et son royaume annexé. L'histoire précoloniale de ce petit État, coincé entre ses puissants voisins du Dâr Fur et du Wadai, explique son choix politique.
Sur quelques problèmes pratiques d'onomastique africaine : toponymie, anthroponymie, ethnonymie.
Authors: Alexandre Pierre 
Published: October 2008

P. Alexandre - On Some Practical Problems in African Onomastics: Topo-, Anthropo-, and Ethnonymy.
These two papers approach the problems of writing or spelling African languages from slightly different angles: M. Diki-Kidiri's is more generai and closer to scientific linguistics, P. Alexandre's is restricted to proper nouns and more oriented toward editorial needs. Both plead for pragmatic rules and favour deviation from strict phonemic principles for the sake of practicality.
Métis et colons : la famille Devès et l'émergence politique des Africains au Sénégal, 1881-1897.
Authors: Manchuelle François 
Published: October 2008

F. Manchuelle — Mulattoes and Settlers : The Deves Family and the Political Emergence of Africans in Senegal, 1881-1897.
The Creole community which dominated Senegal, even after the recall of Briere de l'Isle (1881), was sharply divided because of divergent economie interests in Saint-Louis and Goree. Around 1890, the political landscape was profoundly altered by the arrivai of French immigrants in the colony. In an attempt to wrest power from the Saint-Louisian Creoles, the Goreans, led by the Deves family, joined forces with the French colonists, supported by the Bordeaux commercial interests. This almost provoked the disintegration of their party, the electoral base of which was composed of small African traders threatened by the French penetration. Hoping to regain their influence, the Deves family made signincant contributions towards the emergence of black politics in Senegal. The article ends with an evocation of probable links between the Deves and the first black African deputy to the French parliament, Biaise Diagne.
Le refus du travail forcé au Sénégal oriental.
Authors: Touré Oussouby 
Published: October 2008

O. Toure — The Refusal of Compulsory Labour in Eastern Senegal.
The economie policy of French colonialist rule used constraint to mobilize the labour force of local people for its own profit. In Tanba Kunda district, as else-where, labour conscription benefited private companies which, from 1923 to 1946, were allowed the use of numerous workers without paying for the maintenance and reproduction costs of this labour force. The article analyses the many forms of resistance the local population opposed to this regime.
Towards a Better Understanding of Socio-Economic Change in 18th- and I9th-Century Ungonde.
Authors: Kalinga Owen J.M. 
Published: October 2008

O. J. M. Kalinga —Pour une meilleure compréhension des transformations socio-économiques des XVIIIe et XIXe siècles en Ungonde.
Contrairement aux théories reçues antérieurement, le développement d'un État centralisé chez les Ngonde (dans l'actuel Malawi) ne paraît pas lié à l'existence d'un commerce à longue distance : l'économie, à l'arrivée des fondateurs de la dynastie des kyungu, était fondée sur l'agriculture et la pêche, auxquelles s'ajouta ultérieurement l'élevage. Ce dernier facteur paraît avoir joué un rôle important au xvme siècle, en raison du besoin d'espace qu'il impliquait : la nécessaire extension territoriale provoqua une modification du pouvoir des kyungu, en même temps que des rapports sociaux entre propriétaires de bétail et clients. Après un stade initial de renforcement du pouvoir central, au xvme siècle, les nouvelles conditions économiques produisent l'effet inverse au xixe, les princes « éleveurs » essayant de s'affranchir de l'absolutisme des kyungu jusqu'à ce que, après 1880, ces derniers recherchent l'appui des traitants swahili.
Résistance et rébellion. Une lecture de l'insurrection menalamba.
Authors: Esoavelomandroso Faranirina 
Published: October 2008

F. V. Esoavelomandroso — Resistance and Rebellion: An Interpretation of the Menalamba Insurrection.
A review of S. Ellis' The Rising of the Red Shawls, a history of the Malagasy rebellion which followed the fall of Antananarivo and suppression of the monarchy by the French. The movement had its roots in the late precolonial evolution of the kingdom, especially the conversion of its elites to Christianity, which resulted into a tension between a traditionalist periphery and a Christianized central oligarchy, viewed as collaborationist. The French conquest brought to light a latent crisis engendered by the contradictions which marred the Malagasy social and political organization in the last decades of the 19th century.
The Mane, the Decline of Mali, and Mandinka Expansion towards the South Windward Coast.
Authors: Massing Andreas W. 
Published: October 2008

A. W. Massing — Les Mane, le déclin du Mali, et l'expansion mandingue vers la Côte du Vent méridionale.
L'analyse des traditions orales et des écrits européens des xvie et xviie siècles tend à indiquer que la prétendue invasion des Mane au xvie siècle n'était qu'une incursion parmi d'autres. Les Mane seraient des Manding, du groupe dialectal mande-nord plutôt que mande-sud. Cette invasion n'a guère intéressé que la péninsule de Sierra Leone et ses environs, et doit être distinguée de la prétendue invasion « kquoja » dans le Libéria actuel. L'élément dominant de la « mandinguisation » et de l'islamisation de ces deux pays serait le clan des conquérants du Konyan, les Kamara Diomande. Ces mouvements vers la côte correspondent à l'ouverture de nouvelles routes commerciales, à une époque où l'empire du Mali connaissait de sérieuses difficultés politiques internes.
Les zambaigos dans l'Amérique espagnole, au XVIe siècle.
Authors: Mari Françoise 
Published: October 2008

F. Mari-—The 'Zambaigos' in 16th-Century Spanish America.
The zambaigos, offspring of African serves and Indian mothers, are to be distin-guished from the other mixed-ancestry groups: half-caste (Spanish fathers, Indian mothers) and mulattoes (Spanish fathers, African mothers). Miscegenation between Africans—be they freemen or slaves—and Indians was subjected to par-ticularly stringent repression for both socio-economic and cultural reasons: while the zambaigos were legally free since the abolition of Indian slavery, they were also completely estranged from Spanish-Christian ways of life. Yet, despite ail legal discriminations and prohibitions, they constituted a sizable portion of the colonial population by the end of the ioth century.
Entité étatique et développement en Afrique tropicale.
Authors: Gu-Konu Emmanuel Y. 
Published: October 2008

E. Y. Gu-Konu—The State as an Entity and the Development of Tropical Africa.
Is a quarter century time enough to test the capacity of African States to promote their countries' development? The apparent trend looks more regressive than progressive, and the role and nature of the African State seem to be prime factors in this respect. The genesis of independence (peaceful or following a struggle), the subsequent ideological orientation and the military coups resuit into a diversity of situations, the common traits in ail cases being the extraneous character of the institution, reinforced by its integration in the world market. Hence the necessity of a centralized despotic power which in turn generates corruption and nepotism. While the material resources for development do exist, they can only be put to worthwhile use through a radical transformation of the extant States including a spatial re-structuration.
Aménagement de l'espace et mouvements de populations au Togo : l'exemple du pays kabyè.
Authors: Pillet-Schwartz Anne-Marie 
Published: October 2008

A.-M. Pillet-Schwartz—Space Management and Migratory Movements in Togo: the Kabye Case.
Since the accession to power, in 1967, of a military officer of Kabye origin, an attempt has been made to build up a northern pole of development intended to match the southern one in Lome. A high population density coupled with intensive agricultural methods are characteristic of Kabyeland which has long remained self-contained, opening only recently to disseminate migrants into the central plain and the adjacent massifs. This diaspora is essentially rural, with a population (236,000) outnumbering that (139,000) of its original home. The planned development sets up the urban elite against the peasantry, the latter being able to secure its survival outside as well as inside a region where the State's aims pertain more to politics than to economies. Will this ensure success for an enterprise calling for the urbanization and stabilization of the inhabitants?
Unsurprisingly, Kara's attraction of the Kabye peasants remains weak, the striking fact being that this goes as well for the agricultural development areas. Is it that they are unwilling to submit to modem Systems of intensive cultivation because for them emigration implies liberation through extensive methods? Or do they look at the proposed development as not worthwhile in regard of what would be left behind? They are challenging the significance of a prestige operation, unlikely to devitalize the concerned area. Would purely economie goals be more valuable for the population? Which is the role assigned to the people in this scheme? In short, what is the true nature of power in today's Togo?
L'État de la santé.
Authors: Hours Bernard 
Published: October 2008

B. Hours—The State of Health.
Illness and disease are connected with the State in every society, not only when there is a social protection but also when healing therapists are maintaining social integration within a local or national group disturbed by illnesses and diseases. Our purpose is to analyse politico-therapeutical functions of the State by contrast-ing, on the one hand, the ' doctor-State' endowed with apparent reality and dealing with health problems through financial and technical means, and, on the other hand, the 'witch-State', acting as a healer through a symbolic and ideological manipulation of societal powers.
Prémisses d'un État moderne ? Les projets coloniaux dans le bassin des Volta, 1897-1960.
Authors: Marchal Jean-Yves 
Published: October 2008

J.-Y. Marchal—Premises for a Modem State? Colonial Projects in the Volta Basin (1897-1960).
To which uses can one put a dense population inherited from a strong, enduring political power? Should it be either compelled into production or else driven to export its life force ? The alternative which confrontee the colonial administration of Upper Volta has apparently fashioned the destiny of Burkina Faso.
Nationalism, Ethnicity, and Class in Africa : A Retrospective.
Authors: Young Merwin Crawford 
Published: October 2008

M. C. Young — Nationalisme, ethnicité et classe en Afrique : une rétrospective.
Ces trois notions ont, tour à tour, constitué les thèmes dominants des études africanistes au cours des trente dernières années — chacun de ces thèmes, avec sa méthode d'approche particulière, ne permettant que peu d'imbrications et de recouvrements. Une confrontation systématique de ces approches — et de leurs limites (vite atteintes) — avec les faits de l'histoire récente souligne tout à la fois leur utilité, leur complémentarité, et leurs insuffisances. L'analyse globale de la riche littérature sur ces thèmes génère plus de questions que de réponses, ce qui témoigne de son opportunité.
A Provisional Historical Schema for Western Africa Based on Seven Climate Periods (ca. 9000 B.C. to the 19th Century).
Authors: Brooks George E. 
Published: October 2008

G. E. Brooks — Un schéma provisoire de l'histoire de l'Afrique occidentale, fondé sur sept périodes climatiques (de ca. 9000 av. J.-C. au XIXe siècle).
Examen de l'évolution historique de l'Ouest africain au cours des sept ères climatiques s'étendant sur onze millénaires. Une périodisation construite à partir des changements climatiques fournit un éclairage significatif sur des phénomènes tels que les structures du peuplement, la diffusion des cultigènes et des animaux domestiques, le développement des routes commerciales reliant les écosystèmes, l'usage de la cavalerie pour la guerre et dans la genèse des États. Eh outre, la détermination des systèmes climatiques contribue à l'établissement de périodisations historiques indépendantes des chronologies d'inspiration européenne.
Environnement et densités de population : le recours à l'histoire.
Authors: Cambrezy Luc 
Published: October 2008

L. Cambrezy — Environment and Population Density : Resorting to History.
In the arduous study of the relationship between Nature and Society, environment must needs be considered as a global whole, since it is perceived and used as such by its occupants. This affirmation is a triviality, y et the implementation of an approach fitting this objective is confronted with a permanent contradiction between an analysis which has to conform strictly to the traditional classification of sciences, on the one hand, and, on the other hand, the imperative demand of a quest for relations and interactions which is hardly reconcilable with that division of knowledge. Problems have to be set down under a systemic approach, in order to account for the actual interactions as well as to avoid the danger of a mechanistic interpretation. A recourse to history in the examination of the relations between a society and its environment is no protection against reasoning linearly.
The present study is based upon the question of demographie density in Rwanda. Its aim is to show that historical analysis, necessary as it may be, is not sufficient. To become fully convincing, it must also take account of locational data. Space is no longer a concept to be used by geographers only: like history it has become a compulsory access-way into the understanding of the complex Systems with which we are dealing.
The Historical Approach to the Study of Societies and their Environment in the Eastern Upper Nile Plains.
Authors: Johnson Douglas H. 
Published: October 2008

D. H. Johnson — L'approche historique dans l'étude des sociétés et de Venvironnement des plaines inondées du Haut-Nil.
La prise en considération des facteurs écologiques, plus spécialement de la climatologie et, surtout, de l'hydrologie (hauteur et durée des crues et étiages) est indispensable à la compréhension des mouvements historiques des peuples de langue nilotique, ainsi que de leur répartition et de leurs relations actuelles. La tâche majeure des historiens consiste sans doute dans l'étude des diverses façons dont elles ont réagi aux changements de leur environnement, tant sur le plan de l'adaptation de leurs genres de vie que sur celui de l'organisation sociale et des rapports entre ethnies
Une histoire maritime africaine est-elle possible ? Historiographie et histoire de la navigation et de la pêche africaines à la côte occidentale depuis le XVe siècle.
Authors: Chauveau Jean-Pierre 
Published: October 2008

J.-P. Chauveau — Is a Maritime History of Africa Possible? Historiography and History of African Navigation and Fishing on the West Coast since the i$th Century.
Historical works dealing with African societies' relationship to the sea indicate that they ignored the marine milieu or even found it repulsive. The recurring environ-mental and historical arguments supporting this 'fact' are examined and criticized from the view-point of their inner validity. It is quite exceptional to find it examined in itself. Even so, such an examination is biased by the representative interference of external factors—mainly the 'great inland history' and the European expansion. The 'maritime fact' is held for null or negligible simply because it cannot be conceived within the frame of African historiography and its attendant notions.
In opposition to this interpretation, we are proposing an outline reconstruction of West African maritime history from the Mauretanian to the Nigerian coast. The existence of marine foci before the coming of the Portuguese and their conti-nuity up to the 2oth century are presented in their relation with the main environ-mental and historical factors. The conclusion sets forth the hypothesis that, far from being unilaterally determined by the 'European factor', West African maritime history has been a precondition of Afro-European contacts and an important element in the development and shaping of European settlement. That is not without consequences touching the historical interpretation of the relations between 'economies-worlds'.
(A note by G. Chauvet on The Repartition of Pathogenic Risks bound to Vector Endémies in Relation to Phytoclimatic Milieus is appended to this paper.)