bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of blending sequence on the morphologies of poly(butylene terephthalate)/epoxy/clay nanocomposites by a rheological approach
Authors: Wu Defeng , Zhou Chixing , Yu Wei , Xie Fan 
Published: October 2005

AbstractEpoxy resin was used as a compatilizer to prepare poly(butylene terephthalate)/clay nanocomposites via melt intercalation. Three different mixing sequences were attempted in the present work: (1) to mix poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT), epoxy, and organoclay in one step; (2) first to mix epoxy and organoclay, and then mix it with PBT; (3) to prepare PBT/organoclay hybrid first, and then mix it with epoxy to get the final nanocomposites. The results from X‐ray diffraction (XRD) reveal that all these hybrids present an intercalated structure. However, it can be observed that there are distinct differences in the amount and average size of clay tactoids dispersed in those hybrids from the transmission electron microscope (TEM) photographs, which are further confirmed successfully by the rheological measurements. On the basis of the strain overshoot intensity and the low‐frequency solid‐like response level in the small amplitude oscillatory shear (SAOS) measurements, it can be concluded that the blending sequence (2) is the best way to obtain a nice dispersion of clay in the matrix, forming a percolated tactoids network with highest density and intensity. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 340–346, 2006
Copolymerization of carbon dioxide and propylene oxide using zinc adipate as catalyst
Authors: Wang J. T. , Shu D. , Xiao M. , Meng Y. Z. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractZinc adipate was synthesized from zinc oxide with adipic acid by different methods. Their chemical structure and crystalline morphology were determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WXRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. The results showed that the zinc adipate synthesized under magnetic stirring possessed higher degree of crystallinity than that synthesized under mechanical stirring due to the different stirring strength, and therefore exhibited greater catalytic activity for the copolymerization between CO2 and propylene oxide (PO). The optimum condition for the copolymerization of CO2 and PO was also investigated. Very high catalytic activity of 110.4 g polymer/g catalyst was afforded under optimizing copolymerization condition. NMR spectra revealed that the synthesized poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC) had a highly alternating copolymer structure. DSC and TGA examinations showed that the glass transition temperature and decomposition temperature of the PPC with Mn = 41,900 Da were 27.7 and 248°C, respectively. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 200–206, 2006
Long‐chain branching of polypropylene by electron‐beam irradiation in the molten state
Authors: Krause B. , Stephan M. , Volkland S. , Voigt D. , Häußler L. , Dorschner H. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe electron‐beam irradiation of polymers generates modification effects in the macromolecular structure and material properties. Therefore, irradiation processing is mostly realized in the polymer solid state. In this way, the modification of linear polypropylene may result in long‐chain branching of polypropylene macromolecules. The objective of this article is to investigate the effect of a polymer in the molten state during electron‐beam irradiation on the macromolecular structure and material properties of polypropylene. For this procedure, a special irradiation vessel (BG3) has been developed in which a rapid transfer of polymer films from the solid state to the molten state and a defined temperature during electron‐beam irradiation are realizable. The irradiated samples have been analyzed by high‐temperature size exclusion chromatography coupled with a multi‐angle laser light scattering detector and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements. With an increasing irradiation dose, a high reduction of the molar mass and an increasing amount of long‐chain branching are found. Compared with irradiation in the solid state, the modification in the molten state leads to a higher degree of branching. The rheological experiments in elongation flow clearly exhibit the existence of long‐chain branching. Furthermore, DSC measurements show that the glass‐transition temperature and peak temperatures of melting and crystallization decrease. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 260–265, 2006
Effect of titanate coupling agent on the mechanical, thermal, dielectric, rheological, and morphological properties of filled nylon 6
Authors: Bose Suryasarathi , Mahanwar P. A. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractFillers are used along with various commodity as well as engineering polymers to improve the properties of polymers. The performance of filled polymers is generally decided on the basis of the interface attraction of filler and polymers. Fillers of widely varying particle size and surface characteristics are responsive to the interfacial interactions with polymers. The present study deals with the effect of a coupling agent, tetra isopropyl titanate (TPT), on the properties of flyash filled nylon 6. It is observed that tensile strength, impact strength, and heat distortion temperature improved with the addition of TPT as compared to without the coupling agent filled nylon 6. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 266–272, 2006
Alkaline dissolution monitoring of radial‐type polyester microfiber fabrics by a cationic dye‐staining method
Authors: Koh Joonseok , Oh Myung‐Joon , Kim Hyungsup , Kim Sung Dong 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe alkaline dissolution behavior of radial‐type polyester microfibers during high‐temperature alkali treatment and cold‐pad batch alkali treatment was successfully monitored using a cationic dye‐staining method. The weight reduction behavior of the alkali‐treated microfiber fabrics and their staining behavior with a cationic dye were compared. In addition, the termination of dissolution monitored by both methods was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 279–285, 2006
Finishing of cotton fabrics with aqueous nano‐titanium dioxide dispersion and the decomposition of gaseous ammonia by ultraviolet irradiation
Authors: Dong Yongchun , Bai Zhipeng , Zhang Liwen , Liu Ruihua , Zhu Tan 
Published: October 2005

AbstractAn aqueous dispersion of nano‐titanium dioxide (nano‐TiO2) was prepared and mixed with a silicone softener to establish a finishing bath. Cotton fabrics were treated with this finishing bath with a pad–dry–cure process and were then characterized by X‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The gaseous ammonia was derived from an environmental condition simulated chamber. The specifically designed photocatalytic reactor was used to assess the factors, including the dosage of the aqueous dispersion of nano‐TiO2, the nature of the fabric, the direct dye, and the water‐repellent agent, that affected the decomposition efficiency of ammonia in air. In addition, nano‐TiO2‐finished fabrics were evaluated with respect to whiteness and breaking tension properties. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 286–291, 2006
Surface treatment and characterization of functionalized latex particles and inorganic pigment particles used in the study of film formation from pigmented latex systems
Authors: Ding Tianhua , Daniels Eric S. , El‐Aasser Mohamed S. , Klein Andrew 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe adsorption of sodium polyacrylate [NaPA] on noncarboxylated and carboxylated poly(n‐butyl methacrylate‐co‐n‐butyl acrylate) [P(BMA/BA)] latexes and ground calcium carbonate (GCC) was studied. The adsorption isotherms of NaPA on P(BMA/BA) latex surfaces showed that NaPA tended to adsorb to a greater extent onto the latex particle surfaces when the carboxyl group surface coverage of latex polymer particles is low, which indicates a repulsive interaction between the dissociated carboxyl groups and NaPA macroions. The electrophoretic mobility of cleaned model P(BMA/BA) latexes decreased with the increasing carboxyl group surface coverage at pH 10 due to the alkali‐swelling characteristics of carboxylated latexes. For GCC, used as extender pigment particles in the pigmented latex blend systems, the size of the GCC pigment particles stabilized with NaPA decreased during a sonification process and their ζ‐potential became increasingly negative with the addition of NaPA to the GCC pigment slurry. Particle size and ζ‐potential measurements showed that NaPA can stabilize GCC particles effectively, and the optimum concentration of NaPA to stabilize GCC is around 1 wt % based on solid GCC. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 398–404, 2006
Helices and other secondary structures of β‐ and γ‐peptides
Authors: Seebach Dieter , Hook David F. , Glättli Alice 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe principal secondary structural motifs adopted by peptides assembled from β‐amino acid units are discussed: the 14‐, 12‐, 10‐, 12/10‐, and 8‐helices, as well as the hairpin turn, extended structures, stacks, and sheets. Features that promote a particular folding propensity are outlined and illustrated by structures determined in solution (NMR) and in the solid‐state (x‐ray). The N–Cβ–Cα–CO dihedral angles from molecular dynamics simulations, which are indicative of a particular secondary structure, are presented. A brief description of a helix and a turn of γ‐peptides is also given. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 84: 23–37, 2006This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Effects of surrounding brightness on visual search for safety colors
Authors: Ochiai Nobuhisa , Sato Masako 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe present article reports the investigation of the effects of surrounding brightness on a visual search for three safety colors: red, orange, and yellow. Images of visual stimuli consisting of an array of colored circles placed on a large visual field (a visual angle of 40°) were displayed on an 80‐in. screen with a DLP projector. Experiment I examined the search efficiency under three levels of background luminance that were equivalent to the three target luminances. The results showed that the search efficiency for the orange target decreased as the number of distractors increased, under each of the background luminance levels, whereas the efficiency scarcely decreased for the red and yellow targets. Although a reduction in background luminance increased the search efficiency for the orange target, it is suggested that the effect of background luminance is smaller than the effect of the target color in search efficiency. Experiment II examined the search efficiency under three conditions of low levels of incident illuminance, which were matched with a linear regression to the luminance of color chips of safety colors measured twilight conditions. The results showed that the search efficiency for the orange target decreased as the number of distractors increased under each of the different illuminance conditions, whereas the efficiency scarcely decreased for red and yellow targets. Furthermore, as illuminance decreased, the search time for the orange target was more greatly impacted than for red or yellow. These results imply that the recognition of orange tends to be influenced by the surrounding brightness. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 30, 400–409, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20152
Comparison of different monoptic and dichoptic color‐matching functions
Authors: de Mattiello María L. F. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe objective of this article is to analyze different color matching functions (CMFs) obtained with three (650, 530, and 460 nm) and four primary colors (650, 565, 513, and 460 nm), using both monoptic and dichoptic central vision. This strategy helps to clarify (i) lack of additivity of brilliance; (ii) shift in maximum sensitivity peaks of CMFs when experimental conditions change; (iii) variations in luminance for the same reason; (iv) strong metamerism of the mixtures; and (v) differences of chromatic opponence between monoptic and dichoptic vision. The results obtained reflect two important facts: marked stability of the visual system, which allows the experimental conditions analyzed to be solved with an equal degree of success, and plasticity based especially on the balance of retinal illumination, which was maintained at an average of 40 trolands. The results obtained bring to mind an assertion made by MacAdam to the effect that the law of additivity when applied to luminance is not applied to measurements of brightness. Perceptively, brightness is not additive, and so CMFs should not be considered as significant functions in computing tristimulus values R, G, and B. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 30, 416–426, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.
Theoretical analysis of subtractive color mixture characteristics IV—Theorems on ideal color and tristimulus dimension
Authors: Matsushiro Nobuhito 
Published: October 2005

AbstractGiving a continuation to our work to understand the characteristics of the tristimulus values in colors obtained by subtractive color mixture, we extend several theorems provided in our previous articles. Previously, we started proving theorems for a single dimension, considering only individual tristimulus values. In the present article, the one‐dimensional discussion is extended to the three‐dimensional discussions of the tristimulus space. These theorems establish the absolute lower and upper bounds for tristimulus values of subtractive color mixtures of the ideal color. The results contribute toward a comprehensive modeling of subtractive color mixture. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 30, 427–437, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.
Effect of orange fiber addition on yogurt color during fermentation and cold storage
Authors: García‐Pérez F. J. , Lario Y. , Fernández‐López J. , Sayas E. , Pérez‐Alvarez J. A. , Sendra E. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractOrange fiber obtained from orange juice by‐products was added to yogurt. Fiber (0%, 0.6%, 0.8%, and 1% doses and different fiber size: 0.417–0.701 and 0.701–0.991 mm) effects on color during yogurt fermentation and cold storage were studied. Overall composition, pH, acidity, syneresis, L*, a*, and b* values were determined. Sensory evaluation of yogurts was carried out. Fiber addition did not cause changes in yogurt acidification and color during fermentation process, though decreased L* value and increased b* value of the milk. Color evaluation along fermentation is pH dependent (R > 0.870). pH decreased and syneresis increased along cold storage. Because of the acidification process, L* value decreased and a* and b* values increased in all yogurts. Yogurts with 1% fiber were significantly different from the others along cold storage, presenting lower L*, higher a* and b* values, and lower syneresis. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 30, 457–463, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20158
A Fluxional CuIN2O2 Core: Binding of a Keto Oxygen Atom to CuI and AgI
Authors: Drew Michael G. B. , Naskar Jnan P. , Chowdhury Shubhamoy , Datta Dipankar 
Published: October 2005

Abstract[Cu(2‐acetylpyridine)2]ClO4 (1), characterised here, has a novel CuIN2O2 core in the solid state. Variable‐temperature 1H NMR studies show that the two chelate rings open up in solution at room temperature and the keto oxygen atoms dangle freely. As the temperature is lowered, the O atoms tend to bind to the metal atom. The corresponding silver(I) complex, [Ag(2‐acetylpyridine)2]ClO4 (4), characterised by single‐crystal X‐ray crystallography, has an AgIN2 core in the solid state as well as in solution. Thus, while 1 is fluxional, 4 is not. In cyclic voltammetry, complex 1 displays a quasireversible CuII/I couple with a half‐wave potential of 0.40 V vs. SCE. Complex 1 is easily oxidised by air and H2O2 in methanol to give rise to a dinuclear copper(II) complex where the ligand framework is not simple acetylpyridine. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Sect. Lasiandra from genus CousiniaCass. (Compositae) with emphasis to a new species from east of Iran
Authors: Djavadi S. B. , Attar F. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractCousinia mozdouranensis sp. nova (sect. Lasiandra ) from Mozdouran Pass in Khorassan province is described as a new species from Iran. Illustration, distribution map and a key to all the relevant species present in Iran are also given. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Laboratory experimental check of a conceptual model for infiltration under complex rainfall patterns
Authors: Melone Florisa , Corradini Corrado , Morbidelli Renato , Saltalippi Carla 
Published: October 2005

AbstractExperimental evidence of the accuracy of the model proposed by Corradini et al. (1997, Journal of Hydrology 192: 104–124) for local infiltration–redistribution–reinfiltration in homogeneous soils is given. The model provides infiltration through the time evolution of the soil water content vertical profile, which is described by an ordinary differential equation in any stage of a given rainfall event. A nearly horizontal laboratory slope was used for the experiments performed over both a medium‐ and a coarse‐textured soil. During each experiment characterized by a complex rainfall pattern, the soil water content θ at different depths was continuously monitored using the time‐domain reflectometry method. Our results indicate that the model simulated the experimental vertical profiles of θ accurately, particularly during the infiltration and reinfiltration stages separated by a rainfall hiatus with redistribution of soil water. These results indicate the reliability of the model in computing the local effective rainfall for hydrological response. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A simulation model for unified interrill erosion and rill erosion on hillslopes
Authors: Liu Q. Q. , Xiang H. , Singh V. P. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractA mathematical model was developed for simulating runoff generation and soil erosion on hillslopes. The model is comprised of three modules: one for overland flow, one for soil infiltration, and one for soil erosion including rill erosion and interrill erosion. Rainfall and slope characteristics affecting soil erosion on hillslopes were analysed. The model results show that the slope length and gradient, time distribution rainfall, and distribution of rills have varying influence on soil erosion. Erosion rate increases nonlinearly with increase in the slope length; a long slope length leads to more serious erosion. The effect of the slope gradient on soil erosion can be both positive and negative. Thus, there exists a critical slope gradient for soil erosion, which is about 45° for the rate of erosion at the end of the slope and about 25° for the accumulated erosion. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A simple parameterization of bulk canopy resistance from climatic variables for estimating hourly evapotranspiration
Authors: Perez P. J. , Lecina S. , Castellvi F. , Martínez‐Cob A. , Villalobos F. J. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThis paper examines a model for estimating canopy resistance rc and reference evapotranspiration ETo on an hourly basis. The experimental data refer to grass at two sites in Spain with semiarid and windy conditions in a typical Mediterranean climate. Measured hourly ETo values were obtained over grass during a 4 year period between 1997 and 2000 using a weighing lysimeter (Zaragoza, northeastern Spain) and an eddy covariance system (Córdoba, southern Spain). The present model is based on the Penman–Monteith (PM) approach, but incorporates a variable canopy resistance rc as an empirical function of the square root of a climatic resistance r* that depends on climatic variables. Values for the variable rc were also computed according to two other approaches: with the rc variable as a straight‐line function of r* (Katerji and Perrier, 1983, Agronomie 3(6): 513–521) and as a mechanistic function of weather variables as proposed by Todorovic (1999, Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, ASCE 125(5): 235–245).In the proposed model, the results show that rc/ra (where ra is the aerodynamic resistance) presents a dependence on the square root of r*/ra, as the best approach with empirically derived global parameters. When estimating hourly ETo values, we compared the performance of the PM equation using those estimated variable rc values with the PM equation as proposed by the Food and Agriculture Organization, with a constant rc = 70 s m−1. The results confirmed the relative robustness of the PM method with constant rc, but also revealed a tendency to underestimate the measured values when ETo is high. Under the semiarid conditions of the two experimental sites, slightly better estimates of ETo were obtained when an estimated variable rc was used. Although the improvement was limited, the best estimates were provided by the Todorovic and the proposed methods. The proposed approach for rc as a function of the square root of r* may be considered as an alternative for modelling rc, since the results suggest that the global coefficients of this locally calibrated relationship might be generalized to other climatic regions. It may also be useful to incorporate the effects of variable canopy resistances into other climatic and hydrological models. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The strategy of building a flood forecast model by neuro‐fuzzy network
Authors: Chen Shen‐Hsien , Lin Yong‐Huang , Chang Li‐Chiu , Chang Fi‐John 
Published: October 2005

AbstractA methodology is proposed for constructing a flood forecast model using the adaptive neuro‐fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). This is based on a self‐organizing rule‐base generator, a feedforward network, and fuzzy control arithmetic. Given the rainfall‐runoff patterns, ANFIS could systematically and effectively construct flood forecast models. The precipitation and flow data sets of the Choshui River in central Taiwan are analysed to identify the useful input variables and then the forecasting model can be self‐constructed through ANFIS. The analysis results suggest that the persistent effect and upstream flow information are the key effects for modelling the flood forecast, and the watershed's average rainfall provides further information and enhances the accuracy of the model performance. For the purpose of comparison, the commonly used back‐propagation neural network (BPNN) is also examined. The forecast results demonstrate that ANFIS is superior to the BPNN, and ANFIS can effectively and reliably construct an accurate flood forecast model. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.