bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Educating the Hospitality Student: Successful Teaching Techniques and New Teaching Methods
Authors: Colucci Antoinette L. , Flannery Michael J. 
Published: January 2008

Hospitality education, traditionally oriented to the attainment of necessary survival skills in the industry, has exemplified dated instruction techniques and methodologies. Present hospitality educators are often technically qualified yet educationally (teaching ability and methodology) unqualified. Changing societal trends coupled with wide varieties of experiencial learning and the technological revolution force the need for today's hospitality educator to address teaching in a highly organized, behaviorally objective, yet personal and sensitive manner. The techniques to be discussed are designed to enhance the hospitality educator's ability in this area. Teaching techniques of advance organizers and a think, act, feel approach force the student to become actively involved in his/her own educational development. Although highly teacher structured, the learning becomes a shared experience between the student and the teacher. Two specific teaching/methods, the concept map and the "Vee" -the integrated structure of knowledge - provide the teacher with methods of presenting concepts and knowledge to enhance the students ability to think, feel and act.
Developing a Policy Course in Hospitality Management
Authors: Patterson John W. 
Published: January 2008

This paper deals with policy as a curriculum component in a hospitality curriculum. The paper specifically outlines a process that can be used in preparing a hospitality policy course that requires students to deal effectively with the policy issues surrounding decisions currently being considered within our industry. The article is divided into two parts. Part 1 is a review of the importance of policy as a curriculum component and discussion of the teaching methodology most commonly used in course delivery. Part 2 presents some guidelines and developmental processes that can be helpful in developing a hospitality policy course.
Assessment of the Educational Skills and Competencies Needed By Beginning Hospitality Managers
Authors: Buergermeister James 
Published: January 2008

The need for competent management personnel has created outstanding career opportunities for foodservice and lodging management graduates. This increased demand, however, has also created problems in the development and evaluation of hospitality education. Academic programs in hospitality vary considerably, and there has been little effort to identify competencies for hospitality occupations, especially at the baccalaurate level. The researcher, therefore, undertook this study to develop and assess the educational skills and competencies needed by hospitality managers upon graduation. Today's beginning hospitality manager needs a diversity of talents, skills, and competencies to meet the expectations of the industry. Human relations and conceptual management skills, however, deserve serious consideration in baccalaurate programs. The top five competencies which were rated by the respondents deal directly with human relations skills and attitudes. Technical skills are important, but should not be considered a priority in relation to the entire educational process.
A Case for the Use of Video in Hospitality Management Education
Authors: Rivituso C. Paul , Fruin Marjorie F. 
Published: January 2008

The literature is replete with studies suggesting that videotape materials can be used to advantage in educational settings, particularly in teaching/learning of complex interpersonal skills. Such skills are of great importance in preparing students to assume management positions in the hospitality fields, as in other people-oriented careers. We have developed and used six videotape simulations depicting situations involving hospitality managers interacting with employees and peers. The development, content, and uses are briefly described. We urge others to consider the advantages of videotape materials.
Evaluation of a Simple System for Preparation of Individual Orders of Prime Rib
Authors: Waskey Frank H. , Dragisity George J. , Lim Josephine , Wen Allison 
Published: January 2008

This section is intended to supply the readers with quick information on recent developments in Hospitality Education and Research. Research Notes may consist of: (1) new research findings including preliminary data from pilot studies; (2) reports on small research projects not requiring extensive presentation; (3) case study reports that describe a truly new phenomenon; (4) methodological comments; (5) brief theoretical statements that are either an original contribution or comments on previously published studies. All such notes must be prepared in the appropriate Hospitality Education and Research Journal style and not exceed 3000 words.
The Four Faces of Food Cost
Authors: Pavesic David V. 
Published: January 2008

The concept of food cost cannot be accurately and completely examined from just a single percentage. In order to grasp the total impact of food cost on operating profit one must examine it from four perspectives (faces). The starting point is the Maximum Allowable Food Cost. Calculated from an operating budget, it determines the highest percentage that will still allow profit objectives to be achieved. The percentage shown on the monthly income statement is the operation's Actual Food Cost percentage. It is in turn compared to the Potential Food Cost, calculated from weighted sales and food cost figures. It is the lowest of the four food costs because it is calculated from only the cost of food sold. Standard Food Cost percentage tempers the Potential Food Cost wilh allo ii.ances for food consufiied but not sold and serves as the realistic food cost goal. Each of the four faces of food cost must be individually calculated for each operation. There is no universal average that can be used as a standard in any given operation as no two will be identical in all influencing variables.
Factors Buyers Consider When Selecting Suppliers
Authors: Izzolo Al 
Published: January 2008

This section is intended to supply the readers with quick information on recent developments in Hospitality Education and Research Research Notes may consist of: (1) new research findings including preliminary data from pilot studies; (2) reports on small research projects not requiring extensive presentation; (3) case study reports that describe a truly new phenomenon; (4) methodological comments; (5) brief theoretical statements that are either an original contribution or comments on previously published studies. All such notes must be prepared in the appropriate Hospitality Education and Research Journal style and not exceed 3000 words.
Electricity, Magnetism and the Body: Some Uses and Abuses
Authors: Barker Anthony T 
Published: January 2008

The human body can be regarded as an extraordinarily complex electrical machine. It will respond to externally applied electromagnetic stimuli and aspects of its functionality can be interrogated electromagnetically to aid in diagnosis. The paper describes examples of interactions between electromagnetism and the body. The hazards ofelectric shock are considered along with the use of the defibrillator for restarting the heart. Electromagnetic therapies are discussed in the light of the disappointing lack of objective evidence to support claims for their effectiveness. Finally, two examples of new diagnostic techniques using electromagnetic energy are described. Electrical impedance tomography produces cross-sectional images of the distribution of electrical impedance in the body and magnetic nerve stimulation uses currents induced by large magnetic field pulses to stimulate nerves and the human brain without causing pain.
A fast structural multiple alignment method for long RNA sequences
Authors: Tabei Yasuo , Kiryu Hisanori , Kin Taishin , Asai Kiyoshi 
Published: January 2008

Abstract

Background
Aligning multiple RNA sequences is essential for analyzing non-coding RNAs. Although many alignment methods for non-coding RNAs, including Sankoff's algorithm for strict structural alignments, have been proposed, they are either inaccurate or computationally too expensive. Faster methods with reasonable accuracies are required for genome-scale analyses.

Results
We propose a fast algorithm for multiple structural alignments of RNA sequences that is an extension of our pairwise structural alignment method (implemented in SCARNA). The accuracies of the implemented software, MXSCARNA, are at least as favorable as those of state-of-art algorithms that are computationally much more expensive in time and memory.

Conclusion
The proposed method for structural alignment of multiple RNA sequences is fast enough for large-scale analyses with accuracies at least comparable to those of existing algorithms. The source code of MXSCARNA and its web server are available at http://mxscarna.ncrna.org.
Predicting biological system objectives de novo from internal state measurements
Authors: Gianchandani Erwin P , Oberhardt Matthew A , Burgard Anthony P , Maranas Costas D , Papin Jason A 
Published: January 2008

Abstract

Background
Optimization theory has been applied to complex biological systems to interrogate network properties and develop and refine metabolic engineering strategies. For example, methods are emerging to engineer cells to optimally produce byproducts of commercial value, such as bioethanol, as well as molecular compounds for disease therapy. Flux balance analysis (FBA) is an optimization framework that aids in this interrogation by generating predictions of optimal flux distributions in cellular networks. Critical features of FBA are the definition of a biologically relevant objective function (e.g., maximizing the rate of synthesis of biomass, a unit of measurement of cellular growth) and the subsequent application of linear programming (LP) to identify fluxes through a reaction network. Despite the success of FBA, a central remaining challenge is the definition of a network objective with biological meaning.

Results
We present a novel method called Biological Objective Solution Search (BOSS) for the inference of an objective function of a biological system from its underlying network stoichiometry as well as experimentally-measured state variables. Specifically, BOSS identifies a system objective by defining a putative stoichiometric "objective reaction," adding this reaction to the existing set of stoichiometric constraints arising from known interactions within a network, and maximizing the putative objective reaction via LP, all the while minimizing the difference between the resultant in silico flux distribution and available experimental (e.g., isotopomer) flux data. This new approach allows for discovery of objectives with previously unknown stoichiometry, thus extending the biological relevance from earlier methods. We verify our approach on the well-characterized central metabolic network of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Conclusion
We illustrate how BOSS offers insight into the functional organization of biochemical networks, facilitating the interrogation of cellular design principles and development of cellular engineering applications. Furthermore, we describe how growth is the best-fit objective function for the yeast metabolic network given experimentally-measured fluxes.
The development of PIPA: an integrated and automated pipeline for genome-wide protein function annotation
Authors: Yu Chenggang , Zavaljevski Nela , Desai Valmik , Johnson Seth , Stevens Fred J , Reifman Jaques 
Published: January 2008

Abstract

Background
Automated protein function prediction methods are needed to keep pace with high-throughput sequencing. With the existence of many programs and databases for inferring different protein functions, a pipeline that properly integrates these resources will benefit from the advantages of each method. However, integrated systems usually do not provide mechanisms to generate customized databases to predict particular protein functions. Here, we describe a tool termed PIPA (Pipeline for Protein Annotation) that has these capabilities.

Results
PIPA annotates protein functions by combining the results of multiple programs and databases, such as InterPro and the Conserved Domains Database, into common Gene Ontology (GO) terms. The major algorithms implemented in PIPA are: (1) a profile database generation algorithm, which generates customized profile databases to predict particular protein functions, (2) an automated ontology mapping generation algorithm, which maps various classification schemes into GO, and (3) a consensus algorithm to reconcile annotations from the integrated programs and databases.
PIPA's profile generation algorithm is employed to construct the enzyme profile database CatFam, which predicts catalytic functions described by Enzyme Commission (EC) numbers. Validation tests show that CatFam yields average recall and precision larger than 95.0%. CatFam is integrated with PIPA.
We use an association rule mining algorithm to automatically generate mappings between terms of two ontologies from annotated sample proteins. Incorporating the ontologies' hierarchical topology into the algorithm increases the number of generated mappings. In particular, it generates 40.0% additional mappings from the Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COG) to EC numbers and a six-fold increase in mappings from COG to GO terms. The mappings to EC numbers show a very high precision (99.8%) and recall (96.6%), while the mappings to GO terms show moderate precision (80.0%) and low recall (33.0%).
Our consensus algorithm for GO annotation is based on the computation and propagation of likelihood scores associated with GO terms. The test results suggest that, for a given recall, the application of the consensus algorithm yields higher precision than when consensus is not used.

Conclusion
The algorithms implemented in PIPA provide automated genome-wide protein function annotation based on reconciled predictions from multiple resources.
Phylogeography and Demographic History of Chinese Black-Spotted Frog Populations (Pelophylax nigromaculata): Evidence for Independent Refugia Expansion and Secondary Contact
Authors: Zhang Hua , Yan Jie , Zhang Guoqiang , Zhou Kaiya 
Published: January 2008

Abstract

Background
Pleistocene glaciations had considerable impact on phylogeographic patterns within and among closely related species of many vertebrates. Compared to Europe and North America, research on the phylogeography of vertebrates in East Asia, particularly in China, remains limited. The black-spotted frog (Pelophylax nigromaculata) is a widespread species in East Asia. The wide distribution of this species in China makes it an ideal model for the study of palaeoclimatic effects on vertebrates in East Asia. Our previous studies of P. nigromaculata revealed significant subdivisions between the northeast China populations and populations in other regions of the mainland. In the present study, we aim to see whether the deepest splits among lineages and perhaps subsequent genealogical divisions are temporally consistent with a Pleistocene origin and whether clade geographic distributions, with insight into expansion patterns, are similarly spatially consistent with this model.

Results
Using 1143 nucleotides of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene from 262 individuals sampled from 28 localities, two main clades (clade A and clade B) differing by c. 7.72% sequence divergence were defined from parsimony analyses. The corresponding timing of lineage divergence, 0.92 Mya, indicates a most likely Pleistocene split. The A clade is further subdivided into two sub-clades, A1 and A2 with 1.22% sequence divergence. Nested clade phylogeographical and population demographic analyses suggested that the current distribution of this frog species was the result of range expansion from two independent refugia during the last interglacial period. We discovered a population within which haplotype lineages A and B of P. nigromaculata coexist in the Dongliao area of China by nucleotide sequences, PCR-RFLP and ISSR (inter simple sequence repeat) patterns. The ISSR result in particular supported divergence between the mitochondrial clades A and B and implied introgressive gene flow between the two divergent lineages.

Conclusion
Nested clade phylogeographical and population demographic analyses indicate that the current distribution of P. nigromaculata is the result of range expansion from two independent refugia during the last interglacial period in late Pleistocene. One refugium was in east China and the lower elevations of south-western plateau. The distribution of the other mitochondrial clade is consistent with the presence of a refugium in the Korean Peninsula. The gene flow as detected by ISSR markers suggests a range expansion of the two refugia and a secondary contact between the two highly divergent lineages in the Dongliao (DL) area of northeast China.
Estimating effects of rare haplotypes on failure time using a penalized Cox proportional hazards regression model
Authors: Souverein Olga W , Zwinderman Aeilko H , Jukema J Wouter , Tanck Michael WT 
Published: January 2008

Abstract

Background
This paper describes a likelihood approach to model the relation between failure time and haplotypes in studies with unrelated individuals where haplotype phase is unknown, while dealing with the problem of unstable estimates due to rare haplotypes by considering a penalized log-likelihood.

Results
The Cox model presented here incorporates the uncertainty related to the unknown phase of multiple heterozygous individuals as weights. Estimation is performed with an EM algorithm. In the E-step the weights are estimated, and in the M-step the parameter estimates are estimated by maximizing the expectation of the joint log-likelihood, and the baseline hazard function and haplotype frequencies are calculated. These steps are iterated until the parameter estimates converge. Two penalty functions are considered, namely the ridge penalty and a difference penalty, which is based on the assumption that similar haplotypes show similar effects.
Simulations were conducted to investigate properties of the method, and the association between IL10 haplotypes and risk of target vessel revascularization was investigated in 2653 patients from the GENDER study.

Conclusion
Results from simulations and real data show that the penalized log-likelihood approach produces valid results, indicating that this method is of interest when studying the association between rare haplotypes and failure time in studies of unrelated individuals.
The mitochondrial genome of the hexactinellid sponge Aphrocallistes vastus: Evidence for programmed translational frameshifting
Authors: Rosengarten Rafael D , Sperling Erik A , Moreno Maria A , Leys Sally P , Dellaporta Stephen L 
Published: January 2008

Abstract

Background
Mitochondrial genomes (mtDNA) of numerous sponges have been sequenced as part of an ongoing effort to resolve the class-level phylogeny of the Porifera, as well as to place the various lower metazoan groups on the animal-kingdom tree. Most recently, the partial mtDNA of two glass sponges, class Hexactinellida, were reported. While previous phylogenetic estimations based on these data remain uncertain due to insufficient taxon sampling and accelerated rates of evolution, the mtDNA molecules themselves reveal interesting traits that may be unique to hexactinellids. Here we determined the first complete mitochondrial genome of a hexactinellid sponge, Aphrocallistes vastus, and compared it to published poriferan mtDNAs to further describe characteristics specific to hexactinellid and other sponge mitochondrial genomes.

Results
The A. vastus mtDNA consisted of a 17,427 base pair circular molecule containing thirteen protein-coding genes, divergent large and small subunit ribosomal RNAs, and a reduced set of 18 tRNAs. The A. vastus mtDNA showed a typical hexactinellid nucleotide composition and shared a large synteny with the other sequenced glass sponge mtDNAs. It also contained an unidentified open reading frame and large intergenic space region. Two frameshifts, in the cox3 and nad6 genes, were not corrected by RNA editing, but rather possessed identical shift sites marked by the extremely rare tryptophan codon (UGG) followed by the common glycine codon (GGA) in the +1 frame.

Conclusion
Hexactinellid mtDNAs have shown similar trends in gene content, nucleotide composition, and codon usage, and have retained a large gene syntenty. Analysis of the mtDNA of A. vastus has provided evidence diagnostic for +1 programmed translational frameshifting, a phenomenon disparately reported throughout the animal kingdom, but present in the hexactinellid mtDNAs that have been sequenced to date.
Insertion Sequences show diverse recent activities in Cyanobacteria and Archaea
Authors: Zhou Fengfeng , Olman Victor , Xu Ying 
Published: January 2008

Abstract

Background
Mobile genetic elements (MGEs) play an essential role in genome rearrangement and evolution, and are widely used as an important genetic tool.

Results
In this article, we present genetic maps of recently active Insertion Sequence (IS) elements, the simplest form of MGEs, for all sequenced cyanobacteria and archaea, predicted based on the previously identified ~1,500 IS elements. Our predicted IS maps are consistent with the NCBI annotations of the IS elements. By linking the predicted IS elements to various characteristics of the organisms under study and the organism's living conditions, we found that (a) the activities of IS elements heavily depend on the environments where the host organisms live; (b) the number of recently active IS elements in a genome tends to increase with the genome size; (c) the flanking regions of the recently active IS elements are significantly enriched with genes encoding DNA binding factors, transporters and enzymes; and (d) IS movements show no tendency to disrupt operonic structures.

Conclusion
This is the first genome-scale maps of IS elements with detailed structural information on the sequence level. These genetic maps of recently active IS elements and the several interesting observations would help to improve our understanding of how IS elements proliferate and how they are involved in the evolution of the host genomes.