bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis in pediatric leukemia
Authors: Inaba Hiroto , Jenkins Jesse J. , McCarville M. Beth , Morrison R. Ray , Howard Scott C. , Pui Ching‐Hon , Ribeiro Raul C. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractBackgroundPulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is a rare disorder characterized by intra‐alveolar accumulation of periodic acid‐Schiff (PAS)‐positive surfactant components. Leukemia is the cancer most often associated with PAP; prolonged neutropenia and reduction of alveolar macrophages by myeloablative chemotherapy or leukemic infiltration are implicated. Only isolated cases of PAP have been reported, and pediatric experience is limited.ProcedureWe reviewed all pathology records (1962–2007) of St. Jude Children's Research Hospital to identify patients with PAP.ResultsFive patients had PAP. As expected, all had leukemia and had profound neutropenia at onset of PAP. A diagnosis was made only after PAS staining of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), lung biopsy, or autopsy specimens. Two patients had Down syndrome, which is not known to be associated with PAP. The other three patients had undergone hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Two patients showed clinical improvement or histological disappearance of PAP after neutropenia resolved.ConclusionsPAP should be considered in the differential diagnosis of severe respiratory symptoms in neutropenic patients with hematologic malignancy, especially those with Down syndrome, a history of HSCT, or active disease. PAP should be confirmed by PAS staining of a BAL or lung biopsy specimen. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;51:66–70. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Should diabetes services routinely screen for psychological distress?
Authors: Davies M 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe prevalence of depression, anxiety and eating disorders is higher in people with diabetes than the general population. Such psychological distress significantly increases the risk of developing diabetes‐related complications accompanied by increased health care costs. People with diabetes have clearly stated that increasing psychological support is a priority issue. Many professionals share this view and it is generally accepted that doing nothing is not a good option. However, it would appear lack of time, training and services that are accessible and acceptable to patients has resulted in ambivalence about whether diabetes teams should routinely screen for psychological distress. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons.
Conformation of di‐n‐propylglycine residues (Dpg) in peptides: crystal structures of a type I′β‐turn forming tetrapeptide and an α‐helical tetradecapeptide
Authors: Hegde Raghurama P. , Aravinda Subrayashastry , Rai Rajkishor , Kaul Ramesh , Vijayalakshmi Sarojini , Rao R. Balaji , Shamala Narayanaswamy , Balaram Padmanabhan 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe crystal structures of two oligopeptides containing di‐n‐propylglycine (Dpg) residues, Boc‐Gly‐Dpg‐Gly‐Leu‐OMe (1) and Boc‐Val‐Ala‐Leu‐Dpg‐Val‐Ala‐Leu‐Val‐Ala‐Leu‐Dpg‐Val‐Ala‐Leu‐OMe (2) are presented. Peptide 1 adopts a type I′β‐turn conformation with Dpg(2)–Gly(3) at the corner positions. The 14‐residue peptide 2 crystallizes with two molecules in the asymmetric unit, both of which adopt α‐helical conformations stabilized by 11 successive 5 → 1 hydrogen bonds. In addition, a single 4 → 1 hydrogen bond is also observed at the N‐terminus. All five Dpg residues adopt backbone torsion angles (ϕ, ψ) in the helical region of conformational space. Evaluation of the available structural data on Dpg peptides confirm the correlation between backbone bond angle NCαC′(τ) and the observed backbone ϕ,ψ values. For τ > 106° , helices are observed, while fully extended structures are characterized by τ < 106° . The mean τ values for extended and folded conformations for the Dpg residue are 103.6° ± 1.7° and 109.9° ± 2.6° , respectively. Copyright © 2007 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ferromagnetism in 57Fe‐doped cupric oxide
Authors: Park Young Ran , Kim Kwang Joo , Choi Seung‐li , Lee Jung Han , Lee Hee Jung , Kim Chul Sung , Park Jae Yun 
Published: December 2007

AbstractFerromagnetic properties were observed at room temperature for 57Fe‐doped cupric oxide (CuO) film and powder samples. Mössbauer spectroscopy measurements on the Fe0.02Cu0.98O samples revealed that the octahedral Cu2+ sites are mostly substituted by Fe3+ ions. Both ferromagnetic and paramagnetic Fe3+ signals were detected. The Fe0.02Cu0.98O samples were found to be ferromagnetic even above the Néel temperature of CuO. A carrier localized around oxygen vacancy can mediate a ferromagnetic coupling among neighboring Fe3+ ions. Additional Li doping into Fe0.02Cu0.98O resulted in an increase of the ferromagnetic strength. Unpaired s1 electron in interstitial Li atom is likely to mediate a ferromagnetic coupling between neighboring spins. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Enhancement of exchange bias by ultra‐thin Mn layer insertion at the interface of Mn‐Ir/Co‐Fe bilayers
Authors: Tsunoda M. , Yoshitaki S. , Ashizawa Y. , Kim D. Y. , Mitsumata C. , Takahashi M. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractEffects of ultra‐thin Mn, Ru, Pd, Ta, Gd, and Tb layer insertion at the interface on the exchange bias of Mn75Ir25/Co70Fe30 bilayers were investigated. Unidirectional anisotropy constant, JK, of the bilayer was significantly enhanced from 0.46 erg/cm2 to 0.84 erg/cm2 with the insertion of 0.5‐nm‐thick Mn layer, while it was reduced with increasing the inserted layer thickness for the other materials. The value of 0.84 erg/cm2 was not obtained in the variation of JK with respect to the chemical composition of Mn‐Ir layer in a range of Ir content of 0 ∼ 40 at.%. The cause of the enhancement of JK with ultra‐thin Mn insertion might be due to the modification of antiferromagnetic spin structure at the interface. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Hall effect studies of donors and acceptors in different types of bulk ZnO modified by annealing and hydrogen implantation
Authors: Kassier G. H. , Hayes M. , Auret F. D. , Diale M. , Svensson B. G. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractSamples of as‐manufactured and annealed zinc oxide (ZnO) grown by melt‐growth, seeded chemical vapour transport (SCVT) growth and hydrogen‐implanted hydrothermal ZnO were investigated via the temperature dependent Hall technique. The conduction in the melt‐grown sample appeared to be dominated by two donors with activation energies of about 70 meV and 44 meV, the former disappearing with annealing above 550 ºC. Only one dominant donor of about 80 meV was found in the SCVT‐grown sample and it showed little change with annealing. Surface conduction effects were observed only in the SCVT‐grown sample. Hydrogen‐implanted hydrothermal ZnO layers were found to have only one dominant donor with activation energy of about 45 meV that was stable up to annealing temperatures of about 300 ºC. The acceptor concentration was found to increase considerably with annealing above 300 ºC. We attempt to interpret these results by considering theoretical predictions for the various native and extrinsic defects expected to occur in our samples. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effect of deposition conditions on the growth rate and electrical properties of ZnO thin films grown by MOCVD
Authors: Roro K. T. , Botha J. R. , Leitch A. W. R. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractZnO thin films have been grown on glass substrates by MOCVD. The effect of deposition conditions such as VI/II molar ratio, DEZn flow rate and total reactor pressure on the growth rate and electrical properties of the films was studied. It is found that the growth rate decreases with an increase in the VI/II molar ratio. This behaviour is ascribed to the competitive adsorption of reactant species on the growth surface. The growth rate increases with an increase in DEZn flow rate, as expected. It is shown that the carrier concentration is independent of the DEZn flow rate. An increase in the total reactor pressure yields a decrease in growth rate. This phenomenon is attributed to the depletion of the gas phase due to parasitic prereactions between zinc and oxygen species at high pressure. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Low‐cost growth of AlN using vectored‐flow epitaxy for the purpose of water sterilisation in a rural environment
Authors: Branch Matthew , Robinson Mike , Jones Glyn , Mason Nigel , Dixon Jim 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe high V/III ratio required for the Metalorganic Chemical Vapour Deposition (MOCVD) growth of AlN using the precursors trimethylaluminium and ammonia have contributed to the excessive costs of producing ultra violet light emitting diodes (UVLEDs) which can be used in water purification. This paper introduces a novel growth technique, vectored‐flow epitaxy (VFE), which maintains the separation between gaseous reagents within the growth chamber. In addition, the VFE technique, which employs atmospheric pressure growth, also pre cracks the ammonia prior to injection and thereby significantly reduces the high V/III ratio required for the growth of this material. The pre cracked ammonia also removes the need for high growth temperatures, which is known to be necessary for its thermal decomposition. With this technique, 2 μm/h growth is possible at a V/III ratio of 50. These advances will contribute to the development of a cost‐effective solution to the treatment of drinking water in a rural environment. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Solar LBIC scanning of high‐efficiency point‐contact silicon solar cells
Authors: Vorster F. J. , van Dyk E. E. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe induced current response from a High Efficiency Concentrator (HECO) monocrystaline Si solar cell was mapped as a function of surface position and cell bias by using a solar light beam induced current (S‐LBIC) mapping system while at the same time dynamically biasing the whole cell with an external voltage [1,2] Recombination accounts for a major portion of the reduction in quantum efficiency in these cells [3,4]. This paper examines the spatial distribution of defect mechanisms causing a reduction of collected photocurrent of the backside point‐contact device structure [5] while under spot illumination. By examining the bias dependence of the S‐LBIC maps, the identification of current loss mechanisms of solar cells under concentrated solar irradiance may be improved. The techniques employed to interpret the spatially distributed I‐V curves are discussed and results presented. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Highly selective growth of vertically aligned double‐walled carbon nanotubes by a controlled heating method and their electric double‐layer capacitor properties
Authors: Iwasaki Takayuki , Maki Tasuku , Yokoyama Daisuke , Kumagai Hironori , Hashimoto Yasuhiro , Asari Takuma , Kawarada Hiroshi 
Published: December 2007

AbstractVertically aligned double‐walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNTs) with the highest selectivity of 90% were synthesized by a controlled heating method and their electric double‐layer capacitor characteristics were evaluated. DWCNT arrays had a specific capacitance of 83 F/g, which is one of the highest values among CNT arrays in a nonaqueous solution and is almost equivalent to that for single‐walled CNT (SWCNT) arrays reported previously. At the same specific capacitance, DWCNTs with superior structural properties are more promising for practical capacitors than SWCNTs. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Energy Saving and Environmental Measures in Railway Technologies: Example with Hybrid Electric Railway Vehicles
Authors: Ogasa Masamichi 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe electric railway system is the highest class of energy efficient transportation means. This is due to two important points: (i) low running resistance (including low energy losses) and (ii) energy regeneration in braking.Regenerative braking of railway electric vehicles is effective when the other powering ones, in other words electrical load, exist near the regenerating train on the same electrified line. So, early in the morning and at midnight, or in the low‐density district lines, regeneration cancellation phenomenon often occurs and the regenerative brake force cannot be operated in accordance with the recommended value. Newly appeared high‐performance energy storage devices press the issues of energy storage and reuse technologies on ground and on vehicles. Hybrid energy source is one effective solution. In this paper, as an example, we show our trolley and on‐board battery hybrid controlled tramcar, developed to reduce regeneration cancellation. With the trolley line collective power as well as charge and discharge power of the on‐board lithium ion rechargeable battery, the hybrid energy providing and regenerating technology is achieved. The running test results show a maximum regenerative ratio of 44%, which is top class value in an electric railway system. Copyright © 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Introduction of Clean Coal Technology in Japan
Authors: Kiga Takashi 
Published: December 2007

AbstractCoal is a resource of which deposit is huge in amount, found throughout the world, and inexpensive and constant in price. For this reason, coal is expected to play a role as one of the energy supply sources in the world. The most critical issues to promote utilization of coal are to decrease the environmental load. In this report, the history, outline and recent developments of the clean coal technology in Japan, mainly the thermal power generation technology are discussed. As recent topics, here outlined first is the technology against global warming such as the improvement of steam condition for steam turbines, improvement of power generation efficiency by introducing combined generation, carbon neutral combined combustion of biomass, and carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) technology. Also introduced are outlines of Japanese superiority in application technology against NOx and SO2 which create acid rain, development status of the technical improvement in the handling method for coal which is a rather difficult solid‐state resource, and utilization of coal ash. Copyright © 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Is Level IIb Lymph Node Dissection Always Necessary in N1b Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Patients?
Authors: Lee Jandee , Sung Tae‐Yon , Nam Kee‐Hyun , Chung Woung Youn , Soh Euy‐Young , Park Cheong Soo 
Published: December 2007

AbstractIntroductionPapillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) patients show a high rate of cervical lymphatic metastasis. However, there are no universal binding guidelines for the extent of lateral cervical lymph node dissection (LND) in such cases. In particular, the need for LND above the spinal accessory nerve (SAN) remains controversial. The present study examined whether level IIb lymph node (LN) dissection is always necessary in PTC patients with lateral cervical LN metastasis.Materials and MethodsThe study prospectively examined 167 PTC patients with lateral cervical LN metastasis who underwent modified radical neck dissection (MRND) in our institution from November 2005 to March 2007. The MRND was bilateral in 24 cases. All patients underwent level II, III, IV, and V LND. Levels IIa and IIb LNs were individually dissected in all cases. All LND was performed using strict leveling criteria by a single operating team. The patterns of lymphatic metastasis and potential risk factors for level IIb LN involvement were evaluated.ResultsThe most common site of metastasis was level III (80.6% of cases), followed by level IV (74.9%) and II (55.5%). The metastasis rates in level IIa and IIb were 55.5% and 6.8%, respectively; all level IIb LN metastasis was accompanied by level IIa metastasis (p = 0.001). In addition, level IIb LN metastasis was found to be associated with the aggressiveness of lymphatic metastasis (i.e., the total number of metastatic LNs) (p < 0.0001).ConclusionsA level IIb LND should be performed when there is clinical or radiological evidence of lymphatic metastasis. In the absence of such evidence, the findings suggest that level IIb LND is not necessary in N1b PTC patients when there is no level IIa LN metastasis, or when the metastasis is not aggressive.
The Eftekhar and Kerboul classifications in assessment of developmental dysplasia of the hip in adult patients. Measurement of inter- and intraobserver reliability
Authors: Brunner Alexander , Ulmar Benjamin , Reichel Heiko , Decking Ralf 
Published: December 2007

Aim To measure the inter- and intraobserver reliability of two radiologic classification systems in the evaluation of severity of osteoarthritis secondary to developmental dysplasia of the hip in adult patients and to compare these systems to historically published data on two more commonly used classification systems described by Crowe and by Hartofikakidis. Material and methods Eighty-six dysplastic hips on 66 anteroposterior standard pelvic x-rays were rated according to the criteria of Eftekhar and Kerboul by three observers with different levels of clinical training. To assess intraobserver reliability, the measurement was repeated 3 months later. Statistical analysis was performed by calculating the weighted kappa correlation coefficient and the overall kappa coefficient. Results Both classification systems showed a sufficient interobsever reliability, reaching a kappa coefficient of 0.73 for the system according to Eftekhar and 0.716 for the Kerboul classification system. Intraobserver reliability revealed a kappa coefficient of 0.778 for the Eftekhar system and 0.697 for the classification according to Kerboul. Conclusion Both systems showed good inter- and intraobserver reliability for use in daily practice. However, they did not reach the known reliability of the grading systems published by Crowe and by Hartofikakidis. Because these systems are more frequently used, we would recommend one of them to grade the severity of osteoarthritis secondary to developmental dysplasia of the hip in adult patients instead of the ones described by Eftekhar or by Kerboul.
Effects of low- and high-volume resistance exercise on postprandial lipaemia Comments by Burns and Stensel
Authors: Burns Stephen F. , Stensel David J. 
Published: December 2007

Zafeiridis et al.1 recently described the effects of resistance exercise on postprandial TAG concentrations. Zafeiridis and colleagues observed a reduction in 6 h total and incremental TAG area under the curve concentrations after resistance exercise protocols expending approximately 0·76 and 1·40 MJ.
LEARNING FROM THE POSITIVE TO REDUCE RURAL POVERTY AND INCREASE SOCIAL JUSTICE: INSTITUTIONAL INNOVATIONS IN AGRICULTURAL AND NATURAL RESOURCES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Authors: BIGGS STEPHEN 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYThis paper argues that opportunities for reducing poverty, improving social justice, and influencing policy and institutional changes are being missed as a result of not learning enough from situations where positive changes in development indicators have already taken place. After a review of research on monitoring and evaluation (M&E), positive deviance and studies of ‘success' stories, three case studies of positive change are presented. These are the spread of bamboo tubewell irrigation in Bihar, changes in agricultural research and extension policy in Nepal, and the spread of groups and group-based organizations/federations in Nepal. General lessons include: (1) effective institutional innovation is always new and social arena specific, (2) many opportunistic social entrepreneurs are always present in arenas of positive social change, and (3) there is always purposive selection of what to observe, what to measure and what to publicize. Practical implications include: (1) strengthening social science research on understanding change in agricultural and natural resources systems, (2) selecting people for research and development intervention situations based not only on technical competence but also a track record of interest in social justice development principles, and (3) strengthening a broader concepts reflection and learning within current research and development interventions chan is currently practiced. While learning from the positive is a simple idea, it is always challenging to implement as it inevitably questions the histories, past explanations and perceptions of some scientists and development planners, especially those who promote a mainstream, formulaic approach to the design and promotion of best policies and best practices, and a simplistic, non-political/cultural approach to the transfer and scaling out and up of technology and institutional models.
RESPONDING TO THE CHALLENGES OF IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF PARTICIPATORY RESEARCH AND GENDER ANALYSIS
Authors: LILJA NINA , DIXON JOHN 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYSince the Green Revolution, the public-sector's agricultural research strategy for increasing food crop productivity has been explicitly based on the premise that technology can cross political and agro-climatic boundaries, primarily through the ‘training and visit’ system of extension (also known as ‘transfer of technology’ and the ‘pipeline’ model). Today, a different strategy is emerging. Efforts to develop the necessary institutional capacity for more client-oriented participatory research, particularly in plant breeding, are now a central part of the public-sector agricultural research strategy. Greater use of participatory and gender-analysis approaches in agricultural research has significant conceptual and methodological implications for impact assessment and institutional learning.
Genetics and the control of evolution
Authors: Brace C. Loring 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThis book presents a survey of the molecular basis for the genetic control of living organisms and their evolution. The authors consider four dimensions of control over what shapes life forms: genetic, epigenetic, behavioral, and symbolic/cultural. They pay particular attention to the epigenetic realm, and they defend a view recognizing the genetic incorporation of acquired characteristics – a neo-Lamarckian tack.
Designed calibration: Naturally selected flexibility, not non-genetic inheritance
Authors: Dickins Thomas E. , Dickins Benjamin J. A. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractJablonka & Lamb (J&L) have presented a number of different possible mechanisms for finessing design. The extra-genetic nature of these mechanisms has led them to challenge orthodox neo-Darwinian views. However, these mechanisms are for calibration and have been designed by natural selection. As such, they add detail to our knowledge, but neo-Darwinism is sufficiently resourced to account for them.
Computational cognitive epigenetics
Authors: Sloman Aaron , Chappell Jackie 
Published: December 2007

AbstractJablonka & Lamb (J&L) refer only implicitly to aspects of cognitive competence that preceded both evolution of human language and language learning in children. These aspects are important for evolution and development but need to be understood using the design-stance, which the book adopts only for molecular and genetic processes, not for behavioural and symbolic processes. Design-based analyses reveal more routes from genome to behaviour than J&L seem to have considered. This both points to gaps in our understanding of evolution and epigenetic processes and may lead to possible ways of filling the gaps.
Is symbolic inheritance similar to genetic inheritance?
Authors: Steels Luc 
Published: December 2007

AbstractJablonka & Lamb's (J&L's) book is refreshing in that it debunks the exclusively gene-centered approach used these days to explain almost anything about life and human behavior. The book is very accessible and most convincing when the authors discuss biological theories of genetic and epigenetic inheritance, but it does not shy away from the more slippery terrain of behavioral and symbolic inheritance, and specifically the origins of language. But is the analogy appropriate?