bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mixed Cropping in Northern Nigeria II. Cereals and Cotton
Authors: Baker E. F. I. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYCotton is widely grown as a cash crop by subsistence farmers of Northern Nigeria, although it is invariably sown too late to produce yields that would allow economic use of insecticides to control insect pests. This late sowing is because subsistence farmers always emphasize the production of food crops, delaying sowing of cotton until these are established. Experiments are described in which cotton was sown early within the cereal, without affecting cereal yields yet producing significantly greater cash returns than sole cereal.
Studies in Mixed Cropping. III. Further Results with Maize-Bean Mixtures
Authors: Fisher N. M. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYIn contrast to earlier results, a clear advantage from mixed cropping of maize and beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) was found in the long-rain seasons (March to September) of 1976 and 1977. Pure stand yields were low due to drought in 1976 and excessive rainfall in 1977. These and other results for long-rain seasons in Kenya suggest that mixtures are more efficient where pure stand yield levels are low, but there is little difference between cropping systems where levels are high. Light interception by maize leaves was quite small until late in the life of the bean crop.
Variability Studies and Breeding for Increased Oil Content in Rapeseed and Mustard
Authors: Asthana A. N. , Dube S. D. , Tiwari P. N. , Gambhir P. N. , Rajan T. S. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYOil content (percentage) was determined by pulsed nuclear magnetic spectrometry to study its variability in rai (Brassica juncea) and yellow sarson (B. campestris). Wide inter-varietal and intra-varietal variability was observed in both crops. Genetic aspects of oil content were also worked out, and single-plant and bulk selection methods used for 3 years to exploit the intra-varietal variability. A positive trend in the improvement of oil percentage was observed in 27 out of 30 varieties, some of which showed significant improvements over their respective unselected stocks. A maximum increment of 7% was observed in variety BR 40 of rai and 6% in variety YSM of yellow sarson.
Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) as a Winter Crop in Peninsular India
Authors: Narayanan A. , Sheldrake A. R. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYPigeonpeas (Cajanus cajan) are normally sown in June or July in India, at the beginning of the monsoon, but trials were carried out at Hyderabad by sowing in October or November as a winter crop. The duration of the crop, especially of the ‘medium’ and ‘late’ cultivars, was much reduced. In 1975–76, October-sown pigeonpeas gave yields comparable to those of the normal season but much lower yields were produced by planting in November 1975. ‘Medium’ and ‘late’ cultivars significantly outyielded early ones. Optimum plant populations for winter crops were 3–5 times higher than are normally used in the monsoon. Pigeonpeas at relatively high population densities could have considerable potential as a winter crop in peninsular India.
Effects of Morphactin (Chlorflurenol) on Sex Expression, Yield and Carbohydrates in Corn (Zea mays)
Authors: Bisaria A. K. , Narang Ranjana , Rastogi G. R. , Bhatnagar V. K. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYAn aqueous solution of a morphactin (chlorflurenol) was applied at 100–1000 ppm to plants of corn (Zea maysL.) variety White Ganga-2 to examine its influence on growth, sex expression, yield and carbohydrates in the grain. At concentrations up to 600 ppm morphactin decreased height, weakened apical dominance, increased the number of tillers and thickness of stem, and caused an appreciable increase in female sex expression, yield and carbohydrates in the grain but reduced them at 800 and 1000 ppm.
Effects of Fertilizer and Clipping on protein in Leaves of Desert Grasses
Authors: Kathju S. , Shankarnarayan K. A. , Lahiri A. N. , Vyas S. P. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYThe effects of nitrogen fertilization and cutting intervals on extractable protein have been studied in three arid zone grasses, viz.Cenchrus setigerus, C. ciliarisandLasiurus sindicus. Depending on the number of cuts and soil fertility status, maximum protein could be harvested fromC. ciliarisfollowed byC. setigerusandL. sindicus. It is concluded that the maximum yield of leaf protein per unit area of land can be achieved with short intervals of cutting coupled with the application of nitrogenous fertilizer.
Problems of Potato Varieties in India
Authors: Pushkarnath  
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYProblems of potato culture are discussed with respect to photosensitivity, seed stock degeneration, and the maturity behaviour of varieties bred in the temperate world. Varieties adapted to temperate climates, when grown under sub-tropical conditions, matured earlier and yielded less than when grown under temperate conditions. The complex problems involved in combining several desirable attributes in a variety are discussed in the light of current breeding procedures and new approaches to solve several of the problems are indicated. Data on the bionomics of aphid vectors of potato viruses suggest methods for maintaining high health standards in breeders' stocks. Techniques are discussed for raising large populations of seedlings from true seeds under sub-tropical conditions.
The Foliar Composition of the Oil Palm in West Malaysia
Authors: Chin Poon Yew , Varley J. A. , Ward J. B. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYTotal and partial correlations are presented between foliar nutrients in a uniformity trial. The method of principal component analysis is applied to the correlation matrices, comparing values for three fronds (3, g and 17). The results are also compared with values obtained elsewhere, and the use of principal components in relating yield to foliar composition is illustrated.
Fertility Studies on a Sandy Loam in Semi-Arid Tanzania
Authors: Anderson G. D. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYInitial and residual effects of phosphorus, lime and potassium were studied on Natal Common and Dodoma Bold groundnuts. Double superphosphate (D.S.P., 42% P2O5) considerably increased yields of the first two crops. Lime was noticeably beneficial on Dodoma Bold but less so on Natal Common, while K depressed yields of both when applied without P. The LPK treatment yielded best with each variety, but initially P alone was most economic. Comparing D.S.P., Tororo superphosphate (T.S.P., 21% P2O5, 13% S) and Minjingu phosphate (M.P., 15% citric soluble P2O5), T.S.P. gave the best response (625 lb/acre over 3 years), more than double that of equivalent P2O5 as D.S.P. T.S.P.'s superiority is attributed mainly to its sulphur content. Though initially inferior, M.P. proved as good as D.S.P. over 3 years. 224 lb/acre T.S.P. in alter-nate years is recommended. After two or three crops, light applications of lime and potassium together would be beneficial.
Soil Fertility under Continuous Cultivation in Northern Nigeria
Authors: Heathcote R. G. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYSoil acidity, incipient potassium deficiency, and a deficiency of one or more trace elements were limiting factors in three trials of long-term soil fertility changes under continuous cultivation in the Sudan Savanna zone of Nigeria. The effectiveness of organic manures is explained largely or wholly in terms of these factors, since no evidence has yet been found to suggest that the addition of organic matter as such is of value.
Experiments on the Fertilization of Dry Rice (Hill Padi) in Sarawak, Malaysia
Authors: Dunsmore J. R. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYShifting cultivation of dry rice on steep hill-sides continues to be widely practised in Sarawak, Malaysia. Fertilizer experiments have shown that economic increases in yield can be obtained by mixing 0·9 kg. (2 lb) of mono-ammonium phosphate pellets (11 per cent N: 21 per cent P) with 2·4 kg. (5·3 lb) of seed just before dibbling. In certain areas additional increases might be gained by further increasing the rate of application of phosphorus, from the use of potassium, and from top-dressing with nitrogen. Closer spacing (30·5 cm. or 12 in. square) than that traditionally used should also increase yields per unit area.
Effects of Variety, Season and Maturity on Yield and Quality of Single-Harvest Snap Beans
Authors: Palevitch D. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYThe quality of bean pods was influenced to a large degree by the variety, season of planting and the precise time of harvesting. The varieties Tenderette, Executive and Bush Blue Lake 274 were outstanding in their concentrated yield and pod quality. The development of seeds in the pods was faster in beans planted during the spring than in the autumn. Thickening of the pods during ripening was more rapid in the autumn than in the spring season. Outstanding differences were found between varieties with regard to the speed of seed development during pod ripening. As opposed to the outstanding differences between varieties with regard to quality characteristics, the differences with regard to yield were generally small and without economic importance.
Effects of CCC on Bread Wheat in Kenya
Authors: Seitzer J. F. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYCCC applied to bread wheat, in 1967 and 1968 as a foliar spray at 1·40 and 2·28 kg./ha. a.i., prevented and/or delayed lodging to some extent. However, this effect was small and complete control of lodging seems to be unlikely, even when using large amounts. CCC increased grain yields, by 1·5 to 10·9 qu./ha., depending on the extent to which lodging was reduced. Significant depressions in yield were obtained, presumably owing to an observed increase incidence in ear diseases, particularly Septoria nodorum. The increase in grain yield was due mainly to an increase in 1000 grain weight and grains per ear, whereas the effect on tillers per unit area was slightly negative. Where no lodging occurred, there was a slight but non-significant tendency for increasing grain yields after CCC treatment.
Correlative Analysis of Yield and its Components in Maize
Authors: Nair K. P. Prabhakaran , Singh R. P. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYAt Pantnagar, India, linear response in maize to nitrogen application was observed up to 150 kg. of N/ha. with some of the most promising hybrids and composites released by the All India Co-ordinated Maize Improvement Programme. Increase in grain yield, and total nitrogen accumulation in grain, were substantially more in Ganga 2 than in the local cultivar or the composites, at higher rates of N application. In absolute terms, the local cultivar accumulated more nitrogen in its grain, but the relative amounts declined at higher rates of N application. Among the yield components influencing ultimate grain yield, barrenness exerted a negative influence on grain yield through the number of cobs per plot. Among cob characters, such as thousand grain weight and number of grains per cob, the former exerted a substantial influence on grain yield.
Effects of Time of Sowing and Phosphamidon (Dimecron) on Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata)
Authors: Enyi B. A. C. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYApplication of dimecron to cowpea plants increased grain yield, its effect being more pronounced in widely spaced plants and those planted in March. Dimecron increased grain yield by encouraging greater leaf area development, by increasing the number of flowering inflorescences and the number of pods set per inflorescence, and by decreasing the number of shrivelled pods. March planting encouraged greater dry matter production than January and May planting. Dimecron application decreased the number ofOotheca beningseni, reduced the proportion of leaf damaged by these insects, and reduced the number of plants infested with aphids and Acidodis larvae.
Relations of Yield Components in Sesame
Authors: Osman H. El Gizouli , Khidir M. Osman 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYSimple, partial and multiple correlations, as well as regression coefficients, were worked out for 14 quantitative characters in a collection of 42 sesame varieties grown for two consecutive seasons. Total number of seeds per plant, number of pods per plant, plant height, height to the first pod and days to flowering and maturity, gave positive and highly significant correlation coefficients with yield and with one another. Partial regression and partial correlations indicated that the number of pods per plant and plant height are important yield-contributing characters.
The Agronomic Efficiency of the N.I.A.E. Mechanized Tied Ridge System of Cultivation
Authors: Dagg M. , Macartney J. C. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYA tied ridge system of hand cultivation has been practised successfully in parts of Tanzania for many years. Equipment to mechanize this system was devised and constructed by the National Institute for Agricultural Engineering, U.K., particularly for use in areas of marginal rainfall where water conservation is essential. Agronomic trials with this equipment were carried out on three soil types in Northern Tanzania. Records from resistance units showed much better penetration of rainfall under tied ridges than under flat cultivation. Corresponding yield responses in maize were only obtained when the increase in available water made an appreciable difference to conditions of water stress at the time of tasselling and silking. Weeding operations using a ridging body achieved a satisfactory control. After a few modifications to the equipment, especially the incorporation of a small tine to rip the bottom of the basins to improve infiltration, the system of cultivation based on ripping, ridging and tieing proved to be an adequate alternative to ploughing and harrowing for seed bed preparation, and a much more efficient method of water conservation.
Water Duty Experiments with Sugarcane on Two Soils in Natal
Authors: Thompson G. D. , Robillard P. J. M. De 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYThe irrigation water treatments in three experiments were based on a ‘water duty’ principle. One cosec of water was assumed to be available to irrigate 96, 211, 326 or 442 acres, representing minimum irrigation cycle times of 5, 11, 17 and 23 days respectively. Each experiment included a rainfed control treatment. The plots were watered as indicated by a soil moisture profit and loss account, but never more frequently than the minimum cycle time would allow. The results showed that maximum productivity could be achieved on a sand when I cosec of water was used to irrigate approximately 200 acres, but on clay maximum productivity was obtained with the largest water duty (442 ac/cusec). Net photosynthetic efficiency reached 3·9 per cent in the most heavily irrigated crops, and rainfall efficiency fell from about 85 per cent for rainfed conditions to about 50 per cent when the maximum amount of irrigation water was applied.
Investigation of Nitrogen Fertilization of Cotton by Tissue Analysis
Authors: Burhan H. O. , Babikir I. A. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYThe concentration of nitrate-nitrogen in cotton petioles was directly related to the rate of nitrogen applied and was greatest at the earliest sampling date, decreasing as the season progressed. There was an increase in the degree of association between the level of nitrogen applied and petiole nitrate-nitrogen, and between petiole nitrate-nitrogen and final yield, up to the time of early flowering, when peak correlation coefficients were reached, after which there was a decline. The level of petiole nitrate-nitrogen showed high positive correlations with the rate of nitrogen application as well as with yield. The final yield showed a significant, positive and linear regression on the level of petiole nitrate at the time of early flowering. A close relationship was also shown to exist between a critical concentration, represented by a narrow range of nitrogen levels in the neighbourhood of 2000 parts per million, and final cotton yield. Yield reductions were related to the number of days petiole nitrogen remained below the critical concentration. The use of petiole analysis as a guide in the nitrogen nutrition of cotton, in the evaluation of various experimental treatments and as an aid in interpreting research results, was demonstrated.
Effects of Growth Regulators on Fruiting and Yield of Black Gram (Phaseolus Mungo, Roxb.) in India
Authors: Mehrotra O. N. , Saxena H. K. , Roy A. N. , Nath Shiva 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYAn experiment was conducted in 1964 and 1965 to study the effects of hormone sprays on pod setting, pod filling and grain yield of black gram. Sprays of 2-naphthoxyacetic acid and p-chlorophenoxyacetic acid, alone and in 'mixture, and gibberellic acid and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid increased pod setting, but grain filling in pods and grain size were only slightly improved. 2-naphthoxyacetic acid gave the highest yield, followed by p-chlorophenoxyacetic acid, 1-naphthaleneacetic acid and a mixture of the first two, which increased yield by 56, 39, 36 and 35 per cent respectively over the control and gave economic returns.
Effects of N, P and K on Yields of Cotton in the Sudan Gezira
Authors: Burhan H. O. , Mansi M. G. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYEffects of N, P and K on yields of cotton were investigated using data obtained over an 18-year period from a factorial experiment comparing various combinations of the three nutrients. The results clearly indicated a significant and fairly consistent response of cotton to the application of fertilizer nitrogen, but the rate of increase in yield with increased N gradually diminished. The response to P was erratic and to K was negligible. The response to N did not vary with levels of P or K. Whether lack of response to P on the alkaline soils of the Gezira was due to sufficient already available in the soil, or because the added fertilizer was fixed and rendered unavailable to the plant needs further investigation. Lack of response to added K was attributed to the high content of available K already in the Gezira soil.
Root Penetration of Smeared Soil Surfaces
Authors: Prebble R. E. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYWinter wheat seeds were grown on compressed soil (a) with and without smearing, (b) with surface horizontal or at 45°, and (c) with and without a sand cover. Germination was not affected. At a soil suction of 0·1 bar, root penetration of the horizontal surface was decreased by smearing and by absence of an overburden; on a surface of 45° smearing had very little effect. As a general summary of the limited information, root penetration is decreased by 50 per cent for a ten-fold increase in suction above 0·1 bar; the effect of smearing is equivalent to a five-fold increase; and the effect of slope is equivalent to a four-fold decrease.
Foliar Analysis as a Guide to NPK Nutrition of Pineapples in the Forest Zone of Ghana
Authors: Godfrey-Sam-Aggrey W. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYIn a 20 plot experiment with central composite second-order rotatable design, basal non-chlorophyllous sections of “D” leaves of Sugarloaf pineapples were sampled at harvest and analysed for N, P, K. Maximum yield of 17·8 tons per acre of good quality Sugarloaf pineapples and maximum fruit length of 27·4 cm. were associated with the nutrient combination of 36–42–32 lb/acre N P K applied at 4, 6, 11 and 12 months. The nutrient levels in the basal sections of “D” leaves corresponding to maximum fruit yield were 0·35–0·40% N; 0·04% P; 0·44% K; K/P 11·2–11·5: 1. K/P ratio for maximum fruit length was 10·4–11·5: 1. N/K ratio was associated with lodging.
The Foliar Composition of Oil Palm in West Malaysia III. Differences in Leaf Composition Between Fruit Types
Authors: Chin Poon Yew , Varley J. A. , Ward J. B. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYIn an oil palm uniformity trial in West Malaysia leaf samples were analysed and fruit type was recorded. Significant differences were found in foliar composition according to fruit type and it is suggested that this factor should be taken into account, together with other genotypic differences, in using leaf analysis as a guide to the fertilizer requirements of palms.
Viability of Cacao Beans
Authors: Ashiru G. A. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYThe rapid loss of viability in extracted cacao beans prevents long storage or long periods of shipment of selected seeds. Beans partially dried in a stream of carbon dioxide or nitrogen and stored at 25 to 28°C remained viable up to 60 days whereas those dried in air lost viability within 45 days. Storage of artificially dried beans in the absence of air was detrimental to their viability. A moisture content of about 50 per cent gave a high percentage germination within 30 days and reduced deterioration of beans.
Parallel Streak of Sisal (Agave Sisalana) in Kenya
Authors: Pinkerton A. , Bock K. R. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYSisal showing symptoms of parallel streak developed more slowly than symptomless plants, both leaf length and number of leaves unfurled being reduced. In streaked areas of the leaf, ground tissues surrounding the peripheral and internal fibre bundles collapsed; decortication of streaked leaves was difficult and fibre quality was adversely affected by reduction in length and discoloration. Parallel streak was seen only in vegetatively propagated Agave sisalana, in leaves lacking marginal spines. The condition was observed only where the mean minimum temperature fell below 16°C; symptoms appeared five months after the onset of a period of low temperature. Apparently every A. sisalana plant in Kenya is affected, but the condition is masked in coastal regions due to high mean minimum temperature. The disease seems not to be due to bacterial or fungal pathogens, or to nutritional factors, but may be caused by a virus, or a genetic ‘disease’ similar to June Yellows of strawberries.
Irrigation and Fertilizer Experiments on Cotton at Mubuku, Uganda
Authors: Rijks D. A. , Harrop J. F. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYResults from five years trials showed that irrigation was frequently needed to ensure early and adequate germination of cotton, that the use of a water balance to determine time and amount of irrigation was practical and economic, that there was no appreciable effect of fertilizer on yield of seed cotton on these soils, and that there was no significant change in the fertility of the soil after four crops of cotton.
Use of Companion Crops in Grassland Establishment in Nigeria
Authors: Haggar R. J. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYAn experiment is described on the establishment of the grass Andropogon gayanus in the presence of different companion crops. Maize and soyabean proved the most suitable companion crops; mucuna and the annual grass Pennisetum pedicellatum were too competitive. The companion crops significantly reduced weed invasion. The establishment of A. gayanus was improved by early harvesting of companion crops. Dry matter yields were highest where grass had been sown in rows. Inclusion of a companion crop is a promising method of increasing herbage production without harming the establishment of the under-sown seeds.
Multivariate Techniques of Use in Biological Research
Authors: Pearce S. C. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYMultivariate statistical methods are used increasingly in biological research to investigate the responses of organisms considered as a whole, whereas established statistical methods are usually concerned with measured characteristics considered one at a time. Multivariate techniques are mostly explained in terms of matrix algebra, which is a way of dealing with groups of numbers rather than individual ones. A brief description is given of some elementary results of matrix algebra and a method is presented whereby hypotheses can be generated about interrelations within an organism. Two techniques, principal component analysis and canonical analysis, are described in greater detail. It is emphasized that hypotheses need to be tested even though they have been generated by objective statistical means.