bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Road to Urumchi: Approved Institutions in Search of Attainable Goals During Pre-1968 Rustication from Shanghai
Authors: White Lynn T. 
Published: March 2009

An old saw of administrative theory holds that the structure of any institution should be generated from the goals for which it was established. This is an ideal, a means by which leaders explain programmes to followers, and thus also a road to understanding for outsiders.The dispatch of urban people to rural places in China is a plan that has often been analysed in terms of its aims, and it may throw light on the limits of usefulness of this approach to policy programmes in general. Rural resettlement, which contravenes the usual patterns of increasing urbanization in the economic development process, is not unique to the People's Republic of China. Cambodia and Vietnam have recently established major rustication schemes. Other examples can be traced back to earlier days in the Soviet, German and even the old Roman and Chinese empires. Israel has its kibbutzim. The philosopher Berkeley advised young men to go west, where large cities had not yet grown. The very breadth of the possible comparisons suggests a question: is this one institution or several?
Mao's Strategy for Revolutionary Change: A Case Study of the Cultural Revolution
Authors: Lee Hong Yung 
Published: March 2009

This paper analyses Mao's revolutionary strategy as revealed in the Cultural Revolution. Defined as an analysis of ends and means, strategy stands between objective reality and action, linking one event to another in a chain of social causation. Since one's attitudes and ideology influence one's definition of the situation and one's selection of means and goals, these subjective elements constitute a large part of any strategy. This study of Mao's strategy therefore raises the following questions: what was Mao's role in the Cultural Revolution; what faults did he attribute to the pre-Cultural Revolution Chinese political system; what were his objectives in the Cultural Revolution; how did he actually lead themovement; and was there any discernible pattern in his leadership?Mao's Role in the Cultural RevolutionThe Cultural Revolution was certainly one of the most complex political events in the entire history of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). It involved a large segmentof the general population and all ruling groups, both the government and the Party, from the Central Committee down to Party branches in the schools and factories. Moreover, a wide varietyof issues were raised, discussed and debated: broad ideological and political questions and more specific questions of economic, cultural and educational policy. To complicate matters further, the mass movement lasted more than two years, passing through a number of different stages. At each stage, new political groups emerged, leading groups changed, and tactics shifted, only to produce a new configuration in the next stage. Each stage, therefore, exhibited its ownunique features in terms of the dominant actors, issues and coalitions, and each stage forced the individual actor to reconsider his choice of tactics and coalition partners.
General Aspects of Chinese Communist Religious Policy, with Soviet Comparisons
Authors: Lee Rensselaer W. 
Published: March 2009

The Chinese and Russian Communists, as Marxist-Leninists, are fundamentally hostile towards religion, and are committed to its ultimate eradication. Although their attitudes towards religion are similar, their prescriptions for dealing with it are different. In essence, this difference arises from two divergent conceptions, one optimistic, the other pessimistic, regarding the progress of religion towards oblivion in a situation where the Communist Party has assumed leadership and where the “social” roots of religion have supposedly disappeared. The Chinese hold the optimistic view, a position which may be explained in part by the fact that institutional religion has traditionally been weak in China. I quote here C. K. Yang's description of institutional religion in China as it emerged in the modern period:As an organised body, modern institutional religion had a very small priesthood, divided into minute units of two or three priests each, largely unconnected with each other. It had barely enough financial resources for subsistence for this scanty personnel. It was deprived of the support of an organised laity. … It did not participate in various organised aspects of community life such as charity, education, and the enforcement of moral discipline. There was no powerful centralised priesthood to dominate religious life or to direct operation of the secular social institutions.
Boolean and classical restriction categories
Authors: COCKETT ROBIN , MANES ERNIE 
Published: March 2009

A restriction category is an abstract category of partial maps. A Boolean restriction category is a restriction category that supports classical (Boolean) reasoning. Such categories are models of loop-free dynamic logic that is deterministic in the sense that < α > Q ⊂ [α]Q. Classical restriction categories are restriction categories with a locally Boolean structure: it is shown that they are precisely full subcategories of Boolean restriction categories. In particular, a Boolean restriction category may be characterised as a classical restriction category with finite coproducts in which all restriction idempotents split.Every restriction category admits a restriction embedding into a Boolean restriction category. Thus, every abstract category of partial maps admits a conservative extension that supports classical reasoning. An explicit construction of the classical completion of a restriction category is given.
Estrogenic G protein‐coupled receptor 30 signaling is involved in regulation of endometrial carcinoma by promoting proliferation, invasion potential, and interleukin‐6 secretion via the MEK/ERK mitogen‐activated protein kinase pathway
Authors: He Yin‐Yan , Cai Bin , Yang Yi‐Xia , Liu Xue‐Lian , Wan Xiao‐Ping 
Published: March 2009

The regulatory mechanism of endometrial carcinoma and the signal transduction pathways involved in hormone action are poorly defined. It has become apparent that the G protein‐coupled receptor (GPR) 30 mediates the non‐genomic signaling of 17β‐estradiol (E2). Here we show that GPR30 is highly expressed in endometrial cancer tissues and cancer cell lines and positively regulates cell proliferation and invasion. GPR30 expression was detected in 50 human endometrial carcinomas. The transcription level of GPR30 was significantly higher in the tissue of endometrial carcinoma than in normal endometrium (P < 0.05). Immunohistochemical assays revealed that the positive expression rate of GPR30 protein in endometrial carcinoma tissue (35/50, 70%) was statistically higher than in normal endometrium tissue (8/30, 26.67%) (χ2 = 14.16, P = 0.0002). GPR30 overexpression was correlated with high‐grade endometrial carcinoma. GPR30 expression was also found in two human endometrial cancer cell lines: RL95‐2 (estrogen receptor positive) and KLE (estrogen receptor negative). The roles of GPR30 in proliferative and invasive responses to E2 and G1, a non‐steroidal GPR30‐specific agonist, in RL95‐2 and KLE cell lines were then explored. We showed that E2 and G1 could initiate the MAPK/ERK mitogen‐activated protein kinase pathway in both cell lines. What's more, E2 and G1 promoted KLE and RL95‐2 proliferation and stimulated matrix metalloproteinase production and activity via the GPR30‐mediated MEK/ERK mitogen‐activated protein kinase pathway, as well as increased interleukin‐6 secretion. These findings suggest that GPR30‐mediated non‐genomic signaling could play an important role in endometrial cancer. (Cancer Sci 2009; 100: 1051–1061)
Personal use of hair dye and cancer risk in a prospective cohort of Chinese women
Authors: Mendelsohn Julie Bloch , Li Qi‐Zhai , Ji Bu‐Tian , Shu Xiao‐Ou , Yang Gong , Li Hong‐Lan , Lee Kyoung‐Mu , Yu Kai , Rothman Nathaniel , Gao Yu‐Tang , Zheng Wei , Chow Wong‐Ho 
Published: March 2009

Although widely studied over the past 40 years, personal use of hair dye generally has not been associated with overall cancer risk. The association between hair dye use and risk of bladder and hematopoietic cancers has been less conclusive. Most hair dye studies have been case‐control studies conducted in Caucasian populations. We examined the relationship between personal hair dye use and cancer risk in a prospective cohort of 70 366 Chinese women. After an average of 7 years of follow up, 2437 women were newly diagnosed with cancer by 31 December 2005. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of cancer risk associated with hair dye use, adjusting for potential confounding factors. Compared with women who reported no hair dye use, ever users had an overall cancer risk of 0.89 (95% CI 0.82, 0.97). No significant association was observed for several common cancers, including cancers of the breast (RR 0.93, 95% CI 0.78, 1.09), lung (RR 0.81, 95% CI 0.62, 1.09), stomach (RR 0.90, 95% CI 0.66, 1.21), and colorectum (RR 1.04, 95% CI 0.84, 1.28). We also found no significant association with most other cancers, including bladder cancer (RR 1.14, 95% CI 0.56, 2.35) and hematopoietic cancers overall (RR 0.89, 95% CI 0.59, 1.35) or their subtypes, including non‐Hodgkin lymphoma, multiple myeloma, and leukemia. We generally found no evidence of an association between personal use of hair dye and cancer risk, although our study is limited by small numbers for certain cancer types. (Cancer Sci 2009; 100: 1088–1091)
Determination of the soil organic carbon, nitrogen, available phosphorus and the combined aboveground plant materials in the semi‐arid Mbulu District, Tanzania
Authors: Cosmas Mligo 
Published: March 2009

AbstractSoil of the semi‐arid Mbulu District is part of the tropical soils, covered with sparse trees, shrubs or grasses in which domestic grazing animals have prevented the wide spread of vegetation cover. The study aimed at determining soil organic carbon (OC), total nitrogen (N), available phosphorus (P) and the combined aboveground plant materials. Six study sites were established in which soil samples were collected at the depths of 0–5, 6–10 and 11–20 cm. Soil samples were analysed for OC, N and P as well as the levels of N and P in the combined aboveground materials of Panicum coloratum and Hyparrhenia filipendula. The percentage concentrations of OC, N and P were high in the top soil than in the deeper soil horizons. However, analysis of variance showed significant differences of OC in some sites whereas no difference for N and P between soil depth classes. OC was highly related with N and P along soil depth classes. It was concluded that the availability of N and P was because of the decomposition of organic matter in the soil. Soil N and P were highly related with the same in the combined aboveground plant materials. It was concluded that the increased concentration of N and P in the soil resulted into availability of the same in P. coloratum and H. filipendula. There was a very high variation in N and P among sites with different levels of intensity of grazing. It was concluded that grazing animals contributes to the redistribution of soil elements in the rangelands because they graze upon plant parts but the excreta are dropped away from the grazed spot.
Evaluation of T cell responses in healing and nonhealing leishmaniasis reveals differences in T helper cell polarization ex vivo and in vitro
Authors: CHOI B.‐S. , KROPF P. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARY Experimental leishmaniasis is widely used to study the effector functions of T helper cell subsets in vivo. Healing and nonhealing Leishmania major infections have been correlated with T helper 1 and T helper 2 responses, respectively. In the present study, we determined T cell effector functions ex vivo, without any further restimulation and compared them to those obtained following antigen‐specific restimulation in vitro. Our results show that T helper cell responses are significantly less polarized when determined ex vivo as compared to those measured after restimulation in vitro. Moreover, the differences in CD4+ T cell proliferation observed between healer and nonhealer strains of mice differed ex vivo and in vitro. Our results suggest that determination of both ex vivo as well as in vitro T cell responses is crucial to characterize immune responses during experimental leishmaniasis.
The turkey, compared to the chicken, fails to mount an effective early immune response to Histomonas meleagridis in the gut
Authors: POWELL F. L. , ROTHWELL L. , CLARKSON M. J. , KAISER P. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryHistomonosis is a disease of poultry caused by Histomonas meleagridis. Chickens usually recover while the mortality rate in turkeys is high. The immunological response of both species towards H. meleagridis was investigated. Parasites migrated in greater numbers to the turkey liver compared with that of chicken. Chicken mounted an effective caecal innate response, with increased expression of IL‐1β, CXCLi2 and IL‐6 mRNA, resulting in control of parasite numbers. The turkey failed to mount such an effective innate response in the caecal tonsil, allowing greater numbers to migrate to the liver, where a sustained, uncontrolled immune response was mounted, evidenced by the upregulation of mRNA for IL‐1β, CXCLi2, IFN‐γ, IL‐13, IL‐4 and IL‐10. Expression levels of mRNA of the chicken and turkey β‐defensin AvBD2 suggest that this response was not limited to the cytokines. There was an influx of CD4+, CD8α+, CD28+ and CD44+ cells into the livers of both species, coinciding with parasite movement. These influxes were more pronounced in the turkey, correlating with a decrease in numbers of the same cells in the spleen, which was not observed in the chicken. Antibody levels in the chicken increased more than those in the turkey, supporting evidence of an adaptive response.
Infectious complications after allogeneic stem cell transplantation: incidence in matched‐related and matched‐unrelated transplant settings
Authors: Rieger C.T. , Rieger H. , Kolb H.J. , Peterson L. , Huppmann S. , Fiegl M. , Ostermann H. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract: Background. Bacterial, viral, and fungal pathogens frequently cause severe, life‐threatening infections in immunocompromised patients after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (SCT).Objective. To compare the frequency of infections in patients with matched‐related (Group A) or with human leukocyte antigen (HLA)‐matched‐unrelated donors (Group B).Patients and methods. Patients treated at our transplantation unit between April 2004 and April 2005 were enrolled into this analysis. Documentation comprised demographic data, conditioning treatment, stem cell source, clinical course, as well as microbiological and clinical data and mortality.Results. We analyzed 59 patients, 22 in Group A and 37 in Group B. Both groups were well balanced regarding demographic data. Diagnoses were acute myeloid leukemia (30 of 59 patients, 50.8%), multiple myeloma (15.2%), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (11.9%), and chronic myeloid leukemia (10.2%). Patients in Group A developed infections in 95.5% of the cases compared with 97.3% in patients in Group B. Most frequently detected pathogens were Staphylococcus species, human herpesvirus‐6, and Epstein–Barr virus. Three proven fungal infections were detected in Group A compared with 9 proven fungal infections in Group B. Lung infiltrations were observed in equivalent incidence in both groups. Two years after transplantation, 55.9% of patients were alive (Group A: 68.2%; Group B: 48.6%, not significant).Conclusion. Allogeneic SCT from HLA‐matched‐unrelated donors does not have a higher infection risk than patients transplanted from matched‐related donors.
Histopathological changes and tumour necrosis factor‐α, transforming growth factor‐β and tenascin expression in patients with primary type I membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis in remission
Authors: ARIKAN HAKKI , KOC MEHMET , CAKALAGAOGLU FULYA , TUGLULAR SERHAN , OZENER CETIN , AKOGLU EMEL 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYAim:  Primary type I membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) is a rare cause of glomerular disease with a high relapse rate and poor prognosis. The aim of this study was: (i) to evaluate the histopathological findings associated with remission; and (ii) to document the possible clinical and histopathological factors predicting relapses.Methods:  Eleven type I MPGN patients (five men, six women; mean age, 38.8 ± 13.5 years) who were in remission for at least 1 year after the cessation of immunosuppressive drugs were re‐biopsied. The intensity of immunostaining for tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β1, and tenascin was graded from 0 (no staining) to 3+ (maximum staining).Results:  Mean baseline mesangial cellularity score and tubulointerstitial infiltration score were reduced and mesangial matrix expansion score was increased at protocol re‐biopsies compared to baseline. The glomerular and tubulointerstitial staining scores for TGF‐β1 and tenascin were higher than that of baseline. Reduced tubulointerstitial TNF‐α expression was found in re‐biopsy specimens compared to baseline. Patients have been followed for a mean time of 51.5 ± 22.2 months after the protocol biopsy. Eight patients had a relapse. Mesangial cellularity score and glomerular tenascin expression at re‐biopsy specimens were higher in relapsed patients compared to those without a relapse.Conclusion:  Our study shows that mesangial cellularity and tubulointerstitial cell infiltration are reducing whereas mesangial matrix expansion, glomerular and tubulointerstitial TGF‐β1 and tenascin expression are increasing with remission. The higher mesangial cell proliferation and glomerular tenascin scores in remission are associated with the development of relapse.
Intravenous calcitriol versus paricalcitol in haemodialysis patients with severe secondary hyperparathyroidism
Authors: ABDUL GAFOR ABDUL HALIM , SAIDIN RASHIDI , LOO CHEE YEAN , MOHD ROZITA , ZAINUDIN SOEHARDY , SHAH SHAMSUL AZHAR , NORELLA KONG CHIEW TONG 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYAim: Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) is common among haemodialysis patients. Intensive treatment with calcitriol is often complicated by hypercalcaemia, hyperphosphataemia and elevated calcium phosphorus (Ca X PO4) product. Paricalcitol is a vitamin D analogue developed to overcome some of the limitations of calcitriol therapy. The study objectives were to compare the response of intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) and the incidence of hypercalcaemia, hyperphosphataemia and elevated Ca X PO4product in patients with severe SHPT treated with either i.v. calcitriol or i.v. paricalcitol.Methods: This was a single centre randomized open label study. Patients with serum intact iPTH of 50 pmol/L or more were randomized to receive either i.v. calcitriol (0.01 ug/kg) or i.v. paricalcitol (0.04 ug/kg) during every haemodialysis treatment. Serum iPTH, calcium, phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase were measured at the beginning of the study and every 3 weeks for 12 weeks.Results: Twenty‐five patients were enrolled into the study – 12 were randomized into the calcitriol group and 13 into the paricalcitol group. There were no differences in the baseline study parameters between both groups. Serum iPTH levels were significantly reduced (P = 0.003) only in the paricalcitol group but not in the calcitriol group (P = 0.101). On the other hand, serum calcium levels were significantly increased only in the calcitriol group (P = 0.004 vsP = 0.242). Serum phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase and Ca X PO4product were not different.Conclusion: Intravenous paricalcitol may be superior to i.v. calcitriol for the treatment of severe SHPT in our chronic haemodialysis population. A larger randomized controlled trial is indicated to confirm these initial findings.
Effect of activin A on tubulointerstitial fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy
Authors: REN XIAO‐JUN , GUAN GUANG‐JU , LIU GANG , ZHANG TAOYAN , LIU GAO‐HONG 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYAim:  The effect of activin A on tubulointerstitial fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy (DN) using streptozotocin (STZ)‐induced diabetic rats and high glucose‐cultured HK‐2 cells was investigated.Methods:  Male Wistar rats were randomized into a normal control group (NC) and diabetes mellitus group (DM). Diabetes was induced by i.p. injection of STZ. Six rats were respectively killed 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks after model establishment in each group. The changes of kidney weight/bodyweight (KW/BW), urine albumin excretion rate (AER) and creatinine clearance rate (Ccr) were determined. The morphology of tubulointerstitium was observed by light microscopy. Further biochemical analysis was provided using immunohistochemistry and real‐time polymerase chain reaction. The different parameters in high glucose‐cultured HK‐2 cells were monitored by western blotting or enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the intervention of rh‐follistatin on them was investigated.Results:  Compared with the NC group, there was marked enlargement in the levels of KW/BW, AER, Ccr and interstitial fibrosis index, and the production of P‐Smad2/3 and fibronectin in the DM group from 8 to 16 weeks. Activin βA, mainly located in tubular epithelial cells, was significantly higher in the DM group than that in the NC group throughout the study periods. Follistatin was abundant in the NC group, but was diminished gradually in the DM group. High glucose may facilitate the synthesis of activin βA, transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β, P‐Smad2/3 and fibronectin in HK‐2 cells while rh‐follistatin inhibited them except TGF‐β.Conclusion:  Activin A is involved in tubulointerstitial fibrosis in DN by inducing the production of fibronectin through Smad signal pathway.
Glutamine‐induced heat shock protein protects against renal ischaemia‐reperfusion injury in rats
Authors: ZHANG YU , ZOU ZUI , LI YING‐KE , YUAN HONG‐BIN , SHI XUE‐YIN 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARY:Aim:  To find out if a single dose of glutamine can relieve acute renal ischaemia‐reperfusion injury in rats, to explore the role of heat shock protein in this process.Methods:  Forty‐eight Sprague–Dawley rats were assigned to four groups: saline as control group; glutamine group; quercetin (heat shock protein inhibitor) plus glutamine group; and quercetin plus saline group. The renal ischaemia‐reperfusion rat model was established 1 h after drug administration. Serum creatinine (CR) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were analyzed. The kidneys were harvested to evaluate the degree of renal injuries. Heat shock protein expression was detected by immunohistochemistry and western blot. Cell apoptosis was detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) assay and apoptosis index was calculated.Results:  Statistical data from CR, BUN, haematoxylin–eosin (HE) dyeing and TUNEL assay results showed that ischaemia‐reperfusion injury and cell apoptosis in the glutamine group were significantly milder than those in control group (P < 0.05), while ischaemia‐reperfusion injury and cell apoptosis in the quercetin plus glutamine group and quercetin plus saline group were more severe than those in the control group (P < 0.05). Statistical data from immunohistochemistry and western blot results showed that heat shock protein expression was enhanced in the glutamine group compared with that in the control group (P < 0.01), while it was weaker in the quercetin plus glutamine group and quercetin plus saline group than that in the control group (P < 0.01).Conclusion:  Our experiment suggested that a single dose of glutamine could relieve renal ischaemia‐reperfusion injury in rats in 24 h, and its mechanism may be associated with enhanced heat shock protein expression. This finding may provide a new alternative for protecting against clinical renal ischaemia‐reperfusion injury.