bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Detection of Patients with ‘Fragility Fractures’ in Fracture Clinic – An Audit of Practice with Reference to Recent British Orthopaedic Association Guidelines
Authors: Gidwani S , Davidson N , Trigkilidas D , Blick C , Harborne R , Maurice HD 
Published: February 2007

INTRODUCTION The British Orthopaedic Association published guidelines on the care of fragility fracture patients in 2003. A section of these guidelines relates to the secondary prevention of osteoporotic fractures. The objective of this audit was to compare practice in our fracture clinic to these guidelines, and take steps to improve our practice if required. PATIENTS AND METHODS We retrospectively audited the treatment of all 462 new patients seen in January and February 2004. Using case note analysis, 38 patients who had sustained probable fragility fractures were selected. Six months' post-injury, a telephone questionnaire was administered to confirm the nature of the injury and to find out whether the patient had been assessed, investigated or treated for osteoporosis. A second similar audit was conducted a year later after steps had been taken to improve awareness amongst the orthopaedic staff and prompt referral. RESULTS During the first audit period, only 5 of 38 patients who should have been assessed and investigated for osteoporosis were either referred or offered referral. This improved to 23 out of 43 patients during the second audit period. CONCLUSIONS Improvements in referral and assessment rates of patients at risk of further fragility fractures can be achieved relatively easily by taking steps to increase awareness amongst orthopaedic surgeons, although additional strategies and perhaps the use of automated referral systems may be required to achieve referral rates nearer 100%.
A 15-Year Longitudinal Analysis of Trends in Elective Urological Surgery – An Evidence Base for Modernising Medical Careers
Authors: Nathaniel C , Sangar VK , Payne SR 
Published: February 2007

INTRODUCTION The impact of Modernising Medical Careers on the differential need for consultant urologists and urological surgeons is as yet unknown. This study's aim was to determine what changes there had been in operative urological activity so as to predict the need for urological surgeons in the future. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective study of all elective operative urological surgery over a 15-year period was performed. The absolute numbers of patients presenting for different grades of surgery were aggregated and analysed using the Spearman's rank correlation test. RESULTS Aggregated data from 27,839 procedures demonstrated no change in the number of operations (r 0.01; NS) or the number of diagnostic endoscopic procedures (r 0.21; NS) carried out over the study period. There was a decrease in endoscopic surgery related to a 70% reduction in trans-urethral resection of the prostate (TURP) (r −0.89; P = <0.0001) and an increase in ureteroscopic interventions (r 0.82; P = 0.0002) for stone disease. There was no change in the amount of major surgery carried out (r −0.43; NS) over the 15 years. CONCLUSIONS There have been changes to the pattern of surgery urologists have provided over the last 15 years but the need for complex surgical interventions has not altered. This suggests there will be as great a need for operating surgeons in the future, as currently exists.
Postoperative Arrhythmias in General Surgical Patients
Authors: Walsh Stewart R , Tang Tjun , Wijewardena Chandana , Yarham Sahah I , Boyle Jonathan R , Gaunt Michael E 
Published: February 2007

INTRODUCTION New-onset arrhythmias are a common problem in cardiothoracic surgery. They are also common following major non-cardiac surgery. This review examines the available literature to establish the incidence and significance of new-onset arrhythmias following major non-cardiothoracic surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS A literature search was performed using the Medline and Pubmed databases using the terms ‘postoperative arrhythmia’, ‘peri-operative arrhythmia’, ‘atrial fibrillation/flutter’, ‘supraventricular arrhythmia/tachycardia’, ‘cardiac complications’ and ‘non-cardiothoracic surgery’. Articles were cross-referenced for additional relevant publications and reviewed for data regarding new-onset arrhythmias following major non-cardiothoracic surgery. RESULTS There was considerable heterogeneity in the literature regarding cardiac monitoring, types of arrhythmias considered and potential associations investigated, thus hindering interpretation. The available data suggest that new-onset arrhythmias affect about 7% of patients following major non-cardiothoracic surgery. These arrhythmias are often associated with other underlying complications.
The Treatment of Varicose Veins
Authors: Subramonia S , Lees TA 
Published: February 2007

INTRODUCTION Over the past few years, there has been a move to less invasive endoluminal methods in the treatment of lower limb varicose veins combined with a renewed interest in sclerotherapy, with the recent addition of foam sclerotherapy. The development of these new techniques has led many to question some of the more conventional teaching on the treatment of varicose veins. This review examines these new treatments for lower limb varicose veins and the current evidence for their use. MATERIALS AND METHODS An extensive search of available electronic and paper-based databases was performed to identify studies relevant to the treatment of varicose veins with particular emphasis on those published within the last 10 years. These were analysed by both reviewers independently. RESULTS There is no single method of treatment appropriate for all cases. Conventional surgery is safe and effective and is still widely practised. Whilst the new treatments may be popular with both surgeons and patients, it is important that they are carefully evaluated not only for their clinical benefits and complications when compared to existing treatments but also for their cost prior to their wider acceptance into clinical practice.
La douleur arthritique, les limites et les incapacités fonctionnelles chez les personnes âgées
Authors: Bourque Paul , Dionne Joëlle , Pakzad Sarah , Pushkar Dolores , Béland François 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe impact of arthritic pain, depression, and perceived health on functional limitations and disability in older persons is not clear. This study investigated the role of arthritic pain in functional limitations and disability in older persons. The sample consisted of 1,211 French-speaking persons aged 65 or older. Approximately 32 per cent of the subjects reported having arthritic pain, of whom 13 per cent reported considerable functional limitations. The results show that arthritic pain, age, gender, education, chronic illnesses, perceived health, and depression explained 28 per cent of the variance in functional limitations and 30 per cent of the variance in disability. The present results have implications for the prevention and management of functional limitations and disability in older persons.
Policy Changes and the Labour Force Participation of Older Workers: Evidence from Six Countries
Authors: Cooke Martin 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTIn response to the anticipated pressures of population aging, national governments and supranational bodies such as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the European Union (EU) have promoted policies to encourage the labour force participation of older workers. The recent elimination of mandatory retirement in Ontario is an example of such a policy, and others include changes to national pension systems and changes to disability and employment insurance programs, active labour-market policies, and the promotion of phased or gradual retirement. This paper reviews the different policy approaches taken in the six countries included in the Workforce Aging in the New Economy (WANE) project, placing Canadian policy approaches in relation to those taken in Australia, Germany, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the United States. From the life course perspective, the policy approaches discussed here do not consider the heterogeneity of older workers' life courses or the related domains of health and family. As well, the changes made thus far do not appear likely to lead to increased labour force participation by older workers, and some may leave older workers at greater risk of low income and low-wage work.
T.P. Beatty and R.M.S. Visser, (Eds.). Thriving on an Aging Workforce: Strategies for Organizational and Systemic Change. Malabar, FL: Krieger, 2005.
Authors: McDonald Lynn 
Published: February 2007

RÉSUMÉLe but de ce livre est d'aider les organismes des secteurs public et privé à se préparer aux répercussions du vieillissement de la main-d'oeuvre. Pour réaliser cet objectif, les éditeurs ont établi un groupe d'experts formé de spécialistes qui ont déterminé sept problèmes essentiels que nous avons le pouvoir de changer:recrutement et rétention, formation, perfectionnement professionnel, santé, régimes de retraite et nouvelles définitions de la retraite. Ce livre très utile comporte quatre parties et dix-huit chapitres. Les questions sont pertinentes et les solutions proposées sont raisonnables ce, compte tenu de la specificite des politiques canadiennes visant la santé et les régimes de retraite. Les idées recommandées sont particulièrement utiles pour ceux qui ont ignoré le vieillissement de la main-d'oeuvre.
Seniors and Portrayals of Intra-generational and Inter-generational Inequality in theGlobe and Mail
Authors: Rozanova Julia , Northcott Herbert C. , McDaniel Susan A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTIn this article, we examine how seniors are portrayed in theGlobe and Mail. Thirty articles published in 2004 were selected and thematically analysed. Seniors were discussed in six different contexts, including family, work/retirement, community networks, scientific studies of population, social and health care policy, and social attitudes to aging. Issues pertaining to seniors were captured in three themes. The themediversity of seniorsmade visible seniors of different genders, ages, health statuses, abilities, and needs. Thesuccessful agingtheme provided positive examples of aging well but marginalized seniors who did not meet these expectations, thereby fostering intra-generational ageism. Theapocalyptic demography/inter-generational conflicttheme underscored the importance of society's support system for the elderly but raised the issue of inter-generational inequality, of presenting the elderly as a burden on younger persons in families and on society at large. Critical analyses suggested that both negative and positive newspaper portrayals of seniors might be ageist.
Andrew W. Wister. Baby Boomer Health Dynamics: How Are We Aging?. Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press, 2005.
Authors: Wilson Kathi 
Published: February 2007

RÉSUMÉLe livre d'Andrew Wister offre un examen en profondeur du vieillissement en santé de la génération du baby-boom au Canada. À l'aide d'études portant sur plus de vingt années de données sur la santé des Canadiens, Wister évalue de quelle façon les baby-boomers vieillissent en lien présente avec trois principales démensions du mode de vie (tabagisme, consommation d'alcool et exercice). Le livre présente un examen critique du paradoxe exercice obésité – même si les baby-boomers d'aujourd'hui ont des comportements relativement plus sains, le taux d'obésité et de maladies chroniques s'est accru au fil du temps. Il apporte une contribution importante aux débats existants sur la façon dont les baby-boomers vieillissent, et ses conclusions soulèvent d'importantes réflexions tant pour la recherche que pour les politiques futures.
Should i stay or should i go? The impact of age norms on leaving home
Authors: Billari Francesco C. , Liefbroer Aart C. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This article studies the association between social norms and the timing of leaving home. Although largely overlooked by most recent studies on leaving home, life-course theory suggests that age norms and age grading influence life-course decisions in general and leaving home in particular. We use Fishbein and Ajzen’s model of “reasoned behavior” to integrate this strand of research with the more individualistic view that dominates current thinking. Using data from a Dutch panel survey, we use a Cox regression model with a control for sample selection to estimate the association between perceived age norms and the timing of leaving home. We show that perceived opinions of parents are associated with the actual timing of leaving the parental home but that societal norms and friends’ norms concerning the timing of leaving home are not. In addition, the timing of leaving home is also associated with the perceived costs and benefits of leaving home and with the perceived housing market situation.
Orphans and schooling in Africa: A longitudinal analysis
Authors: Evans David K. , Miguel Edward 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
AIDS deaths could have a major impact on economic development by affecting the human capital accumulation of the next generation. We estimate the impact of parent death on primary school participation using an unusual five-year panel data set of over 20,000 Kenyan children. There is a substantial decrease in school participation following a parent death and a smaller drop before the death (presumably due to pre-death morbidity). Estimated impacts are smaller in specifications without individual fixed effects, suggesting that estimates based on cross-sectional data are biased toward zero. Effects are largest for children whose mothers died and, in a novel finding, for those with low baseline academic performance.
The long-term effects of poor childhood health: An assessment and application of retrospective reports
Authors: Haas Steven A. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This study assesses retrospective childhood health reports and examines childhood health as a predictor of adult health. The results suggest that such reports are of reasonable reliability as to warrant their judicious use in population research. They also demonstrate a large positive relationship between childhood and adult health. Compared with excellent, very good, or good childhood health, poor childhood health is associated with more than three times greater odds of having poor adult self-rated health and twice the risk of a work-limiting disability or a chronic health condition. These associations are independent of childhood and current socioeconomic position and healthrelated risk behaviors.
Gender differences in the link between childhood socioeconomic conditions and heart attack risk in adulthood
Authors: Hamil-Luker Jenifer , O’Rand Angela M. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
A growing body of evidence shows that childhood socioeconomic status (SES) is predictive of disease risk in later life, with those from the most disadvantaged backgrounds more likely to experience poor adult-health outcomes. Most of these studies, however, are based on middle-aged male populations and pay insufficient attention to the pathways between childhood risks and specific adult disorders. This article examines gender differences in the link between childhood SES and heart attack risk trajectories and the mechanisms by which early environments affect future disease risk. By using methods that model both latent and path-specific influences, we identify heterogeneity in early life conditions and human, social, and health capital in adulthood that contribute to diverse heart attack risk trajectories between and among men and women as they age into their 60s and 70s. We find that key risk factors for heart attack operate differently for men and women. For men, childhood SES does not differentiate those at low, increasing, and high risk for heart attack. In contrast, women who grew up without a father and/or under adverse economic conditions are the most likely to experience elevated risk for heart attack, even after we adjust for the unequal distribution of working and living conditions, social relationships, access to health care, and adult lifestyle behaviors that influence health outcomes.
Social networks and HIV/AIDS risk perceptions
Authors: Kohler Hans-Peter , Behrman Jere R. , Watkins Susan C. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Understanding the determinants of individuals’ perceptions of their risk of becoming infected with HIV and their perceptions of acceptable strategies of prevention is an essential step toward curtailing the spread of this disease. We focus in this article on learning and decision-making about AIDS in the context of high uncertainty about the disease and appropriate behavioral responses. We argue that social interactions are important for both. Using longitudinal survey data from rural Kenya and Malawi, we test this hypothesis. We investigate whether social interactions—and especially the extent to which social network partners perceive themselves to be at risk—exert causal influences on respondents’ risk perceptions and on one approach to prevention, spousal communication about the threat of AIDS to the couple and their children. The study explicitly allows for the possibility that important characteristics, such as unobserved preferences or community characteristics, determine not only the outcomes of interest but also the size and composition of networks. The most important empirical result is that social networks have significant and substantial effects on risk perceptions and the adoption of new behaviors even after we control for unobserved factors.
Child gender and father involvement in fragile families
Authors: Lundberg Shelly , McLanahan Sara , Rose Elaina 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
In this article, we use data from the first two waves of the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study to examine the effects of child gender on father involvement and to determine if gender effects differ by parents’ marital status. We examine several indicators of father involvement, including whether the father acknowledges “ownership” of the child, whether the parents live together when the child is one year old, and whether the father provides financial support when the child is one year old. We find some evidence that child gender is associated with unmarried father involvement around the time of the child’s birth: sons born to unmarried parents are more likely than daughters to receive the father’s surname, especially if the mother has no other children. However, one year after birth, we find very little evidence that child gender is related to parents’ living arrangements or the amount of time or money fathers invest in their children. In contrast, and consistent with previous research, fathers who are married when their child is born are more likely to live with a son than with a daughter one year after birth. This pattern supports an interpretation of child gender effects based on parental beliefs about the importance of fathers for the long-term development of sons.
Child support and father-child contact: Testing reciprocal pathways
Authors: Nepomnyaschy Lenna 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
I use three waves of panel data to examine the relationship between child support payments and fathers’ contact with their nonmarital children. I disaggregate support into fathers’ formal and informal payments and incorporate cross-lagged effects models to identify the direction of causality between payments and contact. After including the behavior from the prior wave (lagged term) and a rich set of family characteristics, I find a marginally significant effect of paying formally at Time 1 on the likelihood of contact at Time 2 but no effect of contact at Time 1 on formal payments at Time 2. In the first examination of the relationship between informal support and father-child contact, I find a strong, positive reciprocal relationship between the likelihood and frequency of father-child contact and the likelihood and amount of informal support, with slightly stronger and more consistent effects of contact on payments than of payments on contact.
Vapor-phase diethyl oxalate pretreatment of wood chips: Part 2. Release of hemicellulosic carbohydrates
Authors: Kenealy William , Horn Eric , Davis Mark , Swaney Ross , Houtman Carl 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Wood chips of pine, spruce, aspen, and maple were treated at 135–140°C with diethyl oxalate (DEO) and analyzed for extractable and residual carbohydrates. Under these conditions, DEO hydrolyzes to ethanol and oxalic acid (OA). The amount and identity of carbohydrates released from the chips were species-dependent. For all wood species, increasing the amount of chemical, time, or temperature resulted in an increment in carbohydrates released. Approximately 50% (by wt) of extracted carbohydrates were monosaccharides. In addition, acetic acid was detected in the water extracts. When extracts were subsequently alkaline-treated, more acetate was released, indicating the presence of acetyl esters. The composition of water extracts and of wood chips after treatment indicates that these treatments primarily affect hemicelluloses. In summary, treatment of wood chips with DEO or OA releases carbohydrates suitable for fermentation, with no evidence of cellulose degradation.
Sap-staining fungi from logs and boards of two commercially important pines in Korea
Authors: Kim Gyu-Hyeok , Kim Jae-Jin , Breuil Colette 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTo collect more information about the organisms causing sap-stain, a thorough survey was conducted in Koreas sawmills that process logs and boards of Japanese red pine and Korean pine. Sap-staining fungi were isolated and identified using morphological and molecular methods. The 482 isolates obtained were distributed into at least nine species of ophiostomatoid fungi. In both pine species, the frequency of ophiostomatoid isolates was much higher in boards than in logs. Three species, Ophiostoma koreanum,O. floccosum, andO. piliferum, were found on both logs and boards. TwoPesotumspecies from Japanese red pine were isolated only from logs. Our results show that the dominant species in both logs and boards wasO. koreanumfrom Korean pine. However,O. koreanum,O. floccosum, andO. ipswere the most frequently found species in this study.
Laboratory and outdoor water repellency and dimensional stability of southern pine sapwood treated with a waterborne water repellent made from resin acids
Authors: Schultz Tor P. , Nicholas Darrel D. , Ingram Leonard L. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
A major consumer concern regarding lumber in above-ground exposure such as decking is the poor dimensional stability that leads to warping, splitting, and checking. One method to increase dimensional stability is to treat lumber with a water repellent. A waterborne water repellent made from the resin acid abietic acid or a commercial source of resin acids, tall oil rosin or TOR, was tested using southern pine sapwood. In laboratory water-swelling tests, the waterborne abietic acid provided water repellency that was almost equivalent to that provided by wax, while no water repellency was observed with solventborne resin acid. Wood treated with waterborne TOR also provided good water repellency in laboratory tests and fair water repellency at up to 13 months of outdoor exposure, but the laboratory efficacy was partially reduced by a water leach. The dimensional stability (cupping and checking) and mold growth on TOR-treated lumber in above-ground exterior exposure was better than for untreated boards, but not as good as for wax-treated lumber. Analysis of the wood in southern pine tree trunks of 14 or 29 years of age of various diameters and sampled at the bottom, middle and top showed that the resin acid content in southern pine wood is quite variable. This may explain the wide variation in natural water repellency and decay resistance previously observed with untreated southern pine sapwood.