bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dolomites: A Volume in Honor of Dolomieu
Authors: Arvidson Rolf S. 
Published: October 2006

In 1791 the French naturalist Déodat de Dolomieu published a paper in the Journal de Physique with the lengthy title, “On a Type of Calcareous Rock That Reacts Very Slightly With Acid and That Phosphoresces on Being Struck,” giving the scientific community the first comprehensive description of the rock and mineral that would eventually bear his name. In observance of the 200th anniversary of Dolomieu's paper, a conference combining presentations on dolomitization and carbonate platforms was held in 1991, most appropriately, against the spectacular backdrop of the Dolomite Mountains in Ortisei, Italy.Dolomites: A Volume in Honor of Dolomieu is an edited volume of 24 papers taken from the Ortisei conference proceedings, and will be a most welcome addition to the libraries of friends of the mineral. However, this is a volume clearly intended for carbonate sedimentologists and sedimentary petrologists. In this sense, it seems unlikely to attract the broad notice of Earth scientists whose major interests lie elsewhere.
Natural hazards need not lead to natural disasters
Authors: Carlowicz Michael 
Published: October 2006

According to Charles Meade of the National Research Council and Thomas Jordan of MIT, the Loma Prieta, Northridge, and Kobe earthquakes resulted in 6000 deaths and $130 billion in property damage, not to mention months of disruption and years of psychological damage. But in spite of their structural and human toll, none of these seismic events was unusual. Each year, an average of 17 earthquakes occur that are stronger than the Loma Prieta quake (6.9 Mw).And so it is with many natural disasters in recent years. Despite the popular perception that Earth is being ravaged more often today than during other points in geologic history, most scientists believe that nature is no more tempestuous than it has ever been. Nonetheless, property losses due to natural disasters have skyrocketed to an average of $1 billion per week—about 2–3 times the losses in the 1980s—and the public wants to know why.
Why bother for 0.0001% of Earth's water? Challenges for soil moisture research
Authors: Islam Shafiqul , Engman Ted 
Published: October 2006

For each kilogram of water on Earth, only 1 mg is stored as soil moisture. Yet this miniscule amount of water exerts significant control over various hydrological, ecological, and meteorological processes ranging from boundary layer dynamics to the global water cycle. The 1993 Mississippi River flood illustrated the power of 0.0001% of Earth's water to dictate the fate and evolution of regional weather and climate.The space‐time distribution of soil moisture is a key component in describing transfer and distribution of mass and energy between the land and the atmosphere. It is a fundamental variable in biosphere‐atmosphere transfer, biogeochemistry, ecosystem process, and rainfall‐runoff models. There is a growing consensus that a unified approach is necessary to monitor, characterize, and model soil moisture over a range of scales, but such an approach has yet to be defined.
New method developed for studying flow on hillslopes
Authors: McDonnell Jeffrey J. , Freer Jim , Hooper Rick , Kendall Carol , Burns Doug , Beven Keith , Peters Jake 
Published: October 2006

Hillslope hydrologists have long assumed that the downslope movement of water and solutes can best be described by surface topography since gravitational potential largely dominates hydraulic gradients in steep terrain. Hence with the increased availability of Digital Terrain Maps (DTMs), surface topography is driving many popular hydrological models and is being used to estimate flow pathways in hydrological and geochemical models. This method may suffice at the catchment scale, but at the hillslope scale, flow pathways are not always determined by surface topography.It is at this critical scale (100–10,000 m2) that water flux and the chemical composition of soil water and groundwater can be measured as they move downslope. The complex interactions between water and solutes along hillslope subsurface flow paths have not been well documented. New evidence suggests that for steep hillslopes with thin soils, the fundamental control on hillslope flow paths is the bedrock surface.
Kilauea Volcano provides hot seismic data for joint Japanese‐U.S. experiment
Authors: McNutt Steve R. , Ida Y. , Chouet B. A. , Okubo P. , Oikawa J. , Saccorotti G. 
Published: October 2006

A team of 25 researchers from the United States, Japan, and Italy joined the staff of the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) from January 8 through February 9, 1996, to make the most detailed seismic recordings on Kilauea Volcano ever. One‐hundred‐sixteen portable seismographs were installed in and near Kilauea Crater in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park as a joint Japanese‐U.S. research project to record volcanic earthquakes and tremor. The importance of these events has long been recognized, but their origin remains poorly understood due to inadequate network coverage and limitations of the analog instrumentation used in the past.On February 1, a swarm of over 500 earthquakes was recorded by the dense network, providing the best recording of an intrusive earthquake swarm at Kilauea. The data collected offer an unprecedented opportunity to understand earthquakes associated with magma transport.
New air quality standards generate heat
Authors: Carlowicz Michael 
Published: October 2006

In November 1996, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) proposed new national air quality regulations, revising public health‐related standards for both airborne smog and soot. Then the agency opened up the regulations for public comment. The result was a cool reception and some hot debate.The new standards for airborne particulate matter (PM) and ground‐level ozone are EPA's response to the mandates of the Clean Air Act. The current standard for PM limits particles smaller than 10 microns to a concentration of 50 micrograms per cubic meter annually, and 150 μg/m3 daily. The proposed standard would include smaller particles (down to 2.5 microns) and would require concentrations of PM not to exceed 15 μg/m3 annually and 50 μg/m3 daily.
Chapman Conference delves into the significance of rock glaciers
Authors: Gillespie Alan R. , Clark Douglas H. , Steig Eric J. , Potter N. 
Published: October 2006

Rock glaciers are rubble‐covered, flowing mixtures of rock and ice common in many alpine and polar regions. They even may occur on Mars. Although rock glaciers are important agents of geomorphic modification of the landscapes in which they occur, they are less well studied than their “true” ice‐glacier cousins, and many questions surround their origin and development. The scientific benefits of answering these questions may be considerable, in part because rock glaciers could provide accessible archives of local climatic conditions throughout much of the last 10,000 years, and possibly extending back much longer in some settings.A Chapman Conference on the geomorphic and climatic significance of rock glaciers was sponsored by AGU at the Northwest College Field Station in the Absaroka Mountains near Cody, Wyo., August 23–28, 1996. Despite more than 40 years of study, surprisingly little is understood about rock glaciers. Even hypotheses about their genesis are controversial: one view holds that regardless of compartheir similar appearance and distribution, rock glaciers are distinct from true glaciers and strictly result from periglacial processes [Barsch, 1996]; the other holds that the formation of rock glaciers involves a continuum of processes from glacial to periglacial [Potter, 1972]. The conference was convened to help resolve the issue of the origin of rock glaciers, to highlight the significance of rock glaciers as geomorphic systems, and to identify areas for future research.
Scatterometer observes extratropical transition of Pacific typhoons
Authors: Liu W. Timothy , Tang Wenqing , Dunbar R. Scott 
Published: October 2006

From September 15 to 25, 1996, NASA's scatterometer (NSCAT) monitored the evolution of twin typhoons—Violet and Tom—as they moved north from the western tropical Pacific, acquiring features of mid‐latitude storms. The typhoons developed frontal structures, increased asymmetry, and dry air was introduced into their cores. Violet hit Japan, causing death and destruction (Figure 1), and Tom merged with a mid‐latitude trough and evolved into a large extratropical storm with gale‐force winds (Figure 2).We understand relatively little about the extratropical transition of tropical cyclones because of the complex thermodynamics involved [e.g., Sinclair, 1993], but we do know that the mid‐latitude storms resulting from tropical cyclones usually generate strong winds and heavy precipitation. Since the transition usually occurs over the ocean, few measurements have been made. The transition is a fascinating science problem, but it also has important economic consequences. The transition occurs over the busiest transocean shipping lanes, and when the resulting storms hit land, they usually devastate populated areas.
Breakthrough made in dating of the geological record
Authors: Hilgen F. J. , Krijgsman W. , Langereis C. G. , Lourens L. J. 
Published: October 2006

Sedimentary cycles reflect climatic oscillations that are ultimately controlled by the Earth's orbital cycles. Therefore, sedimentary cycles can be used to construct astronomical timescales. Using this method, astronomical timescales have been established for the last 12 million years that are more acurate and have a much higher resolution than previous geological timescales. Such timescales are fundamental to an increasing number of applications in many disciplines of Earth science. Researchers are now working to extend the astronomical timescale to earlier time intervals and establish similar time‐scales for the continental record.Time is an indispensable tool for Earth scientists striving to understand all kinds of processes and determine rates of change. More than a century ago, just before the invention of radiometric dating, G.K. Gilbert realized that astronomically forced cyclicity in marine sedimentary archives can be used to estimate the duration of parts of the geological record. His estimates suggested that our planet was much older than the 100 million years (or even 20 m.y., by some accounts) that had been calculated by a thermodynamic cooling model of the Earth.
The big crunch
Authors: Goodstein David 
Published: October 2006

According to modern cosmology, the universe began with a big bang about 10 billion years ago, and it has been expanding ever since. If the density of mass in the universe is great enough, its gravitational force will cause that expansion to slow down and reverse, causing the universe to fall back in on itself. Then the universe will end in a cataclysmic event known as “the Big Crunch.”I would like to present to you a vaguely analogous theory of the history of science. The upper curve on Figure 1 was first made by historian Derek da Solla Price, sometime in the 1950s. It is a semilog plot of the cumulative number of scientific journals founded worldwide as a function of time.
Bernard Vonnegut (1914–1997)
Authors: Moore C. B. , Jonsson Haflidi , Marsh Sally 
Published: October 2006

Bernard Vonnegut, a Fellow of AGU, the American Meteorological Society, and the Royal Meteorological Society, died of cancer in Albany, N.Y. on April 25, 1997. At 82, he was still an active and innovative scientist serving as both Distinguished Professor of Atmospheric Sciences at the State University of New York, at Albany and Honorary President of the International Commission of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics.Vonnegut became fascinated with science when he was young, and his curiosity continued throughout his life. Although he was initially educated as a chemist, his interests ranged far beyond, into meteorology, cloud physics, atmospheric electricity, aerosols, and many other fields in which he made significant contributions. In 1941, he devised a novel method for measuring surface tension that is now employed to characterize surfactants used in petroleum recovery.
Researchers investigate submarine faults north of Puerto Rico
Authors: Grindlay N. , Mann P. , Dolan J. 
Published: October 2006

A 23‐day marine geophysical expedition in the summer of 1996 revealed a previously unidentified strike‐slip fault zone within 60–100 km of the densely populated northern coast of Puerto Rico. The purpose of the expedition, which was held aboard the U.S. research vessel Maurice Ewing, was to map the northeastern portion of the North America Caribbean plate boundary.The 3000‐km‐long North America‐Caribbean plate boundary stretches from Guatemala to the Lesser Antilles arc. The dominantly left‐lateral strike‐slip boundary accommodates slow (1–2.6 cm/yr) eastward motion of the Caribbean plate relative to North America. Distributed interplate motion in the region generates large earthquakes (Figure 1, inset). In 1976, an M 7.5 left‐lateral, strike‐slip earthquake in Guatemala killed approximately 23,000 people and left a quarter of the nation's population homeless.
Aircraft contrails reduce solar irradiance
Authors: Mims Forrest M. , Travis David J. 
Published: October 2006

A topic of considerable interest today is whether condensation trails generated by the growing number of passenger and other jet aircraft (Figure 1) alter Earth's radiation balance enough to influence regional weather and global climate [e.g., Rind et al. , 1996].While any global influences of contrails have yet to be detected, a number of studies show possible regional effects. Changnon [1981], for example, suggested a possible link between contrails from jet aircraft and a reduction in the diurnal maximum and minimum temperature in the midwestern United States. Cirrus evolved from contrails has even been reported to reduce the warming of a solar‐heated house [Robinson, 1996].
Float experiment studies interocean exchanges at the tip of Africa
Authors: Boebel Olaf , Duncombe Rae Chris , Garzoli Silvia , Lutjeharms Johann , Richardson Phil , Rossby Tom , Schmid Claudia , Zenk Walter 
Published: October 2006

A joint research effort is currently focused on the oceanic region south of Africa—the gateway for the exchange of mass, heat, and salt between the Indian and Atlantic Oceans (Figure lb). The name of this collaboration, KAPEX, stands for Cape of Good Hope Experiments, Kap der guten Hoffnung Experimente, or Kaap die Goeie Hoop Eksperimente in the three languages of the participating scientists. This is the first time that scientists are using acoustically tracked floats extensively in ocean regions surrounding southern Africa to measure ocean flow patterns. At the tip of Africa, the Agulhas Current from the Indian Ocean interacts with the South Atlantic Current, contributing to the northwestward flowing Benguela Current, which transports water, heat, and salt to the subtropical and subequatorial South Atlantic (Figure la).This transport increases the heat and salinity of the North Atlantic, preconditioning it for the formation of the global thermohaline circulation cell, a driving force of the world climate [Gordon etal., 1992]. Our objective in the KAPEX is to trace the flow of intermediate water around southern Africa by the Agulhas, Benguela, and South Atlantic Current systems and to answer key questions about the inter‐oceanic intermediate circulation.
Biogeochemistry, An Analysis of Global Change
Authors: Leavit Steven W. 
Published: October 2006

Compared to the well‐established disciplines, the field of Earth system science/global change has relatively few books from which to choose. Of the small subset of books dealing specifically with biogeochemical aspects of global change, the first edition of Schlesinger's Biogeochemistry in 1991 was an early entry. It has since gained sufficient popularity and demand to merit a second, extensively revised edition.The first part of the book provides a general introduction to biogeochemistry and cycles, and to the origin of elements, our planet, and life on Earth. It then describes the functioning and biogeochemistry of the atmosphere, lithosphere, biosphere, and hydrosphere, including marine and freshwater systems. Although system function and features are stressed, the author begins to introduce global change topics, such as soil organic matter and global change in Chapter 5, and landscape and mass balance in Chapter 6.
Commission proposes string of International Watershed Boards along Canadian‐U.S. border
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

Although Canada and the United States have different forms of government, population sizes, gross national products, and industrial capacity, they share the same 8,840 km border and transboundary environmental concerns.Now, the International Joint Commission, a binational organization concerned with these transboundary environmental issues, has proposed creating a unique series of international watershed boards to help anticipate and respond to a broad range of environmental irritants between the two countries.
Magnetic Stratigraphy
Authors: Lowrie William 
Published: October 2006

Magnetic stratigraphy consists of grouping sedimentary or igneous rock strata into intervals that have a common magnetic property. The best‐known method—magnetostratigraphy—uses magnetization directions to define “magnetozones” of constant polarity in a rock outcrop. Magnetostratigraphy has helped to confirm and date the record of polarity derived from oceanic magnetic anomalies in the past 180 Ma, and has thus contributed to developing and accepting the plate tectonics paradigm.Other types of magnetic stratigraphy make use of nondirectional magnetic parameters (for example, the intensities of different remanent magnetizations or magnetic susceptibility), which are affected by sedimentary processes such as erosion and depositional rates. Stratigraphic fluctuations in these parameters may reflect paleoclimatic influences; therefore, they have received more attention in recent years as a result of the increasing interest in environmental magnetism. When sedimentation effects can be taken into account, the stratigraphic variation of magnetization intensity may relate to fluctuations of geomagnetic paleointensity.
New high‐resolution model developed for Earth's gravitational field
Authors: Lemoine Frank G. , Pavlis Nikolaos K. , Kenyon Steve C. , Rapp Richard H. , Pavlis E. C. , Chao B. F. 
Published: October 2006

After 3 years of intense work by some two dozen collaborating scientists at three institutions and after scores of evaluation tests, the Earth Gravitational Model 1996 (EGM96) was completed and released to the scientific community in September 1996. This model was developed jointly by the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), the National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA, formerly the Defense Mapping Agency), and The Ohio State University.EGM96 provides a more accurate reference surface for the topography, improves models of the ocean circulation, improves orbit determination for low‐orbiting satellites, and contributes to global and regional studies in tectonics and geodynamics. The new spherical harmonic model, is complete to degree 360, corresponding to a global resolution of about 55 km. EGM96 incorporates newly released surface gravity data from around the globe, over three decades of precise satellite tracking data and altimeter measurements of the ocean surface from the TOPEX/POSEIDON, ERS‐1 and GEOSAT missions. Figure l a shows a global map of the geoid undulations implied by EGM96, while Figure l b shows the corresponding gravity anomaly field.
Mars: Coming to a Museum Near You!
Authors: Lee Steven W. 
Published: October 2006

The recent successful landing of Mars Pathfinder and the arrival of Mars Global Surveyor at its destination have launched a decade of exploration that is changing our understanding of Martian natural history and climate. The public will share in the excitement and discoveries of the renewed Mars exploration through MarsQuest, an outreach effort that includes a traveling museum exhibit, planetarium show, and educational program.MarsQuest's 5000 square foot traveling exhibit will transport visitors to the surface of the Red Planet, where they can experience the spirit and thrill of exploration while learning about the similarities and differences between Earth and Mars. In the planetarium show, audience members will be surrounded with vivid images of Mars. Complimentary education and outreach programs will enlighten the public about key planetary science concepts, such as physical scales, how physical systems interact, planetary formation, planetary climate, and the possibility of life on other planets, with special attention directed toward new results from the suite of NASA missions to Mars.
Who is El Niño?
Authors: Philander S. George 
Published: October 2006

It is a curious story, about a phenomenon we first welcomed as a blessing but now view with dismay, if not horror [Philander, 1998]. We named it El Niño for the child Jesus, provided it with relatives—La Niña and ENSO—and are devoting innumerable studies to the description and idealization of this family. These scriptures provide such a broad spectrum of historical, cultural, and scientific perspectives that there is now confusion about the identity of El Niño. Trenberth [1997] summarizes the situation as follows.The atmospheric component tied to El Niño is termed the “Southern Oscillation.” Scientists often call the phenomenon where the atmosphere and ocean collaborate ENSO, short for El Niño‐Southern Oscillation. El Niño then corresponds to the warm phase of ENSO. The opposite “La Niña” (“the girl” in Spanish) phase consists of a basinwide cooling of the tropical Pacific and thus the cold phase of ENSO. However, for the public, the term for the whole phenomenon is “El Niño.”
Isotopic fingerprinting may provide insights into evolution of magmatic systems
Authors: Davidson Jon P. , Tepley Frank J. , Knesel Kurt M. 
Published: October 2006

A simple method may provide greater insights into the sort of pathways and time‐scales in which magmatic systems evolve. The method, employing isotopic fingerprinting of the mineral components that characterize most magmatic rocks, may lead to a more comprehensive understanding of these types of rocks. Such an understanding is critical to resolving fundamental problems in geoscience, ranging from the origin and differentiation of the crust and mantle to the prediction of volcanic hazards.Much progress has been made in the past 30 to 40 years, first with the widespread application of experimental studies on natural and synthetic systems, and more recently with the application of chemical and isotopic constraints on the origin of igneous rocks. Despite this progress, however, many questions remain, and that is where isotopic fingerprinting may help.