bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of diffuse and focal brain lesions by clinical magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Authors: Kingsley Peter B. , Shah Tanmaya C. , Woldenberg Rona 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to facilitate the comparison of magnetic resonance (MR) spectra acquired from unknown brain lesions with published spectra in order to help identify unknown lesions in clinical settings. The paper includes lists of references for published MR spectra of various brain diseases, including pyogenic abscesses, encephalitis (herpes simplex, Rasmussen's and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis), neurocysticercosis, tuberculoma, cysts (arachnoid, epidermoid and hydatid), acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD), Alexander disease, Canavan's disease, Krabbe disease (globoid cell leukodystrophy), Leigh's disease, megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with cysts, metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD), Pelizaeus–Merzbacher disease, Zellweger syndrome, HIV‐associated lesions [cryptococcus, lymphoma, toxoplasmosis and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)], hydrocephalus and tuberous sclerosis. Each list includes information on the echo time(s) (TE) of the published spectra, whether a control spectrum is shown, whether the corresponding image and voxel position are shown and the patient ages if known. The references are listed in the approximate order of usefulness, based on spectral quality, number of spectra, range of echo times and whether the voxel positions are shown. Spectra of Zellweger syndrome, cryptococcal infection, toxoplasmosis and lymphoma are included, along with a spectrum showing propanediol (propylene glycol). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the use of carbon nanotubes as reinforcing fillers for elastomeric materials
Authors: Bokobza Liliane , Kolodziej Mélanie 
Published: June 2006

AbstractRubber composites containing multiwall carbon nanotubes are investigated. The results are compared with those obtained with conventional carbon black. In each case, the level of reinforcement is assessed from the mechanical and equilibrium swelling behavior. The state of dispersion is evaluated from transmission electron and atomic force microscopy methods. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Finding and documenting the specialization interface of an application framework
Authors: Hautamäki Juha , Koskimies Kai 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis paper presents an approach to find, specify and use the specialization interface of an object‐oriented framework as a set of framework‐specific patterns. The approach is based on the assumption that the user tries to reuse a framework by setting meaningful goals in the context of their application and then achieves the goals by performing a sequence of programming tasks. The goals can be refined as informal specialization patterns, which are framework‐specific descriptions on how to reach a particular specialization goal. Furthermore, the obtained specialization patterns can be transformed into more precise specifications to enable tool support. As a result, the framework user can use both a cookbook‐like informal documentation and supporting tools to specialize the framework. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Scalable peer‐to‐peer networking architecture: DIVINE
Authors: Wong William Hak‐Lim , Ng Joseph Kee‐Yin 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis paper describes the issues that are involved in designing and implementing a large‐scale cooperative object database server for a collaborative virtual environment. The focus of the paper is about the way to handle the distributing factors and the communication model among nodes within a collaborative virtual environment. Within the system, all objects are decentralized and scattered among three tiers of object databases. By limiting the knowledge and refining the tasks for each server, the network and processor workload can be reduced. The objective of the system is to provide a virtual environment for distributed computing that is k‐fault tolerant and subject to expansion without the interruption of services. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of Ginkgolide on the development of NOS and AChE positive neurons in the embryonic basal forebrain
Authors: Jin Guo‐Hua , Huang Zhen , Tan Xue‐Feng , Tian Mei‐Ling , Zhang Xin‐Hua , Qin Jian‐Bing , Xu Hui‐Jun , Yew D.T. , Mak Y.T. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractExtract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb) has been therapeutically used for several decades to increase peripheral and cerebral blood flow so as to prevent cardiovascular and neurovascular diseases. However, the role of EGb in neuroprotective effects has received much attention recently. In this study, we investigated the effect of EGb on the development of NOS and AChE positive neurons in the rat embryonic basal forebrain. The results showed that treated with EGb, the OD of MTT staining analysis, and the numbers, the cell sizes and circumferences of NOS and AChE positive neurons were greatly promoted. These data suggest that EGb had similar effects of the neurotrophins such as NGF and BDNF in promoting the development of NOS and AChE positive neurons in the rat embryonic basal forebrain.
Climate change, parasitism and the structure of intertidal ecosystems
Authors: Poulin R. , Mouritsen K.N. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractEvidence is accumulating rapidly showing that temperature and other climatic variables are driving many ecological processes. At the same time, recent research has highlighted the role of parasitism in the dynamics of animal populations and the structure of animal communities. Here, the likely interactions between climate change and parasitism are discussed in the context of intertidal ecosystems. Firstly, using the soft-sediment intertidal communities of Otago Harbour, New Zealand, as a case study, parasites are shown to be ubiquitous components of intertidal communities, found in practically all major animal species in the system. With the help of specific examples from Otago Harbour, it is demonstrated that parasites can regulate host population density, influence the diversity of the entire benthic community, and affect the structure of the intertidal food web. Secondly, we document the extreme sensitivity of cercarial production in parasitic trematodes to increases in temperature, and discuss how global warming could lead to enhanced trematode infections. Thirdly, the results of a simulation model are used to argue that parasite-mediated local extinctions of intertidal animals are a likely outcome of global warming. Specifically, the model predicts that following a temperature increase of less than 4°C, populations of the amphipod Corophium volutator, a hugely abundant tube-building amphipod on the mudflats of the Danish Wadden Sea, are likely to crash repeatedly due to mortality induced by microphallid trematodes. The available evidence indicates that climate-mediated changes in local parasite abundance will have significant repercussions for intertidal ecosystems. On the bright side, the marked effects of even slight increases in temperature on cercarial production in trematodes could form the basis for monitoring programmes, with these sensitive parasites providing early warning signals of the environmental impacts of global warming.
Climate disruption and parasite–host dynamics: patterns and processes associated with warming and the frequency of extreme climatic events
Authors: Hudson P.J. , Cattadori I.M. , Boag B. , Dobson A.P. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractLevels of parasitism and the dynamics of helminth systems is subject to the impact of environmental conditions such that we may expect long term increases in temperature will increase the force of infection and the parasite's basic reproduction number, R0. We postulate that an increase in the force of infection will only lead to an increase in mean intensity of adults when adult parasite mortality is not determined by acquired immunity. Preliminary examination of long term trends of parasites of rabbits and grouse confirm these predictions. Parasite development rate increases with temperature and while laboratory studies indicate this is linear some recent studies indicate that this may be non-linear and would have an important impact on R0. Warming would also reduce the selective pressure for the development of arrestment and this would increase R0 so that in systems like the grouse and Trichostrongylus tenuis this would increase the instability and lead to larger disease outbreaks. Extreme climatic events that act across populations appear important in synchronizing transmission and disease outbreaks, so it is speculated that climate disruption will lead to increased frequency and intensity of disease outbreaks in parasite populations not regulated by acquired immunity.
Body mass index, waist circumference and waist to hip ratio and change in sex steroid hormones: the Massachusetts Male Ageing Study
Authors: Derby Carol A. , Zilber Sophia , Brambilla Don , Morales Knashawn H. , McKinlay John B. 
Published: June 2006

SummaryObjective  Cross‐sectional data suggest that obesity, particularly central obesity, may be associated with decreased production of sex steroid hormones in men. However, longitudinal hormone data on men in relation to obesity status are limited. Previous studies have not consistently demonstrated whether sex steroids are associated specifically to body mass index or to measures of central obesity. Our objective was to examine the relation of obesity (body mass index > 30 kg/m2), and of central obesity (waist circumference > 100 cm or waist to hip ratio > 0·95) to longitudinal change in sex steroid hormones in men.Design  Prospective follow‐up of a population‐based sample of men in Boston.Patients  Nine hundred forty‐two (942) men in the Massachusetts Male Ageing Study with complete anthropometry and hormone data at baseline (1987–1989, ages 40–70) and follow‐up (1995–1997).Measurements  Free and total testosterone (FT and TT), dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS), and sex hormone‐binding globulin (SHBG) were assessed using standardized methods. Health behaviours and medical history were obtained by structured interview. Repeated measures regression was used to describe trends in steroid hormones and SHBG in relation to obesity status, adjusting for age, smoking, alcohol, comorbidities, and physical activity.Results  Obesity was associated with decreased levels of total and free testosterone, and of SHBG at follow‐up relative to baseline. For any given baseline concentration of TT, FT or SHBG, follow‐up levels were lowest among men who remained obese or who became obese during follow‐up. This was true for all three indices of obesity. Central adiposity was associated with lower DHEAS levels at follow‐up, while elevated body mass index was not.Conclusions  Obesity may predict greater decline in testosterone and SHBG levels with age. Central adiposity may be a more important predictor of decline in DHEAS than is body mass index.
Guidelines of the Pituitary Society for the diagnosis and management of prolactinomas
Authors: Casanueva Felipe F. , Molitch Mark E. , Schlechte Janet A. , Abs Roger , Bonert Vivien , Bronstein Marcello D. , Brue Thierry , Cappabianca Paolo , Colao Annamaria , Fahlbusch Rudolf , Fideleff Hugo , Hadani Moshe , Kelly Paul , Kleinberg David , Laws Edward , Marek Josef , Scanlon Maurice , Sobrinho Luis G. , Wass John A.H. , Giustina Andrea 
Published: June 2006

SummaryIn June 2005, an ad hoc Expert Committee formed by the Pituitary Society convened during the 9th International Pituitary Congress in San Diego, California. Members of this committee consisted of invited international experts in the field, and included endocrinologists and neurosurgeons with recognized expertise in the management of prolactinomas. Discussions were held that included all interested participants to the Congress and resulted in formulation of these guidelines, which represent the current recommendations on the diagnosis and management of prolactinomas based upon comprehensive analysis and synthesis of all available data.
Effects of search experience in a resource‐heterogeneous environment on the oviposition decisions of the seed beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.)
Authors: YANG ROU‐LING , FUSHING HSIEH , HORNG SHWU‐BIN 
Published: June 2006

Abstract 1. This study investigates how female seed beetles, Callosobruchus maculatus, distribute their eggs on various‐sized seeds when the size of seed was varied during the egg‐laying period.2. Beetles were allowed to lay eggs on one of three arrays of 64 adzuki beans (Vigna angularis). Each array contained four size classes of seed, ranging from small (5.0–5.5 mm diameter) to large (6.5–7.0 mm), but differed in how they were distributed within the environment. In the most heterogeneous condition (the 64‐patch design), the four sizes were interspersed, while in the least heterogeneous condition (the four‐patch design) they were grouped into four separate blocks. Thus, a beetle exploring the 64‐patch design would frequently encounter all four seed sizes, whereas a beetle exploring the four‐patch design would only rarely encounter a change in bean size.3. Beetles experiencing greater seed size heterogeneity were more likely to lay eggs on larger seeds, whereas those in the blocked condition were more likely to oviposit on small seeds. Beetle responses to seed size heterogeneity suggest that the degree of preference for large seeds depends on a female’s recent experience.4. Female beetles exhibited size discrimination throughout their egg‐laying process; however, there was a trade‐off between seed size and egg discrimination (i.e. avoiding those seeds already containing developing eggs) in response to the change in fitness gained from either laying on larger seeds or lower egg‐load seeds during the egg‐laying process.5. Our model provides the first evidence that evolving seed size discrimination ability is adaptive for the seed beetle with egg‐discrimination ability.
A northward shift of range margins in British Odonata
Authors: Hickling Rachael , Roy David B. , Hill Jane K. , Thomas Chris D. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractMany species are predicted to shift their ranges to higher latitudes and altitudes in response to climate warming. This study presents evidence for 37 species of nonmigratory British dragonflies and damselflies shifting northwards at their range margins over the past 40 years, seemingly as a result of climate change. This response by an exemplar group of insects associated with fresh water, parallels polewards range changes observed in terrestrial invertebrates and other taxa.
Seventeen years of elevated CO2 exposure in a Chesapeake Bay Wetland: sustained but contrasting responses of plant growth and CO2 uptake
Authors: Rasse Daniel P. , Peresta Gary , Drake Bert G. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractIncreased atmospheric CO2 concentration (Ca) produces a short‐term stimulation of photosynthesis and plant growth across terrestrial ecosystems. However, the long‐term response remains uncertain and is thought to depend on environmental constraints. In the longest experiment on natural ecosystem response to elevated Ca, we measured the shoot‐density, biomass and net CO2 exchange (NEE) responses to elevated Ca from 1987 to 2003 in a Scirpus olneyi wetland sedge community of the Chesapeake Bay, MD, USA. Measurements were conducted in five replicated open‐top chambers per CO2 treatment (ambient and elevated). In addition, unchambered control plots were monitored for shoot density. Responses of daytime NEE, Scirpus plant biomass and shoot density to elevated Ca were positive for any single year of the 17‐year period of study. Daytime NEE stimulation by elevated Ca rapidly dropped from 80% at the onset of the experiment to a long‐term stimulation average of about 35%. Shoot‐density stimulation by elevated Ca increased linearly with duration of exposure (r2=0.89), exceeding 120% after 17 years. Although of lesser magnitude, the shoot biomass response to elevated Ca was similar to that of the shoot density. Daytime NEE response to elevated Ca was not explained by the duration of exposure, but negatively correlated with salinity of the marsh, indicating that this elevated‐Ca response was decreased by water‐related stress. By contrast, circumstantial evidence suggested that salinity stress increased the stimulation of shoot density by elevated Ca, which highlights the complexity of the interaction between water‐related stresses and plant community responses to elevated Ca. Notwithstanding the effects of salinity stress, we believe that the most important finding of the present research is that a species response to elevated Ca can continually increase when this species is under stress and declining in its natural environment. This is particularly important because climate changes associated with elevated Ca are likely to increase environmental stresses on numerous species and modify their present distribution. Our results point to an increased resilience to change under elevated Ca when plants are exposed to adverse environmental conditions.
Pregnancy, but not the allergic status, influences spontaneous and induced interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), IL‐6, IL‐10 and IL‐12 responses
Authors: Amoudruz Petra , Minang Jacob Taku , Sundström Yvonne , Nilsson Caroline , Lilja Gunnar , Troye‐Blomberg Marita , Sverremark‐Ekström Eva 
Published: June 2006

SummaryIn this study, we investigated how pregnancy influences cytokine production in response to stimulation of the innate and the adaptive immune system, respectively. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from allergic (n = 44) and non‐allergic (n = 36) women were collected at three time‐points: during the third trimester, at delivery and at a non‐pregnant state 2 years after delivery. The production of interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), IL‐6, IL‐10 and IL‐12 was measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or enzyme‐linked immunospot assay (ELISPOT). The spontaneous cytokine production, and the response following stimulation with agents that primarily activate the adaptive part of the immune system [phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), allergen extracts from cat and birch], or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) that activate innate immunity was measured in vitro. There was a significantly higher spontaneous in vitro production of IL‐1β, IL‐6 and IL‐10 by PBMCs during pregnancy than 2 years after pregnancy, and this was not affected by the allergic status of the women. Conversely, in PHA‐stimulated cell cultures there was a lower production of IL‐10 and IL‐12 during pregnancy than 2 years after pregnancy. LPS‐induced IL‐6 levels were significantly lower in PBMCs obtained during pregnancy than at 2 years after pregnancy. In addition, we made the interesting observation that in allergic women total immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels were significantly lower 2 years after pregnancy compared to the levels during pregnancy. Taken together, our results indicate that while atopic allergy in women does not have a substantial effect on cytokine production, pregnancy has an obvious effect on the immune system in terms of cytokine production as well as on the total IgE levels.
Cross‐priming utilizes antigen not available to the direct presentation pathway
Authors: Donohue Keri B. , Grant Jean M. , Tewalt Eric F. , Palmer Douglas C. , Theoret Marc R. , Restifo Nicholas P. , Norbury Christopher C. 
Published: June 2006

SummaryCD8+ T cells play a crucial role in protective immunity to viruses and tumours. Antiviral CD8+ T cells are initially activated by professional antigen presenting cells (pAPCs) that are directly infected by viruses (direct‐priming) or following uptake of exogenous antigen transferred from virus‐infected or tumour cells (cross‐priming). In order to efficiently target each of these antigen‐processing pathways during vaccine design, it is necessary to delineate the properties of the natural substrates for either of these antigen‐processing pathways. In this study, we utilized a novel T‐cell receptor (TCR) transgenic mouse to examine the requirement for both antigen synthesis and synthesis of other cellular factors during direct or cross‐priming. We found that direct presentation required ongoing synthesis of antigen, but that cross‐priming favoured long‐lived antigens and did not require ongoing antigen production. Even after prolonged blockade of protein synthesis in the donor cell, cross‐priming was unaffected. In contrast, direct‐presentation was almost undetectable in the absence of antigen neosynthesis and required ongoing protein synthesis. This suggests that the direct‐ and cross‐priming pathways may utilize differing pools of antigen, an observation that has far‐reaching implications for the rational design of vaccines aimed at the generation of protective CD8+ T cells.
It's like being in another world – patients’ lived experience of magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Törnqvist Erna , Månsson Åsa , Larsson Elna‐Marie , Hallström Inger 
Published: June 2006

Aim.  The aim of this study was to illuminate patients’ lived experience during magnetic resonance imaging.Background.  Magnetic resonance imaging has increased in importance since the early 1980s and is today a common useful diagnostic tool. Although magnetic resonance imaging are non‐invasive and considered painless, many patients experience anxiety, sometimes so strong that the scan has to be terminated.Design and methods.  The study had an inductive design and a hermeneutic phenomenological methodology was used.Results.  The essential theme of going through magnetic resonance imaging was a feeling of being in another world. The strange environment and isolation inside the scanner made the participants’ experiences unusual, with varying degrees of difficulty dealing with it. Being in the other world caused a threat to the participants’ self‐control. There was a relation between threat to self‐control, effort and need for support in the sense that the magnitude of threat to self‐control had an impact on the effort it took to handle the situation and on the need for support, and conversely that the support received could affect the effort and threat to self‐control.Conclusions.  The study shows that the information received and the interaction between patients and staff have a significant influence on patients’ lived experiences.Relevance to clinical practice.  The individual experience of threat to self‐control requires the need for support to be individualized and care need to be adjusted for each patient.