bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A stochastic lightning‐flash scheme for 3D explicitly resolving cloud models
Authors: Molinié G. , Escobar J. , Gazen D. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe paper presents a stochastic lightning‐flash scheme designed for mesoscale cloud‐resolving models (MCRMs). The lightning‐flash scheme is implemented on‐line in an MCRM. It is fully parallellized and vectorized.A lightning flash is schematized as two single conducting channels (single tracks) propagating in opposite directions from the lightning ignition point, and of branch patterns propagating from the single tracks. On the base of scale similarities between lightning flashes and discharges in dielectrics at centimetre scales, a stochastic scheme has been designed to compute branch trajectories. A fractal relationship is used to limit the branch number. Charge neutralization operates along the single tracks and branch trajectories to threshold the cloud charge density.The scheme has been implemented in the French meteorological community model MésoNH. Two kinds of tests were designed to assess the scheme's capabilities. A first set consists of single‐lightning simulations, which demonstrate that, thanks to branches, the simulated lightning flashes are (i) able to reach sparse electric charges and (ii) are fractal objects. The second set consists of comprehensive 3D‐thundercloud life‐cycle simulations. A simple non‐inductive charging process is activated in order to assess the sensitivity of thundercloud electrical behaviour to lightning patterns. It is shown that, paradoxically, lightning flashes with quasi‐plane branch propagations (i.e. fractal dimension close to 2) lead to more steady electrical behaviour than those completely filling volumes (i.e. fractal dimension close to 3). Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Monitoring the observation impact on the short‐range forecast
Authors: Cardinali Carla 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis paper describes the use of forecast sensitivity to observations as a diagnostic tool to monitor the observation impact on the 24‐hour forecast range. In particular, the forecast error is provided by the control experiments (using all observations available) of two sets of observing system experiments performed at ECMWF, a month in summer 2006 and a month in winter 2007, respectively. In such a way, the observation data impact obtained with the forecast sensitivity is compared with the observing system experiment's data impact; differences and similarities are highlighted. Globally, the assimilated observations decrease the forecast error; locally, some poor performances are detected that are related either to the data quality or to the suboptimality of the data assimilation system. It is also found that the synoptic situation can affect the measurements or can produce areas of large field variability that the assimilation system cannot model correctly. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Review of multinomial and multiattribute quality control charts
Authors: Topalidou Elisabeth , Psarakis Stelios 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAttribute control charts are very useful nowadays for monitoring processes where the quality characteristics cannot be measured in a continuous scale, which may be manufacturing processes from industrial settings, health‐care processes or processes from service industries and environments of non‐manufacturing quality‐improvement efforts. Many of the above cases, however, involve the monitoring of multiple attributes simultaneously, thus leading to the case of multinomial and multiattribute quality control methods, which are better than the simultaneous use of multiple uni‐attribute methods. In this study, an attempt to review the research previously conducted on multiattribute quality control is made in order to help the interested researchers and practitioners get informed about the references on the relevant research in this field, regarding the design, performance and applications of multiattribute control charts. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proximal Knowledge‐based Classification
Authors: Mangasarian O. L. , Wild E. W. , Fung G. M. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractPrior knowledge over general nonlinear sets is incorporated into proximal nonlinear kernel classification problems as linear equalities. The key tool in this incorporation is the conversion of general nonlinear prior knowledge implications into linear equalities in the classification variables without the need to kernelize these implications. These equalities are then included into a proximal nonlinear kernel classification formulation (G. Fung and O. L. Mangasarian, Proximal support vector machine classifiers, inProceedings KDD‐2001: Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, F. Provost and R. Srikant (eds), San Francisco, CA, New York, Association for Computing Machinery) that is solvable as a system of linear equations. Effectiveness of the proposed formulation is demonstrated on a number of publicly available classification datasets. Nonlinear kernel classifiers for these datasets exhibit marked improvements upon the introduction of nonlinear prior knowledge compared with nonlinear kernel classifiers that do not utilize such knowledge. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining 1: 000‐000, 2009
A novel approach for chlorine determination in acidic medium by total reflection x‐ray fluorescence
Authors: Misra N. L. , Varga Imre , Dhara Sangita , Aggarwal Suresh K. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractA novel approach for chlorine (Cl) determination in acidic medium using total reflection x‐ray fluorescence (TXRF) is reported. It is based on the addition of a known excess amount of AgNO3 solution to the sample containing Cl for precipitating silver chloride (AgCl). This is followed by TXRF determination of Ag in supernatant after filtering, employing Cd as an internal standard. Tungsten (W) continuum excitation at 50 kV and 38 mA was used for TXRF measurements. Ag Kα line of the analyte, Ag and Cd Kα line of the internal standard, Cd were used for such determinations of Ag. Six samples of NaCl were prepared in HNO3 medium of different molarities to obtain the Cl concentrations ranging from 1 to 60 µg/ml. The precision of such TXRF determinations of Cl in nitric acid medium samples was found to be better than 10% (1σ) and the results deviated from the expected Cl concentrations by less than 15%. An overall laboratory and reagents blank of 1.5 ± 0.5 µg/ml was obtained limiting the applicability of this approach to Cl levels of about 5 µg/ml. This can be improved by using ultra clean laboratory and high purity reagents. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cake shortenings
Authors: Hartnett D. I. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract and SummaryTriglycerides have been traditionally used in cakes to provide tenderness and grain. Specialty cake shortenings are used today to improve batter aeration, cake volume, grain, and to extend shelf life. The role of emulsifiers in providing improved shortening characteristics will be discussed. The features that will contribute to a quality cake shortening ‐ manufacturing procedures, characteristics, and specifications ‐ will be reviewed. Methods of use and handling will be related to cake quality.
Distribution of short chain n‐fatty acids in retort water from green river oil shale
Authors: Wen C. S. , Yen T. F. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract and Summaryn‐Fatty acids in the range of C2 to C10 were found in retort water from a simulated in situ retorting process of Green River oil shale. The distribution of these fatty acids shows no preference between molecules of odd and even numbers of carbon atoms. A comparison with retort water from an aboveground retorting proces suggests that differences in the distribution of these acids depend largely on the technique and operating conditions employed in the retorting process.
Effects of surface active compounds on thermal denaturation of DNA
Authors: Tsujii K. , Tokiwa F. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract and SummaryThe interaction of surface active compounds (including N‐lauroyl amino acids) withself thymus DNA in aqueous solutions has been studied by measurements of the melting temperature of the DNA. The results suggest that the surface active nature of these additives is not the primary factor governing the interaction with DNA, but their molecular structure is very important in the interaction.
Composition of wax from seed flax straw
Authors: Tulloch A. P. , Hoffman L. L. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract and SummaryWax from leaves and stems of ripe seed flax contains hydrocarbons (14%), esters (35%), aldehydes, (12%), free acids (2%), free alcohols (17%), and unidentified material (20%). The chain length range of the hydrocarbons is C25‐C33 (major component C29); of the esters is C40‐C52 (major component C46); of the combined acids is C14‐C30 (major component C18); and of the combined and free alcohols, the aldehydes, and the free acids is C22‐C32 (major component C28).
Adaptation and Psychometric Evaluation of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support for Arab American Adolescents
Authors: Ramaswamy Vidya , Aroian Karen J. , Templin Thomas 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe multidimensional scale of perceived social support (MSPSS) was revised for Arab American adolescents (MSPSS‐AA). Items measuring social support from significant others were omitted and items measuring support from school personnel were added based on advice from cultural experts. The sample consisted of 635 Arab American young adolescents in metropolitan Detroit. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) supported the proposed three‐factor solution (family, friends, and school personnel). Internal consistency coefficients for the three subscales of family (α = 0.63), friends (α = 0.75), school personnel (α = 0.72) were good. As predicted, perceived support from family, friends, and school personnel were inversely related to self reports of daily hassles and internalizing behavior and positively related to assistance seeking coping, which provides evidence for construct validity. Support for discriminant validity was also demonstrated with significantly larger correlations between the MSPSS‐AA Family subscale and daily hassles specific to parents and the MSPSS‐AA Friend subscale and daily hassles specific to peers. These finding suggest that the MSPSS‐AA is reliable and valid for use with Arab‐American adolescents.
LiMn2O4–yBr
y
Nanoparticles Synthesized by a Room Temperature Solid-State Coordination Method
Authors: Huang Yudai , Jiang Rongrong , Bao Shu-Juan , Cao Yali , Jia Dianzeng 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
LiMn2O4–y
Br
y
nanoparticles were synthesized successfully for the first time by a room temperature solid-state coordination method. X-ray diffractometry patterns indicated that the LiMn2O4–y
Br
y
powders were well-crystallized pure spinel phase. Transmission electron microscopy images showed that the LiMn2O4–y
Br
y
powders consisted of small and uniform nanosized particles. Synthesis conditions such as the calcination temperature and the content of Br−were investigated to optimize the ideal condition for preparing LiMn2O4–y
Br
y
with the best electrochemical performances. The optimized synthesis condition was found in this work; the calcination temperature is 800 °C and the content of Br−is 0.05. The initial discharge capacity of LiMn2O3.95Br0.05obtained from the optimized synthesis condition was 134 mAh/g, which is far higher than that of pure LiMn2O4, indicating introduction of Br−in LiMn2O4is quite effective in improving the initial discharge capacity.
Early maternal deprivation in rats induces gender‐dependent effects on developing hippocampal and cerebellar cells
Authors: Llorente Ricardo , Gallardo Meritxell López , Berzal Alvaro Llorente , Prada Carmen , Garcia‐Segura Luis Miguel , Viveros María‐Paz 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAdult animals submitted to a single prolonged episode of maternal deprivation [24 h, postnatal day 9–10] show behavioral alterations that resemble specific symptoms of schizophrenia. According to the neurodevelopmental theory, these behavioral deficits might be mediated by detrimental neurodevelopmental processes that might be associated, at least partially, with stress‐induced corticosterone responses. In order to address this hypothesis, we have focused on the hippocampus and cerebellar cortex, two brain regions that show high density of glucocorticoid receptors, and analyzed possible neuronal and glial alterations by immunohistochemical techniques. To evaluate the presence of degenerated neurons we used Fluoro‐Jade‐C (FJ‐C) staining and for the study of astrocytes we employed glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Within control animals, females showed significantly more GFAP positive cells than males and a trend towards more FJ‐C positive cells. Maternal deprivation induced neuronal degeneration and astroglial changes in the hippocampus and cerebellar cortex of neonatal rats that, in general, were more marked in males. This differential effect may be attributable to a greater vulnerability of males to this kind of early environmental insult and/or to sex‐dependent differences in the onset and/or progression of the effects. The present experimental procedure may be instrumental in elucidating sex‐dependent mechanisms of neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders with a basis in early environmental insults.
Mitochondrial alterations in aging rat brain: effective role of (−)‐epigallo catechin gallate
Authors: Srividhya Ravichandran , Zarkovic Kamelija , Stroser Marina , Waeg Georg , Zarkovic Neven , Kalaiselvi Periandavan 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAging is a multi‐factorial process which involves deprivation in body's metabolism. Brain mitochondria are prone to oxidative damage owing to their high metabolic rate. The decline in antioxidant system during aging augments the neuronal damage to mitochondrial components like antioxidant system, Kreb's cycle enzymes and electron transport chain complexes. Since brain is an organ rich in fatty acids, lipid peroxidation products like hydroxynonenal are predominant. Those lipid peroxidation products conjugate with amino acids to form adducts which alter their structural and functional properties. Epigallo catechin gallate is a potent antioxidant which is rich in green tea extract. This study elucidated the antioxidant potential of epigallo catechin gallate to counteract the mitochondrial oxidative damage in brain. The study comprised of young (3–4 months old; 150 ± 20 g) and aged (above 24 months; 420 ± 20 g) male albino rats of Wistar strain in Groups I and II. Groups III and IV comprised of young and aged rats supplemented with epigallo catechin gallate (2 mg/kg body weight) for 30 days. Antioxidants, Kreb's cycle enzymes and electron transport chain complexes were assayed in the mitochondrial fraction. Hydroxynonenal expression was carried out using immunohistochemical analysis. Epigallo catechin gallate supplementation decreased the expression of hydroxynonenal in aged brain, up‐regulated the antioxidant system and augmented the activities of Kreb's cycle enzymes and electron transport chain complexes in aged brain mitochondria thus proving its antioxidant potential at the level of mitochondria.
Analyzing haplodiploid inheritance of insecticide resistance in whitefly biotypes
Authors: Crowder D.W. , Horowitz A.R. , Tabashnik B.E. , Dennehy T.J. , Denholm I. , Gorman K. , Carrière Y. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWe developed new methods for analyzing inheritance of insecticide resistance in haplodiploid arthropods and applied them to elucidate resistance of the whiteflyBemisia tabaci(Gennadius) to an insect growth regulator, pyriproxyfen. Two invasive biotypes of this devastating crop pest, the B biotype in Arizona and the Q biotype in Israel, have evolved resistance to pyriproxyfen. Here, we incorporated data from laboratory bioassays and crossing procedures exploiting haplodiploidy into statistical and analytical models to estimate the number of loci affecting pyriproxyfen resistance in strains of both biotypes. In tests with models of one to ten loci, the best fit between expected and observed mortality occurred with a two-locus model for the B biotype strain (QC-02) and for one- and two-locus models for the Q biotype strain (Pyri-R). The estimated minimum number of loci affecting resistance was 1.6 for the B biotype strain and 1.0 for the Q biotype strain. The methods used here can be applied to insecticide resistance and other traits in haplodiploid arthropods.
Investigating the diet of the omnivorous mirid Dicyphus hesperus using stable isotopes
Authors: Bennett J.A. , Gillespie D.R. , VanLaerhoven S.L. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractOmnivory involves numerous feeding relationships and a complex web of interactions. When using omnivores in biocontrol, these interactions need to be understood to maximize feeding on the target species and minimize non-target interactions. Dicyphus hesperus is used along with Encarsia formosa for biocontrol of whiteflies in greenhouse tomato crops. Dicyphus hesperus is a generalist omnivore which feeds on all components of the system. To quantify these interactions, stable isotope analysis was used to identify trophic position with nitrogen isotopes (δ15N) and plant sources with carbon isotopes (δ13C). Feeding trials were used to establish baseline isotopic data for D. hesperus and their diet, including Verbascum thapsus, an alternative plant food. Cage trials were used to monitor population abundances and the isotopic signature of D. hesperus. In feeding trials, D. hesperus were enriched relative to their food, suggesting an elevated trophic position. However, large amounts of isotopic variation were found within all diet components, with only V. thapsus exhibiting a distinct signature. In cage trials, the average δ15N and δ13C of the omnivore declined over time, coinciding with declines in total available prey, though it may be confounded by changes in temperature. The range of δ13C, but not the range of δ15N, also declined over time. This suggests a change in the plant source within the diet, but also some unquantified variability within the population. We suggest that diet variability exists within D. hesperus populations, declining as prey become less abundant.
The first account of the mating disruption technique for the control of California red scale, Aonidiella aurantii Maskell (Homoptera: Diaspididae) using new biodegradable dispensers
Authors: Vacas S. , Alfaro C. , Navarro-Llopis V. , Primo J. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractSemiochemical-based pest management programs have been increasingly used to provide environmentally friendly methods for the control of major insect pests. The efficacy of the mating disruption technique has been demonstrated for several moth pests. Unfortunately, not many experiments on mating disruption to control diaspididae species have been documented. In this work, biodegradable dispensers for mating disruption with increasing pheromone loads were used in order to study the potential of this technique for the control of Aonidiella aurantii Maskell. Field trial results demonstrated that dispensers loaded with 50 mg (a.i.) (20 g ha−1) and 100 mg (a.i.) (40 g ha−1) of sex pheromone were the most suitable, achieving significant reductions in male catches, compared to an untreated plot. In treated plots, virtually a 70% reduction in damage to fruit was recorded. Pheromone release profiles of all the dispensers were also studied under field conditions. We found that emission values >250 μg day−1 were the most suitable. This study suggests a new biodegradable dispenser capable of interfering with normal A. aurantii chemical communication. The use of mating disruption as a control method against A. aurantii is discussed.
Heligmosomoides polygyrusreduces infestation ofIxodes ricinusin free-living yellow-necked mice,Apodemus flavicollis
Authors: FERRARI N. , CATTADORI I. M. , RIZZOLI A. , HUDSON P. J. 
Published: January 2009

SUMMARYFree-living animals are usually inhabited by a community of parasitic species that can interact with each other and alter both host susceptibility and parasite transmission. In this study we tested the prediction that an increase in the gastrointestinal nematodeHeligmosomoides polygyruswould increase the infestation of the tickIxodes ricinus, in free-living yellow-necked mice,Apodemus flavicollis. An extensive cross-sectional trapping survey identified a negative relationship betweenH. polygyrusandI. ricinuscounter to the prediction. An experimental reduction of the nematode infection through anthelmintic treatment resulted in an increase in tick infestation, suggesting that this negative association was one of cause and effect. Host characteristics (breeding condition and age) and habitat variables also contributed to affect tick infestation. While these results were counter to the prediction, they still support the hypothesis that interactions between parasite species can shape parasite community dynamics in natural systems. Laboratory models may act differently from natural populations and the mechanism generating the negative association is discussed.
The influence of clonal diversity and intensity-dependence on trematode infections in an amphipod
Authors: KEENEY D. B. , BRYAN-WALKER K. , KHAN N. , KING T. M. , POULIN R. 
Published: January 2009

SUMMARYIndividual animals are often infected not only by different parasite species, but also by multiple genotypes of the same parasite species. Genetic relatedness among parasites sharing a host is expected to modulate their strategies of resource exploitation, growth and virulence. We experimentally examined the effects that genetic diversity and infection intensity had on host mortality, infectivity and growth of the marine trematodeMaritrema novaezealandensisin amphipod hosts. The presence of 2 versus 1 parasite genotype during infection did not influence subsequent host mortality, had different effects on infectivity among genotypes and did not influence growth or variation in parasite growth. Density-dependent growth reductions revealed that the number of parasites infecting a host was more important than their genetic relatedness. Temperature, host size, and host sex influenced the degree to which density-dependent factors affected parasite growth. Our results suggest that the effects of parasite relatedness vary among parasite genotypes in this trematode species, and reveal that many factors play an important role during parasite development and transmission.