Sandstone and Carbonate Two- and Three-Phase Relative Permeability Characteristics
Authors: Schneider F.N. , Owens W.W. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Three-phase relative permeability characteristics applicable to various oil displacement processes in the reservoir such as combustion and alternate gas-water injection were determined on both outcrop and reservoir core samples. Steady-state and nonsteady-state tests were performed on a variety of sandstone and carbonate core samples having different wetting properties. Some of the tests were performed on preserved samples. Some of the three-phase tests were performed on samples that contained two flowing phases and a third nonflowing phase, either gas or oil. These were classed as three-phase flow tests because the third phase played an important role in the flow behavior which was determined. The three-phase relative permeability test results are directly compared with the results of two-phase gas-oil and water-oil test. Wetting-phase relative permeability was found to be primarily dependent on its own saturation, i.e., relative permeability to the wetting phase during three-phase flow was in agreement with and could be predicted from the tow-phase data. Nonwetting-phase relative permeability-saturation relationships were found to be more complex and to depend in some cases on the saturation history of both nonwetting phases and on the saturation ratio of the second nonwetting phase and the wetting phases. Trapping of a given nonwetting phase or mutual flow interference between the two nonwetting phases when both are flowing accounts for most of the low relative permeabilities observed for three-phase flow tests. However, in special cases nonwetting-phase relative permeabilities at a given saturation are higher than those given by two-phase flow data. Despite these complexities some types of three-phase flow behavior can be predicted from two-phase flow data. Through its effect on the spatial distribution of the phases, wettability is shown to be a controlling factor in determining three-phase relative permeability characteristics. however, despite the importance of wettability the present data shown that for both water-wet and oil-wet systems oil recovery can be improved by several different injection processes, but the additional oil recovery is accompanied by lower fluid mobility.

Introduction
The increasing emphasis on optimizing recovery and the rapid and extensive development and use of mathematical modes for predicting reservoir performance are together creating a widespread need for reliable basic data on rock flow behavior. The two-phase imbibition or drainage flow relationships common to conventional oil recovery processes (depletion, gas or water injection, gravity drainage) are not applicable to some of the newer secondary and tertiary recovery techniques. This is because the reservoir displacement process may differ from that easily simulated in laboratory relative permeability studies. in some situations, data are needed fro a three-phase system where almost any combination of two fluids or even all three fluids may be flowing. In other, however, only two flowing phases are present, but the saturation history of the system is unique. Leverett and Lewis were the first to collect experimental relative permeability data on a three-phase system. Corey et al. were similarly leaders in efforts to define three-phase flow relationships using empirical approaches. Space does not permit a critical review of these earlier works. For those interested, a recent article by Saraf and Fatt provides a brief discussion of the experimental techniques used by earlier investigators. Suffice it to say that both experimental and empirical approaches have been used, but the applicability of both has been limited because in only one case have three-phase relative permeability data been obtained on reservoir rock material.
SPEJ
P. 75ˆ