bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Political Asylum in Germany: International Norms and Domestic Politics
Authors: Bendix John , Steiner Niklaus 
Published: October 2007

Although political asylum has been at the forefront of contemporaryGerman politics for over two decades, it has not been much discussedin political science. Studying asylum is important, however,because it challenges assertions in both comparative politics andinternational relations that national interest drives decision-making.Political parties use national interest arguments to justify claims thatonly their agenda is best for the country, and governments arguesimilarly when questions about corporatist bargaining practices arise.More theoretically, realists in international relations have positedthat because some values “are preferable to others … it is possible todiscover, cumulate, and objectify a single national interest.” Whileinitially associated with Hans Morgenthau’s equating of nationalinterest to power, particularly in foreign policy, this position hassince been extended to argue that states can be seen as unitary rationalactors who carefully calculate the costs of alternative courses ofaction in their efforts to maximize expected utility.
Wagner as a Problem
Authors: Cohen Mitchell 
Published: October 2007

Der Fliegende Holländer by Richard Wagner, at the Teatro delle Opera di Roma (April 1997).Der Ring des Nibelungen by Richard Wagner, at the Metropolitan Opera (New York, April-May 1997).Der Ring des Nibelungen by Richard Wagner, at the Festspielhaus (Bayreuth, July-August 1995).Tristan und Isolde by Richard Wagner, at the Festspielhaus (Bayreuth, July 1995).Barry Millington, “Nuremberg Trial: Is there Anti-Semitism in DieMeistersinger?” Cambridge Opera Journal 3 (3 November 1991), pp. 247-260.Cecelia Hopkins Porter, The Rhine as a Musical Metaphor: Cultural Identity in German Romantic Music (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1996).Frederic Spotts, Bayreuth: A History of the Wagner Festival (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1994).Michael Tanner, Wagner (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996). Marc A. Weiner, Richard Wagner and the Anti-Semitic Imagination (Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 1995).
Blind identification of sparse Volterra systems
Authors: Tan Hong‐Zhou , Huang Yihua , Fu Jian 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThis paper is concerned with blind identification for single‐input single‐output Volterra systems with finite order and memory with the second‐order and the third‐order statistics. For the full‐sized Volterra system (i.e. all its kernels are nonzero) excited by unknown independently and identically distributed stationary random sequences, it is shown that blind identifiability does not hold in the second‐order moment (SOM) and the third‐order moment (TOM) domain. However, under some sufficient conditions, a class of truncated sparse Volterra systems, where some kernels are restricted to being zero, can be identified blindly and more Volterra parameters can be estimated in TOM than in SOM. Numerical examples illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biomarkers of Mn exposure in humans
Authors: Smith Donald , Gwiazda Roberto , Bowler Rosemarie , Roels Harry , Park Robert , Taicher Christopher , Lucchini Roberto 
Published: October 2007

AbstractBackgroundStudies have reported associations between manganese (Mn) exposures and Mn levels in blood and urine, though the suitability of these biological measures as biomarkers of exposure is not well known.MethodsWe evaluated whether whole blood, plasma, and urine Mn levels reflect exposures in occupationally exposed humans.ResultsIn active ferroalloy workers, blood Mn was associated with total air Mn levels in subjects currently exposed to low (median = 0.42 μg/m3, P = 0.009) and moderate (median = 4.2 μg/m3, P = 0.007) air Mn levels, but not in workers exposed to the highest Mn levels (median = 292 μg/m3, P = 0.31). In bridge welders blood Mn (P < 0.01), but not plasma or urine Mn was significantly associated with their cumulative respiratory exposure index. In welders, ∼6% (range ∼3–9%) of whole blood Mn was contained in the plasma fraction, though there was no association between whole blood and plasma Mn levels (Pearson's R = 0.258, P = 0.12). In contrast, in fresh whole blood samples spiked with Mn ex vivo ∼80% or more of added Mn partitioned in the plasma, while only ∼20% or less partitioned in the cellular fraction.ConclusionsThese data suggest a complex and limited relationship between exposure and blood Mn levels that may depend upon exposure attributes and the latency of blood sampling relative to exposure; plasma and urine Mn appear to be of little utility as exposure biomarkers. This underscores the need to fully characterize and validate these or other biomarkers for use in constructing appropriate exposure metrics and determining exposure–effect relationships. Am. J. Ind. Med. 50:801–811, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Feeding strategy of François' langur and white‐headed langur at Fusui, China
Authors: Huang Chengming , Wu Hua , Zhou Qihai , Li Youbang , Cai Xiangwen 
Published: October 2007

AbstractWe investigated the diet of a group of François' langur inhabiting a forest fragment between August 2002 and July 2003 to add to our knowledge of behavior and ecology of this langur. Our objective was to study whether the François' langur would adopt a feeding strategy similar to the white‐headed langur in the same nature reserve. Data indicated that a total of 37 plant species were eaten by François' langur; however, only ten species accounted for 90% of the total feeding time. Four species belong to the ten most dominant tree species within the vegetation quadrats. Ninety‐four percent of feeding time of François' langur was spent on leaves, whereas the remaining 6% of time was spent on fruits, flowers and twigs. Results also demonstrated that François' langur are similar to white‐headed langur in being predominantly folivorous and that Francois' langur adopted a similar strategy to white‐headed langur in diet, dietary variation and time spent on feeding. François' langur exhibited a habitat use preference for the middle zone of the forest, whereas the white‐headed langur utilized the bottom zone of the forest. Further analysis indicates that human interference and habitat fragmentation caused by agriculture also impact habitat use. Am. J. Primatol. 70:320–326, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and reactivity of thiophene palladium and thiophene dipalladium complexes with unsaturated molecules
Authors: Hamad Elgazwy Abdel‐Sattar S. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractReactions of 2,5‐dibromothiophene, 1, with [Pd2(dba)3]•dba [Pd(dba)2; dba = dibenzylideneacetone] in the presence of N‐donor ligands such as 2,2′‐bipyridine (bpy) and 4,4′‐di‐tert‐butyl‐2,2′‐bipyridine (dtbbpy) give arylpalladium complexes of cis‐[2‐(5‐BrC4H2S)PdBrL2], 2a, b [L2 = bpy (2a), L2 = dtbbpy (2b)], and cis‐cis‐L2PdBr[2,5‐(C4H2S‐)PdBr(L2)], 3a, b [L2 = bpy (3a), L2 = dtbbpy (3b)]. Treatment of cis complexes 2a, b and 3a, b with CO causes the insertion of CO into the PdC bond to give the aroyl derivatives of palladium complexes of cis‐[2‐(5‐BrC4H2S)COPdBrL2], 4a, b [L2 = bpy (4a), L2 = dtbbpy (4b)], and cis‐cis‐[(L2)(CO)BrPdC4H2S‐PdBr(CO)(L2)], 5a, b [L2 = bpy (5a) and L2 = dtbbpy (5b)], respectively. Treating complexes 2a, b with 1 mole equivalent of isocyanide XyNC (Xy = 2,6‐dimethylphenyl) gave iminoacyl complexes cis‐[2‐(5‐BrC4H2S)CNXyPdBrL2], 6a, b [L2 = bpy (6a), L2 = dtbbpy (6b)], and a 3‐fold excess of isocyanide XyNC (Xy = 2,6‐dimethylphenyl) gave triiminoacyl complexes [2‐(5‐BrC4H2S)(CNXy)3 PdBr], 7. Cyclization reactions of 6a, b with 3 mole equivalents of isocyanide XyNC (Xy = 2,6‐dimethylphenyl) or cyclization reaction of 7 with 1 mole equivalent of isocyanide XyNC (Xy = 2,6‐dimethylphenyl) both gave tetraiminoacyl complexes of [2‐(5‐BrC4H2S)(CNXy)4PdBr], 8, which was also obtained by the reaction of 1 or 2a, b with a 4‐fold excess of isocyanide XyNC with or without add Pd(dba)2. Similarly, complexes 3a and b were also reacted with 2 mole equivalents of isocyanide XyNC (Xy = 2,6‐dimethylphenyl) to give iminoacyl complexes cis‐cis‐[(L2)(CNXy)BrPdC4H2S‐PdBr(CNXy)(L2)], 10a, b [L2 = bpy (10a), L2 = dtbbpy (10b)] and an 8‐fold excess of isocyanide XyNC (Xy = 2,6‐dimethylphenyl) afforded tetraiminoacyl complexes of [2,5‐(C4H2S)(CNXy)8Pd2Br2], 11. Complexes 2a, b and 3a, b reacted with TlOTf [(TfO = CF3SO3)] in CH2Cl2 to give 9a, b and 12a, b, respectively, in a moderate yield. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An approximate mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model for the design of water reuse/recycle networks with minimum emergy
Authors: Tan R. R. , Foo D. C. Y. , Ng D. K. S. , Chiang C. L. , Hul S. , Ku‐Pineda V. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractRecent trends in process engineering have placed increased emphasis on the design of inherently clean and efficient processes. For example, a wide range of pinch analysis and mathematical programming methods have been developed for designing schemes for water reuse/recycle in industrial plants for both grassroot design and plant retrofit. In the latter case, the conventional approach is to maximize water recovery and thereby minimize fresh water demand and effluent volume. However, it is possible that with such an approach the reductions in environmental impact brought about by saving water can be offset by other impacts arising from increased use of energy and materials in the plant after retrofit. This work presents a model for minimizing the total resource consumption impact of a water reuse/recycle network. The total impact is expressed in terms of emergy—a measure of cumulative solar energy inputs into a life cycle system. A simplified model is proposed that focuses on the impact contributions of water, electrical power and material for capital goods. Two case studies illustrate the approach. Results show that the network with the lowest total impact can be found by sacrificing water recovery for savings in energy and material use. Copyright © 2007 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Water pinch analysis evolution towards a holistic approach for water minimization
Authors: Manan Z. A. , Alwi S. R. Wan 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThis paper reviews the evolution in water pinch analysis (WPA) research and development efforts toward a holistic and sustainable management of water resources. The paper provides a critical review of the four key areas related to the development of WPA—setting the minimum water flow rate targets, network design to achieve the targets, improvement of water networks through process change techniques and design of cost‐effective water networks. The current gaps in WPA research, the role of the urban water pinch and the holistic minimum water network technique in bridging the water pinch technology gaps are the highlights of the paper. Copyright © 2007 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non‐carboxylic Analogues of Naproxen: Design, Synthesis, and Pharmacological Evaluation of some 1,3,4‐Oxadiazole/Thiadiazole and 1,2,4‐Triazole Derivatives
Authors: Amir Mohammad , Kumar Harish , Javed Sadique A. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractA series of substituted 1,3,4‐oxadiazole (2–7 and 14–19), 1,2,4‐triazole (20–25), and 1,3,4‐thiadiazole (26–31) derivatives of naproxen have been synthesized by cyclization of 2‐(6‐methoxy‐2‐naphthyl)propanoic acid hydrazide 1 and N1[2‐(6‐methoxy‐2‐naphthyl) propanoyl]‐N4‐alkyl/aryl‐thiosemicarbazides (8–13) under various reaction conditions. All the compounds were screened for their anti‐inflammatory activity by carrageenan‐induced rat paw edema test method. Compounds showing high anti‐inflammatory activity were also tested for their analgesic, ulcerogenic, and lipid peroxidation. Few of the synthesized compounds showed significant anti‐inflammatory and analgesic activities along with reduced ulcerogenic effect and lipid peroxidation.
Synthesis and Evaluation of Novel E‐2‐(2‐Thienyl)‐ and Z‐2‐(3‐Thienyl)‐3‐Arylacrylonitriles as Antifungal and Anticancer Agents
Authors: Quiroga Jairo , Cobo Débora , Insuasty Braulio , Abonía Rodrigo , Nogueras Manuel , Cobo Justo , Vásquez Yelkaira , Gupta Mahabir , Derita Marcos , Zacchino Susana 
Published: October 2007

AbstractA series of 3‐aryl‐2‐(2‐thienyl)acrylonitriles 7 and 3‐aryl‐2‐(3‐thienyl)acrylonitriles 8 were synthesized by the reaction of aromatic aldehydes 6 with 2‐ and 3‐thienylacetonitriles 4 and 5, and evaluated for antifungal and cytotoxic activities against a panel of opportunistic and pathogenic fungi and three different cancer cell lines, respectively.
Rapid and Efficient Synthesis of 4‐Substituted Pyrazol‐5‐one under Microwave Irradiation in Solvent‐Free Conditions
Authors: Zahran Magdy A.‐H. , El‐Essawy Farag A‐A. , Yassin Salah M. , Salem Tarek A‐R. , Boshta Nader M. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractNew heterocyclic compounds containing pyrazol‐5‐one coupled with benzimidazole, benzothiazole, benzoxazole, quinoline, naphthyridin, and pyrazole were synthesized. Comparative investigations to synthesize these interesting classes of heterocyclic compounds through conventional heating or under microwave‐irradiation conditions were presented. Synthesized compounds 1a, 2a, 4k, 3a, c, 5a, b, 6b, 7a, b, d, 8a, and 9a were evaluated for their antitumor activity. Some of these compounds exhibited promising antitumor activity.
The new acyl‐CoA cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitor SMP‐797 does not interact with statins via OATP1B1 in human cryopreserved hepatocytes and oocytes expressing systems
Authors: Kitamura Atsushi , Imai Satoki , Yabuki Masashi , Komuro Setsuko 
Published: October 2007

AbstractIt is possible that SMP‐797 will be administered frequently in combination with statins to hyperlipidemic patients. OATP1B1 is thought to be the major transporter that mediates the hepatic uptake of statins. This study investigated whether SMP‐797 interacts with statins via OATP1B1 by two approaches. Firstly, the effects of SMP‐797 on OATP1B1‐mediated uptake of estrone‐3‐sulfate (ES) by human hepatocytes and by oocytes expressing OATP1B1 were examined. Since OATP1B1‐mediated uptake of ES is known to be biphasic (high‐ and low‐affinity sites), concentrations of [3H]ES were set lower than the respectiveKmvalues. Two representative statins were used to assure that statins share OATP1B1 with [3H]ES in thisin vitrosystem. Rosuvastatin inhibited OATP1B1‐mediated uptake of [3H]ES through both sites and pravastatin inhibited a high‐affinity site. The inhibition by the positive control (cyclosporin A) was significant. Thus, it is considered that this system was applicable to examine drug–drug interaction with statins on OATP1B1‐mediated uptake. In this condition, no apparent inhibition to each site by SMP‐797 was observed up to a concentration 3000‐fold higher than the clinical level. Secondly, the uptake of [14C]SMP‐797 by oocytes expressing OATP1B1 was examined and the activity was negligible. In conclusion, these data suggest that SMP‐797 has little potential to interact with statins on OATP1B1. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enantioselective Proteins: Selection, Binding Studies and Molecular Modeling of Antibodies with Affinity towards Hydrophobic BINOL Derivatives
Authors: Rasmussen Brian Schou , Pedersen Jan Mondrup , Sørensen Jesper , Egebjerg Janni , Schiøtt Birgit , Mortensen Kim Kusk , Skrydstrup Troels 
Published: October 2007

AbstractIn this paper, the initial steps towards the design of novel artificial metalloenzymes that exploit proteins as a second coordination sphere for traditional metal–ligand catalysis are described. Phage display was employed to select and study antibody fragments capable of recognizing hydrophobic BINOL derivatives designed to mimic BINAP, a widely used ligand in asymmetric metal‐catalyzed reactions. The binding affinities of the selected antibodies towards a series of haptens were evaluated by using ELISA assays. A homology model of one of the most selective antibodies was constructed, and a computer‐assisted ligand‐docking study was carried out to elucidate the binding of the hapten. It was shown that, due to the hydrophobic nature of the haptens, a higher level of theoretical treatment was required to identify the correct binding modes. A small selection of the antibodies was found to discriminate between enantiomers and small structural modifications of the BINOL derivatives. The selectivities arise from hydrophobic interactions, and we propose that the identified set of antibodies provides a foundation for a novel route to artificial metalloenzymes.
Towards Configurationally Stable [4]Helicenes: Enantioselective Synthesis of 12‐Substituted 7,8‐Dihydro[4]helicene Quinones
Authors: Carreño M. Carmen , Enríquez Álvaro , García‐Cerrada Susana , Sanz‐Cuesta M. Jesús , Urbano Antonio , Maseras Feliu , Nonell‐Canals Alfons 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe synthesis of enantiopure C‐12 methoxy‐ or alkyl‐substituted 5,7,8,12b‐tetrahydro[4]helicene quinones 16 and 17 and the 7,8‐dihydroaromatic analogues 4 and 5 has been achieved from (SS)‐2‐(p‐tolylsulfinyl)‐1,4‐benzoquinone. In the first series, with a structure containing both central and helical chiralities, the R absolute configuration of the stereogenic carbon atom was defined after the asymmetric cycloaddition step, whereas the P or M helicity was shown to be dependent on the nature of the C‐12 substituent. The size of this group was also defining the configurational stability of the final (P)‐7,8‐dihydro[4]helicene quinones 4 and 5. The interconversion barriers between the P and M helimers in the latter, computed with a DFT B3LYP method, matched well with the experimentally observed stability. Our study provided evidence that, in addition to steric effects, a small but significant role of electronic effects is governing the configurational stability of such helical quinones.
Metal‐Catalysed Oxidation Processes in Thiosemicarbazones: New Complexes with the Ligand N‐{2‐([4‐N‐Ethylthiosemicarbazone]methyl)phenyl}‐p‐toluenesulfonamide
Authors: Pedrido Rosa , Romero María J. , Bermejo Manuel R. , González‐Noya Ana M. , García‐Lema Iria , Zaragoza Guillermo 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe coordination behaviour of a new thiosemicarbazone Schiff‐base building block, N‐{2‐([4‐N‐ethylthiosemicarbazone]methyl)phenyl}‐p‐toluenesulfonamide, H2L1 (1), incorporating a bulky tosyl group, towards MnII, FeII, CoII, NiII, CuII, ZnII, CdII, AgI, SnII, and PbII has been investigated by means of an electrochemical preparative procedure. Most metal complexes of L1 have the general formula [M(L1)]2⋅nX (M=Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Cd, Pb; n=0–4, X=H2O or CH3CN), as confirmed by the structure of [Pb(L1)]2 (15), in which the lone pair on lead is stereochemically active. This lead(II) complex shows an intense fluorescence emission with a quantum yield of 0.13. In the case of silver, the complex formed was found to possess a stoichiometry of [Ag2(L1)]2⋅3 H2O. During reactions with manganese and copper metals, interesting catalysed processes have been found to take place, with remarkable consequences regarding the ligand skeleton structure. In synthesising the manganese complex, we obtained an unexpected dithiolate thiosemicarbazone tosyl ligand, H2L2, as a side‐product, which has been fully characterised, including by X‐ray diffraction analysis. In the case of copper, the solid complex has the formula [CuL1]2, but the crystallised product shows the copper atoms coordinated to a new cyclised thiosemicarbazone ligand, H2L3, as in the structures of the complexes [Cu(L3)]2⋅CH3CN (8) and [Cu(L3)(H2O)]2⋅CH3CN⋅H2O (9). The zinc complex [Zn(L1)]4 (12) displays a particular tetranuclear zeolite‐type structure capable of hosting small molecules or ions, presumably through hydrogen bonding.
On the Origin of the Stereoselectivity in Organocatalysed Reactions with Trimethylsilyl‐Protected Diarylprolinol
Authors: Dinér Peter , Kjærsgaard Anne , Lie Mette Alstrup , Jørgensen Karl Anker 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe origin of the enantioselectivity in the TMS‐protected (TMS=trimethylsilyl) prolinol‐catalysed α‐heteroatom functionalisation of aldehydes has been investigated by using density functional theory calculations. Eight different reaction paths have been considered which are based on four different conformers of the TMS‐protected prolinol–enamine intermediate. Optimisation of the enamine structures gave two intermediates with nearly the same energy. These intermediates both have an E configuration at the CC bond and the double bond is positioned anti or syn, relative to the 2‐substituent in the pyrrolidine ring. For the four intermediates, the chiral TMS‐protected‐diaryl substituent effectively shields one of the faces of the reacting CC bond in the enamine intermediate. A number of transition states have been calculated for the enantioselective fluorination by N‐fluorobenzenesulfonimide (NFSI) and based on the transition‐state energies it has been found that the enantioselectivity depends on the orientation of the CC bond, being anti or syn, relative to the 2‐substituent on the pyrrolidine ring, rather than the approach of the electrophilic fluorine to the face of the reacting carbon atom in the enamine which is less shielded relative to the face with the highest shielding. The calculated enantiomeric excess of 96 % ee (ee=enantiomeric excess) for the fluorination reaction corresponds well with the experimentally found enantiomeric excess—97 % ee. The transition state for the α‐amination reaction with the same type of intermediate has also been calculated by using diethyl azodicarboxylate as the amination reagent. The implication of the intermediate structures on the stereoselection of α‐functionalisation of aldehydes is discussed.
Determination of absolute configuration of conformationally flexible cis‐dihydrodiol metabolites: Effect of diene substitution pattern on the circular dichroism spectra and optical rotations
Authors: Kwit Marcin , Sharma Narain D. , Boyd Derek R. , Gawronski Jacek 
Published: October 2007

AbstractAbsolute configurations of a number of cis‐dihydrodiols (cis‐1,2‐dihydroxy‐3,5‐cyclohexadienes), synthetically useful products of TDO‐catalyzed dihydroxylations of 1,2‐ and 1,3‐disubstituted benzene derivatives, have been determined by a comparison of calculated and experimental CD spectra and optical rotations and by methods involving X‐ray crystallography, 1H NMR spectra of diastereoisomeric derivatives, and by stereochemical correlations. The computations disclosed a significant effect of the substituents on conformational equilibria of cis‐dihydrodiols and chiroptical properties of individual conformers. The assigned absolute configurations of cis‐dihydrodiols have allowed the validity of a simple predictive model for TDO‐catalyzed arene dihydroxylations to be extended. Chirality, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chiral doping of nematic phases and its application to the determination of absolute configuration
Authors: Pieraccini Silvia , Ferrarini Alberta , Spada Gian Piero 
Published: October 2007

AbstractDoping nematic liquid crystals with nonracemic chiral compounds induces a twisted nematic (cholesteric) phase. The ability of solutes to twist the nematic phase may be related to the overall shape of the chiral dopant and consequently to its absolute configuration. The cholesteric induction is therefore a powerful tool complementary to chiroptical techniques to obtain stereochemical information on chiral molecules. Chirality, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.