bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mate Choice, Mate Guarding and Other Mating Tactics in Golden Hamsters Maintained Under Seminatural Conditions
Authors: Lisk Robert D. , Huck U. William , Gore Andrea C. , Armstrong Michael X. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Female hamsters freely interacting with a triad of males which had established a dominance hierarchy mated first and received more ejaculates from the dominant male in 11 of 15 replicates. Continuous observations of the animals on the day preceding receptivity and the day of receptivity suggest that differential mating success of the dominant males is the result of differential behavioral responses displayed prior to onset of receptivity. The females attacked all males, however, the dominant males persisted in following and licking the female at significantly higher frequencies than the subordinate males. The females responded differentially to the dominant males by vaginal marking in response to being licked and also on day 3 of the cycle by placing a higher number of vaginal marks in and around the dominant male's home area. In nine replicates the dominant male and female slept together on day 3. In two other cases the dominant male dug open the female's burrow early on day 4. Dominant males and females became active significantly earlier than subordinate males on day 4. Thus, dominant males enhanced their chances of mating both by being active earlier and by sleeping in proximity to the female. Males cannot prevent the promiscuous female from mating with another male. However, successful males continued to follow and mount the female during the period when she is likely to accept a second male. At this time they also display a high level of attack and chases against the subordinate males plus a high frequency of flank marking in the subordinate's home areas. These behaviors suggest a mate guarding function and are consistent with protection of the male's sperm investment.
The Vocal Repertoire of Adult Tree Shrews (Tupaia Belangeri)
Authors: Binz H. , Zimmermann E. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The adult vocal repertoire of T. belangeri consists of 8 distinct sounds which are organized into a graded system. Within the repertoire 4 basic acoustic structures have been distinguished which can be associated with one of the following functional categories: contact, aggression, defence, attention and alarm; Elements repeated continually at short regular intercall intervals showing narrow frequency band spectra occur during courtship and mating in males; Elements of short duration with harmonic spectra, low fundamentals and often low frequency noise components signal alarm which consequently focuses other individuals' attention on the sender or the external stimulus; Elements of irregular repetition rate showing broadband harmonic spectra of highly variable duration and frequency modulation are associated with the vocalizers defensive behavior; Elements with noisy spectra over a wide frequency range parallel aggressive behavior by the vocalizer which is often intensified with visual threat display. The findings of the present study are compared and discussed with data from literature referring to tupaia vocalizations. A comparison with the call system of insectivores and prosimians revealed similarities as well as divergencies. Presence of many similarities regarding the basic structural patterning of contact, aggressive and defensive vocalizations in the three orders indicates a certain conservatism in these sounds. Propagation of alarm calls in tree shrews which lacks in insectivores appears to be a more recent evolutionary development in mammals with the highest degree of elaboration in primates.
The Effects of Cross-Fostering On Selective Song Learning in Estrildid Finches
Authors: Clayton N.S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractMale zebra finches, Taeniopygia guttata, which have been cross-fostered to Bengalesc finches, Lonchura striata, learn Bengalese finch song elements with as much accuracy as a male learning from his natural father. However, these elements are sung in phrases which are more nearly zebra finch length and lack the repetitiveness typical of the elements in a Bengalese finch phrase. Male Bengalese finches are also capable of learning song from a zebra finch foster-father. Males vary substantially but they tend to produce fewer, more widely spaced zebra finch elements in a Bengalese finch-length phrase. Both species show selective song learning and it is suggested that phrase length and the absence or presence of repeated elements might act as important cues for species-specific learning. Cross-fostered Bengalese finches seem to learn less than cross-fostered zebra finches: possible reasons for this are discussed.
Vocal Learning of Japanese and Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: Masataka Nobuo , Fujita Kazuo 
Published: April 2008

AbstractForaging vocalizations given by Japanese and rhesus momkeys reared by their biological mothers differed from each other in a single parameter. Calls made by a Japanese monkey fostered by a rhesus female were dissimilar to those of conspecifics reared by their biological mothers, but similar to those of rhesus monkeys reared by their biological mothers, and the vocalizations given by rhesus monkeys fostered by Japanese monkey mothers were dissimilar to those of conspecifics reared by their biological mothers, but similar to those of Japanese monkeys reared by their biological mothers. Playback experiments revealed that both Japanese and rhesus monkeys distinguished between the calls of Japanese monkeys reared by their biological mothers and of the cross-fostered rhesus monkeys on one hand, and the vocalizations of rhesus monkeys reared by their biological mothers and of the cross-fostered Japanese monkey on the other hand. Thus, production of species-specific vocalizations was learned by each species, and it was the learned species-difference which the monkeys themselves discriminated.
Mating Behavior of Horseshoe Crabs, Limulus Polyphemus
Authors: Brockmann H. Jane 
Published: April 2008

AbstractHorseshoe crabs have an explosive breeding system not unlike that of some frogs and toads. They synchronize nesting to only a few hours each day at the time of the spring new and full-moon high tides. Males search for females as they come to the breeding beaches, grasp them with specially modified claws and cling to them, sometimes for weeks. Females lay several clutches of eggs in the sand and the male fertilizes them externally, the only extant arthropod with such a reproductive system. Unattached males cluster around the nesting couple, pushing on and occasionally displacing attached males. An experimental manipulation demonstrated that satellite males are capable of fertilizing eggs which suggests that sperm competition is the primary explanation for the presence of unattached males on the beach. Like other explosively breeding species, male Limulus search for females, often grabbing inappropriate objects, and satellite males compete for access to females. There is little assortative mating and attached and unattached males do not differ in size. In extreme explosively breeding species like Limulus, selection favors those males that are best able to locate and remain attached to females, and there is little opportunity for female choice or male-male competition.
Risk Sensitive Courtship in the Guppy (Poecilia Reticulata)
Authors: Magurran Anne E. , Seghers Benoni H. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis study investigated population differences in the courtship behaviour of male guppies, Poecilia reticulata, in the presence and absence of predators. Two Trinidad populations were compared: the Lower Aripo where guppies occur sympatrically with a range of piscivores and the Upper Aripo where levels of fish predation are low. Upper Aripo males displayed risk-reckless courtship behaviour and did not reduce their sigmoid display rate or otherwise modify their courtship behaviour when threatened by two Astyanax bimaculatus. The courtship behaviour of the Lower Aripo males was, by contrast, risk sensitive. These fish performed a lower proportion of sigmoid displays and increased their level of sneaky mating attempts in the presence of predators. Although males from the two populations used both sneaky and conventional courtship behaviours there were individual differences in the use of the reproductive tactics.
Determinants of Male Mating Success in the Temperate Crayfish Orconectes Rusticus: Chela Size and Sperm Competition
Authors: Snedden W. Andy 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe large chelipeds of male Orconectes rusticus have an adaptive function related to inter-male competition for mates. Large clawed males dominate over smaller clawed, but otherwise physically similar, competitors. Additionally, males with large chela are better able to secure, and more quickly orient, females into the copulatory position. Large clawed males also copulate for longer periods than smaller clawed competitors. The significance of copulation duration is unclear, but is likely related to mate guarding. Sexual selection for increased cheliped size in 0. rusticus has been more intense on males than females. Sperm of the second male to inseminate a dually mated female takes precedence over that of the previous male. The paternity attributable to the second male was determined as approximately 92 % .
The Relationships Among Population Density, Individual Size, Mating Tactics, and Reproductive Success in a Hermaphroditic Fish, Serranus Fasciatus
Authors: Petersen Christopher W. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe hermaphroditic reef fish Serranus fasciatus exhibits three types of social systems. The size of a social group is correlated with the local density of conspecifics. At very low densities, isolated pairs of individuals reciprocally spawn with each other, achieving equal current reproductive success. At intermediate group sizes, harems form, with the largest individual typically losing all of its female function and becoming a functional male. In harems, subordinate hermaphrodites obtain little male reproductive success through streaking, an alternative male mating tactic. The lone pure male maintains almost total monopolization of male reproductive success in harems, apparently due to aggressive domination of subordinates. At high group sizes, the ability of the male to monopolize all of the matings in a social group decreases, and some of the larger hermaphrodites obtain some male-role reproductive success by pair spawning with smaller subordinate hermaphrodites while continuing to spawn as females with the male. Mating partners stay relatively constant through time, resulting in a pattern of small 'sub-harems' within harems. These mating tactics are consistent with the hypothesis that dominant individuals increase their current reproductive success in this species by restricting male mating opportunities of conspecifics. Subordinate individuals spawn as males when the dominant is unable to restrict interactions between hermaphrodites that are potential mates, or when they successfully streak. The increased male reproductive success of hermaphrodites in isolated pairs and complex harems compared with hermaphrodites in harems appears to be important in maintaining a hermaphroditic subordinate phenotype in this largely non-reciprocating species.
Co-Operative Breeding in Riflemen (Acanthissitta Chloris) Benefits To Parents, Offspring and Helpers
Authors: Sherley Gregory H. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTwo types of helpers were observed feeding young of the New Zealand rifleman (Acanthisitta chloris): "regulars" and "casuals". The former contributed significantly to feeding young from only one nest while the latter contributed a trivial amount to young from a number of nests. Regulars were usually unpaired adult males some of which acquired a mate from the brood they helped. While some casuals were unpaired adult males, most were current season offspring helping with their parents' second clutch. The relative contributions of parents and helpers in raising broods were measured to establish the benefits of co-operative breeding to offspring and feeders. Whether or not helpers were present while feeding young, the breeding female's contribution was the same. By contrast, the work load of the breeding male was significantly reduced when helpers were present, but even then he usually contributed more than this mate. That male parents benefited most from helpers feeding young was probably related to their being responsible for most of the feeding in the absence of helpers. A helper's presence did not improve productivity or the male parent's chance of survival. However, female parents of nests with regular helpers survived better than those without. Offspring fed by helpers were not heavier upon fledging nor were their chances of survival improved. The interval between fledging first clutch broods and laying second clutches was the same whether helpers were present or not.
Temporal Patterns of Basking Behaviour in a Mediterranean Lacertid Lizard
Authors: Diaz JOSÉ A. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract1. I studied the thermoregulatory behaviour of the diurnal basker Psammodromus algirus (Reptilia, Lacertidae) in the mosaic of sunshade patches of a Mediterranean evergreen forest. 48 behavioural sequences associated with measurements of the thermal environment provided data on the percentages of time spent basking by focal animals, the duration of individual basking periods and the frequency of basking. 2. The percentage of time basking decreased linearly from the onset of the activity period until midday. The average duration of basking periods had a pronounced decrease after 0700 h and remained constant throughout the rest of the morning, whereas the basking rates, that were minimal before 0700 h, reached a peak between 0700 and 0800 h followed by a progressive fall that continued until noon. 3. In order to explain these behavioural patterns, I experimentally determined the effects of environmental variables (air and ground temperature and solar angle) on the heating and cooling rates of captive lizards. The resulting regression models were then used to predict the heat exchange rates of the observed free-ranging animals. 4. The moment at which heating rates should equal and then exceed cooling rates, appeared to set off the behavioural shift towards a larger frequency of shorter basking periods. Under these circumstances, the apparently random movement of a shuttling heliotherm with respect to sun and shade might still be of thermoregulatory significance.
Passing as an Indicator of Social Dominance Among Female Wild and Domestic Norway Rats
Authors: Ziporyn Terra , McClintock Martha K. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe most frequent form of social interaction between pairs of wild or domestic rats (Rattus norvegicus) was passing behaviour in the narrow burrows and open field of seminatural environments. This behaviour occurs when a moving rat approaches another, either head-to-head or head-to-tail; the passed animal freezes while the passing rat continues, side touching side. The social dominance manifest by this behaviour correlated significantly with fighting dominance, particularly among female wild and domestic rats. In addition, dominance during displacements for access to food and water correlated with the dominance relationship in passing within pairs of domestic female rats. Although both passing and general activity had the same crepuscular daily rhythm, passing dominance did not correlate with individual differences in general activity level. Thus passing indicates social order and is not simply a by-product of general activity. Because passing occurs ten times more frequently than fights, in future studies it may be a more powerful indicator of female dominance and social order.
Socialisation Tactics of the Spectacled Parrotlet (Forpus Conspicillatus)
Authors: Garnetzke-Stollmann Kyra , Franck Dierk 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSpectacled parrotlets live in a complex system of individual relationships throughout their lives. The adults form exclusive pair bonds, addressing all friendly and sexual behaviour patterns to each other. Pair mates cooperate in agonistic situations. As long as they stay close together they hold the same rank-order position. In mate-choice experiments females (not males) significantly preferred a mate which formerly held a high social position. There are also non-exclusive pair bonds, which are far less stable than exclusive ones. Only exclusive pairs have a good chance to occupy a breeding cavity. All group members are synchronized in many of their activities, such as foraging, preening or resting. They are keenly interested in unusual activities of other group members. Social learning, including copying sexual techniques, seems to be essential. After fledging the parents keep their offspring at a distance from a very early stage. Instead of a close parent-offspring relationship the fledglings form sibling groups with their nest mates. Over a period of months siblings remain the main interaction partners for all friendly and playful activities. They also support one another in agonistic situations. In the first months of life even courtship feeding and sexual behaviour are addressed predominantly to siblings. Thus a pair-like relationship is established between siblings, anticipating the permanent pair bond of adults. Single fledglings, deprived of the experience of a sibling group, remained poorly integrated into the group. They developed alternative socialisation tactics, namely (1) joining a host group of unrelated siblings, (2) renewing a friendly partnership with the parents, (3) helping to protect and feed younger siblings or even unrelated fledglings and (4) seeking early partnership with unrelated group members. Out of 10 single fledglings only the one that was accepted by a host sibling group immediately after fledging became well integrated into the whole group and reproduced well. It is argued that sibling groups offer good opportunities for learning partnership and function as a safe basis for exploring the social environment. It is tentatively proposed that single fledglings have a decreased probability of reproductive success.
Insemination Temporarily Inhibits Sexual Responsiveness in Female Salamanders (Desmognathus Ochrophaeus)
Authors: Verrell Paul A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAfter successful courtship and mating in the mountain dusky salamander (Desmognathus ochrophaeus), sperm masses remained externally visible in the cloacae of females for as long as 24 h (Experiment 1). When mated females were exposed to males for a second time, they appeared to be attractive and were subjected to courtship, but they seldom became inseminated (Experiment 2). Courtship and mating appear to result in a temporary inhibition of female sexual responsiveness. Females whose sperm masses were removed on the morning following successful insemination were more likely to become inseminated during a second encounter than were females whose masses were left in situ (Experiment 3). This suggests that it is the presence of a sperm mass, not simply exposure to stimulation produced by males during courtship, that inhibits female sexual responsiveness. In Experiment 4, a small styrofoam ball was placed into the cloacae of females with no recent courtship experience. When paired with males, females bearing "surrogate" sperm masses exhibited lowered courtship frequencies similar to those of recently-mated females, suggesting that physical stimulation of the female cloaca is sufficient to inhibit female sexual responsiveness. Subtle manipulation of female sexual responsiveness by males probably does not occur in Desmognathus ochrophaeus.
Variation in Parental Care of Common Goldeneye (Bucephala Clangula) Females
Authors: PÖYSÄ Hannu 
Published: April 2008

AbstractFactors affecting the variation of parental care were examined in the precocial, nidifugous common goldeneye (Bucephala clangula), a species with uniparental female care. Parental care, measured as the time spent by the female in rearing the brood, varied considerably. Habitat shelterness and food abundance in brood rearing lakes did not affect the duration of parental care. Brood mortality and size affected females' decision to abandon the brood; broods left younger experienced higher mortality during the parental care and were smaller than broods reared for longer. Offspring left by a female did not have higher mortality than same-aged offspring not left. Broods that were deserted early did also produce young to the fledging age.
Sex Differences in Patterns of Association Among Indian Ocean Bottlenose Dolphins
Authors: Smolker Rachel A. , Richards Andrew F. , Connor Richard C. , Pepper John W. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractPatterns of association among bottlenose dolphins resident in Shark Bay, Western Australia were analyzed using party membership data. Parties contained an average of 4.8 individuals, but party size and composition were unstable. While these temporary parties often contained both males and females, long term consistent associations generally were between members of the same sex. The highest association coefficients, resulting from very frequent co-occurrence within parties were between males and between mothers and offspring. Males formed subgroups of two or three individuals who consistently associated with each other, and these were stable over periods of at least seven years in some cases. Male subgroups preferentially associated with particular other male subgroups. Females associated most consistently with other females, although not to the same extent as some males. Female associations were better described as a network rather than discrete subgroups. Male-female associations were generally inconsistent and depended in part on female reproductive state. Mothers and their offspring associated very consistently for at least 4 years.
Observations On Nursing Behaviour of Hooded Seals, Cystophora Cristata
Authors: Perry Elizabeth A. , Stenson Garry B. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
This study reports the first quantitative data on nursing behaviour of hooded seals which have a four-day nursing period, the shortest known for any mammal. Twenty mother pup-pairs were observed at a whelping patch off the coast of Newfoundland, Canada during March, 1990. A total of 38 nursing sessions were recorded in 19 hours of observations. Pups nursed for an average duration of 5.5 min and at a frequency of approximately 2.4 bouts/ hour. Morning and afternoon rates were similar (x = 2.5 bouts/hr and x = 2.4 bouts/hr, respectively) and nocturnal nursing was witnessed. Pups were nursing for 18% of the total observation time which, assuming no diurnal pattern, would total 4.3 hr per day, the highest daily nursing duration reported for any phocid. We concluded that hooded seal nursing behaviour is another important factor in the unique lactation strategy attributed to a particularly unstable environment. It helps to ensure that pups attain sufficient weaning mass, double their birth weights, in the four-day nursing period.