bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of the Hydropunch for Groundwater Plume Delineation: A Case Study
Authors: Kraemer CA , Penn WE , Busa MD 
Published: March 2009

Historic groundwater investigations at a 300-acre manufacturing facility in Connecticut indicated that solvent and metal contaminated groundwater was migrating off site. To preliminarily investigate off-site groundwater contamination, the collection of discrete-interval groundwater samples using a HydroPunch was attempted in twenty soil borings. The borings were located along three transects perpendicular to the general direction of groundwater flow: 1) three soil borings were located near groundwater monitoring well clusters along the downgradient facility boundary, 2) ten soil borings were located along a road at the approximate midpoint between the facility boundary and a nearby river, and 3) seven soil borings were located along the banks of the river. At each soil boring, collection of the first HydroPunch sample was attempted at ten feet below the water table; sample attempts continued at 3-meter (10-ft) intervals until refusal. Samples were analyzed for volatile organic compounds and selected metals.
Geologic materials significantly influenced the sampling program success. In the fine-grained, floodplain deposits, samples could not be collected from five of the seven soil borings, with limited sampling success in the other two borings. At the two other transects, the collected sample volumes varied significantly, dependent upon the physical characteristics of the sampled materials. Analytical results from the HydroPunch samples collected along the middle transect clearly defined the horizontal extent of solvent contamination. The vertical extent of groundwater contamination was not as well characterized, because of the anisotropic nature of the aquifer materials.
Cone Penetrometer Testing for Characterization and Sampling of Soil and Groundwater
Authors: Edelman SH , Holguin AR 
Published: March 2009

Cone penetrometer testing (CPT) is an alternative method to drilling for subsurface characterization of hazardous materials release sites. CPT provides higher quality data at lower cost and with fewer health and safety concerns than conventional drilling. CPT basically consists of pushing a cone-tipped, steel rod into the subsurface soils at a constant velocity and measuring the stresses used for automatic determination of soil types. CPT with concurrent measurement of pore pressure is used for determining hydraulic head and other parameters.
Several methods for in situ screening of subsurface contaminants have been added to CPT equipment, including vapor sampling, laser induced fluorescence (LIF), and pore water resistivity. CPT is also used for “direct push” sampling of soil and groundwater and for installation of small diameter “well points.”
CPT can be used with an assessment strategy that parallels that of conventional drilling; however, the in situ testing capabilities of CPT lend themselves to a more comprehensive assessment strategy that minimizes soil and groundwater sampling. A case study illustrates this comprehensive assessment strategy.
Current Forgings and their Properties for Steam Generator of Nuclear Plant
Authors: Tsukada H , Suzuki K , Kusuhashi M , Sato I 
Published: March 2009

Current steel forgings for steam generator (SG) of PWR plant are reviewed in the aspect of design and material improvement. The following three items are introduced.
1. The use of integral type steel forgings for the fabrication of steam generator enhances the structural integrity and makes easier fabrication and inspection including in-service inspection [1]. The following examples of current integral type forgings developed by the Japan Steel Works, Ltd. (JSW) are introduced (1)Primary head integrated with nozzles, manways and supports (2)Steam drum head integrated with nozzle and handhole (3)Conical shell integrated with cylindrical sections and handholes
2. In order to decrease the weight of steam generator, the high strength materials such as SA508, C1.3a steel have been adopted in some cases. The properties of this steel are introduced and the chemistry and heat treatment condition are discussed.
3. As one of the methods to minimize the macro- and micro-segregations, the use of vacuum carbon deoxidization (VCD), i.e. deoxidization of steel by gaseous CO reaction, with addition of Al for grain refining was investigated. The properties of SA508, C1.3 steels with Low Si content are compared with those of conventional one.
The Optimization of Mechanical Properties for Nuclear Transportation Casks in ASTM A350 LF5
Authors: Price S , Honeyman GA 
Published: March 2009

Transport flasks are required for the movement of spent nuclear fuel. Due to their nature of operation, it is necessary that these flasks are produced from forged steels with exceptional toughness properties. The material specification generally cited for flask manufacture is ASTM A350 Grade LF5 Class 1, a carbon-manganese-nickel alloy. The range of chemical analysis permitted by this specification is very broad and it is the responsibility of the material manufacturer to select a composition within this range which will satisfy all the mechanical property requirements, and to ensure safe and reliable performance.
Forgemasters Steel and Engineering Limited have experience in the manufacture of large high integrity fuel element flask forgings which extend over several decades. This experience and involvement in international standards in USA, Europe and Japan has facilitated the development of an optimised analysis with a low carbon content, nickel levels towards the top end of the allowed range, a deliberate aluminium addition to control grain size and strictly controlled residual element levels. The resultant steel has excellent low temperature impact properties which greatly exceed the requirements of the specification This analysis is now being adopted for the manufacture of all current transport flasks.
The Effect of Freezing and Thawing on the Flexural Bond Strength of Masonry
Authors: Walker D 
Published: March 2009

This investigation determined the effect of freezing and thawing on mortar bond strengths. Comparisons were made of a Type S portland cement-lime mortar without an air entraining agent and a companion mortar of the same cement-lime proportions with a purposefully added air entraining agent. The UBC Mortar Cement Test Method UBC 21-20, (formerly UBC 24-30) was used to construct prisms and test the mortar joints for flexural bond strengths. A series of six prisms were made for each mortar type, using the UBC standard concrete brick. Four sets of prisms for each mortar were made corresponding to: a control set (no freeze-thaw treatment), and prism sets for 5, 10 and 25 freeze-thaw cycles.
Each freeze-thaw cycle consisted of water saturation, draining, freezing for 12 h, and thawing at room temperature. Flexural bond strength data were obtained from 30 joints per prism set, in accordance with ASTM C1072 test method.
Results of this study indicate that air entrainment accelerates the loss of flexural bond strength of masonry composites when exposed to water saturated freeze-thaw conditions. Mortar freeze-thaw durability is not equivalent to masonry freeze-thaw durability, because there are mortar to masonry unit interfaces in masonry composites, and this is a significant weak link in masonry durability.
Issues Related to Prediction of Residual Stresses in Titanium Alloy Matrix Composites
Authors: Rangaswamy P , Jayaraman N 
Published: March 2009

Recently, a detailed study of residual stresses on the as-processed SCS-6/Ti-24Al-11Nb [0]8 composite, and SCS-6/Beta-21S composites in unidirectional [0]4, cross-ply [0/90]s, and quasi-isotropic [0/±45/90]s layups has been completed. In this study, residual stresses have been measured using X-ray diffraction (sin2ψ) technique. We have shown that the use of conventional unit cell models consisting of a quarter fiber surrounded by the matrix material to predict residual stresses for verification of experimental results is inadequate. Such models have predicted successfully the stresses at the fiber-matrix interface. However, experimental work to measure residual stresses have always been on surfaces far away from the interface region.
In this paper, the approach taken in extending the conventional unit cell model to the concept of multifiber models to predict average stresses are presented. In this process, several modeling issues have been identified. These issues are (1) use of conventional unit models for prediction of average surface residual stresses, (2) effect of orientation of the sub-surface plies on the residual stresses in the surface ply, (3) residual stresses in the interior plies, and (4) constituent material properties.
Inelastic Deformation of Titanium Matrix Composites Under Multiaxial Loading
Authors: Lissenden CJ , Herakovich CT , Pindera M-J 
Published: March 2009

A theoretical model capable of predicting the thermomechanical response of continuously reinforced, titanium matrix composite (TMC) laminates, subjected to multiaxial loading has been developed. The model is based on micromechanics and employs classical lamination theory to determine inelastic response. The constitutive relationships for each lamina are determined from a micromechanics analysis that is performed numerically using the finite element method. Matrix viscoplasticity, thermal stresses, and damage to the fiber/ matrix interfacial zone are explicitly included in the model.
The representative cell of the micromechanical model is considered to be in a state of generalized plane strain, enabling a quasi two-dimensional analysis to be performed. Constant strain triangular elements are formulated with elasto-viscoplastic constitutive equations. Interfacial debonding is incorporated into the model through interface elements that are based on a constitutive model that includes normal and tangential debonding.
Theoretical predictions are compared with the results of an experimental program conducted on SCS-6/Ti-15-3 unidirectional, [04], and angle-ply, [±45]s, tubular specimens. Multiaxial loading included increments of axial tension, compression, torque, and internal pressure. Loadings were chosen in an effort to distinguish inelastic deformation due to damage from matrix plasticity and separate time-dependent effects from time-independent effects. Results show that fiber/matrix debonding can be a major factor in the effective stress-strain response and that significant room temperature creep can occur at relatively low applied stress levels.
Environmental and Geological Site Characterization in Vegetated Areas: Image Enhancement Guidelines
Authors: Singhroy V 
Published: March 2009

Guidelines for environmental and geological site characterization normally include field methods with little attention to remote sensing techniques. This paper provides some useful image enhancement guidelines that will facilitate geological mapping and environmental monitoring of vegetated sites.Image enhancement techniques for environmental and geological site characterization provide information on land use, vegetation stress, fracture systems, rock types, landforms, surficial materials, moisture and drainage. In areas where the rock units are covered by vegetation and soil/drift cover, it is difficult to delineate rock types and surficial materials unless special image enhancement is performed. Selection of specific sensor characteristics and surface conditions can maximize the image enhancement techniques and therefore provide useful geologic information. This paper provides useful image enhancement techniques for (1) locating areas of vegetation stress related to acid mine drainage from high resolution airborne multispectral images; and for (2) mapping surficial materials, landforms, rock types and fractures from SAR-TM color composites, the selective uses of principal component analysis and spatial filtering techniques of TM and SAR images, and the integration of SAR and magnetics.
Modification of the Three-Rail Shear Test for Composite Materials Under Static and Fatigue Loading
Authors: Lessard LB , Eilers OP , Shokrieh MM 
Published: March 2009

The main goal of this research was to improve the three-rail shear test for studying the in-plane shear behavior of composite materials in static and fatigue loading. This method is currently a standard guide in the ASTM Book of Standards. Presently over 30 test methods exist that are briefly reviewed. The three-rail shear test was chosen for its ability to produce both strength and modulus values in both static and fatigue testing, as well as for producing a large uniform region of pure shear away from the free edges. The disadvantages of this test method include free edge effects, which cause stresses to differ from pure shear in that area, and premature failure of the specimen initiating at the rail edges. Thus this testing method was improved to eliminate these problems.
In order to fully examine the three-rail shear test method as prescribed in the ASTM Standard Guide for Testing In-Plane Shear Properties of Composite Laminates (D 4255), both the fixture and specimen were examined. Recently, the authors improved the three-rail specimen by performing analytical and experimental studies of the specimen [1]. The analytical results were verified by the three-rail shear test for both the standard un-notched and the new notched specimens. In this research, the fixture itself was examined experimentally and found to be inadequate for fatigue loading. The fixture was thus modified for overall strength and a bottom grip was added for fatigue loading. To eliminate out-of-plane motion of the middle rail, the fixture was again modified to be restrained at the top and bottom while preventing fretting during fatigue testing by using an Oilite bronze lining at the contact surfaces. Thus a new modified fixture was designed to consolidate all necessary modifications, making the fixture suitable for static and fatigue loading. The test results from the fixture show great improvement in both static strength and fatigue life.
A Coulomb-Mohr Type Criterion for Matrix Mode Failure in a Lamina
Authors: Chatterjee SN 
Published: March 2009

Failure of laminated composites under in-plane and/or through the thickness stresses is a complex phenomenon. Ply failure is often predicted based on the maximum value (or values) of one or more functionals, such as the maximum stress (strain) or polynomials involving the stress components. Some researchers have pointed out that it is necessary to distinguish between two types of failure, namely, (1) fiber-dominated mechanisms (tension or compression in the fiber direction), and (2) matrix mode failures. Failures in the second mode are expected to occur on planes parallel to fibers, and they can be predicted by seeking a plane on which a functional involving the normal and two shear stress components acting on the plane attain a maximum value. Two such functionals are chosen, one for tensile and the other for compressive matrix failure, and they involve three matrix-dominated strengths, namely, the transverse tensile and shear strengths and the longitudinal shear strength of the ply.
In this work, it is shown that a Coulomb-Mohr type criterion or a combination of such pyramidal failure surfaces, which is physically appealing and is widely used for many brittle materials, such as rock and concrete, can be utilized for predicting matrix mode compressive failures in a lamina. A simple modification is introduced to account for the fact that the transverse shear strength of a ply may be different from its longitudinal shear strength. Predictions are compared with results from other failure theories as well as test data from tension and compression tests on angle ply (± θ)ns and off-axis unidirectional coupons reported in literature. For tensile failure, the criterion has to be modified by introduction of tension cutoffs, which are usually needed for all brittle materials. Use of the criterion under more complex conditions, such as thick composites under three-dimensional stress states is explored and advantages and disadvantages of the criterion are discussed.
History of the Development of the Total Heat Loss Test Method
Authors: Gohlke DJ 
Published: March 2009

The NFPA technical committee on Firefighter's Protective Clothing and Equipment desired, as part of its process for revising NFPA 1971 (1991 edition), to incorporate a performance requirement and test method to address the heat stress associated with wearing firefighter's turnout clothing. The heat stress caused by wearing these ensembles has been a well known, well documented and continuing problem.
A task force was formed to develop a test methodology that would be capable of evaluating turnout clothing composites and that would be relatable to the heat stress levels of the respective composites. It would need to be able to discriminate among ensembles, be sensitive in the range of interest, and be sufficiently reproducible from lab to lab to allow a performance requirement to be established that could be verified by independent testing. It was also desired that the results could be easily understood by the fire service.
The task force developed a method based on the guarded sweating hot plate and showed via round robin testing among four labs of four commonly used composites that it could meet all the desired objectives. Unfortunately, the work was not complete in time to include in the revision and was retained as an appendix.
This paper discusses the alternatives available to the committee and task force and the rationale for the development of the method. Some explanatory language was included as a preamble to the method to help put the results in the appropriate context and to help guard against promotional abuse.
Gender-Related Injury Patterns in Skiing
Authors: Shealy JE , Ettlinger CF 
Published: March 2009

In a two-year nationwide study of 16 ski areas in the United States, using Ski Patrol Incidence reports, a total of 23 011 verified accidents during 8.58 million skier visits were reported. A control group of skiers was randomly selected (n = 2573) to determine the demographic characteristics of the population at risk.
The study shows that differences in the injury pattern (part of body, and nature of injury) between males and females are as dramatic within a given snow skiing activity (alpine versus snowboard) as are the differences between the two snow skiing activities themselves. The overall rates of injuries per thousand skier visits are not significantly different between males and females when assessed for ability, yet the patterns are very different. For example, in snowboard skiing, the female wrist and knee injury rate is about twice that for males, the male face and head injury rate is three times that for females, and the male ankle rate is almost twice that of females. In snowboard skiing, the male fracture rate is higher and the male strain/sprain rate is lower than for females. In alpine skiing, the female knee injury rate is twice that of males.
Epidemiology of Facial Injuries Sustained in Alpine Skiing
Authors: Gassner R , Traugott D , Röthler G , Waldhart E 
Published: March 2009

Retrospective studies of alpine skiing injuries show a large shift from the lower part of the body to the upper part; thus injuries to the face have become more frequent. In the years 1991 and 1992, out of 1656 injured patients at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery of Innsbruck, 179 were skiers.
Of all skiers, 76.5% were between 10 and 40 years of age. Seventy-one patients suffered dentoalveolar trauma (fractures, dislocations, and loss of teeth and periodont). The most exposed bone sustaining a fracture while skiing is the cheekbone. More than half of all accidents were collisions either with other persons or with some obstacle. Of all accidents, 6% took place on lift tracks or at the exit. Of the injured skiers, 24.6% had concomitant injuries, among whom 75% suffered brain injuries.
Muscle Contraction Protects Against Lower Leg Fracture
Authors: Ekeland A , Nordsletten L 
Published: March 2009

The contribution of muscle contraction to the loading capacity of the lower leg was studied in young and adult rats.
The lower legs of the rats were fractured in a three-point cantilever bending test during electrically induced muscle contraction. The contralateral tibiae were tested after dissection and served as controls. The ultimate bending moment increased by 73% and 84% in young and adult rats, respectively, during muscle contraction whereas the ultimate energy absorption increased by 149% and 302%.
This experimental fracture is similar to the boot top fracture in skiers. Since the ultimate increase in energy absorption during muscle contraction was half as large in young as it was in adult rats, children correspondingly may have less capacity to absorb energy in the lower leg compared with adults during muscle contraction. This may offer an additional explanation as to why children experience incidence of tibial fractures six to nine times greater than adults during alpine skiing.
Comparison of Spectral Analysis with Fast Fourier Transform and Maximum Entropy Method. Application to the Role of Molybdenum Implantation on Localized Corrosion of Type 304 Stainless Steel
Authors: Beaunier L , Frydman J , Gabrielli C , Huet F , Keddam M 
Published: March 2009

A comparison of a spectral analysis using the fast Fourier transform (FFT) and the maximum entropy method (MEM) was carried out in the case in which both methods can be performed, that is, when several time acquisitions can be recorded. A summary of the principles of the MEM is given. Then the main properties of this method are investigated, that is, influence of the MEM order on the spectrum accuracy, validity of the low-frequency plateau usually given by this technique, overlapping of spectra measured for different frequency bandwidths, and influence of a slow evolution of the amplitude of the signal fluctuations.
The susceptibility to pitting corrosion of type 304 stainless steel and type 304 modified by molybdenum (Mo) by means of ion implantation was studied. The power spectral densities (PSD) measured with the FFT and MEM techniques are in reasonable agreement, except for low electrochemical current noises (ECN) buried in the parasitic noise generated by the power supply. In that case, the FFT technique is more appropriate than the MEM, which gave qualitative results only. The type 304 stainless steel showed a large metastable pitting leading to only a few macroscopic pits, whereas the type 304 Mo-implanted specimen showed a very low metastable pitting leading to many hemispheric pits covered by the Mo-implanted layer, under which localized corrosion occurred.