bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sex Differences in Autonomic Responses to Electric Shock
Authors: Liberson Cathhyn Walters , Liberson W. T. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA review of the literature on sexual differences in autonomic responses in electric shock revealed little information as to whether such difference.1; exist. Eighteen male and 18 females were given a rest period of 15 ruin, submitted to 1 min of painful electric stimulation, then given a second 15 min rest period. Comparison were made of autonomic responses of heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure just prior m. during, immediately after the stimulation, and at the end of the second resting period (blood pressure during stimulation being omitted).Results were analyzed by computerized multiple analysis of variance using trend analysis of repeated measures. Men were found to respond to the shock with significant changes in systolic blood pressure while women responded with significant respiration changes. Although present evidence is not sufficient to explain the psycho physiological reasons for the differences found in this study, it is suggested that in view of the above sex differences, cultural demands may be a contributing factor to the high incidence of heart disease in men of certain age groups in out society.
Heart Rate Preceding Motility in Sleep
Authors: Townsend Richard E. , Johnson Laverne C. , Naitoh Paul , Muzet Alain G. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTSpontaneous movements in both stage 2 and REM steep are preceded by similar heart rate increase, beginning approximately 8 sec before onset the movement. It is suggested that the HR acceleration before spontaneous movement in sleep is not a gradual response to vascular congestion but, rather, may be triggered by internal arousal stimuli which, like movements, have sleep‐stage‐specific rules of occurrence.
Heart Rate Changes During a Fixed Reaction Time Task in Normal and Retarded Adult Males
Authors: Krupski Antoinette 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe relationship between heart rate (HR) changes and fixed reaction time (RT) performance was studied in groups of normal and mentally retarded male Ss. Each 5 received blocks of 15 RT trials during 4‐, 7‐, and 13‐sec preparatory intervals. Heart rate was continuously monitored. The results revealed that retarded Ss had significantly slower RT scores, significantly lower basal HR, and lower magnitude HR decelerations prior to reaction signal onset when compared to normal Ss. These group differences were apparent in all three preparatory interval conditions and were interpreted to indicate less accurate covert timing of PI length in retarded 5s. Correlations between HR deceleration (measured during the sec in which the reaction signal occurred) and RI scores lent support to the notion that significant HR deceleration accompanies fast RT responding in all but the 13‐sec PI condition for retarded Ss. In this condition, HR acceleration was related to fast RT performance in retarded Ss. It was suggested that in the 13‐sec PI, retarded Ss exhibited a dissociation between somatic and autonomic response systems which might he related to an information processing deficit in tasks of extended duration.
Auditory Vigilance Correlates of Electrodermal Response Habituation Speed
Authors: Crider Andrew , Adgenbraun C. B. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe present study was designed to test the hypothesis that individual differences in the speed of habituation of the phasic eleclrodermal response (EDR) reflect characteristic rates of attentional decrement with stimulus repetition. Subjects selected for the extrems of EDR habituation speed to a pure tone were subsequently tested in an auditory vigilance task. Slow habituators showed a high and substained rate of signal detection, while Fast habituatos showed a lower overall rate and a time‐on‐task decrement. Further analyses employing signal detection theory measures indicated that these detection differences were due to group differences in response criterion levels rather than to differences in the rate of attentional decrement. The implications of this finding for understanding individual differences in EDR habituation speed are discussed.
Learned Asymmetry of Localized Electrodermal Responses
Authors: Varni John G. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe present study investigated the possibility of establishing bilateral electrodermal responsivity of skin on the digits following the pairing of electric show applied to one hand in conjunction with the visual presentation of a triangle. Ten subjects (Ss) displayed significantly larger electrodermal responses on the hand previously shocked when presented with the image of a triangle without shock. No bilateral differences were observed during the presentation of a neural stimulus a circle, These results are interpreted as supporting the notion of learned a asymmetry of localization electrodermal responses.
The Chemical Control of Preoperative Anxiety
Authors: Williams James G. L. , Jones John R. , Williams Barbara 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe effect of a psychoactive chemical. diazepam, on reducing physiologically disruptive anxiety in young female patients about to undergo operation was investigated. In a double‐blind study preoperative anxiety was measured by the Skin Conductance Anxiety Test (SCAT) after patients had been given either intravenous diazepam or placebo. It Was found that diazepam reduced the SCAT scores of the more anxious patients to the level of the scores of the less anxious ones, while the latter's scores were not significantly changed. The validity of the SCAT as an objective measure of anxiety was again confirmed and it was concluded that not only did diazepam differentially reduce anxiety levels in accordance with the degree of anxiety present, but that it also reduced to normal levels the excessive amount of thiopental sodium needed fort the induction of anxious patient.
Contingency Theory and Classical Autonomic Excitatory and Inhibitory Conditioning: Some Problems of Assessment and Interpretation
Authors: Furedy John J. , Poulos Constantine X. , Schiffmann Karl 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe primary aims are to elaborate on and clarify two general issues which are raised in the context of assessing contingency theory: (a) the operational requirements and the psychophysical considerations for assessing autonomic excitatory and inhibitory factors in Pavlovian conditioning, and (b) the topic of the appropriate CR specification in the autonomic electrodermal system. Our substantive conclusion, based on an evaluation of the methodology of available human autonomic studies, is that there is no empirical support for the contingency truly random control procedure. In addition, contrary to the suggestion of striking analogies with the skeletal eyelid system, a latency criterion should not be used to deny associative status to first‐interval electrodermal responses, provided that these do satisfy conventional behavioral criteria for associative conditioning, e.g., discrimination.
Feedback Effects and Respiratory Involvement in Voluntary Control of Heart Rate
Authors: Levenson Robert W. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTOne within‐subject single session experiment involving 30 subjects and one between‐subject single session experiment involving 42 subjects were performed to evaluate the effects of augmented sensory feedback and to specify the nature of cardiac‐respiratory relationships during attempted bi‐directional control of heart rate (HR). Subjects were instructed to attempt to control HR while maintaining a constant respiration rate (RR), and were provided with either no feedback, HR feedback, or HR and RR feedback of the “digital” proportional type. In addition to measures of heart and respiratory period, a measure of respiratory volume was included in the second experiment. Results of both experiments indicate that (1) subjects can significantly increase and decrease HR; (2) feedback does not affect the magnitude or consistency of HR control; (3) significant parallel changes in RR accompany changes in HR regardless of the amount of feedback provided; (4) significant increases in respiratory volume accompany HR increases; and (5) large magnitude HR changes arc produced by some subjects within the single session. Implications of these findings for the concomitance model of autonomic and central nervous system interactions; for single vs multiple training sessions; for the use of paced respiration; and for a learning model of HR control are discussed.
Bilateral Differences in Parietal‐Occipital EEG Induced by Contingent Visual Feedback
Authors: Eberlin Peter , Mulholland Thomas 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTIf visual stimulation is made contingent on a unilateral occipital EEG, there is an increase in the control of the alternation between alpha and little or no alpha on the side used to control the visual stimuli as compared to the other side. Previous studies using a visual stimulus for feedback, did not control for the possibility that “feedback” effects might be produced by non‐contingent intermittent stimulation. This experiment was a yoked‐cortex control for intermittent non‐contingent vs intermittent contingent stimulation. The result show that the effects observed are due to contingent stimulation and not merely due to intermittent stimulation.
The Effects of Reward on Occipital Alpha Facilitation by Biofeedback
Authors: Brolund Jay W. , Schallow John R. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTEighty male undergraduates were randomly assigned to one of four treatment conditions: an auditory stimulus denoted the presence of alpha in a feedback condition: a backup reinforcement condition received feedback plus a choice of money or extra experimental credit contingent upon increasing alpha 1.5 times baseline levels; a yoked control group received bogus feedback; another control group received no feedback. All groups received 6 4‐min trials of training. Backup reinforcement was clearly more effective in enhancing; alpha than any other treatment condition. In fact, the conventional feedback condition performed no better than a control condition which received no feedback, although both significantly increased alpha over trials. The only group which did not significantly increase alpha was the yoked control condition, whose performance, differed significantly over trials from the other controls. These findings demonstrate the hazard of inferring alpha control from increases above initial baselines, as many studies have done. Moreover, they seem to demonstrate the efficacy of augmenting feedback with additional reinforcement.
Measurement of Electroencephalic Evoked Response: Comparison of Univariate and Multivariate
Authors: Schachter J. , Lachin J. M. , Kerr J. L. , Wimberly F. C. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTwo univariate peak‐to‐peak measures of electroencephalic average evoked response (AER) were compared with two multivariate measures of AER with respect to: (1) ability to discriminate between stimuli of different intensity; and 2) test‐retest reliability. AER data from 47 sleeping newborns for each of 2 test sessions were utilized to calculate P2‐N2 amplitude,tp2‐n2 (the test statistic which measures the degree to which the P2‐N2 amplitude differed from zero), F1 (a multivariate measure of the degree to which changes in potential differed from zero), and Fjk (a multivariate measure of degree to which changes in potential differed from changes in potential in background EEG).The multivariate measures were somewhat superior to the univariate measures in the ability to discriminate three stimulus intensities when used as the dependent measure of AER in 47 subjects, though differences between measures were small. At the same time the multivariate measures were somewhat inferior to the univariate measures in retest reliability. There were major discrepancies between the multivariate and univariate measures of AER for some individuals.Comparison of the two multivariate measures indicates that in these data from sleeping new‐borns, use of background EEG as a baseline reference for the multivariate measure. Fjk, decreased its reliability without enhancing its ability to distinguish stimulus intensities.
A Nonparametric Statistical Evaluation of Changes in Evoked Potentials to Different Stimuli
Authors: Kohn Michael , Lifshitz Kenneth 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAn experiment yielding the evoked electroencephalographic potentials (EPs) to seven different stimuli was conducted on a population of 13 female and 7 male normal subjects. Patterned‐visual, auditory and combined (bimodal) stimuli were used. One stimulus case required subject responses. Calculations of the first four statistical sample moments at the EP time points indicated nongaussian amplitude distributions. A nonparametric statistical test, the Mann‐Whitney (U‐test, was used to den it the significant point (p <.01) differences among the EPs to the visual, auditory and bimodal stimuli. The most extensive differences were obtained from EPs to stimulus pairs requiring subject response (identification). Differences among the EPs to different visual patterns existed to a lesser extent than to stimuli of different sensory modalities. In general, a change in the physical parameter of the stimulus induced changes in the earlier components, while the response requirement induced changes in the late components of the EP. No significant differences were found in EPs to the same stimuli between recording locations with hemispheric symmetry.
Some Interrelations Between the Contingent Negative Variation and the Evoked Potential
Authors: Smith D. B. D. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to compare the evoked potential (EP) to the “imperative stimulus” (S2) in the contingent negative variation (CNV) paradigm with the EP to a comparable stimulus nut associated with a CNV. Twelve subjects performed a task that required reporting an occasional change in frequency of a tone. In one condition each change was paired with a warning Hash, thus generating a CNV. In another condition tone changes were only occasionally preceded by a flash and no CNV was observed. Three differences were noted in the vertex EP associated with a CNV: 1) all components after approximately 60 msec were shifted in a more positive direction, 2) negative components Nl and N2 were shorter in latency, and 3) negative components N1, N2, and N3 were attenuated in amplitude. Possible interpretations of these results are discussed. Conclusions are drawn concerning the methodological and theoretical importance of this interaction between the CNV and EP.
Interactions of Marijuana and Induced Stress: Forearm Blood Flow, Heart Rate, and Skin Conductance
Authors: Naliboff Bruce D. , Rickles William H. , Cohen Michael J. , Naimark Robert S. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTo examine the interaction of marijuana and an induced state of stress, on both subjective and physiological measures, two groups of 15 subjects each were given a mental arithmetic task to perform. The sequence of events was 10 min each of pre‐stress, stress, post‐stress, intoxication (about 20 min), pre‐stress, stress, post‐stress. In the intoxication phase, one group smoked marijuana containing 14 mg Δ9‐THC while the other group smoked a placebo. The dependent variables were forearm blood flow (FBF), heart rate (HR). and skin conductance (SC), and a subjective measure of stress–the Multiple Affect Adjective Checklist (MAACL).The results revealed all physiological variables to be reactive to the stress task. In addition, marijuana intoxication produced reliable increases in both pre‐stress HR and FBF, and yet the physiological response to the post‐intoxication stress period showed no significant decrement when compared In the placebo group. Discussion of these results centered around marijuana's effects on tonic and phasic reactivity.
Alpha Biofeedback: Fact or Artifact?
Authors: Leib Warren , Tryon Warren W. , Stroebel Charles S. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTwenty‐two volunteer psychiatric inpatients ranging in age from 16 to 58 participated as subjects. Those subjects with abnormal EEC patterns in the form of grand‐mal seizure activity were administered. All subjects were administered the Rod and Frame Test, Embedded Figures Test, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, and the Autonomic Perception Questionnaire. These variables plus a psychotic‐non‐psychotic dichotic were utilized as predictor variables to identify those subjects most able to control production or alpha. It was found that none of the variables possessed predictive value because no significant between session increases in alpha density were found. However, significant within session effects were found between Alpha‐On vs Alpha‐Off and between Eyes‐Open vs Eyes‐Closed instruction conditions. Significant within session increases in alpha density were also observed over the three Alpha‐On periods by the 11 non‐psychotic subjects during their first training session. These results raise serious question as to whether any learning takes place as a function of alpha biofeedback training. Future research should include between session data analysis in order to convincingly demonstrate the validity of alpha biofeedback training.
An Improved Mechanical Strain Gauge for Recording Penile Circumference Change
Authors: Laws D. R. , Bow R. A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe re‐design of a mechanical strain gauge for recording penile circumference change is described. Basic modifications included doubling the thickness of the spring steel used in the penile ring, the use of larger strain gauges with a greater strain range, and a different method for protecting the gauge assembly. These design changes produced a more robust unit with greater longevity than the original.
Effects of Length of Training and Amount of Tone Frequency Change on Amplitude of Autonomic Components of the Orienting Response
Authors: Sidle David A. T. , Heron Peter A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe present study investigated amplitude of the skin conductance response (SCR), heart rate response (HRR), and linger pulse volume (FPV) response components of the orienting response to a change in lone frequency following habituation training. Experimental subjects received either 5 or 20 presentations of a 1000 Hz, 70 dB training stimulus of 3 sec duration followed by presentation of a test stimulus. Half of these subjects received a test stimulus of 670 Hz (decrease of 250 mels), while for the other half, the test stimulus was a 380 Hz (decrease of 500 mels) tone. Two independent control groups received 6 and 21 presentations of the training stimulus respectively. This resulted in a 3 × 2 factorial design (N = 90). The results indicated that test trial SCR amplitude was significantly larger in experimental groups than in control groups and that larger responses occurred for a change of 500 mels than for one of 250 mels. Experimental groups also displayed significantly larger HRRs than did control groups, but within (he experimental groups, response amplitude was not influenced by amount of change. Length of training had no significant effect on either SCR or HRR amplitude on the test trial. For digital vasoconstriction, experimental groups displayed significantly larger FPV responses than did the control groups only after 2(1 training trials, and response amplitude was not influenced by amount of stimulus change.
Pulse Wave Velocity as a Measure of Blood Pressure Change
Authors: Gribbin Brian , Steptoe Andrew , Sleight Peter 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe use of arterial pulse wave velocity (PWV) as a continuous measure of blood pressure changes is outlined. Theoretical considerations indicate that changes in PWV reflect changes in blood pressure, and an experiment was carried out to assess this relationship. PWV along an arm artery was monitored in 26 subjects at a time when the arterial distending pressure of the limb was altered over a wide range by means of externally applied positive and negative pressures. The results show that changes in PWV reliably follow changes in blood pressure. This method can be considered suitable for studies requiring changes rather than absolute values of blood pressure.
Electrocardiographic Registration of Sweating During Routine Monitoring
Authors: Molnar George W. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe registration of submaximal sweating during routine physiological monitoring can be conveniently obtained as undulations of the baseline of the electrocardiogram (ECG) recorded on a slow chart (1 mm/sec). The component ECG waves ride the baseline waves with minimal distortion, as demonstrated by short recordings at faster chart speeds. The undulations are not caused by fluctuations in blood flow, as proved by their persistence during tourniqueting of the limbs proximal to the electrodes. During profuse sweating the undulations diminish and even disappear, presumably because the sweat ducts and corneum are saturated and further changes in skin resistance and potential are too small for detection.
Apparatus and Procedure for Training Subjects to Control Their Blood Pressure
Authors: Elder S. Thomas , Longacre Andrew , Welsh Darleen M. , McAfee Robert D. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to devise a set of apparatus and procedures for treating the blood pressure response as a free operant. The system described herein developed out of an effort to combine some features of the Harvard and Rockefeller methods into a compact and inexpensive unit that could be transported easily and eventually adapted for home use. Application of the device requires fitting the subject with a standard cuff on each arm and inflating first one and then the other for intervals of 100 sec. The systolic or diastolic blood pressure threshold is tracked by readjusting cuff pressure every 3–4 heartbeats in order to hold the intensity of the Korotkoff sounds constant. A record of blood pressure is obtained by transducing and tracing moment‐to‐moment changes in cuff pressure on a strip chart recorder. Scores provided by this method and those obtained with the classical Riva‐Rocci procedure were found to be highly correlated.
A Monologue on Biofeedback and Psychophysiology
Authors: Shapiro David 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper is a commentary on the emergence of biofeedback methods and concepts as a significant behavioral strategy in psychophysiological research, and it includes a discussion of some contemporary issues. Operant conditioning methods have been useful in defining physiological activities as behavioral responses or as patterns of responses and in showing that these activities are subject to voluntary control or behavioral regulation. Other psychological and biological models are being developed in order to examine in detail the processes involved from different viewpoints and to enhance the clinical potential of biofeedback methods. This has stimulated further research on the effects of voluntary control of somatomotor and cognitive processes in achieving relatively permanent change in physiological functions. The complex interaction of cognitive factors and biofeedback control is illustrated in laboratory research on the regulation of systolic blood pressure. Finally, the problem of stimulus control of physiological activities and the variability of such activities under different conditions are seen as methodological and practical issues deserving greater attention. Related recent research is briefly discussed on the potential of biofeedback and voluntary control methods as a means of altering physiological and perceptual responses to stressful stimuli. It is concluded that the problems and potentials of biofeedback have provided a major stimulus to further basic research in psychophysiology.