bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distribution of Mogannia minutamatsumura (Homoptera: Cicadidae) in the Island of Okinawa: Expansion of distribution range during five years
Authors: Itô Yosiaki , Nagamine Massaki 
Published: November 2006

SummaryA five‐year study on the microgeographical distribution pattern of a sugarcane cicada, Mogannia minuta (=iwasakii), in the Island of Okinawa revealed that the trapezoid type distribution was an unique feature of the distribution of this species. The rate of expansion of the distribution range was remarkably small despite the continuous occurrence of sugarcane plants. These facts can be explained well by the theory of escape. That is, the epidemic cicada populations should be free from predation pressure in the infested area, but those in peripheral zones could be eradicated by predators. The possible role of regulatory factor(s) which suppress further increase in the density in the infested area was suggested.
Computer simulation study on the cyclicities of Tribolium population dynamics
Authors: Fujii Koichi 
Published: November 2006

SummaryUnder a set of assumptions, a mathematical model was constructed to investigate the effect of cannibalistic behavior and medium renewal schedule on Tribolium population dynamics, and the results of simulation analyses were presented to show how modelling can contribute to a better understanding of experimental study.The analyses of the present model, the main concern of which is the cyclicity in Tribolium population. showed that there are two distinct factors which create cyclicity, the cannibalistic behavior in Tribolium itself, and the medium renewal schedule. Cannibalism per se does not necessarily cause cyclicity, but the combinations of cannibalistic behavior among various life stages and their relative intensities among them can cause cyclicity and can also determine the period of cycle. External factors also can generate cyclicity, but their interaction with cannibalistic behavior has a more significant effect in modifying the period of cycle.Some discrepancies between the model and experimental results were discussed.
Ecological studies on a dragonfly, Nannophya pygmaea ramber (Odonata: Libellulidae) I. seasonal changes of adult population and its distribution in a habitat
Authors: Fujita Kazuyuki , Hirano Koji , Kawanishi Michiharu , Ohsaki Naota , Ohtaishi Makoto , Yano Eizi , Yasuda Makoto 
Published: November 2006

SummaryAdult population of a dragonfly Nannophya pygmaeaRamber inhabited in a damp ground was investigated with mark‐and‐recapture method in 1975. The following results about the seasonal changes of the population size and distribution in the habitat were obtained.Adults emerged from late May to mid August. The number of the adults was most abundant in early June, but that of matured males in early July. From the recapture data, the estimate of daily survival rate was 0.82, and the length of immature stage in males was estimated as 5 days or so. Total number of post‐teneral adults emerged in the habitat was estimated as about 9,000. The mean crowding‐mean density regression method was applied for the analysis of the distribution pattern of the adults. Matured males showed a spaced‐out distribution, while females and immatured males distributed themselves rather aggregatively. Such a distribution pattern of the matured male would be attributed to their territorial behaviour. The territorial behaviour was considered to force the matured males to extend the distribution area in July when they were most abundant.From the above‐mentioned results and some observations, the meaning of the territoriality in this species was discussed.
Distribution pattern of groundfishes hooked along a row of setline in the shallower part of the continental slope in the Bering Sea 2 bathymetric difference in relative abundance in relation to distribution pattern
Authors: Maéda Hiroshi 
Published: November 2006

Summary and Conclusion
This report demonstrates the well‐defined bathymetric distribution of relative abundance of groundfishes in relation to the distribution pattern conjectured from the records of catch along a row of setline with remarkably large variation in the settled depth (from shallower than 350 m to deeper than 700 m) observed around 580 18′ N and 1750 28′ W on Aug. 24, 1962.
The results of the analyses are depicted in Fig. 1. It is found that halibut, true cod and Sebastodes sp. (or Menuke in Japanese) show sharp or abrupt decrease in the relative abundance in accordance with depth whereas sablefish and rattail increase sharply. Arrow toothed halibut and ray do not show any clear bathymetric change in relative abundance and Pacific ocean perch shows decrease in the density in accordance with the disparity in the depth from the 500 m isobath.
The patterns conjectured from this example are compared with either those shown in other reports, the results of the observations on other examples or general view of our fishermen. And many proofs to the high reliability and wide universality of the conjectured pattern of the first four species are found out. But, for the last three species, the present results differ more or less from the general view of our fishermen and the observations on other examples.
For the distribution pattern, most of groundfishes incline to show chance distribution in the shallower part of the continental slope (350 m to 700 m deep) and only the species showing sharp decrease in density with increase in the depth are distributed contagiously on the shallower bottom (not deeper than 450 m).
A note on the estimation of selective values from recaptures of marked animals when selection pressures remain constant over time
Authors: Manly B. F. J. 
Published: November 2006

SummaryAn equation is given for the estimation of selective values from data obtained by mark‐recapture experiments, assuming that selective pressures remain constant while the experiments are carried out. The equation does not have an explicit solution but can readily be solved using a trial‐and‐error method.The use of the equation is illustrated on some data reported byKettlewellet al. (1969) from an experiment involving typica and edda morphs of the moth Amathes glareosa. It is found that the edda morph apparently had a selective advantage of about 12% per day compared to the typica morph and that this is significantly different from zero. Using another methodKettlewell concluded that the selective advantage of the edda morph was only 7% and that this was not statistically significant.
On an outbreak of the citrus flat‐headed borer, Agrilus auriventrisE. Saunders in Nagasaki Prefecture
Authors: Ohgushi Ryoh‐ichi 
Published: November 2006

SummaryThe process of an outbreak of the citrus flat‐headed borer, Agrilus auriventris in Nagasaki Prefecture was described with some ecological considerations on causative factors.This outbreak which showed a typical “Gradation”, initiated around 1958, and terminated in 1963. The peak year was seen in 1961. At first attack by the borer was restricted to old and weak trees, but it was also found in young and healthy trees in the peak year.Some environmental conditions in orchards were examined in relation to the intensity of infestation by the borer. Soil management and drought seemed to have remarkable correlations with the borer's infestations.Probably, this outbreak was caused by the weakening of citrus tree by gummosis and abnormal defoliation, aging of orchard trees, and drought in the summer of 1959∼1960. Interrelation between these causes and processes are shown schematically in Fig. 12.
Parameter estimates from mark‐recapture experiments on two populations subject to migration and death
Authors: Neil Arnason A. 
Published: November 2006

SummaryA model is developed for a triple catch marking experiment on two areas with migration between the two areas and death or emigration occurring. Estimates of the parameters of the model are derived. Some of these estimates are shown to be suitable even under certain restrictions on migration (e.g. animals may be restricted to a single transfer in the course of the experiment). Variances of the estimates were not derived but some rules were developed, based on computer simulations, to guide the experimenter in planning experiments and in judging the precision of his estimates.
Demographic traits of understory trees and population dynamics of a Picea‐Abies forest in Taisetsuzan National Park, northern Japan
Authors: Kubota Yasuhiro 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe size structure transition matrices of Picea jezoensis, Picea glehnii and Abies sachalinensis of a sub‐boreal forest in Hokkaido, northern Japan were constructed based on the demography of each species (Picea jezoensis and Picea glehnii were dealt with together as Picea) during a 4‐year period. Two types of matrices, density‐independent and density‐dependent population dynamics models, were investigated for evaluating the ‘waiting pattern’ between Picea spp. and A. sachalinensis. For the density‐dependent model, it was assumed that the demographic traits of understory trees, the recruitment rate, the understory mortality rate and the transition probability from the understory to canopy stages, were regulated by the one‐sided competitive effect of canopy trees. The observed size structure of Picea was almost consistent with the stationary size structure obtained in both the density‐independent and the density‐dependent models, whereas the observed size structure of A. sachalinensis was not realized in the two models. The effects of both the transition probability from the understory to canopy stages and the recruitment rate on the dynamics of canopy trees were investigated. For Picea, two parameters—recruitment rate (ei) and transition probability from the understory to canopy stages‐exponentially affected the dynamics of canopy trees. In contrast, for Abies sachalinensis, the two parameters affected linearly the dynamics of canopy trees. In conclusion, the population dynamics of Picea and A. sachalinensis was determined by the parameters of the recruitment rate and the transition probability from the understory to canopy stages, relating to waiting patterns of understory trees for future gap formation. In Picea, the demographic parameters of understory trees intensively regulated the dynamics of canopy trees if compared with A. sachalinensis, suggesting that the performance of understory trees plays a key role in the population dynamics of Picea. This reflects the growth pattern of understory trees in the regeneration of the two species.
The impact of extreme run‐off events from the Sakasagawa river on the Senjogahara ecosystem, Nikko National Park. IV. Changes in tree and understory vegetation distribution patterns from 1982 to 1992
Authors: Hukusima Tukasa , Yoshikawa Masato 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn this study, a survey was made of a sample area adjacent to Senjogahara moor, Nikko National Park, in central Japan, to discover the change of vegetation over the 10 years from 1982 to 1992. The sample area, which is dominated by Malus toringo, has often suffered alluvial deposition from flooding of the river. The accumulation depth of alluvial materials deposited for 1984–1987 were measured at 266 points in the area, and for 1987–1992 at 347 points. Each tree species showed its own changing pattern of distribution area in relation to the accumulation depth of alluvial deposits. For example, M. toringo showed an increase in the number of trunks, and extended its distribution area in spite of heavy deposition, whereas Betula platyphylla var. japonica and Larix kaempferi shifted their distribution to the area that suffered only light deposition. The distribution area of shrubby and herbaceous species of understory vegetation also showed different patterns of change. In addition, the recovery of bare ground by understory vegetation was by different species in heavily and in lightly deposited areas. These facts show that there is a difference in the tolerance of different species to burial by alluvial deposits, and this difference is an important factor in successional change and mosaic formation of vegetation in a repeatedly disturbed area.
Density effects on life‐history traits of an island lizard population
Authors: Hasegawa Masami 
Published: November 2006

AbstractLong‐term monitoring of life‐history traits and the effects of density upon them were studied in an island population of the lizard Eumeces okadae. Although life‐history traits such as clutch size, egg size and the proportion of mature reproductive females varied little over 7 years in the intact population, manipulation of density to simulate decreased population density enhanced juvenile growth rate, age at first reproduction, frequency of female reproduction and size‐specific clutch mass. In particular, the proportion of mature females reproducing annually increased almost 10 times from 5.6% to 53.8% after the removal of some lizards. However, body size at first reproduction and egg size were almost identical under both high and low density conditions. This study suggests that there were strong density‐dependent effects on several life‐history traits and that E. okadae attained a density close to the carrying capacity of the environment.
Dispersion pattern and mortality of seeds and seedlings of Fagus crenata Blume in a cool temperate forest in western Japan
Authors: Akashi Nobuhiro 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe seed and seedling mortality of Fagus crenata Blume after a mast year (1993) was examined in relation to density and distance from the nearest conspecific adult tree in a mixed conifer‐hardwood forest in Ohdaigahara, western Japan. The mortality of fallen seeds during winter amounted to 93.7%, and 79.2% of the current‐year seedlings died in the first growing season. The most important factor of death for both seeds and seedlings was predation by vertebrates. The mortality of seeds during winter was positively correlated with sound seed density. The mortality of seedlings was positively correlated with density but not significantly related to the distance from the nearest crown edge of a conspecific adult tree. Mortality patterns varied with stages and spatial scales due to the behavior of predators; it is thus important to investigate the spatial pattern of seeds and seedling mortality at various temporal and spatial scales. After the first growing season, the difference in seedling density between distance classes was not significant at <4m from the nearest adult trees due to density‐dependent mortality. However, seedling density was significantly lower in the ≥4 m class than in the <4 m classes.
Species diversity of Chinese beech forests in relation to warmth and climatic disturbances
Authors: Cao Kun‐Fang , Peters Rob 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe trends in the occurrence of climatic disturbances in the Chinese Fagus range are described, and the relationship between woody species diversity and climatic factors in eight old‐growth Chinese beech forests is characterized. In the Chinese Fagus range that lies in the humid mountains of southern China, wind storms and heavy rain frequency increase towards the eastern coast. Thunderstorm frequency increases southwards. Snowfall frequency increases northwards. Glaze storm frequency peaks in the center near Lake Dongtian, but much higher in the east than in the west. Hailstorm frequency also peaks in the center. The forests sampled in this study are widely separated. Their canopies consist of either deciduous broad‐leaved trees or a mixture of evergreen and deciduous broad‐leaved trees. Their species diversity increases towards warmer sites and towards the east. The importance of the evergreen trees in relation to warmth and minimum temperature increases southwards. Our analysis suggests that wind storms and heavy rains enhance the species diversity of Chinese beech forests. Cold disturbances such as glaze and snow diminish the diversity and canopy dominance of evergreen broad‐leaved trees but favor deciduous broad‐leaved trees, especially beech. The annual precipitation received by the forests in this study varies from 1400–2550 mm. This is not correlated with diversity, however, probably because all of these forests grow in humid conditions with sufficient water being supplied by precipitation throughout the year.
Simulated removal trapping considered in connection with actual census data in small mammals
Authors: Tanaka Ryo 
Published: November 2006

SummaryA record of simulated removal trapping of 50 samples drawn from N=50 under a design has been considered as to how it does contribute to practical censuses of small mammals. It follows that, for ordinary‐density populations so far experienced, the removal census based on the theory may frequently lead to quite wrong estimates from single‐plot data by the simplest method, and that the maximum likelihood method is doubtless better, but even this method may produce right estimates in about half of the cases, their standard error being of limited availability. Therefore pooling of data from many plots are desirous for such populations.
Ecological studies on the population of isaza, Chaenogobius Isaza Tanaka, in Lake Biwa, with special reference to the effects of population density upon its growth
Authors: Nagoshi Makoto 
Published: November 2006

Summary
In order to get the knowledge on the age composition of “isaza” population in Lake Biwa and the effect of population density on growth, monthly distribution of mean body length and mean body weight has been analyzed on the basis of monthly haul by “isazabiki” trawl during 1949 to 1953 and also 1960 to 1965.
There is no apparent sex difference in the growth in the first and second years of life.
“Isaza” population is composed of two age groups, age 0 and 1 groups (1+fish), the latter occupying by far the greater part in commercial catch.
During the growth season fishes of both ages feed mainly on zooplankton, though in winter frequently take chironomid larvae, gammaridae and others in volume.
The growth season falls in the period from April to October in both age groups.
A considerable yearly variation occurring in growth is in close connection with the fluctuation of population density of all ages.
The influence affected by the density of age 1 group is larger than that by age 0 group.
Formal techniques for performance analysis: blending SAN and PEPA
Authors: Hillston Jane , Kloul Leïla 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn this paper we consider two performance modelling techniques from the perspectives of model construction, generation of an underlying continuous time Markov process, and the potential for reduction in the Markov process. Such careful comparison of modelling techniques allows us to appreciate the strengths and weaknesses of different approaches, and facilitates cross-fertilization between them. In the present case we take a characteristic of one formalism, functional rates in Stochastic Automata Networks, and introduce it to the other formalism, Performance Evaluation Process Algebra. We investigate the benefits of this cross-fertilization, particularly from the perspectives of Markov process generation and reduction.
Being Silenced: The Impact of Negative Social Reactions on the Disclosure of Rape
Authors: Ahrens Courtney E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractRape survivors who speak out about their assault experiences are often punished for doing so when they are subjected to negative reactions from support providers. These negative reactions may thereby serve a silencing function, leading some rape survivors to stop talking about their experiences to anyone at all. The current study sought to examine this worst case scenario. Focusing on the qualitative narratives of eight rape survivors who initially disclosed the assault but then stopped disclosing for a significant period of time, this study sought to provide an in‐depth description of how negative reactions silenced these survivors. Three routes to silence were identified: 1) negative reactions from professionals led survivors to question whether future disclosures would be effective; 2) negative reactions from friends and family reinforced feelings of self‐blame; and 3) negative reactions from either source reinforced uncertainty about whether their experiences qualified as rape. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.
A dynamic mass balance model for phosphorus fluxes and concentrations in coastal areas
Authors: Håkanson Lars , Eklund Jenny M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis paper presents a general, process‐based mass balance model (CoastMab) for total phosphorus (TP) in defined coastal areas (at the ecosystem scale). The model is based on ordinary differential equations and calculates inflow, outflow and internal fluxes on a monthly basis. It consists of four compartments: surface water, deep water, erosion/transportation areas for fine sediments and accumulation areas for fine sediments. The separation between surface water and deep water is not done based on water temperature, but on sedimentological criteria instead (from the theoretical wave base). There are algorithms for all major internal TP fluxes (sedimentation, resuspension, diffusion, mixing and burial). Validations were performed using data from 21 different Baltic coastal areas. The results show that the model predicts monthly TP in water and chlorophyll a very well (generally within the uncertainty bands of the empirical data). The model has also been put through sensitivity tests, which show that the most important factor regulating the predictions of the model is generally the TP concentration in the sea beyond the coast. The model is simple to apply, since all driving variables may be accessed from maps or monitoring programs. The driving variables include coastal area, section area (between the defined coastal area and the adjacent sea), mean and maximum depths, latitude (used to predict water temperatures, stratification and mixing), salinity and TP concentration in the sea. Many of the model structures are general and could be used for areas other than those included in this study, e.g., for open coasts, estuaries or tidal coasts, as well as for other substances than phosphorus.
Non‐random structure of a guild of geckos in a fragmented, human‐altered, African rainforest
Authors: Luiselli Luca , Eniang Edem A. , Akani Godfrey C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWe examined the guild structure of geckos at a farmbush–rainforest mosaic area in southern Nigeria, during three independent survey periods (i.e. dry season of 1997, 2001, and 2005). We used several simulation descriptors (C value, V ratio, number of checkerboard species pairs, number of species combinations), generated by Monte Carlo methods, to contrast the actual data matrix with the randomly generated data matrix. We calculated the relative availability and use by species of habitat types and microhabitat types at each of these survey periods and also studied temporal niche aspects. We found that our gecko guild was composed of six species, including native forest specialists as well as native habitat generalists and exotic species linked to human‐made habitats. Monte Carlo simulations revealed the occurrence of a structure in the guild under study with regard to habitat type but not with regard to (a) two types of microhabitat uses (i.e. perch height and size of trees) and (b) daily time. The use of simulation analyses also demonstrated that the various species that were similar in terms of habitat use partitioned their microhabitat niche, reducing potential interspecific competition. On the other hand, those species that were clearly separated with regard to habitat type readily frequented the same microhabitats within different habitat types.