bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of different dry materials to control the moisture in a black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) rearing substrate
Authors: Laksanawimol Parichart , Anukun Pritsana , Thancharoen Anchana 
Published: March 2024

Background
Controlling the substrate moisture is a significant challenge in black soldier fly (BSF) farming. Many substrates have a high moisture content, which results in a low BSF biomass and a high mortality. One potential solution involves incorporating dry substrates into the food mix to mitigate the excessive moisture. However, little information about the types and quantities of dry substrates is available.

Methods
Six different dry materials–rice husk (RH), rice bran (RB), rice husk ash (RHA), coconut coir dust (CC), rubberwood sawdust (RSD), and spent coffee grounds (SCGs)–were evaluated by combining with pure minced mixed vegetables in varying proportions (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 25%, and 50% by weight). This study encompassed both small-scale and medium-scale experiments to comprehensively assess the effects of the addition of each of these different dry substrates and their quantities on aspects of the development of BSF, such as BSF biomass, larval duration, mortality rates, adult sex ratio, and the moisture removal efficiency of each substrate mixture.

Results
Each dry substrate had specific properties. Although RB emerged as a favorable dry substrate owing to its nutritional content and substantial water-holding capacity, excessive use of RB (>15% by weight) resulted in elevated temperatures and subsequent desiccation of the substrate, potentially leading to larval mortality. In contrast, RH demonstrated the ability to support improved larval duration and growth, permitting its utilization in higher proportions (up to 50%). On the other hand, CC, RHA, and SCG are better suited for inclusion in BSF larval substrates in smaller quantities.

Discussion
Some dry substrates require a pretreatment process to eliminate toxic substances prior to their incorporation into substrate mixtures, such as CC and SCG. A potential alternative solution involves employing a combination of various dry substrates. This approach aims to enhance the substrate moisture control and subsequently improve the BSF rearing performance.
Task prioritisation in multitasking during driving: opportunity to abort a concurrent task does not insulate braking responses from dual‐task slowing
Authors: Levy Jonathan , Pashler Harold 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn typical dual‐task driving studies, participants concurrently perform pairs of driving‐related and ‐unrelated tasks (e.g. vehicle braking and mental arithmetic). Requiring responses to both may implicitly equate their importance. In real‐life driving, however, the potential for collision dictates that a concurrent task should be assigned far lower priority than driving. To better reflect naturalistic driving conditions, we not only instructed participants to assign maximum priority to braking in a simulated driving task, but also encouraged them to ignore the concurrent task altogether on dual‐task trials. Despite these instructions, responses to the concurrent task often preceded braking, which suffered from dual‐task interference. We also found that redundant signals to the lead vehicle's brake lights resulted in faster braking responses and an increased likelihood that the braking response would occur first. The results are consistent with the Central Bottleneck (CB) model of dual‐task interference and may help guide the design of driver‐assistance systems. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cytocompatible Hydrogels Based on Photocrosslinkable Methacrylated O‐Carboxymethylchitosan with Tunable Charge: Synthesis and Characterization
Authors: Poon Y. F. , Zhu Y. B. , Shen J. Y. , Chan‐Park M. B. , Ng S. C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIonic hydrogels are attractive for the protection, delivery and controlled release of charged biomacromolecules such as proteins, growth factors or DNA. We have prepared and characterized a series of photocrosslinked anionic hydrogels based on water soluble methacrylated (MA) O‐carboxymethylchitosan (OCMCS) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) diacrylate. OCMCS samples with varying degree of substitution of carboxymethyl group ranging from 0.69 to 1.86 were prepared by reacting native chitosan with different amounts of monochloroacetic acid. The OCMCS products demonstrated differences in solubility, zeta potential (–52.7 to –12.8 mV) and thermal decomposition temperature (260 to 283 °C). The OCMCS products were then reacted with glycidyl methacrylate to make ultra‐violet (UV) crosslinkable OCMCS‐MAs which were blended with PEG diacrylate, a photoinitiator and water and successfully photocrosslinked to create OCMCS‐MA/PEG hydrogels. Water uptake of the hydrogels varied between 226 % to 358 % and the porous structures of the prepared OCMCS‐MA/PEG hydrogels could be modulated by the degree of methacrylation. All the OCMCS‐MA/PEG hydrogel substrates similarly supported attachment and proliferation of Smooth Muscle Cells (SMCs). The in vitro biodegradation of these hydrogels, in the presence of SMCs, could be controlled by the degree of methacrylation; weight loss after 9‐week was (15±1) % and (19±2) % using OCMCS 4‐MA (12.7 % MA) and OCMCS 1‐MA (4.6 % MA), respectively. In addition, the hydrogel based on the most anionic OCMCS 1 showed higher adsorption of basic TGF‐β1 than similarly modified ‐agarose, ‐dextran, and ‐chondroitin sulfate hydrogels.
Synthesis and characterization of novel poly(o‐toluidine) montmorillonite nanocomposites: Effect of surfactant on intercalation
Authors: Singhal Rahul , Datta Monika 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe investigation of clay based polymer nanocomposites has opened the door for the development of novel, ecofriendly advanced nano materials that can be safely recycled. Because of their nanometer size dispersion, these nanocomposites often have superior physical and mechanical properties. In this study, novel nanocomposites of poly(o‐toluidine) (POT) and organically modified montmorillonite (MMT) were synthesized using camphor sulfonic acid (CSA), cetyl pyridinum chloride (CPCl), and N‐cetyl‐N,N,N‐trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) to study the role of surfactant modification on the intercalation. The in situ intercalative polymerization of POT within the organically modified MMT layers was analyzed by FTIR, UV–visible, XRD, SEM as well as TEM studies. The average particle size of the nanocomposites was found to be in the range 80–100 nm. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Swelling and network parameters of pH‐sensitive poly(acrylamide‐co‐acrylic acid) hydrogels
Authors: Turan Eylem , Çaykara Tuncer 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPoly(acrylamide‐co‐acrylic acid) [P(AAm‐co‐AAc)] hydrogels were synthesized by the free‐radical crosslinking copolymerization of acrylamide (AAm) monomer at fixed amount, but at changing amount of acrylic acid (AAc) as the ionic comonomer in water. The swelling behavior of the hydrogels thus obtained was analyzed in buffer solutions at various pHs. The polymer‐solvent interaction parameter (χ) and the average molecular mass between crosslinks (Mc) of the hydrogels were calculated from swelling studies in buffer solutions at various pHs and were related to the AAc content. The results indicated that the swelling behavior of the hydrogels at different pHs agreed with the modified Flory–Rehner equation based on the affine network model and the ideal Donnan theory. In addition, from differential curves of dOv/dpH versus pH, the volume phase transition pH (VPT‐pH) was found to be 4.33 ± 0.05, independent of the AAc content in the hydrogel. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to identify the morphological changes in the hydrogel as the concentration of AAc increased. In water at 22°C, an increase of the AAc content further increased the response rate of the hydrogels because of simultaneous increase of both the porosity and hydrophilicity of the network. In buffer solution with a pH increase from 9.0 to 2.0 at 22°C, the hydrogels with more AAc also exhibited a more rapid deswelling rate than that of the hydrogels with less AAc. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Synthesis and characterization of β‐CD derivatized bovine serum albumin protein as chiral selector in pressurized capillary electrochromatography
Authors: Dai Rongji , Tang Li , Li Hong , Deng Yulin , Fu Ruonong , Parveen Zahida 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe synthesis and characterization of β‐cyclodextrin derivatized bovine serum albumin (β‐CD‐BSA) as chiral selector in pressurized capillary electrochromatography were investigated in this article. β‐CD‐BSA was synthesized by crosslinking β‐cyclodextrin and BSA using ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether in boric acid buffer at pH 8.7. The internal surface of the fused silica capillary was coated with amino groups using triethoxylmethylsiloxane and (3‐aminopropyl)trimethoxysiloxane by sol–gel technology. Then the inner surface of the capillary was further changed to aldehyde groups surface after being treated using glutaraldehyde. β‐CD‐BSA aqueous solution was pumped in to the capillary, and β‐CD‐BSA was successfully covalently bonded to the inner surface of the capillary. Chlorpheniramine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, and ibuprofen were separated by β‐CD‐BSA modified capillary. The operation voltage has certain effect on the separation of the enantiomers. The data showed that higher operation voltage resulted in good separation of tryptophane. However, when the other chiral selectors, β‐CD and BSA were employed, the racemic tryptophan was not separated. This indicated that a good chiral separation was obtained when β‐CD‐BSA was used as chiral selector. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Parameter Estimation and Model Selection for Neyman‐Scott Point Processes
Authors: Tanaka Ushio , Ogata Yosihiko , Stoyan Dietrich 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper proposes an approximative method for maximum likelihood estimation of parameters of Neyman‐Scott and similar point processes. It is based on the point pattern resulting from forming all difference points of pairs of points in the window of observation. The intensity function of this constructed point process can be expressed in terms of second‐order characteristics of the original process. This opens the way to parameter estimation, if the difference pattern is treated as a non‐homogeneous Poisson process. The computational feasibility and accuracy of this approach is examined by means of simulated data. Furthermore, the method is applied to two biological data sets. For these data, various cluster process models are considered and compared with respect to their goodness‐of‐fit. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Phosphorothiolate Analogues of Phosphatidylinositols as Assay Substrates for Phospholipase C
Authors: Liu Yinghui , Mihai Cornelia , Kubiak Robert J. , Rebecchi Mario , Bruzik Karol S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAccurate measurement of phosphatidylinositol‐specific phospholipase C (PI‐PLC) activity is important in view of the key role of this enzyme in signal‐transduction pathways. In this work we synthesized enantiomerically pure phosphorothiolate analogues of all natural PI‐PLC substrates, including those of phosphatidylinositol 4,5‐bisphosphate (PI‐4,5‐P2), 4‐phosphate (PI‐4‐P), 5‐phosphate (PI‐5‐P) and unphosphorylated PI, in both long‐ and short‐chain versions. The enzymatic cleavage of these substrates produces thiol analogues of diacyl glycerol, which can be quantified by UV absorbance after treatment with dipyridyl disulfide. The monodisperse dihexanoyl derivatives are suitable substrates for PI‐PLC assay: they give rise to high enzyme activity, and provide excellent linear kinetic responses. For all substrates, we found a good linear correlation between the reaction rate and the amount of enzyme; this indicated the suitability of this assay for enzyme quantification. The short‐chain substrates enable the enzyme specificity with variously phosphorylated inositol head groups to be established—unobstructed by substrate aggregation, “scooting” kinetics on micelles, or surface dilution effects. The kinetic results indicated allosteric behavior of PLC for all substrates tested. We found that substrates phosphorylated at the inositol 4‐position (phosphorothiolate analogues of PI‐4,5‐P2 and PI‐4‐P) displayed very similar kinetic properties, and were cleaved with ∼20‐ to 30‐fold higher activity than the 4‐nonphosphorylated substrates (analogues of PI‐5‐P and PI). Hence it appears that interactions between the enzyme and the 4‐phosphate group of the substrate, but not its 5‐phosphate group, is important for PI‐PLC catalysis. In addition, the binding affinities of all four substrate types were found to be quite similar; this indicates that the energy of enzyme interaction with the 4‐phosphate group is directed almost entirely to catalysis.
Optimization of Carbon Dioxide Fixation by Chlorella vulgaris Cultivated in a Membrane‐Photobioreactor
Authors: Fan L.‐H. , Zhang Y.‐T. , Cheng L.‐H. , Zhang L. , Tang D.‐S. , Chen H.‐L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn this paper, an enclosed membrane‐photobioreactor was designed to remove CO2 using Chlorella vulgaris. The performances of four reactors, which included the presented novel bioreactor, a draft tube airlift photobioreactor, a bubble column and a membrane contactor, were compared. The effects of the gas flow rate, light intensity, quality of the inner light source, and the characteristics of membrane module on CO2 fixation were investigated. The results showed that the rate of CO2 fixation in the membrane‐photobioreactor was 0.95–5.40 times higher than that in the other three conventional reactors under the optimal operating conditions
Hexaalkyl Terpyrrole: A New Building Block for the Preparation of Expanded Porphyrins
Authors: Sessler Jonathan L. , Weghorn Steven J. , Hiseada Yoshio , Lynch Vincent 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA new, general synthesis of the first β‐substituted tetra‐ and hexaalkyl terpyrroles is described. Also described are two new classes of expanded porphyrins derived from the hexaalkyl terpyrrole. The key step in the terpyrrole formation is the copper(II)‐mediated oxidative coupling of the LDA‐derived enolates of α‐keto pyrroles. The first new expanded porphyrin reported here, the so‐called “orangarin”, contains five pyrrolic subunits and two bridging carbon atoms, and is formally a 20π‐electron nonaromatic macrocycle. The second new class of expanded porphyrins, the “amethyrins”, are 24π‐electron nonaromatic macrocycles containing six pyrrole units. Both of these new macrocycles, as well as one of the new terpyrrolic precursors have been structurally characterized by single crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis.
5,10,15,20‐Tetraphenylsapphyrin‐Identification of a Pentapyrrolic Expanded Porphyrin in the Rothemund Synthesis
Authors: Chmielewski Piotr J. , Latos‐Grażyński Lechoslaw , Rachlewicz Krystyna 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe Rothemund‐type condensation of pyrrole and benzaldehyde yields, apart from 5,10,15,20‐tetraphenylporphyrin (TPPH2) and inverted tetraphenylporphyrin 2‐aza‐21‐carba‐5,10,15,20‐tetraphenylporphyrin (CTPPH2), a unique pentapyrrolic macrocyclic molecule with the aromatic nucleus of sapphyrin, namely, 5,10,15,20‐tetraphenylsapphyrin (TPSH3). Its unorthodox structural skeleton with an inverted pyrrole ring lying opposite to the bipyrrole unit accounts for the spectroscopic properties of the novel sapphyrin. The diprotonation of TPSH3 acts as a trigger for a structural transformation involving a flip of the pyrrole units, which relocates the 27‐NH pyrrolic nitrogen from the periphery into the center of the macrocycle. The formation of 5,10,15,20‐tetraphenylsapphyrin proves that the pentapyrrolic product is accessible by the mechanism of the Rothemund synthesis.
Hydrophobic Concave Surfaces and Cavities by Combination of Calix[4]arenes and Resorcin[4]arenes
Authors: Timmerman Peter , Nierop Klaas G. A. , Brinks Erik A. , Verboom Willem , van Veggel Frank C. J. M. , van Hoorn Willem P. , Reinhoudt David N. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractCoupling reactions of calix[4]arenes and modified resorcin[4]arenes have been investigated. Reaction of mono(chloroacetamido)calix[4]arene 4 with tetrahydroxycavitand 9 gave the 1:1 coupled product 13 in 61% yield. Combination of upper‐rim 1,3‐difunctionalized calix[4]arene 5 with 9 afforded predominantly the 2:1 calix‐resorcinarene 18 in 47% yield. Reaction of 1,2‐difunctionalized calix[4]arene 6 with 9 gave five products, namely, endo 1:1 (19), exo 1:1 (20), endo‐endo 2:1 (21), endo‐exo 2:1 (22), and exo‐exo 2:1 (23) in ratios that depend on the reaction conditions. The stereochemistry of the different products was determined with NOESY experiments. The structures of 21 a and 23 b were calculated by using molecular mechanics, which revealed that intramolecular hydrogen bonds are only present in the former. Reaction of 1,2‐bis(chloroacetamido)calix[4]arene 26, which has two additional nitro groups at the remaining aromatic rings, with 9 yielded three different products, namely, endo 1:1 (28), endo‐endo 2:1 (30), and endo‐exo 2:1 (32) in ratios that depend on the reaction conditions. There is a preference for the endo orientation in the formation of the 1:1 coupled product, probably owing to an interaction of the nitro groups with the cavitand in the transition state. After conversion of the nitro groups in 28 into chloroacetamido moieties, reaction with Cs2CO3 in DMF under high‐dilution conditions afforded holand 33 in 26% yield together with calix[4]arene‐based carceplex 34 with an encapsulated DMF molecule (27% yield). Holand 33 was obtained in 33% yield by reaction of the tetrakis(chloroacetamide) endo‐endo 2:1 isomer 31 with tetrahydroxycavitand 9. Holand 33 contains a cavity of nanosize dimensions. Molecular mechanics simulations indicate that holand 33 adopts a conformation with eight hydrogen bonds and a large, preorganized cavity with two entrances of smaller dimensions. Molecular dynamics simulations of holand 33 in both CHCl3 and THF showed that four solvent molecules can be accommodated in the cavity at well‐defined positions.
Dendrimers of Nanometer Size Based on Metal Complexes: Luminescent and Redox‐Active Polynuclear Metal Complexes Containing up to Twenty‐Two Metal Centers
Authors: Campagna Sebastiano , Denti Gianfranco , Serroni Scolastica , Juris Alberto , Venturi Margherita , Ricevuto Vittorio , Balzani Vincenzo 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTreelike (dendritic) structures made of RuII‐polypyridine complexes have been prepared by the “complexes‐as‐metals and complexes‐as‐ligands” synthetic strategy. The key building blocks are RuII complexes of the 2,3‐bis‐(2‐pyridyl)pyrazine(2,3‐dpp) bridging ligand, where one of the two chelating sites can be protected by methylation. Dendrimers containing four, ten, and twenty‐two metal ions have been obtained. These dendrimers exhibit strong absorption in the UV/Vis spectral region, a moderately strong red luminescence, and a great number of metal‐based oxidation and ligand‐based reduction processes. The nature of the terminal ligands determines in which subunits of the supramolecular array the HOMO and LUMO orbitals and the luminescent excited state are localized. The reported synthetic strategy is efficient, characterized by a full, step‐by‐step control of the growth process, and can be easily extended to building blocks containing other metals and/or ligands.
The Structural Properties of Uncompressed Crystalline Monolayers of Alcohols CnH2n+1 OH (n = 13–31) on Water and Their Role as Ice Nucleators
Authors: Majewski Jaroslaw , Popovitz‐Biro Ronit , Bouwman Wim G. , Kjaer Kristian , Als‐Nielsen Jens , Lahav Meir , Leiserowitz Leslie 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA systematic analysis of grazing incidence synchrotron X‐ray diffraction data of uncompressed amphiphilic alcohols CnH2n+1 OH (n = 31, 30, 23, 20, 19, 18, 16, 14, 13) on a water subphase at 5°C is presented. Pronounced structural changes were observed on reduction of chain length from n = 31 to 13. The relative amount of two dimensional (2‐D) crystalline material formed fell drastically; shorter crystalline coherence lengths were also observed. For n–31–18 the molecules are arranged in a rectangular cell (a ≈ 5 Å, b increases from ca. 7.4 to ca. 8.2 Å) with plane symmetry p1 g1. For n < 18 a tilted free‐rotator phase is probably adopted. The two glide‐related molecules in the unit cell form a herringbone arrangement in which the chain axes are parallel and separated by [(a + b)/2]. The molecular chains are tilted from the vertical in the b direction; the tilt angle increases from ca. 7° to ca. 21° over the range n = 31 to 19, and then drops to 12° for n = 13. There is a continuous increase in molecular cross‐sectional area from 18.4 to 20.3 Å2 and in the atomic displacement parameter parallel to the water surface; it increases from 0.1 Å2 for n = 31 to 0.30 Å2 for n = 19. We explain the preference for chain tilt along the b axis, rather than a, in terms of hydrogen bonding to the water subphase. The various structural properties of the CnH2n+2OH (n = 31–13) monolayer series, such as degree of crystallinity and coherence length, lattice dimensions, chain orientation, and molecular motion, may be correlated with the ice‐nucleating efficiency of these alcohol monolayers as a function of n.
New Coordinatively Unsaturated Lutetium Mono‐ and Bis(alkyl) Complexes with a Bis(ortho)‐Chelating Aryldiamine Ligand—Crystal Structures of [LuCl2{2,6‐(Me2NCH2)2C6H3}(μ‐Cl)(μ‐Li(thf)2)]2 and [Lu(μ‐Cl){2,6‐(Me2NCH2)2C6H3}(CH2SiMe3)]2
Authors: Hogerheide Marinus P. , Grove David M. , Boersma Jaap , Jastrzebski Johann T. B. H. , Kooijman Huub , Spek Anthony L. , van Koten Gerard 
Published: July 2007

AbstractNew complexes of lutetium and yttrium containing the monoanionic, terdentate ligand [2,6‐(Me2NCH2)2C6H3]− (NCN) have been synthesized by substitution reactions starting from MCl3 (M = Lu, Y). Reaction of MCl3 (M = Y, Lu) with one equivalent of (NCN)Li affords the ate complexes [(NCN)MCl2(μ‐Cl)(μ‐Li(thf)2)]2) (M = Lu (1a), Y (1b)) in which the terdentate ligand is bound in mer fashion and all three chloride atoms are retained in the product. Crystals of 1a are monoclinic (space group P21/n, a =10.4559(4), b = 21.6150(9), c=12.1700(7) Å, β = 105.294(4)°, Z = 2, final R = 0.039 for 3695 observed reflections [I>2.50σ(I)]). Attempted substitution of chloride in the yttrium complex 1b by Me3SiCH leads to decomposition. However, reaction of 1a with Me3SiCH2Li gives the monoalkyl complex [(NCN)Lu‐(μ‐Cl)(CH2SiMe3)]2 2, 30% yield), in which the terdentate ligand is bound in a pseudo‐facial manner. Crystals of 2 are triclinic (space group P1, a = 9.8575(7), b = 10.0171(7), c = 11.1460(14) Å, α = 75.096(8). β = 78.092(8), γ =77.474(6)°, Z = 1, final R1 = 0.11 for 1361 reflections [I 2σ(I)]). Substitution of the chloride ions in 2 by Me3SiCH is possible and affords quantitatively the bisalkyl complex [(NCN)Lu(CH2SiMe3)2] (3). The lutetium complexes 2 and 3 are formally coordinatively unsaturated complexes, which are moisture‐sensitive and thermally stable for several weeks when dissolved in aromatic solvents. However, they decompose rapidly in aliphatic solvents such as hexane, and a decomposition route involving the formation of carbene species is proposed.