bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nichtlineare Wellenleiter der Physik und ihr Vergleich mit Nervenleitungen
Authors: Wolter Hans 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDie hohe Sicherheit der Signalübermittlung in Nerven des Menschen und der höheren Tiere trotz mangelhafter Isolierung und trotz energiereicher Störungen beruht auf der Nichtlinearität der Synapsen und der Schnürringe. Physikalische Modelle werden mitgeteilt, die zum Verständnis der Wirksamkeit von Nichtlinearitäten beitragen und zugleich quantitative Aussagen über die Sicherheit von Nervenleitungen bringen, sobald eine Größe, das “Gauß‐Äquivalent” γ der Nervenleitung, gemessen sein wird. Solange γ unbekannt ist, wird die Annahme γ ≈ 1 zu ausreichenden Abschätzungen führen.
The Post‐NEWTONian Effect of Gravitation and the Retardation of the Gravitational Potential in Classical and Relativistic Theories of Gravitation
Authors: Treder H.‐J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractFor planetary motions the post‐NEWTONian approximations of classical, special‐relativistic, and general‐covariant theories are compared. It is shown that, in this approximation, the anisotropy terms, which occur in the effective interaction potential in classical and special‐relativistic theories, suggest a retardation of gravitation. In the post‐NEWTONian approximation of general‐covariant theories the fixation of a retardation velocity is equivalent to coordinate conditions. – All post‐NEWTONian corrections are dipole‐like ones, while, according to GAUSS, the classical perturbation theory generally leads to quadrupole‐like corrections of the perturbation potential.
Unified Field Theory with EINSTEINian Photons and Heavy Bosons as Field Quants
Authors: Treder H.‐J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAfter discussing in two previous papers [1, 2] the classical electrodynamics which corresponds to the quantum electrodynamics with two sorts of photons (photons with zero rest mass and nonvanishing rest mass), in the present paper the general field theory of a vector field Av with two sorts if field quanta is given. It is shown that the postulate of the “unity of the four‐current” determining the physical contents of this theory makes it possible to regard it as a classical ansatz of a unified theory of the electromagnetic and the weak interactions.From the “unity of the currents” results that the electrons are δ‐like point‐particles with a finite self‐potential and finite field masses M = ε2/2 kc−2. The COMPTON wave‐length of the heavy photons k−1 = h/mc has the meaning of an “elementary length” for the electromagnetic interactions and the rest mass m = khc−1 of these bosons is of the order of a baryon mass.
2nd Class Currents in Neutrino Reactions
Authors: Rodenberg R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe influence of 2nd class currents in neutrino reactions is investigated. We show that WEINBERG'S unified model of electromagnetic and weak interactions implies both neutral and 2nd class currents. Possible experimental effects due to 2nd class neutral weak currents are discussed. Further, we investigate implications of 2nd class charged currents for hadronic neutral weak currents. It is shown that if 2nd class charged currents exist, the isospin I = 1 axial‐vector neutral current must be a “new” current, or it must contain a “new” I = 1 part. 2nd class charged currents are excluded if the I = 1 axial‐vector neutral current is “old”, i.e., if it is proportional to the third component of the charged current. Then also the proportionality constant is real. CP invariance is assumed throughout the discussion.
Bound State Effects in Quantum Transport Theory
Authors: Ebeling W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA quantum kinetical equation for the one‐particle density operator for inhomogeneous multi component non‐ideal gases is derived taking into account retardation effects and external fields. It is shown that the interactions give rise to additional contributions to the quantities in the transport equation. In some terms (e.g., internal energy, pressure, effective external force) the interaction effects are strong in the presence of bound states and yield contributions of the order exp (—E10/kT) where E10 is the ground state energy of bound pairs of particles. Other terms (e.g. friction forces) are rather insensitive with respect to the presence of bound states. An interpretation of these effects in terms of the mass action law is given using the principle of equivalence between bound states and particles.
Analytic Treatment of Proton Induced Electromagnetic Cascades
Authors: Barmo S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe electromagnetic cascade induced by the π0's produced by the interaction of a proton and its secondaries (mainly π±'s) is described.Simple considerations indicate that a large part of the energy of the proton is used to produce π0's (see Appendix B). Using the scaling hypothesis of FEYNMAN we derive analytical solutions for the cascade equations.The solution indicate that at the beginning of the cascade the π0's produced by the nucleon are more important for the development of the cascade than those produced by π±'s. The situation changes with increasing atmospheric depth. The average energy of the electrons and photons is nearly the same as indicated by the above mentioned simple considerations. A comparison with a photon induced cascade shows that the proton induced electromagnetic cascade is developing slowly and living longer.
Sättigungsspektroskopie mit verzögerten Impulsen
Authors: Mohr U. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDie Breite und die Tiefe des im Absorptionsprofil eines schwachen Probeimpulses entstehenden Lambdips werden für den Fall theoretisch untersucht, daß der sich in entgegengesetzter Richtung ausbreitende starke Sättigungsimpuls das absorbierende gasförmige Medium beim Eintreffen des Probeimpulses schon vollständig durchlaufen hat. Letzterer wird als rechteckförmig oder exponentiell abklingend angenommen, und weiterhin werden geschwindigkeitsändernde Stöße vernachlässigt. Es zeigt sich, daß der Lambdip bei starker Doppler‐Verbreiterung und im Grenzfall großer Sättigung die Gestalt einer Lorentzkurve hat, deren Tiefe mit zunehmender Zeitverzögerung zwischen den Impulsen und mit wachsender Probeimpulslänge abnimmt, während ihre durch die Intensitätsverbreiterung bestimmte Halbwertsbreite konstant bleibt.Zur Durchführung der Untersuchungen dient der Dichtematrixformalismus, in dem kohärente Effekte Berücksichtigung finden, und die Resultate werden mit denjenigen verglichen, die sich bei bloßer Betrachtung der Sättigung der Niveaubesetzung ergeben.
Zur Theorie der strahlungslosen Energierelaxation vieler miteinander wechselwirkender Molekülnormalschwingungen
Authors: Paerschke H. , Süsse K.‐E. , Welsch D.‐G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAuf der Grundlage einer von den Autoren entwickelten Relaxationstheorie wird im Rahmen einer Bilanzgleichungstheorie die Energiedissipation und ‐übertragung in einem aus einer Vielzahl miteinander wechselwirkender Molekülnormalschwingungen bestehenden System unter Umgehung der üblichen Wärmebadnäherung untersucht. Eine Spezialisierung wird für den Fall vorgenommen, daß es sich jeweils um gleiche Schwingungen räumlich dicht angeordneter Moleküle handelt. Für unterschiedliche Wechselwirkungspotentiale werden verallgemeinerte, zeitabhängige Dämpfungsgrößen berechnet und mit ihrer Hilfe das zu erwartende nichtexponentielle Relaxationsverhalten abgeschätzt.
Einfluß von Drehungen auf die piezoelektrische und photoelastische Wechselwirkung im kristallinen Medium
Authors: Macheleidt G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWegen der Drehmomente, die durch die elektrische Polarisation im Festkörper erzeugt werden, ist der Spannungstensor nicht mehr symmetrisch, so daß auch der antisymmetrische Anteil des Distorsionstensors thermodynamische Zustandsvariable wird. Die entsprechenden antisymmetrischen Anteile der piezoelektrischen und photoelastischen Materialtensoren werden durch die spontane elektrische Polarisation bzw. die lineare elektrische Suszeptibilität ausgedrückt. Einige Konsequenzen werden ‐ auch hinsichtlich numerischer Werte ‐ diskutiert.
Dao Scaling Model and Sea Level Cosmic Ray Muon Spectrum from Goddard Space Flight Group Measured Primary Proton Spectrum
Authors: Bhattacharyya D. P. , Roychoudhury R. K. , Basu D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA new type of scaling model for p + p → π− + X inclusive reactions, proposed by DAO et al., is applied to derive the sea level muon spectrum. The nucleon spectrum data of Goddard Space Flight Group were taken as input. It is found that the sea level muon spectrum depends explicitly on the average value of the FEYNMAN variable x whose most probable value is estimated to be 0.18.
Orientierung nematischer Phasen im Magnetfeld
Authors: Braun P. , Grande S. , Limmer S. , Hillner B. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractEs werden zwei Methoden zur Bestimmung der Rückorientierungszeiten τ0r des Direktors in der nematischen Phase von flüssig‐kristallinen Substanzen im äußeren Magnetfeld beschrieben. Beide Verfahren liefern die gleichen Aussagen; ihre Vor‐ und Nachteile werden gegenübergestellt. Die ersten Resultate zeigen, daß die aus der Kontinuumstheorie resultierende Bedingung tan Φ ∞e−t/τ0r erfüllt wird (Φ Drehwinkel). Im Anhang diskutieren wir Optimierungsbedingungen für die Impulsmethode.
Vakuum‐Lichtgeschwindigkeit und differentielle Aberration
Authors: Treder H.‐J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractLaplace hat 1796 im Rahmen der Newtonschen Gravitationstheorie und der Newtonschen Emanationstheorie des Lichtes die Hypothese abgeleitet, daß die effektive Lichtgeschwindigkeit c* des Lichtes eine Funktion des Gravitationspotentials am Ort r = R seiner Emission ist:

equation image

Laplace, Olbers u. a. schlossen hieraus auf eine differentielle Aberration des Lichtes verschiedener kosmischer Quellen. – Einsteins Relativitätsprinzipien lehren dagegen die Unabhängigkeit der Lichtgeschwindigkeit von den Quellen. Dieses Lichtprinzip ist fundamental für die Einsteinschen Relativitätstheorien. Merkwürdigerweise scheint aber Laplaces Hypothese noch nicht direkt und streng experimentell widerlegt worden zu sein.
Theory of Gravitational‐Inertial Field of Universe
Authors: Davtyan O. K. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn this paper the basic proposition is a generalization of the metric tensor by introduction of an inertial field tensor satisfying ∇iglm  glm;i ≠ 0. On the basis of variational equations a system of more general covariant equations of gravitational‐inertial field is obtained. In Einstein's approximation these equations reduce to the field equations of Einstein. The solution of fundamental problems of generl taheory of relativity by means of the new equations give the same results as Einstein's equations. However application of these equations to the cosmologic problem leads to following results: 1. All Galaxies in the Universe (actually all bodies if gravitational attraction is not considered) “disperse” from each other according to Hubble's law. Thus contrary to Friedmann's theory (according to which the “expansion of Universe” began from the singular state with an infinite velocity) the velocity of “dispersion” of bodies begins from the zero value and in the limit tends to the velocity of light. 2. The “dispertion” of bodies represents a free motion in the inertial field and Hubble's law represents a law of motion of free bodies in the inertial field ‐ the law of inertia.All critical systems (with Schwarzschild radius) are specific because they exist in maximal inertial and gravitational potentials. The Universe represents a critical system, it exists under the Schwarzschild radius. In the high‐potential inertial and gravitational fields the material mass in a static state or in the process of motion with decelleration is subject to an inertial and gravitational “annihilation”. Under the maximal value of inertial and gravitational potentials (= c2) the material mass is completely “evaporated” transforming into a radiation mass. The latter is concentrated in the “horizon” of the critical system.All critical systems –“black holes”‐ represent geon systems, i.e., the local formations of gravitational‐electromagnetic radiations, held together by their own gravitational and inertial fields. The Universe, being a critical system, is “wrapped” in a geon crown.The Universe is in a state of dynamical equilibrium. Near the external part of its boundary surface a transformation of matter into electromagnetic‐gravitational‐neutrineal energy (geon mass) takes place. Inside the Universe, in the galaxies takes place the synthesis of matter from geon mass, penetrating from the external part of the world (from geon crown) by means of a tunneling mechanism.The geon system may be considered as a natural entire cybernetic system.
Radiation Properties of a Continuously Pumped Two‐Atom System
Authors: Steudel H. , Richter Th. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractRadiation rate, angular distribution, spectrum, and intensity correlations of the radiation of a continuously pumped two‐atom system are calculated using Lehmberg's master equation and the fluctuation‐regression theorem. As one remarkable result we found that under certain conditions an increasing radiation rate can be accompanied by a spectral narrowing, see Fig. 4.
Teilchen‐Modelle und effektive Radien in der Allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie
Authors: Treder H.‐J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractFür die allgemeine Relativitätstheorie formulierte EINSTEIN das „Teilchen‐Problem”︁ als Gravitations‐Analogon der Teilchen‐Modelle in den klassischen speziell‐relativistischen Feldtheorien. Wir zeigen, daß auch in den Teilchen‐Modellen gemäß der Allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie ein effektiver Teilchen‐Radius resultiert; dieser ist hier durch den Schwarzschild‐Radius zur mechanischen Masse m eines Teilchens gegeben. Aber diese Teilchen mit endlichem Teilchen‐Radius sind nicht selbstkonsistent.
Inclusive Single Particle Distributions from the Dual Fermion Model
Authors: Becker L. , Biebl K.‐J. , Weigt G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractInclusive single particle distributions are calculated from the discontinuity of a phenomenological 4π NN amplitude obtained from the Neveu‐Schwarz‐Ramond dual fermion model. In contrast to former calculations using the conventional Veneziano B6‐function we get a correct triple Regge behaviour at x ≈ 1 with correct pole position in the t‐channel which is able to reproduce the data. The pomeron, not contained in the dual Born amplitude, is taken into account phenomenologically in the NN channel. Other pomeron contributions are subtracted from the data. We compare the inclusive pion distributions of the model in the beam fragmentation and central region with experimental data for reactions π + N → + X at 8 and 16 GeV/c.
On the Interaction of Fermion and Boson Fields with the Gravitational Field
Authors: Kasper U. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWe point out that the gravitational field taken by itself cannot be considered as a gauge field. Only an affinity and not a metric can serve as a gauge field. Originally, metric and affinity are completely independent of each other. This fact allows in a natural way to formulate a restricted principle of relativity, according to which only fermion fields may show that there exist a priori distinguished frames of reference. Furthermore, we can couple the gravitational field to boson and fermion fields such that the flat metric or tetrads orthonormalized with respect to this flat metric appearing in the special relativistic matter Lagrangian, are replaced by a Riemannian metric and tetrads orthonormalized with respect to this metric (principle of most minimal gravitational coupling). This coupling principle is a strong restriction on the existence of independent boson fields. Only scalar and vector fields and their different pseudoquantities are possible as independent fields. Boson fields of higher rank are to be considered as fusions of these (pseudo)scalar and (pseudo)vector fields. Theire field equations follow from those of the (pseudo)scalar and (pseudo)vector fields.
Theory of Gravitational‐Inertial Field of Universe. I. Gravitational‐Inertial Field Equations
Authors: Davtyan O. K. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn the series of present articles the original proposition is a generalization of the real world tensor by the introduction of a inertial field tensor. From this generalization it follows, particularly, that ∇iglm  glm;i ≠ 0. This allows to use as a Lagrangian density of the field the expression Ag = k1 glm;iglm ;kgik. On the basis of variational equations a system of more general covariant equations of the gravitational‐inertial field is obtained. In the Einstein approximation these equations reduce to the field equations of Einstein. The solution of fundamental problems in the general theory of relativity by means of the new equations gives the same results as the solution by means of Einstein's equations. However, application of these equations to the cosmologic problem gives a result different from that obtained by Friedmann's theory. In particular, the solution gives the Hubble law as the law of motion of a free body in the inertial field ‐ in contrast to Galileo‐Newton's law.
Theory of Gravitational‐Inertial Field of Universe. II. On Critical Systems in Universe
Authors: Davtyan O. K. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractApplication of the equations of the gravitational‐inertial field to the problem of free motion in the inertial field (to the cosmologic problem) leads to results according to which 1. all Galaxies in the Universe “disperse” from each other according to Hubble's law, 2. the “dispersion” of bodies represents a free motion in the inertial field and Hubble's law represents a law of motion of free body in the inertial field, 3. for arbitrary mean distribution densities of space masses different from zero the space is Lobachevskian.All critical systems (with Schwarzschild radius) are specific because they exist in maximalinertial and gravitational potentials. The Universe represents a critical system, it exists under the Schwarzschild radius.In high‐potential inertial and gravitational fields the material mass in a static state or in motion with deceleration is subject to an inertial and gravitational “annihilation”. At the maximal value of inertial and gravitational potentials (= c2) the material mass is being completely “evaporated” transforming into radiation mass. The latter is being concentrated in the “horizon” of the critical system.All critical systems‐black holes‐represent geon systems, i.e. local formations of gravitational‐electromagnetic radiations, held together by their own gravitational and inertial fields. The Universe, being a critical system, is “wrapped” in a geon crown.
Reflexion und Brechung des Lichtes an optisch einachsigen Medien
Authors: Wünsche A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDie Formeln für die Amplitudenverhältnisse bei der Reflexion und Brechung ebener monochromatischer Lichtwellen an einer Grenzebene zwischen einem isotropen und einem beliebig anisotropen Medium, die in einer früheren Arbeit des Autors abgeleitet wurden, werden hier auf den Fall optisch einachsiger Medien spezialisiert. Es wird der Einfall sowohl vom isotropen als auch vom optisch einachsigen Medium her behandelt. Eine Reihe von Spezialfällen (senkrechter Einfall, optische Achse parallel oder senkrecht zur Einfallsebene, Übergang von einachsigen zu isotropen Medien u.a.) wird betrachtet.
Transverse Momentum and Rapidity Distributions of Charged Secondaries Emitted in Proton Nucleon Inelastic Interactions at 69 Gev/c
Authors: Badawy O. E. , Abd‐el‐Salam A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis paper deals mainly with the study of the transverse momentum and the rapidity distributions of the charged secondaries emitted in the proton‐nucleon inelastic scattering at 69.0 Gev/c. Our sample consists of 300 proton‐nucleon inelastic events, found amongst 1887 stars attributed to inelastic interactions of 69 Gev/c protons with emulsion nucleons and nuclei, in 768 meters of proton tracks. Our plates were obtained from the JINR Dubna, USSR. Accurate coulomb scattering mesuremments were performed on about 300 emitted charged secondaries to determine their momenta.The average value of the transverse momentum 〈Pt〉 of the charged secondaries emitted in p‐nucleon, p‐p, and p‐n interactions at 69 Gev/c are 0.329 ± .020, 0.317 ± .029 and 0.332 ± .027 Gev/c respectively. The 〈Pt〉 value is almost constant for primary energies from above 6.0 Gev up to cosmic ray energies. It slightly decreases as the charged multiplicity increases as expected according to the statistical models.It is found that the linear and the Hagedorn distribution (LD and HD), both fit the experimental transverse momentum distributions better than the Boltzmann distribution (BD) in the energy range from above 6.0 Gev up to cosmic ray range.In all the cases of p‐nucleon, p‐p and p‐n interactions at our energy, it has been found that the HD gives 〈Pt〉 values nearer to the experimental results than the LD.The different order moments of the experimentally obtained transverse momentum distribution strongly confirms the applicability of the generalized HD at our energy and in the range of interaction from above 6.0 Gev up to cosmic ray ranges.The temperature of the interaction volume was determined to be 140 Mev in agreement with the Hagedorn model which predicts it to be of the order of one pion mass.The variation of 〈Pt〉 with the angle of emission in the C.M. system and the momentum distribution in the C.M. system were studied in view of the isobar model.A study of the rapidity (Y) distribution confirmed an energy independent behaviour especially for slow emitted pions both in the projectile and the target fragmentation regions in accordance with the limiting fragmentation hypothesis.
Power Asymptotes of Homogeneous Cosmological Models in Einstein's Theory of Gravitation
Authors: v. Borzeszkowski H.‐H. , Müller V. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractFor the Bianchi‐types I, V, VII, VIII, and IX, the asymptotes of the metric, which show a power‐like dependence on the synchronized time t near the cosmological singularity, are investigated. Comparing the influence of the terms which in Einstein's equations describe time‐derivatives, spatial curvature, and matter, on the behaviour of the asymptotes, different assumptions and conjectures usually used in literature are discussed for the equations of state p = βϱ (0 ⩽ β ⩽ 1). For Bianchi‐type‐IX models both the outgoing power‐asymptotes and the oscillatory phase for t → 0 are considered.
Theorie der optimalen Fokussierung für die direkte Erzeugung höherer optischer Harmonischer
Authors: Fischer R. , Wieczorek L.‐W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractEs werden die Bedingungen für eine optimale Fokussierung Gaußscher Strahlen bei der direkten Erzeugung höherer Harmonischer abgeleitet. Der Abbau der Grundwelle wird vernachlässigt. Für die Grenzfälle schwacher und starker Fokussierung werden analytische Lösungen angegeben. Darüber hinaus werden die Ergebnisse einer numerischen Optimierung mitgeteilt.Als wesentlichstes Resultat ergibt sich, daß bei höheren Harmonischen unter optimalen Fokussierungsbedingungen eine starke Fokussierung günstig ist. Die Leistung der mten Harmonischen ist für m > 3 proportional zu ( Fokussierungsparameter, L Länge des nichtlinearen Mediums, b Konfokalparameter der Grundwelle).Die numerische Optimierung wird bis zur 7. Harmonischen durchgeführt.