bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An evaluation of the prevalence of malnutrition in cancer patients attending the outpatient oncology clinic
Authors: READ Jane A , CHOY ST Boris , BEALE Philip , CLARKE Stephen J 
Published: May 2006

AbstractBackground:  The aim of the study was to assess the nutritional status of cancer patients attending the medical oncology outpatient setting for the first time.Methods:  One‐hundred and forty‐one patients (87 males, 54 females) were assessed by a dietitian, using the nutrition assessment tool, the Patient‐Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG‐SGA). Tumor types included colorectal, head and neck, lung, pancreatic, gastric or esophageal cancer. No patient had previously received chemotherapy.Results:  Forty‐eight (34%) patients were well nourished (PG‐SGA rating A), 79 (56%) patients were at risk of malnutrition (B), and 14 (10%) patients were malnourished (C). The median PG‐SGA score was 7. There were no significant differences in nutritional status between those > 65 years and those ≤ 65 years. The highest PG‐SGA scores (indicating a greater nutritional risk) were found in patients with gastric, pancreatic and oesophageal cancers. There were significant differences found between certain cancer groups using the PG‐SGA, however, these were not detected using other more commonly used criteria, such as the body mass index (BMI).Conclusion:  This study confirms that the majority of new patients with cancer presenting to a medical oncologist are at risk of malnutrition or malnourished. It calls for better screening, and adequate nutrition intervention in patients who are about to be considered for systemic treatment.
Outcome of surgery in patients with hematological malignancies: A 12‐year retrospective analysis
Authors: AL‐ANAZI Khalid Ahmed , AL‐JASSER Asma Marzouq , EVANS David Alan Price , DAFF Nasr Abu 
Published: May 2006

AbstractBackground:  Surgical intervention in patients with malignant hematological disorders is a major undertaking due to the expected risks of bleeding, infection and poor wound healing.Methods and materials:  A retrospective study of patients treated at the Riyadh Armed Forces Hospital, Saudi Arabia between January 1991 and December 2002 was conducted. The results of patients with acute leukemia and lymphoma who underwent surgical procedures (study group) were compared with those of a control group composed of patients with the same spectrum of disorders treated over the same period of time and given the same treatment protocols but never required any surgery.Results:  No single death occurred intraoperatively or in the immediate postoperative period due to surgical therapy per se. However, follow up of both groups of patients revealed a shorter long‐term survival and higher rates of relapse and severe invasive infections in the surgical group compared to the control group of patients. The mean survival for the study group was 1871 ± 307 days versus 3094 ± 279 days for the control group of patients (P = 0.0027). Thirty (75%) study patients suffered relapses of their malignant hematological disorders versus 23 (37.1%) control patients. Forty‐five relapses were encountered in the study group of patients (1.5 relapses per relapsed patient) versus 26 relapses in the control group (1.13 relapses per relapsed patient). Various infections occurred in 37 (92.5%) study patients and 32 (51.6%) control patients. Recurrent infections developed in 30 (75%) study patients and 22 (35.5%) control patients (P = 0.00008). Infections causing tissue invasion were encountered in 29 (72.5%) study patients and 22 (35.5%) control patients.Conclusion:  Even major surgical procedures can be performed in patients with leukemia or lymphoma provided enough preparatory measures are made to minimize bleeding and infectious complications. Surgery may, however, be associated with long‐term complications such as a high incidence of relapse of the primary malignant hematological disorder and an increased rate of severe and invasive infections.
Pathology slide review is mandatory before planning treatment for referral patients with gynecologic cancer
Authors: KIETPEERAKOOL Chumnan , CHANGKASIRI Bancha , KHUNAMORNPONG Surapan , SIRIAUNKGUL Sumalee , SRISOMBOON Jatupol 
Published: May 2006

AbstractObjective:  To evaluate the impact of a pathology slide review on the management of gynecologic cancer patients.Materials and methods:  The medical records of referral patients, with the original pathologic diagnosis of gynecologic cancer treated at Chiang Mai University Hospital between January 2002 and May 2003, were retrospectively reviewed.Results:  During the study period, 402 cases were available for analysis. The slides reviewed were obtained from the following organs: cervix (305), ovary (33), endometrium (32), vulva (14), and others (17). In comparison between the diagnosis after slide review and the original referral diagnosis, the minor discrepancy rate was 41.5% (95% CI: 36.7–46.5%). The major discrepancy rate was 9.0% (95% CI: 6.3–12.2%) and the most common clinical consequence was the modification of planned surgery. There was no major diagnostic discrepancy in the vulvar specimens. Among patients with cervical neoplasia, there was a significantly lower rate of major discrepancy among patients with gross lesion than among those without (P < 0.001).Conclusion:  Major diagnostic discrepancies were identified in 9% of referral patients with gynecologic cancer. A pathology slide review is strongly recommended before planning treatment to improve the quality of patient care.
Assessment of Twentieth-Century Regional Surface Temperature Trends Using the GFDL CM2 Coupled Models
Authors: Knutson T. R. , Delworth T. L. , Dixon K. W. , Held I. M. , Lu J. , Ramaswamy V. , Schwarzkopf M. D. , Stenchikov G. , Stouffer R. J. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Historical climate simulations of the period 1861–2000 using two new Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) global climate models (CM2.0 and CM2.1) are compared with observed surface temperatures. All-forcing runs include the effects of changes in well-mixed greenhouse gases, ozone, sulfates, black and organic carbon, volcanic aerosols, solar flux, and land cover. Indirect effects of tropospheric aerosols on clouds and precipitation processes are not included. Ensembles of size 3 (CM2.0) and 5 (CM2.1) with all forcings are analyzed, along with smaller ensembles of natural-only and anthropogenic-only forcing, and multicentury control runs with no external forcing.
Observed warming trends on the global scale and in many regions are simulated more realistically in the all-forcing and anthropogenic-only forcing runs than in experiments using natural-only forcing or no external forcing. In the all-forcing and anthropogenic-only forcing runs, the model shows some tendency for too much twentieth-century warming in lower latitudes and too little warming in higher latitudes. Differences in Arctic Oscillation behavior between models and observations contribute substantially to an underprediction of the observed warming over northern Asia. In the all-forcing and natural-only forcing runs, a temporary global cooling in the models during the 1880s not evident in the observed temperature records is volcanically forced. El Niño interactions complicate comparisons of observed and simulated temperature records for the El Chichón and Mt. Pinatubo eruptions during the early 1980s and early 1990s.
The simulations support previous findings that twentieth-century global warming has resulted from a combination of natural and anthropogenic forcing, with anthropogenic forcing being the dominant cause of the pronounced late-twentieth-century warming. The regional results provide evidence for an emergent anthropogenic warming signal over many, if not most, regions of the globe. The warming signal has emerged rather monotonically in the Indian Ocean/western Pacific warm pool during the past half-century. The tropical and subtropical North Atlantic and the tropical eastern Pacific are examples of regions where the anthropogenic warming signal now appears to be emerging from a background of more substantial multidecadal variability.
Abnormal disulfide-linked oligomerization results in ER retention and altered signaling by TNFR1 mutants in TNFR1-associated periodic fever syndrome (TRAPS)
Authors: Lobito Adrian A. , Kimberley Fiona C. , Muppidi Jagan R. , Komarow Hirsh , Jackson Adrianna J. , Hull Keith M. , Kastner Daniel L. , Screaton Gavin R. , Siegel Richard M. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractTumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor–associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS) is an autosomal dominant systemic autoinflammatory disease associated with heterozygous mutations in TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1). Here we examined the structural and functional alterations caused by 9 distinct TRAPS-associated TNFR1 mutations in transfected cells and a mouse “knock-in” model of TRAPS. We found that these TNFR1 mutants did not generate soluble versions of the receptor, either through membrane cleavage or in exosomes. Mutant receptors did not bind TNF and failed to function as dominant-negative inhibitors of TNFR1-induced apoptosis. Instead, TRAPS mutant TNFR1 formed abnormal disulfide-linked oligomers that failed to interact with wild-type TNFR1 molecules through the preligand assembly domain (PLAD) that normally governs receptor self-association. TRAPS mutant TNFR1 molecules were retained intracellularly and colocalized with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) markers. The capacity of mutant receptors to spontaneously induce both apoptosis and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activity was reduced. In contrast, the R92Q variant of TNFR1 behaved like the wild-type receptor in all of these assays. The inflammatory phenotype of TRAPS may be due to consequences of mutant TNFR1 protein misfolding and ER retention.
Nucleotide sequence analyses of the MRP 1 gene in four populations suggest negative selection on its coding region
Authors: Wang Zihua , Sew Pui-Hoon , Ambrose Helen , Ryan Stephen , Chong Samuel S , Lee Edmund JD , Lee Caroline GL 
Published: May 2006

Abstract

Background
The MRP 1 gene encodes the 190 kDa multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1/ABCC1) and effluxes diverse drugs and xenobiotics. Sequence variations within this gene might account for differences in drug response in different individuals. To facilitate association studies of this gene with diseases and/or drug response, exons and flanking introns of MRP 1 were screened for polymorphisms in 142 DNA samples from four different populations.

Results
Seventy-one polymorphisms, including 60 biallelic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), ten insertions/deletions (indel) and one short tandem repeat (STR) were identified. Thirty-four of these polymorphisms have not been previously reported. Interestingly, the STR polymorphism at the 5' untranslated region (5'UTR) occurs at high but different frequencies in the different populations. Frequencies of common polymorphisms in our populations were comparable to those of similar populations in HAPMAP or Perlegen. Nucleotide diversity indices indicated that the coding region of MRP 1 may have undergone negative selection or recent population expansion. SNPs E10/1299 G>T (R433S) and E16/2012 G>T (G671V) which occur at low frequency in only one or two of four populations examined were predicted to be functionally deleterious and hence are likely to be under negative selection.

Conclusion
Through in silico approaches, we identified two rare SNPs that are potentially negatively selected. These SNPs may be useful for studies associating this gene with rare events including adverse drug reactions.
Sexual activity and perceived health among Finnish middle-aged women
Authors: Ojanlatva Ansa , Mäkinen Juha , Helenius Hans , Korkeila Katariina , Sundell Jari , Rautava Päivi 
Published: May 2006

Abstract

Background
An increasing awareness of the need to address sexual and orgasm experiences as part of life quality and an understanding of the great individual differences between women play roles in women's health and medical care across the specialities. Information is lacking as to how negative attitude toward self (NATS) and performance impairment (PI) are associated with sexual activity of middle-aged women. We examined the associations of sexual experience, orgasm experience, and lack of sexual desire with perceived health and potential explanatory variables of NATS and PI.

Methods
Questionnaire was mailed to 2 population-based random samples of menopausal or soon-to-be menopausal women (n = 5510, 70% response) stratified according to age (42–46 and 52–56 years). In multivariate analyses of the associations with the outcome variables, perceived health, NATS, and PI were used as covariates in 6 models in which exercise, menstrual symptoms, and illness indicators were taken into account as well.

Results
Sexual activity variables were associated with perceived health. When present, NATS formed associations with sexual and orgasm experiences, whereas strenuous exercise formed associations with orgasm among 42–46-year-old women alone. Strenuous exercise was not associated with orgasm experience among older women.

Conclusion
NATS and PI are closely tied to orgasm experiences and the meaning of the roles needs to be exposed. Sexual activity deserves to be addressed more actively in patient contact at least with perimenopausal women.
Intracranial administration of deglycosylated C-terminal-specific anti-Aβ antibody efficiently clears amyloid plaques without activating microglia in amyloid-depositing transgenic mice
Authors: Carty Niki C , Wilcock Donna M , Rosenthal Arnon , Grimm Jan , Pons Jaume , Ronan Victoria , Gottschall Paul E , Gordon Marcia N , Morgan Dave 
Published: May 2006

Abstract

Background
Antibodies against the Aß peptide clear Aß deposits when injected intracranially. Deglycosylated antibodies have reduced effector functions compared to their intact counterparts, potentially avoiding immune activation.

Methods
Deglycosylated or intact C-terminal specific high affinity anti-Aβ antibody (2H6) were intracranially injected into the right frontal cortex and hippocampus of amyloid precursor protein (APP) transgenic mice. The untreated left hemisphere was used to normalize for the extent of amyloid deposition present in each mouse. Control transgenic mice were injected with an antibody against a drosophila-specific protein (amnesiac). Tissues were examined for brain amyloid deposition and microglial responses 3 days after the injection.

Results
The deglycosylated 2H6 antibody had lower affinity for several murine Fcγ receptors and human complement than intact 2H6 without a change in affinity for Aß. Immunohistochemistry for Aβ and thioflavine-S staining revealed that both diffuse and compact deposits were reduced by both antibodies. In animals treated with the intact 2H6 antibody, a significant increase in Fcγ-receptor II/III immunostaining was observed compared to animals treated with the control IgG antibody. No increase in Fcγ-receptor II/III was found with the deglycosylated 2H6 antibody. Immunostaining for the microglial activation marker CD45 demonstrated a similar trend.

Conclusion
These findings suggest that the deglycosylated 2H6 is capable of removing both compact and diffuse plaques without activating microglia. Thus, antibodies with reduced effector functions may clear amyloid without concomitant immune activation when tested as immunotherapy for Alzheimer's disease.
Photoalkylation of Pyrylium Salt with Group 14 Metal-Carbon σ Donors via Electron Transfer
Authors: Kyushin Soichiro , Nakadaira Yasuhiro , Ohashi Mamoru 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Tetraalkylsilanes, -germanes, and -stannanes reacted with a pyrylium salt to yield alkylated pyrans via photoinduced electron transfer.
Observation of Ionic Liquid by Scanning Electron Microscope
Authors: Kuwabata Susumu , Kongkanand Anusorn , Oyamatsu Daisuke , Torimoto Tsukasa 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
It has been discovered that ionic liquid can be observed by a scanning electron microscope without accumulation of electron charges, allowing SEM observation of insulating specimens wetted with ionic liquid.
One-step Synthesis of Partially Oxidized Cobalt(III) Phthalocyanine Salts with Axial Ligands
Authors: Yu Derrick Etherbert C , Imai Hiroyuki , Ushio Mamoru , Takeda Sayaka , Naito Toshio , Inabe Tamotsu 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
The one-pot syntheses of partially oxidized cobalt(III) phthalocyanine salts with axial halides, as well as a shorter route (single-step) for the axial dicyano counterpart are reported. The method utilizes an electrolytic reaction, and appears to be solvent dependent. Overlap integral calculations and electrical transport measurements indicate axial ligand effects on the molecular stacking of the cobalt phthalocyanine.
Submission to House of Lords: Inquiry ‘Aspects of the Economics of Climate Change’
Authors: Morris Julian 
Published: May 2006

Some claim that climate change will result in an increase in vector-borne disease, flooding, catastrophic weather events, loss of biodiversity, changes in agricultural production and other problems. Yet these are problems today and are either caused or are exacerbated by poverty. Tackling poverty is likely to be better way to address these problems than attempting to control the climate. Climatic change may turn out to be benign or harmful: We do not know. But in the context of this uncertainty, policies that are narrowly focused on adaptation to possible negative effects are short-sighted and may even be counterproductive. Policies aimed at mitigation through control of atmospheric carbon are almost certainly counterproductive. Adaptive, sustainable development can only come through the adoption of institutions that enable people to engage in economic activities that create wealth and lead to technological progress. Policies that rely on these institutions provide the best way to deal with an uncertain climate future.
Diabetes as a Tracer Condition in International Benchmarking of Health Systems
Authors: Nolte Ellen , Bain Chris , McKee Martin 
Published: May 2006

OBJECTIVE—To assess the performance of health systems using diabetes as a tracer condition.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We generated a measure of “case-fatality” among young people with diabetes using the mortality-to-incidence ratio (M/I ratio) for 29 industrialized countries using published data on diabetes incidence and mortality. Standardized incidence rates for ages 0–14 years were extracted from the World Health Organization DiaMond study for the period 1990–1994; data on death from diabetes for ages 0–39 years were obtained from the World Health Organization mortality database and converted into age-standardized death rates for the period 1994–1998, using the European standard population.
RESULTS—The M/I ratio varied &gt;10-fold. These relative differences appear similar to those observed in cohort studies of mortality among young people with type 1 diabetes in five countries. A sensitivity analysis showed that using plausible assumptions about potential overestimation of diabetes as a cause of death and underestimation of incidence rates in the U.S. yields an M/I ratio that would still be twice as high as in the U.K. or Canada.
CONCLUSIONS—The M/I ratio for diabetes provides a means of differentiating countries on quality of care for people with diabetes. It is solely an indicator of potential problems, a basis for stimulating more detailed assessments of whether such problems exist, and what can be done to address them.
Albumin and Fibrinogen Synthesis and Insulin Effect in Type 2 Diabetic Patients With Normoalbuminuria
Authors: Tessari Paolo , Kiwanuka Edward , Millioni Renato , Vettore Monica , Puricelli Lucia , Zanetti Michela , Gucciardi Antonella , Tosolini Marina , Cogo Paola , Carnielli Virgilio , Tiengo Antonio , Barazzoni Rocco 
Published: May 2006

OBJECTIVE—Insulin stimulates albumin synthesis but inhibits that of fibrinogen in both type 1 diabetic and healthy subjects. In type 2 diabetes, fibrinogen production is increased both in the postabsorptive state and in response to hyperinsulinemia. No data exist on the rate of albumin synthesis and its response to insulin in type 2 diabetes.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We measured fractional synthesis rates (FSRs) and absolute synthesis rates (ASRs) of both albumin and fibrinogen in postabsorptive normoalbuminuric type 2 diabetic patients at their spontaneous glucose levels (study A), as well as albumin FSR and ASR before and after a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic euaminoacidemic clamp (study B), using leucine isotope methods.
RESULTS—In postabsorptive type 2 diabetes (study A), albumin FSR (11.2 ± 0.9%/day) and albumin ASR (15.4 ± 1.2 g/day) were not different from control values (albumin FSR: 9.4 ± 0.7%/day; albumin ASR: 13.8 ± 1.2 g/day, P &gt; 0.1 for both). In contrast, in the type 2 diabetic subjects, both fibrinogen FSR (24.9 ± 2.1%/day) and ASR (2.4 ± 0.2 g/day) were greater (P &lt; 0.025 and P &lt; 0.007, respectively) compared with the control subjects (FSR: 18.6 ± 1.51%/day; ASR: 1.6 ± 0.2 g/day). Worse metabolic control in the type 2 diabetic patients was associated with hyperfibrinogenemia and increased leucine rate of appearance, whereas neither the (increased) fibrinogen ASR nor the (normal) albumin production was affected. In study B, after hyperinsulinemia (raised to ∼860 nmol/l), albumin FSR and ASR increased by ∼25% versus basal (P &lt; 0.04) and to the same extent in both type 2 diabetic and control subjects.
CONCLUSIONS—In normoalbuminuric type 2 diabetic patients, postabsorptive albumin synthesis and its response to insulin were normal, whereas fibrinogen synthesis was increased, irrespective of metabolic control. Furthermore, in normoalbuminuric type 2 diabetic patients, a normal insulin sensitivity with respect to albumin production but a selective hepatic dysregulation of fibrinogen metabolism were present.
Neuropathy Among the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Cohort 8 Years After Trial Completion
Authors: Martin Catherine L. , Albers James , Herman William H. , Cleary Patricia , Waberski Barbara , Greene Douglas A. , Stevens Martin J. , Feldman Eva L. 
Published: May 2006

OBJECTIVE—To evaluate the impact of prior intensive diabetes therapy on neuropathy among former Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) participants.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—At the conclusion of the DCCT, subjects in the intensive group were encouraged to maintain intensive therapy, and subjects in the conventional group were encouraged to begin intensive therapy. Thereafter, we annually assessed neuropathy as part of the Epidemiology of Diabetes Intervention and Complications (EDIC) study. Neuropathy was defined using the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument (MNSI). We recorded potential adverse consequences of neuropathy.
RESULTS—At the first EDIC examination, 1,257 subjects participated in the neuropathy assessment. Consistent with DCCT results, the former intensive group showed a lower prevalence of neuropathy than the conventional group based on positive questionnaire (1.8 vs. 4.7%; P = 0.003) or examination (17.8 vs. 28.0%; P &lt; 0.0001) results. Despite similar levels of glycemic control, symptoms and signs of neuropathy remained less prevalent among the former intensive group compared with the conventional group. At the beginning of the EDIC study, prior intensive therapy reduced the odds of having symptoms and signs of neuropathy using MNSI criteria by 64% (P = 0.0044) and 45% (P &lt; 0.0001), respectively, with similar odds reductions observed for both neuropathic symptoms (51%, P &lt; 0.0001) and neuropathic signs (43%, P &lt; 0.0001) across 8 years of EDIC follow-up.
CONCLUSIONS—The benefits of 6.5 years of intensive therapy on neuropathy status extended for at least 8 years beyond the end of the DCCT, similar to the findings described for diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy.