bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Results of the 1985 Round-Robin Test Series Using ASTM E 96-80
Authors: Toas M 
Published: December 2008

In 1985, the ASTM Task Force on ASTM Test Methods for Water Vapor Transmission of Materials (E 96-80) initiated a round robin with two objectives: 1. to prepare a new precision and bias statement for use in ASTM E 96-80, and 2. to evaluate possible new water vapor transmission standard materials to be inventoried by the National Bureau of Standards.
Three plastic films (1-mil Mylar, 5.5-mil Teflon FEP (fluorinated ethylene propylene), and 5.5-mil high-density polyethylene, HDPE) were chosen for inclusion in the round robin. The Mylar film was intended to be the high water vapor transmission standard, and the other two films were the candidates for a possible low water vapor transmission standard.
Twelve laboratories participated in the round robin that requested that each laboratory test all three films in triplicate using ASTM E 96-80 Procedures A and B (desiccant and water method) at 23°C (73.4°F).
Some of the twelve laboratories obtained results with a wide disparity, especially on the low water vapor transmitting films—Teflon and HDPE. Other laboratories obtained precise results. The wide variance in some laboratories' results was judged to be due to those laboratories not sealing the test samples thoroughly.
Results from the round robin are discussed and have led to the following actions: 1. a second round robin is planned, 2. 12.7-mm (1/2-in.) thick foams will be added to the round robin so that the precision and bias statement can be more complete, and 3. the HDPE film has been eliminated as a candidate material.
Electric Field Probes for Quantitative Moisture Measurements in Building Materials
Authors: Courville GE , Hylton JO , Murray WP , Blalock A , Remenyik CJ 
Published: December 2008

Three novel capacitance techniques for making moisture measurements in insulated roof systems are being studied at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). These are designated as the Pin Probe, the Thermocouple Probe, and the Planar Probe. The Pin Probe, developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), consists of two parallel lines of straight pins as the two probe electrodes. This is an intrusive probe that must be mounted within the system being tested. The Thermocouple Probe is also intrusive. Its use assumes that thermocouple junctions exist at known locations in the specimen for temperature measurements. The probe electronics allows high-frequency impedance measurements between thermocouples without interfering with their temperature measurement function. The third probe, the Planar Probe, is nonintrusive and consists of a series of equally spaced plate electrodes in a box that sits on the surface of the roof. These electrodes provide several independent electrical signals from overlapping depths within the roof system. An analysis procedure was developed to identify the electrical properties of successively deeper layers of material.
Prototypes of each of these probes have been constructed and promising preliminary data are available. Probe calibration, circuit stability, and range of applicability are major outstanding issues that must still be addressed.
Manufacturing Aviation Gasoline
Authors: Creek RJ 
Published: December 2008

The most significant processing unit for aviation gasoline (avgas) manufacture at Chevron U.S.A. refineries is the alkylation plant. This plant produces aviation alkylate, the principal component for avgas blending. To understand the alkylation process, a brief description is presented of crude oil distillation and further refinery processing to make alkylation feedstocks. The alkylation process and aviation alkylate recovery is reviewed. Chevron operates both sulfuric and hydrofluoric acid alkylation plants.
Typical aviation alkylate composition requires blending other components into avgas including light naphtha, toluene, and other blend stocks. Constraining elements of the specification that determines blend components for finished avgas are discussed. The refinery method for determining the proper ratio of component addition, blending, and testing to meet specifications are presented.
Ethanol and Methanol in Intermittent Combustion Engines
Authors: Eveleth EL 
Published: December 2008

During the past six years at Alabama Aviation and Technical College, the only all-aviation two-year college in Alabama, six alternative fuel 50-h probe tests using a variety of piston aircraft engines were run on gasohol, liquid propane gas, synthetic oil, alcohol (199.9 proof ethanol), methane, and a combination of 50% ethanol and 50% methanol.
Most recently, a small aircraft turbine, a Pratt & Whitney Aircraft PT-6 turboprop with a torquemeter, was run on a blend of 10% renewable 199.9 proof ethanol and 90% Jet A fuel.
Throughout these tests, it was learned that alcohol is not just another fuel but is a superior fuel for aviation, and now it behooves us to run FAA 150-h power plant endurance tests to get their approval of supplemental type certificates for the use of these fuels in piston aircraft engines.
The reason that ethanol has been favored over methanol is that methanol has poor lubricity, high corrosiveness, and requires special additives, whereas ethanol did not cause any problems in the piston engines, parts, and accessories.
Complete documentary technical data on these tests in the form of log sheets recorded all of the instrument readings at the various operating parameters of Idle, Take Off, and Cruise. Also, over 1000 color photographs of all of the disassembled parts, before the tests and again at the conclusion of the tests, and final written reports of the results are filed in the Energy Department of the State of Alabama in Montgomery.
Special Considerations in the Design and Use of Small Insulating Glass Units
Authors: Schwartz TA , Zarghamee MS , Cole GG 
Published: December 2008

The use of small insulating glass units (IGUs) in residential construction is growing in popularity. Architects and window manufacturers use small units to recreate colonial and other historic window designs, while maintaining the energy efficiency associated with insulating glass. Small insulating glass units have unique characteristics resulting from the large interpane air-space as compared to glass thickness and the relative stiffness of the glass sheets and their inability to deform to relieve pressure differences between the ambient air and the air within the sealed interpane air-space. This research explores the relationship between glass size, glass thickness, air-space thickness, sealing conditions, exposure conditions and the resulting stresses in the glass, and performance of the units. We explore the significance of glass surface damage, spacer breather tubes, and glazing conditions as they relate to small IGUs.
Small insulating glass units without pressure relieving breather tubes are subjected to prolonged pressure differences between the interpane air-space and the ambient air. The high stiffness of the glass does not permit the glass to deflect in response to these pressure differences as do lites of glass in larger units. Stress in the glass can be significantly increased if the glass is held in place by a rigid glazing method, as is often the case with wood frames. These sustained stresses may be of sufficient magnitude to cause moderate to high rates of fracture in glass of good surface quality and extremely high rates of breakage in glass of poor surface quality. Residential glass often has moderate to poor surface and edge quality owing to residential glazing and maintenance methods, has rigid edge restraint, and is assembled into small insulating units. The combination of these factors results in the high breakage rates of some residential IGUs.
A Case Study: Lime—A Hazardous Waste Stabilization Agent
Authors: Turco MA , Zenobia KE 
Published: December 2008

Hazardous waste management requires an understanding of the processes which generate the wastes, a knowledge of toxicology and personnel safety, and application of state-of-the-art technology. This technology may take the form of totally new systems or the application of old methods and materials in new ways. It is to the latter that this paper is directed.
In this case, a number of waste impoundments (basins) which were decommissioned about ten years ago were being approached by rising ground water. Site remediation was deemed necessary to avoid ground water contamination. The remediation involved (1) excavation of the basins down to clean soil; (2) buildup of the basin bottoms to prevent future ground water contact; (3) processing (stabilizing) the wastes; and (4) replacement, final capping, and closure of the site.
This paper relates primarily to the processing of the wastes. Lime-based stabilization was employed to achieve pozzolanic microencapsulation. This paper describes the stabilization technique and the different types of lime used, and presents actual data on the leachate qualities of the waste materials using ASTM analysis methods, both before and after stabilization. Actual methods of carrying out the stabilization and the equipment required to do so are explained. The overall project requirements, process specifications, quality control methods, and closing plans are discussed.
Identification of the Knee Joint in Varus-Valgus and Longitudinal Rotations in Laboratory and Snow Skiing Experiments
Authors: Kuo CY , Mote CD 
Published: December 2008

The relationships between rotations across the knee joint in the varus-valgus and longitudinal directions and the externally applied moments at the foot are investigated in laboratory and in skiing field tests. Auto regressive moving average exogenous (ARMAX) models of rotation across the knee resulting from moments applied to the foot are constructed using methods of system identification. The predictions of rotations by ARMAX models are compared with measurements.
The ARMAX models identified from moment-rotation data recorded in quasi-static laboratory tests are highly dissipative for varus-valgus and for longitudinal rotations. Models identified using the field data show components of vibration of the instrumentation on the test subject in addition to the rotation component. Predictions of rotation across the knee by models obtained from field test data compare favorably to those predicted with models obtained from the laboratory test data.
Contribution of the Musculature to Rotatory Laxity and Torsional Stiffness at the Knee
Authors: Louie JK , Mote CD 
Published: December 2008

The relationships between the mean rectified electromyogram (EMG) from two muscle groups crossing the knee joint and the rotational stiffness and laxity about the longitudinal axis of the lower leg were investigated. The EMG signals from three of the quadricep muscle group and two of the hamstring muscle group were monitored using surface electrodes. Each subject sustained self-induced muscle activity from specific muscle combinations while a torque rotating the foot medially and laterally is externally applied. Joint rotation is measured using an electrogoniometer.
Analyses of the data showed increased joint stiffness with increased numbers of active muscles. The stiffness measurements ranged from 0.16 to 2.54 Nm/degree depending upon the combination of active muscles. The stiffnesses measured in different tests were very repeatable with standard deviations ranging from 0.02 to 0.25 Nm/1°. Increases in joint stiffness of over 400% by activation of these muscles were measured.
Resolution Requirements for Automated Single Specimen JIC Testing
Authors: Hautamaki CA 
Published: December 2008

The results of an investigation are presented which compare the effectiveness of various data acquisition methods for automated single specimen JIC testing. Also discussed are the resolution requirements for obtaining acceptable elastic compliance unload data with 12-bit, 14-bit, and 16-bit analog-to-digital converters (A/Ds) and the use of high-gain window amplifiers.
The results of this investigation indicated that: 1. The system noise has a performance-limiting effect on high-resolution A/D converters. 2. More consistent results were obtained by amplifying the analog signals prior to digitizing than by directly digitizing the signals from high-resolution (16-bit) A/Ds. 3. The number of data pairs used to determine the compliance measured crack length has only a minor effect on the calculated crack length. 4. JIC test results may be adversely affected by using low-resolution data acquisition systems.
The Quebec Sports Safety Board—Its Functions, Powers, Structures, and Activities
Authors: Régnier G 
Published: December 2008

This paper describes a unique governmental agency devoted to the promotion of safety in sports in Canada, La Régie de la Sécurité dans les Sports du Québec (Quebec Sports Safety Board).
The paper reviews the mandate of the board as well as its regulatory, research, and education functions. The intervention model used by the board to guide its actions is also presented. Finally, certain specific activities related to safety in ice hockey which have been conducted so far by the board are discussed.
Development of a Knee Injury Protective Brace for Ice Hockey Players
Authors: Tegner Y , Odelgard B , Johnson G 
Published: December 2008

In Sweden, many ice hockey players use so-called derotation braces in order to prevent knee injuries. Unfortunately, these braces are expensive, and reports have claimed that serious knee injuries can occur in spite of the use of these braces.
In this study, it was found that 24% of the players in the two highest leagues use these preventive braces in order to reduce the risk of knee injury. The different braces were tested regarding their effectiveness in reducing rotation and abduction/adduction in the knee joint; it was shown that these braces reduced these movements in the knee. The braces were also investigated to determine if they impaired performance and strength. It was found that the design of the brace was of importance, as some braces effected strength and performance negatively.
The ability of the braces to withstand external torques was also investigated. Here the design of the braces was of importance in terms of the ability to take up external applied forces. Braces with metal bars and a three- or four-point fixation system seemed to be super rior, but the load that the brace can resist appeared to be too low to prevent a knee injury.
The authors conclude that, if a brace is to prevent injury, it should probably have a new design.
Impact of Full Face and Visor Type Hockey Face Guards
Authors: Smith TA , Bishop PJ 
Published: December 2008

Full facial and visor-type face protectors were struck over the nose and eye region of a headform by a hockey puck shot at speeds of 27 to 45 m/s (60 to 100 mph). Deformation characteristics of wire face masks, polycarbonate face masks, and polycarbonate visors (eye protector) were studied using high-speed film.
The test results demonstrated that the full facial protectors (both wire and polycarbonate) did not permit any contact with the face until puck velocities exceeded 33.5 m/s (74 mph). In comparison, facial contact with the visor occurred during all visor impacts.
The results indicated that the visor-type shields do not provide complete protection in ice hockey. While the visor may prevent the loss of an eye, wearing it in place of full facial protection will not reduce the potential for serious facial lacerations or oral injuries. The data indicate conclusively that full face shields still offer the best protection against impacts which commonly occur in ice hockey.
Development of an Impact Testing Method for Protective Helmets
Authors: Johnson GI 
Published: December 2008

A set of standard methods for testing protective helmets on the Swedish market was established by the Swedish Ice Hockey Association in the early 1960s. These standards included impact tests conducted by dropping a weight onto the helmet attached to a fixed dummy head.
Since there had been criticism of this method, an investigation was started in 1974 by the National Swedish Board for Consumer Policies to evaluate various alternatives for the impact testing of protective helmets.
Starting with a literature survey of different methods in use, the investigation continued with a study of computer simulation models of a selected number of impact testing methods. Largely based on the results of the computer simulation study, a final selection of impact method was made. In order to verify the theoretical results, a large program of impact testing on different types of helmets was conducted using the selected testing method.
After slight modifications, this impact test and corresponding equipment was adopted by the Swedish National Testing Institute as part of their testing standard for protective helmets.
Production of Super Clean Steels—Deoxidation Mechanism During Ladle Refining
Authors: Meyer W , Kucharz A , Hochörtler G 
Published: December 2008

Investigations carried out by several institutions under Projects RP559, RP2060, RP1403, RP2741 for the Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA, resulted in a 3.5% NiCrMoV steel completely free from temper embrittlement as a material for low pressure rotors but also for combination proberty rotors, for example, integral high-pressure low-pressure (HILP) rotors for future steam plants. This steel contains very low percentages of residual elements including sulfur and phosphorus, and its contents of aluminum, silicon, and manganese are also very low.
The main problem in producing such a steel on an industrial scale is gaining a sufficiently low oxygen content as a precondition for successful desulfurization and high cleanliness. This situation is only possible by applying ladle refining techniques. Two model rotors of this “super clean steel” were produced and tested. The tests proved complete resistance to temper embrittlement.
As an approach for further process development and for the economic production of “super clean steels,” the mechanism governing the deoxidation was investigated in detail by means of trial heats. The influences of the composition of process slags and the influence of the ladle linings were examined. The deoxidation was found mainly to be based on steel-slag reactions. The minimum oxygen content achievable in the steel is limited by interactions between ladle linings and melt, which create a dissociation of the linings and an oxygen supply to the liquid steel.
The Effect of Boron, Copper, and Molybdenum Residuals on the Corrosion Resistance of Type 304 Stainless Steel
Authors: Kearns JR , Johnson MJ , Aggen G , Edsall WD 
Published: December 2008

Systematic variations in the chromium, nickel, copper, molybdenum, and boron and B contents of American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) Type 304 stainless steel (UNS S30400) were evaluated by electrochemical and immersion corrosion tests in oxidizing, reducing, and chloride solutions. In one series of tests, the chromium and nickel alloy contents were maintained within the flat rolled product tolerance range (17.8 to 18.0 wt% chromium, 7.8 to 8.0 wt% nickel) while the copper and molybdenum alloy contents were increased from a residual level (&lt; 0.5 wt%) to a range from 0.6 to 0.7 wt%. Strip specimens with such compositions performed as well as others that had chromium and nickel contents within the specified analytical limits for tubular products (18.0–20.0 wt% chromium; 8.0–11.0 wt% nickel) and copper and molybdenum contents below 0.5 wt%. The results of an ASTM A01.17 committee interlaboratory program (twelve industrial labs testing per ASTM Practices for Detecting Susceptibility to Intergranular Attack in Austenitic Stainless Steels (A 262-85a), Practice C, did not reveal any significant difference in the intergranular corrosion resistance of the said compositions. None of the compositional modifications resulted in increased susceptibility to sensitization as caused by welding or heat treating.
The effect of residual boron on the carbide precipitation kinetics and intergranular corrosion resistance of mill and laboratory produced Type 304 stainless was also evaluated. The corrosion rates for fully annealed samples in boiling nitric, phosphoric, acetic, oxalic, and lactic acids were not related to alloy boron contents in the range 0.0003 to 0.0056 wt%. The rate of corrosion for sensitized (815°C for 24 h) samples in boiling 65 wt% nitric acid declined rapidly with increasing boron contents in the range from 0.0004 to 0.0011 wt%. The corrosion rates for sensitized samples containing 0.0011 to 0.0056 wt% boron were constant and, on average, 0.6 mm/y (0.002 ipm) higher than those for samples in a fully annealed condition.
The Effects of Testing Methodology on the Promoted Ignition-Combustion Behavior of Carbon Steel and 316L Stainless Steel in Oxygen Gas Mixtures
Authors: MC Ilroy KM , Zawierucha R 
Published: December 2008

Energy release from a substance with relatively low oxygen compatibility is a situation which could result in the ignition and combustion of more oxygen-compatible materials such as the structural metals used in gaseous oxygen systems. At the present time there are no standard ASTM test methods for testing metals ignition and combustion in gaseous oxygen over the range of pressures and purities required for the broad range of oxygen applications which may be encountered.
Within recent years, there nas been an increase in the number of metals ignition-combustion studies which have been conducted at pressures in excess of 3.55 MPa. The studies have been conducted under both flowing and static conditions with different promoter systems. Some of the approaches might form the basis for standard ASTM test methods in metals ignition-combustion in gaseous oxygen. Discussion regarding the influence of various test variables which could affect selection of a standard test method does appear in the literature.
This paper discusses experimental results obtained with caroon steel and AISI 316L stainless steel using three different apparatus for characterizing metal-oxygen ignition-combustion tendencies. One test method used a 100 mm diameter static chamber with hydrocarbon and wire promoter. The second test method was similar but the chamber was 8 times larger in volume. In contrast to these approaches the third method was a dynamic or flow tester in which tne gas mixtures were continuously flowed past the test specimen. The oxygen purities of the gas mixtures varied from 40 to 99.998% oxygen. Test data and methods were compared.
Further Studies of Factors that Affect the Spontaneous Ignition Temperatures of Non-metallic Materials in Gaseous Oxygen
Authors: Wharton RK , Nolan PF , Swindells I 
Published: December 2008

We recently reported work done using the BS 3N 100 bomb test to investigate the effect of experimental parameters on the spontaneous ignition temperature (SIT) of three well documented materials. These studies have now been extended to encompass a wider range of materials and also to investigate the effect of contamination.
Results from a detailed investigation of the performance of Neoprene in the test indicated that the dependence of SIT on various testing parameters may be influenced by the high proportion of chlorine in the molecule.
By examining an extended range of polymeric materials in the test it has been possible to evaluate the acceptability criterion for oxygen service proposed by Lapin.
A range of experiments using PTFE with hydrocarbon grease contamination has yielded data that enable quantification of the reduction of SIT with mass of contaminant.