bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PREPARING AND SPRAYING A GLAZE SLIP WITH ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE CONTROL OF THE VARIOUS OPERATIONS1
Authors: Twells Robert 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe article describes methods at the Champion Porcelain Company in glazing porcelain cores for spark plugs. One‐day requirement of glaze slip is intimately mixed and ground in a pebble mill to pass 325 mesh, then stored separately and gently agitated for several days while firing, specific gravity and viscosity tests are being made. Careful records are kept regarding each batch. Some of the problems met in the preparing and spraying of the glaze slip are described.
CLAY SEWER PIPE MANUFACTURE. V.—THE INFLUENCE OF VARYING LIME CONTENT IN CLAYS UPON SOME PROPERTIES OF SALT GLAZES PRODUCED AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES1
Authors: Scaurecht H. G. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTPurpose.—The effects of CaO content in clay between 0.15 and 8.22% and the salt glazing temperatures between cone 02 and 10 on some properties of salt glazes were studied.Brightness.—As low as 1 % CaO will prevent clays from taking a bright glaze at low temperatures. Clays containing CaO can best be glazed at high temperatures, above cone 5, providing the Fe2O3 content is low. The type of glaze a clay containing CaO will take may be approximately predicted by calculating G in the following equation in which x1 x2, x3 and x4 represent the percentages of Al2O3, SiO2, Fe2O3 and CaO in the calcined clay and T represents the salt glazing temperature in °C.

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When G is greater than 0, bright glazes were produced, when between −0.1337 and 0, semi matt glazes were obtained and when below −0.1337 matt glazes were produced.Color.—Clays high in both CaO and SiO2 produced greenish yellow glazes at cone 7 on clays containing 5.32%, Fe2O3 as is represented by the following equation:

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When A is greater than 0, the greenish yellow glazes were obtained.Thickness.—Raising the salt glazing temperatures and lime content increased the thickness of the glassy and fused portion on the surface of the clays.
AVENTURINE GLAZES1
Authors: Parmelee C. W. , Lathrop John S. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe aventurine is a special type of the crystalline glaze in which the separation of isolated individual crystals in the magma gives rise to the characteristic appearance of flitters or spangles suspended in a glass. The glazes may exhibit all degrees of crystallization from a few minute crystals to crowding of the magma with crystals, thus forming a matt texture, or in extreme cases a rough unsightly surface.Iron is most commonly used for this development, although chrome, copper and uranium aventurines have been mentioned in literature.In this investigation, we are reporting the results obtained by various students who have participated in our program of a rather extensive study of these glazes. Some of the data have been had from class exercises, other portions have been the results of investigations conducted for theses.
THE PLASTIC PROPERTIES OF ENAMEL SLIP
Authors: Cooks R. D. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA simplification of the Bingham Plastometer, applicable to enamel slips, is described and the theory of plasticity discussed briefly.It was found that increase in temperature or increase in water content of enamel'slips raised the mobility without greatly affecting the yield value. Addition of clay and of certain inorganic salts raised the yield value without changing the mobility. Sodium silicate reduced the yield value to zero and lowered the mobility.
THE LABORATORY TESTING OF ALUMINOUS REFRACTORIES1
Authors: Geller R. F. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTEight brands of high alumina refractories and two brands of fire clay refractories, which are used by the trade under conditions of service requiring resistance to the corrosive action of lime and cement clinker at high temperatures, were subjected to standard and modified laboratory tests for high grade refractories. Data obtained indicate the results which may be expected in the technical examination of this type of product.
SOME CONSIDERATIONS NECESSARY IN SELECTION OF REFRACTORIES FOR THE OPEN HEARTH1
Authors: Cornell Sidney 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe kind, quality and quantity of refractory brick used in steel plant furnaces, coke ovens, blast furnace, open hearth and auxiliaries are discussed.The factors that influence the life of refractory brick in the open hearth furnace, discussed numerically, with the economic situation indicated in monetary value.
CHROME REFRACTORIES FOR THE OPEN HEARTH2
Authors: Griffith Raymond E. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis is not a technical paper but a compilation of notes on chrome ore, and the various forms in which it is used in open hearth furnaces, with a discussion of recent improvements in chrome brick that have permitted their broader use. Also some performance data secured through the courtesy of many companies and individuals operating open hearth furnaces.
CHECKER BRICK FOR RESISTING ALKALINE SLAGS1
Authors: Booze M. C. , Flint F. C. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTChecker brick of varying composition were tested by placing them in the regenerators of two glass tank furnaces. The operation of one furnace was representative of those making the usual grade of bottle glass while the other was operated at a considerably higher temperature and with a more corrosive dust.The amount of corrosion of the checker brick varied directly with the silica content of the brick. Those highest in alumina gave excellent service in the regenerator operating at the lower temperature. In the other regenerator, however, the. dust adhered to the high alumina brick and tended to clog the regenerator while it apparently fluxed and drained off of those higher in silica, leaving free passage for the gases.The brick were tested in the laboratory by making into cones with various percentages of the corrosive dust and determining the fusion point of the cones. The results agree closely with those obtained from the service tests.Detailed results including partial analyses of the brick and flue dust are given.
ON THE STRENGTH OF HEAVY CLAY PRODUCTS
Authors: Griffith J. H. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe published strengths of standard clay products have been formulated in simple equations (1) for placing the information in a simple compass for architects and ceramists, (2) to show the law of variation in terms of properly chosen variables, (3) to aid in appropriate selection of variables in devising future tests. The author assumed that a plus or minus variation or “tolerance” of 10% from the averages found by tests would be acceptable to manufacturers and ceramic engineers and has endeavored to keep well within these limits.
MANUFACTURE OF REFRACTORIES BY DRY PRESS METHOD1
Authors: Hagar Earl 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA brief description of the manufacture of refractories by the dry press method is given emphasizing the following points in the preparation of materials: (a) weathering, (b) grinding and tempering, (c) screening, (d) mixing; the pressing of shapes and the amount of pressure is described. Six points are given as advantages of the dry press method, chief of which are reduction in cost of manufacture and increase of life of ware.
AN X‐RAY STUDY OF NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL SILLIMANITE
Authors: Norton John T. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTMechanical mixtures of alumina and silica in the molecular proportions of 1:1 and 3:2 as well as samples of pure kaolin, have been heated to temperatures above 1500°C and have been examined by the X‐ray diffraction method. The diffraction patterns obtained from these samples agree extactly with the pattern given by a sample of natural sillimanite, not only in the position of the diffraction lines but in their relative intensities. This indicates that the regularly arranged atoms of these two compounds must have identical positions. It is concluded that either the two compounds are identical or that each unit of the lattice of one compound contains a definite number of randomly arranged atoms which the other compound does not possess.
DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN MULLITE AND SILLIMANITE BY THEIR X‐RAY DIFFRACTION PATTERNS1
Authors: Navus Louis , Davey Wheeler P. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTNatural sillimanite, mullite prepared by fusing alumina and silica, and calcined china clays and ball clays have been examined by the X‐ray diffraction method. Each photographic film contained on one half the pattern of mullite as the reference substance, and on the other half the pattern of one of the other materials. In this manner direct comparisons of the patterns were made. It is definitely concluded that, while the patterns of sillimanite and mullite resemble each other very closely, there are pronounced differences in the positions of certain limes, especially in the region of 2.12 A to 1.70 A, sufficient for differentiation and identification. It is further concluded that the crystalline phase of highly calcined china clays and ball clays consists of mullite and not of sillimanite.
THE MANUFACTURE AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF DRY PRESS BRICK
Authors: Kruson J. H. , Smith C. A. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe process of manufacture of dry press brick is described and physical differences between dry press and stiff mud brick are enumerated. The advantages of the dry press process are summed up as follows: (1) they are uniform in size and shape; (2) they have small spalling loss; (3) they have good fusion resistance; (4) their heat conductivity is less than brick made by other processes; and (5) they have a low rate of manufacturing costs.
TEMPERATURE OF PYREX AND PORCELAIN IN SUNLIGHT1
Authors: Littleton J. T. , Shaver W. W. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe relative temperatures of Pyrex glass insulators and porcelain insulators in sunlight are determined in three ways. A computation using the radiation and convection heating equations gives a value of 93 °C as a maximum surface temperature of porcelain in sunlight, with an assumed shade temperature of 40°C. In a similar way 46.5° C was determined for the Pyrex insulator. Measurements are given of the rise in temperature under natural conditions of Pyrex and porcelain insulators mounted on pins. Temperature measurements were made by means of thermocouples cemented to the surface of the insulators. Extreme conditions were further obtained by means of tin reflectors. Under such conditions the experiments show that the temperature of the porcelain insulator increases on the average about three and one‐half times that of the Pyrex glass insulator.
THE MINERALS OF BENTONITE AND RELATED CLAYS AND THEIR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES1
Authors: Ross Clarence S. , Shannon Earl V. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBentonite is a very widely distributed clay material that is the result of the devitrification and chemical alteration of glassy volcanic ash or tuff. Bentonite should be used as the name of a rock derived from volcanic glass and it is commonly composed of the mineral montmorillonite but less often of beidellite. Its characteristic minerals are completely crystalline and have a micaceous habit, high birefringence and facile cleavage. It contains no gel colloids, and few of its crystal particles are so small as to reach “colloidal size.” It shows high adsorptive powers and this property is more dependent upon physical form than upon chemical composition. That is upon the micaceous structure and easy cleavage which give very great surface area and the‘felt‐like texture which facilitates permeability.The clay minerals of the type here described resemble the micas in many ways, but do not seem to possess the marked chemical variability of that group. A large number of analyses of the clay minerals from bentonite indicates that the most widespread of these is montmorillonite with the formula (Mg, Ca)O A1203 5SiO2, nH20.A reanalysis of the type montmorillonite from Montmorillon, France, gives the same formula, and the mineral has also been recognized in lithium‐bearing pegmatites and in fullers' earth.A few bentonites are composed of beidellite, a mineral first identified from the gouge clay of ore veins. It has the formula A12O3·3SiO2·nH2O where n= about 4, and A1203 may be partly replaced by Fe203.A third micaceous clay mineral has the composition of halloysite Al2O3· 2SiO2· nH2O, but it is completely and visibly crystalline and has a high birefringence.
THE MECHANISM OF SPALLING1
Authors: Norton F. H. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA study has been made of the stresses and fractures developed in a solid when rapidly heated or cooled. The stresses were measured in bakelite specimens by the photoelastic method. High stresses in all cases were found to occur near the surface of the solids, but no high tension stresses were present when the specimens were being heated. A number of vitreous clay spheres and bricks were heated and cooled rapidly and the nature of the cracks was noted. In practically every case the fractures occurred as predicted from the measured stresses. Torque‐deflection curves were obtained for a number of fire brick in torsion at different temperatures. The temperature at which plastic flow occurs for every material tested was approximately the same as the temperature of the initial deflection under compressive loads in a standard load test.
AN AUTOMATIC DEVICE FOR TAKING MOTION PICTURES AT REGULAR TIME INTERVALS1
Authors: Keenen F. G. , Bennett G. W. , France Wesley G. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTAn automatic apparatus for taking single photographic exposures at regular intervals of time over periods of from 12 to 36 hours was constructed. It consists of a large air thermostat and three mechanical units: (1) the thermal regulator, (2) the illuminating and optical system, and (3) the automatic mechanism controlling the camera and illuminating system. A detailed description of the construction and operation of the apparatus is given.
THE ANALYSIS OF SODA‐LIME GLASS1
Authors: Lundell G. E. F. , Knowles H. B. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTIn a discussion of the analysis of soda‐lime glass two types of methods must be considered: (1) the accurate or so‐called umpire or referee methods for determining the true composition of the glass, and (2) the less accurate but more rapid routine methods used in factory control. This paper deals primarily with the former.
THE HEAT‐BALANCE STUDY OF CERAMIC KILNS1
Authors: Bauiann Henry N. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe elements of the heat‐balance study and calculation of the thermal efficiency of ceramic kilns are summarized, and an outline of a heat‐balance method is given. The CO2 in the flue gases of the kilns studied was measured automatically and continuously by an electric CO2 meter making use of the thermal conductivity method, and some of the resulting CO2percentage curves are given and interpreted. A complete heat‐balance of a 30‐foot round downdraft facebrick kiln fired with wood is given, together with various data and conclusions on the use of wood in firing ceramic kilns. A complete heat‐balance of a Hoffman continuous coal fired kiln is given, together with temperature‐gradient curves and other data of this and two other Hoffman kilns.
ITEMS REQUIRING CONSIDERATION IN UNDERGROUND CLAY MINING1
Authors: Hearing R. H , Teppt C F 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTTwo systems, the “advancing system” and “retreating system”, of operating the usual method of clay mining called “room and pillar work” are considered. The advantages and disadvantages of each system are presented. Details incident to mining, such as concentration of working area, frequent mapping of survey, haulage ways, room necks, pillars, and timbering are discussed.
NOTES ON CYANITE AND DIASPOR REFRACTORIES1
Authors: Vachuska E. J. , Bole G. A. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis investigation covers a survey of some cyanite, diaspor, and clay refractories. The work is divided into three phases: (1) diasporcyanite study, (2) diaspor‐clay and cyanite‐clay study, and (3) commercial production and tests. Results of routine tests made with each set of test specimens are given. The addition of 20% or more cyanite to diaspor tends to counteract the shrinkage of diaspor during continued use at high temperatures.
A STUDY OF FLUE LINING1
Authors: Hart R. A. , Clark H. W. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTInvestigations conducted on various types of Rue lining following the failure of several lengths in a chimney are described and data thereon are given. Standardization on a round tile lining with a minimum area of ninety‐five square inches, and having a modified tongue and groove joint is recommended. The resistance to rapid temperature changes should also be improved.
MEASUREMENT OF PLASTICITY1
Authors: Talwalkar T. W. , Parmelee C. W. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe object of this investigation was to devise a rational method and primary standard for measuring plasticity. Various methods suggested in the past were critically examined and found wanting. An apparatus was developed to measure the stress‐strain relations of clays in shear and a few typical clays have been examined by this method. A definition is proposed for the unit of plasticity as follows:Index of plasticity = Total deformation at fracture in shear / Average stress beyond proportional limitThe effect of addition of sand and powdered graphite has been noted and throws some light on the nature of plastic deformation.
FURTHER STUDIES ON PORTLAND CEMENT COMPOUNDS BY THE X‐RAY DIFFRACTION METHOD1
Authors: Hansen W. C. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTIn this investigation a study has been made of methods for preparing compounds of CaO with Al2O3 and SiO3 which may occur in Portland cements. The products from the different methods were studied microscopically and by the X‐ray diffraction method, and the X‐ray diffraction patterns for γ and β 2CaO·SiO2 and 3CaO·SiO2 are given.
TERRA COTTA KILN SLAB INVESTIGATION1
Authors: Clare R. L. , Brown G. H. , Allen F. B. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTFollowing several discussions as to the constitution of a good kiln slab for terra cotta manufacture, a coöperative test was made in which slabs of various compositions were manufactured by a producer of refractories, tested under actual service conditions, and physical measurements were determined by the Ceramic Department, Rutgers University. Series included the use of tight‐firing medium refractory clays, open‐firing refractory clays with grog, both vitreous and porous. Grogs were sized (definite proportions of size ranges constituting the different members). Conclusions were drawn as to effect of all these variables.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STANDARD FIRE TEST TO HEAVY CLAY PRODUCTS MANUFACTURE1
Authors: Foster H. D. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper points out the origin and basis of the fire‐test procedure, listing five places where fire tests of building walls can be made and the type of work done at these various laboratories. Some data are given to show the need and general trend of research work in heavy clay products leading to better fire resistance.
A STANDARD UNIT OF DIMENSION FOR MASONRY1
Authors: Heath Fred T. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTConstruction problems due to lack of coördination in sizes of different masonry materials are pointed out. It is proposed that these difficulties can be overcome by adoption of a standard “unit” of dimension to be used by architects and engineers in dimensioning building plans, and by masonry material manufacturers in determining the size of their products. No definite “unit” of measure is suggested, except that it should approximate one brick length plus one mortar joint, two brick widths plus two joints, or three brick thicknesses plus three joints. The application of the “unit” plan is given for face brick, common brick, paving block, fire brick, cement block, structural clay tile, terra cotta, cut stone, and to masonry openings for windows and doors. Illustrated with 74 photographs of masonry and 2 plates.
PROGRESS REPORT ON INVESTIGATION OF FIRECLAY BRICK AND THE CLAYS USED IN THEIR PREPARATION1
Authors: Heindl R. A. , Pendergast W. L. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis is a progress report of an extensive study of fire clays and fireclay brick. It includes the results of a preliminary study of clays representative of those used in the manufacture of refractories throughout the United States. Chemical analyses and a summary of physical tests are given of both fire clays and the brick manufactured from them. The thermal expansion behavior of the fire clays fired at 1400°C and those of the fire brick “as received” from the manufacturer and also after firing at 1400°C, 1500°C, and 1600°C were studied and the materials classified into groups having characteristic thermal expansions. The moduli of elasticity and rupture were determined at 20°C, 550°C, and 1000°C. The resistance of the brick to spalling in a water‐quenching test is expressed in an empirical relation correlating the elasticity, strength, coefficient of expansion, and percentage of grog used in compounding the brick batches. Data are presented on individual bricks made by the same manufacturer showing probable reasons for great differences in the number of quenchings required to cause spalling in the water‐dip test.
CAUSE AND CONTROL OF COLOR VARIATION IN CAST‐IRON AND SHEET‐IRON ENAMELS1
Authors: Wenning W. F. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe need of uniformity and high quality in color chemicals for enamel ware becomes more important with the constant demand for colored enamel ware. The influence of opacifiers, enamel composition, and firing temperature on enamel colors is pointed out.
EFFECT OF WATER IN EXPANDING CERAMIC BODIES OF DIFFERENT COMPOSITIONS1
Authors: Schurecht H. G. , Pole G. R. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe effects of the composition of some ceramic bodies on their moisture expansions were investigated. With the exception of mixtures containing blast‐furnace slag or magnesite, most bodies with high absorptions developed considerable expansion. Bodies with low absorptions composed of pure clay and feldspar developed practically no moisture expansion while those composed of clay, feldspar, and more than 20% silica developed considerable moisture expansion. By adding magnesite, the resistance of a ceramic body to moisture expansion was improved. Additions of whiting, iron oxide, and titanium oxide were not as beneficial as magnesite. It was found that crazing caused by moisture expansion of bodies can usually be prevented by proper manufacturing control.
THE PACKING OF PARTICLES1
Authors: Westman A. E. R. , Hugill H. R. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTIt is axiomatic that the mode of packing of very large volumes of particles of uniform shape and size is independent of the size of the particles, provided they are large enough for the effect of electrostatic forces, air films, etc., to be negligible. An apparatus is described, in which equal true volumes of approximately spherical particles, ranging in diameter from 0.2 to 0.0035 inch, pack practically to the same apparent volume. This apparatus was used in studying the packing of mixtures of two and three sues of particles. By plotting the data so obtained in diagrams of a particularly convenient character, it is shown that the apparent volumes of mixtures containing unit real volume of solid fall between limiting values which can be calculated from simple assumptions, and that their deviation from these limits depends in a definite manner upon the diameter ratios of the component particles. The conditions governing the application of the results of the study to ceramic technology are pointed out.
THE CAUSE AND PREVENTION OF CERTAIN BROWN STAINS ON SEMIVITREOUS TABLEWARE1
Authors: Loomis G. A. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTIt has been found that the brown stains formed on ware bedded in sand in the bisque fire are due to a reduction of iron in the sand. This reduction is apparently due to insufficient air in the saggers during oxidation of the ware when the kiln atmosphere is low in excess air. Firing the ware in saggers with holes to allow a circulation of air prevented the stains. The ware may also be fired in closed saggers without these defects by admitting sufficient excess air to the kiln and allowing more time at low oxidation temperatures.