bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cleome, a genus closely related to Arabidopsis, contains species spanning a developmental progression from C3 to C4 photosynthesis
Authors: Marshall Diana M. , Muhaidat Riyadh , Brown Naomi J. , Liu Zheng , Stanley Susan , Griffiths Howard , Sage Rowan F. , Hibberd Julian M. 
Published: August 2007

SummaryC4 photosynthesis involves alterations to leaf development, cell biology and biochemistry. Different lineages of C4 plants use varying mechanisms to generate the C4 pathway. Although the biochemistry of C4 photosynthesis was described around 20 years ago, the phylogenetic distance between Arabidopsis and the traditional C4 models has not facilitated the transfer of knowledge from Arabidopsis research to understanding C4 systems. We show that Cleome, a genus closely related to Arabidopsis, contains species spanning a developmental progression from C3 to C4 photosynthesis. The majority of species we assessed are C3 plants but have increased venation in leaves. Three C3 species have both increased venation and enlarged bundle sheath cells, and there is also a tendency to accumulate proteins and transcripts needed for C4 photosynthesis. Cleome gynandra shows all the characteristics needed for efficient C4 photosynthesis, including alterations to leaf biochemistry, cell biology and development, and belongs to the NAD‐dependent malic enzyme subtype. Combined with its phylogenetic proximity to Arabidopsis, the developmental progression from C3 to C4 photosynthesis within the genus provides a potentially excellent new model to increase our understanding of C4 photosynthesis, and provide insights into its evolution.
Weak response of porcine C5a receptor towards human C5a in miniature pig endothelial cells and PMNs
Authors: Yi Kye Sook , Lee Sukmook , Kang Yoon‐Ho , Bae Yoe‐Sik , Hwang Seung Yong , Ha Insu , Kim Hyori , Kim Min Soo , Cho Bumrae , Kang Hee Jung , Bang Ki Tae , Kim Jae Yong , Yang Jaeseok , Chung Junho , Ahn Curie 
Published: August 2007

Abstract: Background: The anaphylatoxin C5a is a potent inflammatory molecule generated during complement activation. Although some reports have implicated C5a in xenograft rejection, to date, the molecular compatibility between human C5a and porcine C5a receptor (C5aR) has been little studied. To examine the need for pC5aR‐deficient pig in xenotransplantaion, we aimed to look at the degree of direct interaction between human C5a (recipient side) and porcine endothelial cells (PECs) and porcine polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) (donor side).Methods: Following the treatment of human C5a to isolated porcine PMNs, transmigration of PMNs was measured by Transwell system and superoxide generation by cytochromecreduction assay. Next, the effects of human C5a on several intracellular signaling pathways were further checked; actin cytoskeletal change was observed under a confocal microscope after staining with Alexa Fluor‐546‐phalloidin, intracellular calcium mobilization was measured by spectrofluorophotometer. The degree of direct effect of human C5a on porcine PMNs was compared with that in human PMNs. Finally, microarray was performed to monitor the effect of human C5a on gene expression of PEC and the expression of several candidate proteins was checked by flow cytometry.Results: We found that human C5a was able to induce chemotaxis, superoxide generation, actin cytoskeletal change, and intracellular calcium mobilization in porcine PMNs. However, higher concentration of human C5a was required to stimulate porcine PMNs in comparison with activating human PMNs. The amino acid sequences of porcine C5aR with those of human C5aR showed a sequence homology of only 67%. To elucidate the effect of human C5a to PECs, microarray analysis following the treatment of PECs with human C5a was performed. These data showed that human C5a did not significantly affect gene transcription patterns in PECs. Additionally, treatment of PECs with human C5a also did not induce protein expression of several cell adhesion molecules, including vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1, intercellular adhesion molecule‐1, P‐selectin, and E‐selectin, or secretion of interleukin‐8 from PECs.Conclusions: These results suggest that human C5a may play a minor role on PEC activation possibly due to molecular incompatibility across the species barrier.
Occurrence of Alfalfa Bacterial Stem Blight Disease in Kurdistan Province, Iran
Authors: Harighi B. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractDuring spring and summer of 2004 and 2005, a new disease of alfalfa was observed for the first time in some areas of the Kurdistan province in Iran. Symptoms were initially yellowed area on leaves, within which water‐soaked, irregular spots developed. These spots eventually coalesced to produce large necrotic areas. Symptoms on petiole and stem include water‐soaked lesions, which later turned brown. Gram negative and rod‐shaped bacteria were isolated from infected tissues. From the results of LOPAT tests (levan production, oxidase reaction, potato soft rot, arginine dihydrolase and tobacco hypersensitivity) and other phenotypic, biochemical and physiological properties investigated, the causal bacterium have been identified as Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae. Pathogenicity of selected strains was confirmed by injecting a bacterial suspension into leaf tissue from the underside of leaves.
Inducible Proteins in Citrus Rootstocks with Different Tolerance Towards the Root Rot Pathogen Phytophthora palmivora
Authors: Albrecht U. , Bowman K. D. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractActivities of defence‐related proteins (β‐1,3‐glucanases, chitinases and peroxidases) and concentrations of total soluble phenolics were measured in roots and leaves of non‐infected and infected plants to investigate the response of different citrus rootstock genotypes to the root rot pathogen Phytophthora palmivora Butler. Infection with the pathogen increased concentrations of total proteins, total phenolics and β‐1,3‐glucanase activity in roots of all genotypes, and increases were associated with the extent of root mass reductions and thus susceptibility of the plants. Root chitinase and root peroxidase levels were slightly reduced or unaltered upon infection. β‐1,3‐Glucanase activity was also elevated in leaves of infected plants, but increases did not differ between tolerant and susceptible rootstocks. Effects of root infection on leaves were typically the reverse of effects on roots for chitinase‐ and peroxidase levels and more pronounced in susceptible rootstock genotypes. Although differences in enzyme expression were observed between susceptible and tolerant citrus seedlings, effects were usually associated with disease progression, and not with resistance to P. palmivora. It is suggested that increased activities of the proteins and soluble phenolics studied are not implicated in the primary defence to Phytophthora root diseases, but may contribute to the inhibition of the pathogen during infection in tolerant citrus.
Polyclonal Antibodies to the Coat Protein of Carnation etched ring virus Expressed in Bacterial System: Production and Use in Immunodiagnosis†
Authors: Raikhy G. , Hallan V. , Kulshrestha S. , Zaidi A. A. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract Carnation etched ring virus (CERV), is the most widespread virus in carnation cultivars after Carnation mottle virus. It's incidences has been reported worldwide. It has double stranded DNA genome with the length of ∼8 kbp. Primers were designed for CERV coat protein gene (1482 bp) amplification and directional and inframe cloning in expression vector, pET‐28a(+) (Novagen, USA), using Escherichia coli strain BL 21 strain competent cells. Expression conditions for maximum recovery of soluble recombinant protein was standardized. The in vitro expressed protein was purified and was used as an antigen for raising antisera. Both intramuscular and sub‐cutaneous routes were used separately for antisera production and the antisera was purified. Some of the antisera was used for enzyme conjugate preparation. This antiserum and conjugate were then used for formulation of an ELISA‐based diagnostic kit for CERV detection. Its properties were compared with the commercially available kit. In all cases, with both glasshouse and field material, the antibodies had good detectability and specificity. These antibodies combine specificity to the target protein and versatility with regard to all the more important serological techniques.
Potential of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens for Control of Alternaria cosmosa and A. patula of Cosmos sulfurous (Yellow Cosmos) and Tagetes patula (French Marigold)
Authors: Wu W. S. , Wu H. C. , Li Y. L. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract Alternaria cosmosa and Alternaria patula are seed‐borne pathogens of Cosmos sulfurous Cav. (yellow cosmos) and Tagetes patula L. (French marigold), respectively. Bacterial strains were isolated from the two hosts to compare their potential to control the Alternaria species with the control provided by the fungicides, prochloraz and pyrifenox. Eight of 73 strains (11%) from C. sulfurous and four of the 128 (3%) from T. patula were found to be effective antagonists by in vitro screening. The efficacy of these active strains as antagonists of the two seed‐borne pathogens was evaluated in laboratory, glasshouse and field experiments. The most effective strains, Cb 6 from C. sulfurous and strain TpE 1 from T. patula, were both identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and were able to reduce disease severity as seed or foliar treatments of their respective host in most experiments.
Development of Diagnostics for DNA A and DNA β of a Begomovirus Associated with Mesta Yellow Vein Mosaic Disease and Detection of Geminiviruses in Mesta (Hibiscus cannabinus L. and H. sabdariffa L.) and Some Other Plant Species
Authors: Chatterjee A. , Sinha S. K. , Roy A. , Sengupta D. N. , Ghosh S. K. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractOccurrence of yellow vein mosaic disease of mesta (Hibiscus cannabinus L. and H. sabdariffa L.) was found to be endemic in parts of India. For rapid and sensitive diagnosis of the Begomovirus associated with this disease, a radiolabelled diagnostic method has been developed. Southern hybridization and nucleic acid spot hybridization using radiolabelled probes to the coat protein (CP) gene of DNA A and DNA β of the virus were able to detect the virus both in plants and in viruliferous whiteflies. These probes detected the presence of the same virus in experimentally infected Vigna plants showing only leaf crumpling symptoms. These probes were also able to detect infection in other crops, ornamentals and weed plants showing characteristic symptoms of whitefly‐transmitted geminiviruses. Polymerase chain reaction amplification through primers specific to the CP gene, full‐length DNA A and full‐length DNA β molecules using DNA isolated from all infected plants and viruliferous whiteflies detected presence of same virus in them.
Randomized trial on the therapeutic equivalence between Eprex and GerEPO in patients on haemodialysis
Authors: GOH BAK‐LEONG , ONG LOKE‐MENG , SIVANANDAM SAROJINI , LIM TECK‐ONN , MORAD ZAKI ,   FOR THE BIOGENERIC EPO STUDY GROUP
Published: August 2007

SUMMARY:Aim:  Treatment of renal anaemia with epoetin is well established. However, epoetin is expensive. Biogeneric epoetin with proven efficacy would reduce cost and improve access to therapy. We conducted this first ever comparative study of a biogeneric and the original product.Methods:  Stable haemodialysis patients with haemoglobin (Hb) of at least 9 g/dL and receiving the human recombinant erythropoietin Eprex were randomized to continue Eprex or convert to GerEPO, a biogeneric epoetin, for 12 weeks. The primary efficacy variable was a change in Hb from baseline.Results:  Ninety‐three subjects were randomized to each arm. Ninety‐two and 87 subjects on the Eprex and GerEPO arms, respectively, completed the trial. Mean Hb in both groups declined over time. The mean decline in Hb was −0.47 g/dL in the Eprex group and −0.45 g/dL in the GerEPO group. The mean difference in the change in Hb from baseline to week 12 between the two groups was 0.02. The 95% confidence interval was −0.42 to 0.46, which lies within the margin of equivalence (±0.5 g/dL). The results of intention‐to‐treat analysis were similar. There were no significant differences in the epoetin dose, iron therapy or iron stores between the groups. Patients receiving GerEPO reported more adverse events.Conclusion:  GerEPO was therapeutically equivalent to Eprex with respect to Hb response for patients with Hb in the subtherapeutic target range as is common in this study population. The trial duration was insufficient for safety evaluation, which must await further investigation. More biogeneric products should be subjected to rigorous evaluation.
Q fever cases at a North Queensland centre during 1994–2006
Authors: Gale M. , Ketheesan N. , Govan B. , Kennedy R. L. , Norton R. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThis study reviewed the epidemiological features, management and outcomes of patients with Q fever treated at a tertiary facility in North Queensland during the period from July 1994 to January 2006. Twenty‐seven patients were identified. Our findings were consistent with the observations about Q fever that have been made in other regions of Australia. A diagnosis of Q fever should be considered in patients with a non‐specific febrile illness.
Chronic disease management: time for consultant physicians to take more leadership in system redesign
Authors: Brand C. , Scott I. , Greenberg P. , Sargious P. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThere is a need for system redesign to meet the needs of individuals with chronic disease. New models of chronic disease care include team‐based paradigms that focus on continuous and patient‐centred care. In such models the roles of providers and patients must change. In this article we focus on new roles for consultant physicians, as well as barriers and incentives to these roles.
On the fine structure of the creeping larva of Loxosomella murmanica: additional evidence for a clade of Kamptozoa (Entoprocta) and Mollusca
Authors: Haszprunar Gerhard , Wanninger Andreas 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe creeping larva of the kamptozoan (entoproct) Loxosomella murmanica was investigated using transmission electron microscopy. The late larva exhibits a prominent apical organ connected to the ‘cerebral’ commissure of large cerebral ganglia, which supply the paired frontal organ. From the cerebral ganglia two paired nerve cords project backwards, closely resembling the tetraneuralian pattern of basal molluscs. In addition, a neural ring supplying the prototroch is present. The epidermis is composed of myoepithelial cells. Dorsally its cuticle is covered by granules of unknown composition. The prototroch consists of two ciliary rings; a downstream collecting system is not present. Although there is a one‐way gut with a lumen throughout, the larva obviously does not feed. A single pair of protonephridia is present. The foot sole shares distinct similarities with basic molluscs, particularly with those of the aplacophoran Solenogastres: The anterior part shows a huge, subepidermal pedal gland and several bundles of cirri consisting of compound cilia. The posterior part is ciliated with intraepithelial mucous cells interspersed. The dorsoventral muscle fibres show the mollusc‐like ventral intercrossing. The present results and previous findings, in particular the chitinous, non‐moulted cuticle, the sinus circulatory system, and a number of neural features shared by Kamptozoa and Mollusca, provide substantial evidence for a direct sister‐group relationship between these phyla. In addition, the basal position of the Solenogastres (Neomeniomorpha) within the Mollusca is corroborated.
The Performance of Local versus Foreign Mutual Fund Managers
Authors: Otten Rogér , Bams Dennis 
Published: August 2007

Abstract In this paper we examine the performance of US equity funds (locals) versus UK equity funds (foreigners) also investing in the US equity market. Based on informational disadvantages one would expect the UK funds to under‐perform the US funds, especially in the research‐intensive small company market. After controlling for tax treatment, fund objectives, investment style and time‐variation in betas, we do not find evidence for this. In the small company segment we even find a slight out‐performance for UK funds compared to US funds. Finally we observe a home bias in the UK portfolios, which is partly attributable to UK funds investing in cross‐listed stocks in the USA.
Total Factor Productivity and Monetary Policy: Evidence from Conditional Volatility*
Authors: Apergis Nicholas , Miller Stephen M. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThis paper empirically assesses whether monetary policy and its volatility affect real economic activity through their effect on the aggregate supply side of the macroeconomy. Analysts typically argue that monetary policy either does not affect the real economy (the classical dichotomy) or only affects the real economy in the short run through aggregate demand (new Keynesian or new classical theories). Real business cycle theorists try to explain the business cycle with supply‐side productivity shocks. We provide some preliminary evidence about how monetary policy and its volatility affect the aggregate supply side of the macroeconomy through their effect on total factor productivity and its volatility. Total factor productivity provides an important measure of supply‐side performance. The results show that monetary policy and its volatility exert a positive and statistically significant effect on the supply side of the macroeconomy. Moreover, the findings buttress the importance of reducing short‐run swings in monetary policy variables as well as support the adoption of an optimal money supply rule. Our results also prove consistent with the effective role of monetary policy during the so‐called ‘Great Moderation’ in US gross domestic product volatility beginning in the early 1980s.
On Enforcement, Management and Persuasion: Different Logics of Implementation Policy in the EU and the ILO*
Authors: HARTLAPP MIRIAM 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThis article helps to understand the effectiveness of EU legislation through analysing implementation policies and how they contribute to ensure Member State compliance. Comparing the EU and the ILO it provides new empirical data on instruments used to change Member State behaviour and presents conceptual tools to assess them along the lines of enforcement, management and persuasion.
Mediating the European Ideal: Cross‐Border Programmes and Conflict Resolution on the Island of Ireland*
Authors: HAYWARD KATY 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThis article assesses the conditions, context and consequences of the European Union's role in conflict transformation through cross‐border activity on the island of Ireland via analysis of interviews with individuals directly involved in EU‐facilitated cross‐border programmes, as ‘mediators’ of the European ideal of cross‐border co‐operation as a means to peace‐building.
Who Governs EU Cohesion Policy? Deconstructing the Reforms of the Structural Funds
Authors: BACHTLER JOHN , MENDEZ CARLOS 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThis article re‐assesses the multi‐level governance debate and specifically the ‘renationalization thesis’, with respect to EU cohesion policy. It focuses on two of the principles of decision‐making under the structural funds: concentration (decisions on where the money is spent) and programming (decisions on how it is spent). The analysis takes a longitudinal approach, examining each of the policy phases from 1988 until the recent debate on the 2007–13 period. The article concludes that the role of national governments (relative to the European Commission) in key decisions on the implementation of cohesion policy has been exaggerated in the literature and that important arguments underpinning the ‘renationalization thesis’ are flawed.
The EU Annual Budgetary Procedure: The Existing Rules and Proposed Reforms of the Convention and Intergovernmental Conference 2002–04*
Authors: BENEDETTO GIACOMO , HOYLAND BJORN 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThis article analyses the proposed reform of the annual budgetary procedure of the European Union (EU) during the 2002–04 Convention and Intergovernmental Conference (IGC). We offer two findings. First, the European Parliament already has the power to reduce agricultural and fisheries spending subject to support from a blocking minority in the Council. Hence, a reduction of the Union's spending on agriculture and other areas of compulsory expenditure is not dependent on a reform of the budgetary procedure. Second, the proposal from the Convention would have increased EP budgetary powers while the procedure adopted by the IGC strengthens the hand of the Council, removing Parliament's right to overrule it. In constitutional bargaining, we see that Parliament gains in a deliberative forum where unanimity is not required, while it loses in a closed IGC.
The Impact of a Customs Union between Turkey and the EU on Turkey's Exports to the EU
Authors: NOWAK‐LEHMANN FELICITAS , HERZER DIERK , MARTINEZ‐ZARZOSO INMACULADA , VOLLMER SEBASTIAN 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThis article investigates Turkey's sectoral trade flows to the EU based on panel data from the period 1988 to 2002. Turkey's 16 most important export sectors are analysed. Emphasis is placed on the role of price competition, EU protection and transport costs in the export trade between Turkey and the EU. The empirical model used is an extended version of the gravity model. This study is also a contribution to the current discussion of whether Turkey should be granted full EU membership or a privileged partnership with the EU, which for Turkey would mean improved access to the EU market for its products, among other benefits. Our investigation focuses on the latter policy outcome: the impact of deepening the customs union between Turkey and the EU and applying the common agricultural policy (CAP) to Turkish agricultural exports. To this end, the impact of the 1996 customs union covering most industrial goods and processed agricultural goods, is evaluated on a sectoral level. We also perform simulations to quantify the impact of the potential inclusion of agricultural goods, as well as iron and steel and products thereof, into the full customs union between Turkey and the EU which is still to come.
Playing chicken with red junglefowl: identifying phenotypic markers of genetic purity in Gallus gallus
Authors: Brisbin I. L. , Peterson A. T. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractWe report the results of a novel experiment, in which genetically pure male red junglefowl Gallus gallus (Richardson strain) were deliberately crossed with domestic female chickens to create contaminated lines of known purity, reaching as high as 93.75%. Phenotypic characters generally used as indicators of purity (reduced or absent female comb, male eclipse plumage, etc.) all appeared to at least some extent in domestically contaminated progeny and moreso in successively more pure generations of the experiment, suggesting that such phenotypic characters may have little, if any, utility in characterizing red junglefowl stocks as to their genetic purity.