bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Extent of RFLP variability in tetraploid populations of alfalfa, Medicago sativa
Authors: Pupilli F. , Businelli S. , Paolocci F. , Scotti C. , Damiani F. , Arcioni S. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSeven widely‐cultivated alfalfa varieties and three ecotypes adapted to Central Italy were used to evaluate the extent of polymorphism in that species. Twenty plants per accession were analysed with 16 RFLP probes combined with three restriction enzymes (48 probe/enzyme combination in total) and the data were used to compute the Nei's similarity index taken as a measure of inter‐ and intra‐population RFLP variability. The varieties were, in general, more homogeneous than the ecotypes and the cultivars ‘Adriana’ and ‘Florida’ could be differentiated more easily than the others. Few accession‐specific hybridizing fragments were scored and seven populations could be distinguished from the others on the basis of significant differences in the frequencies of specific fragments. The DNA of plant populations of several sizes was bulked and the ability to detect a given fragment in pooled samples was related to the fraction of plants having that fragment among the plants forming the bulk. The results are discussed with special emphasis on the practical utilization of RFLPs for varietal identification.
Varietal identification in Cichorium intybus L. and determination of genetic purity of F1 hybrid seed samples, based on RAPD markers
Authors: Bellamy A. , Vedel F. , Bannerot H. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractRandom amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used to distinguish between several Cichorium intybus genotypes, comprising four white witloof inbred lines, three red witloof experimental inbred lines and a number of F1 hybrids derived from two white parents. Amplification conditions and reproducibility of RAPD patterns were examined. Comparison of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products obtained by using 100 10‐mer arbitrary primers allowed identification of all the lines analysed. With several primers, we defined line‐specific RAPD markers, while with others polymorphism was more extensive, revealing several RAPD markers for several lines. All the differences were confirmed both on individual heads and young seedlings for each genotype. Because of the Mendelian segregation of these molecular markers, this method was applied to evaluate the genetic purity of F1 hybrid seed samples.
Prediction of corrosion fatigue lives of aluminium alloy on the basis of corrosion pit growth law
Authors: ISHIHARA S. , SAKA S. , NAN Z.Y. , GOSHIMA T. , SUNADA S. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTTension‐compression and rotating‐bending fatigue tests were carried out using aluminium alloy 2024‐T3, in 3% NaCl solution. The corrosion pit growth characteristics, and also the fatigue crack initiation and propagation behaviour were investigated in detail. The results obtained are summarized as follows: (i) Most of corrosion fatigue life (60–80%) is occupied with a period of corrosion pit growth at low‐stress amplitude. The corrosion pit growth law can be expressed as functions of stress amplitude σa and an elapsed time t. (ii) The critical stress intensity factor for crack initiation from the corrosion pit was determined as 0.25 . This value is the same as the threshold stress intensity factor range for crack propagation. (iii) Corrosion fatigue life can be estimated on the basis of corrosion pit growth law and crack propagation law. The estimated fatigue lives agree well with the experimental data.
Detection of eating difficulties after stroke: a systematic review
Authors: Westergren A. 
Published: April 2006

Background: It is highly important in nursing care for persons with stroke to screen for, assess and manage eating difficulties. The impact on eating after stroke can be of different types, comprising dysphagia as well as eating difficulties in a larger perspective. Eating difficulties can cause complications such as malnutrition, dehydration, aspiration, suffocation, pneumonia and death. There is a lack of systematic reviews about methods to be used by nurses in their screening for eating difficulties.Aim: This review aims at systematically capturing and evaluating current peer‐reviewed published literature about non‐instrumental (besides pulse oximetry) and non‐invasive screening methods for bedside detection of eating difficulties among persons with stroke.Methods: A search was performed in Medline and 234 articles were obtained. After a selection process 17 articles remained, covering seven screening methods and including about 2000 patients.Conclusion: Best nursing practice for detecting eating difficulties includes as the first step the Standardized Bedside Swallowing Assessment (SSA) to detect dysphagia (strong evidence). As the second step an observation should be made of eating including ingestion, deglutition and energy (moderate evidence). Applying pulse oximetry simultaneously to SSA can possibly add to the accuracy of aspiration detection, especially silent aspiration (limited evidence). The methods should be used as a complement to interviews.
Caring for the terminally ill: experiences of Latvian family caregivers
Authors: Kalnins I. 
Published: April 2006

Aim:  To increase understanding of the experiences and needs of family caregivers of terminally ill persons in Latvia.Background:  Latvia has high death rates from cardiovascular disease and cancer, and families care for the terminally ill with little preparation and support. Health professionals also have little preparation in supporting these patients and families at the end of life.Methods:  A qualitative study was carried out in the summer of 2004 in Latvia. Data collection was by semi‐structured interviews with caregivers (n = 18) whose care recipients died at least 1 year previously.Findings:  The caregiver narratives addressed experiences that paralleled the trajectory of the patient’s illness: the disruption of normal life patterns; taking on the caregiver role; establishing new patterns and learning role competencies; engaging in preparation for dying; and the gains and losses of the caregiving experience as seen in retrospect.Conclusions:  The caregiver narratives suggested a need for more education in practical caregiving; access to patient care equipment and supplies; and a need for ongoing support and guidance by knowledgeable medical personnel during caregiving.
The effects of suspiciousness of deception and the perceived legitimacy of deception on task performance in an attitude change experiment1
Authors: Cook Thomas D. , Perrin Burton F. 
Published: April 2006

SummarySubjects participated in two immediately consecutive experiments In the first, they either experienced a deception and debriefing, learned about deception in the abstract, did not learn about deception In the second, they either did or did not hear a reference to the possibility of a deception in that experiment A measure of incidental learning of the message in the second experiment showed that experiencing deception and learning about it in the abstract were not functionally equivalent, that only experiencing deception tended to produce absolute bias, that this bias was probably caused by “vigilance” rather than by “negativism,” that the reference to deception before the second experiment did not itself cause bias, and that the reference eliminated the difference in performance due to experiencing a deception as opposed to only learning about it in the abstract Furthermore, suspiciousness and the reported legitimacy of deception were positively related to each other at the group mean level Separating out their contribution to experimental performance showed that they complexly interacted to determine performance. These results were discussed with reference to the fear that subjects who have heard about deception from friends might perform differently from subjects who have not, with reference to the necessity for deception in some attitude change research, with reference to one alternative to deception, and with reference to explanations of why some experiments have shown no relationship between suspiciousness and experimental performance while others have shown a negative relationship
Machiavellianism and manipulation in the mental patient role1
Authors: Fontana Alan F. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryPatients’ Machiavellian orientations were compared to their reputations among the staff as manipulators, helpers, or model patients. For both acute and chronic patients, Machiavellianism was consistently found to relate significantly to the manipulator reputation and not to the other reputations The relationships held for patients diagnosed psychotic as well as nonpsychotic. These findings support the propositions that mental patients attempt to manipulate the staff in their everyday contact with them and that manipulation constitutes one of the major adaptive styles employed by patients The relationships were demonstrated more reliably in group treatment programs than in an individual treatment program Expected differences in the relationships according to birth order were not found Machiavellian social desirability significantly related to the helper and model patient reputations for acute patients, suggesting its potential value as a dispositional variable also.
Relationships among attention, GSR activity, and perceived similarity of self and others1
Authors: Hirschman Richard , Katkin Edward S. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe present study was designed to test the hypothesis that autonomic change is part of the identification process in a non‐stressful paradigm Simulated taped interviews were prepared varying the dimensions of amount of work and success in college Emotional expression by the interviewees was kept to a minimum. College subjects responded with a significantly larger number of nonspecific GSRs to a tape identified by them as being more like themselves than to a tape identified as being less like themselves The nonsignificant comparisons of tapes were discussed in terms of the importance of cognitive activity on autonomic responsivity
Motives, involvements, and leadership among Black college students1
Authors: Greene Dwight L. , Winter David G. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThematic Apperceptive measures of achievement, affiliation, and power motives, together with consensual judges’ ratings for several clusters of attitudes, beliefs, and actions, and objective data on office‐holding were obtained from thirty‐eight Black undergraduate university students Overall, need for Power was related to holding office, being rated as influential, and participating in the Black Repertory Theatre. Among Northern‐reared Blacks, need for Power related to ratings of activity in the extramural Black community and distrust of the System, among Southern‐reared Blacks, need for Power and need for Achievement related to ratings of Pragmatism.
Creativity: Hot and cold
Authors: Taft Ronald 
Published: April 2006

SummaryCognitive theorists have frequently distinguished between two types of thinking, one associated with control and reason, and the other with emotional expression A similar distinction was made by Freud between secondary and primary process thinking This paper has investigated whether corresponding styles of creativity can be discovered A study was reported in which two types of behaviour appeared a permissive, expressive type, and a controlled, coping type Both of these correlated positively with self‐reported creativity A second study contrasted the correlates of originality on tests of divergent thinking with originality on projective tests. Two clusters emerged, one representing competent, stable, resourceful personalities who scored high on divergent thinking tests of originality, the other representing impulsive, emotionally expressive, imaginative persons who scored high on projective test originalityIt was concluded that there are two creativity styles corresponding to the two types of cognitive process, and these styles were labelled “cold” creativity and “hot” creativity. Both styles play a part, in varying proportions, in any creativity processPerformance on the divergent thinking tests of originality is more closely related to cold than hot creativity and, therefore, the distinction does not correspond with that between convergent and divergent thinking Nor does it correspond with differences between scientific and artistic interests and creativity.
Some developmental antecedents of psychopathology1
Authors: Rousell Charles H. , Edwards Carl N. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) was administered to 64 young adults whose mothers had participated 17 years earlier in the Sears, Maccoby, and Levin interview study of childrearing A permissive home atmosphere in childhood appears to be related to neurotic (including hypochondriacal) and psychotic disturbances in female young adults, while a cold home atmosphere is related to psychopathological disorders in young adult males Also for young adult males there tends to be an association between an excessively warm‐nonpunitive home atmosphere in childhood and the development of strong anxiety and psychotic disturbances Phobic and psychotic disorders tend to have emerged from a cold‐punitive home atmosphere for males For females a warm‐punitive or permissive‐punitive home atmosphere appears to be related to neurotic disturbances and the paranoid reaction These findings were examined with and without K scale corrections with no significant differences in results
Effects of frustration and magnitude of reward on selective attention, size estimation, and verbal evaluation1
Authors: Knott Paul D. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryA high expectancy of success in playing a “fishing game” was established for all subjects (fourth‐grade children) Subjects then played the fishing game for money A nonsense syllable was associated with the money. Half of the subjects were frustrated in their attempts to obtain the money, while the remaining subjects were rewarded in their attempts The dependent measures indicated that, relative to rewarded and control subjects, frustrated subjects (a) looked at pictures of money more often, (b) overestimated the size of money, and (c) attributed more positive statements to the syllable associated with reward Subjects frustrated on a larger reward showed these effects to a greater extent than subjects frustrated on a smaller reward These data support the hypothesis that the incentive value of a reward, and of salient neutral stimuli associated with the reward, is increased by frustration, and that this effect is strengthened by the use of larger rewards.
Prebirth and postbirth influence on the relationship between creative ability and recorded mental illness1
Authors: McNeil Thomas F. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryGroups of 10 high, 20 above average, and 20 low creative ability subjects were constituted by interjudge agreement from among an adult population who were removed from their biological parents and adopted shortly after birth. The adoptees thus received prebirth influence from their biological relatives and postbirth influence from then: adoptive relatives The rates of recorded mental illness were determined among the adoptees, their biological parents and siblings, and their adoptive parents and siblings Mental illness rates in the adoptees were positively and significantly related to their creative ability level, substantiating the hypothesized relationship between creative ability and mental illness. The mental illness rates of the biological parents were positively and significantly related to the creative ability level of the adoptees. Mental illness rates among the adoptive parents and the adoptive and biological siblings were independent of the adoptees’ creative ability level. The data were interpreted as evidence for the influence of prebirth factors on the relationship between creative ability and mental illness No evidence of family‐related postbirth influence was found An evaluation of mental illness rates among uncooperative (nonresponding) potential subjects and their relatives suggested that noncooperation by these adoptees produced a dampening effect on the results of the study.
Causal attributions for success and failure in relation to expectations of success based upon selective or manipulative control
Authors: Feather N. T. , Simon J. G. 
Published: April 2006

SummarySubjects worked at a 10‐item Anagrams Test. In a manipulative control condition the prior performance of subjects on a set of practice anagrams was controlled so that half of these subjects began the test with high expectations of success and half with low expectations of success As a check on the manipulation, subjects provided ratings of how confident they were that they could pass the test (i e, solve five anagrams or more) In a selective control condition subjects were not given practice items but were subsequently assigned to high versus low expectation groups on the basis of their confidence ratings The difficulty level of the items in the Anagrams Test was manipulated so that half the subjects in each condition passed the test and half failed. Subsequently all subjects were required to rate the degree to which they considered ability (or lack of ability), effort (or lack of effort), task difficulty (easy or hard), and luck (good or bad) were causes of their performance outcome (success or failure). It was found that the expected success was attributed more to ability and less to good luck than was the unexpected success The expected failure was attributed more to lack of ability and less to bad luck than was the unexpected failure There was a greater tendency for subjects to appeal to task difficulty and effort as causes of their performance when they succeeded than when they failed. These results were discussed in terms of a structural balance model of attribution behavior and also in relation to Heider's naive analysis of the causes of action
Individual commitment to risky and conservative choices as a determinant of shifts in group decisions1
Authors: Burnstein Eugene , Katz Stuart 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe consistently positive relationship between initial riskiness and perceived influence obtained in past work led us to speculate that (1) the deliberative effort involved in making a choice increases with its riskiness, as a result (2) individuals who select a risky course of action will be more committed to their choice than conservative individuals, and (3) the former will be more influential in group decisions. The following support was obtained for these conjectures When individuals had to select a reaction time interval to beat, those who were risky, that is, who selected a short interval, were more confident in having chosen wisely, were less likely to feel they might change their choice given the opportunity, and took longer to make their choice than those who were conservative, that is, who selected a long interval The first two of these measures were assumed to reflect commitment to the choice, and the third was taken as a rough indication of the amount of effort involved in choosing A group decision was also made regarding the reaction time interval It tended to be riskier than that preferred by the average individual prior to the decision if the riskiest member was more committed and/or expended more effort in choosing than his partners, on the other hand, it tended to be more conservative than the average prior preference if the most conservative member was more committed and or expended more effort
The equity restoring components of retaliation1
Authors: Graf Richard G. , Green Duane 
Published: April 2006

SummaryPrevious research has shown that retaliation can be an effective means of restoring equity to the relationship between a harm‐doer and his victim The present study investigated the equity restoring properties of two components of retaliation the harm‐doer “paying the price” for his harmful act, and the victim being given an opportunity to inflict harm Equity was restored to the relationship between the harm‐doer and his victim when the harm‐doer believed that his victim would be given an opportunity to inflict harm either upon the harm‐doer or a neutral party When the harm‐doer was led to believe that he would be retaliated against by someone other than his victim, equity restoration did not occur. The suggestion was made that the crucial factor in equity restoration may be the way in which the harm‐doer thinks the relationship is viewed by his victim
Cue utilization and attributional judgments for success and failure
Authors: Frieze Irene , Weiner Bernard 
Published: April 2006

SummaryTwo experiments are reported which examine causal attributions in achievement‐related contexts Subjects were provided with information about an achievement‐related activity (the immediate outcome of the action, percentage of prior success and failure at the same and similar tasks, percentage of success and failure of others, time spent at the task, task structure, and whether the achievement activity was undertaken by oneself or others) The subjects were required to attribute the immediate performance outcome (success or failure) to the causal factors of ability, effort, task difficulty, and luck The data revealed that the achievement cues were systematically utilized both as main effects and in configural patterns Included among the significant findings were that success is more likely to be attributed to internal factors (ability and effort) than is failure, consistency with the performance of others results in task ascriptions, whereas inconsistency is attributed to ability, effort and luck, and consistency with one's own past performance is ascribed to ability and task difficulty, while inconsistent outcomes give rise to luck and effort attributions Individual data analyses revealed considerable systematic yet idiosyncratic usage of the achievement information The results suggest a confounding in the locus of control literature, and new directions for the study of achievement motivation
The effects of extrinsic incentive on some qualitative aspects of task performance1
Authors: Kruglanski Arie W. , Friedman Irith , Zeevi Gabriella 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThirty two subjects of high school age were tested under two experimental conditions on a variety of tasks. Subjects in the extrinsic‐incentive condition were promised a reward for their participation in the experiment No mention of reward was made in the no‐incentive condition. Consistent with die experimental hypothesis, it was found that subjects in the latter as opposed to the former condition exhibited superiority in creativity of performance and task recall. In addition, they manifested a stronger Zeigarnik effect, and reported greater enjoyment of the experiment The data were discussed in reference to the idea that the degree of intrinsic motivation for a task is determined by the actor's self‐attributed cause for its performance
Success and satisfaction as a function of environmental constraint and origin‐pawn feelings1
Authors: Alderman M. Kay , Carbonari Joseph , Ryals Kelvin 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis research investigated causal relationships among situational and dispositional determinants of origin‐pawn (O‐P) feelings and perceptions of task satisfaction and success. Seventy‐seven college students performed a task under one of three conditions—freedom, moderate freedom, or high constraint. Analysis of data through multiple regression and path‐analytic techniques indicated that O‐P feelings are a function of both situation and disposition. While condition and O‐P feelings have direct effects on both success and satisfaction, satisfaction is affected more by the situational element of freedom versus constraint than is success. The path analysis tended to support a previously conceptualized causal model of relationships among the variables.