bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
NSF considers recommendations for marine seismic reflection
Authors: Shipley T. , Moore G. F. 
Published: October 2006

As marine seismic reflection programs have become more complex, the number of active investigators has diminished because of the extensive technical expertise required. Establishing national facilities for at‐sea seismic acquisition is one way to shift much of the operational burden from individual scientists, enabling more scientists to use modern seismic methods and data. In addition, creating a seismic reflection data center would relieve accessibility issues and impediments to efficient multidisciplinary research and education.The U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) funded a workshop to address marine seismic capabilities in the academic fleet, and the recommendations described above were part of the result. If implemented, the recommendations—which are now before NSF—would engage a broader segment of the scientific community in seismic acquisition and interpretive activities by simplifying fieldwork and access to data collected by other investigators. There are currently no official national facilities for seismic acquisition. The establishment of one or more NSF facilities would be a significant step, since many shortcomings could be addressed by consolidating management and incorporating coherent communitybased input at facilities operations.
Cruising the ocean from space with Jason‐1
Authors: Mønard Yves , Escudier Philippe , Fu Lee , Kunstmann Gary 
Published: October 2006

The exceptional results obtained from the TOPEX/POSEIDON (T/P) mission (see references and recommended reading list at end of this piece) have convinced scientists to continue the research activities needed to improve our understanding of ocean circulation and its interaction with climate. High‐accuracy radar altimeter missions alone can provide continuous global observations of ocean circulation.Soon after the launch of T/P in August 1992 and following a comprehensive analysis of the system's performance, the T/P missions Science Working Team recommended that studies be engaged as a follow‐on. Early in 1993, the Centre Nationale d Etudes Spatiales France (CNES) and the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) agreed to jointly build and operate this follow‐on satellite, Jason‐1, to be launched early in 2001. Fittingly, the new satellite is named after the leader of the Argonauts famous quest to recover the Golden Fleece.
Upload from a seafloor vent
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

There are some places in the oceans where sediment may accumulate at the rate of one millimeter in a thousand years, or where important geological processes take place at the rate at which fingernails grow, said marine geophysicist Steve Hammond.That's snoozeville, said Hammond, leader of the ocean environment research division at the Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory of the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).
Outstanding student paper awards
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

The Biogeosciences Section presented three outstanding student paper awards at the 2000 AGU Spring Meeting in Washington, D.C., last June.Udaysankar S. Nair presented a paper titled Climatic Impact of Lowland Deforestation on Cloud Forests in Costa Rica. Udaysankar graduated with a B. Tech. in mechanical engineering from the University of Kerala, India in 1988. He obtained his M.S. in meteorology from South Dakota School of Mines and Technology in 1991. Udaysankar is completing his Ph.D. through Colorado State University under the direction of Ronald M. Welch and Roger A. Pielke, Sr, and is currently at the National Space Science and Technology Center, University of Alabama in Huntsville. His research interests include mesoscale modeling, the influence of land use on regional climate, the detection of clouds in satellite imagery, and image processing.
Introduction to Mineralogy
Authors: Knittle Elise 
Published: October 2006

A course in mineralogy is a rite of passage for most undergraduate Earth sciences majors. As fluency with minerals is so basic for deciphering a range of geologic processes, many Earth scientists can recall long hours in the lab memorizing mineral samples, their chemical formulae and crystal systems, and perhaps staring through a petrographic microscope wondering, what exactly is 2V? In this venerable field with so many classic textbooks, one might ask why another mineralogy text is warranted.Introduction to Mineralogy is organized in a traditional way, with Part I covering the topics of symmetry, crystallography, crystal chemistry and structure, and crystal growth. Part II covers physical properties of minerals and methods for studying mineral structures and chemistry (including optical mineralogy and x‐ray diffraction), and Part III presents the systematic mineralogy of all of the mineral groups.
Effect of El Niæo observed over Indian continent from satellite‐derived ozone data
Authors: Singh Ramesh P. , Sarkar Sudipta , Singh Ashbindu 
Published: October 2006

After the discovery of the ozone hole over Antarctica, assessment of the long‐term trend of ozone in different regions of the globe has become a frontline topic of Earth system sciences. Trends in total ozone column (TOC) have been estimated by various authors [McPeters et al., 1996; Hollandsworth et al., 1995] using the data obtained from the Dobson spectrophotometer, satellite‐borne instruments, and balloon‐borne ozonesondes.Most such studies are for mid‐ and highlatitude regions, whereas studies made with data from low‐latitude regions are meager. No detailed sensor‐based approach has been undertaken so far to understand the total ozone scenario from an Indian perspective, apart from a few observations [Chakrabarty et al., 1998] that were largely based on a ground‐based Dobson spectrophotometer at major Indian cities.
Challenging the rhetoric of water wars
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

In the West, whiskey is for drinking, and water is for fighting over, goes an adage coined by author Mark Twain. Over the years, concerns over water scarcity have threatened to boil over and led to conflicts in the American West and around the globe.In many of these instances, dams and potentially conflicting uses of water are at the heart of the conflict.
World's largest steerable radio telescope opens for business
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

U.S. Senator Robert C. Byrd, white‐maned, and alternately searching either the heavens or his prepared text for each phrasing, orated on stage to an adoring flock of about 1000 West Virginians and out‐of‐staters.In the backgrond and tucked amid verdant mountains in the midst of the 33,700 square kilometer National Radio Quiet Zone in Pocahontas County (where cell phones go dead and fixed radio transmitters have limitations on power use, to keep the air clear for receiving extraterrestrial frequencies), a white paintedradio telescope simultaneously squatted and reached for the sky.
Herbert Friedman (1916–2000)
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

Herbert Friedman, recipient of the 1981 William Bowie Medal, died September 9 in Arlington, Virginia, at the age of 84. Dr. Friedman became an AGU member in 1957 and a Fellow in 1962. His professional career was with the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory where he served as chief scientist of the E.O. Hulburt Center for Space Research. He was a member of the Aeronomy subsection of SPA.In his tribute for the presentation of the Bowie medal, Phillip Mange also a member of the Aeronomy subsection cited Dr. Friedmans dedication to the observation and interpretation of the space environment and its behavior and detailed many of his pioneering discoveries in geophysical understanding. These included the first space observations of the role of solar x‐rays,Schumann‐region ultraviolet, and Lyman alpha in the production of the ionosphere. Mange also noted Dr. Friedmans role as a principal contributor to the study of the relationship between solar flux variability and ionospheric behavior over a solar cycle; and his responsibility for the theoretical prediction and first observations of the role of solar flare x‐rays in producing ionospheric fadeout.
U.S. Presidential Candidate camps debate sciences issues
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

While budget surpluses, social security, and tax cut proposals have been major focuses during the U.S. presidential campaign between Texas Governor George W Bush and Vice President Al Gore, the candidates also have staked out a number of important issues related to Earth sciences and the environment.Two recent debates between representatives of the Bush and Gore camps have helped to clarify these positions. The Washington Science Policy Alliance presented a candidates forum on science and technology policy on October 5 at the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), in Washington, D.C. On September 26, the non‐profit National Environmental Policy Institute (NEPI) held a debate on presidential politics and the environment at the National Press Club, also in Washington, D.C.
Center for Excellence in Ocean Sciences Education recommended
Authors: McManus Dean A. , Walker Sharon 
Published: October 2006

The natural interdisciplinary context of the ocean sciences has not been used to promote science education integrated across scientific disciplines at all levels, in alignment with the reforms of science education. Moreover, the innate human interest in the ocean has not been used to integrate science—as it should be—with the arts, humanities, and social sciences in the curriculum. In this failure, the ocean sciences have failed to help the public understand the role of the ocean in the quality of life and the nation's economic development and defense.In the past,several opportunities for education coordinated beyond individual efforts have been lost. Ocean sciences research results have not been adequately integrated into educational materials that could engage students' imaginations for a lifetime of experiential science learning.
Workshop discusses community models for coastal sediment transport
Authors: Sherwood Christopher R. , Signell Richard P. , Harris Courtney K. , Butman Bradford 
Published: October 2006

Numerical models of coastal sediment transport are increasingly used to address problems ranging from remediation of contaminated sediments, to siting of sewage outfalls and disposal sites, to evaluating impacts of coastal development. They are also used as a test bed for sediment‐transport algorithms, to provide realistic settings for biological and geochemical models, and for a variety of other research, both fundamental and applied. However, there are few full‐featured, publicly available coastal sediment‐transport models, and fewer still that are well tested and have been widely applied.This was the motivation for a workshop in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, on June 22–23, 2000, that explored the establishment of community models for coastal sediment‐transport processes.
Lake Michigan faces exotic species, dune sand mining, other challenges
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

As Steve Pothoven scooped out his bottom trawl catch on the deck of a U.S. government research vessel in June, he expected the regular monitoring exercise to land alewives and a mound of zebra mussels.These two now‐ubiquitous exotic aquatic species are among more than 130 that have entered the Great Lakes ecosystem over the past century. They have invaded by various means: hiding in ballast water, navigating through connecting channels such as the Welland Canal that was completed in 1829 as a route around Niagara Falls, or introduced on purpose.
Sensors detect biological change in mid‐latitude North Pacific
Authors: Polovina Jeffrey J. , Seki Michael P. , Howell Evan 
Published: October 2006

High temporal and spatial resolution ocean color data for the global ocean were collected for January–June 1997 by the Ocean Color and Temperature Scanner (OCTS) from the Japanese ADEOS satellite and for September 1997 to the present by the Sea‐viewing Wide Field‐of‐view sensor (SeaWiFS). These sensors show the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre characterized by surface chlorophyll less than 0.15 mg/m3, while to the north, the Transition Zone and Subarctic Gyre exhibit surface chlorophyll in excess of 0.25 mg/m3 (Figure 1).The boundary between the low and high chlorophyll domains can be characterized by the 0.2 mg/m3 chlorophyll contour line (Figure l). This boundary is termed the Transition Zone Chlorophyll Front (TZCF) because it moves seasonally between the southern and northern limits of the Transition Zone, coinciding with the convergence of cool, vertically mixed, high chlorophyll water found to the north with warmer, stratified, low chlorophyll water on the south. In addition to simply marking the separation between high and low chlorophyll regions, the TZCF is used as a migratory and forage habitat by apex predators including sea turtles and tunas [Polovina et al., 2000].
John A. Simpson (1916–2000)
Authors: Jokipii J. R. , Gloeckler G. 
Published: October 2006

John Alexander Simpson, a long‐time member and Fellow of AGU, member of the National Academy of Sciences, and last year's recipient of the Bowie Medal, died on August 31, 2000, from complications following open heart surgery. He was 83 years old and a professor emeritus at the University of Chicago, where he spent most of an extraordinarily varied and productive career.He received his bachelor's degree from Reed College in 1940, and a master's and a doctorate from New York University in 1942 and 1943. After working on the Manhattan Project until 1946, he joined the University of Chicago faculty where he rose through the ranks and was appointed to a succession of prestigious named professorships.
Advances in Carbonate Sequence Stratigraphy: Application to Reservoirs, Outcrops and Models
Authors: Hine Albert C. 
Published: October 2006

About 12 years ago at some oil patch city hosting the annual convention of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, I found myself three rows deep in the standing‐room‐only section, gazing out at approximately 2,000 additional, but seated conventioneers, all listening to every word uttered by the then gods of sequence stratigraphy addressing us at a special symposium.I wondered out loud if this session had sucked nearly everyone else out of all the concurrent sessions and imagined a convention center filled with empty rooms being addressed by single, lonely speakers who probably had to introduce themselves, as their session moderators had abandoned their posts to hear the gods speak as well. I was quickly shushed as my fellow upright (uptight?) neighbors, who were invading my body space and straining to understand the tortured details as to why parasequences were not little bitty sequences or what the exact relationship was between maximum flooding surfaces and condensed sections, and so on and so forth.
Comment: NRC Report on preventing contamination of Europa falls short
Authors: Greenberg Richard , Randall Tufts B. 
Published: October 2006

A recent National Research Council (NRC) report on preventing contamination of Europa is fundamentally flawed [Task Group on the Forward Contamination of Europa, 2000]. It inappropriately cites, as the basis for its quantitative recommendation, a decades‐old COSPAR resolution. This resolution in turn was based on an arbitrary numerical example taken from a 1960s analysis based on now‐obsolete premises regarding Mars exploration, not Europa.While the NRC report contains useful information, it cannot be a valid basis for sound NASA policy for exploration of Europa. The issues involved need to be revisited with a comprehensive study. Note: COSPAR is the Committee on Space Programs and Research of the International Council of Scientific Unions.
Groups praise, criticize Bush Transition choices
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

As the administration of George W. Bush takes hold in the White House, transition plans gradually are coming into focus for many federal agencies that deal with geoscience issues. Congressional confirmation hearings already have been held for cabinet secretary nominees—including Gale Norton, the controversial figure named to head the Department of the Interior. Bush transition team members have fanned out to visit a number of agencies, and interest groups have lined up to either criticize or praise various appointment decisions that affect geoscience issues.Among cabinet nominees, New Jersey Governor Christine Todd Whitman has received mixed reviews as nominee to head the Environmental Protection Agency and is widely viewed as a moderate on environmental issues. Spencer Abraham, nominated to lead the Department of Energy co‐sponsored a bill to abolish the department in 1999 while he represented Michigan in the Senate. However, there has not been a groundswell of political energy expended to try to challenge his nomination.
Eduard Brückner—The Sources and Consequences of Climate Change and Climate Variability in Historical Times
Authors: Brönnimann Stefan 
Published: October 2006

Concerns about irreversible and unfavorable climate change are not new, nor are discussions about its possible causes and consequences. Since the late 18th century when science‐based knowledge began to replace the mystic and religious views about climate change that had prevailed for centuries, there have been more or less permanent debates on climate change and climate variability. The discourse was not only carried out among experts, but repeatedly—in varying contexts—in the public as well.By the end of the 19th century the debates about climate change culminated in a vivid discussion of the causes of the ice ages, the nature of historical climate variability, the possible human influence on future climate, and the impact on the evolving economies and societies. These issues were discussed by prominent scientists including Svante Arrhenius, Eduard Brückner, and Julius Hann. Moreover, these topics became politically relevant. As an example, a number of scientists speculated that extensive deforestation, or also reforestation, might potentially cause a large‐scale anthropogenic climate change.
Hunting and gathering silicon data to tackle climate forecasting
Authors: Dittert Nicolas , Leynaert Aude , Ragueneau Olivier , Heinze Christoph 
Published: October 2006

The frequent, large, and often extremely abrupt shifts in global climate in the past occurred in lockstep across the globe. This seems to tell us that Earth's climate system has several distinct modes of operation that are linked in subtle yet dramatic ways.Does this finding about past climates have any implication for future climate? Will greenhouse warming continue, or will it slow or cease? And when would that be?
Kansas reverses state science standards
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

Two days after the 192nd anniversary of the birth of Charles Darwin on February 12, the Kansas State Board of Education voted 7‐3 to approve new state science standards. The standards now include the concept of evolutionary biology, as well as references to the Big Bang theory and geological time.The vote reverses an August 1999 decision by the same board to eliminate the mandate to teach evolution across species—distinguished by the board as macroevolution, as opposed to microevolution, within species. That decision deleted almost all references to evolution, as well as the Big Bang theory and geological time from the standards. The 1999 standards did not actually ban teaching these topics, but left that decision to the state's 304 local school boards. Those standards gained international attention and several board members supporting them were voted out of office.
Iron isotope biosignatures: Promise and progress
Authors: Anbar Ariel D. 
Published: October 2006

Isotopic indicators are extremely useful for detecting life in the geologic record. The most notable example is the "C enrichment in organic matter produced by photosynthesis. Compared to both molecular fossils and microfossils, such isotopic indicators are more robust against alteration processes.Mass‐dependent variations in the isotopic compositions of C and other light elements have been studied for half a century. In contrast, little such research had been performed on transition metals until recently because it was difficult to make sufficiently precise isotopic measurements of these elements. Advances in mass spectrometric tools and techniques, especially the development of multiple‐collector plasma source mass spectrometry have simplified such measurements and resulted in rapid progress.
Reply [to “Comment on ‘Teaching evolution, the Kansas School Board of Education, and the democratization of science’” The causes of anti‐science views]
Authors: Lin Johnny Wei‐Bing 
Published: October 2006

I thank R. Stephen White for responding to my Eos Forum article and appreciate the opportunity to have a dialogue with him regarding these issues.He argues that populism is not the primary cause of anti‐science thinking. Rather, public sentiment toward science is one of implicit acceptance. Anti‐science thinking and actions are cultural anomalies, possibly the result of conservative political activism, religious schooling, or lack of intellectual rigor.
Bill would bolster science at EPA
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

Since its establishment in 1970, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has primarily served as a regulatory agency with a significant science component. However, the agency's scientific practices and performance at times have been criticized by the U.S. General Accounting Office, the National Academies of Science (NAS), Congress, and EPA's own science advisory board, as well as in a number of lawsuits.New legislation introduced by Rep. Vernon Ehlers (R‐Mich.), chair of the House of Representatives' Science Subcommittee on Environment, Technology, and Standards, includes measures meant to improve the agency's science component. The legislation, H.R. 64, would require the president to appoint an EPA deputy administrator for science and technology This deputy administrator, who would rank higher than existing assistant administrators (AAs), would be responsible for the overall scientific and technical foundation of the agency's decisions, including ensuring that the agency's scientific endeavors use the best possible peer review and research planning practices.
Bush Energy Plan packed with proposals to increase supply
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

With more than 100 recommendations that range from promoting solar energy to urging the revitalization of nuclear power, the energy plan released by U.S. President George W. Bush on May 17 could be said to have something for everybody. However, the plan appears to offer much more for those who favor increasing domestic fossil fuel supplies than for those pushing for more efficiency in energy usage and renewable energyNoting that the United States faces “the most serious energy shortage since the oil embargoes of the 1970s,” the plan put forth by the National Energy Policy Development (NEPD) Group under Vice President Dick Cheney tries to meet three challenges. These are: using energy more wisely repairing and expanding the U.S. energy infrastructure, and increasing energy supplies while protecting the environment.
AGU participates in Penn. Science Teaching Standards Efforts
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

On July 13, the Pennsylvania State Board of Education voted to approve science standards that endorse the teaching of evolution in science classes in Pennsylvania's public schools. The measure passed by 13 to 2. Three legislative members of the board abstained from voting, because the state legislature votes on the standards later this year.AGU's Committee on Public Affairs and other groups had issued a legislative alert about these standards. The concern was that proposed revisions that had been inserted in July contained subtle language that some people said could open the door for creationism proponents to teach “alternatives to evolution.”