bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prediction of leaching and groundwater contamination by pesticides
Authors: Kördel Werner , Klein Michael 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Herein, we describe how pesticide leaching is assessed in Europe in order to fulfill EU Directive 91/414. The assessment schemes were developed to protect groundwater from unacceptable effects caused by pesticide use. They presently focus on chromatographic flow processes, which are dominant in sandy soils. Nevertheless, important regions in Europe are characterized by structured soils where transport through macropores is most relevant.
Comparison of parallel field studies with isoproturon performed in sandy and silty soils showed that maximum concentration in the structured soil at a soil depth of 1 m may exceed respective concentrations in sandy soils by a factor of 60. Similar results were obtained by lysimeter studies using silty soil cores with maximum concentration of 40 μg/l at the soil bottom. These results demonstrate that preferential flow is more the rule than the exception in well-structured fine-textured soils, and pesticide losses via macropore flow may exceed losses via matrix transport considerably. All present information available for macropore flow suggest the need for greater regional assessments. Other recommendations include analysis of the influence of different soil management practices on the formation of macropores.
Virus-Coated Layer-by-Layer Colloids as a Multiplex Suspension Array for the Detection and Quantification of Virus-Specific Antibodies
Authors: Toellner Lars , Fischlechner Martin , Ferko Boris , Grabherr Reingard Maria , Donath Edwin 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Background: Suspension array technology has surpassed ELISA for automated, simultaneous detection and quantification of soluble biomarkers such as virus-specific antibodies. We describe assays in which antigens are attached to a lipid bilayer surrounding color-coded particles.
Methods: We used layer-by-layer technology to establish a multiplex suspension array with distinguishable microbeads coated with authentic viral surfaces to catch and quantify virus-specific antibodies in a flow cytometric analysis. Antigenic surfaces were generated by chimeric and wild-type baculoviruses plus 2 different influenza A virus subtypes fused to a lipid bilayer surrounding distinctly colored particles. Specificity of binding of chosen antibodies and sera was detected by immunofluorescence. Results of multiplex analysis were compared with results of ELISA.
Results: Titrations of virus-specific antibodies in the multiplex suspension array demonstrated specific binding to the viral surface proteins. The multiplex suspension array gave positive results for up to log 5–diluted primary antibodies with an ∼5- to 10-fold reduced dynamic range compared with the respective ELISA.
Conclusions: The bead-based multiplex suspension array is customizable and easy to establish. By displaying native influenza A virus surfaces and recombinant HIV-1 epitopes, the new assay provides a tool for the detection of major viral infections in humans.
Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometric Analysis of DNA on Microarrays
Authors: Kepper Pamela , Reinhardt Richard , Dahl Andreas , Lehrach Hans , Sauer Sascha 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Background: Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry is a powerful tool in biomolecule analysis with a wide range of application possibilities, including genotyping of single-base variations (also known as single-nucleotide polymorphisms, or SNPs) for candidate gene studies and diagnostic typing of DNA markers. We tested a method that does not require stringent purification of the nucleic acids and/or the use of modification chemistry before mass spectrometry analysis.
Methods: We used an alternative direct analysis approach that allows MALDI analysis of crude DNA samples printed on microscope slides densely coated with primary amino groups that efficiently bind negatively charged DNA. After simple washing of the slides, we applied MALDI matrix and used a conventional MALDI mass spectrometer to detect DNA products.
Results: We analyzed crude oligonucleotide samples and performed automated genotyping of single-base variations in 72 DNA samples.
Conclusion: This procedure offers an operational short-cut compared with standard MALDI procedures for preparation of oligonucleotides, including purification, and thus is an efficient tool for genotyping applications, particularly those requiring accurate, flexible, and rapid data generation and medium throughput.
Evaluation of Disease Resistance of the Fish Lake–DeSmet, Wounded Man, and Harrison Lake Strains of Rainbow Trout Exposed to Myxobolus cerebralis
Authors: Wagner Eric J. , Wilson Chris , Arndt Ronney , Goddard Patrick , Miller Mark , Hodgson Ana , Vincent Richard , Mock Karen 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Several tests evaluated the whirling disease resistance of three stocks of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss: the Fish Lake–DeSmet (FD), Wounded Man (WM), and Harrison Lake (HL) strains. In one series, FD fish were exposed to Myxobolus cerebralis triactinomyxons (TAMs; one exposure of 1,000 TAMs/fish). Histological scores ranged from 4.28 to 4.95 (MacConnnell−Baldwin scale) among FD fish from three different hatcheries. In addition, FD fish were exposed either acutely (1,000 TAMs/fish in one dose) or chronically (100 or 200 TAMs/fish on each of 10 d). There was no significant difference in mean myxospore counts among the three different exposure treatments. Histological scores ranged from 3.76 to 3.86 among the exposure groups and did not differ among exposure treatments. The correlation between histological scores and myxospore counts was significant (r = 0.57). Three different ages of WM rainbow trout were challenged with 1,000 TAMs/fish; histological scores for 62-d-old fish were significantly higher than scores for fish exposed at 108 or 137 d. Histological scores for WM fish did not significantly differ from those of HL fish, but both sets of scores were well below those of FD fish. The HL fry were exposed to doses of 0, 10, 100, 1,000, or 10,000 TAMs/fish. Histology scores were significantly different among treatments, ranging from 0.06 to 1.28 among the exposure groups. Even at doses of 1,000 or 10,000 TAMs/fish, a high percentage of fish had no or low pathology. Myxospore prevalence increased with dose: 7.5% at 10 TAMs/fish, 44.1% at 100 TAMs/fish, 70.0% at 1,000 TAMs/fish, and 87.7% at 10,000 TAMs/fish. Myxospore counts were significantly different among treatments, ranging from 0 to 540,556 among individual fish and from 514 to 75,380 among the treatment means of exposed groups. Deformities increased significantly with dose and ranged from 0.0% to 21.1%. Overall, FD rainbow trout showed little resistance to whirling disease, whereas the HL and WM strains included resistant individuals. Identification of resistant HL individuals for selective breeding could lead to a resistant broodstock.
Inheritance of Myxobolus cerebralis Resistance among F1-Generation Crosses of Whirling Disease Resistant and Susceptible Rainbow Trout Strains
Authors: Schisler George J. , Myklebust Karin A. , Hedrick Ronald P. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
A whirling disease resistant domestic strain of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (German (GR)) was crossed with a susceptible wild strain of rainbow trout (Colorado River (CR)). Thirty-two families of F1 crosses, along with five pure GR and two pure CR rainbow trout families, were then evaluated for resistance to whirling disease after experimental exposure to Myxobolus cerebralis. The pure domesticated GR strain was verified to have strong resistance to the parasite. In contrast, wild CR rainbow trout were highly susceptible. Crosses of these two strains resulted in offspring with a range of susceptibility. The resistance to whirling disease in some families was similar to that of pure GR rainbow trout, while other families were as susceptible as pure CR rainbow trout. Infection severity was significantly greater in the CR strain than in the pure GR and the GR × CR strains, as measured by both microscopic pathological scores (histology) and myxospore counts. Infection severity in the reciprocal crosses (CR female × GR male) was not significantly different from that of the pure CR rainbow trout as measured by histology but was significantly different with respect to lower myxospore counts. Future studies will examine the stability of inheritance of whirling disease resistance and the potential use of selective breeding to control whirling disease in free-ranging rainbow trout populations.
Effect of Calorie Restriction With or Without Exercise on Insulin Sensitivity, β-Cell Function, Fat Cell Size, and Ectopic Lipid in Overweight Subjects
Authors: Larson-Meyer D. Enette , Heilbronn Leonie K. , Redman Leanne M. , Newcomer Bradley R. , Frisard Madlyn I. , Anton Steve , Smith Steven R. , Alfonso Anthony , Ravussin Eric ,   the Pennington CALERIE Team
Published: May 2006

OBJECTIVE—The purpose of this article was to determine the relationships among total body fat, visceral adipose tissue (VAT), fat cell size (FCS), ectopic fat deposition in liver (intrahepatic lipid [IHL]) and muscle (intramyocellular lipid [IMCL]), and insulin sensitivity index (Si) in healthy overweight, glucose-tolerant subjects and the effects of calorie restriction by diet alone or in conjunction with exercise on these variables.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Forty-eight overweight volunteers were randomly assigned to four groups: control (100% of energy requirements), 25% calorie restriction (CR), 12.5% calorie restriction +12.5% energy expenditure through structured exercise (CREX), or 15% weight loss by a low-calorie diet followed by weight maintenance for 6 months (LCD). Weight, percent body fat, VAT, IMCL, IHL, FCS, and Si were assessed at baseline and month 6.
RESULTS—At baseline, FCS was related to VAT and IHL (P &lt; 0.05) but not to IMCL. FCS was also the strongest determinant of Si (P &lt; 0.01). Weight loss at month 6 was 1 ± 1% (control, mean ± SE), 10 ± 1% (CR), 10 ± 1% (CREX), and 14 ± 1% (LCD). VAT, FCS, percent body fat, and IHL were reduced in the three intervention groups (P &lt; 0.01), but IMCL was unchanged. Si was increased at month 6 (P = 0.05) in the CREX (37 ± 18%) and LCD (70 ± 34%) groups (P &lt; 0.05) and tended to increase in the CR group (40 ± 20%, P = 0.08). Together the improvements in Si were related to loss in weight, fat mass, and VAT, but not IHL, IMCL, or FCS.
CONCLUSIONS—Large adipocytes lead to lipid deposition in visceral and hepatic tissues, promoting insulin resistance. Calorie restriction by diet alone or with exercise reverses this trend.
Fibrillar Growth in Polyaniline
Authors: Zhang X. , Kolla H. S. , Wang X. , Raja K. , Manohar S. K. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractLarge, colorless aggregates are observed during the induction period of a chemical oxidative polymerization of aniline in dilute aqueous acids using an ammonium peroxydisulfate oxidant. Observed for the first time by static and dynamic light‐scattering (LS) measurements, these aggregates are believed to be anilinium–peroxydisulfate ion clusters whose shape (spherical or rodlike) plays an important role in the overall morphology of the emeraldine salt formed (granular or fibrillar). The role of these aggregates in influencing the morphology of polyaniline is further evaluated under a variety of reaction conditions, for example, varying ionic strength, concentration, temperature, nitrogen substitution, and so forth.
Three‐Dimensional SiCN Ceramic Microstructures via Nano‐Stereolithography of Inorganic Polymer Photoresists
Authors: Pham T. A. , Kim D.‐P. , Lim T.‐W. , Park S.‐H. , Yang D.‐Y. , Lee K.‐S. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractWe report a newly synthesized inorganic polymer photoresist with a high ceramic yield by the functionalization of polyvinylsilazane (KiON VL20) with 2‐isocyanatoethyl methacrylate via linkage or insertion reaction routes. The chemistry of the synthesis and the pyrolytic conversion as well as the mechanical evaluation were investigated by using various analytical instruments. We show for the first time that this photosensitive resin is a novel precursor for the fabrication of complex 3D SiCN ceramic microstructures with a 210 nm resolution via a two‐photon absorbed crosslinking process and subsequent pyrolysis at 600 °C under a nitrogen atmosphere. Moreover, the dimensional deformation during pyrolysis was significantly reduced by adding silica nanoparticles as a filler. In particular, the ceramic microstructures containing 40 wt % silica nanoparticles exhibited a relatively isotropic shrinkage owing to its sliding free from the substrate during pyrolysis.
Controlling the Edge Length of Gold Nanoprisms via a Seed‐Mediated Approach
Authors: Millstone J. E. , Métraux G. S. , Mirkin C. A. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractA straightforward method is investigated for controlling and reinitiating the growth of single‐crystalline Au nanoprisms. This work is based on seeding methodology, and depends on the slow reduction of metal ions onto the surface of a growing nanoprism. In this manner, we can tailor the edge length of Au nanoprisms between 100 and 300 nm without changing their thickness or crystallinity. Each nanoprism size has been characterized by UV‐vis‐NIR (NIR: near‐IR) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques, and statistical analysis. Based on this work and existing silver halide crystal‐growth theories, a preliminary mechanism is proposed which comments on the interplay between crystal growth and surface chemistry that ultimately dictates the morphology of the resulting nanostructure.
Thermodynamics of wax precipitation under the influence of magnetic fields
Authors: Cañas‐Marin W. A. , Ortiz‐Arango J. D. , Guerrero‐Aconcha U. E. , Lira‐Galeana C. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractA thermodynamic framework is developed for calculating wax precipitation in multicomponent (nonferromagnetic) hydrocarbon mixtures under the influence of a static magnetic field. A mathematical expression was derived for calculating the compositional derivatives of the magnetic susceptibilities using an equation of state. These susceptibilities are required for calculating magneto‐chemical fugacities. The model was used to predict the effect of a static magnetic field on crystallization temperature and amount of precipitated wax for three normal‐paraffin mixtures and one synthetic gas‐condensate. Calculated results indicate that static magnetic fields increase the probability of formation of paraffin crystals, in accordance to the experimental evidence. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Potassium channels Kv1.3 and Kv1.5 are expressed on blood‐derived dendritic cells in the central nervous system
Authors: Mullen Katherine M. , Rozycka Monika , Rus Horea , Hu Lina , Cudrici Cornelia , Zafranskaia Ekaterina , Pennington Michael W. , Johns David C. , Judge Susan I. V. , Calabresi Peter A. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractObjectivePotassium (K+) channels on immune cells have gained attention recently as promising targets of therapy for immune‐mediated neurological diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). We examined K+ channels on dendritic cells (DCs), which infiltrate the brain in MS and may impact disease course.MethodsWe identified K+ channels on blood‐derived DCs by whole‐cell patch‐clamp analysis, confirmed by immunofluorescent staining. We also stained K+ channels in brain sections from MS patients and control subjects. To test functionality, we blocked Kv1.3 and Kv1.5 in stimulated DCs with pharmacological blockers or with an inducible dominant‐negative Kv1.x adenovirus construct and analyzed changes in costimulatory molecule upregulation.ResultsElectrophysiological analysis of DCs showed an inward‐rectifying K+ current early after stimulation, replaced by a mix of voltage‐gated Kv1.3‐ and Kv1.5‐like channels at later stages of maturation. Kv1.3 and Kv1.5 were also highly expressed on DCs infiltrating MS brain tissue. Of note, we found that CD83, CD80, CD86, CD40, and interleukin‐12 upregulation were significantly impaired on Kv1.3 and Kv1.5 blockade.InterpretationThese data support a functional role of Kv1.5 and Kv1.3 on activated human DCs and further define the mechanisms by which K+ channel blockade may act to suppress immune‐mediated neurological diseases. Ann Neurol 2006
Dynamic shear stimulation of bovine cartilage biosynthesis of proteoglycan 4
Authors: Nugent Gayle E. , Aneloski Nicole M. , Schmidt Tannin A. , Schumacher Barbara L. , Voegtline Michael S. , Sah Robert L. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractObjectiveThe boundary lubrication function of articular cartilage is mediated in part by proteoglycan 4 (PRG4) molecules at the articular surface and in synovial fluid. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of dynamic shear stimulation on PRG4 biosynthesis by bovine cartilage explants.MethodsCartilage disks with intact articular surfaces were harvested from immature bovines. Some disks were subjected to 24 hours (day 1) of loading, consisting of a step load of 20% static compression either alone or with superimposed dynamic shear (3% amplitude and 0.1 Hz), while other disks were cultured free‐swelling as controls. After the 24‐hour loading period, disks were terminated or were further incubated for up to 72 hours (days 2–4) in free‐swelling culture to assess chondrocyte responses to, and following, unloading. PRG4 products secreted into culture medium were quantified by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and characterized by Western blotting. Chondrocytes expressing PRG4 were localized by immunohistochemistry, and depth‐associated variations in chondrocyte PRG4 expression were quantified by image analysis.ResultsDynamic shear stimulation increased PRG4 secretion to 3–4 times that of unloaded controls and statically compressed samples. Sheared cartilage secreted more PRG4 of 345 kd relative to smaller molecular weight species, as compared with unloaded controls. Immunohistochemistry revealed that shear stimulation also increased the total number of cells expressing PRG4 by inducing expression by cells at a depth of 200–400 μm.ConclusionThe paradigm that certain mechanical stimuli up‐regulate biosynthesis in cartilage appears operative not only for load‐bearing matrix constituents, but also for PRG4 molecules that mediate lubrication.
Unusually high frequency of autoantibodies to PL‐7 associated with milder muscle disease in Japanese patients with polymyositis/dermatomyositis
Authors: Yamasaki Yoshioki , Yamada Hidehiro , Nozaki Toshiko , Akaogi Jun , Nichols Cody , Lyons Robert , Chin Loy Anthony , Chan Edward K. L. , Reeves Westley H. , Satoh Minoru 
Published: May 2006

AbstractObjectiveAutoantibodies to aminoacyl transfer RNA synthetases, such as histidyl (Jo‐1), threonyl (PL‐7), alanyl (PL‐12), glycyl (EJ), and isoleucyl (OJ), are closely associated with a subset of patients with polymyositis/dermatomyositis (PM/DM) complicated by interstitial lung disease (ILD). Anti–Jo‐1 is by far the most common, found in 15–25% of patients with PM/DM, whereas the other types are found in only ∼3% of these patients. In this study, the clinical associations of these autoantibodies in Japanese patients with PM/DM were investigated.MethodsThe diagnoses of PM/DM and amyopathic DM (ADM) were based on the Bohan and Peter criteria and Sontheimer's definition, respectively. Sera from 36 Japanese patients with PM/DM (13 with PM, 20 with DM, 3 with ADM) were screened by immunoprecipitation and by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (for Jo‐1). Clinical and laboratory data were collected.ResultsThe frequencies of autoantibodies to Jo‐1 (22%) and to EJ, OJ, and PL‐12 (3–6%) were similar to those found in previous studies, including studies of Japanese subjects. However, anti–PL‐7 was found in 17% of patients, in contrast to a frequency of 1–4% in previous studies (P < 0.02–0.0002). The 6 anti–PL‐7–positive patients were not related, and no skewing in year or month of disease development, place of residence or work, or occupation was found. All patients had ILD, consistent with the clinical features of antisynthetase‐positive patients. The patients with anti–PL‐7 had lower serum muscle enzyme levels and milder muscle weakness (P < 0.05) compared with anti–Jo‐1–positive patients.ConclusionAnti–PL‐7 was found at an unusually high frequency in this group of Japanese patients with myositis. Although anti–PL‐7, similar to anti–Jo‐1, is associated with PM/DM with ILD, muscle involvement in the patients with anti–PL‐7 appeared to be milder than that in the anti–Jo‐1 subset.
Endothelial dysfunction in rat adjuvant‐induced arthritis: Vascular superoxide production by NAD(P)H oxidase and uncoupled endothelial nitric oxide synthase
Authors: Haruna Yoshisuke , Morita Yoshitaka , Komai Norio , Yada Toyotaka , Sakuta Takeo , Tomita Naruya , Fox David A. , Kashihara Naoki 
Published: May 2006

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate endothelial function and levels of vascular oxidative stress in rat adjuvant‐induced arthritis (AIA), in view of mounting evidence for an association between rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and accelerated vascular disease.MethodsThoracic aortic rings were prepared from AIA and control rats. After preconstriction by norepinephrine, the vasodilatory response to acetylcholine was determined. The amounts of 4‐hydroxy‐2‐nonenal (HNE) and nitrotyrosine in AIA rat aortas were measured by Western blotting. Homogenates of the aortas were incubated with various substrates for superoxide‐producing enzymes, and superoxide production was assessed by fluorogenic oxidation of dihydroethidium to ethidium. Expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in aortas was examined by real‐time reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. Serum levels of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), a critical eNOS cofactor, were determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography.ResultsEndothelium‐dependent relaxation of the aortic ring was significantly depressed in AIA rats compared with control rats. The amounts of HNE and nitrotyrosine were increased in AIA rat aortas, indicating overproduction of reactive oxygen species. Incubation of AIA rat aorta homogenates with NADH or L‐arginine, a substrate of eNOS, resulted in a significant increase in superoxide production. Endothelial NOS was highly expressed in AIA rat aortas. Serum levels of BH4 were significantly lower in AIA. Treatment of AIA with BH4 reversed the endothelial dysfunction, suggesting that its deficiency may contribute to the uncoupling of eNOS.ConclusionVascular dysfunction in RA can be partially modeled in animals. NAD(P)H oxidase and uncoupled eNOS are responsible for the increase in vascular oxidative stress, which is likely to be involved in the endothelial dysfunction in AIA.