bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of a Learning Collaborative to Improve the Delivery of Preventive Services by Pediatric Practices
Authors: Young Paul C. , Glade Gordon B. , Stoddard Gregory J. , Norlin Chuck 
Published: May 2006

OBJECTIVE. Effective delivery of preventive services is an essential component of high-quality pediatric health care. However, both variation in and deviation from accepted guidelines have been reported. Learning collaboratives (LCs) have been shown to result in improvement in several aspects of pediatric care. The objective of this study was to determine whether pediatric practices that participated in a preventive services LC would improve their delivery of preventive services.METHODS. After conducting an initial audit of the medical records of twenty 2-year-olds and twenty 4-year-olds for documentation of preventive services on the basis of national standards, practice teams attended a quality improvement workshop. They were presented with evidence to support the value of preventive services and the results of their audits and taught quality improvement methods, eg, rapid cycles of change. Each team developed plans to improve 1 or more services. Brief audits with feedback and monthly conference calls were used to support practices to conduct rapid cycles of change, to discuss barriers and solutions, and to monitor progress. The results of final chart audits of twenty 2-year-olds and 4-year-olds were compared with the initial chart audits. A Preventive Service Score (PSS) was assigned to each practice on the basis of the number of services provided, and initial to final comparisons were made.RESULTS. Fourteen practices participated. PSSs improved for all practices after the LC. Mean PSS for 2-year-olds increased from 4.0 ± 1.1 to 4.9 ± 1.2 and for 4-year-olds increased from 3.8 ± 1.8 to 5.6 ± 1.9. The proportions of children who received 9 of the 10 individual preventive services also improved significantly.CONCLUSION. LCs are a potentially effective method of improving the quality of care that is delivered by pediatric practices.
The Safety of Trivalent Influenza Vaccine Among Healthy Children 6 to 24 Months of Age
Authors: Goodman Michael J. , Nordin James D. , Harper Peter , DeFor Teri , Zhou XingZhou 
Published: May 2006

OBJECTIVE. The objective of this study was to assess the safety of routine trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV) administration among healthy children 6 through 23 months of age, after the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommendation.
METHODS. The study was a retrospective case-control study of children receiving TIV in the first 2 seasons after the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommendation. We assessed outcomes in the 42 days after vaccination in a population of 13383 children. Each case subject was matched, according to age and gender, with 3 control subjects. Hazard ratios were calculated with conditional logistic regression analysis.
RESULTS. We found no statistically significantly elevated hazard ratios for the first TIV dose. An elevated risk of pharyngitis was found for children receiving a second TIV dose. No elevated risk of seizure was found.
CONCLUSION. These results, for a population of healthy children, showed no medically significant adverse events related to TIV among children 6 to 23 months of age.
Early Vancomycin Therapy and Adverse Outcomes in Children With Pneumococcal Meningitis
Authors: Buckingham Steven C. , McCullers Jonathan A. , Luján-Zilbermann Jorge , Knapp Katherine M. , Orman Karen L. , English B. Keith 
Published: May 2006

BACKGROUND. Experts recommend that children with suspected pneumococcal meningitis should empirically receive combination therapy with vancomycin plus either ceftriaxone or cefotaxime. The relationship between timing of the first dose of vancomycin relative to other antibiotics and outcome in these children, however, has not been addressed.METHODS. Medical records of children with pneumococcal meningitis at a single institution from 1991–2001 were retrospectively reviewed. Vancomycin start time was defined as the number of hours from initiation of cefotaxime or ceftriaxone therapy until the administration of vancomycin therapy. Outcome variables were death, sensorineural hearing loss, and other neurologic deficits at discharge. Associations between independent variables and outcome variables were assessed in univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses.RESULTS. Of 114 subjects, 109 received empiric vancomycin therapy in combination with cefotaxime or ceftriaxone. Ten subjects (9%) died, whereas 37 (55%) of 67 survivors who underwent audiometry had documented hearing loss, and 14 (13%) of 104 survivors were discharged with other neurologic deficits. Subjects with hearing loss had a significantly shorter median vancomycin start time than did those with normal hearing (&lt;1 vs 4 hours). Vancomycin start time was not significantly associated with death or other neurologic deficits in univariate or multivariate analyses. Multiple logistic regression revealed that hearing loss was independently associated with vancomycin start time &lt;2 hours, blood leukocyte count &lt;15000/μL, and cerebrospinal fluid glucose concentration &lt;30 mg/dL.CONCLUSIONS. Early empiric vancomycin therapy was not clinically beneficial in children with pneumococcal meningitis but was associated with a substantially increased risk of hearing loss. It may be prudent to consider delaying the first dose of vancomycin therapy until ≥2 hours after the first dose of parenteral cephalosporin in children beginning therapy for suspected or confirmed pneumococcal meningitis.
Active Healthy Living: Prevention of Childhood Obesity Through Increased Physical Activity
Authors:   Council on Sports Medicine and Fitness and Council on School Health
Published: May 2006

This Policy Statement was retired April 2016.The current epidemic of inactivity and the associated epidemic of obesity are being driven by multiple factors (societal, technologic, industrial, commercial, financial) and must be addressed likewise on several fronts. Foremost among these are the expansion of school physical education, dissuading children from pursuing sedentary activities, providing suitable role models for physical activity, and making activity-promoting changes in the environment. This statement outlines ways that pediatric health care providers and public health officials can encourage, monitor, and advocate for increased physical activity for children and teenagers.
Correlation of magnetic resonance images with anatomic features of the equine tarsus
Authors: Latorre Rafael , Arencibia Alberto , Gil Francisco , Rivero Miguel , Henry Robert W. , Ramírez Gregorio , Váquez Jose M. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Objective—To correlate anatomic features of the equine tarsus identified in plastinated sections with images obtained via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Animals—4 horses.
Procedure—MRI (1.5-Tesla magnet) of the tarsus was performed on the pelvic limbs of 4 clinically normal horses following euthanasia. After imaging, tarsocrural joint spaces and vasculature were injected with colored latex. Sagittal and transverse sections of the tarsi were plastinated to facilitate interpretation of MR images.
Results—Relevant anatomic structures were identified and labeled on the plastinated tissue slices and corresponding MR images. Results indicated high correlations between MRI findings and those of plastinated sections.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The data obtained provided certain reference standards for normal anatomic structure sizes and positions in the equine tarsus. This information may aid future physiologic or clinical studies of this joint.
Serum concentrations and analgesic effects of liposome-encapsulated and standard butorphanol tartrate in parrots
Authors: Sladky Kurt K. , Krugner-Higby Lisa , Meek-Walker Elizabeth , Heath Timothy D. , Paul-Murphy Joanne 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Objective—To compare serum concentrations of liposome-encapsulated butorphanol tartrate (LEBT) and standard butorphanol tartrate (STDBT) following SC and IM administration, respectively, and to evaluate analgesic effects of LEBT and STDBT after parenteral administration to Hispaniolan parrots.
Animals—11 adult Hispaniolan parrots.
Procedure—The ability of LEBT to prolong the duration of analgesia in an avian species was tested. Blood samples were collected at serial time points after SC administration of LEBT (10 mg/kg or 15 mg/kg) or IM administration of STDBT (5 mg/kg). Serum concentrations of butorphanol tartrate were determined by use of a commercial immunoassay that measured parent drug and metabolites. Analgesic efficacy was evaluated in parrots exposed to electrical and thermal stimuli. Foot withdrawal thresholds were recorded at baseline and at serial time points after LEBT (15 mg/kg), liposome vehicle, STDBT (2 mg/kg), or physiologic saline (0.9% NaCl) solution administration.
Results—LEBT had a prolonged in vivo release for up to 5 days. Negligible serum butorphanol and butorphanol metabolite concentrations were obtained at 24 hours after IM administration of STDBT. Analgesic efficacy of LEBT as measured by foot withdrawal threshold to noxious thermal and electrical stimuli persisted for 3 to 5 days following SC administration of LEBT.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—SC administration of LEBT provided analgesia and detectable serum butorphanol concentrations in Hispaniolan parrots for up to 5 days. The use of LEBT may allow for substantial improvement in long-term pain relief without subjecting birds to the stress of handling and multiple daily injections.
Effect of medetomidine on respiration and minimum alveolar concentration in halothane- and isoflurane-anesthetized dogs
Authors: Lerche Phillip , Muir William W. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the effect of medetomidine on minimum alveolar concentration (MAC), respiratory rate, tidal volume, minute volume (VM), and maximum inspiratory occlusion pressure (IOCPmax) in halothane- and isoflurane-anesthetized dogs.
Animals—6 healthy adult dogs (3 males and 3 females).
Procedure—The MAC of both inhalants was determined before and 5, 30, and 60 minutes after administration of medetomidine (5 μg/kg, IV). Dogs were subsequently anesthetized by administration of halothane or isoflurane and administered saline (0.9% NaCl) solution IV or medetomidine (5 μg/kg, IV). Respiratory variables and IOCPmax were measured at specific MAC values 15 minutes before and 5, 30, and 60 minutes after IV administration of medetomidine while dogs breathed 0% and 10% fractional inspired carbon dioxide (FICO2). Slopes of the lines for VM/FICO2 and IOCPmax/FICO2 were then calculated.
Results—Administration of medetomidine decreased MAC of both inhalants. Slope of VM/FICO2 increased in dogs anesthetized with halothane after administration of medetomidine, compared with corresponding values in dogs anesthetized with isoflurane. Administration of medetomidine with a simultaneous decrease in inhalant concentration significantly increased the slope for VM/FICO2, compared with values after administration of saline solution in dogs anesthetized with halothane but not isoflurane. Values for IOCPmax did not differ significantly between groups.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Equipotent doses of halothane and isoflurane have differing effects on respiration that are most likely attributable to differences in drug effects on central respiratory centers. Relatively low doses of medetomidine decrease the MAC of halothane and isoflurane in dogs.
Evaluation of delayed-image bone scintigraphy to assess bone formation after distraction osteogenesis in dogs
Authors: Theyse Lars F. , Hazewinkel Herman A. , Terlou Maarten , Pollak Yvonne W. , Voorhout George 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Objective—To quantitatively assess distractioninduced bone formation in a crural lengthening model in dogs by use of delayed-image bone scintigraphy.
Animals—12 mature Labrador Retrievers.
Procedure—Dogs were randomly allocated to 1 of 3 groups. A circular external skeletal fixation system was mounted on the right crus of each dog. Osteotomy of the distal portion of the tibia and fibula was performed in groups 1 and 2 and was followed by a lengthening procedure of 10 mm in the first group only. The third group served as sham-operated controls. Delayed-image bone scintigraphy with technetium-99m hydroxy methylene diphosphonate was performed 2, 4, and 6 weeks after surgery. Delayedimage–to–region-of-interest, delayed-image–to–crural, and delayed-image–to–femoral scintigraphic activity ratios were calculated. New bone formation was quantified by use of densitometric image analysis, and values for the scintigraphic ratios were compared.
Results—In the distraction and osteotomy groups, delayed-image–to–region-of-interest and delayedimage-to-crural ratios increased significantly. Although densitometric image analysis revealed increased bone formation after distraction, the region-of-interest ratios and crural ratios were similar in both groups. All dogs had increased delayedimage–to–femoral ratios.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Delayed-image bone scintigraphy ratios were not effective at differentiating between the amounts of distraction-induced bone and osteotomy-induced bone. Metabolic bone activity in the adjacent femur was increased as a consequence of circular external skeletal fixator placement. Delayed-image bone scintigraphy was not adequately sensitive to quantitatively monitor bone formation but may be useful as an early predictor of bone healing.
Assessment of bone mineral density of the femoral head in dogs with early osteoarthritis
Authors: Chalmers Heather J. , Dykes Nathan L. , Lust George , Farese James P. , Burton-Wurster Nancy I. , Williams Alma J. , Todhunter Rory J. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Objective—To compare the bone mineral density (BMD) of the proximal portion of the femur in dogs with and without early osteoarthritis secondary to hip dysplasia.
Animals—24 dogs (3 Greyhounds, 6 Labrador-Greyhound crossbreeds, and 15 Labrador Retrievers).
Procedure—Computed tomography (CT) of the pelvis, including a bone-density phantom, was performed for each dog. Centrally located transverse CT slices and a computer workstation were used to identify 16 regions of interest (ROIs) in the proximal portion of the femur. For each ROI, the mean Hounsfield unit value was recorded; by use of the bone-density phantom and linear regression analysis, those values were converted to equivalent BMD (eBMD). Mean eBMD values for the subchondral and nonsubchondral ROIs in dogs with and without osteoarthritis (determined at necropsy) were compared. A mixed-model ANOVA and post hoc linear contrasts were used to evaluate the effects of osteoarthritis, breed, and sex on the BMD value.
Results—At necropsy, osteoarthritis was detected in 14 hip joints in 9 dogs; all lesions included early cartilage fibrillation. After adjusting for breed and sex, eBMD in subchondral ROIs 8 and 12 (adjacent to the fovea) were 8% and 6% higher, respectively, in osteoarthritis-affected dogs, compared with unaffected dogs; in the nonsubchondral ROIs, eBMD was 10% higher in osteoarthritis-affected dogs.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Compared with findings in unaffected dogs, increased eBMD in hip joints of dogs with early osteoarthritis supports a strong relationship between the subchondral and epiphyseal regions and articular cartilage in the pathogenesis and progression of osteoarthritis.
Detection of autoantibodies against thyroid peroxidase in serum samples of hypothyroid dogs
Authors: Skopek Evelyn , Patzl Martina , Nachreiner Raymond F. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Objective—To establish a sensitive test for the detection of autoantibodies against thyroid peroxidase (TPO) in canine serum samples.
Sample Population—365 serum samples from dogs with hypothyroidism as determined on the basis of serum concentrations of total and free triiodothyronine (T3), total and free thyroxine (T4), and thyroidstimulating hormone, of which 195 (53%) had positive results for at least 1 of 3 thyroid autoantibodies (against thyroglobulin [Tg], T4, or T3) and serum samples from 28 healthy dogs (control samples).
Procedure—TPO was purified from canine thyroid glands by extraction with detergents, ultracentrifugation, and precipitation with ammonium sulfate. Screening for anti-TPO autoantibodies in canine sera was performed by use of an immunoblot assay. Thyroid extract containing TPO was separated electrophoretically, blotted, and probed with canine sera. Alkaline phosphatase–conjugated rabbit anti-dog IgG was used for detection of bound antibodies.
Results—TPO bands were observed at 110, 100, and 40 kd. Anti-TPO autoantibodies against the 40-kd fragment were detected in 33 (17%) sera of dogs with positive results for anti-Tg, anti-T4, or anti-T3 autoantibodies but not in sera of hypothyroid dogs without these autoantibodies or in sera of healthy dogs.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The immunoblot assay was a sensitive and specific method for the detection of autoantibodies because it also provided information about the antigen. Anti-TPO autoantibodies were clearly detected in a fraction of hypothyroid dogs. The value of anti-TPO autoantibodies for use in early diagnosis of animals with thyroid gland diseases should be evaluated in additional studies.
Effect of intraluminal distension or ischemic strangulation obstruction of the equine jejunum on jejunal motilin receptors and binding of erythromycin lactobionate
Authors: Koenig Judith B. , Sawhney Sukhminder , Cote Nathalie , LaMarre Jonathan 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Objective—To determine whether inflammation of the jejunum of horses decreases the number of motilin receptors and amounts of motilin receptor mRNA and alters erythromycin lactobionate binding affinity to the motilin receptor in jejunal tissues.
Sample Population—Jejunal segments in 6 adult horses.
Procedure—Each horse was anesthetized, and a ventral median celiotomy was performed; 2 segments of jejunum underwent a sham operation, 2 segments underwent ischemic strangulation obstruction (ISO), and 2 segments underwent intraluminal distension (ILD). Treatments were maintained for 120 minutes. From each segment, full-thickness biopsy samples were collected and smooth-muscle homogenates were prepared. Affinity and distribution of motilin binding to these preparations were determined by use of iodine 125 (125I)-labeled synthetic porcine motilin. Via displacement experiments, competition between 125I-labeled motilin and erythromycin lactobionate for binding to motilin receptors in the different segments was investigated. A quantitative real-time PCR technique was used to assess motilin receptor mRNA content in the muscle preparations.
Results—Compared with the ISO or ILD segments, the number of motilin receptors was significantly higher in the sham-operated segments; ILD segments contained the lowest number of motilin receptors. The expression of motilin receptor mRNA was significantly decreased in ILD segments but not in ISO segments. Erythromycin lactobionate displacement of 125I-labeled motilin from motilin receptors did not differ significantly among the jejunal segments.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that downregulation and decreased production of motilin receptors in inflamed jejunal tissue contribute to the altered prokinetic response to erythromycin in horses with gastrointestinal disease.
Evaluation of cost-effectiveness of targeted sampling methods for detection of Mycobacterium aviumsubsp paratuberculosis infection in dairy herds
Authors: Tavornpanich Saraya , Gardner Ian A. , Carpenter Tim E. , Johnson Wesley O. , Anderson Randall J. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Objective—To investigate the epidemiologic and financial impacts of targeted sampling of subpopulations of cows, compared with random sampling of all cows, for classification of dairy herd infection status for paratuberculosis.
Animals—All cows from 4 infected herds with a low-to-moderate prevalence of paratuberculosis and from 1 noninfected herd in California.
Procedure—The infection status of each cow was classified on the basis of results of an ELISA or combined ELISA and fecal culture results. Thirteen sampling schemes designed to randomly sample cows on the basis of lactation number, stage of lactation, and milk production were evaluated. Sampling without replacement was used to obtain a probability of herd detection of paratuberculosis for each evaluated sampling method and for simulated sample sizes between 30 and 150 cows. Marginal cost-effectiveness analysis was used to determine the cost increase relative to the increase in detection probability.
Results—Sampling cows in the third or higher lactation and ≥200 days into lactation yielded the highest detection probability in most instances, resulting in a detection probability that was 1.4 to 2.5 times that obtained by sampling 30 cows in the second or higher lactation. Costs of testing via the alternative method with a 95% detection probability were approximately $300 lower in a high-prevalence herd (31%) and $800 lower in a low-prevalence herd (9%), compared with use of the reference method.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Detection of herds with paratuberculosis could be improved, and costs of testing substantially reduced by sampling targeted groups of cows.
Prevalence of exposure to Salmonella spp in finishing swine marketed in Iowa
Authors: O'Connor Annette M. , McKean James D. , Beary John H. , Brockus Susan L. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Objective—To describe the prevalence of antibodies against Salmonella spp in swine marketed in Iowa.
Animals—Swine marketed by 1,044 low-volume producers and 45 high-volume producers.
Procedure—Samples of diaphragm muscle collected from swine carcasses were tested by an indirect ELISA based on lipopolysaccharides from Salmonella spp, in particular Salmonella serovar Typhimurium. Prevalence of positive results for antibodies against Salmonella spp for carcasses, lots, and swine for each producer was determined. Producer-level seroprevalence was used to classify swine from producers as having negligible, low, moderate, or widespread evidence of previous or historical exposure to Salmonella spp.
Results—From low-volume producers, 23,609 of 25,478 (92.7%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 92.4% to 92.9%) samples had negative results, and 1,863 (7.3%; 95% CI, 7.05% to 7.56%) had antibodies against Salmonella spp. Of the 6,299 lots of swine tested, 1,191 (18.9%) contained at least 1 sample with positive results. From high-volume producers, 203 of 2,486 (8.1%; 95% CI, 6.8% to 9.3%) samples had antibodies against Salmonella spp, and 124 of 629 lots had at least 1 sample with positive results for antibodies against Salmonella spp.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Less than 10% of pigs marketed in Iowa are apparently exposed to Salmonella spp. Most swine marketed by low-volume producers had negligible or little evidence of exposure to Salmonella spp, whereas a higher percentage of swine marketed by high-volume producers had positive results when tested to detect antibodies against Salmonella spp.