bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Accordion BIRD‐HMBC experiments: improved one‐bond correlation suppression in accordion heteronuclear multiple‐bond correlation‐type experiments
Authors: Furrer Julien 
Published: June 2006

AbstractModifications of the BIRD‐HMBC experiment, in which the accordion principle and a constant time period have been introduced, are presented. With the simple accordion BIRD‐HMBC, the use of a BIRDr, X element in the middle of the variable long‐range couplings evolution period efficiently eliminates unwanted 1JCH signals and samples a broad range of long‐range heteronuclear couplings. While the accordion BIRD‐HMBC experiment shows reduced F1 modulation, superior suppression of unwanted 1JCH signals and sensitivity comparable to the ACCORD‐HMBC, the addition of another constant time period suppresses F1 modulation due to 1H‐1H coupling, while preserving the excellent suppression of unwanted 1JCH signals. The constant‐time (CT) accordion BIRD‐HMBC experiment combines sensitivity similar to the CIGAR‐HMBC and superior suppression of unwanted 1JCH signals. Results of identically optimized ACCORD‐HMBC, accordion BIRD‐HMBC, CT accordion BIRD‐HMBC and CIGAR‐HMBC experiments performed on a sample of strychnine are compared and discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Capillary Pressure Curves of Sphere Packings: Correlation of Experimental Results and Comparison with Predictions from a Network Model of Pore Space
Authors: Dodds John A. , Srivastava Prashant 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA water suction apparatus has been used to measure capillary pressure curves of glass beads in both loose and dense random packings. Four different mono‐sized samples and four ternary mixtures have been examined. It is shown that the experimental results can be reduced to a single curve by means of a correlation based on the specific surface and porosity. This correlation is further validated by experiments with a series of five grades of diatomaceous filter aid. The experimental desaturation process is simulated with a 2D network model of pore space, involving packing based on pore size distributions calculated from the tetrahedral packing model. This gives capillary pressure curves comparable with the experimental results for sphere packing, which correlate with the experimental results. Therefore, the method provides a relationship between grain space and pore space through capillary pressure curves.
Application of Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry for Characterization of Combined Micro‐ and Mesoporous Zeolites
Authors: Groen Johan C. , Brouwer Sander , Peffer Louk A. A. , Pérez‐Ramírez Javier 
Published: June 2006

AbstractCombined micro‐ and mesoporous ZSM‐5 zeolites with different mesopore sizes have been comparatively investigated using mercury‐intrusion porosimetry (MIP) and N2 gas adsorption. N2 adsorption and MIP complement each other and a fairly good correlation has been obtained for the mesopore sizes and volumes derived from both techniques, confirming an adequate accessibility of the newly created mesoporosity. Elastic compression of the mesoporous zeolites during the mercury‐intrusion experiments can account for the somewhat smaller average mesopore size and mesopore volume as derived from this technique. An excellent reproducibility of multiple mercury‐intrusion cycles proves the mechanical stability of the hierarchical porous zeolites. Besides, MIP provides supplementary information on the presence of macropores.
Electrostatic potential as a measure of gas phase carbocation stability
Authors: Robbins Adele M. , Jin Ping , Brinck Tore , Murray Jane S. , Politzer Peter 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAssessment of the relative stabilities of carbocations is important for interpreting reaction mechanisms as well as in organic synthesis. A common approach is in terms of hydride affinities; however these depend on a second system, a neutral molecule, as well as the ion. In the present work, we propose a measure of gas phase carbocation stability that is dependent solely on the properties of the ion: the magnitude of the most positive surface electrostatic potential associated with the carbon framework. This quantity, labeled VS,max, reflects a key factor, the extent to which the positive charge has been delocalized. We have computed VS,max for 28 carbocations, and we show that the overall trends predicted are physically meaningful in terms of experimental observations. Mulliken atomic charges are not satisfactory for this purpose. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006
Dynamic stall modelling of the S809 aerofoil and comparison with experiments
Authors: Gupta Sandeep , Leishman J. Gordon 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAn analysis of dynamic stall for the S809 aerofoil has been performed in conjunction with the Leishman–Beddoes dynamic stall model that was modified for wind turbine applications. Numerical predictions of the lift, drag and pitching moment coefficients were compared with measurements obtained for an oscillating S809 aerofoil at various reduced frequencies, mean angles of attack and angle of attack amplitudes. It was found that the results using the modified model were in good agreement with the experimental data. Hysteresis in the aerodynamic coefficients was captured well, although the drag coefficient was slightly underpredicted in the deep stall flow regime. Validation against the experimental data showed overall good agreement. The mathematical structure of the model is such that it can be readily incorporated into a comprehensive analysis code for a wind turbine. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Half Antiperovskites. III. Crystallographic and Electronic Structure Effects in Sn2−xInxCo3S2
Authors: Weihrich Richard , Anusca Irina 
Published: June 2006

AbstractHalf antiperovskites were investigated within the series Sn2−xInxCo3S2 by X‐ray diffraction, thermal analysis, and DFT band structure calculations. The shandite type structure was confirmed from powder and single crystal diffraction for the studied compounds. Co orders like Ni in the previously studied InNi3/2S. SnCo3/2S is metrically pseudo cubic and can easily be deduced from the antiperovskite MgCo3C. The Curie temperature Tc = −97 °C of SnCo3/2S was confirmed by calorimetric data. Its electronic structure indicates a spin ${1 \over 2}$ type IA half metallic ground state. Upon In doping the crystal structure becomes hexagonally distorted towards a higher chex/ahex relation. The Curie temperature rapidly falls below −135 °C for x(In) = 0.4. A metal to semiconductor transition is predicted for ordered InSnCo3S2 from its electronic band structure. For InCo3/2S a non magnetic metallic ground state is found.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Spectrothermal Characterization of a Novel Dimeric Cadmium(II) Azobispyridine Complex, [(μ–abpy){CdCl2(abpy)}2]·0.86H2O
Authors: Arslan Figen , Uçar İbrahim , Bulut Ahmet , Ölmez Halis , Odabaşoğlu Mustafa , Büyükgüngür Orhan 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe novel complex μ–2,2′–azobispyridine–bis[2,2′‐azobispyridinedichlorocadmium(II)]·0.86 hydrate (1) was synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR and UV–Vis spectroscopy, thermal analysis and X–ray diffraction techniques. The crystal structure analysis indicates that the Cd2+ ions have a distorted octahedral coordination with CdII–CdII distance of 5.929(7) Å. One of the azobispyridine (abpy) ligands acts as a 's–frame' bridging ligand which adopts an s–cis/E/s–cis conformation, while the others adopt an s‐cis/E/s‐trans conformation, coordinated to Cd2+ ions in a trans position. π–π and π–ring interactions are responsible for crystal packing. The decomposition reaction takes place in the temperature range of 20–1000 °C in the static air atmosphere. Thermal decomposition of the title complex proceeds in five stages.
Syntheses and Crystal Structures of Two Novel Dinuclear Copper(II) and Zinc(II) Complexes Derived from Flexible Schiff Bases
Authors: Sun Yu‐Xi , You Zhong‐Lu 
Published: June 2006

AbstractTwo novel structurally similar dinuclear Schiff base complexes, [Cu2(DMN)2(NCS)2] (1) and [Zn2(DMP)2(NCS)2] (2) (HDMN = 1‐[(3‐dimethylaminopropylimino)methyl]naphthalen‐2‐ol, HDMP = 2‐[(2‐diethylaminoethylimino)methyl]phenol), were prepared by an analogeous procedure and characterized by elemental analyses, infrared spectroscopy, and single crystal X‐ray determinations. Each metal ion in the complexes has a square‐pyramidal coordination. The distinct difference between the two structures is the basal and apical donor atoms. In 1, the Cu atom is coordinated by one O and two N atoms of one (DMN)−, ion as well as by one terminal N atom of a thiocyanate anion in the basal plane, and by one O atom of another (DMN)− ion at the apical position. The Cu···Cu separation is 3.080(2) Å. While in 2, the Zn atom is coordinated by one O and two N atoms of one (DMP)−, ion together by one O atom of another (DMP)− ion in the basal plane, and by one terminal N atom of a thiocyanate anion at the apical position. The Zn···Zn separation is 3.205(4) Å.
Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Organothiophosphorus Compounds: X‐ray Crystal Structure of H3COC6H4P(OC2H4S)(S) Synthesized by a New Method
Authors: Karakus Mehmet 
Published: June 2006

AbstractReactions of 2,4‐bis(4‐methoxyphenyl)‐1,3,2,4‐dithiadiphosphetane‐2,4‐disulfide with hydroxy substituted compounds (R‐OH) gave rise to the formation of dithiophosphonate compounds 2, 3 and 4 [R‐OH: N‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐phthalimide, 1‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)pyridine and 2‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)pyrrolidine]. Compounds 3 and 4 have been shown in zwitterionic species. The 2,4‐bis(4‐methoxyphenyl)‐1,3,2,4‐dithiadiphosphetane‐2,4‐disulfide was reacted with 2‐chloroethanol to give 4–methoxyphenyl‐2‐sulfido‐1,3,2‐oxathiaphospholane (5), synthesized by a new method. Nickel and Cadmium complexes (2a and 2c) of 1 were prepared. Compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, IR, 1H‐NMR, 31P‐NMR, UV/VIS spectroscopies and crystal structure of 5 was determined. The magnetic moment for 2b is 2.97 B.M.
Synthesis and Structure of Cs2[As(CH3)Se3] · 2H2O and Cs2As4Se6 containing the Catena‐hexaselenidotetraarsenate(II, III) Anion $^{1}_{\infty}\rm [As_{4}Se_{6}^{\phantom{\infty}2-}]$
Authors: van Almsick Tobias , Sheldrick William S. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractHeating CsAsSe3 · 0.5H2O in methanol to 190 °C leads to formation of black Cs2As4Se6 (1) together with red Cs4As4Se8 and a colourless solution from which the substituted caesium selenidoarsenates(V) Cs2[As(CH3)Se3] · 2H2O (2) and Cs[As(CH3)2Se2] can be obtained as crystalline fractions. Cs2As4Se6 contains catena‐hexaselenidotetraarsenate(II,III) anions in which cyclic As3Se5 units are linked through corner‐sharing AsSe3 pyramids into infinite chains $^{1}_{\infty}\rm [As_{4}Se_{6}^{\phantom{\infty}2-}]$. The Cs symmetric As3Se2 five‐membered rings of the As3Se5 units display an envelope conformation with an As‐As bond length 2.528(3) Å and As‐Se distances of 2.449(2) and 2.447(2) Å. Cs symmetry is also observed for the discrete tetrahedral [As(CH3)Se3]2− anions of (2).
The First Mixed‐Valent Europium(II,III) Oxide Bromide: Eu2O2Br
Authors: Hammerich Stefanie , Pantenburg Ingo , Meyer Gerd 
Published: June 2006

AbstractRed single crystals of Eu2O2Br were obtained as a by‐product in an attempt to produce large quantities of Eu4OBr6 from a reaction mixture of EuBr2, Eu2O3 and sodium in a 10:1:2 molar ratio. The crystal structure (monoclinic, I2/m (no. 12), Z = 4, a = 955.2(2), b = 403.01(8), c = 1119.0(3) pm, β = 105.78(3)°, R1(all) = 0.0305) contains {Eu4O} tetrahedra connected to two kinds of chains which combine to corrugated layers [Eu2O2]+ and sheathe likewise corrugated layers of Br− ions.
Solid‐ and Solution Phase Synthesis of Diiminedichloroplatinum(II) Complexes
Authors: Reinhardt Sven , Heinze Katja 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA solid‐phase and solution phase synthesis approach for diiminedichloro complexes of platinum(II) was developed. In particular a dichloroplatinum(II) fragment was coordinated to the diimine ligands {4‐[(pyridine‐2‐ylmethylene)‐amino]‐phenol, HO–N∩N′ (1); 4‐[(pyridine‐2‐ylmethylene)‐amino]‐anisole, MeO–N∩N′ (2) and di‐isopropylsilylpolystyrene immobilised 4‐[(pyridine‐2‐ylmethylene)‐amino]‐phenolate PSO–N∩N′, (5)}. Identities of the compounds [PtIICl2(HO–N∩N′)] (3), [PtIICl2(MeO–N∩N′)] (4), [PtIICl2(PSO–N∩N′)] (6) and 3 obtained by cleavage from 6 were established by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, by microanalysis and single‐crystal diffraction (3 and 4). Structures of compounds 3 and 4 were discussed with the aid of DFT calculations.
Chemical Bonding and Solid State NMR of Alkali Metal Monostannides MSn (M = Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs)
Authors: Haarmann Frank , Grüner Daniel , Bezugly Viktor , Rosner Helge , Grin Yuri 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe mono‐stannides of the alkali metals were investigated by 119Sn NMR spectroscopy and full‐potential local‐orbital method calculations of the electronic structure and calculations of the electron localization function. The 119Sn NMR signal shift of LiSn is due to Knight shift whereas the signal shift in the series from the Na to the Cs mono‐stannides is most probably caused by chemical shielding. This is in agreement with electronic structure calculations resulting in a metal like band structure for LiSn and in semiconductor like band structures for the Na to Cs mono‐stannides. A decreasing asymmetry parameter and an increasing shift of the NMR signal with increasing radius of the cations indicates a change of the electronic structure within the series of the semiconducting mono‐stannides. The electron localization function also shows differences of the electronic environment of the Sn atoms due to a rearrangement of the lone pairs. Furthermore, the electronic structure calculations indicate an increase of the molecular character of the Sn44− ion with increasing radius of the cations for the Na to Cs compounds.
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of a Novel Potassium Borate with an Unprecedented [B12O16(OH)8]4− Anion
Authors: Wang Guo‐Ming , Sun Yan‐Qiong , Zheng Shou‐Tian , Yang Guo‐Yu 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA novel potassium borate, KB3O4(OH)2, has been hydrothermally synthesized and structurally characterized by single crystal X‐ray diffraction, FTIR and thermogravimetric analysis. The compound crystallizes in the tetragonal system, space group P4/ncc (No. 130), a = 11.3482(3) Å, b = 11.3482(3) Å, c = 15.9169(6) Å, V = 2049.8(2) Å3, and Z = 16. The structure consists of an unprecedented unit of [B12O16(OH)8]4− anion with an 8‐membered borate ring constructed by vertex‐sharing of four [B3O4(OH)2]− clusters. The [B12O16(OH)8]4− units are linked together by hydrogen bonds to form a sheet‐like structure, which is further interconnected via ionic K–O bonds to generate a 3D structure with two types of 1D channels along the c‐axis.
1,2‐Dimethoxyethan‐ und Tetrahydrofuran‐Komplexe der Seltenerdmetallnitrate
Authors: Niemeyer Mark 
Published: June 2006

Abstract1,2‐Dimethoxyethane and Tetrahydrofuran Complexes of Rare‐Earth Metal NitratesA series of tetrahydrofuran (thf) or 1,2‐dimethoxyethane (dme) solvates of rare‐earth metal nitrates with the composition Ln(NO3)3(thf)3 (Ln = Y (1a), Pr (1d), Sm (1f), Eu (1g), Gd (1h), Tb (1i), Dy (1j), Ho (1k), Er (1l), Tm (1m), Yb (1n), Lu (1o)), Ln(NO3)3(thf)4 (Ln = La (2b), Ce (2c), Pr (2d)), Ln(NO3)3(dme)2 (Ln = Pr (4d), Ho (4k)) and Lu(NO3)3(dme)(HOMe) (5) has been prepared by the reaction of the nitrate‐hydrates Ln(NO3)3(H2O)x with HC(OCH3)3 followed by solvation and crystallization from the corresponding ether. The crystalline complexes show the characteristic colours of the rare‐earth metal cations and were characterized by single‐crystal structure analysis, elemental analysis, and for selected examples by IR and Raman spectroscopy. The methanol solvate 5 is photolabile in solution and converts in ambient light to the binuclear compound Lu2(NO3)4(μ‐OMe)2(dme)2 (6). In the heteroleptic complex Pr{N(SiMe3)2}2(NO3)(thf)2 (7), obtained from the reaction of Pr(NO3)3(thf)3 with two equivalents of NaN(SiMe3)2, the metal atom shows a trigonal bipyramidal coordination by two bis(trimethylsilyl)amido ligands, one nitrate anion and two axially bonded THF molecules.
The Novel Polymeric Complex of Manganese(II) with Picolinic Acid, [Mn(pic)2]n, a New Coordination Mode for Picolinic Acid
Authors: Heren Zerrin , Paşaoǧlu Hümeyra , Kaştaş Gökhan , Keser Cem , Yeşilelc Orkan Zafer , Büyükgüngör Orhan 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA manganese(II) complex with novel coordination mode of picolinic acid (pic) has been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, magnetic susceptibility, FT‐IR, thermal analysis (DTA and TG) and X‐ray diffraction techniques. The complex crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with unit cell parameters: a =10.4086 (6), b = 0.9524 (6), c =10.3570 (6) Å, β =107.904 (4)° and Z = 4. In the complex all donor sites of picolinato ligands participated to the coordination. The ring nitrogen and one of the carboxylate oxygen atom of picolinato ligand form chelate ring with one Mn2+ ion, whereas the other carboxylate oxygen atom is coordinated to the other Mn2+ ion and forming a polymeric structure thermally stable up to 338 °C.
Synthesis and Crystal Structures of Two exo‐Cyclic 11‐Vertex isocloso Ruthenaborane Clusters [(PPh3)(p‐ClPhCO2)2RuB10H8] and [(PPh3)2Ru(PPh3)(p‐ClPhCO2)RuB10H9]·0.5C5H12·H2O
Authors: Guo Qingliang , Dou Jianmin , Wu Libin , Li Dacheng , Wang Daqi , Wang Huaisheng 
Published: June 2006

AbstractTwo exo‐cyclic 11‐vertex isocloso ruthenaborane clusters [(PPh3)(p‐ClPhCO2)2RuB10H8] (1) and [(PPh3)2Ru(PPh3)(p‐ClPhCO2)RuB10H9]·0.5C5H12·H2O (2·0.5C5H12·H2O) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, FT‐IR, NMR spectra and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. The structure analysis shows that both of the clusters are based on an 11‐vertex closo‐type {RuB10} cluster‐geometry with the nine‐coordinate metal atom occupying the six‐connected apical position. In cluster 1, the metal center has three exo‐polyhedral ligands, one triphenylphosphine and two dative oxygen atoms of para‐chlorobenzoates which form two exo‐cyclic five‐membered Ru‐O‐C‐O‐B rings with the other oxygen atoms bonding to B(2) and B(3) atoms. The cluster 2 also has one exo‐polyhedral para‐chlorobenzoate to form one exo‐cyclic five‐membered Ru‐O‐C‐O‐B ring in one side. There is another exo‐polyhedral ruthenium atom bonded to the cluster center {RuB10} via one Ru‐Ru linkage and two RuHμB bridges forming a closed exo‐polyhedral tetrahedron configuration in the other side.
A generalization of the Helmholtz conditions for the existence of a first‐order Lagrangian
Authors: Kielau G. , Maißer P. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe paper deals with a generalization of Helmholtz' conditions for the existence of a first‐order kinetic potential related to a given set of 2nd order ordinary differential equations. The extension affects the consideration of such ODE systems which are not self‐adjoint due to dissipation. Necessary and sufficient conditions are given for the simultaneous existence of two state functions – a Lagrangian and a dissipation function – both of the first‐order such that the given set of 2nd order ODE results from the well‐known Lagrangean approach.
Normal pregnancy outcome in L‐2‐hydroxyglutaric aciduria
Authors: Jonckheere A. , Carton D. , Jaeken J. , Gerlo E. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractL‐2‐Hydroxyglutaric aciduria (L‐2‐HGA) is a rare progressive neurometabolic disease, defined as a characteristic clinical and radiological entity, mainly including mental retardation, cerebellar dysfunction and involvement of the subcortical white matter, cerebellum and basal ganglia on brain MRI. The biochemical hallmark is an increased urinary excretion of L‐2‐hydroxyglutaric acid. Management is only supportive. A child born to a Turkish mother in whom L‐2‐HGA was previously diagnosed is reported. Although pregnancy was repeatedly advised against because of the important degree of mental retardation and the potential risk of a toxic effect on the embryo and/or fetus (at that time no reports of maternal L‐2‐HGA were available), she became pregnant at 30 years of age and the pregnancy passed uneventfully. On amniocentesis, performed at 5 months of gestational age, elevated 2‐hydroxyglutarate, previously shown to be almost exclusively the L‐2‐stereoisomer, was present in the amniotic fluid: 27.5μ mol/L (controls <1.3; n=5). The child, not affected by the disease as shown by a normal urinary excretion of 2‐hydroxyglutaric acid, was normal at birth. When last examined at the age of 3 years, both somatic and mental development were excellent. As the pathogenesis of the extensive brain damage in affected persons remains largely unknown, notwithstanding the recent identification of the mutated gene and the deficient enzyme, one can only speculate on the mechanism by which embryo and fetus from a L‐2‐HGA mother are spared, at least in this case.
Ornithine transcarbamoylase deficiency presenting with acute liver failure
Authors: Mustafa Ahlam , Clarke Joe T. R. 
Published: June 2006

SummaryOrnithine transcarbamoylase (OTC) deficiency is the most common hereditary urea cycle disorder. It is an X‐linked recessive disorder that usually presents with encephalopathy and hyperammonaemia. We report a 14‐month‐old female carrier of OTC deficiency, who presented with a history of intermittent vomiting for 5 weeks and irritability and lethargy for 1 week. She was found to be in acute liver failure, with elevated transaminases, coagulopathy and a consistently low urea. Identifying an OTC mutation and ruling out other possible causes of acute hepatic failure confirmed the diagnosis. She was placed on low‐protein diet supplemented with essential amino acids, and her liver enzymes, hyperammonaemia and coagulopathy corrected. Three other female patients have been reported with OTC deficiency presenting with severe cryptogenic hepatitis; our patient is unique in that the presentation of her disease was dominated by acute liver failure on a back ground of normal growth and development, no liver enlargement, and mild hyperammonaemia. OTC deficiency should be considered in the differential diagnosis of infants presenting with acute hepatocellular dysfunction, especially in females.
The role of constitutive PKA‐mediated phosphorylation in the regulation of basal ICa in isolated rat cardiac myocytes
Authors: Bracken Nicolas , ElKadri Moutaz , Hart George , Hussain Munir 
Published: June 2006

Pharmacological inhibitors of protein kinase A (PKA) and protein phosphatases 1/2A were used to determine whether basal L‐type Ca2+ current (ICa) observed in the absence of exogenous β‐adrenergic receptor stimulation is sustained by PKA‐mediated phosphorylation. Amphotericin B was used to record whole‐cell ICa in the perforated patch‐clamp configuration.
Calyculin A and isoprenaline (both 1 μmol l−1) increased basal ICa (P<0.05), whereas H‐89 inhibited ICa in a concentration‐dependent manner with an IC50 ∼5 μmol l−1. H‐89 also inhibited the response to 1.0 μmol l−1 isoprenaline, although relatively high concentrations (30 μmol l−1) were required to achieve complete suppression of the response.
Double‐pulse protocols were used to study the effects of 10 μmol l−1 H‐89 on time‐dependent recovery of ICa from voltage‐dependent inactivation as well as the steady‐state gating of ICa. T0.5 (time for ICa to recover to 50% of the preinactivation amplitude) increased in the presence of H‐89 (P<0.05) but was unaffected by calyculin A or isoprenaline.
Steady‐state activation/inactivation properties of ICa were unaffected by 10 μmol l−1 H‐89 or 1 μmol l−1 calyculin A, whereas isoprenaline caused a leftward shift in both curves so that V0.5 for activation and inactivation became more negative.
Data show that basal ICa is regulated by cAMP‐PKA‐mediated phosphorylation in the absence of externally applied β‐receptor agonists and that relatively high concentrations of H‐89 are required to fully suppress the response to β‐adrenergic receptor stimulation, thereby limiting the value of H‐89 as a useful tool in dissecting signalling pathways in intact myocytes.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2006) 148, 1108–1115. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706809