bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Infrared Analysis of the Mineral and Matrix in Bones of Osteonectin-Null Mice and Their Wildtype Controls
Authors: Boskey Adele L , Moore David J , Amling Michael , Canalis Ernesto , Delany Anne M 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Osteonectin function in bone was investigated by infrared analysis of bones from osteonectin-null (KO) and wildtype mice (four each at 11, 17, and 36 weeks). An increase in mineral content and crystallinity in newly formed KO bone and collagen maturity at all sites was found using FTIR microspectroscopy and imaging; consistent with osteonectin's postulated role in regulating bone formation and remodeling.
Mineral and matrix properties of tibias of osteonectin-null mice and their age- and background-matched wildtype controls were compared using Fourier-transform infrared microspectroscopy (FTIRM) and infrared imaging (FTIRI) at 10- and 7-mm spatial resolution, respectively. The bones came from animals that were 11, 17, and 36 weeks of age. Individual FTIRM spectra were acquired from 20 × 20 μm areas, whereas 4096 simultaneous FTIRI spectra were acquired from 400 × 400 μm areas. The FTIRM data for mineral-to-matrix, mineral crystallinity, and collagen maturity were highly correlated with the FTIRI data in similar regions. In general, the osteonectin-null mice bones had higher mineral contents and greater crystallinity (crystal size and perfection) than the age-matched wildtype controls. Specifically, the mineral content of the newly forming periosteal bone was increased in the osteonectin-null mice; the crystallinity of the cortical bone was decreased in all but the oldest animals, relative to the wildtype. The most significant finding, however, was increased collagen maturity in both the cortical and trabecular bone of the osteonectin-null mice. These spectroscopic data are consistent with a mechanism of decreased bone formation and remodeling.
Relationship of Early Changes in Bone Resorption to the Reduction in Fracture Risk With Risedronate
Authors: Eastell R , Barton I , Hannon Ra , Chines A , Garnero P , Delmas Pd 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Changes in the level of biochemical markers of bone resorption with risedronate treatment for osteoporosis were examined as a surrogate for the decrease in fracture risk. Greater decreases in bone resorption markers were associated with greater decreases in vertebral (and nonvertebral) fractures.
Antifracture efficacy of antiresorptive therapies is only partially explained by increases in bone mineral density. Early decreases in bone resorption may also play a role. We tested this hypothesis by measuring two bone resorption markers, the C-telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX) and the N-telopeptide of type I collagen (NTX), in osteoporotic patients in risedronate vertebral fracture trials. We studied 693 women with at least one vertebral deformity (mean age, 69 ± 7 years) who received calcium (and vitamin D if required) and placebo or risedronate 5 mg daily for 3 years. The reductions in urinary CTX (median, 60%) and NTX (51%) at 3-6 months with risedronate therapy were significantly associated (p &lt; 0.05) with the reduction in vertebral fracture risk (75% over 1 year and 50% over 3 years). The changes in both CTX and NTX accounted for approximately one-half (CTX, 55%; NTX, 49%) of risedronate's effect in reducing the risk of vertebral fractures in the first year and approximately two-thirds (CTX, 67%; NTX, 66%) over 3 years compared with placebo. The changes in CTX and NTX accounted for 77% and 54%, respectively, of risedronate's effect in reducing the risk of nonvertebral fractures over 3 years compared with placebo. The relationships between vertebral fracture risk and changes from baseline in CTX and NTX were not linear (p &lt; 0.05). There was little further improvement in fracture benefit below a decrease of 55-60% for CTX and 35-40% for NTX. The decrease in bone resorption in patients taking risedronate accounts for a large proportion of the reduction in fracture risk. There may be a level of bone resorption reduction below which there is no further fracture benefit.
Strategies for Avoiding Hip Impact During Sideways Falls
Authors: Robinovitch Stephen N , Inkster Lisa , Maurer Jessica , Warnick Brady 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
During a fall, hip fracture risk increases 30-fold if there is direct impact to the hip. We conducted sideways falling experiments and found that subjects were able to avoid hip impact by rotating forward or by rotating backward during descent. These simple safe-landing strategies should be considered in designing hip fracture prevention programs.
Introduction: Ninety percent of hip fractures in the elderly are caused by falls. During a fall, hip fracture risk is increased 6-fold by falling sideways (instead of backward or forward) and 30-fold if direct impact occurs to the hip. Previous studies suggest that impact to the hip during a sideways fall can be avoided by rotating forward during descent to land on the outstretched hands. Presumably, an alternative strategy for avoiding hip impact is to rotate backward to land on the buttocks. We conducted sideways falling experiments to test the hypothesis that each of these falling strategies is equally effective in allowing one to avoid hip impact.
Materials and Methods: Twenty-two young adult women participated in trials where they were released from an inclined standing position into a sideways fall onto a foam mattress. Subjects were instructed to “land as softly as possible” and to “avoid impacting the hip” by either rotating forward or rotating backward during descent.
Results: We found that absolute values of the hip proximity angle, which described how close the impact site was to the lateral aspect of the pelvis, were not different in forward rotation and backward rotation trials (mean = 55.9 ± 22.4° versus 61.5 ± 15.8°, respectively). However, compared with forward rotation trials, backward rotation trials involved greater pelvis impact velocity (2.95 ± 0.25 versus 2.45 ± 0.77 m/s; p = 0.001) and greater whole-body kinetic energy at impact (238 ± 70 versus 156 ± 90 J; p = 0.001).
Conclusions: These results suggest that, during a sideways fall, individuals can avoid impact to the hip and thereby lower the risk for hip fracture by rotating forward or by rotating backward during descent. These simple yet effective safe-landing strategies should be considered in designing exercise-based hip fracture prevention programs.
Pay Attention to the Man Behind the Curtain: The Importance of Identity in Academic Writing
Authors: Williams Bronwyn T. 
Published: April 2006

It is often believed that objective, rationalist, academic literacy leaves no room for issues of identity, and that anything remotely personal has, at best, a limited role to play in school. This belief reflects a clear and often widely accepted binary set of definitions: There is personal writing; there is academic writing. The two forms exist on their own, separate and identifiable. Issues of identity belong with personal writing but have no influence on academic writing, which is objective, detached, and analytic.The author argues that the ease with which readers often construct these categories and boundaries of writing conceals the actual permeability of them. Just as writing that is traditionally considered personal can be rigorous and analytic, academic writing is always enmeshed in issues of identity.
Selection for Establishment Capacity in Reed Canarygrass
Authors: Casler M. D. , Undersander D. J. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTEstablishment of reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) is seriously impaired by relatively low seeding vigor and growth rate. Poor soil–seed contact, intense competition from annual weeds, and infrequent clipping during the establishment year exacerbate this problem. The objectives of this study were (i) to select reed canarygrass populations for establishment capacity in the presence of annual weeds, (ii) to evaluate progeny for progress from selection, and (iii) to determine mechanisms for improved establishment potential in selected populations. Two cycles of selection for survival under clipping and weed competition were completed, the first involving selection among spaced plants and the second involving selection within seeded plots. Selection for increased establishment capacity increased ground cover in October of the seeding year by 29% and tiller density in May of the following year by 36%, averaged over five cultivars. Seed mass consistently decreased with selection for increased establishment capacity, but emergence rate increased in all cultivars by an average of 18.1%. Three of the five cultivars (Palaton, Vantage, and Venture) responded to selection with increased shoot and/or root fresh mass, with shoot‐mass responses generally larger than root‐mass responses. Selected populations of Vantage and Venture also had small decreases in the time required for tiller initiation. Bellevue and Rival showed no responses of seedling traits to selection. Seedling fresh mass was the most important factor regulating genetic variability for establishment capacity, but there was some variation in the mechanism of improved establishment capacity among populations.
Genetic Variation for Agronomic and Fiber Properties in an Introgressed Recombinant Inbred Population of Cotton
Authors: Percy Richard G. , Cantrell Roy G. , Zhang Jinfa 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTGenetic variation available for the improvement of fiber properties is restricted in commercial upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Resources for fiber improvement exist in G. barbadense L., but introgression of traits has been a limited success. The objectives of this study were to investigate the genetic variation and heritability of agronomic and fiber traits within a diverse recombinant inbred line (RIL) population created with a stable introgressed parent. The population (n = 98 lines) had as its parents NM24016, a stable G. hirsutum line with significant introgression from G. barbadense, and TM1, the G. hirsutum genetic standard. Yield, plant height, boll size, lint percentage, and fiber length, strength, micronaire, and elongation were measured in randomized, complete block tests at Las Cruces, NM, and Maricopa, AZ, in 2001 and 2002. Genotype coefficients of variation (CV) were highest for plant height and boll size. Among fiber traits, fiber length and micronaire produced the highest genotype CVs. Most traits (fiber elongation excepted) exhibited high broadsense heritability, ranging from 0.69 for lint yield to 0.92 for 2.5% span length. Transgressive segregants were identified for most traits. Fiber strength and 2.5% span length were favorably correlated (r = 0.59, P = 0.001) as were 2.5% span length and micronaire (r = −0.47, P = 0.001). The NM24016/TM1 RIL population presents valuable genetic variation for fiber quality improvement efforts in G. hirsutum.
Partial Dominance, Pleiotropism, and Epistasis in the Inheritance of the High‐Oleate Trait in Peanut
Authors: Isleib T. G. , Wilson R. F. , Novitzky W. P. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTEarlier reports of the high‐oleate (low‐linoleate) trait in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) indicated that it was controlled by completely dominant gene action. However, linoleate content intermediate to that in low‐ and normal‐linoleate seeds was found among progeny when the trait was backcrossed into five virginia‐type cultivars, suggesting partial dominance of the gene controlling the trait. Although BC1F2 results were inconsistent across recurrent parents, data from the BC2F2 and BC3F2 populations of all crosses conformed to the 1:2:1 ratio expected under partial dominance. Quantitative analysis showed that fatty acid levels were affected by the background genotypes of the recurrent parents, suggesting that there are other genes that influence fatty acid. The ol gene exhibited pleiotropism by influencing not only oleate and linoleate, but also levels of palmitate, total C18 fatty acids, gadoleate, and total saturated fatty acids. The effects of the ol gene interacted with background genotype, particularly with the additive genetic contrast, suggesting epistasis in the general sense. Progeny testing of 59 putatively heterozygous and 41 homozygous normal BC2F2 plants indicated that the two genotypes could be distinguished accurately on the basis of linoleate level, suggesting that the ol gene can be moved by backcrossing using techniques appropriate for a dominant trait rather than a recessive trait.
Family of the f.p.: Notes on the Theatre of the Ridiculous
Authors: Brecht Stefan 
Published: April 2006

This theatre has attracted little but unfavorable notice: it is slovenly, amateurish, silly, just boring; a put-on, really an actors’ lark; not art, certainly not serious art; a coterie occasion for a pariah in-group; by & for queers (not the nice kind, but drag queens & dykes & leather/motorbike/S&M hard trade); a display case for transvestites, pure camp, devoted to movie fetishism; anyhow just adolescent pornography; ritual enactment of an impotent humiliation of women (vicious, loveless); pointless, emotionally impactless, untheatrical; certainly devoid of social relevance; in sum, stupid & immoral.The theatre of the ridiculous is an important theatre and theatre form.I want to interpret here my impression of the theatre's theatrical impact, in the light of interviews with John Vaccaro, Charles Ludlam, Mary Woronow & some written pieces of Ronald Tavel's & Jack Smith's—keeping Freud, Sartre, Artaud, de Sade, Genet, Warhol & la pataphysique out of it.
“I Can't Get No Satisfaction”
Authors: Kott Jan 
Published: April 2006

Clytaemnestra was murdered six days ago; the pyre on which her body burned is still warm. She murdered Agamemnon in the first year of the war; his tomb is some hundred yards from the palace, next to her tomb. Euripides’ Orestes begins at this moment. The war is over, at least onedirty and hateful war is over. Yesterday Menelaus disembarked in Nauplia and today, at dawn, Helen sneaked into the palace. “Home from Troy at last,” Menelaus says. “How happy I am to see this house once more.” I was astounded when, at the opening night of Orestes and at all following performances, the audience received this line, Menelaus’ first, with jeering laughter.In his introduction to the translation, William Arrowsmith has underlined the most striking aspect of Orestes: in no other Greek plays, with the possible exception of Aristophanes, has anachronism as a method of political and artistic provocation been carried so far.
Dionysus in 69, from Euripides’ The Bacchae
Authors: Brecht Stefan ,   The Performance Group
Published: April 2006

The Performing Garage: a beautiful cube of space, sprinkled with high platforms & towers made of raw two by-fours which but for their air of negligence would announce an acrobatic show. Individual gymnastics, each gymnast sole, randomly distributed. Their relentless contortions get them into a sweat—physical translations of introspection. Here & there a little acrobatics, action.From this laborious anarchy the play powerfully emerges on a natural free rhythm. Couples form, the chance proximities of gymnasts turn into the interaction of performers. The timing of several trigger actions cuing others. Progressively assembling the play has been left up to the individual performers. Barely audible, mumbled chanted lines from a translation of Euripides sound out here & there, are repeated, taken over by others. Though they belong to parts they are not the property of any individual actor. The lines are metric, their delivery is amateurish & affected—false speech.
Theatre in Chile: A Middle-Class Conundrum
Authors: Ehrmann Hans 
Published: April 2006

The basic development of Chilean theatre has been from amateur to professional. In this there are strong similarities to the theatrical movements of Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil in the last thirty to forty years, but with one main difference: the renewal of modern Chilean theatre began in the universities, and these student groups in time became the theatrical establishment. This process, its initial aims accomplished, has now reached a dead end. And once again there is a search for new approaches and objectives.The evolution of our contemporary theatre began in 1941 with Cervantes’ La guarda cuidadosa and Valle Inclán's Ligazón, presented by a group of University of Chile students which became the Experimental Theatre; in 1943 the Catholic University began a similar venture: the Teatro de Ensayo under the direction of Pedro de la Barra. Commercial theatre in this country, however, goes back to the nineteenth century.
The Joker System: An Experiment by the Arena Theatre of São Paulo
Authors: Boal Augusto 
Published: April 2006

After World War II, United States businessmen found it cheaper to run their own factories in Brazil, rather than ship goods from the U.S. They could profit from a low standard wage, and the factories would be closer to both the markets and the raw materials needed: steel, minerals, oil, etc. So it was decided to make São Paulo the largest industrial city in South America. U.S. money started pouring in, U.S. companies were granted enormous loans from Brazilian banks at low interest, and São Paulo soon became a prosperous city.The nouveau-riche bourgeoisie, created by this boom, invited important European theatre companies and artists to perform in São Paulo. Brazilian artists began to imitate them and imported directors, mainly from Italy, to build and train theatre companies in São Paulo. As a result, actors began to resemble Italian actors and playwrights European playwrights.
Imagen de Caracas
Authors: Palacios Inocente , León Adriano González 
Published: April 2006

Imagen de Caracas was presented in the east central part of the city at the specially constructed production/exhibition site, the Dispositivo Cuidad (Mechanical City). The project was the most ambitious effort made in Venezuela to integrate the arts, combining image, colors, forms, various stages and kinds of architecture, movement, music, sound, light, the spoken and written word: everything available in the new world of audio-visual expression. The work took two years of continuous labor to complete.The principal objective was to tell the violent four-hundred-year history of our city. The film about Caracas’ history was divided in two parts: the first part, from the founding of Caracas through the beginning of the last century; the second, from 1800 until the present.
Fire
Authors: Dennison George 
Published: April 2006

Peter Schumann's Fire(which I count among the finest plays I have seen), more than any play I have seen has the quality of prayer.Prayer (for me) is a childhood memory, but I remember things like these: a peopling of death with human forms; a vague yet affecting sense of the scale of things; a notion of the preciousness of life, and of its vulnerability; a touch of fear, since fate is everywhere and has little to do with one's wishes.I have tended to think of prayer under its aspects of supplication and faith. I am more impressed now by the rationality of prayer. To kneel, to bow one's head, and then to rise is to affirm, in a profoundly rational spirit, one's human place in a world only in small part human. If prayers are addressed to God or to gods they nevertheless signify to other men that we have arrived at some sort of outer limit.
The Censor in the Ivy
Authors: Oliver William I. 
Published: April 2006

Today many states have no theatre censorship laws. When laws governing propriety in the arts were enacted (for example, in California in 1872), they anticipated censorable activity in literature, sculpture, and the visual arts, but never in theatre: such was the powerful, silent entente of gentility between audience and performer which bound theatre to its middle-class audiences. But today, even in much popular theatre, a measure of conflict is expected as part of the theatrical experience. Playwrights and theatre people, as never before in this country, are outspoken morally, philosophically, sexually, and politically. With neither tradition nor legal precedent to act as a guide, American theatre faces the possibility of powerful and unreasoned censorship.Professional theatre in New York has had few censorship problems, most of them on grounds of obscenity, not politics or morality. A greater threat is censorship on campus.
Theatre after 1949
Authors: Jun Uchiyama 
Published: April 2006

The “modernization” of Chinese culture began with the literary revolution of 1917 and the consequent May Fourth Movement of 1919. This first great cultural revolution in modern China, aimed at making Chinese culture more international, was led by men like Hu Shi, who had studied in the United States and Japan. Traditional Chinese drama came under attack as an “entertainment” representing the conventional culture. Peking Opera in particular was regarded as a stronghold of such culture, despite the experiments of Mei Lan-fang, who tried vigorously to modernize Peking Opera un productions using modern costumes and to reevaluate the Peking Opera from a modern viewpoint.Traditional Chinese drama, which was usually sung, was to be replaced by a “spoken drama” (Hua-chu), based on the naturalistic Western plays introduced into China in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
Commune The Performance Group
Authors: Gilman Richard 
Published: April 2006

In the commentary which accompanies the recently published book of photographs of Dionysus in 69. Richard Schechner writes: “Most important by far is our struggle to expose our feelings, to reveal ourselves, to be open, receptive, vulnerable; to use impulse and feeling in our work. And to believe that excellence in art is, ultimately, a function of wholeness as a human being.” Although the members of the company have mostly changed from those of the earlier production, there isn't any reason to suppose that the Performance Group doesn't want its new work, Commune, to exemplify the same qualities and live in the same spirit.For the most part it does live this way, or at least tries to mount such an existence. And so it directly raises all the questions which would only be present in a negative form if the wofk were cold, inhibited, aloof, and protected—the qualities, presumably, of the kind of formal, institutionalized theatre the Performance Group has set itself to oppose.
Little Trips: Documentation
Authors: Kirby Victoria Nes 
Published: April 2006

Norman Taffel's Little Trips was presented at 70 Grand Street in New York City on the ground floor of a loft building. Passing through a narrow hallway, one entered a small room where some people sat on cots and benches; others stood. Everyone was asked to pay a contribution. At approximately 9 p.m., a young girl in leotard and tights (or a boy in dungarees, depending on who was playing the role that evening) entered from the adjoining room and addressed the waiting audience. “Good evening. Would you please come inside.” (Note: The dialogue quoted in this description is only approximate, since the exact words changed at each performance. This description is written about performances when the Guide was played by a girl; performances did not change significantly when a boy played the part.)The audience followed her through the door into a large, well-lit room. The high ceiling was supported by three pillars making a line across the center of the space.