bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Type 1 diabetes compromises plasma arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids in newborn babies
Authors: Ghebremeskel Kebreab , Thomas Beverley , Lowy Clara , Min Yoeju , Crawford Michael A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe activity of Δ6‐ and Δ5‐desaturase, enzymes required for the synthesis of AA and DHA, are impaired in human and experimental diabetes. We have investigated whether neonates of type 1 diabetic women have compromised plasma AA and DHA at birth. Cord blood was obtained from healthy babies born to mothers with (n=31) and without (n=59) type 1 diabetes. FA composition of plasma choline phosphoglycerides (CPG), TG, and cholesterol esters (CE) was assayed. The neonates of the diabetics had lower levels of AA (20∶4n−6, P<0.0001), adrenic acid (22∶4n−6, P<0.01), Σn−6 metabolites (P<0.0001), docosapentaenoic acid (22∶5n−3, P<0.0001), DHA (22∶6n−3, P<0.0001), Σn−3 (P<0.0001), and Σn−3 metabolites (P<0.0001) in CPG compared with the corresponding babies of the nondiabetic mothers. Similarly, they had lower levels of AA (P<0.05), Σn−6 metabolites (P<0.05), DHA (P<0.0001), and Σn−3 metabolites (P<0.01) in plasma CE. There was also a nonsignificant reduction of AA and DHA in TG in the babies of the diabetic group. The current investigation indicates that healthy neonates born to mothers with type 1 diabetes have highly compromised levels of AA and DHA. These nutrients are of critical importance for neurovisual and vascular system development. In poorly controlled maternal diabetes, it is conceivable that the relative “insufficiency” of AA and DHA may exacerbate speech and reading impairments, behavioral disorders, suboptimal performance on developmental tests, and lower IQ, which have been reported in some children born to mothers with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Further studies are needed to understand the underlying mechanism for this biochemical abnormality and its implications for fetal and infant development.
CLA isomers in milk fat from cows fed diets with high levels of unsaturated fatty acids
Authors: Collomb Marius , Sieber Robert , Bütikofer Ueli 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe concentrations of CLA isomers were determined by Ag+‐HPLC in the milk fat of cows fed a control diet consisting of hay ad libitum and 15 kg of fodder beets or this diet supplemented with oilseeds containing either high levels of oleic acid (rapeseed), linoleic acid (sunflower seed), or α‐linolenic acid (linseed). Highly significant (P≤0.001) correlations were found between the daily intakes of oleic acid and the concentration of the CLA isomer trans‐7,cis‐9 in milk fat; of linoleic acid and the CLA isomers trans‐10,trans‐12, trans‐9,trans‐11, trans‐8,trans‐10, trans‐7,trans‐9, trans‐10,cis‐12, cis‐9,trans‐11, trans‐8,cis‐10, and trans‐7,cis‐9; and of α‐linolenic acid and the CLA isomers trans‐12,trans‐14, trans‐11,trans‐13, cis,trans/trans,cis‐12,14, trans‐11,cis‐13, and cis‐11,trans‐13. CLA concentrations were also determined in the milk fat of cows grazing in the lowlands (600–650 m), the mountains (900–1210 m), and the highlands (1275–2120 m). The concentrations of many isomers were highest in milk fat from the highlands, but only three CLA isomers (cis‐9,trans‐11, trans‐11,cis‐13, and trans‐8,cis‐10) showed a nearly linear increase with elevation. Therefore, these three CLA isomers, and particularly the CLA isomer trans‐11,cis‐13, the second‐most important CLA in milk fat from cows grazing at the three altitudes, could be useful indicators of milk products of Alpine origin.
Selective increase in pinolenic acid (all‐cis‐5,9,12–18∶3) in Korean pine nut oil by crystallization and its effect on LDL‐receptor activity
Authors: Lee Jin‐Won , Lee Kwang‐Won , Lee Seog‐Won , Kim In‐Hwan , Rhee Chul 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe aims of this study were to obtain concentrated pinolenic acid (5,9,12–18∶3) from dietary Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) nut oil by urea complexation and to investigate its cholesteroi‐lowering effect on the LDL‐receptor activity of human hepatoma HepG2 cells. Pine nut oil was hydrolyzed to provide a low‐pinolenic acid‐containing FA extract (LPAFAE), followed by crystallization with different ratios of urea in ethanol (EtOH) or methanol (MeOH) as a solvent to produce a high‐pinolenic acid‐containing FA extract (HPAFAE). The profiles of HPAFAE obtained by urea complexation showed different FA compositions compared with LPAFAE. The long‐chain saturated FA palmitic acid (16∶0) and stearic acid (18∶0) were decreased with urea/FA ratios (UFR) of 1∶1 (UFR1), 2∶1 (UFR2), and 3∶1 (UFR3). Linoleic acid (9,12–18∶2) was increased 1.3 times with UFR2 in EtOH, and linolenic acid (9,12,15–18∶3) was increased 1.5 times with UFR3 in MeOH after crystallization. The crystallization with UFR3 in EtOH provided the highest concentration of pinolenic acid, which was elevated by 3.2‐fold from 14.1 to 45.1%, whereas that of linoleic acid (9,12–18∶2) was not changed, and that of oleic acid (9–18∶1) was decreased 7.2‐fold. Treatment of HepG2 cells with HPAFE resulted in significantly higher internalization of 3,3′‐dioctadecylindocarbocyanine‐LDL (47.0±0.15) as compared with treatment with LPAFAE (25.6±0.36) (P<0.05). Thus, we demonstrate a method for the concentration of pinolenic acid and suggest that this concentrate may have LDL‐lowering properties by enhancing hepatic LDL uptake.
Lipid components of borage (Borago officinalis L.) seeds and their changes during germination
Authors: Namal Senanayake S. P. J. , Shahidi Fereidoon 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe changes in composition of total and neutral lipids (NL) as well as glycolipids (GL) and phospholipids (PL) of borage (Borago officinalis L.) seeds, germinated in the dark at 25°C for 10 d, were studied. Total lipids constituted 34.0% of the dry matter of borage seeds. During germination, the content of total lipids was decreased by 95%. NL accounted for 95.7% of total lipids prior to germination and were composed of triacylglycerols (TAG; 99.1%), diacylglycerols (DAG; 0.06%), monoacylglycerols (MAG;0.02%), free fatty acids (FFA;0.91%), and sterols (0.02%). The content of TAG was significantly (P≤0.05) decreased, while that of other components, such as MAG and FFA, significantly (P≤0.05) increased during germination. However, the content of DAG did not change. GL and PL accounted for 2.0 and 2.3% of total lipids, respectively, and their contents significantly (P≤0.05) increased as germination proceeded. The thin layer chromatography‐flame‐ionization detection studies showed that phosphatidylcholine (PC; 69.7%) was the major PL present. The total content of phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), which were coeluted, was 18.2%; phosphatidic acid (PA) was present at 11.2% of the total PL fraction. Lysophosphatidylcholine was detected at 0.9%. The proportion of PC, PS, and PE significantly (P≤0.05) decreased during germination, but that of PA increased (P≤0.05) markedly. The fatty acid composition of lipid fractions changed as germination proceeded. The predominant fatty acids of total lipids, NL, and GL were linoleic and linolenic acids, while those of PL were linoleic and palmitic acids. The present study demonstrated that the overall changes of lipids seen in borage seeds during germination agree well with results for other oilseeds. Changes in lipid compositions during germination result from the formation of tissues and metabolic interconversion of lipid classes. Rapid changes in lipid composition during seed germination may enhance the nutritional value of the sprouts.
Partition coefficient calculation of selected terpenes and low molecular weight solvents between tall oil fatty acid and air and polydimethyl siloxane oil and air
Authors: Bir David 
Published: November 2006

AbstractHeadspace gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) has been applied to the analysis of the temperature‐dependent tall oil fatty acid (TOFA)/air partition coefficient (k1) and the polydimethyl siloxane oil/air partition coefficient (k2) of selected terpenes and low molecular weight solvents. As expected, both the TOFA and the silicone oil are effective trapping media for the nonpolar terpenes, but they are also efficient traps for acetone, methanol, n‐propanol, and n‐butanol. However, several species of low and moderate molecular weight (less than 150 amu) aldehydes, ketones, and organic acids that might adversely affect its trapping capacity were detected in the TOFA. This article will report the empirically gathered data and the subsequent calculation of the partition coefficients for the terpenes: α‐ and β‐pinene, limonene, and α‐terpineol and the solvents: acetone, methanol, n‐propanol, and n‐butanol between 50 and 130°C.
Crossflow filtration of oils on metal oxides. Influence of chemical composition of the layer
Authors: El’Ama Claude , Fanni Jacques , Parmentier Michel 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA new technique of fat fractionation was described in which butter oil and a formulated oil (olive, grapestone, coconut, and linseed) have been submitted to crossflow percolation at 45°C on different metal oxides layers (Al2O3, TiO2, ZrO2) of various thickness. The metal oxides layers were used in order to highlight the interaction between triglycerides (TG) and filtering materials. Experiments have been checked by high‐performance liquid chromatography and by differential scanning calorimetry. Partition number was used to take the double bonds into account, and nonpolarity index was used to estimate the relative hydrophobicity of TG molecules. Results point out a two‐step complex partition phenomenon: The filtering layer that is initially hydrophilic is coated by less hydrophobic TG acting as a second interface with hydrophobic characteristics. The three tested metal oxides did not provide comparable patterns. The specific property of aluminum oxide is related to a better polarizability of the Al−O bond.
Modification of fish oil aroma using a macroalgal lipoxygenase
Authors: Hu Seng‐Pei , Pan Bonnie Sun 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe odor of fish oil is the major factor limiting its application in food. In this study, the addition of butylated hydroxytoluene to fish oil did not significantly inhibit the generation of fishy and rancid odors. To reduce the undesirable odors, fish oil was treated with lipoxygenase (LOX) to produce volatile compounds via position‐specific cleavage of hydroperoxides. An extract of a green marine macroalga, Ulva conglobata, showed a high level of 13‐LOX activity and 9‐LOX to a lesser extent, and produced strong green, melon‐like, and fresh‐fish‐like flavor notes from fish oil. The LOX‐modified fish oil contained 99% of the highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA; containing three or more double bonds) originally present, total volatile compounds increased from 3477 to 3787 ppb after LOX treatment. Compounds with strong odors accounted for about 40% of the total volatiles. Increasing the level of LOX activity used to treat fish oil produced higher concentrations of the desirable unsaturated aldehydes, ketones, and alcohols, with odors resembling fresh fish, apple, citrus, melon, fruit, and oyster. These compounds were tentatively identified as E,Z‐2,6‐nonadienal E‐2‐hexenal, E,E‐2,4‐octadienal, E,E‐3‐5‐octadien‐2‐one, and alcohols E‐2‐pentenol and 2‐butoxyethanol. The LOX treatment also slightly increased the content of the undesirable volatile components, including sour and rancid odors, tentatively identified as acetic acid and E,Z‐ and E,E‐2,4‐decadienals
Lipase‐catalyzed alcoholysis of crambe oil and camelina oil for the preparation of long‐chain esters
Authors: Steinke Georg , Kirchhoff Rita , Mukherjee Kumar D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCrambe oil and camelina oil were transesterified with oleyl alcohol, the alcohols derived from crambe and camelina oils, n‐octanol or isopropanol using Novozym 435 (immobilized lipase B from Candida antarctica), Lipozyme IM (immobilized lipase from Rhizomucor miehei), and papaya (Carica papaya) latex lipase as biocatalysts. The highest conversions to alkyl esters were obtained with Novozym 435 (up to 95%) in most cases, whereas Lipozyme IM and papaya latex lipase gave lower (40 to 50%) conversions. The conversions with long‐chain alcohols (oleyl alcohol, crambe alcohols, and camelina alcohols) were higher (40 to 95%) than with medium‐chain n‐octanol (30 to 85%). Isopropyl esters of crambe oil and camelina oil were obtained with rather low conversions using Novozym 435 (<40%) and Lipozyme IM (about 10%) as biocatalysts, whereas with papaya latex lipase no isopropyl esters were formed. The conversions of crambe oil and camelina oil to oleyl and n‐octyl esters using Novozym 435 as biocatalyst were hardly affected by the ratio of the substrates, but with Lipozyme IM the conversions to alkyl esters distinctly increased with an excess of alcohol substrate
Identification and quantification of important steryl esters in aspen wood
Authors: Serreqi Alessio N. , Leone Robert , Del Rio Luis F. , Mei Shirley , Fernandez Marc , Breuil Colette 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSteryl esters make up a major portion of the total lipids in aspen wood, and contribute significantly to pitch deposit problems during pulping. Fungal treatment of aspen is an attractive method for removing these compounds because it is inexpensive and environmentally acceptable; however, the mechanism of steryl ester removal remains unclear. Identification of the steryl esters will lead to a better understanding of how they are removed by fungi. The steryl ester fraction from aspen wood was obtained by acetone extraction then further purified by silica gel column chromatography and argentation‐silica gel column chromatography. This led to the isolation of three major fractions: fraction I, fraction II, and fraction III. The major steryl esters of fractions I and II were identified by gas chromatography, gas chromatography‐mass spectroscopy, and proton nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of the intact fraction as well as sterol and fatty acid moieties obtained after base hydrolysis. Identification of the steryl esters was carried out by mass spectra comparisons with steryl ester standards synthesized in the laboratory and comparison with mass spectra libraries (Wiley and NIST) by mass fragmentography. Fraction I contained primarily the palmitate, stearate, and eicosanoate esters of α‐ and β‐amyrin. Fraction II consisted mainly of the palmitate, stearate, and eicosanoate esters of tirucalla‐7,24‐dien‐3β‐ol and lupeol.
Evaluation of the role of saturated fatty acids in sedimenting canola oils
Authors: Botha Ingrid , Mailer Rodney , Robards Kevin 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCanola oil is generally a clear oil which does not require winterization. However, sediment formation has become an increasing problem in Australian canola oil. Canola oil stored at temperatures between −5 and 21°C formed sediment more rapidly at lower temperatures. The sediment and clear fractions of a group of sedimenting canola oils were analyzed and compared. Both fractions contained wax esters of carbon number C42–C52, the sediment fractions containing between 0.37 and 3.09 mg g−1 and clear fractions containing between 0.12 and 0.85 mg g−1. The triacylglycerol profiles of sediment fractions contained four compounds, PPO, PPP, PSO and PPS (where P is palmitoyl, O is oleoyl, and S stearoyl), that were not detected in clear fractions. The contents of palmitic acid and total saturated fatty acids were higher in the sediment fraction than the clear fraction. Added PPP clouded a clear oil as effectively as stearyl behanate and more than OOO or lauryl arachidate. Sedimentation may be linked to environmental conditions, as seed grown in 1997, a dry year, produced more problem oils than seed grown in previous years that had more nearly average rainfall.
Supercritical fluid extraction of oil from millet bran
Authors: Devittori C. , Gumy D. , Kusy A. , Colarow L. , Bertoli C. , Lambelet P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractProso millet bran [Panicum miliaceum (L.)], variety Dakota White, was extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide (SC‐CO2) to yield crude oil. The effects of operating parameters (pressure, temperature, and specific solvent flow) and of features of the raw material (moisture content and particle size) on oil extraction were investigated. Complete de‐oiling of ground millet bran pellets was achieved under 300 bar at 40°C with a specific solvent flow of 2–10 h−1 within 200 to 500 min. Solvent requirements were 20–30 kg CO2/kg raw material. Composition of crude SC‐CO2 oil extracted under optimal conditions, i.e., fatty acid profile, amount of unsaponifiables, tocopherols, free fatty acids, sterols, sterol esters, waxes, hydrocarbons, and phospholipids, was compared to that of crude oil obtained by petroleum ether extraction. These two oils were similar in terms of fatty acid profile and amount of free fatty acids, unsaponifiables, peroxides, and tocopherols. They differed in respect to phospholipids (present in petroleum etherextracted oil and absent in SC‐CO2 extracted oil), metals, and waxes (lower levels in SC‐CO2 extracted oil). The effects of extraction procedures on oxidative stability of crude SC‐CO2 oil were studied. Ensuring that all pieces of the extractor in contact with the oil were in stainless steel; cleaning the separator, i.e., washing with KOH, rinsing, purging with N2 and CO2, and heating; performing a couple of extractions before the main extraction; and achieving the extraction without interruption all positively influenced the oxidative stability of the oil. Conversely, increasing CO2 purity above 99.5% had no effect. Oxidative stability of the SC‐CO2 oil extracted under these conditions was only slightly lower than that of the oil extracted with petroleum ether.
Lipase‐mediated synthesis of dodecyl oleate and oleyl oleate in aqueous foams
Authors: Rao N. Madhusudhana , Shanmugam V. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEngineering media for optimal product yield in enzyme‐catalyzed reactions is an important strategy. We report here synthesis of dodecyl oleate and oleyl oleate by lipase (Candida rugosa) in solvent‐free substrate foams. Ester formation was characterized with respect to enzyme concentration, pH, temperature, and substrate concentration. The kinetics of ester formation suggest that the formation of ester was 80% complete in 2h. The pH and temperature optima of lipase suggest that the behavior of lipase in substrate foams was similar to its behavior in water or in organic solvents. The denaturing effect of foams on enzyme was evaluated. Rapid loss in activity (>70% in 1 h) was observed in the presence of oleic acid and dodecanol. The large surface areas generated in aqueous foams offer better accessibility of substrate to lipase for esterification.
Synthesis of dimer and oligomers from (R)‐methyl hydnocarpate
Authors: Malkar Navdeep B. , Vaidya Ashish A. , Kumar V. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWe report synthesis and characterization of dimer and oligomer acids from chaulmoogra oil. (R)‐Methyl hydnocarpate (methyl ester of the major fatty acid component of chaulmoogra oil) was brominated to give threo‐2,3‐dibromocyclopentane‐1‐methyl undecanoate. Formation of two diastereoisomers, viz., threo‐2(R),3(R)‐dibromocyclopentane‐1(R)‐methyl undecanoate and threo‐2(S),3(S)‐dibromocyclopentane‐(R)‐1‐methyl undecanoate, was observed. Dehydrobromination of bromo derivatives using alcoholic KOH gave a cyclopentadiene derivative as intermediate, which underwent Diels‐Alder reaction to give dimer and oligomer fatty acids. The products were characterized by ultraviolet, direct exposure probe‐mass spectroscopy, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and 13C NMR spectroscopic techniques.
Thermophilic phospholipase A2 in the cytosolic fraction from the archaeon Pyrococcus horikoshii
Authors: Feng Yan , Joh Yong‐Goe , Ishikawa Kazuhiko , Ishida Hiroyasu , Ando Susumu , Yamagaki Tohru , Nakanishi Hiroshi , Cao Shugui , Matsui Ikuo , Kosugi Yoshitsugu 
Published: November 2006

AbstractHyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus horikoshii produced phospholipase A2 in a cytosolic fraction. The enzyme displayed optimal activity at 90°C and pH 7 and preferentially hydrolyzed sn‐2 fatty acids in the following order: linoleoyl> oleoyl>arachidoyl phosphatidylcholine. Phospholipase A2 had similar activities toward l‐α‐1‐palmitoyl‐2‐arachidoyl derivatives of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. Phospholipase A2 activity was unaffected by the addition of 0.0001–1 mM calcium, but was inhibited slightly by the addition of 2–10 mM calcium. The activity was enhanced more than 5–18‐fold in the presence of 3–20% (vol/vol) glycerol. The activity was unaffected by the addition of 1–5 mM EDTA or 0.01–20 mM dithiothreitol. A caldarchaetidic acid derivative having a molecular weight of 1544 disappeared upon incubation of the cytosolic fraction with total lipid. The phospholipase A2 was difficult to purify by general chromatography because it existed as an aggregate. Electrophoresis was carried out using 10–15% polyacrylamide gels containing sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS‐PAGE). No activity of phospholipase A2 activity was observed in the absence of proteins less than 19 kD in size, as fractionated by SDS‐PAGE.
Photochemical reactions of antioxidant sesamol in aqueous solution
Authors: Nakagawa Kouichi 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAntioxidant intermediate radicals generated by continuous ultraviolet (UV) and pulsed UV laser irradiation of sesamol in aqueous solutions were investigated. Radical species with the intensity ratio of 1∶4∶6∶4∶1 were observed by using continuous wave electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) with continuous UV irradiation. The radical was also observed after the irradiation. To observe the intermediate radical right after the excitation, Fourier transform EPR (FT EPR) was used. Trace amounts of the same radical were also detected by FT EPR with pulsed UV laser. Based on the hyperfine coupling constant (2.3 G) and g‐value (2.0048), together with FT EPR results, this radical was found to be a benzoquinone anion radical. The radical might have been produced via multistep reactions of the excited sesamol in aqueous solution, and it was stable for at least several minutes. In addition to the benzoquinone radical, the formation and dynamics of the sesamolyl radical were investigated by using FT EPR. FT EPR showed the detailed behavior of the radical. Characterization of the intermediate is important to evaluate the antioxidant sesamol.
Purification process for cod liver oil polyunsaturated fatty acids
Authors: Guil‐Guerrero J. L. , Belarbi El‐Hassan 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20∶5n−3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22∶6n−3), which have several pharmaceutical properties, have been purified from cod liver oil. The process consisted of four main steps: (i) saponification of the oil, (ii) use of urea inclusion adducts method to obtain PUFA, (iii) PUFA methylation, and (iv) argentation silica gel column chromatography of the methylated PUFA. Argentation silica gel chromatography yielded highly pure DHA in the process (100% purity, 64% yiild). For EPA, the recovery in the combined process was 29.6%, and the final purity was 90.6%, owing to the simultaneous elution of other polyunsaturated fatty esters. The recovery in the urea inclusion method was strongly enhanced by application of orbital agitation during the crystallization process, in which EPA yield increased from 60–70% without agitation to 90–97% at 800 rpm; stearidonic acid (18∶4n−3) yield ranged from 60–75% without agitation to 87–95% at 800 rpm, and DHA yield varied from 53–73% without agitation to 85–99% at 800 rpm