bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On Some Properties of KIVA Numerical Schemes
Authors: Amato U. , Petrillo F. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn this paper numerical schemes of the KIVA code for fluid dynamics modeling will be analyzed. In particular consistency and accuracy will be proved. Attention will be paid to the effects of the grid on the numerical properties of the schemes. Moreover, numerical examples will be given in order to show the actual influence of the choice of the grid on the accuracy of the solution.
On the Elasticity Theory of Microporous Solids
Authors: Assaf M. A. , Jentsch L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis paper deals with existence and uniqueness theorems for boundary value problems and a contact problem for a system of differential equations which was suggested by MARKOV as a linear model for microporous solids. The characteristic of this model is that, in addition to the vector of displacement, free dilatation occurs as fourth field quantity independent of the displacement. This free dilatation may be interpreted as porosity of the solid and may play a part in determining zones subjected to the danger of cracking. The boundary integral method is used in proving the existence theorems. Solution representations by potentials are given for all problems, and the boundary integral equations for the density vectors of teh potentials are investigated.
Zum Evolutionsgesetz der kinematischen Verfestigung in objektiver Darstellung
Authors: Backhaus G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAuf der Grundlage der Pragerschen Regel werden Evolutionsgesetze der kinematischen Verfestigung eines starr‐plastischen Materials bei anwendung verschiedener objektiver Zeitableitungen (GREEN, JAUMANN, OLDROYD) erörtert. Die erforderliche Abspaltung der Starrkörper‐Drehung R führt auf die Verwendung der Green‐Naghdi‐Ableitung.Unter Berücksichtigung der Bauschinger‐Relaxation und eines Einflusses der Materialdrehung der reinen Verzerrung wird das Evolutionsgesetz sowohl für ein raumfestes cartesisches Bezugssystem als auch für das konvektive Basissystem angegeben. In beiden Fällen bleiben in den Gleichungen Rotationsterme. Diese können mittels der polaren Zerlegung des Deformationsgradienten durch reine Deformationsanteile ersetzt werden. Hinsichtlich der auftretenden Variablen besitzen somit die Evolutionsgesetze für das raumfeste Bezugssystem und für das konvektive Basissystem die gleiche Form.
Genericity Analysis for Path‐Following Methods. Application in Unilateral Contact Elastostatics
Authors: Rohde A. , Stavroulakis G. E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractGenericity results for sparse parametric optimization problems with equality and inequality constraints are obtained in this paper. Their impact on path‐following (e.g. load incrementation) methods for discretized elastostatic analysis problems with unilateral contact relations are considered in this paper. For the sparse problems which arise after a finite element method discretization, generically appearing singularities along the path of solutions are classified. Perturbations involving only a minimal number of parameters are shown to be sufficient to guarantee genericity. Stability and uniqueness questions for the solution along the path are examined in this way. These results can be used for the solution of inequality mechanics (unilateral) problems by means of load or displacement incrementation techniques; in particular, the choice of appropriate approximation (e.g. order of finite elements) and of the solution algorithm can be based on the results presented here.
Reactions of unsaturated fatty alcohols. I. Preparation and properties of some vinyl ethers
Authors: Teeter H. M. , Dufek E. J. , Coleman C. B. , Glass C. A. , Melvin E. H. , Cowan J. C. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryA number of vinyl ethers of C18 fatty alcohols have been prepared by reaction of the alcohol with acetylene at atmospheric pressure in the presence of a basic catalyst. Infrared spectroscopic data on long‐chain fatty alcohols, their vinyl ethers, and related chemical derivatives have been obtained. Methods of analysis of long‐chain vinyl ethers for vinyl group have been developed, namely, iodometric, hydroxylamine, and infrared methods.Preliminary experiments on the polymerization of long‐chain vinyl ethers with ionic catalysts were carried out.
The reaction of acrylonitrile and fumaronitrile with alpha‐and beta‐eleostearates. Plasticizer properties of the n‐butyl esters of the adducts
Authors: Hoffmann Joan S. , O'connor R. T. , Magne Frank C. , Bickford W. G. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryAcrylonitrile and fumaronitrile have been employed as dienophiles in the Diels‐Alder reaction with butylalpha‐ andbeta‐eleostearates, and infrared and ultraviolet spectra determined for the addition product as well as for the dienophiles.The adducts have been tested as primary plasticizers for vinyl resins and compared with dioctyl phthalate. The fumaronitrile adducts were found superior to the acrylonitrile adducts with regard to compatibility; however the latter are satisfactory as secondary plasticizers. By incorporating the acrylonitrile adducts with DOP or TCP, it is possible to achieve either a reduction in volatility of DOP plasticized stocks or an improvement in the modulus and low‐temperature performance of TCP plasticized stocks. This does not entail any sacrifice in the desirable plasticizing characteristics of DOP or TCP.
Permeability of some fat products to moisture
Authors: Landmann Werner , Lovegren N. V. , Feuge R. O. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryFilms of cocoa butter, highly hydrogenated cottonseed oil, mixtures of highly hydrogenated cottonseed oil and cottonseed oil, chocolate liquor, and sweet milk chocolate were prepared; and their permeability to water vapor was determined by the cup method. The permeability constant was calculated in terms of grams of water diffusing through a centimeter cube in one second under a vapor pressure gradient of one millimeter of mercury across the cube.Under the test conditions employed, the permeability constant for cocoa butter at room temperature was found to vary from 5.8×10−12 to 81.6×10−12. The permeability constants for the highly hydrogenated cottonseed oil and the cocoa butter, under comparable conditions at room temperature, was found to be approximately 1.3×10−12 and 33×10−12, respectively.From data obtained with cocoa butter it was concluded that the permeability constant increased with moderate increases in film thickness.Polymorphism was found to have a large effect on permeability, an approximately 15‐fold difference was found between quickly chilled and tempered films of cocoa butter at 3°C. (37.4°F.).The percentage of liquid component in the fat was found to have a large effect on permeability. The increasing of the percentage of liquid cottonseed oil in highly hydrogenated cottonseed oil from 0 to 40% increased the permeability constant from 1.3×10−12 to about 420×10−12.The permeability of chocolate liquor and sweet milk chocolate at room temperature was increased greatly when the relative humidity on the wet side of the films was increased to 100%. The nonfat components absorbed enough moisture to impair the structure of the film.
A new development in vegetable oil refining equipment
Authors: Kaiser Herbert R. , Doyle Collin M. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryNew developments, using the rotating contactor, in the vegetable oil processing industry have been described and illustrated. Results from various refining operations on a number of oils have been presented. Economies from reduction of capital expenditures and operating costs are expected to accrue to the user. He can also choose the process to give those products best suited to the market. The improved rotating contactor offers to the vegetable oil processor a most versatile plant.
Isolation of an hydroxy acid concentrate from wool wax acids
Authors: Noble Wilfred R. , Eisner Abner , Scanlan John T. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe fractionation of the methyl esters of wool wax acids by partitioning between two immiscible solvent layers has been described. Three fractions were obtained: a fraction rich in hydroxyl content, a fraction low in hydroxyl content, and a small amount of hard, transparent, highly colored material. The same procedure when applied to the free wool wax acids did not yield a satisfactory hydroxy acid concentrate.The preparation of wool wax acids with an essentially zero ester number, that is, in a form free of estolides, lactides, and lactones has also been described.
Preparation of 8t, 10t‐octadecadienoic acid
Authors: Gupta S. C. , Kummerow F. A. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryOleic acid was brominated with N‐bromosuccinimide, followed by addition of free bromine to the double bond. Upon debromination of the brominated product with zinc in ethanol and fractionation of the resultant ethyl esters, the fractions containing 74–75% of conjugated dienoic acids were combined. The ethyl esters were hydrolyzed; upon irradiation by ultraviolet light of the fatty acids in petroleum ether (40–60°) in the presence of a trace of iodine, and upon cooling, 8t,10t‐octadecadienoic acid, m.p. 56–56.5°, was obtained in 15–20% yield.
A distillation method for the quantitative determination of malonaldehyde in rancid foods
Authors: Tarladgis Basil G. , Watts Betty M. , Younathan Margaret T. , Dugan Leroy 
Published: May 2007

SummaryAn improved distillation method is described for the quantitative determination of malonaldehyde in foods containing oxidized fats. The procedure is compared with other methods in current use for the determination of malonaldehyde. A high correlation of TBA numbers with rancid odor in cooked meats was established.
Synthetic detergents from animal fats. VII. Detergent combinations
Authors: Stirton A. J. , Maurer E. W. , Weil J. K. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryLaboratory measurements of detergency were made on mixtures of sodium salts of sulfated hydrogenated tallow alcohol (X), disodium salts of α‐sulfonated hydrogenated tallow acids (Y), sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (Z), and a builder (B) using three different kinds of standard soiled cotton. Component X was the most important, and mixtures not containing X were generally inferior detergents. Built XY mixtures were better than XZ mixtures with one kind of soiled cotton (cloth I). Built XZ mixtures were better than XY mixtures with another soiled cotton (cloth III).The results, based on laboratory measurements of detergency using standard soiled cotton, are suggestive rather than conclusive. Partial substitution of X by Y or Z, or by both Y and Z, may be possible without loss in detergency.
Use of the multistage countercurrent contactor for degumming and refining of vegetable oils
Authors: Podbielniak W. J. , Gavin A. M. , Kaiser H. R. 
Published: May 2007

ConclusionsDuozon centrifugal contactors seem to have the following advantages in the refining of glyceride oils: decreased losses and increased yields of products; large capacity in a single machine resulting in low first cost, reduced requirement for floor space, and simple flow and installation; because of comparatively low speed, low maintenance cost and low power requirement; practically automatic operation; continuous operation unhampered by particles of meal in the charge; and an entirely enclosed system, allowing no oxidation of hot oil.
Hepatic participation in lipid metabolism
Authors: Di Luzio N. R. 
Published: May 2007

Summary and ConclusionsDuring alimentary lipemia induced in dogs by the feeding of saturated or unsaturated fats no significant alteration occurred in phagocytic function as indicated by colloidal carbon removal and colloidal gold tissue distribution studies. The cellular distribution of intravenously administered triglyceride indicated that most of the injected triglyceride was found in the isolated hepatic parenchymal cell. The distribution of an intravenously administered free cholesterol emulsion indicated initial localization in the parenchymal cell and a later elevation in the Kupffer cell. These findings suggest that both hepatic parenchymal and Kupffer cells participate in the removal of chylomicra; the parenchymal cell has the greatest role. The late elevation in cholesterol content of the Kupffer cell is indicative of a metabolic or excretory function of these cells in cholesterol metabolism.
The fatty acid content of selected foods before and after cooking
Authors: Chang Irene C. L. , Tchen Li Ing Yang , Watts Betty M. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryEffect of cooking on the fatty acid composition of the extracted fat of baked products, butterscotch, frying fat, and stewed soybeans was studied. Except for the frying fat, no significant loss of essential fatty acid was observed among all the samples. Slight losses of linoleic acid occurred when vegetable oil had been used for deep fat frying for several hours.
The semi‐continuous deodorization of oils in all‐glass equipment
Authors: Allen R. R. , Van Akkeren L. A. , Vander Wal R. J. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryTwo semi‐continuous all‐glass vacuum deodorizers have been constructed and tested. One operates on a bubble‐cap principle. The other is constructed from a modified 15‐plate Oldershaw distillation column. Both columns effectively deodorize oils and remove fatty acids, but the latter has the higher capacity.
Study of carcass fats of beef animals. I. The composition of beef brisket fat
Authors: Dugan L. R. , Maroney J. E. , Petheram Marjorie 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe iodine value, titer, and unsaturated fatty acid composition of a number of beef brisket fats have been determined.Beef brisket fats have been found to differ from beef tallows representing composites of fats from other portions of the carcass. The variations are manifested in a higher iodine value, lower titer, lowersaturated fatty acid, and a higher monoethenoid fatty acid composition. The outer brisket fat seems to differ from composite tallows more than the inner brisket fat. This observation, previously unreported, does not apparently conflict with Shorland's designation of beef tallows as “heterolipids.”
The conidendrols as inhibitors of oxidation and polymerization
Authors: Mack C. H. , Bickford W. G. 
Published: May 2007

Summary and ConclusionsAlpha and beta conidendrol have been tested and intercompared with accepted stabilizers in the following applications: a) as antioxidants for the prevention of rancidification in fats, oils, and fat‐containing candies; b) as stabilizers against aging and resinification in GR‐S type polymers; and c) as additives for inhibiting the polymerization of vinyl type monomers. Accepted acceleration tests were employed in determining the relative efficiencies of the various stabilizers. Such tests do not necessarily yield quantitative information concerning stabilization performance under conditions of use. However experience has shown that any marked differences observed in these tests indicate proportional differences in normal use. On the basis of the data reported here it may be concluded that the conidendrols are approximately equal or superior to other stabilizers in current use in their respective fields. In addition, the conidendrols are produced from a raw material which is in abundant supply and offer the possibility of supplementing or replacing stabilizers derived from benzene or naphthalene.
Solvent extraction of cottonseed and peanut oils. IX. Determination of fines in miscella
Authors: Graci A. V. , Crovetto A. J. , Parker J. S. , Reuther C. G. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryFour oil‐yielding materials, cottonseed, peanuts, okraseed, and rice bran, were used to develop a rapid method of determining the solids content of miscellas. In each case straight‐line plots of the gravimetric determination vs. the volumetric determination were obtained when samples were diluted to fall within the proper range.
Disappearance of BHA and BHT in relation to peroxide content in breakfast cereals
Authors: Anderson R. H. , Huntley T. E. , Schwecke W. M. , Nelson J. H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn ready‐to‐eat breakfast cereals the amounts of BHA and BHT remaining at any time during storage were inversely proportional to the amount of peroxides present in the cereal. At the point of organoleptic unacceptability of stored cereals the peroxide numbers were approximately 120, and contents of BHA and BHT were each approximately 10% to 20% of the initial levels.No discernible amount of a dimeric oxidation product of BHA or BHT could be isolated from any stored cereal which contained BHA and BHT. It is likely that dimeric oxidation products do not occur in appreciable amounts as intermediates or final products in the reactions of BHA and BHT with peroxides in cereals. It is probable that each mole of BHA and BHT in cereals reacts with several moles of peroxide radicals to form hydroperoxides and complexes of antioxidants with peroxide radicals.
A novel continuous countercurrent epoxidation process
Authors: Latourette H. K. , Castrantas H. M. , Gall R. J. , Dierdorff L. H. 
Published: May 2007

Conclusion and SummaryA laboratory process has been developed for the continuous countercurrent preparation of epoxidized oils. This consists of introducing continuously, to a packed column, an unsaturated oil, hydrogen peroxide, and acetic acid, and withdrawing the epoxidized product. Operating variables have been investigated and optimum conditions predicted. Obtainment of maximum yields must await construction of a longer column.
A nutritive evaluation of over‐heated fats
Authors: Rice E. E. , Poling C. E. , Mone P. E. , Warner W. D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAccording to the tests used, harmful substances do not occur in fried foods or in fats used in preparing foods. It is possible to obtain biologically undesirable materials by excessively heating and/or oxidizing fats in the laboratory, but the conditions required for the production of such materials differ greatly from those used in practical cooking or processing of foods. There appears to be no reason to believe that fats are nutritionally damaged when handled by normally‐accepted good practice in present‐day food preparation.
Search for new industrial oils. VI. Seed oils of the genusLesquerella
Authors: Mikolajczak K. L. , Earle F. R. , Wolff I. A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractFatty acid composition of seed oil from 14 species of the genusLesquerella has been determined by gas‐liquid chromatography. All but two species contain hydroxyeicosenoie acid in amounts ranging from 45 to 74%. The remaining two species contain about 50% C18 hydroxy acids, but none of the C20 hydroxy acid.
Thermal oxidation of synthetic triglycerides I. composition of oxidized triglycerides
Authors: Endres J. G. , Bhalerao V. R. , Kummerow F. A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTripalmitin, 1‐ and 2‐lauryl dipalmitin and 1‐ and 2‐oleyl dipalmitin were subjected to thermal oxidation at 200C in the presence of air for various lengths of time. The triglycerides showed a loss in weight, and an increase in carbonyl hydroxyl and acid values. The I.V. increased in the case of saturated triglycerides and decreased in the case of unsaturated triglycerides.Hydrolysis of the ester linkage between glycerol and fatty acid was found to occur during thermal oxidation of the type and position of the fatty acid in the triglyceride molecule. The fatty acids released from the triglyceride by hydrolysis were found either to be oxidized further to short chain fatty acids, or were oxygenated with the introduction of a carbonyl or hydroxyl group in the molecule. Moreover, the unsaturated fatty acid in the triglyceride molecule was found to be oxidized more readily than the saturated fatty acid.A hydroxy fatty acid with a carbon number of 13.5 on a diethylene glycol succinate column was isolated from oxidized tripalmitin and was also found to occur in the free fatty acid fraction of oxidized tripalmitin, 1‐lauryl, 2–3 dipalmitin, and 1‐oleyl, 2–3 dipalmitin. The presence of laurie or oleic acid in the 2‐position of the triglyceride prevented the formation of this acid, which suggested that it is an oxidation product of palmitic acid.
Fatty acid composition ofChoanephora curubitarum
Authors: White H. B. , Chu F. S. , Quackenbush F. W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCrude lipid extracts were prepared fromChoanephora cucurbitarum which had been grown on a glucose‐glutamie acid medium for periods up to 12 days. Methanolysis of the extracts and gas chromatography of the esters revealed that palmitate accumulated continuously at a rate 7‐fold that of palmitoleate. Oleate accumulation followed a different pattern at a rate nearly 6‐fold that of stearate. The esters included linoleate and four others which were not identified.
Analysis of nonvolatile material in solvent hexane
Authors: Ryder J. W. , Sullivan G. P. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe amount and composition of the nonvolatile residue in solvent hexane are important quality criteria. These residue characteristics are particularly significant in the hexane extraction of foods because of the possibility of contaminating edible products. A laboratory evaluation of the residue from a typical hexane was made to find if there was any trace of multi‐ring aromatics which might be potential carcinogens.Samples of hexane directly from a refinery and after storage and transportation to two solvent extraction plants were analyzed. All residues were separated by paper chromatography and analyzed by ultraviolet spectrophotometry. In no case, were they found to contain polynuclear aromatic carcinogenic materials. The test method is sensitive to less than 0.01 ppm.In order to verify the accuracy of the test, an analysis was made for the quantitative recovery of a known carcinogen. For this purpose, 0.01 ppm of 3,4 benzpyrene was added to the hexane as an internal standard and the analysis conducted as before. In these tests, the benzpyrene was recovered quantitatively.
Fatty acid composition of hydrogenated linseed oil
Authors: Lie John , Spillum Eirik 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe fatty acid composition of hydrogenated linseed oil has been calculated from the iodine value, ultraviolet absorption with and without alkali isomerization, and the contents of saturated acids determined by the Bertram oxidation method. The hydrogenations are carried out at 160°C. and 235°C. The isomerization effect of the catalyst at the two temperatures is shown by heating the oils with 0.2% Ni‐catalyst at 160°C. and 235°C. in CO2‐atm. The analyses show:

At 235°C. the conjugation of the double bonds is very large compared with 160°C.

The hydrogen seems to serve as an additional activator for the isomerization.

By hydrogenation at 235°C. 14% conjugated linoleic acid is found in the hydrogenated fat. By 160°C. only 3.6% of the acid is found. The contents of conjugated linoleic acid are due to the isomerization effect of the catalyst.

By 235°C. the reactions: linolenic→conjugated linolenic→conjugated linoleic→oleic, predominate. By 160°C the reactions: {fx604‐1}

A theory is advanced that the temperature influences the selectivity through the conjugation of the double bonds.
Effects of heat on crude peat wax
Authors: Sundgrén A. , Rauhala Veikko T. 
Published: May 2007

Summary

On heating, there is formed in crude peat wax a product insoluble in ethanol and several other organic solvents.

In the crude resins of peat bitumen a product insoluble in alcohol is not formed at a temperature below 80°C. while at a temperature of 100°C. the quantity formed is insignificant compared with that of the crude wax.

When ethanol is used to extract bitumen, less insoluble material forms on heating than when the benzene‐ethanol mixture is employed as the solvent.

The amount of the insoluble part formed by heating purified wax in an ethanol solution is less than by heating it in air at the same temperature.

The formation of an insoluble part in crude wax occurs in the absence of oxygen, but its presence accelerates the rate of formation.

In the range, room temperature up to 100°C., one or more condensation‐polymerization type of reactions take place in crude wax.