bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Maximal oxygen uptake at the same fat‐free mass is greater in men than women
Authors: Davis James A. , Wilson Lori D. , Caiozzo Vincent J. , Storer Thomas W. , Pham Patrick H. 
Published: December 2005

SummaryMaximal oxygen uptake (V̄O2max) is commonly divided by body mass or fat‐free mass (body mass minus fat mass) in order to make it size independent so that comparisons among persons of different size can be made. However, numerous studies have shown that the ratio created is not size‐independent. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) allows a dependent variable to be compared between groups at a common value of a covariate. The purpose of this study was to compare V̄O2max at the same fat‐free mass (FFM) in 230 sedentary subjects (half men) who ranged in age from 20 to 70 years. The subjects underwent maximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing on a cycle ergometer as ventilation and the expired gas fractions were being measured. Two ANCOVA models were evaluated. The dependent variable, fixed factor and covariate(s) in the linear model were V̄O2max, sex and FFM, respectively. The corresponding terms in the log‐linear model were ln V̄O2max, sex, and ln FFM and age. Sex made a significant contribution to both models. In the linear model, the mean V̄O2max at the same FFM was 27% higher in men (2444 versus 1929 ml min−1; P<0·001). In the log‐linear model, the corresponding value at the same FFM and age was 32% higher in men (2368 versus 1794 ml min−1; P<0·001). The goodness of fit indices of squared multiple correlation coefficient and standard error of estimate were significantly better for the log‐linear model. We conclude that V̄O2max at the same FFM is considerably higher in men than in women who have a sedentary lifestyle.
Refractive group differences in accommodation microfluctuations with changing accommodation stimulus
Authors: Day Mhairi , Strang Niall C. , Seidel Dirk , Gray Lyle S. , Mallen Edward A. H. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractPurpose:  Microfluctuations of accommodation are known to increase in magnitude with increasing accommodation stimulus. Reduced sensitivity to blur in myopic subjects could also lead to increases in the magnitude of the microfluctuations. The aim of this study is to examine the effect of variations in accommodation stimulus upon the microfluctuations in different refractive groups.Methods:  Thirty‐six subjects were divided into three groups depending upon their refractive error and age of onset of their myopia; 12 emmetropes (EMMs), 12 early onset myopes (EOMs) and 12 late‐onset myopes (LOMs). Steady‐state accommodation responses were recorded continuously for 2 min using the Shin‐Nippon SRW‐5000 autorefractor at a sampling rate of 52 Hz while viewing targets at accommodation stimuli levels of 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 D in a Badal (+5 D) optical system.Results:  The EMMs and EOMs showed systematic increases in the root mean square (r.m.s.) value of the microfluctuations with increasing accommodation stimulus. In contrast, no systematic variation with accommodation stimulus was found for the LOMs. Power spectrum analysis demonstrated that increases in the size of the microfluctuations were mediated by increases in the power of the low frequency components of the accommodation response.Conclusions:  The magnitude of the microfluctuations in the EMMs and EOMs may be influenced primarily by accommodation response‐induced zonular relaxation effects or to changes in the physical properties of the accommodation plant with increasing accommodation response. The LOMs may have an increased baseline neural blur threshold, which appears to modulate the magnitude of the accommodative microfluctuations for low accommodation levels. At higher accommodation demands, the changes in the physical properties of the accommodation plant or the zonular relaxation effects appear to exceed the blur threshold, and the known association between microfluctuations and accommodation stimulus level is restored.
Fluorescein filling defects of the optic nerve head in normal tension glaucoma, primary open‐angle glaucoma, ocular hypertension and healthy controls
Authors: Plange Niklas , Kaup Marion , Huber Klaudia , Remky Andreas , Arend Oliver 
Published: December 2005

AbstractBackground: To evaluate fluorescein filling defects of the optic nerve head in normal tension glaucoma (NTG), primary open‐angle glaucoma (POAG), ocular hypertension (OHT) and controls.Methods: Forty patients with NTG (mean age 55 ± 10 years), 40 patients with POAG (mean age 55 ± 11 years), 40 patients with OHT (mean age 53 ± 13 years), and 40 age‐matched controls (mean age 54 ± 11 years) were included in a prospective study. Video fluorescein angiograms were performed by means of a scanning laser ophthalmoscope. The extent of absolute filling defects of the optic nerve head was assessed (as a percentage of the disc area) using digital image analysis. Visual fields were tested by automatic static perimetry (Humphrey Field Analyzer, programme 24‐2).Results: Absolute filling defects were significantly larger in patients with NTG (12.2 ± 15.5%) and POAG (12.9 ± 13.1%) compared to patients with OHT (1.2 ± 3.6%) and healthy controls (0.1 ± 0.5%) (p < 0.0001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was 0.806 for NTG vs healthy controls, and 0.812 for POAG vs OHT. Absolute filling defects are significantly correlated to the global indices mean deviation (r = −0.63,p < 0.0001), pattern standard deviation (r = 0.61,p < 0.0001), and corrected pattern standard deviation (r = 0.62,p < 0.0001) and significantly correlated to horizontal (r = 0.50,p < 0.0001) and vertical (r = 0.53,p < 0.0001) cup‐to‐disc‐ratios.Conclusions: Fluorescein filling defects of the optic disc representing capillary dropout are present in NTG and POAG. The extent of these filling defects is correlated to visual field loss and morphological damage. Fluorescein angiography may be useful in the diagnosis and management of NTG and POAG.
Spatial frequency content of the Cardiff and related acuity tests
Authors: Charman W. N. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractIn the Cardiff acuity test, simple pictures on an otherwise neutral grey card are defined by borders consisting of a relatively broad white band flanked by black bands each half the width of the white band. Higher levels of acuity correspond to the ability to detect figures defined by narrower borders, the figure size remaining constant. It is sometimes implied that the acuity limit corresponding to each card can be equated with different levels of grating resolution, the total width of the border corresponding to the overall grating period. It is shown that although the spatial frequency spectra of the Cardiff figures, like those of other vanishing optotypes, lack very low‐frequency components, they have a complex two‐dimensional form. The figures have wide spatial bandwidth and no well‐defined discrete frequency components. As a result, the relationship between measured Cardiff and grating acuity will vary somewhat, depending upon the particular optical, neural or other deficits of the individual being tested.
Using 3D computer simulations to enhance ophthalmic training
Authors: Glittenberg C. , Binder S. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractPurpose:  To develop more effective methods of demonstrating and teaching complex topics in ophthalmology with the use of computer aided three‐dimensional (3D) animation and interactive multimedia technologies.Methods:  We created 3D animations and interactive computer programmes demonstrating the neuroophthalmological nature of the oculomotor system, including the anatomy, physiology and pathophysiology of the extra‐ocular eye muscles and the oculomotor cranial nerves, as well as pupillary symptoms of neurological diseases. At the University of Vienna we compared their teaching effectiveness to conventional teaching methods in a comparative study involving 100 medical students, a multiple choice exam and a survey.Results:  The comparative study showed that our students achieved significantly better test results (80%) than the control group (63%) (diff. = 17 ± 5%, p = 0.004). The survey showed a positive reaction to the software and a strong preference to have more subjects and techniques demonstrated in this fashion.Conclusion:  Three‐dimensional computer animation technology can significantly increase the quality and efficiency of the education and demonstration of complex topics in ophthalmology.
Error classification in community optometric practice – a pilot project
Authors: Steele C. F. , Rubin G. , Fraser S. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective:  A pilot study was conducted to undertake a baseline assessment of errors reported in community optometric practice. The feasibility and acceptability of a method for recording staff‐reported errors in optometric community practice was investigated.Design:  An anonymous self‐reporting system was introduced in order to collect information regarding errors/untoward events in community optometric practice.Setting:  UK community optometric practice.Main outcome measures:  Classification of errors according to a previously published study pertaining to general medical practice in the same geographical area.Results:  Thirty‐six notebooks were distributed to 10 participating community optometric practices. At the end of the 1 month study period the note books were returned and the 439 entries made were classified into seven categories: optical prescriptions (18.2%), communication (35.5%), administrative (15%), appointments (2.3%), equipment (11.9%), clinical (10.3%) and other (6.9%).Conclusion:  A previously developed classification of errors in general medical practice was found to be equally applicable to community optometric practice. This study forms the basis of providing an acceptable and practical methodology, which can be applied by Primary Care Trusts (PCTs) when developing their risk management strategy to include optometry.
Growth of the cornea from infancy to adolescence
Authors: Ronneburger Ariel , Basarab Jennifer , Howland Howard C. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe intraocular distance and iris diameter of children and young adolescents were measured, with the aid of a measuring microscope, from photographs of their faces. True intraocular distance was measured with an intraocular caliper at the same time that the photographs were taken. These data were then compiled and horizontal visible iris diameters (HVIDs) were calculated. An equation was derived from the optics of the Gullstrand model eye to calculate horizontal corneal diameter (HCD) from HVID. Comparisons of HVIDs revealed no significant correlation with age in either a regression plot of cross‐sectional data for subjects aged 1 month to 1 year, or all subjects whose ages ranged from 1 month to adolescence. Additional longitudinal data for 13 individuals, who had been photographed as both an infant (mean = 3.4 months) and as an older child or adolescent (mean = 8.6 years), were then compiled and HVIDs for these subjects at two different ages were compared. A Wilcoxon signed rank test revealed a small but significant amount of growth, 0.318 mm (p‐value = 0.013), in the HVIDs over a mean age difference of 8.3 years for individuals measured twice during their lifetimes. The regression equation for this growth was: HVID = 10.52 (±0.095 S.E.) + 0.0305 (±0.014) × Age (years). From a comparison of data from earlier literature and our own measurements, we conclude that, after birth, the fastest growth of the cornea must occur during the first few months of life.
Indicators for sustainable energy development: An initiative by the International Atomic Energy Agency
Authors: Vera I. A. , Langlois L. M. , Rogner H. H. , Jalal A. I. , Toth F. L. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract Since 1999, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has been leading a multinational, multi‐agency effort to develop a set of energy indicators useful for measuring progress on sustainable development at the national level. This effort has included the identification of major relevant energy indicators, the development of a framework for implementation and the testing of the applicability of this tool in a number of countries. To achieve these goals, the IAEA has worked closely with other international organizations, leaders in energy and environmental statistics and analysis including the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA), the International Energy Agency (IEA), Eurostat and the European Environment Agency (EEA). Also, the IAEA completed a three‐year coordinated research project for the implementation and testing of the original set of indicators in seven countries — Brazil, Cuba, Lithuania, Mexico, the Russian Federation, the Slovak Republic and Thailand. This article provides an overview of the IAEA programme on Indicators for Sustainable Energy Development (ISED) and highlights its experiences and accomplishments.
Evaluation of energy policy in Cuba using ISED
Authors: Pérez David , López I. , Berdellans I. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract This article discusses the development of Cuba's energy sector in the last half century, especially the last 25 years, emphasizing social, economic, environmental and institutional aspects. Energy use is evaluated with the indicators for sustainable energy development (ISED) developed by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and applied by the authors, based on data series from Cuba's National Office of Statistics. Cuba's economy and energy sector have undergone important changes, particularly in the 1990s during the crisis that resulted from the termination of the country's special trade relations with former socialist countries. Based on an analysis of Cuba's economy and energy situation, a number of policies were selected for evaluation, including those aimed to reduce energy import dependence, increase the share of renewable energy sources and improve energy efficiency. The effects of these policies are evaluated in view of sustainable energy development. The article concludes with an evaluation of recent progress towards sustainable energy development in Cuba, and outlines future options for the country.
Indicators for sustainable energy development in Mexico
Authors: Medina‐Ross José Antonio , Mata‐Sandoval Juan C. , López‐Pérez Roberto 
Published: December 2005

Abstract This article presents a summary of a study on the application to the Mexican energy sector of a core set of indicators for sustainable energy development (ISED), developed by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). The study focused on the elaboration of socio‐economic and environmental indicators related to energy production and use, and was aimed at assessing Mexico's existing energy policies and identifying strategies and possible policies that could bring about improvements in major priority areas: energy intensity, atmospheric emissions, energy import dependency and use of renewables. While positive trends have been observed in relation to energy intensity and atmospheric emissions, Mexico is becoming more dependent on imports of gasoline, natural gas and other high‐value secondary energy sources, while exporting significant amounts of primary fuels, such as crude oil. Also, no significant increase has been observed in the use of renewable sources of energy. Social, economic and environmental policies need to be formulated for the energy sector and related investments (public and private) reinforced so that all economic sectors have access to energy from cleaner and more diverse sources.
Indicators for sustainable energy development in Lithuania
Authors: Streimikiene Dalia 
Published: December 2005

Abstract This article summarizes some of the results from the application of the indicators for sustainable energy development (ISED) tool for analyzing Lithuania's energy sector, in terms of trends, setting energy policy goals and monitoring progress towards these goals. This experience illustrates the potential applicability of the ISED methodology for energy policy development in economies in transition, using Lithuania as an example. The article presents a summary of the results achieved and conclusions arrived at from the analysis of six priority areas in the context of the research project coordinated by the International Atomic Energy Agency, and provides recommendations for the development of sustainable energy policy using the ISED approach.
Monitoring the sustainability of Russia's energy development
Authors: Aslanyan Garegin , Molodtsov Sergey , Iakobtchouk Vitali 
Published: December 2005

Abstract This article presents an assessment of Russia's energy sector, its current state and planned future direction. The analysis of Russia's energy trends is based on a set of indicators for sustainable energy development (ISED), developed under the leadership of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). The article discusses Russia's Energy Strategy to 2020, and outlines major developments and challenges of the country's energy system. Russia's energy priorities, captured in the Strategy to 2020, emphasize securing a stable and uninterrupted energy supply; reducing energy intensity and improving energy efficiency; developing the domestic energy resource base; reducing negative environmental impacts; and ensuring affordable energy for the poorer segments of the population. Energy needs and challenges are discussed in relation to the three aspects of sustainability as defined in Agenda 21: economic, social and environmental. Concerns are expressed regarding environmental repercussions of energy development, in particular since Russia's 1998 economic rebound. There are also concerns, despite the economic recovery, that anticipated increases in energy tariffs may exceed the affordability of poorer segments of the population.
Energy indicators and sustainable development: The International Energy Agency approach
Authors: Unander Fridtjof 
Published: December 2005

Abstract The International Energy Agency (IEA), together with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), UN‐DESA, Eurostat and the European Environmental Agency, has recently published a comprehensive joint‐agency overview of energy indicators for sustainable development. The IEA's contribution to this publication is based on the IEA energy indicator approach. This approach has been developed and used by the IEA over a number of years. The indicators advocated by the IEA are relatively disaggregated to allow for meaningful analysis of sustainability issues in the energy sector. Using a decomposition approach helps reveal the causal links between human/economic driving forces, energy use and emissions. This article presents examples of IEA's work with indicators and an overview of the methodology used, including an explanation of the link to sustainable development. It also provides an example of a simplified indicator analysis of India, to illustrate the importance of improved data systems in developing indicators that can provide meaningful policy analysis.
Outcomes in adulthood for children with foetal growth retardation. A linkage study from the Nord‐Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT) and the Medical Birth Registry of Norway
Authors: Berle J. Ø. , Mykletun A. , Daltveit A. K. , Rasmussen S. , Dahl A. A. 
Published: December 2005

Objective:  The aims were to examine the long‐term functional outcome and risk of mood disorders in adulthood in individuals with foetal growth retardation.Method:  In a prospective cohort study of 7806 individuals aged 20–30 years, using linked data from the Health Survey of Nord‐Trøndelag (HUNT‐2) and the Medical Birth Registry of Norway, we studied the long‐term effects of being born with a birth weight below the 10th percentile for gestational age (SGA).Results:  SGA individuals had lower educational level (OR: 1.33), lower socioeconomic functioning level (OR: 1.77) and more frequent reported mood disorder in adulthood (OR: 1.26). Analyses of a substratum of infants born at term showed almost identical results.Conclusion:  Foetal growth retardation measured as SGA shows a moderate risk for lower education and socioeconomic level and for anxiety and/or depression in young adulthood. Issues concerning interventions for children at risk should be considered.
Associations between salivary calcium and oral health
Authors: Sewón Liisi A. , Karjalainen Sára M. , Söderling Eva , Lapinleimu Helena , Simell Olli 
Published: December 2005

Abstract. Recently, we have shown positive correlations between high salivary calcium content and periodontitis, and between high salivary calcium level and the number of intact teeth in selected groups of subjects. The aim of our present study was to determine whether these correlations could be seen in a randomized group of healthy adults, A thorough oral examination including orthopantomograms was carried out for a total of 137 healthy subjects, 63 men (35.4±5.6 years) and 74 women (33.2±4.7 years). Paraffin‐stimulated saliva was collected from the subjects and salivary flow (ml min). buffering capacity, calcium (mMol/l) and microbial variables including lactobacilli, yeasts, mutans streptococci. total streptococci, total number of aerobes, and anaerobes were determined. The calcium level of whole saliva had a median of 1.23 mMol/l. Subjects with calcium level below the median were categorized as ‘low’, while those with higher values formed the‘high’salivary calcium group. There were more men than women in the‘High’salivary calcium group (p=0.025), Subjects in the‘high’calcium group showed more bleeding on probing (p= 0.026). had more intact teeth (p=0.045) and lower DMF‐scores (p= 0.025) than their counterparts. No other differences were found between the two groups.We found clear assosiations between the level of salivary calcium and factors reflecting gingival health on one hand, and dental health on the other in a randomly selected group of healthy subjects, and conclude that salivary calcium may be important with regard to both dental and gingival health.
Repeats of LacdiNAc and fucosylated LacdiNAc on N‐glycans of the human parasite Schistosoma mansoni
Authors: Wuhrer Manfred , Koeleman Carolien A. M. , Deelder André M. , Hokke Cornelis H. 
Published: December 2005

N‐Glycans from glycoproteins of the worm stage of the human parasite Schistosoma mansoni were enzymatically released, fluorescently labelled and analysed using various mass spectrometric and chromatographic methods. A family of 28 mainly core‐α1–6‐fucosylated, diantennary N‐glycans of composition Hex3−4HexNAc6−12Fuc1−6 was found to carry dimers of N,N′‐diacetyllactosediamine [LacdiNAc or LDN; GalNAc(β1–4)GlcNAc(β1‐] with or without fucose α1–3‐linked to the N‐acetylglucosamine residues in the antennae {GalNAc(β1–4)[±Fuc(α1–3)]GlcNAc(β1–3)GalNAc(β1–4)[±Fuc(α1–3)]GlcNAc(β1‐}. To date, oligomeric LDN and oligomeric fucosylated LDN (LDNF) have been found only on N‐glycans from mammalian cells engineered to express Caenorhabditis elegansβ4‐GalNAc transferase and human α3‐fucosyltransferase IX [Z. S. Kawar et al. (2005) J Biol Chem280, 12810–12819]. It now appears that LDN(F) repeats can also occur in a natural system such as the schistosome parasite. Like monomeric LDN and LDNF, the dimeric LDN(F) moieties found here are expected to be targets of humoral and cellular immune responses during schistosome infection.