bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The winged bean as an oil and protein source: A review
Authors: Kantha S. Sri , Erdman John W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDespite high protein contents in its ripe seeds, tubers and fresh leaves (ranging from 29.3–39.0%, 3.0–15.0% and 5.0–7.6% respectively) and the high quality of that protein, the winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) remained an obscure food source until about 10 years ago. Recently, this legume has received increasing attention from scientists because of its potential multiple uses as a food protein source in the humid tropics. This article reviews the utilization and nutrition literature of winged bean published during the last 10 years. The following aspects are covered: classification of winged bean proteins, nutritional properties and antinutritional components of the protein, protein quality, functional properties, and protein‐based food products. The oil content of winged bean seeds ranges from 15.0–20.4%, and use of the winged bean as a potential oilseed crop is discussed. Areas of needed research are identified and described.
Effect of propionic acid on aflatoxin levels of stored Georgia 1981 dent corn samples
Authors: Shotwell O. L. , Bennett G. A. , Kwolek W. F. , Hesseltine C. W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn 1981, 75 corn samples (ca. 60 ears per sample) were collected from 4 areas in Georgia to study methods for handling freshly harvested samples. The collection was not representative of the Georgia corn crop. Every sixth ear was husked and dried the day of collection. The rest of the corn was shipped, without husking, to Peoria in cardboard boxes. When the remaining undried, unhusked samples arrived in Peoria, they were husked and randomly separated into 5 equivalent samples. One set of 75 samples was shelled and dried as soon as possible to avoid further aflatoxin formation; another set of 75 samples was stored for 6 weeks before shelling and drying. The remaining 3 sets were placed in plastic bags with 5%, 2% and 1% Monoprop (1 part propionic acid plus 1 part Versite) and stored for 6 weeks before shelling and drying. The samples dried in Georgia had an average total aflatoxin level of 199 ng/g. Samples shelled and dried immediately after arriving in Peoria had an average level of 640 ng/g. Samples shelled and dried after a 6‐week storage period had average aflatoxin levels of 601 ng/g. Samples stored 6 weeks with 5%, 2% and 1% Monoprop (2.5%, 1% and 0.5% propionic acid) had average aflatoxin levels of 340 ng/g, 351 ng/g and 376 ng/g, respectively. Monoprop cannot be used to maintain the integrity of high‐moisture corn samples collected for aflatoxin analysis.
Evening primrose (Oenothera spp.) oil and seed
Authors: Hudson B. J. F. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractEvening primrose (Oenothera spp.) seed contains ca. 15% protein, 24% oil, and 43% cellulose plus lignin. The protein is unusually rich in sulphur‐containing amino acids and in tryptophan. The component fatty acids of the oil are 65–80% linoleic and 7–14% ofγ‐linolenic, but noα‐linolenic acid.The 1.5–2% unsaponifiable matter has a composition very similar to that of cottonseed oil. The sterol fraction contains 90%β‐sitosterol and the 4‐methyl sterol fraction contains 48% citrostadienol;γ‐tocopherol dominates its class, with someα‐ but no other tocopherols.
Variations in oil content and fatty acid composition with sunflower head size and shape
Authors: Afzalpurkar A. B. , Lakshminarayana G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMedium (8″ dia.) and small (4″) sized sunflower (EC 68415) heads of convex shape yielded seeds with more oil (>44%), unsaturation (I.V.M20) and linoleic acid (>48%) compared to big (12″) sized Both convex and flat shaped flower heads of medium size yielded seeds with more oil (>45%), unsaturation (I.V.>120) and linoleic acid (>48%) than did the concave shaped flower heads of medium size (39.9%, I.V. 112.6, 39.3%, respectively). The oil content, degree of unsaturation and linoleic acid content were thus found to vary with the size and shape of the sunflower head.
Seed oil determination by pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance without weighing and drying seeds
Authors: Tiwari P. N. , Burk W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPulsed nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), which takes about 10 sec per analysis, has been used for rapid nondestructive determination of oil in oilseeds without weighing and oven drying the seeds. This has been done by measuring the free induction decay (FID) signal of solid and liquid in oilseeds. The oil values determined by this method for mustard, sunflower, and soybean seeds have been compared with the values determined by measuring the oil signal alone in the intact seeds, which takes about 2 min per analysis. Correlation for mustard is 0.988, for sunflower 0.945, and for soybean 0.931. The reasons for better agreement for mustard and the way of improving it for sunflower and soybean have been discussed.
How large is the bias against exports from import tariffs?
Authors: TOKARICK STEPHEN 
Published: July 2007

AbstractOne goal that both developed and developing countries share is to increase their export earnings. To do this, countries sometimes resort to various export promotion schemes or request ‘special and differential treatment’ for their exports. However, countries have not fully embraced the notion that their own import tariffs act as a tax on their exports. That is, import protection frustrates their goal of increasing exports. This paper presents quantitative estimates of the extent to which import tariffs discourage exports. The results show that for some countries the bias imparted by tariffs is substantial. Therefore, reducing import tariffs is one way to improve export incentives.
Coagulation and the expression of cell‐mediated immunity
Authors: Ryan Jane , Geczy Carolyn 
Published: July 2007

SummaryInduction of monocyte/macrophage procoagulants may occur as the result of activation of the cell‐mediated immune (CMI) response. Macrophage procoagulant inducing factor (MPIF), a soluble product of stimulated TDTH lymphocytes, may act together with two monokines, interleukin I and tumour necrosis factor α, which induce thromhoplastin on endothelial cells, to initiate the fibrin deposition which is a common feature of many diseases in which CMI plays a role. Murine MPIF is chemically distinct from a number of other well characterized lymphokines in that the two major activities, MPIF α and MPIF β are heparin‐binding proteins with high isoelectric points. Fractions highly enriched for MPIF induced interstitial fibrin deposition when injected iniradermally. In addition, intense infiltration of polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PWN) and mononuclear cells was seen 4–24 h following intradermal injection. In vitro experiments have confirmed that this lymphokine is a potent chemotaciic agent for these cells. These results suggest that MPIF plays a central role in the expression of histopathological features of delayed‐type hypersensitivity reactions. Monocyte and macrophage procoagulants induced by MPIF would contribute significantly to the activation of coagulation which not only results in fibrin deposition but also in the production of activated serine proteases and fibrinopeptides which may potentiate an inflammatory response.
Heterologous protection in murine cutaneous leishmaniasis
Authors: Mitchell GF , Handman E 
Published: July 2007

SummaryMice immunized with a glycolipid antigen (GL) of Leishmania major plus adjuvant are relatively resistant to subsequent infection with this protozoan parasite. The GL is affinity purified on the monoclonal antibody WIC‐79.3 which is L. major‐specific and does not react with L. donovani. When another monoclonal, WIC‐108.3, which cross‐reacts with several Leishmania species, is used to affinity purify GL from L. donovani, the eluted material can partially protect genetically resistant mice against L. major. Thus, GL cross‐reactions may in part underlie the known protective effects of crude L. donovani antigens against L. major infection. Experiments with live parasites of the L. major isolate LRC‐L119, that is non‐pathogenic in mice, that does not survive long in macrophages in vitro, and that has not been shown to contain any WIC‐79.3 reactive GL, indicated that this isolate wilt very effectively protect mice against subsequent infection. This raises the possibility that GL is only one of at least two different classes of vaccinating antigen capable of protectively immunizing mice in this cutaneous leishmaniasis model.
Surface and excretory/secretory antigens of Nematospiroides dubius
Authors: Adams JH , Monroy FG , East IJ , Dobson C 
Published: July 2007

SummarySera from mice immunized by repeated anthelmintic‐terminated infections (IMS) or by a single primary infection (PMS) of Nematospiroides dubius were assayed for antibodies reactive with N. dubius antigens. The surface proteins of adult worms, the excretory/secretory (ES) proteins of adult worms and soluble extracts from lysates of both adult (AWH) and larval (LWH) N. dubius were used in an immuno‐precipitation assay. A 60,000 MW protein was the major radiotabelled surface and ES protein. This antigen was dominant in precipitates by IMS from AWH, ES and surface‐labelled worms but was not precipitated by PMS from any antigen source. Minor antigens of 20,000, 33,000, 36,000, 45,000, 50,000 and 66,000 MW were precipitated from AWH by both PMS and IMS but not from ES or surface‐labelled worms. The dominant antigen precipitated from LWH by IMS was 20,000 MW. This antigen was not precipitated by PMS but larval antigens of 65,000 and 96,000 MW were precipitated by both PMS and IMS. The major antigens precipitated by IMS were adult (60,000 MW) and larvae (20,000 MW) stage‐specific but some minor antigens (33,000, 45,000, 50,000 MW) were common to both stages. Our results show that the dominant antigen precipitated by serum immunoglobulin from mice immunized by repeated anthelmintic‐terminated infections are proteins present on both the cuticle surface and in the ES.
A model of T cell‐target interaction leading to lymphokine release
Authors: McKinnon David , Hodgkin Philip D 
Published: July 2007

SummaryBinding of antigenic cells by activated T lymphocytes can trigger the release of a number of soluble factors, including the lymphokine interleukin 3 (IL3). The cellular interactions between T cells and allogeneic cells which are involved in the triggering of lymphokine release from T cells are still poorly understood. We have examined the relationship between antigenic cell number, T cell number and IL3 release and have derived a steady state binding model which adequately accounts for the experimental data if it is assumed that triggering is an all or none phenomenon. We find that binding of at least two antigenic cells by an allo‐reactive T cell is necessary to trigger lymphokine release.
Langerhans Cell Presentation of Sheep Red Blood Cells Induces Antibody Production
Authors: Halliday Gary M , Muller H Konrad 
Published: July 2007

SummaryMouse epidermal Langerhans cells (LC) were found to be capable of presenting sheep red blood cells (SRBC) to immune spleen lymphocytes, resulting in antibody production as asessed by a direct plaque cell assay. Spleen lymphocytes, prepared by removal of adherent cells, were unable to respond to SRBC in a 5‐day culture; however, when co‐cultured with either epidermal cells or splenic adherent cells, a response to SRBC occurred, as demonstrated by an increase in the number of antibody‐producing cells. The LC were shown to be the antigen‐presenting cells in these cultures, as depletion of LC via their Fc receptors abrogated the response. A similar reduction in the number of epidermal LC added to cultures likewise failed to induce antibody production. These experiments demonstrate that LC are able to present complex cellular antigens to the immune system, resulting in a B lymphocyte response.
Immunoglobulin isotype influences traffic of B lymphocytes through popliteal lymph nodes in sheep
Authors: Kerlin RL , Watson DL 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe antigen specificity of blast B lymphocytes was used to trace their passage from blood through antigenically naive popliteal lymph nodes in sheep. Ovine popliteal nodes selectively recruited lymphocytes containing IgG1, in preference to those containing IgG2. This selection appeared to operate at the level of the vascular endothelium. Stimulation of lymph nodes with killed S. aureus and dextran sulphate (DXS) (which promotes an antibody response in ovine lymph nodes biased in favour of IgG2) did not significantly alter this pattern.
Leprosy and immunity: genetics and immune function in multiple case families
Authors: Rawlinson WD , Basten A , Britton WJ , Serjeantson SW 
Published: July 2007

SummaryGenetic susceptibility to infection with M. leprae was studied in 10 multiple case families of Australian Aborigines. Of the 87 members available for study, 24 had proven stable clinical leprosy which had been or was still being treated with diamino diphenyl sulphone. Evidence of contact with M. leprae in the remaining 63 members as assessed by ELISA to M. leprae sonicate and phenolic glycolipid (PGL) or by indirect immunofluorescence antibody assay was found in 78%, 64% and 71%, respectively. By contrast, in vitro assays of T cell function (LMAT and LTT) were less reliable indicators of exposure.Evidence was sought for possible linkages between human leucocyte antigen (HLA) or non‐HLA genes and four marker phenotypes including clinical leprosy, clinical subtype of leprosy and lymphocyte transformation or leucocyte migration inhibition factor (LIF) production in response to M. leprae antigen. No associations were found with any particular HLA or non‐HLA gene. On the other hand, sequential analysis of the data from the 10 families was strongly suggestive of a linkage between HLA haplotype and non‐responsiveness to M. leprae as manifest by lack of LIF production but not lymphocyte transformation.The model which best fits the data is for a gene on chromosome 6 in close linkage with the HLA haplotype, with two alleles, autosomal recessive inheritance and penetrance of 90%. On this basis, it can be suggested that disease type (lepromatous leprosy) rather than disease susceptibility may be controlled by genes within or closely linked to the major histocompatibility gene complex.
Expression of functional human interleukin‐2 receptors in murine interleukin‐3‐dependent cells
Authors: Watson JD , Leung E , Eszes M , Le Gros GS , Prestidge RL , Booth RJ , Overell RA , Gillis S 
Published: July 2007

SummaryA murine recombinant retrovirus containing the cDNA encoding the human p55 interleukin‐2 (IL2)‐binding protein was used to insert this gene into a murine interleukin‐3 (IL3)‐dependent cell line, FD.C/1. Virus‐infected cells, maintained in medium supplemented with IL3, expressed human p55 on the cell surface and readily adapted to growth using human IL2. In the presence of human IL2, the synthesis of the endogenous murine p55 binding protein was induced in FD.C/1 cells, making it difficult to determine whether the human p55 protein was actively involved in the process of growth signal transduction. A cloned cell line, FD.huIL2R‐2, was identified which grew in the presence of human IL2 but which had lost the ability to synthesize murine p55 protein. Growth of this clone was inhibited by the monoclonal antibody 2A3 which specifically blocked binding of human IL2 to the human p55 binding protein. Analysis of restriction enzyme digests of FD.huIL2R‐2 cell DNA revealed that a rearrangement of a murine p55 gene had occurred, implying that virus infection had resulted in the integration of retroviral DNA at a site close to or within a murine p55 gene. IfIL2 signal transduction involves binding to a surface heterodimeric receptor for IL2, it is argued that FD.huIL2R‐2 cells contain an IL2 receptor complex of murine p70 and human p55 IL2‐binding proteins. Alternatively, it is possible that integration of human p55 DNA into a site close to a murine p55 gene may lead to a hybrid p55 IL2‐binding protein. If FD.huIL2R‐2 cells express murine p70 IL2‐binding protein as part of the receptor complex, the inability of cells to grow in murine IL2 implies that IL2 binding to p70 protein alone is insufficient for a growth signal in these cells. FD.huIL2R‐2 cells grow at rates similar in IL3‐ or human IL2‐dependent states. It is likely therefore that the biochemical pathways that control each of these lymphokine‐dependent growth states are very similar.
Mouse strain differences in subset distribution and T cell antigen receptor expression among CD4−CD8− thymocytes
Authors: Shortman Ken , Wilson Anne , Pearse Martin , Gallagher Pauline , Scollay Roland 
Published: July 2007

Summary‘Double negative’ (CD4−CD8−) thymocytes from adult mice of different inbred strains were examined for surface expression of CD3 and of various forms of the T cell antigen receptor (TcR), as well as for the levels of subpopulations defined by the surface markers HSA (‘heat stable antigen’, recognized by M1/69, J11d and B2A2), CD5 (Ly 1) and Thy 1. Marked variations were found in the level of the double negative subsets which were surface TcR+, or which were HSA−CD5+; these generally varied together since most CD4−CD8−HSA−CD5+ thymocytes were TCR+. The level of the CD3‐TCR complex on the surface of those double negative thymocytes which were TcR+ was as high as on mature T cells in some strains (CBA/Ca), but was much lower in other strains (C57BL/6J). In most mouse strains the CD4−CD8−HSA−CD5+ thymocytes expresed predominantly the αβ form of the TcR, with an exceptionally high (70%) usage of Vβ8 gene products. In strains which lacked Vβ8 expressing T cells due to a deletion of the Vβ8 gene region, reduced levels of αβTcR+ cells were found within the CD4−CD8− thymocytes; the HSA−CD5+ subset was then only present at low levels (as in SJL/J and C57BR mice)or was present at a high level but expressed predominantly γδTcR (as in SWR mice). The results suggest that the accumulation of CD4−CD8−TcR+ HSA−CD5+ thymocytes is a selective event, and that their developmental pathway is off the mainstream of T cell maturation in the thymus.
A collagen matrix microassay for use in tumour‐stromal cell co‐cultures
Authors: Agrez MV 
Published: July 2007

SummaryA collagen matrix microassay technique is described in which separation of collagen layers permits independent assessment of the proliferative capacity of each of two discrete cell populations, The two cell types used in this study were an established colon cancer cell line and a normal colon fibroblast cell line cultured under serum‐free conditions. The implications of this in vitro technique for studies of tumour‐host cell interactions are discussed.
Development of thymocytes in organ culture: Migrant cells with natural killer cell characteristics
Authors: Skinner MA , Moffatt L , Marbrook J 
Published: July 2007

SummaryDuring organ culture of foetal thymic lobes, up to 5% of the thymic cells migrate out of the lobes and a majority of these have phenotypic characteristics of thymocytes or macrophages. Interleukin‐2 (IL‐2) increases the number of these migrant cells, and cytotoxic cells can be detected which display natural killer cell surface markers. In contrast, although cytotoxic activity can be detected in cells from adult thymic fragments cultured with IL‐2, the cytotoxic activity is not detected with natural killer sensitive target cells. The appearance of natural killer‐like cells during the culture of foetal thymic lobes suggests that they are involved in differentiation events which occur at this time in the thymus.
The value of MLA 144 culture fluid for the isolation of human immunodeficiency virus
Authors: Pope JH , Bisshop F , McRandle B , Blok J , Schmidt CW , Kemp RJ 
Published: July 2007

SummaryHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was readily isolated by co‐cultivation of patients' cells with phytohaemagglutinin‐stimulated mononuclear cells from umbilical cord blood in 2 ml cultures in 24‐well plates. Fluids from cultures of the MLA 144 cell line acted as an excellent source of interleukin‐2, and promoted early replication of HIV in the primary cultures. Reverse transcriptase activity was commonly present at significant levels by 4–7 days. In contrast, recombinant IL‐2 (recIL‐2) did not promote early replication under these conditions. Adequate washing of the phytohaemagglutinin blasts was critical in this system, although others have reported it to be less important under other culture conditions. Cell concentrations and HIV: target cell ratios appeared not to play a major role in early outgrowth of virus. The particular sheep anti‐alpha interferon tested resulted in a two‐fold reduction in RT activity. Virus was readily transmitted in this simplified cheaper culture system.
Sequential changes of lamina propria immunoglobulin‐containing cells in immune intact and immunosuppressed mice infected with Giardia lamblia
Authors: Vinayak VK , Khanna R , Kum Kum 
Published: July 2007

SummaryFollowing Giardia lamblia infection in immune intact NMRI mice, increased numbers of IgM‐containing cells and decreased numbers of IgA containing cells were noticed in the lamina propria during the establishment (3‐5 days) and acute (9‐11 days) phases of infection. The decline in IgM‐containing cells during the clearance phase of infection (17‐21 days post‐infection) was accompanied by an increase in IgA and IgG‐containing cells. Our data suggest that the locally synthesized antibodies, especially of the IgA class, play a significant immunodulatory role in the clearance of G. lamblia infection from the gut. Mice immunosuppressed using rabbit anti‐mouse lymphocyte serum or dexamethasone had significantly reduced numbers of IgA and IgG‐containing cells during all phases of infection and higher parasite loads in their jejunum. It appears that one of the reasons for increased severity and chronicity of G. lamblia infection is the decrease in immunoglobulin‐containing cells in the gut.
Expression of natural killer (NK) cell‐specific alloantigens on a mouse NK‐like cell line
Authors: Smart YC , Stevenson KL , Thorne RF , Thomas WD , Hsu LH , Burton RC 
Published: July 2007

SummaryAs part of the strategy for screening for natural kilter (NK) cell‐specific monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) we have raised a number of murine NK‐like cell lines in media containing interleukin‐2 (IL‐2). The detection of specific NK cell alloantigens on a C57BL/6 cell line in long‐term culture in IL‐2 is the subject of this paper. The C57BL/6 cell line has the morphology of large granular lymphocytes (LGL) and exhibits strong cytolytic activity against the archetype NK cell target, YAC‐1, Absorption of three anti‐NK antiserum. NZB anti‐BALB/c (anti‐NK‐2‐1), BALB/c anti‐DBA/2 (anti‐NK‐31) and CE anti‐CBA (anti‐NK‐4·1), with the C57BL/6 cell line removed the anti‐NK activity from these antisera. Flow cytometric studies of the C57BL/6 cell line demonstrated significant binding of the anti‐NK‐1·1 MoAb produced by hybridoma PK136. Our results suggest that the C57BL/6 NK‐like cell line exhibits some of the properties of naive NK cells and expresses all the known NK cell‐specific alloantigens, NK‐1·1, NK‐2·1. NK‐3·1 and NK‐4·1 and therefore is potentially useful in selecting NK specific hybridomas and in studying the biology of NK cells.
Studies on natural killer (NK) cells IV NK‐3·1: A new NK cell specific alloantigen
Authors: Burton RC , Smart YC , Thorn R , Winn HJ 
Published: July 2007

SummaryA new murine natural killer (NK) cell alloantigen, NK‐3·1, has been identified by analysis of the complement dependent anti‐NK cell activity of C3H anti‐ST and BALB/c anti‐DBA/2 alloantisera. Flow cytometric studies with a specific antiserum made in backcross mice indicate that this alloantigen is expressed by 2‐3% of the spleen cells of NZB and C57BL/6 mice, positive strains, but is undetectable on the spleen cells of C3H mice, a negative strain. Since NK‐1·1 and NK‐2·1 are also expressed on 2‐3% of spleen cells of positive strains we suggest that all three alloantigens identify the NK cells in normal mouse spleen which lyse the lymphoma target cell line YAC.