bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nashville: A study in political pathology
Authors: Mays Arthur B. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn 1921, Nashville received from the legislature a badly multilated city manager charter. In the following election, however, a council was elected, pledged to appoint as manager a local leader who had promised to abolish manager government. With the help of this manager, who considers himself to have been elected by the people, representatives to the state legislature have been chosen, pledged to restore the old charter of 1883
The organized attack on the dayton charter
Authors: Millard Walter J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAlthough the Dayton Charter was sustained at the last election by a vote of 25,000 to 16,000, dissatisfaction continues in some quarters. But why should a city with almost the smallest tax vote in the state, a city famous for excellent administration, be so divided as to the merits of its form of government? What created and sustains the opposition?
Was the nebraska administrative code repudiated at last election?
Authors: Boots Ralph S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractNebraska elected a Republican legislatur epledged to support the code; and a Democratic governor who had promised to destroy it, in spite of the fact that increased efficiency secured by the code enabled Governor McKelvie to summon the legislature in January, 1922, to reduce appropriations in order that the savings might at once be reflected in lower taxes. Is the code an issue or a football?
Usability of playgrounds for children with different abilities
Authors: Prellwitz Maria , Skär Lisa 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to better understand how children with different abilities use playgrounds to engage in creative play and interact socially with their peers. Twenty children aged between 7 and 12 years, with different abilities, participated in interviews. The findings showed that playgrounds served as a reference point for all the children, they challenged a child's physical abilities and provided opportunities for role‐playing and social interactions. However, for children with disabilities, playgrounds had limited accessibility, usability and did not support interaction with peers. A methodological limitation of the study was that the interviewer only met the children once. Further research should be carried out to investigate if creating playgrounds according to universal design principles and adapting them to the needs of children with disabilities would improve social interactions and provide more opportunities for play. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermal polymerization of thiol–ene network‐forming systems
Authors: Cook Wayne D , Chen Fei , Pattison Derek W , Hopson Peyton , Beaujon Mathieu 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe thermal polymerization of a tetrafunctional thiol (PETMP) and divinyl ether (TEGDVE) was monitored by temperature‐ramping differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and the effects of inhibitor type and concentration, oxygen inhibition and initiator type were studied. The incorporation of inhibitors was required to produce a stable system at room temperature. Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) inhibited polymerization at low temperatures, but was inefficient at high temperatures and polymerization rates, and hence BHT is an ideal stabilizer. In contrast, a nitroxide inhibitor (NO‐67) was a very effective inhibitor and no polymerization occurred until all of the nitroxide was depleted. The presence of oxygen retarded the onset of polymerization but did not change the final conversion significantly. Polymerization with initiators having higher half‐life temperatures shifted the DSC peak to higher temperature because the rate of initiator decomposition and thus initiation was slower. Rheological investigations of the cure at different temperatures revealed that the gel time decreased significantly with increasing cure temperature, and the calculated apparent activation energy for PETMP/TEGDVE was 54 kJ mol−1. Dynamical mechanical thermal analysis of the cured material was undertaken and frequency‐superposed results revealed that the glass transition region of PETMP/TEGDVE/azobisisobutyronitrile was much narrower than that of free‐radically cured dimethacrylate, but was similar to that of an epoxy resin cured with an aromatic diamine. This behaviour could be attributed to PETMP/TEGDVE network homogeneity, or to the less constrained crosslinks in the PETMP/TEGDVE network. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Electrochemical polymerization of phenanthrene in mixed electrolytes of boron trifluoride diethyl etherate and concentrated sulfuric acid
Authors: Zhou Wei‐Qiang , Peng Hua‐Ping , Xu Jing‐Kun , Xia Hong‐Ying , Pu Shou‐Zhi 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA novel high‐quality polyphenanthrene (PPH) film with electrical conductivity of 10−1 S cm−1 was synthesized electrochemically by direct anodic oxidation of phenanthrene in boron trifluoride diethyl etherate containing 10% concentrated sulfuric acid (v/v). The oxidation onset potential of phenanthrene in this medium was measured to be only 0.91 V versus saturated calomel electrode (SCE), which was lower than that determined in acetonitrile + 0.1 mol L−1 Bu4NBF4 (1.56 V versus SCE). As‐formed PPH films from this medium showed good electrochemical behavior and stability. De‐doped PPH films were thoroughly soluble in dimethylsulfoxide or CHCl3. The structure and morphology of the polymer were investigated using UV‐visible and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. FTIR and 1H NMR spectra showed that the PPH was grown via the coupling of the monomer mainly at the C4, C5, C9 and C10 positions. Fluorescence spectral studies indicated that PPH was a blue‐green light emitter. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Chemoenzymatic synthesis of the novel amphiphilic diblock copolymer poly[caprolactone‐block‐(glycidyl methacrylate)] from a bifunctional initiator and its micellization behavior
Authors: Sha Ke , Li Dongshuang , Li Yapeng , Liu Xiaotian , Wang Shuwei , Wang Jingyuan 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe chemoenzymatic synthesis of a novel diblock copolymer consisting of a hydrocarbon block of polycaprolactone (PCL) and an epoxy‐based block of poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA) was achieved by the combination of enzymatic ring‐opening polymerization (eROP) and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). A trichloromethyl‐terminated PCL macrointiator was obtained via Novozyme 435‐catalyzed eROP of ε‐caprolactone from a bifunctional initiator, 2,2,2‐trichloroethanol, under anhydrous conditions. PCL‐b‐PGMA diblock copolymers were synthesized in a subsequent ATRP of glycidyl methacrylate. The kinetics analysis of ATRP indicated a ‘living’/controlled radical polymerization. The macromolecular structure and thermal properties of the PCL macroinitiator and of the diblock copolymer were characterized using NMR spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography and differential scanning calorimetry. The well‐defined PCL‐b‐PGMA amphiphilic diblock copolymer self‐assembled in aqueous solution into nanoscale micelles. The size and shape of the resulting micelles were investigated using dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy and tapping‐mode atomic force microscopy. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Quantification of heart fatty acid binding protein as a biomarker for drug‐induced cardiac and musculoskeletal necroses
Authors: Zhen Eugene Y. , Berna Michael J. , Jin Zhaoyan , Pritt Michael L. , Watson David E. , Ackermann Bradley L. , Hale John E. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractHeart fatty acid binding protein (Fabp3) is a cytosolic protein expressed primarily in heart, and to a lesser extent in skeletal muscle, brain, and kidney. During myocardial injury, the Fabp3 level in serum is elevated rapidly, making it an ideal early marker for myocardial infarction. In this study, an MS‐based selected reaction monitoring method (LC‐SRM) was developed for quantifying Fabp3 in rat serum. Fabp3 was enriched first through an immobilized antibody, and the protein was digested on beads directly. A marker peptide of Fabp3 was quantified using LC‐SRM with a stable isotope‐labeled peptide standard. For six quality control samples with Fabp3 ranging from 0.256 to 25 ng, the average recovery following the procedure was about 73%, and the precision (%CV) between replicates was less than 7%. The Fabp3 concentrations in rat serum peaked 1 h after isoproterenol treatment, and returned to baseline levels 24 h after the dose. Elevated Fabp3 levels were also detected in rats administered with a PPAR α/δ agonist, which has shown to cause skeletal muscle necrosis. Fabp3 can be used as a biomarker for both cardiac and skeletal necroses. The cross‐validation of the LC‐SRM method with an existing ELISA method is described.
Patients' attitudes and beliefs about back pain and its management after physiotherapy for low back pain
Authors: May Stephen 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBackground and Purpose. Contemporary guidelines for the management of low back pain often consider patient involvement and responsibility an essential component; however, there has been little exploration of patients' opinions about back pain and its management. Method. A qualitative study of patients' perspectives of back pain in the UK; 34 semi‐structured interviews were conducted with participants who had recently received physiotherapy for back pain; interviews were transcribed and analysed using framework analysis. A topic guide was used to steer the interview and themes were extracted from the data. Results. Thirteen key themes were revealed; seven of these related to issues of satisfaction with physiotherapy and are described elsewhere. The six themes considered here dealt with the participants' experience of and attitudes to back pain and its management. Themes were: the impact of back pain on their life; perspectives about back pain; its management; their involvement in its management; what strategies they had for self‐management; and expectations about the episode of physiotherapy beforehand. Conclusions. In this group of participants with a history of back pain and physiotherapy treatment a common finding was a degree of acceptance of the back pain problem and the belief that patient involvement in management was essential. These findings would suggest that many patients with back pain may respond positively to the message of self‐management. However, acceptance of this message was not automatic, but generally occurred gradually in line with patients' experience of back pain and treatment. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Small potent ligands to the insulin‐regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP)/AT4 receptor
Authors: Axén Andreas , Andersson Hanna , Lindeberg Gunnar , Rönnholm Harriet , Kortesmaa Jarkko , Demaegdt Heidi , Vauquelin Georges , Karlén Anders , Hallberg Mathias 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAngiotensin IV analogs encompassing aromatic scaffolds replacing parts of the backbone of angiotensin IV have been synthesized and evaluated in biological assays. Several of the ligands displayed high affinities to the insulin‐regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP)/AT4 receptor. Displacement of the C‐terminal of angiotensin IV with an o‐substituted aryl acetic acid derivative delivered the ligand 4, which exhibited the highest binding affinity (Ki = 1.9 nM). The high affinity of this ligand provides support to the hypothesis that angiotensin IV adopts a γ‐turn in the C‐terminal of its bioactive conformation.Ligand (4) inhibits both human IRAP and aminopeptidase N‐activity and induces proliferation of adult neural stem cells at low concentrations. Furthermore, ligand 4 is degraded considerably more slowly in membrane preparations than angiotensin IV. Hence, it might constitute a suitable research tool for biological studies of the (IRAP)/AT4 receptor. Copyright © 2007 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Delivering multiple anticancer peptides as a single prodrug using lysyl‐lysine as a facile linker
Authors: Prasad Sudhanand , Mathur Archna , Jaggi Manu , Mukherjee Rama 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA large 40‐residue precursor peptide (propeptide 5) was synthesized by linking together four designed anticancer peptide analogs to the neuropeptides: vasoactive intestinal peptide, somatostatin, bombesin and substance P, using enzyme cleavable lysyl‐lysine linkers. On incubation with the enzyme trypsin, propeptide 5 was cleaved in a sequence‐specific manner at the lysyl‐lysine residues in the linker to release the individual peptide fragments which were identified by LC‐MS. Another precursor peptide (propeptide 5a), consisting of two of the peptide analogs linked through lysyl‐lysine linker, was also preferentially cleaved at the Lys‐Lys site on incubation with the enzyme trypsin. Propeptide 5 showed potent anticancer activity, both in vitro and in vivo, which was greater than that of the individual component peptides. The enhanced activity suggests that the propeptide is possibly cleaved in the biological system at the lysyl‐lysine site to yield the individual peptide analogs, which together show a synergistic effect. On the basis of these experimental findings, it can be concluded that pairs of basic amino acids such as Lys‐Lys can be used as facile linkers for delivering multiple biologically active peptides. Copyright © 2007 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bayesian sample size determination in non‐sequential clinical trials: Statistical aspects and some regulatory considerations
Authors: Grouin Jean‐Marie , Coste Maylis , Bunouf Pierre , Lecoutre Bruno 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe most common Bayesian methods for sample size determination (SSD) are reviewed in the non‐sequential context of a confirmatory phase III trial in drug development. After recalling the regulatory viewpoint on SSD, we discuss the relevance of the various priors applied to the planning of clinical trials. We then investigate whether these Bayesian methods could compete with the usual frequentist approach to SSD and be considered as acceptable from a regulatory viewpoint. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Iterative Methods for Contraction Operators in the Product of Two Metric Spaces
Authors: Bassanini P. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractLet (S1, d1), (S2, d2) be (closed subsets of) complete metric spaces, (S, d̃) = (S1 × S2, d̃) and let T: S → S, × = Tx be a Lipschitz continuous operator (strictly) contractive in S for a suitable choice of its Lipschitz constants and of d̃. Conditions are given under which there may exist iteration procedures whose expense of computer time is lower than required by the usual iterative scheme xn = Txn−1.
The Obstacle Problem for the Equilibrium of a Shallow Shell Reinforced with Stiffening Ribs
Authors: Haslinger J. , Lovíšek J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe paper deals with the existence and uniqueness of a solution of a variational inequality for the obstacle problem of the shallow shell reinforced with stiffening ribs. The obstacle problem is the formulated as a direct variational problem. Next we construct a finite element approximation of the obstacle problem, and we prove an error estimate of the approximation.
Durch Integralgleichungen beschriebene optimale Prozesse mit Nebenbedingungen in Banachräumen ‐ notwendige Optimalitätsbedingungen
Authors: Schmidt W. H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractFür Prozesse, die durch Integralgleichungen in Banachräumen beschrieben werden und außerdem gewissen zusätzlichen Nebenbedingungen genügen, werden notwendige Optimalitätsbedingungen (Maximumprinzipe und Transversalitätsbedingungen) mit Hilfe abstrakter Modelle von Bittner hergeleitet. In die Untersuchungen werden auch diskrete Integralprozesse (stückweise konstante Steuerfunktionen bzw. Trajektorien) einbezogen.
A Heuristic Approach to a Non‐Local Theory of Turbulent Channel Flow
Authors: Rüdiger G. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn this paper a non‐local relation is postulated to exist between the one‐point‐correlation tensor and the mean flow rate of strain. Thus the original ansatz of Boussinesq is replaced by an integral relation which naturally includes a wider region of the turbulent medium into the calculation. Using the idealisation of free turbulence we can easily deduce that mean flow profile which has recently been given by Naue et al. and which appears to represent well the channel flow far away the walls. Within our integral formalism this profile proved to be correct for all those even kernels which provide exactly two solutions of a related characteristic equation. Testing some special kernels we find a good representation of the non‐local formalism by a hydrodynamics involving in its stress relation the mean flow derivatives up to the third order.
On Some Homogenization Problems
Authors: Lions J.‐L. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis expository paper presents some recent results on the “homogenization” process which consists in “approximating” a nonhomogeneous material with a periodic structure by a homogeneous material. Examples of non homogeneous materials are given by composite materials or by performed materials. The approximation is valid when the size ϵ of the period tends to 0. Actually one obtains in some cases higher order terms in the expansion of the state of the system in terms of “powers” of ϵ, with an ansatz of the type of “multiple scale” variables.
Schnelle Lösung von Randwertaufgaben
Authors: Meis T. , Branca H.‐W. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn verschiedenen Gebieten des ℝ2 wird das Konvergenzverhalten der Mehrgittermethode zur Lösung der Poisson‐Gleichung untersucht. Zur Glättung werden ein modifiziertes Jacobi‐ und ein modifiziertes Gauß‐Seidel‐ Verfahren benutzt. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit werden zunächst der Spektralradius und die Spektralnorm der Zweigittermethode für das Quadrat mit Hilfe einer Fourieranalyse gleichmäßig in h abgeschätzt. Die entsprechenden Werte für die Mehrgitterverfahren werden dann für drei typische Gebiete mit der Potenzmethode berechnet und anhand des Rechenaufwandes bewertet. Der zweite Teil enthält einen gebietsunabhängigen Konvergenzbeweis für einen speziellen Zweigitteransatz. Er wird allein mit Methoden der Linearen Algebra geführt.
The Mechanics of the Homogeneously‐Deformable Body. Dynamical Models with High Symmetries
Authors: Slawianowski J. J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractWe investigate here some high‐symmetric isotropic models in the theory of nonlinear vibrations of systems with degrees of freedom governed by a linear group (affinely‐rigid bodies undergoing gyroscopic rotations and homogeneous deformations). The methods developed here can be applied both to microscopic (molecular, or even nuclear) and macroscopic elastic and visco‐elastic problems. In particular, our models can be used in the theory of generalized, micromorphic continua consisting of infinitesimal, homogeneously‐deformable grains.
Zum Spannungsverzerrungsgesetz bei hyper‐ und hypoelastischen Verzweigungsproblemen
Authors: Balke H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIsotrope hyper‐ und hypoelastische Elastizitätsgesetze werden in ihrer Beziehung zum klassischen Verzweigungsproblem diskutiert. Die in der Verzweigungstheorie übliche Vernachlässigung der Grunddeformation bedingt bei Kompressibilität des Materials die Gleichwertigkeit verschiedener hyper‐ und hypoelastischer Ansätze. Im inkompressiblen Fall und bei Anwesenheit hoher hydrostatischer Drücke zeigen die Deformationszuwüchse hyper‐ und hypoelastischer Körper unterschiedliches Verzweigungsverhalten. Dies wird am Beispiel einer Scherbandbildung gezeigt.
Dynamic Stress Intensity Factors around a Rectangular Crack in a Half‐Space under Impact Load
Authors: Itou S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe three‐dimensional impact response of a rectangular crack in a semi‐space is considered. Application of the Laplace and Fourier transforms reduces the problem to the solution of a pair of dual integral equations. To solve these equations, the crack surface displacement is expanded in a double series of functions which are zero outside of the crack. The unknown coefficients accompanied in that series are solved with the aid of the Schmidt method. Numerical results on the stress intensity factors are obtained.
The Transcendental Eigenvalue Problem of the Exact Dynamic Stiffness Matrix of Linearly Elastic Plane Frames
Authors: Sotiropoulos George H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA new iteratives procedure is proposed to solve the transcendental eigenvalue problem of the “exact” dynamic stiffness matrix of linearly elastic plane frames. According to the presented algorithm the exact solution, i.e. natural frequencies and mode shapes of the structure, is found in a number of cycles with an algebraic eigenvalue problem to be solved within each cycle.
Bemerkungen über zwei räumliche Trilaterationsprobleme
Authors: Stachel H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractEs wird die stets mehrfach lösbare Aufgabe untersucht, die gegenseitige Lage von Raumpunkten E1, …, E6 und F1, …, F4 aus den 24 Entfernungen EiFj zu ermitteln. Mit jedem Paar inkongruenter Lösungen ist ein Paar konfokaler Flächen 2. Ordnung so verbunden, daß die Übereinstimmung der Distanzen EiFj eine Folge des Satzes von Ivory ist. Dies führt auf einen neuen Beweis für die von Killian und Meissl angegebene Kennzeichnung “gefährlicher Annahmen”, in welchen zwei Lösungen zusammenfallen. Gleichzeitig lassen sich aus diesem Hauptsatz Beispiele von Lagen mit unendlich vielen verschiedenen Lösungen herleiten; manche dieser Beispiele wurden bereits von W. Wunderlich angegeben. Als zweites Trilaterationsproblem wird die Aufgabe bezeichnet, die gegenseitige Lage von Raumpunkten A1, …, A3, B1, …, B3, F1, …, F3 aus den 21 Distanzen AiFj, BiFj, AiBi zu ermitteln. Mit jedem Paar verschiedener Lösungen ist auch hier ein gewisses Paar von Flächen 2. Ordnung so verbunden, daß die Übereinstimmung der Distanzen AiFj, BiFj Aussage des Satzes von Ivory ist. Damit läßt sich die von Killian und Meissl hergeleitete Kennzeichnung für das Zusammenfallen zweier Lösungen erneut beweisen. Darüber hinaus wird aber auch eine Annahme mit unendlich vielen verschiedenen Lösungen vorgeführt. Abschließend wird gezeigt, daß das erste Trilaterations problem in dem dort ausgeschlossenen Fall je komplanarer E‐ und F‐Punkte eine sogar dreiparametrige Lösungsmenge besitzt, wenn die E‐ und F‐Punkte orthogonalen Ebenen angehören.
The Problem of Axially Symmetric Flow of Ideal Rigid‐Plastic Huber‐Mises Medium without any Specific Hypotheses
Authors: Rogozińaski M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn contrast to Shield' or Lippmann' solution in the present paper the Huber‐Hencky‐Mises' yield condition, more suitable for metals than Tresca', is adopted. Moreover, the Haar‐Kármán hypothesis and also any assumptions substituting it, as that used by Lippmann, with the errors introduced by them are avoided.Instead of this, two ratios of stress (or respective strain rate) deviator components to one another are introduced as unknown functions α and β and the parameter λ is eliminated. Then, the well‐known system of seven equations in seven unknown functions for solving the title problem is reduced to a system of two quasilinear partial integro‐differential equations in α and β. The boundary conditions of the problem for both α and β and their first derivatives are found, for a smooth side of the die, on the basis of kinematical and statical conditions. The system of equations is of the mixed type but a transformation of α reduces the problem to the hyperbolic region only. It is possible to find directly the proper solution and not, as usually, its lower and/or upper estimation only.
Velocity Distribution due to Thermal Marangoni Effect in a Liquid Column
Authors: Bauer H. F. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAn infinite at both ends closed cylindrical liquid column is subjected to various axial temperature fields, such as linear, quadratic, sinusoidal and exponential temperature changes. Due to the Marangoni effect surface tension driven flow is created. The velocity distribution for the various cases is presented in closed form. Streamlines are exhibited for the different cases.