bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
One‐Pot Synthesis of 3,4‐Dihydropyrimidin‐2(1H)‐ones Using Chloroacetic Acid as Catalyst.
Authors: Yu Yang , Liu Di , Liu Chungsheng , Luo Genxiang 
Published: September 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Azinyl Sulfides. Part 95. Synthesis of Novel Dipyrido‐1,4‐thiazines.
Authors: Morak‐Mlodawska Beata , Pluta Krystian 
Published: September 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Eight‐Membered‐Ring Lactams — New Scaffolds for Combinatorial Chemistry Prepared by Ring‐Expansion of 1,4‐Diketones with Primary Amines.
Authors: Pflantz Rebekka , Tielmann Patrick , Roessle Michael , Hoenke Christoph , Christoffers Jens 
Published: September 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Stereoselective Synthesis of (‐)‐Blepharocalyxin D.
Authors: Ko Haye Min , Lee Dong Gil , Kim Min Ah , Kim Hak Joong , Park Jaejoon , Lah Myoung Soo , Lee Eun 
Published: September 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Comparative Performance of Several Flexible Docking Programs and Scoring Functions: Enrichment Studies for a Diverse Set of Pharmaceutically Relevant Targets.
Authors: Zhou Zhiyong , Felts Anthony K. , Friesner Richard A. , Levy Ronald M. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Ligand‐Based Models for the Isoform Specificity of Cytochrome P450 3A4, 2D6, and 2C9 Substrates.
Authors: Terfloth Lothar , Bienfait Bruno , Gasteiger Johann 
Published: September 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Monitoring Metals in Terrestrial Environments within a Bioavailability Framework and a Focus on Soil Extraction
Authors: Peijnenburg Willie J. G. M. , Zablotskaja Marina , Vijver Martina G. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Correlation between neutral density variation and optical emission accompanying streamer progression upon application of a lightning impulse
Authors: Fukuchi Tetsuo , Nemoto Koshichi 
Published: September 2007

AbstractNeutral density variations accompanying progression of streamers, which occur upon application of a lightning impulse to an air gap, were observed using laser interferometry. The optical emission accompanying streamer progression was monitored simultaneously. In the case of positive polarity, the spatial distribution of neutral density variations and optical emission showed high correlation. In the case of negative polarity, the correlation was substantially lower, and neutral density variations were often observed when optical emission from the corresponding region was absent. The results showed that the correlation between the spatial distributions of neutral density variations and of optical emission differs largely according to the polarity. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 162(1): 1–6, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20635
Why is there no wind rush in France?
Authors: Szarka Joseph 
Published: September 2007

AbstractIn France, an ambitious programme to expand electricity from renewables was outlined in the year 2000 Electricity Bill and led to the establishment of a feed‐in tariff guaranteeing kilowatt hour prices to targeted suppliers. Because this support mechanism was a major cause of the dramatic expansion of wind power in Denmark, Germany and Spain, it was expected to have similar consequences in France. However, the pace of expansion proved moderate over 2000–5, with some acceleration since. This article explains these outcomes by reference to three factors: (1) the influence of institutional frameworks, (2) the impact of industry structures and (3) the role of mobilising discourses. Finally, it surveys policy reforms in 2005–7 to accelerate deployment. Noting that France's 2010 target of 21% of electricity generation from renewables is unlikely to be met, the article concludes that policy makers need to look beyond the mere choice of policy instrument (such as a feed‐in tariff). Its main finding is that the impact of a policy instrument is heavily influenced not just by its settings (in this context, the level of economic incentive offered to market actors) but also by the institutional and industrial contexts of usage and by the relevance of mobilising discourses. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Learning from wind energy policy in the EU: lessons from Denmark, Sweden and Spain
Authors: Meyer Niels I. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractEnergy policy has recently become an important point on the political agenda of the EU, mainly due to the approaching ‘peak oil’ and climate change. This is increasing the focus on renewable energy sources, especially wind power, as an alternative to fossil fuels. In order to deduce the most efficient policies for promoting wind power, this paper compares the different national energy policies adopted by Denmark, Sweden and Spain, and relates them to wind energy outcomes. The successful promotion of Danish wind power in the last two decades of the 20th century is related to a number of factors including individual entrepreneurs, early official certification of wind turbines, systematic government support including favourable economic tariff schemes, and cooperative private ownership of wind turbines, which fostered broad public support. The analysis demonstrates the importance of long‐range national energy policies in creating and stabilizing the conditions required for the development of more sustainable energy systems. The lack or delayed development of such a supportive, stable environment explains the different patterns of wind development seen in Sweden and Spain, and points to the problems created by liberalized and short‐sighted commercial energy market, even for wind energy pioneers like Denmark. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Wind power and ‘the planning problem’: the experience of Wales
Authors: Cowell Richard 
Published: September 2007

AbstractAcross Europe, spatial planning has acquired an important role in steering wind power to more socially acceptable locations. However, the tendency for planning decisions to become a focus of opposition has also led to planning being represented as ‘a problem’ in meeting renewable energy targets. Using Jessop's dialectical relationship between modes and objects of governance, this paper seeks to understand why certain states are inclined to resolve ‘the planning problem’ for wind through strengthened national control. The case study is the Welsh Assembly Government's 2005 planning guidance on renewable energy, which superimposes centrally‐determined ‘Strategic Search Areas’ for large‐scale, onshore wind farm development onto local decision‐making processes. Motivations for adopting this approach reflect the UK's centralizing planning culture, and beliefs that local planning processes will not yield sufficient sites to meet targets for wind power expansion. Responses to this planning guidance suggest that it may stabilizing the regulatory conditions for large‐scale wind investment in the short term, in some parts of Wales, but faces a number of points of vulnerability in the longer term. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Lab‐on‐a‐chip for oral cancer screening and diagnosis
Authors: Ziober Barry L. , Mauk Michael G. , Falls Erica M. , Chen Zongyuan , Ziober Amy F. , Bau Haim H. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractOral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a disfiguring and deadly cancer. Despite advances in therapy, many patients continue to face a poor prognosis. Early detection is an important factor in determining the survival of patients with OSCC. No accurate, cost‐efficient, and reproducible method exists to screen patients for OSCC. As a result, many patients are diagnosed at advanced stages of the disease. Early detection would identify patients, facilitating timely treatment and close monitoring. Mass screening requires a rapid oral cancer diagnostic test that can be used in a clinical setting. Current diagnostic techniques for OSCC require modern laboratory facilities, sophisticated equipment, and elaborate and lengthy processing by skilled personnel. The lab‐on‐chip technology holds the promise of replacing these techniques with miniaturized, integrated, automated, inexpensive diagnostic devices. This article describes lab‐on‐chip devices for biomarker‐based identification of oral cancer. Similar methods can be employed for the screening of other types of cancers. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2008
Comparison of reconstructive procedures in primary versus secondary mandibular reconstruction
Authors: Andrade William N. , Lipa Joan E. , Novak Christine B. , Grover Harpreet , Bang Christian , Gilbert Ralph W. , Neligan Peter C. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractBackground.Few reports have compared reconstructive outcomes of primary versus secondary mandibular reconstruction.Methods.A retrospective chart review was performed on 149 patients following primary (n = 110) and secondary reconstruction (n = 39).Results.There was no statistically significant difference in patient demographics between the 2 groups. The secondary reconstruction mandibular defects were more extensive; significantly more involved the condyle or the central portion of the mandible. The vascularized fibular flap was most commonly used (primary 82%, secondary 69%). The overall complication rate was similar in both groups. There was no statistical difference in the frequency of complications between the primary or secondary reconstruction groups (acute, p = .40; late, p = .17).Conclusions.Success in secondary mandibular reconstruction could be achieved utilizing a range of osseous free flaps, and there was no increased rate of complications compared with primary mandibular reconstructions. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2008
GSK‐3 mediates the okadaic acid‐induced modification of collapsin response mediator protein‐2 in human SK‐N‐SH neuroblastoma cells
Authors: Ni Mei‐Hui , Wu Chih‐Ching , Chan Wen‐Hsiung , Chien Kun‐Yi , Yu Jau‐Song 
Published: September 2007

AbstractCollapsin response mediator protein‐2 (CRMP‐2), a phosphoprotein involved in axonal outgrowth and microtubule dynamics, is aberrantly phosphorylated in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain. Alteration of glycogen synthase kinase‐3 (GSK‐3) activity is associated with the pathogenesis of AD. Here, we show that CRMP‐2 is one of the major substrates for GSK‐3 in pig brain extracts. Both GSK‐3α and 3β phosphorylate purified pig brain CRMP‐2 and significantly alter its mobility in SDS‐gels, resembling the CRMP‐2 modification observed in AD brain. Interestingly, this modification can be detected in SK‐N‐SH neuroblastoma cells treated with a phosphatase inhibitor, okadaic acid (OA), and GSK‐3 inhibitors completely block this OA‐induced event. Knockdown of both GSK‐3α and 3β, but not either kinase alone, impairs OA‐induced modification of CRMP‐2. Mutation of Ser‐518 or Ser‐522 of CRMP‐2, which are highly phosphorylated in AD brain, to Ala blocks the OA‐induced modification of CRMP‐2 in SK‐N‐SH cells. Ser‐522 prephosphorylated by Cdk5 is required for subsequent GSK‐3α‐mediated phosphorylation of CRMP‐2 in vitro. Collectively, our results demonstrate for the first time that OA can induce phosphorylation of CRMP‐2 in SK‐N‐SH cells at sites aberrantly phosphorylated in AD brain, and both GSK‐3α and 3β and Ser‐522 kinase(s) are involved in this process. J. Cell. Biochem. 103: 1833–1848, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Combination of multiphoton and reflective confocal imaging of cornea
Authors: Chen Wei‐Liang , Sun Yen , Lo Wen , Tan Hsin‐Yuan , Dong Chen‐Yuan 
Published: September 2007

AbstractWe combine reflective confocal microscopy with multiphoton microscopy to form a minimally invasive technique to observe the cornea. The two imaging modalities allow detection of complementary information from the cornea. The autofluorescence signal shows the cytoplasm of epithelial cells, and the second harmonic generation signal is used to detect collagen, found mostly in the stroma of the cornea. The reflective confocal imaging allows detection of epithelial cells and keratocytes in the stroma. The system is first tested on bovine cornea. Assessment of the result on the bovine eye will be used to evaluate the potential of the system as a technique for in vivo clinical application. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bombesin promotes vasculogenesis and angiogenesis in chick chorio‐allantoic membrane: A morphometric, structural, and ultrastructural study
Authors: Quagliata Sara , Pacini Stefania , Punzi Tiziana , Malentacchi Cecilia , Ruggiero Marco , Delfino Giovanni 
Published: September 2007

AbstractExperiments were performed on the chorio‐allantoic membrane (CAM) of the chick to evaluate the effects of bombesin (BN) on vascular neoformation. In morphometrical assays, 10−13–10−4 M BN promoted dose‐dependent vascular development. Newly formed vessels converged toward the BN release site in a spoked wheel arrangement, suggesting a diffusion gradient mechanism. Structural and ultrastructural analysis of CAM specimens collected near the BN release site showed that both vasculogenetic and angiogenetic processes cooperated in vascular neoformation that involved committed cells from the mesenchyme (angioblasts) as well as endothelial cells. No pattern of vascular development was detected away from the BN release site. Findings from the present study emphasize the role of BN in vascular net development of respiratory organs. J. Morphol., 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Statistical aspects of van't Hoff analysis: a simulation study
Authors: Zhukov Andrei , Karlsson Robert 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe thermodynamics of biological interactions is frequently studied by the van't Hoff analysis whereby data on variation of the binding constant KD with temperature are used to obtain estimates of standard enthalpy (ΔH°), entropy (ΔS°), and heat capacity (ΔCP°) of complex formation. A Monte Carlo simulation demonstrates that the absolute error of the above parameters is proportional to the relative error of KD and independent of the actual values of KD and of the way they vary with temperature. The error of ΔH° is approximately the same as that of TΔS° (within 14% in the temperature range 5–45°C). The error depends both on the number of temperature points within the experimental temperature range and on the size of the range, but it is more sensitive to the latter. Using the linear form of the van't Hoff equation to fit data with non‐zero ΔCP° gives erroneous ΔH° and ΔS° estimates at standard temperature except for the case when the T points are placed symmetrically with respect to the standard temperature. With the range of ΔCP° values usual for protein–protein interactions, the KD error must be very low to confidently infer that ΔCP° is non‐zero or to claim that two interactions have different ΔCP°. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Probing the mechanism of direct Mannich‐type α‐methylenation of ketoesters via electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Milagre Cíntia D. F. , Milagre Humberto M. S. , Santos Leonardo S. , Lopes Marcelo L. A. , Moran Paulo J. S. , Eberlin Marcos N. , Rodrigues J. Augusto R. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractReactions promoting direct Mannich‐type α‐methylenation of α, β and γ‐ketoesters have been monitored via electrospray ionization mass and tandem mass spectrometric experiments. Key intermediates of the catalytical cycle of this synthetically useful reaction have been intercepted and characterized. The mechanistic information provided by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS/MS) guided the optimization of reaction conditions, allowing α‐methyleneketoesters to be prepared in high yields (80–95%) and in high‐enough purity for immediate further manipulation. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differentiation of rum and Brazilian artisan cachaça via electrospray ionization mass spectrometry fingerprinting
Authors: de Souza Patterson P. , Augusti Daniella V. , Catharino Rodrigo R. , Siebald Helmuth G. L. , Eberlin Marcos N. , Augusti Rodinei 
Published: September 2007

AbstractRum and cachaça are sugarcane distillates produced on large scales and of similar composition, and their differentiation is currently a subject of commercial dispute and a challenging analytical task. We have investigated the ability of direct‐infusion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry in the negative ion mode, i.e. ESI(−)‐MS, to distinguish between samples of these distillates. ESI(−)‐MS fingerprints were collected for some samples of Brazilian artisan cachaça, aged in two types of wooden casks, i. e. amburana (Amburana cearensis) and jequitibá (Cariniana estrellensis), and of commercial rum. The mass spectra were found to be very distinctive, showing sets of diagnostic ions for each type of sample, i. e. (1) cachaça aged in amburana (m/z 271, 313, 377) and jequitibá (m/z 171, 255, 455) casks; and (2) commercial rum (m/z 89, 97, 179, 255, 283). When applied to the ESI(−)‐MS data, principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis split rum and cachaça samples into well‐defined groups. Moreover, the two types of cachaça samples aged in wooden casks of amburana or jequitibá were also split into two distinct groups. Direct‐infusion ESI(−)‐MS can therefore be potentially applied to the rapid, simple, and accurate differentiation of these commercially important sugarcane distillates. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Photolytic degradation of the insecticide thiamethoxam in aqueous medium monitored by direct infusion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: de Urzedo Ana P. F. M. , Diniz M. E. R. , Nascentes Clésia C. , Catharino Rodrigo R. , Eberlin Marcos N. , Augusti Rodinei 
Published: September 2007

AbstractPhotodegradation of the insecticide thiamethoxam (1), 3‐[(2‐chloro‐5‐thiazolyl)methyl]tetrahydro‐5‐methyl‐N‐nitro‐4H‐1,3,5‐oxadiazin‐4‐imine, in an aqueous medium was monitored by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry in the positive ion mode, ESI(+)‐MS. An aqueous solution of (1) was incessantly exposed to a UV radiation source and aliquots were taken after reaction times of 1, 2, 3, and 4 h. Analysis by GC/NCI‐MS revealed that (1) was continuously degraded under these experimental conditions. However, the total organic carbon (TOC) content remained practically constant during the exposition period, thereby indicating that 1 was not mineralized but continuously converted into other compounds. ESI(+)‐MS monitoring revealed that whereas the intensity of the ions of m/z 292/294 ([1 + H]+) constantly decreased, there was the emergence of other ions of m/z 247/249, 197, 168, and 116 whose intensities simultaneously increased. Their structures were proposed on the basis of: (1) the data of their ESI(+)‐MS/MS; (2) their high resolution m/z values; and (3) a plausible reactivity of the thiamethoxam molecule exposed to UV radiation in aqueous solution. Finally, these data allowed us to suggest a reaction route for the photodegradation of 1 in an aqueous medium. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimization of the ESI and APCI experimental variables for the LC/MS determination of s‐triazines, methylcarbamates, organophosphorous, benzimidazoles, carboxamide and phenylurea compounds in orange samples
Authors: Titato Guilherme M. , Bicudo Rogério C. , Lanças Fernando M. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractIn this work, ten selected pesticides of different chemical groups, indicated to orange culture, were extracted and determined by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry using both electrospray ionization (ESI) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) operating in the positive ion detection mode. Applying a variables selection technique verified that cone voltage, source temperature and drying‐gas flow‐rate are the critical variables when the ESI was used, while cone voltage was found to be the only critical variable for the MS system, operating with the APCI ionization mode. After optimization of the most important parameters through the variables selection technique, the selected ion‐recording (SIR) mode, monitoring the [M + H]+ species for all the compounds, was applied for the method validation of the pesticides, in both ionization modes. In orange samples, matrix effects did not interfere with the determination of the pesticides. Pesticides quantification limits ranged from 10 to 50 µg kg−1 for ESI and from 8.2 to 45 µg kg−1 for APCI. Linearity was studied from LOQ upto 200 times LOQ values (r > 0.98). Recoveries obtained were in the range of 70.2–100.5% (RSDs less than 10%). In order to guarantee that the identification and confirmation of the studied pesticides in real samples were unequivocal, characteristic fragment ions of the pesticides were obtained by varying the cone voltage (in‐source CID). Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fiber introduction mass spectrometry: determination of pesticides in herbal infusions using a novel sol–gel PDMS/PVA fiber for solid‐phase microextraction
Authors: da Silva Rogério Cesar , Zuin Vânia Gomes , Yariwake Janete Harumi , Eberlin Marcos Nogueira , Augusto Fabio 
Published: September 2007

AbstractAn application of the direct coupling of solid‐phase microextraction (SPME) with mass spectrometry (MS), a technique known as fiber introduction mass spectrometry (FIMS), is described to determine organochlorine (OCP) and organophosphorus (OPP) pesticides in herbal infusions of Passiflora L. A new fiber coated with a composite of poly(dimethylsiloxane) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PDMS/PVA) was used. Sensitive, selective, simple and simultaneous quantification of several OCP and OPP was achieved by monitoring diagnostic fragment ions of m/z 266 (chlorothalonil), m/z 195 (α‐endosulfan), m/z 278 (fenthion), m/z 263 (methyl parathion) and m/z 173 (malathion). Simple headspace SPME extraction (25 min) and fast FIMS detection (less than 40 s) of OCP and OPP from a highly complex herbal matrix provided good linearity with correlation coefficients of 0.991–0.999 for concentrations ranging from 10 to 140 ng ml−1 of each compound. Good accuracy (80 to 110%), precision (0.6–14.9%) and low limits of detection (0.3–3.9 ng ml−1) were also obtained. Even after 400 desorption cycles inside the ionization source of the mass spectrometer, no visible degradation of the novel PDMS/PVA fiber was detected, confirming its suitability for FIMS. Fast (ca 20 s) pesticide desorption occurs for the PDMS/PVA fiber owing to the small thickness of the film and its reduced water sorption. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.