bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Calcium and periodontitis: Clinical effect of calcium medication
Authors: Uhrbom Erik , Jacobson Lars 
Published: December 2005

Abstract. In contrast to the generally held concept that periodontal disease is caused by microorganisms, Henriksson (1968) suggested that a nutritional deficiency of calcium might be the cause. He elicited secondary hyperparathyroidism in beagles from a low calcium/high phosphorus diet and found that the osteolytic demineralization of bone that followed seemed to involve alveolar bone more than other bones. In a report on 10 persons with advanced periodontal disease, Krook et al. (1972) stated that the disease was reversed when they were given 1 g Ca/day for 180 days. These results have been disputed.The present study is an attempt to repeat the experiment performed by Krooket al. (1972) under more stringent conditions. The hypothesis that calcium supplementation reverses destructive periodontal disease is tested.66 persons referred to our clinic for periodontal problems were prescribed at random calcium (1 g) or placebo tablets daily during a trial period of 180 days. Their periodontal status was examined at day 0 and at day 180. The parameters used for comparison were Plaque Index, Gingival Index, probing depth, mobility and furcation involvement. The radiographically registered level of alveolar bone was also recorded, but subsequently discarded since no change could be ascertained. The patients were interviewed as to their consumption of calcium via milk and cheese at days 90 and 180. This was in order to estimate roughly whether or not their dietary calcium consumption was adequate. The recommended allowance of 800 mg/day was used as a reference.During the trial period 7 persons withdrew – 2 from the test group and 5 from the control group. This was due mainly to digestive disorders, reported by the patients.A comparison at day 0 between the 31 test and 28 control patients revealed no statistical differences concerning the periodontal parameters studied. At day 180 both groups showed a slight improvement in Plaque Index, Gingival Index and probing depth; however, there was still no statistical difference between them. The dietary analysis established a low calcium consumption among 1/3 of the patients. Even in these cases calcium supplementation had no effect.It is concluded that calcium supplementation for 180 days does not influence the periodontal status of patients with moderate to advanced periodontal disease. Secondly, patients on a low calcium diet do not differ from those receiving an adequate supply. Finally, the study cannot support the hypothesis that calcium deficiency is a main cause of destructive periodontal disease.
Sampling of subgingival microbiota for dark‐field microscopy
Authors: Magnusson I. , Lilienberg B. , Yoneyama T. , Blomqvist N. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract The aim of the present investigation was to study the validity of 2 different methods of sampling the subgingival microbiota. The composition of the flora was estimated using the dark‐field microscope. Subgingival samples were obtained using either a curette or a Hamilton microsyringe for a subgingival washing. The method of determination of the composition of the subgingival microorganisms was found to be very reproducible when the same investigator performed the counting.Samples obtained by the washing technique had a slight but significantly higher proportion of coccoid cells when compared to samples obtained by curette. The calculation of the reproducibility of the washing technique as assessed in 6 immediately repeated samples from the same sites yielded a coefficient of variation of 40% for spirochetes and motile rods.When 9 repeated samples from each of 28 sites (14 with a curette, 14 with washing) were studied over a period of 32 days, no systemic alterations were observed in the % of spirochetes and motile rods. The variation within each individual site was high. For curette samples and washing samples, the coefficients of variation for spirochetes and motile rods were 85% and 63%, respectively. The present investigation clearly demonstrated that care should be taken in the interpretation of single samples of subgingival microbiota. A more relevant picture of the actual situation is achieved when trends of repeated samples over time are studied.
Intraclass correlations of periodontal measurements
Authors: Haffajee A. D. , Socransky S. S. , Goodson J. M. , Lindhe J. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract Components of variance and intraclass correlation coefficients were computed for changes in attachment level, pocket depth, gingival and plaque index scores for 5 groups of treated periodontal disease patients and 1 group of untreated subjects with periodontal disease. The intraclass correlation coefficients for attachment level change ranged from 0.011 to 0.165 (median 0.067), while intraclass correlation coefficients for pocket depth changes ranged from ‐0.009 to 0.178 (median 0.071). These intraclass correlation coefficients were much lower than those computed for changes in measurements of plaque which ranged from 0.086 to 0.568 (median 0.268) or gingival inflammation which ranged from 0.119 to 0.522 (median 0.264). Intraclass correlation coefficients at baseline for pocket depths ranged from 0.000 to 0.199 (median 0.053). for plaque accumulation from 0.121 to 0.531 (median 0.222) and for gingival inflammation from 0.229 to 0.596 (median 0.391). The differences in the intraclass correlation coefficients between packet depth and attachment level on the one hand and plaque accumulation or gingival inflammation on the other could not be explained on the basis of differences in the measurement scale employed, since collapsing measurement scales had little effect on the intraclass correlation coefficients.The observed larger intraclass correlation coefficients for changes in plaque and gingival indices suggest a larger rôle for host contribution to these measurements. In contrast, the data suggest that the major but by no means the sole factor determining the variability of attachment level or pocket depth changes is the nature of the local factors.
3‐year longitudinal study of the periodontal status of an adult population with gingivitis
Authors: Listgarten M. A. , Schifter C. C. , Laster L. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract 69 adults ranging in age from 20 to 73 (mean age: 37) were randomly assigned to a control (C) and a test (T) group. Of these, 61 completed the 3‐year longitudinal study. All subjects had varying degrees of gingivitis at the start, but no overt periodontitis. Following a base line examination for PII, GI, probing depth (PD) and recession, a differential darkfield microscopic (DDFM) count of subgingival bacterial morphotypes was carried out on a pooled sample originating from one tooth surface in each sextant with the greatest probing depth. Examinations were repeated every 6 months for 3 years. The C group received regular prophylaxes every 6 months. The T subjects received prophylaxes according to a previously described schedule, and on the basis of the DDFM test outcome.Recall intervals at the end of the study for the T group ranged from 1 to 24 months (mean: 15.7 months). Of 30 subjects in the T group at the end of the study, one half had not had their teeth cleaned for periods of 18 to 36 months without any detectable deterioration in their periodontal status by comparison with the other T subjects or the patients in the C group. Both C and T subjects exhibited increased mean PII and GI scores as compared to base line during the first half of the study. However, mean PD measurements remained unchanged.Increases in PD from base line of 3 mm or more were observed only in approximately 1 out of a 1000 individual tooth surface comparisons, a frequency comparable to that expected to occur by chance alone. This observation indicates that in this population, little if any pocket formation occurred during the study period. GI score increases of 2 units or more occurred in relatively few subjects. 2 of 31 C patients accounted for 42 of the affected dental units, while 5 out of 30 T subjects accounted for 40.8 % of the affected dental units in that group. These observations suggest that despite the relatively high prevalence and incidence of gingivitis, the subjects were relatively resistant to periodontitis. Neither preventive schedule was effective in eliminating gingivitis. The lack of significant destructive disease in this population prevented any meaningful comparison of the relative effectiveness of the two preventive maintenance regimens in preventing recurrences of periodontitis.
Scaling and granulation tissue removal in periodontal therapy*
Authors: Lindhe Jan , Nyman Sture 
Published: December 2005

Abstract The present clinical trial was performed 10 study whether subgingival scaling is a method of therapy which is equally effective as “access” Haps in reducing gingivitis and probing depths and in improving probing attachment levels. The study was also designed to assess whether granulation tissue removal is a determining factor for proper healing in the treatment of periodontal disease.15 patients with advanced periodontal disease were included in the study‐ Each patient had at least 4 sites in each quadrant of the jaws with probing depths exceeding 6 mm. A baseline examination was performed to assess the following parameters: the oral hygiene status, the gingival conditions, the probing pocket depths and the probing attachment levels. In addition, in each quadrant, 3 approximal sites were selected for analysis of the subgingival microbiota. All of these sites showed signs of gingivitis. One site had a probing depth of <4 mm, another a probing depth between 4 and 6 mm and the third site had a probing depth exceeding 6 mm. The subgingival bacterial samples were‐ studied by dark‐field microscopy and the % of spirochetes and motile rods was assessed.By random selection the 4 jaw quadrants in each patient were treated for periodontal disease by the use of < 11 the modified Widman flap procedure, (2) the modified Kirkland flap procedure or by (3) non‐surgical scaling and root planing. In all, 20 quadrants were treated with each of the 3 procedures.After the termination of active periodontal treatment, all patients were recalled for professional tooth cleaning once every 2 weeks during a 12‐week period, Subsequently, they were recalled for prophylaxis every 3 months. The patients were examined 6 and 12 months after treatment using the same parameters as used at baseline.The data from the examinations demonstrated that subgingival scaling is an effective measure in the treatment of periodontal disease. Both in terms of average gingivitis resolution and average probing depth reduction, non‐surgical therapy appeared to be equally effective as a surgical approach to treatment. It was also observed, however, that following non‐surgical treatment, a larger number of sites with pockets exceeding 6 mm remained than following surgical therapy. Most of these deep pockets in non‐surgically treated quadrants bled on probing to the base of the pocket. In addition, the subgingival microbiola of such sites were found to harbor more than 20% spirochetes and motile rods.The present investigation also demonstrated that granulation tissue removal in conjunction with flap surgery is not a critical measure for the establishment of conditions which are conducive for proper healing of the periodontal tissues.No attempts were made in the present study to assess the effect of treatment in furcation areas. This means that conclusions drawn from the results obtained are valid only for tooth surfaces devoid of furcation involvements.
Periodontal conditions, remaining teeth and oral hygiene habits in a group of Vietnamese refugees in Norway
Authors: Selikowitz Harry‐Sam , Gjermo Per 
Published: December 2005

Abstract Since 1975, about 3500 Vietnamese refugees have come to Norway. The purpose of the present study was to report on remaining teeth and periodontal conditions in a population of 200 adolescent and adult Vietnamese refugees.The mean number of remaining teeth ranged from 27.8 in the youngest age group to 24.6 in the oldest. This number of teeth is slightly lower than reported from Norwegian populations, but similar to other Asian populations.Almost all index teeth showed dental plaque, and subgingival calculus was observed in 9 of 10 teeth after the age of 20. Gingival bleeding was seen on all index sites of 26.5% of the subjects and all subjects above the age of 40 had gingivitis adjacent to one or more index teeth.There was a progression of probeable pocket depths with increasing age. In the oldest age group, 72.7% had pockets between 3.5 mm and 5.5 mm.The data indicated that if optimal gingival conditions should be obtained, substantial resources would be required. In populations with limited resources and with relatively few subjects with severe periodontal breakdown, it is suggested that an identification of subjects “at risk” to be dentally handicapped through loss of teeth, should be a priority.
Periodontal ligament areas and occlusal forces in dentitions restored with cross‐arch bilateral end abutment bridges
Authors: Laurell Lars , Lundgren Dan 
Published: December 2005

Abstract The aim of the present investigation was to find out to what extent the magnitudes of chewing and biting forces in dentitions restored with cross‐arch bilateral end abutment bridges are correlated to the areas of the periodontal ligament supporting the abutment teeth.12 subjects whose dentitions had been periodontally treated and prosthetically restored participated in the study.The chewing and biting forces were measured in various parts of as well as over the entire dentition simultaneously using 4 strain gauge transducers bilaterally placed in pontics of the posterior (first molar/second premolar) and anterior regions.Based on calculations of the periodontal ligament areas, a new periodontal support index. PSI1, is introduced. This index expresses the relation between the total remaining periodontal ligament area supporting the bridge abutments and total maximal periodontal ligament area if all teeth were preserved as abutments. It is compared with the index of Ante. PSIA, which expresses the relation between the total remaining periodontal ligament area of all abutments and the total maximal periodontal ligament area of all replaced teeth.Within the present group of subjects. PSIL varied from 10 to 44% and PSIA from 17 to 118%.Based on the results of the correlation analyses, it is suggested that in dentitions restored with cross‐arch bilateral end abutment bridges, the magnitude of the chewing forces is positively correlated to the areas of the periodontal ligament supporting the bridge abutments, whereas the periodontal ligament areas have no influence on the comparatively larger biting forces.The relevance of the 2 periodontal support indices and the clinical implications of the results of the study are discussed.
Effect of self‐administered daily irrigation with 0.02% SnF2 on periodontal disease activity
Authors: Boyd R. L. , Leggott P. , Quinn R. , Buchanan S. , Eakle W. , Chambers D. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract To determine the effect on periodontal health of a daily self‐administered irrigation with 0.02% stannous fluoride (SnF2) solution, 28 subjects who had moderate to advanced periodontitis were randomly divided into 3 groups: a control group (n= 9) which used no irrigation, a group (n= 8) which used a self‐administered water irrigation device (Water Pik) daily with water (H2O group) and a group (n=11) which used the Water Pik in a similar manner but with SnF2 solution (SnF2 group). All subjects were instructed in routine tooth brushing and flossing but received no other periodontal treatment. 4 study sites were selected from each patient which had pocket depths greater than 4 mm and bleeding upon probing.Plaque index, gingival index, bleeding tendency, pocket depth, loss of attachment, and microbiologic samples of subgingival plaque for morphologic determinations were collected from all study sites at baseline, 2, 6, and 10 weeks. A cross‐over was then initiated for 2 additional monthly checks in which the H2O group changed to SnF2 and the SnF2 group was divided into 2 subgroups which either continued to use SnF2 or changed to H2O. The control group completed the study at the beginning of the crossover.The clinical data showed significantly more improvement in periodontal health during the first 10 weeks for the SnF2 group (p < 0.01). After cross‐over, the clinical data indicated the group that changed from H2O to SnF2 significantly improved their periodontal health, while the group that changed from SnF2 to H2O became worse. The microbiologic data showed trends which agreed with the clinical data during the first 10 weeks but were less significant. After cross‐over, the %s of motile rods and spirochetes were too small (0–7%) to establish statistically significant changes considering the accuracy of the technique used.
Healing after treatment of periodontal intraosseous defects
Authors: Renvert Stefan , Garrett Steven , Shallhorn Robert G. , Egelberg Jan 
Published: December 2005

Abstract The present study was performed to determine whether the healing of periodontal intraosseous defects could be improved through the combined use of citric acid conditioning of the root surfaces and grafting of autogenous intraoral cancellous bone. 28 proximal defects in 19 patients were treated surgically including acid conditioning of the root surfaces. Another 25 defects in these patients were treated with acid conditioning combined with osseous grafts using the maxillary tuberosity areas as donor sites.Both therapies, e.g., citric acid conditioning alone and acid conditioning combined with osseous grafting resulted in approximately 1 mm gains of probing attachment and probing bone levels. Within the parameters of this study, osseous grafting did not enhance the effect of citric acid conditioning alone. Limited improvement of the treated defects of the present study was obtained in spite of the use of supplementary regenerative techniques.
Microbiological and clinical effects of surgical treatment of localized juvenile periodontitis
Authors: Christersson Lars A. , Slots Jørgen , Rosling Bengt G. , Genco Robert J. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract Since Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans appears to be a key etiologic agent in localized juvenile periodontitis, this study determined the effectiveness of different treatment modalities in suppressing A. actinomycetemcomitans in localized juvenile periodontitis lesions. A total of 25 deep. periodontal lesions from 7 patients with localized juvenile periodontitis were included in the study. The test periodontal lesions either received scaling and root planing alone, scaling and root planing together with soft tissue curettage, or modified Widman (lap surgery. Subgingival A. actinomycetemcomitans were enumerated using selective culturing. Clinical measurements included changes in probing periodontal attachment level, probing periodontal pocket depth, gingival index, plaque index, and digital subtraction of standardized serial radiographs. The microbiological and clinical effects of treatment were monitored over a period of 16 weeks.All periodontal lesions studied demonstrated high numbers of A. actinomycetemcomitans prior to treatment. Scaling and root planing alone did not markedly change the subgingival A. actinomycetemcomitans counts, nor any of the clinical parameters studied. In contrast, soft tissue curettage as well as modified Widman flap surgery suppressed A. actinomycetemcomitans to undetectable levels immediately after therapy in more than 80% of the lesions studied. A total of 5 periodontal lesions exhibited gain of probing periodontal attachment after subgingival curettage or Widman flap treatment; 3 of these sites revealed no detectable A. actinomycetemcomitans, and the remaining 2 sites harbored only low levels of A. actinomycetemcomitans. 5 periodontal lesions which lost probing attachment after treatment all demonstrated high numbers of subgingival A. actinomycetemcomitans. Changes in alveolar bone, assessed by digital subtraction of serial radiographs, correlated with changes in probing periodontal attachment level, confirming the clinical results.The present study revealed a close relationship between post‐treatment A. actinomycetemcomitans levels and the clinical response to treatment, which supports the concept that A. actinomycetemcomitans is an important organism in the etiology of localized juvenile periodontitis. This study also showed that a substantial suppression of subgingival A. actinomycetemcomitans cannot be achieved by periodontal scaling and root planing alone, but can be accomplished by surgical removal of periodontal tissues. However, the predictability of surgical procedures in suppressing subgingival A. actinomycetemcomitans was poorer than that obtained in a previous study in which systemic tetracycline was used without concomitant periodontal surgery.
Relationship between some subgingival bacteria and periodontal pocket depth and gain or loss of periodontal attachment after treatment of adult periodontitis
Authors: Slots Jørgen , Emrich Lawrence J. , Genco Robert J. , Rosling Bengt G. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract We studied the association between post‐treatment periodontal disease activity and subgingival Bacteroides gingivalis. Bacteroides intermedius, spirochetes and motile rods. 20 adults. 22–62 years, with moderate‐to‐severe periodontitis participated in a split‐mouth treatment study. All individual quadrants received supragingival cleaning and in addition, subgingival scaling and a NaHCO3–NaCl‐H2O2 slurry, subgingival scaling alone, slurry alone, or no subgingival treatment. Post‐treatment periodontal disease status was determined over a period of 12 months by changes in probing periodontal pocket depth and probing periodontal attachment level. Subgingival specimens obtained by paper point‐sampling were evaluated for B. gingivalis and B. intermedius using indirect immunofluorescence and for spirochetes and motile rods using bright light phase contrast microscopy. A total of 142 periodontitis lesions representing all 4 quadrants of the 20 subjects were studied. The relationship between clinical data and bacteria was analyzed using logistic regression.The probability of the study organisms being present in subgingival sites at 3 to 6 months after treatment increased with increased residual pocket depth. The presence of B. gingivalis showed a strong positive association (p<0.004) with loss of periodontal attachment. A significant association was also found for spirochetes (p<0.008) but not for motile rods (p>0.35) or B. intermedius (p>0.13). Similar results were obtained at 12 months after therapy, except that the presence of motile rods was significantly associated with loss of periodontal attachment (p<0.03).Caution must be exercised when using B. gingivalis or spirochetes to evaluate treatment efficacy. If the presence of these organisms was utilized to indicate progressing periodontitis many active lesions could be identified, and only 1 to 17% and 13 to 43% of sites in remission at 3–6 months after therapy would be expected to harbor B. gingivalis and spirochetes respectively. The consequences of treating periodontal sites in remission would mainly be limited to cost and inconvenience. However, since several active periodontitis lesions did not reveal the organisms, treatment decisions based solely on the absence of the organisms may result in the omission of needed therapy. As a practical consideration, periodontal treatment should be continued as long as B. gingivalis and maybe spirochetes are detectable in the subgingival microflora. In the absence of these organisms, and until additional periodontal pathogens have become known, the decision to continue or conclude periodontal therapy must be based on clinical grounds.