bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Community‐Acquired pneumonia: A review and recent advances
Authors: Stein Renato T. , Marostica Paulo José Cauduro 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn the beginning of this 21st century, community‐acquired pneumonias (CAP) are still responsible for a significant number of deaths among young children in many developing countries. Public health initiatives such as those proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO) for the management of CAP by means of identifying highly predictable signs and symptoms have had great positive impact in some communities. Still, this approach induces an overdiagnosis and overtreatment of CAP in children below the age of 5 years due to the misclassification of pneumonia in children with fast breathing associated with viral bronchiolitis. Even among children of developed countries, CAP is an important public health problem and many aspects of current diagnostic and management measures are discussed here. In this article, we review the epidemiology and basic concepts of CAP and update current information on clinical evaluation and management of the disease. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2007; 42:1095–1103. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A statistical approach to the prediction of pKa values in proteins
Authors: He Yun , Xu Jialin , Pan Xian‐Ming 
Published: June 2007

AbstractWe propose a simple model for the calculation of pKa values of ionizable residues in proteins. It is based on the premise that the pKa shift of ionizable residues is linearly correlated to the interaction between a particular residue and the local environment created by the surrounding residues. Despite its simplicity, the model displays good prediction performance. Under the sixfold cross test prediction over a data set of 405 experimental pKa values in 73 protein chains with known structures, the root‐mean‐square deviation (RMSD) between the experimental and calculated pKa was found to be 0.77. The accuracy of this model increases with increasing size of the data set: the RMSD is 0.609 for glutamate (the largest data set with 141 sites) and ∼1 pH unit for lysine, with a data set containing 45 sites. Proteins 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Coherent and ultrafast optoelectronics in III–V semiconductor compounds
Authors: Först M. , Nagel M. , Awad M. , Wächter M. , Dekorsy T. , Kurz H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIII–V compound semiconductors offer a fascinating multitude of phenomena which have become accessible via ultrafast time‐resolved spectroscopy. Coherent vibronic and electronic dynamics are prepared by excitation with taylored femtosecond laser pulses. The analysis of their temporal dephasing or decay provides deep insights into the interaction between electronic and vibronic degrees of freedem and the surrounding bath in high purity quantum structures. In contrast to coherent electronic or vibronic states, deliberately introduced growth defects can be used to drastically shorten the lifetime of optically excited carriers. Sub‐picosecond carrier lifetimes open the possibility to realize ultrafast saturable absorbers and optoelectronic transducer elements. They are particularly important as key elements in THz technology, such as efficient THz emitters, detectors, and for on‐chip THz technology. This paper summarizes the most distinguished results relevant in the context of ultrafast optoelectronics and THz technology obtained in close collaboration with the Paul‐Drude‐Institute Berlin over the past decade. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
In‐situ synthesis of transparent and conductive carbon nanotube networks
Authors: Lima Márcio D. , de Andrade Mônica J. , Skákalová Viera , Nobre Felipe , Bergmann Carlos P. , Roth Siegmar 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA method for the production of transparent carbon nanotube networks (CNTNs) over transparent substrates was developed. In this method, CNTNs were grown directly in the target surface by applying the catalyst in specific zones of the substrate through lithographic techniques. The networks can be also transferred from the original substrate to other surfaces. The newly grown carbon nanotubes have a very high aspect ratio (>50000). Thus far, networks with an optical transmittance of 94% at 550 nm and a surface resistivity of 3.6 kΩ/sq have been produced. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Fact or friction: a model for understanding the openability of wide mouth closures
Authors: Yoxall A. , Janson R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractUnderstanding and improving openability is becoming more and more important in the packaging industry. Specific tests or focus groups can be used to determine whether users have problems with packaging; however, these are both time consuming and expensive. This paper outlines a method by which it is possible to predict openability for any kind of closure by utilizing simple and quick tests, and by mathematically adapting strength test data. The method is demonstrated on wide mouth closures, and shows that there are optimum values for jar diameter and friction for containers of this type to enable increased openability. The data indicates that the optimum diameter for a jar lid is around 73mm, and therefore lids of this diameter are the easiest for consumers to open. The process outlined can be used to improve openability of packaging while keeping costs to a minimum. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantification of triacylglycerol regioisomers in oils and fat using different mass spectrometric and liquid chromatographic methods
Authors: Leskinen Heidi , Suomela Jukka‐Pekka , Kallio Heikki 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe regioisomers (sn‐ABA/sn‐AAB) of four triacylglycerols (TAGs), 18:2/18:2/18:1 (LLO), 18:2/18:1/18:1 (LOO), 16:0/18:1/18:1 (POO), and 16:0/16:0/18:1 (PPO), were quantified in lard, rapeseed oil, and sunflower seed oil by three different mass spectrometric methods using liquid chromatography (LC) and two different mass spectrometers. The ionization methods used were positive ion atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), positive ion electrospray ionization (ESI), and negative ion chemical ionization (NICI) with ammonia as the reagent gas. The LC/APCI‐MS results with two different instrumentation types, LC/ESI‐MS/MS and direct inlet ammonia NICI‐MS/MS, were compared. The LC/APCI‐MS method is based on the preferential formation of diacylglycerol (DAG) fragment ions during ionization by loss of sn‐1/3 fatty acids from [M+H]+ ions. Similar formation of the DAG ions from [M+NH4]+ ions by collision‐induced dissociation (CID) in the LC/ESI‐MS/MS method and the [M−HRCOOH−100]− ions from [M−H]− ions by CID in the direct inlet ammonia NICI‐MS/MS method is observed. These methods were found to be useful and reliable in determining the regioisomeric structure of TAGs. No statistically significant differences were found between the results obtained with these methods. For LLO, LOO, and POO the proportions of sn‐ABA isomer calculated from the results from all four methods were in rapeseed oil 7.7 ± 6.5, 57.9 ± 3.3, and 4.5 ± 6.1%, respectively, and in sunflower seed oil 12.2 ± 6.9, 34.0 ± 5.2, and 1.4 ± 2.8%, respectively. The proportions of ABA of POO and PPO in lard were 95.3 ± 3.2 and 4.9 ± 5.6%, respectively. This study also proved that the LC/APCI‐MS/MS method examined is not applicable in the quantification of TAG regioisomers because the formation of DAG ions is not clearly dependent on the positional distribution of the fatty acids. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry method for the quantification of yttrium‐antibody based drugs using stable isotope tracing
Authors: Ciavardelli Domenico , D'Anniballe Gaetano , Nano Giuseppe , Martin Franck , Federici Giorgio , Sacchetta Paolo , Di Ilio Carmine , Urbani Andrea 
Published: June 2007

AbstractTargeted radioimmunotherapy has been recently clinically validated and approved for the treatment of cancer by the US Food and Drug Administration. This therapeutic approach employs monoclonal antibodies directed to cancer‐related, cell‐surface antigens coupled to β‐emitting nuclides. 90Y is one of the most useful radioisotopes in the development of antibody based radioimmunotherapy and evaluation of the pharmacokinetic profile for 90Y‐radiopharmaceuticals is usually performed by radiochemical methods. In this work we have developed an alternative radioactive‐free approach to evaluate pharmacokinetic profiles based on the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric (ICP‐MS) quantification of 89Y. A highly sensitive and rapid method for the determination of yttrium in urine is described and applied to evaluate the urinary clearance of antibody‐based drugs labeled with the stable isotope of yttrium, 89Y. This approach overcomes some important limitations for pre‐clinical radioanalytical methods such as radiation hazards and radioactive waste disposal. Method development was performed by determining detection and quantification limits, and precision as repeatability and trueness. These performance parameters fulfilled the acceptance criteria for bioanalytical methods. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new mathematical approach for calculating the contribution of anammox, denitrification and atmosphere to an N2 mixture based on a 15N tracer technique
Authors: Spott Oliver , Stange C. Florian 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDenitrification and anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) have been identified as biotic key processes of N2 formation during global nitrogen cycling. Based on the principle of a 15N tracer technique, new analytical expressions have been derived for a calculation of the fractions of N2 simultaneously released by anammox and denitrification. An omnipresent contamination with atmospheric N2 is also taken into account and is furthermore calculable in terms of a fraction. Two different mathematical approaches are presented which permit a precise calculation of the contribution of anammox, denitrification, and atmosphere to a combined N2 mixture. The calculation is based on a single isotopic analysis of a sampled N2 mixture and the determination of the 15N abundance of nitrite and nitrate (simplified approach) or of ammonium, nitrite, and nitrate (comprehensive approach). Calculations are even processable under conditions where all basal educts of anammox and denitrification (ammonium, nitrite, and nitrate) are differently enriched in 15N. An additional determination of concentrations of dissolved N compounds is unnecessary. Finally, the presented approach is transferable to studies focused on terrestrial environments where N2 is formed by denitrification and simultaneously by codenitrification or chemodenitrification. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of spoken questions using similarity‐based TF·AoI
Authors: Kimura Yasutomo , Araki Kenji , Tochinai Koji 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSimilarity is utilized in the retrieval and extraction of information, but it can also be used in dialog processing. Spoken dialog processing must deal with speech recognition error, interjections and noise, and it is rare that the same expressions are used consistently. It is required to find a sentence which is similar to the input sentence while taking account of these phenomena. This paper proposes an identification method for the question sentence based onTF·AoI(term frequency×amount of information) weighting. In this method, the words contained in the input sentence are weighted by (word similarity)×(amount of information). Then, based on the calculated Euclidean distance, the response corresponding to the question with the highest similarity is output. Comparison experiments verify an improvement of 13 points over the method of comparison by matching ratio to the input sentence, and by 6.5 points over the method of “similarity byTF·AoIweighting.” © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 38(10): 81– 94, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.20363
Scale change and rotation invariant digital image watermarking method
Authors: Tone Mizuki , Hamada Nozomu 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn recent years attention has focused on digital image watermarking as a method for copyright protection of digital images. Since users of images make distortions such as enlarging or reducing images depending on the application, digital image watermarking which is robust to geometric distortions has been demanded. Compensation for changes in the relative position of pixels is needed in order to allow watermarking to be detected from images with geometric distortions. In this paper we propose a method that uses feature points to perform compensations and then use frequency components to embed and detect watermarks. The feature points are obtained by a Harris‐Affine detector. At first, ellipsoids around a feature point are extracted from an image, each ellipsoid normalized to a circle, and a watermark embedded into that frequency component. Geometric distortion compensation is then performed by extracting ellipsoids in the same manner during detection and normalizing the ellipsoids into circles to detect watermarks. Using feature points for the compensation eliminates the need to embed markers for original images and positioning thereby making it possible to compensate for affine distortions such as scale and rotation. Furthermore, since one elliptical embedment region is determined for each single feature point, the watermark insertion region can be correctly extracted even if detection of several feature points fails due to distortion. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 38(10): 1– 11, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.20670
Surface cavities produced by high‐dose nitrogen ion implantation into silicon
Authors: Rudolphi M. , Markwitz A. , Baumann H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractNitrogen ion implantation (24 keV, 4.6 × 1017 cm−2) into (100) a p‐type silicon wafer material and a subsequent electron beam annealing at 1100 °C for 15 s under high vacuum conditions leads to the formation of an uneven surface in the implanted region caused by nitrogen bubbles beneath the surface. Annealing at 1200 °C for 300 s results in surface cavities with a mean diameter of 350 nm and a surface coverage of 3–4% and an average depth of ∼60 nm. Nuclear reaction analysis reveals that the nitrogen concentration in the as‐implanted state exceeds 57 at%, the value of stoichiometric Si3N4. Annealing at 1100 °C for 15 s slightly reduces the nitrogen peak concentration, whereas annealing at 1200 °C for 300 s induces a significant alteration to the shape of the nitrogen depth profile coupled with the lowering of the concentration close to the stoichiometry of Si3N4. The results present a new method of producing sub‐micrometre cavities embedded in a thin silicon nitride film on wafer silicon which may lead to novel micro‐electronic and biotechnology applications. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Bayesian approach for incorporating economic factors in sample size design for clinical trials of individual drugs and portfolios of drugs
Authors: Patel Nitin R. , Ankolekar Suresh 
Published: June 2007

AbstractClassical approaches to clinical trial design ignore economic factors that determine economic viability of a new drug. We address the choice of sample size in Phase III trials as a decision theory problem using a hybrid approach that takes a Bayesian view from the perspective of a drug company and a classical Neyman–Pearson view from the perspective of regulatory authorities. We incorporate relevant economic factors in the analysis to determine the optimal sample size to maximize the expected profit for the company. We extend the analysis to account for risk by using a ‘satisficing’ objective function that maximizes the chance of meeting a
management‐specified target level of profit. We extend the models for single drugs to a portfolio of clinical trials and optimize the sample sizes to maximize the expected profit subject to budget constraints. Further, we address the portfolio risk and optimize the sample sizes to maximize the probability of achieving a given target of expected profit. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Weighted estimating equations for longitudinal studies with death and non‐monotone missing time‐dependent covariates and outcomes
Authors: Shardell Michelle , Miller Ram R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractWe propose a marginal modeling approach to estimate the association between a time‐dependent covariate and an outcome in longitudinal studies where some study participants die during follow‐up and both variables have non‐monotone response patterns. The proposed method is an extension of weighted estimating equations that allows the outcome and covariate to have different missing‐data patterns. We present methods for both random and non‐random missing‐data mechanisms. A study of functional recovery in a cohort of elderly female hip‐fracture patients motivates the approach. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changes in nutritional properties of yam (Dioscorea spp.), plantain (Musa spp.) and cassava (Manihot esculenta) during storage
Authors: Sahoré DA , Nemlin GJ , Kamenan A 
Published: June 2007

AbstractWhite cassava roots (bitter variety), plantain stems (‘Afoto’ variety) and yam tubers (Dioscorea alata ‘Florido’) were stored for 28 days after harvest in the laboratory in ambient conditions (28°C). The changes in their nutritional properties (moisture, acidity, protein, lipid, carbohydrate, total sugar, ash and calorific value) were studied after different periods of storage. The nutritional changes of the three commodities were described and compared. Cassava and green plantain could be kept for a week without significant deterioration but showed progressive deterioration thereafter, while yam tubers underwent only slight changes over the total 4‐week storage period. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Observed to expected lung area to head circumference ratio in the prediction of survival in fetuses with isolated diaphragmatic hernia
Authors: Jani J. , Nicolaides K. H. , Keller R. L. , Benachi A. , Peralta C. F. A. , Favre R. , Moreno O. , Tibboel D. , Lipitz S. , Eggink A. , Vaast P. , Allegaert K. , Harrison M. , Deprest J. ,   on behalf of the Antenatal‐CDH‐Registry Group
Published: June 2007

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the value of antenatally determined observed to expected fetal lung area to head circumference ratio (LHR) in the prediction of postnatal survival in isolated, congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH).MethodsTwo groups of fetuses were examined. The first group included 650 normal fetuses at 12–32 weeks' gestation, and the data collected were used to establish a normal range of observed to expected LHR with gestational age. The second group included the data of a retrospective multicenter study of 354 fetuses with isolated CDH in which the LHR was measured on one occasion at 18–38 weeks' gestation. The patients were divided into those with left‐sided CDH with and without intrathoracic herniation of the liver and right‐sided CDH. Regression analysis was used to determine the significant predictors of postnatal survival.ResultsIn both the normal fetuses and those with CDH the LHR increased but the observed to expected LHR did not change significantly with gestational age. In normal fetuses the mean observed to expected LHR in the left lung was 100% (95% CI, 61–139%) and in the right lung it was 100% (95% CI, 67–133%). In fetuses with CDH the mean observed to expected LHR was 39% (range 7–79%). Regression analysis demonstrated that significant predictors of survival were the observed to expected LHR (odds ratio (OR) 1.09, 95% CI, 1.06–1.12), side of CDH (left side OR 11.14, 95% CI, 3.41–36.39) and gestational age at delivery (OR 1.18, 95% CI, 1.02–1.36).ConclusionIn CDH, the LHR increases while observed to expected LHR is independent of gestational age. In fetuses with both left‐ and right‐sided CDH, measurement of the observed to expected LHR provides a useful prediction of subsequent survival. Copyright © 2007 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Green Tea Catechin Extract Upregulates the Hepatic Low‐Density Lipoprotein Receptor in Rats
Authors: Bursill Christina A. , Roach Paul D. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractGreen tea extracts have hypocholesterolaemic properties in epidemiological and animal intervention studies. Upregulation of the low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor may be one mechanism to explain this as it is the main way cholesterol is removed from the circulation. This study aimed to determine if a green tea extract could upregulate the hepatic LDL receptor in vivo in the rat. A green tea extract (GTE) enriched in its anti‐oxidant constituents, the catechins, was fed to rats (n = 6) at concentrations of either 0, 0.5, 1.0 or 2.0% (w/w) mixed in with their normal chow along with 0.25% (w/w) cholesterol for 12 days. Administration of the GTE had no effect on plasma total or LDL cholesterol concentrations but high‐density lipoprotein significantly increased (41%; p < 0.05). Interestingly, there was a significant increase in LDL receptor binding activity (2.7‐fold) and LDL receptor protein (3.4‐fold) in the 2% (w/w) treatment group compared to controls. There were also significant reductions in liver total and unesterified cholesterol (40%). Administration of the GTE significantly reduced cholesterol absorption (24%) but did not affect cholesterol synthesis. These results show that, despite no effect on plasma cholesterol, the GTE upregulated the LDL receptor in vivo. This appears to be via a reduction in liver cholesterol concentration and suggests that the green tea extract was able to increase the efflux of cholesterol from liver cells.
Antioxidant Activity of Oat Malt Extracts in Accelerated Corn Oil Oxidation
Authors: Pike Paul R. , Abdel‐Aal El‐Sayed M. , McElroy Arthur R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractOat cultivar AC Vermont was malted to concentrate antioxidants, milled to fractionate only the endosperm portion and extracted with methanol to isolate the crude antioxidants. The oat malt antioxidant fraction was assessed as a natural antioxidant based upon enhancing the stability of corn oil against oxidation and compared to the synthetic antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). The induction time (time required for the formation of 10 meq hydroperoxide per kilogram corn oil thermally oxidized) was used to measure antioxidant activity of oat antioxidant or BHT. The protection factor achieved by crude oat malt antioxidant extract concentrate at 0.26% (2,600 μg/g) was comparable to BHT (75 μg/g). The antioxidant activity of the oat and barley malt extract concentrates was not significantly different. However, the extract concentrate of oat malt had 44% less color compared to that of barley malt at equal concentrations showing its potential as a natural food antioxidant.