bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Suppression of Immunologic Function and Degeneration of Lymphoid Organs in Cyclophosphamide-Treated Turkeys
Authors: Elmubarak A. K. , Sharma J. M. , Lee L. F. , Sanger V. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Neonatal administration of 8 to 20 mg of cyclophosphamide (cy) in turkey poults resulted in a marked alteration in the morphologic features of all major lymphoid organs. Cyclophosphamide induced severe deficiency in antibody response to multiple injections of Brucella abortus and sheep rbc and in vitro proliferative response of peripheral blood leukocytes to concanavalin A. The morphologic regeneration of thymus and of thymus-dependent areas was marked in all major lymphoid organs by posttreatment day 15. This regeneration preceded functional recovery of the mitogenic response of peripheral blood leukocytes. The regeneration of the bursa and bursa-dependent areas in other lymphoid organs was minimal through posttreatment day 27. Thus, cy may be used effectively in turkeys as an immunosuppressive reagent.
Field Studies: Pseudomonas Pneumonia of Mink
Authors: Long Gerald G. , Gorham John R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Epizootics of pneumonia in mink caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa were investigated to characterize the serotype of organisms and to identify possible predisposing factors. Most epizootics were associated with P aeruginosa Fisher serotype 1, and a few were associated with 3 other serotypes. There were no predisposing factors identified that could be used to differentiate farms affected and those not affected with pseudomonas pneumonia.
Cultural studies indicated that P aeruginosa was present in mink from affected and nonaffected herds. Organisms isolated included serotypes associated with naturally occurring disease. Serostudy results were similar among herds. A prospective field vaccination trial did not yield definitive results, since only slight losses occurred in both vaccinated and nonvaccinated mink. Significant levels of antibody were detected in mink 15 to 17 weeks after they were given a angle dose of P aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide vaccine.
Ail Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Using an EDTA-Extracted Antigen for the Serology of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae
Authors: Nicolet J. , Paroz Ph. , Krawinkler M. , Baumgartner A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was proposed as an alternative to the complement-fixation test (cf) for the detection of antibodies of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae, agent of the pleuropneumonia in pigs. In tests done with different antigen-extraction procedures (including Tween 20, sodium dodecyl sulfate, aqueous phenol, Sonification, and heat treatment at 120 C), ethylenediaminetetraacetic add (edta) provided a satisfactorily reactive antigen. Chromatography purification on Sephacryl S200 improved the specificity of this antigen. Using hyperimmune rabbit sera, we investigated the specificity and the sensitivity of the elisa with the edta-purified antigen of the different serotypes of H pleuropneumoniae on selected swine sera in herds with confirmed H pleuropneumoniae infection, from specific-pathogen-free animals showing doubtful cf reactions. The elisa proved to be highly specific and more sensitive than the cf test. Furthermore, evidence of cross-reactions with H parasuis, a common bacteria isolated in swine populations, was not founds.
Plasma α-Fetoprotein Concentrations in Pregnant Cows Exposed to Sarcocystis cruzi, Campylobacter fetus, or Aspergillus fumigatus
Authors: Baetz Albert L. , Crandell Salle E. , Schmerr Mary Jo F. , Barnett Dean , John H. Bryner 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Bovine α-fetoprotein (afp) was determined in maternal plasma, using radioimmunoassay in an attempt to detect and monitor fetal distress in pregnant cows. Plasma from pregnant cows in the 4th to 5th month of the gestation which had been exposed to Sarcocystis cruzi, Campylobacter fetus, or Aspergillus fumigatus was used.
Plasma afp concentrations were determined at intervals from before the cows were exposed until they had aborted or calved. The plasma afp concentration of the exposed pregnant cattle remained at 6.5 ± 5.0 ng/ml until 24 to 48 hours before abortion or parturition, when the value increased to 25.0 ± 8.0 ng/ml. This pattern was similar for cattle exposed to each of the infective agents. Unlike in persons, rats, or monkeys, fetal-maternal transfer of afp seems to be minimal in cows even with inflammation or necrosis of the placentome. Thus, changes in afp concentrations in bovine plasma cannot be used as a diagnostic tool for fetal distress or fetal death.
Coagulation Studies of Plasmas from Healthy Domesticated Animals and Persons
Authors: Greene Craig E. , Tsang Victor C. W. , Prestwood Annie K. , Meriwether Emily A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Optimal reaction conditions for the activated partial thromboplastin time (aptt), 1-stage prothrombin time (pt), and Russell's viper venom time were studied for pooled plasmas of horses, cattle, sheep, goats, swine, dogs, cats, and persons. Changes in CaCl2 and NaCl concentrations had significant effects on the aptt and pt reactions. The aptt was more sensitive than the pt to changes in CaCl2 concentration. The CaCl2 concentration recommended by the manufacturer for the aptt was suboptimal for some of plasmas of domesticated animals in the study. Infusorial earth (Celite, activator) concentration provided by the manufacturer was optimal for plasmas of all species, with exception of horses and swine. Optimal incubation times for the aptt for the equine, bovine, ovine, and caprine plasmas were shorter than the 5 minutes recommended for human plasma. Optimal incubations for porcine and canine plasmas were longer than 5 minutes. The aptt and pt of all plasmas were stable for up to 3 hours' storage at 4 C in all species' plasmas tested with exception of the porcine plasma.
Clinical Evaluation of the New Compound Diphenylsilanediol for Anti-epileptic Efficacy and Toxicity
Authors: Cunningham James G. , Ford Richard B. , Gifford Julie A. , Hulce Verne D. , Chandler Michael L. , LeVier Robert R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A controlled clinical trial of the anti-epileptic efficacy and toxic side effects of diphenylsilanediol was conducted on 24 client-owned epileptic dogs. Data obtained from an abbreviated procedural treatment program indicated that diphenylsilanediol compared favorably with primidone as an anti-epileptic compound, but had limiting toxic side effects to the liver, pancreas, and possibly to other tissues.
There was a mean reduction of 60.7% in seizure frequency in 15 epileptic dogs treated with diphenylsilanediol when compared with their pretreatment frequency. There was a mean reduction of 55.6% in seizure frequency in 9 epileptic control dogs treated with primidone.
Samples of blood obtained from the dogs in the program on the 4th, 8th, 12th, 24th, and 36th weeks of treatment were examined for complete blood cell count, blood urea nitrogen, liver function, and pancreatic function.
Toxic side effects were not seen among the primidone-treated control dogs, with the exception of occasional dose-related drowsiness.
Among the diphenylsilanediol treated dogs, 3 developed liver disease, 2 developed definite pancreatic changes, and 2 showed evidence of bone marrow suppression. Four dogs died during treatment with diphenylsilanediol, whereas no deaths occurred during the same interval of primidone therapy.
Longevity and Productivity of Taenia taeniaeformis in Cats
Authors: Williams Jeffrey F. , Shearer Alma M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The longevity and productivity of Taenia taeniaeformis were studied in experimentally infected cats. Nineteen of 20 cats became infected after they were given 8 to 12 strobilocerci. In 8 cats, mean prepatent period was 47.1 days ± 5.9 sem (34 to 80 days). Patent periods in the infected cats were 7 to 34 months. In 11 cats in which the infections were allowed to terminate naturally (spontaneous recovery), mean patent period was 17.4 months ± 2.3. Two of these cats were then given a 2nd dose of strobilocerci and both became reinfected.
The mean daily proglottid output in 6 cats followed throughout the patent period was 4.3 ± 0.5. Destrobilization occurred spontaneously and sporadically throughout the infection, but did not always increase at the time of natural termination. Usually, proglottid productivity began to decrease after the 1st year of infection. Shed proglottids contained 0 to 12,180 eggs, with a mean of 1,606 ± 402, but more than 60% of the segments contained 500 or less. Taenia taeniaeformis appeared to be as persistent as other taeniids, such as T ovis and T hydatigena in the dog, but it was far less prolific as an egg producer.
Interspecies Transmission of Cytauxzoon felis
Authors: Kier A. B. , Wightman S. R. , Wagner J. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The causative agent of feline cytauxzoonosis was experimentally inoculated into 4 species of domestic farm animals, 9 species of laboratory animals, and 17 wildlife species. The inoculum consisted of freshly collected or deep-frozen blood and/or tissue homogenates from domestic cats euthanatized in extremis with experimentally transmitted feline cytauxzoonosis. A bobcat, Lynx rufus floridanus (Florida bobcat), developed cytauxzoonosis typical of the disease observed in domestic cats and died of the disease 2 weeks after inoculation. A persistent parasitemia, but no overt signs of illness, developed in another bobcat, Lynx rufus rufus (eastern bobcat). The sheep developed a low persistent parasitemia, but no clinical signs of illness. There was no clear evidence of cytauxzoonosis demonstrated by necropsy or histopathologic or blood smear examinations in all other species. Additionally, freshly collected blood and/or tissue homogenates from animals of various species, except bobcats, failed to produce evidence of cytauxzoonosis when subinoculated into domestic cats.
Effects of Various Treatments on Induced Chronic Aflatoxicosis in Rabbits
Authors: Clark J. Derrell , Jain Anant V. , Hatch Roger C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Male New Zealand White rabbits were orally given 0.05 mg of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)/kg of body weight daily for 10 days and were treated with glutathione-precursors and depletor, antibacterial agents, or sodium thiosulfate. The drug administered, the mortality, and the mean survival time were as follows: corn-oil controls (0), euthanatized at 25 days; AFB1-controls (2), 21 days; AFB1 and saline controls (2), 22 days; cysteine and AFB1 (5), 13 days; methionine and AFB1 (5), 12 days; sodium thiosulfate and AFB1 (2), 21 days; sulfadimethoxine and AFB1 (1), 24 days; oxytetracycline and AFB1 (0), euthanatized at 25 days; and ethyl maleate and AFB1 (3), 21 days.
Clinical signs of toxicosis included decreased feed consumption during AFB1 administration, loss of body weight or failure to gain, and death. Clinicopathologic changes included increases in serum bilirubin concentration and alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities. Prothrombin and activated partial thromboplastin times were lengthened. Plasma fibrinogen concentration was decreased. Changes in pcv, hemoglobin concentration, and serum alkaline phosphatase were unremarkable. Oxytetracycline had protective effects against chronic aflatoxicosis in rabbits. Cysteine and methionine enhanced chronic aflatoxicosis.
Toxicologic Study of Carboxyatractyloside (Active Principle in Cocklebur—Xanthium strumarium) in Rats Treated with Enzyme Inducers and Inhibitors and Glutathione Precursor and Depletor
Authors: Hatch Roger C. , Jain Anant V. , Weiss Raul , Clark J. Derrell 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Male rats (10 rats/group) were treated with phenobarbital (pb), phenylbutazone (pbz), stanozolol (3 inducers of cytochrome P450-dependent enzymes), piperonyl butoxide (pbo; a P450 inhibitor), cobaltous chloride (CoCl2; an inhibitor of hemoprotein synthesis), 5,6-benzoflavone (bnf; an inducer of cytochrome P448 dependent enzymes), cysteine [cys; a glutathione (gsh) precursor], or ethyl maleate (em; a gsh depletor). The rats were then given a calculated LD50 dosage (13.5 mg/kg of body weight) of carboxyatractyloside (cat) intraperitoneally. Clinical signs of toxicosis, duration of illness, lethality, gross lesions, and hepatic and renal histopathologic lesions were recorded. Seemingly, (i) cat toxicosis has independent lethal and cytotoxic components (pbz decreased lethality and cytotoxicity; CoCl2 decreased cytotoxicity but not lethality; bnf decreased duration of illness, and perhaps lethality, but not cytotoxicity); (ii) cat cytotoxicity could be partly due to an active metabolite formed by de novo-synthesized, P450-/P448-independent hemoprotein (pbz and CoCl2 had anticytotoxic effects, but pb, stanozolol, pbo, and bnf did not); (iii) cat detoxification may occur partly through a hemoprotein-independent, pbz-inducible enzyme, and partly through a P448-dependent (bnf-inducible) enzyme; and (iv) cat detoxification apparently is not P450 or gsh-dependent because pb, stanozolol, and cys had no beneficial effects, and pbo, CoCl2, and em did not enhance toxicosis. Metabolism of cat may have a role in its cytotoxic and lethal effects.
Antibacterial Action of Combinations of Oxytetracycline, Dimethyl Sulfoxide, and EDTA-Tromethamine on Proteus, Salmonella, and Aeromonas
Authors: Wooley R. E. , Gilbert J. P. , Shotts E. B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Antibacterial effects against Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella typhimurium, and Aeromonas hydrophila were obtained with subminimal inhibitory concentrations of oxytetracycline and EDTA-tromethamine. Antibacterial effects were not observed with subminimal inhibitory concentrations of dimethyl sulfoxide plus oxytetracycline or with dimethyl sulfoxide plus EDTA-tromethamine. Using a 2-dimensional Microtiter checkerboard technique, inhibitory activities of the various combinations of solutions were studied, and isobolograms were plotted. A synergistic effect was seen with combinations of oxytetracycline and EDTA-tromethamine. The greatest synergistic effect was observed when the mixture was caused to react with P mirabilis. These findings were confirmed by kinetic studies of microbial death, using one-fourth minimal inhibitory concentrations of these preparations.
In Vitro Depression of the Mitogenic Response of Lymphocytes from Turkeys Infected with Hemorrhagic Enteritis Virus
Authors: Nagaraja K. V. , Patel B. L. , Emery D. A. , Pomeroy B. S. , Newman J. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A depression in the mitogenic response of lymphocytes was demonstrated in turkeys inoculated with hemorrhagic enteritis virus. Blood samples were collected (in heparin) once a week, beginning 1 week after the turkeys were inoculated. The whole blood assay was used to study lymphoblastogenesis. Concanavalin-A and phytohemagglutinin were the mitogens used: the radioisotope used was (125I)deoxyuridine (125IudR; 125I, sp act 5 Ci/mg). Suppression in the lymphocyte response in vitro was seen up to 5 weeks after the inoculations were done, after which there was a gradual recovery from suppression in the lymphocyte blastogenesis.
Experimental Naegleria fowleri Meningoencephalitis in Sheep: Light and Electron Microscopic Studies
Authors: Simpson Charles F. , Willaert E. , Neal Fred C. , Stevens A. R. , Young Martin D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A sheep infected intranasally with Naegleria fowleri of human origin died 7 days after inoculation. The olfactory lobes were distinctly soft and friable. Histologic findings indicated suppurative leptomeningitis and hemorrhagic necrosis in the olfactory lobes. Protozoa were disseminated in the necrotic areas, particularly in perivascular locations; vasculitis was also observed. Meningitis and perivascular cuffing with lymphocytes were evident in the cerebrum, cerebellum, pons, medulla, and cervical spinal cord.
Electron microscopy disclosed trophozoites only in the olfactory lobes. The amebae contained a central nucleus with a distinct, electron-dense nucleolus. The cytoplasm contained myelinated figures, lipid-like vacuoles, open vesicles, electron-dense granules, mitochondria, numerous free ribosomes, scant rough endoplasmic reticulum, and occasionally a phagocytized erythrocyte. Trophozoites were grouped close to arterioles, except when phagocytized by a neutrophil or endothelial cell.
DNA of Bovine Herpesvirus Type 1 in the Trigeminal Ganglia of Latently Infected Calves
Authors: Ackermann M. , Peterhans E. , Wyler R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Twelve calves infected with bovine herpesvirus type 1 (bhv-1) were killed when in a latent state of infection. Latency was verified 30 days after virus inoculation of the calves by seroconversion, absence of virus shedding, and in 2 calves, by recrudescence of the infection after they were treated with dexamethasone.
By in situ hybridization techniques and autoradiography, DNA of bhv-1 was detected in 13 of 23 trigeminal ganglia of latently infected calves. Viral DNA was restricted to the nucleus of nerve cells. Single neurons harboring bhv-1 DNA were observed in 4.9% of the sections (n = 325) of the trigeminal ganglia. The results obtained correspond to those known from herpes simplex virus infections in mice.
The implications for the virus-host relationship are discussed.
Correct Occlusive Bladder Width for Indirect Blood Pressure Measurement in Horses
Authors: Parry B. W. , McCarthy M. A. , Anderson G. A. , Gay C. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The influence of occlusive bladder width on blood pressure, measured indirectly using a doppler ultrasound technique at the middle coccygeal artery, was studied in 6 anesthetized horses. The relationship was investigated on tails with and without hair, and the optimum bladder width (bw)/tail girth (tg) ratio was determined for systolic pressure (sp) and diastolic pressure (dp), with the data grouped as unclipped tails (tt-1), clipped tails (tt-2), and both unclipped and clipped tails collectively (ttb). The optimum bw/tg ratios for sp and dp were 0.296 and 0.866 for tt-1, 0.376 and 1.156 for tt-2, and 0.339 and 0.983 for ttb, respectively. Despite the differences in optimal bw/tg ratios between tt-1 and tt-2, their regression equations were not significantly (P > 0.05) different and therefore, data could be considered as ttb.
The regression equations for ttb showed that a bw/tg ratio of 0.482 underestimated sp and overestimated dp by approximately 8.8%. In mature Thoroughbreds (mean tg 21.5 cm), this value corresponded to a bw of 10.4 cm.
Blood pressure measured directly in the greater metatarsal artery was significantly different from that measured directly in the middle coccygeal artery in individual horses, but when averaged over all horses, there was no significant difference between the 2 sites.
Recovery Cycle of the Reflex-Evoked Muscle Potential (H Reflex): Excitability of Spinal Motor Neurons in the Healthy Dog
Authors: Sims Michael H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The recovery cycle for a reflex-evoked muscle potential has been demonstrated in the healthy dog, using the ulnar nerve-interosseous muscle preparation. The amplitude of a test response, at various time intervals (2 to 1,000 ms) after a conditioning response, was compared with the amplitude of the unconditioned response. The resulting ratio was plotted as a function of interstimulus interval. The curve was shown to consist of 3 distinct phases. The 1st phase, called the phase of early responsiveness, lasted from 2 to 20 ms and was characterized by a rapid decrease in amplitude of the test response. The 2nd phase, the phase of unresponsiveness, was characterized by a reduced response, and eventually no response which occurred between 20 and 80 ms. The 3rd phase, the phase of late responsiveness, began with a small test reflex amplitude at 80 ms and increased to 200 ms where it plateaued thereafter. Between 200 and 1,000 ms, there was no significant change in amplitude. Only at 2 ms, where the conditioning and test responses were so close together that they fused, did the mean amplitude of the test response exceed the mean unconditioned response. The reflex-evoked muscle potential recovery curve provides additional proof that the reflex is the equivalent of the H-reflex, and it provides a quantitative measure of spinal cord lower motor neuron excitability in the dog.
Lymphocyte Blastogenesis in Dogs with Lymphosarcoma
Authors: Calvert Clay A. , Dawe Donald , Leifer Connie E. , Brown John 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Mitogen-stimulated lymphocyte blastogenesis was evaluated, using lymphocytes from 37 dogs with multicentric lymphosarcoma. The majority of the test results was within a normal range, even for those dogs with more advanced disease. However, depressed lymphocyte blastogenesis, when present, almost always occurred in lymphocytes from dogs with clinical stage IV-B and V-B disease. Dogs weighing > 25 kg had a significantly (P = 0.04) higher occurrence of clinical stage IV or V disease as compared with dogs weighing < 15 kg. Dogs with diffuse lymphocytic well-differentiated lymphoma were statistically more likely to be designated clinical stage III at the time of diagnosis, as compared with dogs with diffuse lymphocytic poorly differentiated lymphoma.
Adrenocortical suppression in the dog given a single intramuscular dose of prednisone or triamcinolone acetonide
Authors: Kemppainen R. J. , Lorenz M. D. , Thompson F. N. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Adrenocortical function was assessed in dogs given a single intramuscular dose of either prednisone or triamcinolone acetonide (tca; or saline solution to controls) to determine the duration of adrenocortical suppression caused by 2 commonly used glucocorticoids. The glucocorticoids were administered at recommended therapeutic doses; therefore, dogs given prednisone received a greater amount of glucocorticoid activity than did dogs given tca. Basal and ACTH-stimulated plasma cortisol concentrations, as determined by radioimmunoassay, were obtained once a week. Total intravascular eosinophil concentration and skin responses to intradermally injected histamine phosphate were quantitated. Dogs given tca showed suppressed basal and ACTH-stimulated plasma cortisol concentrations 1 week after injection; the latter change persisted 2 weeks after injection. Adrenocortical function in 1 of 4 dogs given tca remained suppressed for 4 weeks. In contrast, prednisone did not significantly alter adrenocortical function. Although intravascular eosinophil concentrations did not vary among groups, skin responses to intradermally injected histamine phosphate were reduced 6 days after prednisone and tca were given.