bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The death penalty and its avoidance
Authors: Baker John 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The death penalty was automatic on conviction of treason, murder, or felony (other than petit larceny). This chapter is concerned with the various legal methods whereby execution could be avoided. Pardons under the royal prerogative were subject to statutory restrictions. A felon could abjure the realm on his free confession of the offence, but if later caught he could be sentenced without trial; few excuses were recognized. A felon could alternatively flee to sanctuary, but in the early Tudor period claims by monasteries to privileges of sanctuary were reviewed strictly and in 1540 the privilege was abolished. The most pervasive means of escape was benefit of clergy, which could be claimed by laymen on performance of a reading test. In 1489 it was enacted that laymen could only claim it once, and in 1512 that it could not be claimed for murder or robbery in a highway or dwelling house. Although the legislation did not apply to real clergy, it caused a major clash with the Church shortly before the break with Rome. Women could not claim clergy but could plead pregnancy. Jurors could save defendants from death by ‘pious perjury’, finding them guilty of clergiable offences or petit larceny, and judges could overturn inappropriate convictions by searching for technical errors. There were several decisions concerning the inflexibility of the penalties for treason.
Riemannian and Lorentzian geometry
Authors: Choquet-Bruhat Yvonne 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
We give in this chapter a survey of the basic definitions of Riemannian and Lorentzian differential geometry that are necessary in General Relativity. The given definition of a manifold does not imply that it is a Hausdorff topological space; that is, it admits the possibility for two points not to have non-intersecting neighbourhoods.
The Origin of Behaviour
Authors: Lo Andrew W. , Zhang Ruixun 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Chapter 2 contains a single evolutionary framework for explaining the origin of several behaviours that have been observed in organisms ranging from ants to humans—including risk-sensitive foraging, risk aversion, loss aversion, probability matching, randomization, and diversification. Given an initial population of individuals, each assigned a purely arbitrary behaviour with respect to a binary choice problem, and assuming that offspring behave identically to their parents, only those behaviours linked to reproductive success will survive; less successful behaviours will disappear exponentially quickly. When reproductive randomness is perfectly correlated across individuals, natural selection yields behaviours that may be individually sub optimal but are optimal from the population perspective. When reproductive randomness is independent across individuals, the individual and population perspectives coincide. This framework generates a surprisingly rich set of behaviours, and the simplicity and generality of the model suggest that these derived behaviours are primitive and nearly universal within and across species.
Bounded Rationality and Intelligence
Authors: Lo Andrew W. , Zhang Ruixun 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Chapter 8 reconciles the contradictory perspectives between Homo economicus—rational man—and observed human behaviours that depart from this ideal. We extend Chapter 2’s binary choice model to incorporate the role of intelligence, which we define as any trait that increases reproductive success. In the absence of intelligence, the model reduces to the baseline behaviours of Chapter 2. When intelligence is present, the type of reproductive randomness also matters: when randomness is independent across individuals, either risk-neutral behaviour or probability matching will occur, depending on the cost of intelligence in terms of reproductive success. When randomness is correlated across individuals, we derive an implicit formula that shows how intelligence can emerge via selection, why it may be bounded, and how such bounds typically imply the coexistence of multiple levels and types of intelligence that reflects specific environmental conditions.
A Computational View of Market Efficiency
Authors: Lo Andrew W. , Zhang Ruixun 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Chapter 14 presents a new approach to understanding market efficiency from a computational viewpoint. Borrowing from theoretical computer science, a market is defined as efficient with respect to resources S (e.g. time, memory, computational power) if no strategy using resources S can make any excess profits. As a first step, memory-m strategies are considered in which action at time t depends only on the m previous observations at times t−m,…,t−1. A simple model of market evolution, where strategies impact the market by their decision to buy or sell, is studied. We show that the effect of optimal strategies using memory m can lead to market dynamics that were not present initially such as (1) price spikes and crashes, and (2) the possibility that strategies using memory m′ &gt; m can generate larger excess profits than was initially possible. This framework provides an explanation for the technological arms race of quantitative trading firms.
Hedge Funds: The Galápagos Islands of Finance
Authors: Lo Andrew W. , Zhang Ruixun 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Chapter 16 focuses on the hedge fund industry, studied through the lens of adaptive markets. A selective review of the academic literature on hedge funds as well as empirical results for this industry are presented. This chapter aims to provide four distinct perspectives: the investor’s, the portfolio manager’s, the regulator’s, and the academic’s. Each of these perspectives offers a different set of insights into the hedge fund industry, as well as the broader financial system, and the combination provides surprisingly rich implications for the efficient markets hypothesis, investment management, systemic risk, financial regulation, and other aspects of financial theory and practice.
Introduction
Authors: Langdridge Darren 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces the structure and key themes of the book by locating the primary argument about the need to be critical of critique itself in the context of the rapid change in rights for sexual minorities in recent years. This is located within the language of citizenship and the claim for rights that have emerged in recent years as new sexual stories. Existing arguments about the complex nature of sexual progress are explored before the primary argument about the need to be hold critique in a dialectical relationship with it’s necessary opposite—tradition—is outlined. Additional context is provided through critical examination of arguments about intersectionality, post-colonial theory and neo-liberalism.
Spectacular critique and abject citizenship
Authors: Langdridge Darren 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the limits to sexual citizenship and the way that there is a specific distorted and distorting form of critique that seeks out or otherwise serves to create the spectacular. This is critique without tradition, critique without accountability. Three cases act to evidence this claim. The first concerns the ‘down low’ and the claim that bisexually behaving Black males are responsible for HIV transmission. The second case concerns the story of ‘barebacking’ told of gay and bisexual men by queer theorists among others. The final case concerns recent work using the progressive language of sexual citizenship with would-be sexual abusers or ‘minority-attracted persons’. All three cases demonstrate the need for critique to be tempered by tradition and itself subject to greater critical scrutiny or risk damage to minority communities.
Gluconeogenesis in the extraembryonic yolk syncytial layer of the zebrafish embryo
Authors: Furukawa Fumiya , Aoyagi Akihiro , Sano Kaori , Sameshima Keita , Goto Miku , Tseng Yung-Che , Ikeda Daisuke , Lin Ching-Chun , Uchida Katsuhisa , Okumura Sei-ichi , Yasumoto Ko , Jimbo Mitsuru , Hwang Pung-Pung 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Yolk-consuming (lecithotrophic) embryos of oviparous animals, such as those of fish, need to make do with the maternally derived yolk. However, in many cases, yolk possesses little carbohydrates and sugars, including glucose, the essential monosaccharide. Interestingly, increases in the glucose content were found in embryos of some teleost fishes; however, the origin of this glucose has been unknown. Unveiling new metabolic strategies in fish embryos has a potential for better aquaculture technologies. In the present study, using zebrafish, we assessed how these embryos obtain the glucose. We employed stable isotope (13C)-labeled substrates and injected them to the zebrafish embryos. Our liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based isotope tracking revealed that among all tested substrate, glutamate was most actively metabolized to produce glucose in the zebrafish embryos. Expression analysis for gluconeogenic genes found that many of these were expressed in the yolk syncytial layer (YSL), an extraembryonic tissue found in teleost fishes. Generation 0 (G0) knockout of pck2, a gene encoding the key enzyme for gluconeogenesis from Krebs cycle intermediates, reduced gluconeogenesis from glutamate, suggesting that this gene is responsible for gluconeogenesis from glutamate in the zebrafish embryos. These results showed that teleost YSL undergoes gluconeogenesis, likely contributing to the glucose supplementation to the embryos with limited glucose source. Since many other animal lineages lack YSL, further comparative analysis will be interesting.
National Benchmarks to Understand How Doctor of Physical Therapy Learners From Minoritized Race and Ethnicity Groups Perceive Their Physical Therapist Education Program
Authors: Shields Richard K , Chevan Julia , Kennedy Kai , Bailey Charlotte , Dudley-Javoroski Shauna 
Published: March 2024

Abstract

Objective
The demographic homogeneity of the physical therapist workforce and its educational pathway may undermine the profession’s potential to improve the health of society. Building academic environments that support the development of all learners is fundamental to building a workforce to meet societal health care needs. The Benchmarking in Physical Therapy Education study uses the Physical Therapy Graduation Questionnaire to comprehensively assess learner perceptions of the physical therapist academic environment. The present report examined whether racial and ethnic minoritized (REM) physical therapist learners perceive their doctor of physical therapy education differently from their non-REM peers.

Methods
Five thousand and eighty graduating doctor of physical therapy learners in 89 institutions provided demographic data and perceptions of a range of learning environment domains. Analyses included REM versus non-REM comparisons as well as comparisons among individual race and ethnicity groups.

Results
Compared with their non-minoritized peers, REM respondents expressed less satisfaction with their education and lower confidence in their preparedness for entry-level practice. REM respondents observed more faculty professionalism disconnects and demonstrated less agreement that their program had fostered their overall psychological well-being. REM respondents experienced higher rates of mistreatment than their peers and reported higher rates of exhaustion and disengagement, the 2 axes of academic burnout. Black/African American and Hispanic/Latino/a/x (Hispanic, Latino, Latina, and/or Latinx) respondents incurred significantly more educational debt than Asian and White respondents. REM respondents reported greater empathy and greater interest in working in underserved communities.

Conclusion
REM respondents perceived the physical therapist learning environment more negatively than their non-minoritized peers but expressed strong interest in serving people from underserved communities. These national benchmarks offer academic institutions the opportunity to self-assess their own environment and to work to improve the quality of the educational experience for all learners.

Impact
In a nationwide benchmarking study, learners from minoritized race and ethnicity backgrounds reported more negative experiences and outcomes during physical therapist education than their non-minoritized peers. These same learners demonstrated high empathy and interest in serving people from underserved (under-resourced) communities. Learning environments that permit all individuals to thrive may be an essential avenue to improve the health of a rapidly diversifying society.
Adaptation process of decellularized vascular grafts as hemodialysis access in vivo
Authors: Wang Tun , Lu Peng , Wan Zicheng , He Zhenyu , Cheng Siyuan , Zhou Yang , Liao Sheng , Wang Mo , Wang Tianjian , Shu Chang 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Arteriovenous grafts (AVGs) have emerged as the preferred option for constructing hemodialysis access in numerous patients. Clinical trials have demonstrated that decellularized vascular graft exhibits superior patency and excellent biocompatibility compared to polymer materials; however, it still faces challenges such as intimal hyperplasia and luminal dilation. The absence of suitable animal models hinders our ability to describe and explain the pathological phenomena above and in vivo adaptation process of decellularized vascular graft at the molecular level. In this study, we first collected clinical samples from patients who underwent the construction of dialysis access using allogeneic decellularized vascular graft, and evaluated their histological features and immune cell infiltration status 5 years post-transplantation. Prior to the surgery, we assessed the patency and intimal hyperplasia of the decellularized vascular graft using non-invasive ultrasound. Subsequently, in order to investigate the in vivo adaptation of decellularized vascular grafts in an animal model, we attempted to construct an AVG model using decellularized vascular grafts in a small animal model. We employed a physical–chemical–biological approach to decellularize the rat carotid artery, and histological evaluation demonstrated the successful removal of cellular and antigenic components while preserving extracellular matrix constituents such as elastic fibers and collagen fibers. Based on these results, we designed and constructed the first allogeneic decellularized rat carotid artery AVG model, which exhibited excellent patency and closely resembled clinical characteristics. Using this animal model, we provided a preliminary description of the histological features and partial immune cell infiltration in decellularized vascular grafts at various time points, including Day 7, Day 21, Day 42, and up to one-year post-implantation. These findings establish a foundation for further investigation into the in vivo adaptation process of decellularized vascular grafts in small animal model.
Are solid state nuclear track detectors truly integrated devices?—experimental evidence in radon measurements
Authors: Wasikiewicz Jaroslaw M 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Passive diffusion radon monitoring devices were exposed to a range of radon concentrations and their variations. The experimental results, backed up by the statistical analysis, showed that the radon concentration had virtually no effect on the final integrated exposure results, with the exception for the very low concentration. Therefore, it was proven that such devices are truly integrated exposure devices.
Mathematics anxiety in undergraduate business studies students
Authors: McCullagh Orla , Ryan Maria , Fitzmaurice Olivia 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Performance in mathematics can be attributed to factors other than mathematical ability. A growing body of literature examines the significant impact of mathematics anxiety (MA) on mathematical performance and individuals' choices concerning study and career pathways. However, much of the focus has been on science, technology, engineering and mathematics subjects, renowned for their high mathematical content. This study examines the prevalence, characteristics and influence of MA in undergraduate business studies students. In all aspects of business, there is a strong impetus for the adoption of artificial intelligence, data analytics and machine learning, prompting reform of business studies curricula. Hence, this is a critical juncture at which to examine MA within this cohort. We survey undergraduate business studies students using the Mathematics Anxiety Scale-UK as a measure of participants' MA and examine its relevance in business major selection. Gender emerges as a key differentiating factor in levels of MA and the selection of business majors.
Spatial-temporal distribution of visceral leishmaniasis in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2001–2020: expansion and challenges
Authors: Vasconcelos Alex de O , Bedoya-Pacheco Sandro J , Cunha e Silva Rafael R , Magalhães Mônica de A F M , de Sá Tayana P S O , Dias Cristina M G , Meneguete Patrícia S , de Almeida Paula M P , Pimentel Maria Inês F 
Published: March 2024

Abstract

Background
Visceral leishmaniasis results from complex interactions among humans, dogs and environment. Brazil accounts for 97% of cases in the Americas.

Methods
Twenty years (2001–2020) of the endemic disease in the state of Rio de Janeiro were studied. Incidence, lethality, sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were investigated, complemented with spatial methodologies (kernel and clusters).

Results
Ninety-seven human cases and 625 dogs were reported. Of the 92 cities, 22 were human endemic areas. The state had a low incidence level (0.6 per 100 000). Lethality was higher compared with the Brazilian average. More than 90% of infections occurred in urban areas. Most cases (66%) occurred in men. The predominant age groups were 0–4 y (28.7%) and 20–39 y (32.9%). Fever (89.5%), splenomegaly (83.2%) and hepatomegaly (76.8%) were the main clinical manifestations. Spatial analysis showed a displacement of the human endemic: in the first decade (2001–2010), cases were concentrated in the Metropolitan region, and in the second decade (2011–2020) in the Médio Paraíba region of the state. Most of the endemic area (56.4%) had canine infections without reported human cases.

Conclusions
Disorderly urbanisation and precarious living conditions favour the transmission of the disease. Changes in the environment and migratory processes contribute to its expansion.
Research on intelligent fault diagnosis for railway point machines using deep reinforcement learning
Authors: Xiao Shuai , Feng Qingsheng , Li Xue , Li Hong 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The advanced diagnosis of faults in railway point machines is crucial for ensuring the smooth operation of the turnout conversion system and the safe functioning of trains. Signal processing and deep learning-based methods have been extensively explored in the realm of fault diagnosis. While these approaches effectively extract fault features and facilitate the creation of end-to-end diagnostic models, they often demand considerable expert experience and manual intervention in feature selection, structural construction and parameter optimization of neural networks. This reliance on manual efforts can result in weak generalization performance and a lack of intelligence in the model. To address these challenges, this study introduces an intelligent fault diagnosis method based on deep reinforcement learning (DRL). Initially, a one-dimensional convolutional neural network agent is established, leveraging the specific characteristics of point machine fault data to automatically extract diverse features across multiple scales. Subsequently, deep Q network is incorporated as the central component of the diagnostic framework. The fault classification interactive environment is meticulously designed, and the agent training network is optimized. Through extensive interaction between the agent and the environment using fault data, satisfactory cumulative rewards and effective fault classification strategies are achieved. Experimental results demonstrate the proposed method's high efficacy, with a training accuracy of 98.9% and a commendable test accuracy of 98.41%. Notably, the utilization of DRL in addressing the fault diagnosis challenge for railway point machines enhances the intelligence of diagnostic process, particularly through its excellent independent exploration capability.
Factors affecting the dwell times of peripheral intravenous catheters inserted by traditional vs. ultrasound-guided methods
Authors: Harrell Billie B. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract:
Securing reliable and high-quality peripheral intravenous catheter (PIVC) access is vital for patient-centered care. Factors such as patient condition, catheter type, and insertion method can influence PIVC dwell times. This review examines the differences in dwell times between traditional PIVCs and ultrasound-guided PIVCs (USGPIVCs) and their implications for patient care.
Bladder cancer
Authors: Pullen Richard L. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract:
Bladder cancer, the 10th most common cancer globally, primarily manifests as urothelial cell carcinoma. Risk factors involve acquired genetic mutations and congenital predispositions, impacting diagnosis and management. This article discusses the risk factors, clinical presentation, and treatment strategies, with emphasis on providing comprehensive nursing support and patient education to patients with bladder cancer.
Onychocytic Matricoma: A Clinical, Dermoscopic, and Pathological Analysis of 14 Cases
Authors: Perrin Christophe , Coutts Michael , Boukari Feriel , Ambrosetti Damien 
Published: March 2024

Abstract:
Onychocytic matricoma (OCM) is a benign neoplasm of the nail matrix. Only 18 cases of this tumor have been reported in the literature to date. We retrospectively analyzed the clinical features of 14 patients with OCM. The most common clinical feature was longitudinal xanthopachyonychia (n = 9), followed by longitudinal leukopachyonychia (=3) and longitudinal pachymelanonychia (n = 2). The most common clinical findings identified following dermoscopy and analysis at high magnification of classical photographs were free-edge thickening of the nail plate without pitting (n = 14), longitudinal ridging (n = 7), round white clods (n = 7), white dots (n = 7), and filiform hemorrhages (n = 7), followed by oval and linear white clods (n = 5), fuzzy lateral border (n = 5), and red–purple blood clods (n = 3). Nail clipping histopathology showed a thickened nail plate with multiple, small, round-to-oval spaces. The tumor expressed immunopositivity for LEF-1. Dermoscopy of the nail plate and nail clipping histology provides useful information with regards to the differential diagnosis with subungual squamous cell carcinoma and nail melanoma. Ex vivo–in vivo correlation facilitates a better dermoscopic assessment of this unique underrecognized disease. However, the differential diagnosis between OCM and onychocytic carcinoma requires biopsy of the tumor. LEF-1 as an onychogenic marker can be used to resolve the differential diagnosis between OCM and subungual longitudinal acanthoma/seborrheic keratosis.