bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application of Machine Computation of Well Logs in California
Authors: Strozier C.A. , Marquis G.L. 
Published: December 2007

This paper was prepared for the California Regional Meeting of the Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME, to be held in Santa Barbara, Calif., Nov. 17–18, 1966. Permission to copy is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words. Illustrations may not be copied. The abstract should contain conspicuous acknowledgment of where and by whom the paper is presented. Publication elsewhere after publication in the JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY or the SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERS JOURNAL is usually granted upon requested to the Editor of the appropriate journal, provided agreement to give proper credit is made.
Discussion of this paper is invited. Three copies of any discussion should be sent to the Society of Petroleum Engineers Office. Such discussions may be presented at the above meeting and, with the paper, may be considered for publication in one of the two SPE magazines.

Abstract
Machine computation from well bore measurements can provide more data for analysis than is practical inn many cases, from manual computation. Machine computation minimizes arithmetic time for the individual studying well logs. His time is freed for analyzing the computed data, and he can usually command more data to use in his evaluation. The result is a more comprehensive well evaluation than is normally obtained.
Machine computation lend itself to high density information evaluation and precision calculations While this is not a normal requirement of routine well logs, there are applications for this capability.
In most areas in the State of California, the Engineer, Geologist, or Log Analyst is faced with the problem on each well of evaluating hundreds of feet of sand. From the standpoint of time alone, this makes a detailed evaluation very difficult and at times impractical. This paper discusses applications of machine computation to process well log measurements and tabulate the resulting data.
On standard open hole suite of fresh mud logs emphasis is placed on several values of porosity determined independently and in combination from measured values of formation acoustic travel time and bulk density. Water saturation evaluation is approached from computed formation resistivity factor ratios (F ratios) and apparent formation water resistivities (R .) or water saturations (S ,.). Examples of the application of this program are presented.
A second important application of machine computation is the analysis of Neutron Lifetime Logs. The connate waters encountered in California are relatively fresh (30,000 ppm NaCl) with formation porosities from 20–30%. In using this log in California or any other area of difficult interpretation, machine computation greatly reduces the analyst's work and improves his evaluation.
A third area of application discussed is high-precision wireline measurements.
Gas Storage in the Midwest - 1966 Review
Authors: Nelson Carl G. 
Published: December 2007

1966 Eastern Regional Meeting, Nov. 10–11, 1966, Columbus, Ohio

I -Introduction
In the spring or 1964 I reported on the status or "GAS STORAGE IN THE MIDWEST" at an A.P.I. meeting in Evansville, Indiana. Your program chairman asked me to review this paper for you and to bring it up to date. My talk today will compare storage volumes, operations, and fields in 1966 vs 1962 in the rive state area or Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Kentucky, and Missouri; it will discuss the economics of gas storage; it will discuss differences between depleted gas field storage and aquifer type storage.

II - STATUS OF STORAGE IN THE MIDWEST
In my last talk on this subject, the data gathered showed that the five (5) state area covered had experienced a steady growth in the volume or gas in storage and the number of storage fields during the rive (5) year period 1958–1962. Review or this matter shows that this upward trend is still present. Slide 1, shows the gas storage volumes for the various states - 1958–1965. These figures were obtained from yearly reports prepared by the Committee on UNDERGROUND STORAGE or the AMERICAN GAS ASSOCIATION. The state with the most gas in storage is Illinois with 175.3 billion cubic feet in storage. This incidentally is something less than one half or the total storage volume or Ohio, which had 428 billion in storage in 1965. It is interesting to note that Kentucky, which had a leveling off or stored gas in 1961–63, has again started increasing its storage gas volume. Talking with various operators in this area reveals that their increase in storage volume is connected with the conversion or recently round gas fields in Kentucky to storage fields.
P. 1^
The Use of Alcohol in Gas Well Stimulation
Authors: McLeod H.O. , Coulter A.W. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Alcohol when added to stimulation fluids will reduce or eliminate waterblocking following these treatments. Although waterblocking can occur in clean, well consolidated sandstone, it is more likely to occur with other forms of damage such as particle blocks or rock wettability changes. Waterblocking is most severe in heterogeneous formations particularly where high permeability variations are in series such as in crossbedded sediments. Alcohol has been successfully used in waterblock removal, matrix acidizing, and hydraulic fracturing. Properties of alcoholic fluids and detection of heterogeneity are discussed. Guidelines for selecting the best alcoholic treatment are presented.
INTRODUCTION
Aqueous stimulation fluids containing alcohol have proven to be highly successful in stimulating gas production from problem wells in sandstone formations. The primary advantage of alcohol is to obtain better and more rapid clean up. It is most useful in gas producing formations, particularly those with a high clay content.
Many stimulation treatments in sandstone which would otherwise be quite successful are spoiled by a very slow water clean-up. This clean-up problem is often a result of water block in the critical matrix surrounding the wellbore. In a gas well, about one-half the total pressure drop in the formation takes place within 15 ft surrounding the wellbore. The addition of alcohol to the aqueous fluid can often prevent this water blocking problem.
Correlation of Oilwell Cement Performance with Cement Characteristics
Authors: Polkowski G. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Oil well cements meeting American Petroleum Institute (API) specifications can have considerable differences in performance characteristics when blended with common cement additives. Reasons for such variations can be explained by observations made by reflected light microscopy, X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry, and particle size analysis. Six cements meeting API specifications were studied.
New Technology in Gas Migration Control
Authors: Sykes R. L. , Logan J. L. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Recent research investigating causes and control of annular gas flow has resulted in new concepts pertaining to gas migration. Previous investigations have identified that the combined effects of fluid loss volume reductions and static gel strength development control the actual pressure loss – and ultimately gas flow – in a cement column. The recently developed concept describes delayed development of cement gel strength as a means of preventing gas flow. Delaying gel strength development allows the cement column to transmit essentially full hydrostatic pressure, and thus prevent gas entry into the cement column, for an extended time period. Test results are presented showing that fluid loss rate decreases with time so that most volume losses due to fluid loss occur during the delayed gel strength period. Thus, stringent slurry fluid loss requirements for probable gas flow situations may be relaxed.
The conclusion of the delayed gel strength phase is followed by rapid progression to the set state thus helping prevent gas entry into a cement column. Another feature of delayed gel strength development, shutdown safety factor, is also presented. Pumping of delayed gel strength cements can be restarted without excessive horsepower or pressure requirements in the event of a shutdown during placement.
Subject paper presents laboratory test results and field case histories documenting use of delayed gel strength cement for prevention of gas migration.
Self-Excited Vibrations in Drillstrings
Authors: Zamudio C. A. , Tlusty J. L. , Dareing D. W. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Vibrations created by drag bits can cause premature failure of drillstring components and fracture cutters. Unfortunately, there has been no theory that adequately explains how drag bits excite drillstrings. Our paper shows that these vibrations are self excited by the interaction of drillstring, bit, and formation. Results show that drag bit design and bit rotational speed dictate conditions of dynamic instability. In general, large drag bits are unstable at low rotational speeds.
New Flowmeters for Kick and Loss Detection During Drilling
Authors: Orban J. J. , Zanner K. J. , Orban A. E. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Well kicks and fluid losses during drilling are potentially dangerous. Early detection would result in a significant increase in drilling operation safety. Reliable measurements would allow the use of lower mud weights, resulting in faster drilling, less formation damage, and lower drilling costs.
This paper describes a newly developed flowmetering system built to detect any difference between flow-in and flow-out of the well greater than 25 Gpm (1.5 L/s) This is a significant improvement over existing wellsite measurements.
The flowmeters operate in both water and oil based muds, over the commercial range of mud weight and viscosity. The flow-in sensor is installed at the discharge of the triplex pump. The flow-out sensor is installed in the return line, just like the familiar paddle, with minimal modification of the rig equipment. Unlike the electromagnetic meter this flow-out sensor does not increase the risk of blockage by cuttings, because the mud flow path is neither modified nor restricted.
Extensive testing has been performed on these systems. Several lab results are discussed, and results of full scale calibration with a wide range of mud properties are presented. Finally, field tests have confirmed the ability of the system to respond quickly and accurately to gain or loss during actual drilling operations.
A Case History of Underwater Wild Well Capping: Successful Implementation of New Technology on the SLB-5-4X Blowout in Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela
Authors: Adams N. J. , Hansen A. , Stone A. D. , Voisin J. A. , Quiroz G. A. , Clements S. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper describes the new technology used to kill an underwater, deep, high-pressure blowout.
A new method of offset subsea capping extinguished a fire and killed a blowout in 95 ft of water. Success of the methods for subsea well capping proved that safe and cost-effective work is possible adjacent to a burning blowout. This project proved concepts in underwater work, firefighting, and snubbing. A unique general-contractor approach enhanced communication and efficiency.
Relief Well Planning and Drilling for SLB-5-4X Blowout, Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela
Authors: Voisin J. A. , Quiroz G. A. , Pounds R. , Wright J. , Bierman K. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This case history describes relief well planning and execution for a deep, high volume, underwater blowout in Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela. Key achievements include designing a deep, large diameter relief well, locating and tracking the target casing using an active AC current injection magnetic ranging technique, and establishing survey procedures and tight quality assurance which generated an accurate wellbore position ellipse of uncertainty. The relief well team, consisting of Lagoven, Eastman Christensen, and Shell, had placed its well within 25 ft of the blowout by the time simultaneous well capping succeeded in stopping the blowout.
A Three-Axis Laser Gyro System for Borehole Wireline Surveying
Authors: Gibbons F. L. , Hense U. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A 5 inch diameter high accuracy borehole surveying instrument has been developed using a full 3 axis inertial navigation system (INS).
It has the following features: 3 Ring Laser GyrosNo mechanical gimbalsReal-time surface readoutObtains position data directly without the need for intermediate depths stops.Requires no stopping for drift checksUses wireline velocities up to 600 ft/minReduces INS's typical drift error to less than 6 ft/hr.
This tool achieves a survey accuracy that is close to that of the 10" INS tool, while at the same time offering a smaller diameter and continuous survey capability.
A Method To Analyze Directional Surveying Accuracy
Authors: Holmes A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Borehole surveying uncertainty owing to tool inaccuracies, is a function not only of the instrument errors themselves, hut also of factors such as well geometry, well location and the accuracy to which the magnetic field strength and dip angle are known or can be calculated.
A program has been developed to investigate surveying instrument accuracy which takes all of these parameters into account. It models errors in the raw tool data, and generates distances, areas and volumes of uncertainty for varying probabilities. The program is capable of calculating probability circles and spheres in addition to the more usual ellipses and ellipsoids of uncertainty for any borehole trajectory.
The validity of the technique has been checked by comparisons of program results with actual field surveys. The surveys were obtained using a state of the art electronic multishot system run in conjunction with high accuracy gyro benchmark surveys. These are used to demonstrate the accuracy and reliability of the program.
Interaction of Water With Organophilic Clay in Base Oils To Build Viscosity
Authors: Schmidt D. D. , Roos A. F. , Cline J. T. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Rheological measurements together with microscopy observations were used to provide an understanding of the mechanisms of viscosity changes in oil muds. The rheological behavior of mixtures of base oils, organophilic clays, and water (or brine) were studied as a function of oil type, water concentration, organophilic clay concentration and type, shear history, addition of polar activators (such as xylene), addition of calcium chloride and addition of emulsifiers. Examination of these mixtures under an optical microscope showed that there is a relationship between rheological behavior and microscopically visible interactions between organophilic clay and the dispersed aqueous phase. These interactions build structure in the oil that gives thixotropic properties. Dispersion of the organophilic clay, necessary for efficiency in thixotropy building, is affected strongly by the shear history and by the compositions of the base oils, organophilic clays, emulsifiers, and aqueous phase.
The Relationship Between Immiscible and Miscible Displacement and Applications
Authors: Yortsos Y. C. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
In this paper the relationship between two-phase, immiscible displacement and miscible displacement including equilibrium adsorption in porous media is investigated. It is shown that the two processes are mathematically equivalent in any flow dimensions, provided that gravity and compressibility effects are ignored. This extends the analogy between the two processes that is known to exist in 1-D flows and in the absence of dissipative terms (theory of coherence1, fractional flow theory2) to higher dimensions and in the presence of dispersion and capillarity.
Motivated by the above equivalence certain applications are discussed. First, it is shown that two exactly solvable 1-D models pertaining to two-phase, capillary displacement and single-phase adsorption-convection-dispersion processes follow this equivalence. Then, the linear stability of two-phase, immiscible displacement is shown to be identical to that of miscible displacement in the presence of adsorption. Long-wave asymptotics are developed for the latter and they are used to infer the effects of mobility contrast and transition zone width on the linear stability of miscible flows. Finally, certain implications regarding the effects of flow stratification and the connection of immiscible displacement to reactive and non-equilibrium systems are discussed.
Numerical Simulation of Foam Flow in Porous Media
Authors: Marfoe C. H. , Kazemi H. , Ramirez W. F. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The use of foam as a mobility control agent has received increasing attention over the past few years. While many laboratory studies have been done to understand foam rheology in porous media, relatively few efforts have been made towards the mathematical simulation of foam flow. The mathematical formulation presented here provides a simple way of representing foam behavior in porous media which is easily applied to large scale simulators while still providing a realistic simulation of foam behavior.
Chemical Gels for Diverting CO2: Baseline Experiments
Authors: Martin F. D. , Kovarik F. S. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Large-scale reservoir heterogeneities, such as fractures, channels, or high-permeability streaks, can cause early breakthrough of injected CO2 which will reduce oil recovery efficiency. This paper describes the first part of a multiple-part study on the effect of some commercial gelants on the reduction in CO2 permeability. A methodology is presented of testing gelants in vial tests, core tests, and with two-dimensional flow visualization studies in high-pressure micromodels. Test conditions were selected to match some west Texas/southeast New Mexico reservoirs: 1500 psi and 105°F (CO2 MMP ≈ 1200 psi). The gelants used included some commercially available crosslinked polymer systems.
In the core tests, gel stability and polymer-gel interactions were assessed by monitoring the permeability of repeated water/CO2 WAG cycles. The high-pressure micromodel studies were valuable in assessing the mechanisms responsible for permeability reduction at the pore level.
Estimating Field-Scale Micellar/Polymer Performance
Authors: Giordano R. M. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A study has been completed on the effects of pattern type, micellar slug size, heterogeneity, and process timing on micellar/polymer flooding. In designing a field-scale enhanced recovery process, one generally knows the laboratory-scale performance of the process, the area of reservoir to be developed, its physical properties, and the number of wells that can be afforded. With these "givens", a simple model has been developed for determining the optimum pattern type and optimum micellar slug size as a function of the "field-scale capillary number", the Dykstra-Parsons coefficient, and the discount rate.
Results show that, on an equal-area-per-well basis, five-spot and staggered line drive patterns are favored over seven- and nine-spot configurations. The optimum slug size for a homogeneous five-spot was found to be the amount required to satisfy about 90% of the surfactant adsorption requirement of the reservoir. The optimum slug size decreased with increasing heterogeneity. Oil recovery in low-permeability fields or those in which the well-spacing is large can be significantly enhanced by utilizing a surfactant whose interfacial tension against oil is less than 10−3 dynes/cm.
Stochastic Modeling of Underground Reservoir Fades (SMURF)
Authors: Haldorsen H. H. , MacDonald C. J. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper presents algorithms for generating idealized large-scale reservoir architecture representations. Discontinuous sands suspended in mud are discussed first. The accessible and floodable fractions of total pay are evaluated in 2-D and 3-D for specified conditions (well spacing, [N/G]-ratio,..). Next, a hybrid approach to the modelling of discontinuous permeability barriers such as shales is presented. Finally, stochastic modelling of faults, aquifers, and fractures is discussed. The authors conclude that a need exists for devicing approximate, yet realistic, computer-based methods for generating idealized reservoir representations for subsequent evaluation of the chance of success of proposed development schemes. Unless the reservoir architecture and hence the reservoir plumbing system is described in a quantitative (geometrical) manner, forecasting tools cannot be expected to yield realistic recovery factor estimates. The stochastic approach must always be guided by a geological/sedimentological model, as well as core, log, test, production, outcrop and seismic data.
Conditional Simulation of the Geometry of Fluvio-Deltaic Reservoirs
Authors: Matheron G. , Beucher H. , de Fouquet C. , Galli A. , Guerillot D. , Ravenne C. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Quantitative methods taking into account the sedimentological characteristics will answer the needs of reservoir engineers. We propose here a geostatistical method for the conditional modelling of the facies of a sedimentary fluvio-deltaic series. This model was elaborated jointly by I.F.P. and the Paris School of Mines, with the aim of modelling reservoir heterogeneities. From the sedimentological study contained in the paper by C. Ravenne et al., we present several simulations, conditioned by "drill-core" taken from the outcrop. The block permeabilities are then calculated from the values given to the facies.
Analyzing Well Test Data from Linear Reservoirs by Conventional Methods
Authors: Larsen L. , Hovdan M. 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARY
Straightforward methods of analyzing linear-flow data on √t plots are presented. The methods are similar to the conventional semilog methods being used to analyze radial-flow data, with some modifications included to increase the amount of information that can be extracted from √t plots. The modifications are based on the use of pressure derivatives and on equations deduced from this approach to √t analysis. A combination of semilog and √t analyses is, however, undoubtedly best suited to determine flow capacity, skin, reservoir width, and well location.
Methods of determining the initial pressure from extrapolated buildup data are also presented in the paper, along with methods for determining the distance to an intersecting no-flow boundary, and for determining the radius of investigation and length of uniform properties along the linear reservoir. These parameters cannot readily be obtained from conventional semilog methods.
The methods apply to single- and multiple-rate flow and shut-in data. This is accomplished by introducing an equivalent drawdown time based on √t expressions. The relationship to Agarwal's logarithmic form of an equivalent drawdown time is direct.
Applications to field data are included in order to illustrate the simplicity and power of the methods.