bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pathways Targeting Tumor Lymphangiogenesis
Authors: Wissmann Christoph , Detmar Michael 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Tumor metastasis to sentinel lymph nodes represents the first step of tumor dissemination in most human cancers and serves as a major prognostic indicator for disease progression. Recent studies have revealed that tumors can actively induce the formation of lymphatic vessels, and that tumor lymphangiogenesis is correlated with lymph node metastasis in experimental cancer models and in several types of human cancers. Metastatic tumor cells may continue to promote lymphatic vessel growth even after their metastasis to sentinel lymph nodes, likely promoting further cancer spread. Vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) and VEGF-D were the first specific lymphangiogenesis factors identified, acting predominantly via VEGF receptor-3 (VEGFR-3) that is expressed by lymphatic endothelial cells, and a large number of clinical studies have shown a correlation between tumor expression of VEGF-C or VEGF-D and lymph node metastasis. VEGFR-3 activation promotes lymphatic endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and survival via the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT, and the c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase 1/2 pathways. Additional tumor lymphangiogenesis factors have been recently identified, including VEGF-A. Importantly, blockade of the VEGFR-3 pathway by specific antibodies, by soluble receptor constructs, and by small molecule kinase inhibitors efficiently inhibits experimental tumor lymphangiogenesis and metastasis and might also represent a novel therapeutic avenue for the treatment of human cancers.
Free DNA and Carcinoembryonic Antigen Serum Levels: An Important Combination for Diagnosis of Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Flamini Emanuela , Mercatali Laura , Nanni Oriana , Calistri Daniele , Nunziatini Roberta , Zoli Wainer , Rosetti Paola , Gardini Nice , Lattuneddu Arturo , Verdecchia Giorgio Maria , Amadori Dino 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Purpose: The identification of new molecular markers for the early detection of colorectal cancer has become an important objective. We compared the sensitivity and specificity of free circulating DNA with that of the more conventional carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and evaluated the two markers in combination.
Experimental Design: The study was carried out on 75 healthy donors and 75 colorectal cancer patients. Free DNA was determined in serum with quantitative PCR analysis. The diagnostic accuracy of each assay was calculated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. The diagnostic relevance of the two-marker combination was analyzed by the logistic regression model.
Results: Median free DNA concentration was ∼5-fold higher in patients than in healthy donors (P &lt; 0.001). The area under the ROC curve was 0.86, and when 12.5 ng/mL was used as cutoff, 81.3% sensitivity and 73.3% specificity were observed for the overall series. As CEA and free DNA provided independent diagnostic information, they were also considered in combination. ROC curve analysis of the combined CEA and free DNA algorithms showed a higher diagnostic capacity (area under the ROC curve, 0.92) than that of markers considered singly, with 84% sensitivity and 88% specificity.
Conclusions: Free circulating DNA, especially when used in combination with CEA, represents a potentially useful tool for the diagnosis of early-stage colorectal cancer.
Automating the Display of Third Person/Stealth Views of Virtual Environments
Authors: Kalawsky Roy , Simpkin Graeme 
Published: December 2006

In order to gain a greater insight into the relationships that exist between entities in three-dimensional (3D) datasets, the scientific, engineering, and arts communities are increasingly using interactive visualization and virtual reality (VR) techniques. They have realized that interactively visualizing 3D datasets from different viewpoints makes it possible to achieve a better understanding of the underlying dataset structure. Viewpoints can be either static or dynamic as in an interactive fly-through. However, unskilled users often select flight paths (or viewing situations) that cause nauseous effects that detrimentally distract the user from the task at hand. Interactions between multiple users or virtual agents in a virtual environment present further challenges because it is necessary for the user to monitor multiple activities concurrently. If the user has to make decisions based on what is taking place in a complex virtual environment, then it is very important that correct and appropriate viewpoints are maintained. For example, flight simulator debriefing tools require first and third person viewing so that the actions that have taken place can be understood. In these situations there is a need to select multiple viewpoints for each participant. Consequently (because of the high cognitive load), maintaining control over a number of different viewpoints is very challenging. Within this paper the authors describe the real-time automatic display controller they have developed for third person/stealth views of a multi-participant virtual environment—where it is important for users to gain a global and localized understanding of the tasks being performed. They discuss important cinematic conventions and how these are set in the context of characterizing a 3D communication medium, as well as determining their role for optimal viewing parameters. The real time automatic display controller is of particular benefit to applications such as scientific visualization, flight simulation, engineering/architectural modeling, scene of accident reconstruction/analysis, and other complex human-system behavior analysis applications.
The Duty of Diplomatic Dissent
Authors: Kiesling John Brady 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe poor outcome of the Iraq War has highlighted the usefulness of 'reality-based' foreign policy. Yet the personal and professional consequences of dissent remain high in the US (and every other) diplomatic service. The Dissent Channel, currently underutilized, was designed to protect both the US State Department and its employees from bureaucratic retaliation for unwelcome real-world expertise. It should be reinvigorated. However, the unimpressive policy impact of dissent, whether through institutional channels or public resignations, makes it clear that effective dissent requires mobilizing the domestic political process as a force multiplier. Good dissent raises the political price of foreign policy blunders, and only through turning a bureaucratic system painfully against itself can blunders actually be prevented.
Negative Magneto-resistance Observed on an Ion-radical Salt of a TTF-based Spin-polarized Donor
Authors: Matsushita Michio M , Kawakami Hironori , Kawada Yuzo , Sugawara Tadashi 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
A novel diselena analogue of TTF-based spin-polarized donor was synthesized. An ion-radical salt of the donor electro-crystallized on an interdigitated electrode with 2 μm gap showed negative magneto-resistance below 15 K. This is the first example detecting the interaction between localized spin and conducting electron in a genuine organic system.
Fabrication and Magnetic Properties of Multiferroic BiFeO3 Nanotube Arrays
Authors: Xu Xueqin , Qian Tian , Zhang Genqiang , Zhang Tao , Li Guang , Wang Wei , Li Xiaoguang 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Multiferroic BiFeO3 nanotube arrays have been successfully prepared by means of a sol–gel method utilizing porous anodic alumina templates. The magnetic field and temperature dependencies of magnetizations demonstrate the superparamagnetism behavior with the most sound evidence, which can be attributed to the uncompensated surface spins induced by the size effect.
Simple Vanadium(V) Catalyst for Oxidation of Alkane with O2 under Mild Conditions
Authors: Kobayashi Hirokazu , Yamanaka Ichiro 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Selective oxidation of cyclohexane and adamantane was performed by simple V(5+) catalyst with 1 atm O2 in acetic acid at 338–393 K. UV–vis and electron spin resonance studies suggested that peroxide species on V(5+) functioned during the oxidation. The oxidation activity was enhanced three times for cyclohexane and 6.5 times for adamantane by addition of a small amount of CF3SO3H.
Direct Visible Spectral Analysis of Solid Samples by Optical Waveguide Spectroscopy due to Adsorbed Sample Molecules after Sublimation
Authors: Takahashi Hiromi , Fujita Kyoko , Ohno Hiroyuki 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Visible spectra of solid samples were obtained by optical waveguide (OWG) spectroscopy. The spectra were confirmed to be due not to the powder samples themselves but to molecules sublimed from the solid samples and adsorbed on the waveguide. This result is supported by the observation that no spectrum was obtained from nonsublimed samples.
Preparation of Polymeric Nanocapsules by Gamma-ray-initiated Miniemulsion Polymerization
Authors: Wang Shijie , Yunchen  , Zhang Zhicheng 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Hollow polystyrene (PS) nanocapsules were synthesized through gamma-ray-initiated miniemulsion polymerization by using an alkali-soluble polymeric surfactant (ASPS) as surfactant in the presence of hexadecane (HD). The results indicated that nanocapsules with different particle size and shell thickness could easily prepared by this method, and ASPS can promote the formation of completely hollow structures.
Low-valent Niobium-mediated Synthesis of Indenes: Intramolecular Coupling Reaction of CF3 Group with Alkene C–H Bond
Authors: Fuchibe Kohei , Mitomi Ken , Akiyama Takahiko 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
CF3 group of o-alkenyl-α,α,α-trifluorotoluenes underwent intramolecular coupling reaction with the alkene C–H bond under NbCl5/LiAlH4 system. Substituted indenes were obtained in good yields.
Chloroform Is Not Solvent but Activator for Cobalt Complex Catalyst of Enantioselective Borohydride Reduction
Authors: Kokura Ai , Tanaka Saiko , Teraoka Haruna , Shibahara Atsushi , Ikeno Taketo , Nagata Takushi , Yamada Tohru 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
For the enantioselective borohydride reduction of carbonyl compounds catalyzed by the optically active ketoiminatocobalt complexes, chloroform has been employed as a unique solvent for achieving a high enantioselectivity, whereas it was found that a catalytic amount of chloroform effectively activated the present catalytic system to convert various ketones into the corresponding reduced product with a high ee in the THF solvent.
A New Synthetic Method for Methyl Ketones from Carboxylic Acids Using Metallic Strontium and Methyl Iodide
Authors: Miyoshi Norikazu , Matsuo Tsuyoshi , Asaoka Masashi , Matsui Aki , Wada Makoto 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Carboxylic acids reacted with metallic strontium and methyl iodide to give methyl ketones preferentially in moderate to good yields.
Asymmetric Autocatalysis Induced by Octahedral Tris(acetylacetonato)chromium(III) Complex as a Homogeneous Chiral Initiator
Authors: Kawasaki Tsuneomi , Omine Toshiki , Sato Mirai , Morishita Yosuke , Soai Kenso 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Enantioselective addition of diisopropylzinc to 2-t-butylethynylpyrimidine-5-carbaldehyde in the presence of chiral Δ- and Λ-tris(acetylacetonato)chromium(III) complex [Cr(acac)3] affords highly enantiomerically enriched (S)- and (R)-5-pyrimidyl alkanols, respectively, in conjunction with asymmetric autocatalysis. The absolute configuration of the corresponding 2-t-butylethynyl-5-pyrimidyl alkanol is dependent upon the chirality of the octahedral chromium(III) complex.
Studies toward Stable Analogues of Guanofosfocins. Synthesis of the Protected Derivative of 8-(5a-Carba-α-d-mannopyranosyloxy)purine Nucleoside
Authors: Sugimura Hideyuki , Hosogai Naoya 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
As a preliminary study directed towards the synthesis of a stable analogue of the guanofosfocins, a methylene analogue of the endocyclic oxygen atom in the mannose moiety, was designed. The construction of the pseudo-α-mannosyl linkage at the 8-position of the purine nucleoside was accomplished by the regioselective ring-opening substitution of the 1,2-O-cyclic sulfate derivative of 5a-carba-mannopyranose.
An Expeditious Synthesis of Lasofoxifene and Nafoxidine via the Novel Three-component Coupling Reaction
Authors: Sano Yoshiyuki , Nakata Kenya , Otoyama Takafumi , Umeda Sei , Shiina Isamu 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
The simple and efficient synthesis of lasofoxifene (4), a possible candidate for alleviating osteoporosis, via the novel three-component coupling reaction among 4-pivaloyloxybenzaldehyde (5), cinnamyltrimethylsilane (6), and anisole in the presence of HfCl4 is illustrated. The successive cationic cyclization of the coupling product, olefin formation, and migration of the double-bond are performed to afford the common synthetic intermediate of lasofoxifene (4) and nafoxidine (3) via a very concise procedure.
Effective Synthesis of 5-Substituted Butenolide Derivatives by Using Cinchonidine-derived Quaternary Ammonium Phenoxide Catalyst
Authors: Nagao Hitoshi , Yamane Yoshinobu , Mukaiyama Teruaki 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
A vinylogous aldol-type reaction between 4-methyl-2-(trimethylsiloxy)furan and aldehydes catalyzed by cinchonidine-derived quaternary ammonium phenoxide proceeded smoothly to afford the corresponding 5-substituted butenolide derivatives in high yields with good to excellent diastereo- and enantio-selectivities.
Number of Osteoporotic Sites and Fracture Risk Assessment: A Cohort Study From the Manitoba Bone Density Program
Authors: Leslie William D , Tsang James F , Caetano Patricia A , Lix Lisa M ,   for the Manitoba Bone Density Program
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Site-discordance in BMD assessment is common and significantly affects patient categorization. Greater number of osteoporotic sites correlates with lower T scores at each index site. This largely explains the positive association between number of osteoporotic sites and fracture risk.
Introduction: Site-discordance in BMD is common when used to classify patients based on a cut-off T score of −2.5. It is unclear whether fracture risk assessment is improved by considering BMD information from multiple sites. Our objective was to assess the contribution of number of osteoporotic sites to overall fracture risk.
Materials and Methods: The study population was drawn from the regionally based clinical database of the Manitoba Bone Density Program that includes all clinical DXA test results for the Province of Manitoba, Canada. Analyses were limited to 16,505 women ≥50 years of age at the time of baseline DXA of the spine (L1–L4) and hip (three sites). During follow-up (3.2 ± 1.5 years), longitudinal health service records showed 765 women with at least one osteoporotic fracture code (hip, forearm, spine, or humerus).
Results: Of 5012 women classified as osteoporotic by at least one site (T score −2.5 or lower), almost one half (2370; 47%) were abnormal at only a single site. Among the 1856 women with an osteoporotic total hip measurement, mean total hip T scores decreased as the number of additional osteoporotic sites increased (−2.58, no other osteoporotic sites; −2.69, one other site; −2.87, two other sites; −3.17, three other sites; Spearman r = −0.44, p &lt; 0.0001). Age-adjusted fracture risk from a Cox proportional hazards model increased as the number of osteoporotic sites increased (p &lt; 0.0001), but number of osteoporotic sites was no longer an independent predictor after total hip BMD was included as a covariate (p = 0.19). Covariate adjustment for other sites of BMD measurement attenuated, but did not eliminate, the effect of number of osteoporotic sites.
Conclusions: Site-discordance is common and significantly affects patient categorization when different skeletal sites are used for diagnosis. Greater number of osteoporotic sites correlates with lower T scores at each index site. This largely explains the positive association between number of osteoporotic sites and fracture risk.
Circadian Oscillation of Gene Expression in Murine Calvarial Bone
Authors: Zvonic Sanjin , Ptitsyn Andrey A , Kilroy Gail , Wu Xiying , Conrad Steven A , Scott L Keith , Guilak Farshid , Pelled Gadi , Gazit Dan , Gimble Jeffrey M 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
The genes encoding the core circadian transcription factors display an oscillating expression profile in murine calvarial bone. More than 26% of the calvarial bone transcriptome exhibits a circadian rhythm, comparable with that observed in brown and white adipose tissues and liver. Thus, circadian mechanisms may directly modulate oxidative phosphorylation and multiple metabolic pathways in bone homeostasis.
Introduction: Although circadian rhythms have been associated historically with central regulatory mechanisms, there is emerging evidence that the circadian transcriptional apparatus exists in peripheral tissues. The aim of this study was to determine the presence and extent of circadian oscillation in the transcriptome of murine calvarial bone.
Materials and Methods: Cohorts of 8-week-old male AKR/J mice were maintained in a controlled 12-h light:12-h dark cycle on an ad libitum diet for 2 weeks. Groups of three mice were killed every 4 h over a 48-h period. The level of gene expression at successive times-points was determined by quantitative RT-PCR and Affymetrix microarray. Data were analyzed using multiple statistical time series algorithms, including Cosinor, Fisher g-test, and the permutation time test.
Results: Both the positive (Bmal1, Npas2) and negative (Cry1, Cry2, Per1, Per2, Per3) elements of the circadian transcriptional apparatus and their immediate downstream targets and mediators (Dbp, Rev-erbα, Rev-erbβ) exhibited oscillatory expression profiles. Consistent with findings in other tissues, the positive and negative elements were in antiphase relative to each other. More than 26% of the genes present on the microarray displayed an oscillatory profile in calvarial bone, comparable with the levels observed in brown and white adipose tissues and liver; however, only a subset of 174 oscillating genes were shared among all four tissues.
Conclusions: Our findings show that the components of the circadian transcriptional apparatus are represented in calvarial bone and display coordinated oscillatory behavior. However, these are not the only genes to display an oscillatory expression profile, which is seen in multiple pathways involving oxidative phosphorylation and lipid, protein, and carbohydrate metabolism.
Topochemical investigations of wood extractives and their influence on colour changes in American black cherry (Prunus serotina Borkh.)
Authors: Mayer Ingo , Koch Gerald , Puls Jürgen 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
The topochemical distribution of accessory compounds responsible for wood colouration during heartwood formation and processing of black cherry (Prunus serotina) is restricted to the axial and ray parenchyma cells. (+)-Catechin, taxifolin, aromadendrin, eriodictyol, naringenin, 4′-methoxynaringenin and prunin were identified in acetone/water extracts. However, the colour of wood after extraction is still reddish-brown, indicating that the coloured material is polymeric (cross-linked, condensed). It was demonstrated that (+)-catechin plays a pivotal role in the development of heartwood colour. Its concentration at the sapwood/heartwood boundary decreases, presumably due to the formation of non-soluble polymeric proanthocyanidins. Heat treatment of heartwood during veneer production intensifies the reddish-brown heartwood colour, probably by promoting the polymerisation of (+)-catechin and other flavonoid monomers.
Wound effects in the xylem of poplar: A UV microspectrophotometric study
Authors: Frankenstein Claus , Schmitt Uwe 
Published: December 2006

AbstractCell wall modifications in vessels and fibres of wound wood ofPopulus tremulaL.×P. tremuloidesMichx. formed after mechanical wounding have been examined by light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and UV microspectrophotometry (in scanning and point measurement mode), mainly focusing on the lignin distribution. With this goal, wound xylem within lateral wound callusis was collected after response periods of up to 23 months. Vessels and fibres in wound xylem deviated from their usual axial orientation. Vessels within the wound xylem were smaller in diameter and shorter in length. Xylem fibres were also shorter and developed thicker walls, especially in tissue adjacent to the wound. Cell walls and cell corners of these fibres showed on average a higher lignin content and a modified lignin composition. These wall changes probably enhance disease resistance of the wound tissue. With increasing distance from the wound edge, the modifications diminished and finally disappeared.
Morphological and chemical characterisation of the G-layer in tension wood fibres of Populus tremula and Betula verrucosa: Labelling with cellulose-binding module CBM1 Hj Cel7A and fluorescence and FE-SEM microscopy
Authors: Daniel Geoffrey , Filonova Lada , Kallas Åsa M. , Teeri Tuula T. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
The gelatinous layer (G-layer) formed on the lumen wall in early- and latewood fibres of poplar and birch tension wood was characterised using a novel molecular marker specific for crystalline cellulose in conjunction with fluorescence and FE-SEM microscopy. Crystalline cellulose was localised using a cloned Cel7A cellulose-binding module (CBM1
Hj

Cel7A) from the fungus Hypocrea jecorina conjugated directly to FITC/TRITC or indirectly via a secondary antibody conjugated to FITC for fluorescence microscopy or to gold/silver for FE-SEM. With the CBM1
Hj

Cel7A conjugate, the G-layer was clearly distinguished from other secondary cell-wall layers as a bright green layer visible in fibres of tension wood in fluorescence microscopy. FEM-SEM images revealed the supramolecular architecture of the G-layer of poplar wood, which consists of well-defined, often concentrically orientated, cellulose aggregates of the order of 30–40 nm. The cellulose aggregates typically have a microfibril angle of almost 0°. Studies on cellulose marked with CBM1
Hj

Cel7A followed by Au labelling and Ag enhancement complemented the fluorescence observations. The studies demonstrate the usefulness of this novel molecular marker for crystalline cellulose in situ, which was previously difficult to localise. Further proof of distinct cellulose aggregates was observed.
Iron-reducing capacity of low-molecular-weight compounds produced in wood by fungi
Authors: Goodell Barry , Daniel Geoffrey , Jellison Jody , Qian Yuhui 
Published: December 2006

AbstractBirch and pine wood specimens were colonized by individual isolates of 12 brown-rot, 26 white-rot, six soft-rot and four blue (sap)-stain fungi. Homogenized wood was subsequently extracted in 75% ethyl acetate and centrifuged. The filtered extracts were analyzed for their iron-reducing capabilities using a ferrozine-based assay. Agar fungal cultures were also examined directly using a spot test for iron reduction. Extracts from wood colonized by brown-rot fungi showed significantly greater iron-reducing capability than extracts from wood colonized by white-rot or non-decay fungi. Results of the spot test ratings were highly variable, but in general the greatest color responses were associated with the brown-rot cultures. The ability of brown-rot fungi to produce compounds and/or modify the wood components that reduce iron is of relevance to the “chelator-mediated Fenton mechanism” that has been advanced as a theory for the non-enzymatic degradation of wood by brown-rot fungi.