bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Standardizing Shop Practices Relative to Making and Application of Steel Ground Coat Enamels. I
Authors: Jaeger F. G. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTI The effect of manganese dioxide on the physical properties of ground coat enamels is: (1) to give a good gloss; (2) to give a harder enamel; (3) to reduce the coefficient of expansion of the glass in which it is used; (4) when used with cobalt a uniform color desirable in stove work is obtained; (5) no difference in the adhesion of the ground coat between enamels using manganese, cobalt, or combinations of dioxides is apparent; (6) no effect on chipping is apparent; (7) while not absolutely essential in ground coats it is very desirable for use from an economy stand point. II. A theory of ground coat adherence based on the fact that part of the steel is oxidized to iron oxide which is partly absorbed by the fused enamel and into which some of the enamel penetrates is set forth, and an explanation given of various effects obtained. III. Most of the things which should be done to maintain control in making and firing of ground coats for sheet steel are emphasized. IV. The method of control for application of ground coat enamel by weighing the amount of dry enamel on a sheet of metal of known area is described. This is used to maintain a uniform consistency of the enamel. Other essential features which have in the past caused trouble to many enamelers are mentioned.
DRYING PROBLEMS OF TERRA COTTA1
Authors: Kirkpatrick Frank A. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA description is given of the method of drying terra cotta and the results obtained at the plant of the Kansas City Terra Cotta and Faience Company of Kansas City, Mo., a plant having a production capacity of 200 to 400 tons of terra cotta per month. The drying processes are found to be governed by a plant problem and a ceramic problem. The experience obtained has led to the decision to abandon large steam‐heated driers and build smaller units heated by natural gas.
NOTES ON FIRING IN DOWNDRAFT PERIODIC KILNS1
Authors: Linton Robert 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe results of a series of investigations chiefly in connection with firing are presented, with a general discussion of factors entering into the heat treatment of silicate materials. These include (1) factors controlling firing, (a) specific heat of the clay body, (b) heat of dissociation of the hydroxides, (c) latent heat of fusion, and (d) heat of reactions which take place under fusion, (2) fuel consumption and temperature rise, (3) heat distribution in the kilns, (4) firing economies, (5) cooling, and (6) dehydration and shrinkage.
NOTE ON THE SOLUBILITY OF FIRED BODIES IN HOT SULPHURIC ACID1
Authors: Bleinincer A. V. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis work is an application of the so‐called mineral analysis to bodies fired to a maximum temperature corresponding to cone 9, for the purpose of establishing a measure of the progressive vitrification. It is based on the assumption that the solubility of an earthenware body in hot sulphuric acid decreases with the temperature of firing, as the porosity decreases. In general, this was found to be true but in order to obtain consistent results it is necessary to maintain standardized conditions of procedure especially in the grinding of the sample and in the treatment with fuming acid. The procedure has shown solution of as much as 66 % of the anhydrous clay substance with a porosity of 17.9%.
A STUDY OF COLOR AND ITS APPLICATION TO CERAMIC ART1
Authors: Lenchner Theodore 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTColor is recognized as having three dimensions, (1) warmth or coolness, known as value, (2) lightness or darkness, known as value, and (3) brightness or dullness, or strength or weakness, known as intensity and chroma. Two existing color theories, the Prang and Munsell systems, are outlined. The proper application of colors is discussed.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON TERRA COTTA PHYSICS1
Authors: Spurrier H. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTAn apparatus for determining a representative “over‐all” coefficient of thermal expansion of terra cotta under service conditions is described. Observations made show a decided contraction upon wetting the terra cotta and the temperature must be raised for the regaining of the original length. It is probable that the extent of mycelial capillaries is the determining factor of the magnitude of contraction. Further data obtained are presented and discussed.
A CONVENIENT PLATINUM‐WOUND RESISTANCE FURNACE1
Authors: Edward Orton, JR.  , Krehbiel J. F. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTDetails of construction of the furnace are given including the principal platinum resistor, the two end coils, Chromel booster coil, shell, refractories, insulators, etc., with detailed drawings and photographs. The log and graphs showing the behavior of the furnace in cone 20 firing (1533°C) at rate of temperature increase of about 33°C per hour are given. The cost of the furnace, the controlling apparatus, and the temperature measuring equipment, are given in detail.The furnace meets the requirements successfully, as to performance. Its practical value will depend on the life of the platinum resistor which cannot be foretold. In the thirty‐one firings so far completed no changes have been observed in the electric performance or apparent condition of the furnace. Its performance at the end of the first year's operation will be given in subsequent paper.
DORR CLASSIFIERS FOR CLAY WASHING1
Authors: Anable A. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe Dorr bowl classifier is described in detail and its use in purifying clay iscon‐ sidered. The methods of purifying a North Carolina kaolin by (1) aaettling flume and (2) a Dorr bowl classifier are compared. The advantages of the bowl classifier over the settling flume are (1) less labor required, (2) greater recovery of clay, (3) increased purity and greater uniformity of clay. The classifier is also applicable to the purification of secondary kaolins.
INCREASE IN REFRACTORINESS IN CERAMIC BODIES IN INTERRUPTED HEAT TREATMENT1
Authors: Henderson H. B. , Caldwell J. H. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe increase in refractoriness referred to here is usually termed freezing. The study was undertaken to overcome the tendency of pyrometric cones to set or freeze when subjected to prolonged heat treatment when the temperature is more or less fluctuating. The work includes a study of the freezing tendency of some natural clays, of several pottery bodies, and of pyrometric cones. A body was developed that does not freeze under the treatment that produces the phenomenon in the other materials tested but the cause is not established.
A NEW APPARATUS FOR A RAPID SEDIMENTATION ANALYSIS1
Authors: Van Nieuwenburg C. J. , Schoutens Wa. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA new apparatus for the continuous determination of the cumulative distribution curve of particle size is described. It is based on the known principle of determining the changes in concentration in one definite layer. Instead of drawing off portions of the liquid, the changes are measured by the apparent weight of a suspended body. Two points of the curve are determined independently by measuring the residue in suspension and by an elutriation in the same vessel. A source of errors, the contraction of the crow section in the neighborhood of the suspended body, is eliminated. The apparatus makes it possible to determine reliable distribution curves with any liquid within a few hours and avoids some sources of errors of previous methods.
SUSPENSION OF GLAZES AND BARIUM CARBONATE WATER1
Authors: WillamLee P. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTHeavy setting, fine grinding, raw clay substances, hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, and corn starch are being discussed as the factors and ingredients for the suspension of glazes and wilkinite as a substance which will aid suspension for glazes and barium carbonate water.
THE VACUUM SLIP PROCESS OF REMOVING AIR FROM CLAY BODIES1
Authors: Lapp G. W. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTIn this process the slip clay is passed through a tank and the air content is evacuated by boiling out. The ability of the clay filter cakes formed from this slip to reabsorb a small amount of air insures freedom from air in the pugged clay if the pug mill is efficient as it can be in compacting the clay, without adding appreciable air to the clay.Freedom from gases results in a series of helpful conditions throughout the various stages of production.
SOME PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ARTIFICIAL ALUMINOUS ABRASIVES1
Authors: Purdy Ross C. , MacGer A. Ernest 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTSpecimens representing six different bond compositions in soft, medium, and hard grades of artificial aluminous grinding wheels were tested for various physical properties such as hardness, elasticity, expansion, mechanical endurance, impact strength, etc. It was found that the expansion of present commercial grinding wheels and abrasive bonds is much less than that of artificial corundum. The strength of the wheels increases greatly with increasing percentages of bond. The methods of making the various physical determinations are given along with their interpretation.
THE REQUISITE CONSISTENCY FOR A CASTING SLIP1
Authors: Shearer Walter L. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTProducing desirable flowing quality in a slip is proposed as a means of controlling its casting quality. A conception of plastic flow as a property incapable of being measured in terms of an absolute unit such as may be applied to viscosity measurement is presented and a simple gravity flow tube consistometer of suitable dimensions for obtaining comparative tests upon casting slips or upon similar suspensions is described.Only sufficient data are presented to aid in explaining or describing general principles or conceptions, to suggest means of obtaining desirable plastic flow and to show what the consistency of a vitreous sanitary ware casting slip now in use actually is. Stiffness, yield value, and starting pressure are regarded as the elements making up plastic flowing quality and it is necessary to take all three of these factors into account in order to specify the kind of flow obtained. The consistency of a casting slip which will produce good solid cast ware, described in terms of the test apparatus used in connection with this work, may be stated as follows: stiffness equals 60 cm. per cc. per sec.; yield value equals 20 cm.; plasticity ratio equals 2.5. Reference has also been made to the application of these Same principles to the control of glaze slips and to the testing of clays to determine their suitability for use in any process involving their plastic working properties
IMPORTANCE OF THE GLASS PHASE IN PORCELAIN1
Authors: Kraner Hobart M. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper discusses the probable developments taking place in porcelain during the firing and overfiring processes. Evidence is given for the belief that mullite solution in the glass may be the cause of change of characteristics of the porcelain. Observations in the clay‐flint‐feldspar system and in the magnesia‐alumina‐silica ternary are discussed in connection with the above subject.
INSULATION IN THE CERAMIC INDUSTRY1
Authors: Phoenix E. A. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe following subjects are discussed: (1) heat losses in ceramic kilns, (2) early attempts at reducing heat losses from kilns, (3) properties of an ideal insulation for kilns, (4) advantages of kiln insulation, and (5) various applications of heat‐insulating material in the glass plant.
NOTES ON DRY‐PAN AND WET‐PAN OPERATION1
Authors: Gallaher J. M. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe article is a discussion of the following points: (1) improvement in dry and wet pans with the introduction of high capacity heavy‐duty units to replace several units and requiring less power and maintenance; (2) engineering cost data with respect to economical operating speeds, results of which were obtained from an actual installation calculated on an average power rate; (3) relation of rotation rate to capacity, considering the effect of the speed of rotation on the efficiency of the emptying device; (4) the optimum size for economical operations at various capacities, an intelligent answer to which cannot be given without a thorough study of the many factors involved, some of which are discussed in the article.
RELATION BETWEEN THE TEMPERATURE CURVE AND THE EXPANSION CURVE IN THE SETTING OF PLASTER1
Authors: Williams F. J. , Westendick F. C. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe plan of the investigation was to determine the relation between the expansion curve and the temperature curve in the setting of plaster of Paris, which is manufactured by calcining gypsum at about 145°C in muffle or rotary cylinders. The setting of plaster results from the fact that when it is mixed with water the latter dissolves some of the hemihydrate which unites with the water to form the dihydrate. The first volume change is a contraction followed by expansion, due to the fact that the calcium‐hemihydrate (2CaSO4‐H2O) goes into solution, thus decreasing the volume. An equilibrium is reached when the solution is saturated and then the dihydrate (CaSO4‐H2O) crystallizes out, causing expansion. Apparatus, methods of testing, data, calculations and curves are given.
OPTICAL METHODS AS AN AID TO THE STUDY OF REFRACTORIES1
Authors: McVay T. N. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe application of the petrographic microscope as an aid to the study of designating impurities in raw materials has proved successful. By the same methods fired refractories may be classified and the effects of bonds tested. Optical tests should chiefly be used to supplement and not to displace other methods of examinations.
THE EFFECT OF PARTICLE SIZE OF ZINC OXIDE ON THE CONSISTENCY OF GLAZE SLIPS1
Authors: Thomson H. G. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTNo brand of oxide on the market is known to the author which does not have to be calcined to obtain satisfactory results in glazes, and it is further noted that a small amount of PbO present in the various grades is an essential constituent for satisfactory calcination. Microscopic examination showed an increase in particle size after calcining, although differences in uniformity of size and shape existed. The effect of zinc oxide in glaze slips was found to be dependent on its particle size and shape. Therefore the control‐of consistency of a glaze is simplified by the use of a properly calcined zinc oxide, by which a higher gravity and a more thinning range is obtained.
CORRECTING TENDERNESS OF A SHALE BY CHEMICAL TREATMENT1
Authors: Simpson Harold E. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTAn attempt was made to increase the strength of a tender shale in both the green and dry states. Finer grinding, aging, and the addition of chemicals were the expedients used. Sulphuric acid increased the dry modulus of the shale up to 251% when used in concentrations up to 10%. This benefit was offset by a leaching of the color; 0.25% HCl and 0.25% tannic acid increased the dry modulus 42% and 72%, respectively. Organic binders as Bindex and glutrin showed a 100% increase. Two per cent Na2CO3 and 1% BaCO2 showed a 60% and 45% increase. Molasses plus yeast improved the machining and the green strength of the shale. Finer grinding of the shale to pass 28‐ mesh and aging for one week improved the dry modulus 75.7%.
GYPSUM PLASTER IN THE CERAMIC INDUSTRIES1
Authors: Wiss J. E. , Camp T. P. , Ladoo R. B. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper deals with manufacture, properties, and uses of gypsum plaster in the various branches of the pottery industry, i.e., in white ware, stoneware, electric insulators, sanitary ware, etc., in the terra cotta industries, in plate glass, and for sundry minor ceramic uses.The methods of producing calcined gypsum are briefly described and then follows a discussion of the physical and chemical properties of the three principal forms of calcium sulphate as used commercially, (1) crude gypsum, (2) calcined gypsum (gypsum plaster), and (3) gypsum casts of set‐up gypsum plaster.The proper methods of mixing, blending, and casting plaster are described, with graphs showing effects of varying such factors as consistency, mixing time, etc. Methods of testing plasters are briefly discussed. Considerable attention is given to difficulties commonly encountered in the use of plaster, with causes and methods of coffeetion. This includes the use and abuse of plaster molds, such as “rotting” of molds, “burning” of molds, efflorescence, etc.The properties of gypsum plaster can be varied within wide limits to meet special requirements. It is shown how the plasters used for pottery and terra cotta molds are quite different from those used in bedding plate glass.The purpose of the paper is to give a more complete picture of how gypsum plaster may and should be used in theceramic industries.
THE SOLUBILITY OF FELDSPARS IN WATER1
Authors: Parmelee C. W. , Monack A. J. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe relative solubilities were determined by measuring the increase in pH value that results from the solution of feldspar in water. The maximum time used was 48 hours. Twenty‐gram samples of feldspar were immersed in 200 cc. of water in volumetric flasks. The pH values were determined colorimetrically after definite intervals of time. Care was taken to, exclude atmospheric carbon dioxide.The conclusions are (1) there exists no definite relation between the ratio K2O/Na2O of a feldspar and its solubility in water; (2) certain peculiarities of the feldspars are carried throughout the work; (3) both high soda and high potash feldspar have almost equal solubilities in this work; (4) the data obtained indicate that there may be suffi‐ cient increase in pH value to affect the viscosity of casting slips. The relations between pH increase and time are shown by graphs and represented by equations. The equations are of the form H=T/(a+bT) and no relation exists between a and b and the ratio K20/Na2O. The error of the work is estimated to be approximately 5°.
A PROGRESS REPORT ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN ABRASION TEST FOR REFRACTORIES AT HIGH TEMPERATURES1
Authors: Shaw Joseph B. , Bair George J. , Shaw Myril C. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA report of progress in the development of a method of testing refractories for their resistance to abrasion at high temperatures. The method developed consists of a steel chisel point moving back and forth over faces of the brick clamped together. Eleven brick are tested at one time. The chisel is actuated by means of a jack hammer and is water‐cooled. The blow delivered vanes from 6.5 inch‐pounds at the beginning of the test to 13 inch‐pounds under the most severe conditions. The chisel has a rounded point l/8‐ch radius and 1 inch wide. Data show that the principle is correct and capable of differentiating between brick of varying resistances to abrasion at tempcratures as high as 1350°C.
THE REACTIVITY TEST FOR DETERMINING THE VALUE OF BARIUM CARBONATE AS A SCUM PREVENTATIVE1
Authors: Bennett A. Lee , Goodrich H. R. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA brief review of the causes of scumming and glaze peeling is given. The usual use of barium carbonate for the prevention of these defects is also outlined.The reactivity test for barium carbonate and a suggested chemical analysis for soluble sulphates are described.Reactivity values of various barium carbonates are reported, followed by a discussion of the practical value of the reactivity test. A specification for barium carbonate is recommended.
A SYSTEMATIC METHOD FOR THE INVESTIGATION OF SHEET‐IRON ENAMELS1
Authors: Andrews A. I. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA study was made of the compositions of twenty‐four sheet‐iron ground coats and twenty‐four sheet‐iron cover enamels. The results were plotted on triaxial diagrams and interpreted. Some laboratory results are given and the reading of triaxial diagrams is explained.
THE USE OF POLARISCOPES IN THE GLASS INDUSTRY1
Authors: Preston F. W. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe action of polarized light as a means for detecting strains in glass is interpreted along two distinct lines: one a simple mathematical treatment of the resolution of simple harmonic vibrations, the other by means of physical analogies. The purpose is to give a presentation which can be followed without any mathematical training and at the same time to give a slightly more complex discussion for the more advanced technologist. Various types of polariscopes for detecting and measuring strain are discussed.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SOME ROLLED AND POLISHED GLASS1
Authors: Guyer E. M. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA comparative study was made of the mechanical properties of several different kinds of rolled and polished glass. Young's modulus of elasticity and the transverse modulus of rupture were measured by the usual cross‐bending method. Impact modulus of rupture was measured by means of a special form of pendulum which gave results that were free from the effects of cumulative chipping. Wind resistance was measured with a special form of hydraulic loading machine designed to give uniform pressure of the test plate against the supporting frame. The apparatus is described in detail and the results of the measurements are given in a series of graphs and tables.
EFFECT OF FURNACE GASES UPON GLASS ENAMELS1
Authors: Geisinger E. E. , Berlinghof K. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe effect of various fuel gases of products of combustion, and pressures on bonding of ground coat, physical condition and gloss of the enamel were studied under laboratory controlled conditions to determine the comparative results of firing in open and muffle furnaces and with fuel of different sorts. The benefits of recuperation are shown to he in complete combustion rather than in excess oxygen. Very hot diluted air would increase the efficiency of either oil or gas burners and produce better enamels.
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE POSSIBLE USE OF CERTAIN CALIFORNIA CLAYS IN VITREOUS CHINA SANITARY‐WARE BODIES1
Authors: Dietrich W. F. , Meyer W. W. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA bonding clay from Riverside County, a plastic fire clay from Placer County, and a washed, white‐firing clay from Amador County, were tried in vitreous china sanitary‐ ware bodies. Descriptions and properties of the clays are given. Twenty trial bodies were tested. The bonding clay and the plastic fire clay were found unsatisfactory for use in this class of ware.Based on laboratory tests, the use of the washed clay from Amador County, to the extent of 10 to 30% of the body mixture, is quite feasible. This would reduce the total production cost of ware manufactured in California plants by 1.0 to 2.5%, depending upon the location of the consumer and the proportion of local clay that can be utilized. A body containing 30% of the washed California clay and no English china clay proved to be as good as the standard type body used for comparison; while another mixture, containing 18% of the washed clay, was superior in many respects to the standard body. The effects of additions of ground biscuit, magnesium and calcium carbonates, and sodium chloride, were also determined.Subsequent commercial tests in a whiteware plant showed that under the conditions prevailing in that plant, from 10 to 15% of the California clay was the maximum that could be used without increasing the vitrification temperature of the body. In this case, the California clay displaced a mixture of china clay and ball clay, rather than the china day alone. It was also necessary to alter slightly the silica‐feldspar ratio.
AN APPARATUS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF ADSORBED AIR1
Authors: Kraner Hobart M. , Snydgr Ray A. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTSome possible ceramic applications of the Toepler mercury pump as employed in determination of gases in various materials are discussed. The procedure followed in measuring the gases given off by a clay slip at reduced pressures is described. It was found that 4.65% of gases by volume are removed from a sample of clay slip by reducing the pressure on the sample to boiling (25 mm.). An additional 0.18% of gases was cvolved between the boiling pressure and 1.8 mm. at which pressure the sample was dry.