bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SOME THOUGHTS ON CAPITAL TAXATION
Authors: Peters G. H. 
Published: November 2008

Changes in capital taxation in Britain have recently provoked controversy. There has been wide ranging discussion of the role and rationale of capital taxation within the economy at large and much has been written about its specific effects in agriculture. These hues are reviewed in the paper. It also contains information on the wealth position of farmers and considers the impact of capital transfer tax upon them. Though there may be some cause for concern as a result of recent events the case for providing further concessions to agriculture is discounted.RésuméCERTAINES THÈSES SUR L'IMPOSITION DU CAPITALLes changements rècents survenus en Grande‐Bretagne dans l'imposition du capital soulèvent des controverses. TrèS nombreuses ont été les thèses développées autour du r&#x006f;&#x030c;le et de la logique de l'imposition du capital dans l'économie prise dans son ensemble et très dense est le volume des articles qui traitent de ses effets spécifiques sur l'agriculture.Tous ces arguments et analyses sont passés en revue dans le préent article, qui apporte aussi une information sur la situation des agriculteurs en matière de richesses et examine les répercussions exactes sur leurs avoirs et revenus de l'imposition des transferts ou cessions d'exploitations.Selon les conclusions de l'auteur, bien que l'évolution récente dans ce domaine puisse donner lieu é une certaine inquiétude, aucun argument suffisamment solide ne peut ětre invoqué dans le sens de concessions supplémentaires à l'agriculture.ZusammenfassungEINIGE ÜBERLEGUNGEN ZUR KAPITALBESTEUERUNGVeränderungen der Kapitalbesteuerung in Groβritannien haben kürzlich eine Kontroverse ausgelöst. Die Bedeutung und der Sinn der Kapitalbesteuerung innerhalb der Volkswirtschaft als ganzes sind ausgiebig diskutiert worden, und es ist viel über ihren spezifischen Effekt auf die Landwirtschaft geschrieben worden. Diese Ergebnisse werden in diesem Artikel untersucht. Auβerdem informiert der Artikel über die Wohlstandssituation der Farmer und betrachtet die Auswirkung der Kapital‐übertragungssteuer für sie. Obwohl es infolge kürzlicher Ereignisse einigen Grund zur Besorgnis geben mag, wird das Anliegen, der landwirtschaft weitere Konzessionen zusugestehen, verworfen.
A. W. ASHBY: AN ASSESSMENT*
Authors: Bateman D. I. 
Published: November 2008

This paper aims at an assessment of the published works of A. W. Ashby who, from 1929‐1946, held at Aberystwyth the first Chair in Agricultural Economics to be established in the United Kingdom. After examining the state of agricultural economics at the time of ashby's appointment, attention is focused on two qualities that make his published work of particular interest: its root in the social sciences rather than in preliminary to creative problem‐solving. The discussion of Ashby is used as a springboard for comments on they current interest of agricultural ecomomists.RésuméLES OEUVRES D'A. W. ASHBY: UNE APPRéCIATION Cet article se propose de faire une appréciation des oeuvres éditées d'A. W. Ashby qui, de 1929 à 1946, occupa, à l'université d'Aberystwyth, la première chaire d'Economie agricole créée au Royaume‐Uni. Après avoir constaté l'état de l'économie agricole au moment de la nomination d'A. W. Ashby à cette chaire, l'article concentre son attention sur deux qualités qui expliquent I'intérět particulier de son oeuvre: ses racines qui plangent dans les sciences sociales et non uniquement dans les sciences économiques, et le fait que l'analyse y est traitée seulement comme un préliminaire à la solution des problèmes basée sur la créativité. L'analyse critique de l'oeuvre d'Ashby serf de point de départ à une observation sur les domaines d'intérět actuels des économistes de l'agriculture. Zusammenfassung A. W. Ashby: Eine Beurteilung Dieser Artikel hat das Ziel, eine Beurteilung der veröffentlichten Werke von A. W. Ashby zu geben, der von 1926–1946 den ersten Stuhl für Agrarökonomie, den es im Vereinigten Königreich gab, in Aberystwyth innehatte. Nachdem untersucht worden ist, in welchem Zustand sich die Agrarökonomie zur Zeit von Ashbys Berufung befand, konzentriert sich der Artikel auf zwei Eigenschaften, die seine Veröffentlichungen besonders interessant gemacht haben: ihre Wurzeln in den Sozialwissenschaften und nicht nur in den Wirtschaftswissenschaften sowie die Tatsache, daß eine Analyse nur als Vorbereitung für eine kreative Problemlösung angesehen wird. Die Diskussion über Ashby wird dazu benützt, Anmerkungen zu den gegenwürtigen Interessen von Agrarökonomen zu machen.
FORECASTING WHOLESALE PRICES OF MEATS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM BY FIDGE REGRESSION
Authors: MacLaren Donald 
Published: November 2008

Ridge regression has been proposed as an alternative estimator to ordinary least squares in regression models with ill‐conditioned data matrices. The greater stability of the ridge parameter estimates relative to those of OLS could be of benefit in prediction beyond the estimation sample when the nature of multicollinearity is changing. This hypothesis was tested using UK meat prices and consumption data. The evidence from the paper supports the proposition for four of the five meat price forecasts in that the root mean square prediction errors are substantially diminished.RésuméROYAUME‐UNI—PRéVISIONS SUR LES PRIX DE GROS DE LA VIANDE PAR LA MéTHODE DE RéGRESSION DES CRéTES La méthode de régression des crétes est proposée comme estimateur à la place de celle des moindres carrés ordinaires dans les modèles de régression dont les matrices de données présentent de mauvaises conditions. Du fait de leur meilleure stabilité par rapport aux méthodes reposant sur les moindres carrés ordinaries les estimations qui utilisent le paramètre des crětes pourraient ětre utiles dans les prévisions au‐delà de l'échantillon d'estimation lorsque la nature de la multicollinéarité présente des variations. Cette hypothèse a été testée à I'aide des cours de la viande et des données de consommation du Royaume‐Uni. Dans quatre des cinq prévisions sur les prix de la viande, les résultats sont favorables à la proposition en ce sens que les écarts moyens de prévision sont sensiblement réduits. ZusammenfassungEINE VORHERSAGE DER GROßHANDELSPREISE FüR FLEISCH IM VEREINIGTEN KöNIGREICH MIT HILFE VON KETTENREGRESSIONEN Kettenregressionen wurden als alternatives Schützungsverfahren anstelle von gewöhnlichen Kleinstquadraten (OLS) in Regressionsmodellen mit schlecht beschaffenen Datenmatrixen vorgeschlagen. Die größere Stabilitüt der Kettenparameter‐schützungen könnten verglichen mit denen der OLS von Vorteil bei der Vorhersage über die Schützungsprobe hinaus sein, wenn sich die Natur der Multikollinearitüt ündert. Diese These wurde anhand von Fleischpreisen und Daten über den Fleischverbrauch im Vereinigten Königreich getestet. Das Ergebnis dieses Artikels bekrüftigt die Aussage für vier der fünf Fleischpreisvorhersagen insofern als die Ungenauigkeiten, die sich aus dem Wurzelmittelquadrat ergeben, wesentlich vermindert werden.
GENERALISATION OF THE NERLOVE SUPPLY MODEL USING TIME SERIES METHODOLOGY: AN APPLICATION TO POTATO PLANTINGS IN GREAT BRITAIN
Authors: Jennings A. N. , Young R.J. 
Published: November 2008

A methodology is developed whereby theoretically plausible and statistically desirable modifications can be made within a partial adjustment‐adaptive expectation framework commonly used in agricultural supply response models. In developing an alternative approach the methods of statistical time‐series analysis are adopted rather than those of classical econometrics The data are allowed to suggest realistic lag structures rather than imposing some unalterable structure on the data. The method is used to estimate an aggregate area response function for G.B. main crop potatoes for the period 1955–74, as an illustration of the technique developed.RésuméGéNéRALISATION DU MODèLE NERLOVé DE DéTERMINATION DE L'OFFRE à L'AIDE D'UNE MéTHODOLOGIE DE SéRIES TEMPORELLES: UNE APPLICATION à LA PLANTATION DE POMMES DE TERRE EN GRANDE‐BRETAGNE. Une méthodologie est mise au point qui permet de procéder à des modifications théoriquement plausibles et statistiquement souhaitables dans un cadre de travail d'ajustements et adaptations partiels employé couramment dans les modèles de réaction de l'offre agricole. Dans la définition d'une approche alternative on adopte les méthodes de l'analyse statistique des séries temporelles de préférence à celles de i'économetrie classique. Plutět que d'imposer aux données une sorte de structure invariable, on leur permet de présenter des structures d'écart réalistes. Cette méthode est utilisée à titre de démonstration dans l'estimation d'une fonction agrégative de réaction sectorielle couvrant la culture principale de pommes de terre en Grande‐Bretagne pour la période 1955–1974. ZusammenfassungEINE VERALLGEMEINERUNG DES NERLOVE ANGEBOTSMODELLS MIT HILFE DER ZEITREIHENMETHODOLOGIE: EINE ANWENDUNG AUF DEN KARTOFFELANBAU IN GROBBRITANNIEN. Es wird eine Methodologie entwickelt, mit der theoretisch plausible und statistisch erwünschte Modifikationen in einem Rahmenwerk von teilweiser Anpassung ‐ anpassungsfühiger Erwartung, wie es gewöhnlich in landwirtschaftlichen Angebotsreaktionsmodellen benützt wird, gemacht werden können. Bei der Entwicklung eines alternativen Verfahrens werden die Methpden der statistischen Zeitreihenanalyse denen der klassischen Okonometrie vorgezogen. Es ist möglich, durch das Datenmaterial auf realistische Zeitabstandsstrukturen hinzuweisen, so daß dem Datenmaterial keine unveründerlichen Strukturen aufgezwiingt werden. Die Methode wird benützt, um eine aggregierte Gebietsreaktionsfunktion für die Haupternte‐kartoffeln in Großbritannien für den Zeitraum 1955 ‐ 74 als Veranschaulichung der entwickelten Technik zu schützen.
IS THERE A FRENCH SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS?
Authors: Petit Michel 
Published: November 2008

The particular history of French agriculture and the general intellectual environment in France have given the agricultural economics profession in that country a specific character which, in spite of many internal controversies, is illustrated by common beliefs about agriculture and common attitudes regarding research approaches contrasting with that of the profession in many other countries, including Britain.After the second world war, the development of agricultural economics was marked by the demise of ‘ruralism’, an ideology of agrarian fundamentalism, and its replacement by ‘productivism’, an ideology emphasizing economic growth and based on a simplified neo‐classical paradigm. The surge of Marxism and dissatisfaction with the results of the policies advocated by the productivists led to a questioning of that paradigm. As a result, major hypotheses, theoretical issues, and concepts too often taken for granted in France and elsewhere should be re‐examined.
TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE AND SURPLUS LABOUR IN EGYPTIAN AGRICULTURE, 1952–1972
Authors: Aly Hassan Youssef , Grabowski Richard 
Published: November 2008

This paper has two main purposes. First to determine if technical innovation has occurred in Egyptian agriculture and whether or not it has been labour‐using in nature. Secondly, to determine whether or not the marginal product of labour in Egyptian agriculture has been negative (surplus labour). The time period covered by the study is 1952 to 1972.The above objectives were met by estimating a weak disposability of inputs (WDI) production function. The characteristics of the weak disposability of inputs function were discussed in great detail, since much of the profession is unfamiliar with this functional form. The function was then estimated and the results seemed to indicate that this functional form was appropriate for Egyptian agriculture.The results of the estimation process indicated that labour‐using technical innovation had indeed occurred, although at a very slow rate. In addition, for most of the time period covered the marginal product of labour was indeed negative.
THE RURAL POOR AND TECHNOLOGICAL OPPORTUNITY IN THE DRY ZONES OF SOUTHERN ASIA
Authors: Thornton D. S. 
Published: November 2008

In contributing to the appraisal and evalution of technological innovation, agricultural economists have a major but changing role to play. Whereas hitherto the concern has been chiefly to compare sharply different exogenous and indigenous technologies, the challenge now is to assess technological change of either or both these kinds

in ecologically sensitive and relatively unproductive areas
when the bulk of the people are poor and survival is the most common preoccupation
where innovations could impinge at many points in household life‐systems but are, singly, likely to have only small impact
where the institutional structure will be crucial to their acceptance and might itself have to change.
FARM TENURE AND FARMING PRACTICE
Authors: Hill Berkeley , Gasson Ruth 
Published: November 2008

The performance of wholly owned, wholly rented and mixed tenure farms in the Farm Management Survey sample for England and Wales is compared on a range of criteria, controlling farm size and type. Mixed tenure farms are found to perform noticeably better than ‘pure’ tenure types.Possible explanations for inter‐tenure differences in performance are reviewed under the headings of capital provision, farmer motivation and resource mobility. Evidence from the FMS and from interviews with 48 farmers provide only weak support for hypotheses relating performance to capital endowments, the ‘spur’ of market rents or asset appreciation. Findings on changes in farm size and tenure, however, suggest that tenure could be determined by, rather than being a determinant of, farm performance.
THE APPLICATION OF MODIFIED GRIT INPUT‐OUTPUT PROCEDURES TO RURAL DEVELOPMENT ANALYSIS IN GRAMPIAN REGION
Authors: Johns P. M. , Leat P. M. K. 
Published: November 2008

Effective agricultural and rural development planning requires a detailed understanding of the rural and wider regional economy. A regional input‐output model has been developed for Grampian Region in North‐East Scotland.The production of regional input‐output matrices by survey methods is extremely expensive. An alternative method is to adjust mechanistically a national input‐output table by an employment ‐ based location quotient procedure. This paper discusses some important conceptual issues related to the methodology. It also presents the main findings of the Grampian model, in particular those relating to the agri‐business and food complex. The model's implications for regional and rural development are assessed by multiplier analysis and the applicability of the modelling procedures for other regions is considered.
HEROES FOR PRESENT PURPOSES?— A LOOK AT THE CHANGING IDEA OF COMMUNAL LAND OWNERSHIP IN BRITAIN: PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS
Authors: Bateman D. I. 
Published: November 2008

The suggestion that land should be owned communally (usually nationally) has often been put forward in Britain during the last three hundred years. The paper reviews the arguments as they have been developed by Utopians, Economists, Popularisers and Politicians. It argues that, though current problems are different from those addressed in the past, the history of the idea of communal ownership still offers insights that have current relevance. As far as rural land is concerned, the problems associated with ownership rights are those that relate either to non‐market effects or to the ‘unearned increment’ or to landlord/tenant relationships. Suggestions are made as to the part that changes in property rights might play in handling these problems today.‘To whomsoever the soil at any time belongs, to him belong the fruits of it. White parasols and elephants mad with pride are the flowers of a grant of land.’
THE ALLOCATION OF SUGARBEET PRODUCTION CONTRACTS: AN APPLICATION OF CALIBRATED PRODUCTION EQUILIBRIUM MODELLING
Authors: Fraser Iain , McInnes Andrew , Russell Noel 
Published: November 2008

A key feature of the 1995 ‘mini‐reform’ of the EU sugar regime was a commitment by the Commission to review quota levels on an annual basis with a view to making reductions when there is a danger of breaching the GATT export limits. How such reductions might be implemented and the implications at farm level is clearly a matter of some concern. Economists in particular have pointed out that a simple administrative solution based on proportionate reductions could lead to a loss in economic welfare as both more efficient and less efficient producers reduced production. A carefully administered ‘outgoer’ scheme might generate a more efficient outcome. Economists would suggest that it is only market‐type mechanisms, principally those consistent with the notion of marketable entitlements, which automatically allocate production to the most efficient producers. This would be an important aspect of ensuring that UK sugarbeet production could respond to the inevitable competitive pressures arising from GATT. However, the relevance of these notions for policy decision making will depend on the extent of the efficiency gains which might be achieved using the more complex procedures.This study illustrates one method through which the implications of alternative allocation procedures might be assessed. Data on 1994/95 enterprise‐level outputs and inputs for a sample of sugarbeet producers is used to construct a system of production functions and input demand relationships using the calibrated production equilibrium approach pioneered by Howitt (1995, a, b). This detailed model of arable production on these farms (together with a simple representation of ‘aggregate’ sample‐level demand) is used to simulate the impact of alternative allocation mechanisms on farm income, output and input levels on these farms.
Recent Trends in the Historiography of Iran under the Pahlavi Dynasty, 1921–1979
Authors: Schayegh Cyrus 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThis article has two aims. It outlines the historiography of Pahlavi Iran, maintaining that historians have often written about this period from the perspective of the state. It also examines a small number of recent texts that have been instrumental in shifting the historiographic focus on the Pahlavi period: they are complicating our often monolithic view of ‘the state’ as well as its interactions with social groups.
Evaluation of Quantitative Portal Venous, Hepatic Arterial, and Total Hepatic Tissue Blood Flow Using Xenon CT in Alcoholic Liver Cirrhosis—Comparison With Liver Cirrhosis Related to Hepatitis C Virus and Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis
Authors: Takahashi Hideaki , Suzuki Michihiro , Ikeda Hiroki , Kobayashi Minoru , Sase Shigeru , Yotsuyanagi Hiroshi , Maeyama Shiro , Iino Shiro , Itoh Fumio 
Published: November 2008

Background/Aims:  Xenon computed tomography (Xe‐CT) is a noninvasive method of quantifying and visualizing tissue blood flow (TBF). For the liver, Xe‐CT allows separate measurement of hepatic arterial and portal venous TBF. The present study evaluated the usefulness of Xe‐CT as a noninvasive diagnostic procedure for measuring hepatic TBF in alcoholic liver cirrhosis (AL‐LC), compared with liver cirrhosis related to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), (NASH‐LC), and hepatitis C virus (HCV), (C‐LC).Methods:  Xe‐CT was performed on 22 patients with AL‐LC, 7 patients with NASH‐LC, and 24 patients with C‐LC. Severity of LC was classified according to Child‐Pugh classification. Correlations between hepatic TBF, Child‐Pugh classification, and indocyanin green retention (ICG) rate after 15 minutes (ICG15R) were examined. Correlations of hepatic TBF in Child‐Pugh class A to AL‐LC, NASH‐LC, and C‐LC were also examined.Results:  Portal venous TBF (PVTBF) displayed a significant negative correlation with Child‐Pugh score and ICG15R (r = −0.432, p < 0.01, r = −0.442, p < 0.01, respectively). Moreover, ICG15R displayed a significant positive correlation with Child‐Pugh score (r = 0.661, p < 0.001). Meanwhile, mean PVTBF and total hepatic TBF (THTBF) was significantly lower in AL‐LC than in C‐LC (p < 0.05). Mean PVTBF was significantly lower in Child‐Pugh class A to AL‐LC and NASH‐LC than in that to C‐LC (p < 0.05). Similarly, mean THTBF was significantly lower in Child‐Pugh class A to NASH‐LC than in that to C‐LC (p < 0.05).Conclusions:  Measurement of hepatic TBF using Xe‐CT is useful as a noninvasive, objective method of assessing the state of the liver in chronic liver disease.
System Perspectives of Experts and Farmers Regarding the Role of Livelihood Assets in Risk Perception: Results from the Structured Mental Model Approach
Authors: Schoell Regina , Binder Claudia R. 
Published: November 2008

Pesticide application is increasing and despite extensive educational programs farmers continue to take high health and environmental risks when applying pesticides.The structured mental model approach (SMMA) is a new method for risk perception analysis. It embeds farmers' risk perception into their livelihood system in the elaboration of a mental model (MM). Results from its first application are presented here. The study region is Vereda la Hoya (Colombia), an area characterized by subsistence farming, high use of pesticides, and a high incidence of health problems. Our hypothesis was that subsistence farmers were constrained by economic, environmental, and sociocultural factors, which consequently should influence their mental models.Thirteen experts and 10 farmers were interviewed and their MMs of the extended pesticide system elicited. The interviews were open‐ended with the questions structured in three parts: (i) definition and ranking of types of capital with respect to their importance for the sustainability of farmers' livelihood; (ii) understanding the system and its dynamics; and (iii) importance of the agents in the farmers' agent network. Following this structure, each part of the interview was analyzed qualitatively and statistically. Our analyses showed that the mental models of farmers and experts differed significantly from each other.By applying the SMMA, we were also able to identify reasons for the divergence of experts' and farmers' MMs. Of major importance are the following factors: (i) culture and tradition; (ii) trust in the source of information; and (iii) feedback on knowledge.
Portfolio Choice and Life Insurance: The CRRA Case
Authors: Huang Huaxiong , Milevsky Moshe A. , Wang Jin 
Published: November 2008

AbstractWe solve a portfolio choice problem that includes life insurance and labor income under constant relative risk aversion (CRRA) preferences. We focus on the correlation between the dynamics of human capital and financial capital and model the utility of the family as opposed to separating consumption and bequest. We simplify the underlying Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equation using a similarity reduction technique that leads to an efficient numerical solution. Households for whom shocks to human capital are negatively correlated with shocks to financial capital should own more life insurance with greater equity/stock exposure. Life insurance hedges human capital and is insensitive to the family's risk aversion, consistent with practitioner guidance.