L-serine treatment in patients with GRIN-related encephalopathy: a phase 2A, non-randomized study
Authors: Juliá-Palacios Natalia , Olivella Mireia , Sigatullina Bondarenko Mariya , Ibáñez-Micó Salvador , Muñoz-Cabello Beatriz , Alonso-Luengo Olga , Soto-Insuga Víctor , García-Navas Deyanira , Cuesta-Herraiz Laura , Andreo-Lillo Patricia , Aguilera-Albesa Sergio , Hedrera-Fernández Antonio , González Alguacil Elena , Sánchez-Carpintero Rocío , Martín del Valle Fernando , Jiménez González Erika , Cean Cabrera Lourdes , Medina-Rivera Ines , Perez-Ordoñez Marta , Colomé Roser , Lopez Laura , Engracia Cazorla María , Fornaguera Montserrat , Ormazabal Aida , Alonso-Colmenero Itziar , Illescas Katia Sofía , Balsells-Mejía Sol , Mari-Vico Rosanna , Duffo Viñas Maria , Cappuccio Gerarda , Terrone Gaetano , Romano Roberta , Manti Filippo , Mastrangelo Mario , Alfonsi Chiara , de Siqueira Barros Bruna , Nizon Mathilde , Gjerulfsen Cathrine Elisabeth , Muro Valeria L , Karall Daniela , Zeiner Fiona , Masnada Silvia , Peterlongo Irene , Oyarzábal Alfonso , Santos-Gómez Ana , Altafaj Xavier , García-Cazorla Ángeles 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
GRIN-related disorders are rare developmental encephalopathies with variable manifestations and limited therapeutic options. Here, we present the first non-randomized, open-label, single-arm trial (NCT04646447) designed to evaluate the tolerability and efficacy of L-serine in children with GRIN genetic variants leading to loss-of-function.
In this phase 2A trial, patients aged 2–18 years with GRIN loss-of-function pathogenic variants received L-serine for 52 weeks. Primary end points included safety and efficacy by measuring changes in the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, Bayley Scales, age-appropriate Wechsler Scales, Gross Motor Function-88, Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children, Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory, Child Behavior Checklist and the Caregiver-Teacher Report Form following 12 months of treatment. Secondary outcomes included seizure frequency and intensity reduction and EEG improvement. Assessments were performed 3 months and 1 day before starting treatment and 1, 3, 6 and 12 months after beginning the supplement.
Twenty-four participants were enrolled (13 males/11 females, mean age 9.8 years, SD 4.8), 23 of whom completed the study. Patients had GRIN2B, GRIN1 and GRIN2A variants (12, 6 and 5 cases, respectively). Their clinical phenotypes showed 91% had intellectual disability (61% severe), 83% had behavioural problems, 78% had movement disorders and 58% had epilepsy. Based on the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Composite standard scores, nine children were classified as mildly impaired (cut-off score &gt; 55), whereas 14 were assigned to the clinically severe group.
An improvement was detected in the Daily Living Skills domain (P = 0035) from the Vineland Scales within the mild group. Expressive (P = 0.005), Personal (P = 0.003), Community (P = 0.009), Interpersonal (P = 0.005) and Fine Motor (P = 0.031) subdomains improved for the whole cohort, although improvement was mostly found in the mild group. The Growth Scale Values in the Cognitive subdomain of the Bayley-III Scale showed a significant improvement in the severe group (P = 0.016), with a mean increase of 21.6 points.
L-serine treatment was associated with significant improvement in the median Gross Motor Function-88 total score (P = 0.002) and the mean Pediatric Quality of Life total score (P = 0.00068), regardless of severity. L-serine normalized the EEG pattern in five children and the frequency of seizures in one clinically affected child. One patient discontinued treatment due to irritability and insomnia.
The trial provides evidence that L-serine is a safe treatment for children with GRIN loss-of-function variants, having the potential to improve adaptive behaviour, motor function and quality of life, with a better response to the treatment in mild phenotypes.