bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the several facets of personality assessment: The case of social acuity
Authors: Funder David C , Harris Monica J 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe present research employs a variety of methods to examine social acuity, the ability and inclination to perceive the psychological state of others and act accordingly Sources of data include three self‐report inventories (Self‐Monitoring, Attributional Complexity, and Empathy), a direct measure of perceptual performance (the Profile of Nonverbal Sensitivity), and comprehensive Q‐sort descriptions of personality provided by subjects' peers and by the subjects themselves The four measures of social acuity were found to be coherently interrelated, Self‐Monitoring and Empathy were related to each other particularly closely Examination of the Q‐sort correlates, from both self‐reports and peers' judgments, yielded an improved conceptual understanding of social acuity and demonstrated the close relationship between these measures and interpersonal effectiveness The results are discussed in terms of the construct validity of social acuity and the usefulness of multiple methods and approaches in assessing personality
Social values and cooperative response to a simulated resource conservation crisis
Authors: Kramer Roderick M , McClintock Charles G , Messick David M 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe present study examined the relationship between individuals social motives or values and their level of cooperation during a simulated resource conservation crisis Prior to the resource task, a decomposed game procedure was used to classify subjects as cooperatively or noncooperatively oriented Subjects, in groups of six, were led to believe that they shared access to a replenishing resource pool via a system of linked computer terminals Across a series of trials, subjects had to choose between maximizing their own short‐term gain and exercising personal restraint to preserve the collective resource False feedback about the group's use of the resource and the rate at which it was replenished was varied to indicate either that the resource was being sustained or that collective overuse was rapidly depleting it As predicted, cooperatively oriented individuals responded to resource depletion with greater self‐restraint than did those classified as noncooperators Analvsis of pretrial and posttrial data indicated that social values were also related to individuals expectations about the task and perceptions of others
Exemplification: The self‐presentation of moral character
Authors: Gilbert Daniel T , Jones Edward E 
Published: April 2006

AbstractHow do people come to terms with moral self‐presentations and disconfirming behaviors? Subjects were exposed to the self‐presentation of either an exemplifier (presenting himself as morally virtuous) or a pragmatist (presenting himself as morally adaptable) and then learned whether the self‐presenter had or had not cheated for self‐serving reasons in an earlier experiment Subjects clearly distinguished between exploitativeness and hypocrisy in their attributions, and considered a cheating exemplifier more hypocritical and self‐deluding, but less exploitative and devious than a cheating pragmatist A second experiment manipulated subjects' involvement with the cheating of an exemplifier and a pragmatist by making half of the subjects its victims As in Experiment 1, uninvolved subjects considered the cheating exemplifier more hypocritical and less exploitative than a cheating pragmatist, however, involved subjects (victims) considered a cheating exemplifier more hypocritical but no less exploitative than a cheating pragmatist The results are discussed in terms of strategic self‐presentation and the attribution of moral character
Information seeking of high‐ and low‐anxiety subjects after receiving positive and negative self‐relevant feedback
Authors: Frey Dieter , Stahlberg Dagmar , Fries Alfred 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe present paper reports an experiment in which subjects received fictitious intelligence test feedback that was either negatively or positively discrepant with their self‐evaluation They were then given an opportunity to choose among several articles containing information that either derogated intelligence tests (test‐disparaging information) or argued for their validity (test‐supporting information) The main finding of this study consists of an interaction between the personality factor anxiety and the feedback variable High‐anxiety subjects prefer test‐disparaging information significantly more in the negative feedback condition than in the positive feedback condition, whereas low‐anxiety subjects show no difference in preference for test‐related information as a function of the feedback condition These results are in line with past theoretical reasoning and experimental findings showing that high‐anxiety subjects feel more threatened by negative self‐relevant feedback than do low‐anxiety subjects
An examination of the relation of individual difference variables to loneliness
Authors: Levin Ira , Stokes Joseph P 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis study investigated the relation of five individual difference variables (extroversion, depression, self‐esteem, neuroticism, and attitude toward others) to loneliness The relative contributions of two different models that might explain these relations were examined One model suggests that individual difference variables are related to loneliness through the mediation of social network variables, that IS, individual difference variables may reduce people's motivation and/or ability to build and maintain social relationships, which in turn leads to loneliness The second model, the cognitive bias model, states that both the individual difference variables and loneliness are influenced by the same intrapersonal, cognitive processes Some people are prone to negative affect and tend to evaluate themselves and their relationships negatively The relations of self‐esteem, neuroticism, and depression to loneliness were hypothesized to reflect the cognitive bias model, while extroversion and attitudes toward others were hypothesized to be related to loneliness through the mediation of social network variables Eighty‐two female and 42 male adults completed measures of loneliness and the five individual difference variables, as well as an instrument assessing their social networks The results indicated partial support for both models for each of the individual difference variables Together, the two models did a good job of explaining the correlations of the individual difference variables and loneliness The implications of these findings, as well as their relation to previous research, are discussed
Logical learning theory: A teleological alternative in the field of personality
Authors: Rychlak Joseph F. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractLogical learning theory (LLT) is presented as a teleological alternative to most current explanations of human behavior An organism construed as intentional is more suitable to many personality/personological accounts than is an organism construed as mechanical It is first established that LLT is a predicational rather than a mechanical explanation of behavior The concept of telosponsivity is then presented as an alternative to the predominant view of behavior as a supposed response to antecedent stimulation Telosponsivity rests on the assumption of dialectical human cognition A review of the early work on affective assessments in human cognition follows Affection is a special case of telosponsivity, and not a physical feeling or emotion per se Evidence drawn from empirical research outside of the strict LLT literature is also adduced in support of its tenets The presentation closes with a survey of current research being conducted on LLT It IS concluded that human agency is a viable theoretical outlook, and that a view resting on such assumptions can be shown to have empirical validity
Sex Differences in Adult Moral Orientations
Authors: Pratt Michael W. , Golding Gail , Hunter William , Sampson Rosemarle 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT
Gilligan's (1982) hypotheses regarding sex differences in moral reasoning orientation were investigated in two samples of adults In Study 1, adults ages 18 to 75 were interviewed about both hypothetical and personal moral dilemmas Women were more likely than men overall to show Gilligan's care orientation as expected, particularly in personal reasoning However, these sex differences were not as pervasive as Gilligan argues, and were influenced by subject age, subject stage level on Kohlberg's measure of moral reasoning, and the type of real‐life dilemma content recalled by subjects for discussionStudy 2 focused on the role of adult parental status as mediator of personal moral orientation differences in mid‐life Consistent with the theorizing of Gutmann (1985), adult parents were shown to be sex‐role differentiated in both selfconcept and moral orientation, whereas married nonparents were not Further‐more, sex differences in reasoning orientations were again found to be linked to differences in the dilemma content presented by men and women These studies partly support Gilligan's theorizing, but indicate less pervasive sex differences in some groups of adults than hypothesized
Do Parental Influences Matter? A Reply to Halverson
Authors: McCrae Robert R , Costa Paul T. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT
Halverson (1988) raises many objections to the retrospective method, but only some of them are applicable to our study (McCrae & Costa, 1988), further, Halverson fails to distinguish between random error and bias in retrospective data We argue that retrospective accounts can provide one useful source of evidence when the probable effects of biases are taken into account The small associations between recalled parent‐child relations and adult personality that we reported were probably exaggerated rather than masked by retrospective bias, we took this into account in reaching our conclusions Rather than dismiss the method, psychologists should question the entrenched belief that child‐rearing is a major determinant of adult personalityTram up a child in the way he should go, and when he is old, he will not depart from it—Proverbs 22 6
Continulty in the Life Story: Self‐Defining Memories, Affect, and Approach/Avoidance Personal Strivings
Authors: Moffitt Kathie Halbach , Singer Jefferson A. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTTo study affective responses to memories and their relationship to personal strivings, 117 participants (65 males, 52 females) wrote selfdefining memories and indicated their affective responses to the memories. A week later they generated personal strivings, rated them along 10 dimensions, and indicated the relevance of their memories to the strivings. Participants who recalled more memories relevant to the attainment of their strivings felt more positively about their memories. Additionally, participants who listed greater percentages of avoidance strivings also recalled more memories related to the nonattainment of their strivings. Participants with higher percentages of avoidance strivings also recalled less positive memories. In an extension of Emmons's (1986) research, participants' feelings about personal strivings were linked to their affective responses to memories generated a week earlier. These results support a goal‐based theory of affect and a role for motivation in memory.
Conceptions of Ability, Achievement Goals, and Individual Differences in Self‐Handicapping Behavior: On the Application of Implicit Theories
Authors: Rhodewalt Frederick 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTThis study tested the hypothesis that individual differences in the tendency to engage in self‐handicapping were related to beliefs about the mutability of ability attributes and the pursuit of different achievement goals. Correlational data indicated that high self‐handicappers as defined by the Self‐handicapping Scale (Jones & Rhodewalt, 1982) believed that ability traits were more innately determined. They were mote likely to endorse performance goals (demonstration of ability) than were low self‐handicappers. Low self‐handicappers, in contrast, held a more incremental view of ability traits and pursued learning goals (increasing competence). Results are discussed in terms of the cognitive underpinnings of self‐protective behavior.
An Investigation of the Structural Validity of Loevinger's Model and Measure of Ego Development
Authors: Novy Diane M. , Frankiewicz Ronald G. , Francis David J. , Liberman Dov , Overall John E. , Vincent Ken R. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTThis study demonstrates the use of structural equation modeling for investigating a hierarchical model of personality based on Loevinger's (1976) conceptualization. This model was constructed to have a multifactorial and hierarchical structure in which the ego development construct served as the source of covariation for specific personality constructs of impulse control, interpersonal style, conscious preoccupations, and cognitive style. This model and three other conceivable models were investigated to determine which structure best represented the relations among specific personality constructs and ego development. The specific personality constructs were identified by measures chosen from the available pool of measures that were compatible with Loevinger's conceptualization. The four conceivable models were fitted to sample data from 267 adult subjects using confirmatory factor analysis and were compared with indices of model fit and methods for comparison of nested models. Results suggested that the four specific personality constructs and ego development are part of the same process. Although a hierarchical structure appeared tenable for this process, the role of ego development perhaps is not as dominant as envisioned by Loevinger. These results must be considered tentative due to measurement limitations.
Facilitating Internalization: The Self‐Determination Theory Perspective
Authors: Deci Edward L. , Eghrari Haleh , Patrick Brian C. , Leone Dean R. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTSelf‐determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 1985) posits that (a) people are inherently motivated to internalize the regulation of uninteresting though important activities; (b) there are two different processes through which such internalization can occur, resulting in qualitatively different styles of self‐regulation; and (c) the social context influences which internalization process and regulatory style occur. The two types of internalization are introjection, which entails taking in a value or regulatory process but not accepting it as one's own, and integration, through which the regulation is assimilated with one's core sense of self. Introjection results in internally controlling regulation, whereas integration results in self‐determination. An experiment supported our hypothesis that three facilitating contextual factors—namely, providing a meaningful rationale, acknowledging the behaver's feelings, and conveying choice—promote internalization, as evidenced by the subsequent self‐regulation of behavior. This experiment also supported our expectation that when the social context supports self‐determination, integration tends to occur, whereas when the context does not support self‐determination, introjection tends to occur.
Narcissistic Illusions in Self‐Evaluations of Intelligence and Attractiveness
Authors: Gabriel Marsha T. , Critelli Joseph W. , Ee Jullana S. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTIn this study we compared the ability of narcissism and self‐esteem to predict positive illusions in self‐evaluations of intelligence and physical attractiveness in a sample of 146 college students. Narcissism predicted both types of illusion for males and females; self‐esteem predicted intelligence self‐illusion for males. Both males and females overestimated their own intelligence, with males, but not females, also overestimating their attractiveness. Positive illusions for intelligence and attractiveness were correlated. Males showed greater positive illusions than females, with this effect at least partly attributable to observed gender differences in narcissism.
A Quantitative Case Study of Longitudinal Changes in Identity, Intimacy, and Generativity
Authors: Franz Carol E. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTA quantitative case study of one woman's development was conducted in order to explore psychosocial change in early adulthood. A contentanalytic coding system for identity, intimacy, and generativity themes derived from E. H. Erikson's writing was applied to letters and diaries of the British writer Vera Brittain written when she was 20 to 21 and 30 to 31 years old. Over time, Brittain used more intimacy and generativity themes and fewer identity themes. Even though Brittain used fewer total identity themes in her writing in her early 30s, her use of one identity subcategory—occupational role—increased in frequency, and the way in which she expressed her identity concerns indicated greater certainty about her identity.
Shyness and PublicSelf‐Consciousness: Additive orInteractive Relation withSocial Interaction?
Authors: Bruch Monroe A. , Hamer Ronald J. , Heimberg Richard G. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTShy people are characterized as engaging in self‐derogatory thinking leading to anxiousness and inhibition, while people who are publicly self‐conscious are focused on the impression they create on others. In addition, public self‐consciousness has been described as an antecedent of shyness. In the present research, we tested additive versus interactive hypotheses about the association of shyness and public self‐consciousness with dysfunctional social interaction. Undergraduate men varying in shyness and public self‐consciousness engaged in a conversation with an unfamiliar woman confederate. Following the conversation, subjects completed self‐report measures focusing on their responses during the conversation. Only main effects for shyness and public self‐consciousness were found, supporting an additive hypothesis. Shyness was related to all dependent variables reflecting a negative self‐bias, while public self‐consciousness was not. In particular, shyness was inversely related to the balance of subjects' positive and negative thoughts and to reported use of protective as well as avoidance of acquisitive self‐presentation responses. Public self‐consciousness was positively related to use of protective self‐presentation responses but unrelated to acquisitive responses.
Do Obese Women Have Poorer Social Relationships Than Nonobese Women? Reports by Self, Friends, and Coworkers
Authors: Miller Carol T. , Rothblum Esther D. , Brand Pamela A. , Felicio Diane M. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTBoth theory and research suggest that obese women may have relatively poor social relationships even if their self‐reports about their relationships do not differ from the reports of nonobese women. Seventy‐seven obese and 78 nonobese women completed self‐report measures of social anxiety, social self‐esteem, social competence, social network size, and perceived social support from friends and family. Friends and coworkers also rated these women on the same measures. The self‐reports of obese and nonobese women did not differ significantly on any of these social measures, and ratings from friends and coworkers of obese women were not different from ratings of nonobese women by friends and coworkers. These results suggest that obese women may be able to overcome prejudice against obese people in their relationships with others.
A Naturalistic Test of Two Fundamental Propositions: Correspondence Bias and the Actor‐Observer Hypothesis
Authors: Lewis Paul T. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTThis research examines factors which influence the lay‐explainer in everyday life. Correspondence bias (cf. Gilbert & Jones, 1986) and Jones and Nisbett's (1971) actor‐observer hypothesis are reviewed. Descriptions and explanations of behavior were obtained in everyday life via experience sampling. Traits as explanations were accessed minimally. The only significant difference between actor and observer was that actors used the person explanation more than observers did. Whether actor or observer, situational explanations were preferred most, then person, and finally purpose. Actions were explained significantly more by purpose and somewhat less by situation than were emotions. Reasons for such findings are discussed, along with the importance of description (e.g., an action‐emotion descriptive contrast, cf. McArthur, 1972) and explanatory purpose, the purpose explanation, and everyday life for studies of correspondence bias and the actor‐observer hypothesis.
Children's feelings of school competence and perceptions of parents' work in four socio‐cultural contexts
Authors: Moorehouse Martha J. , Sanders Paul E. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAssociations between perceived qualities of parents' work and children's sense of competence were examined in four dual‐earner family contexts differentiated by social class, ethnicity, and language background. Measures of perceived general academic and mathematical competence, knowledge of parents' work situations, and family background were group administered to 226 fourth, fifth, and sixth graders. In three dual‐earner family contexts, as spillover models would predict, children who felt more academically competent described their mothers' and fathers' jobs as having more positive and fewer negative qualities. However, in the fourth (dual‐earner laboring‐class Spanish‐speaking) context, children who felt more academically competent described mothers' jobs in the least favorable terms. Findings underscore the need to consider whether developmental processes operate differently in different socio‐cultural contexts and to consider both the problems and positive possibilities that may arise from specific conditions of parents' work.
Children's perceptions of playfighting, playchasing and real fighting: a cross‐national interview study
Authors: Smith Peter K. , Hunter Thelma , Carvalho Ana M.A. , Costabile Angela 
Published: April 2006

AbstractPlayfighting and chasing can he distinguished from real fighting, hut their significance in children's development remains uncertain. This study examines playfighting and chasing from the child's, rather than the observer's, perspective, using a questionnaire given to 8 and 11 year olds in England and South Italy and 5 year olds in England. Findings were generally similar for English and Italian children. Most hoys and girls reported both liking, and taking part in, playchasing; liking and participation in playfighting was more divided, though more so for boys, with many children disliking the perceived risk of injury in playfighting. About half the children (more boys than girls) reported having been in a serious fight, often provoked by verbal abuse or accidental injury. Most children reported that they could tell playfighting from a serious fight; at 5 years, liking and taking part in playfights was a predictor of this ability, which approached ceiling by 8 and 10 years. A wide variety of cues were given which could distinguish playful and serious fighting. Findings were consistent with the practice hypothesis for playfighting. However, most children also thought that playfighting could lead to a serious fight, especially as a result of accidental injury; escalation of this kind was also thought to be more likely if the play partner was not a best friend. Both ‘honest mistakes’ and ‘cheating’ seem to be possible explanations for playfighting leading to serious fighting. Assertion or maintenance of dominance may be a function for cheating in playfighting.