bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recanalization of the Collecting Lymphatics in Rabbit Hind Leg
Authors: IKOMI FUMITAKA , YOKOYAMA YUMIKO , OGIWARA NAOKO , SASAKI KATSUNORI , MIZUNO RISUKE , OHHASHI TOSHIO 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTObjective: This study was designed to examine whether mature collecting lymphatics can regenerate in the adult tissue or not.Materials and Methods: The X‐ray lymphograms were used to detect network of the collecting lymphatics in rabbit hind leg. Regeneration of the lymphatics was observed after surgical removal of the popliteal lymph node or a part of the popliteal afferent lymphatic. Structure and mechanical properties of the lymphatics were also examined by light and electron microscopes and in vitro functional experiments.Results: One week after removal of the lymph node, only an afferent lymphatic and a deposit of the contrast medium at the popliteal region were observed. Four weeks after the removal, the connection of the afferent and efferent lymphatics at the popliteal region, and collateral lymphatics were present in the leg. Further, 4 weeks after 1‐mm excisions of a part of the lymphatic, recanalization was observed between the central and peripheral cut ends of the lymphatic but not after 3‐ and 10‐mm excisions. Endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells could be observed by electron microscope, and contractile proteins, and alpha‐smooth muscle actin SM1 and SM2 were immunofluorescently detected in both intact and the regenerated lymphatic walls. In both lymphatics, norepinephrine and acetylcholine induced dose‐dependent constriction and dilation of the vessels, respectively.Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that mature collecting lymphatics are able to regenerate in the adult tissues.
Role of Platelets in Hypercholesterolemia‐Induced Leukocyte Recruitment and Arteriolar Dysfunction
Authors: STOKES KAREN Y. , CALAHAN LeSHANNA , RUSSELL JANICE M. , GURWARA SHELLY , GRANGER D. NEIL 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTObjective: To define the contribution of platelets, specifically platelet‐associated P‐selectin, to the altered venular and arteriolar responses induced by hypercholesterolemia.Methods: Leukocyte and platelet recruitment in cremasteric venules, and endothelium‐dependent relaxation (EDR) in arterioles were determined using intravital videomicroscopy. Wild‐type (WT) mice were placed on a normal or high cholesterol diet. Hypercholesterolemic mice were treated with blocking antibodies against either P‐selectin or PSGL‐1, or were depleted of neutrophils (ANS) or platelets (APS). Bone marrow chimeras (P‐selectin deficiency in platelets, but not in endothelial cells) were produced by transplanting bone marrow from P‐selectin−/− into WT mice (P‐sel−/−→ WT).Results: Hypercholesterolemia (HC) elicited the recruitment of adherent platelets and leukocytes in venules and an impaired EDR in arterioles. The exaggerated cell adhesion responses were absent in hypercholesterolemic mice treated with ANS, anti‐P‐selectin or anti‐PSGL‐1 antibodies and in P‐sel−/−→ WT chimeras. The hypercholesterolemia‐induced impairment of arteriolar EDR was significantly blunted in mice rendered either neutropenic or thrombocytopenic, and in P‐sel−/−→ WT chimeras.Conclusions: The findings indicate that platelet‐associated P‐selectin contributes to the recruitment of leukocytes and platelets in venules of hypercholesterolemic mice and that the P‐selectin‐mediated adhesive interactions also contribute to the impaired arteriolar function induced by hypercholesterolemia.
Impact of Obesity on Coronary Microvascular Function in the Zucker Rat
Authors: PRAKASH RAJAN , MINTZ JAMES D. , STEPP DAVID W. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTObjective: To test the hypothesis that vasomotor control is impaired in the coronary circulation of prediabetic obese (OZR) relative to lean Zucker rats (LZR).Methods: Cardiac function was assessed with in vivo measures of cardiac output and microvascular structure and function was assessed in vitro using videomicroscopic techniques.Results: OZR showed a marked hyperdynamic circulation with an increased cardiac output and elevated stroke volume. Contrary to the stated hypothesis, the authors found no diminution of vasodilator function and no augmentation of vasoconstriction. Indeed, dilation to acetylcholine was potentiated and vasoconstriction to endothelin was reduced in OZR compared to LZR. Structural characteristics of small coronary arteries were similar between LZR and OZR.Conclusions: Taken together, these results indicate that obesity, as manifested in the prediabetic OZR, does not impair coronary vasomotor control. This lack of dysfunction in the presence of the same risk factors that affect other beds may reflect a reversal of vascular injury by the increased metabolism and coronary blood flow caused by hyperdynamic cardiac function early in obesity.
Shunting of the Microcirculation After Mesenteric Ischemia and Reperfusion Is a Function of Ischemia Time and Increases Mortality
Authors: LAUTERBACH MICHAEL , HORSTICK GEORG , PLUM NICOLA , WEILEMANN L. S. , MÜNZEL THOMAS , KEMPSKI OLIVER 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTObjective: Shunting of the microcirculation contributes to the pathology of sepsis and septic shock. The authors address the hypothesis that shunting of the microcirculation occurs after superior mesenteric artery occlusion (SMAO) and reperfusion, and explore functional consequences.Methods: Spontaneously breathing animals (rats) (n = 30) underwent SMAO for 0 (controls), 30 (SMAO_30) or 60 min (SMAO_60) followed by reperfusion (4 h) with normal saline. Leukocyte–endothelial interactions in mesenteric venules were quantified in an exteriorized ileal loop using intravital microscopy. Abdominal blood flow was recorded continuously, and arterial blood gases were analyzed at intervals. The above groups were matched by comparable groups with continuous superior mesenteric artery blood flow measurements and without exteriorizing an ileal loop (controls*, SMAO_30*, SMAO_60*).Results: Adherent leukocytes increased shortly after reperfusion in ischemia groups, and plateaued in these groups. Centerline velocity in the recorded venules was significantly reduced after reperfusion down to low‐flow/no‐flow in SMAO_60 as compared to SMAO_30 and controls, whereas perfusion of the SMA and ileal vessels persisted. The microcirculatory changes in SMAO_60 were accompanied by progressive metabolic acidosis, substantially larger volumes of intravenous fluids needed to support arterial blood pressure and significantly reduced survival (30%). SMA blood flow increased in relation to abdominal blood flow after reperfusion in SMAO_60*, and remained constant in SMAO_30* and controls*. Survival was 80% in SMAO_60*.Conclusion: Shunting of the microcirculation can be observed after SMAO for 60 min and reperfusion, and contributes significantly to the pathology of mesenteric ischemia and poor outcome.
Educational provision for children with specific speech and language difficulties: perspectives of speech and language therapy service managers
Authors: Dockrell Julie E. , Lindsay Geoff , Letchford Becky , Mackie Clare 
Published: July 2006

AbstractBackground: Children with specific speech and language difficulties (SSLD) pose a challenge to the education system, and to speech and language therapists who support them, as a result of their language needs and associated educational and social–behavioural difficulties. The development of inclusion raises questions regarding appropriate provision, whether the tradition of language units or full inclusion into mainstream schools.Aims: To gather the views of speech and language therapy service managers in England and Wales regarding approaches to service delivery, terminology and decision‐making for educational provision, and the use of direct and indirect (consultancy) models of intervention.Method & Procedures: The study reports on a national survey of speech and language therapy (SLT) services in England and Wales (129 respondents, 72.1% response rate) and interviews with 39 SLT service managers.Outcomes & Results: Provision varied by age group with support to children in the mainstream common from pre‐school to the end of Key Stage 2 (up to 11 years), and to those in designated specialist provision, common at Key Stages 1/2 (ages 5–11 years), but less prevalent at Key Stages 3/4 (11–16 years). Decision‐making regarding provision was influenced by the lack of common terminology, with SSLD and specific language impairment (SLI) the most common, and criteria, including the use of the discrepancy model for defining SSLD. Practice was influenced by the difficulties in distinguishing children with SSLD from those with autistic spectrum disorder, and difficulties translating policies into practice.Conclusions: The implications of the study are discussed with reference to SLT practice, including consultancy models, and the increasingly prevalent policy in local education authorities of inclusion of children with special educational needs.
Connecting stuttering measurement and management: II. Measures of cognition and affect
Authors: Susca Michael 
Published: July 2006

AbstractBackground: To the person who stutters, there are other experiences than the somatic ones of stuttered speech. These are experiences of cognition and affect: in other words, experiences of thought and emotion. For several reasons, it is quite difficult to determine and recommend core measures of cognition and affect for clinicians to consider using.Aims: To catalogue some of the many instruments that may be regarded by clinicians as worthwhile for use in measuring cognition and affect in clinical practice.Main Contribution: The presentation of measures of cognition and affect is organized according to those that have appeared in recent clinical trials of stuttering during roughly the last decade, and those that have not featured in clinical trials.Conclusions: Measures that have featured in the clinical trials literature might be looked on favourably, along with those for whom there are more than one data source in support. The various measures from the discipline of clinical psychology generally fall into the latter category. The notions of cognition and affect emerge from the discipline of clinical psychology, and therefore it makes sense to look to that discipline for measures of those constructs. Seeking such tools outside the discipline of speech pathology, especially those with established reliability and validity, seems to hold potential in contributing to one's understanding of affective and cognitive functioning in people who stutter.
Connecting stuttering management and measurement: I. Core speech measures of clinical process and outcome
Authors: Shenker Rosalee C. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractBackground: There will always be a place for stuttering treatments designed to eliminate or reduce stuttered speech. When those treatments are required, direct speech measures of treatment process and outcome are needed in clinical practice.Aims: Based on the contents of published clinical trials of such treatments, three ‘core’ measures of treatment outcome are presented for consideration by clinicians: measures of stuttering rate, speech rate and speech naturalness.Main Contribution: In contrast to clinical trials, however, clinicians are at liberty to have as many outcome measures as thought necessary, and to design non‐standard ones to suit their needs and those of their clients. In that context, the merits of severity ratings of stuttering are considered. It is argued that the prime source of guidance of suitable measures of treatment process are the manuals of the treatments that have figured in clinical trials.Conclusions: Although there are independent data sources that contradict the axiom that treatment outcomes should be measured beyond the clinic, it is argued that it is premature to dispense with beyond‐clinic process outcome measures for clinical practice. It is argued that for clinicians who conduct treatments in non‐research contexts, one pretreatment outcome measurement occasion is sufficient, along with post‐treatment measures at each maintenance visit. More than anything else, the numerous advantages of severity ratings of stuttering facilitate clinical measurement of treatment outcome and treatment process in several settings and on several occasions.
Nanoparticles of soluble alkaline silicates as flash rusting inhibitors in water‐borne paints
Authors: Kalendová A. , Veselý D. , Kalenda P. 
Published: July 2006

PurposeTo identify a method of evaluation as well as conditions under which corrosion in the form of flash rusting attacks steel treated with a coating of water‐borne binders.Design/methodology/approachThe paper worked with soluble alkaline silicates – sodium silicate – acting as flash rusting inhibitors, while aqueous dispersion binders were used in primer paints. Sodium silicate, potassium silicate and lithium silicate were studied from this point of view. Their inhibiting properties were described with the aid of a scanning method, determination of metal weight loss and electron raster microscopy.FindingsSodium silicate was identified as a very good flash rusting inhibitor for applications in styrene‐acrylate water‐borne paints.Practical implicationsSodium silicate, potassium silicate and lithium silicate can be used in industrial coatings as high‐performance inhibitors of flash rusting.Originality/valueA coating containing corrosion defects occurring during the creation of a film loses its anticorrosion properties and provides only low anticorrosion protection against atmospheric corrosion when the film of coating is later exposed to a corrosion environment. This paper proved that silicates could be very efficient flash rusting inhibitors under certain conditions.
Some organic and inorganic compounds as inhibitors for carbon steel corrosion in 3.5 percent NaCl solution
Authors: Abdallah M. , El‐Etre A.Y. , Soliman M.G. , Mabrouk E.M. 
Published: July 2006

PurposeTo study the effects of the sodium salts of molybdate, tungstate and monovanadate as well as some derivatives of Neville‐Winter acid azo dyes on the corrosion of carbon steel in 3.5 percent NaCl solution.Design/methodology/approachOpen circuit potential measurement and potentiostatic polarization techniques have been used.FindingsIt was found that all the compounds had inhibition effects on carbon steel dissolution. Inhibition efficiency (IE) increased with increase in inhibitor concentration. The process of inhibition was attributed to the formation of an adsorbed film on the metal surface, which protects the metal against the corrosive medium. The adsorption of these compounds on the steel/chloride interface was found to follow Freundlich adsorption isotherm behaviour.Originality/valueProves the effectiveness of the sodium salts of molybdate, tungstate and monovanadate as well as some derivatives of Neville‐Winter acid azo dyes on the corrosion of carbon steel in 3.5 percent NaCl solution.
An empirical investigation of Turkish cola market
Authors: Ulas Dilber , Bader Arslan H. 
Published: July 2006

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to present a broad view and analysis of brand switching attitudes of cola consumers in Turkish cola market.Design/methodology/approachPresents the results of a questionnaire, conducted with 855 university students. Brand preferences and loyalty towards cola drinks were investigated by frequency distributions, T‐tests and cross‐tabulations, using particular factors such as purchasing frequency of the brand, brand preference, repurchase intent, searching for the brand, price and promotion tolerance.FindingsCola Turka, the new cola brand, has captured almost one‐quarter of the market. It has the potential to create loyal consumers. Despite Coca‐Cola preserving its dominance, Pepsi‐Cola has been surpassed by this new product.Research limitations/implicationsAlthough special attention was spent in constructing a sample with high presentation ability, university students, selected from three different cities, may not reflect the whole picture of the cola market. Cola Turka is a newly‐born brand and it is hard to identify whether consumers are loyal or not to such a brand.Practical implicationsOrigin, advertising and image of the product may foster its preference, as in the case of Cola Turka. Men and women have different buying motives and this can be used for attracting new consumers.Originality/valueThis research paper is unique in its field, which aims to depict brand loyalty in the Turkish cola drinks market. It has a particular importance since the research was carried out after the launch of the new Turkish cola brand “Cola Turka”.
Food for thought: parents' perspectives of child influence
Authors: Turner Jason J. , Kelly James , McKenna Kirsty 
Published: July 2006

PurposeAims to investigate the influence parents perceive their children have on family food‐purchasing decisions and discuss the reasons why parents do not always purchase healthy food products.Design/methodology/approachQuantitative analysis was conducted, using 301 questionnaires which were distributed to parents through a local primary school in Dundee. From this sample 143 were returned.FindingsMost parents acknowledge that their children do influence their purchasing decisions, with 86 (60 percent) agreeing or strongly agreeing that they gave in to their children's demands; however, parents feel that they do not give in to pester power. Parents were aware of health issues and state that they regularly purchase healthy food products for their children. However, many parents admit to buying unhealthy food products for their children as treats.Research limitations/implicationsThis was an exploratory study and carries the limitation of generalisability as it was conducted solely in Dundee. Any further research should contrast perspectives from other UK cities and develop research into the family dynamics and parents' rationale for “yielding” to their children with regard to junk food.Practical implicationsIt is suggested that parents “give in” to their children, which demonstrates the importance of “getting” the message across to children to eat more healthily. Further, the paper provides insight into influencing factors, suggesting that advertising can play a prominent role in influencing children's eating habits.Originality/valueThis paper is helpful to both academics and practitioners in the field of healthy eating among children. The paper provides some insight into parental perspectives of healthy eating and their responses to pester power.
Statistical techniques to facilitate the launch price of fresh fruit
Authors: Rolfe John , Bretherton Phil , Hyland Paul , Soosay Claudine 
Published: July 2006

PurposeThe launch of a new product into the marketplace involves substantial risk and management planning. Information and tools are required to efficiently test‐market the product price, segment‐based price, and competitive price benchmark. The traditional approach to pricing such products has been on a cost‐plus basis with subsequent adjustments as sales develop. This paper aims to look at a more rigorous method using statistical analyses of survey data and is based on a case study of a company which seeks to differentiate itself by providing fresh cut fresh fruit of exceptional quality.Design/methodology/approachThe empirical research conducted involved surveys of sampling consumers in a regional centre (Rockhampton) and a capital city (Brisbane) in Queensland, Australia. The surveys involved a taste test, feedback on the product, questions on appearance and pricing options, and collection of socio‐economic data. Further statistical tests were conducted to establish the price range for market launch in the two regions.FindingsThe findings identify the key demographics of the sample, the price and the main product offering. The price for the cut fresh fruit should be set in the range $2.50 to $2.95 in order to maximise both volume sales and profitability.Originality/valueThe study makes significant theoretical contributions to the literature and also identifies implications for managers. It provides good information for developing an appropriate marketing plan, identifying key demographics, reducing the risk of product failure and implementing strategies effectively, particularly with reference to the critical decision of a launch price.
Developing tomorrow's leaders: why their worldviews of today matter?
Authors: Yeo Roland K. 
Published: July 2006

PurposeThis paper aims to explore the relationship between the worldviews of leaders and their corresponding leadership styles. It also proposes a leadership development framework integrating training strategies and pertinent leadership skills.Design/methodology/approachThe paper proposes a modeling of seven leader types and illustrates the predominant worldview of each leader type. Separately, a modeling of six distinct leadership skills is used to distil the strengths and weaknesses of each leader type, from which specific training implications are discussed.FindingsFirst, autocratic and bureaucratic leaders tend to adopt a negative worldview which impinges on their level of power and influence. Second, charismatic and visionary leaders are well‐equipped with instrumental and creative imagination skills, reflecting their collaborative, global and transformative worldview. Third, both enabling and servant leaders display a quieter persona in terms of assertiveness, as they believe action speaks louder than words. They are highly consultative and participatory in their management approach.Practical implicationsCEOs and HRD professionals may now be able to assess their leaders' worldviews and match these with their leadership styles to design appropriate training programs for leadership development. A number of practical suggestions presented in this paper will provide pointers for training implementation.Originality/valueThe value of this paper lies in examining the root of a leader's attitude and behavior, that is, to focus on his/her worldview. The author's point of view is that a strategic leadership development program should first allow leaders to experience a variety of worldviews through simulation and other techniques, which will in turn influence the way they think and act.
New media‐supported learning today and tomorrow: recommendations for the next generation of education and training concepts supported by new learning media
Authors: Littig Peter 
Published: July 2006

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to describe the results of a research study on eLearning across Europe. The aims are to identify the main focus of eLearning projects supported by the European Leonardo da Vinci programme and to give recommendations for the future.Design/methodology/approachThe objectives were achieved in two different steps: First, the projects were categorized by the researchers according to an agreed set of criteria. This in turn led through the so‐called funnel methodology to a representative selection of eLearning projects which were evaluated more deeply by means of expert interviews.FindingsThe study showed that technical matters and narrowly‐defined subject areas still receive the most emphasis by eLearning developers. What is needed, however, is a stronger focus on the learners and their needs. The need for innovation in eLearning is not in the area of technological innovation, rather pedagogical innovation and increased value, for the learners need to play a more important role in eLearning projects.Research limitations/implicationsThis thematic monitoring should be seen as only a first step and needs to be continued to help steer the development of eLearning projects financed by the European Commission.Practical implicationsThe main focus of the outcomes is the necessity of the enforcement of learner‐oriented approaches instead of technology‐driven approaches in order to create added value for the eLearners.Originality/valueThis project was the first overall European monitoring in the field of eLearning, analysing the actual changes in thinking on eLearning and defining clear recommendations for the future.