bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of some nonionic polyoxyethylene surfactants on uptake of ethirimol and diclobutrazol from suspension formulations applied to wheat leaves
Authors: Holloway Peter J. , Wong Wilson W.‐C. , Partridge Hazel J. , Seaman David , Perry Richard B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe influence of a number of commercial nonionic polyoxyethylene surfactants on the foliar penetration and movement of two systemic fungicides, ethirimol and diclobutrazol, was studied in outdoor‐grown wheat plants at different growth stages and post‐treatment temperatures in two consecutive growing seasons. Both fungicides were applied asca0·2 μl droplets of aqueous suspension formulations containing 0·5 g litre−1of14C‐labelled active ingredient; surfactants were added to these suspensions at concentrations ranging from 0·2‐10 g litre−1. To achieve optimum uptake of each fungicide the use of surfactants with different physicochemical properties was required. For diclobutrazol, a lipophilic compound, uptake of radiolabel was best with surfactants of low mean molar ethylene oxide (E) content (5‐6) but it was necessary to use concentrations ofca5 g litre−1to attain this. The surfactant threshold concentration for uptake enhancement of radiolabel from ethirimol formulations (< 2 g litre−1) was much lower than that for diclobutrazol but surfactants with E contents > 10 induced the greatest amount of uptake. For both fungicides, surfactants with an aliphatic alcohol hydrophobe were generally more efficient in promoting their uptake than those with a nonylphenol moiety. The sorbitan‐based surfactant ‘Tween 20’ proved to be an effective adjuvant only for the ethirimol formulation; the uptake enhancing properties of the block copolymer ‘Synperonic PE/F68’ were weak. Uptake performance could not be related to the spreading properties of the respective formulations on the wheat leaf surface or to differences in solubilisation of the two fungicides by the surfactants. Although surfactants could substantially increase the amount of acropetal transport of radiolabel from both fungicides, none of those tested specifically promoted it; a constant proportion of the radioactive dose absorbed by a treated leaf was usually exported away from the site of application. The results are discussed in the light of current theories about the mode of action of surfactants as spray adjuvants.
Synthesis and insecticidal and acaricidal activity of new N‐(α‐substituted phenoxybenzyl)‐4‐pyrimidinamines
Authors: Obata Tokio , Fujii Katsutoshi , Yoshiya Haruo , Tsutsumiuchi Kiyoshi , Yoshioka Hirosuke 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA new class of insecticides and acaricides containing N‐(α‐substituted phenoxybenzyl)‐4‐pyrimidinamines as core structure were synthesized and their insecticidal and acaricidal potencies assessed. Among these, both the N‐(3 or 4‐phenoxybenzyl)‐4‐pyrimidinamine showed remarkable activity against diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L., brown rice planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stal) and two‐spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch. The potency of the new pyrimidinamines was particularly increased when a methyl, ethyl, iso‐propyl, or cyclopropyl group was introduced at the α‐position of benzyl moiety and it was evident that a single (+) optical isomer is more active than its antipode. Structure‐activity relationships are discussed.
Effect of propiconazole on substrate amended soil respiration following laboratory and field application
Authors: Elmholt Susanne 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effect of the fungicide propiconazole (‘Tilt’TM250 EC) on substrate‐amended soil respiration has been studied in dose‐response experiments, following application of the compound in the field and in the laboratory. The field study was supplemented with spray‐deposition measurements showing a throughfall at the soil surface of 15‐45%, depending on the time of fungicide application. When propiconazole was amended to the soil in low dosages in laboratory conditions, the soil respiration was stimulated. Even at the very high and agriculturally unrealistic dosages in the laboratory experiment, the mean, daily soil respiration almost recovered within the incubation period of 30 days. Given the present conditions, the results did, however, also show that side‐effects of the application of the fungicide were provoked at lower dosages in the field, and that they lasted for a considerably longer time than in the laboratory, indicating the importance of indirect effects of fungicide application in field conditions. Possible reasons for the dose‐response relationship in the field being different from the one found in the laboratory are discussed.
Assessing the performance against houseflies of indoor aerosol space sprays. Part I. Factors examined during tests with houseflies in free flight
Authors: White Anthony W. C. , Martin Robert , Stewart Duncan C. , Wickham John C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe development of a mathematical model which, by quantifying the interaction of a population of houseflies with an ageing spray cloud, is capable of predicting the knockdown and kill performance of insecticidal aerosol formulations shown against houseflies, Musca domestica L., will be presented in a series of four separate papers. In this first paper, measurements were made of insecticide collected by houseflies during free flight using a standard room‐spray technique. With pressure‐packed aerosol formulations where the solvent is the principal change, it was shown that both knockdown and mortality responses of the insects were directly related to dose collected. The process of droplet collection was most significantly influenced by their size and availability, dependent upon the time after spraying, the position of insect release and the activity of individual adult M. domestica. The knockdown or mortality response of the insect to given amounts of insecticide was largely unaffected by the remaining solvent, although, with mineral oil, some inhibition was noted at low mortality levels. The amount of insecticide accumulated by houseflies in their initial flight was of prime importance in determining the overall effect. Flies remaining not knocked down at the end of the exposure period were shown to be so because they had accumulated less toxicant and not necessarily because they were more tolerant of the insecticide. The establishment of a relationship between the number of flies in flight and time after release has provided a key function for incorporation into the model.
Modified atmosphere packaging of pita (pocket) bread
Authors: Avital Yael , Mannheim Chaim H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPita bread has a shelf‐life of only a few hours, mainly due to its large surface to volume ratio. Hardening, caused by staling and drying, is the main factor affecting shelf‐life. Extension of shelf‐life by packaging pita in a high barrier laminate under modified atmosphere (MAP) of 99% CO2 or 73% CO2 with 27% N2 was studied. A shelf‐life of 14 days, as determined by microbial spoilage, was obtained for MAP pita bread. Staling, as determined by means of a penetrometer, was delayed in MAP pita. Organoleptic hedonic comparisons of MAP pita, against frozen defrosted pita from the same batch, gave almost identical results. Shelf‐life was terminated by the appearance of microorganisms on bread.
Developments and applications of recycled plastics
Authors: Lai Christopher C. , Selke Susan E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPlastics in the waste stream have increased steadily, from about one‐half million tons in 1960 to 9.6 million tons in 1984 in the United States; if this trend continues, the amount of plastic wastes in the year 2000 will be 15.5 million tons. The problems associated with the growing proportion of plastic packaging materials in community domestic refuse have generated public concerns. Furthermore, an increasing number of laws are being proposed to address the solid waste — many targeted at plastic packaging.This was the background for the conference‚Recycled Plastics: Developments and Applications’︁which provided a broad perspective of the field. Emphasis was placed on current and potential uses for recycled plastics.The conference was held on September 15, 1987 at the School of Packaging, Michigan State University. More than a score of speakers examined the latest developments and discussed recycling methodologies, marketing approaches, social and environmental implications. This brief report attempts to summarize the main points made.
Design of a test method to simulate the stresses encountered by packaging during sea transport
Authors: André Patrick , Veaux Michel 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe aim of this research was to design a specific testing method to simulate the mechanical hazards encountered in sea transport regardless of sea routes and sea conditions and to put it into practice with specially designed devices.The Laboratoire National d'Essais (LNE) has carried out this research in cooperation with the French Ship‐Building Research Institute. Eight sea routes of major commercial importance have been chosen and among them five zones in which heavy swells are likely to occur. The behaviour of four types of ships (representative of the present merchant fleet) submitted to various sea conditions has been calculated by computer. Moreover, the stacking conditions on board have been observed directly by the LNE. The analysis of parameters which describe the movement of the ship and affect the packagings are, respectively, rolling, pitching and slamming.Consequently, the forces applied to packagings at the bottom of a stack are a vertical compression force and a horizontal force applied by the moving stacked packagings. A special testing device has been designed applying simultaneously to a packaging both a stacking load and a dynamic horizontal force to this load. The test parameters have been adjusted through experimental ranges of tests on box‐pallets, the behaviour of which were well known in field trials.
Influence of steel roughness on internal and external corrosion of tinplate cans
Authors: Hollaender J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractReductions in tin coatings and thickness of tinplate affect the properties of the tinplate surfaces. Computer‐aided electrochemical test methods, impedance spectroscopy and X‐ray microanalytical studies show that corrosion behaviour is influenced by the base material properties. This paper will give some information about surface properties of tinplate and aspects of internal and external corrosion resistance. Special attention is given to the formation of micropores in lacquered tinplate during stamping and beading.
Packaging for freshness and the prevention of discoloration of fish fillets
Authors: Oka Hiroyasu 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFillets of various kinds of fish are currently packed in thin films (e.g. polyvinyl chloride) for sale at supermarkets; however, these fillets are not necessarily fresh or of good quality.Packed fillets must be certified for safety, freshness and quality, because sensory judgement is difficult. In order to understand how the freshness and colour of red fish meat can be retained, the methods of packaging were examined. It was known that for freshness the packed fillets must be kept at a low temperature, but discoloration of red meat could not be prevented by this alone. However, discoloration of red‐meat fish, such as yellowtail and oceanic bonito, can be prevented by packing with nitrogen gas (N2).
The effects of multiple impacts on the cushioning properties of closed‐cell foams
Authors: Totten Troy L. , Burgess Gary J. , Singh S. Paul 
Published: November 2006

AbstractManufacturers of closed‐cell cushioning materials traditionally publish cushion curves for a given material only for a limited number of impacts. The goal of this research was to describe the change in the cell structure of a close‐cell foam due to multiple impacts, and to extend the range of application of these cushion curves as they relate to reusable packaging. Cushion curves and stress‐strain curves for up to 15 compressions were generated for three different molded closed‐cell foams. The cushion curves demonstrate a constant increase in the shock transmitted with each impact due to significant permanent deformation in the form of cell‐wall fatigue and rupture. The results also show that although the mean percentage increase in transmitted shock was greatest from the first impact to the fifth impact, the change continued to be significant with subsequent impacts.
Interaction of flavour components from an onion/garlic flavoured sour cream with high impact polystyrene
Authors: Toebe J. M. , Hoojjat H. , Hernandez R. J. , Giacin J. R. , Harte B. R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPermeation and sorption studies were performed on a high impact polystyrene (HIPS) container used to package onion/garlic flavoured sour cream. Permeation studies were carried out in a closed cell, while a gravimetric method was used for sorption analysis. Two probe compounds (dipropyl disulphide and dimethyl disulphide) were selected as representative flavour components in the sour cream.No permeation of probe compounds through the HIPS container was detected, although significant amounts of the probe compounds were sorbed within the polymeric package material. Partition coefficients were determined for the probe compounds between the package material, sour cream and package headspace. Values of the equilibrium partition coefficient favoured the association of the probe within the high impact polystyrene. This study also showed that the amount of probe compounds potentially to be sorbed by the packaging material, at storage temperatures of 5 °C, far exceeded the amounts initially present in the product.
Aseptic integrity and microhole determination of packages by electrolytic conductance measurement
Authors: Axelson Lena , Cavlin SÖRen , Nordstrom Jan 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn aseptic packaging should, in principle, provide protection against any kind of bacteriological penetration. This means that any microholes present in the packaging walls or seams must not have a diameter greater than about 0.5μm In practice, the tolerance limit probably lies higher owing to the fact that the length and surface properties of the holes obstruct penetration. The time factor, the concentration of microbes and their growth possibilities in the vicinity of the hole are of course also of crucial importance as to what practical tolerance limit should be set.This report clarifies to what extent and under which circumstances it is possible to determine the size of microholes by measuring the electrolyte conductance.The results establish that this measuring method is capable of indicating holes as small as 0.8 μm in diameter, provided that no hole is longer than 1 mm and direct current is used for the measurement. The accuracy of the method is reduced with increasing hole length. If, for example, the length of the hole is 10 mm, as it could be in a defective seal, the method only distinguishes holes that have diameters in excess of 3 μm. The analysis also shows that the accuracy of the method in measuring the hole diameter depends upon the accuracy in determining the hole length. An underestimation of the hole length results in an underestimation of the hole diameter and vice versa.The method also detects holes that do not completely penetrate the packaging material, e.g. cracks in the inner layer of the wall material, provided that the wall material is laminated with aluminium foil. Where such defects are present, a galvani‐cally generated current occurs, the size of which reveals the size of the defect in question.The method has also been applied to a number of aseptic packagings/products bought at random. It was found that microholes and other defects were surprisingly frequent — about 40% of the packagings had detectable microholes/defects, most of them having a diameter of 10 μm, assuming the hole length to be 15 μm. Despite this, no evident infection or quality deterioration of the product could be established. The practical tolerance of microholes would therefore be even higher in the cases studied.The measuring method can be recommended for determination of microholes — their size and frequency — in packagings and it can be used as a measure of the aseptic integrity of the packagings.
Consolidation of cushion curves
Authors: Burgess Gary 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA simple method for the consolidation of all of the conventional cushion curves for a particular material into a single relationship is discussed. The method requires only one of the usual cushion curves for an arbitrary drop height and cushion thickness to deduce the dynamic stress‐strain curve for the material. The results can then be used to generate all other cushion curves regardless of drop height, cushion thickness, or static loading. The procedure is applied to the published sets of cushion curves for Arcel® 512 and for expanded polystyrene, separately, and the predicted shock values for various drop conditions are then compared with the actual values from the cushion curves. The error incurred in using the consolidated data instead of the cushion curves is shown to fall within the limits of accuracy associated with the cushion curves themselves. The method offers many advantages, such as compactness of information, a continuous range of application, greater compatibility with computer aided cushion design, and a sizeable reduction in the number of drop tests required to generate new cushion performance data.
Relationship between impact energy and design parameters of glass bottles
Authors: Sundell Hans A. , Mæs Tormod 
Published: November 2006

AbstractGlass containers are relatively heavy. Also, glass is fragile, and breakage sometimes occurs during handling and transport. Therefore, glass bottles must be constructed to achieve maximum strength at minimum weight (wall thickness). To our knowledge, about 85% of all breakage is caused by external impact.The purpose of the present paper is to study the relationship between the shape and thickness of glass bottles and the impact loads they can resist by using linear multivariate statistical/mathematical regression (or calibration) techniques (UN‐SCRAMBLER), in order to compute minimum required thickness of the bottle as a function of impact strength and vice versa.The study was based on 10 different types of bottles. Moreover, we have concentrated on measurements related to the heel of the bottle. The set of bottles used are described as follows: returnable, round body, straight side wall and without metal oxide coating. All the bottles were given a standard abusement before the impact tests.The following conclusions were reached:
there are strong relations between glass thickness and the resistance to external
impact (as expected);
multivariate calibration gave much better results than using only one variable at a time
the predictive ability is not good enough (accuracy of ±10–15%). But provides useful information that would be difficult to obtain by other methods

(iii) .
The effect of packaging film on the shelf‐life of treated refrigerated pre‐peeled potatoes
Authors: Giannuzzi L. , Zaritzky N. E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effect of chemical preservatives (sodium bisulphite, citric acid, ascorbic acid, potassium sorbate and sodium erythorbate) on microbial growth and surface colour during refrigerated storage of pre‐peeled potatoes packaged in plastic films of different gas permeabilities was studied.For storage periods shorter than 2 weeks, treatment with sodium bisulphite was essential when polyethylene film was used.When the storage times required are longer than 2 weeks, vacuum packaging and films of low gas permeablility must be used. Sodium bisulphite can be replaced by citric acid, ascorbic acid, or mixtures of citric and ascorbic acids with potassium sorbate, without any significant change in cost.
Application of ceramic‐filled polymeric films for packaging fresh produce
Authors: Lee Dong‐Sun , Haggar Patricia E. , Yam Kit L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe permeabilities of two commercial ceramic‐filled LDPE films were measured and compared with those of a plain LDPE film. The ceramic films have higher oxygen (02), carbon dioxide (CO2) and ethylene (C2H4) permeabilities, higher CO2 to O2 permeability ratio, and higher C2H4 to 02 permeability ratio. The temperature dependence of the permeability was found to follow the Arrhenius relationship. The data suggest that these ceramic films are more suitable than plain LOPE film for packaging fresh produce of high respiration rate.
A study of the absorption of fruit juice volatiles by the sealant layer in flexible packaging containers (the effect of package on quality of fruit juice, part IV)
Authors: Yamada Kazuki , Mita Kouzou , Yoshida Kiyoko , Ishitani Takasuke 
Published: November 2006

AbstractVarious experimental packaging containers were tested for their tendency to absorb fruit juice volatiles in the innermost heat‐sealing layer.Analysis of head‐space gas by GLC and sensory evaluations were carried out in order to evaluate the effect of each type of sealant. Coextrusion sealants (thin low‐density polyethylene, LDPE), a sealant containing the orange essence powdered with cyclo‐dextrin (CD), and polyethylene‐terephthalate (PET) or polyacrylonitrile (PAN), synthetic resisns with high transition temperatures (Tg) were prepared.Coextrusion or CD‐containing sealants as compared with LDPE, reduced the sorption of d‐Limonene from Mandarin orange [Citrum unshiu Marc.] juice by 15–20% but did not show effective results in sensory evaluations. On the other hand PET or PAN sealants showed no sorption at all. Similar results were obtained with 'citrus mix' model essence. However, LDPE also did not show volatile sorption in the case of 'soft fruit mix' model essence.It is difficult to prevent sorption of the volatiles of citrus fruit juices if the sealants are of the coextrusion type or CD‐containing LDPE type. Sorption can be controlled most effectively when the sealats are PET or PAN.
Use of DCI‐platine coupled to gas chromatography for measuring the transfer of organic vapours through packaging materials
Authors: Potey S. D. , Gravier M. , Benaim R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA new technique uses DCI‐Platine coupled to gas chromatography in order to measure the transfer rate of organic vapours through packaging materials. Experimental results are presented for ethyl acetate vapour through two polymer films, a vegetable parchment paper, and a coated paperboard. The films allow vapour mass transfer even at low vapour feed concentrations (i.e. the concentration expected in the package) whereas the paper and, especially, the paperboard, need higher feed concentrations.
Prevention of browning of the peel of pears by polyethylene film packaging
Authors: Furuta Michio , Asano Satoshi , Imai Seiichi 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPolyethylene film packaging was investigated as to its use in preventing the browning of the peel of the pear variety 'Le Lectier' during distribution.The fruits were individually packaged in polyethylene bags, and were found to be superior to the usual paper‐packaged fruit or unpackaged fruit in that browning of the peel was reduced considerably, while the loss in weight or wilting also was reduced and the preservation of external freshness was excellent. However, the use of a perforated polyethylene bag was essential in order to prevent the browning of the flesh or core that occurred with unperforated polyethylene bags. This browning was considered to be a physiological disorder resulting from carbon dioxide, judging from the composition of the head‐space gas in the bag.The oxidative enzyme activity of the fruit was measured and an electron‐microscopic observation of the epidermis was carried out. As a result, it was clear that enzymatic activity increased markedly following ripening of the fruit and a structural defect was observed in the cuticular layer of the epidermis.