bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
GLP SOPs for Equipment Calibration and Maintenance. Part 1: an overview
Authors: Rosa Michelle 
Published: May 2006

AbstractWriting Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for laboratory equipment is viewed as a necessary evil. As a result, many of these documents are not practical or useful to a reader. Writing these documents does not have to be so frustrating. With forethought, careful planning and collaboration, laboratory SOPs can be practical and user‐friendly documents that support continued compliance and create a platform for future growth. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental 35 kV/121 MVA superconducting cable system installed at PUJI substation in China Southern Power Grid
Authors: Xin Ying , Han Zhenghe , Liao Zelong 
Published: May 2006

AbstractA superconducting cable system, consisting of three 33.5 m, 35 kV/121 MVA cables, six terminations, and a closed cycle liquid nitrogen cooling station, was installed at Puji substation of China Southern Power Grid in March, 2004. Live grid trial operations have been carried out since the completion of the installation and off‐grid testing. Descriptions of the system installation, and results of the testing and trial operation in an over‐a‐year period are presented. The advantages and prospects of applications of superconducting cables are also discussed. © 2006 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Modeling of a buried conductor for an electromagnetic transient simulation
Authors: Ametani Akihiro , Soyama Daigo , Ishibashi Yu , Nagaoka Naoto , Okabe Shigemitsu 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe paper has proposed a distributed‐line model of a buried bare conductor with horizontal and vertical configuration by assuming an artificial insulator outside of the bare conductor so that the characteristic impedance and the propagation velocity of the buried conductor is evaluated as an insulated conductor (cable) by the cable constants/parameters of the EMTP. A shunt admittance is added to the conductor at every short distance to represent currents flowing into the earth from the original bare conductor. The admittance circuit and the parameters are evaluated either by experimental results or by published references of grounding electrodes. The model circuit has been applied to simulate transient currents and voltages on horizontal and vertical buried conductors, and the simulation results are compared with the measured results. It has been observed that the simulation results of the currents agree satisfactorily with the measured results, but the results of the voltages do not seem satisfactory. The reason for this has been discussed based on the measured results. © 2006 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Simultaneous measurement of harmonics by a new measuring method
Authors: Miki Toru , Mizutani Amane , Nagaoka Naoto , Ametani Akihiro 
Published: May 2006

AbstractA harmonic measuring instrument using PICmicro® Microcontroller (PIC) and Phase Locked Loop (PLL), which was discussed in an earlier paper, has been improved. The developed instrument enables a continuous measurement for several days by an additional PIC for power management. A postprocessing program running on a Personal Computer (PC) has also been developed to rearrange the enormous data obtained by multipoint measurements. The developed instrument and the program make the observation of harmonic distribution easier.Harmonic measurements were carried out in buildings of a university campus with the developed instruments. The results shows that rectifier circuits within a building are sources of the harmonic voltages, while a distortion at another building is caused by a harmonic expansion due to a resonance between a line inductance and capacitances for power compensation. The measured characteristics are also confirmed by numerical simulations using Electro‐Magnetic Transient Program (EMTP). © 2006 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
An improved method of voltage utility factor for PWM control of a five‐leg inverter in two induction motor drives
Authors: Oka Kazuo , Nozawa Yusuke , Matsuse Kouki 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThis paper presents an improved method of voltage utility factor (VUF) from 50 to 86.6% for a five‐leg inverter when two induction motors are driven in vector control and in a condition where the frequencies of the two motors are not very different, and the improved method of voltage utility is theoretically shown.Many modulation methods for the five‐leg inverter have been proposed, but the voltage utility factor is 50% in these methods. The voltage utility factor of the five‐leg inverter is lower than that of the three‐leg inverter as maximum voltage utility factor of the three‐leg inverter is 100%. © 2006 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
IP controller‐based vector control of induction motor taking core loss into account
Authors: Mannan Mohammad Abdul , Murata Toshiaki , Tamura Junji , Tsuchiya Takeshi 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThis paper presents speed and current control of the induction motor (IM) taking core loss into account based on integral plus proportional (IP) control strategy. The proposed IP controller can overcome the problems (such as overshoot, instability under the variations of parameters and load torque) of the conventional PI controller. The performance of the proposed IP controller and PI controller is compared. The performance comparison of the IP controller and the PI controller is verified by using Matlab/Simulink. © 2006 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
ADENYL CYCLASE AND HORMONE ACTION, I. EFFECTS OF ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE, GLUCAGON, AND EPINEPHRINE ON THE PLASMA MEMBRANE OF RAT FAT CELLS
Authors: Bär H. P. , Hechter O. 
Published: May 2006

A large number of hormones, of diverse molecular structure, evoke characteristic responses in target cells via the intermediary 3′,5′-AMP, the specificity of hormone action upon cell type being achieved by selective stimulation of adenyl cyclase. In the fat cells of rat adipose tissue, adenyl cyclase is stimulated by a number of hormones of disparate molecular structure, posing the question whether this cell type posesses multiple cyclase systems with distinctive specificities for individual hormones, or a single cyclase with broad specificity to a variety of hormones.
Studies of the stimulatory effects of adenocorticotropin, glucagon, and epinephrine upon the adenyl cyclase of the rat fat cell “ghosts” (plasma membrane sacs) have shown that distinctive selectivity sites for each of these hormones can be differentiated. The β-adrenergic blocking agent Kö 592 abolished the stimulatory effect of epinephrine without influencing adenocorticotropin or glucagon; Ca was required for adenocorticotropin action, but not for glucagon or epinephrine. Dose-response curves show that the affinity of hormones to the cyclase system was in the order: glucagon > adenocorticotropin ≫ epinephrine; the magnitude of cyclase activation by maximal doses of hormones had a reversed order. Combinations of maximal doses of hormones failed to produce additive stimulation. The results show that in the membrane of the fat cell a single catalytic unit of adenyl cyclase is coupled to distinctive selectivity sites for three lipolytic hormones.
Two Forms of Yeast Glycogen Synthetase and Their Role in Glycogen Accumulation
Authors: Rothman-Denes Lucia B. , Cabib Enrico 
Published: May 2006

The glycogen content of yeast rises dramatically just before the onset of the stationary phase of growth. Concomitantly, a rapid increase was found in the glucose 6-phosphate-independent (I) activity of glycogen synthetase, as well as in the total amount of enzyme. A mutant (GS 1-36) was obtained, which did not accumulate glycogen during growth. The synthetase from this strain was in the glucose 6-phosphate-dependent (D) form at all times. The total enzymatic activity of the mutant also increased sharply at the end of the logarithmic phase, although its maximal value was only one third that of the parent strain. Incubation with glucose of wild type resting cells from the logarithmic phase resulted in a slow accumulation of glycogen, which was accelerated after 20 min. At the same time a transformation from the D to I form of the enzyme was detected. The same slow initial rate of glycogen deposition was found with stationary cells of mutant GS 1-36, but the rate gradually declined to zero, rather than accelerating.
The interconversion of the I and D forms was obtained with extracts from cells harvested during different phases of growth. Examination of the properties of the I and D forms showed that the latter was much more strongly inhibited by ATP at low glucose 6-phosphate concentration. These findings clearly establish the fundamental role of the I form in glycogen accumulation. When taken together with previous results, they also show that the physiological significance of the I-D interconversion depends on the concentration of glucose 6-phosphate. Under certain conditions glucsoe 6-phosphate appears to regulate directly the activity of the predominant form of the enzyme.
Electrophoretic Analysis of Hemoglobin and Isozymes in Individual Vertebrate Cells
Authors: Rosenberg Miriam 
Published: May 2006

Electrophoretic patterns of enzymes in single vertebrate erythrocytes may be visualized with the use of capillary tube polyacrylamide columns and stains which amplify the enzymatic activity. The following points have thereby been demonstrated:

1. Peripheral blood of metamorphosing bullfrogs (
Rana catesbeiana
) contains two molecular forms of hemoglobin: embryonic (tadpole) and adult (frog). Only one of these forms is found in each erythrocyte.

2. Human umbilical cord blood contains fetal and adult hemoglobins; both forms may be found in individual erythrocytes, in varying proportions.
3. Both lactate dehydrogenase isozymes found in whole blood of bullfrogs and humans are found in individual erythrocytes, but the proportions differ from cell to cell.
The Sequential Unfolding of Ribonuclease A: Detection of a Fast Initial Phase in the Kinetics of Unfolding
Authors: Tsong T. Y. , Baldwin R. L. , Elson E. L. 
Published: May 2006

Temperature-jump studies have been used to detect a rapid reaction in the thermal unfolding of ribonuclease A (RNase A). The fast reaction occurs over a wide range of pH, and the results of a detailed study at pH 1.3 are reported here. Although its amplitude is small, the reaction is easily measurable over the entire temperature range of thermal unfolding. It occurs in the millisecond time range, and is faster by 3-4 orders of magnitude than the slow unfolding reaction studied previously. Unfolding is measured here by the change in absorbance at 287 nm, which reflects the exposure to solvent of buried tyrosine groups. Since the fast reaction has a detectable amplitude only in the temperature range of unfolding, it apparently detects the presence of intermediate, partly-folded states. Previous equilibrium studies of the unfolding of RNase A in the pH range 1-2 have indicated that it is essentially a 2-state reaction, without detectable intermediates.
The existence of a rapid transient phase in the unfolding of RNase A had been predicted previously from a model for this unfolding reaction, based on nucleation-dependent sequential folding. The model served to reconcile kinetic and equilibrium studies of the thermal unfolding reaction of RNase A at neutral pH. Kinetic studies had shown that the slow unfolding reaction, measured at 287 nm, could be represented as a single exponential process, as expected for a 2-state reaction. However, earlier equilibrium measurements, especially the calorimetric studies of Sturtevant and coworkers, had revealed significant deviations from the 2-state behavior at neutral pH. These conflicting observations are explained by the model, which satisfies closely many criteria for a 2-state unfolding, even when appreciable concentrations of partly folded molecules are present. In particular, it predicts that the final, and major, portion of the kinetic reaction will occur as a single process characterized by an exponential time course.
Calcium as a Regulator of the Proliferation of Normal, but Not of Transformed, Chicken Fibroblasts in a Plasma-Containing Medium
Authors: Balk Samuel D. 
Published: May 2006

In a culture medium of low calcium concentration containing 5% heat-inactivated chicken plasma, normal chicken fibroblasts divide very slowly, while their counterparts transformed with Schmidt-Ruppin Rous sarcoma virus divide much more rapidly. In the same low-calcium medium, the use of heat-inactivated serum, rather than heat-inactivated plasma, results in rapid division of both normal and transformed cells.
The use of heat-inactivated plasma rather than serum, and the use of a low-calcium medium, combine to permit the demonstration of a marked difference between the proliferative behaviors of normal and neoplastic cells and suggest a basis for the autonomy of the latter.
Heavy-Chain Variable Regions in Normal and Pathological Immunoglobulins
Authors: Wang A. C. , Fudenberg H. H. , Pink J. R. L. 
Published: May 2006

Aminoacid sequence analysis of immunoglobulin G heavy chains from each of 15 normal individuals showed the presence of VHIII subgroup sequences in all individuals, to an extent of about 15-25% of the total. Therefore, different subgroups of the heavy-chain variable region are not products of alleles of a single gene.
N-terminal aminoacid sequences were determined for ten heavy chains of myeloma proteins that belonged to the VHIII subgroup. Our results demonstrate the existence of a “hypervariable“ region of sequence between positions 30 and 35, homologous to one of the three hypervariable regions of light chains. At several positions, variants of the basic sequence are repeated in different proteins. It is likely that such variants are derived from several recently evolved genes that constitute the VHIII subgroup.
Role of Muscarinic Cholinergic Receptors in Regulation of Guanosine 3′:5′-Cyclic Monophosphate Content in Mammalian Brain, Heart Muscle, and Intestinal Smooth Muscle
Authors: Lee Tee-Ping , Kuo J. F. , Greengard Paul 
Published: May 2006

Effects of acetylcholine and of agents that mimic or block its physiological actions have been studied upon concentrations of guanosine 3′:5′-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic GMP) and adenosine 3′:5′-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP) in slices of mammalian cerebral cortex, heart ventricle, and ileum. Acetylcholine, and cholinomimetic agents with a predominantly muscarinic action, such as methacholine, bethanechol, and pilocarpine, induced an increase in the concentration of cyclic GMP, accompanied by no change or a slight decrease in the concentration of cyclic AMP, in all three tissues studied. Tetramethylammonium, a cholinomimetic agent with a predominantly nicotinic action, on the other hand, did not significantly alter concentrations of either cyclic GMP or cyclic AMP. The increase in the tissue content of cyclic GMP induced by acetylcholine and its muscarinic analogs was antagonized by atropine, a muscarinic blocking agent, but not by hexamethonium, a nicotinic blocking agent.
These and other results suggest the generalization that the interaction of acetylcholine with muscarinic receptors, but not with nicotinic receptors, causes an increase in the concentration of cyclic GMP. The data are compatible with the hypothesis that cyclic GMP may mediate the muscarinic actions of acetylcholine.
The antagonistic actions of cholinergic and adrenergic agents on the physiology of contraction of intestinal smooth muscle and of cardiac muscle are reflected in, and may result from, antagonistic actions of these compounds on the levels of both cyclic GMP and cyclic AMP in these tissues.
Effects of Palmitoyl CoA on Citrate and Malate Transport by Rat Liver Mitochondria
Authors: Halperin M. L. , Robinson B. H. , Fritz I. B. 
Published: May 2006

Palmitoyl CoA inhibited citrate transport from isolated rat liver mitochondria. Under conditions described, 50% inhibition was observed at about 6-8 nmol/mg of mitochondrial protein per ml. The percentage inhibition was inversely proportional to the concentration of the counter-transporting anion in the medium. Although comparable levels of palmitoyl CoA had little effect on malate exit on the dicarboxylate carrier, higher concentrations inhibited both citrate and malate transport.
The specificity of the inhibition by palmitoyl CoA was investigated by examination of the effects on the tricarboxylate transport system of fatty acids, CoASH, acetyl CoA, palmitoylcarnitine, deoxycholate, and other molecules with surface active properties. None of the above compounds, at sublytic concentrations, inhibited citrate transport appreciably. The inhibition of citrate transport by low concentrations of palmitoyl CoA was rapid and could be prevented or partially reversed by addition of albumin.
Chemical Characterization and Surface Orientation of the Major Glycoprotein of the Human Erythrocyte Membrane
Authors: Marchesi V. T. , Tillack T. W. , Jackson R. L. , Segrest J. P. , Scott R. E. 
Published: May 2006

The major glycoprotein of the human erythrocyte membrane has been isolated by treatment with lithium di-iodosalicylate and found to be a single polypeptide chain with a molecular weight of about 50,000. This molecule, which is 60% carbohydrate and 40% protein, carries multiple blood-group antigens, the receptors for influenza viruses, and various plant agglutinins. Four unique carbohydrate-containing peptides (α-1, α-2, α-3, and β) are produced by tryptic digestion of the isolated glycoprotein; their order in the molecule has been determined by sequential tryptic digestion of intact erythrocyte membranes and partially digested glycoprotein fragments. Cleavage of the native protein with cyanogen bromide produces five fragments; two of these (C-5 and C-1) contain most of the carbohydrate in the molecule and are derived from the N-terminal half of the polypeptide chain. The nonpolar amino acids of this glycoprotein are located predominantly in the C-terminal fragment (C-2).
Phytohemagglutinin conjugated to ferritin has been used to map the distribution of glycoprotein receptors over the surfaces of intact erythrocytes by freeze-etching and electron microscopy. This label localizes to sites on the membrane that overlie the intramembranous particles. These findings suggest that the glycoprotein is oriented at the cell surface with its oligosaccharide-rich N-terminal end exposed to the exterior, while its C-terminal segment interacts with other components in the interior of the membrane to form intramembranous particles.
Detection of Maternal Esterase in Mouse Embryonic Tissues
Authors: Sherman Michael I. , Chew Nancy J. 
Published: May 2006

A genetic variant of esterase in mice is used to demonstrate for the first time that an enzyme of maternal origin is taken up intracellularly by two mid-gestation tissues dervied from the embryo: trophoblast and yolk sac (visceral endoderm). Although other alternatives are still possible, it is likely that the esterase is transported from the mother to the trophoblast via the serum. If so, the phenomenon is selective, since at least one other prominent serum esterase is not found in trophoblast or yolk sac cells. The enzyme has not been detected in the embryo proper, even at very late stages of pregnancy.
Trophoblast cells-developing from blastocysts implanted under the kidney capsule of a male mouse also appear to have the ability to take up host esterase. Efforts to demonstrate uptake of the enzyme by trophoblast cells in blastocyst cultures have been unsuccessful.
Cystic Fibrosis: Fractionation of Fibroblast Media Demonstrating Ciliary Inhibition
Authors: Bowman Barbara H. , Barnett Don R. , Matalon Reuben , Danes B. Shannon , Bearn Alexander G. 
Published: May 2006

A chromatographic fraction has been identified in media from fibroblast cultures derived from 15 of 18 cystic fibrosis patients and 8 of 10 heterozygotes that inhibits ciliary activity, as judged by the oyster gill assay. The analogous fraction of media from cultures of fibroblasts derived from 11 normal individuals did not inhibit ciliary activity under the experimental conditions used. The chromatographic fractions containing the ciliary inhibitory activity from both fibroblast media and sera of cystic fibrosis patients and heterozygotes eluted in the same position from diethylaminoethyl-cellulose at pH 8.5.
Although the serum ciliary inhibitor had consistently been detected in a fraction that contained predominantly immunoglobulin G, results of the fractionation of fibroblast media demonstrate that the ciliary inhibitor is present in a protein fraction containing three species of different molecular weight and in which IgG cannot be detected by the techniques used.
“Recommended Daily Allowances” for Vitamin C
Authors: Yew Man-Li S. 
Published: May 2006

Although 41 years have elapsed since the identification of vitamin C, the amounts required for human health are far from established. Pauling's suggestion that human needs for this vitamin probably have been underestimated by a factor of 10 or more has frequently been ignored or refuted by rhetoric rather than by sound experimentation.
In the present study young healthy guinea pigs were fed a scrobutic diet supplemented with ascorbic acid at four widely different levels (0.05, 0.5, 5.0, and 50 mg/100 g of body weight per day). Growth rates both before and after surgical stress, recovery times after anesthesia, scab formation, wound healing, and the production of hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine during wound healing all support the conclusion that young guinea pigs ordinarily need about 5.0 mg/100 g of body weight daily. This is far beyond what is needed to prevent scurvy. Under stress the needs are even higher. On a body-weight basis this amount is equivalent to a need on the part of a 30-kg human child of 1500 mg of ascorbic acid daily. While calculations on a body-weight basis are subject to some uncertainty, the enormous discrepancy (nearly 40-fold) between this amount and that recommended by the Food and Nutrition Board calls attention to the extreme uncertainty about human ascorbic-acid needs, and to an important public health problem related to the best development of young people.
Idiotypic Specificity of Surface Immunoglobulin and the Maturation of Leukemic Bone-marrow-derived Lymphocytes
Authors: Fu S. M. , Winchester R. J. , Feizi T. , Walzer P. D. , Kunkel H. G. 
Published: May 2006

Certain cases of chronic lymphocytic leukemia are associated with monoclonal immunoglobulins in the serum. In the present study it was possible to demonstrate that the surface immunoglobulin of the leukemic lymphocytes was idiotypically identical to the serum monoclonal immunoglobulin of the same individual. This was done through the use of fluorescent antibodies that were prepared against the isolated immunoglobulin M kappa serum protein from patient Ei. Such antibodies, after absorption, failed to react with the lymphocytes of other individuals. Capping experiments indicated that both the immunoglobulin M and the immunoglobulin D on the leukemic cells possessed the same idiotypic specificity.
A population of plasma cells was also identified in the peripheral blood of patient Ei that showed strong intracellular staining with the idiotypic antiserum and was the apparent source of the specific serum immunoglobulin. The accumulated evidence indicates that the plasma cells were derived from the leukemic lymphocytes by a process of differentiation. Surface immunoglobulin D disappeared and surface immunoglobulin M decreased markedly in this process.