bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differential erbB signaling in astrocytes from the cerebral cortex and the hypothalamus of the human brain
Authors: Sharif Ariane , Duhem‐Tonnelle Véronique , Allet Cécile , Baroncini Marc , Loyens Anne , Kerr‐Conte Julie , Collier Francis , Blond Serge , Ojeda Sergio R. , Junier Marie‐Pierre , Prevot Vincent 
Published: September 2008

AbstractStudies in rodents have shown that astroglial erbB tyrosine kinase receptors are key regulatory elements in neuron–glia communication. Although both astrocytes and deregulation of erbB functions have been implicated in the pathogenesis of many common human brain disorders, erbB signaling in native human brain astrocytes has never been explored. Taking advantage of our ability to perform primary cultures from the cortex and the hypothalamus of human fetuses, we conducted a thorough analysis of erbB signaling in human astrocytes. We showed that human cortical astrocytes express erbB1, erbB2, and erbB3, whereas human hypothalamic astrocytes express erbB1, erbB2, and erbB4 receptors. Ligand‐dependent activation of different erbB receptor heterodimeric complexes in these two populations of astrocytes translated into different morphological and proliferative responses. Although morphological plasticity was more pronounced in hypothalamic astrocytes than in cortical astrocytes, the former showed a lower mitogenic potential. Decreasing erbB4 expression via siRNA‐mediated gene knockdown revealed that erbB4 constitutively restrains basal proliferative activity in hypothalamic astrocytes. We further show that treatment of human astrocytes with a protein kinase C activator results in rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of erbB receptors that involves cleavage of endogenous membrane bound erbB ligands by metalloproteinases. Together, these results indicate that erbB signaling in primary human brain astrocytes is functional, region‐specific, and can be activated in a paracrine and/or autocrine manner. In addition, by revealing that some aspects of astroglial erbB signaling are different between human and rodents, our results provide a molecular framework to explore the potential involvement of astroglial erbB signaling deregulation in human brain disorders. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Endogenous signals initiating inflammation in the injured nervous system
Authors: Pineau Isabelle , Lacroix Steve 
Published: September 2008

AbstractGlial cells are known to respond to a variety of neural injuries and play an important role in tissue damage and repair in the injured nervous system. This glial response, which is initially characterized by the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines and the attraction of microglial cells toward sites of injury, literally occurs within seconds to minutes of the injury. This suggests that signals that are endogenous to the nervous system are responsible for initiating neuroinflammation. In this review, we summarize the most recent advances made in the identification of these endogenous signals and describe the receptors and signaling pathways by which these ligands stimulate the production of cytokines and chemokines. Among these endogenous damage signals are ligands for toll‐like receptors, including several heat shock proteins and extracellular matrix components, as well as self‐derived RNA and DNA and associated proteins. Growing evidence also suggests that nucleotides released upon injury and acting through P2 receptors, such as ATP and UTP or their analogues, could serve as endogenous signals for the rapid response of glial cells. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Proteomic analysis of the retina: Removal of RPE alters outer segment assembly and retinal protein expression
Authors: Wang Xiaofei , Nookala Suba , Narayanan Chidambarathanu , Giorgianni Francesco , Beranova‐Giorgianni Sarka , Mccollum Gary , Gerling Ivan , Penn John S. , Jablonski Monica M. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe mechanisms that regulate the complex physiological task of photoreceptor outer segment assembly remain an enigma. One limiting factor in revealing the mechanism(s) by which this process is modulated is that not all of the role players who participate in this process are known. The purpose of this study was to determine some of the retinal proteins that likely play a critical role in regulating photoreceptor outer segment assembly. To do so, we analyzed and compared the proteome map of tadpole Xenopus laevis retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)‐supported retinas containing organized outer segments with that of RPE‐deprived retinas containing disorganized outer segments. Solubilized proteins were labeled with CyDye fluors followed by multiplexed two‐dimensional separation. The intensity of protein spots and comparison of proteome maps was performed using DeCyder software. Identification of differentially regulated proteins was determined using nanoLC‐ESI‐MS/MS analysis. We found a total of 27 protein spots, 21 of which were unique proteins, which were differentially expressed in retinas with disorganized outer segments. We predict that in the absence of the RPE, oxidative stress initiates an unfolded protein response. Subsequently, downregulation of several candidate Müller glial cell proteins may explain the inability of photoreceptors to properly fold their outer segment membranes. In this study, we have used identification and bioinformatics assessment of proteins that are differentially expressed in retinas with disorganized outer segments as a first step in determining probable key molecules involved in regulating photoreceptor outer segment assembly. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interactions between Schwann cells and macrophages in injury and inherited demyelinating disease
Authors: Martini Rudolf , Fischer Stefan , López‐Vales Rubèn , David Samuel 
Published: September 2008

AbstractIn this article we first discuss the factors that regulate macrophage recruitment, activation, and myelin phagocytosis during Wallerian degeneration and some of the factors involved in the termination of inflammation at the end of the period of Wallerian degeneration after peripheral nerve injuries. In particular, we deal with the early events that trigger chemokine and cytokine expression; the role of phospholipase A2 in initiating the breakdown of compact myelin, and chemokine, cytokine expression; and the role of MCP‐1, MIP‐1α, and IL‐1β in macrophage recruitment and myelin phagocytosis. We also discuss how inflammation may be switched off and the recently identified role of the Nogo receptor on activated macrophages in the clearance of these cells from the injured nerve. In the second half of the article we focus on the role of certain Schwann cell borne cytokines and chemokines, such as M‐CSF and MCP‐1 as well as intracellular signaling that regulate their expression in animal models of inherited demyelinating disease. Additionally, we present the preservation of sensory nerves fibers from macrophage attack in these animal models as a challenging paradigm for the development of putative treatment approaches. Finally, we also discuss the similarities and differences in these Schwann cell‐macrophage responses in injury‐induced Wallerian degeneration and inherited demyelinating diseases. Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying Schwann cell‐macrophage interaction under pathological conditions is an important prerequisite to develop effective treatment strategies for various peripheral nerve disorders. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The molecular machinery of myelin gene transcription in Schwann cells
Authors: Svaren John , Meijer Dies 
Published: September 2008

AbstractDuring late fetal life, Schwann cells in the peripheral nerves singled out by the larger axons will transit through a promyelinating stage before exiting the cell cycle and initiating myelin formation. A network of extra‐ and intracellular signaling pathways, regulating a transcriptional program of cell differentiation, governs this progression of cellular changes, culminating in a highly differentiated cell. In this review, we focus on the roles of a number of transcription factors not only in myelination, during normal development, but also in demyelination, following nerve trauma. These factors include specification factors involved in early development of Schwann cells from neural crest (Sox10) as well as factors specifically required for transitions into the promyelinating and myelinating stages (Oct6/Scip and Krox20/Egr2). From this description, we can glean the first, still very incomplete, contours of a gene regulatory network that governs myelination and demyelination during development and regeneration. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
NOD2 plays an important role in the inflammatory responses of microglia and astrocytes to bacterial CNS pathogens
Authors: Chauhan Vinita S. , Sterka David G. , Furr Samantha R. , Young Amy B. , Marriott Ian 
Published: September 2008

AbstractWhile glial cells are recognized for their roles in maintaining neuronal function, there is growing appreciation that resident central nervous system (CNS) cells initiate and/or augment inflammation following trauma or infection. We have recently demonstrated that microglia and astrocytes constitutively express nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain‐2 (NOD2), a member of the novel nucleotide‐binding domain leucine‐rich repeat region containing a family of proteins (NLR) that functions as an intracellular receptor for a minimal motif present in all bacterial peptidoglycans. In this study, we have confirmed the functional nature of NOD2 expression in astrocytes and microglia and begun to determine the relative contribution that this NLR makes in inflammatory CNS responses to clinically relevant bacterial pathogens. We demonstrate the increased association of NOD2 with its downstream effector molecule, Rip2 kinase, in primary cultures of murine microglia and astrocytes following exposure to bacterial antigens. We show that this cytosolic receptor underlies the ability of muramyl dipeptide to augment the production of inflammatory cytokines by glia following exposure to specific ligands for disparate Toll‐like receptor homologues. In addition, we demonstrate that NOD2 is an important component in the in vitro inflammatory responses of resident glia to N. meningitidis and B. burgdorferi antigens. Finally, we have established that NOD2 is required, at least in part, for the astrogliosis, demyelination, behavioral changes, and elevated inflammatory cytokine levels observed following in vivo infection with these pathogens. As such, we have identified NOD2 as an important component in the generation of damaging CNS inflammation following bacterial infection. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Low‐density lipoprotein receptors regulate microglial inflammation through c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase
Authors: Pocivavsek Ana , Burns Mark P. , Rebeck G. William 
Published: September 2008

AbstractApolipoprotein E (apoE) has been implicated in modulating the central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory response. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in apoE‐dependent immunomodulation are poorly understood. We hypothesize that apoE alters the CNS inflammatory response by signaling via low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors in glia. To address this hypothesis, we used a small bioactive peptide formed from the receptor‐binding domain of apoE, apoE peptide (EP), to study LDL receptor signaling in microglia. To model glial activation, we treated primary mouse microglia and the microglial cell line BV2 with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and studied two inflammatory responses: an increase in nitric oxide production (NO) and a decrease in apoE production. We found that treatment of primary microglia and BV2 cells with EP attenuated LPS‐induced NO accumulation and apoE reduction in a dose‐dependent manner. Using the receptor‐associated protein to block ligand binding to members of the LDL receptor family, we found that EP attenuated both of these LPS‐induced inflammatory responses via LDL receptors. We studied two intracellular signaling cascades associated with apoE: c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK). LPS induced both ERK and JNK activation, whereas EP induced ERK activation, but drastically reduced JNK activation. Inhibition of JNK with SP600125 reduced LPS‐induced NO production and apoE reduction in a dose‐dependent manner. Treatment of microglia with suboptimal EP in combination with JNK inhibitor enhanced attenuation of LPS‐induced NO production. These data suggest that microglial LDL receptors regulate JNK activation, which is necessary for apoE modulation of the inflammatory response. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
How does the Schwann cell lineage form tumors in NF1?
Authors: Carroll Steven L. , Ratner Nancy 
Published: September 2008

AbstractNeurofibromas are benign tumors of peripheral nerve that occur sporadically or in patients with the autosomal dominant tumor predisposition syndrome neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). Multiple neurofibroma subtypes exist which differ in their site of occurrence, their association with NF1, and their tendency to undergo transformation to become malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs), the most common malignancy associated with NF1. Most NF1 patients carry a constitutional mutation of the NF1 tumor suppressor gene. Neurofibromas develop in these patients when an unknown cell type in the Schwann cell lineage loses its remaining functional NF1 gene and initiates a complex series of interactions with other cell types; these interactions may be influenced by aberrant expression of growth factors and growth factor receptors and the action of modifier genes. Cells within certain neurofibroma subtypes subsequently accumulate additional mutations affecting the p19ARF‐MDM2‐TP53 and p16INK4A‐Rb signaling cascades, mutations of other as yet unidentified genes, and amplification of growth factor receptor genes, resulting in their transformation into MPNSTs. These observations have been validated using a variety of transgenic and knockout mouse models that recapitulate neurofibroma and MPNST pathogenesis. A new generation of mouse models is also providing important new insights into the identity of the cell type in the Schwann cell lineage that gives rise to neurofibromas. Our improving understanding of the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of neurofibromas and MPNSTs raises intriguing new questions about the origin and pathogenesis of these neoplasms and establishes models for the development of new therapies targeting these neoplasms. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Segmental cystic renal disease: Sonographic and CT findings
Authors: Wankhar Baphira , Batchala Prem Pradeep , Sailo Stephen 
Published: September 2008

AbstractSegmental cystic renal disease is a unique benign condition that requires no treatment. It can be confused on imaging, especially on sonography, with other more common cystic renal diseases and sometimes cystic malignancy. We report a case of segmental cystic renal disease with typical imaging features on sonography and CT for which nephrectomy was avoided. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2009
Sonographic assessment of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve
Authors: Damarey Benjamin , Demondion Xavier , Boutry Nathalie , Kim Hee‐Jin , Wavreille Guillaume , Cotten Anne 
Published: September 2008

AbstractPurpose.To evaluate the ability of high‐frequency sonography to evaluate the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN).Methods.A cadaveric study was performed on 5 cadavers to outline the normal course of the LFCN. Next, 37 LFCNs in 21 volunteers were evaluated via sonography with a 5–13‐MHz linear‐array transducer.Results.The LFCN was easily identified in our dissections. It always entered the thigh under the inguinal ligament and coursed superficially to the sartorius muscle. In 2/10 (20%) cases, anatomical variants were observed. Sonography revealed the LFCN in 26/37 (70%) cases. The relationships of the nerve with the deep circumflex iliac artery, the anterior superior iliac spine, and the sartorius were visualized. Neuromas were observed bilaterally in 1 volunteer.Conclusion.The LFCN can be seen in the groin with the aid of sonography. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2009
Evaluation of the accuracy and reliability of two 3‐dimensional sonography methods in volume measurement of small structures: An in vitro phantom study
Authors: Kot Brian C.W. , Sin Damian M.H. , Ying Michael 
Published: September 2008

AbstractPurpose.To evaluate the accuracy and reliability of two 3‐dimensional (3D) ultrasound imaging and measurement techniques in volume measurements using custom‐made phantoms.Methods.A total of 20 phantoms with irregular‐shaped test objects of known volume (2–9.7 ml) were constructed. The phantoms were scanned using an automated mechanical 3D sonography technique and a free‐hand 3D sonography technique. The volumes of the test objects were measured with “parallel planes” and “rotating planes” techniques, respectively. The measured volumes were compared with the actual volumes of the test objects. To evaluate inter‐ and intraoperator measurement variability, the phantoms were scanned twice by 2 different operators.Results.Both the automated mechanical and the free‐hand 3D sonography techniques were accurate and reliabile. Automated mechanical 3D sonography with the parallel planes technique (accuracy, 81.5–83.4%; reproducibility, 91.1%; repeatability, 98.8–99.1%) was slightly more accurate and reliable than the free‐hand rotating planes technique (accuracy, 74.7–84.2%; reproducibility, 88.4%; repeatability, 97.3–98%), but the differences were not statistically significant.Conclusion.Both the automated and freehand volume measurement techniques evaluated in this study are accurate and reliable. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2009
Transvaginal sonographic diagnosis of female urethral diverticula
Authors: Wu Yong‐Yang , Li Yong‐Zhong , Wei Qiang , Li Hong , Hang Geng‐Yu , Shen Hong 
Published: September 2008

AbstractPurposeWe report our experience with transvaginal sonography (TVUS) in the diagnosis of female urethral diverticulum (UD).MethodWe reviewed the TVUS examinations of 4 patients with a clinical diagnosis of UD and correlated the sonographic findings with the operative findings, especially regarding the UD's size, content, and location.ResultsAll UDs were demonstrated on TVUS. The size, content, and location of the UD correlated well with the operative findings.ConclusionTVUS is accurate in diagnosis and determination of the size, content, and location of female UD. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2009
Sonographic study of the development of fetal corpus callosum in a Chinese population
Authors: Zhang Hai‐chun , Yang Jie , Chen Zhong‐ping , Ma Xiao‐yan 
Published: September 2008

AbstractPurposeThe observation of fetal corpus callosum (CC) is important for the prenatal sonographic assessment of fetal central nervous system development. The aim of this study was to investigate the development of normal Chinese fetal CC.MethodCC measurements were performed using high‐resolution transabdominal sonography on 622 Chinese fetuses between 16 and 39 weeks' gestation. The correlation between CC size and gestational age was investigated.ResultsThe fetal CC length increased in a linear fashion during pregnancy. The length of the CC as a function of gestational age was expressed by the following regression equation: length (mm) = −9.567 + 1.495 × gestational age (weeks) (r = 0.932, p < 0.001).ConclusionKnowledge of normal CC appearance may help identify developmental anomalies and enable accurate prenatal counseling. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2009
Job engagement in organizations: Fad, fashion, or folderol?
Authors: Wefald Andrew J. , Downey Ronald G. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractEngagement, broadly defined as involvement, satisfaction, and enthusiasm, is widely used by organizations and consultants for improving retention. However, engagement fails to meet many of the common criteria for positive organizational practice, i.e. theoretical, valid, unique, state‐like, and positive. With attention to these criteria, engagement may useful to management. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Durability and photophysical properties of surfactant‐covered porous silicon particles in aqueous suspensions
Authors: Balaguer M. , Pastor E. , Bychto L. , Atienzar P. , Miranda M. A. , Matveeva E. , Chirvony V. S. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractWith the aim to impart hydrophilic properties to porous silicon (PSi) containing luminescent Si nanocrystals the PSi surface has been modified by a non‐ionic surfactant (undecylenic acid) either physically (by physisorption) or chemically (through Si‐C bond). PSi luminescence spectra and reversible quenching of the luminescence by molecular oxygen have been studied as a function of time elapsed after PSi surface immersion in water. The data obtained indicate that Si nanocrystal surface oxidation, which is realized in water, is accompanied by an appearance of a new type of luminescence centres, which are quenched by molecular oxygen differently than free excitons. SiO‐related surface states are suggested to be responsible for the observed effect. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Composition analysis of ternary semiconductors by combined application of conventional TEM and HRTEM
Authors: Häusler I. , Kirmse H. , Neumann W. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe chemical composition of ternary material systems can be determined by a combined analysis of dark‐field imaging and quantitative high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (qHRTEM). This method is restricted to material systems where on the one hand chemically sensitive reflections occur and on the other hand the material surrounding the nanostructure contains only those atomic species which are also present in the nanostructure. In the developed procedure the dark‐field image intensity is calculated as a function of chemical composition. Additionally, it is taken into consideration that the strained state of the system leads to a change of the symmetry. For analysing the chemically sensitive dark‐field images the composition must be normalized by a known concentration value. The method will be demonstrated for the following system: GaSbxAs1–x quantum dots (QDs) grown by metal‐organic chemical vapour phase deposition (MOCVD) on GaAs. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Influence of Home Monitoring on the clinical status of heart failure patients: Design and rationale of the IN‐TIME study
Authors: Arya Arash , Block Michael , Kautzner Josef , Lewalter Thorsten , Mörtel Heinrich , Sack Stefan , Schumacher Burghard , Søgaard Peter , Taborsky Milos , Husser Daniela , Hindricks Gerhard ,   IN‐TIME investigators
Published: September 2008

AbstractBackground:Despite optimal drug and device therapy, frequent hospitalisations due to decompensated heart failure remain an issue. Early detection of decompensation could prevent hospitalisation in patients with congestive heart failure. The recently introduced Home Monitoring functionality of implanted devices is a promising new telecardiology technique which provides information on the status of heart failure. Home Monitoring observation of heart failure patients could lead to early detection of preclinical decompensation, enable early intervention before clinical decompensation, and thus could prevent hospitalisations.Objective:The IN‐TIME study is designed to assess the impact of Home Monitoring on the early detection of worsening congestive heart failure and the clinical status of heart failure patients.Study design:Approximately 620 patients will be prospectively randomised to patient management guided by Home Monitoring analysis or standard care and followed for 12 months. The endpoints committee will adjudicate events in a blinded fashion. The primary endpoint is a composite of all‐cause mortality, unplanned hospitalisation due to worsening heart failure, NYHA class and patient global self assessment (Packer score). The study should complete recruitment during 2009 and report in late 2010.