bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Search and identification methods that owners use to find a lost cat
Authors: Lord Linda K. , Wittum Thomas E. , Ferketich Amy K. , Funk Julie A. , Rajala-Schultz Päivi J. 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Objective—To characterize the process by which owners search for lost cats and identify factors associated with time to recovery.
Design—Cross-sectional study.
Sample Population—Owners of 138 cats lost in Montgomery County, Ohio, between June 1 and September 30, 2005.
Procedures—A telephone survey was conducted.
Results—73 of the 138 (53%) cats were recovered; median time to recovery was 5 days (range, 0.5 to 81 days). Most cats (48 [66%]) that were recovered returned home on their own or were found in the neighborhood (5 [7%]); most other cats were recovered through posting of neighborhood signs (8 [11%]) or calling or visiting an animal agency (5 [7%]). The highest success rate for any of the search methods that were used was only 12% (posting neighborhood signs). Only 26 of the 138 (19%) cats had some type of identification at the time they were lost (ie, identification tag, rabies tag, or microchip). Owners allowed 82 (59%) cats to spend at least some time outdoors. The percentage of sexually intact cats recovered by their owners (4/16 [25%]) was significantly lower than the percentage of neutered cats recovered (69/122 [57%]).
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that the percentage of lost cats recovered by their owners is low, possibly in part because of the lack of use of traditional identification methods and the general acceptance that cats may roam. Veterinarians can help educate owners about the importance of identification and the need to keep cats indoors.
Prevalence of oxacillin- and multidrug-resistant staphylococci in clinical samples from dogs: 1,772 samples (2001–2005)
Authors: Jones Rebekah D. , Kania Stephen A. , Rohrbach Barton W. , Frank Linda A. , Bemis David A. 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Objective—To determine whether resistance to oxacillin and other antimicrobials in 3 Staphylococcus spp commonly isolated from dogs increased from 2001 to 2005.
Design—Retrospective case series.
Sample Population—1,772 clinical samples of various types obtained from dogs examined at the University of Tennessee Veterinary Teaching Hospital or at regional veterinary hospitals and submitted to the bacteriology and mycology laboratories associated with the teaching hospital.
Procedures—Samples were submitted by attending veterinarians to the bacteriology and mycology laboratories for routine aerobic microbial culture. Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility procedures were performed on all isolates. Susceptibility reports for each antimicrobial and Staphylococcus spp were determined from aggregate electronically archived test results. Oxacillin and multidrug resistance for Staphylococcus intermedius was analyzed by reviewing disk diffusion zone measurements.
Results—Oxacillin resistance increased among S intermedius isolates during the past 5 years, and the increase was associated with multidrug resistance. In 2005, 1 in 5 Staphylococcus spp isolates from canine clinical samples was resistant to oxacillin. The most common staphylococcal species isolated were S intermedius (n = 37), Staphylococcus schleiferi (21), and Staphylococcus aureus (4), and frequencies of oxacillin resistance in isolates of these species were 15.6%, 46.6%, and 23.5%, respectively.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Veterinarians should be aware of the potential for empiric drug treatment failures in instances where Staphylococcus spp infections are common (eg, pyoderma). Judicious use of bacterial culture and susceptibility testing is recommended.
Gold‐Nanoparticle‐Doped TiO2 Semiconductor Thin Films: Optical Characterization
Authors: Buso D. , Pacifico J. , Martucci A. , Mulvaney P. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA simple procedure for creating titania sol–gel‐based semiconductor thin films is described. Gold nanoparticles are doped homogeneously into the precursor mixture and the particles are homogeneously distributed in the resultant films when prepared using spin‐coating. The effects of particle loading and annealing temperature on the optical properties of the resultant films are characterized. Ellipsometry, X‐ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, and surface plasmon spectroscopy are used to monitor the crystallization and porosity changes during film synthesis.
Magnetic Anisotropies and (Ga,Mn)As‐based Spintronic Devices
Authors: Gould C. , Pappert K. , Schmidt G. , Molenkamp L. W. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractIn this Review, we discuss the rich anisotropic properties of the ferromagnetic semiconductor (Ga,Mn)As, and their implications in transport studies. We review the various sources and types of anisotropy seen in the material, discuss its magnetization reversal process, and demonstrate how basic transport properties, such as resistivity and Hall measurements, can be used as very sensitive tools to investigate the magnetization properties of the material. We also discuss how the magnetic anisotropy, coupled with large spin–orbit coupling, leads to an anisotropy in the transport density of states, which in turn leads to fundamentally novel behavior such as tunneling anisotropic magnetoresistance (TAMR).
Isolierte molekulare Drähte
Authors: Frampton Michael J. , Anderson Harry L. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractIn den erstaunlich unterschiedlichen Strukturen, die bisher als “isolierte molekulare Drähte” (insulated molecular wires, IMWs) beschrieben wurden, zeigt sich, wie vielfältig die Ansätze zur elektrisch‐chemischen Isolierung auf molekularer Ebene sind. Gemeinsam verdeutlichen diese Systeme die Bedeutung von Einkapselungsstrategien bei der Entwicklung optoelektronischer Materialien und organischer Halbleiter. Dieser Aufsatz beleuchtet die Synthese und die strukturelle Charakterisierung von IMWs. Struktur‐Eigenschafts‐Beziehungen sollen zudem erklären, wie eine Isolierung die Leistungsmerkmale eines molekularen Drahtes verbessern kann. Wir konzentrieren uns auf drei IMW‐Arten: Polyrotaxane, polymerumhüllte π‐Systeme und dendronisierte Polymere. Die Eigenschaften dieser Systeme werden mit denjenigen von konjugierten Polymeren verglichen, die in mesoporöse Netzwerke und Zeolithe eingefädelt sind. Der Einschluss molekularer Drähte verstärkt so unterschiedliche Eigenschaften wie Lumineszenz, elektrische Transportgrößen und die chemische Beständigkeit, sodass Anwendungen in Elektrolumineszenzdisplays, Sensoren und der photochemischen Wasserstofferzeugung denkbar werden.
Asymmetrische organokatalytische Dominoreaktionen
Authors: Enders Dieter , Grondal Christoph , Hüttl Matthias R. M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractDer derzeitige Stand der organischen Synthese macht oft kostspielige Schutzgruppenstrategien und aufwändige Reinigungsschritte nach jeder Synthesestufe erforderlich. Um diese Probleme zu umgehen, werden zunehmend Mehrkomponentendominoreaktionen zum effizienten und stereoselektiven Aufbau von komplexen Molekülen aus einfachen Vorstufen in einem einzigen Prozess genutzt. Organokatalytische Dominoreaktionen sind in gewisser Weise biomimetisch, da dieses Prinzip bei der Biosynthese von komplexen Naturstoffen aus einfachen Bausteinen sehr effizient verwirklicht ist. In diesem Kurzaufsatz werden die aktuellen Entwicklungen des sich rasch entwickelnden Gebiets diskutiert.
Insulated Molecular Wires
Authors: Frampton Michael J. , Anderson Harry L. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAn astonishing assortment of structures have been described as “insulated molecular wires” (IMWs), thus illustrating the diversity of approaches to molecular‐scale insulation. These systems demonstrate the scope of encapsulation in the molecular engineering of optoelectronic materials and organic semiconductors. This Review surveys the synthesis and structural characterization of IMWs, and highlights emerging structure–property relationships to determine how insulation can enhance the behavior of a molecular wire. We focus mainly on three IMW architectures: polyrotaxanes, polymer‐wrapped π systems, and dendronized polymers, and compare the properties of these systems with those of conjugated polymers threaded through mesoporous frameworks and zeolites. Encapsulation of molecular wires can enhance properties as diverse as luminescence, electrical transport, and chemical stability, which points to applications in electroluminescent displays, sensors, and the photochemical generation of hydrogen.
Asymmetric Organocatalytic Domino Reactions
Authors: Enders Dieter , Grondal Christoph , Hüttl Matthias R. M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe current status of organic synthesis is hampered by costly protecting‐group strategies and lengthy purification procedures after each synthetic step. To circumvent these problems, the synthetic potential of multicomponent domino reactions has been utilized for the efficient and stereoselective construction of complex molecules from simple precursors in a single process. In particular, domino reactions mediated by organocatalysts are in a way biomimetic, as this principle is used very efficiently in the biosynthesis of complex natural products starting from simple precursors. In this Minireview, we discuss the current development of this fast‐growing field.
Die Kämpf‐Stegträger der Eissporthalle Bad Reichenhall – Eine typische Holzkonstruktion der 1950er und 1960er Jahre?
Authors: Voormann Friedmar , Pfeifer Matthias 
Published: January 2007

AbstractKämpf‐Stegträger wie die der Eissporthalle in Bad Reichenhall wurden, wenn auch meist in geringeren Dimensionen, in den 1950er und 1960er Jahren vielfach eingesetzt. Sie sind ein Beispiel für die großen Anstrengungen, die man in Forschung und Praxis in diesen Jahren unternahm, um die Leimbauweise im Ingenieurholzbau endgültig zu etablieren. Spätestens Ende der 1960er Jahre war dieses Ziel erreicht. Gleichwohl wurden die Ursprünge des Leimbaus bereits ein halbes Jahrhundert früher durch Otto Hetzer und andere gelegt. Und so ist die Entwicklungsgeschichte des Brettschichtholzträgers einmal mehr ein Beispiel dafür, daß der als Diffusion bezeichnete Prozeß – von der Innovation bis zur allgemeinen Verbreitung und Anwendung einer Neuerung – sich gerade im Bauwesen oftmals über ein bis zwei Generationen erstreckt.
Herstellung von Verpreßpfählen zur Auftriebssicherung unter dem Einfluß kalklösender Kohlensäure
Authors: Schäfer René , Höfer Ulrich , Triantafyllidis Theodor 
Published: January 2007

AbstractIm Zuge der Gründungsarbeiten eines Regenüberlaufbeckens in Kierspe wurden Verpreßpfähle als Auftriebssicherung eingebaut. Auf Grund des CO2‐Gehalts des Grundwassers war es erforderlich, vor der Pfahlherstellung Bohrlochvergütungen durchzuführen, um einen möglichen Tragkraftverlust der Pfähle infolge Betonkorrosion zu minimieren. Im Vorfeld wurde dazu eine Arbeitsanweisung erstellt, welche die technische Vorgehensweise und die erforderlichen Qualitätssicherungsmaßnahmen der Vergütungsarbeiten regelt. Die Bohrlochvergütung erfolgte über großkalibrige Pilotbohrungen, über die Zementmörtel in den anstehenden Fels eingepreßt wurde. Als Vergütungskriterium wurde eine äquivalente Wasserdurchlässigkeit des Bodens vorgegeben, welche je Bohrung über einen W/D‐Test nachzuweisen war. Im Zuge der Ausführungsarbeiten zeigte sich jedoch, daß aufgrund der geologischen Randbedingungen die Arbeitsanweisung mehrfach zu modifizieren und eine spezielle Betonrezeptur zu verwenden war, um eine erfolgreiche Bohrlochvergütung durchführen zu können.
PPP‐Projekte: Strukturelle Kostenvergleichsuntersuchungen zwischen Eigenrealisierung der öffentlichen Auftraggeber und PPP‐Anbietern
Authors: Blecken Udo , Gralla Mike , Holthaus Ursula 
Published: January 2007

AbstractIm Rahmen struktureller Vergleichsuntersuchungen werden Herstellkosten, Nutzungskosten und weitere Einflüsse zwischen Eigenrealisierung und Betrieb der öffentlichen Hand mit den Kosten der PPP‐Anbieter im Rahmen einer umfangreichen Literaturuntersuchung verglichen und darüber hinaus durch eigene Daten ergänzt. Die Kosten werden nach dem in PPP‐Projekten üblichen Kostenvergleichsverfahren der Discounted Cash Flow‐Methode berechnet und verglichen. Für die privaten PPP‐Anbieter werden bei den üblichen Zinssätzen Kostenvorteile von mehr als 30% festgestellt, ohne daß alle Kostennachteile (Bauzeit, Nachträge) der öffentlichen Bauverwaltung berücksichtigt sind.Eine Ausweitung des PPP‐Marktes über die z.Z. 5% des öffentlichen Bauvolumens hinaus ist nicht nur aus ökonomischen Motiven, sondern auch aufgrund der desolaten Haushaltslage der Kommunen, Länder und des Bundes dringend geboten. Es könnte mit den gleichen Finanzmitteln ca. 30% mehr Bauvolumen umgesetzt werden.
Zur Bemessung von Betonbauteilen auf Basis der Coulombschen Hypothese – Interpretation und Verifizierung experimenteller Daten
Authors: Bussler Leonid 
Published: January 2007

AbstractIm Beitrag wird gezeigt, wie man die Coulombsche mehrachsige Betonfestigkeit im Zusammenhang mit der Spannungs‐Dehnungs‐Linie benutzt. Eine Durchführung der Differenzspannungsanalyse bei ein‐ und dreiachsigem symmetrischen Druck erlaubt, nicht ausreichende experimentelle Daten bei unsymmetrischem zwei‐ und dreiachsigen Druck richtig zu interpretieren. Dabei läßt sich eine reale und nichtproportionale Belastung in Konstruktionen besonders bei positivem mehrachsigen Druck auf die einfache proportionale Belastung ohne jegliche negative Folgen zurückführen.
Die große Kuppel von Florenz – Statik und Intuition im 15. Jahrhundert
Authors: Peil Udo 
Published: January 2007

AbstractDie große Kuppel des Doms von St. Maria del Fiore zu Florenz gehört zu den bedeutenden kulturellen Denkmälern der Welt. Die fast 100 m hohe Kuppelschale mit einem Durchmesser von ca. 42 m wurde völlig ohne unterstützende Lehrgerüste nach den Ideen und unter der Leitung von Fillipo Brunelleschi zu Beginn des 15. Jahrhunderts erbaut. Es wird der geschichtliche Hintergrund dargestellt, vor dem der Bau erfolgte. Die statischen und konstruktiven Probleme, die von Brunelleschi intuitiv richtig gelöst wurden, werden beschrieben und erläutert.Der Bericht schließt mit einer Darstellung der heutigen Probleme, die sich durch die seit Jahrhunderten vorhandenen Risse ergeben und schildert kurz die Überlegungen zur möglichen Sanierung.
An Exact Test for Detecting Inconsistency in Readers Interpretation Over Time in Screening Mammograms
Authors: Lee Ji‐Hyun , Eschrich Steven , Beam Craig 
Published: January 2007

AbstractRadiologists' interpretation on screening mammograms is measured by accuracy indices such as sensitivity and specificity. The hypothesis that radiologists' interpretation on screening mammograms is constant across time can be tested by measuring overdispersion. However, small sample sizes are problematic for the accuracy of asymptotic approaches. In this article, we propose an exact conditional distribution for testing overdispersion of the binomial assumption that is assumed for the accuracy indices. An exact p ‐value can be defined from the developed distribution. We also describe an algorithm for computing this exact test. This proposed method is applied to data from a study in reading screening mammograms in a population of US radiologists (Beam et al., 2003). The exact method is compared analytically with a currently available method based on large sample approximations. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Rabies virus glycoprotein expression in Drosophila S2 cells. I. Functional recombinant protein in stable co‐transfected cell line
Authors: Yokomizo Adriana Y. , Jorge Soraia A. C. , Astray Renato M. , Fernandes Irene , Ribeiro Orlando G. , Horton Denise S. P. Q. , Tonso Aldo , Tordo Noel , Pereira Carlos Augusto 
Published: January 2007

AbstractRecombinant rabies virus glycoprotein (rRVGP) was expressed in Drosophila melanogaster Schneider 2 (S2) cells. The cDNA encoding the entire RVGP gene was cloned in an expression plasmid under the control of the constitutive actin promoter (Ac), which was co‐transfected into S2 cells together with a hygromycin selection plasmid. Selected S2 cell populations (S2AcRVGP) had a decreased ability to grow and consume substrates, when compared to the non‐transfected cells (S2). They were shown, by PCR, to express the RVGP gene and mRNA and, by immunoblotting, to synthesize the rRVGP in its expected molecular mass of 65 kDa. ELISA kinetic studies showed the rRVGP expression in cell lysates and supernatants attaining concentrations of 300 μg/L. By flow cytometry analysis, about 30% of the cells in the co‐transfected populations were shown to express the rRVGP. Cell populations selected by limiting dilution expressed higher rRVGP yields. Mice immunized with rRVGP were shown to synthesize antibodies against rabies virus and be protected against experimental infection with rabies virus. The data presented here show that S2 cells can be suitable hosts for the rRVGP expression, allowing its synthesis in a high degree of physical and biological integrity.
Whole genome genotyping technologies on the BeadArray™ platform
Authors: Steemers Frank J. , Gunderson Kevin L. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe ability to simultaneously genotype hundreds of thousands of single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in a single assay has recently become feasible due to innovative combinations of assay and array platform multiplexing. In this review, we describe the development of the Infinium® whole genome genotyping technology and the BeadArray™ platform. We discuss the automated use and performance of a series of genotyping BeadChips, including data quality, technology scalability, and flexibility in designing array content. We describe high‐density tag SNP‐based Bead‐Chips and various multi‐sample BeadChip configurations with their respective applications. These technologies are enabling large‐scale whole genome association studies that have the potential to revolutionize our ability to detect common genetic variants with a significant role in identifying disease‐associated loci, proteins, biomarkers, and pharmacogenomic responses.
Identification of intracellular targets of small molecular weight chemical compounds using affinity chromatography
Authors: Guiffant Damien , Tribouillard Déborah , Gug Fabienne , Galons Hervé , Meijer Laurent , Blondel Marc , Bach Stéphane 
Published: January 2007

AbstractEfforts to characterize small molecular weight chemical inhibitors of pharmacological interest tend to identify molecules with high efficiency and selectivity, to meet the two criteria required for the clinical development of a drug: efficacy and harmlessness. Drug candidates are expected to inhibit efficiently the target they have been optimized against (for example, a particular type of protein kinase). These hits are also designed to not interfere (or as little as possible) with the activity of other cellular enzymes/proteins to reduce undesired side effects. Here we discuss the use of immobilized drugs as affinity chromatography matrices to purify and identify their bona fide intracellular targets. This method not only allows the systematic investigation of the selectivity of pharmacological compounds but also the anticipation of their putative adverse effects.
Results at up to 20 years after ileal pouch–anal anastomosis for chronic ulcerative colitis
Authors: Hahnloser D , Pemberton J H , Wolff B G , Larson D R , Crownhart B S , Dozois R R 
Published: January 2007

Abstract

Background
Ileal pouch–anal anastomosis (IPAA) is performed routinely for chronic ulcerative colitis.

Methods
Using data from a prospective database and annual standardized questionnaires, functional outcome, complications and quality of life (QoL) after IPAA were assessed.

Results
Some 1885 IPAA operations were performed for chronic ulcerative colitis over a 20-year period (mean follow-up 11 years). The mean age at the time of IPAA was 34·1 years, increasing from 31·2 years (1981–1985) to 36·3 years (1996–2000). The overall rate of pouch success at 5, 10, 15 and 20 years was 96·3, 93·3, 92·4 and 92·1 per cent respectively. Mean daytime stool frequency increased from 5·7 at 1 year to 6·4 at 20 years (P &lt; 0·001), and also increased at night (from 1·5 to 2·0; P &lt; 0·001). The incidence of frequent daytime faecal incontinence increased from 5 to 11 per cent during the day (P &lt; 0·001) and from 12 to 21 per cent at night (P &lt; 0·001). QoL remained unchanged and 92 per cent remained in the same employment. Seventy-six patients were eventually diagnosed with indeterminate colitis and 47 with Crohn's disease.

Conclusion
IPAA is a reliable surgical procedure for patients requiring proctocolectomy for chronic ulcerative colitis and indeterminate colitis. The clinical and functional outcomes are excellent and stable for 20 years after operation.
Long-term function and manovolumetric characteristics after ileal pouch–anal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis
Authors: Bengtsson J , Börjesson L , Lundstam U , Öresland T 
Published: January 2007

Abstract

Background
Long-term pouch function and physiological characteristics after ileal pouch–anal anastomosis (IPAA) are poorly described. The aim of this study was to undertake a prospective investigation of long-term pouch function and manovolumetric characteristics.

Methods
Forty-two patients with a median follow-up of 16 years after IPAA were included. Function was assessed using a questionnaire and a score was calculated ranging from 0 to 15 (15 being the worst). Manovolumetry was performed and pouchitis recorded. A paired analysis was conducted, as the results were compared with previous data for each patient.

Results
The median functional score was 3·5 (range 0–10) at 2 years and 5 (range 1–11) at 16 years (P = 0·013). Resting anal canal pressures were higher (P &lt; 0·001) and squeeze pressures lower (P = 0·008) at long-term follow-up. Ileal pouch volumes at distension pressures of 10, 20 and 40 cmH2O were diminished at 16 years (P &lt; 0·001, P = 0·005 and P = 0·058 respectively). The volume and pressure for first sensation and urge to defaecate were reduced. Increased age correlated positively with a poor functional score. A history of pouchitis did not affect functional or physiological characteristics.

Conclusion
Ileal pouch function declines in the long term. The reasons are unclear, but the ageing process may have an impact.
The Use of Quantum Molecular Calculations to Guide a Genetic Algorithm: A Way to Search for New Chemistry
Authors: Durrant Marcus C. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe process of gene‐based molecular evolution has been simulated in silico by using massively parallel density functional theory quantum calculations, coupled with a genetic algorithm, to test for fitness with respect to a target chemical reaction in populations of genetically encoded molecules. The goal of this study was the identification of transition‐metal complexes capable of mediating a known reaction, namely the cleavage of N2to give the metal nitride. Each complex within the search space was uniquely specified by a nanogene consisting of an eight‐digit number. Propagation of an individual nanogene into successive generations was determined by the fitness of its phenotypic molecule to perform the target reaction and new generations were created by recombination and mutation of surviving nanogenes. In its simplest implementation, the quantum‐directed genetic algorithm (QDGA) quickly located a local minimum on the evolutionary fitness hypersurface, but proved incapable of progressing towards the global minimum. A strategy for progressing beyond local minima consistent with the Darwinian paradigm by the use of environmental variations coupled with mass extinctions was therefore developed. This allowed for the identification of nitriding complexes that are very closely related to known examples from the chemical literature. Examples of mutations that appear to be beneficial at the genetic level but prove to be harmful at the phenotypic level are described. As well as revealing fundamental aspects of molecular evolution, QDGA appears to be a powerful tool for the identification of lead compounds capable of carrying out a target chemical reaction.