bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Properties and Characteristics of Cast, Wrought, and Powder Metallurgy (P/M) Processed Cobalt-Chromium-Molybdenum Implant Materials
Authors: Kumar P , Hickl AJ , Asphahani AI , Lawley A 
Published: December 2008

Cobalt-chromium-molybdenum alloys have been highly successful as implant materials due to their corrosion resistance to body fluids, excellent mechanical properties, and biocompatibility. Limitations associated with the conventional processing of these alloys, such as precision casting or casting followed by hot working, have been overcome recently by the use of powder metallurgy (P/M) processing techniques. This paper presents results from an on-going program of research on cobalt 26 to 28Cr, 5 to 6Mo alloys.
Cast, conventionally hot-rolled, and P/M-processed materials were evaluated. The effect of cooling rates in the range of 10 to 104°C/s was investigated. The results of tension, localized corrosion, corrosion fatigue, and stress corrosion cracking tests are discussed.
Current Versus Voltage Hysteresis: Effect on Electrometric Monitoring of Corrosion
Authors: Hirozawa ST 
Published: December 2008

Potential-controlled polarization methods can cause large positive shifts of the breakdown potential because of induction effect. The latter gives rise to current hysteresis, which leads to large unpredictable charge densities, which leads to poor accuracy and precision in determining the protection potential Eprot. Galvanostaircase polarization (GSCP) prevents induction effect and current hysteresis; however, it is subject to voltage hysteresis, which could make the determination of Eprot difficult if not impossible. Fortunately, voltage hysteresis can be avoided easily by staying at low current levels and charge densities.
Hysteresis caused by slow electrode kinetics can give erroneous results in the cyclic potentiodynamic polarization resistance measurement. A potentiostaircase polarization method was used to eliminate hysteresis. A graphic averaging technique was developed to determine the polarization resistance of a system where the corrosion potential Ecorr and the corrosion rate were changing rapidly.
Effect of Temperature and Delivery Time on Concrete Proportions
Authors: Gaynor RD , Meininger RC , Khan TS 
Published: December 2008

The literature demonstrates that concrete produced at high temperatures [35 versus 18°C (95 versus 65°F)] or mixed and agitated for 90 versus 20 min, tends to have increased mixing water requirements and reduced strength. The research reported here demonstrates that the additional cement required to compensate for this strength loss can be very modest.
Concrete was mixed at temperatures of 18 and 35°C (65 and 95°F). Two series of mixtures were proportioned to produce strengths of 28 to 31 MPa (4000 to 4500 psi) and 34 to 38 MPa (5000 to 5500 psi), utilizing three different material combinations: cement without admixture, cement plus water reducer, and cement plus fly ash. Two cement sources were used and concrete delivery times of 20 or 90 min were simulated. The concrete was retempered to maintain slump. To simulate nonstandard how weather initial curing, extra cylinders were cured at 38°C (100°F) for the first 24 h.
The main considerations were the effect of the research variables on the required cement content to produce a given strength level, on the required mixing water content to maintain a target slump, and on drying shrinkage. The results show that, with one exception, the higher mixing temperatures and extended delivery time had little effect on the concrete properties. One of the two cements used tended to have more strength loss in hot weather when it was used without admixtures. However, when that cement was used with fly ash or a water-reducing admixture, rapid loss of slump and strength was avoided.
An increase in the concrete mixing temperature from 18 to 35°C (65 to 95°F) required an average increase of 4.7 kg/m3 (8 lb/yd3) of cement to maintain the strength level. An increase in the delivery time from 20 to 90 min required an additional 13.6 kg/m3 (23 lb/yd3) of cement, on the average. The water required to produce the target slump at the higher temperature increased by 2 to 6%. The extended delivery period affected the water requirements by 3 to 13%, and when the extended period was coupled with the higher temperature, the increase in mixing water ranged from 7 to 18%. The hot first-day curing period had a significant effect on the strength, causing a strength loss of about 10%. The variables appeared to have little effect on the drying shrinkage of the concrete.
Temperature Effects on Strength and Elasticity of Concrete Containing Admixtures
Authors: Nasser KW , Chakraborty M 
Published: December 2008

This paper investigates the influence of temperature on the structural properties of sealed and unsealed concrete containing Saskatchewan lignite fly ash and sulfonated naphthalene formaldehyde superplasticizer. Concrete was exposed for periods of up to six months to temperatures of — 11 to 232°C (12 to 450°F).
Results show that temperatures up to 71°C (160°F) have a minor effect on both the strength and elasticity of sealed or mass concrete; however, exposed unsealed concrete showed a gradual increase in strength and minor changes in elasticity under the same conditions. At a temperature increase of 121 to 232°C (250 to 450°F), the strength and elasticity of mass concrete decreased by about 65%, while the strength of exposed unsealed concrete was not affected; however, its elasticity was reduced by about 40% only.
Naphthalene superplasticizer admixtures do not seem to influence the properties of hardened concrete containing fly ash and exposed to high temperatures.
The Role of Standards in the Factory with a Future
Authors: Grierson DK 
Published: December 2008

The role of standardization in factory automation is a subject that needs to be addressed. Industry can greatly benefit from the use of automation. On the other hand, the sheer diversity of automation can create barriers.
A standard can be best described as “an acknowledged measure of comparison for quantitative or qualitative value, criterion, or norm.” In its barest essence, a standard is an agreement between all interested parties that there should be one way of doing something. However, standards can become barriers when applied to the more advanced technical products of a manufacturer. If manufacturers used the same standards at all levels, there would be very little difference between their products. Any opportunities for a manufacturer to innovate would be stifled.
How can standards be obtained that will not be barriers? There are several ways: getting experts together to discuss the issues, encouraging government agencies and professional societies to determine possible solutions, and having corporate leaders propose, advocate, and negotiate applications of standards.
The Need for Hierarchical Standards for Automated Integrated Manufacturing
Authors: Berkley JB 
Published: December 2008

Industrial leaders are being challenged to automate or face the consequences of losing competitive markets to more automated competition. The implication is that future profits will be related to the degree of automation. Technology can support this automation today, but can modernization support tomorrow's technology? Without a set of standards in support of an integrated approach to automation, the automating pioneer may be committing the company to technical obsolescence or continued capital investment. This paper calls for development of an integrated set of standards in support of automation that will ensure a modernization capability through implementation of new technology.
This paper describes a matrix approach to the development of hierarchical standards based on (1) ASTM standards for computerized systems, (2) the application of Military Standard MIL-STD 881A on Work Breakdown Structures to automated integrated manufacturing, and (3) the International Standards Organization reference model of open system interconnection.
A call is made for ASTM to take the lead in the following areas: (1) the development of functional requirements for an integrated set of standards, (2) the tasking, support, and coordination necessary for the development of these standards, (3) the dissemination of the standards, (4) the development of evaluation methods for testing compatibility and interoperability of new technology in compliance with this integrated set of standards, and (5) the implementation and utilization of an electronic mail/information network technology to shorten the time needed to develop standards by consensus.
The U.S. Army's Computer-Aided Design Center at Edgewood, Maryland
Authors: Stuetz JR 
Published: December 2008

A computer-aided design (CAD) center located at the Edgewood Area of Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, has been automating technical data associated with technical data packages (TDP) for many years. Technical data packages are used by the Government for procuring Department of Defense (DOD) material and weapon systems. The packages consist of all the drawings, specifications, standards, and other technical documentation needed to manufacture or procure the item specified.
The Center has the responsibility for chemical system TDPs from the time the package comes into being until they are phased out of the system. It draws or monitors the preparation of drawings. It prepares or monitors the preparation of specifications and standards. It is the repository for the master copies of the drawings, specifications, and standards for its unique items and is the agency that keeps track of outstanding engineering change proposals, notices of revision, deviations, and waivers under the Configuration Management System. It supplies up-to-date TDPs to procuring agencies so that items can be procured or manufactured.
The Center generates engineering drawings by computer graphics, specifications, standards, and other technical documentation by word processing equipment. The Center keeps track of a TDP and any changes to it by computer memory systems.
The networking of these computer systems to achieve an engineering data base, their ability to make expeditious changes to data, and their rapid response to procurement needs are discussed.
This paper explains DOD standards and regulations for engineering drawing practices, configuration management, specifications, standards, and related documentation are satisfied by the Center.
The versatility of the system and its output operation (e.g., hard copies by high speed plotters, microfilm from a computer output unit, seven and nine track magnetic tape, numerical control tape for machine tools, TDP listings, and actual CAD parameters) is also discussed.
Integration of Process Control and Management Information Systems in a Rolling Mill
Authors: Schilling PE , Waltz MD , Fanning RE 
Published: December 2008

A gap exists between process control and management information systems (MIS). The gap is formed by philosophies, vendors, marketing strategies, programming languages, and communication protocols. This paper describes a system that traces ingots in the hot line department of a rolling mill, and bridges the gap between MIS and process control. Communications with MIS use a vendor-specific synchronous protocol, while communications with process control systems use a start-stop protocol that was developed in-house.
Because of unpleasant experience with an earlier system, production people are potentially hostile to this one. Their hostility has been softened by good design and a good training program. If a system like this is to survive, software people must be devoted to maintaining it. For future systems of this type, more commercially available software should be selected before the hardware is picked.
Functions and Dimensions of Distributed Assembly Automation: An Analytical Networking Approach
Authors: Nilsson NT 
Published: December 2008

Some illustrations are given of a comprehensive Swedish R&D program called FIGARMA (Fully Integrated Garment Manufacture). The long-range scope of the program is to solve the problems of automated sequential sewing assembly, generally considered to represent the most complicated area of production technology.
The FIGARMA approach is based on the concept of an auto-adaptive production cell, comprising a new type of highly flexible and interchangeable man/auto work stations as building blocks. The material and information flows of each work station operation are controlled by distributed microprocessors as nodes in an autonomous, dedicated intracell data network of a new type. These new types of system elements will allow for data-driven parallel processing as they are being triggered by fabric parts carrying their own identification, mating and operating instructions. The configuration of a laboratory production cell test-bed for sequential sewing assembly automation is also discussed. An outline is given of a taxonomy of the corresponding, multilevel integrated systems network hierarchy.
Studies on Size Effects and Crack Growth of Side-Grooved CT Specimens
Authors: Kikuchi M , Atluri SN , Miyamoto H 
Published: December 2008

This paper deals with two major subjects: (1) the elastic and elastic-plastic analyses of several kinds of compact tension (CT) specimens, and (2) crack growth analyses in the three-dimensional case. Firstly, CT specimens are analyzed elastically and elastic-plastically using the three-dimensional finite element method, and the three-dimensional J integral values along the crack front are evaluated. Several kinds of CT specimens, with various thicknesses and side groove depths, are analyzed elastically; four specimens are chosen for elastic-plastic analysis. For 1CT specimens without a side groove, the J value is maximum at the center of the specimen and minimum near the free surface. It is shown that the change in both values becomes smaller by introducing the curved crack front assuming the fatigue precrack. For the side-grooved specimens, it is shown that the experimental J value obtained from the load-displacement curve using the net thickness is better than that using the effective thickness. It is also shown that the J value is nearly equal along the crack front for 25% side-grooved specimens. In every case, the J values obtained by the load versus displacement curve coincide well with the average J values over the plate thickness.
Secondly, crack growth analyses are carried out. Using the method proposed by Nakagaki et al, which simulates the crack growth by moving the near-tip nodes forward along the crack growth direction, a smooth crack front is retained after crack growth even in the three-dimensional finite element analysis. Tunneling effects are observed for 1CT standard specimens; for the side-grooved specimen it is shown that the crack growth occurs equally along the crack front.
Influence of Precracked Specimen Configuration and Starting Stress Intensity on the Stress Corrosion Cracking of 4340 Steel
Authors: Lisagor WB 
Published: December 2008

The results of a Langley Research Center (LaRC) investigation on the effects of precracked specimen configuration and initial starting stress intensity on crack growth rate and threshold stress intensity for onset of cracking and for crack arrest are presented. The study was part of an interlaboratory (round robin) test program coordinated by ASTM Committees G-1 and E-24 to evaluate the usefulness of precracked specimens and analysis for stress corrosion characterization. The objectives of the LaRC effort were to determine if crack growth rates determined at various levels of stress intensity were independent of specimen configuration and initial starting stress intensity, and whether the threshold levels for onset and arrest were comparable.
Tests were conducted on AISI 4340 steel (heat treated to a yield strength of 1240 MPa) in 3.5% sodium chloride (NaCl) solution using two specimen configurations: a single-edge-cracked specimen tested in cantilever bending (SE(B)) under constant load, and a modified compact specimen bolt loaded (MC(Wb)) to a constant deflection. Initial starting stress intensities varied from 40 to 55 MPa m1/2.
The results indicate that for this material and environmental system the threshold stress intensity value determined was independent of the specimen configuration if the stress intensity value associated with the MC(Wb) specimen is taken where the discontinuous break occurs in the velocity-stress intensity curve.
The threshold value determined at this discontinuous break for the MC(Wb) specimens agreed well with the lowest stress intensity at which onset of crack growth occurred for the SE(B) specimens. The crack growth rates determined for the two specimen configurations were consistent, although they could not be directly compared because of differences in the stress intensity range over which the tests were conducted.
Development of a Navy Standard Test Method for Fatigue Crack Growth Rates in Marine Environments
Authors: Crooker TW , Gill SJ , Yoder GR , Bogar FD 
Published: December 2008

Fatigue crack growth rate testing of metallic materials under conditions which involve a corrosive environment is currently an active field of investigation throughout many of the industrialized nations. This research activity is stimulated by important demands for materials utilization in defense, energy, and transportation applications. A recent survey conducted by ASTM Task Group E24.04.05 on Fatigue Crack Growth Rate Testing in Aqueous Environments identified more than 40 laboratories in nine non-communist countries which are engaged in corrosion-fatigue studies using precracked specimens.
Virtually all contemporary corrosion-fatigue crack growth rate testing is conducted using fracture mechanics test methods. ASTM Test for Constant-Load-Amplitude Fatigue Crack Growth Rates Above 10−8 m/Cycle (E 647) provides widely followed procedures for the mechanical aspects of this type of testing. The aforementioned ASTM E24.04.05 survey reported few problem areas in applying the requirements of ASTM E 647 to tests involving corrosive environments. Despite the reported success in applying ASTM E 647 to corrosion-fatigue crack growth rate testing, however, significant questions concerning this type of testing remain to be addressed. Corrosion-related experimental factors can strongly influence test results. Both Navy and nuclear power industry research programs have recognized interlaboratory variability in corrosion-fatigue crack growth rate data to be a potentially serious problem.
The Navy has drafted a proposed Standard Method of Test for Constant-Load-Amplitude Fatigue Crack Growth Rates in Marine Environments. This paper describes the key provisions of this test method, the philosophy underlying its approach, and efforts to verify its provisions.
Analytical Approaches and Experimental Verification to Describe the Influence of Cold Work and Heat Treatment on the Mechanical Properties of Zircaloy Cladding Tubes
Authors: Steinberg E , Weidinger HG , Schaa A 
Published: December 2008

Well-controlled laboratory heat treatments were performed in the range from 460 to 610°C (733 to 883 K) and from 1 to 8 h at temperature on Zircaloy-4 cladding tubes with three different degrees of initial cold work (40%, 64%, and 76%). Within this range the influence of annealing temperature T and time t and of cold work on the yield strength Rp0.2 at 400°C (673 K) and on the degree R of recrystallization was experimentally determined.
This data base was used to verify a semi-empirical approach to describe analytically the dependence of yield strength and recrystallization on the aforementioned technological parameters T and t for the annealing and φ = ln 1/lo as a measure for the applied cold work.
Using a “growing function” y=lnRp0.2max−Rp0.2Rp0.2−Rp0.2min to correlate the normalized annealing temperature A = t·exp(-Q/RT) with the change of the yield strength Rp0.2 between the values Rp0.2max and Rp0.2min, the correlation Rp0.2=Rp0.2min+ΔRp0.2·11+k·A can be obtained, where ΔRp0.2=Rp0.2min.
It was found as a good expirical approach that ΔRp0.2=c·ω4
and the yield strength can be described as Rp0.2=Rp0.2min+c·φ41+k1·φ2·A
The influence of the same mentioned technological parameters on the recrystallization can be described as R1−R=k2·ω2·A
This leads to the correlation Rp0.2=RP0.2min+c·φ41+k1k2·R1−R
between yield strength and recrystallization.
Texture Effect of Zircaloy on Ultrasonic Velocity
Authors: Konishi T , Honji M 
Published: December 2008

The effect of crystallographic texture and heat treatment of Zircaloy on ultrasonic velocity was investigated by using specimens obtained from a Zircaloy plate and cladding tubes fabricated by different schedules covering a wide range of Q-values.
The theoretical ultrasonic velocity in polycrystalline zirconium was also calculated. The results are as follows:
1. The crystallographic texture has a significant effect on ultrasonic velocity. Ultrasonic velocity increases by 1% almost linearly with each increase of 0.1 in the f-factor in the range above f=0.3.
2. Heat treatment has little effect on ultrasonic velocity, and the difference of ultrasonic velocity between as-rolled and recrystallized tubes was 0.3%.
3. The ultrasonic velocity in polycrystalline zirconium calculated by using pole figure data shows fairly good agreement with experimental data.
Irradiation Growth in Zr-2.5Nb
Authors: Léger M , Fleck RG 
Published: December 2008

Pressure tube elongation in CANDU (CANada Deuterium Uranium) reactors occurs mainly as a result of irradiation growth and may limit the useful lifetime of the pressure tubes. The object of this investigation was to examine the effects of microstructural variation on the irradiation growth rate as part of a pressure tube development program. Three modifications of Zr-2.5Nb material have been irradiated at 553 K to high fast fluences of 3 × 1025 n/m2 in the Dido reactor at the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority Harwell, and the irradiation growth was measured at preselected fluences up to the highest fluence.
The particular microstructural parameters examined in these experiments were dislocation density and grain morphology. The three materials tested were: (1) the usual as-received pressure tube which has fine, elongated grains and a high dislocation density; (2) stress-relieved material with essentially the same grain shape as (1) but with a lower dislocation density; and (3) annealed and cold-worked material with larger, more-equiaxed grains and a high dislocation density.
The growth measurements indicate that both the initial transients and the high fluence behaviors of the three materials are qualitatively different with the high dislocation density materials showing increasing growth rates with increasing fluence and the stress-relieved material showing the opposite effect. Specimen-to-specimen variations in growth behavior are correlated with position of the specimens in the irradiation rig. Variations could be attributable to temperature effects. There was no good indication in any of the materials that a steady-state growth rate had been achieved at the highest fluences.
These results are discussed in terms of current models of irradiation growth in zirconium alloys. They are also compared with irradiation growth rates on other zirconium-base alloys.