bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
RNA‐Dependent DNA Polymerases
Authors: Tzertzinis George , Tabor Stanley , Nichols Nicole M. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractReverse transcriptases (RTs) are multifunctional enzymes, but are mainly used as RNA‐directed DNA polymerases in first‐strand cDNA synthesis. Specifically, oligodeoxynucleotides are used as primers for extension on RNA templates. The DNA synthesized from an RNA template is referred to as complementary DNA (cDNA) and is often used as a template for PCR or converted to dsDNA for cloning. This unit describes appropriate reaction conditions for RTs from Moloney murine leukemia virus (MMLV) and avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV), along with applications such as synthesizing cDNA, 3′ fill‐in reactions, and labeling the 3′ terminus of DNA fragments with 5′ protruding ends, and DNA sequencing. Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. 84:3.7.1‐3.7.4. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Analysis of Gene‐Gene Interactions
Authors: Moore Jason H. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe goal of this unit is to introduce gene‐gene interactions (epistasis) as a significant complicating factor in the search for disease susceptibility genes. This unit begins with an overview of gene‐gene interactions and why they are likely to be common. Then, it reviews several statistical and computational methods for detecting and characterizing genes with effects that are dependent on other genes. The focus of this unit is genetic association studies of discrete and quantitative traits because most of the methods for detecting gene‐gene interactions have been developed specifically for these study designs.Curr. Protoc. Hum. Genet. 59:1.14.1‐1.14.10. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Light Microscopy Digital Imaging
Authors: Ossi John 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis unit presents an overview of digital imaging hardware used in light microscopy. CMOS, CCD, and EMCCDs are the primary sensors used. The strengths and weaknesses of each define the primary applications for these sensors. Sensor architecture and formats are also reviewed. Color camera design strategies and sensor window cleaning are also described in the unit. Curr. Protocol. Cytom. 46:2.3.1‐2.3.10. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Biomaterial Interface Investigated by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
Authors: Moisel M. , de Mele M. A. F. L. , Müller W.‐D. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractApplication of a biomaterial requires profound knowledge about the features and structure of the biomaterial ‐ tissue interface. Electrochemical techniques, especially electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) enable a fast non‐destructive characterization of the interface. This review summarizes the application of EIS in different biological environments.
Synthesis and Optoelectronic Properties of Nonpolar Polyrotaxane Insulated Molecular Wires with High Solubility in Organic Solvents
Authors: Frampton Michael J. , Sforazzini Giuseppe , Brovelli Sergio , Latini Gianluca , Townsend Emily , Williams Charlotte C. , Charas Ana , Zalewski Leszek , Kaka Naeem S. , Sirish Mallena , Parrott Lisa J. , Wilson Joanne S. , Cacialli Franco , Anderson Harry L. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractHydrophilic polyanionic conjugated polyrotaxanes are readily synthesized in water by Suzuki coupling, but their high polarity and ionic nature limit the potential applications of these materials. Here, we demonstrate three methods for transforming these polar polyelectrolytes into nonpolar lipophilic insulated molecular wires. A water‐soluble polyfluorene‐alt‐biphenylene β‐cyclodextrin (CD) polyrotaxane was converted into nonpolar derivatives by methylation of the carboxylic acid groups with diazomethane and conversion of the hydroxyl groups of the CDs to benzyl ethers, trihexylsilyl ethers, benzoyl esters, and butanoate esters to yield polyrotaxanes that are soluble in organic solvents such as chloroform and cyclohexane. Elemental analysis, NMR spectroscopy, and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) data support the proposed structures of the organic‐soluble polyrotaxanes. The extents of reaction of the polyrotaxane CD hydroxyl groups were 55% for trihexylsilyl chloride/imidazole; 81% for benzyl chloride/sodium hydride; 72% for benzoyl chloride/pyridine/4‐dimethylaminopyridine; and 98% butanoic anhydride/pyridine/4‐dimethylaminopyridine. Alkylation, silylation, and esterification increase the bulk of the encapsulating sheath, preventing interstrand aggregation, increasing the photoluminescence efficiency in the solid state and simplifying the time‐resolved fluorescence decay. The organic‐soluble polyrotaxanes were processed into polymer light‐emitting diodes (PLEDs) from solution in nonpolar organic solvents, thereby excluding ionic impurities from the active layer.
Stretchable Electronics: Materials Strategies and Devices
Authors: Kim Dae‐Hyeong , Rogers John A. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractNew electronic materials have the potential to enable wearable computers, personal health monitors, wall‐scale displays and other systems that are not easily achieved with established wafer based technologies. A traditional focus of this field is on the development of materials for circuits that can be formed on bendable substrates, such as sheets of plastic or steel foil. More recent efforts seek to achieve similar systems on fully elastic substrates for electronics that can be stretched, compressed, twisted and deformed in ways that are much more extreme than simple bending. This article highlights some recent progress in this area, with an emphasis on materials approaches and demonstrated devices.
Biomimetic Approach to the Formation of Titanium Dioxide Thin Films by Using Poly(2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate)
Authors: Yang Sung Ho , Kang Kyungtae , Choi Insung S. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractWe demonstrate that the biomimetic method—which has been used for the formation of silica thin films—also could be applied directly to the formation of titanium dioxide (TiO2) thin films, which are technologically important materials because of their applications to photocatalytic purifiers, photochemical solar cells, and others. After generation of poly(2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) films on gold surfaces by surface‐initiated polymerization, titanium bis(ammonium lactato)dihydroxide was used as a precursor of TiO2. The TiO2/PDMAEMA films were successfully formed on the surfaces in aqueous solution at neutral pH (pH 6.7) and room temperature, and were characterized by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X‐ray diffractometry. The formed TiO2 films have an amorphous nature and large area uniformity in thickness. The degree of crystallization was controlled by annealing. We also investigated the pH effect and the phosphate incorporation in the films by using phosphate‐buffered solutions. The TiO2 films were formed in all the employed pH values in the range of 2 to 12, but phosphate anions were found to be incorporated into the films facilely only at low pH.
The Synthesis of D‐Trihydroxyllysine‐Based Oligopeptides as a Hydrophilic Scaffold and its Application to the Synthesis of Bifunctional Chelating Agents for Use as Bone Tracers
Authors: Tanaka Hiroshi , Ando Yoshio , Abe Tsutomu , Takahashi Takashi 
Published: October 2008

AbstractAn effective hydrophilic scaffold composed of D‐trihydroxyllysine‐based oligopeptides and its application in the synthesis of the various 111In–DTPA conjugates with mono‐ to penta‐bisphosphonate units for use as bone tracers are described. The D‐trihydroxyllysine derivative with three orthogonal protecting groups was conjugated with functional devices at the γ position and allowed oligomerization based on peptide chemistry. The radiopharmaceutical complexes of 111InIII with selected chelators, 4 and 8, were suitable for bone imaging. These results show that D‐trihydroxyllysine 2 was an effective building block for the synthesis of multivalent ligands applicable to medical use.
Bestandssanierung aus einer Hand: ein zukunftsweisendes Kooperationsmodell für die Gebäudesanierung
Authors: Spitzner Martin H. , Werner Frank 
Published: October 2008

AbstractBei privaten Hauseigentümern und kleineren gewerblichen Hauseigentümern bestehen Bedenken, dass sie bei einer umfassenden energetischen Modernisierung fachlich und organisatorisch überfordert seien. Der Artikel berichtet über die Untersuchung von Hemmnissen bei der energetischen Modernisierung sowie einer Kooperationsform von Mittelständlern und Handwerksbetrieben als Gegenmaßnahme. Diese “Bestandssanierung aus einer Hand” soll alle erforderlichen Gewerke bei der energetischen Modernisierung von Wohngebäuden abdecken und ein breiteres Durchsetzen energetischer Modernisierungen im Bestand vorantreiben. Der Artikel fasst die Erkenntnisse aus Befragungen und Interviews und die Bewertungen der Befragten zusammen. Die Untersuchung konzentriert sich auf selbstgenutzte Wohngebäude. Die Erkenntnisse können als Hilfestellung für eigene Kooperationen dienen. Bewährt haben sich freie Kooperationen zwischen befreundeten Unternehmen, sowie projektbezogene Bietergemeinschaften oder Arbeitsgemeinschaften. Dabei ist aus Sicht des Kunden der Variante der Vorzug zu geben, bei der eine der Partnerfirmen als Generalunternehmer auftritt. Diese “kleine” Kooperationslösung wird sowohl von den Bauherren als auch von vielen Handwerksbetrieben gut angenommen und sollte in der energetischen Bestandsmodernisierung stärker betont werden. Musterverträge würden Gründung und Fortbestand solcher Kooperation fördern.
Harmonisierte europäische Normen für Dämmstoffe für betriebstechnische Anlagen in der Industrie und in der technischen Gebäudeausrüstung
Authors: Schmoldt Jürgen 
Published: October 2008

AbstractEuropäische Normen (EN) für Baustoffe, die gemäß der Bauproduktenrichtlinie durch das CEN erstellt werden, verdrängen nationale Normen und treten als Referenzdokumente in Ausführungsvorschriften und Normen, Bauregellisten, Landesbauordnungen an deren Stelle. Grundlagen hierfür sind Die Verpflichtung der Bundesrepublik Deutschland zur Umsetzung von EU‐Richtlinien und die Verpflichtung des DIN gegenüber dem europäischen Normungsinstitut CEN. Die Verdrängung nationaler Normen durch EN gilt nicht für Arbeitspapiere der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Industriebau e. V. (AGI). Diese bleiben daher gültig und begründen die “allgemein anerkannten Regeln der Technik” im selben Maße wie bisher. Im Falle divergierender Aussagen zwischen AGI‐Arbeitsblättern und EN bzw. DIN EN wird es letztlich auf eine Streitfallentscheidung hinauslaufen, welche Aussage als “allgemein anerkannte Regel der Technik” zu gelten habe.
Die Holz‐Wasser‐Interaktion am Beispiel ausgewählter fremdländischer Holzarten. Das hypothetische Hydratwasser
Authors: Popper Rudolf , Niemz Peter , Eberle Gerhild 
Published: October 2008

AbstractDie Interaktion zwischen Holz und Wasser hat eine entscheidende Bedeutung für die Anwendung von Holz. Praktisch alle Eigenschaften des Holzes sind von der Holzfeuchte beeinflusst. Das Wasser ist über den hygroskopischen Bereich der Sorptionsisotherme unterschiedlich stark an das Holz gebunden. Es treten chemische, physikalische sowie Kapillarkräfte in den unterschiedlichen Bindungsformen des Wassers auf. Sehr trockenes Holz kann das Wasser so stark binden, dass es zu einer Kontraktion der sorbierten Schicht kommt. Die Wasseraufnahme wird in dieser Schicht nicht von einer Quellung begleitet. Der Aggregatzustand des Wassers wird als Hydrat‐ oder auch als Kristallwasser bezeichnet. Aufbauend auf vorangegangenen Arbeiten zum Sorptionsverhalten verschiedener Holzarten wird nachfolgend vor allem das Phänomen Hydratwasser aufgrund von den komplexen Sorptions‐ und Quellungsmessungen an fremdländischen Holzarten untersucht.
Infrequent and low expression of cancer‐testis antigens located on the X chromosome in colorectal cancer: Implications for immunotherapy in South African populations
Authors: Dakshinamurthy Amirtha Ganesh , Ramesar Rajkumar , Goldberg Paul , Blackburn Jonathan M. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractCancer‐testis (CT) antigens are a group of tumor antigens that are expressed in the testis and aberrantly in cancerous tissue but not in somatic tissues. The testis is an immune‐privileged site because of the presence of a blood‐testis barrier; as a result, CT antigens are considered to be essentially tumor specific and are attractive targets for immunotherapy. CT antigens are classified as the CT‐X and the non‐X CT antigens depending on the chromosomal location to which the genes are mapped. CT‐X antigens are typically highly immunogenic and hence the first step towards tailored immunotherapy is to elucidate the expression profile of CT‐X antigens in the respective tumors. In this study we investigated the expression profile of 16 CT‐X antigen genes in 34 colorectal cancer (CRC) patients using reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction. We observed that 12 of the 16 CT‐X antigen genes studied did not show expression in any of the CRC samples analyzed. The other 4 CT‐X antigen genes showed low frequency of expression and exhibited a highly variable expression profile when compared to other populations. Thus, our study forms the first report on the expression profile of CT‐X antigen genes among CRC patients in the genetically diverse South African population. The results of our study suggest that genetic and ethnic variations in population might have a role in the expression of the CT‐X antigen genes. Thus our results have significant implications for anti‐CT antigen‐based immunotherapy trials in this population.
Synthesis and Spectroscopic Properties of Reconstituted ZincMyoglobin Appending a DNA‐Binding Platinum(II) Complex
Authors: Takashima Hiroshi , Fujimoto Emi , Hirai Chiharu , Tsukahara Keiichi 
Published: October 2008

AbstractA reconstituted zinc–myoglobin (ZnMb) dyad, ZnMb‐[Pt(bpy)(en)]2+, has been prepared by incorporating chemically‐modified zinc–porphyrin, being capable of DNA‐binding of the Pt complex, [Pt(bpy)(en)]2+, where bpy and en are 2,2′‐bipyridine and ethylenediamine, respectively. The steady‐state fluorescence of the cofactor, [Pt(bpy)(μ‐enPP)Zn]Cl2, in MeOH indicates that the excited singlet state of zincporphyrin was almost quenched, probably because of the strong hydrophobic and π–π stacking interactions between the [Pt(bpy)(μ‐enPP)Zn]2+ ions. In the reconstituted ZnMb‐[Pt(bpy)(en)]2+, the quenching reaction of 1(ZnMb)* with the [Pt(bpy)(en)]2+ moiety does not occur, indicating apo‐Mb matrix is essential. On the other hand, when the [Pt(bpy)(en)]2+ moiety was excited, the enhancement of the fluorescence from ZnMb unit was observed. It is suggested that the energy transfer from 1([Pt(bpy)(en)]2+)* to ZnMb occurs. The spectroscopic changes of ZnMb‐[Pt(bpy)(en)]2+ in the presence of calf‐thymus DNA were also provided. Soret band at 428 nm gradually decreased, and isosbestic points at 321, 414, and 432 nm were observed with increasing the DNA concentration. When the PtII moiety was excited at λex 321 nm, the fluorescence signal around 600 nm similarly decreased. The synthetic manipulation of ZnMb by using a DNA‐binding PtII complex demonstrates sensitive fluorescent signal for DNA and valuable information to study photoinduced electron transfer within a Mb–DNA complex.
XANES Study of the Carboxylate Binding Mode in Two Pterin Hydroxylases
Authors: Mijovilovich Ana 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe 2‐His‐1‐carboxylate triad is an FeII‐binding motif common to several enzyme families. Within the catalytic cycle, the metal ion seems to alter between hexa‐ and pentacoordination, providing an open space in the Fe moiety for dioxygen binding. Anyhow, based on crystallographic studies, the picture is not fully consistent as different coordination numbers are reported for similar states. Moreover, the orientation of the metal‐coordinating carboxylate varies in these studies. These differences are reflected in the XANES spectra analyzed in this paper. For isolated tyrosine and phenylalanine hydroxylase, the different active‐site structures postulated by protein crystallography and further improved using spectroscopic data result in calculated XANES pattern that resemble very well the experiments. This work shows that structural differences in the non‐coordinated oxygen of the carboxylate have no effect in the EXAFS but cause a change in the white‐line intensity that can be successfully modeled within the muffin‐tin approximation in small clusters. Thus, the study shows a way to analyze the ‘carboxylate shift’. This highlights the potential of XANES analysis and clearly shows that the mentioned structural differences are present in solution as well, and does neither reflect the crystallization artifacts nor result from radiation damage or lacking resolution.
Stretch‐induced activation of ERK in myocytes is p38 and calcineurin‐dependent
Authors: Rauch Cyril , Loughna Paul T. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractActivation of specific mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs) has been suggested to be involved in phenotype modulation of cells subjected to mechanical strain, which may be common to different mechano‐sensitive cell types. We have submitted C2C12 myocytes to a static stretch and examined its effect upon the activation of ERK. Stretch induced a rapid but transient activation of ERK. This activation was however prevented when cells were pre‐treated with inhibitors of p38 and calcineurin. The dependence of strain‐induced ERK activation upon p38 suggests a cross‐talk between these two pathways when mediating a response to a mechanical stimulus in this cell type. This suggests that cross relationships between these MAP kinases may be of crucial importance for myocyte phenotype modulation and differentiation in response to a mechanical stimulus. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of Pharmacological Chaperones for Gaucher Disease and Characterization of Their Effects on β‐Glucocerebrosidase by Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Tropak Michael B. , Kornhaber Gregory J. , Rigat Brigitte A. , Maegawa Gustavo H. , Buttner Justin D. , Blanchard Jan E. , Murphy Cecilia , Tuske Steven J. , Coales Stephen J. , Hamuro Yoshitomo , Brown Eric D. , Mahuran Don J. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractPoint mutations in β‐glucocerebrosidase (GCase) can result in a deficiency of both GCase activity and protein in lysosomes thereby causing Gaucher Disease (GD). Enzyme inhibitors such as isofagomine, acting as pharmacological chaperones (PCs), increase these levels by binding and stabilizing the native form of the enzyme in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and allow increased lysosomal transport of the enzyme. A high‐throughput screen of the 50 000‐compound Maybridge library identified two, non‐carbohydrate‐based inhibitory molecules, a 2,4‐diamino‐5‐substituted quinazoline (IC50 5 μM) and a 5‐substituted pyridinyl‐2‐furamide (IC50 8 μM). They raised the levels of functional GCase 1.5–2.5‐fold in N370S or F213I GD fibroblasts. Immunofluorescence confirmed that treated GD fibroblasts had decreased levels of GCase in their ER and increased levels in lysosomes. Changes in protein dynamics, monitored by hydrogen/deuterium‐exchange mass spectrometry, identified a domain III active‐site loop (residues 243–249) as being significantly stabilized upon binding of isofagomine or either of these two new compounds; this suggests a common mechanism for PC enhancement of intracellular transport.
Renal artery stenting with noninvasive duplex ultrasound follow‐up: 3‐year results from the RENAISSANCE renal stent trial
Authors: Rocha‐Singh Krishna , Jaff Michael R. , Lynne Kelley E. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractObjective The multicenter, single‐arm RENAISSANCE trial evaluated outcomes in patients with progressive atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis (ARAS) treated with the Express™ Renal Premounted Stent System (Boston Scientific, Natick, MA). Background Renal artery stenting may prevent the morbidity and mortality of surgical revascularization and high restenosis rates of percutaneous renal angioplasty (PTRA). Renal artery duplex ultrasonography (DUS) offers an alternative to traditional invasive poststenting angiographic surveillance, though concordance with angiography for in‐stent restenosis has yet to be validated independently. Methods RENAISSANCE enrolled 100 patients (117 lesions) with de novo or restenotic ostial atherosclerotic lesions ≤15 mm long in vessels ≥4.0 and ≤7.0 mm diameter with diameter stenosis ≥70%. The primary endpoint, 9‐month binary restenosis, was compared to an objective performance criterion (OPC) of 40% for published PTRA results. Follow‐up was conducted through 3 years. Results Technical and procedural success was both 99%. Follow‐up angiography, triggered clinically or by ultrasonography, revealed 21.3% binary restenosis at 9 months, which was superior to the OPC (P < 0.0001). Concordance between ultrasonography and angiography for detection of binary restenosis at 9 months was 87%. Peak systolic velocity and renal‐to‐aortic ratio were both significantly improved compared to baseline at 9 months and 2 years. The major adverse event (defined as device‐ or procedure‐related death, target lesion revascularization or significant embolic event) rate was 10.5% at 9 months and 20.9% at 3 years. Conclusions RENAISSANCE demonstrates that renal artery stenting is superior to the prespecified OPC at 9 months, and also shows that DUS can accurately identify in‐stent restenosis. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Real world safety and efficacy of the Janus tacrolimus‐eluting stent: Long‐term clinical outcome and angiographic findings from the tacrolimus‐eluting stent (TEST) registry
Authors: Tamburino Corrado , Di Salvo Maria Elena , Capodanno Davide , Capranzano Piera , Parisi Rosario , Mirabella Francesca , Scardaci Francesco , Ussia Gianpaolo , Galassi Alfredo Ruggero , Fiscella Damiana , Mehran Roxana , Dangas George 
Published: October 2008

AbstractObjectives:We sought to evaluate the safety and performance of the Janus Tacrolimus‐Eluting stent (TES) in an unselected population of patients, without application of restrictive clinical or angiographic criteria.Background:Continued attention to the safety, efficacy, and deliverability of first‐generation drug eluting stents has led to the development of new antiproliferative agents with alternative stent platforms and different drug carrier vehicles.Methods:The TEST (Tacrolimus Eluting STent) registry is a prospective, nonrandomized single‐center registry in which 140 consecutive patients who underwent single‐ or multi‐vessel percutaneous coronary intervention between February 2005 and August 2005 were enrolled.Results:The composite rate of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) at 22 months clinical follow‐up was 40.9%. The rate of mortality, myocardial infarction, and target lesion revascularization (TLR) were 5.5%, 11%, and 31.5%, respectively. Angiographic follow‐up at 8 months was achieved in 74% of patients; binary restenosis occurred in 39.4% of lesions. Most restenosis lesions (94.6%) had a diffuse pattern, while focal restenosis was observed in 5.4% of cases. Definite or probable stent thrombosis was observed in 2.4% of patients.Conclusions:The present prospective, nonrandomized, TEST registry indicated high MACE and restenosis rates, and thereby rather discouraging long‐term outcomes with use of the Janus TES in an unselected “real world” population of patients who underwent single‐ or multi‐vessel percutaneous coronary intervention. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.