bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Peripheral Noxious Stimulation Induces CREM Expression in Dorsal Horn: Involvement of Glutamate
Authors: Naranjo Jose R. , Mellström Britt , Carrion Angel M. , Lucas Jose J. , Foulkes Nicholas S. , Sassone‐Corsi Paolo 
Published: April 2006

AbstractPeripheral noxious stimulation is known to trigger signalling cascades in neurons of the spinal cord. The response to pain and stress at the level of gene expression involves transcriptional activation of several cyclic AMP responsive genes. Here, we show induction of the CREM (cyclic‐AMP responsive element modulator) gene in distinct subpopulations of spinal cord neurons upon thermal noxious stimulation. The addition of forskolin or glutamate to cultured spinal cord neurons results in the induction of the CREM isoform, ICER (Inducible cyclic‐ AMP Early Repressor), a powerful repressor of CAMP‐induced transcription. Overexpression of ICER in cultured spinal cord neurons results in the repression of the c‐fos and c‐jun promoters induced by forskolin and glutamate. On this basis, we postulate that early activation of ICER in spinal cord participates in the attenuation of early gene induction following noxious stimulation.
Nuclear morphometry in columnar cell lesions of the breast: is it useful?
Authors: Lim C N , Ho B C S , Bay B H , Yip G , Tan P H 
Published: April 2006

Aims:To evaluate the nuclear morphometric features of breast columnar cell lesions (CCLs) observed on mammotome core biopsies, to determine if there are significant measurable differences between those with atypia and those without. Correlation with follow-up open excision specimens was made.Methods:Mammotome core biopsies performed on patients that contained CCLs were derived from the departmental case files. Histological material was reviewed and foci of CCLs demarcated for nuclear morphometric assessment, which was accomplished using an imaging system. Nuclear parameters studied were nuclear area and perimeter, circularity factor and feret’s diameter. Statistical analysis used the GraphPad Prism software, with p<0.05 indicating significance.Results:On examination of core biopsies of 40 patients with CCLs, 8 lesions were benign, 4 showed atypical lobular hyperplasia, 8 showed CCLs with nuclear atypia, 19 disclosed atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH) and 1 showed ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). The nuclear area, perimeter and feret’s diameter of CCLs with atypia were significantly greater than those without (p = 0.04, 0.03 and 0.019, respectively), whereas no difference was observed in the circularity factor. Follow-up open excision biopsy specimens in 24 patients showed upgrading to DCIS in 40% of cases diagnosed initially with ADH on core biopsy compared with 20% of CCLs with atypia.Conclusions:Nuclear morphometry in CCLs confirms nuclear size as the key parameter in the assessment of nuclear atypia. Whether it can be potentially used as an adjunctive tool depends on the establishment of appropriate cut-offs.
High prevalence of isolated tumour cells in regional lymph nodes from pN0 colorectal cancer
Authors: Mescoli C , Rugge M , Pucciarelli S , Russo V M , Pennelli G , Guido M , Nitti D 
Published: April 2006

Background:The prevalence of isolated tumour cells (ITCs) in regional lymph nodes from colorectal cancer (CRC) is controversial and has never been prospectively assessed in large groups of consecutive patients. pN0 early-relapsing CRC can be explained by lymph node-ITC.Aim:: To assess the prevalence of ITCs in regional lymph nodes from 309 consecutive patients with pN0M0 (pathological (p)-tumour-node-metastasis (TNM) staging system) CRCs.Patients and methods:ITCs were assessed by immunohistochemistry (MNF116 monoclonal antibody (1:100); Dako, Glostrup, Denmark) in two serial histological sections obtained from 5016 mesenteric lymph nodes from 309 patients with pN0 CRCs (mean number of lymph nodes per patient = 16.2; p-TNM stage 0, n = 25; p-TNM stage I, n = 123; and p-TNM stage II (A+B), n = 161). Tumour histology, vascular cancer invasion and pathological stage were also recorded.Results:ITCs were detected in the regional lymph nodes of 156 of 309 (50.5%) patients with CRC, mostly in nodes located within 3 cm from the neoplasia. ITC status correlated with (a) tumour p-TNM stage (Pearson’s χ2: p<0; ordered logistic regression: odds ratio (OR) = 4.6; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.88 to 7.33; p<0) and (b) pT value (Pearson’s χ2: p = 0; ordered logistic regression: OR = 4.9; 95% CI = 3.1 to 7.7; p<0). By multivariate analysis, including p-TNM stage, vascular invasion and ITC status, both stage (OR = 5.1; 95% CI = 2.9 to 8.9; p<0) and vascular invasion (OR = 4.2; 95% CI = 1.94 to 8.98; p<0) were found to be independent variables associated with ITC+ lymph nodes.Conclusion:More than 50% of pN0-CRC patients have ITCs in the mesenteric lymph nodes. ITC status is significantly correlated with cancer stage and vascular cancer invasion. The clinicopathological effect of ITC remains to be prospectively evaluated.
A "Study of Church in America": Catholicism as Exotic Other in The Damnation of Theron Ware
Authors: Urbanczyk Aaron 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe Damnation of Theron Ware is the tale of a young Methodist minister's tragic downfall set in rural upstate New York. The inexperienced Reverend Ware finds himself in an environment which triggers his moral, spiritual, and intellectual degeneration. The novel represents Theron's temptations as a complex and organically connected web, at the center of which is Catholicism. "Unreformed" old world Roman Catholicism subsumes under its metaphorical auspices every specific register of transgressive alterity in Theron's imagination (e.g., ethnicity, aesthetics, the intellectual life, the erotic). Theron's romantic imagination radically misperceives Catholicism; it becomes the abyss of difference against which Theron gives way to "enlightened" agnosticism, pride, lust, avarice, covetousness, and self-loathing. The innocent young Methodist parson eventually loses his faith and becomes a stalker, a gossip, a thief, and a would-be adulterer. This transformation takes place through his experience with the Catholic "other" represented by Celia Madden, Father Vincent Forbes, and Dr. Ledsmar. Theron Ware misinterprets everyone associated with Catholicism, recasting the Catholic as the master trope under which all his desires for exotic transgression find an object. The Catholic becomes a dangerous mirror of Theron's perverse desires which "illumines" the way to his "Damnation."
Integrity of Mission in the Light of the Gospel: Bearing Witness of the Spirit Among Africa's Gospel Bearers
Authors: Mwaura Philomena Njeri 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe church in Africa like its counterparts elsewhere in the world is called to fulfil the mission of Christ which is basically two fold; to liberate humankind on the social-political and economic plane and to lead them to salvation on the eschatological plane. This is self-evident for Christ was not only concerned with the spiritual needs of the people, but material as well. The question therefore arises how does the church in Africa bear witness to the spirit of God and conduct her mission with integrity in its contextual realities of HIV/AIDS, refugee crises, poverty, corruption and abuse of human rights? This paper argues that though the church faces this onerous task it is vibrant, alive and dynamic but for her to be relevant and effective she must develop more imaginative ways of doing mission, being church and theological formation. She needs to be a reconciler, mediating peace and healing due to the deep hurts and painful experiences the continent has encountered over the years. This calls for an ecumenical mission and vision that entails partnering in suffering by accompanying those in pain. She needs to disciple the members through surrendering herself to Christ to be purified, sanctified and renewed. She needs to provide courageous, empowered and effective leadership with moral integrity. She also needs to embody the spirit of unity and reconciliation in a pluralistic context and extend the biblical shalom of peace, justice to the marginalized poor, women displaced people, children, disabled and victims of all forms of violence. Mission with integrity also calls for listening to the other, dialogue and speaking out against all impediments to the gospel.
The 'Birth' of a Prophet: Andrew Wutawunashe's Break from the Reformed Church in Zimbabwe (Formerly Dutch Reformed Church)
Authors: Togarasei Lovemore 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe examples of Old Testament prophets like Amos show that the call to prophecy is a life changing experience. This paper demonstrates that by looking at the 'birth' of Andrew Wutawunashe as a prophet. It opens with a brief history of the life of Wutawunashe showing how he was 'called' from pursuing university education to founding the Family of God church. It then discusses the possible reasons that led Wutawunashe to break from the Reformed Church in Zimbabwe. Although several reasons are suggested it is concluded that chief among them was his claim to prophetic inspiration.
Neutrophil role in pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis depends on the resistance pattern of hosts
Authors: Pina Adriana , Saldiva Paulo Hilário Nascimento , Restrepo Luz Elena Cano , Calich Vera L G 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The immunoprotective and immunomodulatory role of neutrophils during pulmonary infection of resistant (A/J) and susceptible (B10.A) mice to Paracoccidioides brasiliensis was investigated. First, comparative studies about early cellular influx to the lungs demonstrated higher numbers of neutrophils in susceptible rather than in resistant mice. Neutrophil depletion resulted in decreased survival times of susceptible but not resistant mice. In both mouse strains, depletion led to increased fungal burdens at Week 1 of infection; however, only susceptible mice remained with increased pulmonary fungal loads and presented a dramatic fungal dissemination to liver and spleen. At Week 1 of infection, treated and untreated B10.A and A/J mice were negative for delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions, which remained negative for the susceptible strain. In contrast, from the second week onward, control and neutrophil-depleted, resistant mice became positive for DTH reactions. In B10.A mice, neutrophil depletion resulted in increased levels of interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-4 in the lungs, high levels of hepatic cytokines, and increased synthesis of T helper cell type 1 (Th1)- and Th2-regulated antibodies [immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1), IgA, and IgG3]. In neutrophil-depleted A/J mice, high levels of pulmonary IL-12 and granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor were concomitant to diminished levels of hepatic cytokines and increased amounts of Th1-regulated isotypes (IgG2a, IgG2b, and IgG3). Differently from primary infection, neutrophil depletion did not alter immunoprotection in secondary paracoccidioidomycosis. As a whole, our data showed that the genetic patterns of hosts exert an important influence on the immunoprotective and immunoregulatory functions of neutrophils, which appear to be essential in situations devoid of cell-mediated immunity.
Macrophage nutriprive antimicrobial mechanisms
Authors: Appelberg Rui 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
In addition to oxidative and antibiotic mechanisms of antimicrobial activity, macrophages are able to deprive intracellular pathogens of required nutrients. Thus, microbial killing may not rely only in the toxic environment the microbe reaches but also may result from the scarcity of nutrients in the cellular compartment it occupies. Here, we analyze evidence for such nutriprive (from the latin privare, to deprive of nutrients), antimicrobial mechanisms. Although the direct analysis of nutrient availability is most often not feasible, indirect evidence of lack of nutrients in the microbial organelles has been inferred from the study of mutants, the analysis of gene expression, and the consequences of changing the intracellular location of the pathogen. We propose that according to the microbe and its survival strategy, different mechanisms to impede access to nutrients may be constitutively present or may be induced by cytokines and other pathways. Thus, membrane transporters may remove nutrients from vacuolar compartments, and enzymes may degrade some growth factors. A series of diverse compounds may sequester other molecules required for microbial growth, as exemplified by the action of iron chelators. Modulation of vesicular trafficking may prevent the fusion of certain vesicles containing nutrients with those containing the pathogen, counteracting the evasion strategies of the pathogen. The understanding of these mechanisms will certainly help in designing new therapeutic and prophylactic approaches to preventing infectious diseases.
Bovine polymorphonuclear cells passively acquire membrane lipids and integral membrane proteins from apoptotic and necrotic cells
Authors: Whale Tyler A , Beskorwayne Terry K , Babiuk Lorne A , Griebel Philip J 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Immune cells can acquire membrane fragments and integral membrane proteins from dead and dying cells or in the case of immature dendritic cells, from live cells. While investigating the possibility that bovine polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) might present antigen, coculture assays confirmed that integral membrane proteins were transferred rapidly and efficiently to bovine PMNs from a variety of apoptotic and necrotic cells. Specifically, we observed that PMNs rapidly acquired proteins such as major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II and CD3 from a variety of syngeneic, allogeneic, and xenogeneic cell types. Such acquisition occurred within 40 min of PMN coculture with isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and this acquisition occurred with equal efficiency at 4°C and 37°C. The transfer of murine MHC class II to bovine PMNs precluded the possibility of endogenous protein expression. We also demonstrated the transfer of fluorescently labeled plasma membrane lipids and biotinylated integral membrane proteins. Collectively, these observations support the hypothesis that membrane protein transfer was mediated by the fusion of membrane fragments or microvesicles with the PMN plasma membrane and not by phagocytosis of cell fragments. These observations indicate that phenotypic studies of PMNs must consider circumstances whereby PMNs may passively acquire membrane lipids and a variety of integral membrane proteins from dead or dying cells.
Anti-CCR7 monoclonal antibodies as a novel tool for the treatment of chronic lymphocyte leukemia
Authors: Alfonso-Pérez Manuel , López-Giral Sonia , Quintana Nuria E , Loscertales Javier , Martín-Jiménez Patricia , Muñoz Cecilia 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
To date, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) remains incurable with current treatments, which include the monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) rituximab and alemtuzumab. The efficacy of rituximab is modest when used as single agent, and alemtuzumab induces severe immunosuppression. To develop more potent and specific therapies, we propose the CC chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7) as an attractive target molecule to treat CLL, as it not only fulfills the requirements of a high-surface expression and a good level of tissue specificity, but it also plays a crucial role in mediating the migration of the tumor cells to lymph nodes (LNs) and thus, in the development of clinical lymphadenopathy. In the current work, murine anti-human CCR7 mAb mediated a potent, complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) against CLL cells while sparing normal T lymphocytes from the same patients. The sensitivity to CDC was related to the antigenic density of CCR7. Moreover, these mAb blocked the in vitro migration of CLL cells in response to CC chemokine ligand 19 (CC219), one of the physiological ligands of CCR7. Conversely, CLL cells were poorly lysed through antibody-dependent, cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), probably as a result of the murine origin and the isotype of the anti-CCR7 mAb used. Molecular engineering techniques will allow us to obtain chimeric or humanized anti-CCR7 mAb to reach the best clinical response for this common and yet incurable leukemia.
Alloys, Shape Memory
Authors: Kim Young Kon 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA shape memory alloy is a metallic substance that has a memory for shape combined with superelasticity. The mechanisms of a nickel‐titanium alloy’s shape memory effect and superelasticity are described based on thermally induced or stress induced martensite phase transformations. The thermomechanical characteristics, corrosion properties, and biocompatibility of Ni‐Ti shape memory alloys are reviewed for the design of shape memory devices. Manufacturing methods, including refining, processing, shape memory programming, and transformation temperature range measuring methods are summarized for practical applications. Finally, some applications in medical devices are reviewed as examples of current trends in the use of shape memory alloys.
Anesthesia Machines
Authors: Loeb Robert , Feldman Jeffrey 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Anesthesia machines are medical devices that are used to safely and precisely administer inhalational anesthesia to patients undergoing surgical procedures. They provide a means for anesthesia providers to: 1) Deliver a precise mixture of inhaled gases to the patient; 2) Support multiple modes of ventilation (i.e., spontaneous, manually assisted, and mechanically controlled); 3) Conserve the use of anesthetic vapors and gases; 4) Minimize contamination of the operating room atmosphere by anesthetic vapors and gases; and 5) Minimize patient injury in the event of use error or equipment malfunction. Modern anesthesia delivery systems incorporate the following functional components: gas mixing device, breathing circuit, ventilator, waste gas scavenger system, and patient and system monitors. This article provides an overview of the design and safety features of modern anesthesia machines, and emphasizes the ongoing transition from mechanical to electronic technologies.
Anger Camera
Authors: Madsen Mark T. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract

The Anger camera (also known as the gamma camera or scintillation camera) was invented by Hal O. Anger in 1957 and it is still the primary imaging instrument used in nuclear medicine. Although there have been many improvements in this device resulting from better components, advanced electronics, and digital implementations, the fundamental operation of the Anger camera has not changed. The Anger camera uses one large, thin sodium iodide crystal for absorbing gamma‐ray energy and converting that energy into visible light. The light signals are sampled by an array of photomultilier tubes that determine
X
and
Y
locations and the energy of detected events. When a signal from a detected event falls within a preselected energy range, the
X
and
Y
locations are recorded in either list or histogram modes. The Anger camera uses multiholed lead collimators as the image‐forming aperture. Anger cameras are used for a wide range of radionuclide imaging including single‐photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) as well as conventional nuclear medicine studies.
Anorectal Manometry
Authors: Tuteja Ashok K. , Wahlen George E. , Rao Satish S.C. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Evaluation of anorectal function can provide indications for the pathophysiology of disorders that affect defecation, continence, or anorectal pain. Anorectal manometry quantifies anal sphincter tone and assesses anorectal sensory response, recto anal reflexes, and rectal compliance.
Arrhythmia Analysis, Automated
Authors: Schuckers Stephanie A. C. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractArrhythmias are an abnormal electrical activation of the heart, which in some cases can be immediately life threatening. Automated arrhythmia analysis is the detection of arrhythmias through the use of a computer. Examples of medical devices that use automated arrhythmia detection include implantable defibrillators, public access automated external defibrillators, atrial defibrillators, and more. These devices provide treatment for arrhythmias without human oversight. The primary focus of this article is automated arrhythmia detection algorithms developed for the implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD). An implantable cardioverter defibrillator is a device that provides an electrical shock to ventricular fibrillation and tachycardia to terminate it and restart normal sinus rhythm (NSR). Other medical devices that use automated arrhythmia analysis will also be described briefly.
Bioelectrodes
Authors: McAdams Eric 
Published: April 2006

AbstractGood electrode design is not as simple and straightforward a matter as is often assumed, and all electrode designs are not equal in performance for a given application. One must therefore not simply choose an electrode with as conductive a metal plate as possible. Different materials and designs are required for different applications, and it is often best to start with the design of the electrode when developing a new monitoring or stimulation system, rather than leaving it to the end of the project.Key aspects of biomedical electrode design and performance are reviewed. Historical developments are briefly presented, as many of the early designs are still being used, albeit sometimes in different areas of monitoring or therapy. Ideas for electrode design can also be gleaned from the present state‐of‐the‐art other branches of monitoring or electrotherapy.
Ionizing Radiation, Biological Effects of
Authors: Goldberg Zelenna 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Radiation biology refers to all biologic responses induced in cells and tissues by ionizing radiation (IR), a term that encompasses the study of all action of ionizing radiation on living things. IR causes the ejection of an orbital electron when the radiation interacts with tissue. IR interacts with all parts of the cell, although the creation of unrepairable DNA double‐strand breaks is believed to be the lethal event. Modern radiobiology has come to recognize that cells not directly hit by ionizing events still show effects via the bystander mechanism. The exact mechanism of that remains unclear, but it can be mediated through gap junctional communication or through the transmission of soluble factors released into the extracellular space. At the tissue level, the ultimate response to IR events depends on the “4 R’s of radiobiology”: repair, repopulation, redistribution, and reoxygenation. Radiation dose response is believed to follow a linear no‐threshold model. Although initial damage seems to follow this pattern, a gap in the scientific literature remains on how repair and downstream effects are treated in the cell or tissue at the lowest exposure levels.