bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Principles of Synaptic Transmissiona
Authors: MOORE ROBERT Y. 
Published: December 2006

Neurons in the central nervous system communicate almost exclusively by the production and release at synapses of a series of molecules that are designated transmitters. Three such molecules make up the major transmitters, GABA, glutamate, and acetylcholine. GABA neurons are the principal inhibitory neurons and, as such, are the major local circuit neurons of the brain. They also are projection neurons in a number of systems. Glutamate neurons are excitatory projection neurons, particularly of the cerebral cortex, thalamus and retina. Acetylcholine neurons are excitatory neurons in ascending brainstem and basal forebrain systems and in cranial and spinal motor neurons and neurons of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. The catecholamines, dopamine and norepinephrine, are transmitters in several systems in brain. Dopamine is present in midbrain neurons projecting to the neostriatum, basal forebrain and cerebral cortex. It is also produced by hypothalamic neurons projecting to the median eminence and pituitary. These systems are highly topographically organized in contrast to the norepinephrine systems. The locus coeruleus norepinephrine system projects principally to thalamus, cerebral cortex and cerebellar cortex whereas the lateral tegmental system projects primarily to basal forebrain, hypothalamus, brainstem and spinal cord. The serotonin neurons of the brainstem raphe also project widely over the neuraxis, midbrain raphe neurons primarily to diencephalon and telencephalon and pontine medullary neurons to brainstem and spinal cord. There are smaller neuronal groups that produce glycine or histamine.At the present time, it appears that most, if not all, CNS neurons produce one of these small molecule transmitters. In many instances, these molecules are colocalized with one or more peptides that appear to modify the postsynaptic action of the small molecule transmitter.
Determining a Weakly Locally Compact Group Topology by Its System of Closed Subgroups
Authors: COMFORT W. W. , SOUNDARARAJAN T. , TRIGOS‐ARRIETA F. J. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT: Definition: A topological group G is weakly locally compact if (i) G is locally bounded and (ii) for every closed, Gδ subgroup H of G the quotient space G/H is locally compact. The authors show:Theorem: A Hausdorff topological group G is weakly locally compact if and only if some pseudocompact subset of G has nonempty interior (i.e., G is locally pseudocompact).This characterization generates the following result, which is motivated by a question posed by K. A. Ross [Fundamenta Mathematicae, 1965, 56: 241–244].Theorem: If T1 and T2 are weakly locally compact group topologies on an Abelian group G such that 〈G,T1〉 and 〈G,T2〉 have the same closed subgroups, and if T1, T2, then T1=T2.
The Density of the Universe from the Peculiar Velocities of Sc Galaxies
Authors: Freudling Wolfram , Da Costa Luiz N. , Giovanelli Riccardo , Haynes Martha P. , Salzer John J. , Wegner Gary 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTThe all‐sky survey of Sc galaxies with estimated redshift–independent distances presented by Haynes et al. (1993) is used to map the peculiar velocity field in the local universe. After suitable correction for Malmquist and selection biases, the resulting peculiar velocities are used to estimate the mass density in the local universe using the POTENT method (Dekel 1994). The resulting density field is compared with the distribution of galaxies.
Neuropsychology of Post‐Polio Syndrome
Authors: GRAFMAN JORDAN , CLARK KIM , RICHARDSON DAVID , DINSMORE STEVE , STEIN DANIEL , DALAKAS MARINOS C. 
Published: December 2006

The sparse literature concerning the psychology of PPS is easy to summarize. Some psychopathology can be observed in PPS, but it is not clear whether it is a reaction to PPS or a by‐product of a concurrent but unrelated disorder. Psychopathology does not seem to be responsible for the onset or intensity of new PPS symptoms. A relationship may exist between the perception of stress, an inability to handle stress, and perceived fatigue in PPS. Neuropsychological studies have been equivocal with patients performing well on some tests and more poorly on others compared to controls. An attempt has been made to link reticular formation and hypothalamic involvement in PPS to decreased attention and arousal and increased fatigue. Higher levels of fatigue have been associated with the presence of hyperintensities on MRI scanning. Unfortunately, a variety of methodological problems are present with most of these studies and indicate that caution should be used in their interpretation (see section on Methodological Considerations).Future studies should adapt more stringent controls in subject selection so that non‐PPS factors that might affect behavior or cognition can be factored out (e.g., hypertension or exogenous depression). Tests specifically designed to evaluate components of attention and motor control can be used to test hypotheses regarding fatigue, arousal, and attention. Our experience is that patients carefully selected to have pure PPS without concurrent medical disease have few complaints about cognition or altered mood. Before we pronounce neuropsychological deficits in PPS patients, more carefully designed studies are required.
Perfect Maps and Relatively Discrete Collections
Authors: BURKE DENNIS K. , HANSELL ROGER W. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTWe show that the image of a s̀‐relatively discrete cover of a space under a perfect map has a s̀‐relatively discrete refinement. From this we deduce that spaces with a s̀‐relatively discrete network and, in particular, s̀‐relatively discrete sets, are invariant under perfect maps. Another corollary is that weakly s̀‐refinable spaces are preserved by perfect maps, a result previously shown by the first author.
Algebraic Properties of the Uniform Closure of Spaces of Continuous Functions
Authors: GARRIDO I. , MONTALVO F. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTFor a completely regular space X, C(X) denotes the algebra of all real‐valued and continuous functions over X. This paper deals with the problem of knowing when the uniform closure of certain subsets of C(X) has certain algebraic properties. In this context we give an internal condition, “property A,” to characterize the linear subspaces whose uniform closure is an inverse‐closed subring of C(X).
Extending Invariant Measures on Topological Groupsa
Authors: ZAKRZEWSKI PIOTR 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTLet G be an uncountable Hausdorff topological group. We prove that if G is either Polish and not locally compact or compact and not zero‐dimensional, or the countable product of finite groups with uniformly bounded cardinalities, then every invariant s̀‐finite measure on G has a proper invariant extension. We do this by expressing G as the union of a “short” chain of its proper subgroups.
Manifestations of Power and Visual Culture: Some Examples in Extremaduran Mudejar Architecture
Authors: Mogollón Cano-Cortés M. Pilar 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThis essay treats mudejar architecture in the Spanish region of Extremadura as an expression of coexistence, convergence, and conflict between Christian and Islamic societies. Specifically, it centers on two Extremaduran churches, Santa María in Badajoz and Nuestra Señora de la Concepción in Hornachos, each borne out of a different historical and political situation. These two cases demonstrate that initially the use of Islamic elements in Christian buildings served to reflect the power of the monarchy and of the victorious society on the built environment, but that over time those same forms became an integral part of Christian culture.
Trees of Love, Trees of Knowledge: Toward the Definition of a Cross-Confessional Current in Late Medieval Iberian Spirituality
Authors: Robinson Cynthia 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThis essay seeks to define and explore the significance of trees as a cross-cultural devotional topos in late medieval Iberian spirituality. Through an examination of both visual and literary material from Christian, Islamic, and Jewish contexts, much of which is published here for the first time, trees are demonstrated to be at the center of both polemics and devotions, often—in a Christian context—serving as a stand-in for the crucified body of Christ.
THE ROLE OF THE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE IN THE NATIONAL BIOMEDICAL LIBRARY NETWORK
Authors: Cummings Martin M. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryThe scientfic revolution of the twentieth century must be accompanied by technological improvement in information science which will make knowledge generated by research readily available to all who need to apply it for the ultimate benefit of mankind.The concepts of organization of existing library resources augmented and linked by new technologies we believe represent the most economic approach to improvement of biomedical communications. We recognize that more sophisticated information systems will emerge and that ultimately the medical library network must fit into the structure of a national information system.The on‐going cybernetic revolution affects language, information, and society broadly. As a strong nation requires a healthy scientific base, so does a strong science require excellent communications. As an instrument invented by society, the library will be governed to a large degree by scientific and technological developments. We believe that libraries now have the proper attitude and interest to utilize and capitalize upon the important contributions of mathematics to medicine. Communications technology is now fairly well developed. Where we are lacking is in resources and performance.
ISOZYMES OF HUMAN RED CELL GLUCOSE‐6‐PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE*
Authors: Kirkman Henry N. , Hanna John E. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryWith most gel electrophoretic techniques used for genetic studies of human G‐6‐PD, the activity from hemolysates of males migrates predominantly as a single band. Under two conditions of starch gel electrophoresis, however, dual bands of red cell G‐6‐PD may be seen. These exceptions are: (a) two prominent bands of G‐6‐PD that appear after starch‐gel electrophoresis in a discontinuous‐borate buffer system, and (b) a minor band of red cell G‐6‐PD that moves about 80 percent as fast as the major band in a number of buffer and gel systems. The faster band of (a) was found to be absent or less prominent in samples that had been incubated under conditions previously shown to cause aggregation of G‐6‐PD subunits. Electrophoresis in starch gel of various concentrations revealed that the slower component of (a) is of larger molecular size than the faster component. In contrast, the minor component of (b) was found to be similar in molecular size to the major component. The isolated minor component had the electrophoretic mobility of the major band after treatment with β‐mercaptoethanol. Reappearance of a minor band was obtained by incubation of major band G‐6‐PD with another protein fraction from normal red cells, in the absence of β‐mercaptoethanol. It is proposed that bands of (a) represent simply the aggregated and disaggregated form of G‐6‐PD. The minor band of (b) appears to be a complex of a subunit of G‐6‐PD and another protein.
MICROVASCULAR PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF BURNED TISSUE*
Authors: Brånemark P‐I , Breine U. , Joshi† M. , Urbaschek B. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryLocal microvascular disturbances in the injured tissue, as well as systemic circulatory changes, are described on the basis of studies in animals and in man, using vital microscopy, electron microscopy and microangiography. The structural and functional analysis covers intravascular shape and behaviour of blood cells, plasma rheology, endothelia1 and periendothelial ceilular changes immediately after trauma, as well as the later phase of repair and regeneration.The use of infrared thermography is described for diagnostic evaluation of the extent and degree of severe burns, even in large numbers of patients, and for follow‐up of the effect of local therapeutic measures.
THE EFFECTS OF HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE ON THE METABOLIC BALANCE AND ENERGY UTILIZATION FOLLOWING BURNS*
Authors: Rozin Roland R. , Soroff Harry S. , Mooty Joyce , Ramirez Alfredo T. , Raben Maurice S. 
Published: December 2006

Summary1. The metabolic effects of human growth hormone were studied in six patients who sustained moderate to severe burns averaging 30% of the body surface area.2. Two normal controls were also studied.3. The patients and the controls were placed on a constant intake of 9.0 gm of nitrogen/m2 of body surface and 1500 cal/m2 and complete balance studies of nitrogen, potassium, sodium and chloride were carried out for 16 days.4. When growth hormone was given, increased storage of nitrogen, potassium, sodium and chloride and weight gain occurred, but with marked variability from patient to patient and even in the same patient at various times post‐burn.5. The administration of growth hormone was associated with an increase in oxygen utilization which, however, did not show a quantitative relationship with the degree of nitrogen storage.6. Fat mobilization was indicated by a sustained increase in serum nonesterified fatty acid levels with growth hormone administration.7. The most striking nitrogen retention occurred in the early anabolic phase and not during the height of the catabolic phase.
STUDIES OF INSENSIBLE WATER LOSS FROM BURNS TREATED WITH PARA‐AMINOMETHYL BENZENE SULFONAMIDE (SULFAMYLON*)†
Authors: Rozin R. , Skornik W. , Dressler D. P. , Ramirez A. T. , Soroff H. S. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryThe average insensible water loss of a group of unburned rats was compared to that of three groups of rats subjected to 20 percent burns.The average daily insensible water loss of the burned rats (25.7 gm was significantly greater than that of the unburned controls (10.3 gm).The application of 3 to 5 gm of Sulfamylon to the eschar did not reduce the average daily insensible water loss of the burned rats (29.9 gm).Excision of the eschar two hr after burning followed by the application of an impermeable prosthetic skin reduced the average daily insensible water loss to 12.7 gm.Sulfamylon acetate at room temperature loses approximately 37 percent of its weight in 48 hr.Sulfamylon acetate at body temperature loses about 47 percent of its weight in four hr.Sulfamylon acetate did not reduce the insensible water loss or oxygen consumption of a normal volunteer or of a patient who sustained a 25 percent, second degree burn.
HUMAN “BURN TOXIN” AND IN‐VITRO‐PRODUCED “ANTITOXIN”
Authors: Rosenthal Sol Roy , Thadhani Kaloo C. , Crouse George , Spurrier Wilma 
Published: December 2006

SummaryA “burn toxin” has been isolated from normal human skin burned in vitro.The “burn toxin” is solubilized in normal human or rabbit serum and in various fractions of bovine serum.The lethal effects of the “burn toxin” are not due to thromboplastin since it has no detectable prothrombin activity, is not effected by heparin, is heat‐stable and its activity was not destroyed by refluxing in 70 percent alcohol.The lethality of the crude “burn toxin” is destroyed by trypsin.An “antitoxin” has been produced in vitro from the crude “burn toxin.”The “antitoxin” protected mice against the lethal effect of the “burn toxin” when given before, with, or shortly after the “urn toxin.” The term competitin is proposed for “antitoxin” produced in vitro.
STUDY OF BURN TOXINS
Authors: Allgöwer M. , Burri C. , Cueni L. , Engley F. , Fleisch H. , Gruber U. F. , Harder F. , Russell R. G. G. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryA review has been presented of our studies on burn toxins from mouse skin. Sterile homogenates of mouse skin burned in vitro at 250°C rapidly induce neurological disturbances and eventually cause death when injected into normal mice. Such phenomena are not observed with homogenates of unburned skin.The toxic properties of burned mouse skin are apparently unrelated to bacterial factors and may be attributed to heat induced changes in components of normal skin.Preliminary studies on the isolation and characterization of the toxic material have been carried out. It is suggested that the toxic material contains protein and lipid components essential for its activity.
SALINE SOLUTIONS AND DEXTRAN SOLUTIONS IN THE TREATMENT OF BURN SHOCK
Authors: Sørensen Bent 
Published: December 2006

SummaryTwo methods of treating burn shock are analyzed. The two principles are as different as we could find. The saline therapy was performed with saline solutions alone, without using colloids, and according to a formula which is based only on the patient's body weight. The dextran therapy, using dextran in saline solution, in a formula which administers considerably less fluid and sodium, is determined only by the extent of the burn.Both treatments can maintain a satisfactory urinary output and prevent anuria. The saline therapy can prevent hemoconcentration in patients with burns up to 40%, dextran in patients with burns up to 50%, but this formula has its ceiling at 50%.Pulmonary complications are difficult to evaluate. In both series practically all patients with signs of lung burns died, but the saline‐treated patients died earlier and, unlike the dextran‐treated patients, they showed typical post‐mortem findings.With both methods, the mortality rate was kept considerably below that reported by Bull and Fisher.In times of peace we recommend treatment with dextran. The patients are more comfortable, the treatment requires less medical surveillance and gives rise to far less edema than does saline therapy.In time of war, or mass disaster, and particularly for hydrogen bomb attacks, saline therapy is the only possible treatment. We have demonstrated that 80% of our patients with burns of less than 40% are able to manage their anti‐shock therapy by drinking, if they get the fluid they want and take the salt in tablet form. The population might receive the following simple instructions: “uring the first 48 hr after the burn has been sustained, you should drink, per 24 hr, fluid corresponding to 15% of your body weight. For each liter of fluid that you drink take 5 gm (1 teaspoonful) salt.“
RESULTS OF THE TREATMENT OF BURNS WITH SILVER NITRATE
Authors: Ziffren Sidney E. 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYA review of 20 months’ utilization of silver nitrate therapy for the treatment of burns has been carried out. These results have been compared with figures utilizing previous standard methods of therapy.This preliminary study with silver nitrate indicates the length of time necessary for hospitalization of burn patients to complete epithelization has been markedly shortened. The mortality rate has been reduced. The complication rate has also been reduced.
THE AMOEBICIDAL, TRICHOMONICIDAL, AND ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECTS OF NIRIDAZOLE IN LABORATORY ANIMALS
Authors: Kradolfer F. , Jarumilinta R. , Sackmann W. 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYAs reported in the literature, there is a potentially wide spectrum of antiparasitic and antibacterial activity in the chemical group of nitroheterocyclic compounds. The schistosomicide Ambilhar (niridazole) is an example of a single compound exhibiting anthelminthic, antiprotozoal, and antibacterial properties. A description is given of some of these properties, as revealed in laboratory experiments.The antiamoebic activity of Ambilhar is superior to that of emetine and chloroquine. This statement applies not only to its curative effect against amoebic liver infection, but also to its amoebicidal activity in the rat intestine. With regard to trichomonicidal activity, reference is made to metronidazole as the chemotherapy of choice in trichomoniasis. When mice are used as test models, however, Ambilhar proves active at the same dosage level as metronidazole. In mice, Ambilhar also displays a distinctive spectrum of antibacterial activity; its effect on various types of Enterobacteriaceae, including Salmonella and Shigella species, is of particular interest.
MORPHOLOGY OF LEUKOCYTIC HYPERGRANULATION IN BATTEN'S DISEASE*
Authors: Donahue Sheila , Watanabe Itaru , Zeman Wolfgang 
Published: December 2006

SummaryHistochemical and electron microscopic studies on the nature of the azurophilic hypergranulations of leukocytes in Batten's disease are reported. The exact nature of the phenomenon could not be elucidated, but it appears that the abnormal granulation is due to the prevalence of an intermediate granule in the polymorphonuclear cells. In electron microscopic preparations, the leukocyte granules from patients with Batten's disease are bounded by a unilaminar membrane, in contrast to the trilaminar membrane of the granules in controls. The possibility that this finding may represent a molecular lesion is discussed.
DEMONSTRATION OF FACTOR XIII IN HUMAN MEGAKARYOCYTES BY A FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE*
Authors: Kiesselbach Theodore H. , Wagner Robert H. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryThis work presents direct evidence for the cytoplasmic location of clotting Factor XI11 in human bone marrow megakaryocytes. This indicates that blood platelets derive Factor XI11 through de novo synthesis rather than through plasmatic transport across the platelet membranes. Evidence from plasma Factor XI11 assays of thrombocytopenic patients indicates that a major source of plasma Factor XI11 can be outside the platelet or megakaryocyte. The possible role of platelet Factor XI11 in the hemostatic process is discussed.
Kinematics—More Ethereal Than Elementary
Authors: NORTH JOHN D. 
Published: December 2006

Moreover, rotatory motion is prior to rectilinear, because it is simpler and more complete Aristotle, Physics, VIII.9.The number of [planetary] movements can be determined only by that mathematical science which is most akin to philosophy, that is, astronomy, which alone deals with substance that is perceptible but eternal, whereas the others—arithmetic and geometry—do not treat of substance at all. That the motions are more numerous than the bodies in motion is obvious to anyone who has given even moderate attention to the matter. Aristotle, Metaphysics, A. 8.
FAST COMPUTATIONS IN VOLTAGE GRAPH THEORY
Authors: Gross Jonathan L. , Tucker Thomas W. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryThis paper introduces convenient algorithms to determine two properties of the covering space derived from a voltage assignment on an imbedded graph. One algorithm is to count the number of components of the covering. The other is to decide when the covering surface is orientable. The computational advantages of these algorithms are realized mainly when the base graph has more than one vertex or when the voltage group is described by a presentation rather than an explicit specification. The key principle is to consider the voltage values on a cycle basis.
GRAPH CONTRACTIONS AND A GENERALIZED MÖBIUS INVERSION
Authors: Kennedy John W. , Gordon Manfred 
Published: December 2006

SummaryThis work presents a generalization of Möbius inversion by constructing, on partially ordered sets, pairs of “contracted” matrices which are inverses of each other. We commence by defining some nonstandard matrix operations, for which a number of results are derived, culminating in a theorem that furnishes conditions under which matrix contraction will commute with matrix multiplication. One consequence of mapping these results into graph theoretical operations on partial ordering graphs (transitive, antisymmetric digraphs) is to suggest a novel class of functions defined thereon which generalize the Riemann and Möbius functions in a way that may lead to new algorithms for matrix inversion. The usefulness of these functions in physical science is illustrated with two examples which in recent publications made implicit use of graph contraction. The work suggests a number of tantalizing (as yet unsolved) problems; our paper concludes with a summary of these.