bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Analysis of Manufacturer‐Retailer Supply Chain Coordination in Cooperative Advertising*
Authors: Huang Zhimin , Li Susan X. , Mahajan Vijay 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTIn the literature of cooperative (co‐op) advertising, the focus of the research is on a relationship in which a manufacturer is the leader and retailers are followers. This relationship implies the dominance of the manufacturer over retailers. Recent market trends have shown a shift in power from manufacturers to retailers. Retailers, as a result, may now possess equal or even greater power than a manufacturer in some instances when it comes to retailing. Based on this new market phenomenon, we intend to explore the role of co‐op advertising in a manufacturer‐retailer supply chain through brand name investments, local advertising expenditures, and sharing rules of advertising expenses. Two co‐op advertising models are developed and compared. The first co‐op advertising model is based on the traditional leader‐follower relationship of a manufacturer and a retailer. The second model incorporates partnership into co‐op advertising coordination. Business examples and managerial implications of the models have been discussed. A cooperative bargaining technique is utilized to implement the partnership co‐op advertising model.
Dynamic Pricing and Lead‐Time Policies for Make‐to‐Order Systems*
Authors: Webster Scott 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTMake‐to‐order firms use different approaches for managing their lead‐times and pricing in the face of changing market conditions. A particular firm's approach may be largely dictated by environmental constraints. For example, it makes little sense to carefully manage lead‐time if its effect on demand is muted, as it can be in situations where leadtime is difficult for the market to gauge or requires investment to estimate. Similarly, it can be impractical to change capacity and price. However, environmental constraints are likely to become less of an issue in the future with the expanding e‐business infrastructure, and this trend raises questions into how to manage effectively the marketing mix of price and lead‐time in a more “friction‐free” setting.We study a simple model of a make‐to‐order firm, and we examine policies for adjusting price and capacity in response to periodic and unpredictable shifts in how the market values price and lead‐time. Our analysis suggests that maintaining a fixed capacity while using lead‐time and/or price to absorb changes in the market will be most attractive when stability in throughput and profit are highly valued, but in volatile markets, this stability comes at a cost of low profits. From a pure profit maximization perspective, it is best to strive for a short and consistent lead‐times by adjusting both capacity and price in response to market changes.
Exploring the Importance of Business Clockspeed as a Moderator for Determinants of Supplier Network Performance*
Authors: Guimaraes Tor , Cook Dave , Natarajan Nat 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTAs the importance of supplier networks becomes increasingly recognized as a vital factor to company performance, researchers and practitioners alike are focusing their attention on this subject. The study's main objective is to test the specific hypotheses that effective use of Information Technology (IT) and the depth of company relationships with suppliers are directly related to Supplier Network (SN) performance, and that industry clockspeed moderates these relationships. A convenience sample of 135 manufacturing organizations was used to empirically test these hypotheses. Our results indicate that clockspeed does moderate the relationship between IT use effectiveness and supplier network performance. The same is true in the case of supplier relations depth, and hence, managers are encouraged to pay attention to the items comprising network performance as a determinant of supplier network performance.
Foraging specialisms, prey size and life‐history patterns: a test of predictions using sympatric polymorphic Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus)
Authors: Fraser D. , Huntingford F. A. , Adams C. E. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract –  We use arguments based on optimal foraging theory to predict body size constraints and the consequences of these on a range of life‐history traits in three trophic specialist morphs of Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus, living in sympatry in Loch Rannoch, Scotland. As predicted, foraging specialists feeding on small prey items with a narrow size range showed evidence of deterministic growth; the ultimate body size of macrobenthos feeders being larger (L∞ = 238 mm) than that of planktivores (L∞ = 216 mm). In contrast, the piscivorous morph showed no evidence of reaching a maximal body size.The two size‐constrained morphs (benthivores and planktivores) matured earlier and died younger (living for up to 11 and 7 years, respectively, in this study) than did the piscivorous charr which showed continuous growth up to at least 17 years.The pattern of annual reproductive investment in maturing individuals was complex. Planktivores invested in larger eggs than the other two forms, but benthivores produced a greater number of eggs than planktivores, which in turn produced more than piscivores. Planktivorous males had a greater investment in mean testis weight than the other two forms.Lifetime reproductive output was the greatest in the benthivorous charr, intermediate in planktivorous and the lowest in the piscivorous charr when measured either as fecundity or as gonadal weight. We conclude that constraints imposed upon foraging specialists by foraging efficiency is a significant driver of body size and ultimately reproductive investment in gape‐limited foraging salmonids.
ESE‐1 inhibits the invasion of oral squamous cell carcinoma in conjunction with MMP‐9 suppression
Authors: Iwai S , Amekawa S , Yomogida K , Sumi T , Nakazawa M , Yura Y , Nishimune Y , Nozaki M 
Published: June 2007

Objectives:  Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) regulated by ets transcription factors facilitate carcinoma cell invasion. An ets family member, ESE‐1, is expressed specifically in epithelial tissues, but its association with MMPs is obscure. In this study, we investigated whether ESE‐1 regulates invasion of oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) via transcriptional activity of MMP‐9.Methods:  HSC‐3 and KB were used as human oral SCC lines. The expression of ESE‐1 and MMP‐9 was detected by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Invasion assay, gelatin zymography and Northern blotting were used to detect the invasion activity, the gelatinolytic activity and the expression of MMP‐9 in the ESE‐1 transfectants. Luciferase assays and mutation analysis were used for the transcriptional analysis of MMP‐9 promoter region by ESE‐1.Results:  ESE‐1 was expressed in the intermediate layer but not in the invasive area, in which MMP‐9 was expressed, in the oral SCC tissues. ESE‐1 suppressed invasion activity and 92 kDa gelatinolytic activity in HSC‐3 as a result of transfection. ESE‐1 regulates MMP‐9 expression in a negative manner and the ets binding site on the MMP‐9 promoter contributed to suppression by ESE‐1.Conclusions:  These findings indicate that ESE‐1 negatively regulates the invasion of oral SCC via transcriptional suppression of MMP‐9.
Decrease in accumulation of ultrasound contrast microbubbles in non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis
Authors: Iijima Hiroko , Moriyasu Fuminori , Tsuchiya Kaoru , Suzuki Shiro , Yoshida Masahiro , Shimizu Masafumi , Sasaki Shunichi , Nishiguchi Syuhei , Maeyama Shiro 
Published: June 2007

Aim: Non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is one of the representative liver diseases in developed countries. Diagnosis of NASH is dependent on histological findings from liver biopsy.Methods: The usefulness of contrast ultrasound with Levovist for diagnosis of NASH is described. 2.5 g of ultrasound contrast agent Levovist was injected intravenously. The liver was scanned at 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40 and 50 min and changes in microbubble accumulation were evaluated. The signal intensity from regions of interest (ROI) on the contrast images was measured and estimated using time intensity curves (TICs). Twenty‐one patients with NASH, 33 with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and 10 healthy volunteers (HV) were studied. The signal intensity was measured quantitatively at 5 and 20 min after injection.Results: There was a statistically significant decrease in NASH, when compared with NAFLD and HV groups. These changes in signal intensity were not correlated to the degree of fibrosis and steatosis in histological study. The sensitivity, specificity and overall accuracy obtained from the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were 100% when the cut‐off value was set at 43.6 of signal intensity at 20 min.Conclusion: The Levovist contrast study is a useful screening examination which picks up NASH among fatty liver patients.
Development of quality control standards for radiation therapy equipment in Canada
Authors: Dunscombe Peter , Johnson Harry , Arsenault Clement , Mawko George , Bissonnette Jean‐Pierre , Seuntjens Jan 
Published: June 2007

Among the essential components of a comprehensive quality assurance program in radiotherapy are the quality control protocols to be used on the equipment and, in particular, the performance objectives and criteria. In the present work, we describe the development of a suite of quality control documents for use across Canada. Following a generic format, we are generating concise, clear standards for the most commonly used equipment in radiotherapy, with the emphasis on performance measures. The final standards of performance are confirmed following cross‐country consultation facilitated by the availability of draft documents on the Canadian Medical Physics web site.PACS number: 87.53.Xd
Molecular Typing of Isolates ofRickettsia rickettsiiby Use of DNA Sequencing of Variable Intergenic Regions
Authors: Karpathy Sandor E. , Dasch Gregory A. , Eremeeva Marina E. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTRickettsia rickettsii, the causative agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever, is found throughout the Americas, where it is associated with different animal reservoirs and tick vectors. No molecular typing system currently exists to allow for the robust differentiation of isolates ofR. rickettsii. Analysis of eight completed genome sequences of rickettsial species revealed a high degree of sequence conservation within the coding regions of chromosomes in the genus. Intergenic regions between coding sequences should be under less selective pressure to maintain this conservation and thus should exhibit greater nucleotide polymorphisms. Utilizing these polymorphisms, we developed a molecular typing system that allows for the genetic differentiation of isolates ofR. rickettsii. This typing system was applied to a collection of 38 different isolates collected from humans, animals, and tick vectors from different geographic locations. Serotypes 364D, fromDermacentor occidentalisticks, and Hlp, fromHaemaphysalis leporispalustristicks, appear to be distinct genotypes that may not belong to the speciesR. rickettsii. We were also able to differentiate 36 historical isolates ofR. rickettsiiinto three different phylogenetic clades containing seven different genotypes. This differentiation correlated well, but not perfectly, with the geographic origin and likely tick vectors associated with the isolates. The few apparent typing discrepancies found suggest that the molecular ecology ofR. rickettsiineeds more investigation.
Rapid Identification of Viridans Streptococci by Mass Spectrometric Discrimination
Authors: Friedrichs C. , Rodloff A. C. , Chhatwal G. S. , Schellenberger W. , Eschrich K. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT

Viridans streptococci (VS) are responsible for several systemic diseases, such as endocarditis, abscesses, and septicemia. Unfortunately, species identification by conventional methods seems to be more difficult than species identification of other groups of bacteria. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the use of cell matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) for the rapid identification of 10 different species of VS. A total of 99 VS clinical isolates, 10 reference strains, and 20 strains from our in-house culture collection were analyzed by MALDI-TOF-MS. To evaluate the mass-spectrometric discrimination results, all strains were identified in parallel by phenotypic and genotypic methods. MALDI-TOF-MS identified 71 isolates as the mitis group, 23 as the anginosus group, and 5 as
Streptococcus salivarius
. Comparison of the species identification results obtained by the MALDI-TOF-MS analyses and with the phenotypic/genotypic identification systems showed 100% consistency at the species level. Thus, MALDI-TOF-MS seems to be a rapid and reliable method for the identification of species of VS from clinical samples.
Development of Multiple-Locus Variable-Number Tandem-Repeat Analysis for
Yersinia enterocolitica
subsp.
palearctica
and Its Application to Bioserogroup 4/O3 Subtyping
Authors: Gierczyński Rafał , Golubov Andrey , Neubauer Heinrich , Pham Jeannette N. , Rakin Alexander 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT

Yersinia enterocolitica
bioserogroup 4/O3 is the predominant causative agent of yersiniosis in Europe and North America. Multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA) was developed to improve the resolution power of classical genotyping methods. MLVA based on six loci was able to distinguish 76 genotypes among 91
Y. enterocolitica
isolates of worldwide origin and 41 genotypes among 51 nonepidemiologically linked bioserogroup 4/O3 isolates, proving that it has a high resolution power. However, only a slight correlation of the MLVA genotypes and the geographic distribution of the isolates was observed. Although MLVA was also capable of distinguishing strains of
Y. enterocolitica
subsp.
palearctica
O9 and O5,27, there was only a minor correlation between the MLVA genotypes and serogroups. MLVA may be a helpful tool for epidemiological investigations of
Y. enterocolitica
subsp.
palearctica
outbreaks.
Gray Foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) as a Potential Reservoir of aBartonella clarridgeiae-Like Bacterium and Domestic Dogs as Part of a Sentinel System for Surveillance of Zoonotic Arthropod-Borne Pathogens in Northern California
Authors: Henn Jennifer B. , Gabriel Mourad W. , Kasten Rickie W. , Brown Richard N. , Theis Jerold H. , Foley Janet E. , Chomel Bruno B. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTTwo species ofBartonella, a novelBartonella clarridgeiae-like bacterium andB. vinsoniisubsp.berkhoffii, were isolated from rural dogs and gray foxes in northern California. A novelB. clarridgeiae-like species was isolated from 3 (1.7%) of 182 dogs and 22 (42%) of 53 gray foxes, whileB. vinsoniisubsp.berkhoffiiwas isolated from 1 dog (0.5%) and 5 gray foxes (9.4%). PCR and DNA sequence analyses of the citrate synthase (gltA) gene and the 16S-23S intergenic spacer region suggested that strains infecting dogs and gray foxes were identical. Fifty-four dogs (29%) and 48 gray foxes (89%) had reciprocal titers of antibodies againstBartonellaspp. of ≥64. The high prevalence of bacteremia and seroreactivity toBartonellaspp. in gray foxes suggests that they may act as a reservoir species for theB. clarridgeiae-like species in this region. Domestic dogs were also tested for other arthropod-borne infectious agents. Fifty-one dogs (28%) were positive forDirofilaria immitisantigen, seventy-four (40%) were seroreactive toAnaplasma phagocytophilum, and five (2.7%) were seropositive forYersinia pestis. Fourteen dogs (7.6%) were PCR positive forA. phagocytophilum. Polytomous logistic regression models were used to assess the association ofBartonellaantibody titer categories with potential risk factors and the presence of other vector-borne agents in domestic dogs. Older dogs were more likely to be seroreactive toBartonellaspp. There was no association between the exposure of dogs toBartonellaand the exposure of dogs toA. phagocytophilumin this study.
Expression of the Mu Opioid Receptor in the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Transgenic Rat Model
Authors: Chang Sulie L. , Beltran Jose A. , Swarup Shilpa 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT
Opioids, via the mu opioid receptor (MOR), can exacerbate bacterial infections and the immunopathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. Recently, an HIV-1 transgenic (HIV-1Tg) rat model containing circulating HIV-1 gp120 was created. Using real-time reverse transcription-PCR, we found that MOR mRNA levels were significantly higher in the peritoneal macrophages of the HIV-1Tg rat than those in control animals. Lipopolysaccharide, a bacterial endotoxin, induced secretion of the inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-β (IL-β), and IL-10 in the HIV-1Tg rat and further increased MOR expression. Ex vivo studies showed that MOR expression was up-regulated in the peritoneal macrophages of F344 control rats by exposure to serum from HIV-1Tg rats and that MOR up-regulation was abolished by addition of gp120 antibody to the serum. In human TPA-differentiated HL-60 cells, which are macrophage-like cells, LPS-induced MOR mRNA up-regulation was greater in gp120-pretreated cells than in vehicle-pretreated cells. Our data suggest that in individuals infected with HIV-1, the MOR is up-regulated, possibly by circulating HIV-1 proteins such as gp120, and HIV-1 proteins may play a significant role in modulating the response to bacterial infection in opioid-using HIV-infected individuals. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that the new HIV-1Tg rat model can be a valuable tool with which to study MOR gene expression and its effects in the continuous presence of HIV viral proteins.
Multiple-Cytokine-Producing Antiviral CD4 T Cells Are Functionally Superior to Single-Cytokine-Producing Cells
Authors: Kannanganat Sunil , Ibegbu Chris , Chennareddi Lakshmi , Robinson Harriet L. , Amara Rama Rao 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTVirus-specific CD4 T cells are endowed with multiple functions, such as cytokine production, CD40 ligand (CD40L) expression (associated with the costimulation of CD8 and B cells), and degranulation (associated with cytotoxic potential). Here, we used antiviral CD4 T cells present in human blood to evaluate the relationship between cytokine production and other functions of CD4 T cells. Antiviral CD4 T cells specific for a virus causing persistent infection, cytomegalovirus (CMV), and two viruses causing nonpersistent infections, influenza virus and the smallpox vaccine virus (vaccinia virus), were studied. CD4 T cells specific for each of the viruses produced all seven possible combinations of the cytokines gamma interferon (IFN-γ), interleukin-2, and tumor necrosis factor alpha. Cells producing three or two cytokines (triple producers and double producers) represented nearly 50% of the total response to each of the viruses. Triple producers expressed the highest levels of cytokines per cell, and single producers expressed the lowest. Following stimulation, higher frequencies of triple producers than single producers expressed CD40L. Only CMV-specific CD4 T cells underwent degranulation. However, higher frequencies of CMV-specific triple producers than single producers showed this functional characteristic. In contrast to the functional phenotypes, the memory phenotypes of triple producers and IFN-γ single producers did not differ. These results demonstrate a strong positive association between the cytokine coproduction capacity of a virus-specific CD4 T cell and its other functional characteristics and suggest that vaccines should aim to elicit T cells that coproduce more than one cytokine.
A Protein Kinase A-Dependent Mechanism by Which Rotavirus Affects the Distribution and mRNA Level of the Functional Tight Junction-Associated Protein, Occludin, in Human Differentiated Intestinal Caco-2 Cells
Authors: Beau Isabelle , Cotte-Laffitte Jacqueline , Amsellem Raymonde , Servin Alain L. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT
We found that at the tight junctions (TJs) of Caco-2 cell monolayers, rhesus monkey rotavirus (RRV) infection induced the disappearance of occludin. Confocal laser scanning microscopy showed the disappearance of occludin from the cell-cell boundaries without modifying the expression of the other TJ-associated proteins, ZO-1 and ZO-3. Western immunoblot analysis of RRV-infected cells showed a significant fall in the levels of the nonphosphorylated form of occludin in both Triton X-100-insoluble and Triton X-100-soluble fractions, without any change in the levels of the phosphorylated form of occludin. Quantitative reverse transcription-PCRs revealed that the level of transcription of the gene that encodes occludin was significantly reduced in RRV-infected cells. Treatment of RRV-infected cells with Rp-cyclic AMP and protein kinase A inhibitors H89 and KT5720 during the time course of the infection restored the distribution of occludin and a normal level of transcription of the gene that encodes occludin.
Tissue-Specific and Inducer-Specific Differential Induction of ISG56 and ISG54 in Mice
Authors: Terenzi Fulvia , White Christine , Pal Srabani , Williams Bryan R. G. , Sen Ganes C. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) ISG56 and ISG54 are strongly induced in cultured cells by type I interferons (IFNs), viruses, and double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), which activate their transcription by various signaling pathways. Here we studied the stimulus-dependent induction of both genes in vivo. dsRNA, which is generated during virus infection, induced the expression of both genes in all organs examined. Induction was not seen in STAT1-deficient mice, indicating that dsRNA-induced gene expression requires endogenous IFN. We further examined the regulation of these ISGs in several organs from mice injected with dsRNA or IFN-β. Both ISG56 and ISG54 were widely expressed and at comparable levels. However, in organs isolated from mice injected with IFN-α the expression of ISG54 was reduced and more restricted in distribution compared with the expression level and distribution of ISG56. When we began to study specific cell types, splenic B cells showed ISG54 but not ISG56 expression in response to all agonists. Finally, in livers isolated from mice infected with vesicular stomatitis virus, the expression of ISG56, but not ISG54, was induced; this difference was observed at both protein and mRNA levels. These studies have revealed unexpected complexity in IFN-stimulated gene induction in vivo. For the first time we showed that the two closely related genes are expressed in a tissue-specific and inducer-specific manner. Furthermore, our findings provide the first evidence of a differential pattern of expression of ISG54 and ISG56 genes by IFN-α and IFN-β.