bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Extension of Heaviside's Operational Method of Solving Differential Equations
Authors: Baker Bevan B. 
Published: January 2009

An elegant symbolic method of solving differential equations was developed by Heaviside in his “Electrical Papers” and “Electromagnetic Theory,” chiefly in connexion with problems concerning electric currents in net-works of wires. Attention has recently been called to the method by Bromwich, who applied it to a wider range of problems and gave an extension of Heaviside's formula; another generalisation of the formula has been obtained by Carson.In the present paper a formula is obtained which contains the formulae of Heaviside, Bromwich and Carson as particular cases, and whose form is such that it may be readily applied to physical problems.
Note on a Function of two Integral Arguments
Authors: Muir Thomas 
Published: January 2009

In the part just issued of the American Journal of Mathematics (vii, pp. 3, 4) Proffessor Cayley has occasion to deal with the functionwhere stands for i (i – 1)…(i – j + 1). He Points out thatexpresses {i, 1}, {i, 2},…{i, 5} each in descending powers of i, and tabulates the function from {1, 1} to {5, 5}.
Notes on the method of Orthogonal Projection
Authors: Dallas Robert J. 
Published: January 2009

This paper is designed to call attention to certain extensions of this method, which do not seem to be generally recognised. Most writers consider the ellipse alone as amenable to orthogonal projection, whereas all the conic sections are so.With the hyperbola we may use this method in three ways—(1) By projecting a given diameter in the figure to be a transverse axis of the projected figure, when the result will follow by symmetry.(2) By projecting the hyperbola into a rectangular one.(3) By an imaginary orthogonal projection from the circle.
On a number of concurrent spheres
Authors: Allardice R. E. 
Published: January 2009

This paper included an analytical proof of the following theorem:If five spheres 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, pass through the same point, and if the four points in which the four spheres 1, 2, 3, 4, intersect in sets of three be coplanar; and if the same be true for the sets 1, 2, 3, 5; 1, 2, 4, 5; 1, 3, 4, 5; it will also be true for the remaining set 2, 3, 4, 5.The same theorem is true for similar and similarly situated quadric surfaces.
Triassic rift-related meta-granites in the Internal Hellenides, Greece
Authors: HIMMERKUS F. , REISCHMANN T. , KOSTOPOULOS D. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe Serbo-Macedonian Massif is a basement complex in the Internal Hellenides of northern Greece, situated between the Vardar Zone to the west and the Rhodope Massif to the east. The Serbo-Macedonian Massif comprises several distinct basement units interpreted as terranes, the largest of which is the Gondwana-derived Vertiskos Terrane in the northwestern and central parts of the massif. A series of leucocratic meta-granites intrude the Silurian orthogneiss basement of the Vertiskos Terrane. No similar granites are found in any of the other units of the Internal Hellenides. The meta-granites have a pronounced crustal within-plate signature which is visible in lithology, major- and trace-element geochemistry and the Sr isotopic compositions. These intrusions were dated using the Pb–Pb single-zircon evaporation method, and yielded a Triassic age of between 240.7 ± 2.6 Ma and 221.7 ± 1.9 Ma on 17 samples, with a mean age of 228.3 ± 5.6 Ma. The zircons are purely magmatic, indicating that ages are primary crystallization ages. A Rb–Sr errorchron of the whole-rock samples of the Arnea granite yielded an age of 231.6 ± 9.9 Ma (MSWD = 82), and a mean 87Sr/86Sr initial ratio is 0.7142, indicating a crust-dominated source, and suggesting an A-type origin for the granites. The A-type meta-granites together with mafic intrusive bodies (amphibolites) in the Vertiskos Terrane may be evidence of Triassic rifting that led to the formation of a branch of Neotethys (Vardar–Meliata Ocean). Similar rock associations are also exposed in the Cyclades, and in massifs of the wider eastern Mediterranean realm related to the Gondwana-derived Hun Terrane, indicating that the Arnea-type granites are representatives of a major regional rifting event in Triassic times.
Sheep handling and welfare standards in livestock markets in the UK
Authors: GREGORY N. G. , BENSON T. , SMITH N. , MASON C. W. 
Published: January 2009

SUMMARYSome meat retailers have introduced a trade embargo on fat lambs sold through livestock markets on the grounds that welfare standards associated with live auction markets are said to be worse than standards associated with direct sale to abattoirs. The current study examined the handling difficulties and welfare standards at 24 UK livestock markets. Comparisons were made according to class of animal (store, fat, breeding animals, etc.) and throughput of the market: <100 livestock units (LU) per week, 100–300 LU per week and >300 LU per week. Handling problems examined included refusal to move, balking, slips, falls, impacts, isolation leading to apparent distress, confusion while loading onto vehicles and inappropriate handling such as wool pulling. The overall prevalence of each handling problem was low (usually <0·05 of the sheep). The most common difficulties were impacts, slips and falls when grading fat lambs, and confusion or refusal to load onto the vehicles after the sale in ewes. Store lambs were generally easier to handle than fat lambs. They were less prone to refusing to move, balking, impacts, slips and falls. In fat lambs, slips and falls during grading were more common at small markets, while at larger markets there were more impacts, slips and falls during selling. Confusion during loading onto vehicles after the sale was more common in breeding ewes and rams, and at small markets. Projections in the corridors that were considered to be potential bruising or impact points were found in 0·33 of the markets and 0·71 did not have a way of ensuring that legs could not get trapped between gates and gateposts if sheep attempted to jump out of a holding pen. In most other respects the prevalence of problems with the facilities and during handling was low and it was concluded that a trade embargo on selling fat lambs in markets might not be justified.
Analysis of plankton in the southern Great Barrier Reef: abundance and roles in throphodynamics
Authors: Sorokin Yu. I. , Sorokin P. Yu. 
Published: January 2009

Wet biomass of principal plankton components and whole plankton standing stock were assessed in waters of the Heron Island ring reef and surrounding deep lagoon. Biomass of phytoplankton ranged between 30 to 120 mg m−3, without its pronounced depletion over the reef shallows. Picocyanobacteria and prochlorophyte algae contributed over 70% of this biomass. Biomass of bacterioplankton varied between 75 to 340 mg m−3, with its maximum over the reef flat. Biomass of planktonic protozoa's ciliates and zooflagellates ranged between 20 to 110 mg m−3. The daytime biomass of zooplankton varied between 490 to 1590 mg m−3in the deep lagoon in the zone of intense tidal currents. Over the reef shallows, it was 10–20 mg m−3. At night, it rose there up to 800 to 4000 mg m−3as the result of emerging demersal zooplankton from the benthic substrates. The time scale of nocturnal emerging by different taxa was also documented. Biomass of whole demersal zooplankton communities hiding by the daytime in bottom substrates at the reef flat was found to be over 100 g m−2. Problems of nutrition planktivore reef fauna related to the plankton production and abundance are discussed.
Seasonal variations in the phytoplankton community in the north-eastern Sea of Marmara and a species list
Authors: Deniz Niyazi , Taş Seyfettin 
Published: January 2009

This paper describes phytoplankton abundance data collected in the Sea of Marmara in 2000 and identifies new species to the region. The quantitative sampling was carried out monthly at 3 stations and seasonally at 6 stations at depths of 0.5, 5, 10 and 20 m. Additionally, vertical samplings by plankton net from 15–0 m were carried out in order to determine the species diversity. Simultaneously measured physical (salinity, temperature and Secchi disc) and chemical parameters (dissolved oxygen, nitrate + nitrite, chlorophyll-a, phosphate and silicate) were evaluated together with phytoplankton data. One hundred and fifteen species were recorded which are members of 55 dinoflagellates, 42 diatoms, 11 silicoflagellates and 7 other groups. Those species include toxic species with high reproduction rates and species that are accepted as carrying risk. Blooms ofAnabaenasp.,Nitzschia longissima(Brébisson in Kützing) Ralfs in Pritchard andProrocentrum triestinumSchiller species were observed during the study.Dictyocha antarcticaLohmann 1919,Dictyocha cruxEhrenberg 1840 andNitzschia rectilongaTakano 1983 species were recorded for the first time from the coastal waters of Turkey. The maximum phytoplankton abundance has been observed during the winter and autumn seasons in the 0.5 and 5 m depths; the concentration of the diatoms was higher during late winter and autumn, however, the concentration of the dinoflagellates was always high during the whole year and they did not show a seasonal variation. The phytoplankton density was lower at the 20 m depths because of the low light penetration property of the Sea of Marmara.
Using morphological and molecular tools to identify megalopae larvae collected in the field: the case of sympatric Cancer crabs
Authors: Pardo Luis Miguel , Ampuero David , Véliz David 
Published: January 2009

Studies of recruitment dynamics in meroplanktonic organisms are dependent on the correct identification of each ontogenic stage of each species. This is particularly difficult when studying the larval stages, which are not easy to identify due to their lack of resemblance to conspecific adults and their high degree of similarity with congenerics at the same stage of development. This is the case with the crustacean megalopae of the genus Cancer along the coast of the south-eastern Pacific. This fact represents a serious limitation on ecological studies of populations of these species which constitute a heavily exploited local resource. In this study we describe in detail field collected megalopae larvae of three sympatric crab species of the genus Cancer(C. edwardsii, C. setosus and C. coronatus). As a result of this analysis we were able to identify easily visible diagnostic characters which allow the species to be distinguished from one another. The megalopae were easily distinguished by the form of the cheliped and the presence of spines on these. Cancer edwardsii has an elongated globulose cheliped, whereas C. coronatus has a subquadrate one. Both species possess a prominent ischial spine, which is absent in C. setosus. We corroborated the utility of these diagnostic characters by comparing the COI gene sequences of mitochondrial DNA of larvae identified by morphology with sequences taken from samples of the adults of all species of Cancer found in the region. We discuss the morphological variations between larvae found across the region (i.e. at sites separated by more than 800 km) and between megalopae obtained from the field versus those cultivated in the laboratory. We conclude that the simultaneous use of morphological and molecular tools for identification of decapod larvae appears useful for the study of cryptic species.
MHC class II expression in skin biopsies from the franciscana dolphin Pontoporia blainvillei and the southern right whale Eubalaena australis
Authors: Heinzelmann Larissa , Tavares Maurício , Ott Paulo H. , Moreno Ignacio M.B. , Chies José Artur B. 
Published: January 2009

Presently, there is no information about the functionality of the immune system in the franciscana dolphin (Pontoporia blainvillei), a small dolphin from southern Brazil. As in the case of the franciscana, the population of southern right whale (Eubalaena australis) which inhabits Brazilian waters has not yet been surveyed in what concerns MHC expression. For the first time it was possible to observe the DQB gene expression in skin of these two species of cetacean using RT-PCR. Skin pieces of the animals were collected to RNA extraction. The fragment corresponding to DQB exon 2 was amplified, cloned and sequenced. A total of five alleles were found, one to franciscana and four to southern right whale. The observed dN/dS ratio of 2.77 (P = 0.03) suggests that this gene is under balancing selection pressure (positive Darwinian selection). The sequences indicate that, in both species analysed, the DQB gene is functional.
Take-up and the Social Fund
Authors: Huby Meg , Whyley Claire 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTNon-application to the social fund can lead to a reduction in the resources available to some of the most vulnerable members of society. This article shows how traditional models of take-up are inadequate for examining why payments from the discretionary cash-limited social fund do not always reach the people for whom the benefit was designed. Nevertheless, it is crucial to examine why non-application to the social fund denies many people even a chance of meeting their needs. A new model of take-up is proposed that widens the debate beyond the level of claimant behaviour, allowing non-application to the social fund to be looked at as a variant of non-take-up. It provides a framework for examining the influence of structural and administrative factors on social fund application rates and highlights the extent to which policy makers and legislators play a part in non-application.
Reforming Aged Care in Australia: Change and Consequence
Authors: Gibson Diane 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTFor the last ten years, the Australian system of services for frail elderly people has been undergoing significant reforms. Prior to that time, a series of government reviews and inquiries had repeatedly identified the same problems, including the dominance of institutional care, the inadequate supply of home and community based services, the lack of co-ordination, the inefficiency, and the unequal distribution of services by geographical area. Changes since the implementation of the Aged Care Reform Strategy in 1985 have been considerable, particularly with regard to the residential care sector. This article is concerned with the policy responses which emerged under the Strategy, and their impact on aged care service delivery in Australia.
National Insurance Local Tribunals
Authors: Bell Kathleen , Collison Peter , Turner Stephen , Webber Susan 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTTribunals are at the centre of a growing controversy concerning citizen rights in welfare. In the first of two articles, attention is drawn to some of the salient features of this controversy and particularly to those aspects concerning national insurance local tribunals (NILTs). A special analysis of D.H.S.S. records is presented giving a picture of the distribution of the work of NILTs over different benefit categories, of success rates, of the extent of attendance by appellants and of representation. Generally the analysis suggests that NILTs are more varions and less confined by law and regulation than is often assumed. Findings from surveys of chairmen, members and appellants are also presented. Men constitute the great majority of those concerned with NILTs and there are some striking contrasts between varions groups in age and education. People who serve NILTs are shown to be active in a wide range of community activities and particularly in professional organizations, trade unions and local politics.
Budget Allocation in the National Health Service
Authors: Maynard Alan , Ludbrook Anne 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTThe objective of this article is to analyse the way in which budget allocation decisions have been made in the National Health Service (NHS) of Britain. Despite the criticisms of the pre-1948 health care system on the grounds of geographical inequity, it was not until nearly twenty-five years after the service's inception that explicit allocation formulae were devised and implemented in an attempt to achieve equity, defined as equal financial resources for health care for those in equal need.The article is divided into four sections; the first analyses briefly the establishment of the NHS in 1948 and the failure of policy-makers to rectify the significant inequalities in the distribution of health care inputs between the regions. The second section is concerned with the official recognition of the policy problem of geographical inequality in resources and the first attempt to rectify it. In the third section the most recent set of resource allocation formulae for England, Scotland and Wales will be analysed and compared. The final section offers some brief conclusions.
Unemployment, Housing and Household Structure Among Young Adults
Authors: Murphy M. , Sullivan O. 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTDifferentials in unemployment among young adult males are shown to be particularly associated with two factors: housing tenure and early childbearing. Even after controlling for factors such as social class and area of residence, local authority tenants have unemployment rates two or three times as high as owner-occupiers of a similar age. For movers between tenures these differentials are even greater; movers from owner-occupation to local authority tenancy have four times the unemployment rate of those moving in the opposite direction. Large differentials by the family situation of young people are also found, with childless married couples having particularly low unemployment rates. These two aspects are connected by the effect of childbearing filtering couples into different tenures. Finally, the implications for increased social polarization between the two major tenures, and the likely effect on future tenure levels, are discussed.
Workforce Restructuring, Social Insurance Coverage and the Black Economy
Authors: Hakim Catherine 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTThe national insurance system of contributory work-related benefits was designed for a ‘core’ workforce in continuous full-time employment. It provides incomplete coverage for the rising numbers of people in the peripheral workforce: part-time jobs, temporary work and self-employment. National estimates are presented for workers whose earnings are below the national insurance threshold, and who are thus excluded from social security benefits such as unemployment, sickness and retirement benefits—roughly 2 million in the period 1985–87. It is estimated that another million workers at least are within the NI net, but outside the income tax net. In addition, there are up to 2 million non-working people who have trivial earnings that leave them outside the NI and tax nets. Homeworkers are found in both these groups. The paper discusses the implications of these findings for claims about the size of the black economy and the characteristics of people participating in the black economy, and for the future development of the social insurance system.
Coping With Change in the NHS: A Frontline District's Response to AIDS
Authors: Ferlie Ewan , Pettigrew Andrew 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTThe core of this paper is a case study of how a District Health Authority (Paddington and North Kensington, now Parkside DHA following a recent merger with Brent DHA) in Inner London responded to a major new health care issue of the 1980s—Aids, but the paper also seeks to locate this case study material within wider debates. What theories are there of organisational change which could be used to illuminate policy and service change in the health care sector? How, indeed, do we best study change in health care organisations? The paper is thus in three parts. In the first section we identify some streams of literature which act as a frame of reference defining our initial research question and discuss implications for methodology. The second section presents the case itself, while the last section discusses some emerging findings.
Service Delivery By a Trade Union—Does It Pay?
Authors: Yanay Uri 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTA changing socio-economic environment and competition have led trade unions to extend their role and become service providers. This paper examines some of the issues of service delivery which arise. Four central implications are discussed: the trade union's need (1) to adapt to the competitive service provider's market, (2) to enlarge its consumer body, (3) to become an employer of workers, and (4) to expand its interests with business establishments and authorities over non-union matters. The paper focuses on the General Federation of Labour in Israel (the Histadrut), and its comprehensive health insurance scheme (Kupat Holim). The scheme is provided to all union members and their families as part of union membership. Nonetheless, alternative service systems seem sufficiently attractive for many union members to consider ‘deserting’ their union. The union depends on its members—consumers—to secure its broad base, universalistic image, source of income and legitimacy. Trying to attract consumers causes the union to bend some of its principles. Ultimately, service provision forces the union to adopt characteristics alien to, and even contradicting, its traditional, militant role as an organiser of labour.
National Insurance Local Tribunals: A Research Study – Part II
Authors: Bell Kathleen , Collison Peter , Turner Stephen , Webber Susan 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTTribunals, now recognized as key institutions of the Welfare State, are attracting a good deal of attention. Despite a growing volume of criticism little systematic research has been undertaken into the way they actually function. Since almost every British citizen has rights of appeal to national insurance local tribunals (NILTs) it would seem that they constitute a good starting point. An earlier article presented a general view of NILTs. This paper examines the way the appeal system works from several different perspectives. Difficulties encountered by ordinary citizens at various stages in the appeal process are discussed. The research findings on attendance, representation and success rates are analysed. Attendance by the appellant at the hearing of his appeal is shown to be of particular significance. It is also clear that expansion of facilities for providing advice and representation would be advantageous to appellants. Problems connected with expansion of these facilities are discussed, and an ‘ideal type’ representative is outlined. This leads to a discussion of different tribunal models and a ‘participation model’ is developed. Finally, some implications of the research findings for the development of social policy are considered.
Income Distribution and Social Change Revisited
Authors: Atkinson A. B. 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTEleven years after the publication of Richard Titmuss's essay on Income Distribution and Social Change, the official statisticians are still drawing optimistic conclusions about the tendency of income inequality to decline in Britain. This article re-examines some of the critical questions raised by Titmuss concerning the accuracy and interpretation of the official statistics. It considers the definition of income, the implications of capital gains, fringe benefits and the benefits from owner-occupation, the role of life-cycle factors, and the measurement of inequality. It concludes with an assessment of the impact of Titmuss's study on the quality of statistical information and on attitudes and beliefs.