bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Beyond Psychohistory: The Young Stalin in Georgia
Authors: Suny Ronald Grigor 
Published: April 2006

Within Russian and Soviet studies psychohistory has had few practitioners and a negligible effect, with the notable exception of Robert C. Tucker, an eloquent theorist of Soviet politics and a preeminent biographer of Stalin. His strategy for uncovering the unknown early Stalin has involved borrowing from the methodologies of psychoanalysis with the aim of showing how the pathology of the adult Stalin was rooted in the child. Yet his approach has found few adherents.Stalin is without doubt one of the least hospitable subjects for the psychohistorian. Not particularly introspective, he left no intimate letters, no secret diary, and few witnesses to his inner life. Moreover, Bolshevik political culture was hostile to open personal expression and imposed on Stalin and other adherents an enforced modesty.
The Master and Margarita and the Poetics of Aporia: A Polemical Article
Authors: Rosenshield Gary 
Published: April 2006

Despite some early critical reservations, Bulgakov’s The Master and Margarita has become one of the icons of postrevolutionary Russian literature. The bibliography of scholarly commentary on the work—mostly adulatory, and in some cases even hagiographical—is vast. Bulgakov has become, especially for western critics, the epitome of the artistmartyr. Persecuted by the Soviet writing establishment, he was able, through his long suppressed satiric masterpiece, The Master and Margarita (published for the first time in 1966-67), to survive and turn the tables—aesthetically and morally speaking—on his former oppressors. Life is short, art is long; or as Woland expressed it, manuscripts do not burn.Indeed, there is ample justification for such a hagiographical approach. By 1928, when Bulgakov was drafting the first plans for The Master and Margarita, his literary prospects were already growing dim. In the 1930s, no longer able to publish original fiction, he survived by adapting works for the theater and by translating.
The Scare of the Self: Sentimentalism, Privacy, and Private Life in Russian Culture, 1780-1820
Authors: Schönle Andreas 
Published: April 2006

This century may be called the century of openness in the physical and moral sense: look at our sweet beauties! … Before people used to hide in dark homes behind the cover of high fences. Nowadays, one sees bright homes everywhere with large windows facing the street: please look in! We want to live, act, and think behind a transparent glass–Nikolai Karamzin, Moia ispoved
Words Matter: Linguistic Conditions for Democracy in Russia
Authors: Anderson Richard D. , Chervyakov Valery I. , Parshin Pavel B. 
Published: April 2006

How does language influence politics? Usually when this question is posed, it is understood to concern relations within a polity among communities whose members speak different languages. Our concern, however, is what contribution politicians’ language may make to the choice between authoritarianism or democracy. Of course, we reject any reduction of that determination to language alone.The study of change in political Russian during the Soviet and post-Soviet era has concentrated on the consequences of variation incontent.As Meyer observed, during the Soviet period scholars mainly evaluated the degree to which “routine thinking in terms of the official doctrine … [exerted] an effect on actions taken or not taken…” Remington called attention to the existence in the Soviet period of “two interdependent but opposed codes,” one for “the ritualized world of public life” and the other for private interaction—a difference that, as early as 1960, Tucker had traced back to origins in tsarist Russia.
Arbitration—UNCITRAL Rules—justiciability and indispensable Third parties—legal status of Hawaii
Authors: Oxman Bernard H. , Bederman David J. , Hilbert Kurt R. 
Published: April 2006

Lance Paul Larsen v. The Hawaiian Kingdom. At <http://www.pca-cpa.org>.Permanent Court of Arbitration Tribunal, February 5, 2001.In Larsen v. The Hawaiian Kingdom Lance Paul Larsen, a resident of the state of Hawaii, sought redress from the Hawaiian Kingdom for its failure to protect him from the United States and the State of Hawaii. The parties, who agreed to submit their dispute to arbitration by the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA), shared similar goals and wished the Arbitral Tribunal (Tribunal) to address the question of the international legal status of Hawaii.
Citizenship and the Russian Nation during World War I: A Comment
Authors: Smith S. A. 
Published: April 2006

Historians of late imperial Russia have been categorical in asserting that Russian peasants lacked any form of national identity. Scholars as diverse as Orlando Figes, Geoffrey Hosking, John Keep, Bruce Lincoln, Richard Pipes, Robert Service, Ronald Suny, and Allan Wildman have agreed that Russian peasants were too rooted inGemeinschaft,too particularistic in their social identities, to be capable of identifying with the polity and territory of Russia. John Keep expresses the consensus concisely when he writes:At the beginning of the twentieth century the Russian people lagged behind many others in the tsarist realm (Poles, Finns, even Baits and Ukrainians) in the development of a modern national consciousness. The social elite identified with the multinational empire; in the terminology of the day their thinking wasrossiiskiirather thanrusskii.Ordinary folk either opted for a social class orientation or else had none at all, in that their horizons were limited to the local community. This helps to explain why Russia was defeated in World War One, why the Bolsheviks with their Utopian internationalist creed won mass support in 1917 and why the Whites failed to worst the Reds in the ensuing civil war.
Postcommunist Subversion: Social Science and Democratization in East Europe and Eurasia
Authors: Steven Fish M. 
Published: April 2006

Our political malaise is due to the same cause as our social malaise: that is, to the lack of secondary cadres to interpose between the individual and the State. We have seen that these secondary groups are essential if the State is not to oppress the individual: they are also necessary if the State is to be sufficiently free of the individual.–Émile Durkheim, Professional Ethics and Civic MoralsHuman progress never rolls in on the wheels of inevitability–Martin Luther King, Jr., A Knock at Midnight
Deception and Marriage Strategy in Renaissance Florence: The Case of Women's Ages
Authors: Molho Anthony 
Published: April 2006

Sostrata.Io ho sempre mai sentito dire che egli é uffizio d'un prudente pigliare de' cattivi partiti el migliore.— Niccoló MachiavelliIn their magisterial work,Les Toscans et leurs families, David Herlihy and Christiane Klapisch-Zuber examined in considerable detail a problem faced by many historians studying late medieval tax censuses such as the Florentinecatasto:how much credence to give to the ages of individuals whose names are included in these documents? Following a lengthy investigation of thecatastoof 1427-1429, they reached the wistful conclusion that “Tuscans in 1427 had only a vague knowledge of their own ages or were loath to report them accurately.“ In the course of their inquiry, Herlihy and Klapisch compared the ages of some individuals recorded in thecatastowith the ages of the same individuals found in other documents.
Bruni on Writing History
Authors: Ianziti Gary 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis article examines Leonardo Bruni's ideas on history writing, tracing their evolution from 1404 down to the latter half of 1443. It establishes that Bruni saw history writing as a textual activity closely related to, if not identical with, translation. The various implications of this discovery are explored in relation to several of Bruni's major historical works, including theCicero novus(1415), theCommentarii de primo bello punico(1419), and theDe bello italico(1441). The article concludes by showing how Bruni's views - in their final, extreme formulation - were challenged by his younger rival, Biondo Flavio, in the early 1440s.
"Ché ultima mano!": Tiberio Calcagni's Marginal Annotations to Condivi's Life of Michelangelo
Authors: Elam Caroline 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis article discusses the authorship and content of a number of marginal annotations made to a copy of Ascanio Condivi's 1553 Life of Michelangelo. The annotations are shown here to be the work of the artist's last assistant, Tiberio Calcagni, and were probably written into the book c. 1563-64, some of them predating and some postdating the master's death. They record Michelangelo's reactions to mistakes in Condivi's account, as well as confirm the veracity of some of the "tall stories" found in the biography.
Taming Anger's Daughters: New Treatment for Emotional Problems in Renaissance Spain
Authors: Flynn Maureen 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA growing appreciation for the physiological dimensions of human behavorial problems is evident in Renaissance therapeutics. Both physicians and moral philosophers came to admit that passionate impulses like blasphemy and fist-fighting frequently erupted prior to conscious thought. Instead of relying exclusively on ascetic discipline and rational reflection as means to subdue undesirable emotions, post-medieval therapeutics added a number of mood-altering techniques such as music, dance, conversation, baths, and meditation on graphic images. The psychological premise of the new morality of the Renaissance was not flight from the body but respectful acceptance of its passionate interests.
Lotto's Lucretia
Authors: Goffen Rona 
Published: April 2006

AbstractLotto's Lucretia is posed in a way that Renaissance viewers would have recognized as masculine and therefore inappropriate for a lady. Moreover, Lucretia holds a fictive drawing, representing the suicide of her Roman namesake. The depiction of a fictive drawing was quite exceptional in the 1530s. Lottos reasons for posing his Lucretia in such an unexpected, masculine way, and his representation of her predecessor's death as a fictive drawing are the means whereby he asserts her virtue. Doing so, Lotto seems to question the traditional patriarchal definitions of woman, female chastity and female sexuality that Lucretia herself had come to embody.
Silvandre's Symposium: The Platonic and the Ambiguous in L'Astrée
Authors: Gregorio Laurence A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractImprecision appears to be the intended effect of the thematic plan of Honoré d'Urfé's L'Astrée, especially where signs of sexual identity are concerned. This study proposes a reading which, on two bases, accommodates the romance's semiotic vagueness. First, the ideological context of Neoplatonism clarifies the work's ongoing "Symposium" on love. The roots of this dialogue may be traced to Plato's Symposium and magnetic theory which foreshadow L'Astreé's tendency toward character self-representation on a middle ground between male and female. Second, evidence of a structure of ambiguity in other areas of the romance's composition corroborates the argument.
Dance and the Garden: Moving and Static Choreography in Renaissance Europe*
Authors: Nevile Jennifer 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn the Renaissance there were close similarities between the static choreography of the formal gardens of the nobility and the moving choreographies performed by the members of the court. The principles of order and proportion, the expression of splendour, the geometrical forms, were all fundamental principles of both Renaissance court dance and the formal garden. The patterns in both these art-forms were meant to be viewed from above. This close similarity in design principles between the horticultural and kinetic arts existed right through the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries and continued into the seventeenth century.
Exotic Allies: The Dutch-Chilean Encounter and the (Failed) Conquest of America*
Authors: Schmidt Benjamin 
Published: April 2006

AbstractHow did the Netherlands assimilate the New World? This essay explores the process of cultural geography in the Renaissance by examining the creative appropriation of American "allies" by the Dutch Republic. On three separate occasions, embassies from the United Provinces sought to enlist natives of South America for a proposed brotherhood, or "alliance," meant to challenge the tyranny of Spain and liberate the hemisphere from Habsburg control While this hoped-for Reconquista never did transpire, Dutch efforts — rhetorical as well as real—demonstrate a highly imaginative and vigorously prosecuted response to America. They problematize the paradigm of the New Worlds "blunted" impact on the Old.
Prosecutor v. Akayesu
Authors: Oxman Bernard H. , Amann Diane Marie 
Published: April 2006

Prosecutor v. Akayesu. Case ICTR-96-4-T.International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, September 2, 1998.This pioneering opinion marks the first time an international criminal tribunal has tried and convicted an individual for genocide and international crimes of sexual violence. The case arose out of the massacres of perhaps a million Tutsi in Rwanda in 1994. At least two thousand died in Taba, a rural commune where defendant Jean-Paul Akayesu was mayor. A trial chamber of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda concluded that, although Akayesu may at first have tried to prevent killings, he eventually donned a military jacket and participated in or ordered atrocities. The Tribunal found him guilty of one count each of genocide and incitement to commit genocide and seven counts of crimes against humanity. It acquitted Akayesu of five counts brought under common Article 3 of the 1949 Geneva Conventions and Protocol Additional II to those Conventions on the ground that he was not within the class of perpetrators contemplated by them.
Grant v. South-West Trains, Ltd.
Authors: Oxman Bernard H. , Helfer Laurence R. 
Published: April 2006

Grant v. South-West Trains, Ltd. Case C-249/96. 1998 All England Law Reports (EC) 193.Court of Justice of the European Communities, February 17, 1998.Are employers within the European Community (EC or Community) forbidden from discriminating against their employees on the basis of sexual orientation? More generally, does the prohibition of “discrimination based on sex” contained in Article 119 of the Treaty of Rome and the Community directive requiring equal pay for men and women (Equal Pay Directive) encompass discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation? In Grant v. South-West Trains, Ltd., the European Court of Justice (ECJ) answered both questions in the negative, rejecting a strongly worded recommendation of the Court's Advocate General.
Self-determination—Canada—Quebec—right to secede under constitutional law and public international law—role of international law in Canadian courts
Authors: Oxman Bernard H. , Toope Stephen J. 
Published: April 2006

Re Reference by Governor in Council Concerning Certain Questions Relating to Secession of Quebec from Canada.Supreme Court of Canada, August 20, 1998.In an attempt to clarify the legal context in which continuing Canadian constitutional conundrums arise, the federal executive referred three questions to the Supreme Court of Canada regarding the legality under both Canadian constitutional law and international law of a potential unilateral declaration of independence by the Province of Quebec. The Court declared that unilateral secession is not permitted under either Canadian constitutional law or international law. The “underlying principles that animate” the Canadian Constitution preclude secession, even though there is no specific text prohibiting the dismantling of the Canadian state. However, if Quebecers were to vote yes to secession by “a clear majority on a clear question,” democratic legitimacy would be conferred on the secessionist project and a constitutional obligation to negotiate would arise binding the other provinces and the federal authority.
Is Personal Freedom a Western Value?
Authors: Franck Thomas M. 
Published: April 2006

No one must be disturbed because of his opinions, even in religious matters, provided their expression does not trouble the public order established by law.Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, 1789Various forces and tendencies contending in the world of ideas bear directly on the identity of each person. The nation, the tribe, the state, the “ethnie” or sociocultural group, international institutions, and several nongovernmental transnational actors, including the great religions—all contend for adherents. Two things stand out in this cacophony: first, that individuals, nowadays, may have more than one affiliation; and, second, that affiliative choices increasingly can be made by individuals acting autonomously.
Nicolas Caussin's “Spirituality of Communication“: A Meeting of Divine and Human Speech
Authors: Campbell Stephen F. 
Published: April 2006

That which is uttered with the mouth of the flesh is the articulate sound of the word… . For our word is so made in some way into an articulate sound of the body … as the Word of God was made flesh.AugustineThe Following Essay is Presented as a sketch of some significant features of Christian humanism which relate to language and discourse in France during the first half of the seventeenth century. Its central intent is to testify to the early Jesuit conviction that the manifestation of God in the world is profound. And this belief and emphasis on the ability to discover and rediscover God in the world, in its past and present, both nourished and was nourished by the Society of Jesus's involvement in humanism.
Renaissance Misogyny, Biblical Feminism, and Hélisenne de Crenne'sEpistres familieres et invectives
Authors: Nash Jerry C. 
Published: April 2006

And truly, I say to you, wherever the gospel is preached in the whole world, whatshehas done will be told inmemory of her.— Mark 14:9Je t'admonneste de … te repentir, d'avoir detracté decelles, pour lesquelles extollertous vertueulx se travaillent (K ii).— CrenneWe will begin where all early modern feminists, from Christine de Pizan to Hélisenne de Crenne and beyond, begin: in the beginning was the word, and the word was misogynist. This is the ideological, literary, and cultural context for reading and appreciating virtually every early modern feminist work.
Mode of inheritance of dermatoglyphic pattern intensity index on fingers in five Indian populations: A comparative study between individual trait and its factor
Authors: Karmakar B. , Yakovenko K. , Kobyliansky E. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractOur previous study (Karmakar et al. 2005 Ann. Hum. Biol. 32:445–468) was on 500 pedigrees of five different populations, with factor 1 comprising quantitative finger dermatoglyphics (including pattern intensity index, PII) and factor 1 controlled by major genes. The present results of a complex segregation analysis of the individual trait PII of the same five populations were compared with previous results to ascertain the extent of variation between individual trait PII and its factor (factor 1) with respect to mode of inheritance. The comparative findings are very similar in five populations, irrespective of different ethnic groups. This result suggests that the variability of their biological relevance is influenced by the same genetic component, thus representing a similar mode of inheritance with major gene involvement in all populations. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 18:377–386, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cortical and spinal abnormalities in psychogenic dystonia
Authors: Espay Alberto J. , Morgante Francesca , Purzner Jamie , Gunraj Carolyn A. , Lang Anthony E. , Chen Robert 
Published: April 2006

AbstractObjectiveThe pathophysiology of psychogenic dystonia has not been examined, but a growing body of literature suggests that abnormal sensory input from repetitive movements can lead to plastic cortical changes. Reduced cortical and spinal inhibition is well documented in organic dystonia. We tested the hypothesis that aberrant sensory input associated with abnormal posture may cause similar abnormalities by testing patients with psychogenic dystonia.MethodsWe assessed cortical and spinal inhibitory circuits and cortical activity associated with voluntary movement in 10 patients with clinically definite psychogenic dystonia, 8 patients with organic dystonia, and 12 age‐matched healthy control subjects.ResultsThree measures of cortical inhibition, resting short‐ and long‐interval intracortical inhibition and cortical silent period, were reduced in both psychogenic dystonia and organic dystonia. Cutaneous silent period mediated by spinal circuitries was increased in psychogenic and organic dystonia. Forearm spinal reciprocal inhibition was reduced in psychogenic dystonia.InterpretationPsychogenic and organic dystonia share similar physiological abnormalities. Previous findings of abnormal cortical and spinal excitability in organic dystonia may, in part, be a consequence rather than a cause of dystonia. Alternatively, these findings may represent endophenotypic abnormalities that predispose to both types of dystonia. Ann Neurol 2006;59:825–834
Reactions at Very Low Temperatures: Gas Kinetics at a New Frontier
Authors: Smith Ian W. M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAdvances in experimental techniques, especially the development of the CRESU (Cinétique de Réaction en Ecoulement Supersonique Uniforme) method, allow many gas‐phase molecular processes to be studied at very low temperatures. This Review focuses on the reactions of molecular and atomic radicals with neutral molecules. Rate constants for almost 50 such reactions have been measured at temperatures as low as 13 K by using the CRESU method. The surprising demonstration that so many reactions between electrically neutral species can be extremely rapid at these very low temperatures has excited interest both from theoreticians and from those seeking to understand the chemistry that gives rise to the 135 or so molecules that are present in low‐temperature molecular clouds in the interstellar medium. Theoretical treatments of these reactions are based on the idea that a reaction occurs when the long‐range potential between the reagent species brings them into close contact. The astrochemical context, theoretical studies, and the determination of the rate constants of these low‐temperature reactions are critically discussed.