bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Photometric analysis of trace amounts of hydrazine with p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde. Chemical equilibria
Authors: Gamble Donald S. , Hoffman I. 
Published: May 2006

An equilibrium scheme is proposed for aqueous acid solutions containing hydrazine, p-di-methylaminobenzaldehyde and p-dimethylaminobenzaldazine. The quinoidal cation form of the latter has an absorbance peak at 455 mμ, for which [Formula: see text] (±2.1%). In 0.4 m to 1 m H+, 10−5 m benzaldazine is practically all in the quinoidal cation form. The acid attenuation of absorbance at 455 mμ is caused by protonation of the dimethylamino group of unreacted aldehyde. Semiquantitative equilibrium data are presented for the reaction between hydrazine and p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde.
Electron spin resonance studies of γ-irradiated aqueous alkaline solutions of acrylamide at 77 °K
Authors: Seddon W. A. , Smith D. R. 
Published: May 2006

The γ radiolysis of acrylamide in 8 M NaOH solutions in H2O and D2O at 77 °K results in the formation of [Formula: see text]and [Formula: see text]radicals, with a maximum yield [Formula: see text] = 1.9 molecules/100 eV. Since in the absence of acrylamide the yield of trapped electrons, G0(e−t), = 1.9, it appears that the precursor of [Formula: see text] is a radical anion [Formula: see text], which then abstracts a proton from the solvent according to [Formula: see text]In support of this interpretation we find that Hm1· is also formed in similar media as a result of (a) "photo-bleaching" of trapped electrons or (b) photo-detachment of electrons from ferrocyanide ion with light of wavelength 2 537 Å. This is confirmed by the electron spin resonance (e.s.r.) spectra obtained from methacrylamide and acrylonitrile in γ-irradiated alkaline ice. The concentration dependence of electron scavenging by acrylamide indicates that the electrons diffuse over distances of up to 170 Å prior to trapping or capture by the solute.
Characterization of the TCL-1 transgenic mouse as a preclinical drug development tool for human chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Johnson Amy J. , Lucas David M. , Muthusamy Natarajan , Smith Lisa L. , Edwards Ryan B. , De Lay Michael D. , Croce Carlo M. , Grever Michael R. , Byrd John C. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractDrug development in human chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has been limited by lack of a suitable animal model to adequately assess pharmacologic properties relevant to clinical application. A recently described TCL-1 transgenic mouse develops a chronic B-cell CD5+ leukemia that might be useful for such studies. Following confirmation of the natural history of this leukemia in the transgenic mice, we demonstrated that the transformed murine lymphocytes express relevant therapeutic targets (Bcl-2, Mcl-1, AKT, PDK1, and DNMT1), wild-type p53 status, and in vitro sensitivity to therapeutic agents relevant to the treatment of human CLL. We then demonstrated the in vivo clinical activity of low-dose fludarabine in transgenic TCL-1 mice with active leukemia. These studies demonstrated both early reduction in blood-lymphocyte count and spleen size and prolongation of survival (P = .046) compared with control mice. Similar to human CLL, an emergence of resistance was noted with fludarabine treatment in vivo. Overall, these studies suggest that the TCL-1 transgenic leukemia mouse model has similar clinical and therapeutic response properties to human CLL and may therefore serve as a useful in vivo tool to screen new drugs for subsequent development in CLL.
K-SPMM: a database of murine spermatogenic promoters modules & motifs
Authors: Lu Yi , Platts Adrian E , Ostermeier G Charles , Krawetz Stephen A 
Published: May 2006

AbstractBackgroundUnderstanding the regulatory processes that coordinate the cascade of gene expression leading to male gamete development has proven challenging. Research has been hindered in part by an incomplete picture of the regulatory elements that are both characteristic of and distinctive to the broad population of spermatogenically expressed genes.DescriptionK-SPMM, a database of murineSpermatogenicPromotersModules andMotifs, has been developed as a web-based resource for the comparative analysis of promoter regions and their constituent elements in developing male germ cells. The system contains data on 7,551 genes and 11,715 putative promoter regions in Sertoli cells, spermatogonia, spermatocytes and spermatids.K-SPMMprovides a detailed portrait of promoter site components, ranging from broad distributions of transcription factor binding sites to graphical illustrations of dimeric modules with respect to individual transcription start sites. Binding sites are identified through their similarities to position weight matrices catalogued in either the JASPAR or the TRANSFAC transcription factor archives. A flexible search function allows sub-populations of promoters to be identified on the basis of their presence in any of the four cell-types, their association with a list of genes or their component transcription-factor families.ConclusionThis system can now be used independently or in conjunction with other databases of gene expression as a powerful aid to research networks of co-regulation. We illustrate this with respect to the spermiogenically active protamine locus in which binding sites are predicted that align well with biologically foot-printed protein binding domains.Availabilityhttp://klab.med.wayne.edu/kspmm/
A hidden Markov model approach for determining expression from genomic tiling micro arrays
Authors: Munch Kasper , Gardner Paul P , Arctander Peter , Krogh Anders 
Published: May 2006

Abstract

Background
Genomic tiling micro arrays have great potential for identifying previously undiscovered coding as well as non-coding transcription. To-date, however, analyses of these data have been performed in an ad hoc fashion.

Results
We present a probabilistic procedure, ExpressHMM, that adaptively models tiling data prior to predicting expression on genomic sequence. A hidden Markov model (HMM) is used to model the distributions of tiling array probe scores in expressed and non-expressed regions. The HMM is trained on sets of probes mapped to regions of annotated expression and non-expression. Subsequently, prediction of transcribed fragments is made on tiled genomic sequence. The prediction is accompanied by an expression probability curve for visual inspection of the supporting evidence. We test ExpressHMM on data from the Cheng et al. (2005) tiling array experiments on ten Human chromosomes [1]. Results can be downloaded and viewed from our web site [2].

Conclusion
The value of adaptive modelling of fluorescence scores prior to categorisation into expressed and non-expressed probes is demonstrated. Our results indicate that our adaptive approach is superior to the previous analysis in terms of nucleotide sensitivity and transfrag specificity.
Direct and heterologous approaches to identify the LET-756/FGF interactome
Authors: Popovici Cornel , Berda Yael , Conchonaud Fabien , Harbis Aurélie , Birnbaum Daniel , Roubin Régine 
Published: May 2006

Abstract

Background
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are multifunctional proteins that play important roles in cell communication, proliferation and differentiation. However, many aspects of their activities are not well defined. LET-756, one of the two C. elegans FGFs, is expressed throughout development and is essential for worm development. It is both expressed in the nucleus and secreted.

Results
To identify nuclear factors associated with LET-756, we used three approaches. First, we screened a two-hybrid cDNA library derived from mixed stages worms and from a normalized library, using LET-756 as bait. This direct approach allowed the identification of several binding partners that play various roles in the nucleus/nucleolus, such as PAL-1, a transcription regulator, or RPS-16, a component of the small ribosomal subunit. The interactions were validated by co-immunoprecipitation and determination of their site of occurrence in mammalian cells. Second, because patterns of protein interactions may be conserved throughout species, we searched for orthologs of known mammalian interactors and measured binary interaction with these predicted candidates. We found KIN-3 and KIN-10, the orthologs of CK2α and CK2β, as new partners of LET-756. Third, following the assumption that recognition motifs mediating protein interaction may be conserved between species, we screened a two-hybrid cDNA human library using LET-756 as bait. Among the few FGF partners detected was 14-3-3β. In support of this interaction we showed that the two 14-3-3β orthologous proteins, FTT-1 and FTT-2/PAR-5, interacted with LET-756.

Conclusion
We have conducted the first extensive search for LET-756 interactors using a multi-directional approach and established the first interaction map of LET-756/FGF with other FGF binding proteins from other species. The interactors identified play various roles in developmental process or basic biochemical events such as ribosome biogenesis.
SNP-SNP interactions in breast cancer susceptibility
Authors: Onay Venüs Ümmiye , Briollais Laurent , Knight Julia A , Shi Ellen , Wang Yuanyuan , Wells Sean , Li Hong , Rajendram Isaac , Andrulis Irene L , Ozcelik Hilmi 
Published: May 2006

AbstractBackgroundBreast cancer predisposition genes identified to date (e.g., BRCA1 and BRCA2) are responsible for less than 5% of all breast cancer cases. Many studies have shown that the cancer risks associated with individual commonly occurring single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are incremental. However, polygenic models suggest that multiple commonly occurring low to modestly penetrant SNPs of cancer related genes might have a greater effect on a disease when considered in combination.MethodsIn an attempt to identify the breast cancer risk conferred by SNP interactions, we have studied 19 SNPs from genes involved in major cancer related pathways. All SNPs were genotyped by TaqMan 5'nuclease assay. The association between the case-control status and each individual SNP, measured by the odds ratio and its corresponding 95% confidence interval, was estimated using unconditional logistic regression models. At the second stage, two-way interactions were investigated using multivariate logistic models. The robustness of the interactions, which were observed among SNPs with stronger functional evidence, was assessed using a bootstrap approach, and correction for multiple testing based on the false discovery rate (FDR) principle.ResultsNone of these SNPs contributed to breast cancer risk individually. However, we have demonstrated evidence for gene-gene (SNP-SNP) interaction among these SNPs, which were associated with increased breast cancer risk. Our study suggests cross talk between the SNPs of the DNA repair and immune system (XPD-[Lys751Gln] and IL10-[G(-1082)A]), cell cycle and estrogen metabolism (CCND1-[Pro241Pro] and COMT-[Met108/158Val]), cell cycle and DNA repair (BARD1-[Pro24Ser] and XPD-[Lys751Gln]), and within carcinogen metabolism (GSTP1-[Ile105Val] and COMT-[Met108/158Val]) pathways.ConclusionThe importance of these pathways and their communication in breast cancer predisposition has been emphasized previously, but their biological interactions through SNPs have not been described. The strategy used here has the potential to identify complex biological links among breast cancer genes and processes. This will provide novel biological information, which will ultimately improve breast cancer risk management.
Randomized pilot study to disseminate caries-control services in dentist offices
Authors: Grembowski David , Spiekerman Charles , del Aguila Michael A , Anderson Maxwell , Reynolds Debra , Ellersick Allison , Foster James , Choate Leslie 
Published: May 2006

Abstract

Background
To determine whether education and financial incentives increased dentists' delivery of fluoride varnish and sealants to at risk children covered by capitation dental insurance in Washington state (U.S.).

Methods
In 1999, 53 dental offices in Washington Dental Service's capitation dental plan were invited to participate in the study, and consenting offices were randomized to intervention (n = 9) and control (n = 10) groups. Offices recruited 689 capitation children aged 6–14 and at risk for caries, who were followed for 2 years. Intervention offices received provider education and fee-for-service reimbursement for delivering fluoride varnish and sealants. Insurance records were used to calculate office service rates for fluoride, sealants, and restorations. Parents completed mail surveys after follow-up to measure their children's dental utilization, dental satisfaction, dental fear and oral health status. Regression models estimated differences in service rates between intervention and control offices, and compared survey measures between groups.

Results
Nineteen offices (34%) consented to participate in the study. Fluoride and sealant rates were greater in the intervention offices than the control offices, but the differences were not statistically significant. Restoration rates were lower in the intervention offices than the control offices. Parents in the intervention group reported their children had less dental fear than control group parents.

Conclusion
Due to low dentist participation the study lacked power to detect an intervention effect on dentists' delivery of caries-control services. The intervention may have reduced children's dental fear.
Compensation by tumor suppressor genes during retinal development in mice and humans
Authors: Donovan Stacy L , Schweers Brett , Martins Rodrigo , Johnson Dianna , Dyer Michael A 
Published: May 2006

AbstractBackgroundTheRB1gene was the first tumor suppressor gene cloned from humans by studying genetic lesions in families with retinoblastoma. Children who inherit one defective copy of theRB1gene have an increased susceptibility to retinoblastoma. Several years after the identification of the humanRB1gene, a targeted deletion ofRbwas generated in mice. Mice with one defective copy of theRbgene do not develop retinoblastoma. In this manuscript, we explore the different roles of the Rb family in human and mouse retinal development in order to better understand the species-specific difference in retinoblastoma susceptibility.ResultsWe found that the Rb family of proteins (Rb, p107 and p130) are expressed in a dynamic manner during mouse retinal development. The primary Rb family member expressed in proliferating embryonic retinal progenitor cells in mice is p107, which is required for appropriate cell cycle exit during retinogenesis. The primary Rb family member expressed in proliferating postnatal retinal progenitor cells is Rb. p130 protein is expressed redundantly with Rb in postmitotic cells of the inner nuclear layer and the ganglion cell layer of the mouse retina. When Rb is inactivated in an acute or chronic manner during mouse retinal development, p107 is upregulated in a compensatory manner. Similarly, when p107 is inactivated in the mouse retina, Rb is upregulated. No changes in p130 expression were seen when p107, Rb or both were inactivated in the developing mouse retina. In the human retina, RB1 was the primary family member expressed throughout development. There was very little if any p107 expressed in the developing human retina. In contrast to the developing mouse retina, whenRB1was acutely inactivated in the developing human fetal retina, p107 was not upregulated in a compensatory manner.ConclusionWe propose that intrinsic genetic compensation between Rb and p107 prevents retinoblastoma in Rb- or p107-deficient mice, but this compensation does not occur in humans. Together, these data suggest a model that explains why humans are susceptible to retinoblastoma followingRB1loss, but mice require bothRbandp107gene inactivation.
The Use of Performance Improvement Methods to Enhance Emergency Department Patient Satisfaction in the United States: A Critical Review of the Literature and Suggestions for Future Research
Authors: Boudreaux Edwin D. , Cruz Brian L. , Baumann Brigitte M. 
Published: May 2006

Objectives:
The authors reviewed the evidence on performance improvement methods for increasing emergency department (ED) patient satisfaction to provide evidence‐based suggestions for clinical practice.
Methods:
Data sources consisted of searches through MEDLINE, CINAHL, PSYCHINFO, Cochrane Library, and Emergency Medicine Abstracts and a manual search of references. Articles were included if they reported a performance improvement intervention targeting patient satisfaction in the ED setting. Articles on studies not conducted in the United States or that failed to provide enough details to allow critical evaluation of the study were excluded. Two authors used structured evaluation criteria to independently review each retained study.
Results:
Nineteen articles met all selection criteria. Three studies found varying levels of support for multicomponent interventions, predominantly focused on implementation of clinical practice guidelines for specific presenting complaints and process redesign. Sixteen studies evaluated single‐component interventions, with the following having at least one supportive study: using alternating patient assignment to provider teams rather than “zone”‐based assignment, enhancing provider communication and customer service skills, incorporating information delivery interventions (e.g., pamphlets, video) that target patient expectations, using preformatted charts, and establishing ED‐based observation units for specific conditions such as asthma and chest pain.
Conclusions:
There is modest evidence supporting a range of performance improvement interventions for improving ED patient satisfaction. Further work is needed before specific, evidence‐based recommendations can be made regarding which process changes are most effective. Recommendations are made for improving the quality of performance improvement efforts in the ED setting.
Proliferative Activity of Human Thyroid Cells in Various Age Groups and Its Correlation with the Risk of Thyroid Cancer after Radiation Exposure
Authors: Saad Ali G. , Kumar Seena , Ron Elaine , Lubin Jay H. , Stanek Jerzy , Bove Kevin E. , Nikiforov Yuri E. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Context: The thyroid gland is vulnerable to the carcinogenic effects of ionizing radiation, and there is a well-documented inverse correlation between thyroid cancer and age at exposure, particularly for ages less than 20 yr. One of the factors responsible for this phenomenon may be more rapid cell proliferation in children.
Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the proliferative rate of normal human thyroid cells in different age groups.
Design: We used immunohistochemical analysis to determine the Ki-67 proliferative index in 117 thyroid glands obtained at autopsy, including 25 fetal thyroids (11–40 wk gestation), 55 childhood thyroids (0–19 yr), and 37 adult thyroids (20–60 yr).
Results: The rate of Ki-67 labeling in the three groups was 7.4 ± 6.10, 0.23 ± 0.15, and 0.08 ± 0.04% respectively, demonstrating an overall trend for diminishing proliferative activity of thyroid cells with increasing age. However, a lack of correlation was noted between the slopes of cancer risk calculated from previous studies of irradiated populations and proliferative rate in the pediatric age intervals of 0–4 and 5–9 yr, suggesting that other factors are likely to be responsible for the particularly high sensitivity to radiation-induced thyroid cancer among the youngest children.
Conclusions: Our findings of a general decrease in proliferative activity of thyroid cells with age may explain, at least in part, the higher risks of radiation-related thyroid cancer in children compared with adults. However, the variation in the rate of cell proliferation is unlikely to be responsible entirely for this phenomenon and other factors may also be involved.
Preparation of New Liquid Crystals with a Benzoyloxytropone Core
Authors: Mori Akira , Uchida Minoru , Takeshita Hitoshi 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Compounds having liquid crystal properties with a tropolone core were synthesized: A series of 5-alkoxy-2-benzoyloxytropones showed the mesophase(s), whereas corresponding 5-alkoxy-2-benzyloxytropones did not. A [1,9] sigmatropy seems to play an important role to this mesomorphic behavior.
Effect of Proline in Basic and α-Helical Amphipathic Peptides on Acidic Liposomes and Their Antimicrobial Activity
Authors: Lee Sannamu , Park Nam Gyu , Kato Tamaki , Aoyagi Haruhiko , Kato Tetsuo 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
A helix-breaker amino acid, proline, was introduced into an antimicrobial peptide, Ac–(L–Leu–L–Ala–L–Arg–L–Leu)3–NHCH3 (43). The peptides [Pro6]43 (1), [Pro2,6]43 (2), and [Pro2,6,10]43 (3) were able to form α-helix in order of 1 &gt; 2 &gt; 3 in the presence of acidic liposomes, indicating that proline does not always behave as a strong helix-breaker in specific surroundings. The antimicrobial activity was found to be connected closely with their amphipathic property.
Chiral Environment around the Metal Center Observed by the Epoxidation with the Iron Complexes of Bleomycin and the Synthetic Analogue
Authors: Kaku Yumiko , Otsuka Masami , Ohno Masaji 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
cis-β-Methylstyrene is oxidized either with the Fe(III)–H2O2 or with the Fe(II)–O2 complex systems of bleomycin and the synthetic model ligand PYML-6 to give optically active epoxide, showing that the environment around the iron-nucleus is chiral enough to cause asymmetric epoxidation.
Solid Phase Synthesis of Magainin 1 under Continuous Flow Conditions
Authors: Nozaki Sukekatsu 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
4-(Hydroxymethyl)phenoxymethyl copoly(styrene-1% divinylbenzene) resin beads loosely packed in a glass column was satisfactorily employed as a solid support for synthesis of magainin 1 under Fmocstrategy. The trieicosapeptide was synthesized in continuously flowing DMF under low pressure conditions. The antibiotic was obtained in an overall yield of 31% after HPLC purification.
A New Quasi-Linearization Finite Difference Scheme for Large Deflection Analysis of Prismatic and Non-Prismatic Inextensible Slender Beams
Authors: Al-Sadder Samir Z. , Othman Raid A. 
Published: May 2006

A new scheme called quasi-linearization finite differences is developed for large deflection analysis of prismatic and non-prismatic inextensible slender beams with different boundary conditions subjected to various types of continuous and discontinuous external loads in horizontal and vertical global directions. Simultaneous equations of highly nonlinear and linear terms are obtained when casting the derived exact highly nonlinear governing differential equation using central finite differences on the nodes along the beam. A quasi-linearization scheme is used to solve these equations based on successive corrections of the nonlinear terms in the simultaneous equations. The nonlinear terms in the simultaneous equations are assumed constant during each correction (iteration). Several representative numerical examples of prismatic and non-prismatic slender beams with different loading and boundary conditions are analyzed to illustrate the merits of the new adopted numerical scheme as well as its validity, accuracy and efficiency. The results of the present scheme are checked using large displacement finite element analysis of MSC/NASTRAN program. A comparison between present scheme and MSC/NASTRAN results reveals excellent agreements. The advantage of the new scheme is that the load can be applied in one step with few iterations (3 to 6 iterations).