bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Water Abstracts
Authors: Weisman Herman M. , Albertson Maurice L. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe National Science Foundation supported a study of the feasibility of setting up an abstracting and indexing service for the literature of Soil and Water at Colorado State University at Fort Collins. During the course of the study, it was found that the field of Soil was adequately covered by journals and abstracting services. In the field of Water, the investigation revealed that there would be little significant duplication with other abstracting services and that the duplication occurring could be readily handled by exchange agreements by those abstracting services covering aspects of water problems. The study revealed further that there was a strong likelihood of developing sponsors, subscribers and financial support for such a service. A new proposal has been submitted to the National Science Foundation for the issuance of a Pilot Abstracts Journal covering the Water field. The purpose of the pilot issue is to prepare, distribute and evaluate a sample publication of a proposed abstracting and indexing service covering the entire Water field as it relates to plants, soils and other aspects of human activity and natural resources. It would cover the field internationally. Specific objectives are:

To determine the most suitable organizational structure for such an abstracting service;
To prepare, publish and distribute the pilot issue to workers within the Water field and potential clientele;
To evaluate the pilot issue in terms of problems of the proposed service's usefulness, desirability, ultimate budget and cost; abstract or translator and editorial and other staffing; operational matters like exchanges with other abstracting services; sponsorship, subscribers and advertisers. The pilot issue would be mailed to approximately 1500 potential subscribers for evaluation. Their evaluation would determine the usefulness and desirability of the proposed Water Abstracting and Indexing Service. It would offer concrete data on the indicated problem.
The proposed service would publish not only an abstracts journal but would explore the feasibility of a microcard or microfiche which would have on one side an abstract in print readable to the eye and on the other side the complete article in microform in the language desired by the user. A discussion of the methodology of the preliminary study will be emphasized.
A polydimensional scheme for information retrieval
Authors: Johnson H. Thayne 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA method is discussed for integrating a man and machine into a library retrieval system for overcoming certain deficiencies in today's manual systems and meeting certain additional criteria. One of the basic criteria is that the machine must extend the user's effective intellect by performing intelligence functions now performed by him and by enabling him to perform intelligence functions not now possible.A hypothetical (although not impossible) man‐machine complex is advocated by assuming the Aristotelian concept that within the ameboid structure of knowledge are classes and that these classes can be logically defined to categorize all knowledge. Following this assumption, logical conceptional relationships can be structured using retrieval terms, with each term showing a readily apparent relationship to the whole field of knowledge. These poly‐dimensional relationships can be said to exist, not just in a vertical dimension, but also each term can have its own horizontal level of abstraction, a relative universe created by its relationships to multitudinous terms throughout the structure. Each term, its universe, and the concepts embodied in it constitute expanding concentric circles of categorical knowledge, with each circle showing a diminishing degree of conceptual synonymity with the central term.A unique machine application is discussed to allow the user to perceive the relationships between terms. The system enables the user to place himself at a known spot in the entire field of knowledge and with the aid of machine coordination move in any direction from concept to concept until the desired retrieval point is reached.
Relevancy and pertinency in indexing
Authors: Rees Alan M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractUnderlying all types of subject analysis—descriptors, uniterms, subject headings, telegraphic abstracting, etc.—is the fundamental problem of selection of significant concepts and characteristics from a document to be recorded as reference points for use in future retrieval operations. Faced with several thousands of words normally found in a typical document, the analyst selects those words and ideas which seem significant, based upon his subjective knowledge of the subject matter. Such a selection is conditioned by his academic training, observance of the frequency of occurrence of certain words, knowledge of the pattern of use of the literature, acquaintance with the terminology used in the phrasing of questions to be put to the file, and comparative knowledge and ignorance of the association of ideas or relationships between the concepts recorded in the document. Pertinency is therefore in the eyes of the beholder and is relevant to the state of knowledge at any given time.The difficulty in subject analysis is one of recording characteristics for retrieval at a later date when the implications inherent in future requests are unknown at the time of recording and when the terminology has not yet crystallized into any standardized form. In the absence of a permanent description, information requests can either be translated into the archaic language and frozen concepts of the file or the file itself can be updated to match modern concepts and associations and to bring out implications subsequently made apparent by continually evolving technology. The continuous shift in traditional interests is illustrated in the current awareness type of literature search where the constant rearrangement of concepts is seen in the attempt to define interests whose relevance is not yet established.Superimposed on this is the problem of finding suitable words which characterize these shifting concepts. The words of the document are not necessarily those which are in current use, nor will they always be the same words used to characterize an information request put to the file at a later date. Thus it is necessary to use an artificial language (code, authority, list, notation, etc.) into which the natural language of the text and the languge of the request can be converted. This language should be such that it would serve as a more permanent and regularized language which would cut through the tangle of synonyms and infinity of syntactic structures. The coded thesaurus is suggested as a means of providing for this intermediary language at the same time as performing the function of being a means of bringing into coincidence the vocabularies of the future searches and retrieval system and indicate networks of related meaning and associated ideas. The association of ideas in the semantic code is suggested as a yardstick of predetermined relevancy. Experimental data will be presented to facilitate the establishment of objective criteria of relevancy and pertinency in searching operations.
Patent indexing by concept coordination using links and roles
Authors: Montague Barbara A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper presents the development and installation of a practical, working system for the storage and retrieval of patent information for the Polychemicals Department of the du Pont Company using concept coordination and an inverted system. False retrieval usually associated with such systems is overcome by using syntactical controls such as links and roles. Rapid, inexpensive access to patents selected from the polyolefin art is provided to the patent attorney saving him long hours of discouraging searching with cumbersome, conventional filing systems. A valuable source of technical information seldom utilized in the past is made readily available to the research man, the manufacturing engineer and the salesman. The system provides the capability to search for anticipation and as well as for domination. Techniques were devised to handle the peculiar language of patents and a systematic vocabulary of terms was developed for the extensive naming of generic classes of chemical compounds. A cross section of the patent literature is represented in the system which includes all types of patents such as articles of manufacture, process, composition of matter and apparatus. Retrieval of the patent information by electronic computer as well as by a manual search device is discussed.
The world's technical journal literature: An estimate of volume, origin, language, field, indexing, and abstracting
Authors: Bourne Charles P. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA quantitative estimate is made of the magnitude of the world's scientific and technical journal literature problem. Using a number of basic sources of statistical information, a composite picture is established to show such things as the total volume, linguistic and national origins, breakdown by subject field, and degree of coverage by the abstracting and indexing services.
Secondary publication in cardiovascular, endocrine and psychopharmacologic research
Authors: Orr Richard H. , Crouse Eleanor M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn a follow‐up of earlier studies, Biological Abstracts (BA), Chemical Abstracts (CA), Excerpta Medica (EM), Psychological Abstracts (PA) and Current List of Medical Literature (CL) were searched for 240 published articles that resulted from oral research reports given at bio‐medical meetings in 1957 and 1958. Seventy per cent of the 240 papers appeared in at least one of the four abstracting services, and almost 90% were indexed in CL; however, no single abstracting service covered more than about one‐half of all the papers in any of the three research fields. The average time‐lag between primary and secondary publication for cardiovascular and endocrine papers was about four months in CL, four in CA, six in BA, and eight to ten months in EM. For psychopharmacologic papers, all of the services were slower. This “tracer” technique makes possible and practical a continuous assessment of how a given research field is being served by abstracting and indexing services.
The scan‐column index
Authors: O'Connor John 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe scan‐column index is a book‐form coordinate index. Each document is entered at just one place, and the documents can be in almost any order. A document identification may be anything from a serial number to several dozen words of description, depending on the amount of space used. Speed of searching might be anywhere from several hundred to perhaps one thousand or more documents per minute, depending to a considerable extent on column density, which depends in turn on the amount of space used. Error and fatigue also depend considerably on column density. Some possible format variations are described. Advantages and disadvantages of the scan‐column index are described and compared with some other common retrieval devices such as peek‐a‐boo cards, edge‐notched cards, etc. A number of possible applications for a scan‐column index are suggested. A motorized scroll form of scan‐column index and its possible use for subject‐searching microfilm reels are also suggested.
Compilation of an experimental citation index from scientific literature
Authors: Lipetz Ben‐Ami 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSeveral forms of citation index were compiled with the aid of punched card techniques from 11,000 citations appearing in a coherent body of scientific literature which contained more than 740 citing papers. Preliminary statistics on citation patterns are given. The potential uses of various types of citation indexes are discussed and are related to problems in recording and standardizing data.
The walnut system: A large capacity document storage and retrieval system
Authors: Bradshaw P. D. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis report describes a prototype information system being developed by the IBM Advanced Systems Development Division for the Central Intelligence Agency. Using conventional 35‐millimeter film and IBM Descriptor Cards or Paper Tape as input, the system houses both the index and abstracts of documents as well as microimages of the documents themselves. There are no plans to market this particular system commercially. Out of this effort, however, technology will emerge that will no doubt influence the design and fabrication of future 1/R Systems.
The information system: Too big and growing
Authors: Schultz Louise 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAvailable equipment and procedures exhibit little prospect of coping successfully with the dynamic problems of information generation, transmission, and use created by the current scientific and technological “explosion.” Present attempts at devising new equipment and procedures are bogged in the basic problem—information is not satisfactorily disseminated to those who need it. The discrepancy is the more obvious because the techniques and devices being discovered and developed—those of automatic information processing—are based on principles derived from and applied in a broad range of scientific disciplines. Merging the efforts of many disciplines and universally using the results depend upon effective intercommunication. ADI is urged to accept the broadest possible responsibility for cross‐disciplinary intercommunication in all aspects of the Information System.
Methods of disseminating scientific information, and science information activities in the USSR
Authors: Tareev Boris M. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract[The following is a slightly condensed and consolidated translation of two papers, “Research Journals as a Means of Disseminating Scientific Information” and “Organization of Scientific Information Activities in the Soviet Union and the Methods Used in the Preparation of the Referativnyi Zhurnal (Abstract Journal) at the Institute of Scientific Information of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR” by Professor B. M. Tareev, Chief Editor of Rererativnyi Zhurnal—Elektrotekhnika i Energetika (Abstract Journal— Electrical and Power Engineering) of the Institute of Scientific Information of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. These papers were prepared for the Section of Scientific Information of the Tenth Pacific Science Congress, August 1961, Honolulu, Hawaii].
Machinelike indexing by people
Authors: Montgomery Christine , Swanson Don R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA study of several thousand entries in a classified bibliography of article titles (the Index Medicus) revealed that a large proportion of the title entries contained words identical to or synonymous with words of the corresponding subject heading. It is inferred that a major part of the bibliography studied could have been compiled by a machine procedure operating on titles alone, provided the machine were supplied with a suitable synonym dictionary.
An analysis of soviet metallurgical literature
Authors: Westbrook J. H. , Peat A. J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAnalysis of five metallurgical abstract series provides information on the extent of Soviet contribution to the literature, its distribution by fields, the media in which it appears, and the laboratories from which it evolves. It is observed that the Soviets publish about a quarter of the world's metallurgical literature, that this literature is not thoroughly abstracted or translated by Western agencies, and that a few hundred highly prolific Soviet authors, concentrated in a relatively small group of laboratories, are responsible for a large fraction of the Soviet metallurgical literature.
A model for the study of scientific communications
Authors: Chapin Richard E. , Shilling Charles W. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe process and compexity of scientific communication is presented in graphic form. A plan is presented for the development of a library network involving the National Agricultural Library and a selected group of libraries of land‐grant colleges. The proposal is to cover the entire literature in the field of biology and agriculture by the method of each library assuming responsibility for a collection in depth in a given special subject area, and then, through an AIBS central clearing house, furnishing information and actual articles to all participating libraries.
Computer requirements for inverted coordinate indexes
Authors: Costello John C. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe use of computers for processing coordinate indexes creates a number of operational limitations and constraints which very realistically can reduce or eliminate the obvious advantages. The pros and cons are presented in such a way that they may be applied as guides by those who are about to “mechanize.” The discussion is limited to principles which may be applied to computers in general, and no specific types of computers are considered.
A generalized computer method for index production
Authors: Schultz Claire K. , Schwartz Phyllis A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper presents block diagrams for the process of Index‐making by computer, as well as explanatory text, based on experience in the application of the diagram to the production of two different indexes. The method described is called a generalized method because, first of all, its presentation is in general terms, and secondly, because its property of generality makes it suitable to a “first‐cut” analysis of a great variety of index‐making applications. More detailed flow charts for two different applications (one of them proposed) of the generalized method are given, as well as a diagram for combining an information retrieval system with a system for index production.
Maximum‐depth indexing for computer retrieval of english language data
Authors: Simmons Robert F. , McConlogue Keren L. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractOne of the simplest and yet most powerful methods for organizing natural language data for deep retrieval is the complete index. Such an index completely characterizes a text corpus for computer retrieval operations without prohibitive cost in space or time. A general‐purpose indexer that has been programmed for the IBM 7090 is described and discussed. This system, starting with unedited English text, produces an index of all or any subset of words in that text. For each word indexed, the volume, chapter, paragraph, and sentence number for each of its occurrences in the text is cited. Words with the same root, such as farmer and farming, are cross referenced to each other. Words that are almost precisely synonymous such as Britain and England are also cross referenced. Uses of the index for finding information relevant to answering English questions are briefly described.
Roles and links—or forward to cutter
Authors: Artandi Susan , Hines Theodore C. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractModifications and changes introduced by users since the introduction of the Uniterm System of Coordinate Indexing by Mortimer Taube in 1952 are discussed in this paper. Many of these modifications and changes seem to represent a movement toward conventional specific subject heading and indexing techniques in the choice of entries, although this is obscured by the terminology. The authors suggest that conventional terminology be used where it is applicable, that the literature has largely concerned the method of choice of subject entry words rather than the principle of bibliographic coordination, and that users of the system might have profited by more direct comparison of their work with conventional techniques derived from Cutter's work of 1876.
Labor costs, conversion costs, and compatibility in document control systems
Authors: Lipetz Ben‐Ami 
Published: June 2007

AbstractManpower limitations in libraries may be overcome to a large extent by using machines in the creation and processing of the various related families of records. However, conversion of existing collections of records to a machine‐usable medium requires human labor, the thing to be conserved. Gradual conversion from manual to machine record systems without impairment of service may be achieved by preparing new records in manual and machine‐usable media simultaneously. Design of the input format is of critical importance in determining the capabilities and equipment cost of the ultimate machine system. A description is given of techniques and special equipment which have been developed for simultaneous production of manual and machine‐usable book cataloging records as a first step in introducing a machine record system in a major scientific research library.
An analysis of output costs and procedures for an operational searching service
Authors: Overmyer La Vahn 
Published: June 2007

AbstractFor more than two years the Center for Documentation and Communication Research of Western Reserve University has been actively engaged in operating the American Society for Metals Documentation Service. Since this has been a new venture in information retrieval, it is thought to be of sufficient interest to others to justify a report on our cost and operational experiences thus far. Five previous reports prepared under grant number G‐10338 for the National Science Foundation have been concerned primarily with the ‘input’ portion of an information retrieval system. Although this is the sixth in the series, it is the first to report specifically on the ‘output,’ i.e., the provision of answers to questions by means of machine searching. It discusses in detail the procedures and costs of conducting searches, and it exposes several of the important but not easily predicted variables which affect the entire cost structure. Unlike Report No. IV, which analyzed the ‘input’ costs of the Service and formulated a final figure of $6.503 per abstract, Report No. VI presents ranges of costs which are applicable only to given situations. Future papers will expand on the phases of ‘output’ which are mentioned only briefly here and will report on the progress made in improving and refining procedures and in establishing a more compact cost structure.
Criteria for acceptable abstracts: A survey of abstracters' instructions
Authors: Borko Harold , Chatman Seymour 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe need for criteria by which to judge the adequacy of an abstract is felt most strongly when evaluating machine‐produced abstracts. In order to develop a set of criteria, a survey was conducted of the instructions prepared by various scientific publications as a guide to their abstracters in the preparation of copy. One‐hundred‐and‐thirty sets of instructions were analyzed and compared as to their function, content, and form. It was concluded that, while differences in subject matter do not necessarily require different kinds of abstracts, there are significant variations between the informative and the indicative abstracts. A set of criteria for the writing of an acceptable abstract of science literature was derived. The adequacy of these criteria is still to be validated, and the authors' plans for future research in this area are specified.