bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phenotypic variation during cloning procedures: Analysis of the growth behavior of clonal cell lines
Authors: Barnes Louise M. , Moy Nicola , Dickson Alan J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe production of recombinant protein from mammalian cells is a key feature of the biotechnology industry. However, the generation of recombinant mammalian cell lines is still largely performed on an empirical basis and there are many potential areas for enhancement. We have shown previously that despite two rounds of limiting dilution cloning (LDC) of recombinant cell lines, there remained a high degree of heterogeneity in the resulting cell lines. We suggested that a rapid phenotypic drift occurred with these cells. It was unclear if this was a consequence of the added burden of production of a recombinant protein, the selection procedures, or merely an inherent feature of cell growth in culture. To address this, we have subjected untransfected (parental) cells to three successive rounds of LDC and monitored the growth properties of the resultant cells. The results show that despite repeated rounds of cloning, it was not possible to obtain phenotypically similar cell lines. We also demonstated that this phenotypic drift is not due to gross changes in the protein p27, a key regulators of the cell cycle. Although cells with a range of growth properties were observed even after three rounds of cloning, the variation in growth patterns between cell lines decreased after cloning. Hence, we suggest that by cloning it may be possible to generate untransfected cells, which have particular growth properties. Starting with a well‐defined population of parental cells may aid in the subsequent generation of tranfectants with desired growth properties. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
On the relationship between the activity and structure of PEG‐α‐chymotrypsin conjugates in organic solvents
Authors: Castillo Betzaida , Méndez Jessica , Al‐Azzam Wasfi , Barletta Gabriel , Griebenow Kai 
Published: February 2006

AbstractEnzymes are attractive catalysts for the production of optically active compounds in organic solvents. However, their often low catalytic activity in such applications hampers their practical use. To overcome this, we investigated the effectiveness of the covalent modification of α‐chymotrypsin with methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) with a Mw of 5,000 to enhance its activity. The model transesterification reaction between sec‐phenethyl alcohol and vinyl butyrate in various neat dry organic solvents and at a controlled water activity of 0.008 in two solvents was employed to measure the effect of PEGylation on activity and enantioselectivity. Synthesis conditions were varied to obtain various conjugates with average molar ratios of PEG‐to‐chymotrypsin ranging from ca. 1 to 7. While the enantioselectivity increased only modestly from ca. 4.4 to 6.1 when averaging results in all solvents, PEG was very efficient in increasing the activity of α‐chymotrypsin up to more than 400‐fold compared to that of the powder lyophilized from buffer alone. The activity increase was more pronounced in apolar than in polar organic solvents and also depended on the amount of PEG bound to the enzyme. For example, the activity of the modified enzyme towards the most reactive “S” enantiomer in octane increased 440‐fold but increasing the molar ratio of PEG‐to‐enzyme from 1.1 to 7.1 resulted in a more than twofold decrease in enzyme activity. Controlling the water activity did not prevent the drop in activity. To investigate the possible origin of the activity changes, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy experiments were conducted. It was found that PEGylation reduced lyophilization‐induced structural perturbations, but exposure to the organic solvents caused structural perturbations. These perturbations were more pronounced in polar than in apolar solvents. The pronounced activity drop in polar solvents at increasing PEG‐modification levels correlated with an increasing level of solvent‐induced structural perturbations. This correlation was less pronounced in apolar solvents where both, activity drop and structural perturbations, were less pronounced at increasing PEGylation levels. In summary, PEG‐modified α‐chymotrypsin might be an interesting system to catalyze reactions, particularly in apolar organic solvents. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tissue engineering of blood vessels
Authors: Baguneid M S , Seifalian A M , Salacinski H J , Murray D , Hamilton G , Walker M G 
Published: February 2006

Abstract

Background
Tissue engineering techniques have been employed successfully in the management of wounds, burns and cartilage repair. Current prosthetic alternatives to autologous vascular bypass grafts remain poor in terms of patency and infection risk. Growing biological blood vessels has been proposed as an alternative.

Methods
This review is based on a literature search using Medline, PubMed, ISIS and CAS of original articles and reviews, and unpublished material and abstracts.

Results and conclusions
Complete incorporation into host tissues and the maintenance of a viable and self-renewing endothelial layer are the fundamental goals to be achieved when developing a tissue-engineered blood vessel. Sourcing of cells and modulating their interaction with extracellular matrix and supporting scaffold have been the focus of intense research. Although the use of tissue-engineered blood vessels in humans is so far limited, advances in our knowledge of stem cell precursors and the development of new biomaterials should enable this technology to reach routine clinical practice within a decade.
Perioperative real-time monitoring of indocyanine green clearance by pulse spectrophotometry predicts remnant liver functional reserve in resection of hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Ohwada S , Kawate S , Hamada K , Yamada T , Sunose Y , Tsutsumi H , Tago K , Okabe T 
Published: February 2006

Abstract

Background
There is no standard method for predicting remnant liver functional reserve after hepatectomy or for monitoring it in real time.

Methods
Indocyanine green (ICG) clearance (K) was measured non-invasively and instantaneously using pulse spectrophotometry before surgery, during inflow occlusion and after hepatectomy in 75 patients who underwent anatomical liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Results
Eight patients (11 per cent) suffered liver failure and one (1 per cent) died in hospital. An estimated remnant K value of 0·090 per min was the cut-off value for liver failure. In a logistic regression model, the estimated remnant K (0·090 per min; P = 0·022) and age (65 years; P = 0·025) were significant predictors of postoperative liver failure. There was a correlation between the estimated and measured post-hepatectomy K, and between the inflow occlusion K and measured post-hepatectomy K (P &lt; 0·001). The cut-off value of less than 0·090 per min for the estimated remnant K resulted in 88 per cent sensitivity and 82 per cent specificity for predicting liver failure.

Conclusion
Perioperative real-time monitoring of ICG-K is useful for evaluating the remnant liver functional reserve before, during and after liver resection for HCC. The estimated remnant K is a significant predictor of liver failure.
Lipoprotein(a), lipids and proinflammatory cytokines in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery
Authors: Chimienti G , Aquilino F , Rotelli M T , Russo F , Lupo L , Pepe G 
Published: February 2006

Abstract

Background
The aims were to investigate whether surgical stress can induce a positive or negative lipoprotein(a) acute response, to determine any association with apolipoprotein(a) phenotypes, and to establish whether any such response is dependent on changes in lipids and proinflammatory cytokines. In addition, the impact of interleukin (IL) 6 genetic variability on the cytokine response to surgery was examined.

Methods
This prospective, observational study included 41 patients with cancer referred for abdominal surgery. Preoperative (T0) plasma concentrations of lipoprotein(a), IL-6, tumour necrosis factor α, and serum concentrations of transforming growth factor β1 and lipids, were compared with values obtained 5 h (T1), 24 h (T2) and 5 days (T3) after surgery. Apolipoprotein(a) Kringle IV (KIV)-VNTR (variable-number tandem repeat) and IL-6 − 174 G/C polymorphisms were analysed.

Results
Lipoprotein(a) was found to act as a negative acute-phase reactant (30·0 per cent reduction at T2) (P = 0·009). Surgery had a more profound impact on subjects with low KIV-VNTR. After surgery, lipoprotein(a) correlated significantly with corrected low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol (r = 0·408 at T2). IL-6 inversely correlated with lipoprotein(a) (r = −0·321 at T1) and LDL-cholesterol (r = −0·418 at T1). The IL-6 response could be predicted from a combination of the surgical severity and −174 G/C genotype.

Conclusion
Although temporal associations did not indicate causality, these data provide a hypothesis to explain the inverse relationship between lipoprotein(a) and IL-6.
The interactive nature of hypnosis: research evidence for a social‐psychobiological model
Authors: Bányai Éva I. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractOn the basis of 14 years of empirical research conducted in a mulidimensional interactional framework, the main characteristics of different hypnosis styles are described. It is suggested that typical hypnosis styles resemble the patterns of basic intimate relationships that have mutual regulatory function. This interpretation may help to understand the healing effects of hypnosis, well known for ages, since more and more data indicate that the quality of intimate relationships plays an important role in the development and maintenance of mental and physical health. The research summarized here support the social psychobiological model of hypnosis, conceptualizing hypnosis as an altered state of consciousness that may have a socially and biologically adaptive value. Copyright © 1998 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
When hypnosis looks like magic, remember electricity!
Authors: Alden Phyllis 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWhen hypnosis is featured in the media, it is often to report some ‘miraculous’ cure. This paper reviews four apparently miraculous cases from the author's own experience and identifies what they have in common in an attempt to provide a rational explanation for them. Relevant factors identified include expectancy, distraction, motivation, compliance, imagination, relaxation, attribution and cognitive change. Of particular importance are circumstances that prevent the individual from escaping or avoiding the feared situation and the role of suggestion, including the powerful implicit suggestions conveyed by the belief that ‘hypnosis’ is being used. Copyright © 1998 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Hypnotizability and body image malleability in restrained and non‐restrained eaters
Authors: Frasquilho Francisco , Oakley David , Ross‐Anderson Davina 
Published: February 2006

AbstractHypnotizability may play a moderating role in the internalization of body image ideals and may also mediate suggested distortion of body image self‐representations, especially in restrained eaters. A modified version of the Creative Imagination Scale (CIS) incorporating a body expansion and a body reduction item, was used to examine the relationship between hypnotizability, dietary restraint and body image manipulation in restrained and non‐restrained eaters. Dietary restraint was measured in 40 female undergraduate participants using the Three‐Factor Eating Questionnaire and the Revised Restraint Scale. The results suggest that hypnotizability, as measured by the CIS, correlates significantly with both measures of dietary restraint. In addition, restrained eaters demonstrated generally elevated susceptibility to body image modification compared with unrestrained eaters, though both restrained and non‐restrained eaters appeared to be more susceptible to imagining body size expansion than reduction. These results are discussed in relation to social influences on eating and dietary disorders. Copyright © 1998 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Emptying the habit: a case of trichotillomania
Authors: Oakley David A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSome habit disorders involve ‘empty’ behaviours, and symptom‐oriented approaches are appropriate. Others appear to be maintained by underlying anxieties and unresolved issues. The case of trichotillomania described here fell into the second of these categories and so a two‐stage approach was adopted. Uncovering and ego‐state therapy techniques were used first to explore and resolve issues related to the hair‐pulling, followed by a more direct behavioural approach to removing the problem behaviour itself. Though this was a habit of some 25 years duration a successful outcome was achieved. The appropriateness of a two‐stage approach to these types of problem and the role of hypnosis as an adjunctive procedure in their treatment are discussed. Copyright © 1998 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
The semantics and physiology of hypnosis as an altered state: towards a definition of hypnosis
Authors: Wagstaff Graham F. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn this paper it is argued that much of the failure to come up with a meaningful definition of ‘hypnosis’ has stemmed from disagreements, many of them semantic, about the status of hypnosis as an ‘altered state of consciousness’. However, it suggested that the assumption that there exists a special hypnotic process that is somehow conceptually and empirically distinct from other ‘non‐hypnotic’ processes may stem from a category error in the use of the term ‘hypnotic state’. Moreover, contrary to how they are often presented, results from a number of physiological studies are consistent with modern ‘non‐state’ sociocognitive theorizing. One way round the problem of defining hypnosis, therefore, might be to abandon the idea of a ‘altered state’ as a defining feature of hypnosis, and resurrect the historical links between hypnosis and suggestion. A definition of hypnosis is proposed in these terms, and implications are discussed. Copyright © 1998 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Hypnosis in the alleviation of procedure related pain and distress in paediatric oncology patients
Authors: Hawkins Peter J. , Liossi Christina , Ewart B.W. , Hatira P. , Kosmidis V.H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe aims of this study were: (1) to evaluate two different therapeutic approaches, namely direct versus indirect suggestions, in reducing pain during lumbar punctures; and (2) to explore the relationship between hypnotizability and outcome. Thirty children with leukaemia and non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma who were undergoing regular lumbar punctures were randomly allocated to two groups. In one group, children were hypnotized and given direct suggestions associated with pain relief whilst undergoing lumbar puncture. In the second group children were given indirect hypnotic suggestions associated with pain relief. After hypnotic intervention, there was a statistically significant reduction over baseline for pain and anxiety during lumbar punctures in both groups. Direct and indirect methods were found to be equally effective. The level of hypnotizability was significantly associated with the magnitude of treatment outcome. Copyright © 1998 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Hypnosis as an adjuvant treatment in chronic paranoid schizophrenia
Authors: Gafner George , Young Chris 
Published: February 2006

AbstractHypnosis may be a useful tool for clinicians in addressing anxiety and self‐efficacy in selected chronic paranoid schizophrenics. The authors illustrate the application of indirect, permissive hypnosis in two case examples. Hypnosis is offered as a safe, nonpharmacological and relatively time‐effective modality for an often under‐served psychiatric population. Copyright © 1998 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Absorption, hypnotizability and context: non‐hypnotic contexts are not all the same
Authors: Barnier Amanda J. , McConkey Kevin M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWe examined the relationship between absorption and hypnotizability when absorption was assessed in two non‐hypnotic conditions: In an ‘imagination’ condition in which we administered the Tellegen Absorption Scale (TAS) with a number of other questionnaires that assessed imagery and imagination, and in a ‘classroom’ condition in which we administered the TAS alone at the beginning of a normal tutorial class. We found a significant correlation between absorption and hypnotizability in the imagination condition (r = 0.24), but not in the classroom condition (r = 0.09). In other words, the assessment of absorption in a condition that elicited imaginative responses led to a higher correlation than the assessment of absorption in a condition that did not encourage imagination. This finding is discussed in terms of how different settings influence the expression of the personality characteristic of absorption. Copyright © 1999 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Syntax‐derived confusion in hypnosis
Authors: Mendlovic Shlomo , Doron Adiel , Hrshfeld Avraham 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe confusion technique is based upon statements that are meaningful in themselves but nonsensical in the context in which they are spoken. We describe a modification of this technique. Through unanticipated alterations in syntax, rhythm or content the patient's attention is diverted and then refocused on specific themes that are beneficial for induction or hypnotherapy. Due to its subtlety, this modification may be effective also in low‐susceptible subjects. Copyright © 1999 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Use of hypnosis with witnesses of vehicular homicide
Authors: Schreiber Elliott H. , Schreiber David E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis is a case study of hypnosis with witnesses of vehicular homicide victims. An investigation was made of three separate vehicular homicide cases which were all hit‐and‐run fatalities. The medical examiners referred the three witnesses for hypnosis as they had difficulty in recalling the description of either the drivers or the vehicles who had committed the offence. Hypnosis was used both for memory refreshment and to relax the witnesses. The technique of hypnotic time regression revealed the description of each of the hit‐and‐run drivers and their respective vehicles. Copyright © 1999 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
A single‐case study of generalized dystonia and hypnosis, with unexpected immobility and an untoward effect
Authors: Medd David Y. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA middle‐aged male patient with generalized dystonia of childhood onset sought counselling for anxiety and depression. He also sought hypnotherapy to ease muscle pains and control the ceaseless spasmodic movements affecting most of his body. Relaxation under hypnosis produced near immobility. Anxiety and pain became negligible, but only during hypnosis. There was no permanent reduction in pain and only slight reduction in tension. His attempt to move both arms during hypnosis precipitated unpleasant internal sensations, and sensory‐motor effects of dystonia ascending through the whole body. Copyright © 1999 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Experiencing and testing hypnotic anaesthesia
Authors: McConkey Kevin M. , Gladstone Gemma L. , Barnier Amanda J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractHigh‐ and low‐hypnotizable subjects (‘Highs’ and ‘Lows’) were given a suggestion for hypnotic anaesthesia in the palm of their left hand. Their responses to the suggestion were investigated through verbal ratings of the impact of stimuli of different strengths (aesthesiometer), through a dial method of obtaining continuous, concurrent ratings of the degree of anaesthesia, and through retrospective verbal ratings of subjects' success of and belief in anaesthesia. The stimulus ratings of subjects indicated that they acknowledged a change in the strength of the aesthesiometer across two tests. However, the dial ratings showed that there was no corresponding shift in their experience of anaesthesia. The retrospective ratings of success and belief showed a complex pattern of association with the stimulus ratings and the dial ratings. The findings are discussed in terms of the theoretical and methodological issues involved in drawing inferences about experiencing and testing hypnotic anaesthesia, in particular, and about external and internal influences on hypnotic phenomena more generally. Copyright © 1999 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Treating anxiety with self‐hypnosis and relaxation
Authors: O'Neill Lucy M. , Barnier Amanda J. , McConkey Kevin 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe outcome and process of treating subclinical anxiety with self‐hypnosis and relaxation were compared. Twenty individuals who presented for treatment for ‘stress, anxiety, and worry’ were assessed (for anxiety and self‐hypnotizability), exposed to a 28‐day treatment programme (which involved daily measures of outcome and process variables), and re‐assessed (for anxiety). It was found that both self‐hypnosis and relaxation alleviated anxiety pre‐ to post‐treatment. Although there was no difference in the outcome data, throughout treatment self‐hypnosis rather than relaxation was associated with a greater sense of treatment efficacy and expectation and with a greater sense of cognitive and physical change. The findings are discussed in terms of the expectational and experiential aspects of self‐hypnosis, and their potential role in the perception, progress and impact of using self‐hypnosis in therapy. Copyright © 1999 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Hypnosis and consciousness: a structural model
Authors: Oakley David A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA model of consciousness and hypnosis is presented which has its origins in a series of neuropsychological studies on the role of neocortex in associative learning and memory in animals. It is essentially an evolutionary and hierarchical description of increasingly more sophisticated levels of information processing in vertebrate brains which places the more recently evolved systems that are associated with subjective experience into a more meaningful perspective. With the evolution of representational systems (consciousness systems) with the capacity for parallel processing a need was created for an executive control system to prioritize some currently active representations as the basis for action, particularly in novel situations. Consequently, a major function of the executive control system is in the re‐representation of a selected subset of these representations for further processing in a subsystem (self‐awareness system) with priority access to action. Representations that enter the latter subsystem constitute the contents of our subjective experience. In hypnosis, it is argued, influence is exerted through the executive control system to orchestrate the re‐representation of information into the self‐awareness system and hence to influence the nature of subjective experience. Important among the pressures acting on the executive control system are those identified by sociocognitive theories as capable of influencing hypnotic enactment and experience. Copyright © 1999 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis