bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cultural comparisons of mothers with large and small families
Authors: Linn Margaret W. , Gurel Lee , Carmichael John , Weed Patricia 
Published: July 2008

SummaryContraceptive knowledge and behaviour of mothers of large (five of more children) and small (under three children) families in four subcu;tures were compared with white Protestants. Four hundred and forty-nine mothers aged 35–45 years were studied from black, Cuban, Indian, Chicano, and white groups. With social class, knowledge of birth control, and degree of religiosity held constant, the best predictors of family size were the mother's desited family size (expressed as desired minus actual children) age at childbirth, and age at mariage. Data suggest that family size is not purely a function of birth control knoeledge but related to early marrage and pregnancy and in keeping with attitudes about an ideal family size. In general, factors related to size were stronger in the white group than in the subcultures, and in a few instances certain cultures were not consostent with others in overall trends.
Patterns of gene flow between Negroes and whites in the US
Authors: Dyer K. F 
Published: July 2008

SummaryA review of the pattern and magnitude of nero–white mating in the US is presented from the time of the earliest arrival of negroes in the American colonies until the present, using historical, demographic, census and genetic evidence.The relative magnitude of negro male–white female matings compared to the converse are analysed in view of the different genetic outcomes of these two types of mating for X-linked genes. Contrary to many strongly stated opinions it is conclued from the historical evidence that, even from the earliest days of slavery, negro male–white female matings were a significant proportion of all negro–white matings. Census and demographic evidence suggests that their frequency increased so that from the time of the Civil War on they have formed a majority of inter-racial matings.Genetic evidence based on estimates of the amout of admixture of white genes in a number of negro populations is considered. Estimates of admixture for the X-linked genes G6PD, and those for colour blindness are as high or higher than those derived from comparable autosomal genes.Some observations on the total magnitude of negro–white mating, on the phenomenon of passing and on the relative socio-economic status of those involved are also made.The implication of the findings on these phenomena for investigations and hypotheses concerning differences in intelligence and intellectual abilites between the races, particulary spatial ability which is thought to be strongly influenced by a gene on the X chromosome, are considered.It is concluded that some of the assumptions made in proposing hypotheses regarding the origin and distribution of these abilities in the American negro are at variance with genetic, historical and sociological findings.
Parental predetermination of the sex of offspring: the attitudes of young married couples with university education
Authors: Rosenzweig Saul , Adelman Stuart 
Published: July 2008

SummaryAn intensive pilot survey involving direct contact with 47 young married couples with university education was conducted to determone their attitudes tiwards general (public) and personal choice and control by parents of the sex of offspring. Information as to premarital family status and present number and sex of children was obained. Questionnaires were completed before and after information had provided regarding new methods of fetal sex detemination, abortion, and related topics. Opportunity for discussion by husband and wife between sessions was allowed, but discussion with other was discouraged. Results indicate that sex choice will be accepted and employed by the majority of highly educated, middle-class individuals. While selection of the first-child sex is of negligible importance to most, planning for a second child with opposite sex to the first is strongly favoured. The tendency to prefer males is not as pronounced as reported in previous, less direct studies. The majority preferred a two-child family with one child of each sex. Prospective methods (e.g. a pre-coital, sex-selective pill, when available) were much preferred to retrospective methods involving abortion. Inthe meantime, fetal sex determination in the first trimester of pregnancy with selective abortion may soon be widely practised. New problems in marital and family adjustment, family planning, and social organization may arise with the advent of this new step in human sexual socio-econtingencies need further onvestigation at various socia-economic and educational levels and in different cultural milieus.
Social factors in the choice of contraceptive method: a comparsion of first clinic attenders accepting oral contraceptives with those accepting intrauterine devices
Authors: Kingsley Su , McEwan John 
Published: July 2008

SummaryAt a hospital contraceptive clinic with between 1200 and 2400 new clients each year, regular recording is made of the social and personal characteristics of the clinic users together with their contraceptive and reproductive histories. An analysis has been made of the differences found between those accepting the pill and those the intrauterine device (IUD) at their first attendance. Age and parity show marked differences and these are related to employment and ethnic origin. Previous contraceptive use showed distinct differences; IUD acceptors were more likely to have had induced abortions. These findings are discussed in relation to the prevalent use of these two methods and it is suggested that IUD fitting should be more widely available.
Regional variations of fertility in Iraq and factors affecting it
Authors: Kohli K. L. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryA study of the differentials in fertility of Iraq's Mohafadhas, and the association of fertility with various socio-cultural factors, is handicapped for want of the reliable vital statistics from which measures of fertility can be satisfactorily derived. The alternative method, using a simple measure of fertility, the child–woman ratio, which requires only a knowledge of the population in age groups is therefore used. Since this measure is computed from census statistics, it is affected by differences in enumeration errors and in mortality and migration. An attempt has been made in this paper to keep these factors constant by using a modified child–woman ratio for comparing fertility levels.The analysis showed that fertility rates vary from region to region, between Mohafadhas within a region and between rural and urban areas. One important broad geographic variation was that the Northern region was the area of high fertility. For the Mohafadhas, significant differences were noted in only six of the sixteen Mohafadhas of Iraq. Rural–urban difference was minimal, with few exceptions, and it was not always in the same direction. The intra-rural variations in the fertility ratio were far more important than intra-urban differences.Correlation analysis showed that the average age at marriage, the proportion never married and the sex ratio in the reproductive ages were the important factors in explaining fertility differences between Mohafad has. There was virtually no correlation between fertility and urbanization or literacy.
The trend of the male–female performance differential in athletics, swimming and cycling 1948–76
Authors: Dyer K. F. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe average male–female performance difference in the three sports of track athletics, swimming and time trial cycling are examined between the years 1948 and 1976. During this period females have gradually come to participate in a much larger number of events, particularly those of longer duration. In each of these three sports, women's performances in relation to men's have more or less continuously improved and it appears that if the changes between 1948 and 1976 are maintained, average female performance will equal that of males for all events currently competed in by both sexes in these sports at some time during the next century. Estimates as to when, precisely, this will occur vary somewhat according to the basis on which the calculations are made. The other main change evident during these years is that in all three sports women's performances relative to men's for events of long duration have become as good or better than their relative performance at events of short duration.
Female educational attainment and fertility
Authors: Fernando Dallas F. S. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe study demonstrates that, regardless of location, a pronounced reduction in fertility is achieved in Sri Lanka by the completion of junior secondary or higher levels of education; the reduction seems to be more marked in rural than in urban areas. Increased efforts to ensure that a significantly higher proportion of girls in Sri Lanka complete at least the junior secondary level would be likely to effect a significant reduction in fertility. It is therefore important in developing countries to explore the potential influence of female educational attainment as an effective weapon towards fertility reduction and to ascertain the extent of the decline in fertility produced by varing degrees of education, according to various characteristics.
A nutritional, haematological and sociological study of a group of Chilean Children under the age of 5 years
Authors: Plail Roger O. , Young Janet M. S. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryA survey was carried out on 108 Chilean children and a selection of their families. The factors studied were: (1) social, (2) demographic and dietary—to provide a background to the study, (3) nutrition—to assess the incidence and degree of malnutrition and (4) haematology—to determine the incidence of anaemia.The major findings which have emerged are: (1) the diet of the people was not severely impaired, but it was observed that only small quantities of food with high nutritive value were consumed; (2) undernutrition was present with 41·5% of the children having first degree, 11·4% second degree and 1·0% third degree malnutrition (Gomez classification); (3) 46·1% of the children were anaemic, apparently because of iron deficiency.The concluding discussion centres on some constructive suggestions for improvement of existing conditions leading to better standards of health.
Effect of a new service on women’s abortion experience
Authors: Treloar Susan , Snyder Emmi , Kerr Charles 
Published: July 2008

SummaryNew South Wales law on abortion was liberalized by judicial interpretation in 1971. This paper describes the characteristics of the first 1007 women attending a free-standing clinic for induced abortion after it opened in 1974. Compared with Census data for New South Wales females of child-bearing age, the sample contained an over-representation of women who were relatively younger at conception, never married, divorced or separated, born outside Australia, of Catholic religious background, and worked as nurses or in factories. In comparison with background information about abortion experience before 1971, the clinic sample appeared to feel less anxiety and distress during the abortion sequence.
The influence of the frequency of nursing and of previous lactation experience on serum prolactin in lactating mothers
Authors: Delvoye P. , Demaegd M. , Delogne-Desnoeck J. , Robyn C. 
Published: July 2008

SummarySerum prolactin has been measured in single blood samples collected within the first 22 post-partum months from 97 nursing mothers from an urban area (Bukavu) of Zaïre. Nursing mothers are hyperprolactinemic, higher serum prolactin levels being associated with more frequent suckling episodes per day. Furthermore, serum prolactin declines rapidly in mothers who are giving the breast less than four times per day: the levels are within the normal range found in non-lactating women after the 6th post-partum month. Among mothers giving the breast more than six times per day, serum prolactin does not decline significantly during the 1st post-partum year.Previous lactation experiences do not facilitate the effect of nursing on prolactin secretion during subsequent lactations.
Estimating the number of illegal abortions
Authors: Francome Colin 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThis article considers the methods used to estimate the number of abortions before the 1967 Abortion Act came into operation. It suggests that the registration of legal abortions has enabled a new method to be used to calculate the number of illegal operations. The article concludes that the major effect of the Act was to transfer abortions from the illegal to the legal sector and, using the new method of calculation, estimates a total number of abortions immediately before the Act of just over 100,000 a year.
Social and Medical Trends in Female Sterilization in Aberdeen, 1951–72
Authors: Nottage Bernard J. , Hall Marion H. , Thompson Barbara E. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThis paper reports the social and medical characteristics of women resident in Aberdeen city who were sterilized in 1951–52, 1961–62 and 1971–72, 211, 399 and 1125 women respectively. In 1951–52 women were offered sterilization, the majority being lower social class mothers with five or more children who were sterilized concurrently with abortion; the small number of upper social class women had one or two children and were sterilized for medical or obstetric reasons. By 1961–62, sterilization as a mean of family limitation was becoming acceptable to women in all social groups, families were of four or five children and the women were much younger when they were sterilized post-partum. Later in the 1960s, oral contraception, IUDs and laparoscopy and vasectomy were introduced. In 1971–72, women themselves requested sterilization, the two–three child family was the norm, the proportion of upper social class women continued to increase, and interval sterilization was gaining ground.
Causes of Clinic Drop-Out Among Iranian Pill Users
Authors: Lee Che-fu , Khan Mohammad M. , Eftekhari Ali , Dana Mahnaz 
Published: July 2008

SummaryA national study of the Iran family planning programme is yet to be undertaken. This paper reports clinic continuation rates and causes of drop-out among Iranian pill acceptors based on patient records at three selected clinics in Shiraz and Marvdasht. All three clinics were shown to have a cumulative continuation rate of over 50% up to 1 year. Causes of clinic drop-out varied between rural and urban pill users by time of acceptance and by the acceptors’ background characteristics. The probability of drop-out for unreported reasons was related to level of motivation. The effect of follow-up by clinic motivators was clearly demonstrated in the temporal pattern of drop-out among rural acceptors. The probability of drop-out for medical side effects was related to knowledge about them and users’ own experience. Risk of accidental pregnancy was seen to reduce as pill users gained experience.
Patterns of Family Building and Contraceptive Use of Middle-Class Couples
Authors: Woodward Diana , Heath Ann , Chisholm Lynne 
Published: July 2008

SummaryInterviews with 103 middle-class wives on their family building experiences and use of birth control techniques show this highly educated group to be effective family planners in comparison with other social groups. The wives developed clear ideas early in marriage about family size, timing and spacing, formulated with reference to sets of beliefs about the transmission of cultural advantage from parents to children, and their social responsibility in relation to world population levels. Ideas about the spacing of children and desired family size appear to be influenced by the women’s orientation towards returning to employment, but their relatively late age of terminating full-time education has had remarkably little effect on the timing of either marriage or the first child’s birth. Female contraceptive methods were most popular with this sample, and their relative effectiveness as family planners may be explained by their preference for the more reliable techniques and high level of motivation to use them efficiently. Variations in patterns of contraceptive usage noted between this and other studies are probably a function of age differences in the groups of women surveyed.
Attitudes Towards Family Size and Family Planning in Rural Ghana—Danfa Project: 1972 Survey Findings
Authors: Belcher D. W. , Neumann A. K. , Ofosu-Amaah S. , Nicholas D. D. , Blumenfeld S. N. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThis report describes a family planning KAP survey conducted in 2000 households in rural Ghana between April and October, 1972, as one of the Danfa Project’s baseline studies. Subsequent re-surveys were done in 1975 and 1977 to assess changes related to project health education and family planning programmes.Reported knowledge about family planning was three times that reported in previous studies in rural Ghana. About 70% of the respondents approve of family planning, but most want a large family, with over six children. At all ages, males wanted two or three more children than did women.The current 3% population growth rate in Ghana may increase due to continued early age of marriage, the rising size of the reproductive age group and improved pregnancy outcome.Although the expected relationships between knowledge and use of family planning and age and education were present, these differentials were typically only 10–15%. In the project area it appears that women will be most important in making the decision to practise family planning, although motivation of males is being stressed.Most villagers hear about family planning through informal, word-of-mouth channels with relatively little use of news media, family planning workers or clinic health personnel. To improve the practice of family planning, village-based health educators are working with volunteers including traditional birth attendants, community leaders, teachers and church groups.
Birth Intervals, Survival and Growth in a Nigerian Village
Authors: Doyle Pat , Morley David , Woodland Margaret , Cole Jane 
Published: July 2008

SummaryResults are presented from an analysis of the intervals between births from Imesi, Western Nigeria. The mean interval following births of children who survived to 1 year was 35·03 months, but nearly half this value at 18·8 months following stillbirths or deaths under 1 year. Both these results confirm an early study done in the village (Martin, Morley & Woodland, 1964), and the role of post-partum sexual abstention as an explanation for these results is discussed. Attempts were made to look for effects of birth interval variation on the survival of the following child, but no strong trends emerged. Similarly, analyses of many growth variables by preceding and following birth intervals gave very little evidence of real effects. There were, however, hints of trends which were possibly caused by birth order biases; higher birth orders had been found to have correspondingly higher birth intervals. An intriguing result was that those children who had ever suffered from kwashiorkor showed a significantly higher preceding mean birth interval, and also a higher mean interval to the next birth.
Some Characteristics of Children With Severe Disabilities
Authors: Bradshaw Jonathan , Lawton Dorothy 
Published: July 2008

SummaryRoutinely collected data on the 37,094 families with severely handicapped children who have applied to the Family Fund are used to examine the relationship between certain handicapping disorders and the year of birth, season of birth, birth order, region of domicile, social class, sex and presence of a disabled sibling. Differences between each handicapping disorder, and differences between the handicapping disorders and the general population are noted.
Social characteristics of diaphragm users in a family planning clinic
Authors: McEwan John 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe use of the diaphragm and other vaginal caps has declined in the last decade with the rise of oral contraceptives and intrauterine devices. This is particularly clearly shown in the group of women attending family planning clinics. These changes have been accompanied by a shift in predominance from male methods to those initiated and managed by women.Various characteristics of diaphragm acceptors at the King's group of hospital clinics have been studied from January 1972 to May 1976 and compared with those of women accepting other methods such as the pill and intrauterine device. There are marked differences in age at first attendance, and at various stages of family building; there are also differences in marital status and whether working outside the home or not. In the group of housewives accepting the diaphragm, there is an increased proportion whose partners are in non-manual occupations.These differences are discussed in relation to the acceptability of vaginal barriers, the duration of their use and their effectiveness in the long term. If immediate acceptability could be improved by a new design, they might play a more useful part as a women's method of fertility control.
Aspects of the increasing triplet rate in Australia
Authors: Brackenridge C. J. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe sex composition of 862 sets of Australian triplets was independent of decade and State of birth during the period 1920–69. The triplet rate increased by 40% during the 50 years in contrast with declining rates reported elsewhere. The increase was due to dizygotic and trizygotic types, together but not individually, and occurred despite an 8·6% decrease in the average national maternal age over the same period. Adjustment for age led to standardized individual zygosity rates, estimates of which were compared with reported values obtained elsewhere. The dependence of zygosity rates on maternal age was shown to rise progressively as the number of ova released in triplet formation increases.
Estimated fertility rates of Asian and West Indian immigrant women in Britain, 1969–74
Authors: Iliffe Lynne 
Published: July 2008

SummaryCurrent fertility rates of Asian and West Indian immigrant women in Britain are estimated by an indirect procedure. The data on which the estimates are based are the published statistics of registered births, and the 1971 Census country of birth tabulations.It is shown that between 1969 and 1974 the total fertility rate of both groups declined at a faster rate than that of the indigenous population. The estimated total fertility of Asian women is, however, higher than that of West Indian women; the differences can be attributed at least partly to differential timing of migration.The estimates of fertility rates for Asian and West Indian women provide a basis for a more realistic appraisal of local birth data.
Induced abortion after feeling fetal movements: its causes and emotional consequences
Authors: Brewer Colin 
Published: July 2008

SummaryOf 40 women who had abortions between 20 and 24 weeks gestation and had felt fetal movements, eleven had a history of significant menstrual irregularity, six had changed their minds about an initially welcome pregnancy, five had been told that they were not pregnant, and five had either been refused by the NHS or were unable to get sympathetic advice at an earlier stage. In only fourteen cases was ‘wishful thinking’ or an unrealistic attitude to the possibility of pregnancy an important cause.Twenty-five of the women were followed-up at a minimum of 3 months after their abortion. Five reported feeling depressed because of their abortion but none of them had required specialist advice, and only one had time off work or school for this reason.