bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polycythaemia Vera: Differential Diagnosis by Ferrokinetic Studies and Treatment with Busulphan (Myleran*)
Authors: Brodsky Isadore , Benham Kahn S. , Brady Luther W. 
Published: March 2008

Summary. Twenty‐two patients with polycythaemia Vera, six with benign polycythaemia or relative polycythaemia and six with secondary (hypoxaemic) polycythaemia were compared by means of ferrokinetic studies and measurement of bone‐marrow iron stores. In polycythaemia Vera a poor correlation was noted between the haemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV) and total red‐cell mass (TRBC). Reliance on the Hb and PCV alone is frequently misleading in the differential diagnosis of the polycythaemic states. A rapid 59Fe T1/2 (< 30 minutes) was found in 85 per cent of patients with polycythaemia Vera, and was associated with absent marrow iron stores in 21 of 22 patients. In benign polycythaemia and relative polycythaemia the 59Fe T1/2 was normal and stainable iron was present in the marrow. Similar findings were noted in secondary polycythaemia.Fifteen of the 22 patients with polycythaemia Vera were treated with busulphan. This treatment was effective in controlling leucocytosis and thrombocytosis. Dosage, toxicity and indications for the use of busulphan in the treatment of polycythaemia Vera are discussed.
Hormonal Regulation of Pre‐natal Haemoglobin Synthesis by Erythropoietin
Authors: Cole R. J. , Hunter Janne , Paul J. 
Published: March 2008

Summary. Developmental changes in the response of mouse, rat and rabbit foetal liver cells and of rat foetal spleen cells to erythropoietin have been investigated in vitro.Liver cells from 101/2‐141/2‐day mouse foetuses and 12–13‐day rat foetuses show little haemoglobin synthesis in vitro but marked response to erythropoietin. This is followed, in the mouse, by a brief period in which the rate of synthesis on explantation is high and cannot be increased by erythropoietin. In the rat from 14 to 16 days the rate of synthesis on explantation increases progressively while the response to erythropoietin persists. Liver cells from later foetuses of both animals show variable haemoglobin synthesis and are not erythropoietin sensitive. 14–18‐day foetal rabbit liver cells and 18–19‐day foetal rat spleen cells are also sensitive to erythropoietin. It is suggested that development of sensitive stem cell populations precedes erythropoietin production in vivo so that critical population numbers are reached which enable feedback controls to be established.Isotopically labelled haenioglobins produced in vitro by rat and mouse foetal liver cells were electrophoretically characterized. Erythropoietin caused increased production of a haemoglobin type already present.
Red‐Cell Density in Paroxysmal Nocturnal Haemoglobinuria
Authors: Lewis S. M. , Vincent P. C. 
Published: March 2008

Summary. Density distribution of red cells has been measured in twelve patients with PNH by centrifuging blood with phthalate‐ester mixtures of varied specific gravity. Results have been compared with findings in other blood diseases and in normal subjects. The PNH red cells have an abnormally low density but normal osmotic fragility. The reason has not been established.The lightest cells had in general a greater phospholipid content than the heavier cells from the same blood sample; but not more so than in normal blood, and there did not appear to be significant variation in the phosphatide composition of the excessively light PNH cells.By the technique described it is possible to separate a limited fraction containing only the lightest 10 per cent of the cell population. This fraction contains a concentration of cells which are most susceptible to lysis in vituo; it provides a means for increasing the sensitivity of laboratory tests on PNH blood, and it has enabled a diagnosis to be made in an obscure case when the standard in‐vitro lysis tests on whole blood have been negative.
Cell Population Kinetics of the Erythroid System in the Rat. The Response to Protracted Anaemia and to Continuous γ‐Irradiation
Authors: Tarbutt R. G. 
Published: March 2008

Summary:Estimates have been obtained of the parameters defining the cell population kinetics of the erythroid system in rats subjected to protracted anaemia and to continuous γ‐irradiation at 43 rad/day.The inflow of cells to the proerythroblast compartment and the outflow of erythrocytes to the circulation have been measured by 55Fe autoradiography. In the anaemic rats, the ratio of the outflow to the inflow is normal, indicating that the precursors undergo the normal number of divisions during maturation from proerythroblast to erythrocyte. In the continuously irradiated rats, the outflow is normal but the inflow is decreased by a factor in the range 2–4, so that the ratio of the outflow to the inflow is increased by this factor, and the cells undergo more divisions than normal during maturation.The cell proliferation parameters of the various maturation stages of the erythroid system have been determined in anaemic rats, using 3H‐TdR autoradiography. The number of divisions undergone during maturation through each stage is normal, but the maturation times and cycle times are considerably reduced. Less information is available on the proliferation parameters in the continuously irradiated rats, but the 55Fe experiments indicate that the transit times of the proerythroblasts and of the non‐dividing stages of the system are increased in response to this stress.
Serum Blood Group Substances and ABO Haemolytic Disease
Authors: Denborough M. A. , Downing H. J. , Doig A. G. 
Published: March 2008

Summary:The passage of incompatible maternal anti‐A and anti‐B isoagglutinins across the placenta can cause haemolysis of foetal erythrocytes. This occurs almost entirely in group A or B infants born to a group O mother, but only one in five such infants shows evidence of a mild haemolytic disease. This suggests that there must be factors protecting the foetal red cells against incompatible maternal antibody. The investigation described here suggests that one such factor is the presence of blood group substances in foetal serum.In an investigation of the amount of A‐substance present in the cord blood of group A infants, significantly greater amounts were found in secretors than in non‐secretors. Also, in group A secretor infants, the amounts of A substance in the cord blood of infants with group O mothers was diminished in comparison with those with group A mothers. These findings are compatible with the idea that some of the A‐substance in the serum of the group A infants with O mothers had combined with maternal anti‐A agglutinin and had been removed from the circulation. This supports the suggestion that blood group substances in cord serum protect the foetal erythrocytes from incompatible maternal antibodies.
The Incidence of Anti‐A and Anti‐B Isoagglutinins in Cord Blood and Maternal Saliva
Authors: Denborough M. A. , Downing H. J. 
Published: March 2008

Summary:The distribution of anti‐A and anti‐B isoagglutinins varies in individuals of different ABO groups in two distinct ways. Individuals of group O differ from those of group A in that anti‐B agglutinins are found more commonly in saliva and in milk. This is probably due to differences in the local synthesis of IgA anti‐B in the appropriate glands. Mothers of group O also differ from those of groups A and B in transmitting larger amounts of IgG anti‐A and anti‐B to the circulation of their foetus. This is probably explained by the fact that individuals of group O tend to produce more 7S isoagglutinin than those of groups A and B.
Hypersegmented Neutrophilic Granulocytes in Iron Deficiency Anaemia
Authors: Beard Michael E. J. , Weintraub Lewis R. 
Published: March 2008

Summary:Neutrophil hypersegmentation and giant metamyelocytes have been demonstrated in iron‐deficiency anaemia in which an associated deficiency of exogenous vitamin B12 or folate has been excluded. In each case treatment with iron returned the lobe average to within the normal range.
The Incorporation of Delta Aminolaevulinic Acid and Glycine into Faecal Stercobilin and Coproporphyrin in Man
Authors: Yamamoto Toshio , Fujii Masahiro , Inuki Taira , Wakisaka Gyoichi 
Published: March 2008

Summary:The incorporation of [4‐14C]ALA and [2‐14C]glycine into haem, faecal coproporphyrin and stercobilin was studied in patients with various disorders. After the administration of [4‐14C]ALA, the specific activities of isolated faecal copropor‐phyrin and stercobilin increased and declined quickly within 3–4 days. These changes were associated with each other, and this relationship suggests that they arise from a common source. Incorporation of the labelled precursor into haem was minimal. When [2‐14C]glycine was the precursor, the rise and fall of faecal Coproporphyrin activity was independent of that of stercobilin and the stercobilin activity maintained a plateau for several days after the fall of faecal Coproporphyrin activity. This was associated with incorporation of the precursor into red cell haem. The activity peak in stercobilin which appeared at the end of red cell life span was not associated with faecal Coproporphyrin activity. These findings are consistent with the presence of two components of early‐labelled bilirubin. The first of these is associated with faecal Coproporphyrin activity and independent of erythropoiesis and the second is unassociated with faecal Coproporphyrin and closely related to erythropoiesis.Faecal Coproporphyrin activity was not related to red cell destruction, but correlated with hepatic production of bilirubin, and is thought to be hepatic in origin.
Serum Valine and Methionine Levels in Pernicious Anaemia under Treatment
Authors: Parry T. E. 
Published: March 2008

Summary:The serum levels of the amino acids, valine and methionine have been determined by a quantitative microbiological method in 17 cases of pernicious anaemia both before and on successive days after treatment. The results have been compared with the serum levels of the two amino acids in 16 normal subjects under similar conditions.The serum valine level is normal in pernicious anaemia in relapse. It falls sharply during the first 48 hours following treatment, thereafter rising gradually to reach about two‐thirds the pretreatment level by the fifth day. This confirms the fall in valine level in whole blood and marrow previously reported in pernicious anaemia under treatment.The serum methionine level is subnormal in pernicious anaemia in relapse. It rises to normal in 48 hours after treatment.Both vitamin B12 and folic acid are effective in lowering the serum valine and elevating the serum methionine.The rise in serum methionine can be explained in terms of the known actions of vitamin B12 and folic acid. The fall in serum valine cannot at present be explained but several possibilities are discussed.
The Absorption of Pteroylglutamic (Folic) Acid in Rats
Authors: Hefner G. W. 
Published: March 2008

Summary:Absorption of crystalline folic acid (pteroylglutamic acid—PGA) was studied in rats, using tritiated PGA and an in vivo absorption technique. Increasing doses of PGA were introduced into the jejunum and ileum: the percentage absorption fell with increasing doses in the jejunum, suggesting the presence of an active transport mechanism, whereas percentage absorption in the ileum remained constant for all doses, suggesting that absorption occurred by passive diffusion. Phenytoin and methotrexate put into the jejunum immediately before PGA partly inhibited its absorption, as did subcutaneous methotrexate given 3 hours before the PGA was administered. Methotrexate had no effect on the ileal absorption of PGA, nor on the absorption of D‐xylose in the jejunum.
Anomalies of Blood Group Antigens and Erythrocyte Enzymes in Two Types of Chronic Refractory Anaemia
Authors: Dreyfus B. , Sultan C. , Rochant H. , Salmon Ch. , Mannoni P. , Cartron J. P. , Boivin P. , Galand C. 
Published: March 2008

Summary:Blood‐group antigens and erythrocyte glycolytic enzyme activities were studied in II cases of refractory anaemia consisting of seven cases of refractory anaemia with excess of myeloblasts in bone marrow and four cases of acquired sideroblastic anaemia. Some significant modifications of the amounts of A, A1, B, H, I and i antigens were found in 10 cases. Some enzyme deficiencies involving pyruvate kinase, 2–3‐diphosphoglycerate mutase and phosphofructokinase were observed. In addition, several populations of pathological red cells showing distinct antigenic abnormalities were demonstrated in one patient. A new type of anaemia with acquired multiple and varied enzyme anomalies of the red‐cell series has therefore been defined. Its links with acute leukaemia are discussed.
Changes in Factors V and VIII after Administration of Adrenaline to Normal and Splenectomized Rats
Authors: Pudlaak P. , Farská I. , Deimlová E. 
Published: March 2008

Summary:Changes in Factors V and VIII were studied in normal, unilaterally nephrectomized, and splenectomized rats. Adrenaline in a dose of 3 or 6 μg. per 200 g. body weight subcutaneously induced a significant but not very large increase in the activity of Factors V and VIII. A similar increase occurred in splenectomized and unilaterally nephrectomized rats. However, after unilateral nephrectomy an injection of adrenaline did not further raise the concentration of Factor VIII; and in Splenectomized rats a decrease in Factor VIII was found after adrenaline. The level of Factor V was not further significantly altered in either operated group after giving adrenaline.The mechanism of these changes is discussed but remains to be elucidated.
Postulated Gastric Factor Enhancing Iron Absorption in Haemochromatosis
Authors: Smith Paul M. , Studley Frances , Williams Roger 
Published: March 2008

Summary:A variety of everted gut sac techniques have been used to determine if there is a factor in neutralized gastric juice from patients with haemochromatosis and iron deficiency which will potentiate iron absorption, as suggested by Murray (1968). No such effect was found and iron uptake by the sacs did not correlate with measurements of iron absorption in the patients with haemochromatosis using a whole body counter.Peak iron uptake was found to occur from between 12 to 24 cm. from the rat pylorus, in the jejunum. Ascorbic acid enhanced iron transfer from the mucosal to the serosal surface but no evidence for an active transport system was found.
Effect of a Natural Phosphatidyl Serine Fraction on Blood Coagulation, Platelet Aggregation and Haemostasis
Authors: Nishizawa E. E. , Hovig T. , Lotz F. , Rowsell H. C. , Mustard J. F. 
Published: March 2008

Summary:The intravenous infusion of a phosphatidyl serine fraction into pigs or dogs caused prolonged bleeding from transected vessels. This effect appeared to be due to inhibition of blood coagulation and of platelet aggregation induced both by collagen and by thrombin. This influence on the effect of thrombin and collagen on platelets may be attributed to suppression of the release of platelet constituents, including ADP, for the phosphatidyl serine fraction does not inhibit ADP‐induced aggregation.
Induction of Intravascular Coagulation and Renal Cortical Necrosis in Rabbits by Simultaneous Injection of Thorotrast and Endotoxin
Authors: Seeler Ruth A. , Forman Edwin N. , Bolger Jane F. , Abildgaard Charles F. , Schulman Irving 
Published: March 2008

Summary:Preparation of rabbits with 6 ml./kg. of Thorotrast, administered intravenously, permits the induction of intravascular clotting and the production of renal cortical necrosis with simultaneous injections of E. coli endotoxin. With this dose of Thorotrast, a dose‐response relationship was observed between the fall in fibrinogen after 4 hours and doses of endotoxin ranging from 5 to 50 μg./kg. body weight. With such preparation, renal cortical necrosis occurred in 46 per cent of animals receiving 100μg./kg. of endotoxin and increased to 80 per cent in animals receiving 100 μg./kg. Thorotrast preparation with 3 ml./kg. permits intravascular clotting to occur with a single injection of endotoxin administered simultaneously. However, no relationship between endotoxin dose and fibrinogen depletion was observed and renal cortical necrosis developed only with relatively high doses of endotoxin. An efficient and predictable experimental model for studying both intravascular clotting and renal cortical necrosis is described by these observations.
Generalized Shwartzman Reaction: Role of the Granulocyte in Intravascular Coagulation and Renal Cortical Necrosis
Authors: Forman Edwin N. , Abildgaard Charles F. , Bolger Jane F. , Johnson Christine A. , Schulman Irving 
Published: March 2008

Summary:The protective effect of nitrogen mustard‐induced neutropenia on the development of the GSR was studied. No coagulation defect was found in neutropenic rabbits and simultaneous administration of Thorotrast and endotoxin did not produce intravascular coagulation or renal cortical necrosis. Infusion of neutropenic rabbits with suspensions of viable granulocytes derived from peritoneal exudates reinduced susceptibility to both intravascular coagulation and renal cortical necrosis. It is concluded that the presence of granulocytes is essential for the production of intravascular coagulation by endotoxin.
The May–Hegglin Anomaly. A CASE REPORT AND CHROMOSOME STUDIES
Authors: Gausis Nina , Fortune D. W. , Whiteside M. G. 
Published: March 2008

Summary:The May‐Hegglin anomaly was observed in a patient admitted to hospital on account of bruising and foetal death in utero. The patient's son was also found to have the anomaly and chromosomal studies on both were normal.
Clinical and Laboratory Studies on the Action of Desferrioxamine
Authors: Cumming R. L. C. , Millar J. A. , Smith J. A. , Goldberg A. 
Published: March 2008

Summary. Most of the published literature on the iron chelating agent desferrioxamine (DFA) relates to urinary excretion of iron following its administration. In the present study, six patients suffering from various iron storage diseases were maintained on a fixed dietary intake of iron and a basal value for faecal iron excretion was obtained. In all cases the faecal iron content rose significantly after treatment with desferrioxamine (P <0.05). The increase in faecal iron after DFA was between 30 and 50 per cent (mean 40 per cent) of the total increase in both urinary and faecal iron excretion. This finding has a relevance to the correct interpretation of tests using DFA for the assessment of body iron stores.The serum ferritin levels of another group of patients suffering from various iron storage diseases, but also including one patient with iron deficiency, were measured before and after DFA administration. In all cases the serum ferritin levels increased significantly (I) <0.001) 2 hours after administration of DFA.Quantitative studies on the ferritin protein and ferritin iron content of liver, spleen, kidney and intestinal mucosa in rats showed that DFA causes significant reductions in both these substances in liver and spleen. It was calculated that over 70 per cent of the iron removed by DFA emanated from liver and that the amount of ferritin protein released from rat liver after DFA was sufficient to bind all the iron removed. Thus the major source of the iron excreted after DFA therapy is probably liver ferritin iron.
Wiskott—Aldrich Syndrome: Qualitative Platelet Defects and Short Platelet Survival
Authors: Gröttum K. A. , Hovig T. , Holmsen H. , Abrahamsen A. Foss , Jeremic M. , Seip M. 
Published: March 2008

Summary. Investigations of the haemostatic functions in three patients with the Wiskott‐Aldrich syndrome are presented. All patients had severe thrombocytopenia and prolonged bleeding times. The platelets had abnormal morphology with reduced size and variations of shape. Electron microscopy revealed ultrastructural abnormalities with a reduced number of organelles, and many of the platelets contained large numbers of tubules. Platelet electrophoretic mobility in citrated plasma was not reduced by collagen, and platelet aggregation by collagen and ADP was deficient. Biochemical studies revealed a lack of the storage pool of adenine nucleotides. Platelet adhesiveness in vitro in whole blood was reduced. Platelet factor‐3 release by kaolin, ADP and freezing and thawing was normal in one and reduced in another of the patients.Platelet survival studies showed a normal survival time of normal donor platelets in one patient, while autologous platelets had a markedly reduced survival time in two of the patients. The bone marrow contained normal numbers of megakaryocytes. By electron microscopy of the bone marrow, blood platelets were found to be phagocytosed by macrophages and reticulum cells. The main cause of the thrombocytopenia is most probably incrcased peripheral destruction of platelets. It is suggested that the qualitatively defective platelets are recognized in the reticulo‐endothelial system as foreign particles and phagocytosed.
The Effects of Whole Body Irradiation on Serum Colony Stimulating Factor and in Vitro Colony‐Forming Cells in the Bone Marrow
Authors: Hall Barbara M. 
Published: March 2008

Summary. Using in vitro cultures of mouse bone marrow cells, levels of colony stimulating factor were assayed in serum from mice following whole body irradiation. No significant differences from control levels were noted in the period 1–32 days following 50, 150, 250 or 450 rads. A dose of 250 rads caused a sharp fall in the level of colony‐forming cells in the bone marrow followed by regeneration between 6 and 16 days following irradiation.Six to 8 hours following whole body irradiation, blood polymorphs and serum colony stimulating factor levels were consistently elevated. Splenectomy did not affect this response.The results suggest that serum colony stimulating factor is unlikely to be the major regulator determining regeneration of in vitro colony‐forming cells in the bone marrow following irradiation.
A Quantitative Study of Blood and Bone Marrow Eosinophils in Severe Hypoxia
Authors: Grant J. B. F. , Hudson G. 
Published: March 2008

Summary.Quantitative methods have been employed to study the eosinophil granulocytes in the blood and bone marrow of guinea‐pigs following continuous exposure to a simulated altitude of approximately 20,000 feet (6096 m.) for periods of between 1 and 12 days. Striking changes were observed on the first day and persisted for the whole period of observation. The blood eosinophils were increased in number, while the marrow eosinophil compartments showed marked depletion, the compartment of late (band and segmented) forms being particularly affected. The marrow neutrophils and basophils showed a much less dramatic reduction in numbers. There was a ‘shift to the right’ in the blood eosinophils.In interpretation of the findings, it is suggested that, in addition to the loss of large numbers of mature and nearly‐mature eosinophils from the marrow in the earlier stages of severe hypoxia, there was a decrease in the proliferative activity of the marrow eosinophils, together with a decrease in the turnover of eosinophils in the blood. Factors which might contribute to such changes are discussed.