bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Significance of Serum TRACP in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Janckila Anthony J , Neustadt David H , Yam Lung T 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Human serum contains two related isoforms of TRACP: TRACP 5a and TRACP 5b. Serum TRACP 5a protein is increased in about one third of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) sera. This study was undertaken to examine the significance of serum TRACP isoforms 5a and 5b as disease markers of inflammation and bone destruction in RA. One hundred eighteen patients were recruited including 50 with RA (25 with nodules), 26 with osteoarthritis (OA), and 42 with other rheumatic diseases. Twenty-six healthy adults served as controls. Serum TRACP 5a activity, TRACP 5a protein, and TRACP 5b activity were determined by in-house immunoassays. C-reactive protein (CRP) was determined by in-house immunoassay using commercial antibodies and CRP. Other commercial markers included bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BALP), C-telopeptides of type-I collagen (ICTP), cartilage glycoprotein-39 (YKL-40), and IgM rheumatoid factors (IgM-RF). Mean TRACP 5a protein was significantly elevated only in RA compared with healthy controls and other disease groups. TRACP 5a protein correlated significantly only with IgM-RF in RA. Among RA patients, mean TRACP 5a protein and IgM RF were significantly higher in nodule formers. In contrast, TRACP 5b activity was slightly elevated in RA and correlated with BALP, ICTP, and YKL-40 but not with IgM-RF or CRP. Mean TRACP 5b activity was no different in RA patients with or without nodules. TRACP isoforms could be useful disease markers in RA; TRACP 5a protein may be a measure of systemic inflammatory macrophage burden and disease severity. TRACP 5b activity is a marker for osteoclast number and perhaps local or systemic bone destruction.
In Vivo μMRI-Based Finite Element and Morphological Analyses of Tibial Trabecular Bone in Eugonadal and Hypogonadal Men Before and After Testosterone Treatment
Authors: Zhang X Henry , Liu X Sherry , Vasilic Branimir , Wehrli Felix W , Benito Maria , Rajapakse Chamith S , Snyder Peter J , Guo X Edward 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Osteoporosis is a major public health problem in men. Hypogonadal men have decreased BMD and deteriorated trabecular bone architecture compared with eugonadal men. Testosterone treatment improves their BMD and trabecular structure. We tested the hypothesis that testosterone replacement in hypogonadal men would also improve their bone's mechanical properties. Ten untreated severely hypogonadal and 10 eugonadal men were selected. The hypogonadal men were treated with a testosterone gel for 24 mo to maintain their serum testosterone concentrations within the normal range. Each subject was assessed before and after 6, 12, and 24 mo of testosterone treatment by μMRI of the distal tibia. A subvolume of each μMR image was converted to a microfinite element (μFE) model, and six analyses were performed, representing three compression and three shear tests. The anisotropic stiffness tensor was calculated, from which the orthotropic elastic material constants were derived. Changes in microarchitecture were also quantified using newly developed individual trabeculae segmentation (ITS)-based and standard morphological analyses. The accuracy of these techniques was examined with simulated μMR images. Significant differences in four estimated anisotropic elastic material constants and most morphological parameters were detected between the eugonadal and hypogonadal men. No significant change in estimated elastic moduli and morphological parameters was detected in the eugonadal group over 24 mo. After 24 mo of treatment, significant increases in estimated elastic moduli E22 (9.0%), E33 (5.1%), G23 (7.2%), and G12 (9.4%) of hypogonadal men were detected. These increases were accompanied by significant increases in trabecular plate thickness. These results suggest that 24 mo of testosterone treatment of hypogonadal men improves estimated elastic moduli of tibial trabecular bone by increased trabecular plate thickness.
PDGF Receptor β Is a Potent Regulator of Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Function
Authors: Tokunaga Ayano , Oya Takeshi , Ishii Yoko , Motomura Hiraku , Nakamura Chieko , Ishizawa Shin , Fujimori Toshihiko , Nabeshima Yo-ichi , Umezawa Akihiro , Kanamori Masahiko , Kimura Tomoatsu , Sasahara Masakiyo 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in bone marrow are important for bone homeostasis. Although platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) has been reported to be involved in osteogenic differentiation of MSCs, the role remains controversial and the network of PDGF signaling for MSCs has not been clarified. To clarify the underlying regulatory mechanism of MSC functions mediated by PDGF, we deleted the PDGF receptor (PDGFR)β gene by Cre-loxP strategy and examined the role of PDGF in osteogenic differentiation of MSCs and fracture repair. In cultured MSCs, the mRNA expression of PDGF-A, -B, -C, and -D as well as PDGFRα and β was detected. Depletion of PDGFRβ in MSCs decreased the mitogenic and migratory responses and enhanced osteogenic differentiation as evaluated by increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and mRNA levels of ALP, osteocalcin (OCN), bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 2, Runx2, and osterix in quantitative RT-PCR. PDGF-BB, but not PDGF-AA, inhibited osteogenic differentiation accompanied by decreased ALP activity and mRNA levels, except for BMP2. These effects of PDGF-BB were eliminated by depletion of PDGFRβ in MSCs except that PDGF-BB still suppressed osterix expression in PDGFRβ-depleted MSCs. Depletion of PDGFRβ significantly increased the ratio of woven bone to callus after fracture. From the combined analyses of PDGF stimulation and specific PDGFRβ gene deletion, we showed that PDGFRβ signaling distinctively induces proliferative and migratory responses but strongly inhibits osteogenic differentiation of MSCs. The effects of PDGFRα on the osteogenic differentiation were very subtle. PDGFRβ could represent an important target for guided tissue regeneration or tissue engineering of bone.
Neuropsychological Assessment and Management of People in States of Impaired Consciousness: An Overview of Some Recent Studies
Authors: Wilson Barbara A. , Coleman Martin R. , Pickard John D. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis article is concerned with patients in coma, the vegetative, or minimally conscious states. Studies addressing the issue of assessment and management of these patients are described. These include (a) the development of an assessment tool (Wessex Head Injury Matrix, WHIM); (b) use of the WHIM to assess the effects of posture on arousal, showing that some 75% of patients show more behaviours when assessed while they are in a standing frame than when supine; (c) a comparison of the WHIM with the Glasgow Coma Scale, demonstrating that the WHIM is more sensitive than the GCS for measuring the behavioural repertoire of people in states of reduced consciousness; (d) a discussion of situations when neuro-imaging techniques are required to assess residual functioning; and (e) the long term outcome of one of the first vegetative patients to be scanned with Positron Emission Tomography (PET). We conclude with a discussion about neuropsychology and patients in states of impaired consciousness.
Applications of Advances in Neuroscience to Assessment of Brain Injury
Authors: Geffen Gina 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe application of neuroscience advances to brain injury is addressed in the context of our studies of the role of the corpus callosum in the interhemispheric transfer of auditory and tactile information. The outcome of these studies, which were conducted over a period of 30 years in normal individuals as well as those with congenital and acquired lesions of the corpus callosum, have since been confirmed and extended by modern brain imaging techniques. These techniques nevertheless continue to rely on the use of sensitive, specific, valid and reliable behavioural testing paradigms.
Concept of Automatic Usability Evaluation of Safety-Critical Interactive Systems in the Field (Konzept der automatischen Bewertung der Gebrauchstauglichkeit sicherheitskritischer Systeme)
Authors: Funk Mathias , Hamacher Nico 
Published: April 2008

Summary
The usability of interactive systems is an important attribute, especially for safety-critical devices like driver information systems. The functional complexity of such devices is increasing. Traditional user testing during development often fails to provide necessary data for an appropriate usability evaluation. In this work an approach for in-the-field usage data collection using the D'PUIS framework and automatic evaluation with the REVISER evaluation tool is introduced.
Ein Cockpit-Mockup zur Evaluierung auditiver Flugführungsanzeigen (A Cockpit Mockup for the Evaluation of Auditory Flight Instruments)
Authors: Borys Bernd-Burkhard 
Published: April 2008

Zusammenfassung
Steht ein Mensch mit geschlossenen Augen in der freien Natur, dann kann er sich schon allein aus dem, was er hört, ein Bild der Umgebung machen. Er hört dabei dreidimensional in Richtung und Entfernung. Wir wollen dieses dreidimensionale Hörerlebnis in einer technischen Umgebung zumindest teilweise zurückgeben. Wir hoffen, dass es Piloten dabei unterstützt, ein Bild ihrer Umgebung und ihrer eigenen Position darin aufzubauen. Unsere Lösung und der Aufbau zur experimentellen Überprüfung wird im Folgenden beschrieben.
Crystal chemistry of the mendipite-type system Pb3O2Cl2—Pb3O2Br2
Authors: Siidra Oleg I. , Krivovichev Sergey V. , Armbruster Thomas , Depmeier Wulf 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The crystal structures of the mendipite series Pb3O2Cl2—Pb3O2Br2 have been solved by direct methods. The structures are based upon [O2Pb3]2+ double chains of edge-sharing OPb4 tetrahedra. There are three symmetrically independent Pb2+ cations. The number of nonequivalent halogen sites is two (X1, X2). Short Pb—O bonds are located on one side of the Pb2+ cations and weak Pb-X bonds are located on the other side of the Pb2+ coordination sphere. The evident strong distortion of the Pb2+ coordination polyhedra is due to the stereoactivity of the 6s
2 lone electron pairs of the Pb2+ cations. Pb1-X2 and Pb2-X2 bonds are the most sensitive to the X site occupancy, which is in agreement with the non-linear behavior of the a and c parameters. Determination of unit-cell parameters by single crystal studies showed strong deviation from Vegard's rule. Nonlinearity of the lattice parameters is caused by selective ordering of the halide anions over X1 and X2 sites. Br atoms prefer the X2 position, whereas Cl prefers the X1 site. The angle between two adjacent OPb4 tetrahedra was determined to analyze the influence of halogen atoms on the structure of the [O2Pb3]2+ chain. Different occupancy of the X1 site by Cl and Br atoms leads to most pronounced angular changes. These observations may be interpreted as adaptation of the [O2Pb3]2+ double chains to the large halide ions in the crystal structures of the mendipite series compounds.
New compounds of glycine with metal halogenides
Authors: Fleck Michel , Held Peter , Schwendtner Karolina , Bohatý Ladislav 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The crystal structures of five new glycine (H2N–CH2–COOH) metal halogenide compounds were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Three of them are monoclinic phases, GlycineCaCl2 · 3 H2O (space group P21/c, a = 9.964(2), b = 6.868(1), c = 13.959(3) Å,
β
= 104.11(3)°, R1 = 0.024), GlycineZnCl2 · H2O (space group P21/a, a = 7.868(1), b = 9.124(1), c = 10.645(1) Å,
β
= 103.51(1)°, R1 = 0.026) and Glycine2ZnCl2 · 2 H2O (space group C2/c, a = 14.444(1), b = 6.916(1), c = 12.968(1) Å,
β
= 117.90(3)° R1 = 0.033), two of them are orthorhombic phases Glycine3CeCl3 · 3 H2O (space group P212121, a = 4.788(1), b = 12.074(2), c = 30.949(6) Å R1 = 0.034) and Glycine2CaI2 · 3 H2O (space group Pca21, a = 13.059(3), b = 9.862(2), c = 22.724(5) Å R1 = 0.023). The atomic arrangements as well as aspects of the crystal chemistry of these compounds are presented.
In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Potassium Permanganate Treatment Efficacy for the Control of Acute Experimental Infection by Flavobacterium columnare in Channel Catfish
Authors: Darwish Ahmed M , Mitchell Andrew J , Hobbs Melissa S 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
An experiment was performed to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of potassium permanganate (KMnO4) against Flavobacterium columnare. In vitro, F. columnare treated with KMnO4 at 2 mg/L for 8 h exhibited a 70% reduction in colony-forming units (CFU). A minimum KMnO4 concentration of 10 mg/L was needed to inhibit bacterial growth. An acute and systemic experimental infection was produced in channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus by waterborne exposure to the bacteria after mechanical cutaneous abrasion to remove mucus and epithelium. At 22 h postchallenge, an 8-h treatment with KMnO4 at 2.3 mg/L (2.0 mg/L above the average KMnO4 demand of 0.3 mg/L) was initiated. This did not reduce mortality in experimentally infected fish. The infection model utilized in the experiment was evaluated by examining the clinical signs and histopathology of infected fish. Fish in the model showed columnaris signs similar to those of a natural infection, including skin depigmentation and ulceration and gill necrosis. Histologically, the skin had severe ulcerative necrotizing dermatitis and the muscles had severe necrotizing myositis. The gills had severe multifocal necrotizing branchitis involving the lamellar and filament epithelium, pillar cells, and central venous sinus. Heavy bacterial aggregates of long rods were associated with the necrotic cellular debris. The identity of the bacteria isolated from the challenged fish was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction. The results suggest that KMnO4 is beneficial for reducing F. columnare load in the water column and possibly on fish, but the therapeutic value of KMnO4 is limited in fish with an acute and systemic columnaris infection. Further research is warranted to investigate the value of KMnO4 as a therapeutic agent for fish with a milder columnaris infection and as a treatment to prevent further spread of columnaris in a fish population.
Reproductive Ecology and Spawning Substrate Preference of the Northern Leatherside Chub
Authors: Billman Eric J , Wagner Eric J , Arndt Ronney E 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Conservation of rare fishes is often hindered by a lack of understanding of their basic life history characteristics. We used captive-breeding studies to determine the preferred spawning habitat and early life history characteristics of the northern leatherside chub Lepidomeda copei, a small cyprinid native to the upper Snake River basin and the Bear River drainage in the Bonneville Basin (Idaho, Utah, and Wyoming). In the first study, wild adult northern leatherside chub were given a choice of four habitats (two shallow riffle habitats and two deeper pool habitats), each with four spawning substrates (large cobble, small cobble, pebble, and a coarse artificial spawning mat) in a large rectangular tank. In the second study, adults were given a choice of three locations with different water velocities (9.5, 12.9, or 19.0 cm/s) but the same substrate size (small cobble). Successful spawning occurred in both studies. Northern leatherside chub spawned almost exclusively over the small cobble substrate (99.6% of total young). Habitat selection was significant, but the patterns were not consistent across tanks; uncovered pool habitat was selected in two tanks and the upper riffle habitat was primarily selected in the third tank. In addition, northern leatherside chub preferentially chose the site with the highest flow (19 cm/s) for spawning. Early life history characteristics (embryo size, time to hatch, larvae size, eggs per spawn, time to swim-up, and fry growth) were estimated from the reproductive output of the spawning studies. Small cobble is needed for northern leatherside chub reproduction, and its availability may be among the limiting factors for northern leatherside chub populations.
Water Budgets for a Rice–Crawfish Aquaculture System
Authors: McClain W Ray , Romaire Robert P 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Red swamp crawfish Procambarus clarkii and white river crawfish P. zonangulus are raised mostly in southern Louisiana, usually in association with commercial rice cultivation. Shallow ponds (fields) are flooded in the fall after the rice harvest (usually in October) and drained at the end of the crawfish production cycle the following spring–summer (usually in May–July). The water use and effluent volume associated with crawfish aquaculture have not been quantified. This study was conducted to determine water use and effluent release in crawfish aquaculture under simulated commercial conditions. Water inflow and outflow were measured in experimental crawfish ponds from 1999 to 2002 (three consecutive crawfish production seasons) that simulated rice–crawfish rotational production practices. The mean water inflow from groundwater pumping and precipitation was 228 cm per production season (range, 223–233 cm). Total water use (groundwater plus precipitation) and groundwater consumption averaged 21.5 and 15.2 m3 per kilogram of crawfish harvested, respectively. The amount of groundwater used for filling ponds, replacing losses from evaporation–evapotranspiration and seepage, and flushing ponds to maintain satisfactory dissolved oxygen levels averaged 139 cm (range, 97–165 cm). The contribution from precipitation averaged 90 cm. Effluent discharge averaged 59.5 cm. Of this, 36.9% was accounted for by pond drainage at the end of the production season, 29.4% by precipitation overflow and temporary levee failures, 22.1% by lateral seepage and minor leaks of the perimeter levees, and 11.6% by intentional flushing to maintain an acceptable concentration of dissolved oxygen. On average, 74% (172.5 cm) of the water input was lost as a result of evaporation, evapotranspiration, and percolation through the pond-bottom sediments.
Effects of Dissolved Oxygen Concentration on Oxygen Consumption and Development of Channel Catfish Eggs and Fry: Implications for Hatchery Management
Authors: Torrans Les , Steeby Jim 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Eight channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus spawns were split into two similar portions and incubated under controlled conditions to determine the effect of dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration on the development and survival of eggs and fry. The DO concentration was 7.42 ± 0.03 mg/L (mean ± SD; 92.5% saturation) and 18.40 ± 0.28 mg/L (230% saturation) through hatching in the low- and high-oxygen treatments, respectively. Eggs hatched 6 h earlier in the low-oxygen treatment, but fry reached swim-up stage 31 h later. Survival to the swim-up stage in the low-oxygen treatment was 16.4 percentage points lower than in the high-oxygen treatment (72.5% versus 88.9%, respectively). The routine metabolic rate and limiting oxygen concentration were also determined for eggs, sac fry, and swim-up fry. Oxygen consumption increased through swim-up stage, as expected. However, the limiting oxygen concentration peaked during the last day of incubation at 88.1 ± 2.9% saturation and decreased to 40.1 ± 2.0% saturation upon hatching. Premature hatching observed in the low-oxygen treatment was apparently initiated when the limiting oxygen concentration approached the ambient oxygen saturation on the last day of incubation. A survey of DO management in 26 commercial catfish hatcheries in the Mississippi Delta revealed that DO saturation in the hatching troughs ranged from 45.2% to 100.2%, with only nine hatcheries (35% of the hatcheries sampled) having a DO saturation greater than 95%. Seventeen hatcheries (65%) had a DO saturation less than that maintained in the low-oxygen treatment in our hatching experiment and could experience greater mortality through swim-up than we observed. We recommend that hatcheries initially run well water through a packed column and use blowers or liquid oxygen to maintain the DO concentration in hatching troughs at or above air saturation as eggs near the time of hatching.
Tolerance of Channel Catfish Fry to Abrupt pH Changes
Authors: Mischke Charles C , Wise David J 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Fry survival in the catfish industry is variable, and failure to survive cannot be completely attributable to diseases, fertilization practices, or lack of zooplankton abundance. The variability in fry survival may be related to current handling and stocking methods. When stocked, fry are transferred relatively quickly from hatchery water to pond water. Generally, temperature differences are monitored between hatchery water and pond water, but little attention is paid to pH differences. We conducted studies to determine the tolerance of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus fry to pH changes. Catfish fry showed a high tolerance for decreasing pH values but a relatively low tolerance for increasing pH values. We estimate that an increase in pH of 0.7 units will cause 10% mortality in 8-d-posthatch catfish fry, and an increase of 1.4 pH units will cause 50% mortality. We recommend that farmers monitor pH before stocking fry and stock ponds that tend to increase in pH throughout the day early in the morning.
Gentzen's Proof of Normalization for Natural Deduction
Authors: von Plato Jan 
Published: April 2008

AbstractGentzen writes in the published version of his doctoral thesis Untersuchungen über das logische Schliessen (Investigations into logical reasoning) that he was able to prove the normalization theorem only for intuitionistic natural deduction, but not for classical. To cover the latter, he developed classical sequent calculus and proved a corresponding theorem, the famous cut elimination result. Its proof was organized so that a cut elimination result for an intuitionistic sequent calculus came out as a special case, namely the one in which the sequents have at most one formula in the right, succedent part. Thus, there was no need for a direct proof of normalization for intuitionistic natural deduction. The only traces of such a proof in the published thesis are some convertibilities, such as when an implication introduction is followed by an implication elimination [1934–35, II.5.13]. It remained to Dag Prawitz in 1965 to work out a proof of normalization. Another, less known proof was given also in 1965 by Andres Raggio.We found in February 2005 an early handwritten version of Gentzen's thesis, with exactly the above title, but with rather different contents: Most remarkably, it contains a detailed proof of normalization for what became the standard system of natural deduction. The manuscript is located in the Paul Bernays collection at the ETH-Zurichwith the signum Hs. 974: 271. Bernays must have gotten it well before the time of his being expelled from Göttingen on the basis of the racial laws in April 1933.