bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Direct costs associated with mild cognitive impairment in primary care
Authors: Luppa Melanie , Heinrich Sven , Matschinger Herbert , Hensel Anke , Luck Tobias , Riedel‐Heller Steffi G. , König Hans‐Helmut 
Published: April 2008

AbstractBackground/aimsLittle is known about the direct costs of individuals with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). This study investigates the direct costs associated with MCI according to recent diagnostic criteria from a societal perspective.MethodsFour hundred and fifty‐two primary care patients aged 75+ from Leipzig, Germany, were investigated in face‐to‐face interviews regarding MCI according to the current diagnostic criteria of the International Working Group on MCI, resource utilisation and costs (questionnaire of service utilisation and costs), as well as chronic medical illness (Chronic Disease Score). Resource utilisation was monetarily valued using 2004/2005 prices.ResultsMean annual direct costs were €4,443 for patients with MCI (n = 39) and €3,814 for patients without MCI (n = 413) (p = 0.34). Looking at the cost components, patients with and without MCI only significantly differed regarding pharmaceutical costs (€ 1,210 vs € 1,062; p < 0.05) not caused by antidementive drugs.ConclusionDirect costs of individuals having MCI are not significantly increased in comparison to direct costs of individuals without cognitive deficits. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clustering and switching in semantic fluency: predictors of the development of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Fagundo Ana B. , López Samuel , Romero Montse , Guarch Joana , Marcos Teodor , Salamero Manel 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjectiveThe aims of the study are twofold: (1) to compare semantic fluency, clustering and switching performance among subjects with memory complaints, patients with Alzheimer Disease (AD), and healthy controls; and (2) to examine the clinical utility of the clustering/switching scoring system in the prediction of incident AD in subjects with memory complaints.MethodsA semantic fluency task was used to compare thirty eight subjects with memory complaints, forty two AD patients and twenty five healthy controls on the total number of words generated, clustering and switching performance. Subjects with memory complaints were followed‐up for a maximum period of two years and re‐evaluated. They remained in the memory complaints group (twenty eight subjects) or were defined as probable AD (ten subjects).ResultsAD patients generated fewer correct words (p < 0.001) and showed a reduction in clustering (p = 0.008) and switching (p < 0.001). Subjects with memory complaints showed a significant reduction in correct words (p < 0.001) and clustering performance (p = 0.008) compare to controls. In the first evaluation, the subgroup of patients who converted to AD at follow up produced less correct words (p < 0.01) and smaller clusters (p = 0.007) than the subgroup who did not become demented. There were no differences in switching between these two subgroups. AD development was better predicted by cluster size than by the total number of words generated or by switching.ConclusionsSubjects with memory complaints and AD patients have an alteration in both qualitative and quantitative aspects of semantic fluency. A clustering analysis could enhance the reliability of early AD diagnosis. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Triterpenoids from the Edible Leaves of Photinia serrulata
Authors: Song Ya‐Ling , Wang Yue‐Hu , Lu Qing , Qiao Hui‐Jun , Cheng Yong‐Xian 
Published: April 2008

AbstractFive new triterpenoids, serrulatins A–E (1–5), including two new artifacts, together with ten known serrulatins, were isolated from the edible leaves of Photinia serrulata after extraction and purification. Their structures were identified on the basis of spectroscopic methods including 2D NMR experiments. Compounds 1 and 3 are unusual ursolic triterpenoids characterized by the occurrence of a C(13)C(18) bond.
Preparation of Two Diastereoisomeric Decalin Synthons and (−)‐Ambrox
Authors: Xie Yi‐Peng , Li Bo‐Gang , Luo Ying‐Gang , Chen Xiao‐Zhen , Zhang Guo‐Lin 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTwo diastereoisomeric decalins, (2S,4aS,5S,6R)‐ and (2S,4aS,5R,6R)‐5‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐1,1,4a,6‐tetramethyldecalin‐2,6‐diol (5 and 6) were prepared from the degradation products of oleanolic acid. Starting from 6, (−)‐ambrox (4) was synthesized.
Clinical perspectives of high‐resolution mass spectrometry–based proteomics in neuroscience—Exemplified in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis biomarker discovery research
Authors: Ekegren Titti , Hanrieder Jörg , Bergquist Jonas 
Published: April 2008

AbstractBiomarker discovery is a central application in today's proteomic research. There is an urgent need for valid biomarkers to improve diagnostic tools and treatment in many disorders, such as the rapidly progressing neurodegenerative disorder amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) that has a fatal outcome in about 3 years and yet no curative treatment. Screening for clinically relevant biomarkers puts high demands on high‐throughput, rapid and precise proteomic techniques. There is a large variety in the methods of choice involving mainly gel‐based approaches as well as chromatographic techniques for multi‐dimensional protein and peptide separations followed by mass spectrometry (MS) analysis. This special feature article will discuss some important aspects of MS‐based clinical proteomics and biomarker discovery in the field of neurodegenerative diseases and ALS research respectively, with the aim to provide a prospective view on current and future research aspects in the field. Furthermore, examples for application of high‐resolution MS‐based proteomic strategies for ALS biomarker discovery will be demonstrated with two studies previously reported by our group. These studies include among others, utilization of capillary liquid chromatography‐Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (LC‐FTICR‐MS) for advanced protein pattern classification in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples of ALS patients as well as highly sensitive protein identification in minimal amounts of postmortem spinal cord tissue and laser micro‐dissected motor neurons using FT‐ICR‐MS in conjunction with nanoflow LC coupled to matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MALDI‐TOF‐TOF‐MS). Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microbiological hazards involved in fresh‐cut lettuce processing
Authors: da Cruz Adriano G , Cenci Sergio A , Maia Maria Cristina A 
Published: April 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND: The increasing consumption of produce all over the world has resulted in increasing concern by the regulatory agencies with respect to the level of safety performed by the processors. The objective of the present study was to investigate the hazards involved in the various steps of fresh‐cut lettuce processing (reception/selection of raw material, washing, rinsing, sanitisation and final product) by means of microbiological analyses of microbial groups used as indicators of hygienic conditions and of pathogens.RESULTS: High microbial loads of mesophilic and psychrotrophic bacteria and Pseudomonas spp. were found in the ram reception (∼6 log colony‐forming units (CFU) g−1), which were reduced by a single logarithmic cycle for the last two microbial groups after the sanitisation step (P < 0.05), the latter being ineffective against the first microbial group (P > 0.05). Lower counts of yeasts and moulds, total coliforms (35 °C) and faecal coliforms (44 °C) were observed in the initial step (3.49–4.53 log CFU g−1, 0.65–1.55 log most probable number (MPN) g−1 and 0.50–0.90 log MPN g−1 respectively), these values increasing significantly after the sanitisation step for yeasts and moulds (∼5 log CFU g−1) but remaining unaltered for coliforms (P > 0.05). Salmonella spp. were not found in any of the experiments carried out, while the presence of Escherichia coli was observed in the final product.CONCLUSIONS: Practices compromising the hygienic quality of the final product during commercial storage were observed and corrective measures suggested. To the best of the authors' knowledge, these are the first data on microbiological safety in Brazilian fresh‐cut processing plants. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Mass spectrometric analysis of illicit drugs in wastewater and surface water
Authors: Castiglioni Sara , Zuccato Ettore , Chiabrando Chiara , Fanelli Roberto , Bagnati Renzo 
Published: April 2008

AbstractResidues of illicit drugs have been recently found in urban wastewater and surface water. Their levels reflect the amount of drugs collectively excreted by consumers and can therefore be used to estimate drug abuse. An overview of the most widely used illicit drugs and of the analytical methods used for their detection in wastewater and surface water is presented here. Solid‐phase extraction and high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry are the techniques that have been used for these investigations. Instrumental conditions and fragmentation patterns of illicit drugs and their metabolites are described. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 27: 378–394, 2008
Towards a stronger European market in applied meteorology
Authors: Pettifer R. E. W. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAssessments of the potential size, actual size and growth rate of the European market in value‐added meteorological products and services are brought up to date and set in their historical context. The results show that the European market is orders of magnitude below its overall potential size and has grown very slowly over the past decade. These findings raise interesting and important questions about the structure of the market. In particular, the role of the National Meteorological Services acting simultaneously as quasi monopoly data suppliers to the private sector and as product producers in competition with that sector introduces serious distortions to the market, which restrict market growth for all the players. The underlying reasons for this are analysed and it is concluded that the most significant contribution to the realization of a strong and growing market would be the treatment of the upstream meteorological data as Public Service Information (PSI), a genuine public good available to all downstream players at the marginal cost of handling and dissemination. The distortions arising from the WMO Cg XII Resolution 40 and ECOMET and serious flaws in the provisions of the EC Directive 2003/98EC are considered and it is shown that the current net loss to national exchequers in terms of taxation, which could be returned from the sector, is around 100 million Euros per annum to which can be added the social costs associated with the failure to grow the employment in the sector to its full potential. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
Decay in time for a one‐dimensional two‐component plasma
Authors: Glassey Robert , Pankavich Stephen , Schaeffer Jack 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe motion of a collisionless plasma is described by the Vlasov–Poisson (VP) system, or in the presence of large velocities, the relativistic VP system. Both systems are considered in one space and one momentum dimension, with two species of oppositely charged particles. A new identity is derived for both systems and is used to study the behavior of solutions for large times. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Possible involvement of the M2 anti‐inflammatory macrophage phenotype in growth of human gliomas
Authors: Komohara Y , Ohnishi K , Kuratsu J , Takeya M 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWithin tumours, many non‐neoplastic cells such as fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and macrophages assist tumour growth by producing various growth factors and pro‐angiogenic cytokines. Various tumour‐derived molecules drive tumour‐associated macrophages towards an anti‐inflammatory phenotype (M2) and thus promoting tumour growth. Here we investigated microglia/macrophage differentiation in glioma tissues by means of immunostaining of paraffin‐embedded glioma samples. The number of microglia/macrophages with positive staining for CD163 and CD204, which are believed to be markers for M2 macrophages, was correlated with the histological grade of the gliomas. The ratio of M2 macrophages in the tumour‐associated microglia/macrophages was also associated with the histological grade. Culture supernatant from the glioma cell line can stimulate macrophages to develop into the M2 phenotype in vitro. Macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (M‐CSF), which strongly induces M2 polarization of macrophages, was significantly correlated with histological malignancy and with the proportion of M2 microglia/macrophages in vivo. In addition, the proportion of M2 microglia/macrophages and M‐CSF expression in tumour cells correlated well with proliferation of glioblastoma cells. These results suggest that tumour‐derived M‐CSF induces a shift of microglia/macrophages towards the M2 phenotype, which influences tumour growth. Evaluation of the proportion of M2 microglia/macrophages and M‐CSF expression in tumour tissue would be useful for assessment of microglia/macrophage proliferative activity and the prognosis of patients with gliomas. Copyright © 2008 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fournier's gangrene and scrotal ulcerations during all‐trans‐retinoic acid therapy for acute promyelocytic leukemia
Authors: Naithani Rahul , Kumar Rajat , Mahapatra M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractScrotal ulcers are a rare manifestation in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia. Fournier's gangrene (FG) is even rarer. We describe three adolescents and young adults who developed scrotal ulcerations during induction with all‐trans‐retinoic acid. One patient developed FG. These lesions are predominantly seen in Asian population. A good outcome with supportive management occurred in all the cases. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;51:303–304. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biloma and pneumobilia in sickle cell disease
Authors: Lebensburger Jeffrey , Esbenshade Adam , Blakely Martin , Hankins Jane , Wang Winfred 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSpontaneous biloma and pneumobilia developed in a patient with sickle cell disease (SCD) who presented with acute abdominal pain, jaundice, and fever. Bilomas are fluid‐filled cysts that develop from a bile leak and are located outside of the biliary system. Pneumobilia is characterized by gas within the biliary system due to an abnormal connection between the biliary tree and adjacent organs, particularly the gastrointestinal tract. Although hepatobiliary complications are common in SCD, we report on biloma and pneumobilia in a young patient with this condition. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;51:288–290. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stress relaxation behavior of glass fiber‐reinforced polyester composites prepared by the newly proposed rubber pressure molding
Authors: Kar Kamal K. , Sharma S.D. , Kumar Prashant , Mohanty Akash 
Published: April 2008

AbstractStress‐relaxation behavior of glass fiber‐reinforced polyester composites, prepared by a recently developed manufacturing method called rubber pressure molding (RPM), is investigated with special reference to the effect of environmental temperature (−70°C to +100°C), fiber volume fraction (30–60%), and initial load level (1–5 kN). It is found that the stress‐relaxation rate decreases with an increase in the applied load of composites and a decrease in temperature. Below glass transition temperature, the rate of stress relaxation increases with an increase in volume fraction of fibers in the composites, whereas above glass transition temperature, it increases with a decrease in the volume fraction of fibers. The experimental results for a given composites are summarized by four values, the slopes of the two straight lines (two separate relaxation processes), and their intercepts upon the stress axis. Both the slopes are dependent upon the applied load, temperature, and volume fraction of fibers in the composites. Relaxation times in both primary and secondary are calculated over the wide range of temperatures, loads, and volume fraction of fibers in the composites. It depends strongly on the temperature, but does not depend strongly on the applied load and volume fraction of fibers. The performances of the composites are also evaluated through conventional compression‐molding process. The rate of stress relaxation is small when the composites are made of newly proposed RPM technique when compared with the conventional process. POLYM. COMPOS., 2008. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers
An homogenization procedure for the description of pre‐ and post‐yielding stages of isotropic polymer composites
Authors: Pandermarakis Z.G. , Spathis G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThere will be integrated and provided a complete set of relations for an exact description of the whole mechanical behavior of a composite, i.e. from low to high deformations and stresses. The results from an extended homogenization procedure will be presented here, starting from the fact that the basic material—polymer matrix—presents viscoelastic and viscoplastic response. Analyzing the results from a unidirectional compression loading of an isotropic polymer composite, we found a characteristic enhancement of yield stress and also a distinct hardening stage: Features that generally are absent from similar test sets of unidirectional tension loading. The need for a more systematic study of this loading case in order to explain and describe correctly this inversion/asymmetry in relation to tension reference case, led us to the identification of a yielding stress impetus quantity: k = τ/(s + a · p), a critical stressed area, and to a true strain rate of loading matrix and reinforcement. We found that only by knowing the interaction between them and the entire equations set that controls the corresponding quantities, we will be able to describe correctly the real behavior of composites, i.e. their viscoelastic, viscoplastic, strain softening, and strain hardening response. POLYM. COMPOS., 2008. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers
Influence of concentration, temperature and humidity on the toxicity of phosphine to the strongly phosphine‐resistant psocid Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel (Psocoptera: Liposcelididae)
Authors: Nayak Manoj K , Collins Patrick J 
Published: April 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND: The psocid Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel, is a widespread, significant pest of stored commodities, has developed strong resistance to phosphine, the major grain disinfestant. The aim was to develop effective fumigation protocols to control this resistant pest.RESULTS: Time to population extinction of all life stages (TPE) in days was evaluated at a series of phosphine concentrations and temperatures at two relative humidities. Regression analysis showed that temperature, concentration and relative humidity all contributed significantly to describing TPE (P < 0.001, R2 = 0.95), with temperature being the dominant variable, accounting for 74.4% of the variation. Irrespective of phosphine concentration, TPE was longer at lower temperatures and high humidity (70% RH) and shorter at higher temperatures and low humidity (55% RH). At any concentration of phosphine, a combination of higher temperature and lower humidity provides the shortest fumigation period to control resistant L. bostrychophila. For example, 19 and 11 days of fumigation are required at 15 °C and 70% RH at 0.1 and 1.0 mg L−1 of phosphine respectively, whereas only 4 and 2 days are required at 35 °C and 55% RH for the same respective concentrations.CONCLUSIONS: The developed fumigation protocols will provide industry with flexibility in application of phosphine. Copyright © The State of Queensland (through the Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries) 2008.
Structural and functional changes of tropical riffle macroinvertebrate communities associated with stream flow withdrawal
Authors: McIntosh Mollie D. , Schmitz Jennifer A. , Benbow M. Eric , Burky Albert J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTropical island streams worldwide are threatened by existing or proposed dams and diversions that remove freshwater for human use; yet, there have been few studies that address the effects on aquatic communities. The objective of this study was to quantify changes in tropical macroinvertebrate communities associated with stream flow withdrawal. Benthic macroinvertebrates were collected from riffle habitats located above and below a stream diversion on Maui, Hawaii, from June to August 2000. Native and introduced taxa were identified from both locations. The most dominant taxon was midges (Diptera: Chironomidae) followed by two introduced caddisflies, Cheumatopsyche analis (Banks) (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) and Hydroptila potosina (Buenoa‐Soria) (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae). A native shrimp, Atyoida bisulcata, and beach fly, Procanace sp. (Diptera: Canacidae), were either eliminated from or significantly reduced below the diversion. Mean total macroinvertebrate densities were greater above (13 357 individuals/m2) the diversion compared to below (10 360 individuals/m2). Mean total macroinvertebrate biomass was significantly reduced by 60 per cent below the diversion, but specific taxa did not show this effect. These results suggest that diverted stream flow limited macroinvertebrate colonization and growth, expressed as reduced community density and biomass, which may alter the structure and function of other trophic levels within tropical stream food webs. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The influence of sensation seeking in the heritability of entrepreneurship
Authors: Nicolaou Nicos , Shane Scott , Cherkas Lynn , Spector Tim D. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis study examined the influence of genetic factors on the tendency to engage in entrepreneurship. We found that, in the particular sample we examined, between 37 and 42 percent of the variance in the tendency of people to engage in entrepreneurship is accounted for by genetic factors. A substantial part of this variance was mediated by the psychological trait of sensation seeking, suggesting that genes affect the tendency of people to engage in entrepreneurship by affecting the distribution of sensation seeking across people. Copyright © 2008 Strategic Management Society.
New look at creativity in the entrepreneurial process
Authors: Zhou Jing 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn this article I provide brief review and comments on three articles presented at the Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal's Launch Conference and published in this issue of the Journal. Arguing that creativity plays an important role in the entire entrepreneurial process and that contemporary research on creativity has much to offer in advancing our understanding of entrepreneurship, I suggest four new research directions that would expand the scope of entrepreneurship research. Copyright © 2008 Strategic Management Society.
Entrepreneurship, subjectivism, and the resource‐based view: toward a new synthesis
Authors: Foss Nicolai J. , Klein Peter G. , Kor Yasemin Y. , Mahoney Joseph T. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis article maintains that the consistent application of subjectivism helps reconcile contemporary entrepreneurship theory with the strategic management literature, particularly the resource‐based view of the firm. The article synthesizes theoretical insights from Austrian economics, Penrose's (1959) resources approach, and modern resource‐based theory, focusing on the essential subjectivity of the entrepreneurial process. This new synthesis describes entrepreneurship as a creative team act in which heterogeneous managerial mental models interact to create and arrange resources to produce a collective output that is creatively superior to individual output. Copyright © 2008 Strategic Management Society.