bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Legal Strategy for Addressing Religious Lawmaking
Authors: Peach Lucinda 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis chapter describes a legal strategy that accommodates both the rights of religious lawmakers to the free exercise of their religious convictions and the free exercise and Citizenship Rights of other citizens. The proposed legal assessment model is based on an expanded test for Establishment Clause violations. It invalidates religiously influenced laws in a limited range of circumstances when Establishment Concerns are present, and when infringements on Citizenship Rights cannot be fully justified by a secular rationale and/or by a compelling state interest.
Knowledge and Coherence
Authors: Thagard Paul , Eliasmith Chris , Rusnock Paul , Shelley Cameron 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis chapter shows how epistemic coherence can be understood in terms of maximization of constraint satisfaction, in keeping with computational models that have had a substantial impact in cognitive science. It is shown how explanatory coherence subsumes Haack's recent “foundherentist” theory of knowledge. An account of deductive coherence is provided, showing how the selection of mathematical axioms can be understood as a constraint satisfaction problem. Visual interpretation can also be understood in terms of satisfaction of multiple constraints. After a brief account of how conceptual coherence can also be understood in terms of constraint satisfaction, the chapter concludes with a discussion of how the “multicoherence” theory of knowledge avoids many criticisms traditionally made of coherentism.
The Evolutionary Roots of Intelligence and Rationality
Authors: Cummins Denise Dellarosa 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis chapter argues that several important cognitive functions are shaped (through natural selection) by the exigencies of the social environment. These functions include (i) a biological predisposition to rapidly and effectively acquire implicit rules that specify what we are permitted, obligated, or forbidden to do within our social groups; and (ii) a domain-specific embedding function that enables us to effortlessly form hierarchically structured representations of what is socially crucial but essentially hidden from view, namely, the minds of others. The implication is that our capacity to form deeply embedded mental representations (and hence deeply embedded goal structures) emerged as an adaptation to the social environment. The pressure to compete and cooperate successfully with conspecifics constituted a crucible that necessitated and forged this crucial cognitive function.
Commonsense Reasoning, Logic, and Human Rationality
Authors: Oaksford Mike , Chater Nick 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis chapter argues that the most important issue for the cognitive science of reasoning is whether deduction provides a computational-level theory of a substantial amount of everyday, commonsense thought. The chapter is organized as follows. It begins by outlining what deduction is, in abstract terms, and then considers various ways in which it can be related to human reasoning, using the framework of D. Marr's levels of explanation. Three sophisticated lines of arguments are developed from epistemology, AI, and the psychology of reasoning. Each argument supports the conclusion that deduction has no significant role in commonsense reasoning. The implications of rejecting deduction for the cognitive science of human reasoning are considered.
Reasoning Imperialism
Authors: Rips Lance J. 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Although people can recognize and make deductively valid arguments on occasion, one perspective is that there might be no psychologically valid distinction between the deductive correctness of a conclusion and its inductive strength. This perspective is called reasoning imperialism: the attempts of one theoretical camp to assimilate the data explained by another. This chapter shows that an element crucial to extending a mental models theory of deduction to handle inductive-strength judgments is unavailable, namely, the specification of constraints on what counts as relevant counterexamples to the inductive inference under consideration. It is argued that reasoning imperialism may not work for deduction and induction, for people may hold different sorts of arguments to different sorts of standards and evaluate them in qualitatively different sorts of ways.
Ending the Rationality Wars How to Make Disputes about Human Rationality Disappear
Authors: Samuels Richard , Stich Stephen , Bishop Michael 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the two opposing sides of the current rationality wars with the “heuristics and biases” researchers on the one hand, and the evolutionary psychologists on the other. The former group cites decades of evidence that people have systematic deviations from rationality, as evidenced by their performance on certain types of formal reasoning tasks. The latter group asserts the implausibility of the human architecture evolving with an inaccurate sense of probability and offers evidence that a representation of various formal problems in more ecologically valid forms makes the so-called irrational response patterns disappear. It is argued that the illusion that evolutionary psychology and the heuristics and biases tradition have a deep disagreement about how rational human beings are should disappear. This is not to say, however, that there are no genuine disagreements between these two research programs.
Tsung-mi's Zen Prolegomenon
Authors: Broughton Jeff 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the Chinese Chan Buddhist text, Zen Prolegomenon (Chanyuan chuchuanchi duxu) by Kuei-feng Tsung-mi (Zongmi) (780-841). This text is a descriptive and analytical guide to the teachings and practices of the numerous Chan lineages of Chinese Buddhism in the T’ang dynasty. The chapter describes the life of Tsung-mi, especially his relation to the literati figure P’ei Hsiu, and the evaluative classification of all types of Zen known in China at that time. The essay reflects on the contribution of the Tun-huang (Dunhuang) literature in the study of Zen history.
Mazu yulu and the Creation of the Chan Records of Sayings
Authors: Poceski Mario 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the Mazu yulu, compiled around 1085, which purports to record the life and teachings of the famous Zen monk, Mazu Daoyi (709-788). It examines the structure of the text, its complex internal structure and style, and reflects on the image provided in this text of the “golden age of Zen” in the Tang dynasty. The author places this text in relation to the larger genre of “Records of Sayings” (yulu), using that analysis to begin to rethink the history of Chinese Chan Buddhism.
The Lidai fabao ji (Record of the Dharma-Jewel through the Ages)
Authors: Adamek Wendi 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter examines the Chan or Zen text, the Lidai fabao ji, an important early text that was discovered in the Mogao caves of Dunhuang in 1900, and which had been lost for many years. Adamak finds that this text provides an important prototype of two genres, the “discourse records” (yulu) and the “transmission of the lamp records” (chuangdeng lu). This important early Zen text sheds light on the development of characteristically Zen genres in the Sung dynasty, and on the hagiographical styles that became central to the Chan tradition in that era.
Lineage and Context in the Patriarch's Hall Collection and the Transmission of the Lamp
Authors: Welter Albert 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter offers a precise analysis of the early Zen literature known as chuandenglu (records of the transmission of the lamp), which sets the Zen tradition up into family-like lineages transmitting the dharma from one master to another through lines of teaching heritage. Welter shows how this literary genre helps give rise to the classical divisions of Chinese Chan Buddhism into the “five houses,” although each text examined displays under careful scrutiny the preference by its authors for one lineage or another. The essay analyzes the early example of this genre known as the Zutang ji, and shows its relation to the most famous version of transmission texts, the Jingde chuandeng lu (The Jingde era record of the Transmission of the Lamp).
The Record of Hongzhi and the Recorded Sayings Literature of Song-Dynasty Chan
Authors: Schlütter Morten 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter offers an analysis of the “recorded sayings” genre of Zen literature by focusing on the Chan master Hongzhi Zhengjue (1091-1157), a well-known Song dynasty Zen teacher around whom an extensive literary tradition evolved. The essay begins by outlining the yulu genre, its origins and development, and then offers a similar study of development in the history of the literature surrounding this one master, Hongzhi. The Hongzhi lu is shown to be composed of a variety of historical layers, each grafted onto the whole over time through a variety of techniques. The text is shown to develop from small collections of sayings circulating during the master’s lifetime to larger official collections, until its eventual loss in China and increasing prominence in Japan.
The Eihei kōroku: The Record of Dōgen's Later Period at Eihei-ji Temple
Authors: Heine Steven 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter examines the textual history and structure of the Eihei-ji koroku, one of the two primary texts produced by the famous Zen master, Dogen, founder of the Soto school of Zen in Japan. Although this text represents Dogen’s thought in his mature period, it has been the subject of far less interest than the well-known Shobogenzo. Both texts are composed mainly of sermons by Dogen interpreting Zen koans and other stories in the tradition. This essay analyzes how their styles differ, the Eihei-ji koroku in formal, Chinese format (kanbun) and the Shobogenzo in informal, vernacular style. Heine’s analysis seeks to uncover the various biographical and literary levels that permeate the text.
Bearing Witness
Authors: Harrison Milmon F. 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter presents the stories of three people that highlight and express some of the dominant themes to emerge in talking to people about so personal and intimate a topic as their faith. These include the stories of “Cassandra”, an African American woman in her mid-30s who worked as a social worker at the Sacramento County Child Protective Services; “Russell,” a married Baby Boomer who was raised in a Jewish household but has been with the Word of Faith Movement since its early days in the late 1970s; and “Katia”, a single, 25-year-old immigrant from Ukraine. Their accounts of their personal experiences and insights demonstrate that the understanding and meaning of religion as it is lived in everyday contexts can be quite nuanced and complicated, and often fraught with difficulty. Their stories help bring abstract points of doctrine into the realm of the concrete and the real.
Faith Christian Center
Authors: Harrison Milmon F. 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter provides insight on the culture within the movement by focusing on one of the member congregations of the Word of Faith Movement — Faith Christian Center in Sacramento, California. This congregation teaches the Faith Message to literally thousands of people each week through worship services, Bible studies, and the weekly television broadcast. This church is therefore a major site on the map of the Word of Faith Movement in northern California. The culture inside the ministry, worship services, the faith message and needs of the ministry, and dealing with diversity are discussed.
Heal Thyself
Authors: Shuman Joel James , Meador Keith G. 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Sickness and suffering are nearly universal human concerns, and many of the world's great religious traditions are devoted, in part, to teaching their adherents how to live faithfully in the midst of these unhappy realities. A recent spate of scholarly and popular literature suggests that religious activity – what frequently is referred to as spirituality – is a potentially effective means of achieving better health. This contemporary rapprochement between religion and medicine, however, has little in common with the Christian tradition and its concern for the well‐being of the human creature. The God whose presence is displayed to the world in the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus of Nazareth is not one who may be domesticated by human belief, but who calls into existence a community of friends who care for one another as a sign of God's care for the world.
Religious Belief as Commodity Fetishism
Authors: Shuman Joel James , Meador Keith G. 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
According to Karl Barth, a religion understood simply as a function of human subjectivity will tend always to be shaped by the culture of which its adherents are members. This chapter shows how the religion of the contemporary rapprochement is shaped by three of the most fundamental tendencies of contemporary North Atlantic culture and its attendant consumer capitalism: radical individualism, narcissism, and the dominance of a therapeutic sensibility.
Science and Partial Truth
Authors: Costa Newton C. A. da , French Steven 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn the past thirty years, two fundamental issues have emerged in the philosophy of science. One concerns the appropriate attitude we should take towards scientific theories — whether we should regard them as true or merely empirically adequate, for example. The other concerns the nature of scientific theories and models and how these might best be represented. This book looks at these two issues together by arguing that theories and models should be regarded as partially rather than wholly true. It adopts a framework that sheds new light on issues to do with belief, theory acceptance, and the realism-antirealism debate. The new machinery of “partial structures” that is developed here offers a new perspective from which to view the nature of scientific models and their heuristic development.
Truth, the Whole Truth, and Partial Truth
Authors: Costa Newton C. A. da , French Steven 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis chapter reviews the formalism of “pragmatic” or “quasi” truth. Just as Tarski's formalization attempted to capture what he called the “intentions” of the correspondence view of truth, the formalism outlined here attempts to represent the “intentions” of the pragmatists, notably Peirce and James. Of these, perhaps the most significant is a concern with representations of the world that are not perfect copies but are, in certain respects, incomplete and partial. The nature of the agreement between such representations and the world is then spelled out in pragmatic terms, which emphasize the set of empirical consequences of a particular idea or “concept”. The fundamental formal device behind this formalism is that of a “partial structure” and it is upon this that our epistemic construction rests.
Theories and Models
Authors: Costa Newton C. A. da , French Steven 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTarski's innovation performed a double duty in both mathematics and philosophy. In formalizing an intuitive notion of truth-as-correspondence in terms of “sentence s is true in a structure” and suggesting that other semantic notions could be defined similarly, he brought model theory into mathematics and was therefore largely responsible for the explosion of developments that resulted. Motivated by Tarski's work, it has been argued that the semantic counterpart of scientific theories is of fundamental importance, and that scientific theories should be viewed not as axiomatized sets of sentences in some suitable formal language but as classes of models. This chapter presents a “semantic” or “model-theoretic” approach in the philosophy of science based on this theory.
Inconsistency in Science
Authors: Costa Newton C. A. da , French Steven 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis chapter presents a model-theoretic account in which regarding theories in terms of partial structures offers a straightforward and natural way of accommodating inconsistency. In particular, it draws attention to the heuristic importance of inconsistency in science. Shifting to the epistemic perspective, inconsistent theories can then be regarded as quasi-true and accepted as such, just like any other theory in science. This common epistemic framework forces a blurring of the standard discovery-justification distinction. A form of paraconsistent logic is introduced at the epistemic level as a logic of quasi truth.
Quasi Truth and the Nature of Induction
Authors: Costa Newton C. A. da , French Steven 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis chapter considers the “vertical” relationship between theory and evidence. In particular, it considers the impact of the conception of “partial” truth on the dynamics of belief change. A new basis for a logic of induction is developed which is faithful to the central principles of induction as set down by Russell, and which can handle various well-known problems that are taken to beset standard Bayesian approaches. It is shown that the standard, but implausible, assumption of “logical omniscience” can be appropriately weakened through a formal modification of the notion of “quasi truth”.
Scientific Empiricism
Authors: Humphreys Paul 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe need for epistemic security is best satisfied by a scientific rather than a traditional empiricism. The emphasis on human observations can be transcended by the dilution argument and the overlap argument, but scientific empiricism requires that we know how instruments work, a position argued with reference to Galileo and Hacking. The three instrumental criteria of accuracy, precision, and resolution are examined. Instruments detect properties and it is argued that objects are clusters of properties.
Computational Science
Authors: Humphreys Paul 
Published: February 2006

AbstractComputational science involves a new kind of scientific method. The concepts of a computational template and a computational model are introduced as alternatives to scientific theories and laws, and it is shown how the construction process for templates allows us to hold a selective form of scientific realism. There is an important distinction between the process of construction and the process of adjustment for templates, and the latter is not subject to many conventionalist objections. Templates provide a way of re-organizing the sciences, but subject-specific knowledge is still needed to use them effectively. The important role of syntax in templates argues against the semantic account of theories.
Computer Simulations
Authors: Humphreys Paul 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA definition of computer simulations is given, emphasizing the dynamic aspects of simulations. The important role of visualization in many simulations is explained. Computational issues in simulations are connected to observational issues with instruments via the microscope metaphor. Digital simulations are compared with analog simulations, and the advantages and disadvantages of simulations are explored. Agent-based simulations are compared to equation-based simulations.
Further Issues
Authors: Humphreys Paul 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Various underdetermination arguments against selective realism are explored and rebutted. The role of abstraction and idealization in templates is explored. The fact that most computational processes are epistemically opaque is emphasized, and the effect that opacity has on scientific knowledge is explained using the Ising model as an example. Arguments are given for emphasizing mathematical form over logical form in the philosophy of science, and for emphasizing methods applicable in practice over those applicable only in principle.
Introducing Durkheim
Authors: Smith Jonathan Z. 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter begins with a discussion on the different ways of introducing Durkheim to college students. It presents four rules: the first rule is to always begin with the question of definition. Before opening Elementary Forms, after discussing the logic and forms of definition, it is useful to take time in class to have the students write out their definitions of terms such as religion, sacred/profane, and church and, later, to have them rewrite their definitions in light of Durkheim's definitions, accounting for each revision with specific reference to Durkheim's counterintuitive proposals. The second rule of introducing Durkheim insists on the importance of making arguments explicit. The third rule of introducing Durkheim is that nothing must stand alone, with the idea that comparison opens up space for criticism. The fourth rule states that that students should be asked to demonstrate their mastery of Durkheim by exhibiting a capacity to “play” with the argument, applying it to an example quite different from the Australian aboriginal data on which Elementary Forms is based.
Durkheim Sings
Authors: Strenski Ivan 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
The publication in 1974 of Steven Lukes's Emile Durkheim: His Life and Work, brought a new Durkheim into focus. A new generation of historical reappraisal and study was initiated into the life and works of Durkheim, the benefits of which are only now, a quarter of a century later, being reaped. Here, Durkheim is located within the context of his real life and times and not tailored to fit the needs of theorizing in the social sciences, in fields such as quantitative sociology, or in the dogmas of mainstream ideologies, such as with bourgeois individualism. This chapter discusses how this “new” Durkheim can be taught in religious studies.
Translating Durkheim on Religion
Authors: Fields Karen E. 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
A gap exists between Durkheim's original text and the translated English. The phrase “does not exist” (n'existe pas) as a translation doesn't quite have the same meaning as the French original. Durkheim writes: faire évanouir. If literally translated, he is indicting a science that “makes [its own subject] disappear” or “vanish into thin air” like a ghost or a phantom. The distance between the original sentence and the translated sentence displays a general feature of translation, as a process and as a product. This is explored using three editions of Forms that seeks to improve on Swain's work: excerpts by W.S.F. Pickering and Jacqueline Redding (1975); the author's own complete retranslation (1995), and an Oxford World's Classics Abridgement by Mark S. Cladis and Carol Cosman (2001).
Putting Durkheim's Texts to Work
Authors: Jones Robert Alun 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
In a variety of different subject areas — for example, sociology, history, and most recently religious studies — Durkheim has been a central focus in this book's author's teaching for more than thirty years. As a graduate student during the late sixties, the book's author was introduced to Thomas Kuhn's Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962), which contained radical ideas about the history of ideas. Since then, his approach to teaching intellectual history has remained largely the same — that is, historicist, nominalist, and neopragmatist — albeit with minor adjustments along the way. Since this progression defines so much of what he does in the present, this chapter takes a brief look at the past.