bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hobbes's Reply to the Fool
Authors: LeBuffe Michael 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe objection Hobbes raises in the voice of the Fool against his own argument is, apparently, that it is sometimes rational to break covenant. Hobbes's answer is puzzling, both because it seems implausible and also because it seems at odds with some of his own views. This article reviews several strategies critics have taken in trying to show that Hobbes's answer is more plausible than it seems and one attempt to show that the Fool's objection concerns the action of breaking covenant only indirectly.
Religious Literature of Late Period and Greco‐Roman Egypt
Authors: Jay Jacqueline E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAlthough Egypt was ruled by foreigners during most of the Late and Greco‐Roman periods, native religious traditions remained strong and the period witnessed the production of a wide variety of religious texts written in the Egyptian language. This article presents many of the major religious texts of Egypt's Late and Greco‐Roman periods and comments on the trends of continuity and change that they suggest. It is divided into three sections. The first discusses texts written on temple walls or on papyri stored in temple scriptoria which speak to the ritual and theological activities of the priesthood. The second examines different types of oracle requests and divinatory texts which represent the practical religion of the living. The third focuses on mortuary texts recited over the deceased and funerary texts placed in the grave.1
The Road to Chaos by Time-Asymmetric Hebbian Learning in Recurrent Neural Networks
Authors: Molter Colin , Salihoglu Utku , Bersini Hugues 
Published: November 2006

This letter aims at studying the impact of iterative Hebbian learning algorithms on the recurrent neural network's underlying dynamics. First, an iterative supervised learning algorithm is discussed. An essential improvement of this algorithm consists of indexing the attractor information items by means of external stimuli rather than by using only initial conditions, as Hopfield originally proposed. Modifying the stimuli mainly results in a change of the entire internal dynamics, leading to an enlargement of the set of attractors and potential memory bags. The impact of the learning on the network's dynamics is the following: the more information to be stored as limit cycle attractors of the neural network, the more chaos prevails as the background dynamical regime of the network. In fact, the background chaos spreads widely and adopts a very unstructured shape similar to white noise.Next, we introduce a new form of supervised learning that is more plausible from a biological point of view: the network has to learn to react to an external stimulus by cycling through a sequence that is no longer specified a priori. Based on its spontaneous dynamics, the network decides “on its own” the dynamical patterns to be associated with the stimuli. Compared with classical supervised learning, huge enhancements in storing capacity and computational cost have been observed. Moreover, this new form of supervised learning, by being more “respectful” of the network intrinsic dynamics, maintains much more structure in the obtained chaos. It is still possible to observe the traces of the learned attractors in the chaotic regime. This complex but still very informative regime is referred to as “frustrated chaos.”
Comparison of the effects of antibody-coated liposomes, IVIG, and anti-RBC immunotherapy in a murine model of passive chronic immune thrombocytopenia
Authors: Deng Rong , Balthasar Joseph P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe present work evaluated antibody-coated liposomes as a new treatment strategy for immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) through the use of a mouse model of the disease. Effects of antimethotrexate antibody (AMI)–coated liposomes and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG)–coated liposomes (15, 30, 60 μmol lipid/kg) were compared with the effects of IVIG (0.4, 1, 2 g/kg) and anti–red blood cell (anti-RBC) monoclonal antibody immunotherapy (TER119, 5, 15, 25, and 50 μg/mouse) on MWReg30-induced thrombocytopenia. Each treatment was found to attenuate thrombocytopenia in a dose-dependent manner and, consistent with previous work, IVIG was found to increase antiplatelet antibody clearance in a dose-dependent manner. TER119 demonstrated greater effects on thrombocytopenia relative to other therapies (peak platelet counts: 224% ± 34% of initial platelet counts for 50 μg TER119/mouse versus 160% ± 34% for 2 g/kg IVIG, 88% ± 36% for 60 μmol lipid/kg AMI-coated liposomes, and 80% ± 25% for 60 μmol lipid/kg IVIG-coated liposomes). However, the effects of TER119 were associated with severe hemolysis, as TER119 decreased RBC counts by approximately 50%. The present work demonstrated that antibody-coated liposomes attenuated thrombocytopenia in this model at a much lower immunoglobulin dose than that required for IVIG effects and, in contrast with TER119, antibody-coated liposomes increased platelet counts without altering RBC counts.
α-defensins block the early steps of HIV-1 infection: interference with the binding of gp120 to CD4
Authors: Furci Lucinda , Sironi Francesca , Tolazzi Monica , Vassena Lia , Lusso Paolo 
Published: November 2006

Abstractα-defensins are antibiotic peptides that act as natural inhibitors of HIV-1 infection. However, the mechanisms of such inhibition are still unclear. Here we demonstrate that α-defensins block the earliest steps in the viral infectious cycle, as documented using an HIV-1 envelope-mediated cell-fusion assay. A broad-spectrum inhibitory activity was observed on primary and laboratory-adapted HIV-1 isolates irrespective of their coreceptor specificity and genetic subtype. A primary mechanism of such inhibition was identified as the ability of α-defensins to bind specifically both to the primary HIV-1 cellular receptor, CD4, and to the viral envelope glycoprotein, gp120. Moreover, treatment of CD4+ T cells with α-defensins caused a dramatic downmodulation of CD4 expression. By monoclonal antibody competition, the regions of interaction with α-defensins were mapped to the D1 domain of CD4 and to a surface contiguous to the CD4- and coreceptor-binding sites of gp120. Consistent with these findings, α-defensins inhibited the binding of gp120 to CD4. These data demonstrate that α-defensins specifically block the initial phase of the HIV infectious cycle and modulate the expression of CD4, a critical receptor in the physiology of T-cell activation.
Staphylococcal superantigen-like 5 binds PSGL-1 and inhibits P-selectin–mediated neutrophil rolling
Authors: Bestebroer Jovanka , Poppelier Miriam J. J. G. , Ulfman Laurien H. , Lenting Peter J. , Denis Cecile V. , van Kessel Kok P. M. , van Strijp Jos A. G. , de Haas Carla J. C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractStaphylococcus aureus secretes several virulence factors interfering with host-cell functions. Staphylococcal superantigen-like (SSL) proteins are a family of 11 exotoxins with structural homology to superantigens but with generally unknown functions. Recently, we described that chemotaxis inhibitory protein of Staphylococcus aureus (CHIPS31-121), a potent inhibitor of C5a-induced responses, is structurally homologous to the C-terminal domain of SSL5. Here, we identify P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1), involved in the initial rolling of neutrophils along the endothelium, as a target for SSL5. SSL5 specifically bound to Chinese hamster ovary cells stably expressing PSGL-1 (CHO–PSGL-1), which was dependent of sulfation and sialylation. Furthermore, SSL5 bound to PSGL-1/Ig fusion protein immobilized on a biosensor chip. SSL5 affected binding of soluble P-selectin/Fc chimera, the principle ligand of PSGL-1, to CHO–PSGL-1 cells and inhibited adhesion of neutrophils to immobilized P-selectin under static conditions. Under flow conditions SSL5 strongly decreased neutrophil rolling on immobilized P-selectin/Fc and activated human endothelial cells. In conclusion, SSL5 interferes with the interaction between PSGL-1 and P-selectin, suggesting that S aureus uses SSL5 to prevent neutrophil extravasation toward the site of infection. This makes SSL5 a potential lead for the development of new anti-inflammatory compounds for disorders characterized by excessive recruitment of leukocytes.
Involvement of the fractalkine pathway in the pathogenesis of childhood hemolytic uremic syndrome
Authors: Ramos María Victoria , Fernández Gabriela C. , Patey Natasha , Schierloh Pablo , Exeni Ramón , Grimoldi Irene , Vallejo Graciela , Elías-Costa Christian , del Carmen Sasiain Maria , Trachtman Howard , Combadière Christophe , Proulx François , Palermo Marina S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThrombotic microangiopathy and acute renal failure are cardinal features of postdiarrheal hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). These conditions are related to endothelial and epithelial cell damage induced by Shiga toxin (Stx) through the interaction with its globotriaosyl ceramide receptor. However, inflammatory processes contribute to the pathogenesis of HUS by sensitizing cells to Stx fractalkine (FKN), a CX3C transmembrane chemokine expressed on epithelial and endothelial cells upon activation, is involved in the selective migration and adhesion of specific leukocyte subsets to tissues. Here, we demonstrated a selective depletion of circulating mononuclear leukocytes expressing the receptor for FKN (CX3CR1) in patients with HUS. We found a unique phenotype in children with HUS distinct from that seen in healthy, uremic, or infected controls, in which monocytes lost CX3CR1, down-modulated CD62L, and increased CD16. In addition, the CD56dim natural killer (NK) subpopulation was decreased, leading to an altered peripheral CD56dim/CD56bright ratio from 10.0 to 4.5. It is noteworthy that a negative correlation existed between the percentage of circulating CX3CR1+ leukocytes and the severity of renal failure. Finally, CX3CR1+ leukocytes were observed in renal biopsies from patients with HUS. We suggest that the interaction of CX3CR1+ cells with FKN present on activated endothelial cells may contribute to renal injury in HUS.
Donor cell leukemia: insight into cancer stem cells and the stem cell niche
Authors: Flynn Catherine M. , Kaufman Dan S. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Donor cell leukemia (DCL) is a rare complication of hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Its incidence has been reported between 0.12% and 5%, although the majority of cases are anecdotal. The mechanisms of leukemogenesis in DCL may be distinct from other types of leukemia. Possible causes of DCL include oncogenic alteration or premature aging of transplanted donor cells in an immunosuppressed person. Although many studies have recently better characterized leukemic stem cells, it is important to also consider that both intrinsic cell factors and external signals from the hematopoietic microenvironment govern the developmental fate of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Therefore, in cases of DCL, alteration of the microenvironment after HCT may increase the likelihood that some progeny of normal HSCs become leukemic. This complex intercommunication between cells, growth factors, and cytokines in the hematopoietic microenvironment are critical to balance HSC self-renewal, proliferation, and differentiation. However, this homeostasis is likely perturbed in the development of DCL, allowing unique insight into the stimuli that regulate normal and potentially abnormal hematopoietic development. In this article, we discuss the possible pathogenesis of DCL, its association with stem cells, and its likely dependence on a less-supportive stem cell niche.
Intensified 12-week CHOP (I-CHOP) plus G-CSF compared with standard 24-week CHOP (CHOP-21) for patients with intermediate-risk aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a phase 3 trial of the Dutch-Belgian Hemato-Oncology Cooperative Group (HOVON)
Authors: Verdonck Leo F. , Notenboom Annelise , de Jong Daphne D. , MacKenzie Marius A. , Verhoef Gregor E. G. , Kramer Mark H. H. , Ossenkoppele Gert J. , Doorduijn Jeanette K. , Sonneveld Pieter , van Imhoff Gustaaf W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractOptimal dose and timing of CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone) chemotherapy for aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is still an unresolved issue. We assessed whether dose intensifications with cyclophosphamide and doxorubicin might improve outcome in younger patients with intermediate-risk aggressive NHL. Previously untreated patients were assigned to receive either 8 courses of standard CHOP (n = 239) or 6 courses of intensified (I)–CHOP (n = 238). Although there was a tendency in favor of I-CHOP for overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), and event-free survival (EFS), the differences were not significant. However, although these analyses were not planned, when the intermediate-risk group was divided into low-intermediate- and high-intermediate-risk patients according to the International Prognostic Index (IPI), low-intermediate-risk patients had improved 6-year OS (67% vs 52%; P = .05), DFS (58% vs 45%; P = .06), and EFS (41% vs 30%; P = .21) when they were treated with I-CHOP compared with standard CHOP. On the other hand, high-intermediate-risk patients seem to have no benefit from I-CHOP. Although clinically relevant side effects occurred more often in the I-CHOP arm, treatment-related mortality was similar. These data suggest that I-CHOP might be preferable to standard CHOP in younger patients with low-intermediate-risk aggressive NHL.
A novel human B cell subpopulation representing the initial germinal center population to express AID
Authors: Kolar Grant R. , Mehta Darshna , Pelayo Rosana , Capra J. Donald 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
We have identified a novel mature human B-cell subpopulation in the human tonsil that has characteristics of both naive B cells and germinal center B cells including the expression of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), which is essential for the process of immunoglobulin somatic hypermutation and class-switch recombination. These cells are clearly somatically hypermutated, albeit modestly. Their phenotype (IgD+CD38−CD23−FSChiCD71+) is unique and suggests they may be intermediate between both naive and germinal center cells. Morphologically they are also distinct from other B-cell subpopulations. The evidence presented suggests these cells may be the founder cells of the germinal center reaction (a pro-GC cell) and may be the normal counterpart of the mantle cell lymphoma cell.
Induction of Th2 type immunity in a mouse system reveals a novel immunoregulatory role of basophils
Authors: Oh Keunhee , Shen Tao , Le Gros Graham , Min Booki 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWhile production of cytokines such as IL-12 by activated dendritic cells supports development of Th1 type immunity, a source of early IL-4 that is responsible for Th2 immunity is not well understood. We now show that coculture of basophils could promote a robust Th2 differentiation upon stimulation of naive CD4 T cells primarily via IL-4. Th2 promotion by basophils was also observed even when naive CD4 T cells were stimulated in a Th1-promoting condition or when fully differentiated Th1 phenotype effector CD4 T cells were restimulated. IL-4–deficient basophils failed to induce Th2 differentiation but suppressed Th1 differentiation. It was subsequently revealed that the IL-4–deficient basophils must engage cell-to-cell contact to exert the inhibitory effect on Th1 differentiation. Stimulation of naive CD4 T cells within an in vivo environment of increased basophil generation supported development of Th2 type immunity. Taken together, our results suggest that basophils may provide an important link for the development of Th2 immunity.
Human transmissible spongiform encephalopathies in eleven countries: diagnostic pattern across time, 1993–2002
Authors: de Pedro-Cuesta Jesús , Glatzel Markus , Almazán Javier , Stoeck Katharina , Mellina Vittorio , Puopolo Maria , Pocchiari Maurizio , Zerr Inga , Kretszchmar Hans A , Brandel Jean-Philippe , Delasnerie-Lauprêtre Nicole , Alpérovitch Annick , Van Duijn Cornelia , Sanchez-Juan Pascual , Collins Steven , Lewis Victoria , Jansen Gerard H , Coulthart Michael B , Gelpi Ellen , Budka Herbert , Mitrova Eva 
Published: November 2006

Abstract

Background
The objective of this study was to describe the diagnostic panorama of human transmissible spongiform encephalopathies across 11 countries.

Methods
From data collected for surveillance purposes, we describe annual proportions of deaths due to different human transmissible spongiform encephalopathies in eleven EUROCJD-consortium countries over the period 1993–2002, as well as variations in the use of diagnostic tests. Using logistic models we quantified international differences and changes across time.

Results
In general, pre-mortem use of diagnostic investigations increased with time. International differences in pathological confirmation of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, stable over time, were evident. Compared to their counterparts, some countries displayed remarkable patterns, such as: 1) the high proportion, increasing with time, of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United Kingdom, (OR 607.99 95%CI 84.72–4363.40), and France (OR 18.35, 95%CI 2.20–152.83); 2) high, decreasing proportions of iatrogenic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in France, (OR 5.81 95%CI 4.09–8.24), and the United Kingdom, (OR 1.54 95%CI 1.03–2.30); and, 3) high and stable ratios of genetic forms in Slovakia (OR 21.82 95%CI 12.42–38.33) and Italy (OR 2.12 95%CI 1.69–2.68).

Conclusion
Considerable international variation in aetiological subtypes of human transmissible spongiform encephalopathies was evident over the observation period. With the exception of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and iatrogenic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in France and the United Kingdom, these differences persisted across time.
High yield recombinant penicillin G amidase production and export into the growth medium using Bacillus megaterium
Authors: Yang Yang , Biedendieck Rebekka , Wang Wei , Gamer Martin , Malten Marco , Jahn Dieter , Deckwer Wolf-Dieter 
Published: November 2006

Abstract

Background
During the last years B. megaterium was continuously developed as production host for the secretion of proteins into the growth medium. Here, recombinant production and export of B. megaterium ATCC14945 penicillin G amidase (PGA) which is used in the reverse synthesis of β-lactam antibiotics were systematically improved.

Results
For this purpose, the PGA leader peptide was replaced by the B. megaterium LipA counterpart. A production strain deficient in the extracellular protease NprM and in xylose utilization to prevent gene inducer deprivation was constructed and employed. A buffered mineral medium containing calcium ions and defined amino acid supplements for optimal PGA production was developed in microscale cultivations and scaled up to a 2 Liter bioreactor. Productivities of up to 40 mg PGA per L growth medium were reached.

Conclusion
The combination of genetic and medium optimization led to an overall 7-fold improvement of PGA production and export in B. megaterium. The exclusion of certain amino acids from the minimal medium led for the first time to higher volumetric PGA activities than obtained for complex medium cultivations.
Haloperidol treatment induces tissue- and sex-specific changes in DNA methylation: a control study using rats
Authors: Shimabukuro Morihiro , Jinno Yoshihiro , Fuke Chiaki , Okazaki Yuji 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBackgroundWe previously found that there is a subtle difference in the global methylation state of blood leukocyte DNA between male subjects with and without schizophrenia. The aim of the current study was to determine whether this difference was a primary effect of the disease state, or a secondary effect of antipsychotics administered to these patients.MethodsWe examined the methyl cytosine (mC) content of DNA from the leukocytes, brain, and liver of rats using high performance liquid chromatography. A total of 40 male and female rats received for 21 days daily injection of haloperidol or vehicle solution alone.ResultsIn control rats injected with buffer only, there was a sex-dependent difference in mC content in leukocyte DNA (male > female;P= 0.028, n = 10), similar to our previous observations in human peripheral leukocytes. No difference in mC content between the sexes was observed in the brain or liver in buffer-treated animals. Haloperidol treatment slightly decreased the mC content of leukocytes in male rats, but unexpectedly, increased the mC content of leukocytes in females. We observed a trend toward a higher level of mC in the liver in both sexes following haloperidol treatment, compared to buffer-treated animals. In contrast, haloperidol treatment resulted in a decrease in mC content in the brain in females, and this difference was statistically significant (P= 0.026).ConclusionThese results indicate that haloperidol can affect DNA methylation states in the brain, as well as in certain other tissues, and raise the possibility that antipsychotic drugs play a role in the observed disparity in mC content in male subjects with and without schizophrenia.
Layered Hybrid Thin Film of Molybdenum Trioxide with Poly(2,5-dimethylaniline) for Gas Sensor Sensitive to VOC Gases in ppm Level
Authors: Itoh Toshio , Matsubara Ichiro , Shin Woosuck , Izu Noriya 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
A layered organic/inorganic hybrid thin film consisting of MoO3 with a double-methylated polyaniline derivative, poly(2,5-dimethylaniline), showed a distinctly increasing resistivity as a response to ppm levels of aldehydic gases, and its sensitivity to acetaldehyde is higher than that to formaldehyde, which can be explained by solubility parameter theory.
Tributylphosphane-catalyzed Condensation of Alcohol and Carboxylic Acid with DCC Directed toward Rotaxane Synthesis
Authors: Makita Yoshimasa , Kihara Nobuhiro , Takata Toshikazu 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Tributylphosphane (TBP) was found to act as an effective catalyst for direct condensation of carboxylic acid and alcohol with dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC). Condensation using a DCC–TBP system was successfully applied in the preparation of rotaxanes.
Effects of Vacuum Ultraviolet Light Illumination on the Residual Stress in Sol–Gel-derived Titanium Dioxide Films
Authors: Arimitsu Naoki , Nakajima Akira , Saito Keisuke , Kameshima Yoshikazu , Okada Kiyoshi 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
This study investigated effects of vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) illumination on the residual stress of sol–gel-derived titanium dioxide (TiO2) films. After firing at 500 °C, VUV pre-illumination to TiO2 precursor film decreases residual stress more than 30%. This effect is explained by the great shrinkage that occurs during VUV illumination.
A Novel Self-aggregates of Phthalocyanine Based on Zn–O Coordination
Authors: Huang Xin , Zhao Fuqun , Li Zhongyu , Huang Lei , Tang Yingwu , Zhang Fushi , Tung Chen-Ho 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
α-Aryl/alkoxy-substituted phthalocyanines (Pcs) were synthesized and the formation of J-type self-aggregation for zinc phthalocyanines has been observed in organic non-coordinating solvents. The mechanism of the formation of this self-assembly was studied by UV–vis spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy and MALDI-TOF MS, which revealed that it was stabilized by Zn–O self-coordination.
Aza-Prins Reaction Promoted by Titanium Tetraiodide and Iodine
Authors: Shimizu Makoto , Baba Toru , Toudou Shingo , Hachiya Iwao 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
In the presence of titanium tetraiodide and iodine, olefins and acetylenes underwent aza-Prins reaction to give 1,3-iodoamines in good yields.