bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and preliminary biological evaluation of 3‐[18F]fluoro‐5‐(2‐pyridinylethynyl)benzonitrile as a PET radiotracer for imaging metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5
Authors: Wang Ji‐Quan , Tueckmantel Werner , Zhu Aijun , Pellegrino Daniela , Brownell Anna‐Liisa 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGluR5) has been reported to be implicated in various neurological disorders in the central nervous system.To investigate physiological and pathological functions of mGluR5, noninvasive imaging in a living body with PET technology and an mGluR5‐specific radiotracer is urgently needed. Here, we report the synthesis of 3‐[18F]fluoro‐5‐(2‐pyridinylethynyl)benzonitrile ([18F]FPEB) through a convenient thermal reaction as a highly specific PET radiotracer for mGluR5. The precursor and standard compounds were prepared by a coupling reaction catalyzed by palladium. Radiosynthesis of [18F]FPEB was performed using nitro as a leaving group replaced by [18F]fluoride under conventional heating condition. Biodistribution, metabolite, and microPET studies were performed using Sprague‐Dawley rats. Upto 30 mCi of [18F]FPEB was obtained with a radiochemical yield of 5% and a specific activity of 1900 ± 200 mCi/μmol at the end of syntheses. Biodistribution showed rapid clearance from the blood pool and fast and steady accumulation of radioactivity into the brain. Metabolite studies indicated that only 22% of [18F]FPEB remained in the blood system 10 min after administration, and that a metabolite existed which was much more polar than the parent tracer. MicroPET studies demonstrated that [18F]FPEB accumulated specifically in mGluR5‐rich regions of the brain such as striatum and hippocampus, and that blockade with 2‐methyl‐6‐(2‐phenylethynyl)pyridine (MPEP) and 3‐[(2‐methyl‐1,3‐thiazol‐4‐yl)ethynyl]pyridine (MTEP) substantially reduced the activity uptake in these regions. Selectivity was investigated by blockage with 6‐amino‐N‐cyclohexyl‐N,3‐dimethylthiazolo[3,2‐a]benzimidazole‐2‐caroxamide (YM‐298198), a specific antagonist for mGluR1. [18F]FPEB was prepared conveniently and showed high specificity and selectivity toward mGluR5. It possesses the potential to be used in human studies to evaluate mGluR5 functions in various neurological disorders. Synapse 61:951–961, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ex vivo and in vivo evaluation of (2R,3R)‐5‐[18F]‐fluoroethoxy‐ and fluoropropoxy‐benzovesamicol, as PET radioligands for the vesicular acetylcholine transporter
Authors: Giboureau Nicolas , Emond Patrick , Fulton Roger R. , Henderson David J. , Chalon Sylvie , Garreau Lucette , Roselt Peter , Eberl Stefan , Mavel Sylvie , Bodard Sylvie , Fulham Michael J. , Guilloteau Denis , Kassiou Michael 
Published: September 2007

AbstractMolecular imaging of the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) using positron emission tomography (PET) may provide insights into early diagnosis and better understanding of Alzheimer's disease. We further characterized the VAChT ligand (2R,3R)‐5‐FEOBV (1) and developed new fluoropropoxy analogues. Ex vivo studies of the new nonradiolabeled analogues (2R,3R)‐5‐FPOBV (2) (kD = 0.7 nM) and (2S,3S)‐5‐FPOBV (3) (kD = 8.8 nM) were performed in rat brain and showed an enantioselective inhibition of (−)‐5‐[125I]‐IBVM uptake in striatum, cortex, and hippocampus (e.g., 74% for 2 and only 54% for 3 in the cortex). Radiochemical procedures were developed to produce [18F]1 and [18F]2 as potential imaging agent for the VAChT. The radiochemistry was carried out in a one step procedure, with radiolabeling yields of 17 and 2.6% (range: 1–5.4), respectively, nondecay corrected with good specific activity: 124–338 GBq/μmol. The radiochemical purity was greater than 98%. The biological (ex vivo and in vivo) properties of these radioligands were evaluated in rats and showed a low (less then 0.1% of the injected dose) and homogeneous brain uptake. The in vivo PET study of [18F]2 performed in baboon also revealed rapid defluorination as the main problem. Therefore [18F]1 and [18F]2 appear to be unsuitable for in vivo imaging of the VAChT using PET. Synapse 61:962–970, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Facile Hydrogen Evolution Reaction on WO3Nanorods
Authors: Rajeswari Janarthanan , Kishore PilliSatyananda , Viswanathan Balasubramanian , Varadarajan ThirukkallamKanthadai 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Tungsten trioxide nanorods have been generated by the thermal decomposition (450 °C) of tetrabutylammonium decatungstate. The synthesized tungsten trioxide (WO3) nanorods have been characterized by XRD, Raman, SEM, TEM, HRTEM and cyclic voltammetry. High resolution transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the synthesized WO3nanorods are crystalline in nature with monoclinic structure. The electrochemical experiments showed that they constitute a better electrocatalytic system for hydrogen evolution reaction in acid medium compared to their bulk counterpart.
Associated risk factors in children who had late presentation of developmental dysplasia of the hip
Authors: Abu Hassan Freih Odeh , Shannak Akram 
Published: September 2007

Purpose The purpose of this study was to assess the role of clinical examination, associated risk factors and plain radiograph of the pelvis in children who had late presentation of DDH. Methods We report on a 7-year prospective study, in children who had late presentation of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH). For this purpose, 740 hips in 370 referred children, age range 3–7 months (mean 3.44 months) were clinically and radiologically assessed, and the associated risk factors recorded. Results Female sex, first born, positive family history and breech presentation were confirmed as risk factors for DDH. Significant findings were an increased risk for vaginal delivery over caesarean section for breech presentation ( P = 0.002). There was an increased risk for caesarean section in the absence of breech presentation. Multiple births and preterm births had a reduced risk. For breech presentation, the risk of DDH was estimated to be at least 1.6% for girls and 3.4% for boys; a combination of factors increased the risk. Limitation of abduction (43.2%) and asymmetry of the groin skin folds (72.7%) were found to be the two most common clinical findings associated with DDH. Bilateral acetabular dysplasia is more common than unilateral dysplasia. Foot deformities were rarely encountered in children with acetabular dysplasia. Conclusions The percentage of first-born babies who had DDH is lower than reported in the literature (34%), but still shows significant risk. We did find that bilateral acetabular dysplasia is more common than unilateral dysplasia. Torticollis and foot deformities are rarely found to be associated with DDH. All these findings needs further evaluation in children who had surgical treatment for DDH, to see if they are different from dysplastic groups. Limitation of abduction is an important clinical finding, but is not always associated with DDH. Asymmetry of the skin folds in the groin were found to be an important clinical finding associated with DDH for all age groups. As clinical examination depends on many factors, and most DDH cases are of the dysplastic type, it is mandatory to depend on further diagnostic tools for confirmation of DDH.
Promoter polymorphism of the matrix metalloproteinase 3 gene is associated with regurgitation and left ventricular remodelling in mitral valve prolapse patients
Authors: Oceandy Delvac , Yusoff Rahal , Baudoin Florence M. , Neyses Ludwig , Ray Simon G. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractBackground and aims:Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is common and highly variable in its severity, but the factors underlying this variability are unclear. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that polymorphic variations in Matrix Metalloproteinase (MMP) genes might be predictors of left ventricular (LV) remodelling and severity of regurgitation in MVP.Methods and results:70 MVP patients and 75 normal subjects were studied. We performed comprehensive echocardiography and analyzed promoter polymorphisms in the MMP‐1 and MMP‐3 genes. The MMP‐3 ‐1612 5A/6A polymorphism showed strong associations with indices of mitral regurgitation and LV remodelling: Patients with 5A/5A allele had more pronounced remodelling and more severe mitral regurgitation than patients with the 6A/6A or 5A/6A alleles. We then cloned and sequenced 2 kb fragments of MMP‐3 promoter from patients with 5A/5A and 6A/6A genotypes and found 4 different sets of promoter haplotypes. Promoter analysis showed that higher promoter activity was related to a more severe phenotype and that the haplotype variants had a more dominant role in determining the activity.Conclusions:Our data identifies the MMP‐3 promoter haplotype as a novel marker of an adverse disease course in MVP, suggesting the presence of genetic determinants for the severity of MVP.
Ethical issues in vesico‐vaginal fistula care and research
Authors: Wall L.L. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe plight of women in poor nonindustrialized countries who have incurred catastrophic childbirth injuries, such as vesico‐vaginal and recto‐vaginal fistulas, from prolonged obstructed labor is receiving increased attention from the world medical community. While the good intentions that have prompted this greater concern are not in doubt, intentions by themselves are insufficient guarantees of ethical conduct in programs developed to repair these injuries. Clinical proposals put forward to deal with the problem of fistula must undergo critical analysis to insure that basic ethical requirements are met. This article emphasizes the vulnerability to exploitation of women with obstetric fistulas and reviews the basic principles of medical ethics relevant to fistula care.
Evaluation of Undifferentiated Carcinoma of Nasopharyngeal Type with Thallium‐201 and Technetium‐99m MIBI SPECT
Authors: Sobic‐Saranovic Dragana P. , Pendjer Ivica P. , Kozarevic Nebojsa Dj. , Artiko Vera M. , Mikic Anton A. , Obradovic Vladimir B. 
Published: August 2007

OBJECTIVETo determine the value of 201‐thallium (201‐Tl) and technetium‐99m sestamibi (Tc‐99m MIBI) single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) for detecting primary undifferentiated carcinoma of nasopharyngeal type (UCNT), residual/recurrent tissue, and lymph node involvement.STUDY DESIGN AND SETTINGSPECT of head and neck was prospectively performed in 46 patients with a history of UCNT (201‐Tl in 24 patients, Tc‐99m MIBI in 22). CT/MRI findings, clinical follow‐up, and pathohistological verification served as a gold standard for calculating sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of each scintigraphic technique. Tumor‐to‐background index (T/Bg) was derived when SPECT findings were positive.RESULTSSensitivity of 201‐Tl SPECT was 87 percent, with 78 percent specificity, 83 percent accuracy, and T/Bg of 4.05 ± 1.50. Tc‐99m MIBI SPECT had 85 percent sensitivity, 78 percent specificity, 82 percent accuracy, and T/Bg of 4.45 ± 1.27.CONCLUSION AND SIGNIFICANCE201‐Tl SPECT and Tc‐99m MIBI SPECT are useful for detecting primary UCNT, residual/recurrent disease, and lymph node involvement. This use is particularly valuable after chemoradiotherapy when CT/MRI may be ambiguous.
Hearing Loss in Behçet Syndrome
Authors: Mahdi Bakhshaee , Mehdi Ghasemi Mohammad , Reza Hatef Mohammad , Mahdieh Talebmehr , Taghi Shakeri Mohammad 
Published: August 2007

OBJECTIVETo determine the prevalence and characteristics of hearing loss in Behçet syndrome.STUDY DESIGN AND SETTINGThis study included 27 patients with Behçet syndrome and 35 sex‐and age‐matched controls. A complete audiological evaluation was performed.RESULTSThe average pure‐tone audiograms from both groups showed a statistically significant hearing loss in the Behçet group. Sixteen patients (59.26%) showed some degrees of senso‐rineural hearing loss (SNHL), with the high‐frequency type (4, 8, 10, and 12 kHz) being the most common pattern (93.75%). Hearing loss was the fourth most common manifestation. Although the patient's age, sex, and the duration of the disease were not related to hearing loss, there was a significant correlation between a negative pathergy test and hearing loss in patients with Behçet syndrome.CONCLUSIONWe should consider audiovestibular involvement in Behçet syndrome as a common finding.
Comparison of Approaches for Oral Cavity Cancer Resection: Lip‐Split versus Visor Flap
Authors: Cilento Benjamin W. , Izzard Mark , Weymuller Ernest A. , Futran Neal 
Published: August 2007

OBJECTIVETo compare lip‐split and visor flap approaches to the oral cavity in terms of morbidity, margins, and locoregional recurrence.DESIGN AND SETTINGRetrospective case series at the University of Washington, Seattle.METHODSSeventy patients undergoing resection of advanced (T4) anterior oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma requiring fibula reconstruction were grouped according to surgical access procedure performed (lip‐split [LS] or visor flap [VF]). Data on surgical morbidity, margin status, and outcomes were compared.RESULTSRecurrence rates and positive margins were similar for both groups. Rates of postoperative fistulae were 6.8% (LS) vs 0% (VF) and for oral incompetence 14.6% (LS) vs 6.9% (VF). Most of the fistulas (37.5%) were in irradiated patients. Neither group had any malunions.CONCLUSIONSThere is no significant difference in pathological margins or rates of local recurrence when using either the lip‐split or the visor approach. The lip‐split approach has a higher rate of postoperative fistula formation than the visor flap approach; fistula formation may be associated with previous irradiation.
Comparison of LigaSure Vessel Sealing System, Harmonic Scalpel, and Cold Knife Tonsillectomy
Authors: Lachanas Vassilios A. , Hajiioannou John K. , Karatzias George T. , Filios Dimitrios , Koutsias Stylianos , Mourgelas Charalambos 
Published: August 2007

OBJECTIVEWe sought to compare LigaSure Vessel Sealing System tonsillectomy (LT), Harmonic Scalpel tonsillectomy (HST), and cold knife tonsillectomy (CKT).STUDY DESIGNWe conducted a prospective study on 161 adult patients undergoing tonsillectomy. Subjects were randomized to LT, HST, or CKT groups, and intraoperative bleeding, operative time, postoperative pain, and complication rates were assessed.RESULTSThe LT, HST, and CKT groups consisted of 50, 43, and 37 individuals, respectively. Intraoperative bleeding was significantly lower in the LT group, whereas bleeding in the HST group was significantly lower than that in the CKT group. Operative time and postoperative pain were significantly lower in the LT and HST groups. One primary hemorrhage occurred in the HST group, and one occurred in he CKT group. Secondary hemorrhage occurred in one, two, and one patients in the LT, HST, and CKT groups, respectively.CONCLUSIONLT and HST have shown comparable results regarding intraoperative blood loss, postoperative hemorrhage, and pain. Compared with CKT, both were associated with less intra‐operative blood loss and pain.
The nature of the growth pattern and of the metabolic response to fasting in the rat are dependent upon the dietary protein and folic acid intakes of their pregnant dams and post-weaning fat consumption
Authors: Burdge Graham C. , Lillycrop Karen A. , Jackson Alan A. , Gluckman Peter D. , Hanson Mark A. 
Published: August 2007

The nutritional cues which induce different phenotypes from a single genotype in developing offspring are poorly understood. How well prenatal nutrient availability before birth predicts that after birth may also determine the offspring's response to later metabolic challenge. We investigated the effect of feeding pregnant rats diets containing protein at 180 g/kg (Control) or 90 g/kg (protein-restricted, PR) and either 1 or 5 mg folic acid/kg on growth and metabolic response to fasting in their offspring, and also the effect of diets with different fat contents (40 g/kg (Fat4) or 100 g/kg (Fat10)) after weaning. Offspring of dams fed the PR diet with 5 mg/kg folic acid were significantly lighter than other offspring. The PR offspring fed the Fat4diet had lower plasma TAG than the Control offspring, but this relationship was reversed when offspring were fed Fat10. Increasing the folic acid content of the Control or PR maternal diets induced opposing effects on plasma TAG, NEFA, β-hydroxybutyrate and glucose concentrations in offspring fed Fat4. The effect was accentuated in offspring fed the Fat10diet such that these metabolites were increased in the Control offspring, but reduced in the PR offspring. These data show for the first time that maternal dietary folic acid intake alters offspring phenotype depending upon dietary protein intake, and that this effect is modified by fat intake after weaning. Prevention by increased folic acid intake of an altered metabolic phenotype by maternal protein-restriction may be at the expense of somatic growth.
Singularity-theoretic methods in robot kinematics
Authors: Donelan P. S. 
Published: August 2007

SUMMARYThe significance of singularities in the design and control of robot manipulators is well known, and there is an extensive literature on the determination and analysis of singularities for a wide variety of serial and parallel manipulators—indeed such an analysis is an essential part of manipulator design. Singularity theory provides methodologies for a deeper analysis with the aim of classifying singularities, providing local models and local and global invariants. This paper surveys applications of singularity-theoretic methods in robot kinematics and presents some new results.
Do earthquake precursors really exist?
Authors: Rishbeth Henry 
Published: September 2007

Pulinets [2007] discusses “ionospheric precursors” of earthquakes observed at Chung‐Li (Taiwan). If such precursors really exist and, as suggested, are caused by localized electric fields of seismic origin, those fields would be mirrored at Chung‐Li's magnetically conjugate point near 8°S, 121°E,and would cause similar localized effects there. Are these conjugate effects seen in the satellite data?Too many papers say, in effect,“An earthquake has happened! Can we see a bump in the ionosphere a few days beforehand? Yes, we can! It's a precursor!” No surprise there. The F2 layer at 300 kilometers (the relevant ionospheric layer) frequently shows bumps. The few days of Chung‐Li ionospheric data preceding the quakes of 16 September and 21 October 1999, shown by Kamogawa [2006] and Pulinets [2007], respectively, look like typical F2 layer variations at times of geomagnetic activity, which was indeed prevalent during these periods. Significant dayto‐day variations occurred, too, as far away as Australia, the United States, and the United Kingdom. So all solar‐geophysical conditions must be taken into account before attributing F2 layer variations to forthcoming earthquakes.
Global network is launched to monitor isotopes in rivers
Authors: Vitvar Tomas , Aggarwal Pradeep K. , Herczeg Andrew L. 
Published: September 2007

The Global Network of Isotopes in Rivers (GNIR), launched by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in 2007, compiles water isotope data on rivers to complement the 45‐year‐old IAEA/World Meteorological Organization (WMO) global network of isotopes in precipitation (GNIP).River runoff carries an integrated memory of hydrological processes in a basin. Recent studies [e.g., Vörösmarty and Meybeck, 2004] suggest that the impacts of storages, diversions, and redirection of streamflow for water supply, hydropower, and irrigation might surpass the impact of recent and anticipated future climate changes on river runoff. Consequences of these effects include changes in the frequency and extent of flooding, increased sediment load, altered groundwater recharge, and degradation of water quality and riparian ecosystems. These consequences often result in political disputes or upstream‐downstream inequities. GNIR aims to provide an improved understanding of stream/aquifer interactions, the impacts of climate changes on river runoff, and especially human impacts on river discharge with the use of isotope data.
Turkey makes major investment in earthquake research
Authors: Inan Sedat , Ergintav Semih , Saatçilar Ruhi , Tüzel Bekir , İravul Yildiz 
Published: September 2007

Following the devastating Mw 7.4 İzmit earthquake on 17 August 1999, major state‐of‐the‐art earthquake studies were conducted in the Marmara region of northwestern Turkey. However, other faults with the potential to generate big and potentially devastating earthquakes occur in a variety of different tectonic regimes in Turkey, and these faults and regions have not received similar attention.For example, the East Anatolian Fault (EAF) is influenced by the convergence of the Arabian and Anatolian plates along the Zagros‐Bitlis suture zone. Faults in the Aegean Extensional Province (AEP) are purely normal faults. The main faults in the Marmara region occur within both transtensional and transpressional domains (locations are shown in Figure I). All of these regions pose seismic hazards and also require focused study.
The structural and functional diversity of Hsp70 proteins from Plasmodium falciparum
Authors: Shonhai Addmore , Boshoff Aileen , Blatch Gregory L. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractIt is becoming increasingly apparent that heat shock proteins play an important role in the survival of Plasmodium falciparum against temperature changes associated with its passage from the cold‐blooded mosquito vector to the warm‐blooded human host. Interest in understanding the possible role of P. falciparum Hsp70s in the life cycle of the parasite has led to the identification of six HSP70 genes. Although most research attention has focused primarily on one of the cytosolic Hsp70s (PfHsp70‐1) and its endoplasmic reticulum homolog (PfHsp70‐2), further functional insights could be inferred from the structural motifs exhibited by the rest of the Hsp70 family members of P. falciparum. There is increasing evidence that suggests that PfHsp70‐1 could play an important role in the life cycle of P. falciparum both as a chaperone and immunogen. In addition, P. falciparum Hsp70s and Hsp40 partners are implicated in the intracellular and extracellular trafficking of proteins. This review summarizes data emerging from studies on the chaperone role of P. falciparum Hsp70s, taking advantage of inferences gleaned from their structures and information on their cellular localization. The possible associations between P. falciparum Hsp70s with their cochaperone partners as well as other chaperones and proteins are discussed.