bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lingual Fat at Autopsy
Authors: Nashi Nadia , Kang Sharon , Barkdull Gregory C. , Lucas Jonathan , Davidson Terence M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis: Obesity as measured by body mass index (BMI) has been shown to correlate with incidence and severity of sleep disordered breathing (SDB), but the actual mechanism underlying this relationship has not been defined. Pharyngeal obstruction from posterior displacement of a large, fat laden tongue is one mechanism that may explain this link. The objective of this study is to characterize the fat content within the tongue and then to determine whether tongue weight and percent of fat correlate with BMI and other metrics of obesity.Study Design: This is a cross‐sectional anatomic study performed at autopsy in 121 consecutive medical examiner cases.Methods: Tongues were harvested, weighed, and sectioned. A standardized photograph was taken of each tongue in the midsagittal plane. The image was imported into ImageJ (NIH) and then digitally analyzed to estimate fat distribution and percent within the tongue. The measurements were divided into age and sex subsets and then examined for correlation with height, weight, BMI, organ weight, and abdominal subcutaneous fat thickness.Results: This study includes data from 88 males, 27 females, and 6 children. The average tongue weight for males was 99 g, range 71 to 143 g; for females, 79 g, range 51 to 135 g; and for children, (mean age 4 yr) 38 g, range 15 to 81 g. Tongue weight correlated with BMI (r = 0.6, P < .0001). Percent of fat in the posterior tongue averaged 30 ± 12% and correlated with BMI (r = 0.5, P < .0001) for both men and women. Percent of fat in the anterior tongue averaged 10 ± 5% and correlated with BMI for males (P < .001). Anterior tongue fat percent did not correlate with BMI in females.Conclusion: Increase in tongue weight and percentage of fat, and therefore tongue volume, may explain why patients with weight gain have higher rates of SDB. Tongue weight, fat, and volume may also correlate with and explain Mallampati grades.
Aerodynamic performance of thin wings at low Reynolds numbers
Authors: Lin J.L. , Wei C.Y. , Lin C.Y. 
Published: June 2007

PurposeThis study seeks to explore the aerodynamic performance of wings with different shapes at low Reynolds numbers.Design/methodology/approachThe airfoils of these wings are made from aluminum plates, and the maximum cord length and wingspan are 15 cm. Wings A to D are plates with 6 percent Gottingen camber but different wing planforms. The forward‐half sections of wings E and F are dragonfly‐like, whereas the rear‐half sections of wings E and F are flat and positively cambered, respectively. The aspect ratios of these wings are close to one, and the ratios of plate thickness to the maximum cord length are 1.3 percent. Experimental results indicate that the wings with Gottingen camber have a superior lift and lift‐to‐drag ratio, whereas the wings with dragonfly‐like airfoils perform well in terms of drag and pitch moment.FindingsThe aerodynamic measurements of the wings demonstrate that the wing with the Gottingen camber airfoil, a swept‐back leading edge and a straight trailing edge is suitable for use in micro aerial vehicle (MAV). An MAV is fabricated with this wing and the aerodynamic performance of the MAV is examined and compared with the bare wing data.Originality/valueThis study develops several criteria to the design of MAV‐sized wings. For example, the thickness ratio of airfoil must be small, usually less than 2 percent. Besides, the airfoil must be cambered adequately. Furthermore, a wing planform with a swept‐back leading edge and a straight trailing edge would be contributive to the successful flights of MAVs.
Electrochemical studies of the effect of trans‐4‐hydroxy‐4'‐stilbazole on the corrosion inhibition of mild steel in HCl solution
Authors: Nahlé Ayssar , Abu‐Abdoun Ideisan , Abdel‐Rahman Ibrahim 
Published: June 2007

PurposeTo provide a novel synthesized stilbazole derivative as a corrosion inhibitor for researchers in the field of corrosion science.Design/methodology/approachElectrochemical corrosion measurements (tafel plots) were carried out in a 3‐electrode electrochemical cell on the mild steel electrode in 1.0 M HCl and in 1.0 M HCl containing various concentrations (1.0 × 10−7 M to 1.0 × 10−3 M) of the laboratory synthesized trans‐4‐hydroxy‐4'‐stilbazole.FindingsThe percentage inhibition of trans‐4‐hydroxy‐4'‐stilbazole on mild steel in 1 M HCl solution increased with the increase of concentration of that inhibitor. This percentage inhibition steeply increased from 10.11 percent (at 1.0 × 10−7 M) to 30.34 percent at 1.0 × 10−6 M. The slope of this increase slightly decreased at the concentration of 1.0 × 10−5 M to reach 39.61 percent. At higher concentrations, the increase of the percentage inhibition was steeper than the initial part, and reached 97.92 percent at 1.0 × 10−3 M.Practical implicationsThis inhibitor could have application in industries, where hydrochloric acid solutions are used to remove scale and salts from steel surfaces, such as acid cleaning of tankage and pipeline and may render dismantling unnecessary.Originality/valueThis paper is intended to be the building block or the nucleus for a new family or group of stilbazole derivatives in electrochemical studies of corrosion inhibitors.
Developing the multi‐cultural organisation: managing diversity or understanding differences?
Authors: Day Robert 
Published: June 2007

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore the different approaches to managing a multi‐cultural team within an organisation and ways to identify which approach an organisation has adopted. The paper also investigates the result of the different methods and evaluates which is the most effective.Design/methodology/approachThe paper takes a discursive approach in order to explore fully and survey the different styles and their consequences. In order to verify which of the methods is most effective the paper compares and contrasts the two to identify the benefits.FindingsThe paper reveals that there are two approaches for managing a multi‐cultural team: developmental and defensive. It discovers what the symptoms of the techniques are and why an organisation might adopt a certain method. The paper finds that the developmental approach is the most effective for organisations and uncovers how an organisation can follow a developmental route on managing cultural differences for the most positive effect.Originality/valueThe paper is a valuable resource to any organisation currently employing a multi‐cultural team or looking to conduct an overseas assignment or re‐locate the whole or part of the company abroad.
Building an institutional repository at Loughborough University: some experiences
Authors: Barwick Joanna 
Published: June 2007

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to provide a summary of the experiences of setting up an institutional repository at Loughborough University, focusing on some of the key issues that it was necessary to consider, the choices made and the challenges overcome.Design/methodology/approachThe paper outlines the various decision processes involved during the 12‐month pilot phase. These include: choosing appropriate software; customising DSpace; implementing licences; and gathering content for the repository.FindingsThe experiences highlight some of the challenges involved in setting up an institutional repository.Originality/valueThis paper gives a direct insight into the different types of work involved in the setting up of an institutional repository and is an example of a system set up outside the boundaries of project funding.
The key to employability: developing a practical model of graduate employability
Authors: Dacre Pool Lorraine , Sewell Peter 
Published: June 2007

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to introduce a straightforward, practical model of employability that will allow the concept to be explained easily and that can be used as a framework for working with students to develop their employability.Design/methodology/approachThe model was developed from existing research into employability issues and the experience of the authors. The various elements of employability included in the model are discussed and their inclusion justified on the basis of existing research.FindingsThe model sets out exactly what is meant by employability, in clear and simple terms, and the model suggests directions for interaction between the various elements.Research limitations/implicationsThe relationships between and the interaction of the elements within the model remain theoretical. Further research to test the model is planned and will be reported on at a later date.Practical implicationsThe model can be used to explain the concept of employability to those new to the subject, and particularly to students and their parents. It will be a useful tool for lecturers, personal tutors, careers advisors and any other practitioners involved in employability activities. It will also be used to develop a measurement tool for employability.Originality/valueThis paper seeks to fill the gap between in‐depth, scholarly and complex articles or books about employability and very simple descriptive articles. It will be of value to anybody with an interest in employability issues.
Skill shortages, recruitment and retention in the house building sector
Authors: Clarke Linda , Herrmann Georg 
Published: June 2007

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to show how internal and external labour markets operate in the construction sector, associated with different strategies taken by firms in recruiting and retaining particular groups of employees. It draws on research of the house building sector which aims to discover how far firms develop human resource policies, recruitment and retention strategies, and training and development activities in response to skill shortages.Design/methodology/approachThe paper is based on a questionnaire survey of skills shortages, recruitment and retention in house building firms, drawn from databases of social and private housebuilders and a detailed investigation of firms.FindingsThe results show worsening skill shortages and hard‐to‐fill vacancies, particularly for site managers and tradespersons. These shortages are especially bad for house building firms, above all those with higher levels of direct employment in the social housing sector. Despite this, firms rely for operative recruitment on traditional and informal methods and procedures, on experience – not qualifications – as the main criterion, and on “poaching” – all symptomatic of a craft labour market. For managers, there is some evidence of retention measures, in particular through training and promotion, implying the development of internal labour markets. And for professionals there are indications of occupational labour markets with their dependence on institutionalised systems of training and qualifications.Originality/valueThe paper shows that firms take little responsibility themselves for resolving skill shortages and establishing training needs, though national training policy is reactive and driven by employer demand. Obligatory skills certification and an institutionalised industrial training system would facilitate a move from this deadlocked situation, from craft to occupational labour markets.
Bursting out of the box
Authors: Ursin Cummings Lara 
Published: June 2007

PurposeThis article aims to summarize recent outreach efforts at The Washington State University Libraries. Taking outreach beyond the traditional library liaison relationship produced unexpected partnerships across campus with such diverse groups as New Student Programs and Residence Life.Design/methodology/approachThe Library Instruction Department at Washington State University was looking for areas where expanded efforts would be most beneficial to the majority of its students. Connection was resumed with liaison areas, which had been previously established, to bring a focus to student needs. Offices centered on student life, such as Residence Life and New Student Programs, were the focal point of these efforts.FindingsWSU's Library Instruction Department was welcomed as a partner program most everywhere it went. Consequently new areas of outreach have been established where none had existed previously and the library's reputation has been boosted campus‐wide.Practical implicationsResults include a more visible library presence across campus as well as opportunities for future collaborative relationships that bring research, education and university life together. Discussion of various programs and activities provide details about the challenges of making these connections and the rewards in making new contacts that publicize library services in non‐traditional means.Originality/valueBecause so much is on the web, marketing the academic library in a personalized manner has become increasingly important on a large university campus. Establishing alternative marketing strategies geared towards the primary student audience will help build relationships across campus and consequently bring students through the doors.
Quality in research as “taking an attitude of inquiry”
Authors: Marshall Judi , Reason Peter 
Published: June 2007

PurposeThe paper aims to offer the notion of “taking an attitude of inquiry” as a quality process in research, enabling researchers to be aware of and articulate the complex processes of interpretation, reflection and action they engage in. The purpose is to consider this as a quality process that complements more procedural approaches.Design/methodology/approachDrawing on 25 years experience in an action research community – in which the authors have developed theory and practice in the company of colleagues – to articulate and illustrate what “taking an attitude of inquiry” can mean. The paper seeks to make quality practices thus developed available to a wider community of researchers.FindingsTwo schema with illustrations are offered. Qualities that enable taking an attitude of inquiry are suggested: curiosity, willingness to articulate and explore purposes, humility, participation and radical empiricism. Disciplines of inquiring practice are identified as: paying attention to framing and its pliability; enabling participation to generate high quality knowing, appreciating issues of power; working with multiple ways of knowing; and engaging in, and explicating, research as an emergent process.Research limitations/implicationsResearch is depicted as both disciplined and alive. Researchers are invited to engage fully in self‐reflective practice to enhance quality and validity.Originality/valueAn articulation of a depth view of quality in self‐reflective research practice which has been developed in an action research context and can be applied to research more generally.
Critical review of current trends in shape memory alloy actuators for intelligent robots
Authors: Sreekumar M. , Nagarajan T. , Singaperumal M. , Zoppi M. , Molfino R. 
Published: June 2007

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to review the current application areas of shape memory alloy (SMA) actuators in intelligent robotic systems and devices.Design/methodology/approachThis paper analyses how actuation and sensing functions of the SMA actuator have been exploited and incorporated in micro and macro robotic devices, developed for medical and non‐medical applications. The speed of response of SMA actuator mostly depends upon its shape and size, addition and removal of heat and the bias force applied. All these factors have impact on the overall size of the robotic device and the degree of freedom (dof) obtained and hence, a comprehensive survey is made highlighting these aspects. Also described are the mechatronic aspects like the software and hardware used in an industrial environment for the control of such nonlinear actuator and the type of sensory feedback devices incorporated for obtaining better control, positioning accuracy and fast response.FindingsSMA actuators find wide applications in various facets of robotic equipments. Selecting a suitable shape, fast heating and cooling method and better intelligent control technique with or without feedback devices could optimize its performance.Research limitations/implicationsThe frequency of SMA actuation purely depends on the rate of heat energy added to and removed from the actuator, which in turn depends upon interrelated nonlinear parameters.Practical implicationsFor increasing the dof of robots, number of actuators also have to be increased that leads to complex control problems.Originality/valueExplains the suitability of SMA as actuators in smart robotic systems, possibility of miniaturisation. It also highlights the difficulties faced by the SMA research community.
Caring for the community
Authors: Bekin Caroline , Carrigan Marylyn , Szmigin Isabelle 
Published: June 2007

PurposeThe symbolic and social roles of waste are explored through a small sample of UK and Brazilian consumers from urban and rural communities. These findings are relevant in highlighting the importance of considering socio‐cultural differences in waste policies.Design/methodology/approachFollowing an ontologically realist and epistemologically interpretive perspective on waste a series of semi‐structured interviews was conducted in English and Portuguese.FindingsWhile Brazilian interviewees view waste as opportunity, their discourses reproduce the inequalities among and between their communities. UK participants view waste as burdensome, but demonstrate more awareness of their rights as citizens within their communities.Research limitations/implicationsThe study is exploratory and future work should address a broader range of respondents within communities across different cultures, demographic and socio‐economic circumstances.Practical implicationsIdeas generated from the study have both specific and general relevance beyond the Brazilian and UK communities. Marketing has the capacity to help advance the establishment of more effective environmentally friendly forms of consumption and disposal.Originality/valueThe paper presents a fresh perspective on developing and developed country community waste reduction behaviours through the examination of waste meanings for individual consumers.
Innovation types and innovation management practices in service companies
Authors: Oke Adegoke 
Published: June 2007

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to investigate the different types of innovation that are predominant in companies in the UK services sector, the degree of innovativeness, the practices associated with the pursuit of innovation and their relationship with company performance.Design/methodology/approachThe empirical phase of the study was conducted using a two‐stage process initiated by interviews and completed with mail surveys. Interviews were held with six senior executives of leading service companies in the UK. 214 senior managers of UK service companies were surveyed. The response rate was 47 per cent. Relevant statistical analytical techniques including regressions were used to analyse the data.FindingsProduct innovations are emphasized more in telecommunications and financial sectors than in transport and retail sectors while service innovations are emphasized more in retail and transport sectors. Radical and incremental innovations were found to be related to innovation performance. Radical innovations were also found to be related to innovation management practices.Practical implicationsService companies need to pursue radical, me‐too and incremental innovations. Formal practices and processes must not be limited to the pursuit of radical innovations. Service companies must also recognize the pursuit of incremental innovations formally in their innovation strategies and define formal process for implementing these types of innovation.Originality/valueThe finding that formal practices are set up to foster the development of radical innovations in spite of the fact that both me‐too and incremental innovations are also related to innovation performance represents an interesting contribution. Applying a framework that was based on the development of new products and innovations in the manufacturing context to the service context represents a contribution to the extant literature. Finally, investigating the link between innovation types, innovativeness, management practices and innovation performance in service companies is pioneering.
3D measurement sensor system for rough terrain mobile robots
Authors: Yokota Sho , Ohyama Yasuhiro , Hashimoto Hiroshi , She Jin‐Hua , Kawabata Kuniaki , Kobayashi Hisato , Blazevic Pierre 
Published: June 2007

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to propose a sensor system and its measuring strategy. The proposed system is regarded as a total system of a robot and a sensor. It can make full use of a robot's degrees of freedom (DOF) for not only locomotion but also sensing.Design/methodology/approachThe sensor system is composed of a connected crawler robot and a simple sensor unit. The connected crawler robot consists of five connected flat crawler stages; each stage has motor‐driven crawlers on its left and right side. The left and right crawlers are driven by motors independently. The five stages are connected by motor‐driven joints, which can be arbitrarily controlled. The sensor unit is made up of a position sensitive detector and two active joints. Generally, all sensors have a measurable range limit. If the object is bigger than the measurable range, it is impossible to recognize the object's shape. However, this sensor system compensates for this problem due to a combination of sensor unit's motion and robot's motion. The robot's DOF are ordinarily used for going forward. In this moving, if the sensor detects a bigger object than its measurable range, the robot's DOF are used for lifting up sensor unit. Therefore, the robot's DOF are exploited for both locomotion and scanning.FindingsThe experiment was done by using proposed measurement strategies. Through this experiment, the maximum distance error was 0.037 m, that fulfils the required sensor's accuracy. This experiment confirmed that the measurable range was expanded by making full use of the robot's DOF and sensor's DOF. The robot's DOF which is ordinarily used for moving is applicable to expand measurable range. Therefore, it was possible to expand measurable range by making full use of the robot's DOF without mounting extra equipments or mechanism on the robot. Hence, it was enable to exert enough sensing function even if the sensor's structures and robot's structure are also simple, by using both the robot and the sensor's functions effectively and simultaneously.Originality/valueGeneral existing mobile robot systems have both mobile function and sensing function, they are completely separate. However, this sensor system is regarded as a total system of robot and sensor. It can make full use of a robot's DOF for not only locomotion but also sensing. This sensor system makes full use of a robot's DOF. Hence, it is enable to exert enough sensing function even if the sensor's structure and robot's structure are also simple. There is originality on this point.