bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surface pH and stability of oil‐water emulsions derived from laurate solutions
Authors: Saleeb Fouad Z. , Cante Charles J. , Streckfus Thomas K. , Frost John R. , Rosano Henri L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractEmulsion stability, electrophoretic mobility, and interfacial tension of chloroform, cyclohexane, and n‐hexadecane‐potassium laurate solution were determined as a function of acidification by concentrated HCl. The stability of these emulsions were related to the presence or absence of lauric acid at the interface. It was found that a lauric acid‐laurate interfacial film was responsible for the enhanced stability in the case of cyclohexane and n‐hexadecane emulsions, while no such mixed film existed in the case of chloroform. The interfacial ionization markedly affects the distribution of ions in solution closer to the interface. The concept of surface pH was applied. Differences of up to 2 pH units between bulk and surfaces were found with these systems. Both cyclohexane and hexadecane have major stability peaks which lie at ca. the same surface pH of 5.9 ± 0.2, irrespective of the initial potassium laurate concentration or bulk pH. It is concluded that the stability of these emulsions can be explained when the role played by the interfacial ionization is taken into consideration.
Automated manometric apparatus
Authors: Bitner E. D. , Dutton H. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA manometric system has been developed for automatically performing hydrogenations, autoxidations and similar gas‐liquid phase reactions. Incorporation of an ion chamber permits radio‐active isotope experiments. Nonradioactive isotopes (such as deuterium and O18) are monitored by attaching the apparatus to a mass spectrometer. Automatic recording of gas volume and radioactivity establishes a permanent record and allows unattended operation. Use of a servomotor‐driven syringe eliminates all mercury, including mercury leveling bulbs. The flow‐through construction of the syringe permits circulation of the gas phase and, as required in isotopic experiments, obviates the dead space inherent in classical manometers. Basic electronics and readily available components enhance operation and construction. Typical hydrogenations with accompanying graphs showing gas uptake, reaction time and radioactivity concn illustrate the utility of the apparatus and the ease of collecting data.
Evaluation of detergent degradation using activated sludge
Authors: Huddleston R. L. , Allred R. C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractContinuous feed activated sludge systems provide excellent facilities for evaluating detergent biodegradability only when the environmental conditions can be rigidly controlled. Degradation is rapid in such a system, and because of the microorganisms and environment used, the rate and extent should closely approximate detergent decomposition in many municipal waste disposal plants. The design and operation of such a continuous feed activated sludge unit are described, and observed detergent degradation patterns are reported.
The effect of neomycin on cholesterol metabolism
Authors: Hamilton J. G. , Muldrey J. E. , Mccracken B. H. , Goldsmith Grace A. , Miller O. N. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractOral neomycin lowers serum cholesterol in man, whereas intramuscular doses are ineffective. Probably it exerts its effect in the gastrointestinal tract. It has been suggested that neomycin specifically involves alteration of the intestinal flora. An increased excretion of bile acids and the failure of the conversion of cholic acid to deoxycholic acid has been demonstrated, which supports this hypothesis. It has also been suggested that the decrease in serum cholesterol is related to a malabsorption syndrome. Although large doses of neomycin do cause a malabsorption syndrome there is no agreement as to the occurrence or severity of a malabsorption syndrome related to therapeutic doses of neomycin.
Sunflower oil quality and quantity as affected by rhizopus head rot
Authors: Thompson T. E. , Rogers C. E. , Zimmerman D. C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSunflower seed (Helianthus annus L.) from plants infected with head rot caused byRhizopus spp. exhibited serious oil quality problems. Free fatty acid content of this oil was 19.4%, compared with 0.8% for oil from seed of healthy plants. Oil from diseased seed was also higher in palmitic, stearic, arachidic, behenic and lignoceric fatty acids. In addition, diseased plants yielded only 81% as much seed and only 55% as much oil.
Preparation of heptadecenoic acid fromCandida tropicallis yeast
Authors: Bauchart D. , Aurousseau B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn this paper a method is described for preparing 10 g or more of heptadecenoic acid (C17:1ω8) of 99 p.100 purity fromCandida tripicallis yeast. Three cycles of treatment, based on crystallization techniques, were used successively: (1) Crystallization of fatty acids (in free form) from acetone at −25 C induced the elimination of most of the saturated fatty acids, and at −60 C, of all of the poly‐unsaturated acids. (2) Inclusion formation of fatty acids (as methyl esters) with urea at hC induced the removal of all of the remaining saturated methyl esters and most of methyl oleate. (3) Crystallization of fatty acid methyl esters from acetone at −60 C removed almost all the remaining monounsaturated methyl esters (methyl palmitoleate and methyl oleate). Total efficiency of the preparation was about 17 p. 100.
An oxidation‐adsorption method for the analysis of methyl ester fractions
Authors: Schuette H. A. , Dal Nogare Stephen 
Published: July 2007

SummaryConversion of the unsaturated components of the fractions obtained in the analytical distillation of fatty oil methyl esters to short‐chain acidic fragments by permanganate oxidation, and their subsequent adsorption on alumina tinted with bromthymol blue is the basis for the method described. Recovery experiments show a) that the removal of these fragments is practically quantitative, provided acids lower than lauric are not present in the mixtures in appreciable amounts, b) that duplicate samples agree within 1% of the saturated ester content, and c) that reproducibility of results is of the order of 0.6%. In a series of determinations on mixtures of methyl esters the results obtained by the procedure described were found to be in good agreement with those obtained by calculation from iodine and thiocyanogen numbers or by alkali isomerization. Because only small samples are required the method is particularly applicable to the analysis of distillate fractions.
Heterogeneity of the human transferrin receptor and use of anti‐transferrin receptor antibodies to detect tumours in vivo
Authors: Panaccio Michael , Zalcberg John R , Thompson Christopher H , Leyden Michael J , Sullivan John R , Lichtenstein Meir , McKenzie Ian FC 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe human transferrin receptor (TFR) which is present on dividing cells, many tumours and erthyroid precursors is readily identified using specific monoclonal antibodies. A new anti‐human TFR monoclonal antibody, HuLy‐m9, is described and its distribution on cell lines, normal and tumour tissue was examined and compared with two other anti‐TFR monoclonal antibodies, namely, OKT9 and 5E9. The three antibodies were shown to recognise different epitopes on the surface of the TFR and have different reactivities with in vitro cell lines. Peptide map analyses of the TFR recognised by each monoclonal antibody from the same cell line were identical; however, differences were observed between cell lines. 131I‐radiolabelled HuLy‐m9 was used to successfully localise a nasopharyngeal carcinoma in vivo.
Further studies on the heterogeneity of antigens recognised by CD‐1 monoclonal antibodies: distribution of epitopes and analysis of serological binding patterns
Authors: Favaloro EJ , Bradstock KF , Grimsley P , Henniker A , Kamath S 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe binding patterns of 28 monoclonal antibodies (MAB) recognizing antigens belonging to Cluster of Differentiation One (CD‐1) were analyzed in order to investigate heterogeneity within this cluster. Competitive binding assays using radiolabelled MAB provided detailed information on CD‐1 antigenic heterogeneity, and demonstrated that at least six epitopic regions are recognised as CD‐1 MAB. Further studies, based on single cell suspension immunofluorescence assays (using thymocytes and subclones on the cell line Molt‐4), suggested that the majority of MAB studied could be serologically separated into three groups. In view of the most recent information suggesting that CD‐1 MAB recognize at least three different early T‐cell differentiation molecules, our results indicate that there are three or more distinct epitopes on the‘gp49’(HTA‐1/CD‐1a) molecule, two on the‘gp45’(HTA‐3/CD‐1b) molecule and one on‘gp43’(HTA‐2/CD‐1c).
Analysis of early lymphocyte activation events by fluorescence polarization flow cytometry
Authors: Dimitropoulos K , Rolland JM , Nairn RC 
Published: July 2007

SummaryAfter short‐term (up to 4 h) stimulation with mitogen or antigen, lymphocytes were incubated with fluorescein diacetate and the polarization of fluorescence from intracellular fluorescein was measured on a specially adapted FACS II. This flow cytofluorimetric method to assay early changes in activated lymphocytes gave a reproducible response to the mitogens phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), concanavalin‐A and the monoclonal antibody OKT3, recognized at 1 h by decreased polarization. A response by immune spleen cells to the antigen dinitrophenyl‐ovalbumin was revealed at 4 h. The calcium ionophore A23187 induced an increase in polarization after only 10 min. The PHA polarization response was shown to be dependent on PHA binding, PHA dose, T cells, calcium ions and an intact cytoskeleton. The cellular events monitored by the polarization change are presumably altered fluidity of the probe's microenvironment due to conformational change in macromolecules to which the probe has bound or to dissociation of the probe into the aqueous phase. The fluorescein fluorescence polarization assay is a reliable and sensitive monitor of early lymphocyte activation events and. Coupled with the use of a flow cytometer, permits study of particular subpopulations of responding cells.
Phenotypic characterization of immature lymphoid cells in human umbilical cord blood
Authors: Bradstock KF , Kerr A , Grimsley P , Kirk J , Luxford C 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe antigenic phenotype of neonatal lymphoid cells isolated from umbilical cord blood was investigated using monoclonal antibodies and flow cytometry. Although the majority of cells expressed mature T or B cell differentiation antigens, small subpopulations of phenotypically immature lymphocytes were detected. A small proportion (mean 2·8%) of cells expressed the common acute lymphoblastic leukaemia antigen (CD‐10), a significantly higher figure than that detected on adult peripheral blood lymphocytes. The cortical thymocyte antigen (CD‐1) was detected on a very small subset of cord lymphoid cells, but was also present on adult lymphocytes at approximately the same frequency. The nuclear enzyme terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT), a marker of early lymphoid differentiation, was detected by immunofluorescence on 0·031% of mononuclear cells in cytocentrifuge preparations, representing an approximate 10‐fold increase in frequency over expression in childhood or adult blood. These circulating TdT+ cells were shown in double labelling experiments to predominantly express markers of B cell differentiation (CD‐24, CD‐10, MHC Class 2), although occasional cells co‐expressing the T lineage marker CD‐2 were also seen. These findings are consistent with the circulation of B cell precursors in neonatal blood. The nature of the CD‐1+ cells is unclear, although the absence of CD‐1+ TdT+ double labelled cells mitigates against the possible presence of immature thymus‐processed lymphocytes in these samples.
Functional characteristics of 197+ CD4− CD8− sheep T lymphocytes: Expansion and differentiation of peripheral T cells
Authors: McClure SJ , Hein WR 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThis report describes the results of functional studies on the CD3+ 197+ CD4− CD8− TCR γ/δ+ peripheral T lymphocyte of sheep. Cell types were identified by immunofluorescent and immunoenzymic staining and separated by fluorescence activated flow cytometry. Newly synthesized DNA was labelled in vivo by incorporation of 5‐bronio‐2‐deoxyuridine (BrdU), and total DNA by in vitro incubation with propidium iodide. Cells were challenged in vivo with alloantigens, in vitro with alloantigens or a range of mitogens, and activation/differentiation was assessed by determination of cell number, phenotype, and thymidine incorporation. In normal lambs the 197+ cells showed no in vivo DNA synthesis except at a low level in the ileocaecal lymph node. A similarly low level of synthesis in the prescapular node was induced by local allogeneic challenge. A higher proportion of 197+ cells than of other T cells isolated from blood and lymph had G2/M phase DNA content, while very few had S phase DNA content. The response of 197+ cells in terms of change in relative numbers following in vivo allogeneic challenge was quite different to that of CD4+ or CD8+ cells. Instead of rising to a peak at 5‐8 days after challenge and then declining, the percentage of 197+ cells rose steadily with no evidence of decline by 14 days. Purified 197+ cells were activated in vitro by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin‐A (Con‐A) but not by B cell mitogens; such activation was dependent on the inclusion of feeder cells or interleukin‐2 (IL‐2). PHA‐induced proliferation was accompanied by altered expression of surface molecules by a proportion of the cells. Changes observed included loss of 197 antigen and gain of CD4, CD8 or MHC II antigens. In some cases coexpression of two or more of these surface antigens occurred. Thus the 197+ T‐cell is as distinctive in the pattern of its functional behaviour as it is in its previously reported phenotype, distribution and ontogeny.
Activation of macrophages to express cytocidal activity correlates with inhibition of their responsiveness to macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (CSF‐1): Involvement of a pertussis toxin‐sensitive reaction
Authors: Hume DA , Denkins YM 
Published: July 2007

SummaryBone marrow‐derived murine macrophages were used to study the relationship between the proliferative response of macrophages to macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (CSF‐1) and their activation for cytocidal activity against tumour cells. Macrophage activation required two sequential signals. Lymphokines (gamma interferon, interleukin‐4) provided the first (priming) signal; bacterial products (lipopolysaccharide, lipophilic muramyl tripeptide, lipopeptide 31362, pertussis toxin) provided the second (triggering) signal. Both priming and triggering agents inhibited [3H]‐thymidine uptake by macrophages stimulated with CSF‐1. The antiproliferative activity of priming and triggering stimuli was synergistic, Pretreatment with triggering stimuli at 37°C caused a rapid reduction of the subsequent binding of [125I]‐CSE‐1 to the cell surface at 4°C, whereas priming agents had relatively little effect. Growth inhibition by both priming and triggering agents was largely reversible by washing the cells, and occurred even when they were added as long as 24 h after the growth factor. The ability of pertussis toxin to both inhibit CSF‐1‐induced proliferation and trigger cytotoxicity in macrophages suggests the involvement of a regulatory GTP‐binding protein (G protein) in both processes.
The human non‐lineage antigen CD46 (HuLy‐m5) and primate retroviral gp70 molecules share protein‐defined antigenic determinants
Authors: Purcell DFJ , Deacon NJ , McKenzie IFC 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe CD46 lymphocyte surface antigen of man (until recently called HuLy‐m5), and defined by the E4‐3 monoclonal antibody (MoAb), shares cross‐reactive antigenic epitopes with the envelope gp70 glycoproteins of gibbon ape leukaemia virus (GaLV) and Mason Pfizer monkey virus (MPMV) primate retroviruses. It is now shown that the cross‐reactive antigenic epitope shared by these three molecules is determined solely by the protein portion of these glycoproteins, and that the N‐linked and O‐linked carbohydrate moieties of these glycoproteins do not directly or sterically contribute to the antigenic cross‐reactivity. When CD46 molecules (mol.wt = 66 and 56 kDa) from human thymocytes were stripped of sialic acid with neuraminidase, or stripped of N‐linked carbohydrate with endoglycosidase F, the E4·3 MoAb was still able to bind and immunoprecipitate the protein core of CD46 (mol.wt = 56 and 44 kDa). Similarly, polyclonal antisera to GaLV and MPMV precipitated deglycosylated CD46, although at a reduced efficiency. The cross‐reacting E4·3 MoAb, anti‐GaLV and anti‐MPMV antisera also immunoprecipitated HuLy‐m5 primary translation protein lacking N‐ or O‐linked carbohydrate from the in vitro translation products of human thymocyte mRNA. Thus, the antigenic cross‐reactivity of CD46 molecules with GaLV gp70 and MPMV gp70 is both specific and due to protein structure rather than to carbohydrate; the findings suggest that retrovinises may have acquired a functional epitope from human CD46 or that an endogenous retroviral sequence of human may partially or completely encode the CD46 antigen.
Inhibition of lymphocyte circulation in mice by pertussis toxin
Authors: Sewell WA , Andrews P 
Published: July 2007

SummaryPertussis toxin (PT), a protein toxin of Bordetella pertussis, also called pertussigen, has a wide range of biological activities, including the induction of lymphocytosis. This phenomenon was investigated by studying lymphocyte circulation in mice. Lymph node cell suspensions were exposed to PT in vitro and then injected intravenously. A double radiolabel technique was employed, in which PT‐treated and control cells were injected into the same animals. The protocol used in these experiments was chosen to demonstrate a direct effect of PT on the injected cells. After exposure to PT in vitro, cells were profoundly excluded from lymph nodes over the succeeding six days. Entry into both mesenteric and peripheral lymph nodes, but not into the spleen was inhibited by PT, and there was an accumulation of the PT‐treated cells in the blood. Cells were excluded from the lymph nodes after treatment with as little as 2 ng/mL of PT. This dose was over two orders of magnitude lower than the threshold dose of the same PT preparation required to induce lymphocyte mitogenesis in vitro. The findings in the present communication are consistent with studies using genetically modified PT in which the ADP‐ribosylating capacity of the A‐subunit was necessary for the effect of PT on lymphocytosis.
SIPK conditions transcriptional responses unique to either bacterial or oomycete elicitation in tobacco
Authors: HALL HARDY C. , SAMUEL MARCUS A. , ELLIS BRIAN E. 
Published: July 2007

SUMMARYThe mitogen‐activated protein kinase, SIPK (salicylic acid‐induced protein kinase), is known to be rapidly activated in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) by various elicitors. However, SIPK activation induced by the oomycete elicitor, β‐megaspermin, is reported to require external calcium influx, whereas that induced by the bacterial elicitor, hrpZPsph, does not. This suggests that SIPK activation is involved in different elicitor‐initiated signalling pathways, and raises the question of whether the role(s) of SIPK in mediating stress outcomes, including transcriptional re‐programming, differs in an elicitor‐specific manner. To examine this, we compared the impact of silencing SIPK on the transcript profile of tobacco suspension culture cells challenged with either hrpZPsph or β‐megaspermin. SIPK‐silencing was found to have a substantial impact on both hrpZPsph‐ and β‐megaspermin‐induced transcriptional responses, and these impacts included both common and elicitor‐differentiated features. As well as revealing a role for SIPK in modulating expression of known redox‐ and defence‐related genes in response to both elicitors, our analysis detected a substantial impact of SIPK silencing on transcription of 80S ribosomal subunit mRNAs. This novel observation suggests that SIPK may play a role in affecting translation efficiency as one mechanism for enacting rapid genome‐wide, elicitor‐specific physiological reprogramming during defence responses.
Effect of ageing on pulmonary inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness and T and B cell responses in antigen‐sensitized and ‐challenged mice
Authors: Busse Paula J. , Zhang Teng Fei , Srivastava Kamal , Schofield Brian , Li Xiu‐Min 
Published: July 2007

SummaryBackground
The effect of ageing on several pathologic features of allergic asthma (pulmonary inflammation, eosinophilia, mucus hypersecretion), and their relationship with airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) is not well characterized.Objective
To evaluate lung inflammation, mucus metaplasia and AHR in relationship with age in murine models of allergic asthma comparing young and older mice.Methods
Young (6 weeks) and older (6, 12, 18 months) BALB/c mice were sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin (OVA). AHR and bronchoalveolar fluid (BALF), total inflammatory cell count and differential were measured. To evaluate mucus metaplasia, quantitative PCR for the major airway mucin‐associated gene, MUC‐5AC, from lung tissue was measured, and lung tissue sections stained with periodic acid‐Schiff (PAS) for goblet‐cell enumeration. Lung tissue cytokine gene expression was determined by quantitative PCR, and systemic cytokine protein levels by ELISA from spleen‐cell cultures. Antigen‐specific serum IgE was determined by ELISA.Results
AHR developed in both aged and young OVA‐sensitized/challenged mice (OVA mice), and was more significantly increased in young OVA mice than in aged OVA mice. However, BALF eosinophil numbers were significantly higher, and lung histology showed greater inflammation in aged OVA mice than in young OVA mice. MUC‐5AC expression and numbers of PAS+ staining bronchial epithelial cells were significantly increased in the aged OVA mice. All aged OVA mice had increased IL‐5 and IFN‐γ mRNA expression in the lung and IL‐5 and IFN‐γ protein levels from spleen cell cultures compared with young OVA mice. OVA‐IgE was elevated to a greater extent in aged OVA mice.Conclusions
Although pulmonary inflammation and mucus metaplasia after antigen sensitization/challenge occurred to a greater degree in older mice, the increase in AHR was significantly less compared with younger OVA mice. Antigen treatment produced a unique cytokine profile in older mice (elevated IFN‐γ and IL‐5) compared with young mice (elevated IL‐4 and IL‐13). Thus, the airway response to inflammation is lessened in ageing animals, and may represent age‐associated events leading to different phenotypes in response to antigen provocation.