bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diabetes and Impaired Glucose Tolerance in Three Alaskan Eskimo Populations: The Alaska-Siberia Project
Authors: Ebbesson Sven O K , Schraer Cynthia D , Risica Patricia M , Adler Amanda I , Ebbesson Lars , Mayer Ann Marie , Shubnikof Eugene V , Yeh Jeunliang , Go Oskar T , Robbins David C 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) in three Alaskan Eskimo populations, using standardized diagnostic criteria, and to evaluate family history and obesity as risk factors.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
This cross-sectional study involved men and women ≥25 years of age from three Eskimo ethnic groups (Siberian Yupik, Central Yupik, and Inupiat) residing in northwestern Alaska. Glucose tolerance status was denned by World Health Organization criteria and was based on a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test. Data on age, family history of diabetes, and degree of Eskimo ancestry were obtained from a personal interview. Obesity was assessed using BMI.

RESULTS
A total of 454 of 899 (50.5%) eligible participants were examined for diabetic status (239 Siberian Yupik, 106 Central Yupik, and 109 Inupiat participants). The prevalence of diabetes was more than twice as high among the Siberian Yupik (9.6%) as among the Central Yupik (2.8%) and Inupiat participants (3.7%). Diabetes was more prevalent in women than men (8.8 vs. 4.2%). IGT was found in an additional 11.7% of the women and 4.7% of the men. The combined prevalence of diabetes and IGT in the population ≥55 years of age was 30.4% (diabetes 12.0%, IGT 18.4%). Of the people identified with diabetes, 47% had not been previously diagnosed. Age-specific prevalences were similar to those found in U.S. whites in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey II. After adjustment for age, family history of diabetes was associated with diabetes in study participants with an odds ratio of 4.4, while obesity was associated with diabetes with an odds ratio of 2.6.

CONCLUSIONS
These prevalences of diabetes are the highest yet reported among Eskimo populations. Obesity and family history of diabetes are associated with increased odds of developing diabetes. These data underscore the need to further examine risk factors and to design effective interventions.
Low-Intensity Laser Irradiation Improves Skin Circulation in Patients With Diabetic Microangiopathy
Authors: Schindl Andreas , Schindl Martin , Schön Heidemarie , Knobler Robert , Havelec Liselotte , Schindl Liesbeth 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
Diabetic foot problems due to angiopathy and neuropathy account for 50% of all nontraumatic amputations and constitute a significant economic burden to society. Low-intensity laser irradiation has been shown to induce wound healing in conditions of reduced microcirculation. We investigated the influence of low-intensity laser irradiation by means of infrared thermography on skin blood circulation in diabetic patients with diabetic microangiopathy.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Thirty consecutive patients with diabetic ulcers or gangrenes and elevated levels of glycosylated hemoglobin were randomized by blocks of two to receive either a single low-intensity laser irradiation with an energy density of 30 J/cm2 or a sham irradiation over both forefoot regions in a double-blind placebo-controlled clinical study. Skin blood circulation as indicated by temperature recordings over the forefoot region was detected by infrared thermography.

RESULTS
After a single transcutaneous low-intensity laser irradiation, a statistically significant rise in skin temperature was noted (P &lt; 0.001 by ANOVA for repeated measurements), whereas in the sham-irradiated control group, a slight but significant drop in temperature (P &lt; 0.001) was found. Subsequently performed contrasts for comparison of measurements before and after irradiation revealed significant temperature increases at 20 min of irradiation time (P &lt; 0.001), at the end of the irradiation (P &lt; 0.001), and 15 min after stopping the irradiation (P &lt; 0.001). In the sham-irradiated feet, the drop in local skin temperature was not significant at 20 min (P = 0.1), but reached significance at the end of the sham-irradiation procedure (P &lt; 0.001) and 15 min after the end of sham irradiation (P &lt; 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS
The data from this first randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial demonstrate an increase in skin microcirculation due to athermic laser irradiation in patients with diabetic microangiopathy.
Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes: A double-blind placebo-controlled study of bezafibrate: the St. Mary's, Ealing, Northwick Park Diabetes Cardiovascular Disease Prevention (SENDCAP) Study
Authors: Elkeles Robert S , Diamond Judith R , Poulter Clare , Dhanjil Surinder , Nicolaides Andrew N , Mahmood Shahid , Richmond William , Mather Hugh , Sharp Patrick , Feher Michael D ,   SENDCAP Study Group
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To determine whether serum lipid intervention, in addition to conventional diabetes treatment, could alter cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
There were 164 type 2 diabetic subjects (117 men, 47 women) without a history of clinical cardiovascular disease randomized to receive either bezafibrate or placebo daily on a double-blind basis in addition to routine diabetes treatment and followed prospectively for a minimum of 3 years. Serial biochemical and noninvasive vascular assessments, carotid and femoral artery B-mode ultrasound measurements, and those pertaining to coronary heart disease (CHD)—clinical history, the World Health Organization (WHO) cardiovascular questionnaire, and resting and exercise electrocardiogram (ECG)—were recorded.

RESULTS
Bezafibrate treatment was associated with significantly greater reductions over 3 years in median serum triglyceride (−32 vs. 4%, P = 0.001), total cholesterol (−7 vs. −0.3%, P = 0.004), and total−to-HDL cholesterol ratio (−12 vs. −0.0%, P = 0.001), and an increase in HDL cholesterol (6 vs. −2%, P = 0.02) as compared with placebo. There was a trend toward a greater reduction of fibrinogen (−18 vs. −6%, P = 0.08) at 3 years. No significant differences between the two groups were found in the progress of ultrasonically measured arterial disease. In those treated with bezafibrate, there was a significant reduction (P = 0.01, log-rank test) in the combined incidence of Minnesota-coded probable ischemic change on the resting ECG and of documented myocardial infarction.

CONCLUSIONS
Improving dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetic subjects had no effect on the progress of ultrasonically measured arterial disease, although the lower rate of “definite CHD events” in the treated group suggests that this might result in a reduction in the incidence of coronary heart disease.
Plasma Fibrinogen: A New Factor of the Metabolic Syndrome: A population-based study
Authors: Imperatore Gluseppina , Riccardi Gabriele , Iovine Ciro , Rivellese Angela A , Vaccaro Olga 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate whether hyperfibrinogenemia represents a component of the metabolic syndrome.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A cross-sectional study was conducted on the relation between fibrinogen and the metabolic syndrome in a working population of 1,252 nondiabetic men, aged 35–64 years, randomly selected among all men participating in a health screening. We measured anthropometric characteristics, blood pressure, fasting plasma fibrinogen, cholesterol (total, LDL, and HDL), triglycerides, glucose, and insulin. Individuals with two or more metabolic abnormalities (defined as being in the highest quartile of the distribution of diastolic blood pressure, plasma glucose, or triglycerides or being in the lowest quartile of HDL cholesterol) were considered to have the metabolic syndrome.

RESULTS
Age-adjusted fibrinogen levels correlated significantly with BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, plasma total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, insulin, and HDL cholesterol (inversely). Subjects with the metabolic syndrome had significantly higher plasma fibrinogen levels than those without (285.1 ± 1.9 vs. 300.2 ± 3.0 mg/dl, mean ± SE, P = 0.0001). Plasma fibrinogen concentrations and the prevalence of hyperfibrinogenemia (defined as ≥350 mg/dl) increased progressively from 279 to 307 mg/dl (P = 0.0001) and from 9 to 22% (P = 0.0024), respectively, across categories with an increasing number of metabolic disorders characterizing the syndrome (only one, any two, three or more). In multivariate analyses, both plasma insulin and the metabolic syndrome were significantly and independently associated with plasma fibrinogen.

CONCLUSIONS
The finding suggests that hyperfibrinogenemia may be considered a component of the metabolic syndrome. This may also explain the increased cardiovascular risk associated with hyperinsulinemia/insulin resistance.
Effect of Meal Dilution on the Postprandial Glycemic Response: Implications for glycemic testing
Authors: Sievenpiper John L , Vuksan Vladimir , Wong Evelyn YY , Mendelson Rena A , Bruce-Thompson Charles 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To investigate the effect of varying the volume of sugar meals on the postprandial glycemic response (PGR).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
On six separate occasions, after an overnight fast, blood glucose concentrations were measured in eight healthy subjects (34 ± 4 years of age, BMI 22.9 ± 0.9 kg/m2) after the consumption of 25 g glucose, sucrose, or fructose dissolved in either 200 or 600 ml of water. Blood was obtained at fasting and then at times 15, 30, 45, 60, and 90 min after the start of the test meal.

RESULTS
PGR was found to be influenced by carbohydrate type (P &lt; 0.001). Mean response areas (min · mmol · l−1) to the three sugars were statistically different (P &lt;0.05). Glucose had the highest response area (90.0 ± 8.1), followed by sucrose (61.3 ± 5.0) and then fructose (14.7 ± 2.8). Independent of this effect, PGR was also found to be influenced by volume dose (P &lt; 0.01). By tripling meal volume from 200 to 600 ml, PGR areas were significantly increased for all three sugars, glucose (79.3 ± 10.3 vs. 100.8 ± 12.0, P = 0.035), sucrose (52.6 ± 5.5 vs. 70 ± 7.4, P = 0.0094), and fructose (11.0 ± 3.8 vs. 18.4 ± 3.9, P = 0.012). Where the effects of time (P &lt; 0.05) and dose (P &lt; 0.05) were determined to be independent (interaction nonsignificant) for all three sugars, this increase in volume also significantly increased glycemic concentrations at 15 min, for glucose (P = 0.033) and sucrose (P = 0.026), suggesting that changes in gastric emptying time may be a mechanism of action.

CONCLUSIONS
Varying the volume of liquid sugar meals alters PGR.Understanding this concept may help to reduce variability both in the glycemic testing of foods and oral glucose tolerance testing.
Moderate Intake of n-3 Fatty Acids for 2 Months Has No Detrimental Effect on Glucose Metabolism and Could Ameliorate the Lipid Profile in Type 2 Diabetic Men: Results of a controlled study
Authors: Luo Jing , Rizkalla Salwa W , Vidal Hubert , Oppert Jean-Michel , Colas Claude , Boussairi Abdelghani , Guerre-Millo Michele , Chapuis Anne-Sophie , Chevalier Annie , Durand Georges , Slama Gérard 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the effect of a moderate dose of fish oil on glycemic control and in vivo insulin action in type 2 diabetic men with elevated plasma triacylglycerols and to determine the effect of the same treatment on gene expression of GLUT4, lipoprotein lipase (LPL), and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) in the abdominal adipose tissue.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A total of 12 type 2 diabetic men were randomly allocated to 2 months of 6 g daily of either fish oil or sunflower oil, separated by a 2- month washout interval, in a double-blind crossover design.

RESULTS
For glucose metabolism, 2 months of fish oil supplementation compared with sunflower oil led to similar fasting plasma insulin, glucose, and HbA1c. Basal hepatic glucose production did not increase after fish oil. There was no difference in insulin suppression of hepatic glucose production nor in insulin stimulation of whole-body glucose disposal measured by the euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp. Fish oil did not ameliorate the low mRNA level of GLUT4 in adipose tissue of these patients. For lipid profile, fish oil lowered plasma triacylglycerol more than sunflower oil (P &lt; 0.05) and tended to increase the amount of mRNA of both LPL and HSL in adipose tissue.

CONCLUSIONS
A moderate dose of fish oil did not lead to deleterious effects on glycemic control or whole-body insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetic men, with preserved triacylglycerol- lowering capacities.
Prospective Study of Serum γ-Glutamyltransferase and Risk of NIDDM
Authors: Perry Ivan J , Wannamethee S Goya , Shaper A Gerald 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
Serum γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT) levels are raised inobese individuals, and a particularly strong association with central obesity has been described. We hypothesized that elevated GGT levels are a marker for visceral fat, and specifically for hepatic steatosis (fatty liver), and that hepatic steatosis leads to hepatic insulin resistance. To test this hypothesis, we examined the association between GGT levels and risk of NIDDM.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We carried out a prospective cohort study of incident cases of doctor-diagnosed NIDDM in a group of 7,458 nondiabetic men (aged 40–59 years) followed for a mean of 12.8 years (range 11.5–13.0). The men were randomly selected from general practice lists in 24 British towns. Cases of NIDDM were ascertained by repeated postal questionnaires to the men and by regular systematic review of primary care records.

RESULTS
A total of 194 men developed NIDDM during follow-up. Mean serum GGT at baseline (geometric mean [95% Cl]) was significantly higher in the NIDDM patients than in the rest of the cohort (20.9 [19.3–22.6] vs. 15.3 U/l [15.0–15.6], P &lt; 0.0001). There was a smooth, graded increase in the age-adjusted risk of NIDDM with increasing GGT levels, with a relative risk in the top fifth of the distribution of 6.8 (3.5–12.9) relative to the bottom fifth (trend P &lt; 0.0001). This association was independent of serum glucose and BMI and of other predictors of NIDDM with which GGT is associated, including alcohol intake and physical activity level (adjusted upper to lower fifth relative risk: 4.8 [2.0–11.8], trend P &lt; 0.0001]).

CONCLUSIONS
These findings suggest that a raised serum GGT levelis an independent risk factor for NIDDM. Serum GGT level may be a simple andreliable marker of visceral and hepatic fat and, by inference, of hepatic insulin resistance.
Diabetes and Lower-Limb Amputations in the Community: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Morris Andrew D , McAlpine Ritchie , Steinke Douglas , Boyle Douglas IR , Ebrahim Abdul-Rahim , Vasudev Naveen , Stewart Colin PU , Jung Roland T , Leese Graham P , MacDonald Thomas M , Newton Ray W ,   For the DARTS/MEMO Collaboration
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
There are few U.K. data on the incidence rates of amputation in diabetic subjects compared with the nondiabetic population.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We performed a historical cohort study of first lower-extremity amputations based in Tayside, Scotland (population 364,880) from 1 January 1993 to 31 December 1994. The Diabetes Audit and Research in Tayside Scotland (DARTS) database was used to identify a prevalence cohort of 7,079 diabetic patients on 1 January 1993. We estimated age-specific and standardized incidence rates of lower-limb amputations in the diabetic and nondiabetic cohorts. Results were compared with a previous study that evaluated lower-extremity amputations in diabetic patients in Tayside in 1980–1982.

RESULTS
There were 221 subjects who underwent a total of 258 nontraumatic amputations. Of the 221 subjects, 60 (27%) patients were diabetic (93% NIDDM), and 63% were first amputations. The median duration of diabetes was 6 years (range: newly diagnosed to 41 years). Nonhealing ulceration (31%) and gangrene (29%) were the two main indications for amputation in the diabetic subjects. Of the 161 nondiabetic subjects, 140 (80%) underwent first amputations. The adjusted incidences in the diabetic and nondiabetic groups were 248 and 20 per 100,000 person-years, respectively. Tayside patients with diabetes thus had a 12.3-fold risk of an amputation compared with nondiabetic residents (95% Cl 8.6–17.5). The estimated proportion of diabetic patients in the population rose from 0.81% in 1980–1982 to 1.94% in 1993–1994, whereas the absolute rate of amputation in diabetic subjects was unchanged from that in 1980–1982.

CONCLUSIONS
These population-based U.K. amputation data are similar to amputation rates in the U.S. Amputation rates appear to have decreased significantly since 1980–1982. The impact of diabetes education and prevention programs that target the processes leading to amputation can now be evaluated.
Adaptation of the Dartmouth COOP Charts for Use Among American Indian People With Diabetes
Authors: Gilliland Susan S , Willmer Adisa J , McCalman Raylene , Davis Sally M , Hickey Martin E , Perez Georgia E , Owen Charles L , Carter Janette S 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To adapt the Dartmouth COOP Charts for use among American Indians with diabetes and to evaluate the operating characteristics of the adapted charts because measures of health status have not been evaluated for use among American Indians with diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
American Indian adults participated in focus group conferences to adapt and review the Dartmouth COOP Charts for use in American Indian communities. American Indian participants with diabetes were interviewed and administered the adapted charts. The operating characteristics of the charts were evaluated by measuring internal and external consistency, reliability, and acceptability.

RESULTS
Some of the wording and pictures were considered to be offensive and culturally inappropriate in American Indian communities. The adapted charts showed internal consistency in a comparison of interchart variables.

CONCLUSIONS
The adapted Dartmouth COOP Charts are more culturally acceptable than the original charts and appear to measure constructs adequately.
Changes in Amylin and Amylin-Like Peptide Concentrations ana (β-Cell Function in Response to Sulfonylurea or Insulin Therapy in NIDDM
Authors: Rachman Jonathan , Payne Martin J , Levy Jonathan C , Barrow Beryl A , Holman Rury R , Turner Robert C 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
Amylin, a secretory peptide of fi-cells, is the constituent peptide of islet amyloid, which is characteristic of NIDDM, and changes in amylin secretion in response to therapies may influence the rate of production of islet amyloid. The primary objective of this study was to determine whether therapy with sulfonylurea or basal insulin in NIDDM would alter amylin secretion in a way that might affect the formation of islet amyloid.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
In a randomized crossover design, eight subjects with NIDDM underwent diree 8-week periods of therapy with diet alone, sulfonylurea, or exogenous basal insulin, with evaluation of amylin, amylin-like peptide (ALP), and glucose and C-peptide concentrations, both during fasting and after a standard breakfast. Changes in (β-cell function (%β) were assessed, in the basal state by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) and in the stimulated state by hyperglycemic clamps. Seven nondiabetic control subjects each underwent a meal profile and hyperglycemic clamp.

RESULTS
Both sulfonylurea and insulin therapy reduced basal glucose concentrations compared with diet alone, but neither reduced the increased postprandial glucose increments. Both sulfonylurea and insulin therapy increased basal %β, assessed by HOMA, but only sulfonylurea increased the second-phase C-peptide responses to the hyperglycemic clamp. Sulfonylurea increased time-averaged mean postprandial amylin and ALP concentrations compared with diet alone (geometric mean [1-SD range] for amylin, 4.9 [2.0–11.8] vs. 3.0 [1.4–6.2] pmol/1, P = 0.003; for ALP, 16.4 [8.5–31.7] vs. 10.1 [4.9–20.8] pmol/1, P = 0.001). Insulin therapy reduced basal ALP concentrations compared with diet alone (2.9 [1.5–5.6] vs. 6.0 [2.6–13.6] pmol/1, P = 0.03), but had no effect on postprandial concentrations of amylin (3.0 [1.3–6.5] pmol/1) or ALP (10.0 [5.5–18.1] pmol/1).

CONCLUSIONS
By increasing postprandial concentrations of the constituent peptides of islet amyloid, sulfonylurea therapy might increase the rate of deposition of islet amyloid and thereby accelerate the decline of %β in NIDDM, compared with diet therapy alone.
Absence of Association Between Genetic Variation of the β3-Adrenercjic Receptor and Metabolic Pnenotypes in Oji-Cree
Authors: Hegele Robert A , Harris Stewart B , Hanley Anthony JG , Azouz Husain , Connelly Philip W , Zinman Bernard 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To assess the association between the common missense variant, Y64R, in the gene encoding the β3-adrenergic receptor, ADRB3, and intermediate phenotypes related to obesity and NIDDM in Canadian Oji-Cree.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We determined genotypes of the ADRB3 Y64R polymorphism in 508 clinically and biochemically well-characterized adult Oji-Cree, of whom 115 had NIDDM. We tested for associations with multivariate analysis of variance.

RESULTS
We found the ADRB3 R64 allele frequency to be 0.40 in this population, which is the highest yet observed in a human population. Furthermore, 15% of subjects were R64/R64 homozygotes, compared with a virtual absence of homozygotes in European study samples. However, we found no statistically significant associations of the ADRB3 Y64R genotype either with the presence of NIDDM, with indexes of obesity, or with intermediate quantitative biochemical traits related to NIDDM.

CONCLUSIONS
Despite the very high frequency of the ADRB3 R64 allele in this sample of aboriginal people, it was not associated with any metabolic phenotype. This suggests that the ADRB3 R64 allele is probably not a major determinant of obesity or NIDDM in these aboriginal Canadians.
High Prevalence of Diabetes in Bahrainis: Associations with ethnicity and raised plasma cholesterol
Authors: Al-Mahroos Faisal , McKeigue Paul M 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To determine prevalence of diabetes and associated risk factors in the population of Bahrain.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A cross-sectional study of 2,128 Bahrainis aged 40–69 years was conducted.

RESULTS
Age-standardized prevalence of diabetes was 25% in Jaafari Arabs, 48% in Sunni Arabs, and 23% in Iranians. In multivariate analyses, positive family history of diabetes, low educational status, waist girth, plasma cholesterol, and, in women, postmenopausal status were independently associated with diabetes. Adjusting for these factors did not account for the difference in prevalence between Jaafari and Sunni Arabs. There was no association between diabetes and parental consanguinity. Mean plasma cholesterol was 0.5 mmol/l higher in diabetic than in normoglycemic participants, 0.5 mmol/l higher in Sunni than in Jaafari Arabs, and, excluding diabetic individuals, 0.2 mmol/l higher in those with a positive family history of diabetes than in those with a negative family history. Although 28% of participants had BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2, only 42% of these obese individuals rated themselves as overweight. In men, obesity was inversely related to physical activity at work. In women, obesity was associated with high parity and inversely associated with employment outside the home.

CONCLUSIONS
The high rates of diabetes in Bahrain and other Arabian Peninsula populations appear to be part of a familial syndrome that includes raised plasma cholesterol levels. Risk is related to ethnic origin but not to parental consanguinity. Despite the high rates of diabetes, obesity is still perceived as a desirable attribute in this population.