bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Morning cortisol Levels in preschool‐aged foster children: Differential effects of maltreatment type
Authors: Bruce Jacqueline , Fisher Philip A. , Pears Katherine C. , Levine Seymour 
Published: August 2008

AbstractMaltreated foster children are subjected to a range of early adverse experiences, including neglect, abuse, and multiple caregiver disruptions. Research suggests that such disturbances alter the development and subsequent functioning of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenocortical system. The current study was designed to investigate morning cortisol levels in 117 foster children and 60 low‐income, nonmaltreated children. Maltreatment and foster care placement experiences were coded from official records. Analyses revealed that the foster children were significantly more likely than the nonmaltreated children to have low morning cortisol levels. Additionally, specific maltreatment experiences were significantly associated with the foster children's morning cortisol levels. Foster children with low morning cortisol levels experienced more severe physical neglect than the other foster children. In contrast, foster children with high morning cortisol levels experienced more severe emotional maltreatment. These results suggest that specific early adverse experiences have differential effects on the functioning of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenocortical system. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 51: 14–23, 2009
2‐Thiopheneacetato‐Based One‐Dimensional Coordination Polymer of Tb3+: Enhancement of Terbium‐Centered Luminescence in the Presence of Bidentate Nitrogen Donor Ligands
Authors: Raphael Shyni , Reddy M. L. P. , Cowley Alan H. , Findlater Michael 
Published: August 2008

AbstractFour new lanthanide(III) complexes of 2‐thiopheneacetic acid (HTPAC), [Tb(TPAC)3·H2O]n (1), [Gd(TPAC)3·H2O]n (2), [Tb(TPAC)3(phen)]2 (3) and [Tb(TPAC)3(bath)]2 (4) (phen = 1,10‐phenanthroline; bath = bathophenanthroline) have been synthesized and characterized by various spectroscopic techniques. The X‐ray structure of 1 reveals that each Tb3+ ion is connected to two neighboring ions by six thiopheneacetic acid ligands via the carboxylate groups to form an infinite one‐dimensional polymer. The unit cell contains only one independent crystallographic site for the Tb ions. The carboxylate groups of the six molecules of the thiopheneacetate ligands are coordinated in both bidentate bridging and tridentate chelate‐bridging modes. Each Tb3+ ion is coordinated by nine oxygen atoms in an overall distorted tricapped trigonal‐prismatic geometry. Eight of the oxygen atoms are furnished by the carboxylate moieties, and the remaining oxygen atom is provided by the water molecule. The photophysical properties of these complexes in the solid state at room temperature have been investigated. The quantum yields of 3 (4.43 ± 0.44 %) and 4 (9.06 ± 0.90 %) were found to be significantly enhanced by the presence of the bidentate nitrogen donor ligands in comparison with that of 1 (0.07 ± 0.01 %) due to effective energy transfer from the secondary ligands. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Applications of the dual integral formulation in conjunction with fast multipole method to the oblique incident wave problem
Authors: Chen K. H. , Chen J. T. , Kao J. H. , Lee Y. T. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractIn this paper, the dual integral formulation is derived for the modified Helmholtz equation in the propagation of oblique incident wave passing a thin barrier (zero thickness) by employing the concept of fast multipole method (FMM) to accelerate the construction of an influence matrix. By adopting the addition theorem, the four kernels in the dual formulation are expanded into degenerate kernels that separate the field point and the source point. The source point matrices decomposed in the four influence matrices are similar to each other or only to some combinations. There are many zeros or the same influence coefficients in the field point matrices decomposed in the four influence matrices, which can avoid calculating the same terms repeatedly. The separable technique reduces the number of floating‐point operations from O((N)2) to O(N loga(N)), where N is the number of elements and a is a small constant independent of N. Finally, the FMM is shown to reduce the CPU time and memory requirement, thus enabling us to apply boundary element method (BEM) to solve water scattering problems efficiently. Two‐moment FMM formulation was found to be sufficient for convergence in the singular equation. The results are compared well with those of conventional BEM and analytical solutions and show the accuracy and efficiency of the FMM. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The intrinsic XFEM for two‐fluid flows
Authors: Fries T. P. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractIn two‐fluid flows, jumps and/or kinks along the interfaces are present in the resulting velocity and pressure fields. Standard methods require mesh manipulations with the aim that either element edges align with the interfaces or that the mesh is sufficiently refined near the interfaces. In contrast, enriched methods, such as the extended finite element method (XFEM), enable the representation of arbitrary jumps and kinks inside elements. Thereby, optimal convergence can be achieved for two‐fluid flows with meshes that remain fixed throughout the simulation. In the intrinsic XFEM, in contrast to other enriched methods, no more unknowns are present in the approximation than in a standard finite element approximation. In this work, the intrinsic XFEM is employed for the simulation of incompressible two‐fluid flows. Numerical results are shown for a number of test cases and prove the success of the method. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regulators retreating to ex parte?
Authors: Willett Robert E. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThrough last fall, economist and former college professor Charley G. Stalon spent a dozen years as a commissioner—first of the Illinois Commerce Commission and, most recently, of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. He is now at the Washington‐based consulting firm Resources for the Future.In recent years, Stalon has protested the limits placed upon the information that is made available to commissioners—limits that reflect ex pane procedures (roughly, procedures that treat commission actions as courts of law). In our conversation with Mr. Stalon, he told us he views such limits as both ex parte and systematic.
Rate initiative shows few clear signals yet
Authors: Willett Robert E. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractSqueaking wheels being what they are, recent court reversals—of Orders 451, 500, and of the take‐or‐pay‐sharing mechanism (see Ed Grenier's article, which leads this issue of Natural Gas )—have drawn the rapt attention of many gas industry observers. In spite of these judicial setbacks, however, regulators are still patiently attempting to make the industry a little more flexible through other methods, like the rate initiative that the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission announced last summer.Because this initiative encourages the ratemakers to tailor rates to fit their own situations, presumably these managers are out there with wild abandon, gleefully dreaming up new rate structures. Thus I thought it would be helpful to interview Kevin P. Madden, the commission's director of the Office of Pipeline and Producer Regulation, who would be in charge of actually regulating any new rates.
Industry searches for price security
Authors: Willett Robert E. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractA decade ago, secure prices were firmly part of the industry: All business was done on long‐term contract. But come the dawn of the new age, most business is being done on a thirty‐day basis.In this process, prices are determined monthly during one week, bid week. Thus bid week determines the monthly profit of the producer, only to be redetermined in the following month; this week also determines the monthly profit of the end user. Earnings become more risky for the pipeline and LDC, since the amount these segments can earn depends on what they put through, which is determined by the demand for gas, a demand which in turn depends on prices, which now gyrate. Thus the industry has begun to search for security, or less price risk.The search has made itself known in many ways. Recently, natural gas futures have begun to trade, offering the industry the opportunity to hedge prices. Longer‐term contracts have begun to reemerge. Storage, which offers the ability to lock‐in prices, has become available from any open‐access pipeline. and now in another example of how the industry will adapt to reduce risk, Enron Gas Marketing (EGM) has offered a service that will match buyers and sellers for firm delivery at any of four hubs (see map), as far out as either is willing to go.For buyers and sellers that register in the program, Enron among other things will also quote prices that it will buy or sell gas, on any day, not just in bid week. Basically, the company wishes to get away from the bid‐week process, as shown by our late‐April interview with two intrepid EGM executives. President John J. Esslinger and Vice President Peter E. Wiedler.
Clean air means new gas customers
Authors: Willett Robert E. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe major new market increment for gas from the efforts to clean up the environment should be gas used in place of coal to generate electricity. Estimates from 2 trillion cubic feet a year to 4 trillion cubic feet a year by the year 2000 seem to be commonplace: this is the amount that the American Gas Association has estimated [see my interview with AGA President George H. Lawrence, “The '90s: Regulation No Longer Critical Concern,” Natural Gas, January 1990, 13.]; a recent estimate of 2.2 trillion cubic feet by 2000 from National Economic Research Associates falls in the AGA's range.If the AGA's estimate of 5 trillion cubic feet a year by 2000 of the entire new market from clean air is true [see also the interview with Lawrence], then electric generation is clearly the largest of the submarkets. (The second‐largest may be natural gas vehicles.)Exactly where will these markets be? A listing of electric‐generation plants that must reduce their emissions is a good start (Figure 1).Jack Hawks, director of public information for the AGA, had a few comments on the list and the legislation that will affect it.
Handling of Excavated Material from the Koralm Tunnel in Styria
Authors: Pichler Peter , Fleischhacker Erich 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe Koralm Railway Line represents an essential section of the Pontebbana corridor between Graz and Klagenfurt. It creates new capacities and significantly improved conditions for the freight transportation. Furthermore, the travel time of the passenger traffic will be considerably reduced. The heart of the Koralm railway Line is the Koralm tunnel with a length of approximately 32.8 km. Right from the first steps of planning it became clear that there would be a demand for an economical and ecological handling of the excavated materials. So a specific programme was performed, which is presented in this paper. The experiences made will strongly influence the programme of construction and the detailed design of the future main tunnel structure.
Catenary‐, Energy‐, Communication‐ and Signalling Systems in the Koralm Tunnel
Authors: Radmanovic Goran , Sampl Johannes , Kaban Josef 
Published: August 2008

AbstractAfter finishing the 32.8 km long Koralm railway tunnel a bottleneck for the Alps‐crossing railway traffic will be disposed. This paper deals with the technical installations in the tunnel. The technical components have to be simple and very safety for breakdowns. All components are redundant systems and a total breakdown of them is very improbable.
Considerations for Development of the Typical Cross Section for the Koralm Tunnel
Authors: Harer Gerhard , Mussger Klaus , Hochgatterer Bernhard , Bopp Rudolf 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe Koralm Tunnel, located in Austria and with nearly 33 km one of the longest traffic tunnels in the world, is part of the Trans‐European railway network. The paper presents a short project overview and describes the efforts to develop an optimal cross section by questioning general standards valid for shorter tunnels and to justify innovations. Major issues which have to be considered are tunnel lining, tunnel systems, drainage systems, traction system, track superstructure and aerodynamics. A project specific issue is the implication of the existing pilot tunnels.
Real‐time passive volume responses of astrocytes to acute osmotic and ischemic stress in cortical slices and in vivo revealed by two‐photon microscopy
Authors: Risher W. Christopher , Andrew R. David , Kirov Sergei A. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe brain swells over the several minutes that follow stroke onset or acute hypo‐osmotic stress because cells take up water. Measuring the volume responses of single neurons and glia has necessarily been confined to isolated or cultured cells. Two‐photon laser scanning microscopy enables real‐time visualization of cells functioning deep within living neocortex in vivo or in brain slices under physiologically relevant osmotic and ischemic stress. Astrocytes and their processes expressing green fluorescent protein in murine cortical slices swelled in response to 20 min of overhydration (−40 mOsm) and shrank during dehydration (+40 or +80 mOsm) at 32–34°C. Minute‐by‐minute monitoring revealed no detectable volume regulation during these osmotic challenges, particularly during the first 5 min. Astrocytes also rapidly swelled in response to elevated [K+]o for 3 min or oxygen/glucose deprivation (OGD) for 10 min. Post‐OGD, astroglial volume recovered quickly when slices were re‐supplied with oxygen and glucose, while neurons remained swollen with beaded dendrites. In vivo, rapid astroglial swelling was confirmed within 6 min following intraperitoneal water injection or during the 6–12 min following cardiac arrest. While the astrocytic processes were clearly swollen, the extent of the astroglial arbor remained unchanged. Thus, in contrast to osmo‐resistant pyramidal neurons (Andrew et al., 2007) that lack known aquaporins, astrocytes passively respond to acute osmotic stress, reflecting functional aquaporins in their plasma membrane. Unlike neurons, astrocytes better recover from brief ischemic insult in cortical slices, probably because their aquaporins facilitate water efflux. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spatiotemporal dynamics of lipid signaling: Protein kinase C as a paradigm
Authors: Gallegos Lisa L. , Newton Alexandra C. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe lipid second messenger diacylglycerol (DAG) controls the rate, amplitude, duration, and location of protein kinase C (PKC) activity in the cell. There are three classes of PKC isozymes and, of these, the conventional and novel isozymes are acutely controlled by DAG. The kinetics of DAG production at various intracellular membranes, the intrinsic affinity of specific isoforms for DAG‐containing membranes, the coordinated use of additional membrane‐binding modules, the intramolecular regulation of DAG sensitivity, and the competition from other DAG‐responsive proteins together result in a unique, context‐dependent activation signature for each isoform. This review focuses on the spatiotemporal dynamics of PKC activation and how it is controlled by lipid second messengers. © 2008 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 60(12): 782–789, 2008
Are output growth‐rate distributions fat‐tailed? some evidence from OECD countries
Authors: Fagiolo Giorgio , Napoletano Mauro , Roventini Andrea 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThis work explores some distributional properties of aggregate output growth‐rate time series. We show that, in the majority of OECD countries, output growth‐rate distributions are well approximated by symmetric exponential power densities with tails much fatter than those of a Gaussian (but with finite moments of any order). Fat tails robustly emerge in output growth rates independently of: (i) the way we measure aggregate output; (ii) the family of densities employed in the estimation; (iii) the length of time lags used to compute growth rates. We also show that fat tails still characterize output growth‐rate distributions even after one washes away outliers, autocorrelation and heteroscedasticity. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
One‐step preparation of glycopeptide microspheres based on α‐amino acid‐N‐carboxyanhydride polymerization using interfacial protocols
Authors: Wang Jing , Liu Changsheng , Chi Ping 
Published: August 2008

AbstractA type of polysaccharide‐polypeptide hybrid material, chitin derivative with polypeptide side chains was prepared by the graft copolymerization of L‐leucine N‐carboxyanhydride triggered by water‐soluble chitin (WSC). The studies on surface tension and aggregation demonstrated surface activity of WSC. Using this extraordinary property, the microspheres were synchronously obtained via interfacial polymerization. The method employed here to form the microspheres was in direct contrast to previous syntheses that used either templating method or oil‐in‐water emulsion. The study provided a facile approach for synthesizing microspheres with a variety of distinct polypeptide and regulated graft length, which had mimetic structure of glycoconjugation in extracellular matrix. Furthermore, the swelling capability of the microsphere in both acidic aqueous and organic solvents would give promising application in drug delivery. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2009
Poly(methyl methacrylate)‐grafted chitosan microspheres for controlled release of ampicillin
Authors: Changerath Radhakumary , Nair Prabha D. , Mathew Suresh , Nair C. P. Reghunadhan 
Published: August 2008

AbstractMicrospheres of 50–500 μm diameter were prepared from a blend of chitosan and chitosan‐g‐PMMA. Environmental scanning electron microscopic and SEM studies revealed that the microspheres are porous and the pores extend toward the inner core of the microspheres. The microspheres were also found to be hemocompatible and cytocompatible. A model drug ampicillin was used to evaluate the drug loading capacity and the controlled release properties of the microspheres. The system maintained a sustained release of ampicillin for a period of more than 8 days. The drug‐loaded chitosan/chitosan‐g‐PMMA microspheres exhibited higher antibacterial activity for both the gram positive (ATCC 25923 S. aureus) and gram negative (ATCC 25922 E. coli) bacteria than the drug‐loaded virgin chitosan microspheres. The percentage release and bioactivity of ampicillin was found to be higher for the chitosan/chitosan‐g‐PMMA microspheres than the virgin chitosan microspheres. Potential applications such as oral drug delivery, wound dressings, tissue engineering, and so forth, are envisaged from these microspheres. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2009
Molecular and immunohistochemical analyses of cardiac troponin T during cardiac development in the Mexican axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum
Authors: Zhang C. , Pietras K.M. , Sferrazza G.F. , Jia P. , Athauda G. , Rueda‐de‐Leon E. , Maier J.A. , Dube D.K. , Lemanski S.L. , Lemanski L.F. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe article to which this erratum refers was published in J. Cell. Biochem. 100:1–15. (2007), 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Oversulfated chondroitin sulfate‐E binds to BMP‐4 and enhances osteoblast differentiation
Authors: Miyazaki Tatsuya , Miyauchi Satoshi , Tawada Akira , Anada Takahisa , Matsuzaka Satoshi , Suzuki Osamu 
Published: August 2008

AbstractSmall leucine‐rich proteoglycans, such as biglycan, and their side chain sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), have been suggested to be involved in bone formation and mineralization processes. The present study was designed to investigate whether chondroitin sulfate (CS), one of the GAG, and its oversulfated structures coupled with bone morphogenetic protein‐4 (BMP‐4) alter the differentiation and subsequent mineralization of MC3T3‐E1 osteoblastic cells. CS‐E, one of the oversulfated CS structure, enhanced cell growth, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, collagen deposition, and mineralization whereas heparin enhanced only ALP activity and mineralization. As well as CS‐E, CS‐H, and CPS also enhanced the mineralization of the cells. CS‐E enhanced the mineralization of the cells by interacting with protein in the conditioned medium. CS‐E induced mineralization was significantly inhibited by an antibody against BMP‐4. The addition of exogenous BMP‐4 further increased the capacity of CS‐E to enhance mineralization. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy method using fluoresceinamine‐labeled GAG revealed that the oversulfated GAGs have a high affinity for BMP‐4. The disaccharide analysis of the cells indicated that MC3T3‐E1 cells are capable of producing oversulfated structures of CS by themselves. The lack of CS from the cells after chondroitinase treatment resulted in the inhibition of mineralization. These results in the present study indicate that oversulfated CS, which possesses 4,6‐disulfates in N‐acetyl‐galactosamine, binds to BMP‐4 and promotes osteoblast differentiation and subsequent mineralization. J. Cell. Physiol. 217: 769–777, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Activation loop phosphorylation of the atypical MAP kinases ERK3 and ERK4 is required for binding, activation and cytoplasmic relocalization of MK5
Authors: Déléris Paul , Rousseau Justine , Coulombe Philippe , Rodier Geneviève , Tanguay Pierre‐Luc , Meloche Sylvain 
Published: August 2008

AbstractMitogen‐activated protein (MAP) kinases are typical examples of protein kinases whose enzymatic activity is mainly controlled by activation loop phosphorylation. The classical MAP kinases ERK1/ERK2, JNK, p38 and ERK5 all contain the conserved Thr‐Xxx‐Tyr motif in their activation loop that is dually phosphorylated by members of the MAP kinase kinases family. Much less is known about the regulation of the atypical MAP kinases ERK3 and ERK4. These kinases display structural features that distinguish them from other MAP kinases, notably the presence of a single phospho‐acceptor site (Ser‐Glu‐Gly) in the activation loop. Here, we show that ERK3 and ERK4 are phosphorylated in their activation loop in vivo. This phosphorylation is exerted, at least in part, in trans by an upstream cellular kinase. Contrary to classical MAP kinases, activation loop phosphorylation of ERK3 and ERK4 is detected in resting cells and is not further stimulated by strong mitogenic or stress stimuli. However, phosphorylation can be modulated indirectly by interaction with the substrate MAP kinase‐activated protein kinase 5 (MK5). Importantly, we found that activation loop phosphorylation of ERK3 and ERK4 stimulates their intrinsic catalytic activity and is required for the formation of stable active complexes with MK5 and, consequently, for efficient cytoplasmic redistribution of ERK3/ERK4‐MK5 complexes. Our results demonstrate the importance of activation loop phosphorylation in the regulation of ERK3/ERK4 function and highlight differences in the regulation of atypical MAP kinases as compared to classical family members. J. Cell. Physiol. 217: 778–788, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.