bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Discovery of Global Warming
Authors: MacCracken Michael C. 
Published: October 2006

At the beginning of the twentieth century the prospect of “global warming” as a result of human activities was thought to be far off, and in any case, likely to be beneficial. As we begin the twenty‐first century science adviser to the British government, Sir David King, has said that he considers global warming to be the world's most important problem, including terrorism. Yet, dealing with it has become the subject of a contentious international protocol, numerous conferences of international diplomats, and major scientific assessments and research programs.Spencer Weart, who is director of the Center for History of Physics of the American Institute of Physics, has taken on the challenge of explaining how this came to be. In the tradition of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which was established in 1988 to evaluate and assess the state of global warming science, this book is roughly equivalent to the Technical Summary, in terms of its technical level, being quite readable, but with substantive content about the main lines of evidence. Underpinning this relatively concise presentation, there is a well—developed—and still developing—Web site that, like the detailed chapters of the full IPCC assessment reports, provides vastly more information and linkages to a much wider set of reference materials (see http://www.aip.org/history/climate).
Forces of Nature: A Scientific Antidote to The Day After Tomorrow
Authors: Folger Peter 
Published: October 2006

Do you cringe when watching the latest disaster movie? Not because of the drama, but because the science and the scientists bear little resemblance to the real thing?Would you rather watch a movie that translates the wonder and excitement of Earth's natural forces onto the silver screen, so that people other than ourselves could see those raw forces for what they are? And perhaps learn a little about why they occur?
Advisability of NOAA as independent agency discussed at hearing
Authors: Jacobs Judy 
Published: October 2006

Several top ocean and meteorological scientists testifying before a Congressional subcommittee on 15 July were in agreement that NOAA should become an independent agency However, a representative of the U.S. Department of Commerce, of which NOAA is a part, appeared less enthusiastic about the idea.The advantages and disadvantages of NOAA acquiring independent status, and the adequacy of its current organizational structure, were only two of the topics discussed in the most recent hearings on the nature of an organic act for the agency (see Eos, 22 June 2004, p. 242). The function of such legislation, currently under consideration by both houses of Congress, would be to clearly define and codify NOAAs status, functions, and scope of responsibilities.
Re‐organization of NSF's Earth sciences
Authors: Jacobs Judy 
Published: October 2006

The U.S. National Science Foundation announced 16 July that its Division of Earth Sciences would be re‐organized into two new sections.The Surface Earth Processes Section (SEP) will consist of the programs in hydrology (HS), education and human resources (EHR), sedimentary geology and paleobiology (SGP), geobiology and environmental geochemistry (GEG), and geomorphology and land use dynamics (GLD). The current budget for the new section is approximately $50 million per year.
Europa's icy shell: A bridge between its surface and ocean
Authors: Schenk Paul , Nimmo Francis , Prockter Louise 
Published: October 2006

Europa,a Moon‐sized, ice‐covered satellite of Jupiter, is second only to Mars in its astrobiological potential. Beneath the icy surface, an ocean up to 150 km deep is thought to exist, providing a potential habitat for life, and a tempting target for future space missions. The Galileo mission to the Jovian system recently ended, but there are already long‐range plans to send much more capable spacecraft, such as the proposed Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter (JIMO), to take a closer look at Europa and her siblings, Ganymede and Callisto, some time in the next two decades.Europa's outer icy shell is the only interface between this putative ocean and the surface, but many aspects of this shell are presently poorly understood; in particular, its composition, thickness, deformational history, and mechanical properties.
Carbonate Network forms
Authors: Rafaelsen Bjarne 
Published: October 2006

The Carbonate Network is a new Internet‐based international network (www.carbonet.net) for carbonate researchers. The network aims to stimulate an increased exchange of knowledge among carbonate researchers from different geological institutions, and to provide a scientific forum for discussing carbonate‐related issues.The discussion forum (www.carbonet.net/forum), which is the essence of the Carbonate Network, includes information about meetings, publications, excursions, courses, Internet resources, and specific scientific topics (geophysics, sedimentology, geochemistry, paleontology petrophysics, mineralogy among others).
AIP to process AGU renewals for 2005
Authors: Spilhaus Fred 
Published: October 2006

AGU is collaborating with the American Institute of Physics (AIP) to provide improved online renewal of your membership and subscription starting with 2005 payments.The renewal process whether online or via mail will be easy for you. I would like to encourage each of you to renew early using the online form.You will be saving the Union money by cutting down on the cost of paper renewals. As a thank‐you, members who renew within the first weeks will receive 2005 access without charge to the AGU Member Library of online back issues of all journals. At the same time you can help assure that your information has been correctly transferred to the new database. Great care has been taken in the transition; however, a check by you will assure your information is current.
NSF Geosciences Advisory Committee seeks input
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

The Geosciences Advisory Committee of the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) is soliciting the views and concerns of the geosciences community in advance of the committee's fall meeting scheduled for 27–29 October at NSF Headquarters in Arlington, Virginia. At this meeting, the committee will consider current and future geoscience plans and programs; priority areas in cooperation with other NSF directorates; and additional issues of relevance to the community.The chair and members welcome the views and concerns of the geosciences community so they may better represent their constituencies at upcoming meetings of the committee.
Bement tapped as NSF Director
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

Arden Bement, acting director of the U.S. National Science Foundation since 22 February is President Bush's choice to become NSF director, the White House announced on 15 September. If confirmed by the U.S. Senate, Bement would serve for a 6‐year term expiring on 2 August 2010. Bement will continue to serve as acting NSF director until the full Senate approves his nomination.In a memorandum to NSF staff, Bement stated, “Although NSF faces significant challenges in the near future due to federal budget issues, I am committed to the policies and operations that have stood the test of time and have helped make NSF an extraordinary agency.”
Cratering in Marine Environments and on Ice
Authors: Newsom Horton E. 
Published: October 2006

Since the discovery of plate tectonics, impact cratering is arguably the most significant geologic process now recognized as an important process on Earth. Impacts into ice, another main topic covered in this book, may be important on other worlds.Large numbers of impact craters that formed in marine environments on Earth have only been discovered in the last 10 years. Twenty‐five craters that formed in marine environments have been documented, according to the first chapter of this book, although none are known that excavated oceanic crust. The papers in Cratering in Marine Environments and on Ice will whet your appetite for the exciting and ambitious range of topics implied by the title, which stems from a conference in Svalbard, Norway in September 2001. This book provides a flavor of the rapidly advancing and diverse field of impact cratering.
Examining subsurface radionuclide movement: Natural and anthropogenic sources
Authors: Champman Neil A. 
Published: October 2006

Radioactively contaminated land and regions of high natural background radioactivity are causes of concern in several parts of the world. Anthropogenic sources are associated with large‐scale, historic uranium mining/processing, with facilities that operated during the earliest years of nuclear power and nuclear weapons programs, and with accidental releases of radioactivity (e.g., Chernobyl, in 1986).Since 1990, much information has emerged on anthropogenic sources, especially from eastern European and former Soviet Union countries. Multinational projects such as the Swiss National Science Foundation SCOPES 2000 (scientific cooperation between eastern Europe and Switzerland) Russia‐Ukraine‐Switzerland project have assessed specific problem sites. Remediation projects and contaminated sites are being used as case studies to untangle geochemical and hydrogeological processes controlling radionuclide behavior in groundwater systems.
Kyoto Protocol moves forward
Authors: Randy Showstack 
Published: October 2006

The Russian cabinet's 30 September endorsement of the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) likely clears the way for the treaty's ratification by that country's parliament and for its entry into force.The protocol enters into force when not less than 55 Parties to the Convention, including industrialized countries (so‐called “Annex I Parties”) which accounted in total for at least 55% of the total carbon dioxide emissions for 1990 from that group, officially have agreed to the treaty.
UNOLS now oversees research aircraft facilities for ocean science
Authors: Bane John M. , Bluth Robert , Flagg Charles , Jonsson Haflidi , Melville W. Kendall , Prince Mike , Riemer Daniel 
Published: October 2006

In recognition of the increasing importance and value of aircraft as observational platforms in oceanographic research, the University National Oceanographic Laboratory System (UNOLS) has established the Scientific Committee for Oceanographic Aircraft Research (SCOAR). SCOAR aims to establish procedures for research aircraft that follow the present UNOLS practices for research vessel use, with the goal of making it understandable, and easy, and thus desirable, for oceanographic scientists to utilize research aircraft more.For consistency with the operation of UNOLS ships, this will require UNOLS to designate appropriate research aircraft operating organizations to be National Oceanographic Aircraft Facilities (NOAFs), essentially like institutions that operate one or more UNOLS ships. UNOLS presently has one designated NOAF, the Center for Interdisciplinary Remotely Piloted Aircraft Studies (CIRPAS) at the Naval Postgraduate School, in Monterey, California.
Reply [to Comment on “Are we slighting female colleagues?”]
Authors: Abriola Linda 
Published: October 2006

The AGU Fellows Committee takes its role seriously and makes every effort to eliminate any bias in the Fellows selection process. Gender imbalance is an issue that continues to concern the committee.The following information may help put this problem into perspective.The total number of Fellows selected in any year cannot exceed 0.1% of the membership at the end of the previous year. For 2004 this limit was 41 Fellows. Although women represent 17% of the total AGU membership, the percent of members over the age of 40 that are women is only 11% (most Fellows are over 40 at election). The total number of women nominated was 13 (7% of nominations). The total number of men nominated was 127 (93% of nominations).
Earthquake, windstorm bills approved
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

The U.S. House of Representatives on 8 October unanimously approved legislation (H.R. 2608) to mitigate damage from earthquakes and windstorms. President Bush is expected to sign into law this bill which has been negotiated between the House and Senate.The bill combines language from the original National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP) Reauthorization Act of 2003 and the National Windstorm Impact Reduction Act of 2004. (See Eos, 84, 43, 28 October 2003, p. 458.)
Understanding North Pacific carbon cycle changes
Authors: Sabine Christopher L. , Juranek Laurie , Lee Carrie , Nicholson David , Ver Ana 
Published: October 2006

Although increasing levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide have been well documented, the response of the ocean to these changes is less understood, particularly on regional space scales. Evidence is accumulating that there is substantial variability in the cycling of carbon and related biogeochemical elements over a wide range of timescales, including inter‐annual and decadal timescales, which have been the focus of studies aimed at identifying a climate change signal. Most of these studies, however, have been limited in time, space, or number of parameters examined, preventing a full appreciation of the scale and magnitude of the changes.In June 2004, scientists gathered in Seattle, Washington, to synthesize individual studies of the North Pacific into a coherent picture of North Pacific carbon cycle changes, and to identify the requirements for detecting a long‐term climate change signal. The workshop established many new international and interdisciplinary collaborations and helped develop plans for 14 synthesis manuscripts.
Examining tectonic‐climatic interactions in Alaska and the northeastern Pacific
Authors: Gulick Sean , Freymueller Jeff , Koons Peter , Jaeger John , Pavlis Terry , Powell Ross 
Published: October 2006

Southeastern Alaska, encompassing the glaciated Chugach‐St. Elias range (Figure 1), is one of the premier locations where tectonics, orogenesis, glacial erosion, landscape modification, and continental margin sedimentation can be studied in unison, allowing for quantitative models to be developed linking this suite of processes [e.g., Jaeger et al, 2001 ]. This area is an exceptional natural laboratory for studying a range of geologic problems (Figures 2 and 3), including the links between orogenic processes and continental accretion, glacial landscape modification, and sedimentation.Geologic processes operate at rapid rates along the margin, which allows concurrent data collection on tectonic deformation, uplift, erosion, and sedimentation and development of comprehensive geodynamic models connecting these diverse processes.The active processes in southeastern Alaska are comparable or significantly greater than those studied in the Himalayan orogeny, and include extremely high sediment yields, active faults associated with mountains and valley glaciers, and orogeny coinciding with extensive glacial cover.
Renewed unrest at Mount Spurr Volcano, Alaska
Authors: Power John 
Published: October 2006

The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO),a cooperative program of the U.S. Geological Survey, the University of Alaska Fairbanks Geophysical Institute, and the Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys, has detected unrest at Mount Spurr volcano, located about 125 km west of Anchorage, Alaska, at the northeast end of the Aleutian volcanic arc.This activity consists of increased seismicity melting of the summit ice cap, and substantial rates of C02 and H2S emission.The current unrest is centered beneath the volcano's 3374‐m‐high summit, whose last known eruption was 5000–6000 years ago. Since then, Crater Peak, 2309 m in elevation and 4 km to the south, has been the active vent. Recent eruptions occurred in 1953 and 1992.
Joint discussion of sedimentary geochemistry data management systems that cross the waterline
Authors: Cervato Cinzia , Goldstein Steven L. , Grossman Ethan L. , Lehnert Kerstin , McArthur John M. 
Published: October 2006

Earth's evolution, its climate history, and the history of life are archived in the chemical and isotopic compositions of marine and terrestrial sediments and fossils found within them. This information provides evidence for crustmantle recycling, bolide impacts, mass extinction events, gas hydrate expulsion, climate cycles, and much more. Much of this geochemical evidence, such as the discoveries of oxygen isotope cycles in Quaternary sediments, enhanced iridium at the Cretaceous/Paleocene boundary and relationships between near‐trench sediments and associated arc volcanics, have overturned paradigms, opened new avenues of inquiry, and helped launch international research programs (e.g., the Deep Sea Drilling Project [DSDP]).In addition to revealing much about important Earth events and processes, geochemical records preserved in marine and terrestrial sediments are increasingly important for the correlation of global records; indeed, for Precambrian and anoxic sediments, chemical and isotopic methods are indispensable and provide the main basis for correlation.
Return to Petropavlovsk‐Kamchatsky: Subduction in the far north
Authors: Gordeev Evgenii , Kasahara Minoru , Eichelberger John 
Published: October 2006

For intensity of volcanic and seismic activity and the excitement of geophysical exploration, few places on Earth can match the Kamchatka‐Aleutian junction, where the torn Pacific slab dives into the asthenosphere, carrying with it the distal end of the Emperor‐Hawaiian Seamount Chain.Thus, it was fitting that researchers with a focus on North Pacific subduction began, in Petropavlovsk‐Kamchatsky Russia, their second round of biennial meetings that have cycled through that city Sapporo, Japan, and Fairbanks Alaska. The 4th Biennial International Workshop on Japan Kamchatka Aleutian Subduction Processes (JKASP) convened at the Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (IVS) of the Russian Academy of Sciences, recently formed through unification of the Institute of Volcanology and the Institute of Volcanic Geology and Geochemistry.
The honors ceremony experiment
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

Instead of holding two similar honors ceremonies each year, all new Fellows and awardees are now being honored at the Joint Assembly in the spring, and all new medalists are honored at the Fall Meeting.This change was recommended to improve both honors evenings.The ceremony at the Fall Meeting was becoming lengthy and, in the eyes of some, the quantity of presentations had begun to detract from the quality of the attention that the honorees deserve. This experimental change to the Honors Program suggested by the Honors and Recognition Committee, was instituted by past president Robert Dickinson in 2004 and will continue through 2005.
The role of natural wetlands in the global methane cycle
Authors: Wania Rita , Prentice Colin , Harrison Sandy , Hornibrook Edward , Gedney Nicola , Christensen Torben , Clymo Richard 
Published: October 2006

Methane (CH4) is the most important greenhouse gas after water vapor and carbon dioxide (CO2), and wetlands represent its largest natural source. But the high spatial and temporal variability of CH4 emissions from natural wetlands, combined with patchy and incomplete information on global wetland distribution, makes them especially difficult to quantify CH4 from natural wetlands still has the largest uncertainty of any CH4 source. This is of concern because projections for the future suggest a rise in CH4 emissions and thus a positive feedback in climate change.We also know from ice cores that atmospheric CH4 concentration has varied by a factor of 2, at orbital and suborbital frequencies, during the past 400,000 years. The causes of these variations are largely unknown, but it is likely that variations in wetland extent and productivity due to changes in glaciation, sea level, atmospheric CO4 concentration, and climate played a part. Other mechanisms, including changes in the oxidation capacity of the atmosphere and pulsed releases from marine and terrestrial gas hydrates, may have contributed as well. None of these mechanisms is adequately quantified.
The role of coastal zones in global biogeochemical cycles
Authors: Siefert Ronald L. , Plattner Gian‐Kasper 
Published: October 2006

The unique and dynamic coastal ocean is a significant source and sink of a multitude of atmospheric species of importance to global biogeochemical cycles and climate. The transition zone between land and ocean, including the atmosphere as a medium for the exchange of matter and energy, is characterized by a strong physical‐biogeochemical coupling, resulting in an inherently complex system. Important biogeochemical exchanges occurring in the coastal zone involve water, nutrients (e.g., nitrogen, phosphorous, iron, and silica),salts (e.g., chlorine,bromine,and iodine), carbon (e.g.,dissolved organic carbon (DOC),dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), particulate organic carbon (POC), and carbon dioxide (CO2), reactive organic trace gases (e.g., nitrogenous, halogenated, and sulfurous hydrocarbons), and inorganic trace gases (e.g., nitrous oxide, N2O).Coastal zones are of particular importance to humans, as they are characterized by high per area productivity and are responsible for the majority of the world's fish catch. In addition, coastal ecosystems play an important role in the global carbon cycle as large fluxes of carbon and carbon‐related tracers move between the land, ocean, and atmosphere in these regions. Most of the world's population lives near coastal zones, and anthropogenic changes and related climate change in these regions can pose serious consequences not only for fisheries but also for global biogeochemical cycles.
Rapid continental breakup and microcontinent formation in the western Indian Ocean
Authors: Collier J. S. , Minshull T. A. , Kendall J.‐M. , Whitmarsh R. B. , Rümpker G. , Joseph P. , Samson P. , Lane C. I. , Sansom V. , Vermeesch P. M. , Hammond J. , Wookey J. , Teanby N. , Ryberg T. , Dean S. M. 
Published: October 2006

Two of the main factors that determine the nature of a rifted continental margin are rheology and magmatism during extension. Numerical models of lithospheric extension suggest that both factors vary with extension rate; yet until now extension rates of studied margins, as indicated by the rate of initial seafloor spreading, are mostly less than ‐30 mm/yr on each margin. This article presents the first geophysical results from the Seychelles‐Laxmi Ridge conjugate pair of rifted margins which separated at ‐65 mm/yr.The Seychelles, with its spectacular exposures of Precambrian granite, was the earliest scientifically recognized microcontinent and arguably remains the classic example of one [Wegener, 1924; Matthews and Davies, 1966]. However, it is still unknown whether microcontinents result from plumes, changes in plate‐boundary forces, lithospheric heterogeneity, or a combination of these factors.
An Introduction to the Environmental Physics of Soil, Water and Watersheds
Authors: Lakshmi Venkat 
Published: October 2006

An Introduction to the Environmental Physics of Soil, Water and Watersheds presents an easy approach to understanding physical processes associated with the land surface and subsurface water and energy balance, with a brief treatment of transport.The book begins with a treatment of soil, its formation and composition, and properties associated with soil strength and characterization with moisture. Next is a description of the properties of liquids wherein concepts such as pressure, energy, buoyancy, and waves are addressed. This is followed by the treatment of evapotranspiration and infiltration. The book then discusses overland flow, erosion and deposition, and transport by rivers. The behavior of flow in the subsurface, namely, saturated and unsaturated flow and contaminant transport, completes the book.