bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CORRELATIONS BETWEEN PROGESTERONE, OESTRADIOL AND ALDOSTERONE LEVELS IN THE PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME
Authors: MUNDAY MADELEINE R. , BRUSH M. G. , TAYLOR R. W. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYLevels of progesterone, oestradiol and aldosterone in the plasma of twenty women with premenstrual syndrome (PMS) were measured by radioimmunoassay and the results were compared with those from a control series of ten normal volunteers. All the PMS patients were apparently ovulatory but the pooled progesterone values from days −9 to −5 premenstrually were significantly lower than the control values (P < 0·05). The oestradiol levels in the PMS patients were higher than in control subjects over the last 4 days of the cycle (P < 0·01). There was no significance in aldosterone levels between the PMS and control groups. The relevance of these results to the aetiology of PMS is considered.
TESTICULAR FUNCTION IN PREPUBERTAL MALE PSEUDOHERMAPHRODITISM
Authors: CAMPO S. , MOTEAGUDO C. , NICOLAU G. , PELLIZZARI E. , BELGOROSKY A. , STIVEL M. , RIVAROLA M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYTesticular function was evaluated in forty‐one prepubertal patients with male pseudohermaphroditism by determinating serum concentrations of progesterone, 17‐hydroxyprogesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione, testosterone and dihydrotestosterone before and after stimulation with hCG and, in some instances, ACTH. Testosterone response to hCG was normal in all subjects. In one patient, a 4‐year‐old boy, a deficiency of 17,20‐desmolase activity was diagnosed based on the coexistence of elevated levels of pregnenolone, 17‐hydroxypregnenolone, progesterone and 17‐hydroxyprogesterone and low levels of dehydroepiandrosterone and androstenedione. In three other patients enzymatic blocks were suspected but not confirmed. Congenital deficiency of enzymes neccessary for testosterone biosynthesis is an uncommon aetiology of male pseudohermaphroditism.
GONADOTROPHIN LEVELS IN WOMEN WITH CUSHING'S SYNDROME BEFORE AND AFTER TREATMENT
Authors: WHITE M. C. , SANDERSON J. , MASHITER K. , JOPLIN G. F. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYBasal serum concentrations of LH and FSH and their response to LHRH were studied in twelve pre‐ and ten post‐menopausal women with Cushing's syndrome before and after treatment. Subnormal basal concentrations of LH were found in twelve out of twenty‐two, and of FSH in ten of the twenty untreated patients. There was a correlation between the urinary free cortisol (UFC) and basal LH values, r =−0·59 (P < 0·05), and UFC and basal FSH values, r=−0·76 (P < 0·02) in the premenopausal women. All seven patients with a UFC value > 1080 nmol/24 h (normal range < 270) had both a subnormal basal gonadotrophin level and a subnormal response of at least one gonadotrophin to the releasing hormone. In those patients in whom successful remission was obtained and who did not require replacement therapy, subnormal basal gonadotrophins were usually restored towards or into the normal range. It is concluded that while gonadotrophin levels may be normal in women with Cushing's syndrome, they are subnormal in those with the highest cortisol values. This may be due to a direct suppressive effect of cortisol on the release of stored pituitary hormone, and/or on LHRH release from the hypothalamus.
ANDROGEN REPLACEMENT WITH ORAL TESTOSTERONE UNDECANOATE IN HYPOGONADAL MEN: A DOUBLE BLIND CONTROLLED STUDY
Authors: SKAKKEBAEK N. E. , BANCROFT J. , DAVIDSON D. W. , WARNER PAMELA 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe effects of androgen withdrawal and replacement were investigated in six hypergonadotrophic and six hypogonadotrophic men with hypogonadism. A double blind cross‐over design was used comparing testosterone undecanoate (T.U., Organon International), 160 mg daily by mouth, with placebo. There was a significant effect of T.U. on all measures of sexual interest and behaviour. Sexual interest increased within the first week of T.U. administration, ejaculation usually returning within the second week. Behavioural responses were similar in the hyper‐ and hypogonadotrophic groups.The rise in plasma testosterone during T.U. administration was modest, not reaching the normal range in several cases. 5α dihydrotestosterone rose more substantially. There was a significant fall in sex hormone binding globulin, a rise in oestradiol and no significant change in gonadotrophin concentrations during T.U. administration.
HIGH SERUM GASTRIN LEVELS IN THYROTOXIC PATIENTS
Authors: DAHLBERG P. A. , KARLSSON F. A. , LUNDQVIST G. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYHigh gastrin levels were found in twenty‐one out of fifty‐six consecutive patients (38%) with thyrotoxicosis. Following return to euthyroidism gastrin levels generally fell, but twelve patients (21%) remained hypergastrinaemic. Six of these patients (11%) had achlorhydria indicating atrophic gastritis of the antrum sparing type. No correlation between gastrin and triiodothyronine values was found. It is suggested that gastrin levels should be measured in thyrotoxic patients after treatment, and further control instituted in patients with raised gastrin levels. The relationship between gastric function, gastrin release and thyroid function seems complex. The interactions may involve both a direct effect of thyroid hormone on gastric acid production, adrenergic influences on gastrin release and linked phenomena with development of thyroid and gastric auto‐immune diseases.
ALTERED DOPAMINERGIC REGULATION OF THYROTROPHIN RELEASE IN PATIENTS WITH PROLACTINOMAS: COMPARISON WITH OTHER TESTS OF HYPOTHALAMIC‐PITUITARY FUNCTION
Authors: SCANLON M. F. , RODRIGUEZ‐ARNAO M. D. , McGREGOR A. M. , WEIGHTMAN D. , LEWIS M. , COOK D. B. , GOMEZ‐PAN A. , HALL R. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThis study was carried out to test the hypothesis that sustained hyperprolactinaemia in patients with prolactinomas stimulates hypothalamic dopaminergic activity via a short loop positive feedback effect of prolactin (PRL). The intensity of dopamine (DA) effects on the pituitary around the adenoma was evaluated by measuring thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) responses to intravenous injection of domperidone (10 mg) a new DA receptor blocking drug that does not penetrate the blood‐brain barrier. TSH responses have been compared with those of PRL to the same agent. Eight females with prolactinomas showed greater TSH release after domperidone than nine normal females (sum of TSH increments over 120 min 17·5 ± 1·7 v. 8·9±1·5 mu/l, P < 0·001) whilst PRL release was reduced (sum of PRL increments over 120 min 5·9 ± 2·4 v. 21·8 ± 3·8 mu/l ± 10−3, P < 0·01). Amongst nineteen hyperprolactinaemic females with apparently normal pituitary fossae (plain skull X‐ray), ten showed an exaggerated TSH response (ΔTSH, 4·2 ± 0·6 mu/l, range 2·5–9·40 mu/l) and reduced PRL response to domperidone, comparable with established tumour cases. In the remaining nine normal fossa hyperprolactinaemic females, the TSH and PRL responses to domperidone were similar to normal females.These results support the initial hypothesis and indicate the coexistence of a defect in the dopaminergic inhibition of PRL release and increased dopaminergic inhibition of TSH release in patients with prolactinomas. The presence of an exaggerated TSH response to DA antagonism in a euthyroid, radiologically normal (plain skull X‐ray), hyperprolactinaemic patient is compatible with the presence of an autonomously‐functioning, PRL secreting, pituitary microadenoma and the TSH changes seen in these patients after DA antagonist administration can be readily detected by sensitive TSH radioimmunoassay.
PITUITARY FUNCTION IN PROLACTINOMA. EFFECT OF SURGERY AND POSTOPERATIVE BROMOCRIPTINE THERAPY
Authors: PELKONEN R. , GRAHNE B. , HIRVONEN E. , KARONEN S‐L. , SALMI J. , TIKKANEN M. , VALTONEN S. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYForty‐five women and fifteen men with prolactinomas have been treated surgically. Patients with large tumours received pituitary irraditation and postoperative hyperprolactinaemia was treated with bromocriptine. The patients have been followed‐up for 6–36 months following the operation. The tumours were larger and the levels of production higher in men as compared with women. All women had amenorrhoea. Galactorrhoea was present in forty‐three women but not in the men. After surgery serum prolactin levels fell significantly in all women but remained above normal in thirty‐six; prolactin remained high in twelve men. Bromocriptine effectively decreased the postoperative hyperprolactinaemia. The surgical complications were oculomotor nerve paresis in one woman and one man. After surgery six (23%) women developed impaired GH secretion, six (15%) impaired thyroid function, eight (18%) impaired cortisol secretion and five (17%) impaired LH secretion in isolation or combination which had not been present preoperatively. Three patients relapsed.Fifteen women menstruated after surgery and ten began to do so during the subsequent bromocriptine treatment. Thus, menstruation was restored in all six women with microadenomas, in sixteen of twenty patients with intrasellar macroadenomas and three of nineteen patients with suprasellar adenomas. The preoperative LH‐reserve proved to be an important prognostic indicator. Nine patients, i.e. 50% of patients desiring fertility became pregnant. In the men gonadal function deteriorated in four patients and did not improve in any without testosterone treatment.
SERUM LEVELS OF PROLACTIN AND MILK PRODUCTION IN WOMEN DURING A LACTATION PERIOD OF THIRTY MONTHS
Authors: HENNART P. , DELOGNE‐DESNOECK J. , VIS H. , ROBYN C. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYSerum prolactin was measured in single blood samples collected from 219 nursing mothers of the Kivu region (Zaïre) during 30 post‐partum months. In addition the number of feeding episodes per day and the amount of milk given to the child in 24 h were recorded. The mean serum prolactin levels remained around 1000 mu/l during the first 15 months of lactation and fell during the next 3 months to 550 mu/l. A decline in milk production per day occurred during the second year, but it was less marked than that of prolactin. This decline seemed to be associated with the decline in suckling frequency as the quantity of milk given per feed remained almost unchanged throughout lactation. The average amount of milk given by mothers with serum prolactin levels in the range of values seen in non‐lactating and non‐pregnant women (about 500 mu/l) is nevertheless of some 35 g per feeding or 260 g per day. These results demonstrate that milk production can be maintained in women with normal levels of prolactin and suggest that prolactin plays a permissive role in established lactation.
STUDIES OF THE OPIATE CONTROL OF PROLACTIN, GH AND TSH
Authors: GROSSMAN A. , STUBBS W. A. , GAILLARD R. C. , DELITALA G. , REES LESLEY H. , BESSER G. M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYOpiate peptides are known to influence the secretion of several anterior pituitary hormones under basal conditions. Further studies on prolactin, GH and TSH have therefore been performed in normal subjects, under basal and stimulated conditions, using an opiate agonist and antagonist. Sixteen mg naloxone had no effect on the basal release of prolactin or GH, but lowered TSH. An infusion of the met‐enkephalin analogue DAMME (1 mg) increased GH, and produced an exaggerated response of both prolactin and TSH to 200 μg TRH i.v. The peak responses of both prolactin and GH to hypoglycaemia were unaffected by pretreatment with either low‐dose (0·4 mg) or high‐dose (25 mg) naloxone, or DAMME (0·25 mg). These results suggest that opiate peptides are unlikely to play a major role in the tonic or hypoglycaemia‐stimulated release of prolactin and GH, although they may be of importance in the control of TSH.
AUTONOMIC NEURAL CONTROL MECHANISMS OF SUBSTRATE and HORMONAL RESPONSES TO ACUTE HYPOGLYCAEMIA IN MAN
Authors: FRIER B. M. , CORRALL R. J. M. , RATCLIFFE J. G. , ASHBY J. P. , McCLEMONT ELIZABETH J. W. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe contributions of adrenergic and cholinergic mechanisms to recovery from acute hypoglycaemia induced by insulin (0·15 units/kg i.v.) were examined in eleven normal subjects, six subjects with a pre‐ganglionic sympathectomy (adrenergic denervation) and six sympathectomized subjects given atropine (combined adrenergic denervation and cholinergic blockade).Blood glucose recovery was impaired only in the sympathectomized subjects given atropine. The blood lactate response was reduced and the rise in free fatty acids was delayed in both groups of sympathectomized subjects, in whom the normal rises of plasma cyclic AMP and noradrenaline were absent. The plasma pancreatic glucagon response was appropriate to the prevailing blood glucose concentrations in all three groups. The cortisol response was impaired and the pattern of ACTH secretion was abnormal in sympathectomized subjects given atropine. Growth hormone levels were higher in both sympathectomized groups.Blood glucose homeostasis was impaired during combined adrenergic denervation and cholinergic blockade. Glucagon secretion was activated independently of vagal control. In the sympathectomized group given atropine, the rise in plasma cortisol was blunted despite a greater degree of hypoglycaemia. A blockade of central cholinergic receptors producing impaired activation of ACTH secretion at hypothalamic level may explain, at least in part, this delayed restoration of normoglycaemia.
PROLONGED REMISSION IN FLORID CUSHING'S SYNDROME FOLLOWING METYRAPONE TREATMENT
Authors: BEARDWELL C. G. , ADAMSON A. R. , SHALET S. M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYTwo patients presenting with diabetes mellitus and hypokalaemia resulting from markedly increased ACTH and cortisol secretion are described. Neither patient showed any evidence of a tumour and both responded dramatically to treatment with metyrapone in that all abnormal clinical features disappeared, ACTH concentrations returned to normal and both patients showed prolonged remission after metyrapone treatment was stopped. One patient relapsed after a severe viral illness and the administration of dexamethasone and cortisone. It is suggested that these cases may represent an unusual form of Cushing's syndrome in which ACTH secretion is stimulated by increasing concentrations of cortisol. When these are reduced by metyrapone administration ACTH secretion falls in parallel and prolonged remission of disease may result.
ENDOCRINE ASSESSMENT OF THE SUBFERTILE MALE
Authors: WU F. C. W. , EDMOND P. , RAAB G. , HUNTER W. M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYSixty‐three male (XY) patients attending a subfertility clinic with average sperm density under 40 million/ml were studied by testicular biopsy and multiple basal estimations of plasma LH, FSH, testosterone as well as LHRH (50 μg i.v.) stimulation. A further forty patients with similar sperm densities also had testicular biopsy but only single estimations of the three hormones. A single basal FSH was found to be the best discriminator of testicular histologies. Patients with testicular biopsies showing germ cell aplasia in some or all seminiferous tubules (grades 3 and 4) had significantly higher basal FSH than those with hypospermatogenesis, germ cell arrest or normal appearance (grades 1 and 2). Basal FSH also showed a linear trend rising with decreasing sperm density but only rose above the normal range when sperm densities fell below 1 million/ml. When basal FSH, testicular histology and sperm density were considered together in the whole group (n= 100), high levels of FSH accurately indicated the presence of germ cell aplasia in some or all seminiferous tubules in azoo‐ and oligospermic men with sperm density under 5 million/ml. Normal FSH and azoospermia is diagnostic of obstruction in the excurrent ducts, and further investigation is undertaken if surgical correction of the obstruction is contemplated. Hormone estimations are not helpful in oligospermic patients with average sperm density over 5 million/ml. On the basis of these findings it is suggested that there is little place for the LHRH test in the routine assessment of male subfertility. Testicular biopsy is indicated only in oligospermic patients with average sperm density under 5 million/ml and normal basal FSH.
THE PREDICTION OF RELAPSE AFTER DRUG TREATMENT OF GRAVES' DISEASE BY ASSAY OF LONG ACTING THYROID STIMULATOR‐PROTECTOR (LATS‐P)
Authors: HARDISTY C. A. , HANFORD LINDA , MUNRO D. S. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYIn a study of fifty‐two patients with Graves' disease followed for 1 year after stopping antithyroid drugs, a strong relationship has been found between serum LATS‐P and relapse. In those with serum LATS‐P activity on stopping therapy, twenty‐one (88%) out of twenty‐four relapsed. In those with no LATS‐P activity on stopping antithyroid drugs only eight (29%) out of twenty‐eight relapsed and in five LATS‐P was detectable at relapse. The overall prevalence of positive assays for LATS‐P at relapse (90%) was similar to that seen in untreated Graves' disease.
THE EFFECT OF FENCLOFENAC ON THYROID FUNCTION
Authors: KURTZ A. B. , CAPPER S. J. , CLIFFORD J. , HUMPHREY M. J. , LUKINAC L. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory agent fenclofenac competitively inhibits the binding of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) by thyroxine‐binding globulin (TBG). Eight male volunteers completed a 4‐week study during which they took fenclofenac 600 mg twice daily. The concentration of fenclofenac in serum reached a plateau after 1 week of therapy after which the mean concentration (± SEM) of the drug in serum was 78–6 ± 6–2 mg/l. During the steady state period on treatment there were reductions of the mean serum concentrations of total T4 to 35% (P < 0·001), total T3 to 55% (P < 0·001), free T4 to 69% (P < 0·001) and free T3 to 90% (NS) of the respective pretreatment values.There were also significant changes in the concentrations of thyrotrophin and reverse T3 in serum. After starting treatment with fenclofenac serum concentrations of thyrotrophin fell to a nadir after 2–4 days at which time the mean concentration was 34% (P < 0·01) of the pretreatment value, whilst reverse T3 values increased to a maximum of 136% (P < 0·001) of the pretreatment values over 1–2 days. There was subsequently an increase of the thyrotrophin and a reduction in reverse T3 concentrations to normal by 2 weeks of treatment. Transient pituitary suppression was also suggested by the response to thryotrophin‐releasing hormone (TRH): 7 days after starting fenclofenac the mean thyrotrophin response was 62% (P < 0·001) of the pretreatment value. After 4 weeks of fenclofenac the response of TRH had returned to normal. After discontinuing fenclofenac there was a transient increase in the mean concentration of thyrotrophin in serum, to 129% of the pretreatment value (P < 0·001), with a subsequent return to normal. Four weeks after discontinuing fenclofenac the serum concentrations of thyroid hormones and thyrotrophin were normal.
EFFECTS OF VALPROIC ACID, NALOXONE AND HYDROCORTISONE IN NELSON'S SYNDROME AND CUSHING'S DISEASE
Authors: ELIAS A. N. , GWINUP G. , VALENTA L. J. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYTwo patients with Nelson's syndrome and one patient after bilateral adrenalectomy for Cushing's disease, without any evidence of Nelson's syndrome, were studied with respect to the effect of hydrocortisone, naloxone and valproic acid (a GABA transaminase inhibitor) on ACTH secretion. Hydrocortisone suppressed plasma ACTH concentrations to normal in the patient without Nelson's syndrome, but failed to do so in the two patients with Nelson's syndrome. Naloxone and valproic acid caused a decline in plasma ACTH concentrations in the patients with Nelson's syndrome, but produced no change in the patient without Nelson's syndrome. Secretion of ACTH may thus be influenced by both opiate peptides and by gamma aminobutyric acid, as well as by the cortisol concentrations, these agents may act at different sites to inhibit ACTH release by the tumour.
ABNORMAL REGULATION OF PROLACTIN SECRETION AFTER SUCCESSFUL SURGERY FOR PROLACTIN‐SECRETING PITUITARY TUMOURS*
Authors: SCHLECHTE JANET A. , SHERMAN B. M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYPatients with prolactin‐secreting pituitary tumours have a diminished prolactin (PRL) response after administration of a variety of stimulatory agents, including thyrotrophin‐releasing hormone (TRH), chlorpromazine (CPZ) and insulin‐induced hypoglycaemia. We examined responses to these agents in sixty‐seven women with PRL‐secreting tumours before and after trans‐sphenoidal surgery. Twenty‐nine of the women were cured as denned by restoration of normal serum PRL concentrations and resumption of regular menses. One year following trans‐sphenoidal surgery, patients with normal PRL concentrations and regular menses had normal PRL responses to TRH, while the responses to CPZ and insulin hypoglycaemia were not improved. The reversible impairment of PRL response to TRH reflects suppressed function of normal PRL‐secreting cells, and the persistence of abnormal PRL responses to provocative stimuli after successful tumour removal may reflect some fundamental defect in the regulation of PRL secretion in patients with PRL‐secreting adenomas.When growth hormone (GH) reserve after insulin hypoglycaemia was represented as the mean absolute increment above the basal concentration and compared with normal subjects, women with PRL‐secreting tumours had a diminished response that returned to normal after successful surgery. This reversible impairment of GH secretion is not adequately reflected by standard criteria for GH response and suggests that PRL may have a role in the regulation of GH secretion.
COMPARISON BETWEEN THYROID STIMULATING AND TSH‐BINDING INHIBITING IMMUNOGLOBULINS OF GRAVES' DISEASE
Authors: MACCHIA E. , FENZI G. F. , MONZANI F. , LIPPI F. , VITTI P. , GRASSO L. , BARTALENA L. , BASCHIERI L. , PINCHERA A. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYIn the sera of patients with Graves' disease abnormal thyroid ‘stimulating’ immunoglobulins have been demonstrated by in vivo and in vitro assay systems. Conflicting results have been reported when thyroid stimulating and thyrotrophin (TSH)‐binding inhibiting activities have been compared. The present study was performed in forty‐nine hyperthyroid Graves' patients to ascertain the relationships among TSH‐binding inhibiting immunoglobulins (TBII), measured by a radio‐receptor assay, thyroid stimulating antibody (TSAb), assayed by stimulation of adenylate cyclase‐cAMP system in human thyroid plasma membranes, and LATS, measured by McKenzie's mouse bioassay. TBII was detected in twenty‐one of forty‐nine (42·9%), TSAb in thirty‐five of forty‐nine (714%) and LATS in nineteen of forty‐nine (38·8%). TBII was also present in four of sixteen (25%) patients with other thyroid autoimmune disorders. When the results obtained with the different techniques were compared, correlation was found between LATS response and TSAb activity (r = 0·53, P < 0·001), while there was no correlation between TSAb and TBII activities and between LATS response and TBII activity. These data confirm that TSAb is a specific and sensitive marker of Graves' disease and suggest that TBII activity is not necessarily synonymous with thyroid stimulation, and could reflect a different phenomenon concomitantly produced.