bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Applications of generative adversarial networks in materials science
Authors: Jiang Yuan , Li Jinshan , Yang Xiang , Yuan Ruihao 
Published: March 2024

AbstractGenerative adversarial networks (GANs), as a powerful tool for inverse materials discovery, are being increasingly applied in various fields of materials science. This review provides systematic investigations on the applications of GANs from a group of different aspects. The basic principles of GANs are first introduced; then a detailed review of GANs‐based studies regarding distinct scenarios across composition design, processing optimization, crystal structure search, microstructure characterization and defect detection is presented. At the end, several challenges and possible solutions are discussed and outlined. This overview highlights the efficacy of GANs in materials science, and may stimulate the further use of GANs for more intriguing achievements.
Design of compact balanced filters with wide DM upper stopband and CM rejection band based on semi‐circular patch
Authors: Wang Xuedao , Guo Zai‐Cheng , Huang Feng , Wang Jianpeng , Wang Lingling 
Published: March 2024

AbstractA new design approach to achieve compact size and high common‐mode (CM) suppression of balanced filters is proposed with two back‐to‐back microstrip semi‐circular patch resonators. In feeding structures, metalized via holes are adopted to vertically feed patches by differential pairs. Then, TM11 mode is excited and TM31 mode can be rejected, resulting in wideband differential‐mode (DM) harmonic rejection. Besides, with a slotline etched in the common ground plane, desired coupling strength can be achieved for a target bandwidth. Meanwhile, by virtue of the stacked structure, source‐load coupling can be easily introduced to generate transmission zeros close to the passband. With theory guidance, two balanced filter prototypes centered at 2.4 GHz are designed. Simulation and measurement results both indicate that proposed balanced filters exhibit high DM and CM performances as well as a compact size about 0.26λg × 0.53λg.
Historical tree phenology data reveal the seasonal rhythms of the Congo Basin rainforest
Authors: Kearsley Elizabeth , Verbeeck Hans , Stoffelen Piet , Janssens Steven B. , Yakusu Emmanuel Kasongo , Kosmala Margaret , De Mil Tom , Bauters Marijn , Kitima Elasi Ramanzani , Ndiapo José Mbifo , Chuda Adelard Lonema , Richardson Andrew D. , Wingate Lisa , Ilondea Bhély Angoboy , Beeckman Hans , van den Bulcke Jan , Boeckx Pascal , Hufkens Koen 
Published: March 2024

AbstractTropical forest phenology directly affects regional carbon cycles, but the relation between species‐specific and whole‐canopy phenology remains largely uncharacterized. We present a unique analysis of historical tropical tree phenology collected in the central Congo Basin, before large‐scale impacts of human‐induced climate change. Ground‐based long‐term (1937–1956) phenological observations of 140 tropical tree species are recovered, species‐specific phenological patterns analyzed and related to historical meteorological records, and scaled to characterize stand‐level canopy dynamics. High phenological variability within and across species and in climate–phenology relationships is observed. The onset of leaf phenophases in deciduous species was triggered by drought and light availability for a subset of species and showed a species‐specific decoupling in time along a bi‐modal seasonality. The majority of the species remain evergreen, although central African forests experience relatively low rainfall. Annually a maximum of 1.5% of the canopy is in leaf senescence or leaf turnover, with overall phenological variability dominated by a few deciduous species, while substantial variability is attributed to asynchronous events of large and/or abundant trees. Our results underscore the importance of accounting for constituent signals in canopy‐wide scaling and the interpretation of remotely sensed phenology signals.
Estimation of the odds ratio from multi‐stage randomized trials
Authors: Cao Shiwei , Jung Sin‐Ho 
Published: March 2024

AbstractA multi‐stage design for a randomized trial is to allow early termination of the study when the experimental arm is found to have low or high efficacy compared to the control during the study. In such a trial, an early stopping rule results in bias in the maximum likelihood estimator of the treatment effect. We consider multi‐stage randomized trials on a dichotomous outcome, such as treatment response, and investigate the estimation of the odds ratio. Typically, randomized phase II cancer clinical trials have two‐stage designs with small sample sizes, which makes the estimation of odds ratio more challenging. In this paper, we evaluate several existing estimation methods of odds ratio and propose bias‐corrected estimators for randomized multi‐stage trials, including randomized phase II cancer clinical trials. Through numerical studies, the proposed estimators are shown to have a smaller bias and a smaller mean squared error overall.
Biogeomorphological floodplain dynamics along a degradation gradient of an Alpine river
Authors: Wagner Thomas C. , Woellner Romy , Kloska Veronika , Kollmann Johannes 
Published: March 2024

AbstractChannel migration, furcation, and vegetation succession are characteristic processes of braided gravel rivers in Alpine regions. These are associated with a frequent turnover of large parts of the active floodplain. However, more than one century of river regulation has reduced or destroyed most of these ecosystem dynamics. More recently, there have been attempts to restore at least some sections of degraded rivers, while there is little monitoring of the biogeomorphological dynamics of such rivers. Thus, we did a four‐year analysis of four representative sections of the upper River Isar in Southern Germany differing in their degree of naturalness. Dynamics of channels, gravel bars, and vegetation were recorded by drone images, and braiding and gravel indices were calculated. When comparing the near‐natural, semi‐natural, degraded or restored sections, there was a gradient of decreasing channel migration, gravel bank expansion, and bank erosion due to a reduced turnover frequency. Biogeomorphological variation among years correlated with log peak discharge within the four sections. In addition, the cover and height growth of vegetation increased with river degradation, and channel migration was positively related to the braiding index. The total turnover of the active river corridor and of the vegetation were positively correlated with log peak discharge within the four sections. The floodplain dynamics of the restored section were improved compared to the degraded section but did not reach a near‐natural state. Thus, Alpine river sections with contrasting degrees of naturalness differ in terms of habitat turnover and vegetation succession, and these characteristics can only partially be restored by local measures.
Short‐ and long‐term legacies of carbon sequestration, and nutrient burial in floodplain wetlands of agricultural and forested catchments, Indiana, United States
Authors: Craft Christopher , Li Shanze 
Published: March 2024

AbstractSoil organic carbon (C) sequestration and nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) burial were measured in two floodplain wetlands' soils of the West Fork of the White River watershed (Indiana, United States) whose catchments differed in land use to better understand how land use practices affect wetland C and nutrient retention. The catchment of one floodplain, Upper West Fork, is dominated by row crop agriculture (61%) whereas the second catchment, Beanblossom Creek, is mostly forested (85%). Soils (0–30 cm) of the two floodplain wetlands had similar bulk density (1.23 g/cm3). Soil organic C and N were low in both floodplains but the percent organic C and N was two times greater (3.3% C, 0.22% N) in the agricultural floodplain than in the floodplain in the forested catchment (1.5% C, 0.14% N). Soil P was three times greater in the agricultural (1100 μg/g) than in the forested floodplain (350 μg/g). Recent soil accretion based on 137Cs which provides a historical record since 1964 (60 years), was two times greater in the agricultural floodplain (2.2 mm/year) than in the forested catchment (1.0 mm/year). Sediment deposition (2500 g/m2/year), C sequestration (90 g/m2/year), and N burial (7.5 g/m2/year) were three times greater in the agricultural floodplain and P burial was seven times greater (3.0 vs. 0.41 g/m2/year). Long‐term measurements (100 years) based on 210Pb did not show large differences in C sequestration and N burial between the two floodplains though soil accretion and sediment deposition were greater in the forested floodplain. We attribute these higher rates to greater erosion in the watershed before 1950 when the catchment had more agricultural land and before instruction on best management practices to reduce soil erosion. These findings confirm previously published studies that show that P enrichment and accumulation in floodplain soils represent legacy effects of agricultural land use in the catchment.
Bridging energy transition and income inequality: The moderating effect of institutional transparency
Authors: Wang Qiang , Yang Zhuang , Li Rongrong 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThe emergence of the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals has instigated a transformative phase in policy formulation, emphasizing the multifaceted approach required to attain these objectives. Central to this pursuit is the management of diverse goals and their intricate interactions. This paper rigorously examines the pivotal role of institutional transparency in the nexus between energy transition and income inequality across 127 countries from 2012 to 2020, within the framework of the Sustainable Development Goals. The estimated results from the non‐balanced panel threshold model suggest the existence of a threshold effect of institutional transparency in the impact of energy transition on income inequality. On the whole, the process of energy transition has had a detrimental effect on income inequality, with institutional transparency serving to moderate it. When institutional transparency falls within the first regime (lnCPI ≤3.3322), the second regime (3.3322 < lnCPI <4.3041), and the third regime (lnCPI >4.3041), a 1% increase in the proportion of renewable energy consumption results in average increases in disposable income inequality of 0.0165%, 0.0143%, and 0.0128%, respectively. This suggests that institutional transparency has a positive moderating effect on the detrimental impact of energy transition on disposable income inequality. However, this result does not hold true for market income inequality. Additionally, there is an “inverted U‐shaped” relationship between economic growth and income inequality, indicating the negative impact of energy transition on income inequality would be offset by its contribution to economic growth.
Universal Strategy for Metal‐Organic Framework Growth: From Cascading‐Functional Films to MOF‐on‐MOFs
Authors: Zheng Juan , Chen Luyi , Kuang Yixin , Ouyang Gangfeng 
Published: March 2024

AbstractTransformation of metal‐organic framework (MOF) particles into thin films is urgently needed for the persistent development of well‐applicable devices, and recently emerging functional‐integrated hybrid frameworks. Although some flexible polymers and exclusive modification approaches have been proposed, the additive‐free and widely applicable strategy has not been reported, hampering the deep investigation of the structure‐performance relationship. A universal strategy for the in situ growth of large‐area and continuous MOF films with controllable microstructures is introduced, through the modification of multi‐scale and multi‐structure substrates with poly(4‐vinylpyridine) as the anchor to capture metal ions via Coulomb attraction. Based on the clarified structure‐adsorption‐separation mechanisms, the customized devices fabricated by in situ growth can achieve highly selective adsorption and excellently synergetic separation of various industrially relevant isomers. In addition, this strategy is also feasible for the construction of MOF‐on‐MOFs with varied lattice parameters. This strategy is easy to implement and will be widely applicable to the surface growth of diverse MOFs on desired substrates, and provides a new concept for developing hybrid MOFs integrating with customized functionalities.
Boosting Efficient Alkaline Hydrogen Evolution Reaction of CoFe‐Layered Double Hydroxides Nanosheets via Co‐Coordination Mechanism of W‐Doping and Oxygen Defect Engineering
Authors: Wang Shaohong , Wu Jing , Xu Yin , Liang Dandan , Li Da , Chen Dahong , Liu Guohong , Feng Yujie 
Published: March 2024

AbstractWhile surface defects and heteroatom doping exhibit promising potential in augmenting the electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), their performance remains unable to rival that of the costly Pt‐based catalysts. Yet, the concurrent modification of catalysts by integrating both approaches stands as a promising strategy to effectively address the aforementioned limitation. In this work, tungsten dopants are introduced into self‐supported CoFe‐layered double hydroxides (LDH) on nickel foam using a hydrothermal method, and oxygen vacancies (Ov) are further introduced through calcination. The analysis results demonstrated that tungsten doping reduces the Ov formation energy of CoFeW‐LDH. The Ov acted as oxophilic sites, facilitating water adsorption and dissociation, and reducing the barrier for cleaving HO─H bonds from 0.64 to 0.14 eV. Additionally, Ov regulated the electronic structure of CoFeW‐LDH to endow optimized hydrogen binding ability on tungsten atoms, thereby accelerating alkaline Volmer and Heyrovsky reaction kinetics. Specifically, the abundance of Ov induced a transition of tungsten from a six‐coordinated to highly active four‐coordinated structure, which becomes the active site for HER. Consequently, an ultra‐low overpotential of 41 mV at 10 mA cm−2, and a low Tafel slope of 35 mV dec−1 are achieved. These findings offer crucial insights for the design of efficient HER electrocatalysts.
Unraveling the Molecular Size Effect on Surface Engineering of Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Wang Jinyao , Wu Yulin , Zhao Jing , Lu Shudi , Lu Jiangying , Sun Jiaqian , Wu Shan , Zheng Xiaopeng , Zheng Xu , Tang Xuan , Ma Mengmeng , Yue Shizhong , Liu Kong , Wang Zhijie , Qu Shengchun 
Published: March 2024

AbstractSurface engineering in perovskite solar cells, especially for the upper surface of perovskite, is widely studied. However, most of these studies have primarily focused on the interaction between additive functional groups and perovskite point defects, neglecting the influence of other parts of additive molecules. Herein, additives with ‐NH3+ functional group are introduced at the perovskite surface to suppress surface defects. The chain lengths of these additives vary to conduct a detailed investigation into the impact of molecular size. The results indicate that the propane‐1,3‐diamine dihydroiodide (PDAI2), which possesses the most suitable size, exhibited obvious optimization effects. Whereas the molecules, methylenediamine dihydroiodide (MDAI2) and pentane‐1,5‐diamine dihydroiodide (PentDAI2) with unsuitable size, lead to a deterioration in device performance. The PDAI2‐treated devices achieved a certified power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 25.81% and the unencapsulated devices retained over 80% of their initial PCE after 600 h AM1.5 illumination.
Bridging the divide between inland water quantity and quality with satellite remote sensing: An interdisciplinary review
Authors: Ellis Emily A. , Allen George H. , Riggs Ryan M. , Gao Huilin , Li Yao , Carey Cayelan C. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThe quantity and quality of surface water are inherently connected yet are overwhelmingly studied separately in the field of remote sensing. Remotely observable water quantity (e.g., water extent, water elevation, lake/reservoir volume, and river discharge) and water quality (e.g., color, turbidity, total suspended solids, chlorophyll a, colored dissolved organic matter, and temperature) parameters of inland waterbodies interact through a series of hydrological and biogeochemical processes. In this review, we analyzed trends in remote sensing publications to understand the prevalence of studies on the quantity versus quality of open‐surface inland waterbodies (rivers, streams, lakes, and reservoirs) as well as identified opportunities for integrating both water quality and quantity sensing in future work. Our bibliometric analysis found that despite the increasing number of publications using remote sensing for inland waterbodies, few studies to date have used remote sensing tools or approaches to simultaneously study water quantity and quality. Ultimately, by providing insights into potential integration of the water quality and quantity studies, we aim to identify a pathway to advance the understanding of inland water dynamics and freshwater resources through remote sensing.This article is categorized under:
Water and Life > Methods
Science of Water > Water Quality
Water and Life > Nature of Freshwater Ecosystems
Science of Water > Methods
Artificial intelligence and identity: the rise of the statistical individual
Authors: Bjerring Jens Christian , Busch Jacob 
Published: March 2024

AbstractAlgorithms are used across a wide range of societal sectors such as banking, administration, and healthcare to make predictions that impact on our lives. While the predictions can be incredibly accurate about our present and future behavior, there is an important question about how these algorithms in fact represent human identity. In this paper, we explore this question and argue that machine learning algorithms represent human identity in terms of what we shall call the statistical individual. This statisticalized representation of individuals, we shall argue, differs significantly from our ordinary conception of human identity, which is tightly intertwined with considerations about biological, psychological, and narrative continuity—as witnessed by our most well-established philosophical views on personal identity. Indeed, algorithmic representations of individuals give no special attention to biological, psychological, and narrative continuity and instead rely on predictive properties that significantly exceed and diverge from those that we would ordinarily take to be relevant for questions about how we are.
Exploring Rhodospirillum rubrum response to high doses of carbon monoxide under light and dark conditions
Authors: Godoy Manuel S. , Verdú Irene , de Miguel Santiago R. , Jiménez José D. , Prieto M. Auxiliadora 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Environmental concerns about residues and the traditional disposal methods are driving the search for more environmentally conscious processes, such as pyrolysis and gasification. Their main final product is synthesis gas (syngas) composed of CO, CO2, H2, and methane. Syngas can be converted into various products using CO-tolerant microorganisms. Among them, Rhodospirillum rubrum is highlighted for its biotechnological potential. However, the extent to which high doses of CO affect its physiology is still opaque. For this reason, we have studied R. rubrum behavior under high levels of this gas (up to 2.5 bar), revealing a profound dependence on the presence or absence of light. In darkness, the key variable affected was the lag phase, where the highest levels of CO retarded growth to more than 20 days. Under light, R. rubrum ability to convert CO into CO2 and H2 depended on the presence of an additional carbon source, such as acetate. In those conditions where CO was completely exhausted, CO2 fixation was unblocked, leading to a diauxic growth. To enhance R. rubrum tolerance to CO in darkness, a UV-accelerated adaptive laboratory evolution (UVa-ALE) trial was conducted to isolate clones with shorter lag phases, resulting in the isolation of clones 1.4-2B and 1.7-2A. The adaptation of 1.4-2B was mainly based on mutated enzymes with a metabolic function, while 1.7-3A was mostly affected at regulatory genes, including the anti-repressor PpaA/AerR. Despite these mutations having slight effects on biomass and pigment levels, they successfully provoked a significant reduction in the lag phase (−50%).

Keypoints
• CO affects principally R. rubrum lag phase (darkness) and growth rate (light)
• CO is converted to CO2/H2during acetate uptake and inhibits CO2fixation (light)
• UVa-ALE clones showed a 50% reduction in the lag phase (darkness)

Graphical Abstract
Perceptions of Wild Pig Impact, Management, and Policy in Alabama
Authors: TuckerWilliams Ellary , Lepczyk Christopher A. , Morse Wayde , Smith Mark 
Published: March 2024

AbstractSuccessful management of invasive species often requires working across public and private landownerships. A prime example of an invasive species that commonly occurs on privately and publicly owned and managed lands is the wild pig (Sus scrofa). Because of the multitude of negative impacts associated with wild pigs, management must occur across both private and public lands to achieve widespread control and sustained success. However, managing wild pigs across property boundaries is challenging as we know very little about differing management practices and landowner perspectives. To address this knowledge gap, we sought to understand wild pig management efforts on privately owned lands, the perceived economic, ecological, and human health impact of wild pigs, and beliefs related to policy. Generally, stakeholders believe wild pigs have negative impacts on wildlife, the economy, and ecological and public health, however less than half of landowners participate in wild pig control. Furthermore, stakeholders believe that the responsibility of managing and paying for damages associated with wild pigs lies with individual landowners. Our findings suggest that increased efficacy of wild pig control and collaboration between private and public landowners is not only possible but also necessary if wild pig population control is to be regionally successful.