bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reproductive History and Risk of Second Primary Breast Cancer: The WECARE Study
Authors: Largent Joan A. , Capanu Marinela , Bernstein Leslie , Langholz Bryan , Mellemkjær Lene , Malone Kathleen E. , Begg Colin B. , Haile Robert W. , Lynch Charles F. , Anton-Culver Hoda , Wolitzer Abigail , Bernstein Jonine L. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Background: Women with an initial breast cancer diagnosis are at elevated risk of developing subsequent cancer in the contralateral breast. Studies of reproductive factors and contralateral breast cancer (CBC) have provided inconsistent results.
Methods: We employed a case-control study nested within five population-based cancer registries in the United States and Denmark to examine associations between reproductive history and CBC risk. Cases were women with asynchronous CBC who had their first primary invasive breast cancer before age 55 years. Two controls, who had only one primary breast cancer diagnosis, were individually matched to each case on age and year of diagnosis, race, and registry. A total of 694 case-control triplets and 11 case-control pairs were enrolled. Information regarding possible CBC risk factors was obtained via telephone interviews. Multivariable conditional logistic regression was used to estimate rate ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) associated with risk factors of interest.
Results: Increasing number of full-term pregnancies (FTP) was inversely associated with CBC risk (P trend, 0.001). Women who reported menarche before age 13 years had an increased risk of CBC (RR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.01-1.58). Age at first FTP, breastfeeding history, and age at menopause were not significantly associated with CBC risk.
Conclusions: These results suggest age at menarche and parity, which are established risk factors for first primary breast cancer, are associated with CBC, whereas other reproductive risk factors associated with first primary breast cancer, such as age at first FTP, are less important factors in the development of CBC. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(5):906–11)
Expression of Cytochrome P450 1B1 and Catechol-O-Methyltransferase in Breast Tissue and Their Associations with Breast Cancer Risk
Authors: Wen Wanqing , Ren Zefang , Shu Xiao Ou , Cai Qiuyin , Ye Chuanzhong , Gao Yu-Tang , Zheng Wei 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1) and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) are important estrogen-metabolizing enzymes that may affect breast cancer risk. Few studies have directly measured the expression of CYP1B1 and COMT genes in breast tissue samples. The subjects in this study were a subgroup of participants of the Shanghai Breast Cancer Study including 64 patients diagnosed with breast cancer and 68 patients diagnosed with benign breast diseases (BBD) who provided samples of tumor tissue and adjacent nontumor tissue to the study. We compared CYP1B1 and COMT mRNA expression in tumor tissue and adjacent nontumor tissue in both breast cancer patients and BBD patients. High levels of CYP1B1 expression and low levels of COMT expression in adjacent nontumor tissue were associated with a significantly increased breast cancer risk in a nonlinear manner. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (in parentheses) for the midpoints of the first, second, fourth, and fifth quintiles of gene expression levels compared with the overall median levels in BBD subjects were 0.21 (0.07-0.67), 0.81 (0.69-0.95), 1.20 (1.05-1.38), and 1.55 (1.12-2.15) for CYP1B1 and 1.72 (1.17-2.55), 1.19 (1.05-1.35), 0.83 (0.73-0.95), and 0.78 (0.65-0.93) for COMT, respectively. These results support the hypothesis that the formation and accumulation of catechol estrogens in breast tissue through increased CYP1B1 expression and reduced COMT expression may play a significant role in breast cancer risk. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(5):917–20)
A non-sense mutation in the putative anti-mutator gene ada/alkA of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. bovis isolates suggests convergent evolution
Authors: Nouvel Laurent X , Vultos Tiago Dos , Kassa-Kelembho Eric , Rauzier Jean , Gicquel Brigitte 
Published: May 2007

Abstract

Background
Previous studies have suggested that variations in DNA repair genes of W-Beijing strains may have led to transient mutator phenotypes which in turn may have contributed to host adaptation of this strain family. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the DNA repair gene mutT 1 was identified in MDR-prone strains from the Central African Republic. A Mycobacteriumtuberculosis H37Rv mutant inactivated in two DNA repair genes, namely ada/alkA and ogt, was shown to display a hypermutator phenotype. We then looked for polymorphisms in these genes in Central African Republic strains (CAR).

Results
In this study, 55 MDR and 194 non-MDR strains were analyzed. Variations in DNA repair genes ada/alkA and ogt were identified. Among them, by comparison to M. tuberculosis published sequences, we found a non-sense variation in ada/alkA gene which was also observed in M. bovis AF2122 strain. SNPs that are present in the adjacent regions to the amber variation are different in M. bovis and in M. tuberculosis strain.

Conclusion
An Amber codon was found in the ada/alkA locus of clustered M. tuberculosis isolates and in M. bovis strain AF2122. This is likely due to convergent evolution because SNP differences between strains are incompatible with horizontal transfer of an entire gene. This suggests that such a variation may confer a selective advantage and be implicated in hypermutator phenotype expression, which in turn contributes to adaptation to environmental changes.
Random Variability in Congenital Hypothyroidism from Thyroid Dysgenesis over 16 Years in Québec
Authors: Deladoëy Johnny , Bélanger Nicole , Van Vliet Guy 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Context: Research on the etiology of congenital hypothyroidism from thyroid dysgenesis (CHTD) (comprising mostly ectopy and agenesis) over the past decade has focused on genetic mechanisms. However, the possibility that environmental factors might be involved has been raised by studies showing a seasonal variability of the incidence of CHTD.
Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess the variability in incidence of CHTD in the province of Québec, Canada.
Design, Setting, Patients, and Main Outcome Measure: The Québec provincial newborn screening database was analyzed from January 1990 to December 2005. Only cases of permanent congenital hypothyroidism with thyroid ectopy or agenesis on scintigraphy were analyzed.
Results: During the study period, 1,303,341 children were screened, and 424 cases of permanent congenital hypothyroidism were diagnosed, giving an overall incidence of 1:3074. Of these, 306 had CHTD (overall incidence 1:4259) from either ectopy (n = 231) or agenesis (n = 75). Over the 16 yr of the study, this incidence remained stable (P = 0.57), and no significant variability in monthly incidence was found (P = 0.87).
Conclusions: The incidence of CHTD did not vary over the observation period, and its monthly variation was random. Therefore, environmental factors do not appear to play a significant role in the etiology of CHTD.
Client-Focused Research: New Directions in Outcome Assessment
Authors: Newnham Elizabeth A. , Page Andrew C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe emergence of client-focused research has led to substantial change in the field of outcome assessment. Using the client's clinical characteristics to determine expected outcome, client monitoring assists clinicians in assessing the current treatment plan and client progress. The methodology has been shown to be effective in outpatient samples, by implementing change in real time for the benefit of the individual (Lambert, Harmon, Slade, Whipple, & Hawkins, 2005). Accordingly, the framework is an appropriate and important addition to the assessment of clinical practice.
Use of Movement System Diagnoses in the Management of Patients With Neuromuscular Conditions: A Multiple-Patient Case Report
Authors: Scheets Patricia L , Sahrmann Shirley A , Norton Barbara J 
Published: May 2007

Background and PurposeMedical diagnoses are not sufficient to guide physical therapy intervention. To provide a rational basis for treatment selection by physical therapists, we developed a set of diagnoses at the level of impairment that are relevant to the human movement system. The diagnoses describe the primary human movement system problem and provide a basis for matching a specific problem with appropriate treatment. The purposes of this 3-patient case report are to illustrate an updated version of the diagnostic system and to show how treatment decisions can be made relative to both the movement system diagnosis and the patient's prognosis.Case Descriptions and OutcomesWe diagnosed 3 patients with hemiplegia due to stroke as having 3 different movement system problems: force production deficit, fractionated movement deficit, and perceptual deficit. Specific intervention and actual patient outcomes for each case are outlined.DiscussionUse of movement system diagnoses may have multiple benefits for patient care. The possible benefits include decreasing the variability in management of patients with neuromuscular conditions, minimizing the trial-and-error approach to treatment selection, improving communication among health care professionals, and advancing research by enabling creation of homogenous patient groupings.
The Potential of Gait Analysis to Contribute to Differential Diagnosis of Early Stage Dementia: Current Research and Future Directions
Authors: Morgan Debra , Funk Melanie , Crossley Margaret , Basran Jenny , Kirk Andrew , Bello-Haas Vanina Dal 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTEarly differential diagnosis of dementia is becoming increasingly important as new pharmacologic therapies are developed, as these treatments are not equally effective for all types of dementia. Early detection and differential diagnosis also facilitates informed family decision making and timely access to appropriate services. Information about gait characteristics is informative in the diagnostic process and may have important implications for discriminating among dementia subtypes. The aim of this review paper is to summarize existing research examining the relationships between gait and dementia, including gait classification systems and assessment tools, gait patterns characteristic of different dementias (Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, dementia with Lewy Bodies, and fronto-temporal dementia), and the utility of gait analysis in early-stage diagnosis. The paper concludes with implications for future research.
Standardized Screening and Assessment of Older Emergency Department Patients: A Survey of Implementation in Quebec
Authors: McCusker Jane , Verdon Josée , Veillette Nathalie , Berg Katherine , Emond Tina , Belzile Eric 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTCost-effective methods have been developed to help busy emergency department (ED) staff cope with the growing number of older patients, including quick screening and assessment tools to identify those at high risk and note their specific needs. This survey, from a sample of key informants from all EDs (n=111) in the province of Quebec (participation rate of 88.2%), investigated the implementation of these tools and barriers to implementation. Questionnaires (administered either by telephone or by self-completion) included characteristics of the ED, characteristics of the respondent, use of tools, and method of implementation. Barriers to the implementation of these tools included lack of resources for screening and follow-up, misunderstandings of the difference between screening and assessment tools, and need for adaptation of the tools to the local context. Education of staff and pre-implementation adaptation and testing are needed for successful implementation.
Paracellular nutrient absorption in a gum‐feeding new world primate, the common marmoset Callithrix jacchus
Authors: Mcwhorter Todd J. , Karasov William H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe common marmoset is one of the few callitrichid species that is not threatened or endangered in the wild, and is widely used in biomedical research, yet relatively little is understood about its digestive physiology. Dietary specialization on plant exudates has lead to relatively reduced small intestines, yet the common marmoset has exceptional dietary breadth, allowing it to successfully utilize a variety of habitats. We predicted that passive, paracellular nutrient absorption would be used by the common marmoset to a greater extent than in other non‐flying mammals. We measured the bioavailability and rates of absorption of two metabolically inert carbohydrates not transported by mediated pathways (L‐rhamnose and cellobiose, molecular masses of 164 and 342, respectively) to measure paracellular uptake, and of a non‐metabolized D‐glucose analog (3‐O‐methyl‐D‐glucose) to measure total uptake by both mediated and paracellular pathways. We found high bioavailability of 3‐O‐methyl‐D‐glucose (83±5%), and much higher bioavailability of the paracellular probes than in similarly sized non‐flying mammals (30±3% and 19±2% for L‐rhamnose and cellobiose, respectively). Passive, paracellular nutrient absorption accounts for around 30% of total glucose absorption in common marmosets and intestinal permeability is significantly higher than in humans, the only other species of primate measured to date. This may allow the common marmoset to maintain high digestive efficiency when feeding on higher quality foods (fruit, arthropods, gums with higher proportions of simple sugars), in spite of relatively reduced small intestines correlated with adaptations for fermentative digestion of plant gums. We find no evidence to support, in primates, the hypothesis that reliance on paracellular nutrient absorption should increase with body size in mammals, but suggest instead that it may be associated with small body size and/or taxon‐specific adaptations to diet. Am. J. Primatol. 69:1399–1411, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphology, thermal, and mechanical properties of polypropylene/polyaniline coated short glass fiber composites
Authors: Cruz‐Silva Rodolfo , Romero‐García Jorge , Vazquez‐Rodriguez Sofía , Luis Angulo‐Sánchez Jose 
Published: May 2007

AbstractShort glass fiber Type E was coated with electrically conducting polyaniline (PAn) by in situ chemical polymerization. The resulting PAn coated glass fiber, with surface conductivity of 3.3 × 10−1 S/cm, was melt‐compounded with isotactic polypropylene (iPP). Polypropylene grafted with maleic anhydride was investigated as an adhesion promoter for these composites. Differential scanning calorimeter and polarized light microscopy indicates that the PAn coated glass fiber has a strong nucleating activity towards iPP. Scanning electron microscopy showed the improvement in the wetting and dispersion of the fibers when the adhesion promoter was added, although this also led to fiber encapsulation and lowering the electrical conductivity of the composites. The adhesion promoter greatly improved the Young's modulus of the composites, and a reaction between the maleic anhydride groups of the adhesion promoter and the PAn was proposed. Composites with an electrical conductivity greater than 10−9 S/cm were achieved using a 30 wt % of PAn coated glass fiber. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Cure characteristics and physical properties of ground‐rubber‐filled natural rubber vulcanizates: Effects of the curing systems of the ground rubber and rubber matrix
Authors: Kim S. W. , Park H. Y. , Lim J. C. , Jeon I. R. , Seo K. H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractRecycling discarded rubber is important for both environmental and economic reasons. One of the most attractive methods of recycling rubber waste is to use ground rubber (GR) as a compounding ingredient or as a replacement for raw polymers. In this study, ground natural rubber was prepared with different curing systems and compounded into the parent compounds. The cure behaviors and physical properties of the GR‐filled vulcanizates were investigated, and they were largely affected by the curing systems of the rubber matrix and GR. GR‐filled vulcanizates with GR and the rubber matrix, having a conventional curing system, showed the largest changes in the cure characteristics. The greatest decrease in the physical properties was observed for peroxide‐cured‐GR‐filled vulcanizates. The addition of GR decreased the crosslink density of the GR‐filled vulcanizates. This was thought to be the main reason for the reduction of the mechanical properties of the GR‐filled vulcanizates. However, the adhesion between the GR and rubber matrix may also have caused the differences in the physical properties of the GR‐filled vulcanizates with respect to the curing systems of the rubber matrix and GR. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles as cure activator on the properties of natural rubber and nitrile rubber
Authors: Sahoo Suchismita , Maiti Madhuchhanda , Ganguly Anirban , Jacob George Jinu , Bhowmick Anil K. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractZinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles were synthesized by homogeneous precipitation and calcination method and were then characterized by transmission electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction analysis. Synthesized ZnO was found to have no impurity and had a dimension ranging from 30–70 nm with an average of 50 nm. The effect of these ZnO nanoparticles as cure activator was studied for the first time in natural rubber (NR) and nitrile rubber (NBR) and compared with conventional rubber grade ZnO with special reference to mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties. From the rheograph, the maximum torque value was found to increase for both NR and NBR compounds containing ZnO nanoparticles. ZnO nanoparticles were found to be more uniformly dispersed in the rubber matrix in comparison with the conventional rubber grade ZnO as evident from scanning electron microscopy/X‐ray dot mapping analysis. The tensile strength was observed to improve by 80% for NR when ZnO nanoparticles were used as cure activator instead of conventional rubber grade ZnO. An improvement of 70% was observed in the case of NBR. The glass transition temperature (Tg) showed a positive shift by 6°C for both NR and NBR nanocomposites, which indicated an increase in crosslinking density. The swelling ratio was found to decrease in the case of both NR and NBR, and volume fraction of rubber in swollen gel was observed to increase, which supported the improvement in mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Retracted: Preparation of PMR+PAN resin matrix and its studies on carbon fiber reinforced composite: Hydraulic, chemical, and temperature stability
Authors: Gupta Anand Kumar , Patel P. R. , Kurmvanshi S. K. , Bajpai R. , Keller J. M. , Nema S. K. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis article has been retracted because it was submitted without the knowledge of all of the authors and major portions have been plagiarized.
Effect of assisted ion energy on properties of silicon oxide thin film deposited by dual ion‐beam sputtering
Authors: Seong Jin‐Wook , Choi Daiwon 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA silicon oxide thin film barrier was prepared with different oxygen ion energies, and its chemical composition, surface morphology, optical, and barrier property related to the deposition condition were characterized and discussed. Our study showed that in O2‐assisted process the stoichiometric silicon oxide thin film was obtained at a critical deposition condition of 100 eV oxygen ion energy. The thin film deposited at the critical condition showed the lowest surface roughness giving similar or higher optical transmittance than that of pure polycarbonate substrate. The boiling and tensile tests performed on the thin film deposited using assisted ions prior to the deposition process showed improvement in the adhesion between the oxide barrier layer and the polymer substrate. In addition, interface domination for improving the barrier properties of silicon oxide thin film was achieved through introduction of dual ion‐beam sputtering without pretreatment. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
The rheological behavior and dynamic mechanical properties of syndiotactic 1,2‐polybutadiene
Authors: He Xiaofeng , Sun Guangping , Li Jing , Wang Biao , Li Min , Liu Jingjiang , Bi Jifu , Jiang Liansheng , Zhang Xuequan 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe rheological behavior and the dynamic mechanical properties of syndiotactic 1,2‐polybutadiene (sPB) were investigated by a rotational rheometer (MCR‐300) and a dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA‐242C). Rheological behavior of sPB‐830, a sPB with crystalline degree of 20.1% and syndiotactic content of 65.1%, showed that storage modulus (G′) and loss modulus (G″) decreased, and the zero shear viscosity (η0) decreased slightly with increasing temperature when measuring temperatures were lower than 160°C. However, G′ and G″ increased at the end region of relaxation curves with increasing temperature and η0 increased with increasing temperature as the measuring temperatures were higher than 160°C. Furthermore, critical crosslinked reaction temperature was detected at about 160°C for sPB‐830. The crosslinked reaction was not detected when test temperature was lower than 150°C for measuring the dynamic mechanical properties of sample. The relationship between processing temperature and crosslinked reaction was proposed for the sPB‐830 sample. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
A new business model for sustainable development: an exploratory study using the theory of constraints in Nordic organizations
Authors: Birkin Frank , Polesie Thomas , Lewis Linda 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe business model in use by many large companies has changed significantly from that of a decade ago and has incorporated environmental and social aspects of performance. However, given these achievements, are there unavoidable inhibitions in the contemporary business model that mean that even exemplar corporations cannot become sustainable?A key issue is consumption without limits, but can businesses do anything about this? The UK Government's Sustainable Development Commission identifies this as an issue. There is a need for an open‐minded consideration of business fundamentals to consider this issue as part of an identification of criteria for a sustainable business model.This is an account of an exploratory study undertaken to identify a new business model for sustainable development. The theory of constraints was adapted to provide the project's methodology that made use of semi‐structured interviews and secondary material. The cloverleaf account of sustainable development was used to structure and analyse sustainable development information. The organizations studied are all located in Nordic countries, since these countries are globally recognized for sustainable development achievements. Conclusions of the study acknowledge that, whilst specific new management tools and approaches of Nordic organizations do help sustainable development, it is the social context in which these organizations function that is a critical factor. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Model‐based conformational clustering of ring molecules
Authors: Kessler Mathieu , Bueso María C. , Pérez José 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn this paper we address the problem of classifying the conformations of m‐membered rings using experimental observations obtained by crystal structure analysis. After formulating a model for the data generation mechanism that is based on a multidimensional mixture model and takes into account the symmetry of the data, we suggest an algorithm, based on the mclust algorithm introduced by Raftery et al. to perform the conformational classification of the crystal structures. The method is illustrated on a simulated data set and on real data corresponding to cyclooctane and related structures. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.