bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design of Resilient Sensor Networks Balancing Resilience and Efficiency
Authors: Vecherin Sergey N. , Ratmanski Kiril D. , Hogewood Luke , Linkov Igor 
Published: March 2024

AbstractIn recent years, the notion of resilience has been developed and applied in many technical areas, becoming exceptionally pertinent to disaster risk science. During a disaster situation, accurate sensing information is the key to efficient recovery efforts. In general, resilience aims to minimize the impact of disruptions to systems through the fast recovery of critical functionality, but resilient design may require redundancy and could increase costs. In this article, we describe a method based on binary linear programming for sensor network design balancing efficiency with resilience. The application of the developed framework is demonstrated for the case of interior building surveillance utilizing infrared sensors in both two- and three-dimensional spaces. The method provides optimal sensor placement, taking into account critical functionality and a desired level of resilience and considering sensor type and availability. The problem formulation, resilience requirements, and application of the optimization algorithm are described in detail. Analysis of sensor locations with and without resilience requirements shows that resilient configuration requires redundancy in number of sensors and their intelligent placement. Both tasks are successfully solved by the described method, which can be applied to strengthen the resilience of sensor networks by design. The proposed methodology is suitable for large-scale optimization problems with many sensors and extensive coverage areas.
Combined effect mechanism of linear loading and disturbance with different amplitudes on sandstone
Authors: Yanhao Ning , Quanle Zou , Yansong Ning , Xiaoli Zhou , Bichuan Zhang 
Published: March 2024

AbstractTo comprehend the stress state and response characteristics of materials under complex conditions, researchers have decomposed stress states into fundamental paths and investigated diverse path combinations. To ensure comparability, four identical samples were carefully selected from a pool of 100 samples using ultrasonic tests based on the wave speed and waveform characteristics. These samples underwent specially designed stress paths to analyze the combined effects of linear loading and perturbation. Our result analysis centred on the perturbation amplitude and stress levels during composite action, revealing intricate relationships between the stress levels, strain, and nonlinear/linear energy evolution under complex stress paths. Simultaneously, 3D surface fractures were precisely reconstructed using the YOLOv5 and FAST feature point detection algorithms, elucidating the evolving patterns of the fractures. As a result of our study, the rotation trend of the main fracture was validated by integrating mechanics and P-wave reflection rules. Notably, our experimental results closely aligned with the theoretical predictions, showing the reliability of our study. These findings can significantly contribute to guiding safety protocols in the field of underground engineering.
Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of Nigella sativa seed oil for enhancement of yield and antioxidant activity
Authors: Dar Ishfaq Hamid , Junaid Pir Mohammad , Ahmad Saghir , Shams Rafeeya , Dash Kshirod Kumar , Shaikh Ayaz Mukarram , Béla Kovács 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThe seeds of Nigella sativa have been shown to contain a number of constituents that have nutritional and therapeutic characteristics. The oil extracted from the seeds of Nigella sativa has been traditionally used in food systems with reference to its medicinal properties. The different bioactive compounds present in the Nigella sativa seed oil consist of polyphenols which offer a fair amount of antioxidant activity to the oil. Most of these bioactive compounds are generally heat sensitive and prone to oxidation. During the processing and storage, there is loss of antioxidant activity of the oil and the associated bioactivity. This occurs primarily due to the effects of temperature and other environmental factors during processing and storage. Under this background, this study was undertaken with the aim of extracting the Nigella sativa seed oil in order to ensure the improved retention of antioxidant and bioactive characteristics in the essential oil. The extraction of Nigella sativa seed oil was carried out using ultrasound-assisted extraction technique using hexane as solvent. The process was optimized using response surface methodology in order to enhance the yield and antioxidant activity of the extracted Nigella sativa seed oil. The effect of different processing parameters was evaluated on the yield and antioxidant activity. The process variables included the extraction temperature, extraction time and solvent concentration. It was observed that all the factors had significant effect on the yield and antioxidant activity of the extracted Nigella sativa oil. The optimized conditions for maximizing the yield and antioxidant activity obtained were a solvent concentration of 42.82 mL/5 g of sample, the extraction temperature of 69.09 °C and extraction time of 86.60 min, which were validated and found close to the experiment values. Under this set of conditions, the yield was maximized to 34.53% with enhanced antioxidant activity, having IC50 value of 203.56 µg/mL.
Call-Outs and Call-Ins
Authors: HERBISON KELLY , PODOSKY PAUL-MIKHAIL CATAPANG 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThe phenomena of call-outs and call-ins are fiercely debated. Are they mere instances of virtue signaling? Or can they actually perform social justice work? This paper gains purchase on these questions by focusing on how language users negotiate norms in speech. The authors contend that norm-enacting speech not only makes a norm salient in a context but also creates conversational conditions that motivate adherence to that norm. Recognizing this allows us to define call-outs and call-ins: the act of calling-out brings with it the presupposition that its target's behavior is norm-violating, whereas the act of calling-in simply presupposes its target's willingness to revise their belief. With these definitions at hand, we evaluate whether call-outs and call-ins are suitable tools for combating social injustice.
Evaluating guidelines as key components of conservation policies: a conceptual framework and a pilot application
Authors: Osorio Angela , Schmitt Laurent , Badariotti Dominique , Meinard Yves 
Published: March 2024

SummaryGuidelines for managers of protected areas are an important component of conservation policies, on a par with large-scale frameworks and vehicles for conservation funding. In line with the recent literature proposing evaluations of conservation actions or political strategies to improve them, here we use an innovative, hybrid methodology, based both on an interpretative approach anchored in social sciences and a quantitative literature review, to identify available frameworks for evaluating conservation guidelines. The main result of this analysis is that the relevant literature in conservation is sparse and heterogeneous, but a relevant encompassing framework is provided by the literature in decision sciences based on the policy analytics framework. This evaluation framework consists of three criteria: scientific credibility, operationality and legitimacy. We then implement a pilot application by evaluating guidelines currently used in France to support all of the actors involved in protected areas management. The study concludes that these guidelines are plagued by significant weaknesses that could be overcome by implementing relevant participatory processes.
Robust reference group normative data for neuropsychological tests accounting for primary language use in Asian American older adults
Authors: Kapoor Arunima , Ho Jean K. , Jang Jung Yun , Nation Daniel A. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractObjective:The present study aimed to develop neuropsychological norms for older Asian Americans with English as a primary or secondary language, using data from the National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center (NACC).Method:A normative sample of Asian American participants was derived from the NACC database using robust criteria: participants were cognitively unimpaired at baseline (i.e., no MCI or dementia) and remained cognitively unimpaired at 1-year follow-up. Clinical and demographic characteristics were compared between Primary and Secondary English speakers using analyses of variance for continuous measures and chi-square tests for categorical variables. Linear regression models compared neuropsychological performance between the groups, adjusting for demographics (age, sex, and education). Regression models were developed for clinical application to compute demographically adjusted z-scores.Results:Secondary English speakers were younger than Primary English speakers (p < .001). There were significant differences between the groups on measures of mental status (Mini-Mental State Examination, p = .002), attention (Trail Making Test A, Digit Span Forward Total Score, p <.001), language (Boston Naming Test, Animal Fluency, Vegetable Fluency, p < .001), and executive function (Trail Making Test B, p = .02).Conclusions:Separate normative data are needed for Primary vs. Secondary English speakers from Asian American backgrounds. We provide normative data on older Asian Americans to enable clinicians to account for English use in the interpretation of neuropsychological assessment scores.
Kant’s Principia Diiudicationis and Executionis
Authors: Walsh John 
Published: March 2024

AbstractA core feature of Kant’s Critical account of moral motivation is that pure reason can be practical by itself. I argue that Kant developed this view in the 1770s concerning the principium diiudicationis and principium executionis. These principles indicate the normative and performative aspects of moral motivation. I demonstrate that cognition of the normative principle effects the moral incentive. So, the hallmark of Kant’s Critical account of motivation was contained in his pre-Critical view. This interpretation resolves a controversy about Kant’s apparent eudaimonism in the first Critique and shows that he developed his account of moral autonomy in the 1770s.
The conceptual design of the high-efficiency 400 kW solid-state power station at 352 MHz for the European spallation source
Authors: Mohadeskasaei Seyed Alireza , Dancila Dragos 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This paper introduces an innovative conceptual design of a 400 kW solid-state power amplifier (SSPA) station and presents preliminary measurements for the key components. Recent advancements and benefits of solid-state technology have made the prospect of replacing vacuum tubes increasingly appealing. Historically, a significant challenge was the limited output power capacity of individual solid-state transistors, necessitating the integration of numerous units to generate high-power microwave signals in the range of hundreds of kilowatts. However, modern transistors capable of producing over 2 kW of output power have emerged, facilitating this transition. Another weak point was low power efficiency in high-power operating mode. The advanced rugged technology (ART) of solid-state devices enables the utilization of these transistors in nonlinear and switching operating classes, thereby enabling the creation of high-efficiency high-power amplifiers. In this conceptual design, 264 SSPA modules based on ART, each with a power output of 1.6 kW, are combined. The measurements revealed a single SSPA capable of delivering up to 2 kW output power with a power efficiency of 73% at frequency of 352 MHz. Due to the minimal losses during module combination and working SSPA in Class-C operation mode, the power efficiency of the station is expected to closely mirror that of a single module.
The Role of the Intraspecific Variability of Hydraulic Traits for Modeling the Plant Water Use in Different European Forest Ecosystems
Authors: Jiménez‐Rodríguez C. D. , Sulis M. , Schymanski S. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThe drought resilience of forest ecosystems is generally believed to depend on the dominant tree species' hydraulic traits. These traits define the maximum water transport capacity and the degree of vulnerability to hydraulic failure of a tree species. This work evaluates the effect of the intraspecific variability of hydraulic traits on the simulated tree water use in the Community Land Model (CLM, version 5.0). We selected two contrasting broadleaved tree species and performed a series of numerical experiments by modifying the parameters of the plant vulnerability curve and the maximum xylem hydraulic conductance accounting for the variability within each species. Our prescribed parameter sets represent vulnerable and resistant tree responses to the water deficit. At sites with an ample water supply, the resistant configuration simulates reduced water stress and increased transpiration compared to the vulnerable configuration. Meanwhile, the model results are counter‐intuitive at temporarily dry sites when water availability is the limiting factor. The numerical experiments demonstrate the emergent role of the maximum xylem conductance as a modulator of the plant water use strategy and the simulated transpiration within the model. Using the default value for maximum xylem conductance, the model tends to overestimate the early summer transpiration at drier sites, forcing the vegetation to experience unrealistic water stress later in the year. Our findings suggest that the parameterization of maximum xylem conductance is an important yet unresolved problem in the CLM and similar land surface models.
Machine Learning‐Based Wave Model With High Spatial Resolution in Chesapeake Bay
Authors: Shen Jian , Wang Zhengui , Du Jiabi , Zhang Yinglong J. , Qin Qubin 
Published: March 2024

AbstractA high‐resolution wave model is crucial for accurate modeling of sediment and organic material transports, but its computational costs hinder direct coupling to an ecosystem model. We developed a machine learning model using long short‐term memory to simulate large‐scale, high‐resolution waves. Trained with numerical wave model (NWM) outputs and wind data from nine locations, our model successfully replicates NWM results for daily mean significant wave height and period in Chesapeake Bay with identical spatial resolution. Compared to the NWM, the data‐driven model has root‐mean‐square errors below 6 cm for daily mean significant wave height and 1 s for the wave period in the bay. It demonstrates excellent model skills and can accurately forecast daily mean significant wave height and period at NOAA wave stations comparable to NWMs. Using minimal wind data and having a short runtime, our data‐driven model shows promise as an alternative for wave forecasting and coupling with sediment and ecological models.
Ground Heat Flux Reconstruction Using Bayesian Uncertainty Quantification Machinery and Surrogate Modeling
Authors: Zhou Wenbo , Zhang Liujing , Sheshukov Aleksey , Wang Jingfeng , Zhu Modi , Sargsyan Khachik , Xu Donghui , Liu Desheng , Zhang Tianqi , Mazepa Valeriy , Sokolov Alexandr , Valdayskikh Victor , Ivanov Valeriy 
Published: March 2024

AbstractGround heat flux (G0) is a key component of the land‐surface energy balance of high‐latitude regions. Despite its crucial role in controlling permafrost degradation due to global warming, G0 is sparsely measured and not well represented in the outputs of global scale model simulation. In this study, an analytical heat transfer model is tested to reconstruct G0 across seasons using soil temperature series from field measurements, Global Climate Model, and climate reanalysis outputs. The probability density functions of ground heat flux and of model parameters are inferred using available G0 data (measured or modeled) for snow‐free period as a reference. When observed G0 is not available, a numerical model is applied using estimates of surface heat flux (dependent on parameters) as the top boundary condition. These estimates (and thus the corresponding parameters) are verified by comparing the distributions of simulated and measured soil temperature at several depths. Aided by state‐of‐the‐art uncertainty quantification methods, the developed G0 reconstruction approach provides novel means for assessing the probabilistic structure of the ground heat flux for regional permafrost change studies.
In Situ Observations at the Air‐Sea Interface by Expendable Air‐Deployed Drifters Under Hurricane Michael (2018)
Authors: Schönau Martha C. , Paluszkiewicz Theresa , Centurioni Luca R. , Komaromi William A. , Jin Hao , Doyle James D. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractAn array of surface drifters deployed ahead of Hurricane Michael measured the surface temperature, pressure, directional wind and wave spectra, and surface currents one day before it made landfall as a Category 5 Hurricane. The drifters, 25–50 km apart, spanned two counter‐rotating ocean eddies as Hurricane Michael rapidly intensified. The drifters measured the shift of wave energy between frequency bands in each quadrant of the storm, the response of upper ocean currents, and the resulting cold wake following Michael's passage. Wave energy was greatest in the front quadrants and rapidly decreased in the left‐rear quadrant, where wind and wave energy were misaligned, and components of the wave field were aligned with currents. Hurricane Michael's wave field agreed with previous studies of nondirectional wave spectra across multiple tropical cyclones but had some unique characteristics. The analysis demonstrates how co‐located surface wind and wave observations can complement existing airborne and satellite observations.
Submesoscale Dynamics in the Bay of Bengal: Inversions and Instabilities
Authors: McKie Taylor , Lucas Andrew J. , MacKinnon Jennifer 
Published: March 2024

AbstractHigh resolution shipboard observations reveal the complex processes controlling the evolution and subduction of a cold and salty, dense filament in the Bay of Bengal (BoB). The filament, likely formed through coastal upwelling, was advected offshore by the mesoscale velocity field, and was brought adjacent to a shallow, low salinity mixed layer by mesoscale strain. The front that formed on the Eastern edge of the dense filament was observed to undergo both restratification and steepening, creating barrier layers, in response to evolving mesoscale and submesoscale convergence and divergences. Measurements and analyses indicate that the development of both small‐scale instabilities such as symmetric instability (SI) and slightly larger scale ageostrophic secondary circulation (ASC), acted in concert to subduct and stir surface heat into the interior. These mechanisms also drive the generation of temperature inversions from O (1 km) lateral temperature variability at the surface, demonstrating the need for model parameterizations at such spatial scales. Our results highlight the importance of submesoscale dynamics in creating and warming barrier layers, facilitating vertical heat exchanges, and setting sea surface temperature in the Bay of Bengal, a critical input to coupled atmosphere/ocean models of the southwest monsoon. Such complex dynamics should be considered in regions where salinity governs stratification and compensated waters stir.
Modeling Natural Tritium in Precipitation and its Dependence on Decadal Solar Activity Variations Using the Atmospheric General Circulation Model MIROC5‐Iso
Authors: Cauquoin A. , Fourré É. , Landais A. , Okazaki A. , Yoshimura K. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractModeling tritium content in water presents a meaningful way to evaluate the representation of the water cycle in climate models as it traces fluxes within and between the reservoirs involved in the water cycle (stratosphere, troposphere, and ocean). In this study, we present the implementation of natural tritium in water in the atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) MIROC5‐iso and its simulation for the period 1979–2018. Owing to recently published tritium production calculations, we were able to investigate, for the first time, the influence of natural tritium production related to the 11‐yr solar cycle on tritium in precipitation. MIROC5‐iso correctly simulates continental, latitudinal, and altitude effects on tritium in precipitation. The seasonal tritium content peaks, linked to stratosphere‐troposphere exchanges, are accurately simulated in terms of timing, even though MIROC5‐iso underestimates the amplitude of the changes. Decadal tritium concentration variations in precipitation owing to the 11‐yr solar cycle are well simulated in MIROC5‐iso, in agreement with the observations at Vostok in Antarctica for example, Finally, our simulations revealed that the internal climate variability plays an important role in tritium in polar precipitation. Owing to its influence on the south polar vortex, the Southern Annular Mode enhances the effect of the production component on tritium in East Antarctic precipitation. In Greenland, we found an east‐west contrast in the detection of the 11‐yr solar cycle in tritium in precipitation owing to the influence of the North Atlantic Oscillation on humidity conditions.
Long‐Emission‐Wavelength Humic‐Like Component (L‐HULIS) as a Secondary Source Tracer of Brown Carbon in the Atmosphere
Authors: Tang Jiao , Xu Buqing , Zhao Shizhen , Li Jun , Tian Lele , Geng Xiaofei , Jiang Hongxing , Mo Yangzhi , Zhong Guangcai , Jiang Bin , Chen Yingjun , Tang Jianhui , Zhang Gan 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThe optical properties of secondary brown carbon (BrC) aerosols are poorly understood, hampering quantitative assessments of their impact. We propose a new method for estimating secondary source of BrC using excitation‐emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy, combined with parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) and partial least squares regression (PLSR). Experiments were conducted on a collection of PM2.5 samples from urban areas in five Chinese cities during winter and summer. The humic‐like component with long‐emission wavelengths (L‐HULIS) was identified as a secondary source tracer of BrC. This was confirmed by correlating PARAFAC components with secondary organic aerosol tracers and molecular oxidation indices obtained from Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry analysis. Using L‐HULIS as a secondary tracer of BrC, it was determined that the contribution of secondary sources to water‐soluble BrC (WS‐BrC) in source emission samples is significantly smaller than in PM2.5 from five Chinese cities, supporting our method. In the five cities, secondary source derived via L‐HULIS contributes a dominant potion (80% ± 3.5%) of WS‐BrC at 365 nm during the summer, which is approximately twice as high as during the winter (45% ± 4.9%). Radiocarbon isotope (14C) analysis provides additional constraints to the sources of L‐HULIS‐derived secondary WS‐BrC in urban PM2.5, suggesting that aged biomass burning is the dominant contributor to secondary WS‐BrC in winter, and biogenic emission is dominant during summer. This study is the first report on identification of secondary sources of BrC using the fluorescence technique. It demonstrates the potential of this method in characterizing non‐fossil source secondary BrC in the atmosphere.