bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Five Trends of School Arts Education Reform in Taiwan
Authors: Hwang Ren‐Lai 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn the torrents of globalization and social transition in Taiwan, it is particularly important to reinforce a sense of cultural subjectivity and localization, and promote new trends of arts education that emphasize the development of self and spirit. The fundamental principles of these new trends are: (1) that the purpose of arts education is to cultivate students' humanistic literacy, (2) the content of arts education is developed from an interdisciplinary approach, (3) arts curriculum is predominantly constructed on and implemented within the value framework of the nuclear culture, (4) arts education has to place emphasis on an integral process of comprehensive exploration, critical reflection and creative construction, and (5) the instruction methods of arts education need to be artistic and humanistic. This article describes the contents and implications of the new trends of arts education reform in Taiwan.
A Cross‐Cultural Study of Art Teacher Education in Taiwan and England
Authors: Lo Mei‐Lan 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis aim of this research was to investigate art teacher education in Taiwan and England to gain insights into two art education systems with a view to improving art teacher education in Taiwan. To achieve this aim, a cross‐cultural study using a multi‐method approach was adopted and data was collected over three years of full‐time study in England and four academic years of reflection on teaching in art teacher education in Taiwan. This research revealed how complex and hazardous it is to state categorically what the similarities and differences really are between two art teacher education systems, especially in a subject as ill‐defined as art. Nonetheless, this study did produce some important differences in the two art teacher education systems in aspects of (1) government regulations and institutional provision, (2) theoretical underpinning, (3) art curriculum policy and delivery, and (4) cultural differences affecting art teachers' attitudes and values.
Melanin pigmentation of the skin in primary biliary cirrhosis
Authors: Mills Peter R. , Skerrow Christine J. , MacKie Rona M. 
Published: April 2006

A histological and ultrastructural study has demonstrated that cutaneous pigmentation in primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is due to the presence of increased amounts of melanin, widely dispersed throughout both epidermis and dermis. No deposits of stainable iron were observed. Compared with skin from matched sites from control patients with alcoholic cirrhosis and no pigmentation, the melanocyte: keratinocyte ratio was not significantly higher in PBC. However, in PBC, melanosomes persisted to unusually high levels in the epidermis and were packaged in larger membrane‐bound clusters than was the case in the controls.Whether excess melanin results from increased melanogenesis or defective melanin degradation remains unclear, although there is some evidence favouring the latter mechanism. No hormonal (β‐MSH and ACTH) or chemical (bile salt irritation) stimuli to increase melanogenesis were demonstrated.
Ultrastructure of skin and hair of an Egyptian mummy
Authors: Hino Haruko , Ammitzbøsll Thorkil , Møsluir Rigmor , Asboe‐Hansen Gusiav 
Published: April 2006

The skin of a female Egyptian mummy, embalmed 100–300 A.D., was studied by transmission and scanning electron microscopy.After rehydration with cacodylate buffer containing sucrose, the ordinary technique for transmission electron microscopy was performed on skin of the right shoulder. In epidermal cells, mitochondria and their cristae were identified. Between epidermal cells, desmosomes, half the normal size, were found. In the dermis, collagen bundles and elastic fibres were observed. The collagen fibres had a diameter of 67–91 nm, and the band pattern showed 10–12 sub‐bands per one period of 55–61 nm length. The elastic fibres had less amorphous substance than normal and a fibrillar beaded pattern. The dermal components of the skin were well preserved in spite of the mummification.Throughout the dermis and the subcutaneous fatty tissue, a number of bacterial spores were found showing a characteristic appearance.Scanning electron microscopy of hairs showed a layer of the preserving material surrounding hairs, and under it a normal cuticle was seen.
Scanning electron microscopy of calcium hydroxide induced bridges
Authors: Ulmansky M. , Sela J. , Sela M. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract. Calxyl, a commercial preparation of calcium hydroxide, induces the formation of a calcified bridge on the dental pulp after pulpotomy. Since the quality of such bridges is not always the same, it was felt necessary to study bridge structure by means of the scanning electron microscope.The present results are observations made with the aid of scanning microscopy on three specimens which revealed that calcium hydroxide induced bridges present large defects and a particular topography.
The calcifying ghost cell odontogenic tumor – or the calcifying odontogenic cyst
Authors: Fejerskov O. , Krogh J. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract. The paper reports on two new cases of calcifying odontogenic cysts, and gives a survey of 50 cases reported in the literature. In one case the ultrastructure of the characteristic ghost cells was examined. Most of the cells were anuclear or contained pyknotic nuclei. The only organelles found were very thick electro‐dense fibrils of uniform size sharply defined against large empty spaces. Small needle‐like crystalloid structures were seen in most cells. The ghost cells lying free in the connective tissue or embedded in the osteiod material had either lost their plasma membranes entirely or only remmants of it could be found. Histologically there is a marked similarity between the published cases. The epithelium forming either cysts or islands shows a distinct basal layer of columnar cells. Above the basal layer the cells are often stellate. Ghost cells are observed. Scattered both in the epithelium and in the surrounding connective tissue. Outeoid or dentinoid material was observed close to the ghost cells in 14 of 36 cases. Calcified deposits have been described in the ghost cells in 26 out of 36 cases reported. The material demonstrates an almost equal sex distribution of the tumor, and an almost equal distribution between the anterior maxilla and mandible. Two‐thirds of the tumors were intra‐osseous, and one‐third were extra‐osseous. The tumor occurs in all age groups, with an increased incidence in the age group of 10–19 years. There is no similarity between the clinical features of this lesion and those of ameloblastoma and calcifying odontogenic tumor.The authors interpret the lesion as a tumor or hamartoma with a marked tendency for cystic degeneration. Therefore the designation calcifying ghost cell odontogenic tumor has been proposed.
Identification of hamster thymus‐derived lymphocytes employing rabbit anti‐hamster brain serum
Authors: Rheins Melvin S. , Cavalaris C. J. , Filppi Joyce A. , Burns R. A. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract.Rabbit anti‐hamster brain sera prepared from the brains of Syrian and Chinese hamsters were evaluated for their potential to identify thymus‐derived lymphocytes present in these animals. The unabsorbed antisera were cytotoxic in vitro for both homologous and heterologous thymocytes and splenocytes. Following absorption with hamster liver and erythrocytes, the antisera remained toxic for thymocytes, but were less toxic for splenocytes. Comparative testing of both the rabbit anti‐Syrian and anti‐Chinese brain sera with rabbit anti‐C3H mouse brain serum indicated that considerable cross‐reactivity exists between the different anti‐brain sera. The in vivo administration of any of the antisera to C3H mice resulted in a lowered titer to the thymus‐dependent sheep erythrocyte antigen response as measured by the hemolysis‐in‐gel technique. In vitro treatment with the anti‐brain sera had no effect on plaque‐forming cells present in the spleen.
The nature of epithelial proliferation in apical granulomas
Authors: Summers L. , Papadimitriou J. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract.Small sections of granulomas containing proliferating epithelium were incubated with a radio‐opaque marker (Thorotrast®) and tissue culture medium. Electron microscopic examination demonstrated that some epithelial cells had the potential to take up the marker whereas in control sections of apical cysts this did not occur. The implications of these results are discussed.
Ultrastructural characteristics of mast cells from a canine mastocytoma maintained in vitro*
Authors: Cobb Charles M. , Birkedal‐Hansen Henning , Denys Francis R. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract. Mast cells obtained from a canine mastocytoma were maintained in cell culture for a period of 11 weeks. Samples of these cells were harvested for electron microscopic examination after 9 weeks in vitro. Although the overall morphologic appearance was sufficient to allow their identification as mast cells, the tumor cells differed in several respects from descriptions of normal tissue mast cells.In contrast to normal tissue mast cells, the tumor cells exhibited peripheral accumulations of microfilaments, randomly dispersed microtubules, and small clusters of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The tumor mast cells also presented three different granule types: spherical granules with an amorphous and electron dense matrix; irregularly shaped granules possessing a limiting external membrane and an internal matrix containing laminated and/or coiled structures; and granules containing loosely coiled, unorganized membrane structures similar in appearance to myelin whorls.The canine mastocytoma is an excellent source of mast cells as they can be obtained in large numbers without contamination by extraneous cell types and the cells can be maintained in vitro for extended periods of time.
The prevalence of consolidated salivary deposits in the small ducts of human submandibular glands
Authors: Scott John 
Published: April 2006

Abstract. Deposits of apparently solid material were observed in the small salivary ducts in a series of non‐diseased submandibular glands obtained from necropsies evenly divided by sex and adult age. The deposits were of granular or laminated structure. They were of mixed staining, the majority being predominantly eosinophilic. A small number of deposits were essentially wholly hematoxylinophilic and some of these were probably calcified. The prevalence of deposits, expressed as the number per unit sectional area, increased steadily with increasing age but was unrelated to sex. An apparently close correlation between intraductal salivary deposits and foci of obstructive adenitis in the same series of glands was shown to be mainly due to the common influence of age.The deposits probably form by precipitation of salivary glycoprotein, possibly because of parenchymal age changes. They may be related to early salivary lithogenesis but the statistical evidence of this study suggests that they are unlikely to be a major factor in the etiology of focal obstructive adenitis.
Thermal trauma to teeth
Authors: Spierings Th. M. , Peters M. C. R. B. , Plasschaert A. J. M. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract The literature is reviewed with respect to several thermal loading situations and their influence on the temperature field in teeth. Breathing, food consumption, and dental treatment are processes disturbing the thermal balance in the oral cavity. The tooth temperature will be affected. These thermal changes result in a physical after‐effect on enamel, dentin, and restorative materials, as well as in a histological change of the pulp tissue. Postoperative discomfort is another after‐effect reported as a result of dental treatment. Recommendations concerning cooling technique and the use of a cement base are given to avoid this discomfort.In the literature reviewed, attention is mainly focused on temperature within teeth. However, the underlying thermal processes are important in the reported after‐effects. It is concluded that more attention should be paid to this phenomenon in future research.
COMPARISON OF ENRICHMENT VESSELS FOR RECOVERY OF CAMPYLOBACTER SPP. FROM BROILER RINSE SAMPLES
Authors: LINE J. ERIC 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to determine if the type of culture vessel used during incubation of an enrichment medium would affect recovery of Campylobacter spp. from processed broiler rinse samples. Freshly processed broiler carcasses were rinsed, and the rinses were serially diluted. The diluted rinses were mixed with an equal volume of 2× Bolton enrichment broth (BEB; with or without blood) and placed in different container types for incubation and recovery of Campylobacter spp. BEB in tissue culture flasks recovered Campylobacter from significantly more samples at higher dilutions than did BEB in resealable plastic bags (P < 0.05), which was likely because of the gas permeability of the bags and greater media surface area in the flasks. Blood‐free BEB in vented tissue culture flasks was found to give an equivalent rate of Campylobacter recovery as BEB for this sample type.
PREVENTION AND DECONTAMINATION OF ESCHERICHIA COLI O157:H7 ON RAW BEEF CARCASSES IN COMMERCIAL BEEF ABATTOIRS
Authors: EDWARDS JESSICA RENEE , FUNG DANIEL Y.C. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT There are an estimated 76 million cases of foodborne illnesses in the U.S.A. every year, resulting in $5–17 billion in economic and productivity losses annually. Over 5000 deaths a year are caused by foodborne illnesses, one‐third of which can be attributed to meat and poultry products. Over the last 10 years, efforts have been made to ensure better meat safety and to control Escherichia coli O157:H7 contamination in beef carcasses and products. The classification of E. coli O157:H7 as an adulterant in raw beef products has prompted the investigation into better processing aids and intervention strategies to ensure meat safety. The vast majority of slaughter contamination originates from contact with fecally soiled hides during the dehiding process. There are many decontamination methods available to beef processors, and others are being investigated for their efficacy at inactivating pathogens. These include hide‐on decontamination, knife trimming, steam vacuuming, spray chilling and washing, lactoferricin B, steam pasteurization and irradiation. Organic acid spray washes remain to be among the most popular methods for beef carcass decontamination. However, acid tolerance may eventually render these sanitizers ineffective against E. coli O157:H7. Research shows that hide‐on decontamination may be better suited for preventing carcass contamination from soiled hides. Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) has had great success in laboratory and pilot plant studies for reducing contamination to carcasses during dehiding. Although CPC is not approved for use inside beef processing plants, its success in the laboratory and in the poultry industry provides the potential for its approval for application for beef. The overall reductions of any given decontamination method must be weighed against the cost of the method. Cost/benefit analysis shows that multihurdle methods of decontamination may be the most cost‐effective methods when compared to using a single intervention to achieve the same level of reductions. Irradiation, which has the highest inactivation rate of E. coli O157:H7 (5.2 log cfu/cm2), also incurs the highest costs in operation and installation fees. Therefore, using knife trimming in combination with another decontamination method is the most cost‐effective method at achieving food safety.
Implementing the requirements of the Water Framework Directive for rural water supply schemes in Scotland
Authors: Futter Mark , Hyder Clare , Johnson Adrian 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn a project pioneering the implementation of the European Union Water Framework Directive in Scotland, a programme of local stream flow gauging in Lochaber demonstrated that low flow yields in the sources were greater than predicted by standard methodologies for ungauged catchments in the UK. This meant that the abstraction required for the water treatment works represented an acceptable proportion of the yield, and complied with Scottish Environment Protection Agency guidance for maintaining good ecological status in the catchments. Development of new sources with dams, pumping stations and pipelines was avoided, thus reducing costs and environmental impacts. A programme of stakeholder consultations was carried out throughout the Water Order application process and agreement on proposed abstractions was reached with over 20 stakeholders.
Victims and other exempt parties in crime
Authors: Williams Glanville 
Published: April 2006

The law of complicity and conspiracy should neither be used nor be capable of being used to subvert the intentions of Parliament when it framed offences. To explain the ramifications of this simple message will take a little space.The law of complicity and conspiracy is wide, but it is well known, and normally the legislature may fairly be presumed to intend it to apply to new edicts unless it is expressly excluded. Occasionally, however, the court may feel able to collect from the statute a legislative policy exempting from responsibility people who would otherwise have been accomplices or conspirators.
Comparison of gene-expression profiles in parallel bone marrow and peripheral blood samples in acute myeloid leukaemia by real-time polymerase chain reaction
Authors: Sakhinia E , Farahangpour M , Tholouli E , Liu Yin J A , Hoyland J A , Byers R J 
Published: April 2006

Background:Gene signatures (Indicatorgenes) in bone marrow that provide more precise prognostication in haematological malignancy have been identified by microarray expression studies. It would be beneficial to measure these diagnostic signatures in peripheral blood.Aims:To determine the degree of correspondence of gene expression for a set ofIndicatorgenes between bone marrow and peripheral blood in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML).Methods:Parallel bone marrow aspirate and peripheral blood samples were obtained from 19 patients diagnosed with AML and mononuclear cells isolated from both sample types. mRNA was globally amplified by polyadenylated real-time polymerase chain reaction (polyA RT-PCR); the expression of 15 AMLIndicatorgenes, identified from previous microarray studies, was measured by RT-PCR. All values were normalised to the mean expression of three housekeeping genes (IF2-β,GAPandRbS9) and were statistically compared using SPSS software.Results:No significant difference in expression between bone marrow and peripheral blood was observed for 10 of the genes (leptin receptor,CD33,adipsin,proteoglycan 1,MB-1,cyclin D3,hSNF2b,proteasome iota,HkrT-1andE2A), indicating its possible use in monitoring disease activity in peripheral blood samples, whereasc-myb,HOXA9,LYN,cystatin candLTC4sshowed significantly different expression between bone marrow and peripheral blood samples.Conclusion:These results indicate a possible use for the method in monitoring AML in peripheral blood by RT-PCR measurement ofIndicatorgenes. In addition, the initial use of polyA PCR facilitates translation to very small clinical samples, including fractionated cell populations, of particular importance for monitoring haematological malignancy.
No evidence for a direct role ofHelicobacter pyloriandMycoplasma pneumoniaein carotid artery atherosclerosis
Authors: Weiss T W , Kvakan H , Kaun C , Prager M , Speidl W S , Zorn G , Pfaffenberger S , Huk I , Maurer G , Huber K , Wojta J 
Published: April 2006

Background:That infections with certain pathogens, by initiating an inflammatory response, may contribute to the development of atherosclerosis is suggested by clinical and experimental evidence.Aim:To analyse atherosclerotic plaques of the carotid artery, samples of apparently healthy greater saphenous veins and circulating leucocytes from the same individual patients for the presence ofHelicobacter pyloriandMycoplasma pneumoniae.Methods:Samples from 36 patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid artery stenosis were analysed by polymerase chain reaction for the presence of DNA specific forH pyloriandM pneumoniae. IgG antibody titres againstH pyloriandM pneumoniaeand plasma levels of soluble E-selectin, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 were determined.Results:M pneumoniae-specific DNA was detected in the atherosclerotic plaques of 13 of 36 (36.1%) patients, in the saphenous veins of 9 of 36 (25%) patients and in the leucocytes of 27 of 36 (75%) patients. No salient association was observed between the presence ofM pneumoniae-specific DNA in leucocytes and atherosclerotic plaques or veins. A marked correlation between the presence ofM pneumoniaein the respective specimens and the studied inflammatory markers or the presence of anti-M pneumoniaeantibodies was not observed.H pylori-specific DNA could not be detected in the specimens tested.Conclusions:The absence ofH pyloriand the random distribution ofM pneumoniaein tissue samples obtained from patients with symptomatic carotid artery stenosis do not support a role for these pathogens in the development of atherosclerosis due to a direct interaction of the bacteria with the vasculature.
A questionnaire on factors influencing children’s assent and dissent to non-therapeutic research
Authors: Wolthers O D 
Published: April 2006

Background:Knowledge about assent or dissent of children to non-therapeutic research is poor.Objectives:To assess sociodemographic characteristics in healthy children and adolescents who were invited to participate in non-therapeutic research, to evaluate their motives for assent or dissent and their understanding of the information given.Methods:A total of 1281 healthy children and adolescents six to sixteen years of age were invited to participate in a non-therapeutic study and a questionnaire.Results:Assenting children were motivated by a desire to help sick children (n = 638, 98%) and to gain experience with participating in a research study (n = 503, 82%). Dissenting children made their decision because of worries about having a blood (n = 193, 46%) or a urine sample (n = 94, 26%) taken or because of worries about a doctor’s examination (n = 136, 33%). Fewer children in the assent group (n = 166, 25%) than in the dissent group (136, 33%) worried about the doctor’s examination (p = 0.01). In the assent and dissent group, 568 (86%) and 343 (85%) children, respectively, said they were able to understand some or all of the written information (p = 0.42), and 650 (97%) and 330 (98%), respectively, were able to understand some or all of the verbal information (p = 0.07).Conclusions:Sociodemographic characteristics may not influence healthy children’s decision to volunteer for non-therapeutic research. Assenting children have altruistic and educational motives, whereas worries about procedures may cause children to dissent. A great majority of school children and adolescents feel capable of understanding and giving assent or dissent to non-therapeutic research.