bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increased osteoblast and decreased Staphylococcus epidermidis functions on nanophase ZnO and TiO2
Authors: Colon Gabriel , Ward Brian C. , Webster Thomas J. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractMany engineers and surgeons trace implant failure to poor osseointegration (or the bonding of an orthopedic implant to juxtaposed bone) and/or bacteria infection. By using novel nanotopographies, researchers have shown that nanostructured ceramics, carbon fibers, polymers, metals, and composites enhance osteoblast adhesion and calcium/phosphate mineral deposition. However, the function of bacteria on materials with nanostructured surfaces remains largely uninvestigated. This is despite the fact that during normal surgical insertion of an orthopedic implant, bacteria from the patient's own skin and/or mucosa enters the wound site. These bacteria (namely, Staphylococcus epidermidis) irreversibly adhere to an implant surface while various physiological stresses induce alterations in the bacterial growth rate leading to biofilm formation. Because of their integral role in determining the success of orthopedic implants, the objective of this in vitro study was to examine the functions of (i) S. epidermidis and (ii) osteoblasts (or bone‐forming cells) on ZnO and titania (TiO2), which possess nanostructured compared to microstructured surface features. ZnO is a well‐known antimicrobial agent and TiO2 readily forms on titanium once implanted. Results of this study provided the first evidence of decreased S. epidermidis adhesion on ZnO and TiO2 with nanostructured when compared with microstructured surface features. Moreover, compared with microphase formulations, results of this study showed increased osteoblast adhesion, alkaline phosphatase activity, and calcium mineral deposition on nanophase ZnO and TiO2. In this manner, this study suggests that nanophase ZnO and TiO2 may reduce S. epidermidis adhesion and increase osteoblast functions necessary to promote the efficacy of orthopedic implants. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
Effect of curing time and concentration for a chemical treatment that improves surface gliding for extrasynovial tendon grafts in vitro
Authors: Tanaka Toshikazu , Sun Yu‐Long , Zhao Chunfeng , Zobitz Mark E. , An Kai‐Nan , Amadio Peter C. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to evaluate whether treatment time and concentration of these reagents have an effect on the resulting gliding resistance. Forty peroneus longus (PL) tendons were used, from 20 adult mongrel dogs, along with the A2 pulley obtained from the ipsilateral hind paw. After the baseline gliding resistance was measured, the PL tendons were treated with one of three concentrations of hyaluronic acid (HA) and 1‐ethyl‐3‐[3‐dimethylaminopropyl] carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) or N‐hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) mixed with 10% gelatin for various times (5, 30, and 60 min). Tendon friction was measured over 1000 cycles of simulated flexion/extension motion. Gliding resistance of the untreated PL tendons had no significant difference among the groups. After surface treatment with low concentration of HA and EDC/NHS for 5‐min cure, the gliding resistance was similar to that of the untreated PL tendon and significantly higher than its 30‐ and 60‐min treatment. For the rest of high concentration of HA and EDC/NHS groups, the gliding resistance was lower than that of untreated PL tendon. However, there was no significant difference among the timing points. It is possible to optimize the effect of surface treatment on friction and durability by regulating cure time and concentration of reagents in a canine extrasynovial tendon in vitro. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
Coronavirus phylogeny based on 2D graphical representation of DNA sequence
Authors: Liao Bo , Xiang Xuyu , Zhu Wen 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA novel coronavirus has been identified as the cause of the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Previous phylogenetic analyses based on sequence alignments show that SARS‐CoVs form a new group distantly related to the other three groups of previously characterized coronaviruses. In this aritcle, a new approach based on the 2D graphical representation of the whole genome sequence is proposed to analyze the phylogenetic relationships of coronaviruses. The evolutionary distances are obtained through measuring the differences among the two‐dimensional curves. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 27: 1196–1202, 2006
If asked, hospitalized patients will choose whether to receive life‐sustaining therapies
Authors: Nicolasora Nelson , Pannala Rahul , Mountantonakis Stavros , Shanmugam Bala , DeGirolamo Angela , Amoateng‐Adjepong Yaw , Manthous Constantine A. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBACKGROUNDNo national policy requires health care providers to discuss with hospitalized patients whether the latter would want cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) or mechanical ventilation (MV) in the event of cardiopulmonary failure.OBJECTIVETo determine whether hospitalized patients are willing to discuss end‐of‐life issues and choose whether to receive CPR and MV.DESIGNProspective randomized trial.PARTICIPANTS297 patients admitted to the medicine service of a 350‐bed community teaching hospital.INTERVENTIONPatients were randomized to receive routine care or a scripted intervention, delivered by research physicians, that included detailed information about CPR, MV, and advance directives.MEASUREMENTSNumber of patients who welcomed the scripted intervention, number who chose to receive or reject CPR/MV, and number of advance directives created during hospitalization.RESULTSOf the 297 patients studied, 136 were in the intervention group and 161 were in the control group. Baseline characteristics and severity of illness were similar in the 2 groups. Of the 136 patients in the intervention group, 133 (98%) willingly discussed CPR and mechanical ventilation, and 112 (82%) found the information useful. One hundred and twenty‐five (92%) clarified their preferences regarding CPR and MV after receiving the intervention; of the 48 patients who were initially documented as wanting CPR/MV, 3 requested no CPR/MV after the intervention. Of the 87 patients in the intervention group who had no documentation of code status on admission, 5 asked for no CPR/MV. Of the 161 patients in the control group, 55 had documentation of their code status on admission. Of the 106 patients without documentation, 6 were later documented to receive no CPR/MV. Thirteen of the 102 patients who had no advance directive on admission created one after the intervention, whereas only 1 of the 128 patients in the control group did so (P < .001).CONCLUSIONSPatients are willing to discuss and give informed consent for CPR and mechanical ventilation early in hospitalization. Only a minority drafted advance directives during hospitalization. Larger studies that include patients at other centers are required to determine whether these findings are reproducible and whether this approach is clinically feasible. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2006;3:161–167. © 2006 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Pernicious anemia associated with autoimmune hemolytic anemia and alopecia areata
Authors: Zafad Saadia , Madani Abdellah , Harif Mhamed , Quessar Asmaa , Benchekroun Said 
Published: June 2006

AbstractWe report a 16‐year‐old male with a combination of pernicious anemia, auto‐immune hemolytic anemia and alopecia areata. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia coexisted with pernicious anemia but was diagnosed only when the anemia failed to respond to cobalamin therapy. Alopecia areata occurred 9 years later. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007;49:1017–1018. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cross‐trimester marker ratios in prenatal screening for Down syndrome
Authors: Wald Nicholas J. , Bestwick Jonathan P. , Morris Joan K. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the performance of Integrated Down syndrome screening (first‐ and second‐trimester measurements integrated into a single screening test) when ratios of the levels of the same serum markers measured in both these trimesters (cross‐trimester ratios) are added as new screening markers.MethodsUsing data from Serum Urine and Ultrasound Screening Study (SURUSS), second‐trimester concentrations (in multiples of the median, or MoM) of pregnancy associated plasma protein A (PAPP‐A), alphafetoprotein (AFP), unconjugated oestriol (uE3), human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) (free β and total), and inhibin‐A were divided by the first‐trimester concentration to obtain a cross‐trimester (CT) ratio for each analyte in 74 Down syndrome and 492 unaffected pregnancies. We identified CT ratios that improved screening performance and then, using Monte Carlo simulations, estimated the efficacy and cost effectiveness of adding them to the Integrated and serum Integrated tests.ResultsAll the median CT ratios differed significantly between Down syndrome and unaffected pregnancies. Setting the Integrated test to achieve a 90% detection rate, the false‐positive rate (FPR) was 0.7% with CT ratios for PAPP‐A, uE3, inhibin‐A, and total hCG compared with 2.2% without CT ratios, a reduction of about two‐thirds. Using the serum Integrated test to achieve the same 90% detection rate and the first‐trimester measurements made at 11 completed weeks of pregnancy, the corresponding FPRs were 2.4 and 8.1%, a similar proportional reduction. The AFP CT ratio had little effect on screening performance. Using CT ratios did not increase the cost per Down syndrome pregnancy detected.ConclusionThe addition of CT ratios to an Integrated test substantially improves the efficacy and safety of prenatal screening for Down syndrome. It is cost effective and could be usefully introduced into screening programmes. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nonlinear conduction of irradiation‐crosslinked high‐density polyethylene/acetylene carbon black composites at the electric–thermal equilibrium state
Authors: Song Yihu , Zheng Qiang 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAt the electric–thermal equilibrium state, the nonlinear conduction behaviors of high‐density polyethylene/acetylene carbon black composites crosslinked with electron‐beam irradiation have been studied in wide ranges of electric field and ambient temperature. Critical electric field E0.5 at the global electrical breakdown and the corresponding apparent resistivity are related to the intrinsic resistivity at given ambient temperatures. The relationship between the nonlinear conduction and the intrinsic positive temperature coefficient effect of resistivity is established by a discussion of E0.5 as a function of the macroscopic resistivity temperature coefficient. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 1979–1984, 2006
Chemical synthesis of mouse cripto CFC variants
Authors: Marasco Daniela , Saporito Angela , Ponticelli Salvatore , Chambery Angela , De Falco Sandro , Pedone Carlo , Minchiotti Gabriella , Ruvo Menotti 
Published: June 2006

AbstractWe report for the first time the chemical synthesis of refolded CFC domain of mouse Cripto (mCFC) and of two variants bearing mutations on residues W107 and H104 involved in Alk4 binding. The domains undergo spontaneous and quantitative refolding in about 4 h, yet with very different kinetics. Disulfide linkages have been assessed by enzyme digestion and mass spectrometry analysis of resulting fragments, and the first experimental studies on structural organization have been conducted by circular dichroism spectroscopy under different pH conditions. Upon refolding, the domains considerably change their conformations, although they do not assume canonical structures, and become highly resistant to enzyme degradation. A comparative study of receptor binding shows that the CFC domain can bind Alk4 and confirms the importance of W107 and H104 for receptor recognition. Proteins 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Use of noncollinear exchange‐correlation potentials in multiplet resolutions by time‐dependent density functional theory
Authors: Wang Fan , Ziegler Tom 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe resolution of spin‐multiplets in an electronic system with a spin‐degenerate ground state requires a method that can deal with spin‐flip excitations. We recently showed that time‐dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) can treat such excitations provided that use is made of a noncollinear exchange‐correlation (XC) potential. The new formulation is a generalization of conventional TDDFT. The form of the new formulation is exactly the same as that of the conventional TDDFT for transitions that do not involve spin‐flips. However, the noncollinear TDDFT formulation allows in addition for spin‐flip transitions. In the present account, we explain in more detail why a noncollinear formulation of the XC potential is required. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006
Responses of macroinvertebrate communities to river restoration in a channelized segment of the Shibetsu River, Northern Japan
Authors: Nakano Daisuke , Nakamura Futoshi 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe effects of restoration of channel meandering and of groyne structures on physical variables and river‐dwelling macroinvertebrates were examined in a lowland river, the Shibetsu River in Northern Japan. The lowland segment of the Shibetsu River, which previously meandered, was straightened by channelization and groynes installed on some portions of the channelized reach. In 2002, the channelization works were partly reversed to improve the degraded river ecosystem.Physical environment variables and macroinvertebrate community structure and composition were compared among reconstructed meanders and channelized reaches with and without groynes. The shear stress of the river edge in reconstructed meanders and groyne reaches was lower than that in a channelized reach. In addition, the edge habitat near the stream bank created by the reconstructed meander and groyne reaches had higher total density and taxon richness of macroinvertebrates than those of the channelized reach. Restoration provided a relatively stable edge habitat, contributing to the recovery of macroinvertebrate communities in such channelized lowland rivers. The placement of groynes can be an effective method of in‐stream habitat restoration for macroinvertebrates. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identifying patients who need close monitoring during and after upper airway surgery for obstructive sleep apnoea
Authors: Pang K P 
Published: June 2006

Potentially serious complications have been documented in patients undergoing upper airway surgery for obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). Consensus is lacking regarding peri- and post-operative monitoring and identification of those patients likely to suffer post-operative complications.This retrospective review of 118 patients treated and 152 surgical procedures undertaken, from January 1998 to December 2003, addresses this issue. The overall peri- and post-operative complication rate was 13.8 per cent, with one patient experiencing upper airway compromise, five patients experiencing post-operative oxygen desaturation within 150 minutes of extubation, six patients experiencing persistent hypertension and four patients suffering secondary haemorrhage. All patients were treated accordingly and recovered well, with no mortality. From these results, it is concluded that patients with severe OSA (apnoea–hypopnoea index > 60 and lowest oxygen saturation <80 per cent) are at higher risk of post-operative oxygen desaturation. Post-operative hypertension is more likely in patients with a prior history of hypertension. Routine post-operative admission to an intensive care unit for all OSA patients is unnecessary (including patients with severe OSA). However, all patients with OSA should be closely monitored in the post-anaesthesia care area for at least three hours after surgery; based on the outcome of this period and the clinical judgment of the clinician, the patient can then be observed overnight in either the high dependency unit or on a general ward. Patients with mild OSA may be admitted to the 23-hour ambulatory unit post-operatively. Use of continuous positive airway pressure in the immediate post-operative period can reduce the incidence of post-operative respiratory compromise and complications and is strongly recommended.
Comparing the efficacy of EMDR and trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy in the treatment of PTSD: a meta-analytic study
Authors: SEIDLER GUENTER H. , WAGNER FRANK E. 
Published: June 2006

Background. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) and trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) are both widely used in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). There has, however, been debate regarding the advantages of one approach over the other. This study sought to determine whether there was any evidence that one treatment was superior to the other.Method. We performed a systematic review of the literature dating from 1989 to 2005 and identified eight publications describing treatment outcomes of EMDR and CBT in active–active comparisons. Seven of these studies were investigated meta-analytically.Results. The superiority of one treatment over the other could not be demonstrated. Trauma-focused CBT and EMDR tend to be equally efficacious. Differences between the two forms of treatment are probably not of clinical significance. While the data indicate that moderator variables influence treatment efficacy, we argue that because of the small number of original studies, little benefit is to be gained from a closer examination of these variables. Further research is needed within the framework of randomized controlled trials.Conclusions. Our results suggest that in the treatment of PTSD, both therapy methods tend to be equally efficacious. We suggest that future research should not restrict its focus to the efficacy, effectiveness and efficiency of these therapy methods but should also attempt to establish which trauma patients are more likely to benefit from one method or the other. What remains unclear is the contribution of the eye movement component in EMDR to treatment outcome.
Catholic Higher Education
Authors: Morey Melanie M. , Piderit John J. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractRelying on empirical evidence from a national study of senior administrators at Catholic colleges and universities across the United States, this book defines the critical religious identity and mission issues facing Catholic colleges and universities as they look to the future. It analyzes and addresses these issues using the rich construct of culture, particularly organizational culture. Adopting cultural concepts of “distinguishability” and “inheritability”, the book provides four different models of how Catholic colleges and universities can operate and successfully compete as religiously distinctive institutions in the higher education market. After specifying the content of the Catholic tradition — intellectual, moral, and social — the book critiques the present performance among institutions in all four models, provides specific policy proposals for attending to religious cultural weakness, and offers principles for effectively leading and managing cultural change. For much of the history of Catholic colleges and universities, nuns, priests, and brothers provided successful Catholic cultural leadership. This book takes a critical look at the way congregations prepared members for knowledgeable, committed, and effective religious cultural leadership, and explains how insights from that model might prove particularly usefully today. The book also explores the cultural collapse of the once highly dynamic Roman Catholic sisterhoods as a cautionary tale about the perils of a cultural change process ineffectively managed.
The Impact of Women in Congress
Authors: Dodson Debra L. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This book explores the complex relationship between women’s presence and impact in two strikingly different, consecutive congresses. Drawing on hundreds of elite interviews and archival information, the case studies of three highly visible policy areas (reproductive rights, women’s health, and health care policy) move beyond the question of ‘Do women make a difference?’ to confront the oft-ignored, contested issues surrounding gender difference and impact: its probabilistic nature, contested legitimacy, and disputed meaning. The analysis enhances understanding of how gendered forces at the individual, institutional, and societal levels combine to reinforce and redefine gendered relationships to power in the public sphere, and suggests strategies to strengthen substantive representation of women.
Peace and Justice: A Prologue
Authors: Hoffmann Stanley 
Published: June 2006

AbstractWhy has peace been often unjust, and why has justice been more belligerent than peaceful? Frequently, peace or armistice has served only to put a temporary end to violence, and has left some or all sides feeling dissatisfied. Peace has also been an imposition on the part of the victors of conflict to the end of some notion of order, thus leaving the affected common people to draw their own conclusions without ever being consulted. It is for this reason that justice is often more properly envisioned as the image of a fighter with his sword rather than a balancing scale. In this chapter, Hoffman explores the complexity of how peace and justice might be wedded in international relations, and gives the reader sound starting points for thinking about this conceptual approach.
5 Measuring International Ethics: A Moral Scale of War, Peace, Justice, and Global Care
Authors: Allan Pierre 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis chapter distinguishes Just Peace from its closest ‘moral’ neighbours — a stable (but usually unjust) peace and positive peace. Drawing on both consequentialist and deontological considerations, Allan develops an international ethical scale to evaluate different acts from a moral standpoint, with different levels of conflict as the baseline of ethical behavior. The more extreme the discord, the worse it is considered on the scale; the more harmonious, the better. Arguing that absolute unhappiness (disappearance of humankind) and absolute happiness (agape-paradise) are not of this world, Allan presents eight intermediary moral situations, each being superseded by the next one in ethical terms: genocide, war, non-war, Just War, stable peace, Just Peace, positive peace, and Global Care. He develops an ethic of ‘global care’ based on feminist theories of care, religious and secular declarations on a global ethic, evolutionary theory arguments, and a critique of a liberal human rights approach.
Agency and Autonomy in Kant's Moral Theory
Authors: Reath Andrews 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This book contains chapters on various features of Kant's moral psychology and moral theory, with particular emphasis on a conception of rational agency autonomy. The opening chapters explore different elements of Kant's views about motivation, including an account of respect for morality as the distinctive moral motive and a view of the principle of happiness as a representation of the shared structure of non-moral choice. These chapters stress the unity of Kant's moral psychology by arguing that moral and non-moral considerations motivate in essentially the same way. Several of the chapters develop an original approach to Kant's conception of autonomy that emphasizes the political metaphors found throughout Kant's writings on ethics. They argue that autonomy is best interpreted not as a psychological capacity, but as a kind of sovereignty: in claiming that moral agents have autonomy, Kant regards them as a kind of sovereign legislator with the power to give moral law through their willing. The final chapters explore some of the implications of this conception of autonomy elsewhere in Kant's moral thought, arguing that his Formula of Universal Law uses this conception of autonomy to generate substantive moral principles and exploring the connection between Kantian self-legislation and duties to oneself.