bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of decomposition products from autoxidation of methyl 4,7,10,13,16,19‐docosahexaenoate
Authors: Noble Ann C. , Nawar W. W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis is a continuation of a previous publication in which a number of aldehydes, aldehyde esters, hydrocarbons, and methyl esters was identified among the oxidation products of methyl docosahexaenoate. In the present paper, the identification of certain keto‐esters, unsaturated ketones, cyclic esters, and furan derivatives also is reported. Mechanisms for the formation of these compounds are proposed.
Equilibrium vapor pressure of butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytolune in high temperature oil solution
Authors: Kopelman I. J. , Mizrahi S. , Schab R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe equilibrium partial pressure of butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene above their dilute oil solution in the frying temperature range (170–220 C) was determined. The system was found to follow Henry’s law and to have an activity coefficient ranging, respectively, from 0.038–0.045 and from 0.036–0.042 (averages 0.042 and 0.039) for butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene. The extremely narrow ranges of γ suggest that the dominant effect of temperature upon the Henry coefficient, H, is through the vapor pressure of the pure substance. The equations for H (in mm Hg) as function of the absolute temperature T (in K) when antioxidiant concentration expressed as molar fraction are: H = 1.26 × 108 exp (−8.03 × 103/T) for butylated hydroxyanisole, and H = 1.55 × 107 exp (−7.02 × 103/T) for butylated hydroxytoluene.
Determining refining loss by the sodium balance method
Authors: Crauer Lois S. , Sullivan Frank E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe Sodium Balance Method is a rapid and reliable procedure for determining plant refining loss. By sodium analysis of each stream flow, treated crude, refined oil, and soap, the refining loss is calculated through substitution of sodium values for each component in an equation. The accuracy of this Sodium Balance Method for refining loss equals that of conventionally accepted methods, such as weight and total fat loss.
A new method for quantitative determination of BHA
Authors: Laszlo Herta , Dugan L. R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA qualitative test developed by Laszlo has been adapted to the quantitative determination of BHA. The determination is based on measurement of the specific and sensitive color resulting from reaction of BHA with diazotized sulfanilic acid in alkaline solution. The red‐purple color, which is stable for long periods, has an absorption maximum at 535 mμ. Beer's law is obeyed, and a concentration range of 0.0001% to 0.01% BHA may be measured. The method requires careful adjustment of antioxidant‐reagent ratios for rapid and maximum color development, The optimum ratios, the effect of alcohol, and interfering substances are diseussed.The method, as described, also provides for an accurate specific determination of BHA in fats and oils even when other antioxidants are present.
Comparison of fatty acid esters of sucrose and of polyoxyethylene in built detergent compositions
Authors: Osipow Lloyd I. , Snell Foster D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe addition of suerose monotallowate to an aqueous solution of alkanolamine alkylaryl sulfonate lowers the total active‐agent content required for the formation of liquid crystals. In contrast, the addition of polyoxyethylene esters of fatty acids to the alkylaryl sulfonate solution increased the total amount of active agent required for the formation of liquid crystals. The deaggregating effect of the ethylene oxide‐derived nonionies was reflected in reduced foam and detergeney for combinations of these nonionics and alkylaryl sulfonate. Foam and detergeney remained at a high level with combinations of sucrose monotallowate and alkylaryl sulfonate. Higher hydrophile‐lipophile balance (HLB) values were obtained with the sugar esters than with the polyoxyethylene nonionics. The results were examined in terms of Winsor's theory of intermicellar equilibria.
Phenolic aminosulfonate surfactants
Authors: Gaertner V. R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA series of new phenolic amino sulfonates has been prepared from mono‐ and dialkylphenols, formaldehyde, and N‐methyltaurine by the Mannich condensation. From monoalkylphenols either mixtures of mono‐and disubstituted products or completely disubstituted materials were obtained. Surface‐active properties, of which lime soap dispersant activity is notable, were summarized for these products.
Fat, cholesterol, and atherosclerosis
Authors: Eagle Edward , Robinson H. E. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryCholesterol is a universal constituent of all animal cells and therefore occurs in all foods of animal origin. Cholesterol is the mother substance of bile acid and of sex hormones and has other important physiological roles. Cholesterol is synthesized in the body from acetate obtainable from ingested carbohydrate, fat. or protein, of animal or vegetable origin.The fate of cholesterol in the body has not been definitely established. The cause of atherosclerosis is unknown. Atherosclerosis occurs in young as well as old individuals. Atherosclerosis is the number‐one killer today.Diagnosis of atherosclerosis in the healthy individual is not possible. Treatment of atherosclerosis is empirical. Reduction of blood cholesterol levels by dietary means is difficult under conditions consonant with good nutrition. A well‐balanced intake of all available foods on a modified total caloric basis appears to be the practical approach to the problem of fat, cholesterol, and atherosclerosis.
Preparation of some mixed diesters of aliphatic diols and their evaluation as plasticizers
Authors: Bailey A. V. , Boudreaux G. J. , Sumrell G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMixed diesters of three diols‐ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, and 2‐butene‐1,4‐diol—were prepared wherein one of the ester moieties was benzoate. The laurates were shown to be excellent plasticizers for polyvinyl chloride (PVC) resin. Diesters containing two aroyl groups, or benzoyl and a short branched‐chain alkanoyl group were also shown to be compatible plasticizers for PVC resin. Longer chain acids, including oleic and erucic, gave incompatible plasticizers. Benzoyloxyethoxyethyl laurate plasticized PVC had low temperature properties, volatility, and thermal stability superior to PVC plasticized with di‐2‐ethylhexyl phthalate.
Some esters of mono‐, di‐, and tricarboxystearic acid as plasticizers: Preparation and evaluation
Authors: Dufek E. J. , Thomas F. L. , Frankel E. N. , Riser G. R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMethyl mono‐, di‐, and tricarboxystearates were prepared by either a two‐step hydroformylation‐oxidation reaction or direct hydrocarboxylation of unsaturated vegetable oil methyl esters. Procedures were developed for preparing alkyl dicarbomethoxy‐, dicarboethoxy‐, and dicarbobutoxystearates. These triesters, along with some di‐ and tetraesters from mono‐ and tricarboxystearic acids, were evaluated as primary plasticizers for polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Except for butyl carbobutoxystearate, the esters were compatible at the 32% level and had properties equal or superior to those of dioctyl phthalate. Methyl and butyl diesters of carboxystearic acid had undesirable migration and volatility properties. The migration and volatility properties of some tri‐ and tetraalkyl esters were equal to or better than the controls. Of the various esters tested, methyl dicarbomethoxystearate containing 13–49% methyl tricarbomethoxystearate was an efficient plasticizer for PVC at the 32% level.
Aflatoxin inactivation: Treatment of peanut meal with formaldehyde and calcium hydroxide
Authors: Codifer L. P. , Mann G. E. , Dollear F. G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA peanut meal contaminated with ca. 600 ppb aflatoxins was treated with formaldehyde alone and in combination with calcium hydroxide in a benchscale reactor, operated both sealed and at atmospheric pressure. In general, thin layer chromatographic assays revealed that addition of calcium hydroxide to formaldehyde caused greater inactivation of the toxins than did formaldehyde alone. With the reactor sealed and 25% moisture in the meal, treatments for 1 hr with 0.5% and 1.0% formaldehyde plus 2.0% calcium hydroxide yielded products having 3 and 1 ppb aflatoxins, respectively, whereas under reflus at atmospheric pressure with 20% meal moisture, 1 hr treatment with 1.0% calcium hydroxide yielded a product with 5 ppb aflatoxins.
Sequestering and exchange of metal ions in edible oils containing phospholipids
Authors: Lunde G. , Landmark L. H. , Gether J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMetal ions (Zn2+ and Fe3+) are transferred from water into vegetable and marine oils when these oils contain phospholipids. Ions present in the oil may be exchanged with the same or with other kinds of cations in a water phase in contact with the oils. Radioactive isotopes of zinc and iron were used for measuring the exchange rate. The sequestering action by the oil strongly depends on the contents of phospholipids and reaches a maximum (ions v/s phospholipids) in the concentration range between 3 and 60 ppm of phospholipids (0.1–2 ppm of phosphorus) in the oil. The same sequestering effect is demonstrated when purified phospholipids (phosphoethanolamine and acetone‐refined soybean lecithin) are added to edible oils from which the natural content of phospholipids has been removed. Free fatty acids do not appear to sequester multivalent ions nor to influence the sequestering action by the phospholipids when added to the oil.
The effect of 12, oxo‐cis, 9‐octadecenoic acid on the autoxidation of stripped corn oil
Authors: Bhalerao V. R. , Kokatnur M. G. , Kummerow F. A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe effect of 12, oxo‐cis, 9‐octadecenoic acid (keto acid) on the autoxidation of stripped corn oil at 37ŶC. has been studied. The stripped corn oil containing 50 ॖg. of tocopherol per g. was prepared by Distillation Products Industries by removal of approximately 10% of the corn oil in a molecular still. Addition of 2.5% of the keto acid resulted in a higher rate of oxidation. As the concentration of keto acid was increased from 0 to 10%, peroxides increased rapidly, resulting in a shorter induction period.The antioxidants BHA, BHT, propyl gallate, NDGA, Ethoxyquin, and DPPD were found to lengthen the induction period for stripped corn oil in the presence of keto acid. DPPD was found to be by far the most effective and ॅ‐tocopherol acetate had no antioxidant activity in presence of keto acid.It was observed that keto acid oxidized very rapidly with the formation of peroxides and probable breakdown to free radicals. These free radicals then accelerated the autoxidation of stripped corn oil through a chain reaction mechanism. Heptanoic, suberic, and azelaic acids were identified among the breakdown products of keto acid.
The effect of copper, managanese and cobalt acetates on the autoxidation oftrans‐9,trans‐11‐octadecadienoic acid in 90% v/v aqueous acetic acid
Authors: Pekkarinen L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe autoxidation oftrans‐9,trans‐11‐octadecadienoic acid in 90% v/v aqueous acetic acid has been studied, at 80 C, with and without copper, manganese and cobalt acetate. The initial 9,11‐octadecadienoic acid concentration was 0.05 M in most of the experiments. The metallic acetate concentrations were 10−5 to 10−2 M. Copper and manganese acetates retard the autoxidation. With copper acetate, this retardation involves both the induction period and the rapid autocatalytic stage. Manganese acetate prolongs the induction period. A slightly lowered rate is observed at low cobalt acetate concentrations (∼10−5 M), but higher cobalt acetate concentrations clearly accelerate the autoxidation.
Kinetics of copper‐chromite hydrogenation in soybean and linseed oils: Effect of pressure
Authors: Vigneron P. Y. , Koritala S. , Butterfield R. O. , Dutton H. J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAlthough a prime impetus for study of copper catalysts has been the selective reduction of linolenic acid in soybean oil, recent economic developments raise the possibility that hydrogenated linseed oil might be a suitable edible oil. Consequently the effect of two hydrogen pressure levels in soybean and linseed oils on the kinetic pathway and on the final distribution of residual double bonds was investigated. The course of the reaction was studied by removing a sample at intervals corresponding to a small iodine value drop, and constituents were determined analytically. The higher pressure increased the rate of reduction, decreased the concentration of conjugated dienes and somewhat reduced the migration of double bonds.
Enol esters XVI: Enol ethers in synthesis
Authors: Rothman Edward S. , Moore Gordon G. , Chirinko John M. , Serota S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe synthesis of isopropenyl octadecyl ether is reported. This compound is a useful reagent for the synthesis of wax esters by reaction with long chain fatty acids, and of symmetrical or unsymmetrical ethers via reaction with long chain alcohols. The long chain alkyl isopropenyl ether is more sensitive to hydrolysis than the corresponding enol ester and forms successively the ketal 2,2‐dioctadecyloxypropane, and octadecanol and acetone. Glycerol reacts with propyne yielding glycerol acetonide, glycerol acetonide isopropenyl ether and diglycerol bisacetonide. New crystalline derivatives of diglycerol are described, useful for the characterization of that substance.
Composition of neutral oils from rosin
Authors: Joye N. M. , Proveaux A. T. , Lawrence R. V. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe neutral fractions from gum, wood and tall oil rosins were isolated and examined by gas chromatography. The major components found were diterpene aldehydes and alcohols. Smaller quantities of diterpene hydrocarbons and monoterpenes were identified. The differences in the composition and concentrations of the neutral fractions appear to explain some of the differences in physical characteristics of the three types of rosin.
Fat melting point determinations: a review
Authors: Mertens W. G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe many melting point methods can be grouped in different ways: (a) Some methods determine the point of complete melting of all crystalline material; others use a point farther removed from there and are more correctly called softening, slipping or dropping points. (b) Some are only being used for melted fat samples, others for finished products, or both. (c) Some depend on the subjective interpretation of the endpoint by the operator; others use objective indications. (d) Some depend upon manual controls; others employ a certain degree of automation. Especially in this last group, modern instrumentation has shown the way for possible improvements. The use of automatic temperature control, linear heating rates and objective endpoint determinations, as shown in some of the examples given, is an encouraging sign. These methods promise a noticeable improvement in the precision of melting point tests.
Evaluation of florisil tubes in detection of aflatoxin
Authors: Velasco James , Whitten Marion E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA study was made to determine the reliability and sensitivity of detecting aflatoxin in florisil tubes. Six panelists examined 40 samples with 222 responses recorded. At levels of 5 ppb and higher, panel members were able to detect aflatoxin with an accuracy of better than 99%. At levels above 10 ppb, accuracy was 100%.
Effect of temperature on the twitchell fat splitting process and its catalysts
Authors: Hartman L. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryVelocity constants of the Twitchell hydrolysis have been calculated from recently published experimental data and found to increase approximately twofold for a 10°C. rise around the temperature of 100°C. This seems to indicate that the rate of reaction is governed by hydrolysis rather than by diffusion of water into the fat phase (and of glycerol into water).Preheating to 150°C. reduces the efficiency of the old type of Twitchell catalyst but does not affect the “Kontakt” reagent. The increasing of the temperatures from 100°C. to 150°C. substantially accelerates the hydrolysis independent of the type of Twitchell reagent employed.
Surface active N‐acylglutamate: I. Preparation of long chain N‐acylglutamic acid
Authors: Takehara Masahiro , Yoshimura Ippei , Takizawa Kouichi , Yoshida Ryonosuke 
Published: May 2007

AbstractLong chain N‐acylglutamic acid was prepared in a high yield by a reaction of glutamic acid with fatty acid chloride in a mixed solvent of water and a water miscible organic solvent such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran,t‐butyl alcohol or cyclohexanone. In this reaction the composition of the mixed solvent influenced the yield of N‐acylated glutamic acid and the best yield was obtained when the reaction was carried out in the mixed solvent comprising 30–60% v/v of the organic solvent. Long chain N‐acylaspartic acid was also obtained in a high yield by the same method. As the other method to obtain N‐lauroyl‐D L‐glutamic acid, it was examined that N‐acyl‐α‐aminoglutarodinitrile which was obtained by a reaction of α‐aminoglutarodinitrile with fatty acid chloride was hydrolyzed with an aqueous alkaline solution. The salts of long chain N‐acylglutamic acid are known as the surface active agents that react mildly on the human skin.
Quantitative determination of methyl octadecadienoate hydroperoxides by infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Fukuzumi K. , Kobayashi E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe determination of peroxide values has been used for many years to estimate the concentration of the ‐OOH group in hydroperoxides formed during autoxidation of unsaturated fatty acid esters. Generally a considerable amount of a sample is required for this determination. The thiobarbituric acid test for estimating oxidative deterioration in various fats has also been used but mainly to determine malonaldehyde in an oxidized sample. From the IR spectra of fatty acid methyl esters, ‐OOH groups can be detected, but not estimated in general, because of association of the ‐OOH groups by hydrogen bonds. The present study shows that the ‐OOH group, even in small amounts of intact methyl octadecadienoate hydroperoxides, can be quantitatively determined by IR spectroscopy using a 1 cm cell (100 times the depth of usual cells) and a solution usually of concentration 1:100. Thus, a new quantative determination method for the ‐OOH group by IR spectroscopy has been developed.
Clarification of propylene glycol monoester polymorphism
Authors: Lutton E. S. , Stewart C. B. , Martin J. B. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA minor revision based on new data is reported for the polymorphism of 1‐propylene glycol monopalmitate and monostearate. Metastable Form I is now found to be intermediate in melting level between α and stable Form II. Form III as previously reported transforms to α below the α mp. For the 80:20 mix of 1‐propylene glycol monostearate‐2‐propylene glycol monostearate, the approximate equilibrium mixture, it is again observed that Form II is stable, melting a little above α; and Form I transforms to α slightly below the α mp; and Form III is missing.
The conversion of methyl 12‐ketostearate to 1, 12‐diisocyanatooctadecane
Authors: Freedman Bernard , Fuller Glenn 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA method has been developed for the preparation of 1, 12‐diisocyanatooctadecane in good purity and overall yield of 42%. Methyl 12‐ketostearate is converted via the amide into 12‐ketostearonitrile and then by reductive amination into 1, 12‐diaminoctadecane. The corresponding diisocyanate was prepared by phosgenation of the diamine, its dihydrochloride or its carbamate salt. Variables in reaction conditions were examined to maximize yield and purity of these products.
Diels‐alder adducts from safflower fatty acids: III. Acrylic and related acid dienophiles
Authors: Sastry G. S. R. , Murthy B. G. K. , Aggarwal J. S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe Diels‐Alder adducts from alkali conjugated and elaidinized safflower fatty acids with acrylic, methacrylic, crotonic and cinnamic acids and their esters as dienophiles were obtained in 40–64% yields. Low yields of 16–18% were obtained when 10‐undecenoic acid and its ester were used. Most of the adducts could be estimated quantitatively in the reaction products by column chromatography or gas liquid chromatography (GLC). For the estimation of the adducts from crotonic and 10‐undecenoic acids a combination of column chromatography and GLC techniques was employed. Partitioning between hexane and 90% methanol, partial esterification with alkali washing, and splitting and fractional distillation under reduced pressure were methods used to obtain the adducts in 90–95% purity.
Induced chemical shifts in the NMR spectrum of methyl petroselinate
Authors: Boudreaux G. J. , Bailey A. V. , Tripp V. W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe use of a pseudo contact shift reagent, (Eu[fod]3), to obtain simplified NMR spectra of a typical long chain monounsaturated fatty acid methyl ester, methyl petroselinate, is described. Spectra were obtained in which individual methylene groups are identifiable from their splitting patterns. Non‐equivalent splitting patterns were observed for the methine protons with varying amounts of reagent used. The effect of concentration of the shift reagent on the chemical shift is discussed.
A new colorimetric method for estimation of argemone oil
Authors: Bose P. K. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractArgemone oil is toxic even in low concentrations for human consumption. The author suggests a new colorimetric method in which an orange color is developed when antimony trichloride solution is added to the extracted alkaloid. The developed color is measured in a colorimeter and compared against known standards of the alkaloid. The alkaloid content of argemone oil has been found to be about 1.0%. This method determines an admixture of argemone oil as low as 0.005% in other edible oils.
Cleaning in the metal‐processing industry
Authors: McCoy L. R. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryAn attempt has been made to show the necessity of considering the cleaning procedures used in this industry in their relation to the entire process. It is a field unfortunately, where soil conditions, requirements for cleanliness, and many desirable operating characteristics are highly specific not only for a given process but for a given plant.While artificial or reference soils are not entirely impractical in individual cases, they should be used with care and only where sufficient data exists to establish a working correlation with plant soils. Cleaning procedures themselves should be sufficiently broad in scope to encompass practical plant‐operating ranges of time, temperature, concentration, and other significant variables rather than to rely upon “average” conditions. The interpretation of the results of a cleaning operation should be made in the light of experience with the requirements of the succeeding operation, where, in some cases at least, a “clean” surface may not represent an adequate definition of acceptability.
A rapid oxygen bomb method for evaluating the stability of fats and shortenings
Authors: Pohle W. D. , Gregory R. L. , Van Giessen Bart 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA modification of the A.S.T.M. oxygen bomb method for evaluating the stability of any fat within a period of six hours or less has been developed. It is based upon the addition of selected levels of a copper, catalyst, operating under the conditions previously used without catalyst. The precision of this bomb method has been characterized and the contributions of several factors to the overall variation have been estimated. The research indicates that it will not be possible to express bomb data in terms of AOM values by employing a factor.On the basis of precision obtained by this procedure, it is concluded that it should be readily adaptable to industrial control applications.