bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Culture of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells
Authors: Tremml Gabi , Singer Matthew , Malavarca Richard 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn this unit standard culture conditions for mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) on primary murine embryonic fibroblast (PMEF or MEF) monolayers, culture conditions without MEF for feeder‐independent mESCs, and culture conditions in chemically defined media for both feeder‐independent mESCs and feeder‐dependent mESCs are described. For expansion of an mESC line, it is crucial that cells maintain their undifferentiated state and their self‐renewal capacity, and that they remain karyotypically normal, all of which are necessary for successful chimerization of the germ line upon blastocyst injection. Derivation and culture conditions for the original mESCs have been described (notably Robertson, 1987; Smith, 1991; Nagy et al., 2003), however, as there are more and more mESC lines available, it becomes evident that culture conditions are cell‐line specific to some extent, and there is a constant demand for culturing details for mESC lines derived from different mouse strains. Curr. Protoc. Stem Cell Biol. 5:1C.4.1‐1C.4.19. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Studies on the Bisoxazoline‐ and (−)‐Sparteine‐Mediated Enantioselective Addition of Organolithium Reagents to Imines
Authors: Denmark Scott E. , Nakajima Noriyuki , Stiff Cory M. , Nicaise Olivier J.‐C. , Kranz Michael 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe enantioselective addition of organolithium reagents to N‐anisylaldimines promoted by chiral bisoxazolines and (−)‐sparteine as external ligands is described. This reaction proceeds readily with a wide range of aldimine substrates (aliphatic, aromatic, olefinic) and organolithium nucleophiles (Me, n‐Bu, Ph, vinyl) in excellent yields (81–99%) and with high enantioselectivities (up to 97:3.0 er). The external ligands can be used in substoichiometric amounts albeit with slightly attenuated enantioselectivities. A systematic evaluation of the structural features of the bisoxazolines revealed a primary contribution from the substituent at C(4) and a secondary influence from the bridging substituents. A computational analysis (PM3) provided a clear rationalization for the origin of enantioselectivity.
High‐pressure viscosity and density of carbon dioxide + pentaerythritol ester mixtures: Measurements and modeling
Authors: Pensado A. S. , Pádua A. A. H. , Comuñas M. J. P. , Fernández J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis article reports densities and viscosities up to 60 MPa and from 303.15 to 353.15 K on two binary mixtures of CO2 and lubricant pentaerythritol tetra‐2‐ethylhexanoate with 7.8% and 14.4% mass fraction of lubricant. Because CO2 and the lubricant are not in the same phase at atmospheric pressure and room temperature, a specially‐designed vibrating‐wire apparatus has been used. The experimental data, together with our previous data for six mixtures of CO2 and three polyolesters, have been used to test the predictive and correlation ability of several models: simple mixing laws, the self‐referencing method, and the hard‐sphere and free volume models. In general, it is not possible to predict the viscosity with deviations smaller than 10%. The hard‐sphere model and the self‐referencing model are the more adequate to represent the viscosity of these mixtures. Most of the models studied underestimate the viscosities over the investigated (T,p) range. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
Optimal purchasing of raw materials: A data‐driven approach
Authors: Muteki Koji , MacGregor John F. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAn approach to the optimal purchasing of raw materials that will achieve a desired product quality at a minimum cost is presented. A PLS (Partial Least Squares) approach to formulation modeling is used to combine databases on raw material properties and on past process operations and to relate these to final product quality. These PLS latent variable models are then used in a sequential quadratic programming (SQP) or mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) optimization to select those raw materials, among all those available on the market, the ratios in which to combine them and the process conditions under which they should be processed. The approach is illustrated for the optimal purchasing of metallurgical coals for coke making in the steel industry. However, it is well suited to many similar problems such as the purchasing of crude oils for refining, of ingredients for processed foods and of polymeric materials to blend into functional polymers. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
A collision efficiency model for flow‐induced coagulation of fractal aggregates
Authors: Bäbler Matthäus U. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA model for flow‐induced collisions of fractal aggregates is developed. The model is based on the analysis of the relative trajectories between a pair of aggregates that takes into account their hydrodynamic and their colloidal interactions. Regarding the former, the aggregates are modeled as permeable spheres where the Brinkman equation is used to describe the flow inside the aggregates. Interparticle forces are incorporated by considering the forces between the primary particles in the two aggregates that are the nearest. The model results in a collision efficiency that depends on the masses of the colliding aggregates, the fractal dimension, and a nondimensional Hamaker constant characterizing the interparticle forces. The collision efficiency model is used to investigate the dynamics of a suspension undergoing coagulation. Significant deviations with respect to existing collision efficiency models are evidenced. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
Olivine as a tar removal catalyst during fluidized bed gasification of plastic waste
Authors: Mastellone Maria Laura , Arena Umberto 
Published: April 2008

AbstractNatural olivine was used as bed material during the gasification of plastic waste in a pilot‐scale bubbling fluidized bed reactor. The results indicate that it works as an excellent in‐situ tar reduction agent, considerably improving the quality of the gas produced, in terms of low tar content, high hydrogen volume fraction and large syngas yield. The phenomena concurring to the activation of the catalyst are described together with those that can contribute to deactivate it. A phenomenological description of the different stages occurring during gasification of plastic waste in a fluidized bed of olivine particles is also reported. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
Gender differences in genetic linkage and association on 11p15 in obsessive–compulsive disorder families
Authors: Wang Y. , Samuels J.F. , Chang Y.C. , Grados M.A. , Greenberg B.D. , Knowles J.A. , McCracken J.T. , Rauch S.L. , Murphy D.L. , Rasmussen S.A. , Cullen B. , Hoehn‐Saric R. , Pinto A. , Fyer A.J. , Piacentini J. , Pauls D.L. , Bienvenu O.J. , Riddle M. , Shugart Y.Y. , Liang K.Y. , Nestadt G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSeveral clinical and genetic studies have reported gender differences in obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). Previously, we conducted a linkage genome scan using multipoint allele‐sharing methods to test for linkage in 219 families participating in the OCD Collaborative Genetics Study. When these families were stratified by proband's gender, suggestive linkage to chromosome 11p15 at marker D11S2362 (KACall = 2.92,P = 0.00012) was detected in families with male probands, but not in the ones with female probands. We have since conducted fine mapping with a denser microsatellite marker panel in the region of 11p15, and detected a significant linkage signal at D11S4146 (KACall = 5.08,P < 0.00001) in the families of male probands. Subsequently, 632 SNPs were genotyped spanning a 4.0 Mb region of the 1 LOD unit interval surrounding the linkage peak in the original families and an additional 165 families. Six SNPs were associated with OCD (P < 0.001): two SNPs were identified when all the families were included, and four SNPs only in male proband families. No SNP showed significant association with the OCD phenotype only in the families with a female proband. The results suggest a possible gender effect in the etiology of OCD. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Air‐hole properties of calcite‐filled polypropylene copolymer films
Authors: Biswas Jagannath , Kim Hyun , Lee Byung Hyung , Choe Soonja 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis work was designed to study the effects of inorganic calcite powder on structurally different copolymer [poly(propylene‐co‐ethylene)] and terpolymer [poly (propylene‐co‐ethylene‐co‐1‐butene)] matrices and the possibility of making a suitable porous composite film. The yield stress of the composites did not improve, but the modulus increased gradually with the filler loading. The theoretical and experimental modulus and yield stress of the composites provided evidence of filler and polymer adhesion behavior. The impact strength showed little enhancement up to a 20 wt % loading for the poly(propylene‐co‐ethylene‐co‐1‐butene) system. The number‐average, weight‐average, and z‐average air‐hole diameters were compared with respect to the draw ratio as well as the calcite loading. The morphology of a micromechanically deformed composite, studied with an image analyzer, revealed that the aspect ratio and area of the air holes increased linearly as a function of the draw ratio, but the change in the aspect ratio upon filler loading was not remarkable. A suitable loading of a filler up to 30 wt % was good for controlling the porosity in the composite films. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Augmenting the performance of acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene plastics for low‐noise dynamic applications
Authors: Ganguly Anirban , Saha Swatilekha , Bhowmick Anil K. , Chattopadhyay Santanu 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe main objective of this study was to enhance the performance of acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) plastics for dynamic structural applications, including those of automobile relevance. First, ABS was modified by blending with maleic anhydride grafted styrene–ethylene–butadiene–styrene block copolymer (MA‐g‐SEBS) in various proportions. Squeaking noise characteristics were evaluated by measurement of the frictional behavior in an in‐house fabricated friction testing apparatus, and the results are explained on the basis of the change in surface energy upon modification. Detailed dynamic mechanical analyses (strain, frequency, and temperature sweep) revealed significant improvements in the damping characteristics of the modified ABS, especially that modified with 10 wt % MA‐g‐SEBS, without much sacrifice in its mechanical strength. The modulus values predicted with Kerner's model of the blends were well correlated with the morphological changes upon modification. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
A comparative study of short nylon fiber—Natural rubber composites prepared from dry rubber and latex masterbatch
Authors: P. K. Bipinbal , Kutty Sunil K. N. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA novel method for the preparation of short nylon fiber–natural rubber composites was developed in which short fibers chopped to approximately 6 mm were incorporated in the latex stage and processed into sheet form. By this method, mixing cycle time was reduced without compromising the fiber dispersion. Fiber breakage during mixing was reduced. The new composites when compounded with a dry bonding system based on hexamethylenetetramine, resorcinol and hydrated silica (HRH) showed improved modulus, tensile strength and abrasion resistance compared to conventional composites. Tear strength, resilience, and compression set were similar to the conventional composites. SEM analysis indicated better interaction between matrix and fibers in the case of latex master batch. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Hydrogel characteristics of a novel temperature‐sensitive polymer, poly(N‐2‐methoxyisopropylacrylamide)
Authors: Şölener Musa 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn this study, a novel temperature‐sensitive polymer, poly(N‐2‐methoxyisopropylacrylamide), PNMIPA, in the crosslinked hydrogel form was obtained. The monomer, N‐2‐methoxyisopropylacrylamide (NMIPA) was synthesized by the nucleophilic substitution reactions of acryloyl chloride with 2‐methoxyisopropylamine. Hydrogel matrix of PNMIPA was obtained by the bulk polymerization method. The bulk polymerization experiments were performed at +4°C, by using N,N‐methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) as crosslinker, polyethyleneglycol (PEG) 4000 as diluent, and potassium persulfate (KPS) and tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED) as the initiator and accelerator, respectively. The same polymerization procedures were applied by changing monomer, initiator, crosslinker and diluent concentrations in order to obtain crosslinked gel structures having different temperature–sensitivity properties. The equilibrium swelling ratio of PNIMPA gel matrices at constant temperature increased with increasing initiator concentration and decreasing monomer concentration. The use of PEG 4000 as diluent in the gel synthesis resulted in about two times increase in equilibrium swelling ratios in the low temperature region. A decrease in the equilibrium swelling ratios of gel matrices started at 30°C and the decrease became insignificant at 55°C. Temperature‐sensitivities were determined in two different media. Distilled water medium was used in order to observe the temperature‐sensitivity of the gel clearly and the phosphate buffer medium was used in order to represent the temperature‐sensitive swelling behavior of the gel when it is used in biological media. Step effect was applied on ambient temperature in two opposite directions in order to examine the dynamic swelling and shrinking behaviors of the gels. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Polymeric thermal actuation using laminates based on polymer–clay nanocomposites
Authors: Chen Biqiong , Liu Shuo , Evans Julian R. G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractPolymer and polymer–clay nanocomposite laminates were prepared as transparent thermal actuators with possible uses in automatic aeration and ventilation or as thermal switches. Low levels of smectite clay addition reduced the thermal expansion coefficient of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) but retained optical clarity and reduced water absorption. X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy were used to confirm the formation of PMMA–clay nanocomposites, and dynamic mechanical analysis was used to measure the coefficients of thermal expansion. The experimental values of the radius of curvature of the laminates from cantilever bending tests were in good agreement with the theoretical predictions for composite bars with only 4 wt % (nominally 1.3 vol %) mineral reinforcement. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Synthesis and Structure of Monomeric, Trimeric, and Mixed Phenylcyanamides
Authors: Brand Harald , Mayer Peter , Schulz Axel , Soller Thomas , Villinger Alexander 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn a new synthetic approach phenylcyanamide (Hpca) was synthesized by methylation of phenylthiourea followed by a basic work‐up. All products along the synthetic route have been fully characterized by means of NMR, IR, and X‐ray studies. The first structural report of neutral mixed crystals of phenylcyanamide containing monomeric and trimeric Hpca is presented. Examination of these intriguing mixed crystals revealed the formation of distinct layers of monomeric and trimeric Hpca. These layers are interconnected by weak hydrogen bonds. The trimer represents triphenylisomelamine, which readily isomerizes to the triphenylmelamine in the melt, in accord with computations at the B3LYP level, indicating an exothermic process (ΔH=−49.4 kcal mol−1). Pure trimeric Hpca (triphenylisomelamine) was obtained either by recrystallization of the mixed crystals from boiling water or by trimerization of monomeric Hpca in isopropanol for 12 h under reflux conditions. For comparison tritylcyanamide (Htca) and potassium phenylcyanamide as an [18]crown‐6 complex [K([18]crown‐6)pca] have been synthesized, and the solid‐state structures were determined using X‐ray diffraction techniques. The thermal behavior was studied by thermo‐analytical experiments. In agreement with the experimental results, computations predict an exothermic cyclotrimerization process for Hpca (ΔH=−41.3 kcal mol−1).
Botulinum toxin for recurrent anal fissure following lateral internal sphincterotomy
Authors: Brisinda G , Cadeddu F , Brandara F , Marniga G , Vanella S , Nigro C , Maria G 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

Background
The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of botulinum toxin injection in the treatment of recurrent anal fissure following lateral internal sphincterotomy.

Methods
Eighty patients were treated with botulinum toxin (30 units Botox® or 90 units Dysport®), injected into two sites of the internal sphincter. Clinical and manometric results were recorded before and after treatment. If symptoms persisted at 2 months, the examiners could decide to re-treat the patient. The same preparation of serotype A of botulinum neurotoxin was used for reinjection.

Results
One month after injection there was complete healing in 54 patients (68 per cent). Eight patients (10 per cent) reported mild incontinence of flatus that had disappeared spontaneously within 2 months. At 2 months, 59 patients (74 per cent) had a healing scar. After reinjection, 11 of 21 re-treated patients reported mild incontinence to flatus that lasted for a few weeks and resolved spontaneously. Anorectal manometry at 1 month demonstrated a significant reduction in both resting anal pressure and maximum voluntary squeeze pressure (P &lt; 0·001). There were no relapses during a mean value of 57·9 months of follow-up.

Conclusion
Botulinum toxin is efficacious in patients with recurrent anal fissure following lateral internal sphincterotomy.
Use of enoxaparin results in more haemorrhagic complications after breast surgery than unfractionated heparin
Authors: Hardy R G , Williams L , Dixon J M 
Published: April 2008

AbstractBackgroundLow molecular weight heparin (LMWH) is used in preference to unfractionated heparin (UFH) for the prevention of postoperative thromboembolism in many UK surgical units. There are, however, conflicting reports on the relative risk of significant bleeding in surgical patients, and no data exist in the literature for patients undergoing breast surgery.MethodsData for patients in the Edinburgh Breast Unit with postoperative breast haematoma that needed surgical intervention were analysed for two 12-month intervals in which either UFH (2001) or LMWH (2005–2006) was used for thromboprophylaxis. Haematoma rates in the 6 months after UFH was reintroduced in 2006–2007 were also determined.ResultsThe rate of haematoma requiring surgical intervention was 0·4 per cent (six of 1452 wounds) in patients who had UFH, compared with 1·8 per cent (32 of 1780 wounds) for LMWH. The rate fell to 0·5 per cent (four of 773 wounds) on reinstituting UFH. The relative risk of haematoma was significantly higher with LMWH than with UFH (4·00 (95 per cent confidence interval 1·97 to 8·11); P &lt; 0·001). No significant postoperative thromboembolic complications were recorded.ConclusionLMWH thromboprophylaxis was associated with a significant increase in haemorrhagic complications after breast surgery compared with UFH.
Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography-directed intravenous glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist therapy to control transient cerebral microemboli before and after carotid endarterectomy
Authors: van Dellen D , Tiivas C A S , Jarvi K , Marshall C , Higman D J , Imray C H E 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

Background
Patients with a transient focal neurological deficit, critical carotid stenosis and/or microemboli detected by transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (TCD) have a significant risk of stroke. The effect of tirofiban, a selective glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor, was assessed in patients with microembolic signals on TCD after transient ischaemic attacks or carotid endarterectomy (CEA).

Methods
Thirty-three patients with microemboli on TCD (13 symptomatic preoperative, 19 postoperative, one both) were treated with tirofiban between 2002 and 2007. All patients had carotid stenosis greater than 70 per cent. TCD monitoring was used during and after tirofiban therapy.

Results
The median (range) rate of microemboli decreased from 22 (4–260) per h before surgery and 81 (44–216) per h after surgery to 0 (0–9) per h in both groups (P &lt; 0·001, Mann–Whitney U test). This occurred rapidly (preoperative median 30 min; postoperative median 45 min) and was well tolerated in all patients, with no serious adverse effects.

Conclusion
Cerebral microemboli were controlled by tirofiban both before and after CEA. Further study is required to compare the relative efficacy of tirofiban and dextran.
Malformation of True Bug (Heteroptera): a Phenotype Field Study on the Possible Influence of Artificial Low‐Level Radioactivity
Authors: Hesse‐Honegger Cornelia , Wallimann Peter 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe results of extensive field studies on the malformation of Western European true bugs (Heteroptera) are reviewed. More than 16,000 individuals were collected over two decades, and subjected to detailed visual inspection. Various types of disturbances were found and illustrated in detail. Depending on country, region, as well as local influences, severe disturbances and high degrees of malformation were noticed, especially in the sphere of nuclear‐power installations in Switzerland (Aargau), France (La Hague), and Germany (Gundremmingen). Malformation reached values as high as 22 and 30% for morphological (MD) and total disturbance (TD), respectively. This is far above the values expected for natural populations (ca. 1%) or those determined for true bugs living in biotopes considered as relatively ‘intact’ (1–3%). A detailed chi‐square test of the malformation data obtained for 650 true bugs from 13 collection sites near the nuclear‐reprocessing plant La Hague showed a highly significant correlation (p=0.003) between malformation and wind exposure/local topography. Similar observations were made for other study sites. Currently, our data are best rationalized by assuming a direct influence between the release of anthropogenic radionuclides such as tritium (3H), carbon‐14 (14C), or iodine‐131 (131I), constantly emitted by nuclear‐power and nuclear‐reprocessing plants, as well as by Chernobyl and bomb‐testing fallout, which is rich in caesium‐137 (137Cs) and other long‐lived noxious isotopes that have entered the food chain. The present work supports the growing evidence that low‐level radiation, especially in the form of randomly scattered ‘hot’ α‐ and β‐particles, mainly transported via aerosols, puts a heavy burden on the biosphere in general, and on true bugs in particular. These insects could, thus, serve as sensitive ‘bio‐indicators’ for future studies.