bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Problèmes relatifs à la formulation des pesticides pour les pulvérisations à ultra‐bas volume
Authors: Hope J.N. 
Published: April 2008

SummaireAprès une étude des différents facteurs qui influent sur la mise au point de bonnes formulations ULV de pesticides, l'auteur souligne l'importance du choix judicieux des supports huileux et de l'incorporation des matières actives, et met en garde contre les aléas des formulations « sur place ». L'emploi de pulvérisateurs capables de produire des gouttelettes de dimension bien définie s'impose également.
Report on Olive Fly Control with Ultra‐low Volume Concentrate Bait Air Sprays
Authors: Psyllakis N. , Mikros L. , Androulakis J. , Loupasaki M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn the 1968 olive fly control season the effectiveness of an ultra‐low volume concentrate bait consisting of 87% protein hydrolysate and 13% insecticide Malathion ULV 96% and of a standard type bait, consisting of 12% protein hydrolysate Atropaz, 1,57% malathion 57% (0.9% active ingredient) and 86.43% water, applied by air against the Dacus fly were compared. Both baits resulted in very good olive fly control and the olive fruit at the end of the season was completely free of any infestation. No differences in the effectiveness of the two baits tried could be established, however.
Evolution des techniques d'application antiparasitaire fongicide au cours de la décennie écoulée
Authors: Audibert M. 
Published: April 2008

SummaireL'auteur souligne, dans un premier temps, l'évolution des traitements antiparasitaires vers les techniques d'épandage à bas volume. Après avoir précisé l'intérêt de ces dernières, il retrace l'historique des matériels qui ont été successivement mis au point puis énonce les diverses cultures auxquelles ils s'appliquent en mentionnant les expérimentations effectuées depuis dix ans.
Lutte chimique à bas et très bas volume effectuée par voie aérienne contre les principaux parasites des agrumes et de l'olivier en Tunisie et en Libye
Authors: Stancic J. , Yana A. 
Published: April 2008

SummaireDepuis quelques années, les services de la protection des végétaux et les organismes de recherche des pays de l'Afrique du Nord se penchent sur le problème de la technique de lutte chimique à appliquer dans les conditions climatiques et culturales spécifiques de cette zone. Les premiers essais de traitements aériens à bas et très bas volume contre Ceratitis capitata Wied. sur agrumes ont été entrepris en Tunisie en 1967. Ces essais ont été beaucoup intensifiés en 1968 et étendus également en Libye à la lutte contre Dacus oleae Gmel. sur l'olivier. Cette nouvelle technique a donné des résultats très encourageants. Les produits insecticides, qui ont été testés à bas et à très bas volume, sont le Malathion LV (96% m.a.) contre C. capitata et le Malarhion LV, le phosphamidon (50 et 100% m.a.) et le dicrotophos (100% m.a.) contre D. oleae. Le rapport insecticide/attractif a étéégalement étudié.
Aerial Application of Chemicals at Low and Ultra‐low Volume Against Main Pests of Citrus and Olive Trees in Tunisia and Libya
Authors: Stancic J. , Yana A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractEncouraging results were obtained in low and ultra‐low volume aerial applications against Ceratitis capitata Wied. in Tunisia (Malathion LV 96%) and against this pest and against Dacus oleae Gmel. in Libya (with Malathion LV, phosphamidon 50 and 100% a.i. and dicrotophos 100%). The mixture rates of insecticide and bait were also considered.
La cicadelle verte (Empoasca flavescens F.), cause d'importants rougissements du feuillage de la vigne
Authors: Baggiolini M. , Canevascini V. , Caccia R. 
Published: April 2008

SummaireL'étude de la symptomatologie des dégâts imputables àEmpoasca flavescens F. a conduit à une concordance de vues entre chercheurs italiens, français et suisses. Grandes sont les possibilités de confusion avec les altérations chromatiques des feuilles de vigne dues à d'autres causes comme les viroses, les acariens, les carences alimentaires, etc., et l'interprétation erronée des symptômes peut avoir des conséquences fâcheuses. C'est la raison pour laquelle il a paru utile de préciser les différentes natures des dégâts.
Pesticides and Wildlife: Retrospect and Prospect
Authors: Moriarty F. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe effects are described of organochlorine insecticides on two indigenous British species of wildlife: the peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus Tunstall) and the small tortoiseshell butterfly (Aglais urticae [L.]). Four conclusions are drawn about the effects of pesticides on wildlife, which are then used to consider the possible risks from organophosphorus insecticides.
Signification de l'étude qualitative et quantitative des champignons phytopathogènes telluriques
Authors: Louvet J. 
Published: April 2008

SommaireL'importance de la détermination précise des champignons phytopathogènes actifs dans le sol est rappelée. La nécessité de réaliser des inoculations pour déterminer les formes spéciales et les races de Fusarium oxysporum (Schlecht.) Sn. et H. responsables de trachéomycoses est prise comme exemple. Des recherches sur le mode d'action de ces champignons vis‐à‐vis des plantes et sur leur comportement dans le sol en fonction des facteurs de l'environnement doivent également être développées.Les études quantitatives sur Ies populations de champignons phytopathogènes existant dans le sol peuvent permettre de mieux déterminer si ces champignons sont présents ou non dans un sol donné (détection), d'étudier la dynamique de leurs populations en fonction des facteurs du milieu (écologie) et d'établir s'il existe des corrélations entre les quantités de germes et la gravité des mabdies. De nombreux facteurs encore insuffisamment connus entrent en jeu, mais ces études ont permis de prendre conscience de l'importance de certains d'entre eux et elles aboutiront à la découverte de nouvelles méthodes de lutte reposant sur des bases biologiques précises.
Soil‐borne Pathogens in Ornamental Bulbs as Related to Quarantine Problems
Authors: Schenk P.K. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe introduction of systemic fungicides belonging to the group of benzimidazoles has greatly improved the available methods for the control of several destructive diseases of ornamental bulbs. This is illustrated on the basis of two diseases of tulips that may be soil‐borne, viz. Botrytis tulipae (Lib.) Lind and Fusarium oxysporum Schl.Benomyl in particular appears to be very active against these and certain other pathogens sometimes carried by planting material. With respect to Fusarium, treated tulip bulbs planted in contaminated soil are protected against infection occurring at high soil temperatures (15°C and higher) shortly after planting. Improved methods of chemical soil disinfection (methylbromide and DD under plastic seal) provide almost complete eradication of nematode populations in sandy soils. Application of these methods will further reduce problems given by stem eelworms (D. dipsaci Kühn and D. destructor Thorne) and free‐living nematodes that transmit soil‐borne viruses (Trichodorus spp.).
The Present Position in the Systematics of Meloidogyne
Authors: Franklin Mary T. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe genus Meloidogyne includes 32 species. The main character used for differentiation is the posterior cuticular pattern of the female. This is difficult to define and often variable but in most species it is characteristic. The body length and length and shape of the tails of the larvae, and the head characters of males, can also be used in identification of some species. The morphological and physiological variability in the commonest species is so great as to suggest that they may be species complexes or that evolution may be proceeding at an observable rate. This results in some uncertainty in the systematics.
Rôle économique et importance des Meloidogyne en Europe et dans le bassin Méditerranéen
Authors: Ritter M. 
Published: April 2008

SommaireLes nématodes appartenant au genre Meloidogyne peuvent être considérés à I'échelle mondiale comme le groupe le plus important de ces parasites. Les « anguillules des racines noueuses », ou « rootknot nematode « des auteurs anglosaxons, ont été longtemps jugées comme étant graves seulement dans les pays tropicaux ou méditerranéens chauds. Les différentes espèces sont souvent difficiles à distinguer on les a confondues jusqu'à une date récente et nombre d'entre elles restent encore à décrire — neuf ont été signalées en Europe.La fréquence et la gravité des attaques semblent augmenter dans les régions méditerranéennes, surtout sur cultures maraîchères, florales, fruitières et sur coton (M. arenaria [Neal] Chitwood, M. incognita [Kofoid et White] Chitwood, M. javanica [Treub] Chitwood). Ces espèces posent aussi de graves problèmes dans toutes les serres européennes. En Europe occidentale, M. hapla Chitwood attaque de multiples cultures légumières: M. naasi Franklin, découvert et décrit récemment, devient un ennemi grave des céréales. Les pertes dues à ces nématodes représentent plusieurs pour cent du produit brut des cultures intéressées dans les aires géogra‐phiques infestées.
An Interpretation of the Ultrastructural Response of Tomato Roots Susceptible and Resistant to Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid et White) Chitwood
Authors: Webster J.M. , Paulson R.E. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractGiant cells, which are nutrient sources for the developing larvae of Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid et White) Chitwood in susceptible tomato roots, are characterized by proliferation of cytoplasm and organelles, lobing of nuclei and irregularly thickened walls. The hypersensitive response of resistant tomato roots occurs more quickly than does the susceptible response and is characterized initially by intercellular deposits, loss of vacuolar electron‐dense deposits, increased electron‐density of the cytoplasm and an increase in the number of ribosomes. Eventually there is a loss of membrane‐distinctness in the cell. The sequence and type of organelle changes suggest that the oesophageal secretions of the nematode into susceptible cells may de‐repress a gene (s) to induce DNA synthesis. Subsequently auxin activity increases ribosomal RNA synthesis so facilitating protein synthesis and water and solute translocation. In a resistant plant the oesophageal secretions may activate a gene that produces a thermolabile enzyme that rapidly releases substances from the vacuoles or lysosomes and so manifests the hypersensitive response. The effect of this enzyme is overcome by exogenous kinetin thus supporting the role of cytokinins in the host response.
Problems and Programs in the Application of the Sterility Principle for the Control of Ceratitis capitata Wied.
Authors: Chance L.E. La 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn spite of the good results obtained in the control of Ceratitis under field conditions on the Italian islands of Capri and Procida, in Nicaragua and in the Spanish Murcia area, several problems connected with the sterile male technique still have to be solved. Mass rearing of the insects must be improved. Perhaps, total sterility of the males is not required and the necessary dose of irradiation must be studied in relation to its effect on their competitiveness in the field. In checking the efficacy of field operations the recapture of marked individuals will have to be supplemented or gradually replaced by the time‐consuming assessment of egg‐hatching and fruit‐damage. Studies of the influence of environmental factors on population densities must be intensified.
The Ecology of Soil‐borne Pathogens
Authors: Oort A.J.P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe complexity of the interrelations of the varying environmental factors which may affect the host, the pathogen and consequently the host‐pathogen inter‐ action is stressed. The effect of climatic conditions, soil properties, soil biota and human influences is indicated. Two aspects of the ecology of soil‐borne pathogens, viz. dispersal and survival are discussed.
The Use of Insect Viruses for the Protection of Forests
Authors: Wellenstein G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAmong the various possibilities for biological control the use of insect polyhedral, granulosis and polypox viruses in the forest is especially promising. Specific virus diseases are known for more than 15 forest insect pests and some have been tested successfully.In close collaboration with the « Institute for Biological Control of Insect Pests » in Darmstadt and other European entomologists, the polyhedral viruses of Lymantria dispar L., L. monacha L., Malacosoma neuslria L., Choristoneura murinana Hübn. (Tortricidae) and Neodiprion sertifer Geoffr. have been produced by mass rearing of caterpillars, since 1968, at the Institute of Forest Zoology of the University of Freiburg im Breisgau. The optimal concentrations and application rates and the best timing to produce infections can be found by experiments in the laboratory and in the forest. A disadvantage of viruses is their long incubation period. This can be shortened considerably by the addition of safe chemicals to the virus suspension (for example 0.05%‐0.1% CuSO4).ResumeL'utilisation des virus entomopathogènes dans la protection des forêtsParmi les différentes possibilités de lutte biologique, l'emploi en sylviculture des virus à action insecticide des types polyédrique, granulaire ou « polypox » ouvre des perspectives particulièrement intéressantes. Pour plus de 15 insectes nuisibles aux forêts, les viroses spécifiques sont connues et, contre plusieurs de ces ravageurs, elles ont permis d'obtenir d'excellents résultats expérimentaux.Depuis 1968, l'Institut de zoologie forestière de l'Université de Fribourg en Br., en étroite collaboration avec l'Institut de lutte biologique de Darmstadt, s'est occupé de la production des virus polyédriques de Lymantria dispar L., L. monacba L., Malacosoma neustria L., Choristoneura murinana Hübn. et Neodiprion sertifer Geoffr., au moyen d'élevages massifs de chenilles. Les conditions optimales d'application, ainsi que la meilleure période d'infection, ont pu être établies en laboratoire aussi bien qu'en forêt. Un desavantage des viroses réside dans leur période d'incubation prolongée; l'adjonction aux suspensions virosiques de composés chimiques n'ayant pas d'effets indésirables sur le plan hygiénique permet de réduire cette période dans des proportions considérables.
Cost‐benefit Analysis in Orchards where Integrated Control is Practised
Authors: Steiner H. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractPlant protection practices applied during 1972 in 25 apple orchards with integrated control and 20 with conventional control in the Stuttgart area are discussed. It has been found that integrated control has succeeded in reducing the total variable costs of plant protection by about 20 %. The resulting expenses for training plant protection officers and fruit growers are explained. One of the main reasons, why farmers applying the conventional method are forced to switch to integrated control is undoubtedly on economic grounds because of increasing costs for controlling either resistant pests or formerly minor pests becoming serious problems.
Incidence économique des nématodes sur la production agricole
Authors: Ritter M. 
Published: April 2008

SommaireLes pertes de récoltes dues aux nématodes sont importantes et difficiles à réduire, en raison même de la nature des dommages et des relations multiples qui existent entre la plante‐hôte et le ravageur. Ainsi, en dehors des dégâts directs, les nématodes peuvent déclencher ou favoriser le développement d'autres maladies, ou agir en tant que vecteur. d'incidence économique est aussi bien quantitative que qualitative.Les semences ou le matériel destinéà la reproduction, qui sont contaminés, devraient être systématiquement détruits ou désinfectés. Le coût des traitements, l'amélioration des pratiques culturales en matière de fumure, irrigation ou assole‐ment doivent faire l'objet d'études consciencieuses, de faĉon à assurer une protection économique.Pour mesurer et chiffrer les pertes, on peut utiliser divers critères: essais de pathogénicité en conditions artificielles, traitements de plein champ plus ou moins sélectifs, établissement de formules de corrélation entre les densités de populations révélées par l'analyse du sol et les diminutions de récoltes observées ou escomptées.Les préjudices causés par les nématodes aux diverses cultures européennes sont du même ordre que ceux qui ont été constatés aux Etats‐Unis et sétablissent comme suit: 5 % pour les céréales et le maïs, 10 % environ pour la pomme de terre, la betterave et les diverses cultures maraîchères ou ornementales (ce pourcentage est probablement dépassé pour les cultures fruitières). Ces données montrent que l'on sous‐estime en général l'importance économique des divers nématodes phytophages, et justifient les mesures préconisées pour en limiter la propagation.
Yield Responses in Relation to the Chemical Control of Root‐knot Nematodes in Southern Italy
Authors: Lamberti F. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractNematicide trials have been conducted in Southern Italy to determine the yield response of tobacco, tomato and egg‐plant. The nematode species involved were mainly Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood and M. arenaria (Neal) Chitwood. Many nematicides have an impact also on other soil pathogens or even on insects, so that the yied increase observed in the field has to be considered as a combined effect. On tobacco, most of the nematicides gave positive results, but it appeared that there might be important differences according to the variety considered. In certain tomato fields, which had not been specially attacked by Meloidogyne, the positive effects seemed to be also due to the insecticidal or fungicidal effect of the chemicals. No statistically significant yield increases were, however, obtained on treated egg‐plant fields.
The Problem of Protecting Crops Against Harmful Birds in Poland
Authors: Pinowski J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractFrom the point of view of Polish agriculture, the rook (Corpus frugilegus L.) causes the most damage. Jackdaws (C. monedula L.) usually forage together with rooks and are equally abundant as a breeding species in the southern and central regions of Poland. Fields under spring oats, barley, wheat, maize, peas and winter wheat are the main feeding grounds of rooks and jackdaws. Unlike the corvine birds, starlings (Sturnus vulgaris L.), in Poland, only cause damage to cherry orchards, although in certain areas they also attack strawberries and currants. The house sparrows (Passer domesticus L.) cause considerable damage to ripening crops of wheat, barley, and sunflowers. Domestic pigeons cause considerable damage to crops of peas, wheat and maize grown within a 50 km radius of a town.
Environmental Quality and the Economics of Agricultural Pest Control)
Authors: Headley J.C. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTEven though there have been many actions to limit chlorinated hydrocarbons used to control insects, many significant environmental problems connected with agricultural pest control remain. To deal with environmental effects in pest control strategy requires economic evaluation even though there are analytical difficulties. Environmental effects of pest control methods can be given economic meaning through the use of implied values measured in terms of sacrifices of conventional benefits. Where the biological significance of damages from pest control methods is known, the problem is to evaluate the differences in net benefits for alternative strategies. However, for those damages which involve uncertainty some sort of hazard‐benefit analysis is needed with the ultimate decision made by persons responsible to society for value judgements. More co‐operation is needed by economists and pest control experts to provide the best information possible within the limits of their professional expertise including analyzing pest control methods in the time dimension. High quality scientific analysis reduces the uncertainty for political decisions.
Economic Aspects of Pest Control1)
Authors: Davidson A. , Norgaard R.B. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTThe activities of economists associated with the IBP project entitled « The Principles, Strategies, and Tactics of Pest Population Regulation and Control in Major Crop Ecosystems » and their interaction with entomologists in the design and implementation of integrated control strategies are described. Profit maximization criteria and a method of considering farmers behaviour with respect to risk are developed. The term «economic threshold » is further clarified; and a simpler concept, « the damage threshold », is introduced. Regional institutions such as pest management co‐operatives and districts and the factors which affect their introduction and successful operation are considered.
Breeding Plant Varieties Resistant to Pests1)
Authors: Sneep J. , Dieleman F.L. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTIn The Netherlands at present the research on resistance against pests is aimed at red spider mite in cucumber, glasshouse whitefly in tomato, carrot fly, aphids in lettuce. In addition projects are planned with a view to breeding resistance against Myzus persicae Sulz. in paprika, and aphids in barley.Tolerance can hardly be considered as a type of resistance, since it does not control the parasite population. Non‐preference has some advantages, but does not reduce the size of the insect population and causes pests to migrate to other plants and possibly to the neighbours. Antibiosis is the more desirable type of resistance. To prevent it from being broken, antibiosis ought to be based on polygenes. Another method of prevention is to breed multiline varieties.When creating new varieties that possess certain valuable qualities in combination with a resistance based on polygenes, the breeder has to test yearly thousands of plants. Rapid methods for mass‐testing for resistance are therefore urgently needed.Breeders have found high‐yielding varieties, which help to feed the world population. However, the desired resistance against pests must frequently come from low‐yielding varieties. To combine the indispensable high yields with resistance against pests is a time‐consuming work. The process will be shortened as better screening methods become available.
Studies on Insect Damage and Economic Thresholds in the Soviet Union
Authors: Tanskii V.I. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTStudies on damage caused by insects in the USSR provide a basis for establishing economic threshold levels for pest populations. Consideration is given to the relationship existing between insects and their host‐plants and to the efficacy of insecticide treatments.Economic thresholds depend to a large extent upon weather conditions and varietal characteristics of a crop. However, when considering different geographical zones it appears that there are no significant differences in economic thresholds. In the USSR, the wide use of economic thresholds yields excellent results and allows for a substantial economy in insecticide use on millions of hectares.
A Review of Changes in the Pattern of Infestation in International Trade1
Authors: Freeman J.A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractChanges in the degree and kind of infestation by storage insects and mites in imports into Great Britain since the EPPO Conference in Lisbon, 1967, are reviewed. There has been an overall fall in the percentage of infested cargoes from 33 % in 1967 to 23 % in 1973, and a corresponding fall in the incidence of occurrence of many species. The various changes in different classes of commodities, cereals, oilseeds, cocoa beans, etc., according to country of origin, are discussed in detail. The effects of containerisation and greater use of road transport, the growing problem of insecticide resistance in storage insects and mites and the significance of infestation in imports are discussed in relation to future developments in international trade.