bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regeneration of the interdental soft tissues following denudation procedures
Authors: van der Velden U. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract The present study investigated the location of the gingival margin, following denudation of the interdental alveolar bone. In seven patients apically positioned flap procedures were performed in such a way that complete interdental denudation was achieved. Teeth showing interdental osseous craters were excluded from the study. Three years post‐treatment a mean pocket depth of 2.17 mm was found. No differences in attachment level prior to and 3 years after treatment could be assessed.Results showed a mean distance of 4.33 mm between the location of the gingival margin 3 years post‐treatment and the bone level during surgery. This finding is discussed in relation to the question of how much alveolar bone should be removed if, in case of extensive carious lesion or crown fracture, the cervical outline of the restoration is located near the bone level.
Effect of longstanding jiggling on experimental marginal periodontitis in the beagle dog
Authors: Ericsson Ingvar , Lindhe Jan 
Published: December 2005

Abstract The aim of the present experiment was to study the effect of a prolonged period of jiggling force application on the rate of progression of ligature‐induced, plaque‐associated marginal periodontitis in the beagle dog.The experiment was performed on eight dogs fed a diet which permitted dental plaque accumulation. On Day 0 a phase of periodontal tissue breakdown was initiated around the mandibular fourth premolars (4P; P4) by the placing of plaque retention ligatures around the neck of the teeth. The ligatures were exchanged once a month throughout the entire study. On Day 60 trauma from occlusion of the jiggling type was produced in the P4 region and maintained for 300 days. The animals were sacrificed on Day 360. Following sacrifice tissue sections comprising 1M, 4P, 4P and P3, P4, M1 were produced and subjected to microscopic analysis.The experiment revealed that in the dog jiggling forces applied to teeth which are also subjected to ligature‐induced and plaque‐associated marginal periodontitis, may enhance the rate of destruction of the periodontium.
Use of chlorhexidine as a plaque control measure following surgical treatment of periodontal disease
Authors: Westfelt Elisabeth , Nyman Sture , Lindhe Jan , Socransky Sigmund 
Published: December 2005

Abstract Chlorhexidine mouth rinsing was compared with regularly performed professional tooth cleaning as a plaque control measure during healing following periodontal surgery. 14 patients were selected for the study. A Baseline examination included assessment of oral hygiene status, gingival condition, probing depth and attachment level. In each patient, scaling and root planing was earned out in conjunction with the modified Widman flap procedure including reacontouring of alveolar bone irregularities in 2 jaw quadrants. The same procedures without osseous surgery were performed in contralateral jaw quadrants.7 patients rinsed their mouth with a solution of 0.2% chlorhexidine digluconate twice a day, 2 min each time, for the first 6 months after therapy (healing phase). During the same period the remaining 7 patients were recalled every 2 weeks for professional tooth cleaning ad modum Axelsson & Lindhe (1974). Following reexamination after 6 months, all 14 patients were placed on a maintenance care program which included mechanical prophylaxis once every 3 months for 18 months (maintenance phase). Reexaminations were performed 6, 12 and 24 months after completion of initial therapy.The results revealed that professional tooth cleaning was somewhat more effective as a plaque control measure during healing following surgery than chlorhexidine mouth rinsing. At the end of the healing phase (1) there was a higher frequency of sites with pockets deeper than 4 mm in the patients who rinsed with chlorhexidine, (2) less gain of attachment occurred following chlorhexidine rinsing in pockets with an initial probing depth of >4 mm, and (3) attachment Joss in initially shallow pockets was somewhat more pronounced in the patients who rinsed with chlorhexidine, The differences in the effect of the 2 methods of plaque control, however, were small and in most respects diminished in the course of the maintenance phase. It was concluded that mouth rinsing with chlorhexidine is a proper alternative to plaque control during healing following periodontal surgery.
Use of metronidazole as a probe in the study of human periodontal disease
Authors: Lindhe J. , Liljenberg B. , Adielson B. , Börjesson I. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract The present investigation was performed to test the hypothesis that the persistence of inflammatory periodontal disease in human subjects is incompatible with the elimination of the anaerobic segments of the subgingival microbiota.16 human subjects participated in the trial. They were selected on the basis of advanced periodontal disease which had produced at least 4 pairs of contra lateral teeth with advanced disease. At the Baseline examination the diseased sites were characterized by assessment of plaque, gingivitis, probing depth and attachment level. In addition, the composition of the subgingival microbiota was determined. One pair of sites was subjected to biopsy. In the tissue samples the size of the inflammatory cell infiltrate was assessed.Following the Baseline examination the patients were randomly distributed into 2 treatment groups, test and control. The patients of the test group received metronidazole for 3 periods of 2 weeks each, separated by intervals of 8 weeks. In addition, all patients received detailed oral hygiene instruction and a series of subgingival scalings involving 2 quadrants of the dentition, either the right or the left jaw quadrants, Reexaminations were performed 2, 10, 20, 30 and 50 weeks after the Baseline examination. Biopsies from the predetermined sites were obtained at the reexaminations performed 2,20 and 50 weeks after the initiation of the therapy.The results demonstrated that the elimination of metronidazole sensitive bacteria from the subgingival microbiota resulted in the disappearance of clinical and histopathological signs of periodontal disease. Metronidazole has a unique bactericidal range against anaerobic bacteria. The present findings, therefore, emphasize the central role played by the anaerobic segments of the subgingival plaque for the maintenance of the inflammatory component of periodontal disease.
Comparison of different data analyses for detecting changes in attachment level
Authors: Haffajee A. D. , Socransky S. S. , Goodson J. M. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract The purpose of the present investigation was to evaluate methods to detect periods of destructive periodontal disease activity in individual sites using pairs of repeated attachment level measurements. Attachment level measurements were made at 6 sites on every tooth in 22 individuals with radiographie evidence of periodontal destruction, and were repeated within 7 days. A total of 3414 sites were monitored at 2‐month intervals for approximately 1 year. 3 analytical procedures were used to test for significant changes in attachment level. For regression analysis, a linear least squares fit function of time in days vs attachment level was computed for each site and the slope tested for difference from 0. Running medians of 3 were used to smooth attachment level measurements and changes > 2 mm in the smoothed curves were considered significant. By the tolerance method diferences between pairs of attachment level measurements were used to compare the mean change and the site specific variability of that change. The proportion of specific agreement (Ps) for breaking down sites was highest between the tolerance and running median methods (Ps = 0.63). Overall agreement (kappa), which included sites which showed “loss”, “gain”, and no change was 0.56. By regression analysis (P < 0.01). 175 sites were identified as having significant attachment loss and 79 sites were identified as improving. By running medians these figures were 90 and 50. and by tolerance 94 and 40, respectively.Each of the 3 methods had certain advantages. Regression analysis was particularly sensitive to gradual changes in slope whereas the running median method detecting abrupt changes in attachment level. The tolerance method was well suited to detecting changes over a short period of time. The tolerance and running median methods detected more breaking down sites on the molars and tower incisors and on interproximal surfaces: whereas regression analysis did not show these differences.
A long junctional epithelium ‐ A locus minoris resistentiae in plaque infection?
Authors: Magnusson Ingvae , Runstad Lilian , Nyman Sture , Lindhe Jan 
Published: December 2005

Abstract The present experiment was undertaken to examine whether a gingival unit with a long junctional epithelium provides a. less efficient seal against plaque infection than a unit with a junctional epithelium of normal length. Periodontal tissue breakdown was produced around 8 teeth (test teeth) in each of 4 monkeys by placing elastic ligatures around the neck of the teeth. When the periodontal pockets at the approximal tooth surfaces were 4–5 mm deep and angular bony defects had been produced, the ligatures were removed. The periodontal tissues of the test teeth were subjected to flap surgery. The exposed root surfaces were scaled and planed but no osseous surgery was carried out. Following surgery, plaque control comprising all teeth of the dentition was instituted and maintained for 4 months. Healing following this type of surgical treatment involved the establishment of a long junctional epithelium. During the final 6 months of experimentation, oral hygiene measures were abandoned and plaque was allowed to accumulate. In each animal, 4 test teeth and 3 normal control teeth were selected to study gingival inflammation resulting from undisturbed plaque accumulation. In order to enhance subgingival plaque formation, in each animal cotton floss ligatures were placed in the entrance of the gingival sulci of the remaining 4 test teeth and in 3 controls. The animals were sacrificed 10 months after surgery. The jaws were removed and histological sections of the teeth including surrounding periodontal tissues were produced.The histological analysis revealed that the inflammatory lesion in the gingival connective tissue (the ICT area) resulting from plaque infection did not extend deeper into the periodontal tissues in sites with a long junctional epithelium than in gingival units of normal height. The results were interpreted to indicate that the barrier function of a long junctional epithelium against plaque infection is not inferior to that provided by a dentogingival epithelium of normal length.
Histopathology of initial gingivitis in humans
Authors: Klinge Björn , Matsson Lars , Attström Rolf 
Published: December 2005

Abstract The present study concerns the inflammatory alterations in the gingival margin during initial gingivitis in 11–13 year old human subjects.At day 0 of the experiment, all participants had clean teeth and healthy gingiva. All active oral hygiene measures were excluded for 4 days. From upper and lower premolars, which were extracted for orthodontic reasons, contralateral gingival biopsies, including the tooth and the adjacent gingiva, were obtained on days 0 and 4. The presence of inflammatory cells in the junctional epithelium and the adjacent connective tissue was determined quantitatively in semi‐thin sections. The collagen content of the gingival margin was also determined.From day 0 to day 4 there was only a slight increase in the number of neutrophilic granulocytes in the junctional epithelium and adjacent connective tissue, while a more pronounced increase was found in the number of mononuclear leukocytes. A loss of collagen was noticed in 4 of the subjects, while 2 did not show any changes in collagen content.The inflammatory reaction seen in the present study differs somewhat from that observed in adult humans and adult dogs. The results correspond more to the reaction seen in juvenile dogs.
Clinical and histological characteristics of lyophilized allogenic dura mater in periodontal bony defects in humans
Authors: Busschop J. , De Boever J. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract This clinical and histological study investigated the use of lyophilized, allogenic dura mater (Lyodura ®) as a periodontal implant material in interdental bony defects (2‐wall lesions) in humans.For 23 defects in 8 subjects a modified Widman flap was raised, curettage performed and the defects bridged with the implant. The same procedure, without Lyodura implantation, was performed on 23 contralateral teeth.By a standardized method, involving the use of a removable stent, the following clinical measurements were recorded after 24 and 48 weeks: the probing attachment level, the probing bone level, the probing pocket depth and the labial and interdental gingival recession.For the histological study 5 additional, interdental craters arid 5 control defects were treated as in the clinical study. They were block‐sectioned after 1,2,6,12 and 24 weeks and processed in the usual manner for routine examination by light and polarization microscopy.From the clinical study it could be concluded that, in absolute values, only the experimental side showed a significant gain in probing attachment level and a greater reduction of the probing pocket depth. In percentage values the labial gingival recession was significantly lower and the bone formation significantly more pronounced on the experimental side.The histological examination showed that the implant remodelled completely without rejection phenomena. It was replaced gradually, after enzymatic breakdown, by the host's own collagen through the action of invading fibroblasts.Bone formation occurred along but never in the implant. The implant material seems to act as a barrier against epithelial downgrowth and infiltration of inflammatory cells.
Clinical and microbiological effects of subgingival restorations with overhanging or clinically perfect margins
Authors: Lang Niklaus P. , Kiel Robert A. , Anderhalden Katharina 
Published: December 2005

Abstract The close association between restorations with overhanging margins and chronic destructive periodontitis has been known for many years. However, the mechanisms by which overhanging restorations will interact in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease are still unknown. Generally it is accepted that overhanging restorations contribute to the promotion of the disease process by virtue of their capacity to retain bacterial plaque. The purpose of the present study was to determine if the placement of subgingival restorations with overhanging margins results in changes in the subgingival microflora.9 dental students with clean teeth and clinically healthy gingivae (GI < 0.1) gave their consent to participate in the study. 5 MOD cast gold onlays with 1 mm proximal overhanging margins were placed in mandibular molars for 19–27 weeks. They were replaced in a cross‐over design by 5 similar onlays with clinically perfect margins which served as controls. Another 5 onlays were placed in reverse order in the remaining patients.Prior to and every 2–3 weeks after insertion, subgingival microbiological samples were obtained by inserting a fine sterile paper point for 30 sec into the gingival sulcus subjacent to the restoration. The predominant cultivable flora was determined using continuous anaerobic culturing techniques. Following the placement of restorations with overhanging margins, a subgingival flora was detected which closely resembled that of chronic periodontitis. Increased proportions of Gram‐negative anaerobic bacteria black‐pigmented Bacteroides and an increased anaerobe: facultative ratio were noted. Following the placement of the restorations with clinically perfect margins, a microflora characteristic for gingival health or initial gingivitis was observed.Black‐pigmented Bacteroides were detected in very low proportions (1.6–3.8%). These changes in the subgingival microflora were obvious irrespective of whether the restorations with the overhanging margins were placed in the first period of the experiment or following the cross‐over. Clinically, increasing gingival indices were detected at the sites where overhanging margins were placed. Bleeding on gentle probing always preceded the peak level of black‐pigmented Bacteroides, Loss of attachment was not detected in any site. Changes in the subgingival microflora after the placement of restorations with overhanging margins document a potential mechanism for the initiation of periodontal disease associated with iatrogenic factors.
Observations on gingival health in communities with and without school‐based preventive programs
Authors: Marthaler T. M. , Moos B. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract The effect of school‐based preventive programs was studied in 13–15 year old children living in 2 regions.In one region, those children who had tooth brushing exercises showed less plaque and gingivitis than control children, while in the other region the respective findings were equivocal.In general relatively low levels of caries prevalence were found. In the discussion part of the unexpected results are explained.
Microbiological and clinical effects of topical subgingival antimicrobial treatment on human periodontal disease
Authors: Rosling Bengt G. , Slots Jbroen , Webber Richard L. , Christersson Lars A. , Genco Robert J. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract. This study was undertaken to evaluate the microbiological and clinical effects of a subgingivally applied mixture of H2O2‐NaCl and NaHCO3 followed by subgingival irrigation with 1% Betadine® in the treatment of periodontal disease. 20 adults with moderate to severe periodontal disease were included in a split mouth design study. All patients were given oral hygiene instructions and were subjected to supragingival scaling in all 4 quadrants, and subgingival scaling and root planing of half the dentition. 10 patients were instructed to use the chemical antimicrobial mixture twice a day instead of dentifrice, and also received professional application of the mixture once every 14 days for 3 months in connection with reinstruction in oral hygiene procedures. The remaining 10 patients received oral hygiene instructions combined with professional tooth cleaning without use of chemicals once every 14 days during a 3–month period.The effect of treatment was evaluated by monitoring the subgingival microflora, clinical periodontal parameters, and by computer assisted subtraction analysis of serial standardized radiographs to determine changes in mass of the supporting alveolar bone.The present study revealed that subgingival debridement combined with mechanical plaque control resulted in decreased numbers of subgingival microorganisms including spirochetes and motile rods, and arrested the progressive breakdown of the periodontal tissues. Topical antimicrobial agents used in combination with subgingival scaling further reduced the subgingival microflora and substantially improved early periodontal healing including gain of probing attachment level and gain in radiographic alveolar bone mass during the 12 months of observation. No clinical improvement but a tendency to further periodontal breakdown was found in the unsealed quadrants, even in those which were subjected to a personal application of the topical antimicrobial mixture.This study indicates that professional and personal subgingival application of a mixture of H2O3‐NaCl and NaHCO3 will significantly enhance the microbiological and clinical effects of peridontal scaling and root planing. These agents, and the topical mode of antimicrobial therapy seem promising in the management of human periodontal diseases.
Effects of nonsurgical periodontal therapy on periodontitis in humans
Authors: Garrett. J. Steven 
Published: December 2005

Abstract. Root planing is an effective method of treating both moderate and severe periodontitis. Predictable and significant improvements in bleeding scores, probing pocket depths and probing attachment levels have been demonstrated by a number of different research groups. Significant positive changes in the subgingival microflora are induced. These improvements can be sustained for longer periods of time if adequate supragingival plaque control is achieved.It is important to realize that the research to date excludes the effects of therapy on furcation pockets. Results of conservative therapy in this critical area remain to be studied.
Significance of frequency of professional tooth cleaning for healing following periodontal surgery
Authors: Westeelt Elisabeth , Nyman Sture , Socransky Sigmund , Lindhe Jan 
Published: December 2005

Abstract. The present investigation was undertaken to study the significance of frequently repeated professional tooth cleaning for healing results following periodontal surgery. 24 patients suffering from moderately advanced periodontal disease were selected for the study. Following a Baseline examination comprising assessment of oral hygiene status, gingival conditions, probing depths and attachment levels, all patients were given detailed instruction in proper oral hygiene measures. They were then subjected to periodontal surgery using the modified Widman flap procedure. During the initial 6 months after surgery all patients were enrolled in a maintenance care program which included measures such as scaling and professional tooth cleaning. The patients were randomly distributed into 3 different maintenance care groups. 8 patients (Group 1) received maintenance care once every 2 weeks, another 8 patients (Group 2) received a similar treatment once every 4 weeks while the remaining 8 patients (Group 3) were recalled once every 12 weeks. Following a reexamination at the termination of this 6month period the recall program was changed. Thus, during the subsequent 18 months of maintenance (the maintenance phase) all 24 patients were recalled for prophylaxis once every 3 months. A final reexamination was performed 24 months after completion of active therapy.The reexamination performed 6 months after surgery revealed that while patients who had been recalled for professional tooth cleaning once every 2 weeks had low numbers of inflamed gingival units and deep (>3 mm) periodontal pockets, test subjects recalled less frequently exhibited an increasing number of inflamed gingival units and deep pockets. In addition, the frequency of sites exhibiting attachment loss of > 1 mm was closely related to the frequency of maintenance care. Patients recalled once every 12 weeks for maintenance therapy had 3 times the number of sites with attachment loss (>1 mm) as compared to those who were recalled once every 2 weeks. With the use of regression analysis critical probing depth values were calculated. This analysis showed that while the critical probing depth value was Sow in patients frequently recalled during the healing phase, this parameter adopted gradually increasing values in patients recalled with less frequent intervals. Between the 6‐ and 24‐month reexaminations there were no significant alterations of the oral hygiene status, the gingival condition or the probing depth and attachment level data in any of the 3 groups of patients.