bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Botulinum Toxin a Therapy for Medial Rectus Injury during Endoscopic Sinus Surgery
Authors: Hong Jenny E. , Goldberg Andrew N. , Cockerham Kimberly P. 
Published: February 2008

Background Although the use of endoscopes and image guidance provide some safeguards, motility complications from orbital injury during endoscopic sinus surgery still pose a significant concern and can provide a therapeutic challenge. Methods We present the case of a 40-year-old woman with strabismus secondary to an iatrogenic injury to the medial rectus muscle during endoscopic sinus surgery. Results Permanent resolution of diplopia was achieved with botulinum toxin A injection into the lateral rectus muscle without the need for surgical intervention. Conclusion Botulinum toxin A should be considered as a first-line early therapeutic option for cases of iatrogenically induced strabismus after endoscopic sinus surgery when complete transection or entrapment is not present.
Use of an Electronic Nose for Detection of Biofilms
Authors: Thaler Erica R. , Huang Dan , Giebeig Lisa , Palmer James , Lee Dan , Hanson C. William , Cohen Noam 
Published: February 2008

Background Prior work has indicated that electronic nose (enose) technology can distinguish among bacteria samples and identify patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia and rhinosinusitis. This study was performed to test the hypothesis that an enose can distinguish between biofilm-producing and non-biofilm-producing bacteria of the same species. Methods Biofilm-producing and non–biofilm-producing mutant strains of Pseudomonas (PA01 and Sad36) and Staphylococcus (Staph WT and Staph SrtA-B-) were incubated and then sampled by the enose. Data were evaluated by logistic regression to perform binary classification of the bacteria. Training sets and testing sets were developed in two ways: by cross-validation with a leave-1-day-out method, and then by testing the last 4 days versus the first 18 days. Results By the leave-1-day-out method, logistic regression analysis of 198 samples of each bacterium determined that the training accuracy of the enose for both Pseudomonas species was 100% and the testing accuracy was 91.4% for PA01 and 88.4% for Sad36. The training accuracy of the enose for Staphylococcus species was 87.1% for Staph SrtA-B- and 88.2% for Staph WT and the testing accuracy was, respectively, 75.3 and 76.8%. By separating the first 18 days from the last 4 days, logistic regression analysis determined that the training accuracy of the enose for both Pseudomonas species was 100% and the testing accuracy was 100% for PA01 and 80.6% for Sad36. The training accuracy of the enose for Staphylococcus species was 87.7% for Staph SrtA-B- and 86.4% for Staph WT and the testing accuracy was respectively, 72.2 and 91.7%. Conclusion The enose was able to identify correctly biofilm- versus non-biofilm-producing Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus species with accuracy ranging from 72.2 to 100%, depending on the particular organism and the data analysis methodology. These results suggest that biofilms may be an in vivo marker, which the enose can use to identify patients with particularly virulent and medically recalcitrant forms of chronic rhinosinusitis.
Evaluation of Nasal Capacity before and after Rapid Maxillary Expansion
Authors: Cappellette Mario , Cruz Oswaldo L.M. , Carlini Daniela , Weckx Luc L. , Pignatari Shirley S.N. 
Published: February 2008

Background This study analyzed the effects of orthodontic maxillary expansion on the nasal cavity dimensions measured by acoustic rhinometry. Methods A prospective study was performed. Fifty patients (27 male and 23 female patients) who had maxillary hypoplasia in relation to the mandible were studied. Patients presented either deciduous or mixed dentition, with age ranging from 4 to 14 years old. Twenty patients (11 male and 9 female patients) between the ages of 4 and 11 years, who also had deciduous or mixed dentition but without maxillary hypoplasia, served as a control group. A modified Biederman appliance was used for ∼20 days to achieve the maxillary expansion in the treatment group. Acoustic rhinometry, with measurements of the right and the left nasal cavity, was performed before starting the maxillary expansion (T1) and at its conclusion (T2). This procedure was conducted also at a comparable time interval in the control group. Results The treated group showed a significant increase in the majority of the values of transversal areas and nasal volumes when compared with the nontreated group. Conclusion In children with maxillary hypoplasia, rapid maxillary expansion can not only move the maxilla and alveolar arches laterally but it can also increase the size of the nasal cavities.
Influence of Different Footwear on Force of Landing During Running
Authors: Cheung Roy TH , Ng Gabriel YF 
Published: February 2008

Background and Purpose
Previous studies have demonstrated an increase in foot pronation with mileage in runners. Motion control footwear was designed to check excessive foot motions, but its clinical efficacy, especially in terms of pedographic analysis, has not been well reported. The purposes of this study were to investigate the changes in plantar force in people when running with motion control shoes and to compare pedographic measurements obtained in 2 footwear testing conditions (wearing motion control shoes and wearing neutral shoes) at the beginning and end of a 1.5-km running session.

Subjects
Twenty-five recreational runners who had ≥6 degrees of foot pronation participated in the study.

Methods
An insole sensor was used to register the plantar force of the subjects before and after running 1.5 km in different shoe conditions.

Results
There was no change in the magnitude and distribution pattern of plantar force with the motion control shoes after the 1.5-km run. With the neutral shoes, however, there was an increase in mean peak force under the medial midfoot (364–418 N, 15% increase) and first metatarsal head (524–565 N, 8% increase) toward the end of the running bout.

Discussion and Conclusion
The plantar force on the medial foot structures increased with mileage of running with neutral shoes but not with motion control shoes. This finding has implications for injury prevention with footwear selection for recreational runners who have more than 6 degrees of foot pronation.
Endoscopic harvesting of the radial artery for neurovascular bypass
Authors: Gonzalez L. Fernando , Patterson Dixie L. , Lekovic Gregory P. , Nakaji Peter , Spetzler Robert F. 
Published: February 2008

Object
The radial artery is a common conduit used for high-flow bypasses. Until now the radial artery has been harvested using a long incision in the forearm that follows the course of the artery. The authors present an endoscopic technique that has been used during coronary bypass surgery but is not yet widespread in the neurosurgical arena.

Methods
From October 2006 to October 2007, the authors used the radial artery as a graft in 6 patients during the treatment of complex cerebral aneurysms. The artery was harvested via an endoscopic technique.
The radial artery was exposed distally at the wrist. Using the VasoView vessel harvesting system, the endoscope was inserted into the arm. The radial artery was dissected from its surrounding tissues endoscopically. With direct current energy via the HemoPro device, the side branches were coagulated and cut. The artery was transected at the wrist, then retrieved through a counterincision at the proximal forearm.

Results
There were no neurological or bleeding complications in the hand or forearm.

Conclusions
Endoscopic harvesting of the radial artery is feasible, faster, and produces a more aesthetically pleasing result than standard open harvesting. The learning curve associated with the endoscope can be overcome by practice on cadavers and by collaboration with a cardiac surgical team.
Cerebral bypass surgery for skull base lesions: technical notes incorporating lessons learned over two decades
Authors: Bulsara Ketan R. , Patel Toral , Fukushima Takanori 
Published: February 2008

Object
Despite advancements in endovascular neurosurgery, there remains an important role for cerebral bypass surgery in the treatment of skull base lesions. The authors describe their replacement cerebral bypass surgery techniques incorporating lessons learned over 2 decades.

Methods
The authors performed a retrospective review of cerebral bypass surgery performed by the senior author for skull base lesions between 1986 and 2006. One hundred patients had adjunct bypass surgery for skull base lesions.

Results
The bypass surgeries performed are conceptually divided into Skull Base Bypass I, II, and III. The majority of lesions requiring bypass surgery were giant cavernous carotid artery aneurysms or skull base meningiomas. There were no deaths in this case series. There was a 7% morbidity rate.

Conclusions
The ability to perform this surgery is an important adjunct in the armamentarium of skull base/cerebrovascular neurosurgeons.
Iatrogenic vasospasm in carotid artery stent angioplasty with distal protection devices
Authors: Schirmer Clemens M. , Hoit Daniel A. , Malek Adel M. 
Published: February 2008

Object
Distal protection devices (DPDs) have decreased the risk of embolic stroke among patients with carotid artery (CA) disease undergoing CA stent placement. The FilterWire EX is a first-generation fixed-basket DPD with a filter rigidly attached to a guidewire. Second-generation mobile-basket DPDs (RX Accunet or SpiderFX) allow movement of the filter relative to the guidewire and can thus reduce the potential for vessel irritation, vasospasm, or intimal injury during CA stent placement.

Methods
Stent angioplasty was attempted in 40 CAs (37 patients) using the fixed-basket FilterWire DPD, a second-generation mobile-basket DPD, or no protection in 12, 6, and 22 arteries, respectively. Clinical presentation, angiographic details relating to the incidence of vasospasm or dissection, and clinical outcome data were recorded and analyzed.

Results
Vasospasm was associated with use of the fixed-basket FilterWire device (8 [67%] of 12 cases) compared with the bare unfiltered guidewire group (3 [14%] of 22) and the second-generation mobile-basket DPD group (1 [17%] of 6, p < 0.004). Secondary angioplasty was also associated with intraprocedural vasospasm. In a multivariate analysis, FilterWire use was an independent risk factor for vasospasm (p < 0.0003).

Conclusions
A high incidence of vasospasm was observed following CA stent placement procedures in which the fixed-basket FilterWire EX DPD was used but not in unprotected CA stent placement or procedures in which a second-generation mobile-basket DPD was used. Although this phenomenon was self-limited in all instances, vasospasm should be considered a risk of these devices and may predispose to more serious vascular injury. Coronary artery stent placement should be performed with a second-generation mobile-basket DPD to minimize the risks of embolic complications and iatrogenic vascular injury.
Superficial temporal artery to middle cerebral artery bypass: past, present, and future
Authors: Vilela Marcelo D. , Newell David W. 
Published: February 2008

Object
The aim of this study was to review the historical developments and current status of superficial temporal artery (STA) to middle cerebral artery (MCA) bypass.

Method
A literature review was performed to review the origins and current uses of the STA bypass procedure in neurosurgery.

Results
The idea of providing additional blood supply to the brain to prevent stroke and maintain neurological function has been present in the mind of neurosurgeons for many decades. In 1967 the first STA–MCA bypass was done by M. G. Yaşargil, and an enormous step was made into the field of microneurosurgery and cerebral revascularization. During the decades that followed, this technique was used as an adjuvant or a definitive surgical treatment for occlusive disease of the extracranial and intracranial cerebral vessels, skull base tumors, aneurysms, carotid–cavernous fistulas, cerebral vasospasm, acute cerebral ischemia, and moyamoya disease. With the results of the first randomized extracranial–intracranial (EC–IC) bypass trial and the development of endovascular techniques such as angioplasty for intracranial atherosclerotic disease and cerebral vasospasm, the indications for STA–MCA bypass became limited. Neurosurgeons continued to perform EC–IC bypasses as an adjuvant to clipping of aneurysms and in the treatment of skull base tumors and moyamoya disease; the procedure is less commonly used for atherosclerotic carotid artery occlusion (CAO) with definite evidence of hemodynamic insufficiency. The evidence that patients with symptomatic CAO and “misery perfusion” have an increased stroke risk has prompted a second trial for evaluating EC–IC bypass for stroke prevention. The Carotid Occlusion Surgery Study is a new trial designed to determine whether STA–MCA bypass can reduce the incidence of stroke in these patients. New trials will also reveal the role of the STA–MCA bypass in the prevention of hemorrhages in moyamoya disease.

Conclusions
The role of STA–MCA bypass in the management of cerebrovascular disease continues to be refined and evaluated using advanced imaging techniques and by performing randomized trials for specific purposes, including symptomatic CAO.
The Extracranial–Intracranial Bypass Trial: implications for future investigations
Authors: Garrett Matthew C. , Komotar Ricardo J. , Merkow Maxwell B. , Starke Robert M. , Otten Marc L. , Connolly E. Sander 
Published: February 2008

✓The 1985 International Extracranial–Intracranial (EC-IC) Bypass Trial failed to show a surgical benefit of EC-IC bypass in patients with varying degrees of angiographic stenosis. This study was limited by the technology available at the time it was conducted. In the 20 years since, there has been considerable progress in imaging techniques that now enable the identification of a subset of stroke patients with hemodynamic ischemia. In the present study, the authors review the relevant literature and propose a reevaluation of the benefits of the EC-IC bypass procedure using these new imaging techniques.
The authors reviewed the admission criteria for the EC-IC Bypass Trial in the light of more recently discovered neurovascular physiology and showed that the imaging criteria used in that trial are not physiologically adequate. A MED-LINE (1985–2007) database search for EC-IC case studies was conducted, and additional studies were identified manually by scrutinizing references from identified manuscripts, major neurosurgical journals and texts, and personal files.
Alternative vascular graft for extracranial–intracranial bypass surgery: descending branch of the lateral circumflex femoral artery
Authors: Başkaya Mustafa K. , Kiehn Mark W. , Ahmed Azam S. , Ateş Özkan , Niemann David B. 
Published: February 2008

Object
Arterial bypass is an important method of treating intracranial disease requiring sacrifice of the parent vessel. The conduits for extracranial–intracranial (EC–IC) bypass surgery include the superficial temporal artery, occipital artery, superior thyroid artery, radial artery, and saphenous vein (long or short). In an aging population with an increased prevalence of vascular disease, conduits for EC–IC bypass may be in short supply in some patients. Herein, the authors describe a case in which the descending branch of the lateral circumflex femoral artery (DLCFA) was utilized as a high-flow conduit for an EC–IC bypass.

Methods
This 22-year-old woman presented with irregular menstrual periods, secondary amenorrhea, and hypothyroidism. A giant intrasellar and suprasellar mass was found. Angiography confirmed a 3.5 × 2.1–cm fusiform aneurysm involving the cavernous and supraclinoid segments of the right internal carotid artery. A suitable radial artery conduit was not available. The DLCFA was harvested and anastomosed between the M2 segment of the middle cerebral artery and the external carotid artery.

Results
Durable clinical and angiographic results were apparent at the 2-month follow-up.

Conclusions
The DLCFA's diameter and length were used successfully in a high-flow EC–IC bypass surgery. The DLCFA may be a good alternative to radial artery and saphenous vein grafts for an EC–IC bypass requiring high flow.
The occipital artery for posterior circulation bypass: microsurgical anatomy
Authors: Ateş Özkan , Ahmed Azam S. , Niemann David , Başkaya Mustafa K. 
Published: February 2008

Object
The microsurgical anatomy of the occipital artery (OA) was studied to describe the diameter, length, and course of this vessel as it pertains to revascularization procedures of the posterior cerebral circulation.

Methods
The authors studied 12 OAs in 6 cadaveric heads that had been injected with colored latex. They evaluated the OA's ability to serve as a conduit for extracranial–intracranial (EC–IC) bypass in the posterior circulation. They measured the length of the OA and its diameter at common sites of anastomosis and compared these values with the diameters of the recipient vessels (V3 and V4 segments of the vertebral artery, caudal loop of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery [PICA], and anterior inferior cerebellar artery [AICA]).

Results
The mean thickness of the suboccipital segment of the OA was found to be 1.9 mm. The mean distance of the OA from the external occipital protuberance was found to be 45 mm. The mean length of the suboccipital segment of the OA was 79.3 mm. The mean thickness of the largest trunk of the V3 segment, the V4 segment, the caudal loop of the PICA, and the AICA were 3.3 mm, 3.1 mm, 1.2 mm, and 1 mm, respectively.

Conclusions
The length, diameter, and flow accomodated by the OA make it an ideal choice as a conduit for posterior circulation bypass. The bypass from the OA to the caudal loop of the PICA demonstrates the least difference in vessel diameter, and is therefore best suited for EC–IC bypass procedures in the posterior circulation.
Effect of Hydrogen on the Mechanical Properties of Stainless Steels
Authors: Borchers C. , Michler T. , Pundt A. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractFuel cell vehicles running on hydrogen are seen as the long term solution to enable sustainable mobility. Compressed hydrogen gas storage systems are a promising route for storing hydrogen on board of vehicles, provided that a reliable and cheap material capable of withstanding hydrogen embrittlement is found. In this paper, the physicochemical behaviour of stainless steel in the presence of hydrogen with special focus on a ductility minimum near room temperature is reviewed.
Heterogeneous and Architectured Materials: A Possible Strategy for Design of Structural Materials
Authors: Bouaziz O. , Bréchet Y. , Embury J. D. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractFacing increasing demands for multifunctional solutions, the classical strategy of the metallurgist to improve properties, using microstructural refinement, reaches its limits: very often the function is not provided by the property only, but by the interplay between the shape, the properties, and possible association of materials. The purpose of the present paper is to outline new strategies for structural materials development offered by new degrees of freedom and by their combination: not only playing with the microstructure or with the macroscopic shape, but allowing a new scale for materials organization, the “architecture”, and controlling a new degree of freedom, the “spatial heterogeneity”. For these ideas to be effective, the question of processing such “heterogeneous architectured materials” in an affordable manner has to be kept in mind. Very often the development of architectured materials will require new processing methods.
Hybrid Solar Cells from a Blend of Poly(3‐hexylthiophene) and Ligand‐Capped TiO2 Nanorods
Authors: Bouclé Johann , Chyla Sabina , Shaffer Milo S. P. , Durrant James R. , Bradley Donal D. C. , Nelson Jenny 
Published: February 2008

AbstractHybrid bulk heterojunction solar cells based on nanocrystalline TiO2 (nc‐TiO2) nanorods capped with trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO) and regioregular poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) are processed from solution and characterized in order to relate the device function (optical absorption, charge separation, and transport and photovoltaic properties) to active‐layer properties and device parameters. Annealing the blend films is found to greatly improve the polymer–metal oxide interaction at the nc‐TiO2/P3HT interface, resulting in a six‐fold increase of the charge separation yield and improved photovoltaic device performance under simulated solar illumination. In addition, the influence of the organic ligand at the nc‐TiO2 particle surface is found to be crucial for charge separation. Ligand‐exchange procedures applied on the TOPO‐capped nc‐TiO2 nanorods with an amphiphilic ruthenium‐based dye are found to further improve the charge‐separation yield at the polymer–nanocrystal interface. However, the poor photocurrents generated in the hybrid blend devices, before and after ligand exchange, suggest that transport within or between nanoparticles limits performance. By comparison with other donor–acceptor bulk heterojunction systems, we conclude that charge transport in the nc‐TiO2:P3HT blend films is limited by the presence of an intrinsic trap distribution mainly associated with the nc‐TiO2 particles.
Ultrasensitive Specific Stimulant Assay Based on Molecularly Imprinted Photonic Hydrogels
Authors: Hu Xiaobin , Li Guangtao , Li Mohan , Huang Jing , Li Yan , Gao Yongbin , Zhang Yihe 
Published: February 2008

AbstractTaking theophylline and (1R,2S)‐(−)‐ephedrine as template molecules, two imprinted photonic‐hydrogel films are prepared by a combination of colloidal‐crystal and molecular‐imprinting techniques. This paper shows a new approach for rapid and handy stimulant detection with high sensitivity and specificity. One film is proposed for analogous molecule assay, another one for chiral recognition. The key point of this approach is that the imprinted photonic polymer (IPP) consists of a three‐dimensional (3D), highly‐ordered and interconnected macroporous array with a thin hydrogel wall, where nanocavities complementary to analytes in shape and binding sites are distributed. This special, bicontinuous, hierarchical structure enables this polymer to report quickly, easily, sensitively and directly a molecular recognition event without any transducers and treatments for analytes (label‐free). The inherent affinity of the nanocavities, deriving from molecular imprinting, makes these sensors highly specific to analytes, even if in a competitive environment. Their sensitive and specific responses to stimulants in buffer are determined by Bragg diffractive shifts due to the lattice change of their 3D ordered macroporous arrays resulting from their preferential rebinding to the target molecules. The measurements show that the prepared hydrogel films exhibit high sensitivity in such a 0.1 fM concentration of analytes and specificity even in a competitive urinous buffer. The reported method provides a rapid and handy approach for stimulant assay and drug analysis in athletic sports.