bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Geochemical Evolution of Hydrothermal Fluids at the Daejang Cu–Zn–Pb Vein Deposit, Korea
Authors: CHOI Sang Hoon 
Published: November 2008

Abstract: The Daejang mine is located within the Cretaceous Gyeongsang basin. Mineral paragenesis can be divided into four stages (stages I, II, III and IV) by major tectonic fracturing. Stages I, III and IV are economically barren. Stage II, at which the precipitation of major ore minerals occurred, is further divided into three substages with paragenetic time based on minor fractures and discernible mineral assemblages: substage IIa, marked by deposition of quartz and Fe–sulfides; substage IIb, by introduction of base‐metal sulfides within carbonates and some quartz; substage IIc, by quartz and carbonates with various sulfosalts.Fluid inclusion data indicate a complex geochemical evolution of hydrothermal fluids. Both CO2–rich and H2O–rich fluids were trapped in fluid inclusions at stage I and substage IIa. It is suggested that a compositionally heterogeneous fluid was formed by fluid boiling and CO2 immiscibility at temperatures of about 400° to 300°C. Composite lodes of base‐metal sul–fides, carbonates and quartz at substage IIb were deposited in open spaces created by fracturing. The fracturing event prompted rapid decreases in pressure and temperature of residual fluids and resulted in retrograde fluid boiling at about 200 bars and 300°–250°C during substage IIb. The progressive loss of CO2 by CO2 effervescence and retrograde boiling from substage IIa and IIb fluids resulted in pH increase and related increase in carbonate activity, causing deposition of abundant carbonates. The change in pH also caused the decrease of stability of hydrogen sulfide with Cu, Zn and Pb chloride complexes (as main transporting agents at Daejang) and resulted in the pricipitation of base‐metal minerals. Deposition of Ag– and Sb‐bearing sul–fides and sulfosalts of substage IIc occurred at temperatures of about 250° to 150°C from a dominantly aqueous fluid with low salinity (down to 3. 0 equiv. wt % NaCl). At this substage, aqueous fluid formed by mixing with cooler and less saline meteoric groundwater. There is a systematic decrease in caculated δ18Owater values with the mineralization stage (and decreasing temperature) in the Daejang hydrothermal system, from values of about 11% for stage I, through about 4% for stages II and III, to about –3 per mil for stage IV. The result of stable isotope and fluid inclusion studies are interpreted to indicate progressive less evolved and/or unexchanged meteoric water influx of an early hydrothermal system formed by highly evolved meteoric waters.
Temporal, Spatial and Geochemical Discriminations of Granitoids in South Korea
Authors: JWA Yong–Joo 
Published: November 2008

Abstract:Five groups of the Phanerozoic granitoids in South Korea can be deduced from their temporal and spatial distributions: (1) Jurassic granitoids in the Gyeonggi massif, (2) Permo‐Jurassic granitoids in the Ogcheon belt, (3) Permo‐Jurassic granitoids in the Yeongnam massif, (4) Cretaceous granitoids in the Ogcheon belt, and (5) Cretaceous granitoids in the Gyeongsang basin. Though the granitoids of each group generally show calc‐alkaline and orogenic natures, the petrological, geochemical and genetical features are different with each other.The Permo‐Jurassic granitoids in the Ogcheon belt have lower contents of Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaO, P2O5, but higher of FeO, FeOT, MgO, K2O than those in the Yeongnam massif. From higher feature of K2O, Na2O+K2O and K2O/Na2O, the Ogcheon belt seems to have been located at closer continent side relative to the Yeongnam massif during Permo‐Jurassic time. From lower values of Fe2O3/FeO and magnetic susceptibility the granitoids of the Ogcheon belt had been solidified under more reducing environment than those of the Yeongnam massif. The Cretaceous granitoids in the Ogcheon belt have lower contents of TiO2, Fe2O3, FeO, FeOT, CaO and P2O5, but higher of MgO, K2O, Na2O+K2O and K2O/Na2O than those in the Gyeongsang basin. This feature indicates that the Ogcheon belt would correspond to the continental environment of magma genesis during Cretaceous time. Higher values of Fe2O3/FeO and magnetic susceptibility in the Cretaceous granitoids in the Gyeongsang basin suggest that the granitoids had been solidified under highly oxidizing environment. From the particular chemical features of K2O, Na2O+K2O and K2O/Na2O, the Permo‐Jurassic granitoids in the Ogcheon belt, the Yeongnam massif as well as the Cretaceous ones in the Gyeongsang basin can be categorized to the continental margin type granite. The Jurassic granitoids in the Gyeonggi massif are possibly of collision type, and the Cretaceous granitoids in the Ogcheon belt of post–orogenic, intra–conti–nent type. The Jurassic granitoids in the Gyeonggi massif had been possibly generated by crustal melting during the collision of Gyeonggi massif to the northern Pyeongnam basin block. The Cretaceous granitoids in the Ogcheon belt had been emplaced at the hinterland of the continental margin during post‐orogenic stage of the Honam Shear Zone.The Cretaceous granitoids in the Gyeongsang basin are often compared with Japanese Cretaceous˜Paleogene granitoids in their geochemical and genetical natures. For the granitoid composition, the granitoids in the Gyeongsang basin are higher in Fe2O3, Fe2O3/FeO, Na2O, K2O, Na2O+K2O and K2O/Na2O, but lower in Al2O3, FeO, MnO, CaO and P2O5than the Japanese granitoids. The contents of TiO2, FeOT and MgO are similar in both granitoids. This geochemical contrast would imply that the Cretaceous granitoid magmas in the Gyeongsang basin had been originated at closer place to the continent side under more tensional field, and solidified under more oxidizing environment than the coeval Japanese granitoid magmas.
Ore Mineralogy and Mineral Chemistry of the Ashanti Gold Deposit at Obuasi, Ghana
Authors: OSAE Shiloh , KASE Katsuo , YAMAMOTO Masahiro 
Published: November 2008

Abstract: The gold deposit at Ashanti occurs in the Proterozoic Birimian formation of Ghana. Two main ore types mined from the deposit are gold‐bearing quartz veins, and gold‐sulfide disseminations in metasediments and metavolcanics. The main sulfide minerals in the gold‐sulfide disseminated ores are arsenopyrite, pyrite and pyrrhotite, and to a very minor extent, sphalerite and tetrahedrite. Carbonate alteration and sericitization are prominent in the metavolcanics and the metasediments, respectively. In the quartz veins, pyrite and arsenopyrite commonly occur in small amounts, but gold mostly occurs in contact with tetrahedrite, chalcopyrite, galena, aurostibite, and sphalerite. Pyrrhotite is absent in the quartz veins.Microprobe studies indicate that As content of homogeneous arsenopyrite grains ranges from 27. 0 to 31. 7 atm%, and gives mineralization temperatures from 170 to 430°C, although mostly from 300 to 400°C. Chlorite geothermometry using temperature dependence of substitution of Al for Si in the tetrahedral site gives formation temeratures of 330 to 400°C, comparable to the arsenopyrite temperatures. Applying sphalerite–pyrite–pyrrhotite geobarometry to sphalerite with FeS contents from 13. 6 to 12. 5 mol%, the pressure was estimated to be in a range from 5. 9 to 7. 0 kb at the stage of elevated temperatures.Mineralogical observations, especially absence of pyrrhotite in the quartz veins, together with microprobe data for gold and associated minerals suggest that the fluids having ascended through fissures in the Ashanti deposit were reduced by the reaction with carbonaceous materials in the metasediments during the declining stage of the regional metamorphism.
Late Miocene Magmatic‐Hydrothermal Systems in the Jozankei‐Zenibako District, Southwest Hokkaido, Japan
Authors: WATANABE Yasushi , OHTA Eijun 
Published: November 2008

Abstract: Hydrothermal systems related to magmatic intrusions in the Jozankei‐Zenibako district, southwest Hokkaido are examined, based on field observations, K‐Ar ages, and alteration mineral assemblages. The study reveals five major magmat–ic–hydrothermal systems of Late Miocene in age, comprising Ogawa (9. 7 Ma), Jozankei (9. 5–9. 0 Ma), Otarunaigawa (8. 7 Ma), Asarigawa (8. 8 and 6. 7 Ma) and Hariusu (6. 7 Ma). The Ogawa system is related to granodiorite, and the Jozankei, Otarunaigawa and Asarigawa systems are related to quartz porphyry.The Ogawa system includes potassic, sericitic, propylitic and advanced argillic alteration as well as base‐metal mineralization, represented by the Toyotomi deposit. The Jozankei and Otarunaigawa systems lack significant potassic alteration, and are accompanied by sericitic and propylitic alteration. The Otarunaigawa system is associated with base‐metal mineralization at Toyohiro and Inatoyo. The Asarigawa and Hariusu systems include advanced argillic and argillic alteration, as well as iron sulfide deposits. The presence of potassic alteration only in the Ogawa system is ascribed to deeper emplacement (˜3 km from the surface) of the intrusive magma. These systems formed in terrestrial environments that existed from ca. 11 Ma to 8. 5 Ma and after 7. 5 Ma in the district.Age–data compilation shows that the major advanced argillic alteration events in southwest Hokkaido, including those in the Jozankei‐Zenibako district, formed during the periods from 9. 7–6. 5 Ma and 3. 5–1. 5 Ma. These periods correspond to the timing of normal subduction of the Pacific plate beneath the Northeast Japan arc. Normal, in contrast to oblique, plate subduction is characterized by andesitic, polygenetic volcanism and associated advanced argillic alteration.
Spinifex Texture of Native Sulfur: A Cooling Product of Sulfur Flow Eruptions at Shiretoko‐Iwozan Volcano, Hokkaido, Japan
Authors: IMAI Akira , GESHI Nobuo 
Published: November 2008

Abstract: Several native sulfur specimens, collected from Shiretoko‐Iwozan volcano, eastern Hokkaido, Japan, exhibit spinifex texture, which appears to resemble that often observed in komatiite. The spinifex texture is exhibited by yellow‐colored elongated skeletal native sulfur crystals up to 5 cm long settled in medium gray‐colored fine–grained clayey matrix. One surface of a specimen is coated by layers of micro pillow lava of native sulfur. Such specimens were rarely found as clasts or fragments around the 1936 No. 1 crater that erupted native sulfur flows, together with the most common monomineralic native sulfur fragments of native sulfur flows having pahoehoe surface and of native sulfur dikes. The elongated spinifex native sulfur crystals presently consist of aggregated polygrains of orthorhombic sulfur crystals formed through crystallo‐graphic transition from the single crystal of monoclinic sulfur initially crystallized. The spinifex texture exhibited by elongated skeletal native sulfur crystals is a product of rapid cooling of sulfur melt.Many lithic fragments of altered country rocks are present in the specimens exhibiting native sulfur spinifex texture. This suggests that segregation of the sulfur melt from the mixture of lithic fragments and sulfur melt was incomplete because the mixture was chilled before the melt segregation. Elongated skeletal native sulfur crystals may have nucleated and crystallized directly from the molten sulfur liquid. Lithic fragments mixed in the melt are supposed to have acted as nuclei for the nucleation of the native sulfur crystals. On the other hand, the most of native sulfur flows consist of monomineralic massive native sulfur with very scarce lithic fragments. Such massive monomineralic native sulfur crystallized from the supercooled, solidified amorphous sulfur. Such supercooled amorphous state may have been attained due to the lack of nuclei because of the scarcity of lithic fragments. The unique structures exhibited by native sulfur lava flow, including pahoehoe surface and spinifex texture, are due to the characteristic physical property of molten sulfur liquid, that is, low viscosity.
Geology and K‐Ar Ages of the South, Huh Bulgiin Hundii, Saran Uul, Taats Gol and Han Uul deposits in the Bayankhongor Region, Mongolia
Authors: WATANABE Yasushi , TURMAGNAI Daramjav , BYAMBASUREN Dolgor , OYUNCHIMEG Gurjav , TSEDENBALJIR Yadamtsoo , SATO Yoichi 
Published: November 2008

Abstract: The Bayankhongor region in central Mongolia consists of a Paleozoic subduction system including Precambrian microcontinents (Baidrag and Burd Gol zones), obducted ophiolites and accretionary sedimentary rocks (Bayankhongor and Dzag zones), and forearc sedimentary rocks (Khangay zone). Arc magmatism in the Bayankhongor region is characterized by dominance of Early Paleozoic ilmenite‐series and Late Paleozoic magnetite‐series granitoids. These granitoids accompany many hydrothermal deposits of such various types as porphyry, skarn and vein. K‐Ar dating on four deposits in the region revealed that the South porphyry Cu‐Au, Huh Bulgiin Hundii skarn Cu‐Au, Han Uul shear zone‐hosted Au and Taats Gol pegmatite W‐Au deposits formed at 240±5 Ma, 252±5 Ma, 283±6 Ma and 329±7 Ma, respectively.Thus the former three are related to the Permian to earliest Triassic magnetite‐series granitoids, whereas the W‐Au pegmatite at Taats Gol to the Early Carboniferous ilmenite‐series granitoids. Porphyry and skarn Cu‐Au mineralization occurred at latest Permian to earliest Triassic, when the Andean‐type arc magmatism was immediately followed by the collision between the Baidrag and Tarbagatai microcontinents.
Mineralizations of Base Metal Deposits of Acid‐Sulfate Type Coexisting with Adularia‐Sericite Type
Authors: IMAI Hideki 
Published: November 2008

Abstract: Two types of ores are recognized in the Huanzala mine, Peru. Zinc and lead ore of adularia‐sericite type, is accompanied by pyrite body and skarn. Orthoclase (adularia), sericite and calcite are found in the skarn and altered country rocks. On the other hand, copper and silver (tin) ore of acid‐sulfate type, is characterized by enargite, luzonite and bornite, accompanied by tin, silver and tellurium minerals. Although sericite and calcite are found only at the earlier stage in the mineralization of acid‐sulfate type, kaolinite appears in the country rocks at a subsequent stage. It is interpreted that the ore‐forming fluid of the acid‐sulfate type separated from the adularia‐sericite type by boiling in the early stage of mineralization. The separated fluid was nearly neutral just after boiling and changed into acidic by the oxidation of H2S into HSO4‐. Both types of mineralizations are studied in terms of fo2‐fs2‐pH‐temperature diagrams. The adularia‐sericite type might correspond to the hot‐water system of a geothermal area, and the acid‐sulfate type to the vapor‐dominated system.The copper ores from the Teine mine, Hokkaido, Japan and the Chinkuashih mine, Taiwan are acid‐sulfate type, characterized by the occurrence of enargite and luzonite. However, zinc and lead ores of the adularia‐sericite type are also present in these deposits. Both types in the Teine and Chinkuashih deposits are supposed to have formed in the similar relation as in the Huanzala deposits. The enargite and luzonite ores in the Hokuetsu mine, Japan are closely associated with native sulfur of solfataric origin.
Genesis of the Mamut Porphyry Copper Deposit, Sabah, East Malaysia
Authors: IMAI Akira 
Published: November 2008

Abstract: The Mamut deposit of Sabah, East Malaysia, is a porphyry type Cu‐Au deposit genetically related to a quartz monzonite (“adamellite”) porphyry stock associated with upper Miocene Mount Kinabalu plutonism. The genesis of the Mamut deposit is discussed based on petrology of the intrusives in the Mount Kinabalu area combined with ore– and alteration–petrography, fluid inclusion and sulfur isotope studies.Groundmass of the adamellite porphyry at Mamut is rich in K which suggests vapor transport of alkaline elements during the mineralizing magmatic process, while the groundmass of the post‐ore “granodiorite” porphyry at Mamut contains small amounts of normative corundum suggesting depletion in alkaline elements at the root zone of the magma column. Sub‐dendritic tremolitic amphibole rims on hornblende phenocrysts in the Mamut adamellite porphyry suggest interaction between the mineralizing magma and the exsolved fluids. Occurrences of clinopyroxene microphenocrysts and pseudomor‐phic aggregates of shredded biotite and clinopyroxene after hornblende phenocrysts in the barren intrusives imply lower water fugacity and decreasing in water fugacity, respectively. Compositional gap between the core of hornblende phenocrysts and the tremolitic amphibole rims and those in the groundmass of the Mamut adamellite porphyry suggests a decrease in pressure. Higher XMg (=Mg/(Mg+Fe) atomic ratio) in the tremolitic amphibole rims in the Mamut adamellite porphyry compared to those of the barren intrusions suggests high oxygen fugacity. High halogen contents of igneous hydrous minerals such as amphiboles, biotite and apatite in the Mamut adamellite porphyry suggest the existence of highly saline fluids during the intrusion and solidification of the mineralizing magma. Fluid inclusions found in quartz veinlet stockworks are characterized by abundant hypersaline polyphase inclusions associated with subordinate amounts of immiscible gaseous vapor.Both Cu and Au are dispersed in disseminated and quartz stockwork ores. Chalcopyrite and pyrrhotite as well as magnetite are the principal ore minerals in the biotitized disseminated ores. Primary assemblage of intermediate solid solution (iss) and pyrrhotite converted to the present assemblage of chalcopyrite and pyrrhotite during cooling.Subsequent to biotitization, quartz veinlet stockworks formed associated with retrograde chlorite alteration. The Cu‐Fe sul–fides associated with stockwork quartz veinlet are chalcopyrite and pyrite. Overlapping Pb and Zn and subsequent Sb mineralizations were spatially controlled by NNE‐trending fractures accompanying the phyllic and advanced argillic alteration envelope.Sulfur isotopic composition of ore sulfides are homogeneous (about +2%) throughout the mineralization stages. These are identical to those of the magmatic sulfides of Mount Kinabalu adamellitic rocks.
Geochemistry and Radioactive Potentiality of Um Naggat Apogranite, Central Eastern Desert, Egypt
Authors: EL–AFANDY Adel H. , ABDALLA Hamdy M. , ALY Mohsen M. , AMMAR Fathy 
Published: November 2008

Abstract: The northern part of Um Naggat granite massif (UNGM) has suffered extensive post‐magmatic metasomatic reworking which results into the development of (Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta, U, Th, F)– and albite‐enriched and greisenized apogranite body (UNAP) of 600 m thick, and more than 3 km in the strike length.Albitization produced an enrichment in Zr (av. 2384 ppm), Hf (61), Nb (419), and U (43). The Th/U ratio ranges between 1. 33 and 1. 90. Extreme albitization (i. e. the albitite rock) is characterized by sharp decrease in the rare metals contents. However, extreme greisenization (i. e. endogreisen bodies) is characterized by a considerable enrichment in Zr (av. 5464 ppm), Hf (143), Nb (2329), Ta (152), U (66) and Th (178). The Th/U ratio ranges between 1. 57 and 3. 60. In contrast to extreme greisenization, it seems that extreme albitization does not apparently change the fluid pH and therefore poor amounts of rare metals are localized in the albitites.It is suggested that the presence of Na+, H+ and F‐ in the ore fluids was essential to stablize complexes of Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta, U, Th, and HREE during extraction and transportation. In contrast, contemporaneous decrease of temperature and increasing pH due to decreasing pressure are considered the essential factors for localization of disseminated mineralization of Zr and Nb in the apical parts of the UNAP. The enhanced uranium content in the alteration facies of UNAP coupled with the absence of significant uranium mineralization may indicate the metalliferous rather than mineralized nature for the UNAP. The high uranium contents are stabilized in refractory accessory minerals. However, with repect to Zr and Nb, the UNAP especially the albitized and greisen facies, can be categorized as a mineralized productive granite.
Cation Leaching from the Basalt JB–1a by 2M NaCl Hydrothermal Solutions
Authors: UCHIDA Etsuo , TSUTSUI Ken 
Published: November 2008

Abstract: The basalt JB–1a was reacted with 2M NaCl solutions, and the leaching behavior of the cations Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn and Co was monitored. The experiments were carried out using standard cold‐seal pressure vessels in the temperature range from 300 to 800C under the constant pressure of 1000 bars and also in the pressure range from 500 to 1000 bars at 600°C.The concentrations of Fe, Mn, Zn and Co in the hydrothermal solutions increased significantly with increasing temperature and with decreasing pressure. The thermodynamic analysis of the experimental results suggests that this is due to the formation of trichloro‐complexes and also partly due to the temperature dependence of ion exchange between augite and aqueous chloride solution. The Na concentration in the aqueous solution decreases with increasing temperature and with decreasing pressure. On the other hand, the behavior of K, Ca and Mg is complex and their concentrations seem to be controlled by the coexisting minerals.Judging from the experimental results, it is concluded that the transition elements are effectively leached from the basalt under higher temperatures and lower pressures. This means that higher temperature and lower pressure conditions are preferable for the production of ore‐forming hydrothermal solutions.
Hydrothermal Fluid Evolution Associated with Gold Mineralization at the Wenyu Mine, Xiaoqinling District, China
Authors: JIANG Neng 
Published: November 2008

Abstract: The Wenyu mesothermal gold deposit is located in the Xiaoqinling district about 1000 km southwest of Beijing in central China. It occurs in the Late Archean to Early Proterozoic metamorphosed volcanic and sedimentary rocks. Three distinct stages of veins have been identified: (I) gold‐poor quartz–pyrite veins, (II) gold‐rich sulfide–quartz veins, and (III) gold‐poor carbonate–quartz veins. Stage II can be subdivided into IIa and IIb. Gold typically occurs as fracture‐fillings associated with chalcopyrite and galena.Fluid inclusions were examined in quartz samples from veins of both stage I and II. Three types of fluid inclusions are identified: CO2–H2O, CO2–rich, and aqueous inclusions. The first two types are of primary in origin. The last type occurs in two ways: coexisting with CO2–H2O and CO2–rich inclusions and thus primary in origin; and occurring along late healed fractures and hence secondary in origin. CO2–H2O inclusions display progressively decreasing Th and increasing Thco2, from the highest Th (311–408C) and lowest Thco2 (average 18C) in stage I quartz through middle Th (284–358C) and ThCO2(average 25C) in stage IIa quartz to the lowest Th (275–314C) and highest ThCO2 (average 28C) in stage IIb quartz, indicating an evolving H2O–CO2–NaCl fluid system. CO2–rich and primary aqueous inclusions show consistent ThCO2 or Th with their coexistent CO2–H2O inclusions. Whereas the secondary aqueous inclusions in stage I and IIa quartz have almost the same Th and salinity as the primary aqueous inclusions in stage IIb quartz. Comparing with CO2–H2O inclusions, these non–CO2, low salinity aqueous inclusions may come from different origin, most probably meteoric water.Unlike in both stage I and IIa quartz, fluid inclusions in stage IIb do not show evidence of fluid immiscibility. The fact that most of gold is associated with stage IIa and IIb veins and not with veins of stage I which is the main stage of vein formation suggests that gold deposition occurs at the later stage of fluid immiscibility. The continuing phase separation led to the deposition of large amounts of gold at the Wenyu mine.