bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Behaviour of fumigants during vacuum fumigation II.—Penetration of methyl bromide into bagged wheatfeed, and related diffusion experiments
Authors: Brown W. Burns , Heuser S. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe penetration of methyl bromide into bags of wheatfeed has been investigated in experimental fumigations at atmospheric pressure and by various techniques in which reduced pressures are used. In a series of four‐hour treatments the highest penetration factors were obtained when, after allowing an initial period of one hour at reduced pressure, the pressure was restored to atmospheric The effects of total pressure and of sorption on the diffusion of methyl bromide, carbon dioxide and hydrogen cyanide along a column of wheatfeed have been studied.
Laboratory tests on some hoof and horn materials used in horticulture. II.—Materials heat‐treated during processing
Authors: Owen O. , Winsor G. W. , Long M. I. E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractNineteen samples of ‘calcined’ hoof and horn materials have been examined in the laboratory with particular reference to their nitrogenous constituents. All the samples, which included hoof, horn and mixtures of the two materials, were milled in the laboratory before testing. The nitrogen content of the samples ranged from 12.98 to 15.10%. Considerable differences were found in the initial rates of mineralization of the nitrogen of the samples in soil. Highly significant correlations were found between the initial rates of mineralization of nitrogen and the contents both of water‐soluble nitrogen and of ammonia as determined by distillation with magnesia.A rapid test, in which aqueous extracts of the hoof and horn samples were titrated with a standard solution of sodium hydroxide in the presence of formaldehyde, was found to give results approximating to the ammonia values as determined by distillation and highly correlated with the soil‐incubation tests. A positive correlation was also found between the initial rates of mineralization of nitrogen and the bulk density of the samples. After incubation for 10 weeks in the soil the percentage mineralization of nitrogen in the samples ranged from 62 to 76%; no correlation could be found between these values and the other properties of the samples tested.It is concluded that calcined hoof and horn materials constitute a reasonably homogeneous class of nitrogenous fertilizer, except where the preliminary heat treatment was insufficient to destroy the fibrous nature of the horn samples.
Harvesting hybrid and inbred sweet‐corn seed in ENGLAND
Authors: Haskell Gordon 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSweet corn is increasingly grown for seed in England. As the seeds are unusually susceptible to fungal diseases, especially if left too long in the ear, a better understanding is required of the relationship between seed harvesting and climatic conditions. Correct harvesting is essential for the different varieties grown in England, since they react differently to English climatic conditions. A study was therefore made of growing, harvesting, drying, threshing and storing hybrid and inbred sweet‐corn seed in England.Inbred C 13 and its hybrid with Extra Early Bantam (John Innes Hybrid No. 1) were sampled between 12 September and 26 November, 1951. Harvestings on 23 October and 5 November gave the heaviest yields of hybrid, and on 5 November of inbred. Mature hybrid seeds were heavier than inbreds, the heaviest individual seed‐weight of inbreds being on 8 October, and of hybrids on 23 October. Seed quality and appearance were best on 8 October for inbred and 23 October for hybrid, which could be harvested over a longer period without deterioration. Harvestings of 8 and 23 October gave most viable hybrid seeds, and inbred seeds from 24 September germinated best in the glasshouse, but inbreds from 23 October gave best germination outside. This indicates better adaptability of hybrid seeds. Seedling vigour is associated with harvesting date; inbreds were weaker and wilted more than hybrids. These results are discussed in relation to climatic conditions at the time of the experiment.
Sodium as a plant nutrient
Authors: Lehr J. J. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract1. The present paper gives a critical re‐examination of different data and conceptions on the action of sodium in relation to deficiency symptoms and yield response.2. The importance of sodium for different agricultural crops is discussed in relation to the replacement of potassium and independent sodium effects.3. The results of pot experiments on oats, reported in the literature, indicate that sodium has an independent function other than that of replacing potassium. Both the nitrate and chloride of sodium appeared to be suitable for oats.4. Field experiments testing sodium for early potatoes in Holland showed little effect on yield of tubers, but there were effects on the tops. Even at high levels of potassium there were responses in yields of main‐crop tubers from dressings of sodium. The effect of sodium was studied by comparing sodium nitrate with calcium nitrate. When sodium chloride was applied to potatoes, either as common salt or with 20‐40% muriate of potash, there were decreases in yield and starch contents of the tubers.5. Results are given of recent Dutch experiments with fodder beet, testing sodium as nitrate of soda. The influence of soil type and addition of farmyard manure is discussed.
Purification of activated charcoal for decolorizing soil extracts
Authors: Yuen S. H. , Pollard A. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractActivated charcoal is purified by boiling it twice with concentrated hydrochloric acid and then leaching with sodium chloride. The prepared charcoal is practically free from phosphate extractable by customary soil extractants. The use of 0.1 g. or less of this charcoal for decolorizing 25 ml. of filtered soil extracts is advised.The adsorption of ions by the treated charcoal from solutions in distilled water and 0.002N‐H2SO4 was investigated. Ammonia, nitrate, phosphate, potassium, calcium, magnesium and manganese were adsorbed to various extents from aqueous solutions. In acid media, the adsorption of ammonia was negligible; that of phosphate, potassium, magnesium or manganese was insignificant and that of nitrate was further intensified.Addition of charcoal at the rate of 0.1 g. per 25 ml. removed all colour from 2.5% acetic acid extracts and Morgan extracts of ordinary field soils, but did not successfully decolorize 1% citric acid extracts.
The volatile oil of metrosideros umbellata
Authors: Corbett R. E. , Hanger W. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe essential oil of Metrosideros umbellata has been fractionated in an efficient column and is shown to contain at least 12 constituents. Nine of these have been identified with known compounds, namely (+)‐α‐pinene, (‐)‐ and (±)‐β‐pinene, myrcene, (+)‐limonene and dipentene, (±)‐α‐terpineol, (+)‐myrtenyl acetate, geranyl acetate, (+)‐aromadendrene, and (+)‐cadinene. Other constituents include a terpene ester, a new sesquiterpene and a sesquiterpene alcohol.
Fumigation of agricultural products. V.—The distribution of nicotine vapour in glasshouses
Authors: Blackith R. E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe extension of the bromothymol‐blue method to the determination of nicotine vapour in glasshouses is described. The vapour pressure of technical nicotine is discussed, and the factors that influence the distribution of nicotine vapour in glasshouses are assessed.Glasshouses are so leaky that effective fumigation ends when the nicotine has been evaporated. The optimum dosage is about 1/4 oz. per 1000 cu. ft. and the rate of evaporation should be about 1/4 oz. per hour for each of the usual spirit‐lamp evaporators. Fumigation should not be done while the temperature is rising because marked layering of the atmosphere is liable to occur. Stirring, in conjunction with the leaky structure, only enhances loss of fumigant. Strong cross‐winds are likewise deleterious.
Analytical studies on the carbohydrates of grasses and clovers. III.—Carbohydrate breakdown during wilting and ensilage
Authors: Wylam Clare B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractConsiderable enzymic breakdown of sucrose and fructosan has been found to occur during wilting and laboratory ensilage of grass. The implications of this are discussed with respect to the collection of grass samples for analysis and the preparation of grass silage.
The production of table poultry
Authors: Coles R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIncreased production of poultry meat in the U.K. could play an important part in improving the national diet while the world shortage of red meat persists. The obstacle in the way of table‐poultry expansion in the past has been the high price to the consumer, relegating chicken meat to a luxury trade. The experimental work described gives an account of the rate of growth of chicken over a 20‐week growing period, together with the food‐conversion rates at weekly stages. The data presented indicate that at certain ages chicken can be produced with a carcass weight and conformation appealing to the customer, and with a favourable food‐conversion ratio. The economic implications of sales at the various stages are discussed.
Studies on egg shells. III.—Some physical and chemical characteristics of the egg shells of domestic hens
Authors: Tyler C. , Geake F. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFifty eggs have been examined and a number of physical and chemical characteristics determined. These include shell thickness, porosity coefficients, pore counts, membrane‐, pore‐ and matrix‐protein, calcium, carbonate, magnesium, phosphorus and citric acid. Apart from calcium, carbonate and magnesium, the characteristics all show pronounced bird differences. Certain relationships such as shell thickness: weight per unit area, shell weight: calcium content, calcium content: carbonate content and pore count: porosity coefficient have also been developed, and some may prove to be of value in eliminating laborious work such as shell‐thickness measurements and calcium and carbonate determinations.
Procedures for the extraction, separation and estimation of the major fat‐soluble pigments of hay
Authors: Davidson J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractNew methods are described for the extraction, chromatographic separation and spectro‐photometric identification and estimation of chlorophyll‐a, chlorophyll‐b, phaeophytin‐a, phaeophytin‐b, carotene and xanthophyll in hay. The most suitable solvent for extraction was 85% acetone. The chlorophylls were separated chromatographically from the phaeophytins, carotene and xanthophyll on a sucrose‐sodium sulphate mixture. The chlorophyll‐a and chlorophyll‐b were estimated simultaneously in the green solution, and phaeophytin‐a and phaeophytin‐b were estimated simultaneously in the yellow solution, by spectrophotometry. Carotene and, subsequently, xanthophyll were separated chromato‐graphically from the yellow solution on magnesium oxide, and were estimated separately.
Soil fumigation. I.—the sorption of ethylene dibromide by soils
Authors: Wade Peter 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSorption of ethylene dibromide by soils is rapid, the greater part of the total amount sorbed being taken up within half an hour. Equilibrium was established by the end of 24 hours. Sorption isotherms on the air‐dried and moist soils have been plotted. Over the usual field range of moisture content the amount of ethylene dibromide held by the soil remains constant; the total amount sorbed increases slightly with increasing moisture content owing to solution of the fumigant in the soil water. In this range of moisture content the amount sorbed is proportional to the content of organic carbon of the soils. Very little evidence for any irreversible sorption or decomposition of ethylene dibromide by the soils has been found over the range 10‐25°.
Connective tissue of meat. III.—Determination of collagen in tendon tissue by the hydroxyproline method
Authors: Baker L. C. , Lampitt L. H. , Brown K. P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSamples of ‘collagen’ have been prepared from tendon dissected from shin of beef and found to have a maximum hydroxyproline content of 13.2%, giving a factor of 7.57 for converting hydroxyproline into ‘collagen’. A comparison has been made of the results obtained for the ‘collagen’ content of freeze‐dried tendon preparations (a) by the hydroxyproline method and (b) by the modification of the Lowry, Gilligan & Katersky method previously published.
Studies on composts prepared from waste materials. II.—the fractionation of orǵaanic nitroǵaen
Authors: Mattingly G. E. G. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract1. The effect of acid concentration and time of hydrolysis on the amount of nitrogen dissolved from sewage sludge and composts was investigated. The amounts of α‐amino‐nitrogen and ammonia‐nitrogen in solution were determined.2. The amount of total nitrogen dissolved by 22% (w/v) hydrochloric acid in 16 hours at 100° was 83‐88%, and this did not increase appreciably in 48 hours.3. α‐Amino‐nitrogen in this solution reached a maximum in 16 hours and then decreased; ammonia‐nitrogen continued to increase up to 48 hours. The increase in ammonia was attributed to deamination.4. The α‐amino‐nitrogen and amide‐nitrogen contents of composts from wheat straw and sewage sludge, and wheat straw and ammonium sulphate, and the solubility of the nitrogen in 2% and 22% (w/v) hydrochloric acid were determined at different stages of decomposition.5. The changes in the percentage of total nitrogen present as α‐amino‐nitrogen and amide‐nitrogen were greatest during the first few weeks of composting.6. The percentage composition of the insoluble organic nitrogen present, defined as the nitrogen not soluble in cold o.IN‐hydrochloric acid, appeared to be almost independent after 3 months' decomposition of the initial source of nitrogen used in composting.
Physicochemical studies on the application of insecticides to sheep fleece. VI.—Successive treatment of solutions of cationic wetting aǵaents with natural fleece under non‐equilibrium conditions
Authors: Addison C. C. , Furmidge C. G. L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe curves representing variation of activation or inactivation of cationic wetting agents with period of immersion are classified into four clear types, according to carbonchain length and halide ion of the wetting agent. Solutions of these compounds have been treated with successive samples of natural fleece, and the change in interfacial activity of the solutions has been measured. Immersion periods of less than 5 minutes were used, so that the solutions were not able to reach equilibrium with the fleece. The results are correlated with activation‐time curves for single samples of fleece.
The sugars of manufactured tea
Authors: Cartwright R. A. , Roberts E. A. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn aqueous extract of made tea, after removal of polyphenolic matter and passage through ion‐exchange resins, was examined for sugars by paper chromatography. Glucose, fructose, sucrose, arabinose and ribose were detected. Less positive identifications were made of maltose, raffinose and rhamnose. mesoInositol was also found.
Stability of carotene from dried grass meal and of synthetic vitamin D3 in chick mash
Authors: Booth V. H. , Coates M. E. , Cox C. P. , Thompson S. Y. , Healy M. J. R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTwo experiments were carried out to determine whether 5% of dried grass meal as a source of carotene, together with 1 i.u./g. of synthetic vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol), can satisfactorily replace cod‐liver oil in providing vitamins. A and D3 in chick mashes, and to assess the stability of these vitamins in normal commercial storage for up to 16 weeks. The rate of loss of carotene varied for different mashes and averaged 1% per week; grass meal stored alone lost only 0.5% of its carotene per week. The vitamin‐D supplement proved ample at the end of the storage period, and with dried grass of good quality satisfactorily supplied the needs of chicks.
A study of the use of a small panel to estimate consumer judgments
Authors: Prentice J. H. , Sheppard D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTwo methods of validating the judgments made on butter, compound fat and margarine by a small panel are described. In each case the panel's judgments, made to a rating scale, were compared from time to time with the judgments of larger, consumer, groups. In the first method the averages of the panel members' ratings for each attribute were compared with the averages of the consumer group's ratings, and significant regression coefficients were obtained for the attributes flavour, spreadability and firmness. The panel and the consumers did not agree about texture or overall quality. In the second, fuller, method, the individual panel members' judgments were examined for self‐consistency and possible drift with time, and multiple regression equations were calculated for the estimation of consumer judgments from the panel members' judgments for each attribute.
The fate of γ‐benzene hexachloride in normal and resistant houseflies. I
Authors: Bradbury F. R. , Standen H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe fate of γ‐benzene hexachloride in both normal and benzene hexachloride‐resistant houseflies (Musca domestica) has been studied by radiochemical methods by means of 14C‐labelled γ‐benzene hexachloride. After exposure to the insecticide the resistant flies showed less radioactivity in carbon tetrachloride extracts than did the normal flies, but paper chromatography of these extracts showed the radioactive compound present to be γ‐benzene hexachloride. A proportion of the absorbed benzene hexachloride in both kinds of flies is converted into water‐soluble products which are not extracted by carbon tetrachloride, and the amount of this product is greater for resistant flies, being approximately 50% of the total benzene hexachloride absorbed during six hours' exposure of the insects to the insecticide.
The nitrogenous extractives from fresh fish muscle. III. —Comparison of several flat fishes and members of the herring‐mackerel group
Authors: Shewan J. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe fractionation by displacement chromatography on ion‐exchange resins of the aqueous‐alcoholic extracts of the muscle of six species of flat fish, as well as four members of the pelagic group, has shown the presence of a variety of amino‐acids in addition to creatine, creatinine and trimethylamine oxide, which are common to all. On the whole, the diagrams for the flat fishes are rather similar to those previously recorded for the gadoids. The pelagic species differ from both these groups by the presence of large amounts of histidine and by the absence of carnosine, anserine and the latter's constituent amino‐acids, methylhistidine and β‐alanine.
A colorimetric method for the determination of molybdenum in soils
Authors: Williams C. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe dithiol (4‐methyl‐1 : 2‐dimercaptobenzene) reagent is more sensitive for the determination of molybdenum than is the more commonly used thiocyanate. A method is described for the determination of molybdenum in soils, in which dithiol is used for the final colorimetric estimation. The soil extract is evaporated to dryness, dissolved in hydrochloric acid and copper extracted with dithizone. Molybdenum is then separated from iron by extraction as the thiocyanate, which is then decomposed by digestion with sulphuric acid. The molybdenum is finally precipitated as the dithiol complex and extracted by amyl acetate for colorimetric estimation. The whole determination can be carried out in a Quickfit test‐tube and is both rapid and accurate.The results indicate that none of the elements commonly found in soils, tested in the quantities in which they normally occur, is likely to interfere with the determination.
A study of the drying of milk crumb
Authors: Saunders James 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe investigation was carried out on a large‐scale vacuum shelf drier.The rate of drying falls from the start and is influenced more by the degree of vacuum in the drier and the moisture content of the mass introduced to the drier than by the shelf temperature.The drying mechanism was investigated by measuring the temperature and moisture content at various positions within a drying block. It was found that drying takes place across the section of each block towards its centre, thus causing substantial variations in temperature and moisture content at different levels within the block.It is suggested that such variations during the drying of milk crumb will affect the characteristics of chocolate made from it.
The reported lecithinase activity of egg yolk and dried egg
Authors: Lea C. H. , Wilson R. A. L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAcker, Diemair & Jäger have reported the presence in spray‐dried whole egg and egg yolk of an enzyme capable of rapidly decomposing lecithin with the liberation of choline but not of fatty acids, and have pointed out the similarity of this enzyme to the phospholipase DIn this paper the enzyme that hydrolyses lecithin to phosphorylcholine and a diglyceride is referred to as phospholipase C, and that which produces choline and a phosphatidic acid as phospholipase D. Some authors, e.g. Hanahan & Vercamer,6 reverse these definitions.
recently discovered in carrots and other vegetables.We have been unable to confirm the existence of any considerable lecithinase activity in fresh egg yolk or in spray‐dried whole egg of good quality and suggest that the observed results may have been due to the action of microbial enzymes, possibly phospholipase C, present in the samples examined by the German workers.
Solanine, glycoside of the potato. III. —An improved method of extraction and determination
Authors: Baker L. C. , Lampitt L. H. , Meredith O. B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe colorimetric method for the determination of solanine and solanidine has been standardized and the molecular extinction coefficient of the coloured solutions at wavelength 570 mμ have been determined. A method has been developed for the extraction of solanine from potato tubers by using a Soxhlet apparatus. This method gave consistently higher results than the method of Rooke et al.; it may also be used for cooked potato.
The use of ion‐exchange resins in the determination of potassium
Authors: Ashton W. M. , Williams J. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA method is described for removing sulphates and phosphates from potash salts and compound fertilizers prior to the determination of potassium. An ion‐exchange resin column containing Amberlite IR‐4B was used for anion absorption, and potassium was determined in the eluate by the perchlorate method. Good agreement was obtained with methods involving removal of sulphate as barium sulphate or preliminary precipitation of potassium as cobaltinitrite. Potassium was also determined by flame photometry.
Vegetable oils. IV. —A new method of determining the component acids of oils containing epoxy‐ and/or hydroxy‐acids
Authors: Bharucha K. E. , Gunstone F. D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA new method of determining the component acids of oils containing epoxy‐ and/or hydroxy‐acids is described and applied to the seed oils of Vernonia anthelmintica and Strophanthus hispidus containing 12:13‐epoxyoctadec‐9‐enoic (74%) and 9‐hydroxyoctadec‐12enoic acid (15%) respectively. Some new derivatives of this latter acid are reported and the periodate method of determining α‐glycols is criticized.