bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanistic study on the substitution reactions of O‐ethyl S‐aryl dithiocarbonates with quinuclidines
Authors: Castro Enrique A. , Gazitúa Marcela , Ríos Paulina , Tobar Paula , Santos José G. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe quinuclidinolysis of 4‐nitrophenyl, 2,4‐dinitrophenyl and 2,4,6‐trinitrophenyl O‐ethyl dithiocarbonates (1, 2, and 3, respectively) are studied kinetically at 25.0 °C, ionic strength 0.2 M; the two former in water and the latter in 44 wt% ethanol–water. The Brønsted plots (log kN vs. pKa of quinuclidinium ions) for the reactions of 1 and 2 are linear with slopes β = 0.94 and 0.76, respectively, and that of 3 shows a smooth curvature. From these results and other arguments it can be concluded that the quinuclidinolysis of dithiocarbonate 1 in water is stepwise, in contrast to those of dithiocarbonates 2 in water and 3 in aqueous ethanol, which are concerted. The kinetics and mechanistic effects of the leaving and electrophilic groups and the amine nature are discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry fragmentation of protonated flavone and flavonol aglycones: a re‐examination
Authors: Justino Gonçalo C. , Borges Carlos M. , Florêncio M. Helena 
Published: December 2008

AbstractFlavonoids are important phytochemicals which have been intensively studied in the last decades in view of their antioxidant activity, which is of particular importance in the case of flavones and flavonols, that differ in a single 3‐OH group. Mass spectrometry has been used to elucidate the structures of many types of flavonoids and their metabolites. The work we present here is focused on the electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS/MS) analysis of flavone and flavonols aglycones. Their fragmentation mechanisms in the positive ion mode are described and compared with previously reported mechanisms. We analyzed flavonoid derivatives produced by reaction of the flavonoids with chemically synthesized hypohalous acids (HOCl, HOBr and HOI) and peroxynitrite, reactive species involved in the inflammatory response. All the proposed pathways have been analyzed using computational chemistry methods in order to seek for possible variations and establish the most plausible ones. We observed that the losses of one and two CO molecules can be useful in terms of antioxidant activity prediction. Losses of one and two C2H2O groups are also informative in terms of structure and activity predictions. The retro‐Diels‐Alder fragmentations, and subsequent neutral losses, were reviewed and, according to our calculations, the most plausible structures for the product ions were established. These fingerprints will be of great value for differentiating flavonoids from other compounds in complex biological mixtures and for a thorough structural identification of flavonoid aglycones and their in vivo metabolites. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metabolic turnover rates of carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes in captive juvenile snakes
Authors: Fisk Aaron T. , Sash Kim , Maerz John , Palmer William , Carroll John P. , MacNeil M. Aaron 
Published: December 2008

AbstractMetabolic turnover rates (m) of δ15N and δ13C were assessed in different tissues of newly hatched captive‐raised corn snakes (Elaphe guttata guttata) fed maintenance diets consisting of earthworms (Eisenia foetida) that varied substantially in δ15N (by 644‰) and δ13C (by 5.0‰). Three treatments were used during this 144 day experiment that consisted of the same diet throughout (control), shifting from a depleted to an enriched stable isotope signature diet (uptake), and shifting from an enriched to depleted stable isotope signature diet (elimination). Values of δ13C in the liver, blood, and muscle of the control snakes reached equilibrium with and were, respectively, 1.73, 2.25 and 2.29 greater than in their diet, this increase is called an isotopic discrimination factor (Δδ13C = δ13Csnake − δ13Cfood). Values of δ15N in snake tissues did not achieve equilibrium with the diets in any of the exposures and thus Δ15N could not be estimated. Values of metabolic turnover rates (m) for δ13C and δ15N were greater in liver than in muscle and blood, which were similar, and relative results remained the same if the fraction of 15N and 13C were modeled. Although caution is warranted because equilibrium values of stable isotopes in the snakes were not achieved, values of m were greater for δ13C than δ15N, resulting in shorter times to dietary equilibrium for δ13C upon a diet shift, and for both stable isotopes in all tissues, greater during an elimination than in an uptake shift in diet stable isotope signature. Multiple explanations for the observed differences between uptake and elimination shifts raise new questions about the relationship between animal and diet stable isotope concentrations. Based on this study, interpretation of feeding ecology using stable isotopes is highly dependent on the kind of stable isotope, tissue, direction of diet switch (uptake versus elimination), and the growth rate of the animal. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The relative importance of positive and negative interactions for pollinator attraction in a plant community
Authors: Hegland Stein Joar , Grytnes John‐Arvid , Totland Ørjan 
Published: December 2008

AbstractPlant–pollinator interactions provide ideal frameworks for studying interactions in plant communities. Despite the large potential influence of such interactions on plant community structure, biodiversity and evolutionary processes, we know surprisingly little about the relative importance of positive and negative interactions among plant species for pollinator attraction. Therefore, we explored the relationships between conspecific and heterospecific floral densities and the flower visitation rates of nine plant species mainly visited by bumble bees, and six plant species mainly visited by flies, in a temperate grassland, through stepwise multiple regressions. Significant relationships were interpreted as interactions for pollinator attraction. Our results revealed that positive intra‐ and interspecific interactions for pollinator attraction were far more frequent than negative ones. Seventeen interspecific interactions were revealed of which 14 were significantly positive, whereas three of four significant intraspecific interactions were positive. Seven species experienced only positive interactions and two species experienced only negative interactions. The results presented here indicate that negative interactions are not necessarily the dominant ecological interaction for pollination among plants within a community, and the study represents a straightforward approach to study intra‐ and interspecific interactions among multiple species within a community. We discuss which mechanisms may drive the positive interactions for pollinator attraction and whether this may result in facilitative effects on reproductive success.
Detection of Adulteration in Iranian Olive Oils Using Instrumental (GC, NMR, DSC) Methods
Authors: Jafari Maryam , Kadivar Mahdi , Keramat Javad 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThis paper describes an investigation into the usefulness of some instrumental methods (GC, NMR, and DSC) in the detection of adulteration of olive oil with soybean, sunflower, and canola oils (that are relatively cheap oils mixed as adulterants with olive oil). These seed oils were compared with genuine and commercial olive oils, two of which appeared to have been adulterated. It was observed that from among physical and chemical indices, the iodine value and the refractive index in the two olive oil samples (named A and B) were significantly higher (P < 0.01) than in the reference (genuine) olive oil, both values being above standard limits established for olive oil. On the other hand, fatty acid (FA) profiles in these two samples exhibited higher amounts of linolenic and linoleic acids (5.34 and 39.92%, 6.38 and 54.42%, 0.79 and 12.88% for A, B and genuine olive oils respectively) but significantly lower amounts of oleic acid (30.07, 21.72 and 67.86%, respectively). The number and intensity of signals observed using 1H NMR indicated that the peaks numbered 2 and 7 were useful in the determination of olive oil purity. Because of higher linolenic and linoleic acid contents in samples A and B, the intensity and integrated areas for these two signals were higher than those for other olive oil samples in which signal 2 was not observed and signal 7 had a very low intensity. Satisfactory results were achieved from quantitation of DSC parameters. The results show that due to increased unsaturated FAs in samples A and B and the consequent changes in triacylglycerol profiles, offset crystallization temperature and onset melting temperature in these two olive oils differed from those of the reference and clearly shifted to lower values. Crystallization and melting curves were similar to the corresponding curves observed for soybean and sunflower oils in terms of shape and number of peaks.
Sunflower Lecithin: Application of a Fractionation Process with Absolute Ethanol
Authors: Cabezas D. M. , Diehl B. W. K. , Tomás M. C. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractNative or modified lecithins are widely used as a multifunctional ingredient in the food industry. A fractionation process of sunflower lecithin (a non GMO product) with absolute ethanol was used for obtaining enriched fractions in certain phospholipids under different experimental conditions (temperature 35–65 °C, time of fractionation 30–90 min, ethanol/lecithin ratio 2:1, 3:1). Phospholipid enrichment in PC and PI fractions was obtained and analyzed by 31P NMR determinations. The percent extraction coefficients for different phospholipids (%EPC, %EPE and %EPI) in both fractions were calculated. Values of %EPC in PC fractions significantly increased (p < 0.05) from 12.8 (35 °C, 30 min, 2:1) to 57.7 (65 °C, 90 min, 3:1) at increasing temperature and incubation time. %EPE varied from 3.0 to 18.3 in the same fraction while %EPI presented lower values (<3%) under all the conditions assayed. The study of the effect of the operating conditions on the fractionation process evidenced a relevant influence of temperature, incubation time and to a minor extent of the ethanol/lecithin ratio on the enriched fraction yield% and selectivity of the main phospholipids (PC, PI, PE) estimated by %EPL. Response surface methodology (RSM) was utilized to explain the influence of the different parameters to optimize this process.
Ein unbekanntes Kapitel aus Marx' Leben
Authors: Blumenberg W. 
Published: December 2008

Während die Literatur über den Marxismus unübersehbar geworden ist, wurde der Erforschung von Marx' Persönlichkeit und Lebensgang nicht die erforderliche Aufmerksamkeit gewidmet, und zudem ist der grösste Teil der biographischen Literatur unkritisch. Das ist um so auffallender, als die Kenntnis der Marx-Biographie unerlässlich für das Verständnis des Marxismus ist; E. H. Carr hat darauf nachdrücklich hingewiesen. Es ist nun kein Geheimnis, dass Marx' Biographie grosse Lücken aufweist; über wichtige Ereignisse und ganze Abschnitte seines Lebens sind wir ungenügend unterrichtet. Selbst der Briefwechsel mit Engels, die Hauptquelle der Biographie, ist ein Torso; man darf annehmen, dass einige hundert Briefe fehlen. Nicht nur quantitativ ist das ein entsetzlicher Verlust; zweifellos sind sehr viele wichtige Briefe vernichtet worden. Engels selbst gab Marx einmal den Rat, bestimmte Briefe zu vernichten, was Marx jedoch bei der Gelegenheit nicht tat.Für die Kenntnis des Menschen Marx fehlen uns die wichtigsten Unterlagen. Wie war sein Verhältnis zur Familie, zur Mutter, zur Frau, zu Engels? Welche Motive und Einflüsse bestimmten die Wandlung seiner Beziehungen zu politischen Freunden und Gegnern? Rjazanov erinnert sich, Laura Lafargue einmal sein Bedauern darüber ausgesprochen zu haben, dass „Marx uns so wenig ‘Subjektives’, rein Persönliches hinterlassen” habe; sie habe ihm darauf die „Bekenntnisse” gezeigt, mehr nicht. Gerade viel intimes Material ist verloren.
The General Election of 1859 in the Cities of Yorkshire.
Authors: Guttsman W. L. 
Published: December 2008

A study of parliamentary elections in a certain area must be preceded by the attempt to describe the character of the electorate. This is the more necessary as it is often little recognised to what a large extent the size and composition of the new electorate created by the £ 10 franchise varied from borough to borough. This was due to some extent to the strength of local registration societies and the different interpretation which the revising barristers gave to the term ratepayer, but its main cause was the character of the housing in the constituencies. Land values, custom and, of course, the wage structure of the community determined the quality and standard of building and in consequence rent and rates. While the urban middle classes were probably everywhere in possession of the vote the above mentioned factors clearly determine the proportion of the working-class who enjoyed the franchise. It seems useful therefore to compare the Yorkshire figures with those for other parts of the country. To do this it is best to disregard York and Hull with their large number of freemen voters and to concentrate on the newly enfranchised boroughs.The electorates in the five new boroughs were all of a fair size; the smallest, Halifax, had 1,491 electors and Sheffield over 7,000. Yet with the exception of the latter, where as the result of the many skilled workmen and small masters we expect to find a large democratic electorate, the proportion of voters, whether measured in terms of inhabitants or houses, is almost inversely related to the size of the town.
Les Cahiers de lecture de Karl Marx
Authors: Rubel Maximilien 
Published: December 2008

Comment Marx travaillait-il? La question prend une importance toute spéciale si l'on convient que seule une étude de genèse pourrait nous éclairer, non seulement sur le sens réel des oeuvres inachevées ou posthumes, mais encore, à n'en pas douter, sur l'ensemble de l'oeuvre.Aucun examen de détail n'a été tenté pour étudier une méthode de travail que l'on sait ou devine pourtant toute personnelle, et, plus particulièrement, opposée à celle de Hegel. Un critique russe ayant commenté la methode dialectique de Marx, celui-ci ajoute à la seconde edition du Capital les réflexions que voici: «…le procédé d'exposition doit se distvnguci formellement du procédé d'investigation. A l'investigation de faire la matière sienne dans tous ses détails, d'en analyser les diverses formes de développement, et de découvrir leur lien intime.
Strikes and the Press in the North-East, 1815–44: A Note
Authors: Corrigan J. V. 
Published: December 2008

Maurice Milne's article restricts its discussion of press treatment of industrial disputes in this period to an analysis of coverage of three strikes in three Newcastle upon Tyne papers. He passes from this review to the following conclusion:The facile assumption that radical political beliefs would predispose their holder to espouse the cause of organised labour will not stand up to close scrutiny, at least where one important industrial region and its newspapers are concerned.
Employers, Unions, and American Exceptionalism: Pre-World War I Open Shops in the Machine Trades in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Haydu Jeffrey 
Published: December 2008

SummaryIn comparative perspective, U.S. employers have been unusually hostile to unions. Their labor policies varied from one time and industry to another, however, in defiance of familiar interpretations of American “exceptionalism”. It is argued that before World War I, open shops and trade agreements represented different solutions for common labor problems. The timing of changes in technology and industrial structure relative to union growth determined which strategy would be more attractive to employers. This argument is developed by comparing one open shop industry (the machine trades) with its British counterpart and, more briefly, with some U.S. industries where trade agreements prevailed.
Working-Class Attitudes to Social Reform: Black Country Chainmakers and Anti-Sweating Legislation, 1880–1930
Authors: Blackburn Sheila 
Published: December 2008

SummaryHistorians have recently paid serious attention to the roles of working-class groups in the creation of British social policy, but have largely ignored involvement by sweated workers. This article reveals among chainmakers long-run campaigns against sweating – successively demanding state action to abolish domestic workshops, regulate hours, restrict female work, fix rates for the job, and institute co-operative production. Failure in these campaigns led, with major initiatives from female workers, to advocacy of a statutory minimum wage. The Trade Boards Act (1909) reflected such pressures for state aid, though the form the legislation took brought only limited benefits.
How Socialist is Solidaristic Social Policy? Swedish Postwar Reform as a Case in Point
Authors: Baldwin Peter 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYThe postwar welfare state, as epitomized by Beveridge's Plan, seemed to mark a major departure from social policy's traditional Bismarckian ambition to ameliorate and preserve existing social circumstances. Many have found the reason for this turnabout in the power that parties of the Left achieved in the immediate postwar years, in Britain and especially in Scandinavia where reform was most pronounced. The article questions this political pedigree by examining the origins of postwar reforms, in this case in Sweden, in the ambitions and interests of the bourgeois parties and by analyzing the initial reluctance of the Social Democrats to follow the new reforming initiatives coming from the parties of the middle classes.
The Comparative View in Labour History
Authors: Eisenberg Christiane 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYComparisons between the English and German labour movements have a long tradition in historiography. In Germany they were primarily discussed in the context of the “German Sonderweg”, a debate which was opened in the 1920s and continues in the 1980s. The article presented here analyzes the methodological problems ofSonderwegcomparisons of labour history and confronts the major arguments with the results of empirical research. It concludes that many oldSonderwegarguments can not withstand this confrontation. Nevertheless, the article proposes that the debate should be continued, since empirical research focuses on new aspects and supports the diagnosis of two different paths of labour history.
Peculiar Perquisites and Pernicious Practices
Authors: Randall Adrian J. 
Published: December 2008

SummaryThis paper examines the character and significance of embezzlement in the woollen industry of the West of England in the years from c. 1750 to 1840 in the light of the recent debate which sees the period as witnessing major developments in the eradication of perquisites and in the formulation of the wage. It examines the dimensions of embezzlement, its correlation with economic fluctuations and its importance for the economy of both the clothier and the embezzling worker. It shows that tighter legislative sanctions failed to check the illicit trade in embezzled wool, which by the early nineteenth century constituted a well-organised black market, and it considers the effect of this trade in “slinge” upon economic and social relations in the industry.
Militancy and Pragmatism
Authors: Broeze Frank 
Published: December 2008

SummaryThe militancy of maritime workers led worldwide to strikes of great magnitude, visibility and impact. In many countries these strikes had vast repercussions for the industrial and political development of the labour movement. As this comparative overview of maritime labour and unionism in some ten countries shows, however, after the first wave of strikes two conflicting tendencies arose which became a permanent feature of the maritime scene. The men themselves never lost their potential for militant action and adherence to radical ideologies. By contrast, many union leaders became increasingly pragmatic and even accommodationist. This article investigates the causes of this dichotomy and assesses the resulting tensions and conflicts. In many ports these led to break-away moves, spontaneous action and the replacement of moderate by radical leaders. In others the pragmatic tendency survived in power. This included a strong interest in alliances with adjacent unions and international unions.
White Building Workers and Coloured Competition in the South African Labour Market, c. 1890–1940
Authors: Duin Pieter Van 
Published: December 2008

SummaryThe article deals with “racial” aspects of the labour market and labour relations in South Africa's building industry, focussing largely, though not exclusively, on skilled building workers on the Witwatersrand (Southern Transvaal). Different trade-union strategies are examined, as pursued by building trade unions in the Transvaal as well as the Eastern Cape and Natal, in order to add a comparative dimension. In the latter areas, shortly after World War I, a white-exclusionist organizing policy was replaced in some urban centres by a pragmatic strategy of incorporating “coloured” artisans (Africans and Indians continued to be excluded). In the Transvaal, on the other hand, the relatively strong position of white building workers and a deeply-ingrained racism ensured the maintenance of racially-exclusive trade unionism in the building industry.
Skin-, nipple-, and areola-sparing mastectomy
Authors: Umoh E. M. , Arora N. , Simmons R. M. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractSurgical management of breast carcinoma has evolved to include more breast conserving techniques such as skin-, nipple-, and areola-sparing mastectomies, as improved cosmesis becomes an increasing concern. However, the oncologic risk of these procedures must be strongly considered before such techniques can be widely adopted. Here we review available literature on these techniques and their associated clinical outcome. From our own experience, as well as from that reported, we conclude that nipple-, skin-, and areola-sparing mastectomies in carefully selected patients can have safe oncologic outcomes comparable to more traditional surgical techniques and therefore may be a feasible option for breast cancer management.
Der Amsterdamer Arbeiterbildungsverein von 1847 und die Vorläufer der modernen sozialen Bewegung in Westeuropa
Authors: Stein Hans 
Published: December 2008

The aim of this study is to link up the general trend of Dutch and international political developments with certain events in the domain of social history, some of which are scarcely known and some exciting little attention, being regarded as of mere local interest.A description of the organising methods and the political tactics of the early socialist movement in Western Europe forms an introduction to this enquiry. There are in the main three methods of proceeding in the matter and the one chosen is determined by the particular political conditions of a country at a given moment.Educational societies for the working classes are being founded and the leading executive positions occupied by men belonging to socialist-communist secret societies. These, which are perfectly legal and in every sense public societies, serve as a means for collecting into a body the active-minded workers; at the same time they form a sieve for the selection of such elements as might seem useful and worthy of admittance to membership of the secret society.