bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shear Load Tests on Stone Columns With and Without Geosynthetic Encasement
Authors: Murugesan S. , Rajagopal K. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
The use of stone columns (otherwise called granular piles) has proved to be an economical and technically viable ground improvement technique for construction on soft clay soils. Though the stone columns are designed to carry vertical compressive loads, soil movements occurring in the field conditions may cause shear deformations in the stone columns. The stone columns, particularly installed in very soft soils, may not be able to resist these shear movements because of the low confinement offered by the surrounding soil. The shear load capacity of such stone columns can be significantly improved by encasing the individual stone columns with suitable geosynthetic. The encasement confines the aggregate and makes the stone column act like a semirigid pile; thus leading to increased shear stiffness of the column. This paper discusses some laboratory model tests performed to investigate the shear load capacity of stone columns with and without geosynthetic encasement. The laboratory tests were performed by inducing lateral soil movements in a stone column treated soft soil. The results have shown qualitative improvement in the shear stiffness of the stone column due to geosynthetic encasement.
Evaluation of Rock Bolt Integrity using Guided Ultrasonic Waves
Authors: Han Shin-In , Lee In-Mo , Lee Yong-Jun , Lee Jong-Sub 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Rock bolts play a crucial role in reinforcement support systems for tunnels and rock slopes. In this study documented herein, guided ultrasonic waves are used to evaluate the integrity of rock bolts. The dispersion characteristics of the guided waves are identified by numerical simulations. Experimental studies using the transmission of guided waves are carried out with different defect ratios for grouted nonembedded rock bolts, and for rock bolts embedded into a concrete block and rock mass. Analytical solutions are suggested to estimate the equivalent velocity for both the grouted and the embedment portions. Numerical simulations reveal that the optimal frequency range of guided waves is 20∼70 kHz in the first longitudinal mode. Field and laboratory experimental studies and associated analyses show the velocity of guided waves increases as the defect ratio increases. The velocity for the grouted portion in the nonembedded rock bolts is essentially constant. However, the velocity in the embedment portion decreases with increasing embedment length due to the increase in the size of the influence zone. Results suggest that the integrity of rock bolts can be easily evaluated by the transmission method using guided waves.
Modified Ohio’s Curves: A Rapid Estimation of Compaction Curves for Coarse- and Fine-Grained Soils
Authors: Horpibulsuk Suksun , Katkan Wanchai , Naramitkornburee Anek 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Compaction curves from 16 coarse- and 9 fine-grained soils, which cover all soil types classified by the Unified Soil Classification System are analyzed to develop the Modified Ohio’s curves. For all soils, the relationships between water content and degree of saturation on both the dry and the wet sides of optimum are represented by power functions. Their compaction curves under standard Proctor energy follow the Ohio’s curves. Optimum degree of saturation, ODS, of coarse-grained soils is lower than that of fine-grained soils. However, for a given soil, the ODS is practically the same for different compaction energies, E. Even though compaction characteristics (optimum water content, OWC, and maximum dry unit weight, γd max) are different for different soils, their relationship between normalized OWC/OWCst and E is practically the same, where OWCst is the OWC at standard Proctor energy. Based on this finding, the Modified Ohio’s curves are introduced under compaction energy levels of the half standard, half modified, and modified Proctor energies. The verification of the Modified Ohio’s curve is also illustrated in this paper. These curves are useful in rapid estimation of laboratory compaction curves from a single set data of dry unit weight and water content.
Cavitation Protection Performance of Nitrite-Free Organic Acid Based Coolant for Heavy-Duty Engines
Authors: Mori Yasuaki , Abel Michael L. , Miyake Yuji 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
For decades, most all heavy-duty engine coolants contain nitrites in order to protect against cavitation erosion/corrosion. So much so that many industry specifications require nitrites by name as well as minimum concentration quantities as they have been found to be very effective in minimizing cavitation erosion/corrosion of heavy-duty engine cast iron cylinder liners. However, the use of nitrites has become an issue because it is commonly known that nitrites could produce carcinogens when mixed with amine-type coolants. Legislation in some countries recommend not using it. This paper introduces nitrite-free, organic acid based, long-life coolant technology that gives the desired cavitation protection.
Evaluation of Functional Approaches to Describe the Moisture Diffusivity of Building Materials
Authors: Scheffler Gregor , Grunewald John , Plagge Rudolf 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
With a set of material parameters and a material model called engineering model of hygrothermal material characteristics, both proposed in (Scheffler, 2004), the material functions used for input to hygrothermal building component simulation programs can be adjusted. Using inverse identification of functional parameters by simulation of laboratory experiments, the model is calibrated to reproduce measured water uptake and drying curves. The developed material functions contain an approach to describe the liquid water conductivity of building materials. In addition, moisture storage data approximated by a GAUSSian functional approach, showing sufficient flexibility in the whole moisture range, is available. There with the derivative of the moisture retention curve is known at high precision and the liquid water diffusivity can be derived, too. There exists a wide interest in applicable material functions based on literature data. But literature reviews of hygrothermal material parameters often yield incomplete datasets and experimentally determined curves are lacking or are available at lower accuracy only. Different authors introduced several diffusivity approaches requiring less input parameters for description of liquid water transport in building materials. These models are evaluated by means of diffusivity data derived from the calibrated liquid water conductivity function of the engineering model. A selection of four accurately measured materials is used for this investigation. The investigation is based on controlled laboratory data of high resolution. With the knowledge gained from this study, the uncertainties in interpretation of incomplete datasets frequently encountered in literature reviews shall be reduced.
Field Test for Carboxylate Inhibitor Levels in OAT Coolants
Authors: Pellet Regis J. , Bartley Leonard S. , Fritz Paul O. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Wet chemistry test methods have been developed to determine the level of alkyl carboxylate inhibition remaining in used OAT coolants. The test strategy of these methods depends on the known alkyl carboxylate ability to protect cooling system metals such as aluminum by forming insoluble metal soaps. Various test configurations make this test strategy suitable for the rapid analysis of used coolants in the field. This paper will document the initial test strategies and the development efforts that led to the first field test for alkyl carboxylate-based coolants. Test kit performance with laboratory and field samples is also discussed.
Multi-Axial Failure Models for Fiber-Reinforced Composites
Authors: Yang N. H. , Nayeb-Hashemi H. , Vaziri A. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Combined in-phase tension/torsion loading was applied to 8-ply [±45°]4 E-glass/epoxy composite shafts under monotonic and fatigue conditions to determine the effects of multi-axial loading on its failure. A damage criterion for multi-axial monotonic loading was proposed considering the contribution of both normal and shear stresses on the plane of failure. The experimental data showed an excellent agreement with the proposed model for various loading conditions. Several multi-axial fatigue failure models were proposed considering mean and cyclic normal stress and shear stress at the plane of failure, as well as the mean and cyclic normal strain and shear strain at the plane of failure and their capability for predicting the fatigue life of the composite under study was examined. In addition to the fatigue damage model based on the plane of failure, a multi-axial fatigue failure model was proposed considering the mean and cyclic energy in the fatigue experiments. The experimental data showed a reasonably good correlation with some of the proposed damage models.
Hydration Processes in Pastes of Roman and American Natural Cements
Authors: Vyskocilova R. , Schwarz W. , Mucha D. , Hughes D. , Kozłowski R. , Weber J. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Hydration of five Roman and American natural cements was analyzed using X-ray diffraction, mercury intrusion porosimetry, and scanning electron microscopy of cement pastes. Two cements were prepared in the laboratory by burning marls from geological sources in Poland (Folwark) and Austria (Lilienfeld). The selection of raw materials and burning conditions were optimized so that the hydraulic nature and appearance of the final burnt materials matched as closely as possible historic Roman cements widely used in the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries in Europe to decorate buildings. Three other cements are produced commercially: quick setting Prompt cement from Vicat, France, and Rosendale cements from Edison Coatings Inc., USA. The hydration of the cements studied was shown to comprise two distinct stages. The immediate setting and early strength is due to the formation of calcium aluminum oxide carbonate (or sulfate) hydroxide hydrates. The development of long-term strength is brought about by the formation of calcium silicate hydrates. Similarities and differences between the individual cements are discussed.
How to Detect and Observe Hidden Window Leaks Using Infrared Thermography
Authors: LaTona Raymond W. , Vlagea Octavian 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Water intrusion through residential window assemblies is one of the leading causes of damage to the interior. The source is frequently the result of failed seals at window frame jamb/sill intersections or incorrectly installed window flashings. To find the source of and pinpoint the cause(s) of this type of leakage can be destructive, time consuming, and results in high investigation and repair costs. Several instruments can be used to detect and trace water intrusion nondestructively; the most popular are conductive or capacitance-type meters. These meters measure the electrical properties of building materials to indicate wet or dry materials. Often, the readings may be falsely interpreted as an indication of elevated moisture levels when metal is present in the region of the readings. Infrared thermography is successfully being used to detect and trace leakage in building envelopes. Its ability to detect and graphically display heat radiated from a target building area enables an operator to quickly detect leakage with very little interpretation. Although this technology is not new, its use for building envelope diagnostics is new; capabilities in this area are still being discovered. We recently conducted an infrared thermography survey to detect water intrusion at interior window sill regions from failed window frame corner assemblies. The investigative team also used a time-lapse survey to visually track the leakage path. We verified the leak with a capacitance-type meter and through visual observation of materials that became wet from the leak. An infrared thermography survey provides another useful method for quickly and efficiently detecting this type of window leakage.
Experimental Study of the Fracture Toughness Transferability to Pressurized Thermal Shock Representative Loading Conditions
Authors: Scibetta M. , Schuurmans J. , Lucon E. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Fracture toughness testing on standard specimens in the ductile to brittle transition regime is well established and was first standardized by ASTM in 1997. However, its applicability to structural components and its potential conservatism, due to the high constraint condition in standard specimens, remain a subject of concern. In this work a study of the transferability of the fracture toughness measurements from laboratory specimens to structural components is performed. The structural component of interest is the Reactor Pressure Vessel subjected to an accidental loading condition called Pressurized Thermal Shock (PTS). As the actual component cannot be reasonably tested, an original experimental set-up is developed to simulate PTS representative loading conditions. A semi-elliptical crack is introduced by fatigue in a disk shape specimen which is biaxial loaded in the ductile to brittle transition regime. The developed disk specimen is called PTS-D specimen. Master Curve tests on 15 PTS-D specimens are performed and compared to standard size specimens having deep and shallow cracks. The reference temperature obtained on PTS-D is equivalent to the one obtained on half-inch compact tension specimens. To support the experimental results, finite element calculations are performed. It turns out that, in the tested range, constraint in PTS-D specimens is high. However, loss of constraint appears earlier than in standard specimens. It is found that the Beremin approach combined with analytical tool allows rationalizing all test results.
Carrying Capacity Prediction of Steam Turbine Rotors with Operation Damage
Authors: Shlyannikov V. N. , Ilchenko B. V. , Yarullin R. R. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This study is concerned with assessing the integrity of cracked steam turbine rotor which operates under creep conditions. Damage accumulation and growth for turbine rotor took place on the inner surface of hole in a shaft. In this case the crack front was nearly half-elliptical shape. The model based on the critical distance concept is presented for expressing crack growth rate in terms of creep damage accumulation in a process zone ahead of the crack tip. An engineering approach to the prediction of residual lifetime of a turbine rotor which is sensitive to the loading history at maintenance is proposed. Full-size stress-strain state analysis of turbine rotor is represented for different stages of lifetime under considering loading conditions. As a result accumulated creep strain in critical zones of turbine rotor depending on time of loading is defined. The creep fracture mechanics parameters that are found numerically are used to characterize the local strain rate and stress fields at any instant around the crack tip in a turbine rotor subjected extensive creep conditions. The meaning of the critical creep ductility appropriate to the stress state at the crack tip is defined as the difference between permissible and accumulated creep strains at different times of loading. Approximate estimations of carrying capacity are presented for the different stress-strain state of a steam turbine rotor at the operation. It is found that the individual mean lifetime of a turbine rotor can be predicted with reasonable accuracy from knowledge of the stress-strain distributives and the material uniaxial creep ductility and creep rupture strength.
Comparison of Parallel and Serial Methods for Determining Clothing Insulation
Authors: Xu Xiaojiang , Endrusick Thomas , Gonzalez Julio , Santee William , Hoyt Reed 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This paper examines the fundamental differences between the parallel and serial methods for the calculation of clothing insulation using a thermal manikin and demonstrates the differences in the insulation values calculated using these two methods. The parallel method is based on the condition that manikin surface temperatures remain uniform (UST), while the serial method is based on the condition that manikin heat fluxes remain uniform (UHF). Eleven clothing ensembles were evaluated on manikins in UST mode. Three of them were also evaluated on manikins in UHF mode. Insulation values were then calculated using both the serial and parallel methods. Results from UST mode showed that the parallel insulation values ranged from 1.24 to 5.79 clo, while the serial insulation values ranged from 1.43 to 7.98 clo. Differences in the parallel and serial insulations increased as the insulation increased, and the serial insulations were approximately 14–38 % higher than the parallel insulations. Results from UHF mode showed that the parallel insulations were 1.30 clo to 5.89 clo and close to the serial insulations of 1.34 clo to 5.99 clo. In conclusion, the methods of insulation calculation should be determined by the operating mode of the manikin. Only the parallel method should be used when manikins are operated in UST mode and only the serial method should be used when manikins are operated in UHF mode. Insulation values calculated using the incorrect method will be misleading.
Prespawning, Spawning, and Postspawning Behavior of Striped Bass in the Miramichi River
Authors: Douglas Scott G. , Chaput Gerald , Hayward John , Sheasgreen Joseph 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAcoustic telemetry was used to describe the behavior of individual striped bass Morone saxatilis and their use of the Miramichi River estuary during two consecutive spawning seasons in 2004 and 2005. In both years, prespawning striped bass staged in the lower and middle sections of the Miramichi River estuary downstream from the spawning area. Males and females moved in synchrony from the staging area to the spawning grounds in the Northwest Miramichi River. The dates of arrival at the spawning grounds were similar between sexes in both years, but significantly later (by about a week) in 2005. There were no significant differences in average daily water temperature on the dates of arrival at the spawning grounds for male and female striped bass, but water temperatures on the arrival dates were significantly cooler in 2005. Increases in temperature rather than the absolute temperature was the apparent cue initiating the movements of striped bass onto the spawning grounds. Females occupied the spawning grounds for 12 and 7 d in 2004 and 2005, respectively, significantly less than the approximately 15 d for males in each year. The shorter occupation of the spawning grounds by female striped bass was determined by their significantly earlier departure dates than males. Staging downstream of the spawning area by males and females, rapid ascent by both sexes to the spawning area, and the longer residency of male striped bass on the spawning grounds are important characteristics that must be considered when developing management actions to protect and rebuild the spawning stock of this northern population of striped bass.
Morphological Characterization of Ephedrus persicae Biotypes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) in the Palaearctic
Authors: Žikić Vladimir , Tomanović Željko , Ivanović Ana , Kavallieratos Nickolas G , Starý Petr , Stanisavljević Ljubiša Ž , Rakhshani Ehsan 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Ephedrus persicae Froggatt (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) represents a biologically complex parasitoid species group that parasitizes &gt;150 aphid species worldwide, including many pests in different agroecosystems. Evidence from the host range indicated some taxonomic problems within this species-complex. Using classical and geometric morphometric approaches, we assessed the morphological differences among various E. persicae biotypes in the Palaearctic reared from 20 aphid hosts. We found that morphological variability of E. persicae biotypes was influenced by the host. Classical morphometric analysis indicated a conservative position of E. persicae biotypes in the Palaearctic. Our analysis showed that E. persicae biotypes reared from nonleaf-curling Aphis and leaf-curling Dysaphis aphid hosts have significant differences, but all other analyzed E. persicae biotypes have an intermediate position, making it impracticable to split the E. persicae group this way. However, geometric morphometrics used to analyze variation of wing shape showed better predictive ability. The high ratio of correctly assigned individuals based on the wing shape of E. persicae/Aphis viticis Ferrari, E. persicae/Brachycaudus klugkisti (Börner), and E. persicae/Tuberocephalus momonis (Matsumura) biotypes indicates that some host-specific adaptations occurred. The E. persicae/ Hyadaphis foeniculi (Passerini) biotype is clearly separated along the CV2 canonical axis, exhibiting shorter and wider wings. On the basis of this result, we describe a new taxon—Ephedrus lonicerae n. sp.
Assessment of laboratory and biosafety practices associated with bacterial culture in veterinary clinics
Authors: Weese J. Scott , Prescott John F. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Objective—To investigate bacterial culture practices in veterinary clinics, with an emphasis on laboratory biosafety and on quality of laboratory practices.
Design—Survey-based prospective study.
Sample Population—166 veterinarians.
Procedures—Veterinarians were recruited through the Veterinary Information Network (an Internet-based network restricted to veterinary personnel). All Network-registered veterinarians were eligible to participate. A standardized questionnaire regarding bacterial culture practices in veterinary clinics was completed electronically by study participants.
Results—720 veterinarians completed the survey; 166 (23%) indicated that bacterial culture was performed in his or her clinic. Clinic practices ranged from preliminary aerobic bacterial culture only with submission of isolates to a diagnostic laboratory for further testing (93/160 [58%]) to bacterial culture, identification, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (19/160 [12%]). Most commonly, urine samples were cultured (151/162 [93%] clinics). Several prob-lematic practices were identified regarding quality and quality control, including inadequate facilities, equipment, supervision, interpretation of data, and culture methods. Biosafety infractions were also common, including inadequate laboratory location, lack of biosafety protocols, and dangerous disposal practices. Ninety-four percent of respondents stated that continuing education regarding culture practices and laboratory safety would be useful.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Data confirmed that bacterial culture was commonly performed in clinics, but that major deficiencies in laboratory methods were widespread. These could result in negative effects on testing quality and increased risk of laboratory-acquired infections among clinic personnel. Veterinary practices in which bacterial cultures are performed must ensure that adequate equipment, facilities, personnel, and training are provided to enable accurate and safe sample testing.