bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variations in the composition of sterols, tocopherols and lignans in seed oils from fourSesamum species
Authors: Kamal‐Eldin Afaf , Appelqvist Lars Åke 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSeeds from different collections of cultivatedSesamum indicum Linn and three related wild species [specifically,S. alatum Thonn.,S. radiatum Schum & Thonn. andS. angustifolium (Oliv.) Engl.] were studied for their oil contents and fatty acid composition of the total lipids. The oils from wild seeds were characterized by higher percentages of unsaponifiables (4.9, 2.6 and 3.7%, respectively) compared toS. indicum (1.4–1.8%), mainly due to their high contents of lignans. Total sterols accounted forca. 40, 22, 20 and 16% of the unsaponifiables of the four species, respectively. The four species were different in the relative percentages of the three sterol fractions (the desmethyl, monomethyl and dimethyl sterols) and in the percentage composition of each fraction. Campesterol, stigmasterol, sitosterol and Δ5‐avenasterol were the major desmethyl sterols, whereas obtusifoliol, gramisterol, cycloeucalenol and citrostandienol were the major monomethyl sterols, and α‐amyrin, β‐amyrin, cycloartenol and 24‐methylene cycloartanol were the main dimethyl sterols in all species. Differences were also observed among the four species in sterol patterns of the free sterols compared to the sterol esters.Sesamum alatum contained less tocopherols (210–320 mg/kg oil), andS. radiatum andS. angustifolium contained more tocopherols (ca. 750 and 800 mg/kg oil, respectively) than didS. indicum (490–680 mg/kg oil). The four species were comparable in tocopherol composition, with γ‐tocopherol representing 96–99% of the total tocopherols. The four species varied widely in the identity and levels of the different lignans. The percentages of these lignans in the oils ofS. indicum were sesamin (0.55%) and sesamolin (0.50%).Sesamum alatum showed 1.37% of 2‐episesalatin and minor amounts of sesamin and sesamolin (0.01% each).Sesamum radiatum was rich in sesamin (2.40%) and contained minor amounts of sesamolin (0.02%), whereS. angustifolium was rich in sesangolin (3.15%) and also contained considerable amounts of sesamin (0.32%) and sesamolin (0.16%).
Analysis of individual phospholipids by high‐performance capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Ingvardsen Lisbeth , Michaelsen Søren , Sørensen Hilmer 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA method of analysis for determination of phospholipids by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MECC) has been developed. Sodium cholate (NaCh) was found suitable as the micellar phase, and 1‐propanol was important in obtaining an efficient separation of individual phospholipids and as organic solvent required for acceptable solubility of the phospholipids. With equal volatility of water and organic modifier, only minor changes in effects from the modifier occur during analysis. The influence of changes in high‐performance capillary electrophoresis‐MECC separation conditions were evaluated in terms of migration time, relative migration time (RMT), relative normalized area (RNA), resolution and theoretical plates per meter. The method has several advantages compared to high‐performance liquid chromatography: The total time of analysis is less than 25 min, and only small amounts of reagents and sample are required. Relative standard deviations were 0.26–0.48% for RMT, 1.7–2.9% for RNA, and in the linearity test correlation coefficients of 0.999 were obtained. Results from analyses of the phospholipid compositions of soybean and rapeseed lecithins are presented.
The determination of active filter aid adsorption sites by temperature‐programmed desorption
Authors: Zhu Z. Y. , Yates R. A. , Caldwell J. D. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractTemperature programmed desorption (TPD) was used to evaluate the active sites of several filter aids that have been promoted for use by the deep‐frying industry: activated carbon, aluminas, bleaching earths, diatomaceous earth, silica and synthetic magnesium silicate. TPD analysis determines both the total surface concentration of the active sites and the details of their intensity distribution. A correlation analysis was made between the adsorbents' oil treatment performance and the observed acidic/basic sites. For some of the adsorbents, the adsorption of free fatty acids and the percent change in the color of the oil was shown to relate to the total basic sites and acid sites, respectively. The study also showed that other factors might affect these adsorptivities.
Cr(CO)3‐complexed, silica‐bonded polyphenylsiloxane as a stereoselective catalyst for hydrogenation of sorbate and soybean methyl esters
Authors: Awl R. A. , Frankel E. N. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA silica‐bonded complex was prepared by reacting polyphenylsiloxane with silylated Chromosorb and then with Cr(CO)6. This complex catalyzed stereoselective hydrogenation of sorbate tocis‐3‐hexenoate. Soybean methyl esters were hydrogenated at 210 C in cyclohexane to form products high incis unsaturation. The recovered catalyst could be recycled once with methyl sorbate. IR showed decreased Cr(CO)3 in the recovered catalysts, and the hydrogenation products contained inactive Cr.
Thermal alteration of oleic acid in the presence of clay catalysts with co‐catalysts
Authors: Nakano Y. , Foglia T. A. , Kohashi H. , Perlstein T. , Serota S. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe effects of added co‐catalysts on the clay catalyzed polymerization of oleic acid have been investigated. Heating oleic acid at 230 C for 3 hr with a clay catalyst gave a polymer fraction (dimer and trimer acids, 35% yield) and a monomer fraction (branched chain isomers of oleic acid, 27% yield) as the major products. The variation in yield between the polymer and monomer products was found to be dependent upon the co‐catalyst used with the clay catalyst. For example, with both acidic and basic clays, polymer formation is favored (55% yield) in the presence of water and/or metal ions. In contrast, when Bronsted acids such as methanesulfonic or phosphoric acid are used as co‐catalysts, the yield of branched monomer increased significantly (50%). Studies on the adsorption of oleic and Bronsted acids onto the clay surface showed that isomer formation is favored when both the oleic acid and the Bronsted acids are adsorbed onto the clay surface at selected molar ratios.
Kernel oils of seven plant species of zaire
Authors: Foma Mazibo , Abdala Tata 
Published: January 2007

AbstractKernels ofPentaclethra macrophylla, Allanblackia floribunda, Panda oleosa, Treculoa africana, Desplatzia dewevrei, Garcinia kola andMilletia laurentii were found to contain respectively 45.9, 67.6, 50.5, 11.8, 20.4, 2.1 and 22.9% oil (% dry matter). Gas liquid chromatography showed the major fatty acids of the kernel oils were as follows:P. macrophylla, 18:1 (31.3%) and 18:2 (40.4%);A. floribunda, 18:0 (55.9%) and 18:1 (43.3%);P. oleosa, 16:0 (32.0%), 18:1 (30.2%) and 18:2 (29.2%);T. africana, 16:0 (25.7%), 18:1 (32.7%) and 18:2 (25.8%);D. dewevrei, 16:0 (37.8%), 18:1 (18.1%) and 18:2 (35.0%);G. kola, 16:0 (19.0%), 18:1 (38.4%) and 18:2 (23.7%), andM. laurentii, 18:1 (44.9%) and 18:2 (17.6%).
Oxyethylated secondary amides as soil wetting agents
Authors: Micich Thomas J. , Linfield Warner M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractPolydisperse adducts, RCONR’ (CH2CH2O)xH, with attractive wetting properties were prepared by oxyethylating aliphatic and aromatic secondary amides to calculated x values of 5 to 20. Moderate wetting profiles were observed with adducts where R and R’ contained 15 to 18 carbon atoms and had short ethylene oxide chains. These products, however, contained unreacted amide and/or ester contaminants. Consequently, the products showed high water solubility, fairly flat surface tension curves and average wetting ability. In the transition of adducts derived from aliphatic amides to those from aromatic amides, unreacted amide concentration decreased and ester contaminant increased.
Sulfurized vegetable oil products as lubricant additives
Authors: Kammann Karl P. , Phillips Astrid I. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSulfurized products based on hog fat and its derivatives have extensive commercial use as additives for metalworking and industrial oils, but only relatively small quantities of vegetable oils find such application in North America. Products were made by sulfurization of soybean, sunflower, cottonseed, high erucic rapeseed, canola,Limnanthes (meadowfoam) and prime lard oils. Unlike products from the wax ester jojoba oil, the sulfurized vegetable triglycerides alone had physical properties generally undesirable for lubricant additives. When the oils were sulfurized in the presence of methyl lardate, however, the products had potential practical application. High‐sulfur (active) products were made using a 50:50 ratio of triglyceride to methyl lardate, and low‐sulfur (inactive) products were made using a 70:30 ratio. Compared to the other sulfurized vegetable triglyceride products,Limnanthes products showed the best solubility in high viscosity‐index paraffinic oil. For solutions, measurements of extreme pressure, friction and wear were compared. Whereas products from jojoba were best, of the triglyceride group theLimnanthes‐containing products generally gave the best performance. Although this oil had much promise, it is only in its early stage of commercial development. The other vegetable oils also have potential depending on cost and applications. However, overall competition with the well‐established, usually lower‐cost products from hog fat or greases would appear to be difficult.
Trends in industrial use of vegetable oils in coatings
Authors: Fulmer Richard W. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAlkyd resins continue to be a major factor in coatings. Increased oil consumption in alkyd manufacture is not expected to be significant. Projections indicate a modest growth in total coatings usage at 2–3% per year. The industry is facing diverse coating performance demands that will bring unusual, more costly ingredients into use, probably at the expense of traditional oil‐based alkyd resins. Offsetting this oil usage decline, perhaps, will be the continuing cost advantage of the relatively low‐priced vegetable oils and the general versatility of alkyd resins. Increased use of oil‐based resins is expected in emulsion (latex) paint modifiers to improve adhesion and early water resistance. The coatings industry, at least in maintenance and industrial coatings, is adopting a cost/sq ft/year economic evaluation, facotoring in the useful life of the coating.
Studies on applications of lipolytic enzyme in detergency I. Effect of lipase fromCandida cylindracea on removal of olive oil from cotton fabric
Authors: Fujii T. , Tatara T. , Minagawa M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractTo investigate the effect of lipolytic enzyme on removal of triglyceride soils in laundry, the removal of olive oil from cotton fabric was examined by washing with an aqueous solution of lipase fromCandida cylindracea with and without surfactants at various washing temperatures and times.It was proved that, at optimum conditions, the removal of olive oil with the addition of lipase was 15 to 20% higher than without lipase. Therefore, it might be expected that lipase will be applied in the laundry detergents in practice.
Identification and quantification of cholesterol oxides in grated cheese and bleached butteroil
Authors: Finocchiaro E. Terry , Lee K. , Richardson T. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractButteroil samples bleached with benzoyl peroxide (BP) and 17 commercial cheeses were screened for oxidized sterols by thin layer chromatography (TLC). Ungrated cheeses made from bleached milk and freshly bleached butteroil contained no detectable oxidized sterols. Oxidized sterols were detected in stored, bleached butteroils and in grated cheeses. Four major oxidation products were the isomeric 5,6‐epoxycholesterols and the epimeric 7‐hydroxycholesterols identified by TLC, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometry (MS). Additional sterol oxides (tentatively identified and not quantified) present in these samples included low levels of 7‐ketocholesterol and cholesta‐3,5‐dien‐7‐one. The epimeric 7‐hydroxycholesterols were detected in bleached butteroils stored in air (BP‐A) and nitrogen (BP‐N) for 22 days at 15 C. Butteroil, after 90 days of storage at 15 C, had 30 (BP‐N) and 60 (BP‐A) µg total oxides/g of bleached oil and, after 1‐year at −20 C, had 70 (BP‐N) and 180 (BP‐A) µg/g butteroil. A grated, unbleached cheese packaged in clear glass contained the most oxidized sterols (44 µg/g). Sterol oxides were not detected in bleached cream using a simulated industrial process.
A comparative study of batch and continuous refining of cottonseed oil in the Sudan
Authors: Wagialla K. M. , Abdul Rahman M. E. , Elawad E. A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThis study is concerned with a comparison of some technical aspects regarding batch vs continuous refining (centrifugal alkali refining) of crude cottonseed oil. Implication of processing modes of operation were examined in light of their effect on the following performance criteria: (a) percentage of refining loss as a function of the initial crude‐oil free fatty acid (FFA) content: (b) refined oil color as a function of initial crude‐oil FFA: (c) caustic soda consumption as a function of initial crude‐oil FFA: (d) bleachability characteristics of refined oil. The study shows, in quantitative terms, that continuous refining of cottonseed oil is more efficient in each of these performance criteria, particularly the percentage of refining loss.
Factors affecting peanut butter preference
Authors: How James S. L. , Young Clyde T. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA sensory evaluation test with 320 subjects provided information pertinent to the preference of peanut butters. Results of paired preference test indicated that more than half the subjects (59%) preferred the “old fashioned” sample; flavor (aroma and taste) would have to be the primary reason since particle size was nearly the same in the prepared test samples. Chi‐square tests of independence showed that the preference for the “old fashioned” sample was dependent on age (P<.05) and sensory attributes of flavor and textural perception (P<.05). Results of the survey showed that 47% of the total responding subjects listed “crunchy” peanut butter as their favorite type. Selection of one's favorite brand of commercial peanut butter was found to be based primarily on its particle size.
Effect of water hardness ions on the solution properties of an anionic surfactant
Authors: Hu P. C. , Tuvell M. E. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe solution characteristics of the system linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS)/Ca++/builder were studied using a dynamic surface tension technique. The results showed that the rate of CA++/LAS interaction is slower than the CA++ binding rate of zeolite A. Consequently, zeolite A is effective in preventing precipitation of LAS by calcium ions. The data obtained from the study of Ca++ binding detergent builders on solubilization of Ca(LAS)2 showed that zeolite A was effective but the rate of solubilization was much slower than that for STPP. Incorporation of a small amount of phosphate with zeolite A in a detergent significantly increases the rate of solubilizing of Ca(LAS)2.
Thermal and compositional properties of cocoa butter during static crystallization
Authors: Dimick Paul S. , Manning Douglas M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractStudies were conducted using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to determine the thermal properties and glyceride composition of cocoa butter crystals formed under static conditions. In addition to these studies, visual characterization of the crystallites was obtained with polarized light microscopy (PLM). Crystals were formed under controlled static or motionless conditions at formation temperatures of 26.0, 28.0, 30.0, 32.0 and 33.0 C. Preparatory techniques were developed using laminated polyethylene with plastic hoops in order to grow the crystals for isolation and visual identification by PLM prior to DSC assay. Cocoa butter was also crystallized from liquid oil directly in the DSC pans prior to thermal assay. At each crystal formation temperature (26–33 C), various crystallite types grew, each with varying triglyceride composition (PLiP, POO, PLiS, POP, SOO, SLiS, POS, SOS, SOA). As an example, the ‘feather’ and ‘individual’ crystals formed at 26.0 C exhibited significant increases in SOS and significant decreases in POP compared to the original butter. It was determined that the original amount of SOS significantly increased in the cocoa butter crystallite as the incubation temperature increased from 26–32 C.
Chemical inactivation of soybean trypsin inhibitors
Authors: Sessa D. J. , Ghantous P. E. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSodium metabisulfite and glutaraldehyde were used alone and in combination to inactive Kunitz trypsin inhibitor (TI) in model systems and TI in lyophilized alkaline soy meal extract. Reaction of glutaraldehyde (0.1 to 3.0%, based on total volume of the reaction mixture) with Kunitz TI (3 mg/ml buffer) at 25 C resulted in 60–75% reduction in activity. Treatment of soy meal extract containing 0.08 mg TI/mg at a concentration of 10 mg sample/ml buffer under similar reaction conditions reduced TI activity only 40%, however. A reaction temperature of 75 C had little additional effect on TI inactivation. On the other hand, sodium metabisulfite (0.05 to 1.0 mM) inactivated >96% Kunitz TI within 1 hr at 75 C and 75–94% of the TI in soy meal extract. The combination of 0.6 mM metabisulfite and 0.5% glutaraldehyde at 75 C inactivated >99% Kunitz TI, and combination of 0.6 mM metabisulfite and up to 3% glutaraldehyde inactivated 88% of TI in soy meal extract vs 91% inactivation with metabisulfite alone. Thus, metabisulfite plus glutaraldehyde inactivated Kunitz TI better than either one alone, while bisulfite alone best inactivated TI in soy meal extract. When the reactions were performed at neutral pH, protein solubility of 80% or better was retained.
Transesterification of cholesteryl esters
Authors: Zubillaga M. P. , Maerker G. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe transesterification of cholesteryl stearate, oleate, linoleate, linolenate and arachidonate to the fatty acid methyl ester and free cholesterol under mild conditions is described. In adaptation of a published procedure the transesterification was carried out for two hr at room temperature in 1N NaOH in methanol:benzene (60:40, v/v). After addition of saturated sodium chloride solution the reaction mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. The product mixture was checked for cholesterol oxides by HPLC fractionation followed by measurement of the oxides by direct on‐column capillary GC. Although transesterification of cholesteryl stearate and oleate was complete (>99%) in 30 min, a uniform reaction period of two hr, required by the polyunsaturated esters, was used for all cholesteryl esters. 7‐Ketocholesterol, a principal oxidation product, was unaffected by the reaction conditions.
Studies on the concentration of oxidized components of abused fats and the application of HPLC to their separation
Authors: Perkins E. G. , Pinter Suzanne 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe efficiency of five separation techniques at removing unaltered compounds from the methyl esters of oxidized fats was compared, as were concentrations of oxidized products. A batch type distribution method using acetonitrile/hexane was the most effective in concentrating the polar products and removal of palmitate and stearate from abused fats which had been hydrogenated.The level of high molecular weight material present in samples was measured indirectly by determination of the percent elutable material via gas chromatography.A high performance liquid chromatography system developed to partially separate or “profile” the oxidized products used an octadecyl bonded phase column and a linear gradient from 50% aqueous acetonitrile to 85% aqueous acetonitrile, at a rate of 5%/min. The resultant chromatograms can be useful in assessing the quality of used fats.
Update on control of olive oil adulteration and misbranding in the United States
Authors: Firestone D. , Carson Karen L. , Reina Robert J. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe Food and Drug Administration has carried out a regulatory program since 1982 to control olive oil adulteration and mislabeling in the U.S. Analysis of imported and domestically packaged olive oil products and inspection of domestic packers have significantly reduced the presence of undeclared esterified olive oil in olive oil products. Undeclared esterified olive oil was present in 13% of olive oils examined in a 1985–86 survey, compared to 65% in a 1983–84 survey. Undeclared olive pomace oil and seed oils continue to require surveillance in a continuing effort to eliminate olive oil adulteration.
Sunflower lecithin and possibilities for utilization
Authors: Holló J. , Perédi J. , Ruzics A. , Jeránek M. , Erdélyi A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSunflower lecithin is an important product in countries producing large amounts of sunflower oil. Due to its high phosphatidylcholine and essential fatty acid contents, it can be well utilized as an additive in food and feedstuffs. After refinement and fractionation, its utilization in food products and cosmetics can be greatly increased and further extended after appropriate modification. Utilized as an additive in the feedstuff to piglets and porklings, it results in higher bodyweight and shortened breeding and fattening periods. It is also suitable for adjusting the energy level of broiler feeds and, owing to its choline content, the use of synthetic choline chloride can be eliminated.
Catalytic synthesis ofdl‐serine and glycine from glycerol
Authors: Kimura Hiroshi , Tsuto Keiichi 
Published: January 2007

Abstractdl‐serine (dl‐Ser), glycine (Gly), serinol (SerOH) and related compounds were catalytically derived from glycerol (GLY). Catalytic oxidation in the presence of ammonia of GLY, followed by hydrogen treatment over noble metals, to achieve direct synthesis of amino acids is not practical. Reductive amination over an Ru‐Pd/C catalyst of glyceric acid, one of the oxidation products of GLY, was effective fordl‐Ser synthesis. Gly was catalytically formed fromdl‐Ser by dehydrogenation and decarbonylation in hydrogen atmosphere. Catalytic oxidation of SerOH prepared by reductive amination over an Rh‐Pd/C catalyst of dihydroxyacetone, another oxidation product of GLY, was also effective fordl‐Ser synthesis. A new route fordl‐Ser and Gly from GLY is presented.dl‐alanine and γ‐aminobutyric acid also formed, depending on reaction conditions.
Polar and nonpolar lipids and their fatty acid composition of a fewFusarium species
Authors: Murali H. S. , Mohan M. S. , Manja K. S. , Sankaran R. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA few species ofFusarium have been evaluated for their potential to produce lipids. The isolates under investigation exhibited wide variation with respect to the mycelial weight, total lipid content and percentage composition of polar and nonpolar lipids in which triglycerides were the major components (81–90%). Palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acids were the major fatty acids in both the fractions. The polar lipids contained higher levels of linoleic acid, whereas nonpolar lipids contained oleic acid as the predominant acid. Nonpolar lipids were more saturated than polar lipids.