bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FORCE, RATE AND WORK USED DURING INCISOR PENETRATION ON DIFFERENT TEXTURAL FOODS
Authors: XU XIANZHONG , WRIGHT PAUL S. , HECTOR MARK P. , HEATH M. ROBIN , FERMAN ANTONY M. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT Experiments have been performed to study the biting force, rate of penetration and hence, energy expenditure during first‐bite incision of a variety of foodstuffs (cheese, apple, carrot and Hula Hoops). Biting forces were measured using a gauged cantilever beam mounted in an acrylic denture, and jaw movement was measured using a Sirognathograph system. The biting work, biting force rate and tooth velocity were calculated and analyzed in terms of those original measurements of biting force and tooth displacement. The results show that the maximum biting force, the maximum penetration rate and the total work used during incisor penetration were strongly dependent on the food texture (both size and mechanical properties). The effects of the food properties and sample size on those biting variables mentioned above are related to the stress–strain behaviors (including the viscoelasticity) of foods tested and the chewing pattern “matching” mechanism. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe study of the relationships between mastication variables, texture perception and the mechanical properties of foodstuffs is very important in food science and dentistry. Such knowledge could lead to improved strategies for new product design and good quality control in the food industry, and to extend from the restricted food choice and eating behavior imposed by limited chewing effectiveness of children with deciduous teeth to the dietary restrictions of the people with dentures. The presented work shows that the energy expenditure as well as the forces and teeth velocities during mastication may be a connector between food texture properties and the capabilities of the chewing muscles. This provides a new way to link masticatory behaviors and sensory assessment results, which gives a clear clue to clarify the nature of sensory perception of food texture and to understand the food reduction mechanisms during oral process.
PREDICTING SENSORY COHESIVENESS, HARDNESS AND SPRINGINESS OF SOLID FOODS FROM INSTRUMENTAL MEASUREMENTS
Authors: DI MONACO R. , CAVELLA S. , MASI P. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT The sensory evaluation of cohesiveness, hardness and springiness of 15 solid food samples was performed by eight trained assessors. The rheologic response of the 15 samples was estimated by performing cyclic compression tests and stress–relaxation tests. From the force–deformation curves of the first two cycles of the compression test, texture profile analysis parameters related to cohesiveness, hardness and springiness were calculated. Young's modulus (E), strain (di) and stress (si) at peak as well as irrecoverable strain (ri) and irrecoverable work (Li) were monitored during the first five cycles. From the stress–relaxation response, Peleg's linearization model parameters, K1 and K2, were estimated by best‐fit regression. These parameters were used for predicting sensory attributes. Hardness and springiness were both accurately predicted by rheologic properties, while cohesiveness prediction was less representative. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThis study contributes to enhance the knowledge in the research area of sensory instrumental correlation. Also, the research allows to better understanding that no single instrument is able to measure all texture attributes adequately. In fact, the results demonstrate that both stress–relaxation and cyclic compression tests need to be performed for the correct prediction of sensory responses.
THE USE OF TOMATO PULP POWDER AS A THICKENING AGENT IN THE FORMULATION OF TOMATO KETCHUP
Authors: FARAHNAKY A. , ABBASI A. , JAMALIAN J. , MESBAHI G. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT In this current study, tomato pulp powder, the main waste of the tomato processing industry, was used as a thickening agent in the formulation of a commercial tomato ketchup at different levels (1, 2, 5, 7 and 10% w/w). Color parameters (L and a/b) and rheologic properties of the formulated ketchups with and without added tomato pulp powder were determined and compared. The addition of the pulp powder caused a significant increase in the L value of the samples, while a/b ratio decreased notably. The rheologic data obtained were fitted using a power law equation. The analysis of the data obtained revealed that low levels of tomato pulp powder can compete with other hydrocolloids in improving the consistency of tomato ketchup. All ketchup samples in this study were non‐Newtonian fluids and the apparent viscosity of the ketchups increased significantly with increasing concentration of tomato pulp powder and decreased with temperature increase. Chemical composition (protein, total fat, reducing and total sugars, fiber, ascorbic acid and ash contents) and some physicochemical properties of the tomato pulp powder, including water absorption and solubility, were determined and the data were used for the interpretation of the rheologic and color changes as a result of the inclusion of the pulp powder in the formulation. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe direct use of food industry wastes in food formulations can help in reducing the production costs by decreasing raw material and disposal costs. The classic design of the tomato processing plants results in generating a large amount of tomato pulp. The results of this research confirmed that tomato pulp powder can be used instead of other hydrocolloids in tomato‐based products. The reuse of tomato pulp powder in foods can be beneficial to producers and the environment.
The Theory of Constraints and the Make‐or‐Buy Decision: An Update and Review
Authors: Balakrishnan Jaydeep , Cheng Chun Hung 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe make‐or‐buy decision has traditionally been made using standard cost accounting methods. In this Journal, Gardiner and Blackstone (1991) made a strong case for incorporating the bottleneck capacity into the decision. However, their method did not guarantee the best solution for the more complicated make‐or‐buy problem. Additionally, their approach in some cases allowed organizations to forego opportunities for profit improvement. Since the publication of the Gardiner and Blackstone research, spreadsheets with in‐built Linear Programming (LP) based optimizers allow for quick “what‐if” analyses that encourage efforts toward optimal solutions for complicated problems. This article is a review and update of the Gardiner and Blackstone methodology based on spreadsheet LP that provides enhanced solutions in complex environments with multiple products and bottleneck situations. Specific managerial implications are offered.
Susceptibility of canine and feline Escherichia coli and canine Staphylococcus intermedius isolates to fluoroquinolones
Authors: Gottlieb S , Wigney DI , Martin PA , Norris JM , Malik R , Govendir M 
Published: March 2008

Objectives and design  1) A prospective study to determine in vitro concentrations for a range of fluoroquinolones, gentamicin and amoxycillin‐clavulanate required to inhibit growth of recently collected, feline and canine Escherichia coli and canine Staphylococcus intermedius isolates. 2) A comparative retrospective study to compare the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin and amoxycillin‐clavulanate for archived canine E coli and S intermedius isolates collected ten to twenty years earlier, with those for recently collected isolates.Procedure  Susceptibility was assessed using disk diffusion, agar dilution susceptibility testing and Epsilometer tests (E‐tests) for both recently collected and archived isolates.Results  All feline E coli isolates and recently collected canine S intermedius isolates were susceptible to all fluoroquinolones. There was a statistically significant increase in the MIC range of ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin for recently collected E coli, and in the MIC range of amoxycillin‐clavulanate for recently collected S intermedius isolates compared to archived isolates. Twelve of 59 recently collected canine E coli isolates were resistant to both ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin. Resistant canine E coli isolates were associated with complicating host or infection site factors.Conclusion  This is the first report comparing the MICs for all veterinary fluoroquinolones currently available in Australia for a representative sample of canine and feline E coli and canine S intermedius isolates. Importantly, this study identified 12 of 59 canine E coli isolates resistant to fluoroquinolones and identified the development of low level resistance in canine E coli to ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin and canine S intermedius to amoxycillin‐clavulanate.
Serologic cross‐reactivity of AustralianMoraxella bovisto vaccinal bacterin strains as determined by competitive ELISA
Authors: McConnel CS , Shum L , Gleeson BL , House JK 
Published: March 2008

Objective To conduct a serologic survey and define pili antigenic variability via the serologic cross‐reactivity ofMoraxella bovisisolates from naturally occurring infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) outbreaks in Australia. This project applies to the development of anM bovispili‐based vaccine targeting Australian strains originating from intensive cattle producing regions.Procedure Ocular swabs were collected from cattle affected with clinical signs of IBK from 25 veterinary practices. Standard criteria were used to identify 70M bovis. Pure, piliated isolates were evaluated with a modified competitive enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for cell‐boundM bovispili to determine their serologic cross‐reactivity with pili of vaccinal bacterin strains EPP63, FLA64, and SAH 38.Results Sixty‐four percent (45/70) ofM bovisisolates demonstrated homologous pili antigens to a vaccinal strain.M bovisisolates homologous to one of the three vaccinal strains were obtained in 77% (34/44) of IBK outbreaks sampled. No IBK outbreak had isolates homologous to more than one vaccinal strain; however, 29% (10/34) of outbreaks with a cross‐reacting strain had non‐cross‐reacting strains as well.Conclusion The similar prevalence of pilus antigen homology to strain FLA64 was observed with isolates derived from NSW, Tasmania, and Victoria, compared with results of prior smaller serologic studies, suggests that the common pilus antigens inM boviswithin Australia have been relatively stable over the last 20 years. The prevalence of a limited number of pilus antigens inM bovissuggest that the application of a vaccine containing the bacterial strains EPP63, FLA64, and SAH38 may provide a useful management tool for reducing production losses associated with IBK in Australia.
Diagnosis of Tuberculous Meningitis Due to Detection of ESAT-6-Specific Gamma Interferon Production in Cerebrospinal Fluid Enzyme-Linked Immunospot Assay
Authors: Murakami Shuji , Takeno Mitsuhiro , Oka Hideaki , Ueda Atsuhisa , Kurokawa Takashi , Kuroiwa Yoshiyuki , Ishigatsubo Yoshiaki 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT
A coma patient was diagnosed with tuberculous meningitis by the detection of ESAT-6-specific gamma interferon-secreting cells in the patient's cerebrospinal fluid by enzyme-linked immunospot assay prior to the identification of the pathogen in a culture of the cerebrospinal fluid.
Infection of Macrophages and Dendritic Cells with Primary R5-Tropic Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Inhibited by Natural Polyreactive Anti-CCR5 Antibodies Purified from Cervicovaginal Secretions
Authors: Eslahpazir Jobin , Jenabian Mohammad-Ali , Bouhlal Hicham , Hocini Hakim , Carbonneil Cédric , Grésenguet Gérard , Kéou François-Xavier Mbopi , LeGoff Jérôme , Saïdi Héla , Requena Mary , Nasreddine Nadine , de Dieu Longo Jean , Kaveri Srinivas V. , Bélec Laurent 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTHeterosexual contact is the primary mode of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 (HIV-1) transmission worldwide. The chemokine receptor CCR5 is the major coreceptor that is associated with the mucosal transmission of R5-tropic HIV-1 during sexual intercourse. The CCR5 molecule is thus a target for antibody-based therapeutic strategies aimed at blocking HIV-1 entry into cells. We have previously demonstrated that polyreactive natural antibodies (NAbs) from therapeutic preparations of immunoglobulin G and from human breast milk contain NAbs directed against CCR5. Such antibodies inhibit the infection of human macrophages and T lymphocytes by R5-tropic isolates of HIV in vitro. In the present study, we demonstrate that human immunoglobulins from the cervicovaginal secretions of HIV-seronegative or HIV-seropositive women contain NAbs directed against the HIV-1 coreceptor CCR5. Natural affinity-purified anti-CCR5 antibodies bound to CCR5 expressed on macrophages and dendritic cells and further inhibited the infection of macrophages and dendritic cells with primary and laboratory-adapted R5-tropic HIV but not with X4-tropic HIV. Natural anti-CCR5 antibodies moderately inhibited R5-tropic HIV transfer from monocyte-derived dendritic cells to autologous T cells. Our results suggest that mucosal anti-CCR5 antibodies from healthy immunocompetent donors may hamper the penetration of HIV and may be suitable for use in the development of novel passive immunotherapy regimens in specific clinical settings of HIV infection.
Simultaneous Genotyping of All Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase Subtypes of Avian Influenza Viruses by Use of Padlock Probes
Authors: Gyarmati Péter , Conze Tim , Zohari Siamak , LeBlanc Neil , Nilsson Mats , Landegren Ulf , Banér Johan , Belák Sándor 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT
A subtyping assay for both the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) surface antigens of the avian influenza virus (AIV) has been developed. The method uses padlock probe chemistry combined with a microarray output for detection. The outstanding feature of this assay is its capability to designate both the HA and the NA of an AIV sample from a single reaction mixture. A panel of 77 influenza virus strains was tested representing the entire assortment of the two antigens. One hundred percent (77/77) of the samples tested were identified as AIV, and 97% (75/77) were subtyped correctly in accordance with previous examinations performed by classical diagnostic methods. Testing of heterologous pathogens verified the specificity of the assay. This assay is a convenient and practical tool for the study of AIVs, providing important HA and NA data more rapidly than conventional methods.
Proteomic Analysis of Pathogenic and Attenuated Alcelaphine Herpesvirus 1
Authors: Dry Inga , Haig David M. , Inglis Neil F. , Imrie Lisa , Stewart James P. , Russell George C. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT
The gammaherpesvirus alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (AlHV-1) causes malignant catarrhal fever in susceptible ungulates but infects its natural host, wildebeest, without obvious clinical signs. In tissue culture, AlHV-1 is initially predominantly cell associated and virulent but on extended culture becomes cell-free and attenuated. We wanted to determine what changes in protein composition had taken place during the transition from virulent to attenuated virus in culture. Purified virus preparations were fractionated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and proteins were analyzed by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. Peptides were identified in serial gel slices by using MASCOT software to interrogate virus-specific and nonredundant sequence databases. Twenty-three AlHV-1-encoded proteins and six cellular proteins were identified in the attenuated and virulent viruses. Two polypeptides were detected in only the virulent virus preparations, while one other protein was found in only the attenuated virus. Two of these virus-specific proteins were identified by a single peptide, suggesting that these may be low-abundance virion proteins rather than markers of attenuation or pathogenesis. The results suggest that attenuation of AlHV-1 is not the result of gross changes in the composition of the virus particle but probably due to altered viral gene expression in the infected cell.
Vaccinia Virus A56/K2 Fusion Regulatory Protein Interacts with the A16 and G9 Subunits of the Entry Fusion Complex
Authors: Wagenaar Timothy R. , Ojeda Suany , Moss Bernard 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT
Deletion of the A56R or K2L gene of vaccinia virus (VACV) results in the spontaneous fusion of infected cells to form large multinucleated syncytia. A56 and K2 polypeptides bind to one another (A56/K2) and together are required for interaction with the VACV entry fusion complex (EFC); this association has been proposed to prevent the fusion of infected cells. At least eight viral polypeptides comprise the EFC, but no information has been available regarding their interactions either with each other or with A56/K2. Utilizing a panel of recombinant VACVs designed to repress expression of individual EFC subunits, we demonstrated that A56/K2 interacted with two polypeptides: A16 and G9. Both A16 and G9 were required for the efficient binding of each to A56/K2, suggesting that the two polypeptides interact with each other within the EFC. Such an interaction was established by the copurification of A16 and G9 from infected cells under conditions in which a stable EFC complex failed to assemble and from detergent-treated lysates of uninfected cells that coexpressed A16 and G9. A recombinant VACV that expressed G9 modified with an N-terminal epitope tag induced the formation of syncytia, suggesting partial interference with the functional interaction of A56/K2 with the EFC during infection. These data suggest that A16 and G9 are physically associated within the EFC and that their interaction with A56/K2 suppresses spontaneous syncytium formation and possibly “fuse-back” superinfection of cells.
Importance of the Membrane-Perturbing Properties of the Membrane-Proximal External Region of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 gp41 to Viral Fusion
Authors: Vishwanathan Sundaram A. , Hunter Eric 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT

The membrane-proximal external region (MPER; K
665
WASLWNWFNITNWLWYIK
683
) of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) gp41 ectodomain plays a critical role in envelope glycoprotein-mediated fusion. In addition, the epitopes of important neutralizing antibodies (2F5, Z13, and 4E10) and the sequence of the peptide fusion inhibitor T20 overlap this conserved region. The MPER has an unusually high percentage of tryptophan residues that likely contribute to the membrane-disrupting nature of the region, which is predicted to adopt an α-helical conformation on membrane contact. We have investigated the membrane-disruptive requirements for this region using a panel of mutants that replace most of the MPER with antibacterial, membrane-active peptides. The results demonstrate that the mutant Envs were processed, transported, and expressed on the cell surface similar to wild type. Some of the mutant Envs induced moderate levels of cell-cell fusion, demonstrating that the region can accommodate the substitution of proline-rich foreign peptides while retaining significant biological function. In contrast, the incorporation into and stability of the mutated Envs in virions was reduced, consistent with the severely impaired viral entry observed for all the mutants. These data suggest that both structural (for Env incorporation) and functional (membrane disruption) constraints may contribute to the highly conserved nature of this region.
Infectivity Studies of Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Receptor Binding Site Mutants in Mice
Authors: Meisner Jeffrey , Szretter Kristy J. , Bradley Konrad C. , Langley William A. , Li Zhu-Nan , Lee Byeong-Jae , Thoennes Sudha , Martin Javier , Skehel John J. , Russell Rupert J. , Katz Jacqueline M. , Steinhauer David A. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT
The replicative properties of influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) mutants with altered receptor binding characteristics were analyzed following intranasal inoculation of mice. Among the mutants examined was a virus containing a Y98F substitution at a conserved position in the receptor binding site that leads to a 20-fold reduction in binding. This mutant can replicate as well as wild-type (WT) virus in MDCK cells and in embryonated chicken eggs but is highly attenuated in mice, exhibiting titers in lungs more than 1,000-fold lower than those of the WT. The capacity of the Y98F mutant to induce antibody responses and the structural locations of HA reversion mutations are examined.
Differential Response of Respiratory Dendritic Cell Subsets to Influenza Virus Infection
Authors: Hao Xueli , Kim Taeg S. , Braciale Thomas J. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTDendritic cells (DC) are believed to play an important role in the initiation of innate and adaptive immune responses to infection, including respiratory tract infections, where respiratory DC (RDC) perform this role. In this report, we examined the susceptibilities of isolated murine RDC to influenza virus infection in vitro and the effect of the multiplicity of infection (MOI) on costimulatory ligand upregulation and inflammatory cytokine/chemokine production after infection. We found that the efficiency of influenza virus infection of RDC increased with increasing MOIs. Furthermore, distinct subpopulations of RDC differed in their susceptibilities to influenza virus infection and in the magnitude/tempo of costimulatory ligand expression. Additional characterization of the CD11c-positive (CD11c+) RDC revealed that the identifiable subsets of RDC differed in susceptibility to infection, with CD11c+CD103+DC exhibiting the greatest susceptibility, CD11c+CD11bhiDC exhibiting intermediate susceptibility, and CD11c+B220+plasmacytoid DC (pDC) exhibiting the least susceptibility to infection. A companion analysis of the in vivo susceptibilities of these RDC subsets to influenza virus revealed a corresponding infection pattern. The three RDC subsets displayed different patterns of cytokine/chemokine production in response to influenza virus infection in vitro: pDC were the predominant producers of most cytokines examined, while CD103+DC and CD11bhiDC produced elevated levels of the murine chemokine CXCL1 (KC), interleukin 12p40, and RANTES in response to influenza virus infection. Our results indicate that RDC are targets of influenza virus infection and that distinct RDC subsets differ in their susceptibilities and responses to infection.
Anticapsid Immunity Level, Not Viral Persistence Level, Correlates with the Progression of Theiler's Virus-Induced Demyelinating Disease in Viral P1-Transgenic Mice
Authors: Myoung Jinjong , Bahk Young Yil , Kang Hyun Seok , Dal Canto Mauro C. , Kim Byung S. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTIntracranial infection of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) induces demyelination and a neurological disease in susceptible SJL/J (SJL) mice that resembles multiple sclerosis. While the virus is cleared from the central nervous system (CNS) of resistant C57BL/6 (B6) mice, it persists in SJL mice. To investigate the role of viral persistence and its accompanying immune responses in the development of demyelinating disease, transgenic mice expressing the P1 region of the TMEV genome (P1-Tg) were employed. Interestingly, P1-Tg mice with the B6 background showed severe reductions in both CD4+and CD8+T-cell responses to capsid epitopes, while P1-Tg mice with the SJL background displayed transient reductions following viral infection. Reduced antiviral immune responses in P1-Tg mice led to >100- to 1,000-fold increases in viral persistence at 120 days postinfection in the CNS of mice with both backgrounds. Despite the increased CNS TMEV levels in these P1-Tg mice, B6 P1-Tg mice developed neither neuropathological symptoms nor demyelinating lesions, and SJL P1-Tg mice developed significantly less severe TMEV-induced demyelinating disease. These results strongly suggest that viral persistence alone is not sufficient to induce disease and that the level of T-cell immunity to viral capsid epitopes is critical for the development of demyelinating disease in SJL mice.