bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the effectiveness of clone detection by string matching
Authors: Ducasse Stéphane , Nierstrasz Oscar , Rieger Matthias 
Published: November 2005

AbstractAlthough duplicated code is known to pose severe problems for software maintenance, it is difficult to identify in large systems. Many different techniques have been developed to detect software clones, some of which are very sophisticated, but are also expensive to implement and adapt. Lightweight techniques based on simple string matching are easy to implement, but how effective are they? We present a simple string‐based approach which we have successfully applied to a number of different languages such COBOL, JAVA, C++, PASCAL, PYTHON, SMALLTALK, C and PDP‐11 ASSEMBLER. In each case the maximum time to adapt the approach to a new language was less than 45 minutes. In this paper we investigate a number of simple variants of string‐based clone detection that normalize differences due to common editing operations, and assess the quality of clone detection for very different case studies. Our results confirm that this inexpensive clone detection technique generally achieves high recall and acceptable precision. Over‐zealous normalization of the code before comparison, however, can result in an unacceptable numbers of false positives. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oral misoprostol in the third stage of labor
Authors: Zachariah E.S. , Naidu M. , Seshadri L. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractObjective: To compare the efficacy of intravenous ergometrine, intramuscular oxytocin, and oral misoprostol in the control of postpartum hemorrhage. Methods: Mean blood loss, rates of blood loss between 500 and 1000 ml, hematocrit fall greater than 10%, and need for additional oxytocic agentsand nature and rates of adverse effects were assessed in this prospective, randomized, controlled study. Results: All outcomes were similar in the 3 groups. The main adverse effects in the misoprostol group were temperatures higher than 99 °F, which normalized within 2 h and shivering, which was mild and self‐limiting. Conclusions: Oral misoprostol is as effective as conventional oxytocic agents in preventing postpartum hemorrhage and can be recommended for use in low‐resource settings.
Long‐Term Clinical Trial of Tinnitus Retraining Therapy
Authors: Herraiz Carlos , Hernandez F. Javier , Plaza Guillermo , Santos Gonzalo De Los 
Published: November 2005

OBJECTIVETo demonstrate the efficacy of tinnitus retraining therapy (TRT) for tinnitus relief compared to a waiting list group and a partially treated group (patients that refused prosthesis adaptation).STUDY DESIGNProspective non‐randomised clinical assay (n = 158). Visual analogue scale (VAS) for intensity and the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI) were evaluated at 12‐month period.RESULTSEighty two percent of the patients that followed TRT improved their tinnitus according to their self‐evaluation. THI score was reduced from 48% to 32% and VAS decreased from 6.6 to 5.3 after one year (p < 0.05). TRT patients showed a higher improvement on their tinnitus, THI and VAS scores when compared with the waiting list patients and with patients that refused prosthesis adaptation when recommended (p < 0.05).CONCLUSIONSTRT improved tinnitus in 82% of the subjects and statistically reduced THI and VAS scores after 12 months. TRT has shown to be more effective than a waiting list group and partially treated patients.
Anatomic correlates of acoustic rhinometry as measured by rigid nasal endoscopy
Authors: Corey Jacquelynne P. , Nalbone Vincent P. , Ng Bernard A. 
Published: November 2005

Acoustic rhinometry (AR) evaluates the cross‐sectional areas and volume of the nasal cavity through acoustic reflections. Successive valleys displayed on an AR graph are believed to correspond to anatomic landmarks. To assess the anatomic accuracy of AR, we performed AR and endoscopic measurements with a rigid endoscope in 85 normal human subjects after topical decongestion. Endoscopic measurements were recorded for distances between the midcolumella and the nasal valve, the anterior end of the inferior turbinate, the anterior end of the middle turbinate, the midportion of the middle turbinate, and the posterior nasopharynx. The first AR valley most closely corresponded with endoscopic measurements of the nasal valve. The second valley had a mean value that corresponded with the anterior end of the inferior turbinate. The third valley matched best with the values of the anterior end of the middle turbinate. Nasopharyngeal measurements by each modality yielded a good agreement. AR appears to correspond to nasal anatomic landmarks but not in an exact point‐to‐point manner.
Cost-effectiveness of interventions to support self-care: A systematic review
Authors: Richardson Gerry , Gravelle Hugh , Weatherly Helen , Ritchie Gill 
Published: November 2005

Objectives:Interventions to support patient self-care of their condition aim to improve patient health and reduce health service costs. Consequently, they have attracted considerable policy interest. There is some evidence of clinical effectiveness but less attention has been paid to whether these interventions are cost-effective. This study examines the quality and quantity of existing evidence of the cost-effectiveness.Methods:A systematic review was carried out to assess the extent and quality of economic evaluations of self-care support interventions. Thirty-nine economic evaluations were assessed against a quality checklist developed to reflect the special features of these interventions.Results:The majority of the studies claimed that self-care support interventions were cost-effective or cost saving. The overall quality of economic evaluations was poor because of flaws in study designs, especially a narrow definition of relevant costs and short follow-up periods.Conclusions:The current evidence base does not support any general conclusion that self-care support interventions are cost-effective, but ongoing trials may provide clearer evidence.
Reassessment of the cost-effectiveness of hormone replacement therapy in Sweden: Results based on the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial
Authors: Zethraeus Niklas , Borgström Fredrik , Jönsson Bengt , Kanis John 
Published: November 2005

Objectives:The purpose of the study is to reassess the cost-effectiveness of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) based on new medical evidence found in the Women's Health Initiative (WHI). Within a model framework using an individual state transition model, the cost-effectiveness of 50- to 60-year-old women with menopausal symptoms is assessed based on a societal perspective in Sweden.Methods:The model has a 50-year time horizon divided into a cycle length of 1 year. The model consists of the following disease states: coronary heart disease, stroke, venous thromboembolic events, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, hip fracture, vertebral fracture, and wrist fracture. An intervention is modeled by its impact on the disease risks during and after the cessation of therapy. The model calculates costs and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) with and without intervention. The resulting cost per QALY gained is compared with the value of a QALY gained, which is set to SEK 600,000. The model requires data on clinical effects, risks, mortality rates, quality of life weights, and costs valid for Sweden.Results:The cost-effectiveness ratios are estimated at approximately SEK 10,000, which is below the threshold value of cost-effectiveness. On the condition that HRT increases the quality of life weight more than 0.013 units, the therapy is cost-effective.Conclusions:In conclusion, given the new evidence in WHI, there is still a high probability that HRT is a cost-effective strategy for women with menopausal symptoms.
Physiotherapy after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy surgery: An assessment of costs to the National Health Service, patients, and society
Authors: Goodwin Peter Charles , Ratcliffe Julie , Morrissey Matthew Charles 
Published: November 2005

Objectives:The purpose of this study was to determine and inform clinicians, managers, and budget allocators of the costs incurred to the British National Health Service (NHS), patient, and society when attending clinic-based physiotherapy compared with not attending clinic-based physiotherapy after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy surgery.Methods:The valuation principle used in this study was the economic concept of opportunity cost. Costs were referred to as direct medical (NHS), direct nonmedical (patient), and indirect (societal) costs. Due to the difficulties of their measurement and valuation, intangible costs, in the form of pain and anxiety related to the effect of receiving or not receiving treatment, have not been considered in this analysis.Results:Providing clinic-based physiotherapy after knee arthroscopic partial meniscectomy surgery is more costly to the NHS and patient, but no more costly to society than when not providing it and does not result in reduced contact with the NHS.Conclusions:Clinic-based physiotherapy after knee arthroscopic partial meniscectomy surgery is costly and evidence is needed that its effectiveness is high enough to support its use.
Assessing quality of end-of-life hospital care in a southern European regional health service
Authors: Aldasoro Elena , Alonso Adelina Pérez , Ribacoba Laureano , Esnaola Santiago , Olaizola Maite , Carrera Jose Antonio , Bañuelos Ana , Rico Rosa 
Published: November 2005

Objectives:During the final period of life, patients with cancer in the Basque Country are given treatment in different types of hospital care. This study compared the quality of care according to the type of care in one of the autonomous communities in Spain.Methods:A retrospective study was carried out of cancer patients who died in conventional hospital services, home hospitalization services, and palliative care units. In addition to hospital stay and readmission number, variables based on the recommendations of Spanish Society for Palliative Care were studied.Results:End-of-life was diagnosed in 57 percent of a sample of 486 patients, 3 days before death (median). The use of symptom control scales was only documented in the clinical records of eight patients. Sociofamily evaluation was not found. Patients in conventional hospital services were less frequently diagnosed with end-of-life and agony and were significantly different from the rest in the reasons for admission, symptoms assessed, drugs used, administration routes, and dosage forms. Pain was evaluated in 50 percent of the patients and was better controlled in palliative care units. Patients not diagnosed with agony (52 percent) were more frequently not given specific treatment.Conclusions:End-of-life in cancer patients was diagnosed too late. The quality of care in palliative care units and by home hospitalization service was better than that in conventional hospitalization. Nevertheless, there were areas for improvement in the three modalities of care.
Predicting the impact of new health technologies on average length of stay: Development of a prediction framework
Authors: Simpson Sue , Packer Claire , Stevens Andrew , Raftery James 
Published: November 2005

Objectives:The aim of this study was to develop a framework to predict the impact of new health technologies on average length of hospital stay.Methods:A literature search of EMBASE, MEDLINE, Web of Science, and the Health Management Information Consortium databases was conducted to identify papers that discuss the impact of new technology on length of stay or report the impact with a proposed mechanism of impact of specific technologies on length of stay. The mechanisms of impact were categorized into those relating to patients, the technology, or the organization of health care and clinical practice.Results:New health technologies have a variable impact on length of stay. Technologies that lead to an increase in the proportion of sicker patients or increase the average age of patients remaining in the hospital lead to an increase in individual and average length of stay. Technologies that do not affect or improve the inpatient case mix, or reduce adverse effects and complications, or speed up the diagnostic or treatment process should lead to a reduction in individual length of stay and, if applied to all patients with the condition, will reduce average length of stay.Conclusions:The prediction framework we have developed will ensure that the characteristics of a new technology that may influence length of stay can be consistently taken into consideration by assessment agencies. It is recognized that the influence of technology on length of stay will change as a technology diffuses and that length of stay is highly sensitive to changes in admission policies and organization of care.
Development and application of Model of Resource Utilization, Costs, and Outcomes for Stroke (MORUCOS): An Australian economic model for stroke
Authors: Mihalopoulos Catherine , Cadilhac Dominique A. , Moodie Marjory L. , Dewey Helen M. , Thrift Amanda G. , Donnan Geoffrey A. , Carter Robert C. 
Published: November 2005

Objectives:To outline the development, structure, data assumptions, and application of an Australian economic model for stroke (Model of Resource Utilization, Costs, and Outcomes for Stroke [MORUCOS]).Methods:The model has a linked spreadsheet format with four modules to describe the disease burden and treatment pathways, estimate prevalence-based and incidence-based costs, and derive life expectancy and quality of life consequences. The model uses patient-level, community-based, stroke cohort data and macro-level simulations. An interventions module allows options for change to be consistently evaluated by modifying aspects of the other modules. To date, model validation has included sensitivity testing, face validity, and peer review. Further validation of technical and predictive accuracy is needed. The generic pathway model was assessed by comparison with a stroke subtypes (ischemic, hemorrhagic, or undetermined) approach and used to determine the relative cost-effectiveness of four interventions.Results:The generic pathway model produced lower costs compared with a subtypes version (total average first-year costs/case AUD$15,117 versus AUD$17,786, respectively). Optimal evidence-based uptake of anticoagulation therapy for primary and secondary stroke prevention and intravenous thrombolytic therapy within 3 hours of stroke were more cost-effective than current practice (base year, 1997).Conclusions:MORUCOS is transparent and flexible in describing Australian stroke care and can effectively be used to systematically evaluate a range of different interventions. Adjusting results to account for stroke subtypes, as they influence cost estimates, could enhance the generic model.
Comparing costs of home- versus hospital-based treatment of infections in adults in a specialist cystic fibrosis center
Authors: Elliott Rachel A. , Thornton Judith , Webb A. Kevin , Dodd Mary , Tully Mary P. 
Published: November 2005

Objectives: This study aimed to produce valid patient-based UK National Health Service (NHS) costs for adults with cystic fibrosis to identify differences between hospital- and home-based treatments for infections.Methods: A costing study was carried out in adults with cystic fibrosis (CF) in the United Kingdom, who required intravenous antibiotic treatments for respiratory infections, administered either at home or in the hospital. The perspective was that of the NHS hospital trust. Data were collected retrospectively for each patient for 1 year using clinical records. Data were collected for 116 adults with CF between 2000 and 2001, when 42,382 treatment days (454 courses) of intravenous antibiotics were administered; 213 courses with intention-to-treat at home and 241 courses with intention-to-treat in the hospital. The mean length of a course was 15.3 days.Results: Patients who had >60 percent of courses at home over 1 year had a mean cost of £13,528, compared with £22,609 for patients who had >60 percent of courses in the hospital, and a mean cost of £19,927 for patients who had an equal mix of home and hospital care (p = .0001).Conclusions: The key cost-generating events in CF respiratory infections are hospital admissions. Future studies assessing costs should concentrate on factors affecting admissions, length of stay, staff input, and alternative methods of home-care provision, rather than marginal effects, such as using different antibiotics.
Mentoring a developing health technology assessment initiative in Romania: An example for countries with limited experience of assessing health technology
Authors: Corabian Paula , Hailey David , Harstall Christa , Juzwishin Don , Moga Carmen 
Published: November 2005

Objectives: The aim of this study was to assist and facilitate introduction and development of a health technology assessment (HTA) program in Romania.Methods: Mentoring of an initiative group in Romania was provided by an HTA program in Canada. Mentoring activities included provision of HTA materials, participation in local seminars, facilitating contact with HTA and funding organizations, and in-house training of a professional from Romania.Results: Since 1998, when the relationship was initiated, the Romanian group has been successful in developing an understanding of HTA and awareness of its utility among various decision-makers in the health system. Currently, although the need for HTA in Romania exists and interest in developing this activity has been officially expressed, HTA is still early in its development phase. The mentoring support helped to identify and define the need for HTA in Romania. Continuation of the existing relationship can be expected to strengthen the expertise in this country. However, while mentoring has been a valuable activity, it is not, by itself, sufficient to ensure development of an HTA program in Romania. The actions and decisions that could lead to implementing HTA in Romania depend on the local context.Conclusions: Mentoring services assisted the initiative group in promoting HTA in Romania. The implementation of HTA in Romania has not happened yet, and efforts need to continue to sustain the existing momentum. However, success in implementing an HTA program will depend on essential factors such as local political, economical, and educational support for this initiative and others like it.
A Guide to Publishing Your First Book: Arranging the
Right Book Contract
Authors: Meyer David S. 
Published: November 2005

As part of its mission to address issues of recruitment, retention,
and integration of women and people of color in the profession, the
APSA Task Force on Mentoring periodically publishes articles on some
aspect of mentoring that will help political scientists move
successfully through the profession. This brief symposium on
“Publishing Your First Book” is just one such example of this
initiative. For more information about the Task Force and its
ongoing projects, contact Linda Lopez, APSA Director of Education
and Professional Development Programs, at llopez@apsanet.org.Making a realistic assessment of your goals in publishing a book, and
matching a publisher with the text and with your goals is the first
step in bringing your research effort to completion. Social
scientists write books hoping to influence an election, change the
political debate, shift an academic focus, get tenure, or get a job.
A good book, well-published, can help achieve some
of these goals—but there are other ways to work toward them. Authors
and publishers will be happiest, and readers best served, if authors
take stock of the possible, and then market their books to
publishers who are best suited to help with the goals they've
chosen. Beyond writing the book, the author has three clear tasks:
deciding on realistic goals for the book; executing due diligence in
finding the right publishing house; and making the gist of the book
accessible to an educated, but not necessarily expert, reader by
writing a good proposal. Matching expectations to the book will help
identify the most appropriate presses.
A Guide to Publishing Your First Book: Seven Modest Tips
on Publishing
Authors: Spitzer Robert J. 
Published: November 2005

As part of its mission to address issues of recruitment, retention,
and integration of women and people of color in the profession, the
APSA Task Force on Mentoring periodically publishes articles on some
aspect of mentoring that will help political scientists move
successfully through the profession. This brief symposium on
“Publishing Your First Book” is just one such example of this
initiative. For more information about the Task Force and its
ongoing projects, contact Linda Lopez, APSA Director of Education
and Professional Development Programs, at llopez@apsanet.org.Getting a book published represents the intersection of mutual
self-interest between author and publisher. I have a few suggestions
on how to combine these.
A Guide to Publishing Your First Book: The Other End of
the Telescope (tips from an editor)
Authors: Labella Peter 
Published: November 2005

As part of its mission to address issues of recruitment, retention,
and integration of women and people of color in the profession, the
APSA Task Force on Mentoring periodically publishes articles on some
aspect of mentoring that will help political scientists move
successfully through the profession. This brief symposium on
“Publishing Your First Book” is just one such example of this
initiative. For more information about the Task Force and its
ongoing projects, contact Linda Lopez, APSA Director of Education
and Professional Development Programs, at llopez@apsanet.org.I am an acquiring editor for the Higher Education group within Oxford
University Press—that is, the books I am most likely to sign are
explicitly intended to be used in courses. Nevertheless, most of the
following nostrums are applicable in many different publishing
situations.
Pygmalion and the Metamorphosis of Meaning in Jean Molinet's
Le Roman de la Rose moralisé
Authors: Croft Claire M. 
Published: November 2005

Abstract

Jean Molinet's
Roman de la Rose moralisé
has aroused little scholarly interest. No modern edition of the work yet exists, and knowledge of it remains scant. Amounting to a moralized re-working of Guillaume de Lorris's and Jean de Meun's renowned thirteenth-century
Roman de la Rose
, this fifteenth-century work poses many interesting questions. What does Molinet attempt to do to the
Rose
, one of the most prominent texts of the Middle Ages? What are the implications of his use of the term
moralisé
in relation to the worldly subject matter of the
Rose
?

The figure of Pygmalion is a pertinent example through which to examine Molinet's strategy on the
Rose
for two reasons. First, a direct comparison can be drawn between Molinet's techniques of moralization on Pygmalion and those put into practice on the Pygmalion account in the fourteenth-century
Ovide moralisé.
Second, Jean de Meun's Pygmalion account in the
Rose
is not a free-standing narrative, it is part of an intra-textual debate on nature and art. This factor allows us to examine how Molinet reacts to the
Rose
as a large and complex whole, on addition to its individual episodes. An analysis of the practices of both exegesis and allegoresis sheds further light on Molinet's undertaking by providing a literary context in which to consider the
Roman de la Rose moralisé.

This article seeks to demonstrate the complexity of Molinet's undertaking in providing the
Rose
with moralized interpretations. His reactions to the subtleties, enigmas, and challenges inherent within the
Rose
provide a striking example of one reader's response to this most widely debated of medieval texts.

C'est le Romant de la Rose,
moralisé cler et net,
translaté de rime en prose

par vostre humble Molinet.

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