bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An approximate analysis of shared‐buffer channel‐grouped ATM switches under imbalanced traffic
Authors: Dang Xuan‐Hien , Abonamah Abdullah A. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractGrouping output channels in a shared‐buffer ATM switch has shown to provide great saving in buffer space and better throughput under uniform traffic. However, uniform traffic does not represent a realistic view of traffic patterns in real systems. In this paper, we extend the queuing analysis of shared‐buffer channel‐grouped (SBCG) ATM switches under imbalanced traffic, as it better represent real‐life situations. The study focuses on the impact of the grouping factor and other key switch design parameters on the performance of such switches as compared to the unichannel allocation scheme in terms of cell loss probability, throughput, mean cell delay and buffer occupancy. Numerical results from both the analytical model and simulation are presented, and the accuracy of the analysis is presented. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vertebrate homologues of Frodo are dynamically expressed during embryonic development in tissues undergoing extensive morphogenetic movements
Authors: Hunter Nina L. , Hikasa Hiroki , Dymecki Susan M. , Sokol Sergei Y. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractFrodo has been identified as a protein interacting with Dishevelled, an essential mediator of the Wnt signaling pathway, critical for the determination of cell fate and polarity in embryonic development. In this study, we use specific gene probes to characterize stage‐ and tissue‐specific expression patterns of the mouse Frodo homologue and compare them with Frodo expression patterns in Xenopus embryos. In situ hybridization analysis of mouse Frodo transcripts demonstrates that, similar to Xenopus Frodo, mouse Frodo is expressed in primitive streak mesoderm, neuroectoderm, neural crest, presomitic mesoderm, and somites. In many cases, Frodo expression is confined to tissues undergoing extensive morphogenesis, suggesting that Frodo may be involved in the regulation of cell shape and motility. Highly conserved dynamic expression patterns of Frodo homologues indicate a similar function for these proteins in different vertebrates. Developmental Dynamics 235:279–284, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Discrete pulses of molting hormone, 20‐hydroxyecdysone, during late larval development of Drosophila melanogaster: Correlations with changes in gene activity
Authors: Warren James T. , Yerushalmi Yoram , Shimell Mary Jane , O'Connor Michael B. , Restifo Linda L. , Gilbert Lawrence I. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractPeriodic pulses of the insect steroid molting hormone 20‐hydroxyecdysone (20E), acting via its nuclear receptor complex (EcR/USP), control gene expression at many stages throughout Drosophila development. However, during the last larval instar of some lepidopteran insects, subtle changes in titers of ecdysteroids have been documented, including the so‐called “commitment peak.” This small elevation of 20E reprograms the larva for metamorphosis to the pupa. Similar periods of ecdysteroid immunoreactivity have been observed during the last larval instar of Drosophila. However, due to low amplitude and short duration, along with small body size and staging difficulties, their timing and ecdysteroid composition have remained uncertain. Employing a rigorous regimen of Drosophila culture and a salivary gland reporter gene, Sgs3‐GFP, we used RP‐HPLC and differential ecdysteroid RIA analysis to determine whole body titers of 20E during the last larval instar. Three small peaks of 20E were observed at 8, 20, and 28 hr following ecdysis, prior to the well‐characterized large peak around the time of pupariation. The possible regulation of 20E levels by biosynthetic P450 enzymes and the roles of these early peaks in coordinating gene expression and late larval development are discussed. Developmental Dynamics 235:315–326, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inhibition of zebrafish fin regeneration using in vivo electroporation of morpholinos against fgfr1 and msxb
Authors: Thummel Ryan , Bai Shan , Sarras Michael P. , Song Peizhen , McDermott Jeffrey , Brewer Jeffrey , Perry Martin , Zhang Xiaoming , Hyde David R. , Godwin Alan R. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractIncreased interest in using zebrafish as a model organism has led to a resurgence of fin regeneration studies. This has allowed for the identification of a large number of gene families, including signaling molecules and transcription factors, which are expressed during regeneration. However, in cases where no specific inhibitor is available for the gene product of interest, determination of a functional role for these genes has been difficult. Here we demonstrate that in vivo electroporation of morpholino oligonucleotides is a feasible approach for protein knock‐down during fin regeneration. Morpholino oligonucleotides against fgfr1 and msxb were utilized and knock‐down of both proteins resulted in reduced fin outgrowth. Importantly, Fgfr1 knock‐down phenocopied outgrowth inhibition obtained with an Fgfr1 inhibitor. Furthermore, this method provided direct evidence for a functional role for msxb in caudal fin regeneration. Finally, knock‐down of Fgfr1, but not Msxb, affected the blastemal expression of msxc, suggesting this technique can be used to determine epistasis in genetic pathways affecting regeneration. Thus, this convenient reverse genetic approach allows researchers to quickly (1) assess the function of genes known to be expressed during fin regeneration, (2) screen genes for functional relevance during fin regeneration, and (3) assign genes to the molecular pathways underlying fin regeneration. Developmental Dynamics 235:336–346, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pea3 expression is regulated by FGF signaling in developing retina
Authors: McCabe Kathryn Leigh , McGuire Chris , Reh Thomas A. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractFGF signaling has been implicated as an important regulator of retinal development. As a first step in characterizing potential downstream targets of FGF signaling in the retina, we have analyzed expression of Pea3, a member of the Pea3 class of Ets‐domain transcription factors, in the developing eye. We find that Pea3 is expressed in the developing retina, and its transcription is regulated by FGF receptor activation. In addition, FGF signaling activates Cath5, a gene necessary for retinal ganglion cell differentiation. These results suggest that FGF signaling via MAPK up‐regulates transcription factors that in turn control retinal ganglion cell differentiation. Developmental Dynamics 235:327–335, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular characterization of the Caenorhabditis elegans ALP/Enigma gene alp‐1
Authors: McKeown Caroline R. , Han Hsiao‐Fen , Beckerle Mary C. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractMembers of the ALP/Enigma family of PDZ‐LIM proteins play a role in cytoskeletal anchorage and mutations in at least one member of this family are associated with human cardiomyopathy. Here, we describe the analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans alp‐1 gene. alp‐1 is predicted to encode the entire nematode ALP/Enigma protein family, consisting of one ALP‐related protein with a single LIM domain and three Enigma‐like proteins containing four LIM domains. We demonstrate that the ALP‐1 proteins are expressed in muscle cells, where they localize to actin anchorage and muscle attachment sites. We show that the PDZ domain of the ALP‐1 proteins is sufficient to target the protein to the dense bodies, which are important actin anchorage sites in C. elegans body wall muscle. We demonstrate that the C. elegans ALP/Enigma proteins are also localized to cell–cell junctions and to both epithelial and muscle cell nuclei. These findings suggest new roles for the ALP/Enigma protein family that may lead to the understanding of their involvement in cardiomyopathy. Developmental Dynamics 235:530–538, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification and comparative expression analysis of a second wt1 gene in zebrafish
Authors: Bollig Frank , Mehringer Rebecca , Perner Birgit , Hartung Christina , Schäfer Matthias , Schartl Manfred , Volff Jean‐Nicolas , Winkler Christoph , Englert Christoph 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe Wilms' tumor suppressor gene wt1 encodes a zinc‐finger transcription factor that plays an important role in the development of the mammalian genitourinary system. Mutations in WT1 in humans lead to anomalies of kidney and gonad development and cause Wilms' tumor, a pediatric kidney cancer. The inactivation of both wt1 alleles in mice gives rise to multiple organ defects, among them agenesis of kidney, spleen, and gonads. In zebrafish, an ortholog of wt1 has been described that is expressed in the pronephric field and is later restricted to the podocytes. Here, we report the existence of a second wt1 gene in zebrafish, which we have named wt1b (we named the initial gene wt1a). The overall sequence identity of the two Wt1 proteins is 70% and 92% between the zinc‐finger regions, respectively. In contrast to wt1a, wt1b is expressed from the earliest stages of development onward, albeit at low levels. Both wt1a and wt1b are expressed in the intermediate mesoderm, with wt1b being restricted to a smaller area lying at the caudal end of the wt1a expression domain. In adult fish, high expression levels for both genes can be found in gonads, kidney, heart, spleen, and muscle. Developmental Dynamics 235:554–561, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
IL‐12‐independent Th1 polarization in human mononuclear cells infected with varicella‐zoster virus
Authors: Yu Hong‐Ren , Chen Rong‐Fu , Hong Kuo‐Ching , Bong Chin‐Nam , Lee Wen‐I , Kuo Ho‐Chang , Yang Kuender D. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractT helper type 1 (Th1) cells perform a critical role in fighting intracellular organisms, and interleukin‐12 (IL‐12) is known to promote a Thl response. This study was conducted to identify whether an IL‐12‐independent Th1 reaction is induced by the varicella‐zoster virus (VZV) in human beings. It was found that different intracellular microorganisms could induce IFNγ but not IL‐12 production. Induction of IFNγ production by VZV was associated with IFNα production and phosphorylation of both the signal transducer and activator of transcription‐1 (STAT‐1) and STAT‐4 in lymphocytes. In contrast, Bacillus Calmette‐Guerin (BCG) induced IL‐12 production in association with STAT‐4 but not STAT‐1 activation. Anti‐IFNα but not anti‐IL‐12 antibodies blocked the VZV‐induced Th1 polarization. A patient with an IL‐12 receptor β1 chain deficiency showed a normal VZV‐ but not a normal BCG‐induced Th1 reaction, further supporting the concept of an IFNα‐mediated, IL‐12‐independent Th1 reaction in response to certain intracellular infections. Identification of the early Th1 polarization induced by IFNα versus IL‐12 in response to specific viruses may enable the development of better therapeutic strategies tailored to different infections.
Antibody‐mediated signaling through PD‐1 costimulates T cells and enhances CD28‐dependent proliferation
Authors: del Rio María‐Luisa , Penuelas‐Rivas Giovanna , Dominguez‐Perles Raul , Ramirez Pablo , Parrilla Pascual , Rodriguez‐Barbosa Jose‐Ignacio 
Published: November 2005

AbstractProgrammed death‐1 (PD‐1, CD279) is a molecule expressed on activated T, B and myeloid cells. The role of the interaction of PD‐1 ligands (PD‐L1 and PD‐L2) with PD‐1 receptor and the type of signals (costimulatory or inhibitory) that are delivered is a subject of intense debate. Our study has characterized two monoclonal antibodies (mAb) against murine PD‐1, termed clone 1H10 and clone 4F10, that recognized different epitopes from that of anti‐PD‐1, clone J43. We showed that neither of them inhibited anti‐CD3‐mediated proliferation, but 1H10 mAb induced direct T cell proliferation in the absence of any other stimulus. Moreover, PD‐1 engagement with 1H10 mAb costimulated anti‐CD3‐mediated proliferation and enhanced anti‐CD3/CD28 proliferation on both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the low range of anti‐CD3 concentrations. Anti‐PD‐1‐mediated proliferation induced with 1H10 mAb was also observed in vivo on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, when CFSE‐labeled splenocytes were adoptively transferred to irradiated syngeneic and allogeneic recipients. Overall, our data indicate that PD‐1 might not only deliver negative signals to T cells upon interaction through one of its ligands, PD‐L1 as reported, but also could costimulate T cells, suggesting a dual potential functional activity of the extracellular domains of this receptor.
Analysis of Lyn/CD22 double‐deficient B cells in vivo demonstrates Lyn‐ and CD22‐independent pathways affecting BCR regulation and B cell survival
Authors: Ferry Helen , Cockford Tanya L. , Silver Karlee , Rust Nigel , Goodnow Christopher C. , Cornall Richard J. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractB cell fate is determined by the strength of signals from the antigen receptor and from co‐receptors that adjust the activation threshold and tune the B cell to its environment. These co‐receptors have been broadly classified into inhibitory and enhancing groups, yet some, such as CD22, may have dual effects. CD22 recruits a variety of signal enhancers at the same time as Lyn‐dependent phosphorylation leads to the binding of the inhibitory phosphatase SHP‐1. To assess the relative importance of Lyn‐ and CD22‐dependent and ‐independent pathways, we generated Lyn and CD22 single‐deficient mice and Lyn/CD22 double‐deficient mice expressing the MD4 immunoglobulin transgene against hen egg lysozyme (IgHEL). This genetic approach has enabled us to compare the contributions of Lyn and CD22 to B cell development in vivo, independent of BCR specificity and in the presence and absence of self‐antigen. Our results show that although the effects of Lyn are dominant in negative regulation of B cell hyperactivity, Lyn and CD22 have independent and additive effects on B cell survival. These findings emphasize the subtle nature of regulation at the BCR and the usefulness of genetic complementation to dissect common and parallel pathways.
Requirement of the Fc receptor common γ‐chain forγδ T cell‐mediated promotion of murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Authors: Szalai Alexander J. , Hu Xianzhen , Raman Chander , Barnum Scott R. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractImmunoglobulin Fcγ receptors (FcγR) are comprised of a ligand‐binding α‐chain that sometimes associates with a cell signaling common γ‐chain. These receptors comprise an important family of effector molecules that link humoral and cell‐mediated adaptive immunity and regulate innate immunity. Recent animal studies suggest that FcγR in general, and FcR α‐chains in particular, are required for full development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We show here that deletion of the γ‐chain renders mice resistant to EAE, whereas deletion of the α‐chains of FcγRI, FcγRIIB and FcγRIII has no protective effect. Susceptibility to EAE is fully restored in common γ‐chain–/– mice into which wild‐type splenocytes are adoptively transferred, but EAE is not restored in common γ‐chain–/– mice given wild‐type splenocytes depleted of γδ T cells. These data indicate that although the common γ‐chain is required for full development of EAE in mice, this requirement is likely FcγR α‐chain‐independent. Expression of the common γ‐chain by γδ T cells, probably in conjunction with the T cell receptor/CD3 complex, is likely the key requirement for full development of EAE.
Glucocorticoid‐induced TNFR family‐related protein (GITR) activation exacerbates murine asthma and collagen‐induced arthritis
Authors: Patel Manish , Xu Damo , Kewin Pete , Choo‐Kang Brian , McSharry Charles , Thomson Neil C. , Liew Foo Y. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractGlucocorticoid‐induced TNFR family‐related protein (GITR) is expressed at low levels on resting T cells, B cells and macrophages but at high levels on regulatory T cells (Treg). Although GITR expression is up‐regulated on CD4+effector cells upon activation, the role of GITR in Th1 and Th2 cell development is unclear. We report here that activation of GITR signalling by anti‐GITR antibody markedly enhanced the induction of both Th1 and Th2 cytokine production by naive CD4+CD25–T cells. Consistent with this observation, anti‐GITR antibody significantly enhanced the expression of the key Th1 (T‐bet) and Th2 (GATA3) transcription factorsin vitro. Administration of anti‐GITR mAb in a murine model of arthritis significantly exacerbated the severity and onset of joint inflammation with elevated production of TNF‐α, IFN‐γ, IL‐5, and collagen‐specific IgG1. Administration of anti‐GITR mAb also significantly exacerbated murine allergic airways inflammation with elevated production of OVA‐specific IFN‐γ, IL‐2, IL‐4, IL‐5, and IgE. Finally, we demonstrated that adoptive transfer of CD4+GITR+T cells effectively abolished airway inflammation induced in SCID mice reconstituted with CD4+GITR–T cells. Our results therefore provide direct evidence that GITR can modulate both Th1‐ and Th2‐mediated inflammatory diseases, and may be a potential target for therapeutic intervention.
Syntheses, Crystal Structures and Magnetic Properties of Carboxylato‐Bridged Polymeric Networks of MnII
Authors: Manna Subal Chandra , Zangrando Ennio , Drew Michael G. B. , Ribas Joan , Chaudhuri Nirmalendu Ray 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThree new carboxylato‐bridged polymeric networks of MnII having molecular formula [Mn(ox)(dpyo)]n (1), {[Mn2(mal)2(bpee)(H2O)2]·0.5(bpee)·0.5(CH3OH)}n (2) and {[Mn3(btc)2(2,2′‐bipy)2(H2O)6]·4H2O}n (3) [dpyo, 4,4′‐bipyridine N,N′‐dioxide; bpee, trans‐1,2 bis(4‐pyridyl)ethylene; 2,2′‐bipy, 2,2′‐bipyridine; ox = oxalate dianion; mal = malonate dianion; btc = 1,3,5‐benzenetricarboxylate trianion] have been synthesized and characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction studies and low temperature magnetic measurements. Structure determination of complex 1 reveals a covalent bonded 2D network containing bischelating oxalate and bridging dpyo; complex 2 is a covalent bonded 3D polymeric architecture, formed by bridging malonate and bpee ligands, resulting in an open framework with channels filled by uncoordinated disordered bpee and methanol molecules. Whereas complex 3, comprising btc anions bound to three metal centers, is a 1D chain which further extends its dimensionality to 3D via ‐ and H‐bonding interactions. Low temperature magnetic measurements reveal the existence of weak antiferromagnetic interaction in all these complexes. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Ferrocenylethynyltin Compounds – Characterization and Reactivity towards Triethylborane
Authors: Wrackmeyer Bernd , Kenner‐Hofmann Barbara H. , Milius Wolfgang , Thoma Peter , Tok Oleg L. , Herberhold Max 
Published: November 2005

AbstractFerrocenylethynyl(trimethyl)tin (1), bis(ferrocenylethynyl)dimethyltin (2), tetrakis(ferrocenylethynyl)tin (3), and chloro(ferrocenylethynyl)dimethyltin (4) have been prepared and characterized in solution by 1H, 13C, and 119Sn NMR spectroscopy. Solid‐state MAS 13C and 119Sn NMR spectra were measured for 2 and 3, and the molecular structure of one of the modifications of 2 was determined by X‐ray analysis. The reactivity of 1–4 towards triethylborane has been explored. 1,1‐Organoboration takes place in all cases, and the reactions are stereoselective for 1 and 4 to give the alkenes 5 and 6, respectively, in which the stannyl and the boryl groups are in cis‐positions at the C=C bond. In the case of 2, the final products are the 1‐stannacyclopenta‐2,4‐diene 7a and the 1‐stanna‐4‐boracyclohexa‐2,5‐diene 8a, whereas the reaction of 2 with triisopropylborane leads selectively to the six‐membered ring 8b. Zwitterionic intermediates 9a,b, in which the tin atom is coordinated side‐on to the C≡C bond of an alkynylborate, have been detected by NMR spectroscopy. Compound 3 reacts with triethylborane to give a mixture of three spirotin compounds 10–12 as the final products, where the tin atom connects five‐ and six‐membered rings. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
η2‐Iminoacyl and η2‐Acyl Monocyclopentadienyl Tantalum Complexes Bearing Oxo and Oxo‐Borane Ligands
Authors: Sánchez‐Nieves Javier , Royo Pascual , Mosquera Marta E. G. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractAlkyl‐chloro ligand exchange by the reaction of [TaCp*R2{O·B(C6F5)3}] (R = CH2Ph, Me) with Ph3CCl gave the monoalkyl compounds [TaCp*RCl{O·B(C6F5)3}] (R = CH2Ph, Me). Insertion of CNAr (Ar = 2,6‐Me2C6H3) and CO into a Ta–C bond of the mono‐ and dialkyl complexes gave the iminoacyl compounds [TaCp*X{η2‐C(R)=NAr}{O·B(C6F5)3}] (X = R = CH2Ph, Me; X = Cl, R = CH2Ph) and the acyl compounds [TaCp*X{η2‐C(R)=O}{O·B(C6F5)3}] (X = R = CH2Ph, Me; X = Cl, R = CH2Ph), respectively. The related chloro compound [TaCp*Cl{η2‐C(Me)=NAr}{O·B(C6F5)3}] was isolated from the reaction of the oxo derivative [TaCp*Cl{η2‐C(Me)=NAr}(O)] with the Lewis acid B(C6F5)3. Addition of CNAr or pyridine to [TaCp*(CH2Ph){η2‐C(CH2Ph)=NAr}{O·B(C6F5)3}] afforded the borane‐free complex [TaCp*(CH2Ph){η2‐C(CH2Ph)=NAr}(O)] and the acid‐base adduct L·B(C6F5)3 (L = py, CNAr). The molecular structures of [TaCp*Cl{η2‐C(Me)=NAr}{O·B(C6F5)3}] and [TaCp*(CH2Ph){η2‐C(CH2Ph)=O}{O·B(C6F5)3}] were obtained from X‐ray diffraction studies.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Ionic Liquids: Synthesis and Characterisation of Triphenylphosphonium Tosylates
Authors: Bonnet Ludovic G. , Kariuki Benson M. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractIonic liquids are currently attracting considerable interest from chemists, partly due to their potential as “green” alternatives to volatile molecular organic solvents. Phosphonium ionic liquids have received much less attention than ammonium salts in the past, but the situation is changing. The salts are applied in the liquid state but in this work, salts with higher melting points than is generally the case are investigated. They are solid at room temperature, thus enabling facile separation of liquid reaction products. Nine triphenylphosphonium tosylates have been prepared and characterised; their crystal structures have been determined and their melting points have been scrutinized, showing some sensitivity to the duration of drying. The structural information is expected to be invaluable in the understanding of the properties of the molten state.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Oligo(2,5‐thienyleneethynylene)s with Terminal Donor‐Acceptor Substitution
Authors: Meier Herbert , Mühling Bastian , Oehlhof Annette , Theisinger Sonja , Kirsten Enzio 
Published: November 2005

AbstractFive oligo(2,5‐thienyleneethynylene) series (OTE, n = 1–5), namely the push‐pull substituted compounds 1b‐5b and 1c‐5c, the purely donor substituted compounds 1a‐5a and two precursor series with protected and deprotected ethynyl end‐groups, respectively, were obtained by a convergent synthetic strategy. The extension of the conjugated chromophores in the donor‐acceptor OTE (DAOTE) series is superimposed by an intramolecular charge transfer (ICT), which decreases with an increasing number, n, of repeat units. The overall effect is studied by the convergence of the UV/Vis absorption maxima λmax (n) → λ∞ for n → ∞.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)