bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metabolite Profiles of Lactic Acid Bacteria in Grass Silage
Authors: Broberg Anders , Jacobsson Karin , Ström Katrin , Schnürer Johan 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe metabolite production of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on silage was investigated. The aim was to compare the production of antifungal metabolites in silage with the production in liquid cultures previously studied in our laboratory. The following metabolites were found to be present at elevated concentrations in silos inoculated with LAB strains: 3-hydroxydecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-4-methylpentanoic acid, benzoic acid, catechol, hydrocinnamic acid, salicylic acid, 3-phenyllactic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, (trans, trans)-3,4-dihydroxycyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid,p-hydrocoumaric acid, vanillic acid, azelaic acid, hydroferulic acid,p-coumaric acid, hydrocaffeic acid, ferulic acid, and caffeic acid. Among these metabolites, the antifungal compounds 3-phenyllactic acid and 3-hydroxydecanoic acid were previously isolated in our laboratory from liquid cultures of the same LAB strains by bioassay-guided fractionation. It was concluded that other metabolites, e.g.,p-hydrocoumaric acid, hydroferulic acid, andp-coumaric acid, were released from the grass by the added LAB strains. The antifungal activities of the identified metabolites in 100 mM lactic acid were investigated. The MICs againstPichia anomala, Penicillium roqueforti, andAspergillus fumigatuswere determined, and 3-hydroxydecanoic acid showed the lowest MIC (0.1 mg ml−1for two of the three test organisms).
Negative Regulation of the EcoRI Restriction Enzyme Gene Is Associated with Intragenic Reverse Promoters
Authors: Liu Yaoping , Kobayashi Ichizo 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACT

Type II restriction-modification systems are expected to possess mechanisms for tight regulation of their expression to suppress the potential of lethal attack on their host bacteria when they establish and maintain themselves within them. Although the EcoRI restriction enzyme has been well characterized, regulation of its expression is still poorly understood. In this study, mutational analysis with
lacZ
gene fusion and primer extension assay identified a promoter for the transcription of the
ecoRIR
gene. Further analyses revealed that an intragenic region containing two overlapping reverse promoter-like elements acted as a negative regulator for
ecoRIR
gene expression. The activity of these putative reverse promoters was verified by transcriptional gene fusion, primer extension and in vitro transcription. Mutations in these reverse promoters resulted in increased gene expression in both translational and transcriptional gene fusions. An RNase protection assay revealed that the transcript level of the wild type relative to that of the reverse promoter mutant at the downstream regions was much lower than the level at the upstream regions. This suggests that these reverse promoter-like elements affect their downstream transcript level. The possible mechanisms of this kind of negative regulation, in addition to their possible biological roles, are discussed.
Some practical aspects of forecasting in organizations
Authors: Jenkins Gwilym M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper presents the writer's experience, over a period of 25 years, in analysing organizational systems and, in particular, concentrates on the overall forecasting activity. The paper first looks at the relationship between forecasting and decision taking–with emphasis on the fact that forecasting is a means to aid decision taking and not an end in itself. It states that there are many types of forecasting problems, each requiring different methods of treatment. The paper then discusses attitudes which are emerging about the relative advantages of different forecasting techniques. It suggests a model building process which requires‘experience’and‘craftsmanship’, extensive practical application, frequent interaction between theory and practice and a methodology that eventually leads to models that contain no detectable inadequacies. Furthermore, it argues that although models which forecast a time series from its past history have a very important role to play, for effective policy making it is necessary to augment the model by introducing policy variables, again in a systematic not an ‘ad hoc’ manner. Finally, the paper discusses how forecasting systems can be introduced into the management process in the first place and how they should be monitored and updated when found wanting.
Perspectives on forecasting research in accounting and finance
Authors: Brown L. D. , Griffin P. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper offers some perspectives on forecasting research in accounting and finance. It is maintained that many common areas of forecasting research exist. Yet, most research has focused upon a particular (Box‐Jenkins) technique and a particular (reported earnings) variable, virtually neglecting numerous other relevant forecasting research topics. This symposium issue includes papers which address several of these neglected research topics. The eight papers constituting the issue are classified into three categories: (1) univariate time‐series modelling; (2) multivariate time‐series modelling; and (3) comparison of experts' forecasts with those of statistical models. Following a summary of the papers, some suggestions for future research are offered.
Sales revenues: Time‐series properties and predictions
Authors: Abdel‐Khalik A. R. , El‐Sheshai K. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper compares the predictive ability of ARIMA models in forecasting sales revenue. Comparisons were made at both industry and firm levels. With respect to the form of the ARIMA model, a parsimonious model of the form (0, 1, 1) (0, 1, 1) was identified most frequently for firms and industries. This model was identified previously by Griffin and Watts for the earnings series, and by Moriarty and Adams for the sales series. As a parsimonious model, its predictive accuracy was quite good. However, predictive accuracy was also found to be a function of the industry. Out of the eleven industry classifications, ‘metals’ had the lowest predictive accuracy using both firmspecific and industry‐specific ARIMA models.
Bureaucratization of non‐governmental organizations: An analysis of employees' perceptions and attitudes
Authors: Narayana E. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe key concern of the following article is to measure empirically the extent to which nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) are bureaucratized. The perceptions of the employees of the NGOs were elicited about the characteristics of bureaucracy. Interval scale data on respondent perceptions were analysed through step‐wide regression. The statistical analysis does not reveal any specific directionality. Instead, it shows a complicated set of relationships between each of eight characteristics of bureaucracy (dependent variables) on the one hand and the multitude of independent variables on the other. It can be inferred from the data and regression results that the bureaucratic characteristics of NGOs have not crystallized, as in the case of many governmental organizations. Only some postulates of bureaucratic theory, as propounded by Max Weber, are prevalent in the NGOs.
The emergence of two‐tier welfare in Africa: Marginalization or an opportunity for reform?
Authors: Duffield Mark 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe emergence of two‐tier welfare in Africa has been defined by two interconnected developments. Firstly, a growing understanding that ‘African famine’ is a complex and deep‐seated problem, a problem which, in many cases, combines political, environmental‐economic and conflict factors. Secondly, in response to this situation a world historic internationalization of public welfare has occurred. Whilst some of the financial aspects of this intervention, in the shape of World Bank, International Monetary Fund and bilateral programmes, have received attention, the simultaneous spread of donor/non‐government organization relief‐based safety nets has been relatively neglected. During the 1990s, however, policy debate will increasingly centre upon the adequacy or appropriateness of the latter in relation to the modalities of the African crisis. This paper, by first sketching the nature of this crisis, seeks to contribute to this debate by drawing attention to the contradictions and limitations within the emerging safety net system.
Small‐scale administration in St Martin: Two governments of one people
Authors: Kersell John E. , Brookson Albert , Duzanson Louis L. , Groeneveldt R. A. , Arts Xander 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDivided between France and Holland since 1648, the small island community of St Martin has grown and prospered in recent decades largely because of tourism. France which incorporates its part, Saint Martin, as a municipality in the Department of Guadeloupe has been generous with public funds and tax concessions to those who invest in the dependency. The Kingdom of the Netherlands, the governments of its constituent parts (Holland and the Netherlands Antilles), has been more generous with authority than with money. So Dutch Sint Maarten has enjoyed much greater political and administrative autonomy than its northern neighbour, but it has to depend on investment from private interests, American and European. Indeed, it has lacked sufficient public capital even for infrastructure and social services, including education. The governments of both sides have neglected joint planning and other coordinated efforts to develop the island. The Dutch side has been committed to laissez‐faire private enterprise and so personnel development in the public service has been minimal. This has disposed the government of the French side to limit joint ventures with the Dutch government. The population is large enough and the revenues are high enough to provide adequate numbers of public officials, but tourism has attracted, in the 1970s and 80s, many of the more able and ambitious. These considerations set the two sides of St Martin apart from other West Indian micro‐states, most of which have not experienced as much success in developing and maintaining tourism. St Martin is unique in another way. It is different from other English‐speaking islands because of its French and Dutch institutions. It is quite different from other French and Dutch islands (Saba and St Eustatius excepted) because of the English language and other cultural influences.
The private provision of capital for public housing development: A cost—benefit study of the Seoul housing project
Authors: Shin Roy W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis study analyses the programme impact of a strategic decision to privatize public housing development. It provides theoretical insights and assesses the ‘filtering’ (trickle down) theory of housing development underpinning this strategy. Analysis of distributional effects ensuing from the project demonstrates that developmental benefits (additional supply of housing) have simply filled the demand of those who can cater to the forces of the marketplace. Furthermore, macroeconomic determinants, acute shortages and distributional problems in the housing market that typically characterize urban centres in developing countries counteract that filtering process. The consequences of this privatization strategy point to potential costs and benefits of future policy options.
Management training for women—what the west forgot?
Authors: Amos‐Wilson Pauline 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDrawing on experience of providing women for senior management programmes in developing countries and in the UK, this article considers the issues associated with management training for women. In particular, it discusses the approaches currently adopted in the west, the attitudes that inform these and their shortcomings. It describes the outcomes achieved through an approach to training designed and implemented with women from developing countries, which is somewhat different to experience in the west. It goes on to suggest that at a time when developing countries are importing management training at an increasing rate from the west, measured critique should be applied to assessing the efficacy of programmes, not in respect of their appropriateness in a development context, but on a basis of whether they are effective in their place of origin. Moreover, it is argued that, in fact, the west has much to learn for its own applications from developing countries.
Trainees, trainers and the training of trainers: Reform of local administration in Russia
Authors: Gubbay Jon 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPower at the centre of the Russian state is divided, weak and lacking in legitimacy although management in the regions, while formally bureaucratic, also depends for its effectiveness on relationships of patronage and exchange of favours. In these circumstances, the design and implementation of a reform programme for the civil service is a brave endeavour, and one which is likely to be protracted and punctuated by setbacks. Paradoxically, although there is acknowledged to be a great need for training and retraining, there are also large obstacles to applying the new knowledge and skills. This predicament is compounded by deficiencies in the provision for training. These inauspicious conclusions have implications for strategies of technical assistance and, in particular, the danger that such initiatives unintentionally become part of the problem rather than its solution. The article draws upon three visits by the author to Western Siberia as part of two EU TACIS projects.
Rebuilding Ukraine's hollow State: Developing a democratic public service in Ukraine
Authors: Hague Judy , Rose Aidan , Bojcun Marko 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis article describes assistance that is being provided as part of an institution building project with a view to making a lasting impact on the development of a democratic public service of Ukraine. It explains the nature of the project and the strategies adopted to overcome difficulties. It compares and contrasts approaches adopted by technical assistance projects in assisting administrative reform. It also examines the special nature of the Ukraine project that arises out of the distinctive context and needs of Ukraine. The article continues by examining the role of external assistance in validating the Ukrainian Institute of Public Administration and Local Government's Masters in Public Administration and the contribution made to the development and delivery of the Masters programme. A special feature of the project is the series of one‐month internships when IPALG students visit London. The internship programme allows students to identify aspects of UK experience relevant to changes that Ukraine wishes to make in its administrative culture. As part of this programme, students are placed in government organizations and NGOs. The placements are complemented by a series of change management seminars that enable students to evaluate options for change, to assess their own role in the change process and recognize the key stages in the change process. The project team has undertaken a full evaluation of the first presentation of the programme and the article presents the findings.
From general training to projeetization: Implications for learning processes and the roles of trainers
Authors: Taylor Harry 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA large component of development aid in the past has been in the form of scholarships for officials and managers to attend short and long training programmes in the west. However, it has increasingly been felt that the impact of such programmes is limited, and hence the donor community is placing increased emphasis on ‘projectized’ training programmes, i.e. training that is geared to specific development projects in a particular country. This shift has implications for the nature of the training, the learning processes involved and the roles of trainers. This article explores these issues, firstly reviewing the debate between ‘open’ and ‘projectized’ training, and then going on to report on a case study involving a ‘projectized’ learning event run for the Nigerian Civil Service as part of its Civil Service reform programme. The case study explores the main differences between ‘open’ and ‘projectized’ training, demonstrates some of the potential problems with ‘projectized’ learning and, where appropriate, suggests solutions and offers a number of practical suggestions for trainers to consider for operating in an increasingly ‘projectized’ training scene.
Über verzögerte Elektronen in Elektronenlawinen, insbesondere in Sauerstoff und Luft, durch Bildung und Zerfall negativer Ionen (O−)
Authors: Frommhold L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe paper demonstrates that negative ions formed by electrons drifting through a gas may commonly not be considered as being stable, but electron detachment must be taken into account. This is concluded investigating electron current pulses of avalanches which exhibit strong currents of „delayed”︁ (i.e. detached) electrons in oxygen and air, but not in hydrogen, nitrogen and certain other electropositive gases. It is shown that this assumption allows to explain the observed current pulse shapes. An attachment coefficient η as function of E/p (= ratio of fieldstrength to pressure) is determined which arises from the dissociative attachment process, e + O2 → O− + O. A detachment frequency 1/τ versus E/p is obtained which arsies from de‐ionizing collisions of the same ion O−, which has been sufficiently energized by the electric field, O− + O2 → e + O + O2, thus completing the evidence for the above conclusion. (In air a N2 molecule may act as well as O2 as colliding particle.)In addition, values of the electron ionization coefficient α/p and of the electron drift velocity v− are determined in oxygen (35 < E/p < 120 Volt/cm · Torr) and air (35 < E/p < 80). – The “electrical method” has been used. The initial photo electron pulse was released by the light of a high intensity spark of 5 · 10−9 s radiation pulse duration; the luminous tail has been suppressed by a Kerr cell shutter.In the first section of the following paper the theoretical analysis is given in a generalized form and a number of electron delaying processes are discussed, such as the Penning and Hornbeck effects and auto‐deionization of negative ions. The second section describes the experiments and the interpretation of the results. In the third section an attempt is made to discuss the observations of other authors on the subject with respect to electron detaching collisions. The present results are significant for explaining some discrepancies in the determination of electron attachment coefficients in oxygen and air, in which de‐ionization has hitherto not been taken in account.
Dispersion Theory of Low Energy Scattering
Authors: Serebryakov V. V. , Shirkov D. V. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis review is based largely on the lectures delivered at the Dubna International Winter School of Theoretical Physics on March, 1964.Chapter 1 being of introductory nature also contains some materials on kinematics, isotopic structure and unitarity of the ππ‐scattering. Chapter 2 covers the original papers by Chew and Mandelstam which have, in fact, given rise to the systematic theoretical studies in this field. Chapter 3 covers the works of theoretists of Dubna and Novosibirsk which led to the consistent approach to the theory of strong interactions at low energies. Chapter 4 contains comparisions with experiment. In writing this chapter the authors used the materials of the 12th International Conference on High Energy Physics (Dubna, August, 1964).
On the Connections between the Non‐linearity of Equations of Motion in Quantum Theory, Asymptotic Behavior and Renormalization
Authors: Aks Stanley Ø. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIt is shown that the ordinary perturbation expressions used in quantum mechanics lead to the wrong asymptotic behavior of the Heisenberg observables as function of time. This difficulty is traced to the non‐linearity of the Heisenberg equations of motion and is studied in the context of a one‐dimensional non‐linear oscillator problem. It is found that the correct asymptotic behavior can be obtained by a process of renormalization analogous to renormalization theory in quantum field theory. It turns out that the renormalized parameters analogous to mass and wave‐function renormalization are not c‐numbers but are instead q‐numbers. It is suggested that the renormalization parameters of quantum field theory are also q‐numbers.
Algebra of Currents
Authors: Maiani L. , Preparata G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis is a review paper on the most important results obtained from the Algebra of Currents introduced by Gell‐Mann. It includes a detailed discussion on the derivation of sum rules (Adler‐Weisberger, Cabibbo‐Radicati, etc.), either with the p → ∞ method and with the covariant method. Theorems for the emission of zero energy pions are discussed, and applied to leptonic and non leptonic decays of K mesons, and to the 3π decay of the η meson. More recent developments of current algebra like the gauge fields current algebra, the Weinberg sum rules, and the applications of the Bjorken's method to weak and e.m. interactions are also discussed.
Partial Wave Crossing Relations for Meson‐Baryon Scattering
Authors: Steiner F. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThree different types of relations for meson‐baryon partial wave amplitudes following from the s ↔ u crossing symmetry of the invariant amplitudes are investigated: i) the partial wave crossing relations directly derived from the s ↔ u crossing symmetry and the partial wave projection, ii) the partial wave crossing relations following from a combined use of s ↔ u crossing symmetry and analyticity, and iii) the crossing sum rules, which are a direct consequence of the s ↔ u crossing symmetry.The kernels entering the crossing relations i) and ii) are given in an analytic form, valid for arbitrary angular momentum. Their properties are studied in detail. By means of the partial wave crossing relations ii) it is demonstrated that u‐channel exchange of a resonance leads to a resonance‐like behaviour of the partial wave amplitudes on the crossed physical cut. This phenomenon is described in terms of “pseudoresonances”. Finally the crossing sum rules iii) and their practical use are thoroughly discussed, and they are compared with the partial wave crossing relations i) and ii).Special attention is paid to the crossing symmetry constraints on the S‐wave amplitudes. As a result of these investigations we present a crossing symmetric ansatz for these amplitudes which gives a more reliable parametrization than the usual effective range approximation.