bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Observations of Accelerated Hydriding in Zirconium Alloys
Authors: Urbanic VF 
Published: December 2008

During aqueous corrosion of zirconium alloys, a fraction of the hydrogen generated by the metal-water reaction is absorbed by the metal. This hydriding can result in a loss of ductility in zirconium alloy components if hydrogen absorption is appreciable.
Tests have shown that hydriding can be accelerated in zirconium alloys when they are coupled to other metals. The degree of acceleration was found to be influenced by the nature of the dissimilar metal, the amount of hydrogen dissolved in the water, the composition of the zirconium alloy, and the presence of neutron radiation.
Tests in light water (H2O) and heavy water (D2O) have shown that hydrogen is preferentially absorbed over deuterium during aqueous corrosion in these media. In neutral water at 360°C, hydrogen absorption by zirconium alloys in H2O was up to twice as great as the equivalent hydrogen absorbed in reactor-grade D2O. In tests with D2O where alkalinity was maintained with lithium hydroxide, hydrogen rather than deuterium was the predominant species absorbed.
Results and observations from these tests are discussed in terms of the current understanding of hydrogen absorption mechanisms.
Elastic-Plastic Fracture Toughness Characteristics of Irradiated 316H Stainless Steel
Authors: Bernard J , Verzeletti G 
Published: December 2008

In the frame of an irradiation program of American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) 316H (Unified Numbering System [UNS] S31 400) stainless steel at fast (E &gt; 0.1 MeV) ranging from 0.1 to 2 dpa, the fracture toughness of the steel was measured, using the J parameter, at 0, 0.1, and 0.3 dpa at 350 and 550°C. A dimensional analysis has been used to derive J resistance curves as well as JIc values for the base material and its welds. The specimens used were three-point bend (3PB) specimens, 20 mm high by 15 mm thick by 80 mm effective span. A noteworthy result concerning the base material is the lowering at 550°C and 0.1 dpa of dJ/da by about 50% and of JIc by about 35%. The other dJ/da and JIc values were not significantly altered at 550°C. Apart from this case, generally low degradation of base metal properties is found at both temperatures between the nonirradiated and the irradiated material.
The weld material exhibits significantly lower initiation toughness and tearings moduli in the preirradiation and post-irradiation conditions, but these fracture mechanics (FM) characteristics are practically unaltered at both temperatures and at the above mentioned fluence levels. The heat-affected zone (HAZ) material was also studied. It was found that all J-Δa values were bounded on the upper side by the base material at 350°C and on the lower side by the welded material at 550°C for corresponding fluence levels.
Effects of Vehicle and Driver Characteristics on the Subjective Evaluation of Road Roughness
Authors: Janoff MS , Nick JB 
Published: December 2008

The objective of this paper is to report on the results of an experiment that evaluated the effects of vehicle size, vehicle speed, residence of the rating panel, and training of the rating panel on the subjective evaluation of road roughness.
Five panels of 21 persons each were employed for the ratings, as were 34 road sections in Pennsylvania and 31 road sections in Florida. Both groups of road sections spanned a wide range of roughnesses. Two different types of vehicle were used in Pennsylvania, and a subset of the Pennsylvania road sections was evaluated at two different speeds.
The results of the panel ratings indicate that there was no significant effect of vehicle size for, the two sizes tested, or of vehicle speed on the subjective evaluation of road roughness, and that trained raters (i.e., experts) evaluated roads with the same rating as untrained raters (i.e., laymen). A small but significant effect of panel residence was found.
The implications of these findings are that vehicle size and (normal) vehicle speeds probably do not influence the subjective rating of road roughness and can probably be ignored in such panel studies, that experts can be used instead of laymen by states to perform subjective ratings, but that drivers from different regions of the country have different expectations regarding road roughness and this factor should be considered in such studies of road roughness.
Effects of Road Roughness on Vehicular Rolling Resistance
Authors: Lu X-P 
Published: December 2008

A linear model for evaluating the influence of road roughness on total vehicular rolling resistance is presented. This model considers rolling resistance to be the result of three energy dissipation mechanisms:
(a) smooth-surface rolling losses,
(b) energy dissipation in the tire due to road roughness, and
(c) losses in the suspension system due to relative motion between sprung and unsprung mass.
The first of these mechanisms is completely dependent on the properties of the tire, specifically, hysteretic losses accrued from tire deformation during rolling. The other mechanisms are dependent on road profile, vehicle velocity, and vehicle parameters, as well as tire properties.
Calculation of losses due to rolling resistance are made by means of a quarter-car model to evaluate the relative magnitudes of the various mechanisms. The results obtained indicate that for rough road surfaces, the losses due to the roughness-related mechanisms are comparable to those arising from smooth-surface hysteretic losses.
The impact of reductions in highway roughness on rolling resistance and fuel economy are discussed briefly.
Biostatistical Aspects of Macrophyton Sampling
Authors: Gertz SM 
Published: December 2008

Problems of sampling macrophytes are related to the types of communities under consideration and the goals of a particular study. The communities may range from completely submersed beds of large algae, mosses, pteridophytes, or angiosperms to rooted plants with floating leaves or floating plants with emergent leaves to wetland areas. The goals of a study may be community description or impact analysis. Because of this community and goal diversity a quantitative investigation often requires a rigorous statistical design to determine the best sampling design. Of the various sampling designs available there are two general techniques: plot or quadrat methods and plotless methods.
Plot or quadrat methods are area methods of sampling communities where the plot may be rectangular, square, or circular, and all individuals in the plot are sampled. Plotless methods usually involve a more random approach of sampling; for example, a compass line is laid out through the community and samples are taken according to some fixed rule. Another type of common sampling, which may be plot or plotless, involves the use of transects. A transect is, in effect, a very long narrow rectangular plot, which may be divided into blocks with samples being selected by some fixed rule. Each of these sampling methodologies is best suited to a particular type of community and study.
It is the purpose of this paper to review these various sampling methodologies and to evaluate their efficacy, in a statistical sense, in view of the goals of a specific study.
The Use of Aerial Remote Sensing in Quantifying Submersed Aquatic Macrophytes
Authors: Andrews DS , Webb DH , Bates AL 
Published: December 2008

Aerial photographs of several Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) reservoirs are taken each year to determine acreages of the dominant species of submersed aquatic macrophytes. This paper describes methods used in obtaining and interpreting the photographs. For operational work, the TVA uses large-scale color photographic prints made from a color-negative film. Although more expensive than black-and-white (BW) film, the color film allows better discrimination of submersed species of aquatic plants. While false-color (color-infrared) film has been widely used for mapping and monitoring emergent and wetland plant communities, it is less desirable than true-color film for delineating and mapping submersed plants. Scales of 1:7 200 and 1:12 000 are commonly used and provide the detail and resolution needed for accurate photointerpretation of several submersed macrophyte species.
The TVA is also experimenting with an airborne thermal line scanner for mapping aquatic plants. The imagery from the system can in some cases be used to delineate the limits of colonies of Eurasian water milfoil according to differences in surface water temperatures.
Improved Test Procedure for Inorganic Particles in Fuel Oil
Authors: Vardi J , Siegmund CW 
Published: December 2008

A new method for determining the concentration of inorganic particles in marine residual fuel oils has been developed. This method offers direct gravimetric measurement of abrasive particles present in the fuel, and, as such, the method is independent of the chemical composition of inorganic particles, including those of cracking catalysis. The method is a more meaningful tool in assessing wear potential in a diesel engine and its fuel handling system than the older aluminum analysis method.
In the new method, a centrifuge is employed to transfer the particles from the fuel to a nonfuel phase. During the transfer, the particles pass through an aqueous phase containing oxalic acid in which water soluble salts and rust particles are removed. The particles then are collected in a nonaqueous phase, heavier than water. Subsequently, the particles are transferred to a crucible where they are dried and ashed to remove carbonaceous material. The particles then are weighed to determine the amount of inorganic particles present.
An ASTM round robin was conducted to determine the precision of the new centrifuge method. Data obtained by seven laboratories on eight fuel samples were statistically analyzed to formulate a precision statement for the new method. At 150 ppm m/m inorganic particles content, repeatability is 24 ppm m/m, and reproducibility is 68 ppm m/m. This precision appears reasonable and compares well with the precision of other related ASTM methods such as Water and Sediment in Crude Oils and Fuel Oils by Centrifuge [D 1796-68 (1977)] and Particulate Contaminant in Aviation Turbine Fuels [D 2276-73 (1978)].
Controlling Compatibility of Residual Fuel Oils
Authors: Griffith MG , Siegmund CW 
Published: December 2008

Residual fuel oils which contain thermally cracked residual components may become incompatible, especially when blended with distillate to make intermediate fuels. When this occurs, asphaltenes precipitate from the fuel and interfere with the proper operation of shipboard centrifuge and fuel handling systems. A study to determine the cause of incompatibility and how to avoid it revealed that asphaltene solubility in fuel oil could be described by general solubility relationships. From these relationships, factors were derived to characterize the relative solubility of the asphaltenes and the solvency of the nonasphaltene portions of the fuel. These factors can be determined by simple analytical procedures.
A semiempirical relationship has been developed between the factor for asphaltene solubility and that for nonasphaltene solvency that predicts whether any asphaltenes will precipitate as sediment, that is, whether a fuel will be compatible. Procedures also have been developed for blending these factors when two components are mixed. Thus, it is possible to predict whether a given blend of two fuel oils or of fuel oil and flux will be compatible based on the properties of the components and their ratio in the blend. This relationship has been used to ensure that fuel oil blends will not contain sediment, that these blends can be used to make sediment-free intermediate fuels, and that the fuels will not be incompatible with other fuels when they are commingled in storage.
Control Safety Considerations for HVAC Smoke Management Techniques
Authors: Milewski L 
Published: December 2008

The modern heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) system has been designed efficiently for its specific function. Use of this system for smoke control stresses many of its components.
Central fans can be overloaded, outlet air terminals can hamper or obstruct efforts, and dangerous static pressures can be generated that can hold fire doors open or closed or blow out windows. Efforts to provide fresh air can cause freezing damage to critical central equipment.
This paper discusses the various problems without providing a specific course of action. The Summary is a checklist of considerations if the HVAC system is to be part of a smoke control system. The primary suggestion is that smoke control be part of the initial specifications to assure that certain safety factors are considered.
Specifications should consider: 1. Control fan load limiting controls. 2. Compressed air fuses to keep the system operating despite damaged lines. 3. Compressed air interlocks to abort smoke management efforts if all control fails. 4. A means to protect equipment from freeze damage in northern climates. 5. Positive position terminals, either fail open or fail closed depending on the concept selected. 6. Interlocks on self-contained terminals to drive open or closed. 7. Programmed control of terminals as opposed to “kill the main” approaches. 8. Matching pressurization areas to fan capacity. 9. Pressure testing of the system after completion, including fan load and forces on doors. 10. Possible use of dedicated fans on each floor (not part of the HVAC system) for pressurization and for exhaust.
The Human Aspects of Fires in Buildings—A Review of Research in the United Kingdom
Authors: Ramachandran G 
Published: December 2008

Studies carried out by the Fire Research Station in the United Kingdom on human aspects of fires fall mainly into seven areas (indicated in the following paragraphs by italics).
Research on perception and acceptability of risk indicated that people have a fairly accurate perception of the relative severity of various hazards. They believe that most accidents are due to the faults of the victims, and they are unwilling to spend much money to reduce such hazards. On the other hand, many people do feel strongly about hazards which are outside their control. The assessment of monetary value placed on human life and the use of this value in fire protection economics are discussed with examples.
Research on human behavior in fires casts doubts on current behavioral assumptions and data which have implications for safe building evacuation. Information initially available to people regarding the possible existence of a fire and its size and location is often ambiguous and inadequate for taking appropriate action. People involved in fires rarely panic or behave entirely irrationally. This conclusion led to the current investigation on the nature and effective methods of presentation of appropriate information through microprocessor-controlled informative fire warning systems to ensure clear comprehension of alarm warnings and rapid and safe evacuation of the building. Research also has been carried out on methods of calculating the evacuation times of leaving buildings.
By investigating actual (serious) fires in domestic and group-residential buildings, Fire Research Station is studying people's environmental background, their actions prior to ignition, their involvement in ignition, their contribution to the fire's growth and spread, and their response to discovering the fire, fighting it, and escaping from it. A number of social and housing conditions affect the incidence of fires in dwellings: proportion of children in care, tenure (owner or tenant), and lack of amenities. Severe weather conditions during winter inflict greater loss of life among elderly females, especially those living alone.
Evaluation of Stripping Problems in Oregon
Authors: Takallou H , Hicks RG , Wilson JE 
Published: December 2008

Before 1974, stripping in hot mix asphalt concrete was considered to be a relatively minor problem in Oregon. During the three-year period from 1974 to 1977, several problems were noted during and after construction of asphalt pavements. One of the major problems associated with asphalt pavements was its initial reduced resistance to raveling. This problem developed after the oil embargo in 1974. In recent years, problems with stripping and associated pavement deterioration have continued such that in 1983 amine-type antistrip agents were incorporated into over 20% of all projects constructed.
The state of Oregon's specification (before 1984) attempts to ensure good performance of asphalt mixtures against stripping. For example, the determining factor as to the suitability of a particular mixture against stripping has been American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) T-165, index of retained strength (IRS). If the IRS of a mix at the design asphalt content is below 70% with the asphalt and aggregate to be used in the paving, an antistrip agent is used to satisfy this requirement. A 70% minimum resilient modulus ratio after vacuum saturation and freeze-thaw conditioning is used to determine the suitability of a particular mixture against stripping.
This paper addresses the current problem of stripping in the state of Oregon. Field studies conducted in 1983 were designed to identify causes of recent raveling problems in central Oregon (high elevation and severe climate areas). The investigations involved field condition surveys and coring, reviewing project construction records, mix designs, and asphalt concrete test data (construction cores and compaction control test results), and numerous tests on cores obtained from the roadway.
From the information collected, several factors were found to be contributing to the observed raveling and recommendations made for correcting these deficiencies have been included in the 1984 specifications.
The Use of Water Immersion Tests in the Evaluation of the Effects of Water on Cold-Recycled Asphalt Mixtures
Authors: Tia M , Wood LE 
Published: December 2008

The effectiveness of various immersion-mechanical tests in measuring the water susceptibility of cold-recycled asphalt mixtures was investigated. The immersion-mechanical tests involved subjecting compacted recycled asphalt mixtures to a 24-h water immersion process followed by mechanical tests. The various mechanical tests used in this study included the resilient modulus, Marshall stability, Hveem stabilometer S value, Hveem stabilometer R value, and Hveem cohesiometer tests. The test values obtained from the wet specimens were compared to the values obtained from the dry specimens, and the effectiveness of the test methods was evaluated.
The results of the study indicated that the resilient modulus, Marshall stability, Hveem S value, and Hveem cohesiometer tests were effective in measuring the changes in stiffness, stability, and cohesion of cold-recycled mixtures caused by water damage. The Hveem R-value test was not very sensitive in measuring the effect of water when a recycled mixture was relatively stable. However, the R-value test became very sensitive when a mixture was unstable, and thus it was very effective in determining the recycled mixtures that were highly water-susceptible. The water resistance of cold-recycled mixtures generally increased with curing time and compactive effort. The effects of the type of added virgin binder and the type of added virgin aggregate to the water resistance of cold-recycled asphalt mixtures were significant. The proper consideration of curing time, compactive effort, added virgin binder, and added virgin aggregate will help to attenuate the effect of water on cold recycled asphalt mixtures.
Biaxial/Torsional Fatigue of Turbine-Generator Rotor Steels
Authors: Williams RA , Placek RJ , Klufas O , Adams SL , Gonyea DC 
Published: December 2008

This paper presents the results of a study to develop a methodology for predicting torsional fatigue damage to a turbine-generator rotor subjected to transient electrical disturbances. This methodology used torsional properties obtained from constant amplitude tests on 25.4-mm-diameter specimens. The predictions were verified with constant amplitude and variable amplitude tests of specimens up to 127 mm in diameter.
The constant amplitude tests gave the following results:
1. Fatigue reduction factors for notched specimens were readily estimated from Neuber's rule.
2. Size effect could be approximated by lowering the strain-life curve by a function of the diameter ratio.
3. Uniaxial and torsional fatigue properties and cyclic stress-strain properties correlated on octahedral shear stress and strain using a deformation theory of plasticity.
Variable amplitude loading tests indicated that range pair cycle counting technique and linear damage rule predicted fatigue lives within a factor of two of actual test results. In addition, the predicted lives were generally conservative.
A Criterion for Fully Reversed Out-of-Phase Torsion and Bending
Authors: Lee S-B 
Published: December 2008

This paper presents a new design criterion for fully reversed out-of-phase torsion and bending fatigue. This criterion, similar in spirit to that proposed by Kanazawa, Miller, and Brown, is derived as an extension of Gough's ellipse quadrant.
Theories and tests under “in-phase” torsion and bending fatigue are briefly reviewed. A few commonly used fatigue theories for “out-of-phase” multiaxial loadings are critically evaluated. Tests were performed with cantilever type SM45C structural steel specimens under fully reversed out-of-phase combined torsion and bending loadings in the intermediate cycle regime. Available fatigue data under high-cycle out-of-phase torsion and bending are plotted on constant life diagrams calculated according to the new criterion.
For multiaxial out-of-phase loadings, generated by fully reversed combined torsion and bending, both the present test results and data in the literature are in good agreement with the new fatigue criterion. The criterion predicts fatigue life under fully reversed bending with out-of-phase or in-phase torsion at intermediate to high cycles.