bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Developing coxal joint of the dog: Gross morphometric and pathologic observations
Authors: Shively Michael J. , Van Sickle David C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The growth and development of the proximal parts of femurs and the acetabula were studied in 32 English Pointers. The dogs were allotted to 8 age groups, birth through 9 months of age. Dogs were euthanatized, and at necropsy, 6 linear measurements were made on the proximal part of each femur: the cranial-caudal and the dorsal-ventral diameters of the femoral head, and the widths of the articular surface of the head from the center of the fovea to the cranial, caudal, dorsal, and ventral articular margins. Also, 7 linear measurements were made on each acetabulum, including the cranial-caudal and the dorsal-ventral diameters, the length and width of the acetabular fossa, and the width of the lunate surface from the acetabular lip to the acetabular fossa in 3 places. All of the linear values increased rapidly during the first 4 weeks of life and slowly thereafter, and most of them increased simultaneously and proportionately. By 9 months of age, average body weight had increased by a factor of 52 (from initial 0.4 kg to 20.9 kg) and the diameter of the femoral heads and acetabula had increased by a factor of 4.5. Other coxal joint features were also evaluated, including the relative thickness of the joint capsule, the presence of fraying or disruption of the ligament of the femoral head, and the smoothness and regularity of the articular surfaces. Coxal joints in the younger dogs were free of grossly detectable pathologic changes. However, abnormalities of various joint components were present in 1 of the 6 dogs in the 5-month age group, in 2 of the 6 dogs in the 7-month age group, and in 4 of the 6 dogs in the 9-month age group.
Interepithelial lymphocytes in the small intestinal mucosa of conventionally reared dogs
Authors: Thomas J. , Anderson N. V. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Interepithelial lymphocytes (iel) in the jejunum and ileum of 22 dogs, ranging in age from newborn to adult, were studied and enumerated by light microscopy, with visual counts of iel expressed in relation to the number of columnar epithelial cells of the intestinal mucosa. Larger numbers of iel were found in the jejunum than in the ileum, and significantly larger numbers of iel were in the jejunum (P < 0.005) and ileum (P < 0.0001) of dogs ≥ 6 weeks old than in those of dogs ≤ 14 days old.
Large-segment tracheal resection and interannular anastomosis with a tension-release technique in the dog
Authors: Dallman Mark J. , Bojrab M. Joseph 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Tracheal resection and anastomosis were done on 7 dogs, and a modified procedure to provide optimum first-intention healing, minimum connective tissue proliferation, and optimum epithelialization was used. To test the integrity of the technique at high incision-line tensile forces, 15 to 17 tracheal rings were excised.
Excessive tracheal manipulation resulted in an increased amount of lamina propria and submucosa collagenous tissue, increased size and number of blood vessels, and increased leukocytic invasion. Criteria for a successful anastomosis were minimum postoperative coughing, good mucosal apposition and epithelialization, and tracheal lumen diameters that were at least 80% of the preoperative measurement.
Experimental infection of lambs with bovine respiratory syncytial virus and Pasteurella haemolytica: Immunofluorescent and electron microscopic studies
Authors: Al-Darraji A. M. , Cutlip R. C. , Lehmkuhl H. D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Colostrum-deprived lambs were inoculated transtra-cheally with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), Pasteurella haemolytica, or rsv and P haemolytica. Multiple tissues were examined by immunofluorescence to localize viral and bacterial antigens, and lungs were examined by electron microscopy for cytopathologic changes.
Using immunofluorescence, viral antigen was detected only in the respiratory tract, mainly in the bronchial and bronchiolar epithelium and in the alveolar wall. Lesser amounts of viral antigen were detected in the surface epithelium of the nasal turbinates and trachea. Bacterial antigen was not detected.
Ultrastructurally, the lambs inoculated with P haemolytica or with rsv and P haemolytica had increased numbers of type II pneumocytes, necrotic epithelial cells, neutrophils, and macrophages and excessive cellular debris in multiple foci in the lungs. Bacterial were seen only infrequently; they were within phagocytic vacuoles of neutrophils and macrophages and were free within pulmonary septa. In lambs inoculated with rsv or with rsv and P haemolytica, cells in the epithelium were multinucleated. Viral buds were seen on cytoplasmic membranes of ciliated and nonciliated cells of bronchial and bronchiolar epithelium. Isolated epithelial cells were necrotic. Viral nucleoprotein was prevalent in a few alveoli, free or within vacuoles of phagocytic cells. Necrotic debris and phagocytic cells were more prominent in the alveoli of lambs inoculated with rsv and P haemolytica than in those of lambs inoculated with either agent alone.
Effects of continuous intravenous infusion of Escherichia coli endotoxin into swine
Authors: Kurtz Harold J. , Quast John 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Escherichia coli endotoxin was continuously infused iv into 31 pigs. The response was related to the infusion rate. Of 13 pigs given endotoxin at the rate of 15.4 to 23.1 μg/kg of body weight/hour, 10 had bilateral renal cortical necrosis similar to a generalized Shwartzman lesion. All 13 pigs given endotoxin at the rate of 6.6 to 12.1 μg/kg/hour survived the infusion and were euthanatized 7 to 12 days later. Most of the pigs that developed chronic neurologic disturbances were given the smaller dose of endotoxin. Of 5 pigs given endotoxin at the rate of 22.0 to 23.1 μg/kg/hour after receiving 200 U of sodium heparin/kg of body weight, 1 died during the 48-hour period of infusion and the 4 pigs euthanatized 8 to 12 days later had lesions that were similar to those produced by endotoxin without heparin. The 4 control pigs given continuous iv infusion of isotonic saline solution at a rate of 30 dl/hour had no clinical signs or pathologic lesions.
The continuous iv infusion of endotoxin into pigs at various doses produced similar clinical signs of endotoxic shock. Pigs that died acutely had widespread thrombosis. The hematologic findings indicated an intravascular coagulopathy and some of the clinical signs and lesions in the pigs resembled changes in the cns in pigs with spontaneous edema disease (ed); however, distinct differences were also observed. Fibrinoid vascular necrosis did not occur in the cns, and this lesion is consistently present in naturally occurring ed. The exact nature of the causal substance or substances causing ed is still unknown, but is considered an angiotoxin associated with hemolytic E coli.
Experimental transmission of pseudorabies virus in swine by embryo transfer
Authors: Bolin S. R. , Runnels L. J. , Sawyer C. A. , Gustafson D. P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Embryo transfers were performed, using embryos that had been exposed in vitro to pseudorabies virus (prv) or embryos that had been collected from donors experimentally exposed to prv. Serologic evidence of prv transmission was found in recipients in both in vitro- and in vivo-exposed embryos. Pigs bom to recipients of prv-exposed embryos did not show evidence of exposure to prv by serologic testing or fluorescent antibody procedures.
Cytotoxic effect of Pasteurella haemolytica on bovine polymorphonuclear leukocytes and impaired production of chemotactic factors by Pasteurella haemolytica-infected alveolar macrophages
Authors: Markham R. J. F. , Ramnaraine M. L. R. , Muscoplat C. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Pasteurella haemolytica exerted a cytotoxic effect on bovine polymorphonuclear neutrophil leukocytes. This effect was less than that seen with cultured alveolar macrophages or peripheral blood monocytes.
When alveolar macrophages were cultured with Pasteurella haemolytica, macrophages produced less chemotactic factors for polymorphonuclear leukocytes than did noninfected controls. This effect was reversible, in that removal of the bacteria permitted remaining macrophages to elaborate more chemotactic factors than was seen in controls. The possible consequences of this impairment of function of alveolar macrophages are discussed.
Radioimmunoassay for the detection of antigen-specific IgM, IgG, and IgA in equine sera
Authors: Rearden Timothy P. , Sprouse Ronald F. , Gamer Harold E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A radioimmunoassay was developed to discriminate immunoglobulin (Ig) classes specific for the J-5 mutant of Escherichia coli (serotype O:111-B4). Adult horses were periodically inoculated im with a nonviable suspension of the J-5 mutant emulsified in Freund’s incomplete adjuvant. Before and after the horses were inoculated, sera were collected sequentially and examined by radioimmunoassay. Rabbit anti-(horse) Ig and [125I]protein A served as the indicator system. Antigen-specific IgM, IgG, and IgA were observed to follow a classic immune response.
The radioimmunoassay offers a valuable tool for discrimination of circulating, antigen-specific Ig in the horse.
Concentrations of methoxyflurane and nitrous oxide in veterinary operating rooms
Authors: Ward George S. , Byland Robert R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The surgical rooms of 14 private veterinary practices were monitored to determine methoxyflurane (mof) concentrations during surgical procedure under routine working conditions. The average room volume for these 14 rooms was 29 m3. The average mof value for all rooms was 2.3 ppm, with a range of 0.7 to 7.4 ppm. Four of the 14 rooms exceeded the maximum recommended concentration of 2 ppm. Six rooms which had 6 or more air changes/hr averaged 1.1 ppm, whereas 8 rooms with less than 6 measurable air changes/hr averaged 3.2 ppm. Operating rooms that had oxygen flows of more than 1,000 cm3/min averaged 4.4 ppm, whereas those with flows of less than 1,000 cm3/min averaged 1.5 ppm. The average time spent during a surgical procedure using mof, for all 14 facilities, was 2 hours. Nitrous oxide (N2O) concentrations were determined in 4 veterinary surgical rooms. The average N2O concentration for 3 rooms without waste anesthetic gas scavenging was 138 ppm. Concentration of N2O in the waste anesthetic gas-scavenged surgical room was 14 ppm, which was below the maximum recommended concentration of 25 ppm.
Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect Escherichia coli K88 pili antigens from clinical isolates
Authors: Mills K. W. , Phillips R. M. , Kelly B. L. , Baughman G. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Colonization of the small intestine is a prerequisite for enterotoxigenic Tscherichia coli (etec) to cause diarrheal disease. Colonization is dependent on the capability of etec to adhere to the villous epithelium of the small intestine. This adherence attribute is conferred by pili structures produced by etec. The present study compares the efficiencies of the standard agglutination test, Y-l mouse adrenal cell test, and infant-mouse gastric test with the efficiency of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for the detection of the K88 pilus antigen and enterotoxin-producing E coli. The elisa, a double antibody sandwich assay utilizing specific anti-K88 pilus antiserum, was used. Identification of isolates from clinical samples was accomplished on suspensions of bacteria. The sensitivity of the assay was in the nanogram per milliliter range, as determined by measuring purified pili. Results could be determined visually, but quantitative results indicated a positive optical density to negative optical density rate of 1.9 to ≥ 3.0 on samples submitted to a clinical laboratory. The development of this assay indicates the application of such an elisa for rapid identification of etec possessing K88 pili.
Isolation of viable canine intestinal lymphocytes
Authors: Willard M. D. , Bull R. W. , Coffman P. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A modification of a previously reported enzymatic technique was used to isolate 60% to 90% pure populations of viable lymphocytes from canine small intestinal mucosa. Mitogenesis assays were then simultaneously performed on these and isolated peripheral blood lymphocytes from the same dogs. A technique to isolate intraepithelial lymphocytes was not successful.
Intestinal mucosal lymphocytes were simultaneously purified by 2 different techniques (suspensions B and C), which produced cell populations that responded similarly to phytohemagglutinin (pha), concanavalin A, and pokeweed mitogens. The peripheral blood lymphocytes demonstrated greater response to pha and concanavalin A mitogens than did the intestinal mucosal lymphocytes (P < 0.05). Furthermore, peripheral blood lymphocytes had a significantly higher response to pha than to pokeweed mitogen (P < 0.05). The impure preparation of intraepithelial lymphocytes (suspension A) did not show any evidence of reactivity to mitogens.
Further studies are needed to determine whether the EDTA or collagenase had any effect upon the intestinal mucosal lymphocyte responsiveness. The present study demonstrated that viable mucosal lymphocytes can be isolated from the canine intestine and that they can maintain their responsiveness to mitogens.
Efficacy of ivermectin against naturally acquired and experimentally induced nematode infections in sheep
Authors: Wescott R. B. , LeaMaster B. R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The activity of ivermectin against common nematode parasites of sheep was examined in 2 experiments. In the 1st experiment, 14 sheep with naturally acquired infections were assigned to 2 groups of 7 sheep each. Sheep in 1 group were treated with 200 μg of ivermectin/kg of body weight and the remainder served as nontreated controls. In the 2nd experiment, 15 sheep with experimentally supplemented infections (including a benzimidazole-resistant strain of Haemonchus contortus) were assigned to 3 groups of 5 each. The 1st group was treated with 200 μg of ivermectin/kg, the 2nd was treated with 88 mg of thiabendazole/kg, and the 3rd served as nontreated controls. Ten to 12 days after treatment, all sheep were euthanatized and necropsied, and the parasites they harbored were recovered and identified. Efficacy of ivermectin was excellent (> 96%) against Dictyocaulus filaria, H contortus, Ostertagia circumcinta, Marshallagia marshalli, Trichostrongylus axei, T columbriformis, and T vi-trinus. Treatment was not as uniformly effective for Nematodirus spathiger (73% to 85%), N filicollis (80% to 96%), Cooperia curticei (92% to 100%), immature nematodes (92% to 100%), and early 4th-stage larvae (46% to 100%). Efficacy of thiabendazole was poor for H contortus (42%) and early 4th-stage larvae in the abomasum (52%), but approached 100% for most of the other parasites.
Evaluation of albendazole in cattle naturally infected with nematodes
Authors: Todd Kenneth S. , Mansfield Manford E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Albendazole (7.5 mg/kg of body weight) was given to 10 calves naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes. Ten similar calves served as controls. The compound provided 99% to 100% efficacy in removing Haemonchus placei, Ostertagia ostertagi, Trichostrongylus axei, T colubriformis, Nematodirus spathiger, N helvetianus, N filicollis, Cooperia oncophora, C punctata, and Oesophagostomum radiatum.
Morphologic characteristics of colonies of Anaplasma marginale Theiler in midgut epithelial cells of Dermacentor andersoni Stiles
Authors: Kocan Katherine M. , Ewing S. A. , Holbert Donald , Hair Jakie A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Colonies of Anaplasma marginale Theiler were studied in midgut epithelial cells of adult Dermacentor andersoni Stiles that were infected as nymphs. Colonies were categorized by light microscopy into 5 morphologic types that appear to represent stages in a developmental sequence. The mean diameter of the colony types ranged from 5.64 μm of type 1 colonies to 10.49 μm of type 5 colonies.
Representatives of each colony type were selected by light microscopy and were sectioned for examination by electron microscopy. The morphologic features of individual A marginale organisms within colony types varied and included: (i) small electron-dense forms, (ii) larger reticulated forms, (iii) pleomorphic reticulated forms, and (iv) small particles. Types 1 and 2 colonies contained small, electron-dense forms. Type 3 colonies contained electron-dense forms, early reticulated forms, and small particles that were often outside of the parasite's limiting membrane. Type 4 colonies contained many reticulated forms that often had small particles within cell membranes. Type 5 colonies contained fewer well-formed reticulated forms than did type 4 and, in some cases, large masses of pleomorphic reticulated forms.
Pulmonary function tests in standing ponies: Reproducibility and effect of vagal blockade
Authors: Derksen F. J. , Robinson N. E. , Slocombe R. F. , Riebold T. W. , Brunson D. B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Arterial blood gas tensions, pulmonary mechanics, and lung volumes were measured in 4 sedated ponies every hour for 6 hours and in 5 ponies 4 times at 2-month intervals to assess the short- and long-term reproducibility of pulmonary function measurements. Variability in blood gas tensions was small over the short- and long-term measurement periods, whereas the variability in total respiratory resistance and functional residual capacity was small over the short term but larger over the long term. The variability in tidal volume, minute ventilation, respiratory rate, and dynamic and quasistatic compliance was relatively large over the short and long term. When data from 5 ponies were pooled, significant change did not occur in any of the variables over a 6-month period.
Vagal blockade increased tidal volume and decreased respiratory rate and total respiratory resistance, but arterial blood gas tensions, minute ventilation, dynamic compliance, quasistatic compliance, functional residual capacity, and lung and thoracic cage pressure-volume curves were unaffected.
Total respiratory resistance decreased with increasing lung volume, with the vagus intact. After vagal blockade, the decrease in total respiratory resistance with lung volume was minimal.
Dynamic compliance was frequency independent over a range of 15 to 60 breaths/min−1, suggesting that measurable inhomogeneity of peripheral time constants did not exist in our clinically normal ponies.
3-Methylindole-induced pulmonary toxicosis in ponies
Authors: Derksen F. J. , Robinson N. E. , Slocombe R. F. , Hill R. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
In unanesthetized ponies, arterial blood gas tensions, pulmonary mechanics, and lung volumes were determined before and 24 to 48 hours after oral administration of 500 ml of corn oil or 100 mg of 3-methylindole (3MI)/kg of body weight in 500 ml of com oil. In the latter group, variables were also measured after bilateral cervical vagotomy.
Respiratory rate and minute ventilation were increased by 3MI treatment and decreased after vagotomy, suggesting that the tachypnea induced by 3MI was vagally mediated. The arterial O2 tension (Pao2) was unaffected but arterial CO2 tension (PaCO2) decreased below base line after 3 MI and vagotomy. Specific respiratory conductance and dynamic compliance were decreased by 3MI. Specific conductance increased again after vagotomy. Functional residual capacity, which increased after 3MI, was unaffected by vagotomy. Total lung capacity and quasistatic compliance were unaffected by either treatment. Minimal volume was larger in 3MI-treated ponies than in untreated ponies.
Decreased dynamic compliance and specific respiratory conductance and increased functional residual capacity and minimal volume are all compatible with small airway obstruction produced by the necrotizing bronchiolitis and bronchiolar obstruction observed histologically in 3MI treated ponies.
Induced acute aflatoxicosis in goats: Treatment with activated charcoal or dual combinations of oxytetracycline, stanozolol, and activated charcoal
Authors: Hatch Roger C. , Clark J. Derrell , Jain Anant V. , Weiss Raul 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Groups of four 6- to 12-month-old male goats were injected intraruminally with a lethal dose (3 mg/kg of body weight) of aflatoxin b1 (afb1). Treatments and delay times until start of treatment were: basic activated charcoal slurry in phosphate buffer (8 hours); charcoal slurry + the anabolic steroid stanozolol (8 hours); charcoal slurry + oxytetracycline (otc; 8,24, and 48 hours); and stanozolol + otc (8 and 24 hours). A nontreated group and a phosphate buffer- treated group were used as controls.
Charcoal slurry decreased severity of illness in all 4 goats, decreased serum aspartate aminotransferase (ast) and bilirubin responses to afb1 and prevented nearly all pathologic changes (av percentage of hepatic destruction was 3% compared with 31% in phosphate buffer-treated controls); 100% of the goats survived. Duration of illness was not decreased. With charcoal slurry + stanozolol, results were similar to those of charcoal slurry alone, except that 3 of 4 goats did not become ill and the mean duration of illness was only 10 hours compared with 96 hours in control goats. There were no gross lesions. In goats given charcoal slurry + otc 8 hours after afb1, results were similar to those of charcoal slurry + stanozolol, except that 2 goats became mildly ill (av duration of illness, 44 hours). With charcoal slurry + otc beginning 24 hours after afb1, 3 goats were mildly ill (av duration of illness, 80 hours) and 2 goats had mild gross lesions. Hepatic destruction increased to 13%, but recovery was still 100%. Goats given charcoal slurry + otc beginning 48 hours after afb1 had mild illness (3 goats) and encephalopathic signs (1 goat). Illness lasted an average of 105 hours. Mild gross lesions were present in 2 goats, and average percentage of hepatic destruction was 11%. Survival decreased to 50%. Goats treated with stanozolol + otc 8 hours after afb1 had milder respiratory signs than did control goats. Otherwise, their illness was enhanced. Serum ast and bilirubin responses to afb1 were increased; goats that lived longest had widespread hemorrhages suggestive of a coagulation defect; average hepatic destruction was 70% (compared with 25% in untreated controls). Similar results occurred in goats given stanozolol + otc 24 hours after afb1, except that the average percentage of hepatic destruction was 25%. Stanozolol and otc appeared to be mutually antagonistic and to potentiate pathologic changes, especially when given 8 hours after afb1.Possibly the best therapy for acute aflatoxicosis in ruminants may be a large oral dose of basic activated charcoal slurry, plus either a once-only im injection of stanozolol (2 mg/kg) or a daily or twice-daily im injection of otc (10 mg/ kg) for 5 days. Treatment should be initiated no later than 24 hours after exposure to aflatoxin for maximum chance of survival. The combination of stanozolol + otc is contraindicated. Other therapies are discussed.