bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Two Different Doses of Amino Acid Supplementation on Growth and Blood Amino Acid Levels in Premature Neonates Admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: A Randomized, Controlled Trial
Authors: Clark Reese H. , Chace Donald H. , Spitzer Alan R. ,   for the Pediatrix Amino Acid Study Group
Published: November 2007

OBJECTIVES. The goal was to measure the effects of 2 distinct strategies for parenteral nutrition on neonatal growth and blood amino acid profiles.
METHODS. In a multicenter trial (n = 11 sites), we randomly allocated premature (23–29 weeks and 6 days of gestation) neonates to 1 of 2 approaches to intravenous amino acid administration. In one group, amino acid supplementation was started at 1.0 g/kg per day and advanced by 0.5 g/kg per day to a maximum of 2.5 g/kg per day (2.5 g/kg per day group). The other group received amino acids starting at 1.5 g/kg per day and advancing by 1.0 g/kg per day to a maximum of 3.5 g/kg per day (3.5 g/kg per day group). Filter paper blood spots were obtained from each infant on the day of random assignment and on days 7 and 28 of age, to monitor blood amino acid levels.
RESULTS. We enrolled 122 neonates (64 in the 3.5 g/kg per day group and 58 in the 2.5 g/kg per day group). There were no differences in demographic or baseline characteristics between the 2 treatment groups. There was no significant difference in growth by day 28 after birth (median weight gain: 12.9 and 11.4 g/kg per day for the 3.5 and 2.5 g/kg per day groups, respectively), and the incidences of secondary morbidities were similar in the 2 groups. On day 7, blood levels of several amino acids and the serum urea nitrogen level were higher in the 3.5 g/kg per day group, compared with the 2.5 g/kg per day group; none of the amino acid levels were lower.
CONCLUSIONS. Higher doses of amino acid supplementation did not improve neonatal growth and were associated with increased blood amino acid and urea nitrogen levels.
Recognizing and Responding to Medical Neglect
Authors: Jenny Carole ,   and the Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect
Published: November 2007

This Clinical Report was retired March 2022.
A caregiver may fail to recognize or respond to a child's medical needs for a variety of reasons. An effective response by a health care professional to medical neglect requires a comprehensive assessment of the child's needs, the parents' resources, the parents' efforts to provide for the needs of the child, and options for ensuring optimal health for the child. Such an assessment requires clear, 2-way communication between the family and the health care professional. Physicians should consider the least intrusive options for managing cases of medical neglect that ensure the health and safety of the child.
Ethical Challenges in Cancer Research in Children
Authors: Berg Stacey L. 
Published: November 2007

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Discuss the ethical challenges in cancer clinical trials that are particularly important when children are research subjects.Describe the process of obtaining assent and consent for a child to participate in a cancer clinical trial.Identify the different ethical challenges that arise in different phases of oncology studies.
Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™ at CME.TheOncologist.com
Morphometric Study of the Interproximal Unit in the Esthetic Region to Correlate Anatomic Variables Affecting the Aspect of Soft Tissue Embrasure Space
Authors: Martegani P. , Silvestri M. , Mascarello F. , Scipioni T. , Ghezzi C. , Rota C. , Cattaneo V. 
Published: November 2007

Background: The presence of a normal papilla is crucial to avoid the unpleasant esthetic defects that are of major concern to periodontists, restorative dentists, and patients. During the course of progressive periodontitis and following periodontal treatment, it is not uncommon to have a partial loss of the interdental papilla. This loss can lead to an unesthetic gingival appearance. This study evaluated different anatomic variables in an effort to determine their role in the papillary appearance of maxillary incisors.Methods: A total of 178 interdental embrasures in 58 patients were selected randomly for examination. For each patient, a digital photograph and a modified periapical radiograph of the interdental embrasure of the four maxillary incisors were taken by using a special metric device fixed to a centrator as a reference marker. Clinical and radiographic data were obtained for the distance from the contact point to the alveolar crest and for the interradicular distance. We used a classification system with regard to peri‐implant soft tissue based on esthetic assessments related to the space between reference lines through the highest gingival curvature of the crown–tooth margin and the contact point.Results: In the group of interdental sites with an interradicular distance of less than ∼2.4 mm, an increase in the distance between the contact point and the bone crest corresponded to a marked increase in the interdental black triangle's dimensions and, therefore, a less esthetic smile. In particular, when the interradicular distance was >2.4 mm, we statistically estimated that the other anatomic variable considered, the distance from the contact point to the alveolar crest, lost its influence on whether the interdental papilla would be present or absent.Conclusion: The interradicular distance and the distance between the contact point and the alveolar crest have independent and combined effects on the presence or absence of the interdental papilla.
The Interleukin‐1 and Fcγ Receptor Gene Polymorphisms in Japanese Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis and Periodontitis
Authors: Kobayashi Tetsuo , Ito Satoshi , Kuroda Takeshi , Yamamoto Kouji , Sugita Noriko , Narita Ichiei , Sumida Takayuki , Gejyo Fumitake , Yoshie Hiromasa 
Published: November 2007

Background: The pathobiology of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is similar to that of periodontitis in that proinflammatory cytokines and immunoglobulin G Fc receptor (FcγR) play an important role. Functional polymorphisms of interleukin (IL)‐1 and FcγR were shown to be associated with susceptibility to both diseases. Therefore, we evaluated whether the IL‐1 and FcγR gene polymorphisms represent a common risk factor for RA and periodontitis.Methods: The study population consisted of Japanese adults with RA (RA group; N = 100), periodontitis only (P group; N = 100), and healthy individuals with no systemic or oral disease (H group; N = 100). Clinical periodontal condition was defined by measurements of probing depth, clinical attachment level, and bleeding on probing. Genomic DNA was isolated from peripheral blood and analyzed for determination of IL‐1 genotypes (IL‐1A+4845, IL‐1B+3954, and IL‐1RN+2028) and FcγR genotypes (FcγRIIA, FcγRIIIA, and FcγRIIIB) by allele‐specific polymerase chain reactions.Results: Among 100 patients with RA, 86% showed periodontal tissue destruction. However, the RA group exhibited milder levels of periodontal tissue destruction than the P group (P <0.01). There was a significant difference in the distribution of IL‐1B+3954 C/T genotypes between the RA and P groups and between the RA and H groups (P = 0.03 for both comparisons), with enrichment of the T allele in the RA group (P = 0.04; odds ratio, 2.9 for both comparisons). The combination of IL‐1A+4845 T and IL‐1+3954 T alleles yielded a strong association with RA and periodontitis (RA versus P group: P = 0.00001; RA versus H group: P = 0.00001).Conclusions: These results failed to show that IL‐1 and FcγR gene polymorphisms constitute a common risk factor for RA and periodontitis. However, it was suggested that the distributions of IL‐1B+3954 genotypes and IL‐1A+4845 and IL‐1B+3954 haplotypes were unique to the patients with RA and periodontitis.
Use of a Population-Based Survey to Describe the Health of Boston Public Housing Residents
Authors: Digenis-Bury Eleni C. , Brooks Daniel R. , Chen Leslie , Ostrem Mary , Horsburgh C. Robert 
Published: November 2007

Objectives. We compared the health of public housing residents with other Boston residents through a random-digit-dial survey. Methods. We used data from the Boston Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System collected in 2001 and 2003 to make crude and demographically adjusted comparisons between public housing residents and other city residents on measures of health status, access and utilization, and health behaviors. Results. Public housing residents were more likely to report fair or poor overall health status, ever-diagnosed hypertension, current asthma, ever-diagnosed diabetes, obesity, disability, loss of 6 or more teeth, and feelings of depression for 15 days or more in the past month. Public housing residents were slightly more likely than others to be without health insurance or report financial barriers to medical care. Public housing residents reported more smoking and physical inactivity, less past-month binge drinking and past-year marijuana use, and similar levels of lifetime drug use. Conclusions. Public housing residents reported substantially poorer health than did other city residents across a variety of conditions but similar levels of access to and utilization of health care. Public health departments may be able to use established surveys to measure health among public housing residents.
Long-Term Health Correlates of Timing of Sexual Debut: Results From a National US Study
Authors: Sandfort Theo G.M. , Orr Mark , Hirsch Jennifer S. , Santelli John 
Published: November 2007

Objectives. We explored long-term health consequences of age at sexual initiation and of abstinence until marriage to evaluate empirical support for the claim that postponing sexual initiation has beneficial health effects.Methods. We analyzed data from the 1996 National Sexual Health Survey, a cross-sectional study of the US adult population. We compared sexual health outcomes among individuals who had initiated sexual activity at an early or late age versus a normative age. We also compared individuals whose first sexual intercourse had occurred before versus after marriage.Results. Early initiation of sexual intercourse was associated with various sexual risk factors, including increased numbers of sexual partners and recent sexual intercourse under the influence of alcohol, whereas late initiation was associated with fewer risk factors. However, both early and late initiation were associated with sexual problems such as problems with arousal and orgasm, primarily among men. Relationship solidity and sexual relationship satisfaction were not associated with early or late initiation.Conclusions. Early sexual debut is associated with certain long-term negative sexual health outcomes, including increased sexual risk behaviors and problems in sexual functioning. Late initiation was also associated with sexual problems, especially among men. Further research is needed to understand how sexual initiation patterns affect later health outcomes.
The Healthy Migrant Effect: New Findings From the Mexican Family Life Survey
Authors: Rubalcava Luis N. , Teruel Graciela M. , Thomas Duncan , Goldman Noreen 
Published: November 2007

Objectives. We used nationally representative longitudinal data from the Mexican Family Life Survey to determine whether recent migrants from Mexico to the United States are healthier than other Mexicans. Previous research has provided little scientific evidence that tests the “healthy migrant” hypothesis.Methods. Estimates were derived from logistic regressions of whether respondents moved to the United States between surveys in 2002 and 2005, by gender and urban versus rural residence. Covariates included physical health measurements, self-reported health, and education measured in 2002. Our primary sample comprised 6446 respondents aged 15 to 29 years.Results. Health significantly predicted subsequent migration among females and rural males. However, the associations were weak, few health indicators were statistically significant, and there was substantial variation in the estimates between males and females and between urban and rural dwellers.Conclusions. On the basis of recent data for Mexico, the largest source of migrants to the United States, we found generally weak support for the healthy migrant hypothesis.
Results of the 2004 National Worksite Health Promotion Survey
Authors: Linnan Laura , Bowling Mike , Childress Jennifer , Lindsay Garry , Blakey Carter , Pronk Stephanie , Wieker Sharon , Royall Penelope 
Published: November 2007

Objectives. We examined worksite health promotion programs, policies, and services to monitor the achievement of the Healthy People 2010 worksite-related goal of 75% of worksites offering a comprehensive worksite health promotion program. Methods. We conducted a nationally representative, cross-sectional telephone survey of worksite health promotion programs stratified by worksite size and industry type. Techniques appropriate for analyzing complex surveys were used to compute point estimates, confidence intervals, and multivariate statistics. Results. Worksites with more than 750 employees consistently offered more programs, policies, and services than did smaller worksites. Only 6.9% of responding worksites offered a comprehensive worksite health promotion program. Sites with a staff person dedicated to and responsible for health promotion were significantly more likely to offer a comprehensive program, and sites in the agriculture and mining or financial services sector were significantly less likely than those in other industry sectors to offer such a program. Conclusions. Increasing the number, quality, and types of health promotion programs at worksites, especially smaller worksites, remains an important public health goal.
Community Health Workers: Social Justice and Policy Advocates for Community Health and Well-Being
Authors: Pérez Leda M. , Martinez Jacqueline 
Published: November 2007

Community health workers are resources to their communities and to the advocacy and policy world on several levels. Community health workers can connect people to health care and collect information relevant to policy. They are natural researchers who, as a result of direct interaction with the populations they serve, can recount the realities of exclusion and propose remedies for it. As natural researchers, they contribute to best practices while informing public policy with the information they can share. In this light, community health workers may also be advocates for social justice.
HIV-Associated Orphanhood and Children’s Psychosocial Distress: Theoretical Framework Tested With Data From Zimbabwe
Authors: Nyamukapa Constance A. , Gregson Simon , Lopman Ben , Saito Suzue , Watts Helen J. , Monasch Roeland , Jukes Matthew C.H. 
Published: November 2007

Objectives. We measured the psychosocial effect of orphanhood in a sub-Saharan African population and evaluated a new framework for understanding the causes and consequences of psychosocial distress among orphans and other vulnerable children. Methods. The framework was evaluated using data from 5321 children aged 12 to 17 years who were interviewed in a 2004 national survey in Zimbabwe. We constructed a measure of psychosocial distress using principle components analysis. We used regression analyses to obtain standardized parameter estimates of psychosocial distress and odds ratios of early sexual activity. Results. Orphans had more psychosocial distress than did nonorphans. For both genders, paternal, maternal, and double orphans exhibited more-severe distress than did nonorphaned, nonvulnerable children. Orphanhood remained associated with psychosocial distress after we controlled for differences in more-proximate determinants. Maternal and paternal orphans were significantly more likely than were nonorphaned, nonvulnerable children to have engaged in sexual activity. These differences were reduced after we controlled for psychosocial distress. Conclusions. Orphaned adolescents in Zimbabwe suffer greater psychosocial distress than do nonorphaned, nonvulnerable children, which may lead to increased likelihood of early onset of sexual intercourse and HIV infection. The effect of strategies to provide psychosocial support should be evaluated scientifically.
The order of a zero of a Wronskian and the theory of linear dependence
Authors: Szucs J. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Every root of the top Wronskian of a Wronskian matrix whose rank at the root is equal to the number of columns, is of integer order even if the highest derivatives exist only at the root. If the rank of a Wronskian matrix is constant and smaller than the number of rows, then the number of independent linear relations between the functions in the first row is equal to the number of functions minus the rank. These results were proved under additional assumptions by Bôcher, Curtiss, and Moszner. Their proofs are simplified.
One Space, Many Worlds
Authors: Biswas Ramish 
Published: November 2007

Abstract‘Cities hold two‐thirds of their residents in slums, and the rest in stiflingly limiting, inflexible structures.’ Thus the impoverished parochial Mumbai is one and the same metropolis as the cosmopolitan globalised ‘Bombay’. Ramesh Biswas examines how the speculative housing developments of the aspirational middle classes are creating townships that intensify sprawl and further decentralise cities, squandering the potential for upgrading public space and creating an architecture for the common good. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DSDHA
Authors: Castle Helen 
Published: November 2007

AbstractLess than 10 years old, DSDHA (Deborah Saunt David Hills Architects) has worked its way up the ladder of building types from nurseries, through to schools and now their first university building opened in summer 2007 in Cambridge. Helen Castle went to visit the studio in Kennington, south London, and discovered a practice that thrives on the heady mixture that educational buildings offer, combining social engagement with complex client needs. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sensible Objects for Digital Environments
Authors: Croci Valentina 
Published: November 2007

AbstractBased in Milan, dotdotdot is poised to optimise on a client base of multinational brands, finance and real estate that takes part in the city's international shows and fairs. Valentina Croci explains how this young Italian practice has set out to develop its interactive installations with a ‘participative dynamic’ that enables clients to effectively communicate their message through the immediate and exclusive involvement of the visitor. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Elastic modulus variation in mandibular bone: A microindentation study of Macaca fascicularis
Authors: Rapoff Andrew J. , Rinaldi Renaud G. , Hotzman Jennifer L. , Daegling David J. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractWe characterized the heterogeneous anisotropic elastic properties of mandibular bone in an adult female specimen of Macaca fascicularis using the technique of microindentation. This approach used an indenter of known mass and geometry to sample bone hardness at a spatial resolution in the order of 100 μm. Hardness values were converted to elastic modulus using empirically derived regression. We determined properties in alveolar, midcorpus, and basal regions of coronal and transverse sections taken from multiple locations along the corpus and ramus. Within sections, we determined properties from endosteal, midcortical, and periosteal regions. We found regional variations in bone structure, including bands of orthotropic circumferential lamellar bone at the endosteal and periosteal corpus base, angular region, and ramus. Transversely isotropic osteonal bone characterizes the midcortices of alveolar and basal regions, with many resorption spaces in alveolar regions restricting sampling opportunities. Regional variations in elasticity include relatively compliant bone in the anterior corpus and ramus. Basal cortical bone is stiffer longitudinally than transversely or superoinferiorly, while the evidence for directional dependence in alveolar bone is equivocal. Alveolar bone appears to be relatively compliant with respect to bone found in midcorpus or basal regions. Considerable variation exists in structure and material properties on a highly localized scale, more so than is discernible through conventional approaches for determining material property variation. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Thiourea‐Enhanced Flavin Photooxidation of Benzyl Alcohol
Authors: Svoboda Jiří , Schmaderer Harald , König Burkhard 
Published: November 2007

AbstractUpon irradiation, flavin oxidises 4‐methoxybenzyl alcohol to the corresponding aldehyde using aerial O2 as the terminal oxidant. We have observed that this reaction is significantly accelerated by the presence of thiourea. A series of thiourea‐functionalised flavins has been prepared from flavin isothiocyanates and their photocatalytic efficiencies have been monitored by NMR. The alcohol photooxidation proceeds rapidly and cleanly with high turnover numbers of up to 580, exceeding previously reported performances. A likely mechanistic rationale for the more than 30‐fold acceleration of the photo–redox reaction by thiourea has been derived from spectroscopic, electrochemical, and kinetic studies. Thus, thiourea acts as an electron‐transfer mediator for the initial photooxidation of 4‐methoxybenzyl alcohol by the excited flavins. This mechanism has similarities to electron‐relay mechanisms in flavoenzymes, for which cysteine sulfenic acid intermediates are proposed. The observation that thiourea mediates flavin photo–redox processes is valuable for the design of more sophisticated photocatalysts based on Nature's best redox chromophore.
Simulations of p‐tert‐Butylcalix[4]arene with Multiple Occupancies of Small Guest Molecules
Authors: Alavi Saman , Ripmeester John A. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractClassical molecular dynamics simulations were used to study low‐density β0‐phase p‐tert‐butylcalix[4]arene inclusion compounds with multiple calix occupancies of xenon, carbon dioxide, methane, and hydrogen guest molecules with guest–host ratios ranging from 1:4 to 4:1. Custom parameterized force fields were used for the guests and the AMBER force field for the calixarene units was validated in our previous work (Chem. Eur. J. 2006, 12, 5231). The inclusion energy and unit cell volume of the calixarene inclusion compound were determined for various guest occupancies and for occupancies greater than 1:1, strong guest–guest interaction effects are observed. The structure and energetics of the 2:1 CO2/β0‐phase inclusion compound were compared to those of the low‐temperature 2:1 CO2/calixarene in which the guest molecules occupy both cage and interstitial sites.