bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Erhöhung der Restnutzungsdauer an ermüdungs‐überbeanspruchten Bauteilen einer Stabbogenbrücke bei Lutherstadt Wittenberg
Authors: Klinger Christian , Braune Gerhard , Lüddecke Falk 
Published: December 2008

AbstractAn einer Eisenbahnbrücke über die Elbe bei Lutherstadt Wittenberg führten windinduzierte Schwingungen zu einer unplanmäßigen und frühzeitigen Ermüdung ausgewählter Bauteile und Verbindungen des Stahltragwerks.Für die zyklisch bereits vorbelasteten und noch im Bauwerk befindlichen Bauteile konnte rechnerisch eine ausreichende Restnutzungsdauer nicht ermittelt werden. Auf Basis von experimentellen Untersuchungen wurde daher ein ingenieurmäßiges und baustellengeeignetes Sanierungskonzept für die vorbelasteten Bauteile entwickelt, deren Hauptbestandteil das Beschleifen der betroffenen Oberflächen darstellt.Weiterhin wurden für die ermüdeten Schweißverbindungen bruchmechanische Berechnungen angestellt, um auch deren Restnutzungsdauer abschätzen zu können. Hierfür wurden den im Bereich der Deutschen Bahn AG geltenden Rechenansätzen vergleichend weitere Ansätze aus dem Maschinenbau gegenübergestellt.Durch die angestellten Berechnungen und Untersuchungen konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass für die betroffenen Bauteile nach deren Sanierung ausreichende Tragsicherheit und Ermüdungssicherheit vorschriftengemäß eingehalten werden.
Time‐dependent protective efficacy of Trolox (vitamin E analog) against microcystin‐induced toxicity in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
Authors: Prieto Ana Isabel , Jos Angeles , Pichardo Silvia , Moreno Isabel , de Sotomayor María Álvarez , Moyano Rosario , Blanco Alfonso , Cameán Ana María 
Published: December 2008

AbstractMicrocystins (MCs), hepatotoxins from cyanobacteria, induce oxidative stress and pathological changes in fish that can be ameliorated with chemoprotectants such as vitamin E (vit E). This study investigated the time period after MCs exposure in which Trolox, a vitamin E analog, is effective against oxidative and histological damage in different organs of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Fish were fed Trolox supplement (700 mg/kg diet) for 7 days, or received only commercial fish food, and then were exposed to a single oral dose of 120 μg/fish microcystin‐LR, and sacrificed in 24, 48, or 72 h. The Trolox protective efficacy was evaluated based on lipid peroxidation (LPO), protein oxidation, enzymatic and non‐enzymatic antioxidants, and a morphologic study. Regarding the oxidative stress biomarkers altered by MCs, the higher protective action of Trolox was observed 24 h post toxin exposure, although it extends also until 48 h in gills (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT)), and liver, where glutathione reductase (GR) backed to control values 48 and 72 h after the toxin application. Glutathione‐S‐ transferase (GST) activity in the liver was ameliorated by the chemoprotectant after 24 and 48 h, although control values were not recovered. Trolox modulation of these biomarkers and its ability to quench free radicals explain the recovery of LPO values in all organs at 24 h and also in gills at 48 h. Histopathologically, Trolox efficacy was more evident after 72 h. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2009.
Comparative metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene by ovarian microsomes of various species
Authors: Harris Deacqunita L. , Huderson Ashley C. , Niaz Mohammad S. , Ford J. Joe , Archibong Anthony E. , Ramesh Aramandla 
Published: December 2008

AbstractKnowledge of the ability of the female reproductive system to metabolize polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is critical to the diagnosis and management of female infertility and for risk assessment purposes. The PAHs are a family of widespread pollutants that are released into the environment from automobile exhausts, cigarette smoke, burning of refuse, industrial emissions, and hazardous waste sites. In exposed animals, PAHs become activated to reactive metabolites that interfere with target organ function and as a consequence cause toxicity. The extent of susceptibility to PAH exposure may depend on the ability of animals to metabolize these chemicals. The present study has been undertaken to assess whether any differences exist among mammals in the metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), a prototypical PAH compound. Microsomes isolated from the liver and ovaries of rats, mice, goats, sheep, pigs, and cows were incubated with 5 μM BaP. Postincubation, samples were extracted with ethyl acetate and analyzed for BaP/metabolites by reverse‐phase HPLC with fluorescence detection. The rate of metabolism (pmol of metabolite/min/mg protein) was found to be more in liver than in ovary in all the species studied (P< 0.05). The differences in metabolite concentrations were statistically significant (P< 0.0001) among the various species in both organs studied. Multiple species comparison also revealed that the differences were statistically significant (P< 0.001) between rodents (rat and mouse) and higher mammals (ewe, sow, and cow). Even among the higher mammals, in a majority of the cases, the differences in metabolite concentrations were significantly different (P< 0.001) both in ovary and liver. The BaP metabolites identified were 4,5‐diol; 7,8‐diol; 9,10‐diol; 3‐hydroxy BaP; and 9‐hydroxy BaP. The rodent microsomes produced considerably higher proportion of BaP 4,5‐diol and 9,10‐diol than did cow, sow, goat, and sheep. However, microsomes from higher mammals converted a greater proportion of BaP to 3‐hydroxy and 9‐hydroxy BaP, the detoxification products of BaP. Overall, our results revealed a great variation among species to metabolize BaP. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2009.
Direct Interband Light Absorption in Strongly Prolated Ellipsoidal Quantum Dots’ Ensemble
Authors: Dvoyan KG , Hayrapetyan DB , Kazaryan EM 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Within the framework of adiabatic approximation, the energy levels and direct interband light absorption in a strongly prolated ellipsoidal quantum dot are studied. Analytical expressions for the particle energy spectrum and absorption threshold frequencies in three regimes of quantization are obtained. Selection rules for quantum transitions are revealed. Absorption edge and absorption coefficient for three regimes of size quantization (SQ) are also considered. To facilitate the comparison of obtained results with the probable experimental data, size dispersion distribution of growing quantum dots by the small semiaxe in the regimes of strong and weak SQ by two experimentally realizing distribution functions have been taken into account. Distribution functions of Lifshits–Slezov and Gaussian have been considered.
Classification of Four Almond Cultivars Using Oil Degradation Parameters Based on FTIR and GC Data
Authors: Beltrán Sanahuja A. , Prats Moya M. S. , Maestre Pérez S. E. , Grané Teruel N. , Martín Carratalá M. L. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractFour almond cultivars (Marcona, Guara, Garrigues and Butte) have been classified using attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR‐FTIR) and gas chromatography (GC) data. The data were obtained by completing the first stages of a thermal oxidative degradation process. The degradation process was monitored by using the variations in the main fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) content determined by GC and to changes in the infrared spectra recorded using the ATR‐FTIR technique. In order to classify the almond cultivars, a stepwise linear discriminant analysis was applied to the data. The results indicated that, although the four almond oils evaluated here have a similar fatty acid composition, differences in linoleic acid content may be linked to oxidative stability. Butte cultivar samples had higher linoleic acid content and were more prone to oxidative deterioration.
Obsessive–compulsive disorder: subclassification based on co-morbidity
Authors: Nestadt G. , Di C. Z. , Riddle M. A. , Grados M. A. , Greenberg B. D. , Fyer A. J. , McCracken J. T. , Rauch S. L. , Murphy D. L. , Rasmussen S. A. , Cullen B. , Pinto A. , Knowles J. A. , Piacentini J. , Pauls D. L. , Bienvenu O. J. , Wang Y. , Liang K. Y. , Samuels J. F. , Roche K. Bandeen 
Published: December 2008

BackgroundObsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is probably an etiologically heterogeneous condition. Many patients manifest other psychiatric syndromes. This study investigated the relationship between OCD and co-morbid conditions to identify subtypes.MethodSeven hundred and six individuals with OCD were assessed in the OCD Collaborative Genetics Study (OCGS). Multi-level latent class analysis was conducted based on the presence of eight co-morbid psychiatric conditions [generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), major depression, panic disorder (PD), separation anxiety disorder (SAD), tics, mania, somatization disorders (Som) and grooming disorders (GrD)]. The relationship of the derived classes to specific clinical characteristics was investigated.ResultsTwo and three classes of OCD syndromes emerge from the analyses. The two-class solution describes lesser and greater co-morbidity classes and the more descriptive three-class solution is characterized by: (1) an OCD simplex class, in which major depressive disorder (MDD) is the most frequent additional disorder; (2) an OCD co-morbid tic-related class, in which tics are prominent and affective syndromes are considerably rarer; and (3) an OCD co-morbid affective-related class in which PD and affective syndromes are highly represented. The OCD co-morbid tic-related class is predominantly male and characterized by high conscientiousness. The OCD co-morbid affective-related class is predominantly female, has a young age at onset, obsessive–compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) features, high scores on the ‘taboo’ factor of OCD symptoms, and low conscientiousness.ConclusionsOCD can be classified into three classes based on co-morbidity. Membership within a class is differentially associated with other clinical characteristics. These classes, if replicated, should have important implications for research and clinical endeavors.
Integrating Welfare and Production Typologies: How Refinements of the Varieties of Capitalism Approach call for a Combination of Welfare Typologies
Authors: SCHRÖDER MARTIN 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThis article argues that existing typologies on production and welfare regimes should be combined into a typology unifying the study of production and distribution in advanced capitalist countries. The article utilises a principal component and cluster analysis to show that such a typology indeed reflects the empirical diversity of countries. This is further illustrated by a brief literature review of different typologies. It is then shown how the integration of the two approaches helps to resolve problems addressed in the new literature on the varieties of capitalism approach, notably how welfare arrangements relate to production systems. Thereby, the relevance of an integrated typology for policy-makers in the fields of welfare and production will be illustrated. Lastly, some thoughts follow on how an integrated typology allows for a perspective that explains the development of various welfare and production regimes based on the common historical heritage of families of nations.
What Welfare States Do: A Disaggregated Expenditure Approach
Authors: CASTLES FRANCIS G. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThis article suggests that an alternative to a social rights of citizenship approach to comparing welfare states is to use disaggregated programme expenditure data to identify the diverse spending priorities of different types of welfare state. An initial descriptive analysis shows that four major categories of social spending (cash spending on older people and those of working age; service spending on health and for other purposes) are almost entirely unrelated to one another and that different welfare state regimes or families of nations exhibit quite different patterns of spending. The article proceeds to demonstrate that both the determinants and the outcomes of these different categories of spending also differ quite radically. In policy terms, most importantly, the article shows that cross-national differences in poverty and inequality among advanced nations are to a very large degree a function of the extent of cash spending on programmes catering to the welfare needs of those of working age.
The Evolution of Choice Policies in UK Housing, Education and Health Policy
Authors: GREENER IAN , POWELL MARTIN 
Published: December 2008

AbstractScholarship in social policy in recent years has examined how policy positions users in a range of roles, particularly most recently in terms of their roles as ‘choosers’ through the increased use of markets in welfare. This article considers how choice policies have positioned users since the creation of the modern welfare state, presenting a history of choice policies, but also a comparative examination of how they have differed in the UK between housing, education and healthcare. It concludes by suggesting that although approaches to choice vary considerably between the three public services examined, policy-makers often appear unaware of these differences, leading to mistaken assumptions that policies can be transferred or transplanted unproblematically.
Relationships of Care: Working Lone Mothers, their Children and Employment Sustainability
Authors: MILLAR JANE , RIDGE TESS 
Published: December 2008

AbstractLone mothers are a key target group for government policies to increase employment participation rates. Employment sustainability is central to achieving this goal and thus it is important to understand the factors that affect sustainability. When the lone mother starts work, her daily life changes in various ways, and so do the lives of her children, and perhaps also other family members who may become involved in childcare, or in other forms of help. These social relationships – at home, in work, in care settings, at school – may be a key element in employment sustainability, and one that has not yet been systematically explored in research. This article draws on data from an ongoing longitudinal qualitative study of lone mothers and their children, which has been following the families from the point that the mothers left income support and started working for at least 16 hours per week. The analysis starts from the assumption that sustaining work over time is a process that actively involves the family as a whole and not just the individual lone mother. In this article we explore how social relationships, inside and outside the family, are central to the ‘family–work project’ of sustaining employment.
Acute gastroenteritis caused by multiple enteric pathogens in children
Authors: CHEN S.-Y. , TSAI C.-N. , CHAO H.-C. , LAI M.-W. , LIN T.-Y. , KO T.-Y. , CHIU C.-H. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYOf 303 children hospitalized with acute non-bloody, non-mucoid diarrhoea, 69 (22·8%) had polymicrobial infection, including 52 (17·2%) multiple viral infection and 17 (5·6%) viral and bacterial co-infection. Rotavirus had the most important role in both categories; thus the control of rotavirus infection is crucial for maintaining children's health in Taiwan.
Strain variation associated with the development of a major recumbent curvilinear fold in the Dalradian rocks of NW Achill Island, western Ireland
Authors: Harris David H. M. , Harris Anthony L. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTThe regionally metamorphosed, Riphean–Cambrian Argyll Group Dalradian rocks of NW Achill Island, western Ireland are disposed in a large-scale, regionally west-facing, tight, recumbent F2 curvilinear fold, with which two ductile shear zones are associated. Clasts in conglomerates within the Dalradian sequence that are deformed by the shear zones preserve evidence for a constrictional overprint of earlier plane strain as the fold became curvilinear, while stretched clasts maintained a constant orientation as the hinge curvilinearity developed. During the constrictional overprint a crenulation fabric, S2b, overprinted a penetrative foliation, S2a, in the shear zones. The S2b has an orientation that varies systematically with that of the fold hinge. It is inferred that, although the S2b surfaces initiated as a dip-slip fabric, there was an increasing degree of strike slip on these surfaces as the fold hinge approached parallelism with the direction of tectonic transport. It is possible that many curvilinear folds have an early history involving plane strain, but that increasing constrictional strain is intrinsic to the later stages of their development.
Metal-dependent generation of reactive oxygen species from amyloid proteins implicated in neurodegenerative disease
Authors: Allsop David , Mayes Jennifer , Moore Susan , Masad Atef , Tabner Brian J. 
Published: December 2008

Using a method based on ESR spectroscopy and spin-trapping, we have shown that Aβ (amyloid β-peptide) (implicated in Alzheimer's disease), α-synuclein (implicated in Parkinson's disease), ABri (British dementia peptide) (responsible for familial British dementia), certain toxic fragments of the prion protein (implicated in the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies) and the amylin peptide (found in the pancreas in Type 2 diabetes mellitus) all have the common ability to generate H2O2in vitro. Numerous controls (reverse, scrambled and non-toxic peptides) lacked this property. We have also noted a positive correlation between the ability of the various proteins tested to generate H2O2 and their toxic effects on cultured cells. In the case of Aβ and ABri, we have shown that H2O2 is generated as a short burst during the early stages of aggregation and is associated with the presence of protofibrils or oligomers, rather than mature fibrils. H2O2 is readily converted into the aggressive hydroxyl radical by Fenton chemistry, and this extremely reactive radical could be responsible for much of the oxidative damage seen in all of the above disorders. We suggest that the formation of a redox-active complex involving the relevant amyloidogenic protein and certain transition-metal ions could play an important role in the pathogenesis of several different protein misfolding disorders.
A new model for nuclear lamina organization
Authors: Goldberg Martin W. , Fiserova Jindriska , Huttenlauch Irm , Stick Reimer 
Published: December 2008

Lamins are intermediate filament proteins that form a network lining the inner nuclear membrane. They provide mechanical strength to the nuclear envelope, but also appear to have many other functions as reflected in the array of diseases caused by lamin mutations. Unlike other intermediate filament proteins, they do not self-assemble into 10 nm filaments in vitro and their in vivo organization is uncertain. We have recently re-examined the organization of a simple B-type lamina in Xenopus oocytes [Goldberg, Huttenlauch, Hutchison and Stick (2008) J. Cell Sci. 121, 215–225] and shown that it consists of tightly packed 8–10 nm filaments with regular cross-connections, tightly opposed to the membrane. When lamin A is expressed in oocytes, it forms organized bundles on top of the B lamina. This has led to a new model for lamina organization which is discussed in the present paper.
Is mannan-binding lectin (MBL) detectable on monocytes and monocyte-derived immature dendritic cells?
Authors: MacDonald Shirley L. , Downing Ian , Turner Marc , Kilpatrick David C. 
Published: December 2008

MBL (mannan-binding lectin; also called mannose-binding lectin) is a circulating C-type lectin with a collagen-like region synthesized mainly by the liver. MBL may influence susceptibility to infection in recipients of stem cell transplants, and it has even been suggested that the MBL status of a donor can influence the recipient's susceptibility to post-transplant infections. We have previously reported that MBL can be detected on human monocytes and monocyte-derived dendritic cells, based on detection using biotinylated anti-MBL, suggesting that those cells could synthesize MBL. If true, permanent MBL replacement therapy could be achieved by stem cell infusions. However, two other groups independently failed to find mbl-2-derived mRNA in monocytes. Therefore, to confirm or refute our previous observations, we used an alternative experimental strategy. Instead of using biotinylated antibody and labelled streptavidin, detection of surface MBL was attempted using MBL-specific primary antibodies (131-1, 131-10 and 131-11) followed by fluorescein-labelled anti-IgG, and controlled by the use of non-specific IgG as primary antibody. Monocytes were counterstained with anti-CD14-PE before FACS analysis. Adherent monocytes were also cultured for 48 h in serum-free medium or converted into immature dendritic cells by culture with IL-4 (interleukin-4) and GM-CSF (granulocyte/monocyte colony-stimulating factor). During FACS analysis, the dendritic cells were gated after counter-staining with anti-CD1a-PE. MBL was readily detected on the surface of fresh monocytes using all three specific anti-MBL monoclonal antibodies, but specific anti-MBL binding was greatly diminished after monocytes had been cultured for 2 days in serum-free medium. Moreover, we could not detect any MBL present on the surface of monocyte-derived dendritic cells. We therefore conclude that MBL is indeed present on the surface of fresh human monocytes. However, in view of the mRNA findings of others and our own previous observation that no secretion of MBL took place in culture, we presume that the surface-bound MBL is derived from autologous plasma and not synthesized by the cells. This conclusion is consistent with our in vivo findings in stem cell transplant patients which provided evidence against significant extra-hepatic production of serum MBL. It provides no ready explanation for the remarkable observation of Mullighan, Heatley, Doherty, Szabo, Grigg, Hughes, Schwarer, Szer, Tait, Bik To and Bardy [(2002) Blood 99, 3524–3529] that the presence of variant alleles of mbl-2 in stem cell donors can influence susceptibility to serious infections in their recipients.