bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Four African Development Plans: Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, and Tanzania
Authors: Green Reginald H. 
Published: November 2008

Since 1950, the rise of African national movements and the attainment of independence has been paralleled by an equally rapid growth in the number and scope of national development plans. Such a plan is viewed by almost all African states as one of the standard attributes of sovereignty.1True, economic planning preceded independence. Indeed Ghana (then the Gold Coast) had its first, 10-year economic plan in 1919, and the British adoption of colonial economic development planning as a desired standard policy dates back to 1939–40. However, the rapid postwar surge of colonial public expenditure plans was closely related to attempts first to counter the popularity of the nationalist movements and later to strengthen the economic infrastructure during the terminal colonial phrase prior to independence.2
East African Institute of Social and Cultural Affairs, Nairobi
Authors: Ogot Bethwell A. 
Published: November 2008

This Institute is one of those rare projects which both look good on paper and, once initiated, far exceed the hopes of their originators. Starting in Nairobi in October 1963, in a single office, with the publication of a journal and the sponsorship of seminars, it today has five separate departments, all of which are growing rapidly.The Institute is the result of a meeting held in Berlin in early 1963 between representatives of foundations and a group of prominent East Africans, including Tom Mboya, who wished to establish a private organisation which could serve as a discussion forum on problems of regional public interest. From this idea emerged the East African Institute of Social and Cultural Affairs, which is fortunate to have as its patrons President Jomo Kenyatta of Kenya, President Julius Nyerere of Tanzania, and Dr Milton Obote, Prime Minister of Uganda.
Left and Right in Africa
Authors: Wallerstein Immanuel 
Published: November 2008

One of the basic concepts of modern political analysis is the dichotomy (or continuum) of left–right. It has been a fundamental element of the ideological apparatus of the modern world at least since the French Revolution.There have been two kinds of intellectual debates concerning this concept throughout modern history. One revolves around the criteria that should be used to delineate the ideal-typical poles of the concepts, and the degree to which the concept has discrete points or is a continuum. A subordinate question has always been whether it is fruitful to make the concept tri-modal and include a ‘centre’. Obviously, this debate has both moral and intellectual dimensions, and it is doubtful whether it is either possible or desirable to separate them.
Policy Studies, Development, and Political Anthropology
Authors: Owusu Maxwell 
Published: November 2008

Policy research involves two acts of translation: translation of the problem from the world of reality and policy into the world of scientific method, and then a translation of the research results back into the world of reality and policy.1Since the political scientist, David Easton, commented critically in 1959 on the state of the study of politics by anthropologists,2 many interesting changes have taken place in the analyses of African politics – in fact, of politics of non-western societies in general.
The Collapse of the National Road Haulage Company in Tanzania
Authors: Mwase Ngila 
Published: November 2008

The post-colonial evolution of the Tanzanian economy has been strongly influenced by public policy, notably since the adoption of the Arusha Declaration in 1967,1 which established the following guidelines:1. Self-reliance, albeit not self-sufficiency or autarky, since, at least in theory, selected foreign assistance may be the catalyst rather than the basis of development.2. General social equality, aimed at regional, inter-personal, and rural—urban equity.3. Socialist and co-operative economic activities, emphasising priority for rural development per se, with a bias towards co-operative work through communal ujamaa villages.4. Public ownership and control of the ‘commanding heights’ of the economy.
Ambiguous Consequences of the Socialisation and Seclusion of Hausa Women
Authors: Callaway Barbara J. 
Published: November 2008

This article discusses the situation of Hausa women in the predominantly Muslim City ofKano, Nigeria, and speculates upon the possibilities for changes in their status and life options grounded in the realities of their social environment.A strong trend in feminist scholarship focuses on the cultural aspects of the rôle of men and women, and relates their apparently universal asymmetries to the structural oppositions of ‘private’ and ‘public’ social spheres. In such studies, women are considered to be oppressed according to the extent that they are confined to a domestic life that excludes activities outside the home, which men control. Women are thus deemed to have gained stature, and to have realised a sense of their own value, only in so far as they are able to transcend the ‘private’ sphere and penetrate the predominantly male or ‘public’ world. In this context, a liberated society for women is posited as one in which men are routinely involved in domestic activities while women are free and able to participate effectively in public functions.
The Anatomy of Japan's South African Policy
Authors: Morikawa Jun 
Published: November 2008

What is Japan's basic policy towards South Africa? According to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Tokyo:Japan, which firmly supports the self-determination of the African people and strongly opposes racial discrimination, has earnestly desired a solution to the problems in southern Africa.Japan strongly condemns the continuation of racial discrimination in South Africa and has demanded that the Government of South Africa abolish such discrimination. From this standpoint, Japan maintains no diplomatic relations with South Africa and has prohibited such direct investment as the establishment of joint ventures by Japanese firms in that country. Furthermore it has imposed restrictions on cultural, educational and sport exchanges between Japanese and South Africans, respecting the relevant United Nations resolutions.
Running out of credit: the limitations of mobile telephony in a Tanzanian agricultural marketing system
Authors: Molony Thomas 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACTPoor farmers often lack credit to purchase agricultural inputs, and rely on their buyers to provide it. This paper considers the effects of mobile phones on traders of perishable foodstuffs operating between Tanzania's Southern Highlands and Dar es Salaam's wholesale market, with a particular focus on the importance of credit in the relationship between potato and tomato farmers and their wholesale buyers. It argues that the ability to communicate using these new information and communication technologies (ICTs) does not significantly alter the trust relationship between the two groups. It also suggests that farmers, in effect, often have to accept the price they are told their crops are sold for – irrespective of the method of communication used to convey this message – because their buyers are also their creditors. In this situation, many farmers are unable to exploit new mobile phone-based services to seek information on market prices, and potential buyers in other markets. Doing so runs the risk of breaking a long-term relationship with a buyer who is willing to supply credit because of their established business interaction. It is suggested that, under a more open system than currently exists in Tanzania, mobile-payment (‘m-payment’) applications should target these creditor-buyers as key agents in connecting farmers to the credit they so often require.
Local responses to changes in religious policy based on evidence from Gloucestershire wills (1540–1580)
Authors: Litzenberger Caroline 
Published: November 2008

Les changements de politique religieuse en Angleterre entre 1540 et 1580 sont spectaculaires et souvent générateurs de conflits. On rencontre tous les modèles de comportements, qui vont de l'ancienne foi traditionelle au protestantisme. Nombreux sont les historiens qui se sont consacrés à essayer de quantifier et de reconstituer la progression de la nouvelle croyance au niveau local. On a de même beaucoup écrit sur l'intérpretation des testaments. Leurs préambules religieux seraient de bonnes sources historiques pour évaluer la piété individuelle et constitueraient – potentiellement – un bon indicateur du niveau de la foi pendant cette période. Il faut cependant se servir des testaments avec prudence et précaution. Des problèmes peuvent surgir, notamment l'impact de l'influence du scribe, la complexité et la variété des modes d'expression de la foi; enfin, un faible taux de conservation des testaments peut conduire à des échantillons qui ne sont pas représentatifs.Cet article a deux ambitions. II propose d'abord une méthodologie pour l'analyse des testaments qui prenne en considération et compense leurs caractéristiques spécifiques. Ensuite cette méthode est appliquee afin d'examiner l'impact de la politique religieuse officielle sur la piété laïque dans le diocèse de Gloucester. Le résultat de ce travail met en lumière le large spectre des croyances religieuses réelles qu'on rencontre au niveau local, ainsi que le bien tardif succès du protestantisme, au moins dans cette région de l'Angleterre.
The shaming of Margaret Knowsley: gossip, gender and the experience of authority in early modern England
Authors: Hindle Steve 
Published: November 2008

Cet article repose sur une étude micro-historique du commérage en Angleterre du XVIIe siècle. A l'époque le commérage est considéré par l'ensemble des contemporains comme une activité notoirement féminine. L'étude du commérage fournit une approche des frontiéres de ‘l’espace social féminin', aussi bien sur le lieu de travail, à la maison que dans le cadre de la communauté au sens large. De plus, il est clair que les comméres participaient à la mise en æuvre d'une ‘opinion publique’, en matière de sujets fort divers, que ce soit sur le plan local ou national, sur le plan privé ou public, ou bien personnel ou encore politique.Partant de sources à la fois juridiques et littéraires, l'auteur reconstitue les circonstances dans lesquelles les ragots ont pu se former; il analyse le type de reseau dans lequel tel ou tel ragot à circule et le vocabulaire spécifique qui caractérisait chaque affaire et chaque rumeur. En conclusion, une étude de cas, l'affaire concernant Margaret Knowsley, permet de mieux comprendre le processus de mise en place de la législation dans l'Angleterre du XVIIe siècle. II en ressort toute l'influence qu'exerçait la pression culturelle et patriarcale sur l'exercice et le respect de l'autorité.
The handmaid's tale: morganatic relationships in early-mediaeval Bavaria
Authors: Hammer Carl I. 
Published: November 2008

Malgré la division de principe entre individus légalement libres et non-libres que connaissait la société du haut Moyen Age, il n'en existait pas moins des relations mixtes et des unions entre des membres de ces deux groupes.Depuis le huitième siècle au moins, on pouvait voir dans certaines de ces unions des mariages valides. L'article cite comme preuve des prescriptions juridiques du haut Moyen Age et s'appuie sur l'étude de 39 contrats bavarois pour décrire comment ces relations se sont constituées ainsi que les réactions aux problémes qu'elles ont suscìtés. Quelle qu'ait été la nature exacte de ces relations, les enfants qui en étaient issus naissaient non-libres et le droit à propriété ou même la liberté du partenaire non-serf pouvaient être remis en cause. Dès la fin du 8e siècle, les Bavarois de statut libre, hommes ou femmes, tentèrent de régler ces difficultés et d'améliorer la condition de leur partenaire et de leur descendance non-libres; toute une série d'arrangements furent trouvés qui intéressèrent en particulier les hommes. Au lOe siècle, la formule la plus courante fut de placer la partie servile du couple sous la dépendance et la protection de l'Eglise, contre une redevance annuelle fixe, le census, qui la libérait de toute autre obligation.
Lagged cells in alert monkey lateral geniculate nucleus
Authors: SAUL ALAN B. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractFive lagged cells were recognized by extracellular recording in the lateral geniculate nucleus of an awake, behaving macaque monkey. Previous reports of lagged cells were all in the anesthetized cat. Both parvocellular and magnocellular lagged cells were observed. Response timing was distributed continuously across the population, and both sustained and transient responses were seen in the magnocellular subpopulation. Cortex thus receives signals with a wide range of timing, which can mediate direction selectivity across multiple dimensions.
Development and Validation of Prediction Models for Rice Surface Lipid Content and Color Parameters Using Near‐Infrared Spectroscopy: A Basis for Predicting Rice Degree of Milling
Authors: Saleh M. I. , Meullenet J. F. , Siebenmorgen T. J. 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACTDegree of milling (DOM) of rice plays a key role in determining rice quality and value. Therefore, accurate, nondestructive, quick, and automated surface lipid content (SLC) measurement would be useful in a commercial milling environment. This study was undertaken to provide calibration models for commercial use to provide quick and accurate evaluation of milled rice SLC and Hunterlab color parameters (L,a,b) as indications of rice DOM. In all, 960 samples, including seven cultivars from seven southern United States locations, stored for 0, 1, 2, 3, and 6 months, were milled for four durations to obtain samples of varying DOM. The samples were used to develop calibration models of milled rice SLC and L,a,b values. Another sample set (n = 58) was commercially milled and used to validate the developed models. A DA 7200 diode array analyzer was used to scan milled rice samples in wavelength spectra of 950–1,650 nm. SLC and color parameters were measured using a Soxtec system and a HunterLab colorimeter, respectively. The partial least squares regression (PLS) method using the full near‐infrared spectra was used to develop prediction models for rice SLC and color parameters. Milled rice SLC was well fitted with a correlation of determination of predicted and measured values of (R2 = 0.934). Color parameters were also successfully fitted for L (R2 = 0.943), a (R2 = 0.870), and b (R2 = 0.855). Performance of the developed models to predict rice DOM was superior in predicting SLC and L,a,b values with R2 predicted and measured values of 0.958, 0.836, 0.924, and 0.661, respectively.
Comparison of blood pressure measured at the arm, ankle and calf
Authors: Moore C. , Dobson A. , Kinagi M. , Dillon B. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryThe suitability of alternative sites for non‐invasive blood pressure (NIBP) measurement was investigated in 100 awake healthy volunteers. The calf and the ankle were chosen for comparison with the arm, and the results analysed subjected to Bland–Altman analysis. Discomfort was graded using a Visual Analogue Scale. There was a poor agreement between the different sites with respect to systolic blood pressure: the agreement was closer for diastolic and mean measurements. The mean blood pressure calf measurement was on average 4 mmHg (95% limits of agreement −12 to 20), higher than the arm. The ankle was 8 mmHg higher (−8 to 24) than the arm. ANOVA demonstrated a statistically significant difference in the discomfort scores between the sites (p < 0.001). The calf demonstrated the highest discomfort score and the ankle the lowest. We suggest that the ankle should be considered in preference to the calf as an alternative site for NIBP measurement if use of an arm is undesirable or impossible.
Partial deletion of the LAMA3 gene is responsible for hereditary junctional epidermolysis bullosa in the American Saddlebred Horse
Authors: Graves K. T. , Henney P. J. , Ennis R. B. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryLaminin 5 is a heterotrimeric basement membrane protein integral to the structure and function of the dermal–epidermal junction. It consists of three glycoprotein subunits: the α3, β3 and γ2 chains, which are encoded by the LAMA3, LAMB3 and LAMC2 genes respectively. A mutation in any of these genes results in the condition known as hereditary junctional epidermolysis bullosa (JEB). A 6589‐bp deletion spanning exons 24–27 was found in the LAMA3 gene in American Saddlebred foals born with the skin‐blistering condition epitheliogenesis imperfecta. The deletion confirms that this autosomal recessive condition in the American Saddlebred Horse can indeed be classified as JEB and corresponds to Herlitz JEB in humans. A diagnostic test was developed and nine of 175 randomly selected American Saddlebred foals from the 2007 foal crop were found to be carriers of the mutation (frequency of 0.026).
Re‐sequencing regions of the ovine Y chromosome in domestic and wild sheep reveals novel paternal haplotypes
Authors: Meadows J. R. S. , Kijas J. W. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryThe male‐specific region of the ovine Y chromosome (MSY) remains poorly characterized, yet sequence variants from this region have the potential to reveal the wild progenitor of domestic sheep or examples of domestic and wild paternal introgression. The 5′ promoter region of the sex‐determining gene SRY was re‐sequenced using a subset of wild sheep including bighorn (Ovis canadensis), thinhorn (Ovis dalli spp.), urial (Ovis vignei), argali (Ovis ammon), mouflon (Ovis musimon) and domestic sheep (Ovis aries). Seven novel SNPs (oY2–oY8) were revealed; these were polymorphic between but not within species. Re‐sequencing and fragment analysis was applied to the MSY microsatellite SRYM18. It contains a complex compound repeat structure and sequencing of three novel size fragments revealed that a pentanucleotide element remained fixed, whilst a dinucleotide element displayed variability within species. Comparison of the sequence between species revealed that urial and argali sheep grouped more closely to the mouflon and domestic breeds than the pachyceriforms (bighorn and thinhorn). SNP and microsatellite data were combined to define six previously undetected haplotypes. Analysis revealed the mouflon as the only species to share a haplotype with domestic sheep, consistent with its status as a feral domesticate that has undergone male‐mediated exchange with domestic animals. A comparison of the remaining wild species and domestic sheep revealed that O. aries is free from signatures of wild sheep introgression.
Assessing SNP markers for assigning individuals to cattle populations
Authors: Negrini R. , Nicoloso L. , Crepaldi P. , Milanesi E. , Colli L. , Chegdani F. , Pariset L. , Dunner S. , Leveziel H. , Williams J. L. , Ajmone Marsan P. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryThe effectiveness of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for the assignment of cattle to their source breeds was investigated by analysing a panel of 90 SNPs assayed on 24 European breeds. Breed assignment was performed by comparing the Bayesian and frequentist methods implemented in the structure 2.2 and geneclass 2 software programs. The use of SNPs for the reallocation of known individuals to their breeds of origin and the assignment of unknown individuals was tested. In the reallocation tests, the methods implemented in structure 2.2 performed better than those in geneclass 2, with 96% vs. 85% correct assignments respectively. In contrast, the methods implemented in geneclass 2 showed a greater correct assignment rate in allocating animals treated as unknowns to a reference dataset (62% vs. 51% and 80% vs. 65% in field tests 1 and 2 respectively). These results demonstrate that SNPs are suitable for the assignment of individuals to reference breeds. The results also indicate that structure 2.2 and geneclass 2 can be complementary tools to assess breed integrity and assignment. Our findings also stress the importance of a high‐quality reference dataset in allocation studies.
The concordance test emerges as a powerful tool for identifying quantitative trait nucleotides: lessons from BTA6 milk yield QTL
Authors: Seroussi E. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryThe lack of conventions for confirming the discovery of quantitative trait nucleotides in livestock was evidenced by the proposals of mutations in two different genes (SPP1 and ABCG2) as the underlying functional mutation for a major quantitative trait locus (QTL) for milk concentration on bovine chromosome 6 (BTA6). Of these conflicting candidates, SPP1 was excluded by follow‐up studies and by the data described here. A simple test for concordance of the zygosity state between QTL segregation status and the candidate polymorphism was shown, in this case, to be a critical step towards establishing the proof. If a given sample effectively represents the genetic variation across the QTL region, haplotype‐based concordance may further enhance the functionality and resolution power of this test, allowing identification of the causative gene.
Outcomes of older patients (≥60 years) with acquired aplastic anaemia treated with immunosuppressive therapy
Authors: Kao Susan Y. , Xu Wei , Brandwein Joseph M. , Lipton Jeffrey H. , Messner Hans A. , Minden Mark D. , Schimmer Aaron D. , Schuh Andre C. , Yee Karen , Gupta Vikas 
Published: November 2008

SummaryWe report a single center experience in treating 24 consecutive patients ≥60 years old for aplastic anaemia (AA) with immunosuppressive therapy (IST). The main outcomes of interest were the tolerability and toxicity of IST, response rate and survival. Median age was 70 years (range 61–78). Seven patients received standard IST consisting of standard dose antithymocyte‐globulin (ATG) with or without ciclosporin (CsA), and 17 patients received attenuated IST consisting of at least a 50% dose reduction of ATG with CsA or CsA alone. Six patients (25%) had early deaths, mostly due to infection. Early mortality appeared higher in the standard IST group although this was not statistically significant (43% vs. 18%, P = 0·4). The 2‐year cumulative incidence of response was 42% [95% confidence interval (CI) 26–69%]. Responders had significantly better survival than non‐responders (P = 0·0002). The 3‐year probability of overall survival was 49% (95% CI 27–68%). Moderate or severe co‐morbidities (P = 0·03) as determined by Charlson Co‐morbidity Index and very severe AA (P = 0·007) were associated with significantly inferior overall survival while age was not. Nine out of 14 evaluable patients in the attenuated IST group had durable responses to treatment, suggesting that patients not suitable for standard IST can still benefit from attenuated IST.
Peripheral blood monocytes are responsible for γδ T cell activation induced by zoledronic acid through accumulation of IPP/DMAPP
Authors: Roelofs Anke J. , Jauhiainen Marjo , Mönkkönen Hannu , Rogers Michael J. , Mönkkönen Jukka , Thompson Keith 
Published: November 2008

SummaryNitrogen‐containing bisphosphonates indirectly activate Vγ9Vδ2 T cells through inhibition of farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase and intracellular accumulation of isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP), but the cells responsible for Vγ9Vδ2 T cell activation through IPP/DMAPP accumulation are unknown. Treatment of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with a pharmacologically relevant concentration of zoledronic acid induced accumulation of IPP/DMAPP selectively in monocytes, which correlated with efficient drug uptake by these cells. Furthermore, zoledronic acid‐pulsed monocytes triggered activation of γδ T cells in a cell contact‐dependent manner. These observations identify monocytes as the cell type directly affected by bisphosphonates responsible for Vγ9Vδ2 T cell activation.