bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Densitometric equipment for rapid quantitation of aflatoxins on thin layer chromatograms 1
Authors: Dickens J. W. , Whitaker T. B. , Mcclure W. F. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA densitometric instrument (Spotmeter) has been designed for rapid measurement of aflatoxin on thin layer chromatographic plates. The Spotmeter measures the total amount of fluorescence of the aflatoxin spot and thus eliminates the need for scanning mecha‐nisms, plotters and integrators incorporated into most commercially available densitometers used for aflatoxin analyses. In comparison with a Schoeffel SD 3000 Spectrodensitometer, the Spotmeter was more accurate in one test and at least equally accurate in another test. The Spotmeter made measurements in 1/4 the time required for the Spectrodensitometer and would cost about 1/6 as much as commercially available densitometers suitable for aflatoxin analyses.
Unavoidable low level aflatoxin contamination of peanuts
Authors: Wilson D. M. , Flowers R. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA major portion of aflatoxin contamination of peanuts probably occurs when decayed or discolored peanuts are incompletely removed by sorting. Quality control measures have been instituted in the United States to insure that unavoidable aflatoxins in consumer peanuts and peanut products do not exceed 20 μg/kg. However, low level aflatoxin contamination, from trace amounts to about 50 μg/kg in sound mature unblemished peanuts, can occur before peanuts are dug. This low level contamination is not related to high levels of Aspergillus flavus infection or to current production practices. Low level aflatoxin contamination of peanuts may be endemic, and current sorting procedures may not be effective in removing unblemished contaminated peanuts.
Properties of 2‐hydroxyethylamine acylimide aqueous solution — unusual clouding phenomenon
Authors: Ikeda Isao , Katsura Tadashi , Okahara Mitsuo 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSurface active and solution properties of 2‐hydroxyethylamine acylimides, such as dimethyl‐2‐hydroxyethylamine acylimides, bis(2‐hydroxyethyl) methylamine acylimides, and tris(2‐hydroxyethyl) amine acylimides were investigated. An unusual clouding phenomenon, which depends upon time after dissolving, concentration of aminimide, as well as temperature of the aqueous solution is discussed. The phenomenon may be explained by slow protonation to the negative center of the aminimide and slow rate to attain the equilibration of hydration by strong hydrogen bonding between a negative center and a hydroxyl group of the aminimide. The facts that the aminimide can exist in different forms in solid state as well as in solution, and that the forms are reversible by treating them with water or a nonpolar solvent, may also be explained by strong hydrogen bonding.
Tofu and tempeh as potential protein sources in the western diet
Authors: Wang Hwa L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn recent years, a growing interest in foods of plant origin, especially plant protein foods, has become evident. A large number of low‐technology, Oriental soybean foods have appeared on the American market outside the Oriental community. The most popular one is tofu. Tempeh, another soybean protein food, also has attracted a lot of attention. Tempeh has not yet been accepted to the extent that tofu has, but it is becoming a hamburger‐alternative for vegetarians, now numbering 10–15 million in the United States. According to information published by the Soyfoods Center of California, the number of tofu producers in North America rose from 50 in 1975 to 182 in 1983, and annual production has increased from 13,250 tons in 1979 to 27,500 tons in 1983. The annual tempeh production was estimated at 500 tons in 1982. Changes in the perceptions of soybean foods as they pertain to health and social status seem to be the determining factors behind the momentous expansion of Oriental soybean foods. Therefore, the growth trend is expected to be continuing for some time into the future. Tofu is made by curdling the protein with a calcium or magnesium salt from a water extract of whole soybeans. It is a highly hydrated, gelatinous product with a soft, smooth texture and a bland taste. Therefore, tofu can be easily incorporated with other foodstuffs and used in nearly every culinary context, from salad to dessert and from breakfast foods to burgers. Tempeh is made by fermenting boiled soybeans withRhizopus oligosporus. After 20–24 hr at 30 C, the beans are covered with white mycelium that binds the beans together to form a firm cake. It can be seasoned, and cooked by frying, roasting or baking — just like meat.
Expanded newborn screening in Europe 2007
Authors: Bodamer O. A. , Hoffmann G. F. , Lindner M. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryBy January 2007 seven European countries had expanded, and more are considering the expansion of their newborn screening programmes by inclusion of ESI tandem mass spectrometry. We present an overview of the current status of expanded newborn screening programmes in Europe. While the first pilot programmes were initiated in 1998 in Germany, most countries started within the last 3 years. The number of disorders screened for by MS/MS ranges from two disorders (phenylketonuria and medium‐chain acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase deficiency) in some countries to 20 in others. The number of live births investigated per screening centre varies from 18 000 to 77 000. Few programmes have reported the number of positively identified cases and technical data, although many participate in quality assurance and proficiency test schemes. Given the relatively common genetic background of most European populations and similar health care systems, the reasons for the differences observed appear arbitrary and contrary to the optimal benefit of this important preventive health measure. Harmonization of disease screening panels, spectrum of metabolites analysed, sizes of screening laboratories, analytical procedures, follow‐up management and proficiency and quality testing is urgently warranted on the European level. This will hopefully occur before screening by novel applications of tandem mass spectrometry for additional groups of disorders including lysosomal storage disorders and X‐linked adrenoleukodystrophy are implemented.
Hypertension in aging: physical activity as primary prevention
Authors: Ben-Sira D. , Oliveira J. M. F. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
In most physiologic systems, there is considerable evidence that the normal aging processes do not result in significant impairment or dysfunction in the absence of pathology and under resting conditions. However, in response to a stress, the age-related reduction in physiologic reserves causes a loss of regulatory or homeostatic balance. This happens before an individual notices that something is wrong. An additional consequence of age-related changes is an increased perception of effort associated with submaximal work. Thus, a vicious cycle is set up, leading to decreasing exercise capacity, resulting in an elevated perception of effort, subsequently causing avoidance of activity, and finally feeding back to exacerbation of the age-related declines secondary to disuse. Sedentary behavior is an important risk factor for chronic disease morbidity and mortality in aging. However, there is a limited amount of information on the type and amount of activity needed to promote optimal health and function in older people [19]. The purpose of this review is to discuss the important role of exercise training as a primary prevention tool to hypertension. In addition, this review will address the topic of the recommended amount of physical activity required for health promotion along with the current exercise guidelines.
Empirically supported psychological interventions for social phobia in adults: a qualitative review of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Ponniah K. , Hollon S. D. 
Published: July 2007

BackgroundSocial phobia is a chronic disorder that results in substantial impairment. We conducted a qualitative review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of psychological interventions for social phobia.MethodArticles were identified through searches of electronic databases and manual searches of reference lists. They were classified by psychological interventions evaluated. Data regarding treatment, participants and results were then extracted and tabulated. We identified which psychological interventions are empirically supported, using the scheme proposed by Chambless & Hollon (Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1998, 66, 7–18).ResultsThirty studies evaluating the efficacy of social skills training (SST), exposure therapy and/or cognitive treatments were identified. Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), involving cognitive restructuring and exposure to feared and avoided social situations or behavioral experiments, was found to be an efficacious and specific treatment for social phobia. Exposure therapy was found to be an efficacious treatment since most of the evidence of its efficacy was from comparisons with no treatment. There were mixed findings regarding the relative efficacy of CBT and in vivo exposure. Some studies reported that the interventions were equivalent, while others found that patients treated with CBT had a better outcome. There was little evidence to support the use of SST.ConclusionsCBT is the psychological intervention of choice for social phobia. The findings of this review are compared to those of other major reviews and limitations are discussed.
Immunological competence of patients in remission from acute leukaemia: apparently normal T cell function but defective pokeweed mitogen‐driven immunoglobulin synthesis
Authors: Ashman Leonie K , Drew Paul A , Toogood Ian RG , Juttner Christopher A 
Published: July 2007

SummaryImmunological function of 62 patients in remission from acute leukaemia has been evaluated using peripheral blood mononuclear cells in in vitro assays. T cell function, as indicated by proliferation in response to polyclonal activation (by phytohaemagglutinin) and antigen‐specific stimulation (allogeneic cells), was normal in these patients. In contrast, pokeweed mitogen‐driven Ig synthesis was significantly decreased for all immunoglobulin classes measured (IgM, IgG and IgA) in the case of adult and childhood acute lymphocytic leukaemia patients, and for IgA in the case of adult acute non‐lymphocytic leukaemia patients. The defects in humoral immunological responses may contribute to the increased susceptibility to infection of these patients.
Effect of chloroquine on cellular immune responses of normal andP. knowlesi‐infected rhesus monkeys
Authors: Prasad RN , Mahajan RC , Ganguly NK 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe immunopharmacokinetics of chloroquine were studied inPlasmodium knowlesi‐infected and uninfected rhesus monkeys. In control monkeys, chloroquine depressed the percentage of lymphocyte subpopulation and their proliferative response after the third dose of drug administration. The effect was maximum during day 6 to 10 after initiation of treatment. During this period the plasma level of chloroquine was high. The drug was slowly excreted and recovery in immune functions was noticed by the 20th day of treatment. On the other hand, the drug caused an irreversible effect on the proliferative response of normal lymphocytes followingin vitroexposure of cells.Interestingly, while the drug depressed the immune functions of normal animals. It reversed the immunosuppression caused by malarial parasites in infected animals. The probable mechanism of action of the drug has been discussed.
Specificity of a mouse monoclonal antibody raised against acute myeloid leukaemia cells for mast cells in human mucosal and connective tissues
Authors: Mayrhofer G , Gadd SJ , Spargo LDJ , Ashman LK 
Published: July 2007

SummaryA mouse monoclonal antibody raised against acute myeloid leukaemia cells (YB5.B8 monoclonal antibody; Gadd. S. J. and Ashman, L. K. (1985): Leukaemia Res. 9, 1329–1336) has been found by an indirect immunoperoxidase technique to bind to scattered cells in frozen sections from a number of human tissues. They have been identified as mast cells in fixed sections of skin, tonsil and duodenum by simultaneous staining of glycosaminoglycan with Alcian blue in 0.7 N HCl. The antibody does not distinguish mast cells in mucosal tissues from those in connective tissue, although the level of expression by cells al both sites appears to be heterogeneous. With the exception of tow affinity binding to B lymphocytes, no other bone marrow‐derived cells were found to bind the antibody. In particular, basophils and eosinophils were not stained, suggesting that they are not related closely to masi cells and that the antigen detected by YB5.B8 monoclonal antibody is not an IgE Fc receptor. Therefore, among all mature haemopoietic lineages, the antibody is specific for mast cells.
Enhancement of neutrophil‐mediated phagocytosis by human granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor demonstrated using a novel mathematical model
Authors: Williamson D James , Brown Timothy C 
Published: July 2007

SummaryA mathematical model is presented which may be applied to describe and analyse data from microscopic phagocytosis assays. The method has been used to investigate the phagocytosis of opsonized yeast by peripheral blood neutrophils treated with purified recombinant human granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (rH GM‐CSF) in vitro. Under limiting conditions of serum opsonization, rH GM‐CSF decreased the proportion of non‐phagocytic cells and increased the mean number of ingested yeast per cell. Stimulation of phagocytosis was dose‐dependent and occurred with concentrations of rH GM‐CSF in the range 10–320 units/ml. The effect was dependent on a heat‐labile component in serum and was not attributable to endotoxin contamination of the preparation.
Effects of low or high doses of short wavelength ultraviolet light (UVB) on Langerhans cells and skin allograft survival
Authors: Odling Katharine A , Halliday Gary M , Muller H Konrad 
Published: July 2007

SummarySince Langerhans cells (LC) are normally the only cells within the epidermis to express the class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) transplantation antigens, depletion of LC could be expected to prolong skin allograft survival by reducing the antigenic disparity between host and recipient. To assess this hypothesis, donor C57BL mouse shaved dorsal trunk or tail skin was exposed to high (200 mJ/cm2) or low (40 mJ/cm2) doses of short wavelength ultraviolet light (UVB) before grafting on to the thorax of BALB/c mouse recipients of the same sex. These strains have different major and minor transplantation antigens. The effects of UVB treatments on LC were determined by electronmicroscopy. Skin grafted 1–14 days following a single high dose of UVB irradiation was ultrastructurally depleted of LC and survived significantly longer than unirradiated skin before being rejected. After a 21‐day interval between exposure and grafting when LC were again present in the epidermis there was no significant difference between treated and control graft survival. Exposure to low dose UVB irradiation only significantly increased graft survival for skin transplanted 1–3 days after irradiation; skin grafted 4 days following irradiation survived for a similar period to unirradiated control skin grafts. Electronmicroscopy showed that the low UVB dose did not deplete LC from the epidermis. We conclude that after low dose UVB treatment the class II MHC antigens on the LC plasma membrane were lost temporarily, thus prolonging graft survival, but when the plasma membrane antigens were re‐expressed graft survival returned to normal. In contrast, high‐dose UVB irradiation prolonged graft survival by depleting LC from the epidermis, with graft survival only returning to control values as LC repopulated the epidermis.
Effect of dextran sulphate on IgG subclass of antibody in efferent popliteal lymph of sheep
Authors: Kerlin RL , Watson DL 
Published: July 2007

SummaryIgG1 and lgG2 participation in anti‐hapten, anti‐carrier and immunoglobulin‐containing cell (Ig‐cc) responses was studied in sheep immunised with killed Staphylococcus aureus‐Dinitrophenyl (DNP) conjugates. The antigen was given with or without the polyanionic adjuvant dextran sulphate (DXS). Animals were immunised intracutaneously on the lateral hock of one hind leg with 1 × 109 S. aureus‐DNP with or without 20 mg DXS. Six weeks later, primed sheep underwent surgery to cannulate an efferent popliteal lymphatic vessel in the immunised leg. Forty‐eight hours after surgery, each sheep was given a further intracutaneous injection of 1 × 109 S. aureus‐DNP with or without 20 mg DXS adjacent to the primary injection site. IgG1‐cc and IgG2‐cc in lymph were counted using indirect immunofluorescence. Total IgG1 and IgG2 anti‐staphylococcal and anti‐DNP antibody output in lymph was determined using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA's). DXS markedly increased antibody responses to S. aureus‐DNP in the popliteal lymph node of sheep and was shown to strongly enhance immunological memory. The ratios of IgG2‐cc:IgG1‐cc and lgG2:IgG1 anti‐staphylococcal antibody in lymph‐draining popliteal lymph nodes of sheep stimulated with DXS and S. aureus‐DNP was significantly greater than the same ratios in animals given antigen alone. The IgG subclass‐specific immunomodulatory effects of DXS were exerted whether the adjuvant was given with primary and/or secondary inoculations. There was no difference in the ratio of IgG2:IgG1 anti‐DNP antibody in lymph from animals given S. aureus‐DNP with and without DXS.
Carbonic anhydrase—a marker for particles shed from the epithelium to the lymphoid follicles of the ileal Peyer's patch in goat kids and lambs
Authors: Landsverk T , Jansson A , Nicander L , Pløent L 
Published: July 2007

SummaryCarbonic anhydrase (CA) was found to be a marker for 50 nanometer membrane‐bounded particles shed from the lateral cell border of follicle‐associated epithelial cells (FAE) in the ileal Peyer's patch (PP) of pre‐ and post‐natal lambs and goat kids. The CA‐positive particles seemed to filter into the underlying lymphoid tissue where they formed part of the matrix embedding the cells of the follicle centre.
Analysis of the genetic control of lymphocyte positioning
Authors: Brenan M , Parish CR 
Published: July 2007

SummaryA possible role for the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in the localization of lymphocytes in different lymphoid organs was investigated using inbred mouse strains. Lymphocytes labelled with the intracellular fluorochrome Hoechst 33342 (H33342) were transfused intravenously (IV) into unimmunized mice and the distribution of these labelled lymphocytes examined. In some combinations (e.g. C57BL/6‐ CBA) 2 h after injection allogeneic lymphocytes accumulated in the region between the marginal zones and outer aspects of the white pulp of the spleen. In contrast, in syngeneic controls (e.g. CBA ‐ CBA) the lymphocytes migrated normally into the while pulp. Similar results were obtained in Peyer's patches. Mapping studies in the spleen indicated that the failure to migrate normally is predominantly controlled by the MHC complex, although some non MHC genes may play a role. In the case of the MHC the most definitive combination was BALB/c‐H‐2dm2 (H‐2L deletion mutant) lymphocytes transfused into BALB/c recipients, the mutant lymphocytes failing to migrate normally and, therefore, implicating the H‐2L region in the phenomenon. No differences in the viability of labelled lymphocytes at 6 and 24 h after injection into either syngeneic or allogeneic recipients suggests that the inability of cells to passage through lymphoid organs may represent inappropriate receptors rather than elimination of the allogeneic lymphocytes by natural killer cells (NK) as previously proposed.
DNA sequences of human papillomavirus types 11, 16 or 18 in invasive cervical carcinoma of Western Australian women
Authors: Kulski JK , Howard Megan J , Pixley EC 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) types 11, 16 and 18 in 77 biopsies of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (dysplasia) and carcinoma of the uterine cervix of a sample of women from Western Australia was examined using “Southern” blot hybridisation. HPV‐DNA was found in 17 of the 23 dysplasias and 43 of the 54 invasive carcinomas examined but not in the 5 biopsies obtained from areas assessed as normal by colposcopy and histology.Five of 11 biopsies of mild to moderate dysplasias contained HPV type 11 (HPV‐11), 2 HPV‐16 and 1 HPV‐18. Of 12 severe dysplasias/carcinoma in situ, 2 contained HPV‐11, 4 HPV‐16 and 2 HPV‐18. One biopsy contained both HPV‐11 and HPV‐16.Of 45 squamous cell carcinomas examined for HPV‐DNA, 24 contained HPV‐16, 5 HPV‐11 and 1 HPV‐18. Both HPV‐11 and HPV‐16 were found in 6 of the squamous cell carcinomas and 2 contained both HPV‐16 and HPV‐18. Of 6 adenosquamous carcinomas examined, 3 contained HPV‐DNA, 2 with HPV‐16 and I with HPV‐11. HPV types 16 or 18 were also found in 2 of 3 adenocarcinomas.This study shows a strong association between the papillomavirus and uterine cervical cancer in a sample of women from Western Australia. HPV‐16 was more frequently associated with severe dysplasia and cancer than with mild or moderate dysplasia supporting the view that this HPV genotype may have a greater oncogenic potential than HPV‐11.
Festschrift Maternal autoimmune disease influences self‐tolerance in offspring: The role of suppressor cells and materno‐foetal cell traffic
Authors: Gibson John , Basten Antony 
Published: July 2007

SummaryAutoimmune haemolytic anaemia (AIHA) was induced in normal strain (CBA/Ca/T6) mice by repeated intraperitoneal injection of rat red blood cells (RRBC). Antibody production to cross‐reactive antigens on mouse red blood cells (MRBC) and foreign antigens on RRBC was measured by the direct antiglobulin test (DGAT) and serum haemagglutination, respectively. RRBC primed female or male mice and sheep red blood cell (SRBC) primed controls were mated with naive partners and their progeny immunized with RRBC in adult life. The offspring of mothers but not fathers with active autoimmune disease showed a significant reduction in antibody response to self (MRBC) antigens, whereas the response to non‐self (RRBC) was unaffected. Transfer of 30 × 106 spleen cells from the progeny of RRBC primed mothers into non‐irradiated normal recipients resulted in selective suppression of the anti‐self response following challenge with RRBC, provided that the cell donors had been boosted with RRBC 7–10 days before the transfer was performed. Thus the progeny of mothers with AIHA possessed self‐reactive memory suppressor cells (Ts) shown previously to belong to the Thy‐1+ I‐J+ Ly‐2+ T cell subset in this model. To test whether the Ts were of maternal or foetal origin the suppressor assay was repeated with spleen cells from the F1 offspring of RRBC primed B10.A(3R) (I‐Jb) mothers and normal CBA(I‐Jk) fathers. Pretreatment with anti‐I‐Jk serum plus complement completely abrogated suppression on adoptive transfer but anti‐I‐Jk scrum failed to do so, indicating that the Ts were derived from the mothers. These findings emphasize the potential importance of Ts in induction of self tolerance during early ontogeny.