bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Insecticidal activity of certain benzodioxolyl carbamates
Authors: Brooker P. J. , Gates P. S. , Gillon J. , Newbold G. T. , Saggers D. T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA series of benzodioxolyl carbamates has been prepared and evaluated in the laboratory for insecticidal activity against a range of ten species. The results indicated that this was optimal with the 4‐benzodioxolyl carbamates with a 2,2‐dialkyl substitution. The most promising of these on the basis of cost‐effectiveness was 2,2‐dimethyl‐1,3‐benzodioxol‐4‐yl methylcarbamate, bendiocarb, which is being developed commercially for the control of household pests.
Studies on granular formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis berliner
Authors: Ahmed S. M. , Nagamma M. V. , Majumder S. K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSurvival of the spores of Bacillus thuringiensis in granular formulations has been tested under storage conditions in the laboratory and also outdoor conditions exposed to weather. The granular formulations were prepared with attapulgite and aqueous and non‐aqueous carriers. The virulence of the spore formulation was tested on Bombyx mori larvae. A 0.4% spore concentration, with an initial count of 64 × 106, gave ultimately 0.3 to 0.4 × 106 viable spores/g of the granule after 248 days of storage in the room. The viable count of spores in the granules exposed to outdoor weather conditions fell rapidly within two days; at the end of 65 days, it was maintained at between 3 × 104 and 12 × 104/g of the granules. Optimum concentrations required in granules for 100% mortality of the test insect was found to be 0.4 × 106 spores/g, at the rate of 50 mg of granules per 85 cm2 of leaf surface. The granular formulation of B. thuringiensis was found to be more virulent than “Thuricide” formulation on B. mori larva.
Structural studies and photochemical re‐arrangement of an animal metabolite of HEOD, the active component of dieldrin
Authors: Baldwin Michael K. , Davis Robin A. , Burns Duncan Thorburn 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe structure of 9‐hydroxy HEOD was examined by spectroscopic methods and by photolysis. The hydroxyl group was found to be hydrogen bonded to the epoxy group, and the product of photolysis was a hydroxylated analogue of the previously described photoisomer of HEOD.
Degradation of phosphonates II. The influence of the O‐alkyl group on the breakdown of some O‐alkyl methylphosphonofluoridates in wheat plants
Authors: Howells David J. , Hambrook Joy L. , Utley David , Woodage Janice 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe fate of isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate and cyclohexyl methylphosphonofluoridate in wheat plants has been studied. Using wheat grown in hydroponic culture and applying the compounds via the culture solution, it has been shown that both compounds are rapidly hydrolysed within the plants. Only one of the resulting hydrolysis products, cyclohexyl hydrogen methylphosphonate, was degraded further to methylphosphonic acid: no further degradation of isopropyl hydrogen methylphosphonate was observed. The effects of the nature of the O‐alkyl group on the degradation of O‐alkyl methylphosphonofluoridates in wheat plants are discussed briefly.
Processes affecting herbicide action in soil
Authors: Osgerby J. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe main processes which affect herbicide action in soil are considered to be the extent to which the herbicide is adsorbed by soil particles, the rate of absorption of the herbicide solution by plant roots and the rate at which the herbicide is lost from the soil by decomposition, evaporation or leaching. An attempt is made to show how these factors are interrelated and the possible use of mathematical models to optimise the performance of herbicides is briefly discussed.
Rapid semiquantitative estimation of benzene hexachloride by micro‐t.l.c.
Authors: Visweswariah K. , Jayaram M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe relationship between the spot concentration and the resolution of different components in commercial hexachlorocyclohexane with micro‐ and macro‐thin layer chromatography has been studied. Of the different spot concentrations investigated, only 0.025 μg on micro‐t.l.c. and 1.0 μg on macro‐t.l.c. gave two clear spots which can be made use of for the rapid semiquantitative estimation of benzene hexachloride in insecticide formulations. The application of this technique has been further investigated on different commercial benzene hexachloride dust formulations and the error ranged between 2 and 5%.
New nitrogen‐containing herbicides
Authors: Baskakov Yu. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAcylhydroxylamines have attracted general attention following the successful development of the highly‐efficient linuron group herbicides1 and a search for new herbicides from among this class of compounds has led to the development of three new groups of herbicides2‐7.
O‐Acyl‐N‐carboalkoxy‐N‐arylhydroxylamines (acylates).
N‐Carbamoyl‐N‐arylhydroxylamines (e.g. meturine).
Hydroxylamino derivatives of s‐triazine.
Determination of residues arising from fumigation practice
Authors: Heuser Stanley G. B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWays are described in which multiple residues of fumigants can occur in practice as a result of disinfestation procedures. Developments in multi‐detection methods for fumigants and their reaction products are surveyed and some possible artefacts indicated. Current experimental work on amino‐acid alkylation reactions and the prospects for newer instrumentation and methods are reviewed.
The effect of organophosphorus compounds and oxime carbamates on the potato cyst nematode Heterodera rostochiensis woll
Authors: Hague Nigel G. M. , Pain Brian F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effect of organophosphate and oxime carbamates on the potato cyst nematode, Heterodera rostochiensis was investigated. Although aldicarb slightly delayed emergence of second stage larvae, none of the chemicals decreased total hatch.Aldicarb had a marked effect on second stage larvae in soil which was subsequently reflected in root invasion counts.Comparisons between the initial and final populations (multiplication rate) of the potato cyst nematode are very useful for determining the efficacy of treatment. The evidence from these experiments suggests that organophosphoros compounds and oxime carbamates, although “systemic”, act against plant parasitic nematodes in the soil phase of the life cycle and not in the plant.
Chemical control of cattle ticks—resistance problems
Authors: Harrison Ian R. , Palmer Bryan H. , Wilmshurst Eric C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractChemical control, by dipping or spraying infested cattle with ixodicidal compounds, is the only practicable method of dealing with the cattle tick problem in the short term.Widespread exposure to ixodicidal compounds, often at subeffective concentrations, has resulted in the selection of resistant strains from tick populations.A situation has now been reached where cattle ticks in widely separated parts of the world have shown a capacity to develop resistance to most of the currently available chemical classes of ixodicide. There is a very real probability that these resistant strains will eventually replace susceptible tick populations, particularly in those areas where the cattle tick problem is already most acute. Research and development of new chemical groups of compounds with high ixodicidal activity and low mammalian toxicity is a matter of some urgency.In this review, the biological background of the tick problem is outlined. A brief history of the development of tick resistance to arsenic, organochlorine, organophosphorus and carbamate compounds is given. Reference is made to the underlying biochemical mechanisms involved. Some of the human factors affecting the development of tick resistance are examined and future prospects are assessed.
The anatomy of the leaf surface: The first line of defence
Authors: Juniper Barrie E. , Cox Guy C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe epidermis and its cuticle are the first line of defence of the plant against a hostile environment. They reduce desiccation, the assaults of pathogens and insects and, more recently, the attacks of toxic sprays and aerial pollution.All aerial surfaces of a plant have a cuticle and there may sometimes be found internal cuticles as well. The epidermal cell/cuticle sandwich is as diverse in structure, dimensions and chemistry as the plants on which it is found.Examples of many of these diverse structures are described and illustrated and their possible roles discussed.
The chemical environment of leaf surfaces with special reference to spore germination of pathogenic fungi
Authors: Blakeman J. Peter 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe release of diffusible substances from plant leaves, fungal spores or from pollen into water droplets on the surface of leaves is discussed in relation to (1) direct and indirect effects on spores of pathogens and (2) the effect on the growth of saprophytic micro‐organisms. Evidence suggests that competition for nutrients in droplets on leaves may limit germination of spores of some pathogens. Modification of the chemical environment of leaf surfaces by saprophytic micro‐organisms is discussed in relation to lytic enzyme and antibiotic production, cuticle degradation, production of growth substances and fixation of nitrogen.Examples are given of the effect on pathogenic fungi of diffusible toxins from leaves and inhibitors associated with surface wax. Treatments of leaves that remove or reduce surface wax can result in a stimulation of spore germination of some pathogenic fungi. The possible occurrence of phytoalexins on leaf surfaces prior to entry of pathogens into leaves is discussed in relation to differences in host‐pathogen interaction.
Effects of atmospheric pollution on leaf surface microflora
Authors: Saunders Peter J. W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis review of the effects of atmospheric pollution on leaf surface microflora commences with a brief look at the various pollutants and their dynamics, deposition and behaviour on the leaf surface. The indirect and direct effects of pollution on the microflora are then discussed. Considerable attention is paid to sulphur dioxide, especially to its effects as a gaseous pollutant and in solution on the leaf surface where it exhibits selective toxicity to individual members of the microflora.
A chromogenic column for determining phosphine in air
Authors: Muthu M. , Majumder S. K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA 1% solution of mercuric chloride in 0.1% cresol red in ethanol, impregnated onto celite and filled into a glass tube [17.8 cm × 0.2 cm (i.d.)] could accurately determine even 0.06 μg phosphine in air. The samples were injected quickly through a rubber septum cap on the glass tubes under low suction. A red coloured band developed instantaneously, the length being proportional to the concentration of phosphine. A calibration curve was prepared with known concentrations of phosphine. The concentrations present in a fumigation chamber were determined and compared with concurrent chemical analysis. There was close agreement between the two methods.A 1:3 and 1:6 mixture of phosphine and ammonia produced two bands, a yellow ammonia band preceding the red phosphine band. However, ammonia interfered with the proper development of the phosphine band.
Pest and disease control in blackcurrants and apples by the use of overhead irrigation sprinklers
Authors: Herrington Pamela J. , Morgan Norman G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn field experiments on the effectiveness of overhead irrigation spraying of crop protection chemicals, an oscillating bar sprinkler was compared with hand spraying in post‐harvest applications of protective fungicides mancozeb (0.096% a.i.) with zineb (0.022% a.i.) for the control of blackcurrant leaf spot, Pseudopeziza ribis. Twin‐jet rotating sprinkler nozzles were compared with conventional automatic spraying of Cox's Orange Pippin apple trees in the application of a malathion emulsion (0.125% a.i.) for the control of apple‐grass aphid, Rhopalosiphum insertum and also in applications of pre‐blossom dodine emulsion (0.03% a.i.) and post‐blossom captan suspension (0.09% a.i.) for control of apple scab, Venturia inaequalis. All applications were made at a nominal rate of 2250 litres/ha (200 gal/acre).On blackcurrants, the hand spraying gave much better control of leaf spot and was shown by fluorescent tracer assessment to give more cover on the lower surfaces of the leaves than the sprinkler.On apple, the rotating sprinklers gave almost as good control of apple‐grass aphid and apple scab as the conventional automatic spraying. The malathion deposit levels, determined by g.l.c., on the flower trusses were also comparable, though the liquid volume distribution from the irrigation nozzles was uneven.
Synthesis and insecticidal properties of some 2‐substituted‐3‐oxo‐4‐halo‐5(2H)‐pyridazinyl phosphorus esters
Authors: Konečný Václav 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA series of novel esters of organophosphorus compounds were prepared from 2‐substituted‐4‐halo‐5‐hydroxy‐3(2H)‐pyridazinone and their insecticidal effects were studied. Many of the compounds prepared showed insecticidal and acaricidal contact activity.
Quick estimation of dieldrin in fresh cotton‐leaf samples
Authors: Phillips Fred T. , Sethi Gulshar R. , Kavadia Virendra S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractHexane was the most convenient extraction solvent. Consistent recoveries of 80% dieldrin were obtained after cold grinding with 10 mi hexane/g of leaf for 5 min. After filtering, solutions did not require a “clean‐up” before g.l.c. analysis, provided they were not concentrated further. Radioactive dieldrin in such extracts could be directly counted with a simple scintillation apparatus if pre‐treated with acidified potassium permanganate solution to eliminate the colour‐quenching effect and stored in the dark for 24 h to allow phosphorescence from some leaf materials to decay.Extractions using other solvents would need a “clean‐up” procedure before g.l.c. analysis, but radioactive dieldrin in hexane‐isopropanol extracts could be quickly estimated by simple scintillation counting after decolorisation with sodium hypochlorite and storage in the dark for 24 h.
New compounds active against resistant cattle ticks (Boophilus spp.): Relationship between structure and activity within the group of cyclic amidines
Authors: Enders Edgar , Stendel Wilhelm , Wollweber Hartmund 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA series of cyclic amidines is described, many of which are highly active against resistant cattle ticks, Boophilus spp. The preferred compound is clenpyrin, 1‐butyl‐2‐(3,4‐dichlorphenylimino)pyrrolidine which paralyses the cattle ticks and inhibits their egg‐production.
Selectivity and mode of action of ethyl (±)‐2‐(N‐benzoyl‐3,4‐dichloroamiino)propionate in the control of Arena fatua in cereals
Authors: Jeffcoat Brian , Harries W. Norton 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe activity of foliar applications of ethyl (±)‐2‐(N‐benzoyl‐3,4‐dichloroanilino)—propionate(benzoylprop‐ethyl)to oat was dependent upon its degradation to the biologically active acid (benzoylprop). The acid, unlike benzoylprop‐ethyl, showed some movement via the phloem from the foliage to the stem where it inhibited stem elongation through an effect on cell expansion. The resulting stunted wild plants oat were unable to compete successfully with the cereal crop.Selectivity of the herbicide was dependent on its relative rate of de‐esterification, and the subsequent detoxication of the acid to inactive conjugates. De‐esterification was fastest in oat and slowest in wheat. The rate of detoxication in wheat prevented the accumulation of the acid to phytotoxic levels but in oat, although the rate of detoxication was higher, it failed to prevent the occurrence of phytotoxic levels of benzoylprop. In barley de‐esterification was slower than in oat, and detoxication again failed to prevent some accumulation of the acid.
1,3,5‐Triazapenta‐1,4‐dienes: Chemical aspects of a new group of pesticides
Authors: Harrison Ian R. , Kozlik Antonin , McCarthy John F. , Palmer Bryan H. , Wakerley Stanley B. , Watkins T. Iswel , Weighton D. Michael 
Published: November 2006

Abstract1,3,5‐Triazapenta‐1,4‐dienes of formula ArNCHN(R)CHNAr′, are a new group of biologically active compounds. Various general methods for their preparation are described and their physical and chemical properties, including stability over range of pHs, are discussed. The unsymmetrical 1,3,5‐triaza‐penta‐1,4‐dienes(Ar≠Ar′) are unstable; insolution, particularly, they equilibrate to the corresponding stable symmetrical analogues.Structure‐activity relationships in laboratory tests against Boophilus microplus and Tetranychus urticae are discussed. Problems in the synthesis of ring‐[14C]‐amitraz,b [1,5‐di‐(2,4‐dimethylphenyl)‐3‐methyl‐1,3,5‐triazapenta‐l,4‐diene], an active member of the group, are outlined.
Survey of pesticide usage in crops grown for processing
Authors: Gair Robert , Sly John M. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe usage of pesticides on crops grown mostly for processing is reviewed. Topics presented include: the relative costs of production, the extent of usage of pesticides and the reasons for their use, regional differences and changes in usage, the methods of application, the frequency of application and the growers' assessment of the success of the treatments. Examples of problems in attaining the desirable degree of control are given.
The estimation of surface residues of benomyl on treated bananas
Authors: Cox John , Donegan Lawrence , Pinegar John A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA simple rinsing technique for the extraction of benomyl residues present on the skin of bananas, a microbiological assay and a u.v. spectrophotometric assay for its estimation are described. Use of these in a persistence study with benomyl on bananas showed good recovery by both methods. Preliminary work on plantation‐treated bananas revealed that the benomyl was persisting unchanged and not decomposing to any appreciable extent during ripening and storage of the fruit.
The weathering of ant baits containing aldrin, dieldrin and meirx in trinidad
Authors: Phillips Fred T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSufficinent amounts of insecticide remained in baits to be effecitive against ants over the period when baits retained their attractiveness. Aldrin was lost at similar rates from waterproofed and non‐waterproofed baits, but the former had advantages over the latter. Dieldrin and mirex were lost at slower ratesthan aldrin, and insecticide losses were governed by temperature and not by rainfall.
Inhibitors of cyclodiene epoxide ring hydrating enzymes of the blowfly, Calliphova erythvocephala
Authors: Brooks Gerald T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA cyclodiene epoxide notable for its susceptibility to enzymic epoxide ring hydration in living organisms has been used to investigate potential inhibitors of the enzyme involved (epoxide hydrase), which is mainly microsomal, but distinct from the microsomal oxidases. Compounds with varying degrees of inhibitory efficiency include insect hormone analogues containing epoxide rings, certain other epoxides, methylenedioxybenzene‐derived insecticide synergists, tri‐o‐cresyl phosphate, triphenyl phosphate and the microsomal oxidase inhibitor SKF 525A. The simple epoxides 1,l,l‐trichloro‐2,3‐epoxy‐propane and l,2‐epoxy‐l,2,3,4‐tetrahydronaphthalene are the best inhibitors of this enzyme in blowfly pupal homogenates.
An evaluation of impregnated respirator canister carbons for phosphine removal from air
Authors: Muthu M. , Krishnamurthy T. S. , Majumder S. K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe following gas mask canister carbon fillings were evaluated in laboratory and man tests against phosphine which is finding favour as a fumigant for food stuffs: activated carbons impregnated with (1) copper sulphate, (2) potassium dichromate and silver chromate, (3) copper carbonate, potassium chromate and silver chromate and (4) potassium permanganate.Impregnation with copper sulphate (12% w/w) proved to be effective and economical. A cumulative service time of 5.2 mg h/litre was obtained in the laboratory tests at 1.7 mg/litre phosphine in air and 3.1 mg h/litre at 0.2‐1.5 mg/litre phosphine in the man tests.
The rapid determination of atrazine residues in soil using infrared spectrophotometry
Authors: Glennie‐Holmes Malcolm 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA rapid method for the determination of atrazine (2‐chloro‐6‐ethy!amino‐4‐isopropylamino‐l,3,5‐triazine) residues in soil is presented. The method, which is particularly suited to laboratory studies of leaching or degradation, has the advantage of rapid throughput as it requires no clean‐up steps. Interference by different soil types, however, prevents its use in normal soil residue assays.
Triazolines VII. Results of screening l,5‐diaryl‐Δ2‐l,2,3‐triazolines for pesticidal properties
Authors: Kadaba Pankaja K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTwenty‐one l,5‐diaryl‐δ2‐l,2,3‐triazolines were screened for the first time for pesticidal properties—insecticidal, fungicidal, bactericidal and virucidal. Five of the compounds showed some fungicidal activity, and 13 exhibited low level insecticidal activity, mostly toward the Mexican bean beetle.
Analytical method for residues of bromoxynil octanoate and bromoxynil in soil
Authors: Crouch Robert V. , Pullin Eileen M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA method is described for the analysis of bromoxynil and its octanoate in soil. The sample is extracted with ammoniacal methanol which, on standing, converts any octanoate present to bromoxynil. Diazomethane converts this to bromoxynil methyl ether which is estimated by g.l.c. Additional clean‐up may be effected by t.l.c. With a 40 g sample the method can detect 0.05 mg/kg. Recoveries are better than 80 % down to 0.1 mg/kg and about 55 % at the limit of detection (0.05 mg/kg).
The use of the analogue computer in pesticide research
Authors: Osgerby John M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe basic components of a general‐purpose analogue computer are described in terms of their operational functions. Their use in pesticide research has been extremely limited but such examples as exist are reviewed.Examples of the use of analogue computers are given. These include the simulation of single and consecutive first‐order reactions, the sorption‐desorption processes affecting the availability of pesticides in soils, diffusion and leaching in soils and the build‐up of residues in soils following repeated annual applications to the soil surface.
A colorimetric method for the determination of eight carbamate insecticide residues
Authors: Ramasamy Murugesu 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA simple, quick and reliable method is described for the colorimetric estimation of residues of eight carbamate insecticides. The method is applicable to carbamates which on hydrolysis yield phenols with free para‐positions suitable for coupling with a diazo reagent to yield coloured solutions. Optimum conditions for the development and measurement of the colour are described. Analytical data including graphs and some results from mud‐bricks and cloth are presented to show the wide applicability of the method.
Concentration‐time relationships for methyl isothiocyanate in soil after injection of metham‐sodium
Authors: Leistra Minze , Smelt Johan H. , Nollen Harry M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSoil fumigation with metham‐sodium in the field was studied in detail by characterising soil and climatic conditions, and by measuring concentrations of methyl isothiocyanate. The effectiveness of two dosages in two contrasting soil profiles was compared on the basis of computed concentration‐time products for methyl isothiocyanate in the water phase. Under wet conditions, the vapour diffusion of methyl isothiocyanate was very slow and resulted in an irregular distribution in the soil. Showers further decreased effectiveness in the upper part of the soil. A dried top layer was unfavourable for the concentration‐time product near to the surface. Diffusion of methyl isothiocyanate to depths greater than about 30 cm was very slow.