bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measurements of hypoxia ([18F]‐FMISO, [18F]‐EF5) with positron emission tomography (PET) and perfusion using PET ([15O]‐H2O) and power Doppler ultrasonography in feline fibrosarcomas*
Authors: Allemann K. , Wyss M. T. , Wergin M. , Ohlerth S. , Rohrer‐Bley C. , Evans S. M. , Schubiger A. P. , Ametamey S. M. , Kaser‐Hotz B. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate if hypoxia in feline fibrosarcomas can be detected. This was done using positron emission tomography (PET), two hypoxia tracers and polarographic pO2measurements. Of the seven cats included, five received [18F]‐fluoromisonidazole and two 2‐(2‐nitro‐1H‐imidazol‐1‐yl)‐N‐(2,2,3,3,3‐pentafluoropropyl) acetamide. Perfusion was evaluated with [15O]‐H2O (n = 4) and with contrast‐enhanced power Doppler ultrasonography (n = 5). Hypoxia was detected in three cats. Polarographic pO2measurements did not confirm PET results. In the ultrasonographic evaluation, low vascularity and low perfusion were seen with a peripheral vascular pattern and no perfusion in the centre of the tumour. This was in contrast to the [15O]‐H2O scans, where central perfusion of the tumour was also found. In conclusion, it appears that hypoxia exists in this tumour type. The presence of tumour necrosis and heterogeneous hypoxia patterns in these tumours may explain the found discrepancies between the applied techniques.
Comparison of T Cell Subsets Between Somatic Cloned and Normal Cow
Authors: Tanaka Sachi , Miyazawa Kohtaro , Watanabe Kouichi , Ohwada Shyuichi , Aso Hisashi , Yonai Miharu , Saito Norio , Yamaguchi Takahiro 
Published: December 2005

Problem  Somatic cloning technology is beneficial for genetically producing excellent animals. However, many developmental problems of somatically cloned animals have been described. Some of them may cause disorders of the immune system, resulting in the fluctuation of the proportion of white blood cells (WBC), different from that of normal animals in peripheral blood.Method of study  In Holstein‐ cloned and normal cows, the fluctuation of granulocytes, monocytes, B cells and T cells, and further T cell subsets (CD4+, CD8+, γδ, CD8+γδ and WC1+γδ T cell) in peripheral blood were analyzed in early lactation stage (ELS) and mid to late lactation stage (MLS) by flow cytometry using specific monoclonal antibodies for cell surface markers.Results  In both ELS and MLS, there were no significant differences in the proportions of granulocytes, monocytes, B cells and T cells between cloned and normal cows. In T cell subsets, γδ and WC1+γδ T cells in cloned cows were significantly less frequent than in normal cows in ELS. The decreased proportions of γδ and WC1+γδ T cells recovered to the level of normal cows in MLS.Conclusions  The population of granulocytes, monocytes, B cells and T cells, and T cell subsets except for γδ and WC1+γδ T cells in cloned cows fluctuated in a manner similar to those of normal cows during lactation. In ELS, the proportions of γδ and WC1+γδ T cells temporarily declined in cloned cows, suggesting that cloned cows may fall into an immunosuppressive state in ELS.
Aspirin Desensitization in the Treatment of Antiphospholipid Syndrome during Pregnancy in ASA‐sensitive Patients
Authors: Alijotas‐Reig Jaume , Miguel‐Moncín Mar San , Cisteró‐Bahíma Anna 
Published: December 2005

Problem Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is associated with thrombosis and poor pregnancy outcome in the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL). Patients with aPL have a high risk of foetal loss. However, with low‐dose aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid; ASA) in combination with subcutaneous heparin, the chances of full‐term delivery increase. Nevertheless, ASA treatment is avoided in pregnant, ASA‐sensitive women with APS.Methods Rapid oral challenge‐desensitization to ASA was performed in four pregnant women with a history of APS and aspirin sensitivity. In three patients, desensitization was performed during pregnancy and before the next pregnancy in the fourth. Desensitization was carried out in the ICU using increasing doses of aspirin (0.1–125 mg) over a 24‐hr period.Results Successful ASA desensitization was achieved in all the patients. No severe side effects occurred during the desensitization test. Only one patient required a small oral dose of antihistamines.Conclusions Aspirin desensitization may be a safe alternative even during pregnancy if carefully monitored and permit patients with APS to receive treatment with ASA. This would constitute a new indication in pregnant women with APS and ASA sensitivity.
The Effect of Serum Concentration of Leukaemia Inhibitory Factor on In Vitro Fertilization Treatment Outcome
Authors: Thum Meen‐yau , Abdalla Hossam I. , Bhaskaran Shree , Harden Emily L. , Ford Brian , Sumar N. , Shehata Hassan , Bansal Amolak S. 
Published: December 2005

Problem To evaluate the association of peripheral leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) levels on implantation and miscarriage rates after in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment.Methods Prospective observational study of 120 randomly selected women who underwent IVF treatment. The concentration of LIF in serum was determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.Results There was no significant differences with regard to the systemic mean LIF concentration between the pregnant (42 patients, LIF: 11.55 pg/mL ± 5.3 S.D.) and non‐pregnant (66 patients, LIF: 13.47 pg/mL ± 5.1 S.D.) women after IVF treatment. Likewise, for those women who have positive pregnancy after IVF treatment, the systemic mean LIF levels were not significantly different between women who have an ongoing pregnancy (34 ongoing pregnancy, LIF: 11.26 pg/mL ± 5.2 S.D.) and those who had miscarriage (eight miscarriage, LIF: 12.78 pg/mL ± 5.6 S.D.).Conclusion The systemic levels of LIF concentration have no association with implantation rate or miscarriage rate in women undergoing IVF treatment. Measuring serum LIF concentration prior to embryo transfer in IVF treatment has no predictive value of implantation rate or miscarriage rate.
Antigen Presentation by Human Uterine Epithelial Cells to Autologous T Cells
Authors: Fahey John V. , Wallace Paul K. , Johnson Kristy , Guyre Paul M. , Wira Charles R. 
Published: December 2005

Problem  Epithelial cells, as sentinels of immune protection in the endometrium, use innate immune mechanisms to protect against infection from pathogenic microbes. Our goal in this study was to assess the ability of human uterine epithelial cells to present antigen to cells of the adaptive immune system.Method of study  Highly purified preparations of uterine epithelial cells from 11 patients were assessed for their ability to present tetanus toxoid (TT) to autologous T cells. Leukocyte contamination in the epithelial cell preparations was numerically and functionally determined. Using confocal microscopy, epithelial cells were tested for the expression of CD40 and CD1d.Results  Purified preparations of endometrial epithelial cells isolated from every patient presented TT recall antigen to autologous T cells. Leukocyte contamination of epithelial cell preparations was insignificant. Uterine epithelial cells express CD40 and CD1d.Conclusion  Antigen presentation is an additional aspect of uterine epithelial cell function in maintaining women's health.
Alterations in Syncytiotrophoblast Cytokine Expression Following Treatment with Lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Ma Yuehong , Mor Gil , Abrahams Vikki M. , Buhimschi Irina A , Buhimschi Catalin S , Guller Seth 
Published: December 2005

Problem  The placental syncytium is a differentiated cell type on the surface of the villus that has the potential to release cytokines directly to maternal blood. Responsiveness of this cell type to inflammatory compounds remains largely unelucidated.Method of study  Response to a pro‐inflammatory (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) and an anti‐inflammatory (dexamethasone, DEX) compound was studied in primary cultures of syncytiotrophoblasts (SCTs). Cells were incubated with and without LPS and DEX. Cytokine levels in conditioned media were determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and proteome arrays.Results  LPS treatment induced a fourfold increase in interleukin‐8 (IL‐8) levels in SCTs. LPS enhanced the expression of both pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokines in SCTs. DEX treatment reduced IL‐8 levels in control and LPS‐treated cultures by 70–90%.Conclusion  Cytokine expression in SCTs was enhanced by LPS treatment and this effect was suppressed by glucocorticoid treatment. This suggests that inflammatory compounds may alter cytokine expression in the syncytium throughout gestation.
Successional Patterns of Microfungi in Fallen Leaves of Ficus pleurocarpa (Moraceae) in an Australian Tropical Rain Forest1
Authors: Paulus Barbara , Gadek Paul , Hyde Kevin 
Published: December 2005

ABSTRACTSuccessional patterns of microfungi on decaying leaves of Ficus pleurocarpa were assessed as part of a study to enumerate microfungi in tropical rain forest leaf litter. Leaves degraded into fragments over a period of 3 mo. Two methods were applied, a direct observational method and a particle filtration protocol. Using a direct method, 104 species were observed, while 53 sporulating taxa and 100 sterile morphotaxa were isolated by particle filtration. Overall patterns of succession were confirmed by both methods, but the relative abundance of species detected differed between the two methods. Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling identified at least four successional stages and suggested that microfungal communities increased in similarity with advancing decay. Data collected by the direct method indicated a slow but steady decline of diversity with advancing decay, whereas an increase in diversity was detected by particle filtration. Synecological succession studies provide a useful tool to identify patterns and generate hypotheses. Understanding the underlying causes of successional patterns will require further autecological studies.
Nectarivory by Endemic Malagasy Fruit Bats During the Dry Season1
Authors: Andriafidison Daudet , Andrianaivoarivelo Radosoa A. , Ramilijaona Olga R. , Razanahoera Marlène R. , MacKinnon James , Jenkins Richard K. B. , Racey Paul A. 
Published: December 2005

ABSTRACTMadagascar has a distinctive fruit bat community consisting ofPteropus rufus,Eidolon dupreanum, andRousettus madagascariensis. In this study, we observed fruit bat visits to flowering baobabs (Adansonia suarezensisandAdansonia grandidieri) and kapok trees (Ceiba pentandra) during the austral winter.Eidolon dupreanumwas recorded feeding on the nectar of baobabs and kapok,P. rufuswas observed feeding on kapok only and noR. madagascariensiswere seen. Three mammals species, two small lemurs (Phaner furciferandMirza coquereli) andE. dupreanum, made nondestructive visits to floweringA. grandidieriand are therefore all potential pollinators of this endangered baobab. This is the first evidence to show thatA. grandidieriis bat‐pollinated and further demonstrates the close link between fruit bats and some of Madagascar's endemic plants.Eidolon dupreanumwas the only mammal species recorded visitingA. suarezensisand visits peaked at the reported times of maximum nectar concentration.Pteropus rufusvisited kapok mostly before midnight when most nectar was available, butE. dupreanumvisited later in the night. These differences in timing of foraging on kapok can be explained either by differing distances from the roost sites of each species or by resource partitioning. We advocate increased levels of protection, education awareness, and applied research on both mammal‐pollinated baobab species and fruit bats, and suggest that both baobabs and bats are candidate “flagship species” for the threatened dry forests of Madagascar.
Rapid Assessment of Lepidoptera Predation Rates in Neotropical Forest Fragments1
Authors: Koh Lian Pin , Menge Duncan N. L. 
Published: December 2005

ABSTRACTThe mechanisms underlying responses of invertebrates to forest edges remain poorly understood. Here, we use an experimental approach to investigate the predation rates on butterflies in two neotropical forest fragments. Neither distance from forest edge nor degree of forest openness affected predation rates on artificial caterpillars. The mean predation rate of artificial caterpillars on Barro Colorado Island (1500 ha) was significantly higher than that on Peninsula Gigante (2600 ha) likely due to density‐dependent effects. Our study demonstrates the utility of artificial predation experiments for rapid assessment of relative lepidoptera predation rates in tropical forests.
Remediation of DNAPL Source Zones with Granular Iron: Laboratory and Field Tests
Authors: Wadley Sharon L. S. , Gillham Robert W. , Gui Lai 
Published: December 2005

AbstractDegradation of dissolved chlorinated solvents using granular iron is an established in situ technology. This paper reports on investigations into mixing iron and bentonite with contaminated soil for in situ containment and degradation of dense nonaqueous phase liquid source zones. In the laboratory, hypovials containing soil, water, bentonite, iron, and free‐phase trichloroethene (TCE) were assembled. Periodic measurement of TCE, chloride, and degradation products showed progressive degradation of TCE to nondetectable levels. Subsequently, a demonstration was conducted at Canadian Forces Base Borden near Alliston, Ontario, Canada, where, in 1991, a portion of the surficial aquifer was isolated and free‐phase tetrachloroethene (PCE) was introduced. Using a drill rig equipped with large‐diameter mixing blades, three mixed zones were prepared containing 0%, 5%, and 10% granular iron by volume. The bentonite was added to serve as a lubricant to facilitate injection of the iron and to isolate the contaminated zone. Analysis of core samples showed reasonably uniform distributions of iron through the mixed zones. Monitoring over a 13‐month period following installation showed, relative to the control, a decline in PCE concentrations to virtually nondetectable values. Reaction rates in the laboratory tests were similar to those reported in the literature, while the rate in the field test was substantially lower. The lower rate may be a consequence of mass transfer limitations under the static conditions of the field test. Results indicate that mixing iron and bentonite into source zones may be an effective means of source‐zone remediation, with the particular advantage of being relatively immune to effects of geologic heterogeneity.
Direct‐Push Hydrostratigraphic Profiling: Coupling Electrical Logging and Slug Tests
Authors: Sellwood Stephen M. , Healey John M. , Birk Steffen , Butler James J. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractSpatial variations in hydraulic conductivity (K) can significantly affect the transport of contaminants in ground water. Conventional field methods, however, rarely provide a description of these variations at the level of detail necessary for reliable transport predictions and effective remediation designs. A direct‐push (DP) method, hydrostrati‐graphic profiling, has been developed to characterize the spatial variability of both electrical conductivity (EC) and hydraulic conductivity in unconsolidated formations in a cost‐effective manner. This method couples a dual‐rod approach for performing slug tests in DP equipment with high‐resolution EC logging. The method was evaluated at an extensively studied site in the Kansas River floodplain. A series of profiles was performed on a surface grid, resulting in a detailed depiction of the three‐dimensional distribution of EC and K. Good agreement was found between K estimates obtained from this approach and those obtained using other methods. The results of the field evaluation indicate that DP hydrostratigraphic profiling is a promising method for obtaining detailed information about spatial variations in subsurface properties without the need for permanent wells.
Matrix Diffusion‐Derived Plume Attenuation in Fractured Bedrock
Authors: Lipson David S. , Kueper Bernard H. , Gefell Michael J. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractMatrix diffusion can attenuate the rate of plume migration in fractured bedrock relative to the rate of ground water flow for both conservative and nonconservative solutes of interest. In a system of parallel, equally spaced constant aperture fractures subject to steady‐state ground water flow and an infinite source width, the degree of plume attenuation increases with time and travel distance, eventually reaching an asymptotic level. The asymptotic degree of plume attenuation in the absence of degradation can be predicted by a plume attenuation factor, β, which is readily estimated as R′ (φm/φf), where R′ is the retardation factor in the matrix, φm is the matrix porosity, and φf, is the fracture porosity. This dual‐porosity relationship can also be thought of as the ratio of primary to secondary porosity. β represents the rate of ground water flow in fractures relative to the rate of plume advance. For the conditions examined in this study, β increases with greater matrix porosity, greater matrix fraction organic carbon, larger fracture spacing, and smaller fracture aperture. These concepts are illustrated using a case study where dense nonaqueous phase liquid in fractured sandstone produced a dissolved‐phase trichloroethylene (TCE) plume ∼300 m in length. Transport parameters such as matrix porosity, fracture porosity, hydraulic gradient, and the matrix retardation factor were characterized at the site through field investigations. In the fractured sandstone bedrock examined in this study, the asymptotic plume attenuation factors (β values) for conservative and nonconservative solutes (i.e., chloride and TCE) were predicted to be ∼800 and 12,210, respectively. Quantitative analyses demonstrate that a porous media (single‐porosity) solute transport model is not appropriate for simulating contaminant transport in fractured sandstone where matrix diffusion occurs. Rather, simulations need to be conducted with either a discrete fracture model that explicitly incorporates matrix diffusion, or a dual‐continuum model that accounts for mass transfer between mobile and immobile zones. Simulations also demonstrate that back diffusion from the matrix to fractures will likely be the time‐limiting factor in reaching ground water cleanup goals in some fractured bedrock environments.
A Closed Form Slug Test Theory for High Permeability Aquifers
Authors: Ostendorf David W. , DeGroot Don J. , Dunaj Philip J. , Jakubowski Joseph 
Published: December 2005

AbstractWe incorporate a linear estimate of casing friction into the analytical slug test theory of Springer and Gelhar (1991) for high permeability aquifers. The modified theory elucidates the influence of inertia and casing friction on consistent, closed form equations for the free surface, pressure, and velocity fluctuations for overdamped and under‐damped conditions. A consistent, but small, correction for kinetic energy is included as well. A characteristic velocity linearizes the turbulent casing shear stress so that an analytical solution for attenuated, phase shifted pressure fluctuations fits a single parameter (damping frequency) to transducer data from any depth in the casing. Underdamped slug tests of 0.3, 0.6, and 1 m amplitudes at five transducer depths in a 5.1 cm diameter PVC well 21 m deep in the Plymouth‐Carver Aquifer yield a consistent hydraulic conductivity of 1.5 × 10−3 m/s. The Springer and Gelhar (1991) model underestimates the hydraulic conductivity for these tests by as muchas 25% by improperly ascribing smooth turbulent casing friction to the aquifer. The match point normalization of Butler (1998) agrees with our fitted hydraulic conductivity, however, when friction is included in the damping frequency. Zurbuchen et al. (2002) use a numerical model to establish a similar sensitivity of hydraulic conductivity to nonlinear casing friction.
Effects of Gas Generation and Precipitates on Performance of Fe° PRBs
Authors: Zhang Yousheng , Gillham Robert W. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractLong‐term reactivity and permeability are critical factors in the performance of granular iron permeable reactive barriers (PRBs). Thus it is a topic of great practical importance, as well as scientific interest. In this study, four types of source solutions (distilled H2O, 10 mg/L TCE, 300 mg/L CaCO3, and 10 mg/L TCE + 300 mg/L CaCO3) were supplied to four columns containing a commercial granular iron material. In all four columns, gases accumulated to ∼ 10% of the initial porosity and resulted in declines in permeability of ∼ 50% to 80%. In the columns receiving CaCO3, carbonate precipitates accumulated to ∼ 7% of the initial porosity, with no apparent decline in permeability. The data indicate that precipitates formed initially at the influent ends of the columns, reducing the reactivity of the iron in this region. As a consequence of the reduced reactivity, calcium and bicarbonate migrated further into the column, to precipitate in a region where the reactivity remained high. Thus precipitation occurred as a moving front through the columns. The results suggest improved methods for PRB design and rehabilitation, and also suggest improvements that are needed in the mathematical models developed for predicting long‐term performance.
A Passive‐Discrete Water Sampler for Monitoring Seepage
Authors: Salve Rohit 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThis paper presents the design of the passive‐discrete water sampler (PDWS) which has been developed to facilitate investigations of flow partitioning in fractured rocks. The PDWS continuously isolates seeping water into discrete samples while monitoring the seepage rate. The PDWS was used in a flow and transport experiment that investigated fracture‐matrix interactions. During the experiment, a mix of conservative tracers with significantly different diffusion coefficients (lithium bromide [LiBr] and pentafluorobenzoic acid [PFBA]) was introduced along a fault located in fractured tuffs, and water seeping through the lower end of the fault was collected by the PDWS and analyzed for tracer concentrations. Preliminary results from this investigation show that samples of effluent captured by the PDWS effectively retained temporal changes in the chemical signature, while providing seepage rates.