bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of Sindbis Viruses Encoding nsP2/GFP Chimeric Proteins and Their Application for Studying nsP2 Functioning
Authors: Atasheva Svetlana , Gorchakov Rodion , English Robert , Frolov Ilya , Frolova Elena 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT
Sindbis virus (SINV) is one of almost 30 currently known alphaviruses. In infected cells, it produces only a few proteins that function in virus replication and interfere with the development of the antiviral response. One of the viral nonstructural proteins, nsP2, not only exhibits protease and RNA helicase activities that are directly involved in viral RNA replication but also plays critical roles in the development of transcriptional and translational shutoffs in the SINV-infected cells. These multiple activities of nsP2 complicate investigations of this protein's functions and further understanding of its structure. Using a transposon-based approach, we generated a cDNA library of SINV genomes with a green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene randomly inserted into nsP2 and identified a number of sites that can be used for GFP cloning without a strong effect on virus replication. Recombinant SIN viruses encoding nsP2/GFP chimeric protein were capable of growth in tissue culture and interfering with cellular functions. SINV, expressing GFP in the nsP2, was used to isolate nsP2-specific protein complexes formed in the cytoplasm of the infected cells. These complexes contained viral nsPs, all of the cellular proteins that we previously coisolated with SINV nsP3, and some additional protein factors that were not found before in detectable concentrations. The random insertion library-based approach, followed by the selection of the viable variants expressing heterologous proteins, can be applied for mapping the domain structure of the viral nonstructural and structural proteins, cloning of peptide tags for isolation of the protein-specific complexes, and studying their formation by using live-cell imaging. This approach may also be applicable to presentation of additional antigens and retargeting of viruses to new receptors.
A Friendship of Metal and Stone: Representations of Fan Juqing and Zhang Yuanbo in the Ming Dynasty
Authors: Besio Kimberly 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis essay examines representation of male friendship in Ming vernacular literature through an analysis of works that retell the story of two late Han friends, Fan Juqing and Zhang Yuanbo. Throughout the Ming, versions of the tale were produced in a variety of literary genres including a zaju play and a vernacular short story. Both the drama and the short story are extant in multiple editions, providing us insights into how they were interpreted by various literati editors. The durability of the friendship between Fan and Zhang—an essential aspect in all depictions of their story—is vividly evoked by the phrase that characterizes their relationship in dramatic literature: "a friendship of metal and stone." The late Ming editions of the play and the short story underline the two friends' unbending commitment to their friendship through a variety of textual and paratextual additions and emendations. In the hands of these late Ming literati editors the two friends Fan and Zhang thus become heroic figures worthy of eternal respect.
Ethics in Stoic Philosophy
Authors: Annas Julia 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWhen examining the role of Stoic ethics within Stoic philosophy as a whole, it is useful for us to look at the Stoic view of the way in which philosophy is made up of parts. The aim is a synoptic and integrated understanding of the theoremata of all the parts, something which can be achieved in a variety of ways, either by subsequent integration of separate study of the three parts or by proceeding through 'mixed' presentations, which can be made at varying levels of understanding.In two presentations of Stoic ethics we find initially baffling claims about the life of virtue being 'the same as' or 'equivalent to' the life according to nature. These indicate approaches in which understanding of ethical concepts was enlarged and enriched by study of physics. Interpretation which makes physics in these passages into ethical foundations answers poorly to the ancient texts and raises severe difficulties as an interpretation of Stoicism. Two texts which have been taken to commit Stoics to a foundationalist view of the relation of ethics and physics do not in fact do so; rather, they fit well into the holistic view of philosophy and its parts.
Building community following displacement due to armed conflict
Authors: Frederico Margarita M. , Picton Clifford J. , Muncy Steven , Ongsiapco Luis Ma , Santos Celia , Hernandez Vladimir 
Published: March 2007

English Facilitating participation with people displaced due to internal armed conflict is a core challenge in community building. The case study presented in this article identifies the elements of a community-building approach which achieved sustainable outcomes for individuals and communities in Mindanao, Philippines where hundreds of thousands of people were displaced during armed conflict between 2000 and 2003. French Inciter la participation de personnes dé placées à la suite d'un conflit intérieur armé pour reconstruire la communauté représente un dé fi de taille. La présente étude de cas identifie les éléments d'une approche de développement communautaire qui a obtenu des ré sultats durables aupre` s de personnes et de communautés de Mindanao aux Philippines où des centaines de milliers de personnes furent dé placées durant les conflits, entre 2000 et 2003. Spanish Un reto central en la creació n de una comunidad es el facilitar la participación de la gente que ha sido desplazada a causa del conflicto interno armado. El caso aquí presentado identifica los componentes de la tarea de crear comunidad. Un caso que ha dado resultados duraderos para individuos y comunidades en Mindanao (Filipinas), donde cientos de miles de personas fueron desplazadas durante los conflictos habidos entre el 2000 y el 2003.
Culture, social relationships and self-perceptions of Pentecostal women
Authors: Tangenberg Katy 
Published: March 2007

English Women dominate Pentecostal worship internationally and are particularly affected by the religious, social and economic consequences of the Pentecostal movement. Drawing from cross-cultural ethnographic studies, this article describes ways Pentecostalism influences women's self-perceptions and social relationships. Discussion of social work implications addresses individual and community practice issues. French Les répercussions religieuses, sociales et économiques du mouvement pentecotiste ont particulièrement affectéles femmes, qui sont en nombre majoritaire dans ce mouvement, à l'échelle internationale. S'appuyant sur des études ethnographiques interculturelles, cette étude décrit la façon dont la participation des femmes au mouvement pentecotiste affecte leur perception de soi et leurs relations sociales. Les discussions sur les implications du travail social portent notamment sur l'attention à la vision du monde, les attentes économiques, la violence conjugale et la coopération. Spanish Las consecuencias religiosas, sociales y económicas del movimiento pentecostal han afectado a las mujeres de una forma especial, ya que internacionalmente ellas dominan los servicios religiosos. Partiendo de estudios etnográficos interculturales, se describe de quéforma la participación pentecostal afecta las auto-percepciones y relaciones sociales de las mujeres. Las implicaciones para el trabajo social incluyen atención a la cosmovisión, expectativas económicas, maltrato marital, y colaboración.
Patients discharged from medium secure forensic psychiatry
services: reconvictions and risk factors
Authors: Coid Jeremy , Hickey Nicole , Kahtan Nadji , Zhang Tianqiang , Yang Min 
Published: March 2007

BackgroundTreatment within medium secure forensic psychiatry services is expected
to reduce risk to the public.AimsTo measure the period prevalence and incidence of offending following
discharge and identify associated risk factors.MethodFollow-up of patients from 7 of 14 regional services in England and Wales
who spent time at risk (n=1344) for a mean of 6.2 years.
Outcome was obtained from offenders index, hospital case-files and the
central register of deaths.ResultsOne in 8 men and 1 in 16 women were convicted of grave offences.
Incidence rates indicated low density and most patients were not
subsequently convicted. Offence predictors included gender, younger age,
early-onset offending, previous convictions and a comorbid or primary
diagnosis of personality disorder. Longer in-patient stay and restriction
on discharge were protective.ConclusionsRisks of reoffending remain for a subgroup of discharged patients. Future
research should aim to improve their identification and risk management
following discharge.
Diagnostic stability of psychiatric disorders in clinical
practice
Authors: Baca-Garcia Enrique , Perez-Rodriguez Maria M. , Basurte-Villamor Ignacio , Fernandez Del Moral Antonio L. , Jimenez-Arriero Miguel A. , Gonzalez De Rivera Jose L. , Saiz-Ruiz Jeronimo , Oquendo Maria A. 
Published: March 2007

BackgroundPsychiatric disorders are among the top causes worldwide of disease
burden and disability. A major criterion for validating diagnoses is
stability over time.AimsTo evaluate the long-term stability of the most prevalent psychiatric
diagnoses in a variety of clinical settings.MethodA total of 34 368 patients received psychiatric care in the catchment
area of one Spanish hospital (1992–2004). This study is based on 10 025
adult patients who were assessed on at least ten occasions (360 899
psychiatric consultations) in three settings: in-patient unit, 2000–2004
(n=546); psychiatric emergency room, 2000–2004
(n=1408); and out-patient psychiatric facilities,
1992–2004 (n=10 016). Prospective consistency,
retrospective consistency and the proportion of patients who received
each diagnosis in at least 75% of the evaluations were calculated for
each diagnosis in each setting and across settings.ResultsThe temporal consistency of mental disorders was poor, ranging from 29%
for specific personality disorders to 70% for schizophrenia, with
stability greatest for in-patient diagnoses and least for out-patient
diagnoses.ConclusionsThe findings are an indictment of our current psychiatric diagnostic
practice.
Schizophrenia: a common disease caused by multiple rare
alleles
Authors: McClellan Jon M. , Susser Ezra , King Mary-Claire 
Published: March 2007

SummarySchizophrenia is widely held to stem from the combined effects of multiple
common polymorphisms, each with a small impact on disease risk. We suggest
an alternative view: that schizophrenia is highly heterogeneous genetically
and that many predisposing mutations are highly penetrant and individually
rare, even specific to single cases or families. This ‘common disease – rare
alleles' hypothesis is supported by recent findings in human genomics and by
allelic and locus heterogeneity for other complex traits. We review the
implications of this model for gene discovery research in schizophrenia.
Phenotypic and genetic complexity of psychosis
Authors: Craddock Nick , O'Donovan Michael C. , Owen Michael J. 
Published: March 2007

SummaryPsychosis, like other major psychiatric disorders, is both genetically and
clinically complex. Increasingly powerful molecular genetic studies have the
potential to identify DNA variation that influences susceptibility to
genetically complex disorders. There is a need to use a range of genetic
approaches appropriate to identifying a spectrum of risk variants from the
common through to the rare. Some variants might have large effects at the
level of the individual but most are likely to have modest or small effects
at both population and individual level. Extensive clinical heterogeneity is
likely to have a significant impact on the power of even the largest studies
and, more importantly, will lead to extensive variability between studies
and hamper attempts at replication. If we are to realise the potential of
molecular genetics, we need to overcome the major limitations imposed by
current psychiatric diagnostic classifications and identify clinical
phenotypes that reflect the presence of underlying entities with biological
validity.
Potential Effluent Quality from Commercial Crawfish Ponds
Authors: Orellana Francisco Xavier , Romaire Robert P 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Seventeen commercial and two demonstration crawfish ponds in southern Louisiana that were either planted with rice Oryza sativa or a sorghum-sudangrass hybrid (Sorghum bicolor × S. sudanese) or colonized with volunteer terrestrial or semiaquatic vegetation were evaluated for potential effluent quality. Nutrients and solids concentrations in potential crawfish pond effluents increased significantly in spring and summer from fall and winter levels. Potential effluent quality was poorest during the annual summer drawdown and is likely to have the greatest impact on receiving waterways. Total suspended solids and turbidity most frequently exceeded Louisiana water quality standards. Ponds with volunteer vegetation had significantly lower concentrations of chemical oxygen demand, turbidity, total suspended solids, total volatile suspended solids, and total Kjeldahl nitrogen than ponds with rice and sorghum-sudangrass. Soluble reactive phosphorus, total phosphorus, total ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate were highest in ponds with sorghum-sudangrass. Nutrient and solid concentrations were generally lower in ponds with volunteer vegetation, presumably as a result of nutrient uptake by aquatic macrophytes and reduced suspended sediment loads. Establishing limited stands of aquatic macrophytes inside crawfish ponds or using effluent to replenish water in adjacent ricefields may reduce the amount of suspended solids and nutrients entering receiving waters.
Competition between Hatchery-Raised Rio Grande Cutthroat Trout and Wild Brown Trout
Authors: Shemai Barak , Sallenave Rossana , Cowley David E. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
An important problem for conservation of cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii is the presence of nonnative trout. We used eight 20-m instream enclosures on the Rio Cebolla, New Mexico, to evaluate competition between hatchery-raised Rio Grande cutthroat trout O. clarkii virginalis and similar-sized wild, nonnative brown trout Salmo trutta. Four control enclosures each contained 20 fish of the same species; four treatment enclosures each contained equal numbers of like-sized fish of the two species. Results indicated that wild brown trout were superior competitors to hatchery-raised Rio Grande cutthroat trout. Significant interspecific competition was inferred from comparisons of treatment fish with their controls. Among Rio Grande cutthroat trout, control fish grew in length and body weight, whereas growth of fish confined in enclosures with brown trout was significantly lower than that of controls (P &lt; 0.001). In contrast, brown trout enclosed with Rio Grande cutthroat trout experienced significantly greater growth than did control brown trout (P &lt; 0.005). Rio Grande cutthroat trout in enclosures with brown trout had lower postmortem fat content and an elevated incidence of caudal fin damage than did control fish. Gut contents showed that control fish of both species fed most frequently on small larval caddisflies Lepidostoma spp. However, when the two species were confined together, more brown trout had food in the gut and the food items consumed by Rio Grande cutthroat trout shifted from Lepidostoma spp. to surface-occurring invertebrates (terrestrial infall, water striders, water mites, and phaerate adult aquatic insects) and benthic-associated invertebrates (oligochaetes, caddisflies (Limnephilidae and Helicopsyche spp.), and snails). Collectively, the results indicated interspecific competition that was mediated through elevated aggression by brown trout that altered foraging activity by both species. The results underscore the importance of minimizing contact with nonnative brown trout when using hatchery fish to restore cutthroat trout to suitable habitats.
Maxillary Distraction Osteogenesis in Cleft Lip and Palate Patients with Skeletal Anchorage
Authors: Minami Katsuhiro , Mori Yoshihide , Tae-Geon Kwon , Shimizu Hidetaka , Ohtani Miyuki , Yura Yoshiaki 
Published: March 2007

Objective: Maxillary distraction osteogenesis with the rigid external distraction (RED) system has been used to treat cleft lip and palate (CLP) patients with severe maxillary hypoplasia. We introduce maxillary distraction osteogenesis for CLP patients with skeletal anchorage adapted on a stereolithographic model. Patients: Six maxillary deficiency CLP patients treated according to our CLP treatment protocol had undergone maxillary distraction osteogenesis. Method: In all patients, computed tomography (CT) images were recorded preoperatively, and the data were transferred to a workstation. Three-dimensional skeletal structures were reconstructed with CT data sets, and a stereolithographic model was produced. On the stereolithographic model, miniplates were adapted to the surface of maxilla beside aperture piriforms. The operation performed involved a high Le Fort I osteotomy with pterygomaxillary disjunction. Miniplates were fixed to the maxillary segment with three or four screws and used for anchorage of the RED system. Retraction of the maxillary segment was initiated after 1 week. Results: The accuracy of the stereolithographic models was enough to adapt the miniplates so that there was no need to readjust the plates during surgery. Postoperative cephalometric analysis showed that the direction of the retraction was almost parallel to the palatal plane, and dental compensation did not occur. Conclusions: We performed maxillary distraction osteogenesis with skeletal anchorage adapted on the stereolithographic models. Excellent esthetic outcome and skeletal advancement were achieved without dentoalveolar compensations.
Schimmelpenning Syndrome: An Association with Vascular Anomalies
Authors: Greene Arin K. , Rogers Gary F. , Mulliken John B. 
Published: March 2007

Objective: Schimmelpenning syndrome is a rare neurocutaneous disorder characterized by craniofacial nevus sebaceus in association with seizures, developmental delay, and ocular or skeletal pathology. Vascular anomalies also have been described in this condition, and some authors have suggested that the two entities are associated. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of vascular anomalies in Schimmelpenning syndrome. Methods: We reviewed the medical records of patients with Schimmelpenning syndrome who were evaluated or were managed at Children's Hospital Boston between 1980 and 2005. In addition, all published cases purported to be Schimmelpenning syndrome were analyzed to determine whether the primary diagnosis was accurate and whether or not there were concurrent vascular anomalies. Results: Three of nine patients (33.3%) in our series had a vascular malformation. One patient had coarctation, aortic aneurysm, renal artery, and carotid stenosis; another had a thoracic lymphatic anomaly with chylothorax; and the third had lymphedema of the lower extremities and lymphatic malformation of the neck/chest with chylothorax. Additional findings were seizures (78%), ocular pathology (78%), developmental delay (56%), and skeletal abnormalities (67%). Of 119 cases of authenticated Schimmelpenning syndrome in the literature, 18 vascular malformations were documented in 15 patients (12.6%): venous (n = 7); arterial (n = 5); lymphatic (n = 3); capillary (n = 2); and arteriovenous (n = 1). Conclusions: Vascular malformations occur with a higher frequency (12.6 to 33%) in patients with Schimmelpenning syndrome compared with the general population (<1%). Therefore, we conclude that there is an association between vascular anomalies and Schimmelpenning syndrome.
Maxillary Growth Controversies after Two-Stage Palatal Repair with Delayed Hard Palate Closure in Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate Patients: Perspectives from Literature and Personal Experience
Authors: Friede Hans 
Published: March 2007

Objective: To analyze published papers dealing with delayed hard palate repair within a two-stage palatal surgery protocol in treatment of cleft lip and palate. Timing of the procedures, methods used, as well as growth results were considered. Method: By utilizing this information in relation to knowledge about normal maxillary development, efforts were made to explain differences in growth outcome between different investigations. Particularly, follow-up reports of unilateral cleft lip and palate patients with records up to at least 10 years of age were studied. Results: Most papers reported an excellent or very good maxillary growth outcome after their delayed hard palate closure protocols. Where unsatisfactory results were published, reasonable explanations were found accounting for why the method had failed the expectation of good maxillary growth. Conclusion: Based on the published reports and the experience from a cleft team where the studied protocol has been practiced since 1975, recommendation for method as well as timing for the two-stage protocol is laid out in some detail.
Physical Activity in Young Adults and Incident Hypertension Over 15 Years of Follow-Up: The CARDIA Study
Authors: Parker Emily D. , Schmitz Kathryn H. , Jacobs David R. , Dengel Donald R. , Schreiner Pamela J. 
Published: March 2007

Objective. We sought to examine the relation between physical activity and incident hypertension in young adults over 15 years of follow-up in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study. Methods. A total of 3993 Black and White men and women aged 18 to 30 years were examined at baseline, and 2, 5, 7, 10, and 15 years later. Blood pressure and physical activity were measured at each exam. Hypertension was defined as systolic 140 mm Hg or higher, diastolic 90 mm Hg or higher, or antihypertensive medication use. Average physical activity and incident hypertension over 15 years of follow-up were analyzed. Results. There were 634 cases of incident hypertension over 15 years of follow-up. Those who were more versus less physically active experienced a reduced risk (hazard rate ratio = 0.83; 95% confidence interval = 0.73, 0.93) for incident hypertension, after adjustment for race, sex, age, education, and family history of high blood pressure. Conclusions. Physical activity merits attention in the prevention of incident hypertension among young adults, particularly as they move into middle age.