bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The doctrine of the two depressions in historical perspective
Authors: Shorter E. 
Published: January 2007

Objective:  To determine if the concept of two separate depressions – melancholia and non‐melancholia – has existed in writings of the main previous thinkers about mood disorders.Method:  Representative contributions to writing on mood disorders over the past hundred years have been systematically evaluated.Results:  The concept of two separate depressions does indeed emerge in the psychiatric literature from the very beginning of modern writing about the concept of ‘melancholia’. For the principal nosologists of psychiatry, melancholic depression has always meant something quite different from non‐melancholic depression. Exceptions to this include Aubrey Lewis and Karl Leonhard. Yet the balance of opinion among the chief theorists overwhelmingly favors the existence of two quite different illnesses.Conclusion:  The concept of ‘major depression’ popularized in DSM‐III in 1980 is a historical anomaly. It mixes together psychopathologic entities that previous generations of experienced clinicians and thoughtful nosologists had been at pains to keep separate. Recently, there has been a tendency to return to the concept of two depressions: melancholic and non‐melancholic illness. ‘Major depression’ is coming into increasing disfavor. In the next edition of DSM (DSM‐V), major depression should be abolished; melancholic mood disorder (MMD) and non‐melancholic mood disorder (NMMD) should become two of the principle entities in the mood disorder section.
The facets of melancholia
Authors: Coryell W. 
Published: January 2007

Objective:  To clarify the role of ‘melancholia’ in psychiatric nomenclature.Most clinicians and researchers are convinced that the syndrome currently termed major depressive disorder encompasses multiple subgroups that differ meaningfully in phenomenology, natural history, treatment response, and pathophysiology. Delusional depression and melancholia have attracted the most empirical work, but efforts to define the latter condition have declined in recent years following a number of failures to show the validity of the melancholic/nonmelancholic distinction.Method:  Review of experience.Results:  Beyond the DSM‐IV symptom profile, melancholia has been associated with greater overall severity, a low likelihood of placebo response, an episodic course, a family history of depression without alcoholism, a relatively healthy personality, and hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis hyperactivity. Evidence for the validity of the melancholia concept lies in the fact that the presence of each of these characteristics has been shown to increase the likelihood of one or more of the others.Conclusion:  A diagnosis of melancholia may eventually prove valuable in treatment selection, but the necessary evidence will not be forthcoming until a widely accepted definition exists that is both inherently valid and that can be applied consistently across research sites.
The incidence and prevalence of manic‐melancholic syndromes in North West Wales: 1875–2005
Authors: Farquhar F. , Le Noury J. , Tschinkel S. , Harris M. , Kurien R. , Healy D. 
Published: January 2007

Objective:  Against a background of recent interest in the concept of melancholia, we report data on the incidence and prevalence of manic, melancholic and postpartum syndromes from North West Wales.Method:  We have utilized a database of the complete records of all admission to the North Wales Asylum from 1875 to 1924, and compared the findings for mania, melancholia, and postpartum psychoses from this sample, with admissions for these disorders to the North West Wales mental health services between 1995 and 2005.Results:  The incidence of bipolar disorder, as well as melancholia with and without psychotic features appears stable from 1875 to 2005 but there has been a dramatic decline in the incidence of de novo onset psychoses in the postpartum period. The prevalence of admissions for bipolar disorder, and for severe depressive disorders has increased dramatically during this period.Conclusion:  There are some grounds for revisiting the concept of manic‐melancholic disorder put forward by Rafaelsen. The changes in the incidence of postpartum psychoses may have a wider significance for the affective disorders in general.
A mixed state core for melancholia: an exploration in history, art and clinical science
Authors: Akiskal H. S. , Akiskal K. K. 
Published: January 2007

Objective:  We argue for a mixed state core for melancholia comparing concepts of melancholia across centuries using examples from art, history and scientific literature.Method:  Literature reviews focusing on studies from Kraepelin onward, DSM‐IV classification and view‐points from clinical experience highlighting phenomenologic and biologic features as predictors of bipolar outcome in prospective studies of depression.Results:  Despite the implied chemical pathology in the term endogenous/melancholic depression, frequently reported glucocortical and sleep neurophysiologic abnormalities, there is little evidence that melancholia is inherited independently from more broadly defined depressions. Prospective follow‐up of ‘neurotic’ depressions have shown melancholic outcomes in as many as a third; hypomania has also been observed in such follow‐up.Conclusion:  These findings and considerations overall do suggest that melancholia as defined today is more closely aligned with the depressive and/or mixed phase of bipolar disorder. Given the high suicidality from many of these patients the practice of treating them with antidepressant monotherapy needs re‐evaluation.
Atypical depression: current status and relevance to melancholia
Authors: Stewart J. W. , McGrath P. J. , Quitkin F. M. , Klein D. F. 
Published: January 2007

Objective:  The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fourth Edition (DSM‐IV, 1994) included atypical features as an illness specifier for major depression and dysthymia. We asked whether subsequent literature supported its validity and addressed the relationship between depression with atypical features and melancholia.Method:  Literature review focusing on studies addressing the validity of atypical depression, supplemented by the authors’ previously unpublished data.Results:  Most studies support the discriminant validity of depression with atypical features relative to melancholia and depression having neither melancholic nor atypical features. However, studies addressing illness course suggest that criteria for depression with atypical features define a heterogeneous patient population.Conclusion:  DSM‐IV criteria for depression with atypical features define a valid, but heterogeneous disorder. Criteria including age of onset and chronicity may define a more homogeneous group that is distinct from both melancholia and other depressed patients.
Melancholia and atypical depression in the Zurich study: epidemiology, clinical characteristics, course, comorbidity and personality
Authors: Angst J. , Gamma A. , Benazzi F. , Ajdacic V. , Rössler W. 
Published: January 2007

Objective:  A comparison of psychiatric, psychological and somatic characteristics in specified subgroups of major depressive episodes (MDE).Method:  In a stratified community sample of young adults investigated prospectively from age 20/21 to 40/41, we defined four MDE subgroups: i) DSM‐IV melancholia or atypical depression (the ‘combined group’), ii) pure melancholia, iii) pure atypical depression, and iv) unspecified MDE.Results:  The cumulative incidence rates of the four groups were 4.1%, 7.1%, 3.5% and 8.2% respectively. Women were over‐represented in the combined and atypically depressed group. In 56 of 117 (47.9%) cases, melancholia was longitudinally associated with atypical MDE (n = 84) (OR = 11.9).Conclusion:  Melancholic MDE was more severe than atypical MDE although the two groups shared many characteristics. The longitudinal overlap of melancholia with atypical depression in almost half of all cases calls for comparative analyses of combined, pure and unspecified MDE.
Pathophysiology of hypercortisolism in depression
Authors: Carroll B. J. , Cassidy F. , Naftolowitz D. , Tatham N. E. , Wilson W. H. , Iranmanesh A. , Liu P. Y. , Veldhuis J. D. 
Published: January 2007

Objective:  The mechanisms mediating hypercortisolemia in depression remain controversial. Adopting the biomarker strategy, we studied adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and cortisol dynamics in hypercortisolemic and non‐hypercortisolemic depressed in‐patients, and in normal volunteers.Method:  Deconvolution analysis of 24‐h pulsatile secretion, approximate entropy (ApEn) estimation of secretory regularity, cross‐ApEn quantitation of forward and reverse ACTH–cortisol synchrony, and cosine regression of 24‐h rhythmicity.Results:  Hypercortisolemia was strongly associated with melancholic and psychotic depressive subtypes. Hypercortisolemic patients had elevated ACTH and cortisol secretion, mediated chiefly by increased burst masses. Basal ACTH secretion was increased, ACTH half‐life was reduced, and mean 24‐h ACTH concentration was normal. Cortisol secretion was increased in a highly irregular pattern (high ApEn), with high ACTH → cortisol cross‐ApEn (impaired feedforward coupling). Cortisol‐mediated feedback on the secretory pattern of ACTH was normal. Hypercortisolemic depressed patients had normal programming of the central hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis pulse generator: ACTH pulse frequency, cortisol pulse frequency, circadian acrophases, and ApEn of ACTH secretion were normal. Responsiveness of the adrenal cortex to endogenous ACTH was normal. Non‐hypercortisolemic patients resembled hypercortisolemic patients on ACTH regulatory parameters but had low total cortisol secretion.Conclusion:  Increased ACTH secretion occurs in depressed in‐patients regardless of cortisolemic status, confirming central HPA axis overdrive in severe depression. Depressive hypercortisolemia results from an additional change in the adrenal cortex that causes ACTH‐independent, disorderly basal cortisol release, a sign of physiological stress in melancholic/psychotic depression.
Sleep and circadian rhythms in mood disorders
Authors: Armitage R. 
Published: January 2007

Objective:  Self‐reported sleep disturbances are present in over 80% of patients with depression. However, sleep electroencephalography (EEG) findings, based on overnight polysomnography have not always differentiated depressed patients from healthy individuals.Method:  The present paper will review the findings on sleep EEG studies in depression highlighting how recent technological and methodological advances have impacted on study outcomes.Results:  The majority of studies, including our own work, do indicate that sleep homeostasis and sleep EEG rhythms are abnormal in depression, but the sleep disturbances were strongly moderated by gender and age. Melancholic features of depression correlated significantly with low slow‐wave activity in depressed men, but not in depressed women. Women with depression showed low temporal coherence of sleep EEG rhythms but the presence or absence of melancholic features did not influence correlations.Conclusion:  Diagnostic classification schemas and clinical features of depression may influence sleep EEG findings, but gender may be a more important consideration.
Electroconvulsive therapy in melancholia: the role of hippocampal neurogenesis
Authors: Bolwig T. G. , Madsen T. M. 
Published: January 2007

Objective:  To elucidate the relationship between the effects of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) on hippocampal anatomy and function in the therapy of melancholic depression and preclinical observations of increased neurogenesis in the hippocampus of experimental animals receiving electroconvulsive seizures (ECS). We emphasize the role of hypercortisolaemia in melancholic depression and in experimental hippocampal neurogenesis.Method:  Our statements are based on a variety of studies pointing to i) ECT being superior to all other treatment modalities in the therapy of melancholia, ii) melancholia being associated with hypercortisolaemia and iii) evidence of hippocampal neurogenesis being relevant for understanding both melancholia and ECT.Results:  The increased neurogenesis found in animal studies shows stronger effect of seizures than of antidepressant drugs. The onset of effect is not only faster but is also sustained. Newborn cells are found to be functional. Suppression of neurogenesis by chronic treatment with corticosterone is associated with depression‐like biology and behaviour making comparison with human depression and its response to ECT relevant.Conclusion:  We hypothesize that the superior antimelancholic effect of induced seizures may be understood in the light of the powerful control of neural plasticity exerted by the regulation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and, perhaps, other regulatory factors.
Cyclooxygenase‐2 inhibitor reduces simvastatin‐induced bone morphogenetic protein‐2 and bone formation in vivo
Authors: Bradley J. D. , Cleverly D. G. , Burns A. M. , Helm N. B. , Schmid M. J. , Marx D. B. , Cullen D. M. , Reinhardt R. A. 
Published: January 2007

Background and Objective:  Simvastatin, a cholesterol‐lowering drug, also stimulates oral bone growth when applied topically, without systemic side‐effects. However, the mechanisms involved in vivo are not known. We hypothesized that bone morphogenetic protein‐2, nitric oxide synthase, and cyclooxygenase‐2 are involved, based on prior in vitro evidence.Material and Methods:  A rat bilateral mandible model, where 0.5 mg of simvastatin in methylcellulose gel was placed on one side and gel alone on the other, was used to quantify nitric oxide, cyclooxygenase‐2 and bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (via tissue extraction, enzyme activity or immunoassay), and to analyze the bone formation rate (via undecalcified histomorphometry). Cyclooxygenase‐2 and nitric oxide synthase inhibitors (NS‐398 and L‐NAME, respectively) were administered intraperitoneally.Results:  Simvastatin was found to stimulate local bone morphogenetic protein‐2, nitric oxide and the regional bone formation rate (p < 0.05), whereas NS‐398 inhibited bone morphogenetic protein‐2 and reduced the bone formation rate (p < 0.05).Conclusion:  These data suggest an association between simvastatin‐induced bone morphogenetic protein‐2 and bone formation in the mandibular microenvironment, and the negative effect of cyclooxygenase‐2 inhibitors on bone growth.
Field performance of Solanum sisymbriifolium, a trap crop for potato cyst nematodes. I. Dry matter accumulation in relation to sowing time, location, season and plant density
Authors: Timmermans B.G.H. , Vos J. , Van Nieuwburg J. , Stomph T.J. , Van der Putten P.E.L. , Molendijk P.G. 
Published: January 2007

Abstract Solanum sisymbriifolium is an interesting trap crop to control potato cyst nematodes. A series of field experiments was carried out in the Netherlands between 2001 and 2003 to test its performance under field conditions. Experimental factors included sowing time, sowing density and site. Rate of germination, plant establishment and change over time in light interception were monitored. Growth analysis was performed at 7 and 14 weeks after emergence, and dry weight of component plant parts was determined. Time to 50% emergence was 36–38 days for planting at early April and declined to minimum values of ca 8–11 days when planting took place in June, July or the first week of August. When planted later, time to 50% germination increased again. Time to 50% light interception showed a similar trend with sowing time; minimum time was 35–40 days for planting between June and half of July. Planting before May did not advance crop growth. Crop performance was very variable across years and sites when planted later than the end of July to beginning of August. Dry matter accumulation up to 400 g m−2 was found at 7 weeks after emergence and up to 1040 g m−2 after 14 weeks. At 7 weeks after emergence, dry matter production increased with planting density (range 50–400 m−2), but no statistically significant differences were found after 14 weeks. A seed rate of 100 m−2 seems generally sufficient. Radiation use efficiency was 1.69 g MJ−1 PAR (SE = 0.0208). Dry matter accumulation (2002–2003) was somewhat higher in Wageningen (51°58’N) on light sandy soil than in Flevoland (52°31′N) on clay soil and in Drenthe (52°51′N) on reclaimed peat soil. It is concluded that above‐ground growth of S. sisymbriifolium in the Netherlands is adequate if planted between early May and the end of July.
X-ray flares and the duration of engine activity in gamma-ray bursts
Authors: Lazzati Davide , Perna Rosalba 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
The detection of bright X-ray flares superimposed on the regular afterglow decay in Swift gamma-ray bursts has triggered theoretical speculations on their origin. We study the temporal properties of flares due to internal dissipation and external shock mechanisms. We first show that at least a sizable fraction of the flares cannot be related to external shock mechanisms, as external shock flares evolve on much longer time-scales than observed. We then study flares from internal dissipation, showing that the temporal properties allow us to distinguish the emission of slow early shells from that of late faster shells. We show that, due to the rapid evolution of the detected flares, it is most likely that the flares are produced by relatively fast shells ejected by the central engine shortly before they are observed. This implies that the central engine must be active for, in some cases, as long as one day. We finally discuss the constraints and implications that this observation has on the properties and physics of the inner engine, and we elaborate on possible future observational tests on the flare sample to further understand their origin and physics.
The contribution of arterio-venous extracorporeal lung assist to gas exchange in a porcine model of lavage-induced acute lung injury
Authors: Brederlau Jörg , Muellenbach Ralf , Kredel Markus , Schwemmer Ulrich , Anetseder Martin , Greim Clemens , Roewer Norbert 
Published: January 2007

This prospective large-animal study was performed to evaluate the contribution of arterio-venous extracorporeal lung assist (AV-ECLA) to pulmonary gas exchange in a porcine lavage-induced acute lung injury model. Fifteen healthy female pigs, weighing 50.39±3.8 kg (mean±SD), were included. After induction of general anaesthesia and controlled ventilation, an arterial line and a pulmonary artery catheter were inserted. Saline lung lavage was performed until the PaO2 decreased to 51±16 mmHg. After a stabilization period of 60 min, the femoral artery and vein were cannulated and a low-resistance membrane lung was interposed. Under apnoeic oxygenation, variations of sweep-gas flow were performed every 20 min in order to evaluate the membrane lung's efficacy, in terms of carbon dioxide (CO2) removal and oxygen (O2) uptake. Although AV-ECLA is highly effective in eliminating CO2, if combined with apnoeic oxygenation, normocapnia was not achievable. AV-ECLA's contribution to oxygenation during severe hypoxemia was antagonized by a significant increase in the pulmonary shunt fraction.
Photo-controlled Electrochemical Switch Based on Photochromic Tetraazaporphyrin Containing Ferrocene Units
Authors: Sun Lei , Wang Sheng , Tian He 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
A new photochromic compound of tetraazaporphyrin magnesium(II) appended with eight ferrocene units by ethynyl TPF was synthesized. Its photochromic properties and electrochemical properties were studied. As its redox potential was reversibly changed accompanying the open- and closed-ring photoisomerization of TPF with UV–vis light irradiation, TPF may be used as electrochemical switch controlled by light.
Limited‐area ensemble predictions at the Norwegian Meteorological Institute
Authors: Frogner Inger‐Lise , Haakenstad Hilde , Iversen Trond 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThis study aims at improving 0–3 day probabilistic forecasts of precipitation events in Norway. For this purpose a limited‐area ensemble prediction system (LAMEPS) is tested. The horizontal resolution of LAMEPS is 28 km, and there are 31 levels in the vertical. The state variables provided as initial and lateral boundary conditions for the limited‐area forecasts are perturbed using a dedicated version of the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) global ensemble prediction system, TEPS. These are constructed by combining initial and evolved singular vectors that at final time (48 h) are targeted to maximize the total energy in a domain containing northern Europe and adjacent sea areas. The resolution of TEPS is T255 with 40 levels. The test period includes 45 cases with 21 ensemble members in each case. We focus on 24 h accumulated precipitation rates with special emphasis on intense events. We also investigate a combination of TEPS and LAMEPS resulting in a system (NORLAMEPS) with 42 ensemble members. NORLAMEPS is compared with the 21‐member LAMEPS and TEPS as well as the regular 51‐member EPS run at ECMWF. The benefit of using targeted singular vectors is seen by comparing the 21‐member TEPS with the 51‐member operational EPS, as TEPS has considerably larger spread between ensemble members. For other measures, such as Brier Skill Score (BSS) and Relative Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves, the scores of the two systems are for most cases comparable, despite the difference in ensemble size. NORLAMEPS has the largest ensemble spread of all four ensemble systems studied in this paper, while EPS has the smallest spread. Nevertheless, EPS has higher BSS with NORLAMEPS approaching for the highest precipitation thresholds. For the area under the ROC curve, NORLAMEPS is comparable with or better than EPS for medium to large thresholds. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society
Influence of the Madden–Julian Oscillation on East African rainfall. I: Intraseasonal variability and regional dependency
Authors: Pohl Benjamin , Camberlin Pierre 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe influence of the Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO) on rainfall amounts over Equatorial East Africa (Kenya and northern Tanzania) is analysed for the period 1979–95 at the intraseasonal (pentad) time‐scale. The two rainy seasons (March to May and October to December) are considered. Intraseasonal wet events in East Africa are embedded in large‐scale zonal circulation anomaly patterns along the equator, showing distinct eastward propagation. It is further found that these ‘wet’ events display a clear phasing with respect to the MJO cycle. This phasing is expressed as out‐of‐phase variations between the Highland and the coastal areas. Such a pattern is suggested to reflect different rain‐causing mechanisms. MJO phases leading to wet spells in the western (Highland) region are those associated with the development of large‐scale convection in the Africa/Indian Ocean region. These events are unambiguously related to deep convection, fuelled by low‐level westerly moisture advection. MJO phases leading to wet spells in the eastern (coastal) region are often those associated with overall suppressed deep convection in the Africa/Indian Ocean region. However, these phases induce moisture advection from Indian Ocean. The possible role of stratiform rainfall or relatively shallow convection in the coastal wet spells observed in this phase is discussed. The contrasting rainfall conditions found in the two regions for the two opposite MJO phases are strongly correlated with the pressure gradient between the Indian and Atlantic Oceans. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society