bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hypoallergenic formula prescribing practices in Australia
Authors: Kemp Andrew 
Published: March 2006

Aim:  To gain insight into the use of hypoallergenic formula in Australia by analysis of prescribing statistics.Methods:  Statistics on supply of amino acid and extensively hydrolyzed formula were obtained from the Health Insurance Commission web site. The number of prescriptions supplied in 2003 and 2004 per 1000 children aged 4 years and younger were calculated for each State and Territory. This was related to the numbers of paediatric physicians and paediatric allergists in each State.Results:  There was a marked rise in the use of amino acid formula (AAF) commencing in 2001. The Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales and Victoria had 6–7 times more AAF items per 1000 children prescribed than Western Australia. This did not appear to relate to the numbers of paediatricians or paediatric allergists in each State. In all States and Territories the prescribing of extensively hydrolyzed formula was less than that of AAF.Conclusions:  There are significant regional differences which do not appear to be related to the prevalence of allergic disease. In some States and Territories AAF may be frequently prescribed as a first line treatment for cows milk allergy and for prevention of allergic disease in contradistinction to current recommendations of the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme and authoritative statements and position papers. Re‐examination of both the Pharmaceutical Benefit Scheme guidelines and the knowledge and perceptions of the prescribing community is indicated.
Rotavirus hospitalisation in New Zealand children under 3 years of age
Authors: Grimwood Keith , Huang Q Sue , Cohet Catheine , Gosling Isobelle A , Hook Sarah M , Teele David W , Pinnock Ralph E , Nicholson William R , Graham David A , Farrell Alan P , Leadbitter Philip , Lennon Diana R 
Published: March 2006

Objective:  To describe the epidemiology of severe rotavirus gastroenteritis and to estimate the hospitalisation rates of this illness in New Zealand children under 3 years of age.Methods:  Children under 3 years of age with acute diarrhoea admitted to 1 of 8 study hospitals between 1 May 1998 and 30 April 2000 were surveyed. Their socio‐demographic, treatment and length‐of‐stay data were recorded and stool samples tested by a rotavirus‐specific enzyme‐linked immunoassay. National hospital discharge data for infectious diarrhoea (International Classification of Diseases, ninth revision, 003–009) were reviewed, allowing population‐based estimates for rotavirus‐related hospitalisation in New Zealand.Results:  Of 2019 enrolled children, 1138 (56.4%) provided stools for testing, and of these 485 (42.6%) tested rotavirus positive. Rotavirus detection varied significantly by age (26.8% for 0 to 5 months, 42.5% for 6 to 11 months and 52.1% for children aged 12 to 35 months; P < 0.001), and by season (51.2% in winter/spring vs. 24.5% in summer/autumn; P < 0.001). While those infected with rotavirus were more likely to be dehydrated (50.6% vs. 37.4%; P < 0.001), their median hospital stay was similar (1.0 vs. 2.0 days; P = 0.09) to other children with acute gastroenteritis. The estimated national hospitalisation rate for rotavirus diarrhoea in children under 3 years, standardised for age and season, was 634 (95% CI 597, 672) per 100 000. In New Zealand, rotaviruses result in 1 in 52 children being hospitalised by 3 years of age.Conclusions:  Rotavirus diarrhoea is an important, potentially vaccine‐preventable cause of hospitalisation in New Zealand children, especially during winter and spring seasons.
Extravasation of propofol is associated with tissue necrosis in small children
Authors: ROTH WINFRIED , ESCHERTZHUBER STEPHAN , GARDETTO ALEXANDER , KELLER CHRISTIAN 
Published: March 2006

SummaryPropofol is widely used for induction of anesthesia and many reports document extravasation and even intra‐arterial injections without clinical sequelae. We report a case of tissue necrosis after subcutaneous injection of propofol in a 31‐day‐old infant.
Does tramadol wound infiltration offer an advantage over bupivacaine for postoperative analgesia in children following herniotomy?
Authors: DEMIRARAN YAVUZ , ILCE ZEKERIYA , KOCAMAN BUKET , BOZKURT PERVIN 
Published: March 2006

SummaryBackground : It has been demonstrated that tramadol is an effective analgesic. We aimed to compare postoperative analgesic effects of wound infiltration with tramadol (T) or bupivacaine (B) and intramuscular tramadol (I) after herniotomy in children.Methods : In this study, 75 children were randomly assigned to group T, group B and group I. Wound infiltration was performed to the patients in group T (2 mg·kg−1 tramadol in 0.2 ml·kg−1 saline) and group B (0.2 ml·kg−1 0.25% bupivacaine) into the surgical incision. Twenty minutes before the end of the surgery 2 mg·kg−1 tramadol was injected i.m. in group I. Faces pain scale was used for assessing pain severity. Patients with pain score >2 were treated with paracetamol. The frequency of side effects and analgesic use were recorded. Patients were discharged on the next day.Results : No side effects were recorded in any group. The pain scores of the patients at the first, fourth and eighth hours were significantly higher in group B and group I than group T (P < 0.05). The pain scores of the patients at the first hour were significantly higher in group I compared with group B (P < 0.05). Average time to first analgesic requirement was significantly longer in group T (6.72 ± 4.09 h after herniotomy than both group I (4.49 ± 3.9 h) and group B (6.04 ± 3.7 h) (P < 0.05).Conclusions : Wound infiltration with tramadol may be a good choice for postoperative analgesia in children having inguinal herniotomy.
Changes in sleep quality and brain wave patterns following initiation of an efavirenz‐containing triple antiretroviral regimen
Authors: Moyle G , Fletcher C , Brown H , Mandalia S , Gazzard B 
Published: March 2006

BackgroundInitiation of efavirenz is commonly associated with sleep disturbances. Assessment of sleep using the electroencephalogram and electromyogram enables sleep staging to be performed and changes following the introduction of therapy to be evaluated.MethodologyUsing standardized sleep‐staging methodology, we investigated sleep staging and sleep quality by patient self‐report in an open‐label cohort pilot study. Assessments were performed prior to the initiation of efavirenz, 2 weeks after the initiation of efavirenz and 3 months after the initiation of efavirenz. The study included HIV‐positive individuals without central neurological disease who were naive to antiretroviral treatment. All patients initiated treatment with two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors in combination with efavirenz.ResultsTen patients completed all three study visits. Patients reported an increase in recollection of dreams and morning sluggishness after the initiation of efavirenz which persisted for 3 months. Sleep‐staging data indicated a modest reduction in stage 2 sleep with a corresponding increase in deep sleep stage 4 and a modest increase in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Overall sleep maintenance efficiency did not significantly change from baseline. Changes in sleep staging were most marked 2 weeks after the initiation of efavirenz but remained different from baseline patterns at 3 months.ConclusionThe data indicate that efavirenz has a modest but persistent impact on the time spent in several key sleep stages. Patients reported persistence of dream recollection but remained satisfied with sleep quality and overall quality of life.
Role of individualization of hepatitis C virus (HCV) therapy duration in HIV/HCV‐coinfected individuals*
Authors: Hopkins S , Lambourne J , Farrell G , McCullagh L , Hennessy M , Clarke S , Mulcahy F , Bergin C 
Published: March 2006

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to assess the efficacy, safety and tolerability of pegylated interferon and ribavirin in HIV/hepatitis C virus (HCV)‐coinfected patients, prescribed for the same duration and at the same dosage as that used in HCV monoinfection studies.DesignIt was an open‐label, single‐centre, prospective study.MethodsForty‐five patients coinfected with HIV and HCV with CD4 counts >200 cells/μL were treated with pegylated interferon‐ α2b 1.5 μg/kg/week and ribavirin 1000–1200 mg/day for 24–48 weeks depending on HCV genotype. Safety and tolerability were assessed weekly for the first month and monthly thereafter. Virological response was assessed at weeks 4, 12 and 24 and at the end of treatment and 12 and 24 weeks post completion of treatment. The primary endpoint was defined as undetectable HCV RNA at 24 weeks post completion of treatment [sustained virological response (SVR)].ResultsThe majority of patients were male and had been injecting drug users. Sixty per cent were on antiretroviral therapy. In an intention‐to‐treat analysis, 53% had an SVR (genotype 1, 19% and genotype 2/3, 75%). All patients who had undetectable HCV RNA at week 4 of HCV treatment [very early virological response (VEVR)] had a SVR. On multivariate analysis only HCV genotype predicted SVR. Adverse events occurred frequently.ConclusionsThese results indicate that 24 weeks of HCV treatment may be adequate for HIV‐infected individuals coinfected with HCV genotype 2 or 3. VEVR can predict SVR in this group and may be used to guide the subgroup of genotype 2/3 individuals who will respond to 24 weeks of treatment.
Incidence and risk factors of bacterial pneumonia requiring hospitalization in HIV‐infected patients started on a protease inhibitor‐containing regimen
Authors: Le Moing V , Rabaud C , Journot V , Duval X , Cuzin L , Cassuto JP , Al Kaied F , Dellamonica P , Chêne G , Raffi F ,   the APROCO Study Group
Published: March 2006

ObjectivesTo describe the incidence and risk factors of bacterial pneumonia occurring in patients treated with antiretrovirals.MethodsIn the ongoing APROCO (Anti‐proteases) cohort, 1281 patients at the initiation of a protease inhibitor (PI)‐containing antiretroviral regimen were enrolled from 1997–1999. All events requiring hospitalization during follow up are recorded. Of these, bacterial pneumonia was defined as the occurrence of a new pulmonary infiltrate with fever and either evidence of a bacteriological cause (definite cases) or favourable outcome with antimicrobial therapy (presumptive cases). Risk factors of bacterial pneumonia were studied using survival analyses.ResultsDuring a median follow up of 43 months, 29 patients had at least one episode of bacterial pneumonia, giving an incidence of 0.8/100 patient years. The 11 definite cases were attributable to Streptococcus pneumoniae (n=9), Legionella pneumophila (n=1) and Haemophilus influenzae (n=1). In multivariate analysis, bacterial pneumonia was significantly more frequent in older patients, injecting drug users, patients having a CD4 cell count>500 cells/μL at baseline and patients who initiated PI therapy with nonboosted saquinavir. It was significantly less frequent in nonsmokers. The occurrence of bacterial pneumonia was also associated with lower self‐reported adherence to antiretroviral therapy and to higher plasma HIV‐1 RNA levels during follow‐up.ConclusionsBacterial pneumonia occurs rarely in patients treated with a PI‐containing regimen and may be associated with virological failure.
Knowledge, attitudes and health outcomes in HIV‐infected travellers to the USA
Authors: Mahto M , Ponnusamy K , Schuhwerk M , Richens J , Lambert N , Wilkins E , Churchill DR , Miller RF , Behrens RH 
Published: March 2006

BackgroundThe USA bans entry to non‐citizens unless they obtain a waiver visa.AimTo establish how many people with HIV infection travelled to the USA, whether they were aware of the travel restriction, whether they travelled with a waiver visa and HIV inclusive medical insurance and how they managed with their antiretroviral medication (ARV).DesignCollation of data from cross‐sectional studies conducted independently at three different medical centres, Manchester, Brighton and London, using a structured self‐completion questionnaire.ResultsThe overall response rate was 66.6% (1113 respondents). 349 (31%) had travelled to the USA since testing HIV positive, of whom only 14.3% travelled with a waiver visa. 64% and 62% of the respondents at Manchester and Brighton were aware of the need of a waiver visa. 68.5% (212) were on ARV medication at the time of travel and, of these, 11.3% stopped their medication. Of those taking ARV medication, only 25% took a doctors' letter, 11.7% posted their medication in advance. Of those discontinuing treatment (n=27), 55.5% sought medical advice before stopping, 11 were on NNRTI‐based regimen and one developed NNRTI‐based mutation. Only 27% took up HIV inclusive medical insurance. Many patients reported negative practical and emotional experiences resulting from travel restrictions.ConclusionThe majority of HIV patients travel to the USA without the waiver visa, with nearly half doing so with insufficient planning and advice. A significant minority (11.3%) stop their medication in an unplanned manner, risking the development of drug resistence.
Dispelling the myth: appropriate use of poly‐l‐lactic acid and clinical considerations
Authors: Lowe NJ 
Published: March 2006

AbstractObjectives  Injectable poly‐l‐lactic acid (PLLA; Sculptra®) is widely used throughout Europe and the USA to restore volume in depressed areas of the face by stimulating neocollagenesis. Injectable PLLA was previously marketed as New‐Fill™, which was often injected incorrectly and at too high a concentration, resulting in some physicians losing confidence in this product. Today, Sculptra® is still regarded with a degree of scepticism by some physicians, due to direct or indirect experience with New‐Fill. Sculptra®, both in formulation and use, is vastly superior to New‐Fill and clinical experience with this product dispels the myths associated with the earlier types of injectable PLLA.Results  PLLA is a very safe, biodegradable compound that has been used in a wide range of medical devices for the last 30 years. In injectable form a good safety profile has been proven; however, when the device is overconcentrated, localized overstimulation of the fibroblasts can result in the formation of small lumps (subcutaneous papules), which are non‐pathological but nevertheless palpable by the patient. Physicians must also be trained in the injection of this device, as incorrect injection technique can cause device‐related adverse events.Conclusion  New product guidelines have ensured that problems with PLLA concentration have been countered, and tried and tested injection techniques have been shown to ameliorate device‐related adverse events, both of which are dispelling the myths associated with modern injectable PLLA.
A new option for volumetric restoration: poly‐l‐lactic acid
Authors: Thioly‐Bensoussan D 
Published: March 2006

AbstractObjectives  The market for products and techniques that correct the visible signs of facial ageing is now huge. There is a diversity of devices and treatments now vying for a share of this growing marketplace, including polymer implants and injectable preparations that are based on an array of substances. The vast majority of these devices can only provide temporary correction of superficial lines and wrinkles, with volumetric augmentation being beyond their capabilities. The products and procedures suitable for the restoration of facial volume are discussed here.Results  The restoration of facial volume has long been neglected in cosmetic rejuvenation as surgical procedures increase skin tension but do nothing to restore the underlying facial volume, which is a subtle yet important characteristic of the youthful face. Fortunately, devices are now available which can augment facial volume for long periods of time or even permanently. These include implants based on expanded polytetrafluoroethylene and silicone rubber, which provide permanent restoration of volume, but require invasive surgery and do not age with the surrounding tissues eventually resulting in an unnatural appearance. The cosmetic rejuvenation market now abounds with various injectable devices, including: poly‐l‐lactic acid (PLLA), polymethylmethacrylate, collagens, hyaluronic acids, silicone and calcium hydroxylapatite. The choice of which one to use in practice is physician led, based on facial assessments, product characteristics and the desires of the patient.Conclusion  Although there is a wealth of products available, injectable PLLA (Sculptra®) can restore volume to the face providing a natural look. Not only are the results of volume augmentation using this device long lasting, but they are also safe.
Relationship between deformation bands and petroleum migration in an exhumed reservoir rock, Los Angeles Basin, California, USA
Authors: SAMPLE J. C. , WOODS S. , BENDER E. , LOVEALL M. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractAn oil‐bearing sandstone unit within the Monterey Formation is exposed in the Los Angeles Basin along the Newport‐Inglewood fault zone in southern California. The unit preserves structures, some original fluids, and cements that record the local history of deformation, fluid flow, and cementation. The structures include two types of deformation bands, which are cut by later bitumen veins and sandstone dikes. The bands formed by dilation and by shear. Both types strike on average parallel to the Newport‐Inglewood fault zone (317°–332°) and show variable dip angles and directions. Generally the older deformation bands are shallow, and the younger bands are steep. The earlier set includes a type of deformation band not previously described in other field examples. These are thin, planar zones of oil 1–2 mm thick sandwiched between parallel, carbonate‐cemented, positively weathering ribs. All other deformation bands appear to be oil‐free. The undeformed sandstone matrix also contains some hydrocarbons. The oil‐cored bands formed largely in opening mode, similar to dilation bands. The oil‐cored bands differ from previously described dilation bands in the degree of carbonate cementation (up to 36% by volume) and in that some exhibit evidence for plane‐parallel shear during formation. Given the mostly oil‐free bands and oil‐rich matrix, deformation bands must have formed largely before the bulk of petroleum migration and acted as semi‐permeable baffles. Oil‐cored bands provide field evidence for early migration of oil into a potential reservoir rock. We infer a hydrofracture mechanism, probably from petroleum leaking out of a stratigraphically lower overpressured reservoir. The deformation bands described here provide a potential field example of a mechanism inferred for petroleum migration in modern systems such as in the Gulf of Mexico.
Geographic information system‐based modelling of vulture response to carcass appearance in the Caucasus
Authors: Gavashelishvili A. , McGrady M. J. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractFactors influencing the response of griffon Gyps fulvus, cinereous Aegypius monachus and bearded Gypaetus barbatus vultures to carcass appearance were studied in the Republic of Georgia by observing 100 new carcasses for 10 days. It was observed that 92–97% of the time cinereous (n=25) and griffon (n=47) vultures fed on carcasses within 4 days of their appearance, whereas 97% of bearded vultures fed within 6 days (n=32). In cases where all three species fed at a carcass, cinereous vultures were the first to arrive, followed by griffon vultures and then bearded vultures. The probability that all three species would eat a carcass was positively correlated with visibility within 100 m of the carcass and mean distance to roads within 5 km. The probability that griffon and cinereous vultures would feed increased with extent of open areas within 5 km of a carcass. Griffon and bearded vultures' response to carcass appearance was positively related to mean slope within 5 km of a carcass. In addition, the probability that griffon vultures would feed was negatively correlated with the distance to the nearest populated area from the carcass. The heavier the carcass and farther it was from roads, the sooner griffon vultures landed at it, and the presence of ravens Corvus corax at a carcass appeared to be a signal to the vultures of relative security. The probability that cinereous vultures would feed on a carcass was negatively correlated with mean annual rainfall within 5 km of the carcass. Cinereous vultures landed sooner at carcasses that were farther from populated areas. Bearded vultures landed sooner at smaller carcasses that were farther from populated areas and from bearded vulture nests. These models can be used to help identify foraging areas important to vultures in the Caucasus and elsewhere, and thus help focus conservation efforts and avoid conflicts between vulture conservation and other activities.
Shaping up to fight: sexual selection influences body shape and size in the fighting tortoise (Chersina angulata)
Authors: Mann G. K. H. , O'Riain M. J. , Hofmeyr M. D. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe angulate tortoise Chersina angulata is unique among South African tortoises in having a single unpaired gular (extension of the ventral plastron) that is used to ram and overturn rival conspecifics. This behaviour has earned it the reputation of a ‘fighting tortoise’, and in this paper we test the hypothesis that the morphology of this tortoise is a result of intrasexual selection. Research was carried out on the tortoise population of Dassen Island in September 2004. Tortoises were captured and processed (body mass and five morphological measurements) in situ in the field. A total of 144 males and 99 females were sampled. Males were significantly larger than females for all body parameters measured. Males had significantly longer gulars (F=17.783, P<0.005, n=242) and greater posterior carapace width (F=143.664, P<0.005, n=242) relative to body size than females. A total of 66 male–male interactions was observed in the field. Males that won fights were significantly longer than males that lost fights (t=2.238, P<0.034, n=28) and had significantly greater rear carapace width relative to middle carapace width (F=5.591, P=0.026, n=28). Gular length was found to be irrelevant to fighting success. Tortoises of both sexes were placed upside down to compare righting ability. Males were significantly more successful at righting themselves than females (χ2=5.347, P=0.0208, n=70). It was concluded that posterior carapace width is a more important variable than gular length in determining male fighting success, and it is suggested that, in addition to righting ability, posterior carapace width may well be a trait under sexual selection in male angulate tortoises.
Polymorphic population genetic markers for the Australian wood cockroach Panesthia australis
Authors: RUNCIMAN D. , BLACKET M. J. , SCHMUKI C. , SUNNUCKS P. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractPrimers for five polymorphic nuclear DNA (nDNA) markers and one mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) gene (COI) were developed for the Australian wood cockroach Panesthia australis using a range of techniques. Eight mitochondrial haplotypes and four to 36 alleles per nuclear locus were detected in 744 cockroaches. Observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.117 to 0.816 in a sample of 30 animals from one population. The markers will be useful for population biology and for the measurement of the effects of habitat fragmentation on this ecologically important forest‐dependent species.