bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE PEAK VELOCITY AND SKEWNESS RELATIONSHIP FOR THE REFLEXIVE SACCADES
Authors: CHEN YUNG-FU , LIN HSUAN-HUNG , CHEN TAINSONG , TSAI TZU-TUNG , SHEE I-FEN 
Published: December 2008

The main sequence relations of saccades stated that the duration was linearly correlated to the saccadic amplitude for a wide range, whereas the peak velocity correlated exponentially to the amplitude with saturation occurred at 30°-40°. Skewness was used efficiently in delineating the asymmetry between the acceleration and deceleration phases of the saccadic velocity profiles. It can be estimated from the shape parameter obtained by applying gamma function to the velocity profile. The relationship between peak velocity and skewness was derived according to the following observations. (1) At the same target amplitude and under the similar test conditions, data from previous investigations showed that great intra- and inter-subject variation of the peak velocity and the skewness were always observed. (2) Although the velocity was substantially decreased and the duration greatly increased, accuracy was not affected with the saccadic amplitude was almost unchanged for the subjects after diazepam had been taken. (3) The duration of acceleration phase is almost unchanged for different amplitudes. Fifteen normal subjects (range 21 to 26 years with mean of 23.6) without history of neurological disease were recruited and tested in this study. Electro-oculograph (EOG) was used for recording the eye movements with amplitudes ranging from 10° to 60°. The results show that the data were highly correlated to the derived peak velocity and skewness relation with correlation coefficient (R) as high as 0.66-0.92 for great amplitudes (>30°). This study provides an alternative method in quantitative analysis of saccadic dynamics
REPAIRING OF RABBIT SKULL DEFECT BY TGF-β1-INCORPORATED COLLAGEN SPONGES OF DIFFERENT THICKNESS
Authors: UEDA HIROKI , NAKAMURA TATSUO , TABATA YASUHIKO , SHIMIZU YASUHIKO 
Published: December 2008

We have recently demonstrated that a collagen sponge incorporating TGF-β1 was effective in inducing bone repair at the skull defect of rabbits. In this study, the bone repairing of rabbit skulls was tried by TGF-β1-incorporated collagen sponges of different thickness to assess the influence of the size of osteoinductive materials on the bone repairing. The collagen sponge used was prepared by foaming and freeze-drying 1 % aqueous solution of pepsin-processed porcine atelo-collagen, followed by dehydrothermal crosslinking for 6 hr in vacua. Collagen sponges with different thickness were prepared by changing the volume of collagen solution for freeze-drying and changing the number of sponges piled up. An aqueous solution of TGF-β1 or 125 I -labeled TGF-β1 was dropped onto the freeze-dried sponge to prepare collagen sponges incorporating TGF-β1 or 125 I -TGF-β1, respectively. Collagen sponges were also radioiodinated with Bolton Hunter Reagent. Following implantation of the collagen sponges incorporating 125 I -TGF-β1 and the 125 I -labeled collagen sponges into the mice subcutis, each radioactivity remaining was measured to compare the time profile of in vivo retention of TGF-β1 with that of the sponge. The TGF-β1 incorporated collagen sponges of different thickness were implanted into full-thickness defects of rabbit skulls with 6 mm in diameter. The bone repairing at the defect was evaluated in terms of histological and DEXA examinations 6 weeks later. The remaining radioactivity of 125 I -labeled collagen sponges and 125 I -labeled TGF-β1 incorporated in collagen sponges decreased with time. The remaining periods of radioactivities of the sponges prolonged with an increase in the sponge thickness, but those of TGF-β1 were independent with the sponge thickness. The collagen sponge with 2 mm thickness was the most effective in increasing the bone mineral density at the bone defect. This finding indicated that the sponge thickness is one of the key factors contributing to successful bone repairing.
Self‐Template‐Directed Formation of Coordination‐Polymer Hexagonal Tubes and Rings, and their Calcination to ZnO Rings
Authors: Jung Soyoung , Cho Won , Lee Hee Jung , Oh Moonhyun 
Published: December 2008

AbstractSelbstzerstörerisches Templat: Bei einem einzigartigen Partikelwachstumsmechanismus wachsen neue Koordinationspolymere auf der Oberfläche ursprünglich gebildeter hexagonaler Blöcke, und zugleich lösen sich die Blöcke unter Bildung hexagonaler Röhren auf (siehe Schema und Rasterelektronen‐, optische und Fluoreszenzmikroskopiebilder). Durch Kalzinieren werden die Röhren in ZnO‐Partikel der gleichen Form umgewandelt.magnified image
A Synthetic Lectin for O‐Linked β‐N‐Acetylglucosamine
Authors: Ferrand Yann , Klein Emmanuel , Barwell Nicholas P. , Crump Matthew P. , Jiménez‐Barbero Jesus , Vicent Cristina , Boons Geert‐Jan , Ingale Sampat , Davis Anthony P. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractEinfach besser: Der Rezeptor 1 bindet β‐N‐Acetylglucosamin (β‐GlcNAc) bis zu hundert Mal stärker als Glucose. Die Affinitäten dieses synthetischen Lectins ähneln denen von Weizenkeimagglutinin (WGA), einem natürlichen Lectin, das zum Binden von GlcNAc dient. Dabei ist 1 sogar selektiver als WGA. Es begünstigt vor allem die Glycosideinheit im Glycopeptid 2, einem Modell der posttranslationalen Proteinmodifikation Serin‐O‐GlcNAc.magnified image
The Inverted Bond in [1.1.1]Propellane is a Charge‐Shift Bond
Authors: Wu Wei , Gu Junjing , Song Jinshuai , Shaik Sason , Hiberty Philippe C. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractGebunden, aber wie? Eine Ab‐initio‐Studie von [1.1.1]Propellan spricht für eine starke σ‐Bindung zwischen den beiden Brückenkopf‐Kohlenstoffatomen, die aber weder klassisch kovalent noch klassisch ionisch, sondern eine Ladungsverschiebungsbindung ist, in der die Resonanzenergie zwischen kovalenten und ionischen Strukturen die Hauptrolle spielt. Insofern spiegelt die zentrale Bindung in [1.1.1]Propellan die Einfachbindung in Difluor gut wider.magnified image
Familicide: a comparison with spousal and child homicide by mentally disordered perpetrators
Authors: Liem Marieke , Koenraadt Frans 
Published: December 2008

AbstractBackground Familicides, the killings of multiple family members, are believed to constitute an overlap between child homicide (filicide) and intimate partner homicide (uxoricide).Aim The aim of this paper was to examine and compare the socio‐demographic, contextual and psychopathological factors of familicide perpetrators with factors of filicide and uxoricide perpetrators.Methods Data were extracted from files in a forensic psychiatric observation hospital in Utrecht, The Netherlands, for the years 1953–2006. The sample of 536 persons was identified in one of the three categories of interest; 23 were accused of familicide, 133 of filicide and 380 of uxoricide.Results Familicide perpetrators are more likely than filicide perpetrators to be male, to be older, to be more educated and to commit the offence with physical violence. They are more likely than uxoricide perpetrators to be married, less likely to have committed a previous violent offence but more likely to suffer from a personality disorder and more likely to attempt suicide following the homicide.Conclusion Although similarities exist between the three groups under study, those accused of familicide cannot be equated with those accused of filicide or uxoricide. The finding that a large majority of the perpetrators were mentally ill at the time and that many killed when faced with divorce and/or custody over the child(ren) may suggest that increased monitoring of this group might have preventative value. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Process controls on the statistical flood moments ‐ a data based analysis
Authors: Merz Ralf , Blöschl Günter 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIn this paper, the controls of different indicators on the statistical moments (i.e. mean annual flood (MAF), coefficient of variation (CV) and skewness (CS)) of the maximum annual flood records of 459 Austrian catchments are analysed. The process controls are analysed in terms of the correlation of the flood moments within five hydrologically homogeneous regions to two different types of indicators. Indicators of the first type are static catchment attributes, which are associated with long‐term observations such as mean annual precipitation, the base flow index, and the percentage of catchment area covered by a geological unit or soil type. Indicators of the second type are dynamic catchment attributes that are associated with the event scale. Indicators of this type used in the study are event runoff coefficients and antecedent rainfall. The results indicate that MAF and CV are strongly correlated with indicators characterising the hydro‐climatic conditions of the catchments, such as mean annual precipitation, long‐term evaporation and the base flow index. For the catchments analysed, the flood moments are not significantly correlated with static catchment attributes representing runoff generation, such as geology, soil types, land use and the SCS curve number. Indicators of runoff generation that do have significant predictive power for flood moments are dynamic catchment attributes such as the mean event runoff coefficients and mean antecedent rainfall. The correlation analysis indicates that flood runoff is, on average, more strongly controlled by the catchment moisture state than by event rainfall. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of snow interception in winter‐time radiation processes of a coniferous sub‐alpine forest
Authors: Stähli Manfred , Jonas Tobias , Gustafsson David 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe radiation balance in forests is modified by the presence of a (temporally snow‐covered) canopy much more than it is in open areas. The primary effects of the forest canopy are absorption of incoming shortwave radiation, as well as absorption and emission of longwave radiation. In this study, data from a mobile net radiation sensor moving along a 10‐m bar in a coniferous sub‐alpine stand of central Switzerland were analysed to assess the role of intercepted snow in comparison with other governing factors for winter‐time radiation processes in a coniferous sub‐alpine forest. The four winters investigated (2003–2007) covered a broad range of weather and snow conditions including several periods with intercepted snow lasting up to 19 days.For cloudless days, the data show that canopy albedo is elevated by the presence of intercepted snow. For transmissivity, the impact of intercepted snow is less distinct. Our analysis showed that the fraction of diffuse radiation and solar elevation are the main factors affecting shortwave transmissivity. Only after compensating for these effects, could intercepted snow be associated with increased transmissivities. Part of this analysis was carried out with the help of a physically based radiative transfer model. The model results suggest that multiple reflections are relevant to understanding the complex interactions between the factors affecting transmissivity. Finally, snow interception load can be derived reasonably well (R2 = 0·65) from radiation measurements in this sub‐alpine forest. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of spatial grid resolution on river flow and surface inundation simulation by physically based distributed modelling approach
Authors: Dutta Dushmanta , Nakayama Keisuke 
Published: December 2008

AbstractGrid‐based distributed hydrological models are considered to be a very effective flood modelling tool for basin‐wide flood risk analysis because of their capabilities of simulating river and surface inundations at high spatio‐temporal resolutions by taking advantages of grid‐based data from meteorological models, radar and satellite remote sensing. Selecting an appropriate grid size is critically important for any application of a grid‐based model, which requires proper understanding of effects of grid sizes on simulated outcomes. The paper presents the outcomes of a study conducted to analyse the effects of grid resolution on simulated river peak flows and surface inundation in two selected river basins using a process‐based distributed hydrological model.The outcomes show that grid resolution significantly affects the simulated river peak flows and surface inundation characteristics. In both cases, it has been found that the effects are mainly caused by changes of the topographic parameters as a result of changes of grid sizes. The reduction of average surface slope with the increase of grid size affects the simulated surface inundation extents and heights. There is a threshold resolution of digital elevation model (DEM) in the simulated flood inundation and beyond that the model outcomes become arbitrary. Averaged topographic values at coarse resolution beyond this threshold level do not represent any characteristics of locally elevated topographic features such as dykes, highways, etc. and their influence on flood inundation characteristics can be no more captured by the model. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A spatio‐temporal comparison of water balance modelling in an Alpine catchment
Authors: Kling Harald , Nachtnebel Hans Peter 
Published: December 2008

AbstractTo determine the distribution of water balance components in space and time, models are applied with a wide range of spatio‐temporal discretizations—from lumped to distributed in the spatial scale and from annual to daily (or shorter) time‐steps in the temporal scale. We present a comparative case study where we compare the simulation results of two conceptual water balance models using different spatio‐temporal discretizations. Such a comparison enables to assess if different models with different discretizations may still yield similar results in space and time. The study focuses on the mountainous catchment of the river Gail (app. 1300 km2) in southern Austria for the period 1971–1990. The first model uses a semi‐distributed discretization and daily data, whereas the second model uses a spatially distributed discretization (1 × 1 km raster) and monthly data. Both models use precipitation and temperature data as input. Parameters of the daily model were calibrated with runoff data of several gauges as part of a study focusing specifically on the Gail catchment. The distributed parameters of the monthly model were estimated regionally for establishing the water balance of the Hydrological Atlas of Austria. Both models perform equally well for runoff simulations. For simulation of temporal dynamics the models agree well for the main inputs and outputs of the system, with slightly lower agreements for sub‐components—such as snowmelt for instance. In the spatial domain the correlation between the models is significantly lower. Differences are mainly related to different calibration approaches and are not dependent on the spatio‐temporal discretization. Overall, the two water balance models yield consistent results, suggesting that the usage of monthly data is not inferior to the usage of daily data. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simulation and analysis of runoff from a partly glaciated meso‐scale catchment area in Patagonia using an artificial neural network
Authors: Sauter Tobias , Schneider Christoph , Kilian Rolf , Moritz Michael 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIn this study, a model based on an artificial neural network (ANN) was developed to forecast the runoff of a meso‐scale, partly glaciated (40%), Alpine catchment area in the southernmost Andes in Patagonia, Chile. The study area is located in a maritime climate with a mean annual air temperature of + 5·7 °C and about 5500 mm of precipitation per year at sea level.The multilayer feed‐forward network is designed to make use of the Levenberg‐Marquardt algorithm to increase the speed of computation (convergence). Using climate data recorded at an automatic weather station nearby as well as water level records measured simultaneously, the ANN model was trained and verified using independent training and validation datasets. Parameters and the corresponding time lags were determined by statistical methods such as partial, cross‐ and autocorrelation. The results of the simulation confirm that the proposed model was able to identify the underlying non‐linear relationships between the input parameters and the observed discharge. The correlation during validation shows a significant correlation coefficient of 0·98, and an RMSE of 0·02 m respectively. However, it is almost impossible to decipher the internal behaviour of ANN due to its black‐box character. Nevertheless, valuable insights were gained in the complex input–output relationships, and the occurrence of dependencies between different input variables were detected using global sensitivity analysis (GSA). The results of the GSA were compared with those of multiple linear regression (MLR). While the performance of the ANN is much better than the MLR, both models return similar results in terms of the dependency of the discharge upon input variables. It was found that despite the large proportion of glaciated surface area within the catchment, discharge is mainly controlled by precipitation (49%). Furthermore, the runoff is slightly influenced by temperature (19%), global radiation (15%) and wind speed (16%).While the ANN proves to be a very efficient tool for simulating runoff in glacerized, Alpine catchments from meteorological data, the GSA method, as outlined and used in this paper, offers a useful approach of analysing ANN output. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quality control: Why leaders need to understand personality
Authors: Hogan Robert , Kaiser Robert B. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractEvery individual has a personality, and because the primary responsibility of managers is dealing with people, it's important for managers to grasp the different types of personality and the implications of each type for the work world. With a clear understanding of how people are alike and the important ways in which they differ, managers are in a strong position to be effective leaders. In particular, knowledge of personality translates into effectiveness in hiring employees, leading employees, and managing yourself.
Depressed mood and drinking occasions across high school: Comparing the reciprocal causal structures of a panel of boys and girls
Authors: Owens Timothy J. , Shippee Nathan D. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractDoes adolescent depressed mood portend increased or decreased drinking? Is frequent drinking positively or negatively associated with emotional well‐being? Do the dynamic relations between depression and drinking differ by gender? Using block‐recursive structural equation models, we explore the reciprocal short‐term effects (within time, t) and the cross‐lagged medium‐term effects (t +1 year) and long‐term effects (t + 2 years) of depressed mood and monthly drinking occasions. Data come from the high school waves of the Youth Development Study, a randomly selected panel of 1015 ninth graders followed to 12th grade. We found that for both genders, depressed mood consistently decreased short‐term drinking in each grade measured. However, depression increased drinking for both genders in the medium‐term but only for girls in the long‐term. In the other direction, drinking tended to increase depression in the short‐term only among ninth‐grade boys and 12th‐grade girls. Observed trends and differences in the magnitude of the reciprocal effects vary by gender, with drinking being especially deleterious to emotional well‐being for boys early in high school (10th grade) but for girls on the cusp of the post‐high school world (12th grade).
Woodrow Wilson and Germany's Membership in the League of Nations, 1918–19
Authors: Schwabe Klaus 
Published: December 2008

On January 15, 1919, Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, recently appointed foreign minister of the German Republic, concluded a press conference with the following appeal:We demand a policy of reconciliation …, a policy which realizes a genuine … League of Nations. But we will be asked whom we are introducing into this League. Then we must be able to say: “We are introducing a united people that wants peace in the world and is willing to enter the lists for every progress of mankind. …”With these words the German minister gave expression to an ideal that had inspired many left-wing liberals and pacifists in Germany during the war, and that had been taken up by the spokesmen of the newly proclaimed German Republic immediately after the armistice. To them, as well as to Brockdorff, the future League of Nations, in the way it was going to be constituted, was to become the test of the spirit in which the peace would be concluded. The crucial point was whether, and if so on what terms, it would include the new German Republic. If it admitted Germany on equal terms, it would thus demonstrate that it would be a universal organization, open to all democratic nations and in line with the aspirations of the moderate Left of Europe.
The Potempa Murder
Authors: Bessel Richard 
Published: December 2008

I recall a remarkable statement made by Hitler to some visitors, of whom I was one, at Obersalzburg in 1932. The death sentence had just been pronounced on the murderers at Potempa, and the unforgotten declaration of solidarity with the murderers made by the leader of the Party had just become publicly known. A nation—so ran the declaration—may overlook and forget anything in so disturbed a time as the present, if it happens in an open conflict between holders of opposed views. If the Storm Troopers were given a free hand, if it came to street fighting and twenty to thirty thousand Germans lost their lives, the nation would be able to recover from that. The wound would heal. It would be like fighting in the field. But a miscarriage of justice, a death sentence pronounced after cool deliberation, and pronounced and carried out against the people's unerring sense of justice, an execution of men who had acted in national passion, like those who had been sentenced at Potempa as common murderers —that would never be forgotten. —Hermann RauschningFrom my point of view it is certain that the whole affair [Potempa] must be regarded less as a political but much more as a criminal one, even taking as a basis the yardstick that any fighter for the movement takes in view of the events of that time. —TheKreisleiterof the NSDAP in Rosenberg, Upper Silesia
Correlation problems in the Kimmeridge Clay Formation (Upper Jurassic, UK): lithostratigraphy versus biostratigraphy and chronostratigraphy
Authors: COPE JOHN C. W. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractA scheme of grouped lithostratigraphical units (‘beds’) proposed for the English Upper Jurassic Kimmeridge Clay Formation has been claimed to be also chronostratigraphical, but some of the resulting time-correlations conflict with those of the standard chronozonation based on ammonite biostratigraphy. Review of some critical ammonite species reaffirms the validity of the ammonite zonal scheme and shows that mismatching of lithologies (facies-correlations) has led to incorrect time-correlations. Because the numbering scheme of ‘beds’ was based on correlations of attenuated successions, it is on too coarse a time-scale to identify many non-sequences, and its usefulness as a chronostratigraphical tool is questioned. Evidence suggests that at least some calcareous concretions in the Kimmeridge Clay formed at shallow depths, which is relevant to discussions of the succession in terms of basin analysis.