bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sex‐Dependent Dietary Obesity, Induction of UCPs, and Leptin Expression in Rat Adipose Tissues
Authors: Rodríguez Ana M. , Quevedo‐Coli Santiago , Roca Pilar , Palou Andreu 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: The aim of this study was to determine the sex‐dependent differences in the response of key parameters involved in thermogenesis and control of body weight in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and white adipose tissue (WAT) in postcafeteria‐fed rats, a model of dietary obesity.Research Methods and Procedures: BAT and WAT were obtained from male and female control and postcafeteria‐fed Wistar rats. Postcafeteria‐fed rats were initially fed with cafeteria diet from day 10 of life until day 110 (cafeteria period) and with standard chow diet from then until day 180 of life (postcafeteria period). Body mass and energy intake were evaluated. Biometric parameters were analyzed in interscapular BAT (IBAT). Levels of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), α2‐adrenergic receptor (AR), and β3‐AR proteins and UCP1, UCP2, UCP3, β3‐AR, and leptin mRNAs, in IBAT or WAT, were studied by Western blot and Northern blot analyses, respectively.Results: Rats attained 59% (females) and 39% (males) increase in body weight at the end of the cafeteria period. During the postcafeteria period, the rats showed a loss of body weight, which was higher in females. Postcafeteria‐fed female rats also presented higher activation of thermogenic parameters in IBAT, including UCP1, UCP2, and UCP3 mRNAs. Female control rats showed lower levels of both α2 and β3‐ARs in BAT compared with male rats, but these levels in postcafeteria‐fed female and male rats were the same, because males tended to down‐regulate them. Levels of leptin mRNA in response to the postcafeteria state depended on gender and the specific WAT depot studied.Discussion: It is suggested that in postcafeteria‐fed female rats, BAT thermogenic capacity becomes more efficiently activated than in males. Female rats also showed a bigger weight loss. The parallel regulation of the levels of UCP2 and UCP3 mRNAs, with respect to UCP1 mRNA, with higher activation in female postcafeteria‐fed rats, suggests a possible role of both UCP2 and UCP3 in the regulation of energy expenditure and in the control of body weight. The distinct responses to overweight of α2 and β3‐ARs—which were sex dependent—and leptin mRNA—which depended on both sex and WAT depot—also support the different response of thermogenesis‐related parameters between overweight males and females.
Body Composition of African American and White Children: A 2‐Year Follow‐Up of the BAROC Study
Authors: Bray George A. , DeLany James P. , Harsha David W. , Volaufova Julia , Champagne Catherine M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To evaluate the 2‐year changes in body composition of white and African American boys and girls.Research Methods and Procedures: A total of 114 boys and girls ages 12 to 14 years with equal sex and ethnic distribution between African American and white races participated in measurements of body composition using DXA, underwater weighing (densitometry), skinfold thickness, corporal diameters, circumferences, isotope dilution (H218O), and bioelectric impedance.Results: Sixty‐eight of the 114 children advanced from Tanner Stages 1 and 2 to Tanner Stages 3 to 5 over a 2‐year period. More than 50% of the children were in the top 15th percentile according to normative data for body mass index but not for triceps skinfold. All measures except for percentage of fat, density, and four of the six skinfolds increased significantly during the 2 years, with no differences between races, genders, or fat group. The boys who advanced in Tanner Stage reduced their percentage of fat and a number of skinfolds and increased their lean body mass, but the girls did not. The percentage of water was significantly higher in the fatter children and declined significantly over 2 years. Most children remained in the same quartile of body fat, lean body mass, and bone mineral content over 2 years.Discussion: The data are consistent with the hypothesis that over 2 years, growth is the major determinant of changing body composition, with body‐fat group and sexual maturation being additional variables.
Obesity and Sarcopenia after Menopause Are Reversed by Sex Hormone Replacement Therapy
Authors: Sørensen Morten Beck , Rosenfalck Anne Mette , Højgaard Liselotte , Ottesen Bent 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Menopause is linked to an increase in fat mass and a decrease in lean mass exceeding age‐related changes, possibly related to reduced output of ovarian steroids. In this study we examined the effect of combined postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on the total and regional distribution of fat and lean body mass.Research Methods and Procedures: Sixteen healthy postmenopausal women (age: 55 ± 3 years) were studied in a placebo‐controlled, crossover study and were randomized to 17β estradiol plus cyclic norethisterone acetate (HRT) or placebo in two 12‐week periods separated by a 3‐month washout. Total and regional body composition was measured by DXA at baseline and in the 10th treatment week in both periods. Changes were compared by a paired Student's t test.Results: The change in body weight during HRT was equal to the change during placebo (−24.6 g vs. −164 g, p = 0.42), but relative fat mass was significantly reduced (−0.5% vs. +1.24%, p < 0.01). During HRT, compared with during placebo, lean body mass increased (+347 g vs. −996 g, p < 0.01) and total fat mass decreased (−400 g vs. +836 g, p = 0.06). Total bone mineral content increased (+28.9 g vs. −4.4 g, p = 0.04) and abdominal fat decreased (−185 g vs. +253 g, p = 0.04) during HRT compared with placebo.Discussion: HRT is linked to the reversal of both menopause‐related obesity and loss of lean mass, without overall change in body weight. The increase in lean body mass during HRT is likely explained by muscle anabolism, which in turn, prevents disease in the elderly.
Larger Hip Circumference Independently Predicts Health and Longevity in a Swedish Female Cohort
Authors: Lissner Lauren , Björkelund Cecilia , Heitmann Berit L. , Seidell Jaap C. , Bengtsson Calle 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: The waist circumference is widely viewed as a simple but effective measure for assessing obesity‐related health risks, whereas measurement of the hip circumference is not currently prioritized. This study examines health risks associated specifically with hip circumference in a cohort of Swedish women, to determine whether information may be lost by excluding the hip circumference from health surveys.Research Methods and Procedures: The subjects described in this report constitute a population‐based sample of 38‐ to 60‐year‐old women who underwent anthropometric examinations in 1968. The 24‐year incidence rates have been ascertained for myocardial infarction, combined cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes. All‐cause, cardiovascular, and myocardial infarction mortality also were evaluated.Results: Hip circumference was a significant independent inverse risk estimator for all endpoints studied. Using Cox regression with adjustment for age, smoking, body mass index, and waist circumference, the remaining variability associated with larger hips was associated with significantly fewer adverse health outcomes. The hip circumference became statistically informative after body mass index adjustment. The strongest protective associations were observed for cardiovascular disease and diabetes endpoints, although significant trends were also seen for total mortality. Considering hip and waist simultaneously, the strength of the inverse association for large hips generally exceeded the positive association for waist.Discussion: Recent interest in the waist circumference as an effective screening tool has taken the focus off of the hip circumference. The present results suggest that collection of hip measurements should not be discontinued in assessment of obesity‐related risk status and health promotion.
The Effects of Metformin and Diet on Plasma Testosterone and Leptin Levels in Obese Men
Authors: Ozata Metin , Oktenli Cagatay , Bingol Necati , Ozdemir I. Caglayan 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of combined hypocaloric diet and metformin on circulating testosterone and leptin levels in obese men with or without type 2 diabetes.Research Methods and Procedures: Twenty obese men with type 2 diabetes (mean body mass index [BMI]: 35.5 ± 1.1 kg/m2) and 20 nondiabetic obese men were enrolled in the study. We measured serum follicle‐stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone (LH), total testosterone (TT), free testosterone (FT), sex‐hormone‐binding globulin (SHBG), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), and plasma leptin levels before and 3 months after metformin treatment. Both groups were placed on a hypocaloric diet and 850 mg of metformin taken orally twice daily for 3 months.Results: Metformin and hypocaloric diets led to decreases in BMI and waist and hip circumferences in both groups. A significant decrease in TT levels in the diabetic group and FT levels in the control group was found, whereas follicle‐stimulating hormone, LH, and DHEAS levels were not changed significantly. A significant increase in SHBG levels was observed in the control group but not in the patient group. Leptin levels also decreased after treatment in both groups. Decreased testosterone levels were not correlated to changes in waist and hip circumference, waist‐to‐hip ratio, BMI, and levels of fasting blood glucose, leptin, SHBG, or DHEAS in the diabetic group. However, a decrease in FT was correlated to changes in the levels of SHBG (r = −0.71, p = 0.001) and LH (r = 0.80, p = 0.001) but not to other parameters.Discussion: We conclude that metformin treatment combined with a hypocaloric diet leads to reduced FT levels in obese nondiabetic men and to reduced TT levels in obese men with type 2 diabetes. Increased SHBG levels may account for the decrease in FT levels in the former group.
Effect of Satiation on Brain Activity in Obese and Lean Women
Authors: Gautier Jean‐François , Del Parigi Angelo , Chen Kewei , Salbe Arline D. , Bandy Daniel , Pratley Richard E. , Ravussin Eric , Reiman Eric M. , Tataranni Pietro Antonio 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To investigate the response of the brains of women to the ingestion of a meal.Research Methods and Procedures: We used measures of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), a marker of neuronal activity, by positron emission tomography to describe the functional anatomy of satiation, i.e., the response to a liquid meal in the context of extreme hunger (36‐hour fast) in 10 lean (BMI ≤ 25 kg/m2; 32 ± 10 years old, 61 ± 7 kg; mean ± SD) and 12 obese (BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2; 30 ± 7 years old, 110 ± 14 kg) women.Results: In lean and obese women, satiation produced significant increases in rCBF in the vicinity of the prefrontal cortex (p < 0.005). Satiation also produced significant decreases in rCBF in several regions including the thalamus, insular cortex, parahippocampal gyrus, temporal cortex, and cerebellum (in lean and obese women), and hypothalamus, cingulate, nucleus accumbens, and amygdala (in obese women only; all p < 0.005). Compared with lean women, obese women had significantly greater increases in rCBF in the ventral prefrontal cortex and had significantly greater decreases in the paralimbic areas and in areas of the frontal and temporal cortex.Discussion: This study indicates that satiation elicits differential brain responses in obese and lean women. It also lends additional support to the hypothesis that the paralimbic areas participate in a central orexigenic network modulated by the prefrontal cortex through feedback loops.
Does Waist Circumference Add to the Predictive Power of the Body Mass Index for Coronary Risk?
Authors: Iwao Satoshi , Iwao Nobuko , Muller Denis C. , Elahi Dariush , Shimokata Hiroshi , Andres Reubin 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjectives: To examine the power of the combined measurements of body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) for the prediction of abnormality in coronary heart disease risk factors and to determine whether the additional measurement of WC is predictive in older men and women.Research Methods and Procedures: 1190 men and 751 women of the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging were dichotomized into younger (<65 years) and older (65+ years) age groups. Coronary risk factors in the realms of glucose/insulin metabolism, blood pressure, and plasma lipids were assessed. The relationship of BMI and WC, singly and combined, to 10 risk factors for coronary heart disease was examined.Results: In younger and older men and women, BMI and WC are highly correlated (0.84 to 0.88). BMI and WC are also significantly correlated to all 10 coronary risk factors in younger men and women and to 8 of the 10 in the older men and women. Both partial correlation and logistic regression analyses revealed a modest but significant improvement in the prediction of coronary risk in younger men and women by WC after controlling for the level of BMI. There was no improvement in the older subjects.Discussion: WC adds only modestly to the prediction of coronary risk in younger subjects once BMI is known, and adds nothing to the production of risk in older subjects.
Clinical value of 16-slice multidetector computed tomography in symptomatic patients with suspected coronary artery disease
Authors: Türkvatan A. , Biyikoğlu Ş. F. , Büyükbayraktar F. , Ölçer T. , Cumhur T. , Duru E. 
Published: April 2008

Background: Multidetector computed tomography angiography has emerged as a rapidly developing method for the noninvasive detection of coronary artery disease. Purpose: To investigate the diagnostic accuracy and limitations of multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) in the detection of significantly (>50%) obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) using a scanner equipped with 16×0.625-mm collimation. Material and Methods: MDCT angiography was performed in 153 patients (99 male, 54 female; mean age 55±10 years) with suspected CAD and scheduled for conventional coronary angiography (CCA). Image quality was assessed in terms of artifacts and segment visibility, and the assessable segments were screened for the presence of significant stenoses (>50% lumen diameter reduction). The diagnostic performance of MDCT for the detection of significant stenosis was compared with the results of CCA. Results: In all 153 patients, MDCT was carried out without complications. A total of 1989 coronary artery segments were evaluated. After exclusion of 394 non-evaluable segments (19.8%), 1595 segments (80.2%) were included in the analysis. The most frequent causes of poorly assessable segments were motion artifact (36%) and severe calcification (23%). Considering only the segments judged to be evaluable, the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of 16-slice MDCT were 85%, 97%, 79%, and 98%, respectively. Including all segments in the analysis (evaluable and non-evaluable), the sensitivity was 74%, specificity 96%, positive predictive value 73%, and negative predictive value 97%. Conclusion: When all coronary artery segments are included, 16-slice MDCT has moderate sensitivity and very high specificity and negative predictive value in assessing coronary artery stenoses. High specificity and negative predictive value indicate that 16-slice MDCT may be a useful tool in reliably ruling out significant lesions in patients with a low pretest probability.
Diagnostic accuracy and interobserver variability of pulsed arterial spin labeling for glioma grading
Authors: Kim M. J. , Kim H. S. , Kim J.-H. , Cho K.-G. , Kim S. Y. 
Published: April 2008

Background: Although pulsed arterial spin labeling (PASL) enables the reliable qualitative grading of brain tumors, its use in quantification for glioma grading may be hampered by the limited interobserver variability associated with low spatial resolution. Purpose: To assess the interobserver variability and diagnostic accuracy of the relative tumor perfusion signal intensity (rTPS) calculated using PASL in glioma grading. Material and Methods: Fifty-eight patients with 61 cerebral astrocytomas underwent conventional MR imaging and PASL. Receiver operating characteristic analyses were used to determine the optimum thresholds for tumor grading. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) for identifying high-grade gliomas were also calculated. Cohen's κ statistic was used to determine the levels of interobserver variability in the quantitative analysis of PASL. Results: The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV for determining a high-grade glioma with conventional MR imaging were 77.1, 73.1, 79.4, and 70.4%, respectively. A threshold value of 1.28 for rTPS provided a sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of 82.9, 96.2, 96.7, and 80.6%, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference in the rTPS between low- and high-grade astrocytomas (1.14 vs. 1.47, P<0.05). In the interobserver variability analysis, substantial agreement was obtained for the quantitative rTPS measurement from PASL (κ =0.72). Conclusion: Quantitative perfusion measurement with PASL can improve the diagnostic accuracy of preoperative glioma grading, as compared to the application of conventional imaging alone. However, the interobserver variability for quantification is substantial.
Prophylactic implantation of inferior vena cava filter during endovascular therapies for deep venous thrombosis of the lower extremity: is it necessary?
Authors: Yamagami T. , Yoshimatsu R. , Matsumoto T. , Nishimura T. 
Published: April 2008

Background: There is strong controversy as to whether to use filters temporarily in the inferior vena cava (IVC) during endovascular therapies for deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in the lower extremity. Purpose: To evaluate the necessity of implantation of a retrievable inferior vena cava filter during treatment of DVT in the lower extremity using various endovascular techniques. Material and Methods: Studied were all 37 consecutive sessions of endovascular treatments performed in 34 patients with symptomatic lower-limb DVT between April 2001 and October 2006. In all sessions, a Gunther tulip retrievable vena cava filter (GTF) was implanted during the procedures. The degree of trapped thrombus in the filter was evaluated by repeated venocavography. Results: Implantation of a total of 66 GTFs was successfully performed in 37 sessions. Worsening of or new formation of pulmonary embolism was avoided in all patients. In 20 (54.1%) of the 37 sessions, a trapped thrombus in the filter was observed. In 14, the trapped thrombus was large, filling more than half the height of the filter. Conclusion: Temporary implantation of filters is effective in preventing pulmonary emboli during endovascular treatment of DVT in the lower extremities.
Comparative study of fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging for the detection of spinal bone marrow infiltration in untreated patients with multiple myeloma
Authors: Hur J. , Yoon C.-S. , Hoon Ryu Y. , Yun M. J. , Suh J.-S. 
Published: April 2008

Background: The presence and extent of osteolytic bone lesions in untreated patients with multiple myeloma are important factors in the staging of the disease, and the extent of bone lesions in multiple myeloma cases significantly influences decisions regarding therapy. Recently, fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have been used to detect bone marrow involvement in patients with multiple myeloma. Purpose: To compare the efficacy of FDG-PET and MRI for the detection of bone marrow infiltration into the spine in untreated patients with multiple myeloma. Material and Methods: Twenty-two patients with multiple myeloma underwent both FDG-PET and spine MRI. The examined spinal regions by MRI included 21 thoracic and lumbar spines, one lumbar spine, and 12 cervical spines. The following imaging sequences were performed: T1-weighted spin-echo MRI with and without fat suppression, and T2-weighted spin-echo MRI in the sagittal plane. In the patients with bone marrow abnormalities, an additional contrast-enhanced T1-weighted spin-echo MR image and a fat-suppressed T1-weighted spin-echo MR image were obtained. Patients were divided into three groups on the basis of the criteria defined by Durie and Salmon: stage I ( n=9), stage II ( n=3), and stage III ( n=10). The number and location of lesions detected in both FGD-PET and MRI were recorded, and the lesions were compared using the McNemar test. Bone marrow biopsy results, the patient's clinical examinations, and other imaging findings (MRI, FDG-PET, etc.) were used as references. Results: In stages I and II (37 lesions in 12 patients), FDG-PET and MRI detected lesions in 78% (29 of 37 lesions) and 86% (32 of 37 lesions), respectively. However, the difference between the abilities of FDG-PET and MRI to detect lesions was not statistically significant ( P=0.317). In stage III (101 lesions in 10 patients), FDG-PET and MRI detected lesions in 80% (81 of 101 lesions) and 92% (93 of 101 lesions), respectively. The difference between the abilities of FDG-PET and MRI to detect lesions was statistically significant ( P=0.038). Conclusion: MRI is superior to FDG-PET in detecting bone marrow involvement in the spine of patients with advanced multiple myeloma.
Iodixanol compared to iohexol for contrast procedures: a case-matched retrospective cohort study
Authors: From A. M. , Bartholmai B. J. , Williams A. W. , McDonald F. S. 
Published: April 2008

Background: Previous studies that have attempted to evaluate the effectiveness of an iso-osmolar contrast medium (IOCM) iodixanol compared to a low-osmolar contrast medium (LOCM) for contrast procedures show variable results. Purpose: To evaluate the nephrotoxicity of the IOCM iodixanol compared to the LOCM iohexol. Material and Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study from April 2004 to March 2006. All contrast procedures with a pre- and post-exposure creatinine value were evaluated for inclusion. Contrast nephropathy (CN) was defined as post-exposure creatinine elevation of ≥25% or >0.5 mg/dl within 7 days of contrast exposure. Cases of iodixanol exposure were matched to control cases of iohexol exposure (1:1) based on age, sex, presence of diabetes, pre-exposure creatinine value, and type of imaging study performed. We matched 397 cases of iodixanol (IOCM) exposure to 397 cases of iohexol (LOCM) exposure. Cases of iodixanol which could not be matched to controls were not included in the analysis. Results: After adjustment for prior creatinine, medications, contrast iodine load, prior exposure to contrast material, heart failure, and hypertension, use of iodixanol did not significantly alter rates of CN compared to iohexol (OR 0.92, 95% CI 0.57–1.46; P=0.71) or mortality (RR 0.79, 95% CI 0.59–1.06; P=0.12). Conclusion: The use of the IOCM iodixanol was not associated with statistically significant protection against contrast nephropathy or all-cause mortality compared to a matched cohort of patients receiving the LOCM iohexol.