bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Color reversion of the albino medaka fish associated with spontaneous somatic excision of the Tol‐1 transposable element from the tyrosinase gene
Authors: Tsutsumi Makiko , Imai Shuichiro , Kyono‐Hamaguchi Yoriko , Hamaguchi Satoshi , Koga Akihiko , Hori Hiroshi 
Published: March 2006

SummaryThe medaka fish albino mutant, i1 is one of the Tomita collection of medaka pigmentation mutants which exhibits a complete albino phenotype, because of inactivation of the tyrosinase gene due to insertion of a transposable element, Tol‐1. Recently, mosaic black‐pigmented i1 medaka fish have arisen in one of our laboratory breeding populations. Their pigmented cells have been observed in all of the tissues, including the eye and skin, in which melanin is detectable in the wild type. In this study, we analyzed the tyrosinase gene of revertants and showed Tol‐1 to have been precisely excised from the gene, suggesting a causal relationship. Mosaic patterns of pigmentation indicate spontaneous somatic excision of the element from the tyrosinase gene. To our knowledge, this is the first transposable element with somatic excision activity demonstrated phenotypically in vertebrates. The pattern of pigmentation in mosaic revertants indicates frequencies of melanin pigments to be consistent with the numbers of melanophores per unit area of body sites, such as the eyes, head and dorsal trunk.
MODELING AND SIMULATION OF UNFROZEN HAMBURGER SINGLE‐SIDED PANFRYING WITH FLIPPINGS FOR MICROBIAL SAFETY
Authors: OU D. , MITTAL G.S. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT The predictive mathematical heat and mass transfer models for the hamburger patty of single‐sided panfrying were developed. The predicted patty‐temperature histories agreed well with the observed temperature histories. Good experimental validations demonstrated that the mass transfer model provided the feasibility of simulating moisture‐ and fat‐loss histories. The safety analysis was conducted to predict the slowest microbial inactivation point within a patty using the microbial inactivation model. The simulation results demonstrated the inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria innocua and Salmonella serotypes within patties during cooking. The effects of various turning intervals, patty thickness, initial patty temperature and D (thermal death time) values on process time were analyzed.
PREPARATION OF PROTEOLYTIC ACTIVITY RICH GINGER POWDER AND EVALUATION OF ITS TENDERIZING EFFECT ON SPENT‐HEN MUSCLES
Authors: BHASKAR N. , SACHINDRA N.M. , MODI V.K. , SAKHARE P.Z. , MAHENDRAKAR N.S. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT Proteolytic activity‐rich ginger powder was prepared by solvent extraction from two local varieties, namely, Bangalore and Coorg, of ginger (Zingiber officinale). Ethanol treatment yielded a powder with a higher proteolytic activity (P ≤ 0.05) compared to acetone and isopropanol treatments. The Bangalore variety of ginger had a higher proteolytic activity than Coorg variety. Ethanol treatment produced 6.9‐ and 8.3‐fold increases in the specific activity of proteases in ginger powder from Bangalore and Coorg varieties, respectively, compared to the activity in fresh ginger. The breast and leg muscles of spent hen, treated with 2.5% (w/w) of ginger powder obtained by ethanol treatment of Bangalore variety, were found to be significantly more tender (P ≤ 0.05) as indicated by lower shear values (41.9–72.3 N) and higher sensory scores (7.3–8.4) compared to the shear values (68.6–104.9 N) and sensory scores (6.0–7.0) of control samples. Ginger‐powder treatment also improved the flavor of meat marginally. The electrophoretic pattern of ginger powder‐treated muscles produced lower numbers of protein bands compared to control, indicating an increased proteolysis by ginger enzymes. Chicken kabab, a traditional product that is prepared from muscles treated with ginger powder, was more tender and rated superior for sensory flavor and texture quality.
DETERMINATION OF SMALL BONE FRAGMENTS IN MECHANICALLY SEPARATED RABBIT MEAT
Authors: NEGATU Z. , MCNITT J.I. , MCMILLIN K.W. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT The standard method for determination of bone content of mechanically separated meat requires 12 h of incubation, uses carbon tetrachloride and acetone and does not completely digest connective tissue. Incubation before autoclaving and using a combination of enzymes (papain, bromelain and ficin) gave comparable digestion of soft tissue without affecting the total bone fragments collected. Total bone from samples incubated after and before autoclaving was 5.39 ± 0.55 and 6.20 ± 0.35%, respectively. The total amount of bone fragments collected was 6.00 ± 0.34% after washing with carbon tetrachloride and acetone, and 6.65 ± 0.38% after washing with water. The total amount of bone fragments collected after incubation for 2 h was numerically greater (values ranged from 7.35 ± 0.94 to 8.92 ± 0.31%) than when using the standard method (6.78 ± 0.47). The procedure has a coefficient of variation of 14.8%. A linear regression of the bone contents (y) versus concentration in the mince (x) was y = −0.03 + 0.05x (R2 = 0.72).
DETECTION OF SPECIES IN MEAT AND MEAT PRODUCTS USING ENZYME‐LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY
Authors: AYAZ Y. , AYAZ N.D. , EROL I. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT Detection of species adulteration in meat products is important for consumer protection and food labeling law enforcement. In this study, samples of 28 fermented sausages; 14 cooked salami; 11 frankfurters; 9 raw meats; 16 raw ground meats and meat balls; 3 pastramis, 2 hams and 5 bacons; 7 cooked meats; and 5 canned products resulting in a total of 100 meat and meat products were analyzed for species determination by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay test kits prepared with monoclonal antibody technique. Results showed that 11 of 28 fermented sausages (39.2%), 5 of 14 cooked salami (35.7%), 3 of 11 frankfurters (27.2%), 2 of 9 raw meat (22.2%) and 1 of 16 raw ground meat and meat ball (6.2%) samples were found to contain undeclared species. Fermented sausage, cooked salami and frankfurter samples that had been declared as beef only contained poultry meat. Raw meat samples that were declared as beef were determined as horse and deer meat. One meatball sample declared as beef was found to be poultry meat. These results indicate that 22.0% of the samples were not in compliance with Turkish Food Codex violating consumer rights and presenting a potential public health risk. A broad national control program by central authority is required to protect consumers and to prevent unfair competition.
INFLUENCE OF CHOP LOCATION WITHIN A LOIN ON BONELESS PORK LONGISSIMUS QUALITY
Authors: HOMM J.W. , WAYLAN A.T. , UNRUH J.A. , JOHNSON R.C. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the influence of chop location on boneless pork loin quality. Color, firmness and marbling were consistent in the central and center posterior sections of the loin. The anterior and posterior sections of the loin were variable in quality attributes. The anterior chops in an 11‐rib boneless loin were visually darker and softer than the rest of the loin. The middle chops of an eight‐rib boneless loin were visually darker and had lower lightness (L*) and yellowness (b*) values. Posterior chops were visually lighter in color, firmer and had more marbling than chops from the center region. This was supported by higher L* and b* values and percentage of lipid. This study suggests that locations within a loin differ in quality characteristics such as color, tenderness, cooking yield and lipid content. The center section of the loin (30–80%) was the most consistent with regard to pork quality.
Effect of Ezetimibe on the In Vivo Kinetics of ApoB-48 and ApoB-100 in Men With Primary Hypercholesterolemia
Authors: Tremblay André J. , Lamarche Benoît , Cohn Jeffrey S. , Hogue Jean-Charles , Couture Patrick 
Published: March 2006

Objective—To examine the impact of ezetimibe, a selective inhibitor of intestinal cholesterol absorption, on the in vivo kinetics of apolipoproteins (apo) B-48 and B-100 in humans.Methods and Results—Kinetics of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TRL) apoB-48 and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) apoB-100 labeled with a stable isotope were assessed at baseline and at the end of 8 weeks of treatment with 10 mg/d of ezetimibe in 8 men with moderate primary hypercholesterolemia. Data were fit to a multicompartmental model using SAAMII to calculate fractional catabolic rate (FCR) and production rate (PR). Ezetimibe significantly decreased total and LDL cholesterol concentrations by −14.5% and −22.0% (P=0.004), respectively, with no significant change in plasma triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels. Ezetimibe had no significant effect on TRL apoB-48 kinetics and pool size (PS). However, VLDL and IDL apoB-100 FCRs were significantly increased (+31.2%,P=0.02 and +20.8%,P=0.04, respectively) with a concomitant elevation of VLDL apoB-100 PR (+20.9%,P=0.04). Furthermore, LDL apoB-100 PS was significantly reduced by −23.2% (P=0.004), caused by a significant increase in FCR of this lipoprotein fraction (+24.0%,P=0.04).Conclusions—These results indicate that reduction of plasma LDL cholesterol concentration after treatment with ezetimibe is associated with an increase in FCR of apoB-100–containing lipoproteins.
Methodology and Results of Calculating Central California Surface Temperature Trends: Evidence of Human-Induced Climate Change?
Authors: Christy John R. , Norris William B. , Redmond Kelly , Gallo Kevin P. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
A procedure is described to construct time series of regional surface temperatures and is then applied to interior central California stations to test the hypothesis that century-scale trend differences between irrigated and nonirrigated regions may be identified. The procedure requires documentation of every point in time at which a discontinuity in a station record may have occurred through (a) the examination of metadata forms (e.g., station moves) and (b) simple statistical tests. From this “homogeneous segments” of temperature records for each station are defined. Biases are determined for each segment relative to all others through a method employing mathematical graph theory. The debiased segments are then merged, forming a complete regional time series. Time series of daily maximum and minimum temperatures for stations in the irrigated San Joaquin Valley (Valley) and nearby nonirrigated Sierra Nevada (Sierra) were generated for 1910–2003. Results show that twentieth-century Valley minimum temperatures are warming at a highly significant rate in all seasons, being greatest in summer and fall (&gt; +0.25°C decade−1). The Valley trend of annual mean temperatures is +0.07° ± 0.07°C decade−1. Sierra summer and fall minimum temperatures appear to be cooling, but at a less significant rate, while the trend of annual mean Sierra temperatures is an unremarkable −0.02° ± 0.10°C decade−1. A working hypothesis is that the relative positive trends in Valley minus Sierra minima (&gt;0.4°C decade−1 for summer and fall) are related to the altered surface environment brought about by the growth of irrigated agriculture, essentially changing a high-albedo desert into a darker, moister, vegetated plain.
Can We Expect More Extreme Precipitation on the Monthly Time Scale?
Authors: Benestad Rasmus E. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Third Assessment Report states that instrumental records show an increase in precipitation by +0.5%–1% decade−1 in much of the Northern Hemisphere mid- and high latitudes and a decrease of −0.3% decade−1 over subtropical land areas. It has been postulated that these trends are associated with the enhanced levels of atmospheric CO2. In this context, it is natural to ask how continuing rising levels of CO2 may affect the climate in the future. The past IPCC reports have documented numerous studies where increased greenhouse gas concentrations have been prescribed in global climate model simulations. Now, new simulations with state-of-the-art climate models are becoming available for the next IPCC report [the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4)], and results from a number of these simulations are examined in order to determine whether they indicate a change in extreme precipitation on a monthly basis. The analysis involves a simple record–statistics framework and shows that the upper tails of the probability distribution functions for monthly precipitation are being stretched in the mid- and high latitudes where mean-level precipitation increases have already been reported in the past. In other words, values corresponding to extreme monthly precipitation in the past are, according to these results, becoming more frequent.
Nonstationarity of the Intraseasonal Oscillations Associated with the Western North Pacific Summer Monsoon
Authors: Guan Bin , Chan Johnny C. L. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The nonstationarity of the intraseasonal oscillations (ISOs) associated with the western North Pacific summer monsoon (WNPSM) is examined using a wavelet analysis of outgoing longwave radiation (OLR). Both the 10–20- and 30–60-day ISOs are found to display significant interannual modulations, and their relative strengths vary with time. The variation of OLR associated with a strong ISO, either 10–20- or 30–60-day, could be as large as 20 W m−2 in magnitude. Case studies showed that the mechanism for development of low OLR may differ in individual years, and that the 10–20-day ISO, the 30–60-day ISO, and the seasonal cycle may each become dominant in different years.
New Spectroradiometers Complying with the NDSC Standards
Authors: Wuttke Sigrid , Seckmeyer Gunther , Bernhard Germar , Ehramjian James , McKenzie Richard , Johnston Paul , O'Neill Michael 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The investigation of the effect of solar ultraviolet (UV) and visible radiation on biological organisms and photochemical reactions requires spectral measurements of the desired radiation parameters of high accuracy. The Network for the Detection of Stratospheric Change (NDSC) and the World Meteorological Organization have set up stringent requirements for high-quality spectral measurements of ultraviolet radiation. It is shown that two new instruments comply with these standards. One is the newly developed spectroradiometer of the Institute of Meteorology and Climatology, University of Hannover, Hannover, Germany. It is capable of covering the spectral range from the UV to the near-infrared (290–1050 nm) in a comparably fine resolution. One major aim is to deploy this instrument as a traveling NDSC spectroradiometer. The other new instrument is built for the U.S. National Science Foundation's UV Monitoring Network. It is designed to monitor UV and visible irradiance at high latitudes and covers a wavelength range from 280 to 600 nm. Data of both instruments show deviations of less than 5% for a wide range of atmospheric conditions compared to a NDSC spectroradiometer owned by the Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory during the fifth North American Interagency Intercomparison for UV Spectroradiometers. Such deviations represent state-of-the-art instrumentation for conducting long-term measurements of solar UV radiation capable of detecting trends and supporting long-term measurements by traveling standards. Furthermore, there is now an instrument capable of measuring solar irradiance in a wavelength range from 250 to 1050 nm.
Ocean Wave Directional Spectra Estimation from an HF Ocean Radar with a Single Antenna Array: Methodology
Authors: Hisaki Yukiharu 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
A method to estimate ocean wave directional spectra using a high-frequency (HF) ocean radar was developed. The governing equations of wave spectra are integral equations of first- and second-order radar cross sections, the wave energy balance equation, and the continuity equation of surface winds. The parameterization of the source function is the same as that in WAM. Furthermore, the method uses the constraints that wave spectral values are smooth in both wave frequency and direction and that the propagation terms are small. The unknowns to be estimated are surface wind vectors at radial grids whose centers are the radar position, and wave spectral values at radial and wave frequency–direction grids. The governing equations are discretized in the radial and wave frequency–direction grids and are converted into a nonlinear minimization problem. Identical twin experiments showed that the present method can estimate wave spectra and dynamically extrapolate wave spectra, even in an inhomogeneous wave field.
Raman Lidar Measurements during the International H2O Project. Part I: Instrumentation and Analysis Techniques
Authors: Whiteman D. N. , Demoz B. , Rush K. , Schwemmer G. , Gentry B. , Di Girolamo P. , Comer J. , Veselovskii I. , Evans K. , Melfi S. H. , Wang Z. , Cadirola M. , Mielke B. , Venable D. , Van Hove T. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) Scanning Raman Lidar (SRL) participated in the International H2O Project (IHOP), which occurred in May and June 2002 in the midwestern part of the United States. The SRL received extensive optical modifications prior to and during the IHOP campaign that added new measurement capabilities and enabled unprecedented daytime water vapor measurements by a Raman lidar system. Improvements were also realized in nighttime upper-tropospheric water vapor measurements. The other new measurements that were added to the SRL for the IHOP deployment included rotational Raman temperature, depolarization, cloud liquid water, and cirrus cloud ice water content. In this first of two parts, the details of the operational configuration of the SRL during IHOP are provided along with a description of the analysis and calibration procedures for water vapor mixing ratio, aerosol depolarization, and cirrus cloud extinction-to-backscatter ratio. For the first time, a Raman water vapor lidar calibration is performed, taking full account of the temperature sensitivity of water vapor and nitrogen Raman scattering. Part II presents case studies that permit the daytime and nighttime error statistics to be quantified.
Resolution Enhancement Technique Using Range Oversampling
Authors: Yu Tian-You , Zhang Guifu , Chalamalasetti Anil B. , Doviak Richard J. , Zrníc Dusan 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
A novel resolution enhancement technique using range oversampling (RETRO) is presented. Oversampled signals are radar returns from shifted and overlapped resolution volumes in range. It has been recently shown that these signals can be whitened and averaged to optimally reduce the statistical error of weather spectral moment estimations for the case of uniform reflectivity and velocity. Using the same oversampled data, when the resolution is of interest, RETRO can reveal the variation of reflectivity and velocity in range at finescale. The idea is to utilize the redundant information contained in oversampled signals, which come from common regions, to improve the resolution defined by the range weighting function. As a result, oversampled data are optimally combined to produce high-resolution signals for spectral moment estimations. RETRO is demonstrated and verified using numerical simulations for two cases. In the first case, range variation of a tornadic vortex with a diameter of 120 m can be reconstructed by RETRO at a scale of 25 m when a 250-m pulse and an oversampling factor of 10 are used. Application of RETRO to mitigate ground clutter contamination is demonstrated in the second case.
Determining Bottom Reflectance and Water Optical Properties Using Unmanned Underwater Vehicles under Clear or Cloudy Skies
Authors: English David C. , Carder Kendall L. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
An unmanned underwater vehicle (UUV) with hyperspectral optical sensors that measure downwelling irradiance and upwelling radiance was deployed over sandy bottoms, sea grass patches, and coral reefs near Lee Stocking Island, Bahamas, during the Coastal Benthic Optical Properties (CoBOP) program of 2000. These deployments occurred during both sunny and cloudy weather. If the rate of irradiance change due to cloud cover is slight, then the inclusion of a variable cloudy-irradiance factor will allow a reasonable estimation of water column absorption. Examination of data from a deployment in May 2000 under cloudy skies shows that the combination of hyperspectral light-field measurements, knowledge of the UUV's position in the water column, and a cloudy-irradiance factor permits consistent estimations of bottom reflectivity to be made from UUV measured reflectances. The spatial distribution of reflectance estimates obtained from a UUV may be useful for validation of airborne ocean color imagery.
Sea Surface Temperature Patterns on the West Florida Shelf Using Growing Hierarchical Self-Organizing Maps
Authors: Liu Yonggang , Weisberg Robert H. , He Ruoying 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Neural network analyses based on the self-organizing map (SOM) and the growing hierarchical self-organizing map (GHSOM) are used to examine patterns of the sea surface temperature (SST) variability on the West Florida Shelf from time series of daily SST maps from 1998 to 2002. Four characteristic SST patterns are extracted in the first-layer GHSOM array: winter and summer season patterns, and two transitional patterns. Three of them are further expanded in the second layer, yielding more detailed structures in these seasons. The winter pattern is one of low SST, with isotherms aligned approximately along isobaths. The summer pattern is one of high SST distributed in a horizontally uniform manner. The spring transition includes a midshelf cold tongue. Similar analyses performed on SST anomaly data provide further details of these seasonally varying patterns. It is demonstrated that the GHSOM analysis is more effective in extracting the inherent SST patterns than the widely used EOF method. The underlying patterns in a dataset can be visualized in the SOM array in the same form as the original data, while they can only be expressed in anomaly form in the EOF analysis. Some important features, such as asymmetric SST anomaly patterns of winter/summer and cold/warm tongues, can be revealed by the SOM array but cannot be identified in the lowest mode EOF patterns. Also, unlike the EOF or SOM techniques, the hierarchical structure in the input data can be extracted by the GHSOM analysis.