bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Local bi‐planar gradient array design using conformal mapping and simulated annealing
Authors: Moon Sung M. , Goodrich K. Craig , Hadley J. Rock , Parker Dennis L. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractMany magnetic resonance imaging applications require high spatial and temporal resolution. The improved gradient performance required to achieve high spatial and temporal resolution may be achieved by using local gradient coils such as planar gradient inserts. The planar gradient set provides higher gradient performance because it is placed inside of the imaging bore of the magnet (within the body gradients) in close proximity to the imaging region. Although the wire patterns for planar gradients can be designed using two dimensional stream functions and simulated annealing, optimization of the two dimensional stream functions can be much more computationally intensive and time consuming than optimizing the one dimensional stream functions required for cylindrical gradients. To address this problem, we have developed a simple and rapid method for the design of planar gradient inserts to produce a high strength local gradient field and a reasonably uniform imaging region. By using conformal mapping, the two dimensional problem can be simplified to a faster and more easily calculated one dimensional problem. The mapping transforms the magnetic field and wire patterns in the cylindrical system into a magnetic field and wire patterns in the bi‐planar geometry providing a tool for bi‐planar gradient coil design using a one dimensional stream function. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part B (Magn Reson Engineering) 35B: 23–31, 2009
Using Web 2.0 for scientific applications and scientific communities
Authors: Pierce Marlon E. , Fox Geoffrey C. , Choi Jong Y. , Guo Zhenhua , Gao Xiaoming , Ma Yu 
Published: February 2009

AbstractWeb 2.0 approaches are revolutionizing the Internet, blurring lines between developers and users and enabling collaboration and social networks that scale into the millions of users. As discussed in our previous work, the core technologies of Web 2.0 effectively define a comprehensive distributed computing environment that parallels many of the more complicated service‐oriented systems such as Web service and Grid service architectures. In this paper we build upon this previous work to discuss the applications of Web 2.0 approaches to four different scenarios: client‐side JavaScript libraries for building and composing Grid services; integrating server‐side portlets with ‘rich client’ AJAX tools and Web services for analyzing Global Positioning System data; building and analyzing folksonomies of scientific user communities through social bookmarking; and applying microformats and GeoRSS to problems in scientific metadata description and delivery. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Eye gaze in virtual environments: evaluating the need and initial work on implementation
Authors: Murray Norman , Roberts Dave , Steed Anthony , Sharkey Paul , Dickerson Paul , Rae John , Wolff Robin 
Published: February 2009

AbstractFor efficient collaboration between participants, eye gaze is seen as being critical for interaction. Video conferencing either does not attempt to support eye gaze (e.g. AcessGrid) or only approximates it in round table conditions (e.g. life size telepresence). Immersive collaborative virtual environments represent remote participants through avatars that follow their tracked movements. By additionally tracking people's eyes and representing their movement on their avatars, the line of gaze can be faithfully reproduced, as opposed to approximated. This paper presents the results of initial work that tested if the focus of gaze could be more accurately gauged if tracked eye movement was added to that of the head of an avatar observed in an immersive VE. An experiment was conducted to assess the difference between user's abilities to judge what objects an avatar is looking at with only head movements being displayed, while the eyes remained static, and with eye gaze and head movement information being displayed. The results from the experiment show that eye gaze is of vital importance to the subjects correctly identifying what a person is looking at in an immersive virtual environment. This is followed by a description of the work that is now being undertaken following the positive results from the experiment. We discuss the integration of an eye tracker more suitable for immersive mobile use and the software and techniques that were developed to integrate the user's real‐world eye movements into calibrated eye gaze in an immersive virtual world. This is to be used in the creation of an immersive collaborative virtual environment supporting eye gaze and its ongoing experiments. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thin Films of Photoactive Polymer Blends
Authors: Ruderer Matthias A. , Metwalli Ezzeldin , Wang Weinan , Kaune Gunar , Roth Stephan V. , Müller‐Buschbaum Peter 
Published: February 2009

AbstractPhotoactive polymer blends: Films consisting of two photoactive homopolymers, MEH‐PPV and P3HT, are prepared via spin coating. Investigation of the lateral domain distance inside the blended film, performed by using grazing incidence small angle X‐ray scattering techniques, shows that the theoretically predicted blending ratio seems most promising (see figure).magnified imageThe morphology inside photoactive blended films of two conjugated homopolymers poly [(1‐methoxy)‐4‐(2‐ethylhexyloxy)‐p‐phenylene‐vinylene] (MEH‐PPV) and poly(3‐hexylthiophene‐2,5‐diyl) (P3HT) is investigated. For both homopolymers a linear dependence of the installed film thickness from the concentration of the polymer solution used in spin coating is probed. This dependence allows preparation of an efficient series of blended films with constant thickness and different blending ratios. Information about the lateral structure inside the films is gained from grazing incidence small angle X‐ray scattering. At the calculated critical blending ratio the smallest lateral separation between adjacent domains is found representing the highest surface contact between both homopolymers in the films. The presence of wetting layers at both interfaces as detected with X‐ray reflectivity and atomic force microscopy is promising for photovoltaic applications. UV/Vis spectroscopy complements the structural investigation.
Value of cytopathologist‐performed ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration as a screening test for ultrasound‐guided core‐needle biopsy in nonpalpable breast masses
Authors: Lieu David 
Published: February 2009

AbstractFine‐needle aspiration (FNA) of breast masses in the United States has been on the decline for the last decade and has been largely replaced by ultrasound‐guided core‐needle biopsy (UG‐CNB). Some studies show core‐needle biopsy (CNB) is superior to FNA in terms of absolute sensitivity, specificity, and inadequate rate. However, the importance of a skilled aspirator, experienced cytopathologist, and immediate cytological evaluation (ICE) in FNA is often not considered. CNB is more expensive, invasive, risky, and painful than FNA. This prospective study examines the value of cytopathologist‐performed ultrasound‐guided FNA (UG‐FNA) with ICE as a screening test for cytopathologist‐performed UG‐CNB on nonpalpable or difficult‐to‐palpate solid breast masses visible on ultrasound. One hundred twenty consecutive nonpalpable or difficult‐to‐palpate presumably solid breast masses in 109 female patients from January2, 2008 to June 30, 2008 underwent cytopathologist‐performed UG‐FNA with ICE. Twenty cases were converted to cytopathologist‐performed UG‐CNB because ICE was inadequate, hypocellular, atypical, suspicious, or malignant. Patients with clearly benign cytology did not undergo UG‐CNB. UG‐FNA with ICE reduced the percentage of patients undergoing UG‐CNB by 87%. A new role for cytopathologist‐performed UG‐FNA of nonpalpable breast masses has been identified. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immunocytochemical panel for distinguishing between adenocarcinomas and reactive mesothelial cells in effusion cell blocks
Authors: Kim Jo‐Heon , Kim Ga‐Eon , Choi Yoo Duk , Lee Ji Shin , Lee Jae Hyuk , Nam Jong‐Hee , Choi Chan 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe aim of our study was to determine the value of a panel that consisted of one epithelial marker (MOC‐31) and two mesothelial markers (D2‐40 and calretinin) for distinguishing between reactive mesothelial cells (RMCs) and adenocarcinomas (ACs) in effusion fluids. A total of 118 cell block specimens from pleural and peritoneal effusions, including 88 ACs and 30 benign effusions with RMCs were stained with antibodies against MOC‐31, D2‐40, and calretinin. MOC‐31 membranous activity was observed in all samples from ACs, regardless of the primary tumor site. All benign effusion samples with RMCs were negative for MOC‐31. All benign effusion samples with RMCs exhibited membranous staining for D2‐40, and one AC case had focal reactivity for D2‐40. Almost all benign effusions reacted positively with calretinin. Staining was noted in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus in the majority of cases. Scattered tumor cells had weak calretinin positivity in two AC cases. Background RMCs in AC effusions were consistently positive for D2‐40 and calretinin. In general, D2‐40 identified more RMCs than calretinin. The staining combination of positive for MOC‐31 and negative for D2‐40 or calretinin were 100% specific and 99% sensitive for ACs. Our data suggest that immunohistochemical studies performed on cell blocks with MOC‐31, D2‐40, and calretinin were useful in the differentiation between ACs and RMCs. D2‐40 was a more sensitive marker for RMCs than calretinin. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytomorphologic features of the plasmacytoid variant of urothelial carcinoma: A case report
Authors: Lau Sean K. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe plasmacytoid variant of urothelial carcinoma is an uncommon form of urothelial carcinoma with a distinctive histologic appearance. Descriptions of the cytologic features of this particular type of urothelial carcinoma in urinary specimens are limited. The present report details the urinary cytomorphologic findings of a plasmacytoid urothelial carcinoma occurring in the urinary bladder of a 66‐year‐old male. Bladder washings showed the presence of scattered dyscohesive cells with a plasmacytoid appearance characterized by abundant amounts of cytoplasm, eccentrically located nuclei, and inconspicuous nucleoli. The diagnosis of plasmacytoid urothelial carcinoma was confirmed upon histologic examination of a concurrently performed transurethral resection specimen, with immunohistochemical studies supporting this interpretation. Although rare, the plasmacytoid variant of urothelial carcinoma should be a diagnostic consideration when atypical cells with plasmacytoid features are encountered in a urinary specimen. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nodular pulmonary amyloidosis with an unusual protein composition diagnosed by fine‐needle aspiration biopsy: A case report
Authors: Yang Michael C. , Blutreich Ahna , Das Kasturi 
Published: February 2009

AbstractNodular pulmonary amyloidosis is rare, but a number of individual cases have been reported in the literature. Radiologically, pulmonary amyloid nodules often mimic cancer and hence require biopsy to obtain a specimen for definitive diagnosis. We describe a case of isolated nodular pulmonary amyloidosis with an unusual amyloid composition that given the patient's clinical history has not been described in the literature to the best of our knowledge, making this case unique.A 58‐year‐old woman with a history of mixed connective tissue disease was found to have multiple lung nodules on chest computed tomography (CT) that were radiologically suspicious for cancer. A CT‐guided percutaneous fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy of one of the nodules was performed. A diagnosis of amyloid was rendered using special stains and polarized light microscopic examination. Immunohistochemical stains revealed that the amyloid comprised beta‐2 microglobulin as well as both kappa and lambda light chains. Further work up showed no evidence of systemic amyloidosis.We were successful in rendering an accurate diagnosis of a pulmonary amyloidoma on material procured by CT‐guided FNA thus avoiding more invasive procedures. In addition, immunohistochemical staining revealed an unexpected and highly unusual protein composition of the amyloid. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Psammoma bodies in cervical smear in association with keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma of cervix: A case report
Authors: Pillai K. Raveendran , Sujathan K. , Mani K. S. , Jayalal K. S. , Somanathan Thara 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe presence of psammoma bodies (PBs) in cervical smears is a rare finding. These structures have been identified in association with a wide range of benign and malignant conditions within the female genital tract. PBs in cervical smears have usually been associated with malignant serous epithelial ovarian tumors. However, many PBs associated with atypical squamous cells were detected in cervical smears of an 83‐year‐old woman with complaint of postmenopausal bleeding. Colposcopic examination revealed an ulceroinfiltrative growth in the cervix. Histological examination of the biopsy specimen from the growth revealed keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma with multiple and singly arranged PBs. This report suggests that cytologists should aware of the possibilities, on finding PBs associated with atypical cells in cervical specimens and report the cases accordingly. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytology of metastatic cervical squamous cell carcinoma in pleural fluid: Report of a case confirmed by human papillomavirus typing
Authors: Gamez Roberto G. , Jessurun Jose , Berger Michael J. , Pambuccian Stefan E. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractCervical squamous cell carcinomas are rarely the cause of malignant effusions. Their identification can be relatively easy when keratinizing atypical squamous cells are present, but may be very difficult when only nonkeratinizing malignant cells are present. We present the case of a 47‐year‐old woman who presented with a large left pleural effusion after having recently completed chemoradiation therapy for stage IIB cervical squamous cell carcinoma. Cytologic examination of the fluid showed a uniform population of single atypical cells with finely vacuolated cytoplasm, ectoendoplasmic demarcation, cell‐in‐cell arrangements, and short rows of cells with intervening “windows,” all features reminiscent of mesothelial cells. No keratinization or three‐dimensional cell clusters were identified. A panel of immunohistochemical stains was performed on the cell block material, and the atypical cells were positive for cytokeratin 5/6, p63, and p16 but not for cytokeratin 7, calretinin, WT1, or Ber‐EP4 or TTF1. These findings were consistent with metastatic squamous cell carcinoma. HPV DNA determination and typing by PCR confirmed the presence of HPV16 in an aliquot of pleural fluid. This is to our knowledge the first reported case of pleural fluid involved by metastatic squamous cell carcinoma where HPV DNA testing was used to confirm the origin of the metastasis. Despite its rarity, metastatic nonkeratinizing squamous cell carcinoma should be considered when a single cell population of large atypical cells is found in effusions. Immunoperoxidase stains and HPV testing can be performed to establish the diagnosis and confirm the origin from a cervical primary. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration diagnosis of clear‐cell pancreatic endocrine neoplasm in a patient with von Hippel‐Lindau disease: A case report
Authors: Safo Anthony‐Osei F. , Li Rebecca W. , Vickers Selwyn M. , Schmechel Stephen C. , Pambuccian Stefan E. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe cytologic findings of a clear‐cell pancreatic endocrine neoplasm (PEN) diagnosed by endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration (EUS‐FNA) occurring in a 29‐year‐old man with von Hippel‐Lindau (VHL) syndrome are described. Imaging studies showed multiple pancreatic masses and cysts, a single liver lesion, and pulmonary and renal cysts. Cytologic features of this clear‐cell PEN included the presence of large sheets and rounded clusters of polygonal neoplastic cells with relatively abundant cytoplasm containing numerous, small, sharply‐demarcated vacuoles that occasionally indented nuclei and gave the cells a “frothy” appearance. Mild anisonucleosis was present and nucleoli were visible. Rare single cells and stripped nuclei were seen. Small vessels transgressed tumor cell sheets. These cytologic findings are distinct from those of typical endocrine neoplasms, and bear resemblance to the cytologic features of renal cell carcinoma metastatic to the pancreas. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first detailed report of the EUS‐FNA cytologic findings of a clear‐cell PEN associated with VHL syndrome. We believe that the distinctive and characteristic cytologic features, together with immunohistochemical studies, can allow a preoperative cytologic diagnosis of this highly unusual pancreatic lesion and avoid possible confusion with other clear‐cell neoplasms in the pancreas, particularly metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of flow cytometric immunophenotyping and DNA analysis for detection of malignant cells in serosal cavity fluids
Authors: Sayed Douaa M. , EL‐Attar Madiha M. , Hussein Aliaa A. R. Mohamed 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe serosal cavities are frequent sites of tumor metastasis. The distinction between carcinoma cells, inflammatory cells, and reactive or malignant mesothelial cells can be difficult in cytology. Multicolor flow cytometry (FCM) provides the opportunity to evaluate multiple antigens simultaneously, making it possible to characterize various cell populations. In this study, we aimed to assess the diagnostic accuracy of FCM immunophenotyping and DNA in comparison with serum tumor markers and classic cytology for detection of malignant cells in pleural and ascitic fluids. One hundred and nineteen samples of body cavity fluids were analyzed. Immunophenotyping was performed by four‐color immunofluorescent staining using monoclonal antibodies against Ber‐EP4, cytokeratin, CD3, and CD45. The DNA analysis by FCM was also performed. In addition, serum CA19‐9, CEA, AFP, and CA125 were analyzed. Ber‐EP4 marker had the highest sensitivity (73%) and specificity (95.5%) in the detection of carcinoma cells in serous fluid and correlated with cytology in most of cases (73%). The mean of DI differed statistically in patients with malignant effusions than in benign one. DI showed no difference in fluids due to infiltration of malignant epithelial cells or hematopoitic malignancy or due to hepatocellular carcinoma developing in cirrhotic liver. Thus, flow cytometry appears to aid not only in the detection of malignant cells but also in the characterization of cell type. On the other hand, although DNA ploidy examination had better sensitivity; it had no advantage over conventional cytopathological examination in identification of malignant cells. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An approach to post‐radical trachelectomy vaginal‐isthmus cytology
Authors: Sauder Kenan , Wilbur David C. , Duska Linda , Tambouret Rosemary H. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractRadical trachelectomy (RT) is the surgical amputation of the uterine cervix with paracervical lymphadenectomy, performed in reproductive age women to treat invasive squamous‐cell carcinoma or endocervical adenocarcinoma while preserving the uterine corpus for potential child bearing. Post‐RT patient monitoring includes isthmic‐vaginal cytology. This study reviews our experience with liquid based preparation of post‐RT cytology samples. Fifty‐four post‐RT vaginal‐isthmic cytology specimens were reviewed from nine patients, seven with adenocarcinoma, and two with squamous‐cell carcinoma. Five patients had normal (NILM) or normal with reactive changes on all cytology samples. Two patients had isolated squamous abnormalities (atypical squamous‐cells of uncertain significance (ASC‐US) and low‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL)); both follow‐up biopsies were negative. Two patients had repeatedly abnormal specimens interpreted as atypical glandular cells (AGC), one of whom also had a concurrent ASC‐US. Only one sample was tested for high risk human papilloma virus (hrHPV), with negative results. All patients with abnormal cytology went on to have biopsies which were interpreted as benign. The cytology specimens most often interpreted as AGC contained many groups of hyperchromatic crowded glandular cells and/or stromal cells derived from direct sampling of the lower uterine segment. The crowding often limits visualization of all the cells in a group, plus sampled endometrium may harbor mitoses, adding to the atypical appearance.Cytologists should become familiar with the spectrum of changes in the post‐RT cytology. Testing for hrHPV should be considered for use in the management of abnormal cytology results. Post RT cytology should be compared with presurgical cytology since one would anticipate similarities in post‐RT true positive cases. In particular, a primary diagnosis of adenocarcinoma makes differentiating benign reactive glandular cells from recurrence a critical issue. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of Analogues of 1α,25‐Dihydroxyvitamin D3 with Biased Side‐Chain Orientation: C20 Methylated Des‐C,D‐homo Analogues
Authors: Vrielynck Freek , Van Haver Dirk , Vandewalle Maurits , Verlinden Lieve , Verstuyf Annemieke , Bouillon Roger , Croce Gianluca , De Clercq Pierre 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe discovery that 1α,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 is effective in the inhibition of cellular proliferation and in the induction of cellular differentiation has led to a search for analogues in which these activities and the classical calcemic activity of the hormone are dissociated. In this context, the synthesis and biological evaluation are reported for six CD‐ring modified structural analogues that were conceived so as to enforce a particular orientation of the 25‐hydroxylated side chain. The analogues are characterized by the absence of the C‐ring and the presence of an unnatural six‐membered D‐ring. The biased side‐chain orientations are realized through the stereocontrolled incorporation of methyl substituents at positions C13/C20 and C16/C20. Comparison of the results of the biological evaluation and conformational analysis of the side chain confirms the existence of a relationship between inhibition of MCF‐7 breast cancer cell proliferation and side chain geometry.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)