bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Correlates of Adherence to a Physical Activity Program in Young African‐American Girls
Authors: Lemmon Christian R. , Ludwig David A. , Howe Cheryl A. , Ferguson‐Smith Ayanay , Barbeau Paule 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: The goal was to identify correlates of adherence to a structured physical activity (PA) program.Research Methods and Procedures: Subjects were 136 8‐ to 12‐year‐old African‐American girls. Potential correlates at baseline were: 1) fitness index (FI: % body fat from DXA and cardiovascular fitness from treadmill test), and 2) self‐esteem, anxiety, attitude to school and teachers, relationship with parents, and interpersonal relations (Behavioral Assessment System for Children). The 10‐month PA program included 80 minutes of PA offered 5 days/wk. Regression tree classification was used to model attendance.Results: Six splits occurred (34% total variance explained). Less anxious subjects attended more often than highly anxious subjects (3 days/wk vs. 1.5 days/wk) did. Subjects with a healthier FI attended more often than those with a less healthy FI (3 days/wk vs. 0.5 days/wk) did. Younger subjects attended more often than older ones (3 days/wk vs. 2.5 days/wk) did. The next two splits were again with anxiety (3.5 days/wk vs. 3 days/wk) and FI (3 days/wk vs. 2.5 days/wk). Finally, subjects with higher levels of self‐esteem attended more often than those with lower levels (3.5 days/wk vs. 2 days/wk) did.Discussion: Subjects who were self‐confident, younger, fitter, and less anxious were more likely to participate regularly. This suggests that children who may be more likely to benefit from a PA program are less likely to participate. To enhance participation in PA programs, especially in older African‐American girls: 1) psychological concerns should be identified and addressed before enrollment, and 2) programs should be designed to be appealing to children of all fitness levels.
Impact of Surgically Induced Weight Loss on Cardiovascular Autonomic Function: One‐year Follow‐up
Authors: Maser Raelene E. , Lenhard M. James , Irgau Isaias , Wynn Gail M. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: To determine the impact of surgically induced weight loss on cardiovascular autonomic function in subjects with severe obesity and examine whether the effect was comparable for persons with and without diabetes.Research Methods and Procedures: Twenty‐six severely obese individuals (BMI = 48 ± 7 kg/m2) underwent bariatric surgery (laparoscopic Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass, n = 21; laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding, n = 5). Cardiovascular autonomic function (heart rate variation during deep breathing and the Valsalva maneuver) was assessed before and 6 and 12 months after surgery.Results: Twelve months after bariatric surgery, there was a 28% decrease in BMI. There was an increase in all parasympathetic indices of autonomic function (all assessment modalities, p < 0.05) with weight loss. The amount of improvement from baseline for all measures of autonomic function did not differ for those with or without diabetes.Discussion: Surgically induced weight loss 12 months after surgery has a favorable effect on cardiovascular autonomic function in severely obese individuals with and without diabetes.
Regulation of Adiponutrin Expression by Feeding Conditions in Rats Is Altered in the Obese State
Authors: Caimari Antoni , Oliver Paula , Palou Andreu 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: To characterize the effect of feeding conditions on the expression behavior of adiponutrin, a non‐secreted adipose‐specific protein proposed to be involved in energy homeostasis maintenance, and its relation with leptin expression in different rat adipose tissue depots under normal and obese conditions.Research Methods and Procedures: Two rat models were used, Wistar (lean and overweight) and Zucker (lean and obese), submitted to fasting/refeeding. Adiponutrin and leptin expression was determined in different white adipose tissue depots (epididymal, inguinal, mesenteric, and retroperitoneal) and in interscapular brown adipose tissue by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction.Results: We have found site‐specific differences in adiponutrin expression in different adipose depots, being the expression pattern close to that of leptin in white adipose tissue. The depot‐specific adiponutrin expression is similar in lean and obese animals, except in the inguinal depot, where adiponutrin is overexpressed in obese Zucker. Independently of the degree of expression in the tissue, adiponutrin is an acute sensor of feeding conditions compared with other diet‐regulated adipokines, as is leptin. In lean rats, 14‐hour fasting greatly decreases adiponutrin mRNA levels in all of the depots studied, whereas 3‐hour refeeding allows the recovery of the levels found in control animals. In both overweight Wistar and obese Zucker rats, the decreased mRNA expression observed after fasting in lean rats is not as evident; moreover, in the obese Zucker, there is no recovery after refeeding.Discussion: Adiponutrin expression is highly regulated by feeding conditions in the different adipose tissue depots, but this regulation is impaired in obese rats.
High Visceral Fat Mass and High Liver Fat Are Associated with Resistance to Lifestyle Intervention
Authors: Thamer Claus , Machann Juergen , Stefan Norbert , Haap Michael , Schäfer Silke , Brenner Sonja , Kantartzis Konstantin , Claussen Claus , Schick Fritz , Haring Hans , Fritsche Andreas 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: High visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and high liver fat (LF) are associated with the metabolic syndrome and diabetes. We studied changes in these two fat depots during weight loss and analyzed whether VAT and LF at baseline predict the response to lifestyle intervention.Research Methods and Procedures: One hundred twelve subjects (48 men and 64 women; age, 46 ± 11 years; BMI, 29.2 ± 4.4 kg/m2) were studied after a follow up‐time of 264 ± 60 (SD) days. Insulin sensitivity was estimated from the oral glucose tolerance test. Body fat depots were quantified using magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy.Results: Cross‐sectionally high VAT (r = −0.22, p = 0.02) and high LF (r = −0.36, p < 0.0001) were independently associated with low insulin sensitivity. With intervention, BMI (−3.0%), VAT (−12.0%), and LF (−33.0%) were reduced (all p < 0.001). Insulin sensitivity was improved (+17%, p < 0.01). The changes in BMI (r = −0.41), VAT (r = −0.28), and LF (r = −0.39) were associated with the increase in insulin sensitivity (all p < 0.01). High VAT (r = −0.28, p = 0.01) and high LF (r = −0.38, p < 0.01) at baseline were associated with a lesser increase in insulin sensitivity.Discussion: Baseline values and changes in BMI, VAT, and LF are related to changes in insulin sensitivity during lifestyle intervention. Subjects with high VAT and LF have a lower chance of profiting from lifestyle intervention and may require intensified lifestyle prevention strategies or even pharmacological approaches to improve insulin sensitivity.
BMI and Retinal Vascular Caliber in Children
Authors: Cheung Ning , Saw Seang Mei , Islam F.M. Amirul , Rogers Sophie L. , Shankar Anoop , De Haseth Kristin , Mitchell Paul , Wong Tien Yin 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: In adult populations, changes in retinal vascular caliber have been linked with obesity and metabolic syndrome. We examined the association of BMI and weight with retinal vascular caliber in children.Research Methods and Procedures: This was a school‐based, cross‐sectional study of 768 children, 7 to 9 years old, randomly sampled from the Singapore Cohort Study of the Risk Factors for Myopia. Participants had digital retinal photographs. Retinal vascular caliber was measured using a computer‐based program and combined to provide average calibers of arterioles and venules in that eye. Weight and height were measured using standardized protocol. These data were used to calculate BMI.Results: In this population, the mean retinal arteriolar and venular calibers were 156.40 μm [95% confidence interval (CI), 155.44 to 157.36] and 225.43 μm (95% CI, 224.10 to 226.74) respectively. After controlling for age, gender, race, parental monthly income, axial length, birth weight, and birth length, each 3.1 kg/m2 (standard deviation) increase in BMI was associated with a 2.55‐μm (95% CI, 1.21 to 3.89; p < 0.001) larger retinal venular caliber. In multivariable analysis, greater weight was also significantly associated with larger retinal venular caliber. BMI and weight were not associated with retinal arteriolar caliber. Height was not significantly associated with retinal arteriolar or venular caliber.Discussion: Greater BMI and weight are associated with larger retinal venular caliber in healthy children.
Impact of Cardiometabolic Risk Factor Clusters on Health‐related Quality of Life in the U.S.
Authors: Sullivan Patrick W. , Ghushchyan Vahram , Wyatt Holly R. , Wu Eric Q. , Hill James O. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective:Research has shown that risk factors for cardiovascular disease often cluster together, most notably overweight/obesity, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension. The impact of cardiometabolic risk factor clusters on health‐related quality of life (HRQL) is not well understood. The purpose of this study was to examine and quantify the impact of cardiometabolic risk factor clusters on HRQL as measured by the SF (Short Form)‐12 Mental Component Scale (MCS‐12), SF‐12 Physical Component Scale (PCS‐12), EQ‐5D index (a generic quality of life index), and Visual Analogue Scale.Research Methods and Procedures:The Medical Expenditure Panel Survey is a nationally representative survey of the U.S. population. From 2000 to 2002, detailed information on sociodemographic characteristics and health conditions were collected for 36,697 adults with complete responses. Controlling for comorbidity and sociodemographic characteristics, this study estimated the marginal impact of cardiometabolic risk factor clusters on MCS‐12, PCS‐12, EQ‐5D index, and Visual Analogue Scale scores. Cardiometabolic risk factor clusters were defined as the presence of BMI ≥25 kg/m2and at least two of the following: diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension. Using BMI ≥30 kg/m2as the cut‐off was also examined.Results:The marginal impact of cardiometabolic risk factor clusters was highly statistically significant across all four HRQL measures and seemed to be clinically significant for all but the MCS‐12. The PCS‐12 showed a greater decrease in HRQL associated with physical function compared with mental function‐related domains of the MCS‐12.Discussion:Common cardiometabolic risk factor clusters such as overweight/obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia have a significant and negative impact on HRQL in the United States.
Sex‐specific Difference in the Interconversion of Cortisol and Cortisone in Men and Women
Authors: Vierhapper Heinrich , Heinze Georg , Nowotny Peter 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: Our objective was to demonstrate that the smaller oxoreductase activity of 11β‐HSD1 in women would shift the interconversion of cortisol and cortisone toward cortisone, resulting in a larger amount of generated labeled cortisone in healthy women than in healthy men.Research Methods and Procedures: Using mass spectrometry, the amount of cortisone generated from a continuous infusion (8 am to 6 pm) of stable‐labeled cortisol (1α,2α‐d‐cortisol) was determined in non‐obese and in obese (BMI >35 kg/m2) men and women during steady‐state conditions (from 2 pm to 6 pm). In this setting, the amount of generated labeled cortisone (expressed as % of the achieved steady‐state concentrations of labeled cortisol) reflects the sum of the bi‐directional conversion of cortisol into cortisone (and vice versa) by 11β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase.Results: The amount of generated labeled cortisone was higher in men than in women (p < 0.0001). This sex difference was higher in obese than in non‐obese patients (p = 0.0062).Conclusions: The interconversion of cortisol and cortisone during steady‐state conditions is shifted toward cortisol in men as compared with women. This suggests a higher overall oxoreductase activity of 11β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in men than in women. This sex‐specific difference is maintained in obesity.
Measures of Adiposity and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors
Authors: Menke Andy , Muntner Paul , Wildman Rachel P. , Reynolds Kristi , He Jiang 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: To determine which of five measures of adiposity maintains the strongest association with cardiovascular disease risk factors.Research Methods and Procedures: A nationally representative sample of 12,608 adult participants of the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were examined. Waist circumference, total body fat, percent body fat, BMI, and skinfold thickness were measured following a standardized protocol.Results: In multivariable adjusted models including waist circumference and BMI as independent variables, waist circumference was a significantly better predictor. The odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for each standard deviation higher waist circumference and BMI for men were as follows: 1.88 (1.43, 2.48) and 0.99 (0.76, 1.29), respectively, for hypertension; 1.51 (0.87, 2.59) and 1.23 (0.76, 1.99), respectively, for diabetes; and 1.85 (1.48, 2.32) and 1.00 (0.80, 1.24), respectively, for low high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol. The analogous odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for women were as follows: 2.28 (1.74, 3.00) and 0.91 (0.69, 1.19), respectively, for hypertension; 2.72 (1.85, 4.00) and 0.82 (0.55, 1.23), respectively, for diabetes; and 1.90 (1.47, 2.47) and 1.07 (0.83, 1.38), respectively, for low high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol. Results were markedly similar for waist circumference in models adjusting for total body fat, percent body fat, and skinfold thickness separately. In contrast, waist circumference was not a significantly better predictor of elevated C‐reactive protein than the other measures of adiposity.Discussion: Waist circumference maintains a stronger association with cardiovascular disease risk factors than other measures of adiposity.
Higher Insulin, Triglycerides, and Blood Pressure With Greater Trunk Fat in Tanner 1 Chinese
Authors: He Qing , Zhang Xiaojing , He Suyuan , Gong Luxia , Sun Yungao , Heshka Stanley , Deckelbaum Richard J. , Gallagher Dympna 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: The aims of this study were to investigate the body fat distribution pattern in prepubertal Chinese children and to investigate the relationship between central fat distribution and specific biomarkers of cardiovascular disease.Research Methods and Procedures: The study was conducted in an urban Mainland Chinese (Jinan, Shandong) sample of children using a cross‐sectional design. Pubertal status was determined by Tanner criteria. Measurements included weight, height, waist circumference, DXA measures of total body fat and trunk fat; fasting serum measures of glucose, insulin, triglyceride, cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol; and systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Multiple regression models were developed with the biomarkers of cardiovascular risk factor as the dependent variables, and adjustments were made for significant covariates, including sex, age, height, weight, waist circumference, total body fat, trunk fat, and interactions.Results: A total of 247 healthy prepubertal subjects were studied. After co‐varying for age, weight, height, and extremity fat (the sum of arm fat and leg fat), girls had greater trunk fat than boys (p < 0.0001, R2 for model = 0.95). Insulin and triglyceride were positively related to central fat measured by DXA‐trunk fat (p < 0.05) but not related to the waist circumference. In the blood pressure model, waist circumference was a significant predictor of both systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure, while DXA‐trunk fat was associated with diastolic blood pressure only. Significant interactions between sex and trunk fat, and sex and total fat, were found in relation to diastolic blood pressure.Discussion: In prepubertal Chinese children, greater trunk fat was significantly associated with higher insulin and triglyceride in boys and girls and was associated with higher diastolic blood pressure in boys only.
High‐fat Diets: Modeling the Metabolic Disorders of Human Obesity in Rodents
Authors: Buettner Roland , Schölmerich Jürgen , Bollheimer L. Cornelius 
Published: July 2008

AbstractResearch Methods and Procedures: High‐fat (HF) diet feeding can induce obesity and metabolic disorders in rodents that resemble the human metabolic syndrome. However, this dietary intervention is not standardized, and the HF‐induced phenotype varies distinctly among different studies. The question which HF diet type is best to model the metabolic deterioration seen in human obesity remains unclear. Therefore, in this review, metabolic data obtained with different HF diet approaches are compiled. Both whole‐body and organ‐specific diet effects are analyzed.Results: On the basis of these results, we conclude that animal fats and ω‐6/ω‐9‐containing plant oils can be used to generate an obese and insulin‐resistant phenotype in rodents, whereas fish oil‐fed animals do not develop these disorders.Discussion: Looking at the present data, it does not seem possible to define an ideal HF diet, and an exact definition of diet composition and a thorough metabolic characterization of the HF diet effects in a researcher's specific laboratory setting remains essential for metabolic studies with this model.
Minimal versus Umbilical Waist Circumference Measures as Indicators of Cardiovascular Disease Risk
Authors: Willis Leslie H. , Slentz Cris A. , Houmard Joseph A. , Johnson Johanna L. , Duscha Brian D. , Aiken Lori B. , Kraus William E. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: Measures of central obesity are strongly correlated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Although waist circumference (WC) is a commonly used measure of central obesity, there is no standard measurement location. We examined two WC locations to determine which was more highly correlated with CVD risk factors and metabolic syndrome (MS).Research Methods and Procedures: WC measures were taken on 266 sedentary, overweight men and women 45 to 60 years old. Intravenous glucose tolerance tests, fasting plasma lipid analysis, and computed tomography scans were conducted. Correlational analyses followed by the Test for Equal Correlations determined whether one WC measure better correlated with the cardiovascular risk factors.Results: In women, minimal waist had higher correlation coefficients than umbilical waist for all eight variables presented. High‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein particle size, and MS score were significantly correlated with minimal waist, but not umbilical waist. For high‐density lipoprotein size and insulin sensitivity, minimal waist was a better correlate, although the difference between waist measures only approached statistical significance (p < 0.06). In men, minimal waist had a higher correlation coefficient than umbilical waist for insulin sensitivity, fasting insulin, and visceral adipose tissue. Additionally, minimal waist was significantly correlated with MS in men and umbilical waist was not. For both genders, minimal waist was more highly correlated with visceral adipose tissue than umbilical waist.Discussion: For every metabolic variable presented, minimal WC was more highly correlated with CVD risk than was umbilical WC in women. The data for women indicate that WC location is important when determining CVD risk. In men, minimal waist was better, although the data were less compelling.
Tenomodulin is Associated with Obesity and Diabetes Risk: The Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study
Authors: Tolppanen Anna‐Maija , Pulkkinen Leena , Kolehmainen Marjukka , Schwab Ursula , Lindström Jaana , Tuomilehto Jaakko , Uusitupa Matti ,   For the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study Group
Published: July 2008

AbstractWe recently showed that long‐term weight reduction changes the gene expression profile of adipose tissue in overweight individuals with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). One of the responding genes was X‐chromosomal tenomodulin (TNMD), a putative angiogenesis inhibitor. Our aim was to study the associations of individual single nucleotide polymorphisms and haplotypes with adiposity, glucose metabolism, and the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Seven single nucleotide polymorphisms from two different haploblocks were genotyped from 507 participants of the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study (DPS). Sex‐specific genotype effects were observed. Three markers of haploblock 1 were associated with features of adiposity in women (rs5966709, rs4828037) and men (rs11798018). Markers rs2073163 and rs1155794 from haploblock 2 were associated with 2‐hour plasma glucose levels in men during the 3‐year follow‐up. The same two markers together with rs2073162 associated with the conversion of IGT to T2D in men. The risk of developing T2D was approximately 2‐fold in individuals with genotypes associated with higher 2‐hour plasma glucose levels; the hazard ratios were 2.192 (p = 0.025) for rs2073162‐A, 2.191 (p = 0.027) for rs2073163‐C, and 1.998 (p = 0.054) for rs1155974‐T. These results suggest that TNMD polymorphisms are associated with adiposity and also with glucose metabolism and conversion from IGT to T2D in men.
Heterogeneous Effect of Peroxisome Proliferator‐activated Receptor γ2 Ala12 Variant on Type 2 Diabetes Risk
Authors: Ludovico Ornella , Pellegrini Fabio , Di Paola Rosa , Minenna Antonio , Mastroianno Sandra , Cardellini Marina , Marini Maria Adelaide , Andreozzi Francesco , Vaccaro Olga , Sesti Giorgio , Trischitta Vincenzo 
Published: July 2008

AbstractConflicting results have been reported regarding whether the PPARγ2 Pro12Ala polymorphism plays a role in the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D), suggesting genetic heterogeneity. To investigate this issue, a meta‐analysis of 41 published and 2 unpublished studies (a total of 42,910 subjects) was conducted. Ala12 carriers had a 19% T2D risk reduction, but this association was highly heterogeneous (p = 0.005). A great proportion (48%) of heterogeneity was explained by the controls’ BMI, with risk reduction being greater when BMI was lower. Risk reduction of Ala12 carriers in Asia (35%) was higher than in Europe (15%, p = 0.02) and tended to be higher than in North America (18%, p = 0.10). Difference between Asians and Europeans was no longer significant (p = 0.15) after adjusting for the controls’ BMI. Studies from Europe were still heterogeneous (p = 0.02) with risk reduction in Ala12 carriers being progressively smaller (test for trend in the odds ratios, p = 0.02) from Northern (26% reduction, p < 0.0001) to Central (10%, p = 0.04) and Southern (0%, p = 0.94) Europe. In conclusion, in our meta‐analysis, the reduced risk of T2D in Ala12 carriers is not homogeneous. It is greater in Asia than in Europe and, among Europeans, it is higher in Northern Europe, barely significant in Central Europe, and nonexistent in Southern Europe.