bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First space-borne high-spatial-resolution optical imagery of the Antarctic from Formosat-2
Authors: Liu Cheng-Chien , Chang Yueh-Cheng , Huang Stefani , Wu Frank , Wu An-Ming , Kato Soushi , Yamaguchi Yasushi 
Published: May 2008

Coordinating and collecting satellite data of changing polar environments is one of the prime activities of International Polar Year (IPY) 2007–08 (Rapley et al. 2004). Within this framework, the requirements to obtain spaceborne snapshots of the Polar Regions and key high latitude processes have been prepared by the international cryospheric community under the auspices of the approved IPY project titled the Global Inter-agency IPY Polar Snapshot Year (GIIPSY). Earlier efforts in manoeuvring Radarsat-1 in a special mode provided radar images with a spatial resolution of 30 m over the entirety of Antarctica during September–October 1997 (Jezek et al. 1998). Limited to their altitude (AL), swath (SW) and pointing capability (PC), however, the operation of optical satellites with high-spatial-resolution sensors is generally restricted to certain latitudes. For example, Landsat (AL:705 km/SW:185 km/PC:0°) mission has been able to provide high-spatial-resolution optical imagery only to ~81°N to ~81°S since the 1980s. The coverage is now extended to ~86° by ASTER (AL:705 km/SW:60 km/PC:24°) (Kargel et al. 2005), but there has been no availability of space-borne optical image of the polar regions with a resolution equivalent or higher than Landsat type sensors with latitudes higher than 86°, until the successful operation of Formosat-2 (AL:891 km/SW:24 km/PC: ± 45° across and along track). Equipped with two-axes high torque reaction wheels, Formosat-2 is able to point not only to ± 45° across track, but also to ± 45° along track (Liu et al. 2007). Figure 1 shows the accessible areas (longer lines: along track ± 0°, across track ± 45°; shorter lines: along track ± 0°, across track ± 30°) and the corresponding ground tracks (solid curves) of Formosat-2 in the Polar Regions. Note that the accessible areas would be even greater if the pointing direction is also set to ± 45° along track. The detailed comparison of Formosat-2 with other similar sensors, including the multi-spectral bands and imaging repeat period, can be found in table I in Liu et al. (2007). To support IPY 2007–08, the National Space Organization (NSPO) of Taiwan launched a Polar Imaging Campaign (PIC) in March 2006. Up to September 2007, a total of 1 131 624 km2 in the North Polar Region and a total of 57 408 km2 in the South Polar Region had been imaged by Formosat-2. All Formosat-2 images taken during the NSPO PIC are available from the authors.
Perceiving the Present and a Systematization of Illusions
Authors: Changizi Mark A. , Hsieh Andrew , Nijhawan Romi , Kanai Ryota , Shimojo Shinsuke 
Published: May 2008

AbstractOver the history of the study of visual perception there has been great success at discovering countless visual illusions. There has been less success in organizing the overwhelming variety of illusions into empirical generalizations (much less explaining them all via a unifying theory). Here, this article shows that it is possible to systematically organize more than 50 kinds of illusion into a 7 × 4 matrix of 28 classes. In particular, this article demonstrates that (1) smaller sizes, (2) slower speeds, (3) greater luminance contrast, (4) farther distance, (5) lower eccentricity, (6) greater proximity to the vanishing point, and (7) greater proximity to the focus of expansion all tend to have similar perceptual effects, namely, to (A) increase perceived size, (B) increase perceived speed, (C) decrease perceived luminance contrast, and (D) decrease perceived distance. The detection of these empirical regularities was motivated by a hypothesis, called “perceiving the present,” that the visual system possesses mechanisms for compensating neural delay during forward motion. This article shows how this hypothesis predicts the empirical regularity.
Voices of young people with a history of specific language impairment (SLI) in the first year of post‐16 education
Authors: Palikara Olympia , Lindsay Geoff , Dockrell Julie E. 
Published: May 2008

Background: Giving young people more and better opportunities to have their voices heard is a key feature of current educational policy and research internationally and in the UK.Aims: To examine the views of young people with a history of specific language impairment (SLI) as they entered post‐16 education.Methods & Procedures: A total of 54 students identified as having SLI at 8 years of age were followed up through primary and secondary school to post‐16 destinations. Most had been educated in mainstream schools. The young people were interviewed individually in relation to their perceptions of their special educational needs, their views on service provision, the role of family and friends as support systems, and their aspirations and barriers to future education at the early stages of post‐16 education, training and work.Outcomes & Results: The young people were able to offer accurate accounts of their history of special educational needs and to explore issues related to their development. Most young people were aware of the specific difficulties they experienced and had positive views about the support offered to them during their schooling. All the young people had at least one person in their family or friendship circle to whom they could talk about their joys and concerns, and friendships were an important and positive element in their lives. Additionally, most had a positive view of their post‐16 courses, with comparable numbers hoping to undertake further study or training, or to go into work. They also had optimistic hopes for their futures five years ahead.Conclusions: The current study has demonstrated that young people with a history of SLI have an awareness of their difficulties and of the impact that these needs have on different aspects of their lives. They were also able to provide valuable views of service provision, both in terms of evaluating the support they received and suggesting ways of improving it. Ascertaining the views of younger children with SLI and including them in decision‐making about their education and lives should be an important aspect of the role of those professionals working with this group of children. The study supports the importance of gaining the views of young people with SLI not only as a matter of rights, but also for the practical benefits that can ensue.
THE AMBIGUITY OF EUROPE:
Authors: Jenkins Richard 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACT
This paper takes its starting point in the public discourse, of politicians and academics, that suggests that Europe, specifically the European Union, is suffering from a ‘crisis of identity’. This is believed to stem from the recent enlargements, the pending ‘problem of Turkey’, and disarray over the European Constitution. This issue is addressed in two ways: first, through an exploration of the main current models and meanings of ‘Europe’, and second, applying an anthropological approach to identity, through examining the relationship between models and meanings of ‘Europe’ and local, regional, ethnic and national identities. In the first place, this suggests that there is not, and cannot be, agreement over the shape and meaning of ‘Europe’. There is, rather, rooted in histories, geographies, politics, and cultures, a range of different Europes, which only coincide imperfectly, at best. In the second place, Europe is always viewed from local, regional, ethnic and national points of view. Each approach converges on the same conclusion: there can never be a clear-cut, consensual unified model of Europe. This is a normal situation, not a crisis, and, if anything, is one of the strengths of the European Union project.
CROSS-STATE MOBILITY IN THE EU
Authors: Recchi Ettore 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACT
The first part of this paper describes the small but constant expansion of the cross-state mobile population within the EU in the two decades preceding the 2004 enlargement. This expansion is puzzling in the light of the economic growth and the income convergence of member states over the same period. While the level of geographical mobility within the EU is frequently held to be ‘low’, data show that it should have been even lower given the rise of prosperity and the decline of income differentials in the EU15. In fact, it is argued that pro-mobility policies and the rise of non-labour migration have countered the diminishing appeal of intra-EU mobility that might be expected on the basis of purely economic conditions. The second part of the paper discusses the rationales and reasons of mobility. A distinction is drawn between observers’ and social actors’ views of the benefits of free movement. While the former usually put an emphasis on economic rewards, the latter are more likely to stress emotional and identity-linked returns. Survey data on Western European citizens who have resettled in another EU member state are revealing of the multifaceted causes and consequences of geographical mobility. In particular, these data show that identification with Europe and support for EU institutions in the mobile population are strikingly higher than among the general population. While it is true that cross-state mobility can entail economic benefits raising productivity and innovation, its political dividends are possibly even clearer.
qpcR: an R package for sigmoidal model selection in quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis
Authors: Ritz Christian , Spiess Andrej-Nikolai 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Summary: The qpcR library is an add-on to the free R statistical environment performing sigmoidal model selection in real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) data analysis. Additionally, the package implements the most commonly used algorithms for real-time PCR data analysis and is capable of extensive statistical comparison for the selection and evaluation of the different models based on several measures of goodness of fit.
Availability: www.dr-spiess.de/qpcR.html.
Contact: a.spiess@uke.uni-hamburg.de
Supplementary Information: Statistical evaluations of the implemented methods can be found at www.dr-spiess.de under ‘Supplemental Data’.
PhyloWidget: web-based visualizations for the tree of life
Authors: Jordan Gregory E. , Piel William H. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Summary: PhyloWidget is a web-based tool for the visualization and manipulation of phylogenetic tree data. It can be accessed online or downloaded as a standalone application. A simple URL-based API allows databases to easily link to and customize PhyloWidget for interactively viewing medium- to large-sized trees.
Availability: PhyloWidget is available for online use or download at http://www.phylowidget.org/. Its source code is released under the GNU General Public License.
Contact: phylowidget@treebase.org
First Report of Puccinia kuehnii, Causal Agent of Orange Rust of Sugarcane, in Guatemala
Authors: Ovalle W. , Comstock J. C. , Glynn N. C. , Castlebury L. A. 
Published: May 2008

In September 2007 at Masagua, Escuintla Department, Guatemala, uredial lesions that appeared different from those of brown rust were observed on a sugarcane (a complex hybrid of Saccharum L. species) cultivar (CP 72-2086) considered resistant to brown rust caused by Puccinia melanocephala Syd. & P. Syd. Samples were sent to the USDA-ARS Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory in Beltsville, MD for identification. Observed morphological features were consistent with P. kuehnii E.J. Butler and appeared similar to orange rust samples obtained from Florida in July (2). Uredinial lesions were hypophyllous, orange, and variable in size measuring 650 to 850 × 26 to 32 μm. Urediniospores were mostly obovoid to pyriform or broadly ellipsoidal, variable in size, 32 to 45 × 25 to 30 μm, and moderately echinulate with spines evenly distributed, 3 to 5 μm apart. Urediniospore walls were orange-to-light cinnamon brown, 1 to 2.5 μm thick with a pronounced apical wall and four to five equatorial pores. Telia and teliospores were not observed. The nuclear large subunit rDNA region of the rust infecting cv. CP 72-2086 (BPI 898289, GenBank Accession No. EU344904) and the ITS1, 5.8S, and ITS2 rDNA regions (GenBank Accession No. EU543434) were sequenced (1,3). DNA sequences matched sequences of P. kuehnii in GenBank and were distinct from known sequences of P. melanocephala available in GenBank (3). Thirteen cultivars were rated as to their relative resistance using severity of orange rust symptoms; CG 96–59, CG 96–135, CP 72–1312, CP 73–1547, and CP 88–1165 were resistant; CG 96–40, CG 98–121, CP 72–2086, CP 88–1508, and CP 89–2143 were intermediate; and CG 96–52, CG 98–0115, and SP 79–2233 were susceptible. Orange rust was previously reported in Florida (2), but to our knowledge, this is the second report of its occurrence in the Western Hemisphere. References: (1) M. C. Aime. Mycoscience 47:112, 2006. (2) J. C. Comstock et al. Plant Dis. 92:175, 2008. (3) E. V. Virtudazo et al. Mycoscience 42:447, 2001.
First Report of Laurel Wilt Disease Caused by a Raffaelea sp. on Avocado in Florida
Authors: Mayfield A. E. , Smith J. A. , Hughes M. , Dreaden T. J. 
Published: May 2008

Laurel wilt is a vascular disease of redbay (Persea borbonia (L.) Spreng.) and other plants in the family Lauraceae in the southeastern United States. It is caused by a fungus (Raffaelea sp.) that is vectored by a non-native insect of Asian origin, the redbay ambrosia beetle (Xyleborus glabratus Eichhoff) (1). Since the initial detection of the redbay ambrosia beetle near Savannah, GA in 2002, laurel wilt has caused widespread mortality of redbay in Georgia, South Carolina, and Florida (1). In September 2007, an avocado (Persea americana Mill.) tree planted approximately 10 years earlier in a residential neighborhood in Jacksonville, FL was discovered to be infected with laurel wilt. The crown was in various stages of decline, including upper branches that were dead and leafless, those with wilted and drooping foliage, and those with healthy foliage. Removal of bark from wilted branch sections revealed black-to-brown streaks of discoloration in the sapwood and a few ambrosia beetle holes from which the discoloration extended into the adjacent wood. A Raffaelea sp. was isolated from discolored wood samples by surface sterilizing wood chips by submersion in a 5% sodium hypochlorite solution for 30 s and plating them on cycloheximide streptomycin malt agar (2). Small subunit (18S) sequences from the rDNA were amplified by PCR and sequenced with primers NS1 and NS4 (3). BLASTn searches revealed homology to Raffaelea sp. C2203 (GenBank Accession No. EU123076, 100% similarity, e-value of 0.0, and a total score of 1,886), which is known to be the causal agent of laurel wilt (1). The small-subunit rDNA sequence for this isolate has been deposited into GenBank and has been assigned accession No. EU257806. Pathogenicity of the laurel wilt pathogen on Persea spp. in growth chamber trials has been previously demonstrated (1). Laurel wilt is of concern to the commercial avocado industry and is a potential threat to the Lauraceae elsewhere in the Americas. References: (1) S. W. Fraedrich et al. Plant Dis. 92:215, 2008. (2) T. C. Harrington. Mycologia 73:1123, 1981. (3) T. J. White et al. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols, a Guide to Methods and Applications. M. A. Innis et al., eds. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1990.
First Report of Blackleg of Ajuga multiflora Caused by Phoma multirostrata in China
Authors: Lou B. G. , Hu X. Q. , Wu L. 
Published: May 2008

Ajuga multiflora Bunge (Labiatae) is an ornamental that is widely planted in gardens in southern China. Blackleg symptoms were observed on A. multiflora during the autumn of 2005 in the Hangzhou area, Zhejiang Province. A. multiflora had to be replaced by other landscape plants during the past 2 years because of a serious outbreak of the disease. When the plant is in continuous cultivation for more than 2 years, disease incidence is more than 80%. Brown water-soaked spots appeared initially on the base of the petioles. Blackleg lesions from multiple infections may coalesce. Lesions often expand rapidly along the petioles followed by wilting and drying of individual leaves, ultimately resulting in the death of plants. The disease can occur at any time of year, but is most severe during the flowering stage. A fungus was consistently isolated from symptomatic tissues on potato dextrose agar. After 14 days on SNA (synthetic low nutrient agar; 1.0 g of KH2PO4, 1.0 g of KNO3, 0.5 g of MgSO4·7H2O, 0.5 g of KCl, 0.2 g of glucose, 0.2 g of sucrose, and 20 g of agar per liter) medium, the fungus produced light olive-to-gray mycelium, and later, generated brown, globose to subglobose pycnidia with hyaline, unicellular, and ellipsoidal conidia. Diameter of pycnidia ranged from 163 to 260 μm (average 203 μm). Conidiophores measured 3.5 to 6.2 × 2.0 to 3.2 μm (average 5.4 × 2.3 μm). The fungus was identified as Phoma multirostrata (P.N. Mathur, S.K. Menon & Thirum) Dorenb. & Boerema based on its morphological characteristics (1). The fungus grew between 4 and 36°C and optimum growth was at 23°C. To fulfill Koch's postulates, 15 healthy 20-day-old A. multiflora seedlings were planted in sterile soil artificially infested with P. multirostrata, which was grown on a mixture (1:10 w/w) of corn meal and sand. Soil was amended with 20% (w/w) of inoculum mixture. Another 15 plants grown in noninfested soil served as controls. All plants were grown at 22 to 25°C in the greenhouse. After 5 to 7 days, inoculated plants showed symptoms closely resembling those seen on plants from the garden. P. multirostrata was isolated from the margins of necrotic tissues on diseased plants, but not from the control plants. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. multirostrata causing blackleg of A. multiflora in China. Reference: (1) B. C. Sutton. The Coelomycetes. CMI, Kew, Surrey, UK, 1980.
First Report of Citrus Canker Caused by Xanthomonas citri in Somalia
Authors: Balestra G. M. , Sechler A. , Schuenzel E. , Schaad N. W. 
Published: May 2008

Xanthomonas citri (synonym = Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri) (3) has been reported in several countries in Africa (1) but not Somalia. During 2006 and 2007, hyperplasia-type lesions, often surrounded by a water-soaked margin and yellow halo, typical of citrus canker caused by X. citri were found on 8- to 10-year-old lime (Citrus limetta) and grapefruit (Citrus × paradisi Macfed.) trees in northern and southern Somalia, respectively. Ten leaf samples diagnosed presumptively as citrus canker by Xac ImmunoStrip test kits (Agdia, Elkhart, IN) were mailed to the USDA Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit at Ft. Detrick, MD. To confirm the identification of X. citri, isolations were made from several lesions from each sample onto yeast-dextrose-CaCO3 (YDC) agar (2). Yellow, xanthomonad-like mucoid, convex colonies were purified and stored on YDC slants. Phenotypic tests were done as described (2), and real-time PCR assays were done using primers XCit8F and XCit5R with probe XCitP2 (N. W. Schaad, unpublished). For pathogenicity tests, cultures were grown overnight in liquid nutrient broth-yeast (4) medium adjusted to contain 1 × 105 CFU/ml and inoculated into leaves of lime seedlings with the blunt end of a 2-ml syringe. After 21 to 30 days in a lighted dew chamber (Model I-60DLM; Percival Scientific, Inc. Perry, IA) at 30/23°C day/night, symptoms were recorded. Cultures of sample S-1 (northern Somalia) from lime were phenotypically atypical of X. citri, PCR negative, and nonpathogenic. However, cultures of samples 3 to 7 (southern Somalia) from grapefruit were typical of X. citri and PCR positive; cultures 3 and 4 were tested for pathogenicity and produced erumpent lesions on lime. Isolations onto YDC agar resulted in typical mucoid, convex, yellow, PCR-positive colonies. To our knowledge, this is the first report of X. citri on citrus plants in Somalia. Strains S3 and S4 have been deposited in ICPB at Ft. Detrick, MD as ICPB 11650 and 11651, respectively. References: (1) J. F. Bradbury. Guide to Plant Pathogenic Bacteria. CAB International, Egham, UK, 1986. (2) N. W. Schaad et al. Xanthomonas. Page 175 in: Laboratory Guide for Identification of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria. 3rd ed. N. W. Schaad et al. eds. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul. MN. 2001. (3) N. W. Schaad et al. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 29:690, 2006. (4) A. K. Vidaver. Appl. Microbiol. 15:1523, 1967.
Association of adipose most abundant transcript 1 gene (apM1) with type 2 diabetes mellitus in a Chinese population: a meta‐analysis of case‐control studies
Authors: Li Shengbing , Li Ling , Li Ke , Qi Xiaoya , Hoekema Dale , Liu Hua , Yang Gangyi 
Published: May 2008

SummaryBackground  Polymorphisms of the adipose most abundant transcript 1 gene (apM1) may be closely associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) as described in several recent publications. In the present study, a meta‐analysis was performed to quantitatively analyse the association of apM1 polymorphisms with T2DM using previous case‐control studies in Chinese populations.Research design and method  Several electronic databases were searched for relevant articles up to January 2007. After data collection and gene loci selection, a meta‐analysis was performed to assess heterogeneity, combine results and evaluate variations. Publication bias was examined by the Egger's linear regression test and fail‐safe number for P = 0·05 (Nfs0·05). Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) test and different effect models were employed for the sensitivity analysis.Results  The meta‐analysis for this study included 2379 subjects from nine studies. The distribution of SNP45TG + GG and SNP276GG polymorphisms of the apM1 was analysed. Results of these experiments revealed a significant association between the SNP45TG + GG and SNP276GG polymorphisms of apM1 with T2DM in Chinese populations (P ≤ 0·05). There was some heterogeneity in the SNP45TG + GG apM1 among these studies. The odds ratio (OR) of apM1 genotype SNP45TG + GG in T2DM was 1·59 when compared with controls (95% CI, 1·00–2·53, P = 0·05), and the OR for the wild‐apM1 genotype SNP276GG in T2DM was 1·26 (95% CI, 1·00–1·59, P = 0·05). The publication bias diagnostics and sensitivity analysis confirmed the reliability and stability of this meta‐analysis.Conclusion  This apM1 polymorphism was found to be strongly associated with T2DM, and the SNP45TG + GG and SNP276GG forms of the apM1 increased risk for T2DM in Chinese populations.