bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Absorption of Atmospheric Formaldehyde by Deciduous Broad-Leaved, Evergreen Broad-Leaved, and Coniferous Tree Species
Authors: Kondo Takayuki , Hasegawa Kiyoshi , Uchida Ryutaro , Onishi Masanori , Mizukami Akihiro , Omasa Kenji 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
To estimate the effect of tree planting on atmospheric formaldehyde, the absorption of formaldehyde by various tree species was examined. The absorption rates varied from 8.6 (Japanese black pine) to 137 ng dm−2 h−1 ppb−1 (Lombardy poplar) at 1000 μmol of photons m−2 s−1, and the absorption rate increased in the following order: deciduous broad-leaved tree species &gt; evergreen broad-leaved tree species &gt; coniferous tree species. In experiments in which the light intensity was varied, a linear relationship between the formaldehyde absorption rate and the transpiration rate was observed for three tree species. From the results obtained from a simplified gas diffusive resistance model, we can conclude that formaldehyde is absorbed through the stomata, and is rapidly metabolized by three tree species. Even at a high concentration of about 2000 ppb, trees have the ability to absorb atmospheric formaldehyde for at least 8 h without any visible foliar injury. We conclude that trees in general could act as an important sink for atmospheric formaldehyde.
Retrievals of sea surface temperature from infrared imagery: origin and form of systematic errors
Authors: Merchant C. J. , Horrocks L. A. , Eyre J. R. , O'carroll A. G. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractWe show that retrievals of sea surface temperature from satellite infrared imagery are prone to two forms of systematic error: prior error (familiar from the theory of atmospheric sounding) and error arising from nonlinearity. These errors have different complex geographical variations, related to the differing geographical distributions of the main geophysical variables that determine clear‐sky brightness‐temperatures over the oceans. We show that such errors arise as an intrinsic consequence of the form of the retrieval (rather than as a consequence of sub‐optimally specified retrieval coefficients, as is often assumed) and that the pattern of observed errors can be simulated in detail using radiative‐transfer modelling. The prior error has the linear form familiar from atmospheric sounding. A quadratic equation for nonlinearity error is derived, and it is verified that the nonlinearity error exhibits predominantly quadratic behaviour in this case. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society.
Secondary initiation of multiple bands of cumulonimbus over southern Britain. I: An observational case‐study
Authors: Morcrette C. J. , Browning K. A. , Blyth A. M. , Bozier K. E. , Clark P. A. , Ladd D. , Norton E. G. , Pavelin E. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractSpecial observing facilities have been assembled in southern England as part of the Convective Storm Initiation Project (CSIP) to study the mesoscale and convective‐scale processes that determine precisely where warm‐season convective showers will break out. This paper reports the results of a case‐study during the pilot field campaign of CSIP in July 2004. One purpose of the pilot project was to demonstrate the value of various observational facilities and to evaluate the usefulness of a variety of analysis and synthesis techniques. Amongst other things, the case‐study demonstrates the utility of high‐resolution imagery from the Meteosat Second Generation satellite for tracking the early stages of the convective clouds, and of a new clear‐air scanning radar at Chilbolton for mapping both the top of the boundary layer and the initial growth of the convective cells that penetrate it. The particular event studied involved the triggering of convection that developed into three parallel arcs of showers and thunderstorms. The first arc was triggered along the leading edge of the outflow (density current) from an earlier cluster of showers, but the convection in the second and third arcs was triggered by a different mechanism. The paper describes in detail the way in which this convection broke through the stable layer, or lid, at the top of a boundary layer of variable depth. The strength of the lid decreased and the depth of the boundary layer increased with time as a result of diurnal heating, but the precise locations where convection finally broke through were determined by the spatial variability in boundary‐layer depth. The analysis suggests that a wave‐like modulation of the boundary‐layer depth of amplitude 150 m, perhaps due to a gravity‐wave disturbance from the earlier cluster of showers, had a greater influence on where the convection was triggered than the modest hills (typically 200 m high) in southern England. © Royal Meteorological Society, 2006. Contributions by P. A. Clark and M. E. B. Gray are Crown Copyright.
Multiple‐scattering microwave radiative transfer for data assimilation applications
Authors: Bauer Peter , Moreau Emmanuel , Chevallier Frédéric , O'keeffe Una 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA multiple‐scattering radiative transfer model for microwave radiance data assimilation in global numerical weather‐prediction models is presented. The model is part of the RTTOV software package and includes forward, tangent‐linear, adjoint and Jacobian models. The model is based on the Eddington approximation to radiative transfer which produces mean errors of less than 0.5 K at the targeted microwave frequencies between 10 and 200 GHz. The simplified treatment of subgrid‐scale cloud cover may produce biased model calculations that show a maximum at 0.5 cloud cover and may reach several degrees K. These errors may be corrected with a simple bias correction. Linearity tests indicate that, given a screening procedure that excludes situations in which the model responds nonlinearly to input perturbations, channels near 50.3, 19.35, 22.235 and 183.31 GHz may be used in global radiance data assimilation. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society.
New version of the TOMCAT/SLIMCAT off‐line chemical transport model: Intercomparison of stratospheric tracer experiments
Authors: Chipperfield M. P. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractWe describe the development of a new three‐dimensional off‐line chemical transport model (CTM). The CTM has been produced by combining the existing, and closely related, TOMCAT and SLIMCAT models. The new CTM (TOMCAT/SLIMCAT) has a flexible vertical coordinate which can use both σ‐p and σ‐θ levels. A novel approach is used for the σ‐θ coordinate to ensure a smooth transition between levels. The CTM has different options for calculating vertical transport in the stratosphere, depending on the coordinate chosen. The CTM also has different options for other processes such as advection scheme, radiation scheme and meteorological forcing.We have used different configurations of the new CTM to perform tests on stratospheric tracer transport. Using ECMWF ERA‐40 analyses, the σ‐p coordinate model gives a stratospheric age of air which is much too low, and a tropical tape‐recorder signal which propagates vertically too rapidly. Changing the coordinates to σ‐θ levels, and still using the analyses to calculate the vertical motion, removes spurious vertical mixing and improves the modelled age of air significantly, although it still tends to underestimate the observations. If we use a radiation scheme to calculate the stratospheric diabatic transport in the σ‐θ model we get a greater age of air, and the best overall agreement with the observations of age of air from in situ data and estimates of the tape‐recorder signal from Halogen Occultation Experiment CH4 and H2O data. Based on the model results, interannual variability can cause age of air changes of up to ∼1 year in the mid/high‐latitude lower stratosphere. Similar differences can be caused by changing to winds from the UK Met Office. For the year 2001, where two sets of ECMWF analyses are available, the operational analyses produce a greater stratospheric age of air than the ERA‐40 re‐analyses. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society.
4D‐Var analysis of potential vorticity pseudo‐observations
Authors: Guerin Roy , Desroziers Gerald , Arbogast Philippe 
Published: June 2006

AbstractIt is shown that a poor forecast of a midlatitude cyclone developing over the western Atlantic Ocean can be significantly improved by potential vorticity (PV) modifications in the vicinity of the dynamical tropopause in the initial conditions, in order to modify the position of the tropopause. Manually built PV corrections are introduced by using the ARPEGE‐IFS 4D‐Var assimilation system. For that purpose, a PV observation operator, its tangent‐linear and adjoint versions, based on a simplified form of Ertel PV, has been implemented. The impact of the PV pseudo‐observations in an optimal system (i.e. analysed using tuned observation‐error statistics) is positive; the maximum positive improvement of the forecast is obtained over western Europe when the cyclone reaches its maximum amplitude. The forecast is never degraded during the model run, whereas another run forced by the pseudo‐observations is characterized by the development of a forecast error pattern downstream to the main pattern of analysis increment. The conditioning of the minimization problem defined as the sparsity (for the non‐diagonal parts) of the Hessian matrix is weakly affected by the PV observation operator leading to quite good convergence. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society.
Classifying dynamical forcing mechanisms using a climatology of extratropical cyclones
Authors: Gray S. L. , Dacre H. F. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA climatology of almost 700 extratropical cyclones is compiled by applying an automated feature‐tracking algorithm to a database of objectively identified cyclonic features. Cyclones are classified according to the relative contributions to the midlevel vertical motion of the forcing from upper and lower levels averaged over the cyclone intensification period (average U/L ratio) and also by the horizontal separation between their upper‐level trough and low‐level cyclone (tilt).The frequency distribution of the average U/L ratio of the cyclones contains two significant peaks and a long tail at high U/L ratio. Although discrete categories of cyclones have not been identified, the cyclones comprising the peaks and tail have characteristics that have been shown to be consistent with the type A, B and C cyclones of the threefold classification scheme. Using the thresholds in average U/L ratio determined from the frequency distribution, type A, B and C cyclones account for 30%, 38% and 32% of the total number of cyclones respectively. Cyclones with small average U/L ratio are more likely to be developing cyclones (attain a relative vorticity ≥1.2×10−4 s−1) whereas cyclones with large average U/L ratio are more likely to be non‐developing cyclones (60% of type A cyclones develop whereas 31% of type C cyclones develop). Type A cyclogenesis dominates in the development region east of the Rockies and over the Gulf Stream, type B cyclogenesis dominates in the region off the east coast of the USA, and type C cyclogenesis is more common over the oceans in regions of weaker low‐level baroclinicity. Copyright © Royal Meteorological Society, 2006.
Physical Instability of Frozen Pemetrexed Solutions in PVC Bags
Authors: Zhang Yanping , Trissel Lawrence A 
Published: July 2006

Background: Pemetrexed is a multitargeted antifolate antineoplastic agent indicated for single-agent use in advanced or metastatic non–small-cell lung cancer and in combination with cisplatin for the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma not treatable by surgery. Currently, there is no information on the stability of frozen pemetrexed solutions. Objective: TO evaluate the stability of pemetrexed admixtures in common infusion solutions frozen at -20 °C to determine the drug stability period up to 90 days. Methods: Triplicate samples of pemetrexed were prepared in concentrations of 2, 10, and 20 mg/mL in dextrose 5% and NaCI 0.9% injection in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) bags. Evaluations for physical and chemical stability were performed initially and over 90 days of frozen storage. Physical stability was assessed using turbidimetric and particulate measurement as well as visual observation. Chemical stability was evaluated by HPLC. Results: All pemetrexed solutions remained chemically stable throughout the 90 day study period, with little or no loss of pemetrexed. However, the pemetrexed admixtures in PVC bags developed large numbers of microparticulates during long-term frozen storage. Conclusions: Although pemetrexed is chemically stable for 90 days frozen at -20°C, substantial numbers of microparticulates formed in pemetrexed diluted in the infusion solutions in PVC bags upon long-term frozen storage. The avoidance of freezing pemetrexed solutions in PVC bags is therefore warranted.
Testing the efficacy of the cognitive interview in a developing country
Authors: Stein Lilian Milnitsky , Memon Amina 
Published: June 2006

AbstractPrior research has shown that the cognitive interview (CI) can be used to elicit a more complete and accurate report from eyewitnesses, but the bulk of the research has involved testing witnesses with high levels of education. In the present experiment, we examined whether the CI was effective with witnesses who were not college educated. Employees of the cleaning service of a University in Brazil witnessed a simulated armed abduction. They were then interviewed with a CI or standard interview (SI). Replicating earlier research, there was a significant increase in the number of correct details reported when witnesses were interviewed using CI with no cost to accuracy. This experiment provides the first test of the CI in a developing country and the implications for police interviewing practices in Latin America will be discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Remembering pragmatic inferences
Authors: Chan Jason C. K. , McDermott Kathleen B. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAfter hearing that ‘the flimsy shelf weakened under the weight of the books,’ people often remember having heard that the shelf broke–an inference that is not logically necessitated by the statement. Indeed, when asked to choose which word was heard—weakened or broke—people often mistakenly choose broke, a pragmatic inference, as having been heard (McDermott & Chan, 2006). On what basis are these decisions made? The present study explored the subjective experience accompanying memory for pragmatic inferences with remember/know/guess classifications (Gardiner & Java, 1991; Tulving, 1985). The phenomenological experiences accompanying such false memories were indistinguishable from those of true memories. The dual process signal detection account proposed by Wixted and Stretch (2004) provides a framework for understanding our results. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Elaboration inflation: how your ideas become mine
Authors: Stark Louisa‐Jayne , Perfect Timothy J. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractUnconscious plagiarism occurs when individuals claim previously experienced ideas as their own. Using an adaptation of Brown and Murphy's (1989) three‐stage paradigm, participant elaboration was investigated using the Alternate Uses Test at generation. Following generation, ideas were imagined and rated (imagery‐elaboration), improved in three ways (generative‐elaboration), improved by another participant and then imagined and rated (rich imagery‐elaboration) or not re‐presented. A week later, participants recalled their original ideas and generated new ideas. Relative to control, elaborating or imagining an idea previously generated by someone else improved recall and reduced plagiarism in the generate‐new task. However, in the recall‐own task, generative‐elaboration alone led to high levels of plagiarism in the recall‐own task. Consequently, it is the generative nature of the elaboration performed on an idea that influences later idea appropriation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Increasing belief in the experience of an invasive procedure that never happened: the role of plausibility and schematicity
Authors: Hart Rhiannon E. , Schooler Jonathan W. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractNumerous studies have increased people's confidence in the occurrence of various childhood events, however, Pezdek, Finger, and Hodge (1997) were able to successfully increase participants' confidence in one event (e.g., being lost in a mall), but not another (e.g., having received an enema). Two experiments considered two factors, plausibility and schematicity, as explanations for this differential suggestibility. In Experiment 1, participants completed a questionnaire regarding the likelihood of experiencing various childhood events, including receiving an enema. Two weeks later, they were given schematic or plausibility information about enemas, or both, or neither. Finally, participants again completed the previous questionnaire regarding childhood experiences. Only plausibility increased participants' beliefs that they had experienced an enema during childhood. In Experiment 2, participants were additionally asked about whether they had a memory of the event. While participants still responded with greater confidence that they had experienced an enema when given plausibility information, it did not increase their memory for the event, and schematicity actually decreased reported memory for the experience. The potential implications of these findings for the formation of false memories of sexual abuse are considered. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
‘Mind the gap’: false memories for missing aspects of an event
Authors: Gerrie Matthew P. , Belcher Louise E. , Garry Maryanne 
Published: June 2006

AbstractNumerous eyewitness testimony studies have shown that people can falsely remember parts of an event after being exposed to misleading suggestion about it (Loftus, Miller, & Burns, 1978); however, few researchers have examined whether people falsely remember parts of an event when there is no such suggestion. Across two studies, we show that people systematically develop false memories for unseen aspects of an event. In Experiment 1, subjects saw a movie of a woman making a sandwich; some actions were missing. In a memory test, subjects confidently but falsely remembered 17% of unseen information from the event. In Experiment 2, subjects saw the same event, but the missing actions were either crucial or not crucial. Subjects were more likely to falsely remember the missing noncrucial than missing crucial information. Theoretically, our results fit with a source monitoring account of false memories. Practically, our results suggest a means by which we can predict what aspects of an event are likely to be falsely remembered. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Working memory capacity and attention network test performance
Authors: Redick Thomas S. , Engle Randall W. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractComplex span tasks are predictive of many aspects of behavior, in both experimental and applied areas of cognitive psychology. Our view is that these tasks measure primarily working memory capacity (WMC), which we argue is the ability to control attention. The development of the Attention Network Test (ANT) provided the opportunity to study the relationship between WMC and specific types of attention. Extreme WMC‐span groups differed in the executive control network but not in the alerting or orienting networks, supporting the view that individual differences in WMC reflect variation in the ability to control attention. We discuss problems with the design of the ANT that limit its appropriateness for applied research. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Visualizing the scientific world and its evolution
Authors: Samoylenko I. , Chao T.‐C. , Liu W.‐C. , Chen C.‐M. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractWe propose an approach to visualizing the scientific world and its evolution by constructing minimum spanning trees (MSTs) and a two‐dimensional map of scientific journals using the database of the Science Citation Index (SCI) during 1994–2001. The structures of constructed MSTs are consistent with the sorting of SCI categories. The map of science is constructed based on our MST results. Such a map shows the relation among various knowledge clusters and their citation properties. The temporal evolution of the scientific world can also be delineated in the map. In particular, this map clearly shows a linear structure of the scientific world, which contains three major domains including physical sciences, life sciences, and medical sciences. The interaction of various knowledge fields can be clearly seen from this scientific world map. This approach can be applied to various levels of knowledge domains.
Toward a model of the everyday life information needs of urban teenagers, Part 2: Empirical model
Authors: Agosto Denise E. , Hughes‐Hassell Sandra 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis is the second part of a two‐part article that presents a theoretical and an empirical model of the everyday life information needs of urban teenagers. Part 2 focuses on the derivation of the empirical model and on its relationship to the theoretical model presented in Part 1. Part 2 also provides examples from the project data to support each of the components of the empirical model, which ties 28 information needs topics to the seven independent variables in the theoretical model. Comparison of the empirical model to the results of past youth information behavior research shows that the participants in this study tended to have the same types of information needs as previous researchers have found with more advantaged, nonminority groups of teens. This finding is significant because it suggests that teenagers have similar information needs across socioeconomic, ethnic, cultural, and geographic boundaries. Due to the exploratory nature of this study, however, additional research is necessary to confirm this possibility.
Metabolic analysis of adaptive evolution for in silico‐designed lactate‐producing strains
Authors: Hua Qiang , Joyce Andrew R. , Fong Stephen S. , Palsson Bernhard Ø. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractExperimental evolution is now frequently applied to many biological systems to achieve desired objectives. To obtain optimized performance for metabolite production, a successful strategy has been recently developed that couples metabolic engineering techniques with laboratory evolution of microorganisms. Previously, we reported the growth characteristics of three lactate‐producing, adaptively evolved Escherichia coli mutant strains designed by the OptKnock computational algorithm. Here, we describe the use of 13C‐labeled experiments and mass distribution measurements to study the evolutionary effects on the fluxome of these differently designed strains. Metabolic flux ratios and intracellular flux distributions as well as physiological data were used to elucidate metabolic responses over the course of adaptive evolution and metabolic differences among strains. The study of 3 unevolved and 12 evolved engineered strains as well as a wild‐type strain suggests that evolution resulted in remarkable improvements in both substrate utilization rate and the proportion of glycolytic flux to total glucose utilization flux. Among three strain designs, the most significant increases in the fraction of glucose catabolized through glycolysis (>50%) and the glycolytic fluxes (>twofold) were observed in phosphotransacetylase and phosphofructokinase 1 (PFK1) double deletion (pta‐ pfkA) strains, which were likely attributed to the dramatic evolutionary increase in gene expression and catalytic activity of the minor PFK encoded by pfkB. These fluxomic studies also revealed the important role of acetate synthetic pathway in anaerobic lactate production. Moreover, flux analysis suggested that independent of genetic background, optimal relative flux distributions in cells could be achieved faster than physiological parameters such as nutrient utilization rate. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.