bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nitric Oxide Response in Critically III Dogs
Authors: Jones Jana L. , Jr. D.J. Krahwinkel , Rorhbach B.W. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryAlterations in nitric oxide (NO)production may play a role in critical illness. Total serum nitrate/nitrite concentrations [SNN (uM/L)], the stable metabolites of NO, have been used as an indirect measure of NO in people, with increased concentrations reported in cases of critical illness. The relationship of nitric oxide (NO) to criticalillness in dgos is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that critically ill intensive care unit (ICU) canine illness in dogs is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that critically ill intesive care unit (ICU) canine patients would have increased SNN as compared to healthy dogs and non‐critically ill dogs. An organ failure index score (OFI) was assigned to dogs admitted to the ICU to evaluate trends between disease severtiy and SNN. Critically ill dogs had significantly (p < 0.05) higher SNN (median 10.53) as compared to non‐critically ill dogs (median 2.3) and healthy dogs (median 1.92). Critically ill dogs with the most severe disease (as based on OFI) had higher SNN concentrations. Survival of critically ill dogs with SNN of > 15 upon ICU admission (12% survival) was significantly less than survival of critically ill dogs with SNN ≤ 15 (91%) survival).l (Vet. Emerg. & Crit. Care, 9: 195–202, 1999)
Massive envenomation by Vespulaspp.in two dogs.
Authors: Waddell Lori S. , Drobatz Kenneth J. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryTwo dogs, a 5 year old golden retriever and a 5 year old yellow Labrador, were stung by numerous yellow jackets (Vespula sup.). Both dogs exhibited signs consistent with direct toxic effect of the wasp venom. The laborador was more severely affected, and was euthanized less than 24 hours after after admission. On postmorten, changes were seen that were consistent with anaphylaxis and disseminated intravascular coagulation. The golden retriever, although exhibiting respiratory distress, prolongation of coagualtion, and increased liver enzymes, eventually made a full recovery.
Thrombotest (PIVKA) Test Results in 25 Dogs with Acquired and Hereditary Caogulopathies
Authors: Rozanski Elizabeth A. , Drobatz Kenneth J. , Hugher Dez , Scotti Marry , Giger Urs 
Published: July 2007

SummaryIn the veterinary literature, it has been suggested that a prolongation in the thrombotest (PIVKA test) is a sensitive and diagnostic indicator of anticoagulant rodenticide intoxication. We evaluated prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromoplastin time (aPTT), and PIVKA indicator in 25 bleeding dogs: 7 with inherited coagulopathies. All dos with acquired coagulopathies had prolonged PIVKA values when compared to the normal controls. Factor VII deficient dogs had a prolonged PIVKA and PT test result, whereas dogs with intrinsic coagulopathies only had an aPTT prolongation. A three‐fold increase of the PIVKA or PT values was highly suggestive of an anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning compared to other acquired coagulopathies. Prolonged PIVKA resuls were not specific for anticoagulant rodenticide intoxication in our group of bleeding dogs.
Pressor Therapy in Critically III Patients
Authors: Wohl James S. , Clark Terrence P. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryVasopressors are agents that increase systemic vascular resistance by increasing vasoconstriction. Therapy with intravenous vasopressors may be required in critically ill patients when efforts to optimize cardiac output and blood pressure with intravascular fluid therapy fail. Increasing systemic vascular resistance can promote a favorable perfusion pressure gradient to vital organs in critically ill patients with severe, unresponsive vasodilation. Improperly administered, vasopressors may impede cardiac output and reduce oxygen transport to vital tissue sites. The understanding of systemic and regional effects of vasopressors is currently evolving. Recent literature of the commonly used agents is reviewed. Individual drugs, drug combinations, and potential new therapies are discussed. (Vet. Emerg. & Crit. Care, 10:19–33, 2000)
Successful Management of Traumatic Right Atrial Rupture
Authors: Witt Angela L. , Mathews Karol A. , Holmberg David L. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryA 2 year old male mixed breed dog presented with clinical signs of acute cardiac tamponade after being hit by a car. Echocardiography confirmed the presence of pericardial effusion. Pericardiocentesis revealed venous blood that clotted normally, suggestive of an acute lesion involving the right side of the heart. An emergency thoracotomy was performed, and a laceration of the right atrium was identified and repaired. Postoperatively, the dog developed traumatic myocarditis that improved with time and medical management. Six months after surgery, the dog was healthy with no adverse effects of the trauma. The importance of early recognition and the necessity for expeditious surgical management of traumatic right atrial rupture in the dog is illustrated in this report.
Permethrin Spot‐On Toxicoses in Cats
Authors: Richardson Jill A. 
Published: July 2007

SummarySpot‐on insecticides are becoming a popular type of flea control for pets. Spot‐on products available include those containing fipronil, imidicloprid, methoprene, and permethrin. Currently, over 15 brands of permethrin spot‐on products are labeled for “use in dogs only.” These products contain high concentrations (45–65%) of permethrin insecticide and are becoming a very popular choice for flea and tick control for dogs. Cats are highly sensitive to permethrin and inappropriate or accidental application of these products would be fatal. Though they have a wise margin of safety when used appropriately on dogs, even small amount of permethrin spot‐on products can cause severe clinical signs in cats. Indications of this species sensitivity have been documented by the National Animal Poison Control Center (NAPCC). In most cases, the owner applied the concentrated permethrin‐containing poduct to cats accidentally or intentionally. In some situations, the exposure seems to have resulted when the product was used on the dog and cats were playing with dog. (ASPCA, NAPCC, Unpublished data, 1995–1997).
Anaphylaxis to Ophthalmic Medication in a Cat
Authors: Plunkett Signe J. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThere is an increasing incidence of anaphylactic reactions in cats due to the administration of ophthalmic bacitracin, neomycin, polymyxin medications. Most of the reported cases have been fatal. This is the report of a cat that survived the initial episode only to develop renal failure and cardiomyopathy. This lead to euthanasia seven days later. Dr. Kathryn Meyer of the U.S. Pharmacopeia and Dr. Signe Plunkett of the Emergency Animal Clinic in Phoenix are conducting an ongoing study, and they are interested in the reports of any additional cases.
Urinary Bladder Herniation through a Vaginal Tear in a Rottweiller with Dystocia
Authors: Mandell Deborah C. , Neath Prue , Drobatz Kenneth J. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryA four‐year old female Rottweiler presented with a 34‐hour history of dystocia. Physical examination revealed a purple‐black, fluid‐filled sac protruding from vulva and suspended by a similar colored stalk. Digital vaginal examination indicated that the stalk of tissue extended up into the cervix and beyond. Due to the grossly necrotic appearance, the stalk of tissue was ligated, and the sac was removed. Three puppies were delivered vaginally, but a subsequent caesarian section was required due to uterine inertia likely secondary to exhaustion. Three more live puppies were delivered via the c‐section. Further abdominal exploration revealed a tear in the left vaginal wall, one ligated ureter, and the second ureter free at its distal end and leaking urine into the abdomen. The surgical findings indicated that the bladder, ureters, and urethra had herniated through the vaginal tear and prolapsed through the vulva.
Treatment of a Myasthenic Dog with Mycophenolate Mofetil
Authors: Dewey C.W. , Boothe D.M. , Rinn K.L. , Coates J.R. , Burkholder W.J. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryA ten‐year‐old, male castrated Springer Spaniel was presented for dysphagia, ptyalism, and regurgitation. Evidence of megaesophagus and mild aspiration pneumonia were apparent on thoracic radiographs. A diagnosis of focal acquired myasthenia gravis was suspected and subsequently confirmed with a positive serum acetylcholine (ACh) receptor antibody concentration (3.87 nM/L). A gastrostomy tube was placed shortly after presentation; food and drugs (including azathioprine) were administered through the tube. After transient improvement, the dog suddenly deteriorated clinically, experiencing frequent episodes of regurgitation and developing severe aspiration pneumonia. Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), a novel immunosuppressive drug with relative specificity for lymphocytes, was instituted every twelve hours via the gastrostomy tube. Within four days of beginning MMF therapy, both clinical evidence of pharyngeal/esophageal dysfunction and radiographic evidence of megaesophagus had resolved. Initially, clinical side‐effects of combined MMF/AZA administration were not apparent, but the patient experienced several vomiting episodes during the third week of treatment. The vomiting resolved after decreasing the dose of both drugs. The patient made a full recovery, and a one‐month follow‐up ACh receptor antibody concentration was normal (0.26 nM/L). After one month of combination therapy, the patient was weaned off of AZA and maintained on MMF as the sole immunosuppressive drug. The dog was subsequently weaned off of MMF on two occasions. Mycophenolate mofetil was reinstituted after the first discontinuation due to the development of profound appendicular muscle weakness two days after stopping MMF; the weakness resolved within 24 hours of reinstituting MMF. A positive ACh receptor antibody concentration (0.89 nM/L) after the second MMF weaning prompted the second reinstitution of MMF. Two months following this second MMF reinstitution, the dog was again serologically negative (0.51 nM/L) for myasthenia gravis. At the time of last followup, the dog remained in clinical remission eight months after initial presentation. The use of MMF to treat acquired myasthenia gravis in dogs has not been reported previously. The literature concerning MMF and its potential use in treating patients with autoimmune diseases is discussed.
Initial Experience with Norepinephrine Infusion in Hypotensive Critically III Foals
Authors: T. Corley Kevin , C. McKenzie Harold , M. Amoroso Lisa , O. Furr Martin 
Published: July 2007

SummarySeven critically ill foals that continued to be hypotensive despite fluid resuscitation and the infusion of dobutamine and/or dopamine were treated with an infusion of norepinephrine (noradrenaline). The norepinephrine was administered concurrently with dobutamine, and the combination therapy was titrated by use of indirect mean arterial pressure measurements. The highest dose of norepinephrine used was 1.5 mcg/kg/min. In six foals the administration of norepinephrine was associated with an increase in blood pressure. In one foal the mean arterial pressure did not increase in response to the doses of norepinephrine administered. All of the foals experienced an increase in urine output coincident with the start of the norepinephrine infusion. Three of the foal survived to hospital discharge.
Management of Acetaminophen and Ibuprofen Toxicoses in Dogs and Cats
Authors: Richardson Jill A. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryAcetaminophen and ibuprofen are commonly used in humans for their analgesic, anti‐pyretic, and anti‐inflammatory (ibuprofen) effects. Between January 1998 and March 2000, veterinarians at the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center (APCC) consulted on more than 1,050 cases of accidental exposures to acetaminophen and 1,100 cases of ibuprofen ingestion in dogs and cats. Exposures to these medications can have serious effects on the animal's health. Fortunately, with prompt, aggressive treatment and good supportive care, most animals will recover completely.
The Treatment of Acute Adrenocortical Insufficiency in the Dog
Authors: Schaer Michael 
Published: July 2007

SummaryAcute hypoadrenocorticism in the dog is a true medical emergency that requires a prompt and accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment in order to provide for the most optimal outcome. Because the signs of adrenal insufficiency mimic those caused by other more common clinical conditions such as renal failure, intoxications, and various gastrointestinal disorders, it behooves the emergency clinician to always include this condition in the list of differential diagnoses. This paper will review the main elements of this hypoendocrinopathy in order to provide the emergency clinician with the essentials that will be required for appropriate diagnosis and treatment.J Vet emerg Crit Care 2001; 11(1):7–14
Mechanical Ventilation of a Dog with Pentobarbital Intoxication
Authors: de Laforcade Armelle M. , Rozanski Elizabeth , Good Lillian , Rush John E. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryA 9‐year old spayed female American bulldog presented 5 hours after ingesting a portion of a recently euthanized sheep carcass. The dog was comatose, intubated and manually ventilated on arrival. On physical examination, the dog had stable cardiovascular parameters but was hypothermic. Cranial nerve reflexes were absent and spinal reflexes were depressed. Mechanical ventilation was initiated and maintained for 18 hours before spontaneous respiration returned. Elevated serum pentobarbital concentration (19.1 mg/ml) confirmed pentobarbital intoxication as the cause of neurological signs. This is the first report of a dog with pentobarbital toxicity that was successfully managed with mechanical ventilation. Neurologic and functional recovery was complete and the dog was discharged 48 hours after admission. (J Vet Emerg Crit Care 2001; 11(1):33–37)
Colloid Osmotic Pressure of Parenteral Nutrition Components and Intravenous Fluids
Authors: Chan Daniel L. , Freeman Lisa M. , Rozanski Elizabeth A. , Rush John E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractObjective:Parenteral nutrition is an important part of therapy for critically ill animals that cannot tolerate enteral feedings. It has been hypothesized that parenteral nutrition might also play a role in increasing colloid osmotic pressure (COP). The purpose of this study was to measure COP of various parenteral nutrition components and compare them to the COP of commonly used intravenous solutions.Design:Membrane colloid osmometry was used to measure the COP of parenteral nutrition components (lipids, Abstractamino acids, dextrose solutions) and of synthetic colloids, crystalloids, and blood products.Main Results:Parenteral nutrition components and all crystalloid solutions had COP measurements < 1 mm Hg. Great variation in COP was found in the different artificial colloids and blood products. The COP of the artificial colloids tested ranged from 32.7 ± 0.2 mm Hg for hetastarch to 61.7 ± 0.5 mm Hg for dextran 70.Conclusions:The results of this in vitro study suggest that parenteral nutrition does not directly contribute to an increase in oncotic pressure. Further studies are needed to determine whether parenteral nutrition may indirectly influence COP in vivo. Knowing the COP of a fluid, along with its other properties, is useful in making appropriate therapeutic decisions.
Accidental 5‐Fluorouracil Exposure in a Dog
Authors: Roberts Jennifer , Powell Lisa L. 
Published: July 2007

objective:
To demonstrate the range of toxicities with 5‐Fluorouracil (5‐FU).
Case Summary:
A one‐year‐old male castrated Labrador Retriever presented to the University of Minnesota Veterinary Teaching Hospital Emergency Service following accidental ingestion of a 5% 5‐Fluorouracil (5‐FU) topical antineoplastic cream. The animal presented with status epilepticus and later demonstrated additional clinical signs consistent with 5‐FU toxicosis including mucositis and diarrhea, profound but transient leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia.
New Information Provided:
The calculated ingested dosage was 46 mg/kg. The dog responded well to intensive therapy, recovering uneventfully.
Epidural Catheter Analgesia in Dogs and Cats: Technique and Review of 182 Cases (1991–1999)
Authors: Hansen Bernie D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractObjective:To characterize the indications and techniques for catheterization of the epidural space to treat pain in dogs and cats in a veterinary teaching hospital intensive care unit, and describe the analgesic regimens used in those patients. To provide a detailed description of the technique of epidural catheterization in companion animals.Design:Retrospective case series and clinical practice review.Setting:The Veterinary Teaching Hospital at the North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine.Animals:Records from 160 dogs and 22 cats that had epidural catheters placed were identified.Interventions:Epidural catheterization for the purpose of providing analgesia for a variety of surgical and medical disorders was performed on both awake and anesthetized patients.Measurements and main results:The most frequently used analgesic agents were preservative‐free morphine and bupivacaine. 2The range of duration of catheter dwell time was 1.3–332 hours, with a mean duration of 50 hours and a median of 39 hours. Suspicion of catheter malpositioning prompted radiographic imaging of the catheter in 44 patients, and malpositioning was confirmed in 6 of those. Catheter tip positioning was recorded in 46 patients. The tip was located at L3‐L6 in 16, and T5‐L3 in 30. Twenty‐seven of those 30 patients were catheterized to treat pain associated with thoracotomy, forelimb amputation, pancreatitis, or peritonitis. Fifty‐one (28%) patients received no analgesics beyond those provided by the epidural catheter.Conclusions:Epidural administration of analgesia appeared to provide significant pain relief and was adequate as a sole analgesic treatment in some patients. Serious complications in these critically ill animals appeared to be uncommon. (J Vet Emerg Crit Care 2001; 11(2): 95–103)
Thrombolytic Therapy in Dogs and Cats
Authors: Thompson Mary F. , Scott‐Moncrieff J. Catharine , Hogan Daniel F. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractObjective:To review the thrombolytic agents most commonly used in humans, their mechanisms of action, potential uses, adverse effects, and reports of their use in dogs and cats.Human data synthesis:Thrombolytic agents avaliable in human medicine include streptokinase, urokinase, tissueplasminogen activator (t‐PA), single‐chain urokinase plasma activator (scu‐PA) and anisoylated plasminogen‐strep‐tokinase activator complex (APSAC). These agents were originally used for the management of proximal deep vein thrombosis and severe pulmonary embolism but more recently, use of these drugs has been extended to include the treatment of acute peripheral arterial disease, cerebrovascular disease (stroke) and acute coronary thrombosis. The most predictable side effect associated with the use of thrombolytic therapy is hemorrhage.Veterinary data synthesis:Clinical experience with thrombolytic agents in small animals is limited to streptokinase and t‐PA. It is possible, that as in humans, canine and feline patients with PTE and right ventricular dysfunction may benefit from thrombolytic therapy but there are no veterinary studies to support this theory to date. Successful use of streptokinase has been documented in a small number of canine patients with systemic thromboembolism.63Thrombolytic therapy is relatively efficacious in cats with aortic thromboemboli but is associated with a high mortality rate.59,60,64With regard to use of t‐PA in veterinary medicine, the small number of animals treated with varying protocols makes it impossible to provide safe and effective dose recommendations at this time.Conclusions:Future goals for thrombolytic therapy in veterinary medicine include determination of more specific clinical indications, as well as design of effective protocols that minimize mortality and morbidity.
Pyothorax in Neonatal Boxer
Authors: Schoeffler Gretchen L. , Rozanski Elizabeth A. , Rush John E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractObjective:To report a case of pyothorax in a critically ill canine neonat.Case Summary:A12‐day old, female boxer puppy was presented for lethargy, fever and respiratory distress. Pleural ceffusion was apparent on thoracic radiography. Thoracentesis and subsequent cytology and bacteriologic culture of the Pleural effusion, confirmed a diagnosis of pyothorax. Clinical management of pyothorax in critically ill 12‐day‐ old puppy is decribedNew or Unique information provided:Pyothorax can occur in the caine neonate.J Vet Emerg crit care2001;11(2): 147–152)
Esophagostomy Tubes: Don't Underutilize Them!
Authors: Mazzaferro Elisa M. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryCritical care veterinarians observe a wide variety of patients who easily become malnourished and display negative nitrogen balance due to inappetance, complete anorexia, vomiting, or inability to normally prehend food, as in patients with head and facial trauma (Tables 1 and 2). Negative nitrogen balance is associated with delayed wound healing and increased incidences of gastroinstestinal mucosal atrophy, bacterial translocation, sepsis, and mortality. Early interventional nutrition is necessary for maintenance of normal function and for proper healing to occur. While total parenteral nutrition (TNP) is an option, enteral nutrition is preferred whenever possible. Enterocytes undergo atrophy within several days in the absence of direct trophic stimuli Within the intestinal lumen.“If the gut works, use it” has gained widespread Popularity in early interventional nutrition in the critically ill veterinary patient. Force‐Feeding is often stressful for both patient and caretaker alike. Instead, tube feeding is often well tolerated and an easier route for enteral nutrition. The following methods of tube feeding have been described: nasoesophageal, nasogastic, nasojejunostomy, esophagostomy, pharyngostomy, gastrostomy, and jejunostomy.Esophagostomy tubes were first described for use in human patients with maxillofacial and cervical neoplasta. Later, Dr. Crowe described their use for veterinary patients (1989). Since that time, several methods for esophagostomy tube placement have been proposed. The modified percutaneous method is one of the easiest to perform, and requires minimal equipement.
Traumatic Mesenteric Avulsion and Subsequent Septic Peritonitis in a Dog
Authors: Rollings Christopher , Rozanski Elizabeth A. , DeLaforcade Armelle , Kowaleski Michael , Rush John E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractObjective:Description of a case of traumatic mesenteric avulsion in a dog resulting in septic peritonitis.Case Summary:A young dog was presented after having been hit by a car. On initial evaluation, intra‐abdominal injury was not apparent. The dog was discharged and re‐presented with septic peritonitis due to devitalized bowel from mesenteric avulsion. Surgical intervention and supportive care resulted in a successful outcome.New or Unique Information Provided:Successful management of a rare injury including exploratory celiotomy with intestinal resection and anastomosis, supportive care, and closed suction abdominal drainage. (J Vet Emerg Crit Care 2001; 11(3): 211–215)