bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Novel Hemoglobin, Bonn, Causes Falsely Decreased Oxygen Saturation Measurements in Pulse Oximetry
Authors: Zur Berndt , Hornung Andreas , Breuer Johannes , Doll Ulrike , Bernhardt Christine , Ludwig Michael , Stoffel-Wagner Birgit 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Background: A 4-year-old boy and his father exhibited low oxygen saturation measured transcutaneously by pulse oximetry, a finding that could not be confirmed by arterial blood gas analysis. Both patients exhibited slight hemolysis in their blood, and the boy had a microcytic anemia. There was no evidence of hypoxemia or methemoglobinemia. Despite the normal results from the arterial blood gas analysis, a right-to-left-shunt was assumed in the boy until a cardiology examination excluded this diagnosis. Sleep apnea syndrome was suspected in the father and treated with nocturnal positive pressure respiration based on the low oxygen saturation values obtained with pulse oximetry. Only after consultation with our laboratory was a hemoglobin variant suspected and investigated.
Methods: We performed hemoglobin protein analysis by HPLC, electrophoretic separation, and spectrophotometry and DNA sequence analysis of the α-globin gene.
Results: Both HPLC chromatographic separation and alkaline electrophoresis revealed a unique hemoglobin peak. In both patients, α-globin gene sequencing revealed a mutation resulting in a histidine-to–aspartatic acid substitution at position α87. The low oxygen saturation measurement by pulse oximetry was due to hemoglobin Bonn oxyhemoglobin having an absorption peak at 668 nm, near the 660 nm measured by pulse oximeters.
Conclusion: Hemoglobin Bonn is a novel hemoglobin variant of the proximal α-globin that results in falsely low oxygen saturation measurements with pulse oximetry.
Geoffrey GREATREX/Samuel N. C. LIEU, The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars. Part 2: AD 363–630. A Narrative Sourcebook
Authors: Gaube Heinz 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Nach dem ersten Band dieser Sammlung (The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars. AD 226–363. A Documentary History. London 1991), von S. N. C. Lieu und M. H. Dodgeon zusammengestellt, hat der vorliegende Band Informationen zu den Beziehungen zwischen Rom/ Byzanz und den persischen Sasaniden bis unmittelbar vor der arabischen Eroberung Irans (ab 633) zum Gegenstand. Zusammen mit der etwas anders konzipierten Arbeit von E. Winter und B. Dignas (Rom und das Perserreich. Zwei Weltmächte zwischen Konfrontation und Koexistenz. Berlin 2001) verfügen wir nun über drei griffige Hilfsmittel für den Anfängerunterricht, die es uns ermöglichen, die Studenten schnell in die persisch-römisch/byzantinischen Beziehungen zwischen dem 3. und dem frühen 7. Jh. auf der Grundlage einer breiten Quellenübersicht einzuführen. Dafür gebührt den Autoren Anerkennung. Ihre Arbeit wird sicher dazu beitragen, auch nicht direkt mit dem Thema Beschäftigte ein etwas qualifiziertes Verständnis der „Weltpolitik“ zwischen dem 3.und dem 7. Jh. zu ermöglichen. Alle drei Werke sind Lehrbücher, textbooks, jedoch keine wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten im eigentlichen Sinne.
Some aspects of form and function of humor in adolescence
Authors: Führ Martin 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
This study investigates the use, form and function of humor for children aged 12–16 years in two different schools including 47 participants through interviews and 112 participants in a questionnaire. The assumption is made, that developmental changes in form and function of humor for children aged 12–13 years may be influenced by their actual environmental settings and their actual tasks. Data from 12–16 year old children from two schools (school 1, in the countryside with grade 1 to 7 and school 2 in an town area with grade 1 to 10) is analyzed to see whether adult humor appears at an earlier stage in school 1. Finally, the study considers the importance of children's sense of humor in problem solving and social interaction during the period 12–16 years.
Breakfast Eating and Weight Change in a 5-Year Prospective Analysis of Adolescents: Project EAT (Eating Among Teens)
Authors: Timlin Maureen T. , Pereira Mark A. , Story Mary , Neumark-Sztainer Dianne 
Published: February 2008

OBJECTIVE. Breakfast-eating frequency declines through adolescence and has been inversely associated with body weight in cross-sectional studies, with few prospective studies on this topic. This study was conducted to examine the association between breakfast frequency and 5-year body weight change in 2216 adolescents.PATIENTS AND METHODS. Project EAT (Eating Among Teens) was a 5-year longitudinal study of eating patterns and weight concerns among adolescents. Surveys were completed in 1998–1999 (time 1) and 2003–2004 (time 2). Multivariable linear regression was used to examine the association between breakfast frequency and change in BMI, with adjustment for age, socioeconomic status, race, physical activity, time 1 BMI and breakfast category, and time 1 dietary and weight-related variables.RESULTS. At time 1, frequency of breakfast was directly associated with intake of carbohydrate and fiber, socioeconomic status, white race, and physical activity and inversely associated with smoking and alcohol consumption and dieting and weight-control behaviors. In cross-sectional analyses at times 1 and 2, inverse associations between breakfast frequency and BMI remained largely independent of all of the confounding and dietary factors. Weight-related factors (concerns, behaviors, and pressures) explained little of the breakfast-BMI association. In prospective analyses, frequency of breakfast was inversely associated with BMI in a dose-response manner. Further adjustment for confounding and dietary factors did not seem to explain the association, but adjustment for weight-related variables seemed to partly explain this finding.CONCLUSIONS. Although experimental studies are needed to verify whether the association between breakfast and body weight is of a causal nature, our findings support the importance of promoting regular breakfast consumption among adolescents. Future studies should further examine the role of breakfast habits among youth who are particularly concerned about their weight.
Effect of Oxygen Supplementation on Length of Stay for Infants Hospitalized With Acute Viral Bronchiolitis
Authors: Unger Stefan , Cunningham Steve 
Published: February 2008

OBJECTIVE. The goal was to establish the final supportive therapy determinants of hospital length of stay for bronchiolitis.METHODS. A retrospective case study of a randomly selected 25% of subjects &lt;1 year of age who were hospitalized with bronchiolitis between April 1, 2003, and June 15, 2005 (n = 129), was performed. Records of 102 admissions to the general wards were reviewed (77 respiratory syncytial virus positive). Length of stay, pulse oxygen saturation profile, oxygen supplementation, feeding support, and nasal suction were determined. Infants admitted to the PICU (27 admissions) were excluded.RESULTS. The majority of patients presented with feeding difficulties (82% at admission). Oxygen supplementation was not indicated initially for the majority of infants (22% with mean pulse oxygen saturation of 94%). However, oxygen treatment was required by 70% of infants by 6 hours, whereas the mean pulse oxygen saturation decreased by an average of only 2%. Feeding problems were resolved for 98% of infants by 96 hours, followed by oxygen supplementation resolving with an average lag of 66 hours. The mean pulse oxygen saturation at discharge was 95%. There was no significant correlation between pulse oxygen saturation at arrival at the emergency department and subsequent oxygen requirements or length of stay.CONCLUSIONS. Oxygen supplementation is the prime determinant of the length of hospitalization for infants with bronchiolitis. Infants remaining in the hospital for oxygen supplementation once feeding difficulties had resolved did not experience deterioration to the extent of needing PICU support.
Activation of Wnt Signaling in Hematopoietic Regeneration
Authors: Congdon Kendra L. , Voermans Carlijn , Ferguson Emily C. , DiMascio Leah N. , Uqoezwa Mweia , Zhao Chen , Reya Tannishtha 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) respond to injury by rapidly proliferating and regenerating the hematopoietic system. Little is known about the intracellular programs that are activated within HSCs during this regenerative process and how this response may be influenced by alterations in signals from the injured microenvironment. Here we have examined the regenerating microenvironment and find that following injury it has an enhanced ability to support HSCs. During this regenerative phase, both hematopoietic and stromal cell elements within the bone marrow microenvironment show increased expression of Wnt10b, which can function to enhance growth of hematopoietic precursors. In addition, regenerating HSCs show increased activation of Wnt signaling, suggesting that microenvironmental changes in Wnt expression after injury may be integrated with the responses of the hematopoietic progenitors. Cumulatively, our data reveal that growth signals in the hematopoietic system are re-activated during injury, and provide novel insight into the influence of the microenvironment during regeneration.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Bone Marrow Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Do Not Reduce Fibrosis or Improve Function in a Rat Model of Severe Chronic Liver Injury
Authors: Carvalho Adriana B. , Quintanilha Luiz Fernando , Dias Juliana V. , Paredes Bruno D. , Mannheimer Elida G. , Carvalho Felipe G. , Asensi Karina D. , Gutfilen Bianca , Fonseca Lea Mirian B. , Resende Celia Maria C. , Rezende Guilherme F. M. , Takiya Christina M. , de Carvalho Antonio Carlos Campos , Goldenberg Regina C. S. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
The objective of our study was to evaluate the therapeutic potential of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) in a rat model of severe chronic liver injury. Fourteen female Wistar rats were fed exclusively an alcoholic liquid diet and received intraperitoneal injections of carbon tetrachloride every other day during 15 weeks. After this period, eight animals (MSC group) had 1 × 107 cells injected into the portal vein while six animals (placebo group) received vehicle. Blood analysis was performed to evaluate alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and albumin before cell therapy and 1 and 2 months after cell or placebo infusion. Fibrosis was evaluated before and 1 month after cell or placebo injection by liver biopsies. Two months after cell delivery, animals were sacrificed and histological analysis of the livers was performed. Fibrosis was quantified by histomorphometry. Biopsies obtained before cell infusion showed intense collagen deposition and septa interconnecting regenerative nodules. One month after cell injection, this result was unaltered and differences in fibrosis quantification were not found between MSC and placebo groups. ALT and AST returned to normal values 2 weeks after cell or placebo infusion, without significant differences between experimental groups. Two months after cell or placebo injection, albumin had also returned to normal values and histological results were maintained, again without differences between MSC and placebo groups. Therefore, under our experimental conditions, MSC were unable to reduce fibrosis or improve liver function in a rat model of severe chronic liver injury.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Metabolic Flexibility Permits Mesenchymal Stem Cell Survival in an Ischemic Environment
Authors: Mylotte Louise A. , Duffy Angela M. , Murphy Mary , O'Brien Timothy , Samali Afshin , Barry Frank , Szegezdi Eva 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe application of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for myocardial repair following ischemic injury is of strong interest, but current knowledge regarding the survival and retention of differentiation potency of stem cells under ischemic conditions is limited. The present study investigated the effects of ischemia and its components (hypoxia and glucose depletion) on MSC viability and multipotency. We demonstrate that MSCs have a profoundly greater capacity to survive under conditions of ischemia compared with cardiomyocytes, measured by detecting changes in cellular morphology, caspase activity and phosphatidylserine exposure. MSCs were also resistant to exposure to hypoxia (0.5% O2), as well as inhibition of mitochondrial respiration with 2,4-dinitrophenol for 72 hours, indicating that in the absence of oxygen, MSCs can survive using anaerobic ATP production. Glucose deprivation (glucose-free medium in combination with 2-deoxyglucose) induced rapid death of MSCs. Depletion of cellular ATP occurred at a lower rate during glucose deprivation than during ischemia, suggesting that glycolysis has specific prosurvival functions, independent of energy production in MSCs. After exposure to hypoxic or ischemic conditions, MSCs retained the ability to differentiate into chondrocytes and adipocytes and, more importantly, retained cardiomyogenic potency. These results suggest that MSCs are characterized by metabolic flexibility, which enables them to survive under conditions of ischemic stress and retain their multipotent phenotype. These results highlight the potential utility of MSCs in the treatment of ischemic disease.Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Lysophosphatidic Acid Inhibits Neuronal Differentiation of Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells Derived from Human Embryonic Stem Cells
Authors: Dottori Mirella , Leung Jessie , Turnley Ann M. , Pébay Alice 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Lysophospholipids are signaling molecules that play broad and major roles within the nervous system during both early development and neural injury. We used neural differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESC) as an in vitro model to examine the specific effects of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) at various stages of neural development, from neural induction to mature neurons and glia. We report that LPA inhibits neurosphere formation and the differentiation of neural stem cells (NSC) toward neurons, without modifying NSC proliferation, apoptosis, or astrocytic differentiation. LPA acts through the activation of the Rho/ROCK and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathways to inhibit neuronal differentiation. This study is the first demonstration of a role for LPA signaling in neuronal differentiation of hESC. As LPA concentrations increase during inflammation, the inhibition of neuronal differentiation by LPA might contribute to the low level of neurogenesis observed following neurotrauma.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
The Potential Role of mTOR Inhibitors in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Gridelli Cesare , Maione Paolo , Rossi Antonio 
Published: February 2008

Abstract

Learning Objectives
After completing the course, the reader will be able to: Describe the PI3K growth pathway.Describe the molecular mechanism of action of mTOR inhibitors.Describe the preliminary clinical results of mTOR inhibitors in NSCLC.
CME Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™ at CME.TheOncologist.com
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a serine/threonine kinase, is a downstream mediator in the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt signaling pathway, which plays a critical role in regulating basic cellular functions including cellular growth and proliferation. Currently, the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin and its analogues (CCI-779, RAD001, AP23573), which induce cell-cycle arrest in the G1 phase, are being evaluated in cancer clinical trials. The mTOR inhibitors appear to be well tolerated, with skin reactions, stomatitis, myelosuppression, and metabolic abnormalities the most common toxicities seen. These adverse events are transient and reversible with interruption of dosing. Several pieces of evidence suggest a certain antitumor activity, including tumor regressions and prolonged stable disease, which has been reported among patients with a variety of malignancies, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). These promising preliminary clinical data have stimulated further research in this setting. Here, we review the basic structure of the pathway together with current results and future developments of mTOR inhibitors in the treatment of NSCLC patients.
The Ethical Justification for Minor Sibling Bone Marrow Donation: A Case Study
Authors: Pentz Rebecca D. , Haight Ann E. , Noll Robert B. , Barfield Raymond , Pelletier Wendy , Davies Stella , Alderfer Melissa A. , Hinds Pamela S. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractUsing a case study of a mentally delayed minor sibling donating bone marrow for his older sister, we discuss an alternative ethical justification for minor donation. The accepted justification for permitting minor siblings to donate bone marrow or peripheral blood stem cells is that the donor will benefit because of the greater likelihood of survival and less suffering of the sibling. Based on the limited data from four small retrospective studies of the risks and benefits for minor donors, we argue that there is a possibility, illustrated by this case, that the donor may not benefit, particularly if the transplant is unsuccessful. We, therefore, encourage the oncology community to increase support for minor donors, particularly mentally delayed ones. We also argue that the donation can be ethically justified based on the donor's familial duty to his sister. The basis of familial duties is complex, including such factors as the nature, intimacy, and history of the relationship and the specific risks and benefits to all involved. We examine each of these factors for our case study.
Returning to the “Homeland”: Work-Related Ethnic Discrimination and the Health of Japanese Brazilians In Japan
Authors: Asakura Takashi , Gee Gilbert C. , Nakayama Kazuhiro , Niwa Sayuri 
Published: February 2008

Objectives. We investigated whether self-reported ethnic discrimination in the workplace was associated with well-being among Japanese Brazilians who had returned to Japan. Further, we examined interactions between discrimination and education on well-being. Methods. We obtained data from a cross-sectional survey of Japanese Brazilian workers (n = 313) conducted in 2000 and 2001. Outcomes were self-rated health, psychological symptoms as measured by the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) score, and a checklist of somatic symptoms. Results. Reports of ethnic discrimination were associated with increased risk of poor self-rated health and psychological symptoms (GHQ-12 score), after we controlled for self-assessed workload, supportive relations at work, physically dangerous working conditions, workplace environmental hazards, shift work, number of working hours, age, gender, marital status, income, education, Japanese lineage, length of residence, and Japanese language proficiency. Further, the relationship between discrimination and self-rated health and somatic symptoms was most robust for those with the least education. Conclusions. Ethnic discrimination appears to be a correlate of morbidity among Japanese Brazilian migrants. Future research should investigate how educational and workplace interventions may reduce discrimination and possibly improve health.
Combining Continuous Fluid Typing, Wireline Formation Testers, and Geochemical Measurements for an Improved Understanding of Reservoir Architecture
Authors: Elshahawi Hani , Venkataramanan Lalitha , McKinney Daniel , Flannery Matthew , Mullins Oliver C. , Hashem Mohamed 
Published: February 2008

Summary
Identifying compartmentalization and understanding reservoir structure are of critical importance to reservoir development. Traditional methods of identifying reservoir compartmentalization, such as drillstem tests and extended well tests, often become impractical in deepwater settings, with costs approaching the costs of new wells and emissions becoming increasingly undesirable. Thus, compartments often have to be identified by some other means.
Individual formation-pressure measurements, downhole fluid analysis (DFA), and geochemistry are known to provide important information about reservoir architecture. When these powerful methods are combined systematically and applied to data sets, the resulting synergy delivers a much more accurate and robust picture of the reservoir. In this paper, we review a number of case studies in which we have successfully combined continuous fluid/facies mapping, pressure-gradient measurements, DFA, and geochemistry for a reservoir-continuity assessment in a diverse range of geological settings, including a wide range of field sizes, structural environments, reservoir lithologies, and oil types. Particular emphasis is placed on comparing the strengths and limitations of the different techniques in revealing reservoir architecture, especially vertical-permeability barriers. We present a number of unambiguous cases, for which multiple data streams might be viewed as being somewhat redundant. More-ambiguous cases, in which the multiple data streams are required to make a robust assessment of key reservoir properties, are also presented.
A Semianalytical Method To Predict Well Deliverability in Gas-Condensate Reservoirs
Authors: Chowdhury Nitin , Sharma Ravi , Pope Gary A. , Sepehrnoori Kamy 
Published: February 2008

Summary
A fine-grid simulation is needed to capture the buildup of a condensate bank near wells operating below the dewpoint pressure. However, full-field simulations with a sufficiently fine grid will often not be feasible or will require very long computational times. A semianalytical method has been developed that can be used to predict the gas- and condensate-production rates from such wells accurately and that has some advantages over the pseudopressure approach. The semianalytical method includes the effects of capillary number (high velocity) and non-Darcy flow. The new method has been implemented in a compositional-reservoir simulator and verified with fine-grid compositional simulation results for both lean and rich gas-condensate fluids. Pressures, saturations, relative permeabilities, viscosities, and densities calculated with the semianalytical method are in excellent agreement with the results of fine-grid compositional simulations. Coarse-grid simulations with gridblock sizes on the order of 200 ft, coupled with the semianalytical method in gridblocks with wells, yielded production rates as accurate as fine-grid simulations with gridblock sizes on the order of 2 ft. The method was tested for single-layer, multilayer, and multiwell gas-condensate reservoirs and was found to give accurate results.