bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Formate-Based Reservoir Drilling Fluid Resolves High-Temperature Challenges in the Natuna Sea
Authors: Bradshaw R. , Hodge R. , Wolf N. O. , Knox D. , Hudson C. , Evans E. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Selecting the components of fluids for reservoir drilling and completion can require extensive laboratory work to determine the most compatible fluid. Well temperatures in excess of 300°F (150°C) create additional challenges, as the additives required to give water-based reservoir drilling fluids the rheological and fluid-loss characteristics needed to successfully drill and complete long horizontal wells degrade at such elevated temperatures. In addition, supplying the necessary additives to a drilling operation in a remote location can be a major logistical burden, leading to a compromise in the fluid formulation.
The Belanak field lies off the coast of Indonesia in the Natuna Sea. The reservoir temperature is high (315°F), and the reservoir sections are drilled horizontally, typically between 3,500 and 4,500 ft and often feature particularly tortuous well paths. A low-solids, brine-based reservoir drilling fluid was required because the wells use premium screens for sand control.
Six wells were drilled using the sodium formate-based reservoir drilling and completion fluids. The particle size distribution and concentration of the calcium carbonate bridging solids were monitored closely while drilling to ensure that filter cake quality was not compromised. A chelating agent-based breaker was used to break down the filter cake prior to the onset of production.
The laboratory work required to optimize the fluids for this project had to take into account not only the requirements for the best fluid technically, but also the effect of the limitations created by working in a remote location. Considerations included minimum loading of calcium carbonate required to deposit a clean, high-quality filter cake and the effect of mixing brine for the reservoir drilling fluid or completion using seawater in case of a shortage of drill water.
Fluid testing carried out in the laboratory included drilling performance at temperature, fluid compatibilities, bridging solids optimization, scale inhibition testing, and breaker selection. The fluid selected was based on sodium formate – the first application of a formate-based fluid in Indonesia.
Next Generation of Mulitpath Screens Solves Deepwater Completion Challenges
Authors: Iversen M. , Broome J. , Mohamed O. Y. , Ratterman E. E. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A major issue for deepwater high rate wells is delivering completion reliability and performance that ensures well life sand control and operational simplicity. Multi-path screen systems are designed to ensure placement of the annular gravel pack in frac pack applications by transporting proppant slurry past annular bridges or by filling voids within the pack and in open hole by bypassing areas of formation collapse. The next generation of multi-path screen technology has been optimized to reduce rig time, eliminate excessive fluid velocity and provide enhanced proppant placement by incorporating a spiral design. This paper reviews the design improvements, testing and development process for technology advancement, as well as the field installation process and results of delivering void free annular gravel placement in high rate wells.
The first field installations of the next generation multi-path screen were in the deepwater subsea development, Simian/Sienna, offshore Egypt. The application of this technology was driven by the need to have placement of an effective sand control completion in the presence of highly reactive shales. Analysis showed that the most productive completion method was an open-hole completion. This completion type was challenging given that water based fluids were to be used for drilling and completing with exposed reactive shales. The operational risks were centered around completing the wells from a floating rig while experiencing hole instability during completion equipment placement and while placing the annular gravel pack.
To ensure well life sand control, the latest state of the art multi-path screen system was chosen because of its ease of assembly, ability to transport proppant slurry past annular blockages, and the minimization of multi-path tube slurry exit velocity. For proppant transport, the latest non-ionic viscoelastic surfactant (VES) was selected for its shale stabilizing properties, excellent sand suspension and transport properties, and high return permeability characteristics.
Managing Expatriate Health at Remote Locations—The Nigeria Experience
Authors: Okorocha U. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In the oil and gas industry, people from all over the world not only visit but also have to live and work at locations that present great challenges to their health and to that of their families. This paper looks at how an oilfield service company in Nigeria, with an expatriate population of 200 to 250, has minimized the health risk of this population.
The result is an expatriate population that is not anxious about their health and is able to work better. There have been no expatriate deaths over the past four years.
Creating a Culture of Safe Driving Behaviors
Authors: Karowich P. , Mallett C. , Woods C. , Cowie H. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Within the oil and gas industry, and in particular Canada, driving to and from the lease site poses the greatest risk to employees. Given the variety of driving terrains, changing weather conditions, remoteness of the wellsite and driver complacency, the driving risk also represents the greatest challenge for making improvements.
At Halliburton Group Canada, several approaches have been used in an attempt to reduce both the severity and frequency of motor vehicle collisions. The approach taken involved primarily behavior-based strategies, but also utilized traditional approaches to driver related behavior management such as policies and driver education.
By examining the lagging indicators related to our various product service lines, we have observed a continued decrease year over year in the number of severe collisions. In 2000, Halliburton Group Canada was driving approximately 400,000 miles between serious wrecks. Today, with the systems in place, this number has significantly increased to over 2,500,000 miles.
With these statistics in mind and utilizing a more traditional or compliance-based approach to driving-related issues, a decrease in the overall number of motor vehicle-related issues would also have been expected. However, with the positive behavioral approach taken, the opposite has been observed. During the same time, a significant increase in the reporting of the more minor fender benders and near misses was observed. In a completely compliance, or traditional approach, these types of incidents would have gone unreported and been dealt with on a reactive basis.
This case study will provide evidence supporting our belief that creating a culture of acceptable driving behaviors through behavior-based changes can have a significant, longer-term impact that provides sustainability.
Joint Company and Community HIV/AIDS Issue Management on Sakhalin Island
Authors: Boelens P. R. M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper provides information on the SEIC Phase 2 project, its potential impact on social and health community issues, in particular the issue of HIV/AIDS, and the progress on the Company's approach regarding how to pro-actively manage this issue in partnership with important stakeholders.
Following the completion of the Health Impact Assessment (HIA) in 2003 and joint community and company agreed Health Impact Assessment action planning, significant progress has been reported in the years 2004 and 2005. The most important action plan elements are; establishment of official joint community-company committees, completion of issue related workshops, an official Resolution signed by the Vice Governor for Social and Health Affairs of the Sakhalin Oblast, implementation of a Hospital Infrastructure Upgrade (HIU) focusing on emergency care at four key hospitals on the Island with improved control of Blood Borne Pathogens, camp management focus on STD/HIV/AIDS and Alcohol and Drug issues, support for school awareness programs, support for sex workers awareness program and training of volunteers.
The Sakhalin 2 project can be considered as a pilot project with implementation of a ‘Standard for Management and Prevention of HIV/AIDS’ in an environment with a still low incidence and prevalence of HIV/AIDS. A key factor in the campaign is the large contractor work force which increases risk factors and needs to be engaged to follow the lead of the company in managing the issue, and to be involved in continuous sustainable development.
Injury Prevention Program Implementation
Authors: Djamal H. , Dwimaryanto A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Schlumberger Injury Prevention Program (SIPP) consists of five modules: introduction and body mechanics, body protection techniques, hands, handling and lifting, and stepping. It strengthens injury-prevention behavior through demonstration, practices, and quizzes. Trainers are certified internally through a comprehensive five-day program that includes theory and practical sessions. An implementation by one geographical area is not only decreasing incident rates, but is also increasing the use of good working habits by employees.
This paper shares best practices based on the program implementation, including the experiences of how the training works by introducing the program to employees, developing trainers, participating in the workshops, mentoring activities, and by active participation in observation, auditing, and campaigning. In addition, the paper addresses the issue of providing the training program to clients and several universities to help them prevent injury.
The direct result is a decrease in the average number of injury incidents since implementation began. The indirect result is the employee's awareness of reducing risk in daily activities. They know that what they do at work will affect their quality of life off the job.
Improved Oil Recovery in Fractured Carbonate Reservoirs: Don't Give Induced Fractures a Chance!
Authors: Ligthelm D. J. , van den Hoek P. J. , Hos P. , Faber M. J. , Roeterdink R. C. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In a naturally fractured carbonate reservoir in Oman, three injector-producer pairs were identified for fracture shut-off treatments to improve on their oil production. For these well pairs, the oil production process was inefficient due to short- circuiting of injection water to production wells along fracture paths.
The field-observed response on fracture shut-off by gel injection into the water injectors provided a good opportunity to learn more on the fracture geometry, aiming for the formulation of general guidelines for an efficient water flood in naturally fractured reservoirs. The fracture shut-off job was analysed by the combined use of a fracture growth simulator and a reservoir simulator.
The response was explained by the combination of an induced fracture in the water injector in the direction of the main fracture trend, in which the gel is destroyed after resumption of water injection and a natural fracture in the direction of a secondary fracture trend, which remains shut-off by the gel. For such fracture geometries water floods can be optimized by minimization of the risk of short-circuits between injectors and producers. This can be achieved by using injection and production patterns, aligned with the dominating fracturing direction and by keeping induced fractures small to prevent or minimise intersections with natural fracture corridors by proper management of injection rate and water quality.
The analysis of the fracture shut-off treatment demonstrates the technical potential of analysis of field performance by combination of fracture growth models and reservoir simulation.
Making the Most of Data Collection—Mining HSE Incident Information for Hidden Relationships
Authors: DeVol E. C. , Knode T. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The implementation of a global HSE data gathering system has many benefits. Oversight of data quality and and harmonized collection methods must be implemented before full visibility of performance can be realized.
Evaluation of the data can bring insight into relationships such as between years of service and incident frequency and how employees are being injured and what part of the body is most susceptible. All of this information is fairly standard and will help a company improve safety performance. The question then can be asked, "What more can we learn so we can target our interventions?"
But many times no hidden special relationships are readily apparent. Is there still value to be realized in the resource of a vast amount of HSE data? Thanks to the inquisitiveness of a senior manager in one of our product service lines (PSL), the answer is yes.
Government/Industry Partnership on the Security of Radioactive Sources
Authors: Cefus G. , Colhoun S. C. , Freier K. D. , Wright K. A. , Herdes G. A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In the past, industry radiation protection programs were built almost exclusively around radiation safety and the minimization of radiation dose exposure to employees. Over the last decade, and especially the last few years, the emphasis has shifted to include the physical security and enhanced control of radioactive materials. The threat of nuclear and radiological terrorism is a genuine international security concern. Terrorists are actively seeking the necessary materials, expertise and technology needed to develop weapons of mass destruction including a Radioactive Dispersal Device or "dirty bomb". In May 2004, the U.S. Department of Energy/U.S. National Nuclear Security Administration unveiled the Global Threat Reduction Initiative (GTRI) to respond to a growing international concern for the proper control and security of radioactive and nuclear materials. Large quantities of nuclear and radioactive materials located throughout the world are not adequately secured against today's proliferation and terrorist threats. The goal of GTRI is to cooperate with concerned nations and industries to enhance the security of vulnerable nuclear and radioactive materials.
Lifting Operation Accidents: Root Causes and the Application of HAZOP Techniques in Controlling the Lifting Risk
Authors: Huse J. R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Falling objects are one of the major hazards in our industry. This situation is recognized by the industry, and major efforts are being implemented to improve the situation. The largest risk contribution elements are related to organization of the work, ergonomics and working practices/individual factors. The issue of lay down and storage areas needs to be addressed in the early conceptual assessments in a more conservative and realistic manner, defining the peak load situations for the special operations, The design must allocate for these needs or the project must be very strict in defining the operational limitations and get top management to sanction the limitations.
The assessment by a team of experienced risk consultant and an industrial psychologist following a HAZID approached has proved effective in mapping the risk elements on offshore installations. The key to success is first to get the personnel involved positive to the assessment, secondly to spend time at their workplaces. The documentation by photos and the discussions in an open atmosphere characterized by thrust are important in arriving at conclusions that are accepted by all parties as a "true picture" and then becomes a basis for improvements.
Assessment of a Targeted Approach to Preventing Malaria in the Oil and Gas Industry: Responses to a Web-Based Questionnaire
Authors: Barbey A. , Roukens A. H. E. , Berg J. , Cannegieter S. , Visser L. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Following the death from malaria of four of its expatriate employees while they were in nonmalarious countries, an oilfield service company developed a targeted, multi-component malaria prevention program.
The program consists of two levels of malaria training, malaria arrival and departure quizzes, a Malaria Hot Line, and a curative malaria kit (CMK). The cornerstone of the program is the CMK, which contains a diagnostic test that employees can use to diagnose malaria in minutes and standby (emergency) curative medication. Completing training in malaria prevention and using the CMK are mandatory for all employees and dependents living or working in or transiting through any malarious area, even if for only a few hours. The complementary 24/7 Malaria Hot Line was set up by the company to assist employees with questions or problems.
This paper presents the preliminary analysis of employees' responses to a Web-based questionnaire to review the effectiveness of the company-mandated training, CMK, and Malaria Hot Line in preventing illnesses and deaths from falciparum malaria.
Analysis of Risk in Manned Underwater Operations
Authors: Sagvolden T. , Olshausen K. D. , Jørgensen R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A risk evaluation of professional petroleum-related offshore diving in the Norwegian Sector has been carried out. The complete study is documented in the report, Ref. /1/, and this paper presents the results of the work.
The study covers risk to life and health for divers both during diving and as long term health effects. The main focus is on saturation diving since this is the diving method most widely used today.
This paper describes the work including conclusions and observations made in the study. Proposed risk-reducing measures are not included.
Corporate Preparation for Carbon Markets
Authors: Mingst A. , Lee A. , Cain J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In response to concerns about global climate change, the European Union (EU) has imposed mandatory constraints on carbon dioxide emissions from thousands of industrial facilities across Europe, including several of Chevron's upstream and downstream oil and gas operations in the United Kingdom (UK) and the Netherlands. Driven by these regulations – and the possibility of additional requirements in countries such as Canada and Japan by 2008 – carbon emissions and emissions reductions now have significant economic value in emerging global markets.
Companies are responding to these markets in a wide variety of ways depending, in part, on their perceived exposure. This paper broadly reviews the key business functions of Chevron's Carbon Markets team and describes the application of tools used to support these functions. Taken together, the functions help to support the broader range of actions that the corporation is undertaking to cost-effectively manage greenhouse gas emissions.
TOTAL Experience To Reduce Discharge of Hydrocarbons Through Produced Water
Authors: Pedenaud P. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Hydrocarbon production generates aqueous effluents that may contain traces of either hydrocarbon or chemical products which have to be eliminated according to regulations and to the operator's policy, to reduce the potential impact of their discharge on the environment. Quantity of water produced with crude oil increases as fields are getting older. Watery effluents have to be treated by specially designed installations to comply with both regulations and technical requirements. The disposal of the aqueous effluents may be done by various means: dedicated water disposal wells, injection wells (as part of a re-injection system for pressure maintenance), disposal in the water column, at sea for offshore sites or disposal to an onshore water system (lakes, rivers, etc) for onshore sites.
The paper will present the approach taken by TOTAL to significantly reduce the quantity of hydrocarbons discharged in surface from produced waters from its existing installations (both onshore and offshore) already equipped with treatment facilities to cope with more stringent performance standards, at best cost.
It will describe the methodology and the main techniques used, and present the results obtained in several different cases such as: debottlenecking, lack of efficiency of existing equipment, stabilized emulsion, onshore-offshore sites, and so on.
Achieving Clean Environment by Attaining Zero Disposal in Surface Pits in PNZ Wafra Fields by Disposing Produced Water Through Injection/Salt-Water Disposal Megawell Completions—Case Histories: Wafra Main Field and South Umm Gudair Field, PNZ Joint Operations, Kuwait Oil Co./Saudi Arabian Texaco, Kuwait
Authors: Shahid M. A. , Hussain M. R. , Weston J. , Remila G. , Al-Shammari A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The PNZ (Partitioned Neutral Zone) has four onshore producing fields bordering Kuwait and Saudi Arabia and is being operated by Joint Operations of Kuwait Oil Company and Saudi Arabian Texaco. The four fields are Wafra, South Umm Gudair (SUG), South Fuwaris and Humma. The majority of production in the PNZ comes from the Ratawi Oolite in the Wafra and South Umm Gudair fields. Production from these fields began in the early 1950s and as maturing of these fields with the passage of time the associated water production has significantly increased which has resulted an environmental hazard in handling and disposal of this vast produced water. This challenge has been met in the past utilizing first surface evaporation pits and then augmented with peripheral water injection into the Ratawi producing reservoir. Today JO is meeting this challenge with the innovative method of horizontal Mega disposal wells completed in the karsted Shuaiba formation. These horizontal Mega wells are capable of taking up to +/− 80,000 BWPD on gravity feed. So currently, +/− 750,000 BWPD of produced water in JO is handled by injection of +/− 220,000BWPD into the peripheral of the Ratawi Oolite in the main Wafra field for the Pressure Maintenance Project (PMP) and through disposal of +/− 530,000 BWPD into the karsted Shuaiba formation.
This paper highlights the integrated approach of studying the 3D Seismic interpretation, geologic, and engineering data resulted in the identification of Shuaiba karst Structure as the target disposal zone. The construction and completion of Horizontal Mega wells with 9 5/8" tubing completion in the Shuaiba karst has resulted in achieving the company target of Zero water disposal in surface pits. It is a remarkable achievement and this technique is uniquely introduced for the first time in Kuwait and could have a potential to be used in the other areas in the Middle East Region.
Development and Implementation of a Formal Competence Assurance Program for Safety Critical Operations
Authors: Nelis P. , Pelly R. , Simpkin P. , White R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The paper describes a formal programme to assure the competence of engineers and operators working with explosives, radioactive sources and radiation generators.
The programme formalises minimum global competence standards for these safety critical operations and is aimed at ensuring that employees and contractors working with explosives and supervising operations involving radiation sources have the knowledge, skills, experience and personal qualities they need to work safely.
The paper discusses the development of competence standards which will deliver sustained improvements in health, safety and environmental performance. It describes the processes for assessment of a candidate's competence in the workplace and summarises the verification systems in place to ensure that assessment decisions are consistent and that finished portfolios are complete.
The issues which need to be considered when developing a programme of this type, and the problems to be overcome are identified and discussed.