bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS INFLUENCING THE DISTRIBUTION OF SOUTHERN RIGHT WHALES (EUBALAENA AUSTRALIS) ON THE SOUTH COAST OF SOUTH AFRICA II: WITHIN BAY DISTRIBUTION
Authors: Elwen Simon H. , Best Peter B. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractEnvironmental factors are thought to strongly influence the distribution and predictability of the coastal distribution of southern right whales (Eubalaena australis) off South Africa. Preferred habitat had generally shallow sloping sedimentary floors and was characteristically protected from open ocean swell and prevalent seasonal winds. This study investigated whether habitat choices at smaller scales (within bays) were similar. Fine scale distribution patterns (GPS) from three years' surveys (1997, 1999, 2000) were analyzed separately within the three main concentration areas St Sebastian Bay, De Hoop, and Walker Bay (containing ∼73% of cow‐calf pairs and ∼49% of unaccompanied adults in the whole survey region). Whale density at this scale of within particular bays did not correlate well with predicted variables, but Chi‐squared analysis strongly supported results at broader scales, in all bays. Post‐hoc“choice” tests between similar areas differing in only one variable revealed that cow‐calves preferred (presumed) sandy substrates and especially protection from swell. The strength and predictability of preferences shown at fine scale (where individual movement and weather variability could have great influence) provide strong support for findings at larger scales and emphasize the importance of environmental factors in the habitat choice of wintering right whales.
EFFECTS OF WATERCRAFT NOISE ON THE ACOUSTIC BEHAVIOR OF BOTTLENOSE DOLPHINS,TURSIOPS TRUNCATUS, IN SARASOTA BAY, FLORIDA
Authors: Buckstaff Kara C. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractWatercraft may provide the greatest source of anthropogenic noise for bottlenose dolphins living in coastal waters. A resident community of about 140 individuals near Sarasota, Florida, are exposed to a vessel passing within 100 m approximately every six minutes during daylight hours. I investigated the circumstances under which watercraft traffic may impact the acoustic behavior of this community, specifically looking for short‐term changes in whistle frequency range, duration, and rate of production. To analyze whistles and received watercraft noise levels, acoustic recordings were made using two hydrophones towed from an observation vessel during focal animal follows of 14 individual dolphins. The duration and frequency range of signature whistles did not change significantly relative to vessel approaches. However, dolphins whistled significantly more often at the onset of approaches compared to during and after vessel approaches. Whistle rate was also significantly greater at the onset of a vessel approach than when no vessels were present. Increased whistle repetition as watercraft approach may simply reflect heightened arousal, an increased motivation for animals to come closer together, with whistles functioning to promote reunions. It may also be an effective way to compensate for signal masking, maintaining communication in a noisy environment.
BUFFERING CAPACITY OF THE LOCOMOTOR MUSCLE IN CETACEANS: CORRELATES WITH POSTPARTUM DEVELOPMENT, DIVE DURATION, AND SWIM PERFORMANCE
Authors: Noren Shawn R. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractSkeletal muscles of marine mammals must support the metabolic demands of exercise during periods of reduced blood flow associated with the dive response. Enhanced muscle buffering could support anaerobic metabolic processes during apnea, yet this has not been fully investigated in cetaceans. To assess the importance of this adaptation in the diving and swimming performance of cetaceans, muscle buffering capacity due to non‐bicarbonate buffers was measured in thelongissimus dorsiof ten species of odontocete and one mysticete. Immature specimens from a subset of these species were studied to assess developmental trends. Fetal and neonatal cetaceans have low buffering capacities (range: 34.8–53.9 slykes) that are within the range measured for terrestrial mammals. A lengthy developmental period, independent of muscle myoglobin postnatal development, is required before adult levels are attained. Adult cetacean buffering capacities (range: 63.7–94.5 slykes) are among the highest values recorded for mammals. Cetacean species that demonstrate extremely long dive durations or high burst speed swimming tend to have greater buffering capacities. However, the wide range of body size across cetaceans may complicate these trends. Enhanced muscle buffering capacity may enable small‐bodied species to extend breath‐hold beyond short aerobic dive limits for foraging or predator evasion when necessary.
DEVELOPMENT OF DISPERSAL, MOVEMENT PATTERNS, AND HAUL‐OUT USE BY PUP AND JUVENILE STELLER SEA LIONS (EUMETOPIAS JUBATUS) IN ALASKA
Authors: Raum‐Suryan Kimberly L. , Rehberg Michael J. , Pendleton Grey W. , Pitcher Kenneth W. , Gelatt Thomas S. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractPopulation declines of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias juhatus) in western Alaska (west of 144°W) may be a result of reduced juvenile survival. We used satellite telemetry to study the at‐sea distribution and movement patterns of pup (1.6–11.9 mo) and juvenile (12.0–35.1 mo) Steller sea lions. We studied trip distance, duration, and interhaul‐out movements of sea lions in relation to age, sex, and month of year in the decreasing western population (WP; Prince William Sound, Kodiak, Aleutian Islands, Alaska) and the increasing eastern population (EP; Southeast Alaska). We deployed 103 satellite transmitters (29 WP; 74 EP) on sea lions between 1998 and 2001. Round trip distance and duration increased with age, trip distance was greater in the WP than the EP, trip duration was greater for females than males, and haul‐out use was clustered. Changes in round trip distance and duration occurred from April to June for all age classes studied indicating that the annual timing of weaning may be less variable than the age of weaning. Overall, 90% of round trips were ≤ 15 km from haul‐outs and 84% were <20 h, indicating nearshore areas adjacent to haulouts are critical to the developing juvenile.
MORPHOMETRY, HEMATOLOGY, AND SERUM CHEMISTRY IN THE HAWAIIAN MONK SEAL (MONACHUS SCHAUINSLANDI)
Authors: Reif John S. , Bachand Annette , Aguirre A. Alonso , Borjesson Dori L. , Kashinsky Lizabeth , Braun Robert , Antonelis George 
Published: August 2006

AbstractWe studied morphometric, hematology, and serum chemistry variables in 140 Hawaiian monk seals (Monachus schauinslandi) to establish normal baseline values for these variables among free‐living seals. We compared seals at French Frigate Shoals (FFS), Midway Atoll (MID), and Pearl and Hermes Reef (PHR) because these subpopulations differ in their rates of population recovery. Dorsal standard length and axillary girth differed significantly between immature (1–4 yr old) and adult (≥5 yr old) seals among sex and island subgroups. Immature seals at FFS were shorter than those at MID and PHR; adult seals at FFS had smaller dorsal standard lengths and axillary girths compared to the other subpopulations. The differences in size were more pronounced among adult females. Significant differences were also found for hematology and serum chemistry variables among seals at FFS, MID, and PHR. Monk seals at FFS had an absolute lymphopenia and eosinopenia compared to those at MID and PHR, compatible with a stress response. Seals at FFS also had lower blood urea nitrogen than seals at PHR, and a lower plasma potassium than seals at MID or PHR. Monk seals had an absolute and relative eosinophilia compared to previously published values. Analysis of subpopulation differences is useful for population health assessment and for long‐term monitoring of an endangered species.
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW DOLPHIN, THE AUSTRALIAN SNUBFIN DOLPHIN ORCAELLA HEINSOHNI SP. N. (CETACEA, DELPHINIDAE)
Authors: Beasley Isabel , Robertson Kelly M. , Arnold Peter 
Published: August 2006

AbstractComparisons of the Irrawaddy dolphin, Orcaella brevirostris, between Australian and Asian sites documented geographic differences in height of dorsal fin, presence or absence of a median dorsal groove in front of the dorsal fin, and coloration (presence or absence of a dorsal cape). Analysis of genetic data provided support for two clades within the Asian samples, the Mekong River samples from Cambodia and southern Laos, and all other marine and freshwater sites from Thailand, Indonesia, and the Philippines. The major separation, however, was between sites in Asia and those from Australia (5.9% of base pair differences, compared with 1.2% for within Australia and 1.5% for within Asia). Within a 403 base segment of the mtDNA control region, Australian specimens had 17 diagnostic sites with 16 fixed base pair differences and one insertion/deletion. Consistent, statistically significant differences in skull characters of Australian specimens have previously been demonstrated and are reviewed in this paper. There was a high concordance in character differences demonstrated between O. brevirostris from all Asian sites and Australian specimens, especially in the genetic and osteological characters. Based on the range and concordance of character differences, we propose that the Australian dolphins be recognized as a new species, Orcaella heinsohni (suggested common name: Australian snubfin dolphin).
Unique features of the apoptotic endonuclease DFF40/CAD relative to micrococcal nuclease as a structural probe for chromatinThis paper is one of a selection of papers published in this Special Issue, entitled 27th International West Coast Chromatin and Chromosome Conference, and has undergone the Journal's usual peer review process.
Authors: Widlak Piotr , Garrard William T. 
Published: August 2006

The gold standard for studies of nucleosomal chromatin structure for the past 30 years has been the enzyme micrococcal nuclease (MNase). During the course of our studies on the elucidation of the mechanism of action of the apoptotic nuclease DNA fragmentation factor-40 / caspase-activated deoxyribonuclease (DFF40/CAD) on naked DNA and chromatin substrates, it became clear that this enzyme is superior in certain respects to MNase for studying several aspects of chromatin structure. Here we review our published results supporting this statement. Relative to MNase, we have found that DFF40/CAD has the following properties: (i) it does not cut within nucleosomes to generate subnucleosomal DNA fragments; (ii) it is more specific for the linker regions between nucleosomes; (iii) it lacks exonuclease activity; (iv) it is specific for double-stranded DNA and makes exclusively double-stranded breaks; and (v) it attacks histone-H1-containing chromatin more efficiently. Taken together, these facts explain why DFF40/CAD generates sharper oligonucleosomal DNA ladders compared with those generated by MNase. We therefore recommend the following uses for DFF40/CAD for chromatin research: nucleosome isolation, chromatin-remodeling assays, repeat length measurements, and nucleosome-positioning assays along specific sequences. Other uses include footprinting assays of transcription factor positions, shearing chromatin for immunopreciptitation experiments (ChIP), and shearing DNA for recombinant DNA library preparation or for shotgun cloning for sequencing.
Age and growth of the Patagonian lizard Phymaturus patagonicus
Authors: Piantoni Carla , Cussac Victor , Ibargüengoytía Nora 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe growth dynamics of Phymaturus patagonicus, a diurnal, herbivorous and viviparous lizard from the Argentinean Patagonian steppe, was studied using eight juveniles (two born in the laboratory), 11 adult females and eight adult males. Histological cross sections of femoral bones were analysed to determine if individuals show osseous growth marks and if these marks provide useful age estimates. Individual ages were assessed after estimating the reabsorbed rings in relation to snout-vent length. There was a strong relationship between body length and estimated age, modelled by a sigmoidal curve. Sexual maturity was found to be reached at seven years in females and nine in males and the maximum life span was estimated to be 16 years. No difference in body length was observed between the same-age females and males. We postulate that severe environments such as the north Patagonian steppe play a significant role in the selection of not only modes of reproduction but also delayed maturity and prolonged reproductive cycles, a combination that results in low fecundity.
Marbled salamanders (Ambystoma opacum) choose low elevation nest sites when cover availability is controlled
Authors: Scott David , Croshaw Dean 
Published: August 2006

AbstractNest site selection is an important part of adult reproductive behavior because growth and survival of young are often affected by the local environment. In terrestrially nesting marbled salamanders, nest elevation is likely important to reproductive success because it is directly related to the time of hatching. We tested the hypothesis that females choose nest sites based on elevation and its correlates by controlling the availability of nesting cover, a potentially important factor in nest site selection which often covaries with elevation. Breeding adults were confined to field enclosures in which natural nesting cover had been removed and replaced with equal proportions of artificial cover in each of three elevation zones. In four enclosures that spanned from lowest to highest areas of a wetland breeding site, females used artificial nesting cover most frequently at low elevations. These results contrast with other studies in which intermediate elevations had highest nest densities, but are consistent with a conceptual model in which opposing selective forces result in locally adapted nest site selection.
Treatment with HMGB1 inhibitors diminishes CTL-induced liver disease in HBV transgenic mice
Authors: Sitia Giovanni , Iannacone Matteo , Müller Susanne , Bianchi Marco E , Guidotti Luca G 
Published: August 2006

AbstractUsing hepatitis B virus (HBV) transgenic mice as recipients of virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), we recently showed that polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) and the matrix-degrading metalloproteinases (MMPs) they produce are necessary for the intrahepatic recruitment of antigen nonspecific mononuclear cells that amplify the liver damage initiated by the CTLs. We now report that the high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) is also involved in this process. Transfer of CTLs in HBV transgenic mice induces the translocation of HMGB1 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm of hepatocytes surrounding CTL-containing necroinflammatory liver foci, without significant net synthesis of HMGB1. Treatment of CTL-injected HBV transgenic mice with either recombinant Box-A or glycyrrhizin, two functional inhibitors of extracellular HMGB1, significantly decreases the intrahepatic recruitment of PMNs and all other inflammatory cells, in the face of intact homing of virus-specific CTLs into the liver. The inhibition of PMN chemoattraction explains the mode of action of glycyrrhizin, which has long been used in Japan for the treatment of hepatitis, and suggests that new and more potent inhibitors of HMGB1 may be useful for the treatment of patients chronically infected with HBV.
Advances in macrophage and dendritic cell biology in HIV-1 infection stress key understudied areas in infection, pathogenesis, and analysis of viral reservoirs
Authors: Montaner Luis J , Crowe Suzanne M , Aquaro Stefano , Perno Carlo-Federico , Stevenson Mario , Collman Ronald G 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
The continued quest to intervene in HIV-1 infection by halting transmission, suppressing replication, or eradicating disease in infected subjects stresses the significance of dendritic cell and macrophage biology as early and persistent players in the relationship between infection and disease. As highlighted by new data and presentations at the Sixth International Workshop on HIV and Cells of Macrophage/Dendritic Lineage and Other Reservoirs, a greater emphasis is currently underway in studying the potential of targeting these cell types by intervention early in infection, better defining viral phenotypes and entry mechanisms with a more precise nomenclature system, identifying new, intrinsic cellular factors that may restrict infection within these cell types, and pursuing novel roles for macrophage activation and trafficking. Other key areas include examination of these cells as sources of viral persistence in patients, their roles in coinfection, and their metabolic function in HIV pathogenesis and drug toxicity. This issue of JLB contains reviews and original research reports from the workshop, which highlight new findings, current research questions, and key areas in need of future investigation as a result of their significance to HIV prevention and pathogenesis.
Practical Means for Determination of the Tensile Behavior of Ultra-High Performance Concrete
Authors: Graybeal BA 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Ultra-high performance concrete exhibits sufficient tensile strength and tensile toughness that structurally efficient use of these concretes demands that the tensile capabilities be utilized. A means of determining the tensile properties of UHPC is essential to the expanded use of this advanced construction material. However, no simple, practical test currently exists to determine or verify these properties in a production environment. The ASTM C 496 splitting tensile test method presents a starting point for the development of a practical test procedure, as this test method both is comparatively easy to perform and is well regarded in terms of its ability to create a uniform tensile stress field within a concrete sample. This paper presents an adaptation of this test method that allows for quantitative determination of the tensile cracking strength of UHPC and for qualitative verification of the post-cracking tensile behaviors.
Stress Intensity Formulas for Three-dimensional Cracks in the Vicinity of an Interface
Authors: Noda N-A , Liang B 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
In this study, stress intensity formulas are considered in terms of the square root of area parameter to evaluate arbitrary shaped defects or cracks in the vicinity of an interface. Here “area” is the projected area of the defect or crack. Stress intensity factors for an elliptical crack parallel to a bimaterial interface are considered with varying the distance, aspect ratio of the crack, and combinations of material's elastic constants. Also, stress intensity factors of an interface crack and a crack in a functionally graded material are investigated. Then, it is found that the maximum stress intensity factors normalized by the square root of area are always insensitive to the crack aspect ratio. They are given in a form of formulas useful for engineering applications.
Toti“potent” repressors
Authors: Gallo Christopher M. , Seydoux Geraldine 
Published: August 2006

AbstractA fascinating property of germ cells is their ability to maintain totipotency throughout development. At fertilization, this totipotency is unleashed and the egg generates all the cell types needed to make a brand new organism. Occasionally, germ cells differentiate precociously in the embryo or in the gonads and form teratomas, tumors containing many differentiated somatic cell types. Until recently, the genetic basis for teratoma formation was not known. The unexpected discovery of a teratoma in a C. elegans double mutant points to translational control as a key mechanism to maintain totipotency in developing germ cells. BioEssays 28: 865–867, 2006. © 2006 Wiley periodicals, Inc.
Purification of cell culture‐derived human influenza A virus by size‐exclusion and anion‐exchange chromatography
Authors: Kalbfuss Bernd , Wolff Michael , Morenweiser Robert , Reichl Udo 
Published: August 2006

AbstractA process comprising of size‐exclusion chromatography (SEC) and anion‐exchange chromatography (AEC) was investigated for downstream processing of cell culture‐derived influenza A virus. Human influenza virus A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) was propagated in serum‐free medium using MDCK cells as a host. Concentrates of the virus were prepared from clarified and inactivated cell culture supernatants by cross‐flow ultrafiltration as described before. SEC on Sepharose 4 FF resulted in average product yields of 85% based on hemagglutination (HA) activity. Productivity was maximized to 0.15 column volumes (cv) of concentrate per hour yielding a reduction in total protein and host cell DNA (hcDNA) to 35 and 34%, respectively. AEC on Sepharose Q XL was used to separate hcDNA from virus at a salt concentration of 0.65 M sodium chloride. Product yields >80% were achieved for loads >160 kHAU/mL of resin. The reduction in hcDNA was 67‐fold. Split peak elution and bimodal particle volume distributions suggested aggregation of virions. Co‐elution with hcDNA and constant amounts of hcDNA per dose indiciated association of virions to hcDNA. An overall product yield of 52% was achieved. Total protein was reduced more than 19‐fold; hcDNA more than 500‐fold by the process. Estimation of the dose volume from HA activity predicted a protein content at the limit for human vaccines. Reduction of hcDNA was found insufficient (about 500 ng per dose) requiring further optimization of AEC or additional purification steps. All operations were selected to be scalable and independent of the virus strain rendering the process suitable for vaccine production. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;96:932–944. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Determination of community structure through deconvolution of PLFA‐FAME signature of mixed population
Authors: Dey Dipesh K. , Guha Saumyen 
Published: August 2006

AbstractPhospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) as biomarkers are well established in the literature. A general method based on least square approximation (LSA) was developed for the estimation of community structure from the PLFA signature of a mixed population where biomarker PLFA signatures of the component species were known. Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) standards were used as species analogs and mixture of the standards as representative of the mixed population. The PLFA/FAME signatures were analyzed by gas chromatographic separation, followed by detection in flame ionization detector (GC‐FID). The PLFAs in the signature were quantified as relative weight percent of the total PLFA. The PLFA signatures were analyzed by the models to predict community structure of the mixture. The LSA model results were compared with the existing “functional group” approach. Both successfully predicted community structure of mixed population containing completely unrelated species with uncommon PLFAs. For slightest intersection in PLFA signatures of component species, the LSA model produced better results. This was mainly due to inability of the “functional group” approach to distinguish the relative amounts of the common PLFA coming from more than one species. The performance of the LSA model was influenced by errors in the chromatographic analyses. Suppression (or enhancement) of a component's PLFA signature in chromatographic analysis of the mixture, led to underestimation (or overestimation) of the component's proportion in the mixture by the model. In mixtures of closely related species with common PLFAs, the errors in the common components were adjusted across the species by the model. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;96: 409–420. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.