bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Approximate Pore-Level Modeling for Apparent Viscosity of Polymer-Enhanced Foam in Porous Media
Authors: Huh C. , Rossen W. R. 
Published: March 2008

Summary
Foam is used in the oil industry in a variety of applications, and polymer is sometimes added to increase foam's stability and effectiveness. A variety of surfactant and polymer combinations have been employed to generate polymer-enhanced foam (PEF), typically anionic surfactants and anionic polymers, to reduce their adsorption in reservoir rock. While addition of polymer to bulk foam is known to increase its viscosity and apparent stability, polymer addition to foams for use in porous media has not been as effective.
In this pore-level modeling study, we develop an apparent viscosity expression for PEF at fixed bubble size, as a preliminary step to interpret the available laboratory coreflood data. To derive the apparent viscosity, the pressure-drop calculation of Hirasaki and Lawson (1985) for gas bubbles in a circular tube is extended to include the effects of shear-thinning polymer in water, employing the Bretherton's asymptotic matching technique. For polymer rheology, the Ellis model is employed, which predicts a limiting Newtonian viscosity at the low-shear limit and the well-known power-law relation at high shear rates. While the pressure drop caused by foam can be characterized fully with only the capillary number for Newtonian liquid, the shear-thinning liquid requires one additional grouping of the Ellis-model parameters and bubble velocity.
The model predicts that the apparent viscosity for PEF shows behavior more shear-thinning than that for polymer-free foam, because the polymer solution being displaced by gas bubbles in pores tends to experience a high shear rate. Foam apparent viscosity scales with gas velocity (Ug) with an exponent [−α/(α+2)], where α, the Ellis-model exponent, is greater than 1 for shear-thinning fluids. With a Newtonian fluid, for which α = 1, foam apparent viscosity is proportional to the (−⅓) power of Ug as derived by Hirasaki and Lawson.
A simplified capillary-bundle model study shows that the thin-film flow around a moving foam bubble is generally in the high-shear, power-law regime. Because the flow of polymer solution in narrower, water-filled tubes is also governed by shear-thinning rheology, it affects foam mobility as revealed by plot of pressure gradient as a function of water and gas superficial velocities. The relation between the rheology of the liquid phase and that of the foam is not simple, however. The apparent rheology of the foam depends on the rheology of the liquid, the trapping and mobilization of gas as a function of pressure gradient, and capillary pressure, which affects the apparent viscosity of the flowing gas even at fixed bubble size.
Cellularity and the structure of pseudo-trees
Authors: Brown Jennifer 
Published: March 2008

AbstractLet T be an infinite pseudo-tree. In [2], we showed that the cellularity of the pseudo-tree algebra Treealg(T) was the maximum of four cardinals cT, lT, ϕT, and μT: roughly, cT is the “tallness” of T: lT is the “width” of T, ϕ is the number of “points of finite branching” in T: and μ is the number of “sections of no branching” in T. Here we ask: which inequalities among these four cardinals may be satisfied, in some sense, by a pseudo-tree? We show that the possible inequalities among cT, lT, ϕT, and μT attained by pseudo-trees T are closely related to the existence of generalized Suslin trees.
Winning the pressing down game but not Banach-Mazur
Authors: Kellner Jakob , Pauna Matti , Shelah Saharon 
Published: March 2008

AbstractLet S be the set of those α ∈ ω2 that have cofinality ω1. It is consistent relative to a measurable that the nonempty player wins the pressing down game of length ω1, but not the Banach-Mazur game of length ω + 1 (both games starting with S).
The Caspase Selective Inhibitor EP1013 Augments Human Islet Graft Function and Longevity in Marginal Mass Islet Transplantation in Mice
Authors: Emamaullee Juliet A. , Davis Joy , Pawlick Rena , Toso Christian , Merani Shaheed , Cai Sui-Xiong , Tseng Ben , Shapiro A.M. James 
Published: March 2008

OBJECTIVE—Clinical islet transplantation can provide insulin independence in patients with type 1 diabetes, but chronic graft failure has been observed. This has been attributed in part to loss of ≥60% of the transplanted islets in the peritransplant period, resulting in a marginal implant mass. Strategies designed to maximize survival of the initial islet mass are likely to have major impact in enhancing long-term clinical outcomes. EP1013 (N-benzyloxycabonyl-Val Asp-fluoromethyl ketone [zVD-FMK]), is a broad-spectrum caspase selective inhibitor with no observed toxicity in rodents.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—The therapeutic benefit of EP1013 was examined in a syngeneic rodent islet transplant model using deceased donor human islets to determine whether the amount of tissue required to restore euglycemia in diabetic animals could be reduced.
RESULTS—EP1013 (combined pretransplant islet culture for 2 h and in vivo treatment for days 0–5 posttransplant) significantly improved marginal islet mass function following syngeneic islet transplantation in mice, even at lower doses, compared with previous studies using the pan-caspase inhibitor N-benzyloxycabonyl-Val Ala-Asp-fluoromethyl ketone (zVAD-FMK). EP1013 supplementation in vitro improved human islet yields following prolonged culture and reversed diabetes following implantation of a marginal human islet mass (80–90% reduction) into mice.
CONCLUSIONS—Our data suggest that EP1013 therapy will markedly reduce the islet mass required in clinical islet transplantation, improving insulin independence rates following single-donor infusion.
Dapagliflozin, a Selective SGLT2 Inhibitor, Improves Glucose Homeostasis in Normal and Diabetic Rats
Authors: Han Songping , Hagan Deborah L. , Taylor Joseph R. , Xin Li , Meng Wei , Biller Scott A. , Wetterau John R. , Washburn William N. , Whaley Jean M. 
Published: March 2008

OBJECTIVE—The inhibition of gut and renal sodium-glucose cotransporters (SGLTs) has been proposed as a novel therapeutic approach to the treatment of diabetes. We have identified dapagliflozin as a potent and selective inhibitor of the renal sodium-glucose cotransporter SGLT2 in vitro and characterized its in vitro and in vivo pharmacology.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Cell-based assays measuring glucose analog uptake were used to assess dapagliflozin's ability to inhibit sodium-dependent and facilitative glucose transport activity. Acute and multi-dose studies in normal and diabetic rats were performed to assess the ability of dapagliflozin to improve fed and fasting plasma glucose levels. A hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp study was performed to assess the ability of dapagliflozin to improve glucose utilization after multi-dose treatment.
RESULTS—Dapagliflozin potently and selectively inhibited human SGLT2 versus human SGLT1, the major cotransporter of glucose in the gut, and did not significantly inhibit facilitative glucose transport in human adipocytes. In vivo, dapagliflozin acutely induced renal glucose excretion in normal and diabetic rats, improved glucose tolerance in normal rats, and reduced hyperglycemia in Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats after single oral doses ranging from 0.1 to 1.0 mg/kg. Once-daily dapagliflozin treatment over 2 weeks significantly lowered fasting and fed glucose levels at doses ranging from 0.1 to 1.0 mg/kg and resulted in a significant increase in glucose utilization rate accompanied by a significant reduction in glucose production.
CONCLUSIONS—These data suggest that dapagliflozin has the potential to be an efficacious treatment for type 2 diabetes.
Intrahepatic Glucose Flux as a Mechanism for Defective Intrahepatic Islet α-Cell Response to Hypoglycemia
Authors: Zhou Huarong , Zhang Tao , Bogdani Marika , Oseid Elizabeth , Parazzoli Susan , Vantyghem Marie-Christine , Harmon Jamie , Slucca Michela , Robertson R. Paul 
Published: March 2008

OBJECTIVE— Glucagon responses to hypoglycemia from islets transplanted in the liver are defective. To determine whether this defect is related to intrahepatic glycogen, islets from inbred Lewis rats were transplanted into the hepatic sinus (H group), peritoneal cavity (P group), omentum (O group), and kidney capsule (K group) of recipient Lewis rats previously rendered diabetic with streptozotocin (STZ).
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS— Glucagon responses to hypoglycemia were obtained before and after transplantation under fed conditions and after fasting for 16 h and 48 h to deplete liver glycogen.
RESULTS— Glucagon (area under the curve) responses to hypoglycemia in the H group (8,839 ± 1,988 pg/ml per 90 min) were significantly less than in normal rats (40,777 ± 8,192; P &lt; 0.01). Fasting significantly decreased hepatic glycogen levels. Glucagon responses in the H group were significantly larger after fasting (fed 8,839 ± 1,988 vs. 16-h fasting 24,715 ± 5,210 and 48-h fasting 29,639 ± 4,550; P &lt; 0.01). Glucagon response in the H group decreased after refeeding (48-h fasting 29,639 ± 4,550 vs. refed 10,276 ± 2,750; P &lt; 0.01). There was no difference in glucagon response to hypoglycemia between the H and the normal control group after fasting for 48 h (H 29,639 ± 4,550 vs. control 37,632 ± 5,335; P = NS). No intragroup differences were observed in the P, O, and K groups, or normal control and STZ groups, when comparing fed or fasting states.
CONCLUSIONS— These data suggest that defective glucagon responses to hypoglycemia by intrahepatic islet α-cells is due to dominance of a suppressive signal caused by increased glucose flux and glucose levels within the liver secondary to increased glycogenolysis caused by systemic hypoglycemia.
Assessment of longitudinal tissue Doppler imaging of the left ventricular septum and free wall as an indicator of left ventricular systolic function in dogs
Authors: Hori Yasutomo , Sato Shingo , Hoshi Fumio , Higuchi Sei-ichi 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) of the left ventricular (LV) free wall (FW) and ventricular septum (VS) as an indicator of LV systolic function in dogs.
Animals—7 healthy Beagles.
Procedures—Doses of dobutamine (5 and 10 μg/kg/min) and esmolol (50 and 100 μg/kg/min) were infused into the LV of each dog. With each dose, heart rate; myocardial performance index (MPI); transmitral inflow and ejection time (determined via pulsed-wave Doppler [PWD] echocardiography); and FW and VS velocities of the mitral valve annulus (determined via TDI during systole [S’], early diastole [E’], and late diastole [A’]) were assessed.
Results—With each dose, dobutamine significantly increased heart rate and the first derivatives of LV pressure (+dP/dt and –dP/dt), whereas esmolol significantly decreased the +dP/dt and –dP/dt values, compared with baseline. Esmolol (100 μg/kg/min) significantly decreased the VS-TDI–derived S’ velocity and FW-TDI–derived E’ velocity; dobutamine significantly increased transmitral inflow and TDI velocities. Regression coefficient between VS-TDI–derived S’ velocity and +dP/dt was higher than that between FW-TDI–derived S’ velocity and +dP/dt. Compared with baseline, the PWD- and VS-TDI–derived MPI were significantly decreased by dobutamine and significantly increased by esmolol at each dose. Values of FW-TDI–derived MPI were higher than values derived via the other techniques. Correlation between +dP/dt and VS-TDI–derived MPI was greater than that between +dP/dt and FW-TDI– or PWD-derived MPI.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In healthy dogs, the VS-TDI–derived S’ velocity and MPI appear to be reliable assessments for evaluating LV systolic function.
Effects of oral administration of furosemide and torsemide in healthy dogs
Authors: Hori Yasutomo , Takusagawa Fumihiko , Ikadai Hiromi , Uechi Masami , Hoshi Fumio , Higuchi Sei-ichi 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Objective—To investigate the diuretic effects, tolerability, and adverse effects of furosemide and torsemide after short- and long-term administration in healthy dogs.
Animals—8 mixed-breed dogs.
Procedures—In a crossover study, furosemide (2 mg/kg), torsemide (0.2 mg/kg), or placebo (bifidobacterium [1 mg/kg]) was administered orally to each dog every 12 hours for 14 days. Blood and urine samples were collected before the study (baseline data) and at intervals on the 1st (short-term administration) and 14th day (long-term administration) of treatment for assessment of urine volume and specific gravity and selected clinicopathologic variables including BUN, creatinine, and aldosterone concentrations, and creatinine clearance.
Results—Compared with the baseline value, short-term administration of furosemide or torsemide immediately increased urine volume significantly; after long-term administration of either drug, urine specific gravity decreased significantly. Compared with the effect of placebo, the 24-hour urine volume was significantly increased after short-term administration of furosemide or torsemide. In addition, it was significantly increased after long-term administration of torsemide, compared with that of short-term administration. Long-term administration of furosemide or torsemide increased the BUN and plasma creatinine con-centrations, compared with the baseline value. Compared with the baseline value, plasma aldosterone concentration was significantly increased after long-term administration of either drug and was significantly higher after torsemide treatment than after furosemide treatment.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In dogs, diuretic resistance developed after 14 days of furosemide, but not torsemide, administration; however, both loop diuretics were associated with increased BUN and plasma creatinine concentrations, compared with values before treatment.
Associations between genotypes at codon 171 and 136 of the prion protein gene and production traits in market lambs
Authors: Evoniuk Jessica M. , Berg Paul T. , Johnson Mary L. , Larson Daniel M. , Maddock Travis D. , Stoltenow Charles L. , Schauer Chris S. , O’Rourke Katherine I. , Redmer Dale A. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Objective—To determine whether selection for the homozygous A136R171 genotype that confers resistance to classic scrapie infection negatively affects production traits in sheep.
Animals—996 commercial lambs obtained from 2 flocks at separate locations across 3 consecutive years.
Procedures—Genotyping at codon 136 and 171 was performed by use of commercially available testing or a single-nucleotide polymorphism assay. Carcass data were collected without knowledge of genotype approximately 24 hours after slaughter by an experienced grader. The model to analyze associations between prion protein (PRNP) genotype and production traits was based on genotype, breed, or both as fixed effects and days on feed as a covariate.
Results—Average daily gain was significantly associated with only combined codons 136 and 171. In flock 1, weaning average daily gain was significantly greater in AA136 sheep than heterozygotes; the difference between QR171 and RR171 sheep, compared with QQ171 sheep, were not significant although QR171 and RR171 sheep had higher values. However, in flock 2, average daily gain was significantly greater in AV136 sheep than AA136 sheep and in QR171 sheep than QQ171 sheep.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Findings suggest there is an advantage for average daily gain in lambs with an arginine allele at codon 171, but there were no other genotype effects on production traits. Thus, selection for the resistant arginine allele at codon 171 to comply with USDA scrapie eradication guidelines should not be detrimental to lamb production in commercial flocks. Effects of codon 136 on average daily gain were ambiguous.
Biochemical and genetic evaluation of the role of AMP-activated protein kinase in polysaccharide storage myopathy in Quarter Horses
Authors: Dranchak Patricia K. , Leiper Fiona C. , Valberg Stephanie J. , Piercy Richard J. , Carling David , McCue Molly E. , Mickelson James R. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate whether biochemical or genetic alterations in AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) play a role in the development of polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM) in Quarter Horses.
Animals—30 PSSM-affected and 30 unaffected (control) Quarter Horses.
Procedures—By use of an established peptide phosphotransfer assay, basal and maximal AMPK activities were measured in muscle biopsy samples obtained from 6 PSSM-affected and 6 control horses. In 24 PSSM-affected and 24 control horses, microsatellite markers identified from the chromosomal locations of all 7 AMPK subunit genes were genotyped with a fluorescent DNA fragment analyzer. Alleles of 2 of the AMPK γ subunit genes were genotyped via DNA sequencing. Allele frequencies of DNA markers in or near the AMPK subunit genes were measured in isolated genomic DNA.
Results—No differences in basal or maximal muscle AMPK enzyme activities between PSSM-affected and control horses were detected. There were also no differences in allele frequencies for microsatellite markers near any of the 7 AMPK subunit genes between the 2 groups. Furthermore, previously known and newly identified alleles of 2 equine AMPK γ subunit genes were also not associated with PSSM.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—These results have provided no evidence to indicate that AMPK plays a causative role in PSSM in American Quarter Horses.
Efficacy of tinidazole for treatment of cats experimentally infected with Tritrichomonas foetus
Authors: Gookin Jody L. , Stauffer Stephen H. , Coccaro Maria R. , Poore Matthew F. , Levy Michael G. , Papich Mark G. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Objective—To determine the efficacy of tinidazole for treatment of cats with experimentally induced Tritrichomonas foetus infection.
Animals—8 specific-pathogen-free kittens.
Procedures—Tinidazole was tested for activity against a feline isolate of T foetus in vitro. Kittens were infected orogastrically with the same isolate and treated or not with tinidazole (30 mg/kg, PO, q 24 h for 14 days). Amoxicillin was administered 28 weeks after completion of tinidazole administration to induce diarrhea. Feces were repeatedly tested for T foetus by use of PCR assay and microbial culture for 33 weeks.
Results—Tinidazole killed T foetus at concentrations ≥ 10 μg/mL in vitro. In experimentally induced infection, tinidazole administered at 30 mg/kg decreased T foetus below the limit of molecular detection in 2 of 4 cats. Recrudescent shedding of T foetus, as elicited by amoxicillin-induced diarrhea, was diminished in cats that received prior treatment with tinidazole.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Although tinidazole decreased the detection of T foetus and treated cats were resistant to later efforts to incite the infection, inability of tinidazole to eradicate infection in many cats poses a serious impediment to the drug’s effectiveness in practice.
Accuracy of asymmetry indices of ground reaction forces for diagnosis of hind limb lameness in dogs
Authors: Fanchon Laurent , Grandjean Dominique 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Objective—To determine the accuracy of asymmetry indices of ground reaction forces (GRF) for diagnosis of hind limb lameness in dogs.
Animals—36 healthy dogs and 13 dogs with naturally acquired cranial cruciate ligament rupture or hip dysplasia.
Procedures—Lameness for affected dogs ranged from not detectable to minor and constant. While dogs trotted on an instrumented treadmill, GRF variables were recorded and analyzed with asymmetry indices. Each index was tested for its ability to discriminate between healthy and affected dogs. Combinations of several indices were also assessed.
Results—Vertical force variables had better accuracy than craniocaudal force variables. Peak vertical force was the most accurate variable. Partial asymmetry during trotting was detected in healthy dogs. A multivariate approach that used peak vertical force and maximal rising slope yielded the optimum combination to distinguish between healthy and affected dogs. In addition, sensitivity of 92% or specificity of 95% may be achieved with 2 cutoff values while simultaneously maintaining specificity or sensitivity, respectively, at > 85%.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Asymmetry indices of GRFs were accurate for detection of hind limb lameness in dogs. This is particularly relevant for study designs in which only a single gait evaluation is possible.
Isolation and characterization of bone marrow–derived equine mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Arnhold Stefan J. , Goletz Iris , Klein Helmut , Stumpf Gerald , Beluche Lisa A. , Rohde Carsten , Addicks Klaus , Litzke Lutz F. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Objective—To isolate and characterize bone marrow–derived equine mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for possible future therapeutic applications in horses.
Sample Population—Equine MSCs were isolated from bone marrow aspirates obtained from the sternum of 30 donor horses.
Procedures—Cells were cultured in medium (alpha-minimum essential medium) with a fetal calf serum content of 20%. Equine MSC features were analyzed to determine selfrenewing and differentiation capacity. For potential therapeutic applications, the migratory potential of equine MSCs was determined. An adenoviral vector was used to determine the transduction rate of equine MSCs.
Results—Equine MSCs can be culture-expanded. Equine MSCs undergo cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen without altering morphologic characteristics. Furthermore, equine MSCs maintain their ability to proliferate and differentiate after thawing. Immunocytochemically, the expression of the stem cell marker CD90 can be detected on equine MSCs. The multilineage differentiation potential of equine MSCs was revealed by their ability to undergo adipogenic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic differentiation.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Our data indicate that bone marrow–derived stromal cells of horses can be characterized as MSCs. Equine MSCs have a high transduction rate and migratory potential and adapt to scaffold material in culture. As an autologous cell population, equine MSCs can be regarded as a promising cell population for tissue engineering in lesions of the musculoskeletal system in horses.
Social psychological processes in family and school: more evidence on their relative etiological significance for bullying behavior
Authors: Idsoe Thormod , Solli Elin , Cosmovici Elena Maria 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis study looked at students' perceptions of the three socialization processes of connection, regulation, and autonomy with their parents and teachers, and the relation of these issues to bullying peers. Self‐reported data were collected from a representative sample of Norwegian eighth graders (N=2,083, 1,010 boys, and 1,073 girls). Findings partially confirm our hypotheses that we generated from earlier research into general antisocial behavior. For both genders, parent regulation and teacher regulation had a direct impact on bullying behavior. Parent connection and teacher connection also had an impact on bullying behavior, but these effects were indirect and were mediated by regulation and autonomy from parents and teachers. Some of the socialization processes had different impacts on bullying behavior for boys and girls. Parent autonomy and teacher autonomy had impact (although weak) on bullying behavior for boys only. In general, the variables related to the parents were of more importance for bullying behavior than the variables related to the teachers. Aggr. Behav. 34:460–474, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.