bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Concurrent Osteochondroma and Osteoblastoma of the Proximal Humeral Shaft
Authors: Downing Kristopher L. , Crawford Eileen A. , Ogilvie Christian M. 
Published: March 2009

We present what we believe is the first reported case of synchronous osteochondroma and osteoblastoma, occurring in the proximal humerus of a young man.
A 15-year-old boy presented with a painful left arm mass for 3 months. A firm mass was palpable in the proximal medial arm, and he had mild triceps weakness secondary to pain. Imaging showed an eccentric lesion involving the proximal one-third of the humerus, with central lysis, surrounding sclerosis and edema, endosteal scalloping, and cortical thinning and expansion. The humeral diaphysis contained a bony exostosis with corticomedullary continuity, consistent with an osteochondroma with a cartilage cap <5 mm thick. Within the proximal portion of the osteochondroma was a 2-cm, edematous, rim-enhancing cystic lesion, concerning for a secondary process such as malignant transformation. On open biopsy, the mass grossly appeared to be a sessile osteochondroma, and was removed with a rongeur. The cystic lesion was curetted out of the bone. Pathology confirmed that the raised lesion was an osteochondroma. The cystic lesion contained osteoblasts in a matrix of osteoid and immature bone, characteristic of an osteoblastoma. The multidisciplinary team agreed that this was an osteoblastoma within an exostosis. At follow-up, the patient's pain had fully resolved and radiographs showed good early healing.
We wished to document the extraordinary, simultaneous existence of an osteochondroma and adjacent osteoblastoma in the proximal humerus of a young patient. Although similar in presentation, the tumors consist of cells of different origins, making the pathogenesis unclear.
Bladder Exstrophy Masquerading as a Pelvic Fracture
Authors: Haim Amir , Sternheim Amir , Drexler Michael , Marmor Meir , Steinberg Eli L. 
Published: March 2009

Bladder exstrophy-epispadias complex is a rare spectrum of congenital anomalies that includes a midline abdominal wall defect and a widened pelvis with an anterior diastasis. Our patient was involved in a motorcycle accident with severe multiple injuries and concomitant bladder extrophy. In a unique and urgent clinical setting, his congenital pubic diastasis was initially misdiagnosed as a traumatic finding.
A 21-year-old man presented with pelvic and extremity injuries following a motorcycle accident. Multiple fractures in the lower and upper extremities were diagnosed. Marked deformity and diastases of the pubic bones were observed on pelvic inspection. Ninety minutes later, hemodynamic deterioration ensued and was thought to be related to internal pelvic bleeding. The patient was prepared for immediate pelvic stabilization with an external fixator; however, after reevaluation, an intact posterior pelvic complex and lack of a hematoma was observed on a computed tomography scan. The stability of the pelvis was tested under an image intensifier. No instability was present, and pelvic injury was ruled out.
Exstrophy-epispadias syndrome constitutes a potential pitfall in emergency trauma medicine. As demonstrated in the present case, in the emergency management of an unstable trauma patient, nontraumatic etiologies are often not considered in the differential diagnosis of pelvic diastasis. Avoiding false diagnosis and needless procedures necessitates familiarity with this condition.
BAK
Authors: Moldoveanu Tudor , Liu Qian , Green Douglas R , Gehring Kalle 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe effector BCL‐2 (B cell lymphoma‐2) protein BAK (B cell lymphoma‐2 homologous antagonist/killer) directly mediates mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization to drive the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. The structures of BAK are presented to reveal two different modes of homodimerization. Noncovalent dimerization is mediated by one Zn2+atom to inhibit the release of cytochromecfrom mitochondrial intermembrane space. Covalent oxidative homodimerization occurs through disulfide bond formation at Cys166 and is thought to prevent the Zn2+‐mediated inhibition by abolishing the Zn2+‐dependent homodimerization interface. Neither mode of dimerization affects the putative B cell lymphoma‐2 homology 3 (BH3)‐binding pocket, which remains occluded in BAK to preclude high affinity BH3 peptide binding.
Germanimum: Organometallic Chemistry
Authors: Banaszak Holl Mark M. , Peck David R. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis article provides an overview of germanium organometallic chemistry from 1994 to 2007. Major advances in the formation and breaking of GeC bonds are discussed as are advances in the physical characterization of these compounds. Recent advances in the formation of organogermanium species containing multiple bonds to germanium and the formation of germanium‐centered radicals and cations are delineated. Applications to the synthesis of germanium‐containing polymers are overviewed.
Fullerenes: Metal Complexes
Authors: Balch Alan L. , Chancellor Christopher J. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
This article reviews recent developments regarding the binding of metal centers to the outer surface of fullerenes and to the construction of nanoscale materials utilizing externally bound metal complexes. Developments in the coordination of single metal centers and metal clusters are discussed with particular emphasis placed on crystallographic characterization of the resulting assemblies. Electrochemical work on redox‐active films prepared by reduction of fullerenes and metal complexes is reviewed. The formation of metal containing heterofullerenes—cages of carbon atoms and metal atoms—is examined. Finally, the formation of new crystalline phases by cocrystallization of fullerenes and various metal complexes is examined.
Inorganic Nanotubes
Authors: Remškar Maja 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe first synthetic inorganic nanotubes were reported in 1992, but owing to the simultaneous discovery of carbon nanotubes they attracted wide international attention only recently. They are distinguished by important peculiarities, from growth mechanisms to the various physical and chemical properties and possible applications. Further analogies to carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, nanobuds, and peapods are presented as the first hybrid inorganic nanotube structures, i.e., nanobuds and “mama” tubes. Their structural and morphological properties determining chemical stability and activity, transport properties, mechanics and interaction with other building blocks in composites are discussed in this article.
Nano/Microporous Materials: Hydrogen‐Storage Materials
Authors: Collins David J. , Zhou Hong‐Cai 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Both traditional and newly synthesized microporous materials, including activated carbons, carbon nanotubes, zeolites, inorganic nanotubes, and hybrid organic–inorganic materials have been investigated for their ability to adsorb hydrogen. Uptake by these materials is physisorptive, with relatively weak interactions between the material and the hydrogen molecule. Many are able to uptake 1–3 wt% hydrogen at 77 K and 1 atm, and several can adsorb up to 6 wt% under high pressure, but none are currently able to meet hydrogen‐storage goals at near‐ambient temperatures. This review examines the accomplishments, challenges, and future directions in this nascent field.
Nano‐Microporous Materials: Hydrothermal Synthesis of Zeolites
Authors: Valtchev Valentin , Mintova Svetlana 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis review focuses on the synthesis, crystallization mechanism, and crystal engineering of silica‐based zeolites. The introduction section provides a brief historical overview of zeolite synthesis and points out the main families of microporous solids. The main body of the article comprises two interrelated parts. The first presents basic information related to the zeolite crystallization, namely, (i) the key constituents of a zeolite‐yielding system; (ii) the reactions upon the action of mineralizing agent (OH−and F−); and (iii) the fundamentals of zeolite crystallogenesis. Emphasis is laid on the nucleation process, which is still not well understood. New insights into the zeolite nucleation gained by using colloidal and dense gel systems are discussed. The second part of the survey deals with in situ zeolite crystal engineering. Initially, the synthesis of nanosized particles is considered and then methods for the growth of large, at least 50 µm, zeolite crystals are presented. Further, the control of the crystal morphology via fine tuning of the synthesis variables is discussed. Hybrid zeolites obtained by grafting of organic functionalities during the crystallization reaction are also reviewed. Finally, methods for the synthesis of zeolites with hierarchical porosity are illustrated. This part is subdivided into two sections presenting polycrystalline hierarchical porous structures and single mesopore–containing zeolite crystals.
Nanoporous Metal Phosphonates
Authors: Miller Stuart R. , Wright Paul A. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract

Nanoporous metal phosphonates make up a growing family of organic–inorganic hybrid solids, which extends the scope of functional materials with potential in adsorption, ion exchange, catalysis, and sensing. Their attributes include thermal stability and the ability to incorporate functional organic and inorganic components accessible to adsorbates. The best established are those based on zirconium, comprising layered solids in which organic groups act as pillars between inorganic zirconium phosphate sheets. The porosity, which can be on the micro‐ or mesoscale, is engineered by design of the organic pillars and their number density and, while not ordered on the long range, can have a narrow distribution. Other pillared layered metal phosphonates are also known. More recent developments have yielded framework metal phosphonates with well‐defined permanent microporosity similar to that observed in zeolites, in the 0.3–1‐nm range, that demonstrate molecular sieving. Currently, the most promising solids of this kind include aluminum methylphosphonates and metal bisphosphonates, which can be described as
metal–organic frameworks
or MOFs. Another area of smaller, but developing interest is the preparation of metal phosphonates with ordered mesoporosity, in which a wide range of solids with relatively narrow distribution of pore sizes in the 3–15‐nm range is prepared by surfactant‐templated approaches. These have potential in the interaction with large molecules, including proteins.
Nano/Microporous Materials: Metal‐Ion Sorption Materials
Authors: Hobbs David T. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
This paper provides a literature review from 2004 to the present, summarizing studies evaluating the use of nanomaterials and microporous materials as sorbents for the separation of metal ions from aqueous solutions. Materials such as microporous titanosilicates, mesoporous silicas, metal oxide nanoparticles, and carbon nanotubes exhibit increased loading and removal kinetics for a variety of metal ions compared to conventional sorbent materials. Also, incorporation of functional groups into these materials has shown promise to provide enhanced selectivity for a variety of metal ions.
Nanostructured Catalysts: Controlling Single‐Site Composition
Authors: Barnes Craig E. , Mayes Richard T. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Developing well‐understood methodologies for the preparation of single‐site catalysts has long been a goal in catalysis science. Newly emerging strategies for preparing and functionalizing nanostructured materials open the door to a number of new approaches that address this goal. General, structural, and chemical definitions of nanostructured, single‐site catalysts are presented, and the challenges associated with meeting these requirements are discussed. Selected examples of nanostructuring strategies that lead to well‐defined single‐site catalysts are described.
Semiconductor Nanowires
Authors: Korgel Brian A. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
This review provides an overview of the synthesis, structural and chemical properties, and assembly and processing strategies of semiconductor nanowires. Vapor–liquid–solid (VLS), solution–liquid–solid (SLS), supercritical fluid–liquid–solid (SFLS) approaches that rely on the formation of a liquid metal–semiconductor eutectic to seed nanowire growth are covered. Nanowire growth from metal seed particles in the solid phase are also discussed, as well as chemical methods that rely on surfactants, self‐assembly, and directed crystallization processes. Structural details about the nanowires, including the crystallographic growth direction, common extended defects, and surface faceting are discussed. Routes to surface passivation by organic monolayers and compositional control of impurity doping and heterostructures—radial and axial—are presented, as well as more structurally complicated branched nanowire structures. Finally, an overview of nanowire processing and manipulation is offered, with a discussion about positioned growth, self‐assembly, and the potential impact of impurities on applications.
Raman Spectroscopy of Polymers
Authors: Paradkar Rajesh P. , Leugers Anne , Patel Rajen , Chen Xiaoyun , Meyers Greg , Lipp Elmer 
Published: March 2009

AbstractRaman spectroscopy is a vibrational spectroscopic technique that can provide detailed information about reaction chemistry, structure, chemical composition, and morphology of the chemical species under investigation. Owing to its ease of sampling, Raman spectroscopy is particularly well suited for in situ monitoring and to study polymers and solid samples that are less amenable to other analytical techniques. Polymer powers, pellets, molded articles, fibers, and films can be probed by simply illuminating them with a laser beam and analyzing the backscattered radiation. The primary goal of this article is to provide potential Raman practitioners a high level overview of the technique and instrumentation and different types of polymer‐related applications using some real‐world examples. These applications will generally take advantage of the sampling ease or unique structural information available from Raman spectroscopy. It is not our intention to discuss the theory or present an exhaustive review of the existing Raman literature in any detail. Instead a comprehensive list of references is provided for readers interested in acquiring additional information on specific topics.
Effects of sex, status, and mating cues on expected aggressive responses
Authors: Terrell Heather K. , Patock‐Peckham Julie A. , Nagoshi Craig T. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe effect of sex, status, and mating cues on expected aggression was examined via three scenario‐based studies in which participants imagined themselves in a situation with a same‐sex instigator of a provocation. Participants were randomly assigned to receive a scenario, which included one of two levels of status of instigator (high, low), one of two levels of attractiveness of the instigator (unattractive, attractive), and one of two levels of provocation (apology, insult). Sex and dispositional aggressivity were also included in a full factorial design. Based on evolutionary psychology ideas, we anticipated that status and attractiveness would differentially influence expected aggression for men vs. women. Participants in Experiment 1 were instructed to imagine that they were alone, whereas participants in Experiments 2 and 3 imagined themselves in a situation that included mating‐related primes. In general expected aggression was greater for aggression‐prone participants and under conditions of provocation and/or a high‐status instigator. Experiments 2 and 3 found that, in the context of mate competition, sex differences in the effects of instigator provocation, status, and attractiveness emerged: greater aggressivity now only predicted more aggression for males but not females who were insulted; aggression was highest for females confronting an unattractive, high‐status instigator and for males confronting an attractive, high‐status instigator; females were more likely to aggress against a high‐status instigator, regardless of being in a steady relationship or a first date situation, but males were only more likely to aggress against a high‐status instigator in a first date situation. Aggr. Behav. 35:259–273, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Explaining the modality and contiguity effects: New insights from investigating students' viewing behaviour
Authors: Schmidt‐Weigand Florian , Kohnert Alfred , Glowalla Ulrich 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe study examined viewing behaviour and learning outcome during multimedia learning in order to explore split‐attention processes in modality and spatial contiguity effects. Fourty students viewed a computer instruction depicting the process of lightning. Exploratory text was spoken, written near or written far from accompanying animations. Students who received spoken text outperformed students who received written text in recalling the major steps (retention) and in identifying correct solutions to problems (transfer), replicating a modality effect. Differences between near and far written text presentation in retention (d = 0.51) and transfer (d = 0.68) tests failed statistical significance. Two major characteristics concerning the learners' viewing behaviour were identified: (a) in written text presentation, learning was largely text directed and (b) learning success was related to the time learners' spent looking at animations, indicating that the processing of animations is a crucial factor in explanations of modality and spatial contiguity effects. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interventions to improve patient education regarding multifactorial genetic conditions: A systematic review
Authors: Meilleur Katherine G. , Littleton‐Kearney Marguerite T. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe careful education of patients with complex genetic disease is essential. However, healthcare providers often have limited time to spend providing thorough genetic education. Furthermore, the number of healthcare professionals possessing strong genetics training may be inadequate to meet increasing patient demands. Due to such constraints, several interventions have been investigated over the past decade to identify potential resources for the facilitation of this specific type of patient education. This systematic literature review of these interventions for patient education attempts to elucidate the answer to the question: is there sufficient evidence for best practice for delivering genetic information to patients with multifactorial conditions? The various interventions (CD‐ROM, group counseling, video/decision aid, and miscellaneous) were analyzed in terms of quality criteria and achievement of specific outcomes and were rated according to the Stetler model for evidence‐based practice. Seven main outcomes were evaluated: (1) objective and subjective knowledge assessment, (2) psychological measures (general anxiety, depression, stress, cancer worry), (3) satisfaction/effectiveness of intervention, (4) time spent in counseling (time spent on basic genetic information vs. specific concerns), (5) decision‐making/intent to undergo genetic testing, (6) treatment choice and value of that choice, and, finally (7) risk perception. Overall, the computer interventions resulted in more significant findings that were beneficial than any other category followed by the video category, although the group and miscellaneous categories did not measure all of the outcomes reported by the other two categories. Nevertheless, while these groups had neutral or negative findings in some of the outcomes, the computer intervention group showed significant improvement in genetics knowledge, psychological measures, satisfaction/effectiveness, time spent with counselor, and decision/intent to undergo testing. Published 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fragile X screening: Attitudes of genetic health professionals
Authors: Acharya Kruti , Ross Lainie Friedman 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAlthough genetic health professionals (GHP) are major stakeholders in developing and implementing fragile X (FrX) testing and screening guidelines, their attitudes about FrX testing and population screening are virtually absent in the literature. A survey was conducted of physician geneticists (geneticists) and genetic counselors (GC). The survey addressed GHP's attitudes towards (1) prenatal FrX carrier screening; (2) pre‐ and full mutation screening of male and female newborns; (3) the single best time for FrX screening over the lifespan; and (4) their willingness to test a normally developing child with a positive family history. Surveys were completed by 30% (273/894) of eligible GHP. Attitudes of geneticists and GC were mostly indistinguishable. The single most favored screening approaches were (1) preconception screening targeted at women with a positive family history (43%); and (2) universal preconception screening (29%). While only 6% and 11% declared universal prenatal and universal newborn screening (NBS) as the ideal time respectively, 73% and 60% respectively would support such programs. GHP would design a NBS program to test male and female infants and to identify both pre‐ and full mutations. Over half would agree to order FrX testing on some normally developing children with a positive family history. In expanding FrX testing and screening to low risk individuals, GHP prefer preconception screening as the single best time. The majority also support prenatal screening and NBS. If NBS were to be introduced, GHP prefer screening to identify boys and girls with both pre‐ and full mutations. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Familial upper eyelid coloboma with ipsilateral anterior hairline abnormality: Two new reports of MOTA syndrome
Authors: Yeung Alison , Amor David , Savarirayan Ravi 
Published: March 2009

AbstractWe describe two patients with upper eyelid coloboma, hypertelorism, disruption of the eyebrow, and anterior hairline anomaly. The phenotype in our patients is consistent with Manitoba Oculotrichoanal syndrome (MOTA syndrome, OMIM 248450), which comprises a variable spectrum of eyelid malformations ranging from cryptophthalmos to upper eyelid colobomas; aberrant ipsilateral anterior hairline, and anal anomalies. It was first described in members of the indigenous population of the Island Lake region of Northern Manitoba, Canada. Autosomal recessive inheritance is demonstrated in these families and single‐gene etiology has been proposed. This constellation of anomalies also corresponds to those arising from the Number 10 cleft in Tessier's anatomical classification of clefting malformations. Tessier Number 10 clefts are the rarest of the 15 craniofacial clefting malformations first described by Tessier [Tessier (1976); J Maxillofac Surg 4:69–92]. They have only ever been reported as sporadic occurrences and the underlying etiology is thought to be environmental. We believe the phenotype in our patients and in those previously described with MOTA syndrome represents a disorder of craniofacial clefting; specifically, one that occurs along the tissue planes of the Tessier Number 10 cleft. The familial clustering of these facial features and their variable association with other congenital anomalies supports a genetic rather than environmental cause. The mapping of the gene for this syndrome is likely to involve a combined functional and positional approach with a focus on candidate genes involved in craniofacial development. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.