bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Creating Face Models from Vague Mental Images
Authors: Blanz V. , Albrecht I. , Haber J. , Seidel H.‐P. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract We present a novel approach to create plausible 3D face models from vague recollections or incomplete descriptions. This task plays an important role in police work, where composite facial images of suspects need to be created from vague descriptions given by the eyewitnesses of an incident. Our approach is based on a morphable model of 3D faces and takes into account correlations among facial features based on human anatomy and ethnicity. Using these correlations, unspecified parts of the target face are automatically completed to yield a coherent face model. The system uses a novel paradigm for navigating face space and provides high‐level control of facial attributes as well as the possibility to import facial features from a database. In addition, the user can specify a set of attribute constraints that are used to restrict the target face to a residual subspace. These constraints can also be enforced on the example faces in the database, bringing their appearance closer to the mental image of the user, and thus avoiding confusing exposure to entirely different faces. We also propose a novel approach for adapting the system to local populations based on additional image databases that are converted into our 3D representation by automated shape reconstruction. We demonstrate the applicability of our system in a simulated forensic scenario and compare our results with those obtained by a professional forensic artist using state‐of‐the‐art software for creating composite images in police work. Categories and Subject Descriptors (according to ACM CCS): I.3.6 [Computer Graphics]: Methodology and Techniques—Interaction techniques I.4.10 [Image Processing and Computer Vision]: Image Representation—Hierarchical, Multidimensional, Statistical J.m [Computer Applications]: Miscellaneous—Forensic Sciences
A Randomized Approach for Patch‐based Texture Synthesis using Wavelets
Authors: Tonietto L. , Walter M. , Jung C. R. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract We present a wavelet‐based approach for selecting patches in patch‐based texture synthesis. We randomly select the first block that satisfies a minimum error criterion, computed from the wavelet coefficients (using 1D or 2D wavelets) for the overlapping region. We show that our wavelet‐based approach improves texture synthesis for samples where previous work fails, mainly textures with prominent aligned features. Also, it generates similar quality textures when compared against texture synthesis using feature maps with the advantage that our proposed method uses implicit edge information (since it is embedded in the wavelet coefficients) whereas feature maps rely explicitly on edge features. In previous work, the best patches are selected among all possible using a L2 norm on the RGB or grayscale pixel values of boundary zones. The L2 metric provides the raw pixel‐to‐pixel difference, disregarding relevant image structures — such as edges — that are relevant in the human visual system and therefore on synthesis of new textures.
Occlusion‐Driven Scene Sorting for Efficient Culling
Authors: Staneker Dirk , Bartz Dirk , Wolfgang Straßer 
Published: December 2006

Abstract Image space occlusion culling is a powerful approach to reduce the rendering load of large polygonal models. However, occlusion culling is not for free; it trades overhead costs with the rendering costs of the possibly occluded geometry. Meanwhile, occlusion queries based on image space occlusion culling are supported on modern graphics hardware. However, a significant consumption of fillrate bandwidth and latency costs are associated with these queries. In this paper, we propose new techniques to reduce redundant occlusion queries. Our approach uses several "Occupancy Maps" to organize scene traversal. The respective information is accumulated efficiently by hardware‐supported asynchronous occlusion queries. To avoid redundant requests, we arrange these multiple occlusion queries according to the information of the Occupancy Maps. Our presented technique is conservative and benefits from a partial depth order of the geometry.
Compression of Dense and Regular Point Clouds
Authors: Merry Bruce , Marais Patrick , Gain James 
Published: December 2006

Abstract We present a simple technique for single‐rate compression of point clouds sampled from a surface, based on a spanning tree of the points. Unlike previous methods, we predict future vertices using both a linear predictor, which uses the previous edge as a predictor for the current edge, and lateral predictors that rotate the previous edge 90°left or right about an estimated normal. By careful construction of the spanning tree and choice of prediction rules, our method improves upon existing compression rates when applied to regularly sampled point sets, such as those produced by laser range scanning or uniform tesselation of higher‐order surfaces. For less regular sets of points, the compression rate is still generally within 1.5 bits per point of other compression algorithms.
Translational Covering of Closed Planar Cubic B‐Spline Curves
Authors: Neacsu Cristina , Daniels Karen 
Published: December 2006

Abstract Spline curves are useful in a variety of geometric modeling and graphics applications and covering problems abound in practical settings. This work defines a class of covering decision problems for shapes bounded by spline curves. As a first step in addressing these problems, this paper treats translational spline covering for planar, uniform, cubic B‐splines. Inner and outer polygonal approximations to the spline regions are generated using enclosures that are inside two different types of piecewise‐linear envelopes. Our recent polygonal covering technique is then applied to seek translations of the covering shapes that allow them to fully cover the target shape. A feasible solution to the polygonal instance provides a feasible solution to the spline instance. We use our recent proof that 2D translational polygonal covering is NP‐hard to establish NP‐hardness of our planar translational spline covering problem. Our polygonal approximation strategy creates approximations that are tight, yet the number of vertices is only a linear function of the number of control points. Using recent results on B‐spline curve envelopes, we bound the distance from the spline curve to its approximation. We balance the two competing objectives of tightness vs. number of points in the approximation, which is crucial given the NP‐hardness of the spline problem. Examples of the results of our spline covering work are provided for instances containing as many as six covering shapes, including both convex and nonconvex regions. Our implementation uses the LEDA and CGAL C++ libraries of geometric data structures and algorithms.
Differential Representations for Mesh Processing
Authors: Sorkine Olga 
Published: December 2006

AbstractSurface representation and processing is one of the key topics in computer graphics and geometric modeling, since it greatly affects the range of possible applications. In this paper we will present recent advances in geometry processing that are related to the Laplacian processing framework and differential representations. This framework is based on linear operators defined on polygonal meshes, and furnishes a variety of processing applications, such as shape approximation and compact representation, mesh editing, watermarking and morphing. The core of the framework is the definition of differential coordinates and new bases for efficient mesh geometry representation, based on the mesh Laplacian operator.
Relevant Criterion Rates in Capital Budgeting*
Authors: GRINYER J.R. 
Published: December 2006

This paper develops, using graphical analysis, a series of models relating immediate investment opportunities to various investment opportunity costs and the costs of financing. The block nature of much long‐term finance is recognized in the analysis and the situations in which different concepts are relevant to the establishment of criterion rates, when capital rationing does not exist, are identified.The author recommends that, in the absence of capital rationing or strongly held expectations of increases in financing costs in the near future, in practice criterion rates he based on the weighted average cost of the marginal set of finance.
THE REDUNDANCY OF EARNINGS LEVERAGE IN A COST OF CAPITAL DECISION FRAMEWORK
Authors: KEENAN MICHAEL , MALDONADO RITA M. 
Published: December 2006

We hope to make clear why earnings‐per‐share financial leverage analysis is inadequate as a management tool for financial structure determination. We argue that under either of the currcntly received cost of capital theories, the “traditional” theory or the “Modigliani‐Miller” theory, earnings leverage analysis as it is used adds nothing to our understanding of the capital structure issue. We maintain further, that for security analysis there are better tools.Le but de cette discussion est d'éclaircir la raison pour laquelle on a reconnu que “l'analyse des bénéfices par action en rapport au leverage financier’ s'avère être une méthode insuffisante àétablir la structure financière. Que l'on s'appuie sur les théories établies relatives au coüt du capital, sur la théorie traditionnelle ou sur la théorie “Modigliani‐Miller”, ‘l'analyse des bénéfices par action bade sur le leverage financier’ telle qu'elle se présente ne nous apprend rien de nouveau au sujet de la structure financière. Dans cet article, nous affinnons plus loin que de emilleurs moy‐ens existent pour l'analyse des titres.Dieser Beitrag versucht zu erklären, warum der Gewinn pro Actie‐Leverage‐Analyse unzureichend als Unternehmensleitungsinstrument bezüglich der Kapitalstrukturplanung ist. Nach der traditionellen, sowie der Modigliani‐Miller Theorie der Kapitalkosten, trägt Gewinn pro Atkie‐Leverage‐Analyse nichts zum Verständnis des Kapitalstrukturproblems bei. Es wird auch behauptet, dass es bessere Instrumente für eine Wertpapieranalyse gibt.
LIQUIDITY CONSTRAINTS ON INVESTMENT AND DIVIDENDS
Authors: SAMPSON A.A. 
Published: December 2006

Capital market imperfections, in the form of administrative costs of raising finance, suggest that firms might invest less than would be required to equate the marginal rate of return with the opportunity cost of capital. The marginal cost of funds schedule is re‐defined, in the context of a managerial theory of the firm. The theory suggests that firms would restrict dividends as well as investment, in situations where liquidity constraints operate. The theory is tested using a small sample of British firms.Les imperfections du marché financier, exprimés en fonction des frais administratifs relatifs au financement, suggèrent que les entreprises investissent moins qu'il ne serait exigé afin de réaliser 1′éauilibre entre le taux marginal de rendanent et le coût d'opportunith du capital. courbe du coêt marginal de financement est réconsidérée dans l'ensemble d'une théorie de gestion de l'entreprise. La théorie ainsi proposée suggère que les entreprises limitent à la fois les dividendes et les investissements dans les cas aù rentrent en jeu les contraintes de liquidié. Cette théorie est vérifiée en effectuant un petit sondage des entreprises britanniques.Die Unvollkommenheiten des Kapitalmarktes wie Verwaltungskosten bei Emissionen, erwecken den Eindruck, dacs Unternehmungen weniger investieren als die Investitionshöhe, wobei der interne Zinsfuss und Opportunitätskosten des Kapitals gleich gestellt sind. Die Kapitalkostenfunktion wird im Rahmen einrr Unternehmensleitungstheorie redefiniert. Deise Theorie zeigt, dass Unternehien nicht nur ihre Dividenden, sondern auch ihre Investitionsausgaben unter Liquiditatsnebenbedingungen begrenzen würden.
DISCOUNTING FORMULAE USED IN CAPITAL BUDGETING — A COMMENT
Authors: WILKIE A.D. 
Published: December 2006

In JBFA Vol. 2 No. 2, R.F. de la Mare gives recent references for the distinction between discounting of continuous payments and discounting using continuous discount rates, and gives formulae and a table of values for discounting continuous payments. This comment observes that the distinction has been well known to actuaries for almost 200 years, and gives a simpler formula and an appropriate table of numerical factors.Dans le Vol. 2 No. 2 de ce journal, R.F. de la Mare fournit de nouvelles informations qui permettent d'établir la distinction entre l'escompte accordé sur les paiements permanents et l'escompte utilisant de constants taux d'escompte. Il donne également une formule et une table des valeurs relatives a l'escompte accordé sur les paiements permanents. L'article nous révèle que cette distinction est reconnue par les actuires depuis presque deux cents ans, et nous présente à la fois une formule plus élémentaire et une adéquate table de facteurs numériques.In der JBFA, Band 2, Nr. 2, R.F. de la Mare zitiert neue Hinweise auf den Unterschied zwischen der Diskontierung von kontinuierlichen Ausgaben und der Diskontierung mit kontinuierlichen kalkulatorischen Zinssätzen. In der srlben Abhandlung von de la Mare findet man Formele und eine Abzinstabelle für die Diskontierung kontinuierlicher Ausgaben. Die Anmerkung von Wilkie erklärt, dass dieser Unterschied den Versicherungsmathematikern seit fast 200 Jahren bekannt war. Eine einfachere Formel und geeignete Abzinstabelle werden erläutert.
PROBLEM‐SOLVING STRATEGIES OF YOUNG CHILDREN
Authors: Woodward W. Mary 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYA complex problem, consisting of 12 graded elements, was presented to normal children of 1 1/2–5 yr and to severely subnormal children, in order to attempt to elucidate some aspects of early cognitive development. Strategies adopted have been analysed in terms of the plan and TOTE unit concepts proposed by Miller et al. It is suggested that an early phase when a repetitive behavioural sequence is directed towards an externally given end‐point, is followed by one in which the sequence is terminated at the appropriate point by the interpolation of a manipulative, or observing action after each repetition.
COMMENTARY ON KOLUCHOVA'S “SEVERE DEPRIVATION IN TWINS: A CASE STUDY”
Authors: Clarke A. D. B. 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYKoluchova's on‐going study of twin boys who suffered extreme deprivation between 18 months and 7 yr, and who thereafter received remedial treatment, is discussed in the context of relevant literature. Malnutrition, cruelly, neglect and considerable isolation over 51/2 yr did not predestine them permanently to the condition of severe subnormality which they manifested on discovery. Their greatly accelerated development confirms similar work and sheds some light on the interaction of constitutional and environmental factors in the formation of human characteristics. Results underline the inadequacy of theories stressing the over‐riding importance of early experiences for later growth.
THE MENTAL HEALTH OF SIBLINGS OF GONGENITALLY ABNORMAL CHILDREN
Authors: Gath Ann 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARY(1) An index group of 36 school‐age siblings of children with Down's Syndrome and another index group of 35 school‐age siblings of children with cleft lip/palate were compared with 71 individually matched school children. (2) Behavioural questionnaires (Rutter Scales A2 and B2) were completed by parents and teacher for all index siblings and controls. (3) No significant difference in behavioural rating was found between either index group and their controls. (4) At parental interview it was found that families of children with Down's Syndrome were experiencing more problems of management than families of children with cleft lip/palate deformities.
EXCLUSION FROM SCHOOL
Authors: York Roland , Heron Judith M. , Wolff Sula 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARY(1) Exclusion from school is numerically a small problem. Forty‐one children excluded from Edinburgh schools are described. (2) Exclusion from school occurred more often in secondary schools and much more often in boys. While commoner when opportunities for outdoor play are reduced in the winter months and commonest at mid‐term, it is by no means the result of an arbitrary decision by a teacher, but the culmination of a series of aggressive acts by a seriously disturbed child who is usually poorly endowed intellectually, backward educationally, socially deprived and with a family background characterised by disruption, marital disharmony, and sociopathy and delinquency on the part of the parents. A high proportion of excluded children were already attending special schools, (3) One to three years later only 4 out of 25 children still at school were living at home and attending ordinary schools; 19 were in psychiatric hospitals, residential schools or children's homes.
A NOTE ON A FOLLOW‐UP STUDY OF CHILDHOOD NEUROSIS AND BEHAVIOUR DISORDER
Authors: Lo W. H. 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYForty‐two neurotic children and thirty children with behaviour disorder were followed up from 1 to 4 years after they attended for psychiatric advice. The mean follow‐up period for the former group was 2·7 years and for latter 2·9 years. At follow‐up 78·6 per cent of the neurotic children but only 53·3 per cent of the group with behaviour disorder were symptom‐free or significantly improved.
AFFECTIVE DISORDER AMONG THE RELATIVES OF HYPERACTIVE CHILDREN
Authors: Stewart Mark A. , Morrison James R. 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYWe determined the incidence of bipolar and unipolar affective, disorder among the natural relatives of 59 hyperactive children, the “legal” relatives of 35 adopted hyperactive children, and the relatives of 41 control children. There were no significant differences in incidence of the two conditions between the groups of relatives, except for a greater incidence of unipolar affective disorder in the combined second degree blood relatives of hyperactive children than in the relatives of controls. Moreover, the incidence of bipolar affective disorder in the natural parents of hyperactive children was much lower than figures reported for the parents of patients with this type of affective disorder. Our data do not support the idea that hyperactivity is a childhood form of manic‐depressive psychosis.
SPECIAL EDUCATIONAL TREATMENT OF AUTISTIC CHILDREN: A COMPARATIVE STUDY–II. FOLLOW‐UP FINDINGS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR SERVICES
Authors: Rotter Michael , Bartak Lawrence 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYAutistic children attending three different special units wire followed up over a 31/2–4 yr period to assess changes in educational, cognitive, linguistic, social and behavioural status. The group as a whole had made considerable progress in all spheres and it was concluded that the results amply justify the provisions of special education for autistic children. Comparisons between the units suggested that large amounts of specific teaching in a well‐controlled classroom situation is likely to bring the greatest benefits in terms of scholastic progress. The findings are used to consider a variety of specific questions in relation to the optimum types of schooling required for autistic children.
ACTING‐OUT BEHAVIOUR AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE FOR THE RESIDENTIAL TREATMENT OF DELINQUENTS
Authors: Sinclair I. A. C. , Clarke R. V. G. 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYA measure of “acting‐out” behaviour in the form of absconding, together with measures of the effectiveness of treatment and quality of intake, were obtained for 66 boys' approved schools. Using correlation techniques it was shown that schools with high levels of absconding were less effective than might have been expected from the standard of their intake (as measured by I. Q. and number of previous court appearances). It was suggested that on the evidence presented “acting‐out” in general is not to be encouraged, although clearly further investigation is required.
BEHAVIOUR PROBLEMS IN THE INFANT SCHOOL: CHANGES OVER TWO YEARS
Authors: Chazan Maukice , Jackson Susan 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYA survey of the incidence of behaviour problems in a sample of children in their first year in the infant school was repeated after an interval of two years, when the children were in the final stages of their infant school careers. This paper examines the changes which had taken place over this period, in terms of overall incidence of behaviour problems, incidence in different types of catchment area, sex differences and the persistence and development of problem behaviour in individual cases.
THE FAMILY IN THE KIBBUTZ
Authors: Gerson Menaghem 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYThis paper outlines three principle features of the Kibbutz family which differentiate it from other patterns of modern family life. Changes in the status of the family during the historic development of the Kibbutz are described; they led to an evaluation of the family as a cornerstone of the Kibbutz. Recently, familistic tendencies, demanding greater power of decision‐making for the family, have evolved; their role in the future growth of the Kibbutz is discussed. Spheres of parental influence are characterized, as are parent‐child relations, with special emphasis on the causes for their relative smoothness during adolescence.
PERFORMANCE PROFILES OF MATCHED NORMAL, EDUCATIONALLY SUBNORMAL AND SEVERELY SUBNORMAL CHILDREN ON THE REVISED ITPA
Authors: Marinosson G. L. 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYThe revised ITPA was administered to 30 normal, 30 ESN and 30 SSN children, all of MA 5 : 0–5 : 11 and attending day schools. Since most of the retarded children exceeded the CA norms of the battery, raw scores were standardized and subjected to Analysis of Variance, t tests and Stepwise Discriminant Analysis for the purpose of inter group comparison. Results showed that normals scored highest on all sub‐tests, SSNs lowest while ESNs were strictly intermediate. The largest inter‐group differences were found for Visual Sequential Memory, but significant differences were also found between normals and ESNs on Auditory Sequential Memory and between normals and SSNs on both reception subtests, Auditory Association and Auditory Sequential Memory. Both normals and ESNs showed preference for tests in the auditory‐vocal channel over those in the visual‐motor channel. Results are discussed in the light of previous ITPA findings, the special circumstances pertaining to the present study, and the characteristics of the test battery.
CHILDREN OF WEST INDIAN IMMIGRANTS–I. RATES OF BEHAVIOURAL DEVIANCE AND OF PSYCHIATRIC DISORDER
Authors: Rutter Michael , Yule William , Bercer Michael , Yule Bridget , Morton Janis , Baoley Chrjstopher 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYA total population survey was made of all 10 yr old children in an inner London borough. Teachers' questionnaires were completed on all children, and teachers and parents of a representative subsample were interviewed using standardised and previously Lested methods. As part of this study, comparisons were made between children born to West Indian migrants and children from non‐immigrant families, and within the West Indian group between children born abroad and those born in this country. It was found that West Indian children showed rather more behavioural difficulties at school but they did not differ from other children in terms of disorder shown at home, nor did they differ in terms of emotional disturbance in any setting. The findings are discussed in terms of the children's life experiences.