bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Direct Measurement of Displacement in Instrumented Charpy Impact Testing for Structural Integrity Assessment
Authors: Tronskar JP , Mannan MA , Lai MO 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The present research aims to develop a method for the direct measurement of load-line displacement during instrumented Charpy impact tests. The method involves direct measurement of the load-line displacement using a laser interferometer in addition to the load-line displacement derived from the load signal by double integration according to standard procedures. The ISO striker edge is instrumented with a piezoelectric sensor and the system is calibrated in situ in the impact tester as recommended by ISO 14556:2000 Steel Charpy V-notch Pendulum Impact Test—Instrumented Test Method, using a 0.5% accuracy reference load cell and a hydraulic jack system.
Introductory tests were conducted using fatigue precracked and V-notched specimens in the temperature range + 23 to −80°C on a conventional ship grade steel NVE36 for application in floating production, storage, and off-loading (FPSO) vessels. The results were promising and good correlation was obtained with results from conventional instrumented impact testing where the load-line displacement was calculated by double integration of the force versus time plot.
The Effects of Residual Stress, Loading, and Crack Geometry on SEPB Fracture Toughness Test Results
Authors: Grendahl S , Bert R , Cho K , Bar-On I 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Use of the single-edge precracked beam (SEPB) specimen with the “bridge indentation” method is one of the new ASTM standard test methods for the determination of fracture toughness of advanced ceramics. In support of this effort, the effects of several test parameters on the fracture toughness values were established. The effects of the residual stress due to the indent, the alignment in three- and four-point bending, and the crack front straightness on the fracture toughness values were determined using aluminum nitride specimens. The results show that indent loads should be kept below 100 N (10 kg), and the crack plane angle should be less than 5° in order to prevent artificially high fracture toughness values. Crack front straightness requirements can be less stringent than generally accepted.
Sensitivity Analysis of the Small Specimen Bulge Test by the Finite Element and the Taguchi Methods
Authors: Li W , Hellen TK , Brookfield DJ , Mottershead JE , Whelan M 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Small punch and bulge tests have been applied to determine material properties from small specimens in the power generation industry for a number of years. This paper applies the finite element (FE) and the Taguchi methods to carry out the sensitivity analysis of the small specimen bulge test to variations of seven parameters. The FE model takes into account elastic/plastic material properties, large strain, and contact behavior with friction. The sensitivity of the punch force to the variation of these parameters has been studied. The relationship between the maximum punch force and the punch displacement and the yield stress of the tested sample has been identified using the orthogonal polynomial regression technique.
A Finite Element Analysis of the Stress Intensity Resulting from Single-Edge Precracked Beam Loading Conditions
Authors: Turner D , Kibble KA 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The single-edge precracked-beam (SEPB) fracture toughness method has been investigated using finite element methods to analyze the stress intensity (KI) resulting from variations in bridge span, punch length, and virtual crack length. A two-dimensional half-plane, semi-infinite model was used to approximate the stress intensity from a fit of the nodal displacements of a crack face under SEPB loading conditions. The finite element method models the crack in situ, using six-node triangular elements specified around a singular point that simulates the crack tip.
The analysis reveals that for increasing virtual crack length (a), the stress intensity increases to a maximum where ΔKI/Δa = 0. With further increasing virtual crack length, the stress intensity decreases. The inflection point ai, KIi differs for varying span and fixed punch length, and for varying punch lengths with fixed span.
The resulting stress intensities per new ton force loading are presented in tabular and graphical form. The presented series of graphs can be used to explore variations in precracking parameters. This finite element analysis provides useful data for those developing or adopting the SEPB fracture toughness measurement technique.
Calibration of Thin Heat Flux Sensors for Building Applications Using ASTM C 1130
Authors: Zarr RR , Martinez-Fuentes V , Filliben JJ , Dougherty BP 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Calibration measurements of thin heat flux sensors for building applications are presented. The findings support the continued development of precision and bias statements for ASTM Practice C 1130. Measurements have been conducted using a 1016 mm diameter guarded hot plate apparatus (Test Method C 177) from 10°C to 50°C and for a heat flux range of ± 13 W/m2. The option of using a 610 mm heat flow meter apparatus (Test Method C 518) to calibrate the heat flux sensors is also explored. Experimental designs are presented to compare test methods, evaluate which parameters affect the sensor output, and determine the functional relationship between the sensor output and applied heat flux. The study investigates two sizes of sensors fabricated by one manufacturer. Sensor equivalency, grouped by size, is evaluated to determine whether a calibration based on a subset of sensors will suffice or if extensive individual calibrations are needed.
Geometry of Solidification. I: Shrinkage Criterion Using Results from Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Windelberg D 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The solidification of molten base material often produces porous or cracked products. Following the investigations of Hansen and Sahm, we try to optimize the product in relation to fewer pores, cracks, and tensions: therefore, we observe the process of solidification of the base material. For the modeling of solidification we use the results of a commercial finite-element analysis program that solves the heat transfer equation. We define a criterion that describes the “goodness” of a casting and discuss the results of the calculation with respect to pores, cracks, and tensions of the product. A “vector of quality” is introduced to describe the results as a certification of the product and to compare castings.
Heavy Metal Retention Behavior of Clayey Soils
Authors: Pandian NS , Sridharan A , Rajasekhar C 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Effective waste management requires the protection of groundwater resources against potential contamination from the leachates generated by the land disposed wastes. In general, waste disposal facilities are lined with impermeable barriers to protect against the migration of leachates into the natural water bodies. Clayey soils, due to their easy availability and economic viability, are normally preferred as liner materials. In this regard, extensive laboratory studies have been conducted on clayed soils to understand their permeability behavior as affected by the permeation of contaminant cationic solutions. It is also known that the clayey soils retain the heavy metal ions due to their surface characteristics. However, relatively little information is available on the retention characteristics of clayey soils. Hence, in this study, an attempt has been made to study the retention characteristics of clayey soils upon permeation of inorganic cationic solutions. The results indicate that the major portion of the retention of metal ions by clayed soils is through ion exchange.
Notes on Direct Current Potential Drop Calibration for Crack Growth in Compact Tension Specimens
Authors: Tong J 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
In using the direct current potential drop method for crack growth measurement, a suitable reference location on the test piece of a compact tension (CT) specimen seems difficult to find and yet is highly desirable for high-temperature long-term testing. This short report presents a possible solution that seems promising based on our preliminary test results. Vanations in the potential and current lead placement were also evaluated for some typical lead configurations in CT specimens.
Superpave Shear Tester as a Simple Standardized Measure to Evaluate Aggregate-Asphalt Mixture Performance
Authors: Shenoy A , Romero P 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The present work provides a standardized method by which various mixtures can be compared and their expected performance can be assessed in a uniform manner using the Superpave shear tester. Based on the present findings, it is evident that complete mixture evaluation can be done through the frequency sweep at constant height (FSCH) data from the Superpave shear tester (SST), without the need to generate the repeated shear at constant height (RSCH) data. This would reduce the experimental time without compromising the information obtained.
FSCH and RSCH data at different temperatures are generated on the SST for a number of aggregate-asphalt mixture combinations. The shear moduli versus frequency data from the FSCH at different temperatures are unified to form a single curve for each mixture so that a specification parameter Ts (°C) can be determined.
Each unified curve is fitted with a constitutive equation from which model parameters are evaluated. The slope B1 in the low frequency region of the unified curve, when normalized with the term (T/Ts), results in a parameter that relates to the permanent strain after 5000 cycles in RSCH at any temperature T. There is a good possibility that the slope B2 in the high frequency region of the unified curve may relate to distresses in the intermediate temperature range, such as fatigue. If this is proven true through future research, then the Superpave shear tester could earn the distinction of being a “simple performance tester.”
Determination of the Energy Necessary for Creating Fatigue Cracks by Measurement of Microhardness
Authors: Benguediab M , Mazari M , Ranganathan N 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The growth of cracks is related to the existence of a plastic zone at the crack tip, the formation and growth of which are accompanied by an energy dissipation. The estimation of this energy is generally made by global measures. In our study, we have used microhardness measurements at the crack tip for estimating energy. The results obtained are more accurate near the crack tip than those estimated by other methods.
An Apparatus for Evaluating Adhesion Between Soils and Solid Surfaces
Authors: Subba Rao KS , Allam MM , Robinson RG 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
An apparatus in the direct shear mode has been developed to conduct soil-soil and soil-solid material interface tests in the undrained condition. Evaluation of the apparatus showed that all the requirements for simulating the undrained condition of shear are satisfied. The interface test results show that the adhesion factor α increases with the surface roughness of the solid material. In the case of the normally consolidated state, α is practically independent of the undrained shear strength of the clay for a given surface. For the overconsolidated state, α depends on the undrained shear strength and the overconsolidation ratio for smooth surfaces but for rough surfaces, α is independent of both undrained shear strength and overconsolidation ratio.
Evaluation of Sharp Indentation Testing of Thin Films and Ribbons on Hard Substrates
Authors: Larsson PL , Peterson IRM 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A numerical investigation of sharp indentation of thin films and ribbons has been conducted using the finite element method. For a wide variety of material behavior, the critical ratio of indentation depth to thin film thickness is determined for the case of indentation of thin films or ribbons perfectly clamped on hard substrates. The critical ratio is defined as the ratio at which the indentation response can no longer be considered closely acceptable to the corresponding response at indentation of bulk materials. The indentation parameters investigated are hardness (average contact pressure), the size of the contact area between indenter and material, and the initial unloading slope of the indentation load-indentation depth curve. The implications of the results for material characterization of thin films and ribbons by indentation are discussed in some detail.
Precision and Equivalence of Automatic and Manual Flash Point Apparatus
Authors: Montemayor RG , Collier MA , Lazarczyk GG 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The flash point of a liquid material is used to classify whether the material is flammable or combustible. Historically, flash point determination has been done using manual flash point apparatus. However, the advent of automatic flash point apparatus, especially in the petroleum and related industries, brought about improved testing efficiency such that manual flash point determination is becoming the less preferred way of determining flash point. Three ASTM standard test methods, namely, D 56 “Flash Point by Tag Closed Cup Tester,” D 92 “Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland Open Cup,” and D 93 “Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Testers” are the most common test methods used in the various specifications and regulatory requirements for determining the flash point of materials. Three interlaboratory studies were conducted in 1991 to determine new precision values for the ASTM D 56, D 92, and D 93 flash point test methods, and to determine if the flash points obtained by the automatic apparatus are statistically equivalent to the flash points obtained by the manual apparatus in each of these three standard test methods. The pooled repeatability at a 95% confidence level for the D 56 flash point was found to be 1.1°C (manual) and 1.2°C (automatic) for flash points below 60°C; and 1.4°C (manual) and 1.6°C (automatic) for flash points at or above 60°C. The pooled reproducibility for D 56 at a 95% confidence level was found to be 4.1°C (manual) and 4.3°C (automatic) for flash points below 60°C; and 5.8°C (manual) and 5.1°C (automatic) for flash points at or above 60°C. For D 92, a repeatability at a 95% confidence level of 4°C (manual) and 8°C (automatic); and a reproducibility at a 95% confidence level of 13°C (manual) and 18°C (automatic), were obtained. The precision for D 93 was shown to be dependent on the flash point value, with a repeatability at a 95% confidence level of 0.032 X °C (manual) and 0.035 X °C (automatic), and a reproducibility at a 95% confidence level of 0.073 X °C (manual) and 0.078 X °C (automatic). Standard statistical evaluation tests were performed on the data for the three test methods. Essentially, no statistically significant differences were found between automatic and manual D 56, automatic and manual D 92, and automatic and manual D 93 flash point results. Thus, the interlaboratory studies of the three flash point test methods indicated that automatic flash point results are equivalent to manual flash point results.
Precision and Relative Bias of Automatic and Manual Refractometers Using ASTM D 1218 at 20°C
Authors: Montemayor RG 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The refractive index at a given temperature is an important specification parameter for a large number of petroleum products as well as various paraffinic, olefinic, and aromatic hydrocarbon solvents. It is an easy and quick test method to assure the quality and identity of a specific material. Historically, refractive index and refractive dispersion have been measured using manual refractometers. The advent of digital automatic refractometers has made the measurement of refractive index much easier. An interlaboratory study was conducted in 1996 to determine the precision of automatic refractometers and to compare the results with manual instruments. The study involved eight different samples, ten laboratories that used automatic instruments, and six laboratories that used manual instruments, using ASTM D 1218, Test Method for Refractive Index and Refractive Dispersion of Hydrocarbon Liquids, at 20°C. The repeatability of both automatic and manual refractometers was determined to be 0.0002. The reproducibility of both automatic and manual refractometers was determined to be 0.0005. The study showed that there was no statistically significant difference between results obtained with automatic and manual refractometers using ASTM D 1218 at 20°C at a 95% confidence level.
Precision and Relative Bias of Automatic and Manual D 1078 Distillation
Authors: Montemayor RG 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
ASTM D 1078 Distillation Range of Volatile Organic Liquids is included in the specifications for a number of organic materials used in the paint and related coatings industry, such as hydrocarbon solvents, olefinic solvents, alcohols, ketones, glycols, and esters. Historically, only manual D 1078 distillation has been used. In the last decade, however, the use of automatic distillation has become increasingly prevalent. There are fewer and fewer laboratories that use the manual method. In order to be able to incorporate automatic instruments into the present D 1078, it was necessary to establish the comparative precision and relative bias of the automatic D 1078 procedure to the manual D 1078 procedure. An interlaboratory study was conducted in the summer of 2000 involving six samples of varying distillation ranges, ten laboratories that used automatic instruments, and five laboratories that used manual instruments. The precisions for the initial boiling point, 50% boiling point, and the dry point were found to be dependent on the boiling point temperature. The precision for the distillation range was found to be dependent on the distillation range. Automatic D 1078 distillation results were found to be statistically equivalent to manual D 1078 distillation results. The average relative bias for the six samples included in the study was 0.5°C. ASTM D 1078 has been revised to reflect the new precision value and relative bias of the automatic D 1078 and the manual D 1078 distillation.
An Extrapolation Method for Estimating Crack Growth Rate Confidence Intervals from Small Fatigue Crack Data
Authors: Carlson RL , Halliday MD 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Small fatigue crack growth data for the aluminum alloy 6061-T651 are analyzed to obtain confidence intervals for the mean crack growth rate as a function of crack length. Results of an extrapolation procedure are presented to illustrate how variations in crack size and elapsed load cycles in the early stages of crack growth may be examined.
On Bounding a Near-Zero Probability When Zero Occurrences Appear in a Sample
Authors: Proctor CH , Luko SN 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
In attribute sampling, it is sometimes the case that the investigator will report a “zero response” in the sample. This means that where a specific attribute has been defined, no occurrences having the attribute are observed in the sample. When this event occurs, it may be tempting to report a result of “zero defects” or simply that the attribute was not observed within the sample. It may even be concluded that defects are not to be expected from the process or lot since none were observed in the sample. This paper shows that this reasoning is false and shows how to bound the probability of future occurrence of a defined attribute, under various conditions of sampling, when zero occurrences are exhibited in a sample. Several common scenarios of sampling are considered, including sampling from a process, sampling finite or isolated lots, and sampling from a continuum. In addition, some common sampling problems such as errors of misclassification and autocorrelation are considered.
The Relation Between an Extreme Proportion and a Less Extreme Proportion, in the Context of the Comparability of Tests
Authors: Hutchinson TP 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Data are sometimes encountered consisting of the proportions of items falling into each of three ordered categories in a number of different circumstances. The examples in this paper concern properties of particulate material, such as the proportion of particles considered to be fractured. Methods are proposed for relating the proportion satisfying some stringent criterion (e.g., two or more fractured faces) to the proportion satisfying some less stringent criterion (e.g., one or more fractured faces). Emphasis is on methods whose success or otherwise can be seen graphically.
Fatigue Testing and Evaluation of Asphalt Binders Using the Dynamic Shear Rheometer
Authors: Shenoy A 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) is being used currently by the asphalt pavement community for determination of the viscoelastic properties of asphalts following the recommendations of the Strategic Highway Research Program. The Superpave specification parameter |G*| sinδ was identified as the term to be used in rating the asphalt binders for their fatigue resistance. However, in subsequent research work, it was found that this parameter did not relate well with the accumulation of fatigue damage of mixtures measured through a beam fatigue test under strain-controlled conditions. This led researchers to seek other methods of characterizing fatigue resistance behavior of asphalt binders. The suggested new test was a binder fatigue test using the time sweep on the DSR. The number of cycles to fatigue failure Nf was chosen as the criterion for rating the fatigue resistance of the binder.The present work reevaluates the binder fatigue test in order to establish the proper window for choosing the correct experimental conditions for getting meaningful results that would describe true fatigue behavior and not experimental artifacts. The fatigue tests are conducted at different temperatures of Te (°C) for various binders in order to ensure equistiffness conditions (identical initial complex modulus |G*i| values) at the start of the test. It is shown that the cycles to fatigue failure is directly a function of the initial loss modulus G″i, or in other words, the Superpave specification parameter |G*i| sinδi, and is also related to the loss modulus obtained through a strain sweep G″s or |G*s| sinδs at the temperature Te (°C). It is recommended that a specification temperature TIS = Te (G″s/|G*s|) = Te sinδs be used for ranking the binders in terms of their expected fatigue behavior.
Use of Surfactants in Condom Water Leak Testing
Authors: Kerr LN , Mailhot SA , Boivin WS , Hamilton SL , O'Malley LG , Boyd SM , Pierdominici VJB , Bushar HF 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This paper identifies an appropriate surfactant solution to improve the defect detection rate of the ISO/FDA water leak test method for condoms. A surfactant solution and concentration are identified to optimize leakage testing of condoms, considering factors of safety, cost, reproducibility, and hole detection. Defect detection rates are compared using the ISO/FDA method with and without the surfactant solution.
Micro-90® concentrated cleaning solution is selected as a suitable surfactant for water leak testing of condoms due to reliable formulation, low sudsing, low cost, and no disposal or toxicity problems. A concentration of 0.1% by volume optimizes the effectiveness of the solution while minimizing solution concentration.
Detection rates of standardized defects are quantified for four condom types tested with and without surfactant solution. Use of surfactant solution in the ISO/FDA method increases the detection rates of all defect types and sizes in all the condom types tested. This increase is statistically significant for 10 (out of 48 possible) combinations of condom type, hole diameter, and hole location.