bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interlanguage Segmental Mapping as Evidence for the Nature of Lexical Representation
Authors: Kang Yoonjung 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe traditional view of phonological representation assumes that lexical representation is economical and free of redundancy and that a phoneme is represented as a combination of contrastive phonetic features. The traditional view, however, is challenged by the recent developments in phonological theories. In Optimality Theory, the distinction between contrastive vs. non‐contrastive aspects of pronunciation is made not by the lexical representation but by the constraint ranking and the commonly adopted principle of Lexicon Optimization requires lexical representation to be as close to the surface representation as possible. An exemplar model of phonology also assumes that predictable and redundant phonetic properties are also specified in the lexical representation and that each contextual variant of a phoneme forms a separate phonetic category. The current paper reviews recent studies on segmental mapping in interlanguage phonology, examines the nature of the L1 phonological representation that the mapping crucially refers to, and discusses how the interlanguage data bear on the debate on the nature of the lexical representation.
What's ‘Right’ in Language Comprehension: Event‐Related Potentials Reveal Right Hemisphere Language Capabilities
Authors: Federmeier Kara D. , Wlotko Edward W. , Meyer Aaron M. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractAlthough the term ‘nonverbal’ is often applied to the right cerebral hemisphere (RH), a growing body of work indicates that the RH can comprehend language and, indeed, that it makes critical contributions to normal language functions. Reviewed here are studies that have examined RH language capabilities by combining visual half‐field presentation methods with event‐related potential (ERP) measures. Because they afford temporal and functional specificity and can be obtained as participants simply process language for meaning, ERPs provide especially valuable insights into RH language functions. Such studies suggest that the RH appreciates word‐ and message‐level meaning information, and that it may play a particularly important role in the processing of relatively unpredictable semantic relationships. In addition, this work suggests that patterns observed for everyday language processing may often be an emergent property of multiple, distinct mechanisms operating in parallel as the left and right hemispheres jointly comprehend language.
The Subgrouping of the Semitic Languages
Authors: Rubin Aaron D. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe Semitic languages have enjoyed a long tradition of linguistic study, and remain one of the most widely studied of the world's language families. The large amount of scholarship that is generated on both the ancient and modern languages continues to have an effect on our understanding of the internal subgrouping of the Semitic family. Unfortunately, for both the specialist and non‐specialist, reliable and up‐to‐date treatments of this topic are not easily found. This article will survey the current views on Semitic subgrouping and highlight recent scholarship on the issue.
Backward Control
Authors: Fukuda Shin 
Published: January 2008

AbstractControl refers to an obligatory referential dependency between an argument of a verb and the subject of the verb's clausal complement. In many languages, the direction of the control relation can only be forward, as it is the matrix argument that provides the referential identity of the silent embedded subject. A priori, however, there is no reason to rule out a backward control relation, where the matrix argument is silent and its identity depends on the overt embedded argument for its referent. In this article, we survey the evidence for backward control presented in the literature from four languages, Japanese (language isolate), Brazilian Portuguese (Romance), Tsez (Nakh‐Daghestanian), and Malagasy (Austronesian), and discuss repercussions of the backward control data for the analyses of control developed based on forward control data. We also review and discuss four different analyses that have been proposed to account for backward control.
RESEARCH ARTICLE: Up‐regulation of Adenosine Receptors in the Frontal Cortex in Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Albasanz José L. , Perez Sandra , Barrachina Marta , Ferrer Isidro , Martín Mairena 
Published: January 2008

AbstractAdenosine receptors are G‐protein coupled receptors which modulate neurotransmitter release, mainly glutamate. Adenosine A1and A2Areceptors were studied in post‐mortem human cortex in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and age‐matched controls. Total adenosine A1receptor number, determined by radioligand binding assay, using [3H]DPCPX, was significantly increased in AD cases in early and advanced stages without differences with the progression of the disease. A significant increase of A1R (37 kDa) levels was also observed by Western blot in early and advanced stages of AD. In addition, increased numbers of adenosine A2Areceptors were observed in AD samples as determined by a binding assay using [3H]ZM 241385 as a radioligand and by Western blot. Increased binding and protein expression levels of adenosine receptors were not associated with increased mRNA levels coding A1and A2Areceptors. Finally, increased A1and A2Areceptor‐mediated response was observed. These results show up‐regulation of adenosine A1and A2Areceptors in frontal cortex in AD, associated with sensitization of the corresponding transduction pathways.
p53 Gene Mutations in SKH‐1 Mouse Tumors Differentially Induced by UVB and Combined Subcarcinogenic Benzo[a]pyrene and UVA†
Authors: Wang Yongyin , Zhou Xueyan , Weinstein Elhav , Maryles Billie , Zhang Yanzhen , Moore Julian , Gao Dayuan , Atencio David P. , Rosenstein Barry S. , Lebwohl Mark , Chen Hong‐Duo , Xiao Ting , Wei Huachen 
Published: January 2008

AbstractWe compared the frequency and spectra of p53 mutations in skin tumors from UVB‐irradiated and benzo(a)pyrene‐UVA‐treated SKH‐1 mice. Analysis of p53 mutations using a combination of polymerase chain reaction, denaturing high‐performance liquid chromatography, and sequencing shows that the frequency and spectrum of p53 mutations in BaP‐UVA‐induced tumors are quite different from those in UVB‐induced tumors. SKH‐1 mice were treated with BaP‐UVA or UVB for 30 weeks after which skin tumors were collected for analysis of p53 mutations. Among the 11 BaP‐UVA‐induced tumors with diameters of 5–10 mm, two displayed mutations in exon 8 yielding a mutation frequency of 18.2%. In contrast, the mutation frequency among BaP‐UVA‐induced tumors was 10.5%. In UVB‐induced tumors, the mutation frequency in exon 8 was highly correlated with tumor size. A total of 77.8% of tumors with diameters larger than 10 mm contained p53 mutations. The overall mutation frequency among UVB‐induced tumors was 17.9% in exon 8 and only 3.8% in exon 5. Hotspots for p53 mutation in UVB‐induced tumors were found at codons 128 and 149 (exon 5), and at codons 268, 270, 271 and 273–276 (exon 8). In addition to widely recognized C→T missense mutations, there were also tandem CC→AG changes coupled with either an insertion of T, a C→G substitution or G→C/T mutations. All of the mutations were found at tri‐ or tetra‐pyrimidine sites. Thirty‐nine per cent of all p53 mutations occurred at codons 274 and 275; 53% occurred at codons 268–271. Two multiple mutation clusters were located at codons 268–271 and 274–276. Both BaP‐UVA and UVB caused C→T transitions at codon 275 in exon 8. A C→T mutation at codon 294 was induced only by BaP‐UVA treatment. In contrast to UVB treatment, BaP‐UVA treatment did not induce any mutations in exon 5. We show that individually subcarcinogenic levels of BaP and UVA synergistically induce a novel p53‐mutation fingerprint. This fingerprint could serve as a prognostic indicator for the development of BaP‐UVA‐induced skin tumors.
Effects of Visible Light on the Skin†
Authors: Mahmoud Bassel H. , Hexsel Camile L. , Hamzavi Iltefat H. , Lim Henry W. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractElectromagnetic radiation has vast and diverse effects on human skin. Although photobiologic studies of sunlight date back to Sir Isaac Newton in 1671, most available studies focus on the UV radiation part of the spectrum. The effects of visible light and infrared radiation have not been, until recently, clearly elucidated. The goal of this review is to highlight the effects of visible light on the skin. As a result of advances in the understanding of skin optics, and comprehensive studies regarding the absorption spectrum of endogenous and exogenous skin chromophores, various biologic effects have been shown to be exerted by visible light radiation including erythema, pigmentation, thermal damage and free radical production. It has also been shown that visible light can induce indirect DNA damage through the generation of reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, a number of photodermatoses have an action spectrum in the visible light range, even though most of the currently available sunscreens offer, if any, weak protection against visible light. Conversely, because of its cutaneous biologic effects, visible light is used for the treatment of a variety of skin diseases and esthetic conditions in the form of lasers, intense pulsed light and photodynamic therapy.
Cross‐validation of Murine UV Signal Transduction Pathways in Human Skin†
Authors: Einspahr Janine G. , Timothy Bowden G. , Alberts David S. , McKenzie Naja , Saboda Kathylynn , Warneke James , Salasche Stuart , Ranger‐Moore James , Curiel‐Lewandrowski Clara , Nagle Raymond B. , Nickoloff Brian J. , Brooks Christine , Dong Zigang , Stratton Steven P. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractAcute UVB irradiation of mouse skin results in activation of phospatidyinositol‐3 (PI‐3) kinase and mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways leading to altered protein phosphorylation and downstream transcription of genes. We determined whether activation of these pathways also occurs in human skin exposed to 4× minimal erythemic dose of UVB in 23 volunteers. Biopsies were taken prior to, at 30 min, 1 and 24 h post‐UVB. In agreement with mouse studies, the earliest UV‐induced changes in epidermis were seen in phospho‐CREB (two‐ and five‐fold at 30 min and 1 h) and in phospho‐MAPKAPK‐2 (three‐fold at both 30 min and 1 h). At 1 h, phospho‐c‐JUN and phospho‐p38 were increased five‐ and two‐fold, respectively. Moreover, phospho‐c‐JUN and phospho‐p38 were further increased at 24 h (12‐ and six‐fold, respectively). Phospho‐GSK‐3β was similarly increased at all time points. Increases in phospho‐p53 (12‐fold), COX‐2 (four‐fold), c‐FOS (14‐fold) and apoptosis were not seen until 24 h. Our data suggest that UVB acts through MAPK p38 and PI‐3 kinase with phosphorylation of MAPKAPK‐2, CREB, c‐JUN, p38, GSK‐3β and p53 leading to marked increases in c‐FOS, COX‐2 and apoptosis. Validation of murine models in human skin will aid in development of effective skin cancer chemoprevention and prevention strategies.
Broadening the Study of the Self: Integrating the Study of Personal Identity and Cultural Identity
Authors: Schwartz Seth J. , Zamboanga Byron L. , Weisskirch Robert S. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis article reviews what is known and what remains to be studied, regarding the association between personal identity and cultural identity. Although these two conceptions of identity have inspired separate literatures and have developed independently of one another, globalization and mass immigration have increased the need to study these two conceptions of identity together. The article puts forth recommendations for integrating the literatures on personal identity and cultural identity. These recommendations include using multidimensional constructs to represent both personal identity and cultural identity, refining the measurement of personal identity and of cultural identity, and of studying these conceptions of identity across various ethnic, cultural, and national groups.
Tales from Existential Oceans: Terror Management Theory and How the Awareness of Our Mortality Affects Us All
Authors: Arndt Jamie , Vess Matthew 
Published: January 2008

AbstractTerror management theory is a social psychological theory that draws from existential, psychodynamic, and evolutionary perspectives to understand the often potent influence that deeply rooted concerns about mortality can have on our sense of self and social behavior. The present article presents a brief introduction to the theory, comments on critiques and alternative explanations, and highlights where the theory came from, where it has been, and a few places that it might be going. Research is reviewed that uses this analysis to understand conscious and unconscious processes of psychological defense, the role of relationships and basic structuring of reality for managing existential distress, the integration of these ideas with motives for creativity and psychological growth, as well as a number of applied directions that help to make sense of pressing social problems.
Social Implications of Mobile Telephony: The Rise of Personal Communication Society
Authors: Campbell Scott W. , Park Yong Jin 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe media landscape has changed dramatically in recent decades, from one predominated by traditional mass communication formats to today's more personalized network environment. Mobile communication plays a central role in this transition, with adoption rates that surpass even those of the Internet. This essay argues that the widespread diffusion and use of mobile telephony is iconic of a shift toward a new ‘personal communication society’, evidenced by several key areas of social change, including symbolic meaning of the technology, new forms of coordination and social networking, personalization of public spaces, and the mobile youth culture. The conclusion speculates on future trends in the sociotechnological climate.
Emotional Labor and Health Care
Authors: Erickson Rebecca J. , Grove Wendy J. C. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractWe examine the literature on emotional labor and health care to demonstrate the potential for emotional labor research to inform how social and medical scientists think about health care and how examining healthcare contexts has contributed to the scientific understanding of emotional labor processes. In doing so, we first review the key terms and definitions that are used within the emotion management perspective and evaluate the ways in which power differences have remained largely implicit features of research on emotional labor in healthcare settings. Finally, we explore how the increasing economic rationalization of health care may be influencing the emotional experiences of today's healthcare professionals and the implications of this trend for future research on emotional labor and the health and well‐being of care providers and their patients.
The effectiveness and optimal use of Malaise traps for monitoring parasitoid wasps
Authors: FRASER SALLY E. M. , DYTHAM CALVIN , MAYHEW PETER J. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Parasitoid wasps are species‐rich and likely to be sensitive indicators of environmental change. Malaise traps are widely used for sampling certain taxa of parasitic Hymenoptera, but little is known about how they should best be used to monitor the community at an individual site.To investigate the effects of sample duration, trap location and replication on the parasitoid assemblage, we sampled four ichneumonid subfamilies (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) intensively using Malaise traps in two farm woods in the Vale of York, UK.Species accumulation curves showed that even with 16 Malaise traps per wood, the community is incompletely sampled. Despite this, we caught up to 28% of all UK species in a single wood, implying that local parasitoid diversity may be very high.Abundance and species richness of parasitoids differed significantly between sample periods (fortnights) and between traps, but did not differ overall between core and edge locations.Parasitoid community composition differed between core and edge traps, but differences were much stronger in one wood than the other. One subfamily, the Poemeniinae, was found predominantly in edge locations. Catch differences became greater with increasing distance between traps.The previous year, two traps in each of the same woods caught only half as many species, but species abundance was positively correlated between years.Our results suggest that a small number of traps can contain useful information about the parasitoid community but is likely to seriously underestimate total species richness. To achieve extensive species coverage, sampling should continue over several weeks, with widely separated traps sampling both core and edge locations. Our focal taxa should prove excellent for monitoring the effects of environmental change on biodiversity.
Effects of mobility on daily attraction to light traps: comparison between lepidopteran and coleopteran communities
Authors: HIRAO TOSHIHIDE , MURAKAMI MASASHI , KASHIZAKI AKIRA 
Published: January 2008

Abstract.

Light traps have been widely used for surveying insect community structure, but some biases are known to occur under certain meteorological conditions.
In addition to weather factors, we raise the novel hypothesis that if the daily movement distance of focal insects is shorter than the effective range of the light trap, then the species richness and abundance of the daily captures will increase during the course of the night.
This study examined the daily attraction patterns of Lepidoptera and Coleoptera to light traps and the factors affecting the attraction of these communities. Light traps were run for three consecutive nights in each month from April to October 2001 in a cool‐temperate forest in Japan.
The species richness and abundance of Coleoptera increased during trap nights, whereas lepidopteran captures remained constant. Meteorological factors influenced the capture of both communities throughout the sampling season, but the daily increment in Coleoptera was not explained by the daily trends in weather conditions.
We argue that the daily augmentation of Coleoptera capture rate results from the daily movement distance of Coleoptera being generally shorter than the effective and perceivable range of the light traps. These results suggest that consideration of the typical daily movement of a focal taxon is required when conducting biological monitoring using light trap sampling.
Patient‐Level and Practice‐Level Characteristics Associated with Receipt of Preventive Dental Services: 48‐Month Incidence
Authors: Gilbert Gregg H. , Bader James D. , Litaker Mark S. , Shelton Brent J. , Duncan R. Paul 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Objectives: This study aims to: a) quantify the incidence of preventive dental services [in‐office fluoride application and dental cleaning (prophylaxis)]; b) determine if these services are effectively targeted to patients with the highest need; and c) quantify the role of practice characteristics and patient‐level factors in service receipt. Methods: A population‐based prospective cohort study was conducted with 873 adults who had at least one tooth at baseline, 743 of whom provided 48‐month data. In‐person interviews and clinical examinations were conducted biennially for 48 months, with 6‐monthly telephone interviews in between. Dental records were abstracted afterward, and practices that served participants completed questionnaires. Analysis was limited to persons with at least one dental visit of any type during follow‐up (87 percent of the sample). Results: Only 9 percent of the persons received at least one fluoride application; 75 percent received a dental cleaning. Persons with high need were actually less likely to have received preventive services. In multivariable regression analyses, characteristics of the practice in which the subject received care were very strongly related to fluoride receipt, independent of patient‐specific characteristics. Conclusions: One preventive procedure was common; the other was uncommon. However, practices did not effectively target high‐risk patients for either procedure. Instead, both services were typically received by persons with the least need for them. These findings are consistent with the conclusion that practitioners greatly influenced the delivery of fluoride services, with substantial contributions also made by patient‐level predisposing and enabling factors for both preventive services.
Oral Manifestations of HIV Infection in Patients Receiving Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) in Bahia, Brazil
Authors: Da Silva Carlos Alberto Lima , Dourado Inês , Dahia Samir Resack , Harzheim Erno , Rutherford George Williams 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Objectives: We investigated the oral manifestations of HIV‐infected patients in Salvador, Brazil, and their relationship to immunologic, sociodemographic, and therapeutic factors. Methods: This was a cross‐sectional study that used data from adult patients' medical records in the dentistry service of the AIDS Reference Center in Salvador, Brazil. We reviewed the patients' records to collect information concerning oral health status and data on socioeconomic status, immunologic status, and treatment. Results: A total of 993 patients were included in the study, of whom 473 (47.6 percent) were male. Approximately 5.5 percent of the patients presented with any oral lesions. Oral lesions were the most common in the patients with fewer than 350 CD4+T lymphocytes (8.4 percent) and with viral loads greater than 10,000 copies (8.3 percent). Conclusions: Our study shows that lesions are more common in patients with advanced immune suppression and low level of schooling. Oral candidiasis and angular chelitis were the most common lesions seen.
A Conceptual Framework for Hispanic Oral Health Care
Authors: Mejia Gloria C. , Kaufman Jay S. , Corbie‐Smith Giselle , Rozier R. Gary , Caplan Daniel J. , Suchindran Chirayath M. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract The need to study the health and health care determinants of US Hispanics is mandated by their rapid population growth. Nonetheless, it is challenging to study such a diverse population that incorporates many similarities and differences in values and experiences. This paper aims to highlight the factors that should be considered in Hispanic oral health research in the United States, and presents, in a theoretical framework, the relationships between these factors. The proposed ecological framework is supported by an extensive literature review, with an emphasis on the factors that are reported to differ among ethnic groups. It has a foundation in social science and is based on existing models from different fields of knowledge. To be comprehensive, the framework simultaneously addresses individual and environmental constructs. Within these, antecedent factors shape the intention to seek oral health care, while empowerment factors play a mediating role between intention and actual receipt of care. Individual antecedent factors incorporate risk markers, need, and predisposing factors. Environmental antecedent factors are represented by social constructs that allude to the population's health culture. Empowerment factors explain the level of control that a person perceives or the environment provides in receiving care. A thorough consideration of the factors that drive Hispanics' oral health care usage will aid US researchers and practitioners in improving this population's health and access to care.