bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Advances in Forties Field Water Injection
Authors: Simpson A. J. , Paige R. W. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The Forties Field sea water injection system was commissioned in 1976 and rapidly achieved design injection capacity of 450,000 bwpd at 80 bar WHIP [71,500 m3/d @ 8 MPa]. The system originally incorporated a cartridge type fine filtration system. In recent years our understanding of both water injection and water quality effects has advanced such that the fine filters were removed during 1989 and 1990. No adverse effects have been experienced or are anticipated. It was recognised that well performance when injecting fine solids or emulsions would depend on the state of the formation around the wellbore. Well-pulsing techniques were used to demonstrate the existence of fractures or cavities in the poorly-consolidated sandstone of the formation. Results suggested that changes in injected water quality did not lead to fracture growth. Some additional information indicating the degree of formation disturbance around the wellbore was provided by analysis of step rate and pressure fall-off tests.
We also report on the results of sustained produced water re-injection into the Forties reservoir. A pilot reinjection trial was conducted in 1985. Produced water was injected into a Forties well at 12,000 bwpd, 89 bar WHIP [1,900 m3/d @ 8.9 MPa] for 6 weeks. The oil in water content varied from 501200 ppm [50-1200 cm3/m3] but there was no evidence of injectivity impairment throughout the trial.
Based on the success of the 1985 trial, a long term reinjection test was initiated on the same well in March 1989. Injection performance was initially difficult to analyse due to persistent pump seal failures, control system problems and, at times, a lack of sufficient produced water. However an injectivity decline of 20-30% was established and various damage and stimulation effects have been investigated.
A Total System Approach to Sweet Gas Corrosion Control by Inhibition
Authors: Argent C. J. , Kokoszka C. L. , Dale M. J. , Hindmarsh M. W. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper describes an integrated approach to inhibitor assessment and selection for sweet gas corrosion control. A laboratory evaluation programme is described based on criteria which include production system compatability (process/materials), critical inhibitor properties and corrosion control efficiency under normal operating conditions and those when protection may be impaired.
Evaluation of Not Normally Manned Platform Development Concepts
Authors: King S. D. J. , Lucas-Clements D. C. N. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A method for the evaluation of unmanned oil and gas development concepts is presented.
Production – average and variability – is calculated to capture development concept revenue risks; manning logistics to prove operability and quantify OPEX. The life cycle simulation method accounts for equipment reliability, maintenance logistics, and operational constraints such as CSON 58.1
A Novel Approach to Exploration Risk Analysis
Authors: Cairns R. J. R. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The Achilles' heel of risk analysis is the inability to ascribe probabilities with the required degree of precision. In this paper, a novel approach to the problem of decision making under uncertainty is elucidated. It uses three basic key parameters – the cost to failure, the value of success, the technical evaluation – common to all exploration plays and a derived parameter, the reward to risk ratio as a boundary or go/no go parameter.
It addresses two distinct decision making problems – the specific opportunity and the assignment of priorities. For the latter, a ranking method is used and explained in detail. Ways to extend the methodology to other situations are indicated.
Finally, the benefits of this approach, compared with the widely used Risk Analysis, are enumerated.
Motion Sickness in TEMPSC: Comparison of Abandonment and Training
Authors: Brooke S. T. , Greenen M. G. , Light I. M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Totally Enclosed Motor Propelled Survival Craft (TEMPSC) is potentially a very provocative factor in the development of motion sickness. Its inherent design characteristics can provide a very nauseogenic environment when launched in even moderate seas. The human factors associated with an abandonment of an offshore installation may significantly potentiate the existing likelihood of motion sickness. The role of the psychogenic stimuli in the aetiology of motion sickness may become more prominent in a real-life scenario when compared to a training drill.
Motion sickness questionnaires were completed by trainees (n = 899) undergoing offshore survival training and survivors (n = 39) of the 'Ocean Odyssey' drilling rig evacuation. The questionnaires provided data including incidence of vomiting, feelings of illness, reasons for illness, age, travel history, and sea conditions. In order to obtain a realistic comparison group for the survivors data, a sub-group of trainees (n = 72) was selected which had been in the same type of survival craft (Watercraft Mk H) and the same sea state (Beaufort State 4) as that of the 'Ocean Odyssey' abandonment. Significantly higher levels of vomiting and feelings of illness were recorded for the survivors than the trainees. Reasons for illness differed between the groups with the survivors implicating psychogenic factors as the main cause. Both groups revealed that vomiting took place within 1 hour. Data from the overall group of trainees showed an illness rating of 1.32 which is high in comparison to other forms of sea transportation.
The combination of the psychogenic factors and the immediacy of the onset of motion sickness symptoms and the endpoint of vomiting may have implications for preventive measures such as training and drug administration.
Strategies for the Improvement of Quality of Life and Service at the Wellsite
Authors: Lombardo G. J. , McCants K. J. , Klein M. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The oil industry, particularly exploration and production drilling has always had to contend with a remarkable set of conditions: complicated logistics, remote locations, twentyfour hour daily operations, and long and uneven schedules, to mention only a few.
Invariably, operations personnel, particularly service company personnel, are required to perform highly technical, often critical tasks for long periods of time without the benefit of sustained periods of restfulness. This condition is compounded by irregular days-off schedules and the offshore environment itself.
Research in other industries has shown that scheduling conditions similar to those experienced in the E&P drilling industry have lowered the standard of life, general health, safety and performance of employees.
With the move towards higher technology and even more critical tasks, more demanding employees and an essentially unchanged working environment, the problems are compounded even further. Work related stress and quality of life have become important factors in our employees’ career decisions and their ability to work safety.
'Ibis paper discusses the evaluation of the work schedule and work/living conditions of the wellsite measurement and services personnel of Anadrill Schlumberger, and concludes with methods to improve the safety, health and general quality of life of those personnel and the service quality they can deliver.
An Effective Corporate Drug and Alcohol Program
Authors: Wong J. , Barnes L. B. , Collins K. R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper presents the policies and practice of a corporation and its operating companies in controlling workplace drug and alcohol abuse. Anonymous drug testing of representative sample groups of employees and new hires found alarming rates of drug abuse. In response, policies were updated to cover pre-employment, for cause, and other testing, searches, contractor procedures, rehabilitation, and discipline.
Step-wise implementation, a revised medical benefit package, and the expanded role of the Employee Assistance Program (EAP) — keys to maximizing employee acceptance — are detailed. Encouraging improvement in the retention rate for employees who have completed rehabilitation is reported.
Application of TRIPOD To Measure Latent Errors in North Sea Gas Platforms: Validity of Failure State Profiles
Authors: Hudson P. T. W. , Groeneweg J. , Reason J. T. , Wagenaar W. A. , van der Meeren R. J. W. , Visser J. P. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
TRIPOD is a new approach to safety which stresses the importance of underlying factors in the causation of accidents. A diagnostic instrument, the Failure State Profile, has been developed using checklists of concrete indicators related to a specific set of General Failure Types identified as underlying accidents in exploration and production activities. The predictive validity of such a profile can be checked against analyses of actual accidents to see if the same pattern of underlying causes is revealed. This paper shows that the checklist-based Failure State Profile is a good predictor and can be used to help managers set priorities and allocate resources in order to optimise safety.
Retrospective Field Research of Accident and Illness Data on the Dutch Continental Shelf
Authors: Harderwijk E. P. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
KIM Offshore Medical Services (OMS) provides medical back-up services for all operators in the offshore industry on the Dutch Continental Shelf.
This paper describes a retrospective study on all radio medical advice given by OMS, during a one-yearperiod. Points of interest are: frequency-distribution of illnesses and accidents; relations between illness- and accident-rates versus platformtype and function of employee; predictability of illnesses through medical examinations. Results are discussed: eye injuries are the most frequent accidents and dental problems one of the most frequent illnesses. Recommendations are given for preventive measurements in both cases.
The Modeling of Gas Explosions and the Response of Topside Structures
Authors: Scheier E. A. , Salter H. S. , Valdivieso J. B. , Wood B. J. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper presents a methodology to assess both the pressure impulse from a gas explosion in a semiconfined structure and the subsequent response of the structure to the imposed loads.
Analytic fluid dynamic explosion modeling methods for semiconfined structures are described. An iterative approach to developing the pressure impulse for the structure is presented. The method uses a series of intermediate structural response and explosion simulations to produce a pressure impulse which is characteristic of the explosion scenario examined.
The structural response analysis emphasizes estimating maximum response, permanent deformations, and post-explosion stability. An elasto-plastic model is used in the structural analysis to account for nonlinear structural behavior and dynamic response. It considers strain rate effects and statistical bias between minimum and actual yield stress values.
The method provides engineers with a tool which, if used in the design or refurbishment of topsides, can significantly enhance their blast resistance characteristics.
Goal-Setting Design for Fire and Gas Detection Systems
Authors: Bonn R. J. C. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
In recent years the complexity and cost of Fire and Gas detection systems have increased rapidly with no measurable reduction in fatality rates or other losses. A principal reason for this disappointing outcome despite substantial investment is that systems designs have lost the focus of what they are trying to achieve.
Another reason worth exploring is that investment in other areas may result in greater benefits. For instance, diverting funds to preventing lifting accidents, helicopter failures and materials handling incidents, could result in greater OVERALL benefit since these account for a larger proportion of risks.
Nevertheless, Fire and Gas detections systems have a major role to play in preventing escalation, and this paper shows how they can be made more efficient in both cost and performance by combining four methods: targeting perceived hazards,integration from concept stage with other safety designs,control of design with effective performance specification, andcontrol of modifications throughout the system's life.
Helicopter Safety Study
Authors: Ulleberge T. , Ingstad O. , Rosness R. , Sten T. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper describes the HelicopterSafety Study, a research projectcarried out for A/S Norske Shell and Statoil to provide a decision basisfor future helicopter safety research and development. The study concluded that North Sea helicopter transportation has a fatal accidentrate which is about ten times higherthan that of scheduled airline services, in spite of a generally highstandard of operations, maintenanceand management. A reduction in fatalities of approximately 40%may be achieved over the next 10-15years, through extensive efforts inresearch and development. Although other sources have indicatedthat humanfactors are the dominating concern in worldwide helicopter safety,thisstudy shows that technical reliability is the most promising areafor improving safety in North Sea helicopter transportation.
Corridors Through Wetland: Impacts on Plant and Avian Diversity
Authors: Zimmerman R. E. , Isaacson H. R. , Johnson D. O. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper assesses the impacts of a 20-year-old pipeline right-of-way (ROW) through a boreal forest wetland. The study showed: (1) adjacent natural wetland areas were not altered in type; (2) water sheet flow restriction has been reversed by nature; (3) no non-native plant species have invaded natural areas; (4) three-quarters of the ROW area is a wedand, (5) the ROW has increased biodiversity; and (6) public access has a detrimental effect.
An Oil Spill Fate Model Including Sinking Effect
Authors: Villoria C. M. , Anselmi A. E. , García F. R. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
An oil spill model, which accounts for the sinking effect, was developed. The main processes that affect the fate of oil released into the environment, for the first days of the spill, are included. These are evaporation, spreading, dispersion, emulsification and sinking. Special consideration is given to the process of sinking of oil, and the conditions at which this to occurs are described. Also, the basic equations for determining the breaking of the spill in fragments, the size of this fragments, the overwash depth, the maximum sinking depth and the distribution of oil in the water column are given. The model is applied t.o two hypothetical spills of 1000 m3 in stratified waters. The two spills differ in the density of the oil, 900 and 990 Kg/m3. In the first case the oil disappears from the surface after seven days at sea, mostly from evaporation and dispersion, while in the second case, because the high density of the oil, the spill sinks completely after 18 hours at sea.
GRI's Devonian Shales Research Program: A Progress Report
Authors: Lancaster D. E. , Guidry F. K. , Lowry P. H. , Graham R. L. , Hill D. G. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper presents a summary of the key observations and conclusions from the Gas Research Institute's (GRI's) Comprehensive Study Well (CSW) research program conducted in the Devonian Shales of the Appalachian Basin. Initiated in 1987, the CSW program was a series of highly instrumented study wells drilled in cooperation with industry partners. Seven wells were drilled as part of the program. Extensive data sets were collected and special experiments were run on the CSW's in addition to the operator's normal operations, with the objectives of identifying geologic production controls, refining formation evaluation tools, and improving reservoir description and stimulation practices in the Devonian Shales.
This paper highlights the key results from the research conducted in the CSW program in the areas of geologic production controls, formation evaluation, stimulation and reservoir engineering, and field operations. The development of geologic, log analysis, and reservoir models for the Shales from the data gathered and analyzed during the research is discussed. In addition, on the basis of what was learned in the CSW program, GRI's plans for new research in the Devonian Shales are described.
A Ratio-Based Epithermal Neutron Porosity for Air-Filled Boreholes
Authors: Galford J. E. , Nelson R. F. , McKeon D. C. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Sidewall neutron tools have been the standard neutron porosity tool in air-filled boreholes for 25 years. The introduction of combinable neutron tools with simultaneous dual-detector thermal and epithermal neutron measurements provided the possibility for improved porosity evaluations in both air- and liquid-filled boreholes. Obtaining thermal neutron porosity measurement in air-filled boreholes is impractical because of poor porosity sensitivity and the combined effects of borehole size and thermal neutron absorption. In contrast, the epithermal ratio possesses good sensitivity in the low-to-medium porosity range encountered in air-drilled formations. A significant, but manageable borehole size effect also influences the epithermal ratio. In addition, the epithermal ratio porosity has better statistical precision than sidewall measurements because a stronger neutron source is used with the dual-detector design.
New responses for the dual-detector epithermal neutron measurement in air-filled boreholes have been developed from data obtained in recent laboratory experiments and Monte Carlo modeling calculations. A data base consisting of 47 laboratory measurements and 164 Monte Carlo simulations was used to derive basic responses to the three principal formation matrix materials and to define a correction for variations in borehole diameter ranging from 4 to 14 in. [10 to 36 cm]. In addition, Monte Carlo simulations and laboratory experiments were used to investigate the effects caused by tool standoff.
In the past, parameterizations of the dual-detector epithermal response in air-filled boreholes were obtained through empirical relationships with measurements in liquid-filled boreholes and comparisons with sidewall neutron measurements in air-filled boreholes. Because the previous relationships were "calibrated" to other measurements made under specific borehole conditions, the new algorithms significantly improve the accuracy of the porosity determination in air-filled boreholes over a greater range of porosity, lithology and borehole diameters.
Example logs from different areas of the country are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the new algorithms and the improvement in statistical precision. A new porosity crossplot chart is included to estimate gas saturation and determine porosity in air-filled boreholes.
Fracturing Net Pressure Analysis for Variable-Rate Injection
Authors: Poulsen D. K. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Using various graphical techniques to observe net fracturing pressure behavior can be invaluable in diagnosing fracture growth behavior, often providing the engineer with information that allows him to take corrective action as the treatment is proceeding. Techniques previously presented for plotting net pressures and methods for interpreting the plots were developed under the implicit assumption of constant injection rate. New, more general graphing techniques are shown to be less affected by variations in injection rate, extending net pressure analysis to a wider variety of situations.
Systematic and Simple Data Collection Program Improves Hydraulic Fracturing
Authors: Plahn S. V. , Schoch F. D. , Ayoub J. A. , Holms B. A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The majority of fracturing treatments are designed from uncertain input data. Improvements in future treatments are slow or nonexistent when little is done to decrease these uncertainties. This paper demonstrates how a modest data collection program has led to improved hydraulic fracture design in a low permeability oil reservoir. The objectives of this program were to gather data that would lead to more effective fracturing treatments and to do so in a cost effective manner.
Simulation of Particle Movement in Porous Rock
Authors: Meloy T. P. , Rülke A. W. , Williams M. , Aminian K. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A significant portion of oil remains in a reservoir after primary and secondary recovery. An understanding of the mechanisms and flow paths of fluids in permeable rock is important if greater recovery is to be realized from the reservoirs. The permeability of the reservoir rocks is not predictable from first principles. In this paper, a simple model that approximates a porous medium as a network of interconnected pores has been developed. This paper relates the use of the model to characterize fluid flow through a complex porous medium. The model consists of a regular matrix of pores that are connected by different-sized connections between the pores or, more precisely, ostioles. Because the pores are assumed to be considerably larger in size than the ostioles, all flow resistance lies in the ostioles. Hagen-Poiseuille's equation was used to give the relation between ostiole size and conductivity. Several different ostiole size distributions were studied in conjunction with Monte-Carlo simulation which assigned a size to each ostiole. The model has been used to evaluate the complexity of flow paths and the effect of mono-sized particle movement in the porous media. The particles plug the ostioles and reduce the permeability. This permeability reduction has been determined as a function of the number and size of the particles. In addition, a percolation threshold for complete flow blockage in the porous media was determined. A series of permeability reduction curves was calculated for different particle sizes for the ostiole size distributions. The shape of the permeability reduction curves provided information about the intrinsic ostiole size distribution. An experimental procedure has been proposed for determination of ostiole size distributions based on the reduction of flow rate with mono-sized particles.