bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stannous fluoride and subgingival chlorhexidine irrigation in the control of plaque and chronic periodontitis
Authors: Wieder S. G. , Newman H. N. , Strahan J. D. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible benefits of stannous fluoride dentifrice (SnF2) and once daily chlorhexidine (CH) in the control of chronic periodontitis, following a single course of scaling and root planing. 14 adult patients with pockets 4 mm or deeper received a thorough scaling and root planing, followed by instruction in the irrigation of those pockets with CH. They were given either SnF2:‐containing or a placebo dentifrice, and a new multituft toothbrush, but no instruction in routine oral hygiene.Plaque Index (PII), Sulcus Bleeding Index (SBI) and pocket depth were recorded prior to scaling on day 0. The same parameters and gingival shrinkage were recorded at weeks .1, 2, 4, 8 and 12. CH irrigation was discontinued at day 28.Both groups showed highly significant improvements in all parameters except gingival shrinkage after 28 days. PII was significantly less at all stages in the SnF2 group. It reached baseline values by day 56 in the placebo and day 84 in the SnF2 group. Periodontitis as assessed by SBI remained reduced significantly below baseline values in both groups at the end of the study. At this time there was no significant difference between the groups as regards SBI.It was concluded that a single course of thorough scaling and root planing followed by once daily subgingival irrigation with CH for 1 month, produced a reduction in periodontitis still apparent 2 months after cessation of irrigation. This regime allows a 3‐month interval between oral hygiene visits. SnF2‐containing dentifrice had a plaque control effect additional to that produced by the regime but had no effect on periodontitis as assessed by SBI.
Effect of citric acid on soft tissue healing in the rat palate
Authors: Seymour G. J. , Romaniuk K. , Newcomb G. M. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract. The present study was carried out to determine the effects of citric acid (pH I) on soft tissue healing. Standardised circular wounds were created in the palates of 24 rats using a modified trephine. Test animals had citric acid (pH I) applied to the wounds for 3 min followed by rinsing with saline. In the control animals saline alone was applied for a similar time which was again followed by rinsing. Animals were sacrificed at 0. 1, 4 and 24 h, the palates dissected out and fixed in either neutral formalin, formol‐sucrose for histochemical analysis or had epithelial sheets prepared for ATPase staining of Langerhans cells. At O. 1 and 4 h less enzyme activity (non‐specific esterase and acid phosphatase) was observed in the epithelium in the edge of the citric acid treated wounds compared to the controls. This was not seen at 24 h. No morphological difference was noted between the citric acid treated wounds and the controls at any of the time intervals. The morphology and distribution of ATPase positive Langerhans cells did not differ between the test and control wounds.These results indicate that the application of citric acid (pH 1) has little effect on the short‐term healing of soft tissue wounds in the rat palate.
Gingival IgE and histamine concentrations in patients with asthma and in patients with periodontitis
Authors: Hyyppä Tuula 
Published: December 2005

AbstractIn the present study the concentrations of IgE and histamine were determined in gingival tissue of patients with asthma (N= 15), patients with periodontitis (N = 21) and healthy controls (N= 18).Gingival IgE concentrations in the asthma group were markedly elevated confirming the results obtained in previous studies on salivary IgE concentrations. An increase of IgE was also observed in the periodontitis group.Histamine concentrations in the asthma group did not differ from the healthy controls, while in the periodontitis group a significant decrease in gingival histamine concentrations was found.
Long‐term maintenance of patients treated for advanced periodontal disease*
Authors: Lindhe Jan , Nyman Sture 
Published: December 2005

Abstract The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the periodontal conditions of a group of patients who, following active treatment of extremely advanced periodontal disease, had been maintained for 14 years in a well‐supervised maintenance care program. The present sample included 61 subjects out of an initial group of 75 individuals who in 1969 were referred to and treated by the authors. Following an initial examination, the patients were given detailed instructions in proper plaque control measures and were subjected to scaling and root planing and surgical elimination of pathologically deepened pockets. After the termination of the active treatment phase, the patients were placed in a maintenance care program including recall appointments every 3–6 months. At the initial examination, immediately after the completion of the active treatment phase and then once a year, all patients were examined regarding oral hygiene, gingival conditions, probing depths and clinical attachment levels. In addition, the interproximal alveolar bone height was determined from full mouth radiographs obtained before active treatment, at the completion of active therapy and 1, 3, 5, 8, 10, 12 and 14 years after treatment.The results from the repeated examinations demonstrated that treatment of advanced forms of periodontal disease resulted in clinically healthy periodontal conditions and that this state of “periodontal health” could be maintained in most patients and sites over a period of 14 years. It was also demonstrated that the treatment and maintenance programs described were equally effective in young and older patients.The individual mean values describing probing depths, attachment levels, and bone heights did not vary significantly over the 14 years of observation. A more detailed analysis of the data revealed, however, that a small number of sites in a few patients lost a substantial amount of attachment. This attachment loss occurred at different time intervals during the course of the maintenance period. Thus, 43 surfaces in 15 different patients were exposed to recurrent periodontal disease of a significant magnitude. This recurrent inflammatory periodontal disease caused the loss of 16 teeth in 7 different patients during the maintenance period. The data reported question the validity of using individual mean values to describe alterations of the periodontal conditions during maintenance following active periodontal therapy.
Corticosteroid therapy and periodontal disease
Authors: Safkan B. , Knuuttila M. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract In the present investigation, the frequency and severity of periodontal disease was assessed in a group of patients with multiple sclerosis receiving corticosteroid hormone therapy for neurological disease. Age‐matched patients with multiple sclerosis but without hormone therapy as well as healthy subjects served as controls. Individuals suffering from multiple sclerosis or polyneuropathies were selected from a pool of patients who were under treatment at the Department of Neurology, The Central Hospital of Kuopio, Finland. 27 individuals were identified who had received more than 1.5 g prednisonc over a 1–4 year period. The average amount of steroid given to these patients was 3.5 g. 26 individuals also suffering from neurologic disease had received no or only negligable amounts of hormone therapy and were used as diseased controls. Another control group comprised age‐ and sex‐matched healthy individuals from the city of Kuopio.The dental examination which was performed by one dentist comprised assessments of the following parameters: oral hygiene status, gingival conditions, probing depth, gingival recession and height of the alveolar bone. The findings clearly demonstrated that patients with neurological disease who received corticosteroid therapy had the same frequency of gingivitis as non‐treated diseased controls. Furthermore, data describing probing depth, gingival recession and height of the alveolar bone revealed that there was no difference regarding the frequency and severity of periodontal disease between the 2 groups of neurological diseased patients. It was concluded that corticosteroid therapy maintained over 1‐4 years had no obvious influence on clinical parameters of periodontal disease in patients suffering from neurological disease.
A longitudinal study of untreated periodontal disease
Authors: Buckley Louis A. , Growley Michael J. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract 1016 textile workers were examined during a baseline study in 1969/70. A follow‐up examination in 1979/80 identified 82 subjects who had not been treated for periodontal disease in the intervening period. There were 39 male and 43 female subjects; the average age at the initial examination was 27.0 years. There was an average tooth loss of 2.5 (SEM 0.6) teeth per subject over the 10‐year period. While periodontal disease was significantly related to oral hygiene at the outset, neither factor was significantly related to the degree of tooth loss.A detailed analysis of the dynamics of the periodontal condition was undertaken. The subsequent results are presented in the form of transition matrices and clearly illustrate both the progression of periodontal disease and the degree of tooth loss associated with each level of periodontal disease at the initial examination.The main findings are as follows.(a) Overall 6% of teeth initially free of periodontal disease (P.I.O.) were lost compared to 14% with destructive periodontal disease (P.I.6).(b) Progression of periodontal disease was slow for teeth initially free of periodontal disease and with mild gingivitis (P.1.0 and P.I.1) for all age groups. However severe gingivitis (P.1.2), resulted in more rapid deterioration of the supporting tissues in subjects over 35 years old at the final examination; 35% of such teeth changed to destructive periodontal disease (P. 1.6) compared to 17% of corresponding teeth for the under 35‐year age group. In contrast, a poorer prognosis was found for the teeth with destructive periodontal disease (P.1.6) in the younger age group.(c) While the rate of progression of established periodontal disease was similar for anterior and posterior teeth, the onset of gingivitis was more pronounced in the latter.
Effect of chlorhexidine rinses on the morphology of early dental plaque formed on plastic film
Authors: Brecx Michel , Theilade Jorgan 
Published: December 2005

Abstract The effect of chlorhexidine on early plaque formation was studied in vivo in order to assess potential structural and quantitative changes. 3 subjects with healthy gingiva were used. Plastic films were applied to the buccal surfaces of the maxillary right first premolars and plaque was allowed to form for either 4 or 24 h. A single 1‐min rinse with 0.2% chlorhexidine digluconate was used for the 4‐h experiments, 1 min after film placement, whereas, for the 24‐h experiments, an additional 1 min rinse was used at 12 h. In total, 62 films were obtained, half treated and half controls. These were processed for light and transmission electron microscopy, using standardized techniques for area sampling and cell counting.All plastic films were covered by a surface coating of a cellular material in or on which bacteria, epithelial cells and leukocytes were observed. In the controls, an important increase in bacterial count was seen between 4 and 24 h, whereas the increase with chlorhexidine was slight. There were fewer bacteria in the chlorhexidine as compared to the water specimens, for both time periods. Many microorganisms in the chlorhexidine. Samples appeared to be undergoing degeneration with coagulated cytoplasm and disrupted cell walls.
Clinical, microbiological and immunological features associated with the treatment of active periodontosis lesions
Authors: Haffajee A. D. , Socransky S. S. , Ebersole J. L. , Smith D. J. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract Clinical, microbiological and immunological factors were examined using data from a subject with periodontosis. The subject was monitored at bimonthly intervals for 26 months at 6 sites per tooth for redness, plaque, suppuration, bleeding on probing, pocket depth, and attachment level. Using attachment level measurements and the tolerance method of analysis, sites with active disease and control (inactive) sites of equal pocket depth were selected. Subgingival plaque samples were taken from these sites for predominant cultivable and dark field evaluation before, and 5 and 13 months after treatment by Widman flap surgery and systemic tetracycline. 50 isolates from each of 5 sites monitored before and after treatment were characterized and, if possible, identified. Active sites showed between 2 and 6 mm of attachment loss prior to therapy and “gained” between 2 and 9 mm of attachment after therapy. The control sites “gained” 0 to 1 mm of attachment after therapy. Bleeding on probing was significantly reduced after treatment, whereas plaque accumulation increased significantly in the sampled sites. Similar changes were seen in the remaining sites.The proportions of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Selenomonas sputigena were elevated in active sites, while proportions of Bacleroides intermedius were elevated in control sites. 5 months after treatment, proportions of A. actinomycetemcomitans, S. sputigena and Eikenella corrodens were significantly decreased in the previously active sites and proportions of B. intermedius and E. corrodens were significantly decreased in the control sites. 13 months after therapy, the proportions of Fusobacterium nucleatum and Capnocytophaga species had increased.Multiple linear regression analysis was used to examine models which could “predict” the outcome, attachment level change in the previous monitoring period. The proportions of A. actinomycetemcomitans and S. sputigena, which were associated with destruction, coupled with the proportions of Streptococcus sanguis II and Campylobacter concisus which were associated with “gain” could predict prior attachment level change with an r2 of 0.93.Humoral antibody response to A. actinomycetemcomitans and C. sputigena significantly increased in a period in which multiple actively breaking down sites were detected. Antibody responses to 20 other species tested did not significantly change during the course of monitoring. Crevicular fluid and tissue levels of antibody to A. actinomycetemcomitans were elevated in 5 of 6 active destructive lesions prior to therapy. Surgical and tetracycline therapy diminished the local antibody response to A. actinomycetemcomitans to levels found in serum.
Effect of metronidazole on chronic periodontal disease in subjects using a topically applied chlorhexidine gel
Authors: Joyston‐Bechal S. , Smales F. C. , Duckworth R. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract A double blind between subject comparison of the effect of metronidazole and placebo tablets was completed over 22 weeks in 45 subjects with chronic periodontal disease ranging in severity from moderate (PI = 2.0–3.9) to high (PI = 4.0–6.0). All subjects used a topically applied chlorhexidine gel for the first 10 weeks. Throughout the trial plaque, bleeding and calculus were assessed on the buccal, lingual, mesial and distal surfaces of teeth 16, 21, 24, 36, 41 and 44 and their supporting tissues. The pocket depths on the same 4 aspects of all teeth present were measured.The regime employed consisted of oral hygiene instruction (OHI) at the initial visit followed by scaling and further OHI at visits 1 and 2 weeks later. After the third visit 16×200 mg metronidazole or placebo tablets were issued with instructions to take 1 that evening and 3 per day at 5‐h intervals for the next 5 days. 4 weeks later, scaling and OHI were carried out and the course of test or placebo tablets was repeated. The subjects returned for further scaling and OHI 4 weeks later and the chlorhexidine gel was withdrawn. Final assessments were made 12 weeks later.The results showed that metronidazole had no effect on plaque levels and gingival bleeding beyond the effect of OHI, scaling and chlorhexidine gel. On the other hand, significantly greater reductions in pocket depths were achieved with the use of metronidazole. A surprising and interesting finding was that these reductions were apparent only in the subjects with severe periodontal disease (PI = 4.0–6.0).
Subgingival metronidazole in dialysis tubing and subgingival chlorhexidine irrigation in the control of chronic inflammatory periodontal disease
Authors: Wan Yusof W. Z. A. , Newman H. N. , Strahan J. D. , Coventry J. F. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract The present investigation compared subgingival metronidazole in dialysis tubing and subgingival chlorhexidine irrigation in the control of chronic inflammatory periodontal disease. 10 patients with 4 mm or deeper periodontal pockets were divided into 2 groups. Both received baseline scaling, root planing, subcontact area cleaning and instruction in the Bass technique of tooth brushing, but not in interdental cleaning. One group with 80 pockets received 0.2% chlorhexidine subgingival irrigation for 28 days and the other with 86 pockets received 0.5 % metronidazole solution incorporated in subgingivally placed dialysis tubing. The tubings were replaced with freshly filled ones at days 7, 14 and 21. Active treatment ceased at day 28. Plaque Index, Sulcus Bleeding Index, pocket depth and gingival shrinkage were recorded at days 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 56 and 84.Subgingival 0.5% metronidazole in dialysis tubing and 0.2% chlorhexidine irrigation were found to be equally effective in reducing chronic periodontitis. Metronidazole reduced Plaque Index less but pocket depth more than chlorhexidine. Improvements were maintained significantly below baseline levels for at least 8 weeks after the end of the 4‐wcek treatment period.
Recolonization of a subgingival microbiota following scaling in deep pockets
Authors: Magnusson I. , Lindhe J. , Yoneyama T. , Liljenberg B. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract The present investigation was carried out to study some aspects of the recolonization of a subgingival microbiota following subgingival instrumentation in sites with deep pockets. 16 patients were recruited for the study. From each patient 4 inflamed gingival sites with deep pockets were selected. These sites were examined for plaque, overt gingivitis, bleeding on probing and probing depth. Samples of the subgingival microbiota were obtained and examined in the darkfield microscope and in a Neubauer chamber.Following the Baseline examination the teeth of all 4 jaw quadrants were carefully scaled and planed. Subgingival instrumentation was carried out under local anesthesia and required between 2–4 appointments. The patients were subsequently divided into 2 groups (Groups A and B) consisting of 9 and 7 subjects, respectively. During the first 16 weeks of maintenance the patients of Group A were not supervised regarding their self‐performed plaque control measures and they accumulated supragingival plaque. The patients of Group B, however, were during these 16 weeks recalled once every 2 weeks for professional tooth cleaning. In addition they rinsed twice daily with a 0.2% solution of chlorhexidine digluconate. Reexaminations including assessments of the same parameters as those studied at Baseline were performed after 2, 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks. After the 16‐week examination the patients of Group A received a new sequence of subgingival scaling and root planing. During the subsequent 16 weeks the patients of Group A were also recalled for professional tooth cleaning. They were reexamined 18, 20, 24, 28 and 32 weeks after the Baseline examination.Subgingival scaling followed by carefully supervised oral hygiene measures resulted in a marked improvement of periodontal conditions. This improvement was accompanied by a pronounced and sustained reduction in the motile segments of the subgingival microbiota. In the presence of supragingival plaque (Group A), however, a subgingival microbiota containing large numbers of spirochetes and motile rods was soon (4–8 weeks) reestablished. A small number of sites with deep pockets ( 8 mm) was not substantially reduced in depth following subgingival instrumentation. In these sites which were kept free from supragingival deposits a subgingival microbiota with a large proportion of motile bacteria soon recurred.
The topography of papillary gingiva in health and early gingivitis
Authors: Bergströum Jan 
Published: December 2005

Abstract Using stereo‐images, topographical features within the maxillary papillary gingiva between the lateral and central incisors were investigated in 36 healthy young adults. The features studied were surface stippling, presence of a gingival groove, papillary length and papillary area.The prevalence of stippling was found to be 95%. The intensity of stippling varied considerably between individuals, the mean being 2.6 depressions/mm2. A gingival groove only occured in 19% of the cases examined. The maximum length of the papilla from the base to its most incisal tip was measured in relation to the length of the crown of the lateral incisor. This ratio was found to be close to 0.5, indicating a healthy papilla reaching about halfway to the incisal edge. The surface area of the papilla was measured in relation to the labial surface area of the lateral incisor. This ratio was close to 0.25, indicating that the papillary surface under healthy conditions amounts to about 1/4 of the labial surface of the lateral incisor crown.Changes resulting from 20 days of plaque accumulation were also investigated. A mean GI of 0.8 was recorded at the end of the experimental period; however, no measureable changes in stippling intensity or papillary shape could be established. These findings suggest that the early stages of gingivitis are characterized mainly by changes in gingival colour, while changes in surface texture and shape are secondary characteristics of clinical inflammation.
Simple bacteriological methods to assess changes in subgingival microflora produced by metronidazole‐containing acrylic strips placed into periodontal pockets
Authors: Addy M. , Alam L. , Rawle L. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract Dark field microscopy is perhaps the simplest microbiological technique to monitor the effects of treatment methods on bacterial plaque. However, the method provides qualitative rather than true quantitative data. This study attempts to measure changes in flora by a number of methods following the Placement of 40% metronidazole acrylic strips into periodontal pockets. 10 patients with periodontal Pockets greater than 6 mm which bled on probing had acrylic strips placed for 2 to 3 days. Prior to msertion and after removal, subgingival plaque samples were collected into 1 ml of saline and processed as follows, (a) Dark field microscopy for qualitative shifts, (b) Gram stain for differential counts, (c) Counting chamber for total counts, (d) Serial dilution and culture for total cultivable counts.After treatment the significant changes were as follows, (a) % increase in cocci and decreases in other forms, particulaly motile organisms, (b) Gram‐positive cocci increased and Gram‐negative bacilli decreased, (c) Total counts obtained by the sampling method decreased greater than 80%. (d) Total cultivable counts decreased greater than 75%. (e) The efficiency of culturing appeared low and the Potential problems of sampling to quantification were identified.