bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lessons Learned about Research and Management: A Case Study from a Midwest Lowland Savanna, U.S.A.
Authors: Dettman Connie L. , Mabry Catherine M. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract Integrating research and practice is a fundamental challenge for restoration and conservation. Scientists recognize restoration as an opportunity to test basic ecological principles, and that core scientific practices such as establishing control plots, replication, monitoring, and data management are fundamental to learning from restoration and management. However, practical constraints inherent to many projects often work against fully integrating research and management. In 2005, we had the opportunity to evaluate a lowland savanna that had been undergoing restoration by The Nature Conservancy since 1997. We used the data generated as a case study to evaluate how the restoration process might have changed had scientists been involved from the outset. Prescribed fire is the primary tool used to restore upland savanna and was chosen by The Nature Conservancy to manage the lowland savanna. In open areas dominated by Reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea), fire was associated with reduced cover of this highly invasive species and an increase in native species richness. However, other results suggested that management options beyond the use of fire are needed to restore this lowland savanna. In retrospect, an approach that integrated the skills of researchers and managers at the outset of the study would have altered many of the restoration goals and processes. Pretreatment data, greater replication, and systematically varying treatments could have provided a more robust assessment of treatment effects. We recognize, however, that impediments in staffing, funding, and time were barriers to following this course of action.
Embracing Variability in the Application of Plant–Soil Interactions to the Restoration of Communities and Ecosystems
Authors: Eviner Valerie T. , Hawkes Christine V. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractPlant–soil interactions are the foundation of effective and sustained restoration of terrestrial communities and ecosystems. Recent advances in ecological science have greatly contributed to our understanding of the effects of soil conditions on plant community dynamics and our understanding of plant composition impacts on almost every aspect of soil structure and function. Although these theories provide important guidelines for the practice of restoration, they often fall short of providing the level of information required to make effective site‐specific management decisions. This is largely because of ecology’s search for simple unifying theories and the resulting tendency to generalize from studies at one or only a few sites. An average effect or broad‐scale simple relationship tends to provide a “one‐size‐fits‐all” (or none) prescription for managers. Plant–soil interactions can vary greatly depending on their context (e.g., environmental conditions, management practices, time, neighboring community, interaction with other organisms). The ability to predict these context‐dependent interactions between plants and soils can be developed by building upon existing general frameworks for understanding plant–soil interactions. Collaborations between researchers and managers can develop conceptual tools that allow us to understand and manage the variability and complexity of plant–soil interactions, simultaneously advancing theory and applicability.
Growth and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Colonization of Two Prairie Grasses Grown in Soil from Restorations of Three Ages
Authors: Anderson Roger C. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract I compared growth and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) colonization of two prairie grasses (Wild rye [Elymus canadensis] and Little bluestem [Schizachyrium scoparium]), an early‐ and a late‐dominating species in prairie restorations, respectively, grown in soil from restored prairies of differing age, soil characteristics, and site history. There were no consistent patterns between restoration age and soil inorganic nutrients or organic matter. The oldest restoration site had higher soil mycorrhizal inoculum potential (MIP) than 2‐ and 12‐year‐old restorations. However, MIP did not translate into actual colonization for two species grown in soils from the three restorations, nor did MIP relate to phosphorus availability. There were significant differences in root mass and colonization among Wild rye plants but not among Little bluestem plants grown in soils from the three restorations. Wild rye grown in 2‐year‐old restoration soil had significantly higher AMF colonization than when it was grown in soils from the 12‐ and 17‐year‐old restorations. Wild rye grown in 2‐year‐old restoration soil also had higher colonization than Little bluestem grown in 2‐ and 12‐year‐old restoration soils. Little bluestem had no significant correlations between shoot biomass, root biomass or colonization, and concentrations of soil P, total N, or N:P. However, for Wild rye, total soil N was positively correlated with root mass and negatively correlated with colonization, suggesting that in this species, mycorrhizae may affect N availability. Collectively, these results suggest that soil properties unrelated to restoration age were important in determining differences in growth and AMF colonization of two species of prairie grasses.
Does It Make Sense to Restore Wildland Fire in Changing Climate?
Authors: Fulé Peter Z. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractForest restoration guided by historical reference conditions of fire regime, forest structure, and composition has been increasingly and successfully applied in fire‐adapted forests of western North America. But because climate change is expected to alter vegetation distributions and foster severe disturbances, does it make sense to restore the ecological role of wildland fire through management burning and related activities such as tree thinning? I suggest that some site‐ and date‐specific historical conditions may be less relevant, but reference conditions in the broad sense are still useful. Reference conditions encompass not only the recent past but also evolutionary history, reflecting the role of fire as a selective force over millennia. Taking a long‐term functional view of historical reference conditions as the result of evolutionary processes can provide insights into past forest adaptations and migrations under various climates. As future climates change, historical reference data from lower, southerly, and drier sites may be useful in places that are higher, northerly, and currently wetter. Almost all models suggest that the future will have substantial increases in wildfire occurrence, but prior to recent human‐caused fire exclusion, fire‐adapted pine forests of western North America were among the most frequently burned in the world. Restoration of patterns of burning and fuels/forest structure that reasonably emulate historical conditions prior to fire exclusion is consistent with reducing the susceptibility of these ecosystems to catastrophic loss. Priorities may include fire and thinning treatments of upper elevation ecotones to facilitate forest migration, whereas vulnerable low‐elevation forests may merit less management investment.
Hydrogen Sulfide Promotes Wheat Seed Germination and Alleviates Oxidative Damage against Copper Stress
Authors: Zhang Hua , Hu Lan‐Ying , Hu Kang‐Di , He Yun‐Dong , Wang Song‐Hua , Luo Jian‐Ping 
Published: November 2008

Abstract With the enhancement of copper (Cu) stress, the germination percentage of wheat seeds decreased gradually. Pretreatment with sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS), hydrogen sulfide (H2S) donor alleviated the inhibitory effect of Cu stress in a dose‐dependent manner; whereas little visible symptom was observed in germinating seeds and radicle tips cultured in NaHS solutions. It was verified that H2S or HS− rather than other sulfur‐containing components derived from NaHS attribute to the potential role in promoting seed germination against Cu stress. Further studies showed that NaHS could promote amylase and esterase activities, reduce Cu‐induced disturbance of plasma membrane integrity in the radicle tips, and sustain lower levels of malondialdehyde and H2O2 in germinating seeds. Furthermore, NaHS pretreatment increased activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase and decreased that of lipoxygenase, but showed no significant effect on ascorbate peroxidase. Alternatively, NaHS prevented uptake of Cu and promoted the accumulation of free amino acids in seeds exposed to Cu. In addition, a rapid accumulation of endogenous H2S in seeds was observed at the early stage of germination, and higher level of H2S in NaHS‐pretreated seeds. These data indicated that H2S was involved in the mechanism of germinating seeds' responses to Cu stress.
PRODUCTION OF PALM OIL REFERENCE MATERIALS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF SOLID FAT CONTENT
Authors: TARMIZI AZMIL HAIZAM AHMAD , SIEW WAI LIN , KUNTOM AINIE 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACT Three palm oil reference materials were produced for solid fat content analysis employing the Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB) Test Methods. Thirteen laboratories participated in the characterization study, where the solid fat content in palm oil, palm olein and palm stearin were identified at temperature range from 0 to 45C. The consensus values were calculated based on the acceptability of statistical results from collaborating laboratories. Both of the consensus values and their uncertainties (%) for each reference material are as follows: 71.12 ± 1.82% (0C), 54.07 ± 1.05% (10C), 37.44 ± 0.88% (15C), 24.18 ± 1.09% (20C), 13.32 ± 0.86% (25C), 7.64 ± 0.28% (30C), 4.05 ± 0.14% (35C) and 1.25 ± 0.49% (40C) for SFC of palm oil, 66.32 ± 1.93% (0C), 43.53 ± 1.32% (10C), 22.50 ± 0.78% (15C), 6.68 ± 1.14% (20C) and 1.40 ± 0.35% (25C) for SFC of palm olein, and 78.09 ± 1.23% (0C), 67.66 ± 0.71% (10C), 56.29 ± 1.18% (15C), 44.37 ± 1.13% (20C), 30.22 ± 1.25% (25C), 20.08 ± 0.58% (30C), 13.72 ± 0.32% (35C), 8.97 ± 0.72% (40C) and 5.06 ± 0.41% (45C) for solid fat content of palm stearin.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe implementation of the ISO 17025 accreditation should be encouraged for testing laboratories to assure the traceability of analysis performed. This accreditation requires the use of certified reference materials to ensure that the analysis performed is parallel to the ISO 17025 standards. However, the unavailability of palm oil reference materials will affect the implementation of such standards for laboratories that are performing palm oil analyses. Hence, this study is aimed to characterize and certify the palm oil reference materials for determination of solid fat content. The establishment of this study is hoped to increase the credibility of laboratories, which are involved in the palm oil analysis. This will also promote the Malaysia Palm Oil Board as a center for the certification of palm oil reference materials.
MODELING CONSUMER ACCEPTABILITY OF β‐CAROTENE RICH SWEET POTATO CURD
Authors: SIVAKUMAR P. SETHURAMAN , PANDA SMITA H. , RAY RAMESH C. , PRADHAN DURGA C. , SIVARAMANE N. 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACT Sweet potato (SP) curd prepared by co‐fermenting boiled β ‐carotene rich SP puree, cow's milk with curd culture, was evaluated for consumer acceptability of sensory attributes. One hundred consumers from the Orissa State, India evaluated SP curd in terms of five major sensory attributes, i.e., sweetness, color, texture, aroma and general appearance on a 9‐point hedonic scale. The responses were modeled through binary logistic regression to understand the sensory attributes, which govern the decision process. Color and texture were found to influence consumer acceptability. The β ‐carotene supplied by SP‐enriched yellow color of the curd, and starch and dietary fiber enhanced the thickness of SP curd. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSVitamin A Deficiency (VAD) is a serious problem affecting bulk of the disadvantaged population living in the developing countries. Fortification of foods with β‐carotene (precursor of vitamin A) is widely regarded as a strategy to combat VAD through natural means. Sweet potato (SP) is a secondary staple food for small and tribal farmers particularly during off‐season when there is a scarcity of food grains. Curd is a popular fermented dairy product, consumed widely in the Indian subcontinent. Fortifying curd with β‐carotene rich SP can enhance the nutrient content (β‐carotene, minerals, etc.) as well as culinary qualities (color and texture). Besides, modeling consumer preferences help us to identify the attributes, which govern the acceptability of SP curd. Such model could be compared with the sensory panel results to understand the accuracy with which decisions are made at the laboratory level.
DESCRIPTIVE PROFILE OF PEACH NECTAR SWEETENED WITH SUCROSE AND DIFFERENT SWEETENERS
Authors: PORTO CARDOSO JULIANA MARIA , ANDRÉ BOLINI HELENA MARIA 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACT Consumers are looking even more for food with pleasant characteristics in terms of flavor, appearance, aroma and texture. Thanks to technological advances, it is possible to find low‐calorie products with these characteristics, with competitive prices when compared with similar products containing sucrose. In this study, peach nectar samples containing sucrose and the sweeteners aspartame, cyclamate/saccharin 2:1 blend, stevia, sucralose and acesulfame‐K, were evaluated by Descriptive Quantitative Analysis. This methodology is the most complete and sophisticated technique for the sensory characterization of a product, because it allows a complete description of all the attributes existent in such product. Eleven consumers were selected by their discriminative capacity, repeatability of judgment and agreement with the sensory team. Sucrose sample were at ideal sweetness and the sweeteners samples were at equi‐sweet concentrations. The descriptive terms were yellow color (YCL), cloudy aspect (CLD), brightness (BRI), visual viscosity (VIS), peach aroma (PAR), sweet aroma (SAR), herb aroma (HAR), peach flavor (PFL), sweetness (SWE), bitterness (BIT), herb flavor (HFL), sourness (SOU), residual bitterness (RBT), residual sweetness (RSW), astringency (AST) and body (BOD). The results were evaluated by analysis of variance, Tukey's test and Principal Component Analysis. The results show that the samples did not have statistical difference (P ≤ 0.05) in the attributes YCL, CLD and BRI. The sample sweetened with sucrose presented higher grades in the attributes VIS, PAR, PFL, SWE and BOD, differing statistically (P ≤ 0.05) from the other samples. Samples containing Stevia received high grades in unpleasant attributes, such as HAR, HFL, BIT, RBT and RSW, which would certainly influence its acceptance in consumers' tests. Acesulfame‐K also presented high grades in the attributes BIT and RBT.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSQuantitative Descriptive Analysis is one of the most sophisticated methods to characterize sensory attributes of products, providing a complete description of important sensory properties. With this technique, it is possible to study qualitative and quantitative aspects of the products.This methodology is used when launching a new product; in quality control applications; to track sensory changes in a product over time; to correlate instrumental, chemical or physical with sensory measurements, among others.In this research, several lexicons were generated to describe the peach nectar sweetened with different sweeteners, highlighting some characteristics of sweeteners such as bitterness and residual tastes. It also presents a comparison among the nectar sweetened with sucrose and sweeteners and shows which sweetener has a descriptive profile more similar to sucrose.With this information, people suffering from diabetes or obesity, major problems in the whole world, could find a sugar substitute with similar properties of sucrose.
THE INFLUENCE OF TESTING CONTEXT ON TEA BAG PRODUCT ACCEPTANCE IN CENTRAL LOCATION TESTS
Authors: POSRI WILATSANA , MACFIE HAL 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACT We investigate the reliability and predictive power (correspondence with home‐use test [HUT] outcomes) of central location tests (CLTs) using a tea bag product. The setting involves three different CLT testing contexts reflecting “natural versus controlled” approaches: (1) traditional CLT, using controlled testing with ad libitum consumption (n = 47); (2) dosing CLT (DCLT), offering dose choices (sugar and milk combinations) that are different across consumers but similar across samples for individuals (n = 47); and (3) free choice CLT (FCLT), simulating natural tea‐making circumstances and individual brewing preferences (n = 44). CLT results are compared with outcomes from HUTs, employing Pearson correlation coefficients on CLT‐HUT scores as indicators of the ability of CLT outcomes to predict HUT outcomes. Analysis of variance and internal preference mapping methods are also applied. FCLT is found to better discriminate between samples than the other CLTs. However, only the DCLT group revealed a statistically significant (though weak in magnitude) relationship (r = 0.234) between CLT and HUT.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSCentral location tests (CLTs) are used extensively in sensory research because of their cost‐effectiveness and ease of implementation. However, questions remain about whether CLT responses are consistent with responses from more natural, longer term testing environments. This research studies consumer liking in CLT and compares it with choices of tea made and consumed at home in home‐use tests (HUT). It aims to address two major outcomes from three different CLT testing contexts: (1) the degree of relationship to liking scores derived from long‐term testing in HUT; and (2) ability to distinguish between samples. The testing product chosen here involves complexity in preparation and significant cultural contextual consumption. Thus, the results are expected to contribute to improving design of CLTs to predict long‐term acceptance and choices in food research.
RELIABILITY OF SENSORY ASSESSORS: ISSUES OF RETENTION AND LEARNING
Authors: BITNES JANNA , UELAND ØYDIS , MØLLER PER , MARTENS MAGNI 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to investigate whether the sensory performance of assessors in a sensory panel may be retained after years of retirement from sensory work. The approach was to register previous performance in basic tastes identification tests and to compare with their present performance in the same tests, as well as in judging complex foods. The results showed that the identified performance was within the response curve of the performance over several years. However, there was no clear relationship between the performances in identification and in judging foods. The retired assessors who had been away from sensory work for several years showed lower performance than the active assessors did, but with larger variability within the group. The retired assessors performed better than the active assessors concerning the evaluation of bitter.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe results from this study provides knowledge about how time without sensory training for a panelist might challenge the expertise obtained through many years as assessor in a sensory panel. Our findings showed that the sensory panelists were reliable despite several years of retirement. However, this was dependent on individual differences, attribute, product and method in question. This will have practical application in the food industry, where sensory panels vary according to the needs and available resources of the companies. The results open for the use of sensory assessors at infrequent intervals, but at the same time, they remind us that the assessors' sensory abilities might change for each product, attribute and sensory task.
CONSUMER ATTITUDE TOWARD SHELF‐LIFE LABELING: DOES IT INFLUENCE ACCEPTANCE?
Authors: GIMÉNEZ ANA , ARES GASTÓN , GÁMBARO ADRIANA 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACT The aims of the present work were to study consumer attitudes toward shelf‐life labeling and to evaluate if shelf‐life information affects consumer acceptability, rejection to consume and rejection to repeat purchase. Six samples of dulce de leche with different plastic flavor intensities were presented to a panel of 50 consumers, who scored their overall acceptability and indicated their intention to consume and to repeat purchase of the samples. They also answered a multiple‐choice questionnaire regarding their attitude toward shelf‐life labeling. Knowing that the samples were near the end of their shelf life did not affect acceptability scores or consumer rejection to consume. Thus, consumer perception of the product was not affected by knowing that it was close to expiration. This is in agreement with the fact that most consumers (75%) first try an expired product before deciding what to do. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSNinety‐five and seventy‐nine percent of the consumers stated that they read shelf‐life information at purchase and consumption stage, respectively, which suggests the importance of proper shelf‐life labeling.Consumer rejection to repeat purchase was higher than rejection to consume. Thus, consumers seemed to consume a product although they might not actually like it or buy it again. Thus rejection to purchase or repeat purchase could be a more conservative criterion than rejection to consume in order to estimate sensory shelf lives or acceptance limits for sensory defects.
INVESTIGATION OF UNIAXIAL STRESS RELAXATION PARAMETERS TO CHARACTERIZE THE TEXTURE OF YELLOW ALKALINE NOODLES MADE FROM DURUM AND COMMON WHEATS
Authors: HATCHER D.W. , BELLIDO G.G. , DEXTER J.E. , ANDERSON M.J. , FU B.X. 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACT Durum wheat samples (three varieties), milled to yield straight‐grade and patent flours, were processed into YANs. CWHWS and CWRS flours, customarily employed to make noodles, were included for comparative purposes. Uniaxial stress relaxation parameters, %SR, K1 and K2, derived from Peleg's model, were determined for all cooked noodles. Analysis of variance indicated a significant durum sample effect (P < 0.0001) on all three parameters. Significant differences (P = 0.05) were observed among all three CWHWS parameters and the durum flour samples, but not for CWRS. Significant correlations were detected among the three stress relaxation parameters and empirical texture measurements: RTC, REC and MCS. Flour yield exhibited a significant effect (P = 0.05) on %SR, K1 and K2, which was not detected using the empirical texture measurements. The uniaxial stress relaxation test provides a complementary, discriminating method for YAN texture measurement.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThis describes the use of uniaxial compression to characterize and discriminate Asian noodle quality texture parameters on the basis of rheological principles. It demonstrates the discriminatory power of three parameters to discern similar noodle flour sources. The technique and parameters are simple to calculate and are well correlated with traditional empirical texture measurements.