bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Les propriétés vibratoires transversales des fibres de kératine. Influence de l'eau et d'autres agents
Authors: GARSON J. C. , VIDALIS M. , ROUSSOPOULOS P. , LEVEQUE J. L. 
Published: May 2007

SynopsisLes méthodes vibratoires permettent d'étudier les fibres de kératine dans la zone des très faibles déformations en s'affranchissant des difficultés habituelles des études effectuées à partir du tracé du diagramme force‐élongation. Deux nouvelles méthodes mettant en jeu des vibrations transversales sont décrites. Elles permettent d'obtenir le module d'élasticité dynamique, la masse spécifique et l'ellipticité de la fibre. Ces deux méthodes sont utilisées pour caractériser le comportement des fibres de kératine naturelles ou modifiées chimiquement. Ainsi, l'influence des liaisons ioniques sur la teneur en eau des fibres et don sur leurs propriétés élastiques est discutée. L'effet d'autres agents utilisés dans les traitements cosmétiques (décoloration, réduction, depôt de polymères) sont interprétés en fonction de la connaissance que l'on a de la structure de la kératine et de son interaction avec l'eau. The transverse vibrational properties of keratin fibres in the presence of water and other materials SummaryVibrating methods allow studies about the elastic properties of keratin fibres in the weak deformation range preventing interferences due to the usual problems encountered in the strain‐strength studies. Two new transversal vibrating methods are presented. They afford the measurement of the dynamical elastic modulus, the specific weight and the ellipticity of the fibres.These two methods are used in order to characterise natural or chemically modified fibres. The influence of ionic bonds on water content of the fibres and therefore on their visco‐elastic properties has been investigated. Effect of agents used for cosmetic treatments (hair bleaching, permanent waving, polymer coating) are interpreted in terms of the keratin structure and of its interaction with water molecules.
The perfuming of paper – technical and safety problems
Authors: LAWTON P. D. E. , FORBES D. M. 
Published: May 2007

SynopsisThis paper describes the rapid growth and diversity of consumer products based on cellulose fibres since the second world war, paying particular attention to soft tissue. The early use of perfumes as reodorants, based on traditional reodorisation knowledge, quickly gave way to the more sophisticated use of perfumes in their own right as a valuable and sometimes indispensable aid to the marketer of soft tissue. Special attention is devoted to the problem of selecting from the very wide range of perfumery ingredients available to perfumers, those which may be suitable for paper perfumery. The tests to evaluate their suitability are described and some of the results presented. The importance of the phenomena of fixation is examined in view of the nature of the product to be perfumed and its unusually long shelf life. The limitations of odour types available for paper products is discussed and a typical paper perfume formula studied.The paper concludes with an illustrated description of the general methods used today for the manufacture of soft tissue. An appraisal of the various methods that have been tried, and are used today to incorporate perfume into the products is also described. During this latter part of the presentation attention will be focused on the advantages and disadvantages of the methods selected with regard to their efficiency, installation, maintenance commitment and safety considerations. Le parfumage du papier – aspects techniques et innocuité
Les methodes d'évaluation quantitative des lipides de surface chez l'homme. Présentation d'une nouvelle procédure
Authors: SAINT‐LÉGÉR D. , LÉVÉQUE J. L. 
Published: May 2007

SynopsisIl existe trois méthodes permettant de mesurer l'excrétion sébacée chez l'homme. Ces méthodes ne sont pas équivalentes sur le plan de la précision et de leur utilisation routinière. Une application de la méthode de Schaefer et Kuhn‐Bussius est proposée, permettant une détermination rapide et precise des taux des lipides de surface chez l'homme. Une expérimentation, avec cette méthode, chez trente‐deux personnes, permet de préciser le mécanisme du prélèvement ainsi que la définition quantitative des types de peau.SummaryThree main methods to measure quantitatively surface lipids in man have been used. A comparison of the information they produce and their routine practicabilities are given.Adaptation and standardization of the Schaeffer and Kuhn‐Bussius method, using a photoelectric absorptiometer and ground glass plates are described.This procedure, applied to thirty‐two adults, demonstrated the quantitative nature of the sampling mechanism. A mathematical approach gives the precise definition of the casual‐level. This procedure shows that casual‐level values appear to be correlated with skin types.
High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of thioglycolic acid in cold wave fluids and depilating creams
Authors: ROOSELAAR J. , LIEM D. H. 
Published: May 2007

SynopsisA high pressure liquid chromatographic method is described for the determination of thioglycolic acid in hair waving fluids and depilatories. Prior to chromatography the acid is converted into a yellow‐coloured nitrobenzooxadioazole (NBD) derivative to permit HPLC detection at 464 nm. Optimum derivatization conditions could be obtained when 0.01% aqueous solutions of thioglycolic acid were heated with NBD‐C1 at pH 7. Hair waving fluids and depilatories are simply diluted with an aqueous buffer of pH 7 and, if necessary, clarified and filtered, before the derivatization procedure. To the mixture an internal standard Sunset Yellow FCF, Colour Index nr. 15985, is added before performing ion‐pair reverse phase HPLC. A reverse phase C18 column is used. The mobile phase is aqueous methanol, to which the counter ion, tetrabutyl‐ammonium phosphate, is added. Recoveries ranged from 97.8 to 100.7%.The proposed method permits a resolution of other possible mercaptocompounds such as thiolactic acid and thioglycerol. Sixty market samples of cold wave fluids and depilatories have been analysed by the proposed method, and the results compared with data obtained by iodometric titration. Le dosage de l'acide thioglycolique dans les liquides pour permanentes a froid et dans les cremes depilatoires par la chromatographie liquide haute pression (HPLC)
Etude de l'action des produits biologiques sur la cellule vivante par mesure de la consommation d'oxygene
Authors: MARTINI M. C. , BARRAILLIER S. , COTTE J. 
Published: May 2007

SynopsisL'activité d'un produit appliqué localement sur la peau peut, dans certains cas, se manifester par une augmentation du métabolisme cellulaire et se traduire par une augmentation de la consommation d'oxygène.Les auteurs ont utilisé deux méthodes faisant appel soit aux cellules épidermiques de rat soit aux cellules hépatiques de souris et applicables aux principes actifs et au produit fini.Les résultats portant sur extraits placentaires humains lyophilisés, liquides amniotiques humain et bovin, placenta Filatov sont exposés et les auteurs ont essayé de relier l'activitéà la présence dans chacun des extraits de facteurs pouvant être considérés comme favorables ou défavorables: taux de phosphatases alcalines, nature et pourcentage des acides aminés, présence de conservateur, de propylène glycol, de glycérol, influence du pH.Enfin, l'évaluation de l'efficacité d'un produit fini a été réalisée par application d'une préparation contenant 5% d'extrait placentaire humain lyophilisé sur 2 lots de 10 rats quotidiennement pendant 2 à 4 mois. Les lots témoins recevaient la base crème sans E.P.H.L.L'augmentation de la consommation d'oxygène des cellules épidermiques de rats traités pendant 2 mois était significative par rapport aux témoins. A study of the action of biological products on the living cell by measuring the oxygen consumption SummaryThe activity of a product applied locally to the skin may, in certain cases, cause an increase in the cell metabolism, reflected by an increase in oxygen consumption.The authors employed two methods involving epidermal cells of the rat and hepatic cells of the mouse, based on the polarographic measurement of oxygen pressures in the survival medium, using Clark's electrode.The first method mainly uses the epidermal cells of the rat. The investigation is carried out on a control group which is sufficiently large to be representative (50 animals). It yields the basic value of oxygen consumption of the cells in the survival liquid. In the test group, the epidermal cells from ten different animals consume oxygen in the presence of the test product.
Influence du pH et de la lumiere sur la stabilité de quelques antioxydants
Authors: RACINE Ph. 
Published: May 2007

SynopsisL'influence du pH et de la lumière sur la stabilité intrinsèque de quelques antioxydants naturels et synthétiques a étéétudiée en milieu hydroalcoolique.Des différences importantes de stabilité ont été observées selon le pH du milieu et la présence ou l'absence de lumière. Des mesures ont été effectuées également dans des émulsions H/E contenant un antioxydant. II découle de cette étude que lors du choix d'un antioxydant pour protéger un milieu donné, on doit vérifier au préalable que le pH du milieu et la présence éventuelle de lumière n'affectent pas sa stabilité intrinsèque. Les antioxydants ont été mesurés par voltamétrie anodique. Influence of pH and light on the stability of some antioxidants SummaryMany organic molecules can be oxidized in the presence of oxygen. Light and traces of heavy metal ions catalyse the process of oxidation. The addition of a very small quantity of antioxidant to alcoholic perfumes and cosmetic bases is often made to retard auto‐oxidations. Among the parameters which could influence the efficiency of an antioxidant, its intrinsic stability should be considered in the medium to be protected. This stability might conceivably be influenced by the pH, the presence of light, heavy metal ions and microorganisms. In this study we have concentrated on the role played by the first two factors. To eliminate a possible interference by the last two, analytical grades reagents together with chelators and high proof (80% v/v) hydroalcoholic solutions have been used. The antioxidants tested were: BHT, BHA, ethyl gallate, 2, carboxy‐6, hydroxy, 2, 5, 7, 8, tetramethyl chroman (Trolox CR) and D–L‐alpha‐tocopherol.Solutions of 0.5 mmol/kg of each antioxidant were prepared in 80% v/v hydroalcoholic solutions and the pH adjusted with citric acid and potassium hydroxyde or hydrochloric acid. The pH extended from 2.5 to 10 and thus largely covers the pH range of cosmetic products. Of each solution, 100ml were kept in hermetically closed 125ml white glass bottles stored at room temperature (22 ± 2° C) and kept in the dark or exposed to the diffuse daylight of the laboratory. The antioxidants concentrations were determined by linear sweep voltametry on gold or glassy carbon electrodes. Significant differences in behaviour were observed. BHA and BHT are stable regardless of light and pH except at high pH (≤9).Ethyl gallate vanishes rapidly in alkaline, neutral and even weakly acid pH independently of the presence of light. Trolox C and D–L‐alpha‐tocopherol demonstrated a marked influence of the presence of daylight and of the pH.
Determination of sun protection factors in the hairless mouse
Authors: JAMES C. N. , MIDDLETON J. D. 
Published: May 2007

SynopsisA laboratory method for determining sun protection factors (SPF) in the hairless mouse has been developed. The ability of the method to predict the SPF in man has been investigated using sunscreen ingredients and finished products with known activities in man. The results indicate that the hairless mouse can be used to assess sunscreen products although the SPF found appeared slightly higher than that determined in man. Determination des facteurs de protection solaire sur la souris sans poils
Correlation of spectrophotometric data with sunscreen protection factors
Authors: PETRO ANTHONY J. 
Published: May 2007

SynopsisSunscreen protection factors, obtained for dilute solutions contained in 2 cm quartz cells placed between a human subject and the Xenon Are sun simulator lamp, are able to be correlated with spectrophotometric data. The correlation, interpreted in terms of the mechanism of sunscreen protection, successfully predicts that an opacifier which is active only in the UV‐A spectral region, though ineffective as a sunscreen by itself, would significantly enhance the protective ability of an opacifier which is active mainly in the UV‐B spectral region, and that complete erythemal prevention requires opacification to both the UV‐B and UV‐A regions. This correlation is reached by measuring the total area under the spectral curve in the UV‐A and UV‐B regions as predicted by a new form of Beer's law, for polychromatic radiation, which is derived. The procedure is shown to be a simple approach to predicting the efficacy of various sunscreen agents which do not exhibit fluorescence.
Determination of chlorobutanol in cosmetic products by electron capture gas chromatography
Authors: BUKANSKI B. WYHOWSKI DE , SCHMITZ‐MASSE M. O. 
Published: May 2007

SynopsisA method of determining qualitatively and quantitatively chlorobutanol in cosmetic products by means of an electron capture detector is described. Simple dilution procedure with a solvent containing an internal standard is used. Dosage du chlorobutanol dans les produits cosmétiques par chromatographie en phase gazeuse
Etude expérimental de l'indice de protection de produits antisolaires. Valeur prédictive à l'homme
Authors: GIRARD J. , LAFILLE C. , UNKOVIC J. , BARBIER A. 
Published: May 2007

SynopsisAprès avoir rappelé brièvement le spectre d'action biologique du rayonnement ultraviolet du soleil sur la peau normale et les données theoriques de protection qui en découlent, le caractère prévisionnel de différentes méthodes d'étude in vitro et in vivo des antisolaires est commentéà partir de résultats obtenus en laboratoire sur différents principes actifs (PABA, Eusolex 4360, Giv Tan F), et préparations cosmétiques du commerce.Les méthodes in vitro, basées sur l'absorption dans l'UV des produits, aboutissent à une protection surévaluée et dans ces conditions à une extrapolation trés aléatoire du pouvoir de protection.La méthode utilisée in vivo (détermination classique d'un indice de protection) souligne, dans le cadre de la prédiction, le choix de la qualité d'absorption du filtre, de la source UV utilisée, mais aussi de nombreux autres facteurs agissant sur la protection. Dans ces conditions, les résultats obtenus chez le cobaye et l'homme avec des irradiations simulant le spectre solaire, montrent alors une concordance satisfaisante pour les principes actifs étudies. Ces observations sont ensuite commentees par comparaison à d'autres travaux publiés faisant mention d'autre source d'irradiation (spectre de raies) et de méthode de détection (thermométrique en particulier). Predictive nature of laboratory methods in sunscreen studies
Ectopic expression of a recessive resistance gene generates dominant potyvirus resistance in plants
Authors: Kang Byoung‐Cheorl , Yeam Inhwa , Li Hanxia , Perez Kari W. , Jahn Molly M. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryDespite long‐standing plant breeding investments and early successes in genetic engineering, plant viral pathogens still cause major losses in agriculture worldwide. Early transgenic approaches involved the expression of pathogen‐derived sequences that provided limited protection against relatively narrow ranges of viral pathotypes. In contrast, this study demonstrates that the ectopic expression of pvr1, a recessive gene from Capsicum chinense, results in dominant broad‐spectrum potyvirus resistance in transgenic tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum). The pvr1 locus in pepper encodes the eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF4E. Naturally occurring point mutations at this locus result in monogenic recessive broad‐spectrum potyvirus resistance that has been globally deployed via plant breeding programmes for more than 50 years. Transgenic tomato progenies that over‐expressed the Capsicum pvr1 allele showed dominant resistance to several tobacco etch virus strains and other potyviruses, including pepper mottle virus, a range of protection similar to that observed in pepper homozygous for the pvr1 allele.
Bayesian Variable Selection for Longitudinal Substance Abuse Treatment Data Subject to Informative Censoring
Authors: Paddock Susan M. 
Published: May 2007

Summary
Measuring the process of care in substance abuse treatment requires analysing repeated client assessments at critical time points during treatment tenure. Assessments are frequently censored because of early departure from treatment. Most analyses accounting for informative censoring define the censoring time to be that of the last observed assessment. However, if missing assessments for those who remain in treatment are attributable to logistical reasons rather than to the underlying treatment process being measured, then the length of stay in treatment might better characterize censoring than would time of measurement. Bayesian variable selection is incorporated in the conditional linear model to assess whether time of measurement or length of stay better characterizes informative censoring. Marginal posterior distributions of the trajectory of treatment process scores are obtained that incorporate model uncertainty. The methodology is motivated by data from an on-going study of the quality of care in in-patient substance abuse treatment.
Organizing Foreign Exchange Intervention in the Euro Area*
Authors: HENNING C. RANDALL 
Published: May 2007

AbstractScholarship on European integration has debated the external character of the monetary union extensively. This article examines the establishment of the institutional arrangements for foreign exchange intervention and the policy‐making surrounding the market operations of autumn 2000 – the only case to date of euro area intervention in currency markets. Drawing on elite interviews of officials in European institutions and international organizations, among other sources, it specifies the division of labour between the European Central Bank, Eurogroup and other European actors. The article concludes that (1) the inter‐institutional understanding within the euro area gives substantial but not complete latitude to the ECB, (2) the understanding is susceptible to renegotiation over time and (3) economic divergence within the euro area could threaten the ability of the monetary union to act coherently externally.
CLASS II COMPOSITE RESIN RESTORATIONS WITH GINGIVAL MARGINS IN DENTIN
Authors: BEDRAN‐RUSSO ANA KARINA B. , SWIFT EDWARD J. 
Published: May 2007

The rising demand for esthetic restorations has considerably increased the number of direct composite restorations being placed in private practices. While composite resin is often selected primarily for its esthetic qualities, another significant advantage of direct composite restorations is the ability to perform conservative cavity preparations. The traditional configuration used for amalgam restorations is no longer mandatory; thus, more sound tooth structure can be preserved. The technique of composite placement is complex when compared to amalgam placement. The use of adhesive systems prior to placement of composite restorations requires not only excellent isolation to avoid contamination, but also precise manipulation of the adhesive system. While stable bonds to enamel are routinely obtained, the heterogeneous composition and intricate morphology of dentin makes this substrate more challenging to restore. In addition, the cavity configuration (C‐factor) and inherent polymerization shrinkage of composite resin play an important role in the durability of the composite–dentin interface. Class II preparations often have gingival margins in root surfaces because of the location of the caries lesion. Clinicians are then faced with a preparation that is challenging to isolate, has a relatively high C‐factor, and relies on optimal bonding to dentin to secure long‐lasting marginal integrity. Various restorative techniques, such as incremental placement or the use of an intermediate layer (flowable composite or resin‐modified glass ionomer cements—open sandwich technique), have been some of the methods proposed to increase the longevity of composite restorations, especially those with margins in dentin. This review evaluates some of the published research on Class II composite resin restorations with margins in the dentin/cementum.
Magnetohydrodynamic rebound shocks of supernovae
Authors: Lou Yu-Qing , Wang Wei-Gang 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
We construct magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) similarity rebound shocks joining ‘quasi-static’ asymptotic solutions around the central degenerate core to explore an MHD model for the evolution of random magnetic field in supernova explosions. This provides a theoretical basis for further studying synchrotron diagnostics, MHD shock acceleration of cosmic rays, and the nature of intense magnetic field in compact objects. The magnetic field strength in space approaches a limiting ratio, which is comparable to the ratio of the ejecta mass driven out and the progenitor mass, during this self-similar rebound MHD shock evolution. The intense magnetic field of the remnant compact star as compared with that of the progenitor star is mainly attributed to both the gravitational core collapse and the radial distribution of magnetic field.
The Use of Nonhuman Animals in Biomedical Research: Necessity and Justification
Authors: Francione Gary L. 
Published: May 2007

Discourse about the use of animals in biomedical research usually focuses on two issues. The first, which I will refer to as the “necessity issue,” is empirical and asks whether the use of nonhumans in experiments is required in order to gather statistically valid information that will contribute in a significant way to improving human health. The second, which I will refer to as the “justification issue,” is moral and asks whether the use of nonhumans in biomedical research, if necessary as an empirical matter, can be defended as a matter of ethical theory.If it is not necessary as an empirical matter to use animals in research, then there is no need to inquire about moral justification. Therefore, I examine the necessity issue first. The argument that it is necessary to use nonhumans in biomedical research, though flawed, is at least plausible, unlike our necessity arguments for other animal uses. I then discuss the justification issue and conclude that we cannot morally justify using nonhuman animals in research.
Genetic Determinism and Discrimination: A Call to Re-Orient Prevailing Human Rights Discourse to Better Comport with the Public Implications of Individual Genetic Testing
Authors: Eltis Karen 
Published: May 2007

“Privacy considerations no longer arise out of particular individual problems; rather, they express conflicts affecting everyone.”Along with the promise of assuaging the scourge of disease, the so-called genetic revolution unquestioningly imports a slew of thorny human rights issues that touch on matters such as dignity, disclosure, and the subject of this article – genetic testing and the social stigma potentially deriving therefrom.It is now rather evident that certain otherwise therapeutically promising forms of research can inadvertently involve social risks exceeding the individual preoccupations of eclectic study participants. With that as the case, the following proposes to examine the peculiar stigma attached to genetic information and its potential human rights implications extending beyond the insurance and employment context. In so doing, it raises the intersection of interests between self-identified members of historically vulnerable groups and the group itself, which the law seems to take for granted in the genetics context.