bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Atonement Ritual and Guardian-Spirit Possession among Kalanga
Authors: Werbner Richard P. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphFor Kalanga of Southern Rhodesia hereditary guardian spirits known as mazenge are a sanction on correct relations among kinsmen and affines. Only women are possessed by these captious guardian spirits; and I shall refer to such spirit-possessed women as mazenge hosts. Kalanga perform a ritual of atonement seasonally and whenever the illness of the host or of any of her kinsfolk, particularly children, is attributed to the affliction of a guardian spirit. Ritual obligations then draw together a congregation typically not of agnates and other cognates alone, but also of affines.
Towards Muslim Solidarity in Freetown
Authors: Proudfoot L. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThe prime part taken by the Christian Church in the foundation and development of Sierra Leone has confronted local Muslims with a challenge to their powers of association and organization to which their response is still a vital social and political force. A recent article in Africa described the tendency of Muslims in the city of Freetown to construct their mosques and order their corporate life within tribal groups, rather than in one tribally undifferentiated Islamic society. This article sets out to document the complementary drive towards Muslim unity. The dramatic, faction-ridden, aspiring character of the East side of Freetown is largely the result of the tension between these two conflicting forces.
Concubinage among Ngwa Igbo of Southern Nigeria
Authors: Uchendu Victor C. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThis paper reports the pattern of concubinage among Ngwa Igbo of south-eastern Nigeria. In this study attention is focused on: (i) the role of concubinage in the disposal of certain rights in women among the Ngwa Igbo, (ii) the folk evaluation of the status of the partners in this institution, and (iii) the strength of concubinage under the impact of acculturation.
‘Le chiot court mais ne connaît pas les odeurs’: notes sur la société et les systèmes de pensée des Minyanka du Mali
Authors: Colleyn Jean-Paul 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphDans la littérature ethnographique, le sens des mots religion, magie et sorcellerie reste trés vague. Aucune définition n'a, jusqu'ici, résisté à l'épreuve comparatiste. Longtemps enlisée dans la spéculation sur les origines, l'évolution et la fonction des faits religieux, l'anthropologie se montre actuellement trés prudente à l'égard de toute tentative de théorie générate. L'emploi de méthodes fécondes et l'approfondissement du travail ethnographique ont permis de mieux connaitre les mécanismes mis en oeuvre par le pensee symbolique, mais les concepts de religion, de sacré, de magie, de sorcellerie restent à construire. Le chercheur se trouve done, sur le terrain, privé de référence decisive, qui puisse l'aider à opérer un découpage de la réalité sociale sans négliger une partie de celle-ci.
Dreams in an Independent African Church
Authors: Charsley S. R. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphDreams and visions have an important place in the life of many of the more colourful African churches of Zionist or Pentecostal type. This has often been noted (Sundkler, 1961; Pauw, 1960; Sangree, 1966; Welbourn, 1966; Peel, 1968) but has rarely received any detailed consideration. Any definitely sociological, rather than psychological, treatment of the topic is particularly rare. My object in this paper is therefore to attempt an explicitly sociological examination of the phenomenon in one particular church which I have studied. I shall consider the telling of dreams and the extent to which it is controlled and patterned by beliefs and expectations, i.e. dream-telling as an institution; and I shall go on to examine the part it plays in the life of the group and the ways in which it is further patterned by this.
On Bridewealth and Meaning among the Rukuba, Plateau State, Nigeria
Authors: Muller Jean-Claude 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphMuch ink has been spilled over the problem of bridewealth, its meaning and its functions. As Gray (1960) has summarized it, the debate first focused on refuting the idea that bridewealth was a kind of payment for the purchase of a wife, and this question still lingers on without having been quite solved. Others have seen in bridewealth a transference of rights and duties over a woman from the woman's group to the husband's group. Leaving aside the economic aspect of the transaction, this view seems particularly valid with regard to societies in which different amounts of bridewealth may be given to obtain different sets of rights and duties over spouses and their offspring (Bohannan 1949; Horton 1969; Williamson 1962). These ideas about bridewealth as a regulator of rights and duties over spouses and children are now generally agreed upon so that Goody (1973: 3), one of the acknowledged experts in these matters, can write that: ‘the relative size of payment is in a general sense linked with the quantum of rights transferred.’ Thus, generally, in societies having several kinds of marriages with a concomitant variation in bridewealth between the kinds of marriages, the rights over the woman and her children will also vary according to the amount paid, more rights being conveyed with a more expensive payment (Goody 1973: 16-17).
Colonial Chiefs and the Making of Class: A Case Study From Teso, Eastern Uganda
Authors: Vincent Joan 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThis is a study of Teso District, eastern Uganda, during a period of colonial administration from 1896 to 1927. A group of appointed chiefs was brought into being and maintained within a local political environment in which neither traditional rulers nor a principle of hereditary succession to political office were recognised. The growth of the bureaucratic and authoritarian aspects of client chiefship is traced, along with changes in the relations of the chiefs with the colonial regime and with the people they ruled. In time, their increasing powers of coercion and their accumulative control of patronage led to the emergence of a class interest among them. This became crystallised in the mid-1920s when, as a body, they maintained a conservative stance within a colonial administration geared to change.
Spreading the Risk: The Principle of Laterality among the Chopi
Authors: Webster David 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphIn a recent publication, Eleanor Preston-Whyte (1974: 209) has noted the comparative ‘flexibility’ of the Tsonga and Chopi kinship systems, which allow for a greater degree of ‘individuality’ among these peoples as compared with other southern African Bantu-speaking peoples. This paper examines the place of the systems of marriage, divorce, and succession in the socio-cultural matrix which gives rise to an egocentric rather than sociocentric emphasis which is unusual in southern Africa.
The case of Jason Gor and fourteen others: a Luo succession dispute in historical perspective
Authors: Whisson M. G. , Lonsdale J. M. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphIn June 1931, Daniel Odindo, chief of Asembo, resigned after seventeen years in office. Asembo was one of over twenty locations or chiefdoms through which the Luo were ruled by the colonial administration of Kenya; its population was no more than 20,000; it was over thirty miles from the Central Nyanza district headquarters at Kisumu; there was no mission station in the location. It possessed several bush schools, some small trading centres, a few acres of cotton, and a fishing harbour on Lake Victoria. Asembo was a backwater. But there were many parties to the dispute over the succession to Odindo. One of these was Archdeacon Owen, the local head of the Church Missionary Society (CMS) who lived at Maseno, thirty-five miles away in the Maragoli Hills which overlook Kisumu. Owen was a churchman who saw his vocation in bringing political and social as much as spiritual welfare, and was deeply conscious of the missionary's dependence upon the confidence of his African flock. His white supporters in his many political campaigns were more often to be found in England than in Kenya. One of these was Norman Leys, now retired from the Colonial medical service, the first well-informed critic of the Kenya situation and with access to the Labour Party. Leys thought that the Asembo case—then being pursued through the Colony's courts—might ‘prove to be the turning point in Kenya history and [might] become one of the famous trials of the world’. It was ‘perfectly terrific’. He believed he ‘could make a damned good book out of it’ but was thankful that Owen did not want him to take up the issue in England. ‘As well might an unknown medical practitioner in some French village have tried to get his country to undo the wrong done Dreyfus.’ But there was perhaps some hope that the Home Committee of the CMS might come to Owen's aid, for ‘the wizard-chief [Odindo's appointed successor] is obviously out to persecute the church’.
The Zambezi Goba Ancestral Cult
Authors: Lancaster C. S. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThe Zimbabwe culture of present day Southern Rhodesia and Mozambique, of which the main occupation at the nuclear site of Great Zimbabwe dates from the twelfth to the fifteenth centuries, is best known for its external trade in gold, ivory, and copper and for its monumental stone ruins. But while important in terms of prestige exchanges at the diplomatic level, mining and trade seem to have been seasonal occupations fitted in round the annual cycle of subsistence cultivation dependent upon the rains (Barreto 1667: 489–92; Mudenge 1974; Phimister 1974). Patron–client relations between Shona-speaking groups were expressed by limited, symbolic tribute in agricultural labor, military service, gold, ivory, livestock, wives, slaves, local produce, and other prestige items (Barros 1552:271; Conçeicão 1696: 66; Andrade 1955: 306, 310–11), but until recent times basic control over social and political groupings was probably exercised through belief in various levels of spirit cult, ranging from the grass-roots system of individual guardian spirits (mudzimu, sing.) in the ancestral cult controlled by village elders in the extended family and descent group, through a hierarchy of ritually senior, loosely territorial land spirits (mhondoro) holding sway over the progressively larger land shrine realms (nyika) of neighborhood leaders, petty chieftains, chiefs, and paramounts. Leaders at each level influenced a following of both spirits and living people who were interconnected, and the fluctuating network of alliances that existed between leaders was symbolized and kept going by an intermittent traffic in tribute, diplomatic missions, and religious congregations coming to the shrines and leaders located at the various headquarters (zimbabwes) of the confederacy. When the confederacy was large and free from civil wars and secession, the system sometimes culminated in a unifying central cult devoted to a supreme spirit (such as Mwari Nyadenga, Leza or Mulungu) supporting a Mambo, whom the Portuguese called King or Emperor (Santos 1609: esp. 196–9; Abraham 1966; Bullock 1928; Garbett 1966, 1969; Holleman 1953).
Land, lineage and clan in early Anlo
Authors: Greene Sandra E. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphAccording to G. K. Nukunya, the contemporary social organization of the Aŋlɔ Eve—a people located in the southeastern corner of the Republic of Ghana—is ‘based on a [segmentary] lineage system … generalized at a higher level in clanship.’ (Nukunya 1969:20). The clan orhlɔis the largest social unit in the Aŋlɔ social system and is defined as a group of males and females who observe the same totems and taboos, worship the gods of the particular clans to which they belong, and who claim to be the descendants, through approximately eight to ten generations, of a common putative male ancestor. Fifteen clans, dispersed throughout the towns, villages and hamlets of Aŋlɔ are recognized by the traditional political authorities as part of thehlɔsystem. They include the Lafe, Amlade, Adzovia, Bate, Like, Bame, Klevi, Tovi, Tsiame, Agave, Ame, Dzevi, Vifeme, Detsofe and Blu.
Wheeled transport in pre-colonial West Africa
Authors: Law Robin 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphOne of the most important differences in technology between Africa south of the Sahara during the pre-colonial period and many other areas of the world, it is frequently suggested, was the almost complete absence in the former of any form of wheeled transport. The transport of goods overland in pre-colonial sub-Saharan Africa was normally done by pack animals, where these were available, or more generally by human porterage. This lack of wheeled transport, it might be argued, had crucial implications for the history of sub-Saharan Africa, since the high cost of transport by pack animals and human porterage has often been presented as one of the principal constraints upon the expansion of trade, and hence of economic growth generally, in pre-colonial times. The lack of wheels in sub-Saharan Africa, it is clear, cannot have been due simply to ignorance, since many areas of the continent had been in contact with wheel-using civilizations outside Africa for several centuries before the colonial conquest at the end of the nineteenth century. Indeed, as this article will show, there is abundant evidence that, in West Africa at least, the technology of wheeled transport was quite widely known, though put to only very limited use, in the pre-colonial period. The reasons why this technology, although readily available, was nevertheless not generally adopted are, however, very far from being clear.
Analyse des nombres associés à l'homme et à la femme en Afrique de l'Ouest
Authors: Bril Blandine 
Published: April 2006

IntroductionDe nombreuses cultures ont matérialisé l'opposition et/ou la complémentarité existant entre l'homme et la femme par des couples basés sur des notions de latéralité (gauche—droite), d'orientation (est—ouest), de couleur (noir—blanc, rouge—blanc, …). Le nombre apparaît aussi comme un moyen privilégié permettant d'exprimer cette idée.
Economic, Residential and Ritual Fission of Sisala Domestic Groups, Ghana
Authors: Mendonsa Eugene L. 
Published: April 2006

IntroductionAfter an initial discussion about the nature of Sisala society and the segmentary lineage system of shrine types, I will show that fission of domestic groups in Sisala-land takes place in three successive stages: economic, residential and, much later, ritual. This paper deals with two related problems, (a) Given a collective value of kinship amity and unity (Fortes 1969: 219ff), how are groups able to break the ritual bonds which serve to unite them into one body of ancestor-venerators? (b) How are the Sisala able to maintain the ideology of kinship and unity in the face of continual fission of family units?
Pragmatism and the Primary School: the Case of a Non-rural Village
Authors: Moock Joyce Lewinger 
Published: April 2006

IntroductionThe aim of this paper is to analyse the educational needs of one small community in Kenya in terms of its changing socio-economic patterns, and to show how attitudes towards the school system have their roots within this setting. The data are drawn from a nineteen-month study in South Maragoli Location of Kakamega District, Western Province. As part of a larger study concerning the effects of labour migration upon agricultural enterprise, a tracer project was conducted on 139 Standard VII leavers from three primary schools, situated within a one-mile radius, to learn the leaver's employment expectations, his family background, the network connections by which he enters into the labour market, and finally the way in which the community interprets and manipulates the school system to suit its particular needs. The statistical data presented have so far emerged from the school study and from a larger sub-location sample of 159 households. While several questionnaires, intended as cross-checks were administered to students and parents, the qualitative material results from an intensive study utilizing anthropological field techniques in the schools' constituent villages.
The Network of Visits Between Yombe Rural Wage-Earners and their Kinsfolk in Western Congo
Authors: Lux André 
Published: April 2006

The Setting of the ProblemThe present study embodies some of the results of a survey conducted in July 1966 among a sample of 268 rural wage-earners in the territory of Lukula in central Mayombe, Western Congo. The survey focused on two points: first, the labour market, and second, the social and economic ties persisting between the workers and their village kinsmen. This article deals exclusively with the latter.
Cosmologie et structuration de l'espace chez les Komo
Authors: de Mahieu Wauthier 
Published: April 2006

La Structuration de l'Espace VerticalLa verticalité ne se prête qu'à une seule opposition fondamentale, celle entre le Haut et le Bas. Pour saisir pleinement la portée de sa symbolisation, il importe de savoir d'abord comment les Komo se represéntent le Haut et les phénomènes qu'ils y voient.
Rampedi revisited: Another look at a Kgatla ward
Authors: Schapera I. , Roberts Simon 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphObservation of the way in which local groups develop in a given society must ideally take place over a longer period than most researchers remain active in the field, particularly if changes over time are to be charted adequately. But longer-term studies remain relatively scarce and there are obvious difficulties in the way of them: younger anthropologists are often reluctant to look again at a society that has already been carefully studied, especially if the scholar who carried out the earlier field-work still survives; and changing theoretical perspectives and field-work techniques make it hard to match data from different periods. Bearing in mind the need to overcome these difficulties, we combine in this paper field data collected in the course of expeditions spanning more than forty years in an effort to trace the development of an important Kgatla grouping, the ward.
Patterns of Land Holding and Land Distribution in the Ife Division of Western Nigeria
Authors: Driesen I. H. Vanden 
Published: April 2006

The Pattern of Land HoldingThe holding of land in the Ife Division is governed by a multiplicity of arrangements. Some ‘own’ land in the ordinary sense of the term; some enjoy unrestricted rights over property which in fact belongs to the ebi and not to the individual; and others again hold by leases or grants which permit cultivation under a host of different conditions. A listing based on legal and conventional norms would consequently run to considerable length, and the sheer number of discernible types may well bewilder rather than clarify.
Vanishing Borel sets
Authors: Schilling Kenneth 
Published: April 2006

Henson and Ross [1] answered the question of when two hyperfinite sets A, B in an ℵ1-saturated nonstandard universe are bijective by a Borel function: precisely when ∣A∣/∣B∣ ≈ 1. Živaljević [5] generalized this result to nonvanishing Borel sets. He defined a set to be nonvanishing if it is Loeb-measurable and has finite, non-zero measure with respect to some Loeb counting measure. He then showed that two nonvanishing Borel sets are Borel bijective just in case they have the same finite, non-zero measure with respect to some Loeb counting measure.Here we shall complete the cycle, for Borel sets at least. For N ∈ *N, let λN be the internal counting measure given by λN(A) = ∣A∣/N for A internal. Then for vanishing Loeb-measurable sets B, it is natural to consider the Dedekind cut (BL, BR) on *N consisting of those N for which B has 0λN-measure infinity and zero, respectively. We show that, for all vanishing Borel sets B, B and BL are Borel bijective. It follows that vanishing Borel sets B and C are Borel bijective if, and only if, BL = CL. Combined with Živaljević's result, we can characterize when arbitrary Borel sets are Borel bijective: precisely when they have the same measure with respect to all Loeb counting measures.In the final section, we generalize in a similar way results of [2] and [5] to characterize when two Borel sets are bijective by a countably determined function: precisely when, for all N, one has 0λN-measure 0 if and only if the other also has 0λN-measure 0.
Folsom and Nepesta Points
Authors: Scoggin Charles 
Published: April 2006

The reported occurrence of Folsom points in California, and the suggestion that the parts of the Folsom complex will be found to be as generally widespread west of the Rocky Mountains as they have to the eastward, raises several interesting problems as to the relative age and significance of Folsom material reported from different parts of North America. It becomes obvious, moreover, that an appreciable time has been involved in the spread of the complex if its limits are to be extended, as recent occurrences would suggest.These and other considerations properly belong to a survey article, and it is enough for the purpose of this paper to mention briefly that during the past several years the Folsom complex has occupied a singular place in any postulated chronological scheme for American archaeology because investigation during this time has failed to show what lies immediately on either side of it.
Stone Mauls of the Northwest Plains Region
Authors: Over W. H. 
Published: April 2006

Distinct types of grooved stone mauls are so common in the northwest prairie states that they deserve a brief description.South Dakota appears to be about the center of the area in which they are found. They are common in North Dakota and the southwest corner of Minnesota, the northwestern part of Iowa, Nebraska, and the eastern parts of Wyoming and Montana. Those found outside of the above area were probably exchange pieces traded with neighboring tribes. These stone mauls seem to be as common in the northwest prairie states as the grooved stone ax is in the woodland region southeastward. In the earlier days they were commonly used as door stops in the cabins of the pioneers; farmers fastened two together with rope or wire and used them as windbreaks on hay and grain stacks. Every private collection contains several, and nearly four hundred have accumulated in the University of South Dakota Museum without special effort to collect them.
Notes on Colorado River Basin Archaeology
Authors: Baldwin Gordon C. 
Published: April 2006

A recent article in American Antiquity entitled “Symposium on River Valley Archaeology” summarizes the present status of one of our most important and urgent problems in American archaeology today. Additional information concerning this subject, particularly with reference to the progress made in the Colorado River Valley, should be mentioned at this time.The National Park Service has been concerned with survey and salvage operations in proposed reservoir areas along the Colorado River and its tributaries for many years. Long before final construction work was completed on Hoover (formerly Boulder) Dam in 1935, several C.C.C. archaeological crews were at work under National Park Service direction in the areas to be inundated, particularly along the Virgin and Muddy rivers in southeastern Nevada.