bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca in the Dog Following 5-Aminosalicylic Acid Administration
Authors: Barnett K.C. , Joseph E.C. 
Published: December 2008

1 Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) is an inflammatory eye condition, affecting the cornea and conjunctiva, caused by a deficiency in the aqueous fraction of tears. The condition is relatively common in the dog with a varied aetiology. A number of drugs have been implicated in the production of KCS in the dog including salicylazosulphapyridine (sulphasalazine).2 This paper details clinically evident KCS in a 12-month oral toxicity study with 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA), the therapeutically active metabolite of sulphasalazine.3 The condition was first diagnosed at study week 22 and subsequently progressed both in incidence and severity. There was a distinct sex-difference in the response, with treated females being more affected than males.4 There was a close correlation between the production of KCS and reduced lacrimation as assessed by the Schirmer tear test.5 Although sulphasalazine causes KCS in dogs there have been no reports of ocular lesions of this type in man with this drug. It is highly probable that the dog is not a predictive model for man with regard to KCS induction by sulphasalazine or its metabolite 5-ASA.
Metabolism of Uranium in the Rat after Inhalation of Two Industrial Forms of Ore Concentrate: The Implications for Occupational Exposure
Authors: Stradling G.N. , Stather J.W. , Gray S.A. , Moody J.C. , Ellender M. , Hodgson A. , Sedgwick D. , Cooke N. 
Published: December 2008

Aerosols produced from two commercially available ore concentrates in which the uranium was present essentially in the one as ammonium diuranate (ADU) and in the other as uranium octoxide (U3O8) were administered to rats. The results show that: 1 uranium in the ADU bearing material was cleared rapidly from the lungs, mainly to the blood, such that the retention kinetics were similar to those for a class D (highly transportable) compound as defined by ICRP; 2 uranium in the U 3O8 bearing material was removed from the lungs principally by mechanical processes, the retention kinetics in this case being similar to those defined for a class Y (poorly transportable) compound; 3 for both materials the distribution of uranium amongst body tissues and the fraction of the systemic content excreted in urine were similar to those obtained after the injection of soluble hexavalent compounds; 4 for workers potentially exposed to both these materials, urine monitoring and lung radioactivity counting measurements should be used in addition to air sampling procedures for assessing the intake of uranium. 5 intakes of the ADU bearing material should be restricted to those permitted for short-term exposures on the basis of chemical toxicity, whereas those for the U3O 8 bearing material should be governed by radiation dose.
Pentachlorophenol and Hexachlorobenzene in Serum and Urine of the Population of Barcelona
Authors: Gómez-Catalán J. , To-Figueras J. , Planas J. , Rodamilans M. , Corbella J. 
Published: December 2008

1 Urinary chlorophenols of the general population of Barcelona, Spain were determined. Pentachlorophenol (PCP: 25.0 ± 3.9 ng/ml; x ± s.e.m., n = 50) and tetrachlorophenol (TCP: 6.2 ± 1.6 ng/ml; x ± s.e.m., n = 25) were found in all samples. 2 Pentachlorophenol and hexachlorobenzene were also determined in serum. Both were present in all samples (PCP: 21.9 ± 1.9 ng/ml; HCB: 11.1 ± 1.1 ng/ml; x ± s.e.m., n = 100). Their concentrations do not show any correlation, suggesting no metabolic relation between them.
UK Blood Lead Monitoring Programme 1984—1987: Protocol and Results For 1984
Authors: Quinn M.J. , Delves H.T. 
Published: December 2008

The Department of the Environment (DOE) has undertaken an extensive programme to monitor blood lead concentrations annually over the period 1984 to 1987 in the context of the reduction in the maximum permissible lead content of petrol from 0.4 to 0.15 g/l from 1st January 1986. The study includes adults living in heavily trafficked urban areas and in occupational groups particularly exposed to petrol lead; children aged 6—7 years attending schools in heavily trafficked urban areas; and control groups of adults and children in rural areas. The surveys are planned to cover about 1500 adults and 1000 children in total each year. Cohorts of adults are being followed, with replacement where necessary owing to moving, etc. For ethical reasons, no child will be sampled more than once, although the schools concerned will be revisited each year; children's blood is also being examined for antibodies to measles and poliomyelitis. Blood samples are being analysed for lead by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS); considerable efforts are being made to ensure the validity of the analytical results during the period of the study. Results for 1984 indicated that average blood lead concentrations in both adults and children were generally low and were in line with levels expected on the basis of earlier surveys; only a very small proportion of individuals had raised levels. A detailed statistical analysis has confirmed the results of the EEC Blood Lead Surveys (carried out in 1979—1981) that blood lead concentrations were related to a range of personal, social and environmental factors including age, sex and smoking and drinking habits. Comparisons of any trends during the survey period in blood level concentrations in the exposed and control groups, together with results from the monitoring of sources of environmental lead should enable a broad assessment to be made of the effect of the reduction in petrol lead.
Passive Smoking and Lung Cancer Association: A Result of Bias?
Authors: Lee P.N. 
Published: December 2008

1 Epidemiological studies have reported that non-smokers married to smokers have a lung cancer risk 20-50% higher than that of non-smokers married to non-smokers. 2 In contrast, extrapolation based on relative smoke exposure of passive and active smokers would predict a much smaller effect. 3 This paper examines the possibility that bias due to misclassification of smoking habits, coupled with between spouse smoking habit concordance, could account for this discrepancy. 4 One thousand seven hundred and seventy-five subjects were asked about their smoking habits and use of other nicotine products in a non-health context likely to minimize underreporting of smoking. One thousand five hundred and thirty-seven provided saliva for cotinine analysis. Of 808 who claimed not to be users of such products, 2.5% had cotinine values above 30 ng/ml, suggesting their self reports were false. In another study 540 subjects were interviewed in 1980 and in 1985. Ten per cent claiming on one occasion never to have smoked, made inconsistent statements on the other occasion. A third study showed a strong tendency for smokers to marry smokers. 5 Estimates of bias based on these data indicate that misclassification can explain the unexpectedly high lung cancer risk associated with spouse smoking in epidemiological studies of self-reported never smokers.
ECG Studies with Astemizole
Authors: Craft T.M. , Vanden Bussche G. , De Cree J. , Griffiths J.V. 
Published: December 2008

1 Six healthy volunteers took part in a 2-week haemodynamic safety study of astemizole. 2 They were given 30 mg daily (3 x 10 mg tablets) for the first 3 days and 10 mg daily for the next 12 consecutive days. 3 Heart rate, blood pressure, ECG and systolic time intervals at rest were measured before the start and five times during the day. 4 No changes were observed in any of the parameters measured. The configuration of the ECG was not influenced. 5 Serum concentrations of astemizole plus hydroxylated metabolites measured at the end of the study were 16 times lower than those detected in a patient overdosing on 200 mg astemizole.
Combined Boric Acid and Cinchocaine Chloride Poisoning in a 12-month-old Infant: Evaluation of Haemodialysis
Authors: Egfjord M. , Jansen J.A. , Flachs H. , Schou J.S. 
Published: December 2008

A mixture containing 3 g of boric acid and 300 mg of cinchocaine chloride prescribed due to painful dental protrusion was accidentally ingested by a 12-month-old girl. She developed violent vomiting and coughing. Irritability, tremor, seizures and a delirious reaction. She was treated with diazepam, intubated, sedated and ventilated. Her diuresis was stimulated with furosemide and fluid. Within the first 24 h she was treated with haemodialysis twice on femoral catheters. Her renal function was unaffected. In two days she fully recovered. The maximum measured levels of boric acid and cinchocaine chloride approximately 6 h after ingestion were 26 μg/ml and 71 ng/ml respectively. The plasma half-life of boric acid was 7.0 h and decreased to 3.6 and 4.4 h during the two haemodialyses. The total body clearance of boric acid increased correspondingly from 21 ml/min to 41 and 34 ml/min. The in vitro clearance of boric acid of the dialyser was later determined to be 18 ml/min. It is concluded that haemodialysis is valuable in the treatment of boric acid intoxication because it increases the elimination of the drug even in patients without any sign of renal toxicity.
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation and Mesenteric Venous Thrombosis in Fatal Amanita Poisoning
Authors: Sanz P. , Reig R. , Borrás L. , Martínez J. , Máñez R. , Corbella J. 
Published: December 2008

1 A case of fatal Amanita phalloides poisoning in a 14-year-old boy is described. 2 The patient presented severe acute liver dysfunction, disseminated intravascular coagulation and refractory hypoxaemia, and died on the 9th day after mushroom ingestion. 3 Post-mortem examination revealed mesenteric venous thrombosis, massive liver necrosis and haemorrhagic pulmonary alveolitis.
Poisoning Treatment Centre Admissions Following Acute Incidents Involving Pesticides
Authors: Proudfoot A.T. , Dougall H. 
Published: December 2008

1 Adult hospital admissions following acute exposures to pesticides are very uncommon and are more often due to parasuicide than to accidents. 2 Most accidental pesticide incidents are work-related. 3 Males are more likely to be involved than females (2.9:1). 4 Life-threatening and fatal consequences developed in 24% of 54 incidents. 5 Of the 10 fatalities, eight were caused by paraquat, eight were due to parasuicide and two to non-work related accidents.
A Study of the Interaction between Oxytetracycline and Pyridostigmine
Authors: Johnston A. , Hedges A. , Turner P. 
Published: December 2008

1 Oxytetracycline and pyridostigmine were given alone and in combination for 4 days to 12 normal male volunteers in a double-blind, randomised cross-over study. On the fifth day, the pharmacokinetic profiles of the two drugs were examined, and blood and plasma cholinesterase activity was measured. 2 No significant interaction on absorption or pharmacokinetics of either drugs was detected when they were given in combination. 3 There was a small but statistically significant increase in erythrocyte cholinesterase when oxytetracycline was given in combination with pyridostigmine, the pharmacological significance of which is not clear.
Influence of Age and Consumption of Tobacco, Alcohol and Caffeine on Antipyrine Clearance
Authors: Loft S. , Døssing M. , Poulsen H.E. 
Published: December 2008

1 Antipyrine clearance and average daily consumption of tobacco, alcohol and coffee/tea were determined in 303 healthy men. 2 The antipyrine clearance was positively correlated with the consumption of tobacco (r = 0.24; P < 0.0001) and coffee/tea (r = 0.18; P < 0.001), and negatively with age (r = -0.14; P < 0.05) and the alcohol consumption (r = —0.13; P < 0.05). 3 The multiple regression coefficients suggested an increase in antipyrine clearance of 0.8% per daily cigarette or cup of tea and 1.4% per daily cup of coffee; the decrease per daily drink or year of age was 2.8% or 0.4%, respectively.
Myocardial Failure and Shock in Iron Poisoning
Authors: Tenenbein M. , Kopelow M.L. , deSa D.J. 
Published: December 2008

Shock is a well-known complication of iron poisoning. Its aetiology is multifactorial with hypovolaemia due to gastrointestinal blood loss and myocardial depression due to systemic acidosis contributing to its genesis. Primary myocardial dysfunction has not been considered to play a role. Our clinical experiences and autopsy findings in three fatal cases of iron poisoning support myocardial dysfunction and damage as contributing factors to their cardiovascular collapse. The three patients, all female, were 3½, 16 and 28-years-old. Onset of shock occurred at 1, 2 and 5 days post-ingestion. There was no response to vigorous fluid replacement therapy and aggressive catecholamine infusions. Central venous pressures were elevated. Microscopic examination of postmortem tissue showed myocardial damage and the presence of stainable iron. It is speculated that the myocardial depression is mediated by lipid peroxidation of myocyte organelle membranes due to iron catalysed free radical generation. The presence of myocardial dysfunction has therapeutic implications. Patients with severe iron poisoning require early and serial measurements of arterial blood pressure, central venous pressure and cardiac output. If primary myocardial dysfunction is documented then fluid replacement, inotropic support and afterload reduction should be considered.
Promutagenic Alkyl Lesions are Induced in the Tissue DNA of Animals Treated with Isoniazid
Authors: Saffhill R. , Fida S. , Bromley M. , O'Connor P.J. 
Published: December 2008

Further studies have been carried out to determine mechanisms for the toxic and carcinogenic properties of isoniazid (INH) in laboratory animals.1 Single doses of INH (1.1 mg per mouse), which if given continuously to Swiss mice result in a 50% incidence of lung tumours, lead to the formation of ∼ 0.5 and∼ 0.3 μmol 06-methylguanine per mol/guanine in the DNA of liver and lung, respectively2 Repeated doses of INH result in a progressive decrease in the levels of 06-methylguanine in lung DNA and relatively constant levels in hepatic DNA. Treatment with equimolar doses of hydrazine result in higher levels of alkylation in the DNA of liver than of lung.3 Comparable experiments in Wistar rats show that treatment with hydrazine is very much more effective than INH in inducing the alkylation of liver and lung DNA.4 Immunocytochemical staining of cryostat sections of liver has been used to show that the formation of 06-methylguanine occurs mainly in the nuclei of hepatocytes.5 These results demonstrate that treatment with INH leads to the alkylation of tissue DNA and suggest that this may arise via a hydrazine intermediate. The implications of the formation of highly promutagenic lesions in tissue DNA for INH induced toxicity and carcinogenicity are discussed.
Acute Phosphine Poisoning following Ingestion of Aluminium Phosphide
Authors: Misra U.K. , Tripathi A.K. , Pandey R. , Bhargwa B. 
Published: December 2008

1 Eight cases of phosphine poisoning following ingestion of aluminium phosphide tablets for suicidal attempt are described. The mean age of the patients was 23 years (range 14-25). 2 The clinical picture consisted of gastritis, altered sensorium and peripheral vascular failure in all cases, cardiac arrhythmia (3), jaundice and renal failure (1 each). Six patients died, the mean hospital stay was 19 h (range 4-72). 3 Post-mortem examination was performed in two patients, revealing pulmonary oedema, gastrointestinal mucosal congestion, petechial haemorrahages on the surface of liver and brain. Histopathological changes included pulmonary oedema, desquamation of the lining epithelium of the bronchioles; vacuolar degeneration of hepatocytes, dilatation and engorgement of hepatic central veins, sinusoids and areas showing nuclear fragmentation. 4 The clinical picture of aluminium phosphide poisoning is described and precaution in the distribution and use of this pesticide recommended.
Reproductive Toxicity Tests: Retrospect and Prospect
Authors: Sullivan F.M. 
Published: December 2008

1 The design of the classical three segment reproductive test for new drugs is described and the relative merits of the USA/EEC and the Japanese guidelines are discussed. 2 The importance of pharmacokinetic studies in the interpretation of teratology studies and extrapolation to humans is mentioned in relation to caffeine, sodium valproate and cyclophosphamide. 3 Changing ideas on the design of multi-generation studies are reviewed. 4 Recent developments in the fields of behavioural teratology, chemicals in breast milk and transplacental carcinogenesis are described.
Pesticides
Authors: Berry C.L. 
Published: December 2008

1 Chemical treatment of crops is essential not only to reduce losses but also to prevent certain food related diseases. 2 Pesticides, unlike many other compounds, are designed to kill higher organisms and thus pose special toxicological problems. 3 It is important to understand the mechanism of action of the pesticide in the target organism in order to assess risk/benefit as accurately as possible. 4 In future the need for pharmacokinetic/dynamic and comparative metabolic data will increase and it will become important to gather human exposure data for certain commonly used compounds, data which are sadly lacking at present.
Ecotoxicology
Authors: Moriarty F. 
Published: December 2008

1 Ecotoxicology is concerned ultimately with the effects of pollutants on populations not individuals. Sub-lethal effects, and changes to the environment, can have a greater impact on population size than does acute toxicity. 2 Effective concern about effects of pollutants on wildlife developed after the Second World War with the advent of synthetic pesticides, and the difficulties encountered then in the evaluation of the effects of insecticides are still with us. 3 Effects on wildlife are probably often unnoticed and to demonstrate causes of observed effects usually difficult. 4 Two underlying problems are that ecology is still a relatively young science and that we lack a consensus on the value of wildlife. 5 We need to improve our predictive abilities for effects of pollutants and we also need long-term monitoring schemes that have clear objectives.
Detecting Adverse Reactions to Drugs
Authors: Bennett P.N. 
Published: December 2008

1 Present attitudes to drug safety have been shaped largely by a series of disasters. 2 In 1937 about 107 people in the USA died of poisoning by diethylene glycol used as a vehicle for sulphanilamide which led to the requirement that all formulations must be licensed by the FDA before marketing. 3 Up to 1960 the rate of production of new drugs outstripped the ability to introduce them safely. In Germany, thalidomide, an effective sedative, had been introduced in 1956 but it was not until 1961, when an estimated 10 000 babies worldwide had been born with birth deformities, that the teratogenicity of this compound was recognized. 4 Further legislation soon followed, both reducing the number and lengthening the time required to introduce a new drug onto the market. However, problems were encountered with practolol in the 1970s and with benoxaprofen in the 1980s, the latter highlighting the need to make special provision for drug use in the elderly. 5 As to the future, more attention will be paid to the special needs of children and to the possible effects of genetic differences in metabolism.
Clinical and Sub-clinical Lead Poisoning: A Laboratory Perspective
Authors: Braithwaite R.A. , Brown S.S. 
Published: December 2008

1 The background, scope and limitations of laboratory methods for the diagnosis of inorganic dead poisoning are outlined in the context of the work of a specialist clinical laboratory for trace element analysis.2 Data for blood lead, haemoglobin and erythrocyte zinc protoporphyrin concentrations are presented in cases of clinical and sub-clinical poisoning due to accidental or occupational exposure.3 Data from population surveys of children and adults subject to either environmental or occupational exposure are also shown.4 In general, analysis for lead in an appropriate specimen of blood offers the single most useful index of exposure.5 The importance of good accuracy control in such measurements is emphasized.
A Signal Assay for the Detection of Genotoxic Compounds: Application on the Urines of Cancer Patients on Chemotherapy and of Nurses Handling Cytotoxic Drugs
Authors: Burgaz S. , Özdamar Y.N. , Karakaya A.E. 
Published: December 2008

1 The excretion of thioethers was determined in the urine of nurses handling cytotoxic drugs (n = 10) and cancer patients under chemotherapy (n = 32). 2 An occupational non-exposed group served as control ( n = 28). 3 We found no association between the handling of cytotoxic drugs and occupational exposure of nurses. Cancer patients under chemotherapy showed abnormally high values of thioethers, while urinary thioether concentration was, consistently, rather low in some individuals under intensive chemotherapy. 4 We conclude that periodical urinary thioether determinations should be made available to hospital staff as well as cancer patients to minimize the risks of the cytotoxic drugs.
A New Method for Predicting the Outcome and Survival Period in Paraquat Poisoning
Authors: Suzuki K. , Takasu N. , Arita S. , Maenosono A. , Ishimatsu S. , Nishina M. , Tanaka S. , Kohama A. 
Published: December 2008

1 To elucidate the importance of lung damage in the prognosis of paraquat poisoning, the respiratory index (RI: A-aDO2/PO2) was analysed in 51 patients with paraquat poisoning. 2 Progressive deterioration of the RI was observed in 43 non-survivors, but not in 8 survivors. In addition, the RI of non-survivors became greater than 1.5 in the course of their poisoning, while that of the survivors remained less than 1.5. 3 The level of the RI (i.e. whether it became greater than 1.5 or not) was found to be a good indicator for the prognosis for life. 4 The RI-time, defined as the time taken from ingestion for the RI to be greater than 1.5, was found to be a good indicator for predicting the survival period in fatal cases. 5 As a result, we conclude that it is important and useful to examine a series of RI and the RI-time in poisoned patients not only to provide proper respiratory care, but also to predict outcome and survival period.
Acute Resin Phenol-formaldehyde Intoxication. A Life Threatening Occupational Hazard
Authors: Cohen N. , Modai D. , Khahil A. , Golik A. 
Published: December 2008

1 A 38-year-old previously healthy worker accidentally spilled phenol-formaldehyde resin over a large area of his skin. 2 Several days later he was hospitalized with extensive necrotic skin lesions, fever, hypertension, adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), proteinuria and renal functional impairment. 3 All symptoms improved progressively and eventually disappeared. 4 We propose that toxic materials originating from the necrotic skin lesions and the continued facilitated absorption of the resin and/or its components via the skin lesions were the main factors responsible for this alarming multisystem involvement. 5 Workers handling this material should be instructed to take appropriate precautions and physicians should be alerted to the potential pathophysiological consequences.