bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A direct recording declinograph
Authors: Cady W. G. 
Published: February 2008

A preliminary paper on this instrument was published in this journal for June, 1904. (Vol. IX, p. 69.) Under the auspices of the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism of the Carnegie Institution two portable declinographs have since then been constructed under the writer's direction, one of which is at present installed at the Solar Observatory on Mt. Wilson, California. As these instruments embody several features not contained in the original experimental apparatus, a short description of them is here given.It will be remembered that the principle of the instrument consists in the transmission of the movements of a suspended magnetic needle, through a delicate suspended glass lever to a pen situated at the end of a long arm. The lever system is therefore somewhat similar to that in the Bosch‐Omori seismograph, except that no pivots are used. The directive force acting on a magnetic needle in the Earth's field, is so much feebler than that in the case of a massive horizontal pendulum, that it was thought best to avoid the slight but uncertain friction of pivots. The pen is caused periodically to print a dot upon a long strip of paper, which is advanced by means of clockwork. The most radical departure from the original apparatus is in the manner of printing dots: the pen is no longer drawn down to the paper by means of a solenoid, but the paper is automatically lifted up so as to touch the pen. This avoids the danger of magnetic disturbances caused by having a solenoid plunger mounted on the pen arm, and also reduces the moment of inertia of the moving system to a minimum. Owing to the additional energy required to raise the paper as well as to advance it, this double function is performed by an electro‐magnet mounted at a suitable distance below the instrument. The clock that periodically closes the electric circuit may then be located at any distance from the instrument. Other changes and new features are described in the following paragraphs. With the exception of the enclosing cases and the clockwork, practically the entire work of construction was carried out by Mr. F. H. J. Newton, the college mechanician, to whose ingenuity and skill acknowledgement is here made.
Vorläufige Mitteilung über magnetische Variationsbeobachtungen in einem Bergwerk
Authors: Schmidt Ad. 
Published: February 2008

Durch ein wesentlich den Herren Landesgeologen Professor Dr. Schneider und Professor Dr. Jentzsch zu verdankendes Zusammenwirken der Preussisehen Geologischen Landesanstalt und des Potsdamer Magnetischen Observatoriums ist es nach längeren Vorbereitungen gelungen, in einem Kohlenbergwerk in der Nähe von Dortmund (in Westfalen) für einige Zeit eine magnetische Doppelstation in Betrieb zu setzen, um die Frage zu entscheiden, ob die magnetischen Variationserscheinungen in den uns zugänglichen Tiefen im Erdinnern bereits merkbare Abweichungen von denjenigen an der Erdoberfläche zeigen.Die Anlage befindet sich auf der der Gelsenkirchener Bergwerks‐Aktien‐Gesellschaft gehörigen Zeche Monopol und ist, von der instrumenteilen Ausrüstung und dem der Technischen Hochschule in Aachen gehörigen Beobachtungshäuschen abgesehen, von dieser Gesellschaft in dankenswerter Weise auf ihre Kosten hergestellt worden. Auch der Betrieb wird von ihr unterhalten. Die Instrumente hat Herr Mechaniker Schulze in Potsdam für diesen Zweck gebaut und ohne jede Entschädigung leihweise zur Verfügung gestellt, ein Entgegenkommen, das um so höher anzuerkennen ist, als das ganze Unternehmen dadurch überhaupt erst möglich gemacht wurde. Der Betrieb wird von Herrn Markscheider Stiepel geleitet, der zur Vorbereitung darauf im Frühjahr dieses Jahres vierzehn Tage am Potsdamer Observatorium gearbeitet hat.
Concerning pulsations of short period in the strength of the Earth's magnetic field
Authors: Ebert H. 
Published: February 2008

For a considerable length of time a general interest has been aroused by the striking, regular oscillations of short period in the Earth's magnetic force which, at times of magnetic disturbances as well as at times of perfect magnetic calm, appear in the form of short waves, (“terrestrial magnetic waves”), in the magnetograph curves.Lamont observed such pulsations,2 a fact which is to be noted because at that time there as yet existed no strong artificial electric currents of any sort whatever, and hence the oscillations mentioned must certainly have been caused by the Earth's field.
Magnetic observations during partial solar eclipse, January 13, 1907, at Zi‐Ka‐Wei
Authors: de Moidrey J. 
Published: February 2008

On the occasion of the partial eclipse of the Sun, January 13, 1907, which here reached a magnitude of nearly 0.6, we exercised more than usual care in the registration.Scale value determinations were made at two distances in the morning; the time was marked with precision at the beginning and ending.
Preliminary report on atmospheric electricity work, yacht “Galilee,” Sitka to Honolulu, August, 1907
Authors: Dike P. H. 
Published: February 2008

On unpacking the instruments at Sitka it was found that the leaves of three of the electroscopes were damaged, making necessary to put in new leaves and to recalibrate the electroscopes. Some trouble was encountered in the calibration, due to the leakage between the poles of the battery of small cells constructed at the Office in Washington, which was overcome by removing all the parafine surrounding the cells. The work of calibration took so much time that there was no opportunity for observations in port, nor for observations on land to determine the influence of the ship on the results, these being especially desirable in the case of the potential work.The extra gimbal stand was mounted on the forecastle beneath the bridge. Lead weights were added, in addition to the brass ball to balance the Gerdien conductivity apparatus, when mounted on the gimbal stand on the low tripod purchased for the purpose. The Ebert ion‐counter was also fitted to be mounted on the same tripod.
The penetrating radiation
Authors: Strong W. W. 
Published: February 2008

In the present article three distinct methods will be given to show that the penetrating radiation which produces part of the ionization in closed vessels is not due to γ rays from radium in the ground itself. It seems quite probable that the penetrating radiation must be due to radioactive products in the air and it is quite probable that the origin of these products is in the ground as Elster and Geitel's theory indicates.The first method is based upon the radium content of the various rocks as analyzed by Strutt and Eve. The highest value for the radium content of sedimentary rocks was found to be 2.92 (10)−12 grams of radium per gram of rock. The mean value found by Strutt for sedimentary rocks was 1.1 (10)−12 grams and by Eve 0.8 (10)−12 gram. The value of the radium content varies greatly with the locality, but for surface soils which are subjected to all the various kinds of weather changes the radium content is probably smaller than that found above. For instance Strutt found a radium content for chalk at the bottom of a cliff to be 0.39 (10)−12 gram and at the top of the same cliff 0.12 (10)−12 gram.
Return of the “Galilee” and construction of a special vessel
Authors: Bauer L. A. 
Published: February 2008

The yacht “Galilee” chartered by the Department Terrestrial Magnetism of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, for the purpose of a general or preliminary magnetic survey of the Pacific Ocean, returned to her home port, San Francisco, California, on May 22, after an absence of nearty three years, during which she has cruised in the Pacific Ocean to the extent of about 65,000 nautical miles.After completing at San Francisco various swings and observations, she left on August 4, 1905, for a trial cruise to San Diego, California, under the writer's direction for the purpose of completing the necessary training of the observers and perfecting the methods of observation. The vessel next proceeded to Honolulu and Fanning Island, returning to San Diego, California, in December, 1905. Captain J. F. Pratt of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey commanded the vessel in 1905. Upon the expiration of his furlough, Mr. W. J. Peters, chief magnetic observer of the Department Terrestrial Magnetism, assumed command and carried out the balance of the cruises up to the return to San Francisco in a most satisfactory manner.
Solar magnetic fields and the cause of terrestrial magnetism
Authors: Sutherland William 
Published: February 2008

In this JOURNAL for June, 1900 (vol. V, p. 73), June, 1903 (vol. VIII, p. 49) and December, 1904 (vol. IX, p. 167), the Earth's magnetism was traced to rotation round the axis, different hypotheses for a differential effect resulting from the two kinds of electricity being discussed in each of the three papers. As the formulae of these papers should apply to all heavenly bodies, the best way of testing them would be to compare their results with the facts of observation in other planets or in stars. Hitherto these facts have been almost wanting except for the inference of Bigelow that the Sun has a magnetic field related to its axis of rotation but somewhat asymmetrically, just as in the case of the Earth.But a new era in astronomical magnetism is opened by the discovery of Hale that the solar vortices associated with Sun‐spots produce just such a separation of a spectral line into two as is known in the laboratory as the “Zeeman effect” when produced by a magnetic field. The only account yet available to me of this discovery is that given in “Nature” August 20, 1908, p. 368, followed by a comment from Zeeman, p. 369, but I hasten to show its bearing on the theory of stellar magnetism.1
L'Observatoire magnétique de Zi‐Ka‐Wei
Authors: de Moidrey J. 
Published: February 2008

Le service magnétique de l'Observatoire de Zi‐ka‐wei a été établi, sur les conseils de l'illustre P. Angelo Secchi, par le P. Marc Dechevrens, en 1874, époque où l'observatoire magnétique le plus oriental était celui de Batavia. Le P. Dechevrens était muni d'un magnétomètre du modèle de Kew et d'un cercle d'inclinaison du type classique. Les premières observations qu'il a publiées sont datées du 23 mars 1874.Bientôt, avec l'aide du P. Perry, de Stonyhurst, il faisait construire par Adie un enregistreur photographique, qui fut vérifié en Angleterre et installé dans un pavillon spécial dont nous donnons une vue. L'enregistrement commenca en 1877. Depuis le 1 mars de cette année, les bulletins donnent, d'heure en heure, la valeur de la déclinaison et des deux composantes de la force. La continuité de cette série n'est rompue que par deux interruptions, l'une de juin à septembre 1878, l'autre en février 1889, toutes deux nécessitées par des agrandissements ou des réparations de la salle.
Does magnetization alter mass?
Authors: Lloyd Morton G. 
Published: February 2008

In a paper giving the results of some weighings of magnets, Dr. L. A. Bauer has raised the question as to whether magnetization alters mass. His observations were made upon bar magnets, in both the magnetized and demagnetized state, and in various orientations with respect to the Earth's field. It is obvious that if there be local disturbances of the field, the weighings may give different results for different positions of the magnet, since it is not simply the force of gravitation which is being measured, but in addition the magnetic forces which act upon the bar.Such a specimen is well suited to the purpose of determining whether the magnetic forces have any translational resultant, (and this was the primary object of the experiments cited above) but it is very ill suited to the purpose of determining whether the gravitational force alone is constant. For this purpose it is desirable to have a specimen forming a closed magnetic circuit, and hence without poles, so that there will be no action upon it by the Earth's field. Such a specimen can be put in the same magnetic condition as a bar, and hence any change in the Earth's gravitational action upon it would be equally apparent, while at the same time the extraneous magnetic forces, which complicate the experiment with the bar, are absent.
Birkeland's theory of magnetic storms and terrestrial magnetism
Authors: Humphreys W. J. 
Published: February 2008

Since the days of Oersted's discovery of the deflecting effect of an electric current on a magnetic needle and Ampère's investigations of this phenomenon, there has been an impression among physicists that the relation between electricity and magnetism must be an extremely intimate one: an impression which discovery after discovery has so confirmed that today we feel justified in saying that this relation is one of cause and effect and that all magnetic fields are due to electric currents and that these consist of moving electric charges.If then this is the fundamental relation between electricity and magnetism, if there can be no magnetic field except that which is due to an electric current, it follows that our magnetic storms must be caused by correspondingly fleeting and irregular electric currents whose origin and laws are to be determined only by analysis and experiment: analysis of extensive observations supplemented by confirmatory evidence in the laboratory. This is the kind of evidence presented in the book under discussion, and while the author does not claim to have solved the problem in all its details, still so much has been done, and done so well, that no one interested in the study of magnetic storms can afford to be without it.
The non‐magnetic gas engine of the “Carnegie”
Authors: Craig James 
Published: February 2008

The construction of the non‐magnetic vessel, “Carnegie”, for the Carnegie Institution of Washington, to be engaged in ocean magnetic surveys, presented various interesting mechanical problems. Especially so when it was decided to equip the vessel—primarily a sailing one—with sufficient auxiliary power to drive her, in calm weather, at a speed of about six knots.Of the various types of motors available—steam, gasoline, gas producer—investigations made by the architect of the vessel, Mr. Henry J. Gielow, of New York City, first with regard to the initial cost from a non‐magnetic standpoint; secondly, as to cost of maintainance, and thirdly, with reference to the possibility of obtaining practically everywhere the fuel to be used, resulted in the selection of the third type.
Northern lights in the North Pacific Ocean Sept. 23, 1909
Authors: Beeb Pheovan 
Published: February 2008

Sept. 25th, 1909 at 3 A.M.; Latitude 51°16′ N., longitude 134°40′ West of Greenwich.A whitish sheet of light appeared in the northwest horizon, extending from the star Vega (setting) through Ursae Majoris. This was followed by shafts of light about 2° or 3° in width, appearing simultaneously in the eastern and western horizon, finally creeping up and meeting an the south, passing sometimes through the constellation of Orion, covering the planet Saturn and passing north of Mars, at other times passing through Sirius and covering or extending south of Mars, imparting a marked brilliancy to said and neighboring stars. After 4:00 A.M. Northern Lights appeared from north to east of a reddish and green hue, assuming rainbow colors at times. Barometer was 30.04 inches; air 50°, wet bulb 47°, water 50° Fahrenheit.
Time and direction at the poles of the Earth
Authors: Peters W. J. 
Published: February 2008

Now that the polar discoveries in both hemispheres are attracting so much public attention it may be interesting to refer briefly to the astronomic problems of time and direction at the true Poles. It is often said that there is no time of day at these points, and that every direction in the horizon is south from the North Pole and north from the South Pole. While these statements are strictly true, they do not imply there is no definite direction or that time is indeterminate.Suppose our explorer with his watch running on Greenwich time arrives at one of the Poles on the twenty‐first of March. About this date the Sun is moving in the horizon. At Greenwich apparent noon it appears exactly in the direction of Greenwich and the direction of any other place can be found by laying off its Greenwich longitude so many degrees to the right or left of the Sun at this instant. Or he may convert this longitude into apparent Greenwich time and his watch will show when the Sun has reached the direction in which he wishes to travel. If the Sun is much above the horizon the method will be the same if a theodolite or similar instrument is at hand. With a sextant only, some calculation might be necessary for more accurate determination. If the Sun is below the horizon it is either moonlight, twilight, or dark, and stars can then be used in practically the same way.
Principal magnetic storms recorded at the Cheltenham Magnetic Observatory
Authors: Tittmann O. H. , Burbank J. E. 
Published: February 2008

In the September (1907) number of this journal (Vol. XII, No. 4, page 184) it was stated that the Baldwin magnetic observatory of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey would be kept in operation until another magnetic observatory could be established somewhere west of the Mississippi River to replace it.During the early part of 1909 a site for a magnetic observatory was selected in the vicinity of Tucson, in the Territory of Arizona, after a careful inspection had been made of a number of possible locations, and after a magnetic survey was made of the finally adopted location. Construction work on the observatory buildings began in the latter part of June, 1909, and the buildings were ready for the installation of the magnetic instruments by the first of November, 1909.
Die erdmagnetischen Elemente in Apia, 1905–08
Authors: Angenheister G. 
Published: February 2008

Im Bezug, auf meinen Artikel in Terr. Mag. XV, pp. 169–172, teile ich Ihnen folgendes mit:Bei einer nochmaligen Durchsicht der Horizontal‐Intensität Beobachtungen hat sich ein Additionsfehler vorgefunden, nämlich bei den Monatsmittel Dezember 1906, statt 0.35676 muss es heissen 0.35646; infolgedessen auch das Jahresmittel für 1906 von 0.35658 auf 0.35655, sowie das für 1908 von 0.35616 auf 0.35613 zu ändern ist.
The peculiar magnetic disturbances of December 28–31, 1908
Authors: Faris R. L. 
Published: February 2008

In the March, 1909, number of this Journal,2 Mr. D. L. Hazard called attention to the peculiar features of some magnetic disturbances which occurred on December 29 and 30, 1908, and described their characteristics as shown on the records of the Cheltenham Observatory, comparison also being made of their features as recorded at the other observatories of the Coast and Geodetic Survey. These disturbances being of such special interest, occurring as they did, as definite perturbations of about half an hour's duration during a period when the magnetic conditions were everywhere exceptionally quiet, it was suggested by Dr. L. A. Bauer that it would be worth while to examine the records of other observatories in order to ascertain if similar disturbances were recorded in other parts of the world. Accordingly, with this point in view, many of the observatories were asked to supply the desired data as outlined in the following extract from the letter of the Superintendent of the Coast and Geodetic Survey, Mr. O. H. Tittmann, under date of May 21, 1910, addressed to the directors of various magnetic institutions:Dear Sir: Will you please forward to me at your earliest convenience, for the use of the Division of Terrestrial Magnetism, copies of your photomagnetic curves (magnetograms) covering the period front the beginning of December 29th to the end of December 31st, Greenwich civil date, 1908, with all the necessary data for reading the ordinates and converting them into absolute measure. In order to serve as a check on our own readings, please send also your hourly readings for these days, and the mean hourly values for the entire month.
Results of magnetic observations made by the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey at the time of the solar eclipse of April 28, 1911
Authors: Tittmann O. H. 
Published: February 2008

With a view to furnishing additional data for the study of the effect of an eclipse of the Sun upon the Earth's magnetism, the observers in charge of the magnetic observatories of the Coast and Geodetic Survey were directed to be sure that the magnetographs were in good working order at the time of the solar eclipse of April 28, 1911, and to make declination observations every fifteen minutes for a period of six hours, including the eclipse. The observations were made in response to a request for cooperative work received from Dr. L. A. Bauer.The observatories are all supplied with magnetographs of the Eschenhagen type. The instrument rooms are so well insulated that the temperature seldom changes more than two or three‐tenths of a degree Centigrade in the course of a day, and the effect of change of temperature on the magnets could therefore be neglected for the period covered by the eclipse.
Magnetic declinations and chart corrections in the Indian Ocean—Continued
Authors: Bauer L. A. , Peters W. J. 
Published: February 2008

The present tables Nos. 4 and 5, contain the results for magnetic declination obtained on board the Carnegie from Mauritius to Colombo, August 16 to September 10, 1911, and from Colombo to Batavia, September 16 to October 26, 1911. The same statements and conventions apply as for the previous tables, Nos. 1, 2, and 3 in the September, 1911, issue of the Journal (Vol. XVI, p. 133), except that instead of the word “errors” used before, the more proper term “corrections ” is now applied, thus conforming with the earlier article (Vol. XV, p. 143).The present results will assist materially in locating correctly the‐agonic line in the Arabian Sea and in the Bay of Bengal.
Levé magnétique du bassin du Rio S. Francisco
Authors: Morize H. 
Published: February 2008

J'ai l'honneur de vous envoyer les résultats obtenus par l'expédition magnétique que j'ai envoyé renouveler le levé effectué, en 1883, par le Dr. van Ryckevorsel, dans le bassin du Rio S. Francisco.L'expédition était composée de M. Domingos Costa, Assistant de le classe, comme chef, et de M. Luiz Rodrigues, Assistant de 3e classe, comme auxiliaire. Elle partit de Rio et commença ses travaux à Barra do Pirahy, le 26 Octobre 1910, et pousuivit ensuite, jusqu'à. la fin de Septembre de l'année suivante, l'itinéraire de Ia Commission Hollandaise. Toutes les localités reconnaissables furent réoccupées, moins quelques unes sur le Rio‐das‐Velhas, où plusieurs points durent être abandonnés, à cause de l'éloignement de la ligne de chemin de fer actuel, par rapport à l'ancienne route suivie par M. van Ryckevorsel.
Observation of the magnetic declination at Warsaw during the solar eclipse of April 17, 1912
Authors: Kalinowski S. 
Published: February 2008

In want of a magnetograph I employed for this purpose the Kew pattern magnetometer of the Cambridge Scientific Instrument Co. This instrument is used also for my systematic researches in terrestrial magnetism in Poland.I made my observations during a few days at precisely the same point in the racing field at a distance of about 0.5 km. from the electric tramway line.