bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differential effects of hypoglossal and facial nerve injuries on survival and growth of rats at different developmental stages
Authors: Fukuyama T. , Yokouchi K. , Fukushima N. , Kawagishi K. , Kakegawa A. , Moriizumi T. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe hypoglossal (XII) nerve is made up of functionally different nerve branches: the medial branch related to protrusion of the tongue and the lateral branch related to its retraction. The present study was performed to determine the effects of facial (VII) and XII nerve injuries on the survival and growth of rats in which the unilateral or bilateral VII and XII nerve components (main trunk, XII‐trunk; medial branch, XII‐med; lateral branch, XII‐lat) had been resected at different developmental stages. In the suckling period, unilateral as well as bilateral injuries in the XII‐trunk or XII‐med nerve produced disturbed milk intake, lower survival rates and growth retardation in the nerve‐injured rats. In the transition and mastication periods, only bilateral injury in the XII‐trunk or XII‐med nerve produced disturbed food intake followed by lower survival rates and growth retardation in those animals. The unilateral XII‐lat nerve injury did not have significant effects on milk and food intake, whereas the bilateral injury caused disturbance in milk intake especially at the early neonatal stage. The unilateral VII nerve injury at the early neonatal stage caused deteriorating effects on food intake resulting in lower survival rate and severe growth retardation in the nerve‐injured rats. The results indicate that the survival and growth of XII and VII nerve‐resected rats differ considerably depending on the nerves injured and the developmental ages of the animals at the time of nerve insult.
Is vacuum extraction still known, taught and practiced? A worldwide KAP survey
Authors: Fauveau V. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractObjective: Is vacuum extraction–the method of first choice for assisting vaginal delivery in case of prolonged labor–losing ground in the developing world? And if it is, why? The paper tries to answer these disturbing questions, and examine their consequences.Methods: A rapid Knowledge–Attitude–Practice (KAP) survey was conducted during 2003–2004 on the question of assisted vaginal delivery (AVD) by the use of the vacuum extractor. Public health specialists and obstetricians from 121 developing countries were consulted about their knowledge of the method in their country, its reputation (i.e. their attitude) and its use (practice).Results: Overall 48% of the respondent countries have confirmed knowledge, positive attitude, teaching and countrywide use of the method, while 37% said the method is known and used by only a limited number of specialists who do not teach it, and 15% admitted no knowledge and therefore no use.Conclusion: Given the evidence‐based international recognition of the benefits of vacuum extraction (if practiced correctly and for appropriate indications), it is unjust to deprive women with prolonged labor (and their fetuses) of a simple intervention that can contribute to reducing life threatening complications. This unsophisticated worldwide survey, while not providing in‐depth explanations, calls for rehabilitation of vacuum extraction in countries where it is disappearing and surgical extraction is not yet readily accessible to all women with prolonged labor.
Breastfeeding: A woman's reproductive right
Authors: Labbok M. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper explores the importance of breastfeeding as a women's issue in the health and political contexts, covering the role of global institutions, health practitioners, and national decision‐makers in furthering the goals of supporting breastfeeding as a woman's right to health. The roles and responsibilities of the Obstetrician/Gynecologist are highlighted.
Uterine activity and ductus venosus flow velocity patterns during the first stage of labor
Authors: Szunyogh N. , Zubor P. , Dokus K. , Galo S. , Visnovsky J. , Danko J. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractObjective: To analyze the effects of uterine contractions on ductus venosus (DV) pulsatility during the first stage of labor. Methods: Twenty healthy women were examined. Measurements were taken at three stages of cervical dilatation (< 4 cm, 4–7 cm and ≥ 8 cm) during and between contractions. Peak velocity during ventricular systole (S) and atrial contraction (A), pulsatility index for veins (DV PIV), ductus venosus index (DVI) and the S/A ratio were measured. Results: The DV was observed successfully in 16 cases. The mean S velocity did not change significantly (64 cm/s during and 65 cm/s between contractions). The mean A velocity decreased significantly from 35 cm/s measured between contractions to 29 cm/s during contractions (P < 0.0001). The mean DV PIV and DVI were significantly higher during contractions (0.72 and 0.55) than between contractions (0.57 and 0.45) (P < 0.0001). There were no significant differences in means between stages of cervical dilatation. Conclusion: Significant differences during and between uterine contractions can be observed in DV pulsatility during normal labor.
Differences in reasons for smoking between younger and older smokers
Authors: OEI TIAN P. S. , TILLEY DIANNE , GOW KATHRYN 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe reasons why older people smoke have not been examined in the literature. This paper attempted to examine the differences in motivation and maintenance factors of elderly and young smokers using the Horn‐Waingrow Why do you smoke questionnaire. One hundred and thirteen clinical patients and 112 non‐patient controls were used in this study. The clinical group was divided into an elderly group (n = 58) and a younger group (n = 55). The results of a discriminant analysis showed that patients significantly differed from non‐patients on ‘automatic habit and stimulation’, and ‘crutch/tension reduction’ factors. Elderly patients were found to be significantly differentiated from both younger patients and the control group on the ‘pleasurable relaxation’ factor. These findings offer support for the US Surgeon Generals' report that elderly smokers do have different motivating factors for their smoking behaviours from younger smokers. [Oei, TPS, Tilley, D & Gow, K. Differences in reasons for smoking between younger and older smokers. Drug Alcohol Rev 1991;10:323–330]
Increasing resource allocation and research into tobacco control activities: a comprehensive approach including primary prevention, treatment and brief intervention
Authors: RICHMOND ROBYN 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe range of tobacco control activities should be viewed as essential parts of a complex multi‐component puzzle. Intervention strategies designed to address tobacco control should be comprehensive and include both primary and secondary prevention activities and be multi‐faceted and capable of bringing about change at both the individual and broader social and cultural levels. In this paper I argue for a mutually inclusive framework in which the various components contribute in important and different ways. I examine the prevalence of smoking and identify the high risk groups, then I examine the range of available strategies and present the evidence for their success. I discuss the primary prevention approaches such as warning labels, taxes, price increases, workplace bans, education in schools, mass media and self‐help materials, as well as brief interventions and treatment strategies which are conducted at the worksite, general practice and specialized cessation clinics. The areas for future research are delineated for increased resource allocation and include: the best ways to disseminate brief interventions to smokers, methods to motivate smokers; training of health professionals to deliver brief interventions; enhancing quitting and access to existing treatment resources among specific disadvantaged minority groups, e.g. migrants, unemployed youth, the effect on smoking prevalence of warning labels on cigarette packets and price rises on cigarettes.
Response to the Distilled spirits Industry Council of Australia Inc. position paper ‘Alcohol Availability’
Authors: Hawks David 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA critique is offered of the Distilled Spirits Industry Council position paper ‘Alcohol Availability’. It is argued that this position paper presents a simple‐minded analysis of the complex relationship between the availability of alcohol and its consumption which pays no attention to the importance of price in determining consumption. As a consequence, it misconstrues the lessons to be drawn from the Victorian experiment in liberalization and fails to consider its implications for the incidence of alcohol related problems.
The development of guidelines for drug and alcohol dependence treatment: affecting policy and practice
Authors: HEATHER NICK , MATTICK RICHARD P. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe rationale and methodology behind the Australian Quality Assurance Project is described. The Project aimed to develop guidelines for treatment content based on three sources of information: research findings, current practice and expert opinion. The issue of the gap between research and practice is discussed, as well as the role of dissemination in altering clinician behaviour. [Heather, N, Mattick, RP. The development of guidelines for drug and alcohol dependence treatment: affecting policy and practice. Drug Alcohol Rev 1994;13:119–125.]
Genetic factors in alcohol use—a genetic epidemiological perspective
Authors: HOPPER JOHN L. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to put a genetic epidemiological perspective on the role of genetic factors involved in the susceptibility and expression of alcohol use. The consequences of familial aggregation in a trait is explained, and the evidence for familial aggregation in alcoholism is viewed critically. Methods for making inference about unmeasured genetic factors from family‐based studies of twins, adoptees, etc. are examined. The meaning and limitations of “heritability” are explained. A summary of the literature regarding the possible role of genetic factors on several aspects of alcohol use, including alcohol metabolism, is presented. Some of the evidence for measured genetic factors related to alcoholism and alcohol use is examined. The basic requirements for justifying genetic screening for an adult onset condition, such as alcoholism, are outlined. It is concluded that, although behavioural geneticists have tended to overstate the case for a genetic aetiology, it may only be a matter of time before one or more genetic loci, which in some part determine susceptibility to problem drinking and alcohol abuse, are identified. Genetic screening programmes, however, are unlikely to be justified, especially given the lack of proven prevention strategies. [Hopper JL. Genetic factors in alcohol use—a genetic epidemiological perspective. Drug Alcohol Rev 1994;13:375–384]
“Who is responsible for my health—is Nanny always right?”
Authors: HAWKS DAVID 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAllegations of nannyism on the part of the State are examined in relation to alcohol and drug policies. It is argued that some form of protectionism is inherent in public health, and that the argument turns not so much on whether the State has a mandate for such protectionism but what limitations should be placed on the State's mandate. [Hawks D. Who is responsible for my health—is Nanny always right'? Drug Alcohol Rev 1994;13:467–472]
Desensitization of GSTF8 Induction by a Prior Chemical Treatment Is Long Lasting and Operates in a Tissue-Dependent Manner
Authors: Foley Rhonda C. , Sappl Pia G. , Perl-Treves Rafael , Millar A. Harvey , Singh Karam B. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) GSTF8 gene is a member of the glutathione S-transferase (GST) family whose expression is induced by defense signals, certain chemical stresses, and some pathogens. Here, we have used transgenic plants and an in vivo imaging system to demonstrate that GSTF8 expression is subject to a distinct desensitization phenomenon because prior chemical treatment significantly reduces reactivation of the GSTF8 promoter by hydrogen peroxide, auxin, and salicylic acid. A GSTF8 null line had similar desensitization properties to wild type, demonstrating that GSTF8 protein levels are not responsible for desensitization. The resulting refractory period is unusually long lasting, with full recovery taking 4 d. Expression of the GSTF8 promoter following a second treatment occurred predominantly in newly formed tissue at the root tip, suggesting that desensitization is lost upon cell division. Expression of the endogenous GSTF8 gene and another GST gene, GSTF6, is also desensitized following treatment with hydrogen peroxide. The desensitization phenomenon can be activated by a very low concentration of inducer that is not sufficient to activate the GSTF8 promoter. These results demonstrate that activation of the GSTF8 promoter is not essential for eliciting desensitization. A key promoter sequence within the GSTF8 gene, the ocs element, is also affected by desensitization. Treatment with a phosphatase inhibitor prevents desensitization of GSTF8 expression and ocs element activity, suggesting that dephosphorylation of one or more proteins is required for desensitization to occur.
Disruption and Overexpression of Arabidopsis Phytosulfokine Receptor Gene Affects Cellular Longevity and Potential for Growth
Authors: Matsubayashi Yoshikatsu , Ogawa Mari , Kihara Hitomi , Niwa Masaaki , Sakagami Youji 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Phytosulfokine (PSK), a 5-amino acid sulfated peptide that has been identified in conditioned medium of plant cell cultures, promotes cellular growth in vitro via binding to the membrane-localized PSK receptor. Here, we report that loss-of-function and gain-of-function mutations of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) PSK receptor gene (AtPSKR1) alter cellular longevity and potential for growth without interfering with basic morphogenesis of plants. Although mutant pskr1-1 plants exhibit morphologically normal growth until 3 weeks after germination, individual pskr1-1 cells gradually lose their potential to form calluses as tissues mature. Shortly after a pskr1-1 callus forms, it loses potential for growth, resulting in formation of a smaller callus than the wild type. Leaves of pskr1-1 plants exhibit premature senescence after bolting. Leaves of AtPSKR1ox plants exhibit greater longevity and significantly greater potential for callus formation than leaves of wild-type plants, irrespective of their age. Calluses derived from AtPSKR1ox plants maintain their potential for growth longer than wild-type calluses. Combined with our finding that PSK precursor genes are more strongly expressed in mature plant parts than in immature plant parts, the available evidence indicates that PSK signaling affects cellular longevity and potential for growth and thereby exerts a pleiotropic effect on cultured tissue in response to environmental hormonal conditions.
Differential Expression and Localization of Early Light-Induced Proteins in Arabidopsis
Authors: Heddad Mounia , Norén Hanna , Reiser Verena , Dunaeva Marina , Andersson Bertil , Adamska Iwona 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The early light-induced proteins (Elips) in higher plants are nuclear-encoded, light stress-induced proteins located in thylakoid membranes and related to light-harvesting chlorophyll (LHC) a/b-binding proteins. A photoprotective function was proposed for Elips. Here we showed that after 2 h exposure of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leaves to light stress Elip1 and Elip2 coisolate equally with monomeric (mLhcb) and trimeric (tLhcb) populations of the major LHC from photosystem II (PSII) as based on the Elip:Lhcb protein ratio. A longer exposure to light stress resulted in increased amounts of Elips in tLhcb as compared to mLhcb, due to a reduction of tLhcb amounts. We demonstrated further that the expression of Elip1 and Elip2 transcripts was differentially regulated in green leaves exposed to light stress. The accumulation of Elip1 transcripts and proteins increased almost linearly with increasing light intensities and correlated with the degree of photoinactivation and photodamage of PSII reaction centers. A stepwise accumulation of Elip2 was induced when 40% of PSII reaction centers became photodamaged. The differential expression of Elip1 and Elip2 occurred also in light stress-preadapted or senescent leaves exposed to light stress but there was a lack of correlation between transcript and protein accumulation. Also in this system the accumulation of Elip1 but not Elip2 correlated with the degree of PSII photodamage. Based on pigment analysis, measurements of PSII activity, and assays of the oxidation status of proteins we propose that the discrepancy between amounts of Elip transcripts and proteins in light stress-preadapted or senescent leaves is related to a presence of photoprotective anthocyanins or to lower chlorophyll availability, respectively.
AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR8Is a Negative Regulator of Fruit Initiation inArabidopsis
Authors: Goetz Marc , Vivian-Smith Adam , Johnson Susan D. , Koltunow Anna M. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractFruit and seed formation in plants is normally initiated after pollination and fertilization, and, in the absence of fertilization, flowers senesce. In the Arabidopsis thaliana mutant fruit without fertilization, a mutation in AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR8 (ARF8) results in the uncoupling of fruit development from pollination and fertilization and gives rise to seedless (parthenocarpic) fruit. Parthenocarpy was confirmed in two additional recessive alleles and was caused by mutations within the coding region of ARF8. Genetic experiments indicate that ARF8 acts as an inhibitor to stop further carpel development in the absence of fertilization and the generation of signals required to initiate fruit and seed development. Expression of ARF8 was found to be regulated at multiple levels, and transcriptional autoregulation of ARF8 was observed. Analysis of plants transformed with a transcriptional PARF8:β-glucuronidase (GUS) construct or a translational ARF8:GUS fusion construct displayed distinct developmental regulation of the reporter in floral tissues involved in pollination and fertilization and in the carpel wall. After fertilization, the level of GUS activity declined in the developing seed, while in unfertilized ovules that are destined to senesce, ARF8:GUS expression spread throughout the ovule. This is consistent with a proposed role for ARF8 in restricting signal transduction processes in ovules and growth in pistils until the fruit initiation cue.
Functional Replacement of Ferredoxin by a Cyanobacterial Flavodoxin in Tobacco Confers Broad-Range Stress Tolerance
Authors: Tognetti Vanesa B. , Palatnik Javier F. , Fillat María F. , Melzer Michael , Hajirezaei Mohammad-Reza , Valle Estela M. , Carrillo Néstor 
Published: July 2006

AbstractChloroplast ferredoxin (Fd) plays a pivotal role in plant cell metabolism by delivering reducing equivalents to various essential oxidoreductive pathways. Fd levels decrease under adverse environmental conditions in many microorganisms, including cyanobacteria, which share a common ancestor with chloroplasts. Conversely, stress situations induce the synthesis of flavodoxin (Fld), an electron carrier flavoprotein not found in plants, which can efficiently replace Fd in most electron transfer processes. We report here that chloroplast Fd also declined in plants exposed to oxidants or stress conditions. A purified cyanobacterial Fld was able to mediate plant Fd-dependent reactions in vitro, including NADP+ and thioredoxin reduction. Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants expressing Fld in chloroplasts displayed increased tolerance to multiple sources of stress, including redox-cycling herbicides, extreme temperatures, high irradiation, water deficit, and UV radiation. Oxidant buildup and oxidative inactivation of thioredoxin-dependent plastidic enzymes were decreased in stressed plants expressing plastid-targeted Fld, suggesting that development of the tolerant phenotype relied on productive interaction of this flavoprotein with Fd-dependent oxidoreductive pathways of the host, most remarkably, thioredoxin reduction. The use of Fld provides new tools to investigate the requirements of photosynthesis in planta and to increase plant stress tolerance based on the introduction of a cyanobacterial product that is free from endogenous regulation in higher plants.
Antiretroviral treatment for injecting drug users in developing and transitional countries 1 year before the end of the ‘Treating 3 million by 2005. Making it happen. The WHO strategy’ (‘3by5’)*
Authors: Aceijas Carmen , Oppenheimer Edna , Stimson Gerry V. , Ashcroft Richard E. , Matic Srdan , Hickman Matthew ,   the Reference Group on HIV/AIDS Prevention and Care among IDU in Developing and Transitional Countries
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTObjective  To describe and estimate the availability of antiretroviral treatment (ART) to injecting drug users (IDUs) in developing and transitional countries.Methods  Literature review of grey and published literature and key informants’ communications on the estimated number of current/former injecting drug users (IDUs) receiving ART and the proportion of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) attributed to injecting drug use (IDU), the number of people in ART and in need of ART, the number of people living with HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) (PLWHA) and the main source of ART.Results  Data on former/current IDUs on ART were available from 50 countries (in 19 countries: nil IDUs in treatment) suggesting that ∼34 000 IDUs were receiving ART by the end of 2004, of whom 30 000 were in Brazil. In these 50 countries IDUs represent ∼15% of the people in ART. In Eastern European and Central Asia IDU are associated with > 80% of HIV cases but only ∼2000 (14%) of the people in ART. In South and South‐East Asia there were ∼1700 former/current IDUs receiving ART (∼1.8% of the people in ART), whereas the proportion of HIV cases associated to IDU is > 20% in five countries (and regionally ranges from 4% to 75%).Discussion  There is evidence that the coverage of ART among current/former IDUs is proportionally substantially less than other exposure categories. Ongoing monitoring of ART by exposure and population subgroups is critical to ensuring that scale‐up is equitable, and that the distribution of ART is, at the very least, transparent.
The origin of MDMA (ecstasy) revisited: the true story reconstructed from the original documents*
Authors: Freudenmann Roland W. , Öxler Florian , Bernschneider‐Reif Sabine 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTBackground  Little is known about the origin of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy). The most commonly repeated statement in the medical literature is that MDMA was synthesized by the German pharmaceutical company Merck in 1912 in order to develop an appetite suppressor. Aim  To reconstruct the true story of the first known description of MDMA at Merck using the original documents.Methods  A systematic analysis of the original documents in Merck’s historical archive in Darmstadt, Germany, was conducted (years 1900–60). Results  There were no indications for plans to develop an appetite suppressant at Merck between 1900 and 1960. Although MDMA was, in fact, first synthesized at Merck in 1912, it was not tested pharmacologically because it was only an unimportant precursor in a new synthesis for haemostatic substances. The new pathway was patented in order to evade an existing patent by a local competitor. MDMA was called ‘Methylsafrylamin’ in 1912. In 1927 and 1959, the pharmacological effects of MDMA were studied at Merck, but not in humans.Discussion  A systematic analysis of the original documents in the company’s archive revealed that uncritical copy‐paste procedures may have contributed to the famous myth that MDMA was patented as an appetite suppressor in 1912.