bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Graph lambda theories
Authors: BUCCIARELLI ANTONIO , SALIBRA ANTONINO 
Published: July 2008

A longstanding open problem in lambda calculus is whether there exist continuous models of the untyped lambda calculus whose theory is exactly the λβ or the least sensible λ-theory ℋ (which is generated by equating all the unsolvable terms). A related question is whether, given a class of lambda models, there are a minimal λ-theory and a minimal sensible λ-theory represented by it. In this paper, we give a positive answer to this question for the class of graph models à la Plotkin, Scott and Engeler. In particular, we build two graph models whose theories are the set of equations satisfied in, respectively, any graph model and any sensible graph model. We conjecture that the least sensible graph theory, where ‘graph theory’ means ‘λ-theory of a graph model’, is equal to ℋ, while in one of the main results of the paper we show the non-existence of a graph model whose equational theory is exactly the λβ theory.Another related question is whether, given a class of lambda models, there is a maximal sensible λ-theory represented by it. In the main result of the paper, we characterise the greatest sensible graph theory as the λ-theory ℬ generated by equating λ-terms with the same Böhm tree. This result is a consequence of the main technical theorem of the paper, which says that all the equations between solvable λ-terms that have different Böhm trees fail in every sensible graph model. A further result of the paper is the existence of a continuum of different sensible graph theories strictly included in ℬ.
The Modulation of STAT5A/GR Complexes during Fat Cell Differentiation and in Mature Adipocytes
Authors: Baugh James E. , Floyd Z. Elizabeth , Stephens Jacqueline M. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 5A has been shown to interact with the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in adipocytes. The aim of this study was to investigate the subcellular locations and modulation of STAT5A/GR complexes during adipogenesis and in mature adipocytes.Research Methods and Procedures: Both 3T3‐L1 and 3T3‐F442A cells were studied by performing subcellular fractionations, immunoprecipitation, and Western blotting after various treatments.Results: The formation of nuclear STAT5A/GR complexes was regulated in the cytosol and in the nucleus at distinct times during adipogenesis and in mature adipocytes. STAT5A, but not STAT5B, forms a complex with GR in adipocytes. The STAT5A associated with GR in the nucleus is tyrosine phosphorylated.Discussion: The association of STAT5A with GR in the nucleus of adipocytes is modulated by the tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT5A. Both GR and STAT5A are known to have important roles in adipocyte function. Hence, our data suggest that the association of these two transcription factors may be important in the regulation of adipocyte gene expression.
Identification and Correlates of Weight Loss in Adolescents in a National Sample
Authors: Boutelle Kerri N. , Hannan Peter J. , Neumark‐Sztainer Dianne , Himes John H. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: Little is known about behaviors associated with successful weight loss during adolescence. The first objective of the current study was to identify meaningful weight loss, weight maintenance, and weight gain in male and female adolescents. The second objective of this study was to apply these methods to U.S. adolescents from the National Health and Nutrition Survey 1999 to 2002 data and to identify factors associated with these weight change outcomes.Research Methods and Procedures: The current analyses include 1726 (female, 836; male, 890) 16‐ to 18‐year‐old adolescents who completed the questionnaire components and interview for either the 1999–2000 or the 2001–2002 National Health and Nutrition Survey study. Dietary intake, physical activity, and dieting attitudes were compared across the weight loss (L), maintain (M), and gain (G) groups in the entire sample and in a subset of adolescents who are overweight and at‐risk‐for‐overweight (≥85th percentile).Results: The tested method for identifying weight L, M, and G groups has both theoretical and statistical validity and, when applied to the sample, showed the expected direction of changes in weight. Results suggest that more overall physical activity, more vigorous exercise, and less sedentary activity are associated with being in the L group in both the full sample and the overweight and at‐risk‐for‐overweight sample. In addition, fewer teens in the L groups endorsed efforts at trying to lose weight, compared with the M and G groups.Discussion: This study provides a method to determine successful adolescent weight loss for researchers and provides useful concrete information about successful weight loss for clinicians and others who work with adolescents.
Association of Eating Frequency with Body Fatness in Pre‐ and Postmenopausal Women
Authors: Yannakoulia Mary , Melistas Labros , Solomou Eleni , Yiannakouris Nikos 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: To examine associations between eating frequency (EF) and body fatness in pre‐ and postmenopausal women, after excluding potential low‐energy reporters.Research Methods and Procedures: In this cross‐sectional study of 220 free‐living women, 64 pre‐ and 50 postmenopausal non‐low‐energy‐reporting women were further analyzed (age, 24 to 74 years; BMI, 18.5 to 38.6 kg/m2). Anthropometric and body composition measurements (DXA) were performed in all study participants. EF, energy, and macronutrient intake were assessed by 3‐day food record. Physical activity level and energy expenditure were assessed by self‐reported questionnaire.Results: No association between EF and adiposity indices was detected in premenopausal women. In contrast, EF was positively correlated with percentage body fat in postmenopausal women (r = 0.30, p = 0.03). EF was positively correlated with total energy intake in both groups and with total energy expenditure in premenopausal women only (r = 0.34, p = 0.02). Multivariate analysis revealed that, in postmenopausal women, EF was a significant predictor of body fatness (standardized β = 0.41, p = 0.01).Discussion: Frequent eating was not found to be related to adiposity in premenopausal women, but it was associated with increased body fat in postmenopausal women. Possible explanations could be that the frequent eating is not associated with a physically active lifestyle in postmenopausal women or that frequent eating predisposes women after menopause to a higher energy intake by increasing food stimuli and rendering it more difficult for them to control energy balance.
Comparison of Self‐reported and Measured BMI as Correlates of Disease Markers in U.S. Adults
Authors: McAdams Mara A. , Van Dam Rob M. , Hu Frank B. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the validity of BMI based on self‐reported data by comparison with technician‐measured BMI and biomarkers of adiposity.Research Methods and Procedures: We analyzed data from 10,639 National Health and Nutrition Education Study III participants ≥20 years of age to compare BMI calculated from self‐reported weight and height with BMI from technician‐measured values and body fatness estimated from bioelectrical impedance analysis in relation to systolic blood pressure, fasting blood levels of glucose, high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol, triglycerides, C‐reactive protein, and leptin.Results: BMI based on self‐reported data (25.07 kg/m2) was lower than BMI based on technician measurements (25.52 kg/m2) because of underreporting weight (−0.56 kg; 95% confidence interval, −0.71, −0.41) and overreporting height (0.76 cm; 95% confidence interval, 0.64, 0.88). However, the correlations between self‐reported and measured BMI values were very high (0.95 for whites, 0.93 for blacks, and 0.90 for Mexican Americans). In terms of biomarkers, self‐reported and measured BMI values were equally correlated with fasting blood glucose (r = 0.43), high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol (r = −0.53), and systolic blood pressure (r = 0.54). Similar correlations were observed for both measures of BMI with plasma concentrations of triglycerides and leptin. These correlations did not differ appreciably by age, sex, ethnicity, or obesity status. Correlations for percentage body fat estimated through bioelectrical impedance analysis with these biomarkers were similar to those for BMI.Discussion: The accuracy of self‐reported BMI is sufficient for epidemiological studies using disease biomarkers, although inappropriate for precise measures of obesity prevalence.
Increasing Trends in Waist Circumference and Abdominal Obesity among U.S. Adults
Authors: Li Chaoyang , Ford Earl S. , McGuire Lisa C. , Mokdad Ali H. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: Some studies have shown that abdominal obesity may be a better predictor than overall obesity for disease risks and all‐cause mortality. This study sought to examine the recent trends in waist circumference (WC) among adults in the United States.Research Methods and Procedures: Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey during 1988–1994, 1999–2000, 2001–2002, and 2003–2004 were analyzed to estimate the trends in the mean WC and the prevalence of abdominal obesity. Pooled t tests were used to test the differences in estimates between two time periods.Results: Between the periods of 1988–1994 and 2003–2004, the age‐adjusted mean WC increased from 96.0 cm to 100.4 cm among men (p < 0.001) and from 89.0 cm to 94.0 cm among women (p < 0.001); the age‐adjusted prevalence of abdominal obesity increased from 29.5% to 42.4% among men (p < 0.001) and from 47.0% to 61.3% among women (p < 0.001). Between the periods of 1999–2000 and 2003–2004, a significant increase occurred in mean WC only among men (from 99.0 cm to 100.4 cm; p = 0.03) and in the prevalence of abdominal obesity among both men (from 37.0% to 42.2%; p = 0.03) and women (from 55.3% to 61.3%; p = 0.04). People with a BMI of 25 to 29 kg/m2 had a greater relative increase in abdominal obesity.Discussion: The mean WC and the prevalence of abdominal obesity among U.S. adults have increased continuously during the past 15 years. Over one‐half of U.S. adults had abdominal obesity in the period of 2003–2004.
Nut Consumption and Weight Gain in a Mediterranean Cohort: The SUN Study
Authors: Bes‐Rastrollo Maira , Sabaté Joan , Gómez‐Gracia Enrique , Alonso Alvaro , Martínez J. Alfredo , Martínez‐González Miguel Angel 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: To assess the association, in a Mediterranean population, between nut consumption and risk of weight gain (at least 5 kg) or the risk of becoming overweight/obese.Research Methods and Procedures: The Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra project is a prospective cohort of 8865 adult men and women who completed a follow‐up questionnaire after a median of 28 months. Dietary habits were assessed with a previously validated semiquantitative food‐frequency questionnaire.Results: Nine hundred thirty‐seven participants reported a weight gain of ≥5 kg at follow‐up. After adjusting for age, sex, smoking, leisure time physical activity, and other known risk factors for obesity, participants who ate nuts two or more times per week had a significantly lower risk of weight gain (odds ratio: 0.69; 95% confidence interval: 0.53 to 0.90, p for trend = 0.006) than those who never or almost never ate nuts. Participants with little nut consumption (never/almost never) gained an average of 424 grams (95% confidence interval: 102 to 746) more than frequent nut eaters. Nut consumption was not significantly associated with incident overweight/obesity in the cohort.Discussion: Frequent nut consumption was associated with a reduced risk of weight gain (5 kg or more). These results support the recommendation of nut consumption as an important component of a cardioprotective diet and also allay fears of possible weight gain.
Desaturation of Skeletal Muscle Structural and Depot Lipids in Obese Individuals during a Very‐Low‐Calorie Diet Intervention
Authors: Haugaard Steen B. , Vaag Allan , Høy Carl‐Erik , Madsbad Sten 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: This study investigated whether a very‐lowcalorie dietary intervention (VLCD) may influence composition of skeletal muscle cell membrane phospholipid and composition and concentration of intramyocellular triglyceride (IMTG) in obese subjects. The working hypothesis proposed that a VLCD would decrease saturated fatty acids (FAs) and increase long‐chain polyunsaturated FAs (LCPUFAs) in muscular structural lipids, as such changes have been associated with improved insulin sensitivity.Research Methods and Procedures: Skeletal muscle biopsies (vastus lateralis) were obtained from 13 obese subjects (nine women) before and after 8 weeks on VLCD (∼600 to 800 kcal/d). FA composition in muscle cell membrane phospholipid and concentration and FA composition of IMTG were determined by gas‐liquid chromatography.Results: Baseline BMI was 36.0 ± 3.4 kg/m2. Weight loss was 9.3 ± 1.1 kg (8.8 ± 1.1%; p < 0.0001); loss of adipose tissue was 5.9 ± 0.9 kg (p < 0.0001). Insulin resistance (by homeostasis model assessment) decreased (−44 ± 7%; p < 0.001). Muscle cell membrane phospholipid saturated FAs decreased (−3.2 ± 1.3%; p < 0.05), whereas monounsaturated FAs (4.3 ± 1.7%; p < 0.05), LCPUFAs (11 ± 6%; p < 0.05), and the ratio of LCPUFAs to saturated FAs (12 ± 5%; p < 0.05) increased. IMTG decreased, but not significantly (−5%). IMTG‐saturated FAs decreased (−3.3 ± 1.5%; p < 0.05), whereas LCPUFAn‐3 (29 ± 9%; p < 0.01), LCPUFAn‐6 (33 ± 9%; p < 0.01), and the ratio of LCPUFAs to saturated FAs (34 ± 8%; p < 0.001) increased. Plasma total cholesterol (−15 ± 6%; p < 0.05), low‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol (−16 ± 5%; p < 0.01), high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol (−8 ± 2%; p < 0.01), and plasma triglyceride (−19 ± 12%; p = 0.10) all decreased during the VLCD.Discussion: Desaturation of both muscle cell membrane phospholipid and IMTG was significant but modest during a VLCD in obese subjects. Further research must delineate whether such changes in skeletal muscle structural and depot lipid composition themselves are enough to promote the observed improvements in insulin action.
Awakening Cortisol Response in Lean, Obese, and Reduced Obese Individuals: Effect of Gender and Fat Distribution
Authors: Therrien Fanny , Drapeau Vicky , Lalonde Josée , Lupien Sonia J. , Beaulieu Serge , Tremblay Angelo , Richard Denis 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: Our goal was to assess the awakening cortisol response (ACR) in obese and reduced obese men and women.Research Methods and Procedures: Fifty‐one men (16 lean, 19 abdominally obese, and 16 reduced obese) and 31 women (12 lean, 10 subcutaneously obese, and 9 reduced obese) were selected to participate to this study. Strict ranges of BMI and waist circumference were used to select the participants. Medical examination, psychological assessment, anthropometric measurements, and blood sampling were undergone at the laboratory. Cortisol response to awakening was determined with saliva cortisol sampling being taken immediately at the time of awakening and 30 minutes thereafter over 3 days within a period of 2 months.Results: Men with visceral obesity exhibited an enhanced ACR, whereas this response tends to return to normal in a reduced obese state. In women, peripheral fat accumulation does not modify ACR, but weight loss increased the response.Discussion: These results highlight gender effects on ACR of obese and reduced obese subjects, which could be accounted for by the different fat distribution profiles that characterize men and women. They also provide further support for the usefulness of ACR in assessing the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis activity status.
Bioelectrical Impedance vs. Four‐compartment Model to Assess Body Fat Change in Overweight Adults
Authors: Chouinard Laura E. , Schoeller Dale A. , Watras Abigail C. , Clark R. Randall , Close Rachel N. , Buchholz Andrea C. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: The Tanita TBF‐305 body fat analyzer is marketed for home and clinical use and is based on the principles of leg‐to‐leg bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Few studies have investigated the ability of leg‐to‐leg BIA to detect change in percentage fat mass (%FM) over time. Our objective was to determine the ability of leg‐to‐leg BIA vs. the four‐compartment (4C) model to detect small changes in %FM in overweight adults.Research Methods and Procedures: Thirty‐eight overweight adults (BMI, 25.0 to 29.9 kg/m2; age, 18 to 44 years; 31 women) participated in a 6‐month, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study of a nutritional supplement. Body composition was measured at 0 and 6 months using the Tanita TBF‐305 body fat analyzer [using equations derived by the manufacturer (%FMT‐Man) and by Jebb et al. (%FMT‐Jebb)] and the 4C model (%FM4C).Results: Subjects in the experimental group lost 0.9%FM4C (p = 0.03), a loss that did not reach significance using leg‐to‐leg BIA (0.6%FMT‐Man, p = 0.151; 0.6%FMT‐Jebb, p = 0.144). We observed large standard deviations (SDs) in the mean difference in %FM between the 4C model and the TanitaManufacturer (2.5%) and TanitaJebb (2.2%). Ten subjects fell outside ±1 SD of the mean differences at 0 and 6 months; those individuals were younger and shorter than those within ±1 SD.Discussion: Leg‐to‐leg BIA performed reasonably well in predicting decreases in %FM in this group of overweight adults but resulted in wide SDs vs. %FM4C in individuals. Cross‐sectional determinations of %FM of overweight individuals using leg‐to‐leg BIA should be interpreted with caution.
Chronological Approach of Diet‐induced Alterations in Muscle Mitochondrial Functions in Rats
Authors: Chanséaume Emilie , Tardy Anne‐Laure , Salles Jérôme , Giraudet Christophe , Rousset Paulette , Tissandier Antoine , Boirie Yves , Morio Béatrice 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: Mitochondrial dysfunction might predispose individuals to develop insulin resistance. Our objective was to determine whether mitochondrial dysfunction or insulin resistance was the primary event during high‐fat (HF) diet.Research Methods and Procedures: Rats were fed an HF diet for 0, 3, 6, 9, 14, 20, or 40 days and compared with control. Soleus and tibialis muscle mitochondrial activity were assessed using permeabilized fiber technique. Insulin [area under the curve for insulin (AUCI)] and glucose [area under the curve for glucose (AUCG)] responses to intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test as well as fasting plasma non‐esterified fatty acids (NEFAs), triglyceride, and glycerol concentrations were determined.Results: AUCI and AUCG were altered from Day 6 (p < 0.01 vs. Day 0). In soleus, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) activity was transiently enhanced by 26% after 14 days of HF diet (p < 0.05 vs. Day 0) conjointly with 62% increase in NEFA concentration (p < 0.05 vs. Day 0). This was associated with normalized AUCG at Day 14 and with a decline of plasma NEFA concentration together with stabilization of intra‐abdominal adiposity at Day 20. Prolongation of HF diet again caused an increase in plasma NEFA concentration, intra‐abdominal adiposity, AUCI, and AUCG. At Day 40, significant decrease in OXPHOS activity was observed in soleus.Discussion: Mitochondria first adapt to overfeeding in oxidative muscle limiting excess fat deposition. This potentially contributes to maintain glucose homeostasis. Persistent overfeeding causes insulin resistance and results in a slow decline in oxidative muscle OXPHOS activity. This shows that the involvement of mitochondria in the predisposition to insulin resistance is mainly due to an inability to face prolonged excess fat delivery.
Short Sleep Duration is Associated with Reduced Leptin Levels and Increased Adiposity: Results from the Québec Family Study
Authors: Chaput Jean‐Philippe , Després Jean‐Pierre , Bouchard Claude , Tremblay Angelo 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: To explore cross‐sectional associations between short sleep duration and variations in body fat indices and leptin levels during adulthood in a sample of men and women involved in the Québec Family Study.Research Methods and Procedures: Anthropometric measurements, plasma lipid‐lipoprotein profile, plasma leptin concentrations, and total sleep duration were determined in a sample of 323 men and 417 women ages 21 to 64 years.Results: When compared with adults reporting 7 to 8 hours of sleep per day, the adjusted odds ratio for overweight/obesity was 1.38 (95% confidence interval, 0.89 to 2.10) for those with 9 to 10 hours of sleep and 1.69 (95% confidence interval, 1.15 to 2.39) for those with 5 to 6 hours of sleep, after adjustment for age, sex, and physical activity level. In each sex, we observed lower adiposity indices in the 7‐ to 8‐hour sleeping group than in the 5‐ to 6‐hour sleeping group. However, all of these significant differences disappeared after statistical adjustment for plasma leptin levels. Finally, the well‐documented regression of plasma leptin levels over body fat mass was used to predict leptin levels of short‐duration sleepers (5 and 6 hours of sleep), which were then compared with their measured values. As expected, the measured leptin values were significantly lower than predicted values.Discussion: There may be optimal sleeping hours at which body weight regulation is facilitated. Indeed, short sleep duration predicts an increased risk of being overweight/obese in adults and is related to a reduced circulating leptin level relative to what is predicted by fat mass. Because sleep duration is a potentially modifiable risk factor, these findings might have important clinical implications for the prevention and treatment of obesity.
Associations between Multiple Measures of Parental Feeding and Children's Adiposity in United Kingdom Preschoolers
Authors: Carnell Susan , Wardle Jane 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: Research into the association between parental control over feeding and children's adiposity has produced inconclusive results. Some studies have found parental control to be associated with unhealthy food choices and disordered intake regulation, whereas others have found favorable or null associations between control and adiposity. This study hypothesized that variability in measures of parental feeding could contribute to these discrepancies. Scales from a range of existing parental feeding questionnaires were used together, in the same large sample of children, to examine associations with adiposity.Research Methods and Procedures: Associations between scores on scales from three published parental feeding questionnaires [Child Feeding Questionnaire (CFQ); Preschooler Feeding Questionnaire (PFQ); and Parental Feeding Style Questionnaire (PFSQ)] and children's BMI z‐scores, calculated from measured heights and weights, were examined in a socioeconomically diverse sample of 439 parents and their 3‐ to 5‐year‐old children.Results: Higher scores on CFQ Pressure to Eat and PFQ Pushing the Child to Eat More were significantly associated with lower BMI z‐score, while PFSQ Prompting to Eat, CFQ Restriction, PFSQ Instrumental Feeding, and PFSQ Emotional Feeding were unassociated with BMI z‐score.Discussion: These results suggest that parents of leaner children are more likely to encourage their children to eat. Other feeding strategies seemed to have negligible relationships with children's BMI z‐scores at this stage. Longitudinal and genetically informed designs are needed to clarify the causal pathways between parental feeding and children's adiposity.