bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A preliminary case–control study on nutritional status, body composition, and glycemic control of Greek children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes
Authors: GALLI‐TSINOPOULOU Assimina , GRAMMATIKOPOULOU Maria Georgiou , STYLIANOU Charilaos , KOKKA Paraskevi , EMMANOUILIDOU Elefteria 
Published: December 2008

AbstractBackground:  Because scientific data on the diet of diabetic Greek youngsters are scarce, diabetic experts use findings from international studies. However, because of diet variations between countries, this may result in problems in diabetes control. The aim of the present pilot study was to assess body composition, nutritional status, and diabetes control in Greek youngsters with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM).Methods:  Twenty‐four children and adolescents with diabetes, aged 4–16 years, and the same number of age‐ and sex‐matched controls participated in the study. Anthropometry included stature, weight, and body fat determined by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Body mass index (BMI), fat mass index (FMI), fat‐free mass index (FFMI), and z‐scores were calculated. Diabetes control was evaluated through glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and dietary intake was recorded for 3 days.Results:  The FFMI, BMI z‐score and weight‐for‐age z‐score were lower in controls compared with diabetic youngsters (P ≤ 0.001, P ≤ 0.02, and P ≤ 0.01, respectively). Three diabetic participants were overweight (12.5%) and two controls were underweight (8.3%). The energy and nutrient intake was similar between the two groups, and all participants consumed a diet high in fats and proteins at the expense of carbohydrates. Dietary fat was highly correlated with BMI in both groups. The consumption of vitamin D was inadequate in the diabetic participants, but they had a higher intake of antioxidant vitamins, vitamin B6, and folate compared with the control group.Conclusions:  In conclusion, youngsters with T1DM failed to adhere to the macronutrient recommendations for diabetes, but dietary patterns were similar in both the diabetic and control groups. The control of diabetes was not associated with any nutrient or anthropometric variable.
Current scenario of diabetes in India
Authors: RAMACHANDRAN Ambady , SNEHALATHA Chamukuttan 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIndia, a country experiencing rapid socioeconomic progress and urbanization, carries a considerable share of the global diabetes burden. Studies in different parts of India have demonstrated an escalating prevalence of diabetes not only in urban populations, but also in rural populations as a result of the urbanization of lifestyle parameters. The prevalence of prediabetes is also high. Recent studies have shown a rapid conversion of impaired glucose tolerance to diabetes in the southern states of India, where the prevalence of diabetes among adults has reached approximately 20% in urban populations and approximately 10% in rural populations. Because of the considerable disparity in the availability and affordability of diabetes care, as well as low awareness of the disease, the glycemic outcome in treated patients is far from ideal. Lower age at onset and a lack of good glycemic control are likely to increase the occurrence of vascular complications. The economic burden of treating diabetes and its complications is considerable. It is appropriate that the Indian Government has initiated a national program for the management and prevention of diabetes and related metabolic disorders. Lifestyle modification is an effective tool for the primary prevention of diabetes in Asian Indians. The primary prevention of diabetes is urgently needed in India to curb the rising burden of diabetes.
Rate of peripheral glucose change during cognitive testing predicts performance in diabetes mellitus
Authors: PERLMUTER Lawrence Charles , SHAH Parinda Haresh , FLANAGAN Brian Patrick , SURAMPUDI Vijaya , KOSMAN Yevgeniya , SINGH Sant Parkash , AL‐JAGHBEER Eshraq 
Published: December 2008

AbstractBackground:  The reason for cognitive deterioration in diabetes mellitus (DM) remains unknown. One suggestion is that despite elevated glucose levels, patients with DM generally have difficulty utilizing glucose during cognitive tasks. This assumption was tested in the present study.Methods:  Male outpatients with DM (n = 46; age 52–85 years) were administered a series of standard neuropsychological and cognitive tests. In addition to assessing the time to complete the series of tests, peripheral blood glucose levels were measured prior to and following testing.Results:  The rate at which peripheral blood glucose levels changed was examined in relation to cognitive performance. Multiple linear regression analyses revealed significant relationships between the rate of glucose change and performance on tests measuring psychomotor skills, attention, visuoperceptual abilities, sequencing skills, mental flexibility, and planning. Higher rates of decline in peripheral blood glucose levels were associated with better performance on all cognitive measures, except verbal fluency.Conclusions:  During cognitive testing, higher rates of decline in peripheral blood glucose levels may reflect stronger glucose utilization by the brain, thereby facilitating higher levels of cognitive performance. This non‐invasive measure may be useful in primary care settings to provide a link between blood glucose changes and cognitive status.
Teachers' Work Intensification and Educational Contradictions in Aboriginal Communities
Authors: WOTHERSPOON TERRY 
Published: December 2008

L'auteur se penche sur l'évolution de la nature professionnelle de l'enseignement en relation avec les initiatives pour améliorer l'éducation chez les autochtones. Il examine les répercussions de plusieurs courants potentiellement contradictoires de réforme éducationnelle. Ceux‐ci contiennent en particulier des préoccupations concernant l'augmentation de la tâche des enseignants, la restauration professionnelle de l'enseignement, afin de satisfaire les besoins des sociétés fondées sur le savoir, et leurs conséquences pour les apprenants autochtones et leurs collectivités. Des résultats de sondages sur des enseignants travaillant dans des collectivités autochtones en Saskatchewan et au Manitoba soulignent l'émergence d'un professionnalisme fragmenté dans l'enseignement. Malgré que les enseignants aient exprimé leur engagement envers la réforme, des changements substantiels sont nécessaires pour que les intérêts professionnels des enseignants et les pratiques du système scolaire s'accordent entièrement pour assurer le genre de succès en éducation désiré par les collectivités autochtones. L'absence de mécanismes d'intégration forts pour lier les besoins professionnels des enseignants aux intérêts des autochtones et le manque d'engagement clair de la part du système envers l'équité en éducation pour les autochtones contribuent à créer des inégalités et des problèmes éducationnels potentiellement dommageables chez les élèves qui ont le plus besoin de soutien.This paper explores the changing occupational nature of teaching in relation to initiatives to improve education for Aboriginal people. It examines the impact of multiple, potentially contradictory streams of educational reform. These include, in particular, concerns about the intensification of teachers' work, the professional reconstitution of teaching to meet the needs of knowledge‐based societies, and consequences for Aboriginal learners and communities. Results from surveys of teachers working in Aboriginal communities in Saskatchewan and Manitoba highlight the emergence of a fragmented professionalism within teaching. Despite teachers' expressed commitment to reform, substantial changes are required if teachers' professional interests and school system practice are to become fully aligned to produce the kinds of educational success desired by Aboriginal communities. The absence of strong integrative mechanisms to link teachers' professional needs, Aboriginal community interests, and clear system commitments to education equity for Aboriginal people contributes to uneven and potentially harmful educational consequences for students who are most in need of support.
Comparison of two fine sands under torsional loading
Authors: Georgiannou V. N. , Tsomokos A. 
Published: December 2008

In this paper the behaviour of two “standard research sands”, widely used for experimental purposes, is compared in a torsional hollow cylinder apparatus under monotonic and cyclic loading conditions. Both sands are fine and uniform with D50= 0.22 and 0.29 mm, respectively. However, their response to undrained monotonic loading at similar void ratios is dramatically different, with the finer sand showing strength reduction after peak and the coarser sand showing continuous increase in strength with torsional shear. The difference in response is mainly attributed to grain angularity and to a lesser degree to their grading. The results of drained torsional hollow cylinder tests show initial contraction followed by dilation. The stress ratio at phase transformation is uniquely defined by both drained and undrained tests for each sand. Cyclic loading instability is manifested by a sudden increase in shear strain and excess pore-water pressure leading to initial liquefaction. The instability initiates across the instability line for the sand showing strength reduction and across the phase transformation line for the sand showing continuous increase in strength with shearing. Both lines are defined under monotonic loading conditions. The liquefaction, stiffness, and damping characteristics of the sands are given in this paper.
Effect of footing width onNγ
Authors: Kumar Jyant , Khatri V. N. 
Published: December 2008

By incorporating the dependency of soil friction angle (ϕ) on mean principal stress (σm), the effect of footing width (B) on bearing capacity factor (Nγ) is examined for a rough strip footing. The analysis is performed by means of a numerical lower bound limit analysis in conjunction with triangular finite elements and linear programming. To account for the variation of ϕ with σm, a solution is obtained by using an iterative procedure. Two well defined ϕ–σmcurves from the literature, associated with Hoston and Toyoura sands that correspond to relative densities of 18% and 74.5%, respectively, are used. The magnitude of Nγis computed for different footing widths. It is noted that for B greater than about 0.2 m, the magnitude of Nγvaries almost linearly with B on a log–log scale. For different footing widths, a good comparison is seen between the obtained rigorous solution and that obtained by using a constant value of ϕ, which corresponds to the equivalent mean normal stress level as defined by De Beer.
Doppler Ultrasound Detection of Side-Vessel Occlusion
Authors: Chung Emma M.L. , Ramnarine Kumar V. , Long Chloe V. , Udommongkol Chesda , Chambers Brian R. , Gittins John , Bush Glen C. , Evans David H. 
Published: December 2008

Background and Purpose—Small-vessel knock is a recently reported Doppler ultrasound finding that has been identified in patients with cerebral ischemia. It has been hypothesized that knock-type signals are linked to the presence of either small-vessel occlusion or wall motion. The aim of this study was to investigate the origins of “knock-type” signals by reproducing occlusion of a peripheral artery model in vitro.Methods—Synthetic bifurcations were fabricated from glass and latex and placed in a flow-rig mimicking physiological blood-flow conditions. The glass model permitted study of fluid flow in the absence of wall motion, whereas the latex model also produced wall motion effects. Vessels were artificially obstructed to examine Doppler signal characteristics associated with blood flow and wall motion.Results—Complete obstruction of the peripheral branch of the glass model revealed discrete (<100 ms) knock-type signals caused by local fluid flow in the occluded branch. Imaging of the obstructed vessel using color Doppler revealed forward and reflected flow. The walls produced periodic bidirectional knock-type signals, which occurred during systole and were not related to the presence of an obstruction.Conclusions—In our laboratory model, transcranial Doppler ultrasound was found to be capable of detecting knock signals produced by circulating fluid within an occluded branch. However, because similar signals are also generated by nonpathological wall motion, these results cannot be directly translated to a clinical setting. Clinicians should be careful to avoid casual overinterpretation of transcranial Doppler ultrasound data.
A Meta-analysis Examining Clinical Test Utility for Assessing Superior Labral Anterior Posterior Lesions
Authors: Meserve Brent B. , Cleland Joshua A. , Boucher Thomas R. 
Published: December 2008

Background The reported accuracy of clinical tests for superior labral anterior posterior lesions is extremely variable. Pooling results from multiple studies of higher quality is necessary to establish the best clinical tests to use. Hypothesis Certain clinical tests are superior to others for diagnosing the presence or absence of a superior labral anterior posterior lesion. Study Design Meta-analysis. Methods A literature search of MEDLINE (1966–2007), CINAHL (1982–2007), and BIOSIS (1995–2007) was performed for (labrum OR labral OR SLAP OR Bankart) AND (shoulder OR shoulder joint OR glenoid) AND (specificity OR sensitivity AND specificity). Identified articles were reviewed for inclusion criteria. Sensitivity and specificity values were recorded from each study and used for meta-analysis. Results Six of 198 identified studies satisfied the eligibility criteria. Active compression, anterior slide, crank, and Speed tests were analyzed using receiver operating characteristic curves. The accuracy of the anterior slide test was significantly inferior to that of the active compression, crank, and Speed tests. There was no significant difference in test accuracy found among active compression, crank, and Speed tests. Between studies, methodological scores did not significantly affect sensitivity and specificity values. Conclusion The anterior slide test is a poor test for detecting the presence of a labral lesion in the shoulder. Active compression, crank, and Speed tests are more optimal choices. Clinicians should choose the active compression test first, crank second, and Speed test third when a labral lesion is suspected.
Ethics and Social Justice in Program Evaluation: Are Evaluators Value-free?
Authors: Pettifor Jean L. 
Published: December 2008

Program evaluations can be methodologically correct, comply with stated ethical principles, and yet be morally wrong because they violate concepts of social justice. Literature is reviewed on values in evaluation and relevant professional codes of ethics and standards. Issues of changing attitudes in society, who is the primary client, power differentials, vested interests, vulnerabilities, and ethical dilemmas are discussed. A Canadian Code of Ethics for Psychologists and A Code of Ethics for the Canadian Association of School Psychologists are seen as strong supports for psychologist evaluators in making ethical decisions that respect the rights and welfare of vulnerable populations as well as contributing to a better society. It is important for values affecting program evaluators and program evaluation to be openly recognized and for evaluators to have guidelines for negotiating the ethical dilemmas that arise. Cependant même si l'évaluateur prend en considération l'ensemble des aspects stratégiques et methodologiques, la démarche évaluative peut quand même aboutir a une injustice sociale au regard du programme évalue. (Hurteau, 1993, p. 382).
The Leadership of Corporate Change
Authors: Blake Robert R. , McKee Rachel Kelly 
Published: December 2008

Leadership of corporate change in ways that keep the organization on a path of continuous and uninterrupted progress remains the singularly most important task facing corporations today. The recent reversals of IBM, GM, Kodak, Sears, American Express, Westinghouse, and an endless number of others, demonstrates that the leadership of some of America's most respected companies have not learned how to do it. In this article, we seek to identify and explain the missing knowledge links that explain the failures. We point to how leaders might implement the insights essential for constant progress and development. By and large, these insights come from the behavioral sciences and go beyond reliance on common sense; they are neither technical, nor difficult to grasp. They call for conceptual thinking and diagnosis with dynamic leadership to replace power-driven, mechanistic approaches upon which change currently relies. This article starts with a description in Part I of the top team of Magribam. Part II offers a description of the Grid and its use in the top team to analyze their own effectiveness. Thereafter, in Part III, the top group analyzes the dynamics of individual, team, and organization change.
Questions Regarding the Teaching of Ethics to Today's University Business Student
Authors: Farrell Thomas J. 
Published: December 2008

This paper examines three questions that leadership educators must answer regarding the teaching of ethics: 1. What should the objectives of Business Ethics courses be? 2. What pedagogical strategies can best accomplish these objectives? 3. What are the best ways to assess the outcomes of these strategies both in the short and long term? In addition, the paper explores the problem of how to assess the effectiveness of ethical education.
Leadership to Match A New Era: Democratizing Society Through Emancipatory Learning
Authors: Reed Trudie Kibbe 
Published: December 2008

Leadership models operative during the industrial era were concerned primarily with the development of products. With recent dramatic societal changes, leaders have been forced to shift their focus from products to services. Given this change, many leaders are struggling to identify new directions for effective leadership. Because the goals of democracy cannot be separated from emerging critical needs of the 21 st century, this article will examine the use of a transformative learning theory to facilitate movement toward a social model of leadership. This article also identifies the importance of the role of "followers" as co-participants in a leadership praxis. Leaders are challenged to explore ways to democratize society as a necessary condition for leader effectiveness. Because Americans are currently living through the most rapid change ever experienced in society, new levels of consciousness are needed to explore new definitions of success and progress. The Transformational Learning model is emancipatory for leaders, followers, organizations, and society at large. This critical pedagogical approach is capable of shifting values that are no longer valid. This process is facilitated through the "affective domain" of learning. Issues presented in this article support the need for leaders to respond to societal needs through their personal use of this learning process. The transformative model is entrusted to leaders who are committed to helping to shape the world toward more humanistic goals.
Hypomethylating drugs convert HA-1–negative solid tumors into targets for stem cell–based immunotherapy
Authors: Hambach Lothar , Ling Kam-Wing , Pool Jos , Aghai Zohara , Blokland Els , Tanke Hans J. , Bruijn Jan A. , Halfwerk Hans , van Boven Hester , Wieles Brigitte , Goulmy Els 
Published: December 2008

AbstractClinical responses of solid tumors after allogeneic human leukocyte antigen-matched stem cell transplantation (SCT) often coincide with severe graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Targeting minor histocompatibility antigens (mHags) with hematopoiesis- and cancer-restricted expression, for example, HA-1, may allow boosting the antitumor effect of allogeneic SCT without risking severe GVHD. The mHag HA-1 is aberrantly expressed in cancers of most entities. However, an estimated 30% to 40% of solid tumors do not express HA-1 (ie, are HA-1neg) and cannot be targeted by HA-1–specific immunotherapy. Here, we investigated the transcriptional regulation of HA-1 gene expression in cancer. We found that DNA hypermethylation in the HA-1 promoter region is closely associated with the absence of HA-1 gene expression in solid tumor cell lines. Moreover, we detected HA-1 promoter hypermethylation in primary cancers. The hypomethylating agent 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine induced HA-1 expression only in HA-1neg tumor cells and sensitized them for recognition by HA-1–specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Contrarily, the histone deacetylation inhibitor trichostatin A induced HA-1 expression both in some HA-1neg tumor cell lines and in normal nonhematopoietic cells. Our data suggest that promoter hypermethylation contributes to the HA-1 gene regulation in tumors. Hypomethylating drugs might extend the safe applicability of HA-1 as an immunotherapeutic target on solid tumors after allogeneic SCT.
Identification of a potent natural triterpenoid inhibitor of proteosome chymotrypsin-like activity and NF-κB with antimyeloma activity in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Tiedemann Rodger E. , Schmidt Jessica , Keats Jonathan J. , Shi Chang-Xin , Zhu Yuan Xiao , Palmer Stephen E. , Mao Xinliang , Schimmer Aaron D. , Stewart A. Keith 
Published: December 2008

AbstractAs multiple myeloma tumors universally dysregulate cyclin D genes we conducted high-throughput chemical library screens for compounds that induce suppression of cyclin D2 promoter transcription. The top-ranked compound was a natural triterpenoid, pristimerin. Strikingly, the early transcriptional response of cells treated with pristimerin closely resembles cellular responses elicited by proteosome inhibitors, with rapid induction of heat shock proteins, activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), and CHOP. Enzymatic assays and immunoblotting confirm that pristimerin rapidly (< 90 minutes) and specifically inhibits chymotrypsin-like proteosome activity at low concentrations (< 100 nM) and causes accumulation of cellular ubiquitinated proteins. Notably, cytotoxic triterpenoids including pristimerin inhibit NF-κB activation via inhibition of IKKα or IKKβ, whereas proteosome inhibitors instead suppress NF-κB function by impairing degradation of ubiquitinated IκB. By inhibiting both IKK and the proteosome, pristimerin causes overt suppression of constitutive NF-κB activity in myeloma cells that may mediate its suppression of cyclin D. Multiple myeloma is exquisitely sensitive to proteosome or NF-κB pathway inhibition. Consistent with this, pristimerin is potently and selectively lethal to primary myeloma cells (IC50 < 100 nM), inhibits xenografted plasmacytoma tumors in mice, and is synergistically cytotoxic with bortezomib—providing the rationale for pharmaceutical development of triterpenoid dual-function proteosome/NF-κB inhibitors as therapeutics for human multiple myeloma and related malignancies.