bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors
Authors: Sleijfer Stefan , Verweij Jaap 
Published: July 2006

Abstract

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) belong to the group of soft‐tissue sarcomas. It was found that GISTs frequently overexpress the c‐kit receptor. The recognition that GIST tumor growth was driven by activated c‐kit or PDGFRA prompted the search for treatments that target these two receptors. Assessment of patients presenting with GIST should include a complete history, inventory of comedication, and physical and laboratory examination. Imaging with contrast enhanced computerized tomography (CT) of thorax and abdomen is required. Tissue biopsy is mandatory to assess diagnosis. The most important factor predicting response and overall survival following imatinib treatment is the mutational status of the genes encoding c‐kit and PDGFRA. The advent of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib, which was highly effective in advanced disease, was therefore a major breakthrough, particularly as other effective treatment options for advanced disease were not available. Studies examining imatinib as adjuvant treatment after complete resection in certain risk groups are underway. Controversy exists about the exact relevance of the presence of a
c‐kit
mutation and the precise mutational site in the
c‐kit
gene. GIST is one of the best examples of a tumor type in which advances in molecular biology have resulted in considerable improvements in the understanding of the pathogenesis, and consequently, in the treatment and clinical outcome of GIST patients.
Multiple Myeloma
Authors: San Miguel Jesús , Gutiérrez Norma C. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The outcome of multiple myeloma patients is highly heterogeneous with a survival ranging from a few months to more than ten years. This heterogeneity relates to specific characteristics of the tumor itself and of the host. A high proportion of myelomatous plasma cells (PC) in the bone marrow (BM), a diffuse pattern of BM infiltration and the presence of circulating PC reflect a high tumor burden, but their prognostic influence is modest. The main reason for studying prognostic factors is the identification of risk groups in order to adapt patient treatment according to the expected outcome. An important cohort of prognostic factors is those that reflect specific characteristics of myelomatous PC and include morphology, immunophenotyping, cytogenetics, oncogenes, multidrug resistance, and the proliferative activity of PC. Immature/plasmablastic morphology is associated with poor outcome. Cytogenetics is emerging as one of the most important prognostic tools for MM. The investigation of cytogenetic changes (either by karyotyping or FISH) should be used in all newly diagnosed MM patients. The development and progression of MM implies a multistep process of oncogenic events. The p53 and K‐ras mutations or c‐myc overexpression are associated with progressive disease and relapse. In the coming years, an improved staging system incorporating cytogenetics and S‐phase analyses will be developed. A better understanding of the biology of MM has provided the framework for the development of new drugs that target not only the myeloma cells, but also the microenvironment.
RAGGED SEEDLING2 is required for expression of KANADI2 and REVOLUTA homologues in the maize shoot apex
Authors: Henderson David C. , Zhang Xiaolan , Brooks Lionel , Scanlon Michael J. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe anatomy of ragged seedling2‐R (rgd2‐R) leaves is disorganized along the adaxial/abaxial axis. Mutant leaves often exhibit radial morphology but unlike similar mutants, rgd2‐R radial leaves have no reduction of adaxial or abaxial identity. Previously, we proposed that RGD2 does not establish adaxial or abaxial fate but performs a signaling function during primordial leaf development. Here we describe genetic and molecular tests of our model for RGD2 function. Genetic analyses explored the phenotypic effects of rgd2‐R on maize leaf mutations disrupting mediolateral and/or dorsiventral development. In situ hybridization and qRT‐PCR analyses reveal that rgd2‐R mutants show reduced accumulation of adaxial and abaxial molecular markers in the maize shoot apex. These data contribute to a revised model whereby RGD2 is required for normal accumulation of leaf patterning transcripts in the developing shoot. Molecular and genetic analyses suggest that RGD2 and LEAF BLADELESS1 share overlapping functions affecting shoot development in maize. genesis 44:372–382, 2006. Published 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
CD45 is required for type I IFN production by dendritic cells
Authors: Montoya Maria , Dawes Ritu , Reid Delyth , Lee Lian Ni , Piercy Jenny , Borrow Persephone , Tchilian Elma Z. , Beverley Peter C. L. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractCD45 is a leukocyte tyrosine phosphatase, essential for normal immune responses. We have studied the function of splenic dendritic cells of CD45+/+, CD45–/–, CD45RABC and CD45RO transgenic mice. We show that there are increased numbers of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in CD45–/– mice. DC of all mice are capable of responding to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection by up‐regulation of MHC and costimulatory molecules. DC of CD45–/– mice have an impaired capacity to produce type I interferons in response to LCMV infection in vivo. These data indicate that lack of CD45 expression in DC has a profound effect on their function. This is largely restored by CD45RABC or CD45RO transgenes.
Apoptosis resistance in ulcerative colitis: High expression of decoy receptors by lamina propria T cells
Authors: Fayad Raja , Brand Marc I. , Stone David , Keshavarzian Ali , Qiao Liang 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIntestinal mucosa is constantly exposed to normal environmental antigens. A significant number of intestinal mucosal T cells are being deleted through apoptosis. In contrast, T cells from inflamed mucosa of ulcerative colitis patients did not undergo apoptosis. In this study, we determined whether the apoptosis of normal mucosal T cells was induced by antigen receptor stimulation and further determined pathways that mediated the apoptosis. Freshly isolated lamina propria T cells were stimulated with CD3 mAb and apoptosis was determined by Annexin V staining. Normal mucosal T cells underwent apoptosis upon CD3 mAb stimulation whereas the T cells from inflamed mucosa did not. The apoptosis in normal T cells was blocked by TRAIL‐R1:Fc and an inhibiting CD95 antibody. Interestingly, decoy receptor (DcR)1, DcR2, and DcR3 that compete with death receptor (DR)4/5 and CD95 were highly expressed by the T cells from inflamed mucosa, but much lower by T cells from normal mucosa. Our data suggest that normal mucosal T cells are constantly deleted in response to environmental antigens mediated through DR4/5 and CD95 pathways and mucosal T cells from ulcerative colitis resist to undergoing apoptosis due to highly expression of DcR1, DcR2, and DcR3.
IFN‐α‐conditioned dendritic cells are highly efficient in inducing cross‐priming CD8+ T cells against exogenous viral antigens
Authors: Lapenta Caterina , Santini Stefano M. , Spada Massimo , Donati Simona , Urbani Francesca , Accapezzato Daniele , Franceschini Debora , Andreotti Mauro , Barnaba Vincenzo , Belardelli Filippo 
Published: July 2006

AbstractDendritic cells (DC) generated after a short‐term exposure of monocytes to IFN‐α and GM‐CSF (IFN‐DC) are highly effective in inducing cross‐priming of CD8+ T cells against viral antigens. We have investigated the mechanisms responsible for the special attitude of these DC and compared their activity with that of reference DC. Antigen uptake and endosomal processing capabilities were similar for IFN‐DC and IL‐4‐derived DC. Both DC types efficiently cross‐presented soluble HCV NS3 protein to the specific CD8+ T cell clone, even though IFN‐DC were superior in cross‐presenting low amounts of viral antigens. Moreover, when DC were pulsed with inactivated HIV‐1 and injected into hu‐PBL‐SCID mice, the generation of virus‐specific CD8+ T cells was markedly higher in animals immunized with IFN‐DC than in mice immunized with CD40L‐matured IL‐4‐DC. Of interest, in experiments with purified CD8+ T cells, IFN‐DC were superior with respect to CD40L‐matured IL‐4‐DC in inducing in vitro cross‐priming of HIV‐specific CD8+ T cells. This property correlated with enhanced potential to express the specific subunits of the IL‐23 and IL‐27 cytokines. These results suggest that IFN‐DC are directly licensed for an efficient CD8+ T cell priming by mechanisms likely involving enhanced antigen presentation and special attitude to produce IL‐12 family cytokines.
Determination of free glycerol in biodiesel
Authors: Hájek Martin , Skopal František , Machek Jaroslav 
Published: July 2006

AbstractWithin the biodiesel production process, glycerol arises as a side product. This free glycerol is included also in biodiesel in small amounts. Several methods are known to determine it. Some of them are based on gas chromatography (GC). In this paper, a new method is introduced that is based on the extraction of free glycerol into water and its subsequent determination in water solution by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with refractometric detection. Comparison of the GC and HPLC methods showed that they led to the same results. The new method is reliable and comparatively fast for the determination of free glycerol in biodiesel.
Supercritical fluid extraction of minor lipids from pretreated sunflower oil deodorizer distillates
Authors: Vázquez Luis , Torres Carlos F. , Fornari Tiziana , Grigelmo Nuria , Señoráns Francisco J. , Reglero Guillermo 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe recovery of minor lipid compounds (tocopherols and phytosterols) from sunflower oil deodorizer distillates using countercurrent supercritical carbon dioxide extraction has been studied. Since the raw material employed contains large amounts of triacylglycerols and free fatty acids, chemical transformation of these compounds into their corresponding fatty acid ethyl esters was previously carried out, in order to favor the concentration of minor lipids in the raffinate product. Extractions of the original and pretreated raw material were carried out in a pilot‐scale plant at 65 °C, with pressures ranging from 15 to 23 MPa and solvent‐to‐feed ratios from 15 to 30. The influence of the feed composition in the extraction process was analyzed by comparison of the tocopherol and phytosterol yields and enrichment factors obtained in each case. The chemical transformation of the deodorizer distillate composition significantly enhances the concentration of minor lipids in the raffinate product. Additionally, the reaction step produced a solid phase, mainly consisting of sterols, which was isolated from the liquid product.
Hydrolysis of fatty acid esters in subcritical water
Authors: Kocsisová Teodora , Juhasz Jozsef , Cvengroš Ján 
Published: July 2006

AbstractHydrolysis of esters of higher fatty acids by subcritical water, performed in a flow‐through tubular reactor, was investigated at temperatures from 280 up to 340 °C and pressures exceeding 12 MPa, using an ester/water ratio of 1 : 2 or 1 : 4 (vol/vol). The kinetics of the hydrolysis of both the triacylglycerols and the methyl esters obeyed the rate equation valid for first‐order reactions. Conversion of the esters to free fatty acids exceeding 95% was reached at the temperature of 340 °C during 12 min. IR spectroscopy revealed structural changes in the chains of the unsaturated fatty acids and their partial polymerization during the hydrolysis.
Effect of dewaxing pretreatment on composition and stability of rice bran oil: Potential antioxidant activity of wax fraction
Authors: Mezouari Samia , Kochhar S. Parkash , Schwarz Karin , Eichner Karl 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe effect of dewaxing pretreatment on rice bran oil composition and stability was investigated, as well as the possibility to use rice bran oil waxes as natural antioxidants at high temperatures. A correlation between wax content and dewaxing time was noticed. The pre‐dewaxing process led to a loss of minor compounds, which negatively affected the oxidative stability index (OSI) of the dewaxed oil. The addition of rice bran oil waxes improved the oil stability index and heat stability of sunflower oil. An increase of 60% of the OSI and a significant decrease in polymer formation (59.2%) were observed.
Amplitude, frequency, and phase analysis of hippocampal theta during sensorimotor processing in a jump avoidance task
Authors: Bland Brian H. , Jackson Jesse , Derrie‐Gillespie Donna , Azad Tanjeem , Rickhi Anil , Abriam Jason 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIn the current study, rats implanted with hippocampal recording electrodes were trained to avoid shock in a jump avoidance task, using three separate heights, 28, 33, and 38 cm. The objectives were to measure the progression of Type 2 (immobility‐related) hippocampal theta amplitude and frequency recorded during jump avoidances at each of the levels, and determine if there was a consistent relationship between the phase of the Type 1 (movement related) theta jump wave and the moment of movement initiation at each of the jump heights. The results demonstrated that the immobility period prior to the execution of the jump could be divided into two components: a sensory processing period and a movement preparation period. Comparing these two periods, average amplitudes were higher while frequency remained relatively constant during the sensory processing period. During the movement preparation period there was a negative correlation between amplitude and frequency: amplitude declined rapidly and frequency increased rapidly. During the execution of the jump, theta amplitude (Type 1) and frequency were positively correlated, both reaching peak values. The separate analyses of the individual jump heights provided further support for the precise relationships between theta parameters and the magnitude of the required movements. A significant phase preference was demonstrated for the highest jump height, with movement initiation occurring around the trough of theta recorded from the stratum moleculare of the dentate region. The findings supported the conclusion that the generation of hippocampal theta band oscillation and synchrony was related to sensorimotor processing and integration. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lung cancer risk among US radiologic technologists, 1983–1998
Authors: Rajaraman Preetha , Sigurdson Alice J. , Doody Michele M. , Freedman D. Michal , Hauptmann Michael , Ron Elaine , Alexander Bruce H. , Linet Martha S. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractWhile exposure to moderate to high‐dose ionizing radiation is an established risk factor for lung cancer, the relationship between lung cancer and chronic low dose radiation remains uncertain. We examined lung cancer risk among 71,894 US radiologic technologists who were certified during 1926–1982, responded to a baseline questionnaire (1983–1989), and were free of cancer other than non‐melanoma skin cancer at baseline. Study participants were followed until completion of a second questionnaire (1994–1998), death, or August 31, 1998. We identified 287 lung cancer cases: 66 incident cases and 221 decedents. Exposure to radiation was inferred based on work history information provided in the baseline questionnaire. Relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for age, race/ethnicity and smoking. Smoking‐adjusted lung cancer risk was not related to working as a radiologic technologist in early years when radiation exposures were likely highest (RR = 0.9; 95% CI, 0.5–1.8 for year first worked before 1940 compared to year first worked ≥1960), nor was risk related to the year first worked after 1940 or the number of years worked in any decade. While lung cancer risk was increased in radiologic technologists who held patients for X‐rays, or who allowed others to take numerous practice X‐rays on them, the trend was not statistically significant in either case. Although we adjusted for smoking, the possibility of residual confounding exists. Overall, we find very limited evidence that chronic low‐to‐moderate dose occupational exposure increased lung cancer risk in the US Radiologic Technologist cohort. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Benzo(a)pyrene‐induced acute neurotoxicity in the F‐344 rat: role of oxidative stress
Authors: Saunders Crystal R. , Das Salil K. , Ramesh Aramandla , Shockley Dolores C. , Mukherjee Shyamali 
Published: July 2006

AbstractGiven the link between neurotoxicity and exposure to pollutants, the potential behavioral neurotoxicity of benzo(a)pyrene [B(a)P] was investigated. Studies have established that B(a)P requires metabolic activation to highly reactive species to elicit many of its adverse effects. This study investigated the perturbation of nervous system function by correlating behavioral changes with the metabolism of B(a)P, antioxidant enzyme levels and lipid peroxidation in selected brain regions. The neurobehavioral effects of single oral doses of B(a)P (25–200 mg kg−1body weight) on motor activity were examined in male F‐344 rats at 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h post treatment. Parent B(a)P and metabolites were measured at the above mentioned time points by reverse phase HPLC. The activity of several antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase) and levels of malondialdehyde were determined at 6 and 96 h in both the striatum and hippocampus of B(a)P exposed rats. Suppression of motor activity (up to 70%) reached a maximum at 6 h, but was reversible at 96 h in all dose groups. The kinetics of disposition data show a strong link between B(a)P metabolism and the onset and duration of behavioral effects. Benzo(a)pyrene caused a 15–70% inhibition in the activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase and an enhancement in catalase and lipid peroxidation (up to 68%) in the striatum and hippocampus at 6 and 96 h post treatment, respectively. These findings suggest that B(a)P‐induced acute neurobehavioral toxicity may occur through oxidative stress due to inhibition of the brain antioxidant scavenging system. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Einfluß von Futterfetten und ‐lecithinen auf Parameter der Infektionsabwehr beim Absatzferkel, 1. Mitteilung: Der Einfluß von Soja‐ oder Rapsöl
Authors: Brinkmann Gerlinde , Molnar Sandor 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIn einem Versuch mit 30 Absatzferkeln wurde der Einfluß von Sojaöl oder Rapsöl auf Parameter der Infektionsabwehr untersucht. Die Versuchstiere erhielten 39 Tage lang eine Diät auf Getreidebasis, in der entweder 6% Sojaöl, 6% Rapsöl oder 13,8% Maisquellstärke (Kontrolle) isoenergetisch gegen eine Getreidekomponente ausgetauscht wurden. Die Infektionsparameter wurden am 0., 12., 19., 26. und 39. Versuchstag (VT) erfaßt. Sowohl 6% Sojaöl als auch 6% Rapsöl in der Ration erhöhten die Werte des unspezifischen Abwehrsystems wie die Nitroblautetrazolium‐Reduktionskapazitäten (am 26. und 39. VT), die Lysozymkonzentrationen (am 12., 19. und 39. VT) und die Granulozytengehalte (am 19. und 26. VT) signifikant im Vergleich zur Kontrollgruppe.
Bestimmung der Linol‐ und Linolensäure in Margarine, Halbfettmargarine und Mischfetten – Deutsche Einheitsmethoden zur Untersuchung von Fetten, Fettprodukten, Tensiden und verwandten Stoffen: Analyse von fettreichen Lebensmitteln VI
Authors: Fiebig H.‐J. , Gertz Chr. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractDer “Gemeinschaftausschuß für die Analytik von Fetten, Ölen, Fettprodukten, verwandten Stoffen und Rohstoffen (GAFett)” hat die nachfolgende Methode zur Bestimmung der Linol‐ und Linolensäure in Margarine, Halbfettmargarine und Mischfetten verabschiedet. Sie soll in die Abteilung K, Kapitel I, der DGF‐Einheitsmethoden aufgenommen werden. Kommentare zu dieser Methode werden an die Berichterstatter erbeten.
A Novel Approach to Prepare a Gradient Polymer with a Wide Damping Temperature Range by In‐Situ Chemical Modification of Rubber During Vulcanization
Authors: Wang Yi‐Qing , Wang Ya , Zhang Hui‐Feng , Zhang Li‐Qun 
Published: July 2006

AbstractSummary: Based on the fact that rubber can be chemically modified by sulfur, and sulfur can diffuse into rubber driven by a concentration gradient and chemical reaction, a new approach for the preparation of a polymer with a gradient from rubbery to glassy phase has been developed using the sulfur‐vulcanization reaction of rubber. The gradient polymer obtained exhibits a wide transition range spanning over 100 °C with a peak half‐width of 69 °C. The mechanism of forming the gradient structure is also discussed.The gradient polymer exhibits a broad tan δ width from −60 to 76 °C with the peak half‐width spanning about 69 °C, indicating a wide damping temperature range.magnified imageThe gradient polymer exhibits a broad tan δ width from −60 to 76 °C with the peak half‐width spanning about 69 °C, indicating a wide damping temperature range.
Patterning Proteins on Surfaces of Cross‐Sectioned Multilayer Polymer Films
Authors: Zhang Chun , Husson Scott M. , Hirt Douglas E. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractSummary: A new approach is introduced to create submicrometer patterned surfaces using multilayer polymer films that contain alternating layers of two polymers, linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) and ethylene‐co‐(acrylic acid) copolymer (EAA). Patterned templates have been prepared by microtoming the multilayer molded sheets. Regionally confined chemical functionality is confirmed by grafting an amine‐terminated biotin and adsorbing streptavidin specifically on the alternating layers of EAA.Fluorescence micrograph of the Alexa488‐streptadivin patterned polymer surface.magnified imageFluorescence micrograph of the Alexa488‐streptadivin patterned polymer surface.
Physically and Chemically Crosslinked Gelatin Gels
Authors: Hellio Dominique , Djabourov Madeleine 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIn this paper, we examine the rheological and the structural properties of different types of gelatin networks, physical, chemical and both. The physical gel is due to the formation of collagen type triple helices when cooling the solutions. Chemically crosslinked gels are obtained with a reagent, in our case the bis(vinylsulfonyl)methane (BVSM), kindly provided by Kodak Industrie (France). Each BVSM molecule provides two covalent bonds. The chemical reaction was followed by microcalorimetry (MicroDSC III from Setaram, Caluire, France). The relation between shear moduli and crosslinking for the three types of gels is discussed, in relation with theoretical models of randomly crosslinked systems.
Disorder Effects in “Plastic” and Highly Conducting Compounds of Poly(aniline)
Authors: Djurado David , Sniechowski Maciej , Bée Marc , Johnson Mark , Gonzalez Miguel A. , Rannou Patrice , Pron Adam 
Published: July 2006

AbstractNumerical methods of molecular dynamics have been combined to measurements of X‐ray and neutron scattering in order to obtain a realistic view of structural and dynamical disorder properties of conducting compounds of so called “plastdoped” poly(aniline)s. This combination allowed us to propose for the whole family of these compounds one generic model of a layered structure in which exist statistical fluctuations of the electronic density along the stacking direction of alternating molecular layers. The most part of the dynamics in the 10−13–10−9 s time range concerns the motions of protons borne by the flexible tails of doping counter‐ions contained in the structure. We found that the molecular dynamics is characterized by both broad time and spatial distributions. These experimental facts coupled to those obtained with electrical conductivity measurements indicate that the high mobility of the counter‐ion sublattice seems to be a prerequisite to promote a global metal like electronic behaviour of the polymer films.