bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expanding the categories of feedback
Authors: Fedanzo Anthony J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe contention of this paper is that feedback is a genus of information categories that should be expanded to include, in addition to positive and negative feedback, what is here termed mnemonic or structure‐continuing feedback. An informal argument is first advanced to establish a view of information generally as an active agency in the functioning of systems. The informal argument is next complemented by a set of formal expressions for the views advanced. Both formal and informal considerations are supported by numerous illustrations from biological and computer sciences as well as by more general observations from the philosophy of science.Since the overriding intent is to present the thesis that each systemic element of a system's structure has information value in its own right and in a decidedly nontrivial sense, it endeavors to solidify the reasons for regarding this thesis as sound, but does not employ the thesis outside the bounds of theory. In this sense the discussion is purely theoretical although it intends as much to unify the observations of several fields as to advance an expanded conceptualization of feedback suitable to both information and systems theory.
Toward a national information system for social science data files
Authors: White Howard D. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDespite a breakthrough in library cataloging of files of machine‐readable social science data (directions are expected in the next Anglo‐American Cataloging Rules), the U.S. system for delivering information about data files still needs strengthening. While descriptive cataloging of locally held files by research libraries should prove helpful, suppliers' restrictions on “rediffusion” of data reduce the value of a national union catalog. Subject cataloging is also a problem, although a new form heading for data files would improve the usefulness of the Library of Congress Subject Headings. The greatest improvement would be inclusion of abstracts and indexing of the files in a national bibliographic service with on‐line search capability, especially one that could provide the codebooks required by those wanting to reuse others' data. With NTIS furnishing a prototype, ERIC is here proposed as a model of what is needed. ERIC has many desirable features as a “data information system” that would not disrupt present economic arrangements for delivering the files themselves.
Automatic ranked output from boolean searches in SIRE
Authors: Noreault Terry , Koll Matthew , McGill Michael J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis study examined the effectiveness and efficiency of employing a fully automatic algorithm for ranking the results of Boolean searches of an inverted file design document retrieval system. The study indicated that with minor modification of file designs, such as those implemented in the Syracuse Information Retrieval Experiment (SIRE), document retrieval systems could efficiently provide users with output lists on which the rank order of a document is a good indicator of its probable relevance to the user's information need. The study found that relevant documents were ranked significantly higher than nonrelevant documents in the set of documents retrieved in response to a Boolean query. By utilizing an augmented inverted file design the variable incremental cost for ranked output was only ten cents per query. There was no increased user effort.
A threshold rule applied to the retrieval decision model
Authors: Kraft Donald H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe retrieval decision problem is considered from the viewpoint of a decision theory approach. A threshold rule based on a suggested rule for indexing is considered and analyzed for retrieval decisions. The threshold rule is seen as a good descriptive measure of what a reasonable retrieval system should be able to accomplish. A retrieval mechanism of randomly drawing documents is analyzed to determine the relative strength of the threshold rule. The Neyman‐Pearson lemma is shown to yield a better a priori decision rule for retrieval; maximize precision subject to a fixed level of recall, instead of setting a lower limit upon precision, as does the threshold rule. The threshold rule is seen as a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for effective retrieval. A sufficient condition for the threshold rule illustrates the relationship between it and the rule derived from the Neyman‐Pearson lemma. Finally, a new measure of information retrieval system performance is presented, based on the threshold rule.
Automatic text analysis based on transition phenomena of word occurrences
Authors: Pao Miranda Lee 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA method of selecting index terms directly from a word frequency list is described. The original idea was suggested by Goffman who reasoned that the most content‐bearing words of a given text would occur at the transition region at which Zipf's First Law of words of high frequency of occurrences begins to take on properties of words of low frequency of occurrences. Word frequencies of two articles were analyzed. Results seem to indicate that the automated selection of index terms from a frequency list holds some promise for automatic indexing.
Cliqueing‐a technique for producing maximally connected clusters
Authors: Gerson Gordon M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA technique is demonstrated whereby a large data base may be automatically classified into maximally connected clusters. These are called cliques. The data base is initially clustered by MacQueen's “k‐means” algorithm. These clusters are then subjected to an enrichment process whereby through a transposition of the basic properties matrix, two‐directional connections may be shown. These are employed to the fullest extent with all connections being completed and references appearing in all cliques with which common or related references appear. The data base employed is a selection of US patents.
A relationship between two forms of Bradford's law
Authors: Hubert John J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIf g(x) is the number of journals having x references, we speak of a size‐frequency relationship. If f(r) is the number of references in a journal of rank r, we speak of a rank‐frequency relationship. In the former we can estimate the number of journals, given the number of references; in the latter we can estimate the number of references given the rank of the journal. In this paper we prove a statistical relationship which links these two types of productivity distributions.
Opinion paper: Design criteria for documentation retrieval languages
Authors: Gebhardt Friedrich , Stellmacher Imant 
Published: June 2007

AbstractQuery languages for document retrieval systems should be simple and easy to learn for the casual user; they should provide all conceivable facilities for the experienced user. These goals comprise the most serious contradictions that evolve between all the design criteria collected, compared, and evaluated in this paper. The proposed solution or, at least, relief to this conflict is to provide the user with a simple, clearly designed subset of the language that nevertheless includes all important query functions, while the additions to modify, shorten, improve, and extend it are left to the experienced user. It is stressed that the simple data formats available with most systems are insufficient; the need for more elaborate structures is substantiated. A point is made for a formal rather than a natural language for document retrieval.
Estimating the demand for library service: Theory and practice
Authors: Casper Cheryl A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIssues related to the demand for library service are not new to library administrators and other information scientists. However, formal economic analysis of that demand is just beginning. This paper has two objectives: to explain the theoretical links between the demand for library service and key economic variables and to describe how demand was estimated in one specific experimental context: the demand for library service of institutional users of the Cleveland Health Sciences Library. This study is cited to illustrate some problems that are likely to arise in attempting to estimate statistically the parameters of library demand functions. The need for more precise economic analysis of library demand has grown as forms of information that have traditionally been provided free to users begin to acquire explicit price tags. This trend is likely to continue. Most economic models for setting library user fees require specific inputs about the demand for information and the sensitivity of demand to changes in economic variables. Even in situations where user fees are not applicable, an understanding of the demand function can be useful in predicting how the amount of library service demanded might change if underlying economic or noneconomic variables change. As more complete data become available, economic analysis of library demand will be employed more frequently as a policymaking tool.
Cross‐national information flows in basic research: Examples taken from physics
Authors: Frame J. Davidson , Baum John J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractCross‐national information flows are investigated for three energy‐related fields of physics using the referencing data appearing in physics journals. In all three fields, U.S. research appears to be the most heavily referenced research in the world, with Soviet research coming in second. An examination of “balance of information” flows shows that the U.S. consistently experiences a negative balance. That is, foreign scientists reference U.S. work more frequently than do U.S. scientists reference foreign work. In contrast, the USSR consistently experiences a positive balance of information flow. An examination of cross‐national information flows shows that there are marked disparities in the extent to which the research produced in different countries is referenced. These disparities may be accounted for by cultural, ethnocentric, and linguistic factors; by the varying quality of research performed in different countries; and by simple ignorance of research that is being undertaken in locales out of the research mainstream.
On optimal storage of books by size
Authors: Radhakrishnan T. , Venkatesh K. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn an earlier paper by Gupta and Ravindran a network model was proposed to determine the optimum number of shelves to minimize the shelving cost of a given collection of books. In this paper, it is shown that the above method does not always yield the optimal value. Further, some underlying assumptions in the earlier model that may not be practical are pointed out. Also a brute‐force algorithm is presented for the same problem which gives a better solution.
The wrong way to go
Authors: Wright H. Curtis 
Published: June 2007

AbstractLibrarianship and science are antithetical as knowledge systems because the substance of the former is instrumental to the latter and vice versa. This is revealed by the diametric oppositions of (a) their objects and methods of study, and (b) their objects and means of mastery. The resulting differences between them may be summarized as follows: (1) The object of study in science is matter; in librarianship it is form. (2) The method of study is empirical in science; in librarianship it is rational. (3) The object of mastery is the physics of experience in science; in librarianship it is the metaphysics of thought. (4) The means of mastery is formal in science; in librarianship it is material.
Performance assessment model for academic libraries
Authors: Bommer Michael R. , Chorba Ronald W. , Grattidge Walter 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAcademic libraries are facing increased difficulties in carrying out their functions by traditional means. The continuing explosion of information coupled with spiraling costs are challenging library managers to accommodate these trends with little or no increase in funding. To meet this challenge, library managers must utilize and allocate resources in a more institutionally effective manner. Effective decision‐making and planning, however, require appropriate management information. This article describes a conceptual framework for the development of a management information system including performance assessment components for linking institutional goals, library performance, and library management decision‐making. The operational methodology required to evaluate resource allocations consistent with aggregate user needs and delineated organizational objectives is outlined. The resultant system would continuously monitor user needs, document availability, service utilization, and user productivity as means both to identify problems and opportunities and to assess the consequences of management decisions.
Utility‐theoretic indexing
Authors: Wilson Patrick 
Published: June 2007

AbstractUtility‐theoretic indexing as presented by Cooper requires prediction of the consequences of each indexing decision. Cooper appears to think that this is the most rational way of indexing and can be known a priori to be preferable to alternatives. But its practical success is not guaranteed in advance; its claim to superior rationality rests only on its appeal to the consequences of decisions. One may rationally choose either individual actions or rules and policies for action: the requirements of rationality do not exclude action according to nonpredictive rules. Areas of choice are known in which predictive rules are inferior to nonpredictive rules. If Cooper's rule is practically superior to others, this cannot be known without appeal to experience.
A method for partitioning the journal literature
Authors: Servi Patricia N. , Griffith Belver C. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractCitation databases can be readily partitioned by examining the extent to which journals “feed back” to one another. A method has been developed to divide large files into clusters of journals without requiring the use of arbitrary starting points. Results are discussed relative to biomedical literature, and these findings are shown to be subsumed under a more general hypothesis regarding the structure of scientific literature.
A technique for evaluating automatic term clustering
Authors: Dillon Martin , Caplan P. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis study reexamines the feasibility of automatic thesaurus generation by establishing a framework for analyzing the degree of correspondence between automatically generated thesauri and a thesaurus of the same terms constructed by a team of subject specialists. In order to test the evaluative procedure, a series of thesauri are generated using the same clustering algorithm and three different measures of association. By comparing the relative effectiveness of the generated thesauri to the human standard, it is determined that substantial differences exist among them.
Education and training for computer‐based reference services: A case study
Authors: Robinson Jo 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis article discusses a training program for on‐line searching that was used by the University of California's Computerized Information Services (CIS). After giving an overview of the training program as a whole, it concentrates on database training. One form of intensive database training is the database workshop, presented by the database supplier staff (often in conjunction with search service staff). A second form is the database seminar, where searchers investigate topics on diverse databases and systems and then report to each other in an informal setting. This proved to be a popular and cost‐effective training technique, especially for search strategy. The two kinds of database training seem to complement each other.
Rationalization of secondary services: Measurement of coverage of primary journals and overlap between services
Authors: Brittain J. Michael , Roberts Stephen A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSome of the problems involved in the study of journal and journal article overlap of secondary services are discussed in the context of the results of an investigation of overlap in the field of criminology. The use of citation data to form clusters of journals is explored in the design and rationalization of secondary services. Clusters of journals obtained from a study of citations in the field of criminology are compared with the measures of overlap patterns. Conclusions are drawn about the ways in which secondary services can be improved.
Directions in library networking
Authors: Avram Henriette D. , McCallum Sally H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBibliographic control before and after MARC is reviewed. The capability of keying into online systems has brought an interdependence among libraries, the service centers that mediate between them, and the large utilities that process and distribute data. From this has developed the basic network structure among libraries in the United States. The independent development of major networks has brought problems in standardization and coordination. The authors point out that while technology has led toward centralization of automated library services, new developments are now pushing toward decentralization. Coordination is a requirement to avoid fragmentation in this new environment.
Lifetime‐citation rates: A mathematical model to compare scientists' work
Authors: Geller Nancy L. , de Cani John S. , Davies Robert E. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractUnder reasonable assumptions a formula is derived to project the number of citations the usual type of scientific research paper will receive. This projection, the paper's life‐time‐citation rate, is based on the paper's past citations and the regularity of citation patterns. Hypothesis tests of equality of expected lifetime‐citation rates per paper and multiple comparisons are also derived. With appropriate precautions comparisons may then be made of the work of scientists in similar fields who have been publishing for different lengths of time. The method is applied to the publications of members of a university department and validated in two ways.
Characterization of databases in the agricultural sciences
Authors: Longo Rose Mary Juliano , MacHado Ubaldino Dantas 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis study compares three databases in the agricultural sciences‐AGRICOLA, AGRIS, and CAB‐using as a basis the entire range of periodical titles indexed by each. It proposes to orient the users of these bases in their use and acquisition. The duplication rates of periodical titles among the three bases and in combinations of two by two were analyzed and the results revealed a duplication rate of 10.01% among the three. Other results bring into focus the distribution of periodical titles by countries and by continents in addition to demonstrating the best combinations of bases two by two in determined regions of the world. With respect to the documentation generated in the underdeveloped countries, the participation rate in the bases is low. It was concluded that the logical sequence for acquisition of the databases one at a time is CAB, AGRICOLA, and AGRIS, in this order.
The adequacy of the science citation index (SCI) as an indicator of international scientific activity
Authors: Carpenter Mark P. , Narin Francis 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe adequacy of the Science Citation Index (SCI) as a data source for developing indicators of international scientific activity was tested by comparing country‐by‐country journal counts based on the SCI with British Library Lending Division country‐by‐country journal counts, and with country‐by‐country counts of papers in other abstracting services, and by looking at the patterns of references from key journals. While the SCI appears to be an excellent, internationally balanced data source for the core of the physical and biological sciences, particularly for the English‐speaking countries, there still are significant differences between the SCI and other sources in national coverage of fields with a more dispersed literature, especially in the case of journals from countries with non‐Roman alphabets. In particular, SCI coverage of the Soviet literature appears incomplete, especially in the biological and medical sciences.
Automatic Nephis coding of descriptive titles for permuted index generation
Authors: Craven Timothy C. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSimple automatic coding of most descriptive titles generates NEPHIS (NEsted PHrase Indexing System) input strings of sufficiently good quality for permuted index production. The coding algorithm is based on assumptions about three ranks of delimiter, and about phrase‐element dependency, in title language; NEPHIS facilitates human recoding of the few titles violating these assumptions. Initially implemented in DECsystem‐10 DPL, but applicable also to microcomputer systems, the algorithm requires only brief lists of delimiters plus an input set containing one or more titles; stoplisting is optional.
The state of secondary access services: Social sciences
Authors: Freides Thelma 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSecondary access services available to American social scientists include bibliographies for the academic disciplines and a large variety of specialized services for subdisciplines and interdisciplinary fields. Nearly all originated during three decades of intensive development between 1950 and 1980. Coverage of journal literature is more extensive than coverage of monographs and data sources. Clearer differentiation among services in overlapping fields is needed. The transition from paper‐based to computer‐based services offers many possibilities for improved access to the literature, but difficulties attributable to intellectual and organizational characteristics of the social sciences may be relatively unaffected by technological change.
The future of indexing and abstracting services
Authors: Lancaster F. W. , Neway Julie M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn the past decade the increased costs of traditional print‐on‐paper secondary services have resulted in a decline in subscriptions for many titles. Concomitantly, the cost effectiveness and efficiency of computer processing has led to a proliferation of online databases. Secondary services in online form have not only increased access points to the primary literature, but have also had the effect of making information more accessible regardless of geographic location. The future lies in an integration of primary and secondary services. Dual‐mode secondary publications will gradually give rise to new secondary services in machine‐readable form only. As the primary literature follows suit, secondary services will be involved in building “filters” and search aids to guide the user from the initial databases of primary text to databases of abstracts derived from primary text, and finally to more specialized, subject‐profile‐oriented databases of abstracts.