bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Glutamate receptors modulate sodium‐dependent and calcium‐independent vitamin C bidirectional transport in cultured avian retinal cells
Authors: Portugal Camila Cabral , Miya Vivian Sayuri , Calaza Karin da Costa , Santos Rochelle Alberto Martins , Paes‐de‐Carvalho Roberto 
Published: November 2008

AbstractVitamin C is transported in the brain by sodium vitamin C co‐transporter 2 (SVCT‐2) for ascorbate and glucose transporters for dehydroascorbate. Here we have studied the expression of SVCT‐2 and the uptake and release of [14C] ascorbate in chick retinal cells. SVCT‐2 immunoreactivity was detected in rat and chick retina, specially in amacrine cells and in cells in the ganglion cell layer. Accordingly, SVCT‐2 was expressed in cultured retinal neurons, but not in glial cells. [14C] ascorbate uptake was saturable and inhibited by sulfinpyrazone or sodium‐free medium, but not by treatments that inhibit dehydroascorbate transport. Glutamate‐stimulated vitamin C release was not inhibited by the glutamate transport inhibitor l‐β‐threo‐benzylaspartate, indicating that vitamin C release was not mediated by glutamate uptake. Also, ascorbate had no effect on [3H] d‐aspartate release, ruling out a glutamate/ascorbate exchange mechanism. 2‐Carboxy‐3‐carboxymethyl‐4‐isopropenylpyrrolidine (Kainate) or NMDA stimulated the release, effects blocked by their respective antagonists 6,7‐initroquinoxaline‐2,3‐dione (DNQX) or (5R,2S)‐(1)‐5‐methyl‐10,11‐dihydro‐5H‐dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten‐5,10‐imine hydrogen maleate (MK‐801). However, DNQX, but not MK‐801 or 2‐amino‐5‐phosphonopentanoic acid (APV), blocked the stimulation by glutamate. Interestingly, DNQX prevented the stimulation by NMDA, suggesting that the effect of NMDA was mediated by glutamate release and stimulation of non‐NMDA receptors. The effect of glutamate was neither dependent on external calcium nor inhibited by 1,2‐bis (2‐aminophenoxy) ethane‐N′,N′,N′,N′,‐tetraacetic acid tetrakis (acetoxy‐methyl ester) (BAPTA‐AM), an internal calcium chelator, but was inhibited by sulfinpyrazone or by the absence of sodium. In conclusion, retinal cells take up and release vitamin C, probably through SVCT‐2, and the release can be stimulated by NMDA or non‐NMDA glutamate receptors.
Endogenous serotonin and serotonin2Creceptors are involved in the ability of M100907 to suppress cortical glutamate release induced by NMDA receptor blockade
Authors: Calcagno Eleonora , Carli Mirjana , Baviera Marta , Invernizzi Roberto W. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractBlockade of NMDA receptors by intracortical infusion of 3‐(R)‐2‐carboxypiperazin‐4‐propyl‐1‐phosphonic acid (CPP) increases glutamate (GLU) and serotonin (5‐HT) release in the medial prefrontal cortex and impairs attentional performance in the 5‐choice serial reaction time task. These effects are prevented by the 5‐HT2Areceptor antagonist, (R)‐(+)‐(2,3‐dimethoxyphenyl)‐1‐[2‐(4‐fluorophenyl)ethyl]‐4‐piperidine methanol (M100907). We explored the roles of endogenous 5‐HT and 5‐HT1Aand 5‐HT2Creceptors in the mechanisms by which M100907 suppresses CPP‐induced release of cortical GLU and 5‐HT usingin vivomicrodialysis. CPP raised extracellular GLU and 5‐HT by about 250% and 170% respectively. The 5‐HT synthesis inhibitor,p‐chlorophenylalanine (300 mg/kg), prevented M100907 suppressing CPP‐induced GLU release. The effect of M100907 on these rises of GLU and 5‐HT and attentional performance deficit was mimicked by the 5‐HT2Creceptor agonist, (S)‐2‐(6‐chloro‐5‐fluoroindol‐1‐yl)‐1‐methylethylamine fumarate, (Ro60‐0175, 30 μg/kg) while intra‐mPFC (SB242084, 6‐chloro‐5‐methyl‐1‐[[2‐[(2‐methyl‐3‐pyridyl)oxy]‐5‐pyridyl]carbamoyl]‐indoline, 0.1 μM), a 5‐HT2Creceptor antagonist, prevented the effect of M100907 on extracellular GLU. The 5‐HT1Areceptor antagonist,N‐[2‐[4‐(2‐methoxyphenyl)‐1‐piperazinyl]ethyl]‐N‐(2‐pyridinyl)cyclohexane carboxenide trihydrochloride (100 μM) abolished the effect of M100907 on the CPP‐induced 5‐HT release. The data show that blockade of 5‐HT2Areceptors is not sufficient to suppress the CPP‐induced rise of extracellular GLU and 5‐HT and suggest that M100907 suppresses GLU release induced by CPP by enhancing the action of endogenous 5‐HT on 5‐HT2Creceptors.
Heteromeric co‐assembly of two insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α subunits: influence on sensitivity to neonicotinoid insecticides
Authors: Liu Zewen , Han Zhaojun , Zhang Yixi , Song Feng , Yao Xiangmei , Liu Shuhua , Gu Jianhua , Millar Neil S. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractNeonicotinoid insecticides, such as imidacloprid, are selective agonists of insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and are used extensively in areas of crop protection and animal health to control a variety of insect pest species. Here, we describe studies performed with nAChR subunits Nlα1 and Nlα2 cloned from the brown planthopperNilaparvata lugens, a major insect pest of rice crops in many parts of Asia. The influence of Nlα1 and Nlα2 subunits upon the functional properties of recombinant nAChRs has been examined by expression inXenopusoocytes. In addition, the influence of a Nlα1 mutation (Y151S), which has been linked to neonicotinoid lab generated resistance inN. lugens, has been examined. As in previous studies of insect α subunits, functional expression has been achieved by co‐expression with the mammalian β2 subunit. This approach has revealed a significantly higher apparent affinity of imidacloprid for Nlα1/β2 than for Nlα2/β2 nAChRs. In addition, evidence has been obtained for the co‐assembly of Nlα1 and Nlα2 subunits into ‘triplet’ nAChRs of subunit composition Nlα1/Nlα2/β2. Evidence has also been obtained which demonstrates that the resistance‐associated Y151S mutation has a significantly reduced effect on neonicotinoid agonist activity when Nlα1 is co‐assembled with Nlα2 than when expressed as the sole α subunit in a heteromeric nAChR. These findings may be of importance in assessing the likely impact of the target‐site mutations such as Y151S upon neonicotinoid insecticide resistance in insect field populations.
NMDA‐mediated modulation of dopamine release is modified in rat prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens after chronic nicotine treatment
Authors: Grilli Massimo , Pittaluga Anna , Merlo‐Pich Emilio , Marchi Mario 
Published: November 2008

AbstractIn this study, we investigate the effects of chronic administration of (−)nicotine on the function of the NMDA‐mediated modulation of [3H]dopamine (DA) release in rat prefrontal cortex (PFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAc). In the PFC synaptosomes NMDA in a concentration‐dependent manner evoked [3H]DA release in rats chronically treated with vehicle (14 days) with an EC50of 13.1 ± 2.0 μM. The NMDA‐evoked overflow of the [3H]DA in PFC nerve endings of rats treated with (−)nicotine was significantly lower (−43%) than in vehicle treated rats. The EC50was 9.0 ± 1.4 μM. Exposure of NAc synaptosomes of rats treated with vehicle to NMDA produced an increase in [3H]DA overflow with an EC50of 14.5 ± 5.5 μM. This effect was significantly enhanced in chronically treated animals. The EC50was 10.5 ± 0.5 μM. The K+‐evoked release of [3H]DA was not modified by the (−)nicotine administration. Both the changes of the NMDA‐evoked [3H]DA overflow in the NAc and PFC disappeared after 14 days withdrawal. The results show that chronic (−)nicotine differentially affects the NMDA‐mediated [3H]DA release in the PFC and NAc of the rat.
A pragmatic approach to resolving tensions between the educational validity of master's projects in healthcare settings and ethical and governance requirements
Authors: Gerrish Kate , Hill Cathy , Mawson Susan , Gerrish Paul 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe concurrent realities of growing numbers of master's students in health and social care subjects, and developments in research governance processes in the public sector are discussed as a context for master's level dissertation projects.Master's level continuing professional development of health and social care practitioners necessarily includes the development of skills in diverse approaches to research and systematic enquiry. The master's dissertation project gives an opportunity for extended applied learning and skills development in relation to this. Recent developments in National Health Service research governance processes, while essential to the protection of patients, have created difficulties for students in gaining the necessary governance and ethical approvals to carry out projects involving the collection of primary data within the timeframe of a master's dissertation project. The implications of this on opportunities for learning and development at this level are explored. The value of different types of master's dissertation projects and the appropriateness, respectively, of different types of governance processes are discussed. Approaches developed by one higher education/National Health Service partnership, to ensuring that the ethical approval of student project proposals is managed as expediently and appropriately as possible, are shared and discussed. These include the development of a toolkit to assist students and others in differentiating between, for example, research, audit and service evaluation activities. They also include consideration of appropriate governance frameworks and ethical review in relation to each of these potential project types.
A NEW METRIORHYNCHID CROCODILIAN (MESOEUCROCODYLIA: THALATTOSUCHIA) FROM THE KIMMERIDGIAN (UPPER JURASSIC) OF WILTSHIRE, UK
Authors: WILKINSON LAURA E. , YOUNG MARK T. , BENTON MICHAEL J. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract: Recent revision of the marine metriorhynchid crocodilians indicates that a partial skull previously assigned to the speciesMetriorhynchus superciliosusand newly discovered postcranial elements from the Kimmeridge Clay of Westbury, Wiltshire belong to a new species of metriorhynchid. This material is herein described and referred to a new species of the genusDakosaurus, characterised by four apomorphies: the size and shape of the enlarged supratemporal fossae; relatively large teeth, and half the number in relatives; the robust and unornamented cranium; and the angle that the prefrontal makes with the long axis of the skull. In a new phylogenetic analysis,Dakosaurus carpenterisp. nov. is the basal member of a clade containing alsoD. maximusandD. andiniensis: it is not so short‐snouted and its teeth are not so few and large as in the other two species, but the new form illustrates the ecological transition among metriorhynchids from a piscivorous diet to high‐order carnivory.
The role of hypoxia in canine cancer
Authors: Snyder S. A. , Dewhirst M. W. , Hauck M. L. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractHuman oncology has clearly demonstrated the existence of hypoxic tumours and the problematic nature of those tumours. Hypoxia is a significant problem in the treatment of all types of solid tumours and a common reason for treatment failure. Hypoxia is a negative prognostic indicator of survival and is correlated with the development of metastatic disease. Resistance to radiation therapy and chemotherapy can be because of hypoxia. There are two dominant types of hypoxia recognized in tumours, static and intermittent. Both types of hypoxia are important in terms of resistance. A variety of physiological factors cause hypoxia, and in turn, hypoxia can induce genetic and physiological changes. A limited number of studies have documented that hypoxia exists in spontaneous canine tumours. The knowledge from the human literature of problematic nature of hypoxic tumours combined with the rapid growth of veterinary oncology has necessitated a better understanding of hypoxia in canine tumours.
Association of Ki67 index with prognosis for intermediate‐grade canine cutaneous mast cell tumours*
Authors: Maglennon G. A. , Murphy S. , Adams V. , Miller J. , Smith K. , Blunden A. , Scase T. J. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractIntermediate‐grade mast cell tumours (MCT) represent a heterogeneous population of tumours. The prognosis for the majority of dogs is excellent following surgical excision, but a minority die because of their disease. A previous study identified Ki67 expression as a predictor of prognosis in all three grades of MCT. The purpose of this study was to validate those results in a new group of dogs, with intermediate‐grade MCT only. Ki67 immunohistochemistry was performed on intermediate‐grade MCT from 163 dogs with known outcome. Digital microscopy images were taken from each tumour, and an index calculated of Ki67‐positive cells. Ki67 index as a binary variable with a cut‐off value of 1.8% was confirmed to be associated with prognosis (hazard ratio = 19.1, P < 0.0001) for this cohort of dogs. The 1‐year, 2‐year and 3‐year survival probabilities (with standard errors) of 127 dogs with a Ki67 index ≤1.8% were [0.95 (0.024), similar for all] and for 36 dogs with a Ki67 index >1.8% were 0.54 (0.100), 0.45 (0.101) and 0.33 (0.104), respectively.
Serum biomarker profiling in cancer studies: a question of standardisation?
Authors: Matharoo‐Ball B. , Miles A. K. , Creaser C. S. , Ball G. , Rees R. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractCompanion animals are exposed to similar environmental conditions and carcinogens as humans. In some animal cancers, there also appears to be the same genetic changes associated as in humans. However, little work has been carried out in cancer biomarker identification in animals. The recent dramatic advances in molecular medicine, genomics, proteomics and translational research will allow biomarker identification, which may provide the best strategies for veterinarians and clinicians to combat disease by early diagnosis and administration of effective treatments. Proteomics may have important applications in cancer diagnosis, prognosis and predictive clinical outcome that could directly change clinical practice by affecting critical elemen‐ts of care and management. This review summarizes the advances in proteomics that has propelled us to this exciting age of clinical proteomics, and highlights the future work that is required for this to become a reality. In this review, we will discuss the available proteomic technologies and their limitations, and highlight the key areas of research and how they have been used to discover cancer biomarkers. The principles described here are equally applicable to human and animal disease, but implementation of ‘omic’ technologies requires stringent guidelines for collection of clinical material, the application of analytical techniques and interpretation of the data.
Modern Education in Iran during the Qajar and Pahlavi Periods
Authors: Koyagi Mikiya 
Published: November 2008

AbstractHistorical writing on modern education in Iran has changed in the past few decades. Earlier works that focused on the top‐down feature of modern education were very much influenced by modernization theory, nationalist historiography, and the dichotomous notion of reform and reaction. First, this article suggests that one should analyze the view of specific individuals or groups on modern education rather than simply dividing them into reformists and reactionaries with clear‐cut attitudes. Then it surveys the shift from these earlier approaches to new ones that have taken various directions with generally more attention to state‐society relations and culture, including such issues as modern education as a site of nation‐building and constructing the new social order.
The Concentration Camps of the South African (Anglo‐Boer) War, 1900–1902
Authors: Van Heyningen Elizabeth 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe concentration camps of the South African War or Anglo‐Boer War, where Boer women and children, as well as many black families, were interned as a result of the British military sweeps to clear the veld, incited controversy from their inception. The high mortality, primarily from measles, caused much bitterness but the history of the camps has never been properly investigated. Instead, a mythology was created by emergent Afrikaner nationalists who deployed the women's testimonies, in particular, to establish a ‘paradigm of suffering’. Recently a number of historians have demonstrated the way in which commemoration of the concentration camps in South Africa has also been politicised. This article surveys the literature on the camps, highlighting some of the omissions.
Preserved priming but insensitivity to perceptual fluency on recognition judgments in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: YANO Madoka , UMEDA Satoshi , MIMURA Masaru 
Published: November 2008

AbstractBackground:  Previous research on Alzheimer's disease (AD) has not yielded a consensus regarding the preservation of automatic memory processes, although there is a consensus that conscious recollection processes are impaired in AD.Methods:  In the present study, we examined perceptual specificity effects (PSEs) in word recognition judgments (explicit memory task; Experiment 1) and word fragment completion (implicit memory task; Experiment 2) performed by individuals with mild AD and elderly adults without dementia (controls).Results:  In recognition judgments, control subjects, but not individuals with AD, demonstrated PSEs (Experiment 1). In contrast, neither group showed PSEs on word fragment completion and their priming magnitudes were comparable (Experiment 2).Conclusions:  The findings suggest that perceptually automatic processes in explicit memory judgments and implicit memory processes are different and that the former are specifically impaired in AD.
Beneficial and adverse effects of pharmacotherapy with risperidone on behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD)
Authors: OSHIMA Norihito 
Published: November 2008

AbstractBackground:  Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) increase the burden of caregiving. In 2004, the US Food and Drug Administration issued a warning on an increase in the mortality rate in elderly patients using antipsychotics. Thereafter, although the need for antipsychotics for BPSD has increased, discussions regarding their indication have continued.Methods:  The present study was performed in 18 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and patients with vascular dementia (VaD) who were treated with risperidone because of BPSD. Changes in the dose of risperidone and the beneficial and adverse effects of risperidone were evaluated for 3 months after the start of antipsychotic therapy.Results:  The mean starting dose of risperidone was 0.62 ± 0.30 mg (62 ± 30 mg chlorpromazine (CP) equivalents), which, after 3 months, increased to 0.99 ± 0.49 mg risperidone (99 ± 49 mg CP equivalents). The symptoms of BPSD at the beginning of treatment were delusions (48% of patients) and violence (22% of patients). In the 3‐month treatment period, an improvement in BSPD symptoms was recorded in 78% of patients. During the study period, adverse effects were observed in 65% of patients: 26% of patients reported falling and extrapyramidal symptoms were seen in 13%. There were no cardiovascular events or deaths.Conclusion:  In the present study, low doses of risperidone were used for the treatment of BPSD and no serious side‐effects were observed. An atypical antipsychotic can be one of the treatment options if a thorough risk assessment of the cardiovascular system is made and informed consent is obtained.
Macrophage colony stimulating factor is associated with excretion of amyloid‐β peptides from cerebrospinal fluid to peripheral blood
Authors: JIANG Jingwei , OKOCHI Masayasu , TAGAMI Shinji , NISHITOMI Kouhei , YANAGIDA Kanta , NAKAYAMA Taisuke , TATSUMI Shin‐ichi , MORI Kohji , TAKEDA Masatoshi 
Published: November 2008

AbstractBackground:  The process of aggregation of brain amyloid‐β peptides (Aβ) is thought to be associated with the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Amyloid‐β peptides are produced by sequential endoproteolysis by β‐site amyloid‐β protein precursor‐cleaving enzyme (BACE) followed by presenilin (PS)/γ‐secretase. There are several species of Aβ due to cleavage diversity of PS/γ‐secretase. The predominant species in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or plasma is Aβ40, whereas Aβ42 is much more aggregatable and accumulated in senile plaques. The level of Aβ in the brain is determined by the balance between the generation and clearance of Aβ, including transport across the brain–blood barrier (BBB). Although the processes of Aβ generation and degradation have been studied in some detail, knowledge of the Aβ transport process across the BBB is limited. So far, low‐density lipoprotein receptor‐related protein (LRP1), P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp), and insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1) have been identified to modify the excretion of brain Aβ to the blood.Methods:  To investigate whether macrophage colony stimulating factor (M‐CSF) has a role in the Aβ transport process, human Aβ was injected into the lateral ventricle of the brain of M‐CSF‐deficient (op/op) mice. Then, plasma and brain Aβ levels were measured by ELISA to determine the time‐course of Aβ movement from the brain to the plasma.Result:  When human Aβ40 was injected into mouse lateral ventricles, the efflux of Aβ from the CSF to the blood was transiently decreased and delayed in M‐CSF‐deficient mice. Moreover, endogenous plasma Aβ40 levels were lower in M‐CSF‐deficient mice.Conclusion:  The results indicate that M‐CSF deficiency impairs excretion of human‐type Aβ40 from the CSF to blood. We propose that M‐CSF may be a novel factor that facilitates the excretion of Aβ from the CSF to the blood via the BBB.
Timing relationships between pegmatite emplacement, metamorphism and deformation during the intra‐plate Alice Springs Orogeny, central Australia
Authors: BUICK I. S. , STORKEY A. , WILLIAMS I. S. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractIn the Harts Range (central Australia), the upper amphibolite facies to lower granulite facies, c. 480–460 Ma Harts Range Metamorphic Complex (HRMC), and the upper amphibolite facies, c. 340–320 Ma Entia Gneiss Complex are cut by numerous, generally peraluminous pegmatites and their deformed equivalents. The pegmatites have previously been interpreted as locally derived partial melts. However, SHRIMP U–Pb monazite and zircon dating of 29 pegmatites or their deformed equivalents, predominantly from the HRMC, reveal that they were emplaced episodically throughout almost the entire duration of the polyphase, c. 450–300 Ma intra‐plate Alice Springs Orogeny. Episodes of pegmatite intrusion correlate with the age of major Alice Springs‐age structures and with deposition of syn‐orogenic sedimentary rocks in the adjacent Centralian Superbasin. Similar Alice Springs ages have not been obtained from anatectic country rocks in the HRMC, suggesting that the pegmatites were not locally derived. Instead, they are interpreted as highly fractionated granites, and imply that much larger parental Alice Springs‐age granites exist at depth. The mechanism to allow repeated felsic magmatism in an intraplate setting, where all exposed rock types had a previous high‐temperature history, is enigmatic. However, we suggest that episodic underthrusting and dehydration of unmetamorphosed Centralian Superbasin sedimentary rocks allowed crustal fertility to maintained over a c. 140 Ma interval during the intra‐plate Alice Springs Orogeny.