bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of bovine antibodies to vesicular stomatitis virus
Authors: Workman Theresa , Shen David , Woodard Lynn , Yilma Tilahun 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed to detect bovine antibody to vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv). Serum samples from cows experimentally infected with the New Jersey serotype of vsv (vsv-nj) were assayed by the elisa and serum-neutralization (sn) assay. The elisa was as sensitive as the sn assay in detecting bovine antibody to vsv. The correlation between sn titers and elisa values at absorbance at 405 nm was statistically significant. The elisa was not specific for vsv-nj, however, and could detect serum samples positive to the Indiana serotype of vsv that had sn titers of > 480. Nonspecific reactions were due to cross-reactive group-specific viral proteins that are shared by both serotypes. The cross-reactivity allows the use of a single rapid test in identifying both serotypes of vsv from the other exotic vesicular diseases, especially foot-and-mouth disease. The elisa titers of serum samples positive for vsv-nj were comparable with the corresponding sn titers of each sample. The sensitivity, rapidity, and ease of the elisa system and the use of a single test in identifying both serotypes of vsv from the other exotic vesicular diseases make this elisa suitable as a rapid diagnostic assay for vs.
Turbinate atrophy in gnotobiotic pigs intranasally inoculated with protein toxin isolated from type D Pasteurella multocida
Authors: Dominick M. A. , Rimler R. B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Three doses (75 μg, 25 μg, and 25 μg) of purified toxin isolated from a toxigenic strain of type D Pasteurella multocida were given (by atomizer) into the right nasal cavities of each of 10 gnotobiotic pigs on the 21st, 24th, and 27th days of age, respectively. Inoculated pigs (usually 2) and 1 noninoculated control pig each were necropsied on 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 days after inoculations were given. Severe bilateral atrophy of turbinates occurred in all toxin challenge-exposed pigs. Atrophy was more severe in the inoculated nasal cavity than that in the noninoculated side in 2 of the 10 pigs. Microscopic changes in turbinates of toxin challenge-exposed pigs were more severe in pigs killed at later dates. Dominant changes included degeneration and necrosis of osteoblasts, markedly accelerated osteoclastic osteolysis, replacement of the osseous core by a highly cellular mesenchymal stroma, and multifocal atrophy of submucosal glands. Seemingly, a protein toxin isolated from toxigenic type D strains of P multocida produced rapid atrophy of turbinates and may be a contributing factor in development of clinical progressive atrophic rhinitis in swine.
Age-related changes in carbohydrate tolerance in healthy neonatal calves
Authors: Rollin Ruth E. , Fettman Martin J. , Phillips Robert W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Calves at 3 to 4 days of age had higher plasma glucose concentrations during glucose and lactose tolerance tests (orally administered glucose and lactose) than when the calves were 8 to 9 days old. These observations may be accounted for by decreased insulin secretion and/or insulin sensitivity of the target tissues. Lower hepatic glucokinase activity in neonates also may allow increased passage of splanchnic glucose to the system circulation.
Serum salicylate concentrations and endoscopic evaluation of the gastric mucosa in dogs after oral administration of aspirin-containing products
Authors: Lipowitz Alan J. , Boulay James P. , Klausner Jeffrey S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The serum salicylate concentration produced by oral administration of plain aspirin and several aspirin-containing products given at 8-hour intervals for 7 treatments was measured in 36 laboratory-conditioned adult dogs. The dogs were randomly allotted to 6 groups of 6 dogs each: group 1 was given plain aspirin at a dosage of 25 mg/kg of body weight; group 2 was given plain aspirin at a dosage of 10 mg/kg; group 3 was given buffered aspirin at a dosage of 25 mg/kg; group 4 was given enteric-coated aspirin at a dosage of 25 mg/kg; group 5 was given buffered aspirin at a dosage of 25 mg/kg; and, group 6 was given a placebo. Serum salicylate concentration was measured at 2-hour intervals for the first 8 hours, and then at 8-hour intervals for the next 40 hours. Following the last dosing, serum salicylate concentration was measured at 2-hour intervals until 56 hours; the final 2 samples were measured at 64 and 72 hours. The effect of aspirin on the gastric mucosa was studied in 12 dogs, 3 each randomly selected from groups 1, 3, 4, and 5. The gastric mucosa of each dog was examined with a fiberoptic gastroscope 3 days before the beginning of treatment; lesions were not seen. The drugs were administered as described and the gastric mucosa of each dog was reexamined at 72 hours.
Administration of the aspirin-containing products at 8- hour intervals resulted in sustained therapeutic serum salicylate concentrations (> 5 mg/dl) in all dogs, except those of group 2. The greatest fluctuation in serum salicylate concentration was found in dogs of group 4. Gastric lesions were seen only in the 3 dogs of group 1. The lesions varied from mild petechiation to linear hemorrhages, and were confined to the distal fundic and pyloric antral regions.
It appears from the results of this study that the plain, buffered, and enteric-coated aspirin products administered at a dosage of 25 mg/kg of body weight every 8 hours will produce and maintain therapeutic serum salicylate concentrations. It also appears that, for the duration of this study, this dosage of plain aspirin was more irritating to the gastric mucosa, compared with the other products studied.
Prediction of pharmacokinetic profiles of ampicillin sodium, gentamicin sulfate, and combination ampicillin sodium-gentamicin sulfate in serum and synovia of healthy horses
Authors: Bowman K. F. , Dix Lynn P. , Riond J. -L. , Riviere J. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Pharmacokinetics of ampicillin sodium (11 mg/kg), gentamicin sulfate (2.2 mg/kg), and combination ampicillin sodium-gentamicin sulfate were determined for serum and synovia of healthy horses given single-dose iv injection and were not found to be different from those from other reports; however, a prolonged terminal γ-phase for gentamicin (8,498 ± 1,842 minutes) in serum of horses was found to exist. Pharmacokinetic interaction between combination ampicillin sodium-gentamicin sulfate was not observed in the serum or synovia. Prediction of ampicillin sodium or gentamicin sulfate concentrations in synovia, based on serum-based pharmacokinetics, cannot be accomplished solely upon analysis of peripheral-compartment pharmacokinetics. However, once equilibrium is achieved between synovia and extracellular fluid in the peripheral compartment, the decrease in drug concentrations in synovia parallels that in serum. Therefore, after 6 hours, synovial concentrations of gentamicin sulfate can be predicted based on peripheral-compartment pharmacokinetics, using an appropriate correction factor. The significance of these findings need to be correlated with clinical conditions so that a pharmacostatistical model for the prediction of synovial concentrations of drug(s) during treatment of horses with septic arthritis can be developed.
Transplantation of pancreatic islets in dogs
Authors: Williams Malcolm D. , Walshaw Richard , Bull Robert W. , Schall William D. , Padgett George A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Dispersed pancreatic islet tissue, prepared by collagenase digestion without separation of exocrine and endocrine components, was transplanted into the splenic pulp of 12 dogs made diabetic by total pancreatectomy. Four dogs (group 1) were given autotransplants, and all became euglycemic 4.5 ± 1.5 days (mean ± se) after the transplantation was done. Three of these dogs remained euglycemic until splenectomized 60 days after transplantation was done. Four dogs (group 2) given allogeneic transplants from histocompatible littermates within the same group were administered cyclosporine (40 mg/kg of body weight/day; starting 2 days before transplantation was done until dogs were splenectomized), and 3 of these dogs became euglycemic 8.0 ± 2.0 days after the transplant was done. Two of the 3 dogs that became euglycemic remained so until splenectomized 60 days after transplantation was done, and the 3rd was euglycemic until 31 days after transplantation. Four dogs (group 3) given allogeneic islet transplants from nonrelated histocompatible donors within the same group were given cyclosporine (40 mg/kg/day; as described for group 2), and none became euglycemic.
Osmolal and anion gaps in dogs with acute endotoxic shock
Authors: Hauptman J. G. , Tvedten Harold 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Serum osmolalities, biochemical concentrations, osmolal and anion gaps, blood lactate concentrations, and acid base status were evaluated in anesthetized, healthy control dogs and in dogs with endotoxic shock. The osmolal gap was not affected by endotoxemia. Compared with control dogs, dogs with endotoxic shock had mildly, though insignificantly, increased anion gaps and significantly increased blood lactate concentrations. The anion gap in dogs with endotoxic shock was positively (r = 0.77) and significantly correlated with the blood lactate concentration. Therefore, the blood lactate concentration of a dog in endotoxic shock may be estimated by use of the equation: lactate = 0.27 (anion gap) - 1.46. Confidence limits for this estimation were calculated. Dogs with endotoxic shock developed a lactic acidosis and hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis, with hyperventilation.
Effect of internal hemorrhage on fibrin(ogen) degradation products in canine blood
Authors: McCaw Dudley L. , Jergens Albert E. , Turrentine Mark A. , Johnson Gary S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
To determine effects of internal hemorrhage on fibrin(ogen) degradation products, blood was pumped from catheters in the jugular veins of 7 anesthetized dogs into extravascular sites in the same dogs. Blood (25 ml/kg of body weight) was transported into their peritoneal cavi-ties (3 dogs) or into the muscle of the pelvic limbs (4 dogs). Blood samples were obtained periodically from these dogs for 4 days after the injections were given. Fibrin(ogen) degradation products (fdp) could not be detected in any of these samples by standard procedures with a commonly used clinical assay, based on the agglutination of antibody-coated latex beads. Even when the assay was modified to make it 2.5 times as sensitive, fdp was not detected. Seemingly, extravascular blood from internal hemorrhage is unlikely to supply enough fdp to the circulating blood to produce clinically important increases in fdp concentrations.
Effects of deoxynivalenol in a wheat ration fed to growing lambs
Authors: Harvey Roger B. , Kubena Leon F. , Corrier Donald E. , Witzel Donald A. , Phillips Timothy D. , Heidelbaugh Norman D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A wheat diet containing deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) at 15.6 mg/kg was fed to crossbred lambs for 28 days. Feed consumption, weight gain, and feed efficiency of deoxynivalenol-treated lambs did not differ (P < 0.05) from those values of controls. Group differences were not noted for hematologic or serum biochemical variables, and gross or microscopic lesions were not observed in treated lambs.
Food and water intake and urine composition in cats: Influence of continuous versus periodic feeding
Authors: Finco Delmar R. , Adams D. Daryl , Crowell Wayne A. , Stattelman Arthur J. , Brown Scott A. , Barsanti Jeanne A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Twenty healthy, noncastrated, adult male cats had periodic (11 am to 12 am) or continuous (24 hours daily) access to food. With periodic feeding, cats ate less food, drank less water, and produced less urine than when food was available continuously. The composition of urine obtained by cystocentesis at 7:30 am, 3:30 pm, and 10 pm was influenced somewhat by feeding pattern. With periodic feeding, urine pH was lower at 7:30 am and higher at 3:30 pm than it was with continuous feeding. Most mineral concentrations and urine osmolality-specific gravity did not differ with the different feeding schedules. However, when periodic feeding was used, concentrations of magnesium and phosphorus in urine were as high or higher preprandially (7:30 am) than postprandially (3:30 pm).
Frequency of urination per 24 hours was not influenced by the feeding schedule, but the time that urination occurred during the 24-hour period was somewhat different.
An experimental, high magnesium diet fed to the cats for 200 days caused urethral obstruction in 7 of 10 cats fed periodically and in 7 of 10 cats fed continuously. Cats with obstruction had urinary mineral concentrations similar to concentrations in cats without obstruction, indicating that urinary mineral concentration may not be the only factor relevant to the process of obstruction.
Necropsy findings and histologic evaluation of tissues from the cats indicated incidental lesions or abnormalities caused by urethral obstruction, but did not indicate anatomic abnormalities that would have predisposed the cats to obstruction.
Compared with continuous feeding, periodic feeding had some favorable effects in cats, but food accessibility did not alter the incidence of urethral obstruction associated with the use of the experimental diet.
Urban cats: Characteristics and estimation of mortality due to motor vehicles
Authors: Childs James E. , Ross Lloyd 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The present study was undertaken to characterize and estimate cat mortality caused by motor vehicles in Baltimore, Md. Analysis of Muncipal Animal Shelter records revealed that the number of dead cats annually removed from Baltimore streets averaged 2,721 over 3 years. The number of cats removed per year was notably constant (range 2,621 to 2,917), with a consistently greater number of animals being picked up during summer months. A map of the location of 634 dead cats removed from city streets showed that areas of highest cat mortality were associated with areas of highest human population density. This map was used to stratify Baltimore into areas of high, medium, and low cat mortality for subsequent stratified random placement of tagged dead cats for the mark-recapture study. One hundred fifteen tagged dead cats were placed on city streets during the course of 1 year, and 50.5% were retrieved by the Municipal Animal Shelter. We estimate over 5,000 free-ranging cats are killed by automobiles/year in Baltimore. Analysis of 212 dead cats removed from city streets showed that the majority were male (63%) and that most animals were sexually intact (90%). At least 20% of the dead animals was previously owned, and few kittens or juvenile cats were found in the sample.
Longevity of colonies of Anaplasma marginale in midgut epithelial cells of Dermacentor andersoni
Authors: Kocan Katherine M. , Holbert Donald , Edwards Wanda , Ewing S. A. , Barron Selwyn J. , Hair Jakie A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Colonies of Anaplasma marginale in midgut epithelial cells of experimentally infected Dermacentor andersoni were studied in adult ticks 1, 3, and 6 months old. Longevity of the parasite in ticks was assessed by evaluating its infectivity for splenectomized calves; calves were exposed by feeding ticks and by inoculation of tick gut homogenates. Longevity was also evaluated by determining size, type, and density of colonies m male and female ticks. The effect of incubation (2.5 days at 37 C) on colony density was also examined for ticks at each age period. All methods used to assess longevity of A marginale in ticks (tick transmission, calf inoculation, and histologic studies) indicated a decrease of the numbers of organsms in 6-month-old ticks. Furthermore, when tick gut homogenates from 6-month-old nonincubated ticks were not infectious for susceptible calves, incubation of ticks before dissection restored infectivity of homogenates. Colonies of A marginale were detected in gut tissues of 6-month-old ticks that were not infective; therefore, infectivity of ticks could not be confirmed merely by presence of A marginale colonies.
Experimental Babesia equi infection in mature horses
Authors: Kuttler K. L. , Gipson C. A. , Goff W. L. , Johnson L. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Nine 4-year-old Arabian geldings were experimentally infected with Babesia equi of European origin. All horses developed detectable parasitemia an average of 30 days after they were inoculated, which was accompanied by a decrease in pcv. The infections were generally mild with no animal deaths. All horses became serologically positive by the indirect fluorescent antibody test within an average of 23 days after they were inoculated and by the complement-fixation test 30 days after they were inoculated.
Susceptibility of fourth-stage Ascaris suum larvae to fenbendazole and to host response in the pig
Authors: Stewart T. B. , Rowell T. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Fenbendazole given at the rate of 2.5 g/kg of feed for 3 days had 100% efficacy against 4th-stage Ascaris suum larvae in 8 pigs. Eight control pigs had a total of 108 A suum. In 6 pigs infected 3 times with 3rd-stage A suum larvae and treated with fenbendazole after the larvae molted to the 4th stage, the challenge exposure-derived population was decreased by 64%. Similar sequential infections in 6 pigs similarly infected, but not treated with fenbendazole, decreased the challenge exposure-derived population by 98%; however, developing and/or adult vmrms from the vaccinating infections were present.
Seasonal occurrence of infective nematode larvae in california sierra foothill pastures grazed by cattle
Authors: Baker Norman F. , Fisk Robert A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Worm-free Holstein tracer calves were used to assess the seasonal variation in number and course of development of nematode parasites of cattle on an irrigated pasture located in the California Sierra foothills.
The most common genera of nematodes found in the abomasum and small intestine were Ostertagia and Cooperia, respectively. The infective Ostertagia larvae on herbage were most numerous in early spring and lowest in summer months. Arrested development of Ostertagia occurred in mid-to-late spring. The percentage of the population of Ostertagia found to be arrested larvae was constant (73% to 95%) over 4 years, even though the total number of nematodes in the genus was markedly different. Levels of infection with Ostertagia and Cooperia were found to correlate with pasture contamination occurring in the preceding fall and concurrent winter months.
In the cecum and large intestine, Oesophagostomum venulosum was found to be the most common nematode. It is suggested that this species may replace Os radiatum as the cattle nodular worm in regions where climate is similar to that of the southwestern coast of North America. Evidence of seasonal hypobiotic development of Oe venulosum was found.
Other genera of nematodes observed in tracer calves were Trichostrongylus, Haemonchus, Bunostomum, Trichuris, and Dictyocaulus.
Colonization of the nasal passages of calves with Pasteurella haemolytica serotype 1 and regeneration of colonization after experimentally induced viral infection of the respiratory tract
Authors: Frank Glynn H. , Briggs Robert E. , Gillette Kenneth G. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Healthy nonstressed calves were inoculated intranasally with or subjected to aerosol exposure to Pasteurella haemolytica serotype 1. Only 4 of 28 calves harbored the bacterium in enough numbers to be isolated from the nasal passages for more than 7 days. After apparent clearing from the nasal passages, 8 calves were inoculated intranasally with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus; 2 of these calves shed the P haemolytica during clinical illness due to the virus. The remaining 20 calves were aerosol-exposed to parainfluenza-3 virus; 6 of these calves shed P haemolytica during clinical illness due to the parain fluenza-3 virus.
Immunologic comparison of the proteins of pseudorabies (Aujeszky's disease) virus and bovine herpesvirus-1
Authors: Bush C. E. , Pritchett R. F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The immunologic relationship between bovine herpesvirus-1 and pseudorabies virus was examined by 80% serum cross-neutralization test, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and Western immunoblotting procedures. Immunogenic cross reactivity between the 2 viruses was observed with both the serum-neutralization test and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A probing of viral Western immunoblots with rabbit hyperimmune antiserum showed that there were a number of viral-specific cross-reactive proteins between bovine herpesvirus-1 and pseudorabies virus.
Molecular and genetic comparisons of two serotypes of epizootic hemorrhagic disease of deer virus
Authors: Kusari J. , Roy P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The virus-specific double-stranded genome RNA of 2 serotypes of epizootic hemorrhagic disease of deer virus (ehdv) was evaluated by use of coelectrophoresis in polyacrylamide and agarose gel systems. The molecular weights of virion RNA segments were 0.32 to 2.57 × 106 for ehdv-1 and 0.33 to 2.54 × 106 for ehdv-2. Seven of 10 double-stranded RNA segments of the 2 serotypes had different electrophoretic mobilities in the polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis system. Although the individual RNA segments of each serotype contained unique RNA sequences determined on the basis of 2-dimensional polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis analysis of oligonucleotides, the corresponding segments of the 2 serotypes were found to be comparable and at least 1 pair of RNA segment was almost identical. Virus-specific polypeptides for the 2 serotypes were compared by use of gel electrophoresis. Eleven polypeptides were detected for ehdv-1 and 10 for ehdv-2. Six corresponding polypeptides of these 2 serotypes had different electrophoretic mobilities, indicating that these corresponding polypeptides differ in their molecular weights. A genetic relationship was not determined between the 2 ehdv serogroups and the bluetongue serogroup viruses, using oligonucleojtides mapping.
First isolation of calicivirus from reptiles and amphibians
Authors: Smith Alvin W. , Anderson Marilyn P. , Skilling Douglas E. , Barlough Jeffrey E. , Ensley Philip K. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Calicivirus isolations were made from 4 poikilothermic species in a zoologic collection. Viruses were recovered from 8 asymptomatic Aruba Island rattlesnakes (Crotalus unicolor, rectal swab samples) and from 8 symptomatic animals (4 Aruba Island rattlesnakes, 2 Bell's homed frogs [Ceratophrys orata], 1 rock rattlesnake [C lepidus], and 1 eyelash viper [Bothrops schlegeli] tissue samples obtained at necropsy). On the basis of cross-neutralization test results, the 16 isolates were antigenically indistinguishable and were considered to represent a unique calicivirus serotype, tentatively designated reptilian calicivirus Crotalus type 1. These isolations could not be associated causally with any specific disease entity either in naturally infected poikilotherms] or in experimentally infected snakes and pigs.