bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Curricula in information science: Analysis and development
Authors: Belzer Jack , Isaac Akkanad , Finkelstein Eugene , Williams James 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe Curriculum Committee of the Special Interest Group/Education Information Science of ASIS is charged with the responsibility for determining the scope and characteristics of information science programs in the U.S. & Canada in terms of curriculum developments and course offerings. To fulfil this responsibility, questionnaires were developed to elicit reliable information concerning courses being offered relating to information storage and retrieval, information science and/or documentation. The data requested included course levels, pre‐ and post‐requisite courses, textbooks used, topics covered, frequency with which offered, etc.Responses were received from 45 schools, providing information about 185 courses and 242 topics. Using several methods of clustering the data, it was difficult to arrive at firm results, because of the diversity and scatter of the topics included in this field. It was therefore decided to hold a workshop of experts which would examine the validity of the questionnaire results.This workshop, using the Delphi technique to arrive at consensus, was held at the University of Pittsburgh on September 21–23, 1970. Sixteen specialists in the field representing universities, industry and government were brought together to participate. Consensus was reached in identifying nine factors which contribute to the curriculum in information science and seven courses which constitute the core for the Master's program. The topics to be included in each of these courses were also isolated.The 9 factors are: Psychology/Behavioral Science, Language/Linguistics, Management, Statistics, Library Science, Systems, Mathematics, Information and Communication Theory, and Computer Science/Automata.The 7 courses are: Introduction to Information Science, Systems Theory and Applications, Mathematical Methods in Information Science, Computer Organization and Programming Systems, Abstracting/Indexing/Cataloging, Information and Communication Theory, and Research Methods.The topics relating to these courses are given in Appendix III.Not all the objectives have been attained. The “meat” surrounding the core has not yet been supplied; the core for a Doctoral program must also be determined. The committee feels that some conventions for evaluating the levels of professionalism reached at the completion of such programs could result as a byproduct of ths study.
Compound words: A problem in post‐coordinate retrieval systems
Authors: Jones Kevin P. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractCompound words cause some difficulty in post‐coordinate indexing systems: if too many are fractured, or the wrong categories are selected for fracturing, noise will be produced at unacceptable levels on retrieval. Various prior suggestions for handling compound terms are examined which include those for precoordinated or rotated, indexes.The syntactic origins are also explored and it is found that many compound words hinge on a prepositional relationship between the components, and that this relationship can be applied to decision making. Other compound words are in effect abbreviated statements from longer phrases, while some are influenced by the presence of a verb‐like form.These syntactic influences, together with some of the philosophy from earlier studies–especially that of the ‘force’ required to fracture a term, have been combined to produce a set of rules which have been employed at the Natural Rubber Producers' Research Association (NRPRA) for over two years. These have greatly eased decision making and have enabled the thesaural vocabulary to be made more consistent.It is also suggested that the rules have some bearing on the application of roles especially if these are employed on a pre‐coordinate basis.
Format recognition: A report of a project at the library of congress
Authors: Maruyama Lenore S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAn experiment using a computer to assign content designators to unedited machine readable bibliographic data to create MARC records is described. Input typing conventions are briefly discussed. A computer program (Assembler Language for DOS) is being developed which analyzes unedited data according to predefined algorithms and builds MARC records. A manual simulation using 150 catalog records was done to test the computer algorithms. The results of the test in terms of accuracy and throughput compared favorably with the current MARC input system in use at the Library of Congress.
The efficiency of medlars titles for retrieval
Authors: Miller William L. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractPrevious research has indicated that the titles rather than index terms would, in the standard MEDLARS system, give lower Recall but higher Precision. A title searching technique is described which allows the number of references retrieved to be fixed before a search commences. With this technique the greater applicability of title‐terms offsets their relative paucity. The title‐searching technique is tested using queries put to MEDLARS. These queries were not specially solicited for the test. Title searching is compared with the standard MEDLARS index term search and with an index term search with fixed output size. For equal output sizes, Title searching retrieves 4 relevant references for every 5 retrieved by index term searching. Thus the relative retrieval efficiency of Titles and Index terms is so close that the choice of one method or the other must be primarily on economic grounds.
Interface design for an interactive information retrieval system: A literature survey and a research system description
Authors: Thompson David A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis article focuses on the human interaction characteristics of an information retrieval system, suggests some design considerations to improve man‐machine cooperation, and describes a research system at Stanford that is exploring some of these techniques.Librarians can only be of limited assistance in helping the naive user formulate an unstructured feeling in his mind into an appropriate search query that maps into the retrieval system. Consequently, the process of query formulation by the user, interactively with the information available in the system, remains one of the principal problems in information retrieval today.In an attempt to solve this problem by improving the interface communication between man and the computer, we have pursued the objective of displaying hierarchically structured index trees on a CRT in a decision tree format permitting the user merely to point (with a light pen) at alternatives which seem most appropriate to him. Using his passive rather than his active vocabulary expands his interaction vocabulary by at least an order of magnitude. Moreover, a hierarchically displayed index is a modified thesaurus, and may be augmented by adding lateral links to provide semantic assistance to the user. A hierarchical structure was chosen because it seems to replicate the structure of cognitive thought processes most closely, thus allowing the simplest, most direct transfer of the man's problem into the structure and vocabulary of the system.
Effectiveness of retrieval Key Abbreviation Schemes
Authors: Lowe Thomas C. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractFrequently it is useful to abbreviate or otherwise transform keys used for the retrieval of information. These transformations include the compression of long keys into a fixed field length by operations on characters or groups of characters, hash or random transformations in order to obtain a direct address, or phonetic coding to order to group together keys that are in some way similar. The various transformations have differing effects on file retrieval schemes. Given a transformation algorithm and data to be transformed, it is possible to characterize certain qualities of the algorithm that relate to retrieval problems. This paper is concerned with some measures of effectiveness of such transformation algorithms.
Microfiche: A study of user attitudes and reading habits
Authors: Christ C. W. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe Libraries and Information Systems Center of Bell Telephone Laboratories conducted a study to evaluate microfiche as a possible alternative to paper copy for distributing technical information. The two objectives of this study were to determine the acceptability of the microfiche format as a medium for reading technical reports among a representative group of engineers and scientists and to measure the effects of using this medium on the reading habits of the group.For a period of approximately nine months, a test group received microfiche copies of technical reports for their personal retention in place of paper copies on loan. Paper copies were available as a secondary response.At the conclusion of the study, only a narrow majority of those participating answered affirmatively when asked if they would agree to receiving microfiche in the future. Analysis of other data indicated that (1) the reading habits of the scientists and engineers were not adversely affected by this format and (2) with careful planning, microfiche could be made generally acceptable to Bell Laboratories technical staff.
The development and preliminary test of behavior related dimensions of information systems
Authors: Moor William C. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA model identifying seven principal “dimensions” of information systems and sources is developed and tested. The dimensions are defined in terms of “required” user behavior, with an associated scale indicating differential “steps” or levels of this behavior. These required behavior dimensions are seen as yielding both system design information and probable use behavior information in compatible forms.An empirical test of the model is presented which focuses on determining if the suggested patterns of user behavior exist. Data for this test are self‐reports of information system use by R & D personnel. It is found that the dimensions do serve as a model for identifying behavior.
A new comparison between conventional indexing (MEDLARS) and automatic text processing (SMART)
Authors: Salton G. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA new testing process is described designed to compare conventional retrieval (MEDLARS) and automatic text analysis methods (SMART). The results obtained with a collection of documents chosen independently of either SMART or MEDLARS indicate that a simple automatic extraction of keywords from document abstracts produces a 30 to 40 percent loss compared with MEDLARS indexing. A replacement of the unranked Boolean searches used in MEDLARS by the standard ranked output normally provided by SMART reduces the loss to between 15 and 20 percent. When an automatically generated word control list or a thesaurus is used as part of the SMART analysis, the results are comparable in effectiveness to those obtained by the intellectual MEDLARS indexing. Finally, the incorporation of user feedback procedures into SMART furnishes an improvement over the normal MEDLARS output of 15 to 30 percent.One concludes again that no technical justification exists for maintaining controlled, manual indexing in operational retrieval environments.
Report on the evaluation of an experimental computer‐based current‐awareness service for chemists
Authors: Barker Frances H. , Wyatt Barry K. , Veal Douglas C. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA selected sample of U.K. University, industrial and Government scientists were given a current‐awareness service for 18 months, in order to investigate the practicability and problems of such a service. Six hundred profiles were run, using the natural‐language data bases Chemical Titles and Chemical‐Biological Activities produced by Chemical Abstracts Service.Precision and recall were measured, and correlations between profile performance and such factors as subject area and profile logic were investigated statistically. Precision and recall failures were analysed and various improvements to the system were suggested as a consequence.It was concluded that a viable computerised current‐awareness service based on searching natural language could be created.
Linguistics and information science
Authors: Montgomery Christine A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper defines the relationship between linguistics and information science in terms of a common interest in natural language. The notion of automated processing of natural language–i.e., machine simulation of the language processing activities of a human–provides novel possibilities for interaction between linguists, who have a theoretical interest in such activities, and information scientists, who have more practical goals, e.g. simulating the language processing activities of an indexer with a machine.The concept of a natural language information system is introduced as a framework for reviewing automated language processing efforts by computational linguists and information scientists. In terms of this framework, the former have concentrated on automating the operations of the component for content analysis and representation, while the latter have emphasized the data management component. The complementary nature of these developments allows the postulation of an integrated approach to automated language processing. This approach, which is outlined in the final sections of the paper, incorporates current notions in linguistic theory and information science, as well as design features of recent computational linguistic models.
Information networks: Definitions and message transfer models
Authors: Nance Richard E. , Korfhage Robert R. , Bhat U. Narayan 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA mathematical definition of an information network is constructed with the purpose of developing a theory useful in answering practical questions concerning information transfer. An information network includes: (1) users, (2) information resources, (3) information centers, and (4) the total information transfer structure linking (1), (2), and (3). Emphasis is placed on the message transfer structure, as distinguished from the document transfer structure, to identify some basic network configurations.Any message transfer structure is shown in graph theory concepts to be either isographic or nonisographic. Among the isographic structures, the cyclic and decentralized networks are defined. The strictly hierarchical network is also defined, and the 2‐regular network, reflected in the ARPA design, is identified.Measures of network structure, in particular the accessibility and flexibility in message transfer, are developed. These measures for the basic structures are used to characterize more general structures. While some comparisons of message transfer structures can be made, development of more comprehensive measures is a necessity.
Measures of effectiveness for a university library
Authors: Rzasa Philip V. , Baker Norman R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractTwo measures of effectiveness for university libraries are constructed. The Primary Measure of Effectiveness, defined over the total population of users, considers the number of material and information items desired by the users, the number of satisfactorily answered inquiries, and the number of users. For the Secondary Measure of Effectiveness, the total population is classified into subsets according to similarity of user needs. A measure is defined for each subset and is a function of the number of individuals in the subset.
The use patterns of physics journals in a large academic research library
Authors: Chen Ching‐Chih 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this investigation was to reveal the use patterns of the physics journals in the M.I.T. Science Library. The findings are based upon an analysis of actual use data recorded from all volumes and issues left by library users on study tables and on trucks in the photocopy area from March 15 to June 31, 1971. The Science Library contains some 220 physics journals. The study reveals that only 138 journals (62.7%) were used even once during the 3 1/2‐month interval. A core of 49 journals supplies 90% of use, and these titles would cost 51.5% of the total single subscription costs of the 138 used titles: 52.3% of use occurs in journal volumes less than 6 years old. English is the most used language of physics journals and the English journals account for 95.3% of use. American journals, 57.2% of which are published by the American Institute of Physics, supply 59.4% of the total use.
A universal source thesaurus as a classification generator
Authors: Soergel Dagobert 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe construction of a Universal Source Thesaurus (UST) is suggested. Unlike a universal classification, UST's main purpose would not be to serve as an indexing language to be applied directly on an universal scale but to:
serve as a source in the construction of special schemes;
serve as a concordance between a great many classification schemes, existing ones as well as new ones.
The following problems arising in the planning for UST are dealt with briefly:
The structure of UST–UST would have to be as complete and detailed as possible.
The use of UST in the construction of special schemes—especially the “extraction” of special schemes.
The use of UST as a concordance or “switching language” between different classification schemes as a basis for cooperative cataloguing and the possibility to have special schemes common to a group of related institutions (semi‐universal classifications).
Organization and management of UST.
A bibliometric analysis of certain information science literature
Authors: Donohue Joseph C. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSeveral bibliometric techniques previously applied to separate scientific literatures were used together in the analysis of a single corpus of journal articles relating to information science. Techniques included were (a) Bradford analysis, (b) epidemic analysis, (c) identification of research front, and (d) bibliographic coupling. Similar analysis was made of writings cited by the main corpus articles, and of the literature which in turn cites the main corpus. Results were analyzed in terms of structure and processes observable in patterns of authorship, publication, and citation. Their significance is discussed with potential application of the method to the solution of problems in the management of large research libraries.
Interrelationships of scientific journals
Authors: Narin Francis , Carpenter Mark , Berlt Nancy C. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA series of models of the interrelationship of scientific journals has been developed from the cross citing amongst 275 journals in mathematics, physics, chemistry, biochemistry, and biology. The data source was the Journal Citation Index (JCI), a file derived from the Science Citation Index. The JCI consists of a journal by journal tabulation of citings to and from each journal in the Index. A large amount of consistency was found between the citing characteristics of the journals in the different scientific fields, with quite clear boundaries between fields and a few well known cross disciplinary journals as cross field information links. The separate disciplines appear to relate to each other in an orderly manner, with a natural sequence: mathematics → physics → chemistry → biochemistry → biology. Within disciplines the journals form fully transitive hierarchies with very few relational conflicts.
Correcting author, title and multiple‐term index entries in mechanized bibliography preparation
Authors: Smith Kingsley R. , Judy Theodore M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAn operational, comprehensive, economical method for changing and correcting author(s), title and multiple‐term index entries in a computerized bibliographic system is presented. The technique was developed in producing the bibliographic preparation and maintenance system for the East African Agricultural Bibliographic Project at West Virginia University. The problems encountered in the production of a 10,000 entry bibliography using records variable in length up to 7,200 characters are discussed and the method is described as it is embodied in the system master file update program. Data modification is performed at three file structure levels with equal ease: record, entry and singular character string. The operations of SEARCH, DELETE, REPLACE, INSERT and ADD are described. The record formats and sequencing schemes are also discussed as well as the limitations of the method as it was applied. The reduced cost of file creation and maintenance resulted in a financially feasible mechanized bibliography which met planned specifications. Noting that the techniques involved have universal application in computerized bibliography preparation, it is concluded that this new tool is applicable to similar projects concerning other subject materials in the biological and social sciences.
An evaluation of the rheumatology coverage of index medicus. A preliminary report
Authors: Thorpe Peter 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA preliminary investigation has revealed rather disturbing omissions in the rheumatology coverage of Index Medicus. Four full length articles from a sample of ninety‐three periodical references taken from the rheumatological literature could not be traced in the Cumulated Index Medicus author indexes, and no obvious reason for their intentional exclusion could be deduced. All four articles were from journals “Covered” by Index Medicus.
Improvement of automatic abstracts by the use of structural analysis
Authors: Mathis Betty A. , Rush James E. , Young Carol E. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractWe have undertaken to extend the capabilities of the abstracting system described by Rush, Salvador and Zamora by adding to the system a modification procedure that could be employed to make the abstracts produced by the system more acceptable to the reader. Results of this study are reported in this paper. Our purpose is to present a rationale for the modification phase of an abstracting system and to describe several modification rules whose implementation is an initial step toward the automated production of abstracts that contain sentences written especially for the abstract. We have described several methods for improving the readability of abstracts produced by computer program. The research described in this paper was performed as a part of a larger project whose aim is the development of an operational automatic abstracting system. 18 references are given. This abstract was produced by the Rush, Salvador, and Zamora automatic abstracting system and the procedures described in this paper.
Ascertaining activities in a subject area through bibliometric analysis. Application to library literature
Authors: Saracevic Tefko , Perk Lawrence J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA combination of quantitative and qualitative analyses were used on the journal articles indexed in one vollume of Library Literature. Findings include: the dispersion of articles among journals followed a Bradford‐type distribution except for a “collapse” at the end, possibly showing low level of interaction of librarianship with other fields; considerable proportion of articles was of news‐type; administration was the largest single subject covered. The methodology may be appropriate for analysis of activities in other fields.