bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of surface morphologic changes in the mitral valve leaflets and chordae tendineae of dogs with myxomatous degeneration
Authors: Corcoran Brendan M. , Black Alexander , Anderson Heather , McEwan Joanna Dukes , French Anne , Smith Paul , Devine Craig 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To describe structural changes in the left atrioventricular (mitral) valve complex of dogs with endocardiosis by use of scanning electron microscopy.Animals—5 clinically normal dogs and 4 dogs with mitral valve endocardiosis.Procedure—The mitral valve complex from each dog was fixed and prepared for examination via scanning electron microscopy. Findings in valves from clinically normal and affected dogs were compared to identify surface changes associated with endocardiosis.Results—Compared with findings in valves from clinically normal dogs, endocardiosis-affected mitral valve complexes had several morphologic abnormalities. Tissue swelling on the edge of valve leaflets, chordae tendineae, and the chordal-papillary muscle junction was evident. Damage to the valve complex endothelium was unevenly distributed; in some areas, denudation of endothelial cells had exposed the basement membrane or subendothelial valve collagen matrix. This damage was most noticeable on the leaflet edges and extended more to the ventricular aspect of the valve than the atrial side. Cell loss also extended to the chordae tendineae but was less apparent at the chordal-papillary muscle junction. The remaining endothelial cells on affected valves were arranged in less-ordered rows and had more plasmalemmal microappendages, compared with cells on unaffected valves.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Morphologic changes associated with mitral valve endocardiosis in dogs were similar to those observed in humans with mitral valve prolapse. In dogs with mitral valve endocardiosis, gross changes in the valve complex may affect hemodynamics in the heart; alterations in the leaflet and chordal endothelium may contribute to pathogenesis of this disease. (Am J Vet Res2004; 65:198–206)
Hemodynamic effects of sevoflurane in cats
Authors: Pypendop Bruno H. , Ilkiw Jan E. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine hemodynamic effects of 3 concentrations of sevoflurane in cats.Animals—6 cats.Procedure—Cats were anesthetized with sevoflurane in oxygen. After instruments were inserted, endtidal sevoflurane concentration was set at 1.25, 1.5, or 1.75 times the individual minimum alveolar concentration (MAC), which was determined in another study. Twenty-five minutes were allowed after each change of concentration. Heart rate; systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures; central venous pressure; pulmonary artery occlusion pressure; cardiac output; body temperature; arterial and mixed-venous pH, PCO2, PO2, oxygen saturation, and hemoglobin concentrations; PCV; and total protein and lactate concentrations were measured for each sevoflurane concentration before and during noxious stimulation. Arterial and mixed-venous bicarbonate concentrations, cardiac index, stroke index, rate-pressure product, systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance indices, left and right ventricular stroke work indices, PaO2, mixed-venous partial pressure of oxygen (Pv–O2), oxygen delivery, oxygen consumption, oxygen-extraction ratio, alveolar-to-arterial oxygen difference, and venous admixture were calculated. Spontaneous and mechanical ventilations were studied during separate experiments.Results—Mode of ventilation did not significantly influence any of the variables examined. Therefore, data from both ventilation modes were pooled for analysis. Mean arterial pressure, cardiac index, stroke index, rate-pressure product, left ventricular stroke work index, arterial and mixed-venous pH, PaO2, and oxygen delivery decreased, whereas PaCO2, Pva–O2, and mixed-venous partial pressure of CO2increased significantly with increasing doses of sevoflurane. Noxious stimulation caused a significant increase in most cardiovascular variables.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Sevoflurane induces dose-dependent cardiovascular depression in cats that is mainly attributable to myocardial depression. (Am J Vet Res2004;65:20–25)
Effects of extracorporeal shock wave therapy and radial pressure wave therapy on elasticity and microstructure of equine cortical bone
Authors: Pauwels Frederick E. T. , McClure Scott R. , Amin Viren , Sickle David Van , Evans Richard B. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To measure changes in the modulus of
elasticity (E) and describe histologic findings after
extracorporeal shock wave therapy and radial pressure
wave therapy on equine cortical bone specimens.

Sample Population—16 bone specimens from the
proximodorsal cortex of an equine third metacarpal or
metatarsal bone.

Procedure—Baseline E was determined by the density
(ρ) and unidirectional ultrasound transmission
velocity (C) of each specimen according to the equation
E = ρC2. Eight specimens were treated with 500
pulses of 0.15 mJ/mm2 of extracorporeal shock wave
therapy, and 8 specimens were treated with 500 pulses
of 0.16 mJ/mm2 of radial pressure wave therapy.
After treatment, C was determined again. Four treatment
sessions resulted in 2,000 pulses and 5 C measurements.
The ρ of each sample was measured
again. Mean post-treatment E was calculated for each
group. Nondecalcified sections of all specimens were
stained with toluidine blue or basic fuchsin for histologic
evaluation.

Results—Overall treatment group effect was not significant
for C or E. Final E was not different from baseline
values for extracorporeal shock wave therapy and
radial pressure wave therapy. No histologic changes
could be attributed to either treatment modality.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Extracorporeal
shock wave therapy and radial pressure wave
therapy did not affect the material properties of
equine bone at the energy and pulse values used in
this study. (Am J Vet Res 2004;65:207–212)
In vitro investigation of the effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, prostaglandin E2, and prostaglandin F2α on contractile activity of the third compartment of the stomach of llamas
Authors: Hoogmoed Linda M. Van , Drake Christiana M. , Snyder Jack R. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine the in vitro effect of prostaglandin (PG) E2, PGF2α, and the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) indomethacin, ketoprofen, and nabumetone on the contractile strength of the circular smooth muscle layer of the third compartment of the stomach of llamas.Sample Population—Specimens of the third compartment obtained from 5 healthy adult llamas.Procedure—Full-thickness tissue samples were collected from the third compartment immediately after euthanasia. Specimens were cut into strips oriented along the circular muscle layer and mounted in a tissue bath system. Incremental amounts of ketoprofen, nabumetone, indomethacin, PGE2, and PGF2αwere added, and contractile strength (amplitude of contractions) was recorded.Results—Generally, PGE2reduced contractile strength of the circular smooth layer of the third compartment, whereas PGF2αincreased the strength of contractions. The activity of the NSAIDs was generally excitatory in a concentration-dependent manner, although significant changes were induced only by administration of indomethacin.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—On isolated smooth muscle strips of the third compartment of llamas, exogenous PGE2and PGF2αhad a variable effect on contractile strength. Administration of the NSAIDs did not inhibit contractility and would not be likely to induce stasis of the third compartment in the absence of an underlying disease process. (Am J Vet Res2004;65:220–224
Effect of topical application of diclofenac liposomal suspension on experimentally induced subcutaneous inflammation in horses
Authors: Caldwell Fred J. , Mueller P. O. Eric , Lynn Randy C. , Budsberg Steven C. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To determine whether 1% diclofenac
liposomal suspension (DLS) ointment would be
absorbed transdermally and attenuate experimentally
induced subcutaneous inflammation in horses.

Animals—7 healthy adult horses

Procedure—Inflammation was produced by injecting
1% sterile carrageenan into subcutaneously implanted
tissue cages 8 hours before (time –8) and at the
time of application of test ointment. A crossover
design was used. Horses received 1 of 2 treatments
(topically administered control or DLS ointments) during
48 hours of carrageenan-induced subcutaneous
inflammation. A single application of test ointment
(7.2 g) was applied over each tissue cage (time 0).
Samples of transudate and blood were collected at
–8, 0, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, and 48 hours. Plasma and
transudate diclofenac concentrations were determined
by use of high-performance liquid chromatography.
Transudate concentrations of prostaglandin E2
(PGE2) were determined with a competitive enzyme
immunoassay.

Results—DLS was absorbed transdermally. The highest
concentration (mean ± SEM, 76.2 ± 29 ng/mL)
was detectable in tissue-cage fluid within 18 hours
after application. Minimal concentrations of diclofenac
were detectable in plasma. Application of DLS significantly
decreased transudate concentrations of PGE2
at 6 and 30 hours. Decreases in PGE2 concentration
were observed in the DLS group at all collection
times.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—A single topical
application of DLS resulted in concentrations of
diclofenac in transudate within 6 hours and significantly
attenuated carrageenan-induced local production
of PGE2. Results of this study suggest that DLS
is readily absorbed transdermally and may be efficacious
for reducing subcutaneous inflammation in
horses. ( Am J Vet Res 2004;65:271–276)
Effects of dermal application of 10.0% imidacloprid-0.08% ivermectin in ivermectin-sensitive Collies
Authors: Paul Allan J. , Hutchens Douglas E. , Firkins Lawrence D. , Keehan Coleen M. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To evaluate the safety of dermal application of 10.0% imidacloprid-0.08% ivermectin in ivermectin- sensitive Collies at dose rates of 3 to 5 times the proposed maximum therapeutic dose.Animals—15 Collies (5 males and 10 females) that were confirmed as ivermectin-sensitive dogs.Procedure—Dogs were assigned to 3 treatment groups (control, 3×, or 5× group) in a randomized block design on the basis of the maximal ivermectinsensitivity score obtained during preliminary screening. Dogs in groups 3× and 5× were treated at 3 and 5 times the maximum label dose, respectively. Control dogs received an application of an equal volume of a nonmedicated solution. Observation and scoring on all days were conducted to specifically include neurologic signs typical of ivermectin toxicosis, including lethargy, ataxia, abnormal mydriasis, and abnormal salivation.Results—None of the dogs had clinical abnormalities during the study period.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Analysis of results of this study indicates that dermal application of 10.0% imidacloprid-0.08% ivermectin is safe for use in ivermectin-sensitive Collies at dose rates of 3 or 5 times the proposed maximum therapeutic dose. (Am J Vet Res2004;65:277–278)
Quantitative effect of tenorrhaphy on intrinsic vasculature of the equine superficial digital flexor tendon
Authors: Crowson Chris L. , Jann Henry W. , Stein Larry E. , Claypool L. P. , Moll H. David , Blaik Margret A. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To compare effects of the locking-loop suture pattern (LLP) and 3-loop pulley (3LP) suture pattern for tenorrhaphy on the intrinsic vasculature of the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) of horses in vitro after surgery.Sample Population—16 forelimbs obtained from 8 mature horses.Procedure—Tenotomy and subsequent tenorrhaphy was performed in anesthetized horses. Following systemic administration of heparin, horses were euthanatized and the limbs were removed and placed under tension to load the flexor tendons. The intrinsic vasculature was then perfused with a mixture of barium sulfate and water. Four-millimeter sections of the SDFT were prepared for microangiographic analysis. Mean vessel density was calculated for each section by use of a grid consisting of 1.5-mm2vascular assessment squares (VAS). Comparisons were made among the control, LLP, and 3LP groups.Results—Mean ± SD vessel density was 3.11 ± 0.38, 1.47 ± 0.47, and 2.01 ± 0.63 perfused vessels/1.5 mm2for control, LLP, and 3LP groups, respectively. Significant differences in vascular density were detected between the control and 3LP groups, control and LLP groups, and LLP and 3LP groups.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Use of the LLP and 3LP pattern has deleterious effects in vitro on the intrinsic vasculature of the SDFT. However, the 3LP pattern was less disruptive to the intrinsic vasculature, compared with the effects for the LLP. Use of the 3LP tenorrhaphy suture pattern in clinical situations may result in less damage to the intrinsic vasculature of the SDFT of horses during convalescence. (Am J Vet Res2004;65:279–282)
Assessment of the effects of age and joint disease on hydroxyproline and glycosaminoglycan concentrations in synovial fluid from the metacarpophalangeal joint of horses
Authors: van den Boom Robin , Brama Pieter A. J. , Kiers Geesje H. , de Groot Jeroen , van Weeren P. René 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To assess the effects of age and joint disease on hydroxyproline and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) concentrations in synovial fluid from the metacarpophalangeal joint of horses and evaluate the association of those concentrations with severity of osteoarthritis and general matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity.Sample Population—Synovial fluid was collected from the metacarpophalangeal joints of foals at birth (n = 10), 5-month-old foals (10), 11-month-old foals (5), and adult horses (73).Procedure—Hydroxyproline and GAG concentrations were determined in synovial fluid samples. The severity of osteoarthritis in adult joints was quantified by use of a cartilage degeneration index (CDI) and assessment of general MMP-activity via a fluorogenic assay.Results—Hydroxyproline and GAG concentrations in synovial fluid were highest in neonates and decreased with age. Concentrations reached a plateau in adults by 4 years and remained constant in healthy joints. In synovial fluid from osteoarthritic joints, hydroxyproline and GAG concentrations were not increased, compared with unaffected joints, but hydroxyproline were significantly correlated with the CDI and general MMP activity. There was no significant correlation between GAG concentration and CDI value or MMP activity.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Changes in hydroxyproline concentration in synovial fluid appeared to indicate damage to collagen of the articular cartilage. In joints with osteoarthritis, the lack of high GAG concentration in synovial fluid and the absence of a significant correlation between GAG concentration and CDI values or MMP activity may severely limit the usefulness of this marker for monitoring equine joint disease (J Am Vet Med Assoc2004;65:296–302)
Effect of nasogastric administration of sodium bicarbonate on carbon 13 isotopic enrichment of carbon dioxide in serum of horses
Authors: Hinchcliff Kenneth. W. , Sams Richard. A. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine the effect of administration of commercially available sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) on carbon 13 (13C) isotopic enrichment of carbon dioxide (CO2) in serum of horses.Animals—7 healthy Thoroughbreds.Procedure—Sodium bicarbonate (450 g) was administered via nasogastric intubation to horses. Horses had been fed a diet obtained from the same source and had access to water from the same source for 3 months before the study. Blood samples were collected immediately before and at 2, 4, 6, and 24 hours after administration of NaHCO3. The concentration of total CO2in serum was measured by use of a commercial analyzer. The13C enrichment of bicarbonate in serum was estimated by measurement of13C enrichment of CO2released by acidification of the serum. The13C enrichment of commercially available NaHCO3was also determined and compared with that of CO2in serum of horses before administration of NaHCO3.Results—Commercially available NaHCO3had a13C enrichment significantly different from that of carbon dioxide in serum of horses before treatment. Administration of NaHCO3increased the concentration of total CO2from pretreatment values. The13C enrichment of CO2in serum was only transiently and minimally affected after administration of NaHCO3.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Administration of NaHCO3was not detected by measuring13C enrichment of CO2in serum of horses. (Am J Vet Res2004;65:307–310)
Evaluation of urine sucrose concentration for detection of gastric ulcers in horses
Authors: O'Conner Michael S. , Steiner Jörg M. , Roussel Allen J. , Williams David A. , Meddings Jon B. , Pipers Frank , Cohen Noah D. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To evaluate the use of sucrose permeability testing to detect ulcers in the gastric squamous mucosa of horses.Animals—13 adult horses ranging from 5 to 19 years of age.Procedure—Following induction of gastric ulcers by intermittent feed deprivation, horses underwent sucrose permeability testing (administration of sucrose by nasogastric intubation followed by collection of urine at 2 and 4 hours after intubation) and gastric endoscopy. Squamous ulcers were assigned a severity score (range, 0 to 3) by use of an established scoring system. Horses were subsequently administered omeprazole for 21 days, and sucrose testing and endoscopy were repeated. Pair-wise comparisons of urine sucrose concentration were made between horses with induced ulcers before and after omeprazole treatment. Urine sucrose concentrations also were compared on the basis of ulcer severity score.Results—Urine sucrose concentrations and ulcer severity scores were significantly higher in horses with induced ulcers before omeprazole treatment than after treatment. Urine sucrose concentrations were significantly higher for horses with ulcer severity scores > 1. Use of a cut-point value of 0.7 mg/mL revealed that the apparent sensitivity and specificity of sucrose permeability testing to detect ulcers with severity scores > 1 was 83% and 90%, respectively. Results were similar after adjusting sucrose concentrations for urine osmolality.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Urine sucrose concentration appears to be a reliable but imperfect indicator of gastric squamous ulcers in horses. Sucrose permeability testing may provide a simple, noninvasive test to detect and monitor gastric ulcers in horses. (Am J Vet Res2004;65:31–39)
Evaluation of antiplatelet effects of ticlopidine in cats
Authors: Hogan Daniel F. , Andrews Dina A. , Talbott Kristen K. , Green Henry W. , Ward Michael P. , Calloway Betsy M. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine whether ticlopidine exerts an antiplatelet effect, estimate the pharmacodynamics of ticlopidine, and evaluate any acute adverse effects associated with administration of ticlopidine in cats.Animals—8 domestic purpose-bred sexually intact male cats.Procedure—Ticlopidine was administered orally (50 mg, q 24 h; 100 mg, q 24 h; 200 mg, q 24 h; and 250 mg, q 12 h). Each treatment period consisted of 10 days of drug administration. Platelet aggregation studies with adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and collagen and evaluation of oral mucosal bleeding times (OMBTs) were performed on days 3, 7, and 10 during each drug administration. Serotonin was measured to evaluate secretion at baseline and on day 10 for cats that received the 250-mg dosage.Results—A significant reduction in platelet aggregation was detected in response to ADP on days 7 and 10 at 100 mg, on day 3 at 200 mg, and on days 3, 7, and 10 at 250 mg. A significant increase in the OMBT and decrease in serotonin release on day 10 at 250 mg was also detected; however, the cats had anorexia and vomiting at the 250-mg dosage.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Although there was a consistent antiplatelet effect at the 250-mg dosage, there was dose-dependent anorexia and vomiting that we conclude precludes the clinical usefulness of this drug in cats. (Am J Vet Res2004;65:327–332)
Effects of probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus strain DSM13241 in healthy adult dogs
Authors: Baillon Marie-Louise A. , Marshall-Jones Zoe V. , Butterwick Richard F. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To evaluate viability of a probiotic strain of
Lactobacillus acidophilusin a dry dog food, determine
its ability to survive transit through the gastrointestinal
tract and populate the colon, and assess its
effects on intestinal and systemic parameters.

Animals—15 adult dogs.

Procedure—Dogs were sequentially fed a dry control
food for 2 weeks, the same food supplemented with
> 109
L acidophilus for 4 weeks, and the control food
again for 2 weeks. Fecal score was assessed daily,
and fecal and blood samples were collected for enumeration
of bacterial populations and measurement
of hematologic variables.

Results—Recovery of L acidophilus from the supplemented
food was 71% and 63% at the start and end
of the study, respectively, indicating that the bacteria
were able to survive manufacture and storage. The probiotic
bacterium was detected in feces via ribotyping
and RNA gene sequencing during the probiotic administration
phase but not 2 weeks after cessation of
administration. Administration of the probiotic-supplemented
food was associated with increased numbers
of fecal lactobacilli and decreased numbers of clostridial
organisms. There were significant increases in
RBCs, Hct, hemoglobin concentration, neutrophils,
monocytes, and serum immunoglobin G concentration
and reductions in RBC fragility and serum NO
concentration.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—These data
indicate that L acidophilus can be successfully incorporated
into a dry dog food, survive transit through the
canine gastrointestinal tract, and populate the colon
and are associated with local and systemic changes.
This probiotic bacterium may have the potential to
enhance intestinal health and improve immune function
in dogs. ( Am J Vet Res 2004;65:338–343)
Assessment of the relationship of bispectral index values, hemodynamic changes, and recovery times associated with sevoflurane or propofol anesthesia in pigs
Authors: Martín-Cancho María F. , Carrasco-Jiménez María S. , Lima Juan R. , Ezquerra Luis J. , Crisóstomo Verónica , Usón-Gargallo Jesús 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To evaluate bispectral index (BIS) values in pigs during anesthesia maintained with sevoflurane- fentanyl or propofol-fentanyl as a predictor of changes in hemodynamic parameters and duration of recovery from anesthesia.Animals—12 pigs.Procedure—Pigs were randomly allocated to undergo 1 of 2 anesthetic regimens. Anesthesia was induced with propofol (2 mg/kg, IV); 6 pigs were administered sevoflurane via inhalation (1 minimum alveolar concentration [MAC] at a fresh gas flow rate of 3 L/min; group I), and 6 were administered propofol (11 mg/kg/h, IV; group II). All pigs received fentanyl (2.5 mg/kg, IV, q 30 min). After abdominal surgery, pigs were allowed to recover from anesthesia. Cardiovascular variables and BIS values were recorded at intervals throughout the procedure; duration of recovery from anesthesia was noted.Results—No correlation was established between arterial blood pressure and BIS and between heart rate and BIS. Mean BIS at discontinuation of administration of the anesthetic agent was greater in group-II pigs (65.2 ± 10.6 minutes) than in group-I pigs (55.8 ± 2.9 minutes). However, recovery from anesthesia was significantly longer in group II (59.80 ± 2.52 minutes) than in group I (9.80 ± 2.35 minutes).Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In swine anesthetized with sevoflurane or propofol and undergoing abdominal surgery, the BIS value derived from an electroencephalogram at the end of anesthesia was not useful for predicting the speed of recovery from anesthesia. Moreover, BIS was not useful as a predictor of clinically important changes in arterial blood pressure and heart rate in those anesthetized pigs. (Am J Vet Res2004;65:409–416)