bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Competition and Monopoly in Interest Representation: A Comparative Analysis of Trade Union Structure in the Railway Industries of Great Britain and West Germany
Authors: Streeck Wolfgang , Seglow Peter , Wallace Pat 
Published: March 2007

This article analyses some of the causes of the emergence and the stability of monopolies of representation of industrial unions in competition with sectional interest associations of specific occupational groups. As its empirical point of reference, the article takes the trade union systems in the railway industries of Great Britain and West Germany. In both countries, there are three railway unions whose areas of jurisdiction largely correspond to each other cross-nationally: one industrial union, one union of loco motive engine drivers, and one union for administrative staff. However, while in West Germany the proportion of the industrial union (GdED) in the total number of unionized railway workers increases at the expense of the sectional competitors, in Great Britain it has for a long time been declining. This divergent development of two otherwise similar trade union systems — a development which in Great Britain has led to the establishment of three sectional monopolies of representation, while in West Germany it is leading to the formation of one inclusive monopoly — is explained by three factors: — the presence in West Germany, and the absence in Great Britain, of a formally union-independent, statutory system of interest representation at the workplace with distinct, legally guaranteed rights of codetermination (Works Constitution); — the fact that in West Germany the workers represented by the two sectional unions are Beamte and thus do not have the right to take industrial action; and — the occupational structure which in West Germany permits higher interoccupational mobility, thus rendering the establishment of sectional interest associations more difficult.
Theories of Organizational Culture
Authors: Allaire Yvan , Firsirotu Mihaela E. 
Published: March 2007

The notion that organizations may have specific cultures is found sprinkled in a vast array of publications on strategy and business policy, on organizational behaviour and theory. Although the absence of a solid theoretical grounding for the concept of organizational culture has been frequently lamented, little effort has been exerted to bring within the perimeter of the management and organizational field the relevant concepts found in cultural anthropology. The purpose of this paper is therefore three-fold: First, to provide a typology of schools of thought in cultural anthropology in order to understand the diverse and complex theories of culture advanced in this field; Second, to relate these different points of view to the emerging notions of organiza tional culture found explicitly or implicitly in the management and organization literature; Third, to pull together the insights and findings derived from this enquiry in order to propose an integrative concept of organizational culture as a useful metaphor for studying the processes of decay, adaptation and radical change in complex organizations.
Outside the Goal Paradigm: Power and Structured Patterns of Non-Rationality
Authors: Sunesson Sune 
Published: March 2007

It is argued that power is a better explanatory factor in organizational analysis than are 'goals' or 'rationality'. This is supported by examples from the author's research in social-work organizations. These examples illustrate some of the ways that power is organized in what recent writers have called 'loosely coupled', 'street-level' bureau cracies. Informal and spontaneous organizing practices as well as rituals decide real (as distinct from formal) power and control at the operating level. For the analysis of those processes, a distinction is made between the means of organizing and other operational resources of an organization.
Nonlinear Models for the Prediction of Early Quits and Dismissals
Authors: Weisberg Jacob 
Published: March 2007

The inverse relationship between length of service and labour turnover is a consistent finding in the literature. This paper demonstrates by a longitudinal cohort analysis of 40,816 British Rail workers recruited during 1979-1980, the increased accuracy and sensitivity obtained by concentrating separately on quits and dismissals. Comparisons between quit rates and dismissal rates during the first ten months of employment pointed to the following major results: (1) quit rates and dismissal rates are better explained by nonlinear functions rather than by a linear one; (2) quits are best described by a parabolic function whereas dismissals are best described by a nearly inverse 'U'-shaped function; and (3) nonlinear patterns of quit rates and dismissal rates remained consistent for 1979 and 1980, although the unemployment levels, quit rates and dismissal rates in 1979 differed substantially from those in 1980.
On the Study of Settings Marked by Severe Superior-Subordinate Conflict
Authors: Suchitra Mouly V. , Sankaran Jayaram K. 
Published: March 2007

We discuss several issues related to the study of an organizational setting that is marked by severe conflict between superiors and subordinates. The discus sion is based on our experiences during fieldwork conducted in an Indian R&D team which manifested such conflict. We also relate our discussion to the reports of other researchers who have studied similar settings. We first argue that for studying such a conflictive setting, a multi-method, qualitative approach (incorporating participant observation, informal inter views, etc.) is more effective in important respects than a survey mode of inquiry involving the one-off administration of questionnaires and formal inter views. We then discuss several problematic issues in doing fieldwork success fully in a conflictive setting. These include having to establish rapport with organizational members, maintain confidentiality of the identities of key informants, remain neutral, and conduct informal interviews discreetly in the setting. We conclude with a brief discussion of the implications of the field experience for future researchers of conflictive settings.
The Future of the State
Authors: Weichelt Wolfgang 
Published: March 2007

Internal development of socialist states, especially in economic, social and political fields, demonstrates in many qualitative ways that state power changes step by step from an instrument of class domination to a functioning democratic system for social direction. The preconditions of this process are the political power of the working class, the realization of the social interests of the people by state government, and the participation of people in state decision making. Because the development of state functions cannot be removed from the context of international relations of states and the long-term coexistence of different social systems, it continues to occur in politico-state forms.
Uses of Global Models,: A New Generation FUGI Model for Projections and Policy Simulations of the World Economy
Authors: Onishi Akira 
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is twofold: to introduce a new generation of the FUGI global model and, using this model, to make projections and policy simulations of the world economy to the year 2000. Global modeling has been aided not only by the development of high- technology computer systems but also it has benefited from recent developments in the life sciences. The FUGI model classifies the world into 140 countries and regions and provides global information about the world economy under alternative policy scenarios. This FUGI model is currently being used by the United Nations for the purpose of long-term projections and policy simulations of the world economy, and it is likely to play a significant role in envisaging the future of global interdependence and corroborating the need for global cooperation.
Is There Personalization in Politics? Candidates and Voting Behavior in Germany
Authors: Kaase Max 
Published: March 2007

In analyzing the democratic political process, political leader ship is important. One element of leadership is the role politicians play in shaping public perceptions of politics. A particular concern in this respect is that television with emphasis on the individual may in the long run depoliticize politics in the eyes of citizens and the political process itself. Another aspect of leadership is the extent to which candidates for, and holders of, high political office influence voters' electoral choices. Data from a large content-analysis of the 1990 German general election as well as survey data from a series of German election studies are used to test the extent to which various measures of personalization display the expected rise in importance. All findings support the notion that, at least in Germany, personalization cannot be observed. This result emphasizes the role of the institutional make-up of a given political system by stress ing the difference between presidential and parliamentary states.
Learning Another Language: a True Social Psychological Experiment
Authors: Gardner R.C. 
Published: March 2007

In this article I have outlined some reasons why the investigation of second language acquisition is important, and I have presented a socio- educational model that I believe incorporates the major individual difference variables underlying the language learning process. Research relevant to this model is then presented, with particular attention devoted to a direct test of the underlying causal model. Three deductions deriving from the model are then examined. On the basis of the empirical evidence, it seems clear that attitudes and motivation are important because they promote active involvement in the learning process and that they influence active choice behaviour regarding participation in acquisition contexts. There was no evidence for the deduction that differential success in second language acquitision promotes differential attitude change. Four directions for future research are then discussed. These include the suggestion that further attention should be directed toward using causal modelling procedures to enhance our understanding of the processes underlying second language acquisition, and the necessity for developing laboratory investigations to provide further 'causal' tests. A third direction which seems important is to extend the general correlational paradigm to other contexts. It is emphasised, however, that such extensions should use indices with known reliabiilty and validity, and should consider the ethnolinguistic vitality of the region. The fourth direction concerns the role of attitudes and motivation in the loss of second language skills following the termination of instruction. This is a previously unexplored area which could have important implications for language training.
Quantitative trait loci and psychopharmacology: response to commentaries
Authors: Plomin Robert , McClearn Gerald E. , Gora-Maslak Grazyna 
Published: March 2007

The theme of our article was that a merger is needed between quantitative genetic and molecular genetic approaches in order to detect genes associated with psychopharmacological processes even when the genes account for small amounts of variance, so-called quantitative trait loci (QTL). The recombinant inbred (RI) QTL approach using the BXD RI series was discussed as a promising approach. The commentaries by Crabbe and by McGuffin and Buckland make several excellent points to which we have little to add. Goldman and Katz, on the other hand, disagree with some of our arguments and for this reason much of the limited space of our response to the commentaries is directed towards the commentary by Goldman and Katz. We focus on three general issues that they raise: the relationship between quantitative genetics and molecular genetics (single genes vs multiple genes), reverse genetics (anonymous markers) vs forward genetics (candidate genes) and heterogeneity (narrow vs broad assessment). Our response to Goldman and Katz is that these are false dichotomies—we do not need to choose sides between major- and multiple- gene approaches, reverse and forward genetics, or narrow and broad assessment. Rather than choosing sides, we should encourage the deployment of multiple research strategies in order to maximize the probability of identifying genes that affect behavior. A major strength of the RI QTL approach is that it can identify both major- and multiple-gene effects, it employs both reverse and forward genetics, and it can be applied to both narrow and broad assessment (and its multivariate extension is ideally suited to understanding the genetic interrelationships among different levels of assessment). After discussing these general issues raised by Goldman and Katz, we address two specific issues raised in the commentaries: multivariate analysis of multiple markers and the use of F1 crosses between RI strains to increase power. We end by mentioning the establishment of an RI QTL collaborative registry which aims to facilitate RI QTL analyses.
Continuum and Discontinuity
Authors: Martinet André 
Published: March 2007

There inevitably comes a time when even the best informed minds are tempted to yield to the lure of binarism: when we are no longer concerned with the details of a system, but rather with our vision of the relationship between man and the world. Without going any further it can already be said that the problem of existence is presented to us in terms of a man/world duality, as though we were unable to exceed our subjective vision of things so as to assess their intrinsic reality.When linguists discovered that they could isolate discrete units called phonemes, they were tempted to oppose the discontinuity of these phonemes – reflecting the underlying discontinuity of the signifiers – to a continuum of prelinguistic experience, a continuum that is not arranged as discrete elements except with reference to any significant units of the language selected for the purpose of communicating this experience to others. At the outset we have nothing but a nebulous mass where only the application of a linguistic grid allows us to discern identifiable units. Even if, in the final analysis, it will prove necessary to doubt the universal validity of this vision of things, we must recognize its usefulness in concretizing a concept of linguistic facts – a concept that has for some time played a beneficent role in research. At least for some of us, this vision should reflect the manner in which the world is gradually organized in our minds each time a perceptible reality is isolated from its context at the instant it receives a name. Allow me to introduce an illustration from personal experience. It was the last day of July in 1914. In our little village in the Savoy the international tension – which would eventually end in general mobilization – was very perceptible; our classes were idle, and teachers and pupils had settled down in a field near the school. I was six. Sitting on the grass, my attention was attracted by a plant with large flat leaves. At that moment someone said the word plantain “plantain.” The plant had not been heretofore exactly unknown to me; it didn't strike me, at that moment, as a discovery; but it acquired a distinct existence only at that instant in the green carpet of the field when a signifier had definitively isolated it. It was most assuredly the gravity of the hour that engraved this incident in my memory.
Characteristics and Attributes of Char Forming Combustion Modified Flexible Foams Based on PHD Polyol
Authors: Szabat J.F. , Eicher W.J. , Baumann G.F. 
Published: March 2007

Combustion modified foams have been used in various applica tions for several years and they can be formulated to meet a variety of flam mability standards. Two general groups are commercially established: foams having margmal fire retardancy and foams having a high degree of resistance to ignition when exposed to high energy open flames such as two sheets of burning paper. The latter include melamine modified HR foams, which drip and develop molten polymer upon flame exposure, and the hydrate alumina modified HR foams that form a surface char upon flame exposure that protects the foam underneath against burning and reduces the rate of fire growth in fur nishings. Several types of latter foams have been developed, namely: high per formance COMBUSTION MODIFIED HIGH RESILIENCE (CMHR) foams that contain a sophisticated flame retardant system comprised of hydrated alumina and auxiliary flame retardants; MRC high resilience foams for medium risk category occupancies which also contain hydrated alumina and flame retardants; and ATH/HR that perform within the range bounded by Cali fornia 117 foams and CMHR foam—they are high resilience foams that contain only hydrated alumina and a liquid flame retardant. All of these are char formers-a very important attribute for fire safety in furnishings, transit vehicle seating, and other applications. Since all of the said char forming combustion modified foams based on PHD polyol contain organic materials, they are subject to decomposition and igni tion, and will sustain burning when exposed to a sufficiently intense heat source. Nevertheless, all of them represent a significant contribution to im proved fire safety in the end applications. Combustibility tests were conducted using specified controlled tests to measure the performance behavior of the material under these conditions. The data are not intended to reflect the hazards of this or any other material under actual fire conditions. This paper emphasizes the importance of char forming characteristics of foam in fire performance.
Smoke, CO2 and CO Evolution from Cotton and Flame Retarded Cotton: Part 2. Behaviour of Single Layer Fabrics in Air at Elevated Temperatures
Authors: Horrocks A.R. , Akalin M. , Price D. 
Published: March 2007

Smoke, CO and CO2 emissions have been determined from un treated cotton and flame retarded cotton fabrics at elevated temperatures. The flame retardants studied at commercial levels of applications were ammonium polyphosphate (Amgard TR), ammonium polyphosphate—ammonium bromide (Amgard CD), a phosphonium salt-urea-polycondensate (Proban CC), a phos phono-propionamide (Pyrovatex CP) and an antimony (III) oxide-aliphatic bro mide (Flacavon H14/587) formulation. Combustion product analyses were undertaken at elevated temperatures (225-300°C) in air under burning conditions (above the respective temperature oxygen index) and non-flaming pyrolysis. Under both conditions smoke densi ties and CO concentrations increased with temperature. Carbon dioxide con centrations under non-flaming conditions showed similar increases but under burning conditions, decreased with increasing temperature. At a given temper ature, the P- and N-containing retardants reduced smoke density under burn ing conditions and increased it under pyrolysis relative to pure cotton below 350°C. These same flame retardants reduced CO and CO2 formation at each temperature from burning fabrics but produced little change with respect to cotton under non-flaming conditions. The presence of aliphatic bromine in the Sb2O3—bromine synergistic system caused significant increases in smoke density and CO and CO2 concentrations with respect to all other fabrics under pyrolysis in air. The observed trends are analysed in terms of current knowledge of pyrolysis and combustion mechanisms.
Polymers and Composites- An Examination of Fire Spread and Generation of Heat and Fire Products
Authors: Tewarson Archibald , Macaione Domenic P. 
Published: March 2007

Fiber reinforced composite (FRC) materials are used extensively because of their favorable physico-chemical properties and high strength- to-weight ratio. The use of composites in Army vehicles as a means of decreas ing weight and enhancing survivability, without reducing personnel safety, has been under study for some time. Although FRC materials are very attractive in terms of their physico-chemical properties, concern for possible fire hazard is understandable as organic polymers are one of the major constituents of the materials. A joint study thus was undertaken by the U.S. Army Materials Tech nology Laboratory (MTL) and the Factory Mutual Research Corporation (FMRC) to quantify flammability behavior of selected composite materials for the assessment of fire hazard. In the study, eight FRC materials, identified as MTL #1 to #8, were used. The FRC materials were 3 to 45 mm in thickness. The flammability behavior was examined by using the FMRC Flammability Apparatus (50 kW-Scale) and Ox ygen Index (OI) apparatus, Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) instrument, NBS smoke chamber (ASTM E 662), and Gas Chromatograph-Mass Spec trometer (GC-MS) instrument at MTL. This article presents results for ignition, flame spread, heat release rate, gen eration rates of products, light obscuration by smoke and flame extinction by Halon. In comparison to ordinary combustibles, such as cellulosics and most non fire retarded plastics, the eight FRC materials have higher resistance to ig nition (as indicated by the Thermal Response Parameter, TRP) and flame spread (as indicated by higher values of the Fire Propagation Index, FPI). The FPI values for the FRC materials, examined in this study, ranged from 3 to 13, indicating that for Group 1 FRC materials (FPI < 10), self-sustained flame spread beyond the ignition zone would be difficult, whereas for other Group 2 materials ( FPI ≥ 10), flame spread beyond the ignition zone would be ex pected, although at a slower rate. For Group 2 materials fire protection is re quired, which could be provided by techniques such as surface coating, surface lamination using highly fire resistant FRC materials, and others. Generation of heat, smoke, toxic and corrosive products is closely related to FPI. Within the FRC materials, examined in this study, differences were found between the generation rates of heat, smoke, and other products. Results for flame extinction by Halon 1301 are also discussed. The flame ex tinction data are consistent with the design of the current suppression system for the crew compartment of Army combat vehicles. The study suggests that the FPI concept and associated parameters related to generation of heat, smoke, toxic, and corrosive products, is a useful concept for realistic flammability quantification and screening of FRC materials and for use in the hazard assessment. This, however, needs to be validated by perform ing large-scale fire tests.
Corrosivity Test Methods for Polymeric Materials. Part 1- Radiant Furnace Test Method [1]
Authors: Kessel Stephen L. , Bennett James G. , Rogers Charles E. 
Published: March 2007

This is the first in a series of papers published by the Polyolefins Fire Performance Council, a unit of the Society of the Plastics Industry, Inc., to investigate corrosivity test methods. In this paper, 25 polymeric materials were evaluated for smoke corrosion using the proposed ASTM E05.21.70 test stan dard. These commercially available polymeric materials cover a broad range of compositions used for wire and cable insulation and jacketing. The samples were decomposed in the proposed ASTM apparatus and a copper probe was subsequently exposed to the combustion gases. The corrosive poten tial, as defined by metal loss in angstroms, was determined for each material. The data demonstrate that the ASTM E05.21.70 test protocol does differentiate corrosive potentials of polymeric materials. Some refinement in this test method is warranted to better develop it as a standard for measuring corrosiv ity. Further work is under way to evaluate other test methods as standardized corrosivity methods. This future work will focus on the proposed CNET ISO IC61/SC4/WG2 test, the DIN 57472 acid gas test, and the cone calorimeter (DyGST) corrosivity test under review by ASTM DO9.21.04.