bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dietary Supplementation of Terramycin and Romet‐30 Does Not Enhance Growth of Channel Catfish But Does Influence Tissue Residues
Authors: Rawles S. D. , Kocabas A. , Gatlin Delbert M. , Du W. X. , Wei C. I. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractTwo controlled feeding trials were conducted in which Terramycin and/or Romet‐30 were incorporated into either semipurified or practical diets to provide 25, 50 and 100% of the recommended dosages when fed to juvenile channel catfish at 3% of body weight per day. Data for 4‐wk and 8‐wk weight gain, feed efficiency, and survival of channel catfish fed the various diets were analyzed to determine if these responses could be enhanced by dietary inclusion of either or both antibiotics. In addition, 4‐wk and 8‐wk muscle samples from fish of each dietary treatment were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography for oxytetracycline (OTC), ormetoprim (OMP) and sulfadimethoxine (SDM) residues. The performance of juvenile channel catfish was not enhanced by the inclusion of Romet‐30 or Terramycin in semipurified or practical diets. Moreover, fish performance tended to decrease relative to that of fish fed the control diet when antibiotics were supplemented in the diet. Residues of OTC, OMP and SDM in the fillets of catfish fed medicated diets generally increased in a time‐ and dose‐dependent fashion. Residue concentrations above the legal tolerance limit of 0.1 mg/kg were noted in most samples from fish fed diets medicated at 100% of recommended levels and in many of the samples from fish subjected to lesser dosages, particularly in those that had been fed diets with Romet‐30. Allowing catfish that were previously fed medicated diets a 3‐wk or 4‐wk withdrawal period effectively decreased the OTC, OMP and SDM contents of fillets to undetectable levels.
Comparison of Tilapia Monoculture and Carp Polyculture in Fertilized Earthen Ponds
Authors: Hassan Shafiqul , Edwards Peter , Little David C. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA comparison of a monoculture of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus and a polyculture of carps (silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix; rohu Labeo rohita; and mrigal Cirrhinus mrigala; ratio 4:3:3) was carried out in 200‐m2 earthen ponds fertilized with cattle manure and supplemented with inorganic fertilizer at 3‐kg nitrogen and 1.5‐kg phosphorus/ha per day. A control treatment of a tilapia monoculture without fertilizer inputs was included to assess the effect of pond basal fertility. Net yields of 23.5 kg/pond per 112 d (3.8 t/ha per 1 yr) in the tilapia monoculture and 19.2 kg/pond per 112 d (3.1 t/ha per yr) in the carp polyculture were not significantly different; net yields from unfertilized tilapia monoculture ponds were negative. In the carp polyculture, silver carp was the dominant species at harvest contributing 73% of the total net fish production compared to 9% and 19% by rohu and mrigal, respectively. Water quality data suggested that tilapia yields could have been further improved by increasing fertilization rate but that critical dissolved oxygen concentration constrained this option for carp polyculture.
Freshwater Crayfish Growth Under Culture Conditions: Proposition for a Standard Reporting Approach
Authors: Evans Louis H. , Jussila Japo 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA review of approaches currently used to measure growth in freshwater crayfish under experimental and pond grow‐out conditions is presented. The review examined 206 papers on growth and production of freshwater crayfish of which 34 were selected for detailed investigation. Selection was based on the amount of information provided in the published report and on the species studied. The review was restricted to six crayfish species: Cherax tenuimanus (marron), C. destructor (yabbie), C. quadricarinatus (red claw), Procambarus clarkii (red swamp crayfish), Astacus astacus (noble crayfish), and Pacifastacus leniusculus (signal crayfish). Growth indices reported included instantaneous growth rate (IGR), absolute growth rate (AGR), slope of log weight against time (GRE) and specific growth rate (SGR, IGR100). Studies were performed for varying time intervals under a wide range of stocking densities. Most reports did not express growth rate as an index but simply reported growth in terms of initial and final weights. The range of approaches used to express growth performance in freshwater crayfish growth studies hinders comparisons of growth rate and production findings. It is suggested that the reports of studies of growth performance in cultured crayfish include a growth rate parameter as well as initial and final weights. SGR is recommended as the parameter of choice since it is based on an exponential growth trend which is typically observed in measurements of weight increase with time in cultured juvenile and early adult crayfish.
Effects of Dietary Nutrient Density on Water Quality and Growth of Red Drum Sciaenops ocellatus in Closed Systems
Authors: Jirsa D. O. , Davis D. A. , Arnold C. R. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA 10‐wk growth trial was conducted to determine the effects of dietary nutrient density (protein and energy) on the growth of red drum Sciaenops ocellatus and on water quality in closed recirculating systems. Four test diets, with increasing nutrient density, were formulated to contain 32%, 36%, 40%, and 44% protein and 3.4, 3.5, 3.6 and 3.8 kcal/kg energy, respectively. In addition to growth, total ammonia‐nitrogen (TAN), nitrite‐nitrogen, nitratenitrogen, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids, net solids accumulated and total phosphorus were measured periodically throughout the study. Significant differences in weight gain and total biomass corresponded to increasing dietary nutrient density. Feed efficiency ratios and protein conversion efficiencies increased with increasing nutrient density of the diet indicating the production of fewer waste products per unit gain. Accumulated waste (net solids accumulated expressed as g/kg of fish) decreased with increasing dietary nutrient density. Additionally, there was a significant decrease in COD and suspended phosphorus with increasing dietary nutrient density. TAN, nitrate‐N and BOD5 showed no significant trends presumably due to the ability of the biological filter to process these nutrients. Based on the observed results, manipulation of dietary nutrient density can reduce metabolic wastes and at the same time improve fish growth in an aquaculture system.
Effects of Added Substrate on the Production and Population Characteristics of Freshwater PrawnsMacrobrachium rosenbergiiin Ponds
Authors: Tidwell James H. , Coyle Shawn D. , Schulmeister Greg 
Published: April 2007

Abstract.The effects of added substrate on the growth and population characteristics of freshwater prawns raised in ponds were evaluated. Juvenile prawns (0.3 × 0.2 g) were stocked into six 0.04‐ha ponds at a density of 59,280/ha. In three randomly selected ponds artificial substrate was added sufficient to increase available surface area approximately 20%. Three control ponds received no added substrate. Added substrate consisted of PVC frames with horizontal plastic mesh and vertical suspended seines. Prawns were fed a commercial diet (32% protein) twice daily according to a computer‐generated feeding schedule. At harvest average individual weight, daily yield, and total yield were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in ponds with added substrate (37 g, 12.0 kg/ha per day, and 1,268 kg/ha, respectively). There was no significant difference in survival between treatments, averaging 59% overall. In ponds without substrate the number of small males (SM) was significantly higher and the number of orange claw males (OC) was significantly lower than in ponds with added substrate. Average individual weights of blue claw males, orange claw males, reproductive females, and virgin females were significantly higher (P × 0.05) in ponds with added substrate. Prawns raised in ponds containing added substrate had growth rates and population structures characteristic of prawns stocked at lower densities. Optimum relationships between stocking rates and amounts and types of added substrate should be evaluated as possible methods to increase production levels.
Effects of a Bacterial Inoculum in Channel Catfish Ponds
Authors: Queiroz Julio F. , Boyd Claude E. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract.A commercial bacterial Inoculum cultured on site called Biostart was applied to three channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus ponds at Auburn, Alabama, USA, three times per week from May until October 1996. There were few significant differences (P × 0.1) in concentrations of water quality variables between ponds treated with bacteria and control ponds. In addition, bottom soil carbon and nitrogen did not differ between treated and control ponds. However, survival and net production of fish was significantly (P × 0.1) greater in ponds that received the bacterial inoculum than in controls. The mechanism by which the bacterial treatment influenced fish survival cannot be explained from data collected in this study. Further studies of probiotics are needed to define the potential benefits of these treatments to aquacultural production and to determine their mechanisms of action in pond ecosystems.
Acute Effect of Ammonia and Nitrite on Respiration of Penaeus setiferus Postlarvae under Different Oxygen Levels
Authors: Alcaraz Guillermina , Espinoza Verónica , Vanegas Ceclilia , Carrara Xavier Chiappa 
Published: April 2007

Abstract.The white shrimp Penaeus setiferus is a potential species for culture in the Gulf of Mexico. It has been demonstrated that postlarval P. setiferus is a species sensitive to ammonia and nitrite. In this study, the effect of ammonia and nitrite on the oxygen consumption of Penaeus setiferus postlarvae subjected to different dissolved oxygen concentrations was investigated. Un‐ionized ammonia tended to reduce the oxygen consumption of P. setiferus postlarvae. The addition of 0.4 mg/L un‐ionized ammonia‐N modified the response of the postlarvae to lower dissolved oxygen levels. Exposure to 0.7 mg/L un‐ionized ammonia‐N caused severe effects on the respiratory rate and it was lethal at low dissolved oxygen concentrations. Nitrite exposure decreased the respiratory rate of post‐larvae in high dissolved oxygen concentrations, whereas postlarvae exposed to nitrite under hypoxic conditions showed higher oxygen consumption than unexposed animals. The decreases of the oxygen consumption induced by the interactive effect of ammonia or nitrite and low dissolved oxygen concentration indicate a harmful condition. The results indicate that P. setiferus postlarvae is a sensitive organism to the combined effect of un‐ionized ammonia or nitrite and low dissolved oxygen concentrations.
Wading Bird Depredations on Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus in Northwest Mississippi
Authors: Glahn James E , Reinhold David S. , Smith Patrick 
Published: April 2007

Abstract.We interviewed farm managers about their perceptions of wading bird problems and conducted preliminary surveys of wading bird populations at 67 randomly selected channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus pond complexes in northwest Mississippi during December 1995. At a subsample of 24 complexes and 10 other complexes previously surveyed in 1990, we surveyed wading bird populations bimonthly throughout the year in 1996 and observed great blue herons Ardea herodias and great egrets Ardea alba feeding at catfish ponds. Seventy‐five percent of farm managers questioned felt that wading birds were causing losses to their fish stocks, and 74% believed the problem was increasing. Consistent with interview results, 88% of the pond complexes surveyed had one or more wading birds present. Despite reported harassment programs by producers, great blue heron densities at 10 complexes previously surveyed in 1990 had increased by more than eightfold in 1996. Great blue heron densities varied with location, season and time of day, but the average 127‐ha farm supported about 78 herons and 56 great egrets. Despite similar populations, the potential impact of these two species was quite different. Live catfish, averaging 10.3 cm in length (circa 10 g) comprised only 8% of the egret diet by weight, and most of the fish were obtained from fingerling ponds during periods when these fingerlings may be weakened by the bacterial disease, enteric septicemia of catfish. In contrast, live catfish, averaging 16 cm in length (circa 34 g), comprised 44% of the great blue heron diet by weight. Herons foraged from both fingerling and food fish ponds, primarily in the early morning and evening. Based on average population densities and foraging rates, herons at the average 127‐ha farm in northwest Mississippi consumed 114,000 (circa 3,900 kg) catfish, annually. However, further studies are recommended to document production losses.
Production Characteristics of Pond‐Raised Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctutus Fed Diets With and Without Animal Protein for Three Growing Seasons1
Authors: Reigh Robert C. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAn experiment was conducted to determlne the long‐term effects of an all‐plant‐protein diet on production characteristics (harvest yield, dressing percentage, and body composition) of catfish Ictalurus punctatus taken from top‐harvested, multiple‐stocked ponds over a 2.5‐yr period of continuous production. Fish in eight 0.08‐ha ponds were fed an extruded, 32% protein control diet (CON) containing animal and plant proteins, while fish in eight replicate ponds were fed an isonitrogenous diet containing only plant proteins, primarily from cottonseed meal and soybean meal (APP). Diets were fed once dally to apparent satiation during the growing season. Ponds were top‐harvested twice per year in the spring and fall and partially restocked after each harvest. CON‐fed fish received 13,335 kg of feed during the 2.5‐yr period. APP‐fed fish received 13,506 kg of feed. Total yields were 5,562 kg of CON‐fed fish and 5,840 kg of APP‐fed fish; average annual yields were 3,477 kgha per yr and 3,650 kgha per yr, respectively (P > 0.05). Feed conversion ratios, 2.5 for CON‐fed fish and 2.6 for APP‐fed Ash, did not differ significantly (P > 0.05). Live weights at harvest averaged 529 g (CON) and 481 g (APP), and were not significantly different. Dressing percentages were 59% for fish fed both diets (P > 0.05). APP‐fed fish had less (P < 0.05) visceral fat and less (P < 0.05) muscle lipid than CON‐fed fish. Results indicate that a lysine supplemented, all‐plant‐protein diet containing 40% cottonseed meal and 20% soybean meal is suitable for long‐term production of channel catfish in earthen ponds and such a diet can reduce the fat content of pond‐reared fish.
Control of the Trematode Bolbophorus confusus in Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus Ponds Using Salinity Manipulation and Polyculture with Black Carp Mylopharyngodon piceus
Authors: Venable Darrel L. , Gaudé Albert P. , Klerks Paul L. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis study evaluated the use of black carp Mylopharyngodon piceus and salinity manipulation for controlling the infection of channel catfish Ictalurus puncratus by a digenetic trematode (tentatively identified as Bolbophorus confusus). Control methods focussed mainly on the eradication of the intermediate snail host, the marsh rams‐horn Phanorbella trivolvis (previously referred to as Helisoma trivolvis), and were evaluated in laboratory tests and field experiments at a commercial catfish culture facility in southern Louisiana that was seriously impacted by the trematode. Introduction of fingerling black carp into catfish ponds at a density of 62 carpha resulted in an almost total elimination of P. trivolvis. The farm is now successfully using a facility‐wide stocking rate of 40 carp/ha. Laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of salinity manipulation using NaCl on free‐swimming trematode cercariae, the snail P. trivolvis, and catfish fingerlings infected with the cercariae. A salinity of 2.5 ppt had a detrimental effect on snail survival, growth, and reproduction. Salinity did not have a negative effect on the other two aspects of the trematode life cycle tested (in fact, survival of both cercariae and infected catfish fingerlings showed a positive dependence on NaCl over the 0–2.5 ppt range). A field‐experiment was then conducted in catfish ponds maintained at three salinities (2.5, 1.25, and 0.25 ppt) with rock salt, NaCl. Snail densities in ponds at 2.5 ppt salinity were consistently lower than in the other treatments and no trematode infection was noted among snails or catfish in the 2.5 ppt salinity ponds. Both the use of 2.5 ppt NaCl and black carp appear valuable management tools for controlling the digenetic trematode in caffish ponds.
Comparative Sensitivity of Yellowtail Seriolu quinqueradiata and Goldstriped Amberjack S. aureovittata to Photobacterium damsela subsp. piscicida
Authors: Kawakami Hidemasa , Yamashita Hirofumi , Sakai Masahiro 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe pathogenicity of Photobacterium damsela subsp. piscicida to yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata and goldstriped amberjack S. aureovittata was investigated. The 10‐d cumulative mortality of yellowtail and goldstriped amberjack challenged by 1.2 × 102 CFU/fish of P. damsela piscicida was 70% and 10%. respectively. Serum bactericidal activity of goldstriped amberjack was higher than that of yellowtail. Although the phagocytic activity against P. damsela piscicida was not observed in kidney leukocytes of yellowtail and goldstriped amberjack, the production of superoxide anion in goldstriped amberjack kidney leukocytes against P. damsela piscicida was higher than that of yellowtail.
Relative Abundance and Species Composition of Gram‐Negative, Aerobic Bacteria Associated with the Gut of Juvenile White Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei Reared in Oligotrophic Well Water and Eutrophic Pond Water
Authors: Moss Shaun M. , LeaMaster Brad R. , Sweeney James N. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractGut bacteria may contribute significantly to the growth and survival of cultured shrimp, although little is known about factors that affect bacterial community structure in shrimp guts. The objective of this study was to determine the abundance and species composition of gut bacteria in juvenile white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei reared in two different environments. Eight 120‐L tanks were stocked at a density of 8 shrimphank. Two treatments were tested for 10 d and consisted of tanks receiving flow‐through water from one of two sources: 1) well water pumped from a sea‐water aquifer (Well treatment), and 2) pond water pumped from an intensive shrimp pond (Pond treatment). Shrimp mid‐ and hindguts were excised on days 1, 3, 6, and 10 for enumeration of gram‐negative, aerobic bacteria by quantifying colony‐forming units (CFU) using standard microbiological plating techniques. Identification of bacterial isolates was made using the Biologa® GN Microplate system. Bacterial numbers were significantly greater (P > 0.05) in Well shrimp than in Pond shrimp on days 1 and 3. Following day 3, a decrease in bacterial numbers occurred in the Well shrimp, and no significant differences between treatments were observed on days 6 or 10. Guts from Well shrimp were dominated by Vibrio and Aero‐monas, and these two genera accounted for 80–851 of the bacteria on each sampling day. Guts from Pond shrimp exhibited a greater bacterial diversity and were dominated by Vibrio, Aeromonas, and Pseudomonas. Flavobacterium were identified in the guts of Pond shrimp on days 3 and 10, but were not identified in any of the Well shrimp. A greater understanding of gut bacteria‐shrimp interactions could lead to increased production and profitability for shrimp farmers through the development of more cost‐effective feeds and novel disease control strategies.
Production, Quality, and Low Temperature Incubation of Eggs of Atlantic Cod Gadus morhua and Haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus in Captivity
Authors: Buckley Lawrence J. , Bradley Terence M. , Allen‐Guilmette Jennifer 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAtlantic cod Gadus morhua and haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus broodstock maintained under altered regimens of temperature and photoperiod spawned up to 8 mo per year. The cod broodstock produced viable embryos from October through June. The haddock broodstock produced viable embryos from December through May. Egg diameters were largest during the middle of the spawning season when water temperature was at a minimum, resulting in an inverse relationship between egg diameter and water temperature in both species. Egg quality was high, as evaluated by buoyancy, fertilization rate, regularity of early cleavage, and percent viable hatch. Low temperature incubation of cod and haddock eggs extended the embryonic period. Cod embryos tolerated a wider range of temperatures than haddock. High mortality (1 90%) was observed before hatching in haddock embryos incubated at 1 C. Atlantic cod embryos hatched at temperatures as low as —1 C, extending the embryonic period to 59 d. At 8 C Atlantic cod and haddock embryos hatched in 11–12 d. To determine if extending the embryo incubation time by using low temperatures had a detrimental effect, embryos were incubated through hatch at either 1 C or 6 C, and the larvae from both groups reared at 6 C. Growth and early survival of larvae were comparable in both treatments.
Application of Compensatory Growth to Enhance Production in Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus
Authors: Chatakondi Nagaraj G. , Yant Roger D. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractFour treatment groups that received repeating cycles of fixed feed deprivation for either 0, 1, 2, or 3 d (control, treatment 1, treatment 2, and treatment 3, respectively), followed by periods of refeeding with a 36% protein commercial catfish feed once daily as long as the active phase of compensatory growth (CG) persisted, were assessed in flow‐through aquaria. No‐feed periods elicited the CG state and were immediately followed by days of ad libatum refeeding. At the end of 10 wk, average growth rate (AGR) of fish was higher (P < 0.05) than the control by 40%, 180%, and 191% for treatment 1, treatment 2, and treatment 3, respectively. The average weight of fish in treatment 3 was heavier (P < 0.05) than the average control group at the end of the study period. Mean daily feed consumption was 3.91%, 5.03%, 5.36%, and 5.98% for control, treatment 1, treatment 2, and treatment 3, respectively. Mean feed consumption per fish per day was 24%, 71.3%, and 70.7% higher than the control in treatment 1, treatment 2, and treatment 3, respectively. Restricted feeding is one of the effective methods to contain ESC‐related losses in commercial channel catfish fingerling operations. The mean cumulative survival of treatment groups registered higher (P < 0.05) survival to Edwardsiella ictaluri infection compared to the daily fed control fish. Results from this study show that compensatory growth response triggered by periodic non‐feeding days can improve growth rate, feed consumption, and improved survival to ESC infections in channel catfish fingerlings.