bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Model Diagnosis of Nighttime Minimum Temperature Warming during Summer due to Irrigation in the California Central Valley
Authors: Kanamaru Hideki , Kanamitsu Masao 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
This study examines the mechanisms of nighttime minimum temperature warming in the California Central Valley during summer due to irrigation. The Scripps Experimental Climate Prediction Center (ECPC) Regional Spectral Model (RSM) was used to simulate climate under two land surface characteristics: potential natural vegetation and modern land use that includes irrigation and urbanization. In irrigated cropland, soil moisture was prescribed in three different ways: 1) field capacity, 2) half of field capacity, and 3) no addition of water. In the most realistic case of half-field capacity, the July daily minimum temperature in the California Central Valley increased by 3.5°C, in agreement with station observation trends over the past century in the same area. It was found that ground heat flux efficiently keeps the surface warm during nighttime due to increased thermal conductivity of wet soil.
Causes for Large-Scale Hydrographic Changes at the Hawaii Ocean Time Series Station
Authors: Stammer D. , Park S. , Köhl A. , Lukas R. , Santiago-Mandujano F. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Results from Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean (ECCO)–Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) global ocean state estimate, available over the 11-yr period 1992 through 2002, are compared with independent observations available at the Hawaii Ocean time series station ALOHA. The comparison shows that at this position, the estimated temporal variability has some skill in simulating observed ocean variability and that the quality of future syntheses could benefit from additional information available from the Argo network and from the time series observations themselves. On a decadal time scale, the influence radius of the station ALOHA T–S time series covers large parts of the tropical and subtropical Pacific Ocean and reaches even into the Indian Ocean through the Indonesian Throughflow.
Estimated changes in sea surface height (SSH) result largely from thermosteric changes; however, nonsteric (barotropic) variations on the order of 1–2 cm also contribute to SSH changes at station ALOHA. Moreover, changes of similar magnitude can be caused by changes in the salinity field because of a quasi-biennial oscillation in the horizontal flow structure and heaving of the mean salinity structure on seasonal and interannual time scales.
The adjoint modeling framework confirms westward-propagating Rossby waves (due to wind forcing) and subduction of water-mass anomalies (due to surface buoyancy forcing) as the primary mechanisms leading to observed changes of T–S structures at station ALOHA. Specifically, the analysis identifies surface freshwater fluxes along the wintertime outcrop of intermediate waters as a primary cause for salinity changes at station ALOHA and wind stress forcing east of the station position as another forcing mechanism of salinity variations around the Hawaiian Archipelago.
On the Temporally Varying Northward Penetration of Mediterranean Overflow Water and Eastward Penetration of Labrador Sea Water
Authors: Lozier M. Susan , Stewart Nicole M. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Historical hydrographic data in the eastern North Atlantic are used to suggest a connection between the northward penetration of Mediterranean Overflow Water (MOW) and the location of the subpolar front, the latter of which is shown to vary with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). During persistent high-NAO periods, when the subpolar front moves eastward, waters in the subpolar gyre essentially block the northward-flowing MOW, preventing its entry into the subpolar gyre. Conversely, during low NAO periods, the subpolar front moves westward, allowing MOW to penetrate past Porcupine Bank into the subpolar gyre. The impacts of an intermittent penetration of MOW into the subpolar gyre, including the possible effect on water mass transformations, remain to be investigated.
The crystal structure of ammoniojarosite, (NH4)Fe3(SO4)W(OH)6and the crystal chemistry of the ammoniojarosite–hydronium jarosite solid-solution series
Authors: Basciano L. C. , Peterson R. C. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe atomic structure of ammoniojarosite,[(NH4)Fe3(SO4)2(OH)6], a = 7.3177(3) Å, c = 17.534(1) Å, space groupRm,Z= 3, has been solved using single-crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD) towR3.64% and R 1.4%. The atomic coordinates of the hydrogen atoms of the NH4group were located and it was found that the ammonium group has two different orientations with equal probability. Hydronium commonly substitutes into jarosite group mineral structures and samples in the ammoniojarosite–hydronium jarosite solid-solution series were synthesized and analysed using powder XRD and Rietveld refinement. Changes in unit-cell dimensions and bond lengths are noted across the solidsolution series. The end-member ammoniojarosite synthesized in this study has no hydronium substitution in theAsite and the unit-cell dimensions determined have a smaller a dimension and larger c dimension than previous studies. Two natural ammoniojarosite samples were analysed and shown to have similar unit-cell dimensions to the synthetic samples. Short-wave infrared and Fourier transform infrared spectra were collected for samples from the NH4–H3O jarosite solid-solution series and the differences between the end-members were significant. Both are useful tools for determining NH4content in jarosite group minerals.
Metamorphic effects on agate found near the Shap granite, Cumbria, England: as demonstrated by petrography, X-ray diffraction and spectroscopic methods
Authors: Moxon T. , Reed S. J. B. , Zhang M. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractAgates from a 430 Ma host at Stockdale Beck, Cumbria, England have been characterized. The crystallite size of the Stockdale Beck agates was found to be ~60% greater than any other agates from five regions aged 400–1100 Ma. Raman spectroscopy identified moganite in all agates tested except those from Stockdale Beck. Infrared spectroscopy showed that the silanol content of the Stockdale Beck agates was near zero. The properties of agates from Stockdale Beck and the 1.84–3.48 Ga metamorphosed hosts found in Western Australia were similar but different from agates found in other hosts aged 400–1100 Ma. Cathodoluminescence demonstrates further differences between agates from hosts aged 13–1100 Ma and those from Stockdale Beck and Western Australia. Agates from the latter areas have a lower proportion of defects causing a red emission band (~660 nm) but an increased proportion of defects causing blue (~470 nm) and orange (~640 nm) emission bands. Agates found in hosts aged 13–1100 Ma are also differentiated from the Stockdale Beck and Western Australian agates in a ternary plot of the relative intensities of violet to blue to orange emission bands. Single scans producing this combination of colours are only found in the Stockdale Beck and Western Australian agates. The properties shown by the Stockdale Beck and Western Australian agates demonstrate that an agate or chalcedony infill can be used to identify post-deposition palaeoheating within a host rock.
Exploring the lack of progress in improving patient safety in Australian hospitals
Authors: Leggat Sandra , Bartram Timothy , Stanton Pauline 
Published: February 2008

Objectives This study aimed to build on the increasing evidence of a link between good people management practice, and organizational and patient outcomes in public health care to document the important human resource management practices in our hospitals. Methods The design included large scale survey of hospital managers' perceptions of the use of human resource management practices. The questionnaire included Human resource management (HRM) measures and additional questions related to the Australian hospital accreditation standards. Data were collected in December 2003 until April 2004 from a total sample of 92 hospitals/hospital organizations from the State of Victoria, Australia. The participants were Chief Executive Officers, Human Resource Directors and two other senior managers of the hospital organizations were invited to complete the questionnaire. There were no interventions. The main outcome measure, one-way analysis of variance was used to determine differences in the perceptions of the three groups of managers' concerning the use of HRM practices. Frequency and descriptive statistics were used to determine use of HRM practices. Results A 67% response rate enabled us to document human resource management practices in Victorian hospitals. The respondents reported limited strategic and organizational HRM. Conclusion This study found limited evidence of sophisticated HRM practices among hospitals and hospital organizations in the State of Victoria, Australia. Despite the increasing evidence of a relationship among effective HRM and health-care outcomes, these hospitals reported limited performance management, training and development, and employee empowerment and decision-making. The authors suggest that it is unlikely that attempts to improve patient safety in this sector will be successful until the deficits in HRM are addressed.
Effect of Specimen Preparation Method on the Stress-Strain Behavior of Sand in Plane-Strain Compression Tests
Authors: Wanatowski D. , Chu J. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Experimental results are presented in this paper to study the effect of specimen preparation method on the stress-strain behavior of sand in plane-strain compression tests. The data obtained from K0 consolidation, drained, undrained and strain path tests conducted on medium loose specimens prepared by the moist-tamping (MT) and the water sedimentation (WS) methods are compared. The test data show that the plane-strain compression behavior of medium loose sand under K0, drained and strain-path controlled (including undrained) conditions is affected by the specimen preparation method. Under K0 conditions, the K0 values obtained from the MT specimens are generally lower than those obtained from the WS specimens. Under drained conditions, more contractive behavior was observed for the MT sand. However, the failure stress ratio (or the failure friction angle) was not affected by the specimen preparation method. The data presented in this paper also illustrate that the compression behavior of medium loose sand in strain-path testing can be affected by the specimen preparation method. However, the differences in the stress-strain behavior will also depend on the strain increment ratio (dεv/dε1) imposed on the specimens. In general, different behaviors of the moist-tamped and water-deposited specimens reflect the influence of soil fabrics on the stress-strain behavior of sand.
American Ethnological Society
Authors: Rothstein Fran 
Published: February 2008

•Elsie Clews Parsons Prize Winner
•The Limits of Emergencies and the Time of Event: The Preevent Configuration of Biological Threats Limor Samimian Darash  •AES/SANA Joint Conference: Democracy, Disorder and Discontent (Wrightsville Beach, NC, April 3?5, 2008)
Effect of Carp Pituitary Extract and Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Analog Hormone on Reproductive Indices and Spawning of 3-Year-Old Channel Catfish
Authors: Barrero Marinela , Small Brian C , D'Abramo Louis R , Waldbieser Geoffrey C , Hanson Larry A , Kelly Anita M 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
The efficacy of pituitary extract from common carp Cyprinus carpio (CPE) and luteinizing hormone releasing hormone analog (LHRHa) treatments in inducing spawning in channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus undergoing their first oogenesis just before the spawning season was evaluated in four commercial strains of channel catfish. Before the hormones were injected, the average oocyte size (1,624 μm) in May, the typical start of the spawning season, was smaller than that considered normal for mature oocytes (3,000 μm) in this species. Priming and resolving doses of CPE, LHRHa, or saline were administered in early May. Plasma estradiol (E2) and testosterone (T) levels were measured before the priming (0 h) and resolving (20 h) doses and 4 h later (24 h). Oocyte germinal vesicle migration and cathepsin B, D, and L activities were assessed at 0 and 24 h. At 20 h, estradiol levels were significantly higher in CPE- and LHRHa-treated fish. For LHRHa-treated fish, 20-h levels of T were also significantly higher in LHRHa-treated fish at 24 h. Cathepsin B and L activities were also significantly higher at this time. No differences were observed among the strains evaluated for any of the measured parameters. As oocytes did not yet appear to have entered the final stage of maturation, the fish were returned to ponds with noninjected cohorts to evaluate spawning success. None of the fish injected with saline spawned. On average, 12.5% and 18.8% of those injected with CPE and LHRHa, respectively, spawned. The LHRHa-injected fish had a 14% greater incidence of spawning than noninjected fish. Fertilization rates were not significantly different among treatments. Of the treated fish, those that spawned had significantly higher plasma E2 concentrations at 20 h. Thus, LHRHa injection of early-egg-stage channel catfish could serve to increase the spawning rates of young adults without resorting to intensive spawning techniques.
Compounds with Inhibitory Activity against the Channel Catfish Pathogens Edwardsiella ictaluri and Flavobacterium columnare
Authors: Schrader Kevin K 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Enteric septicemia of catfish (ESC) and columnaris, the most common diseases in channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus in the southeastern United States, are caused by the bacteria Edwardsiella ictaluri and Flavobacterium columnare, respectively. Although producers may rely on antibiotics and certain therapeutants to help manage these diseases, the discovery of new compounds that are environmentally safe and efficacious alternatives to current antibiotics and therapeutants would benefit the channel catfish aquaculture industry. A rapid bioassay was used to evaluate compounds as the first step in the discovery process. Tannic acid was highly toxic to E. ictaluri and F. columnare, and it is promising for future efficacy testing against ESC and columnaris. Sodium percarbonate, an environmentally safe compound, is promising for future efficacy testing to determine its potential use in managing and preventing F. columnare outbreaks in small-scale systems used for channel catfish culture or during transport.
Gape: Body Size Relationship of Flathead Catfish
Authors: Slaughter Joe E. , Jacobson Brad 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
The flathead catfish Pylodictis olivaris is a highly piscivorous ictalurid native to central North America whose range has been extended throughout much of the United States. With this range expansion, many populations of native fishes have experienced declines in the number of individuals due to direct predation by flathead catfish. Previous evidence suggests that flathead catfish are opportunistic feeders and may be the least gape limited of North American freshwater piscivores. To better understand the size of prey vulnerable to flathead catfish, we measured gape dimensions for individuals of various sizes to determine the maximum size prey a flathead catfish can kill based on its gape limitations. Our results show the relationship of total length to horizontal and vertical gape and the relationship of flathead catfish total length to the total lengths of ingestible-sized prey of different body shapes. Furthermore, comparisons of the body depth of three common fish species to the gape dimensions showed that no size of largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides, bluegill Lepomis macrochirus, or gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum would preclude predation by flathead catfish. Our results support the assumption that the flathead catfish is one of the least gape-limited piscivores.
Gear-Specific Population Demographics of Channel Catfish in a Large Midwestern River
Authors: Colombo Robert E. , Phelps Quinton E. , Garvey James E. , Heidinger Roy C. , Stefanavage Tom 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Various gear types have been used to sample populations of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus in lotic systems. However, these gears produce different population characteristics (i.e., recruitment, growth, and mortality). We compared the population demographics of channel catfish in the Wabash River, Indiana, sampled with baited 25- and 32-mm-bar mesh hoop nets and three-phase alternating current (AC) electrofishing. Based on catch per unit effort, the relative abundance of channel catfish sampled with 32-mm hoop nets was lower than that of fish sampled with 25-mm hoop nets and AC electrofishing. Each gear type also resulted in a different length frequency, mean length increasing progressively in sampling with 25-mm hoop nets, 32-mm hoop nets, and AC electrofishing. Similarly, age-frequency distributions differed among gears. The 25-mm hoop nets biased the age structure toward younger individuals (mean age = 2.5), whereas both 32-mm hoop nets (mean age = 4.0) and AC electrofishing (mean age = 5.8) included older fish. Catch-curve analysis generated different mortality rates for the three gear types, the mortality rate being highest (50%) in fish sampled with 25-mm hoop nets. Gear-specific size and age structures led to differences in von Bertalanffy statistics among the 25-mm hoop nets and AC electrofishing, while the results for 32-mm hoop nets were uninterpretable. Because the different gears led to conflicting parameter estimates, management practices based on sampling with single gears may be contradictory. Given the differences in gear selectivity, biologists need to approach management cautiously until calibration to the true size and age structure is conducted.
The Application of Microsatellites for Stock Identification of Yukon River Chinook Salmon
Authors: Beacham T. D. , Wetklo M. , Wallace C. , Olsen J. B. , Flannery B. G. , Wenburg J. K. , Templin W. D. , Antonovich A. , Seeb L. W. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
In a cooperative project among three agencies, variation at 30 microsatellite loci was surveyed for 19 populations of Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha from the Yukon River. The observed number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 63. Loci with a greater number of alleles displayed lower genetic differentiation index (FST) values, but loci with lower FST values also tended to provide more-accurate estimates of stock composition. The observed number of alleles was related to the power of the locus for providing accurate estimates of stock composition of simulated single-population samples. Mean estimated stock compositions for these mixtures ranged from 38.9% for simulations of single loci with fewer than 10 alleles to 85.5% for simulated loci with more than 60 alleles. Reliable population-specific estimation of stock composition was obtained with a minimum of five loci. Comparison of microsatellite stock identification power with an existing nine-locus single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) baseline indicated that nine SNPs or a single microsatellite locus can provide accurate and reasonably precise estimates of stock composition to country of origin. In comparisons of population-specific estimation, the nine-SNP baseline was approximately equivalent to a single microsatellite locus with 17–22 alleles. Mixed-stock analysis applying the microsatellite baseline outlined in this study can accurately and precisely allocate Chinook salmon to units useful for management, such as region or major drainage, providing managers with a powerful tool for assessing and regulating fisheries.
The Effect of Capture, Handling, and Tagging on Hematological Variables in Wild Adult Lake Sturgeon
Authors: Baker Daniel W. , Peake Stephan J. , Kieffer James D. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
We measured hematocrit and plasma osmolality, cortisol, lactate, glucose, and chloride in wild lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens after gill-net capture (24-h sets) and multiple bouts of brief (2–3-min) air exposure during removal from nets and again during measurement and tagging procedures. Our objective was to evaluate the physiological consequences associated with capture, handling, and tagging activities commonly employed during mark–recapture studies and to determine whether blood chemistry values moved toward a resting state after a 3-d recovery period. Lake sturgeon that were caught during spring tagging activities showed plasma cortisol, glucose, lactate, osmolality, and chloride levels similar to those exhibited by maximally stressed lake sturgeon in published laboratory studies. After the 3-d recovery period, all physiological stress indicators had approached a nonstressed state and the values were similar to those previously reported for resting lake sturgeon. It appears that capture–mark–recapture programs that subject lake sturgeon to stressors similar to those applied here do not pose a significant threat to this often legislatively protected species.
Adverse Effects of Alewives on Laurentian Great Lakes Fish Communities
Authors: Madenjian Charles P. , O'Gorman Robert , Bunnell David B. , Argyle Ray L. , Roseman Edward F. , Warner David M. , Stockwell Jason D. , Stapanian Martin A. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
The alewife Alosa pseudoharengus, an invader to the Laurentian Great Lakes from the Atlantic Ocean, has been blamed for causing major disruptions of Great Lakes fish communities during the past 50 years. We reviewed the literature and examined long-term data on fish abundances in the Great Lakes to develop a new synthesis on the negative effects of alewives on Great Lakes fish communities. The results indicated that certain fish populations are substantially more vulnerable to the effects of alewives than others. More specifically, the effects of alewives on other fish populations appeared to follow a continuum—from such fishes as slimy sculpin Cottus cognatus, lake whitefish Coregonus clupeaformis, and bloater Coregonus hoyi, which were relatively unsusceptible—to Atlantic salmon Salmo salar, lake trout Salvelinus namaycush, and emerald shiner Notropis atherinoides, which were highly susceptible. Intermediate species in this continuum included yellow perch Perca flavescens, deepwater sculpin Myoxocephalus thompsonii, and burbot Lota lota. The predominant mechanism by which alewives exerted their negative effect appeared to be predation on the larvae of other fishes. The key factor in the extirpation of Atlantic salmon from Lake Ontario, however, was probably early mortality syndrome induced by a diet rich in alewives. We conclude that the degree of restoration of the native Great Lakes fish community depends in part on the degree of control of the alewife population.