bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A survey on the preference for continuing professional dental education amongst general dental practitioners who attended the 26th Asia Pacific Dental Congress
Authors: Chan W. C. , Ng C. H. , Yiu B. K. , Liu C. Y. , Ip C. M. , Siu H. H. , Chiu G. K. C. , Hägg U. , Jin L. J. 
Published: October 2006

Aims:  To identify the subjects of interest and to examine the modes as well as means of study for continuing professional dental education amongst general dental practitioners who attended the 26th Asia Pacific Dental Congress, 28 May—1 June 2004, Hong Kong.Methods:  A total of 381 general dental practitioners as the registered conference delegates from Hong Kong, Mainland China and other Asia‐Pacific regions were randomly selected for the present survey. The survey was conducted through face‐to‐face interviews by a group of practising dentists in Hong Kong.Results:  Overall, orthodontics and prosthodontics were the most popular subjects for clinical degree programmes, whilst oral implantology and cosmetic dentistry were the highly preferred subjects for continuing education courses. Concerning the preferred mode of study for degree programmes, the part‐time study mode was chosen by 68.3% of the participating dentists. A didactic teaching approach was preferred by most of the participants (81.7%) for postgraduate study. The majority of the interviewees (76.5%) were interested in a proposed clinical degree programme to be offered jointly by The University of Hong Kong and a leading university in the Mainland. Overall, there was no marked difference in the preference for continuing dental education amongst the respondents from Hong Kong, Mainland China and other Asia‐Pacific regions.Conclusions:  The present survey shows the currently preferred specialty areas and subjects for continuing professional dental education amongst the general dental practitioners who attended the 26th Asia Pacific Dental Congress, with didactic teaching as the most preferred mode of study on a part‐time basis.
Implementing an Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) in dental education: effects on students’ learning strategies
Authors: Schoonheim‐Klein M. E. , Habets L. L. M. H. , Aartman I. H. A. , Van Der Vleuten C. P. , Hoogstraten J. , Van Der Velden U. 
Published: October 2006

Objectives:  To investigate the effect of an Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) on dental students’ learning strategies and competence to manage periodontal diseases in patients. The implemented OSCE was expected to be superior to the existing Written Exam in fostering the acquisition of clinical competencies in terms of study strategies that are more oriented towards clinical practice, longer study time, greater clinical proficiency, and more realistic self‐assessment.Material and methods:  After a clinical course in periodontology, 72 third year dental students were assessed summatively, either using a Written Exam or an OSCE (P‐OSCE). The students were informed beforehand about the assessment formats. The self‐assessed clinical competence, study time and strategies (i.e. practice with a manikin, peers and patient case) were evaluated by means of a questionnaire. After a comprehensive dental care course, all 72 students were assessed by an overall end‐of‐year OSCE, in which three periodontal stations were included ‘measuring pockets’, ‘educating patients’ and ‘tracing an X‐ray with bone‐loss’. The competence of the previous Written Exam group and the P‐OSCE group was investigated by determining the mean scores and pass‐fail scores of three periodontal test‐stations as well as the total score of the end‐of‐year OSCE. The degree of realistic self‐assessment was studied by correlating the self‐assessed competencies as evaluated by means of the questionnaire with the total score of the end‐of‐year OSCE.Results:  Self‐assessed clinical competence, study time and study strategies showed no differences between the P‐OSCE and the Written Exam‐group. The clinical competence determined in the test‐station ‘measuring pockets’ in the end of year overall OSCE was higher for the P‐OSCE group (P = 0.05) when compared with the Written Exam group; the two groups performed equally well in the test station ‘educating patients’, whereas the performance in ‘tracing an X‐ray with bone‐loss’ was better in the Written Exam group. This group also had a higher total score in the end‐of‐year OSCE (P = 0.05). The degree of realistic self‐assessment was higher in the P‐OSCE group than in the Written Exam group: in the P‐OSCE group the self‐assessed clinical competencies correlated significantly with the total score of the overall end‐of‐year OSCE (P ≤ 0.05).Conclusions:  No effects of the implementation of an OSCE in undergraduate periodontal education were observed in study strategies, but the implementation of an OSCE in undergraduate periodontal education appears to stimulate learning, resulting in greater achievement of specific clinical competence and a greater level of realistic self‐assessment.
Correlation of echocardiography parameters with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in transfusion‐dependent thalassaemia major
Authors: Aessopos Athanassios , Giakoumis Anastasios , Fragodimitri Christina , Karabatsos Fotis , Hatziliami Antonia , Yousef Jacqueline , Gotsis Efstathios , Berdoukas Vasilis , Karagiorga Markissia 
Published: October 2006

Abstract Background and objective: Heart iron load (cardiac Fe) can be indirectly quantified by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) T2*. CMR accessibility is limited, whereas echocardiography (Echo) is relatively inexpensive and readily available. The objective was to find Echo parameters that may be useful for predicting cardiac Fe. Design and methods: We compared a number of parameters derived from Echo to cardiac Fe in 142 thalassaemia major patients who had undergone a CMR study. Results: All patients with decreased left ventricular (LV) function had cardiac Fe. After removing those patients from the analysis, the total diameter index (Tdi) >5.57 cms/m2, left atrial diameter index >2.41 cm/m2, and the diastolic parameter E/A > 1.96 were highly specific (91.4%, 97.1% and 96.9% respectively) but had low sensitivity (31.8%, 20.45% and 21.8%) in predicting iron load. A right ventricular index >1.47 cm/m2, LV systolic index >2.26 cm/m2 or Tdi >6.26 cm/m2 discriminated between patients with no, or mild to moderate cardiac Fe from those with heavy load, with specificity of 91%, 98.5%, and 98.5%, respectively, but with low sensitivity. Interpretation and conclusions: Echo parameters for cardiac Fe prediction have restricted value, whereas CMR is essential to assess cardiac Fe. However, patients with decreased LV systolic function should be considered a priori as having cardiac Fe, and chelation therapy should be intensified. This also applies to patients who have the above‐described Echo criterion values, even if CMR is not available. Once a patient is found by CMR to have cardiac Fe, then the above Echo criterion values may be useful for ongoing monitoring.
Nevus lipomatosus cutaneus superficialis (Hoffmann–Zurhelle) in a Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes)
Authors: Klopfleisch Robert , Langner Christoph , Von Felbert Inga , Rudnick Jens‐Christian , Teifke Jens Peter 
Published: October 2006

AbstractBackground  A 32‐year‐old, male chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) kept in a zoo developed a focally extensive, proliferative, cerebriform, dermal mass at the left inner thigh extending to the inguinal region. After surgical removal, the mass recurred and extended progressively over a period of 5 years.Methods and Results  At necropsy, a 20 × 20 cm large, well defined, papular and partly verrucous, rubbery mass composed of multiple large, soft nodules measuring up to 4 cm in diameter was observed in the left thigh and inguinal region. Histological examination revealed a multifocal expansion of the dermis by mature adipocytes that were arranged in small islands to large lobular aggregates. Dermal proliferations of adipocytes were almost completely separated from the subcutaneous adipose tissue.Conclusions  This is the first report of a unique lesion that resembles human Nevus lipomatosus cutaneus superficialis in a chimpanzee and is different from lipoma or liposarcoma.
FREQUENCY OF SALMONELLA, CAMPYLOBACTER, LISTERIA AND ENTEROBACTERIACEAE DETECTION IN COMMERCIALLY COOL WATER‐WASHED SHELL EGGS
Authors: JONES DEANA R. , MUSGROVE MICHAEL T. , CAUDILL A. BROOKE , CURTIS PATRICIA A. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT The effect of cool water washing on shell egg temperature and pathogen detection was examined. Three temperature schemes were utilized in commercial dual washer systems: (1) HH = 48.9C, 48.9C; (2) HC = 48.9C, 23.9C; and (3) CC = 23.9C, 23.9C. HH eggsmaintainedthe highest surface temperature (26.25C in‐line, 20.25C off‐line and 23.25C combined, P < 0.05). The lowest temperatures were found in the CC eggs (21.25C in‐line, 17.25C off‐line and 19.25C combined). The frequency of Enterobacteriaceae detection in shell and membrane emulsions was greatest for the CC eggs (P < 0.05 for in‐line and combined). There was no difference in Enterobacteriaceae detection for the off‐line facility. Salmonella was detected in three of 384 samples from the in‐line facility. They were found in HC (2) and CC (1) shell emulsions. Two of 384 samples were positive for Campylobacter from the in‐line facility (CC). Three wash water samples were positive for Listeria in the off‐line facility (1 HC, 2 CC). No pathogens were detected in the egg contents during this study. The results of this study indicate that warm followed by cool water washing has the potential of decreasing egg temperature while maintaining surface microbiology at an acceptable level.
EFFECT OF GAMMA IRRADIATION ON SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF SHELL EGGS AND MAYONNAISE PREPARED FROM IRRADIATED EGGS
Authors: AL‐BACHIR MAHFOUZ , ZEINOU RUBA 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTShell eggs were irradiated at doses of 0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 kGy of gamma irradiation. Immediately after irradiation, bacterial, physical and chemical analyses of eggs and sensory evaluation of the mayonnaise prepared from irradiated egg yolk were performed. Results indicated that all doses of gamma irradiation reduced the total counts of mesophilic bacteria and total coliforms of eggs. The radiation dose required to reduce theSalmonellaload one log cycle (D10) in eggs was 448 Gy. Eggs irradiated with 1.5 kGy may be suitable microbiologically to prepare safe mayonnaise. There were no significant differences in saturated fatty acids (C14:0; C16:0; C18:0) and thiobarbituric acidvalues between the yolk lipid extracted from irradiated eggs and that of nonirradiated ones. Gamma irradiation reduced the viscosity of egg whites. Sensory evaluation showed no significant differences between mayonnaises prepared from irradiated and nonirradiated egg yolks.
Model-Reduced Variational Data Assimilation
Authors: Vermeulen P. T. M. , Heemink A. W. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
This paper describes a new approach to variational data assimilation that with a comparable computational efficiency does not require implementation of the adjoint of the tangent linear approximation of the original model. In classical variational data assimilation, the adjoint implementation is used to efficiently compute the gradient of the criterion to be minimized. Our approach is based on model reduction. Using an ensemble of forward model simulations, the leading EOFs are determined to define a subspace. The reduced model is created by projecting the original model onto this subspace. Once this reduced model is available, its adjoint can be implemented very easily and can be used to approximate the gradient of the criterion. The minimization process can now be solved completely in reduced space with negligible computational costs. If necessary, the procedure can be repeated a few times by generating new ensembles closer to the most recent estimate of the parameters. The reduced-model-based method has been tested on several nonlinear synthetic cases for which a diffusion coefficient was estimated.
The Impact of Moist Singular Vectors and Horizontal Resolution on Short-Range Limited-Area Ensemble Forecasts for Two European Winter Storms
Authors: Walser André , Arpagaus Marco , Appenzeller Christof , Leutbecher Martin 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
This paper studies the impact of different initial condition perturbation methods and horizontal resolutions on short-range limited-area ensemble predictions for two severe winter storms. The methodology consists of 51-member ensembles generated with the global ensemble prediction system (EPS) of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, which are downscaled with the nonhydrostatic limited-area model Lokal Modell. The resolution dependency is studied by comparing three different limited-area ensembles: (a) 80-km grid spacing, (b) 10-km grid spacing, and (c) 10-km grid spacing with a topography coarse grained to 80-km resolution. The initial condition perturbations of the global ensembles are based on singular vectors (SVs), and the tendencies are not perturbed (i.e., no stochastic physics). Two configurations are considered for the initial condition perturbations: (i) the operational SV configuration: T42 truncation, 48-h optimization time, and dry tangent-linear model, and (ii) the “moist SV” configuration: TL95 truncation, 24-h optimization time, and moist tangent-linear model.
Lokal Modell ensembles are analyzed for the European winter storms Lothar and Martin, both occurring in December 1999, with particular attention paid to near-surface wind gusts. It is shown that forecasts using the moist SV configuration predict higher probabilities for strong wind gusts during the storm period compared to forecasts with the operational SV configuration. Similarly, the forecasts with increased horizontal resolution—even with coarse topography—lead to higher probabilities compared with the low-resolution forecasts. Overall, the two case studies suggest that currently developed operational high-resolution limited-area EPSs have a great potential to improve early warnings for severe winter storms, particularly when the driving global EPS employs moist SVs.
A Semi-Implicit Runge–Kutta Time-Difference Scheme for the Two-Dimensional Shallow-Water Equations
Authors: Kar Sajal K. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
A semi-implicit, two time-level, three-step iterative time-difference scheme is proposed for the two-dimensional nonlinear shallow-water equations in a conservative flux form. After a semi-implicit linearization of the governing equations, the linear gravity wave terms are time discretized implicitly using a second-order trapezoidal scheme applied over each iterative step, whereas the nonlinear terms including horizontal advection and other terms left over from the semi-implicit linearization are time discretized explicitly using a third-order Runge–Kutta scheme. The effectiveness of the scheme in terms of numerical accuracy, stability, and efficiency is established through a forced initial-boundary value problem studied using a two-dimensional shallow-water model.
High Winds Generated by Bow Echoes. Part II: The Relationship between the Mesovortices and Damaging Straight-Line Winds
Authors: Wakimoto Roger M. , Murphey Hanne V. , Davis Christopher A. , Atkins Nolan T. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Airborne radar analysis of a mesovortex that developed near the apex of a bow echo is presented. The mesovortex was shown to play a critical role in determining the location of intense “straight-line” wind damage at the surface. The perturbation pressure gradient force (in natural coordinates) along the parcel path accelerated the horizontal winds; however, intense mesovortices modified the low-level outflow and largely determined the locations where the strongest winds occurred. Regions of maximum winds are accounted for as a superposition of the vortex and the flow in which it is embedded. The strongest winds occur on the side of the vortex where translation and rotation effects are in the same direction. This model explains the observed tongue of high wind speeds that were confined to the periphery of the mesovortex. The origin of the mesovortex is also examined. Similarities and differences of this bow echo event with recent modeling studies are presented.
Numerically Simulated Electrification and Lightning of the 29 June 2000 STEPS Supercell Storm
Authors: Kuhlman Kristin M. , Ziegler Conrad L. , Mansell Edward R. , MacGorman Donald R. , Straka Jerry M. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
A three-dimensional dynamic cloud model incorporating airflow dynamics, microphysics, and thunderstorm electrification mechanisms is used to simulate the first 3 h of the 29 June 2000 supercell from the Severe Thunderstorm Electrification and Precipitation Study (STEPS). The 29 June storm produced large flash rates, predominately positive cloud-to-ground lightning, large hail, and an F1 tornado. Four different simulations of the storm are made, each one using a different noninductive (NI) charging parameterization. The charge structure, and thus lightning polarity, of the simulated storm is sensitive to the treatment of cloud water dependence in the different NI charging schemes. The results from the simulations are compared with observations from STEPS, including balloon-borne electric field meter soundings and flash locations from the Lightning Mapping Array. For two of the parameterizations, the observed “inverted” tripolar charge structure is well approximated by the model. The polarity of the ground flashes is opposite that of the lowest charge region of the inverted tripole in both the observed storm and the simulations. Total flash rate is well correlated with graupel volume, updraft volume, and updraft mass flux. However, there is little correlation between total flash rate and maximum updraft speed. Based on the correlations found in both the observed and simulated storm, the total flash rate appears to be most representative of overall storm intensity.
Mass Conservation and the Anelastic Approximation
Authors: Bannon Peter R. , Chagnon Jeffrey M. , James Richard P. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Numerical anelastic models solve a diagnostic elliptic equation for the pressure field using derivative boundary conditions. The pressure is therefore determined to within a function proportional to the base-state density field with arbitrary amplitude. This ambiguity is removed by requiring that the total mass be conserved in the model. This approach enables one to determine the correct temperature field that is required for the microphysical calculations. This correct, mass-conserving anelastic model predicts a temperature field that is an accurate approximation to that of a compressible atmosphere that has undergone a hydrostatic adjustment in response to a horizontally homogeneous heating or moistening. The procedure is demonstrated analytically and numerically for a one-dimensional, idealized heat source and moisture sink associated with moist convection. Two-dimensional anelastic simulations compare the effect of the new formulation on the evolution of the flow fields in a simulation of the ascent of a warm bubble in a conditionally unstable model atmosphere.
In the Boussinesq case, the temperature field is determined uniquely from the heat equation despite the fact that the pressure field can only be determined to within an arbitrary constant. Boussinesq air parcels conserve their volume, not their mass.
Treatment of Observation Error due to Unresolved Scales in Atmospheric Data Assimilation
Authors: Janjić Tijana , Cohn Stephen E. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Observations of the atmospheric state include scales of motion that are not resolved by numerical models into which the observed data are assimilated. The resulting observation error due to unresolved scales, part of the “representativeness error,” is state dependent and correlated in time. A mathematical formalism and algorithmic approach has been developed for treating this error in the data assimilation process, under an assumption that there is no model error. The approach is based on approximating the continuum Kalman filter in such a way as to maintain terms that account for the observation error due to unresolved scales. The two resulting approximate filters resemble the Schmidt–Kalman filter and the traditional discrete Kalman filter.
The approach is tested for the model problem of a passive tracer undergoing advection in a shear flow on the sphere. The state contains infinitely many spherical harmonics, with a nonstationary spectrum, and the problem is to estimate the projection of this state onto a finite spherical harmonic expansion, using observations of the full state. Numerical experiments demonstrate that approximate filters work well for the model problem provided that the exact covariance function of the unresolved scales is known. The traditional filter is more convenient in practice since it requires only the covariance matrix obtained by evaluating this covariance function at the observation points. A method for modeling this covariance matrix in the traditional filter is successful for the model problem.
A Real-Time, Three-Dimensional, Rapidly Updating, Heterogeneous Radar Merger Technique for Reflectivity, Velocity, and Derived Products
Authors: Lakshmanan Valliappa , Smith Travis , Hondl Kurt , Stumpf Gregory J. , Witt Arthur 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
With the advent of real-time streaming data from various radar networks, including most Weather Surveillance Radars-1988 Doppler and several Terminal Doppler Weather Radars, it is now possible to combine data in real time to form 3D multiple-radar grids. Herein, a technique for taking the base radar data (reflectivity and radial velocity) and derived products from multiple radars and combining them in real time into a rapidly updating 3D merged grid is described. An estimate of that radar product combined from all the different radars can be extracted from the 3D grid at any time. This is accomplished through a formulation that accounts for the varying radar beam geometry with range, vertical gaps between radar scans, the lack of time synchronization between radars, storm movement, varying beam resolutions between different types of radars, beam blockage due to terrain, differing radar calibration, and inaccurate time stamps on radar data. Techniques for merging scalar products like reflectivity, and innovative, real-time techniques for combining velocity and velocity-derived products are demonstrated. Precomputation techniques that can be utilized to perform the merger in real time and derived products that can be computed from these three-dimensional merger grids are described.