bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of Acetaldehyde and Acetate in the Development of Ethanol‐Induced Cardiac Lipidosis, Studied in Isolated Perfused Rat Hearts
Authors: Kiviluoma Kai , Hassinen Ilmo 
Published: February 2008

Isolated perfused rat hearts were used to study the effects of ethanol, acetaldehyde, and acetate on the cellular redox state and tatty acid metabolism in the myocardium. Ethanol had negligible effects on the cellular redox state but at high concentrations depressed the contractile activity and thereby secondarily the oxygen consumption. Acetaldehyde in concentrations below 50 μm had negligible effects on the redox state of the mitochondrial free NAD+/NADH couple, as studied by surface fluorometry of flavins and nicotinamide nucleotides. A reduction of NAD+ was observed with concentrations between 50 and 500 μm, while in the range of 0.5–1 mM the effect was biphasic, i.e., an initial reduction was followed by oxidation concomitantly with an increase in heart rate and peak systolic pressure. Acetate in rnillimolar concentrations caused an extensive reduction of mitochondrial NAD+ and an increase in the coronary flow. A mitochondrial acetaldehyde dehydrogenaae was revealed in the myocardium, having an apparent K, of 1.l μm for acetaldehyde. Acetaldehyde in 50μm concentration had no major effects on the uptake, oxidation, or lipid incorporation of oleate in the myocardium. Acetate in concentrations less than 2 mM did not affect the uptake of oleate into the myocardium, but did inhibit its oxidation and enhance its incorporation into tissue lipids in a dosedependent manner. 2 mM acetate caused a 91% increase in oleate incorporation into tissue lipids over 30 min.The data can be interpreted as showing that acetaldehyde and acetate, the metabolites of ethanol, have metabolic effects on the myocardium, but only those of acetate are signlficant in concentrations encountered during ethanol oxidation in vivo. It is probable that acetate is involved in the development of ethanol‐induced myocardial lipidosis, inhibiting the oxidation of fatty acids, and channelling them into the esterification pathway.
Identification and Intervention of Heavy Drinking in Middle‐Aged Men: Results and Follow‐up of 24–60 Months of Long‐Term Study with Randomized Controls
Authors: Kristenson Hans , Öhlin Hans , Hultén‐Nosslin Maj‐Britt , Trell Erik , Hood Bertil 
Published: February 2008

In a continuing screening and intervention programme in Malmó, elevated serum‐yglutamyltransferase (GGT) values were used for selection of heavy drinkers. The study population consisted of 585 individuals born 1926–1933 with two consecutive GGT values in the upper decile of the GGT distribution, randomly allocated either to an intervention group of to a control group. The subjects in the intervention group were further investigated and 75% of them were judged to have elevated GGT values caused by alcohol consumption. These individuals were repeatedly encouraged to lower their overall alcohol consumption and GGT measurements were used as biofeedback method in the treatment program. The controls were informed by letter to be restrictive with their alcohol consumption and that they should receive new invitations for measurements of their liver enzymes after 2, 4, and 6 years. The intervention and control groups were well matched and followed over a 2–6‐year period.Two and 4 years after the screening investigation, the GGT values in both groups were significantly decreased. There were differences, however, between the two groups with regard to sick absenteeism, hospitalization, and mortality. A significant reduction was found in sick absence during 4 years by 80%, in hospital days during 5 years by 60%, and in mortality during 6 years by 50% in the intervention group compared with the control group. Thus, the intervention program was effective in preventing medico‐social consequences of heavy drinking.
Acute Effects of Alcohol on Female Sex Hormones
Authors: MD Matti Välimäki. , Härkönen Matti , Ylikahri Reino 
Published: February 2008

The acute effect of alcohol on plasma concentrations of female sex hormones was studied in nine healthy women aged 20–32 years during the midluteal phase of menstrual cycle. The experimental subjects received alcohol (1.2 g/kg of body weight) during the first 3 hr of the experiment (from 18.00 to 21.00 hr) and the plasma concentrations of folliclestimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, Prolactin, estradiol, estrone, progesterone, testosterone, and growth hormone were monitored for 20 hr after the start of the experiment. Every subject also participated in an identical control experiment without alcohol at the same phase of the next or previous cycle. Blood alcohol concentration reached its maximum 1.19 ± 0.02 g/liter (mean ± sem) 4 hr after the start of drinking. We could not demonstrate any alcohol‐induced decrease in plasma concentrations of estradiol, estrone, progesterone, and testosterone. In contrast, the relative values for plasma concentrations of estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone as calculated as per cent of the starting hormone levels tended to be even higher after alcohol administration than during the control session. During the first 4 hr of the oxperiment, plasma concentrations of gonadotropins seemed to decrease more rapidly after ethanol ingestion than during the control session, possibly due to negative feedback regulation of pituitary gonadotropin secretion by the relative high level of plasma estradiol, or due to a direct effect of ethanol administration. With ascending blood ethanol concentration, the values for plasma prolactin were decreased. The peak concentration of plasma growth hormone seen at 4 hr during the control session was totally abolished by ethanol ingestion.In conclusion, our results suggest that the acute ingestion of moderate doses of alcohol has only small effects on female gonadal function during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle.
Clinical Conditions and Concentrations of MOPEG in the Cerebrospinal Fluid and Urine of Male Alcoholic Patients during Withdrawal
Authors: Borg Stefan , Czarnecka Alexandra , Kvande Hans , Mossberg Dick , Sedvall Goran 
Published: February 2008

The levels of 3‐methoxy‐4‐hydroxyphenylethyleneglycol (MOPEG), the major noradrenaline metabolite in the central nervous system, were analyzed in lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and urine from 74 male alcohol addicts during acute withdrawal and after 1 week of abstinence. The values obtained were compared to those of 21 healthy male volunteers. Clinical conditions were rated on the Sampling days.Concentrations of MOPEG were elevated during early withdrawal and the levels decreased during detoxication. This pattern was found in both the CSF and urine, irrespective of type of drug treatment during withdrawal. The clinical symptoms improved during withdrawal and, in the beginning, there were significant positive correlations between MOPEG levels in the CSF and sleeping problems, tremors, restlessness, visual hallucinations, and elevated muscle tension. Changes in MOPEG levels correlated to changes of mood. A significant correlation was also found between low MOPEG level and craving for alcohol. Few correlations were found between MOPEG levels in the urine and clinical symptoms.The results indicate an elevated noradrenergic transmitter turnover rate in the early phase of alcohol withdrawal and a connection between noradrenaline metabolism and several clinical conditions during alcohol withdrawal.
Alcohol‐Induced Changes in Lipids and Lipoproteins
Authors: Gandhi B. M. , Raina Nillima 
Published: February 2008

Fasting plasma samples from 42 voluntary subjects of moderate to high socioeconomic status families and living in Delhi, taking 5–20 oz/week of alcohol regularly, and 42 normal subjects from comparable socioeconomic status with no history of intake of alcohol and no evidence of any known metabolic or coronary problems were analyzed for cholesterol and triglycerides and their levels in lipoprotein fractions, i.e., very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), low density lipoproteins (LDL), and high density lipoproteins (HDL). Free fatty acids, urea, uric acid, and glucose levels were also determined and dietary intake was calculated in the two groups.Cholesterol and triglycerides in plasma, and VLDL and LDL fractions were found to be increased in the alcohol‐taking group even though their intake of alcohol was moderate. VLDL fraction formed 65 and 32% of total triglycerides and cholesterol, respectively. Sugar, uric acid, and free fatty acids (FFA) increased significantly in the alcohol‐taking group. Total energy intake was significantly higher in the alcohol‐taking group mainly from significant high intake of proteins and fats. Calculated on the basis of intake/day/kg of body weight the difference in intake of protein, fat, and carbohydrates was insignificant Regular intake of even small quantity of alcohol along with food rich in proteins and fats may induce elevation of high cholesterol‐containing lipoproteins, i.e., LDL and VLDL with increased hypertriglyceridemia, and these increased levels may constitute important coronary risk factors.
Oxidation Phenotyping in Alcoholics with Liver Disease of Varying Severity
Authors: Lanthier Philippe L. , Reshef Ron , Shah Rashmikant R. , Oates Nicholas S. , Smith Robert L. , Morgan Marsha Y. 
Published: February 2008

The propensity to develop alcoholic cirrhosis is probably, at least in part, genetically determined. A striking similarity exists histologically between pernexiline and alcohol‐related hepatitis and both are potentially precirrhotic lesions. Liver damage due to pernexiline is associated with impaired drug oxidation capacity which is genetically determined and tested by use of debrisoquine. Oxidation phenotyping might be used to predict susceptibility to pernexiline liver damage; it might also predict the potential to develop alcoholic cirrhosis. Oxidation phenotyping was therefore undertaken, using debrisoquine in 100 alcoholic patients, 30 of whom had only fatty liver despite prolonged alcohol abuse, while the remaining 70 had alcoholic hepatitis and/or cirrhosis. One hundred patients with nonalcoholic chronic liver disease served as controls. The number of patients with severely impaired drug oxidation capacity (poor metabolizer phenotype) was similar in the alcoholic group (8%) and the nonalcoholic control group (7%). In particular, the incidence of the poor metabolizer phenotype was similar in alcoholics with severe liver disease (10%) and in those with only fatty change (3%).There appears to be no association between the susceptibility to develop alcoholic cirrhosis and drug oxidizing capacity.
Brain Membrane Sensitivity to Ethanol during Development of Functional Tolerance to Ethanol in Rats
Authors: Beaugé Franĉoise , Fleuret‐Balter Catherine , Nordmann Jo , Nordmann Roger 
Published: February 2008

Adult male rats were rendered progressively tolerant to ethanol by daily intragastric administration of doses of 3–6 g/kg body weight. Functional tolerance assessed by the hypothermic effect after injection of a challenge dose of ethanol developed slowly and was demonstrable after 2 weeks of treatmentIntrinsic crude synaptosomal membrane fluidity, as assessed by fluorescence polarization of DPH, as well as (Na++ K+)ATPase activity, did not change significantly during the whole treatment. However, the extra addition of ethanol (0.175‐0.700 m) in vitro to the membranes of rats, having received ethanol over a period of at least 2 weeks, fluidized less and inhibited the (Na++ K+)ATPase activity less than in starch‐fed controls. The time‐course for the appearance of this membrane hyposensitivrty was found to be the same as the time course for the development of functional tolerance to ethanolThe correlation between the degree of functional tolerance and the (Na++ K+)ATPase sensitivity to ethanol appeared very significant, highlighting the sensitivity of membrane‐bound enzymes to detecting adaptive changes in complex biological membranes tolerance
Effects of Chronic Ethanol Treatment on Lipid Composition and Prostaglandins in Rats Fed Essential Fatty Acid Deficient Diets
Authors: Ailing Christer , Becker Wulf , Jones A. W. , Änggärd Erik 
Published: February 2008

Rats of the third generation fed on a diet with 0.3 energy‐% (low‐essential fatty acids (EFA) or 3 energy‐% (normal‐EFA) essential fatty acids wens given once‐daily intraperitoneal injections of ethanol 3 g/kg or isocakmc glucose for 23 days. At the end of the experiment, organs were removed and their weight and lipid composition were determined. The postmortem accumulation of the prostaglandins PGE2, PGF2, and 6‐keto‐PGF 1α, was used to assess prostaglandin (PG) precursor availability in the organs.Ethanol was found to amplify the biochemical indicators of EFA‐deficiency. The fatty acids 20:3 n‐9 in brain phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylinositol and 22:5 n‐6 in brain phosphatidytethan‐oiamine and phosphatidylserine were significantly higher in the ethanol group compared to the control group. In the kidney, the 20:3 n‐9/20:4 n‐6 ratio in phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylserine was significantly higher in the ethanol group compared to the control group. The low‐EFA animals had a lower output of urinary PGF2α. than the normal EFA animals. Chronic ethanol treatment gave a pronounced increase of urinary PGF2α in both groups. Kidney levels of PGs were lower in the low EFA‐animals. Chronic ethanol treatment gave a further decrease in kidney PGs. PG levels were the same in brains from low‐EFA and normal‐EFA animals with no effects of ethanol.The data are consistent with an increased utilization of EFA during chronic ethanol intoxication leading to a depletion of PG precursor stores in some but not all organs.
Effect of temperature on the morbidity and recovery of the Pacific Coast wireworm, Limonius canus, following contact with tefluthrin‐treated wheat seeds
Authors: Van Herk W. G. , Vernon R. S. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractLate instars of the Pacific Coast wireworm, Limonius canus (LeConte) (Coleoptera: Elateridae), were exposed to wheat seeds treated with tefluthrin at 10 g active ingredient/100 kg wheat seed, for 2 min, at 10, 15, 20, and 25 °C. All wireworms were moribund within 20 min of first exposure and recovered fully within 7 h. Morbidity induction time (i) decreased considerably as the temperature (t) was increased from 10 to 15 °C, but did not decrease further when the temperature was increased from 15 to 25 °C. For each temperature, induction time decreased as wireworm weight (w) increased, so that . A strong negative temperature coefficient was observed in wireworm recovery, the time required for recovery (r) after exposure decreasing as both temperature (t) and wireworm weight (w) increased, so that r = 1102.47(w)−0.1848 * e−0.1012t. The temperature at which wireworms contact insecticides in the field may significantly affect the induction and duration of morbidity, and determine whether wireworms will become moribund before they are repelled by tefluthrin. The ability of wireworms to recover from tefluthrin‐induced morbidity may seriously limit the efficacy of this insecticide in reducing wireworm populations in the field.
Olfactory coding in the insect brain: molecular receptive ranges, spatial and temporal coding
Authors: Galizia C. Giovanni , Szyszka Paul 
Published: February 2008

AbstractOdor information is coded in the insect brain in a sequence of steps, ranging from the receptor cells, via the neural network in the antennal lobe, to higher order brain centers, among which the mushroom bodies and the lateral horn are the most prominent. Across all of these processing steps, coding logic is combinatorial, in the sense that information is represented as patterns of activity across a population of neurons, rather than in individual neurons. Because different neurons are located in different places, such a coding logic is often termed spatial, and can be visualized with optical imaging techniques. We employ in vivo calcium imaging in order to record odor‐evoked activity patterns in olfactory receptor neurons, different populations of local neurons in the antennal lobes, projection neurons linking antennal lobes to the mushroom bodies, and the intrinsic cells of the mushroom bodies themselves, the Kenyon cells. These studies confirm the combinatorial nature of coding at all of these stages. However, the transmission of odor‐evoked activity patterns from projection neuron dendrites via their axon terminals onto Kenyon cells is accompanied by a progressive sparsening of the population code. Activity patterns also show characteristic temporal properties. While a part of the temporal response properties reflect the physical sequence of odor filaments, another part is generated by local neuron networks. In honeybees, γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)‐ergic and histaminergic neurons both contribute inhibitory networks to the antennal lobe. Interestingly, temporal properties differ markedly in different brain areas. In particular, in the antennal lobe odor‐evoked activity develops over slow time courses, while responses in Kenyon cells are phasic and transient. The termination of an odor stimulus is reflected by a decrease in activity within most glomeruli of the antennal lobe and an off‐response in some glomeruli, while in the mushroom bodies about half of the odor‐activated Kenyon cells also exhibit off‐responses.
Nitrogen fertilization rate affects feeding, larval performance, and oviposition preference of the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua, on cotton
Authors: Chen Yigen , Ruberson John R. , Olson Dawn M. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractNitrogen (N) is one of the most critical chemical elements for plant and animal growth, exerting a variety of bottom‐up effects. Development and oviposition of the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), were studied in relation to varying N fertilization levels (42, 112, 196, and 280 p.p.m.) in cotton [Gossypium hirsutum L. (Malvaceae)]. Low N fertilization of cotton plants led to reduced plant biomass and a lower percentage of N in leaf blades and in leaf petioles. Development of S. exigua larvae fed with plants with reduced N applications (42 and 112 p.p.m.) was prolonged relative to treatments receiving higher N fertilization. Almost all larvae reared on artificial diets underwent only five instars before pupation. However, most larvae reared on cotton plants, irrespective of N levels, experienced a supernumerary sixth larval instar. Furthermore, significantly more larvae reared on lower N cotton plants underwent supernumerary development compared to larvae reared on higher N cotton plants. Life‐time feeding damage per larva ranged from 55 to 65 cm2, depending on the nutritional quality of the food plant, although the differences were not statistically significant. Larvae distinguished between cotton plants with various nutritional qualities and fed preferentially on higher N plants. Female moth oviposition choice was also affected by host plant nutritional quality: cotton plants with higher N levels were preferentially chosen by S. exigua females for oviposition. The mechanisms of these effects are unclear, but they can have important implications for population dynamics and pest status of beet armyworms in the field.
The pattern and prevalence of hypodontia in Koreans
Authors: Chung CJ , Han J‐H , Kim K‐H 
Published: February 2008

Objective:  The objective of this study was to evaluate the pattern and prevalence of hypodontia in the Korean population along with its association with the dental and skeletal polymorphisms.Subjects and materials:  The diagnostic materials including casts, panoramic radiographs, and lateral cephalograms of 1622 Korean subjects (611 males, 1011 females) were used to evaluate the pattern and prevalence of hypodontia as well as its association with the congenital absence of the third molar. The changes in the tooth size and skeletal characteristics of the hypodontia group were evaluated using cast/cephalometric analysis and compared with the standard values of normal occlusion in Koreans.Results:  The prevalence of hypodontia in Koreans was 11.2%. The mandibular lateral incisor and second premolar were the most frequently absent. Congenital absence of the third molar was observed more frequently in the hypodontia group than in the non‐hypodontia group. The prevalence of hypodontia in Class III malocclusion was significantly higher than in Class I or Class II malocclusion.Conclusion:  The pattern and prevalence of hypodontia can vary in different ethnic groups. In Koreans, the special features of hypodontia were its association with a higher level of congenital missing third molars and skeletal Class III malocclusion.
ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY AND BINDING ABILITY OF BOVINE LACTOFERRIN AGAINST PSEUDOMONAS SPP.
Authors: KIM WOAN‐SUB , RAHMAN M.M. , SHIMAZAKI KEI‐ICHI 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACT The antibacterial activity of bovine lactoferrin was tested against Pseudomonas fluorescens and Pseudomonas syringae. The activity was studied by monitoring the growth of a Pseudomonas spp. in the presence or absence of bovine apo‐lactoferrin, bovine holo‐lactoferrin or native‐lactoferrin in liquid media at different concentrations. Lactoferrin‐binding proteins in the membrane fractions of Pseudomonas spp. were detected using far‐Western blot analysis. The addition of bovine lactoferrin to the medium inhibited the growth of all tested strains. Furthermore, the growth of P. fluorescens and P. syringae was strongly inhibited by bovine apo‐lactoferrin. The estimated molecular weights of lactoferrin‐binding proteins in P. fluorescens were 70, 49, 47 and 25 kDa, and 70, 48 and 28 kDa in P. syringae.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Pseudomonas fluorescens is an important psychrotrophic bacterium responsible for undesirable flavors in milk and dairy products. Thus, flavor and texture defects, such as bitterness and running paste, were also reported. In addition, Pseudomonas syringae causes various diseases on many different susceptible plant species, generally producing chlorotic and necrotic lesions on leaves and fruits. The resultant bacterial spoilage causes considerable economic losses for the food and dairy industries. At present, antiseptics and agricultural chemicals are used for defense of foods and vegetables from these bacteria, but such substances are known to deleteriously affect the human body. The results of this study demonstrate that bovine lactoferrin significantly inhibits the growth of P. fluorescens and P. syringae. The results indicate that the incorporation of bovine lactoferrin is expected to protect dairy products, food and fruits from pathogenic bacteria.