bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of two benzathine cloxacillin formulations for treatment of naturally occurring infectious bovine keratoconjunctivits
Authors: George Lisle W. , Keefe Thomas , Daigneault Josee 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A field study was performed to determine the effectiveness of benzathine cloxacillin for the treatment of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivits in cattle from 2 farms located in northern California. The study was performed between June and September of 1987. Affected calves ranging from 2 to 9 months of age were selected from the main herd when signs of corneal ulceration were observed. The study was conducted in 2 phases. For phase I, the affected calves of herd 1 (n = 21; Holsteins) and herd 2 (n = 43 Angus crossbred), were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups, and were either treated with 250 (n = 23) or 375 mg (n = 21) of benzathine cloxacillin, or mineral oil (n = 20) on days 1 and 4. For phase II, affected calves (n = 16; Angus crossbred, 3 to 9 months of age) from herd 2 were treated with benzathine cloxacillin (250 mg). Eight of these calves were retreated on day 4.
After treatment, all calves were examined every 72 hours for 16 days. For examinations, a clinical score was assigned to each eye, and the surface areas of photographed corneal ulcers were measured. The ocular secretions were collected and examined culturally for Moraxella bovis.
On days 7, 10, and 13, the calves treated with benzathine cloxacillin had significantly (P < 0.05) lower lesion scores, compared with the controls. The percentage of day-1 area measurements on posttreatment days 4, 7, and 10 were significantly larger in the controls than in the treated calves. The mean healing times of corneal lesions in the 2 antibiotic treatment groups were significantly (P < 0.05) shorter than in the controls. In the treated calves, the healing times of corneal ulcers ≤ 0.5 cm in diameter on day 1 were significantly (P < 0.05) shorter than the healing times of larger lesions. The healing times of the corneal ulcers in the Angus crossbred calves were significantly (P < 0.05) longer than the healing times of the Holsteins. The controls had the greatest number of nonhealed corneal ulcers on day 16. The number of calves that remained infected with M bovis on days 4, 7,10, and 13 was significantly less in both groups of treated calves than in the controls. The scores, surface area measurements, healing times, and the M bovis isolation frequency in the calves of the 250-mg and 375-mg and 1- and 2-dose treatment groups were not significantly different.
The minimal inhibitory concentrations (mic) of penicillin, cloxacillin, and ampicillin in the day-16 isolates from benzathine cloxacillin-treated herd-2 calves were greater than in isolates from corresponding calves on observation day 1; however, twofold increases of the respective mic of pretreatment and day-16 specimens were not observed. The highest mic of ampicillin, cloxacillin, gentamicin, oxytetracycline, and penicillin were 0.5, 8.0, 0.5, 2, and 1 μg/ml, respectively, for isolates collected during the final study week.
Gas conductance during high-frequency oscillatory ventilation in large animals
Authors: Dodman N. H. , Lehr J. L. , Spaulding G. L. , Gavriely N. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Three sheep, a foal, a pony, and a calf were anesthetized and ventilated for short periods, using a high-frequency oscillatory ventilator. The efficiency of CO2 elimination was characterized at various oscillatory frequencies (50 to 30 Hz) and various tidal volumes, although the tidal volume used was always less than the measured dead space of the animal. In general, increasing either the oscillatory frequency or tidal volume increased CO2 elimination, but increasing the tidal volume had more effect. The relationship between these 3 variables was best described by a power law equation. Ventilatory frequencies and tidal volumes required to maintain eucapnia in the species studied were extrapolated from the results and, when technically possible, the potential of the technique to maintain eucapnia was tested in extended runs. The animals were supported successfully over this period, with normal blood gas tensions and no detrimental effects to heart rate and rhythm or arterial blood pressure.
Bovine serum and nasal secretion immunoglobulins against Pasteurella haemolytica serotype 1 antigens
Authors: Nelson Sandra L. , Frank Glynn H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Experimental intranasal inoculation of cattle with Pasteurella haemolytica serotype 1 resulted in a group that shed the bacteria in their nasal secretions (colonized) and a group that did not shed (uncolonized). After inoculation, antibody titers in serum and nasal secretions against the total P haemolytica increased significantly, and the proportions of total antibody against specific P haemolytica antigens changed so that the proportion directed against the 94- and 62-kD antigens increased. Prior to inoculation, the proportion of total antibody in the serum against 94- and 62-kD antigens of P haemolytica was higher in calves that remained uncolonized than in those that became colonized with P haemolytica after exposure. Antibody specificity of serum and nasal secretions differed in the relative amounts directed against each P haemolytica antigen. The specificity against P haemolytica antigens differed between IgG and IgA isotypes of serum and nasal secretions, with IgA being directed against fewer antigens than was IgG.
Separation of bovine lymphocytes and granulocytes from blood by use of elutriation
Authors: Khansari Nemat , Beauclair Kim , Gustad Thomas 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Bovine blood mononuclear cells were separated into 2 fractions by use of centrifugal elutriation. Total recovery, as well as recovery of each fraction, was greater than that obtained by use of Ficoll-sodium diatrizoate separation. The lymphocyte fraction contained < 1% granulocytes, and the granulocyte fraction contained only 7% lymphocyte contamination. The technique was reproducible and results proved to be comparable with those of Ficoll-sodium diatrizoate density-gradient centrifugation; furthermore, the method is considerably cheaper and less time-consuming for processing large volumes of blood. Viability of cells separated by elutriation always was > 98%, wheras viability of cells separated by Ficoll-sodium dia-trizaote was > 95%. Also, mitogen activation of lymphocytes separated by elutriation was superior to that of lymphocytes separated by Ficoll-sodium diatrizoate centrifugation.
Concanavalin A-induced suppressor cell activity in intestinal mucosal leukocytes obtained from healthy cows
Authors: Nagi Abdelbagi M. , Babiuk Lorne A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Leukocytes isolated from the intraepithelium, lamina propria, and aggregated lymphoid follicles (alf) of the bovine small intestinal mucosa were activated by concanavalin A (conA) to generate suppressor activity against the proliferative response of autologous and allogeneic leukocytes to conA, phytohemagglutinin, and pokeweed mitogen. Freshly obtained intraepithelium, lamina propria, and alf leukocytes, preincubated with 25 to 50 μg/ml of conA for 24 to 48 hours, were able to inhibit the mitogenic responses of autologous and allogeneic lymphocytes when cocultured at a ratio ≥ 1:1 (suppressor cells to responder cells). Depletion of adherent cells (monocytes/macrophages) by sequential plastic and gel adherence completely abrogated the conA-induced suppressor activity of all 3 leukocytes populations. However, reconstitution with autologous or allogeneic monocytes/ macrophages during the induction phase restored the inducible suppressor activity. Addition of recombinant human interleukin-2 at a concentration as low as 5 U/ml during the responder phase enabled the responder population to recover the response apparently impaired by the conA-treated alf leukocytes. At a concentration of 10 U/ ml, human interleukin-2 was not only able to restore the responder population's response to phytohemagglutinin stimulation, but highly enhanced its proliferative ability. Although quantitative variations were observed between different cell populations and cells obtained from individual cows, the extent and general pattern of the inducible suppressor activity were similar in cells from cows studied.
Antibody response of pseudorabies virus subunit-vaccinated pigs to viral nucleocapsid proteins following low-dose virus challenge of immunity
Authors: McGinley M. J. , Platt K. B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The antibody response to pseudorabies virus nucleocapsid proteins (ncp) was evaluated by the western immunoblot analysis before and after challenge of immunity by nasal inoculation of 102.3 plaque-forming units of virus in 10 pigs that had been vaccinated with pseudorabies virus envelope glycoproteins. Antibody to 5 ncp with molecular mass of 140, 63, 41, 34, and 23 kD was first detected in vaccinated and nonvaccinated pigs on day 14 after challenge of immunity. Antibody to 2 of the 5 ncp continued to be detected through day 113 in 9 of 10 vaccinated pigs. Beyond day 32, antibody to ncp was not detected in 1 vaccinated pig. The 23-, 34-, and 41-kD proteins were the most immunogenic. Antibody to each of these proteins was first detected on day 14 in 10, 10, and 8 pigs, respectively. Seven, 6, and 8 pigs, respectively, were antibody-positive for these proteins on day 113. The 140- and 63-kD proteins were the least immunogenic. Antibody to these proteins was detected in 8 and 9 pigs, respectively, on day 14, and in 4 and 5 pigs, respectively, on day 113. Chi-square analysis for dependency indicated that the antibody response to the 140- and 63-kD proteins was interdependent. These results suggested that combinations of ncp may be useful as nonvaccine diagnostic antigens.
Uptake and excretion of Brucella abortus in tissues of the face fly (Musca autumnalis)
Authors: Cheville Norman F. , Rogers Douglas G. , Deyoe William L. , Krafsur Elliot S. , Cheville John C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
To determine their capacity to host Brucella abortus, face flies were examined 1 to 120 hours after feeding on broth containing bacteria and bovine erythrocytes. Brucella abortus was cultured in large numbers from whole flies for 12 hours after feeding, but not after 72 hours. Histologic analysis showed that brucellae were rapidly taken into the midgut, sequestered from erythrocytes, transiently stored, and shed in the feces; there was no evidence of bacterial replication within epithelial cells. Immunoperoxidase and immunogold techniques revealed that most brucellae in the gut were confined to the lumen by the peritrophic membrane, that brucellae were degraded in secondary lysosomes of midgut epithelial cells, and that intact brucellae passed into connective tissues surrounding the midgut. Bacterial excretion without midgut replication is consistent with transient, but not long-term, insect transmission in nature.
Detection of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in an invertebrate (Callibaetis sp)
Authors: Shors Scott T. , Winston Vern 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) was detected in the common Mayfly (Callibaetis sp) by western immunoblot assay and was propagated in fish cells (CHSE-214) in culture. When propagated in cell culture, cytopathic effect characteristic of ihnv infection was observed. Antibody specific for ihnv was used to detect all of the major proteins of ihnv in the western immunoblot assay. When the crude lysate was subjected to electron microscopy, bullet-shaped particles (84 nm × 194 nm) characteristic of ihnv were observed. The data suggested that the Mayfly may be a factor in the dissemination of ihnv.
Purification of the phospholipase D of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis by recycling isoelectric focusing
Authors: Egen Ned B. , Cuevas William A. , McNamara Peter J. , Sammons David W. , Humphreys Robin , Songer J. Glenn 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Recycling isoelectric focusing was investigated as a method for purification of phospholipase D (pld) from cultures of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. Supernatant fluids from cultures of equine isolate 155 in brain-heart infusion broth were dialyzed against distilled water, concentrated by lyophilization, and fractionated by preparative isoelectric focusing in free solution in a pH 3 to 13 gradient with 6M urea. Protein concentration, pH, and pld activity of the 10 resulting fractions were determined. Two pld activity assays were used: release of 14C choline from labeled sphingomyelin and synergistic hemolytic activity with Rhodococcus equi factors. Enzyme activity focused in 2 fractions at pH 8.5 to 9.8. The synergistic hemolytic assay was simple and rapid for detecting pld in partially purified fractions. Electrophoretic examination of the fraction containing the highest concentration of pld activity revealed protein bands at 14, 21, and 31.7 kD Mr suggesting purification to near-homogeneity. Proteins from the 31.7-kD band were labeled by antibodies in serum from a goat with chronic C pseudotuberculosis infection.
Udder edema in cattle: Effects of diuretics (furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, acetazolamide, and 50% dextrose) on serum and urine electrolytes
Authors: Vestweber Jerome G. E. , Al-Ani Falah K. , Johnson Dallas E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Blood and urine chemical values at parturition in clinically normal Holstein cows (n = 12) were compared with the same values in Holstein cows developing udder edema (n = 12). There was no statistically significant mean difference between the 2 groups for the serum and urine chemical data. Furosemide (500 mg) given iv caused a significant increase in serum calcium and sodium, urine chloride, potassium, and sodium, and fractional excretional ratio of chloride, potassium, and sodium. There was a significant mean decrease in the serum potassium, urine creatinine, osmolality, pH, and specific gravity. Hydrochlorothiazide (250 mg) given iv caused a significant mean increase in serum chloride, urine chloride, potassium, and sodium, and fractional excretion ratio of chloride, potassium, and sodium. There was a significant mean decrease in serum potassium and sodium, urine osmolality, pH, and specific gravity. Acetazolamide (500 mg) given IV caused a significant mean increase in blood urea nitrogen, serum chloride and glucose, urine sodium, and fractional excretion ratio of sodium, while causing a significant mean decrease in serum potassium, sodium, and phosphorus, and urine creatinine. Dextrose (500 g) given IV as a 50% solution caused a statistical mean increase in serum glucose, urine chloride, potassium, and sodium, and fractional excretion ratio of chloride and potassium. A statistical mean decrease occurred in the packed cell volume, blood urea nitrogen, serum calcium, potassium, sodium, and phosphorus, urine creatinine, osmolality, and PH.
Pharmacokinetics of phenobarbital in dogs given multiple doses
Authors: Ravis W. R. , Pedersoli W. M. , Wike J. S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Studies were conducted to examine the temporal changes an phenobarbital pharmacokinetics during chronic dosing in dogs. Ten dogs were allotted into 2 groups, administered a single oral dose, rested for 35 days, and then given the drug for 90 consecutive days. After single administration of 5.5 mg/kg of body weight or 15 mg/kg, the total body clearance (Clt/F) was 5.58 ± 1.89 ml/h/kg and 7.28 ± 1.07 ml/h/kg, respectively. The half-lives (t1/2) for the 2 groups were 88.7 ± 19.6 hours for the 5.5-mg/kg dose and 99.6 ± 22.6 hours for the 15-mg/kg dose. Significant differences in Clt/F or t1/2 were not observed between the 2 groups. Multiple-dosing regimens (5.5 mg/kg/day or 11 mg/kg/day) were initiated in the same dogs for 90 days. The Clt/F was significantly (P < 0.05) greater on days 30, 60, and 90 than the single dose for both groups. After the last dose on day 90, several blood samples were obtained to determine phenobarbital t1/2. On day 90, the t1/2 was significantly (P < 0.05) shorter and the Clt/F was significantly greater than single-dose values. The Clt/F and t1/2 were 10.2 ± 1.7 ml/h/kg and 47.3 ± 10.7 hours for the group given the low dose and 15.6 ± 2.5 ml/h/kg and 31.1 ± 4.4 hours for the group given the high dose, respectively. Both Clt/F and t1/2 were significantly (P < 0.05) different between the 2 groups on day 90. Results of the study indicated that single-dose pharmacokinetic studies of phenobarbital do not accurately predict steady-state phenobarbital serum concentrations (Css) because of possible autoinduction. Although considerable variation in phenobarbital pharmacokinetics was detected among dogs, a dose of 5.5 mg/kg/day is recommended for Css of 20 to 25 μg/ml and 11 mg/kg/day for Css of 30 to 40 μg/ml.
Ultrasonographic evaluation of induced testicular lesions in male goats
Authors: Eilts Bruce E. , Pechman Robert D. , Taylor H. Wayne , Usenik Edward A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
To study testicular ultrasonographic features, unilateral testicular artery ligation was performed in 12 bucks to induce predictable ischemic necrosis of the testis. Both scrotal testes then were scanned subsequently on days 1, 3, 5,7,15, and 30. On each of the designated days, 2 bucks each were castrated and the excised testes were rescanned outside the scrotum before gross and histologic examinations. In each goat, the testis without the ligated artery served as a control. Gross and histopathologic findings in the testis were compared with ultrasonographic observations. As the study progressed from day 0 to day 15, visually and microscopically, the testis involved in the testicular artery ligation had edema that changed to areas of peripheal necrosis with thickening of the testicular capsule. On day 30, the affected testis had granulation tissue in the areas that previously had been necrotic.
Ultrasonographically, the testicular changes were consistent with the gross and histopathologic findings. There were areas of decreased echogenicity that corresponded to the necrotic areas and foci of high echogenicity that corresponded to areas of tubular mineralization. On day 30, the granulation tissue was difficult to differentiate ultrasonographically from normal testicular parenchyma. Between days 3 and 15, hydrocele was seen ultrasonographically in several goats. The excellent association between ultrasonographic findings and gross and histologic changes suggested that testicular ultrasonography might be a valuable diagnostic tool for assessing testicular disease in domestic animals.
Develoment of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect IgG, IgM, and complement (C3) on canine erythrocytes
Authors: Porter Robert E. , Weiser M. Glade , Callahan Gerald N. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
An elisa was used to detect IgG, IgM, and complement (C3) on the surface of canine erythrocytes. Erythrocytes were placed in wells of a microtitration plate and incubated with affinity purified, alkaline phosphatase-conjugated anti-canine IgG, IgM, or C3. Results of the elisa were compared with the direct antiglobulin test (dat) by preparing standard reference curves from canine blood type A erythrocytes that had been incubated with serial dilutions (1:2 to 1:8,192) of canine anti-A serum. The elisa detected increased erythrocyte-bound immunoglobulin and complement at two- to fourfold dilutions greater than those required for positive results with the dat. The elisa required small sample and reagent volumes and detected lower concentrations of immune components than did the dat.
Early renal ultrasonographic findings in dogs with experimentally induced ethylene glycol nephrosis
Authors: Adams William H. , Toal Robert L. , Walker Michael A. , Breider Michael A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Renal ultrasonographic changes were evaluated in 5 dogs administered 10 ml of commercial antifreeze (95% ethylene glycol)/kg of body weight, po, and in 2 dogs given placebos. Studies were made prior to and after ingestion on an hourly basis over a period of 8 to 10 hours. All dogs were anesthetized immediately after toxin or placebo ingestion for the duration of the study. Renal cortical echogenicity was evaluated in comparison with that of the adjacent liver and spleen. Echogenicity of the renal medulla and definition of the corticomedullary junction were assessed. Within 4 hours after ethylene glycol administration, renal cortical echogenicity of all intoxicated dogs increased from normal to surpass that of the liver and approach or equal that of the spleen. Medullary echogenicity in all intoxicated dogs progressively increased over the course of the study, with changes recognized within 5 hours after ethylene glycol administration. An ultrasonographic pattern consisting of nearly equal, marked increase in cortical and medullary echogenicity and relatively hypoechoic corticomedullary junction and central medullary regions was recognized concurrent with the development of anuria in 3 of the 5 intoxicated dogs.
Mild, transient increases in cortical and medullary echogenicity were oberved in anethetized control dogs. However, no statistical difference (P < 0.05) was detected between baseline, peak, and terminal echogenicity values in these dogs.
Blood and urine samples were collected hourly from intoxicated dogs to coincide with ultrasonographic studies. Most clinicopathologic values derived from these samples were not statistically different (P < 0.05) from those reported in a study that used a similar intoxication protocol in nonanesthetized dogs.
Transstadial and attempted transovarial transmission of Anaplasma marginale by Dermacentor variabilis
Authors: Stich Roger W. , Kocan Katherine M. , Palmer Guy H. , Ewing S. A. , Hair Jakie A. , Barron Selwyn J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Transstadial and transovarial transmission of Anaplasma marginale by Dermacentor variabilis were attempted with ticks exposed to the organism once by feeding as larvae or nymphs, and twice by feeding as larvae and nymphs. Typical colonies of A marginale were in gut tissues of adults that were infected as larvae, larvae and nymphs, and as nymphs; repeated exposure of ticks did not appear to result in an increase in the number of colonies in the gut of subsequently molted adults nor did it affect severity of the clinical disease that developed in cattle they fed on. In contrast, colonies of A marginale were not found in the midgut epithelium of unfed nymphs exposed as larvae, even though companion nymphs transmitted the parasite, causing severe clinical anaplasmosis in susceptible calves. The organism was not transmitted transovarially by F1 larvae or nymphs from the groups exposed as parent larvae, nymphs, larvae and nymphs, and as adults. Some of the calves fed on by F1 progeny had a few erythrocytic marginale bodies that looked suspiciously like A marginale, as well as postchallenge exposure prepatent periods that were longer than other calves in the transovarial transmission study. Sera from these calves were tested for antibody to A marginale, using a highly sensitive immunoblot technique. Antibodies were not detected in any of the sera.