bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Community Psychiatric Nursing for Neurotic Patients: A Controlled Trial
Authors: Paykel E. S. , Mangen S. P. , Griffith J. H. , Burns T. P. 
Published: August 2008

SummarySeventy-one neurotic patients requiring follow-up were randomly assigned to routine psychiatric out-patient care or to supportive home visiting from community psychiatric nurses as their main treatment agents and were assessed every six months for 18 months. No differences were found between effectiveness of the two modes of service on symptoms, social adjustment or family burden. Patients seeing community psychiatric nurses reported greater satisfaction with treatment. Community psychiatric nursing resulted in a marked reduction in out-patient contacts with psychiatrists and other staff, more discharges, and a small increase in general practitioner contact for prescribing. Care of such patients by community psychiatric nurses is a valuable alternative mode of deployment within the psychiatric team.
The Nithsdale Schizophrenia Survey: I. Psychiatric and Social Handicaps
Authors: McCreadie Robin G. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA review of all known schizophrenics from a discrete geographical area, Nithsdale in Dumfries and Galloway Region, found a point prevalence of 2.38 per 1000 of the total population; this figure fell to 1.73 when only Feighner positive schizophrenics were considered. Only 3 per cent of the population interviewed had no abnormality in mental state or behaviour; negative schizophrenic symptoms were prominent positive symptoms uncommon. Approximately one quarter were in-patients, who were an atypical group, showing much more obvious social and psychiatric disability. In- and day patient care and state benefits for schizophrenics cost each member of the Nithsdale community approximately £12 a year.
The Nithsdale Schizophrenia Survey: II. Abnormal Movements
Authors: McCreadie Robin G. , Barron Elizabeth T. , Winslow George S. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIn a review of all known schizophrenics (n = 133) from a discrete geographical area, Nithsdale in Dumfries and Galloway Region, 88 per cent were examined for evidence of tardive dyskinesia (TD) and parkinsonism. The prevalence of both TD and parkinsonism was 31 per cent. The TD group was older and more often showed negative schizophrenic symptoms than the non-TD group. The trend was towards a higher prevalence among in-patients and Feighner positive schizophrenics. Parkinsonism was common in patients receiving antiparkinsonian drugs. Ten per cent of patients had both TD and parkinsonism. The findings will act as a baseline for regular reassessment of the population.
Testing the Monogenic Theory of Schizophrenia
Authors: Tsuang Ming T. , Bucher Kathleen D. , Fleming Jerome A. 
Published: August 2008

SummarySegregation analysis was applied to blind family data concerning schizophrenia to decide if the transmission of schizophrenia could be explained by a single major gene. Our results showed that the Mendelian model was unacceptable. Therefore, the monogenic hypothesis could not account for the transmission of schizophrenia. Since the hypothesis of no parent-child transmission was also not accepted, there was an indication that some form of vertical transmission existed which could be psychosocial, or an interaction between genetic and psychosocial factors. Our results suggest genetic heterogeneity in schizophrenia. Currently available clinical criteria for defining subgroups must be improved in conjunction with detection of biological indicators so that segregation analysis of family data could be effectively used in determining modes of transmission in schizophrenia.
Demethylation of C14 2,3,4-Trimethoxyphenylethylamine in Schizophrenics Before and After L-methionine Loading
Authors: Antun F. T. , Kurkjian R. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryDemethylation was compared in acute and chronic schizophrenics and in non-schizophrenics by the administration of C14 labelled 2,3,4-trimethoxyphenylethylamine (TMPEA). The results did not show a significant difference in the urinary levels of the monodemethylated catabolites of TMPEA among any groups of patients. However, there was a significant decrease in demethylation in untreated chronic schizophrenics after ten days of L-methionine orally, whereas the non-schizophrenic group similarly given methionine did not change. This suggests the possibility of a biological weakness in schizophrenia.
EEG Monitored ECT
Authors: Christensen Peder , Koldbæk Ib 
Published: August 2008

SummaryEEG monitored ECT was administered to 20 patients, 12 females and 8 males. One hundred and fifty-six treatments were given (mean 7.8 treatments/patient), and the relation between clinically observed seizures (COS) and the cerebral patterns of convulsions (EPC) was compared. If clinical observation alone had been used, restimulation would have been necessary in 43 per cent of the treatments, whereas restimulation actually was done in 9 per cent. Similarly, too violent convulsion patterns would have been ignored in 5 per cent of the treatments.
Acute Rise of Pancreatic Polypeptide after Electroconvulsive Therapy
Authors: Allen J. M. , Adrian T. E. , Cramer P. A. , Steinert J. , Bloom S. R. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryPlasma pancreatic polypeptide concentrations rise by 320±81 per cent following administration of electroconvulsive therapy. This rise is observed in the first ten minutes despite premedication of patients with 0.6 mg atropine. Pancreatic polypeptide release is dependent on cholinergic tone and is very sensitive to atropine. The dramatic rise in pancreative polypeptide observed following electroconvulsive therapy probably results from vagal stimulation and reflects insufficient atropine premedication.
Elevated Motilin Levels in Patients Treated with Antidepressant and Neuroleptic Drugs
Authors: Allen J. M. , Christofides N. D. , Cramer P. A. , Steinert J. , Bloom S. R. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryConstipation is a frequent effect of treatment with antidepressant and neuroleptic drugs as a result of interference with neuronal control of colonic muscular activity. Motilin, a circulating peptide, is involved in induction of myoelectric complexes in the colon. Significantly elevated circulating basal motilin levels were found in patients receiving tricyclic antidepressant drugs, mean 128±33 pmol/l (control 48±6 pmol/l) or neuroleptic therapy, mean 213±29 pmol/l (control 87±8 pmol/l).
The Contemporary Natural History of Mental Disorder in Old Age
Authors: Blessed G. , Wilson I. D. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA classificatory system for mental disorders in the elderly proposed by Roth in 1955 was examined in a comtemporary population. Ninety per cent of patients could be allocated to the five psychosyndromes originally defined. Examination of outcome in the present sample, at six months and two years, showed important differences. The outlook for patients with paranoid psychoses showed an improvement though for those with affective illness (at 2 years) there was little change. Of special importance was the increased long-term survival of very elderly female patients with senile dementia. This, in conjunction with the general rise in admissions for mental disorders in the aged over the past 25 years, has considerable implications for the future development of psychiatric services for the elderly mentally ill.
Rapid Response to Lithium in Phenelzine Non-responders
Authors: Nelson J. Craig , Byck Robert 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThree patients suffering from major depressive disorder with melancholia and unresponsive to a three-week trial of adequate dosage of phenelzine, received lithium. Each responded within a five-day period. The similarity to lithium augmentation of tricyclic treatment is noted and discussed.
Normal Ventricles in Young Schizophrenics
Authors: Benes Francine , Sunderland Pearson , Jones Barry D. , LeMay Marjorie J. , Cohen Bruce M. , Lipinski Joseph F. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe CT scans of 11 schizophrenics and 26 controls were evaluated for both linear (Evan's and cella media ratios) and volume (planimetry and grid ratios) measurements of ventricular size. There were no differences between the two groups on any of the measures obtained. These results are discussed in relation to previous reports showing ventricular enlargement in schizophrenics. The relatively younger age and briefer period of hospitalization in this present sample are suggested as variables possibly associated with these findings.
The Present State Examination: Experiences with Xhosa-speaking Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Gillis L. S. , Ben-Arie O. , Elk R. , Teggin A. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryLanguage, conceptual, and cultural factors are discussed in relation to a Xhosa translation of the Present State Examination which was administered to a series of 120 consecutive new admissions to a psychiatric hospital.The experiential events of psychiatric disturbance as defined by the PSE exist in Xhosa-speaking patients and it is a valid instrument.
Pharmacological Responsiveness of Sweat Glands in Anxious Patients and Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Maple Shani , Bradshaw C. M. , Szabadi E. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe responsiveness of eccrine sweat glands to local intradermal injections of carbachol and phenylephrine was studied in six male and six female healthy volunteers and six female patients suffering from anxiety neurosis, using a plastic paint impression method. Carbachol evoked consistently greater responses than phenylephrine. The response to carbachol attained a peak approximately two minutes after injection, whereas the response to phenylephrine attained a peak within fifteen seconds of the injection. Males showed greater responsiveness to both drugs than females, this being reflected in significantly higher maxima of the dose-response curves for the males. The anxious females showed a higher level of spontaneous sweat gland activity and greater responsiveness to both drugs (reflected in higher maxima of the dose-response curves) than the normal females.
Hospital Admissions for Adverse Effects of Medicinal Agents (Mainly Self-Poisoning) Among Adolescents in the Oxford Region
Authors: Hawton Keith , Goldacre Michael 
Published: August 2008

SummaryHospital statistics for episodes coded as ‘adverse effects of medicinal agents' were used to study deliberate self-poisoning among people aged 12–20 years in the Oxford Region. Admission rates rose sharply from the age of 12 years, more so for females than males, up to the age of 16 years in females and 18 years in males. Analgesics, antipyretics and psychotropic drugs were the agents most commonly used by both sexes and accounted for three-quarters of all admissions. Admission rates varied from year to year, but increased overall between 1974 and 1979, notably among people under 16 years of age. Admissions for ‘adverse effects of medicinal agents' accounted for 4.7 per cent of all general hospital admissions among people aged 12–20 years.
Suicide in Chronic Schizophrenia
Authors: Roy Alec 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA matched controlled study of 30 chronic schizophrenic suicides is presented. Eighty per cent were male and committed suicide at a mean age of 25.8 years after a mean duration of illness of 4.8 years. Significantly more of the suicides had a chronic relapsing schizophrenic illness; 23.3 per cent committed suicide while in-patients, and 50 per cent of the out-patients committed suicide within three months of discharge from in-patient care. Significantly more of the suicides had a past history of depression (56.6 per cent), were depressed in the last episode of contact (53.3 per cent), had their last admission for depression or suicidal ideation (55.2 per cent) and were unemployed (80 per cent).
Body Image Disturbance in Dysmorphophobia
Authors: Hardy G. E. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryTwo repertory grids relating to body image and interpersonal relationships were administered to dysmorphophobic, psoriatic and control subjects. Both dysmorphophobics and psoriatics expressed dissatisfaction with their body image and, in addition, dysmorphophobics were dissatisfied with their interpersonal relationships. The dysmorphophobic group were also less happy with their self-concept than the other two groups.
Cancer and Depression: Cancer Presenting with Depressive Illness: An Autoimmune Disease?
Authors: Brown J. H. , Paraskevas F. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIt is proposed that some cases of depressive illness in cancer patients may be caused by immunological interference with the activity of serotonin, one of the neurotransmitters thought to be implicated in depression. This interference could be mediated in two ways. Antibody induced against a protein released from cancer cells could, on the basis of cross-reactivity with CNS tissue, bind to receptors for serotonin and block them. Such primary antibodies could stimulate the production of anti-idiotypic antibodies, which would act as an alternative receptor for serotonin and reduce its synaptic availability.
The Psychoses of Epilepsy and the Functional Psychoses: A Clinical and Phenomenological Comparison
Authors: Toone Brian K. , Garralda Elena , Ron Maria 
Published: August 2008

SummarySixty-nine patients, each with a combined diagnosis of epilepsy and psychosis, were compared with 53 patients with a diagnosis of functional psychosis. The epileptic affective patients often lacked convincing psychotic features; ECT and lithium were rarely prescribed; only three showed evidence of bipolarity. The epileptic schizophrenic patients were judged to have the better premorbid personality, experienced more paranoid delusions and delusions of reference, and showed less catatonic features than the functional schizophrenic patients. The course of the epileptics' illness was more variable.The concept that the schizophrenia-like psychosis associated with epilepsy is a distinct nosological entity is supported, but not the suggestion of a relationship between affective psychosis and epilepsy.
Drift and Dangerousness Social Class Differences Between Acute Schizophrenics and Their Parents in Relation to Measures of Violence
Authors: Seeman Kenneth , Yesavage Jerome A. , Werner Paul D. , Becker Jacqueline M. T. 
Published: August 2008

SummarySocio-economic differences between schizophrenics on an acute in-patient unit and their parents were studied in relation to indices of dangerousness and of psychiatric status, It was found that, whatever their class of origin, a large proportion of patients had dropped in occupational attainment, relative to that of their parents, but that patients tended to be higher in education than their parents. Patients who had committed an assaultive act prior to admission were lower in social status than their parents.
Thiamine, Riboflavin and Pyridoxine Deficiency in Psychiatric In-Patients
Authors: Carney M. W. P. , Ravindran A. , Rinsler M. G. , Williams D. G. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryOne hundred and seventy-two successive admissions to a district general hospital psychiatric unit were examined. Routine psychiatric, drug and dietary histories were taken and signs of avitaminosis B specifically noted. Red cell transketolase (for thiamine deficiency), glutathione reductase (for riboflavin deficiency) and aspartate transaminase (for pyridoxine deficiency) were measured. Of the patients, 53 per cent were deficient in at least one vitamin, 12 per cent in more than one (30 per cent in thiamine, 27 per cent in riboflavin and 9 per cent in pyridoxine). Schizophrenics and alcoholics were significantly over-represented in those patients low in thiamine and in more than one vitamin. Patients with an affective disorder had low riboflavin and low pyridoxine. It is suggested that affective changes are characteristic of riboflavin and pyridoxine deficiency.
Neuropsychological and Computerized Tomographic Evaluations of Young Alcoholics
Authors: Lee Kirsten , Bech Per , Jensen Egill 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe purpose of the study was to evaluate whether the mood of an alcoholic contributed to the impairment on intellectual tests. The Marke-Nyman Temperament Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory were administered to 37 male alcoholics. It was found that there were no significant differences in personality or mood between intellectually impaired and intellectually intact subjects.
The Response of Out-Patient Opiate Addicts to the Provision of a Temporary Increase in their Prescribed Drugs
Authors: Gossop Michael , Strang John , Connell P. H. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryAddicts who use illicit drugs despite receiving a maintenance prescription present a difficult management problem for drug dependence clinics. This study looks at a small group of such addicts and at their response to the provision of a temporary increase in their prescribed opiates. The results indicate that this increase led to a reduction in illicit drug use and to improvements in social functioning. These and other findings are discussed. It is suggested that clinics should be more prepared to consider such temporary increases, but the need for careful monitoring and for the involvement of more than one member of the treatment team is stressed.
Paranoia Revisited
Authors: Munro Alistrair 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe modern conceptualization of paranoia depends largely on the work of Emil Kraepelin. After him, German psychiatry concentrated on detailed descriptions of psychopathology in paranoid states, but there were few diagnostic or therapeutic advances till lately. A revival of interest is apparent, but this may be stultified by inaccurate criteria for paranoid disorders in DSM III, whose influence, at least in North America, appears assured for a considerable time.
Comparison of Electroconvulsive Therapy with Imipramine in Endogenous Depression: A Double Blind Study
Authors: Gangadhar B. N. , Kapur R. L. , Kalyanasundaram S. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryElectroconvulsive therapy was compared with imipramine in the treatment of endogenous depression in a double blind randomized controlled trial. Both treatments produced equally significant improvement which was equally maintained till the end of six months. However ECT produced its effects quicker with lesser subjective side effects to the patient. ECT did not cause any organic brain dysfunction as assessed at the end of three and six months.
Unipolar vs. Bipolar Mania: A Review of 247 Patients
Authors: Pfohl Bruce , Vasquez Ned , Nasrallan Henry 
Published: August 2008

SummaryPrevious studies attempting to support unipolar mania as an entity distinct from bipolar disorder, have produced conflicting results. The present study reports on a chart review of 247 patients admitted to the University of Iowa with a history of at least one manic episode; 87 of these had apparently never experienced a depression. A subgroup of 92 patients, who met DSM III diagnostic criteria and had a history of at least two episodes of affective disorder, were also examined. There were few clinically meaningful differences between patients with unipolar mania and bipolar disorder on demographic, symptomatic, or familial variables. An earlier report that unipolar manics were more likely to be male and have a family history of unipolar depression was not confirmed. Unipolar mania is not supported as a separate entity from bipolar disorder.
The Dexamethasone Suppression Test as a Discriminator among Subtypes of Psychotic Patients
Authors: Rothschild Anthony J. , Schatzberg Alan F. , Rosenbaum Alan H. , Stahl Julie B. , Cole Jonathan O. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryPlasma Cortisol levels examined at 16.00 hours after dexamethasone in 31 controls and in 34 psychotic patients with various diagnoses, suggests that the ranges of such levels may help to discriminate among subtypes of psychotic patients. They were significantly higher in the unipolar depressed psychotic group than in control subjects or in psychotic patients with bipolar depression or schizophrenia. Moreover, the distribution of values differed between groups. Whereas 8 of 14 psychotic patients with unipolar depressive illness had post-dexamethasone Cortisol values ≥ 14 μg/dl, none of the remaining psychotic patients had similarly high values. Implications of these data are discussed.
The Relation of Childhood Separation Experiences to Adult Depressive and Anxiety States
Authors: Tennant Christopher , Hurry Jane , Bebbington Paul 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe relation of childhood separation experiences to adult depression, anxiety and ‘general psychological morbidity’ was assessed in a random population survey. Four causes of separation were examined in each of three age groups: childhood illness, parental illness, parental marital discord and wartime evacuation. Childhood separations occurring up to five years of age bore no relation to depression, anxiety nor to incidence of morbidity generally. From five to ten years of age, separations caused by parental illness and marital discord were related to morbidity, and in the latter instance were more likely to cause depression than anxiety. From 11 to 15 years, only separations due to parental illness were related to morbidity generally.
The Presentation of Mental Illness in Mentally Retarded Adults
Authors: Wright Elaine Catherine 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA survey of 1507 mentally handicapped adults in a long-stay hospital, three-quarters of whom were severely subnormal, led to the identification of 42 (2.8 per cent of the total group) with a current typical affective illness. Non-verbal criteria were used so that such conditions could be recognized at any level. Schizophrenia could be diagnosed only on verbally expressed symptoms and was found in 27 (1.8 per cent) of the patients, none of whom was preverbal in mental level. Forty-one (2.7 per cent) had an atypical affective illness superimposed on an early childhood psychosis. Half of these patients were preverbal, so that the pattern of their illness was particularly difficult to recognize.
Suicide in Psychiatric In-Patients
Authors: Copas J. B. , Robin Ashley 
Published: August 2008

SummarySuicide risks for psychiatric hospital in-patients may be described by empirical relationships that take account of sex, length of admission and diagnosis. Risks are highest in males, in the first week of admission, and in depressed patients. Hospital suicide rates do not follow the same pattern as those for the general population and it is suggested that this effect may be the result of current selection procedures. The standard mortality ratio, which compares hospital with general population suicides, has remained unchanged over fifty years.
Autumn Incidence of Suicides Re-examined: Data from Finland by Sex, Age and Occupation
Authors: Näyhä Simo 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe seasonal variation in suicides in Finland during the period 1961–1976 was examined using individual records from 16, 312 death certificates and time-series analysis. De-trended figures show that suicides are usually concentrated in early summer but a secondary rise in the late part of the year is noted, particularly in females, among those aged 15–24 years and in the highest and lowest (i.e. unknown) social classes. In modern occupations (technical, administrative, clerical, sales and service work) suicides usually occur in late autumn. It is suggested that the original seasonal peak in suicides lies in spring–summer, while the autumn peak is of later origin and typical of those living in a man-made environment.
Verbal Memory Tasks Showing No Deficit in Schizophrenia—Fact or Artefact?
Authors: Calev Avraham , Monk Andrew F. 
Published: August 2008

SummarySchizophrenics show a deficit in a variety of verbal memory tasks, except recognition memory, and incidental learning when recall is preceded by an ‘orienting task’ which ensures effective encoding. These two exceptions provide experimental evidence for the currently prevailing theory that it is a defect in effective encoding which is responsible for the observed schizophrenic verbal memory deficit. The present review concludes that these two exceptions are probably artefacts of unmatched tasks, and cannot be used to support the theory.