bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Microbiological Quality of Private Water Supplies
Authors: Fewtrell L. , Kay D. , Godfree A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper provides a detailed assessment of the microbiological quality of a selection of private water supplies. Samples were taken from 91 supplies and analyzed for total coliforms, faecal coliforms and faecal streptococci. The microbiological quality of the samples was generally poor, with almost 50% of the supplies failing to meet the required standards on at least one occasion. Given the high level of sanitary microbiological failures, there is the possibility that harmful microorganisms could be present and a significant risk to health cannot be discounted.
The Stability of the Oxford Clay as a Mineral Liner for Landfill
Authors: Batchelder M. , Mather J. D. , Joseph J. B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe paper discusses the mineralogical and chemical stability of the Oxford Clay as a landfill liner for the containment of domestic waste. The results from a series of batch equilibrium experiments with the mudrock and a synthetic leachate are compared with samples of a liner cored from a 15‐year‐old site in the Formation. The effects of leachate on the Clay include mineral dissolution, exchange of cations, particle‐size reduction and collapse of illite‐smectite. In situ mixed‐assemblage mineral liners, such as the Oxford Clay, are capable of attenuating leachate components and buffering acid leachates whilst the predominant clay minerals, i.e. illite and kaolinite, remain stable. Alterations to the mineralogy and chemistry of the samples resulting from both short‐term and long‐term exposure to leachate are discussed with reference to the implications to landfill practice.
Factors Governing Macrophyte Status in Hampshire Chalk Streams: Implications for Catchment Management
Authors: Wilby R. L. , Cranston L. E. , Darby E. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSevere droughts in the late 1980s and 1990s have highlighted the fragility of many aquatic environments in southern England; in particular, declining river flows may be having an adverse affect on macrophytes in the chalk‐fed streams of the Rivers Test and Itchen. Detailed macrophyte survey data which were collected from representative sites in both rivers during 1991–1995 are interpreted in the context of changing hydroclimatic, water quality and in‐stream channel conditions. Multivariate statistical analyses support the assertion that river flow is the most significant parameter governing observed changes in macrophyte cover. During low flow years, filamentous algae have increased at most sites to the detriment of Ranunculus spp. These findings have catchment‐management implications which should be addressed if the long‐term integrity of such aquatic ecosystems is to be safeguarded.
The Use of the Water Velvet Azolla Filiculoides in Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Ghobrial M. G. , Siam E. E. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract Azolla filiculoides is a free‐floating water fern which fixes atmospheric nitrogen in association with the nitrogen‐fixing blue‐green alga Anabaena azollae. It is used for nutrient‐removal purposes because it can grow under a wide range of environmental conditions.This paper describes a series of experiments which was carried out in Alexandria, Egypt, to elucidate the performance of Azolla for the treatment of sewage and nutrient removal.
The Use of Economic Instruments for Water Management in Selected EU Member Countries
Authors: Zabel T. F. , Andrews K. , Rees Y. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe use of economic instruments for environmental management is being encouraged by the European Commission for the management of water abstractions and effluent discharges. Economic instruments are being applied increasingly by EU Member States to complement the traditional ‘command and control’approach, based on the licensing system. However, the design and the purpose of the charging schemes, and the levels of charges raised in the different EU Member States, vary widely.This paper (a) discusses the use of abstraction and effluent charges applied in France, Germany, The Netherlands, and England & Wales, (b) assesses the impact of the schemes on water abstractions and effluent discharges, and (c) evaluates the feasibility of the application of incentive charging schemes.
The Recreational Value of Cley Marshes Nature Reserve: An Argument Against Managed Retreat?
Authors: Klein R. J. T. , Bateman I. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn the shoreline management plan for the coast of North Norfolk (England), managed retreat has been identified as the most preferable option for the Cley Marshes nature reserve. In general, arguments in favour of managed retreat are (i) opportunities for nature restoration and development, (ii) economic efficiency, and (iii) enhanced resilience to environmental stress and shock. However, with respect to the Cley reserve, recent floods have shown that increased salinity is likely to decrease its natural value, while this study shows that the economic‐efficiency criterion is not valid either.This paper discusses the application of contingent valuation and travel‐cost methods on data collected by interviews of 160 visitors to the reserve, which has provided estimates of the annual recreational value of the site.
Hydraulic Performance of Environmental Features in Rivers
Authors: Ferguson R. M. , Lyness J. F. , Myers W. R. C. , O'Sullivan J. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFrom 1986 to 1992 a drainage improvement scheme was undertaken on the River Blackwater, Northern Ireland, following which the Department of Agriculture (for Northern Ireland) carried out a programme of fishhabitat reconstruction in an attempt to restore the river's depleted stock. Over three hundred sites were refurbished by introducing pools, spawning and nursery areas.This paper investigates the hydraulic performance of the refurbished habitats, with particular interest in the roughtness characteristics of the incorporated features.
Dynamic Process Modelling of Activated‐Sludge Plants
Authors: Smith M. , Dudley J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper reviews the developments in process modelling, and outlines the benefits of dynamic modelling compared to steady‐state modelling. The alternative uses of modelling, for design, operation and training, are included. The models covered are the COD‐based models from the IAWQ models #1 and #2 and WRc's BOD‐based model. The relevance of BOD modelling for practitioners, rather than academics, is discussed, and likely routes for the future development are presented.The authors’practical experience using these models, principally under WRc's STOAT software, is also presented in the form of case studies ‐ highlighting the experience of sampling programmes, calibration, validation and the continuing importance of the engineer's role.
Faecal‐Indicator Budgets for Recreational Coastal Waters: A Catchment Approach
Authors: Wyer M. D. , Kay D. , Crowther J. , Whittle J. , Spence A. , Huen V. , Wilson C. , Carbo P. , Newsome J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper explores the application of a catchment faecal‐indicator budget approach to the examination of faecal‐indicator sources impacting on coastal recreational water quality. This involves (i) the characterization of water quality in sewage effluent and riverine inputs, and (ii) measurement and estimation of input flows; the product of these components yields the input flux of indicator organisms from each source. The impact of sewage‐treatment scenarios on budgets is also investigated.
An Integrated Approach to Flood Forecasting and Warning in England and Wales
Authors: Haggett C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFlood‐warning systems have been researched and discussed for several decades, and there is a large degree of consensus among researchers that an integrated approach to such systems is the most effective. There is evidence to show that flood‐warning systems are rarely operated in an integrated way and, as a consequence, tend to function sub‐optimally. The new powers vested in the Environment Agency in 1996, to oversee the total warning process in England and Wales, provide a unique opportunity to develop an integrated approach to flood detection, forecasting, warning dissemination and response, and therefore an improved service to other agencies and communities at risk from flooding.
Groundwater Exploitation and Development: Some Current Issues in Scotland
Authors: Robins N. S. , Ball D. F. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe increasing cost of water in public supply is providing renewed interest in groundwater from industry and other intensive water‐users. At present, groundwater in Scotland enjoys considerable advantages: over surface water. However, there are also disadvantages: in some areas groundwater quality is poor due either to anthropogenic activity or the natural occurrence of acidic groundwaters. The future groundwater development and management policy for Scotland is being formed around the Water Resources Framework Directive and the Groundwater Action Programme. However, there are several policy constraints which urgently need to be addressed; these include (a) the role of the Water Order and (b) the need for a licensing system to control abstraction from selected aquifer units.
An Assessment of Groundwater Recharge on the Channel Island of Jersey
Authors: McCartney M. P. , Houghton‐Carr H. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractOn the Channel Island of Jersey, a third of the total water requirements are obtained from groundwater sources. A reliable estimate of recharge is necessary for sustainable groundwater management. Past resource management has been limited, partly because the rate of recharge is uncertain.This paper describes the application of three independent methods of estimating recharge: (a) chloride balance, (b) stream baseflow analysis, and (c) rainfall‐recharge‐runoff simulation. All three methods produce reasonably consistent results, indicating that long‐term recharge is 16–19% of average annual rainfall, and results of modelling indicate that groundwater abstraction may have exceeded recharge in 5 out of 28 years. These findings have important implications for the management of the island's water resources.
Validation of the Sewage‐Treatment Odour‐Prevention (STOP) Model
Authors: Yang G. , Hobson J. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTA sewage‐treatment odour‐prevention model has been developed as a result of investigations using an environmental wind tunnel. The model was validated at a full‐scale sewage‐treatment works and realistic estimates of odour‐emission rates from a variety of sewage‐treatment processes were obtained. The model can be used to predict odour and hydrogen sulphide gas‐emission rates from many types of sewage‐treatment processes, offering (a) improved reliability in odour‐emission rate quantification, (b) reduced monitoring costs, and (c) an improved insight into the causes of odour problems.
A Mental Model's Approach to Customer Perception of Drinking‐Water Supply and Quality
Authors: Owen A. J. , Colbourne J. S. , Clayton C. R. I. , Fife‐Schaw C. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThis study uses the psychological framework of ‘mental modelling’ to compare what experts and laypeople think about the hardness of drinking water. A drinking‐water quality mental model was developed using influence‐directed network procedures. This was evaluated in qualitative studies in Oxfordshire and the findings revealed gaps in laypeople's knowledge about the water‐supply process.
Disinfection With Peracetic Acid for Domestic Sewage Re‐Use in Agriculture
Authors: Liberti L. , Lopez A. , Notarnicola M. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper describes a four‐month pilot study on peracetic acid disinfection of unchlorinated tertiary effluent for unrestricted re‐use in agriculture carried out at West Bari (Italy) sewage‐treatment works. Dosages and contact times ranging from 1 to 500 mg/1 and 5 to 60 mins, respectively, indicated that 10 mg/1 of peracetic acid, with a 30‐min contact time, achieved the WHO faecal coliform guideline (1000 CFU/100ml). Much higher doses (£400 mg/l and 30 mins) were required to meet the corresponding Californian limit of two colony‐forming units/100 ml, which has also been adopted in Italy. Efficient mixing of the disinfectant (in one shot addition) was mandatory ‐ particularly at lower dosages (1–10 mg/l) where there was a higher concentration of suspended solids (>5 mg/l).
The Impact and Sustainability of Community Water Supply and Sanitation Programmes in Developing Countries
Authors: Carter R. C. , Tyrrel S. F. , Howsam P. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTSound strategies for community water supply and sanitation programmes in developing countries should be based on (i) a clear understanding of the existing problems, (ii) the beneficial impacts achievable, and (iii) the factors which determine sustainability. The impacts of many water and sanitation programmes are limited, and many systems break down and are abandoned prematurely; only limited impacts are achievable in the short term without greatly increased investment. Sustainability, in the sense of continued delivery and uptake of services, is threatened by numerous attitudinal, institutional and economic factors, and community participation approaches alone are no guarantee of success. The key to sustainability is that all stakeholders involved in consumption/use, maintenance, cost recovery, and continuing support, perceive it in their best interests to deliver high‐quality services.This paper, based upon the authors' experiences in Africa and Asia, proposes new sets of programme aims and objectives in relation to impact and sustainability, which can be used in programme design, monitoring and evaluation. It also makes longer‐term recommendations to external support agencies.
The Application of Geomorphology to the Management of River‐Bank Erosion
Authors: Walker J. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper briefly reviews the evolution of river‐bank erosion management and the developing role of geomorphology in this field. The location and design of a traditional solution to erosion on the River Brock, Forest of Bowland is considered, and its failure under moderate flood conditions is analysed. The geomorphological processes at work at the site are identified and assessed, and conclusions for the ongoing management of the site are presented. The future role of geomorphology in river managment is also considered.
Guidelines for Greywater Re‐Use: Health Issues
Authors: Dixon A. M. , Butler D. , Fewkes A. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper discusses the potential threat to health associated with the microbial contamination of grey‐water. Although it has been shown that greywater may contain large numbers of potentially pathogenic microorganisms, the incidence of disease is dependent upon more than just the concentration of organisms. Other factors include the degree of exposure and the health and age of affected individuals. Proposed guidelines for the re‐use of greywater focus upon faecal coliform contamination and suggest limits based upon the end use of recycled water.The paper (a) proposes modifications to the guidelines to better represent the delicate balance between protection of public health and the levels of risk posed by greywater re‐use within the context of everyday human activity, and (b) attempts to identify areas where there is either an expectation for responsibility or a personal acceptance of responsibility with regard to public or personal health.
Dissolved‐Oxygen/Suspended‐Solids Concentration Relationships in the Upper Humber Estuary
Authors: Mitchell S. B. , West J. R. , Guymer I. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTResults of dissolved‐oxygen concentration from continuous monitors at one location on the (Yorkshire) tidal Ouse and two locations on the tidal Trent have revealed a strong dependence upon the concentration of suspended sediment. High concentrations of sediment lead to a lowering in dissolved‐oxygen levels. A comparison of this effect between the two rivers reveals lower dissolved‐oxygen concentrations in the River Ouse than in the River Trent for a given concentration of suspended sediment, which is partly due to a difference in the quality and quantity of pollutant discharges into the Ouse compared with the Trent. Because the concentration of suspended solids at a given location is known to be dependent upon the fresh‐water flow and the tidal range, it is concluded that the dissolved‐oxygen concentration is also strongly dependent upon conditions of fresh‐water flow and tidal range for these two tidal rivers.
Groundwater Occurrence in the Lower Palaeozoic and Precambrian Rocks of the UK: Implications for Source Protection
Authors: Robins N. S. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTLower Palaeozoic and Precambrian rocks are distributed in Scotland, Northern Ireland, Cumbria, Wales and the Channel Islands, and coincide largely with upland areas. Groundwater flow and storage is mostly shallow and flow paths are short, although there is some limited deeper groundwater circulation. Groundwater quality is variable but often weakly mineralized, reflecting incomplete water‐rock reaction. There are many small groundwater sources used for private supply and a number also for public supply; these offer an important social and economic asset to isolated rural and island communities. Groundwater occurs in four rock types: fractured rock, fractured rock with regolith, massive rock and karstic limestone. Identification of specific groundwater settings within these rock types provides an insight into the prevailing groundwater flow paths. This enables source protection zones to be prescribed according to the hydrogeological setting rather than by detailed data collection and modelling. This method of prescription is applicable universally to basement aquifers and is not limited to those in the UK.
An Assessment of the Suitability of the Environment Agency's Water‐Quality Classification System for Use in Urban Catchments
Authors: Green A. , Faulkner H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDespite the increasing range of water‐quality indicators, the classification and target‐setting strategy which has been adopted by the Environment Agency for England and Wales is dominated by the assessment of water chemistry at low flow. Using the example of Pymme's Brook in north London, this paper examines the suitability of such data for classifying the quality of urban watercourses and its ability to reveal quality changes. The data expose a weakness in the Environment Agency's methodology, because they suggest that, when used alone, chemical monitoring leads to water quality being greatly over‐estimated and inappropriate targets being set. It is therefore recommended that other quality indicators should be fully integrated into the assessment system in order to overcome these problems.
Laboratory‐Scale Investigations of Algal Toxin Removal by Water Treatment
Authors: Hall T. , Hart J. , Croll B. , Gregory R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe paper describes some water‐treatment processes which have been investigated on a laboratory and pilot‐plant scale for their effectiveness in removing toxic algal cells and the dissolved toxins microcystin‐LR and anatoxin‐a. Oxidation with ozone or potassium permanganate, or treatment by biological activated carbon, were found to be the most effective processes for removal of the dissolved toxins. Chlorination was effective only for the removal of microcystin‐LR. Toxins, contained within algal cells, could be removed effectively by coagulation, clarification and filtration under suitable conditions. Consideration of the structure and properties of micro‐cystin variants suggests that treatments which are suitable for removal of microcystin‐LR and anatoxin‐a should be suitable for removal of other microcystins.
An Assessment of Water Demand Management Options from a Systems Approach
Authors: Foxon T. J. , Butler D. , Dawes J. K. , Hutchinson D. , Leach M. A. , Pearson P. J. G. , Rose D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA systems approach is used to model the urban water and wastewater system. Scenarios are developed for the implementation of a range of water demand management measures, including (a) leakage reduction, (b) the increasing use of water metering, (c) the replacement of standard WCs by low‐flow WCs, and (d) the introduction of greywater recycling systems. These measures are assessed according to the water saving, cost per unit of water saved, and other indicators of the relative contribution to the sustainability of the system. Preliminary assessments of selected environmental costs and benefits are also included.
Modelling the Potential Effects of Climate Change on the Grande Dixence Hydro‐Electricity Scheme, Switzerland
Authors: Westaway R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFor mountain communities which depend upon glacierfed hydro‐electric power schemes as an important source of energy, climate change poses a considerable threat. However, relatively few studies have examined this threat by investigating the joint impacts on meltwater production and energy use. In this paper, a simple water‐balance model is used to combine the results of ice‐melt and energy‐demand models to estimate the water level for the Grande Dixence reservoir, Switzerland. The potential impact of climate change on the scheme is also assessed using a regional climate‐change scenario.
The Mersey Valley Sludge Story: From Sea to Shell Green
Authors: Belshaw C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe sludge from sewage‐treatment plants in the Mersey Valley has been disposed of at sea for over a hundred years. From 1897 until 1986, inland towns took advantage of the Manchester Ship Canal to provide the route to the sea. However, a decline in canal traffic in the 1960s and 1970s resulted in increased costs, and North West Water investigated cheaper alternatives. In 1981, an ambitious and radical new project commenced, i.e. the construction of an 86 km long, high‐pressure sludge pipeline, connecting Oldham with Liverpool.Sea disposal ceased in December 1998 and North West Water has constructed a new sludge processing centre at Shell Green, Widnes, to replace the shipping operation. This paper describes the history of the shipping operation and the Mersey Valley sludge pipeline, together with operating experiences, leading to the construction of the new processing centre.
A Solution to the Aral Sea Crisis? Sustainable Water Use in Central Asia
Authors: Hannan T. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe Aral Sea is perhaps the most well known of environmental disasters which has resulted from non‐sustainable development. As the sea continues to decline, a search is maintained for a means of achieving sustainability within the context of national economies which are new and fragile, and where international tensions over water are a major factor in the Central Asian political picture. Using the Karakum Main Canal of Turkmenistan as an example of the Aral Sea irrigation projects which commenced during the 1950s, the paper explores the effects of non‐sustainability and poor water management with the luxury of hindsight in order to draw lessons for the future. It presents the proposals aimed at future sustainability for the Karakum Canal and explores whether achieving sustainability is now possible and practical in the current regional and global political atmosphere.