bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Methane seepage in an urban development area (Bacau, Romania): origin, extent, and hazard
Authors: BACIU C. , ETIOPE G. , CUNA S. , SPULBER L. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe paper describes a case of a natural emission of methane from soil in an urban development area, generating a significant risk for the local population and buildings, due to gas explosiveness and asphyxiation potential. The site is located on the south‐western margin of the East‐European Platform in eastern Romania, in a hydrocarbon‐prone area crossed by the Pericarpathian lineament and regional faults. Molecular composition of gas and stable isotopic analyses of methane (CH4>90%, δ13C1: −49.4‰, δD1: −173.4‰) indicate a dominant thermogenic origin, with significant amounts of C2‐C5 alkanes (∼5%), likely migrating through faults from a deep reservoir. Possible candidates are the Saucesti and Secuieni gas fields, located in the same petroleum system. Two surface geochemical surveys, based on closed‐chamber flux measurements, were performed to assess the degassing intensity and the extent of the affected area. Methane fluxes from soil reach orders of 104 mg m−2 day−1. Gas seepage mainly occurs in one zone 30 000 m2 wide, and it is likely controlled by channeling along a fault and gas accumulation in permeable sediments and shallow subsoil. The estimated total CH4 emission is about 40 t year−1 CH4, of which 8–9 t year−1 are naturally released from soil and 30–35 t year−1 are emitted from shallow boreholes. These wells have likely channeled the gas accumulated in shallow alluvial sediment but gas flux from soil is still high and mitigation measures are needed to reduce the risk for humans and buildings.
The gas flow at mineral springs and mofettes in the Vogtland/NW Bohemia: an enduring long‐term increase
Authors: KOCH U. , BRÄUER K. , HEINICKE J. , KÄMPF H. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractOver the last 15 years, there has been an increase in the 3He/4He ratios (Ra) at gas emission sites including springs (liquid‐dominated) and mofettes (gas‐dominated) in the Vogtland (Germany) and NW Bohemia (Czech Republic), indicating an active magmatic process. The highest Ra value (6.2) was measured at the mofette Bublák. Continuous CO2 flow records at Bad Brambach mineral springs (Vogtland) and Cheb Basin mofettes show a significant and enduring increase in gas flow. This increase ranges from 1.6% at Schillerquelle spring, Bad Brambach, and 61% per year at mofette Bublák. Calculated gas flow ratios between the individual emission sites not only emphasize the greater increase in gas flow over time at the Cheb Basin mofettes compared with the Bad Brambach springs (factor 2.1 to 2.6) but also show a uniform gas flow behaviour within both emission areas. Using simplified models, it is demonstrated that long‐term gas flow measurements reveal a gas‐hydraulic parameter, the effective cross‐sectional ratio, to compare the near‐surface gas‐bearing fissures and cracks between the emission sites. Thus, the overall cross‐sectional area of gas pathways at the mofette Soos is 13.2 times higher than at the Wettinquelle spring, indicating greater overall fissure widths for gas transport at the Cheb Basin mofettes than at the mineral springs. Comparison between the monthly fluctuations of free gas flow and dissolved CO2 at the Wettinquelle spring shows an inverse dependence of both parameters but without a temporal trend of dissolved CO2. This indicates that the mineral water body acts as a kind of buffer saturated by CO2 and being degassed more or less strongly, depending on the flow rate of the ascending free gas. The results suggest increased activity of the magmatic reservoir below the Cheb Basin, not only from the qualitative (3He/4He) but also from the quantitative (amount of magmatic CO2) perspective.
Large Allele Frequency Differences between Human Continental Groups are more Likely to have Occurred by Drift During range Expansions than by Selection
Authors: Hofer T. , Ray N. , Wegmann D. , Excoffier L. 
Published: November 2008

SummarySeveral studies have found strikingly different allele frequencies between continents. This has been mainly interpreted as being due to local adaptation. However, demographic factors can generate similar patterns. Namely, allelic surfing during a population range expansion may increase the frequency of alleles in newly colonised areas. In this study, we examined 772 STRs, 210 diallelic indels, and 2834 SNPs typed in 53 human populations worldwide under the HGDP‐CEPH Diversity Panel to determine to which extent allele frequency differs among four regions (Africa, Eurasia, East Asia, and America). We find that large allele frequency differences between continents are surprisingly common, and that Africa and America show the largest number of loci with extreme frequency differences. Moreover, more STR alleles have increased rather than decreased in frequency outside Africa, as expected under allelic surfing. Finally, there is no relationship between the extent of allele frequency differences and proximity to genes, as would be expected under selection. We therefore conclude that most of the observed large allele frequency differences between continents result from demography rather than from positive selection.
Grazing Gradient versus Restoration Succession of Leymus chinensis (Trin.) Tzvel. Grassland in Inner Mongolia
Authors: Li Yonghong , Wang Wei , Liu Zhongling , Jiang Shu 
Published: November 2008

Abstract Grazing‐induced degradation of grasslands is the primary impediment to the socioeconomic development of Inner Mongolia. It affects the entire environment of northern China. Understanding grassland dynamics is necessary for restoration and sustainable management of these degraded ecosystems. The recovery dynamics of a degraded Leymus chinensis (Trin.) Tzvel. grassland after removal of grazing was studied in comparison with its spatial variation along a grazing gradient, using its climax community as a benchmark. The species composition, diversity, and biomass of the grassland vegetation, as well as the attributes (height, density, and individual mass) of major species, were examined on the eight sites along the grazing gradient and in the recovering grassland over 11 years. The spatial pattern of grassland vegetation along the grazing gradient closely reflected its recovery trajectory over time. Both the spatial and the temporal processes exhibited the same shift in species dominance in association with grazing removal or less grazing intensity. Grassland degradation was accompanied by an increase in species density and a decrease in species size; this trend was reversed during recovery. This result suggested that the degraded grassland is highly resilient and that restoration could occur naturally by reducing or excluding grazing animals. However, some differences existed between the spatial and the temporal processes. Species richness was high on the light‐ or no‐grazing sites along the gradient, but varied little during the recovery of the degraded grassland. Species evenness was high under moderate to light grazing along the gradient and was high at the beginning of the recovery period but not at the end. Although standing biomass improved significantly during the recovery period, it did not change significantly along the grazing gradient. These observed discrepancies were related to the intrinsic difference in the spatial versus temporal processes and are discussed together with the advantage/disadvantage of the grazing gradient versus dynamic monitoring methods in grassland dynamics studies.
Altering Light and Soil N to Limit Phalaris arundinacea Reinvasion in Sedge Meadow Restorations
Authors: Iannone Basil V. , Galatowitsch Susan M. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract Efforts to eradicate invasive plants in restorations can unintentionally create conditions that favor reinvasion over the establishment of desired species, especially when remnant invasive propagules persist. Reducing resources needed by the invader for seedling establishment, however, may be an effective strategy to prevent reinvasion. Propagules of Phalaris arundinacea persist after removal from sedge meadow wetlands and reestablish quickly in posteradication conditions, hindering community restoration. A study was conducted in two experimental wetlands with controlled hydrologic regimes to determine if reducing light by sowing short‐lived, nonpersistent native cover crops or immobilizing soil N by incorporating soil–sawdust amendments can prevent Phalaris reinvasion, allowing native communities to recover. A 10‐species perennial target community and Phalaris were sown with high‐diversity, low‐diversity, or no cover crops in soils with or without sawdust, and seedling emergence, establishment, and growth were measured. High‐diversity cover crops reduced light, decreasing Phalaris and target community seedling establishment by 89 and 57%, respectively. Short‐term nitrogen reduction in sawdust‐amended soils delayed Phalaris seedling emergence and decreased Phalaris seedling establishment by 59% but did not affect total target community seedling establishment. The target community reduced Phalaris seedling establishment as effectively as cover crops did. In plots where the target community was grown, amending soils with sawdust further reduced Phalaris seedling growth but not establishment. Results show that use of cover crops can reduce seedling establishment of desired species and is counterproductive to restoration goals. Further, establishing target species is more important and practical for limiting Phalaris reinvasion than is immobilizing nitrogen.
HIDDEN AND FALSE “PREFERENCES” ON THE STRUCTURED 9‐POINT HEDONIC SCALE
Authors: VILLEGAS‐RUIZ XADENI , ANGULO OFELIA , O'MAHONY MICHAEL 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACTAn unspecified number of consumers who used a 9‐point hedonic scale were frustrated because they could not express preferences for products with the same ratings. Accordingly, consumers were required to rate samples of yogurt on a 9‐point structured hedonic scale. Consumers were able to express preference judgments because the testing was performed one‐on‐one with the experimenter. Thus, it was possible to determine the proportion of consumers who had given the same hedonic response to yogurts but still had preferences for one or other of the stimuli. Further testing, which included a pair of identical yogurts among the stimuli, allowed the proportion of preference and no preference responses elicited by identical stimuli to be determined in this context. Such data are useful as a control condition in preference testing, to assess the proportion of false preferences induced by the experimental conditions.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSConsumer liking for various products is typically measured using the 9‐point structured hedonic scale. Sometimes, consumers will give the same score to two products yet prefer one to the other. Such preferences are not recorded if the consumer is isolated from the experimenter and has no means of reporting them. However, the situation is easily rectified if the experimenter interacts one‐on‐one with the consumer. Sometimes, false preferences can be obtained from a hedonic scale. This tendency can be monitored by including identical stimuli in the measurements. The present study investigated the extent of such problems so that methods could be devised to address the problem.
DECISION STRATEGIES DETERMINED FROM THE SHAPE OF THE SAME–DIFFERENT ROC CURVE: WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF INCORRECT ASSUMPTIONS?
Authors: HAUTUS MICHAEL J. , O'MAHONY MICHAEL , LEE HYE‐SEONG 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACT The literature includes many studies that use the shape of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve derived from the same–different test to ascertain the decision strategy used by the judge: a symmetrical ROC curve indicates a β ‐decision strategy, and an asymmetrical ROC curve indicates a τ ‐decision strategy. These studies have not considered the effect that breaches of the assumptions that underlie the standard same–different model would have on inferences drawn from the shape of the ROC curve. Three such assumptions are investigated: the equal‐variance assumption; the assumption of no stimulus order effects; and the assumption that the discriminability of the two stimuli is the same when presented first or second in the test sequence. Simulations indicate that the shape of the ROC curve is very tolerant of the breach of these assumptions. Consequently, inferences about the decision strategy used by a judge are fairly robust, and confidence in published results is upheld. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe same–different test is frequently used to determine the decision strategy adopted by judges. There are several assumptions made about the same–different test that may, if they were breached, undermine this test's ability to indicate the judge's decision strategy. The simulations conducted in this research indicate that the shape of the same–different ROC curve is very robust to breaches of these assumptions. Consequently, food scientists can maintain their confidence in the inferences made in the research already published on this topic, and in their own future research and development of sensory testing methods.
A PROCEDURE OF SENSORY EVALUATION FOR DESCRIBING THE AROMA PROFILE OF SINGLE GRAPE VARIETY WINES
Authors: CARLUCCI ANGELA , MONTELEONE ERMINIO 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACT In order to describe the aroma “fingerprint” of single grape variety wines, a suitable procedure of aroma description was defined. The procedure consisted of two main steps based on panel training and term generation with aroma profile analysis. Training was divided in two parts: (1) aroma identification and learning and (2) intensity evaluation of aroma descriptors. In the second step, assessors generated attributes and measured their intensity on wine samples obtained from “Falanghina” variety grapes. After validation, this procedure was applied so that the aromatic profile of other five single variety wines could be defined. Highest number of generating attributes compared with the conventional sensory method, sample discrimination ability and panel performance confirm the validity of the procedure, which allows the analysis of single grape variety wines one by one in turns so that a large number of single variety wines can be analyzed in a simple, effective and rapid manner. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSIn this study, a procedure in sensory evaluation capable of describing the aromatic profile of a large number of single variety wines was defined. The proposed procedure permits a simple and effective definition of the aromatic “fingerprint” of wines, and an effective and quick quantification of this could fit very well in experimental studies aiming to test the response of different grape variety to particular agronomic or technological conditions.
MANGO SOY FORTIFIED PROBIOTIC YOGURT: EFFECT OF CULTURE ADDITION AND TEMPERATURE ON TEXTURAL CHARACTERISTICS
Authors: KAUR HARBINDER , KUMAR PRADYUMAN 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACT Mango soy fortified probiotic yogurt (MSFPY) samples were prepared by using blends of toned milk (78.3%; 3% milk fat and 8.5% milk solid not fat), soy milk (14.5%) and mango pulp (7.2%) using yogurt bacteria and probiotic bacteria, namely, Bifidobacterium bifidus and Lactobacillus acidophilus. This work was conducted to see the effect of varied levels (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5%) of inoculum of yogurt and probiotic culture and the effect of different temperatures (10, 20 and 30C) on textural profile (hardness, cohesiveness, adhesiveness, springiness and gumminess). As per central composite rotatable design for four variables and five levels, 31 experiments were conducted. Textural profile data obtained at different temperatures of MSFPY were used to calculate temperature coefficients of all the textural properties, which were fitted into the second‐order polynomial model. Hardness temperature coefficients ranged from−0.92 to−1.97% per C, cohesiveness temperature coefficients ranged from−0.42 to 0.53% per C, adhesiveness temperature coefficients ranged from−2.74 to−3.73% per C, springiness temperature coefficients ranged from−1.47 to 5.07% per C and gumminess temperature coefficients ranged from−0.94 to−1.92% per C.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSYogurt has been attributed nutraceutical, therapeutic and probiotic effects such as digestion enhancement, immune system boosting, anticarcinogenic activity and reduction in serum cholesterol. This study showed the effect of addition of yogurt bacteria and probiotic bacteria in combination andtemperature on textural properties. As health awareness increases among consumers, they also want the texture of the product to remain the same. If the product has to be consumed at either low or room temperature, one may predict the textural parameters of the mango soy fortified probiotic yogurt at different temperatures.
Root canal treatment of three‐rooted maxillary second premolars: Report of four cases
Authors: Barros Danilo Barbosa , Guerreiro Tanomaru Juliane Maria , Tanomaru‐Filho Mário 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe aim of this report is to contribute to a better understanding of the radiographic, clinical and anatomic findings in maxillary second premolars. This paper reports the endodontic treatment of two cases of three‐rooted three‐canal maxillary second premolars in different patients, and two sound maxillary second premolars also with three canals and three independent roots in a sibling of one of the patients. Although the presence of maxillary second premolars with one or two canals and one root is much more common, other anatomic conditions can be found. A correct clinical and radiographic diagnosis based on knowledge of root canal anatomy and critical interpretation of radiographs is necessary for a safer and successful endodontic treatment of these teeth.
Postoperative pain and associated factors in adolescent patients undergoing two‐visit root canal therapy
Authors: De Andrade Risso Patrícia , Da Cunha Antonio José Ledo Alves , De Araujo Marcos César Pimenta , Luiz Ronir Raggio 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThis prospective study investigated the frequency and intensity of postoperative pain and identified associated factors in adolescents undergoing two‐visit root canal therapy. Sixty‐four patients aged 11 to 18 years old presenting with molars with pulp necrosis were assigned consecutively to two visits (plus an interappointment dressing using calcium‐hydroxide paste). Pain intensity was recorded on a visual analogue scale (VAS) of 0–5. Data were analysed using multivariate logistic regression. The frequency of postoperative pain was 32.8% (21/64), with intensities of VAS 1 and VAS 2 in 81%, VAS 3 in 14.3% and VAS 4 in 4.7% of the 21 cases in which it was experienced. Spontaneous preoperative pain (odds ratio (OR) = 6.60; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.61–26.97; P = 0.009) and absence of apical perodontitis (OR = 5.65; 95% CI = 1.34–23.87; P = 0.01) were associated with postoperative pain. The frequency of postoperative pain was high, but the intensity, in general, was low, including flare‐ups. The presence of spontaneous preoperative pain and absence of apical periodontitis increase the probability of suffering from postoperative pain.
Serological responses to two serovar‐independent ELISA antigens of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in Australian commercial pig herds
Authors: Eamens GJ , Gonsalves JR , Whittington A‐M , Turner B 
Published: November 2008

Objective  To compare serological responses in pig herds classified as low or high risk for disease caused by Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, using two ELISA tests based on serovar‐independent antigens.Procedure  Cross‐sectional sampling was undertaken in 13 commercial herds, the clinical and slaughter histories of which indicated either freedom from (n = 5) or prior confirmed cases of A. pleuropneumoniae (n = 8). In nine herds, approximately 40 pigs each were sampled at 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 weeks. Three of the remaining four herds were sampled between 6 and 30 weeks of age, and the last was sampled only prior to slaughter, at approximately 24 weeks. Sera were tested in ELISA based on two antigens common among A. pleuropneumoniae serovars: a 39‐kDa outer membrane protein and a recombinant ApxIVA‐N terminus protein.Results  Sampling of 1 and 5 to 6‐month‐old pigs provided the most useful information on herd status. The 39‐kDa ELISA was sensitive in detecting infected herds, but had evidence of cross‐reactivity with high seroreactivity rates in older pigs in some low‐risk herds. The ApxIVA‐N ELISA was less seroreactive in high‐risk herds and had higher specificity in low‐risk herds.Conclusion  ELISA based on the 39‐kDa subunit are of limited use, because of possible cross‐reactivity, but a high negative predictive value may be useful for risk assessment in suspect herds. Maternal antibody to ApxIVA‐N may be of value in detecting high‐risk herds, but 5% of 4‐week‐old pigs in low‐risk herds were also seropositive in this assay.
The role of the cell wall in fungal pathogenesis
Authors: Arana David M. , Prieto Daniel , Román Elvira , Nombela César , Alonso‐Monge Rebeca , Pla Jesús 
Published: November 2008

SummaryFungal infections are a serious health problem. In recent years, basic research is focusing on the identification of fungal virulence factors as promising targets for the development of novel antifungals. The wall, as the most external cellular component, plays a crucial role in the interaction with host cells mediating processes such as adhesion or phagocytosis that are essential during infection. Specific components of the cell wall (called PAMPs) interact with specific receptors in the immune cell (called PRRs), triggering responses whose molecular mechanisms are being elucidated. We review here the main structural carbohydrate components of the fungal wall (glucan, mannan and chitin), how their biogenesis takes place in fungi and the specific receptors that they interact with. Different model fungal pathogens are chosen to illustrate the functional consequences of this interaction. Finally, the identification of the key components will have important consequences in the future and will allow better approaches to treat fungal infections.
Utilisation of introduced Brazilian pastures ecosystems by native dung beetles: diversity patterns and resource use
Authors: LOUZADA JÚLIO N.C. , CARVALHO E SILVA PAULO R. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract. Cattle pastures dominated by introduced grasses are a characteristic component of many tropical landscapes in Brazil, yet little information is available concerning the insect communities that inhabit these novel ecosystems.Dung beetles are a conspicuous element of pasture insect communities, and make a significant contribution to dung decomposition, parasitic fly control, and soil bioturbation.We sampled dung beetle assemblages in twelve introduced pastures near Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil. We used pitfall traps baited separately with cow and horse dung, and collected a total of 456 dung beetles, comprising 23 species from 13 different genera. We analysed patterns of alpha and beta diversity, community structure, and species composition among pastures and bait types.Cow dung harboured significantly more species, but a similar abundance of dung beetles compared with horse dung. However, both dung types supported species exclusive to that type, and hosted a distinct dung beetle community structure and composition.Although livestock (cattle and horses) was introduced to Brazil less than 500 years ago, our data suggest that novel and well‐structured dung beetle communities are actively exploiting these novel food resources in Brazilian pasturelands.