bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The sixth skull cap of Pithecanthropus erectus
Authors: Jacob Teuku 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe sixth skull cap of Pithecanthropus erectus (or skull V, since the Modjokerto skull has not been given a number) was found in the upper layers of the Trinil beds of Sangiran (Central Java) in 1963, associated with fossils of the Sino‐Malayan fauna. No stone tools were discovered in direct association with the find.The specimen consists of the occipital, both parietals, both temporals, sphenoid fragments, the frontal and the left zygomatic bone. We consider the skull to be a male in his early twenties. The occipital, parietal, frontal and temporal bones demonstrate definite pithecanthropine characteristics, and the cranial capacity is estimated to be 975 cm3.Of the superstructures, the supraorbital torus is extraodinarily thick, approaching the condition in Australopithecus boisei and Rhodesian man. And the sagittal torus is certainly higher than in skulls I and II, but lower than in skull IV. In addition, the angle between the occipital and nuchal planes is larger than in the previous finds. As revealed by various features, the gap between the robustness of skull IV on one hand, and skulls I, II and III on the other, is bridged by the present find. There is no reasonable taxonomic need to ascribe this specimen to a new species, because it seems to be merely an intrapopulational variant of the same species.Other skulls of P. erectus suggest that the bregmatic eminence, and hence the vertex, is invariably situated at bregma, but this new skull cap deviates from the pattern. Its pteric regions disclose the anthropoid X and I types. The middle meningeal groove pattern is similar to other Pithecanthropus skulls; however, it betrays a known anomaly in that the main stem is covered for a short distance by a bony plate. The mastoid process is fairly well developed, and is also well pneumatized as in P. pekinensis, with its air cells invading the pronounced supramastoid crest.The zygomatic bone, the first one recovered of P. erectus, does not show characters of particular importance. In fact, its thickness is in the range of modern man.We would like to stress that the absence of the cranial base does not necessarily indicate that the specimen must be a poor victim of cannibalism, since the morphology of the base renders it more susceptible to post‐mortem natural traumata.
Morphology of Liberian Negro deciduous teeth. II. Arch dimensions and occlusion
Authors: Moss Melvin L. , Chase Patrica S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractLiberian Negro deciduous dentitions have arch dimensions which significantly exceed those of a variety of White populations. Winged incisors were present in 14.3% of the Negro population, again exceeding White values. No differences were noted in incisal overbite or overjet. Diastemal spaces were greater in the Negro dentitions than in the White, but the significance of this is as yet unknown. An exceptional finding was the absolute lack of Class II (distocclusion) in the Negro series. A discussion of functional occlusion stressed the necessity for the inclusion of such dynamic factors as dental abrasion, mesial migration and physiological rest position in future studies of comparative dental anthropology.
The ABO blood groups and ABH secretions in the Tibetans
Authors: Bhalla Vijender , Kaul Samvit S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractABO Blood groups and ABH secretion factors were investigated among 62 Tibetans at Rahla (Kulu), India. The frequencies of the alleles “P,” “q” and “r” have been found to be 0.166, 0.187 and 0.647 respectively, which are quite comparable to the results obtained by Prince Peter et al. ('61) and Buchi ('52).A high frequency of secretors is found among the Tibetans which favours Buchi's ('54) assumption that the true Mongoloids have a rather high secretor incidence. The frequencies for the two alleles “S” and “s” in the Tibetans have been recorded as 0.664 and 0.336 respectively.
Lead acetate as a vital marker for the analysis of bone growth
Authors: Schneider Bernard J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe use of lead acetate as a vital stain adds another method for the study of periodic appositional patterns of hard tissues. The distinct advantage of this technique is that these tissues can be decalcified and examined histologically without loss of the marker.The following method was used in preparation of the sections shown in the text. The rats received an intravenous injection of 4 mg lead acetate/kg body weight. After sacrifice, the tissues were decalcified in 1% HCL through which H2S was constantly bubbled. The action of the H2S gas is to convert the lead at sites of calcification to insoluble lead sulfide. Upon completion of decalcification the sections were embedded in 30% gelatin, and frozen sections at 15–20 μ were cut. The sections were then placed in a 0.1% solution of gold chloride for ten minutes. Next, they were placed in a 5% solution of sodium bisulphate for ten minutes. Subsequently they were washed in distilled water for 30 minutes and finally fixed in a 5% solution of sodium thiosulphate. No additional staining was used. The sections were then mounted with glycerine jelly. The resulting lead lines are sharp and therefore conducive to quantitative measurements. Because of the relatively thin sections cut, histologic details can be observed.
Growth and development of the Kaiapit children of the Markham Valley, New Guinea
Authors: Malcolm L. A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe growth and development of Markham Valley children was studied by examining over 800 children of known age, ranging from birth to maturity. Although growth in height and weight is slower than that of European children, it is faster than that so far recorded for some New Guinea populations. This is associated with the tallest adult stature reported to date for New Guinea and supports the previous finding that adult height in a New Guinea society is proportional to the growth rate of children in that society. Skin fold thickness values for age are lower than both New Guinea Highland and European children, despite reasonable availability of food. Menarche occurs at a mean age of 15.6 years, which is much earlier than some other New Guinea figures. Dental eruption times, in keeping with other New Guinea and African figures, are earlier than those of Europeans. Parent/child correlations for height and weight do not differ significantly from those obtained for European children, suggesting that environmental factors have a minimal effect in frustrating the fulfilment of genetic growth potential.
Trait analysis of the dentition of the Tarahumara Indians and Mestizos of the Sierra Madre Occidental, Mexico
Authors: Snyder Richard G. , Dahlberg Albert A. , Snow Clyde C. , Dahlberg Thelma 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA new approach of trait analysis of the dentition is presented, based upon study of both deciduous and permanent dentitions of 114 Tarahumara Indians and 63 Mestizos of both sexes and ranging in age from 5 to 23 years. Molar cusp patterns and numbers, and odontometries were analyzed and compared, and penetrance, sexual dimorphism, and concordance were investigated.To examine penetrance and expressivity of Carabelli's cusp and the protostylid, five categories of description of the surface upon which these cusps normally appear were made. Of particular importance was the finding that when expressivity of these traits is examined based upon a trait analysis scale which includes the entire range of expressions of the trait the frequency may be much higher than generally believed. Carabelli's cusp ranged from 95% for Mestizo males to 100% for Tarahumara males, although low frequency has been previously considered a Mongoloid trait. Current work is underway to re‐examine several previous American Indian dental collections utilizing this technique of more discrete trait analysis.
A chromosome arm number index and its application to the phylogeny and classification of lemurs
Authors: Eckhardt Robert B. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA method is described for assessing the degree to which chromosome evolution via centric fusion has occurred within a taxonomic group, using a numerical index which expresses the average number of major chromosome arms per chromosome in a diploid cell. Index values thus calculated agree with a previously proposed plan of prosimian phylogeny, and substantiate some recently suggested changes in taxonomic groups of the Lemurs, based on karyotypic evidence.
The frequency of isoniazid acetylase enzyme deficiency among Egyptians
Authors: Hashem Nemat , Khalifa Sami , Nour Assma 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe frequency of isoniazid slow inactivators is very high among Eqyptians, 82% have more than 0.91 γ/ml of free INH in serum specimens obtained six hours after a single dose of 10 mgm/kgm. The incidence of the allele for INH acetylase enzyme deficiency is estimated at 0.9059 and that of the heterozygous carrier of this allele at 0.1705.
Bigeneric nomina: A proposal for modification of the rules of nomenclature
Authors: Tobias P. V. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIt is difficult to name fossils which are intermediate between chronospecies or chronogenera in general paleontology. A possible solution is proposed for discussion: namely, to utilize bigeneric nomina to designate a group of fossils which are intermediate between two consecutive genera, and bispecific nomina to designate fossils which are intermediate between two consecutive species.
Partitioning the effects of secular trend and ageing on adult stature
Authors: Hertzog Keith P. , Garn Stanley M. , Hempy Harry O. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe problem of separating the effects of secular trend and age‐associated loss on adult stature was investigated by using tibia length as a reference. Anthropometric stature and radiogrammetric tibia measurements were made on 288 Southwestern Ohio adults. Estimated statural loss was calculated by use of regression equations for the age of maximum statural attainment and age specific tibia lengths. To test the validity of the approach, these results were then compared with actual longitudinally‐derived statural loss values for females in the same population. Measured and estimated loss values were in good agreement and it is suggested that the method proposed in this paper can be a useful tool in partitioning the statural variation due to secular trend and ageing in adult cross‐sectional surveys.
Hair patterns of the pinna of white and Negro males
Authors: Setty Laurel Raymond 
Published: February 2006

AbstractHair patterns that involve only the elevated areas of the pinna and those that involve only the depressed areas of the pinna are named and described. The age range and the incidence of the patterns are presented. The patterns of the elevated areas are correlated with those of the depressed areas, and the patterns of the elevated areas are correlated with the presence and the absence of tragal hair. All of the determinations were made for white and American Negro males.
Ponderal Index and height
Authors: Huber Neil M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe Ponderal Index is generally treated, on theoretical grounds, as if it were independent of height. Associations between values of the index and height have been reported at least twice, however, and, substantiating these reports, highly significant, nearly linear, positive regressions of values of the index on height are now found among Princeton freshmen. Routinely collected data on 801 entering students were separated into three age groups: less than 18, 18 and more than 18 years. The correlations between Ponderal Index and height were 0.32, 0.32 and 0.45 in these age groups respectively. The findings suggest that, for studies which involve gauging linearity of physique, the parameters describing the relationship between Ponderal Index and height be estimated on the basis of appropriate data if the Index is to be employed, or that some technique more suited to the purpose than the Ponderal Index be devised.
Evidence for X‐linkage of tibial length and body length
Authors: Garn Stanley M. , Hertzog Keith P. , Rohmann Christabel G. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSister‐sister, brother‐brother and sister‐brother similarities in both tibial length and stature from one month through 10 years are in accord with the hypothesis of partial X‐linkage, they reject the hypothesis of selective inactivation of an X chromosome, and they indicate that the complex that is body length is suited to simplistic analysis.
The relationship of weathering cracks to split‐line orientation in bone
Authors: Tappen N. C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe essential identity of weathering cracks and split‐lines is demonstrated experimentally. Innominate bones, left in the open to weather, developed cracks similar to the split‐line orientation typically observed in the same region. These bones were decalcified and intermittent split‐lines prepared along their course. The orientation of the split‐lines always corresponds to the weathering splits. The same results were obtained with bird and mammal bones collected in the field and showing weathering cracks. The same also applies to cracks in bones of a gorilla which had been partly defleshed and salted down for preservation. Apparently any process which shrinks bone will produce cracks with the same orientation as split‐lines. Possibilities for split‐line analysis of fossil and archeological bone are opened up by these experiments.
Cercopithecoid canine tooth honing mechanisms
Authors: Zingeser Maurice R. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe form of the unworn male Cercopithecoid maxillary canine tooth (C') is effectively adapted for stabbing and slashing. Its essential features are maintained by wear against the mandibular canine (C1) and first premolar (P3) teeth. The cusp tip of C1 is sharpened by reciprocal wear against C'. The distribution of apposing wear facets indicates that functional attrition results from honing activity largely distinct from mastication. Functional attrition also occurs in reduced form in females and is produced within the masticatory excursive range. The significance of the “sectorial” form of P3 is analyzed. Its elongated mesiobuccal surface serves the dual purpose of honing the distal cutting edge of C' and functioning as a cutting block against which vegetation is stabilized and shredded by the cervical third of the distal cutting edge of C'. Behavioral aspects of honing are correlated with field observations linking tooth grinding with aggression, tension release, and communication. Parallel human behavior is cited and the suggestion is made that human tooth grinding with its highly charged emotional overtones is largely relict behavior that once had high survival value in a canine tooth honing context.
A method for assessment of maximum long bone length and living stature from fragmentary long bones
Authors: Steele D. Gentry , McKern Thomas W. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe proper analysis of prehistoric skeletal populations includes estimated individual statures and this estimation usually depends on the presence of one or more complete long bones, a condition that is too often rare. Although a number of techniques have been devised to utilize fragmentary long bones for stature estimations, the results have not produced the desired accuracy. The present paper attempts to refine and expand Müller's method by applying more up‐to‐date statistical procedures as well as exercising stricter control of the sample.Using a sample of 117 prehistoric Indians from various archeological sites in the southeastern United States, regression formulae were established for specified segments of the femur, humerus, and tibia to aid in the estimation of total long bone lengths from fragmentary remains. Once total length has been determined, it is possible to calculate living stature of the individual with a reasonable degree of accuracy.
Electronic methods for the analysis of the human post‐canine dentition
Authors: Biggerstaff Robert H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe human post‐canine dentitions are described and analyzed, in terms of the relative plane surface area of the occlusal surface, by electronic methods. Dental casts are duplicated and the marked duplicates are then photographed in a 1:1 relationship. The photographic negatives are digitized, i.e., the points marked on the casts are converted to X and Y coordinates which are recorded on punched cards. Computer facilities are used to convert the X and Y coordinates into mensurational data and to calculate the relative plane surface areas of the crown components and the total relative plane surface of the crown. The accuracy of this method was verified by the statistical analyses.
On the origins of new world paleopathology
Authors: St. Hoyme Lucile E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMany of the lesions found in American Indian bones do not resemble those found in human bones from the Old World, suggesting that the American Indians suffered from a distinct group of illnesses. If Old World pathogens did not follow man to the New World, what were the sources of pre‐Columbian Indian diseases? As in the Old World, humans were susceptible to diseases endemic in the local animal populations. Exposure to these diseases varied with culturally conditioned animal contacts. As the New World population increased, the probability for disease increased, to the point where it is likely that even in pre‐Columbian times, disease rather than war or climatic changes may have been a major influence in changing settlement patterns. The generalization that the only Old World plants and animals found in the New were those brought by man seems to hold as true for the pre‐Columbian disease organisms as it is for larger forms of life.
Evolution of quantitative characteristics which are determined by several additive loci
Authors: Livingstone Frank B. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractFor several models of polygenic traits due to equal and additive alleles the rate of change in allele frequency was estimated. With an amount of selection comparable to the present in several modern studies, evolution appears to be quite fast; so that the rapid change from Neanderthal to modern man could have been accomplished in a very short time evolutionarily speaking.
The effects of single gene substitution on the mammalian melanocyte system—a qualitative and quantitative histological study in the C57BL and DBL mice
Authors: Gerson Donald E. , Szabó George 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAbout 160 skin samples from the tail, sole, palm, ear and scrotum of DBL and C57BL/St mice were “split” with NaBr and treated with DOPA. A quantitative and qualitative microscopic analysis showed that: (a) the two strains did not differ consistently in the frequency of epidermal or dermal melanocytes; nor did the sexes differ from each other in this respect; (b) the melanocytes of the two strains differed morphologically. The DBL melanocytes were generally larger, with melanin‐congested perikarya. They had fewer dendrites than the C57BL melanocytes and their dendrites were shorter; and (c) the melanocytes of the DBL and C57BL strains differed in activity, the DBL melanocytes donating less melanin to Malpighian cells than did the C57BL melanocytes.It was concluded that the morphology of DBL and C57BL melanocytes is largely autonomously determined, although regional differences in melanocyte morphology suggest that the cellular environment also plays some part in influencing melanoblast differentiation.
The Pahira: A population genetical study
Authors: Basu Amitabha 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe Pahira is a small, primitive population of 1353 individuals inhabiting the hills and forests of the Ajodhya and the Dalma hill ranges in eastern India.Demographic, ABO blood groups, P.T.C. tasteblindness and anthropometric data are presented.The purpose of the present study is: to describe the biological characteristics of the population; to review the data from the point of view of the possible occurrence of maritally isolated, genetically different subpopulations within the population; to assess the possible causes of such differences, and to discuss the implications of such subpopulations and to examine the common assumption that allele frequencies throughout a population (i.e., among its several subpopulations) are homogeneous.It is shown that the Pahiras are divided into three subpopulations; that the subpopulations are different with respect to blood groups, tasteblindness and anhropometric measurements; that some of the variations show a clinal trend; that N.P. and S.P.I. are closer to each other than either of them to S.P.II; that such a breeding structure and genetic composition may have important evolutionary implications; that such a breeding structure emphasizes the importance of demographic information in population genetics; and, that our common assumption that allele frequencies throughout a population are homogeneous may not be valid.
Cultural determinants of population stability in the Havasupai Indians
Authors: Alvarado Anita L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe Havasupai are a small tribe who have traditionally practiced very productive agriculture in a highly fertile, well‐watered canyon. The agricultural subsistence base was formerly supplemented by hunting and gathering in adjacent areas which before significant American encroachment were plentifully supplied with desired game and wild vegetal products. Under these circumstances it would be expected that the tribe would be characterized by an expanding population. However, the population has been stable throughout historic times, approximately 200 years. In order to determine the significant factors responsible for the maintenance of population stability, all available information regarding Havasupai fertility, morbidity, mortality, and emigration was examined. An analysis of these data indicates that the population balance has been maintained primarily through cultural practices which limit fertility. Among the most important of these practices are the age at marriage, the age span differential between spouses, the high number of unmarried adults to be found in the population at any given time, the spermatocidal effect of the steam lodge, and perhaps the practice of infanticide and induced abortion.
Dental development in the cotton ear marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)
Authors: Johnston Gary W. , Dreizen Samuel , Levy Barnet M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe dental development of the cotton ear marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) was determined from gross and radiographic examinations of 40 colony born specimens to provide a biological yardstick for estimating the age of wild caught young animals. In this species 4 deciduous teeth (Id1) erupt during the first week; 4 (Id2) during the second week; 12 (Cd, Md1, Md2) during the third week and 4 (Md3) during the fourth week of age. Four permanent teeth (M1) are visible on oral examination at 3 to 4 months: 8 (M1, M2) at 4 to 6 months; 12 to 20 (M1, M2, I1, I2, Pm3) at 7 to 8 months; 24 to 28 (M1, M2, I1, I2, Pm1, Pm2, Pm3 at 8 to 11 months and the full complement of 32 at 11 to 12 months of age. The stage of mixed dentition extends from age 112 to 340 days. There is a close correspondence in the age related eruption pattern in each quadrant with no significant difference between males and females.
Torus mandibularis in an Alaskan Eskimo population
Authors: Mayhall John T. , Dahlberg A. A. , Owen David G. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractOne of the lowest reported incidences of torus mandibularis (10.7%) in an Eskimo population was observed in the Wainwright, Alaska group studied during 1968. In this population the tori generally did not appear until after the age of 40 years in contrast to other Mongoloid populations previously reported. There was no size difference between males and females, but the males exhibited a much higher incidence of this exostosis. The tori did not significantly increase in size with increasing age after their appearance late in life.