bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FOREST HYDROLOGY AND EXTREME RAINFALL FREQUENCY1
Authors: Settergren Carl D. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTExtreme rainfall frequency analysis provides one means to predict, within certain limits of probability, the average time interval between the recurrences of storms of a specified duration and magnitude. This in turn furnishes the forest hydrologist a valuable tool for engineering design and runoff and erosion forecast. A modification in the application of the annual maximum and annual exceedance series analysis described by V. T. Chow can, for special purposes, lead to an even more useful estimate of extreme events on a seasonal basis. This can be particularly important on small forested headwater watersheds where the runoff response to extreme rainfall may vary considerably with seasonal changes in canopy cover and soil moisture characteristics. Although the application of data covering a relatively short period of record has produced some inconsistencies among the frequency diagrams, under certain circumstances for short‐term recurrence interval forecast and for non‐critical application the analysis of extreme rainfall frequency from less than 20 years data seems justified.
A HYDROLOGIC INVENTORY SYSTEM1
Authors: Morisawa Marie 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe decision making process in development of water resources has often been subjective. A scheme for inventorying the hydrologic properties of watersheds would be a powerful tool, providing objective criteria that can be used in judgments and which can be applied in surveys for water management or conservation purposes. Such an inventory was used in studying the Green River, Wyoming and Little Miami, Ohio. The classification system considered characteristics of the water budget, variability and reliability of flow, and water quality. Class ranks for water budget were based on amount of runoff and water loss. Regulation and variation in flow were ranked on impoundments, variability index, coefficient of variability, 90% flow duration and maximum flow index. The streams’ chemical and solid loads were also considered. Classification of the Green and Little Miami rivers pointed out distinctive differences between their hydrologic characteristics. The inventory can thus be examined to compare stretches of river or whole watersheds, objectively determining the best possible use.
A LOOK AT THE HUDSON RIVER ESTUARY1
Authors: Busby Mark W. , Darmer Kenneth I. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper provides background information on the effect of tide waves upon the movement of water in the Hudson River estuary. Computations based on records from three continuous stage recorders and current‐meter discharge measurements made throughout a tidal cycle show that peak discharge rates in the estuary at Poughkeep‐sie may be as great as 500,000 cubic feet per second and that total daily tidal volumes as great as 20 billion cubic feet move in the estuary. Computation of water movement in the estuary requires precise field data and continued efforts are needed to perfect the data‐collection system and the computation procedure in order to adequately define water movement in the Hudson estuary.
OIL SLICK MOTION NEAR CHESAPEAKE BAY ENTRANCE1
Authors: Munday John C. , Harrison Wyman , Maalntyre William G. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTFive‐to‐50‐gallon slicks of No. 6 (Bunker C) fuel oil were tracked for several hours on six different occasions. Slick motion was due mainly to surface currents. The slick wind factor varied with wind speed, showing a threshold at seven knots and approaching 2.0 percent at 20 knots. Published values of 2.3 to 5 percent did not exclude the effects of wind‐generated surface currents. Prediction of slick motion using wind and published tidal‐current data was deficient; accuracy will require extensive wind and surface‐current time‐series data.
POLLUTION SURVEILLANCE AND DATA ACQUISITION USING MULTISPECTRAL REMOTE SENSING1
Authors: Wezernak Chester T. , Polayn Fabian C. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTLarge scale water resource investigations and effective pollution surveillance programs require the development of additional instrumentation and techniques to supplement existing methods of data acquisition. As a result, interest is growing in the concept of remote sensing. Described in this paper is the multispectral sensor concept and its application in water resource studies.
INDUCED OXIDATION OF STREAMS AND WATER QUALITY CONTROL INSTITUTIONS1
Authors: Whipple William , Dittman Frank W. , Ju Shaw L. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe proof is rapidly mounting that instream aeration is a technically and economically feasible supplement to secondary treatment of wastes, an alternative to tertiary waste treatment. Some phenomena remain unexplained; and competing technologies, especially those employing molecular oxygen, are being explored vigorously. However, there are convincing arguments in favor of aeration on theoretical grounds, proved technology is available; and the first installations have already been made. While remaining questions are being further investigated, it is time to consider in more detail the broader aspects, as to the institutional, legal, and political hurdles to be overcome before advantage can be taken of the new technology. This paper first summarizes the state‐of‐the‐art as far as technology is concerned; and then outlines the institutional problem.
A SYSTEMS STUDY OF STORM RUNOFF PROBLEMS IN A NEW TOWN1
Authors: Mallory Charles W. , Boland John J. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTA system study was conducted on the use of a large number of small reservoirs dispersed throughout an urban community as a means of storm water pollution control. The study was based on an area within the “new city” of Columbia, Maryland. Water collected and stored in the reservoirs is treated for release or use in meeting sub‐potable and potable water demands in the community. Design and performance criteria were developed for such a system. A simulation model and a computerized evaluation technique were used to select the optimal locations and system configurations. The results of this study indicated that such a system would be less expensive than a conventional engineering approach to storm water pollution control. Further, the benefits derived from use of the storm water as a water supply can offset a portion of the cost of pollution control. Several secondary benefits also result from this concept including erosion and sediment control, storm flow dampening, and recreational facilities. A program is now underway to demonstrate this concept in Columbia, Maryland.
SOCIO‐ECONOMIC ACCOUNTING APPLIED TO WATER RESOURCE PLANNING1
Authors: Criss Robert R. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe growing social consciousness and concern with human well‐being has resulted in numerous water resource use and control programs, the results of which must be measured not in the customary monetary terms, but rather in terms of social and human welfare.Interdisciplinary research offers the greatest promise of yielding fruitful results in establishing planning methodology that would result in a maximum utilization of funds available for water resource programs. Working with the various social science disciplines, accountants have begun research in social measurement thus opening the door to a new field of accountancy known as socio‐economic accounting.The development of social accounting systems will improve water resource management by projecting heretofore unmeasureable social values into the management decision making process.
MEASURING IMPACTS OF URBAN WATER DEVELOPMENT1
Authors: Whitman Ira L. , Davis Richard M. , Goldstone Seymour E. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe role of water resources in the urban economic and social environment, particularly in the inner city, has never been established to the degree necessary for making informed decisions on investments in urban waterway and shoreline improvements. The basic tools for measuring psychological and social impacts of waterway and shoreline developments in the inner city have not been fully developed and utilized to date. However, through a detailed analysis of the water resources in the urban core area of Cleveland, it appears that deliberate development of water‐based recreation and other environmental resources can lead to improvement in some of the social problems of the inner city. In recreation analysis, there is currently a great gap between methodologies that are conceptually sound and those that have been applied by urban and water‐resources planning agencies. New tools and methodologies can only be used successfully when public agencies are given the institutional and policy means for using them equitably in light of social needs. Present urban‐water planning practices have been found to be biased against the inner city, often unintentionally.
THERMAL GRADIENTS IN RIVERS AND RESERVOIRS DUE TO HEATED PLANT EFFLUENTS1
Authors: Shindala Adrian , Priest Melville S. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe direction of heated effluents from large thermal power plants into streams and lakes has been a matter of public concern for some time, and the collection of prototype data related to the hydraulic aspects has taken on massive proportions. Unfortunately, most of the data are proprietary and not available for public analysis. The authors have endeavored to collect such data as are available to them for the initiation of steps toward generalization and the discussion of some of the more evident hydraulic considerations. The study is primarily concerned with rivers, including estuaries, with some interest in cooling ponds.
SOME CONJUNCTIVE DESALTING STUDIES EN THE UNITED KINGDOM1
Authors: Mower Patrick A. , O'Kane J. Philip J. , Sherrif Jerry D.F. , Wyatt Tim , Barrett J. David 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT.Operating rule procedures are developed for the optimal use of desalination in conjunction with surface water impoundments. Results obtained from the use of hill‐climbing and dynamic programming methods are compared. Benefits to be obtained from the integrated use of desalination are demonstrated through a case study for the Barcelona area of Spain.
ALTERNATIVES FOR SALINITY MANAGEMENT IN THE COLORADO RIVER BASIN1
Authors: Vincent James R. , Russell James D. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe Colorado River Basin faces the dilemma of an increasing demand for water while presently struggling with salinity concentrations approaching critical levels for some water uses. Based upon projected development salinity concentrations are predicted to exceed 1200 mg/1 at Imperial Dam by the year 2010. Annual losses to the basin economy associated with increased salinity will exceed $50 million by the year 2010. Although methods of controlling salt discharges are relatively unrefined, certain conclusions, based upon Bayesian statistical methods, can be reached. Five basic alternatives for coping with the problem are presented and evaluated in this paper: (1) do nothing; (2) adopt arbitrary salinity standards; (3) limit development; (4) control salt discharges at a cost equal to the cost of doing nothing, or (5) minimize total costs to the basin. Total costs associated with any given alternative, or the given salinity resulting, are the sum of salinity detriments (cost to users for water of increased salinity plus economic multiplier effects) plus the cost of constructing salt discharge control works. These impacts upon basin economy and Colorado River water quality for each alternative are presented and related to questions of equity which will play a role in arriving at any long‐term solution to the Basin's problem.
ECOLOGICAL MODELS AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES1
Authors: Puccini Donald S. P. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe recent world‐wide trend towards centralization of all environmental management functions into one regulatory agency has illustrated the necessity for resources management agencies to adopt a total systems viewpoint. Environmental systems are typically complex and multi‐dimensional in nature. Mathematical models for the management of air, water and land resources have found wide acceptance among planners and decision‐makers. Ecological models of life processes have not reached the same state of development or acceptance.A general review of ecological systems theory and examples of the types of ecological models that have been developed to date arc presented in this paper. With this material as a background and given the vast literature on engineering and economic models, a conceptual framework for an approach to environmental studies and the analysis of polluted environmental systems is presented.
LINEAR PROGRAMMING APPLICATIONS IN WATER RESOURCES1
Authors: Drobny Neil L. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTApplications of linear programming to water quality and water quantity problems are discussed, and a fairly comprehensive sample of recent literature in these areas is reviewed. Basic elements of linear programming are also discussed. Emphasis is placed on the elements of linear programming that make it a useful tool for analyzing water resource problems and the basic features of various water resource problems that render them amenable to meaningful analysis by linear programming.
OPTIMAL CAPITAL INVESTMENT IN THE EXPANSION OF AN EXISTING WATER RESOURCES SYSTEMS1
Authors: O'Laoghaire D. T. , Himmelblau D. M. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe study of the optimal expansion of existing water resources systems is of continuing importance because of the rising demand and limited supply of water in many areas of the world, particularly in the southwestern part of the United States of America. This study is concerned with the investigation of the optimal expansion of a realistic water resources system to meet an increasing demand for municipal and industrial use, irrigation, energy, and recreation over a planning horizon of T years.A number of possible dam sites are available for the further regulation of river (canal) flows in the basin and/or the regulation of imported waters into the basin. To maximize, over the set of alternative projects, the sum of discounted present value of net earnings subject to the demands and various institutional, physical and budgetary limits, an optimization problem (Problem I) was formed as a 0‐1 mixed integer programming problem and was decomposed into the set of all feasible combinations (Problem II). The economic return was determined for each combination (Problem III).Problem II was solved by a branch and bound procedure which selected each feasible combination of dams while the optimal return for each such combination (Problem III) was found by a network analysis code.
REAPPRAISAL OF WATER SUPPLY RESOURCES IN DELAWARE RIVER BASIN USING SYNTHETIC HYDROLOGY1
Authors: Shiao Yu , McSparran John E. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT The 60's drought (1961 1966) which hit the Northeastern United States, had its center over the Delaware River Basin and caused water supply shortages to New York City, Philadelphia, and many other towns and industries in the Basin. Until this event occurred, the existing water supply sources and those planned for the future had been considered adequate, as they were designed for the worst drought of record (usually the 1930‐31 drought). In view of this “change in hydrology,” the Delaware River Basin Commission authorized a study (DRBC Resolution 67‐4) to re‐evaluate the adequacy of existing and planned water supply sources of the Delaware River Basin and its Service Area (New York City and northern New Jersey).Synthetic hydrology is a tool which can be used to overcome many of the limitations of the traditional approach. By analyzing generated streamflow traces in this study, it has been determined that there is a definite relationship between the accumulated rainfall deficiency during the drought and the return periods associated with various durations of runoff in the drought. This indicated that generated traces can be used to standardize the hydrology over an area where the intensity of drought varied. This represented an important facet in the study, because it provided a means to equalize the effects of this drought over the study area, and gave the Delaware River Basin Commission more information so that it could better plan and manage its water resources equitably, not only for the people within the Basin, but for the New York City and northern New Jersey areas as well.Synthetic hydrology was used to determine yield‐probability relationships for 50‐year periods, and storage‐yield‐frequency relationships for existing and planned water‐supply reservoirs. It was also used to determine yield‐probability relationships for reservoir systems within the Basin. In the study, it was determined that monthly streamflow traces and uniform draft rates could be used in yield analysis because of the magnitude of the reservoirs and because seasonal variations of draft rate are small in the study area.Although it was found that with the streamflow generating models (first order Markov) in common use today, it is not possible to definitely determine the actual frequency of a very severe historic drought, it is possible to place a drought in perspective by using synthetic hydrology. The study showed that it is a useful tool in determining water availability over a basin and is useful in studying water management problems such as interbasin transfers, and reservoir systems operations.
UNDERSTANDING A WATERSHED FROM THE BIOLOGICAL VIEWPOINT1
Authors: Wagle R. F. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTIn watershed management the effects of plants on water cannot be considered a constant and forgotten because: plants of different sizes and forms use water at different rates and plants of the same size differ in their needs for water because of anatomical differences.Many common denominators are present in all watersheds covered by vegetation. Forces exerted on the soil water by vegetation, climate and soil are the same kinds of forces. The differences between watersheds in water yield potential appear to be due to differences in the degree in which these forces are exerted. However, the influence of biotic factors are more individual.The similarities and differences existing between watersheds suggest some principles that can be used as guides to understanding individual watershed problems and as possible guides to determining when, how, and where to treat a given watershed. Eleven principles are given and their application to the definition and solution of biological or vegetational problems of watershed management are discussed.
REASONABLY FULL HYDROLOGIC DEVELOPMENT OF RESERVOIR SITES1
Authors: Finck John A. , Lee William H. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe size of multipurpose reservoir development is usually determined by an economic analysis of reservoir capabilities and the present and projected water resources needs which can be satisfied. This analysis is referred to as project formulation, wherein optimum conditions are sought. In responding to multiple objectives, i.e., national economic development, regional development and environmental quality, which are being considered in river basin planning in recent years, reservoirs should provide for reasonably full hydrologic development. Additional storage will be needed to provide opportunities for economic development, as well as meet unexpected development. Also, it provides more flow regulation capability for quality of environment considerations.An analysis has been made on twelve reservoir sites in the New York State portion of the Susquehanna River Basin to determine the so‐called “reasonably full hydrologic development of reservoir sites.” Hydrologic, economic, environmental and physical characteristics of the sites are taken into consideration. For normal conditions, it can be concluded that a yield equivalent to about 80 percent of the average discharge (runoff) can be considered as reasonably full hydrologic development for reservoir sites in the Susquehanna River Basin in New York. The same technique can be applied elsewhere to determine reasonably full hydrologic development of reservoir sites.
PROJECT 2000, A PLANNING IMPERATIVE1
Authors: Runkle Herbert M. , Perkins Thomas H. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTTime is running out on this country's planners. Generally speaking, the art of planning has retrogressed since the time of Christ. If we are to survive, this will have to be drastically changed by the year 2000. To achieve this, we need to begin to change our thinking, today. We badly need wider social planning, giving us more alternatives‐more thought on where we are going. Reasonableness requires blending of planning and construction‐but a sharp line of independence is essential. We must think about all the consequences of a particular act. Through intensive professional development and achievement of professional expertise, many outstanding technicians often move into vital decision making positions within their respective agencies. As planners, they see a part of the action but miss the big picture. Problem solutions become restricted to agency or individual authorities and are not always the best alternative. Thus, the planning field is overflowing with solutions to our every problem but many solutions offer spot control, and while the black spot is removed from the garment the white spot remaining from the solution offers little consolation to the wearer.
ARE RIVER BASINS THE BEST FRAMEWORK FOR WATER RESOURCES PLANNING, DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT?
Authors: Brown Leonard R. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe author cites many discrepancies in using river basins as a framework for water resources planning, development, and management. He suggests that a national planning framework, an urban region framework, or increased attention to regional externalities might be viable. However, basically the author is seeking to elicit suggestions and recommendations from the readers.
WATER QUALITY PREDICTION WITHIN AN INTERBASIN TRANSFER SYSTEM1
Authors: White W. A. , Tischler L. F. , Austin T. A. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT A methodology for predicting the spatial and temporal levels of conservative water quality constituents within a multibasin water resource system is presented. Dissolved solids, sulfates, and chlorides are the constituents used during this investigation; however, any other conservative ion or mineral can be incorporated into the simulation model. The methodology is tested on the proposed Texas Water System.The water quality model, QNET‐I, utilizes monthly canal and river flows and reservoir storage levels calculated by the Texas Water Development Board's systems simulation model. Discharge‐concentration relationships are developed for each source of water in the system, including significant waste‐water discharges. Reservoirs in the system are assumed to be completely mixed with respect to conservative constituents. A mass balance analysis is performed for each node and each month during the simulation period.The output from the water quality simulation is a table of the concentrations of the conservative water quality constituents at each demand point in the system and in each reservoir and canal for every month the system is in operation. The desired quality of the water at the demand locations is used to determine the economic utility of transporting and mixing water from various sources.