bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effectiveness of sodium lauryl sulphate as a shark repellent in a laboratory test situation
Authors: Smith Larry J. 
Published: January 2006

Swim‐through chemical repellency tests, using sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS), cupric acetate, and rotenone, were conducted in a specially‐designed roundabout tank on horn sharks, Heterodontus francisci, swell sharks, Cephaloscylliun ventriosum, and leopard sharks, Triakis semifasciata. Effective concentration thresholds (EC50s) were calculated for two levels of response: (1) minimum noticeable and (2) strong. The SLS EC50s were: horn shark 43.6 and 174.5 ppm; swell shark 95.1 and 160.0 ppm; and leopard shark inconclusive and 113.1 ppm. No response was discernible from cupric acetate. Rotenone evoked a weak response with an EC50 of 5.7 ppm, but no strong response.The ratio of the minimum noticeable EC50: 24‐hour lethal concentration (LC50) indicated the relative repellency (compared to toxicity) of the chemicals. The ratio for SLS was 19:1 and for rotenone 57:1. SLS did not provoke a repellency response at a low enough concentration to function effectively as a classical, surrounding‐cloud type, repellent. The range of potency of SLS, however, does allow it to be used as a directional repellent.
The influence of ambient salinity on routine metabolism in the teleost Cyprinodon variegatus Lacepède
Authors: Nordlie F. G. , Walsh S. J. , Haney D. C. , Nordlie T. F. 
Published: January 2006

Routine metabolism of the euryhaline cyprinodontid Cyprinodon variegatus Lacepede was measured at a series of ambient salinities ranging from fresh water through 100‰. Fish used had been sequentially acclimated to the test salinities (ambient temperature of 20±1° C and a 12: 12 L: D schedule).Routine metabolic rates were highest at ambient salinities from 15 to 50‰. Metabolism was somewhat lower at ambient salinities less than 15‰, and showed a sequential decline at ambient salinities greater than 50‰. It is suggested that routine metabolism is depressed at elevated salinities by reduced O, transfer, a consequence of maintenance of hydromineral balance in hypersaline waters.
Mechanisms of digestion in the marine herbivore, the luderick, Girella tricuspidata (Quoy and Gaimard)
Authors: Anderson T. A. 
Published: January 2006

The effect of feeding frequency on the mechanisms of digestion in the mucosa and contents of the gastrointestinal tract of the luderick, Girella tricuspidata (Quoy and Gaimard), was determined. Use was made of the variation in utilization frequency of Enteromorpha intestinalis by C. tricuspidata fed according to two different regimes to determine the importance of these digestive mechanisms in algal digestion.The contents of the oesophagus and stomach of fish fed ad libitum were consistently acidic whilst those from fish deprived of food were highly variable and more alkaline. The contents of the pyloric caeca. intestine and rectum were slightly alkaline in both groups.The number of microorganisms found in the digestive tract increased with a reduction in food availability. There was no significant cellulase activity in any of the animals tested.Amylase and lipase were found in the pyloric caeca, intestine and rectum, but were not present in the oesophagus or stomach. Lipase activities were highly variable. Although some protease was found in the posterior portion of the gut, the majority of the activity occurred in the oesophagus and stomach.Generally, amylase, lipase, and protease activities were unaffected by a change in the feeding regime of the fish from being fed ud libitum to being fed for a period of 24 h every 5 days. It is concluded that a reduced activity of enzymes that hydrolyse algal cell contents is not the reason for the lower utilization efficiency of food‐deprived fish.It is clear that the only difference in digestive mechanisms between fish fed ad libitum and fish fed infrequently is the variation in pH of the foregut. It is considered likely that the increased acidity of the foregut of animals fed ad Iibilum facilitates hydrolysis of the algal cell walls and allows greater utilization of algae by these fish.
An electrophoretic investigation of populations of Atherina boyeri Risso, 1810 and A. presbyter Cuvier, 1829 (Teleostei: Atherinidae): genetic evidence in support of the two species
Authors: Creech S. 
Published: January 2006

The data obtained using electrophoresis strongly support the specific status of Atherina boyeri Risso, 1810 and A. presbyfer Cuvier, 1829, and thuscontradict the recently proposedsynonymyof the two species. Four populations of A. boyeri and six populations of A. presbyter were assayed for 11 enzymes and general protein using muscle and liver extracts. Eight of the 11 enzymes were shown to be polymorphic at the 95% level. Sixteen loci, encoding 40 putative alleles were consistently resolved in all 10 populations.The two species were fixed for different alleles at the EST‐3 locus. At the G3PDH locus. with the exception of two heterozygotes, all individuals of each species were also homozygous for different alleles. At the PGM locus the common allele was unique to each species.The mean Nei's genetic distance (D̄), over all loci, calculated between populations of A. boyeri (D̄= 0.10 ± 0.06); between populations of A. presbyter (D̄= 0.02 D̄ 0.02) and between populations of A. boyeri and A. presbyter (D̄= 0.42 D̄ 0.09) indicated the separateness of the two species.UPGMA cluster analysis based on genetic distances produced a dendrogram whose principal dichotomy resulted in the formation of two clusters. The ordination of populations in the UPGMA cluster analysis strongly reflected the geographic distribution of populations in both species.
Effects of sea trout stocking on the population genetics of landlocked brown trout, Salmo trutta L., in the Conwy River system, North Wales, U.K.
Authors: Hauser L. , Beaumont A. R. , Marshall G. T. H. , Wyatt R. J. 
Published: January 2006

The effect of the introduction of fry of anadromous sea trout, Salmo trutta L., on the genetic integrity of landlocked brown trout populations was evaluated. Samples were taken from six brown trout populations from streams above impassable waterfalls in the Conwy river system (North Wales, U.K.) in 1989 and 1990. Three of these streams had no known stocking history and three had been stocked with sea trout fry from the lower Conwy system over the last few years. Representatives of these sea trout were collected from two streams in the lower Conwy system and from a hatchery. Allele frequencies at 13 loci, six of which were polymorphic, were determined by starch gel electrophoresis.The stocked populations were intermediate in their allele frequencies between unstocked brown trout and sea trout samples. A principal component analysis suggested significant numbers of hybrids in all of the stocked streams. This shows that some of the introduced sea trout did not migrate down the falls to the sea, but stayed in fresh water and hybridized with the local population. The significance of this finding for the conservation of the genetic resource of brown trout stocks is discussed.
Red muscle fibre and capillary dimensions in different sizes of a tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Trewavas)
Authors: Kisia S. M. , Hughes G. M. 
Published: January 2006

Measurements of muscle dimensions that affect respiration in relation to body weight were carried out in a tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. The fish used in all measurements weighed 0.65–812.3 g. The data were analysed with respect to body weight using logarithmic transformations (log Y=log a+blog W).The slopes (b) of the log/log regression lines for weight of body trunk red muscle, average cross‐sectional area of muscle fibre, average number of capillaries in direct contact with a muscle fibre, average capillary contact length with a fibre as a fraction of average fibre circumference and number of capillaries mm2 of fibre cross‐sectional area [NA(cƒ)] were 1.16, 0.221, 0.084, 0.015, and −0.137 respectively.These results show that there is an increase in muscle cross‐sectional fibre area and number of capillaries in contact with muscle fibres whereas number of capillaries supplying a unit area of muscle fibre decreases during development. There is development of new capillaries with increase in cross‐sectional area of red muscle fibres.
Morphological and biometrical study of the gill rakers in four species of mullet
Authors: Guinea J. , Fernandez F. 
Published: January 2006

The morphology and biometry of the gill rakers have been studied by scanning electron microscopy in juveniles and adults of four species of mullet (Liza aurata, Liza, saliens, Liza ramada and Chelon labrosus).A detailed description of the structure and orientation of gill rakers and related structures is presented for the four species and the two sizes considered, showing broad similarities between them. However a biometrical study has shown significant differences between juveniles and adults of the same species as well as between juveniles or adults of different species and sizes. The possible relationship of such differences with the capacity for gathering food is discussed.
The evolution of sexual size dimorphism in fish*
Authors: Parker G. A. 
Published: January 2006

Life history strategy models in which female size depends on fecundity and male size on male‐male competition, are used to predict male and female size. Sperm competition alone—without any form of contest competition—cannot readily generate size ratios (male weight/female weight) greater than 1·0, and if sperm competition is very weak, small or even dwarf males are predicted. Increasing sperm competition increases male size, but only with high numbers of competing males can male size approach that of females. Size dimorphism is also affected by the ratio: growth rate/mortality rate in each sex. If this is higher in one sex, its size increases. Two trade‐offs in fish could affect this ratio but neither appears likely to yield size ratios above unity under sperm competition.Male‐male combat is capable of pushing male size beyond that of females, but male size seems never to exceed female size by more than one order of ten, whilst the reverse can proceed to many orders of ten (dwarf males), a pattern which applies generally in animals. Reasons for this asymmetry in size ratio include buffering effects of reducing growth rate (‘von Bertalanffy buffering’), and an asymmetry in the homeostatic effect of operational sex ratio (‘OSR buffering’). High adult male mortality and weak male‐male competition can generate dwarf males. A fundamental problem concerns why the sexes are often so similar in size: this may relate to sperm competition, size buffering effects, and many other features not considered in the present models.
Beiträge zum Problem des symptomatischen Alkoholismus–I. Endogene Psychosen und “Alkoholismus”*
Authors: KARDOS G. , MÁRIA B. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract We talk in Jellinek's sense about the disease of alcoholism, but we must regard the word “alcoholism” as a collective clinical conception in which we see: (1) “abnormal” habitual drinkers who drink too much and too often, but need not do so, for they are not dependent upon alcohol; (2) “real” alcoholics who also drink too much and too often because they cannot help it, i.e., because of their alcohol dependence they can be only alcoholics or abstainers; (3) symptomatic drinkers, in whom the everyday or periodic misuse of alcohol functions as a symptom or auto‐correction system of some fundamental psychiatric disorder. These “double” cases can occur together but can change the course of both diseases, sometimes favourably and sometimes unfavourably.We have investigated this problem of symptomatic alcoholism over a period of many years, and have pointed out the importance of the reciprocal action between the abuse of alcohol and schizophrenia. In the case of our 29 schizophrenic drinkers we have observed and described several typical forms of these pathoplastic constellations. We also found, in the history of 100 non‐selected cyclothymics 19 cases of the symptomatic abuse of alcohol, which in the majority of cases led only to a non‐typical or even a typical–i.e., manic or melancholically amalgamate–intoxication, but in 8 cases led to a prolonged bout of habitual or relief drinking. Both these possibilities occurred very often in female cyclothymics.In the pathogenesis of not a few cases the endogenic and endoreactive disturbances of the affectivity can, in addition to the well‐known sociological and psychological factors, play a causative or pathogenetic role. On the other hand, in the coincidence of schizophrenia and alcoholism, pathoplastic intermediate effects occur only from one case to another.
Alcohol and the Accident Department
Authors: WATSON J. P. 
Published: January 2006

Résumé On rapporte un fragment d'un travail basé sur l'évaluation d'antécédents des cas liés à l'alcoolisme et poursuivi dans le service d'accidents et d'urgence de l'hôpital King's College de Londres en 1965.L'alcohol a été remarqué dasns les dossiers d'environ 1% de tous les nouveaux patinets pendant l'année respective. L'alcoolisme chroniqe était défini ou possible seulement dans un ters des cas.Des patients qui vinrent au moins une fois pour le traitement d'un probléme psychiatriqe, vinrent également souvent, pendant la même année, pour des blessures. Comme un groupe cependant, ils montrérent beaucoup plus de morbidité psychiatrique que les patients qui vinrent seulement pour être traités pour une seule ou quelques blessures. Les implications de ces résultats sot discuitées.
Alcoholism and Drug Dependence Amongst Jews*
Authors: GLATT M. M. 
Published: January 2006

Résumén— A travers les ages l'alcoolisme parmi les Juifs a été frappant par sa relative absence. Parmi les différentes hypothèses avancées pour expliquer ce fait a été celle de la signification rituelle de l'alcool parmi les Juifs, (en contraste par exemple avec l'alcoolisme séculaire parmi les Irlandais). D'autre part deux médecins praticiens londoniens ont trouvé parmi leurs adonnés aux drogues une proportion de Juifs de presque 20 pour cent. Cependant, dans notre propre expérience avec les alcooliques et les adonnés aux drogues dans la région Londonienne, l'alcoolisme parmi les Juifs n'est pas tellement rare et le penchant pour les drogues n'est pas tellement common, comme il a été indiqué précédemment. II pourrait y avoir un rapport causal entre le fait que peu de Juifs alcooliques et adonnés aux drogues ont des liens solides avec le Judasime.Des recherches dans la prétendue incidence plus grande du penchant pour les drogues parmi les Juifs, en contraste avec la rarité de l'alcoolisme devraient fournir des indices importants sur la valeur de l'étude de l'étiologie de ces problèmes en général.
Some Sociological Characteristics of Male Alcoholic Patients from London admitted to a Mental Hospital
Authors: TIDMARSH DAVID 
Published: January 2006

Résumén— On décrit le fond social et psychiatrique de 117 alcooliques mâles admis dans un hôpital pour maladies mentales de Londres.On a trouvé que ces malades faisaient preuve d'une plus grande détérioration du point de vue social que des malades admis dans une Unité Alcoolique mais moins que des alcooliques provenant du Skid Row de Londres.On suggère que certaines caractéristiques de la zone d'action de l'hôpital attirent ces malades de zones s'en trouvant bien à l'extérieur. Les moyens isuffisants pour le traitement à la fois des malades hospitalisés et après leur départ de l'hôpital sont soulignés
A Two‐year Follow‐up of a Cohort of Opiate Users from a Provincial Town
Authors: HITCHINS LAURA , MITCHESON MARTIN , ZACUNE JIM , HAWKS DAVID 
Published: January 2006

SUMMARYA second year's follow‐up of a cohort of 36 opiate users and 27 subsequent cases in one town was conducted by individual interview, observation, and record abstraction. At some time during 1969 all but five of those at liberty consumed some opiate drug, and four of those five took an illicit non‐opiate drug. Compared with the previous year there was a reduction in the taking of heroin, cocaine and methylamphetamine and an increased consumption of methadone, barbiturates and oral amphetamine. Seven persons were daily users of opiates for at least part of the year, and 13 were irregular opiate users, without receiving a legitimate prescription. Abstinence was not significantly related to any obvious social or demographic variable including age, or duration of drug use. Nevertheless, it appeared that unless patients had a satisfactory social situation open to them, continued abstinence could not be achieved following withdrawal. Drug taking in this locality is consistent with national experience.
Amphetamine Abuse and Government Legislation
Authors: Wilson C. W. M. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryUrine samples from boys admitted to a Remand Home in Ireland during the last quarter of 1969 and the first quarter of J970 hone been analysed by gas liquid chromatography for the presence of amphetamine and nicotine. Government control of the import, distribution, and sale of amphetamine preparations was imposed in Ireland at the beginning of 1970. During the last quarter of 1969 amphetamine was detected in the urine of 11–4 per cent of the sample of 123 boys. During the first quarter of 1970, 171 samples of urine were tested, and amphetamine was found in 0–6 per cent. Nicotine was detected in 69 per cent of the specimens during the last quarter of 1969 and in 71 per cent during the first quarter of 1970. The reported results of analyses for amphetamine in urines from English Remand Home boys have been analysed during the period 1965 to 1970. There has been a consistent and slow reduction in percentage of positive samples from 17–2 per cent in 1965 to 2–0 per cent in 1970. This reduction is compared with the sadden fall from 11–4 per cent to 0–6 per cent which took place in Ireland during the six month period when the Government control order on amphetamines came into effect.
The Use of Heroin and Methadone by Injection in a New Town
Authors: Rathod N. H. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryData from the Home Office1 shows a nearly three‐fold increase in the number of notified “addicts” to heroin and methadone over a four year period (1965–68). These figures reflect the national trends and as such are of considerable value. They however give little insight into another important aspect of this phenomenon‐i.e. into regional differences and regional trends. The value of such information cannot be over‐emphasised. Community surveys of those using narcotics or other drugs by injection are sconce, and so are serial surveys on one particular community. Unique amongst such are the series of periodic surveys on a provincial town. They all emanate from the Addiction Research Unit at the Institute of Psychiatry. 2‐A These reports show that the number of known, opiate users has increased from 37 m 1968 to 63 in 1970.This paper concerns changes in the use of narcotics by infection in a New Town where an initial survey was carried out in 1967.5,6 It deals primarily with trends in incidence and prevalence, examines relationship between oral use of illicit drugs and practice of injecting and with trends in the types of drugs injected.
Treatment of Drug Addiction: Past Myths and Present Problems
Authors: Mayer Joseph 
Published: January 2006

SummaryDrug addiction has recently become a major mental health and public health problem in the United Slates as well as in other parts of the world. Large scale heroin addiction among minority groups in the United States, notably blacks and Puerto Ricans, can be dated from World War II, while wide‐spread drug abuse among the youth, whites, and middle class is less than jive years old. In recent years, as addiction has spread in these latter groups, treatment efforts have doubled and redoubled. This article examines some of the past myths and current problems associated with drug addiction.
Afterword
Authors: Bewley Thomas H. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryIn this Symposium various papers have been presented dealing with many aspects of work in progress in the United Kingdom recently. I have been asked to make a comparison between this and what is happening elsewhere in the world and also to consider where these various reports may lead. The papers have dealt with such basic concepts as the pharmacological, psychological and social basis of various types of drug dependence, epidemiological reports on changes in incidence and prevalence in England and Ireland; the effects of legislation on prevention and some aspects of treatment in specialised units and by voluntary bodies.
Operant Behavior of a Chronic Alcoholic Under Fixed Ratio and Fixed Interval Schedules of Reinforcement Using Alcohol as a Reinforcer*
Authors: O'Brien John S. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryOne chronic male alcoholic was used in an experimental designed to investigate the feasibility of using the free operant technique, in a restricted laboratory setting, as a means of analyzing the behavior patterns of an alcoholic. Further, the variability of the reinforcing value of beverage alcohol was investigated under Fixed Ratio and Fixed Interval schedules of reinforcement. The subject was run for 192 consecutive hours under both non‐drinking and drinking conditions. Operant and temporal data on response rate and beverage alcohol consumption were collected Whisky as a reinforcer with an alcoholic generated response behavior under fixed ratio and fixed interval schedules similar to the performance found in infrahuman subjects and in retarded and non‐retarded children. The temporal analysis suggested that work patterns may be evident in the alcoholic working and drinking practices.
Drug and Alcohol use by Young People Attending a Psychiatric Emergency Service*
Authors: Rosenberg Chaim M. , Dolinsky Harriet 
Published: January 2006

SummaryOne hundred young people aged 15 to 25 years were seen in the walk‐in psychiatric emergency stroke of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Eighty‐three had used alcohol and 58 had used drugs on at least six separate occasions. In most cases the use of these substances seemed incidental to the clinical presentation. However, serious abuse of drugs or alcohol was linked with a history of other behavioral disturbances such as delinquent acts, school drop‐out and work instability. These behavioral abnormalities were usually apparent from an early age.This study indicates that certain individuals run a substantially higher risk than others of becoming heavily involved with drugs and alcohol. Established drug and alcohol dependence present formidable treatment problems. An emphasis on early prevention—by reaching these high risk individuals while they art still at school—may help to reduce the incidence of these disorders among the young.
Drug Dependence in Psychiatric Admissions
Authors: Ballinger Brian R. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA full drug history was taken from 378 patients admitted to a Psychiatric Service. Individuals who had received continuous psychotropic medication for 4 weeks were assessed for evidence of drug dependence as manifested by emotioned distress an withdrawal or threat of withdrawal of the drug. 104 patients (27.5 per cent) were regarded as being drug dependent. Further characteristics of the patients and drugs are reviewed.