bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Georges Bataille's Surrealistic Theory of Religion
Authors: Campbell Robert A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractGeorges Bataille offers a perspective on religion that emphasizes what might be considered the most corrupt and undesirable elements of human existence. In a previous issue of this journal, Carl Olson (1994) presents an analysis of Bataille's theory of religion that distorts its significance by solely drawing attention to what Olson identifies as its postmodern and immoral nature. The purpose of this article is to balance some of the excesses expressed by Olson, by providing an alternate and more balanced coverage of Bataille's thought. The surrealistic blending of expenditure, sacrifice, eroticism, and death form the basis for a truly social theory of religion that cannot be separated from Bataille's notions of human nature and the general economy. Some of Bataille's comments on Christianity are offered as illustrations of his ideas.
Friedrich II. von Preußen und die Schwenckfelder in Schlesien
Authors: Weigelt Horst 
Published: April 2008

AbstractFrederick II neither tolerated the Schwenckfeldians in Silesia as an independent denomination nor recognized them, but, rather from a legal basis demanded that they be incorporated into the Lutheran Church. With the acknowledgement of the Schwenckfeldian movement as an independant denomination, he would have gone beyond article VII of the Instrumenta Pacis Osnabrigense, jeopardizing future peace negotiations with the House of Habsburg. However, he did promise the Schwenckfeldians that the government would respect their personal faith and conscience and would be willing to protect them from attack, though limited by the reason of state which would be endangered if the fundamental articles of the Christian religion were openly denied. For if these were negated one could not discount the possibility that not only Maria Theresea but also the Protestant and Catholic subjects would take offence, causing tension and diminishing the prosperity of the State. The philosopher of Sanssouci himself held freedom of faith and conscience highly, but felt it had to be subordinate to the welfare of the state. The actual reason for he gave this assurance to the Schwenckfeldians though, was not merely to give his subjects a relative amount of freedom, but, more important, to encourage further immigration into his lands. Frederick II, who saw himself as the first servant of his state, thereby hoped to raise the density of population in relatively depopulated areas, to promote manufacturing and trade, and with it the prosperity of the state. The positive impulse for the attitude of Frederic II against the Schwenckfeldians was therefore in the last analysis based on political motives. His concession of freedom of faith and conscience to the Schwenckfeldians was in principle possible only because he had granted such freedom to all his Silesian subjects - who had to belong to one of the three confessions recognized by the Peace of Westphalia- on the condition that they would not deny reverence to God or subservience to the State. In comparison to the intolerant attitude of many contemporary states which gave their subjects no liberty of faith or conscience, the position which the state of Frederic II hat taken vis-a-vis the Schwenckfeldians in Silesia therefore signifies a great step forward. This position, however, was considerably less than the religious freedom enjoyed by those Schwenckfeldians who emigrated to Pennsylvania.
First Nations Self-Government in Canada
Authors: Cumming Peter A. , Ginn Diana 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe case law reveals the courts' willingness to uphold federal intervention in Indian government, justifying such intervention on the grounds that Congress has plenary power over Indian affairs, that a ward-guardian relationship exists between Indians and the American government, or that a particular action was political and therefore not open to review (243). Yet, courts have characterized the jurisdiction still exercised by tribal governments as flowing from retained sovereignty rather than as delegated by Congress. American tribes have been described as possessing » theoretical sovereignty and some self-governing powers« 244). These powers include determining membership, regulating probate and family matters, deciding whether to lease or surrender Indian land, allotting land to members, taxing those living on the reserve, controlling tribe assets, establishing tribal courts, and passing »municipal-type« laws (245). The Bureau of Indian Affairs still has significant powers, however. The Commissioner of the Bureau is responsible for »the management of all Indian affairs, and (for) all matters arising out of Indian relations« (246). This power can be used to disallow tribe ordinances (247). The Commissioner also controls money appropriated for the »benefit, care, and assistance of the Indians;« (248) and because of the size of the Bureau, a substantial amount of this money goes to administration (249). However, although Indian tribes in the United States are not fully self-governing, it appears that »as tribes adopt more and more American style governmental institutions ... the Bureau seems willing to permit a substantial degree of tribal government (250).
Specialization Agreements under the EEC Competition Rules; A Commentary on Regulation No. 417/85
Authors: Höög Magnus 
Published: April 2008

AbstractEach case depends on its own facts. Still, the decided cases give considerable guidance to the Commission's approach to granting individual exemptions. The Commission seems to be concerned primarily with the activities of only the parties subject to the specialization agreement, not with unrelated pursuits of corporate relations of the parties94. The Commission also attributes to th especialization agreements an increase of production with a concomittent lowering of unit costs. The exclusivity will thus help to provide the necessary expanded market. The parties to the agreements discussed above are of different sizes, some have very significant shares of the markets in question. A considerable size of the parties, i.e. substantial turnover or large market shares, normally will make it more difficult to obtain an individual exemption. Still, the individual decisions make it clear that even quite substantial undertakings can obtain the benefit of an individual decision under the right circumstances. This leads to the conclusion that size per se is not a concern to the Commission. Of concern is the restrictive clauses in, to some extent, conjunction with the size. Together, the restrictive clause and the considerable size bring the agreement far within the scope of Article 85(1). That the agreement can be granted an individual exemption due to inherent advantages is another side of the coin. A significant example is Re Lightweight Papers. Once the most rigid clauses in the agreement were withdrawn, an exemption was granted no matter the huge market shares in Benelux and France (70% and 80% respectively). The existence of effective competition is the all important element. No matter the size, an exemption can be had if effective competition prevails.
Group rights, war crimes and crimes against humanity
Authors: Green Leslie C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis article gives an overview of the doctrine, state practice and treaty provisions with respect to the protection of groups in case of war crimes and crimes against humanity to see what rules apply in the case of Bosnia Hercegovina and Somalia and whether a right of intervention or an obligation to intervene exists. The author concludes that the present laws with regard to the protection of group rights are inadequate and ineffective.
Collective claims on the human rights landscape: a Canadian view
Authors: Yalden Maxwell 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis article offers some observations on the emergence of collectivist trends in the human rights movement in Canada and abroad. The author points out that one should be mindful of the distinction between group rights as a shield against normative violations or as a sword against individual or minority entitlement. The issue of collective rights has acquired a remarkable degree of legitimacy in Canada. Having recognized in 1867 the significance of group dynamics in the areas of education, language and religion for the French and English communities, the proposals for constitutional change would enshrine the same benefits for aboriginal people and minorities while underscoring the equality of men and women in all contexts. Similar trends are discerned abroad.
Balkan vortex: states, territories, and minorities
Authors: Bugajski Janusz 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWith the collapse of the Soviet bloc and the unravelling of centralized Communist controls, numerous points of conflict over territories, minorities, and resources were regenerated in the Balkans. In some instances, former Communist forces have adopted nationalist programs and tried to exploit social and ethnic cleavages to preserve their positions and privileges. In other cases, radical populists and ultra-nationalist groupings have endeavored to capitalize on deteriorating economic conditions and continuing political instability by deliberately exacerbating cultural, religious, regional, and nationality frictions. Simultaneously, minority communities in several countries have raised their political aspirations for cultural autonomy and territorial self-government. Such demands have, in turn, heightened tensions with majority populations and with some neighboring states concerned over the fate of their co-ethnics.
The psychology of Western European neo-racism
Authors: Harris Max , Edwards Bruce , Volkan Vamik , Anderson Thomson J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractEurope is on the verge of an unprecedented era of social, economic, and political cooperation. Yet, there is resurgent racism and xenophobia in Western Europe, and in Central and Eastern Europe many of the fragments of the old Soviet Empire have disintegrated into ethnic violence and genocidal warfare. Prejudice is the common source of this ethnic hatred, xenophobia, and racism. The Center for the Study of Mind and Human Interaction is involved in developing those concepts which will provide the links between the psychological understanding of individual human beings and how they create and sustain destructive conflict in social, political, and ethnic groups. The development of prejudice in an individual and its underlying psychological mechanisms are detailed as part of the formation of identity. The fundamental structures of prejudice are then discussed using crucial new concepts in the psychology of large group processes involved in violent group hatreds.
The Russian minority in Estonia
Authors: Wiegandt Manfred H. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis article examines the situation of the Russian minority in Estonia, focusing on legal issues. It traces back the historical reasons for the current minority problem which can be found in the demographic changes that took place after the country's annexation by the Soviet Union. The author examines the Estonian laws most relevant to the minorities and their compliance with international human rights standards. He sees the cardinal point from a legal perspective in the fact that international law basically does not restrict the sovereign right of a state to regulate its citizenship. Thus the author comes to the conclusion that Estonian laws in general do not violate international law. He points out that it would be false to reduce the problem to this legal issue and shows how the involvement of international organizations helped to mitigate a situation that could potentially lead to a violent confrontation.
Internal displacement and the conflict in Abkhazia
Authors: Mooney Erin D. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn the internal displacement crisis arising from the secessionist armed conflict in Abkhazia, Georgia, ethnic Georgians are the principal victims. They have been displaced from Abkhazia by a policy of ethnic cleansing which, though perhaps not fully developed at the time of the actual displacement, has rendered the area ethnically homogeneous and certainly succeeded in ensuring that it so remains. This paper focuses on the nature and effectiveness of the international community's response to the ethnically-motivated displacement and resulting demographic manipulation. The mandate and operations of each of the relevant international actors involved, namely the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), the United Nations Military Observers (UNOMIG), Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) peacekeepers, and the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), are examined to determine their protection function both separately and collectively. The constraints under which each organization must operate in this situation and concerns regarding Russia's dominance of the CIS operation for the pursuit of its own strategic interests are considered as contributing factors to the lack of effective protection for the internally displaced Georgians and those still at risk of so becoming.
Het Testament Van Jan Frans Vonck En Het Romeinse Recht (1792-1814)
Authors: Macours G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractLe 1er décembre 1792, l'avocat J.-Fr. Vonck, leader du parti démocrate lors de la révolution brabançonne et un des pères de la démocratie et du libéralisme belges, décède à Lille en exil. Il laisse quelques legs pieux aux pauvres de sa paroisse natale de Baardegem (pays d'Asse dans le comté de Brabant). En dépit de l'affirmation de J. Vercruysse (Lias IV (1977), 261-312), ces legs pécuniaires ne sont pas scrupuleusement respectés mais deviennent l'objet d'une procédure, intentée le 22 juillet 1813 par le bureau local de bienfaisance, l'héritier révolutionnaire de l'ancienne table des pauvres. En s'appuyant sur des textes justiniens: D. 22,1,34, Ulp. lib. 15 ad ed. et C. 1,45,1 et 4 (530), les administrateurs de ce bureau demandent alors la délivrance des capitaux légués, augmentés d'intérêts à compter du décès du testateur, tandis que l'héritière universelle, la soeur du défunt, ne veut payer ces intérêts qu'à partir du jour de la demande en délivrance, en accord avec l'art. 1014 CC, soit une différence d'un laps de 20 ans. En respectant le principe de non-rétroactivité (l'art. 2 CC), le juge décide la question 'd'après les principes du droit écrit, la loi du pays dans le silence des coutumes et des ordonnances'. Ce principe de non-rétroactivité, respecté scrupuleusement par le juge révolutionnaire est un des canaux pour la survivance du droit romain après l'introduction du code. En dépit de l'art. 7 de son titre préliminaire, ce code n'a pas mis fin à la force des lois romaines. Des recherches profondes de la jurisprudence des premières décennies du 19e siècle indiqueront encore beaucoup d'autres beaux exemples de la survivance du droit romain dans des formes modulées par une réception plusieurs fois séculaire.
Savigny En De Wetenschap Van Het Privaatrecht in Nederland in De Negentiende Eeuw
Authors: Kop P.C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSavigny verkehrte brieflich mit H.W. Tydeman (Professor zu Franeker, dann Leiden), J.D. Meijer (Rechtsanwalt, dann Richter zu Amsterdam), A.C. Holtius (Professor zu Lüttich, dann Utrecht) und J. van Hall (Professor zu Amsterdam, dann Utrecht), ebenfalls mit L.A. Warnkönig (Professor zu Lüttich, Löwen und Gent), einem Schüler Hugos. Diese Korrespondenten unterrichteten Savigny über den Stand der (juristischen) Dinge in den Niederlanden, sandten ihm eigene Arbeiten oder Arbeiten ihrer Schüler und erörterten juristische Fragen. Mit Holtius hatte S. auch gute persönliche Kontakte. Die wichtigsten Vertreter Savignyschen Gedankenguts waren in Leiden der Politiker und Rechtslehrer J.R. Thorbecke, ein Schüler Eichhorns, C.J. van Assen und J. de Wal, in Utrecht Holtius, J.M.F. Birnbaum, G.W. Vreede und später J.A. Fruin, in Groningen C. Star Numan und J.H. Philipse, in Amsterdam Van Hall und Den Tex, beide Redaktoren der Bijdragen tot Regtsgeleerdheid en Wetgeving. Die schon genannten Tydeman und Meijer haben mit S. polemisiert. Direkten Einfluss erlangte S. erst mit seinem System. Zwar war die historische Methode Juristen und Politikern schon vorher durchaus geläufig, doch war sie nicht mit dem Namen Savigny verbunden. Die Kraftlinien der ausländischen Einflüsse auf die niederländische Rechtswissenschaft - Historische Schule, Pandektismus, 'l'ecole de l'exégèse' - sind bisher nicht gründlich untersucht worden. Die wichtigsten Kommentatoren stehen alle mehr oder weniger unter dem Einfluss des Pandektismus, kennen aber auch die französische Literatur gut, Savignysche Thesen (Volksgeist, Historische Entwicklung des Rechts usw.) finden sich bei ihnen als unreflektierte Wahrheit wieder. Auch im materiellen Privatrecht macht sich S's Einfluss bemerkbar (Besitz, Willensdogma).
De Brieven Van a.C. Holtius Aan F.C. Von Savigny
Authors: Kop P.C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAdrianus Catharinus Holtius (1786-1861) war Professor zu Deventer (1816-1821), Groningen (1821-1822), Löwen (1822-1831 ) und Utrecht ( 1831-1861). Sein Lehrauftrag zu Utrecht enthielt römisches Recht, Handelsrecht und Seerecht. Er verkehrte brieflich mit Savigny vom 6. Juni 1832 bis zum 27. Oktober 1851. Nur die Holtiusbriefe sind in der Universitätsbibliothek Marburg greifbar. Ein Schreiben Savignys vom 13. Oktober 1836 ist erhalten und wird in diesem Aufsatz in ungekürzter Form abgedruckt. Die Korrespondenz umfaßt eine Vielzahl von Themen: so z.B. die Überlieferung, nach der die Pisaner die Littera Pisana 1135 in Amalfi erbeutet hätten, den Gegensatz Quiritium und Latinorum, die Begriffsbestimmung von furtum, mutuum, nexus, fructuum perceptio, civilis und naturalis possessio und die Anwesenheit Cujazischer Schriften in Frankfurt. Holtius gibt auch seinen Kommentar zu den Veröffentlichungen Savignys, wie Das Recht des Besitzes und Geschichte des römischen Rechts im Mittelalter. Weiterhin diskutiert man über Handschriften und Kollegen, über den jämmerlichen Zustand der Gesetzgebung, der Rechtspflege und der Rechtswissenschaft, über die eigene Gesundheit usw. Holtius erweist sich als ein Rechtswissenschaftler mit internationalen Kontakten und breitem Interesse, der die Zivilrechtswissenschaft seiner Zeit noch immer für eine europäische und romanistische Wissenschaft hält.
De Zaak Van De Abandonnerende Polder En De Afschaffing Van De Waterschapsrechtspraak in 1841
Authors: Giebels Ludy 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWährend der Französischen Zeit (1795-1813) wurden in den Niederlanden die Strukturen für die nachmalige zentrale, regionale und örtliche Regierungsgewalt grundgelegt, insbesondere die Gewaltenteilung. Doch blieben die Wasserschaften (waterschappen) von der Neuregelung unberührt, so daß sie de facto ihre angestammten Kompetenzen behielten. Nachdem 1810 eine selbständige Gerichtsverfassung geschaffen worden war, kam die Gerichtsbarkeit der Wasserschaften unter Beschuß. Zwar wurde sie 1817 durch einen Königlichen Erlaß (Koninklijk Besluit) bestätigt, die Verfassungsmäßigkeit dieses Erlasses jedoch wurde von liberalen Politikern und Juristen heftig bestritten. 1834 wurde das Gericht der Wasserschaft Rheinland (Hoogheemraadschap van Rijnland) mit einem Fall befaßt, der hohe Wellen schlug und schließlich zum Untergang dieser Sondergerichtsbarkeit führte. Der 'Binnenpolder onder Zwammerdam' war geladen worden, weil er sich weigerte weiterhin für die Unterhaltskosten einer Rheinbrücke auf-zukommen, die er jahrhundertelang getragen hatte. Der Anwalt des Beklagten, der liberale Politiker Donker Curtius, bestritt von Anfang an die Zuständigkeit des Gerichts. Der Streit wand sich dann einige Jahre lang durch die ordentlichen Gerichte, bis 1839 der Gouverneur der Provinz Südholland, in der die Wasserschaft liegt, das Vorliegen eines 'Konflikts' geltend machte. Das war ein Rechtsmittel, das der Behörde zur Verfügung stand, um Prozesse zu sistieren, in denen sie selbst Partei war. Mittlerweile waren öffentliche Meinung und Richterstand gegen das Fortbestehen einer Wasserschaftsgerichtsbarkeit mobilisiert worden. Eine wichtige Rolle spielte dabei der Widerstand gegen das selbstherrliche Regiment des Königs Wilhelm I. mit seinen Königlichen Erlassen und seiner Konfliktenregelung (Conflictenstelsel). Der Polder machte außerdem geltend, daß eine öffentlichrechtliche Wasserschaft ohne Gewaltentrennung ein Überbleibsel aus vergangenen Zeiten (Ancien Régime) war. So wurde 1841 die Gerichtsbarkeit der Wasserschaften gesetzlich abgeschafft und durch Vollstreckungskompetenzen mit Polizeizwang abgelöst.
Het Juridische Tijdschrift Gevestigd; Den Tex En Van Hall's 'Bijdragen Tot Regtsgeleerdheid En Wetgeving' (1826-1838)
Authors: Van Den Bergh G.C.J.J. , Jansen C.J.H. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAfter some attempts in the eighteenth century and the first decade of the nineteenth, the law review finally established itself in the Netherlands with the Bijdragen tot Regtsgeleerdheid en Wetgeving, which C.A. den Tex and J. van Hall brought out in 1826. Under different names the review existed until 1894. The review naturally reflects current legal issues in its time and offers its readers valuable yearly surveys of new legislation, court decisions and legal literature appearing in France, Germany and England. The codification process is followed critically. There is as yet no trace of legalism. Court decisions get as much attention as legislation, if not more. But that is not the main concern. The advancement of legal scholarship in the great tradition of the famous Dutch school is an important motive of the editors. Roman law and legal history are very prominent. But law-professors are not; they are out-numbered by far by learned advocates. As far as Roman law is concerned the editors hold that since it is no longer in force, it must be studied historically. One is bound no more to the canon of texts in the Corpus Juris or the doctrines well established in legal practice for ages, but historically untenable. New finds like Gaius' Institutes and the Fragmenta vaticana are welcomed and studied assiduously. The influence of Savigny and the Historical School is prominent, but criticism does not fail. The editors publicly reject the formation of schools, because these inevitably create one-sidedness.
Popularisering Van Het Recht in Nederland
Authors: Jansen C.J.H. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSeit etwa 1870 wuchs die Kritik an der niederländischen Rechtspflege. Das Recht hatte sich nach Auffassung vieler fortschrittlicher Juristen von der sozialen, politischen und wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung und der Praxis des Lebens entfremdet, infolge einer zu weit geführten dogmatisch-juristischen Betrachtungsweise in der (Privat)Rechtswissenschaft einerseits, und eines zu lässigen Tätigwerdens des Gesetzgebers andererseits. Das Gesetz war wegen des mangelhaften Stils und der Unverständlichkeit des Textes dem Volke fast völlig fremd. Auch die richterlichen Entscheidungen werden kritisiert auf Grund ihres unergründlichen und dunklen Sprachgebrauchs, ihres Formalismus und geradezu Barbarismus. Die Problematik der Technik, der Sprache und des Stils der Rechtsprechung und der Gesetzgebung wurden ausgiebig diskutiert in 'Het Paleis van Justitie', einem populären Wochenblatt für nationale und ausländische Rechtspflege, wie auch anderswo. Die Inspiration zu diesem Thema sollte man suchen in den Werken deutscher Juristen, wie R. von Jhering, O. von Gierke und G. Beseler. Immer wieder bittet man in Nachfolge der deutschen Vorbilder um Beachtung der Sprache und der Technik der Gesetzgebung und um Aufmerksamkeit für die Prinzipien des sorgfältigen Sprachgebrauchs in richterlichen Entscheidungen. Die Bemühungen der niederländischen Juristen mit diesen Reformbestrebungen im Rechtsleben waren mehr oder weniger politisch inspiriert: Angst vor dem wachsenden Sozialismus und vor dem Abbau der bürgerlichen Gesellschaft war ein grundlegendes Motiv in der Diskussion. Gleichzeitig spielte das aufblühende Nationalgefühl eine wichtige Rolle bei den Bemühungen um die Populärisierung des Rechts: die Integration des Volkes in der Gesellschaft verlangte ein 'zugängliches' Recht.