bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
4 The Legislative Campaign against Religious Persecution
Authors: Farr Thomas F. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
The passage of the 1998 International Religious Freedom (IRF) Act seemed to presage a new chapter in U.S. foreign policy—in effect, the elevation of America's “first freedom” to what many considered its rightful ascendancy in the nation's human rights policy. In retrospect, however, the fault lines in the law's conception and implementation have been quite significant. This chapter examines those weaknesses, including the desire of IRF supporters to bypass the State Department, the perception that the law is Christian-centered, and the concern by liberals that religious freedom should not be elevated to the top of a “hierarchy of human rights.” In describing the hierarchy objection the chapter analyzes the controversial but critical issues of proselytization, and the distinction between religious tolerance and religious freedom. The net result of these and other problems is that U.S. IRF policy has been narrowly construed, ignored by its supporters, and largely ineffective.
5 The Lion's Den at Foggy Bottom
Authors: Farr Thomas F. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Robert Seiple, a Republican evangelical, was chosen by President William Clinton to lead his administration's religious freedom initiative. Initially the administration hoped that Seiple's appointment would forestall the IRF Act itself. When the Act was passed anyway, Seiple became the first IRF Ambassador at Large, a position established by the Act. Within the Department, however, the bureaucracy reverted to its default position of isolating the new initiative within the bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, itself out of the mainstream of foreign policy. Seiple fought for a permanent staff but ultimately acquiesced in functional and bureaucratic isolation, choosing instead to travel widely. His legacy lies in the dens of persecution abroad, and with his having won the “battle over China,”—i.e., convincing Secretary Madeleine Albright to designate China as a “country of particular concern” under the IRF Act. Seiple also began the “Islamic Roundtable” at State, a prescient idea whose time was yet to come.
9 Islam and the American Opportunity
Authors: Farr Thomas F. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Chapter 9 explores how U.S. IRF policy might help undermine Islamist extremism and transnational terrorism. It describes the various forms of extremism, both Sunni and Shiite, and how traditional U.S. foreign policy assumptions have misunderstood the threat from both. It analyzes mistakes made by American diplomacy since the 1970s, including the assumption that political Islam is synonymous with Islamist extremism. It shows how the Kemalist model of privatized Islam in Turkey has beguiled and misled U.S. policymakers. It then engages creative arguments made by U.S. analysts from the Council on Foreign Relations and the Rand Corporation to show how even forward-looking analyses have missed the mark. The chapter concludes with a set of principles and strategies for U.S. policymakers as they attempt to advance American interests in the Muslim world, and in other nations where religion is playing an increasing role.
10 Riding the Dragon
Authors: Farr Thomas F. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
China is the largest and, arguably, the most consequential nation for American interests. It has a huge conventional and nuclear military establishment, is a permanent member of the UN Security Council, is a major economic power, and has enormous influence in the Far East, especially in North Korea. Its explosion of religious devotion has disoriented Chinese officials, leading to quixotic attempts at control and management of religious communities. Such efforts, in turn, routinely lead to persecution of Tibetan Buddhists, Uighur Muslims and Christians. This chapter, centered on the author's travels in China, describes the religious landscape and offers new ways to “think with the Chinese” about their religious “problem.” For American diplomacy, the solution lies in the economy, law, scholarship, education and civil society. The stakes are high: if China cannot come to see the growing percentages of religious adherents as resources rather than threats, the result could be catastrophic—for China, its religious citizens, and U.S. interests.
Conclusion
Authors: Farr Thomas F. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
The book ends with a brief story that revisits major themes of the book: the secularistic culture at the Department of State and its aversion to thinking about religion; the threat to the American homeland of Islamist terrorism; the promotion of “freedom” in the Middle East without religious freedom; the limited value of set piece face-to-face diplomacy; the need for public pressure on the U.S. foreign policy establishment; enduring skepticism among some in the West about the motives of religious people; the American opportunity in the lands of Islam and in China; and, finally, the potential role of religious actors in civil society, in the pursuit of justice, and in the principle that lies at the very heart of religious freedom: the dignity of the human person.
Crosscutting Theoretical and Practice Themes
Authors: Delgado Melvin , Staples Lee 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter discusses the similarities, or crosscutting themes, of youth-led organizing with other organizing campaigns. It identifies fifteen crosscutting themes which fall into four categories: (1) purpose of organizing; (2) recruitment and support; (3) group structure; and (4) youth and adult roles.
The Making of Buddhist Modernism
Authors: McMahan David L. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This book elucidates the complex cross-cultural genealogy of themes, ideas, and practices crucial to the creation of a new hybrid form of Buddhism that has emerged within the last 150 years. Buddhism modernism is not just Buddhism that happens to exist in the modern world but a distinct form of Buddhism constituted by cross-fertilization with western ideas and practices. Using primarily examples that have shaped western articulations of Buddhism, the book shows how modern representations of Buddhism have not only changed the way the tradition is understood, but have also generated new forms of demythologized, detraditionalized, and deinstitutionalized Buddhism. The book creates a lineage of Buddhist modernism that includes liberal borrowing from scientific vocabulary in reformulations of Buddhist concepts of causality, interdependence, and meditation. It also draws upon Romantic and Transcendentalist conceptions of cosmology, creativity, spontaneity, and the interior depths of the human being. Additionally, Buddhist modernism reconfigures Buddhism as a kind of psychology or interior science, drawing both upon analytic psychology and current trends in neurobiology. In its novel approaches to meditation and mindfulness, as well as political activism, it draws heavily from western individualism, distinctively modern modes of world-affirmation, liberal political sensibilities, and modernist literary sources. The book also examines this uniquely modern Buddhism as it moves into postmodern iterations and enters the currents of global communication, media, and commerce.
Modernity and the Discourse of Scientific Buddhism
Authors: McMahan David L. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This chapter shows, with attention to the social, political, and polemical contexts of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the ways Buddhists and Buddhist sympathizers attempted to align Buddhism with scientific rationalism. A discourse of scientific Buddhism emerged in the context of two intertwined crises: the Victorian crisis of faith in the West and the crisis of colonialism and western hegemony in Asia. In Ceylon, Anagarika Dharmapala promoted the image of Buddhism as scientific to counter denigrations of Buddhism by colonialists and missionaries and to assert its superiority to Christianity. Paul Carus, who through science had lost his faith in traditional Christianity, presented Buddhism as a part of a triumphal vision of science that would eventually lead to a universal “religion of science.” Henry Steel Olcott saw Buddhism as representing an “occult science” aligned with Theosophy and spiritualism.
Meditation and Modernity
Authors: McMahan David L. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
The meaning, purpose, and social significance of Buddhist meditation has changed in important ways due to its encounter with modernity. While often seen as the central practice of Buddhism, it has in some contexts also become detraditionalized, privatized, and unmoored from institutional authority and tradition. In places like psychologists’ offices and health clubs it has taken on a life independent of Buddhism altogether. This transformation is largely due to its encounter with the discourses and practices of western modernity, especially scientific rationalism, Romanticism, and psychology. Through them, meditation has been drawn into the orbit of the “subjective turn” in Europe and North America. Meditation has claimed a place within this turn by being construed as a spiritual technique aspiring to universal truth, as an empirical “inner science,” as a method for the enhancement of the individual’s freedom from social influence, and as a method for excavating the unconscious.
From Modern to Postmodern?
Authors: McMahan David L. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
What are the implications of Buddhist modernism as it moves into the postmodern age? Democratization, the increasing roles of women, and further hybridity and dialogue with other religions and with secular cultures are certainly important. So are tensions between radically detraditionalized Buddhism and those re-embracing tradition, between Buddhism as privatized spirituality and socially engaged Buddhism, and between localized and globalizing forms of the dharma. The globalization of Buddhism is leading to increased heterogeneity, on the one hand, and to a common transnational language of Buddhism on the other. The disembedding of Buddhism from its indigenous cultures and its re-ebedding in a wide variety of cultures and contexts produces constant transformation. A new “global folk Buddhism,” which has largely accommodated itself to the cultural assumptions of modernity now exists in tension with other forms of Buddhism, like engaged Buddhism, that still have the capacity to challenge these assumptions.
Search for Best Available Evidence
Authors: Macgowan Mark J. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter presents the second stage of evidence-based group work (EBGW). The first part of the chapter describes the general principles of an effective and efficient search, describing where and how to look for group-based evidence. In describing where to look, the chapter describes how we should strive to find evidence with the strongest research merit, and distinguishes between whether a group worker needs an intervention/technique or a measure of change. A number of sources of research evidence on group-based interventions and measures are presented. In describing how to look for evidence, specific techniques are offered for searching databases for evidence related to the answerable practice question, including identifying search terms for locating group-relevant evidence. Two case examples are presented to illustrate how to search for evidence related to a question about an intervention, and a second that seeks evidence related to a question about a strategy for enhancing group processes.
Undertake a Critical Review of the Evidence: Evaluate Its Rigor, Impact, and Applicability
Authors: Macgowan Mark J. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter describes the third stage of evidence-based group work. It offers guidance and tools for critically evaluating the group-based evidence collected from the search completed in stage two. The chapter is divided into two sections. The first provides a discussion of the critical review system, which includes eight guides for evaluating evidence from quantitative (grouped and single-case designs) and qualitative studies, authorities, multiple studies/reports, literature reviews (systematic and non-systematic), and group-based measures. Each guide is divided into three areas in which group workers make an assessment, yielding an overall determination of the evidence's quality (yielding best available evidence). The first is the evidence's research merit, or its validity or rigor. The second is the evidence's impact; that is, how powerful and in what direction are the findings. The third is the evidence's applicability, its practice relevance and appropriateness. The second section of the chapter includes case examples illustrating how the guides are used.
Context Grounding
Authors: Delgado Melvin 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter begins with a discussion of problems emerging from the increase in Latino populations in the United States. It then presents the primary goals of the book, which include providing an updated social demographic profile of the Latino community, highlighting significant trends with direct implications for social work, and identifying the challenges typically faced by social workers in reaching and serving this community. Author qualifications, outline of the book, and definitions of key concepts used in the book are presented.
Profile of Latinos’ Health
Authors: Delgado Melvin 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter examines the health needs of Latinos. Any effort to understand the challenges Latinos face in seeking and obtaining health services to meet their needs must take into account the role of several considerations: (1) rural or urban setting; (2) legal status in this country; (3) command of the English language; (4) gender; (5) social-economic status; and (6) formal educational attainment. The chapter seeks to interject these considerations as an important factor in any effort to assess needs at an individual or community level. It is divided into two main sections: health care, and racism and discrimination.
Practice Applications and Considerations
Authors: Delgado Melvin 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter integrates the content covered in Chapters 4–7, devoted to best practice findings and principles, cultural values, and the Latino cultural assets paradigm itself. Case vignettes are used to illustrate the applicability of a Latino cultural assets paradigm in social work practice. Although case examples and illustrations have been integrated throughout this book, the chapter is specifically devoted to providing the reader with more in-depth examples to illustrate the various stages of a Latino cultural assets framework that brings to life the paradigm, and opens the door for creative thinking about other ways it can be utilized at the local level.
Informing Child Welfare: The Promise and Limits of Empirical Research
Authors: Pelton Leroy H. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter examines the relevance and irrelevance of research on public child welfare, focusing on issues such as child removal, family preservation, and child protection. This is done against the background of the four levels of the child welfare system: its programs and services; the structure of the child welfare system itself; child welfare policies; and cognitive and emotional factors such as conceptions of justice. The fundamental discrepancy between research and practice is explored: the focus of child welfare practice on individual child and family, and the emphasis of most social science research on aggregate data.
Providing More Effective, Ethical Services: The Philosophy and Process of Evidence-Based (-Informed) Practice
Authors: Gambrill Eileen 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe process and philosophy of evidence-informed practice and its utility in the helping professions including child welfare practices and policies is described in this chapter. This is distinguished from the view of evidence-based practice as using empirically based practices — the EBPs approach. The role of clinical expertise in integrating information from multiple sources such as characteristics of clients and their circumstances including their preferences and actions as well as research evidence is highlighted. Hallmarks of evidence-informed practice are reviewed and the implications of the philosophy of evidence-based practice described. Hallmarks include moving away from authoritarian practices and policies, honoring ethical obligations, making practices, policies, and their outcomes transparent, maximizing knowledge flow and using a systemic approach for integrating practical, ethical, and evidentiary issues that attends to organizational variables including funding patterns. Objections, controversies and barriers regarding evidence-based practices are reviewed.
The Influence of an Adoption Experiment on Social Policy
Authors: Festinger Trudy 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This chapter presents research results that provided the rationale for the adoption of legislation in New York State in 2005, which, among other things, improved the handling of adoption cases by the courts. The central question that propelled the study was whether keeping a case before the same judge and on the court calendar from termination of parental rights (TPR) through adoption would speed up the process of adoption for children in foster care. To answer this question, an experimental approach was used to test the effect of a little-used New York state law that permits the filing of an adoption petition while the TPR is pending. As a result, the adoption proceeding remained on the court calendar and with the same judge who presided over the freeing.
Improving Social Work Practice Through the Use of Technology and Advanced Research Methods
Authors: Schwartz Ira M. , Jones Peter R. , Schwartz David R. , Obradovic Zoran 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the application of technology and advances in research to social work practice. It examines the strengths and limitations of risk determination models, and highlights the many myths and misconceptions held by child welfare practitioners about decision-making tools. It is argued that advances in technology have the potential to change the quality of service provision in child welfare.
The Future of Child Protection Revisited
Authors: Waldfoge Jane 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
At least twenty five states in the US now have some kind of alternative response in place alongside the more traditional investigative response. The evidence thus far suggests that differential response does as well, or better, than traditional responses at promoting child safety, preventing maltreatment recurrence, and delivering services to families. However, the evidence also points to challenges. Even with a more assessment oriented response for the lower risk cases, the challenges of working with families referred to CPS remain. Differential response requires well-trained staff, good relations with community-based agencies, and funding for services for low-risk as well as higher-risk families. But, even so, the evidence suggests that differential response may offer an improved response for lower risk families, without jeopardizing children’s safety in either low or higher-risk cases.
Comparing Welfare and Child Welfare Populations: An Argument for Rethinking the Safety Net
Authors: Courtney Mark E. , Dworsky Amy , Piliavin Irving , McMurtry Steven 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter uses data from two ongoing studies in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin, to provide empirical evidence supporting the claim that workfare and child welfare programs serve increasingly similar populations with similar needs. It begins with a history of the separation of income maintenance from social services, then briefly describes the current situation. It is shown that workfare and child welfare programs serve increasingly similar populations with similar needs. However, despite the similar needs of these populations, indeed, even a large overlap between the populations, these two systems continue to operate largely independently, if not at cross-purposes. These findings call into question both the structure of service systems in jurisdictions like Milwaukee and the federal welfare and child welfare policies that lead state and local policy makers to create such misaligned systems.
Child Welfare Research: An Introduction
Authors: Lindsey Duncan , Shlonsky Aron , McLuckie Alan 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis introductory chapter begins with a discussion of developments in child welfare research over the past half-century. It then presents an overview of the six parts of the book: (1) child welfare research; (2) evidence-based practice in child welfare; (3) research on adoption, guardianship, and family ties; (4) decision-making in child welfare; (5) evidence-based child welfare policy; and (6) international issues in child welfare research.
Existential Choices and Dislocations
Authors: Kupperman Joel J. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter discusses existential choices and dislocations. Choices made by human beings can be fully appreciated only in the context of the agent's pattern of choice and the contextual factors that play a part in this. This is more obvious in some cases than in others. Those in which it is least obvious are the ones in which the choice to be made can present itself as sharply discontinuous from the rest of life up to that point. These are existential choices, which can occur as the result of dislocations of a variety of sorts. It is argued that we need to understand how some of these cases lend themselves to atomization of ethical thought in order to appreciate how artificial this is. This can lead us to understand better the ethical importance of the role that contextual factors, including those involved in the agent's previous pattern of behavior, typically play in choice.
The Evolution of Ethical Theories
Authors: Kupperman Joel J. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter explores ways in which an ethical theory can develop through time, and in particular the variations in Kantian and consequentialist ethical theories. It argues that if offered a choice between (a) the case-by-case approach of act consequentialism, and (b) unswerving loyalty to what is (by some consequentialist standards) an optimal set of rules, we should reject both. It also discusses ways to move beyond act consequentialism and at the same time emphasize the power of the underlying consequentialist intuition.
A Modulated Case for the Primacy of Value
Authors: Kupperman Joel J. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter charts the roles of consequentialist considerations within an acceptable ethical theory. It argues that quality-of-life (in the sense of what is valuable) considerations are decisive in the justification or criticism of a moral order. In this sense, the theory to emerge from this book claims a limited primacy in ethics for quality-of-life judgments. The primacy is limited in two respects. One is that it extends to justification and criticism of a putative moral order, but not to its discovery. The other is that there are other kinds of good reasons that typically play a role in justification or criticism of a putative moral order. Whatever force these have depends largely on how well they seem to point toward quality-of-life considerations.
Fact and Value
Authors: Dupré John 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThere is a view of science, as stereotyped in the hands of its critics debating with its advocates, that science deals only in facts. Values come in only when decisions are made as to how the facts of science are to be applied. Often it is added that this second stage is no special concern of scientists, though this is an optional addition. This chapter examines what sense can be made of the first part of this story—that science deals only in facts. It looks at the concept of rape in evolutionary psychology and inflation in economics.