bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surface‐functionalization of plasma‐treated polystyrene by hyperbranched polymers and use in biological applications
Authors: Boulares‐Pender Alya , Prager‐Duschke Andrea , Elsner Christian , Buchmeiser Michael R. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractNitrogen plasma was used to amino‐functionalize polystyrene surfaces, which were further modified via the selective introduction of polyamines suitable for the immobilization of biological compounds. This chemical modification was carried out using a multifunctional amine compound linked to glutaraldehyde, leading to the formation of hyperbranched structures at the surface. Up to three generations of branched polymers at the polystyrene (PS) surface were created by successive addition of the functional compounds. Amine functions introduced at the surface were labeled with 2,3,4,5,6‐pentafluorobenzaldehyde and analyzed by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), confirming the successful attachment of each generation of branching. Finally, bovine serum albumin and trypsin were immobilized on N2‐plasma‐treated PS modified with different amounts of branched graft polymer and found to remain bioactive after immobilization. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Treatment of Harakeke fiber for biocomposites
Authors: Duchemin Benoît , Staiger Mark P. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe use of fiber from Harakeke (or New Zealand Flax plant) for the reinforcement of composites should be explored since Harakeke has similar properties to Sisal fiber. To maximize the cellulose content in the fiber, Harakeke fibers were prepared by thermal, combinative alkaline‐thermal, and a novel combinative thermal‐enzymatic‐thermal treatments and characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and wide‐angle X‐ray spectroscopy. The characterization method provided an efficient and systematic method to evaluate the removal of amorphous components such as lignin and hemicelluloses. In particular, a sequential thermal‐enzymatic‐thermal fiber treatment produced fine discontinuous whiskers that could be useful for short fiber composites, whereas a combinative thermal‐alkaline treatment resulted in thorough extraction of lignin and hemicelluloses. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Proton‐induced crosslinking of CR 6‐2 polycarbonate
Authors: Nouh S. A. , Mohamed Amal , Marie H. K. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractCR 6‐2 polycarbonate samples were irradiated using different fluences (1011–1014 ions/cm2) of 1 MeV protons. The structural modifications in the proton‐irradiated CR 6‐2 samples have been studied as a function of fluence using different characterization techniques such as X‐ray diffraction, intrinsic viscosity of the liquid samples, as a measure of the mean molecular mass, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, differential thermal analysis, refractive index, color difference, and mechanical properties. The results indicate that the irradiation of CR 6‐2 detector at the fluence range 1 × 1012–5 × 1014 ions/cm2 causes intermolecular crosslinking and allows the formation of covalent bonds between different chains, leading to a more compact structure of CR 6‐2 polymer, which resulted in an improvement in its thermal, optical, and mechanical properties. Also, this crosslinking reduces the ordering structure and increases the amorphous regions that enhance the polymer resilience. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
The role of information in a community of hobbyist collectors
Authors: Lee Charlotte P. , Trace Ciaran B. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThis article marries the study of serious leisure pursuits with library and information science's (LIS) interest in people's everyday use, need, seeking, and sharing of information. Using a qualitative approach, the role of information as a phenomenon was examined in relation to the leisure activity of hobbyist collecting. In the process, a model and a typology for these collectors were developed. We find that the information needs and information seeking of hobbyist collectors is best represented as an interrelationship between information and object needs, information sources, and interactions between collectors and their publics. Our model of the role of information in a particular domain of hobbyist collecting moves away from the idea of one individual seeking information from formal systems and shifts towards a model that takes seriously the social milieu of a community. This collecting community represents a layer of a social system with complex interactions and specialized information needs that vary across collector types. Only the serious collectors habitually engage in information seeking and, occasionally, in information dissemination, in the traditional sense, yet information flows through the community and serves as a critical resource for sustaining individual and communal collecting activities.
A Festschrift in Honor of Professor R.W. Smithells
Authors: Seller Mary 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThis issue of Birth Defects Research Part A: Clinical and Molecular Teratology, comprises a Festschrift, a tribute to Professor R. W. (Dick) Smithells (1924‐2002). In the 1970s, Dick initiated a study on the prevention of neural tube defects (NTD) by periconceptional multivitamin and folic acid supplementation of ‘at risk’ women. A significantly positive result was obtained—the first time that the primary prevention of any congenital malformation had ever been achieved. This important discovery stimulated an explosion of similar and related studies, and over the years, an extension of research into many closely allied but disparate fields. The papers in this Festschrift tell some of this story. However, the story itself has, as yet, no ending, because despite Dick's pioneering work and all our accumulated knowledge, the precise cause of NTD, and its mechanism, remains unknown. The authors contributing to this issue dedicate their work to the memory of Dick, and together with many other scientists, doctors and patients worldwide acknowledge and pay homage to his inspiration, industry and foresight. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The search for genetic polymorphisms in the homocysteine/folate pathway that contribute to the etiology of human neural tube defects
Authors: Molloy Anne M. , Brody Lawrence C. , Mills James L. , Scott John M. , Kirke Peadar N. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIn this paper, we trace the history of current research into the genetic and biochemical mechanisms that underlie folate‐preventable neural tube defects (NTDs). The inspired suggestion by Smithells that common vitamins might prevent NTDs ignited a decade of biochemical investigations—first exploring the nutritional and metabolic factors related to NTDs, then onto the hunt for NTD genes. Although NTDs were known to have a strong genetic component, the concept of common genetic variance being linked to disease risk was relatively novel in 1995, when the first folate‐related polymorphism associated with NTDs was discovered. The realization that more genes must be involved started a rush to find polymorphic needles in genetic haystacks. Early efforts entailed the intellectually challenging and time‐consuming task of identifying and analyzing candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in folate pathway genes. Luckily, human genome research has developed rapidly, and the search for the genetic factors that contribute to the etiology of human NTDs has evolved to mirror the increased level of knowledge and data available on the human genome. Large‐scale candidate gene analysis and genome‐wide association studies are now readily available. With the technical hurdles removed, the remaining challenge is to gather a sample large enough to uncover the polymorphisms that contribute to NTD risk. In some respects the real work is beginning. Although moving forward is exciting, it is humbling that the most important result—prevention of NTDs by maternal folic acid supplementation—was achieved years ago, the direct result of Smithells' groundbreaking studies. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Primary microcephaly in two children born to mothers with complicated appendicitis or late appendectomy during pregnancy
Authors: Ács Nándor , Bánhidy Ferenc , Czeizel Andrew E. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: The possible association between maternal appendicitis/appendectomy during pregnancy and congenital abnormalities in the offspring was studied. CASES: Two cases with primary microcephaly were born to mothers who had complicated appendicitis owing to the delay of appendectomy resulting in abscess/peritonitis associated with septicemia and fever in the second trimester of pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS: Delay in surgical intervention of appendicitis in pregnancy can result in maternal morbidity that may be associated with primary microcephaly in the offspring. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Zerstörungsfreier elektrochemischer Chloridentzug an der Donaubrücke Pfaffenstein: Langzeiterfahrungen über eine bauwerksschonende und verkehrserhaltende Technologie
Authors: Schneck Ulrich 
Published: February 2009

AbstractZwischen 2003 und 2007 wurden in der Donaubrücke Pfaffenstein, die im Zuge der BAB A93 in Regensburg Donau und Donaukanal überspannt, insgesamt 200 m2 Hohlkastenbodenflächen in Teilabschnitten mit zerstörungsfreiem, elektrochemischem Chloridentzug instandgesetzt. Diese Bereiche waren durch Defekte im Entwässerungssystem der Fahrbahntafel teils erheblich chloridbelastet (bis 4%, bezogen auf die Zementmasse), so dass die Bewehrung aktiv korrodierte, aber noch keine kritischen Querschnittsverluste entstanden oder Schäden am Beton eingetreten waren. Nach Abschluss des Chloridentzugs wurden die Betonflächen, aus denen ca. 28 kg Chlorid entfernt worden sind, mehrfach – in einem Abstand von bis zu drei Jahren – mit Potentialmessungen nachuntersucht. Dabei konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass die chloridinduzierte Korrosionsaktivität – auch bei vereinzelt vorhandenem Restchloridgehalt – zuverlässig beseitigt wurde. Weder die Autobahn noch die im Arbeitsbereich unter der Brücke führende Bundesstraße waren von den Arbeiten betroffen. In diesem Beitrag sollen Wirkprinzip, Randbedingungen und die seit 2001 vom Autor gesammelten Erfahrungen mit dieser Instandsetzungsmethode besprochen werden.
Schädigung einer schlaff bewehrten Betonbrücke durch Verkehrsbelastung
Authors: Pircher Martin , Lechner Bernhard , Mariani Oliver , Kammersberger Andreas 
Published: February 2009

AbstractEs wurde die Schädigung einer schlaff bewehrten Betonbrücke durch Straßenverkehr untersucht, wobei besonderes Augenmerk auf die Schädigung durch übergroße Schwertransporte (Gewicht 80t–100t) gelegt wurde. Mit einem Monitoringsystem wurde kontinuierlich sieben Wochen lang die Rissweitenänderung bereits vorhandener Biegerisse unter Verkehrsbelastung aufgezeichnet. Aus den Messdaten wurden über eine Rainflow‐Analyse die Lastzyklen bestimmt und das Spannungsspiel in der unteren Bewehrungslage ermittelt. Unter Verwendung der Palmgren‐Miner‐Regel wurde anschließend ein Mass für die Schädigung der Brücke bestimmt. Die Schädigung durch eine Überfahrt eines Sondertransports entspricht rund einer Tagesbelastung der Brücke unter Normalverkehr. Je nach Fahrtrichtung betrug die Schädigung durch Schwertransporte während des gesamten untersuchten Zeitraums zwischen 10% und 30% der gesamten Schädigung. Die Schädigung der Brücke durch dynamische Effekte betrug rund 5%, wobei die Beschaffenheit der Fahrbahnoberfläche eine große Rolle spielte.
Großversuch WILD‐Brücke – versuchsgestützte Bemessung einer UHPC‐Bogenbrücke
Authors: Freytag Bernhard , Reichel Michael , Sparowitz Lutz , Santner Gerhard , Heinzle Günter 
Published: February 2009

AbstractUHPC ist aufgrund seiner Dauerhaftigkeit ein idealer Baustoff für den Brückenbau. Mit dem Bau der WILD‐Brücke hält der UHPC Einzug in Österreichs Praxis des Straßenbrückenbaus. Der extraschlanke Bogen wird über eine Spannweite von 70 m mit einer Wandstärke von 6 cm ohne schlaffe Bewehrung ausgeführt. Als Grundlage der Bemessung dienen internationale Richtlinien und maßgeschneiderte Versuche. Dieser Beitrag fokussiert auf die Auswertung von zwei Laborversuchen im Maßstab 1:1. Der Versuchsaufbau ist dahingehend konzipiert, dass die für einen Abnahmeversuch erforderliche Vielschichtigkeit der Ergebnisse zur Verfügung steht. Es werden neben den rechnerisch fassbaren kritischen Bemessungszuständen auch die mittels FE‐Analysen prognostizierten Sekundärtragwirkungen, für die es noch keinerlei praktische Erfahrung gibt, experimentell abgebildet. Die Interpretation der Versuchsergebnisse erfolgt anhand ingenieurmäßiger, mechanischer Modelle bevor sie in Form von Vergleich zwischen Messung und Rechnung beurteilt werden.
Aufstellung und Anwendung einer Nachweiskonzeption zur realitätsnahen Ermittlung der Systemtraglast an Stahlbetonschleusen
Authors: Fleischer Helmut , Lutz Matthias , Ehmann Rainer 
Published: February 2009

AbstractSeit 2004 wird in der Bundesanstalt für Wasserbau (BAW) in Karlsruhe systematisch die Standsicherheit der Stahlbetonschleusen am Main‐Donau‐Kanal untersucht. Anlass war ein Schadensfall infolge Materialermüdung an der Schleuse Bamberg. Bei den Berechnungen stellte sich schnell heraus, dass bei der Anwendung geläufiger Nachweismethoden und üblicher statischer Modelle erhebliche rechnerische Sicherheitsdefizite auftreten. Um das Tragwerksverhalten der Schleusenkammern realitätsnäher abbilden zu können, sind Systemtraglastanalysen auf der Basis nichtlinearer Stoffgesetze notwendig. Als Grundlage hierfür wurde eine das Sicherheitsformat der neuen Normengeneration enthaltende Nachweiskonzeption entwickelt, die im Folgenden vorgestellt und an einem Beispiel erläutert wird.
Von der Dissoziation zum System. Das Konzept des Unbewussten als Abkömmling des Reflexparadigmas in der Theorie Freuds
Authors: Janssen Sandra 
Published: February 2009

AbstractFrom Dissociation to System: The Concept of the Unconscious as a Descendant of the Reflex Paradigm in Freud. The paper tries to situate Freud's theory historically by referring it to a paradigm of psychological theory that Marcel Gauchet describes as the “Golden Age” of psychophysics and reflex theory, and that he situates between 1870 and 1900. I will show that until 1900 Freud thinks, in fact, in categories that correspond to this type of thought. His texts On the Psychical Mechanism of Hysterical Phenomena (1893, with Josef Breuer) and A Project for a Scientific Psychology (1895) still follow the conception of a psychological subject on the basis of the stimulus and response model, which can be found in numerous contemporaneous authors. In this model, the psyche is just a place of transit open to the exterior, and its unity can only be a sum of elements of consciousness having a physiological substrate. Nevertheless, Freud's early texts – although appertaining to the reflex paradigm – already contain elements that serve to construct another basic model of the psychic apparatus, which is finally introduced by The Interpretation of Dreams. Those new elements are the separation between interior and exterior, the introduction of endogenous energy, which is linked to the importance of emotions instead of sensations, and the problem of the adaptation to outer reality that results from it. Nevertheless, once more Freud is not the only theorist in whose thought the new paradigm can be found; I again refer his new premises to other contemporary psychologists. The question that arises from Freud's passage from one paradigm to another is how he handles the continuity of his own thought. I describe the difficult compromise between contradictory concepts he finds in his Project for a Scientific Psychology; but certain concepts that derive from the reflex paradigm subsist even during the later development of psychoanalysis. This is especially the case for the concept of the unconscious itself: As I argue, this concept originates in the reflex paradigm, and, in contrast to contemporary psychology, Freud only maintains it longer than other authors do.
Vom Reflexbogen zum psychischen Apparat: Neurologie und Psychoanalyse um 1900
Authors: Porath Erik 
Published: February 2009

AbstractFrom Reflex Arc to Psychic Apparatus: Neurology and Psychoanalysis Around 1900. As a disciple of Ernst Wilhelm von Brücke and Theodor Meynert, Sigmund Freud was familiar with 19th century physiology and neurology. He started his career with laboratory work and began later on, when being a young medic to develop an explicit psychological method for curating hysterics. These cases of hysteria ask riddles to the established medical discourse and practice. Freud's long time unpublished Entwurf einer Psychologie (1895) makes the attempt of a “psychology for the neurologist”. He tried to give a sufficient theory of the psychic apparatus on the basis of natural science. At the same time he (together with Josef Breuer) published his Studies on Hysteria, which – in addition to his earlier essay on Aphasia (1891) – argued, that there is no clear cut relation between body and soul. Despite the dubious, non‐reductive character of the soma‐psyche‐relation, Freud gave reason to search for a complex field of interrelations between the physiological and psychological knowledge, beyond the divide of natural sciences and humanities. Not until his groundbreaking Traumdeutung (1900) Freud gave up the claim of reintegrating psychological knowledge into the neuroscientific field for now. But up to his latest work he always adheres to the principal project of unifying the natural and the psychical being of the subject. In the gap between the two spheres, for long occupied by the discursive figure of the ‘psycho‐physical parallelism’, Freud situated the Unconscious. In the passage to a psychoanalytical theory of psychic events Freud took up the model of the reflex arc well known from neurology. The transmission into psychoanalysis complexifies the unilinearity of reflexes, so that the psychic apparatus can be analysed as a cybernetic mechanism ‘avant la lettre’. It is interesting enough that inhibition as well as consciousness play a key role in the regulation of the psychic apparatus. In this context Freud stresses the importance of speech and language within the self‐organising processes concerning the claims and aims of basic needs and drives.
Facile fabrication of gelatin‐based biopolymeric optical waveguides
Authors: Manocchi Amy K. , Domachuk Peter , Omenetto Fiorenzo G. , Yi Hyunmin 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe rapid development in optical detection techniques for sensing applications has led to an increased need for biocompatible, biodegradable, and disposable optical components. We present a controllable fabrication technique for an entirely biopolymeric planar optical waveguide via simple spin‐coating. The refractive index difference, thermal responsive properties, and inherent biocompatibility of gelatin and agarose were exploited in the fabrication of thin, stacked films that efficiently guide light in a core layer with higher index of refraction. These planar waveguides were fabricated using a simple spin‐coating technique, which resulted in controllable layer thicknesses and smooth layer interfaces. This technique, therefore, offers a path for routine engineering of biopolymer structures with contrasting refractive indices. The thermal stability of the gelatin core layer was improved using two crosslinkers; glutaraldehyde or microbial Transglutaminase. Light guiding in the core layer of the waveguide was demonstrated using a simple He–Ne laser setup. Guiding efficiency was further illustrated by directly embedding fluorescent markers within the core layer and detecting their spectral signature. Combined with the biopolymers' inherent biocompatibility and biodegradability, our simple strategy to fabricate disposable optical components holds the potential for the development of applications in biological sensing and implantable biomedical devices. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009;103: 725–732. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A roadmap to robot motion planning software development
Authors: Pérez Alexander , Rosell Jan 
Published: February 2009

AbstractPhD programs and graduate studies in robotics usually include motion planning among its main subjects. Students that focus their research in this subject find themselves trapped in the necessity of programming an environment where to test and validate their theoretic contributions. The programming of this robot motion planning environment is a big challenge. It requires on the one hand good programming skills involving the use of software development tools, programming paradigms, or the knowledge of computational complexity and efficiency issues. On the other hand it requires coping with different related issues like the modeling of objects, computational geometry problems and graphical representations and interfaces. The mastering of all these techniques is good for the curricula of roboticists with a motion planning profile. Nevertheless, the time and effort devoted to this end must remain reasonable. Within this framework, the aim of this paper is to provide the students with a roadmap to help them in the development of the software tools needed to test and validate their robot motion planners. The proposals are made within the scope of multi‐platform open source code. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 18: 651–660, 2010; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com; DOI 10.1002/cae.20269
Electric field effects of bundle and stranded conductors in overhead power lines
Authors: Riba Ruiz Jordi‐Roger , Espinosa Antonio Garcia , Morera Xavier Alabern 
Published: February 2009

AbstractHigh‐voltage overhead power lines are a source of quasi‐static electric and magnetic fields and also of audible noise and electromagnetic interferences due to corona activity. Electrical engineers have the responsibility to design and to maintain such lines, so it is very important that they acquire sufficient knowledge about these subjects while they are studying. Bundle and stranded conductors modify the spatial distribution of the electric field generated by the power line and also affect the corona onset conditions. This article describes the implementation of a method that models the behavior of electric fields generated by any three‐phase power line. Different configurations of overhead power lines are analyzed. The proposed methodology has been contrasted with results from other authors and with available experimental data. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 19: 107–114, 2011
SteerBench: a benchmark suite for evaluating steering behaviors
Authors: Singh Shawn , Kapadia Mubbasir , Faloutsos Petros , Reinman Glenn 
Published: February 2009

AbstractSteering is a challenging task, required by nearly all agents in virtual worlds. There is a large and growing number of approaches for steering, and it is becoming increasingly important to ask a fundamental question: how can we objectively compare steering algorithms? To our knowledge, there is no standard way of evaluating or comparing the quality of steering solutions. This paper presents SteerBench: a benchmark framework for objectively evaluating steering behaviors for virtual agents. We propose a diverse set of test cases, metrics of evaluation, and a scoring method that can be used to compare different steering algorithms. Our framework can be easily customized by a user to evaluate specific behaviors and new test cases. We demonstrate our benchmark process on two example steering algorithms, showing the insight gained from our metrics. We hope that this framework can grow into a standard for steering evaluation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.