bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measuring and maximizing coverage in the World Trade Center Health Registry
Authors: Murphy Joe , Brackbill Robert M. , Thalji Lisa , Dolan Melissa , Pulliam Paul , Walker Deborah J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe World Trade Center Health Registry (WTCHR) is a database for following people who were exposed to the disaster of 11 September 2001. Hundreds of thousands of people were exposed to the immense cloud of dust and debris, the indoor dust, the fumes from persistent fires, and the mental trauma of the terrorist attacks on the WTC on 9/11. The purpose of the WTCHR is to evaluate the potential short‐ and long‐term physical and mental health effects of the disaster. The definitions of the exposed groups are broad and defined based on an understanding of which groups had the highest exposures to the WTC disaster and its aftermath. The four exposure groups include rescue and recovery workers, residents, students and school staff, and building occupants and passersby in Lower Manhattan.While one goal of the WTCHR was to maximize coverage overall and for each exposure group, another was to ensure equal representation within exposure groups. Because of the multiple sample types pursued, several approaches were required to determine eligibility. Estimates of the number of eligible persons in each of the exposed populations were based on the best available information including Census, entity‐specific employment figures, and public and private school enrollment data, among other publicly available sources. To address issues of undercoverage and overcoverage a variety of methods were assessed or applied, including a capture–recapture analyses test of overlapping sample building list sources and automated deduplication of sample records.Estimates of the true eligible population indicate that over 400000 unique individuals were eligible for the baseline health survey. Interviewer‐administered surveys were completed with more than 71000 persons, resulting in an overall enrollment rate of approximately 17 per cent. Coverage was highest among rescue and recovery workers, followed by residents, students and school staff, and building occupants. Both the accuracy of coverage estimates and the raw number and representativeness of enrollees were maximized by our approach to coverage. In designing a registry which relies on multiple pathways and sources of data to build the sample, it is important to develop a comprehensive approach that considers all sources of error and minimizes bias that may be introduced through the methodology. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Single‐Step Photolithographic Interface for Cell‐Free Gene Expression and Active Biochips
Authors: Buxboim Amnon , Bar‐Dagan Maya , Frydman Veronica , Zbaida David , Morpurgo Margherita , Bar‐Ziv Roy 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe have developed a biochip platform technology suitable for controlled cell‐free gene expression at the micrometer scale. A new hybrid molecule, “Daisy”, was designed and synthesized to form in a single step a biocompatible lithographic interface on silicon dioxide. A protocol is described for the immobilization of linear DNA molecules thousands of base pairs long on Daisy‐coated surfaces with submicrometer spatial resolution and up to high densities. On‐chip protein synthesis can be obtained with a dynamic range of up to four orders of magnitude and minimal nonspecific activity. En route to on‐chip artificial gene circuits, a simple two‐stage gene cascade was built, in which the protein synthesized at the first location diffuses to regulate the synthesis of another protein at a second location. We demonstrate the capture of proteins from crude extract onto micrometer‐scale designated traps, an important step for the formation of miniaturized self‐assembled protein chips. Our biochip platform can be combined with elastomeric microfluidic devices, thereby opening possibilities for isolated and confined reaction chambers and artificial cells in which the transport of products and reagents is done by diffusion and flow. The Daisy molecule and described approach enables groups not proficient in surface chemistry to construct active biochips based on cell‐free gene expression.
Praktisches Verfahren zur Bemessung von Brückenseilen und ‐hängern zur Vermeidung Regen‐Wind‐induzierter Schwingungen
Authors: Denoël Vincent , Hortmanns Michael , Sedlacek Gerhard 
Published: February 2007

AbstractRegen‐Wind‐induzierte Schwingungen waren in den letzten Jahrzehnten Gegenstand umfangreicher Untersuchungen. Es ist deshalb zweckmäßig, die gesammelten Erfahrungen zu nutzen, um praktische Bemessungsregeln für den Sicherheitsnachweis schwingungsanfälliger Bauteile abzuleiten. Nach einem kurzen Überblick über einige in der Literatur vorgeschlagene vollmechanische Berechnungsmodelle zeigt dieser Beitrag, wie mit einer halbempirischen Methode die Komplexität dieser Modelle für den praktischen Nachweis reduziert werden kann. Auf der Grundlage von Daten aus Messungen an Bauwerken und im Windkanal wird ein neuer Vorschlag vorgestellt, der in die Empfehlung “Schwingungsanfällige Zugglieder im Brückenbau” des Arbeitskreises 2.4.2 “Schwingungsdämpfer” der Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen eingegangen ist.
Delta‐tocopherol as an antioxidant in lard
Authors: Griewahn Janice , Daubert B. F. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryComparison of the antioxidative properties of α‐, β,γ‐, and δ‐tocopherols at concentrations of 0.02% and 0.1% tocopherol in lard have been made by means of a modified Swift Stability Test at 100°C. In order of increasing antioxidative effectiveness, the tocopherols are: α, β, γ, and δ.
Solvent winterization of sunflower seed oil
Authors: Morrison W. Herbert , Robertson James A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSamples of oil from whole and dehulled sunflower seed were solvent winterized. The solvent mixture, 85% acetone, 15% hexane (v/v), was used at solvent‐in‐oil concentrations of 20, 40, and 70% by wt and the samples winterized at 0, −5, −10, and −15 ± .01 C for 4 hr. Generally, sunflower oils from whole seed remained free from cloud formation longer on refrigeration when the oils were winterized at lower temperatures and at lower solvent‐in‐oil concentrations. With oil from the dehulled samples, no winterization condition produced an oil with a predictable clouding time. However, correlations were significant between residual wax content after winterization and clouding time of the oils from whole seed. Oils from dehulled seed were not as highly correlated with wax content as oils from whole seed. This study indicates that crude sunflower seed oil might be winterized with the aid of solvents and that decortication prior to extraction might not be necessary for effective winterization.
A comparison between determinations of the solubility of oxygen in oils by exponential dilution and chemical methods
Authors: Aho Liisa , Wahlroos Ȕ. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe exponential dilution method has been tested as a rapid means for estimation of the solubility coefficient of oxygen in liquids. The relative standard deviation of the method was 5.7%. The method is not influenced by the presence of peroxides, which interfere with chemical oxygen determinations by ferrous‐ferric ion titration. Values ranging from 0.07 to 0.17 were obtained for the coefficient of solubility of oxygen in raw and refined sunflower and soybean oils of different state of oxidation at room temperature.
Quantitation of phospholipid analysis using P32 by a digital computer method in metabolic experiments on niemann‐pick disease
Authors: Holtz Albert I. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMethods involving P32 uptake into cell cultures, quantitative phospholipid analyses and computerized data analyses have been used to investigate the biochemical defect in Niemann‐Pick disease. The results of these analyses indicate a normal synthesis of sphingomyelin, which considering the threefold increase in total sphingomyelin, gives evidence for a decreased ability of cells to catabolize sphingomyelin in Niemann‐Pick disease. These methods are applicable to other lipid storage diseases.
Relationship between the calculated glyceride composition and the iodine value of cottonseed and pecan oils
Authors: Bailey August V. , Harris James A. , Skau Evald L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe concentrations of the major component glyceride types in cottonseed and pecan oils were calculated at selected iodine values from the fatty acid compositions of the oils using the Gunstone equations. The relative concentrations of the glycerides change markedly with increasing iodine value. In cottonseed oil the concentrations of the PLL and LLL glyceride types, for example, increase from 19.5 to 26.3% and from 6.5 to 16.7%, respectively, for an iodine value change from 95 to 112. In pecan oil the concentration of the OOL glycerides goes through a maximum at an iodine value of 110. The concentrations of the OLL and OOO glycerides show a tenfold increase and fivefold decrease, respectively, as the iodine value increases from 90 to 120.Graphs are presented which permit the estimation of the glyceride composition of random cottonseed or pecan oils of know iodine value. These will be useful in the selection of these oils as source materials in the production of tailor‐made fats and oils or other edible or inedible industrial products.
Cottonseed meal trace element survey by atomic absorption spectrophotometry
Authors: Turner W. W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractCottonseed meal from 14 states and Mexico was analyzed for calcium, phosphorus, iron, magnesium, potassium, sodium, copper, manganese, zinc, and cobalt.These ten elements are of general interest to animal nutritionists and feed manufacturers. The data show surprising uniformity of these elements regardless of the area in which the seed was grown and type of processing used.
Chemical reactions involved in the deep fat frying of foods. II. Identification of acidic volatile decomposition products of corn oil
Authors: Kawada Tsukasa , Krishnamurthy R. G. , Mookherjee B. D. , Chang S. S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractChemical identification of the volatile decomposition products (VDP) produced by fats and oils under conditions of deep fat frying is important for the elucidation of the mechanisms of thermal oxidation, for the study of their effects upon human nutrition, and for their contribution to the deep fat fried flavor of foods. The acidic VDP produced by corn oil maintained at 185C for 30 hr with periodic frying of moist cotton balls and with addition of fresh oil to replenish the oil lost due to evaporation, decomposition, and adsorption by the cotton balls were fractionated by repeated gas chromatography. The gas chromatographic fractions were identified by IR and mass spectrometry. A total of 30 acids were characterized. They consisted of 12 n‐aliphatic saturated acids, seven 2‐enoic acids, one 3‐enoic acid, three keto acids, two hydroxy acids, four dicarboxylic acid and one aromatic acid. It is suggested that the effects of some of these acids upon human nutrition be studied.
Partial reduction of ॅ‐Eleostearic acid with hydrazine
Authors: Mikolajczak K. L. , Bagby M. O. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe following products are formed during partial reduction of ॅ‐eleostearic acid with hydrazine:cis,trans‐9,11‐octadecadienoic andtrans,trans‐11,13‐octadecadienoic acids;cis‐9‐,trans‐11‐ andtrans‐13‐octadecenoic acids; and stearic acid. The double bonds are reduced individually in the conjugated triene and also in the conjugated dienes that are formed. However, the reduction is selective since thetrans‐11 double bonds in the conjugated triene is reduced only slightly to yield the isolated 9,13‐diene.Thetrans double bond of thecis,trans conjugated diene reduces at a faster rate than thecis bond. No differences were observed in the rate of reduction of thecis‐9 andtrans‐13 bonds in the triene or of the bonds in thetrans,trans conjugated diene.
Synthesis of series of pure polyethylene glycol ethers based onn‐tridecanol,7‐tridecanol, and oxo‐process tridecyl alcohol
Authors: Hartmann Ludwig , West R. L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPuren‐tridecyl, 7‐tridecyl andoxo‐tridecyl polyethylene glycol monoethers, C13H27O (C2H4O)nH, were made by the Williamson reaction with n=4,6,8,10 and 12. Related crystalline diethers derived fromn‐tridecanol were made in the range of 4舑16 oxyethylene units.The compounds were extensively purified by crystallization (where applicable) or by chromatography and distillation. The final products are new compounds important for comparative studies of surface properties. Characterizing constants and physical properties including those of a large number of pure intermediates are reported.All but the lowest member of then‐tridecyl monoether series are crystalline, melting between 26 and 40C. The related diethers melting between 37 and 50C have a minimum melting point when they contain between 6 and 8 oxyethylene units. Theoxo‐tridecyl and 7‐tridecyl monoethers are liquids.
Triacylglycerols of winter butterfat containing configurational isomers of monoenoic fatty acyl residues. II. Saturated dimonoenoic triacylglycerols
Authors: Laakso Päivi , Kallio Heikki 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTriacylglycerols of Finnish winter butterfat containing one saturated and two monoenoic fatty acyl residues were studied. With silver ion high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), molecules were separated according to the difference in the configuration of one fatty acyl moiety. The distribution of the saturatedcis,trans‐dimonoenoic and saturatedcis,cis‐dimonoenoic triacylglycerols according to their acyl carbon numbers was compared by means of reversed‐phase HPLC and tandem mass spectrometry. Furthermore, two examples of the fatty acid composition of a specified molecular weight species were shown. The fatty acid compositions of corresponding saturatedcis,trans‐dimonoenoic and saturatedcis,cis‐dimonoenoic triacylglycerols were similar; however, there may be differences in the proportions of different fatty acid combinations or in the distribution of fatty acids between primary and secondary glycerol positions.
Fractionation of the triacylglycerols of lipase‐modified butter oil
Authors: Kemppinen Asmo , Kalo Paavo 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTriacylglycerols (TGs) of lipase‐modified butter oil were separated into saturated, monoene, diene and triene fractions on ap‐propylbenzene sulfonic acid solid‐phase extraction column loaded with silver ions. Fatty acid analysis of the fractions showed that the amounts of saturated TGs (98.4 mol%) and monoene TGs (26.0 mol%) in the saturated and monoene fractions, respectively, were close to the theoretical amounts of TGs in pure fractions. The column method provides a useful alternative to AgNO3‐thin‐layer chromatography as a means of separating the TGs of butterfat and producing relatively pure TG fractions for further analysis by gas chromatography (GC) or GC‐mass spectrometry.
Analysis of lipids from cooked beef by thin‐layer chromatography with flame‐ionization detection
Authors: St. Angelo Allen J. , James Charles 
Published: February 2007

AbstractLipids were extracted from cooked ground beef with methylene chloride/methanol (2:1). The lipids were separated on a silicic acid column, into neutral and polar fractions by elution with methylene chloride, followed by methanol. These fractions were analyzed by Iatroscan thin‐layer chromatography with flame‐ionization detection instrumentation on Chromarods S‐III (silica gelcoated quartz rods). Comparison of cooked beef stored for 0, 4 and 7 d at 4°C indicated that storage caused a decrease in total lipids, an increase in neutral lipids and a decrease in polar lipids, specifically in phosphatidylcholine. These changes in the lipid fraction were associated with meat flavor deterioration and an increase in lipid oxidation.
Proton magnetic resonance imaging of lipid in pecan embryos
Authors: Halloin John M. , Cooper Thomas G. , Potchen E. James , Thompson Tommy E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMagnetic resonance images of plant tissues typically are manifestations of water protons in tissues. Within oilseeds, however, lipids contain a major portion of the mobile protons, which should enable specific imaging of lipids. In this study, experiments were done to demonstrate spin‐echo imaging (SEI) and chemical‐shift imaging (CSI) of lipid within nonimbibed and imbibed embryos of pecan (Carya illinoensis), a high‐lipid seed. Magnetic resonance spectra of airdry embryos contained a single major peak for lipid, whereas those of imbibed embryos contained separate peaks for water and lipid. This separation of spectral peaks enabled CSI of distributions of either lipids or water in imbibed embryos. A longer spin‐spin relaxation time of lipid protons than of water protons in imbibed embryos allowed selective SEI of lipids in those embryos. SEI of normal, dry embryos revealed fairly uniform distribution of lipids across tissues. Similar images of embryos damaged by the fungusPhoma exocarpina or the insectZerara viridula were less intense than those of a normal embryo, reflecting the lower oil contents of the damaged embryos. Magnetic resonance imaging should provide a useful technology for studying lipid distribution and metabolism within oil seeds.
On the Interaction between a Fully lonized Plasma and a Neutral Gas Blanket
Authors: B Lehnert  , J Bergström  , S Holmberg  , B Wilner  
Published: February 2007

Experimental studies have been performed of a fully ionized magnetized plasma generated in a poloidal magnetic field by a transverse electric field applied between two electrodes and being surrounded by a neutral gas blanket:(i)The rotating plasma which has been generated in the crossed fields is released from its energy source and its rotation is being stopped. The plasma decay is then studied in the absence of macroscopic motions, with the exception of those from a slow diffusion process. The state of ionization is determined by suddenly giving the plasma a small pulse of angular momentum which, after a short time is recovered as a current pulse being extracted by means of a short-circuit between the electodes. The pulse becomes a measure of the state of ionization and shows that the rate of penetration of neutral gas into the plasma is strongly delayed at high plasma densities, in agreement with theory.(ii)The velocity field of a quasi-stationary, rotating plasma has been investigated spectroscopically by observing the Doppler shifts of various spectral lines. The results agree with theoretical perdictions of the velocity and temperature distributions within the plasma region. The results also support the prediction that the interior of the plasma should be screened from the surrounding neutral gas.
Alcohol and the preventive paradox: serious harms and drinking patterns
Authors: Poikolainen Kari , Paljärvi Tapio , Mäkelä Pia 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAims The preventive paradox prevails if the majority of alcohol problems accrue to the lesser‐drinking majority of population, not to heavy drinkers. Evidence for the paradox has been criticized for being based on self‐report. The aim was to examine whether the paradox also applies to deaths and hospital admissions.Design Data from four surveys representing the Finnish population aged 15–69 years in 1969, 1976, 1984 and 1992 were pooled; those from1969, 1976 and 1984 (n = 6726) to study alcohol‐related hospital admissions and alcohol‐related deaths, and those from 1984 and 1992 (n = 5558) to study self‐reported problems. The former data were linked with register data on hospital admission and death up to the end of 2002.Methods Comparisons were made separately for men and women (1) between the 10% of population with the highest average alcohol consumption and the remaining 90% of drinkers and (2) between those who reported and those who did not report drinking to intoxication.Results A total of 3025 men and 2693 women were available for the study of self‐reported problems and 2945 men and 2615 women for deaths and hospital admissions. Seventy per cent of all self‐reported problems, 70% of alcohol‐related hospitalizations, 64% of alcohol‐related deaths and 64% of the premature life‐years lost before the age of 65 occurred among the 90% of men consuming less. The respective figures for women were 64%, 60%, 93% and 98%. Drinking five or more drinks per occasion was related to more harm than not drinking that much.Conclusions In men, the ‘prevention paradox’ appears to apply to a broadly similar degree to hospitalizations and deaths as self‐report alcohol‐related problems; in women the phenomenon was apparent to a greater degree for deaths than for other markers of harm.
A new method of construction of obturators for nasal septal perforations and evidence of outcomes
Authors: Barraclough J.P. , Ellis D. , Proops D.W. 
Published: February 2007

Keypoints• Septal obturators and buttons for nasal septal perforations are often poorly tolerated.• We describe a new method of obturator construction using three‐dimensional imaging which more closely replicates the true anatomy of the defect.• Patients were assessed using a questionnaire relating to how symptoms had changed between having no obturator, a conventional obturator and the new CT obturator.• Eight of nine patients had an improvement in total symptom scores comparing old obturators to new CT obturators and this was significant with a P‐value of 0.018 using Student's paired t‐test.• The majority of patients were satisfied with the new obturators and reported an overall improvement of symptoms.
Protozoan–bacterial symbiosis in a deep‐sea hydrothermal vent folliculinid ciliate (Folliculinopsis sp.) from the Juan de Fuca Ridge
Authors: Kouris Angela , Kim Juniper S. , Frébourg Ghislaine , Gaill Françoise 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis study provides a first description of the morphology of Blue Mats: sessile, colonial folliculinid ciliates (Folliculinopsis sp.) that create dense bright blue carpets in certain Juan de Fuca Ridge vent fields and at vents elsewhere. In one area of widespread venting, for example, Blue Mats occupied approximately 70% of the substratum. The ultrastructure of the Blue Mat ciliates was investigated in samples from Axial Volcano on the Juan de Fuca Ridge using conventional scanning electron microscopy and thin section transmission electron microscopy. These Folliculinopsis sp. ciliates secrete and dwell in tubes (loricae). The loricae were colonized by both coccoid and filamentous bacteria‐like structures. Greater densities of coccoid‐ and short‐rod‐shaped bacteria were found between rows of cilia on the ciliate body (zooid) and especially on the peristomal lobes (arm‐like extensions typical to folliculinid ciliates). A coccoid bacterial morphotype (within and independent of a vacuole) was located throughout the ciliate cytoplasm. Groups of this organism clustered within vacuoles were regularly distributed along the ciliate cortex. Electron dense, vacuole‐bound features characterized by stacked membranous structures were also found within the ciliate cytoplasm. These results suggest the existence of at least an endosymbiosis between Folliculinopsis sp. ciliates and bacteria at hydrothermal vents. The chemolithoautotrophic nature of these symbiotic bacteria remains to be confirmed. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a protozoan–bacterial symbiosis at vents, as well as the first reported symbiosis in folliculinid ciliates.