bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The contributions of the Bartholin family to the study and practice of clinical anatomy
Authors: Hill Robert V. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBetween 1585 and 1738, four members of the celebrated Bartholin family made significant contributions to anatomical science and medicine. Caspar Bartholin (the elder), two of his sons (Thomas and Rasmus), and his grandson (Caspar the younger) all served on the medical faculty of the University of Copenhagen, and helped to gain international acclaim for the institution. Over three generations, the Bartholins challenged traditional ideas about science and the human body, and discovered anatomical structures and phenomena that would prove crucial to the practice of modern medicine. Clin. Anat. 20:113–115, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The impact of alternating dissection on student performance in a medical anatomy course: Are dissection videos an effective substitute for actual dissection?
Authors: Granger Noelle A. , Calleson Diane 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe way in which anatomy is taught to first year medical students at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill was recently changed, so that first year students are now divided into two groups that dissect alternately. The effect of this change on both written and practical test performance was analyzed by comparing grades from 2004 with those from the previous year (2003), when students performed all the dissections. A statistically significant decrease (P ≤ 0.05) from 2003 was noted on three of the four written test scores in 2004, while practical examination scores in 2004 fluctuated from lower to higher than those in 2003, depending on the unit of material being covered. However, the number of students failing each of the examinations (written and practical combined) was statistically greater on only one of the four examinations in 2004. Scores of the two groups dissecting alternately in 2004 were essentially the same on the practical examinations. There was no difference in the number of questions answered incorrectly between these two groups in the two practical examinations where comparisons were made. Furthermore, students who dissected a particular structure did not score significantly better on practical questions concerning that structure than students who had not dissected it. The effect of the availability of step‐by‐step dissection videos on student practical examination scores is also discussed. We conclude that the change in the curriculum had a significant impact on the students' written examination performance, given the same material in the course. The reasons for this include student course load, increased need for self‐study, and a loss of a learning opportunity in the dissection laboratory, all of which affect student comprehension and retention of the material and their ability to use it in problem solving. Clin. Anat. 20:315–321, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Superficial temporal artery as an external landmark for deeper‐lying brain structures
Authors: Tubbs R. Shane , O'Neil James T. , Key Christopher D. , Zarzour Jessica G. , Fulghum Sarah B. , Kim Eugenia J. , Lyerly Michael , Shoja Mohammadali M. , Salter E. George , Oakes W. Jerry 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAdditional localizing superficial landmarks for intracranial structures can be of use to the neurosurgeon. This study was performed to evaluate the usefulness of the superficial temporal artery (STA) as an external landmark for deeper brain structures. Thirteen adult cadavers (26 sides) underwent latex injection of their STA bilaterally. Dissections were next carried out to identify this vessel. Once the STA and its frontal and parietal branches were skeletonized, craniectomies were performed and the underlying dura mater excised. Measurements were made between the frontal and parietal branches of the STA and deeper brain structures. The STA was found to branch on average 3 cm superior to the tragus. The bifurcation of the STA was found to commonly bifurcate at the level of the floor of the middle cranial fossa or superior temporal gyrus. The Sylvian fissure was found at a mean of 2 cm superior to the STA bifurcation. The angle between the frontal branch of the STA and the zygomatic arch had a mean of 37°. The angle between the frontal and parietal branches of the STA had a mean of 87°. At the level of the glabella, the frontal branch of the STA was on average 3 cm posterior to the frontal pole. The temporal tip was located a mean of 3.2 cm anterior to the frontal branch of the STA. The plane of the foramen of Monro was found to lie at a mean distance of 2.3 cm posterior to the frontal branch of the STA. The parietal branch of the STA was noted to travel more or less parallel with the central sulcus in all specimens and to travel an average of 2 cm posterior to this sulcus. At the level of the lateral attachment of the tentorium cerebelli, the parietal branch of the STA was found to travel a mean of 4.8 cm anterior to the entrance of the vein of Labbé into the transverse sinus. The parietal branch of the STA was also found to travel a mean of 4.2 cm anterior to the angular gyrus and 3.9 cm anterior to the supramarginal gyrus. Palpation or Doppler identification of the STA and its branches with subsequent mapping on the lateral cranium may prove useful as an additional superficial landmark for the neurosurgeon. Clin. Anat. 20:498–501, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Persistence of embryonic pattern of hepatocaval venous junction and patent ductus venosus in Budd‐Chiari syndrome
Authors: Macchi V. , Porzionato A. , Tiengo C. , Parenti A. , De Caro R. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractWe report an autopsy study on a case of Budd‐Chiari syndrome (BCS) in a 44‐year‐old woman. Dissection showed that the outlets of the right hepatic vein (HV) and of the common trunk of the middle and left HVs appeared as two small depressed areas with narrow ostia. Histological examination showed recent thrombosis of the tributaries of the HVs and centrilobular congestion with necrosis of the hepatic parenchyma. The juxtacaval portions of the major HVs showed a cuneiform shape, because of marked dilation, with thread‐like ostia, and multiple small outlets of minor hepatic veins were also present. The coexistence of patent ductus venosus may have prevented the development of the hepatocaval venous junction, with persistence of the embryonic pattern, composed of multiple small channels draining into the right hepatocardiac channel. The unusual hepatocaval venous junction may have predisposed to thrombosis of the HVs, causing BCS. Clin. Anat. 19:673–677, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomical variations of the cords of brachial plexus and the median nerve
Authors: Pandey S.K. , Shukla V.K. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe variations in formation, location, and courses of the cords of brachial plexus and the median nerve were studied in both axillae of 172 cadavers. The total prevalence of variation was 12.8% (CI, 7.6–17.4) and it was found in 13.2% (CI, 7.5–18) of male and in 10.7% (CI, −0.6–19.6) of female cadavers. These variations were divided into three groups. The first group was abnormal location of the cords, which was either posterolateral or anteromedial in relation to the axillary artery in 2.3% (CI, 0.1–4.5) cadavers. The lateral cord and the medial root of the median nerve had received communicating branches from the posterior cord in most of the cases of this group. The second group was absence of the posterior cord in 3.5% (CI, 0.7–6.1) of cadavers. The lateral and medial cords of this group were connected with the communicating branches, which had a course in front of the axillary artery. The third group was abnormal formation and course of the median nerve in 7% (CI, 3.1–10.6) of cadavers. In all cases of this group the medial root received communicating branch/branches either from the lateral or posterior cord. In eight (4.7%) cadavers, both roots of the median nerve were joined on medial side of the axillary artery to form a median nerve, which traveled medial to the artery. In four (2.3%) cadavers the roots of the median nerve did not join and both traveled separately anteromedial to the axillary and brachial arteries. This study indicates that all three cords and median nerve vary considerably in levels of origin, location and course in relation to the axillary artery and these variable cases were joined with the communicating branch/branches. The observed variations are of anatomical and clinical interest. These kinds of variations are more prone to injury in radical neck dissection and in other surgical operation of the axilla. Clin. Anat. 20:150–156, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ligands for Molecular Imaging: The Synthesis of Bis(thiosemicarbazone) Ligands
Authors: Christlieb Martin , Dilworth Jonathan R. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBis(thiosemicarbazones) have been of interest to chemists for over fifty years; they display antitumour, antibiotic and antiviral properties. Recently it has become apparent that they may also provide a convenient way of labelling biologically active molecules by using metallic radionuclides and/or fluorescence. Although apparently simple, the synthesis of bis(thiosemicarbazone) ligands can be problematic. This article provides a summary of the published literature, based on the synthetic strategies used and indicates some of the difficulties that may arise.
Copper(I) Alkynyl Clusters, [Cux+y(hfac)x(CCR)y], with Cu10–Cu12 Cores
Authors: Baxter Christopher W. , Higgs Timothy C. , Bailey Philip J. , Parsons Simon , McLachlan Fiona , McPartlin Mary , Tasker Peter A. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe facile syntheses and the structures of five new CuI alkynyl clusters, [Cu12(hfac)8(CCnPr)4(thf)6]⋅THF (1), [Cu12(hfac)8(CCtBu)4] (2), [Cu12(hfac)8(CCSiMe3)4] (3), [Cu10(hfac)6(CCtBu)4(diethyl ether)]/[Cu10(hfac)6(CCtBu)3(CCnPr)(diethyl ether)] (4) and [Cu10(hfac)6(CCtBu)4(diethyl ether)] (5) are reported, in which hfacH=1,1,1,5,5,5‐hexafluoropentan‐2,4‐dione. The first independent molecule found in the crystals of 4 (4 a) proved to be chemically identical to 5. The Cu10 and Cu12 cores in these clusters are based on a central “square” Cu4C4 unit. Whilst the connectivities of the Cu10 or Cu12 units remain identical the geometries vary considerably and depend on the bulk of the alkynyl group, weak coordination of ether molecules to copper atoms in the core and Cu⋅⋅⋅O intramolecular contacts formed between Cu–hfac units on the periphery of the cluster. Similar intermolecular contacts and interlocking of Cu–hfac units are formed in the simple model complex [Cu2(hfac)2(HCCtBu)] (6). When linear alkynes, CnH2n+1CCH, are used in the synthesis and non‐coordinating solvents are used in the workup, further association of the Cu4C4 cores occurs and clusters with more than eighteen copper atoms are isolated.
Electronic Origin for Enhanced Nonlinear Optical Response of Complexes from Tetraalkylammonium Halide and Carbon Tetrabromide: Electrostatic Potentials of Intermolecular Donor–Acceptor Dyads
Authors: Cheng Wendan , Shen Juan , Wu Dongsheng , Li Xiaodong , Lan Youzhao , Li Feifei , Huang Shuping , Zhang Hao , Gong Yajing 
Published: June 2006

AbstractElectronic origin for nonresonant enhancement of nonlinear optical response in the complexes formed from tetraalkylammonium halide and carbon tetrabromide is provided in view of electrostatic potentials of intermolecular donor (halide ion)–acceptor (CBr4). The calculated electrostatic potentials of donor–acceptor range from −4.83 to −7.70 kcal mol−1and show a decreasing order of [Et4Cl−⋅⋅⋅Br] > [Et4Br−⋅⋅⋅Br] ≅ [Et4I−⋅⋅⋅Br] > [Bu4Br−⋅⋅⋅Br]. The calculated second‐order susceptibilities of solid complexes are in an increasing order of [NEt4Cl⋅CBr4] < [NEt4Br⋅CBr4] ≅ [NEt4I⋅CBr4] < [NBu4Br⋅CBr4⋅C3H6O]. It has been shown that the donor/acceptor dyads make the exclusive contribution to nonlinear optical response. A large size of halide or tetraalkylammonium ion results in a small electrostatic potential and large nonlinear optical response in these charge‐transfer complexes. It indicates that a small supermolecular interaction will create a large nonlinear optical response, and it gives a clue to design the molecular complexes with large non‐linear optical susceptibility.
Powerful CarbonCarbon Bond Forming Reactions Based on a Novel Radical Exchange Process
Authors: Quiclet‐Sire Béatrice , Zard Samir Z. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractXanthates and related derivatives have proved to be extremely useful for both inter‐ and intramolecular radical additions. The broad applicability of the intermolecular addition to un‐activated olefins opens tremendous opportunities for synthesis, since various functional groups can be brought together under mild conditions and complex structures can be rapidly assembled. The presence of the xanthate in the product is also a powerful asset for further modifications, by both radical and non‐radical pathways. Of special importance is the access to highly substituted aromatic and heteroaromatic derivatives and the synthesis of block polymers through a controlled radical polymerisation mediated by various thiocarbonylthio group containing agents (RAFT and MADIX processes).
Guanine Oxidation: One‐ and Two‐Electron Reactions
Authors: Pratviel Geneviève , Meunier Bernard 
Published: June 2006

AbstractGuanine bases in DNA are the most sensitive to oxidation. A lot of effort has been devoted to the understanding of the chemical modifications of guanine under different oxidizing conditions, the final goal being to know which lesions in DNA can be expected in vivo and their biological consequences. This article analyses the mechanisms underlying guanine oxidation by the comparison between one‐ and two‐electron transfer processes. The different oxidants used in vitro give complementary answers. This overview presents a choice of some key intermediates and the predictive description of G‐oxidation products that can be generated from these intermediates depending on the reaction conditions.
Comparative study of the physicochemical properties of six clinical low molecular weight gadolinium contrast agents
Authors: Laurent Sophie , Elst Luce Vander , Muller Robert N. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis paper compares the physicochemical properties of six low molecular weight clinical complexes of gadolinium studied under identical experimental conditions. Magnevist®, Dotarem®, Omniscan®, ProHance®, MultiHance® and Gadovist® were investigated by oxygen‐17 relaxometry at different temperatures and by proton relaxometry at various magnetic fields, temperatures and media [pure water, zinc(II)‐containing aqueous solutions and HSA‐containing solutions]. Osmolality, viscosity and stability versus transmetallation by zinc(II) ions were added for a more comprehensive description. The relaxivities of the clinical formulations as measured in water are similar in the imaging magnetic field region, with a slightly better performance for MultiHance. This can be explained by a shorter distance between the hydrogen nuclei of the water molecule bound to the Gd3+ ion and this paramagnetic centre. In contrast to the open‐chain complexes, all macrocyclic systems (Dotarem, ProHance and Gadovist) are insensitive to transmetallation by zinc ions. The stability of the open‐chain complexes with respect to transmetallation depends on the chemical structure of the ligand, with a better stability for MultiHance. The presence of human serum albumin has no significant effect on the proton relaxivity of Magnevist, Dotarem, Omniscan, ProHance and Gadovist but markedly increases the relaxivity of MultiHance because of a non‐covalent interaction with the protein. As a result, the relaxivity of MultiHance in HSA‐containing media of fixed concentration decreases with increasing concentration of the contrast agent. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of rigidification on relaxometric properties of a tricyclic tetraazatriacetic gadolinium chelate
Authors: Port Marc , Raynal Isabelle , Vander Elst Luce , Muller Robert N. , Dioury Fabienne , Ferroud Clotilde , Guy Alain 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA constrained derivative of Gd–PCTA12, Gd–cyclo‐PCTA12, in which one ethylene bridge connecting two nitrogen atoms of the triamine block is replaced by a cyclohexylene bridge, was synthesized and the impact of rigidification was studied by comparing the physicochemical and relaxometric properties of both gadolinium MRI contrast agents, Gd–PCTA12 and Gd–cyclo‐PCTA12. The new complex has higher proton relaxivity than the parent compound (r1 = 6.1 s−1 mM−1 at 20 MHz and 310 K). The rigidification of the PCTA12 scaffold proved to have no impact on the inertness towards transmetallation by endogenous ions such as Zn2+. Moreover, for both contrast agents, the relaxivity was not quenched by endogenous anions. The oxygen‐17 NMR study and the NMRD profile demonstrated that the rigidification of the PCTA scaffold had no impact on the electronic relaxation of Gd–cyclo‐PCTA12. However, the rigidity of this complex induced an acceleration of the exchange rate of the inner‐sphere water molecules as a result of steric crowding around the gadolinium ion. The value of τM310 thus approached the optimal value required to attain high relaxivity once the chelate is immobilized by covalent or non‐covalent binding to macromolecules. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predictors of mortality after androgen‐deprivation therapy in patients with rapidly rising prostate‐specific antigen levels after local therapy for prostate cancer
Authors: Rodrigues Neesha A. , Chen Ming‐Hui , Catalona William J. , Roehl Kimberly A. , Richie Jerome P. , D'Amico Anthony V. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBACKGROUND.The authors identified biochemical and pathologic factors that were associated significantly with prostate cancer‐specific mortality (PCSM) after androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) in men who had rapidly rising prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) levels after they received local treatment.METHODS.The study population consisted of 67 patients who had a PSA doubling time (DT) ≤6 months after radical prostatectomy (n= 50 patients) or external beam radiation therapy (n= 17 patients) for localized prostate cancer. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was used to evaluate whether the interval to PSA failure, pre‐ADT PSA DT, PSA level at the time of ADT initiation, time to PSA nadir, PSA nadir after 8 months on ADT, and Gleason score were associated significantly with the time to PCSM 8 months after the initiation of ADT.RESULTS.A PSA nadir >0.2 ng/mL (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 8.0; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.7–38.7;P= 0.009) and a Gleason score ≥8 (adjusted HR, 5.2; 95% CI, 1.3–20.6;P= 0.02) were associated significantly with a short time to PCSM. The cumulative incidence estimates of 3‐year PCSM were 5.8% versus 50.9% for patients with a PSA nadir ≤0.2 ng/mL versus >0.2 ng/mL, respectively, and 10.8% versus 35.8% for patients who had tumors with a Gleason score ≤7 versus ≥8, respectively.CONCLUSIONS.Among men with a PSA DT ≤6 months, both a PSA nadir >0.2 ng/mL after ADT and a Gleason score ≥8 cancer identified men who were at high risk for PCSM. These men would be ideal candidates for Phase III studies that evaluate the impact on survival of new systemic therapies for prostate cancer. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Primary versus radiation‐associated craniofacial osteosarcoma
Authors: McHugh Jonathan B. , Thomas Dafydd G. , Herman Joseph M. , Ray Michael E. , Baker Laurence H. , Adsay N. Volkan , Rabah Raja , Lucas David R. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBACKGROUND.Craniofacial osteosarcoma differs from long bone osteosarcoma in that patients are older, tumors are often low grade, and prognosis is more favorable. Although most are sporadic, some tumors occur in association with prior radiation therapy. The purpose of the current study was to compare clinicopathologic and prognostic features of primary and radiation‐associated osteosarcoma.METHODS.The study group consisted of 15 primary and 6 radiation‐associated osteosarcomas. Clinical and follow‐up data were obtained in every case. Tissue microarrays were immunohistochemically stained for p53, pRB, Ki‐67 (MIB‐1), and ezrin. DNA was sequenced for TP53 mutations.RESULTS.All radiation‐associated osteosarcomas were high grade and half were fibroblastic. In contrast, 47% of primary craniofacial osteosarcomas were high grade and only 1 was fibroblastic. All radiation‐associated osteosarcomas recurred, half the patients died of disease, 2 were alive with unresectable tumors, whereas only 1 was alive without disease. In contrast, 80% of patients with primary tumors were alive without disease, 33% had local recurrences, and 13% died of disease. Radiation‐associated tumors overexpressed p53 more often (33% vs. 13%), more often had TP53 mutations (33% vs. 8%), had higher proliferative activity (67% vs. 0% showing >50% MIB‐1 staining), and expressed ezrin more frequently (83% vs. 40%) than primary tumors. Compared with a control group of 24 high‐ and 7 low‐grade primary extremity osteosarcomas, radiation‐associated tumors marked as the high‐grade tumors.CONCLUSIONS.Craniofacial radiation‐associated osteosarcomas are high‐grade tumors that behave more aggressively than most primary craniofacial osteosarcomas. In addition, they demonstrate higher expression rates of adverse prognostic indicators, further highlighting the distinction. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Oncogenic T‐antigen of JC virus is present frequently in human gastric cancers
Authors: Shin Sung Kwan , Li Mei‐Shu , Fuerst Florentine , Hotchkiss Erin , Meyer Richard , Kim Tae , Goel Ajay , Boland C. Richard 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBACKGROUND.JC virus (JCV) is a polyomavirus that commonly infects humans and is the causative agent of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in immune‐compromised patients. An association between JCV and human cancers long has been suspected, because this virus induces brain tumors in several animal models. The oncogenic potential of JCV is mediated by a transforming protein, the T‐antigen (T‐Ag), which is a multifunctional protein that transforms cells through interactions with various growth‐regulatory genes, including p53 and pRb, and by stabilizing β‐catenin. Previously, the laboratory at the authors' institution demonstrated that JCV is present frequently in the human gastrointestinal tract and may play a role in colorectal carcinogenesis. However, to date, no studies have determined whether JCV sequences are present specifically in gastric cancers. The current study was designed to investigate whether JCV sequences and expression are found in human gastric cancers.METHODS.DNA was extracted from 23 paraffin embedded and 14 frozen gastric cancer specimens. For the detection of JCV gene sequences, polymerase chain reaction amplifications were performed using gene‐specific primers for T‐Ag, VP‐1 (a JCV capsid gene), and the viral regulatory region (or transcriptional control region). Immunohistochemical staining was performed with an anti‐T‐Ag monoclonal antibody to detect protein expression.RESULTS.Twenty‐one of 37 gastric cancers (57%) harbored JCV T‐Ag sequences, and 13 of 37 gastric cancers (30%) contained VP‐1 sequences. T‐Ag sequences also were found in adjacent nonneoplastic mucosa. In addition, JCV regulatory region sequences were present frequently in gastric cancers and adjacent nonneoplastic mucosa. T‐Ag protein expression was found in 9 of 23 gastric cancers (39%), whereas no expression was observed in any of the nonneoplastic tissues.CONCLUSIONS.To the authors' knowledge, this is the first demonstration of the presence of JCV T‐Ag expression in human gastric cancers. These findings suggest a possible role for this polyomavirus in gastric carcinogenesis. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.