bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Two-Dimensional Space for Classifing Legal Offenses
Authors: Shoham Shlomo , Guttman Louis , Rahav Giora 
Published: March 2007

In the past, conceptual differences between behavioral and legal definitions made a synthesis between the two approaches extremely difficult. The present study utilizes a relatively new nonmetric measurement technique-the Multi-dimensional Scalogram Analysis (MSA)-in an attempt to conceptually analyze the four relevant components of a criminal offense: a) the criminal law norm (legal norm), b) the actor (offender), c) the act (offense), and d) the object (victim). A theoretical model, assuming interaction among the four com ponents of the criminal offense, was constructed and an empirical analysis of crime within the framework of a legal definition was undertaken..Based on the definitions used in the study, several rela tionships were studied between actus reus and mens rea, the legal norms violated, the offender, the criminal act, and the object of the criminal act. The empirical findings suggest that the basic structure of the criminal offense is comprised of the dyadic relationship between the offender and the victim. Actus reus elements appear to be after-the- fact intervention for the assessment of damages of injuries and the mens rea elements are also imputed after the fact to the offender in order to punish his indeterministic evil intent. The implications of the findings for research on administration of criminal justice and sentencing are discussed.
Description and Prediction of the Intractable Inmate
Authors: Myers Louis B. , Levy Girard W. 
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to describe the intractable inmate and to determine the existence of factors predictive of intractability. The intractable inmate is defined as an inmate who presents a chronic disciplinary problem within the prison. To provide data on this type of inmate, fifty intractable and fifty tractable inmates at the Southern Ohio Correctional Facility (SOCF) were selected by correctional and treatment officers at that institution. From the institutional files of both groups, extensive data were collected on person al, family, educational, vocational, military, criminal, confinement, prison ad justment, self-improvement program, and prison medical histories; psycho metric and personality test scores were collected for both groups. The data were analyzed to determine group differences and predictive factors. The important results revealed that, in comparison with the tractable group, the intractable inmates at SOCF were generally nonwhite, single, and not heavy users of alcohol, and they exhibited disciplinary problems before in carceration. They began their criminal history at an earlier age, more often used an alias, had a greater number of police contacts, and, once incarcerated, were confined longer. In prison, they were disobedient, created disturbances, possessed and manufactured weapons, threatened others, and destroyed prop erty. They had a higher incidence of sick calls, with tension as the primary complaint and tranquilizers as the primary prescribed medication. A number of useful predictive variables of intractability (before incarcera tion at SOCF) were statistically isolated; the primary variables were the fol lowing : Percent Adult Life Incarcerated (18 years and over; high scores associated with intractability). Extent of Alcohol Use (low use associated with intractability). MMPI Depression Scale Score (high scores associated with intrac tability). Minnesota Paper Form Board Score (low scores associated with intrac tability). Number of Police Contacts as a Juvenile (high scores associated with in tractability). Use of Alias (use associated with intractability). These six variables, properly weighted, correctly classified 78 percent of the inmates studied.
The Language Bioprogram Hypothesis and Singaporean English
Authors: Ho Mian Lian  
Published: March 2007

In his rather controversial book "Roots of Language" 1981, Bickerton claims that 'many of the prerequisites for human language were laid down in the course of mammalian evolution, and that the most critical of those prerequisites... was the capacity to construct quite elaborate mental representations of the external world....' (Bickerton 1981:294-295). The Language Bioprogram Hypothesis (LBH) concerns 'a biological' or 'a species-specific program for language, genetically coded and expressed in ways still largely myste rious, in the structures and modes of operation of the human brain' (Bickerton 1984:173). Among the important distinctions of the LBH are those between state and process, punctual and non-punctual, specific and non-specific and causative and non-causative. Such dis tinctions are clearly evident when a pidgin becomes a creole. The in nate punctual/non-punctual distinction is manifested in Bickerton's investigation of past tense marking in 2 decreolizing situations- Guyana and Hawaii. Verbs which were used non-punctually received a lower marking for past tense than verbs that were used punctually. What are the factors which influence variation in past tense marking of Chinese Singaporeans? The substratum language may have a strong influence since in Chinese there is no morphological change to the past form of the verb. Or it could be that the innate Language Bioprogram has an influence as well. Naturally, other fac tors such as teaching and general language learning strategies cannot be ignored. This paper is based on an empirical investigation of recordings of spontaneous speech of a hundred ethnically Chinese Singaporeans who have had English-medium education and discusses variation in past tense marking in Singaporean English as well as pedagogical im plications of the LBH for second language acquisition.
The sociology of religion in the United States
Authors: Lensky G. 
Published: March 2007

La sociologie de la religion aux Etats-Unis s'est déve loppée sur un mode dialectique : de la théorie sans la recherche, l'on est passé via la recherche sans théorie, à une synthèse. L'A. donne dans cet article un aperçu de ce qui a été réalisé au cours des deux dernières décennies, dans le cadre de ces recherches à orientations théoriques. De nombreux thèmes s'y côtoyent. L'on a tenté de placer la théorie de Durkheim à propos de l'origine de la religion, sur une base empirique plus large. Une vue plus nette de la variété des comportements religieux dans les diverses catégories sociales a été dégagée, quoi que la plus grande partie de ces variations reste encore inconnue. Des distinctions ont été établies à l'intérieur du phénomène des sectes, ainsi que dans la dychotomie église-secte. La variable « religiosité » a été approfon die de manière à la saisir dans sa multidimensionalité. Les conséquences de l'appartenance religieuse sur les plans des comportements économique ou politique ont été relativement négligées jusqu'à présent, mais les découvertes faites par des recherches récentes montrent tout l'intérêt de ce type d'analyse. Il s'y rencontre encore d'autres thèmes actuels comme la paroisse, le clergé, les tensions confessionnelles. En fait, l'intérêt pour la sociologie de la religion s'accroît notablement aux Etats-Unis. Et fort heureu sement, il s'agit là nullement d'une mode. La recher che est mise très sérieusement en relation avec la théorie et l'on espère bien avec le temps, pouvoir, par le biais de la sociologie de la religion, donner un nouvel apport décisif à la théorie sociologique générale.
Pratiques religieuses, contenu de foi et comportement moral. Resultats d'une enquête dans trois villes polonaises
Authors: Taras Pierre 
Published: March 2007

The author attempts an objective view of several characteristics of Polish Catholicism: practice of religion, content of Faith, and moral attitudes. These phenomena are discussed in relation to sex, age, the civil state and culture. 1. The study of religious practice centres on attendance at Mass and other practices such as prayer, examination of conscience and receiving Communion. 2. To assess the content of Faith the enquiry takes as a starting point a general question: Faith in man's judgement after death (because of its presuppositions: existence of God, belief in His mercy, Hell etc.). The responses are correlated with the results obtained regarding practice. Other questions are posed concerning other dogmas (Infallibility Providence, Grace). 3. Finally, moral attitudes are themselves studied on the basis of specific questions: opinion about theft, forgiveness, Sunday rest, divorce and abortion. The responses are correlated with the practice and content of Faith. The enquiry shows that 83 % of people are attached to the Church; 10% are opposed to it as humanists. Those who are practising are not unready to admit reservations on questions of Faith and those who believe are not necessarily practising. In general Faith grows with age (except where it concerns Faith in Providence); one meets it wherever religion is practised (there are exceptions regarding Infallibility). Finally one must take into account the resistance encountered among people who have received a technical, secondary or higher, education. These conclusions reached in three large cities in Poland would seem to demand other more extensive comparative studies.
Pluralisme culturel et symbolique de I'environnement
Authors: Hambye F. , Remy J. 
Published: March 2007

Can a society claim to be pluralistic as soon as it tolerates a diversity of systems of explicit value and of behaviour expressing them? Must it not equally arrive at diversifying the implicit cultural patterns which give rise to collective perceptions of the objects of daily life? This environ ment which, in fact, extends from habitat to gadgets through fashion and tool constitutes for the individual a material support, from which significant processes are constituted. These make possible the commu nication based on a multiplicity of differential representations of self and of others, of society and of individuals. This article includes an introduction to the semiological analysis with a view to bringing to light the importance of the institutionalization of cultural practices (1st part). Next the study of the perception of the urban area will manifest the link between social structure and the relative homogeneity of symbols (2nd part). Finally it will formulate the work ing hypothesis which will form the base of later research: the cultural diversity manifested by explicit systems such as beliefs and values, does not permit the conclusion that an effective cultural pluralism exists, if it can be proved that contemporary western society imposes a strict 'uni formisation' of implict codes regulating the perception of the environ ment.
Religious Affiliation in South Africa
Authors: Kellerman A.P.R. 
Published: March 2007

Dans cet article, l'auteur donne une vue générale de la situation religieuse de l'Afrique du Sud, et met en perspective les modèles d'appartenance religieuse avec les caractéristiques socio-culturelles de la population. Dans une première partie, il présente les grandes lignes de la situation sociale du pays, sous l'angle racial, culturel et socio-économique. Les modèles d'appartenance religieuse sont étroitement liés aux clivages existant entre les races, les cultures et les langues. Ceci ne veut pas dire que la situation religieuse n'est qu'une simple déduction de la situation sociale ; les influences sont réciproques et les diverses confessions ont exercé et exercent encore une influence notoire sur les modifications socio-cul turelles. Les Eglises, qui ont grandement contribué à l'édification de la société actuelle, sauront-elles contribuer à sa modification ? L'auteur conclut en disant que toutes ne semblent pas à même de le faire, du moins, dans un avenir proche.
Le clergé bouddhiste d'une circonscription kandienne et les élections générales de 1965
Authors: Gombrich Richard 
Published: March 2007

What political influence has the Buddhist clergy on the people and what determines their political attitude? The Author throws some light on the answers to these questions thanks to a stud y conducted on religious behaviour where interviews with the monks included some questions on politics. Though at first sight the involvement of the monks with a particular political party in the 1965 elections appears to be motivated by anti-communism, it is really caste membership that seems to play a more influential role. But with regard to political involvement the monks seem to reflect public opinion and not to mould it. The importance of their involvement lies in their way of life and in their social position. They are more disposed to defend their own interests, which are religious, than to identify with the point of view of a particular social group. Hence it appears that religion may not after all have the same importance in politics in Ceylon that politicians tend to attribute to it.
Applications of Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy to Investigations of Cotton and Modified Cottons
Authors: O'Connor Robert T. , DuPré Elsie F. , Mitcham Donald 
Published: March 2007

The KBr technique to obtain spectra of cotton cellulose has been applied satisfactorily to an investigation of physical and crystalline modifications and to changes resulting from oxidation. Several experiments to illustrate applications are described. The potential applications to investigations suggested in the literature are reviewed. It has been shown that infrared absorption spectra of cotton cellulose can be used to follow changes in hydrogen bonding by the classical method of observing the exact wavelengths of the O-H stretching vibrations. Degree of crystallinity can be measured quantitatively by use of ratios of intensities of preselected absorption bands. Oxidation changes can be followed only where such processes result in the formation of C = O groups per se in the oxidized cotton.
High Speed Tensile Testing of Fibers
Authors: Ballou J.W. , Roetling J.A. 
Published: March 2007

The requirements placed on the stress recording device of a tensile tester (usually a stress-transducer and recorder) become more stringent as the time to complete the test decreases. Untess these requirements are met, the difference between the true stress- strain curve and the indicated stress-strain curve becomes so large as to make the latter meaningless. In this paper, the response of a stress-strain tester to the forces arising in testing a sample having a linear stress-strain curve is examined theoretically. An equation is derived which gives the indicated stress in terms of the true stress, the strain, the rate of strain, the resonance frequency and damping of the stress-transducer, and the upper and lower cut-off frequencies or bandwidth of the amplifier-recorder system. Wave effects, however, are not considered. This equation has been solved for a variety of conditions using a small scale digital computer. Indicated stress-strain curves are presented showing their increased deviation from the true stress-strain curve as the rate of testing is increased, as the resonance frequency is lowered. or as the bandwidth is decreased. These results show that certain minimum requirements involving the ratio of the rate of strain to the resonance frequency, damping. and upper and lower cut-off frequencies must be met for accurate indication of stress. As each requirement fails to be met, certain characteristic faults in the recorded stress-strain curve appear. The principles developed above were put to use in designing and constructing a simple stress-strain tester capable of true stress recording at a strain rate of 104 % min.. using a 5-in. gauge length. This tester is described and data taken on textile fibers at 1, 102, and 105 % min. strain rates presented by way of example. The structural basis of fiber behavior at different experimental time-scales is discussed briefty.
“In Affirming Them, He Affirms Himself”
Authors: KIM SUNG HO 
Published: March 2007

But with the member of a Nonconforming or self-made religious community, how different! The sectary's eigene grosse Erfindungen, as Goethe calls them,—the precious discoveries of himself and his friends for expressing the inexpressible and defining the undefinable in peculiar forms of their own,—cannot but, as he has voluntarily chosen them and is personally responsible for them, fill his whole mind. He is zealous to do battle for them and affirm them; for in affirming them, he affirms himself, and that is what we all like. Matthew Arnold
Rousseau in Kimono
Authors: KAUFMAN-OSBORN TIMOTHY V. 
Published: March 2007

Where is the essence of the West in the countries of Europe and America? All these countries have different systems. What is right in one country is wrong in the next; religion, customs, morals — there is no common agreement on any of these. Europe is discussed in a general way; and this sounds splendid. The question remains, however, where in reality does what is called Europe exist? Okakura Kakuzō (1887)
Being a part of the family? Genre, gender and production in a Japanese TV drama
Authors: Valaskivi Katja 
Published: March 2007

In this article I use the concept of genre as a notion to look into the relationship between the production and the audience, especially on the production side. The empirical material of the study is a Japanese television family drama called Wataru seken wa oni bakari or Wataoni. Recently the concept of genre - traditionally known from literary theory and cinema studies - has been found useful especially in studies on (news) journalism. In these studies genre is usually defined as a cultural and social contract between the production and the audience, the rhetorical mode of address inherent in genre being a central notion. The mode of address is seen to recommend audience members certain meanings and viewing patterns. Although the idea of `communicative contract' also includes the production side, empirical studies of the rhetorical force of genre in both production and reception are rare. I propose that it can be useful in an empirical study to look into the ways in which genre addresses both the viewers and the makers. The way the generic mode of address works for each direction may differ, but nevertheless genre also persuades the makers to adopt a certain subject position and meaningful relationship with the programme in question.
Origins of the Connection of Physical Education and Athletics at the American University: an Organizational Interpretation
Authors: Chu Donald 
Published: March 2007

This paper analyzes the origins of the relationship between athletics, the American university and developing departments of physical education in the period 1890-1930. The "open systems" formal organizational perspective is utilized. This approach theorizes continual organizational negotiations with the task environment. Greater resources must be imported than employed in the production of output. This will guarantee the derived organizational goal of survival. The theme of the paper is as follows: with expansion of American universities, resources were required in the way of money, visibility, students and legitimacy. While the period saw rapid growth of the university, it was also a period of uncertainty as to the smooth flow of necessary resources. Intercollegiate athletics provided a means of obtain ing resources from significant elements of the task environment — i.e., alumni, state legislatures, students. The inclusion of athletics within the university is discussed as an extension of its "domain claims" — the statement by an organization of its proper responsibilities. In order to achieve "domain consensus" and legitimacy (from faculty in particular), the university leadership was forced to rationalize these extended claims. One means of ac complishing this rationalization was through connection of athletics with a department of the university already with some educational legitimation-physical education.
Gardens in Early Indian Court Life
Authors: Ali Daud 
Published: March 2007

He indeed is king whose abode has spacious pleasure gardens with long pools made brilliant by beautiful lotus blossoms covered with humming bees.... Wealth, friends well-versed in the arts, the sound of melodious lutes, and beautiful women with young and charming bodies— all these will be without fruit for the king seeking the pleasure of all, if there are no pleasure gardens. Śā rngadharapaddhati
Purity or Expediency?
Authors: Walker Nigel 
Published: March 2007

Many people were impressed and stimulated by Prof Walker's address to Conference last October and we have received several requests to reprint it. We are happy to print two extracts here, and are grateful to Nigel Walker for permission to do so. The first deals with the thorny question of expediency and eclecticism versus single-minded moral or theoretical approaches; the second with a peculiarly British injustice: our apparent lack of concern to protect the anonymity of defendants.
JEALOUSY AS A CLASS PHENOMENON: THE PETITE BOURGEOISIE AND SOCIAL SECURITY
Authors: de Swaan Abram 
Published: March 2007

People may resent the fact that others have achieved or acquired something which they have not. This sentiment is called envy or `upward jealousy'. But they may also worry that other people will acquire or achieve what they have or are already, even if it causes no loss to them. This may be called `downward jealousy'. Such jealousy creates `zero-sum' situations, since someone's gain is always felt as a loss by somebody else. Jealousy, downward or upward, not only occurs among individuals, but also between groups - under such jealous group relations, the emotions are made to refer to a collectivity and are collectively articulated and experienced. The lower middle classes around the turn of the century tended to be concerned that workers might achieve a position of security and prestige equal to their own: national insurance seemed to provide workers with a social security equal to the protection for which the self-employed had worked so hard and saved so assiduously. This resistance on the part of the petty bourgeoisie, inspired in part by downward jealousy, much delayed the advent of the modern welfare state.
THE LIFE EXPERIENCE AND STATUS OF CHINESE RURAL WOMEN FROM OBSERVATION OF THREE AGE GROUPS
Authors: Kejing Dai 
Published: March 2007

Interview data gathered during two surveys in Anhui and Zhejiang Provinces in 1986 and 1987 are used to depict changes in the social status and life situation of rural women in China in three age groups, 18-36, 37-55 and 56 and over. For the younger women, marriage increasingly is a result of discussion with parents, not arrangement, but third-party introductions are increasing. They are active in household and township enterprises and aspire to more education and economic independence. The middle-aged group experienced war and revolution and now work non-stop under the responsibility system of household production, aspiring to university education for sons and enterprise work for daughters. The older women, while supported by their sons, live a frugal existence. In general, preference for sons is still prevalent and deep-seated. At the same time, the bride price and costs of marriage are increasing and of widespread concern. Rural socio-economic growth is required before Confucian traditions are overcome.