bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acid phosphatase‐producing androgen‐independent subline of rat prostatic adenocarcinoma (dunning r3327 tumor) in cell culture
Authors: Igarashi Tatsuo , Isaka Shigeo , Miyauchi Taisei , Hayata Isamu , Shimazaki Jun 
Published: February 2007

AbstractEstablishment of a cell line derived from the androgen‐independent subline of rat prostatic adenocarcinoma (Dunning R3327 tumor) is reported. Cells of this line produced acid phosphatase. When the cultured cells were transplanted to Copenhagen rats, solid tumors were formed. Histologically, the tumor consisted of spindle‐shaped, large and bizarre polygonal cells; this feature was almost identical to that of the original tumor. Chromosomes were in the triploid range with seven frequently appearing marker chromosomes.
Characteristics of separated epithelial and stromal subfractions of prostate: II. Human prostate
Authors: Robel Paul , Eychenne Bernard , Blondeau Jean‐Paul , Picard‐Groyer Marie‐Therese , Baulieu Etienne‐Emile , Bruner‐Lorand Joyce , Hechter Oscar 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSurgical samples of human benign prostatic hyperplasia tissue (BPH) were fractionated into epithelial clumps and stromal fractions, using the “optimal” tissue dissociation procedure developed for rat prostate described in the preceding report. The separated cellular fractions were compared to control unfractionated tissue (wherein extracellular secretory products had been removed) with respect to the concentrations of androgen receptor and enzyme markers on a DNA basis; cell damage was also evaluated by light and electron microscopy (EM). EM revealed extensive cell damage in epithelial clumps and stromal fractions, which had appeared normal when examined by light microscopy. Damage to the ultrastructure of individual epithelial cells present in clump fractions was very variable, involving vacuolization of the cytoplasm and condensation of nuclear chromatin in some cells, vacuolization of just the cytoplasm in other cells; only a small fraction of the cells in clumps had normal ultrastructure. Ultrastructural damage to stromal cells was much greater in fibroblasts than in muscle fibers. The cell damage observed in both subfractions of human prostate was associated with a marked degree of receptor loss. The mean decreases in the number of androgen receptors per unit DNA relative to control unfractionated tissue was 68.5 and 62.5% recovered in epithelial and stromal fractions, respectively. Measurement of various enzymes as “markers” revealed that acid phosphatase activity (per unit DNA) was associated exclusively with the epithelial clump fraction. Prolyl hydroxylase and myosin ATPase activities (per unit DNA) were restricted to the stromal fraction. The limitations of using mechanically separated subfractions of human prostate tissue for evaluation of the cellular distribution or the initial concentration of steroid receptors in human prostate tissue are discussed.
The pure antiandrogen ru 23908 (anandron®), a candidate of choice for the combined antihormonal treatment of prostatic cancer: A review
Authors: Raynaud J. P. , Bonne C. , Moguilewsky M. , Lefebvre F. A. , Bélanger A. , Labrie F. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe nonsteroidal antiandrogen RU 23908 (AnandronR) weakly interacts with the prostatic cytosolic androgen receptor and shows a fast dissociation rate. When administered to immature castrated rats up to the daily dose of 100 mg/kg, it is devoid of any androgenic activity but efficiently blocks the growth‐promoting activity of androgens on ventral prostate and seminal vesicle weight, thus showing the characteristics of a pure antiandrogen. In intact animals, on the other hand, the antiandrogen administered alone exerts only a partial inhibition of prostate and seminal vesicle weight. This is due to the property of the pure antiandrogen to neutralize the inhibitory feedback effect of androgens at the pituitary level on the LH responsiveness to LHRH, as illustrated in vitro in rat anterior pituitary cells in culture as well as in vivo in intact and castrated animals. In intact animals, neutralization of the inhibitory feedback action of endogenous androgens leads to an increased LH and testosterone secretion, which partly overcomes the direct action of the antiandrogen at the level of the prostate and seminal vesicles. In fact, the plasma testosterone concentration is more than doubled 6 hr after the administration of 10 mg of RU 23908 while plasma LH and testosterone levels are increased by 7‐ and 17‐fold, respectively, after 14 days of similar daily treatment. Efficient neutralization of the androgenic action at the prostatic level in intact animals thus requires prevention of this escape phenomenon through inhibition of LH secretion. Although inhibition of LH release can be achieved by estrogen and progestins, an optimal inhibitory effect on the prostate is obtained by the combined administration of the antiandrogen with an LHRH agonist that causes a specific blockage of testicular androgen biosynthesis as well as an inhibition of the LH responsiveness to LHRH.
Carcinoma of the prostate in israel: Some epidemiological and therapeutic considerations
Authors: Servadio C. , Mukamel E. , Kahan E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAnalysis of the different rate of prostatic cancer in Israel among Jews from various countries of origin reveals some very interesting and marked varieties in incidence, which are studied more closely now. Aggressive, combined treatment for the invasive cases of prostatic cancer has been used since 1975. This was based on orchiectomy, DES, and chemotherapy for the stage D2 disease, and on radiotherapy and hormonal therapy for the stage C, and possibly also the stage D1 disease. Results so far have been very encouraging indeed, and with considerably better results than obtained with the individual, more conventional forms of therapy. Five‐year survival in the stage D2 disease has been 63.5%, and 87.6% in the stage C (+D1?) disease. It appears that this approach is more justified, certainly in the advanced stages of this disease.
Fluorescent androgen derivatives do not discriminate between androgen receptor‐positive and ‐negative human tumor cell lines
Authors: Berns Els M. J. J. , Mulder Eppo , Rommerts Focko F. G. , Van Der Molen Henk J. , Blankenstein Rien A. , Vries Joan Bolt‐De , De Goeij Ton F. P. M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractFor the evaluation of histochemical procedures for detection of androgen receptors, three human tumor cell lines have been used: PC‐93 and NHIK‐3025, both biochemically characterized as androgen receptor‐positive, and EB‐33, biochemically characterized as androgen receptor‐negative. The binding of three fluorescent ligands, testosterone‐17β‐hemisuccinate‐bovine serum albumin‐fluorescein isothiocyanate, testosterone‐17β‐hemisuccinate‐fluoresceinamine, and 5α‐dihydrotestosterone‐17β‐hemisuccinate‐fluoresceinamine, to the cells was evaluated. The relative binding affinities of the ligands for the androgen receptors were low (less than 5% when compared to methyltrienolone). Treatment of the cells with the androgen‐fluoresceinamine derivatives resulted in a fluorescent labeling of the cytoplasm in both intact and “freeze‐damaged” cells of the three cell lines. This staining was independent of the presence of receptors. Nuclei were not stained.Incubation of intact cells with the protein‐linked conjugate did not result in significant cellular fluorescence. Only cells with damaged membranes showed a positive histochemical reaction, both in nucleus and cytoplasm, irrespective of the receptor content of the cells. The fluorescence intensity was not suppressed with excess 5α‐dihydrotestosterone or methyltrienolone, which are known to prevent binding of low affinity ligands to androgen receptors.From these results it is concluded that androgen receptors cannot be detected by these fluorescent ligands with low affinity for the receptor. The observed fluorescence of the cells is therefore due to binding of the ligands to other binding sites. The visualization/histochemical demonstration of these binding sites does not appear to be related to the presence of androgen receptors.
Percutaneous lymph node aspiration biopsy and tumor grade in staging of prostatic carcinoma
Authors: Piscioli Francesco , Leonardi Elena , Reich Alessandro , Luciani Lucio 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPercutaneous fluoroscopy‐guided fine‐needle aspiration biopsy was performed for staging procedures in 31 patients with clinically localized carcinoma of the prostate and showed overall accuracy of 93.54%, with a false‐negative rate of 6.46%. The Gleason grading system was found to be highly accurate in predicting the absence or presence of nodal metastases in low‐and high‐grade tumors (Gleason's sums 2, 3, or 4, and 8, 9, or 10). The combination of pelvic node biopsy aspiration and tumor grade can result in a very accurate prediction of nodal involvement, and may spare patients a staging lymphadenectomy or even an unnecessary radical operation.
Cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents under development with a possible future role in prostate cancer
Authors: Creaven Patrick J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractNew cytotoxic chemotherapeutic compounds under development or in early clinical trial which might be considered for clinical evaluation in prostatic carcinoma are discussed. The following classes of agents are considered: lipid‐soluble antifolates, anthracyclines, nitro‐soureas, and platinum analogues. A group of miscellaneous compounds is also discussed.
Endogenous phosphorylation in dunning prostate tumors of rats treated with LH‐RH analogues
Authors: Cehovic Georges , Redding Tommie W. , Hierowski Marion T. , Schally Andrew V. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe investigated phosphorylation in Dunning R‐3327H prostate tumor tissue of untreated rats, and rats treated with the agonist D‐Trp6‐LH‐RH and antagonist N‐Ac‐D‐p‐Cl‐Phe1,2, D‐Trp3, D‐Arg6, D‐Ala10‐LH‐RH. The total phosphorylation was significantly higher in Dunning tumors than in normal ventral and dorsal prostate. Incorporation of 32P into tumor tissue of rats treated with D‐Trp6‐LH‐RH was significantly lower than in tumors from untreated animals. The tumor regression produced by LH‐RH agonist appeared to be linked with changes in the pattern of tumor protein phosphorylation. Although inhibition of tumor growth also occurred after administration of the LH‐RH antagonist, no significant changes in phosphorylation were observed. The dissimilarity of effects of the agonists and the antagonists on protein phosphorylation in rat prostate tumors may be related to the differences in the mechanisms of action of these two types of LH‐RH analogues.
Review: Prostate cancer epidemiology
Authors: Flanders W. Dana 
Published: February 2007

AbstractProstate cancer is common among men in the United States. Factors of possible importance in the etiology of prostate cancer include diet, primarily implicated by ecologic studies of national, regional, and ethnic variation in rates; endocrine function, implicated by the importance of endocrine function in normal prostatic growth and in the treatment of prostate cancer; genetic susceptibility, supported by familial aggregation; some aspect of sexual behavior, suggested by case‐control differences in sexual behavior; and occupational exposure, particularly cadmium exposure. Despite the public health importance of prostate cancer, it has received only moderate epidemiologic study; thus the etiologic importance of these and other possible determinants of prostrate cancer risk is uncertain [55].
The use of steroid‐containing silastic implants in male nude mice: Plasma hormone levels and the effect of implantation on the weights of the ventral prostate and seminal vesicles
Authors: Van Steenbrugge G. J. , Groen M. , De Jong F. H. , Schroeder F. H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe effects of implantation of steroid‐containing capsules into male nude mice on steroid concentrations in plasma and weight of accessory sex organs were studied. Intact male nude mice had plasma levels of testosterone (T) of 8.0 ± 2.4 ng/ml, while T implantation (length 1.0 cm) of a group with castrated male mice resulted in a mean level of 8.1 ± 0.3 ng/ml. This level was reached within 2 days after implantation and lasted for at least 40 days. After longer periods of application (up to 75 days) physiological levels could still be attained. Treatment of intact male nude mice with estradiol (E2)‐containing implants (length 0.5 cm) resulted in constant levels of plasma‐E2 (250 pg/ml) also lasting for at least 32 days. This treatment resulted in a mean plasma‐T level of 1.0 ± 0.2 ng/ml, which was still significantly higher than that obtained after castration (0.14 ± 0.03 ng/ml). Up to 16 days after implantation E2 did not cause a decrease of the weights of the accessory sex glands in intact male mice, while after 32 days a significant reduction (50% of the control animals) of the organ weights was observed. The present data obtained with T and E2 implantation show that this route of administration of hormones is also very applicable in the nude mouse model.
Metabolic action of prolactin in regressing prostate: Independent of androgen action
Authors: Smith Cornelius , Assimos Dean , Lee Chung , Grayhack John T. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe mechanism of the observed synergistic effect of prolactin and androgen on the lateral lobe of the rat prostate is not established. The observation that prolactin alone delayed the rate of loss of weight, protein, and DNA of the lateral lobe in castrated rats has led us to question the assumption that the effect of prolactin is produced by a modification of recognized androgen‐induced intracellular changes. The present study was conducted to explore whether or not the sites of prolactin action in the rat prostate coincided with those recognized as the androgen effect. Two anterior pituitaries from female donors were grafted under the right renal capsule of adult male Sprague‐Dawley rats. Seven days later, bilateral orchiectomy and unilateral nephrectomy were performed in these rats. In one half of the animals, the kidney bearing the pituitary grafts was removed. In the other half, the contralateral kidney was removed. Seven days following the orchiectomy‐nephrectomy, animals bearing the pituitary grafts had a higher level of serum prolactin (93 ± 7 ng/ml, mean ± SE) than in those without the graft (26 ± 3 ng/ml). This condition of hyperprolactinemia was associated with the delay of castration‐induced regression in the lateral prostate. The rate of protein degradation, as judged by the amount of radioactivity remaining in the tissue following a single i.v. pulse of 3H‐leucine 24 hr before orchiectomy‐nephrectomy, was significantly slower in the lateral prostate in graft‐bearing animals than in those without grafts. However, the rate of protein synthesis, as judged by both in vitro and in vivo incorporation of 3H‐leucine into the protein fractions of the prostate, was not significantly different between the two groups. Nor was the total activity of cathepsin D in the lateral prostate different. These results were not consistent with parameters known as the effect mediated through androgen‐controlled mechanisms. We therefore conclude that the action of prolactin in the regressing rat prostate is probably not mediated through the action of androgen.
Amifloxacin distribution in the dog prostate
Authors: Frimodt‐Møller P. C. , Dørflinger T. , Madsen P. O. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractConstant infusion experiments with amifloxacin, a quinoline carboxylic acid derivative, were performed in five anesthetized dogs to determine the drug concentrations in prostatic secretion (PS), prostatic interstitial fluid (PIF), prostatic tissue, and plasma (P). The experiments were carried out under steady‐state conditions. Amifloxacin concentrations in PS and PIF were lower than the corresponding P concentrations, as might be expected for an acid compound. There was no significant difference between the PS/P and PIF/P concentration ratios of the drug, and none exceeded 1.0. The concentrations of amifloxacin in PS, PIF, and prostatic tissue were above the minimal inhibitory concentration values of most gram‐positive bacteria causing chronic bacterial prostatitis. Clinical trials of amifloxacin seem justified.
Fluctuations in prostatic glycosaminoglycans during fetal and pubertal growth
Authors: De Klerk D. P. , Human H. J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMesenchymal glycosaminoglycans have been shown to fluctuate during the development of various organs. Prostatic development is an interesting example of organogenesis as it is only at puberty, under androgen influence, that differentiation is completed. We have extracted and quantitated the glycosaminoglycans of human prostates obtained from fetuses, prepubertal, and adult males to determine the changes that occur during prostatic differentiation.The total glycosaminoglycan content per prostate followed the wet weight growth curve. The percentages of heparan sulfate and heparan sulfate sulfation seemed to correlate with prostatic epithelial differentiation. After 25 years of age prostatic glycosaminoglycan concentrations tend toward the glycosaminoglycan ratios typical of benign prostatic hyperplasia.
Investigation of the combination of the agonist D‐Trp‐6‐LH‐RH and the antiandrogen flutamide in the treatment of dunning R‐3327H prostate cancer model
Authors: Redding Tommie W. , Schally Andrew V. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe therapy for the treatment of prostate cancer and other sex‐steroid‐dependent tumors based on agonists of LH‐RH has been made more practical and efficacious by the development of a long‐acting formulation of microcapsules of D‐Trp‐6‐LH‐RH for controlled release. Antiandrogens, which neutralize the effect of endogenous androgens, have been used also in the management of prostate cancer in man. The effects of a simultaneous administration of the antiandrogen flutamide and microcapsules of the agonist D‐Trp‐6‐LH‐RH were studied in the Dunning R‐3327H rat prostate adenocarcinoma model to determine whether the combination of these two drugs might inhibit tumor growth more effectively than single agents. Microcapsules of D‐Trp‐6‐LH‐RH, calculated to release a controlled dose of 25 μg/day for a period of 30 days were injected intramuscularly once a month. Flutamide was administered SC at a daily dose of 25 mg/kg. The therapy was started 100 days after the tumor transplantation and continued for 60 days. Tumor weights and volumes were significantly reduced in rats treated with microcapsules or flutamide alone, but the former drug inhibited tumor growth more than the latter. The combined treatment of flutamide and microcapsules significantly decreased tumor weight and volume, but did not exert a synergistic effect on tumor growth, the reduction being smaller for the combination than for the microcapsules alone. There was a significant elevation of serum testosterone, LH, and prolactin in rats treated with flutamide. On the other hand, in rats given microcapsules of D‐Trp‐6‐LH‐RH, testosterone fell to castration levels within 7 days and remained at nondetectable values, serum LH and prolactin levels being also suppressed in this group. The combined administration of microcapsules and flutamide also significantly decreased serum testosterone to nondetectable levels by day 7 and suppressed serum LH and prolactin. Our findings raise doubts of whether the daily administration of the combination of LH‐RH agonist with an antiandrogen offers an advantage over the use of microcapsules of an agonist like D‐Trp‐6‐LH‐RH alone in the treatment of prostatic carcinoma.
Effects of hyperprolactinemia on the accessory sexual organs of the male rat
Authors: Coert A. , Nievelstein H. , Kloosterboer H. J. , Loonen P. , Van Vies J. Der 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe growth‐promoting effect of prolactin on the ventral prostate lobe, the anterior prostate lobe (or coagulating gland), and seminal vesicles has been studied before, during and after puberty in rats up to 5 months of age. Pituitaries from female rats were grafted under the renal capsule of 23–26‐day‐old male rats. Within 1/2 month substantial (five‐ to ten‐fold) hyperprolactinemia occurred followed by a gradual decline; levels were still high 4 months after grafting. A statistically significant increase in the weight of the seminal vesicles and the ventral and anterior prostate lobes was observed 1 month after implantation. This effect was only maintained for the seminal vesicles during the next 3 months. Hyperprolactinemia did not influence testosterone metabolism. In the ventral prostate lobe, 1 month after grafting, the nuclear androgen receptor content increased, whereas the cytosolic androgen receptor content decreased. These results suggest that the growth‐promoting effect of prolactin, on the ventral prostate lobe of the rat, is brought about by an increased translocation of the androgen receptor.
Qualitative analysis of coomassie‐blue‐stained proteins from normal prostate, benign prostatic hypertrophy, or adenocarcinoma of the prostate, separated by two‐dimensional protein electrophoresis
Authors: Anderson K. M. , Baranowski J. , Bonomi P. , Economou S. G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSamples from nine normal prostates (N), ten benign hypertrophic prostates (BPH), and eight adenocarcinomas of the prostate (ACP), obtained from the National Prostatic Cancer Project were analyzed by two‐dimensional (2D)‐protein electrophoresis. Qualitative analysis of Coomassie‐blue‐stained acidic proteins between pI 3.5 and 6.8 yielded these results: The total number of enumerated proteins was 136 (N), 107 (BPH), and 147 (ACP). Ninety‐two denoted proteins were deemed common to the three kinds of samples, three were considered present in N and BPH, 7 in BPH and ACP, and 28 in N and ACP. Thirteen, five, and 20 proteins were detected only in N, BPH, or ACP. These proteins cannot be considered „unique”︁ to their respective samples, since amounts of protein that do not exceed the minimum sensitivity of the dye may be present in the other samples.The similarity in the patterns of proteins from these three types of prostate samples is consistent with the following hypothesis: The distribution of proteins from histologically ambiguous prostate samples will correlate more closely with these protein profiles than with those associated with cancers originating from other organs.
Chronic prostatitis: Comments on infectious etiologies and antimicrobial treatment
Authors: Greenberg Richard N. , Reilly Patrick M. , Luppen Kevin L. , Piercy Steven 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTwenty‐three males with the clinical diagnosis of chronic prostatitis were evaluated for a bacterial etiology by the Stamey and Meares method. In addition, 16 patients, regardless of culture results, were placed on either cefadroxil or oral carbenicillin antimicrobial therapy. Culture results identified only four (17%) of 23 patients with bacterial prostatitis: coagulase‐negative Staphylococcus (2), Enterobocter agglomerons (1), and Haemophilus parainfluenzae, and coagulase‐negative Staphylococcus (1). Four of seven patients who received oral carbenicillin and three of nine patients who received cefadroxil reported symptomatic relief.This study did not identify a common etiology for chronic prostatitis or a consistently effective antimicrobial treatment. Rather, we observed that the etiologic agent in most cases of chronic prostatitis (83%) could not be identified by routine bacteriologic culture. Future research efforts in chronic prostatitis must address not only treatment regimens but expand the search for etiologic agents.