bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
One‐pot synthesis of [11C]ureas via triphenylphosphinimines
Authors: van Tilburg Erica W. , Windhorst Albert D. , van der Mey Margreet , Herscheid Jacobus D. M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA series of 11C‐labeled ureas was prepared using a rapid and efficient one‐pot procedure. First, the intermediate [11C]phenylisocyanate was formed with phenyltriphenylphosphinimine and [11C]CO2. A range of amines was then reacted with the [11C]phenylisocyanate yielding the [11C]urea derivatives in short synthesis times. This easy‐to‐handle method circumvents disadvantages of known procedures and generates the possibility to prepare other kinds of 11C‐labeled compounds using a variety of phenylphosphinimines in combination with different nucleophiles. The presented approach is an alternative to the use of established methods in 11C‐labeling chemistry. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Limiting Amplitude principle in the scattering by wedges
Authors: Komech A. I. , Merzon A. E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWe consider a nonstationary scattering of plane waves by a wedge. We prove that the Sommerfeld‐type integral, constructed in (Math. Meth. Appl. Sci. 2005; 28:147–183; Proc. Int. Seminar ‘Day on Diffraction‐2003’, University of St. Petersburg, 2003; 151–162), is a classical smooth solution from a functional space, and prove the Limiting Amplitude principle. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An implicit method for linear ill‐posed problems with perturbed operators
Authors: Tang Jian‐guo 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAn implicit iterative method is applied to solving linear ill‐posed problems with perturbed operators. It is proved that the optimal convergence rate can be obtained after choosing suitable number of iterations. A generalized Morozov's discrepancy principle is proposed for the problems, and then the optimal convergence rate can also be obtained by an a posteriori strategy. The convergence results show that the algorithm is a robust regularization method. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Architecture for dynamic and fair distribution of bandwidth
Authors: Hnatyshin Vasil , Sethi Adarshpal S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe problem of fair distribution of available bandwidth among traffic flows or aggregates remains an essential issue in computer networks. This paper introduces a novel approach, called the ExactBandwidthDistributionScheme (X‐BDS), for dynamic and fair distribution of available bandwidth among individual flows. In this approach, the edge routers keep per‐flow information, while the core routers maintain the aggregate flow requirements. The X‐BDS approach employs a distributed message exchange protocol for providing network feedback and for distributing aggregate flow requirements among the nodes in the network. Based on the obtained feedback, the edge routers employ the X‐BDS resource management unit to dynamically distribute available bandwidth among individual flows. The X‐BDS admission control and resource management units are responsible for fair resource allocation that supports minimum bandwidth guarantees of individual flows. This paper evaluates the Bandwidth Distribution Scheme through simulation and shows that the X‐BDS is capable of supporting per‐flow bandwidth guarantees in a dynamically changing network environment. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
XBGP‐MAN: an XML management architecture for BGP
Authors: Cridlig V , Abdelnur H , State R , Festor O 
Published: February 2006

AbstractNetwork and system management paradigms have recently evolved towards flexible and lightweight integration approaches. These approaches are based on the transparent information‐processing capabilities offered by both generous support for self‐describing data enabled by XML as well as from the large base of existing underlying tools. BGP is, from a configuration point of view, one of the most complex protocols of the Internet and as such a very good validation environment for new management frameworks. This paper describes the practical experience gathered from the design, implementation and deployment of a comprehensive XML‐based management architecture for the Border Router Gateway Protocol. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novel fault management approach for DWDM optical networks
Authors: Fawaz W. , Martignon F. , Chen K. , Pujolle G. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractConnection availability is considered as a critical metric when providing differentiated services in Wavelength‐Division Multiplexing mesh networks. Indeed, one of the major concerns of optical network operators is related to improving the availability of services provided to their highest‐class clients. Achieving this objective is possible through managing faults using the different classical protection schemes, namely the so‐called dedicated and shared protection schemes. However, the majority of the work concerning protection schemes has considered the primary connections as equally important when contending for the use of the backup resources. As a main contribution in this paper, we therefore propose an improvement of the existing protection schemes through the introduction of relative priorities among the different primary connections contending for the access to the protection path. To evaluate numerically the benefits of the service differentiation feature introduced in our proposal, we first develop a mathematical model, based on which we derive explicit expressions for the average connection availabilities that result from both the classical protection schemes and the proposed priority‐aware one. Through this model, we show how the availability of the highest‐class clients is improved when deploying the proposed priority‐aware protection scheme. Finally, with the same objective in mind, we develop a simulation study, where a given set of connection demands with predefined availability requirements is provisioned using different protection strategies. Through this study, we show that the priority‐aware protection strategy satisfies service‐availability requirements in a cost‐effective manner compared with the classical protection schemes.Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adaptive robust attitude control of a flexible spacecraft
Authors: Shahravi Morteza , Kabganian Mansour , Alasty Aria 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA new attitude control strategy for rotational manoeuvre of an elastic spacecraft is presented. Adaptive sliding mode control with hybrid sliding surface (HSS) is used to minimize the effects of uncertainties, disturbances and the difficulties arising from measurement of flexible dynamic co‐ordinates. The model of the spacecraft considered as rigid central hub and two elastic appendages. Collocated actuators and sensors are placed on the rigid central hub. Stability proof of the overall closed‐loop system is given via Lyapunov analysis. Numerical simulations show that the attitude manoeuvres can be performed precisely and the elastic deformations of the flexible substructures are suppressed as well. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular species of phosphatidylethanolamine from continuous cultures of Saccharomyces pastorianus syn. carlsbergensis strains
Authors: Tosch W. , Lanthaler K. , Boote V. , Stretz D. , Robson G. D. , Geiger E. , Drucker D. B. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSaccharomyces pastorianus syn. carlsbergensis strain 34/70 is well known to be the most used strain for lager beer production. The difference between this strain and very closely related strain 34/78 is the latter's greater flocculating character. This single physiological trait can cause technical difficulties in beer production. The aim of this study was to determine whether lipid analysis by a combination of thin layer chromatography (TLC) with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI–MS) could be used as a strain‐typing technique in order to distinguish S. pastorianus syn. carlsbergensis strain 34/70 from strain 34/78. Both strains (34/70 and 34/78) were harvested after continuous culture under standard conditions. Polar lipids were then extracted from lyophilized cultures and analysed by TLC in order to separate phospholipid families. Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) was extracted and investigated using ESI–MS, to gain further information on individual molecular species. Using TLC analysis, lipids were separated corresponding to standards for PE, phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), cardiolipin (CL), phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidic acid (PA) and sphingomyelin (SM). ESI–MS of the PE band, separated by TLC, showed that electrospray mass spectra were highly reproducible for repeat cultures. Novel findings were that both brewing strains displayed major phospholipid peaks with m/z 714, PE (34 : 2) m/z 742, PE (36 : 2) and m/z 758, PE (37 : 1). However, strain 34/78 had additional peaks of m/z 700, PE (33 : 2) and m/z 728, PE (35 : 2). Strain 34/70 had an extra peak with m/z 686 PE (32 : 2). We conclude that combined TLC/ESI–MS can distinguish between S. pastorianus syn. carlsbergensis 34/70 and 34/78 and may be a useful typing technique for differentiation of closely related yeast strains. This novel approach may aid quality assurance and could be suitable for yeast collections and larger industrial companies. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phenotypes of yeast mutants lacking the mitochondrial protein Pet20p
Authors: Polevoda Bogdan , Panciera Yana , Brown Steven P. , Wei Jun , Sherman Fred 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe pet20‐Δ deletion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae causes diminished growth on media containing non‐fermentable carbon sources when incubated at both above and below the 30 °C optimal growth temperature. Furthermore, the pet20‐Δ strain has a greatly reduced level of cytochrome c, especially at 37 °C. The pet20‐Δ strain was sensitive to high NaCl and CaCl2 concentrations, hydrogen peroxide, oligomycin, polymixin B, amphotericin B and fluconazole. Biochemical fractionation and immunofluorescence staining demonstrated that Pet20p is located primarily in the mitochondria. Rhodamine B staining of pet20‐Δ cells showed an altered mitochondrial staining, indicating the possible lack of the mitochondrial membrane potential. We suggest that PET20 encodes a protein required for proper assembly or maintenance of mitochondrial components, but does not serve an enzymatic role. It is also possible that Pet20p may constitute a non‐catalytic subunit of an uncharacterized mitochondrial complex or serve as a transporter or a coupling factor. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Construction of a protease‐deficient strain set for the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, useful for effective production of protease‐sensitive heterologous proteins
Authors: Idiris Alimjan , Bi Kewei , Tohda Hideki , Kumagai Hiromichi , Giga‐Hama Yuko 
Published: February 2006

AbstractOne of the major problems hindering effective production and purification of heterologous proteins from the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe is proteolytic degradation of the recombinant gene products by host‐specific proteases. As an initial solution to this problem, we constructed a protease‐deficient disruptant set by respective disruption of 52 Sz. pombe protease genes. Functional screening of the resultant set was performed by observing secretory production of a proteolytically sensitive model protein, human growth hormone (hGH). The results indicated that some of the resultant disruptants were effective in reducing hGH degradation, as observed during the hGH expression procedure and mainly as a result of unknown serine‐ and/or cysteine‐type proteases in the culture medium. These findings also demonstrated that construction of a protease‐deficient strain set is not only useful for practical application in protein production, but also for functional screening, specification and modification of proteases in Sz. pombe, where further investigations of proteolytic processes and improvement through multiple gene manipulations are required. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Purification and biochemical characterization of an α‐glucosidase from Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous
Authors: Marín Dolores , Linde Dolores , Lobato María Fernández 
Published: February 2006

AbstractXanthophyllomyces dendrorhous grown in different media shows amylolytic activity, consisting in an extracellular exo‐acting enzyme able to hydrolysed α,1–4 glycosidic bonds from soluble starch, which also cleaves maltose and malto‐oligosaccharides. The enzyme was purified, using basically a couple of chromatography process on DEAE–Sephacel. It is a glycoprotein with a molecular weight estimated to be 60.2 kDa based on its mobility in SDS–PAGE and 115 kDa based on gel filtration. N‐linked carbohydrate accounts for 12% of the total mass. It exhibited optimum activity at pH 5.5 and 45 °C. Thermostability analysis indicated that it was stable to thermal treatment up to 50 °C; 50% of the activity was maintained after 3 h. The rate parameters measured for the hydrolysis of starch and various chain length malto‐oligosaccharides shows high catalytic efficiency, calculated by the relationship Vcat/Km, for malto‐oligosaccharides, such as maltotriose (873 mM−1 min−1), or maltoheptose (698 mM−1 min−1). The new enzyme hydrolysed soluble starch with nearly 3.5‐ and 1.4‐fold lower efficiency than that for maltotriose and maltose, respectively. No activity was found on heterogeneous substrates, such as sucrose and aryl α‐glucoside, or on isomalto‐oligosaccharides. In accordance to substrate specificity profile, the new enzyme was classified as an α‐glucosidase. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pain in older adults: A prevalence study in the Mediterranean region of Catalonia
Authors: Miró Jordi , Paredes Saida , Rull Maria , Queral Rosa , Miralles Rodrigo , Nieto Rubén , Huguet Anna , Baos Judith 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAlthough information is available about the prevalence of pain in older adults in Anglo‐Saxon and Scandinavian countries, very little is known about older adults in other parts of the world. This study reports the prevalence of pain in a randomly selected sample of older adults living in the Mediterranean region of Catalonia. Besides studying the existence of pain at the time of interview, the authors investigated several characteristics of the participants' pain experience: pain onset, number and location of pain sites, intensity of pain, number of days in pain, severity of pain, the extent to which pain interfered with daily life, and expressed needs in relation to pain. A cross‐sectional survey was conducted of adults aged 65 years and over living in Catalonia. A total of 592 individuals participated in the study, and data was collected through personal interviews with participants. The prevalence of any pain was 73.5%, and similar across age groups but higher in females than in males. Among individuals suffering from pain, 94.2 were experiencing chronic pain (i.e., pain of three months' duration or more). The mean number of painful areas (out of 10) was 4.48. No clear pattern of the prevalence of regional pain was observed, although joints were the most frequently reported painful place. Pain interfered in the life of a considerable number of participants (35.5%), but no differences in the level of expressed needs was detected between those that were affected and those that were not. This study provides new evidence that pain is an important problem for the older adult, one that severely impacts on their health status, causing disability and reduced ability to function, particularly in older women.
Phantom breast sensations and phantom breast pain: A 2‐year prospective study and a methodological analysis of literature
Authors: Dijkstra Pieter U. , Rietman Johan S. , Geertzen Jan H.B. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe first aim of this study was to assess prospectively the incidence of phantom breast sensations (PB sensations) and phantom breast pain (PB pain) in a sample of patients treated for breast cancer (n = 204) by means of a modified radical mastectomy (n = 82). Patients were assessed 6 weeks, 6, 12 and 24 months after mastectomy, by means of a questionnaire. After 24 months, assessments of 74 (90%) patients were available.Two years after mastectomy, PB sensations were present in 19% (n = 14) of the patients and PB pain was present in 1% (n = 1) of the patients. Over time the percentage of patients with PB sensations remained relatively stable (around 20%) but for PB pain the percentage reduced from 7% to 1%. The amount of suffering as a result of PB sensations or PB pain was very limited. PB sensations and PB pain are of little clinical relevance in the 24 months following mastectomy.The second aim of this paper was to analyse the influence of research methodology on the prevalences of PB sensations and PB pain previously reported.Research design, assessment method and publication date were recorded. Data were weighted according to the number of women investigated. Linear regression analysis was performed to analyse the influences of methodology on the prevalences of PB sensations and PB pain.Of the 29 studies identified, 23 were cross‐sectional and 6 were prospective. In 17 studies patients were interviewed and in 12 studies a questionnaire was used.A prospective design resulted in prevalences of PB sensations and PB pain averagely 8% lower respectively 9% higher than in cross‐sectional studies. The use of an interview resulted in prevalences of PB sensations and PB pain averagely 13% lower respectively 5% lower than questionnaire use. Prevalences of PB sensations and PB pain reduce averagely with 0.08% respectively 0.13% per year since 1950.It is concluded that research design and assessment method have a significant influence on reported prevalence of PB sensations and PB pain.
Exploring beliefs and practice of opioid prescribing for persistent non‐cancer pain by general practitioners
Authors: Hutchinson Kirsty , Moreland Annie M.E. , de Williams Amanda C.C. , Weinman John , Horne Rob 
Published: February 2006

AbstractPersistent non‐cancer pain is a common reason for consultation in primary care but treatment options, including non‐opioid analgesics, are limited, and neither strong evidence nor established guidelines address when and how primary care doctors should prescribe opioid analgesics for persistent non‐cancer pain. The aim of this study was to investigate associations between doctors' prescribing patterns for persistent non‐cancer pain in primary care and their personal and practice characteristics and beliefs about appropriateness and risks of opioids. A pilot survey sampled beliefs concerning the need for and risks of opioid prescribing for persistent non‐cancer pain among volunteers from primary care practices and postgraduate educational events, using a self‐report questionnaire, and related these beliefs to their reported opioid prescribing. One quarter of the sample prescribed no opioids for persistent non‐cancer pain. Prescribing opioids was predicted by moderate belief in the appropriateness of opioids within certain constraints, and to a lesser extent by younger age. While some beliefs distinguished prescribers from non‐prescribers, predicting non‐prescribing was poor. Both prescribers and non‐prescribers expressed concern about the risks of opioids. In addition, most primary care doctors were dissatisfied with their training on pain; few had prescribing guidelines; and neither training nor guidelines influenced prescribing. In conclusion, whether or not GPs prescribe opioids for persistent non‐cancer pain is mainly determined by their personal beliefs about appropriateness of opioids for this problem.
Known regulators of nitric oxide synthase and arginase are agonists at the human G‐protein‐coupled receptor GPRC6A
Authors: Christiansen Bolette , Wellendorph Petrine , Bräuner‐Osborne Hans 
Published: February 2006

GPRC6A is a novel family C G‐protein‐coupled receptor (GPCR) with so far unknown physiological function. It was the aim of our study to further characterize the ligand preferences of the receptor and elucidate structural requirements for activity.
We have previously generated a functional chimeric receptor construct, h6A/5.24, containing the ligand‐binding amino‐terminal domain of the human GPRC6A and the seven‐transmembrane domain and carboxy terminus of the homologous goldfish receptor 5.24. Based on knowledge that this chimera prefers basic L‐α‐amino acids such as arginine, lysine and ornithine, we searched for commercially available analogues of these and other L‐α‐amino acids, and tested them for activity in a fluorescence‐based calcium assay. The majority of the tested compounds are involved in the regulation of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and arginase enzymes. Altogether we profiled 30 different analogues.
We found that a structurally wide range of L‐α‐amino‐acid analogues of both arginine, lysine, and ornithine are agonists at h6A/5.24, whereas no antagonists were identified. From the profiling it is concluded that L‐α‐amino acids containing a highly basic side chain confer the highest activity, although the most potent compound was only twice as potent as L‐arginine, which has a EC50 value of 23.5 μM.
The reported agonism of NOS‐ and arginase‐active compounds at GPRC6A has obvious implications in interpretation of experiments involving the NOS and arginase systems, and interfering effects at GPRC6A should be regarded of relevance, especially as the physiological function of the receptor is not yet understood.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2006) 147, 855–863. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706682
Common ligands of G‐protein‐coupled receptors and arginine‐utilizing enzymes
Authors: Hrabák András 
Published: February 2006

A new family of G‐protein‐coupled receptors (GPRC6A) has recently been described and characterized with unknown physiological role. Three isoforms of GPRC6A are expressed from the same gene by alternative splicing. Agonists for GPRC6A are basic amino acids, particularly the analogues and derivatives of L‐arginine and L‐ornithine. These compounds are known ligands of nitric oxide synthase and arginase isoenzymes, but amino‐acid sequences of these enzymes have not shown significant homologies. Various hypotheses for physiological roles of these receptors have been proposed but not yet substantiated. In order to define the most potent agonists, and elucidate further the biological significance of the receptor family, a detailed ligand‐based quantitative structure–activity relationship study may be helpful.British Journal of Pharmacology (2006) 147, 835–837. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706683