bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF THE LEVEL OF DIETARY FAT ON THE TOXICITY OF PHENOLIC ANTIOXIDANTS
Authors: Brown WD , Johnson AR , O'Halloran MW 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYA study was made of the effect of two antioxidants, butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT), with variation in the type and quantity of dietary fat, on growth, food consumption, reproduction, mortality, organ weights and post‐mortem pathology of the rat.The normal cellular behaviour of experimental animals fed diets containing one hundred times the amount of the antioxidant normally expected to be present in human foods (normal testing dose, NTD), is the conventional yardstick of non‐toxicity.The NTD of BHA produced no apparent changes in any of the parameters measured. When BHT was fed at a dietary level of 0·1 p.c. (the NTD) in conjunction with a 20 p.c. lard supplement, it significantly reduced the initial growth rate and mature weight of male rats. No such significant effect was noted in female rats or in male rats with a 10 p.c. lard supplement. A paired feeding experiment showed that this inhibition of growth was a direct toxic effect of BHT and could not be explained by a reduction in the palatability of the diet.At the NTD, BHT produced a significant increase in the weight of the liver relative to the body weight. The mean absolute weight of the liver was also increased.A significant loss of hair on the top of the head occurred in animals whose diet contained the NTD of BHT. This effect was only noted in animals under conditions of increased stress and was enhanced by an increase in the lard content of the diet. Anophthalmia occurred in 10 p.c. of the litters born of parents fed BHT.Even when present in the diet at a concentration of 0·5 p.c., BHA and BHT had no effect on one reproductive cycle of the rat, or the histology of the spleen, kidney, liver, testes or skin, or the ratio to total body weight of the weight of the heart, spleen and kidney.If the conventional NTD be accepted, BHA fulfilled the requirements of non‐toxicity. BHT, at the NTD, on the other hand, produced deleterious deviations from normal cellular behaviour which cast doubt on the advisability of permitting this antioxidant in foodstuffs for human consumption.
CANINE OVARIAN TUMOURS FOLLOWING STILBOESTROL ADMINISTRATION
Authors: Jabara Anne G 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYInfection of diethylstilboestrol into a group of eight dogs was followed, within nineteen months, by development of tumours of the ovary in all cases.One of these was an hyperplasia and seven were definite neoplasms. The neoplastic nature of these was shown by invasion and development (in 3 cases) of metastases.The tumours showed, in these cases, a multiplicity of tissues not seen in tumours in man.The high yield indicates a specific activity of the injected material, either the stilboestrol itself or a metabolite, or its physiological activity provides a bulk of tissue on which some carcinogen acts.
THE INHIBITORY EFFECT OF SALICYLATE ON THE RELEASE OF HISTAMINE BY VENOM IN THE PRESENCE OF BLOOD
Authors: Trethewie ER , Morris CW 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYThe output of histamine from two lobes of the one dog liver is similar when salicylate is perfused through one of them at a concentration of 100 mg. p.c. and the perfusing fluid in each is Tyrode.There is a 50 p.c. reduction in output of histamine under similar circumstances, when salicylate is used in a concentration of 90 mg. p.c. and the perfusing fluid through each is diluted blood and Tyrode.
TOXOPLASMA IN QUEENSLAND
Authors: Cook Ian 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYComplement‐fixing antibodies were detected in 13 p.c. and dye‐test antibodies in 24 p.c. of 760 sera from the general population.The incidence of antibodies was less in a small series from western Queensland.Analysis by age suggests that dye‐test antibodies do not persist permanently, as has been generally believed.Of 133 patients with diseases of the eye, 28 p.c. had complement‐fixing antibodies and 39 p.c. dye‐test antibodies in their sera, while, in 215 patients with glandular conditions, the incidence was 19 p.c. and 24 p.c. respectively.Five cases of congenital toxoplasmosis were diagnosed serologically in children with choroiditis, and a rise in titre was demonstrated in the serum of an adult with glandular enlargement.Dye‐test antibodies were also found in the sera of 39 p.c. of 49 aborigines on the east coast of Cape York Peninsula. On the west coast, antibodies were detected in 19 p.c. of 180 aborigines of the northern and central missions and in none of 60 in the south. Dye‐test antibodies were also found in 23 p.c. of 83 Papuans.
A HIGH FREQUENCY PULSE GENERATOR FOR INJURING TISSUE WITHIN THE SANDISON‐CLARK RABBIT EAR CHAMBER
Authors: Buckley IK , Semkiw J 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYA radio‐frequency pulse generator capable of inflicting variable but reproducible thermal injuries on tissue within the Sandison‐Clark rabbit car chamber is described. A technique facilitating the production of very small injuries at any chosen site within the car chamber is outlined. Some of the applications for the technique are discussed.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE PRODUCTION OF BILE BY THE ISOLATED PERFUSED LIVER OF THE RAT
Authors: Morris Bede 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYA method for perfusing the isolated liver of the rat in a gas‐tight system is described. Under the conditions of the experiments, the livers produced bile and metabolized fat for several hours.Some observations on the effect of temperature, perfusion pressure and the concentration of fat in the perfusate on the production of bile are reported. It was found that the production of bile was maximal at 38°C. At temperatures of 32 and 42°C., bile flow was significantly reduced. The volume of bile produced was related to the perfusion pressure and increased as the pressure was raised from 5 to 25 cm. of blood. The concentration of fat in the perfusate had no effect on bile production.There was a significant interaction effect between temperature and perfusion pressure which was thought to be explained by the oxygen requirements of the liver cells in relation to blood flow and bile secretion. The results suggested that bile secretion reached a maximum when all the hepatic sinuses were perfused, provided the oxygen supply to the liver cells was adequate.
THE EFFECTS OF SUTURE MATERIALS AND SUTURE TECHNIQUES ON THE HEALING OF WOUNDS IN THE SKIN OF THE SHEEP
Authors: Lascelles AK , Claringbold PJ 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYVetafil, braided polyester yarn, braided silk, monofilament nylon and plain catgut were used to suture wounds in the skin of sheep. The apposition of the edges of the wound, the gauge of the suture material, the tension of the sutures and the dressing were varied. The strength of the wound was used to assess the effect of these various factors. No significant differences were found with the exception that very closely spaced sutures caused a significant decrease in the strength of the wounds. The inflammatory response in the skin caused by the various suture materials was examined histologically. The response varied considerably, but no difference between the various suture materials could be seen.
THE ACTION OF ANIONS ON CARDIAC MUSCLE
Authors: Nayler WG , McCulloch M 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYSubstitution of chloride by bromide, nitrate and iodide lessened the force of isotonic contraction in cardiac muscle.Toxic effects found during iodide perfusion were reversed by strophanthin‐G, CaCl2, plasma and fresh Ringer solution. Low CaCl2 and high KCl precipitated toxicity.Bromide, nitrate and iodide failed to affect contracture.The contrast between these results and those reported for skeletal muscle is discussed.
THE POSITIVE INOTROPIC ACTIVITY OF PLASMA
Authors: Nayler WG , McCulloch M 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYPlasma exerts a positive inotropic action on the isolated heart. The inotropic response is similar to that induced by the glycosides.DNP and quinidine sulphate both fail to depress the activity of plasma but abolish that of the glycosides.Plasma activity is increased when hearts are perfused in low calcium Ringer solution.Anterior pituitary extract restored the response of the winter heart to plasma.The possibility that plasma normally contains a substance which regulates myocardial contractility is discussed.
HAEM SYNTHESIS IN VITRO
Authors: Clark Peggy , Walsh RJ 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYThe uptake of radioiron by mammalian reticulocytes is a rapid process and haem is synthesised from the iron almost immediately. The process is slower with avian erythrocytes and this is possibly related to a slower but more prolonged synthesis of protoporphyrin by the nucleated cells. This synthesis must account for all the Fe59 haemoglobin formed in vitro under the experimental conditions. Incubation of both reticulocytes and nucleated cells, before addition of iron, reduces both uptake of iron and synthesis of haem. It is postulated that there are two stages in the process of intracellular haem synthesis. The first is the entry of iron into the cell and this is inhibited by mercuric chloride but not by other enzyme inhibitors. The second phase, haem synthesis, is inhibited by potassium cyanide, and is therefore apparently dependent on oxidative respiration.
RELEASE OF HISTAMINE FROM MAST CELLS BY ANTIGEN‐ANTIBODY REACTIONS IN VITRO
Authors: Archer GT 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYThe mechanism of mast cell disruption and release of histamine following antigen‐antibody reactions was investigated by means of an in vitro system using mast cells isolated from the rat. Following the reaction between antigen and fresh immune rat serum, a substance was produced which caused the disruption of added mast cells with the release of histamine. This substance was labile at 37° C., becoming inactive within 10 minutes. Its formation depended on the presence of complement as well as antigen and antibody.
GLUCOSE AND NITRATE UTILISATION BY ANAEROBIC CULTURES OF PS. AERUGINOSA
Authors: Collins FM 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYPs. aeruginosa was grown under anaerobic conditions in a synthetic glucose nitrate medium. In the presence of nitrate, carbon dioxide and cellular carbon were the end products of glucose metabolism. The nitrate was reduced almost entirely to gaseous nitrogen or nitrous oxide (18 p.c. of utilised NO3‐N). Continued incubation of anaerobic cultures after the exhaustion of the nitrate did very little to alter the end products of nitrate utilisation, but striking variations were recorded for the glucose utilisation. Up to 11 p.c. of the utilised glucose carbon was recovered as volatile and non‐volatile organic acids. The non‐volatile acids included extensive amounts of lactic and glycollic acids together with smaller quantities of succinic, malic, fumaric, citric, α keto glutaric and oxalacetic acids. The volatile acid was produced in approximately the same quantity in both aerated and anaerobic cultures whether nitrate was present or not. Carbon balances of 100 p.c. were obtained for the anaerobic cultures, but extensive discrepancies in the aerated culture indicated the formation of other undetected end products of glucose metabolism.
DIFFERENCES IN ASSOCIATION OF CORTICOSTEROIDS WITH SERUM PROTEINS OF DIFFERENT ANIMAL TYPES
Authors: Reich Magda 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYA marked species difference in the capacity of plasma protein fractions to combine with corticosteroids has been demonstrated by the use of C14‐labelled cortisol and corticosterone, and paper electrophoresis methods. Of the five species studied, human serum had the highest and sheep serum the lowest capacity for corticosteroid binding.Studies made on the properties of corticosteroid protein complexes showed that the eluted corticosteroids were unaltered physically; there was an interchange between the bound and added corticosteroid; there was no competition for sites between the individual corticosteroids. It was shown in human sera that, at maximum binding between corticosterone‐4‐C14 and albumin, approximately 5 albumin molecules per 1 corticosterone molecule were involved.The findings indicate the complexity of the characteristics of the protein carrier mechanism for steroid hormones in diverse animal species.
A FLUORIMETRIC MICRODETERMINATION OF SELENIUM IN BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL
Authors: Cousins FB 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYA method for the determination of selenium in trace quantities in a variety of animal and plant tissues is described. The method makes use of the fluorescence of the seleniumdiamino benzidine complex in hydrocarbon solvents. Determination of as little as 0·02 μg selenium is possible and the method has been routinely used for estimations in the range 0·1–2·0 μg selenium.
THE EFFECT OF PITUITARY EXTRACTS ON MELANOPHORES IN ISOLATED ELASMOBRANCH SKIN
Authors: Waring H 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYAlkali‐treated B‐containing extracts from ox pituitary exhibit increased strength (potentiation) and increased duration of response (protection) both in vivo and in vitro.Protection is in part explicable by the decreased metabolic destruction of the treated hormone.
TISSUE INJURY BY HIGH FREQUENCY ELECTRIC CURRENT: OBSERVATIONS WITH THE SANDISON‐CLARK EAR‐CHAMBER
Authors: Buckley Ian K 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYHigh frequency current has been employed to produce minute injuries to selected blood vessels within Sandison‐Clark rabbit ear‐chambers. There are two principal findings.First, at the surface of injured endothelial cells transparent blister‐like structures appear which, after increasing in size, separate from the cell as transparent globular bodies, floating freely in the plasma. It is concluded that these structures are produced by the damaged endothelial cells.Second, the area of vascular damage apparent within one hour of injury is increased fivefold by 24 hours. It is suggested that the initially injured cells may liberate diffusible chemical factors which secondarily injure the surrounding endothelial cells. Alternatively, or perhaps additionally, this phenomenon may be due to initial latent cell injury which only gradually becomes visible with the passage of time.
TISSUE INJURY BY HIGH FREQUENCY ELECTRIC CURRENT: OBSERVATIONS WITH THE SANDISON‐CLARK EAR‐CHAMBER
Authors: Buckley Ian K 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYInjury by high frequency electric current to small groups of cells within the Sandison‐Clark rabbit ear‐chamber has demonstrated the in vivo development of blister‐like structures on injured cells and the subsequent separation of these to form free floating globular bodies. It is concluded that this process is responsible for the appearance of transparent globules within injured blood vessels and that it corresponds to a similar phenomenon frequently observed on cells in vitro.Further consequences of cellular injury were the very rapid formation of cytoplasmic vacuoles by some cells and the active migration of granular leucocytes to the site of injury. Leucocyte accumulation under these conditions strongly suggests a chemotactic effect by products of injured cells.
AUGMENTATION BY TRIIODOTHYRONINE OF SOME OF THE EFFECTS OF HYDROCORTISONE IN MAN
Authors: Hetzel Basil S , Charnock John S , Lawrence James R , Wellby Maurice L 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYThere has been recent interest in the interaction between thyroid and adrenal hormones arising out of studies of the metabolic changes associated with stress in man.A comparison has been made of the metabolic effect of hydrocortisone (given by continuous infusion in 100 mg. and 200 mg. dosage) with the combination of hydrocortisone (in the same dosage) and a single intravenous injection of 0·5 mg. of L‐triiodothyronine. An infusion of normal saline on another occasion acted as a control. Observations were carried out in six healthy medical student volunteers, each infusion being maintained for an eight‐hour period of observation.Hydrocortisone alone did not raise the metabolic rate or alter the non‐protein respiratory quotient. The metabolic rate was increased by the combination with triiodothyronine, the rise observed being similar to that previously determined from a similar dosage of triiodothyronine alone.Triiodothyronine augmented the increase in blood glucose and fall in blood eosinophils observed with hydrocortisone alone.The decrease in plasma inorganic phosphate between the second and sixth hours of observation with hydrocortisone was altered to a significant increase after the fourth hour when triiodothyronine was also given.Changes in plasma cholesterol levels were unexpected. While there was no change with hydrocortisone alone, the combination with triiodothyronine produced an increase which was significant at two and eight hours.Following the combination there were no consistent differences in the urinary excretion rates of total nitrogen, sodium, potassium and inorganic phosphate when compared with levels following separate administration.These results indicate that the simultaneous administration of triiodothyronine augments some, but not all, of the effects of hydrocortisone.
AN IMPROVED MICROBIOLOGICAL ASSAY FOR FORMIMINOGLUTAMIC ACID
Authors: Davis RE , Onesti P 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYA microbiological assay for formiminoglutamic acid using Lactobacillus arabinosus as test organism is described. The method can be used to detect formiminoglutamic acid in urine when other growth‐promoting substances such as glutamic acid and glutamine are present. By use of this method, the urinary excretion of formiminoglutamic acid can be regularly detected in folic acid‐deficient rats.
THE EFFECT OF PRECURSORS OF PYRIDINE NUCLEOTIDES ON POISONING BY CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
Authors: Gallagher CH 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYThe intraperitoneal injection of either nicotinic acid or DL‐tryptophane, which are precursors of pyridine nucleotides, reduced considerably the death rate in rats subsequent to the administration by stomach tube of doses of carbon tetrachloride which were usually lethal. The greatest reduction in death rate was obtained when nicotinic acid or DL‐trypophane was given two days before CCl4. Large doses of nicotinic acid injected five hours after CCl4 was administered did not prevent deaths.Nicotinic acid, which is a direct precursor of pyridine nucleotides, was more effective under the experimental conditions of this study in preventing deaths from CCl4 poisoning than DL‐tryptophane, which is a precursor of nicotinic acid.Choline chloride, L‐methionine, reduced glutathione, glucose and ethylenediaminetetra‐acetic acid did not appreciably reduce the death rate due to subsequent CCl4 administration within the limits of this study.In rats killed 20 hours after the administration of a lethal dose of CCl4, there was a fall of more than 50 p.c. in the extinction coefficient at 260 mμ (E260) of acid extracts of fresh liver homogenates or mitochondria prepared in 0.25 M sucrose compared with the figures for normal rats. The loss of material absorbing at 260 mμ in the homogenates was from the mitochondrial component.Prophylactic injections of nicotinic acid maintained almost normal E260 values in acid extracts of liver homogenates of rats given CCl4. Injection of nicotinic acid without a subsequent dose of CCl4 did not result in an increase of E260 values above normal. It is probable, therefore, that nicotinic acid stimulates a rapid replacement of pyridine nucleotide lost from mitochondria as a result of CCl4 administration. Greatest protection against the loss of E260 values was obtained when nicotinic acid was given two to three days before CCl4.The relationship between mitochondrial E260 values and the lethal effects of CCl4 is discussed.
STUDIES ON THE INNATE RESISTANCE OF MICE TO INFECTION WITH MOUSEPOX
Authors: Schell K 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYThe response of mice to ectromelia virus depends on the route of injection and the differences between C57 Bl and a susceptible strain of mice have been studied using different routes of injection.The difference in susceptibility between C57 Bl and stock mice appears earliest following the intravenous injection of ectromelia virus, and following splenectomy this difference is abolished.The strain difference is most pronounced when the virus is injected into the footpad. It is reduced to a minimum after intracerebral injection, probably because not enough antibody reaches the brain tissue. All resistance is abolished after intraperitoneal injection and for this no explanation is advanced.Following the intranasal instillation of virus, C57 Bl mice are less resistant because they die of the pneumonia which follows a vigorous local response in the lungs. They succumb to doses of virus which are not lethal by the footpad route, and with larger doses they even die earlier than stock mice.The difference in susceptibility following different routes of inoculation can be explained in terms of the difference in effectiveness of the antibody response and it has been shown that resistance is inherited as a single, autosomal, dominant factor.
EVAPORATIVE WATER LOSS AND TEMPERATURE REGULATION IN THE MARSUPLAL SETONYX BRACHYURUS
Authors: Bentley PJ 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYSalivation on the fur does not affect the temperature regulation, at high environmental temperatures of the quokka Setonex brachyurus. Evaporative water loss is reduced in Setonyx after dehydration, temperature reculation being correspondingly poorer. This cannot be related to the reduction in fond intake observed in dehydrated animals.
SERUM PROTEIN LEVELS AND THE “AUTO‐IMMUNE” COMPLEMENT‐FIXATION REACTION
Authors: Hackett Earle , Beech Margaret , Roman W 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYSera from 297 patients were tested for the “auto‐immune” complement‐fixation reaction, and the serum proteins were analysed be electrophoresis and measured. Apart from a slightly increased incidence of hyper‐muntoaglobulinaemia among the positive reactors, no exclusive or regular correlation between the reaction and the levels of the various fractions was observed.
THE PERIPHERAL DILATOR ACTION OF RESERPINE IN MAN
Authors: de la Lande IS , Parks VJ , Sandison AG , Skinner SL , Whelan RF 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYInfusion of reserpine into the brachial artery produces a very marked and prolonged vasodilatation which is confined to the skin of the limb. During the dilatation there is no detectable increase in sensitivity to noradrenaline nor any reduction in the response of the vessels to ephedrine or to reflex sympathetic activity. While some degree of noradrenaline depletion of the tissues cannot be excluded, the findings suggest that if such depletion occurs, it must in some way release vascular tone without causing other manifestations of depletion.
LYSOGENY IN PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA
Authors: Holloway BW , Egan JB , Monk Marilyn 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYAn investigation has been made into lysogenicity and pyocinogenicity in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The bacteriophages isolated were classified into groups on their antigenic properties and attempts have been made to correlate biological characteristics with this grouping. Multiple lysogeny in some strains is described, including one strain lysogenic for four unrelated phages.Certain of the bacterial strains are lysogenic for a phage having characteristics more typical of a virulent than of a temperate bacteriophage and the relationship of such strains to the isolation of virulent phages from natural sources is discussed.Reference is made to the application of this knowledge of Pseudomonas phages to genetic and epidemiological studies with this bacterium.