bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oral tobacco: prevalence, health risks, dependence potential and public policy
Authors: WEST ROBERT , KRAFONA KOFI 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper discusses public health policy with regard to oral tobacco use. It notes that in the UK, oral tobacco use is extremely rare. Concern that it might become prevalent among schoolchildren has proved unfounded. Smokeless tobacco almost certainly carries health risks but these risks are probably less than from smoking. What little evidence exists suggests that smokeless tobacco may be less dependence‐inducing than cigarettes. In the light of this, the UK Government's decision to ban oral tobacco products is hard to reconcile with their continuing to permit the sale and advertising of cigarettes. A cynic would view the Government's ban as a‘no cost’ measure to placate the public health lobby and ease the pressure for more restrictions on cigarette promotion. The inconsistency in the Government's approach to Skoal Bandits and cigarettes may be used as a focus for pressure to change in the laws governing promotion of cigarettes.
Metyrapone‐induced withdrawal symptoms
Authors: KENNEDY J. A. , HARTMAN N. , SBRIGLIO R. , KHURI E. , KREEK M. J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe metyrapone test is widely used in endocrinological testing to assess the integrity of hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis function; we have used it to study the metabolic basis of addictive disease and opioid dependence. In recent studies, we have observed that metyrapone administration in long‐term methadone‐maintained patients and in patients undergoing slow dose reduction to drug‐free status following chronic treatment may induce a narcotic withdrawal‐like syndrome. Although metyrapone is known to produce mild adverse reactions in non‐opiate dependent subjects, narcotic withdrawal‐like symptoms have not been previously observed or reported. The metyrapone test was administered to 15 former heroin addicts: 10 (8 male, 2 female) in steady‐state methadone maintenance therapy (30 to 90 mg/d) and 5 (3 male, 2 female) in the final phase of a slow methadone dose reduction procedure (0 to 10 mg/d). Eight out of 15 methadone maintenance subjects exhibited a narcotic withdrawal‐like syndrome ranging from ‘moderate’ to “severe’ and four additional subjects had‘mild’ symptoms, occurring within 1 h after metyrapone administration, and resolving within 2 h of onset. No significant symptoms were seen in 3 methadone maintained subjects nor in any of 9 normal volunteers (7 male, 2 female). The mechanism by which metyrapone induces symptoms resembling narcotic withdrawal in opiate‐dependent individuals is unknown but physicians performing this test should be aware of this possible response.
Communicative competence in sons of alcoholics
Authors: CARTER CATHLEEN , NOCHAJSKI THOMAS H. , LEONARD KENNETH E. , BLANE HOWARD T. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractSons of alcoholic (SA), depressive (SD), and social drinking (SN) fathers gave 3‐min speeches under low‐and high‐stress conditions. Trained raters, unaware of group membership, scored each speech on a variety of communicative competence dimensions. The results gave evidence that the SA group, relative to the SN group, showed deficits in all six speech variables. Further results suggested that the SA group was unaffected by level of stress, while the SD group showed a decrease in communicative clarity from speech 1 (low stress) to speech 2 (high stress). The results suggest lower levels of communicative competence among adult sons of alcoholics. The implication of this finding with regard to the psychosocial functioning of children of alcoholics is discussed.
Alcohol consumption and unemployment among men: the Scottish Heart Health Study
Authors: LEE AMANDA J. , CROMBIE IAN K. , SMITH WILLIAM C. S. , TUNSTALL‐PEDOE HUGH 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThere is growing concern about the relationship between health‐related behaviour and employment status. Data from the Scottish Mean Health Study included information on the self‐reported drinking habits of 4170 full‐time employed and 479 unemployed men. This enabled the patterns of alcohol consumption in the unemployed to be compared to those of the full‐time workers. There were appreciable differences in both frequency and quantity of reported alcohol consumption between the two groups and a higher percentage of the unemployed reported being non‐drinkers. Nevertheless, the unemployed drinkers drank more alcohol than those in employment, even after standardization for both age and social class (27.9 units vs 20.7 units per week). Binge drinking was common in both groups, but the proportion was higher among the unemployed (58.8% of the unemployed reported drinking more than eight units in any day in the previous week compared to 33.5% among the full‐time workers). In an attempt to validate these findings and to assess the possible health consequences of heavy drinking, serum gamma‐glutamyl transferase levels were analysed. Overall, the unemployed were found to have higher levels, this finding being largely influenced by the excess of heavy drinkers. The reasons behind these differences in drinking behaviour between the employed and unemployed need to be identified before any cause and effect hypotheses can be generated, and counselling given where needed.
Inebriate institutions in North America, 1840–1920
Authors: BAUMOHL JIM 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper analyses two contemporaneous types of 19th‐century North American inebriate institutions and attempts by their promoters to develop a public treatment system. Inebriate‘homes’ or‘retreats’ descended from a tradition of therapeutic temperance that originated in the Washingtonian Movement of the 1840s. They were small, urban, private and charitable, dedicated to voluntaristic and Christian principles, and were intimately connected with local temperance groups that provided support after residential treatment. Inebriate asylums took inspiration from insane asylums and were large, public, coercive and isolated in rural areas. Their promoters were steeped in the deterministic, hereditarian neurologism of Victorian psychiatry. Asylum enthusiasts dominated the public treatment movement, but developed a largely disciplinary and custodial vision that undermined their political appeal. As inebriate asylums could not easily be distinguished from insane asylums, almshouses or jails, legislators regarded them as superfluous and very few were established. Prohibition destroyed what public inebriate institutions existed. Inebriate colonies, usually connected with county jails, were the only survivors of the 19th‐century treatment movement apart from private sanitaria and a few inebriate wards in city or county hospitals.
Some reflections on dynamics and dilemmas in a DDU
Authors: SUMMERHILL DEREK 
Published: January 2006

AbstractSome difficulties in the management of addiction in a Drug Dependence Unit are discussed. Staff time with clients on prescribed methadone is dominated by enquiries into covert drug abuse and they must contend with passive aggression and denial. Dependency issues, to which the DDU may contribute, arise with chronic clients. Psychodynamic themes, even where identified as important, are difficult to follow through and link to outcome. There are inherent constraints in a medical model of management addressing behaviours which are as much the property of social context as of definable individual psychopathology. The AIDS crisis may bring new funds but also new pressures: DDUs may come to be judged essentially by their ability to shield the general population from HIV. This would have implications for the ethos of individual treatment and for team make‐up.
An evaluation of the psychoactive substance dependence syndrome in its application to opiate users
Authors: STRIPP ANDREW M. , BURGESS PHILIP M. , PATTISON PHILIPPA E. , PEAD JOHN , HOLMAN C. PAUL 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe Psychoactive Substance Abuse and Dependence (PSDA) section of the revised, 3rd edition of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM‐III‐R) bears a close correspondence to the conceptualization of a dependence syndrome as posited by Edwards, Arif & Hodgson (1981). Further, DSM‐III‐R represents a major shift in psychodiagnostics. The present study investigated hypothesized properties of the dependence syndrome and examined the characteristics of DSM‐III‐R criteria with a sample of opiate users. Findings indicated general support for the unidimensional postulate of the dependence syndrome but did not support the weighting of syndrome elements within DSM‐III‐R. The implications of such findings for the proposed DSM‐IV are discussed.
Relationship between male pancreatitis morbidity and alcohol consumption in Western Australia, 1971‐84
Authors: SMITH D. IAN , BURVILL PETER W. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractAcute pancreatitis morbidity rates for Western Australian men aged 20 to 39 years, and over 40 years, were related to per adult ( 15 years) alcohol consumption, using the Mann‐Whitney U test. A significant result was obtained for the young men. The male 20 years and over chronic pancreatitis morbidity rate was also significantly related to alcohol consumption. Various reasons for the results are discussed, and in particular from the view point that changes in the level of alcohol consumption appear to affect subsequent pancreatitis morbidity rates.
A response to commentaries: the effects of self–selection
Authors: SHAPER A. G. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA major criticism of the hypothesis which states that non–drinkers are mainly a selected group of ex–drinkers who have given up for reasons of ill health, particularly cardiovascular disease, is that such a high selective migration seems unlikely. It is emphasized that ex–drinking status is related to a wide range of disorders although it is particularly marked for cardiovascular disorders. In addition, mortality in middle–aged men is affected most strongly by cardiovascular disease. Virtually all previous prospective studies have not paid sufficient attention to the reasons for people changing their drinking behaviour, or to the burden of disease in non–drinkers. The increase in HDL–cholesterol associated with light drinking (the ‘narrow window’ of protective effect) is small and unlikely to account for significantly reduced coronary heart disease mortality. Studies claiming a protective effect for alcohol are entreated to examine closely the burden of disease in their alcohol intake groups, particularly the non– and occasional drinkers.
Some legal issues relating to passive smoking at the workplace
Authors: HOWARD GILLIAN 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis paper will discuss some of the current legal issues concerning passive smoking at the workplace. Employers who introduce ‘No Smoking’ policies must take care in the manner in which they introduce any rules and the extent to which the new rules affect those employees who have always been permitted to smoke at work. Changing the rules in an arbitrary fashion may give rise to claims for breach of contract. Smokers may also sue for constructive dismissal should the new rules be imposed in an unreasonable manner. But employers who have followed a fair procedure may have the right to discipline or finally dismiss any smoker who refuses to accept the new rules.
The relationship of sex‐related alcohol expectancies to alcohol consumption and sexual behavior
Authors: LEIGH BARBARA CRITCHLOW 
Published: January 2006

SummaryRecent psychosocial research on alcohol expectancies beliefs about the effects of alcohol on behavior, moods and emotions has suggested that these expectancies mediate not only decisions about drinking but the alcohol effects displayed by those who have been drinking. Results of a study of drinking and sexual behavior showed that individuals of different gender and sexual orientation differed in their beliefs about the effects of alcohol on sexual responding. In addition, expectations of sexual enhancement and disinhibition were related to the initiation of sexual activity and to the proportion of sexual encounters that took place while drinking, and interacted with sex guilt to predict the amount drunk in the most recent sexual encounter. These results suggest that beliefs about the effects of alcohol on sex may affect the characteristics of sexual encounters that involve drinking.
Alcohol input and creative output*
Authors: LUDWIG ARNOLD M. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryIs alcohol use a help or a hindrance for creativity? And, conversely, what effect does creative activity have on alcohol use? In order to answer these questions, relevant information was obtained from the biographies of 34 well known, heavy drinking, 20th century writers, artists or composers/performers. Analysis of this information yielded a number of interesting findings. Alcohol use proved detrimental to productivity in over 75% of the sample, especially in the latter phases of their drinking careers. However, it appeared to provide direct benefit for about 9% of the sample, indirect benefit for 50% and no appreciable effect for 40% at different times in their lives. Creative activity, conversely, can also affect drinking behavior, leading, for instance, to increased alcohol consumption in over 30% of the sample. Because of the complexities of this relationship, no simplistic conclusions are possible.
Tobacco and the European common agricultural policy
Authors: JOOSSENS LUK , RAW MARTIN 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe common agricultural policy of the European Community subsidizes tobacco production to the tune of 1300 million ecu a year (US$ 1500 million, UK£ 900 million). This amounts to 2 500 ecu ($3100, £1700) per minute, and is more in one year than the total amount spent on tobacco subsidies by the US in the last 50 years. The purpose of this policy was to maintain farmers' incomes and adapt community production to demand. Demand for the dark tobaccos which dominate EC production has fallen, while demand for light flue cured tobacco like Virginia has risen. A complex system of production subsidies and quotas was intended to discourage production of the dark tobaccos, for which there is virtually no market, and lead to more Virginia production. The policy has failed. Expenditure has spiralled out of control, production of unmarketable tobacco varieties has risen enormously, and the EC is the world's largest importer of raw tobacco. As a result tobacco is being bought by the community for intervention storage and surpluses of the dark high tar varieties are being ‘exported’ to eastern Europe and north Africa at giveaway prices. There has been no effective monitoring or control of this policy. This paper explains how this has happened and argues that, in view of the health risks attached to tobacco, these subsidies should be abolished.
Preliminary results from a meta‐analysis of drinking behavior in multiple longitudinal studies*
Authors: FILLMORE KAYE MIDDLETON , HARTKA ELIZABETH , JOHNSTONE BRYAN M. , LEINO E. VICTOR , MOTOYOSHI MICHELLE , TEMPLE MARK T. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper introduces the scope and rationale of The Collaborative Alcohol‐Related Longitudinal Project and describes the individual longitudinal studies which contribute to this large collaborative project, representing studies from 15 countries, It also serves as an introduction to four reports of the preliminary findings from the project. The project is distinguished by (I) its interdisciplinary research approach which has assembled a multidisciplinary group of scholars to direct and interpret analyses, (2) its use of primary data from multiple longitudinal studies, (3) the parallel analyses of primary data from multiple studies, using comparable measures across studies receded to a standard format and common analytic model, and (4) its use of meta‐analysis to combine results across studies. Its research objectives include determining the cross‐study consistency of findings of (1) the incidence and chronicity of drinking patterns and problems, (2) exogeneous factors which initiate and alter drinking careers, (3) socio‐behavioral factors measured in childhood and adolescence which predict adult drinking problems, (4) inter‐generational biological and social factors which predict adult drinking problems, and (5) aggregate‐level factors which account for study differences. The method of sampling of studies from the world's alcohol‐related general population longitudinal research is described.
An integrated approach to meta‐analysis in alcohol studies*
Authors: JOHNSTONE BRYAN M. , LEINO E. VICTOR , MOTOYOSHI MICHELLE M. , TEMPLE MARK T. , FILLMORE KAYE MIDDLETON , HARTKA ELIZABETH 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe research design and methods utilised by the Collaborative Alcohol‐Related Longitudinal Project are described. The project design addresses the critical need to develop procedures to assess the replicability of research results in alcohol studies. Key features of the research plan include: re‐analysis of original data from multiple longitudinal studies of drinking behavior in the general population; centralization of all data analyses, developed and implemented by an interdisciplinary core staff; development of the research plan and interpretation of results in co‐operation with original investigators of studies included in the project; and use of modeling procedures from meta‐analysis to quantify the relative contribution of factors influencing the distribution of effect estimates across studies, including both methodological differences and aggregate level variables. The final section describes statistical methods for meta‐analysis used by the project, including procedures for the calculation and combination of estimates of effect magnitude, categorical and continuous modeling procedures for use with effect sixes, and random effects models.
A meta‐analysis of life course variation in drinking*
Authors: FILLMORE KAYE MIDDLETON , HARTKA ELIZABETH , JOHNSTONE BRYAN M. , LEINO E. VICTOR , MOTOYOSHI MICHELLE , TEMPLE MARK T. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractMeta‐analysis combines remits from multiple longitudinal studies to describe life course variation by age and sex for quantity of drinking per typical occasion (20 studies) and frequency of drinking during one month (27 studies). There is cross‐study heterogeneity for the Time 1 means of the drinking variables blocking for age and sex. Age distributions for the Time I means are similar by gender within nations; in the aggregate, males exceed females in the magnitude of drinking. Dramatic shifts in the standarized mean difference (M2 ‐ M1) occur among the young; greater homogeneity and moderate change (declines) occur later in life. Implicated in improving cross‐study homogeneity for M 2– M1 among the young are interval between measurements, nation, Time 1 per capita consumption (PCC), difference in PCC and the Time 1 mean. Lower unstandardized regression coefficients are found for quantity among youth, but are not consistently homogeneous within nations; the association for frequency becomes increasingly stable with increasing age. Nation and interval are implicated in improving homogeneity. Decline in quantity occurs among the old. M2‐M1, produces homogeneously higher regressions for groups of the young who increase quantity v. those who do not. Linkage of the group‐level and individual‐level findings is discussed.
Problem drinking and family history
Authors: FLETCHER KERON D. , PRICE DAVID K. , COOK CHRISTOPHER C. H. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractData on SADQ, GHQ, disciplinary, financial and relationship problems were collected from 103 problem drinkers and 96 controls. Problem drinkers were significantly more severely affected than controls on all measures except financial problems. Of the problem drinkers, 55% had a positive family history, and this group were more severely affected on SADQ, GHQ and financial problem measures than family history negative subjects. The most severely affected group were those with a positive family history who also reported significant childhood problems, and the least affected were those without a family history who did not report significant childhood problems.
Effectiveness of three types of spouse‐involved behavioral alcoholism treatment
Authors: McCRADY BARBARA S. , STOUT ROBERT , NOEL NORA , ABRAMS DAVID , NELSON HILARY FISHER 
Published: January 2006

AbstractTreatment was provided to 45 alcoholics and their spouses in one of three out‐patient behavioral treatment conditions: (1) minimal spouse involvement (MSI) (n = 14), (2) alcohol‐focused spouse involvement (AFSI) (n=12), or (3) alcohol‐focused spouse involvement plus behavioral marital therapy (ABMT) (n = 19). Subjects were followed for 18 months after treatment. Subjects in all conditions reported significant decreases in frequency of drinking and frequency of heavy drinking, and reported increased life satisfaction. This information was corroborated by independent reports of the spouses. Patterns of outcome varied across the three treatment conditions, with ABMT subjects showing gradual improvement in proportions of abstinent days and abstinent plus light drinking days over the last 9 months of follow‐up. Subjects in the other two treatment conditions showed gradual deterioration in proportion of abstinent days and abstinent plus light drinking days. Subjects assigned to the ABMT condition were less likely to experience marital separations, and reported greater improvement in marital satisfaction and subjective well‐being than the other experimental groups. Clinical and theoretical significance of these findings are discussed.
Young people's alcohol consumption in public drinking places: reasoned behaviour or related to the situation?
Authors: KNIBBE RONALD A. , OOSTVEEN TON , VAN DE GOOR IEN 
Published: January 2006

AbstractTwo contrasting perspectives are used to study correlates of young people's (16–25 years) alcohol consumption in public drinking places. One perspective is the theory of reasoned behaviour, or the Fishbein‐Ajzen model, extended with self‐efficacy. The other perspective assumes that exposure to drinking situations and aspects of the actual drinking situation (size of drinking group and group pressure) determine young people's alcohol consumption. Multiple regression analysis shows that variables indicating situational influences are correlated with the alcohol consumption of young men and women, even when controlling for the Fishbein‐Ajzen variables. Among young men frequency of visiting public drinking places contributes more to the explained variance than the four Fishbein‐Ajzen variables together. Young people's alcohol consumption in public drinking places appears to be less fully controlled by alcohol‐specific beliefs, norms and perceived skills than the Fishbein‐Ajzen model assumes. The Fishbein‐Ajzen variables are only weakly correlated with the variables indicating situational influences. It is concluded that, from the individual's perspective, the influence of situational factors means that pan of his consumption is determined by more or less accidental circumstances like the opportunities to drink, the size of the drinking group and group pressure.
Changes in the use of drugs among Norwegian youth year by year from 1968 to 1989
Authors: IRGENS‐JENSEN OLAV 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe Norwegian National Institute far Alcohol and Drug Research has each spring, since 1968, conducted a survey of the youth of Oslo, the capital of Norway, to determine their use of drugs and their attitudes towards them. These and other surveys, as well as data from the police, provide a basis for a description of certain main traits in the development of drug use in Norway. The surveys suggest–amongst other things–that there has been no increase in the use of drugs among young people in Norway since the beginning of the 1980s. Cannabis is by far the illicit drug most commonly used, and use of drugs like amphetamines, cocaine and heroin seems to be rather limited. The surveys also suggest that alcohol consumption and tobacco smoking declined somewhat among Norwegian youth towards the end of 1980s.