bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
4-(N,N-Dimethylamino)benzoic Acid as a New Class of Simple Chromogenic and Fluorogenic Anion Host Exhibiting High Selectivity to HPO42− and SO42−
Authors: Hou Xiaohong , Kobiro Kazuya 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Commercially available 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)benzoic acid (1) was directly applied for anion recognition in CH3CN. It showed remarkable affinity and selectivity to divalent anions HPO42− and SO42− over monovalent anions such as H2PO4−, HSO4−, ClO4−, BF4−, PF6−, and NO3− in terms of UV–vis and fluorescence titrations. The combination of the basicity and charge density of guest anions played an important role in the selectivity of host 1 toward anions.
Improved Performance of Organic Light-emitting Diodes with a New Hole-transporting Material
Authors: Kim Young Kook , Hwang Seok-Hwan 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
A new compound, 2,2′-dimethyl-3,3′,5,5′-tetrakis(p-tolyldiamino)biphenyl (DTTAB), was synthesized and investigated as a hole-transporting material for organic light-emitting diodes. The luminous efficiency of electroluminescent device was improved by using DTTAB instead of NPB at lower driving voltage, suggesting that the DTTAB layer can efficiently accept holes from the hole-injecting layer and transport holes into an adjacent emitting layer.
Reaction of Zirconocene–Alkyne Complexes with Mo(CO)6
Authors: Mito Shizue , Zhou Lishan , Xi Chanjuan , Takahashi Tamotsu 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
The reaction of zirconocene–alkyne complexes prepared from Cp2ZrCl2 with BuLi and an alkyne with Mo(CO)6 yielded 2,3-disubstituted-5-ethylcyclopentenone derivatives by incorporation of once eliminated butene with excellent regioselectivity.
Synthesis of 3-Aminoflavones from 3-Hydroxyflavones via 3-Tosyloxy- or 3-Mesyloxyflavones
Authors: Takechi Atsushi , Takikawa Hirosato , Miyake Hideyoshi , Sasaki Mitsuru 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Reaction of 3-tosyloxy- or 3-mesyloxyflavones with ammonia or primary amines proceeded to give the corresponding 3-aminoflavones in high yields. 3-Aminoluteorin was efficiently prepared from rutin using this method.
A Magnetic Organic Conductor Based on a π Donor with a Stable Radical and a Magnetic Anion—A Step to Magnetic Organic Metals with Two Kinds of Localized Spin Systems
Authors: Otsubo Saika , Cui HengBo , Lee Ha-Jin , Fujiwara Hideki , Takahashi Kazuyuki , Okano Yoshinori , Kobayashi Hayao 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
(TTP-PROXYL)FeCl4, where TTP-PROXYL is 2,5-bis(1,3-dithiol-2-ylidene)-1,3,4,6-tetrathiapentalene (TTP) incorporating the 2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-pyrrolidinyloxy (PROXYL) radical, is a semiconductor with two kinds of localized spin systems, that is, the systems of organic radical spins and 3d spins of magnetic FeCl4− ions. The π spin of the TTP-PROXYL radical cation disappears due to dimerization but the χT-value of 4.65 K emu mol−1 indicates the coexistence of high-spin Fe3+ (S = 5/2) and PROXYL radical (S = 1/2) in this salt. (TTP-PROXYL)GaCl4 is isostructural to the FeCl4 salt and exhibited similar semiconducting properties.
Binding Affinity of Basic Amino Acids to the Surface of a Neutral Phospholipid Monolayer
Authors: Yoshida Yumi , Maeda Kohji , Shirai Osamu , Ohnuki Toshihiko 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
The binding of basic amino acids to the surface of a zwitterionic phospholipid monolayer at the water–1,2-dichloroethane interface was demonstrated by voltammetry for the ion transfer at the liquid–liquid interface, in which the phospholipids transfer from the aqueous side of the interface to the bulk of 1,2-dichloroethane as the positively charged complex with the basic amino acid.
Incorporation of 2′-O-Methyl-2-thiouridine into Oligoribonucleotides Induced Stable A-form Structure
Authors: Okamoto Itaru , Shohda Koh-ichiroh , Seio Kohji , Sekine Mitsuo 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
The conformational pre-organization of oligonucleotides containing two 2′-O-methyl-2-thiouridines (s2Um) was studied. Melting temperature (Tm) and CD spectrum analysis of single strands and duplexes revealed that the s2Um incorporation leads to a stable A-form structure.
Catalytic Chemical Vapor Deposition Preparation of Multi-wall Carbon Nanotubes with Cone-like Heads
Authors: Eftekhari Ali , Manafi Sahebali , Moztarzadeh Fathollah 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Carbon nanotubes were prepared by catalytic chemical vapor deposition using washable catalyst support of barium and calcium chlorides. It was found that under this experimental condition, carbon nanotubes with cone-like heads are formed. This special shape guarantees easier diffusion and transfer inside the carbon nanotubes due to larger orifices.
A Novel Method of Preparation of Superhydrophobic Nanosilica in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Li Xiaohong , Cao Zhi , Liu Feng , Zhang Zhijun , Dang Hongxin 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
A novel method of preparation of superhydrophobic nanosilica by surface-modification in situ in aqueous solution is reported in this paper. The silica nanoparticles modified by hexamethyldisilazane show superior hydrophobic and excellent dispersive properties in organic solvents. Wettability studies show that the film of nanosilica is superhydrophobic with a very large contact angle (167 ± 2°) and a small sliding angle (less than 2°).
The Stevens Rearrangement of Sulfur Ylide Generated by Electrochemical Reduction of Sulfonium Salt
Authors: Okazaki Yuichi , Asai Tatsuro , Ando Fumio , Koketsu Jugo 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
The cathodic reduction or a base treatment of a 1-cyanomethyltetrahydrothiophenonium salt gave the stabilized ylides which were conformed by the reaction with benzaldehyde. In the absence of benzaldehyde, the ring expanded product was obtained through the [1,2] Stevens rearrangement in good yield by both methods. The reaction mechanism was investigated by using B3LYP density functional calculations.
Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Management: 2000–2005 Update
Authors: Hughes Christine A , Shafran Stephen D 
Published: December 2005

Objective:To review recent advances that have significantly changed the management of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection.Data Sources:A MEDLINE search (2000–July 2005) was conducted using key words such as hepatitis C, interferon, pegylated interferon, and therapy.Study Selection and Data Extraction:All articles pertaining to treatment of chronic HCV infection were identified. Studies evaluating HCV treatment in treatment-naive patients were considered for this review.Data Synthesis:Over the past several years, response to treatment for chronic HCV infection has significantly improved with the use of pegylated interferon and ribavirin therapy. Treatment response is influenced by HCV genotype and viral load, as well as patient-related factors, Including adherence.Conclusions:Treatment of chronic HCV infection has improved, with overall response rates of approximately 55%. Identification and management of common adverse effects is important in maximizing adherence and response to therapy. Studies are needed to further delineate the optimum treatment of chronic HCV infection in specific patient populations.
Effects of a National Health Education Program on the Medication Knowledge of the Public in Taiwan
Authors: Huang Yen-Ming , Wang Hui-Po , Yang Yea-Huei Kao , Lin Swu-Jane , Lin Hsiang-Wen , Chen Chiung-Sheue , Wu Fe-Lin Lin 
Published: December 2005

Background: The inappropriate use of medication and inadequate medication knowledge among the general population has long been a concern in Taiwan. One reason for the deficiencies might be the lack of an active role of pharmacists in educating the public. To rectify the situation, in 2002, the Bureau of Pharmaceutical Affairs, Department of Health of Taiwan, began to sponsor a national effort, titled Community Education Program on Medication Use, to involve the expertise of pharmacists in public education. Objective: To evaluate the effects of this education program by analyzing the changes in knowledge of drug therapy among the participating public. Methods: This was a single-group pre- and post-comparison study. Between September 2003 and January 2004, a total of 955 community residents enrolled in the pharmacist-facilitated education program offered at 31 community universities. The medication knowledge of the participants was evaluated before and after the program. Demographic variables that might affect the education outcomes of the program were also examined. Results: Medication knowledge at baseline was positively correlated with education level and negatively correlated with age. Females were more aware of drug-related information than were males. The participants showed a significant improvement in medication knowledge (p < 0.001) at the end of the program. The baseline knowledge score was the most important determinant of the improvement of the posttest score. Conclusions: A national education program facilitated by pharmacists can improve the medication knowledge of the participants. Pharmacists should be encouraged to play a proactive role in large-scale health education programs.
Cyclosporine for Severe Ulcerative Colitis
Authors: Pham Co QD , Efros Carly B , Berardi Rosemary R 
Published: December 2005

Objective: To evaluate evidence for the use of cyclosporine in treating patients with severe ulcerative colitis. Data Sources: A literature search was performed using MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Database, and ISI Web of Knowledge (1966–November 2005) with the search terms cyclosporine, cyclosporin A, CsA, ulcerative colitis, UC, inflammatory bowel disease, IBD, steroid-refractory, and immunosuppression. Additional papers were located by hand-searching relevant references. Only human studies in adults and literature published in English were included. Data Synthesis: Intravenous cyclosporine has been evaluated for the treatment of severe ulcerative colitis in 4 randomized, controlled trials, as well as in many open-label and retrospective studies. Studies that evaluated cyclosporine for severe ulcerative colitis were reviewed. All 4 controlled trials showed an initial positive clinical response as defined by the Crohn's Activity Index when intravenous cyclosporine 4 mg/kg/day was administered as monotherapy or combined with intravenous corticosteroids. One of the 4 trials indicated that high-dose cyclosporine (4 mg/kg/day) has no additional clinical benefit over the low-dose (2 mg/kg/day) and that the lower dose may improve safety related to dose-dependent adverse effects. Conclusions: There is evidence to support the use of intravenous cyclosporine for patients with severe ulcerative colitis who are refractory to corticosteroid therapy. Because most of the adverse effects associated with cyclosporine are dose dependent, therapy should be initiated with the lower 2 mg/kg/day dose. Subsequent doses should be adjusted based on cyclosporine blood concentrations of 150–250 ng/mL. Cyclosporine should be used only to induce remission and serve as a “bridge” to azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine maintenance therapy. At this time, there are insufficient data to support the long-term use of cyclosporine monotherapy for avoidance of surgery or maintenance of remission.
A Cross‐sectional Study of Alcohol Drinking and Health‐related Quality of Life among Male Workers in Japan
Authors: Saito Isao , Okamura Tomonori , Fukuhara Shunichi , Tanaka Taichiro , Suzukamo Yoshimi , Okayama Akira , Ueshima Hirotsugu ,   the Hipop‐OHP Research Group
Published: December 2005

A Cross‐sectional Study of Alcohol Drinking and Health‐related Quality of Life among Male Workers in Japan: Isao Saito, et al. Department of Public Health, Nara Medical UniversityBackgroundAlthough light and moderate alcohol drinkers are likely to have better subjective health, the sub‐scales for subjective health have not been well documented.MethodsWe studied 4,521 male workers aged 25 yr and older with no history of cancer or cardiovascular disease, in 12 occupational groups in Japan. Data were from the High‐risk and Population Strategy for Occupational Health Promotion Study (HIPOP‐OHP). Drinking status was classified according to daily alcohol intake or frequency of drinking. We assessed the health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) based on scores for five scales of the SF‐36.ResultsDecreased odds ratios of sub‐optimal HRQOL conditions, defined as less than the median SF‐36 scores, for Role‐Physical and General Health were found among persons who consumed 1.0 to 22.9 g/d of alcohol. Odds ratios for sub‐optimal Vitality conditions were lowered according to increased levels of alcohol intake. Role‐Emotional scores were not associated with alcohol drinking. People who drank 5 to 6 d/wk had higher levels of Role‐Physical and Vitality, and those who drank 1 to 2 d/wk had better Vitality and Mental Health scores than non‐drinkers. When adjusted for age, marital status, working hours, physical activity at work, self‐reported job stress, smoking, regular exercise, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes, the associations were almost unchanged except for General Health.ConclusionsAssociations of drinking patterns with subjective health varied in five sub‐scales of the SF‐36. Overall, alcohol drinkers rated their health as good in comparison with non‐drinkers.
lnterspecific Variation in UV Defense Mechanisms Among Temperate Freshwater Fishes
Authors: Olson Mark H. , Mitchell David L. 
Published: December 2005

ABSTRACTAn important step in predicting the effects of future increases in UV radiation (UVR) is to evaluate the mechanisms that organisms use to prevent and repair DNA damage and determine how those mechanisms influence UVR sensitivity. Damage is prevented to varying degrees through photo‐protection and repaired via two main pathways: nucleotide excision repair and photoenzymatic repair. At present, little is known about the generality or similarity of these defenses among temperate freshwater fishes. We used laboratory experiments to compare UVR defense mechanisms among five freshwater fish species representing four families and three orders. Purified DNA, freeze‐killed larvae and live larvae were exposed to UVB radiation for 12 h in the presence or absence of photorepair radiation. After exposure, we quantified frequencies of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers in each exposure treatment. All five species used photoprotection and proportional decreases in dimer frequency were similar for all species. Evidence of excision repair was also found for all species but proportional decreases in photoproduct frequencies varied among species. Finally, evidence of photoenzymatic repair was found for only two of the five species.
Antioxidant Properties of Melanin in Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells
Authors: Wang Z. , Dillon J. , Gaillard E. R. 
Published: December 2005

ABSTRACTThe retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a monolayer of highly pigmented cells lining the inner aspect of Bruch's membrane. This pigmentation is due to eumelanin and a possible antioxidant role of melanin is reported here. The photo‐oxidation of A2E, a constituent of RPE lipofnscin, leads to the sequential addition of up to nine oxygen atoms and/or the addition or loss of two hydrogen atoms. These photo‐oxidations were investigated in the presence and absence of either calf or human RPE melanin in AZE‐laden RPE cells. It was found that calf melanin was protective against the photo‐oxidation of A2E, with an inhibition of oxidation of up to 50% in the case of the addition of two oxygen atoms. Calf melanin was also protective against blue light‐induced damage to RPE cells. In addition this ability appears to decrease in humans as they grow older. With aging, a melanin‐lipofuscin complex called melanolipofuscin forms. It is suggested that the oxidation or photo‐oxidation of A2E in vivo may contribute to the age‐related deterioration of the anti‐oxidant role of RPE melanin and lead to various retinal disorders, such as age‐related macular degeneration.
Gear Bias in Fyke Netting: Evaluating Soak Time, Fish Density, and Predators
Authors: Breen Matthew J. , Ruetz Carl R. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Knowledge of gear bias is critical for conducting valid population and community assessments. We studied the biases in fyke netting by investigating the individual effects of soak time (fyke nets were fished for 6, 24, or 48 h), fish density (fyke nets were stocked with 0, 30, or 60 fish/net), and predators (fyke nets were stocked with one or zero bowfin Amia calva) on the escape probability and number of individuals captured (i.e., catch) for three fish species. Overall, escape probabilities were consistently lower for round gobies Neogobius melanostomus than for bluntnose minnows Pimephales notatus and banded killifish Fundulus diaphanus. Both escape probability and catch increased with soak time. Escape probabilities were lower at high fish densities and in the presence of a predator, whereas catch appeared to be unaffected by both factors. We documented predation on fish stocked in fyke nets by free-ranging bowfins and yellow bullheads Ameiurus natalis, which is a potential source of bias that will probably vary among systems. Of the factors we investigated, variation in soak time had the strongest effect on catch. Our results were consistent with catch being proportional to soak times of at least 24 to 48 h, although this relationship was highly variable. Thus, standardizing catch by soak time (e.g., net nights) can be appropriate when confronted with low variation in soak time (e.g., 1 d). Finally, our study highlights potential differences in escape probabilities among fish species, a factor that is probably important in determining which species are overrepresented and which are underrepresented in entrapment gear.
In vitro pharmacologic effect of two endothelin-1 antagonists on equine colonic arteries and veins
Authors: Venugopal Changaram S. , Holmes Earnestine P. , Koch Catherine E. , Curtis Lee Ann , Holm Ashley S. , Moore Rustin M. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To evaluate the effectiveness of 2 potential endothelin (ET)-1 antagonists in blocking the contractile responses of equine colonic vessels to increasing concentrations of ET-1.Sample Population—Mesenteric vessels from 6 clinically healthy horses.Procedure—Colonic vessels (arterial and venous rings) were placed in organ baths with oxygenated Tyrode solution at 37 C. Each was attached to a force transducer interfaced with a polygraph, and 2 g of tension was applied and equilibrated for 45 minutes. Then, B-1 (PD 142893) and B-2 (PD 145065) ET-1 antagonists were tested. One ring from each vessel type was used as a control for determining concentration- response relationships of ET-1 (10–10to 10–6M). Three rings of each vessel type were incubated with 3 concentrations of each antagonist (10–7, 10–6, and 10–5M) for 30 minutes before ET induced contractions were determined. The maximum contractile response and pA2values were determined.Results—Vessels contracted in a concentrationdependent manner to ET-1. Arteries responded slowly but reached greater contractions. Veins responded immediately with sustained contractions. Both antagonists inhibited contractions in a concentrationdependent manner with significant differences at 10–6and 10–5Mfor arteries and 10–5Mfor veins. Complete blockade of contractions was observed with B-2 (10–5M). The pA2values for B-1 were 8.26 and 6.82 for arteries and veins, respectively, whereas they were 8.25 and 7.21 for B-2.Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Both antagonists effectively blocked ET-1-induced contractions of equine colonic vessels. Because B-2 is water soluble and caused complete blockade at 10–5M, it appears to be the preferred antagonist. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:154–159)
Effects of enrofloxacin and magnesium deficiency on matrix metabolism in equine articular cartilage
Authors: Davenport Celia L. M. , Boston Raymond C. , Richardson Dean W. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To investigate the effects of enrofloxacin and magnesium deficiency on explants of equine articular cartilage.Sample Population—Articular cartilage explants and cultured chondrocytes obtained from adult and neonatal horses.Procedure—Full-thickness explants and cultured chondrocytes were incubated in complete or magnesium- deficient media containing enrofloxacin at concentrations of 0, 1, 5, 25, 100, and 500 µg/ml. Incorporation and release of sulfate35S over 24 hours were used to assess glycosaminoglycan (GAG) synthesis and degradation. An assay that measured binding of dimethylmethylene blue dye was used to compare total GAG content between groups. Northern blots of RNA from cultured chondrocytes were probed with equine cDNA of aggrecan, type-II collagen, biglycan, decorin, link protein, matrix metalloproteinases 1, 3, and 13, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1.Results—A dose-dependent suppression of35S incorporation was observed. In cartilage of neonates,35S incorporation was substantially decreased at enrofloxacin concentrations of 25 mg/ml. In cartilage of adult horses,35S incorporation was decreased only at enrofloxacin concentrations of ≥ 100 µg/ml. Magnesium deficiency caused suppression of35S incorporation. Enrofloxacin or magnesium deficiency did not affect GAG degradation or endogenous GAG content. Specific effects of enrofloxacin on steadystate mRNA for the various genes were not observed.Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Enrofloxacin may have a detrimental effect on cartilage metabolism in horses, especially in neonates. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:160–166)
Results of cystometry and urethral pressure profilometry in dogs sedated with medetomidine or xylazine
Authors: Rawlings Clarence A. , Barsanti Jeanne A. , Chernosky Adriene M. , Oliver John E. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To compare effects of medetomidine and xylazine hydrochloride on results of cystometry and micturition reflexes in healthy dogs and results of urethral pressure profilometry (UPP) in sedated and conscious dogs.Animals—20 dogs.Procedures—Urodynamic testing was performed 6 times in each dog (3 times after administration of xylazine [1 mg/kg of body weight, IV] and 3 times after administration of medetomidine (30 µg/kg, IM). Before each episode of sedation, UPP was performed. Heart and respiratory rates and indirect blood pressures were recorded prior to and 5, 10, 20, and 30 minutes after injection of sedative. Cystometry measurements included threshold volume, threshold pressure, and tonus limb. The UPP measurements included maximal urethral closure pressure (MUCP), functional profile length, and, in male dogs, plateau pressure.Results—Mean MUCP was decreased markedly in xylazine- and medetomidine-sedated dogs. Xylazine and medetomidine also decreased plateau pressure in male dogs. The MUCP measurements were consistent among days for conscious and xylazine-sedated dogs but were inconsistent for medetomidinesedated female dogs. The proportion of valid cystometry measurements was greater for xylazine (39 of 60) than for medetomidine (27 of 60). Cystometry was considered invalid when bladder pressure reached 30 cm H2O without initiation of a micturition reflex.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Medetomi dine and xylazine have similar effects on measurement of UPP and cystometry. Medetomidine was less consistent among days for UPP in female dogs and produced fewer valid cystometry tests, compared with xylazine. For urodynamic evaluations, medetomidine administered IM cannot be substituted for xylazine administered IV. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:167–170)