bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Smoking and pulmonary function in five Solomon Island populations
Authors: Byerley David M. , Weitz Charles A , Richards Frank 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe relationship between smoking and lung function was examined in a large sample of healthy Solomon Island Melanesians and Polynesians as part of a multidisciplinary study carried out in 1985 and 1986. Comparisons are made between samples of smokers and non‐smokers to determine if smoking is associated with a reduction in pulmonary function among males and females between 25 and 75 years of age. The results of this study indicate that cigarette smoking causes singnificant reductions in the pulmonary function of these populations. In addition, a clear difference in pulmonary function between males and females, as well as a general reduction in female FEV1 values, suggests that cooking smoke inhalation may be operating as a possible risk factor to the pulmonary health of women. Further research is needed to quantify exposure to smoke of both males and females and relate this measure to declines in pulmonary function. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Plantigrady and foot adaptation in African apes: Implications for hominid origins
Authors: Gebo Daniel L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn living primates, except the great apes and humans, the foot is placed in a heel‐elevated or semi‐plantigrade position when these animals move upon arboreal or terrestrial substrates. Heel placement and bone positions in the non‐great ape primate foot are designed to increase mobility and flexibility in the arboreal environment. Orangutans have further enhanced foot mobility by adapting their feet for suspension and thus similarly utilize foot positions where the heel does not touch the substrate. Chimpanzees and gorillas represent an alternative pattern (plantigrady), in which the heel contacts the surface of the support at the end of swing phase, especially during terrestrial locomotion. Thus, chimpanzees and gorillas possess feet adapted for both arboreal and terrestrial substrates. African apes also share several osteological features related to plantigrady and terrestrial locomotion with early hominids. From this analysis, it is apparent that hominid locomotor evolution passed through a quadrupedal terrestrial phase. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genital swelling in females of the monogamous gibbon, Hylobates (H.) lar
Authors: Dahl Jeremy F. , Nadler Ronald D. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractCyclical changes in the vulvae of five adult lar gibbons (Hylobates [H.] lar) were studied and compared with those of eight lowlandgorillas. The results reveal that the gibbons have relatively conspicuous and specialized sexual swellings that alter shape and appearance during the ovarian cycle. At maximum extent, the genital swellings of gorillas are relatively and absolutely smaller than those of gibbons, and lack the distinctive coloration seen in the genital swellings of the smaller apes. We conclude that the female gibbon's sexual swelling is a far more conspicuous and effective signal of estrus status than that of the gorilla, and that this is not explicable in terms of allometry. Previous investigators have pointed to one‐male mating systems, monogamous pair‐bonding, or an arboreal habitat as reasons that some primates should have less conspicuous signals of estrus than others. Our findings for the gibbon are the reverse of these predictions, and indicate that sexual selection other than by intermale competition for estrous females is implicated in the ultimate causation of the gibbon's swelling. The adaptive value and significance of the female gibbon's sexual signals remain unclear, However. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Age‐ and gender‐related changes in body size, adiposity, and endocrine and metabolic parameters in free‐ranging rhesus macaques
Authors: Schwartz Susan M. , Kemnitz Joseph W. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractNormative age‐ and gender‐related changes in body composition, serum lipids, testosterone, and insulin‐like growth factor (IGF‐1) were examined in the Cayo Santiago free‐ranging rhesus macaques. In both adult males and females, body weights, crown‐rump lengths, and circumference of the limbs were lowest in the oldest group (20+ years of age) as compared with other adult age classes. Body fat, as reflected in subcutaneous fatfold thickness and waist/thigh ratios, were higher in adult females than adult males. This gender dimorphism was first detectable among the 6–9 year old age group. Greatest body fat among females was observed in the 10–14 age group, whereas in males the highest values were observed in the 15–19 age group. Differences in body composition were also observed with respect to reproductive status. Although there were no gender differences in overall cholesterol levels, there were age‐related differences between males and females, and only in males were cholesterol values positively related to adiposity. There were no age‐ or gender‐related differences in triglyceride values, but levels were significantly higher in pregnant females in comparison with other reproductive states. Levels of testosterone were not significantly related to any morphometric parameter and values did not decrease significantly with age. Levels of IGF‐1 exhibited a significant age‐related decrease among adult males, and females had higher levels independent of age. The similarities between the present findings and human studies suggest that further studies in the free‐ranging rhesus macaques would provide a bridge between studies of laboratory‐housed primates and studies of human beings with respect to the etiology of obesity and life‐history changes in body composition and endocrine and metabolic parameters. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Computed tomography and enamel thickness of maxillary molars of Plio‐Pleistocene hominids from Sterkfontein, Swartkrans, and Kromdraai (South Africa): An exploratory study
Authors: Macho Gabriele A. , Thackeray J. Francis 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis paper is one in a series which explores the possibility of using the non‐destructive CT technique to identify patterns in tooth enamel distribution and structure of hominid molars from Plio‐Pleistocene sites in South Africa, notably Swartkrans, Sterkfontein, and Kromdraai. Whereas previous investigators have emphasised gross differences in absolute and relative or average enamel thickness between hominid taxa, the present study highlights differences in enamel thickness over functionally significant regions of the crown. Differences in the distribution of enamel in A. robustus, A. africanus, and Homo sp. are identified through the use of bivariate and multivariate analyses, and are interpreted in terms of dietary regimes. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Congenital syphilis in the past: Slaves at Newton Plantation, Barbados, West Indies
Authors: Jacobi Keith P. , Cook Della Collins , Corruccini Robert S. , Handler Jerome S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractHutchinson's incisors and Moon's molars are specific lesions of congenital syphilis. The extensive but fragmentary clinical literature on these conditions describes reduced dimensions and thin enamel in the permanent incisors and first molars, crowding and infolding of the first molar cusps, notching of the upper incisors, and apical hypoplasias of the permanent canines. A Barbados slave cemetery (ca. 1660–1820 AD) includes three individuals with these features, suggesting a frequency at birth of congenital syphilis in the population approaching 10%. These three cases show triple the frequency of all hypoplasias and more than seven times the frequency of pitting hypoplasia present in the remainder of the series. The recognizable congenital syphilis cases account for much of the remarkably high frequency of hypoplasias in the series as a whole. We infer that syphilis contributed substantially to morbidity, infant mortality, and infertility in this population. Presence or absence of congenital syphilis may account for much of the variability in health and mortality seen among nineteenth century African‐American populations. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relationship of squamosal suture to asterion in pongids (Pan): Relevance to early hominid brain evolution
Authors: Holloway Ralph L. , Shapiro Jill S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBased on 244 measurements of the relationship of the squamosal suture to the landmark asterion in 49 chimpanzee skulls, it is shown that in the normal lateral view the squamosal suture is very rarely inferior to asterion. In hominid crania, the squamosal suture is always well superior to asterion. Even in Pan, that part of the squamosal suture most homologous with the remnant found on the Hadar AL 162–28 Australopithecus afarensis hominid cranial fragment is very rarely inferior to asterion. Such variability suggests that Falk's (Nature 313:45–47, 1985) orientation of the Hadar specimen is incorrect; she places asterion superior to the position of the squamosal suture if projected endocranially. The implication for the brain endocast is that, however the fragment is oriented, the posterior aspect of the intraparietal (IP) sulcus is in a very posterior position relative to any chimpanzee brain. The distance from the posterior aspect of IP to occipital pole is twice as great in chimpanzee brain casts than on the Hadar AL 162–28 endocast, even though the chimpanzee brain casts are smaller in overall size. This suggests that brain reorganization, at least as exemplified as a reduction in primary visual striate cortex (area 17 of Brodmann), occurred early in hominid evolution, prior to any major brain expansion. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evolution of the power (“squeeze”) grip and its morphological correlates in hominids
Authors: Marzke M. W. , Wullstein K. L. , Viegas S. F. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe “squeeze” form of power grip is investigated for the purposes of clarifying the hand posture and activities associated with the grip, assessing the potential in chimpanzees for using the grip, and identifying morphological correlates of an effective power grip that may be recognized in fossil hominid species. Our approaches include: (1) the analysis of the human grip, focusing on both the hand posture involved and hand movements associated with use of the grip in hammering; (2) the analysis of similar chimpanzee grips and associated movements; (3) comparative functional analysis of regions in the hand exploited and stressed by the grip and its associated movements in humans; and (4) a review of the literature on the power grip and its morphological correlates. Results of the study indicate that humans use a squeeze form of power grip effectively to wield cylindrical tools forcefully as extensions of the forearm. Several morphological features occur in high frequency among humans which facilitate the grip and are consistent with the large internal and external forces associated with it in hammering and in other tool‐using activities. Chimpanzee hand postures resembling this form of human power grip are not fully comparable and lack some of these morphological correlates that facilitate its use. The hand of Australopithecus afarensis does not appear to have been stressed by use of the grip, but there is some evidence for this type of stress in the metacarpals from Sterkfontein Member 4. Hands from Olduvai and Swartkrans do not provide sufficient evidence for assessment of power grip capabilities. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Estimating femur and tibia length from fragmentary bones: An evaluation of Steele's (1970) method using a prehistoric European sample
Authors: Jacobs Kenneth 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSteele's (1970) regression method for estimating femur and tibia length from fragmentary bones is tested on a sample of complete femora (female N = 26; male N = 33) and tibiae (female N = 16; male N = 22) from a number of European Mesolithic and Neolithic sites. Over half of the regression equations given by Steele for predicting maximum length of the bone from the length(s) of one or more of its constituent segments are shown to produce inaccurate predictions in this test sample. However, a closer evaluation of these results, including calculation of regression equations for the test sample itself, reveals that this inaccuracy does not derive from any inherent flaw in Steele's method. Rather, it is shown that differential distribution of maximum bone length among the various bone segments as defined by Steele may occur due to variation in muscular activity pattern and intensity. This argues for the retention of Steele's basic method, with care being taken to match closely the activity pattern typical of the sample from which regression equations are derived with that of the population to which the equations are to be applied. The equations calculated in this study thus are provided for use where deemed appropriate. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Measurement of subcutaneous adipose tissue using ultrasound images
Authors: Ramirez Maria E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe objectives of this paper are to explore the potential of the ultrasound technique to quantify subcutaneous adipose tissue, and to explain the differences between skinfolds and ultrasound measurements across a large range of ages and levels of adiposity. The sample consisted of 115 men and 117 women aged 35 to 51 years, 132 girls and 145 boys aged 12 to 20 years.Subcutaneous fat thickness was measured at four sites using skinfolds calipers, and at seven sites using a real‐time B‐mode ultrasound scanner. Anthropometric measurements were obtained, and percent body fat was estimated using electric impedance.The agreement between skinfolds and ultrasound measurements was calculated for each age and sex group. The agreement between techniques, and the levels of correlation between body composition and fatness measurements were high in the sample of young men. However, the results were less consistent in the other groups. Site specific differences were also noted. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Probit and survival analysis of tooth emergence ages in a mixed‐longitudinal sample of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
Authors: Kuykendall Kevin L. , Mahoney C. James , Conroy Glenn C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTooth emergence data from a mixed‐longitudinal sample of 58 chimpanzees of known age were analyzed using probit and survival techniques to produce median emergence ages, ranges of variability, and emergence sequences for primary and permanent teeth. Between‐group comparisons were made to test for statistically significant differences in emergence ages. No such differences were found between right and left sides, or between maxilla and mandible, for any primary or permanent teeth. Male‐female comparisons did demonstrate significant emergence‐age differences for some teeth, although they were not always bilaterally symmetrical. More complete data are required to further clarify the nature of sex differences in tooth emergence in chimpanzees. Regression models for age prediction from the number of emerged teeth were generated and indicate that males achieve a given number of emerged teeth at a significantly later age than females. However, when fewer than five teeth have emerged, males are predicted to be younger than females. The sizable root mean square error values for these models suggest that this method of age prediction has limited usefulness owing to the amount of variability in timing of tooth emergence in chimpanzees. The implications of these data for studies on tooth emergence in early hominids are addressed. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gene geography of South America: Testing models of population displacement based on archeological evidence
Authors: Rothhammer Francisco , Silva Claudio 
Published: February 2006

AbstractGene frequencies for 13 marker systems are used to construct synthetic gene frequency maps of South America. The surfaces generated using the first three principal components exhibit clines which validate models of population displacement based on archeological data and a previous analysis of craniometrical variation. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Human marriage systems and sexual dimorphism in stature
Authors: Gaulin Steven J. C. , Boster James S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractContemporary populations of Homo sapiens are sexually dimorphic on a variety of traits. In terms of stature, men are reliably between 4% and 10% taller than women in well‐sampled human populations. Are cross‐cultural differences in the magnitude of sexual dimorphism consistent with expectations from sexual selection theory? Prior studies have provided conflicting answers to this question in part because they failed to agree on how the force of sexual selection should or could be operationalized. Here we offer a simple and unbiased method for operationalizing sexual selection and retest two separate predictions from earlier work (Alexander et al., 1979) about its expected impact on stature dimorphism in a sample of 155 societies. Neither prediction matches the observed cross‐cultural distribution of dimorphism. However, this is not the consequence of a random distribution of dimorphism across societies. Instead, the data exhibit a robust and unexpected pattern. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biomechanical analysis of masticatory system configuration in Neandertals and Inuits
Authors: Spencer M. A. , Demes B. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractConsiderable debate has surrounded the adaptive significance of Neandertal craniofacial morphology. Numerous unique morphological features of this form have been interpreted as indicating an adaptation to intense anterior tooth use. Conversely, it has been argued that certain features related to muscle position imply a reduced mechanical advantage for producing bite forces on the incisors and canines. In this study, hypotheses about morphological specializations for anterior tooth use have been derived from a biomechanical model of Greaves (1978). These hypotheses were tested by performing separate pairwise comparisons of Neandertals and early Homo sapiens, and Inuits and Native Americans from Utah. Inuits are known to have produced repeated and high magnitude forces on their anterior dentition and therefore serve as a good model for a hominid adapted to intensive anterior tooth use. Biomechanically relevant dimensions of the masticatory system were measured using a computer‐driven video analysis system and compared between the two taxa in each comparison. The results of this study reveal a number of similarities between the morphological specializations exhibited by Neandertals and Inuits that can be related to intensified anterior tooth use. The hypothesis that Neandertals were poorly designed for producing masticatory forces is rejected. Specializations that differ between the two groups are interpreted as being the result of differential functional demands placed on the postcanine dentition in Neandertals and Inuits. It is suggested that many of the unique morphological features of the Neandertal face are a response to intensified use of the anterior dentition and the need to retain a sufficiently large postcanine occlusal area necessary for a relatively high attrition diet. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic relationships of European populations reflect their ethnohistorical affinities
Authors: Sokal Robert R. , Jacquez Geoffrey M. , Oden Neal L. , DiGiovanni Donna , Falsetti Anthony B. , McGee Elizabeth , Thomson Barbara A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractFrom 420 records of ethnic locations and movements since 2000 B. C., we computed vectors describing the proportions which peoples of the various European language families contributed to the gene pools within 85 land‐based 5 × 5‐degree quadrats in Europe. Using these language family vectors, we computed ethnohistorical affinities as arc distances between all pairs of the 85 quadrats. These affinities are significantly correlated with genetic distances based on 26 genetic systems, even when geographic distances, a common causative factor, are held constant. Thus, the ethnohistorical distances explain a significant amount of the genetic variation observed in modern populations. Randomizations of the records by chronology result in loss of significance for the observed partial correlation between genetics and ethnohistory, when geography is held constant. However, a randomization of records by location only results in reduced significance. Thus, while the historical sequence of the movements does not seem to matter in Europe, their geographic locations do. We discuss the implications of these findings. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mandible of Ouranopithecus macedoniensis (Hominidae, primates) from a new late Miocene locality of Macedonia (Greece)
Authors: Koufos George D. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn 1990, a new late Miocene locality named “Nikiti 1” or NKT, was discovered near the village of Nikiti (Chalkidiki, Macedonia, Greece) about 100 km east of Thessaloniki City. The locality is situated in the Nikiti Formation, which consists of yellowish sands, gravels and pebbles and has been dated to late Vallesian–early Turolian. Among the initially collected fossils there is a mandible of a hominoid primate, which is described, compared, and attributed to Ouranopithecus macedoniensis. A short review of the species in Macedonia and its phylogenetic relationships are also given. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Variables affecting dental fluctuating asymmetry in human isolates
Authors: Hershkovitz I. , Livshits G. , Moskona D. , Arensburg B. , Kobyliansky E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe aims of the present study are to 1) determine and describe levels of dental fluctuating asymmetry (FA) in a highly endogamous human group; 2) evaluate the effects of various FA measures on perceived FA levels and their interrelationships; 3) study the connections between dental variables (tooth size, class, position, type, location and dimension) and FA levels; and 4) estimate the interrelationships between dental FA measures. The study was carried out on 242 Bedouin boys aged 5 to 14 years. The results demonstrate that the main variables influencing dental FA levels within this population are tooth class (incisors, canine, premolars, molars) and position (mesial, distal) and that the interaction between the two is significant. When sample sizes are large enough and individual measures are needed for the statistical analysis, the use of a computational method based on absolute values is legitimate. Clear relationships between some FA dental traits are discerned though principal‐components analysis. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cannibalism in Chaco Canyon: The charnel pit excavated in 1926 at Small House ruin by Frank H.H. Roberts, Jr.
Authors: Turner Christy G. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA charnel pit that contained the disarticulated and intentionally damaged remains of eight incomplete adult and subadult Anasazi skeletons was found and excavated in 1926 by F. H. H. Roberts, Jr., at an AD 900 ruin he named Small House, located in Chaco Canyon, northwestern New Mexico. Damage includes extensive perimortem cranial and postcranial bone breakage, cut marks, anvil hammerstone abrasions, burning, many missing vertebrae, and fragment end‐polishing. Together, these six types of perimortem damage are believed to be the taphonomic signature of prehistoric Anasazi cannibalism. The possible cause of the Small House episode is discussed within the framework of two explanatory models‐random social pathology and institutionalized social control by violent means. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.