bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of fluid resuscitation on renal microvascular PO2 in a normotensive rat model of endotoxemia
Authors: Johannes Tanja , Mik Egbert G , Nohé Boris , Raat Nicolaas JH , Unertl Klaus E , Ince Can 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Introduction
Septic renal failure is often seen in the intensive care unit but its pathogenesis is only partly understood. This study, performed in a normotensive rat model of endotoxemia, tests the hypotheses that endotoxemia impairs renal microvascular PO2 (μPO2) and oxygen consumption (VO2,ren), that endotoxemia is associated with a diminished kidney function, that fluid resuscitation can restore μPO2, VO2,ren and kidney function, and that colloids are more effective than crystalloids.

Methods
Male Wistar rats received a one-hour intravenous infusion of lipopolysaccharide, followed by resuscitation with HES130/0.4 (Voluven®), HES200/0.5 (HES-STERIL®® 6%) or Ringer's lactate. The renal μPO2 in the cortex and medulla and the renal venous PO2 were measured by a recently published phosphorescence lifetime technique.

Results
Endotoxemia induced a reduction in renal blood flow and anuria, while the renal μPO2 and VO2,ren remained relatively unchanged. Resuscitation restored renal blood flow, renal oxygen delivery and kidney function to baseline values, and was associated with oxygen redistribution showing different patterns for the different compounds used. HES200/0.5 and Ringer's lactate increased the VO2,ren, in contrast to HES130/0.4.

Conclusion
The loss of kidney function during endotoxemia could not be explained by an oxygen deficiency. Renal oxygen redistribution could for the first time be demonstrated during fluid resuscitation. HES130/0.4 had no influence on the VO2,ren and restored renal function with the least increase in the amount of renal work.
Status of complete proteome analysis by mass spectrometry: SILAC labeled yeast as a model system
Authors: de Godoy Lyris MF , Olsen Jesper V , de Souza Gustavo A , Li Guoqing , Mortensen Peter , Mann Matthias 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Background
Mass spectrometry has become a powerful tool for the analysis of large numbers of proteins in complex samples, enabling much of proteomics. Due to various analytical challenges, so far no proteome has been sequenced completely. O'Shea, Weissman and co-workers have recently determined the copy number of yeast proteins, making this proteome an excellent model system to study factors affecting coverage.

Results
To probe the yeast proteome in depth and determine factors currently preventing complete analysis, we grew yeast cells, extracted proteins and separated them by one-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Peptides resulting from trypsin digestion were analyzed by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry on a linear ion trap-Fourier transform mass spectrometer with very high mass accuracy and sequencing speed. We achieved unambiguous identification of more than 2,000 proteins, including very low abundant ones. Effective dynamic range was limited to about 1,000 and effective sensitivity to about 500 femtomoles, far from the subfemtomole sensitivity possible with single proteins. We used SILAC (stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture) to generate one-to-one pairs of true peptide signals and investigated if sensitivity, sequencing speed or dynamic range were limiting the analysis.

Conclusion
Advanced mass spectrometry methods can unambiguously identify more than 2,000 proteins in a single proteome. Complex mixture analysis is not limited by sensitivity but by a combination of dynamic range (high abundance peptides preventing sequencing of low abundance ones) and by effective sequencing speed. Substantially increased coverage of the yeast proteome appears feasible with further development in software and instrumentation.
Prospective Phase II Study of Gefitinib for Chemotherapy-Naïve Patients With Advanced Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer With Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Gene Mutations
Authors: Inoue Akira , Suzuki Takuji , Fukuhara Tatsuro , Maemondo Makoto , Kimura Yuichiro , Morikawa Naoto , Watanabe Hiroshi , Saijo Yasuo , Nukiwa Toshihiro 
Published: June 2006

PurposeThis study was undertaken to investigate the efficacy and the feasibility of gefitinib for chemotherapy-naïve patients with advanced non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) harboring epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations.Patients and MethodsThe EGFR gene status in various tumor samples obtained from chemotherapy-naïve advanced NSCLC patients was examined by DNA sequencing of EGFR exons 18 to 23. Patients harboring EGFR mutations received gefitinib (250 mg/d) alone. The response rate, progression-free survival (PFS), and toxicity profile were assessed prospectively.ResultsBetween June 2004 and October 2005, 75 patients were examined for the EGFR status, and 25 patients (33%) harbored EGFR mutations. EGFR mutations were significantly frequent in females (P < .01) and never or light smokers (P < .001). Sixteen patients with EGFR mutations were enrolled onto the study. The overall response rate in these patients was 75% (95% CI, 54% to 96%), and the disease control rate was 88% (95% CI, 71% to 100%). The median PFS time of these patients was 9.7 months (95% CI, 7.4 to 9.9 months). No life-threatening toxicity was observed.ConclusionTreatment with gefitinib alone for chemotherapy-naïve NSCLC patients with EGFR mutations could achieve a high efficacy with acceptable toxicity. To assess the proper timing of gefitinib in such patients, a subsequent randomized trial comparing gefitinib with standard chemotherapy is warranted.
The relationship between body size and evoked potentials from the statocysts of the prawnPalaemon serratus
Authors: Lovell J. M. , Moate R. M. , Christiansen L. , Findlay M. M. 
Published: June 2006

SUMMARYThe organisation of the statocyst hair cells and auditory evoked potentials(AEPs) generated by the afferents in three body size classes of prawn(Palaemon serratus) have been studied using a combination of anatomical, electron microscopic and electrophysiological approaches. The statistical examination of the relationship between the sensory setae and body size showed an increase in both the length and number of statocyst hair cells as the animal grows. In view of this finding, the response of the statocyst organ to a 500 Hz tone burst was recorded from four specimens from each size class using two subcutaneous electrodes, positioned in the carapace close to the supraoesophageal ganglion and statocyst. Neither body size nor the number of afferents in the statocyst has any significant impact on the amplitude of AEPs in response to the 500 Hz tone burst. The findings of this study show that P. serratus is capable of hearing a 500 Hz tone regardless of body size, a finding that is of ecological importance when considering the effect of anthropogenic sound on crustaceans.
Following the heart: temperature and salinity effects on heart rate in native and invasive species of blue mussels (genusMytilus)
Authors: Braby Caren E. , Somero George N. 
Published: June 2006

SUMMARYThe three species of blue mussels, Mytilus trossulus Gould 1850, M. edulis Linnaeus 1758 and M. galloprovincialis Lamarck 1819, have distinct global distribution patterns that are hypothesized to reflect differences in their tolerances of temperature and salinity. We examined effects on heart rate (beats min–1) of acute exposure and acclimation to different combinations of temperature and salinity to test this hypothesis and, in the context of the invasive success of M. galloprovincialis, to gain insights into the factors that may explain the replacement of the temperate Pacific native, M. trossulus, by this Mediterranean Sea invader along much of the California coast. Heart rate of M. trossulus was significantly higher than that of M. galloprovincialis, consistent with evolutionary adaptation to a lower habitat temperature (temperature compensation) in the former species. Heart rates of M. trossulus/M. galloprovincialis hybrids were intermediate between those of the parental species. Following acclimation to 14°C and 21°C, heart rates of all species exhibited partial compensation to temperature.Heart rate increased with rising temperature until a high temperature was reached at which point activity fell sharply, the high critical temperature(Hcrit). Hcrit increased with increasing acclimation temperature and differed among species in a pattern that reflected their probable evolutionary adaptation temperatures: M. galloprovincialis is more heat tolerant than the other two congeners. Ability to sustain heart function in the cold also reflected evolutionary history: M. trossulus is more cold tolerant than M. galloprovincialis.Heart rates for all three congeners decreased gradually in response to acute reductions in salinity until a low salinity (Scrit)was reached at which heart rate dropped precipitously. Scrit decreased with decreasing salinity of acclimation and was generally lowest for M. galloprovincialis. Mortality during acclimation under common garden conditions was greatest in M. trossulus and was highest at high acclimation temperatures and salinities. These intrinsic differences in basal heart rate, thermal and salinity responses, acclimatory capacity, and survivorship are discussed in the contexts of the species' biogeographic patterning and, for the invasive species M. galloprovincialis, the potential for further range expansion along the Pacific coast of North America.
Somite formation and expression ofMyoD,myogeninandmyosinin Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossusL.)embryos incubated at different temperatures: transient asymmetric expression ofMyoD
Authors: Galloway Trina F. , Bardal Tora , Kvam Sylvia N. , Dahle Stine W. , Nesse Gaute , Randøl Markus , Kjørsvik Elin , Andersen Øivind 
Published: June 2006

SUMMARYGenes encoding the myogenic regulating factors MyoD and myogenin and the structural muscle proteins myosin light chain 2 (MyLC2) and myosin heavy chain(MyHC) were isolated from juvenile Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.). The impact of temperature on their temporal and spatial expression during somitogenesis were examined by incubating halibut embryos at 4, 6 and 8°C, and regularly sampling for whole-mount in situhybridisation and reverse transcription (RT)–PCR.There were no significant effects of temperature on the onset of somitogenesis or number of somites at hatching. The rate of somite formation increased with increasing temperature, and the expression of MyoD, myogenin and MyHC followed the cranial-to-caudal somite formation. Hence, no significant effect of temperature on the spatial and temporal expression of the genes studied was found in relation to somite stage. MyoD, which has subsequently been shown to encode the MyoD2 isoform, displayed a novel bilaterally asymmetric expression pattern only in white muscle precursor cells during early halibut somitogenesis. The expression of myogenin resembled that previously described for other fish species, and preceded the MyHC expression by approximately five somites. Two MyLC2 cDNA sequences were for the first time described for a flatfish, probably representing embryonic (MyLC2a) and larval/juvenile(MyLC2b) isoforms.Factors regulating muscle determination, differentiation and development have so far mostly been studied in vertebrates with external bilateral symmetry. The findings of the present study suggest that more such investigations of flatfish species could provide valuable information on how muscle-regulating mechanisms work in species with different anatomical,physiological and ecological traits.
The effects of endogenous and exogenous nitric oxide on gut motility in zebrafish Danio rerio embryos and larvae
Authors: Holmberg Anna , Olsson Catharina , Holmgren Susanne 
Published: June 2006

SUMMARY
Using motion analysis, the ontogeny of the nitrergic control system in the gut was studied in vivo in zebrafish Danio rerio embryos and larvae. For the first time we show the presence of a nitrergic tonus,modulating both anterograde and retrograde contraction waves in the intestine of developing zebrafish. At 4 d.p.f. (days post fertilisation), the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor l-NAME (three boluses of 50–100 nl, 10–3 mol l–1) increased the anterograde contraction wave frequency by 0.50±0.10 cycles min–1. Subsequent application of the NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP; three boluses of 50–100 nl, 10–4mol l–1) reduced the frequency of propagating anterograde waves (–0.71±0.20 cycles min–1). This coincided with the first appearance of an excitatory cholinergic tonus, observed in an earlier study. One day later, at 5 d.p.f., in addition to the effect on anterograde contraction waves, application of l-NAME increased(0.39±0.15 cycles min–1) and following SNP application reduced (–1.61±0.36 cycles min–1) the retrograde contraction wave frequency. In contrast, at 3 d.p.f., when no spontaneous motility is observed, application of l-NAME did not induce contraction waves in either part of the gut, indicating the lack of a functional inhibitory tonus at this early stage. Gut neurons expressing NOS-like immunoreactivity were present in the distal and middle intestine as early as 2 d.p.f., and at 1 day later in the proximal intestine. In conclusion, the present study suggests that a nitrergic inhibitory tonus develops shortly before or at the time for onset of exogenous feeding.
Storage and recovery of elastic potential energy powers ballistic prey capture in toads
Authors: Lappin A. Kristopher , Monroy Jenna A. , Pilarski Jason Q. , Zepnewski Eric D. , Pierotti David J. , Nishikawa Kiisa C. 
Published: June 2006

SUMMARYBallistic tongue projection in toads is a remarkably fast and powerful movement. The goals of this study were to: (1) quantify in vivo power output and activity of the depressor mandibulae muscles that are responsible for ballistic mouth opening, which powers tongue projection; (2) quantify the elastic properties of the depressor mandibulae muscles and their series connective tissues using in situ muscle stimulation and force-lever studies; and (3) develop and test an elastic recoil model, based on the observed elastic properties of the depressor mandibulae muscles and series connective tissues, that accounts for displacement, velocity, acceleration and power output during ballistic mouth opening in toads. The results demonstrate that the depressor mandibulae muscles of toads are active for up to 250 ms prior to mouth opening. During this time, strains of up to 21.4% muscle resting length (ML) develop in the muscles and series connective tissues. At maximum isometric force, series connective tissues develop strains up to 14% ML, and the muscle itself develops strains up to 17.5%ML. When the mouth opens rapidly, the peak instantaneous power output of the depressor mandibulae muscles and series connective tissues can reach 9600 W kg–1. The results suggest that: (1) elastic recoil of muscle itself can contribute significantly to the power of ballistic movements; (2) strain in series elastic elements of the depressor mandibulae muscle is too large to be borne entirely by the cross bridges and the actin–myosin filament lattice; and (3) central nervous control of ballistic tongue projection in toads likely requires the specification of relatively few parameters.
Metabolic organization of freshwater, euryhaline, and marine elasmobranchs: implications for the evolution of energy metabolism in sharks and rays
Authors: Speers-Roesch B. , Ip Y. K. , Ballantyne J. S. 
Published: June 2006

SUMMARY
To test the hypothesis that the preference for ketone bodies rather than lipids as oxidative fuel in elasmobranchs evolved in response to the appearance of urea-based osmoregulation, we measured total non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) in plasma as well as maximal activities of enzymes of intermediary metabolism in tissues from marine and freshwater elasmobranchs,including: the river stingray Potamotrygon motoro (&lt;1 mmol l–1 plasma urea); the marine stingray Taeniura lymma, and the marine shark Chiloscyllium punctatum (&gt;300 mmol l–1 plasma urea); and the euryhaline freshwater stingray Himantura signifer, which possesses intermediate levels of urea. H. signifer also were acclimated to half-strength seawater(15‰) for 2 weeks to ascertain the metabolic effects of the higher urea level that results from salinity acclimation. Our results do not support the urea hypothesis. Enzyme activities and plasma NEFA in salinity-challenged H. signifer were largely unchanged from the freshwater controls, and the freshwater elasmobranchs did not show an enhanced capacity for extrahepatic lipid oxidation relative to the marine species. Importantly, and contrary to previous studies, extrahepatic lipid oxidation does occur in elasmobranchs, based on high carnitine palmitoyl transferase (CPT) activities in kidney and rectal gland. Heart CPT in the stingrays was detectable but low,indicating some capacity for lipid oxidation. CPT was undetectable in red muscle, and almost undetectable in heart, from C. punctatum as well as in white muscle from T. lymma. We propose a revised model of tissue-specific lipid oxidation in elasmobranchs, with high levels in liver,kidney and rectal gland, low or undetectable levels in heart, and none in red or white muscle. Plasma NEFA levels were low in all species, as previously noted in elasmobranchs. D-β-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase(d-β-HBDH) was high in most tissues confirming the importance of ketone bodies in elasmobranchs. However, very low d-β-HBDH in kidney from T. lymma indicates that interspecific variability in ketone body utilization occurs. A negative relationship was observed across species between liver glutamate dehydrogenase activity and tissue or plasma urea levels, suggesting that glutamate is preferentially deaminated in freshwater elasmobranchs because it does not need to be shunted to urea production as in marine elasmobranchs.
The cost of running uphill: linking organismal and muscle energy use in guinea fowl (Numida meleagris)
Authors: Rubenson Jonas , Henry Havalee T. , Dimoulas Peter M. , Marsh Richard L. 
Published: June 2006

SUMMARYUphill running requires more energy than level running at the same speed,largely due to the additional mechanical work of elevating the body weight. We explored the distribution of energy use among the leg muscles of guinea fowl running on the level and uphill using both organismal energy expenditure(oxygen consumption) and muscle blood flow measurements. We tested each bird under four conditions: (1) rest, (2) a moderate-speed level run at 1.5 m s–1, (3) an incline run at 1.5 m s–1 with a 15% gradient and (4) a fast level run at a speed eliciting the same metabolic rate as did running at a 15% gradient at 1.5 m s–1(2.28–2.39 m s–1). The organismal energy expenditure increased by 30% between the moderate-speed level run and both the fast level run and the incline run, and was matched by a proportional increase in total blood flow to the leg muscles. We found that blood flow increased significantly to nearly all the leg muscles between the moderate-speed level run and the incline run. However, the increase in flow was distributed unevenly across the leg muscles, with just three muscles being responsible for over 50% of the total increase in blood flow during uphill running. Three muscles showed significant increases in blood flow with increased incline but not with an increase in speed. Increasing the volume of active muscle may explain why in a previous study a higher maximal rate of oxygen consumption was measured during uphill running. The majority of the increase in energy expenditure between level and incline running was used in stance-phase muscles. Proximal stance-phase extensor muscles with parallel fibers and short tendons, which have been considered particularly well suited for doing positive work on the center of mass, increased their mass-specific energy use during uphill running significantly more than pinnate stance-phase muscles. This finding provides some evidence for a division of labor among muscles used for mechanical work production based on their muscle–tendon architecture. Nevertheless, 33% of the total increase in energy use (40% of the increase in stance-phase energy use) during uphill running was provided by pinnate stance-phase muscles. Swing-phase muscles also increase their energy expenditure during uphill running, although to a lesser extent than that required by running faster on the level. These results suggest that neither muscle–tendon nor musculoskeletal architecture appear to greatly restrict the ability of muscles to do work during locomotor tasks such as uphill running, and that the added energy cost of running uphill is not solely due to lifting the body center of mass.
Formation and Optical Absorption Spectra of Mixed Valence State of Tl in Tl2Nb2O6+x with Pyrochlore Structure
Authors: Mizoguchi Hiroshi , Kawazoe Hiroshi , Ueda Takahiro , Hayashi Shigenobu , Hosono Hideo , Ueda Naoyuki 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The new thallium mixed valence compound Tl2Nb2O6+x (0.1 &lt; x &lt; 1.1) with a defect pyrochlore structure was synthesized by inserting excess oxygen under an oxygen atmosphere up to 2 MPa. A distinct red shift with ca. 0.25 eV of absorption edge was observed on going from x = 0.1 to x = 1.1, and a new and weak absorption band was observed for the samples with large x, at 0.6 eV for x = 1.1 and at 0.8 eV for x = 0.9. The induced band was tentatively ascribed to be due to intervalence charge transfer between Tl+ and Tl3+. As x increased, full width at half maximum of Tl4f7/2 increased from 2.4 to 3.0 eV in X-ray photoemission spectra. 205Tl NMR spectra showed the unusual behavior that the absorption due to Tl+ vanished as x increased to ca. 1. Electrical conducting properties of these compounds were semiconductive, independent of x. The optical and electrical properties demonstrated the presence of the mixed valence states of Tl in these oxides.
Photochemical Behavior of 1,3-Diaryltriazene 1-Oxides
Authors: El-Din Ahmed Moukhtar Nour , Mohamed Shaaban Kamel , Döpp Dietrich 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Photolysis of the 1,3-dipolar unsymmetrical 1,3-triazene 1-oxides in aromatic and nonaromatic solvents led to their decomposition. 2-Hydroxyazobenzene, mono- and disubstituted biaryls were produced.
Metal Ion-Exchanged Montmorillonites as Practical and Useful Solid Catalysts for the Synthesis of α-Tocopherol
Authors: Matsui Makoto , Yamamoto Hisashi 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Metal ion-exchanged montmorillonites were found to be efficient catalysts for the condensation reaction of trimethylhydroquinone with isophytol to afford α-tocopherol in high yield. The condensation reaction proceeded smoothly using 50 w/w% of catalyst in various solvents. The catalyst was easily recovered by filtration of the reaction mixture after the reaction was completed, and could be reused.
Mass-Spectrometric Study on Ion–Molecule Reactions of CF3+ with Monosubstituted Benzenes Carrying a Hydroxy or Alkoxy Group at Near-Thermal Energies
Authors: Tsuji Masaharu , Aizawa Masato , Nishimura Yukio 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The gas-phase ion-molecule reactions of CF3+ with monosubstituted benzenes carrying a hydroxy or alkoxy group [PhX: X = OH, CH2OH, CH2CH2OH, CH(OH)CH3, OCH3, and OC2H5] have been studied at near-thermal energies using an ion-beam apparatus. The major product channels are electrophilic addition on the O-atom, followed by loss of CF3OH, for ROH (R = Ph, PhCH2, PhCH2CH2, PhCHCH3); while they are electrophilic addition to a ring and a substituent, followed by molecular eliminations such as HF, C2H4, and PhF, for PhOCH3 and PhOC2H5. As a minor product channel, charge transfer is found for PhOH, PhOCH3, and PhOC2H5. The reaction mechanism is discussed based on product ion distributions and theoretical calculations of the potential energies of reaction pathways.