bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intraoperative subcortical stimulation mapping of language pathways in a consecutive series of 115 patients with Grade II glioma in the left dominant hemisphere
Authors: Duffau Hugues , Gatignol Peggy , Mandonnet Emmanuel , Capelle Laurent , Taillandier Luc 
Published: August 2008

Object
Despite better knowledge of cortical language organization, its subcortical anatomofunctional connectivity remains poorly understood. The authors used intraoperative subcortical stimulation in awake patients undergoing operation for a glioma in the left dominant hemisphere to map the language pathways and to determine the contribution of such a method to surgical results.

Methods
One hundred fifteen patients harboring a World Health Organization Grade II glioma within language areas underwent operation after induction of local anesthesia, using direct electrical stimulation to perform online cortical and subcortical language mapping throughout the resection.

Results
After detection of cortical language sites, the authors identified 1 or several of the following subcortical language pathways in all patients: 1) arcuate fasciculus, eliciting phonemic paraphasia when stimulated; 2) inferior frontooccipital fasciculus, generating semantic paraphasia when stimulated; 3) subcallosal fasciculus, inducing transcortical motor aphasia during stimulation; 4) frontoparietal phonological loop, eliciting speech apraxia during stimulation; and 5) fibers coming from the ventral premotor cortex, inducing anarthria when stimulated. These structures were preserved, representing the limits of the resection. Despite a transient immediate postoperative worsening, all but 2 patients (98%) returned to baseline or better. On control MR imaging, 83% of resections were total or subtotal.

Conclusions
These results represent the largest experience with human subcortical language mapping ever reported. The use of intraoperative cortical and subcortical stimulation gives a unique opportunity to perform an accurate and reliable real-time anatomofunctional study of language connectivity. Such knowledge of the individual organization of language networks enables practitioners to optimize the benefit-to-risk ratio of surgery for Grade II glioma within the left dominant hemisphere.
Surgical management and outcome of large orbitocranial osteomas
Authors: Secer Halil Ibrahim , Gonul Engin , Izci Yusuf 
Published: August 2008

Object
The goal of this study is to review the surgical management and outcome of patients who were treated for large orbitocranial osteomas at Gulhane Military Medical Academy over a period of 7 years.

Methods
Twenty-one patients with large orbitocranial osteomas were evaluated retrospectively. All patients were male and between 19 and 25 years old. Surgery was performed in all patients. The main surgical procedure was resection of the osteoma using orbitotomy and/or craniotomy followed by orbital reconstruction and cranioplasty. Cranioplasty was performed in 16 patients, using methyl methacrylate in 5 patients (31%) and porous polyethylene in 11 patients (69%). Thin, flexible, porous polyethylene was preferred for orbital reconstruction in 10 patients. The cranioplasty materials were attached to the intact bone using miniplates.

Results
There were no severe postoperative complications. Mild transient periorbital ecchymosis was noted in 19 patients. The mean follow-up period was 11.7 months (range 9–24 months) after surgery. No tumor regrowth was observed in any patient at the end of the follow-up period.

Conclusions
Large osteomas of the orbitocranial region must be resected for cosmetic and functional reasons. Selection and planning of the surgical technique should be based on the direction of the tumor growth and on the size of the tumor and the structures that are compressed by the tumor.
Reduction of ischemic brain injury in rats with normothermic and hyperthermic conditions
Authors: Shabanzadeh Alireza P. , Shuaib Ashfaq , Wang Chen Xu 
Published: August 2008

Object
Statins have been used for induction of ischemic tolerance after cerebral ischemia. The authors have previously shown that simvastatin is protective after ischemic cerebral injury in normothermic conditions. In this study they further examined whether treatment with simvastatin can reduce ischemic brain injury in a hyperthermic condition.

Methods
Focal ischemic brain injury was induced by embolizing a preformed clot into the middle cerebral artery in rats. The authors initially examined whether treatment with simvastatin could reduce ischemic brain injury without or with hyperthermia. The infarct volume, edema, and neurological deficits were examined. They then studied whether simvastatin could reduce the perfusion deficits, damage to the blood–brain barrier (BBB), and degeneration of neurons in the ischemic injured brain.

Results
Simvastatin significantly reduced the infarct volume in both normothermic and hyperthermic conditions, compared with appropriate controls. Concomitantly, this treatment also significantly reduced neurological deficits and brain edema. Administration of simvastatin significantly decreased perfusion deficits, BBB permeability, and degenerated neurons.

Conclusions
These studies suggest that simvastatin is an effective agent for ischemic brain injury not only in normothermic but also in hyperthermic conditions, which may be through the decrease of BBB permeability, degenerated neurons, and perfusion deficits.
Proteomic characterization of primary diffuse large B-cell lymphomas in the central nervous system
Authors: Li Jie , Okamoto Hiroaki , Yin Chunyue , Jagannathan Jay , Takizawa Jun , Aoki Sadao , Gläsker Sven , Rushing Elisabeth J. , Vortmeyer Alexander O. , Oldfield Edward H. , Yamanaka Ryuya , Zhuang Zhengping 
Published: August 2008

Object
The lack of primary lymphoid tissue within the central nervous system (CNS) confounds our understanding of the pathogenesis of primary CNS lymphomas (PCNSLs). Comparing the protein expression of PCNSLs and sporadic systemic lymphomas (SSLs) provides a useful strategy for identifying a molecular signature that characterizes disease-associated features and provides information regarding tumor initiation and progression.

Methods
Seven diffuse large B-cell PCNSLs were selected to undergo 2D gel electrophoresis, and profiled proteomes from these PCNSLs were compared with those from 7 diffuse large B-cell SSLs. Distinguishing proteins were sequenced using mass spectrometry.

Results
Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis identified an average of 706 proteins from each specimen. Computerized gel analysis and manual reconfirmation revealed a 96% similarity in the proteomes of PCNSLs and SSLs. Comparative analysis identified 9 proteins significantly overexpressed (p < 0.05) and 16 proteins downregulated in PCNSLs. The proteomic findings were further validated using Western blot and immunohistochemical staining.

Conclusions
The similarities in proteomic patterns between PCNSLs and SSLs suggest that these tumor types share structural similarities, acquired during differentiation. The ultimate fate of lymphomatous cells (CNS vs systemic) may be related to differentially expressed proteins, which function in homing and host processing. Elucidating the roles of these differentially expressed proteins will prove valuable in understanding the pathogenesis of PCNSL.
Effect of ependymal and pial surfaces on convectionenhanced delivery
Authors: Jagannathan Jay , Walbridge Stuart , Butman John A. , Oldfield Edward H. , Lonser Russell R. 
Published: August 2008

Object
Convection-enhanced delivery (CED) is increasingly used to investigate new treatments for central nervous system disorders. Although the properties of CED are well established in normal gray and white matter central nervous system structures, the effects on drug distribution imposed by ependymal and pial surfaces are not precisely defined. To determine the effect of these anatomical boundaries on CED, the authors infused low MW and high MW tracers for MR imaging near ependymal (periventricular) and pial (pericisternal) surfaces.

Methods
Five primates underwent CED of Gd-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (Gd-DTPA; MW 590 D) or Gd-bound albumin (Gd-albumin; MW 72,000 D) during serial real-time MR imaging (FLAIR and T1-weighted sequences). Periventricular (caudate) infusions were performed unilaterally in 1 animal (volume of infusion [Vi] 57 μl) and bilaterally in 1 animal with Gd-DTPA (Vi = 40 μl on each side), and bilaterally in 1 animal with Gd-albumin (Vi = 80 μl on each side). Pericisternal infusions were performed in 2 animals with Gd-DTPA (Vi = 190 μl) or with Gd-albumin (Vi = 185 μl) (1 animal each). Clinical effects, MR imaging, and histology were analyzed.

Results
Large regions of the brain and brainstem were perfused with both tracers. Intraparenchymal distribution was successfully tracked in real time by using T1-weighted MR imaging. During infusion, the volume of distribution (Vd) increased linearly (R2 = 0.98) with periventricular (mean Vd/Vi ratio ± standard deviation; 4.5 ± 0.5) and pericisternal (5.2 ± 0.3) Vi, but did so only until the leading edge of distribution reached the ependymal or pial surfaces, respectively. After the infusate reached either surface, the Vd/Vi decreased significantly (ependyma 2.9 ± 0.8, pia mater 3.6 ± 1.0; p < 0.05) and infusate entry into the ventricular or cisternal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was identified on FLAIR but not on T1-weighted MR images.

Conclusions
Ependymal and pial boundaries are permeable to small and large molecules delivered interstitially by convection. Once infusate reaches these surfaces, a portion enters the adjacent ventricular or cisternal CSF and the tissue Vd/Vi ratio decreases. Although T1-weighted MR imaging is best for tracking intraparenchymal infusate distribution, FLAIR MR imaging is the most sensitive and accurate for detecting entry of Gd-labeled imaging compounds into CSF during CED.
Automated, compliant, high-flow common carotid to middle cerebral artery bypass
Authors: Dacey Ralph G. , Zipfel Gregory J. , Ashley William W. , Chicoine Michael R. , Reinert Michael 
Published: August 2008

The authors describe the use of the Cardica C-Port xA Distal Anastomosis System to perform an automated, high-flow extracranial–intracranial bypass. The C-Port system has been developed and tested in coronary artery bypass surgery for rapid distal coronary artery anastomoses. Air-powered, it performs an automated end-to-side anastomosis within seconds by nearly simultaneously making an arteriotomy and inserting 13 microclips into the graft and recipient vessel. Intracranial use of the device was first simulated in a cadaver prepared for microsurgical anatomical dissection.
The authors used this system in a 43-year-old man who sustained a subarachnoid hemorrhage after being assaulted and was found to have a traumatic pseudoaneurysm of the proximal intracranial internal carotid artery. The aneurysm appeared to be enlarging on serial imaging studies and it was anticipated that a bypass would probably be needed to treat the lesion. An end-to-side bypass was performed with the C-Port system using a saphenous vein conduit extending from the common carotid artery to the middle cerebral artery. The bypass was demonstrated to be patent on intraoperative and postoperative arteriography. The patient had a temporary hyperperfusion syndrome and subsequently made a good neurological recovery.
The C-Port system facilitates the performance of a high-flow extracranial–intracranial bypass with short periods of temporary arterial occlusion. Because of the size and configuration of the device, its use is not feasible in all anatomical situations that require a high-flow bypass; however it is a useful addition to the armamentarium of the neurovascular surgeon.
Treatment of pediatric intracranial vascular malformations using Onyx-18
Authors: Jankowitz Brian T. , Vora Nirav , Jovin Tudor , Horowitz Michael 
Published: August 2008

Object
Onyx-18 is a relatively new liquid embolic agent. The initial success with this polymer will result in increased utilization in children, but its use and safety in the pediatric population have not been firmly established.

Methods
Between December 2005 and January 2008, the cerebral vascular malformations in 6 children were embolized using Onyx-18. The ages of the patients ranged from 1 day to 12 years. Pathological types of the vascular malformations included 4 arteriovenous malformations and 2 vein of Galen malformations. Clinical presentations included intracranial hemorrhage in 2 patients, papilledema in 1 patient, and high-output heart failure in 3 patients.

Results
In 6 pediatric patients, 21 embolization procedures were performed utilizing a combination of Onyx-18, platinum coils, and Embosphere microspheres. The average estimated size reduction for the arteriovenous malformations was 60%. Total obliteration of a malformation was achieved in 1 patient. Two patients received adjuvant radiosurgery. Of the 2 vein of Galen malformations, one was completely embolized and the other had an ~ 50% reduction in flow. No open surgical intervention was used. Clinical follow-up ranged from 7 to 12 months. Angiographic follow-up data were obtained at 1, 6, and 7 months in 3 patients, whereas 1 patient awaits repeat angiography. Complications included a transient monoparesis with complete resolution in 1 patient. Two patients died within 24 hours of an embolization procedure due to intracranial hemorrhages.

Conclusions
Onyx-18 is a feasible embolization agent for use in intracranial vascular malformations in the pediatric population, but long-term follow-up data will be necessary to assess the continued efficacy and safety of this agent.
Postnatal ascent of the cerebellar tonsils in Chiari malformation Type II following surgical repair of myelomeningocele
Authors: Morota Nobuhito , Ihara Satoshi 
Published: August 2008

Object
Postnatal improvement in Chiari malformation type II (CM-II) following surgical repair of myelomeningocele was evaluated.

Methods
The authors reviewed data obtained in 20 cases in which patients underwent postnatal myelomeningocele repair within the first 48 hours after birth between October 2002 and September 2006. In 14 patients (Group 1), myelomeningocele was diagnosed in utero and the infants were delivered by cesarean section at 35–39 weeks' gestation (mean 36.4). The 6 infants in Group 2 were born after full-term gestation (39–41 weeks), and their myelomeningoceles were diagnosed postnatally. In all 20 patients, the myelomeningoceles were surgically repaired postnatally. Dynamic change of the herniated cerebellar tonsils in CM-II before and after the myelomeningocele repair, associated hydrocephalus, and symptomatic CM-II were analyzed.

Results
In Group 1, the CM-II was confirmed before myelomeningocele repair in 13 cases (93%). The spinal level of the caudal end of the cerebellar tonsils ranged from C-2 to C-7. Ascent of the cerebellar tonsils was observed in 11 patients (range 1–4 spinal levels, mean 2 levels) and continued even after ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt placement in most patients. A VP shunt was required for the treatment of hydrocephalus in 12 patients (86%). Symptomatic CM-II developed in 8 of 13 patients (61%), 3 of whom required surgical decompression.
In Group 2, CM-II was confirmed in 5 infants (83%), with the cerebellar tonsils at a spinal level of C-2 to C-4 or C-5. Ascent of the cerebellar tonsils was observed in 4 patients (range 1–1.5 spinal levels, average 1.1 levels), and no patient had symptomatic CM-II. A VP shunt was placed in 5 patients (83%). No patient was lost to follow-up during the 18-month follow-up period. The only statistically significant difference between the 2 groups was the presence of symptomatic CM-II in Group 2 (p = 0.02).

Conclusions
Patients showed ascent of the cerebellar tonsils after postnatal myelomeningocele repair. Placement of a VP shunt helped promote the ascent. However, postnatal myelomeningocele repair in the patients in Group 1 failed to consistently prevent development of symptomatic CM-II. This limited experience suggests that postnatal repair of myelomeningocele can partially reverse the anatomical CM-II, but symptomatic CM-II cannot be prevented in some patients when the repair is performed after 36 weeks' gestation.
The Dandy–Walker variant: a case series of 24 pediatric patients and evaluation of associated anomalies, incidence of hydrocephalus, and developmental outcomes
Authors: Sasaki-Adams Deanna , Elbabaa Samer K. , Jewells Valerie , Carter Lori , Campbell Jeffrey W. , Ritter Ann M. 
Published: August 2008

Object
The Dandy–Walker complex is a continuum of aberrant development of the posterior fossa that has been associated with multiple congenital anomalies, radiographic abnormalities, and developmental delay. The Dandy–Walker variant (DWV) is a unique entity believed to represent a milder form of the complex, and is characterized by a specific constellation of radiographic findings. In this retrospective case series, the authors report the association of the DWV with other congenital anomalies, the associated radiographic findings linked with DWV, and the developmental outcome in this population.

Methods
The charts and radiographs of 10 male and 14 female patients treated between 2000 and 2006 were examined. The patients' mean gestational age was 35.6 weeks (range 23–41 weeks), and the mean follow-up period was 5.1 years (range 1 month–15 years).

Results
Three patients died. Associated anomalies included cardiac (41.7%), neurological (33.3%), gastrointestinal (20.8%), orthopedic (12.5%), and genitourinary (12.5%) abnormalities. Less common were pulmonary and psychiatric findings. Developmental delay was identified in 11 of the 21 patients for whom follow-up was available. Five of 6 patients with isolated DWV had a normal developmental course. Radiographic findings associated with DWV included corpus callosum dysgenesis in 20.8%, ventricular enlargement in 29%, and vermian rotation in 8.3%. Shunts were placed in 4 of 7 patients with ventriculomegaly. Using the two-tailed Pearson correlation, the authors determined that developmental outcome was solely affected by neurological deficits and that ventricular enlargement predicted the need for shunt placement.

Conclusions
The DWV was associated with both extra- and intracranial anomalies. Associated radiographic abnormalities including ventriculomegaly were observed. Hydrocephalus requiring cerebrospinal fluid diversion may be indicated. Isolated DWV was associated with a good developmental outcome.
CFU‐MK Assay for Acute Thrombocytopenia
Authors: Parent‐Massin Dominique , Sibiril Yann 
Published: August 2008

AbstractIn this unit, protocols to culture human platelet progenitors (Colony Forming Unit–Megakaryocyte; CFU‐M) with or without toxicants are described. Platelet progenitors are obtained from human umbilical cord blood. After separation of mononuclear cells, the cell suspension can be cryopreserved or plated immediately. Megakaryocytes are identified by immunocytochemistry. Test chemicals are added to the culture medium before cells are plated. Megakaryocytes are scored after 12 days of culture. IC10, IC50 and IC90 can be calculated by comparison to control cultures. A predictive model is proposed to evaluate the hazard of thrombocytopenia induced by chemicals. When IC50 and IC90 are below Cmax in humans, the likelihood of thrombocytopenia is strong. Curr. Protoc. Toxicol. 37:20.5.1‐20.5.14. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The Use of Detergents to Purify Membrane Proteins
Authors: Arnold Thomas , Linke Dirk 
Published: August 2008

AbstractExtraction of membrane proteins from biological membranes is usually accomplished with the help of detergents. This unit describes the use of detergents to solubilize and purify membrane proteins. The chemical and physical properties of the different classes of detergents typically used with biological samples are discussed. A separate section addresses the compatibility of detergents with applications downstream of the membrane protein purification process, such as optical spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, protein crystallography, or biomolecular NMR. Protocols in this unit include the isolation and solubilization of biological membranes, phase separation, and support protocols for detergent removal and detergent exchange using different methods. Curr. Protoc. Protein Sci. 53:4.8.1‐4.8.30. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Sample Preparation and In‐Solution Protease Digestion of Proteins for Chromatography‐Based Proteomic Analysis
Authors: Washburn Michael P. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe adoption of chromatography‐based proteomics approaches has resulted in the development of new methods for optimal use of these technologies. One such technology, named multidimensional protein identification technology (MudPIT), directly couples liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. In the MudPIT approach, digested protein samples are directly loaded onto a microcapillary column packed sequentially with reversed‐phase and strong cation exchange resins. Once digested protein samples are loaded onto the column, the column is placed in‐line between a high‐performance liquid chromatography system and an electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometer (ESI‐MS/MS). The digested protein samples for MudPIT analysis must be directly compatible with ESI‐MS/MS, so the sample preparation and digestion protocols must be optimized for this purpose. The primary objective of all of the protocols in this unit is to yield a final digested protein mixture of less than 300 µl that can then be directly loaded onto a MudPIT column. Curr. Protoc. Protein Sci. 53:23.6.1‐23.6.11. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Techniques in Aseptic Rodent Surgery
Authors: Hoogstraten‐Miller Shelley L. , Brown Patricia A. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractPerforming aseptic survival surgery in rodents can be challenging. This unit describes some basic principles to assist clinicians, researchers, and technicians in becoming proficient in performing aseptic rodent surgery. Curr. Protoc. Immunol. 82:1.12.1‐1.12.14. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence (TIRF) Microscopy
Authors: Trache Andreea , Meininger Gerald A. 
Published: August 2008

ABSTRACTTotal internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy represents a method of exciting and visualizing fluorophores present in the near‐membrane region of live or fixed cells grown on coverslips. TIRF microscopy is based on the total internal reflection phenomenon that occurs when light passes from a high‐refractive medium (e.g., glass) into a low‐refractive medium (e.g., cell, water). The evanescent field produced by total internally reflected light excites the fluorescent molecules at the cell‐substrate interface and is accompanied by minimal exposure of the remaining cell volume. This technique provides high‐contrast fluorescence images, with very low background and virtually no out‐of‐focus light, ideal for visualization and spectroscopy of single‐molecule fluorescence near a surface. This unit presents, in a concise manner, the principle of operation, instrument diversity, and TIRF microscopy applications for the study of biological samples.
Genetic Manipulation of Campylobacter jejuni
Authors: Davis Lindsay , Young Kathryn , DiRita Victor 
Published: August 2008

ABSTRACTMolecular manipulation has been a limiting factor in C. jejuni research for many years. Recent advances in molecular techniques adapted for C. jejuni have furthered our understanding of the organism. This unit is dedicated to common molecular tools in bacterial research specifically tailored for C. jejuni. These include colony PCR, DNA isolation, and RNA isolation. The unit also reviews techniques for genetic manipulation, such as the use of plasmids, natural transformation, electroporation, conjugation, and transposition. In addition, a reporter system, the arylsulfatase assay, can be used to study gene expression.