bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Public support for warning labels on alcoholic beverage containers
Authors: HILTON MICHAEL E. , KASKUTAS LEE 
Published: January 2006

AbstractWarning labels are now required on alcohol beverage containers in the United States. Prior to the enactment of the warning label law, a random sample of adults in the general population of the United States were interviewed by telephone to assess baseline knowledge and support for the warning labels (n= 2006). This paper proceeds on the assumption that public support is crucial for sustained success of alcohol control policies such as the warning label mandate. We found that a vast majority (87%) of the respondents felt that alcoholic beverages should have warning labels about possible health hazards, with abstention as the most significant predictor of support. A majority of the respondents also felt that alcohol education, server intervention, treatment and counter‐advertisement programs should be increased. A large minority felt that alcohol taxes should be increased store hours should be decreased, and the legal drinking age should be increased. Most respondents agreed that warning labels would not have much effect on heavy drinkers. When compared to responses to similar questions about alcohol control policies over the past 20 years, evidence supporting a conservative trend towards alcohol in the United States was found.
Individual and family characteristics of middle class adolescents hospitalized for alcohol and other drug abuse
Authors: MALTZMAN IRVING , SCHWEIGER AVRAHAM 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe frequency of alcohol and drug use, abuse and severity of dependence, and personality and family characteristics in 280 female and male hospitalized adolescents in treatment for chemical dependence and 120 middle class adolescents were examined. A MANOVA showed that parents' drug and alcohol use was a main effect, increasing frequency of use and severity of dependence upon alcohol and drugs in both groups of adolescents. Sexual and physical abuse studied in the patient group also functioned as a main effect. Patients reported significantly less family interests, and participation in intellectual, cultural and social activities, but more control than the comparison group. It was concluded that adolescent alcohol and other drug abuse is part of a biopsychosocial syndrome of problem behavior, which includes the problem behavior of parents and the interacting family unit.
A comparison of relapsed and non‐relapsed abstinent pathological gamblers following behavioural treatment
Authors: BLASZCZYNSKI A. , McCONAGHY N. , FRANKOVA A. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractEighteen pathological gamblers reporting abstinence at a 2–9‐year follow‐up period were classified into two samples; those reporting complete abstinence, or those abstinent with intermittent relapse episodes. Results indicated that both samples improved significantly on post‐treatment psychological and demographic measures, and did not differ from each other. It was concluded that a subgroup of gamblers may experience intermittent brief relapses that are not invariably associated with a continued return to addictive gambling habits. Complete abstinence as a criterion for successful treatment outcome may be too stringent in that it fails to acknowledge the possibility of continued abstinence following brief episodes of relapse.
Perspectives and future on testing for abuse liability in humans
Authors: CAMI JORDI 
Published: January 2006

AbstractTesting of drugs for abuse liability can benefit public health. By encouraging proper therapeutic use, appropriate regulation, and development of safer and more effective drugs, such testing can benefit both consumers and pharmaceutical manufacturers. Many factors influence actual abuse; animal and human drug abuse liability testing procedures are useful, though imperfect, predictors of abuse. Three suggestions are made concerning human drug abuse liability testing: (1) that more research is needed on differences between individuals and between different subpopulations tested with these procedures (2) that actual epidemiological experience concerning abuse should be the ‘gold standard’ for assessing the validity and utility of drug abuse liability testing methods; and (3) that methods for drug abuse liability testing in humans should be introduced and used systematically to guide appropriate development, regulation, and marketing of drugs.
The alcoholism treatment service at the Maudsley Hospital, London
Authors: EDWARDS GRIFFITH 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis article describes the linked clinical, research and teaching functions of the Maudsley's Alcoholism Treatment service. Emphasis is placed on the heterogeneity of the patients who are seen. Therapy must therefore always be patient‐specific and the Procrustean insistence that patients should fit the programme rather than the programme fit the patients should be resisted. Within the diversity of approaches which are employed some important common elements can though be identified: detailed case assessment as the necessary basis for everything else, goal setting, a flexible intensity of response, networking with other treatment resources, and attention to methods of patient recruitment. The relationship between outpatient and inpatient services is discussed: about 80% of all new referrals are treated entirely on an outpatient basis. The clinical setting provides a teaching base for the Diploma in Addiction Behaviour. There is a close link between this clinical service and the Addiction Research Unit; issues of clinical and research collaboration and the interpretation and clinical application of research findings are considered. Whatever the theories in which a team believes or the techniques which it practices, the nurturing of hope is the vital essence of the practical business of treatment.
Alcoholism, antisocial behavior and family history*
Authors: LEWIS COLLINS E. , BUCHOLZ KATHLEEN K. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractPrevious investigations in selected and clinical samples have demonstrated a close association between alcoholism and both antisocial behavior and a family history of problem drinking. This study uses the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Epidemiological Catchment Area (EGA) data to assess this relationship in the general population in St. Louis, Missouri (U.S.A.). The results showed that serious antisocial behavior (both conduct disorder and antisocial personality disorder), gender, and a family history of problem drinking were all significantly associated with alcoholism (DSM‐III alcohol abuse or dependence). Having either conduct disorder, antisocial personality, or a first‐degree relative (parent, sibling, or child) with problem drinking increased the probability of alcoholism; being male also increased its probability. Antisocial behavior and gender interacted in that antisocial behavior was a more potent risk factor for women than for men. However, despite their close association with alcoholism, having either antisocial personality or a positive family history of problem drinking identified only 49% of male alcoholics and 14% of female alcoholics. Thus, these two important predictors of alcoholism would be somewhat inefficient screeners for primary prevention. More investigation is needed to understand the development of alcoholism in those without these major risk factors and the lack of alcoholism in those with them.
Nicotinic receptor blockade therapy and smoking cessation
Authors: CLARKE PAUL B. S. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractSmoking is a behaviour with a significant conditioned component. Attempts to quit will likely fail unless the effects of primary and secondary reinforcers are extinguished. Current smoking cessation methods scarcely address this issue, which may explain why they meet with little success in the long term. In contrast, the administration of centrally‐active nicotinic receptor antagonists should provide a means of extinguishing both primary and secondary reinforcers associated with smoking. Thus, nicotine blockade therapy presents a promising new approach to smoking cessation.
The role of nicotine and nicotinic mechanisms in neuropsychiatric disease
Authors: NEWHOUSE PAUL A. , HUGHES JOHN R. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractCigarette smoking, and by implication nicotine, may be involved as a negative or positive risk factor in some neuropsychiatric disorders and possibly as a treatment in others. Nicotine exposure may be a negative risk factor for the development of Parkinson's disease, but a positive risk factor for the development of tardive dyskinesia. For Alzheimer's disease and Tourette's syndrome, the role of nicotine exposure is equivocal, however, the role of nicotine as a possible therapeutic agent, alone or in combination, remains an intriguing question. For functional psychiatric disorders, the data are suggestive of a link between tobacco use and at least exacerbation of some disorders. While nicotine exposure is unlikely to be critical in the genesis of these disorders, it may complicate the pharmacological therapeutics and long‐term prognosis. Further research is needed to examine the actual importance of tobacco use in behavioural disturbances. The relative importance of central nicotinic mechanisms in normal and disordered human cognition and movement is now beginning to be fully explored.
Towards better diagnoses and more individual treatment of tobacco dependence
Authors: FAGERSTRÖM KARL OLOV 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe nicotine dependence concept is well founded and it is clear that it is necessary to assess this before treatment starts. Behavioural dependence, although difficult to disentangle from the pharmacological dependence, is also important. With the development of tools for assessing behavioural dependence, the behavioural treatment methods could be applied to patients more appropriately. The place of new drugs such as clonidine and anti‐depressants is also discussed. It is suggested that some of the nicotine withdrawal syndrome may have similarities with hypoglycemia and increased eating after stopping smoking may be a form of self‐medication. Lastly, the new forms of giving nicotine replacement are put in perspective.
Smoking and economic incentives in Europe
Authors: BOSANQUET NICK , TRIGG ANDREW 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper reviews the agenda for economic research near the beginning of a formative period for policy marked by much greater involvement by the EC (European Community). There are few signs as yet of any diffusion process at work in Europe to bring about reductions in smoking. Effective use of incentives will be needed to bring about reductions in smoking by 2000 and to stop yet further massive increases in mortality from smoking related disease. Research is needed on price and income elasticities in Europe as the EC introduces new policies for raising cigarette taxes and prices. Currently most estimates are based on US and UK data. There is also an important research agenda on the decision‐making process in Europe covering the policy response of national governments and professions as well as the future role of the EC Commission. Finally, research is needed on the micro‐economic determinants of the demand for tobacco products across Europe by households. Household data from family expenditure surveys are now available across Europe so that it is now possible to construct micro demand systems for each European country.
Benzodiazepine problems
Authors: LADER MALCOLM , MORTON SALLY 
Published: January 2006

AbstractBenzodiazepines present problems related to both unwanted and withdrawal effects. Dosage adjustments usually obviate unwanted effects except for paradoxical reactions such as hostility. Patients with apparent benzodiazepine dependence need careful assessment with respect to personality, social situation and psychiatric disorder. The patient must be motivated and carefully prepared for withdrawal and taught anxiety management techniques. Withdrawal must always be gradual over at least 6 weeks but very prolonged schedules are counter‐productive. Substituting a long‐acting for a medium‐acting benzodiazepine may be helpful in the more intractable cases. An antidepressant may be needed if a depressive disorder supervenes, but other adjunctive therapies are usually unhelpful.
Sexual lifestyles in injecting drug users in Italy: potential for HIV infection transmission
Authors: SASSE HARTMUT , SALMASO STEFANIA , CONTI SUSANNA , REZZA GIOVANNI ,   THE FIRST MULTICENTRE STUDY GROUP
Published: January 2006

AbstractTo better target efforts aimed at modifying sexual behaviour among injecting drug users (IDUs), we conducted a detailed analysis of sexual partners and practices reported by 1214 Italian heterosexual drug users during the period June 1985–June 1987. Females were more likely to have only drug‐using partners (42.8% vs 17.1%), while males were more likely to have only non drug‐using partners (50.5% vs 21.4%). Female drug users were more likely to report either one partner or >10 partners, while males were more likely to report 2–10 partners. Nearly 90% of women with only drug‐using partners had only one partner. Overall, 29% of women with only non drug‐using partners reported that they always used condoms. This proportion increased to 65% among women with >10 non drug‐using partners. In Italy, male IDUs may play a greater role than female IDUs in sexual transmission of HIV infection to the heterosexual non drug‐using partners.
The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence: a revision of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire
Authors: HEATHERTON TODD F. , KOZLOWSKI LYNN T. , FRECKER RICHARD C. , FAGERSTROM KARL‐OLOV 
Published: January 2006

AbstractWe examine and refine the Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire (FTQ; Fagerström, 1978). The relation between each FTQ item and biochemical measures of heaviness of smoking was examined in 254 smokers. We found that the nicotine rating item and the inhalation item were unrelated to any of our biochemical measures and these two items were primary contributors to psychometric deficiencies in the FTQ. We also found that a revised scoring of time to the first cigarette of the day (TTF) and number of cigarettes smoked per day (CPD) improved the scale. We present a revision of the FTQ: the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND).
Functioning, life context, and help‐seeking among late‐onset problem drinkers: comparisons with nonproblem and early‐onset problem drinkers
Authors: BRENNAN PENNY L. , MOOS RUDOLF H. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractWe compared the functioning and life contexts of late‐middle‐aged adults classified as late‐onset problem drinkers (n=229), early‐onset problem drinkers (n=475), and nonproblem drinkers (n=609). Compared with nonproblem drinkers, late‐onset problem drinkers consumed more alcohol and functioned more poorly; they also reported more negative life events and chronic stressors, fewer social resources, and more use of avoidance coping. However, late‐onset problem drinkers consumed less alcohol, had fewer drinking problems, functioned better, and had more benign life contexts than did early‐onset problem drinkers. We found no evidence of an association between age‐related loss events and the onset of late‐life drinking problems. Very few problem drinkers sought help specifically for their alcohol abuse, but about 25% did seek treatment from mental health practitioners. Problem drinkers who were functioning more poorly and who reported more life stressors and fewer social resources were more likely to seek help.
Tobacco addiction and control in Spain From L. Sanchez Agudo (Health Institute, Madrid, Spain).
Authors: Agudo L. Sanchez 
Published: January 2006

AbstractIn Spain there is a high prevalence of smokers: 39.2% in the general population, 61.9% of the working population, and 35% of doctors. At the same time, health education on smoking is inadequate, and tobacco is cheap. As a result, it is difficult to implement legislation which bans or restricts smoking in some areas. It is clear that more education on smoking and health is needed at every level of the Spanish population.
The motivation for change from problem alcohol and heroin use
Authors: KLINGEMANN HARALD K.‐H. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper provides an overview of the first study in Switzerland on spontaneous remission from substance abuse, conducted in 1988. After a rigorous screening process, 60 practically treatment‐free remitters could be identified. While 14 of the 30 alcohol cases reduced their consumption almost to abstinence, all but two heroin remitters stopped their consumption altogether. No selection bias could be detected when comparing the groups studied with clinic populations, survey data and police records. The qualitative analysis of the collected extensive life histories led to a typology of the autoremission process. The motivation to change, the implementation of the decision, the maintenance and the negotiation of a new identity or meaning in life represent the three major stages. This paper focuses on the first stage and the role of negative vs positive experiences in setting off subsequent changes in alcohol or heroin consumption. The variation in the motivational background is illustrated by a close look at the rich life history accounts as well as by quantitative data on life events and cognitive prerequisites of change. Methodological drawbacks of this first exploratory study, such as recall problems and a narrow definition of addiction excluding psychological problems, are discussed and the necessity of future prospective studies is underlined.
Quantity‐frequency measures of alcohol consumption: beverage‐specific vs global questions
Authors: RUSSELL MARCIA , WELTE JOHN W. , BARNES GRACE M. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract Estimates of alcohol consumption (ounces of absolute alcohol per day, AA) based on beverage‐specific and global quantity‐frequency (QF) questions were compared in a survey representative of the adult drinking population in New York State. Beverage‐specific AA estimates were higher than global (0.72, 95% confidence intervals=0.68, 0.76) compared to 0.49 (95% confidence intervals=0.47, 0.51), although estimates were highly correlated (r=0.75). Discrepancies between beverage specific and global AA estimates increased as the number of beverages and the amount drunk increased. Sociodemographic characteristics were not significantly related to differences between beverage‐specific and global AA estimates after adjusting for the amount drunk; however, drinking patterns did influence the differences. It was concluded that beverage‐specific QF questions are probably more valid measures of alcohol consumption than global QF questions, but that the global questions provide useful information. Parallel analyses of variant global QF questions employed in the first US Health and Nutrition Examination Survey obtained similar results.
Psychological symptoms, psychiatric disorder and alcohol dependence amongst men and women attending a community‐based voluntary agency and an Alcohol Treatment Unit
Authors: ALLAN CAROLE A. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractOne‐fifth of clients attending a community‐based voluntary agency presented for treatment with an alcohol problem complicated by affective disorder, phobic anxiety or personality disorder. A matched sample of patients recruited from an Alcohol Treatment Unit, and assessed using the same stringent clinical criteria, had similar levels of formal psychiatric disorder, except for a small group of women. One quarter of women in this group were phobic with some overlap of affective disorder. Rates of psychological symptoms as opposed to psychiatric disorder were high in both samples and appeared to be associated with severity of dependence on alcohol. No sex differences were apparent in the rates of psychological symptoms. The practical as well as theoretical implications of these findings were discussed.
Hearing the noise in the system. Exploration of textual analysis as a method for studying change in drinking behaviour
Authors: EDWARDS GRIFFITH , OPPENHEIMER EDNA , TAYLOR COLIN 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper explores how treatment research is to catch within its design those many unplanned influences which lie outside therapeutic control, but which may influence processes of change. These factors are excluded from the conventional controlled trial. The background literature is briefly reviewed. A study is then described which employed a computer assisted method of textual analysis and an entirely open‐ended coding system. The material which was analysed derived from interviews with 49 subjects whose accounts were tape recorded 10 years after treatment contact. Episodes of successful or unsuccessful ‘change attempt’ (CA) were identified. The two types of CA were compared in relation to coded issues pertaining to the periods before, during and after the episode. A number of significant findings are reported. In the pre‐attempt phase ‘Success’ CAs were significantly associated with traumatic events in the person's life, and with a variety of positive and negative events. During the ‘attempt phase, ‘Success’ was associated with choice of an abstinence goal. For ‘post‐attempt’, ‘Success was associated with Substitution’, ‘Altruism’, ‘Fulfilment’, and finding the process ‘Difficult’. The very preliminary nature of these findings is stressed and the need for further rigorous methodological development.
Patterns of alcohol consumption in white collar‐workers–a cross‐sectional and longitudinal study
Authors: HARVEY SHARON , BUTLER TONY , THOMAS RUTH LLOYD , JENKINS RACHEL 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA 6‐year follow‐up of a cohort of male and female while collar workers in whom there was baseline information on alcohol consumption and access co data on sickness absence, promotion and labour turnover, revealed that even moderate alcohol and consumption in this population was associated with social costs for the employer and the employee, particularly in terms of sickness absence. The longitudinal examination of consumption in this study suggests that early intervention in a drinking career may reduce alcohol consumption and consequently avoid years of morbidity and sickness absence, as well as having a favourable influence on promotion prospects and labour turnover.
A feminist critique of problem gambling research
Authors: MARK MARIE E. , LESIEUR HENRY R. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractUsing a liberal feminist orientation, the literature on a diverse range of topics concerning the profile of the pathological gambler, from personality traits to psychiatric orientation, as well as consequences of the behavior on individuals was reviewed for its gender‐related content. The vast majority of this research has been on male subjects; gender of respondents has not been discussed; gender‐related findings have not been reported; mostly male‐dominated gambling sites have been investigated. To say that most compulsive gamblers are men and therefore, theorists need to explain them first and only later apply these same explanations to the ‘rare’ [female] cases is to acquiesce to a patriarchal notion of the world. Action is suggested which would put a halt to this trend and suggestions are made for future research.