bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Non-imported brucellosis outbreak from unpasteurized raw milk in Moroccan immigrants in Spain
Authors: RAMOS J. M. , BERNAL E. , ESGUEVILLAS T. , LOPEZ-GARCIA P. , GAZTAMBIDE M. S. , GUTIERREZ F. 
Published: January 2008

SUMMARYNine cases of brucellosis were identified in the city of Elche (Comunidad Valenciana, Spain) in two families of Moroccan immigrants. All of the patients had drunk unpasteurized raw milk from goats.Brucella melitensisbiovar 3 was identified in clinical specimens. Preventive measures for brucellosis should be implemented among immigrant populations in Spain.
Diarrhoea prevention in a high-risk rural Kenyan population through point-of-use chlorination, safe water storage, sanitation, and rainwater harvesting
Authors: GARRETT V. , OGUTU P. , MABONGA P. , OMBEKI S. , MWAKI A. , ALUOCH G. , PHELAN M. , QUICK R. E. 
Published: January 2008

SUMMARYLack of access to safe water and sanitation contributes to diarrhoea moribidity and mortality in developing countries. We evaluated the impact of household water treatment, latrines, shallow wells, and rainwater harvesting on diarrhoea incidence in rural Kenyan children. We compared diarrhoea rates in 960 children aged <5 years in 556 households in 12 randomly selected intervention villages and six randomly selected comparison villages during weekly home visits over an 8-week period. On multivariate analysis, chlorinating stored water [relative risk (RR) 0·44, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0·28–0·69], latrine presence (RR 0·71, 95% CI 0·54–0·92), rainwater use (RR 0·70, 95% CI 0·52–0·95), and living in an intervention village (RR 0·31, 95% CI 0·23–0·41), were independently associated with lower diarrhoea risk. Diarrhoea risk was higher among shallow well users (RR 1·78, 95% CI 1·12–2·83). Chlorinating stored water, latrines, and rainwater use all decreased diarrhoea risk; combined interventions may have increased health impact.
Influence of the M3–M4 intracellular domain upon nicotinic acetylcholine receptor assembly, targeting and function
Authors: Kracun S , Harkness P C , Gibb A J , Millar N S 
Published: January 2008

Background and purpose:The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the intracellular domain of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunits upon receptor assembly, targeting and functional properties.Experimental approach:Because most nAChR subunits form functional receptors only as heteromeric complexes, it can be difficult to examine the influence of individual subunits or subunit domains in isolation. A series of subunit chimaeras was constructed which contain the intracellular loop region (located between the M3 and M4 transmembrane domains) from nAChR subunits α1–α10 or β1–β4. All of these chimaeras contain common extracellular and transmembrane domains (from the nAChR α7 subunit and the 5‐hydroxytryptamine receptor 5‐HT3A subunit, respectively), thereby facilitating both homomeric receptor assembly and detection with radiolabelled or fluorescent α‐bungarotoxin.Key results:The nAChR M3–M4 intracellular loop domain had no significant effect upon levels of total subunit protein detected in transfected cells but had a significant influence upon levels of both cell surface and intracellular assembled receptors. Comparisons of functional properties revealed a significant influence of the intracellular loop domain upon both single‐channel conductance and receptor desensitization. In addition, studies conducted in polarized epithelial cells demonstrate that the nAChR loop can influence receptor targeting, resulting in either polarized (apical) or non‐polarized distribution.Conclusions and implications:Evidence has been obtained which demonstrates that the large intracellular loop domain of nAChR subunits can exert a profound influence upon receptor assembly, targeting and ion channel properties.British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 153, 1474–1484; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707676; published online 21 January 2008
OPERATIONS FOR THE RELIEF OF TRICHIASIS AND CICATRICIAL ENTROPION
Authors: O'Day Kevin 
Published: January 2008

Summary

The pathology of trichiasis and cicatricial entropion occurring during the course of trachoma has been described.
The general principles underlying operative treatment of the above conditions have been discussed.
Based on experience gained at the British Ophthalmic Hospital, Jerusalem, the detailed technique of the operations of Van Millingen, Spencer‐Watson and Snellen has been described.
The immediate results showed that the operations were effective, recurrences being due to neglected treatment of the trachoma.
HÆMANGIOBLASTOMATOUS CYSTS OF THE RETINA
Authors: Hope‐Robertson Walter J. 
Published: January 2008

Summary

A case of hseinangioblastoma of the retina is presented.
Attention is drawn to the known association of hémangioblastoma of the retina with haemangioblastoma of the brain.
In this case a preoperative diagnosis of the pathological nature of the brain lesion could be assumed because the patient was known to have a hseinangioblastoma in each eye.
The successful removal of a htemangioblastomatous cyst of the cerebellum is recorded.
FACIAL HEMIATROPHY, WITH A DESCRIPTION OF THREE CASES.
Authors: Cox Leonard B. , Maclure A. Fay 
Published: January 2008

Summary1. Three cases of facial hemiatrophy are described, one of which was congenital. In no case did the sympathetic nervous system seem to be involved. I n one a slight involvement of the trigeminal nerve occurred as a late sign.2. A method of operative treatment by a tubed pedicle graft is described.
SUPRAPUBIC PROSTATECTOMY WITH CLOSURE1
Authors: Harris S. Harry 
Published: January 2008

Summary

The operation of suprapubic prostatectomy with closure introduced by the author six and a half years ago is described. It has been carried out in 469 cases with 13 deaths and a mortality rate of 2.7%.
The technique is equally applicable to one‐ and two‐stage operations.
The routine preoperative and post‐operative treatment employed in the Urological Department of the Lewisham Hospital is outlined.
Particular reference is made to the method employed for the control of hémorrhage by suture.
The method of retrigonization, or reconstruction of the floor, of the prostatic urethra is described in detail. The experience of six and a half years without a single instance of recurrence of obstruction warrants the claim that this step should now be regarded as an integral part of the operation of prostatectomy.
The complete closure, while a valuable feature of the operation, must not be regarded as the primary aim. It should be practised only when the local conditions warrant it. It should be regarded as the fulfilment of a successful operation in a field rendered favourable for its accomplishment. The complete closure has been carried out in all except two instances in the past 100 operations.
DIVERTICULA OF THE FEMALE URETHRA
Authors: Earlam Malcolm S. S. 
Published: January 2008

Summary

Two cases of diverticulum of the female urethra are reported.
The origin of the condition is discussed, and it is considered to be most probably due, in most cases, to a localized congenital structural weakness of the urethra, a suggestion which has apparently not been previously made.
The condition may be quite symptomless, while if symptoms do occur they are not in any way characteristic, so that the diagnosis may be easily missed.
Diagnosis is established by urethroscopy and diverticulography.
Treatment, if indicated, consists of resection.
THE SUSPENSORY LIGAMENT OF THE PELVIC VISCERA.
Authors: Hughes‐Jones W. E. A. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryOne pair of ligaments is alone responsible for the maintenance of the posture of the pelvic viscera in the male and female. Paterson aptly named these the “suspensory ligaments”. The ligament is laid down in the line of pull of the viscera, and through it the blood vessels, nerves and ureter reach the viscera.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE PATHOLOGY OF APPENDICITIS.
Authors: Trinca Alfred J. 
Published: January 2008

Summary1. The accepted pathology is criticized.2. Appendicitis is not a primary inflammation.3. Anatomica1 rind pathological studies suggest that apart fromdevelopmental anom;ilies the true caiise of acute appendicitis is inter‐ference with the blood siipply.4. (‐'hronic aiid other forms of appendicitis are the sequelae of oneor inore acute attacks..5. Blotlern civilizi1tion:ind diet are the predisposing factors.
GAS KERATITIS
Authors: Fairclough W. A. 
Published: January 2008

Summary of Essentials1. Exposure to mustard gas is probably followed by prolonged treatment.2. There is not necessarily, but there may be a period amounting to years of freedom from symptoms.3. Photophobia and lachrymation are very constant.4. The lids are not necessarily affected.5. In the conjunctiva some congestion is common; scarring is occasional.6.In the cornea shallow or deep ulcers occur; these are slow to heal and recur. The cornea has irregular scars and facets, calcification streaks and diminished sensibility.
RENAL ABNORMALITY SIMULATING AN ABDOMINAL TUMOUR
Authors: Reay E. R. 
Published: January 2008

Summary.This small series of cases illustrates:1. The not uncommon occurrence of renal abnormality.2. The relative frequency with which the abnormal kidney is the seat of a pathological condition.3. That an abnormal kidney may be mistaken for an abdominal tumour.4. The value of urological investigation in the presence of any unusual type of tumour discovered on abdominal palpation.
PORTAL PYÆMIA FOLLOWING ACUTE APPENDICITIS: CASE OF MULTIPLE LIVER ABSCESSES WITH RECOVERY1
Authors: HOWARD. RUSSELL N. 
Published: January 2008

Summary.1. A case of portal pyaemia in which thex'e were multiple hepatic abscesses that complicated acute appendicitis and in which the patient recovered after surgical drainage, is reported.2. The literature on portal pyaemia following appendicitis is reviewed and the recorded cases of recovery are tabulated.3. A comprehensive account of the condition, as a complication of appendicitis, is given.4. As a result of the perusal of the literature, the following conclusions are drawn: (i) Early operative treatment of acute appendicitis would greatly diminish this already uncommon complication, (ii) The prognosis of portal pyaemia should be greatly improved by early ligation of the ileocolic vein proximal to the clot, (iii) Liver abscess formation, while of serious import, is not necessarily fatal.5. It is suggested that sulphonamide therapy should be of considerable service in the treatment of this disease.
CEREBRAL ABSCESS: A REVIEW OF THIRTY CASES IN A GENERAL HOSPITAL
Authors: Coates A. E. 
Published: January 2008

Summary.A review of thirty eases of cerebral abscess is made. The high mortality is noted. A few suggestions for the improvement of diagnosis and treatment are offered. A plea is entered for close cooperation between the general and special branches of the profession so that a chance of recovery may not be withheld from those who would otherwise die. The fully developed intracranial abscess presents a problem requiring the diagnostic and therapeutic armamentarium of the neurosurgical service.
ECHINOCOCCOSIS ALVEOLARIS (ALVEOLAR HYDATID DISEASE), ASSOCIATED WITH ORDINARY HYDATID CYSTS OF THE LIVER
Authors: MEADE J. A. , BARNETT SIR LOUIS 
Published: January 2008

Summary.A surgical, pathological and parasitologics curiosity in the shape of a case of hydatid disease of the liver showing lesions of the alveolar type is described, illustrated and discussed. This is the first case of its kind recorded in New Zealand and is comparable to the case unique in Australia reported by Professor H. R. Dew in this journal of September, 1931. Reference is made with bibliographic excerpts to the few cases of the alveolaris type that have arisen in countries other than its peculiarly selected endemic home, the Bavaro‐Tyrolean district.Some attention is given to the age‐long controversy “dualists versus unicists”, regarding the vexed question as to whether the alveolaris lesion is due to a specific Tænia alveolaris or to a mere modification or mutation of the ordinary Tænia echinococcus
PRELIMINARY REPORT ON INTERNAL DERANGEMENTS OF THE KNEE JOINT TREATED AT AN AUSTRALIAN GENERAL HOSPITAL, AUSTRALIAN IMPERIAL FORCE ABROAD, TO MAY 31, 1941
Authors: Graham R. V. 
Published: January 2008

Summary1. Records of 12S patients operated on for internal derangement of knee joint at an Australian general hospital have been analysed.2. Of this number at least 104 are fit for active service.3. A further 15 are fit for service other than with tield formations.4. One patient lias been found by medical board unfit for service.5. The average time between operation and discharge to light duty in depot battalion was forty‐two and a half days.
EXPERIENCES IN THORACIC SURGERY IN A BASE HOSPITAL IN THE MIDDLE EAST
Authors: King E. S. J. 
Published: January 2008

Summary.1. A series of 66 consecutive cases of thoracic conditions observed during four months in a general hospital in the Middle East is described.2. They include 62 battle casualties.3. Only one death occurred amongst those in hospital.4. Some observations on their symptomatology and treatment are made.
OBSTRUCTION OF THE Œsophagus IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN, WITH REPORT OF SIX CASES
Authors: Hipsley P. L. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryMention is made of the varied nomenclature used in the descriptions of cases of (esophageal obstruction in children, which suggests that the aetiology is obscure.Atresia and stenosis of the Œsophagus tire described, with their symptomology and treatment.The case histories of six more patients with congenital obstruction of the Œsophagus are described.
HYDATID CYSTS: THE LOCATION IN THE VARIOUS ORGANS AND TISSUES OF THE BODY
Authors: Barnett Sir Louis 
Published: January 2008

Summary.The location of hydatid cysts in this or that portion of the body is described, and the usual explanations are discussed as far as available knowledge permits. Special stress is laid upon the anatomical factors, but some attention is devoted to the little known influences of susceptibility, immunity, biological affinity, and peculiarities of terrain; for example, why lung cysts are seemingly much more common in Australia and New Zealand than they are in other hydatid countries.
ARTERIO‐VENOUS (CAROTID‐JUGULAR) FISTULA AND CAROTID ANEURYSM
Authors: King E. S. J. 
Published: January 2008

Summary.A case of traumatic arterio‐venous fistula involving the left carotid artery and internal jugular vein, with an associated saccular aneurysm, is described. The vascular complications and their response to operation are recorded.
PHYSICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN EMPYEMA THORACIS.1
Authors: King By E. S. J. , Trethewie E. R. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryThere is a “negative” intrapleuid pressure which is different in different phases of respiration and may be different in different parts of the chest. This is determined by a variably elastic organ in a variably movable but nevertheless relatively rigid elastic bony cage. The elasticity of the organ differs very greatly towards the periphery as compared with the hilum, but since the peripheral potion is the significant part, particularly when changes occur relatively rapidly, this is considered to the relative exclusion of the hilar region.The nature and amount of material in the pleural space will have animportant bearing on phenomena in this region. In normal circumstances there is only a minute amount of pleural fluid between the visceral and parietal surfaces which may be regarded as being comparable with nornial tissue fluid and consists of water, salts and probably a small qiiantity of protein. Its viscosity therefore is little higher than that of water.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON HEAD INJURIES AND THEIR COMPLICATIONS.1
Authors: ROGERS LAMBERT 
Published: January 2008

SummaryIn the foregoing remarks may be found an indication of the way in which experience of head injuries in the war has modified practice. Chemotherapy and particularly the use of penicillin have enabled us to effect water‐tight dural closure in penetrating injuries, and although it is early to assess results, this would appear to be an advance which may conceivably lower the incidence of complications of penetrating injuries, whether produced by missiles or road accidents. The more widespread recognition of brain swelling as a reaction of the brain to blunt head injury and treatment designed to ensure provision for this swelling should also reduce the incidence of complications following this type of injury. Chemotherapy has enabled us to take a more conservative attitude towards cerebrospinal rhinorrhcea.
CAUSALGIC SYNDROMES
Authors: Macfarlane W. V. 
Published: January 2008

Summary

The etiology of post‐traumatic pain states (causalgic syndromes) is reviewed. Evidence favours: (a) The production, by a peripheral focus of injury in a nerve, of sustained discharges from cord neuron pools. These would result in widespread pain, with sensory, motor, sympathetic and trophic disturbances. (b) Fibre interaction between sympathetic or other efferents and the somatic afferent fibres, at the site of injury, feeding the irritable internuncial neuron pool.
Twenty‐one cases of various types of syndrome are described and classified. Aching, as well as burning pains, occurs in both major and minor causalgias and in painful amputation stumps. Transitions from one pain type to another are recorded.
No single Fiurgical approach will afford relief in all cases of causalgia. In thisseries five patients were permanently relieved by local infiltration of procaine into tender areas or the sympathetic chain. The others required neurotomy, sympathectomy or chordotomy. Only two of eight patients in whose treatment sympathectomy was employed had permanent relief.
Causalgia as a complicafion of elective surgical procedures involving nerves or spinal cord was encountered in five cases.
THE RELATIVE MERITS OF VARIOUS SUTURE MATERIALS FOR THE REPAIR OF SEVERED NERVES
Authors: Sunderland S. , Smith G. K. 
Published: January 2008

Summary

The results have been described of an experimental investigation undertaken to determine the relative merits of a number of different suture materials for the repair of severed nerves.
Fine plain catgut, white silk and human hair are the most suitable materials for repairing nerves. Of these three silk has a slight advantage over plain catgut when technical factors as well as those associated with the reaction induced by the suture material are taken into consideration.
The outcome following nerve suture does not depend solely on the type of suture material employed but to a large degree on the manner in which it is used to unite the nerve ends. The principles which should govern the method of application of sutures in peripheral nerve surgery have been detailed.
MALIGNANT DISEASE OF THE THYROID
Authors: Poate Hugh R. G. 
Published: January 2008

Summary

Carcinoma of the thyroid is much more common than is generally thought.
Age is no criterion as to its possible development.
It is most commonly found in association with or super‐imposed upon a single adenoma in the thyroid. The incidence in males is nearly double that in females in these cases.
It is seldom met in association with acute thyrotoxicosis but some cases of carcinoma of the thyroid may present a low‐grade chronic thyrotoxicosis.
It does occur occasionally in multi‐ nodular goitres and is usually evidenced by a rapid increase in growth with hardness in one area.
There are no reliable positive signs or symptoms to aid early diagnosis.
The best prophylaxis is early removal of all single adenomata irrespective of age and of the multiple adenomatous gland in which recent change has developed.
Excision of the affected area, lobectomy or even total thyroidectomy are the correct surgical procedures. Enucleation is to be avoided. Complete examination of the whole gland is advisable at operation.
In late stage cases without metastases resection of the tumour should be attempted and followed by deep X‐ray therapy.
It is seldom necessary to carry out a block dissection of the cervical glands.
In the papilliferous carcinomata all in‐ volved glands should be removed along with a lobectomy on the involved side.
All cases except the papilliferous tumours should be given adequate deep X‐ray therapy. Even in late stage cases, expectancy of life is increased and occasionally prolonged remission is met with.
The injudicious use of iodine in cases of adenomatous goitre may very possibly play a part in stimulating the on set of carcinoma.
It is most unlikely that “thio” compounds used for the control or cure of thyrotoxicosis will lead to the increase in carcinoma of the thyroid but all persistently enlarged glands after its use and all cases of toxic nodular goitre should be advised to undergo operation.
PSEUDO‐GLIOMA, RETINITIS AND RETRO‐LENTAL FIBROPLASIA.*
Authors: O'Day. Kevin 
Published: January 2008

SummaryThe clinical features of many apparently widely differing syndromes may be explained on common grounds. It is not suggested that they have a common cause. The vascular malformation of the retina present in Von Hippel's disease is responsible for changes in the fundus which resembles those seen in Coate's disease. In early childhood they lead to the so‐called infantile form of that disease and, in infancy, to one of the forms of pseudo‐glioma.When the inflammation involves the ciliary body and iris, the picture of a chronic cyclitis with the formation of a membrane, and its harmful effect on the lens, is superadded. This is the picture which is seen to appear in the premature infant born with a normal fundus and which gradually develops a “retro‐lental fibroplasia.” Retrolental fibroplasia is a retinitis associated with an irido‐cyclitis occurring in the immature eye.
THE SCOPE OF TOTAL PROSTATECTOMY.
Authors: Fitzpatrick S. C. , Matheson A. D. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryTotal removal of the prostate and seminal vesicles by Millin's retro‐pubic approach was carried out on forty‐seven cases with a mortality Of four cases, and few complications. The technique is described. The total removal of the prostate has special advantages over enucleation. Its scope in the treatment of carcinoma should be fully explored.
AN UNUSUAL CASE OF EXTRA‐DURAL HAEMATOMA.
Authors: Jamieson K. G. 
Published: January 2008

classical clinical picture of extra‐dural terval, deteriorating consciousness, pupillary changes, developing hemiplegia, falling pulse rate and rising blood pressure ‐ has often been described, and is stressed to the student as his criterion for the diagnosis of this dramatic and, in its early stages, remediable sequel of head injury. But this condition may masquerade in various disguises, and the differential diagnosis from cerebral vas‐ cular accident, in particular, is often beset with difficulty. THE haematoma‐of head injury, lucid in‐ Lumbar puncture was performed, lightly blood‐ stained cerebrospinal fluid being obtained under a pressure of 205 millimetres of cerebrospinal fluid. Microscopy showed 1,400 erythrocytes and 4 lympho‐ cytes per cubic millimetre. A provisional diagnosis was made of subarachnoid haemorrhage resulting from leaking of an intra‐ cranial aneurysm ‐ probably situated on the right posterior communicating artery ‐ and on the next day percutaneous right carotid angiography under local anaesthesia was attempted ‐without success, owing to failure to puncture the exceedingly mobile artery. This case is recorded because of its interesting clinical and radiological features.Summary

An unusual case of post‐traumatic extra‐dural haematoma is reported. There was no history of injury, and the case clini‐ cally resembled intracranial aneurysm.
The angiographic picture of extra‐dural haematoma is presented, with demonstra‐ tion of the bleeding point.
The‐necessity for early establishment of diagnosis, and for early operative inter‐vention is stressed.