bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Relationship of Lactic Dehydrogenase to Epithelial Cells in the Urine of Normal Neonates
Authors: Carvajal Hugo F. , Puckett Christina G. , Adcock Eugene W. , Krudy George A. 
Published: November 2007

Urinary lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzyme assays in 20 female and 15 male normal newborn infants during the first 3 days of life revealed higher levels than in older populations and a tendency toward a "slow zone pattern" (predominance of isoenzymes 4 and 5). Total LDH and LDH-5 activities were higher in the female (33.2 ± 5.2 and 12.4 ± 2.8 mU/mL, respectively), than in the male population (9.7 ± 2.2 and 1.0 ± 0.3 mU/mL, respectively). The amount of LDH correlated with the presence of epithelial cells in the urine that also were prominent in female patients and were apparently derived from the vagina. Separation of epithelial cells by centrifugation and filtration decreased total LDH and isoenzyme activities in the remaining sample, while sonification of the resuspended cells increased TLDH and LDH-5 activities by 6- and 12-fold respectively. Saline washings of the perineum and vagina revealed large numbers of epithelial cells and similar LDH isoenzyme patterns suggesting that contamination of the urine with these cells is a frequent occurrence during collection of voided and/or bag urine samples, and that these cells are responsible for much of the LDH activity found in the urine. We conclude that epithelial cells can increase both total LDH and isoenzyme activity in voided urine samples from otherwise normal female neonates. In this age group, urine collected by other methods (catheterization or suprapubic aspiration) must be studied to minimize the possiblity of contamination of the sample with epithelial cells from the vagina or the perineum or both.
Coaches' Goals for Young Children in a Recreational Sports Program
Authors: Stern Patrick , Prince Michael T. , Bradley Robert H. , Stroh Suzanne E. 
Published: November 2007

Almost all children participate in sports at some time, and programs are being established for even younger children. Adults who coach the children largely determine what the children's sports experience will be. Coaches' perceptions of what is important for the young children they instruct have not yet been carefully investigated. This study was designed, therefore, to determine coaches' goals for young children. Data were gathered by use of an attitude questionnaire administered to 29 coaches of a recreational basketball program of children ranging in age from 6 to 10 years old. Of the 12 goals, feeling part of a team, learning to do my best, and having fun and excitement were most highly rated as extremely important, while becoming popular was lowest rated as not important. Results revealed that coaches in general are able to clearly define their goals and priorities, and these goals seem developmentally appropriate for the children. However, coaches make little differentiation in goals based on age.
Growth of Abused Children
Authors: Karp Robert J. , Scholl Theresa O. , Decker Edmund , Ebert Eileen 
Published: November 2007

While the identification of a growth-retarded or otherwise undernourished child suggests a diagnosis of child abuse or neglect, it is not certain that abused children from poor communities are less well nourished than children living in similar environments. The setting of this study -day care centers in an urban poor city—provided an opportunity to make this comparison with appropriate community-based controls. Measures of height, weight, and weight/height2 (Body Mass Index (BMI)) were compared for 196 children, 2 to 6 years of age, 53 of whom were victims of physical abuse. The data was adjusted for age, sex, and ethnicity using logistic regression analysis to determine occurence of wasting (weight for height <5th percentile) and stunting (height for age <5th percentile). Significantly more abused children (16.3%) showed wasting as compared to non-abused (0.7%) with abused children 16.6 times more likely to show wasting than non-abused (95% confidence limits on the Odds Ratio 1.9-145.0). While 11.6 percent of abused children showed stunting compared to 5.6 percent of non-abused, this difference was not significant when the data was adjusted for demographic factors. The BMI (15.02 kg/m2) for abused children was significantly less than that (15.9 kg/m2) for non-abused children (F = 8.11; p = 0.0049). In the present study, significant wasting as seen in acute malnutrition was found among abused children at diagnosis, suggesting that within an urban poor community the growth of children so identified does differ from the growth of children who are not abused.
Children with Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis at School
Authors: Whitehouse Rosanne , Shope Jean T. , Sullivan Donita B. , Kulik Chen-Lin 
Published: November 2007

Parents of 135 children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) completed a mailed questionnaire about problems at school. Writing was the most frequently reported difficulty, with hand involvement causing more problems than decreased mobility. Compared to children with pauciarticular JRA, those with polyarticular or systemic JRA were significantly more likely to miss school, experience problems, participate less in physical education, have an Individualized Educational Plan (IEP) developed, and receive related services. Only 39 parents had heard of PL 94-142, and only 21 of those could define the federal law. Twenty children had an IEP within the previous two years. Possible deficiencies in the implementation of PL 94-142 were discovered. This study demonstrates that the treatment of children with JRA should include efforts to: 1) identify and remediate potential performance limitations before they become problematic at school; 2) communicate this information to parents and school personnel; 3) and improve parents' awareness and understanding of PL 94-142.
Diazepam Abuse in Pregnant Women on Methadone Maintenance
Authors: Sutton Lawrence R. , Hinderliter Stacey A. 
Published: November 2007

The authors found that the course and treatment of narcotic withdrawal in two neonates was complicated by prenatal exposure to high doses of diazepam, or Valium (Roche Laboratories, Nutley, NJ). Both of the mothers were on methadone maintenance for narcotic dependency prior to the diagnosis of pregnancy. The authors documented maternal intake of diazepam in the range of 40-60 mg/day for a duration of 4-27 weeks prior to delivery. Both infants initially responded well to medical therapy for narcotic withdrawal, but at 7-14 days of age, withdrawal symptoms intensified, requiring an increase in the dosages of Paregoric (UDL Laboratories, Rockford, IL) and opium tincture in both infants and the addition of phenobarbital therapy in one infant. Both infants continued on medical therapy until they reached 1 month of age. Diazepam use by pregnant women can be associated with a later presentation of withdrawal symptoms in the neonate than that induced by the use of other drugs. Close follow-up during the first month of life is warranted for infants exposed to diazepam prenatally.
Neonatal ABO Incompatibility
Authors: Merlob Paul , Litwin Aviva , Lazar Leora , Zaizov Rina 
Published: November 2007

The authors present two infants with isoimmune hemolytic disease due to ABO incompatibility complicated by massive hemoglobinuria and secondary acute renal failure. This represents an incidence of 0.36% of all neonates with ABO hemolytic disease in the author's newborn population. Only two patients have been reported previously to have similar complications. Analysis of data of these four infants revealed the clinical characteristics of this complication of ABO incompatibility: 1) very low frequency ; 2) early onset of hemoglobinuria (first voided urine) and of acute renal failure (first 2 days of life); 3) lack of correlation between the clinical presentation of hemolytic disease and appearance and severity of renal failure; 4) complete recovery of renal functions following intravenous fluid administration; and 5) normal renal radiologic investigations.
Assessment of Management Guidelines
Authors: Klein-Schwartz Wendy , Oderda Gary M. , Gorman Richard L. , Favin Fran , Rutherfoord Rose S. 
Published: November 2007

A review of 339 treated acute iron ingestions was conducted to define treatment guidelines better. According to the poison center protocol, ingestions of 20-40 mg/kg of elemental iron required only home treatment, and ingestions of ≥40 mg/kg required hospital referral. Gastrointestinal symptoms developed in 23% of patients. There were no seriously ill patients. No serious toxicity developed in patients ingesting 40-60 mg/kg. In 199 cases in which the dose ingested was known, the mean dose was 39.5 mg/kg. The peak measured serum iron levels ranged from 12 to 539 μg/dl. In 129 cases with serum iron levels reported, increasing serum iron levels were associated with vomiting (p = 0.006). Of 88 patients who received deferoxamine, 14 had urine color change. Urine color change was associated with symptoms (p = 0.005) but not with iron dose or peak serum iron level. The poison center protocol was changed to home management for ingestions of 20-60 mg/kg unless significant symptoms developed and hospital referral for ingestions ≥ 60 mg/kg.
Chest Pain in Children
Authors: Selbst Steven M. , Ruddy Richard , Clark B.J. 
Published: November 2007

During a 1-year period, 407 children with chest pain were seen in the Emergency Department of Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. Analysis of the clinical data of these children was reported previously. The authors successfully followed 149 of these children for 6 months or more, and 51 for 2 years or more. These patients returned for an average of 3.4 visits during the follow-up period. Thirty-four percent of the initial diagnoses were altered. Usually, during the follow-up period, the authors concluded that chest pain resulted from nonorganic causes. A new organic etiology was uncovered in only 12 of 149 cases. Only 1 child was found to have a heart abnormality (mitral valve prolapse), and 3 were found to have asthma. Chest pain did not resolve during the follow-up period in 43 percent of those followed. Children with chest pain should have follow-up care because of the persistence of symptoms, but serious disease is unlikely to be found over time.
Methylphenidate Protocol: Feasibility in a Pediatric Practice
Authors: DiTraglia John 
Published: November 2007

This report examines the feasibility of double blind individual trials of methylphenidate versus placebo in a general pediatric practice to assess benefit of this medication in the treatment of attention deficit disorder. Children presenting with the diagnosis of attention deficit disorder were enrolled in a three-week protocol. The first week was a baseline week during which teachers and parents completed the Connors rating scales. During the second and third weeks of each trial, placebo or methylphenidate was given for a week each in an unknown order to parents, teachers or the investigator. Respective Connors rating scales were also completed for each of these weeks. At the end of the third week, the three parent questionnaires and the three teacher questionnaires were returned to the investigator for scoring and disclosure about findings. During a pilot period, 53% of the trials were improperly completed. Reasons for this were addressed and with simple measures the rate of successful completion was raised to 83%. During the study phase, 43% of the children were found to be hyperactive but they did not benefit from medication. In six trials there was disagreement between teachers and parents. The completed trials and many of the incompleted trials were helpful in the assessment of the children with attention deficit disorder and their response to medication. It is felt that this approach is suitable for a private general pediatric practice.
The Roles of Commissions of Inquiry in the Policy Process
Authors: Rowe Mike , McAllister Laura 
Published: November 2007

In their heyday, Royal Commissions played an important part in the policy-making process. By today, Royal Commissions have declined almost to the point of extinction. Nevertheless, a range of other commissions, committees and inquiries are still established. They have different status and take various forms but, in common with Royal Commissions, seek to broaden the basis of public policy-making beyond government, Parliament and interest groups, through engaging a wider range of participants in a more public arena to generate new ideas, develop consensus or to confer legitimacy upon controversial government policy plans. Commissions are thus important to both policy process and policy outcome. The existing literature on commissions is limited, and much of it is descriptive, centring on analysis of their political origins, membership and recommendations. It explicitly avoids some other key questions, perhaps because they are not readily answered. There is little real academic evaluation of the purpose or value of commissions and what they might uniquely bring to the policy process and to policy outcomes. This article explores these issues, drawing upon research analysing contemporary experience of a range of commissions, committees and inquiries with a view to offering some generic lessons.
The use of mineral magnetic analyses as an aid in investigating the recent volcanic disturbance history of the Krakatau Islands, Indonesia
Authors: Walden John , Whittaker Robert J. , Hill Jennifer 
Published: November 2007

The recent disturbance of vegetation on islands within the Krakatau group, Indonesia, by a succession of ash falls from Anak Krakatau, has complicated studies of tropical ecosystem recovery since the major eruption of 1883 provided a 'clean slate'. Mineral magnetic analyses are applied to a series of ash/soil profiles from Sertung, Panjang and Rakata Islands to determine whether the technique can provide a means of stratigraphic correlation of horizons both between sites and between islands (and in particular, correlation and separation of ash layers). The initial results suggest that the technique is sensitive enough to distinguish between particular horizon types (as identified in the field) such as contemporary top-soils, post-1927 ash layers and material of 1883 age. Good agreement is found between the mineral magnetic and traditional geochemical data. The former appear to hold further potential for the separation of (geologically) very close eruptive events from the same magma chamber. The results indicate considerable potential for the approach in the Krakatau context and warrant further investigation of these mineral magnetic properties. If successful, the technique could also find application in other localities where multiple volcanic disturbance events characterize Holocene sediments.
Global surface air temperature variations during the twentieth century: Part 2 , implications for large-scale high-frequency palaeoclimatic studies
Authors: Briffa K.R. , Jones P.D. 
Published: November 2007

This paper is the second of a two-part series analysing details of regional, hemispheric and global temperature change during the twentieth century. Based on the grid box data described in Part 1 we present global maps of the strength of regional temperature coherence measured in terms of the correlation decay length for both annual and seasonal mean data. Correlation decay lengths are generally higher for annual rather than seasonal data; higher in the Southern compared to the Northern Hemisphere; and consistently higher over the oceans, particularly the Indian and central north Pacific oceans. Spatial coherence is relatively low in all seasons over the mid to high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere and especially low in summer over the northern North Atlantic region. We also describe selected regional temperature series and examine the similarities between these and hemispheric mean data, placing emphasis on the nature of the relationships in different seasons. The Equatorial Indian and Atlantic oceans appear to be the best regional proxies for representing global mean temperatures. Temperature change in regions bordering the northern North Atlantic are less representative of hemisphere mean data, particularly in summer. The implications of these results for the large-scale interpretation of high-frequency palaeoclimate proxies are discussed. Strictly, given the length of the instrumental data, our results apply to temperature variability on timescales up to, at most, 50 years. Traditional inferences on global mean temperature change based on regional proxies originating around the margins of the northern North Atlantic must be viewed with some caution. Information on temperature change over the oceans, especially the tropical oceans, is an important prerequisite for accurate portrayal of global mean change. Care must be taken when integrating the evidence of different climate proxies to respect the seasonality of the response. Warm-season temperatures are most atypical of the various seasonal averages, especially in the Northern Hemisphere. Inferring annual temperature change on the basis of summer-responsive data is highly questionable.
Holocene moraine chronology, Spitsbergen, Svalbard: lichenometric evidence for multiple Neoglacial advances in the Arctic
Authors: Werner A. 
Published: November 2007

Late Holocene (Neoglacial) moraines occurring within 1 or 2 km of present glacier margins are prominent features in the forefields of Spitsbergen glaciers. 'Little Ice Age' moraines are typically the most extensive and best preserved; moraines of older Holocene advances are much less common. Where observed, older moraines occur as moraine remnants and provide irrefutable evidence of earlier Neoglacial advances. The fragmentary moraine record indicates two 'Little Ice Age' advances and two older Neoglacial advances. Lichenometry provides calibrated ages for periods of moraine stabilization. The oldest moraines stabilized by ca. 1500 years ago, and a second group of moraines stabilized by ca. 1000 years ago. 'Little Ice Age' moraines were deposited during two periods: an early group of moraines stabilized ca. 650 years ago and a later group during the last several centuries. The proposed moraine chronology compares well with other proxy climate records on Spitsbergen and with moraine records from areas bordering the Norwegian-Greenland Sea.
Sea-surface temperature fluctuations during the Holocene off the south coast of Africa: implications for terrestrial climate and rainfall
Authors: Cohen A.L. , Tyson P.D. 
Published: November 2007

Models of southern African palaeoclimate implicate surface atmospheric circulation anoma lies as forcing large-scale changes during the Late Quaternary. The available proxy data are insufficient to test the models since they provide information about temperature and rainfall rather than surface circulation. A conceptual model is proposed which links coastal ocean temperatures with atmospheric circulation and allows a history of surface circulation to be inferred from sea-temperature data. A Holocene sea-surface temperature (SST) record was constructed by measuring the oxygen isotope composition of marine mollusc shells preserved in an archaeological cave deposit on the coast of the eastern Agulhas Bank, southern Africa. Radiocarbon-dating of individual shells allowed definition of the timing and timespan of events in the record. By serially sampling along the growth axis of each shell, information was obtained about intra-annual variability as well as millennial-scale trends. During the early Holocene, the sea surface on the eastern Agulhas Bank was colder than it is at present. Maximum summer and winter temperatures obtained 5800 years ago, exceeding by more than 2°C those recorded in the region today during non-El Nino years. On average, temperatures remained high for the following 1500 years but dropped again during the Late Holocene. At 650 BP, at the start of the 'Little Ice Age' in southern Africa, the surface waters on the eastern Agulhas Bank were colder during both winter and summer. Millennial-scale variability was attributed to the same processes which force interannual SST anomalies in the region today, namely surface winds and the Agulhas Current. Negative temperature anomalies were probably associated with higher volume transport of the Agulhas Current, which forces upwelling over the shelf edge, and with increased prevalence of easterly winds, which drive coastal upwelling. In contrast, a northward displacement of the westerly wind belt, weakening of the anticyclonic circulation and thus suppression of both coastal and shelf-edge upwelling may have been responsible for positive temperature anomalies recorded during the mid-Holocene. The conceptual model predicts that negative SST anomalies are associated with wetter conditions over the southern African interior, whereas warm-water anomalies are associated with dry conditions.
Efficacy of Atorvastatin Compared With Simvastatin in Patients With Hypercholesterolemia
Authors: Farnier Michel , Portal Jean-Jacques , Maigret Pascal 
Published: November 2007

Background: Atorvastatin, a new enantiomerically pure synthetic statin, has shown a marked low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol reduction at doses ranging from 10 to 80 mg/d. This trial was designed to compare the efficacy of atorvastatin 10 mg with simvastatin 10 mg and 20 mg, the latter dose being commonly used in some countries. Methods and Results: A parallel group, randomized, PROBE, multicenter study was con ducted to compare the efficacy of 10 mg/d atorvastatin with that of 10 mg/d simvastatin and 20 mg/d simvastatin in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia. After a 6-week diet- placebo lead-in period, 272 patients with LDL cholesterol ≥ 160 mg/dL and triglycerides ≤ 300 mg/dL were randomized to 6 weeks of treatment with atorvastatin 10 mg (109 patients), simvastatin 20 mg (109 patients), or simvastatin 10 mg (54 patients). In the main analysis, which tested the equivalence of atorvastatin 10 mg and simvastatin 20 mg, the mean percent change in LDL cholesterol for atorvastatin 10 mg (-37.0%) was greater than and not equiva lent to simvastatin 20 mg (-33.8%). In the secondary analysis, which compared the efficacy of atorvastatin 10 mg with that of simvastatin 10 mg, the mean decrease in LDL cholesterol was significantly greater (P < .001) for atorvastatin 10 mg than for simvastatin 10 mg (-37.0% vs. -28.9%). The two drugs were well tolerated, with an incidence of clinical and biochemical side effects similar among the 3 treatment groups. Conclusion: In primary hypercholesterolemia, atorvastatin 10 mg was more effective and nonequivalent to simvastatin 20 mg and significantly more effective than simvastatin 10 mg for reducing LDL cholesterol levels.