bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acetaminophen Usage Patterns and Concentrations of Glutathione and γ‐Glutamyl Transferase in Alcoholic Subjects
Authors: Seifert Charles F , Anderson Douglas C. 
Published: October 2007

Study Objectives. To determine if subjects with chronic alcoholism are predisposed to acetaminophen‐induced hepatotoxicity, and to determine the contributing factors.Design. Prospective cohort study.Setting. Community‐based crisis intervention center.Subjects. One hundred eighty‐eight subjects who answered “yes” to at least one of the four questions on the CAGE (Cut down‐Annoyed‐Guilty‐Eye‐opener) questionnaire for identifying alcoholism, and 10 healthy volunteers (controls).Intervention. A history, physical examination, urine toxicologic analysis, ethanol and drug therapy history, and venous blood samples were collected on all subjects.Measurements and Main Results. Venous blood was analyzed for a liver profile, prothrombin time, and total and oxidized glutathione concentrations. A significantly higher proportion of daily drinkers were regular daily users (29.2% [45/154] vs 11.8% [4/34], p=0.0497) as well as abusers (35.7% [55/154] vs 14.7% [5/34], p=0.0237) of acetaminophen compared with nondaily drinkers. Alcoholic subjects with elevated γ‐glutamyl transferase (GGT ≥ 51 U/L) levels had significantly lower median plasma glutathione concentrations (2.33 μmol/L, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.74‐2.69 μmol/L) compared with those of alcoholic subjects with normal GGT concentrations (5.97 μmol/L, 95% CI 4.39‐7.03 μmol/L, p<0.0001) and healthy volunteers (6.59 μmol/L, 95% CI 4.79‐9.65 μmol/L, p=0.0002). A significant inverse correlation was also noted between the GGT concentration and the plasma total glutathione concentration (r = −0.62, p<0.0001). None of the 188 subjects met all preset criteria for hepatotoxicity.Conclusions. Daily drinkers were more than twice as likely as nondaily drinkers to be regular daily acetaminophen users and abusers. Alcoholic subjects with elevated GGT concentrations had significantly lower plasma total glutathione concentrations, and plasma total glutathione concentrations inversely correlated with GGT concentrations. Elevated GGT concentrations may be a clinical marker of depleted glutathione in alcoholic subjects. Acetaminophen‐induced hepatotoxicity appears to be uncommon in alcoholic subjects, despite the 31.9% (60/188 patients) who took doses that are potentially hepatotoxic.
Loss of Genomic Imprinting in Mouse Parthenogenetic Embryonic Stem Cells
Authors: Horii Takuro , Kimura Mika , Morita Sumiyo , Nagao Yasumitsu , Hatada Izuho 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
In mammals, complementary contributions of both the maternal and the paternal genomes are required for normal development because of the parental-allele-specific modification of the genome, called genomic imprinting. Therefore, parthenogenetic embryos (PG) with two maternal genomes cannot develop to term, and PG chimeras show a restricted cell contribution of donor cells and reduced weight, although they can develop to term. On the other hand, parthenogenetic embryonic stem cells (PGES) chimeras are more normal in their tissue contribution of donor cells and body weight compared with PG chimeras. To elucidate the epigenetic mechanisms underlying this, we analyzed the imprint status in donor cells of PGES and PG chimeras. In somatic lineages, genomic imprinting was lost in some PGES chimeras, whereas those in PG chimeras were almost totally maintained. Moreover, loss of imprints correlated to the gene expression pattern of imprinted genes. Therefore, this loss of imprinting in PGES chimeras could improve the tissue contribution and body weight to a normal level. On the other hand, in germ lineages, both PGES and PG in chimeras showed normal erasure of imprints, indicating that the reprogramming in germ lineages is an inevitable event, regardless of the imprint status of primordial germ cells.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells Initiate the Formation of Cellular Networks That Provide Neuroprotection by Growth Factor-Modulated Antioxidant Expression
Authors: Madhavan Lalitha , Ourednik Václav , Ourednik Jitka 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Recent studies indicate that transplanted neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPs) can interact with the environment of the central nervous system and stimulate protection and regeneration of host cells exposed to oxidative stress. Here, a set of animals grafted with NSPs and treated with 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP) exhibited reduced behavioral symptoms and less severe damage of striatal cytoarchitecture than sham transplanted controls including better survival of neurons. Sites of tissue sparing correlated with the distribution pattern of donor cells in the host brain. To investigate the cellular and molecular bases of this phenomenon, we treated cocultures of NSPs and primary neural cell cultures with 3-NP to induce oxidative stress and to study NSP-dependent activation of antioxidant mechanisms and cell survival. Proactive presence of NSPs significantly improved cell viability by interfering with production of free radicals and increasing the expression of neuroprotective factors. This process was accompanied by elevated expression of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in a network of NSPs and local astrocytes. Intriguingly, both in vitro and in vivo, enhanced growth factor secretion stimulated a robust upregulation of the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) in neurons and resulted in their improved survival. Our findings thus reveal a so far unrecognized mechanism of interaction between NSPs and surrounding cells accompanying neuroprotection: through mutual, NSP-triggered stimulation of growth factor production and activation of antioxidant mechanisms, cellular networks may shield the local environment from the arriving impact of oxidative stress.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Using Surfactant‐Modified Clays to Determine Sorption Mechanisms for a Representative Organic Base, Quinoline
Authors: Bonczek J. L. , Nkedi‐Kizza P. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractSorption of a representative ionizable nitrogen heterocycle, quinoline (pKa = 4.92), was investigated to determine the relative contributions of the neutral and protonated species to the overall process. Batch sorption experiments were conducted on surfactant‐modified clays that were synthesized from the exchange of hexadecyltrimethylammonium cations for resident sodium cations on a specimen smectite (Swy‐2) at 0, 60, 80, and 100% of the clay's cation exchange capacity (CEC). Hexadecyltrimethylammonium exchange creates highly effective organic partitioning domains within the clay interlayers in proportion to their coverage on the exchange complex. The fractionally exchanged clays, therefore, provided discrete exchange and organic partitioning domains for the protonated and neutral species of quinoline. Data were described by a combined Langmuir‐linear isotherm that permitted independent characterization of both sorption components. Results indicated that cationic sorption dominated but that the neutral species can contribute substantially given sufficient organic carbon content relative to the CEC and at pH above the pKa of quinoline. The data obtained in this study for quinoline demonstrated that the combined isotherm (including cation exchange and hydrophobic partitioning terms) describes sorption data and compares favorably with the purely empirical Freundlish isotherm.
Determination of Phosphorus Speciation in Dairy Manure using XRD and XANES Spectroscopy
Authors: Güngör Kerem , Jürgensen Astrid , Karthikeyan K. G. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractIntensive manure application is an important source of diffuse phosphorus (P) pollution. Phosphorus availability from animal manure is influenced by its chemical speciation. The major objective of this study was to investigate the P speciation in raw and anaerobically digested dairy manure with an emphasis on the calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) phosphate phases. Influent and effluent from an on‐farm digester in Wisconsin were sampled and sieved, and the 25 to 53 μm size fraction was dried for X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD) and P K‐edge X‐ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) analyses. Struvite (MgNH4PO4·6H2O) was identified in both the raw (influent) and anaerobically digested (effluent) manure using XRD. Qualitative analysis of P K‐edge XANES spectra indicated that the Ca orthophosphate phases, except dicalcium phosphate anhydrous (DCPA) or monetite (CaHPO4), were not abundant in dairy manure. Linear combination fitting (LCF) of the P standard compounds showed that 57.0 and 43.0% of P was associated with DCPA and struvite, respectively, in the raw manure. In the anaerobically digested sample, 78.2% of P was present as struvite and 21.8% of P was associated with hydroxylapatite (HAp). The P speciation shifted toward Mg orthophosphates and least soluble Ca orthophosphates following anaerobic digestion. Similarity between the aqueous orthophosphate (aq‐PO4), newberyite (MgHPO4·3H2O), and struvite spectra can cause inaccurate P speciation determination when dairy manure is analyzed solely using P K‐edge XANES spectroscopy; however, XANES can be used in conjunction with XRD to quantify the distribution of inorganic P species in animal manure.
Gaseous Nitrogen Emissions and Forage Nitrogen Uptake on Soils Fertilized with Raw and Treated Swine Manure
Authors: Chantigny Martin H. , Angers Denis A. , Rochette Philippe , Bélanger Gilles , Massé Daniel , Côté Denis 
Published: October 2007

AbstractTreatments to reduce solids content in liquid manure have been developed, but little information is available on gaseous N emissions and plant N uptake after application of treated liquid swine manure (LSM). We measured crop yield, N uptake, and NH3 and N2O losses after the application of mineral fertilizer (NH4NO3), raw LSM, and LSM that was decanted, filtered, anaerobically digested, or chemically flocculated. The experiment was conducted from 2001 to 2003 on a loam and a sandy loam cropped to timothy (Phleum pratense L.) with annual applications equivalent to 80 kg N ha−1 in spring and 60 kg N ha−1 after the first harvest. Raw LSM resulted in NH3 emissions three to six times larger (P < 0.05) than mineral fertilizer. The LSM treatments reduced NH3 emissions by an average of 25% compared with raw LSM (P < 0.05). The N2O emissions tended to be higher with raw LSM than with mineral fertilizer. The LSM treatments had little effect on N2O emissions, except for anaerobic digestion, which reduced emissions by >50% compared with raw LSM (P < 0.05). Forage yield with raw LSM was >90% of that with mineral fertilizer. The LSM treatments tended to increase forage yield and N uptake relative to raw LSM. We conclude that treated or untreated LSM offers an alternative to mineral fertilizers for forage grass production but care must be taken to minimize NH3 volatilization. Removing solids from LSM by mechanical, chemical, and biological means reduced NH3 losses from LSM applied to perennial grass.
Soil Biogeochemical Characteristics Influenced by Alum Application in a Municipal Wastewater Treatment Wetland
Authors: Malecki‐Brown Lynette M. , White John R. , Reddy K. R. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractConstructed treatment wetlands are a relatively low‐cost alternative used for tertiary treatment of wastewater. Phosphorus (P) removal capacity of these wetlands may decline, however, as P is released from the accrued organic soils. Little research has been done on methods to restore the treatment capacity of aging constructed wetlands. One possibility is the seasonal addition of alum during periods of low productivity and nutrient removal. Our 3‐mo mesocosm study investigated the effectiveness of alum in immobilizing P during periods of reduced treatment efficiency, as well as the effects on soil biogeochemistry. Eighteen mesocosms were established, triplicate experimental and control units for Typha sp., Schoenoplectus californicus, and submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) (Najas guadalupensis dominated). Alum was slowly dripped to the water column of the experimental units at a rate of 0.91 g Al m−2 d−1 and water quality parameters were monitored. Soil cores were collected at experiment initiation and completion and sectioned into 0‐ to 5‐ and 5‐ to 10‐cm intervals for characterization. The alum floc remained in the 0‐ to 5‐cm surface soil, however, soil pH and microbial parameters were impacted throughout the upper 10 cm with the lowest pH found in the Typha treatment. Plant type did not impact most biogeochemical parameters; however, data were more variable in the SAV mesocosms. Amorphous Al was greater in the surface soil of alum‐treated mesocosms, inversely correlated with soil pH and microbial biomass P in both soil layers. Microbial activity was also suppressed in the surface soil of alum‐treated mesocosms. This research suggests alum may significantly affect the biogeochemistry of treatment wetlands and needs further investigation.
An Empirical Model of Soil Chemical Properties that Regulate Methane Production in Japanese Rice Paddy Soils
Authors: Cheng Weiguo , Yagi Kazuyuki , Akiyama Hiroko , Nishimura Seiichi , Sudo Shigeto , Fumoto Tamon , Hasegawa Toshihiro , Hartley Anne E. , Megonigal J. Patrick 
Published: October 2007

AbstractTo understand which soil chemical properties are the best predictors of CH4 production in rice paddy soils, a model was developed with empirical data from nine types of rice soils collected around Japan and anaerobically incubated at 30°C for 16 wk in laboratory conditions. After 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 wk of incubation, CO2, CH4, and Fe(II) were measured to understand soil organic matter decomposition and iron (Fe) reduction. Available N (Nava) was also measured at the end of incubation. The results showed that decomposable C and reducible Fe are two key parameters that regulate soil CH4 production (PCH4). There was a significant relationship between decomposable C and available N (Nava) (r2 = 0.975**). Except for a sandy soil sample, a significant relationship between total Fe (Fetotal) and reducible Fe was found. From this experiment, a simple model of soil CH4 production was developed: PCH4 = 1.593Nava – 2.460Fetotal/1000 (each unit was mg kg−1 soil). After simulated CH4 production by two soil chemical properties as above, there was a significant consistency between model simulation and actual measurement (r2 = 0.831**).
In Situ Soil Water Extraction: A Review
Authors: Weihermüller L. , Siemens J. , Deurer M. , Knoblauch S. , Rupp H. , Göttlein A. , Pütz T. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe knowledge of the composition and fluxes of vadose zone water is essential for a wide range of scientific and practical fields, including water‐use management, pesticide registration, fate of xenobiotics, monitoring of disposal from mining and industries, nutrient management of agricultural and forest ecosystems, ecology, and environmental protection. Nowadays, water and solute flow can be monitored using either in situ methods or minimally invasive geophysical measurements. In situ information, however, is necessary to interpret most geophysical data sets and to determine the chemical composition of seepage water. Therefore, we present a comprehensive review of in situ soil water extraction methods to monitor solute concentration, solute transport, and to calculate mass balances in natural soils. We distinguished six different sampling devices: porous cups, porous plates, capillary wicks, pan lysimeters, resin boxes, and lysimeters. For each of the six sampling devices we discuss the basic principles, the advantages and disadvantages, and limits of data acquisition. We also give decision guidance for the selection of the appropriate sampling system. The choice of material is addressed in terms of potential contamination, filtering, and sorption of the target substances. The information provided in this review will support scientists and professionals in optimizing their experimental set‐up for meeting their specific goals.
The Decision Not to Drive During Hypoglycemia in Patients With Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes According to Hypoglycemia Awareness
Authors: Stork Alexander D.M. , van Haeften Timon W. , Veneman Thiemo F. 
Published: October 2007

OBJECTIVE—In recent years, there has been an ongoing discussion on the relationship between diabetes and driving. As driving performance will inevitably decline at lower levels of glycemia, patients’ decisions concerning driving or taking corrective action when hypoglycemia occurs immediately before or during driving seems paramount.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Twenty-four type 1 diabetic patients with normal awareness of hypoglycemia (T1Norm group), 21 type 1 diabetic patients with impaired awareness of hypoglycemia (T1Imp group), and 20 type 2 diabetic patients with normal awareness of hypoglycemia (T2 group) were studied. They were asked whether they felt hypoglycemic and whether they would currently drive during experimental euglycemia (5.0 mmol/l) and hypoglycemia (2.7 mmol/l).
RESULTS—In the T1Norm group, 1 patient (4.2%) decided to drive during hypoglycemia. In the T1Imp group, 9 patients (42.9%) said they would drive in the hypoglycemic condition. In the T2 group, 5 patients (25%) would drive. This was more frequently the case for patients on oral hypoglycemic agents (χ2 = 4.44; P = 0.04). No effect of sex (χ2 = 0.78; P = 0.38) or age (χ2 = 0.22; P = 0.64) was noted.
CONCLUSIONS—Patients with type 1 diabetes and impaired awareness of hypoglycemia frequently decided to drive while hypoglycemic, whereas patients with type 1 diabetes and normal awareness of hypoglycemia appeared to make safe decisions concerning hypoglycemia and driving. Strikingly, patients with type 2 diabetes and normal hypoglycemia awareness frequently made potentially dangerous decisions as well, particularly when using oral hypoglycemic agents. Therefore, early, clear, and consistent education is imperative.
Increases in Central Aortic Impedance Precede Alterations in Arterial Stiffness Measures in Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Sweitzer Nancy K. , Shenoy Mohan , Stein James H. , Keles Sunduz , Palta Mari , LeCaire Tamara , Mitchell Gary F. 
Published: October 2007

OBJECTIVE—Increased pulse pressure has been associated with increased cardiovascular risk in individuals with diabetes. Changes in central aortic properties can increase central pulse pressure and may adversely affect microvascular perfusion and cardiac performance. This study was performed to define early changes in central arterial properties in a group of young individuals with type 1 diabetes.
RESEARCH AND DESIGN METHODS—Seventeen individuals with type 1 diabetes and their nondiabetic control subjects who were participating in the Cardio-Diab Study had arterial stiffness and pulsatile hemodynamics measured with calibrated tonometry and pulsed Doppler. Aortic characteristic impedance (Zc) was calculated from the ratio of change in carotid pressure and aortic flow in early systole. Pulse wave velocity (PWV) was assessed from tonometry and body surface measurements.
RESULTS—Duration of type 1 diabetes was 15.3 ± 0.7 (mean ± SD) years. In type 1 diabetic subjects, central pulse pressure was elevated (45 ± 11 vs. 36 ± 10 mmHg in control subjects, P = 0.02), as was peripheral pulse pressure (54 ± 13 vs. 43 ± 10 mmHg, P = 0.002). Zc was elevated in type 1 diabetes (179 ± 57 vs. 136 ± 42 dynes × s/cm5 in control subjects, P = 0.004), whereas PWV was not different (5.9 ± 0.9 vs. 5.9 ± 0.7 m/s in type 1 diabetic vs. control subjects, respectively; NS). There was a moderate correlation between Zc and urinary albumin excretion (coefficient 0.39, P = 0.02).
CONCLUSIONS—Zc appears to be increased early in type 1 diabetes, before elevation of PWV and is associated with higher pulse pressure, which may contribute to renal microvascular damage in diabetes.
Effectiveness of a Self-Management Intervention in Patients With Screen-Detected Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Thoolen Bart , De Ridder Denise , Bensing Jozien , Maas Cora , Griffin Simon , Gorter Kees , Rutten Guy 
Published: October 2007

OBJECTIVE—To examine the effectiveness of a theory-driven self-management course in reducing cardiovascular risk in patients with screen-detected type 2 diabetes, taking ongoing medical treatment into account.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—A total of 196 screen-detected patients, receiving either intensive pharmacological or usual-care treatment since diagnosis (3–33 months previously), were subsequently randomized to a control or intervention condition (self-management course). A 2 × 2 factorial design evaluated the behavioral intervention (self-management course versus control) nested within the medical treatment (intensive versus usualcare), using multilevel regression modeling to analyze changes in patients’ BMI, A1C, blood pressure (BP), and lipid profiles over 12 months, from the start of the 3-month course to 9-month follow-up.
RESULTS—The self-management course significantly reduced BMI (−0.77 kg/m2) and systolic BP (−6.2 mmHg) up until the 9-month follow-up, regardless of medical treatment. However, intensive medical treatment was also independently associated with lower BP, A1C, total cholesterol, and LDL before the course and further improvements in systolic BP (−4.7 mmHg). Patients receiving both intensive medical treatment and the self-management course therefore had the best outcomes.
CONCLUSIONS—This self-management course was effective in achieving sustained reductions in weight and BP, independent of medical treatment. A combination of behavioral and medical interventions is particularly effective in reducing cardiovascular risk in newly diagnosed patients.
Symptoms of Diabetes and Their Association With the Risk and Presence of Diabetes
Authors: Clark Nathaniel G. , Fox Kathleen M. , Grandy Susan ,   for the SHIELD Study Group
Published: October 2007

OBJECTIVE—The American Diabetes Association (ADA) lists seven symptoms of diabetes; however, it is not known how specific these symptoms are for initial diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. The Study to Help Improve Early evaluation and management of risk factors Leading to Diabetes (SHIELD) examined prevalence of ADA symptoms and their association with diabetes diagnosis.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—SHIELD is a 5-year observational study of individuals with or at risk for diabetes diagnosis. Following an initial screening phase, follow-up questionnaires were mailed to a stratified random sample of individuals (n = 22,001) with type 1 or type 2 diabetes or at high (three to five risk factors) or low (zero to two risk factors) risk for diabetes. Individuals reported whether they experienced each ADA symptom, as well as symptoms unrelated to diabetes.RESULTS—A total of 15,794 questionnaires were returned (response rate 71.8%). All ADA symptoms were reported more frequently in type 2 diabetes than in low- and high-risk groups (P &lt; 0.0001 for each). Multivariable logistic regression analyses found that each ADA symptom other than irritability was significantly associated with type 2 diabetes, as was erectile/sexual dysfunction. However, 48% of type 1 diabetic and 44% of type 2 diabetic respondents reported no ADA symptom in the previous year.CONCLUSIONS—Occurrence of ADA symptoms alone may not adequately identify those who should be evaluated for type 2 diabetes. Longitudinal data from SHIELD will evaluate whether combinations of symptoms or addition of other symptoms can better identify individuals for evaluation.