bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Correlation of Clinical, Radiographic, and Surgical Localization of Intervertebral Disc Extrusion in Small‐Breed Dogs: A Prospective Study of 50 Cases
Authors: SCHULZ KURT S. , WALKER MICHAEL , MOON MARTHA , WALDRON DON , SLATER MARGARET , McDONALD DARRYL E. 
Published: February 2008

Objective—To compare prospectively clinical, radiographic, and surgical findings of intervertebral disc extrusion (IDE) localization in small‐breed dogs and to determine the best means of lesion localization for the purpose of hemilaminectomy. Study Design—Clinical, radiographic, and surgical findings of small‐breed dogs with thoracolumbar IDE were prospectively compared for agreement on lesion localization.Sample Population—50 small‐breed dogs with IDE treated at the three participating veterinary hospitals were included in the study if no other confounding diseases were identified and if the owner gave permission for diagnostic tests and surgery. Methods—Clinical and surgical findings were recorded by the surgeon assigned to the case. Radiographic studies were evaluated independently by two radiologists blinded as to the clinical and surgical findings. values and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for agreement on lesion localization by clinical, radiographic, and surgical means and for agreement between radiologists. Results—K values for agreement of lesion localization were as follows: clinical versus surgical, 0.595; radiologist A versus radiologist B, 0.81; radiologist A versus surgical findings, 0.60; radiologist B versus surgical findings, 0.71. Both radiologists' interpretation of IDE localization agreed with surgical localization in 60% of cases. Conclusions—Clinical lateralization of IDE was found to be the least reliable factor of those studied for determining on which side the hemilaminectomy should be performed. Results of this study differ from those of previous studies examining the reliability of myelography to localize the site of IDE accurately. The results of this study further suggest that surgery may not be an absolute standard for determination of the localization of IDE in small‐breed dogs. Clinical Relevance—Intervertebral disc extrusion in small‐breed dogs frequently results in bilateral distribution of extruded material. Computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging may be necessary to delineate completely the distribution of extruded disc material in IDE.
Mechanical Comparison of Two External Fixator Clamp Designs
Authors: KRAUS KARL H. , WOTTON HARRY M. , RAND WILLIAM M. 
Published: February 2008

Objective—To compare two external fixation clamp designs for their ability to resist movement of a fixation pin in relation to the connecting rod.Study Design—Two designs of external fixator clamps were attached to connecting rods mounted on a jig for mechanical testing. Fixator pins were placed perpendicular to the connecting rod. A mechanical testing machine was used to deflect each 3.2‐mm pin at a distance that was 25 mm from the center of the clamp bolt. Both clamp designs were tightened to 4.4, 6.1, and 7.8 newton‐meters (N m) torque, and loads were applied in a position ramp through 4 mm and resisting loads were measured. Two clamp orientations were used during load application, such that the deflection of the pin tended to tighten the clamp bolt or tended to loosen the clamp bolt. The tests were videotaped to determine mode of failure. Comparisons of the load/displacement curves for the two external fixator clamp designs were made using nonlinear equational curve fitting methods. The resultant plateau and rise coefficients were compared using analysis of variance.Results—Slippage of the pin in relation to the clamp occurred with the Kirschner‐Ehmer clamp tightened to 4.4, 6.1, and 7.8 N‐m, and slipping of the pin in relation to the clamp occurred with the experimental clamp design tightened to 4.4 and 6.1 N‐m but not to 7.8 N‐m. At 7.8 N‐m, the 3.2‐mm pin deformed plastically with the experimental clamp design. Increasing the torque of the clamp bolt resulted in superior plateau coefficients for both clamp designs. At each level of tightness and in each clamp orientation to applied pin load, the experimental clamp design provided greater plateau coefficients than did the Kirschner‐Ehmer clamp design. At 7.8 N m of tightness, the Kirschner‐Ehmer clamp and bolt bent, whereas only slight plastic deformation of the experimental clamp design occurred.Conclusions—The experimental external fixator clamp was more secure in resisting fixator pin movement at all levels of tightening compared with the Kirschner‐Ehmer‐type external fixator clamp. At 7.8 N m of tightening, the new clamp design did not allow slippage of the pin within the clamp.Clinical Significance—The experimental external fixator clamp should result in greater rigidity of fixator configurations, in addition to providing design features that allow addition of a clamp between two installed clamps, sleeved predrilling of pilot holes for all pins, measurement of pin depth, and placement of positive profile pins at all sites.
Surgical Management of Multiple Congenital Intrahepatic Shunts in Two Dogs
Authors: HUNT GERALDINE B. , YOUMANS K. RUTH , SOMMERLAD SUSAN , SWINNEY GRAHAM , NICHOLSON ANTHONY , MELVILLE LISA , HOFFMAN KAREN L. , ALLAN GRAEME S. 
Published: February 2008

Objective—To present details of an unusual type of portosystemic shunt and its surgical management in two dogs.Animals—Two young dogs that had a tentative diagnosis of a portosystemic shunt on the basis of clinical signs and serum biochemical abnormalities. Abdominal ultrasonography and contrast portography demonstrated multiple intrahepatic shunts. In both cases, the multiple shunts arose from a single branch of the portal vein.Outcome—It was possible to locate and attenuate flow through the shunts via a transportal venotomy under conditions of hepatic vascular occlusion. Clinical and biochemical abnormalities resolved after surgery in both dogs. Postoperative sonography revealed complete obliteration of the shunt plexus in one of the dogs.
Neuromuscular Effects of Doxacurium Chloride in Isoflurane‐Anesthetized Dogs
Authors: MARTINEZ ELIZABETH A. , WOOLDRIDGE ANNE A. , HARTSFIELD SANDEE M. , MEALEY KATRINA L. 
Published: February 2008

Objective—To determine the neuromuscular effects of doxacurium chloride and to construct a dose‐response curve for the drug in isoflurane‐anesthetized dogs.Design—Randomized, controlled trial.Animals—Six healthy, adult, mixed‐breed dogs (five female, one male) weighing 24.8 ° 2.8 kg.Methods—Anesthesia was induced with isoflurane in oxygen and maintained with 1.9% to 2.3% end‐tidal isoflurane concentration. Paco2was maintained between 35 and 45 mm Hg with mechanical ventilation. Mechanomyography was used to quantitate the evoked twitch response of the paw after supramaximal train‐of‐four stimulation of the superficial peroneal nerve. After baseline values were recorded, the dogs received one of three doses of doxacurium (2.0, 3.5, 4.5 μg/kg of body weight) or a saline placebo intravenously in random order. All dogs received all treatments with at least 7 days between studies. After drug administration, the degree of maximal first twitch depression compared with baseline (T,%) was recorded. Dose‐response relations of doxacurium were plotted in log dose‐probit format and analyzed by linear regression to determine effective dose (ED50and ED90) values for doxacurium.Results—The median log dose‐probit response curve showed good data correlation (r= .999) with estimates of the ED50(2.1 μg/kg) and ED90(3.5 μg/kg) for doxacurium in isoflurane‐anesthetized dogs. Mean ± SD values for T1% (first twitch tension compared with baseline) at maximal depression after drug administration, onset (time from drug administration to maximal depression of T1%), duration (time from maximal depression of T1% to 25% recovery of T1%), and recovery (time from 25% to 75% recovery of T1%) times were 92%± 4%, 40 ± 5 minutes, 108 ± 31 minutes, and 42 ± 11 minutes for dogs treated with 3.5 μg/kg of doxacurium and 94%± 7%, 41 ± 8 minutes, 111 ± 33 minutes, and 37 ± 10 minutes for dogs treated with 4.5 μg/kg of doxacurium.Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—We conclude that doxacurium is a long‐acting neuromuscular blocking agent with a slow onset of action. Doxacurium can be used to provide muscle relaxation for long surgical procedures in isoflurane‐anesthetized dogs. Interpatient variability, particularly of duration of drug action, may exist in the neuromuscular response to the administration of doxacurium in dogs.
The Effects of Equivalent Doses of Tromethamine or Sodium Bicarbonate in Healthy Horses
Authors: PEDRICK T.P. , LUDDERS J.W. , DVM H.N. ERB , GLEED R.D. 
Published: February 2008

Objective—To describe the effects of tromethamine, a putative treatment for metabolic acidosis, and to compare its biochemical effects with those of sodium bicarbonate.Design—Randomized intervention study with repeated measures.Animals—16 healthy horses, 3 to 17 years old, weighing 391 to 684 kg.Methods—Ten horses received 3 mEq/kg tromethamine and six received 3 mEq/kg sodium bicarbonate. Samples of venous blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were collected at intervals before and after drug administration. Heart rate and breathing rate were also recorded at intervals. Results—Median standard base excess increased significantly (P< .05) from baseline immediately after both bicarbonate and tromethamine. These increases were not significantly different between treatments. Standard base excess returned toward baseline but remained significantly increased 3 hours after infusion of either treatment. After tromethamine, there was a significant decrease in plasma sodium concentration that lasted for at least 90 minutes. After sodium bicarbonate, no change in plasma sodium concentration was detected. Both sodium bicarbonate and tromethamine increased carbon dioxide tension in venous blood and CSF. Despite venous alkalemia, the pH of CSF decreased after both treatments.Conclusions—Tromethamine and sodium bicarbonate have similar alkalinizing ability. Tromethamine causes hyponatremia, whereas both tromethamine and sodium bicarbonate increase carbon dioxide tension in venous blood and CSF.Clinical Relevance—If hyponatremia, hypercarbia, and acidosis of the CSF occur after tromethamine is given to horses with existing metabolic acidosis, some of the potential advantages of tromethamine may prove theoretical rather than practical.
Hypothermic Storage of Feline Kidneys for Transplantation: SuccessfulEx VivoStorage Up to 7 Hours
Authors: McANULTY JONATHAN F. 
Published: February 2008

Objective—To describe the effect of hypothermic storage on transplanted feline kidneys.Study Design—Kidneys were stored in University of Wisconsin (UW) sodium gluconate (n = 3) or phosphate‐buffered sucrose (n = 5) solutions before transplantation.Animal Population—Eight cats with renal failure and seven normal cats as kidney donors.Methods—Kidneys were perfused through the renal artery with cold (10°C) storage solution and immersed in the solution on ice until transplantation.Results—Meanex vivostorage time was 4.8 ± 0.36 hours (range, 3.5 to 7 hours). Seven recipient cats survived surgery. Five of the cats had decreased serum creatinine concentrations from a mean of 8.2 mg/dL (range, 4.0 to 15.8 mg/dL) preoperatively to 1.7 mg/dL (range, 1.3 to 2.2 mg/dL) within 4 days of surgery. In one cat, serum creatinine concentration dropped from 15.1 to 3.7 mg/dL in 3 days, but the cat developed a ureteral stricture that required revision. One graft did not function, and the cat died on day 19. The mean postoperative survival time of cats that were discharged from the hospital (n = 6) was 254 days (range, 49 to 717 days) at the time of this report. Long‐term renal function (>60 days postoperatively; n = 5) was excellent with mean serum creatinine concentrations of 1.6 ± 0.15 mg/dL.Conclusions—Hypothermic storage is feasible for short‐term preservation of feline kidneys.The maximal length of feasible storage remains unknown.Clinical Relevance—Hypothermia protects against ischemia‐induced nephron loss duringex vivomanipulation of the allograft and allows longer safe vascular anastomosis times. Short‐term hypothermic storage also provides time to accommodate modifications in scheduling or anesthetic management of the recipient operation.
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris (Humeral Head) Muscle Flap for Reconstruction of Distal Forelimb Injuries in Two Dogs
Authors: CHAMBERS JONATHAN N. , PURINTON P. THOMAS , ALLEN SHEILA W. , SCHNEIDER TIMOTHY A. , SMITH JULIE D. 
Published: February 2008

Objective—To describe the use of the humeral head of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle as a rotational flap for reconstruction of distal antebrachial, carpal, and metacarpal injuries in two dogs.Study Design—Description of clinical cases.Results—Local rotation of the humeral head of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle provided coverage of the carpal and carpometacarpal bones and joint structures exposed by soft tissue avulsion.Conclusions—The distal portion of the humeral head of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle can be used as a local muscle flap.Clinical Relevance—Early soft tissue coverage of large wounds to the carpal and metacarpal regions can be accomplished without resorting to a more technically difficult procedure, such as a free vascularized flap transfer.
Use of Buccal Mucosal Flaps for the Correction of Congenital Soft Palate Defects in Three Dogs
Authors: SAGER M. , NEFEN S. 
Published: February 2008

Objective—To present an alternative surgical technique for the repair of soft palate defects in dogs. Animal Population—Three Foxhound cross dogs. Methods—Bilateral buccal mucosal flaps, based at the palatoglossal arches, were raised. One flap was rotated so that the mucosal side created the floor of the nasopharynx. The second flap was rotated so that the mucosal side formed the roof of the oropharynx. The mucosa of the remnant of the soft palate and the pharyngeal walls was incised and the flaps sutured to these free mucosal edges. The caudal ends of the two flaps were sutured to each other. Results—Complete closure of the soft palate defect was obtained in all three dogs. The dogs were monitored for between 1.5 and 3 years postoperatively, and no long‐term problems were encountered. Conclusions—This surgical technique resulted in an excellent functional separation of the oropharynx and nasopharynx and allowed reconstruction of a large bilateral soft palate defect. Clinical Relevance—By using the buccal mucosal flaps, as described in this report, a tension‐free closure of large soft palate defects can be obtained, thereby eliminating a major cause of failure of this type of reconstructive surgery.
Epidural Injection of Ketamine for Perineal Analgesia in the Horse
Authors: SEGURA IGNACIO A. GÓMEZ DE , ROSSI RAFAEL DE , SANTOS MARTIN , SAN‐ROMAN JAVIER LÓPEZ , TENDILLO FRANCISCO J. 
Published: February 2008

Objective—To determine the analgesic, sedative, and cardiopulmonary effects of epidural ketamine in the horse.Animal Population—Six healthy horses (three males and three females) weighing between 350 and 450 kg.Methods—Three doses of ketamine were selected (0.5, 1, and 2 mg/kg). Two months before the beginning of experiments, the carotid artery was exteriorized, and 1 week before experiments began, an epidural catheter was placed percutaneously in all animals with the tip located 12 cm cranially in the midsacrum. One week later, either saline (control) or one of three doses of ketamine was injected epidurally. Each animal received each ketamine dose and saline in random order at 1‐week intervals. Ketamine was diluted in saline 0.9% before the experiment, and the volume used was adjusted to horse size and correlated to clinically used volumes. All the animals received a standard noxious stimulus consisting of needle insertion into the skin and deep muscle using a 3‐point scale for scoring the response. A second scale was used to score the degree of sedation. The response to a noxious stimulus, the degree of sedation, and arterial blood pressure were assessed at previously determined intervals: before drug and 2, 5, 10, and 15 minutes and every 15 minutes to 210 minutes after ketamine or saline administration. Arterial blood samples were drawn for blood gas analysis before drug and at 15, 30, 60, and 90 minutes.Results—All the tested doses of ketamine were effective in producing analgesia of the tail, perineum, and upper hindlimb. Total tail and perineal analgesia times were similar depending on dosage (30 minutes for 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg and 75 minutes for 2.0 mg/kg). A sedative effect of ketamine was also observed in a dose‐response manner with a peak effect between 15 and 30 minutes postadministration. No cardiopulmonary effects were observed with any dose of ketamine.Conclusions—Results indicate that epidurally administered ketamine in the horse produces local spinal and central nervous system effects with analgesia and sedation but minimal cardiopulmonary effects.Clinical Relevance—Further studies are required to determine whether the analgesia is sufficient for surgery.
Dorsolateral Subluxation of Hip Joints in Dogs Measured in a Weight‐Bearing Position With Radiography and Computed Tomography
Authors: FARESE JAMES P. , TODHUNTER RORY J. , LUST GEORGE , WILLIAMS ALMA J. , DYKES NATHAN L. 
Published: February 2008

Objective—To develop a radiographic procedure to measure dorsolateral subluxation (DLS) of the femoral head in canine coxofemoral (hip) joints in a weight‐bearing position.Study Design—DLS measured on a radiographic projection was compared with DLS measured on computed tomography (CT) images of hip joints in a weight‐bearing position.Animals—A total of 24 dogs of varying ages were examined including Labrador retrievers, greyhounds, and Labrador‐greyhound crossbreeds.Methods—Anesthetized dogs were placed in sternal recumbency in a kneeling position in a foam rubber mold. The stifles were flexed and adducted with the femora perpendicular to, and in contact with, the table. To test for DLS, dogs were imaged in this weight‐bearing position (DLS test) with routine radiography and CT. For each hip, the DLS score was determined by measuring the percentage of the femoral head medial to the lateralmost point of the cranial acetabular rim on the dorsoventral radiographic projection and the lateralmost point of the central, dorsal acetabular rim on the CT image. Higher DLS scores indicated better coverage of the femoral head by the acetabulum. DLS scores were compared with the distraction index (DI) by grouping joints according to their probability of developing osteoarthritis (OA) as predicted by the DI.Results—The DLS score in the new position ranged from 29% to 71% for radiography and 15% to 59% for CT. Joints classified as OA unsusceptible had a mean score of 64%± 1.5% for radiography and 55%± 0.8% for CT (n = 10); hip joints having a high probability of developing OA had a score of 39%± 2.6% for radiography and 26%± 1.9% for CT (n = 8). When the DLS test was repeated on the same dogs at a different time, the intraclass correlation coefficient for the DLS score on the radiographs was 0.85 (left hip) and 0.89 (right hip). There was a strong correlation (r = .89 for both hips) between the DLS score measured on the weight‐bearing radiograph and the CT image. A strong correlation also was observed between the DLS score and the DI (r = ‐.87). The DLS scores for OA unsusceptible joints and joints with a high probability of developing OA were significantly different (P< .05).Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The DLS test can be performed with CT or routine radiography to measure variable amounts of DLS in weight‐bearing hip joints oriented similarly to those of a standing dog. After additional long‐term follow‐up studies evaluating the development of OA and breed effects are performed, the DLS method may prove useful in studies of normal and abnormal hip joint development related to canine hip dysplasia.
Antinociceptive Effects of Oxymorphone‐Butorphanol‐Acepromazine Combination in Cats
Authors: BRIGGS SHANNON L. , SNEED KRISTI , SAWYER DONALD C. 
Published: February 2008

Objective—To determine the antinociceptive effects of oxymorphone, butorphanol, and acepromazine individually and in combination to a noxious visceral stimulus in cats.Study Design—Randomized, blinded controlled study.Animals—Eight healthy mixed‐breed cats (four male, four female) weighing 4.4 ± 1.2 kg and aged 1 to 2 years old.Methods—A silastic balloon catheter was inserted per rectum and inflated at various pressures. Physiological parameters (respiratory rate, pulse rate, and blood pressure) were also recorded. Subjects were administered individual and combined intravenous (IV) doses of 0.025, 0.05, 0.10, and 0.20 mg/kg oxymorphone and 0.025, 0.05, 0.10, and 0.20 mg/kg butorphanol. A further study of various ratios of butorphanol and oxymorphone (3:1, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3), at a combined equivalent dose of 0.1 mg/kg, was performed in four cats per dose combination. In a separate study, four cats were administered combined IV doses of 0.05 mg/kg each of oxymorphone and butorphanol or 0.05 mg/kg each of oxymorphone, butorphanol, and acepromazine.Results—Combined doses of 0.05 and 0.10 mg/kg of oxymorphone and butorphanol showed mainly additive with some synergistic antinociceptive interactions and the combined dose of 0.2 mg/kg of each agent demonstrated additional antinociceptive effects,P< .05. Additional studies showed that various ratios of the two agents at a total combined dose of 0.10 mg/kg IV did not produce levels of antinociception that were significantly different from each other,P> .05. Acepromazine (ACE) significantly increased the magnitude of antinociception at 15 minutes when administered in combination with oxymorphone and butorphanol,P< .05. Also, physiological variables were unaffected by these drug combinations.Conclusions—Low doses of oxymorphone and butorphanol in combination can produce greater levels of antinociception than when used individually. ACE, in conjunction with oxymorphone and butorphanol, produced even greater levels of antinociception than the two‐opioid drug combination.Clinical Relevance—Oxymorphone, butorphanol, and ACE can be used in combination to produce additive or synergistic effects without adverse effects in cats. These data suggest that ACE and butorphanol at low doses given as preanesthetic medication followed by a mu opioid (eg, oxymorphone) after surgery at low doses may provide an effective method of pain management in the cat.