bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pharmacogenetics of aspirin resistance: a comprehensive systematic review
Authors: Goodman Timothy , Ferro Albert , Sharma Pankaj 
Published: April 2008

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT• A genetic basis for aspirin resistance has been postulated to exist.• The individual studies published have been too small to allow reliable conclusions to be drawn.• In order to clarify what, if any, genetic basis exists for aspirin resistance, we have undertaken, to our knowledge, the largest and most comprehensive systematic review conducted to‐date in this field.WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS• There is a significant association between the PlA1/A2 molecular variant and aspirin resistance in healthy subjects, with the effect diminishing in the presence of cardiovascular disease.• However further studies are needed to confirm this.• We argue that investigators now need to agree on a standard technique to measure and define aspirin resistance.AIMSThe aim was to perform a systematic review of all candidate gene association studies in aspirin resistance.METHODSElectronic databases were searched up until 1 December 2007 for all studies investigating any candidate gene for aspirin resistance in humans. Aspirin resistance was required to have been measured by a standardized laboratory technique to be included in the analysis.RESULTSWithin 31 studies, 50 polymorphisms in 11 genes were investigated in 2834 subjects. The PlA1/A2 polymorphism in the GPIIIa platelet receptor was the most frequently investigated, with 19 studies in 1389 subjects. The PlA1/A2 variant was significantly associated with aspirin resistance when measured in healthy subjects [odds ratio (OR) 2.36, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.24, 4.49;P = 0.009]. Combining genetic data from all studies (comprising both healthy subjects and those with cardiovascular disease) reduced the observed effect size (OR 1.14, 95% CI 0.84, 1.54;P = 0.40). Moreover, the observed effect of PlA1/A2 genotype varied depending on the methodology used for determining aspirin sensitivity/resistance. No significant association was found with aspirin resistance in four other investigated polymorphisms in the COX‐1, GPla, P2Y1 or P2Y12 genes.CONCLUSIONSOur data support a genetic association between the PlA1/A2 molecular variant and aspirin resistance in healthy subjects, with the effect diminishing in the presence of cardiovascular disease. The laboratory methodology used influences the detection of aspirin resistance. However, as heterogeneity was significant and our results are based on a limited number of studies, further studies are required to confirm our findings.
Interleukin‐6 receptor superantagonist Sant7 inhibits TGF‐β‐induced proliferation of human lung fibroblasts
Authors: Gallelli L. , Falcone D. , Pelaia G. , Renda T. , Terracciano R. , Malara N. , Vatrella A. , Sanduzzi A. , D’Agostino B. , Rossi F. , Vancheri C. , Maselli R. , Marsico S. A. , Savino R. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract.  Objectives: Both interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) are crucially involved in fibrotic events that characterize interstitial lung diseases (ILD). Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate in primary cultures of normal and fibrotic human lung fibroblasts (HLF), exposed to either IL‐6 or TGF‐β1, the effects on phosphorylation of mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPK) and cell growth of IL‐6 signalling inhibition, performed by the IL‐6 receptor superantagonist Sant7.Materials and methods: MAPK phosphorylation was detected by Western blotting, HLF viability and proliferation were evaluated using the trypan blue staining and the 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, respectively. Results: Sant7, at a concentration of 1 µg/mL, was capable of significantly inhibiting HLF proliferation and MAPK phosphorylation induced by cell exposure to IL‐6 (100 ng/mL) or TGF‐β1 (10 ng/mL), whose actions were more evident in fibrotic cells. Conclusions: These findings suggest that, in HLFs derived from patients with ILDs, the proliferative mechanisms activated by TGF‐β1 are at least in part mediated by an increased release of IL‐6, leading to phosphorylation‐dependent MAPK activation. Such preliminary findings may thus open new therapeutic perspectives for fibrogenic ILDs, based on inhibition of signal transduction pathways stimulated by the IL‐6 receptor.
Patterns in the abundance and distribution of ichneumonid parasitoids within and across habitat patches
Authors: FRASER SALLY E. M. , DYTHAM CALVIN , MAYHEW PETER J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract1. Knowing how species are distributed across a landscape can considerably aid the management of populations and species richness. Insect parasitoids constitute a large fraction of terrestrial biodiversity and help regulate other insect populations, but their ecology is poorly known at a landscape scale.2. Using Malaise traps distributed first extensively and then intensively across woodland patches in an agricultural landscape, we tested whether four ichneumonid subfamilies display (i) a positive relationship between abundance and occupancy, (ii) a positive relationship between abundance in the extensive sample and abundance in the intensive sample, and (iii) aggregation across traps.3. A positive relationship between abundance and occupancy was found across species in both samples, and was relatively strong. Abundance in the extensive samples was positively correlated with abundance in the intensive samples. On average, species were aggregated in both samples, although aggregation was not necessary for a positive abundance–occupancy relationship.4. These results suggest that ichneumonid species can largely be classified on a continuum from widespread and locally abundant to localised and locally scarce. The former species allow the potential for pervasive natural control of host populations. The latter species, which constitute a substantial majority of the species list, will be vulnerable to extinction through both stochastic forces and widespread adverse forces such as climate change and habitat modification. However, the assessment of species’ status is likely to be facilitated by the positive abundance–occupancy relationship.5. Species inventories for ichneumonids will be taxing because of the need to sample both intensively and extensively to detect rare species, which constitute the majority of species. However, it is possible to generalise species abundances across spatial scales and years, facilitating monitoring.
La situation réelle en matière d‘évaluation des pertes de récoltes
Authors: Strickland A.H. 
Published: April 2008

SummaireAprès un bref exposé historique portant sur les 100 dernières annèes, il est fait état des trois éléments intervenant dans l'estimation des pertes de récoltes, à savoir: détection de la présence de l'organisme nuisible, mesure de l'incidence ou de l'intensité de ses attaques et évaluation des réactions de la plante‐hôte. Une justification objective des interventions antiparasitaires d'envergure est demandée par les milieux politiques et économiques, tandis que les recherches se poursuivent sur les possibilités d'assurer des gains de production par une lutte efficace; l'accent est mis sur l'importance des prévisions indiquant la nécessité de tels traitements. II importe de bien définir les buts des évaluations envisagées afin de profiter au maximum des économies que permettent de réaliser les méthodes modernes de statistique.
Resistance as a Means of Control of the Potato Root Eelworm
Authors: Huijsman C.A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA survey of the resistance of wild potatoes to the potato root eelworm and the use made of this property in potato‐breeding is presented. Several biotypes of this parasite have been found to exist. The use of resistant varieties in the control of the potato root eelworm, in connection with other methods of control (crop rotation and soil disinfestation), is discussed.
Some Aspects of Chemical Control of Soil‐borne Pathogens
Authors: Besemer A.F.H. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe effect of a soil fumigant on soil‐borne pests and pathogens depends largely on a sufficient distribution through the top soil and the availability of the fumigant or the biologically active degradation products in the water phase. Nearly all the fumigants are dispersed in the soil mainly in the vapour phase and therefore the amount of air between the soil particles is very important. Consequently on light soils it is relatively easy to obtain an efficient control, but on heavy or wet soils and on soil types with a high humus content it is rather difficult to get reliable results. The concentration of the fumigant in the upper few cm. of the soil is often insufficient to get good control after injection of the material at 15–20 cm. depth. The effect may be improved by using a plastic cover or a «split plot» application.The elimination of most of the fumigant, to avoid a phytotoxic effect is a cause for concern on wet soils and on soil types with a high organic content. Factors influencing the decrease of the fumigant residue in the soil are discussed. The soil fumigant application gives rise to important changes in the whole ecosystem in the soil. Information on the influence on non‐target organisms is scarce. The application of dichloropropene and of chloropicrin may lead to a noticeable effect on the nitrificating bacteria.The soil application of fumigants may give rise to residues in plants of the parent chemical or, to a larger extent, to residues of metabolites e.g. Br‐ after soil disinfection with Br‐ containing fumigants such as methylbromide, EDB1), etc. The enrichment of the soil with Br‐ may cause phytotoxic effects on susceptible crops such as carnations. The fate of the metabolites arising from dichloropropene and related compounds has not been fully clarified.
Soil‐borne Pests and Pathogens Associated with Imported Plants, with Special Reference to Nematodes
Authors: Southey J.F. , Aitkenhead P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe assessment of phytosanitary risks from imported soil entails recovery or assay of soil‐borne organisms, determination of pathogenicity and consideration of potential distribution as affected by environmental factors. Results are presented of examinations of soil from imported plants for nematodes and other pests. Nematodes were much more abundant than other pest groups. Plant‐parasitic nematodes were more common in natural soils than in potting composts, and non‐indigenous species were apparently more frequent from non‐European than European sources. The chief nematode hazards for northern European countries may be from new «pathotypes» of Heterodera species and ectoparasitic dorylaimid genera that include virus vectors. Nematodes and other organisms from tropical areas can become glasshouse pests in cooler climates.
Quarantine Aspects of the Epidemiology of Soil‐borne Pathogens
Authors: Kuiper K. , Boerema G.H. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractFor plant quarantine activities, more biological information on diseases in crops and natural vegetation along with more co‐operation are needed. Some phenomena, and results of studies on distribution and occurrence of fungi and nematodes are given in order to stress this necessity.
Recent Advances in the Bio‐ecology of Ceratitis capitata Wied. in Turkey
Authors: Tuncyurek M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSince 1960, many studies on Ceratitis capitata Wied. have been carried out by entomologists in Turkey. A considerable number of host‐fruits were recorded. In 1961 the damage of C. capitata was recorded at 6.1 ‐ 7.8% in the western parts of the country and at 3.5 ‐ 6.2% in 1961–1965, in the south. The treatment period for controlling this pest has been determined by field observations in both western and southern Turkey. The population density of the fly in the field is shown.
Phenomena of Antagonism in Cultivated Soil
Authors: Zogg H. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractExperience shows that yields ate normal if crop rotation is practised sufficiently. The case of Ophiobolus graminis Sacc. is studied in particular and it appears that after 2 or more years of the successive cultivation of winter wheat this fungus has accumulated to such an extent that the crop decreases to 50, 30 or even 10% depending on the weather conditions at that time. With sufficient crop rotation, the parasite is eliminated, within a certain time, by the antagonistic soil microflora. Methods of evaluating the impact of different species or groups on O. graminis are discussed and also the so‐called “decline” effect, according to which the accumulation of the pathogenic fungus responsible for losses in a continuous cultivation of the same crop is followed, after several years, by a depletion of the pathogen.
Problems in Monocultures
Authors: Kupers L.J.P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn the author's opinion, modern farm management techniques compel a critical evaluation of established concepts of the use of rotations in arable farming as rapid changes have put many formerly accepted reasons for their use in doubt. From literature, examples are cited which show clearly that monocultures of cereals, or cereals grown in narrow rotations, can attain economically acceptable yield levels. From his own personal work in this field the author cites results which demonstrate that with adequate husbandry techniques, even monocultures of wheat can reach normal yields. In the conclusion, the need for close co‐operation between specialists in order to obtain results, which can be applied to a wider scale of farming conditions, is stressed.
Impact of Research on Grain Storage Practices in Canada1
Authors: Watters F.L. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractCold winters, a well‐developed bulk handling system, regular inspections of elevator premises, stored grain and cargo ships, and the application of pest control measures when necessary, minimize storage problems in Canadian grain. Research has played an important role in identifying the organisms and circumstances which cause infestations of stored grain and in developing and evaluating environmental, physical and chemical methods for preventing and controlling infestations. This information enables commercial grain organizations and government regulatory agencies to provide high quality grain for domestic consumption and export markets.
Remote Sensing Applications to Agricultural Monitoring1
Authors: Chiang H.C. , Meyer M.P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe development of detection of insect infestations from aircraft was reviewed. It started with visual observation and written records, and developed to photographic recording with color films and infrared films, then to enhancement of photographic images.Aerial photography was used to detect simulated insect defoliation in corn fields. Several guide‐lines were established: defoliation on top of plant was easily detected while that on the base of plant was less so; aero infrared film with a Wratten 89B filter gave the best results, morning flight at the scale of 1: 15,840 is to be recommended, and row direction, plant growth stage and time elapse since defoliation were not important factors.The multiple uses of aerial photography in agricultural monitoring were proposed, and the research needed to implement the proposed scheme was outlined.The potential and limitations of remote sensing from spacecraft such as the Earth Resources Technology Satellite and the SKYLAB were discussed.
Leptohylemyia coarctata (Fall.) ‐ Integrated Control and the Use of Economic Thresholds1
Authors: Bardner R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractYields of crops attacked by wheat bulb fly can be predicted, but this cannot be done until much damage has occurred. In this situation the concept of economic thresholds is of limited use. It is much more important to be able to predict the likelihood of infestations as this enables the correct use to be made of prophylactic seed dressings. This and other approaches to integrated control are discussed.
La météorologie agricole au service des programmes de lutte intégrée 1)
Authors: Mueller W. 
Published: April 2008

SommaireLes méthodes biomété orologiques qui intéressent les biologistes appelé s à développer des systèmes de lutte intégrée se distinguent nettement de la climatologie traditionnelle de l'abri. D'une façon générale, les différences peuvent se résumer comme suit: –les investigations se font essentiellement à l' échelle microclimatique; –les instruments sont très élaborés et particulièrement adaptés au but recherché; –l'établissement du réseau d'observations et les périodes d'études dependent des exigences biologiques; –la durée des périodes d'observation est limitée et la densité du réseau climatologique relativement faible grâce au recours à l'échantillonnage représentatif.L'interprétation des résultats biométéorologiques est en général difficile puisqu'il y a souvent superposition de deux ou d'un nombre plus élevé de facteurs. II est done prudent d'inclure également, dans l'appréciation générale, les données de laboratoire et de s'efforcer de remplacer les données plus ou moins empiriques par des fonctions précises. Cette approche est proposée sous la forme d'une étude quantitative du bilan énergétique et hydrique des ravageurs. On peut ainsi obtenir des résultats de portée étendue, reposant sur des données physiques, d'une part, et des renseignements quantitatifs, d'autre part.Un certain nombre de facteurs simples ou composés tels que le vent et la faculté de refroidissement sont à considérer dans les études biométéorologiques puisqu'ils contribuent à caractériser, et partant, à prévoir le comportement des espèces (par exemple l'activité de vol du carpocapse des pommes).En définissant des « types de temps » favorables à l'activité d'un ravageur, il serait possible de prévoir le comportement de l'espèce en question.Enfin, l' étude conjointe des vues prises par satellites à l'aide de films à infrarouge, thermiquement sensibles, et des observations biométéorologiques faites au sol apportera sur le plan macro‐ et méso‐climatique des éléments eminemment utiles au développement de la lutte intégrée.
Current Status of Integrated Control of Citrus Pests in Israel1)
Authors: Rosen D. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractFollowing the spectacular biological control of the Florida ted scale, an effective program of integrated control was developed on citrus in Israel. In recent years, a gradual increase of various pests has brought about a marked increase in the amounts of non‐selective pesticides applied on citrus, which has in turn triggered still heavier pest resurgences. Intensive efforts are now being made to break that vicious cycle and restore the upset natural balance in the citrus eco‐system. A vigorous biological control program has been embarked upon. The prospects for successful integrated control are very good, especially if more realistic tolerances for insect damage on citrus fruit are adopted.
Cost‐Benefit Analysis of Crop Storage Improvements: A South Indian Pilot Study1)
Authors: Lipton M. , Cook I. , Nair N. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractStorage research, especially at small‐farm level, makes too little impact on policy, largely for want of evidence that the benefits of grain savings – especially to the poor and hungry – justify the costs of improved structures. The paper describes a pilot survey of the costs and benefits of alternative means of paddy storage in two South Indian villages. Preliminary results suggest that subsequent, ongoing work in a larger sample of villages will justify substantial outlays on improved stores for small farmers and even landless labourers.
Yield Trends during Take‐all Decline in Spring Barley and Wheat Grown Continuously1
Authors: Shipton P.J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe effects of take‐all, nitrogen and cropping sequence on grain yield were compared for spring barley and spring wheat grown in extended monoculture. Initial crops showed least take‐all and maximum yields. Yields fell to a minimum more rapidly in wheat than in barley while the take‐all intensity increased to a maximum; take‐all decline occurred and yields improved from the 4th and 5th years respectively. Without nitrogen, yields were at their lowest level; application of nitrogen increased yields considerably with responses in proportion to the rate applied. At optimum rates, yield losses were 33% for wheat and 11% for barley with maximum disease intensity but only 9% and 3% respectively with take‐all decline. Potential maximum yields in the absence of take‐all were calculated to be greater with barley than with wheat.
Studies on the Fecundity of Acarid Mites (Acarina: Acaridae)1
Authors: Boczek J. , Czajkowska B. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTThe effect of food on fecundity and its distribution during the life of Acarus siro L. was studied. In addition, the effect of repeated matings, of age of females and males, of parental age and of sex ratio on the fecundity of Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schr.) was studied.Nutrition affects the total fecundity and its distribution in A. siro. The highest fecundity of T. putrescentiae females occurred when mating occurred more than once a week. The fecundity of ageing virgin females decreases gradually with delays in the time of the first mating. The effect of male's age is not significant until the age of 60 days onwards. Females descending from 100‐day‐old parents showed 25% lower fecundity than females from young parents.Density of males above the sex ratio 1:1 diminishes the fecundity of females molested by males. The higher the number of the males in the cage per female, the lower their fecundity.
The Detection of Latent Ring Rot (Corynebacterium sepedonicum [Spiek. et Kotth.] Skapt. et Burks.) in Potato Stocks1
Authors: Lelliott R.A. , Sellar P.W. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractVery low numbers of Corynebacterium sepedonicum (Spiek. et Kotth.) Skapt et Burkh. in potato tubers can be detected by inoculating the bacterial fraction separated from cores (including the vascular tissue) taken from the heel end of tubers into young eggplants (Solanum melanogena). One tuber with simulated latent ring rot infection could be detected readily when mixed with 99 uninfected tubers.
Verticillium Wilt of Apricots
Authors: Popushoi I.S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractFollowing a brief introduction on the economic importance and reported causes of apricot dieback, the author describes the symptoms, both external and internal, induced by Verticillium dahliae Kleb., the wide host‐range of this fungus, and its diagnostic features on various culture media. Verticillium wilt characteristically affects vigorously growing trees, the latter being most susceptible from 3 to 10 years old. There is either a sudden wilting or a progressive dieback; necrosis is clearly visible and vessels become occluded. Optimum mycelial growth occurs at 22–24°C (range 9–33 °C) and at pH 6.1–6.85 (range 3–3.5–12). Factors affecting growth of the pathogen, particularly the role of ascorbic acid content of fruit trees, are discussed. Epidemiology and control are also reviewed. There are no means for curing diseased trees; breeding offers the best chance for control.