bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The chronology of abrupt climate change and Late Upper Palaeolithic human adaptation in Europe
Authors: Blockley S. P. E. , Blockley S. M. , Donahue R. E. , Lane C. S. , Lowe J. J. , Pollard A. M. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis paper addresses the possible connections between the onset of human expansion in Europe following the Last Glacial Maximum, and the timing of abrupt climate warming at the onset of the Lateglacial (Bölling/Allerød) Interstadial. There are opposing views as to whether or not human populations and activities were directly ‘forced’ by climate change, based on different comparisons between archaeological and environmental data. We review the geochronological assumptions and approaches on which data comparisons have been attempted in the past, and argue that the uncertainties presently associated with age models based on calibrated radiocarbon dates preclude robust testing of the competing models, particularly when comparing the data to non‐radiocarbon‐based timescales such as the Greenland ice core records. The paper concludes with some suggestions as to the steps that will be necessary if more robust tests of the models are to be developed in the future. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Humans in the Hoxnian: habitat, context and fire use at Beeches Pit, West Stow, Suffolk, UK
Authors: Preece R. C. , Gowlett J. A. J. , Parfitt S. A. , Bridgland D. R. , Lewis S. G. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA Lower Palaeolithic industry at Beeches Pit, West Stow, Suffolk, occurs within an interglacial sequence that immediately overlies glacial deposits, referable to the Anglian Lowestoft Formation. There is strong biostratigraphical evidence from both vertebrates and molluscs that the interglacial represented is the Hoxnian (MIS 11). This conclusion is supported by uranium series dates from carbonate nodules (>400 kyr), TL dates from burnt flint (414 ± 30 kyr) and a range of amino acid racemisation data. The archaeology consists of flint artefacts of Acheulian character, including many refitting examples. Charred material is abundant in three stratigraphical units and many bones and flints have been burnt, indicating repeated occurrence of fire. Several discrete areas of burnt sediment appear to be hearths. This interpretation is supported by: (1) the intensity of burning (600–800°C) implied by the charred and calcined bones; (2) the intersection of two of the burnt areas, implying separate burning events at slightly different, overlapping locations; (3) the discovery of two burnt flakes that refit onto an adjacent group that are unburnt, indicating that the burning was highly localised; and (4) the spatial distribution of artefacts respects the features interpreted as hearths, suggesting fireside knapping. Fossils associated with the archaeology indicate occupation within closed deciduous forest in a fully temperate climate. Attractions to this unusual environment would have included the fresh water provided by springs, a rich supply of potential food and a prolific source of good quality flint for tool manufacture. The archaeological evidence therefore suggests that the site repeatedly served as an area of focused activities (perhaps a ‘home‐base’) during much of the interglacial. The upper levels of the sequence provide clear faunal evidence of climatic deterioration during which human occupation and fire use persisted. Biostratigraphical correlations with other Lower Palaeolithic sites lend support to the suggestion that Acheulian and Clactonian industries occurred in Britain during the same substage of the Hoxnian, although not necessarily at precisely the same time. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Lower Palaeolithic industry from the Cromerian (MIS 13) Baginton Formation of Waverley Wood and Wood Farm Pits, Bubbenhall, Warwickshire, UK
Authors: Keen David H. , Hardaker Terry , Lang Alexander T. O. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractArtefacts of Cromerian (MIS 13) age recovered from extensions to the classic site of Waverley Wood Farm Pit, Warwickshire, give new insights into the Lower Palaeolithic and Pleistocene geological record of the English Midlands. The Baginton Formation in the area to the south and southwest of Coventry has been the major source of Lower Palaeolithic artefacts in the Midlands since the first discoveries in the 1930s. Current sand and gravel workings at Waverley Wood and Wood Farm Pits near the village of Bubbenhall, have provided artefacts of quartzite, andesite and flint together with sparse large mammal material. Some of the Lower Palaeolithic finds were in situ in the succession providing, for the first time, firm evidence of their geological provenance. The variety and number of the artefacts allows detailed evaluation of the largest group of Lower Palaeolithic tools to be found in the West Midlands. The petrology of some of the tools and associated clasts in the gravels at the base of the Baginton Formation allow speculation on the origin of the rock types from northwest and eastern England which may have been brought to the West Midlands by a pre‐Anglian glaciation or just possibly by human transport. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stabilised cocosoy beverage: physicochemical and sensory properties
Authors: Mepba Horsfall D , Achinewhu Simeon C , Pillay Michael 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBeverages formulated from extracts of blanched coconut meat and germinated soybean were compared for their proximate composition to achieve the recommendations for vegetable milks. The stability of cocosoy beverage treated with varying levels (0.2–1.0%, v/v) of a 20% gum acacia solution was determined visually and objectively after 5 days of quiescent refrigerated storage. Cocosoy beverage (50:50, v/v coconut milk to soy milk) had 3.51% protein, 3.53% fat and 5.17% carbohydrate. Similarly, it contained 13.0, 5.2, 14.7, 18.7, 0.5 and 0.3 g kg−1 K, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe and P, respectively. Compared with whole coconut milk and reconstituted whole milk powder, cocosoy beverage had significantly higher total solid contents and viscosity but lower pH and buffer index. A total solids top to bottom (T/B) ratio and protein (T/B ratio) of 0.97 and 1.0, respectively, corresponding to a separation index of 1.0, was obtained in cocosoy beverage stabilised with 1.0% gum acacia. Cocosoy beverage stabilised with 1.0% (v/v) gum acacia was rated significantly higher for all the tested sensory attributes. Cocosoy beverage, similar to whole coconut milk, had high contents of glucose and sucrose, a moderate content of fructose, low content of raffinose and no trace of stachyose. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Textural properties of legume protein isolate and polysaccharide gels
Authors: Makri Eleousa A , Papalamprou Evdoxia M , Doxastakis Georgios I 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe influence of legume proteins from lupin, pea and fababean on the formation of gels prepared by heat treatment in the absence or presence of xanthan gum, locust bean gum and NaCl was investigated. The resulting fracture and texture properties of gels not only are associated with the heating process used to form the gel but also depend on the conformational aspects of xanthan–locust bean gum in admixture with legume proteins, which after 10 days of aging reinforce the system. The fracture and textural properties are explained in terms of the effect of the protein–polysaccharide molecular structure and physicochemical conditions applied in the gel system during the gel preparation and measurements. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Study of emulsions and foams stabilized with Phaseolus vulgaris or Phaseolus coccineus with the addition of xanthan gum or NaCl
Authors: Makri Eleousa A , Doxastakis Georgios I 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe properties of oil/water emulsions stabilized with 1% w/v common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) or scarlet runner bean (P. coccineus L.) proteins, extracted by isoelectric precipitation or ultrafiltration, at pH 7.0 and 5.5 were studied. The stability of emulsions, evaluated on the basis of droplet size, creaming, viscosity and protein adsorption measurements, is increased by the addition of xanthan (0.1 and 0.25% w/v). This is probably due to the increase in the continuous phase viscosity and the creation of a network, which prevents the oil droplets from coalescing. Also, the ability and stability of 1 or 2% w/v foams was studied. Xanthan (0.25% w/v) does not enhance foam formation, but promotes foam stability, possibly owing to the increased viscosity of the aqueous phase, making it more difficult for air to enter the system and create a satisfactory foam volume. The addition of NaCl destabilizes emulsions by lowering the energy barrier and therefore increasing the tendency of the oil droplets to aggregate. However, NaCl at a certain concentration seems to promote the emulsion stability and foaming ability and foam stability. This could be attributed to the alteration of the protein molecule configuration leading to the building of a rigid and viscoelastic protein film around the droplet. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Comparative study on nutrient and anti‐nutrient changes in Ikivunde and Inyange, two Burundian traditionally processed cassava products
Authors: Aloys Nzigamasabo , Zhou Hui Ming 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA comparative study on nutrients and anti‐nutrients in Ikivunde and Inyange and a correlation of nutrients and anti‐nutrients with fermentation time during processing of both products were carried out. In Ikivunde, all nutrients and anti‐nutrients had high negative correlations with fermentation time, except for crude fibre, fats and calcium, which showed high positive correlations. In Inyange, all nutrients and anti‐nutrients were positively correlated with fermentation time, except for starch, ash, zinc, magnesium, calcium, glutamine and alanine. Analysis of variance showed that Ikivunde and Inyange differed significantly (P < 0.05) in reducing sugar, protein, ash, cyanide, phytic acid and tannin contents at various fermentation times. There were also significant differences (P < 0.05) between Ikivunde and Inyange in starch and fat contents at 48, 72, 96 and 120 h, while for crude fibre a significant difference was observed from 72 h until the end of fermentation. At the end of the fermentation period (120 h), Inyange had higher starch, protein, amino acid, reducing sugar, ash, iron, zinc, potassium, sodium, magnesium, fat, cyanide, phytic acid and tannin contents but lower crude fibre and calcium contents than Ikivunde. The results from this study showed that Inyange contains more nutrients and anti‐nutrients than Ikivunde. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Diagnosis and prognosis of fetuses with double outlet right ventricle
Authors: Kim Nancy , Friedberg Mark K. , Silverman Norman H. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractObjectivesTo examine the echocardiographic features, associated anomalies, and outcomes of fetuses diagnosed with double outlet right ventricle (DORV).MethodsFetuses with DORV were identified from 987 fetal echocardiograms performed from August 1, 2002 to August 1, 2004. The medical records of 19 fetuses with DORV were reviewed.ResultsNineteen fetuses were diagnosed with DORV. The pregnancy was terminated in 15.8% (3/19) of cases. Postnatal assessment was not obtained in 26.3% (5/19) cases. Accurate prenatal diagnosis of the relationship of the ventricular septal defect (VSD) with the great arteries was achieved in 14 of 14 cases (100%). Chromosomal abnormalities (21.4%), abnormalities of body situs (35.7%), and other extracardiac abnormalities were diagnosed in association. Only 4 of 13 (30.8%) infants with confirmed DORV survived beyond 28 days.ConclusionsDORV is found in fetuses with a large spectrum of associated cardiac and extracardiac lesions. The overall prognosis for fetuses with DORV is poor throughout the spectrum of these lesions, not only related to the primary lesion but also depending on the associated intra‐ and extracardiac abnormalities. While the complexity of the heart disease in fetuses with DORV makes detailed fetal diagnosis challenging, it can be accomplished with a high degree of accuracy. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural and phenomenological study on the cationic curing of mixtures of epoxy resin and 5,5‐dimethyl‐1,3‐dioxane‐2‐one
Authors: Cervellera Roser , Ramis Xavier , Salla Josep Maria , Serra Angels , Mantecón Ana 
Published: June 2006

AbstractYtterbium and lanthanum triflates were used as initiators to cure a mixture of diglycidylether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) and 5,5‐dimethyl‐1,3‐dioxane‐2‐one (DMTMC). The evolution of the curing was studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared in the attenuated‐total‐reflection mode (FTIR/ATR). FTIR/ATR was used to monitor the competitive reactive processes and to quantify the evolution of the groups involved in the curing process. We observed the formation of a five‐membered cyclic carbonate, which remains unreacted at the chain ends because of an equilibrium process between the spiroortho carbonates that had formed as intermediate species and also the loss of CO2, which was quantified by thermogravimetry. The kinetics were studied by DSC and analyzed by isoconversional procedures. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) experiments were used to evaluate the properties of the thermosets obtained. The phenomenological changes that take place during curing were studied and represented in a time‐temperature‐transformation (TTT) diagram. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 4546–4558, 2006
Impact of the availability of sonography in the acute gynecology unit
Authors: Haider Z. , Condous G. , Khalid A. , Kirk E. , Mukri F. , Van Calster B. , Timmerman D. , Bourne T. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractObjectiveThe initial assessment of acute gynecology patients is usually based on history and clinical examination and does not involve ultrasound. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of the availability of transvaginal sonography at the time of initial assessment of the emergency gynecology patient.MethodsThis was a prospective observational study carried out over a 5‐month period in the acute gynecology unit of an inner London teaching hospital. Women were assessed in the routine manner by history‐taking and clinical examination and questionnaires were completed by the doctors, including details of the intention to treat. Transvaginal ultrasound examinations were then performed and a second diagnosis and management plan were made utilizing the extra information from the scan. The plans for clinical management before and after the ultrasound examination were compared.ResultsWe originally recruited 1000 consecutive women to the study. The mean age was 31.1 (SD, 9.81) years. Complete data were available for 920 (92%). 84 (9.1%) women did not require a scan. Of the 521 women with a positive pregnancy test, 75.6% were reassured immediately that their pregnancy was intrauterine. 143 women (27.4%) were given the diagnosis of a suspected ectopic pregnancy before sonography, compared with 29 (5.6%) after. Following the ultrasound examination there was a change in clinical management in 54.1% of the women with a positive pregnancy test and a reduction in admissions (including inpatient theater admissions) (from 40.3% to 17.1%) and outpatient follow‐up examinations (from 41.1% to 35.5%). In 90 (23.8%) non‐pregnant women a significant ovarian cyst (> 5 cm) was suspected clinically; 28/90 (31.1%) were confirmed on sonography. Following the ultrasound examination there was a change in clinical management for 38.1% of non‐pregnant women and a reduction in admissions (from 37.1% to 19.4%) and outpatient follow‐up examinations (from 25.7% to 18.1%).ConclusionIt appears that the availability of transvaginal sonography at the time of initial assessment of emergency gynecology patients improves diagnostic accuracy and reduces unnecessary admissions and follow‐up examinations. Copyright © 2006 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Speciation of selected metals in aerosol samples by TXRF after sequential leaching
Authors: Samek L. , Ostachowicz B. , Worobiec A. , Spolnik Z. , Van Grieken R. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractTotal reflection x‐ray fluorescence (TXRF) spectrometry was applied after sequential leaching for the speciation of selected elements in particulate matter, in order to complete the knowledge of the mobility of the selected elements and to determine which components are harmful to works of art. Samples were collected on filters in two churches, one situated in a rural area and the other in an urban area. A five‐stage sequential leaching scheme for the speciation of K, Ca, Fe, Zn and Pb was applied, the fractions obtained being as follows: exchangeable elements; elements bound to carbonates; elements bound to Fe and Mn oxides; elements bound to organic matter; and the digested insoluble residue. It was found that, in the case of the church in the urban area, much of the K, Fe and Zn appeared as mobile elements, whereas for the church situated in the rural area, the amounts of Ca and Fe were most mobile. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Management of clinically diagnosed subacute rhinosinusitis in children under the age of two years: a randomized, controlled study
Authors: El-Hennawi D M , Abou-Halawa A S , Zaher S R 
Published: June 2006

Background: In children, a diagnosis of rhinosinusitis is usually made on clinical grounds. Subacute rhinosinusitis (SRS) may be the cause of persistent cough, low-grade fever, snoring, ear problems and difficult feeding in children under the age of two years.Objective: To compare the efficacy of culture-based antibiotics and empiric amoxicillin–clavulanate (40 mg/kg/day) in treating SRS in children under the age of two years.Study design: Randomized, controlled study.Population: Sixty children with persistent nasal discharge and nasal obstruction (and other related symptoms) for 30–90 days.Methods: Group one (n = 30) received culture-based antibiotics and group two (n = 30) were treated empirically with 40 mg/kg/day of amoxicillin–clavulanate. Treatment was continued for two weeks.Results: At the end of the three-week follow-up period, statistically significant greater improvements in nasal obstruction (p = 0.037) and nasal discharge (p = 0.003) were seen in group one compared with group two.Conclusion: culture-based antibiotics were more efficacious than empiric amoxicillin–clavulanate (40 mg/kg/day) in treating SRS in children under the age of two years.
Event-related fMRI of word classification and successful word recognition in subjects at genetically enhanced risk of schizophrenia
Authors: WHYTE MARIE-CLAIRE , C. WHALLEY HEATHER , SIMONOTTO ENRICO , FLETT SUSANNA , SHILLCOCK RICHARD , MARSHALL IAN , H. GODDARD NIGEL , JOHNSTONE EVE C. , LAWRIE STEPHEN M. 
Published: June 2006

Background. Verbal declarative memory is a core deficit in schizophrenia patients, seen to a lesser extent in unaffected biological relatives. Neuroimaging studies suggest volumetric differences and aberrant function in prefrontal and temporal regions in schizophrenia patients compared to controls. These deficits are also reflected in the small number of similar investigations in unaffected biological relatives. However, it is unclear the extent to which dysfunction is genetically mediated or a feature of the established illness.Method. Event-related blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to measure brain activation in 68 biological relatives of schizophrenia patients (of whom 27 experienced transient or isolated psychotic symptoms) and 21 controls during verbal classification and recognition.Results. During word classification, the high-risk group showed a greater response relative to controls in the right inferior frontal gyrus. During correct recognition (relative to correct rejection), the high-risk group showed significantly greater response relative to controls in the right cerebellum. When the high-risk group was split into those with (HR+) and without (HR−) psychotic symptoms, the increased response in the right inferior frontal gyrus was only seen when the HR+ were compared to controls. The greater cerebellar response was seen when both HR groups were compared to controls.Conclusions. Activation increases in the right inferior frontal gyrus and cerebellum in high-risk subjects compared to controls during a relatively low-load memory task are likely to represent compensation for genetically mediated abnormalities. This is consistent with a leftward shift of the inverted ‘U’ load–response model of cognitive function in schizophrenia.
Barnard on conflicts of responsibility
Authors: Novicevic Milorad M. , Davis Walter , Dorn Fred , Buckley M. Ronald , Brown Jo Ann 
Published: June 2006

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to reacquaint researchers and practitioners with Barnard's contributions to understanding of the moral conditions that underlie the authenticity of organizational leadership.Design/methodology/approachThe paper identifies Barnard's insights on leadership and uses them as inputs to theorizing about authentic leadership.FindingsAs an outcome of theorizing, the paper identifies the conditions that are likely to lead to inauthentic, pseudo‐authentic or authentic leader behavior.Research limitations/implicationsExamining authentic leadership from a historical perspective can open promising avenues for future research.Practical implicationsLeadership development programs should incorporate concepts of responsibility and conflicts of responsibility in order to provide executives with the knowledge base required for ethical decision making.Originality/valueBy placing contemporary discussion of authentic leadership in its proper historical context, scholars can draw on a wealth of existing theory to advance the study of authentic leadership.
Perceptions of justice when selecting internal and externaljob candidates
Authors: Bradley Lisa M. 
Published: June 2006

PurposePrevious research has shown that perceptions of justice have a relationship with many organizational outcomes, but has concentrated on employees or job applicants who were directly affected. In contrast, the purpose of this study is to investigate work colleagues' perceptions of justice of a personnel selection decision when they were not directly involved themselves.Design/methodology/approachAn experimental design incorporating vignettes provided information about an internal and an external job candidate, and information about who was selected for a position. In total, 297 participants rated the vignettes from the perspective of co‐workers, using a qualitative and quantitative questionnaire.FindingsANOVA results showed that participants believed there was greater justice when the internal candidate was offered the position. The qualitative results showed that this was due to the perception that previous employment in the position was something positive that needed to be considered.Practical implicationsThe findings have implications for selection panels, who may not have considered the impact of previous experience with the organization when making selection decisions.Originality/valueThis paper has investigated the issue from a perspective which has not been given much previous attention. Organizational members, not directly involved in the decision‐making process, but affected by, and with views on, the decision‐making process are the focus of this study into perceptions of justice in selection decisions.