bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative Toxicities of Six Heavy Metals Using Root Elongation and SHOOT Growth in Three Plant Species
Authors: Gorsuch JW , Ritter M , Anderson ER 
Published: March 2009

Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. var. Chicago Pickler), lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. Buttercrunch), and millet (Panicum miliaceum) seeds were exposed for seven days to six or more concentrations of cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr VI), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn). The responses of the germinating seeds, root lengths, and plant heights were compared. The procedure employs seeds exposed in pouches which are held in a vertical position to aqueous solutions of the six test metals at 22 ± 2°C in the dark.
Cucumber and lettuce are test species recommended by the U.S. EPA (FIFRA), U.S. FDA, and OECD for environmental assessments. Millet, a riverine species of the Midwest, has been used by the Illinois State Water Survey to evaluate environmental effects of chemicals and waste water effluents.
The endpoints chosen were the IC50 (concentration causing 50% inhibition of root elongation or of plant heights, in comparison to the control) value and the NOEC (No-Observed-Effect Concentration) value. Both endpoints were determined after 5 and 7 days exposure. Root elongation was the most sensitive measure of inhibition. Lettuce was the most sensitive species to chromium and cadmium and equally sensitive as cucumber and millet to the other four metals. Inhibitory effects were usually greater after 7 days exposure than at 5 days.
The results from this study are compared with those obtained by the Illinois State Water Survey, which used test solutions prepared from the same stock and exposed seeds from the same lot as those used in our trials in 10 cm disposable petri dishes containing Whatman No. 1 filter paper. IC50 values obtained in our study differed significantly from those obtained by the Illinois State Water Survey study. The reasons for these differences will be discussed in the paper.
Identification of Hydrocarbon Sources in the Benthic Sediments of Prince William Sound and the Gulf of Alaska Following the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
Authors: Page DS , Boehm PD , Douglas GS , Bence AE 
Published: March 2009

Advanced hydrocarbon fingerprinting methods and improved analytical methods make possible the quantitative discrimination of the multiple sources of hydrocarbons in the benthic sediments of Prince William Sound (PWS) and the Gulf of Alaska. These methods measure an extensive range of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) at detection levels that are as much as two orders of magnitude lower than those obtained by standard Environmental Protection Agency methods. Nineteen hundred thirty six (1 936) subtidal sediment samples collected in the sound and the eastern Gulf of Alaska in 1989, 1990, and 1991 were analyzed.
Fingerprint analyses of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry data reveal a natural background of petrogenic and biogenic PAH. The petrogenic background is derived largely from oil seeps in the eastern Gulf of Alaska. Age-dated (210pb) sediment cores indicate that significant input of seep hydrocarbons into Prince William Sound has been going on for at least 160 years and probably for thousands of years. Superimposed on this natural background are locally elevated concentrations of anthropogenic hydrocarbons from sources such as diesel fuel and pyrogenic PAH that are found primarily adjacent to active or historical sites of human use. Exxon Valdez crude, its weathering products, and diesel fuel refined from Alaska North Slope crude are readily distinguished from the natural seep petroleum background and from each other because of theirdistinctive PAH distributions.
Mixing models were developed to calculate the PAH contributions from each source to each sediment sample. These calculations show that most of the seafloor in PWS contains no detectable hydrocarbons from the Exxon Valdez spill, although elevated concentrations of PAH from seep sources are widespread. In those areas where they were detected, spill hydrocarbons were generally a small increment to the natural petroleum hydrocarbon background. Low levels of Exxon Valdez crude residue were present in 1989 and again in 1990 in nearshore subtidal sediments off some shorelines that had been heavily oiled. By 1991 these crude residues were heavily degraded and even more sporadically distributed.
Shoreline Ecology Program for Prince William Sound, Alaska, Following the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill: Part 1—study Design and Methods
Authors: Page DS , Gilfillan ES , Boehm PD , Harner EJ 
Published: March 2009

Part 1 of a three-part series, this paper describes the design and analysis of a large field and laboratory program to assess shoreline recovery in Prince William Sound following the Exxon Valdez oil spill. The study was designed so that results could be generalized area-wide (biology, chemistry) or habitat-wide (toxicology) and projected forward in time (chemistry). It made use of the “sediment quality triad” approach, combining biological, chemical, and toxicological measurements to assess shoreline recovery. Key aspects of the study include the following: • Coordinated field sampling for chemical, toxicological, and biological studies • Stratified random sampling (SRS) as a basis for spatial generalization • Periodic sampling to assess trends, including sites with worst-case conditions • Analysis of oil-spill effects on hundreds of species • Statistical methods based on normal and non-normal theory, consistent with the structure of the data, including generalized linear models and multivariate correspondence analysis
Prince William Sound shorelines were stratified into four types of habitat (exposed bedrock/rubble, sheltered bedrock/rubble, boulder/cobble, and pebble/gravel) and four different levels of oiling (unoiled, light, moderate, and heavy). Sixty-four SRS sites were randomly selected with an average of four replicates in each combination of habitat type and oiling level. The SRS sites were sampled in 1990 to assess the state of recovery in the sound. Twelve additional non-random sites, including some of the most heavily oiled locations in the sound, were monitored annually to assess trends from 1989 to 1991.
At sedimentary sites, sediment samples were taken for hydrocarbon analysis, sediment toxicology, and biological (infaunal) analysis. At bedrock/rubble sites, filter wipes and surface scrape samples were taken to assess chemistry and epibiota. Where present, mussel samples were taken to determine the bioavailability of any petroleum residues.
Spill-affected shorelines are judged to have recovered when the biological communities are statistically indistinguishable from those at unoiled reference sites. Given the large natural variability observed among sites, this study provides a more accurate and comprehensive picture of shoreline recovery than approaches that focus on only a few species at subjectively chosen locations.
Shoreline Ecology Program for Prince William Sound, Alaska, Following the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill: Part 2—Chemistry and Toxicology
Authors: Boehm PD , Page DS , Gilfillan ES , Stubblefield WA , Harner EJ 
Published: March 2009

Part two of a three-part series, this paper describes chemical and toxicological results of a comprehensive shoreline ecology program that was designed to assess recovery in Prince William Sound following the Exxon Valdez oil spill of March 24, 1989. The program is an application of the “sediment quality triad” approach, combining chemical, toxicological, and biological measurements. Other parts of the program are described in Part 1: Study Design and Methods (Page et al., this volume) and Part 3: Biology (Gilfillan et al., this volume). The study was designed so that results could be extrapolated to the entire spill zone in the sound and projected forward in time. It combined one-time sampling of 64 randomly chosen study sites representing four major habitats and four oiling levels (including unoiled reference sites), with periodic sampling at 12 subjectively chosen “fixed” sites. Sediment samples—or when conditions required, filter-wipes from rock surfaces—were collected in each of three intertidal zones and from subtidal stations up to 30-m deep.
Oil removal was generally quite rapid: by 1991 the concentration of oil spilled from the Exxon Valdez had been dramatically reduced on the majority of shorelines by both natural processes and cleanup efforts. Moderate concentrations of petroleum residues remain only in limited, localized areas; however, most of these residues are highly asphaltic, not readily bioavailable, and not toxic to marine life.
Acute sediment toxicity from oil (as measured by standard toxicity tests) was virtually absent by 1990–'91, except at a small number of isolated locations. The petroleum residues had degraded below the threshold of acute toxic effects. Measurable polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) levels are, in general, well below those conservatively associated with adverse effects, and biological recovery has been considerably more rapid than the removal of the last chemical remnants. The remaining residues continue to degrade and are, in general, predicted to become indistinguishable from background hydrocarbon levels by 1993 or 1994. Localized residues of weathered oil will no doubt exist beyond 1994 at certain locations, but their environmental significance will be negligible compared with other stresses ongoing in the sound.
Samples of nearshore subtidal sediments showed surprisingly low concentrations of oil residue, as an increment to the natural petrogenic hydrocarbon background. Sediment toxicity tests showed that they were essentially non toxic. It appears that most of the oil leaving the shoreline was swept away and dissipated at sea. It is concluded that long-term ecological effects resulting from shoreline oiling or subtidal contamination are highly unlikely.
ISO-Filter für die FertigungsmesstechnikISO Filters for Precision Engineering
Authors: Krystek Michael 
Published: March 2009

Zusammenfassung
Filter werden in der Fertigungsmesstechnik dazu verwendet, um störende Komponenten in den Messdaten zu unterdrücken, um bei taktilen Messungen die angetastete Oberfläche zu rekonstruieren oder um Anteile unterschiedlicher Skalengröße voneinander zu trennen. Der Einsatz dieser Filter umfasst dabei ein weites Gebiet, nämlich im Wesentlichen die Koordinatenmesstechnik, die Form- und Konturenmesstechnik sowie die Oberflächenmesstechnik. Bisher wurden in diesem Bereich fast ausschließlich die in ISO 11562 genormten Gauß-Filter eingesetzt. Seit Kurzem gibt es aber die neue Reihe von ISO-Dokumenten, ISO/TS 16610, in der neben dem weiterhin zur Verfügung stehenden Gauß-Filter weitere Filter für den Bereich der geometrischen Produktspezifikation und -verifikation festgelegt werden. Diese Publikation gibt einen Überblick über diese neuen ISO-Filter.
Corrosion Management for Aging Pipelines—Experience From the Forties Field
Authors: Marsh J. , Teh T. , Ounnas S. , Richardson M. 
Published: March 2009

Summary
In 2003, Apache became the operator of the Forties Field. The field has now been in operation for 33 years and much of the infield pipeline system has exceeded its original design life of 20–25 years. Apache intends to continue production in the Forties Field for, potentially, in excess of a further 20 years. With that in mind, they have identified numerous issues with respect to corrosion management of the infield pipeline system. Since late 2006, the Forties Field infield pipeline corrosion and integrity management has been carried out by IONIK Consulting/JP Kenny Caledonia Ltd. Working closely with Apache, the infield pipeline system has been reviewed; a number of issues have been assessed and quantified; and practices with respect to corrosion management, corrosion monitoring, and inspection have been implemented. This document examines the issues identified, the corrosion management strategy put in place, and the inspection actions undertaken. Examples of issues identified with respect to corrosion management systems include a requirement for a dedicated pipeline corrosion management strategy, pipeline corrosion modeling, a corrosion risk assessment of the pipeline system, a review of corrosion inhibition and pigging, and a review of key performance indicators with emphasis on pipeline management. Specific corrosion issues identified include anode depletion, preferential weld corrosion, localized corrosion, and 6 o'clock corrosion. Examples of other factors identified have been potential risks from microbial and underdeposit corrosion caused by low flow rates. This publication provides an overview of these issues and the implementation of solutions, alongside changes to items such as documentation and modification of existing procedures, risk assessment, corrosion management, and the implementation of an intelligent pigging program.
Developing a Hydrate-Monitoring System
Authors: Tohidi B. , Chapoy A. , Yang J. 
Published: March 2009

Summary
A major challenge in offshore development is to ensure unimpeded flow of hydrocarbons. Managing solids such as hydrates is the key to the viability of developing a deepwater prospect. Common methods to prevent and reduce hydrate risks are generally based on injection of thermodynamic inhibitors to prevent hydrate formation, or use of kinetic hydrate inhibitors to sufficiently delay hydrate nucleation/growth. Currently, the amount of inhibitor required is either calculated and/or determined based on lab experiments. The amount of inhibitor depends on various parameters, including, water cut, inhibitor loss to hydrocarbon phases, aqueous and non-aqueous fluid compositions, operating conditions. Generally, a safety factor is considered and the resulting inhibitor is injected upstream without much downstream measurements. Despite the usual safety margins, gas hydrates are formed, which could result in serious operational and safety concerns. This is mainly caused by changes in the system conditions (e.g., rates and water cut) and/or malfunction of the equipment. In most cases, the amount of inhibitor is more than necessary and is not adjusted with seasonal changes, affecting CAPEX/OPEX.
As a result of a joint industry project, several novel techniques, based on downstream and online measurements, have been developed. These techniques could be divided into the following categories:
Monitoring hydrate safety margin to optimize inhibitor injection rates. The system determines the amount of inhibitor in the aqueous phase and the degree of inhibition they can offer. Detecting initial hydrate formation, as an early warning system against hydrate blockage. The system detects the changes in the system caused by hydrate formation with the aim of giving the operator enough time to prevent a blockage.
The main advantages of these techniques include minimizing the amount of inhibitor required and preventing pipeline blockages caused by hydrates, hence the cost of inhibitor; impact on the environment; cost of remedial actions; and deferred production. A number of techniques have been investigated during this project, with some techniques selected for prototype development. The developed prototypes have been tested in the project sponsors’ laboratories and some in commercial production. In this paper, an update on the latest results of this new approach in flow assurance control is presented.
Effects of an LL-37-Derived Antimicrobial Peptide in an Animal Model of Biofilm Pseudomonas Sinusitis
Authors: Chennupati Sri Kiran , Chiu Alexander G. , Tamashiro Edwin , Banks Caroline A. , Cohen Michael B. , Bleier Benjamin S. , Kofonow Jennifer M. , Tam Eric , Cohen Noam A. 
Published: March 2009

Background LL-37, an innate immunity protein expressed within sinonasal mucosa, has in vitro antibacterial and antifungal properties as well as efficacy against preformed Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. We hypothesize that a 24 amino acid peptide derivative of LL-37 will show efficacy against biofilm-forming P. aeruginosa in an established animal model of sinusitis. Methods Five groups of six New Zealand rabbits were each infected with P. aeruginosa (PAO-1) and fitted with irrigating catheters 7 days later. Each group was instilled with either one of three different concentrations of peptide, a positive control of topical tobramycin, or the carrier solution without the peptide once a day for 10 days. Nasal diluent was collected throughout the irrigation period to assess for persistence or resolution of infection by determining colony-forming units (CFU). At study end, sinus mucosa was harvested for histological assessment of inflammation and SEM evaluation for ciliary integrity and presence of biofilms. Results Topical tobramycin at 400× minimum inhibitory concentration and 2.5 mg/mL of peptide were effective in significantly lowering CFUs after 10 days of irrigation. Histological evaluation showed increased signs of inflammation in a dose-dependent manner within mucosa and bone of the groups receiving the peptide. SEM analysis showed ciliary loss in a dose-dependent manner. Biofilms were present in all groups except for the highest concentration of peptide and tobramycin. Conclusion High concentrations of LL-37-derived peptide showed in vivo ability to eradicate Pseudomonas biofilms and decrease bacterial counts. However, increasing concentrations of peptide showed proinflammatory and ciliotoxic effects on sinus mucosa.
Correlation of Severity of Epistaxis with Nasal Telangiectasias in Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia (HHT) Patients
Authors: Pagella Fabio , Colombo Andrea , Matti Elina , Giourgos Georgios , Tinelli Carmine , Olivieri Carla , Danesino Cesare 
Published: March 2009

Background Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT), also known as Rendu-Osler-Weber syndrome, is an autosomal dominant disease that leads to multiregional angiodysplasia. The presence of telangiectasias in nasal mucosa leads to recurrent epistaxis that affects up to 96% of patients but with unpredictable severity. Some authors have previously explained that endonasal morphology and distribution of telangiectasias can be variable too. The purpose of this study was to evaluate any possible relationship between the severity of epistaxis and the different morphology and distribution of nasal telangiectasias in HHT patients. Methods A review was performed of nasal endoscopy records of 76 consecutive HHT patients treated for epistaxis between 2003 and 2007 at our institution. An evaluation was performed of severity of epistaxis in the same patient group using a questionnaire and considering frequency, intensity, duration of nosebleeds, and need for blood transfusions. Comparison of data collected on morphology and distribution of nasal telangiectasias with data collected on severity of epistaxis was performed. Results Morphology and distribution of nasal telangiectasias showed a statistically significant correlation with frequency and intensity of epistaxis. Presence of telangiectasias endoscopically appearing as large and prominent correlates with higher frequency of epistaxis. An increase in number of nasal subsites involved correlates with higher intensity of nosebleeds. Conclusion Our data suggest that to reduce frequency and intensity of epistaxis in HHT patients, treatments should be directed also at lesions located in the posterior part of nasal fossae and especially on telangiectasias endoscopically appearing as large and prominent.
Efficacy of Different Techniques of Sinonasal Irrigation after Modified Lothrop Procedure
Authors: Beule Achim , Athanasiadis Theodore , Athanasiadis Emmanuel , Field John , Wormald Peter-John 
Published: March 2009

Background Postoperative irrigation after endoscopic sinus surgery and endoscopic modified Lothrop procedure is used to remove nasal crusts and to improve wound healing. To evaluate the optimal application protocol for irrigation of the frontal sinus, a prospective cadaver study was performed. Methods An endoscopic modified Lothrop procedure and complete sphenoethmoidectomy were performed in 19 heads. Each was irrigated with a 1.5% solution of water and different colors using nasal spray and a squeeze bottle filled with 50, 100, and 200 mL. Intensity of local staining and percentage of area were documented using standardized videoendoscopy after irrigation in “bending over the sink” or “vertex to floor” position. Grading was performed by two independent observers for 23 anatomic regions, including the stained circumference of maxillary and frontal ostia. To evaluate the influence of the anatomy, acoustic rhinometry was performed. ANOVA was used to evaluate effects of application methods and head positions using GenStat 8.2 (Lawes Agricultural Trust, Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, U.K.) using an appropriate block structure. Results With regard to the frontal sinus, we were able to show clear superiority of the squeeze bottle technique filled with 200 mL and applied in the “vertex to floor position.” Conclusion In a relatively fit and flexible patient the vertex to floor position using a squeeze bottle technique is advocated. There may be some patients, however, for whom this position is not feasible. In these patients “bending over the sink,” while inferior to the “vertex to floor” position, still ensures some irrigation of the frontal sinus.
Effect of Carboxymethylcellulose Nasal Packing on Wound Healing after Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery
Authors: Kastl Konrad G. , Betz Christian S. , Siedek Vanessa , Leunig Andreas 
Published: March 2009

Background Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) has become the treatment of choice for patients with medically resistant chronic rhinosinusitis. Nasal packing is usually placed after the surgery to support wound healing and prevent adhesions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of carboxy-methylated cellulose (CMC) nasal packing on wound healing after FESS compared with no nasal packing. Methods Twenty-six patients underwent bilateral FESS. The patients were randomized to receive CMC mesh or gel packing on one side and no packing on the opposite side. The patients were followed at 2, 4, and 12 weeks after surgery. Endoscopically visible CMC, crusting, mucosal integrity, synechia formation, granulation tissue formation, and adverse side effects were assessed and documented. Results No adverse side effects were observed. No significant differences were found between the CMC-packed side and the unpacked side with respect to the outcome measure of wound healing. No difference was found between two different forms of CMC in terms of wound healing. Two weeks after surgery, endoscopically visible CMC was detected in four patients of the CMC mesh group, whereas none of the patients in the CMC gel group had endoscopically visible CMC (p = 0.040). Conclusion As we were unable to establish an effect, we must question the efficacy of this packing material and the necessity of its use after FESS based on the technique of the Graz University Medical School. The mesh form of CMC could be potentially useful as a vehicle for extended drug delivery owing to its longer retention time in the nose.