bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Community Settlement Patterns at Chan Chan, Peru
Authors: West Michael 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA recent surface survey was conducted at the site of Chan Chan, Peru, for purposes of investigating the nature of community settlement patterns. Previous writers have tended to view these in terms of the speculated sociological implications of specific largescale architectural features known asciudadelas. In doing so they have neglected an extremely important body of information regarding the many small and inconspicuous building units that are closely associated with theciudadelas. The present survey concentrated on the smaller complexes and provided data that were relevant to studying aspects of community settlement patterning such as house types, distribution of public buildings, street layouts, distribution of population types, population size and density. The results indicate that the range of social activities that were engaged in at Chan Chan during its flourish cannot possibly be understood in terms of the implications of large-scale architecture. It is suggested here that the overall community settlement pattern of Chan Chan is coincidental to the configuration described by Sjoberg (1965) for the typical preindustrial city. The hypotheses and suggestions generated by this study provide a base or foundation for future research at the site.
“Pottery” in the Aleutian Islands
Authors: McCartney A. P. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractPottery was reported from the eastern Aleutian Islands in 1945. Recent petrographic examination of the supposed sherds reveals that they are fragments of carved stone vessels rather than tempered clay pots. The dissimilarity of the Aleutian specimens to well-documented southwestern and western Alaskan pottery, and negative evidence from the central and western parts of the chain suggest that the Aleutian cultural area lay beyond the prehistoric distribution limits of Alaskan pottery.
Osteology of Social Organization: Residence Pattern
Authors: Lane Rebecca A. , Sublett Audrey J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSince laboratory studies on skeletal variations have validated the use of non-metric osteological traits to genetically distinguish populations, a direct relationship between these traits and biological reality can be assumed. Because of this relationship, it is possible to conceive the central thesis of this paper: to the degree that any social organizational feature corresponds to the biological referents of the kinship system, osteological data can be used to elucidate that feature. The kinds of problems that might be investigated are limited by the archaeological determination of certain social units. In the present study, a method is developed to test for residence pattern. This method is applied to data from the Allegany reservation (Seneca) dating from the 1850's to 1930. Ethnohistorical sources support the conclusions of the osteological analysis.
The Salvage Archaeology of a Zoned Bichrome Cemetery, Costa Rica
Authors: Lange Frederick W. , Scheidenhelm Kristin K. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSalvage operations were carried out at an extensively pot-hunted Zoned Bichrome period (300 B.C. to A.D. 300) cemetery in northwestern Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica. This is the first "pure" Zoned Bichrome site of this type to be studied and yielded a cross-section of ceramics representative of other Late Formative sites in the area and of contact with the Maya lowlands. In addition, it solidified the impression of this period being an entity distinct from subsequent regional developments. This distinction is seen in terms of adaptation to the exploitation of marine mollusca, a pattern not present in Zoned Bichrome sites known at the present time, but very important in succeeding Polychrome periods.
Manually Operated Post-Hole Diggers as Sampling Instruments
Authors: Fry Robert E. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractManually operated post-hole diggers have proven to be useful tools for sampling archaeological deposits in an area where surface collection of artifactual material is impossible. Post-hole diggers were used to locate areas of dense occupation debris around residential platforms in the periphery of Tikal, Guatemala. The post-holing of extensive areas as a technique for locating hidden construction was also tested, with positive results.
Developments in the Archaeology of Nuclear America, 1935-60
Authors: Willey Gordon R. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractArchaeological developments in the zone extending from Mesoamerica to the Andes are summarized in terms of the following topics: early man, the origins of agriculture, the interrelationships of the Nuclear American cultures, the ethnic identification of archaeological complexes, horizonal and tradition formulations, the place of Nuclear America in the hemisphere, relationships between the New World and the Old World, the rise of native American civilizations, and main trends since 1935. These trends include increasing chronological control, greater awareness of context, growing interest in culture process, and more clarity and precision in definitions.
Red Mountain: An Early Pioneer Period Hohokam Site in the Salt River Valley of Central Arizona
Authors: Morris Donald H. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractTest excavations made in the spring of 1964 along the Salt River near Mesa, Arizona, by personnel from the Department of Anthropology, Arizona State University, provide new data on the earliest Hohokam. The Red Mountain site produced inhumations, a burial cairn, a different grinding-tool complex, and other items previously unknown in early Hohokam associations. Since only Vahki Plain and Vahki Red pottery are present, the site might be designated Vahki phase; however, this designation alone would obscure and ignore the important differences that are present. There are several better interpretations, two about equally plausible: (1) since the only other excavations in early Hohokam sites in the Red Mountain area have also produced inhumations and at least one other burial cairn, and these sites span the Pioneer period, one can emphasize the persistence of differences in the Red Mountain area by identifying a "Red Mountain branch" Hohokam at least through the Pioneer period; hence, Vahki phase, Red Mountain branch. This designation employs a traditional South-western concept. On the other hand (2) if one subscribes to the hypothesis that both Mogollon and Hohokam are derived from the San Pedro stage Cochise, the Red Mountain data support the identification of a phase transitional between San Pedro stage and Vahki phase — Red Mountain phase. This latter interpretation does not preclude a Red Mountain branch.
Preceramic Subsistence on the Peruvian Coast
Authors: Parsons Mary Hrones 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis paper attempts to show that a reexamination of the ecological zones along the Peruvian coast can prove extremely helpful in understanding the subsistence patterns of preceramic populations. The phenomenon of the periodic El Niño Countercurrent and its drastic effects on both sea and land resources are discussed in detail, with particular reference to lomas sites. An attempt is made to distinguish seasonal food resources from those available all year round, and to examine the possible factors limiting both types of resources. Vital problems concerning human adaptation to the coastal niche in preceramic times are stressed in hopes that they will serve as focal points for future research.
Seriation Method and Its Evaluation
Authors: Dunnell Robert C. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSeriation as a scaling technique produces a formal arrangement of units, the significance of which must be inferred. Arrangement per se is a statistical matter, while the inference of significance is archaeological method. Here seriation as an archaeological method for inferring relative chronology is reviewed in terms of its assumptions and the conditions under which it is applicable. From this examination it is concluded that seriations may be inferred to be chronologies when and only when: (1) the comparisons are conducted using historical classes; (2) the units ordered are of comparable duration; (3) the units ordered are from the same cultural tradition; and (4) when the order is repeated through several independent seriations. The means of assessing whether or not a given seriation meets these conditions is considered in detail. Within specifiable limits seriations can be inferred to be chronologies, but these limits are more restricted than generally appreciated.
Early Man's Utilization of the Great Plains Environment
Authors: Wendorf Fred , Hester James J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn this paper the results of several pollen analyses and related invertebrate studies are utilized in an attempt to reconstruct the nature of the Great Plains environment prior to and during the advent of man. A large sample of Early Man sites is then examined and conclusions are drawn concerning man's use of this environment. Specific problems considered include: the types of sites, where the sites are located, the types of animals hunted, hunting techniques, butchering techniques, and tool manufacture. It is concluded that the environment consisted of a savanna grassland with abundant ponds and streams bordered on the north and west by pine and occasional spruce trees. The stream valleys sheltered galleries of junipers and oaks. On this grassland lived large herds of Pleistocene animals now extinct. Climatic indicators suggest that the summers were cooler than today, with winters warmer than at present. A Paleo-Indian cultural tradition adapted to the utilization of this environment, primarily through big game hunting, was practiced on the Great Plains during the time interval represented by the Llano, Folsom, and Parallel Flaked horizons. During this entire interval, the type of sites, site situations utilized, hunting techniques, butchering techniques, and most of the tool inventory remained constant.
Copper Artifact Analysis with the X-Ray Spectrometer
Authors: Olsen Edward J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe X-ray spectrometer method as an archaeological tool is discussed with special reference to its limitations as a chemical analytical instrument. Qualitative results are presented for six North American copper samples, one European trade brass, and nine artifacts from the Great Lakes region. From this pilot study it is concluded that the most fruitful results in the problem of the determination of provenance of copper artifacts will be obtained from semi-quantitative optical spectographic analyses of carefully collected artifacts and raw materials. The largest inherent error in this problem is that of meaningful sampling techniques. The only recourse is to treat such chemical data statistically and determine the probabilities that given specimens came from the various possible sources.
Additional Stone Carving from the North Highlands of Peru
Authors: Thompson Donald E. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractTwo carved stones depicting human heads are currently to be found at Huaylas in the Callejon de Huaylas, Peru. They represent a style so far unreported from the Callejon. The closest stylistic similarities are to be found in the Chavin style and in the unique monoliths at Cerro Sechin Temple in the Casma Valley.
Solid Core Drilling of Monks Mound: Technique and Findings
Authors: Reed Nelson A. , Bennett John W. , Porter James Warren 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSolid core drilling was used to provide guidelines for future excavation of Monks Mound at the Cahokia site. The objective was to study, within reasonable limits of time and finances, the internal structure of the largest earthen mound in North America. The process is described along with a discussion of its problems and limitations as applied to similar archaeological situations. Radiocarbon dates indicate construction over approximately 250 years, from A.D. 900 to 1150. Evidence of construction stages is described and used to arrive at an estimate of labor figures and the necessary sustaining population of the Cahokia settlement. It is suggested that most of the mounds at the site were built after the completion of Monks Mound.
Some Aspects of Microscope Analysis and Photomicrography of Lithic Artifacts
Authors: MacDonald George F. , Sanger David 
Published: April 2006

AbstractInterest in the use of microscopes for the analysis of lithic technology and functional interpretations has increased in recent years. Some minerals and rocks are more suitable than others for these studies. In order to communicate the observations made through the microscope, the archaeologist can use the microscope to take photomicrographs using relatively simple and inexpensive equipment.
A Flint Ballast Station in New Rochelle, New York
Authors: Rose F. Peter 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe possibility of mistaking natural fractured flint stones for artifacts has always been problematic to researchers in the Old World and the New World. This problem increases ten-fold when artifact-like assemblages are collected from heaps of nonindigenous stone which was brought to the New World as ballast. Such a ballast station consisting of flint from the Thames in England and deposited in New Rochelle, New York, is described, and its ramifications are discussed.
Prehistoric Soil and Water Conservation on Chapin Mesa, Southwestern Colorado
Authors: Rohn Arthur H. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIntensive archaeological survey on Chapin Mesa in Mesa Verde National Park disclosed remains of soil and water conservation devices built and used by the Pueblo II and III inhabitants. Low stone masonry check-dams across intermittent drainages formed farming terraces, while associated seasonal field houses sheltered their tillers. Larger dams near clusters of house sites stored water for domestic use. Water from the extensive collection system for the largest of these, Mummy Lake, was subsequently led through the long Far View Ditch to the late Pueblo III Cliff-Fewkes Canyon cliff dwelling group. These various adaptations to an undependable environment may be symptomatic of the underlying causes for the ultimate abandonment of the Mesa Verde.
A Suggested Terminology and Classification for Burial Description
Authors: Sprague Roderick 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA review of previous systems for describing the disposal of the dead reveals basic inconsistencies in terminology and logic. A new classification is proposed that not only utilizes concepts and terminology wherever possible but also attempts to eliminate non-mutually exclusive categories and ambiguous terminology. The system is summarized in outline form to facilitate the use of the scheme as a field checklist during the excavation of burials.
A Dugout Canoe from Renfrew County, Ontario
Authors: Mitchell Barry M. , Croft David A. , McQuade Donald W. , Hayes Father J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA dugout canoe, with a rounded stern configuration, flat bottom, and no thwarts or seats, is reported from the Ottawa Valley in eastern Ontario, Canada. Its existence since the earliest settlement of the nearby village of Beachburg makes it probable that construction was before A.D. 1900.
“Hit-and-Run” Archaeology: A Rejoinder to Jett
Authors: Euler Robert C. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe paper “Grand Canyon Dam, Split-Twing Figurines, and ‘Hit-and-Run Archaeology,’ ” by Stephen C. Jett, which appeared in the July 1968 number of American Antiquity is replied to relative to the importance of “salvage” as opposed to “hit-and-run” archaeology, the fallacy of assuming archaeological knowledge on the basis of numbers of sites recorded in a region, and the value of proper popularization of archaeological data.
Postglacial Palynology and Archaeology in the Naknek River Drainage Area, Alaska
Authors: Heusser Calvin J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSamples were collected from four excavations and three muskegs for palynological examination in connection with a study of human prehistory in the Naknek drainage area, upper Alaska Peninsula. The purpose was to reconstruct the sequence of environments dating back to the earliest recognizable cultural phase, close to 4000 B.P. Pollen diagrams for muskeg show birch and alder as the principal arboreal types. Increasing percentages of alder occur during a late interval of hypsithermal time dating about 5500 B.P. Birch thereafter gained in proportion and between approximately 5000 and 2500 B.P. achieved maxima. Subsequently percentages of birch declined. Pollen spectra disclose that migration of spruce from the interior into this area took place within recent centuries. A climate cooler and drier than at present is interpreted from the diagrams to have been in effect during the earliest cultural phase and probably lasted until about 2500 B.P. Later, climate became slowly warmer and increasingly more humid. Temperature, however, was at first lower than at present and, coupled with greater precipitation, presumably caused heavy snow accumulation in the Aleutian Range which resulted in glacial advances during recent centuries.
Inferences on the Use Position of San Dieguito Percussion-flaked Artifacts
Authors: Creutz E. , Moriarty J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThirty-one percussion-shaped tools from the San Dieguito complex of the southern California middens have been examined. On 30 of these tools facets apparently corresponding to several regions of the thumb and the first two fingers of the right hand have been identified, as well as clearance and rake angles at the cutting edges corresponding closely to those on modern cutting tools. One of the tools seems to have been intended for left-handed usage. The evidence indicates that these tools were shaped with great precision to fit the hand and to have efficient cutting edges. Statistics on the length of the facets and the mass and height of the tools, as well as on the angles of the working edges, are given.
Olmec and Chavin: Reply to Michael D. Coe
Authors: Lanning Edward P. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractStarting with a similarity between an Olmec design and a specimen from Kotosh, Coe concludes that all New World civilizations derive from Olmec. This study, like others which would derive Peruvian civilization from Mesoamerican origins, is methodologically weak because it treats traits out of their archaeological context and because it assumes diffusion without considering alternative explanations of similarities.
Finger-Loops and Cruciform Objects
Authors: Johnson Ann S. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractEkholm's (1962) discovery that problematical U-shaped objects served as finger-loops for prehistoric atlatls permits two problematical objects from the La Playa site, Sonora, Mexico, to be properly identified as finger-loops. Similar attributes of the three, known, Sonoran finger-loops may indicate a Sonoran variety of this artifact.The cruciform object is another problematical object found at La Playa. A search of the literature produced suggestive evidence that this artifact also may have been attached to prehistoric atlatls. The evidence which led to the formation of the hypothesis that cruciform objects were attached to atlatls, and some test implications of the hypothesis are presented.
The Production of Secondary Multiple Flakes
Authors: Jelinek Arthur J. , Bradley Bruce , Huckell Bruce 
Published: April 2006

AbstractFlakes having superimposed positive and negative bulbs of percussion may be produced in two ways: by being struck from a core from which a primary flake has previously been struck, or by being produced simultaneously with the primary flake. Conditions are defined under which those produced in the latter fashion can occur by natural agency, and thus need not be diagnostic of human industry.
A Woodland “Mummy” from Salts Cave, Kentucky
Authors: Robbins Louise M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA mummy, or rather, a dessicated body, from Salts Cave, Kentucky, has been subjected to a comprehensive analysis. Radiocarbon analysis of internal body tissue placed the individual in the Woodland cultural period. A careful dissection of the body cavity revealed the presence of all internal organs but, due to dehydration, in a collapsed form. The diet of the individual, and indirectly of the population, was determined from the contents of the fecal material in the lower intestine and colon. Examination of the external side of the body revealed the individual to be a male, and radiographic and dental evidence indicated that he was around nine years of age. Blood group studies are still somewhat inconclusive, but tests are being conducted to clarify that problem. This paper was originally presented at the 35th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Museo Nacional de Antropologia, Mexico, D.F.
Of the Stone Called Iztli
Authors: Feldman Lawrence H. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractRecently, an article appeared in American Antiquity that attempted to correct and supplement Don E. Crabtree's ethnohistoric discussion of obsidian blade making. Unfortunately, this article did not probe as deeply as was possible into the available source material. As a supplement to a supplement, this note traces the antecedents of the sources given and provides relevant portions of those earlier texts.
A Long Architectural Sequence at Teotihuacán
Authors: Millon René , Bennyhoff James A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA series of superimposed structures spanning the Preclassic, Classic and Postclassic periods was uncovered in 1959 in the Oztoyahualco zone of the ancient city of Teotihuacán in the Valley of Mexico. Superimposed structures spanning so long a period have not previously been found in the Valley. The earliest structures in the sequence are earth floors of the Tzacualli (Teotihuacán I) phase, beneath which were found a number of caches of broken pottery and other objects. These are followed by massive, concrete, ceremonial structures of the Xolalpan (Teotihuacán III) phase and above these are structures built after the fall of Teotihuacán. The nature and distribution of these successive structures is such as to suggest that the locality became sacred in Tzacualli times and maintained this sacred character even after the fall of Teotihuacán. The Tzacualli structures receive primary attention in the discussion because of their importance.
Paleolimnology and Prehistory
Authors: DeCosta John , Warren Claude N. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractArchaeologists have failed to use all available data relevant to climatic changes and other environmental factors necessary for the reconstruction of paleoclimates. This neglect has fostered the continuance of significant problems of reconstruction and interpretation in archaeology. Paleolimnology can be helpful in elucidating some of these problems. Research of this sort has already provided valuable evidence for the advent of agricultural man in Austria, as well as providing data for the reconstruction of paleoclimates in other areas. While pollen analysis has traditionally been used as an indication of climatic change, certain aquatic micro-organisms manifest a more rapid and subtle response to slight climatic changes. Paleolimnological evidence can provide important data for paleoclimatic reconstruction in archaeology.
Unregulated Diffusion from Mexico into the Southwest Prior to A.D. 700
Authors: Schroeder Albert H. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIt is suggested that the idea of a sedentary pattern of existence diffused into southern Arizona from lower western Mexico or Guatemala by way of the region west of the Sierra Madre. It is also suggested that this transmission occurred shortly after the introduction of a teosinte-infectedchapalotecorn into the Southwest, a type that was better suited to low, arid regions than the chapalote corn that preceded it. The spread of this sedentary complex from southern Arizona into other areas also is outlined.