bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measurement of racial life events in schizophrenia: development of a new schedule – a pilot study
Authors: Bhugra Dinesh , Ayonrinde Oyedeji , Mallett Rosemarie , Leff Julian 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe relationship between stressors and the onset of psychosis is well described in the literature. However, for minority ethnic groups in the UK the impact of racism and racial life events has not been studied to the same extent. In this paper we describe the development of a semi‐structured interview – Racial Life Events Schedule (RALES) – in order to measure racial life events as well as continuing difficulties attributable to racial discrimination. The interview was piloted on 12 African‐Caribbean and eight Asian patients presenting with first onset schizophrenia. The interview was useful in eliciting racial events but overall there were no differences between patients and community controls. We believe that this schedule is useful for understanding racial events in the individual's personal and cultural context. The development and the schedule are described in this paper. Copyright © 2001 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Depression in acutely medically ill elderly inpatients: prevalence, correlates and longitudinal stability
Authors: Shah Ajit , Hoxey Katharina 
Published: March 2006

AbstractDepressive disorders are common among acutely medically ill elderly in‐patients, but treatment and prognosis are poor. Due to the current demographic changes and alterations in the working practices of the geriatricians in the UK a study of prevalence, correlates and longitudinal stability of depression in medically ill elderly inpatients was undertaken.All consecutive acute admissions over a five‐month period, without significant cognitive impairment, to a geriatric medicine unit were screened for depression with the Brief Assessment Schedule (BAS). Potential correlates of depression were measured by the Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation scale (BSSI), the London Handicap Scale (LHS), the Barthel Index (BI) and the severity of physical illness (IPI). These patients were followed‐up at a six‐to‐eight month interval and all instruments were administered again.The prevalence of depression in acutely medically ill elderly inpatients was 33%. Depression was associated with previous deliberate self‐harm, severity of physical illness, higher BSSI scores, prescription of a psychotropic drugs, including antidepressants. Almost half of the depressed cases either had died or persisted as being depressed at follow‐up.There is scope to improve treatment of depression in this setting. The efficacy of treating physical illness in improving depression requires evaluation. Copyright © 2001 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Reliability and validity of the Junior Temperament and Character Inventory
Authors: Schmeck Klaus , Goth Kirstin , Poustka Fritz , Cloninger Robert C. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe Junior Temperament and Character Inventory (JTCI) was developed to assess the temperament (‘novelty seeking’, ‘harm avoidance’, ‘reward dependence’, ‘persistence’) and character (‘self‐directedness’, ‘cooperativeness’, ‘self‐transcendence’) dimensions of Cloninger's biosocial model of personality in children and adolescents. The psychometric properties of the JTCI are presented.We used the German version of JTCI in a clinical sample of 188 adolescent psychiatric patients (aged 12 to 18 years) and in a non‐referred sample of 706 German adolescents of the same age range. Aspects of reliability and validity are discussed.We subjected the JTCI to confirmatory factor analysis and were able to replicate the temperament and character scales of the original TCI. The internal consistency of the scales was satisfactory with the exception of ‘reward dependence’ and ‘persistence’. Construct validity was supported by good correspondence of JTCI dimensions with related constructs.Psychometric properties of the German version of JTCI are very promising. Results yield strong support for Cloninger's psychobiological theory. Copyright © 2001 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
A French, abridged version of the Hospitals and Hostels Practices Profile Schedule
Authors: Corbière Marc , Lesage Alain D. , Reinharz Daniel , Contandriopoulos André‐Pierre 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis study aims to validate the Hospitals and Hostels Practices Profile Schedule (HHPPS) in the French version according to the statistical requirements of factor analysis and internal consistency, and to arrive at as parsimonious a version of the questionnaire as possible. As no validation of the original English instrument exists to our knowledge, the most parsimonious factor structure suggested by hypothetical constructs was used. Analyses of variance of six categories of residential settings served to underscore their points of convergence and divergence in terms of degree of autonomy allowed to patients. The following seven scales emerged from the analyses: ‘activities: house rules’, ‘activities: morning wake‐up’, ‘health and hygiene’, ‘activities: curfew’, ‘personal effects’, ‘activities: night‐time surveillance’ and ‘meals’. These accounted for 65% of the cumulative explained variance. Of the residential settings considered, supervised apartments allowed patients the most autonomy, compared with psychiatric hospital wards, hostels, nursing homes, foster families and group homes. Aside from its primary role of measuring the degree of autonomy that residential settings allow patients, this questionnaire seems suitable for gauging the adequacy of fit between a patient's needs and available residential facilities. This should help to direct persons with severe and persistent mental disorders towards facilities better tailored to their needs. Copyright © 2001 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Focused principal component analysis: a promising approach for confirming findings of exploratory analysis?
Authors: Falissard B. , Corruble E. , Mallet Luc , Hardy P. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractIn many psychiatric studies, the objective is to describe and understand relationships between a large set of quantitative variables, with a particular interest in the relationship between one variable (often regarded as a response) and the others (often regarded as explanatory).This paper describes a new method to apply in such situations. It is based on principal components analysis (PCA). Like this technique, it conveys the structure of a correlation matrix into a low‐dimensional diagram but, unlike PCA, it makes it possible to represent accurately the correlations of a given variable with the other variables (and even to test graphically the hypothesis that one of these correlations is equal to zero). Two examples in the field of psychiatry research are provided. Copyright © 2001 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Estimating the prevalence of mental and somatic disorders in the community: aims and methods of the German National Health Interview and Examination Survey
Authors: Jacobi Frank , Wittchen Hans‐Ulrich , Hölting Christoph , Sommer Sieghard , Lieb Roselind , Höfler Michael , Pfister Hildegard 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis paper outlines the principal aims and design of the German National Health Interview and Examination Survey, mental health supplement (GHS‐MHS), the first nationwide, epidemiological study of both somatic and mental health in Germany on a representative sample of 4,181 subjects in the community. Both the broader context of the study – in particular its methodological relation to the social and somatic core survey of the German National Health Interview and Examination Survey (GHS‐CS) – and the internal methodology of the mental health supplement (GHS‐MHS) are presented. The study's strategies and method are derived from a consideration of important theoretical issues arising from epidemiological studies in the field of public health. The main instrument used to assess diagnoses of mental disorders was a standardized diagnostic interview for mental disorders (following DSM‐IV (CIDI)) applied by clinically trained interviewers. This diagnostic interview was supplemented by modules on comorbidity, help seeking, treatment and impairment. Somatic health diagnoses were made using an integrated approach including self‐report measures, a standardized clinical interview, and laboratory measures.Findings on sampling, response rate, weighting and sample characteristics are presented. Critical issues are discussed, including the scientific objectives that have been achieved by the study. Overall, the GHS core survey and its mental health supplement provide the mental health research community with complex data that allow for high‐quality analysis of mental disorders and associations with somatic disorders. Copyright © 2002 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Cognitive impairment in depressed outpatients as measured with the Dementia Checklist: a simple method for primary care and in field research
Authors: Linden M. , Borgmann C. , Dittmann R.W. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe Dementia Checklist is a 12‐item dementia rating scale for physicians who, for whatever reason, cannot be specifically trained. It addresses symptoms of cognitive decline that can easily be identified, and that are typical for different stages of cognitive impairment. This allows an easy classification of the severity of dementia. In a first study, the dementia checklist was used in 937 geriatric outpatients who were treated by neuropsychiatrists for depression. All items contribute to the accuracy of measurement (Cronbach's α = 0.84). Differences in cognitive impairment depending on age (χ2 = 51.7; p ≤ 0.001) and depression (χ2 = 47.6; p ≤ 0.001) indicate external validity of the dementia checklist and 5.7% of the outpatients were rated as demented. The Dementia Checklist provides a very economical and easy‐to‐use assessment of cognitive decline. Copyright © 2002 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Factorial validity, reliability of assessments and prevalence of ADHD behavioural symptoms in day and residential treatment centres for children with behavioural problems
Authors: Scholte E.M. , Van Berckelaer‐Onnes I.A. , Van Der Ploeg J.D. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis study uses the attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptom ratings of professional care workers to estimate the prevalence of ADHD symptoms among children in day treatment centres (N = 162) and residential treatment centres (N = 195) in Holland. Although further research is needed, the study supports the suggestion that such ratings can add to reliable diagnostic outcomes when assessing the behavioural symptoms of ADHD in children in the centres. It is estimated that nearly a fifth of the children in such centres exhibit the symptoms of ADHD in the judgement of professional care workers.Model testing using confirmatory factor analysis favours a dimensional behavioural model that comprises all the three constitutional symptom dimensions of ADHD (inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity) instead of the two‐factor model as used in the DSM‐IV (inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity). However, the differences of fit between both models were only small and the hyperactivity and impulsivity factors were highly correlated. This suggests that, in practice, a two‐factor model can also be appropriate. The issue of whether a two‐factor or a three‐factor model is more appropriate thus remains unsolved in this study. Copyright © 2002 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Itemized clinician ratings versus global ratings of symptom severity in patients with schizophrenia
Authors: Shores‐Wilson Kathy , Biggs Melanie M. , Miller Alexander L. , Carmody Thomas J. , Chiles John A. , John Rush A. , Lynn Crismon M. , Toprac Marcia G. , Witte Bradley P. , Webster Joe C. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis study compares ratings obtained with an itemized clinician‐rated symptom severity measure – the 24‐item Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS24) – with a Physician Global Rating Scale (PhGRS) and a Patient Global Rating Scale (PtGRS) in assessing treatment outcomes in patients with schizophrenia (SCZ). A total of 91 patients (31 inpatients and 60 outpatients) with SCZ were enrolled in a feasibility study of the use of medication algorithms in the treatment of SCZ. Clinicians completed the BPRS24 and the PhGRS; patients completed the PtGRS at each visit. The analyses reported here were conducted using the original BPRS18 and four items from the BPRS18 that rate the positive symptoms of psychosis (the Positive Symptom Rating Scale or PSRS), comparing anchored with global rating scales and with one another. The PtGRS had the lowest effect size (0.8) and was negatively correlated with the other ratings in inpatients. The PhGRS was significantly correlated (0.46) with the BPRS18, but the same person completed both ratings. The effect size of the PhGRS (0.6) was generally lower than with the BPRS18 (1.4) in differentiating responders from non‐responders. On average, the PSRS had a slightly lower effect size than the longer itemized BPRS18, but the results support its use as a quantitative rating in circumstances where it is not feasible to routinely use a lengthier scale. Copyright © 2002 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Re‐estimating the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in a nationally representative sample of persons receiving care for HIV: results from the HIV cost and services utilization study
Authors: Orlando Maria , Burnam M. Audrey , Beckman Robin , Morton Sally C. , London Andrew S. , Bing Eric G. , Fleishman John A. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe objective of this study was to obtain accurate estimates of the prevalence of psychiatric disorder in the population represented by the HIV Costs and Services Utilization Study cohort.We constructed logistic regression models to predict DSM‐IV diagnoses of depression, generalized anxiety disorder, panic, and dysthymia among a subsample of the HCSUS cohort who in separate interviews completed the CIDI‐SF and the full CIDI diagnostic interview. Diagnoses were predicted using responses to the CIDI‐SF as well as other variables contained in the baseline and first follow‐up interviews. Resulting regression equations were applied to the entire baseline and first follow‐up samples to obtain new estimates of the prevalence of disorder.Compared to estimates based on the CIDI‐SF alone, estimates obtained from this procedure provide a more accurate representation of the prevalence of the presence of any one of these four psychiatric disorders in this population, yielding more correct classifications and a lower false‐positive rate.Prevalence rates reported in this study are as much as 16% lower than rates estimated using the CIDI‐SF alone, but are still considerably higher than estimates for the general community population. Copyright © 2002 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Development of a computerized assessment for visual masking
Authors: Green Michael Foster , Nuechterlein Keith H. , Breitmeyer Bruno 
Published: March 2006

AbstractVisual masking provides a highly informative means of assessing the earliest stages of visual processing. This procedure is frequently used in psychopathology research, most commonly in the study of schizophrenia. Deficits in visual masking tasks appear to reflect vulnerability factors in schizophrenia, as opposed to the symptoms of the illness. Visual masking procedures are typically conducted on a tachistoscope, which limits standardization across sites, as well as the number of variables that can be examined in a testing session. Although visual masking can be administered on a computer, most methods used so far have had poor temporal resolution and yielded a limited range of variables. We describe the development of a computerized visual masking battery. This battery includes a staircase procedure to establish an individual's threshold for target detection, and a relatively dense sampling of masking intervals. It includes both forward and backward masking trials for three different masking conditions that have been used previously in experimental psychopathology (target location, target identification with high‐energy mask, and target identification with low‐energy mask). Copyright © 2002 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Development of a brief, clinically relevant, scale for measuring attachment disorders
Authors: Minnis Helen , Rabe‐Hesketh Sophia , Wolkind Stephen 
Published: March 2006

AbstractA 17‐item questionnaire for reactive attachment disorders (RAD) was developed and administered to 182 Scottish children living in foster care. The RAD questionnaire had a good test‐retest reliability with an intra‐class correlation (ICC) of 0.78 and inter‐rater reliability with an ICC of 0.81. Cluster analysis showed that the children fell into three groups, two of which corresponded to the two reactive attachment disorder subtypes. High questionnaire scores for attachment disorders were significantly associated with conduct problems, emotional problems, hyperactivity and problems with peer relations and negatively associated with pro‐social behaviour. High overall questionnaire scores for reactive attachment disorder were associated with previous sexual abuse, whereas there was no association with previous physical abuse. High scores for the disinhibited subtype were associated with previous neglect. Copyright © 2002 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Follow‐up of serious offender patients in the community: multiple methods of tracing
Authors: Jamieson Elizabeth , Taylor Pamela J. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractLongitudinal studies of people with mental disorder are important in understanding outcome and intervention effects but attrition rates can be high. This study aimed to evaluate use of multiple record sources to trace, over 12 years, a one‐year discharge cohort of high‐security hospital patients. Everyone leaving such a hospital in 1984 was traced until a census date of 31 December 1995. Data were collected from several national databases (Office for National Statistics (ONS), Home Office (HO) Offenders' Index, Police National Computer Records, the Electoral Roll) and by hand‐searching responsible agency records (HO, National Health Service). Using all methods, only three of the 204 patients had no follow‐up information. Home Office Mental Health Unit data were an excellent source, but only for people still under discharge restrictions (<50% after eight years). Sequential tracing of hospital placements for people never or no longer under such restrictions was laborious and also produced only group‐specific yield. The best indicator of community residence was ONS information on general practitioner (GP/primary care) registration. The electoral roll was useful when other sources were exhausted. Follow‐up of offenders/offender‐patients has generally focused on event data, such as re‐offending. People untraced by that method alone, however, are unlikely to be lost to follow‐up on casting a wider records net. Using multiple records, attrition at the census was 38%, but, after certain assumptions, reduced further to 5%. Copyright © 2002 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Validation of a new diagnostic procedure for DSM IV axis I disorders
Authors: Loze Jean‐Yves , Falissard Bruno , Limosin Frederic , Recasens Christophe , Horreard Anne‐Sophie , Rouillon Frederic 
Published: March 2006

AbstractDespite the fact that, in today's psychiatric research and especially in epidemiological studies, diagnostic assessments are made with reliable standardized clinical interviews, recent articles have shown discrepancies in prevalence rates of DSM IV axis I disorders assessed with different, yet reliable, clinical standardized interviews, raising the problem of the clinical relevance of some of these instruments.Within an epidemiological study, we developed a simple method for evaluating DSM IV axis I disorders with the aim of improving the clinical relevance of assessed diagnoses. This method is based on an evaluation performed by two clinicians. The first one used a short structured clinical interview (MINI v 5.0) and the second one completed the procedure with an open clinical interview, intended to be more clinically relevant. Finally, a consensus diagnosis is given by the two investigators. We conducted a survey in order to validate this method by measuring the agreement of diagnoses reported by two pairs of clinicians on a population of 20 inpatients. Results show that this double evaluation led to a high agreement (kappa ranging between 0.76 and 1.00) suggesting that the proposed evaluation procedure, which is intended to be more clinically relevant, is also highly reliable. Copyright © 2002 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Accuracy of retrospective reports of infections during pregnancy
Authors: Voldsgaard Peter , Schiffman Jason , Mednick Sarnoff , Rodgers Bryan , Christensen Heidi , Bredkjaer Soren , Schulsinger Fini 
Published: March 2006

AbstractA large body of research suggests a relationship between maternal influenza and the development of schizophrenia in the adult offspring. Some researchers, however, have questioned this association. A study by Crow and Done (1992) asserts that prenatal exposure to influenza does not cause schizophrenia. The methodology employed by Crow and Done may account for their null findings. Crow and colleagues assessed influenza by asking mothers at the time of birth to recall influenza infections experienced during pregnancy. Such retrospective recall may bias reporting. We assessed influenza symptoms during pregnancy in a group of 136 mothers at the twenty‐fifth week of pregnancy, and again one or two days after birth. We compared accounts of influenza at the twenty‐fifth week to recollection of influenza after birth. Results suggest that mothers tend to under‐report infections when recalling infections after birth. Retrospective assessment of influenza symptoms at birth may be an inaccurate method of assessing influenza during pregnancy. Copyright © 2002 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
The epidemiology of major depressive episodes: results from the International Consortium of Psychiatric Epidemiology (ICPE) surveys
Authors: Andrade Laura , Caraveo‐anduaga Jorge J. , Berglund Patricia , Bijl Rob V. , Graaf Ron De , Vollebergh Wilma , Dragomirecka Eva , Kohn Robert , Keller Martin , Kessler Ronald C , Kawakami Norito , Kiliç Cengiz , Offord David , Bedirhan Ustun T. , Wittchen Hans‐Ulrich 
Published: March 2006

AbstractAbsence of a common diagnostic interview has hampered cross‐national syntheses of epidemiological evidence on major depressive episodes (MDE). Community epidemiological surveys using the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview administered face‐to‐face were carried out in 10 countries in North America (Canada and the US), Latin America (Brazil, Chile, and Mexico), Europe (Czech Republic, Germany, the Netherlands, and Turkey), and Asia (Japan). The total sample size was more than 37,000.Lifetime prevalence estimates of hierarchy‐free DSM‐III‐R/DSM‐IV MDE varied widely, from 3% in Japan to 16.9% in the US, with the majority in the range of 8% to 12%. The 12‐month/lifetime prevalence ratio was in the range 40% to 55%, the 30‐day/12‐month prevalence ratio in the range 45% to 65%, and median age of onset in the range 20 to 25 in most countries. Consistent socio‐demographic correlates included being female and unmarried. Respondents in recent cohorts reported higher lifetime prevalence, but lower persistence than those in earlier cohorts. Major depressive episodes were found to be strongly co‐morbid with, and temporally secondary to, anxiety disorders in all countries, with primary panic and generalized anxiety disorders the most powerful predictors of the first onset of secondary MDE.Major depressive episodes are a commonly occurring disorder that usually has a chronic‐intermittent course. Effectiveness trials are needed to evaluate the impact of early detection and treatment on the course of MDE as well as to evaluate whether timely treatment of primary anxiety disorders would reduce the subsequent onset, persistence, and severity of secondary MDE. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd.