bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implementation of a 20‐nm pore‐size filter in the plasma‐derived Factor VIII manufacturing process
Authors: Furuya Kenji , Murai Katsushi , Yokoyama Takeshi , Maeno Hideki , Takeda Yoshio , Murozuka Takashi , Wakisaka Akemi , Tanifuji Masaaki , Tomono Tsugikazu 
Published: May 2006

Background and Objectives  Virus inactivation and removal are important prerequisites to ensure the safety of plasma derivatives. For virus inactivation and removal in our coagulation factor VIII (FVIII) product, CROSS EIGHT M®, the production process consists of solvent–detergent (S/D) treatment, two chromatography steps and virus filtration with a 35‐nm pore‐size filter. However, the clearance of non‐enveloped viruses was not as good as that of enveloped viruses because non‐enveloped viruses are resistant to S/D treatment and are too small to be removed by the filter. In this study, in order to improve the viral safety of the FVIII products, we attempted to replace the 35‐nm pore‐size virus filter with a 20‐nm filter.Materials and Methods  The virus‐filtration process was validated for the removal of enveloped and non‐enveloped model viruses. Several factors that might affect the FVIII yield on filtration were investigated to obtain a higher recovery. The biochemical properties of the FVIII products produced with the 20‐nm pore‐size filter were compared with those produced by the 35‐nm filter.Results  Virus filters of 20‐nm pore size effectively removed the small non‐enveloped viruses when compared with the 35‐nm pore‐size virus filter. The permeability of FVIII through the 20‐nm pore‐size filter was inversely proportional to the concentration of FVIII at filtration, and directly proportional to the amount of postfiltration solution. No differences were observed in the biochemical properties of both FVIII products, such as the structure and stability of the FVIII, the contents and multimeric structure of von Willebrand factor (vWF), and FVIII activation by thrombin.Conclusions  The virus‐clearance efficiency of the FVIII product, CROSS EIGHT M®, was markedly increased, in particular against small non‐enveloped viruses, by changing the virus filter pore size from 35 nm to 20 nm. It was possible to implement the 20‐nm pore‐size filter without variation of the biochemical properties or a serious loss of FVIII.
The Topography and Gross Anatomy of the Gastrointestinal Tract of the Cape Dune Mole‐rat (Bathyergus suillus)
Authors: Kotze S. H. , Van Der Merwe E. L , O'Riain M. J. 
Published: May 2006

SummaryThe Cape dune mole‐rat, Bathyergus suillus, is the largest truly subterranean rodent in the world and is restricted to sandy soil areas of the southern and South‐western Cape Province. These animals are herbivorous, feeding mostly on the below ground portions of grass and geophytes. The present study was undertaken to explore whether there are any gross anatomical gastrointestinal adaptations associated with the herbivorous diet of the Cape dune mole‐rat and to provide a basis for further investigations into the nutrition and ecology of this animal. The stomach was unilocular (simple) and the entire internal aspect displayed macroscopically visible glandular epithelium. The caecum was voluminous and arranged into a spiral of approximately one and a half turns. The tip of the caecum resembled a vermiform appendix and lay against the left lateral abdominal wall. The ascending colon consisted of proximal and distal portions, arranged in a large double loop and attached to each other by a fat‐filled mesenteric fold. The looped, folded ascending colon filled the right side of the abdominal cavity, lying against the right dorsal, lateral and ventral abdominal wall. The internal structure of the ascending colon revealed a shallow groove, lined on either side by a row of papillae. The simple, glandular stomach in conjunction with a prominent caecum and a greatly enlarged ascending colon suggests that this animal is a hindgut fermenting herbivore, rather than a caecal fermenter, as is the case in most rodent species.
Intercellular Junctions in Rabbit Eye Ora Serrata
Authors: Nobeschi L. , Freymuller E. , Smith R. L. 
Published: May 2006

SummaryThe aim of this study was to describe and localize the intercellular junctions in the ora serrata region of albino and pigmented rabbit eyes. Eyes of albino and pigmented rabbits were fixed and processed for transmission electron microscopy. Light and electron microscope examination was carried out on semithin and ultrathin sections. The ora serrata region showed adherens, gap and tight junctions in the retinal and ciliary margins of albino and pigmented rabbit eyes. In the retinal margin, zonulae adherens between Müller cells and photoreceptors are associated with tight junctions. In the ciliary margin, epithelial cells are joined by adherens, gap and tight junctions localized between apical and apicolateral cell membranes. Tight junctions appear as zonulae occludens in the non‐pigmented apicolateral cell membranes and as tight focal junctions between pigmented and non‐pigmented apical cell membranes. Between the ciliary and retinal margins there are adherens and tight focal junctions which attach pigmented apical cell membranes to adjacent cells. There were no differences in the distribution of intercellular junctions between albino and pigmented rabbits.
Morphological Examination of the Intraorbital Muscles (Musculi Bulbi) in Dogs in the Perinatal Period
Authors: Klećkowska J. , Janeczek M. , Wojnar M. , Pospieszny N. 
Published: May 2006

SummaryTwelve American Staffordshire terriers, gestational day 60, and 10 dogs de Bordeaux, gestational day 57 were examined in respect of the morphology and morphometry of their intraorbital muscles. The location of the retractor bulbi, recti and oblique muscles was described and the length of the muscles, the length and breadth of their tendons as well as the distance of the distal insertions of the muscle tendons from the corneal limbus were measured. Similarly, the shape of the line of distal insertions was investigated. The measurements were taken with an electronic caliper to the nearest 0.1 mm. The distance insertion–corneal limbus was measured by means of the Hifny and Misk method (1982). The following differences between the breeds in the morphometry of the intraorbital muscles and their tendons were found out. The distal insertions of the tendons of the dorsal, ventral and lateral recti muscles are further from the corneal limbus in American Staffordshire terriers than in dogs de Bordeaux. The muscular funiculi of the retractor bulbi muscle are further from the corneal limbus in dogs de Bordeaux, except the dorsolateral funiculus (1.96/1.94 mm). In addition, there are differences in the morphometry of the intraorbital muscles and their tendons. No differences, however, were found in the morphology of the intraorbital muscle tendons (their insertion line) and their location. The study can be applied to clinical sciences (surgery) and veterinary ophthalmology, in particular.
Anatomoradiographic Description of the Teeth of Pacas Bred in Captivity (Agouti paca, Linnaeus, 1766)
Authors: Oliveira F. S. , Canola J. C. , Oliveira P. T. , Pécora J. D. , Capelli A. 
Published: May 2006

SummaryTwo newborn males, two adult males 9 and 72 months old, one newborn female and two adult females of 30 and 54 months old pacas were used. Animals were radiographed on lateral recumbency, teeth were extracted and the vestibulolingual and mesiodistal lengths were achieved at the occlusal surface, besides the longitudinal length. The lower incisors presented greater length in relation to the other ones and sinuous shape; the upper incisors, relatively smaller, are practically straight. There is no canine tooth, and after a great diastema there is one premolar and three molars in each hemiarcade. In adult pacas, the enamel of incisors presents yellowish colour, mainly in the labial surface; in the premolars and molars, the enamel is present as internal sheets disposed nearly in a parallel way and in vestibulolingual direction, through practically all the dental length, which provides several joined teeth aspect.
Comparative Study of Compact Bone Tissue Microstructure between Non‐transgenic and Transgenic Rabbits with WAP‐hFVIII Gene Construct
Authors: Martiniaková M. , Omelka R. , Ryban L. , Grosskopf B. , Vondráková M. , Bauerová M. , Fabiš M. , Chrenek P. 
Published: May 2006

SummaryThe aim of this study was to investigate differences in compact bone tissue microstructure between New Zealand White transgenic rabbits with human blood clotting factor VIII gene and the non‐transgenic ones. The transgene was under the transcriptional control of the whey acidic protein (WAP) promoter. Altogether, 42 femora were analysed. Specimens were prepared using standard histological equipment, producing thin sections approximately 80–100 μm. Areas, perimeters, minimum and maximum diameters of vascular canals of primary osteons, Haversian canals and secondary osteons were measured. Our results indicate the basic structural pattern of the bone tissue was primary vascular longitudinal in both groups of rabbits. However, a fibrolamellar bone tissue was identified only in the transgenic rabbits. The measured variables of the vascular canals of the primary osteons, the Haversian canals and the secondary osteons were higher in transgenic rabbits in comparison with non‐transgenic ones in most cases and the differences were often statistically significant (P < 0.01; P < 0.001). More significant differences were noticed in males (transgenic versus non‐transgenic). However, it is not easy to find the real cause of the changes. Despite the fact that no hFVIII mRNA expression was found in the analysed bone of transgenic rabbits, we presume that the observed differences could be associated with transgenesis. In this article, we discuss possible associations between transgene integration as well as aneuploidy and/or observed microstructural changes in compact bone tissue.
Morphology of the Intermandibular Gland of the Lesser Mouse Deer, Tragulus javanicus
Authors: Agungpriyono S. , Atoji Y. , Yamamoto Y. , Zuki A.B. , Novelina S. 
Published: May 2006

SummaryThe morphology of the intermandibular gland of the Lesser mouse deer (Tragulus javanicus), which plays an important function in marking area and territory and in the reproductive behaviour of the animal, was examined using immunohistochemistry, lectin histochemistry and scanning electron microscopy. The gland was composed of sebaceous and apocrine glandular material. Sebaceous glands occupied a greater area of the total gland and consisted of many large lobules with polyhedral cells having a pale cytoplasm. The sebaceous gland, being holocrine, possessed no special secretory ducts. The apocrine gland was lined by cuboid cells and the secretory products were often seen in the apical portions of the cells. Myoepithelial cells contained actin filaments lining the basal membranes of the apocrine gland and were surrounded by nerve fibres which immunostained with protein gene product 9.5. The secretion of the gland appears to be a mixture of larger amounts of lipid material from sebaceous glands, and glycoconjugates secreted by both sebaceous and apocrine glands. Lectin histochemistry detected these as galactose, N‐acetyl‐d‐galactosamine, N‐acetyl‐d‐glucosamine, d‐mannose and d‐glucose. The male gland was larger in size and contained more N‐acetyl galactosamine and N‐acetyl glucosamine in its secretion than the gland of the female. This implied the presence of sexual differences in secretions in the intermandibular gland of the Lesser mouse deer.
Transmission disequilibrium test for quantitative trait loci detection in livestock populations
Authors: Kolbehdari D. , Jansen G.B. , Schaeffer L.R. , Allen B.O. 
Published: May 2006

SummaryThe performance of several transmission disequilibrium tests (TDT) for detection of quantitative trait loci (QTL) in data structures typical of outbred livestock populations were investigated. Factorial mating designs were simulated with 10 sires mated to either 50 or 200 dams, each family having five or eight full sibs. A single marker and QTL, both bi‐allelic, were simulated using a disequilibrium coefficient based on complete initial disequilibrium and 50 generations of recombination [i.e. D = D0(1 − θ)50], where θ is the recombination fraction between marker and QTL. The QTL explained either 10% (small QTL) or 30% (large QTL) of the genetic variance for a trait with heritability of 0.3. Methods were: TDT for QTL (Q‐TDT; both parents known), 1‐TDT (only one parent known) and sibling‐based TDT (S‐TDT; neither parent known, but sibs available). All were found to be effective tests for association and linkage between the QTL and a tightly linked marker (θ < 0.02) in these designs. For a large QTL, θ = 0.01, and five full sibs per family, the empirical power for Q‐TDT, 1‐TDT and S‐TDT was 0.966, 0.602 and 0.974, respectively, in a large population, versus 0.700, 0.414 and 0.654, respectively, in a small population. For a small QTL effect, θ = 0.01, large population the empirical power of these tests were 0.709, 0.287 and 0.634. The power of Q‐TDT, 1‐TDT and S‐TDT was satisfactory for large populations, for QTL with large effects and for five full sibs per family. The 1‐TDT based on a linear model was more powerful than the normal 1‐TDT. The empirical power for Q‐TDT and 1‐TDT with a linear model was 0.978 and 0.995 respectively. TDT based on analogous linear models, incorporating the polygenic covariance structure, provided only small increases in power compared with the usual TDT for QTL.
Isolation and characterization of the canine NKX2‐5 gene
Authors: Hyun C. , Lavulo L. , O'Leary C. , Kim J‐T. 
Published: May 2006

SummaryWe report the first isolation and characterization of the canine NKX2‐5 gene. This canine homologue has high homology in genomic structure and functional domains to other NKX2‐5 across a number of different species. Given the critical role of NKX2‐5 in cardiac morphogenesis as seen in human and mouse studies of congenital heart defects, the availability of the canine NKX2‐5 provides a good starting point for identifying mutations that may be responsible for certain forms of canine congenital heart defects.
Prospecting for pig single nucleotide polymorphisms in the human genome: have we struck gold?
Authors: Grapes L. , Rudd S. , Fernando R.L. , Megy K. , Rocha D. , Rothschild M.F. 
Published: May 2006

SummaryGene‐to‐gene variation in the frequency of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) has been observed in humans, mice, rats, primates and pigs, but a relationship across species in this variation has not been described. Here, the frequency of porcine coding SNPs (cSNPs) identified by in silico methods, and the frequency of murine cSNPs, were compared with the frequency of human cSNPs across homologous genes. From 150 000 porcine expressed sequence tag (EST) sequences, a total of 452 SNP‐containing sequence clusters were found, totalling 1394 putative SNPs. All the clustered porcine EST annotations and SNP data have been made publicly available at http://sputnik.btk.fi/project?name=swine. Human and murine cSNPs were identified from dbSNP and were characterized as either validated or total number of cSNPs (validated plus non‐validated) for comparison purposes. The correlation between in silico pig cSNP and validated human cSNP densities was found to be 0.77 (p < 0.00001) for a set of 25 homologous genes, while a correlation of 0.48 (p < 0.0005) was found for a primarily random sample of 50 homologous human and mouse genes. This is the first evidence of conserved gene‐to‐gene variability in cSNP frequency across species and indicates that site‐directed screening of porcine genes that are homologous to cSNP‐rich human genes may rapidly advance cSNP discovery in pigs.
Investigation of two candidate genes for meat quality traits in a quantitative trait locus region on SSC6: the porcine short heterodimer partner and heart fatty acid binding protein genes
Authors: Árnyasi M. , Grindflek E. , Jávor A. , Lien S. 
Published: May 2006

SummaryA highly significant quantitative trait locus (QTL) on pig chromosome 6, affecting intramuscular fat (IMF), has previously been detected by our group and others. Two genes of positional and biological interest, the small heterodimer partner (SHP; NR0B2) and the heart fatty acid binding protein (FABP3; H‐FABP), were investigated for meat quality traits and IMF respectively. SHP was partially sequenced (GenBank: DQ002896 and DQ002897) and mapped to the QTL region on porcine chromosome 6, affecting IMF. The map shows no recombination between SHP and FABP3, which was previously mapped to the same QTL region. Twelve single nucleotide polymorphisms were detected in the sequenced region of SHP gene. Haplotype information was used to investigate association between genetic variation and different meat quality traits. SHP haplotype combinations were found to have significant effect on connective tissue. However, further studies are needed to evaluate this possible association more effectively. The FABP3 is involved in fatty acid transport and has been studied as a candidate gene for IMF by several research groups. In our study, FABP3 genotypes were confirmed to be significantly associated with IMF in pigs. The average content of IMF in our population was 1.6%, which may indicate that the FABP3 polymorphism explains as much as 30–35% of the variation in IMF in our pig cross‐population.
Genetic and environmental correlations between longevity and litter size in rabbits
Authors: Sánchez J.P. , Baselga M. , Ducrocq V. 
Published: May 2006

SummaryAn estimation of the genetic and environmental correlations between prolificacy (kits born alive and number of kits at weaning) and functional longevity in a population selected for litter size at weaning since 1992 was carried out. The method is only an approximation, but suggests that genetically longevity and litter size are not antagonistic objectives in breeding programmes, because the estimated genetic correlations are not significantly different from zero.
Screening for Barley yellow dwarf virus‐Resistant Barley Genotypes by Assessment of Virus Content in Inoculated Seedlings
Authors: Šíp V. , ŠIrlová L. , Chrpová J. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe content of Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) in roots and leaves of barley seedling plants differing in their level of resistance was assessed by quantitative ELISA 1–42 days after inoculation with the strain of BYDV (PAV). High virus accumulation in roots and low concentration in leaves was characteristic of the period 9–15 days after inoculation. In leaves, the differences in virus content between resistant and susceptible genotypes became significant after 15 days and resistance to virus accumulation was better expressed 30–39 days after inoculation. Roots of resistant materials exhibited evident retardation of virus accumulation and the greatest difference in virus content between resistant and susceptible plants was detected 9 days after inoculation. By these criteria, the selected winter and spring barley cultivars and lines (in total 44 materials) fell in to five groups according to field reactions and the presence or absence of the Yd2 resistance gene. There were highly significant and positive relations between ELISA values and 5‐year field data on symptomatic reactions and grain‐yield reductions due to infection. Using the described method, resistant and moderately resistant genotypes (both Yd2 and non‐Yd2) were significantly differentiated from susceptible genotypes. The possible use of this method in screening for BYDV resistance is discussed.
Genetic Diversity of Magnaporthe grisea in China as Revealed by DNA Fingerprint Haplotypes and Pathotypes
Authors: Chen Q. H. , Wang Y. C. , Zheng X. B. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractWe determined DNA fingerprint haplotypes and pathotypes of the rice‐blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea collected from 13 areas in China. This DNA fingerprinting analysis, using rep‐PCR, of 381 haplotypes (482 isolates) from China indicated that the M. grisea populations cannot be delineated into region‐specific groups. Analyses of the number of alleles (na), Nei's gene diversity, unbiased genetic distance, and Shannon's Information index among 13 populations showed that clusters were not related to the geographic distance between populations with the exception of the Ningxia (NX) and Jilin (JL) cluster. Among northern populations, NX and JL were more similar to one another than to other populations. Pathogen populations consisting of 121 isolates from China were grouped into 53 pathotypes on the basis of disease reaction in differential rice lines. Isolates assayed for pathotypes were detected based on disease reactions. No correlation was observed between fingerprint groups and pathotypes of the pathogen. High frequency of virulence was found on the rice line Shin2 (Pi‐ks and Pi‐sh) followed by PiNo.4 (Pi‐ta2 and Pi‐sh) and K1 (Pi‐ta), while it was low on Kanto 51 (Pi‐k + ?), K3 (Pi‐kh), and Fujisaka (Pi‐i and Pi‐sh). Virulence was rare on Toride 1 (Pi‐zt and Pi‐sh). Tetep (Pi‐kh + ?) was predicted to be a highly effective, as none of the isolates infected this line. These blast‐resistant rice lines can be used in resistance breeding for the effective management of rice blast in the respective regions of China.
The Effect of Mode of Application of Bacillus subtilis RB14‐C on its Efficacy as a Biocontrol Agent Against Rhizoctonia solani
Authors: Szczech M. , Shoda M. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract Bacillus subtilis RB14‐C, which produces the antibiotic iturin A, was investigated for its effectiveness as a biocontrol agent against Rhizoctonia solani infecting tomato using seed coating and/or direct introduction of the bacteria to the soil. The ability of RB14‐C to colonize plant roots and produce iturin A in soil, depending on the method of bacterial application, was also determined. Seed coating and the combined treatment (soil and seed bacterization) did not protect seedlings against damping‐off caused by R. solani. By contrast, RB14 introduced only to the soil controlled the disease. The total number of RB14‐C bacteria on the roots of plants grown from coated seeds was significantly lower than on the roots of plants grown in soil mixed with the bacteria. In the combined treatment, application of B. subtilis with seeds to soil preinoculated with this bacterium, at first suppressed the population of RB14‐C in the soil. Then the colonization was generally uniform. The concentration of iturin A in non‐planted soil was highest at the beginning of the experiment (i.e. after application of the bacterial suspension) but then decreased, and was undetectable 3 days after incubation. However, after seed planting the antibiotic was produced again around young roots. Bacteria introduced to the soil as a seed coating also released the antibiotic around the seeds.