bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Treatment of Podophyllin Poisoning with Resin Hemoperfusion
Authors: Heath Andrew , Mellstrand Tore , Ahlmén Jarl 
Published: December 2008

1 A 43-year-old man was admitted in a coma after oral ingestion of a suspected lethal dose of podophyllin solution in alcohol. 2 Hemoperfusion with a resin filter was started 7 h after ingestion. Hemoperfusion rapidly decreased plasma concentrations of podophyllotoxin with an extraction ratio of 0.76 over the filter. The relatively low plasma concentrations of podophyllotoxin and consequently small amount removed might be explained by the rapid metabolism of the drug to an unknown derivate. 3 This metabolite was completely cleared during passage over the filter, suggesting the removal of significant amounts of podophyllotoxin metabolites. 4 No neurological deficit was observed before or after hemoperfusion. At a two-month follow-up the patient remained healthy. Hemoperfusion may possibly prevent the development of coma and neurologic deficit with loss of deep tendon reflexes.
The Problem of Psilocybin Mushroom Abuse
Authors: Peden Norman R. , Pringle Stuart D. , Crooks James 
Published: December 2008

1 We have reviewed the clinical features and management of 44 consecutive patients presenting to hospital over a 5 week period during an outbreak of ingestion of psilocybin containing mushrooms. 2 Patients presented to hospital usually because of dysphoric effects an average of 3.8 h after ingesting the mushrooms. 3 Mydriasis was present in 40 patients but fewer than half showed other sympathomimetic features - tachycardia, hypertension or hyperreflexia. 4 Twenty-three patients experienced nausea and vomiting. 5 Distortions of perception chiefly visual were frequent as were paraesthesiae and feelings of depersonalization. 6 The effects of the mushrooms were short-lived and had worn off within 12 h in all but one patient. 7 Inducing emesis did not appear to hasten recovery from the effects of the mushrooms.
Increased Drug Effect Induced by Surgery
Authors: Feely John 
Published: December 2008

1 A thyrotoxic patient receiving a constant dose of propranolol and digoxin developed marked bradycardia postoperatively. 2 Compared to preoperative levels there was a considerable rise postoperatively in both plasma propranolol and serum digoxin steady-state concentrations. 3 Surgery by effecting drug disposition and disease processes may significantly alter drug handling in the perioperative period.
Dieldrin Pollution of a Human Food Chain
Authors: Bell D. , MacLeod A.F. 
Published: December 2008

1 An incident is described in which excessive mortality amongst a poultry flock alerted veterinarians. Investigation revealed dieldrin in the carcasses and in the wood litter used in the nesting boxes. 2 Because high levels of dieldrin were found also in eggs the Department of Community Medicine was alerted. 3 Those most at risk were the workers who could have absorbed dieldrin by inhalation and percutaneously, and by eating contaminated eggs. A number of other people were at risk having eaten contaminated eggs. 4 Twenty-one workers or members of their families were investigated by case histories and blood levels. They were all clinically well. The highest estimated daily intake of dieldrin in the diet was 3.8 mgm. The highest blood dieldrin level found was 0.016μg/ml. This intake was of the same order as the upper limit of no-toxic-effect of long-term daily dosage, but the blood level is well below the level at which symptoms may be expected. The fall in mean blood level over a year is consistent with a long half-life of dieldrin in the human. 5 The conflict of interest in conducting a comprehensive investigation and preventing undue public alarm is discussed, and how this was resolved in this episode is described.
The Early Distribution of 239Pu, 241Am and 233U in the Soft Tissues and Skeleton of Old Rats. A Comparative Study
Authors: Sontag W. 
Published: December 2008

1 Female and male rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain, aged about 13 months, were injected intravenously with monomeric 239Pu-(0.83 μCi/kg), 241Am-(1.48 μCi/kg) or 233U-citrate (1.53 μCi/kg) and sacrificed 7 days and 28 days after injection. 2 The wet weights and the radionuclide contents of the organs and the different bones were measured. Whereas in the soft tissue organs the radionuclide activity differs between female and male rats and between 7 days and 28 days, in the bones the relative radionuclide contents show no differences except in the femora of the 239Pu and 233U animals which are significantly different at 7 days and 28 days.
Activated Charcoal in Tricyclic Antidepressant Poisoning: Pilot Controlled Clinical Trial
Authors: Crome P. , Adams R. , Ali C. , Dallos V. , Dawling S. 
Published: December 2008

1 A randomised clinical trial was carried out to assess the effects of activated charcoal in the management of suspected tricyclic antidepressant poisoning. 2 Forty-eight patients entered the study, twenty receiving supportive care plus activated charcoal (10 g) and twenty-eight supportive care alone. 3 Drug screening showed that only seventeen patients had taken tricyclic antidepressants alone. 4 Activated charcoal had no effect on either the rate of lightening of coma or the fall in plasma antidepressant concentrations in the 'pure' tricyclic antidepressant poisoning group. 5 No serious side-effects of activated charcoal were reported.
In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Two Preparations of Activated Charcoal as Adsorbents of Aspirin
Authors: Dawling S. , Chand S. , Braithwaite R.A. , Crome P. 
Published: December 2008

1 The adsorptive capacities of two preparations of activated charcoal have been studied both in vitro and in vivo using aspirin as a test compound. 2 The in vitro adsorptive capacities of the charcoal preparations were 477 mg of acetylsalicylic acid/g effervescent charcoal ('Medicoal'); 359 mg/g untreated standard charcoal ('Norit-A') and 482 mg/g reheated charcoal ('Norit A'). 3 In vivo both charcoal preparations significantly reduced peak salicylate concentrations and salicylate availability, to a similar extent (analysis of variance P < 0.001). 4 Both charcoal preparations have similar capacities for adsorbing aspirin both in vitro and in vivo.
Severe Acute Poisoning from the Ingestion of a Permanent Wave Solution of Mercuric Chloride
Authors: Giunta F. , Di Landro D. , Chiaranda M. , Zanardi L. , Dal Palù A. , Giron G.P. , Bressa G. , Cima L. 
Published: December 2008

1 A woman developed severe mercury intoxication from ingestion of about 2.5 g of mercuric chloride.2 Antidotal treatment with a dithiol (BAL i.m.) and a monothiol (tiopronin i.v.) was started promptly.3 Dialysis treatment thereafter markedly increased the elimination of mercury, thus hastening recovery.4 It is suggested that chelating agents associated with dialysis are an effective treatment for mercury poisoning.
Childhood Poisoning in a Paediatric Hospital: The Luebeck experience
Authors: Christen H.-J. , Zink C. , Zink A. , Korporal J. 
Published: December 2008

1 Case documentations in Poison Control Centres represent today probably the most useful source of information on actual trends. They are generally restricted to toxicologically relevant information, but they do not describe true incidence patterns. Population based analyses of incidence therefore generally consist of retrospective studies of hospital data. The regional and historical limitations of such studies restrict their usefulness in prevention and intervention. A solution could be prospective studies in defined regions. 2 Such a prospective registration of poisoning in children was started in 1982 in the Luebeck Medical School's Paediatric Hospital. This hospital is the only institution treating acute poisoning in the region, so that regional representativity of the data can be expected. Based on the experiences of a previous retrospective analysis of 730 poisoning cases treated between 1976 and 1980, a documentation form was developed for the registration of clinically and epidemiologically relevant data. Information on the toxic substance and the poisoned child is complimented by data on the clinical treatment as well as on socio-demographic parameters. 3 The first months' experience with the documentation form, and the results of the registration of 95 cases are presented. Possibilities and limitations of such registration systems are discussed.
The Frequency of Children's Poisonings in Different Social Groups
Authors: Eskola J. , Poikolainen K. 
Published: December 2008

1 Social stress has been emphasised as one of the major aetiologic factors in childhood poisonings. The clinical records of 188 children treated for acute poisoning in Helsinki during a six month period in 1980 were investigated. 2 The ratios of the observed number of poisonings to the expected ones calculated on the basis of the social group distribution in Helsinki were as follows: (I) 1.9, (II) 0.7, (III) 0.8, and (IV) 1.2. With respect to the poisonings classified as severe, the corresponding ratios were 0.7, 0.6, 1.4 and 1.4. 3 There were more accidental and less serious poisonings in the highest social group than in the other social groups, and they were relatively more often caused by plants or tobacco. The delay from the poisoning to the treatment was the shortest among the children of the highest social group. The differences in poisoning incidence rates among various social groups could partly be explained by different patterns of health service utilization.
Poisoning with Veratrum-containing Sneezing Powders
Authors: Carlier P. , Efthymiou M.-L. , Garnier R. , Hoffelt J. , Fournier E. 
Published: December 2008

1 Nine cases of accidental poisoning of children with sneezing powder are reported. Symptoms, besides sneezing, included gastrointestinal disturbances and syncope, whilst examination demonstrated bradycardia and hypotension. 2 The powder, as supplied, carried no information on its constituents but Veratrum alkaloids were identified on analysis. The signs and symptoms observed were compatible with poisoning from these compounds. 3 As a result of these observations, it was possible to trace the manufacturers and a change was made to a safer formulation. This example emphasises the value of toxicovigilance by Poison Control Centres.
Acute Chlormethiazole Poisoning in Patients Notified to the Poisons Unit, Guy's Hospital, 1978-1981
Authors: Houston A. , Essex E.G. , Wiseman H.M. , Flanagan R.J. 
Published: December 2008

1 Out of 493 patients with suspected acute chlormethiazole poisoning notified to the Poisons Unit, Guy's Hospital during 1978-1981, the diagnosis was confirmed either analytically or by detailed clinical information in 108 patients, 40 of whom had ingested chlormethiazole alone. 2 The principal signs reported indicate that the clinical features of acute chlormethiazole poisoning resemble those of barbiturate poisoning, with deep coma ( n = 66), respiratory depression ( n = 26) and hypotension ( n = 17) in the severe cases. Five patients died as a result of early, profound respiratory depression. 3 In 53 survivors in whom toxicological analyses were performed, poisoning with chlormethiazole alone had a better prognosis than when ethanol or other drugs were also present, except in patients with hepatic or pulmonary disease or in the elderly. 4 These results emphasise that although patients poisoned with chlormethiazole who survive to reach hospital generally have a good prognosis, fatal respiratory complications often occur before the patient can be treated.
Toxicological Investigations in the Detection of Drug-Induced Disease in Elderly Patients
Authors: Flanagan R.J. , Caldwell R. , Lewis R.R. , Corless D. 
Published: December 2008

1 During 1978-1980 general toxicological investigations were performed on specimens from 211 patients (62 male, 149 female) aged 65 years and over. 2 The investigations were an important factor in establishing the diagnosis in 32 of 91 (28 male, 63 female aged 65-92 years, median 73 years) poisoned patients, most (75) of whom had deliberately taken overdoses. 3 Seventy-one patients were severely poisoned (grade 3-4 coma) and 10 died. Benzodiazepines (49%) and barbiturates (43%) were the drugs encountered most frequently, although 54% had ingested more than one pharmaceutical preparation. 4 In the survivors the depth of coma was usually greatest in patients poisoned principally with barbiturates, whilst the duration of coma and the incidence of respiratory complications were greater in those poisoned with benzodiazepines. However, there was considerable variability in the depth and duration of coma associated with a given initial plasma concentration within both groups. 5 Although general toxicological investigations can provide useful diagnostic information when poisoning is suspected in elderly patients, unequivocal interpretation of the results obtained is not always possible.
Acute Poisoning with Ibuprofen
Authors: Court H. , Streete P. , Volans G.N. 
Published: December 2008

1 Seventy five cases of ibuprofen overdose were recorded during a two year survey. 2 Details of the symptoms, treatment and the eventual outcome are known for 64% of the cases. The majority of the patients had no symptoms or only mild symptoms such as nausea or vomiting. 3 In the three cases where more serious symptoms were reported, the role of ibuprofen was not certain. 4 Laboratory analyses available for 13 cases demonstrated that plasma ibuprofen concentrations of up to 704 mg/l could be associated with no symptoms. 5 The data suggest that ibuprofen is of low toxicity in acute overdose and that therapy used should be supportive only.
Hair Regrowth after Cancer Therapy
Authors: George S.L. , Whitton A. , Plowman P.N. 
Published: December 2008

1 Florid scalp hair regrowth following the depilatory effects of both whole cranial radiotherapy and cytotoxic chemotherapy is described in a patient who simultaneously exhibited acquired hypertrichosis lanuginosa in the head and neck region. 2 The regrowth of more youthful and more senile scalp hair following cranial radiotherapy are exemplified in two further case reports.
Plasma Mercury during Prolonged Acute Renal Failure after Mercuric Chloride Ingestion
Authors: Newton J.A. , House I.M. , Volans G.N. , Goodwin F.J. 
Published: December 2008

1 Serial measurements of plasma mercury were made in a patient with severe and prolonged acute renal failure due to poisoning with mercuric chloride. 2 An initial mercury concentration in whole blood of 1200 μg/l (6 μmol/l) was recorded, and recovery of renal function coincided with a fall in plasma mercury concentration to below 100 μg/l (0.5 μmol/l). 3 The case demonstrates that survival and recovery of renal function is possible despite very high concentrations of mercury in the blood and oliguric renal failure of nearly six weeks' duration.
Study of Serum Levels, Venous Irritation and Gastrointestinal Side-effects with Intravenous Erythromycin Lactobionate in Patients with Bronchopulmonary Infection
Authors: Marlin G.E. , Thompson P.J. , Jenkins C.R. , Burgess K.R. , LaFranier D.A.J. 
Published: December 2008

1 Sixteen patients with bronchopulmonary infection received 500 mg erythromycin lactobionate by intravenous infusion every 8 h for 2 days. The duration of infusion was either 30 (8 patients) or 60 min (8 patients). An inline filterset (0.22 μm) was included in the intravenous administration set in 4 patients of each infusion group.2 Serum erythromycin levels were obtained before and at various times for 8 h after the first and fourth doses and before and immediately after the other doses. The incidence and severity of venous irritation and gastrointestinal side-effects were assessed.3 Mean (S.D.) peak erythromycin levels for the 30 min infusion were 26.31 (6.89) μg/ml (first dose) and 26.85 (6.11) μg/ml (fourth dose) and for the 60min infusions, 23.96 (7.91) μg/ml (first dose) and 23.65 (6.55) μg/ml (fourth dose).4 Venous irritation was experienced by 12 patients, ranging from localized discomfort to thrombophlebitis, but the severity was significantly reduced by inline filtration (P < 0.005).5 Gastrointestinal side-effects were reported by 8 patients and 1 patient withdrew because of severe abdominal pain and nausea. These symptoms were usually relieved by spasmolytic agents and possibly could be explained by high concentrations reaching the gut wall either by biliary excretion or direct transport from blood and stimulating smooth muscle motility.
Pharmacokinetic Aspects of Carbamazepine and its two Major Metabolites in Plasma During Overdosage
Authors: Hundt H.K.L. , Aucamp A.K. , Müller F.O. 
Published: December 2008

1 In 10 out of 25 patients admitted with carbamazepine overdosage to local teaching hospitals sufficient plasma level data of carbamazepine and two of its main metabolites (expoxide and dihydroxy) were obtained to characterize their terminal elimination kinetics. 2 Some other pharmacokinetic aspects which could be useful in extrapolating to the amount and time of ingestion of the overdose are discussed.
Inhibition of Atropine Metabolism by Organophosphate Pesticides
Authors: Van Der Meer M.J. , Hundt H.K.L. , Müller F.O. 
Published: December 2008

1 Urine specimens of 8 organophosphate-poisoned patients on treatment with large doses of atropine were screened for atropine metabolites using thin-layer chromatography. Only atropine was detected. 2 High performance liquid chromatography of urine specimens of a poisoned patient receiving large doses of atropine likewise detected only 3H-atropine after administration of 30 μCi 3H-atropine-sulphate. In the urine of a normal human volunteer treated with a single dose of 3H-atropine, 5 metabolic products were detected by this method. 3 It is concluded that acute organophosphate-poisoning blocks atropine metabolism by inhibiting the hepatic microsomal enzymes.
Ergotamine Toxicity and Serum Concentrations of Ergotamine in Migraine Patients
Authors: Graham A.N. , Johnson E.S. , Persaud N.P. , Turner P. , Wilkinson M. 
Published: December 2008

1 Twenty-five migraine patients (9 males and 16 females) aged 22 - 71 who had used between 7 and 60 mg ergotamine tartrate per week for 1.5 - 30 y volunteered to participate in the study. 2 Side-effects attributable to ergotamine were wide ranging and included daily headache and pain in the limbs. Wide variation in sensitivity to the drug was observed and side-effects were not always proportional to the dose of ergotamine. 3 Random serum ergotamine concentrations were estimated in all patients and 10 of them volunteered to take a 2 mg oral challenge of ergotamine tartrate. 4 Ergotamine was not detected in 44% of the random estimations even though all patients exhibited clinical signs of ergotamine tartrate overdose. The remaining 56% estimations all showed low drug concentrations. 5 After the 2 mg oral challenge of ergotamine in the 10 patients, significantly higher concentrations, but still within therapeutic range, were detected in the sera when compared with mean concentrations achieved after the same oral dose of the drug in healthy, non-migrainous subjects.
Temporal Stability of Blood Lead Concentrations in Adults Exposed Only to Environmental Lead
Authors: Delves H.T. , Sherlock J.C. , Quinn M.J. 
Published: December 2008

1 The temporal stability of blood lead concentrations of 21 healthy adults (14 men and 7 women) exposed only to environmental lead was assessed by analysis of 253 blood specimens collected serially over periods from 7 to 11 months. 2 Improved analytical sensitivity allowed detection of small (< 1.0 μg/ 100 ml) changes in blood lead concentrations and both within- and between-run analytical errors were minimized by a strict internal quality control protocol. 3 The women had lower blood lead concentrations (mean 8.5, range 7.4-10.8 μg/100 ml) than did the men (mean 12.2, range 8.6-15.8 μg/100 ml). These are within the expected ranges for non-occupationally exposed persons. 4 Blood lead concentrations in the serial specimens from both men and women changed very little over the study period, with standard deviations of < 0.5 μg/100 ml for the majority of individual mean concentrations: for all except two subjects the standard deviations were < 0.8 μg/100 ml. 5 Two subjects showed significant changes in blood lead concentrations during the study (standard deviations of mean > 1.0 μg/100 ml). A temporary increase in oral lead intake was identified for one of these subjects. 6 In the absence of substantial changes in lead exposure blood lead levels in adults are remarkably stable and for their environmental monitoring a single blood lead concentration is an excellent biological indicator.
Acute Renal Failure after Intoxication with Cortinarius Mushrooms
Authors: Holmdahl J. , Mulec H. , Ahlmén J. 
Published: December 2008

Four previously healthy young adults developed the clinically recognised features of Cortinarius poisoning 3-4 days after intoxication. Two patients treated with haemoperfusion and haemodialysis 5 days after ingestion of the mushrooms regained normal kidney function. Two patients treated late with single haemoperfusions or dialysis had irreversible renal failure. The clinical results and our experimental studies on the toxic principle of the mushrooms indicate that early treatment with HP and HD may be important in order to avoid the development of irreversible renal failure.
Reduction in Exposure to Lead from Drinking Water and its Effect on Blood Lead Concentrations
Authors: Sherlock J.C. , Ashby D. , Delves H.T. , Forbes G.I. , Moore M.R. , Patterson W.J. , Pocock S.J. , Quinn M.J. , Richards W.N. , Wilson T.S. 
Published: December 2008

1 The water supply in Ayr (Scotland, UK) was plumbosolvent and many dwellings in Ayr contained lead pipes. In 1981 treatment of the water supply to reduce its plumbosolvency was initiated. Measurements of water and blood lead concentrations were made before and subsequent to the treatment. Most of the measurements made before and after water treatment began were made on water samples from the same dwellings and blood samples from the same women. 2 Water treatment produced a sharp fall in water lead concentrations and a decrease in the median blood lead concentration from 21 to 13 μg/100 ml. 3 Two women had higher than expected blood lead concentrations, both these women had been removing old paint. 4 Women who had lead pipes removed from their dwellings all showed substantial decreases in their blood lead concentrations. 5 The curvilinearity of the relation between blood lead and water lead concentrations is confirmed. Even relatively low (<40 μg/l) water lead concentrations may make a substantial contribution to blood lead concentrations.
Resin Haemoperfusion in Levomepromazine Poisoning: Evaluation of Effect on Plasma Drug and Metabolite Levels
Authors: Hals P.-A. , Jacobsen D. 
Published: December 2008

1 Plasma levels of levomepromazine and two of its major metabolites N-desmethyl-levomepromazine and levomepromazine sulphoxide were studied in two poisoned patients treated with resin haemoperfusion at a constant blood flow of 200 ml/min. 2 The mean haemoperfusion clearance of levomepromazine, N-desmethyl-levomepromazine and levomepromazine sulphoxide was 114, 123 and 151 ml/min, respectively, in patient no. 1, and 153, 148 and 184 ml/min, respectively, in patient no. 2. Patient no. 2 had also ingested amitriptyline, and the mean haemoperfusion clearance of amitriptyline and its metabolite nortriptyline was 183 and 183 ml/min respectively. 3 Haemoperfusion did not seem to alter the elimination profile of levomepromazine or the two metabolites in either patient. 4 We conclude that haemoperfusion is of little value in removing levomepromazine, N-desmethyl-levomepromazine or levomepromazine sulphoxide from the body. This is probably due to the large apparent volume of distribution and the high intrinsic hepatic metabolic clearance of these compounds.