bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
T lymphocyte participation in acute serum sickness glomerulonephritis in rabbits
Authors: LOWE M. G. , HOLDSWORTH S. R. , TIPPING P. G. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe extent and timing of glomerular T lymphocyte infiltration was studied in acute serum sickness (AcSS) glomerulonephritis (GN) in rabbits. AcSS was initiated by a single intravenous injection of bovine serum albumin (BSA). Rabbits developed circulating BSA anti‐BSA immune complexes, and rapid immune elimination of the circulating antigen was associated with the deposition of immune complexes in the kidney and the onset of a diffuse endocapillary proliferative GN. On the day of immune elimination (defined as when < 1% of the injected antigen remained in the circulation), rabbits developed significant proteinuria (98 ± 36 mg/24 h; normal 14 ± 1 mg/24 h, P< 0.01), glomerular macrophage accumulation (44.3 ±21.1 macrophages per glomerulus [mac/glom]: normal 0.28 ±0.18 mac/glom, P < 0.01), and a significant glomerular T lymphocyte influx (3.0 ± 0.9 cells/glomerular cross‐section [c/gcs]; normal 0.47 ± 0.13 c/gcs; p <0.005). On the day prior to immune elimination, increased T cells numbers were observed in some rabbits (2.4 ± 2.1 c/gcs) together with a minor macrophage presence (7.6 ± 3.6 mac/glom) and minimal proteinuria (17.6 ± 3 mg/24 h). These studies demonstrate the influx of T lymphocytes together with macrophages al the onset of proteinuria in serum sickness nephritis and are consistent with a role for cell‐mediated immunity in the pathogenesis of this lesion.
Intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM‐1) inhibition can induce tolerance in vivo
Authors: CHARLTON B. , GUYMER R. H. , SLATTERY R. M. , MANDEL T. E. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryAntigen specific unresponsiveness can be induced in vivo by administration of antibody against CD4, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) Class II or LFA‐I at the time of antigen exposure. Since target cell depletion is not necessary for this effect it was hypothesized that interference with intercellular interaction was responsible. To test this hypothesis, antibody against the ligand for LFA‐1, ICAM‐l, was administered during primary immunization with human γ‐globulin (HGG) and long‐term secondary antibody responses monitored. It was found that HGG specific unresponsiveness resulted from this treatment (<10% of normal secondary antibody response), Delayed‐type hypersensitivity responses to HGG were also suppressed suggesting unresponsiveness in some T cell subsets. These findings suggest a role for ICAM‐I/LFA‐1 interaction in determining the long‐term outcome of contact with antigen.
VLA‐2 is a collagen receptor on endothelial cells
Authors: O'CONNELL P. J. , FAULL R. , RUSS G. R. , D'APICE A. J. F. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryIn order to identify cell‐substrate adhesion receptors on vascular endothelium, murine monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) were raised against human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVE). One anti‐HUVE MoAb, RMAC11, identified the adhesion receptor VLA‐2 as it immunoprecipitated a non‐covalently linked heterodimer of 160 kD and 130 kD, which was identical to the heterodimer immunoprecipitated by the anti‐VLA‐2 MoAb, 12F1 and 5E8, Furthermore, proteolytic peptide maps of the VLA‐2 α‐ and β‐chains were highly homologous with those of the RMAC11‐recognized molecule. However, unlike other VLA‐2 MoAb, RMAC11 also identified an 85 kD band which migrated to 90 kD under reducing conditions. This band was most likely a fragment of the 160 kD α‐chain as a similar α‐chain derived fragment has been demonstrated in the immunoprecipitates of some VLA‐4 reactive monoclonals. However the possibility that this may be a novel molecule associated with VLA‐2 has not been excluded. In vitro assays of HUVE adhesion to collagen types 1 and 4, laminin and fibronectin showed that RMAC11 blocked adhesion to collagen (types 1 and 4) and laminin, but had no effect on HUVE adhesion to fibronectin, confirming that VLA‐2 is a collagen and laminin receptor for HUVE.
Mucosal and systemic antibody formation in the rat after intranasal administration of three different antigens
Authors: HAMELEERS DONA M. H. , VAN DER VEN INEKE , BIEWENGA JEIKE , SMINIA TAEDE 
Published: July 2007

SummaryIn order to study the role of nasal‐associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) in the local nasal immune response, rats were immunized intra‐nasally with either of the following trinitrophenylated (TNP) antigens; the thymus‐dependent keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH), or the thymusindependent lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or with the particulatc (thymus‐dependent) sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Primary responses hardly occurred, while only TNP‐KLH elicited a considerable secondary response. The major responding organ was the posterior cervical lymph node. Specific antibody‐forming cells (AFC) occurred in the medulla and were mainly of the IgA or IgG isotype. Hardly any specific AFC were found in NALT or the surrounding mucosa. Intranasal immunization evoked no antibody response in the lung. Ample anti‐TNP antibodies could be detected in the sera of animals, primed and boosted with TNP‐KLH or TNP‐LPS. No specific serum antibodies occurred after immunization with TNP‐SRBC. The results are discussed in view of the immunoiogical defence in the upper respiratory tract.
Deoxyspergualin inhibits cytotoxic T lymphocytes but not NK or LAK cells
Authors: KERR P. G. , ATKINS R. C. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryDeoxyspergualin (DOSP) is a new immunosuppressive agent which probably inhibits various functions of monocytes, B cells and T cells. We examined the effects of deoxyspergualin on cellular cytotoxicity, including cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) mediated killer, natural killer (NK) cell and lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cell killing. Deoxyspergualin inhibited cellular cytotoxicity generated by 7 days allo‐antigenic challenge: it also inhibited cell killing if added on day 6 of this 7 day culture period. The drug did not significantly inhibit NK or LAK cell killing. The inhibitory effects of deoxyspergualin, however, were dependent on the serum used in the culture medium. Normal human serum (NHS) was associated with less inhibition than fetal calf serum (FCS). Finally, interleukin 2 (IL‐2) was able to prevent the inhibitory effects of deoxyspergualin on antigen‐specific cytotoxicity.
The effect of intrathymic injection of donor blood on the graft versus host reaction and cardiac allograft survival in the rat
Authors: HAMANO K. , FUJIKURA Y. , FUKUDA S. , ESATO K. , FUKUMOTO T. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryOur previous paper reported that it was difficult to induce tolerance using donor specific transfusion (DST) in Lewis rats, while in DA and PVG rats it was possible to induce tolerance using DST. In this paper we investigated the effects of DST in a local graft versus host reaction (GVHR) model using these rat strains. The following results were obtained: (i) DST suppressed the GVHR in the DA rat but not in the Lewis rat; (ii) DST did not suppress GVHR in PVG rat strain, but lymphocytes, prepared from the PVG rats that were tolerant of Lewis heart grafts induced by DST, could suppress the the GVHR; and (iii) in Lewis rats, intrathymic injection of whole blood suppressed the GVHR, suggesting this route of antigen delivery might be effective in prolonging allograft survival. Cardiac allograft survival in this strain was prolonged in some cases after pretreatment with intrathymic donor whole blood. These results suggest the value of the GVHR in the assessment of new protocols to induce allograft tolerance in rats.
Suppressor cells and soluble factors from the spleens of UV‐irradiated mice
Authors: BRODIE M. , HALLIDAY W. J. 
Published: July 2007

SummarySeveral indices of splenic reactivity were measured daily after ultraviolet (UV) irradiation of mice. Spleen weight increased to a maximum after 5 days. Suppressor cell activity, manifested in various assays, peaked slightly earlier. The ability of passively transferred spleen cells to suppress the induction of contact hypersensitivity (CHS) was maximal after 4 days, as was the production of soluble suppressor factors in culture. The factors were detected by suppression of CHS in vivo and leucocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) in vitro. These assays appeared to detect different factors: an I‐J− factor active in CHS assays and an I‐J+ factor active in LAI assays. The latter factor required CD4−, CD8+ lymphocytes for its production.
Low affinity binding of mouse immunoglobulin to human CD5+ B cells
Authors: WESTON KATHRYN M. , RAISON ROBERT L. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryPolyreactive immunoglobulin (Ig) secreted by CD5‐bearing B cells has the capacity to bind a broad range of self and foreign antigens. Flow cytometric analysis was used to detect low‐affinity binding of mouse Ig molecules to the surface of CD5‐bearing B cells from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). Mouse Ig isotypes G. A. and M. and IgG subclasses G1, G2a, and G3 bound to the B cell surface via a mechanism not involving the antigen‐binding site of the mouse Ig molecule. Fab and F(ab′)2 fragments of mouse Ig associated with the CLL cells in a similar manner to intact Ig. indicating that Fc receptor interactions were not involved. Dissociation of the mouse Ig from the B cell surface by three washing steps distinguished this lower‐affinity binding from high‐affinity binding which occurs through the antigen‐binding site of a mouse monoclonal antibody (MoAb) when it recognizes a specific ceil surface epitope. Blocking studies suggest that the low‐affinity binding occurred via surface IgM and surface IgD (sIgM/sIgD) on the CD5‐bearing B cells. The results are consistent with the expression of polyreactive Ig on the surface of CD5‐bearing B cells. The results are constituent with the expression of polyreactive Ig on the surface of CD5‐bearing B cells in CLL.
Molecular cloning, expression and characterization of ovine TNFα
Authors: NASH A. D. , BARCHAM G. J. , BRANDON M. R. , ANDREWS A. E. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryTumour necrosis factor α (TNFα) is a cytokine with a wide range of effects on both lymphoid and non‐lymphoid cell types. By hybridization with a human TNFα cDNA probe the corresponding ovine cDNA was isolated from a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated alveolar macrophage cDNA library. The sequence of the cDNA clone showed that ovine TNFα encodes a polypeptide of 234 amino acids that, based on analysis of human TNFα is processed to a protein of 157 amino acids. The nucleotide and amino acid sequences showed a high degree of homology to the equivalent human and mouse molecules. In a mammalian COS cell expression system the ovine cDNA was found to encode a protein which was able to lyse actinomycin‐D treated WEHI‐164 cells and induce COS cells to produce and secrete interleukin 6 (IL‐6). Further experiments demonstrated the importance of sequences within the 3’untranslated region of the cDNA in determining the level of expression of ovine TNFα Northern blot analysis was used to analyse the kinetics of induction of ovine TNFα mRNA in alveolar macrophages stimulated with a variety of mitogens. Addition of LPS increased mRNA encoding TNFα at 1 hand 5 h but not 24 h post stimulation. In contrast, addition of phorbol myristic acid (PMA) led to increased TNFα mRNA at 5 h while the combination of PMA and ionomycin increased the level of specific mRNA detected at 1 h, 5 h and 24 h. From genomic analysis ovine TNFα appears to exist as a single copy.
Analysis of T cell receptor Vα and Vβ gene usage in synovia of patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: OLIVE C. , GATENBY P. A. , SERJEANTSON S. W. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryT cells are thought to play a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Activated T cells expressing α/β T cell receptor (Tcr) infiltrate the rheumatoid synovium and could potentially initiate a local inflammatory response directed against joint constituents, A Tcr repertoire with restricted heterogeneity may reflect a selective expansion of T cells reactive to a few antigenic determinants within the synovium. To determine whether predominant Vα and/or Vβ gene usage of the expressed α/β Tcr repertoire is a feature of synovial T cells in patients with RA, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify Tcr‐α and Tcr‐β chain transcripts. The peripheral blood and synovia of five patients with adult RA were examined and no evidence of preferential use of 19 Tcr Vα gene families was found. Similarly, most of the 18 Tcr Vβ gene families could be detected in RA synovia although there were quantitative differences in Tcr Vβ gene expression when compared to peripheral blood. This report shows that when the extremely sensitive assay of oligonucleotide hybridization of PCR amplified Tcr transcripts is used, permitting identification of specific V gene families, the α/β Tcr repertoire in the rheumatoid synovium is more diverse than was previously thought. Therefore, in patients with RA of long duration, the synovial T cell response is most likely to be polyclonal.
Susceptibility of multipotent haemopoietic stem cell deficient W/Wv mice to Plasmodiumberghei‐infection
Authors: ASAMI M. , OWHASHI M. , ABE T. , NAWA Y. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe susceptibility of haemopoietic stem cell deficient W/Wv mice to infection with Plasmodium herghei was examined. The mean survival time of W/Wv mice after the infection was shorter than that of the +/+ mice. Splenomegaly, a characteristic pathological change of the host after infection with malaria parasites was not observed in W/Wv mice. When haemopoietic activity of the infected mice was examined, a substantial increase in number of multipotent haemopoietic stem cells (CFU‐S) and the committed stem cells for granulocytes and maerophages (CFU‐GM) or for erythrocytes (CFU‐E) was observed in the bone marrow and spleen of +/+ but not of W/Wv mice. CFU‐S were not detected in W/Wv mice before or alter infection. The number of CFU‐GM and CFU‐E in bone marrow and spleen of W/Wv mice decreased after infection. Bone marrow grafting from +/+ to W/Wv mice 8 weeks before infection prolonged the mean survival time of the mice and effectively restored the number of CFU‐S in the spleen of W/Wv mice. These results indicate that multipotent haemopoietic stem cells play an important role in the host's defence mechanisms against P. berghei‐infection.
Beneficial effects of endotoxin treatment on metabolism in tumour‐bearing rats
Authors: ROFE A. M. , BOURGEOIS C. S. , COYLE P. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe effects of endotoxin treatment on host metabolism in tumour‐bearing investigated. Metabolism in control rats (non‐tumour‐bearing) was slightly altered by endotoxin treatment, whereas in tumour‐bearing rats a number of biochemical parameters that were intially perturbed by the presence of the tumour had returned to normal at 48 h post‐treatment. The beneficial effects included increased blood glucose and insulin concentrations, and decreased ketone body, triglyceride and lactate concentrations. Potentially non‐beneficial effects of endotoxin observed in both tumour‐bearing and control rats included decreased plasma cholesterol, and increased plasma phosphate, potassium and alkaline phosphatase levels.Endotoxin caused haemorrhaging in the encapsulated tumour, and this was associated with histological evidence of endorhelial damage, red cell infiltration into surrounding tumour tissue and a marked decrease in cell viability. The in vivo uptake of glucose by the tumour, measured by 2‐deoxy [U‐14C]glucose uptake, was decreased by 96% following endotoxin treatment, and this was associated with a two‐fold increase in glucose uptake by muscle. It is concluded that endotoxin treatment has major effects on cell viability and the integrity of vasculature in the tumour, which limits glucose uptake by the tumour and thereby decreases the energy and substrate requirements of the tumour, thus benefiting the host. It is suggested that tumour cytotoxicity and intra‐tumour haemorrhage are the result of endotoxin stimulating cytokine release from macrophages that are already activated by the presence of the tumour. While the effects of endotoxin on metabolism in tumour‐bearing rats appeared to be primarily the result of anti‐tumour activity, other findings, particularly the raised plasma alkaline phosphatase activity that was observed in endotoxin‐treated control and tumourbearing rats, indicate possible side effects that may need to be considered in any treatment strategy.
Relocation of antigens to the cell surface membrane can enhance immune stimulation and protection
Authors: BOTH G. W. , ANDREW M. E. , BOYLE D. B. , COUPAR B. E. H. , BELLAMY A. R. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe major outer capsid glycoprotein of rotaviruses, VP7, is normally synthesized and directed to the ER, where it is required for virus assembly. By substituting a foreign signal sequence for the VP7 signal peptide, a secreted form of VP7 with an authentic amino terminus was produced. Secreted VP7 was further modified by the addition of a transmembrane anchor and cytoplasmic domain to its C‐terminus. When the novel chimeric protein was expressed in transfected cells it became anchored in the cell surface membrane. The antigenicity of the chimeric protein was compared with that of the intracellular form of VP7 using recombinant vaccinia viruses to deliver the antigens in vivo. The novel antigen produced enhanced stimulation of both B and T lymphocytes of the immune system, and in mice it was able to induce protection against rotavirus‐induced diarrhoeal disease. Other secreted and intracellular antigens show a similar improved level of antigenicity as a result of their relocation to the cell surface. Surface localization may therefore have general utility in the development of recombinant subunit vaccines.
Effects of PMA, cytokines and dexamethasone on the expression of cell surface Fc receptors and mRNA in U937 cells
Authors: GRATTAGE LYNN P. , McKENZIE IAN F. C. , HOGARTH P. MARK 
Published: July 2007

SummaryFc receptors (FcR) are of importance in immune and inflammatory reactions. FcR expression as mRNA and surface protein was therefore examined in the myelomonocytic cell line, U937, after stimulation with phorbol ester (PMA), in the presence of seven different cytokines (interferon‐γ [IFNγ], IFNα, granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor [GM–CSF], tumour necrosis factor‐α [TNFα], TNFβ, interleukin‐β [IL‐1β], IL‐2) or dexamethasone. HLA class I and CD lib expression were also examined. Cell surface expression of FcRI and II was measured by flow cytometry using monoclonal antibodies, and the mRNA of FcRII was measured with cDNA or oligonucleotide probes. The major findings were: PMA increased cell surface FcRI, FcRII and CD11b, but decreased HLA; PMA caused a fivefold increase in all three FcRII RNA transcripts (2.5, 1.5 and 0.9 kb) in Northern analysis; IFNγ, IFNα and GM‐CSF increased the expression of FcRI and II, and there was no effect with IL‐1β, IL‐2, TNFα or TNFβ (only GM‐CSF increased the expression of CD11b); all cytokines further increased FcRI and FcRII expression in the presence of PMA; HLA expression was also increased in the presence of PMA, IFNα and IFNγ; dexamethasone reduced the levels of FcRI and II in cells stimulated with PMA with or without cytokines. Thus stimulatory agents and cytokines can alter the expression of surface FcγR and mRNA encoding FcRI or II, providing potential control mechanisms for the modulation of these receptors in inflammatory responses.
Retention of tissue‐specific phenotype in a panel of colon carcinoma cell lines: Relationship to correlates
Authors: WHITEHEAD R. H. , ZHANG H. H. , HAYWARD I. P. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryA panel of eight cell lines has been derived from colon carcinomas. These cell lines have both been characterized according to standard criteria of growth rate, response to mitogens (epidermal growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor), xenograft growth and growth in soft agar, and according to the ability of the cells to express epitopes known to be expressed by cells in the normal intestinal mucosa. The expression of epitopes present in columnar (absorptive) cells has been assessed using a panel of monoclonal antibodies to brush border peptidases and disaccharidases, villin and brush border‐specific peptides. Goblet cell epitopes have been determined by monoclonal antibodies to mucin and carcinoembryonic antigen. An antibody to chromogranin was used to identify endocrine cells. Using these antibodies we found that all the cell lines reacted with at least one of the antibodies to columnar cells. Similarly, varying proportions of cells in six of the eight cell lines stained with antibodies to mucin. None of the cells expressed chromogranin. Expression of a differentiated colonic phenotype, as measured from antibody staining, did not correlate with measurements of malignancy, such as the ability of the cells to grow in soft agar or as xenografts. Similarly, there was no correlation between retention of a colonic phenotype and the initial pathological stage of the tumour from which the cell lines were derived.
Serological responses and immunity produced in salmonids by vaccination with Australian strains of Vibrio anguillarum
Authors: MUNDAY B. L. , CARSON J. , WHITTINGTON R. , ALEXANDER J. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe Australian populations of rainbow trout (Onchorhynchm mykiss) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were found to have similar immunological responses to local strains of Vibrio anguillarum as those reported for the more genetically diverse populations of these fish and strains of V. anguillarum found in the Northern Hemisphere. In addition, our studies more precisely defined the respective responses of rainbow trout and Atlantic salmon to immersion vaccination by the bath and dip methods.
Rethinking the paradigms that inform behavioral treatment research for substance use disorders
Authors: Morgenstern Jon , McKay James R. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTAims  Over the last three decades, the randomized controlled trial or ‘psychotherapy technology’ approach has been the dominant model of inquiry in research on addiction treatment. This period has yielded impressive discoveries, but recent failures to confirm core research hypotheses such as occurred in Project MATCH and the Cocaine Collaborative Treatment Study have raised questions about future research directions. The paper identifies several testable assumptions of the psychotherapy technology model.Methods  A review is conducted on four substance use disorder behavioral interventions—motivational interviewing, cognitive–behavioral treatment, behavioral couples treatment and 12‐Step‐oriented treatment—to determine whether these assumptions are supported by research findings.Results  Overall, the review suggests weak support for the technology model of psychotherapy research. Lack of support is interpreted as indicating flaws in several model assumptions about how to conceptualize and measure patient responsivity and the interaction of non‐specific and specific therapeutic factors. The paper offers alternative strategies for addressing these issues drawn from the general psychotherapy process literature and provides illustrative examples of how these could be used to spur innovation in addiction treatment research.Conclusions  The addiction treatment research field is coming up against the limitations of the psychotherapy technology model as the dominant paradigm guiding treatment research. It is important for addiction treatment researchers to explore alternative conceptualizations and methodologies in order to understand more clearly how treatment works.