bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A small episode of single quarter conform infections in lactating dairy cows kept at pasture
Authors: JOHNSTON K. G. , ENGLISH A. W. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYFor a period of 150 days, an Escherichia co/; infection in a single quarter of the udder of 13 cows occurred on average every 9 days, in a herd of 120 cows kept at pasture under temperate environmental conditions. Most cases were clinically mild, affecting cows in lactations 1 to 10 and at all stages of lactation; none were evident at calving. Samples of secretion from infected quarters sometimes had few demonstrable organisms. Eleven different serotypes in 8 (0) groups were recovered; one isolate was multiply resistant to antibiotics and one infection persisted for 120 days. A precise explanation for this episodic exacerbation of the new infection rate was not established, but probable contributing factors were recognised.
The effect of air movement on the activity, lying position and huddling behaviour of weaned piglets
Authors: McINNES S. J. , BLACKSHAW J. K. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYAn experiment was carried out in a 55‐sow, specific pathogen‐free commercial unit, to observe the behavioural adaptation of newly weaned pigs (7 to 10 kg) to air movement in a typical weaner pen. Direct air currents were generated by a fan placed at 4 positions around the pen. Observations were made of activity, lying position, huddling and orientation. Increased activity was observed when the wind was directed on to the preferred lying area of the pigs. The pigs usually moved out of the region of greatest air movement and indirect currents appeared to be more favourable. Wind inhibited huddling in the pigs when it was directed over the lying area but orientation was unaffected. Social factors were important in the choice of lying position. The percentage of pigs huddling gave a behavioural indication of the suitability of the husbandry environment for production and welfare.
Experimental infection of mares with Haemophilus equigenitalis
Authors: ROGERSON B. A. , CONDRON R. J. , BAKER J. , CRAVEN J. A. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYInoculation of Haemophilus equigenitalis into the uterus of 7 mares caused a disease clinically indistinguishable from contagious equine metritis. The duration of clinical signs varied from 4 to 11 days. The causative organism persisted for a relatively short time (2 to 10 weeks) in 5 mares, but in 2 others it established a carrier status and persisted until they were killed 6 and 10 months after infection. H. equigenitalis was recovered from the vestibule of the vagina and from a combined swab of the clitoral fossa and sinuses throughout the course of the infection. In some mares there were extended periods (2 weeks) when it could not be reisolated. All mares experienced a transitory serological response to infection. The complement fixation test was generally negative 12 weeks after infection whereas antibodies detected by the passive haemaggiutination test and serum agglutination test were more persistent. In some animals the PHT and SAT titres increased during the breeding season following infection. The serological response did not appear to be related to the duration of infection.
Death in sheep following dosing with copper diethylamine oxyquinoline sulphonate as a commercial injectable copper preparation
Authors: MASON R. W. , McMANUS T. J. , HENRI D. , MIDDLETON M. , SLOAN C. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYDeath occurred in sheep following diethylamine oxyquinoline sulphonate (DOS) copper injections given at recommended dose rates. The copper content in unused portions of DOS copper packs was normal and free of bacterial contamination. Liver and blood copper levels in dead and sick sheep were not high. Sick sheep showed signs of hepatic encephalopathy and dead sheep were generally piled against fences and scrub. Deaths were associated with acute, severe, generalised, centrilobular, hepatocellular necrosis and live sheep had elevated circulating levels of liver enzymes consistent with liver damage. In recovered sheep there were no residual complications. It would appear that even at 0.5 mg/kg of DOS copper the safety threshold may sometimes be exceeded in some sheep.
Osteomyelitis in dogs and cats caused by anaerobic bacteria
Authors: JOHNSON K. A. , LOMAS G. R. , WOOD A. K. W. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYLocalised osteomyelitis was diagnosed in 2 dogs and 2 cats. The disease was caused by fight wounds in 3 cases. Radiographic examination demonstrated a circumscribed zone of cortical bone lysis, sequestra and periosteal new bone. Each case was treated surgically by sequestrectomy and debridement. Infection was due mainly to anaerobic bacteria. The pathogenic bacteria isolated from the lesions of dogs were Actinomyces viscosus, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Bacteroides spp, and from the lesions in cats were Clostridium villosum, Peptostreptococcus anaerobius, Wolinella recta and Bacteroides gingivalis. As all the bacteria were sensitive to penicillin, each case was treated with penicillin and by irrigation of the wound. This resulted in resolution of the disease, within 4 weeks, in all cases.
Behaviour of amitraz in cattle dipping baths
Authors: McDOUGALL K. W. , LEWIS I. J. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe settling rates of 0.025% w/v amitraz (used as a 50% w/w active ingredient wettable powder) and lime stabiliser (0.7% Ca(OH)) were studied in cattle dipping baths in the Tick Quarantine Area of northern New South Wales. Although lime settled more rapidly than amitraz, the rate for both decreased as the number of cattle dipped increased. After a total of 1,200 head had been dipped the settling rate during the hour following stirring was negligible, and re‐stirring was not necessary within the hour following use. Baths could also be cleaned of heavy sediment by scooping without significant loss of chemicals. When the bath volume was allowed to decrease to 2,100/ below working volume no significant changes in amitraz and Ca(OH)2 concentrations occurred.Data collected from 796 baths showed a significant concentration change of +0.00066% amitraz and ‐0.017% Ca (OH)2 per 1,000 head of cattle. Replenishment per 700/of water with 254 g amitraz was found to be in good agreement with 250 g recommended by the manufacturer, while 12.53 kg for lime was substantially more than the 10 kg recommended.
Clinical and haematological features of haemangiosarcoma in dogs
Authors: NG C. Y. , MILLS J. N. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Canine haemangiosarcoma was studied retrospectively in 31 cases recorded among 2,871 dogs presented for necropsy (1.08%). The German Shepherd breed was more frequently represented than other breeds. Affected dogs were older than 5 years (mean 9.1 years). Nineteen were males. Presenting signs often included episodic lethargy and weakness, with depression, anorexia and mucosal pallor. Spleen and lungs were the most frequently affected sites.Haematological findings in 9 dogs with splenic or hepatic haemangiosarcoma included a mild to moderate normochromic anaemia, neutrophilia, thrombocytopaenia, poikilocytosis and increased target cells. Acanthocytes occurred in 90% of cases, schizocytes in 80% and keratocytes and metarubyricytes in 70%. Fibrin split products were increased in 2 of the 3 cases in which they were measured. The changes in erythrocyte morphology are considered to be useful diagnostic features of canine haemangiosarcoma.
Comparison of immune response stimulated in sheep, rabbits and guinea pigs by the administration of multi‐component clostridial vaccines
Authors: WEBSTER A. C. , FRANK C. L. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryOver 3 years, the immunogenic responses of various batches of multi‐component clostridial vaccines in sheep, rabbits and guinea pigs were compared. Fully susceptible healthy sheep were found to be more suitable than rabbits or guineas pigs for testing the potency of multi‐component clostridial vaccines containing Clostridium novyi type 6, C. perfringens type D, C. septicum and C. tetani, and recommendations are made that sheep are the preferred species for testing the potency of clostridial vaccines.
Pituitary tumour causing multiple endocrinopathies in a dog
Authors: BARR S. C. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryA 9‐year‐old male Boxer with signs of lethargy, weight gain, polyuria, polydipsia, eosinopaenia and lymphopaenia was diagnosed as having hyperadrenocorticism. Concurrent central diabetes insipidus was diagnosed using a water deprivation test and antidiuretic hormone response test. A contrast radiographic technique was used to outline a pituitary mass. A chromophobe adenoma and secondary hypothyroidism were found on post‐mortem examination.
Pre slaughter handling of cattle: The availability of water during the lairage period
Authors: WYTHES J. R. , JOHNSTONt G. N. , BEAMANS N. , O'ROURKE P. K. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY A comparison was made of the effect of providing or denying water to steers during the last 20 h before slaughter on carcase weight, bruising, muscle pH, and during the dressing process on the numbers of rumens from which ingesta was spflt and the number of heads and tongues condemned because of contamination with ingesta. All cattle were offered water from arrival at the abattoir until the start of the treatment period. In one experiment the steers were rested for 24 or 48 h after a 120 km journey before being slaughtered, while in a second experiment they rested for 66 h after a 725 km journey.Giving steers access to water until they were slaughtered did not affect adversely carcase weight, bruise score, muscle pH or the incidence of ingesta spillage from rumens. The number of condemned heads and tongues was not consistently related to the availability of water. In the absence of any adverse effects it is recommended that cattle be provided with water during the lairage period.
Influence of frequency of anthelmintic treatment on the growth rate of Australian Friesian Sahiwal heifers
Authors: ISLES D. H. , DAVISON T. M. , FROST R. J. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY A group of 42 Australian Friesian Sahiwal heifers was divided into 3 groups. Two groups received levamisole at different frequencies; once every 3 months or once per month at the rate of 4.45 mg of the phosphate base/kg; while the third group was untreated. Treatments were applied between 9 and 23 weeks of age, after weaning. A fourth group of 7 Friesian calves of equivalent age were initially not treated and were used as a comparison with the Australian Friesian Sahiwal control group.Bodyweights of cattle and faecal egg counts were measured every 2 weeks and larval cultures were performed on samples with high egg counts. A significant (P<0.05) increase in weight gain was recorded in the Australian Friesian Sahiwal heifers treated once per month compared with once every 3 months and the untreated group. The group of Friesian calves had to be treated after 7 weeks due to weight loss and poor body condition.
Phalangeal bone ash as an aid in diagnosing some nutritional causes of lameness in sheep
Authors: MASON R. W. , KOEN T. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Normal bone ash levels were determined on first phalangeal bones from lambs dying of acute causes and from abattoir specimens. First phalanges were chosen because they represent a whole bone thereby ensuring constant and natural proportion which would be difficult if sampling only a portion of a bone.No practical difference in percentage ash, expressed in terms of green bone weight, was found between fore or hind feet of young male or female sheep. Consequently a single regression equation can adequately express the relationship between bone ash and bone length for sheep up to about 9 months of age.Lambs suffering from hypocuprotic osteoporosis or osteodystrophy consistent with hypovitaminosis D have phalangeal bone ash values which tend to lie outside the lower range expected for normal sheep with first phalanges of similar length. Consequently bone ash can be a useful aid in the diagnosis of certain nutritional causes of lameness in sheep.
Non‐infectious factors affecting the presentation of dairy cows to artificial insemination and the result of mating in south western Victoria
Authors: HARRIS D. J. 
Published: March 2008

Summary: The records kept by 4 artificial breeding centres in south western Victoria were examined and analysed by multiple regression analysis to determine whether daily fluctuations in the number of dairy cows presented for insemination, and daily, monthly and annual fluctuations in the result of first service, were associated with either climatic conditions or nutritional factors assessed as the availability of conserved hay and oats as feed supplements in the district.Over a 122 day observation period from July to October 1974, the number of cows presented daily for insemination was negatively correlated with daily rainfall total (p<0.001), wind speed (p<0.001) and barometric pressure (p<0.05). When the mean value for barometric pressure was used in the regression equation, rainfall totals and wind speeds above zero were associated with a mean reduction of 13.8% in the number of cows presented daily for insemination.The daily percentages of cows not resubmitted for service within 60 days of first service (non‐return rates) were unrelated to climatic conditions and to the number of cows presented for insemination. The monthly non‐return rate had a negative correlation (p<0.001) with the cost of oats but was not related to corresponding climatic changes. Annual non‐return rate fluctuations were negatively correlated with the cost of oats (p<0.001) and with the July to October rainfall total (p<0.01). It is suggested that the correlation of non‐return rate with the July to October total rainfall was due to an effect of rainfall total on the nutritional value of the pasture.
Vulvovaginitis of goats due to a herpesvirus
Authors: GREWAL A. S. , WELLS R. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Two concurrent outbreaks of genital disease in goats were associated with infection by a herpesvirus that was isolated from vulval and vaginal lesions of affected does. Serum neutralising antibody to the virus was present both in goats with the clinical disease and some unaffected goats. Of 19 goat herds examined only 4 had serum neutralising antibody positive goats with low (5%) to high (60%) incidence of infection. The virus isolate was characterised as a herpesvirus on its physico‐chemical and morphological features. It contained DNA and was inactivated at low pH and by treatment with lipid solvents and trypsin. The virus particles were icosahedral, consisting of a nucleocapsid surrounded by an envelope membrane and measured approximately 150 nm in diameter.The virus was serologically related to a New Zealand isolate of caprine herpesvirus (NZ‐CpHV), associated with similar genital disease, and was distinct from bovine herpes virus‐1 (BHV‐1) showing a one way neutralisation pattern.
Survey of anthelmintic resistance in Western Australian sheep flocks 1. Prevalence
Authors: EDWARDS J R , WROTH R. , de CHANEET G C , BESIER R B , KARLSSON J. , MORCOMBE P W , DALTON‐MORGAN G. , ROBERTS D. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Between July 1981 and December 1983, 116 randomly selected sheep farms in the south west of Western Australian were surveyed for resistance to anthelmintics. A faecal worm egg count reduction test was carried out on each farm. Anthelmintics tested were thiabendazole (44 mg/kg) and levamisole (7.5 mg/kg) given by intra‐ruminal injection and comparisons were made with an untreated group on each farm.Successful tests were carried out on 84 farms and 68% of these had resistant worms present. The prevalence of thiabendazole resistant populations was for H. contortus 18%; Teladorsagia, 41% and Trichostrongylus, 48% and for levamisole resistant populations H. contortus, 10%; Teladorsagia, 41%; Trichostrongylus24%, and Nematodirus, 10%. Multiple resistant populations were found on 17% of farms. Although the distribution of nematode genera varied between the 400 to 750 mm and the greater than 750 mm rainfall zones there was no significant difference in the prevalence of resistance between zones.About one third of resistant populations were severely resistant (< 60% reduction). It is likely that resistant worms were present on many farms without causing clinical disease and continued anthelmintic selection pressure will result in further development of resistance.
Treatment of equine onchocerciasis with ivermectin paste
Authors: POLLITT C C , HOLDSWORTH P A , KELLY W R , MEACHAM C S , SHEAHAN B. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY A single oral dose of ivermectin paste was administered to 12 horses with dermatitis and clinical signs typical of onchocerciasis. Two of the horses also had lesions of Queensland itch. Microfilarias of Onchocerca cervicalis were identified in fresh, macerated, skin biopsies from the neck, brisket or umbilical regions of all horses and microfilarias of O. gutturosa from the neck of 2. Eight of the horses developed skin reactions 4 to 24 h after the administration of the ivermectin, notably weals over the neck, shoulders and flanks and pitting oedema of the ventral midline and intermandibular space. Regression of the onchocerciasis lesions was evident within 7 days of treatment and affected skin had returned to normal within 3 months. The lesions of Queensland itch were not affected by the ivermectin treatment.Microfilarias were present in biopsies of skin, particularly in the superficial dermis, before treatment, but were absent from all skin biopsies taken one week after treatment. In some horses transient skin sensitivity reactions developed. Microfilarias began to reappear in the biopsies of some of the horses 2 months after treatment.It is concluded that the oral paste formulation of ivermectin, although not effective against adult onchocerca, is useful for the therapeutic control of microfilarias in the skin lesions of equine onchocerciasis.
The relationship between the isolation of Brucella abortus and serological status of infected, non‐vaccinated cattle
Authors: HORNITZKY M. , SEARSON J. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Seventy two non‐vaccinated cattle with various complement fixation (CF), rose bengal (RB) and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) results at slaughter were examined bacteriologically and serologically. Brucella abortus was recovered from 49 (68.1%) of the cattle and the use of a biphasic culture medium was entirely responsible for the detection of 6 (12.2%) of the culture positive cattle. The supramammary and retropharyngeal lymph nodes were the most rewarding tissues to culture.A comparison of culture results and serological status demonstrated that B. abortus could be isolated from cattle with negative RB and CF tests and that the ELISA was useful in detecting these cattle and infected cattle with low CFT titres. The RB test was also useful as it detected all but 4 of the cattle found to be infected.
Successful transfer of DHP‐degrading bacteria from Hawaiian goats to Australian ruminants to overcome the toxicity of Leucaena
Authors: JONES R J , MEGARRITY R G 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Cattle and goats in Australia lack the ability to totally degrade 3‐hydroxy‐4(1H)‐pyridone, also known as 3,4‐dihydroxy pyridine (3,4 DHP), the ruminal metabolite of mimosine, a toxic aminoacid present in the leguminous shrub Leucaena leucocephala. Ruminants in Hawaii have this capacity due to the presence of micro‐organisms able to rapidly degrade the DHP. A mixed bacterial population capable of rapidly degrading DHP in vitro was isolated from a goat on the Island of Maui. Cultures were grown anaerobically, without added sugars, in Medium 98.5 containing DHP.Cultures at a dilution of 1012 from the original rumen fluid were introduced into Townsville and further sub‐cultured and multiplied in vitro in strict isolation at the Oonoonba Veterinary Laboratory, Townsville. Infusion of the culture into a goat and a steer fed a 100% leucaena diet resulted in cessation of DHP excretion in the urine. After 60 days the serum thyroxine levels and thyroid size were normal and there were no clinical signs of disease. The ability of the rumen fluid to degrade DHP in vitro showed that the bacteria had become established in the rumen. In the absence of any disease in the animals, clearance has been given for the wider use of these cultures in areas where leucaena is grown. The limited evidence suggests that the leucaena toxicity problem can be solved by the use of these introduced bacteria.
Ante‐mortem and post‐mortem meat inspection: an Australian Inspection Service perspective*
Authors: MURRAY G. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Australia, a major exporter of meat, has met and continues to meet the import requirements of various countries. It is free of many epizootic and zoonotic diseases and is eradicating bovine brucellosis and tuberculosis. Frequently, individual country requirements have not been relevant to the animal and public health status in Australia. Such a situation is unscientific, wasteful and unnecessary, and may divert priorities away from areas of major public and animal health significance which should be the main concern of consumers both in Australia and overseas.In recent years the Inspection Service of the Department of Primary Industry has reviewed meat inspection procedures necessary to protect public and animal health in Australia and in countries importing Australian meat. Priorities include attention to national or regional occurrence of disease in Australia and to the use of scientific principles in inspection, including disease identification, concepts of pathogenesis and effectiveness in removal of diseased tissue from meat. Revised post‐mortem procedures for cattle, pigs, sheep and goats more relevant to disease occurrence and consideration of public health are described. In particular, this involves a reduction in the number of lymph node incisions.Future directions for meat inspection in Australia are postulated. Concern is expressed that the requirements of some importing countries are fixed in their legislation and consequently might inhibit desirable developments. In this context it is important that scientifically sound national codes for meat inspection of the exporting country be accepted by importing countries as providing public and animal health safeguards.
Effects of helminth infection on the pre‐weaning production of ewes and lambs: evaluation of pre‐ and post‐lambing drenching and provision of safe lambing pasture
Authors: WALLER P J , DONNELLY J R , DOBSON R J , DONALD A D , AXELSEN A. , MORLEY F H W 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY The pre‐weaning production of ewes and lambs in spring on pastures grazed during the previous autumn and early winter by either weaner sheep, adult sheep, or cattle was investigated together with estimating the benefits of pre‐ and post‐lambing drenches to ewes. These treatments were compared with one in which parasitism was uncontrolled in ewes lambing on pastures grazed previously by untreated weaner sheep, and another where parasitism was suppressed by 2‐weekly drenching of the weaner sheep and also of the ewes and their lambs.Prior grazing by cattle effectively eliminated infection of pastures with intestinal Trichostrongylus and Nemafodirus spp, but less so for Osiertagia spp. Worthwhile reductions in contamination were also achieved by grazing by adult sheep compared with grazing by undrenched weaners.Despite differences in the parasitological status of the pastures, there were no indications that pre‐weaning growth rates of lambs were affected. However, wool growth in ewes was reduced by 10 to 20% by parasite infection. Wool growth of ewes on pastures grazed by cattle during the pre‐experimental period exceeded that on any other treatment, and was significantly greater than that of ewes on pastures grazed by undrenched weaners. There was no production benefit in giving a pre‐lambing drench to ewes on plots contaminated by weaners, or in giving the additional post‐lambing drench to ewes grazing on plots contaminated by weaners, adult sheep or cattle.