bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Public as Dummies
Authors: WHITNEY D. CHARLES , WARTELLA ELLEN 
Published: March 2007

A number of recent public polls and commentaries on the media have suggested that the American public is woefully uninformed across a broad range of issues and topics, to the extent, as one such commentator argues, that citizens “are not mentally prepared to continue the society because they basically do not understand the society enough to value it.” A review of the literature does disclose vast areas of general-public ignorance, but the argument here is that those who see downward trends in public knowledge, most usually attributed to the advent of television, lack precision in their definitions of “the public” across time and data to suggest any true declines in public knowledge.
Information contained in clinical trial reports
Authors: Hibberd Patricia L. , Meadows A.J. 
Published: March 2007

In this paper, we assess the information contained in two hundred and fifty nine reports of clinical trials published in six major medical journals in 1960, 1965, 1970 and 1975. A checklist was used, against which the presence or absence of various items of information was recorded. This method may have wider applicability for assessing the information content of publications which have easily defined aims. Information about the type of drug under trial, dosage schedules, duration of therapy and whether or not the results were statistically significant was seldom provided in the summaries of the reports. Less than half of the reports included details of (i) the duration of the patients’ diseases under treatment; (ii) whether or not the patients were concurrently suffering from any other diseases; (iii) whether or not other drugs were being taken in addition to the trial drug; (iv) whether checks were made on patient compliance. In the light of our results, we suggest that clinical trial reports should be required to provide a specified minimum of clinically important information. This should enable doctors to assess more readily the value of newly introduced drugs.
The examination of research trends by analysis of publication numbers
Authors: David H.G. , Piip L. , Haly A.R. 
Published: March 2007

An interest arose in an examination of trends in textile research during the past twenty years. The techniques used to obtain data which would illustrate the trends are described. In general, the methods involved counts of scientific papers and of patents using abstracting journals and some specialist journals for the purpose. The data so obtained were subjected to statistical analysis and the procedures used in the analyses are briefly indicated. With regard to the trend in total textile research no clear- cut conclusion could be drawn. It appears, however, that 'basic' research in textile science has been decreasing at the expense of 'applied' or ad hoc research. It is possible that the methods used here, both for obtain ing the raw data and for statistical analysis may be of interest to those who wish to examine trends in other fields of research.
Theory and explanation in information retrieval research
Authors: Ellis David 
Published: March 2007

The relationship between theory and explanation in informa tion retrieval research is analysed. Problems in the development of a generalisable information retrieval theory from informa tion retrieval experiment and the associated mathematical mod elling is examined. The source of these problems is traced back to assumptions underlying information retrieval research, and to the nature of the relationship between the theoretical frame work of information retrieval research and the nature of the problems on which this framework is brought to bear. Particu lar attention is directed to problems in measurement, in estab lishing a significant relationship between test results and results from operational evaluations, and in establishing a connection between the situational and behavioural assumptions employed in information retrieval research and real situations and be haviour. The attempt to develop information retrieval research as an experimental science akin to natural science or engineering, around the notion of the quantification of relevance is miscon ceived. In order for information retrieval research to break out of the limitations of its present theoretical framework, and of the backwater to which that framework has led, a reorientation is required. The argument of this paper is that information retrieval research needs to be reoriented from a focus on the information retrieval system and on supposed 'systemic' factors to an orientation to the user and the user's interaction with information sources.
The use of relational databases for electronic and conventional scientific publishing
Authors: Kircz Joost G. , Bleeker Jan 
Published: March 2007

In an attempt to integrate traditional scientific publishing and new electronic possibilities for storage, retrieval and dis semination, a model is proposed. Based on a General Mark-up Language approach the information content of an article is analyzed and various categories of different types of informa tion are defined. Using a relational database as a starting point for all operations, different products can be identified by packaging the different information entities in a multitude of ways. Traditional publishing results by aggregating the database fields in a typeset file; secondary information (bibliographic and citation indexing) can be extracted automatically whilst all kinds of publisher's statistics ranging from geographical breakdowns or author's lists to subject indexes, are spin-offs as well. A new feature is a current awareness service which enables the user to search for literature prior to publication. Linked with the storage of the complete manuscript, including figures and tables on, e.g. an optical disc, this enables the possibility of linking bibliographic searching to full text re trieval. Recommendations for an author's environment to be linked to such an integrated publisher's model are discussed.
A system based on associational logic for the interrogation of databases
Authors: Courtial J.-P. , Pomian J. 
Published: March 2007

The interrogation of databases of scientific and technical articles is often characterized by the search for documents which do not come from any given specialist domain, but from multiple domains. A real interrogation can be characterized as an original combination of keywords in databases where docu ments are indexed in the form of keywords. The problem, then, is to find the right documents, while making allowances for the databases own indexing logic for documents. However, current expert systems, which permit access to documents via rules expressing the relevant field structure, make it notoriously difficult to pass from one specialist do main to another. Finally, recent work in the sociology of science has analysed the progress of knowledge in terms of 'translations' operating between one network of knowledge or know-how and another. This work has led to the elaboration of word graphs known as 'Leximappe graphs'. It is suggested that these graphs and the logic of associa tions that supports them can be used not only to interrogate databases of scientific and technical articles but also to search for new combinations at the core of these articles—with a view to advancing knowledge.
Copyright laws and online
Authors: Eisenschitz T.S. 
Published: March 2007

The copyright protection offered to databases and online systems under the new UK legislation is reviewed. The copyrights applicable to the contents of an online search and to a complete database are considered, also to the provision of documents subsequent to a search. Information passed through a system of computer, telecommunications network and termi nals is separately protected and forms yet another layer of copyright. In addition to the familiar economic rights, the effect of the new moral rights are explained. For instance they can be used to insist on error correction. A green paper from the EEC details its plans to tailor copynght protection to the needs of the single market of 1992. These proposals set the UK provisions in their international context.
Application of computer technology in the libraries of Ghana
Authors: Kedem Kosi A. 
Published: March 2007

Library automation in Ghana is a relatively new concept. Not much has been done to use the computer for information storage and retrieval in the hbranes of Ghana. Nevertheless, some librarians have gained some awareness of the great potentials to which the computer can be addressed in the library. Some libranes have even installed computers. But how far has this computer revolution caught up in Ghana? To answer this question a survey was carried out which covers all libraries which, in one way or another, are using computers for informa tion control and retrieval. The result of this comprehensive survey is contained in this paper.
Professional development and the Institute of Information Scientists
Authors: Davies J. Eric 
Published: March 2007

A working party to examine professional development is sues set up by the UK Institute of Information Scientists Professional Standards & Development Committee is de scribed. It studied a variety of methods and problems and made some 21 recommendations which are enumerated. The topics covered by the working party's report are detailed and discussed. Aspects which were covered included institutional and individual attitudes, staff induction, government pro grammes such as PICKUP, distance education, information tech nology, visits and exchanges, cooperation, appraisal, research, mentoring, personal mapping, professional stagnation, unem ployment/redundancy, and external factors such as European Communities' activity, the role of government agencies in monitoring qualifications, and favourable tax treatment of investment in professional development. The options for CPD are not applicable to all members and this point is highlighted in a minority view in the working party's report. The working party drew on information yielded by a sam ple survey of IIs members and some of its findings are noted. A concluding commentary reviews the aftermath of the appearance of the report and examines the current situation and future prospects for professional development for mforma tion scientists.
Teleworking stereotypes: a case study
Authors: Crossan Gillian , Burton Paul F. 
Published: March 2007

This study compares the findings of the literature on teleworking stereotypes with a case study of a teleworking venture. The study took the form of structured interviews with eight teleworkers, some home based and others working from an office. The study gives support to the suggestion that the majority of homeworkers are married women with childcare responsi bilities, who are not interested in promotion. It does not agree, however, with the claim that isolation is a major problem for homeworkers and it suggests that teleworkers may not be the homogeneous group commentators often describe.
Positive and Negative Power: Thoughts on the Dialectics of Power
Authors: Rus Veljko 
Published: March 2007

Positive power (induction), as an ability to initiate activity, and negative power (resis tance), as an ability to stop some activity, are treated in this paper as two closely related poles of the same power cycle. The paper further demonstrates how existing theoretical treatments of power phenomena have been reduced to an analysis of positive power and have consequently been unable to treat the contradictory interdependency of positive and negative power. Leadership as a power-implementing practice cannot avoid resistance. However, suc cessful leadership can provoke greater induction than resistance. Attempts to avoid resistance completely would provoke secondary effects which would lead towards the deterioration of powerless as well as powerful entities. Authority is treated in this paper as a specific state of equilibrium between conditionally tolerated positive power and conditionally tolerated negative power. Authority can, therefore, be treated as a unity of contradictions.
Autopoiesis and the Science of (Public) Administration: Essence, Sense and Nonsense
Authors: Kickert Walter J. M. 
Published: March 2007

The model of 'autopoiesis' — originally a biological model of a living system- has stimulated some outstanding social and administrative scientists to creative thinking about possible implications and applications. In this paper, the applica bility of the model to the science of (public) administration is discussed. Applying a natural scientific model to a social science is hazardous. The paper begins with a description of the original model and a discussion of its systems theoretical impli cations. Next a review of the various interpretations of autopoiesis in different fields of the social sciences is presented. Finally an attempt is made to perform a careful translation and cautious application. The autopoiesis model seems to offer new insights into the self-governance of organizations. The model opens a fundamentally different perspective on the relationship between organization and environment. From an organization science point of view the model seems intriguing enough to have a close look at it.
Legitimacy, Institutional Change, and the Politics of Public Administration in Sweden
Authors: Pierre Jon 
Published: March 2007

Public administration in Sweden has been the chief vehicle for the rapid postwar development toward an extensive welfare state. However, during the 1980s, as a result of increasing criticism about inertia and bureaucratization, several major reforms were initiated to "renew" the public sector. These reforms included a wide range of different measures, including deregulation, privatization, and "liberalization" experiments at the local level. This paper argues that these reforms, along with increased overall efficiency of the public sector, fulfilled a number of political and admin istrative functions. They were aimed at enhancing the overall legitimacy of the public administration and also at displacing conflicts triggered by fiscal problems to the local political level. As a result, the 1980s witnessed local governments becoming increasingly important suppliers of public services. At the same time, state public administration agencies adopted a more subtle and observant role than they had previously played.
A Collective Profile of the American Spectator i n tHe Summer Olympic Games in Montreal 1976
Authors: Mashiach Asher 
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to determine if there were any specific and different profiles of the American men and women who participated as spectators in the Summer Olympic Games in Montreal, 1976. The subjects were 764 American spectators which were selected by a random sample method from the file of Olympic ticket buyers. The subjects answered questionnaires dur ing a period of two months before the Olympics through to the last day of the Games. The results of the questionnaire and the data were analyzed by a computer and were subjected to frequency analysis and chi-square tests by the author. The data accumulated from the questionnaire were analyzed based on four profiles. A. Profile of the subjects based on demographic variables; B. Profile of the subjects based on their personal involvement in sports; C. Profile of the subjects based on their attitudes towards the Olympic Games; D. Profile of subjects based on their motivation for going to the Olympic Games in Montreal. It was concluded that for most of the subjects, going to the Olympic Games was a fun adventure and individual sports as track and field, gymnastics, and swimming were the most popular events watched by both sexes. It was also concluded that the Olympic Games became a matter of interest to the American public two weeks before the Games, and that the majority of the spectators have little knowledge of international sporting events.
Kinematic Models for Model-Based Compliant Motion in the Presence of Uncertainty
Authors: Bruyninckx Herman , Demey Sabine , Dutré Stefan , De Schutter Joris 
Published: March 2007

This article presents a systematic and fully general model- based approach to compliant robot motion, taking into account uncertainties in the geometry of the manipulated object and the environment with which it is in contact. The emphasis is not on control but on modeling, instantaneous motion specification, and on-line uncertainty identification. The presented models are intuitive and yet sufficiently flexible to deal with multiple and time-varying motion constraints between nonpolyhedral objects. The description of the interaction between the manipulated object and its environment starts from first- and second-order approximations of the objects' geometry at the contact points. From these geometric descriptions, the manipulated object's motion freedom—and its dual, the set of possible reaction forces—is modeled up to second order (i.e., accelerations) using the similarity with the kinematics of manipulators. Geometric uncertainties of the manipulated object and the environment, also up to second order (i.e., curvature), are integrated into these kinematic models. The on-line identification of uncertainties is based on the measured motion and/or the reaction forces. Two basic con cepts underlie the identification approach: consistency and reciprocity. These concepts give rise to linear identification equations in the uncertainty parameters by applying them to the first-order series expansions of the mathematical representa tions of the motion constraints. Both approaches are shown to be equivalent. The theoretical developments are illustrated by real-world experiments: the motion specification of a complex three-point contact situation between a cylindrical peg and the corre sponding chamferless hole; and force-controlled 2D contour tracking of an unknown object, with recursive identification of the curvature. Redundancy resolution and robot calibration are suggested as other potential applications.
Inorganic Glass Forming Systems as Intumescent Flame Retardants for Organic Polymers
Authors: Myers Ronald E. , Licursi Eugene 
Published: March 2007

This paper describes the development of several inorganic-based, non- halogenated, intumescent flame retardant additives for organic polymers. Low melting phosphate-sulfate glasses, borate/carbonate glass forming systems and ammonium pentaborate are discussed with respect to their role in converting otherwise flammable polymers into heat resistant, ablative materials. Ammonium pentaborate is shown to be particularly effective as an intumes cent, char-forming additive for thermoplastic polyurethanes. The pentaborate undergoes relatively low temperature thermal decomposition accompanied by in situ glass formation. When subjected to an open flame, the pentaborate/poly urethane composition generates an intumescent char. The resulting glassy foam approximates an ideal char structure in that it provides virtually instantaneous, thermal insulative protection to a substrate and is able to resist thermo- oxidative degradation due to the inorganic, glassy nature of the char.
Study of Smoke Emission of Materials Used in Passenger Rail Vehicles
Authors: Kamiński A. 
Published: March 2007

Smoke emission of 47 materials used in passenger rail vehicles has been eval uated on the ORE smoke density chamber. Equation for rate of luminance decrease vs. time was derived for very accurate approximation of results. Majority of the materials present small smoke emission and meet inter national railway flammability and smoke requirements. PVC containing materials, some polyester laminates and rubber products must be replaced.
Delusion as error: the history of a metaphor
Authors: Mojtabai Ramin 
Published: March 2007

Error has been the major metaphor for understanding delusions through the past three centuries. Modern definition of delusion as erroneous opinion or belief is evidence of the continuing role of this metaphor to this day. However, through long habituation the metaphorical nature of the association between delusion and error is no longer recognized. In other words, the metaphor has become literal and all but invisible. This paper seeks to shed light on this metaphor by tracing its development from inception in the seventeenth century to the present time. Also, the impact of the metaphor on modern research and therapeutic approaches is briefly discussed. Finally, to put the metaphor of error in perspective, some other metaphors applied to delusion over the years are reviewed. 'Delusion is the morbid manifestation of knowledge and error in regard to empirical reality, as it is of faith and superstition in regard to metaphysical reality.' (:108) 1
Hysteria and hypnosis as ongoing processes of negotiation. Ilma's case from the Austro- Hungarian Monarchy. Part 1
Authors: Lafferton Emese 
Published: March 2007

And the learned doctor, instead of a long process of verification, stepped to the front, pulled out his golden pencil, made Vilma look at it for two minutes, and the girl collapsed in her chair dead pale, she fell into hypnotic sleep! Then the lecturer made such a hair-raising show with the girl in this state palam et publice, that the judges sent her right to the house of the mad instead of the prison. 1 [Ilma] was suggested to have the bleedings of Jesus Christ, and thus, by the afternoon, red patches with circles appeared on her arms and legs, but there was no bleeding, perhaps the suggestion was weak.2 Nine months later, a certain Sister Sylvestris allegedly advised her to flee, and never again to allow the five wounds of Christ to be put on her left foot (by suggestion), or brand scars to be caused by suggestion; and that she should flee to a convent in Graz and would be helped in this undertaking. One day S. was again hypnotized, and the following day she saw the letter J burnt on her right arm. Then her decision to flee was determined. 3
The Juppé Plan and the Future of the French Social Welfare System
Authors: Bouget Denis 
Published: March 2007

The Juppé Plan, enacted on 15 November 1995, is the most important reform of the French social protection system (SWS) since its creation in October 1945. First, we describe the French system which is inspired by the Bismarckian model, a work-based model, and its long-term trends in terms of benefits and contributions. Second, we describe the decisions made as part of the Juppé Plan, and their gradual implementation under the Juppé and Jospan governments: more planned care provision in the health-care sector; a set of family policies geared more to those most in need; the intro duction of private pensions in a new funded scheme; and above all the introduction of new, more universal mechanisms of funding social security. A project on social cohesion (fight against social exclusion) has also been added to the plan. Third, we analyse the three main conse quences of the Juppé Plan: the end of the doc trinal unity of the French system; the economic and financing uncertainties surrounding the implementation of the reforms ; and the pol itical confusion which largely explains why the new left-wing Jospin government can carry on with the implementation of the reform.