bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Crystal Structures and Magnetic Properties of MCl42− (M = Mn(II) and Co(II)) Salts of m- and p-N-Methylpyridinium Nitronyl Nitroxides
Authors: Yamaguchi Akira , Okuno Tsunehisa , Awaga Kunio 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Organic radical cations, 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(1-methyl-3 or 4-pyridinio)-3-oxide-4,5-dihydro-1H-1-imidazolyloxyl (or, m- and p-N-methylpyridinium nitronyl nitroxides, abbreviated as m- and p-MPYNN+, respectively), were found to crystallize with magnetic counter anions, MCl42− (M = Mn2+ (S = 5/2) and Co2+ (S = 3/2)), although the MnCl42− salts were rather air-sensitive. X-Ray full-crystal analyses were carried out on the stable CoCl42− salts. The structure of (m-MPYNN+)2CoCl42− crystallizes in the monoclinicP21/c space group, while that of (p-MPYNN+)2CoCl42− belongs to the triclinic space group. Although (m-MPYNN+)2MnCl42− and (p-MPYNN+)2MnCl42− were not stable enough for an X-ray full data collection, they were indicated to be isostructural to the corresponding CoCl42− salts, respectively, by their diffractions of 20 &gt; θ &gt; 25°. Variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements reveal a clear contrast between the (m-MPYNN+)2MCl42− and (p-MPYNN+)2MCl42− salts. The two (m-MPYNN+)2MCl42− salts exhibit a ferromagnetic behavior independently of MCl42−, which is attributable to a m-MPYNN+ dimer. However, the magnetic properties of two (p-MPYNN+)2MCl42− salts are strongly dependent on the MCl42− anion: (p-MPYNN+)2MnCl42− exhibits an antiferromagnetic interaction in opposition to a ferromagnetic one in (p-MPYNN+)CoCl42−. The magnetic difference between them can be qualitatively understood in terms of a charge-transfer interaction between MCl42− and p-MPYNN+, in which the difference in the electronic structure between the Mn2+ and Co2+ ions is reflected.
Crystalline Polymorphism and Phase Transition Behavior of Mesogenic 4-Heptyloxy-4′-cyanobiphenyl (7OCB)
Authors: Hori Kayako , Koma Yoshiko , Kurosaki Minako , Itoh Koichi , Uekusa Hidehiro , Takenaka Yasuyuki , Ohashi Yuji 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Four different solid phases were found for the title compound: square-plate and needle crystals, which are metastable, a solid found in a collapsed plate crystal and the most stable crystalline phase found in a commercially available powder specimen. The phase transition behavior of each solid to the nematic phase was investigated by DSC. The phase relations are proposed in terms of Gibbs energy and temperature diagram. The structure of the plate crystal has been determined at 243 K. The crystal has a distinct smectic-like structure composed of bilayers. The CN groups are closely arranged between antiparallel molecules within a bilayer, resulting in infinite networks with the C–N distances; 3.41—3.64 Å.
Lattice-Dynamical Study of the Abnormally Short Bond-Length in trans-Stilbene Molecules in a Crystal
Authors: Saito Kazuya , Ikemoto Isao 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Lattice-dynamics calculations have been made on crystalline trans-stilbene under an atom–atom potential approximation, using both flexible and rigid molecular models in order to clarify the existence of the molecular motion suggested for explaining the abnormal bond-length of the central C=C bond. The intramolecular twisting of the benzene rings strongly couples with the overall rotation of the molecule in some manner, including the suggested manner. The coupled modes form phonon branches and show little dispersion.
Investigation of Single-Vibronic-Level Fluorescence Lifetimes of Jet-Cooled S1trans-Stilbene above the Isomerization Barrier
Authors: Tahara Tahei , Hamaguchi Hiro-o 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The fluorescence lifetimes of jet-cooled trans-stilbene were measured for twenty eight S1 vibronic levels in the 1300—1700 cm−1 region above the 0–0 transition. All fluorescence decay curves were well fitted to single exponential functions in the 0—3 ns time region. It was found that the fluorescence lifetime decreases monotonically with the increase of the excess vibrational energy. No anomalous lifetime dependence on the vibronic level was observed. The (time-integrated) dispersed fluorescence from the corresponding vibronic levels was also measured. The excitation of all twenty eight levels gave indistinguishable fluorescence spectra exhibiting only broad features, indicating that the IVR rate is much larger than the radiative decay rate regardless of the fundamental, overtone or combination levels. No direct evidence supporting the existence of a mode-selective isomerization channel was obtained.
Structural Effects in NMR Spectroscopy of Vinylic Compound 1. Investigation of Intramolecular Specific Interactions C–H···N in Hetaryl Vinyl Ethers by 1H, 13C, 15N, and 17O NMR Spectroscopies and Quantum-Chemical Calculations
Authors: Afonin Andrei V , Vashchenko Alexander V , Fujiwara Hideaki 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The hydrogen bond-like intramolecular specific interactions between the α-hydrogen of the vinyl group and endo-cyclic nitrogen are discovered in the hetaryl vinyl ethers, having the vinyloxyl group neighboring to the endocyclic nitrogen by the 1H and 13C NMR data. It is confirmed by AM1 calculations. The intramolecular specific interaction results to the downfield shift of the α-proton signal by 1 ppm, α-carbon signal by 4—5 ppm, the increase of their one-bond coupling constant by 6—7 Hz, and upfield shift of nitrogen by 17—20 ppm, as it was shown by the regression and dispersion analysis of 1H, 13C, and 15N parameters of wide series of aryl and hetaryl vinyl ethers. The cluster analysis of the spectral data indicates the anomaly of common combination of vinyloxyl group parameters in ethers, possessing the intramolecular specific interaction in comparison with ethers which have no such interaction. The factor analysis of spectral parameters shows that influence of specific interaction on the α-proton and α-carbon chemical shifts as well as their one-bond coupling constant prevails over other structural and electronic effects. In accordance with the AM1 calculation, the hetaryl vinyl ethers possessing the intramolecular specific interaction are more planar that is confirmed by 13C and 17O NMR data.
Kinetic Analyses of an Electrochemically-Induced Reaction through a Generation-Collection Mode of Twin-Microband Electrodes
Authors: Nakatani Kiyoharu , Terui Norifumi , Kitamura Noboru 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Kinetic analyses of a sulfonation reaction between electrochemically-generated diethyl(4-imino-3-methyl-2,5-cyclohexylidene)ammonium salt (quinone diimine derivative (QDI) and SO32− in water have been performed by a generation-collection mode of twin-microband electrodes. The collection efficiency of QDI (φ), defined as the ratio of the current at a generator to that at a collector, was dependent on the interelectrode distance and the SO32− concentration. The rate constant of the sulfonation reaction was determined by both a two-dimentional digital simulation of the concentration gradient of QDI and kinetic analyses of the observed φ values.
Tipranavir: A Protease Inhibitor for HIV Salvage Therapy
Authors: Dong Betty J , Cocohoba Jennifer M 
Published: June 2006

Objective: TO review the efficacy, safety, pharmacology, virology, pharmacokinetics, and resistance of the nonpeptidic protease inhibitor (PI) tipranavir. Data Sources and Study Selection: A PubMed search (1966–February 2006) was conducted using the key words tipranavir or PNU-140690, with the limitation of English-language reports. Pharmacokinetic and randomized clinical trials originating from major HIV conferences, such as the Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, International AIDS Society, European AIDS Conference, and Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, published only in abstract form, from 2000 to February 2006, were reviewed for relevance and included in this review. Data Synthesis: Phase III studies have shown that tipranavir is effective in the treatment of PI-resistant HIV compared with other PI-containing regimens. Adverse effects associated with tipranavir/ritonavir therapy include gastrointestinal reactions, hepatotoxicity, and elevations in cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Resistance data suggest that tipranavir/ritonavir should be reserved for salvage therapy in antiretroviral-experienced patients who have previously failed standard PI therapies. The potential for hepatotoxicity and drug interactions and the expense of tipranavir due to required ritonavir boosting may limit its widespread use. Conclusions: Tipranavir/ritonavir is an essential addition to the antiretroviral armamentarium for HIV-infected patients with limited treatment options.
Injuries in Norwegian Ski Resorts 2002 – 2004
Authors: Ekeland A , Rødven A 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA central ski patrol-based registration of skiing and boarding injuries was performed by the Norwegian Ski Lift Association during the winter seasons 2002/2003 and 2003/2004. Totals of 7252 injured skiers/boarders and 4.884 million skier/boarder days were recorded during the two seasons, giving an injury rate of 1.5 injured per 1000 skier/boarder days. Most of the injuries occurred during alpine skiing (49 %) and snowboarding (43 %), whereas telemark skiing and skiboarding each accounted for 4 % of the injuries. Wrist injuries were common among injured snowboarders (28 %) compared to only 6 % for skiboarders and 4 % each for alpine and telemark skiers (P&lt;0.001). The knee was the main injury location in alpine skiers (25 %) compared to 19 % among skiboarders, 12 % among telemarkers, and only 7 % among snowboarders (P&lt;0.001), but the percentage of knee injuries was almost twice as high for females compared to males, both in skiers and snowboarders (P&lt;0.001). As percent of all injuries, injured snowboarders suffered more fractures (35 %) than skiboarders (30 %), telemark (24 %) and alpine skiers (22 %) (P&lt;0.001), but fracture of the lower leg was uncommon among snowboarders (1 %) and telemarkers (2 %) compared to alpine skiers (7 %) and skiboarders (15 %) (P&lt;0.001). Lower leg fractures accounted for 4 % of the injured alpine skiers 20 years and older and adolescents aged 13–19 years compared to 15 % for children 12 years and younger (P&lt;0.001). Nineteen percent of the skiers/boarders were injured in snowboarder parks, and these injuries were more severe than those occurring at other locations. In conclusion, injured alpine skiers were most prone to knee injuries, and skiboarders to lower leg fractures. This fracture was still a common injury for children in these two disciplines. Injured snowboarders were most prone to suffer wrist injuries. The percentage of knee injuries among females was almost twice that of males both in skiers and snowboarders. Injuries sustained in snowboarder parks were more severe than other injuries on the slope.
Used Oil Derived Fuel Utilization for the Production of Portland Cement
Authors: Ayala NI 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The cement industry can assume a very important role in achieving a sustainable future. As the global population rises, the general public is placing an increased pressure on the conservation of essential natural resources such as land and nonrenewable energy sources with a need for more socially and environmentally sustainable development initiatives. Cement is one of the most important components of the infrastructure needed to support that sustainable development. The cement industry has been globally linked to those industries with extensive use of nonrenewable natural resources and with a high energy demand. It is well known that a cement plant needs between 80 kg to 150 kg of fuel and at least 100 kWh of electricity to produce one ton of cement. With such high energy demand, the cement industry has been searching and implementing several alternative fuel initiatives to increase energy efficiency and lower fuel and energy costs with many consequential environmental benefits. One of those clearly available fuel alternatives is used motor oil. In this study, the characteristics of used oil are measured through a detailed evaluation of fuel based on heating value, viscosity, and water content. The environmental benefits are measured through the evaluation of CO2 emission reduction and dioxin/furan stack testing.
Development of Pavement Smoothness Index Relationship
Authors: Chen J-S , Huang C-C 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
In its pursuit for providing smooth pavements, the Directorate General of Highways in Taiwan is developing and implementing ride quality specification as part of the construction assurance program. The straightedge and the profiler were used to measure pavement smoothness on 561 test sections. Probability distribution analysis showed that measurements of pavement smoothness of both devices follow the normal distribution. Smoothness specifications for construction quality control were developed for straightedge and profiler, respectively. The full-pay range is 1.36 to 2.45 mm and 2.16 to 3.65 m/km for straightedge and profiler, respectively. The smoothness relationship between straightedge and profiler was developed.
Comparison of the Results of the Calculational and Experimental VVER-440 Pressure Vessel Dosimetry at Paks NPP
Authors: Hordosy G , Hegyi G , Kereszturi A , Maraczy C , Vertes P , Zsolnay EM 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
At Paks NPP, Hungary, a major project was launched to investigate the possibility of lifetime extension up to about 60 years. As a part of this project, detailed calculational and experimental investigation of the pressure vessel neutron radiation load having been performed. A computational procedure was developed earlier for evaluating the fast flux in the pressure vessel. The neutron source is taken from core calculation performed by the code karate and it is given in the core boundaries. The neutron transport from the source to and through the pressure vessel is investigated by mcnp4c. This procedure has now been tested against a new set of activation foil measurements. Good agreement was found between the measured and calculated reaction rates for fast reactions. In the case of thermal reactions, the agreement was weaker. The effect of error in nuclear data on fast reaction was studied.
Oxygen Compatibility Assessment on Components and Systems
Authors: Rosales K , Shoffstall M , Stoltzfus J 
Published: June 2006

AbstractFire hazards are inherent in oxygen systems. Therefore, a systematic approach to identify and address these fire hazards is essential to protecting personnel and equipment. The oxygen compatibility assessment process (previously known as the oxygen hazards analysis process) designed by NASA Johnson Space Center White Sands Test Facility can be used to determine the presence of fire hazards in oxygen systems and the likelihood of a fire. This process may be used as both a design guide and an approval process. The procedure for performing an oxygen compatibility assessment is a structured step-by-step process to: determine the most severe operating conditions; assess the flammability of the system materials at the use conditions; evaluate the presence and efficacy of ignition mechanisms; assess the potential for a fire to breach the system; and determine the reaction effect (the potential loss of life, mission, and system functionality as the result of a fire). This process should be performed for each component in a system. The results of each component assessment should be recorded in an Oxygen Compatibility Assessment Table. In addition, a summary of the overall assessment should be provided in a Hazard Control Table, which provides a convenient way for readers of the document to know the hazards that exist within the entire system and the status of whether or not the recommendations have been implemented.
Electrical Arc Ignition Testing of Spacesuit Materials
Authors: Smith S , Gallus T , Tapia S , Ball E , Beeson H 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
A frayed wire was found inside the extravehicular mobility unit (EMU) spacesuit, which led to concerns that it may be possible to ignite materials in the EMU by electrical arcing. As a result, the NASA Johnson Space Center (JSC) White Sands Test Facility was requested by JSC to conduct arc-ignition tests on multiple EMU materials placed in varying oxygen concentrations. Because understanding the ignitability of materials requires simulating the worst-case scenario, three test methods were developed to understand what conditions were the most severe. The most severe method was then used to characterize the materials presently used in the EMU by determining the minimum levels of current necessary to initiate combustion at a given voltage. These arc-ignition tests were performed in 100 % oxygen at 23.5 psia and in 50 % oxygen at 50 psia. The following materials were tested: cotton fabric; polyester fabric; polyurethane cable jacket; Gore-Tex® woven polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) fabric; nylon/Lycra® knit fabric; moleskin; nylon/spandex knit fabric; nylon tricot fabric; cotton-flocked Rucothane;® urethane-coated nylon; Kerlix® cotton dressing, Estane® polyurethane; and Capilene® hollow fiber polyester fabric.
Isothiocyanato Boron Dipyrromethenes—The First BODIPY Analogues of Fluorescein Isothiocyanate
Authors: Malatesti Nela , Hudson Robert , Smith Karen , Savoie Huguette , Rix Katie , Welham Kevin , Boyle Ross W. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTTwo boron complexes of 5‐phenyldipyrromethenes bearing isothiocyanate groups on the phenyl ring have been synthesized for the first time. The utility of these new fluorescence probes for labeling biologically relevant proteins is demonstrated on two monoclonal antibodies that bind to antigens overexpressed on cancer cells. Spectral comparison of the two structures reveals significant photophysical differences, including bathochromically shifted excitation and emission bands, increased molar absorptivity and a large increase in fluorescence quantum yield of approximately 10 times. Differences in photophysical parameters are linked to hindered rotation of the phenyl ring in one of the probes.
Piano Study in Soviet-Russian Schools of Music
Authors: Robert Walter 
Published: June 2006

Translator' s note: The following is a translation of the Syllabus of Special Classes in Piano for Music Schools approved by the Department of Education of the Ministry of Culture of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and published in Moscow (1960) by the Ministry of Culture. The first part, translated in its entirety, states the general principles and pedagogic aims of the study program; the second part, of which we publish a partial translation, sets up the requirements in detail. The course of study presupposes graduation from a preparatory music high school (“ Music School for Children”) and leads to a diploma qualifying the graduate to teach in a preparatory department of a USSR music school or to fill a position as coach-accompanist. It is not the course of study for the highest level of training in conservatories such as the Tchaikovsky Conservatory in Moscow. The translation consciously sacrifices excellence of English style to close adherence to the original Russian.
Journey to America
Authors: Yarustovsky Boris 
Published: June 2006

In November, 1959, the composers Fikret Amirov, Konstantin Dankevitch, Dmitri Kabalevsky,1 Tikhon Khrennikov, Dmitri Shostakovitch, and the musicologist Boris Yarustovsky made an official visit to the United States under an agreement between the American and Soviet governments which had made possible the visit of the Americans Roy Harris, Ulysses Kay, Peter Mennin, and Roger Sessions to the Soviet Union the year before. Yarustovsky wrote an account of his impressions for the February 1960 issue of Soviet Music, a journal of the Union of Soviet Composers. In selecting excerpts from that lengthy report I have tried to retain both the breadth and the quality of Yarustovsky' s observations. Yarustovsky belongs to a society which believes that the artist is a potent ethical force and that his responsibilities to society take precedence over considerations of personal fancy. To us, the implications of that belief seem dangerous; to Yarustovsky, the danger lies in ignoring the implications.
Student Teachers' Preactive and Postactive Curricular Thinking
Authors: Schleuter Lois 
Published: June 2006

In this study, the researcher examined preactive and postactive curricular thinking of student teachers in elementary general music. Student teaching experiences were chosen for study since would-be teachers have an opportunity to demonstrate their development as curricular thinkers as well as their performance as teachers in the classroom. To describe preactive and postactive thinking, writings and conversations of three student teachers in elementary general music were analyzed to determine which curricular categories they addressed, relative amounts of consideration given each category, and changes in their thinking over time. Results indicate that the subjects considered similar curricular issues, but contextual and situational demands prompted idiosyncratic decision making. A combination of qualitative and quantitative data analyses led to a description of student teachers as active participants in curricular decision making, responding to and learning from the experience and from those around them. Data revealed the highly integrated pattern of thinking involved in planning instruction and the broad spectrum of curricular issues for which student teachers need to be prepared.
A Pilot Study of Performance Practices of Twentieth-Century Musicians
Authors: Papich George , Rainbow Edward 
Published: June 2006

This study was the initial phase of a continuing project to investigate the performance practices of twentieth-century musicians. The purpose of the study was to test and refine data-gathering techniques and to use these techniques in a preliminary investigation of the characteristics of intonation and pitch vibrato of performers of stringed instruments. Services of a number of string instrumentalists were obtained. The performers were gathered in groups of like instruments. Each performer was asked to perform, for recording purposes, a selected musical passage—initially as a solo performer and then as a member of an ensemble. The recordings of each solo performance and each musician's contribution to the ensemble performance were analyzed with the aid of electronic equipment that converted the musical stimuli into a graphic representation of the performance. The results and findings of the pilot study were as follows: (1) Pitch vibrato is present in the initial attack at all tones. (2) When each performer uses vibrato, the speed of the vibrato and pitch width are the same in solo playing as in ensemble playing. (3) The pitch vibrato does not appear to be an oscillation above and below conceived pitch but appears to be an oscillation in an upward direction from conceived pitch. The conclusions offered in the pilot study require the support of additional investigations using other performers and additional musical passages.