bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lapisan Pemahaman Dan Folding Back Siswa Dalam Menyelesaikan Masalah Matematika Ditinjau Dari Adversity Quotient
Authors: Sari Aviv Puji Indah , Abadi Abadi , Wintarti Atik 
Published: April 2024

This study aimed to provide a comprehensive detail of comprehension development within the Pirie-Kieren layers of understanding and the process of students folding students in resolving issues related to a two-variable linear equation system, focusing on the concept of adversity quotient. The research employed a qualitative descriptive approach. The data was collected on 36 students from class VIII-B at State Senior High School 2 of Taman. Within this sample, 6 students were selected, comprising of 2 students classified as having a high adversity quotient (referred to as “climber”), 2 students with a moderate adversity quotient (referred to as “camper”), and 2 students with a low adversity quotient (referred to as “quitter”). The study used problem-solving tests and interviews as data-gathering techniques, followed by data analysis techniques outlined by Miles, Huberman, and Saldana.
The findings of this study indicated that the climber students demonstrated proficiency across all eight layers of understanding, as proposed by Pirie and Kieren. Climber students exhibited the process of folding back, which involved retrieving previously learned information to effectively address the current challenge without deviating from the relevant subject matter. On the other hand, camper students could attain a level of comprehension that extends to the structuring layer, albeit with a limitation in terms of the maximum attainable layer. However, it is essential to note that not all indicators of layer understanding may be attained flawlessly by camper students. Camper students underwent a process of folding back, delving into deeper layers, and gathering additional information to ensure the accuracy of their work. Quitter students could attain the image-making layer because they use inappropriate methods. However, suppose they employ a trial and error; the resultant value must satisfy two equations. Camper students experienced folding back, delving into more profound layers, and gathering deeper layers to ensure their work's accuracy.
Implementasi Model Tilawati dalam Pembelajaran Al-Qur’an pada Anak Tunagrahita
Authors: Rochim Abdul , Fahmi Mohammad , Suyudi M. 
Published: April 2024

The Qur'an is a guide for Muslims throughout the world, and they must learn it. Educating children to learn the Qur'an should begin as early as possible so that they can better grasp the Qur'an, with no exceptions for children with special needs, such as those with intellectual disabilities, who also have the right to academic and religious education. In general, there are still many children who cannot read the Qur'an. Therefore, this research aims to find out the implementation process, evaluation system, and implications of the application of the tilawati model in learning the Qur'an for children with intellectual disabilities at the Special School of the Foundation for the Development of Disabled Children (YPAC) Surabaya. This study employs a qualitative approach and descriptive method using a descriptive-qualitative research design. The research findings reveal that the process of integrating the tilawati paradigm in learning the Qur'an for children with intellectual disabilities at YPAC Surabaya Special School is carried out in one class with normal children, but is taught differently considering that learning for children with intellectual disabilities takes a long time. Regarding teaching methods, the learning process for these children is carried out by applying classical and individual methods.
Metafora Dalam Mantra Kidung Montrawedha
Authors: Puspitasari Dhika 
Published: April 2024

This study entitled ‘Metaphor in Mantra Kidung Montrawedha’. This mantra is written by Sunan Kalijaga found in the book of Primbon Attasadhur Adammakna. This research explains the types of metaphor based on semantic field. This study uses qualitative descriptive method which is done based on real facts or phenomena. The process of collecting data uses library research technique. This technique explores written sources such as magazine, newspaper, or literature as the data. The result of this study shows that the mantra of Kidung Montrawedha have the types of methaphor are energy, substance, living, and human.
Relationship between intended force and actual force: comparison between athletes and non-athletes
Authors: Rizzato Alex , Cantarella Giovanni , Basso Elisa , Paoli Antonio , Rotundo Luca , Bisiacchi Patrizia , Marcolin Giuseppe 
Published: April 2024

This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate whether athletes (ATHL) and non-athletes (NON-ATHL) individuals had similar accuracy in matching intended to actual force during ballistic (BAL) and tonic (TON) isometric contractions. In this cross-sectional study, the subjects were divided into ATHL (n = 20; 22.4 ± 2.3 yrs; 73.2 ± 15.7 kg; 1.76 ± 0.08 m) and NON-ATHL (n = 20; 24.6 ± 2.4 yrs; 68.2 ± 15.0 kg; 1.73 ± 0.1 m) groups. The isometric quadriceps strength was measured with a load cell applied to a custom-built chair. For each condition, subjects performed at first three maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVIC) as reference. Then, subjects had to match three intended force intensities expressed in percentage of the MVIC (i.e., 25%, 50%, and 75%) without any external feedback. Subjects performed three trials for each force intensity. The accuracy (AC) was calculated as the absolute difference in percentage between the intended and the actual force. A Likert scale was administered for each trial to assess the subjective matching between the intended and the actual force. Statistical analysis showed that the ATHL group was more accurate (p < 0.001) than the NON-ATHL group. In contrast, the AC (p < 0.001) was lower when the force intensities increased independently from the group. Moreover, significantly higher AC (p < 0.001) and lower aggregate Likert scores (p < 0.001) were found in BAL than TON conditions. These results suggest that (i) sports practice could enhance muscle recruitment strategies by increasing the AC in the isometric task; (ii) differences between intended and actual force appeared to be intensity-dependent with lower AC at high force intensities; (iii) different control systems act in modulating BAL and TON contractions.
Phytoecological Investigation of Undergrowth in the Former Plantation of Guarrea cedrata (A. CHEV.) Abandoned PELLEGR in the Yangambi Biosphere Reserve, DR Congo
Authors: Bokanga Jean Trésor , Solia Sylvain , Besisa Timothée , Bondekwe Florent , Bahuma Lucien , Diansambu Et Isaac 
Published: April 2024

The present research paper aims at characterizing and comparing understorey phytoecological diversity between the Martineau and Blanc-étoc methods in the abandoned former Guarrea cedrata (A. CHEV.) PELLEGR plantation, with a view to increase the adequate policy (strategies) in order to complete knowledge gaps of these ones. The experimental devices used are 50*50 m (Martineau method, 2023) and 50*50 m (Blanc-étoc, 2023). All understorey species which reached a diameter greater or as equal as with 5,0 cm were numbered according to Letouzey (1982). In order to specify the phytoecological spectra (biological types, morphological types, diaspora types, temperament, leaves size and types). We used catalogue flora of vascular plants from Kisangani Districts and Tshopo Province in DR Congo. After analysis, it has been shown clearly that sarcochores, mesophylls, shade-tolerant species, simple trees and leaves are more or heavily observed and there is heterogeneity of understory species. It is noticed that the Martineau method has got 38 species and 22 families. Whereas Blanc-étoc, 30 species and 15 families. This proves that there is common remark between the two methods for ecosystem.
Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Growth and Yield of Potato, Solanum tuberosum L., Crop
Authors: Singh Rupali , Patel Vipin , Nishad Deepchand , Kumar Anil 
Published: April 2024

An experiments was conducted during winter season of 2019-20 and are presented in this chapter. The observations were recorded on growth, growth analysis, yield and yield attributes of different treatments and has been subjected to statistical analysis and presented in tables and graphical presentation as well, wherever necessary. The treatments effects have been described in the light of statistical inter pretations. The data pertaining to emergence percent of potato was recorded at 30days after planting (DAP) is given revealed the emergence(%) was not affected due to Integrated Nutrient Management-INM practice, the data further indicated that maximum emergence percent (94.40 %) was recorded underT6- 67% RDF through inorganic sources + 33% Recomended Dose of Fertilizer (RDF) through organic sources i.e., FYM + biofertilizer (Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria/PSB), which was closely followed by T3 Poultry manure @ 5 t/ha + biofertilizer (PSB) (93.90) and minimum (91.30 %) and T2 - Farm Yard Manure (FYM) @ 30 t/ha) + biofertilizer (PSB).
Oxo‐Anion Modified Oxides
Authors: Jentoft Friederike C. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Classification

Variety of Materials and Focus

Target Properties

Structure–Activity Relationships

Effect of Sulfate and Other Oxo‐Anions

Preparation Routes

Formation of Primary Solid

Formation of Pure Hydrous Zirconia

Formation of Sulfate‐Containing Hydrous Zirconia

Template‐Directed Formation of Primary Solid

Commercially Available Precursors

Anion‐Modification of Primary Solid

Addition of Oxo‐Anions to Primary Solid in Liquid Medium

Sulfation of Primary Solid via Gas Phase

Introduction of Oxo‐Anions Using Solid Precursors

Addition of Promoters (Optional)

Promoters

Structure–Activity Relationships

Effect of Promoters

Addition of Promoters

Calcination

Events Occurring During Calcination

Effect of Bed Volume and Packing

Effect of Calcination Temperature on Physical Properties

Effect of Calcination Temperature on Catalytic Performance

Effect of Holding Time

Calcination: A Summary

Sulfation of Thermally Treated Crystalline Oxides

Sulfation with Aqueous Solutions (Solid–Liquid Phase)

Sulfation via Gas Phase (Solid–Gas Phase)

Sulfation of Zirconia using Solid Sulfate Precursors

Addition of Noble Metals

Activation

Summary
Solid‐State Reactions
Authors: Delmon Bernard , Devillers Michel 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Why Prepare Catalysts from Solid Precursors?

Some General Concepts and Parameters in Solid‐State Reactions

The Objective of this Chapter in the Handbook

Description of Preparative Methods

Dry Methods

Wet Methods

A
Coprecipitation

B
Spray‐Drying and Spray Calcination

C
Hot‐Petroleum Drying

D
Freeze‐Drying

Chemical Complexation Methods

A
General Comments

B
Crystalline Complex Salts

C
Amorphous Precursor “Citrate” Method: General

D
Citrate Method for the Preparation of CeO
2
–ZrO
2
Solid Solutions as Supports

E
Citrate Method for the Preparation of Unsupported and Supported Perovskite Catalysts

F
Complex Cyanide Method

G
Hybrid Complexation Methods

Advanced Methods for Obtaining Solid Precursors of Flexible Composition

A
Specific Approaches

B
Possible Approaches Based on Specific Interactions

C
The Use of Multi‐Functional Polymers

Specific Methods: Example of Hydrotalcite‐Type Catalysts

Conclusions and Prospects
Immobilization of Molecular Catalysts
Authors: Anwander Reiner 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction and Scope

Metal Complex–Support Interaction

Physically Immobilized (“Entrapped”) Metal Complexes

Intrazeolite Assembly: Ship‐in‐a‐Bottle Catalysts

Entrapment in Sol–Gel and Polysiloxane Matrices

Microencapsulation and Polymer‐Incarcerated Methods

Supramolecular Complexation: Mechanical Immobilization

Tethered Metal Complexes

Multifunctional Surfaces

Spatial Restrictions Imparted by Periodic Mesoporous Silica

Site Isolation via Spatial Patterning of the Silica Surface

Grafted Metal Complexes: Surface Organometallic Chemistry (
SOMC
)

Alkyl‐Based
SOMC

Alkoxide‐Based
SOMC

Amide‐Based
SOMC

Molecular Model Oxo–Surfaces

Metal–Organic Assemblies: Self‐Immobilized Homogeneous Catalysts

Metal–Organic Frameworks

A
Achiral Metal–Organic Assemblies

B
Chiral Metal–Organic Assemblies

Matrix‐Embedded Catalysts

A
Sol–Gel‐Processed Interphase Catalysts

B
Organic–Polymer‐Embedded Catalysts

C
Self‐Immobilizing Polymerization Catalysts

D
Molecularly Imprinted Polymers

Liquid Crystal Assemblies
NMR
Spectroscopy for the Characterization of Surface Acidity and Basicity
Authors: Hunger Michael 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Investigation of
B
rønsted Acidic Hydroxyl Groups by
1
H
MAS
NMR
Spectroscopy

Solid‐State
NMR
Characterization of the Accessibility and Strength of
B
rønsted Acid Sites by Probe Molecules

Solid‐State
NMR
Investigations of
L
ewis Acid Sites by Probe Molecules

Solid‐State
NMR
Investigations of Base Sites in Solid Catalysts
Single Crystal Surfaces
Authors: Marsh Anderson L. , Ribeiro Fabio H. , Somorjai Gabor A. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Techniques

Examples of Studies with Single Crystals

The Active Site

Model of a Catalytic Surface

Catalysis over an Adsorbed Overlayer

Structure‐Sensitive or Structure‐Insensitive Reactions

Single Crystals are the Standard in Catalysis

Examples of Complex Model Catalyst Systems

The Future
Ultrathin Oxide Films
Authors: Freund Hans‐Joachim , Goodman D. Wayne 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Magnesium Oxide

Mg
O
(100)/
Mo
(100)

Mg
O
(100)/
Ag
(100)

Mg
O
(111)/
Mo
(110)

Nickel Oxide

Ni
O
(100)/
Ni
(100),
Mo
(100)

Ni
O
(111)/
Ni
(111)

Alumina

Alumina/
Ni
Al
(110)

Alumina/
Ni
3
Al
(111)

Al
2
O
3
(111)/
Ta
(110)

Al
2
O
3
(111)/
Mo
(110) and
Cu
/
Al
2
O
3
(111)/
Mo
(110)

Silica

Si
O
2
/
Mo
(110)

Si
O
2
/
Mo
(211)

Cu
/
Si
O
2
/
Mo
(110)

Pd
/
Si
O
2
/
Mo
(110)

Au
/
Si
O
2
/
Mo
(211) and
Au
/
Ti
O
2
/
Si
O
2
/
Mo
(211)

Titania

Ti

x

O

y

/
Mo
(100),
Mo
(110),
Pt
(111),
Ni
(110),
W
(100)

Au
/
Ti
O

x

/
Mo
(211)

Chromia

Cr
2
O
3
(111)/
Cr
(11O)

Vanadia

Vanadium Sesquioxide

Iron oxides

Fe
O
/
Pt
(111),
Fe
2
O
3
(0001)/
Pt
(111),
Fe
3
O
4
(001)/
Pt
(111)

Pd
,
Au
on Iron Oxides

Niobia

Molybdenum Oxide

Ceria

Binary Oxides

Ni
O
/
Mg
O
,
Ni
O
/
Ca
O
,
Mg
O
/
Ni
O
,
Ca
O
/
Ni
O
/
Mo
(100)

Conclusions

Acknowledgments
The Reactions of Model Metal Oxide Surfaces
Authors: Idriss Hicham 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Chemical Reactions over
Ti
O
2

Surface Defects

The Surface–Adsorbate System

Formic Acid

Dissociative Adsorption of Formic Acid on the 1 × 1 Terminated (011)
Ti
O
2
Surface

A
Ti
O
2
(001)‐Faceted {011}

Ammonia

Glutaric Acid: A Dicarboxylic Acid

Surface Reaction

A
Ketene Formation

B
Propene Formation

C
The Defected Surface Decomposes the
C

O
and
C

O
Bonds to Restore its Oxygen Atoms

Conclusions and Comments
Microcrystalline Oxides: Bridging the Gap Between Single Crystals and Dispersed Oxides
Authors: Zecchina Adriano , Spoto Giuseppe , Scarano Domenica , Bordiga Silvia 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Effect of the Synthesis Procedure and Thermal Treatments on the Habit of
Mg
O
Microcrystals

Effect of Crystallite Dimension and Perfection on
IR
Spectra of H
2
Adsorbed on
Mg
O
: From High‐Surface‐Area Samples to Single Crystals

Effect of Surface Area on the
IR
Spectra of
CO
Adsorbed on
Mg
O
: Comparison with (100) Single‐crystal Faces

Conclusions
Isotopic Labeling and Kinetic Isotope Effects
Authors: Bauer Frank 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Synthesis and Analysis of Labeled Compounds

Kinetic Isotope Effects

Applications of Labeled Compounds

Carbon Isotopes (
11
C
,
13
C
,
14
C
)

A
Methanol‐to‐Gasoline Reactions; Methylation of Olefins and Aromatics

B
Isomerization of Alkylaromatics

C
Isomerization of Olefins and Paraffins

D
Paraffin Dehydrocyclization

E
Coke Formation

Hydrogen Isotopes (
2
H
,
3
H
)

A
H
/
D
Exchange of Hydrocarbons over Metal and Acid Catalysts

B
Deuterium Kinetic Isotope Effects of Hydrocarbon Reactions

Oxygen Isotopes (
17
O
,
18
O
)

Miscellaneous Isotopes (
15
N
,
29
Si
,
35
S
)

Conclusions
Transient Catalytic Studies
Authors: Hinrichsen Kai‐Olaf 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe sections in this article areThe Importance of Transient Catalytic StudiesGeneral Experimental TechniquesTemperature‐Programmed (TP) MethodsAlternativeTPMethodsTemporal Analysis of ProductsIsotopic Transient Kinetic ExperimentsConcluding RemarksAcknowledgments
Spillover Effects
Authors: Rößner Frank 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Individual Steps of the Hydrogen Spillover Process

Adsorption and Activation

Primary Spillover

Diffusion on the Support

Secondary Spillover

Phenomena of Hydrogen Spillover

A
Enhanced Adsorption

B
Interaction with Support

C
Spillover‐Assisted Catalytic Phenomena

D
Reverse Spillover

The Nature of Spilling Hydrogen Species

A
Indications for Ion Pairs

B
Indications for
H
3
Species

C
Indications for
H
Atoms

D
Indication for
H
+
Ions

E
Theoretical Approach

Oxygen Spillover

Oxidation Reactions

The
NEMCA
Effect

Conclusions
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Gladden Lynn F. , Mantle Michael D. , Sederman Andrew J. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionBasic PrinciplesMagnetic Resonance ImagingFast Data AcquisitionMeasurement of Diffusion, Transport and FlowApplicationsImaging Individual Catalyst PelletsHydrodynamics in ReactorsSingle‐Phase FlowTwo‐Phase Flow in Fixed‐Bed ReactorsImaging ReactionsIn Situ1HImaging13CImagingConclusion
Fundamentals of Electrocatalysis
Authors: Krischer Katharina , Savinova Elena R. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionThe Electrical Double Layer and PotentialsThe Electrical Double LayerThe Work Function of an Electrode, the Electrode Potential and the Potential of Zero ChargePotentials in Galvanic or Electrolytic CellsElectrode KineticsKinetics of One‐Step Electrode ReactionsMultistep ReactionsFundamentals of ElectrocatalysisPrimary Effects: Heat of Adsorption and Volcano PlotsSecondary Effects: Double Layer StructureThe Hydrogen Oxidation/Evolution ReactionReaction Kinetics and MechanismsInfluence of the Electrode Material on theHER/HORHydrogen Adsorption on Electrode SurfacesThe Oxygen Reduction and the Oxygen Evolution ReactionReaction Mechanisms: Relation to the Electrode MaterialOxygen Adsorption and Formation of Surface Oxides and Their Relation to theORRStructural and Particle Size Effects in theORRORRElectrocatalysis for Low‐Temperature Fuel CellsOxygen Evolution ReactionOutlookAcknowledgement
Industrial Electrocatalysis
Authors: Kotrel Stefan , Bräuninger Sigmar 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroduction: From Industrial Electrochemistry to ElectrocatalysisCatalysis in Organic ElectrochemistrySynthesis of AdiponitrileTheSimons ProcessBleached Montan Wax—Regeneration of Chromic AcidWaste Water TreatmentAAnodic Oxidation of Toxic compoundsa Creating Reactive Oxygen Surface Speciesb Selective Conversion vs. Total Combustionc Common Electrode MaterialsBCathodic Reduction of Toxic CompoundsCatalysis in Inorganic ElectrochemistryChloralkali ElectrolysisAElectrocatalytically Activated Dimensionally Stable Chlorine‐Evolving Electrodes (DSAs)BElectrocatalysis of Anodic Chlorine Evolution atRuO2AnodesCDetails of the Electrocatalytic ProcessDPreparation and Formulation of the Coatings forDSAsELifetime of Dimensionally Stable Chlorine‐Evolving AnodesFThe Cathode Reaction—Oxygen‐Depolarized Cathode (ODC)Electrolysis of Hydrochloric AcidPreparation of Oxygen‐Depolarized CathodesFirst Industrial HCl Electrolysis UsingODCsOxygen‐Depolarized Cathodes for Chloralkali ElectrolysisIndustrial Water ElectrolysisAThe Electrochemistry of Water ElectrolysisBAlkaline Water ElectrolysisCPEMWater ElectrolysisDHigh‐Temperature Water ElectrolysisSummary and Outlook
High‐Throughput Experimentation in Heterogeneous Catalysis
Authors: Schüth Ferdi 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionTypical ProgramTechnology ComponentsSynthesisGeneral RemarksRobotics and Automation SystemsImpregnationPrecipitationHydrothermal SynthesisSol–Gel SynthesisOther Techniques for High‐throughput Synthesis of Catalytic MaterialsCharacterization ToolsReactors and AnalyticsGeneric Analytical MethodsAGas ChromatographyBMass SpectrometryCIRSpectroscopyStageIReactors and AssaysAMass SpectrometryBPhotothermal MethodsCElectronic Excitation by Laser LightDFluorescence or Color AssaysEThermographyFMassively Parallelized MicroreactorsStageIIReactorsAFlow DistributionBHeatingCPossible ProblemsDLiquid‐Phase ReactorsInformatics EnvironmentData ManagementLibrary Design and Data MiningAThe Initial LibraryBLibrary Design and Data Analysis in Iterative ProgramsOutlook
Unsteady‐State Reactor Operation
Authors: Bunimovich Grigorii A. , Silverston Peter L. , Matros Yurii S. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionDynamic Kinetic ModelGeneral Approaches to Reactor ModelingAnalysis and Optimization of Cyclic ProcessesInlet Composition and Temperature ModulationPartial Oxidation in Fluidized‐Bed and Riser ReactorsDynamic Phenomena in a Fixed‐Bed ReactorForced Unsteady‐State Processes in Fixed‐Bed ReactorsReverse‐Flow OperationMigration of a Reaction Zone through a Reactor NetworkInlet Temperature ModulationFlow Modulation in Three‐Phase ReactorsPeriodically Operated Adsorptive ReactorsChromatographic ReactorsFlow‐Reversal Adsorptive ReactorsPressure‐Swing ReactorsNOxStorage Reduction SystemsStabilization of Unstable Steady States
Conversion of Biomass on Solid Catalysts
Authors: Gallezot Pierre , Kiennemann Alain 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionConversion of Biomass to Biobased ProductsStrategy for Biomass Conversion to ChemicalsCatalytic Conversion of TerpenesCatalytic Conversion of TriglyceridesCatalytic Conversion of Triglycerides to SurfactantsCatalytic Conversion of Triglycerides to LubricantsCatalytic Conversion of Triglycerides to PolymersHydrogenation of Fatty Acids EstersCatalytic Conversion of GlycerolConversion of Glycerol to Oxidized CompoundsConversion of Glycerol to Polyglycerols and DerivativesHydrogenolysis of Glycerol to 1,2‐ and 1,3‐PropanediolCatalytic Conversion of CarbohydratesHydrogenation and Hydrogenolysis of CarbohydratesCatalytic Oxidation of CarbohydratesCascade Catalysis and Multistep, One‐Pot ConversionCatalytic Conversion of Carbohydrate DerivativesFuran DerivativesConversion of Platform Molecules Produced by FermentationCatalytic Conversion of Lignocellulosic MaterialsConcluding RemarksConversion of Biomass to Heating and Transportation FuelsConversion of Vegetable OilsTransesterification to BiodieselCracking and Steam Reforming of Vegetable OilsBiochemical/Biological Conversion of BiomassAnaerobic DigestionFermentation and HydrolysisCatalytic Reforming of Biomass DerivativesCatalytic Reforming of MethanolCatalytic Steam Reforming of EthanolAOxide CatalystsBOxide‐Supported Transition MetalsCOxide‐Supported Noble MetalsThermochemical Conversion of BiomassCombustionPyrolysisGasificationAAlkali MetalsBOresCOxide‐Supported MetalsConcluding Remarks
Alkylation of Isobutane with Light Alkenes on Solid Catalysts
Authors: Traa Yvonne , Weitkamp Jens 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionStoichiometry of the Alkylation of Isobutane with Light AlkenesRole of Isobutane/Butene Alkylation in Petroleum RefiningSalient Features of Isobutane/Alkene Alkylation on Solid CatalystsMechanistic ConsiderationsInvestigation of the Carbonaceous DepositsAlkylation in the Supercritical Phase:In SituRegeneration of Spent Catalysts?Ex situRegeneration of Spent CatalystsIntegral Yields of AlkylateProcess DevelopmentsConclusionsAcknowledgments