bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sex Differences in Help‐seeking for Alcohol Problems–1. The Barriers to Help‐seeking
Authors: THOM BETSY 
Published: January 2006

SummaryTwenty‐five men and 25 women referred to an alcohol clinic were interviewed in depth to obtain information about their drinking careers and help‐seeking behaviour. This paper describes patients' perceptions of the ‘barriers’ to treatment entry and considers differences between the sexes. Women were significantly less likely than men to feel that alcohol was their main problem and the reasons for this are explored. Other barriers to treatment–difficulty in asking for help, reluctance to be ‘labelled’ as an ‘alcoholic’ or as a psychiatric patient, and problems of access to the service–also showed differences between men and women. It is suggested that, for women in particular, improvement of the response to alcohol problems at primary care level may go some way towards reducing the ‘barriers’ to treatment entry.
Pathological Spending as a Form of Psychological Dependence
Authors: GLATT MAX M. , COOK CHRISTOPHER C. H. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA case report is presented of A. B., a 24‐year‐old woman with a 6‐year history of over‐spending, which continued despite the considerable psycho‐social damage to herself and her family. Features of this case are presented which demonstrate a type of‘psychological dependence’upon spending and which suggest that‘pathological spending’should be recognized as a previously undescribed syndrome.
The New Heroin Users: prevalence and characteristics in Wirral, Merseyside
Authors: PARKER HOWARD , NEWCOMBE RUSSELL , BAKX KEITH 
Published: January 2006

SummaryOutbreaks of illicit opioid use have been occurring throughout the U.K. during the 1980's, and Merseyside has been particularly affected. This paper reports on the prevalence of known opioid use in Wirral, a metropolitan borough of Merseyside with a population of 339,000 where a heroin ‘epidemic’ began 5 years ago. Using a multi‐agency enumeration technique the annual prevalence of known opioid use during 1984–85 was found to be 4.4 per 1000 of the adult population, which indicates a rapidity and depth of penetration not previously encountered in the U.K. In contrast to the typically London‐based heroin user of the late 1960's and early 1970's, the new heroin users of Wirral are predominantly young, family‐based, unemployed, and socially deprived. These new users also display a strong preference for smoking heroin. Their profile is compared with that found in other recent local surveys of drug misuse.
Alcohol Consumption Between the Ages of 16 and 23 in Britain: a longitudinal study
Authors: GHODSIAN M. , POWER C. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryData on alcohol consumption were available in a national sample of young people at age 16 and again at 23. Twelve per cent of men consumed more than 50 units of alcohol per week at age 23, and 2% of women consumed more than 35 units, levels of intake which have previously been defined as heavy consumption. A comparison of drinking behaviour at the two ages showed that those who drank most and more frequently at 16 were the most likely to drink heavily at 23.
Craving for Cigarettes
Authors: WEST ROBERT , SCHNEIDERS NINA 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe urge to smoke is by far the most commonly reported subjective response to cigarette withdrawal. It is worse in smokers with higher nicotine intake and can be reduced by a nicotine substitute. Although it may occur at any time during abstinence, it can be increased by stress and boredom and reduced when the smoker is kept occupied. Craving for cigarettes probably has multiple causation arising partly out of the perceived benefits of smoking and negative consequences of not smoking and partly as a direct result of loss of nicotine. Whatever its root causes it would be expected to involve general psychological processes such as associative learning and attribution. This paper draws together the threads of pharmacological and psychological levels of explanation for cigarette craving in an attempt to provide a clearer understanding of this phenomenon.
The Abolition of the Swedish Alcohol Rationing System: effects on consumption distribution and cirrhosis mortality
Authors: NORSTRÖM THOR 
Published: January 2006

SummaryFrom the mid‐fifties, Sweden experienced a much sharper rise in male cirrhosis mortality than should be expected from the development in per capita consumption. The present paper attempts to explain this anomaly. No evidence was found for the hypothesis that the discrepancy is due to the increased frequency of autopsy or to changes in stress factors (unemployment and divorce rates). Next, the attention is turned to the abolition of the Swedish rationing system in 1955. Available data indicates that the reform had a redistributive impact: the larger the consumption during the rationing, the larger the relative increase after its abolition. Considering the convex relationship between consumption and the risk of dying from cirrhosis, an effect of the redistribution on aggregate mortality is expected. This effect was assessed by means of a micro to macro simulation resting on a multitude of empirical findings. According to the results, a substantial part of the exceptional mortality rise‐possibly all of it‐is attributable to the redistribution of consumption.
Some Reflections on the WHO Project on Community Response to Alcohol‐related Problems
Authors: Rootman Irving , Hawks David 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis paper summarizes some of the key lessons learned from the World Health Organization project on Community Response to Alcohol‐Related Problems which was carried out in Mexico, Scotland and Zambia between 1976 and 1983. In particular, it presents some of the lessons learned about alcohol problems, methods of research, translating research into action and managing an international research project. It reflects the experiences of the two project managers.
Drug Education to School Children: does it really work?
Authors: Swadi Harith , Zeitlin Harry 
Published: January 2006

SummaryDespite the great efforts made by law enforcement agencies around the world, the evidence is that illicit substances are becoming more easily available. Increasing emphasis is being put on prevention by education. This review examines and evaluates some of the currently used drug education approaches and programmes. The evidence so far indicates that some programmes had limited effectiveness; most had major shortcomings, and there is little to choose between them. Certain aspects of the evaluated educational approaches have some potential This review also discusses a possible way of combining these aspects in a school‐based educational programme.
Acculturation and Drinking Patterns Among U. S. Hispanics
Authors: CAETANO RAUL 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis paper reports on the relationship between drinking patterns and acculturation of Hispanics to U. S. society. Subjects comprise a national probability sample of members of this ethnic group. Acculturation is a composite measure which covers language used, media preference and other aspects of daily life. Acculturation is associated with decreased abstention among older men, and with a higher rate of frequent heavy drinking among younger men. More acculturated women have five times more chance of being drinkers than women in the low acculturation group. Women in the high acculturation group have 9 times more chances of being frequent high maximum or frequent heavy drinkers than women in the low acculturation group. Overall, the association between drinking patterns and acculturation is stronger and more consistent for women than for men.
Nasal Nicotine Solution as an Aid to Cigarette Withdrawal: a pilot clinical trial
Authors: JARVIS M. J. , HAJEK P. , RUSSELL M. A. H. , WEST R. J. , FEYERABEND C. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe value of a nasal nicotine solution (NNS) as an aid to cigarette withdrawal was assessed in a preliminary clinical trial. Consecutive new attenders at the Maudsley Smokers Clinic (n=26) were invited to use NNS for at least the first 11 days of their cessation attempt. Results indicated that NNS alleviated withdrawal and may he helpful in achieving cigarette cessation. Short and long term success rates were 65% and 35% respectively. Side effects were not a serious problem. Nicotine intake from NNS was low on average, but in some subjects who became long term users was similar to that from cigarettes. NNS merits further study, but its full potential can only be assessed by a placebo‐controlled trial.
Substance Use by Internes and Residents : an analysis of personal, social and professional differences
Authors: MYERS TED , WEISS ELLIOTT 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis paper describes the alcohol and drug use reported by internes and residents in Ontario. The results are part of a larger study related to aspects of “work and well‐being” in this population. Of 1,805 physicians, who responded to a mailed survey, a response rate of 84.2% was obtained. The greatest use of substances were reported by internes and residents in family practice, psychiatry, radiology, anesthesia and obstetrics/ gynecology. There appeared in fact to be particular patterns of drug use in different specialities. Little evidence of polydrug use was found. Tobacco use was strikingly low, and mean alcohol consumption appeared to be similar to the general population. While nearly twice the proportion of internes and residents reported current use of marijuana as compared to the general population, this was not seen when age matched. Cocaine use was no different between these physicians and the aged matched general population. These results do not substantiate reports of excessive use of alcohol or drugs in physicians during their training years.
What Do We Know About the Risks of Caffeine Consumption in Pregnancy?
Authors: HELLER JULIA 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis paper reviews the evidence for the harmful effects on the baby of caffeine use in pregnancy. There is relatively little research in this area and existing studies provide incomplete and conflicting evidence. Many of the studies are difficult to interpret due to methodological flaws. The two most carefully designed studies, however, do indicate an association with both spontaneous abonion and low birthweight. On this basis, women probably should be advised to limit their caffeine consumption during pregnancy.
Demographic Characteristics and the Frequency of Heavy Drinking as Predictors of Self‐reported Drinking Problems
Authors: HILTON MICHAEL E. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe distribution of both heavy drinking and drinking problems are well known from several previous studies. Not surprisingly, drinking problems are more prevalent among the demographic groups where heavy drinking is also more prevalent. This well‐known conjunction, however, does little to determine whether some groups are more likely than others to experience drinking problems when we control for the amount of alcohol consumed. Here, this question is punned through a multiple regression analysis in which the dependent variable is a score on a drinking problem scale and the independent variables are: the frequency of heavy drinking occasions, sex, age, marital status, region, urbanicity, income, and education. The results indicate that none of these demographic variables had a strong association with the reported problem level.
Local Physostigmine in the Management of Early Alcohol Withdrawal
Authors: STOJEK ANDRZEJ , BILIKIEWICZ ADAM , WOLNY STANISLAW 
Published: January 2006

SummaryPhysostigmine salicylate eyedrops were administered to 15 alcoholic patients suffering from alcohol withdrawal in a double‐blind study with placebo washout period prior to active medication. Treatment consisted of one 180 min session with placebo drops—saline chloride which followed trial of same duration with physostigmine salicylate eyedrops. Subjects were evaluated on the serial measurement on the Acute Withdrawal Scale and on the Visual Analog Craving Scale. The results immediately after treatment showed significant symptom reduction following physostigmine administration. It is postulated that the mechanism of physostigmine reversal of withdrawal symptoms may be due to short reversible changes in the reflex responses of the cholinergic hypothalamic neurons.
An Alcohol Research Center in Concept and Practice: interdisciplinary collaboration at the UConn ARC
Authors: MEYER ROGER E. , BABOR THOMAS F. , HESSELBROCK VICTOR 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe Center for Research on the Etiology and Treatment of Alcohol Dependence is dedicated to the systematic examination of the nature, development, and clinical management of alcohol use disorders. The Center is organized around an integrated network of three basic science laboratories (Neurobiology, Neurodynamics, and Psychophysiology) and one treatment evaluation laboratory that incorporates basic science methods and concepts into its program. This paper describes the organization, programs and mission of the Center. It also discusses the conditions under which interdisciplinary collaborative research is likely to flourish.
Long‐term Effectiveness of Probation, Short‐term Intervention and LAI Administration for Reducing DUI Recidivism
Authors: WELLS‐PARKER ELISABETH , ANDERSON BRADLEY J. , LANDRUM JAMES W. , SNOW RONALD W. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryDriving under the influence of alcohol (DUI) arrest records were checked for subjects participating in the Mississippi DUI Probation Follow‐up project 6 to 9 years after project entry. The efficacy of short‐term intervention, probation, and Life Activities Inventory (LAI) administration for reducing long‐term DUI recidivism were evaluated using a logit analysis. A small but statistically significant effect of probation for reducing long‐term recidivism was found for offenders classified both as low‐risk and high‐risk drinkers. However, an interaction effect of combining probation with short‐term intervention, which was suggested by an earlier 2‐year recidivism analysis, was not statistically significant after the longer tracking period. Administration of the LAI questionnaire was found to reduce recidivism only for offenders classified as low‐risk, replicating findings after 2 years of recidivism tracking.
Drunk‐driving Intervention in an Urban Community: an exploratory analysis
Authors: ADEBAYO AKIN 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe purpose of this study was to investigate whether age, sex, and marital status differences exist in preventing the occurrence of impaired driving among urban residents. Among other findings, the overwhelming proportion of the respondents were willing to intervene and prevent the occurrence of impaired driving. The research offers evidence that offering to drive the intoxicated person home or calling a taxi were the most frequently employed intervention techniques by the respondents. More females than males took keys away to prevent the occurrence of drunk‐driving. Suggestions for future research are couched.
The Opiate Dependence Syndrome: replication study using the SODQ in a New York clinic
Authors: SUTHERLAND G. , EDWARDS G. , TAYLOR C. , PHILLIPS G. T. , GOSSOP M. R. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryTwo papers have appeared in the literature recently reporting the use of the Severity of Opiate Dependence Questionnaire (SODQ) with American and British samples of opiate addicts. This paper presents the findings of a third study. The SODQ was completed by a further 126 subjects attending the original New York Clinic and the results largely confirmed our earlier findings: first the four main sections of the SODQ each give a strong first factor and secondly when these are combined a strong overall factor emerges. These results are again at variance with those found in the British sample and possible reasons briefly discussed.
Expectations about Appropriate Drinking Contexts: comparisons of parents, adolescents and best friends*
Authors: WILKS JEFFREY , CALLAN VICTOR J. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryOne hundred and six adolescents, their parents and the adolescent's best friend were separately asked their expectations about the social and motivational aspects of contexts for drinking alcohol. Convivial and utilitarian dimensions were recognized, with all groups tending to support drinking in social‐convivial rather than personal‐utilitarian contexts. Comparison of parents, sons and the son's best friend revealed that sons and their male friends held similar expectations, and were more likely than mothers and fathers to support drinking at celebrations for birthdays, graduations, job promotions and on receiving good news. Sons and their friends also supported drinking on occasions with friends or groups of people more than did parents. Fewer differences emerged in the standards reported by both parents, daughters and their best friends. Where differences did emerge, daughters and their best friends supported drinking at some celebrations. Results suggest a greater number of differences and sources of conflict in the norms about drinking contexts held by parents and their sons, than parents and their daughters.
The Origins of Alcohol Studies: E. M. Jellinek and the documentation of the alcohol research literature
Authors: PAGE PENNY BOOTH 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe beginning of a modem field of alcohol studies based on multidisciplinary research and treatment for alcohol problems is described. The role of E. M. Jellinek in the creation of this field is analysed in terms of his activities to identify, gather, and disseminate alcohol research information. This work influenced the direction, and laid the foundation, for alcohol research for the next several decades.
Long Term Outcome for Patients with Drinking Problems: the search for predictors
Authors: EDWARDS GRIFFITH , BROWN DAVID , OPPENHEIMER EDNA , SHEEHAN MARGARET , TAYLOR COLIN , DUCKITT ANNIE 
Published: January 2006

SummaryPrevious work on prediction of outcome among patients with drinking problems is briefly reviewed. The literature suggests that few predictors of consistent strength have been identified. Two reasons frequently put forward for conducting such investigations are the belief that findings may be useful to clinical policies either by indicating which patients should be excluded from treatment or by assisting in matching. At present such amibitions seem premature. The separation between theory‐rich research on community samples and often very barely descriptive studies on clinical populations should be overcome. With the issues raised by this review taken as the background, results are then presented on a 10‐year follow‐up of a group of 99 married male alcoholics seen at the Maudsley Hospital. The usual predictive approach of running individual Intake variables against a range of Outcome variables reveals little of significance and actual drinking behaviour cannot be predicted at all. When, however, outcome is measured in terms of dimensions deriving from a principal components analysis, a number of very significant predictors are found which bear differentially on the two components. Prediction research may provide a test‐bed for theory but advances will depend on the development of ideas on the nature of outcome processes.
Alcohol and Suicide in Scandinavia
Authors: NORSTRÖM THOR 
Published: January 2006

SummarySeveral individual level studies suggest that heavy drinking is a risk factor with regard to suicide. At the aggregate level we should thus expect a relationship between the suicide rate and the prevalence of heavy drinking (as measured by per capita consumption of alcohol). To test this hypothesis, time series data far Denmark (1931–80), Finland (1932–80), Norway (1931–80) and Sweden (1922–49, 1950–70) was analysed. It was expected that the relationship between alcohol and suicide would be contingent on characteristics of the drinking culture. More specifically, it was thought that the relationship would be strongest in Finland, with its more explosive drinking practice, weakest in Denmark due to its more continental drinking patterns, and with Sweden and Norway in between. The results show that the relationship is statistically significant in the two latter countries only. Some methodological problems that should be considered when interpreting the findings are discussed in the final section.
Corpus Callosal Thickness in Alcoholics
Authors: HARPER CLIVE G. , KRIL JILLIAN J. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe coronal thickness of the corpus callosum in alcoholics and age‐ and sex‐matched controls was measured in a postmortem study. The alcoholics were found to have a significantly (p <0.001) reduced corpus callosal thickness (3.19 mm) when compared to the controls (4.02 mm). This adds weight to the previous pathological finding of reduced white matter volume in alcoholics, which presumably correlates with brain shrinkage seen on CT scans.A significant linear relationship exists between age and the corpus callosal thickness in controls and the white matter volume and corpus callosal thickness in alcoholics.
The Minnesota Model in the Management of Drug and Alcohol Dependency: miracle, method or myth? Part I. The Philosophy and the Programme ★
Authors: COOK CHRISTOPHER C. H. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe Minnesota Model is an abstinence orientated, comprehensive, multi‐professional approach to the treatment of the addictions, based upon the principles of Alcoholics Anonymous. It espouses a disease concept of drug and alcohol dependency with the promise of recovery, but not cure, for those who adhere to it. The programme is intensive, offering group therapy, lectures, and counselling based upon a pattern developed in Minnesota, in the United States, during the late 1940s and the 1950s. Its origins and content are distinct from the‘Concept Houses’and the wider Therapeutic Community movement, but it incorporates themes held in common with both of these treatment approaches.
Sex Differences in the Prevalence of Psychiatric Disorders in Patients With Alcohol and Drug Problems ⋆
Authors: ROSS HELEN E. , GLASER FREDERICK B. , STIASNY SUSAN 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA survey evaluated the lifetime and current prevalence of mental disorders in 260 male and 241 female patients seeking assistance with alcohol and drug problems at an addiction research facility. Information was gathered using the NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) and computer diagnoses were generated according to DSM‐III criteria. Women did not show higher rates of psychiatric disorders than men, contrary to widespread belief among professionals that female substance abusers manifest more psychopathology and maladjustment than do their male counterparts. While there were no significant sex differences in the major mental disorders (cognitive impairment, schizophrenia and affective disorders), women were more likely to suffer from anxiety, psychosexual disorders and bulimia, while men were more often diagnosed as having an antisocial personality disorder. Patients of either sex who abused or were dependent on both alcohol and drugs had a much higher prevalence of psychiatric disorders than did other patients.
Effect of Clonidine on Cigarette Cessation and in the Alleviation of Withdrawal Symptoms
Authors: WEI HAO , YOUNG DERSON 
Published: January 2006

SummaryOne hundred and eighteen cigarette smokers who wished to give up were randomly assigned to receive either clonidine (a=42), diazepam (n=38) or placebo (n=38) in a double‐blind trial. All subjects also received at least three sessions of behavioural treatment. End of treatment abstinence rates for clonidine, diazepam and placebo groups were 69%, 40% and 40% respectively (p<0.01). At later follow‐up, averaging 4.5 months from the end of treatment, abstinence rates were 57%, 37% and 37% respectively (NS). Compared with diazepam and placebo, clonidine received more positive ratings (p<0.005) and was more effective in relieving withdrawal symptoms (p<0.05). This report demonstrates that clonidine helps smokers to quit. The mechanism of action may involve decreased firing of α‐2‐noradrenergic cells in the locus coeruleus.