bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of the National Science Foundation
Authors: Waterman Alan T. 
Published: March 2007

The National Science Foundation was established as an independent federal agency by Act of Congress in 1950. The general purpose of the Foundation is the support of basic research and education in the sciences. Its significance lies chiefly in the recognition by the federal government of the continuing need for the support of science as a peacetime measure, following the striking demonstrations of the applica tions of science to warfare. The National Science Foundation is expected "to develop and encourage the pursuit of a national policy in support of the sciences." It holds the view that such policy must be devel oped with the co-operation of the scientific community, with due regard to governmental interests. Sound bases for policy development are laid by periodic surveys of research and devel opment among colleges and universities, industry, government, and other research organizations. Recommendations combin ing national policy and the role of the federal government in the support of science are made to the President. The major programs of the Foundation comprise support of basic research by grant, the award of fellowships, both pre- and postdoctoral, to senior scientists and science faculty, and sup port of student and teacher training.
American Educational and Missionary Efforts in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries
Authors: Dodge Bayard 
Published: March 2007

In 1810 the American Board Mission was founded. Nine years later two missionaries were sent to the Middle East. They were followed by many men and women who devoted themselves to evangelism in the Ottoman Empire and later in Iran. Because the Ottoman government did not permit them to proselytize Muslims, and the Catholics objected to any form of interference, their work was principally with the Greek Orthodox, Armenians, and Nestorians. In 1850 the Ottoman government authorized the establishment of an evan gelical "millet," or sect; so Protestant churches were built and congregations organized. During the middle of the nineteenth century, the mission aries also established many high schools, as well as ten or a dozen colleges. Because of the war and political disturbances, some of the colleges have been obliged to transfer to new localities, or else to close down. Robert College and the Constantinople Woman's College at Istanbul, the American University of Beirut, and the American University in Cairo have grown to be large institutions, still active and useful. These schools, colleges, and universities have been influential in creating constructive contacts between the peoples of the Middle East and of America.
The Principle of Thrift
Authors: Crahay Franz 
Published: March 2007

The standpoint of this article is, first and foremost, a historical one, giving an introductory outline of a general theory of thrift. More specifically, it aims at comparing the principle (or: principles) of economy of thought and the principle of “natural economy” to coin a short term.By way of a prologue, a historical and interpretative summary of events shows the consequences of a cultural fact which hallmarks the 14th century and, in itself, restores the first frank expression of a principle of thrift, at once theoretical and practical, to its essential context, thus countering the in flation of abstract entities. Nevertheless, it would not appear, three centuries later, that the nosology of the Diafoirus, at which Moliere poked so much fun, had already adopted this precious standard for itself.
Nihilistic Naturalism in the East
Authors: Sueki Takehiro 
Published: March 2007

There are two cultural principles operative in contemporary Japan; one is a relatively new principle derived from the West, and the other a traditional Eastern principle.These two principles are, at least in contemporary Japan, contradictory to one another: the Western principle is considered to be an anti-naturalistic one stressing technique, while the traditional Eastern principle is essentially one founded on naturalism.
Nourishment and the Biosphere
Authors: Pokrovski Alexei A. 
Published: March 2007

“The world of life which is comprised of the lithosphere, the hydrosphere and the atmosphere”: this definition of the biosphere is not complete since it does not express the determining influence of living organisms on its composition, on its structure and on the processes of its continuing evolution. The part of living matter in the biosphere is relatively small (about 0.25%), but this part has a considerable influence on its structure.The biosphere should be considered as the universal source of all food products without exception. Mankind's ability to feed itself depends on the productivity of this biosphere in the first place. Moreover, its condition determines not only the quantity but also the quality of nourishment. The problem is a critical one today because of the increasing pollution of the biosphere by products poured into it by various human activities.
Biology, Power and Responsibility
Authors: de Rosnay Joël 
Published: March 2007

Science is at present passing through a credibility crisis*. One could almost say a moral crisis. As a matter of fact we are standing at a turning point in the relationship between science and society, a turning point marked by the change from a social evolution characterized by high productivity and growth, into an evolution which might lead humanity to a new balance between individuality and collectivity.At the beginning of the 20th century and during its second half the scientific world had suffered the impact of two significant revolutions: first of physics and then of biology. The basic discoveries in the field of physics led to applications in realms of energy, transportation, communication, electricity, electronics, and data processing.
Neuwied-Am-Rhein: Town Growth and Religious Toleration
Authors: Grossmann Walter 
Published: March 2007

The very founding of the town Neuwied-am-Rhein was closely linked to policies and practices of religious toleration. It was the hope and intent of Count Friedrich of Wied (1618-1698) that a town, well planned and advantageously located, would bring economic relief and eventually prosperity to his small land, which had suffered particularly in the last years of the Thirty Years’ War. From the outset he saw that the best means of attracting residents would be to guarantee as large a degree of religious freedom as possible.The Treaty of Westphalia provided a viable legal framework within which Protestants, adherents to the Augsburg Confession be they Lutherans or Reformed, and Roman Catholics could exercise their religion within the German Empire. The treaty basically defined three types of religious practice: the exercitium religionis publicum, which gave the members of the minority religion in any territorial unit full freedom to worship openly; the exercitium privatum, restricting the worship of the congregation to specific places; and finally the devotio domestica, which allowed the “individual exercise of religion by the common subject, practiced by him alone, without further ecclesiastical ceremony, ... within the walls of his own living quarters.” The treaty further offered the beneficium emigrandi, and specified the conditions under which forced or voluntary emigration was to take place.
Racial Problems: The Brazilian Persona
Authors: De Meira Penna J.O. 
Published: March 2007

In the present essay I intend to approach the racial problems of today's world, or more particularly the problem of the Negro and of his integration in multiracial societies, from the point of view of the Jungian concept of Persona.I will, of necessity, limit iny study to one national case only, that of Brazil. The use of Brazil as a particular instance for study can be easily justified. Brazil is probably the most complex multiracial society in the world and one that boasts the least tensions among communities of different stock, religion or cultural background. In 8.5 million sq. km., over one hundred and twenty million people are living who speak the same language, both in the literal and the figurative sense. We believe we have been somehow more successful than the Americans in emphasizing the element of fraternity that is so fundamental to the democratic way of life. My thesis is that we have achieved such a result thanks to a very peculiar working of the archetype of the Persona. This article will try to adumbrate the construction of what one may call a collective Persona, a fa¸ade, a pattern of national behaviour which tries to overcome the problem by simply overlooking the fact that genetic differences of colour, shape and mind exist.
Travelers in Mexico
Authors: Monsiváis Carlos 
Published: March 2007

Traveler, come with us! Do not be afraid. You will see sublime and melancholy, gay and beautiful scenes. Poet! Down there you will find poetic themes worthy of your most inspired verses. Artist! For you there are pictures of admirable freshness, painted by the hand of God. Writer! There you will encounter legends not yet written, legends of love and hate, of gratitude and vengeance, of hypocrisy and abnegation, of noble virtues and repugnant crimes; legends of fragrant romanticism and rich in truth. Let us go there, plowing the dark and agitated waves of the restless Atlantic, through the islands of the Antilles, to the shores of Anáhuac.In the strictest sense, the Occident, (that prestigious union of nations, ideologies of progress, and export and import companies) discovered Mexico in the 19th century. Only at the end of Spanish domination—that never understood that “there are various kinds of excellence”—did other countries and Mexico itself begin to learn of the scope of the Conquest and regions affected by it, partially replacing Spanish mythology with another, more varied but equally remote. The greatness of the ancient Indians and their happy age was praised, while the living natives were reviled; the idealization of the pre-Columbian, which had been suspended by priests and encomenderos, was continued (Hernández wrote in 1577, “In this new world signs of avarice had never penetrated, nor had ambition been born until our compatriots arrived, carried by ships and the wind”); the possibilities of the new country were greedily examined; scornful notes were taken on the successive and simultaneous failures in the attempt to create a republic; the vices and virtues of those who were suddenly free were enumerated; a climate favorable to invasions and the amputation of territories was created; customs were observed with joy or alarm.
Why the Mind is Not in the Head but in the Society's Connectionist Network
Authors: Fischer Roland 
Published: March 2007

Nothing seems more possible to me than that people some day will come to the definite opinion that there is no copy in the… nervous system which corresponds to a particular thought, or a particular idea, or, memory.WittgensteinIn a recent essay it was emphasized that brain and mind appear to the mind as complementary and reciprocally recursive domains of a hermeneutic circle (Fischer, 1987). An outstanding and not yet recognized feature of this hermeneutic circle is that interpretation within this circle is not rule-governed and hence appears self-organized: individual features of the world (or the brain) become intelligible in terms of the whole context (of the mind)… while the entire context becomes intelligible through individual features (or brain functions). How, or from where then is significance arising?
From the Temptation for Purity to the Necessity of Unity: The Anthropological Sciences Put to the Test of Interdisciplinarity
Authors: Alvarez-Pereyre Frank 
Published: March 2007

All scientific disciplines go through periods of self-analysis. However, this analysis often takes place as if inside a closed arena, from which it is difficult to gain a long view. Instead, in hopes of identifying the properties that define it, each discipline examines its own features in a mirror that it holds up to itself.Yet there are other times, perhaps less frequent, when these self-evaluations are accompanied by an inquiry into the extent to which the discipline's intellectual characteristics are shaped by its relationship to other disciplines.
Passion and Knowledge
Authors: Castoriadis Cornelius 
Published: March 2007

Nothing that can be called thinking is formalized or formalizable; nor can it be likened to a mechanical process (Church's hypothesis). Rather, thinking sets into motion human imagination and passion.Having already written extensively on the imagination,' I will limit myself here to outlining its basic structure. At the two opposite poles of knowledge, as well as in its center, lies the creative power of the human being, that is, radical imagination. It is thanks to the imagination that the world is presented in this form and not in some other: it is imagination that creates axioms, postulates, and the fundamental patterns that subtend the structures of knowledge; finally, it is imagination that both furnishes the hypothetical models and idea-images of knowledge, and makes possible their potential development and/or insight into them. This imagination, however, both in itself and in its essential operations – which include its social forms, experienced on this level as the creation of an anonymous collective force – is neither formalized nor formalizable. Obviously, the imagination contains – just as does everything else that exists – a totalizing, identity-bearing dimension (which for brevity's sake we have elsewhere called ensidiqt,ce)2; but this dimension of the imagination is not the essential one, neither in its operations nor its results, no more than the arithmetic relations between tones are the essential element of a Bach fugue.
Molecular Recognition in an Organic Host–Guest Complex: CH···O and CH···π Interactions Completely Control the Crystal Packing and the Host–Guest Complexation
Authors: Radhakrishnan Kokkuvayil Vasu , Anas Saithalavi , Suresh Eringathodi , Koga Nobuaki , Suresh Cherumuttathu Hariharan 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
The synthesis, crystal structure analysis, theoretical modeling at DFT and semiempirical PM3 levels, and molecular electrostatic potential analysis of an organic host–guest system containing an azapolycyclic system 3 and ethyl acetate are presented. The structure of 3 was charaterized by the presence of seven-connected five-membered rings. Though 3 contained six-saturated nitrogen atoms capable of CH···N interactions, its crystal structure and the host–guest complexation were completely governed by CH···O and CH···π interactions. Further, an aromatic pocket consisting of four phenyl rings from four molecules of 3 existed located in the crystal structure. The guest molecule ethyl acetate trapped inside this aromatic pocket was found to interact with it via three CH···π and two CH···O interactions. A model structure for this host–guest complex was also optimized at DFT level, which showed good agreement with the experimental structure.
Speciation of Human Serum Proteins Based on Trace Metal Mapping Analysis by CIM Monolithic Disk Column HPLC/ICP-MS in Complement with Off-Line MALDI-TOF-MS Analysis
Authors: Hasegawa Takuya , Wakita Yoshinori , Zhu Yanbei , Matsuura Hirotaka , Haraguchi Hiroki , Umemura Tomonari 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
A multiply hyphenated HPLC/UV/ICP-MS system equipped with a fraction collection valve for subsequent MALDI-TOF-MS analysis was constructed, and its applicability to the speciation of metalloproteins in human serum was evaluated. A weak anion-exchange CIM® monolithic disk column was employed for protein separation, in which gradient elution of proteins with volatile salts was carried out while taking into account the compatibility with ICP-MS instrument. As a result of optimization, representative serum proteins, such as γ-globulin (γGb), albumin (Ab), ceruloplasmin (Cp), transferrin (Tf), and α2-macroglobulin (α2Mgb), were separated on the disk column with a linear concentration gradient of CH3COONH4 in 20 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.4). These proteins, which were primarily assigned by UV absorption at 280 nm, were clearly identified with on-line multielement detection using ICP-MS as well as with off-line MALDI-TOF-MS analysis of each successive fraction collected. It was concluded that the present multiply hyphenated system will be useful for identifying proteins in biological samples.
Studies for Direction Dependences of Magnetizations and Magnetic Structure of Chiral Molecule-based Metamagnet, [Mn(hfac)2]·BNO*
Authors: Numata Youhei , Inoue Katsuya 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
We measured angular dependences of single-crystal magnetization for the chiral structural molecule-based metamagnet [Mn(hfac)2]·BNO* (1). This crystal shows remarkable crystal direction dependences of spin flip transition in all crystallographic a, b, and c axes and the transitions are observed at different critical magnetic fields (H || a: 640 Oe, H || b: 1000 Oe, and H || c: 1250 Oe at 2 K). These results mean that 1 has independent antiferromagnetic multi-sublattices. We calculated its possible magnetic structure from magnetic data and constructed magnetic structural model.
Photoinduced Phase Transition in the Organic Conductor α-(BEDT-TTF)2I3 at Temperatures near the Metal–Insulator Phase Transition
Authors: Iimori Toshifumi , Naito Toshio , Ohta Nobuhiro 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Photoirradiation effects on conductivity in the organic salt α-(BEDT-TTF)2I3 at temperatures close to the metal–insulator (M–I) phase boundary are investigated using time-resolved measurements of photocurrent. The transient photocurrent at 115 K shows a remarkable persistence at the metallic conductivity and a nonlinear dependence on the light intensity, probably originating from the photoinduced M–I phase conversion in the presence of electric fields.
Ambipolar Characteristics of Dendritic Oligothiophene/Fullerene Linkage Molecules
Authors: Negishi Nobukazu , Ie Yutaka , Tada Hirokazu , Kaneda Takahiro , Aso Yoshio 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
The dendritic oligothiophene/[60]fullerene linkage molecules have been synthesized, and their electronic properties were characterized by spectroscopic and electrochemical measurements. The FET devices were fabricated with their spin-coated films and their performances were investigated.
Optimal Timing of a Single Dose of Zoledronic Acid to Increase Strength in Rat Fracture Repair
Authors: Amanat Negin , McDonald Michelle , Godfrey Craig , Bilston Lynne , Little David 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
We hypothesized that ZA treatment would bolster fracture repair. In a rat model for closed fracture healing, a single dose of ZA at 0, 1, or 2 wk after fracture significantly increased BMC and strength of the healed fracture. Delaying the dose (1 or 2 wk after fracture) displayed superior results compared with dosing at the time of fracture.
Introduction: Bisphosphonates are known to increase bone strength and thus the resistance to fracture by decreasing osteoclastic bone resorption. These properties may enable bisphosphonates to also increase the strength of fracture repair. Zoledronic acid (ZA) is a potent bisphosphonate with a high affinity for bone mineral, allowing bolus intraveous dosing in a range of indications. In this study, we examined the application of bolus dose ZA in endochondral fracture repair.
Materials and Methods: Carbon-14 labeled ZA was used in a closed rat fracture model. Rats were divided into five treatment groups (n = 25 per group): saline control, local ZA (0.01 mg/kg), and three systemic bolus ZA groups (0.1 mg/kg) with different administration times: at fracture, 1 wk after fracture, and 2 wk after fracture. Rats were killed 6 wk postoperatively. Postmortem analyses included radiography, QCT, μCT, biomechanical testing, scintillation counting, autoradiography, and histology.
Results: Single-dose systemic ZA administration significantly increased callus volume, callus BMC, and mechanical strength. Perioperative treatment increased mechanical strength by 30% compared with controls (p &lt; 0.05). Administering the systemic dose at 1 or 2 wk after fracture further increased mechanical strength compared with controls by 44% and 50%, respectively (p &lt; 0.05). No significant differences in mechanical parameters were seen with local injection at the dose studied. Autoradiographic analysis indicated that ZA binds significantly to bone that is present at the time of administration. ZA quantification indicated that delayed administration significantly increased the uptake efficiency in the callus. Histological and μCT analysis showed that ZA treated calluses had a distinctive internal structure consisting of an intricate network of retained trabecular bone.
Conclusions: The timing of a single systemic dose of ZA plays an important role in the modulation of callus properties in this rat fracture model; delaying the single dose produces a larger and stronger callus.
Strontium Ranelate Promotes Osteoblastic Differentiation and Mineralization of Murine Bone Marrow Stromal Cells: Involvement of Prostaglandins
Authors: Choudhary Shilpa , Halbout Philippe , Alander Cynthia , Raisz Lawrence , Pilbeam Carol 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Strontium ranelate is a new anti-osteoporosis treatment. This study showed that strontium ranelate stimulated PGE2 production and osteoblastic differentiation in murine marrow stromal cells, which was markedly reduced by inhibition of COX-2 activity or disruption of COX-2 gene expression. Hence, some anabolic effects of strontium ranelate may be mediated by the induction of COX-2 and PGE2 production.
Introduction: Strontium ranelate is an orally active drug that reduces vertebral and hip fracture risk by increasing bone formation and reducing bone resorption. Strontium ranelate effects on bone formation are the result of increased osteoblastic differentiation and activity, but the mechanisms governing these effects are unknown. Based on previous work, we hypothesized that strontium ranelate increases cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression and that, consequently, the prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) produced could mediate some effects of strontium ranelate on osteoblasts.
Materials and Methods: Marrow stromal cells (MSCs) from COX-2 wildtype (WT) and knockout (KO) mice were cultured with and without low-dose dexamethasone. Osteoblastic differentiation was characterized by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, real-time PCR for ALP and osteocalcin (OCN) mRNA expression, and alizarin red staining for mineralization. Medium PGE2 was measured by radioimmunoassay or enzyme immunoassay.
Results and Conclusions: In MSCs from COX-2 WT mice, strontium ranelate significantly increased ALP activity, ALP and OCN mRNA expression, and mineralization after 14 or 21 days of culture. A short treatment at the beginning of the culture (0–7 days) with strontium ranelate was as effective as continuous treatment. Strontium ranelate (1 and 3 mM Sr+2) dose-dependently increased PGE2 production, with maximum PGE2 production occurring during the first week of culture. NS-398, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, blocked the strontium ranelate stimulation of PGE2 production and significantly inhibited the strontium ranelate stimulation of ALP activity. In MSCs from COX-2 KO mice, the strontium ranelate stimulation of ALP and OCN mRNA expression and mineralization were markedly reduced compared with COX-2 WT cultures. Similar effects of strontium ranelate on osteoblastic markers and on PGE2 production were seen when MSCs were cultured with or without low-dose dexamethasone (10 nM). We conclude that PGE2 produced by the strontium ranelate induction of COX-2 expression plays a role in strontium ranelate–induced osteoblastic differentiation in MSCs in vitro.