bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Photo‐oxidation of lipids impregnated on the surface of dried seaweed (Porphyra yezoensis Ueda). Characterization of volatiles
Authors: Pan Xiangqing , Ushio Hideki , Ohshima Toshiaki 
Published: November 2006

AbstractVolatiles generated by the photo‐oxidation of lipids applied to the surface of dried seaweed (Porphyra yezoensis Ueda) previously exposed to visible light were studied. The surface of dried seaweed was impregnated with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) ethyl ester or linoleic acid (LA) methyl ester. The sample was then divided into two parts, and each part was sealed in a 50‐mL crimp‐top vial with a PTFE silicone‐lined cap. One vial was exposed to light from a 100‐W tungsten bulb (6000 lux) in an oven at 45°C. The other vial was covered with aluminum foil to shield the seaweed from light and kept in the oven as a control. Volatile compounds in the headspace of the vials were collected by a solid‐phase microextraction technique and analyzed by GC‐FID and GC‐MS. The numbers of peaks as well as the peak areas of volatiles in the light‐exposed sample were much greater than those in the control in GC profiles obtained in the same oxidation period. The peak areas of volatiles changed with the prolongation of oxidation time, and the formation rates were different between volatiles. Approximately 28 volatiles were identified in the control kept in the dark as well as in the light‐exposed sample impregnated with EPA ethyl ester. The relative amounts of propanal, 2‐propenal, 1‐penten‐3‐one, 1‐penten‐3‐ol, 2‐butenal, heptanoic acid, and 2‐pentenal in the headspace of the light‐exposed vials were significantly higher than those in the control, whereas the relative amounts of 3,5‐octadien‐2‐one, ethyl butyrate, and 2,4‐heptadienal in the control were significantly higher than those in the headspace of the light‐exposed vial. Approximately 35 volatiles were identified from the dried seaweed impregnated with LA methyl ester. The relative amounts of hexanal, 2‐heptenal, 2‐octenal, octanoic acid methyl ester, and hexanoic acid in the headspace of the light‐exposed vial were significantly higher than those in the control, and the relative amounts of 2‐decenal, 2,4‐nonadienal, and 2,4‐decadienal in the control were significantly higher than those in the headspace of the light‐exposed vial. We proposed the formation mechanisms of some volatiles to be the well‐accepted homolytic‐heterolytic cleavage of hydroperoxides that were generated by oxidation of the unsaturated lipids.
Refunctionalization of extruded‐expelled soybean meals
Authors: Wang H. , Johnson L. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSoybean meals produced by extruding‐expelling (FF) have poor functional properties due to heat denaturation of the proteins, which limits their utilization in foods. Hydrothermal cooking (HTC), a treatment in which steam (150°C) and high shear are applied to a slurry of soybean meal, was used to refunctionalize EE protein meals. Two EE samples with protein dispersibility indexes (PDI) of 35 and 60 were used, along with solvent‐extracted white flakes and full‐fat whole soy meal as controls. Two HTC methods were explored: One method used a treatment temperature of 154°C and seven different residence times, controlled by varying the holding tube length; the other involved flashing the treated slurry directly into the atmosphere without any back‐pressure regulation or holding. Effects of residence time on functional properties of the samples were investigated. The maximum effect of HTC conducted with the use of holding tubes (with‐holding‐tube HTC) was also compared with that of flash‐out HTC. Solid dispersibility, protein dispersibility, and emulsification capacity of both EE meals were significantly improved by both types of HTC treatments. The flash‐out HTC showed more benefits than the with‐holding‐tube HTC in refunctionalizing heat‐denatured EE protein. For example, the solid dispersibility, protein dispersibility, and emulsification capacity of EE meal with PDI of 35 were improved 2.0, 4.4, and 2.1 times, respectively, by flash‐out HTC treatment. Therefore, the HTC refunctionalization was proved effective in partially restoring the functional properties of the heat‐denatured soy proteins.
Hybrid Hibiscus seed oil compositions
Authors: Holser R. A. , Bost G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe seeds of cultivated Hibiscus spp. were extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide, and the resulting extracts were analyzed to identify the major TG components as the corresponding FAME. The seed oils were composed predominantly of oleic and linoleic FA (69.6–83.4%) with lesser amounts of palmitic acid (14.8–27.0%). Minor amounts of C14, C18, and C20 saturated FA were also detected. The oil content of the seeds was determined to be between 11.8 and 22.1 wt% for hybrid varieties and between 8.9 and 29.5 wt% for the native species from which the hybrid varieties were developed. The protein content of the defatted seed meal averaged 20% for the hybrid varieties. The composition of the extracted hibiscus seed oils suggests potential edible applications.
Effect of growing area on pigment and phenolic fractions of virgin olive oils of the arbequina variety in Spain
Authors: Criado M. Nieves , Morelló J. Ramón , Motilva M. José , Romero M. Paz 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe purpose of this investigation was to study differences in the chlorophyll, carotenoid, and phenolic fractions of virgin olive oils from the Arbequina variety cultivated in different olive growing areas of Spain. Virgin olive oil from Lleida was less heavily pigmented, and these oils showed more negative values for the ordinate a* (of the CIELAB colorimetric system). Pheophytin a was the major chlorophyll pigment, and lutein was the major component of the carotenoid fraction in all oils analyzed. The chlorophyll a concentration in virgin olive oils from Lleida was 700 μg kg−1, but was 175 μg kg−1 in oils from Jaén, and 200 μg kg−1 in oils from Tarragona. Finally, the chlorophyll a/chlorophyll b ratio was 9 in oils from Lleida and around 0.6 in the other two Arbequina olive oils. In relation to the phenolic fraction, the hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol contents were significantly higher in olive oils from Jaén (grown at higher altitude and precipitation rates). The secoiridoid derivatives showed a significantly higher concentration in olive oils from Tarragona, probably due to the low altitude where they grow, and finally the ratio of (dialdehydic form of elenolic acid linked to tyrosol)/lignans had a value of 1.4 in olive oils from Lleida, whereas this value was around 0.7 in the other Arbequina olive oils.
γ‐Linolenic acid from caryophyllaceae seed oil
Authors: Guil‐Guerrero J. L. , López‐Martínez J. C. , Navarro‐Juárez R. , García‐Maroto F. , Campra‐Madrid P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSeeds from 50 species belonging to the family Caryophyllaceae, subfamilies Alsinoideae, Silenoideae, and Spergulaceae, were surveyed in a search for new sources of γ‐linolenic acid (GLA) having low levels of other interfering PUFA and therefore appropriate for GLA purification. It was detected mainly in Alsinoideae species, with a maximum of 15.6% of total FA in Minuartia laricifolia subsp. ophiolitica. Different amounts of stearidonic acid (18∶4n−3) were present in the Alsinoideae species, ranging from undetectable levels in seven species to 3.30% of total FA in Stellaria media. An ANOVA showed a taxonomical correlation between GLA percentages and the genus/subfamily within this family.
Electrophoretic and functional properties of mustard seed meals and protein concentrates
Authors: Aluko Rotimi E. , McIntosh Tara 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDefatted meals and protein concentrates from five varieties of mustard seeds (four Brassica spp. and one Sinapis alba) were analyzed for polypeptide composition and functional properties. Nonreducing gel electrophoresis showed that Brassica seeds lacked the 135‐ and 50‐kDa polypeptides that were present in the seeds of the S. alba variety. On the other hand, the 29‐kDa polypeptide found in the Brassica seeds was absent from the seed of the S. alba variety. Under reducing conditions, the 135 kDa was not detected in the S. alba variety and the intensity of the 50‐kDa polypeptide was severely reduced; in contrast, the intensity of the 29‐kDa polypeptide in the Brassica seeds was not affected. Meals from yellow seeds had significantly higher (P≤0.05) protein contents than meals from the brown seeds. The emulsifying activity indexes (EAI) of meals and protein concentrates from the Brassica seeds were significantly higher (P≤0.05) than those obtained for similar products from S. alba sees. It was concluded that the disulfide‐bonded 50‐ and 135‐kDa polypeptides may have contributed to increased rigidity of S. alba meal proteins, which resulted in poor EAI when compared to the Brassica meals, which do not contain these polypeptides.
WHAP: haplotype-based association analysis
Authors: Purcell Shaun , Daly Mark J. , Sham Pak C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSummary: We describe a software tool to perform haplotype-based association analysis, for quantitative and qualitative traits, in population and family samples, using single nucleotide polymorphism or multiallelic marker data. A range of tests is offered: omnibus and haplotype-specific tests; prospective and retrospective likelihoods; covariates and moderators; sliding window analyses; permutation P-values. We focus on the ability to flexibly impose constraints on haplotype effects, which allows for a range of conditional haplotype-based likelihood ratio tests: for example, whether an allele has an effect independent of its haplotypic background, or whether a single variant can explain the overall association at a locus. We illustrate using these tests to dissect a multi-locus association.Availability: WHAP is a C/C++ program, freely available from the author's website:Contact: shaun@pngu.mgh.harvard.edu
The impact of high‐altitude ski‐runs on alpine grassland bird communities
Authors: ROLANDO ANTONIO , CAPRIO ENRICO , RINALDI ENRICO , ELLENA IVAN 
Published: November 2006

Summary

Treeless mountainous areas at high altitudes have increased in value as wildlife habitat, but they are affected and increasingly threatened by ski‐resort developments, in particular by the construction and enlargement of ski‐pistes. To assess the extent of this threat, we compared bird diversity and community composition in circular plots centred on (i) ski‐runs of recent construction, (ii) grassland habitats adjacent to ski‐runs and (iii) natural grassland habitats far from the ski‐runs.
Plots located in natural grasslands supported the greatest bird species richness and diversity and the greatest grassland species density, whereas those set in ski‐pistes presented the lowest values. Plots located beside ski‐runs did not support smaller numbers of bird species and diversity than plots of natural areas, but they supported a significantly lower bird density. This suggests that ski‐pistes, besides exerting a negative direct effect on the structure of local bird communities, may also exert an indirect, detrimental effect on bird density in nearby patches.
Generalized linear models showed that species richness and diversity, and abundance of grassland species were best modelled by combinations of factors, including habitat type (the three categories defined above) and altitude. The category ski‐run, in particular, was negatively correlated with species richness, diversity and abundance, and altitude was negatively associated with richness and diversity.
Richness and abundance of arthropods were significantly lower in ski‐pistes than in the other plot types. Given that many invertebrates were preyed upon by birds, low food availability on ski‐runs may be one of the factors reducing the attractiveness of these patches to birds.
Synthesis and applications. Retaining the avifauna around ski‐resorts is likely to involve developing new, environmentally friendly ways of constructing pistes, such as only removing rocks and/or levelling the roughest ground surfaces, to preserve as much soil and natural vegetation as possible. Restoration of ski‐pistes should promote the recovery and maintenance of local vegetation to enhance invertebrate and bird assemblages. In order to not compromise the safety of the ski‐runs, it may be necessary to control encroaching shrubs through pruning and/or cattle grazing.
Selection for increased allocation to offspring number under environmental unpredictability
Authors: SIMONS A. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAccording to life‐history theory, the evolution of offspring size is constrained by the trade‐off between allocation of resources to individual offspring and the number of offspring produced. Existing models explore the ecological consequences of offspring size, whereas number is invariably treated simply as an outcome of the trade‐off with size. Here I ask whether there is a direct evolutionary advantage of increased allocation to offspring number under environmental unpredictability. Variable environments are expected to select for diversification in the timing of egg hatch and seed germination, yet the dependence of the expression of diversification strategies, and thus parental fitness, on offspring number has not previously been recognized. I begin by showing that well‐established sampling theory predicts that a target bet‐hedging diversification strategy is more reliably achieved as offspring number increases. I then use a simulation model to demonstrate that higher offspring number leads to greater geometric mean fitness under environmental uncertainty. Natural selection is thus expected to act directly to increase offspring number under assumptions of environmental unpredictability in season quality.
Respiratory inhibition after crying in infants
Authors: MINOWA HIDEKI , KUBO SATOMI , YOSHIZAWA HIROYUKI , HAYASHI YUKIKO , HAYASHI TAMAKI , YOSHIDA KOICHI , EBISU REIKO , UCHIDA YUMIKO , OHGITANI AYAKO 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBackground: Among full‐term neonates, the authors discovered infants who showed respiratory inhibition after crying which involved a marked decrease in SpO2. The infants were found to present increased echogenicity or a cyst in a cranial region termed the ganglionic eminence, or to have a subependymal cyst. The authors prospectively examined the relationship between respiratory inhibition after crying and these changes to examine the prevention and treatment of the episode.Methods: The authors conducted cranial ultrasonography to screen 381 full‐term neonates who showed no abnormalities at birth and whose parents requested ultrasonographic screening of the head, followed by polygraphy of infants who showed increased echogenicity or a cyst in ganglionic eminence, or had a subependymal cyst. The authors similarly conducted polygraphy for 50 neonates without cranial ultrasound abnormalities; the former constituted the control group. Respiratory inhibition was defined to be central apnea immediately after crying with a decrease in SpO2 to <60%.Results: Among 381 neonates examined, 104 showed cranial ultrasound abnormalities; 60 of the 104 neonates indicated respiratory inhibition after crying. Oxygenation failed to improve the episode in 17 neonates with severe respiratory inhibition. However, theophylline alleviated the episode, and SpO2 no longer decreased to <60%. Theophylline was discontinued successfully by 6 months after birth, while 50 neonates in the control group showed no respiratory inhibition after crying.Conclusion: Respiratory inhibition after crying which involved a marked decrease in SpO2 was observed in full‐term neonates who showed no abnormalities after birth. These neonates could be screened by cranial ultrasonography.
Congenital malaria in Thailand, an appraisal of previous cases
Authors: WIWANITKIT VIROJ 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBackground: Malaria is an important vector‐borne infectious disease. Many tropical countries are the endemic area of malaria. Thailand, a tropical country in Southeast Asia, is the well‐known endemic area for malaria. Although Thailand has a high prevalence of malaria, few cases of congenital malaria were reported in the past.Methods: Here, the author performed a literature review of the reports of congenital malaria in Thailand in order to summarize the characteristics of this infection among Thai patients.Results: According to this study, there have been at least six reports in the literature of 27 cases of congenital malaria infection in the Thai population, of which no case was lethal. There were 22 vivax (81.5%) and five falciparum (18.5%) malarial cases. The details on clinical presentations of these cases are presented and discussed.Conclusion: According to this study, it can be seen that congenital malaria may occur in the absence of clinical symptoms in mothers as well as their children. Concerning the species of malaria, the vivax malaria is more common in this case series.
Formation of the indigo precursor indican in genetically engineered tobacco plants and cell cultures
Authors: Warzecha Heribert , Frank Andreas , Peer Markus , Gillam Elizabeth M.J. , Guengerich F. Peter , Unger Matthias 
Published: November 2006

SummaryThe production of the blue dye indigo in plants has been assumed to be a possible route to the introduction of novel coloration into flowers or fibres. As the human cytochrome P450 mono‐oxygenase 2A6 (CYP2A6) can form indigo in bacterial cultures, we investigated whether the expression of the corresponding cDNA in transgenic plants could lead to indigo formation. In a first attempt, we generated tobacco cell suspension cultures expressing the cDNA encoding human CYP2A6. Supplementation of the medium with indole led to the generation of indican (3‐hydroxyindole‐β‐d‐glucoside), a metabolite usually exclusively present in indigoferous dye plants. Hence, the recombinant CYP2A6 converted indole to the reactive metabolite 3‐hydroxyindole (indoxyl), whereas rapid glucosylation is obviously conducted by ubiquitous plant glucosyl transferases (GTs). Interestingly, of nine additionally tested plant cell suspension cultures from various plant families, five were also capable of the formation of indican after indole supplementation, although this metabolism was more pronounced in transgenic tobacco cell suspension cultures expressing CYP2A6 cDNA. To evaluate whether indican or even indigo could be produced in whole plants, we generated transgenic tobacco plants harbouring active CYP2A6 together with an indole synthase (BX1) from maize. The genetically engineered tobacco plants accumulated indican, but did not develop a blue coloration. Although the de novo formation of indican in transgenic tobacco plants hampered indigo formation, it supports the contention that biosynthetic pathways can be efficiently mimicked by metabolic engineering.
Reverse Engineering Methods for Digital Restoration
Applications
Authors: Boier-Martin Ioana , Rushmeier Holly 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
In this paper we discuss the challenges of processing and converting 3D scanned data to representations suitable for interactive manipulation in the context of virtual restoration applications. We present a constrained parametrization approach that allows us to represent 3D scanned models as parametric surfaces defined over polyhedral domains. A combination of normal- and spatial-based clustering techniques is used to generate a partition of the model into regions suitable for parametrization. Constraints can be optionally imposed to enforce a strict correspondence between input and output features. We consider two types of virtual restoration methods: (a) a paint restoration method that takes advantage of the normal-based coarse partition to identify large regions of reduced metric distortion suitable for texture mapping and (b) a shape restoration approach that relies on a refined partition used to convert the input model to a multiresolution subdivision representation suitable for intuitive interactive manipulation during digital studies of historical artifacts.
Molecular Mechanism of a Thumb Domain Hepatitis C Virus Nonnucleoside RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase Inhibitor
Authors: Howe Anita Y. M. , Cheng Huiming , Thompson Ian , Chunduru Srinivas K. , Herrmann Steve , O'Connell John , Agarwal Atul , Chopra Rajiv , Del Vecchio Alfred M. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
A new pyranoindole class of small-molecule inhibitors was studied to understand viral resistance and elucidate the mechanism of inhibition in hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication. HCV replicon variants less susceptible to inhibition by the pyranoindoles were selected in Huh-7 hepatoma cells. Variant replicons contained clusters of mutations in the NS5B polymerase gene corresponding to the drug-binding pocket on the surface of the thumb domain identified by X-ray crystallography. An additional cluster of mutations present in part of a unique β-hairpin loop was also identified. The mutations were characterized by using recombinant replicon variants engineered with the corresponding amino acid substitutions. A single mutation (L419M or M423V), located at the pyranoindole-binding site, resulted in an 8- to 10-fold more resistant replicon, while a combination mutant (T19P, M71V, A338V, M423V, A442T) showed a 17-fold increase in drug resistance. The results of a competition experiment with purified NS5B enzyme with GTP showed that the inhibitory activity of the pyranoindole inhibitor was not affected by GTP at concentrations up to 250 μM. Following de novo initiation, the presence of a pyranoindole inhibitor resulted in the accumulation of a five-nucleotide oligomer, with a concomitant decrease in higher-molecular-weight products. The results of these studies have confirmed that pyranoindoles target the NS5B polymerase through interactions at the thumb domain. This inhibition is independent of GTP concentrations and is likely mediated by an allosteric blockade introduced by the inhibitor during the transition to RNA elongation after the formation of an initiation complex.
General Catalytic Deficiency of Hepatitis C Virus RNA Polymerase with an S282T Mutation and Mutually Exclusive Resistance towards 2′-Modified Nucleotide Analogues
Authors: Dutartre Hélène , Bussetta Cécile , Boretto Joëlle , Canard Bruno 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT

The hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA-dependent RNA polymerase NS5B is an important target for antiviral therapies. NS5B is able to initiate viral RNA synthesis de novo and then switch to a fast and processive RNA elongation synthesis mode. The nucleotide analogue 2′-
C
-methyl CTP (2′-
C
-Me-CTP) is the active metabolite of NM283, a drug currently in clinical phase II trials. The resistance mutation S282T can be selected in HCV replicon studies. Likewise, 2′-
O
-Me nucleotides are active both against the purified polymerase and in replicon studies. We have determined the molecular mechanism by which the S282T mutation confers resistance to 2′-modified nucleotide analogues. 2′-
C
-Me-CTP is no longer incorporated during the initiation step of RNA synthesis and is discriminated 21-fold during RNA elongation by the NS5B S282T mutant. Strikingly, 2′-
O
-methyl CTP sensitivity does not change during initiation, but the analogue is no longer incorporated during elongation. This mutually exclusive resistance mechanism suggests not only that “2′-conformer” analogues target distinct steps in RNA synthesis but also that these analogues have interesting potential in combination therapies. In addition, the presence of the S282T mutation induces a general cost in terms of polymerase efficiency that may translate to decreased viral fitness: natural nucleotides become 5- to 20-fold less efficiently incorporated into RNA by the NS5B S282T mutant. As in the case for human immunodeficiency virus, our results might provide a mechanistic basis for the rational combination of drugs for low-fitness viruses.