bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
RELATING CONSUMER EVALUATION OF APPLE FRESHNESS TO SENSORY AND PHYSICO‐CHEMICAL MEASUREMENTS
Authors: PÉNEAU S. , BROCKHOFF P.B. , HOEHN E. , ESCHER F. , NUESSLI J. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT The objective of the present investigation was to elucidate sensory attributes that influence consumer perception of apple freshness. A total of 4,758 consumers rated the freshness of six apple cultivars stored at different conditions. The apples were further characterized by consumer and panel sensory analyses as well as by physico‐chemical analyses. The contribution of these characteristics to freshness was tested with principal component regression. Texture properties were shown to be of main importance for freshness, and flavor attributes of less importance. It is hypothesized that the evaluation of freshness might be a measurement of apple aging through the evaluation of its texture. Consumers of different age and levels of apple consumption did not vary in their perception of freshness. However, differences by gender were observed. Attributes shown to influence freshness were in agreement when measured by consumer, panel and physico‐chemical analyses. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSFreshness is an important characteristic of fruits and vegetables. A better understanding of what freshness means to consumers helps in the provision of high‐quality products perceived as fresh. A key finding of this study, which concentrates basically on the sensory aspects of freshness, is that freshness in case of apples is mainly related to high textural quality. Providing consumers with apples that meet their expectations of a fresh product might increase consumption.
An evaluation of the effectiveness of an educational and experiential intervention on nursing students’ attitudes towards older people
Authors: Ryan Assumpta , Melby Vidar , Mitchell Liz 
Published: June 2007

Objectives.  This paper reports the results of a study that aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of an educational and experiential intervention on nursing students’ attitudes towards older people.Background.  With repeated exposure to very sick older people in hospitals or nursing homes, nursing students are at risk of adopting stereotypical views about this section of the population as frail and dependent.Design.  A pre‐ and post‐test design was used to conduct the study.Methods.  Using Kogan's Attitudes Towards Old People Scale, the attitudes of nursing students were tested at the beginning of a degree programme in Adult Nursing (n = 130) and one year later (n = 94) following a series of visits to a well‐older person in the community.Results.  Nursing students reported positive attitudes towards older people and these were retained throughout the first year of their nurse training. No statistically significant differences were found associated with any of the five independent variables in either pre‐ or postintervention students.Conclusions.  The attitudes of nursing students towards older people remained positive. While it is possible that the experiential and educational interventions utilized in this study may have contributed to the retention of positive attitudes, further research is required to test this hypothesis.Relevance to clinical practice.  Nurses have a major role to play in responding to the health and social care needs of older people and their families. The cultivation of positive attitudes is a key factor in enabling practising nurses to respond to this challenge.
Prevalence of falls with minor and major injuries and their associated factors among older adults in long‐term care facilities
Authors: Voyer Philippe , Verreault René , Mengue Pamphile , Azizah Ginette 
Published: June 2007

Aims and objectives.  The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of falls with minor and major injuries and identify their risk factors.Background.  Falls among residents of long‐term care facilities (LTCF) constitute a significant health issue.Design.  This is a secondary analysis of a cross‐sectional study carried out among older people (n = 2332).Methods.  This is a descriptive study focusing on the secondary analysis of a cross‐sectional study carried out with a group of older people (n = 2332) in 28 LTCF in Quebec City, Canada. Research assistants collected original data for each resident from two sources: structured simultaneous interviews with two nurses per unit from each of the homes and a review of the residents’ medical files.Results.  7.2% of subjects had a fall leading to minor injuries and 10.1% a fall leading to major injuries. Risk factors associated with fall‐related minor injury are young age, male gender and cognitive impairment. Factors associated with fall‐related major injury were functional autonomy and length of stay. In further statistical analysis, controlling for functional autonomy, disruptive behaviours and neuroleptic use were found associated with fall‐related major injury.Conclusions.  This study demonstrates that the factors associated with fall‐related minor injury are different from those associated with fall‐related major injury.Relevance to clinical practice.  This study suggests that nurses working with LTCF residents who are concerned about the prevention of fall‐related major injury, may contribute to a reduction in such falls through optimal management of behavioural problems and neuroleptic use.
Has China Crowded out Foreign Direct Investment from Its Developing East Asian Neighbors?
Authors: Liu Ligang , Chow Kevin , Li Unias 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper applies a gravity model to investigate the determinants of foreign direct investment (FDI) in East Asia. Economic fundamentals, such as market size, per capita income and country risk indicators, economic and cultural ties, exchange rate volatilities and information asymmetry are found to be important determinants for FDI. Globally, the inward FDI among high‐income OECD economies declined significantly on average over the period of 1990‐2003, whereas the inward FDI of the high‐income OECD economies in emerging market economies gained substantially. In the East Asian region, the ASEAN‐4 (Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand) received above‐average inward FDI from the high‐income OECD economies after controlling for their economic fundamentals. By contrast, China's FDI from the high‐income OECD economies is below average relative to its economic fundamentals. Therefore, it is difficult to establish that China has crowded out FDI from its developing ASEAN neighbors.
Does China's Huge External Surplus Imply an Undervalued Renminbi?
Authors: Makin Anthony J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA pegged exchange rate regime has been pivotal to China's export‐led development strategy. However, its huge trade surpluses and massive build up of international reserves have been matched by large deficits for major trading partners, creating acute policy concerns abroad, especially in the USA. This paper provides a straightforward conceptual framework for interpreting the effect of China's exchange rate policy on its own trade balance and that of trading partners in the context of discrepant economic growth rates. It shows how pegging the exchange rate when output is outstripping expenditure induces China's trade surpluses and counterpart deficits for its trading partners. An important corollary is that given its strictly regulated capital account, China's persistently large surpluses imply a significantly undervalued renminbi, which should gradually become more flexible.
Detection and Molecular Characterization of Calf Diarrhoea Bovine Coronaviruses Circulating in South Korea during 2004–2005
Authors: Park S. J. , Lim G. K. , Park S. I. , Kim H. H. , Koh H. B. , Cho K. O. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryAlthough the widespread occurrence of calf diarrhoea (CD) bovine coronavirus (BCoV) infections have been reported in most cattle producing countries, only the genetic differences in the BCoVs from American and Canadian isolates and/or strains have been identified and compared. Hence, it is unclear if the BCoVs circulating in the other countries have distinct genetic characteristics. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and genetic diversity of CD BCoVs based on the deduced amino acid (aa) sequences of the spike (S) and haemagglutinin/esterase (HE) proteins in South Korea. RT‐PCR and nested PCR using the primer pairs specific to the nucleocapsid gene, BCoVs detected the BCoVs in 56 (15.6%) of 359 diarrhoeic faecal samples. Phylogenetic analysis of the entire S gene indicated that 10 Korean CD BCoV strains clustered with other Korean BCoV strains with different clinical forms but were different from the American and Canadian BCoV strains. Moreover, the phylogenetic data of the aa sequences of the HE gene revealed all the Korean CD strains to be distinct from the other Korean BCoV strains with different clinical forms. These results suggest that the Korean BCoVs cause endemic infections in diarrhoeic calves in Jeonnam province and have taken a different evolutionary pathway from the BCoVs in other countries. Moreover, the different BCoV strains are circulating in the different clinical forms in South Korea. These results also suggest that vaccines against the BCoVs can be developed with each Korean BCoV in different clinical forms.
Listeria monocytogenesSurface Proteins: from Genome Predictions to Function
Authors: Bierne Hélène , Cossart Pascale 
Published: June 2007

SUMMARYThe genome of the human food-borne pathogenListeria monocytogenesis predicted to encode a high number of surface proteins. This abundance likely reflects the ability of this bacterium to survive in diverse environments, including soil, food, and the human host. This review focuses on the various mechanisms by which listerial proteins are attached at the bacterial surface and their many functions, including peptidoglycan metabolism, protein processing, adhesion to host cells, and invasion of host tissues. Extensivein silicoanalysis of the domains or motifs present in these mosaic proteins reveals that diverse structural features allow the surface proteome to interact with diverse bacterial or host components. This diversity offers new clues about the molecular bases ofListeriapathogenesis.
Sponge-Associated Microorganisms: Evolution, Ecology, and Biotechnological Potential
Authors: Taylor Michael W. , Radax Regina , Steger Doris , Wagner Michael 
Published: June 2007

SUMMARYMarine sponges often contain diverse and abundant microbial communities, including bacteria, archaea, microalgae, and fungi. In some cases, these microbial associates comprise as much as 40% of the sponge volume and can contribute significantly to host metabolism (e.g., via photosynthesis or nitrogen fixation). We review in detail the diversity of microbes associated with sponges, including extensive 16S rRNA-based phylogenetic analyses which support the previously suggested existence of a sponge-specific microbiota. These analyses provide a suitable vantage point from which to consider the potential evolutionary and ecological ramifications of these widespread, sponge-specific microorganisms. Subsequently, we examine the ecology of sponge-microbe associations, including the establishment and maintenance of these sometimes intimate partnerships, the varied nature of the interactions (ranging from mutualism to host-pathogen relationships), and the broad-scale patterns of symbiont distribution. The ecological and evolutionary importance of sponge-microbe associations is mirrored by their enormous biotechnological potential: marine sponges are among the animal kingdom's most prolific producers of bioactive metabolites, and in at least some cases, the compounds are of microbial rather than sponge origin. We review the status of this important field, outlining the various approaches (e.g., cultivation, cell separation, and metagenomics) which have been employed to access the chemical wealth of sponge-microbe associations.
A predictive decode filter cache for reducing power consumption in embedded processors
Authors: Tang Weiyu , Kejariwal Arun , Veidenbaum Alexander V. , Nicolau Alexandru 
Published: June 2007

With advances in semiconductor technology, power management has increasingly become a very important design constraint in processor design. In embedded processors, instruction fetch and decode consume more than 40% of processor power. This calls for development of power minimization techniques for the fetch and decode stages of the processor pipeline. For this, filter cache has been proposed as an architectural extension for reducing the power consumption. A filter cache is placed between the CPU and the instruction cache (I-cache) to provide the instruction stream. A filter cache has the advantages of shorter access time and lower power consumption. However, the downside of a filter cache is a possible performance loss in case of cache misses.
In this article, we present a novel technique---decode filter cache (DFC)---for minimizing power consumption with minimal performance impact. The DFC stores decoded instructions. Thus, a hit in the DFC eliminates instruction fetch and its subsequent decoding. The bypassing of both instruction fetch and decode reduces processor power. We present a runtime approach for predicting whether the next fetch source is present in the DFC. In case a miss is predicted, we reduce the miss penalty by accessing the I-cache directly. We propose to classify instructions as cacheable or noncacheable, depending on the decode width. For efficient use of the cache space, a sectored cache design is used for the DFC so that both cacheable and noncacheable instructions can coexist in the DFC sector. Experimental results show that the DFC reduces processor power by 34% on an average and our next fetch prediction mechanism reduces miss penalty by more than 91%.
The WaveScalar architecture
Authors: Swanson Steven , Schwerin Andrew , Mercaldi Martha , Petersen Andrew , Putnam Andrew , Michelson Ken , Oskin Mark , Eggers Susan J. 
Published: June 2007

Silicon technology will continue to provide an exponential increase in the availability of raw transistors. Effectively translating this resource into application performance, however, is an open challenge that conventional superscalar designs will not be able to meet. We present WaveScalar as a scalable alternative to conventional designs. WaveScalar is a dataflow instruction set and execution model designed for scalable, low-complexity/high-performance processors. Unlike previous dataflow machines, WaveScalar can efficiently provide the sequential memory semantics that imperative languages require. To allow programmers to easily express parallelism, WaveScalar supports pthread-style, coarse-grain multithreading and dataflow-style, fine-grain threading. In addition, it permits blending the two styles within an application, or even a single function.
To execute WaveScalar programs, we have designed a scalable, tile-based processor architecture called the WaveCache. As a program executes, the WaveCache maps the program's instructions onto its array of processing elements (PEs). The instructions remain at their processing elements for many invocations, and as the working set of instructions changes, the WaveCache removes unused instructions and maps new ones in their place. The instructions communicate directly with one another over a scalable, hierarchical on-chip interconnect, obviating the need for long wires and broadcast communication.

This article presents the WaveScalar instruction set and evaluates a simulated implementation based on current technology. For single-threaded applications, the WaveCache achieves performance on par with conventional processors, but in less area. For coarse-grain threaded applications the WaveCache achieves nearly linear speedup with up to 64 threads and can sustain 7--14 multiply-accumulates per cycle on fine-grain threaded versions of well-known kernels. Finally, we apply both styles of threading to
equake
from Spec2000 and speed it up by 9x compared to the serial version.
Function level parallelism driven by data dependencies
Authors: Rul Sean , Vandierendonck Hans , De Bosschere Koen 
Published: June 2007

With the rise of Chip multiprocessors (CMPs), the amount of parallel computing power will increase significantly in the near future. However, most programs are sequential in nature and have not been explicitly parallelized, so they cannot exploit these parallel resources. Automatic parallelization of sequential, non-regular codes is very hard, as illustrated by the lack of solutions after more than 30 years of research on the topic. The question remains if there is parallelism in sequential programs that can be detected automatically and if so, how much parallelism there is.
In this paper, we propose a framework for extracting potential parallelism from programs. Applying this framework to sequential programs can teach us how much parallelism is present in a program, but also tells us what the most appropriate parallel construct for a program is, e.g. a pipeline, master/slave work distribution, etc.
Our framework is profile-based, implying that it is not safe. It builds two new graph representations of the profile-data: the interprocedural data flow graph and the data sharing graph. This graphs show the data-flow between functions and the data structures facilitating this data-flow, respectively.
We apply our framework on the SPECcpu2000 bzip2 benchmark, achieving a speedup of 3.74 of the compression part and a global speedup of 2.45 on a quad processor system.
Using common off-the-shelf tools to implement dynamic aspects
Authors: Mahoney William R. , Sousan William L. 
Published: June 2007

An emerging software engineering paradigm, Aspect-Oriented Programming, can be used to facilitate moving common interests or requirements from individual software functions into a separate module. Aspect code is woven into the software on either a static (compilation) basis or dynamic (runtime) basis. Existing systems necessitate the use of syntactic sugar. which is added to programs to indicate the join points in the software where aspects could potentially be applied. Static weaving inserts code, at compilation time, into these join points, while dynamic weaving might compile in code which can be activated at runtime.
This paper describes a new approach to the implementation of dynamic aspects in C/C++. Our method uses a tool which operates using the GCC compiler suite on Linux; it is a runtime event monitoring system we call "dynamicHook". The tool tests each potential join point at run time for the required activation of advice. If advice code is necessary at the join point it is loaded on the fly from shared libraries, retained for future use, and called dynamically.
No additions or modifications to the source code need to be made other than recompiling and linking in our library. The tool is thus targeted at adding aspect oriented methodologies to existing C/C++ code. We have demonstrated the tool by obtaining open-source web servers and adding dynamic aspects dealing with security and intrusion detection.
MapCruncher
Authors: Elson Jeremy , Howell Jon , Douceur John R. 
Published: June 2007

Current large-scale interactive web mapping services such as Virtual Earth and Google Maps use large distributed systems for delivering data. However, creation and editorial control of their content is still largely centralized. The Composable Virtual Earth project's goal is to allow seamless interoperability of geographic data from arbitrary, distributed sources.
MapCruncher is a first step in this direction. It lets users easily create new interactive map data that can be layered on top of existing imagery such as road maps and aerial photography. MapCruncher geographically registers and reprojects the user's map into a standard coordinate system. It then emits metadata that makes it easy for anyone on the Internet to find the published map data and import it. Interactive maps them become distributed, seamlessly composable building blocks -- similar to images in the early days of the Web.
Stochastic sources for context-free languages
Authors: Hutchins Sandra E. 
Published: June 2007

The concept of a stochastic source of a context-free language is presented and one possible source model based on a probabilistic grammar is defined. It is shown that this source is equivalent to an infinite Markov chain which can be defined recursively. Various statistics of the Markov chain are derived.
An analogue of the Greibach Normal Form theorem is presented, which then allows for the construction of a Markov source with a single terminal symbol per transition. The class of probability distributions generable over context-free languages by such sources is examined.
Studying the visual system in awake monkeys: two classic papers by Robert H. Wurtz
Authors: Goldberg Michael E. 
Published: June 2007

This essay looks at the historical significance of two APS classic papers that are freely available online: Wurtz RH. Visual receptive fields of striate cortex neurons in awake monkeys. J Neurophysiol 32: 727–742, 1969 ( http://jn.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/32/5/727 ). Wurtz RH. Comparison of effects of eye movements and stimulus movements on striate cortex neurons of the monkey. J Neurophysiol 32: 987–994, 1969 ( http://jn.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/32/6/987 ).
Effective media communication of disasters: Pressing problems and recommendations
Authors: Lowrey Wilson , Evans William , Gower Karla K , Robinson Jennifer A , Ginter Peter M , McCormick Lisa C , Abdolrasulnia Maziar 
Published: June 2007

Abstract

Background
Public health officials and journalists play a crucial role in disseminating information regarding natural disasters, terrorism and other human-initiated disasters. However, research suggests that journalists are unprepared to cover terrorism and many types of natural disasters, in part because of lack sufficient expertise in science and medicine and training. The objective of this research was to identify solutions to problems facing journalists and public health public information officer (PIOs) of communicating with the public during natural and human-initiated disasters.

Methods
To assist in identifying the most pressing problems regarding media response to health-related risks such as terrorism and large-scale natural disasters, 26 expert advisors were convened, including leaders representing journalists and public information officers, state health officials, experts in terrorism and emergency preparedness, and experts in health, risk, and science communication. The advisory group participated in pre-arranged interviews and were asked to identify and review bioterrorism educational resources provided to journalist. All advisory group members were then invited to attend a day long meeting January 29, 2004 to review the findings and reach consensus.

Results
The most pressing problems were found to be a lack of coordination between PIO's and journalists, lack of resources for appropriately evaluating information and disseminating it efficiently, and a difference in perception of PIO's and journalist towards each others role during emergency situations. The advisory board developed a list of 15 recommendations that may enhance communication plans betweens PIO's, journalist and the public. The solutions were meant to be feasible in terms of costs and practical in terms of the professional and organizational realities in which journalists and PIO's work.

Conclusion
It is clear that PIO's and journalists play crucial roles in shaping public response to terrorism and other disasters. The findings from this formative research suggest that perspectives and organizational processes often limit effective communication between these groups; though practical solutions such as participation of journalists in drills, scenario exercises, sharing of informational resources, and raising awareness at professional trade meetings may enhance the timely dissemination of accurate and appropriate information.