bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prostatic tumor (R3327) skeletal metastasis
Authors: Geldof A. A. , Rao B. R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMale Copenhagen rats were inoculated with monodispersed R3327‐MatLyLu prostate tumor cells via the tail vein under concomittant temporal occlusion of the inferior vena cava to develop an animal model for skeletal metastasis of prostate cancer. This procedure reproducibly resulted in metastatic tumor growth in the lumbar region of the vertebral column. Microscopically, tumor growth became visible in the fifth and sixth lumbar vertebrae within 4 days after inoculation. Clinical signs of nerve function disablement (hind leg paresis and paralysis) followed within 14 days of such a procedure. Cell culture technique confirmed the presence of a viable, proliferating tumor cell population within the spinal canal of the fifth and sixth lumbar vertebrae. Histologically, a clear response of osteoclastic and concomittant osteoblastic activities was observed in the lumbar spinal column. In the serum, a transient phase of hypercalcemia could be demonstrated. The development of skeletal metastases in these animals was not reflected by significant alteration in serum levels of acid phosphatase, prostatic‐specific antigen, or osteocalcin. These observations support the concept of the vertebral venous plexus being involved in the dissemination of prostate tumor cells. The surgical procedures described permit experimental investigations of bone metastasis of prostatic cancer.
Morphological and immunohistochemical investigations of the utriculus prostaticus from the fetal period up to adulthood
Authors: Wernert N. , Kern L. , Heitz Ph. , Bonkhoff H. , Goebbels R. , Seitz G. , Inniger R. , Remberger K. , Dhom G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe investigated the utriculus prostaticus from the fetal period up to adulthood in 148 prostates. During the second half of gestation the utriculus had a simple tubular or a cystic form and was lined with metaplastic squamous epithelium which showed immunohisto‐chemical positivity for different keratins, carcinoembryonic antigen, and peanut agglutinin binding sites. After birth, alveolar outgrowths of the utriculus developed. After puberty, the utriculus had become a complicated and variable structure. The epithelium no longer differed from that of the prostate glands either morphologically or immunohistochemically. Within the epithelium numerous endocrine cells were found containing neuron‐specific enolase, chromogranin, and serotonin. The utriculus and ejaculatory ducts were embedded in a fibrous stroma with, after birth, numerous plexus‐like blood vessels. This fibrous zone was peripherally bordered by a layer of smooth muscle. There was no evidence for a function of the utriculus differing from that of the prostate glands. Since the epithelium of both structures is identical immunohistochemically, the epithelium of the sinus urogenitalis most likely participates in the lining of the utriculus during embryogenesis.
Estrogen treatment combined with castration inhibits tumor growth more effectively than castration alone in the dunning R3327 rat prostatic adenocarcinoma
Authors: Landström M. , Bergh A. , Tomic R. , Damber J.‐E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis study was designed to investigate whether the combination of castration with estrogen treatment for 6 weeks (combined treatment) further inhibits growth of the Dunning R3327 rat prostatic adenocarcinoma as compared with castration alone. Combined treatment arrested tumor growth more effectively than castration. Combined treatment also induced morphological changes in both tumor stroma and epithelium that were not found in tumors from castrated animals. The volume density of the tumor epithelium was reduced and the volume density of the tumor stroma was increased by the combined treatment as compared with castration alone. The number of tumor epithelial cells was calculated by morphological methods: combined treatment lowered the number as compared with castration alone. The number of tumor epithelial cells was similar in castrated and intact rats. Both combined treatment and castration alone reduced tumor epithelium cell size as compared with tumors from intact rats. These findings suggest that estrogen may have direct effects on total number and function of prostatic tumor cells.
Differences in growth requirements between epithelial and stromal cells derived from rat ventral prostate in serum‐free primary culture
Authors: Taketa Shigeo , Nishi Nozomu , Takasuga Hirotoshi , Okutani Takuya , Takenaka Ikumasa , Wada Fumio 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDifferent procedures of enzymatic digestion of rat prostatic tissue and unique sets of mitogenic factors made it possible to culture practically pure populations of epithelial and stromal cells without previous separation of the two types of cells. Keratin‐positive epithelial cells dissociated by trypsin and collagenase from adult rat ventral prostate proliferated in medium WAJC 404 supplemented with epidermal growth factor, insulin, cholera toxin, and bovine pituitary extract. Proliferation of epithelial cells was completely inhibited by dexamethasone as low as 30 nM. On the other hand, fibroblast‐like stromal cells released by trypsin digestion required a plastic substratum coated with calf serum or fibronectin, and proliferated in Eagle's minimum essential medium supplemented with cholera toxin, bovine pituitary extract, dexamethasone, and bovine serum albumin. Epidermal growth factor and insulin had negligible effect on proliferation of stromal cells. Physiological concentrations of dihydrotestosterone and estradiol showed no effect on proliferation of both types of cells.
Cumulative prevalence of prostatism matches the autopsy prevalence of benign prostatic hyperplasia
Authors: Guess H. A. , Arrighi H. M. , Metter E. J. , Fozard J. L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe age‐specific cumulative prevalence of clinically diagnosed prostatism among 1,057 generally healthy men followed for up to 30 years in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging was compared with the age‐specific autopsy prevalence of pathologically defined benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) from a published compilation of five independent autopsy studies involving 1,075 prostates. Clinical prevalences based on medical histories and digital rectal examinations showed excellent agreement with autopsy prevalences at all ages. Despite the well‐known lack of correspondence between prostatism and objective urologic evidence of BPH in individual patients, these results suggest that the proportion of the male population with clinically recognizable prostatism by a given age is about the same as the proportion with pathological evidence of BPH.
Effects of prolactin and androgens on the prostatic lipids of castrated mature bonnet monkeys
Authors: Arunakaran J. , Aruldhas M. Michael , Govindarajulu P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe effects of prolactin (PRL), bromocriptine (Br), testosterone propionate (TP), dihy‐drotestosterone (DHT), and the combinations of these androgens with PRL/Br on total lipid, total cholesterol, total glyceride glycerols, and total phospholipid and their fractions in cranial and caudal prostates of castrated mature monkeys were studied. Glyceride glycerols formed the major portion of total lipids (50%) in normal monkeys. Cholesterol and phos‐pholipids were of equal share (25%). Esterified cholesterol formed the major share (75%) of total cholesterol. Diacyl glycerol was the major (60%) glyceride glycerol and phosphatidyl choline and ethanolamine were the major phospholipid classes. Except triacyl glycerol castration markedly descreased all the lipid classes in both the lobes. PRL restored normal free and esterified cholesterol and phosphatidyl inositol but Br invariably decreased all the lipid classes. TP/DHT treatment stimulated the free and esterified cholesterol more than the control; it restored the normal glyceride glycerols in both the lobes. Phosphatidyl inositol, choline, and ethanolamine were stimulated by androgens and other phospholipid classes were brought to normal in both the lobes. Addition of PRL + TP/DHT markedly increased esterified cholesterol, phosphatidyl inositol, choline, ethanolamine, and phosphatidic acid in both the lobes. Br counteracted the effects of androgens and prolactin. In general, the influence of prolactin was more in the caudal lobe than cranial. The results are discussed in detail with available literature.
A case‐control study of prostatic cancer in Kyoto, Japan: Sexual risk factors
Authors: Oishi Kenji , Okada Kenichiro , Yoshida Osamu , Yamabe Hirohiko , Ohno Yoshiyuki , Hayes Richard B. , Schroeder Fritz H. , Boyle Peter 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA case‐control study on prostatic cancer was conducted in Kyoto, Japan, from 1981–1984, including 100 patients with prostatic cancer (PC) and age, hospital, and date‐of‐admission matched controls of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) patients and general hospital patients. Analysis of several sexual factors obtained through a self‐administered questionnaire revealed the following observations: (1) cancer patients had fewer sex partners before marriage (relative risk, RR = 0.35; 95% confidence interval: 0.13–0.93 than the hospital controls; (2) they had more vigorous sexual activities in the third (RR = 2.89: 1.01–8.28 and fourth decades of life (RR = 2.26: 1.03–4.95) than hospital controls, but no significantly different sexual activities from controls in other decades; (3) they had less frequent orgasms (RR = 2.55; 1.11–5.83) than BPH controls or (RR = 4.96: 1.78–13.9) hospital controls, and sexual intercourse appeared to be less satisfactory (RR = 2.08: 1.05–4.13) than that of hospital controls; and (4) they had less frequent episodes of sexually transmitted diseases (RR = 0.36: 0.16–0.83) than BPH controls. Marital status, fertility, ejaculation, masturbation, nocturnal emission, contraceptive use, and wife's episodes of sexually transmitted disease were not linked to prostatic cancer risk.
Reduction of testosterone availability to 5α‐reductase by human sex hormone‐binding globulin in the rat ventral prostate gland in vivo
Authors: Ellison Sean A. , Pardridge William M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe present studies assess the effects of human sex hormone‐binding globulin (SHBG) on the conversion of [3H]testosterone (T) into dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in rat ventral prostate gland in vivo using a constant aortic infusion technique. The DHT/T ratio was determined using two‐dimensional thin‐layer chromatography (TLC), and these results were confirmed with reverse‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography. The prostatic gland DHT/T ratio was 2.1 ± 0.4, 1.3 ± 0.2, 0.24 ± 0.02, or 1.1 ± 0.2, following a 60 sec aortic perfusion of [3H]testosterone dissolved in either Krebs‐Henselite buffer (KHB), 5 g/dl human serum albumin (HSA), human pregnancy serum (HPS), or heat inactivated HPS, respectively. Heat inactivation (60oC, 60 min) selectively denatured SHBG in HPS. The distribution of [3H]testosterone in rat ventral prostate was examined with thaw‐mount light in microscopic autoradiography. Following an aortic perfusion of [3H]testosterone in buffer alone, the radiolabeled steroid was uniformly distributed among the epithelial and stromal compartments. However, the [3H]steroid hormone was selectively sequestered in the stromal compartment following aortic perfusion of HPS. In conclusion, these studies demonstrate that human SHBG markedly restricts the availability of circulating testosterone to 5α‐reductase in the prostate gland in vivo and that the presence of SHBG in serum causes the selective sequestration of the steroid hormone within the stromal compartment of the gland in vivo.
Immunohistochemical evaluation of the expression of prostate tumor‐association markers in the nude mouse human prostate carcinoma heterotransplant lines PC‐82, PC‐EW, and PC‐EG
Authors: Wright George L. , Haley Cara L. , Csapo Zoltan , van Steenbrugge Gert J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe biotin‐avidin immunoperoxidase assay was used to evaluate the expression of several prostate carcinoma‐associated markers in formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded tissue sections of three human prostate nude mouse heterotransplant lines PC‐82, PC‐EW, and PC‐EG. In addition to monoclonal antibodies to PSA and PAP, monoclonal antibodies to five other potentially useful markers for prostate carcinomas (TURP‐27, Leu‐7, 7E11–C5, PSP‐19, and PD41) were tested. Tissues from two or more transplant passages were evaluated. The human prostate target antigens were found to be expressed by one or more of the three heterotransplant lines. The PC‐82 and PC‐EW lines were the most efficient in terms of expression of multiple prostate carcinoma‐associated markers and percentage of tumor cells positive for a given prostate antigen. The staining pattern of each marker, in terms of staining intensity, number of tumor cells stained, and staining location, i.e., membrane, cytoplasmic, or ductal secretions, was similar to what has been observed in tissue sections from human prostate carcinomas. The lack of an appropriate model for evaluating the preclinical potential of these Mabs (especially TURP‐27, PSP‐19, and PD41) makes the findings of this study of considerable importance, and suggests that these human prostate xenografts may be useful models for exploring the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of these anti‐prostate carcinoma monoclonal antibodies.
Family history and the risk of prostate cancer
Authors: Steinberg Gary D. , Carter Bob S. , Beaty Terri H. , Childs Barton , Walsh Patrick C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA case‐control study was performed to estimate the relative risk of developing prostate cancer for men with a positive family history. Extensive cancer pedigrees were obtained on 691 men with prostate cancer and 640 spouse controls.Fifteen percent of the cases but only 8% of the controls had a father or brother affected with prostate cancer (P < .001). Men with a father or brother affected were twice as likely to develop prostate cancer as men with no relatives affected. In addition, there was a trend of increasing risk with increasing number of affected family members such that men with two or three first degree relatives affected had a five and 11–fold increased risk of developing prostate cancer.Recognizing that 9–10% of U.S. men will develop prostate cancer in their lifetime, men with a family history of prostate cancer should be advised of their significantly increased prostate cancer risk and should undergo appropriate screening measures for this disease.
Similarities in the modulation of pituitary and prostatic FSH by inhibin and related peptides
Authors: Shah Madhavi G. , Sheth Anil R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractProstatic inhibin peptide (PIP) suppresses the synthesis as well as release of FSH from the rat pituitary whereas the carboxy terminal nonapeptide (86–94) of PIP elevated the release of pituitary FSH. Addition of a tyrosine residue at the NH2‐terminal end of nonapeptide and blocking the sulfydryl group of the cysteine residue at position 87 resulted in a decapeptide having the property of suppressing FSH release from rat pituitary.Human prostate has been shown to synthesize FSH in vitro. PIP, nonapeptide, and decapeptide modulate the prostatic FSH biosynthesis, the pattern of which was similar to that observed for pituitary.
Concepts of citrate production and secretion by prostate 1. Metabolic relationships
Authors: Costello Leslie C. , Franklin Renty B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAccumulation and secretion of extraordinarily high levels of citrate are principal functions of the prostate gland of humans and other animals. To achieve this, prostate secretory cells must possess unique metabolic relationships which distinguish them from virtually all other cells. Furthermore, citrate metabolism is markedly altered in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and in prostatic carcinoma (CA). This review assimilates existing information and presents current concepts related to 1) the pathway of metabolism associated with net citrate production, 2) the involvement of transporting mechanisms associated with citrate secretion, 3) energy implications of citrate production, 4) altered metabolic relationships in BPH and CA, and 5) the importance of citrate relationships as biochemical markers for characterizing prostate secretory epithelial cells. It is hoped that this review will bring attention to the importance and urgency of elucidating and understanding the metabolic relationships associated with citrate production by normal and neoplastic prostate epithelial cells. Research in these areas has been severely neglected despite the fact that the combined incidence of BPH and CA constitutes the most prevalent neoplastic disease among men.
Role of cyclic AMP and polypeptide growth regulators in growth inhibition by interferon in PC‐3 cells
Authors: Okutani Takuya , Nishi Nozomu , Kagawa Yorikazu , Takasuga Hirotoshi , Takenaka Ikumasa , Usui Tsuguru , Wada Fumio 
Published: February 2007

AbstractParticipation of growth factors and intracellular cAMP in direct antiproliferative action of interferon α (IFN‐α) was investigated in PC‐3 human prostate carcinoma cell line. IFN‐α inhibited proliferation of PC‐3 cells in a dose‐dependent manner in vitro, and the effect was reversible. Fibroblast growth factor, epidermal growth factor and platelet‐derived growth factor, when added to the culture medium, showed no effect on growth of PC‐3 cells in presence or absence of IFN‐α. Transforming growth factor β (TGF‐β) significantly inhibited PC‐3 cell growth, and the effect was additived to that of IFN‐α. TGF‐β content in conditioned medium of PC‐3 cells was not affected by treatment with IFN‐α. On the other hand, IFN‐α increased intracellular cAMP concentration about 20‐fold. Dibutyryl cAMP and reagents which elevated intracellular cAMP level also inhibited PC‐3 cell growth. These indicated that direct antiproliferative effect of IFN‐α on PC‐3 cells was at least partly mediated by cAMP, and that neither growth factors nor a growth inhibitor participated in the action of IFN‐α.
Localization of type IV collagen in the basement membranes of human prostate and lymph nodes by immunoperoxidase and immunoalkaline phosphatase
Authors: Sinha Akhouri A. , Gleason Donald F. , Deleon Onofrea F. , Wilson Michael J. , Limas Catherine , Reddy Pratap K. , Furcht Leo T. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe object of these studies was to examine the localization of type IV collagen (Coll‐IV) in the basement membranes (BM) of epithelial and stromal elements (smooth muscle, nerves, vessels) in normal, hyperplastic, and neoplastic (primary and metastatic) prostate. We also examined the relationship of Coll‐IV distribution to the degree of tumor differentiation (Gleason grading system). We compared immunoperoxidase (IP) and immunoalkaline phosphatase (AP) techniques in these studies and in selected samples we also evaluated immunofluorescence (IF) localization of Coll‐IV and the effects of tissue fixation and pepsin digestion. We found that IF localization of Coll‐IV was intense in unfixed sections. IP and AP reactions were absent in fixed, paraffin‐embedded sections but pepsin treatment yielded intense and uniform reaction products in these same preparations. Both the IP and AP techniques showed similar localization of Coll‐IV in the BM of normal, hyperplastic, and well‐differentiated tumor. In most of the higher‐grade tumors Coll‐IV localization was reduced and a similar pattern of distribution was observed after IP and AP techniques. However, in some high‐grade tumors the IP technique showed good localization but AP did not, and vice versa. Such discrepancies were noted in the BM of the tumor cells, as well as in the BM of the stromal elements and in lymph nodes with metastatic tumor. Thus, our study shows decreased Coll‐IV localization in higher‐grade tumors and suggests that the use of a single technique (IP or AP) may exaggerate this apparent loss of Coll‐IV BM components. The exact cause of these discrepancies is unknown but they must reflect variable losses in the ability of the tumor cells to form BM, degradation or decreased synthesis of BM components by high‐grade tumors, or a combination of the above.
Cardiovascular and all‐cause mortality in prostatic cancer patients treated with estrogens or orchiectomy as compared to the standard population
Authors: Aro J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractFour hundred and seventy‐seven prospectively randomized patients with prostatic carcinoma were treated with a combination of intramuscular polyestradiol phosphate (PEP) and oral ethinyl estradiol, with intramuscular PEP alone, or with orchiectomy. The cardiovascular and all‐cause mortality of the two estrogen therapy modalities and orchiectomy were compared with those of the Finnish male population in general. The age‐standardized rate ratios (∼ relative risk) for cardiovascular mortality and for all‐cause mortality were 1.51 and 2.31 in the combination estrogen therapy group, 0.17 and 1.50 in the PEP monotherapy group, and 0.78 and 1.78 in the orchiectomy group, respectively. Further mortality rates by cause for all three treatment groups were standardized for age using the age‐specific personyears at risk as standard. Age‐standardized mortality from cardiovascular diseases was very low in the PEP group, as compared to other treatment modalities, and the mortality rates for prostatic cancer were about equal in all three treatment groups. It is concluded that intramuscular PEP monotherapy is associated with low cardiovascular mortality and with an all‐cause and prostatic cancer mortality equal to orchiectomy.
DNA flow cytometric study of the hyperplastic and neoplastic canine prostate
Authors: Madewell B. R. , Deitch A. D. , Higgins R. J. , Marks S. L. , White R. W. Devere 
Published: February 2007

AbstractFlow cytometric DNA measurements were carried out on 45 formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded canine prostate tissues. The tissues were categorized as normal, hyperplastic, or neoplastic on the basis of light microscopic examination, and DNA ploidy was compared with histologic classification. Ten normal prostate samples showed diploid DNA histograms, but with proliferation greater than that found in the normal human prostate. Thirteen specimens of benign prostate hyperplasia showed diploid or near‐diploid DNA histograms. Of 22 prostatatic carcinomas, 12 were diploid and 10 were aneuploid, with the majority of the aneuploidy being near‐triploid. The frequency of DNA aneuploidy recognized in canine prostatic carcinoma is similar to findings in human prostatic carcinoma if all their grades of malignancy are included.
Immunoscintigraphy of prostatic cancer: Preliminary results with 111in‐labeled monoclonal antibody 7E11‐C5.3 (CYT‐356)
Authors: Wynant Gordon E. , Murphy Gerald P. , Horoszewicz Julius S. , Neal Charles E. , Collier B. David , Mitchell Edith , Purnell Gary , Tyson Ian , Heal Albert , Abdel‐Nabi Hani , Winzelberg Gary 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA phase 1 study was conducted with the investigational immunoscintigraphic agent, 111In‐CYT‐356, a radiolabeled, site‐specific immunoconjugate of monoclonal antibody 7E11‐C5.3, in 40 patients with prostatic carcioma and known distant metastases. Each patient received a single intravenous infusion of CYT‐356 (dose range, 0.1–5 mg) radiolabeled with approximately 5 mCi of 111In. None of the patients experienced adverse reactions. One patient who received a 5‐mg dose developed antibodies to the CYT‐356 immunoconjugate. 111In‐CYT‐356 immunoscintigraphy detected bony metastases in 21 of 38 patients (55%), including 12 of 14 (86%) receiving concomitant hormonal therapy, and soft tissue lesions in four of six patients (67%). Antibody imaging detected occult lesions in the bony pelvis and lumbar spine, which were confirmed by follow‐up imaging tests, in one patient. Higher CYT‐356 doses may clear the blood pool more slowly. These results suggest that 111In‐CYT‐356 can be safely administered to patients with prostatic carcinoma and that further clinical investigation of this agent is warranted.