bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Nuclear Radiation on Fibrous Materials
Authors: Teszler Otto , Rutherford Henry A. 
Published: March 2008

Dacron polyester filaments of different draw ratios were prepared and were exposed to high-energy radiation from two sources. Exposure both in a reactor and to a Cobalt-60 source resulted in an increase in the moduli of elasticity of the filaments. This indicated that cross-linking reactions took place and predominated over chain scission, particularly during the early stages of irradiation. Draw ratio, i.e., the degree of orien tation of the filament, had an influence on the behavior. The materials of lower draw ratio tended to show more cross-linking than those of high draw ratio, the optimum being between 2.5:1 and 3.0:1. The degree of cross-linking in Dacron under the conditions of these experiments was, however, of a low order of magnitude. The solubility of the filaments was decreased only slightly, and the melting point remained unchanged. The degree of crystallinity of the filament did not influence the behavior of the filaments. Although the work has not yet been extended to many other polymers, it is believed that materials which show a marked tendency to cross-link during exposure to high- energy radiation would show an effect similar to Dacron. For example, polyethylenes of different degrees of orientation or of different pretreatments might well behave quite differently with respect to changes in properties brought about by a given level of radi ation. This has been partially substantiated by some preliminary results obtained with polyethylenes of unknown history, but at the same time known to be different in character prior to irradiation.
Recent Developments in Cotton Finishing with Acetal Reactants
Authors: Irvine J.B. , Cronin T.J. , Davids J.H. 
Published: March 2008

An acetal cellulose reactant which imparts high crease resistance to fabrics is dis cussed. Determination of optimum conditions of application in the laboratory are fol lowed by discussion of several applications in textile mills. A catalyst which permits low temperature rapid curing of acetal reactants is also discussed. Results of textile mill usage of the catalyst are given. An efficiency factor relating crease resistance increase to tensile loss is suggested.
The Silver Staining Method for Cross Sections of Regenerated Cellulose Fibers
Authors: Kato Koichi 
Published: March 2008

A staining technique is discussed which has been presented as an alternate method for differentiating the skin-core effect of viscose rayons. This technique, using silver nitrate solution, furnishes good results, generally corresponding to those obtained by the usual methods employing normal dyes. The staining, however, proceeds in a quite different manner from these dye methods, thus suggesting a different mechanism. Several cellulosic rayons have been examined and a number of factors have been evaluated regarding their influences upon the silver staining. The staining in question is chemical, immediately associated with the accessible reducing end groups in cellulose; therefore it is possibly a measure of the degree of accessibility of regenerated cellulose fibers.
The Influence of High Energy Radiation on Cotton
Authors: Pan Huo-Ping , Proctor B.E. , Goldblith S.A. , Morgan H.M. , Naar R.Z. 
Published: March 2008

Sliver lap, yarn, and fabric made of the same raw cotton of known composition were irradiated with cathode rays under various conditions. Changes in the chemical and physical properties were investigated. Some yarns also were irradiated with gamma rays. The changes that occurred in these samples were found to be the same as those in samples irradiated with cathode rays. Data for the copper number, the methylene blue number, and the intrinsic viscosity indicated that degradation of the cathode ray irradiated yarn had taken place. A new absorption maximum was found in infrared spectrograms of the cotton irradiated at high dose levels. Direct-dye affinity of the irradiated fabric was similar to oxycellulose. The tensile strength of the yarn decreased with the amount of dose it received. However, at low levels the tensile strength was found to increase to a maximum before it started to decrease; a "natural curve" of tensile strength and a "natural curve" of toughness were defined. Microbiological tests showed that both yarn and fabric were sterilized by a dome of one megarep. A general increase in mildew resistance was noted in irradiated samples compared with unirradiated samples. '
Part III: 2-Thiobarbituric Acid Test for Degradation
Authors: Pan Huo-Ping , Proctor B.E. , Goldblith S.A. 
Published: March 2008

Raw cotton irradiated with cathode rays was found to form color compounds with 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA) in acidic solutions. The color intensity of the test solution was derived from cellulose and the minor constituents of raw cotton. A test method was evolved from this finding based on the measurement of the ab sorption at 449 mμ. The color of the test solution is stable and the results of the test are reproducible; the test method is direct and rapid to perform. The results of this test compared well with those of the tests of tensile strength, copper number, and in trinsic viscosity. A proposed cotton TBA index is defined. Microbiologically deteriorated cotton is also sensitive to this test. The possibility of using this test for the rapid determination of chemical damage to raw cotton and other substances that contain cellulose as the major constituent is suggested.
A Kinetic Study of the Supercontraction of Wool Fibers in Solutions of Salts, Acids, and Alkalies
Authors: Crewther W.G. , Dowling L.M. 
Published: March 2008

Wool fibers contract in hot solutions of acids or alkalies, the initial rate of contraction increasing with increasing concentration of the acid or alkali. At the higher concentra tions contraction is followed by elongation of the fibers to lengths which may exceed the original length. The maximum contraction obtained decreases with increasing con centration of acid or alkali used. Comparison of the rates of contraction of wool fibers in solutions of different salts in 1 or 4 N HCl shows that cations and anions fall in the fol lowing order of decreasing contraction rate: Li+ > Na+ > K+ and I- > Br - > Cl-. Kinetic curves for the contraction of wool fibers in 1 N HCl containing salts show well- defined two-stage contraction. With 4 M LiBr or NaI this appears as a shelf in the curve at 25-30% contraction, and with many fibers the final level of contraction exceeds 70%. With 5 or 6 M LiI or 6 M NaI the fibers contract by about 25%, elongate to a length which may approach the original, and then again contract; in such solutions a con siderable proportion of the wool protein is dissolved, leaving a sulfur-rich residue. Two-stage contraction kinetics have been observed only when using solutions with pH values in the lower range. As the pH is increased the rate of contraction also increases, particularly at pH values greater than about 8. The two-stage contraction kinetics have been interpreted in terms of the contraction at different rates of two structures in the wool fiber.
Thermal Effects in Tire Cord Materials
Authors: Wood J.O. , Goy R.S. , Daruwalla F.S. 
Published: March 2008

Consideration is given to the effect of heat on the strength and dimensional char acteristics of typical tire textile materials. The dimensional change in a hot-stretched nylon cord is divided into two components: the change in filament length and the lateral packing of the filaments. Dimensional changes are also related to the elastic behavior, to the shrinkage forces, and to the creep characteristics of the cord. The generality of the thermal effects is demonstrated by data obtained using a range of textile fibers.
The Development of Washable Non-Iron Effects in Pure Wool Fabrics
Authors: Farnworth A.J. , Lipson M. , McPhee J.R. 
Published: March 2008

The use of reducing agents for setting wool has been extended to give washable non-iron effects on pure wool fabrics. Initially this was accomplished by applying the Si-Ro-Set process to garments made from shrinkproofed wool. This led to flat setting of fabrics in the mill by applying a dilute solution of a reducing agent to the fabric fol lowed by immediate steaming on a blowing machine. When preceded by shrinkproofing, this method of setting gives excellent washable non-iron effects on pure wool fabrics. Garments made from fabric treated in this way showed satisfactory laundering and wear performance in practical trials.
The Relation of Wet and Dry Crease Recovery to Wash -Wear Behavior
Authors: Steele Richard 
Published: March 2008

The chemical changes in cellulose fiber which lead to various wet: dry crease re- , covery ratios are reviewed. Covalent cross-linking of a dry fiber enhances both wet and dry recovery, and the ratio of the two values is believed to depend on the relative accessibilities of the fiber to water and to the cross-linking reagent. Water-sensitive links between cellulose chains can give high dry and low wet crease recovery. Cross- linking reactions carried out when the fiber is wet and swollen lead to a higher degree of intrachain reaction, which is equivalent to substitution, and to some interchain cross links. The swelling of such a fiber in water leads to good wet crease recovery, although the dry recovery is not improved. To achieve good tumble-dry wash-wear behavior, both wet and dry crease recovery must be increased In line- and drip-drying, the we crease recovery has more sig nificance than the dry.
Shrinkproofing of Wool with Neutral Permanganate or Acid Bromate in Concentrated Sodium Chloride Solution
Authors: McPhee J.R. 
Published: March 2008

Two shrinkproofing processes of possible industrial value are described. Each may be used continuously or as a batch process. Treatments are with neutral permanganate (4-6% potassium permanganate on weight of wool) or acid bromate (1-2% potassium bromate on weight of wool) in concentrated sodium chloride solutions, the latter resulting in a chlorination which is more easily con trolled to give even treatment than simple acid chlorinations. Batch processes are carried out at 20-40° C. in normal mill equipment, total processing times being 1-2 hr. Each process produces shrinkproofed wool at relatively low cost with no adverse effects of practical significance, although the acid bromate treatment requires a final softening. Permanganate/salt treatment requires no analytical control, causes no problems with fumes, gives even treatments so that there is no difficulty in piece dyeing after shrink- . proofing, and does not yellow or alter the handle of the wool.
Experiments on Wool from Copper-Deficient Sheep
Authors: Burley R.W. 
Published: March 2008

It has been confirmed that wool from copper-deficient sheep has a faster rate of extension in water under constant load than normal; it has been found that this wool has a greater diameter swelling in formic acid and is more easily penetrated by certain large reagent molecules than normal. The dissolution in aqueous buffer solutions of copper-deficient and normal wool after oxidation has been examined and further evidence that the copper-deficient wool is deficient in a sulfur-rich protein fraction, whose absence may he responsible for its physical abnormalities, has been obtained.
The Efficiency of Multiple Spindle Automatic Winding Machines with Constant Patrolling and Servicing Times
Authors: Howie A.J. , Brunnaschweiler D. 
Published: March 2008

A general solution for the efficiency of a single winding spindle is given, where the patrolling time of the automatic knotting unit may be less than the unwinding time of the supply bobbin. Constant supply bobbin unwinding times and random yarn breaks are assumed in obtaining the solution, which is modified to allow for "doffing" and servicing times. The case where different winding spindles are allocated to supply bobbins having different unwinding times is considered, and the patrolling time giving the maximum combined spindle efficiency is determined by means of a simple arithmetic technique.
The Molecular Structure and Mechanical Properties of Polyethylene Terephthalate Fibers
Authors: Ward I.M. 
Published: March 2008

In this paper, the application of several techniques of molecular structure deter mination to polyethylene terephthalate (henceforth abbreviated to PET) polymer and fibers will be described. These investigations have been directed partly towards obtain ing an understanding of the dynamic mechanical properties of PET and related polymers and partly to the characterization of PET fibers with respect to crystallinity and orientation. In considering the dynamic mechanical properties of PET and their relationship to the molecular structure two main points have been investigated: first whether the dynamic mechanical transitions can be related to specific motions of the molecular chains and second whether the influence of crystallinity and orientation can be simply understood. 2 Use of a company and/or product named by the De partment does not imply approval or recommendation of the product to the exclusion of others which may also be suitable.
The Use of Coreactant Curing Agents with a Diepoxide to Impart Wrinkle Resistance to Cotton Fabrics
Authors: Reinhardt Robert M. , Kullman Russell M. H. , Moore Harry B. , Reid J. David 
Published: March 2008

Wrinkle resistance can be imparted to cotton fabrics with a diepoxide when certain coreactant curing agents are used. Such materials coreact to become a part of the finished product and introduce linkages and chemical groups which differ from those obtained when a true catalyst is used. Several coreactants including, for example. phthalic anhydride, citric acid, 1-aminoethyl-2-methyl-imidazoline, triethanolamine, and potassium thiocyanate, were used with 1,3-diglycidylglycerol as the diepoxide. In some cases mere deposition seemed to occur while in other cases cross-linkage was accom plished. Some indications of the types of reaction were obtained from infrared data and from the responses of the treated fabrics to various classes of dyes. In some cases coreaction between the diepoxide and the curing agent appeared to take place at rela tively low temperatures, producing improved wrinkle resistance. Phthalic anhydride was used to investigate this aspect in more detail. For comparison with the coreactant materials, several acid salts were used as catalysts, and the results are reported. Among the more suitable acid catalysts are magnesium perchlorate, aluminum sulfate, and zinc fluoborate. The inorganic acid catalysts produced fabrics with excellent durability and wrinkle resistance. Tearing strength losses, however, were greater with epoxide-treated cotton than those observed, at equivalent crease recovery angle, when a typical methylolamide finishing agent with catalyst was used. The durability to alkaline solutions of some of the epoxide finishes applied with coreactant curing agents was not as good as that of fabrics prepared with the inorganic acid catalysts. Tearing strength and wrinkle re sistance of epoxide-treated cotton can be improved by inclusion of additives such as polvethylene, acrylic polymer, or silicone, in the finishing bath.
A Modification of the Method for Defining and Measuring Crimp of Textile Fibers1
Authors: Shiloh M. , Goldstein J. , Mejzler D. , Alexander E. 
Published: March 2008

The main parameter used to describe the geometry of the crimp of a fiber is the crimp diameter. This corresponds to an average amplitude of the fiber in space while the fiber is kept in a static position of stress. In order to measure the crimp diameter, it is necessary to measure the coordinates of a sufficient numher of points on the fibers. From these measurements, a "fiber axis" can be defined as the straight line for which the sum of squares. S. of the distances of the fiber points from this line is minimal. The crimp diameter is then defined as D=2√S N, where N is the number of points measured along the fiber. The calculation of S according to this definition involves the solution of third-order equations. Therefore a simplified equation is suggested. It was found that this equation can. for all practical purposes, serve as a satisfactory approximation for the results obtained when S is calculated according to the definition . i.e., from the fiber axis. In order to measure the crimp diameter, a special apparatus had to be built. A series of limitations of the rotatory crimp apparatus led to the modification of the measuring method and to the, development of the method of two perpendicular planes. This method was applied to various types of fiber, such as cotton and fine wools.
A Study on the Agglomeration, Deposition, and Removal Process of Clay Particles During Washing
Authors: Tuzson John , Short Brant A. 
Published: March 2008

When a piece of cloth is introduced into an agitated suspension of fine particles, interaction between the surface forces on the particles and on the cloth material occurs and results in simultaneous removal-redeposition and agglomeration-dispersion proc esses. The mechanical aspect of these processes was studied here using Kaolin clay particles, standard AHLMA cloth, and de-ionized water. In order to monitor the changes of the suspension state, particle counts were made with the Coulter Counter. Observed similarities between the agglomeration-dispersion process and the depo sition-removat process lend support to the assumption that forces of the same nature are responsible for both. Consequently, the agglomeration properties of other particu late soil suspensions are expected to be ultimately related to their soiling characteristics. 1 Minerals and Chemicals Corp. of America. 20 Essex Turnpike, Menlo Park, N. J. (Approx. 70% of Kaolin ASP- 400 is between 2 and 10 μ in mean diameter.)
Fatigue in Textile Fibers
Authors: Lyons W. James 
Published: March 2008

Equipment on which six fiber specimens can be simultaneously fatigued in cyclic tension, at one common strain amplitude, has been developed and constructed. Fre quencies are continuously variable from zero to 18 cycles/sec, and the total stroke is adjustable from zero to 1 in. Provisions are made for the automatic taking up of the slack resulting from growth in each fiber and stopping of the machine at the conclusion of a test. The growth in each specimen and the time to rupture are recorded on a strip chart. Results on two viscose samples and one experimental acrylic sample suggest that the growth that occurs during the fatiguing has two phases, in both of which the increase in extension is substantially linear with the logarithm of time. The rate of extension (per unit log time) in the initial phase is at least twice as great as in the later phase. In a third viscose sample, of high crystallinity, in which the growth rate of extension and the extensions at break were both low, the distinction between the two phases prac tically vanishes. Fatigue lifetimes of the acrylic sample appear, from plots on probability paper of the individual lifetimes of the specimens, to conform better to a logarithmic normal distri bution than to the normal.
The Role of Alkali Metal Hydroxides in the Benzylation of Cotton Cellulose
Authors: Wade Ricardo H. , Welch Clark M. 
Published: March 2008

The preparation of fibrous benzyl cellulose having a D.S. of 0.5-1.7 has been studied. Cotton yarn was reacted with benzyl chloride in the presence of alkali metal hydroxides under various conditions. A process was developed in which yarn could be benzylated to a D.S. of 0.6 within 30 min, while retaining 100% to 120% of the breaking strength and 315% to 345% of the elongation of untreated yarn. The order of effectiveness of alkali metal hydroxides in activating cotton for benzyla tion was found to be CsOH > RbOH > KOH > NaOH > LiOH, contrary to earlier reports. The rate of benzylation was increased by a factor of 2-4 in going from lithium or sodium hydroxides to potassium, rubidium or cesium hydroxides. This order is the same as the known order of effectiveness of the alkali hydroxides in converting cellulose to cellulosate ions, but is opposite to the relative degree of swelling they produce. It is concluded that benzylation of cotton proceeds by an SN2 type displacement of chloride by cellulosate ions. The primary function of the alkali is to convert cellulose to cellulosate ions, and swelling of the cellulose is of secondary importance.
A Study of the Mechanical Behavior of Polyimides
Authors: Cooper S.L. , Mair A.D. , Tobolsky A.V. 
Published: March 2008

The mechanical properties of four different polyimide samples are measured. H-film, poly(N,N'-( p,p'-oxydiphenylene)pyromellitimide), shows no softening phenomena below 500°C. The three other polyimides exhibit a definite softening at elevated temperatures. All of the samples investigated show evidence of chemical reaction and eventual deRrada tion taking place above 400°C. While x-ray techniques show H-film to be slightly crystalline, the other polyimides display typical amorphous scattering patterns. Annealing raises the softening temperature and induces crystallinity in one of the samples. Factors such as the purity of starting materials and the complete conversion to polyimide linkage must be considered when comparing the mechanical properties of these various polyimides.
Residual Lipid Contaminants in Processed Wool: Effect on Permanganate-Salt Shrinkproofing
Authors: Anderson C.A. , Leeder J.D. 
Published: March 2008

The effect of the site and composition of lipid-type contaminants on the permanganate- salt shrinkproofing process has been studied. Contaminant on the fiber surface ad versely affects the shrinkproofing reaction, although most of the extractable matter is situated inside the fibers. Additives which might be expected to contaminate wool during normal processing were applied to the fabric ; their effect on the shrinkproofing treatment varied with the chemical nature of the additives.
Prediction of Stretch-Woven Fabric Behavior From False-Twist Textured Filament Yarn Properties
Authors: Butterworth G.A.M. , Platt M.M. , Singleton R.W. , Sprague B.S. 
Published: March 2008

This paper is concerned with the significance of stretch-textured yarn properties in relation to the character and properties of filling stretch fabrics constructed from them. The study deals with a series of commercially produced false-twist textured polyester and polyamide multifilament yarns having various filament and yarn denier combinations made under different stretch texture processing conditions. These yarns represent differ ent combinations of stretch and bulk texture and cover the range of shrinkage properties and yarn geometries usually employed in the construction of woven stretch fabrics. Each of the false-twist textured yarns was used to construct filling stretch fabrics containing different combinations of weave type, weave texture, and warp yarn count. All of the test fabrics were commercially finished by conventional means to achieve maximum filling stretch potential and were subsequently tested to evaluate fabric stretch performance characteristics. Data obtained during the performance of this work have led to the conclusion that one can obtain a physically meaningful correlation between yam and fabric properties by considering retraction force in addition to linear yam shrinkage. fabric weave type, and fabric cover factors. Prediction of fabric stretch from the properties of false-twist textured yarns depends upon the ability of the yarn test and evaluation procedures to duplicate the loading and mechanical restraint histories experi enced by the yarn during its conversion into woven and finished fabric. The merits of using loom-state as opposed to off-loom dimensions as a basis for computing fabric shrinkage and, hence, computing fabric stretch, are discussed.