bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Association of Heterospecific Pregnancies and the Presence of Saliva Antibodies
Authors: Jakobowicz Rachel , Graydon J. J. 
Published: March 2009

Summary. Saliva samples from 442 persons were tested for the presence of anti A and/or anti B saliva antibodies. The material was classified into two groups:1. The ‘non‐immunized’ group comprised group O women with group O husbands, primiparous women with a group O child, nonparous women, and group O males.2. The ‘immunized’ group comprised group O women with heterospecific pregnancies or group incompatible husbands.Chance immunization by A and B‐like substances from other sources was not considered as both groups would be subjected to these influences.Saliva antibodies were found more frequently in the immunized group than in the non‐immunized group. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant. If the figures for males were omitted from the non‐sensitized group the difference still remained highly significant.In the compatible group the number of pregnancies had no influence on the presence or absence of saliva antibodies. In the incompatible group there was a statistically significant decrease of saliva antibodies with the increase in the number of pregnancies. Explanations for these findings are discussed.
Clumping and Sedimentation Patterns: Manifestations of Haemagglutination
Authors: Gold E. 
Published: March 2009

Summary. The arrangement of sedimentation patterns in titration rows of various haemagglutinins is reported and titres read as clumping and as sedimentation patterns compared. Five main types of sedimentation patterns are described. In some systems negative and pseudo‐negative patterns correspond to strong clumping but positive disc patterns can be present in the absence of clumping.Chromic chloride can be used as coupling reagent for passive haemagglutination tests with conjugated dinitrophenyl and polyalanin haptens. Extracts from the albumin glands of Helix aspersa contain anti‐A‐like haemagglutinin and contents from eggs of S. trutta an anti‐B‐like substance.
Blood Group Antigens in Relation to Chemical and Structural Properties of the Red Cell Membrane1
Authors: Zahler P. 
Published: March 2009

Summary(1) The composition of red‐cell‐lipids and ‐proteins has been reviewed with special regard to recent data on the chemistry and physico‐chemistry of membrane proteins. (2) A new concept for the architecture of the cell‐membrane is proposed, which takes into account several possibilities for conformational arrangements of membrane proteins. (3) Red‐cell‐membrane lipids and ‐proteins have been discussed with regard to their possible functions as carriers of blood group activity. AB‐specificity could be demonstrated not only in glycolipids but in the erythrocyte membrane proteins as well.
The Role of H in the Development of A
Authors: Voak D. , Lodge T. W. 
Published: March 2009

Summary. A2 cord bloods do not react with Dolichos bif. anti‐A and their H status is equivalent to that of group O cord bloods, indicating that the A components of these bloods are formed independently of H.Bloods reacting with Dolichos bif. extract require H for the development of their A1 components and this is reflected in the lower H status of these bloods.As the alternative pathway is necessary for the development of the first formed parts of A both the alternative and the orthodox pathways are necessary for the development of bloods with A1 components.
Gm(x) in Negroes
Authors: van Loghem Erna , Mårtensson L. 
Published: March 2009

Summary. 37 Out of 1008 Surinam Negroes were Gm(x +). 17 Out of 34 Gm(x+) Surinam Negroes proved to be Gm(g—).The Gm chromosomes, that determine Gm(x) in the Gm(x + g—) Negroes are not of Caucasian or Mongoloid origin, since in the Caucasian and Mongoloid populations so far studied Gm(x) was virtually always coupled with Gm(g).Consideration of the complete Gm(a), (x), (f), (g), (b0), (b1), (b3), (b4), (b5), (c3), (c5), (s) and (t) phenotypes of the Gm(x + g—) Negroes suggested that Gm(x) was coupled with some or all of the Gm(b) determinants instead of with Gm(g).
The Mixed Leucocyte Reaction: Studies Using Leucocytes From Unrelated Human Subjects
Authors: Elves M. W. 
Published: March 2009

Summary. The MLR has been studied in 87 culture combinations assessed by morphological techniques. The upper limit of negativity in these cultures was taken as the mean index of transformation found in all control cultures plus 2 standard deviations. Two sampling times (4 days and 6 days) were used. 6/87 cultures were within the negative range on both occasions. Of the positive cultures, 4 different patterns of response were observed and are described. The significance of these patterns is not yet clear. Similar results were found in those 69 cultures which were assessed by the degree of incorporation of I125 iododeoryuridine. This method is more sensitive than the morphological technique and fewer cultures could be regarded as within the negative range (mean of controls ± 2 standard deviations). The same patterns of response were observed.The result of the MLR is not very reproducible when assessed by height of response. Non‐technical factors affecting reproducibility are discussed. It was found that a period of cooling of cells prior to culture increased the index of transformation.
Haemolytic Disease of the Newborn in a Zambian Community
Authors: Barclay G. P. T. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Haemolytic disease of the newborn in Zambian children has been investigated. Of 740 newborn children, 21 (2.8%) have been found to have a positive modified anti‐human globulin test; in 19, this was due to ABO incompatibility. On the other hand, nearly as many children in this series were found who were jaundiced for a reason that was not discovered. They were a more serious problem clinically.Since the introduction of serum for the prophylaxis of Rh disease in Zambia, 167 Rh‐negative antenatal women have been discovered. Nearly 5% of these have been found to show evidence of immunization.
Development of Large‐Scale Fractionation Methods
Authors: James H. L. , Wickerhauser M. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A modification of the method of Johnson for the preparation of clinical factor VIII concentrates is described by which a concentrate may consistently be obtained from 100‐liter plasma volumes at a potency of 10 factor VIII units/ml or greater and a specific activity of 0.3 factor VIII units/mg protein (18 to 20‐fold purification over plasma) with a final recovery close to 40% of the actual factor VIII activity of the starting plasma; these potency and purity values exceed the minimum requirements of the Division of Biologics Standards of the National Institutes of Health.The major changes that were introduced were: (a) an accelerated cryoprecipitation step to minimize the risk of pyrogen formation; (b) the elimination of ethanol to avoid coprecipitation of nonspecific proteins, thereby improving the purity of the final concentrate; (c) the reduction of the tris extraction volume to obtain a higher final factor VIII potency and smaller volumes for lyophilization; (d) the control of pH during the Al (OH)3 adsorption step to improve the purity and filtrability of the concentrate; (e) the removal of the Al (OH)3 precipitate by a foamless centrifugation technique to minimize denaturation of the factor VIII in the supernatant; and (f) the use of new clarification media to facilitate the final sterile filtration step.
In vitro Restoration of 2,3‐P2‐Glycerate in 2,3‐P2‐Glycerate‐Poor Erythrocytes in a System for Organ Perfusion
Authors: Bakker J. C. , Dekker E. , Offerijns F. G. J. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryIn vitro regeneration of 2,3‐DPG in a red cell suspension with glucose as the only substrate is described.
Acetylcholinesterase Activity in En(a—) Red Cells1
Authors: Herz F. , Kaplan E. , Furuhjelm U. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryEn(a–) red cells show surface alterations reminiscent of those seen in normal cells exposed to proteolytic enzymes. Since this kind of treatment causes inactivation of acetylcholinesterase, a comparison of the activity and properties of this surface‐located enzyme in En(a–) and in normal red cells was made. No significant differences in regard to specific activity, Km, heat stability, inactivation by exogenous agents and density (age)‐dependent distribution were observed.
Application of the C3 System in Paternity Cases
Authors: Teisberg P. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Based on the Norwegian allele frequencies, it can be calculated that 13.46% of men falsely accused of paternity can be excluded by use of the C 3 system. The confidence‐of‐exclusion rate in this system, calculated from the existing family and mother‐child materials, is 96–98% in Caucasian population groups.The results of the application of this polymorphic system to 874 cases of disputed paternity are presented. In the 846 cases comprising the common C 3 proteins only, a total of 71 men were excluded. This number fits well with the calculated number of expected exclusions. In 28 cases where C 3 variants were involved, 5 out of 49 alleged fathers were excluded.It is concluded that the C 3 system represents a valuable supplement to the panel of genetic marker‐systems presently used in cases of disputed paternity.
A New Antibody, Anti‐K12, Associated with the Kell Blood Group System1
Authors: Marsh W. L. , Stroup Marjory , Macilroy Mija , øyen Ragnhild , Reid Marion E. , Heistø H. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A new antibody, named anti‐K12, reacts with a high‐frequency red‐cell antigen associated with the Kell blood groups. Two examples have been found, both in people having the phenotype K‐k+, Kp(a–b +), Js(a–b +). Anti‐K12 reacted with all of 1,000 random blood samples, less strongly with some Kp(a + b–) samples, weakly with red cells of the McLeod phenotype and not at all with Ko red cells. It reacted weakly against red cells from children with chronic granulomatous disease with weak Kell antigens.While the data establish a phenotypic association between the K12 antigen and the Kell system, there is no evidence to show whether K12 is an inherited character, and, if so, whether the controlling gene is part of the Kell complex.
Does Anti‐D IgG Prophylaxis Protect against Leucocyte Isoimmunization?
Authors: Imre Gabriella , Keserü T. L. , Kassai M. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Sera from 98 primiparous Rh(D)‐negative women were tested for leucocyte isoimmunization from blood samples taken at delivery and 3 months after, when prevention of Rh immunization was first checked. Lymphocytotoxic antibodies were demonstrated already at delivery in 16 cases (16.3%). Ten of the remaining 82 women whose serum was negative at delivery developed antibodies in the meantime, according to the tests carried out with serum samples taken 3 months after (12.2%).All batches of anti‐D IgG used during the investigation period contained lymphocytotoxic antibodies. However, a protective effect against leucocyte isoimmunization is unlikely in these cases. More than half of the immunized women were already primed by the time of delivery, and a considerable percentage (12.2) of the rest became immunized afterwards. The incidence of immunization detected either at delivery or 3 months after, altogether 26.5%, moderately exceeds the figure for the indidence of lymphocytotoxic antibodies during second pregnancy in the authors' own statistics, obtained with the same serological method (21.6%). In 46 cases at and after second delivery a similar relation was found with antibody incidence during third pregnancy.
An Inherited Blood Group A Variant in the Finnish Population
Authors: Nevanlinna H. R. , Pirkola Anna 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A rare variant of blood group A, Afinn, is used as a marker when studying the Finnish population structure. Slow immigration is probably the main cause of the primary enrichment of this gene that has not yet been described outside Finland. Practically all the 98 propositi originated from the areas in the south‐west and south‐east that were first settled in prehistoric times. This indicates that both were inhabited by the same settlers, probably immigrating over the Gulf of Finland rather than using two different routes.The frequency of Afinn in the first settled areas was estimated at approximately 1:1,000, showing large local differences at community level, with estimated peaks as high as more than 1%. The frequency distribution was analysed in a computer simulation programme; the similarities with the observed distribution of Afinn were compatible with the effect of sampling and drift, causing substantial loss and large frequency deviations in the isolated subpopulations.
Recent Advances in our Understanding of Hepatitis B Infections
Authors: Prince A. M. , Szmuness W. , Brotman B. , Ikram H. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The development of highly sensitive hemagglutination (HA) assays for detection of hepatitis B antibody has made possible observation of primary anamnestic antibody responses in most individuals exposed to hepatitis B virus and the development and evaluation of a hyperimmune γ‐globulin preparation.The hemagglutination inhibition assay, while more sensitive than previous techniques for the detection of hepatitis B antigen (HB‐ag) carriers, does not presently appear suitable for use in routine screening of blood donors. However, use of this assay to subtype the antigenic specificities of HB‐ag makes it a valuable identity test for ultrasensitive assays.Prospective serologic follow‐up of children newly admitted to an institution for the mentally retarded and studies on HB‐ag carriers and their families (by hemagglutination inhibition and HA techniques) have revealed that the ratio of infection to clinical disease in hepatitis B infections is greater than 28:1.
ABO Blood Grouping of Human Hair Using Radioactively‐Labelled Antibodies
Authors: Boettcher B. , Kay D. J. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. 125J‐labelled anti‐A, anti‐B and Dolichos biflorus extract were found to be suitable for use in the ABO grouping of hairs. The technique developed will tolerate a wide range of experimental conditions and, thus, is less exacting than mixed agglutination or elution techniques. The procedure involves crushing the hair in a press, incubating the hair with radiolabeled reagent, washing, and exposing control and test hairs to X‐ray film.Ulex europaeus extract, although it could be labelled satisfactorily, could not be used to identify hairs from O individuals. The A antigen could not be demonstrated on hair from an A2 individual.
Permanent Mixed‐Field Polyagglutinability (PMFP)
Authors: Sturgeon Phillip , Luner Stephen J. , McQuiston Dorothy T. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. With the use of endless belt fluid electrophoresis, these studies confirm previous reports of two cell populations in PMFP having different mobilities. Our method shows two clearly separated bands, while with the microelectrophoresis method a distinctly bimodal distribution is reported. The abnormal (A) cells show a 33‐ to 42‐percent reduction in mobility and a 47‐ to 48‐percent reduction in sialic acid as compared with standard cells. The serologically normal (N) cell population, on mixture with standard cells and subjected to electrophoresis, exhibits no increase in streak width indicative of increased electrophoretic heterogeneity. This is consistent with the findings in the preceding report of no serological abnormalities in the (N) cells. Results of hematological studies, red cell isozyme determinations and assays of glycolytic enzymes activity were not significantly different between the two cell populations.These observations lead us to suggest that the basic abnormality in PMFP (A) cells (Tn transformation) represents a point mutation involving a single genetic step in erythrocyte membrane glycoprotein biosynthesis. A block in the transfer of terminal D‐galactose to N‐acetylgalactosamine in a substantial proportion of (A) cell heterosaccharides is postulated to be common to all of the serological and biophysical aberrations. This would be consistent with the observed reduction of T, NVG, NHmn (also MHmn), electrostatic charge, sialic acid, and increased ‘saline agglutinability’ in incomplete antisera. The defect in galactose linkage could also leave exposed underlying N‐acetylgalactosamines with the consequent manifestation of AHmn, ADB, AHP, NBV and Tn.
New Determinants of Hepatitis B Antigen (Au or HB Antigen)
Authors: Soulier J. P. , Couroucé‐Pauty A. M. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. 261 HB antigens were subtyped for d and y. In the healthy carriers, 63 were found to be ad and 75 were ay. In the patients with acute hepatitis, 24 were ad and 33 ay (6 were ad and 2 ay in chronic hepatitis). Among haemodialyzed patients, 50 were ay and only 6 were ad. In 2 of these renal patients, we found a true association of ad and ay (ady). The w and r determinants were detected in 63 of these 261 HB antigens. 61 were w (33 ayw, 26 adw and 2 adyw), only 2 were w negative (I ayr and 1 adr).In the course of this study, several abnormalities: reactions of some ay with anti‐d sera, peculiar behaviour of an antiserum from Dakar which was responsible for the formation of spurs between some ay (and three ad) over all other HB antigens could not be explained by the w and r determinants. This and other observations (especially selected absorptions) led us to subdivide the ay into three categories (1, 2 and 3) and the ad into two categories (4 and 5). A sixth category consisted of the genuine association of ad and ay (ady).The observation that ay of category 3 and ad of category 5 behaved similarly in absorption studies and with the antiserum ‘Dakar’, led us to conclude that the common a determinant was heterogeneous and included 3 subdeterminants: al, a2 and a3, of decreasing antigenic strength. The five categories observed were interpreted as follows: (1) aly, healthy carriers from Vietnam; (2) a2y, healthy carriers, niainly Caucasians, and all the ay patients; (3) a3y, healthy carriers, mainly Africans; (4) a2d the great majority of ad carriers and patients, and (5) a3d, only 3 cases (see text). These new subdeterminants are discussed and compared with the determinants already described by other investigators.
The α‐Galactose Specificity of Anti‐Pk
Authors: Voak D. , Anstee D. , Pardoe Grace 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. These studies indicate that α‐galactose is the terminal and immunodominant sugar of the Pk determinant. Human anti‐Pk and the ‘anti‐Pk’ activity of salmon and trout protectins are strongly inhibited by α‐galactosyl groups of galactose, disaccharides and macromolecules, e.g. P1 substance. Removal of a‐galactose from P1 substance abolishes its ability to inhibit anti‐Pk antibody activity.Anti‐Pk antibody has a narrow spectrum for terminal a‐galactosyl groups of cell surface antigens defining those of Pk but not those of B, P1 or P2 cells, while all these cells are agglutinated by the fish roe protectins. We suggest that anti‐Pk antibody selects a larger determinant than the terminal α‐galactosyl group and the full determinant is structurally different from those of B, P1 and P2 antigens. By contrast, fish roe agglutinins bind to a part only of the α‐galactosyl group, present in all these antigens.
A Papain‐Bromelin‐Polybrene Four‐Channel Autoanalyzer System for Blood Group Antibody Screening
Authors: Habibi B. , Gerbal A. , Salmon C. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A papain‐bromelin‐polybrene antibody screening four‐channel Autoanalyzer system was developed using basic flow charts. Use of four different test cells as well as four different techniques and accelerated sampling rate made possible adaptation of automated screening methods to the routine needs of a transfusion service. Parallel manual and Autoanalyzer assays of 22,912 sera during a 12‐month period showed that performance of the apparatus was not outstanding with respect to some naturally occurring antibodies such as anti‐Lewis, anti‐P1, anti‐Lua and anti‐M. On the contrary, manually missed weak immune antibodies were well detected by the apparatus which showed a high sensitivity as well for many cross‐reacting and auto‐antibodies.Parallel screening of sera by both the machine and a simplified manual technique (saline, Coombs) using appropriate red cells appear to be a practical and reliable antibody‐screening policy. The problem of identification of ‘Autoanalyzer‐specific’ antibodies remains to be resolved in routine practice of transfusion laboratories.
Studies on the Secretion of Blood Group Substances:II. Observions on the Red Cell Phenotype Le(a‐b‐x‐)1
Authors: ARCILLA M. B. , STURGEON P. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractSalivas from 35 type Le(a‐b‐x‐) subjects were tested for Lea,Leb, Lex, A, B and H substances by both manual and automated quantitative hemagglutination inhibition methods. For comparison, similar data were gathered from 226 Lewis positive adults. Among the 13 Ma‐bx‐) nonsccretors, 7 had small quantities of salivary Leaactivity and 11 had low concentrations of salivary Lexby manual methods. None showed any salivary Lebactivity. By the automated method, low concentrations of Leaactivity were demonstrable in 12. Among the 22 Ma‐b‐x‐) ‐tors, 6 had minute quantities of salivary Lewis activity, mainly Leb. The Lebactivity could not represent cross reactivity with H substance because most of those subjects with the highest H activities had no Lebactivity.Our quantitative studies show, when salivary Lewis activity is present in individuals whose red cells era type Ma‐bx‐), that the activity is much lower in comparison with individuals whose red cells are Lewis positive. Thus, based on quantitative salivary studies, it is possible to distinguish between Lewis positive (Len and Lewis negative (le/le) individuals.These observations suggest that the le gene is not a completely inert allele but that it governs the biosynthesis of serologically active substances. The Ze gene can be regarded as an inefficient Le which produces exactly the same products in a qualitative way as the Le gene but quantitatively far less. Another possibility is, as recently suggested, that the le gene actually governs the biosynthesis of distinct products Lecand Ledand that salivary Leaand Lebactivities among Lewis negative subjects represent cross reactivity with these products.
Reversed Haemagglutination Test for the Detection of Hepatitis B Antigen
Authors: Schuurs A. H. W. M. , Kačaki J. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The results of a multi‐centre trial of a simple reversed haemagglutination (rHA) technique for hepatitis B antigen (HB Ag) screening are presented. rHA was compared with counter‐immunoelectrophoresis (CEP), immunodiffusion (ID) and micro‐complement fixation (CF). Radioimmunoassay (RIA) was used as a reference test.In a group of serum panels consisting of 3,700 samples, rHA was generally found more sensitive than CEP and ID, and about as sensitive as CF. In terms of specificity, rHA was found to be equal to CEP and CF and less specific than ID. An absorption procedure proved to eliminate practically all false positives. In a second phase, 41,355 samples from blood donors were tested. On the average, the sensitivity of rHA was superior to that of CEP. rHA detected, with a high degree of specificity, about 40% more positive samples than CEP.These results allow the conclusion that rHA is very suitable for mass HB Ag screening of blood donors.