bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New Anticoagulants
Authors: Bauer Kenneth A. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Traditional anticoagulant drugs, including unfractionated heparin and warfarin, have several limitations. New anticoagulants have been developed that target a single coagulation factor and have predictable dose-response relationships. These include direct thrombin inhibitors and factor Xa inhibitors. Two parenteral direct thrombin inhibitors, lepirudin and argatroban, have FDA approval for the management of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). Bivalirudin is a parenteral direct thrombin inhibitor that is licensed for patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions and for those with HIT who require percutaneous coronary interventions. Ximelagatran, an oral prodrug of the direct thrombin inhibitor melagatran, showed efficacy in the prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism as well as stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation. However, due to nonhematologic safety concerns, it did not receive FDA approval in the US. Fondaparinux is a synthetic pentasaccharide, which binds to antithrombin, thereby indirectly selectively inhibiting factor Xa. Fondaparinux demonstrated efficacy compared to low-molecular-weight heparin in randomized clinical trials and is FDA approved for the prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism. The OASIS 5 trial in non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes recently demonstrated that the fondaparinux dose approved for prophylaxis of deep venous thrombosis is as efficacious with respect to ischemic outcomes as therapeutic doses of enoxaparin; fondaparinux, however, was associated with a substantial reduction in major bleeding at 9 days and mortality at 1 and 6 months. A number of oral direct factor Xa inhibitors as well as other oral direct thrombin inhibitors are in clinical development for the prevention and treatment of thrombosis; the current status of these anticoagulants is reviewed along with the challenges faced in designing pivotal clinical trials of these agents in comparison to existing anticoagulants.
Thrombosis in Infants and Children
Authors: Schneppenheim Reinhard , Greiner Jeanette 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
During the last decade much progress has been made toward better understanding of the underlying reasons causing thromboembolism in children. A considerable number of acquired and hereditary thrombotic risk factors have been identified which may also have an impact on therapeutic decisions and prognosis concerning outcome and the risk of a second event. However, indications for therapeutic interventions, such as thrombolysis and prophylactic anticoagulation with respect to the different clinical conditions and their combination with other risk factors, are not yet well defined. The following article describes the causes, clinical presentation and management of thrombosis in neonates, infants and older children, focusing on the clinically most relevant conditions.
A phase 1/2 trial of arginine butyrate and ganciclovir in patients with Epstein-Barr virus–associated lymphoid malignancies
Authors: Perrine Susan P. , Hermine Olivier , Small Trudy , Suarez Felipe , O'Reilly Richard , Boulad Farid , Fingeroth Joyce , Askin Melissa , Levy Arthur , Mentzer Steven J. , Di Nicola Massimo , Gianni Alessandro M. , Klein Christoph , Horwitz Steven , Faller Douglas V. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMalignancies associated with latent Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) are resistant to nucleoside-type antiviral agents because the viral enzyme target of these antiviral drugs, thymidine kinase (TK), is not expressed. Short-chain fatty acids, such as butyrate, induce EBV-TK expression in latently infected B cells. As butyrate has been shown to sensitize EBV+ lymphoma cells in vitro to apoptosis induced by ganciclovir, arginine butyrate in combination with ganciclovir was administered in 15 patients with refractory EBV+ lymphoid malignancies to evaluate the drug combination for toxicity, pharmacokinetics, and clinical responses. Ganciclovir was administered twice daily at standard doses, and arginine butyrate was administered by continuous infusion in an intrapatient dose escalation, from 500 mg/(kg/day) escalating to 2000 mg/(kg/day), as tolerated, for a 21-day cycle. The MTD for arginine butyrate in combination with ganciclovir was established as 1000 mg/(kg/day). Ten of 15 patients showed significant antitumor responses, with 4 CRs and 6 PRs within one treatment cycle. Complications from rapid tumor lysis occurred in 3 patients. Reversible somnolence or stupor occurred in 3 patients at arginine butyrate doses of greater than 1000 mg/(kg/day). The combination of arginine butyrate and ganciclovir was reasonably well-tolerated and appears to have significant biologic activity in vivo in EBV+ lymphoid malignancies which are refractory to other regimens.
TACI regulates IgA production by APRIL in collaboration with HSPG
Authors: Sakurai Daisuke , Hase Hidenori , Kanno Yumiko , Kojima Hidefumi , Okumura Ko , Kobata Tetsuji 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Transmembrane activator and calcium modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor (TACI) is a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family that serves as a receptor for B-cell activating factor of the TNF family (BAFF) and as a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL). Although TACI is reported to function as a positive or negative regulator for B-cell responses, its roles remain elusive. Experiments using TACI siRNA into B cells indicated that TACI positively regulated APRIL-induced IgA production in collaboration with heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG). Furthermore, TACI negatively regulated BAFF-induced B-cell proliferation and production of IgA and IgG. In addition, B cells treated with heparitinase to denature HSPG showed that HSPG is essential for APRIL-induced B-cell responses such as B-cell proliferation, IgG and IgA production, induction of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), and noncanonical NF-κB2. In contrast, phosphorylation of physiological AID kinase, protein kinase A (PKA), was dependent on TACI. Importantly, coligation of TACI and HSPG by specific antibodies, but not by TACI or HSPG ligation itself, could induce the phosphorylation of PKA and IgA production instead of APRIL. Our findings indicate that simultaneous binding of TACI and HSPG on B cells with APRIL is crucial for IgA production.
The effect of the Thanksgiving Holiday on weight gain
Authors: Hull Holly R , Radley Duncan , Dinger Mary K , Fields David A 
Published: November 2006

Abstract

Background
More people than ever are considered obese and the resulting health problems are evident. These facts highlight the need for identification of critical time periods for weight gain. Therefore the purpose was to assess potential changes that occur in body weight during the Thanksgiving holiday break in college students.

Methods
94 college students (23.0 ± 4.6 yrs, 72.1 ± 14.0 kg, 172.6 ± 9.3 cm, 24.0 ± 3.9 kg/m2) reported to the human body composition laboratory at the University of Oklahoma following a 6-hour fast with testing occurring prior to, and immediately following the Thanksgiving holiday break (13 ± 3 days). Body weight (BW) was assessed using a balance beam scale while participants were dressed in minimal clothing. Paired t-tests were used to assess changes in BW pre and post Thanksgiving holiday with additional analysis by gender, body mass index (BMI), and class standing (i.e. undergraduate vs. graduate).

Results
Overall, a significant (P < 0.05) increase in BW was found between pre (72.1 kg) and post (72.6 kg) Thanksgiving holiday. When stratified by gender and class standing a significant (P < 0.05) increase in body weight was observed between the pre and post Thanksgiving holiday in males (0.6 kg), females (0.4 kg) and graduate students (0.8 kg). When participants were classified by BMI as normal or as overweight/obese, a significant 1.0 kg BW gain was found (P < 0.05) in the overweight/obese (≥25 kg/m2) group compared to a non significant 0.2 kg gain in the normal group (<25 kg/m2).

Conclusion
These data indicate that participants in our study gained a significant amount of BW (0.5 kg) during the Thanksgiving holiday. While an increase in BW of half a kilogram may not be cause for alarm, the increase could have potential long-term health consequences if participants retained this weight gain throughout the college year. Additionally, because the overweight/obese participants gained the greatest amount of BW, this group may be at increased risk for weight gain and further obesity development during the holiday season.
A rapidly evolving secretome builds and patterns a sea shell
Authors: Jackson Daniel J , McDougall Carmel , Green Kathryn , Simpson Fiona , Wörheide Gert , Degnan Bernard M 
Published: November 2006

Abstract

Background

Instructions to fabricate mineralized structures with distinct nanoscale architectures, such as seashells and coral and vertebrate skeletons, are encoded in the genomes of a wide variety of animals. In mollusks, the mantle is responsible for the extracellular production of the shell, directing the ordered biomineralization of CaCO3 and the deposition of architectural and color patterns. The evolutionary origins of the ability to synthesize calcified structures across various metazoan taxa remain obscure, with only a small number of protein families identified from molluskan shells. The recent sequencing of a wide range of metazoan genomes coupled with the analysis of gene expression in non-model animals has allowed us to investigate the evolution and process of biomineralization in gastropod mollusks.

Results

Here we show that over 25% of the genes expressed in the mantle of the vetigastropod Haliotis asinina encode secreted proteins, indicating that hundreds of proteins are likely to be contributing to shell fabrication and patterning. Almost 85% of the secretome encodes novel proteins; remarkably, only 19% of these have identifiable homologues in the full genome of the patellogastropod Lottia scutum. The spatial expression profiles of mantle genes that belong to the secretome is restricted to discrete mantle zones, with each zone responsible for the fabrication of one of the structural layers of the shell. Patterned expression of a subset of genes along the length of the mantle is indicative of roles in shell ornamentation. For example, Has-sometsuke maps precisely to pigmentation patterns in the shell, providing the first case of a gene product to be involved in molluskan shell pigmentation. We also describe the expression of two novel genes involved in nacre (mother of pearl) deposition.

Conclusion

The unexpected complexity and evolvability of this secretome and the modular design of the molluskan mantle enables diversification of shell strength and design, and as such must contribute to the variety of adaptive architectures and colors found in mollusk shells. The composition of this novel mantle-specific secretome suggests that there are significant molecular differences in the ways in which gastropods synthesize their shells.
Clinical Features of Bacterial Conjunctivitis in Children
Authors: Patel Parul B. , Diaz Maria Carmen G. , Bennett Jonathan E. , Attia Magdy W. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract Objectives Conjunctivitis is a common cause of primary care and emergency department (ED) visits. There is a paucity of data in recent literature on the prevalence of pediatric bacterial conjunctivitis, and there are no evidence‐based clinical guidelines for empirical treatment. The study objective was to describe clinical features most predictive of bacterial conjunctivitis. Methods This was a prospective study in a children's hospital ED. Conjunctival swabs for bacterial culture were obtained from patients aged 1 month to 18 years presenting with red or pink eye and/or the diagnosis of conjunctivitis. Results A total of 111 patients were enrolled over one year. Patients had a mean (±SD) age of 33.2 (±37.5) months, and 55% were male. Eighty‐seven patients (78%) had positive bacterial cultures. Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae accounted for 82% (71/87), Streptococcus pneumoniae for 16% (14/87), and Staphylococcus aureus for 2.2% (2/87). Five clinical variables were significantly associated with a positive bacterial culture. Regression analysis revealed that the combination of a history of gluey or sticky eyelids and the physical finding of mucoid or purulent discharge had a posttest probability of 96% (95% confidence interval = 90% to 99%). Subjective scoring by physicians for a positive culture was 50.6%. Conclusions Conjunctivitis in children is predominantly bacterial, with nontypeable H. influenzae being the most common organism. A history of gluey or sticky eyelids and physical findings of mucoid or purulent discharge are highly predictive of bacterial infection. Based on the above data, empirical ophthalmic antibiotic therapy may be appropriate in children presenting with conjunctivitis.
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome with Delayed Onset of Fever Following Risperidone Administration
Authors: Norris Byron , Angeles Virginia , Eisenstein Rina , Seale J Paul 
Published: November 2006

Objective: To report and discuss a case of neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) with delayed onset of fever in a patient taking risperidone. Case Summary: A 59-year-old white female presented with progressive weakness, confusion, and disorientation 10 days after restarting risperidone 2 mg/day therapy for bipolar disorder. She had taken risperidone for several years prior to this episode and had stopped it for approximately 3 weeks; risperidone was discontinued on admission. The patient's creatine kinase (CK) level was elevated (901 IU/L; reference range 39–162) on admission and increased to 1991 IU/L the following day. She was initially afebrile and had no muscular rigidity. Elevated temperature (38.1°C) did not occur until hospital day 2. The patient was successfully treated with diazepam, bromocriptine, and dantrolene and suffered no long-term sequelae. Discussion: Other clinicians have reported atypical presentations of NMS in patients taking newer neuroleptic agents. Although this patient met diagnostic criteria for NMS, the hallmark symptoms of fever and muscle rigidity were delayed in onset. Also, the patient never remained febrile for more than 24 hours and her maximum temperature was only 38.6°C. An objective causality assessment suggests that this case of NMS was probably related to restarting risperidone. Conclusions: Because of the life-threatening nature of this syndrome, clinicians should consider NMS in afebrile patients presenting with diaphoresis, changes in level of consciousness, mutism, tremors, tachycardia, leukocytosis, and elevated CK levels.
An extension of geisser's discrimination model to proportional covariance matrices
Authors: Hawkins Douglas M. , Raath E. Liefde 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe predictive discrimination model of Geisser is derived for the case in which the covariance matrices of the different populations are assumed proportional, with unknown constants of proportionality. It is shown that this model provides a better fit to a set of data than does the usual homoscedastic model.
Small‐sample results for maximum‐likelihood estimation in branching processes
Authors: Dion Jean‐Pierre , Labelle Gilbert , Latour Alain 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn this article, small sample properties of the maximum‐likelihood estimator (m.l.e.) for the offspring distribution (pk) and its mean m are considered in the context of the simple branching process. A representation theorem is given for the m.l.e. of (Pk) from which the m.l.e. of m is obtained. The case where p0 + p1 + p2 = 1 is studied in detail: numerical results are given for the exact bias of these estimators as a function of the age of the process; a curve fitting analysis expresses the bias of m̌ as a function of the mean and the variance of the offspring distribution and finally an “approximate m.l.e.” for (pk) is given.
Villon, Testament, Strophe CXXXVIII
Authors: Schutz A. H. 
Published: November 2006

Villon's propensity for punning needs no comment. It is not often, however, that an entire stanza of his represents a well-knit and complex chain of word-plays in the manner of the following one.Item, je donne a Basennier,Notaire et greffier criminel,De giroffle ung plain panierPrins sur maistre Jehan de Ruel,Tant a Mautaint, tant a Rosnel,Et, avec ce don de giroffle,Servir de cuer gent et ysnelLe seigneur qui sert saint Cristoffle.
The Conservative Attitude toward Fiction, 1770–1830
Authors: Gallaway W. F. 
Published: November 2006

In 1843 when Lord Jeffrey reviewed the critical activity of his early maturity he took pains to explain his unsympathetic treatment of fiction in the columns of The Edinburgh Review:It may be worth while to inform the present generation that, in my youth, writings of this sort were rated very low with us—scarcely allowed indeed to pass as part of a nation's permanent literature—and generally deemed altogether unworthy of any grave critical notice.
Longfellow and His Authorized British Publishers
Authors: Gohdes Clarence 
Published: November 2006

The fact that Henry Wadsworth Longfellow was one of the most widely read poets in the British Isles during the middle of the nineteenth century cannot be explained entirely by the popular nature of a large portion of his writings. Equally important are the circumstances connected with the publishing business, which, prior to the passage of the American international copyright act in 1891, made possible the purchase of pirated editions of his various works at a price within the range of the lower levels of the reading classes. Tennyson was indeed popular, but in the 1850's a copy of one of his books cost a good round sum. Longfellow likewise was popular, but a copy of his latest work could often be bought for a shilling. The result was inevitable. When an English woman wrote to Longfellow in 1876 protesting against American publishers, who had reprinted her works without permission, the poet replied:It may comfort you to know that I have had twenty-two publishers in England and Scotland, and only four of them ever took the slightest notice of my existence, even so far as to send me a copy of the books. Shall we call that “chivalry,” —or the other word? Some good comes of it, after all; for it is an advertisement, and surely helps what follows. It gives you thousands of readers instead of hundreds.
Diabetes Self-Management Education for Older Adults: General Principles and Practical Application
Authors: Suhl Emmy , Bonsignore Patricia 
Published: November 2006

In BriefDiabetes self-management education (DSME) for older adults is complicated by the high prevalence of medical comorbidities and declining functional status among this patient population. To adequately meet the DSME needs of older adults, DSME should be individualized, involve multiple disciplines, involve care partners when patients cannot assume full responsibility for their own self-care, and carefully weigh the potential effects of diabetes treatments on quality of life. This article presents pointers for effective DSME for older adults and a case study illustrating some of the particular challenges involved.
Rheological behavior of acrylonitrile/ammonium acrylate copolymer solutions
Authors: Ying Liang , Hou Chen , Qun Wang 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAmmonium acrylate was first used as a comonomer to copolymerize with acrylonitrile. The viscosity behavior of dimethyl formamide solutions of acrylonitrile/ammonium acrylate copolymer was studied, and the rheological kinetics of the solutions were studied for comparison. It was shown that the solutions behaved the same as a Newtonian flow as the rotor speed increased beyond 12 rpm. With an increase in temperature, the apparent viscosity of acrylonitrile/ammonium acrylate copolymer solutions showed a trend of decreasing. The changes in the apparent flow‐activation energy of solutions (Eη) calculated by the Arrhenius equation became less prominent along with the changes in the molecular weight of the acrylonitrile/ammonium acrylate copolymers. Eη increased continuously with an increase in copolymer concentration. The viscosity of copolymer solutions decreased continuously as the concentrations of KCl and NaCl increased up to 0.015 mol/L, and then it increased. The Eη showed an obvious trend of decreasing with the addition of alkali salts, and the changes in the Eη containing NaCl were more prominent than those of solutions containing KCl. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2320–2324, 2007
Presumption of shear strength of steel fiber reinforced concrete beam using artificial neural network model
Authors: Ahn Namshik , Jang Hwasup , Park Do Kyong 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe shear force characteristics of steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) are investigated with varying shapes and mixture ratios. However, because experimental characterization of SFRC is experimentally demanding in terms of time and equipment, the characterized SFRC data are used with limitation. Therefore, for various applications, an easier approach is required to predict the shear force characteristics of unsaturated soils. In consideration of such a situation, a method to ascertain the shear force characteristics of SFRC is suggested and applied to this study as a neural network theory. The backpropagation algorithm is applied as a learning algorithm for a neural network, and learning is performed in order to converge within an error range of 0.001. In addition, a nonlinear function is used as an objective function and the problem of overfitting is resolved with a more generalized method by adopting the Bayesian regularization technique as a generalization process. To identify the reliability of this artificial neural network model, we compare values from the shear strength test of SFRC beams with the values from the model. They show correspondence between them. Therefore, it is concluded that, if many test variables and data are used as input for learning in the neural network model developed in this study, it is possible to attain a much more reliable prediction. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2351–2358, 2007
Dielectric properties of SBR vulcanizates loaded with HAF carbon black and BaTiO3 ceramics
Authors: Abu‐Abdeen M. , Hamza S. S. , Elwy A. A. , El‐Wahab S. M. Abd 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe influence of HAF carbon black and BaTiO3 ceramic powder contents in SBR vulcanizates on the dielectric constant (ε′) at different frequencies and at fixed temperature of 303 K is studied well in this article. The temperature dependence of the ac conductivity (σac) was also studied. ε′ appreciably decreases as frequency increased for both filled and unfilled SBR vulcanizates. At each frequency, ε′ gradually decreased with BaTiO3 loading, but its change at any fixed frequency with BaTiO3 filler loading is not uniform. For HAF group ε′ (at loading ≥ 40 phr), drops rapidly with frequency. Meanwhile, it increased appreciably beyond a certain HAF filler loading (≈ 20 phr). Experimental values of the dielectric constant of both BaTiO3 and HAF contents were compared with those calculated by using Tsangaris, Clausius and Bruggman models. Tsangaris model with simple modifications was applied and a fairly good agreement was obtained. The HAF particles or aggregates was found to take the shape of oblate ellipsoids with the minor axes parallel to the applied frequency as detected from the decreasing behavior of the depolarizing factor (Y) with HAF contents. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2227–2234, 2007