bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunocytochemistry of p16INK4ain liquid-based cervicovaginal specimens with modified Papanicolaou counterstaining
Authors: Negri G , Moretto G , Menia E , Vittadello F , Kasal A , Mian C , Egarter-Vigl E 
Published: February 2006

Aim:To evaluate the feasibility and value of a modified Papanicolaou counterstain for p16INK4aimmunostaining in liquid-based cervicovaginal samples.Methods:Immunocytochemical analyses were carried out with p16INK4aand modified Papanicolaou counterstain on 81 liquid-based samples, including 23 of within normal limits (WNL), 6 of low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), 20 of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL), 16 of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US) and 16 of atypical squamous cells, high-grade lesion cannot be excluded (ASC-H). Results were compared with histological or cytological follow-up. For comparison, samples from 29 more cases (10 of LSIL, 10 of ASC-H and 9 of HSIL) were immunostained with p16INK4aand conventionally counterstained with haematoxylin. The intensity of immunostaining in cases of squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL) was assessed using a 0–3 scoring system. Interobserver agreement was calculated by κ statistics.Results:Expression of p16INK4awas detected in 3 of 23 cases of WNL, 4 of 6 cases of LSIL, all cases of HSIL, 5 of 16 cases of ASC-US and 13 of 16 cases of ASC-H. Excluding two cases with no residual dysplastic cells in the immunocytochemistry, all cases of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)2 or CIN3 at follow-up expressed p16INK4aand none of the p16INK4a-negative cases showed a high-grade lesion at follow-up. No evident differences in pattern or intensity of p16INK4aexpression were observed between the specimens of the study and control groups. Interobserver agreement was significantly better in the study group than in the group with conventional immunostaining (combined κ 0.773v0.549; p<0.05), and still better, albeit statistically not significant, than with conventional immunostaining and cervical smear test together (combined κ 0.773v0.642).Conclusion:Immunocytochemistry with p16INK4aand modified Papanicolaou counterstain may add to the cervicovaginal cytology the full potentiality of p16INK4awithout the need of a further slide and the risk of loss of dysplastic cells, yet maintaining the typical morphological features of the smear test.
Oncocytic change in pleomorphic adenoma: molecular evidence in support of an origin in neoplastic cells
Authors: Di Palma Silvana , Lambros Maryou B K , Savage Kay , Jones Chris , Mackay Alan , Dexter Tim , Iravani Marjan , Fenwick Kerry , Ashworth Alan , Reis-Filho Jorge S 
Published: February 2006

Background:Cells with oncocytic change (OC) are a common finding in salivary glands (SGs) and in SG tumours. When found within pleomorphic adenomas (PAs), cells with OC may be perceived as evidence of malignancy, and lead to a misdiagnosis of carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma (CaExPa).Aim:To describe a case of PA with atypical OC, resembling a CaExPa. A genomewide molecular analysis was carried out to compare the molecular genetic features of the two components and to determine whether the oncocytic cells originated from PA cells, entrapped normal cells, or whether these cells constitute an independent tumour.Materials and methods:Representative blocks were immunohistochemically analysed with antibodies raised against cytokeratin (Ck) 5/6, Ck8/18, Ck14, vimentin, p63, α-smooth muscle actin (ASMA), S100 protein, anti-mitochondria antibody, β-catenin, HER2, Ki67, p53 and epidermal growth factor receptor. Typical areas of PA and OC were microdissected and subjected to microarray-based comparative genomic hybridisation (aCGH). Chromogenic in situ hybridisation (CISH) was performed with in-house generated probes to validate the aCGH findings.Results:PA cells showed the typical immunohistochemical profile, including positivity for Ck5/6, Ck8/18, Ck14, vimentin, ASMA, S100 protein, p63, epidermal growth factor receptor and β-catenin, whereas oncocytic cells showed a luminal phenotype, expression of anti-mitochondria antibody and reduced β-catenin staining. Both components showed low proliferation rates and lacked p53 reactivity. aCGH revealed a similar amplification in both components, mapping to 12q13.3–q21.1, which was further validated by CISH. No HER2 gene amplification or overexpression was observed. The foci of oncocytic metaplasia showed an additional low-level gain of 6p25.2–p21.31.Conclusion:The present data demonstrate that the bizarre atypical cells of the present case show evidence of clonality but no features of malignancy. In addition, owing to the presence of a similar genome amplification pattern in both components, it is proposed that at least in some cases, OC may originate from PA cells.
Bacteraemia caused byAnaerotruncus colihominisand emended description of the species
Authors: Lau S K P , Woo P C Y , Woo G K S , Fung A M Y , Ngan A H Y , Song Y , Liu C , Summanen P , Finegold S M , Yuen K 
Published: February 2006

Background:Anaerotruncus colihomonisis a newly described bacterial genus and species isolated from the stool specimens of children. Its clinical significance, however, is unknown.Aims:To describe a case ofA colihominisbacteraemia identified by 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequencing and provide an emended description of the species.Methods:An unidentified anaerobic bacillus (strain HKU19) that stains Gram negative was subjected to characterisation by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, G+C content determination and electron microscopy.Results:Strain HKU19 was isolated from the blood culture of a 78-year-old woman with nosocomial bacteraemia. It was found to be an anaerobic, non-motile, pleomorphic, thin bacillus that stains Gram negative. It produces Indole and utilises glucose and mannose. Identifying the strain to the species level was not possible by conventional phenotypic tests and commercial identification systems. The G+C content of strain HKU19 was found to be 53.43 mol%. A similarity of 99.3% nucleotide identities was found between the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain HKU19 and that ofA colihominisWAL 14 565T, which was isolated from a human faecal specimen. In contrast with the original description ofA colihominis, HKU19 was found to produce occasional oval, terminal spores, although the other phenotypic characteristics matched. Spores were also occasionally observed when the two previously reported strains were re-examined.Conclusions:Although the source of the bacteraemia in the patient cannot be determined, this report suggests thatA colihominisis of clinical significance. Spore formation is proposed as an emended description ofA colihominis.
Post-traumatic fibro-osseous lesion of the ribs: a relatively under-recognised entity
Authors: Aubert S , Kerdraon O , Conti M , Buob D , Petit S , Leroy X 
Published: February 2006

Aim:To report the description of a rare benign osseous lesion affecting the ribs entitled post-traumatic fibro-osseous lesion (PTFOL).Methods:Seven cases of PTFOLs were retrieved from the archives of the University Hospital of Lille. Histological slides were reviewed and lesions were classified according to the histological patterns described by McDermottet al. Clinical and follow-up data were obtained from the patients’ charts.Results:PTFOLs occurred principally in men (mean age 31.8 years) with a known or suspected previous chest injury for four of them. No previous cancer was noted. Radiologically, PTFOLs readily presented as an isolated expansive lucency with a sclerotic rim located on the last five ribs. A constant increased uptake of radionucleotide was noted on bone scan. Microscopically, two fibro-osseous, four xanthomatous and one mixed pattern were individualised. Lesions were characterised by a network of anastomosing bone trabeculae without osteoblast lining within a fibrous stroma. A zonal maturation from woven to peripheral lamellar bone was characterised. Central sheets of lipid-laden histiocytes were conspicuous in the xanthomatous type. For each patient, clinical follow-up was excellent, without any recurrence.Conclusions:This is the second largest series of PTFOLs, which is considered to be a dysplastic healing process after trauma. It may be symptomatic or shown by imaging studies realised for unrelated reason. PTFOL is regularly misdiagnosed with other more common lesions of the ribs, such as fibro-osseous dysplasia, osteoma osteoid and benign fibrous histiocytoma. Its recognition is of importance because no follow-up is needed after resection.
Present-Day Atmospheric Simulations Using GISS ModelE: Comparison to In Situ, Satellite, and Reanalysis Data
Authors: Schmidt Gavin A. , Ruedy Reto , Hansen James E. , Aleinov Igor , Bell Nadine , Bauer Mike , Bauer Susanne , Cairns Brian , Canuto Vittorio , Cheng Ye , Del Genio Anthony , Faluvegi Greg , Friend Andrew D. , Hall Tim M. , Hu Yongyun , Kelley Max , Kiang Nancy Y. , Koch Dorothy , Lacis Andy A. , Lerner Jean , Lo Ken K. , Miller Ron L. , Nazarenko Larissa , Oinas Valdar , Perlwitz Jan , Perlwitz Judith , Rind David , Romanou Anastasia , Russell Gary L. , Sato Makiko , Shindell Drew T. , Stone Peter H. , Sun Shan , Tausnev Nick , Thresher Duane , Yao Mao-Sung 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
A full description of the ModelE version of the Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) atmospheric general circulation model (GCM) and results are presented for present-day climate simulations (ca. 1979). This version is a complete rewrite of previous models incorporating numerous improvements in basic physics, the stratospheric circulation, and forcing fields. Notable changes include the following: the model top is now above the stratopause, the number of vertical layers has increased, a new cloud microphysical scheme is used, vegetation biophysics now incorporates a sensitivity to humidity, atmospheric turbulence is calculated over the whole column, and new land snow and lake schemes are introduced. The performance of the model using three configurations with different horizontal and vertical resolutions is compared to quality-controlled in situ data, remotely sensed and reanalysis products. Overall, significant improvements over previous models are seen, particularly in upper-atmosphere temperatures and winds, cloud heights, precipitation, and sea level pressure. Data–model comparisons continue, however, to highlight persistent problems in the marine stratocumulus regions.
Influence of Cold Air Intrusions on the Wet Season Onset over Amazonia
Authors: Li Wenhong , Fu Rong 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Using 15-yr data from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Re-Analysis (ERA-15), the authors found that rapid southeastward expansion of the rainy area from the western Amazon to southeastern Brazil is a result of midlatitude cold air intrusions. During austral spring, as the large-scale thermodynamic structure over Amazonia becomes destabilized, the incursions of extratropical cold air can trigger intense rainfall along the leading edge of northwest–southeast-oriented cold fronts east of the Andes. As these fronts penetrate into Amazonia, the northerly or northwesterly wind transports warm, moist air from the western Amazon to southeast Brazil. Moisture convergence consequently intensifies, resulting in northwest–southeast-elongated rainy areas. The latter contribute to the observed rapid, southeastward expansion of rainy areas shown in rainfall climatology during austral spring.
The authors’ analysis suggests that cold air intrusions during austral spring collectively assist the transformation of large-scale thermodynamic and dynamic environments to those favorable for the wet season onsets. Each time the cold fronts pass by, they tend to increase the atmospheric humidity and the buoyancy of the lower troposphere, which destabilizes the atmosphere. In the upper troposphere, the cold air intrusions supply kinetic energy for the development of anticyclonic flow. Cold air intrusions in the transitional season are not different from those occurring immediately before the wet season onsets except that the latter occurs under a more humid and unstable atmospheric condition. Thus, cold air intrusions can trigger the wet season onsets only when atmospheric and land surface conditions are “ready” for the onset.
Comparisons among early, normal, and late onsets on an interannual scale further suggest that more frequent and stronger cold air intrusions trigger the early onsets of wet seasons given suitable large-scale thermodynamic conditions. Likewise, less frequent and weaker cold air intrusions could delay the wet season onset even though the large-scale thermodynamic conditions appear to be favorable. Occasionally, strong unstable atmospheric thermodynamic conditions and northerly reversal of cross-equatorial flow can lead to wet season onsets without cold air intrusions. In such cases, enhanced precipitation is centered over central and eastern Amazon, and rainfall increases more gradually compared to the onset with cold air intrusions.
Upper-Ocean Mixed Layer and Wintertime Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies in the North Pacific
Authors: Tomita Tomohiko , Nonaka Masami 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
In the North Pacific, the wintertime sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA), which is represented by March (SSTAMar), when the upper-ocean mixed layer depth (hMar) reaches its maximum, is formed by the anomalous surface forcing from fall to winter (S′). As a parameter of volume, hMar has a potential to modify the impact of S′ on SSTAMar. Introducing an upper-ocean heat budget equation, the present study identifies the physical relationship among the spatial distributions of hMar, S′, and SSTAMar.
The long-term mean of hMar adjusts the spatial distribution of SSTAMar. Without the adjustment, the impact of S′ on SSTAMar is overestimated where the hMar mean is deep. Since hMar is partially due to seawater temperature, it leads to nonlinearity between the S′ and the SSTAMar. When the SSTAMar is negative (positive), the sensitivity to S′ is impervious (responsive) with the deepening (shoaling) of the hMar compared to the linear sensitivity. The thermal impacts from the ocean to the atmosphere might be underestimated under the assumption of the linear relationship.
Wind Stress Variations and Interannual Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific
Authors: Zhang Xuebin , McPhaden Michael J. 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Vertical advection of temperature is the primary mechanism by which El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) time-scale sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies are generated in the eastern equatorial Pacific. Variations in vertical advection are mediated primarily by remote wind-forced thermocline displacements, which control the temperature of water upwelled to the surface. However, during some ENSO events, large wind stress variations occur in the eastern Pacific that in principle should affect local upwelling rates, the depth of the thermocline, and SST. In this study, the impact of these wind stress variations on the eastern equatorial Pacific is addressed using multiple linear regression analysis and a linear equatorial wave model. The regression analysis indicates that a zonal wind stress anomaly of 0.01 N m−2 leads to approximately a 1°C SST anomaly over the Niño-3 region (5°N–5°S, 90°–150°W) due to changes in local upwelling rates. Wind stress variations of this magnitude occurred in the eastern Pacific during the 1982/83 and 1997/98 El Niños, accounting for about 1/3 of the maximum SST anomaly during these events. The linear equatorial wave model also indicates that depending on the period in question, zonal wind stress variations in the eastern Pacific can work either with or against remote wind stress forcing from the central and western Pacific to determine the thermocline depth in the eastern Pacific. Thus, zonal wind stress variations in the eastern Pacific contribute to the generation of interannual SST anomalies through both changes in local upwelling rates and changes in thermocline depth. Positive feedbacks between the ocean and atmosphere in the eastern Pacific are shown to influence the evolution of the surface wind field, especially during strong El Niño events, emphasizing the coupled nature of variability in the region. Implications of these results for understanding the character of event-to-event differences in El Niño and La Niña are discussed.
Wilms tumor suppressor, Wt1, is a transcriptional activator of the erythropoietin gene
Authors: Dame Christof , Kirschner Karin M. , Bartz Katharina V. , Wallach Thomas , Hussels Christiane S. , Scholz Holger 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMolecular mechanisms for the developmental stage and tissue-specific regulation of the erythropoietin (EPO) gene are poorly understood. Recent findings indicate a role of the Wilms tumor suppressor, Wt1, in the formation of the hematopoietic system. Herein, we tested the hypothesis that Wt1 is a transcriptional regulator of the EPO gene. Binding of the transcriptionally competent Wt1(–KTS) isoform to the minimal EPO promoter was demonstrated by electrophoretic mobility shift assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation. Under normoxia, EPO expression was significantly increased in HEK 293 and HepG2 cells with forced expression of Wt1(–KTS). A reporter construct harboring the 117-bp minimal human EPO promoter was activated up to 20-fold by transient cotransfection of Wt1(–KTS) in different cell lines. Mutation of the Wt1 binding site in the EPO promoter abrogated this stimulatory effect of the Wt1(–KTS) protein. Hepatic Epo mRNA expression was significantly reduced in embryonic mice with homozygous Wt1 deletion. Furthermore, Wt1 and EPO were colocalized in hepatocytes of the liver and in neuronal cells of the dorsal root ganglia in developing mice. Both proteins were also detected in Sertoli cells of the adult murine testis. In conclusion, we identified Wt1(–KTS) as a novel transcriptional activator for the tissue-specific expression of the EPO gene.
Requirement of the human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV-1) tax-stimulated HIAP-1 gene for the survival of transformed lymphocytes
Authors: Wäldele Katja , Silbermann Katrin , Schneider Grit , Ruckes Tobias , Cullen Bryan R. , Grassmann Ralph 
Published: February 2006

AbstractHuman T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), the cause of adult T cell leukemia (ATL), induces clonal expansion of infected T-cells in nonleukemic individuals and immortalizes T cells in vitro. The resistance against apoptotic stimuli of these cells hints at a viral survival function in addition to a proliferation-stimulating activity. Here we describe the up-regulation of the antiapoptotic HIAP-1/CIAP-2 gene as a consistent phenotype of HTLV-1–transformed and ATL-derived cultures and its stimulation by the viral oncoprotein Tax. Cotransfections revealed a 60-fold increase of HIAP-1 promoter activity mediated by Tax mainly via nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation. To address the relevance of virally increased HIAP-1 levels for the survival of HTLV-1–transformed cells, its expression was RNA interference (RNAi) suppressed using a lentiviral transduction system. This resulted in a dramatic reduction of cell growth, a strong induction of apoptosis rates, and increased caspases 3/7 activity, which is known to be suppressed by HIAP-1. Thus, the Tax-mediated HIAP-1 overexpression is required to suppress endogenous apoptosis and, therefore, is essential for the survival of HTLV-1–transformed lymphocytes. Moreover, this points to HIAP-1 as an important target of the HTLV-1–mediated NF-κB activation.
Cytochrome c–related caspase-3 activation determines treatment response and relapse in childhood precursor B-cell ALL
Authors: Meyer Lüder Hinrich , Karawajew Leonid , Schrappe Martin , Ludwig Wolf-Dieter , Debatin Klaus-Michael , Stahnke Karsten 
Published: February 2006

AbstractDeficient activation of apoptosis signaling pathways may be responsible for treatment failure in acute leukemia. Here, we address the impact of intact apoptosis signaling in 78 patients with pediatric precursor B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) by analysis of 2 key apoptogenic events: caspase-3 activation and cytochrome c release in leukemia cells cultured in vitro. Both events correlated only in the group of patients who had a good response and patients in continuous remission, suggesting that intact apoptosis signaling is a characteristic for favorable outcome. By combining both parameters, we identified a novel indicator, cytochrome c–related activation of caspase-3 (CRAC). CRAC directly connects the extent of caspase-3 activation to cytochrome c release in single cells in an individual patient sample. In CRAC-positive patients, indicating proficient apoptosis signaling, the number of persisting leukemia cells on day 15 was significantly lower than in the CRAC-negative patient group (n = 27, mean 6.0% versus n = 36, mean 22.6%; P = .003). At a median follow-up of 31 months, disease-free survival was 84 months (95% CI = 76 to 91 months) and 66 months (95% CI = 52 to 80 months) for patients with positive and negative CRAC, respectively (P = .019). CRAC may serve as a functionally defined risk factor for treatment stratification.
Integrin inhibition through Lyn-dependent cross talk from CXCR4 chemokine receptors in normal human CD34+ marrow cells
Authors: Nakata Yuji , Tomkowicz Brian , Gewirtz Alan M. , Ptasznik Andrzej 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
We studied the effects of Lyn ablation on CXCR4 receptor-mediated migration and adhesion of hematopoietic precursors. Down-regulation of Lyn expression with siRNA greatly reduced CXCR4-dependent hematopoietic cell movement, and increased cell adherence to stroma. This increase was associated with the up-regulated expression of activation-dependent epitopes of the β2 integrin LFA-1 and was prevented by antibodies that selectively block cell adhesion mediated by ICAM-1. Attachment to surfaces coated with ICAM-1 was also enhanced in Lyn-depleted hematopoietic cells, as compared with Lyn-expressing cells. Functional rescue experiments with Lyn siRNA targeting the 3′ UTR indicated that the observed effects can be attributed directly to specific inhibition of Lyn. Our results show that in chemokine-stimulated hematopoietic cells Lyn kinase is a positive regulator of cell movement while negatively regulating adhesion to stromal cells by inhibiting the ICAM-1–binding activity of β2 integrins. These results provide a molecular mechanism for cross talk between the chemokine receptor CXCR4 and β2 integrins. This cross talk may allow chemokine receptors to modulate the arrest of rolling hematopoietic precursors on the surface of bone marrow stromal cells.