bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HLA Typing and Lymphocytotoxic Crossmatches using Conventional Techniques or Immunobeads1
Authors: Mueller‐Eckhardt G. , Kölzow S. , Conrath K. , Hoffmann O. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIn a prospectively designed comparative study, HLA class I and class II typing was performed after B/T lymphocyte separation by nylon wool (NIH technique) or using immunomagnetic beads (IMB technique). Samples from 70 healthy individuals (group A) and from 47 patients with potential typing problems (group B) were examined. Complete typing failures occurred more frequently with NIH than with IMB. Except for class I in group A, the rate of correct decisions for antigen assignment was significantly higher with IMB. For class II serum reactions, specificity, predictive value and efficiency were superior for IMB, while sensitivity appeared higher for NIH. This can possibly be explained by a prozone effect which was observed in 9 of 36 titration experiments only with the IMB technique. Correlation of both methods in 104 crossmatches prior to kidney transplantation was poor using peripheral blood lymphocytes, but excellent with spleen cells. In addition to the important advantages of the IMB technique for potential problem cases, especially for class II, typing time is reduced to one third, which is of particular clinical importance in kidney transplantation. However, lymphocytotoxic crossmatches prior to transplantation, if performed by IMB, should be carried out using different serum dilutions or with donor spleen cells instead of peripheral blood lymphocytes.
Chromatographic Preparation of a Therapeutic Highly Purified von Willebrand Factor Concentrate from Human Cryoprecipitate
Authors: Burnouf‐Radosevich M. , Burnouf T. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA therapeutic highly purified von Willebrand factor (vWF) concentrate has been prepared from cryoprecipitate by a three‐step chromatographic procedure. After solvent/detergent treatment to inactivate viruses, the cryoprecipitate solution was chromatographed on DEAE‐fractogel TSK 650 M to separate vWF from most cryoprecipitate proteins, including factor VIII (FVIII) and fibrinogen. A second DEAE‐fractogel TSK 650 M was then performed to further purify vWF and to allow concentrating it to over 100 U ristocetin cofactor activity/ml. The last step on immobilized gelatin removed fibronectin and increased the purity of vWF. vWF was recovered with about 18 and 40% yield in antigen and collagen‐binding (CB) activity, respectively, from cryoprecipitate. vWF was obtained in an essentially pure state corresponding to a purification factor of over 10,000‐fold from plasma. Immunonephelometric and SDS‐PAGE analyses of the concentrate did not reveal any detectable cryoprotein contaminants, especially fibrinogen, fibronectin, immunoglobulins and albumin. The content in intermediate‐ and high‐molecular‐weight multimers in the concentrate was similar or higher than that of plasma, as the ion‐exchanger selectively favored the binding and concentration of the larger multimeric forms while reducing the amount of the smaller forms with abnormal structure and low activity. Other characteristics of the concentrate included a CB activity to antigen ratio of 1.69 and a high capacity (86%) to correct platelet adhesion in a perfusion system. Clinical use of this standardized vWF concentrate has been shown to be efficacious in the treatment of vWF patients.
Second‐Generation Anti‐HCV Tests Predict Infectivity
Authors: Larsen Jonn , Skaug Kjell , Maeland Arild 
Published: March 2009

AbstractTwenty‐four blood donors found positive for the first‐generation hepatitis C antibody (anti‐HCV) test (Ortho EIA‐I) and 88 of their recipients over the period from 1972 to 1990 were retrospectively investigated with different first‐and second‐generation anti‐HCV tests. The aim of the study was to identify the infective donors and to evaluate the tests. Seven donors, who probably were infective carriers of HCV, were also second‐generation test (EIA‐II) positive, compared to only 3 out of 17 noninfective donors. Among the infected recipients, 14 out of 29 (48%) were positive for the second‐generation test only. The second‐generation test identified the infective donors in our study and was more sensitive than the first‐generation test. We therefore recommend that blood donors are screened with EIA‐II. Positive test results should be confirmed by the recombinant immunoblot assay (RIBA‐II), and persons with positive or not conclusive RIBA‐II should not be accepted as blood donors.
Prevalence and Classification of Anemia in Elective Orthopedic Surgery Patients: Implications for Blood Conservation Programs
Authors: Goodnough Lawrence Tim , Vizmeg Karl , Sobecks Ronald , Schwarz Adam , Soegiarso Wida 
Published: March 2009

AbstractWe audited 281 consecutive orthopedic patients scheduled for surgery for whom blood type/cross‐matching was requested over a 6‐month period. One hundred and sixty‐two patients predonated autologous blood at University Hospitals of Cleveland, and 34 (21%) of these were anemic [hematocrit (Hct) ≤39%] at initial donation. Twelve (35%) of these 34 anemic autologous blood donors subsequently received homologous blood. In contrast, 18 (15%) of 128 nonanemic autologous blood donors received homologous blood (p = 0.05). In 119 patients who did not donate autologous blood, 39 (33%) were anemic at admission. Of these, 22 (56%) received homologous blood. In the 80 remaining nonanemic patients, 33 (41%) received homologous blood (p = 0.119). Analysis of discharge Hct indicates that 31 (12%) of 263 evaluable patients were possibly transfused inappropriately. The anemias of a cohort of 30 autologous donors were analyzed: 5 had rheumatoid arthritis without iron deficiency. Nine (30%) others had evidence of iron deficiency. Sixteen (53%) had an unclassified anemia of chronic disease. We conclude: (1) the high rates of homologous blood exposure indicate a need for innovative blood conservation strategies in anemic autologous blood donors; (2) the prevalence of anemia and the high rates of homologous blood exposure in anemic patients who did not donate autologous blood demonstrate a need for early recognition and treatment in order to procure autologous blood and reduce homologous blood exposure; (3) the presence of inappropriate autologous and homologous transfusions demonstrates a need for more effective physician education programs that emphasize ‘no blood transfusion’ as an alternative to enhance blood conservation effectiveness.
Elevated Platelet‐Associated IgG in PIA1‐Negative Mothers following Sensitization to the PIA1 Antigen during Pregnancy
Authors: Kickler Thomas S. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBetween 1984 and 1990, we studied 25 infants with neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia caused by alloimmunization to the PIA1 alloantigen. We investigated whether mothers of these infants developed elevated platelet‐associated immunoglobulin (PAIgG) in addition to anti‐PIA1. Eight of the women were found to have PAIgG which persistet at least 7–10 days postdelivery. Eluates prepared from six of the women's platelets reacted with PIA1‐positive and PIA1‐negative donor platelets, and platelets from donors with Glanzmann's thrombasthenia. None of the women with elevated PAIgG had thrombocytopenia, eclampsia, or infections. Two women were found to have autereactive antibodies present in plasma.These results indicate that elevated PAIgG may be found in women immunized to the PIA1 antigen. Some women may also have autoreactive antiplatelet antibodies in their plasma. These findings may lead to confusing serologic findings in evaluating the cause of neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia.
Potassium Loss and Cellular Dehydration of Stored Erythrocytes following Incubation in Autologous Plasma: Role of the KCI Cotransport System
Authors: Olivieri Oliviero , de Franceschi Lucia , de Gironcoli Marzia , Girelli Domenico , Corrocher Roberto 
Published: March 2009

AbstractWe studied the regulation of cell volume and cation content in erythrocytes stored at 4°C under blood bank conditions for various lengths of time and subsequently incubated in autologous plasma at 37°C for 4 or 24 h. Cell swelled during storage at 4°C whereas marked K+loss and cell shrinkage were observed when erythrocytes were incubated at 37°C in autologous plasma. The cell shrinkage was inhibited only by the K+Cl‐cotransport‐specific inhibitor, [(dihydroindenyl)oxy] alkanoic acid, and not by other specific inhibitors of cation transport systems such as ouabain (Na+‐K+ATPase pump), bumetanide (Na+‐K+‐Cl‐cotransport) or carbocyanine (Ca++‐activated K+channel). Acidification and swelling of the erythrocytes are well known to be able to activate the K+Cl‐cotransport; such conditions, which were demonstrated to occur during the storage, could lead to activation of the K+Cl‐cotransport in reinfused cells. These data strongly support the evidence that K+Cl‐cotransport plays a role in K+loss and dehydration of stored erythrocytes, when incubated in autologous plasma.
Comparison of Three Different Immunoassays and PCR for the Detection of Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Pregnant Women in Taiwan
Authors: Lin Ho‐Hsiung , Kao Jia‐Horng , Leu Jer‐Herng , Young Yin‐Chin , Lee Tzu‐Yao , Chen Pei‐Jer , Chen Ding‐Shinn 
Published: March 2009

AbstractTo compare different hepatitis C virus (HCV) immunoassays and HCV‐RNA in pregnant women, we investigated two independent groups: 1,687 cases without screening for serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (group A) and 333 cases with elevated ALT (>45 IU/1) (group B), after screening 21,459 pregnant women. In group A, 11 (0.65%) and 21 (1.24%) were anti‐HCV‐positive by first‐ and second‐generation tests, respectively, while in group B 8 (2.40%) and 19 (5.71%) were positive, respectively. The results revealed by second‐generation assays based on either recombinant protein or synthetic peptides were identical, as were the anti‐HCV titers in group B. Among 40 second‐generation anti‐HCV‐positive cases, 18 (86%) of 21 in group A and 17 (89%) of the 19 in group B contained serum HCV‐RNA by RT‐PCR. Thus the prevalence of anti‐HCV in Taiwanese pregnant women is 1.24% versus 5.71% in those with elevated ALT level.
Paired Plateletpheresis with the CS 3000 Plus Blood Cell Separator Using the New 30 ml Low‐Volume Collection Chamber and the A‐35 Collection Chamber
Authors: Moog R. , Müller N. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractEight blood donors underwent paired plateletpheresis using the CS 3000 Plus blood cell separator. For each donor, two samples were run: one with the TNX‐6TM separation and the new 30‐ml low‐volume collection chamber (LVCC) and one with TNX‐6 separation and the A‐35 collection chamber. With the LVCC, 4.8±0.5 times 1011 thrombocytes could be harvested, whereas 4.4.±1.4 times 1011 platelets (PLT) were collected with the A‐35 chamber. The separation efficiencies were 51.7±6.6% for the LVCC and 43.8±10.7% for the A‐35 chamber. The leukocyte contamination of the platelet concentrates was not statistically different.
Haemolytic Anaemia to the Alpha‐lnterferon Treatment: A Proposed Mechanism
Authors: Barbolla L. , Paniagua C. , Outeiriño J. , Prieto E. , Fayos J. Sánchez 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAuto‐immune haemolytic anaemia (AIHA) has been found in a case of alpha‐interferon treatment. Serum antibody and eluate were positive in the absence of the drug. Although the patient recovered after the treatment was stopped, DAGT remained positive for at least 8 months. The mechanism proposed to explain why this drug induced AIHA is similar to that proposed for alpha‐methyl‐dopa. Drugs could alter the red cell membrane and impair the immune system. Such changes have been observed with alpha‐interferon and were related with increased autoimmunity.
Prevalence and Consistency of ALT Elevation in Plasmapheresis Donors: Implications for the Assessment of Blood Product Infectivity
Authors: Picken M. , Gillon J. , Prowse C. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAlanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were determined in 8,420 plasmapheresis donations obtained from 431 donors over a period of 18 months. Using sex‐differentiated normal ranges 2.5% of donations but 23% of donors exhibited elevated ALT levels on at least 1 occasion. Amongst the donors with elevated ALT this was only seen on 1 occasion in one third, while a quarter had elevations in consecutive donations. No donors with consecutive elevations above 100IU/1 were detected. The results are discussed in terms of the guidelines currently recommended for assessing post‐transfusion hepatitis infectivity of blood products, such as factor VIII. It is concluded that the current allowance for infection acquired from sources other than blood products under consideration may be over‐generous, leading to a potential underestimate of the true rate of infection.
Use of the MAIEA Technique to Confirm the Relationship between the Cromer Antigens and Decay‐Accelerating Factor and to Assign Provisionally Antigens to the Short‐Consensus Repeats
Authors: Petty A. C. , Daniels G. L. , Anstee D. J. , Tippett P. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe MAIEA (monoclonal‐antibody‐specific immobilisation of erythrocyte antigens) assay has recently been developed for the assignment of red cell antigens, recognised by human alloantisera, to particular membrane components of the red cell membrane [17]. This technique detects trimolecular complexes formed by the reaction of a human antibody and a mouse antibody with a particular red cell protein. A positive reaction, in an ELISA‐type detection procedure, occurs if the epitopes to the human and mouse antibodies are present on the same membrane component but at different regions. In this report, we show how the MAIEA assay can be used to confirm the relationship between Cromer system antigens and the complement‐regulatory protein, decay‐accelerating factor (DAF, CD 55). In addition, the location of the antigens along the protein is postulated by using three anti‐DAF monoclonal antibodies with specificities to different regions of DAE Tca and Esa are assigned provisionally to the first short‐consensus repeat (SCR), UMC to the second SCR, Dra to the third SCR and Cra, WESa and WESb to the fourth SCR or to the serine/threonine rich region of the DAF protein.
Cytomegalovirus Studies on Blood Donors in North‐East Scotland and a Review of UK Data
Authors: Galea G. , Urbaniak S.J. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe epidemiology of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection as assessed by CMV antibody testing varies significantly in different parts of the world and also in different regions of a country. A study was therefore carried out to assess the prevalence of CMV antibody in our blood donors, looking in particular at different subgroups of donors as divided by age, sex and social class, to see how we could maximise the yield of CMV‐negative blood from our testing. It was shown that patterns of CMV infection in the North East of Scotland followed well‐established norms. Data from other Regional Transfusion Centres within the UK were also collected for comparison.
CD4+ Lymphocyte Depletion in HIV‐Infected Patients is Associated with gp120‐Immunoglobulin‐Complement Attachment to CD4+ Cells
Authors: Daniel Volker , Süsal Caner , Prodeus Andrej P. , Weimer Rolf , Zimmermann Rainer , Huth‐Kühne Angela , Opelz Gerhard 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe mechanism of CD4+ lymphocyte depletion, which is the main immunological feature in HIV‐infected patients, is unclear. We investigated whether gp120‐immunoglobulin‐complement complexes on the surface of CD4+ cells might be involved in the elimination of CD4+ lymphocytes. The results obtained in 63 HIV‐infected patients show that gp120 is attached to a variable degree to CD4+ cells. Importantly, the percentage of CD4+gp120+ lymphocytes is inversely associated with CD4+ lymphocyte counts in the peripheral blood (p = 0.0004). CD4+gp120+ blood lymphocytes bind IgM (p = 0.0027) and IgG antibodies (p = 0.0001) and complement (p = 0.0005). These results suggest that immune complex‐mediated cell elimination is an important mechanism of CD4+ cell depletion in patients with AIDS.
Functional Cooperation among Human IgG‐Specific Murine Monoclonal Antibodies for the Detection of Weak Blood Group Antibodies in Routine Agglutination Tests
Authors: Lauren Mark , Marcil Anne , Verrette Sylvain , Lsmieux Réal 
Published: March 2009

AbstractSeven monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) selected from a large panel of human IgG‐specific murine MAbs were characterized serologically and studied for their ability to cooperate in routine antihuman globulin agglutination tests. In binding inhibition experiments, three of these MAbs were shown to bind simultaneously to immobilized human IgG molecules. Cooperation among these MAbs increased significantly the capacity of the individual MAbs to agglutinate red cells sensitized with weak blood group antibodies. These results demonstrate the usefulness of selected MAb blending for the preparation of potent antihuman IgG reagents from murine monoclonal antibodies.
Evidence for the Protective Effect of Maternal FcR‐Blocking IgG Alloantibodies HLA‐DR in Rh D‐Haemolytic Disease of the Newborn
Authors: Dooren M. C. , van Kamp I. L. , Kanhai H. H. H. , Gravenhorst J. Bennebroek , von dem Borne A. E. G. Kr. , Engelfriet C. P. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIn cases of Rh D alloimmunization, strong results in the antibody‐dependent cell‐mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) assay (> 80% lysis as compared to that of the standard anti‐D serum) are indicative of severe hemolytic disease to occur in the newborn (HDN). However, discrepant cases were found in which the maternal anti‐D gave strong ADCC results and the newborns had no or only mild hemolysis. In the majority of these cases the mother had produced monocyte‐reactive IgG alloantibodies, mostly with HLA‐DR specificity. Such antibodies may be capable of blocking FcR‐mediated functions of the fetal MPS, and it has been postulated that they inhibit destruction of anti‐D‐sensitized red cells. We here describe 2 families in which such discrepancies were noticed. In 1 family, in spite of ADCC results of >80%, the Rh D‐positive second child was born without signs of hemolysis. However, the Rh D‐positive third child suffered from very severe hemolytic disease. The mother had produced monocyte‐reactive HLA‐DR antibodies in the second pregnancy which, however, did not react with the cells of the third child. In the other family, the severely Rh D‐alloimmu‐nized mother had lost her fourth child because of intrauterine death due to HDN. The Rh D‐positive fifth child was born with only mild HDN and only in this pregnancy had the mother produced such antibodies. These 2 case histories give further evidence that maternal monocyte‐reactive alloantibodies, in both these cases directed against HLA‐DR antigens, can protect the Rh D‐positive child against hemolytic disease in case of severe Rh D alloimmunization.
Plasma and Red‐Cell Glycolipid Patterns of Le(a+b+) and Le(a+b‐) Polynesians as Further Evidence of the Weak Secretor Gene Sew
Authors: Henry S. M. , Woodfield D. G. , Samuelsson B. E. , Oriol R. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractMonoclonal antibodies and thin‐layer chromatography were used to study the unusual erythrocyte Lewis phenotypes found in healthy Polynesians. A single monoclonal anti‐Leb reagent 073 (clone LM129) was found which could detect Leb antigen on the Polynesian erythrocytes of samples that were unreactive with various polyclonal and monoclonal anti‐Leb reagents. Glycolipid fractions prepared from the plasma and erythrocytes of selected Polynesian samples of red‐cell Le(a‐b‐), Le(a+b‐) and Le(a+b+) phenotypes were found to have Leb glycolipids. The Leb antigen in some individuals is so weakly expressed that it is undetectable by routine erythrocyte phenotyping. Unusually large glycolipids bearing the Leb epitope were also found in some Polynesian samples, although the contribution of these novel glycolipids to phenotyping is unclear. The inability to detect Leb by routine methods and the presence of novel structures can be partially explained in terms of the presence of a weak secretor gene Sew.
HLA Antigens on Leukocyte Fragments and Plasma Proteins: Prestorage Leukoreduction by Filtration
Authors: Dzik S. , Szuflad P. , Eaves S. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractHLA alloimmunization following blood transfusion results from recipient exposure to donor alloantigens. Numerous studies have documented that intact donor leukocytes are capable of provoking primary alloimmunization and that leukoreduction can decrease the incidence of primary HLA alloimmunization. HLA antigens also exist in soluble form and are present on leukocyte cell fragments. We measured the concentration of soluble HLA class I antigen in both standard and leukoreduced blood components during storage. Although the concentration of soluble class I HLA protein varied widely among different individuals, the concentration was stable during refrigerated storage of red cell concentrates and was not affected by leukocyte reduction by filtration. We also investigated whether or not HLA antigens present on leukocyte fragments were capable of stimulating either resting or in‐vitro‐primed lymphocytes in the mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR). Leukocyte fragments prepared by repeated freeze‐thaw were found to express both class I and class II HLA antigens, but fragments were not able to stimulate in primary or secondary MLR even in cultures supplemented with recombinant interleukin‐2. These studies provide in vitro evidence to support the hypothesis that HLA antigens are not shed from intact cells to soluble forms during storage and that HLA alloantigens on cell fragments do not elicit a cellular immune response.
Transplacental IgG Subclass Concentrations in Pregnancies at Risk of Haemolytic Disease of the Newborn
Authors: Lubenko A. , Contreras Marcela , Rodeck C.H. , Nicolini U. , Savage Julia , Chana H. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe relationship of haemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) to the transplacental passage of the four IgG subclasses was assessed at varous gestational ages by comparing the maternal and fetal IgG subclass concentrations in 34 pregnancies at risk of HDN with those in 30 pregnancies not at risk. Higher maternal and fetal IgG1 levels were attained in pregnancies at risk of HDN than in pregnancies not at risk. In contrast, a slight decrease in maternal IgG2 and IgG4 levels occurred in pregnancies at risk of HDN, as compared with a slight rise in maternal IgG2 and IgG4 levels in pregnancies not at risk of HDN. Changes in fetal IgG2 and 4 concentrations in either type of pregnancy were very similar, showing only slight increases between the 19th and 34th week of gestation. A slight decrease in maternal IgG3 occurred in both types of pregnancy. In contrast, higher and fairly steady levels of fetal IgG3 were observed in fetuses not at risk of HDN throughout gestation, when compared with those in ‘at risk’ pregnancies. However, the statistical reliability of these results is not clear since only small numbers of samples were tested and because wide variations in IgG concentrations were observed. The IgG subclass concentrations in 50 paired maternal and cord blood samples were also measured and revealed that IgG1 levels were substantially higher in cord rather than maternal blood; cord and maternal IgG2, 3 and 4 levels, on the other hand, were fairly similar.