Cochrane review: EMLA and Amethocaine for reduction of children's pain associated with needle insertion
Authors: Lander JA , Weltman BJ , So SS 
Published: September 2006

AbstractBackgroundChildren often experience pain from needle insertion procedures; therefore, several topical anaesthetics have been developed.ObjectivesTo compare the topical anaesthetics amethocaine and an eutectic mixture of local anaesthetics (EMLA) in terms of anaesthetic efficacy, ease of needle insertion and adverse events when used for intravenous cannulation and venipuncture in children.Search strategyAn exhaustive search that included over 30 databases and handsearching reference lists and journals. Language restrictions were not imposed.Selection criteriaRandomized controlled trials were selected that compared EMLA and amethocaine for relieving children's pain from intravenous cannulation or venipuncture.Data collection and analysisTwo review authors independently determined eligibility for inclusion by assessing trial quality. Details of eligible studies were summarized. One author was contacted for additional information. Information about adverse events was obtained from the text of the trial reports. Review Manager 4.2 was used to perform a meta‐analysis and compute relative risks (RR) with 95% confidence intervals.Main resultsSix trials consisting of 534 children, three months to 15 years of age, were included in this review. A meta‐analysis was done comparing amethocaine with EMLA on anaesthetic efficacy, ease of needle procedure and resultant skin changes. For anaesthetic efficacy, amethocaine significantly reduced the risk of pain compared to EMLA when all pain data were combined into a common pain metric (RR 0.78, 95% CI 0.62 to 0.98); when pain was self‐reported by children (RR 0.63, 95% CI 0.45 to 0.87); or when pain was observed by researchers (sensitivity analysis: RR 0.71, 95% CI 0.52 to 0.96). Compared to EMLA, amethocaine significantly reduced the risk of pain when drugs were applied for the following durations: for 30 to 60 minutes (RR 0.61, 95% CI 0.41 to 0.91); when applied according to manufacturer's instructions (sensitivity analysis: RR 0.64, 95% CI 0.46 to 0.89); and when applied for over 60 minutes (RR 0.70, 95% CI 0.51 to 0.96). Amethocaine was also significantly more efficacious than EMLA when used specifically for intravenous cannulation (RR 0.70, 95% CI 0.55 to 0.88). Insufficient data were available to compare anaesthetic efficacy for venipuncture.A comparison of amethocaine and EMLA for ease of a needle procedure was not significant; only one trial reported data that could be included. For skin changes, EMLA was favoured in the analysis of erythema (RR 14.83, 95% CI 2.28 to 96.36). Erythema was observed after use of amethocaine whereas blanching was observed after using EMLA. Adverse effects included itching and one case of conjunctival irritation.Authors' conclusionsAlthough EMLA is an effective topical anaesthetic for children, amethocaine is superior in preventing pain associated with needle procedures.Plain language summaryComparison of a eutectic mixture of local anaesthetics (EMLA) in a cream and amethocaine for relieving the pain children experience when they have needles.When children must give a blood specimen or have an intravenous drip inserted many feel pain. Drugs like EMLA and amethocaine have been developed to numb the skin and prevent or ease pain caused by needle insertion. EMLA is generally applied for 60 minutes before the procedure, whereas amethocaine is applied for 30 minutes before drawing a blood specimen and 45 minutes before insertion of an intravenous drip. Doctors, nurses and parents question which is better for relieving children's pain associated with needle insertion, EMLA or amethocaine? Also of importance is which of these drugs works best when recommended application times cannot be met? This review took six trials into account (534 children aged three months to 15 years). We considered how well EMLA and amethocaine eased pain from needles for three application times: when the drugs were applied for a short time, a long period of time and when applied for the recommended time. Although EMLA is effective in relieving children's pain amethocaine is superior no matter what the duration of time it is applied. Considering how well EMLA and amethocaine ease pain from giving blood specimens and having an intravenous drip inserted, we found that amethocaine is superior to EMLA for intravenous drip insertion. We were unable to compare EMLA and amethocaine for relieving children's pain when giving blood specimens because of a lack of research with this type of needle insertion.