bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Yield Loads of Plates with Array of Holes
Authors: Jindal UC , Mandal ML 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Scientific and technical literature is full of research papers on the investigations of stress concentrations around holes and rows of holes in plates. All these stress concentrations have been determined in specimens where the stresses and strains away from the holes are well within the elastic limit of the material. Yet literature on the load bearing capacities up to yield point of plates with holes is not available. It is of academic and practical importance to determine the yield load of a machine component with holes, as yield load may be the criterion of failure for ductile materials. In the present work, yield loads of mild steel plates with one, three, five, and nine holes in different combinations and orientations have been determined experimentally using an Instron universal testing machine. The yield loads of these specimens were very close to the yield loads of the specimens without holes. It was further observed that for up to a 30% reduction in area in the critical section (along which final fracture takes place), the yield load remains the same. Specimens with a single hole were also studied under moderately dynamic strains, up to a strain rate of 0.42/min. It was observed that yield load and yield point elongation increased with increasing strain rate. This showed that a hole in the specimen has negligible effect on these properties of the specimen.
Positron Evaluation of Hydrogen in a 17 Nickel Maraging Steel
Authors: Moore KD , Cocks FH , Jones PL 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Doppler broadening measurements of the γ-ray emmision from positron annihilations have been made on a 17 nickel maraging steel, heat treated to Rockwell hardness, C Scale 49, and subsequently cathodically charged with hydrogen. Changes in the positron annihilation γ-ray spectra were measured using a line shape parameter (S) based on the ratio of central to total spectra area. The recovery of the S parameter as a function of time after hydrogen charging is correlated with hydrogen egress from the metal. The observed sensitivity of this Doppler broadening positron annihilation technique to hydrogen content is attributed to hydrogen compensation of lattice defects (dislocations) in the maraging steel.
Analysis of Nonlinear Behavior of Asphalt Concrete During Marshall Test
Authors: Mamlouk MS , Yuan YM , Tseng NT , Lee GC 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The Marshall method is one of the most common techniques used in the design of asphalt concrete mixes. However, the structural behavior of the asphalt concrete specimen during the Marshall test is not clearly understood. In this study the stress distribution and displacements that occur in the specimens at different loading stages in a Marshall test are evaluated, based on results of unconfined compression test and a nonlinear plane-stress finite element analysis. Analytical predictions show that large stress concentration occurs near the points of separation between the Marshall specimen and the loading heads, and that values of the displacements are close to those observed experimentally. Extension of this study may lead to the development of relations between Marshall stability and flow values and the asphalt mixture strength parameters based on principles of mechanics that are necessary in the structural modeling of the pavement.
A New Method for the Determination of the Critical Value of Crack Tip Opening Displacement at the Initiation of Crack Growth Using a Single Three-Point Bend Specimen
Authors: Lai Z , Zhang J 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
An analytical method for the determination of critical value of crack tip opening displacement at initiation of crack growth δc of a three-point bend specimen is presented. It is based on the formulation of subcritical crack growth in such a specimen. The values of δc obtained by this single specimen method are in excellent agreement with those obtained by the standard multispecimen method. It is emphasized that it would be necessary to use blunting line correction when the multispecimen method is used.
A Report on the Workshop on High Temperature Crack Growth and Fracture
Authors: Saxena A , Kumar V 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This document contains a brief report on the proceedings of the workshop on “High-Temperature Crack Growth and Fracture” held at Battelle Columbus Laboratories on 17 Aug. 1983. There were extensive discussions by the various presenters on the issue of which field parameter(s) should be used to correlate creep crack growth rate behavior. The abstracts of the nine presentations made at the workshop are included.
Critique of the Standard Biochemical Oxygen Demand Method
Authors: Stack VT 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The results of the five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) procedure have historically represented information that is arbitrary in its meaning and interpretation. BOD results are too frequently accepted on “face value” with face value related partly to numerical value and partly to the opinion (or lack of understanding) of the interpreter. The Joint Task Group of the American Public Health Association, the American Water Works Association, and the Water Pollution Control Federation, which developed the BOD method for the 15th edition of Standard Methods, considered the problems with the method and certain improvements were introduced. A practical nitrification inhibitor was proposed, but an error in identifying a source for the reagent has lead to problems in method application. The method continues to require organic-free dilution water even though development of such water can be costly and unnecessary. Corrections for oxygen consumption by organic materials in the dilution water can be introduced into the procedure.
Development of a Multiple Inoculator System for the Identification of Aerobic Heterotrophic Bacteria
Authors: Seyfried PL , Pickersgill AM , Vlassoff LT , Pagel JE 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A semi-automated multiple inoculator system was modified and evaluated for use with 25-compartment petri dishes. Twenty-one species of environmental and culture collection bacteria were tested for the following characteristics: nitrate reduction, indole production, methyl red reaction, acid from glucose, gelatin hydrolysis, phenylalanine deaminase, citrate utilization, aesculin hydrolysis, reactions on skim milk agar, arginine dihydrolase, and urea hydrolysis. The agreement between the inoculator system and conventional methods was 90 to 100% for all tests except arginine dihydrolase and urea hydrolysis. The multiple inoculator described was judged a simple and versatile device for the rapid identification of large numbers of bacteria.
Assuring the Quality of Data Through Laboratory Quality Assurance
Authors: Delvin WL 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Assuring the quality of data produced by analytical chemistry laboratories is important, not only because analytical chemists have a professional obligation to do so for those using their data, but also because of today's climate of regulations and high public concern over issues involving analytical laboratories. Assurance goes beyond the technical adequacy of methods used to make analyses and the control of the measurement process through calibration and statistical control. It concerns also overall control of operations through various administrative practices. The combination of technical and administrative practices constitutes a quality assurance program that will help assure the quality of data. Such a quality assurance program is described, which is based on nine elements of laboratory quality assurance derived from a nationally established standard on quality assurance. These nine elements are the basis for a new ASTM standard, Standard Guide for Establishing a Quality Assurance Program for Analytical Chemistry Laboratories within the Nuclear Industry (C 1009).
Analysis of Acoustic Emissions Generated During Stress Corrosion Cracking
Authors: Padmanabhan R , Suriyayothin N , Wood WE 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Stress corrosion cracking of 300-M steel (Unified Numbering System [UNS] K4420) was monitored using an acoustic emission transducer. Stress corrosion cracking properties were altered through heat treatments and the relationships between the resulting microstructure and acoustic emission responses were studied. Prior austenite grain size exerted the maximum influence on the acoustic emission characteristics. Models were proposed to explain the grain size dependency of emission event peak amplitude and the relationships between crack velocity and the number of counts per event. The number of counts per event was also governed by material constants, applied stress intensity, and threshold level of detection of the acoustic emission system.
Fatigue Crack Growth Life Prediction for a Bolthole Specimen Under Constant Amplitude Loading
Authors: Salivar GC 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Fatigue crack growth life predictions were made for a bolthole specimen geometry as part of an ASTM round robin. Constant amplitude crack growth rate data for 7075-T651 aluminum generated with standard specimens were supplied. A hyperbolic sine model was used to describe these data. Life predictions were made for the bolthole geometry with several maximum stress levels, stress ratios, and initial flaw sizes. Verification tests conducted by the Air Force for a bolthole specimen under these same conditions were used to evaluate the predictive capability of the life prediction model. Very good correlation was observed between the predictions and the test results.
Research into Aperture Parameters of Point-Bonded Waterproof Layers
Authors: Zhao-dong X , De-kun C 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
In this paper the requirements for resistance to cracking and wind suction of waterproof layers are studied. According to the data obtained by practical measurement, a rheological model of Chinese asphalt felt was constructed. The paper presents a general method to determine aperture parameters of perforated asphalt felt and a feasible way to extend the free deformation length. The value of aperture parameters of Chinese perforated asphalt felt is given.
Strain Distribution Patterns During Plane Strain Compression
Authors: Beynon JH , Sellars CM 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A method is described for the determination of the distribution of strain within a specimen undergoing large finite, nonuniform deformations under plane strain compression. The method has been applied to the hot deformation of an aluminum alloy. Results show that prior strain history has no effect on the strain distribution and that specimens of a larger tool width to specimen thickness ratio provide more homogeneous strain distributions. It is proposed that variations in stress-strain curves observed for different tool width to specimen thickness ratios arise from the inhomogeneity of deformation and that these variations are greater in work-hardening materials. Implications for metallographic studies are drawn.
Evaluation of the Mechanical Behavior of Plain and Spirally Stiffened Polyvinyl Chloride Pipes
Authors: Ragab A-R , El-Zoghby A 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The evaluation of the merits of spirally stiffened polyvinyl chloride pipes over the merits of conventional plain (unstiffened) pipes is achieved experimentally. Various relevant standard tests have been performed on both types of pipes made of the same material. These tests are bursting, impact resistance and short- and long-term stiffness tests. The experimental results are compared favorably with appropriate formulae found in the literature. It is concluded that considerable saving in material could be realized with no significant loss in pipe stiffness or impact resistance by adopting a spirally stiffened pipe design rather than a plain design.
Determination of Threshold Stress Corrosion Cracking Characteristics Using Rising LoadKIscc Testing Based on Ultrasonic Method
Authors: Hirano K , Ishizaki S , Kobayashi H , Nakazawa H 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe Top-on ultrasonic method proposed earlier was applied to the rising load KIscc testing and the validity was confirmed by comparing the determined KIscc values with those measured according to the conventional longtime KIscc testing in the same environments. In addition, the influences of loading rate, fatigue precracking stress intensity level, and fracture morphology of fatigue precracked zone on KIscc were discussed.
The Effect of Acoustic Impedance on the Apparent Impact Fracture Energy of a Tungsten Base Sintered Alloy
Authors: Roman I 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The effect of acoustic impedance on the apparent fracture energy of a sintered tungsten alloy, determined by impact testing was studied. Experimental results were analyzed utilizing the semi-empirical model proposed by Saxton et al, which relates inertial loading with materials acoustic impedance.
Inertial loading was found to have marked effect on the apparent impact fracture energy of the high acoustic impedance material (that is, a 93-W [nickel, iron] sintered alloy) used in this study. In contrast, no appreciable effect was observed for steel and aluminum alloys (lower acoustic impedance materials) tested for comparison. For the sintered tungsten alloy the work done by the inertial load is significant when compared with the actual fracture energy. Consequently, since the machine-indicated impact energy contains both contributions, the apparent energy values are significantly higher when compared with the corrected values for this material. It is recommended that control procedures aimed to both identify and reduce the role of inertial loads be used when fracture energy is determined by impact testing.
Poor Selectivity of Certain Lots of Commercially Available KF-Streptococcus Agar
Authors: Havelaar AH , van Breemen LWCA , Vessen HAMG , During M , van der List C , van Erne EHW 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
KF-streptococcus agar is, according to Kenner and coworkers, a selective medium for the isolation and enumeration of fecal (or Group D) streptococci in water. The selectivity is based on the presence of sodium azide in a mass concentration of 400 mg/L in the final medium. In certain lots of commercially available dehydrated medium the sodium azide amount was found to be only half of that amount. This resulted in insufficient suppression of background flora, in particular of Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus coagulans, and unclassified non-Group D streptococci. Supplementary addition of sodium azide to these batches to bring the final level of this compound to about 400 mg/L resulted in the restoration of the selective properties. The results of this investigation stress the need for adequate quality control of selective media.
Introduction to Symposium on Explosives Detection for Security Applications
Authors: Hobbs J 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
With acts of terrorism and sabotage on the increase worldwide, the ability to detect concealed explosives becomes ever increasingly important. Explosives detection equipment will someday be required at corporate headquarters, courthouses, airports and transportation facilities, government buildings, correctional facilities, nuclear power plants, and military installations. The papers that follow were presented at a symposium on Explosives Detection for Security Applications sponsored by ASTM Committee F-12 on Security Systems and Equipment held at ASTM headquarters 11 April 1983. These papers describe the state-of-the-art techniques for bulk and vapor detection of concealed explosives.
Development Program for Radiation Contrast Baggage Inspection System
Authors: Seher CC 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The primary objective of this effort was to transform two pieces of experimental X-ray absorption baggage inspection hardware developed previously for the Federal Aviation Administration into fully automated units suitable for operational evaluation at airports. The units needed to be highly reliable and maintainable by commercial field service organizations while demonstrating good performance in detection of explosives concealed in checked airline baggage. After a study was conducted to assess the impact and trade-offs associated with various system changes and to identify a list of specific unit modifications and revisions, the two experimental units were then retrofitted with revised and upgraded hardware. A new set of computer software was written to execute automatic operational control of the system and hardware and software were also generated to facilitate computer-aided maintenance procedures. A data base of airline baggage characteristics was generated with the retrofitted units at three airports and used to develop independent optimized adaptive threshold explosive detection algorithms. The algorithm with the highest explosive detection capability was implemented into the two retrofitted units in the form of a replacement set of four plug-in electrically programmable read-only memory (EPROM) integrated circuit chips. Results from operational tests at Dulles Airport indicated that predicted higher level system performance had been achieved.
S-200 Grade Beryllium Fracture Toughness Properties
Authors: Shabbits WO , Logsdon WA 
Published: February 2009

AbstractS-200 grade vacuum hot pressed beryllium fracture toughness properties for both longitudinal and transverse orientations were generated in the temperature ranges between −320°F to 500°F and −320°F to 75°F, respectively. Limited data are presented for observations of fatigue behavior, fractography, dynamic and static tensile properties, and dynamic fracture toughness. Statistical bounds are given for fracture toughness data including a comparison of orientation effects. For longitudinally oriented specimens, fracture toughness increased linearly with temperature up to 300°F, and the 500°F results indicated a rapid increase above 300°F. Transverse fracture toughness was significantly higher and increased more rapidly with temperature than the longitudinal fracture toughness. Fatigue precracking experimentation revealed that beryllium does fatigue, but that current ASTM fatigue precracking procedures are impractical for general testing. In comparison to previously published notched specimen data, fatigue precracked specimens yielded significantly lower fracture toughness properties.
Determination of Mechanical Design Properties of Materials
Authors: Weissmann GF 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The design of most structural and mechanical parts is based on the modulus of elasticity and a permissible stress level for the materials. Traditionally, these properties are determined from the information obtained by means of tension tests.
An alternate method of determining the necessary design parameters has been developed. It is based on the dynamic determination of the elastic energy at maximum amplitude and the energy dissipation per cycle of a test sample. The method is particularly useful for bending or torsional tests. It allows the accurate determination of the elastic moduli of materials and determines stress values which cause a permanent strain smaller or equal to a predetermined value.
Several materials have been tested in bending in this manner. The elastic moduli and stresses causing permanent strains smaller than a specified amount have been measured. The results have been compared with those obtained by means of tension tests. Excellent agreement has been obtained.
A Versatile Control System for Triaxial Testing of Soils
Authors: Lamb JH , Anderson JA 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Specimens of sedimented kaolinite were subjected to consolidated-undrained triaxial compression by means of a new electropneumatic control system that will apply any desired loading path in the axisymmetric stress space or any desired deformation path. Specimens were tested under ramp loading, ramp deformation and combined ramp loading—ramp deformation with both constant cell pressure and constant first invariant of the applied stress tensor. To determine the entire stress-strain-pore pressure relationship, it was necessary to perform the combined load rate-deformation rate test. It was found that while a unique principal stress difference-major principal strain relationship exists, a unique pore pressure-major principal strain relationship does not exist.
Experimental Study of Static and Dynamic Friction Between Sand and Typical Constuction Materials
Authors: Brumund WF , Leonards GA 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The limiting contact friction between sand and steel, cement mortar, graphite, and teflon surfaces was measured in the laboratory. The coefficients of (wall) friction were obtained using static and dynamic loadings with particular reference to conditions at the time slip was initiated. The coefficient of friction increases with the surface roughness and angularity of the sand grains, and as the roughness of the contact surface increases with respect to the size of the sand particles. For steel and mortar surfaces dynamic friction was greater than static friction by about 20 percent unless the surface was sufficiently rough that sand/sand slip was approached. The (static) angle of shearing resistance was the upper limit of the coefficient of friction for all static and dynamic tests where slip was initiated from 1–2 ms to 5 min (loading rates from 5 × 105 to 0.5 psi/min). Under static loading conditions teflon and graphite reduced wall friction by one-half to one-third; at high loading rates graphite was a more effective lubricant than teflon.
Dynamic Strain Aging in a New Single Crystal Nickel-Based Superalloy (CMSX-4)
Authors: Sengupta A , Putatunda SK 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Tensile behavior of a new single crystal nickel-based superalloy with rhenium (CMSX-4) was studied at both room and elevated temperatures in two different heat-treated conditions. Detailed fractographic studies were carried out to determine the micromechanism of crack growth in tensile loading. Round cylindrical tension specimens were prepared from the single crystal nickel-based superalloy CMSX-4 in [001] orientation. The test specimens had the [001] growth direction parallel to the loading axis in tension. The specimens were given two different heat treatments to produce two different γ′ precipitate sizes, i.e., 0.3 μm and 0.5 μm, respectively. The tensile properties of these materials were evaluated at room and elevated temperatures in ambient atmosphere as per ASTM E 21, Test Methods for Elevated Temperature Tension Tests of Metallic Materials.
The results of this investigation indicate that CMSX-4 undergoes dynamic strain aging in the temperature range of 260° to 875°C. This dynamic strain aging appears to take place by the trapping of moving dislocations by the substitutional solute atoms (like rhenium, tantalum, tungsten, cobalt, and molybdenum) during the high-temperature deformation process. Fractographs at lower temperatures (T ≤ 800°C) exhibit an unusual type of cleavage fracture with several operative slip systems, while at higher temperatures (T ≥ 1094°C) the crack growth process is characterized by a relatively smooth fracture surface, with the presence of dimples created by ductile failure (typical of many nickel-based superalloys).