bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long‐Term Patient Satisfaction After Revision Rhinoplasty
Authors: Hellings Peter W. , Trenité Gilbert J. Nolst 
Published: April 2007

AbstractObjective: In cases of dissatisfaction after rhinoplasty for esthetic or functional reasons, or both, revision rhinoplasty may be advocated to improve the patients' nasal performance. In contrast to studies on primary rhinoplasty, no objective outcome evaluation parameter has been validated in revision rhinoplasty, nor has there been a study specifically looking at long‐term satisfaction after revision rhinoplasty. We aim at studying patient satisfaction after a long‐term follow‐up of revision rhinoplasty performed at an academic referral center.Methods: At a mean period of 2.5 years after revision rhinoplasty, 90 patients who underwent a revision rhinoplasty at the Academic Medical Center in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, were sent a questionnaire on general satisfaction together with the validated rhinoplasty outcome evaluation (ROE) questionnaire.Results: Of the 46 patients who responded to the questionnaire, 88% experienced a significant improvement in nasal performance by revision rhinoplasty, and 79% would choose to undergo the revision procedure again. Subgroup analysis of the ROE scores demonstrated that good satisfaction was mainly obtained in the young adult and middle‐aged groups, without major differences between males and females. Satisfaction was unrelated to the open or closed technique used for revision, or to the graft material used. Interestingly, an inverse correlation was found between satisfaction and the number of previous rhinoplasties.Conclusions: This retrospective study demonstrates that revision rhinoplasty in an academic practice provides most patients with long‐standing satisfaction.
A NEW METHOD FOR STUDYING THE FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF GLASSES AND SLAGS AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES*
Authors: Barrett Elliott P. , Taylor James A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractViscosities and surface tensions of glasses and slags are properties of great practical importance but they are frequently difficult to measure. The methods which yield results in absolute units are time‐consuming and are not applicable to a study of the behavior of partly devitrified silicate melts.This paper describes an empirical method for estimating not only the relative fluidity of glasses and slags but also for determining the lowest temperature at which crystallization from a previously chilled vitreous slag will occur on reheating, the approximate rate at which devitrification proceeds at various temperatures, and the range of temperature within which devitrification is complete enough to prevent flow of the slag under its own weight.By an extension of the method to mixtures of crystalline substances, the behavior of such mixtures upon heating may be studied advantageously. By a further extension of the technique, the temperature at which the solid‐liquid interfacial tension becomes low enough to permit wetting of a solid by a glass or slag may be determined. The applicability of these techniques to vitreous enameling problems is indicated.
THE INFLUENCE OF DRYING TREATMENT AND BISCUIT STORAGE ATMOSPHERE ON THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF A SEMIPORCELAIN BODY*
Authors: Latimer Horace L. , Watts Arthur S. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis investigation employed the following drying tests: (1) in the presence of CaCl2, (2) in air circulated at 100°F, (3) in air circulated at 225°F, and (4) in a humidity drier, employing 129°F, dry bulb, with 85% humidity for two days and decreasing humidity to bone dryness in five days. The trials were fired under regular plant conditions and stored as follows: (1) in a closed chamber with adequate supply of CaCl2, (2) in outside weather, winter and spring, (3) alternate soaking in water for two days and drying to 5% of total absorption for the period of test, and (4) in a saturated atmosphere. Data on modulus of rupture, absorption, and porosity are assembled in tables and graphs for comparison, indicating marked influences on these properties both by drying and storage treatments. Explanations of the results are suggested.
TESTING REFRACTORIES AGAINST THE CORROSIVE ACTION OF ELECTRIC FURNACE PHOSPHATE SLAGS*
Authors: Pole GordonR. , Moore D. G. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA new method was developed as a means of testing refractories against molten phosphate furnace slag at 1450°C. The slag was essentially a monocalcium silicate. Brick with 131/2‐ by 41/2‐ by 21/2‐inch dimensions were used as test specimens. An oil‐fired pot‐type furnace, 24 inches in diameter and 12 inches deep, was used for the test. Four refractories were tested at one time by this method. The test brick were suspended from a silicon carbide crown and dipped 21/2 inches into the molten slag bath. The degree of corrosion was measured by determining the volume and weight losses of the refractory. Petrographic studies were made on a number of the brick after testing. Quantitative data on twenty‐two brands of refractories tested by this means are given.
THE EFFECT OF HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND AMMONIA ON PROPERTIES OF SOME REWORKED BODIES*
Authors: Twells Robert 
Published: April 2007

AbstractWhen certain electrical‐porcelain bodies are shaped in the bone‐dry state, the scrap from the process is finely divided and has a low bulk density. Bodies reprepared from such scrap tend to blister and the glaze tends to contain pinholes after being fired at the maturing temperature. Blistering of the reworked body in firing is not decreased by vacuum treatment of the scrap body slip, and wet grinding definitely increases the blistering. Experiments were conducted in which hydrochloric acid and ammonia were added separately to the body scrap in gradually increasing quantities. The addition of ammonia tended to eliminate blistering of the body and pinholing of the glaze after firing.
DRAFT CONTROL AS A MEANS OF FUEL CONSERVATION IN KILN FIRING*
Authors: Straight H. R. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe importance of closely regulating the internal pressure of a kiln under fire is discussed from a standpoint of uniformity of heat treatment of the charge, reduction of fuel consumption, and efficiency in the use of combustible gases. An attempt is made at an analysis of the causes of low efficiency and high fuel consumption.
STRENGTH AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FINE GLASS FIBERS AND YARNS*
Authors: Slayter Games 
Published: April 2007

AbstractGlass fibers have been produced in large quantities running from 0.0007‐ to 0.00005‐inch fiber diameter. The strength of individual fibers and the strength of yarns produced from these fibers have received preliminary investigation. Some of the strengths obtained are quite remarkable, running into the order of 11/2 million pounds per square inch. Even these strengths fall short of the theoretical possibilities. Some possible reasons and explanations are discussed.
II, THE CORRELATION OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES WITH ATOMIC ARRANGEMENT
Authors: Bair George J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractPhysical properties of lead oxide‐silica glasses were studied in an attempt to correlate these properties and explain the anomalies occurring in their temperature and time curves on the basis of the structure of glass as derived in Part I of this investigation. The transformation point is denned as a critical temperature, and an explanation is offered for the dependence of this temperature on heat treatment and conditions of test. The change in the apparent viscosity of a glass fiber with time is explained on the basis of the distorted glass structure. The Adams and Williamson equation for strain release is adapted to substantiate the theory of the structure of glass consisting of a continuous, randomly oriented, three‐dimensional network of atoms.
EFFECT OF SOLUBLE SALTS FORMED DURING AGING ON THE SCUMMING OF ENAMELS*
Authors: Whitesell. R. J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractEnamel slips were milled using three typical commercial frits. Representative samples were aged for different lengths of time and at varying temperatures. At the end of its individual aging treatment, portions of each sample were filtered, Na2O and B2O3 being determined on all filtrates.The remaining slip from each sample was then used to spray sample plates which were fired at the critical temperature for the formation of scum on enamel. A correlation of the data on soluble salts and on scumming is made.
METHOD FOR IMPROVING THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CLAYS*
Authors: Whittemore J. W. , Bull F. W. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe effect of an organic material, commercially known as Plasticade, on the physical properties of several clays was studied. Plasticade is principally an organic compound with a tannin and lignin base and is an acid in its reactions. It has a marked effect on all of the physical properties of the clays studied. Its effect was studied first in the laboratory and then determined from plant trials.
SOME DRYING PROPERTIES OF CLAYS: I‐III I, Effect of Small Imposed Loads on the Rate of Drying of Some Clays*
Authors: Schurecht H. G. , Lampman C. Major 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe increased rate of drying caused by low pressures on the ware is a factor in drying which must be recognized particularly with large shapes and in drier car settings of considerable heights. Pressures of the magnitude encountered under these conditions were found to increase the rate of drying as high as 58% in the case of some clays, causing the unloaded portions to have 3.30 times as much water as the loaded portions during certain periods of drying. All clays are effected to a greater or less extent, but it is most prominent in clays of low plasticity.
A CONTROLLED BOILING ACID TEST FOR PORCELAIN ENAMELS*
Authors: BRYANT E. E. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe apparatus described in this paper was designed to accomplish certain results for boiling acid‐resistance tests as follows: (1) temperature control of the acid solution; (2) constant volume of the acid solution by eliminating evaporation; (3) confinement of the acid attack to a definite area of surface; (4) acid solution unweakened by attack on surfaces not pertinent to the test; and (5) a weighed sample may be used to determine the weight of enamel removed by acid attack, or loss of gloss may be determined. Data are included to show the accuracy and general possibilities of the test.
EFFECT OF MANGANESE, NICKEL, AND COBALT OXIDE UPON THE ADHERENCE AND REBOILING PROPERTIES OF A GROUND‐COAT ENAMEL*
Authors: Howe E. E. , Fellows R. L. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA series of enamels was compounded in which small amounts of adherence‐promoting oxides were varied and their effect upon the adherence and reboiling properties of a base enamel glass applied to steel was studied. Results indicated that cobalt oxide was necessary in producing adherence, whereas nickel and manganese oxides increased the firing range. Reboiling was found to be dependent upon adherence. Photomicrographs showed that different phases existed in the interfacial layer when the different metallic oxides were introduced into the enamel.
CONCERNING THE STRENGTH OF THE WEAKEST BOTTLES* Applicability of the “Normal” Curve of Errors to Statistical Analyses of Strength Tests of Glassware
Authors: Preston F. W. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe ordinary “theory of errors,” which assumes a “normal distribution” of the errors, is often applied to situations where it can not theoretically apply. In particular it has been applied to the strength of glass and glassware. While theoretically the theory is wrong, there is no entirely satisfactory theory available to replace it, and the question arises how far it can be used with advantage and exactly what are its limitations. It is necessary to answer these questions by direct experiment, i.e., by breaking a lot of glassware.
EVAPORATION BY SUBMERGED COMBUSTION: VI, DEWATERING CLAY SUSPENSIONS*
Authors: Kobe Kenneth A. , Wllson Hewitt , Sheehyt Thomas M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSubmerged combustion methods are described and their advantages are discussed. The application of this method to the dewatering of highly colloidal kaolins has been made. Evaporation takes place with thermal efficiencies up to 96% and evaporation efficiencies up to 85%. There is no difficulty with the clay until concentrations above 45% solids are reached. Hard particles then form owing to insufficient agitation. The solids content has been carried to 67%.
ACID BESSEMER REFRACTORIES*
Authors: Chesters J. H. , McLean R. J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA study has been made of the refractories used in the acid Bessemer process. The failure of the tuyères, which generally precedes that of the remainder of the bottom, is found to be due mainly to the attack of ferrous oxide and manganous oxide. The rapid rate of wear is explained by the fact that an addition of 8% of ferrous oxide or manganous oxide reduces the melting point of the tuyère to 1550°C, i.e., to about the temperature of the molten steel. Laboratory investigations suggest a number of possible ways of increasing bottom life, e.g., the production and use of (a) basic tuyères of high spalling resistance, (b) plumbago tuyères, and (c) fireclay tuyères of higher alumina content.
Effects of temperature and sex on jump performance and biomechanics in the lizardAnolis carolinensis
Authors: LAILVAUX S. P. , IRSCHICK D. J. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryTemperature is known to affect whole‐organism performance capacities significantly in ectotherms, but may potentially alter performance kinematics as well. Locomotor performance is a multivariate phenomenon, hence changes in temperature are probably reflected in multiple aspects of locomotion.We studied the thermal sensitivity of several kinetic and kinematic jump variables, including acceleration and power output, in male and female green anole lizards,Anolis carolinensisVoigt 1832. We hypothesized that temperature would have similar effects on kinetic and kinematic variables.We also tested the hypotheses that males and females would differ in jump performance, but only because of sexual dimorphism for body size, and that males and females would also differ in optimal performance temperature and body temperature (Tb) maintained in the field.Both kinetic and kinematic jump variables exhibited significant temperature dependence, as expected, suggesting that overall jump dynamics are altered by temperature in green anoles. Power, in particular, increased markedly over the 15–25 °C temperature range in males.Sex differences in jumping were driven largely by sexual dimorphism in body size. However, females exhibited significantly narrower thermal tolerance ranges than males, although they maintained aTbsimilar to males in the field.These data illustrate the necessity of carefully controllingTbduring jumping experiments at single temperatures in ectotherms, as temperature affects a suite of kinematic and biomechanical traits determining overall jump performance.
Plant species richness, elevated CO2, and atmospheric nitrogen deposition alter soil microbial community composition and function
Authors: CHUNG HAEGEUN , ZAK DONALD R. , REICH PETER B. , ELLSWORTH DAVID S. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractWe determined soil microbial community composition and function in a field experiment in which plant communities of increasing species richness were exposed to factorial elevated CO2 and nitrogen (N) deposition treatments. Because elevated CO2 and N deposition increased plant productivity to a greater extent in more diverse plant assemblages, it is plausible that heterotrophic microbial communities would experience greater substrate availability, potentially increasing microbial activity, and accelerating soil carbon (C) and N cycling. We, therefore, hypothesized that the response of microbial communities to elevated CO2 and N deposition is contingent on the species richness of plant communities. Microbial community composition was determined by phospholipid fatty acid analysis, and function was measured using the activity of key extracellular enzymes involved in litter decomposition. Higher plant species richness, as a main effect, fostered greater microbial biomass, cellulolytic and chitinolytic capacity, as well as the abundance of saprophytic and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. Moreover, the effect of plant species richness on microbial communities was significantly modified by elevated CO2 and N deposition. For instance, microbial biomass and fungal abundance increased with greater species richness, but only under combinations of elevated CO2 and ambient N, or ambient CO2 and N deposition. Cellobiohydrolase activity increased with higher plant species richness, and this trend was amplified by elevated CO2. In most cases, the effect of plant species richness remained significant even after accounting for the influence of plant biomass. Taken together, our results demonstrate that plant species richness can directly regulate microbial activity and community composition, and that plant species richness is a significant determinant of microbial response to elevated CO2 and N deposition. The strong positive effect of plant species richness on cellulolytic capacity and microbial biomass indicate that the rates of soil C cycling may decline with decreasing plant species richness.
Interacting effects of elevated CO2, nutrient availability and plant species on a generalist invertebrate herbivore
Authors: SCHÄDLER MARTIN , ROEDER MAREIKE , BRANDL ROLAND , MATTHIES DIETHART 
Published: April 2007

AbstractBy affecting plant growth and phytochemistry elevated CO2 may have indirect effects on the performance of herbivores. These effects show considerable variability across studies and may depend on nutrient availability, the carbon/nutrient‐balance in plant tissues and the secondary metabolism of plants. We studied the responses to elevated CO2 and different nutrient availability of 12 herbaceous plant species differing in their investment into secondary compounds. Caterpillars of the generalist herbivore Spodoptera littoralis were reared on the leaves produced and their consumption and growth rates analysed. Elevated CO2 resulted in a similar increase of biomass in all plant species, whereas the positive effect of fertilization varied among plant species. Specific leaf weight was influenced by elevated CO2, but the effect depended on nutrient level and identity of plant species. Elevated CO2 increased the C/N ratio of the leaves of most species. Caterpillars consumed more leaf material when plants were grown under elevated CO2 and low nutrients. This indicates compensatory feeding due to lower tissue quality. However, the effects of elevated CO2, nutrient availability and plant species identity on leaf consumption interacted. Both the effects of CO2 and nutrient availability on the relative growth rate of the herbivore depended on the plant species. The feeding rate of S. littoralis on plant species that do not produce nitrogen‐containing secondary compounds (NCSC) was higher under low nutrient availability. In contrast, in plants producing NCSC nutrient availability had no effect on the feeding rate. This suggests that compensatory feeding in response to low nutrient contents may not be possible if plants produce NCSC. We conclude that elevated CO2 causes species‐specific changes in the quality of plant tissues and consequently in changes in the preferences of herbivores for plant species. This could result in changes in plant community composition.
Methanogenic activity and biomass in Holocene permafrost deposits of the Lena Delta, Siberian Arctic and its implication for the global methane budget
Authors: WAGNER DIRK , GATTINGER ANDREAS , EMBACHER ARNDT , PFEIFFER EVA‐MARIA , SCHLOTER MICHAEL , LIPSKI ANDRÉ 
Published: April 2007

AbstractPermafrost environments within the Siberian Arctic are natural sources of the climate relevant trace gas methane. In order to improve our understanding of the present and future carbon dynamics in high latitudes, we studied the methane concentration, the quantity and quality of organic matter, and the activity and biomass of the methanogenic community in permafrost deposits. For these investigations a permafrost core of Holocene age was drilled in the Lena Delta (72°22′N, 126°28′E). The organic carbon of the permafrost sediments varied between 0.6% and 4.9% and was characterized by an increasing humification index with permafrost depth. A high CH4 concentration was found in the upper 4 m of the deposits, which correlates well with the methanogenic activity and archaeal biomass (expressed as PLEL concentration). Even the incubation of core material at −3 and −6°C with and without substrates showed a significant CH4 production (range: 0.04–0.78 nmol CH4 h−1 g−1). The results indicated that the methane in Holocene permafrost deposits of the Lena Delta originated from modern methanogenesis by cold‐adapted methanogenic archaea. Microbial generated methane in permafrost sediments is so far an underestimated factor for the future climate development.
Savanna fires and their impact on net ecosystem productivity in North Australia
Authors: BERINGER JASON , HUTLEY LINDSAY B. , TAPPER NIGEL J. , CERNUSAK LUCAS A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSavannas comprise a large area of the global land surface and are subject to frequent disturbance through fire. The role of fire as one of the primary natural carbon cycling mechanisms is a key issue in considering global change feedbacks. The savannas of Northern Australia burn regularly and we aimed to determine their annual net ecosystem productivity (NEP) and the impact of fire on productivity. We established a long‐term eddy covariance flux tower at Howard Springs, Australia and present here 5 years of data from 2001 to 2005. Fire has direct impacts through emissions but also has indirect effects through the loss of productivity due to reduced functional leaf area index and the carbon costs of rebuilding the canopy. The impact of fire on the canopy latent energy exchange was evident for 40 days while the canopy was rebuilt; however, the carbon balance took approximately 70 days to recover. The annual fire free NEP at Howard Springs was estimated at −4.3 t C ha−1 yr−1 with a range of −3.5 to −5.1 t C ha−1 yr−1 across years. We calculated the average annual indirect fire effect as +0.7 t C ha−1 yr−1 using a neural network model approach and estimated average emissions of fine and coarse fuels as +1.6 t C ha−1 yr‐1. This allowed us to calculate a net biome production of −2.0 t C ha−1 yr‐1. We then partitioned this remaining sink and suggest that most of this can be accounted for by woody increment (1.2 t C ha−1 yr‐1) and shrub encroachment (0.5 t C ha−1 yr‐1). Given the consistent sink at this site, even under an almost annual fire regime, there may be management options to increase carbon sequestration by reducing fire frequency.