bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Common dolphins subject to fisheries impacts in Southern Australia are genetically differentiated: implications for conservation
Authors: Bilgmann K. , Möller L. M. , Harcourt R. G. , Gales R. , Beheregaray L. B. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractInteractions between short‐beaked common dolphins Delphinus delphis and the fishing industry of South Australia (SA) have lead to serious concerns over the long‐term viability of the local dolphin population. Common dolphins are gregarious animals with high vagility and are expected to display limited genetic differentiation over large spatial scales. Here, we investigate population genetic structure of southern Australian common dolphins using mitochondrial DNA control region sequences and seven microsatellite markers. We found unexpected levels of genetic differentiation for short‐beaked common dolphins over a distance of ∼1500 km. Although no genetic structure was observed in common dolphins along the coast of SA, we detected marked differentiation between dolphins from SA and south‐eastern Tasmania, suggesting a minimum of two genetic populations in southern Australia. We hypothesize that the ephemeral distribution of small pelagic fish enhances movement and dispersal between dolphin groups at a local level. However, clear differences in water temperature, habitat features and fish abundance between SA and Tasmania may contribute to the contemporary isolation observed between dolphin populations. Our findings have important consequences for developing conservation management strategies, because SA has the largest purse‐seine fishery by weight in Australia, and substantial numbers of fatal common dolphin interactions have occurred. In 2004/2005 alone, an estimated 1728 common dolphins were encircled and 377 died over a 7‐month period. If these impacts lead to a reduction in population size, it is unlikely that dolphins from the adjacent south‐eastern Tasmanian population will replace the lost individuals. Recommendations for assessing the impacts of the fishery are presented. The information herein may also have implications for fisheries–marine mammal interactions in coastal and neritic habitats in other areas of the world. Moreover, we demonstrate that a species commonly thought to be wide ranging can show an unexpected degree of genetic differentiation.
Genetic identification of source populations for an aquarium‐traded invertebrate
Authors: Weese D. A. , Santos S. R. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractIncreasingly, wildlife managers are turning to molecular genetics to aid in conservation efforts. While such approaches have been applied to large terrestrial and aquatic vertebrate species, their application to other traded organisms has not been extensively explored. Here, we examined the utility of these techniques for identifying source populations of aquarium ornamental invertebrates, using members of the Hawaiian atyid genus Halocaridina as a study system. These shrimps, restricted to anchialine habitats of the Hawaiian Islands, are popular in the aquarium trade due to their ability to survive in hermetically sealed containers for extended periods of time. However, commercial harvesting, coupled with habitat destruction and strong regional endemism, could lead to the depletion/extinction of unique populations. Because the land district of Kona, along the west coast of the island of Hawai'i, has the state's highest concentration of anchialine habitats, we hypothesized that commercially available Halocaridina originated from this region. To test this, mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene sequences from 96 individuals, obtained from six vendors, were compared with 580 homologous sequences from previous studies covering the known distribution range of Halocaridina. Recovery of identical, regional‐specific haplotypes, network analyses and statistical assignment tests identified these commercially acquired specimens as belonging to either the Kona, Ka'ū, (western and southern coasts, respectively, island of Hawai'i) or Kina'u (southern coast, island of Maui) genetic groups of these shrimps. Although 39 of the 96 individuals originated from the Kona genetic group as hypothesized, our finding that commercially available Halocaridina are from three genetic groups spanning two islands suggests that other populations also warrant potential management consideration. While this study represents the first application of molecular genetics in identifying source populations of aquarium ornamental species, we feel that these techniques are amenable more broadly as they are dependent on only a few caveats.
The influence of family structure, the TPH2 G‐703T and the 5‐HTTLPR serotonergic genes upon affective problems in children aged 10–14 years
Authors: Nobile Maria , Rusconi Marianna , Bellina Monica , Marino Cecilia , Giorda Roberto , Carlet Ombretta , Vanzin Laura , Molteni Massimo , Battaglia Marco 
Published: November 2008

Background:  Both genetic and psychosocial risk factors influence the risk for depression in development. While the impacts of family structure and of serotonergic polymorphisms upon individual differences for affective problems have been investigated separately, they have never been considered together in a gene–environment interplay perspective.Methods:  We examined the effects of family structure and two serotonergic polymorphisms (the TPH2 G‐703T and the 5‐HTTLPR) upon depressive symptoms assessed by the new CBCL/6‐18 DSM‐oriented Affective Problems scale in a general population sample of 607 Italian children aged 10–14 years.Results:  Belonging to ‘one‐parent’ families, the TPH2 G‐703T ‘G variant’, and the 5‐HTTLPR ‘short’ alleles were associated – both alone and in apparent gene‐by‐environment interaction – with higher Affective Problems scores. As predicted by quantitative genetics theory, both polymorphisms contributed with a small effect size, while ‘family structure’ had a moderate effect size.Conclusions:  A putative hazard factor impinging on individual risk at the family‐wide level, namely family structure, appears to act interactively with two pivotal serotonergic genes in heightening risk for Affective Problems. Although it remains to be demonstrated that belonging to a one‐ rather than a two‐parent family has true environmental causal effects on Affective Problems, these data may contribute to identify/prevent risk for depression in childhood.
Emanuel Miller Lecture: Early onset depressions – meanings, mechanisms and processes
Authors: Goodyer Ian M. 
Published: November 2008

Background:  Depressive syndromes in children and adolescents constitute a serious group of mental disorders with considerable risk for recurrence. A more precise understanding of aetiology is necessary to improve treatment and management.Methods:  Three neuroactive agents are purported to be involved in the aetiology of these disorders: serotonin, brain‐derived neurotrophic factor and cortisol. A literature review was conducted to determine their contributions to the emergence of unipolar depressions in the adolescent years.Results:  Serotonin, brain‐derived neurotrophic factor and cortisol may operate in concert within two distinct functional frameworks: atypical early epigenesis arising in the first few years of life and resulting in the formation of a vulnerable neuronal network involving in particular the amygdala and ventral prefrontal cortex. Individuals with this vulnerability are likely to show impaired mood regulation when faced with environmental demands during adolescence and over the subsequent decades; and acquired neuroendangerment, a pathological brain process leading to reduced synaptic plasticity, in particular in the hippocampus and perhaps the nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmentum. This may result in motivational, cognitive and behavioural deficits at any point in the lifespan most apparent at times of environmental demand.Conclusions:  The characteristics, course and outcome of a depressive episode may depend on the extent of the involvement of both atypical early neurogenesis and acquired neuroendangerment.
Behavioural and cognitive phenotypes in idiopathic autism versus autism associated with fragile X syndrome
Authors: Dissanayake Cheryl , Bui Quang , Bulhak‐Paterson Danuta , Huggins Richard , Loesch Danuta Z. 
Published: November 2008

Background:  In order to better understand the underlying biological mechanism/s involved in autism, it is important to investigate the cognitive and behavioural phenotypes associated with idiopathic autism (autism without a known cause) and comorbid autism (autism associated with known genetic/biological disorders such as fragile X syndrome). Parental effects associated with each type of autism also serve to cast light on the biological underpinnings of autism.Method:  Forty‐nine participants with idiopathic autism (AD; Mean age: 11.16; SD: 6.08) and their parents (45 mothers; 34 fathers), and 48 participants with fragile X syndrome and co‐morbid autism (FXS/AD; Mean age: 17.30; SD: 10.22) and their parents (32 mothers; 30 fathers) were administered the ADOS‐G and the age‐appropriate Wechsler test to ascertain autism and cognitive profiles respectively.Results:  The AD and FXS/AD groups showed a similar profile on the ADOS domains, with slightly higher scores on the Communication domain in the FXS/AD group, after adjusting for full‐scale IQ. Marked differences between the groups in their cognitive abilities were apparent, with the FXS/AD group showing significantly lower scores on all subtests except Comprehension. While no parental effects were found for the FXS/AD group, a paternal effect was apparent on the combined ADOS score for the AD group. Moreover, midparental effects were found in this group for full‐scale IQ (FSIQ) and verbal IQ (VIQ). Analyses also revealed parental effects for the subtests of Similarities, Vocabulary, and Information with predominantly maternal effect, and Digit Span with predominantly paternal effect. Both parents contributed to the midparental effect for Processing Speed.Conclusions:  The results, together with our previous findings, suggest that the postulated combination of susceptibility genes for autism may primarily involve cognitive rather than behavioural processes.
Perception of tone and aspiration contrasts in Chinese children with dyslexia
Authors: Cheung Him , Chung Kevin K.H. , Wong Simpson W.L. , McBride‐Chang Catherine , Penney Trevor B. , Ho Connie S.H. 
Published: November 2008

Background:  Previous research has shown a relationship between speech perception and dyslexia in alphabetic writing. In these studies speech perception was measured using phonemes, a prominent feature of alphabetic languages. Given the primary importance of lexical tone in Chinese language processing, we tested the extent to which lexical tone and aspiration, two fundamental dimensions of Cantonese speech not represented in writing, would distinguish dyslexic from non‐dyslexic 8‐year‐old Chinese children. Tone and aspiration were tested in addition to other phonological processing skills across groups to determine the importance of different aspects of phonological sensitivity in relation to reading disability.Methods:  Dyslexic children and age‐matched and reading‐level controls were tested on their categorical perception of minimal pairs contrasting in tone and aspiration, phonological awareness, rapid digit naming, and Chinese reading abilities.Results:  While performing similarly to reading‐level controls, dyslexic children perceived tone and aspiration contrasts less categorically and accurately than age‐matched controls. They also performed more poorly than the age‐matched controls on rapid digit naming and a measure of phonological awareness testing children’s sensitivity to different grain size units.Conclusions:  Dyslexia in non‐alphabetic Chinese correlates with the categorical organization and accuracy of Cantonese speech perception, along the tone and aspiration dimensions. This association with reading is mediated by its association with phonological awareness. Therefore, dyslexia is universally at least partly a function of basic speech and phonological processes independent of whether the speech dimensions in question are coded in writing.
Low‐intensity resistance exercise with slow lifting and lowering does not increase noradrenalin and cardiovascular responses
Authors: Okamoto Takanobu , Masuhara Mitsuhiko , Ikuta Komei 
Published: November 2008

SummaryThe aim of this study was to investigate the effect of low‐intensity resistance exercise with slow lifting and lowering (LSL) on plasma endothelin‐1 (ET‐1) and noradrenalin concentrations in young healthy adults. Eight healthy males participated in this study (age 19·0 ± 0·5 years, mean ± SD). The LSL performed the 10 repetitions with 3 s eccentric (lowering phase) and 3 s concentric (lifting phase) muscle actions. The high‐intensity resistance exercise with normal lifting and lowering (HNL) performed the 10 repetitions with 1 s eccentric (lowering phase) and 1 s concentric (lifting phase) muscle actions. The load was set to 40% of one repetition maximal (1RM) for LSL and 80% of 1RM for HNL. Plasma ET‐1 and noradrenalin concentrations were measured before and after each type of exercise. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), pulse pressure (PP) and heart rate (HR) during LSL and HNL were measured. The rate‐pressure product (RPP) was calculated from SBP and HR. There were no significant differences in the plasma ET‐1 concentration between LSL and HNL. However, the plasma noradrenalin concentration was significantly increased after HNL, compared with LSL (P<0·001). SBP, DBP, PP, MAP, HR and RPP during LSL were significantly lower compared with HNL (P<0·05: PP and HR;P<0·01: RPP;P<0·001: SBP, DBP and MAP). These results suggested that LSL may suppress the increase in plasma noradrenalin concentrations and cardiovascular responses.
Seizure recurrence risk following a first seizure in neurologically normal children
Authors: Arthur Todd M. , DeGrauw Ton J. , Johnson Cynthia S. , Perkins Susan M. , Kalnin Andrew , Austin Joan K. , Dunn David W. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryPurpose:  To define seizure recurrence rates in normal children who had had a single seizure and to define electroencephalography (EEG) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) utility in predicting seizure recurrence.Methods:  We studied 150 children (6 to 14 years) with a first afebrile, unprovoked seizure. Inclusion criteria were: Normal physical and neurological examination, undergone EEG and MRI studies of the brain, and followed for at least 27 months. These children participated in an ongoing prospective study of new onset seizures in childhood.Results:  The seizure recurrence rate was 66.4%. An abnormal EEG had no association with seizure recurrence at 9, 18, or 27 months (p = 0.1806, p = 0.2792, and p = 0.2379, respectively). A “significant” MRI abnormality, which occurred in 16.0% of patients, was associated with an increased seizure recurrence risk at 9 months (p = 0.0389) but not at 18 or 27 months.Discussion:  EEG findings poorly predict recurrence after a single seizure. The high rate of MRI abnormalities suggests that MRI may need consideration as a routine test to evaluate epilepsy in normal children.
Long‐term management of the ketogenic diet: Seizure monitoring, nutrition, and supplementation
Authors: Zupec‐Kania Beth , Zupanc Mary L. 
Published: November 2008

Summary The ketogenic diet (KD) is a medical nutrition therapy (MNT) for the treatment of epilepsy. As such, it can affect the outcome of an individual's health and chronic medical condition. The components of MNT which have been established by the American Dietetic Association as core guidelines for nutrition care include a diet history, assessment, diet therapy and a follow‐up plan of care (American Dietetic Assoc 2002). We have utilized these guidelines in designing our approach to KD therapy in our pediatric population. Many of the practices described here have been adopted from our practical experience.
Cultural challenges in using the ketogenic diet in Asian countries
Authors: Seo Joo Hee , Kim Heung Dong 
Published: November 2008

SummaryThe ketogenic diet (KD) is a high fat, low carbohydrate diet that has been used for intractable childhood epilepsy since the early 1920s. After the resurgence of the KD since the mid 1990s in the United States, there has been a dramatic increase in its use worldwide. The increasing use of this diet in Asia is not an exception. However, since carbohydrates are considered to be a main dietary composition of Asians, there has been some limitation on the rapid adaptation of KD. This summary will give a brief review on current state, limitations, and efforts to provide a successful KD in Asia.
Neuroprotective effects of the ketogenic diet
Authors: Noh Hae Sook , Kim Yoon Sook , Choi Wan Sung 
Published: November 2008

Summary The ketogenic diet (KD) is an alternative treatment for medically refractory epilepsy. Despite numerous mechanistic hypotheses advanced to explain the anticonvulsant action of the KD, few studies to date have addressed the molecular changes in brain following KD treatment. Here, we present recent experimental results based on systemic administration of kainic acid (KA) in rodents. KA typically induces acute limbic seizures and results in cellular and molecular alterations, accompanied by neuronal death mainly in limbic structures, similar to what has been observed in surgically resected temporal lobe tissue in epileptic patients. We have reported that neuronal degeneration induced by KA is ameliorated by KD treatment via diverse protective mechanisms, including inhibition of caspase‐3‐mediated apoptosis in hippocampal neurons. Neuroprotective strategies such as the KD, if implemented early, might exert an antiepileptogenic effect, and could prevent associated learning and memory deficits.
Gamma frequency SSVEP components differentiate children with febrile seizures from normal controls
Authors: Birca Ala , Carmant Lionel , Lortie Anne , Vannasing Phetsamone , Lassonde Maryse 
Published: November 2008

SummaryGamma band electroencephalography (EEG) abnormalities have been reported in patients with epilepsy. We aimed to investigate whether patients with febrile seizures (FS) show abnormalities of the gamma frequency steady‐state visual evoked potential (SSVEP) components evoked by intermittent photic stimulation (IPS). We analyzed the magnitude and phase alignment of the 50–100 Hz SSVEP components elicited by IPS from 12 FS patients, 5 siblings of FS patients, and 15 control children between 6 and 36 months of age. Patients with FS showed significantly higher SSVEP magnitude and phase alignment values when compared to both the siblings and control groups. Detected abnormalities could either represent the direct consequence of seizures or indicate a preexisting tendency to hypersynchrony in FS patients. Future prospective studies could assess whether SSVEP abnormalities are associated with complex rather than simple FS, or have a prognostic value for the development of epilepsy following FS.
When What You See Isn’t What You Get: Alcohol Cues, Alcohol Administration, Prediction Error, and Human Striatal Dopamine
Authors: Yoder Karmen K. , Morris Evan D. , Constantinescu Cristian C. , Cheng Tee‐Ean , Normandin Marc D. , O’Connor Sean J. , Kareken David A. 
Published: November 2008

Background: The mesolimbic dopamine (DA) system is implicated in the development and maintenance of alcohol drinking; however, the exact mechanisms by which DA regulates human alcohol consumption are unclear. This study assessed the distinct effects of alcohol‐related cues and alcohol administration on striatal DA release in healthy humans.Methods: Subjects underwent 3 PET scans with [11C]raclopride (RAC). Subjects were informed that they would receive either an IV Ringer's lactate infusion or an alcohol (EtOH) infusion during scanning, with naturalistic visual and olfactory cues indicating which infusion would occur. Scans were acquired in the following sequence: (1) Baseline Scan: Neutral cues predicting a Ringer’s lactate infusion, (2) CUES Scan: Alcohol‐related cues predicting alcohol infusion in a Ringer’s lactate solution, but with alcohol infusionafterscanning to isolate the effects of cues, and (3) EtOH Scan: Neutral cues predicting Ringer's, but with alcohol infusionduringscanning (to isolate the effects of alcohol without confounding expectation or craving).Results: Relative to baseline, striatal DA concentration decreased during CUES, but increased during EtOH.Conclusion: While the results appear inconsistent with some animal experiments showing dopaminergic responses to alcohol’s conditioned cues, they can be understood in the context of the hypothesized role of the striatum in reward prediction error, and of animal studies showing that midbrain dopamine neurons decrease and increase firing rates during negative and positive prediction errors, respectively. We believe that our data are the first in humans to demonstrate such changes in striatal DA during reward prediction error.
Decrease in the Prevalence of Adolescent Alcohol Use and its Possible Causes in Japan: Periodical Nationwide Cross‐Sectional Surveys
Authors: Osaki Yoneatsu , Tanihata Takeo , Ohida Takashi , Kanda Hideyuki , Suzuki Kenji , Higuchi Susumu , Kaneita Yoshitaka , Minowa Masumi , Hayashi Kenji 
Published: November 2008

Background:  Trends in alcohol drinking prevalence were assessed among Japanese adolescents, and possible reasons for a decrease in drinking prevalence observed in 2004.Methods:  Cross‐sectional nationwide surveys were conducted periodically. High schools were randomly sampled from throughout Japan in 1996, 2000, and 2004. All enrolled students in sampled schools were subjects of the surveys. Self‐reporting anonymous questionnaires were collected from 115,814 students in 1996, 106,297 in 2000, and 102,451 in 2004. Questions about drinking prevalence of students and family members, proportion of students who have no friends, and sources of alcohol were included. Students who drunk at least one day of the 30 days preceding the survey were defined as the current drinkers.Results:  The drinking prevalence in 2004 was decreased in comparison to that in 1996 and 2000 in both sexes and in all school grades. The current drinking rate (monthly drinker) among junior high school boys was 29.4% in 1996, 29.0% in 2000, and 20.5% in 2004, while that among senior high school boys was 49.7%, 48.7%, and 36.2%, respectively. The respective prevalence among junior and senior girls was 24.0%, 25.5%, and 20.0% and 40.8%, 42.1%, and 34.1%. The prevalent sources of alcohol beverages were searching in home, stores (convenience store, supermarket, or gas‐stand), liquor shops, and bars. An analysis of the reasons for this decrease identified a decrease in drinking prevalence in students’ families, especially by fathers and older brothers, and an increase in the proportion of students who had no friends.Conclusions:  A decrease in drinking prevalence of male family members and a limitation of sources of alcoholic beverages may contribute to the decrease in adolescent drinking prevalence.