bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Die mikrobiologische Qualitätskontrolle der Margarine II: Untersuchung auf Krankheitserreger
Authors: Mossel D. A. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEs wird der Nachweis enteropathogener Organismen (Salmonellae, Staph. aureus, Clostridium perfringens usw.) in Margarine beschrieben und eine tabellarische Übersicht über die für die mikrobiologischen Nachweise empfohlenen Methoden gegeben.
Waschmittelherstellung im Luftwirbelmischer
Authors: Merkenich K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEs wird ein Verfahren zur Herstellung von Wasch‐ und Reinigungsmitteln durch Aufsprühen von waschaktiven Substanzen auf Natriumtripolyphosphat und andere Gerüstsubstanzen beschrieben. Es hat sich herausgestellt, daß für den Einsatz im Luftwirbelmisch‐Verfahren Natriumtripolyphosphat mit hohem Phase‐I‐Gehalt am besten geeignet ist. Auf Grund des hohen Phase‐I‐Gehaltes erfolgt das Abbinden der wäßrigen waschaktiven Substanzen so schnell, daß die Hydratationswärme im Luftwirbelmisch‐Verfahren Natriumtripolyphosphat mit hohem Mischer strömende Kaltluft sofort abgeführt wird. Das Verfahren gestattet es, Waschmittel mit Bleichkomponenten in einem Arbeitsschritt herzustellen. Es werden Richtrezepturen zur Herstellung von Waschmitteln angegeben.
Vinylierung höherer Carbonsäuren an Katalysatorschmelzen
Authors: Hübner G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractNach einigen Hinweisen auf die Verwendungsmöglichkeiten von Vinylestern höherer Carbonsäuren werden bekannte Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung kurz beschrieben. Weiterhin wird über ein neues Verfahren berichtet, wobei auch auf die Vinylierung von in α‐Stellung verzweigten höheren Carbonsäuren eingegangen wird.
Acryl‐ und Methacrylharze VI
Authors: Weigel K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractErgänzung der früher in dieser Zeitschrift erschienenen Veröffentlichungen über Acryl‐ und Methacrylharze, speziell auf dem Sektor der Anstrichstoffe. Berücksichtigung finden Lösungen sowie Emulsionen als Einbrenn‐ wie auch als lufttrocknende Lacke. Auf spezielle Anwendungsgebiete wird eingegangen.
Zur oszillographischen Polarographie oxydierter Fette II: Oszillopolarogramme autoxydierter Fette
Authors: Lück H. , Maack R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDie drei durch Peroxyde erzeugten Stromspitzen (A1, A2 nahe 0 V und B −0.75 bis 1.00 V) von autoxydiertem Leinöl, Sojaöl, Olivenöl und Schweineschmalz wurden im Oszillopolarographen untersucht und ihre Entstehung und Abhängigkeit von der Oxydationszeit diskutiert.
Zur Autoxydation ungesättigter Fettsäure‐Ester in Gegenwart von Methanol und Protonen I: Die Autoxydation einfach ungesättigter Fettsäure‐methylester
Authors: Schöllner R. , Herzschuh R. , Mühlstädt M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDie Methylester der Ölsäure, Elaidinsäure, Octadecen‐2‐ und Nonen‐3‐säure wurden in Gegenwart von Methanol und Protonen autoxydiert. Aus der quantitativen Bestimmung der aldehydischen Spaltprodukte konnten die Anteile der primär entstehenden isomeren Hydroperoxyde ermittelt werden. Zu gleichem Ziele wurde die saure und Fe++‐induzierte Zersetzung von reinem Ölsäuremethylesterhydroperoxyd‐Gemisch herangezogen. Der α‐Methylenmechanismus hat auch unter den Bedingungen, unter denen eine bevorzugt sauerstoffinitiierte Autoxydation abläuft, Gültigkeit.
Radikalreaktionen bei der thermischen Behandlung von Ölsäure‐methylester unter Ausschluß von Sauerstoff
Authors: Sen Gupta A. K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBeim Erhitzen von Ölsäure‐methylester unter Argon bei 280° & 5°C entstehen neben Dimeren als Hauptreaktionsprodukte Δ9‐Octadecen, Δ9,17‐Hexacosadien, Decansäure‐methylester, Δ9,17‐Hexacosadiensäure‐methylester, Δ9‐Octadecen‐1,18‐disäure‐dimethylester und Δ9,17‐Hexacosadien‐1,26‐disäure‐dimethylester. Der Mechanismus der Reaktionen, die zu diesen Produkten führen, wild diskutiert.
Die Bedeutung der spezifischen Oberfläche bei mineralischen Füllstoffen
Authors: Hunkar D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBeim Zusatz von Mineralprodukte zu Anstrichsystemen sollte man nicht nur das Volumen oder das Gewicht dieser Produkte berücksichtigen sondern auch ihre spezifische Oberfläche. Für die Größe derselben sind die Teilchengröße und die Teilchenform von ausschlaggebender Bedeutung. Mineralprodukte mit kubischer Kornform haben eine viel geringere spezifische Oberfläche als solche mit blättriger Textur. Die Größe der spez. Oberfläche ist für den Binderbedarf der Mineralprodukte maßgebend. Man sollte anstatt von Pigment‐Volumen‐Konzentration von Pigment‐Oberflächen‐Konzentration sprechen. Die Kenntnis der spez. Oberfläche, der Ölzahl und Teilchengröße befähigt zur Identifizierung und Klassifizierung der Mineralprodukte und ermöglicht das Errechnen von wirtschaftlichen Füllstoffkombinationen.
Untersuchungen zum Nachweis von Emulgatoren in Lebensmitteln, 6. Mitteilung
Authors: Kröller E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEigenschaften und Nachweismöglichkeiten von Emulgatoren auf der Basis von o‐Phosphorsäureestern der Fettalkohole und ihrer oxäthylierten Derivate für kosmetische Präparate werden untersucht und eine Vorschrift zu ihrem einfachen spezifischen Nachweis angegeben.
Raspberry‐Like Aggregates Containing Secondary Nanospheres of Polystyrene‐block‐poly(4‐vinylpyridine) Micelles
Authors: Jiang Xiaowei , Wang Yao , Zhang Wangqing , Zheng Peiwen , Shi Linqi 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSummary: Raspberry‐like aggregates containing secondary nanospheres were studied. The formation of raspberry‐like aggregates was due to complexation between core‐shell microspheres and core‐corona micelles. The core‐shell microspheres were synthesized with soap‐free polymerization of styrene and methyl acrylic acid, which included carboxyl groups in the periphery. The micelles were self‐assembled by polystyrene‐block‐poly(4‐vinylpyridine), which contained pyridine groups in the corona. The driven force to form raspberry‐like aggregates was due to the affinity between the carboxyl and pyridine groups. The morphology of the raspberry‐like aggregates could be tuned by changing the ratio of the microspheres to micelles. IR measurements suggested that the raspberry‐like aggregates were like zwitterions.TEM image of the raspberry‐like aggregates formed at a molar ratio of MAA to 4VP at 1:4.magnified imageTEM image of the raspberry‐like aggregates formed at a molar ratio of MAA to 4VP at 1:4.
Synthesis and cationic photopolymerization of new fluorinated, polyfunctional propenyl ether oligomers
Authors: Sangermano Marco , Bongiovanni Roberta , Malucelli Giulio , Priola Aldo , Thomas Richard R. , Kausch Charles M. , Kim Yongsin 
Published: November 2006

AbstractNew fluorinated, polyfunctional propenyl ether functionalized resins were synthesized, and their behavior in cationic photopolymerization was investigated. The photopolymerization proceeded efficiently with a high double‐bond conversion (>90%), giving rise to UV‐cured coatings characterized by low glass‐transition temperatures (−33 °C ≤ glass‐transition temperature ≤ −15 °C) and hydrophobic surface properties. A fluorinated additive was also employed as a reactive additive in the cationic photopolymerization of trimethylolpropane tripropenyl ether, increasing the double‐bond conversion, polymer network flexibility, thermal stability, and surface hydrophobicity. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 6943–6951, 2006
Superalgebras of Dirac operators on manifolds with special Killing‐Yano tensors
Authors: Cotăescu I.I. , Visinescu M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWe present the properties of new Dirac‐type operators generated by real or complex‐valued special Killing‐Yano tensors that are covariantly constant and represent roots of the metric tensor. In the real case these are just the so called complex or hyper‐complex structures of the Kählerian manifolds. Such a Killing‐Yano tensor produces simultaneously a Dirac‐type operator and the generator of a one‐parameter Lie group connecting this operator with the standard Dirac one. In this way the Dirac operators are related among themselves through continuous transformations associated with specific discrete ones. We show that the group of these continuous transformations can be only U(1) or SU(2). It is pointed out that the Dirac and Dirac‐type operators can form 𝒩 = 4 superalgebras whose automorphisms combine isometries with the SU(2) transformation generated by the Killing‐Yano tensors. As an example we study the automorphisms of the superalgebras of Dirac operators on Minkowski spacetime.
Flare case histories demonstrating problems and solutions
Authors: Straitz John F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA flare is an important safety device for control and disposal of combustible gases. They are designed in accordance with API, ASME, EPA, and other codes. However, many other details and possible oversights, not found in the recommended practices, standards, and codes, can lead to dangerous conditions—bottlenecks, equipment malfunction, overpressure, flameout, vapor clouds, liquid carryover (burning rain), internal burning, and explosions. These normally overlooked details are also covered in this article. Vents and vent stacks will also be reviewed since they are simply a flare without a flame. They also use much of the same technology as a flare, except for the pilots, ignitors, and flame retainers. Some of these unsafe conditions, their causes, and their initial warning signs are presented from actual field experience and discussed in order to educate the engineer (design, piping, process, operating), plant operators, and maintenance people. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2006
The mode of entry of contact insecticides
Authors: Gerolt P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractExperiments have been carried out to test the generally accepted view that contact insecticides enter into the central nervous system via the haemolymph. So far, they have only produced evidence to the contrary As an alternative route, it is suggested that these insecticides reach the site of action via the integumental tissues of the body wall and the tracheal system. The evidence for this is discussed.
Some properties of a mechanism delaying penetration of insecticides into houseflies
Authors: Sawicki R. M. , Lord K. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe penetration of insecticides into houseflies, with and without the factor that delays penetration, was studied by measuring the amounts of the insecticides on the surface of the flies at intervals after treatment. The factor slowed the entry of all the insecticides tested, but its effect depended on the dose, and had little or no effect when the dose applied was big (20 μmUg/fiy). Penetration in all strains, susceptible and resistant, increased but not proportionally to the size of the dose. The rate insecticide was lost from the surface slowed with time and increasing age of the insects. It was faster in males than females, and was always faster in flies without the penetration factor. The differences in penetration between the flies with and without the factor was less with n‐dodecane as solvent than with acetone.With all strains, rate of loss from the surface was slowest with dieldrin. Diazinon, parathion and chlorthion‐ethyl were lost at about the same rate; diazoxon penetrated fastest.
Interactions between S,S,S‐tributyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF) and growth regulator herbicides. II.—Further studies
Authors: Turner D. J. , Loader M. C. P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAdditional results are presented from experiments with poplar and privet discussed in a previous paper. At 9 months after application mixtures of picloram and S,S,S‐tributyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF) caused more severe effects than either compound applied alone. This result was in agreement with earlier assessments of phytotoxicity. The earlier synergism of DEF with the triethylamine salt of 2,4,5‐T on privet diminished or disappeared, however. Mixtures of DEF with 2,4,5‐T iso‐octyl ester were antagonistic both in their shortand longer‐term phytotoxic effects.Further experiments with guava plants grown in a glasshouse have demonstrated synergism in mixtures of DEF with salt or amine formulations ofpicloram, 2,4,5‐T or mecoprop and antagonism between DEF and ester formulations of these herbicides. 2‐Butyne‐1,4‐diol had no effect on the phytotoxicity of picloram ester. Xylene and a non‐ionic emulsifying agent (Triton B 1956) did not appreciably increase the effects of picloram if a wetting agent was also present. Synergism was reduced when DEF was applied to guava leaves 2–4 h before or after picloram, and the compounds did not interact when they were introduced directly into the vascular system of this plant.
Al comparison of sticker performance against rainwashing of microcapsules on leaf surfaces
Authors: Phillips F. T. , Gillham E. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPolybutyl acrylates were better than other stickers of various celluloses and alginates for retaining microcapsules on surfaces subjected to “rainwashing” tests in the laboratory. Drying periods between rainwashing periods also improved retention. Microcapsules were lost from rainwashed surfaces exponentially.
Effects of micro‐organisms on the absorption of inorganic nutrients by plants
Authors: Barber David A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMicro‐organisms concentrated in the rhizosphere can influence the absorption of inorganic nutrients by plants. The effects were investigated by comparing uptake of nutrients in plants grown in the presence and absence of micro‐organisms in both water culture and soil.In water culture, at phosphate concentrations below about 1.0 part/million competition occurs between barley plants and a microflora of casual laboratory contaminants resulting in reduced absorption and translocation of phosphate. In the presence of micro‐organisms nitrogen uptake from nitrate was increased and from ammonium ions decreased; uptake of metal from solutions of ferric, zinc and manganous salts and EDTA chelates was enhanced.The results for plants grown in specific soils confirmed that competition from micro‐organisms can reduce uptake of phosphate and molybdenum by the plants. The direct effect of rhizosphere micro‐organisms can be demonstrated only in special circumstances but such studies aid our understanding of plant nutrition.
Interactions of fungicides and leaf saprophytes
Authors: Dickinson Colin H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPhylloplane micro‐organisms may metabolise substances present on the leaf surface, they may interact with leaf pathogens and they may be involved in the process of senescence. The effects of fungicides on many leaf saprophytes are, however, largely unknown. Studies under both field and laboratory conditions have indicated that wide spectrum protectant fungicides, such as captan, captafol and zineb, are as effective against the saprophytic flora as they are against plant pathogens.If the leaf surface microflora is restricted by fungicides then antagonism towards pathogens will also be reduced, but beneficial results may ensue if the microbial impact on senescence is lessened. Field trials with barley have demonstrated that it is possible to delay senescence by using fungicide sprays.
Similarities between the systemic fungicides triforine and triarimol
Authors: Sherald J. L. , Ragsdale N. N. , Sisler H. D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe fungicides triforine and triarimol, though structurally unrelated have a similar antifungal spectrum. Neither fungicide inhibited germination of conidia of Cladosporium cucumerinum, but both inhibited subsequent mycelial growth. Triforine, like triarimol, proved to be an effective inhibitor of ergosterol biosynthesis. Two mutants of C. cucumerinum selected for resistance to triarimol also exhibited resistance to triforine and to the triarimol analogues ancymidol and bis(4‐chlorophenyl)‐3‐pyrimidinemethanol. Resistance of these mutants, however, did not extend to the sterol inhibitors triparanol and trans‐clomiphene or to sodium o‐phenylphenate and 2,6‐dichloro‐4‐nitroaniline, two compounds usually tolerated by fungi exhibiting general hydrocarbon resistance. Toxicity of either triforine or triarimol to C. cucumerinum was annuled by β‐carotene, vitamin A, progesterone, testosterone and farnesol. The various similarities between triforine and triarimol suggest a common mode of action for the two compounds.
The laboratory evaluation of two promising new insecticides which interfere with cuticle deposition
Authors: Mulder Rudolf , Gijswijt Martinus J. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract1‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐3‐(2,6‐dichlorobenzoyl)‐urea, PH 60‐38 and 1‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐3‐(2,6‐difluorobenzoyl)‐urea, PH 60‐40, are representatives of a new class of insecticides with an unprecedented mode of action. Susceptibility of insect species of different orders is demonstrated and the compounds are expected to be quite safe towards mammals. The compounds are stomach poisons and they are not plant systemic. Their insecticidal activity demonstrates itself mainly as a failure to moult or pupate, resulting in death. Histological examination revealed the cause of this failure to be a defect in the process of cuticle deposition.
Toxicological studies with the 1,3,5‐triazine herbicide cyanazine
Authors: Walker A. Ian T. , Brown Vernon K. H. , Kodama Jiro K. , Thorpe Ernest , Wilson Andrew B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAcute and long‐term mammalian toxicity studies were carried out with the 1,3,5‐triazine herbicide cyanazine (I) and its two major plant and soil metabolites DW 43 85 (II) and DW 4394 (III). Depending upon the species used, the acute oral LD50 values for cyanazine ranged from 140‐750 mg/kg, the values in any one species not being influenced by formulation. The acute, percutaneous LD50 values were greater than 1000 mg/kg, the maximum dose which could be administered. Cyanazine was non‐irritant to eyes and skin and a non‐sensitiser to skin. The acute oral LD50 in rats for (II) was 789 mg/kg and for (III) was >2000 mg/kg. In 13‐week studies on cyanazine, reduced growth rates and organ weight changes were the most sensitive criteria of exposure, 25 parts/million in the diet of rats and 5 mg/kg orally dosed to dogs being considered to be without toxicological effect. In two year studies 12 parts/million in the diet of rats and 1.25 mg/kg, orally dosed to dogs produced no changes of toxicological significance. In 13‐week studies with (II) and (III), intakes of up to 10 000 parts/million in the diet failed to produce any toxicologically significant changes.
Factors which influence the knockdown effect of insecticide products
Authors: Wickham John C. , Chadwick Peter R. , Stewart Duncan C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractKnockdown in insects following application of an insecticide may be defined as the state of intoxication and partial paralysis which usually precedes death. Pyrethroid insecticides cause knockdown within a few minutes in contrast to the slower action of other groups of compounds. Users throughout the world have varying interpretations of knockdown and may apply different emphasis depending upon the species involved and local application techniques. To obtain valid assessments it is necessary to carry out tests under the most realistic conditions possible and to see that the effects of variations in procedure are taken into full account. Some factors which influence knockdown are: single rapid dosing or continuous pick‐up during the observation period; size and distribution of spray‐droplets; size of test chamber; interaction in mixtures of synergist and insecticides; use of organic solvents or water‐based formulations. Examples of these are given.
Toxicity of the chitin synthesis inhibitors, diflubenzuron and its dichloro‐analogue, to Spodoptera littoralis larvae
Authors: Ascher K. R. Simon , Nemny Nadia E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe activities of the chitin synthesis inhibitors, diflubenzuron and PH 60–38, against Spodoptera littoralis larvae were assayed by feeding treated alfalfa or poisoned wheat bran baits, by allowing the larvae to imbibe sucrose‐containing aqueous dispersions of the compounds, and by injection into larvae. PH 60–38 was less active than diflubenzuron. On alfalfa, diflubenzuron had to be fed for at least 2 days to prevent formation of normal pupae and emergence of adults. For very big (480–540 mg) larvae, feeding diflubenzuron at concentrations of 50 mg/litre for 2 days or 2.5 mg/litre for 3 days prevented adult emergence. For 200–250 mg larvae, this was achieved by feeding concentrations of 100 mg/litre for 2 days, 5 mg/litre for 3 days or 3.5 mg/litre for 4 days. In all larvae > 150 mg, mortality in feeding experiments occurred in the prepupal or the pupal stage. Only with 30–50 mg and 100–150 mg larvae was there considerable mortality during moults between larval instars, the larvae being unable to liberate themselves from the old larval skins and head capsules. Diflubenzuron incorporated into wheat bran baits at concentrations of from 2.5 to 10 000 μg/g killed approximately 70–90% of the insects. When imbibed, diflubenzuron was much less toxic as a wettable powder than as a liquid formulation but the two formulations were equitoxic when injected into the larvae.
Cold storage degradation of the herbicide metribuzin in field soil samples awaiting analysis
Authors: Webster G. R. Barrie , Reimer Gerald J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn conjunction with a study of herbicide degradation in the field, metribuzin (4‐amino‐6‐tert‐butyl‐4,5‐dihydro‐3‐methylthio‐l,2,4‐triazin‐5‐one) was shown to be degraded at‐37±5°C in soil samples awaiting analysis. Products of this degradation process include the known derivatives DADK (6‐tert‐butyl‐2,3,4,5‐tetrahydro‐l,2,4‐triazine‐3,5‐dione) and DK (4‐amino‐6‐tert‐butyl‐2,3,4,5‐tetrahydro‐l,2,4‐triazine‐3,5‐dione) and these products themselves have been shown to be degraded further under the same storage conditions. Loss of the herbicide can be approximated using half order kinetics with respect to metribuzin; however, loss of both previously identified metabolites is most rapid when metabolite concentrations are highest. Assuming half order kinetics, samples of Almasippi very fine sandy loam containing metribuzin (0.5 mg/kg) can be expected to lose 50% of the herbicide in 282 days at ‐ 37°, a period which is short enough to affect residue analysis results significantly should samples be stored for extended lengths of time prior to analysis. Implied in these results is the desirability of immediate analysis following collection of samples; otherwise rates of loss during storage must be determined to allow adjustment of results to compensate for residue losses in samples awaiting analysis.
The potential for pyrethroids as agricultural, veterinary and industrial insecticides
Authors: Breese Michael H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe results of trials with some synthetic pyrethroids, especially cypermethrin and permethrin, against pests of cotton, various fruits, vegetables and brassicas are summarised. These compounds and cypermethrin in particular have given good results at low dosages against many insect species on these crops. Cypermethrin shows promise against ectoparasites attacking sheep and cattle and also is being evaluated for various non‐agricultural outlets.
Conversion rates of aldicarb and its oxidation products in soils. I. Aldicarb sulphone
Authors: Smelt Johan H. , Leistra Minze , Houx Norbert W. H. , Dekker Abraham 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe rate of loss of aldicarb sulphone was studied in incubation experiments on soils from four plough layers and two deeper layers. In all instances the loss could be described by first‐order kinetics in the first period of two to three times half‐life. However, in a clay loam soil and a greenhouse soil a faster degradation rate was observed after the first 56 and 112 days of incubation respectively. The half‐lives of sulphone in plough layer soils at 15°C ranged from 18 days in a clay loam to 154 days in a peaty sand. Conversion in deeper layers was considerably slower than in the corresponding top layers of the soil profile. In a silty layer at 70 to 90 cm depth the half‐life at 15°C was 46 days, whereas in a sand layer at 90–110 cm no clear loss was found during the 294 days of incubation.