bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The development of description in cataloguing prior to ISBD
Authors: Bowman J.H. 
Published: July 2006

PurposeThe purpose of this article is to compare Anglo‐American cataloguing codes and practices for description over the past 150 years and assess the contribution that they made to International Standard Bibliographic Description (ISBD).Design/methodology/approachThe major international codes, and those of major British libraries, are examined point by point, using as a basis the main areas of description as outlined in AACR2. Cataloguing textbooks are also referred to when appropriate.FindingsThe article finds that general order of elements has been remarkably constant throughout the period, most variation being seen in the physical description area. Primacy of the title page as a source of information is long established. Publisher's name was often of minor importance, and in public libraries physical description was greatly reduced. It is clear from wording that codes often adopted rules from one another, and evidently some libraries made a great attempt to adopt the latest thinking. Solutions to some problems evolved gradually over a long period. Even some apparently minor aspects of punctuation have a long pedigree. ISBD clearly drew on a long‐established consensus as far as possible.Practical implicationsIn revising AACR2 it is important to be able to see how we have reached where we are now, and in particular to avoid repetition of past mistakes. In an increasingly international publishing environment it is vital to solve the problem of multiple places of publication.Originality/valueThis subject has never been tackled in this way before, and the findings are timely for the ongoing revision of AACR2.
Evaluating evaluation
Authors: Gildersleeves Lucy 
Published: July 2006

PurposeThe aim of this article is to investigate the nature of use and impact of the Improve Your Library self‐evaluation process on school libraries and their integration into whole‐school development planning for pupil learning.Design/methodology/approachThe research is structured in two phases. Phase one seeks to map levels, patterns and experiences of use by those responsible for the library within schools and to establish the nature of support needed for librarians from school library services and training providers. Phase two will track schools in detail to explore the extent of difference the process may have on library integration into the wider school self‐evaluation, development priorities and planning, and on library contribution to pupil reading and learning.FindingsPreliminary investigations indicate that there is considerable diversity in current evaluation practice and in expectations of the Improve Your Library toolkits. There is a need for a national vehicle for sharing individual library experience to inform reflective practice.Research limitations/implicationsThe research focused on English schools. Successful delivery of the intended case banks of practice examples is dependent on a good range of schools being willing to share their experience.Practical implicationsTraining and support needs and networks will be identified for providers and practitioners. Practical experience will be made available to librarians, school management and policy‐makers.Originality/valueThis is a timely evaluation of the first unified system of library self‐evaluation across English schools within the context of a new approach to whole‐school evaluation. It will provide librarians with a means of sharing and comparing experiences in the absence of a formalised benchmarking system for school libraries and contribute to a national picture of school library activity and priorities.
Interpreting the image: using advanced computational techniques to read the Vindolanda texts
Authors: Terras Melissa 
Published: July 2006

PurposeThis paper aims to provide an overview of the development of a computer system designed to aid historians in the reading of the stylus tablets from the Roman fort of Vindolanda. It proposes outlining the different stages in developing the system, and giving the preliminary results.Design/methodology/approachThe paper provides a literature review regarding Vindolanda, stylus tablets, and the process of reading an ancient document. Knowledge elicitation techniques are used to model explicitly expert processes used to read an ancient document. A corpus of character forms and lexicostatistics is gathered. An advanced cognitive imaging system utilising artificial intelligence techniques is implemented to produce plausible interpretations of the document.FindingsThis paper describes the developmental stages undertaken to construct a system that can read in images of an ancient document and produce plausible interpretations of the document, to aid the historians in the lengthy process of reading an ancient text. In carrying out the development, an explicit representation of how experts approach and reason about damaged and deteriorated texts was formulated, and a large corpus of letter forms and linguistic data were captured. Preliminary results from the resulting computer system are presented which demonstrate the usefulness of the technique, although more work is needed to develop this into a stand‐alone computer system.Research limitations/implicationsThe study is focused on the Roman stylus tablets from Vindolanda, near Hadrian's Wall, although the technique could be extrapolated to cover other types of ancient documents from any period.Practical implicationsIt is demonstrated that using techniques from artificial intelligence and cognitive psychology can result in further explicit understanding of humanities expert processes, which allow computational systems to be constructed. The resulting computational system is a tool for the humanities expert, which carries out a task in a similar manner, allowing for faster reasoning time and quicker hypotheses development.Originality/valueThe paper presents the first known system to intake an image of an ancient text and output a plausible interpretation of the text in a reasonable time frame, assisting the papyrologist in resolving ambiguities in the damaged and abraded text.
Improving the relevance of web menus using search logs: a BBCi case study
Authors: Huntington Paul , Nicholas David 
Published: July 2006

PurposeThe paper seeks to propose a method for selecting menu items based on an analysis of user‐entered search terms. Menu pages inform users what is coming next and what questions are going to be answered by an information communication technology service. Menus need to reflect user needs. The paper aims to argue that users reveal the scope of their information needs by the words used in their search expressions and these can be analysed to inform menu titles.Design/methodology/approachThe paper presents an analysis and classification of user search expressions that are automatically collected by the server. The paper examines the search expressions of about 1,000 users of the BBC site related to search expressions on diabetes.FindingsThe search expressions were classified, analysed and compared with the diabetes menu of three health sites: NHS Direct (www.nhsdirect.nhs.uk); BBC health (www.bbc.co.uk); and Diabetics UK (www.diabetes.org.uk). Finally, a six‐point menu is derived.Practical implicationsThe practical implication of this paper is development of relevant web menus based on user information needs as revealed in search expressions entered by users.Originality/valueThis is the first explanation of how search logs can be used to construct menu lists. Previously menus have been designed at worst to suit producers and site designers based on the information that they have available and at best on interviews with small usability or focus groups who are not necessarily users.
Three problems in logic‐based knowledge representation
Authors: Miller Rob 
Published: July 2006

PurposeThe purpose of this article is to give a non‐technical overview of some of the technical progress made recently on tackling three fundamental problems in the area of formal knowledge representation/artificial intelligence. These are the Frame Problem, the Ramification Problem, and the Qualification Problem. The article aims to describe the development of two logic‐based languages, the Event Calculus and Modular‐E, to address various aspects of these issues. The article also aims to set this work in the wider context of contemporary developments in applied logic, non‐monotonic reasoning and formal theories of common sense.Design/methodology/approachThe study applies symbolic logic to model aspects of human knowledge and reasoning.FindingsThe article finds that there are fundamental interdependencies between the three problems mentioned above. The conceptual framework shared by the Event Calculus and Modular‐E is appropriate for providing principled solutions to them.Originality/valueThis article provides an overview of an important approach to dealing with three fundamental issues in artificial intelligence.
Multi‐document summarization of news articles using an event‐based framework
Authors: Ou Shiyan , Khoo Christopher S.G. , Goh Dion H. 
Published: July 2006

PurposeThe purpose of this research is to develop a method for automatic construction of multi‐document summaries of sets of news articles that might be retrieved by a web search engine in response to a user query.Design/methodology/approachBased on the cross‐document discourse analysis, an event‐based framework is proposed for integrating and organizing information extracted from different news articles. It has a hierarchical structure in which the summarized information is presented at the top level and more detailed information given at the lower levels. A tree‐view interface was implemented for displaying a multi‐document summary based on the framework. A preliminary user evaluation was performed by comparing the framework‐based summaries against the sentence‐based summaries.FindingsIn a small evaluation, all the human subjects preferred the framework‐based summaries to the sentence‐based summaries. It indicates that the event‐based framework is an effective way to summarize a set of news articles reporting an event or a series of relevant events.Research limitations/implicationsLimited to event‐based news articles only, not applicable to news critiques and other kinds of news articles. A summarization system based on the event‐based framework is being implemented.Practical implicationsMulti‐document summarization of news articles can adopt the proposed event‐based framework.Originality/valueAn event‐based framework for summarizing sets of news articles was developed and evaluated using a tree‐view interface for displaying such summaries.
Learning from a free‐access digital information kiosk in Africa
Authors: Cronjé Johannes C. , Burger Dirk 
Published: July 2006

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to consider the type of learning that takes place if members of an under‐resourced community are exposed to a free‐to‐use computer that is connected to the internet.Design/methodology/approachQualitative application of an instrument that was developed to evaluate the information resource for the extent to which it facilitates both objectivist and constructivist learning. Video recordings of the interactions of people at the information kiosk were viewed and transcribed, and subjected to classical analysis to answer the questions posed by the instrument.FindingsIt was found that this particular information resource contained both objectivist and constructivist elements. Furthermore, it was found that objectivism and constructivism are complementary to one another and the degree of integration varies according to certain pedagogical dimensions. An open‐access information portal affords opportunities both for direct instruction and constructivist learning.Research limitations/implicationsBased in a peri‐urban environment in South Africa with a small sample.Practical implicationsThe main contribution of this study is to investigate the interaction between information, knowledge, learning and pedagogy, which will help the information designer to better understand these interactions when designing an information resource. Furthermore, the instrument developed for this study can be used to evaluate other information resources, thus ultimately improving the standard of such resources.Originality/valueThe paper proposes a solution to the age‐old objectivist/constructivist debate that prevails when considering the cognitive functioning of information users.
Corrosion study of an Al‐La alloy manufactured by directional solidification
Authors: Dzib‐Pérez L. , González‐Sánchez J. , Pérez T. , Juárez A. , Bartolo‐Pérez P. 
Published: July 2006

PurposeTo study the corrosion resistance of the novel alloy Al‐12.6La (wt%) manufactured using directional solidification.Design/methodology/approachSamples fabricated using the Bridgman growth technique at three different withdrawal velocities were subjected to total immersion tests in distilled water and in 3.5 per cent NaCl solution and to DC polarisation tests in distilled water. XPS analyses conducted on samples after polarisation indicated the presence of an La compound in the non passive corrosion products film formed.FindingsAnodic polarisation induced dissolution of the alloy with the formation of a non passive corrosion product film. During potentiodynamic polarisation, a sudden current increment occurred at a potential value that was more positive for samples solidified at higher rates. The corrosion resistance of this Al‐12.6%La alloy decreased as the solidification rate increased.Originality/valueThe results presented in this work are an insight to the understanding of the corrosion resistance and electrochemical behaviour of this alloy for future engineering applications and development.
Experimental determination of E‐pH diagrams for 316L stainless steel in air‐saturated aqueous solutions containing 0‐5,000 ppm of chloride using a potentiodynamic method
Authors: Lothongkum G. , Vongbandit P. , Nongluck P. 
Published: July 2006

PurposeAims to investigate the effect of chlorine on corrosion behaviours of stainless steels.Design/methodology/approachVery complicated thermodynamic calculations are needed to establish the E‐pH diagrams of commercial alloys, because they comprise of many elements. To avoid these complex calculations and facilitate corrosion prevention of AISI 316L stainless steel, the potentiodynamic method was used to construct the E‐pH diagram. The polarization curves were carefully experimented at the scan rate of 0.1 mV/s. The experimental conditions were aqueous solutions saturated with air (oxygen concentration 7.8‐8.5 ppm) containing chloride 0, 50, 500 and 5,000 ppm, pH 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12, and at 25°C. The transpassive or pitting potential, the protection potential, the primary passive potential and the corrosion potential were determined from the polarization curves and plotted with respect to the pH of the solution. The ions in solution were investigated by qualitative chemical analysis and stated in the E‐pH diagrams.FindingsThe constructed E‐pH diagrams showed clearly the effect of chloride concentration in the tested conditions on the transpassive or pitting potential, the protection potential of AISI 316L stainless steels. The ion states after pitting corrosion were different at low and high pH. This may be useful information for further investigation of pitting corrosion mechanisms.Research limitations/implicationsThe E‐pH diagram was originally based on thermodynamic equilibrium. The potentiodynamic method was kinetically controlled and not in equilibrium. However, the experiments were kept at near stationary state as much as possible. The investigated E‐pH diagrams were limited for the solutions saturated with air containing chloride 0, 50, 500 and 5,000 ppm and at 25°C. The effects of temperature and other ions such as Fe3+, Mg2+, Ca2+, etc. on the transpassive or pitting potential, the protection potential, the primary passive potential and the corrosion potential should be further investigated, because natural water may contain those ions and is at high temperatures which could affect on the corrosion of AISI 316L stainless steels.Practical implicationsThe investigated E‐pH diagrams may be applicable to avoid corrosion of AISI 316L stainless steels in similar conditions. The useful application may be for fields where natural water is not able to be treated, as is carried out in industry.Originality/valueThere have been several investigations on the effect of chloride on the corrosion behaviours of AISI 316L stainless steels. However, those investigations were carried out in different conditions. Very few experimental E‐pH diagrams of AISI 304L have been found, but not for AISI 316L stainless steels. The investigated diagrams showed also the ion states in pitting corrosion region which were influenced by pH. This may indicate the different pitting corrosion mechanism at different pH.
A novel electrochemical method for monitoring corrosion under insulation
Authors: Naing Aung Naing , Keng Wai Wong , Tan Yong‐Jun 
Published: July 2006

PurposeThe objective of this work was to develop practical experimental techniques for monitoring corrosion in “difficult‐to‐test” conditions such as corrosion under insulation (CUI).Design/methodology/approachAn electrochemically integrated multi‐electrode array namely the wire beam electrode (WBE) method has been used in combination with noise signature analysis for the first time to monitor the penetration of corrosive species under simulated corrosion‐under‐insulation conditions. Corrosion of aluminium exposed under insulation materials such as rock wool, glass wool, cotton wool and tissue paper has been successfully monitored.FindingsA typical potential noise signature of a major potential jump from AA1100 WBE was observed which corresponded to the corrosive species reaching the WBE surface in WBE current distribution map. A good correlation between the galvanic current maps and the corroded surface was also observed.Originality/valueThe preliminary results suggest that the proposed novel electrochemical method is capable of monitoring CUI.
Introduction: Old World strategies against New World competition in a globalising wine industry
Authors: Campbell Gwyn , Guibert Nathalie 
Published: July 2006

PurposeThis introductory paper aims to place the contributions to this special issue within the context of the recent impact of globalisation on the wine industry, characterised by rapidly growing and evolving international markets, the expansion of New World wines on international markets, and the response of Old World rivals to New World competition.Design/methodology/approachThis paper examines the new competitive environment in the wine industry created by globalisation and outlines the way in which the authors of the papers in this special issue have contributed to an understanding of that environment.FindingsThis paper reflects a renewed academic interest in winemaking, one of the most dynamic and rapidly developing agricultural sectors.Originality/valueThe paper hightlights how the authors of the papers in this special issue have contributed to an understanding of this new competitive environment.
The secrets of a good winery: core competences
Authors: Reynaud Emmanuelle , Simon Eric 
Published: July 2006

PurposeThis article seeks to examine the ability of a French winery from Anjou (Pays de la Loire) to market its wine locally with higher value added than another local winery through the application of the concept of core competences.Design/methodology/approachThis concept is first explained, and then the two Angevin vineyards analysed in terms of their particular core competences, using interviews.FindingsIt is demonstrated that wine quality reflects the presence of core competences and the nature of those core competences is specified.Originality/valueThe transcribed material was analysed by thematic content in order to evaluate the process for creating competences.
Wine and globalisation: changes in the international market structure and the position of Italy
Authors: Bernetti Iacopo , Casini Leonardo , Marinelli Nicola 
Published: July 2006

PurposeThis paper aims to offer an insight into the fundamental structural changes that the wine sector world‐wide is undergoing as a result of globalisation and mounting international competition.Design/methodology/approachThe most important recent trends in wine production, consumption and distribution are analysed and possible future scenarios for the wine industry outlined. The constraints and opportunities that wine operators are facing and are likely to face in the future are also examined, as is competition between Old World and New World producers. In this context, an analysis of the structure of the Italian wine industry serves to underscore the importance of the local factor and its link to quality as a competitiveness tool.FindingsGlobalisation has boosted competition between Old and New World producers. However, varying structures of production suggest the appropriateness of adopting competitive strategies shaped according to the varying relationship between different producers and their distribution (and especially major retail chain) networks, notably with respect to quality segments. For Old World producers a very important role will be played by product differentiation and the combination of tradition and innovation.Originality/valueThis paper examines the options open to such producers, notably in Italy where strategies adopted vary according to economies of scale.
Typical products and consumer preferences: the “soppressata” case
Authors: Platania Marco , Privitera Donatella 
Published: July 2006

PurposeThe paper sets out to analyse consumer preferences relating to a typical product, soppressata (a traditional Calabrian salted meat with PDO (Protected Designation of Origin) certification).Design/methodology/approachA multivariate analysis technique (factor analysis) was used on a sample of consumers, identified by a specific market research survey. Identification of groups of homogenous purchasers, according to one or two variables, is the objective of the segmentation approach which breaks up the reference market into homogeneous subgroups as regards their expectations and purchasing behaviour. Factor analysis lends itself to this use, allowing the weight of each component extracted from the interviewee to be graded.FindingsSoppressata is a well‐known product. The main reason for purchase is that it is very tasty. Consumers appreciated the traditional culture it represents.Originality/valueThe possible strategies for quality and development offer new opportunities for producers as they relate to changes in consumer tastes and preferences. The variety of reasons that lead consumers to purchase the typical product oblige the researcher to abandon market analysis based on a “mass marketing” logic in favour of specific strategies.