bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Glycopyrrolate Versus Atropine in Post-ECT Amnesia in the Elderly
Authors: Sommer Barbara R. , Satlin Andrew , Friedman Loren , Cole Jonathan O. 
Published: March 2007

The neurotransmitter acetylcholine is important in memory function, and low brain concentrations may be associated with cognitive impairment. Our hypothesis was that atropine, a centrally acting anticholinergic drug known to cause amnesia, confusion, and delirium, may further exacerbate the amnesia and/or confusion resulting from electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) when used as a preanesthetic, and that the peripherally acting glycopyrrolate would by comparison decrease these side effects. We randomly administered glycopyrrolate versus atropine in equivalent doses as the preanesthetic agent to 20 consecu tively admitted geriatric patients with major depression, for whom ECT was the clinical treatment of choice. Patients were matched for age, Hamilton Scale for Depression, and baseline performance on the Buschke Selective Reminding Task (BSRT). We found no significant difference in outcome between patients treated prior to ECT with atropine versus glycopyrrolate, as assessed by the above measures. We conclude from this study that atropine is no more deleterious to memory than is glycopyrrolate when given before ECT. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1989;2:18-21).
Cool Thinking? the Role of the State in Shaping China's Dairy Sector and Its Knowledge System
Authors: Delman Jørgen 
Published: March 2007

The article looks at the role of China's party-state in the national dairy development program over the last two decades. The state has been developmental in creating conditions for growth while the industry has experienced continuous reform and restructuring. One outstanding issue is that the focus on growth has not led to improved efficiency or to improved product quality in many parts of the sector. The state appears to have lost sight of the strategic role it could play in developing the knowledge system in the sector, which should provide the inputs to deal with these issues of quality and efficiency. It is concluded that the state actors at central and local levels have endeavored to act as an aggregate developmental state in the sector mode, and not only in the territorial mode. It is argued, however, that the state has followed and persists in pursuing an interventionist, "hands-on" developmental approach, rather than abstaining from direct interference at the operational level. Continued state ownership of the extension services and most of the dairy plants and the imposition of control over potentially free and democratic farmers' organizations testify to a party- state reluctant to give up control and promote market-based institutional innovation in dialogue with the operators within the industry.
ENCOUNTER OVER THE CHINESE WALL: The Secret Contacts between Mao and Stalin, 1948-1950
Authors: Korzec Michel 
Published: March 2007

"All nations live by myths. That is, they paint a picture of the past that satisfies their present needs, but does violence to the historic record. Some myths are beneficial. They are those that strengthen a nation's confidence in having been, and being able to do what the tasks of the moment demand of it. The distorting remembrance of great feasts, tribulations, and successes is of this kind. Other myths are pernicious. They draw from a distorted reality lessons for the understanding of the past and the charting of future action which please collective emotions but lead judgement and action astray. They are a spell which the past casts upon the future, a curse with which the dead threaten the living."1
Epidemic Psychological Disturbance in a Malawian Secondary School: A Case Study in Social Change
Authors: MacLachlan Malcolm , Banda Dixie Maluwa , Mc Auliffe Eilish 
Published: March 2007

We describe a case of Epidemic Psychological Disturbance (EPD) involving 110 pupils at a Catholic Girls Secondary School in Malawi. The EPD 'syndrome' included 'outward' behaviours (screaming, continuous laughing, crying loudly, falling down and rolling, violently threatening classmates, speaking gibberish) and 'inward' behaviours (refusing to eat, withdrawal, hallucinating, hypersensitivity to noise, and headache at the base of the skull). These problems disappeared when most of the affected pupils were sent home. We consider a number of possible causes for this case of EPD, including physical, psychological, traditional, institutional, and political factors. It is suggested that the present case of EPD can be interpreted as reflecting a defence and protest against certain aspects of the rapid social and political changes which Malawi has witnessed over the past few years.
A Socio-Psychological Profile of Girls in an Inner Suburban Australian Secondary School Physical Education Class
Authors: Bennett L. , Sands R. , Smith R. 
Published: March 2007

This study draws attention to the need for physical educators to be aware of the socio-psychological backgrounds of students and it indicates that positive experiences in physical education classes are not inherent outcomes of the program, but, need to be planned for. In other words, physical educators need to develop teaching strate gies which plan for improved self-esteem and encourage social interaction. This study took place in an Australian inner suburban secondary school. The physi cal education teachers were disturbed by the amount of conflict that existed among the girls (n = 23). They found that generally their attitudes toward movement experiences were negative. In an attempt to provide the teachers with some teaching strate gies which could be employed to minimize conflict and make physical education a valuable educational experience for the students, the researchers adopted the follow ing plan. Firstly, they drew up a profile of the class with regard to environmental background, social status, self-esteem, attitudes toward physical activity and selected components of physical fitness. The results from these measurements confirmed the suspected conflicts and ill-feelings that existed among the class and provided guide lines for stage two of the study. In this phase the researchers developed a Special Activity Program which attempted to plan for group cooperation and positive ex periences in physical activity in an effort to improve self-esteem and social inter action. The students expressed delight in the activities, especially the novel tasks and the teachers noticed some degree of improvement in class involvement and enthusiasm. Overall the study suggests the need to consider socio-psychological factors in the planning and teaching of physical education. The recommendations act as guidelines for future strategies.
Olympic Success: A sum of Non-Material and Material Factors
Authors: Kiviaho Pekka , Mäkelä Pekka 
Published: March 2007

Absolute and relative rankings of Olympic success are uncorrelated to each other and measure success in quite different ways. The variables used in this study explain absolute success better than relative success. Furthermore, each type of success is better explained by different independent variables. The connection between economic resources, socialist economy and absolute success has been shown more or less clearly in previous studies (Novikov and Maksimenko 1972, Levine 1974). The superior sports performance of Protestants compared to others has also been demonstrated previously (Lüschen 1967, Seppänen 1970). Population density is surprising as a variable which is related to relative success. Also surprising is the lack of a connection in the present data between economic and population resources and relative success. One possible explanation for the latter finding is that absolute success is a measure of resources primarily. To be near the top in absolute scoring, a nation has to take part and be successful, not in one or two events, but in many of them. This requires vast sport resources. On the other hand, a smaller country with fewer resources may succeed relatively by training for only a few events in which the available sport resources can be used effectively, based on the nation's sport cultural traditions, its natural resources, etc. Relative success does not measure the amount of sport resources which a nation applies to the Olympic task, but rather the effectiveness with which available resources can be directed to achieve a nation's Olympic goals. Economic development and population are understandable factors in absolute Olympic success because of their implications for sport training. If sporting talent is distributed evenly among populations, those nations which are population-rich have naturally better possibilities (Grimes, et al. 1974), especially if they have the economic resources to exploit the advantages which a large population provides.
Athletic Activity in the Lifestyle of Urban and Rural Residents (Based on Time-Budget Data)
Authors: Artemov Victor A. 
Published: March 2007

Athletic activity is one of major human behaviours in the contemporary society. This is due to its role in strengthening and maintenance of the health of present and future generations, to essentially changed physical and mental load ings in occupational and home spheres, to its effect on personal growth, to its role (active and passive, i.e. as a spectacle) in the utilization of increased free time. Athletic activity and its diffusion among various population groups are analyzed within the framework of time budget studies of urban and rural dwellers. The effect of sociodemographic characterristics of population and of living conditions in communities on athletic activity substance and diffusion is considered. Its diffusion is much dependent on the participation of the new growing generation. In city plans of socioeconomic development special provisions are made for optimal distribution of stock assets, current expenditures, skilled personnel among age and occupational groups and among major city organizations.
Philosophical Problems of Physical Culture
Authors: Wohl Andrzej 
Published: March 2007

In this article the author develops some reflection on problems related to physical culture, showing that the present-day state of sciences of physical cul ture requires more extensive studies than so far and a many-sided approach to theoretical problems without which these sciences will not be in a position to supply correct answers to many detailed problems. From among philosophical problems connected with physical culture the author sets apart as especially important that of human motor activity, drawing attention to the fact that physical culture is above all a certain form of motor activity the purpose of which is improvement of the human motoric system by means of exercises and play involving movement. In this connection he points to many efforts made so far and to a variety of research trends that have taken shape and declares that these studies have not brought sufficiently satisfactory results. Many controversial opinions and attitudes exist and also many unknown quantities that will have to be solved. Another important problem is the role and significance of the human body in the civilizational process. In this respect a remarkable evolution of opinions has recently taken place. In discussions on these problems participated above all philosophers but there are certain indications that theoreticians of physical culture have also joined the discussion, which is understandable since it is a matter that concerns precisely the latter. The last problem dealt with in this article is play as a specific form of hu man self-expression. The author perceives in dialectics of work and play, in their interaction and at the same time contrast as well as the consequences stemming from it, the very essense of research tasks, the solution of which should not be indifferent for the sciences of physical culture, since contemporary sport is nothing else but the most universal play involving movement.
An Empirical Test of Bott's Network Hypotheses, Based on Analysis of Ethnographic Atlas Data
Authors: Goldenberg Sheldon 
Published: March 2007

Elizabeth Bott's Family and Social Network (1957) has stimulated much research in the area of kinship networks and network analysis in general. Her hypotheses have been tested and criticized, refined and modified. And still they remain provocative and controversial. Thepresentpaper is an attempt to test Bott, using the international data on 1,170 societies gathered by fieldworkers over the years and summarized in the Ethnographic Atlas materials (Murdock 1967). While there are no direct measures of Bott's key variables, it ispossible tofind useful indicators to represent them. This being the case, Bott's model can be tested, indirectly, on a far larger body of data than has ever been tested before. The data analysis supports Bott's linkages in the main, if only weakly. Network connectedness is related to sex-role segregation. Various factors, includingphysical mobility, economic interdependence, and the opportunity to make contacts outside the local area are related to network connected ness. In Bott'sfull model, network connectedness is an intervening variable; whereas this data analysis finds network connectedness to be a conditional variable, at the societal level of analysis.
Managed Behavioral Health Care Patients and Their Nursing Care Problems, Level of Functioning, and Impairment on Discharge
Authors: Dee Vivien , van Servellen Gwen , Brecht Mary-Lynn 
Published: March 2007

BACKGROUND: Anecdotal reports of the effects of managed care restrictions suggest an erosion of medical and nursing care. Yet, few substantive data are available to indi cate that patients fare better or worse. OBJECTIVES: To identify the characteristics of a large hospital's managed behavioral health population in relation to observed nursing care needs, level of patient function ing on admission and discharge, and length of stay. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective medical chart review was conducted on inpatients under managed behavioral health care contracts admitted and discharged between April 1995 and January 1996. RESULTS: On discharge, patients showed improvement on all behavioral subsystem rat ings, with statistically significant differences in dependency, affiliative, aggressive- protective, achievement, and restorative subsystems. Patients with longer stays were significantly more impaired than patients with shorter stays on discharge Global As sessment of Functioning scores. CONCLUSION: Expansion of the database to derive meaningful conclusions about the impact of managed care on the resolution of nursing care problems is discussed. (J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc [1998]. 4, 57-66)
Internet Recruiting in the Banking Industry
Authors: Pearce C. Glenn , Tuten Tracy L. 
Published: March 2007

The Internet has brought about changes in the job search and application process. For this article, recruiters at several large commercial banks in the US were inter viewed on the usage of Internet recruiting tools. The interviews identified a number of trends that are fairly uniform across these banks, including the following: 1. Recruiters are using the Internet at an increasing rate. 2. While job site services are popular, most recruiters we interviewed preferred using the corporate Website. 3. The percentage of Internet-recruited applicants actually hired varies widely and is still a small percentage of the whole. 4. Diversity programs are not hampered by Internet recruiting.
How Male, Female, and Mixed-Gender Groups Regard Interaction and Leadership Differences in the Business Communication Course
Authors: Winter Janet K. , Neal Joan C. , Waner Karen K. 
Published: March 2007

Research on leadership and teams suggests that men and women exhibit different leadership and interpersonal communication styles. A review of literature and a survey of students in upper-level business communication courses at Central Mis souri State University provide evidence for five strategies to assist students in deal ing with team-interaction situations: 1. Instruct students in techniques to avoid groupthink and to promote and handle competition 2. Offer students ideas on and methods for reaching agreement in a timely manner 3. Vary the subject of group writing assignments to allow each student to be per ceived as an expert 4. Encourage all students to be active participants in the group process 5. Emphasize the importance of good writing skills to both males and females Finally, further research is needed regarding the "natural leader" role, the role of competition in groups, and the effect of perceptions of tasks as either "feminine" or "masculine."
Cross-cultural Service Learning: American and Russian Students Learn Applied Organizational Communication
Authors: Stevens Betsy 
Published: March 2007

In an unusual cross-cultural endeavor, American and Russian students engaged in service learning as part of an organizational communication class in which they applied their skills to assist non-profit organizations. American students worked with a nursing home to plan a public relations event and the Russian students gave a party for children at an orphanage in Tomsk, Russia. Students worked in teams and accomplished assigned responsibilities. Both groups produced a public relations event and each contacted the press seeking news cover age. The Americans surveyed stakeholders about the effectiveness of the organiza tion's ability to communicate with its constituents. The Russians went about their project differently (they participated in the course online) .
Faculty Perceptions of Communication Skills and Needs of Business School Undergraduates in Singapore
Authors: Wharton Glenn 
Published: March 2007

In Singapore in 2000, the government launched a Speak Good English Movement to improve English language skills and to limit the use of Singlish (a local variety of English) by promoting the use of (Standard) English among the general popula tion. This campaign was motivated by govemment perception and media reports of a decline in English language skills. Using a 40-item questionnaire, this study investigated whether faculty at a large Singapore business school shared similar perceptions of inadequate communi cation skills, in this case among undergraduates, and also sought to explain their perceptions. The findings indicate that the faculty perceived undergraduate com munication skills to be in need of improvement, thus lending support to employer and government criticism. An analysis of survey responses revealed some probable underlying causes for faculty perceptions, including an apparent lack of real com mitment to the improvement of such skills.
WISC-III third factor indexes learning problems but not Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Krane Erica , Tannock Rosemary 
Published: March 2007

Objective: to examine the clinical utility of the WISC-III third factor—"Freedom From Distractibility" (FFD)-in the diagnosis of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and the contribution of behavioral, academic, and language variables to the factor. Method: 275 children, referred for attention, behavior, and learning difficulties, and 26 normal comparison children completed the WISC-III, subtests from the Wide Range Achievement Test-3, the Woodcock Reading Mastery Test-Revised, and the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals. Parents and teachers completed DSM-IV-based rating scales. Results from the study showed that a child's FFD score was not a valid diagnostic indicator of either ADHD or subtype of ADHD. FFD scores were associated primarily with arithmetic and receptive language scores, implicating verbal working memory. Conclusion: Low FFD scores may signal learning problems, particularly with arithmetic, language, and working memory that may contribute to poor academic performance.
Validity of the Brown ADD Scales: An investigation in a predominantly inattentive ADHD adolescent sample with and without reading disabilities
Authors: Rucklidge J.J. , Tannock R. , Rucklidge Julia , Tannock Rosemary 
Published: March 2007

The Brown ADD Scale for Adolescents is widely used in clinical settings, yet, no published studies have investigated divergent and concurrent validity and specificity and sensitivity to inattentive ADHD symptomatology. Ninety-eight participants (13 to 16 years) were classified as ADHD/I and/or reading disabled (RD) using Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorder and Schizophrenia (K-SADS), Conners' Rating Scales (CRS-R), and Ontario Child Health Study Scales (OCHSS), WRAT3, and WRMT-R. The results were: 29 ADHD/I; 12 RD, 16 ADHD/I with RD; and, 41 controls. The RD group was included to evaluate specificity. The Brown was administered but not used in classification. The ADHD groups scored higher on the Brown subscales compared with the other two groups. The recommended cutoffs resulted in high rates of false negatives but few false positives; this suggests good specificity but poor sensitivity. There were moderate correlations among the Brown, CRS-R, and OCHSS. The Brown can be useful in screening out ADHD; however, its low sensitivity precludes its usefulness in diagnosing ADHD.
Inhibitory Control in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Murphy P. 
Published: March 2007

Objectives: Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) have been found to be deficient in inhibitory control. The purpose of this study was to determine if adults with ADHD are also deficient in this domain. Methods: The performance of 18 adults with ADHD and 18 normal controls was compared on the Stop Signal Paradigm, which is a test of inhibitory control. Results: The adults with ADHD performed more poorly on the Stop Signal Paradigm than did the normal controls. The ADHD subjects exhibited a longer latency to respond to the stop signal than did the control subjects. conclusions: The individuals with ADHD tested in this study showed an inhibitory control deficit. The results suggest that a deficit in inhibitory control is central to ADHD.
Educator - Industry Perceptions of Subject-Area Importance in Hospitality Programs
Authors: Pavesic David V. 
Published: March 2007

In the fall of 1982, the Department of Hotel and Restaurant Administration at Florida State University initiated a curriculum review to determine the strengths and weaknesses of its cur rent curriculum. Part of the study examined existing programs throughout the country. The twenty-five programs surveyed were selected because of their reputations and history of suc cess. A comparative analysis was performed on the surveys returned. In order to strengthen the data base, input was also obtained from sources outside academe, particularly the employers of graduates and recent graduates themselves. The three categories of respondents were asked to indicate their perceptions of the importance of thirty-three selected subject areas in hospitality education. Educators were asked to also indicate their perceptions of the importance of selected criteria identified in the literature as being com ponents of program and faculty quality in higher education. The paper summarizes the findings and examines the results from the three perspectives. Although the study is limited in its sample size and is primarily descriptive vis a vis analytical, certain implications can be drawn from the findings that are of value to hospitality educators engaged in curriculum review.