bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cortisol Secretion in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Chiodini Iacopo , Adda Guido , Scillitani Alfredo , Coletti Francesca , Morelli Valentina , Di Lembo Sergio , Epaminonda Paolo , Masserini Benedetta , Beck-Peccoz Paolo , Orsi Emanuela , Ambrosi Bruno , Arosio Maura 
Published: December 2006

OBJECTIVE—The presence of an enhanced cortisol secretion in patients with type 2 diabetes is debated. In type 2 diabetic subjects, cortisol secretion was found to be associated with the complications and metabolic control of diabetes. We evaluated cortisol secretion in 170 type 2 diabetic subjects and in 71 sex-, age-, and BMI-matched nondiabetic subjects.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—In all subjects, we evaluated ACTH at 8:00 a.m. in basal conditions and serum cortisol levels at 12:00 p.m. (F24) and at 9:00 a.m. after a 1-mg overnight dexamethasone suppression test and 24-h urinary free cortisol (UFC). In diabetic patients, we evaluated the presence of chronic complications (incipient nephropathy, asymptomatic neuropathy, background retinopathy, and silent macroangiopathy). Patients were subdivided according to the absence (group 1, n = 53) or presence (group 2, n = 117) of diabetes complications.
RESULTS—In group 2, UFC (125.2 ± 4.6 nmol/24 h) and F24 (120.6 ± 4.1 nmol/l) were higher than in group 1 (109.2 ± 6.8 nmol/24 h, P = 0.057, and 99.7 ± 6.1 nmol/l, P = 0.005, respectively) and in nondiabetic patients (101.7 ± 5.9 nmol/24 h, P = 0.002, and 100.3 ± 5.3 nmol/l, P = 0.003, respectively). In diabetic patients, the number of complications was associated with F24 (R = 0.345; P &lt; 0.0001) and diabetes duration (R = 0.39; P &lt; 0.0001). Logistic regression analysis showed that the presence of diabetes complications was significantly associated with F24, sex, duration of diabetes, and glycated hemoglobin.
CONCLUSIONS—In type 2 diabetic subjects, hypothalmic-pituitary-adrenal activity is enhanced in patients with diabetes complications and the degree of cortisol secretion is related to the presence and number of diabetes complications.
Development and Validation of Stroke Risk Equation for Hong Kong Chinese Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Yang Xilin , So Wing-Yee , Kong Alice P.S. , Ho Chung-Shun , Lam Christopher W.K. , Stevens Richard J. , Lyu Ramon R. , Yin Donald D. , Cockram Clive S. , Tong Peter C.Y. , Wong Vivian , Chan Juliana C.N. 
Published: December 2006

OBJECTIVE—We sought to develop stroke risk equations for Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes in Hong Kong.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—A total of 7,209 Hong Kong Chinese type 2 diabetic patients without a history of stroke at baseline were analyzed. The data were randomly and evenly divided into the training subsample and the test subsample. In the training subsample, stepwise Cox models were used to develop the risk equation. Validation of the U.K. Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) stroke risk engine and the current stroke equation was performed in the test dataset. The life-table method was used to check calibration, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (aROC) was used to check discrimination.
RESULTS—A total of 372 patients developed incident stroke during a median of 5.37 years (interquartile range 2.88–7.78) of follow-up. Age, A1C, spot urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR), and history of coronary heart disease (CHD) were independent predictors. The performance of the UKPDS stroke engine was suboptimal in our cohort. The newly developed risk equation defined by these four predictors had adequate performance in the test subsample. The predicted stroke-free probability by the current equation was within the 95% CI of the observed probability. The aROC was 0.77 for predicting stroke within 5 years. The risk score was computed as follows: 0.0634 × age (years) + 0.0897 × A1C + 0.5314 × log10 (ACR) (mg/mmol) + 0.5636 × history of CHD (1 if yes). The 5-year stroke probability can be calculated by: 1 − 0.9707EXP (Risk Score − 4.5674).
CONCLUSIONS—Although the risk equation performed reasonably well in Chinese type 2 diabetic patients, external validation is required in other populations.
C-Peptide Replacement Therapy and Sensory Nerve Function in Type 1 Diabetic Neuropathy
Authors: Ekberg Karin , Brismar Tom , Johansson Bo-Lennart , Lindström Per , Juntti-Berggren Lisa , Norrby Anders , Berne Christian , Arnqvist Hans J. , Bolinder Jan , Wahren John 
Published: December 2006

OBJECTIVE—C-peptide replacement in animals results in amelioration of diabetes-induced functional and structural abnormalities in peripheral nerves. The present study was undertaken to examine whether C-peptide administration to patients with type 1 diabetes and peripheral neuropathy improves sensory nerve function.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—This was an exploratory, double-blinded, randomized, and placebo-controlled study with three study groups that was carried out at five centers in Sweden. C-peptide was given as a replacement dose (1.5 mg/day, divided into four subcutaneous doses) or a dose three times higher (4.5 mg/day) during 6 months. Neurological examination and neurophysiological measurements were performed before and after 6 months of treatment with C-peptide or placebo.
RESULTS—The age of the 139 patients who completed the protocol was 44.2 ± 0.6 (mean ± SE) years and their duration of diabetes was 30.6 ± 0.8 years. Clinical neurological impairment (NIA) (score &gt;7 points) of the lower extremities was present in 86% of the patients at baseline. Sensory nerve conduction velocity (SCV) was 2.6 ± 0.08 SD below body height–corrected normal values at baseline and improved similarly within the two C-peptide groups (P &lt; 0.007). The number of patients responding with a SCV peak potential improvement &gt;1.0 m/s was greater in C-peptide–treated patients than in those receiving placebo (P &lt; 0.03). In the least severely affected patients (SCV &lt; 2.5 SD below normal at baseline, n = 70) SCV improved by 1.0 m/s (P &lt; 0.014 vs. placebo). NIA score and vibration perception both improved within the C-peptide–treated groups (P &lt; 0.011 and P &lt; 0.002). A1C levels (7.6 ± 0.1% at baseline) decreased slightly but similarly in C-peptide–and placebo-treated patients during the study.
CONCLUSIONS—C-peptide treatment for 6 months improves sensory nerve function in early-stage type 1 diabetic neuropathy.
Problem Solving and Diabetes Self-Management
Authors: Glasgow Russell E. , Fisher Lawrence , Skaff Marilyn , Mullan Joe , Toobert Deborah J. 
Published: December 2006

OBJECTIVE—Problem solving is a core aspect of effective diabetes and chronic illness self-management, yet there are relatively few objective evaluations of problem-solving skills, especially in large, multiracial samples.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—A multiracial sample of 506 adults who have type 2 diabetes were assessed on a variety of patient characteristics, self-management behaviors, and biological and psychosocial measures. They also completed the Diabetes Problem-Solving Interview (DPSI).
RESULTS—DPSI scores revealed significant variability across patients in problem-solving skill and were related to a number of comorbid conditions and complications but not to several other demographic factors, including race/ethnicity. Problem solving was also related to self-management behaviors (eating and exercise patterns), biological variables (A1C and lipids), and psychosocial measures (Diabetes Distress Scale) in multivariable analyses controlling for a variety of potential confounding factors.
CONCLUSIONS—Diabetes problem solving, as measured by the DPSI, is an important patient skill related to several key diabetes management variables that appears applicable across racial and ethnic groups. Future research is needed to identify the generality versus specificity of diabetes problem solving and practical interventions to enhance problem-solving skills.
The Accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator Continuous Glucose Monitoring System in Children With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Wilson Darrell M. , Beck Roy W. , Tamborlane William V. , Dontchev Mariya J. , Kollman Craig , Chase Peter , Fox Larry A. , Ruedy Katrina J. , Tsalikian Eva , Weinzimer Stuart A. ,   the DirecNet Study Group
Published: December 2006

OBJECTIVE—To evaluate the accuracy and precision of the FreeStyle Navigator continuous glucose monitoring system in children with type 1 diabetes.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—In 30 children with type 1 diabetes (mean age 11.2 ± 4.1 years), the Navigator glucose values were compared with reference serum glucose values of blood samples obtained in an inpatient clinical research center and measured in a central laboratory using a hexokinase enzymatic method and in an outpatient setting with a FreeStyle meter. Median absolute difference (AD) and median relative absolute difference (RAD) were computed for sensor-reference and sensor-sensor pairs.
RESULTS—The median AD and RAD were 17 mg/dl and 12%, respectively, for 1,811 inpatient sensor-reference pairs and 20 mg/dl and 14%, respectively, for 8,639 outpatient pairs. The median RAD between two simultaneous Navigator measurements (n = 1,971) was 13%. Ninety-one percent of sensors in the inpatient setting and 81% of sensors in the outpatient setting had a median RAD ≤20%.
CONCLUSIONS—The Navigator’s accuracy does not yet approach the accuracy of current-generation home glucose meters, but it is sufficient to believe that the device has the potential to be an important adjunct to treatment of youth with type 1 diabetes.
The National Cholesterol Education Program–Adult Treatment Panel III, International Diabetes Federation, and World Health Organization Definitions of the Metabolic Syndrome as Predictors of Incident Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes
Authors: Lorenzo Carlos , Williams Ken , Hunt Kelly J. , Haffner Steven M. 
Published: December 2006

OBJECTIVE—The clinical value of metabolic syndrome is uncertain. Thus, we examined cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes risk prediction by the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP)-Adult Treatment Panel III (ATPIII), International Diabetes Federation, and World Health Organization definitions of the metabolic syndrome.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We analyzed the risks associated with metabolic syndrome, the NCEP multiple risk factor categories, and 2-h glucose values in the San Antonio Heart Study (n = 2,559; age range 25–64 years; 7.4 years of follow-up).
RESULTS—Both ATPIII metabolic syndrome plus age ≥45 years (odds ratio 9.25 [95% CI 4.85–17.7]) and multiple (two or more) risk factors plus a 10-year coronary heart disease (CHD) risk of 10–20% (11.9 [6.00–23.6]) had similar CVD risk in men without CHD, as well as CHD risk equivalents. In women counterparts, multiple (two or more) risk factors plus a 10-year CHD risk of 10–20% was infrequent (10 of 1,254). However, either a 10-year CHD risk of 5–20% (7.72 [3.42–17.4]) or ATPIII metabolic syndrome plus age ≥55 years (4.98 [2.08–12.0]) predicted CVD. ATPIII metabolic syndrome increased the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of a model containing age, sex, ethnic origin, family history of diabetes, and 2-h and fasting glucose values (0.857 vs. 0.842, P = 0.013). All three metabolic syndrome definitions imparted similar CVD and diabetes risks.
CONCLUSIONS—Metabolic syndrome is associated with a significant CVD risk, particularly in men aged ≥45 years and women aged ≥55 years. The metabolic syndrome predicts diabetes beyond glucose intolerance alone.
Muscle and Liver Insulin Resistance Indexes Derived From the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test
Authors: Abdul-Ghani Muhammad A. , Matsuda Masafumi , Balas Bogdan , DeFronzo Ralph A. 
Published: December 2006

OBJECTIVE—To derive indexes for muscle and hepatic insulin sensitivity from the measurement of plasma glucose and insulin concentrations during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT).
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—A total of 155 subjects of Mexican-American origin (58 male and 97 female, aged 18–70 years, BMI 20–65 kg/m2) with normal glucose tolerance (n = 100) or impaired glucose tolerance (n = 55) were studied. Each subject received a 75-g OGTT and a euglycemic insulin clamp in combination with tritiated glucose. The OGTT-derived indexes of muscle and hepatic insulin sensitivity were compared with hepatic and muscle insulin sensitivity, which was directly measured with the insulin clamp, by correlation analysis.
RESULTS—The product of total area under curve (AUC) for glucose and insulin during the first 30 min of the OGTT (glucose0–30[AUC] × insulin0–30[AUC]) strongly correlated with the hepatic insulin resistance index (fasting plasma insulin × basal endogenous glucose production) (r = 0.64, P &lt; 0.0001). The rate of decay of plasma glucose concentration from its peak value to its nadir during the OGTT divided by the mean plasma insulin concentration (dG/dt ÷ I) strongly correlated with muscle insulin sensitivity measured with the insulin clamp (P = 0.78, P &lt; 0.0001).
CONCLUSIONS—Novel estimates for hepatic and muscle insulin resistance from OGTT data are presented for quantitation of insulin sensitivity in nondiabetic subjects.
Lack of Effect of Guideline Changes on Hypertension Control for Patients With Diabetes in the U.S., 1995–2005
Authors: Wang Y. Richard 
Published: December 2006

OBJECTIVE—To study the effect of new Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC) guidelines on hypertension control for patients with diabetes in the U.S. using patients without diabetes as the control group for the time trend.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—The JNC VI and VII guidelines, published in 1997 and 2003, set more aggressive goal blood pressure for patients with diabetes. Data from the National Disease and Therapeutic Index, a nationally representative survey of outpatient visits in the U.S., was used to compare the difference in hypertension control (blood pressure &lt;140/90 mmHg) between diabetic and nondiabetic visits during 1995–2005.
RESULTS—Hypertension control improved for both diabetic and nondiabetic visits in the study period. Compared with nondiabetic visits, there was no change in hypertension control for diabetic visits before 2001 and an ∼4% increase afterward (P &lt; 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS—The publication of new JNC guidelines did not result in substantially better hypertension control for patients with diabetes in the U.S.
Preventing Diabetic Foot Ulcer Recurrence in High-Risk Patients
Authors: Lavery Lawrence A. , Higgins Kevin R. , Lanctot Dan R. , Constantinides George P. , Zamorano Ruben G. , Athanasiou Kyriacos A. , Armstrong David G. , Agrawal C. Mauli 
Published: December 2006

OBJECTIVE—The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a temperature monitoring instrument to reduce the incidence of foot ulcers in individuals with diabetes who have a high risk for lower extremity complications.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—In this physician-blinded, randomized, 15-month, multicenter trial, 173 subjects with a previous history of diabetic foot ulceration were assigned to standard therapy, structured foot examination, or enhanced therapy groups. Each group received therapeutic footwear, diabetic foot education, and regular foot care. Subjects in the structured foot examination group performed a structured foot inspection daily and recorded their findings in a logbook. If standard therapy or structured foot examinations identified any foot abnormalities, subjects were instructed to contact the study nurse immediately. Subjects in the enhanced therapy group used an infrared skin thermometer to measure temperatures on six foot sites each day. Temperature differences &gt;4°F (&gt;2.2°C) between left and right corresponding sites triggered patients to contact the study nurse and reduce activity until temperatures normalized.RESULTS—The enhanced therapy group had fewer foot ulcers than the standard therapy and structured foot examination groups (enhanced therapy 8.5 vs. standard therapy 29.3%, P = 0.0046 and enhanced therapy vs. structured foot examination 30.4%, P = 0.0029). Patients in the standard therapy and structured foot examination groups were 4.37 and 4.71 times more likely to develop ulcers than patients in the enhanced therapy group.CONCLUSIONS—Infrared temperature home monitoring, in serving as an “early warning sign,” appears to be a simple and useful adjunct in the prevention of diabetic foot ulcerations.
Increasing the Accuracy of Oral Glucose Tolerance Testing and Extending Its Application to Individuals With Normal Glucose Tolerance for the Prediction of Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Sosenko Jay M. , Palmer Jerry P. , Greenbaum Carla J. , Mahon Jeffrey , Cowie Catherine , Krischer Jeffrey P. , Chase H. Peter , White Neil H. , Buckingham Bruce , Herold Kevan C. , Cuthbertson David , Skyler Jay S. ,   the Diabetes Prevention Trial-Type 1 Study Group
Published: December 2006

OBJECTIVE—We assessed the extent to which both standard and alternative indexes from 2-h oral glucose tolerance testing predict type 1 diabetes and whether oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) predict type 1 diabetes in individuals with normal glucose tolerance.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—The prediction of type 1 diabetes from baseline OGTTs was studied in 704 Diabetes Prevention Trial-Type 1 participants (islet-cell autoantibody [ICA]-positive relatives of type 1 diabetic patients). The maximum follow-up was 7.4 years. Analyses utilized receiver-operator curves (ROCs), proportional hazards models, and survival curves.
RESULTS—ROC areas under the curve (ROCAUCs) for both the AUC glucose (0.73 ± 0.02) and an OGTT prediction index (0.78 ± 0.02) were higher (P &lt; 0.001) than those for the fasting (0.53 ± 0.02) and 2-h glucose (0.66 ± 0.02). ROCAUCs for the 60- and 90-min glucose (0.71 ± 0.02 and 0.72 ± 0.02, respectively) were also higher (P &lt; 0.01) than those for the fasting and 2-h glucose. Among individuals with normal glucose tolerance, OGTTs were highly predictive, with 4th versus 1st quartile hazard ratios for the 2-h glucose, AUC glucose, and OGTT prediction index ranging from 3.77 to 5.30 (P &lt; 0.001 for all).
CONCLUSIONS—Certain alternative OGTT indexes appear to better predict type 1 diabetes than standard OGTT indexes in ICA-positive relatives of type 1 diabetic patients. Moreover, even among those with normal glucose tolerance, OGTTs are strongly predictive. This suggests that subtle metabolic abnormalities are present several years before the diagnosis of type 1 diabetes.
Truck Tire Thermal-Mechanical FEA and DMA with Application to Endurance Evaluation
Authors: Yin H. S. , Hu Y. S. , Zhang H. , Yang M. M. , Wei Y. T. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
This work presents a thermal-mechanical finite element analysis (FEA) of a typical heavy-duty radial truck tire on both drum and roadway. The calculated footprint pressures, strain energy density, and steady-state temperature distribution are compared between two cases. In addition to structural and thermal simulation techniques for obtaining stress, strain, and temperature distributions in the tire key areas, several material analysis techniques are also used to characterize the tire rubber materials. Temperature, frequency, and strain scan tests are conducted to obtain the dynamic mechanical properties of the tire rubbers of interest. Furthermore, the changes of the materials’ dynamic mechanical properties with fatigue have been investigated by testing tire materials before and after drum endurance tests. It has been found that different parts show different changing trends in dynamical properties after endurance tests, which might indicate different failure mechanisms. Combining the materials’ characterization techniques and thermal-mechanical FEA, this paper attempts to evaluate the tire shoulder failure mechanism and predict the relative shoulder endurance of an 11.00R20 truck tire.
Contact Analysis of Tire Tread Rubber on Flat Surface with Microscopic Roughness
Authors: Kuwajima M. , Koishi M. , Sugimura J. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
This paper describes experimental and analytical studies of the dependence of tire friction on the surface roughness of pavement. Abrasive papers were adopted as representative of the microscopic surface roughness of pavement surfaces. The rolling∕sliding friction of tire tread rubber against these abrasive papers were measured at low slip velocities. Experimental results indicated that rolling∕sliding frictional characteristics depended on the surface roughness. In order to examine the interfacial phenomena between rubber and the abrasive papers, real contact length, partial slip, and apparent friction coefficient under vertical load and tangential force were analyzed with two-dimensional explicit finite element analysis in which slip-velocity-dependent frictional coefficients were considered. Finite element method results indicated that the sum of real contact area and local partial slip were larger for finer surfaces under the same normal and tangential forces. In addition, the velocity-dependent friction enhanced local slip, where the dependence of local slip on surface roughness was pronounced. It proved that rolling∕sliding friction at low slip ratio was affected by local frictional behavior at microslip regions at asperity contacts.
Evaluation of Low Impact Military Tires
Authors: Ayers P. D. , Howard H. , Anderson A. , Li Q. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Laboratory and field tests were conducted on three low impact tires (Interco Trxus, Mickey Thompson BAHA Belted HP, Kevlar Dick Cepek F-C) and a standard, currently used military tire (Goodyear Wrangler MT). Laboratory tests include deflection, rutting, and plunger tests at pressures ranging from 10 to 30 psi and loads ranging from 600 to 2000 lbs. Footprint area was also measured. Field tests consisted of: (1) driving single tires over a plunger at slow speeds and measuring plunger depth, (2) driving the vehicle (modified M1008) in a straight line at various tire pressures and measuring rut depth and disturbed width, (3) driving vehicle (M1097A1) spirals in sand and measuring rut depth and disturbed width, and (4) driving vehicle (modified M1008) spirals over vegetation and measuring disturbed width and vegetative impacts. Although differences between the tire performances exist, this study did not reveal any tires exhibiting consistently lower impact potential than the Goodyear Wrangler MT tire.
Coupling in Fe(2 ML)/V(y ML) and Fe(2 ML)/V(y ML)/Fe(3 ML)/V(y ML) (y ≥ 4) superlattices
Authors: Paul Karen 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Fe(2 ML)/V(y ML) and interleaved Fe(2 ML)/V(y ML)/Fe(3 ML)/V(y ML) superlattice systems with spacer thicknesses, y, (4 ≤ y ≤ 17) were investigated macro-magnetically to estimate the coupling strength and the magnetoresistance in these materials, and particularly in the antiferromagnetically coupled monolayers. The results from the magnetic and magnetoresistive measurements indicate that adding one monolayer of Fe increases the antiferromagnetic coupling and the magnetoresistivity ratio from 0.0075 mJ/m2 at 20 K and 2 % at 10 K for Fe(2 ML)/V(y ML), to 0.05 mJ/m2 and 2.5 % for Fe(2 ML)/V(y ML)/Fe(3 ML)/V(y ML) at the same temperatures. Both systems exhibit in-plane magnetic and magnetoresistive isotropy, therefore the increase of the conferred physical parameters is attributed mainly to the stresses at the interface as governing mechanisms over the magnetoelastic forces.
NIR photoresponse in the mixed phthalocyanine films
Authors: Pakhomov Geogrij , Kuzin Evgenij , Murel Arkadij 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
The original version of the article was published in Cent. Eur. J. Phys., Vol. 4(4), (2006), pp. 494-502. It can be also found online at: http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11534-006-0027-9. Unfortunately, the original version of this article contains mistakes in the numbering of its references. The reference numbers should be changed according to the following table: PageLineThere isThere should be19[2, 5, 7, 13-15][2, 5, 7, 13-16]25[2, 3, 7-10, 12, 17][2, 3, 7-10, 12, 18]27[2, 4, 5, 7, 14, 17][2, 4, 5, 7, 14, 18]29[11, 17][11, 18]213[18][19]2Footnote[16][17]321[4, 5, 7, 14, 19][4, 5, 7, 14, 20]510[20][21]717[21][22]723[14, 15][15, 16]