bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
5‐Aminooxazole as an Internal Traceless Activator of C‐Terminal Carboxylic Acid: Rapid Access to Diversely Functionalized Cyclodepsipeptides
Authors: Bughin Carine , Zhao Gang , Bienaymé Hugues , Zhu Jieping 
Published: October 2005

AbstractA conceptually novel macrolactonization protocol has been developed. It is a domino process involving a sequence of: 1) protonation of 5‐aminooxazole leading to the electrophilic iminium salt; 2) trapping of the iminium species by the neighboring C‐terminal carboxylic acid leading to a putative spirolactone; and 3) intramolecular nucleophilic addition of the tethered alcohol to the spirolactone followed by fragmentation. The strategically incorporated 5‐aminooxazole serves as an internal traceless activator of the neighboring C‐terminal carboxylic acid, since it became an integral part of the peptide backbone after cyclization. No coupling reagent is required and the entire sequence is triggered by just a few equivalents of trifluoroacetic acid under very mild conditions (MeCN as the solvent at room temperature). The spirolactone as an activated form of the carboxylic acid has been evidenced by a sulfur‐migration experiment. By combining with a three‐component synthesis of 5‐aminooxazole, a two‐step synthesis of structurally complex cyclodepsipeptides from readily accessible starting materials was developed.
Liquid‐Crystalline Supramolecular Polymers Formed through Complementary Nucleobase‐Pair Interactions
Authors: Sivakova Sona , Wu Jian , Campo Cheryl J. , Mather Patrick T. , Rowan Stuart J. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractWe report how the placement of nucleobase units, thymine, or N 6‐(4‐methoxybenzoyl)adenine, onto the ends of a mesogenic core, bis‐4‐alkoxy‐substituted bis(phenylethynyl)benzene, affects the properties of these materials. We show that addition of these bulky polar groups significantly reduces the range of liquid‐crystalline behavior of these compounds. However, mixing two complementary nucleobase‐containing AA‐ and BB‐type monomer units together does result in the formation of stable, thermotropic liquid‐crystalline (LC) phases. Hydrogen bonding is shown to play an important role in the formation of these LC phases, consistent with the formation of oligomeric or polymeric hydrogen‐bonded aggregates. X‐ray analyses of these mixed materials are consistent with the formation of smectic C phases.
Chiral separations on polysaccharide stationary phases using polar organic mobile phases
Authors: Lynam Kenneth G. , Stringham Rodger W. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractAbout 30% of a chemically diverse set of compounds were found to separate on four polysaccharide chiral stationary phases using polar organic mobile phases. No structural features appeared to correlate to successful separations. Titrations between normal and polar organic mobile phases suggested that separation mechanisms do not differ between these mobile phases. Attempts made to control retention met with varying degrees of success. Addition of hexane to alcohols had minor effects on retention although this was occasionally beneficial. Addition of water to alcohols increased retention. Addition of water to acetonitrile decreased retention. Addition of alcohol to acetonitrile also proved beneficial to the separation of some compounds. Loading studies performed to mimic preparative separations indicated that the benefits of polar organic mobile phases are largely due to increased solubility. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Chirality
Dynamic organization of microtubules and microtubule‐organizing centers during the sexual phase of a parasitic protozoan, Lecudina tuzetae (Gregarine, Apicomplexa)
Authors: Kuriyama Ryoko , Besse Colette , Gèze Marc , Omoto Charlotte K. , Schrével Joseph 
Published: October 2005

AbstractLecudina tuzetae is a parasitic protozoan (Gregarine, Apicomplexa) living in the intestine of a marine polychaete annelid, Nereis diversicolor. Using electron and fluorescence microscopy, we have characterized the dynamic changes in microtubule organization during the sexual phase of the life cycle. The gametocyst excreted from the host worm into seawater consists of two (one male and one female) gamonts in which cortical microtubule arrays are discernible. Each gamont undergoes multiple nuclear divisions without cytokinesis, resulting in the formation of large multinucleate haploid cells. After cellularization, ∼1000 individual gametes are produced from each gamont within 24 h. Female gametes are spherical and contain interphase cytoplasmic microtubule arrays emanating from a γ‐tubulin‐containing site. In male gametes, both interphase microtubules and a flagellum with “6 + 0” axonemal microtubules extend from the same microtubule‐organizing site. At the beginning of spore formation, each zygote secretes a wall to form a sporocyst. Following meiotic and mitotic divisions, each sporocyst gives rise to eight haploid cells that ultimately differentiate into sporozoites. The ovoid shaped sporocyst is asymmetric and forms at least two distinctive microtubule arrays: spindle microtubules and microtubule bundles originating from the protruding apical end corresponding to the dehiscence pole of the sporocyst. Because antibodies raised against mammalian centrosome components, such as γ‐tubulin, pericentrin, Cep135, and mitosis‐specific phosphoproteins, react strongly with the microtubule‐nucleating sites of Lecudina, this protozoan is likely to share common centrosomal antigens with higher eukaryotes. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 62:195–209, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A replication framework for program‐to‐program interaction across unreliable networks and its implementation in a servlet container
Authors: Bartoli Alberto , Prica Milan , Antoniutti di Muro Etienne 
Published: October 2005

AbstractWe propose a service replication framework for unreliable networks. The service exhibits the same consistency guarantees about the order of execution of operation requests as its non‐replicated implementation. Such guarantees are preserved in spite of server replica failure or network failure (either between server replicas or between a client and a server replica), and irrespective of when the failure occurs. Moreover, the service guarantees that in the case when a client sends an ‘update’ request multiple times, there is no risk that the request be executed multiple times. No hypotheses about the timing retransmission policy of clients are made, e.g. the very same request might even arrive at different server replicas simultaneously. All of these features make the proposed framework particularly suitable for interaction between remote programs, a scenario that is gaining increasing importance. We discuss a prototype implementation of our replication framework based on Tomcat, a very popular Java‐based Web server. The prototype comes into two flavors: replication of HTTP client session data and replication of a counter accessed as a Web service. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A study into the feasibility of using two parallel sparse direct solvers for the Helmholtz equation on Linux clusters
Authors: Berglund G. Z. M. , de Leeuw S. W. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractTwo state‐of‐the‐art parallel software packages for the direct solution of sparse linear systems based on LU‐decomposition, MUMPS and SuperLU_DIST have been tested as black‐box solvers on problems derived from finite difference discretizations of the Helmholtz equation. The target architecture has been Linux clusters, for which no consistent set of tests of the algorithms implemented in these packages has been published. The investigation consists of series of memory and time scalability checks and has focused on examining the applicability of the algorithms when processing very large sparse matrices on Linux cluster platforms. Special emphasis has been put on monitoring the behaviour of the packages when the equation systems need to be solved for multiple right‐hand sides, which is the case, for instance, when modelling a seismic survey. The outcome of the tests points at poor efficiency of the tested algorithms during application of the LU‐factors in the solution phase on this type of architecture, where the communication acts as an impasse. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tumor microenvironment: What can effusions teach us?
Authors: Kassis Jareer , Klominek Julius , Kohn Elise C. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractMalignant effusions, which are composed of malignant pleural and peritoneal fluid, are an unusual manifestation of cancer and frequently portend a poor prognosis. Neoplastic cells that disseminate into cavities containing effusions are highly metastatic and possess a strong autonomous proliferative drive while concurrently being stimulatory of exudative effusions. Most effusions will respond to transient therapeutic intervention, including the obliteration of potential space via pleurodesis. Cure, however, is rare, thus making effusions a biologically, biochemically, and clinically important topic of study. The local microenvironment that supports malignant growth, invasion, and dissemination of the solid primary tumor into the vasculature is composed of activated stroma that includes scaffolding consisting of materials that promote the tumor function, and vascular structures to provide conduits for travel and nutrient delivery. Less is understood about the tumor‐cell microenvironment in malignant effusions. The fluid nature of such a microenvironment when compared with the solid primary tumor may have significant implications for disease dissemination and progression. Dissecting the signaling activity and components of such microenvironments will improve our understanding and ultimately our ability to provide better patient care. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2005;33:316–319. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Coming to terms with Vietnam: The Viet/American cervical cancer prevention project
Authors: Suba Eric J. , Donnelly Amber D. , Furia Lisa M. , Huynh My Linh D. , Raab Stephen S. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe Viet/American Cervical Cancer Prevention Project embraces a dual mission. We seek to develop sustainable, cost‐effective cervical cancer prevention services for women in Vietnam. Because the problem of cervical cancer in Vietnam is in part a legacy of the Second Indochinese War, we also seek to examine obstacles to reconciliation by presenting what most acknowledge to be a remedy in advance of what some will perceive to be an accusation. Certain research and commercial interests have produced obstacles to our dual mission in Vietnam. The Alliance for Cervical Cancer Prevention, supported by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, has failed to endorse Pap screening for developing countries and is conducting clinical trials which may further disaffect medically underserved groups. Visual screening techniques combined with immediate ablative treatment methods are incompatible with the requirements of “first do no harm.” Because the Pap smear will probably be a component of any future human papillomavirus (HPV)‐based or visual‐ based screening programs, it serves the interests of those promoting noncytologic screening methods to also support the development of Pap screening services. Research on HPV screening in developing countries raises concerns of commercial exploitation. Because Pap screening is feasible wherever cervical screening is appropriate, it is inappropriate to delay the development of Pap screening services pending research into HPV vaccines or alternative screening technologies. Quality management is the point at which public health and diagnostic pathology intersect and will remain an indispensable element of cervical screening programs irrespective of the screening test(s) eventually used. Pap screening in developing countries is an ethical imperative without a substantial political constituency and will benefit from the engagement of organized cytology. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2005;33:344–351. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Project: Screen South Africa
Authors: Knight Bryan 
Published: October 2005

AbstractIn South Africa, carcinoma of the cervix affects 1 in 29 women. A national screening programme to address the problem has been implemented. The programme faces serious challenges including shortage of funds, a lack of trained laboratory personnel and the HIV epidemic. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2005;33:356–358. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immunocytochemical identification of carcinomas of unknown primary in serous effusions
Authors: Pomjanski Natalia , Juergen Grote Hans , Doganay Peyrüze , Schmiemann Viola , Buckstegge Birgit , Böcking, Alfred 
Published: October 2005

AbstractMetastases from carcinomas of unknown primary site (CUP) in serous effusion are a common clinical problem. Immunocytochemistry was applied as an adjunct to the cytological diagnosis of metastatic carcinomas in serous effusions.Subjects of this study were 118 pleural, 53 peritoneal, and 9 pericardial effusions from 180 patients routinely investigated in the Institute of Cytopathology. Specimens were primarily stained according to Papanicolaou (Pap). The avidin‐biotin‐complex method (ABC) was secondarily applied for the visualization of immunologic reactions.We have used a panel of six monoclonal antibodies (CK 5/6, CK 7, CK 20, CA 125, TTF‐1, and cdx 2) so as to identify the primary tumor site of metastatic carcinoma cells in serous effusions. Applying an algorithm of immunocytochemical marker constellations, we were able to correctly diagnose primary tumor sites in 86 of 101 (85.1%) patients with CUP syndromes. The best result was achieved for the identification of metastatic carcinomas of the ovaries (94.7%) and the lungs (88.1%).We established an algorithm comprising six immunocytochemical markers that enabled a correct diagnosis of primary tumor sites in 85.1%. The panel studied could be useful in diagnostic routine for the identification of primary tumors of unknown origin metastatic to the serous membranes. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2005;33:309–315. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Terephthalato‐Bridged NiII Complex Capped with a Nonchelating Ligand Displays a Three‐Dimensional Supramolecular Network Constructed by Coordination and Multi‐Intermolecular Forces
Authors: Seop Hong Chang , Hee Yoon Jung , Hak Lim Jeong , Hee Ko Hyun 
Published: October 2005

AbstractA new tp‐bridged complex [Ni(pyrazole)4(tp)]n (1; tp = terephthalate) coordinated with a nonchelating pyrazole ligand has been synthesized and characterized using X‐ray structure determination and magnetic studies. The crystal structure reveals that the capping ligand functions as a source of hydrogen bonding and intermolecular contacts, such as π–π and CH–π interactions, that result in a three‐dimensional supramolecular assembly. Weak antiferromagnetic couplings are transmitted between NiII centers through the tp linkage. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Synthesis of Enantiopure Tricarbonyl(indan‐1,2‐dione)chromium
Authors: Leinweber Dirk , Weidner Ingo , Wilhelm René , Wartchow Rudolf , Butenschön Holger 
Published: October 2005

AbstractA multistep synthesis of the planar chiral tricarbonyl(η6‐indan‐1,2‐dione)chromium, based on acetal protection of the keto groups, is presented. Since common deacetalization procedures failed, an oxidative deprotection with triphenylcarbenium tetrafluoroborate was used. Tricarbonyl(η6‐indan‐1,2‐dione)chromium is regarded as a potential precursor for dianionic oxy‐Cope rearrangements upon alkenyllithium diaddition. As an unexpected side product in the synthesis, an indan‐1,2‐dione complex with a triphenylmethyl substituent at C‐3 was obtained. Attempts directed towards the formation of enantiomerically pure material include the first reported investigation into an enantioselective ketone reduction with two methoxy substituents present in the α position. Although enantiomeric excesses of up to 84.5 % were achieved, the chemical yields decreased with increasing ee. A classical resolution was therefore undertaken, giving access to the enantiomerically pure title compound (99.4 % ee). The absolute configuration was verified by an X‐ray structure analysis of an intermediate. First experiments concerning the alkenyllithium addition showed that a single addition is possible while a second one does not occur, presumably due to enolate formation. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
meta‐ Rather than ortho‐Directed Metalations: Buttressing Effects Prejudicing the Proton Abstraction from (2,6‐Dihalophenyl)silanes
Authors: Heiss Christophe , Cottet Fabrice , Schlosser Manfred 
Published: October 2005

Abstract(2,6‐Dichlorophenyl)trimethyl‐ and ‐triethylsilane exhibit untypical reactivity patterns toward strong bases. When treated at –100 °C with lithium 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidide, they give rise to two, with sec‐ or tert‐butyllithium even three, different organometallic intermediates which can be intercepted with standard electrophiles. The trialkylsilyl group intervenes in two respects. Exerting steric pressure on the neighboring chlorine atoms, it facilitates the permutational displacement of one of them against lithium, a side reaction which occurs whenever alkyllithium compounds are employed. At the same time it impedes the attack of hydrogen atoms by the base in the immediate vicinity of the halogens due to relay transmission of steric hindrance. As a consequence, deprotonation occurs preferentially or exclusively at the 5‐(“meta”) rather than the 4‐(“ortho”)position. 4‐Lithiated species, generated as by‐products or separately by permutational halogen/metal interconversion, eliminate lithium chloride at –75 °C to set free didehydrobenzenes (“arynes”) which are trapped by their aryllithium precursors. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
A novel processing method for injection‐molded polyether–urethane scaffolds. Part 1: Processing
Authors: Haugen H. , Will J. , Fuchs W. , Wintermantel E. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractA large‐scale scaffold processing method with injection molding has been successfully developed. Water was used as afoaming agent for the new technique. NaCl was used as a porogen to achieve an open‐cell structure. Organic solvents, which are common foaming agents for polyurethane, where not used. Toxic remains in the polymer were therefore prevented. Pore size and porosity was adjustable through process parameters. A parameter study showed that an increase in injection pressure, plasticize speed, cylinder, and mold temperature raised the mean pore diameter. The porosity also could be mended by the cylinder and mold temperature, in addition to NaCl concentration. It was possible to produce scaffolds with a porosity of 64 ± 3%, a pore size distribution from 30–450 μm, and a mean pore diameter of 270 ± 90 μm. The interconnective pores were found to lie between 5 and 58 μm. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
Antiviral effect of Phyllanthus nanus ethanolic extract against hepatitis B virus (HBV) by expression microarray analysis
Authors: Lam Wai‐Yip , Leung Kam‐Tong , Law Patrick Tik‐Wan , Lee Simon Ming‐Yuen , Chan Henry Lik‐Yuen , Fung Kwok‐Pui , Ooi Vincent Eng‐Choon , Waye Mary Miu‐Yee 
Published: October 2005

AbstractEthanolic extract of Phyllanthus nanus (P. nanus) treatment exhibited potent antiviral activity against Hepatitis B virus (HBV). The effects of these extracts on HBV in the HBV genome integrated cell lines—Alexander cells and HepG2 2.2.15 cells were examined. Experimental results showed that the ethanolic extract of P. nanus produced suppressive effect on HBsAg secretion and HBsAg mRNA expression. The extract also inhibited HBV replication as measured by HBV DNA level in vitro. In addition, using a duck HBV (DHBV) primary culture model, the P. nanus ethanolic extract suppressed viral replication of DHBV in DHBV infected primary duck hepatocytes. The gene expression pattern in Alexander cells that had been treated with the ethanolic extract of P. nanus was also revealed by microarray techniques. The microarray results indicated that there was up‐regulation of expression of several genes, including annexin A7 (Axn7). The subcellular localization of Axn7 and anti‐HBV effect of Axn7 over‐expression in Alexander cells were also investigated. Results showed that expression of Axn7–GFP fusion protein are localized around the secretory vesicles and could cause a decrease in HBsAg secretion in Alexander cells. Axn7 protein might play an important role in the medicinal effect of the active principle(s) of P. nanus. J. Cell. Biochem. 97: 795–812, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anti‐RANKL therapy for inflammatory bone disorders: Mechanisms and potential clinical applications
Authors: Anandarajah Allen P. , Schwarz Edward M. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractFocal bone loss around inflamed joints in patients with autoimmune disease, such as rheumatoid arthritis, remains a serious clinical problem. The recent elucidation of the RANK/RANK‐ligand/OPG pathway and its role as the final effector of osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption has brought a tremendous understanding of the pathophysiology of inflammatory bone loss, and has heightened expectation of a novel intervention. Here, we review the etiology of inflammatory bone loss, the RANK/RANK‐ligand/OPG pathway, and the clinical development of anti‐RANK‐ligand therapy. J. Cell. Biochem. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of phospholipase C‐δ1: A link to Ca2+
Authors: Yagisawa Hitoshi 
Published: October 2005

AbstractPhosphoinositides (PIs) and proteins involved in the PI signaling pathway are distributed in the nucleus as well as at the plasma membrane and in the cytoplasm, although their nuclear localization mechanisms have not been clarified in detail. Generally, proteins that shuttle between the cytoplasm and nucleus contain nuclear localization signal (NLS) and nuclear export signal (NES) sequences for nuclear import and export, respectively. They bind to specific carrier proteins of the importin/exportin family and are transported to and from the nucleus. Thus there is a steady state shuttling of the cargo molecules to and from the nucleus, and the shift in equilibrium determines their nuclear or cytoplasmic localization. Our previous studies have shown that phospholipase C (PLC)‐δ1, regarded as having cytoplasmic‐ or plasma membrane‐bound localization, accumulates in the nucleus when its NES sequence is disrupted. In addition, a cluster of positively charged residues on the surface of the catalytic barrel is important for nuclear import. In quiescent cells, the shuttling equilibrium seems to be shifted to the nuclear export of PLCδ1. In this review, recent findings regarding the molecular machineries and mechanisms of the nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of PLCδ1 will be discussed. It is important to know when and how they are regulated. A shift in the equilibrium in a certain stage of the cell cycle or by external stimuli is possible and resulting changes in the intra‐nuclear environments (or architectures) may alter proliferation and differentiation patterns. Evidences support the idea that an increase in the levels of intracellular Ca2+ shifts the equilibrium to the nuclear import of PLCδ1. A myriad of external stimuli have also been reported to change the nuclear PI metabolism following accelerated accumulation in the nucleus of other phospholipases such as phospholipase A2 and phospholipase D in addition to PLC isoforms such as PLCβ1 and PLCγ1. The consequence of the nuclear accumulation of PLC is also discussed. J. Cell. Biochem. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.