bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Toxicologic evaluation of chlorpyrifos in cats
Authors: Hooser Stephen B. , Beasley Val R. , Sundberg John P. , Harlin Karen 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Twenty-four male domestic shorthair cats were used to evaluate the acute and chronic effects of a single, toxic but sublethal, orally administered dose of chlorpyrifos. A dosage of 10 mg/kg of body weight did not induce clinical signs of toxicosis, but a dosage of 40 mg/kg induced clinical signs of toxicosis, and 1 of 12 cats died. Chlorpyrifos given at a dosage of 0.1 mg/kg to 2 cats reduced whole blood and plasma cholinesterase (Che) activities to values obtained after cats were given doses that induced clinical signs of toxicosis. Regeneration time for whole blood and plasma Che activities ranged from 7 to 28 days. Brain Che activity was considerably decreased in 1 cat that died 4.5 hours after dosing, but was normal in all others at 28 days after dosing. Other than decreased Che activity, significant changes were not seen in hematologic or serum biochemical values. Toxin-related lesions were not seen during macroscopic or microscopic examination.
Differences in diagnostic test results and hematologic data between aged and young horses
Authors: Ralston Sarah L. , Nockels Cheryl F. , Squires Edward L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Hematologic data and results of diagnostic tests were compared between aged (≥ 20 years old) and young (≤ 5 years old) horses to identify hematologic and metabolic changes associated with aging. Initial data were obtained from 8 aged and 6 young mares (group 1). Similar data were collected from a second group of aged (3 mares and 3 geldings) and young (1 mare and 5 geldings) horses (group 2). Dexamethasone suppression tests (dst) and necropsies were performed on 6 additional mares and mare 8 from group 1 (group 3).
Complete blood counts and serum biochemical profiles were compared between young and aged horses of groups 1 and 2. Mean corpuscular volume was higher (P < 0.05) in aged horses. Oral glucose tolerance and insulin response to orally administered glucose were measured in 13 aged horses (groups 1 and 2) and 6 young mares of group 1. In group 1, plasma ascorbic acid values were lower (P < 0.05) in aged horses than in young horses maintained under the same conditions and feeding regimens. An apparent age-related hyperinsulinemic response to orally administered glucose identified in group-1 mares was probably a result of a high occurrence of subclinical hypophyseal and/or thyroid adenomas. Of 13 aged horses necropsied (groups 2 and 3), 10 had hypophyseal and/or thyroid adenomas that, in group 2, were consistently associated (P < 0.05) with hyperinsulinemic responses to orally administered glucose. All horses in groups 2 and 3 were given a 24-hour dst. Failure to maintain suppression of serum cortisol values 24 hours after dexamethasone administration was correlated (P < 0.05) with the presence of hypophyseal and thyroid adenomas whether or not clinical signs were apparent. There were no apparent changes in oral glucose tolerance, insulin secretion, or dst attributable to aging alone. Seemingly, there were no age-related changes in serum biochemical profiles or cbc in aged horses other than an increase in mean corpuscular volume.
Effect of broiler chicken age on susceptibility to experimentally induced Cryptosporidium baileyi infection
Authors: Lindsay David S. , Blagburn Byron L. , Sundermann Christine A. , Giambrone Joseph J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Clinical signs of respiratory tract disease were observed in chickens that were inoculated intratracheally with 1 × 106 oocysts of Cryptosporidium baileyi at 2 or 14 days of age (10 chickens/group), but not in chickens inoculated at 28 or 42 days of age (10 chickens/group). Orally inoculated chickens in all age groups (10 chickens/group) did not develop clinical signs of disease. Orally and intratracheally inoculated chickens in all age groups were infected, as determined by the finding of cryptosporidia in tissue sections of the trachea, bursa of Fabricius, and cloaca, and by the recovery of oocysts from their feces. Chickens inoculated at 2 and 14 days of age excreted oocysts for a longer period and had greater numbers of cryptosporidia in their tissues, compared with chickens inoculated at 28 and 42 days of age.
Force plate analyses before and after stabilization of canine stifles for cruciate injury
Authors: Budsberg S. C. , Verstraete M. C. , Soutas-Little R. W. , Flo G. L. , Probst C. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Ground reaction forces were measured from the hind limbs of 9 dogs before and after stabilization of unilateral cranial cruciate ligament rupture. Before surgery, peak vertical force, associated impulses, and weight distribution were significantly less (multivariate analysis P < 0.02) in the affected limb, compared with the clinically normal limb. Craniocaudal peak forces and impulses, divided into braking and propulsion, also were significantly less in the affected limb. At a minimum of 7 months after retinacular imbrication, all vertical and craniocaudal measurements in the affected limb were increased significantly. Significant changes were not found in the normal limb. Furthermore, at the postoperative evaluation, there was no significant difference in any measurement between the affected and normal hind limbs. The results indicated restoration of function in the cruciate-deficient limb when compared with the clinically normal hind limb at a walking gait during the study time period.
Effects of various sedatives on air cystometry in dogs
Authors: Johnson Cheri A. , Beemsterboer Jean M. , Gray Peter R. , Slusser Peter G. , Goullaud Eric L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The effects of various sedatives on air cystometry in dogs were investigated. Oxymorphone plus acepromazine, xylazine alone, atropine plus xylazine, and diazepam plus ketamine were compared for interference with the detrusor reflex, adequacy of patient restraint, and development of adverse side effects. Atropine plus xylazine was the best of the 4 drug combinations tested, because it had the least interference with the detrusor reflex, bradycardia did not develop, and excellent restraint was obtained. Pain and hematuria were common whenever intravesicular pressure exceeded 40 cm of H2O, yet pressures that high were rarely necessary to stimulate the detrusor reflex.
Percutaneous biopsy of the proximal humeral growth plate in dogs
Authors: Breur G. J. , Slocombe R. F. , Braden T. D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A percutaneous biopsy technique for the study of endochondral bone formation in the dog was developed. With the dogs under general anesthesia or sedated with a combination of a tranquilizer and a local anesthetic, biopsy specimens were obtained from the proximal growth plate of the humerus with the use of a Jamshidi bone biopsy needle. Biopsy specimens were structurally intact, and contained epiphysis, growth plate, and metaphysis. The procedure proved to be a simple, safe technique, which caused minimal discomfort for the patient and did not affect the growth of the proximal end of the humerus, even after multiple biopsies.
Efficacy of febantel against naturally acquired gastrointestinal nematodes in calves, and recognition of Oesophagostomum venulosum in Oregon cattle
Authors: Hoberg E. P. , Zimmerman G. L. , Rickard L. G. , Schons D. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The efficacy of febantel (5.0 mg/kg) against naturally acquired infections of gastrointestinal nematodes was evaluated in a controlled test in calves during the winter. Twenty steers were allotted to either control or treatment groups of 10 animals each. Seven days after treatment, calves were euthanatized and necropsied for recovery of parasites. Febantel was highly effective against adults of Ostertagia spp (88.6% efficacy based on median), Cooperia spp (97.7%), Trichostrongylus spp (98.2%), Oesophagostomum spp (100%), and Bunostomum phlebotomum (100%). Effects of treatment against adults of Nematodirus spp (100%) were not significant, whereas, degrees of infection of Strongyloides papillosus, Capillaria sp, and Trichuris sp were insufficient for evaluation. The activity of febantel was variable in controlling inhibited and late fourth-stage larvae of Cooperia spp (100% and 100%, respectively) and Ostertagia spp (−81.5% and 36.7%). Numbers of larval Nematodirus and Capillaria sp were insufficient for evaluation. Overall, febantel administered at 5.0 mg/kg reduced populations of adult and larval strongyles and other gastrointestinal nematodes in calves by 80.7% (P = 0.002). An unexpected finding during the trial was the recovery of Oesophagostomum venulosum from all control calves.
Evaluation of the stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans) as a vector of enzootic bovine leukosis
Authors: Weber A. F. , Moon R. D. , Sorensen D. K. , Bates D. W. , Meiske J. C. , Brown C. A. , Rohland N. L. , Hooker E. C. , Strand W. O. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Experiments reported here were directed at 2 questions: (1) Can the stable fly {Stomoxys calcitrans) transmit enzootic bovine leukosis? (2) Could early viremia augment the probability of transmission by this insect? In one vector experiment, calves and bovine leukemia virus (blv)-infected cows were housed with and without stable flies. The calves were monitored serologically during a 3-month postexposure period, using the agar gel immunodiffusion test. All fly-infested and fly-free calves remained blv-seronegative.
For a second vector experiment, donor calves, newly injected with blood from blv-infected cows with high virus expression, were tethered alternately between uninoculated, weaned blv-seronegative calves. These groups were housed with or without flies in 2 replicate trials. The inoculated calves from the first replicate seroconverted at 16 and 23 days after inoculation; the inoculated calves from the second replicate seroconverted at 11, 16, 16, and 37 days after inoculation. All uninoculated calves remained blv-seronegative.
In a manual transmission experiment, 50 unfed stable flies were allowed to complete a meal on each of 3 blv-seronegative calves after feeding on a blv-seropositive cow with high (42%) virus expression. One control calf was injected with blood from the cow. Seroconversion occurred in the control calf and 1 calf on which flies were given access.
A scanning electron microscopic study was made of the everted and closed mouth parts of the stable fly. Given the lymphocyte count in blood from the cow used in the manual vector transmission experiment, it was calculated that 3,950 mouth part volumes would be necessary to transmit blv. This estimate and our negative transmission results indicated that the stable fly is not a blv vector of consequence.
Sequential study of visceral lesions caused by isolates of an avian osteopetrosis virus (myeloblastosis-associated virus)
Authors: Powers Barbara E. , Norrdin Robert W. , Snyder Stanley P. , Smith Ralph E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Ten-day-old chicken embryos were inoculated with isolates of myeloblastosis-associated virus that induced osteopetrosis of slow or rapid onset. Bursa of Fabricius, thymus, spleen, bone marrow, kidney, liver, and lung were examined at 15, 17, and 19 days in ovo and at 7 and 25 days after hatching by histologic and immunoperoxidase techniques. Tissues from 19-day-old in ovo embryos also were examined by electron microscopy. The lymphoid organs of embryos inoculated with all isolates manifested changes suggesting inhibited development. Virus was most often associated with macrophages, heterophils, and non-lymphoid stromal cells in these organs. Viral particles and antigen were abundant in tissues from embryos inoculated with slow-onset isolates, but cell necrosis was infrequent. The kidney and bursa had especially abundant viral particles and antigen. Conversely, viral particles and antigen were minimal in tissues from embryos inoculated with the rapid-onset isolate, yet intravascular cellular thrombi, substantial cell necrosis, and increased heterophils and hemocytoblasts were found.
Cardiopulmonary effects of restraint in dorsal recumbency on awake cattle
Authors: Klein Lin , Fisher Nancy 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The cardiopulmonary effects of dorsal recumbency were studied in awake cows restrained for surgical correction of left displaced abomasum. During the recumbent period, PaO2, PaCO2, arterial pH, and base excess values were significantly decreased. Heart rate, respiratory rate, blood hemoglobin concentrations, and rectal temperature increased significantly.
Comparison of staple and suture techniques for end-to-end anastomosis of the small colon in horses
Authors: Hanson R. Reid , Nixon Alan J. , Calderwood-Mays M. , Gronwall R. , Pendergast Jane F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Two techniques for end-to-end anastomosis of the small colon were evaluated in each of 6 horses. A simple interrupted suture pattern that excluded the mucosa and was oversewn with an inverting suture was compared with a triangulated double-row pattern of stainless steel staples. Anastomotic sites were evaluated at 2 weeks, 2 months, and 6 months for extent of abdominal adhesions, lumen diameter at anastomotic sites, bursting pressures, and healing response. Clinical postoperative complications were not associated with either technique. At postmortem examination, there was extensive adhesion formation from the mesocolon to the stapled anastomotic site. The suture technique resulted in greater luminal diameters (P ≤ 0.05), with good apposition of the tissue layers. Staples were missing as early as 2 weeks after surgery, and their loss was associated with separation of the muscularis at later evaluation periods. Regardless of technique, all but one anastomotic segment burst away from the anastomotic site along the mesenteric taenial band. For the 12 anastomoses performed in normal horses, the suturing technique was better than the stapling technique because of significantly larger lumen diameters, better anastomotic healing, and minimal intra-abdominal adhesion formation.
In vitro effects of a mixture of Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxins on chloride flux in everted jejunal sacs of male pigs
Authors: Panichkriangkrai Wara , Ahrens Franklin A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
In vitro effects of a mixture of Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxins (sta and stb) on isolated jejunum of 3-week-old male pigs were studied, using everted intestinal sac techniques. Heat-stable enterotoxins increased chloride secretion and chloride absorption in everted intestinal sacs. The increase of secretory flux was greater than that for absorptive flux. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (6 × 10−9M) increased chloride secretion, but had no effect on chloride absorption. Neither vasoactive intestinal peptide nor pilocarpine (10−5M) had additive effect to st. Secretory effects of st were not blocked by atropine (2 × 10−5M), clonidine (10−6M), or morphine (4.2 × 10−6M).
Insulin and growth hormone responses to glucose infusion in mature and first-lactation dairy cows
Authors: McClary David G. , Sartin James L. , Kemppainen Robert J. , Williams John C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Five mature Holstein cows and 6 first-lactation Holstein cows were administered 100 mg of glucose/kg of body weight, iv, over a 20-minute period on postpartum day 30. A series (preinfusion, glucose infusion, and post-infusion) of blood samples was collected at −15, −10, −5, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, and 120 minutes from the start of the infusion. Serum was obtained and was assayed for glucose, immunoreactive insulin (iri), growth hormone (gh), and free fatty acid concentrations. Baseline glucose and free fatty acid concentrations were similar in cattle of both groups throughout the sample collection period. Both groups of cattle disposed of the infused glucose in a similar manner. The first-lactation cows secreted significantly (P < 0.0001) more iri to utilize the glucose load than did the mature cows, 71 ± 13 μU/ml vs 38 ± 7 μU/ml, respectively (mean ± sem).
Preinfusion and glucose infusion gh concentrations were similar in cattle of both groups. In the postinfusion period, gh values were significantly (P < 0.0002) higher in the first-lactation cows (8.7 ±1.8 ng/ml) than in the mature cows (5.8 ± 1.6 ng/ml).
Compared with that in the mature cows, the higher iri concentration required by the first-lactation cows to utilize approximately the same glucose load suggested that first-lactation cows were insulin resistant. The increased insulin response to increased glucose concentration may be one reason first-lactation cows produce less milk than do mature cows. Other factors, such as variation in the ability of the mammary gland to synthesize milk cannot be excluded.
Disposition and excretion of flunixin meglumine in horses
Authors: Soma Lawrence R. , Behrend Ellen , Rudy Jeffrey , Sweeney Raymond W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The disposition of flunixin meglumine administered iv at a dosage of 1.1 mg/kg was described by a 2-compartment model; the α and β half-lives (t1/2) were 0.61 and 1.5 hours, respectively. When administered iv at a rate of 2.2 mg/kg, the disposition was best described by a 3-compartment model, and the α, β, and λ t1/2 were 0.16, 1.52, and 6.00 hours, respectively. The zero-time plasma concentrations after flunixin meglumine was administered at 1.1 and 2.2 mg/kg were 9.3 ± 0.76 and 21.5 ± 7.4 mg/L, respectively. The bioavailability after oral administration of 1.1 mg/kg was 85.8%. The absorption t1/2 was 0.57 hours, with a peak concentration of 2.50 ± 1.25 mg/L. The cumulative urinary recoveries for iv and oral administrations were 61.0% and 63.3%, respectively, of the dose for the 12-hour collection period. The final asymptotic points of urine excretion after iv and oral administrations were 406.4 ± 65.5 and 357.7 ± 53.5 mg, respectively, which represented 75.5 and 77.5% of the drug accounted for between 30 and 35 hours after administration. Flunixin meglumine was rapidly excreted in urine over a 2- to 4-hour period after drug administration and was highly bound to protein in plasma.
Immune response to vaccinia virus and recombinant virus products in dogs
Authors: Appel M. J. G. , Paoletti E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A study was undertaken to determine the safety and suitability of vaccinia virus as an eukaryotic expression vector in dogs. Clinical signs were not seen in inoculated dogs, with the exception of small nodules at the site of inoculation. Vaccinia virus did not spread from dogs that were inoculated by sc (n = 5), intradermal (id; n = 13), or intranasal (n = 3) routes to noninoculated dogs maintained in close contact. Replication of vaccinia virus appeared to be restricted in dogs because ≥ 105 plaque-forming units of virus were required to induce an immune response by id inoculation. Results were better with id inoculation than with sc or intranasal inoculations. Repeated inoculations enhanced serum antibody titers, and annual reinoculation resulted in boosting of antibody titers. Maternal antibody interfered with virus replication and antibody production. Recombinant virus products induced antibody formation in dogs to human influenza-A virus, herpes simplex virus, and human hepatitis-B virus antigens. It was concluded that vaccinia virus would be safe and suitable as an eukaryotic expression vector in dogs.
Neodymium:yttrium, aluminum, and garnet laser energy delivered transsclerally to the ciliary body of dogs
Authors: Nasisse Mark P. , Davidson Michael G. , MacLachlan N. James , Corbett Wayne , Tate Lloyd P. , Newman H. C. , Hardie Elizabeth M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Using a hand-held optical fiber, a surgical neodym-ium:yttrium, aluminum, and garnet laser was used transsclerally on the left ciliary body of 25 dogs. Dogs were assigned to groups and were given low (100 J) and high (238 J) energy levels. In 12 dogs given 100-J energy, the intraocular pressure decreased a mean value of 6 mm of Hg below that in the untreated right eye. However, intraocular pressure returned to the pretreatment value 1 week after treatment. Intraocular lesions were not found by histologic examination 28 days later. In the second group of 13 dogs treated with 238-J energy, 6 were euthanatized 7 days after treatment and 7 were euthanatized 28 days after treatment. A mean decrease in intraocular pressure of 10 mm of Hg in the treated left eye, relative to the untreated right eye, persisted throughout the evaluation period. In eyes examined histologically 7 days after treatment, ciliary hemorrhage and necrosis were prominent. Other histologic changes were minimal and consisted principally of iris stromal hemorrhage. Of 7 dogs examined for 28 days after treatment, 6 remained sighted; in 1 dog, extensive intraocular hemorrhage occurred, eventually resulting in phthisis bulbi. Ciliary atrophy and fibrosis were the important histologic lesions observed 28 days after treatment. Laser energy delivered transsclerally by this optical system effectively induced ciliary necrosis and may be an effective treatment for canine glaucoma.
Evaluation of ivermectin for larvicidal effect in experimentally induced Parascaris equorum infections in pony foals
Authors: DiPietro J. A. , Lock T. F. , Todd K. S. , Sanecki R. K. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A controlled test was carried out on 15 pony foals inoculated with 1,500 ± 108.8 infective Parascaris equorum eggs. The foals were assigned to 3 treatment groups. Treatments given on postinoculation day 11 included 0.2 mg of ivermectin/kg of body weight, formulated as paste (n = 5), or liquid (n = 5), or no treatment (controls; n = 5). The foals were euthanatized on postinoculation day 25, and examined for larvae in the small intestine, lungs, and liver. Larvae were not found in foals treated with ivermectin liquid or paste, whereas significantly (P < 0.05) higher mean numbers (960.9; range, 379 to 1,736) of 4th-stage larvae were found in the controls. Histologic and gross examination of lungs and liver revealed pathologic changes attributable to P equorum migration that were similar in all foals. Adverse reactions to treatment were not observed.
Isolation of Chuzan virus, a new member of the Palyam subgroup of the genus Orbivirus, from cattle and Culicoides oxystoma in Japan
Authors: Miura Yasuo , Goto Yoshiyuki , Kubo Masanori , Kono Yuji 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Five virus strains with identical antigenic properties were isolated from 3 rbc suspensions obtained from 2 healthy sentinel calves and from 2 pools of Culicoides oxystoma in cultures of a hamster lung cell line (HmLu-1). The virus was tentatively named Chuzan virus. The Chuzan virus was classified as a new member of the Palyam subgroup of the genus Orbivirus on the basis of its physicochemical, morphologic, and antigenic properties.
Serum resistance and virulence of Escherichia coli isolated from turkeys
Authors: Ellis Marlene G. , Arp Lawrence H. , Lamont Susan J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Twenty-five strains of Escherichia coli isolated from turkeys were characterized for their serum resistance and virulence. An in vitro bactericidal assay was used to determine the serum resistance of E coli. Virulence was determined by survival time after iv inoculation of each strain into 3-week-old turkeys. Serum-resistant E coli strains were generally found to be virulent for turkeys, whereas serum-sensitive E coli strains were avirulent. Of the 25 strains, 18 strains were placed in the 2 categories of serum-resistant/virulent and serum-sensitive/avirulent. Five strains were serum-resistant and avirulent, and 2 strains were serum-sensitive and virulent. Serum resistance appears to be an important determinant of virulence for E coli in turkeys; however, the requirement for other virulence factors, in addition to serum resistance, was suggested by the finding that 5 serum-resistant strains were avirulent in turkeys.