bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Uncertainty of bioclimate envelope models based on the geographical distribution of species
Authors: Luoto M. , Pöyry J. , Heikkinen R. K. , Saarinen K. 
Published: October 2005

ABSTRACTAim We explored the effects of prevalence, latitudinal range and spatial autocorrelation of species distribution patterns on the accuracy of bioclimate envelope models of butterflies.Location  Finland, northern Europe.Methods  The data of a national butterfly atlas survey (NAFI) carried out in 1991–2003 with a resolution of 10 × 10 km were used in the analyses. Generalized additive models (GAM) were constructed, for each of 98 species, to estimate the probability of occurrence as a function of climate variables. Model performance was measured using the area under the curve (AUC) of a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) plot. Observed differences in modelling accuracy among species were related to the species’ geographical attributes using multivariate GAM.Results  Accuracies of the climate–butterfly models varied from low to very high (AUC values 0.59–0.99), with a mean of 0.79. The modelling performance was related negatively to the latitudinal range and prevalence, and positively to the spatial autocorrelation of the species distribution. These three factors accounted for 75.2% of the variation in the modelling accuracy. Species at the margin of their range or with low prevalence were better predicted than widespread species, and species with clumped distributions better than scattered dispersed species.Main conclusions  The results from this study indicate that species’ geographical attributes highly influence the behaviour and uncertainty of species–climate models, which should be taken into account in biogeographical modelling studies and assessments of climate change impacts.
Prevalence of obesity in Taiwan
Authors: Chu N.‐F. 
Published: October 2005

SummaryIn Taiwan, the prevalence and problem of obesity has increased significantly in recent decades and has became an important public health issue. In children (12–15 years), the prevalence of obesity (defined as body weight > 120% of mean body weight with age‐ and gender‐specification) was 12.4%, 14.8% and 15.6% among boys and 10.1%, 11.1% and 12.9% among girls in 1980, 1986 and 1996 respectively. A survey of 1500 12–15‐year‐old children during 1995–1996 in Taipei city found that about 16.6% of boys and 11.1% of girls were obese, while an additional 11.6% of boys and 10.2% of girls were overweight. In adults, using the criteria defined by the Department of Health in Taiwan [overweight as (body mass index) BMI ≥ 24 and obese as BMI ≥ 27], the age‐adjusted prevalence of obesity was 10.5% and 15.9% for men and 13.2% and 10.7% for women from 1993–1996 to 2000–2001. From these data, we found that the prevalence of obesity in Taiwan has increased steadily from 1980 to 2000 especially in children and in men.
Role of cholecystokinin in appetite control and body weight regulation
Authors: Little T. J. , Horowitz M. , Feinle‐Bisset C. 
Published: October 2005

SummaryCholecystokinin (CCK), a peptide that is distributed widely throughout the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system, has a number of physiological effects including the stimulation of gallbladder contraction and pancreatic and gastric acid secretion, slowing of gastric emptying and suppression of energy intake. This review focuses on current knowledge relating to (i) the effects of CCK on energy intake; (ii) the role for CCK in the pathophysiology of obesity; and (iii) the therapeutic potential for strategies which modulate the action or secretion of CCK in the management of obesity. While CCK plays a role in the acute regulation of appetite and energy intake, there is little evidence to suggest that specific CCK receptor agonists, or modulation of the actions of endogenous CCK by dietary manipulation, have sustainable inhibitory effects on energy intake. Hence, it appears unlikely that manipulating the pathways by which CCK modulates energy intake will prove to be an effective strategy in the long term management of obesity.
Lateralized ictal immobility of the upper limb in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Kuba R. , Křížová J. , Brázdil M. , Tyrlíková I. , Rektor I. 
Published: October 2005

The primary aim of this study was to establish the incidence and the lateralizing value of ‘lateralized ictal immobility of the upper limb’ (LIL) in patients suffering from temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), and to describe the connection between LIL and other clinical ictal signs.We retrospectively reviewed video records of 87 patients with TLE. We reviewed a total of 276 focal epileptic seizures with or without secondary generalization. We studied the incidence of LIL, its lateralizing value, and its relationship to other ictal clinical signs. Of the 87 patients, 49 had undergone a successful resective surgery at least 1 year prior to the study.LIL is a late sign in the course of partial seizure. It occurred in 25 of our 87 patients (28.7%), and in 47 of 276 seizures (17.1%). In all of the evaluated seizures, LIL occurred contralateral to the side of seizure onset (P < 0.001). LIL was always associated with ipsilateral upper limb automatisms, and in 63.1% of the occurrences, it was immediately followed by ictal dystonia.LIL is a more accurate term to describe what has previously been called ‘ictal paresis’ in the literature. Due to the inability to execute proper testing during a partial seizure, it is better to use the term LIL when making a visual analysis of a seizure. LIL is a more suitable term to describe the studied ictal sign. It is a relatively frequent sign in patients with TLE. LIL has an excellent lateralizing value for the contralateral hemisphere. It is a negative motor sign, and its genesis is probably associated with the epileptic involvement of the contralateral frontal lobe.
Sodic metasomatism in the Palaeoproterozoic Hotazel iron‐formation, Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa: implications for fluid–rock interaction in the Kalahari manganese field
Authors: TSIKOS H. , MOORE J. M. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractPetrological and geochemical evidence is presented on the occurrence of aegirine in the Palaeoproterozoic Hotazel iron‐formation, which hosts the giant manganese deposits of the Kalahari manganese field, South Africa. The mineral has an essentially pure Na end‐member composition and occurs sporadically in iron‐formation immediately bordering the manganese ore beds. The development of aegirine appears to have taken place due to the action of late‐infiltrating, saline hydrothermal fluids at the expense of a pre‐existing, binary quartz–hematite assemblage. It is proposed that such a process would have overprinted (and therefore post‐dated) a spatially more extensive, low‐temperature alteration event which brought about thorough carbonate leaching, oxidation and residual enrichment of metals in the Hotazel iron–manganese rocks.
Evolution of porosity, permeability and fluid pressure in dilatant faults post‐failure: implications for fluid flow and mineralization
Authors: SHELDON H. A. , ORD A. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractMineralization of brittle fault zones is associated with sudden dilation, and the corresponding changes in porosity, permeability and fluid pressure, that occur during fault slip events. The resulting fluid pressure gradients cause fluid to flow into and along the fault until it is sealed. The volume of fluid that can pass through the deforming region depends on the degree of dilation, the porosity and permeability of the fault and wall rocks, and the rate of fault sealing. A numerical model representing a steep fault cutting through a horizontal seal is used to investigate patterns of fluid flow following a dilatant fault slip event. The model is initialized with porosity, permeability and fluid pressure representing the static mechanical state of the system immediately after such an event. Fault sealing is represented by a specified evolution of porosity, coupled to changes in permeability and fluid pressure, with the rate of porosity reduction being constrained by independent estimates of the rate of fault sealing by pressure solution. The general pattern of fluid flow predicted by the model is of initial flow into the fault from all directions, followed by upward flow driven by overpressure beneath the seal. The integrated fluid flux through the fault after a single failure event is insufficient to account for observed mineralization in faults; mineralization would require multiple fault slip events. Downward flow is predicted if the wall rocks below the seal are less permeable than those above. This phenomenon could at least partially explain the occurrence of uranium deposits in reactivated basement faults that cross an unconformity between relatively impermeable basement and overlying sedimentary rocks.
Comparing closed system, flow‐through and fluid infiltration geochemical modelling: examples from K‐alteration in the Ernest Henry Fe‐oxide–Cu–Au system
Authors: CLEVERLEY J. S. , OLIVER N. H. S. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractPotassic alteration of rocks adjacent to, and within the Ernest Henry Fe‐oxide–Cu–Au deposit is used here as a test case to investigate fluid–rock interactions using various equilibrium dynamic geochemical modelling approaches available in the HCh code. Reaction of a simple K–Fe–(Na,Ca) brine (constrained by published fluid inclusion analysis) with an albite‐bearing felsic volcanic rock, resulted in predicted assemblages defined by (i) K‐feldspar–muscovite–magnetite, (ii) biotite–K‐feldspar–magnetite, (iii) biotite–quartz–albite and (iv) albite–biotite–actinolite–pyroxene with increasing rock buffering (decreasing log w/r). Models for isothermal–isobaric conditions (450°C and 2500 bars) were compared with models run over a T–P gradient (450 to 200°C and 2500 to 500 bars). Three principal equilibrium dynamic simulation methods have been used: (i) static closed system, where individual steps are independent of all others, (ii) flow‐through and flush, where a part of the result is passed as input further along the flow line, and (iii) fluid infiltration models that simulate fluid moving through a rock column. Each type is best suited to a specific geological fluid–rock scenario, with increasing complexity, computation requirements and approximation to different parts of the natural system. Static closed system models can be used to quickly ascertain the broad alteration assemblages related to changes in the water/rock ratio, while flow‐through models are better suited to simulating outflow of reacted fluid into fresh rock. The fluid infiltration model can be used to simulate spatially controlled fluid metasomatism of rock, and we show that, given assumptions of porosity relationships and spatial dimensions, this model is a first‐order approximation to full reactive transport, without requiring significant computational time. This work presents an overview of the current state of equilibrium dynamic modelling technology using the HCh code with a view to applying these techniques to predictive modelling in exploration for mineral deposits. Application to the Ernest Henry Fe‐oxide–Cu–Au deposit demonstrates that isothermal fluid–rock reaction can account for some of the alteration zonation around the deposit.
Hydrology of the Western Arkoma basin and Ozark platform during the Ouachita orogeny: implications for Mississippi Valley‐type ore formation in the Tri‐State Zn–Pb district
Authors: APPOLD M. S. , NUNN J. A. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractNumerical groundwater modeling was used to investigate the role of fluid flow associated with uplift of the Arkoma basin during the closing stages of the Ouachita orogeny in forming the Mississippi Valley‐type Zn–Pb ores of the Tri‐State district. The model hydrostratigraphy was flexurally compensated to account for the restoration of Pennsylvanian–Permian sediments removed since the close of the orogeny in estimating the regional paleotopographic gradient. Estimates of the amount of Pennsylvanian–Permian sediment that has been removed by erosion vary widely. A thick and a thin endmember case were considered, and in both cases topographydriven fluid flow was shown to have been an important mechanism for groundwater motion, with a lesser component contributed during the early stages of uplift by overpressuring created by compaction in the deep portion of the Arkoma basin. The Pennsylvanian–Permian sediments and underlying Western Interior Plains confining system acted as thick capping aquitards that caused slow rates of groundwater flow over much of the profile. As a result, meteoric water infiltration initiated during uplift was slow to flush saline formation waters, allowing MVT ore‐forming salinities to persist at Tri‐State on the order of at least 100 Myr. The slow groundwater flow rates also caused heat transport to occur primarily by conduction rather than advection. Despite this, MVT ore‐forming temperatures were still reached at Tri‐State for both endmember cases of Pennsylvanian–Permian aquitard thickness, though much more readily in the thick aquitard case. Faults within the Tri‐State district served as a regional fluid focusing mechanism and probably played a more important role in localizing mineralization than the window in the Ozark confining unit that occurs in the district. Fluids rising along these faults could have cooled by about 8–10°C and as much as another 0.3°C km−1as they flowed laterally northward. This temperature change alone however would not have been sufficient to precipitate the total mass of metal sulfide ore occurring at Tri‐State.
Evaluating service quality and consumer satisfaction in emerging markets
Authors: Greenland Steve , Coshall John , Combe Ian 
Published: October 2005

AbstractDeveloping economies offer tremendous potential for future growth and organizations appreciating these consumers’ requirements stand to reap considerable returns. However, compared with more developed economies published consumer studies are few. In particular, there is a dearth of service quality research and hardly any from Africa. Furthermore, the little available research tends to apply Western methodologies, which may not be entirely appropriate. This research investigates East African consumer perceptions of retail banking using an approach that takes account of the research context. Qualitative research was undertaken to define the relevant service attributes. Performance along these was then investigated through a survey with over 2000 respondents. Principal component analysis identifies 13 core service dimensions and multinomial logistic regression reveals which are the key drivers of customer satisfaction. Comparison of the results with studies from other regions confirms that established standardized research instruments are likely to miss or under‐represent service attributes important in developing countries.
Effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG addition in ice cream
Authors: ALAMPRESE CRISTINA , FOSCHINO ROBERTO , ROSSI MARGHERITA , POMPEI CARLO , CORTI SILVIA 
Published: October 2005

A 24 full factorial experimental design was applied to verify the effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) addition in retail‐manufactured ice cream stored at two different freezing temperatures (−16°C and −28°C) and containing two different levels of sugar (15–22%) and fat (5–10%). In addition to microbial counts, the pH, acidity, viscosity of the mixes and functional properties of the ice creams were evaluated. Both fresh and frozen‐thawed LGG cells underwent preliminary resistance tests to bile, antibiotics and acidity. The LGG strain proved to be highly resistant to most of the stress factors. When the micro‐organism was added to ice cream mixes in a quantity of 108 cfu/g, it did not change the overrun, firmness or melting behaviour of the finished product. Regardless of formulation, no count decay of LGG cells was observed in ice cream stored for up to 1 year.
The cysteine‐rich with EGF‐Like domains 2 (CRELD2) protein interacts with the large cytoplasmic domain of human neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α4 and β2 subunits
Authors: Ortiz José A. , Castillo Mar , Del Toro Eduardo Dominguez , Mulet José , Gerber Susana , Valor Luis M. , Sala Salvador , Sala Francisco , Gutiérrez Luis M. , Criado Manuel 
Published: October 2005

AbstractUsing a yeast two‐hybrid screening we report the isolation of a novel human protein, hCRELD2β, that interacts specifically with the large cytoplasmic regions of human nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) α4 and β2 subunits, both in yeast cells and in vitro. This interaction is not detected with nAChR α7 and α3 subunits. The hCRELD2 gene encodes for multiple transcripts, likely to produce multiple protein isoforms. A previously reported one has been renamed as CRELD2α. Isoforms α and β are expressed in all tissues examined and have the same N‐terminal and central regions but alternative C‐terminal regions. Both isoforms interact with the α4 subunit. Within this subunit the interaction was localized to the N‐terminal region of the large cytoplasmic loop. The CRELD2β protein is present at the endoplasmic reticulum where colocalized with α4β2 nAChRs upon cell transfection. Immunohistochemistry experiments demonstrated the presence of CRELD2 in the rat brain at sites where α4β2 receptors have been previously detected. Labeling was restricted to neuronal perikarya. Finally, CRELD2 decreases the functional expression and impairs membrane transport of α4β2 nAChRs in Xenopus leavis oocytes, without affecting α3β4 and α7 nAChR expression. These results suggest that CRELD2 can act as a specific regulator of α4β2 nAChR expression.
Roles of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase and Akt signaling in coordinating nuclear transcription factor‐κB‐dependent cell survival after serotonin 1A receptor activation
Authors: Hsiung Shu‐chi , Tamir Hadassah , Franke Thomas F. , Liu Kuo‐peing 
Published: October 2005

AbstractTo investigate the functional consequences of cross‐talk between multiple effectors of serotonin (5‐HT) 1A receptor, we employed transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells. Activation of 5‐HT1A receptor stimulated extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK)1/2, Akt and nuclear transcription factor‐κB (NF‐κB). Stimulation of cells with 5‐HT1A receptor agonist induced a rapid but transient ERK1/2 phosphorylation followed by increased phosphorylation of Akt. Elevated Akt activity in turn suppressed Raf activity and induced a decline in ERK activation. The activation of ERK and Akt downstream of 5‐HT1A receptor was sensitive to inhibitors of Ras, Raf and phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K). Stimulation of 5‐HT1A receptor also resulted in activation of NF‐κB through a decrease in inhibitor of nuclear transcription factor‐κB. In support of the importance of 5‐HT1A receptor signaling for cell survival, inhibition of NF‐κB facilitated caspase 3 activation and cleavage of poly (ADP‐ribose) polymerase, while treatment of cells with agonist inhibited caspase 3, DNA fragmentation and cell death. Both agonist‐dependent NF‐κB activation and cell survival were decreased by Akt Inhibitor II or by overexpression of dominant‐negative Akt. These findings suggest a role for 5‐HT1A receptor signaling in the Ras/Raf‐dependent regulation of multiple intracellular signaling pathways that include ERK and PI3K/Akt. Of these, only PI3K/Akt and NF‐κB activation were required for 5‐HT1A receptor‐dependent cell survival, implying that the relative distribution of signals between competing transduction pathways determines the functional outcome of 5‐HT1A receptor activation.
Antispasmodic and bronchodilator activities of St John's wort are putatively mediated through dual inhibition of calcium influx and phosphodiesterase
Authors: Gilani Anwarul Hassan , Khan Arif‐ullah , Subhan Fazal , Khan Munasib 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe crude extract of aerial parts of St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) (Hp.Cr) and its fractions were studied in vitro for its possible spasmolytic and bronchodilator activities to rationalize some of its medicinal uses. In rabbit jejunum preparations, Hp.Cr caused a concentration‐dependent relaxation of both spontaneous and K+ (80 mm)‐induced contractions at a similar concentration range (0.1–1.0 mg/mL), similar to that produced by papaverine, whereas verapamil was relatively potent against K+‐induced contractions. Hp.Cr shifted the Ca2+ concentration–response curves (CRCs) to the right, similar to that caused by papaverine or verapamil and also caused leftward shift of isoprenaline‐induced inhibitory CRCs, similar to papaverine. In guinea‐pig tracheal preparations, Hp.Cr caused relaxation of carbachol and K+‐induced contractions at similar concentrations (0.01–0.3 mg/mL) and also shifted the isoprenaline‐induced inhibitory CRCs to the left, similar to that caused by papaverine. In rabbit aorta preparations at rest, Hp.Cr produced a moderate vasoconstriction, while exhibited vasodilator effect against phenylephrine and K+‐induced contractions. Papaverine and verapamil also produced similar non‐specific vasodilation, but were devoid of any vasoconstrictor effect. Hp.Cr caused suppression of atrial force of contractions at concentrations about 20 times higher than those that produced inhibitory effect in smooth muscle preparations, similar to papaverine. These results suggest that the spasmolytic effects of Hp.Cr are mediated through dual inhibition of calcium influx and phosphodiesterase (PDE)‐like mechanisms, which might explain the medicinal use of St John's wort in the disorders of gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts. Furthermore, the presence of Ca2+ antagonist and PDE inhibitory‐like constituents might also be contributing to some extent in the well established use of plant in depression.
Children with Complex Mental Health Problems: Needs, Costs and Predictors over One Year
Authors: Clark Andrew F. , O'Malley Art , Woodham Adrine , Barrett Barbara , Byford Sarah 
Published: October 2005

Background:  Little is known regarding children of greatest concern with complex mental health problems.Method:  A one‐year prospective study of psychiatric diagnosis, psychosocial functioning, need status and service receipt in 60 children identified as most concerning.Results:  Thirty‐two (53%) had two or more disorders. The mean number of needs per child was five. One year later mean needs were unchanged but with considerable individual variation. Mean weekly costs were £1017 (€1627) (SD = £957 (€1531)). Higher costs related to social factors rather than diagnosis or need.Conclusions:  The mean annual cost of services to children with complex mental health problems is ten times that in other studies of children with mental health problems.