bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reductive dechlorination of chloroethenes by Dehalococcoides-containing cultures enriched from a polychlorinated-dioxin-contaminated microcosm
Authors: Futamata Hiroyuki , Yoshida Naoko , Kurogi Takashi , Kaiya Shinichi , Hiraishi Akira 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
The reductive dechlorinating abilities for chloroethenes of seven enrichment cultures from polychlorinated-dioxin-dechlorinating microcosm were investigated using culture-independent and -dependent methods. These cultures were constructed and maintained with 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene (1,2,3-TCB) or fthalide as an electron acceptor and hydrogen as an electron donor. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis of the amplified fragments targeting the 16S rRNA gene showed one or two major bands, whose nucleotide sequences were then analyzed and were found to suggest that Dehalococcoides was one of the dominant bacteria in all enrichment cultures. The nucleotide sequence data revealed that the identity of the major band was 100% identical to the 16S rRNA gene sequence of the Pinellas subgroup of the Dehalococcoides clusters, that is, strains CBDB1 and FL2. Genetic diagnosis targeting the pceA, tceA, bvcA, vcrA and reductive dehalogenase homologous (rdh) gene was performed to investigate the potential for reductive chloroethene dechlorination of cultures. The required length of PCR-amplified fragments was not observed, suggesting that these cultures are not capable of reductively dechlorinating chloroethenes. However, a culture-dependent test indicated that two cultures, TUT1903 and TUT1952, reductively dechlorinated tetrachloroethene (PCE) to trichloroethene (TCE), although not completely. While, TUT2260 and TUT2264 completely converted PCE to TCE and dichloroethenes, but not further. These results suggest that these TUT cultures might include a novel type of bacteria belonging to the Dehalococcoides group and that currently available information on both the 16S rRNA gene and rdh gene sequences is insufficient to definitively evaluate the potential abilities for reductive dechlorination.
Viral photosynthetic reaction center genes and transcripts in the marine environment
Authors: Sharon Itai , Tzahor Shani , Williamson Shannon , Shmoish Michael , Man-Aharonovich Dikla , Rusch Douglas B , Yooseph Shibu , Zeidner Gil , Golden Susan S , Mackey Shannon R , Adir Noam , Weingart Uri , Horn David , Venter J Craig , Mandel-Gutfreund Yael , Béjà Oded 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Cyanobacteria of the genera Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus are important contributors to photosynthetic productivity in the open ocean. The discovery of genes (psbA, psbD) that encode key photosystem II proteins (D1, D2) in the genomes of phages that infect these cyanobacteria suggests new paradigms for the regulation, function and evolution of photosynthesis in the vast pelagic ecosystem. Reports on the prevalence and expression of phage photosynthesis genes, and evolutionary data showing a potential recombination of phage and host genes, suggest a model in which phage photosynthesis genes help support photosynthetic activity in their hosts during the infection process. Here, using metagenomic data in natural ocean samples, we show that about 60% of the psbA genes in surface water along the global ocean sampling transect are of phage origin, and that the phage genes are undergoing an independent selection for distinct D1 proteins. Furthermore, we show that different viral psbA genes are expressed in the environment.
Dissecting focal adhesions in cells differentially expressing calreticulin: a microscopy study
Authors: Papp Sylvia , Fadel Marc P. , Opas Michal 
Published: August 2007

Background information. Our previous studies have shown that calreticulin, a Ca2+‐binding chaperone located in the endoplasmic reticulum, affects cell—substratum adhesions via the induction of vinculin and N‐cadherin. Cells overexpressing calreticulin contain more vinculin than low expressers and make abundant contacts with the substratum. However, cells that express low levels of calreticulin exhibit a weak adhesive phenotype and make few, if any, focal adhesions. To date, the identity of the types of focal adhesions made by calreticulin overexpressing and low expressing cells has not been dissected.Results. The results of the present study show that calreticulin affects fibronectin matrix assembly in L fibroblast cell lines that differentially express the protein, and that these cells also differ profoundly in focal adhesion formation. Although the calreticulin overexpressing cells generate numerous interference‐reflection‐microscopy‐dark, vinculin‐ and paxillin‐containing classical focal contacts, as well as some fibrillar adhesions, the cells expressing low levels of calreticulin generate only a few weak focal adhesions. The fibronectin receptor was found to be clustered in calreticulin overexpressing cells, but diffusely distributed over the cell surface in low expressing cells. Plating L fibroblasts on fibronectin‐coated substrata induced extensive spreading in all cell lines tested. However, although calreticulin overexpressing cells were induced to form classical vinculin‐rich focal contacts, the low calreticulin expressing cells overcame their weak adhesive phenotype by induction of many tensin‐rich fibrillar adhesions, thus compensating for the low level of vinculin in these cells.Conclusions. We propose that calreticulin affects fibronectin production and, thereby, assembly, and it indirectly influences the formation and/or stability of focal contacts and fibrillar adhesions, both of which are instrumental in matrix assembly and remodelling.
Fractionation of Verbal Memory Impairment in Schizophrenia and Schizophreniform Psychosis
Authors: Wood Stephen J. , Tarnawski Aleks U. , Proffitt Tina M. , Brewer Warrick J. , Savage Greg R. , Anderson Vicki , McGorry Patrick D. , Wood Stephen J. , Tarnawski Aleks U. , Proffitt Tina M. , Brewer Warrick J. , Savage Greg R. , Anderson Vicki , McGorry Patrick D. , Velakoulis Dennis , Pantelis Christos 
Published: August 2007

Objectives: The characterization, aetiology, and course of verbal memory deficits in schizophrenia remain ill defined. The impact of antipsychotic medications is also unclear. The purpose of the present paper was to investigate verbal memory performance in established schizophrenia (SZ) and first-episode schizophreniform psychosis (FE). Method: Performances of 32 SZ and 33 FE patients were compared to those of 47 healthy volunteers on measures of verbal working memory, verbal associative learning and story recall. Results: Story recall deficits, but not deficits in working memory or paired associate learning, were demonstrated by both patient groups. Patients treated with typical neuroleptics had more impairment in associative learning with arbitrary word pairings than those treated with atypicals, regardless of patient group. Conclusions: The results are consistent with the notion that some neuropsychological impairment is present at the time of psychosis onset and that this impairment is non-progressive. However, deficits may be specific to subclasses of memory function.
Acculturative Stressor and Meaning of Life as Predictors of Negative Affect in Acculturation: A Cross-Cultural Comparative Study between Chinese International Students in Australia and Hong Kong
Authors: Pan Jia-Yan , Fu Keung Wong Daniel , Joubert Lynette , Chan Cecilia Lai Wan 
Published: August 2007

Objective: The purpose of the present study was to compare the predictive effects of acculturative stressor and meaning of life on negative affect in the process of acculturation between Chinese international students in Australia and Hong Kong. Method: Four hundred mainland Chinese students studying at six universities in Hong Kong and 227 Chinese international students studying at the University of Melbourne in Australia completed a questionnaire that included measures of acculturative stressor, meaning of life, negative affect and demographic information. Results: The Australian sample was found to have a higher level of acculturative stressor and negative affect than the Hong Kong sample. Acculturative stressor had a positive impact on negative affect in both samples, but the impact of different domains of acculturative stressor on negative affect varied between the two groups. Finally, meaning of life partially mediated the relationship between acculturative stressor and negative affect in the Hong Kong sample, but no such effect was found in the Australia sample. Conclusions: Acculturative stressor is a critical risk factor for negative affect in acculturation for Chinese international students in Australia and Hong Kong. Meaning of life acted as a protective factor that mitigated negative affect for mainland Chinese students in Hong Kong, but not for the Chinese international students in Australia. The theoretical and practical implications for resilience-based and meaning-oriented intervention for Chinese international students are discussed.
Risk of Death Associated with Antipsychotic Drug Dispensing in Residential aged Care Facilities
Authors: Hollis Jean , Forrester Loelle , Brodaty Henry , Touyz Stephen , Cumming Robert , Grayson David 
Published: August 2007

Objective: To establish the instantaneous relative risk (RR) associated with the dispensing of individual antipsychotic drugs, carbamazepine and valproate for those ≥65 years who resided in an aged care facility. Method: The risk of death for incident users of antipsychotic drugs, carbamazepine and valproate in 2003 or 2004 who resided in an aged care facility was established using mortality rates and Cox proportional hazards models over two time periods. The regression models were adjusted for age, gender, medical and psychotropic drug dispensing, and a measure of overall medical comorbidity. Olanzapine users formed the referent group. Results: Haloperidol and chlorpromazine use were associated with the highest death rates. The instantaneous RR for those dispensed haloperidol was 1.67 (95% confidence intervals (CI) = 1.50–1.84, p < 0.001) and for chlorpromazine it was 1.75 (95%CI = 1.31–2.34, p < 0.001). The RR of death for haloperidol and chlorpromazine was higher in the regression model restricted to 60 days follow up (haloperidol RR = 2.17, 95%CI = 1.86–2.53, p < 0.001, chlorpromazine RR = 2.72, 95%CI = 1.84–4.01). Conclusions: The increased risk associated with haloperidol and chlorpromazine dispensing should be interpreted cautiously because confounding by medical illness cannot be excluded despite adjusting the model for multiple variables. This study supports the findings from other data linkage studies that atypical antipsychotic medications are not associated with increased risk of death compared with conventional antipsychotic drugs.
Recent Bit Decisions and Composite Acts Straddling the Date a Treaty Comes into Force
Authors: Gallus Nick 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe success of an international claim impugning a series of State acts, or a ‘composite act’, straddling the date a treaty comes into force can depend on the weight the tribunal gives to the elements of the composite act occurring before that date. Recent bilateral investment treaty decisions highlight ambiguities on this critical issue. One tribunal practically ignored State acts occurring before the treaty came into force in finding that there had been no breach of the treaty, whereas another tribunal considered those previous acts in reaching the opposite conclusion. This paper identifies steps to ensure future tribunals give consistent weight to the elements of a composite act occurring before a treaty comes into force.
Historical Indigenous Peoples' Land Claims: A Comparative and International Approach to the Common Law Doctrine on Indigenous Title
Authors: Gilbert Jérémie 
Published: August 2007

AbstractWithin common law systems a body of jurisprudence has developed according to which indigenous peoples' land rights have been recognized based upon historical patterns of use and occupancy and corresponding traditional land tenure. Looking at the emerging common law doctrine on aboriginal or native title, this article examines how legal institutions are building a theory on historical land claims through the recognition of indigenous laws deriving from prior occupation. The article analyses how the common law doctrine builds a bridge between past events and contemporary land claims. The aim of this article is to examine to what extent the common law doctrine proposes a potential model for the development of a legal theory on the issue of indigenous peoples' historical land claims. In doing so the article analyses how the common law doctrine compares with international law when dealing with historical arguments by focusing on issues of intertemporal law and extinguishment.
II. Cases before the Court
Authors: Barker J Craig 
Published: August 2007

1. Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary/Slovakia)On 2 July 1993, in pursuance of a Special Agreement of 7 April 1993, Hungary and Slovakia requested the Court to determine certain issues arising out of the implementation and termination of a 1977 Agreement on the construction and operation of the Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros barrage system. In its judgment of 25 September 199790 the Court found both States to be in breach of their obligations and called on them to negotiate a settlement in good faith.91 On 3 September 1998 Slovakia filed a request for an additional judgment, arguing that Hungary was unwilling to implement the judgment92 and it was subsequently agreed that Hungary would file a written statement of its position regarding this request by 7 December 1998.932. Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v Democratic Republic of the Congo) Guinea instituted proceedings against the Democratic Republic of Congo on 28 December 1998 alleging grave breaches of international law perpetrated upon a national of Guinea. By an order of 25 November 199994 the following time limits were set for the submission of written pleadings: Republic of Guinea, memorial, 11 September 2000; Democratic Republic of the Congo, counter-memorial, 11 September 2001. By an order of 8 September 200095 these were extended to: Republic of Guinea, memorial, 23 March 2001; Democratic Republic of the Congo, counter-memorial, 4 October 2002. On 3 October 2002 the Democratic Republic of the Congo filed preliminary objections to the admissibility of the Application and in an order of 7 November 200296 the Court fixed 7 July 2003 as the time limit for submission of written observations by the Republic of Guinea. On 18 July 2006, the Court set 27 November 2006 as the date for the opening of public hearings on preliminary objections in relation to the case.97 The public hearings concluded on 1 December 2006 at which time the Court commenced its deliberations.98 The Court gave its decision in the case on 24 May 2007.99
Physicochemical and Pharmaceutical Properties of Carboxymethyl Rice Starches Modified from Native Starches with Different Amylose Content
Authors: Kittipongpatana Ornanong S. , Chaitep Waree , Kittipongpatana Nisit , Laenger Reinhard , Sriroth Klanarong 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTCarboxymethyl rice starches (CMRS) were prepared from nine strains of native rice starches with amylose contents of 14.7–29.1%. The reaction was conducted at 50°C for 120 min using monochloroacetic acid as a reagent under alkaline conditions and 1‐propanol as a solvent. After determining the degree of substitution (DS), the physicochemical properties including water solubility, pH, and viscosity of 1% (w/v) solution, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analyses of the granules, as well as some pharmaceutical properties of CMRS powders and pastes were investigated. The DS range was 0.25–0.40. All CMRS dissolved in unheated water and formed viscous gel. A good positive correlation was observed between amylose content and DS (r = 0.9278) but not viscosity. SEM and XRD concurrently revealed significant physical alteration of CMRS granules compared with those of native starches, which reflected the changes in the properties of CMRS. At 3% (w/w), CMRS can function as tablet binder in the wet granulation of both water‐soluble and water‐insoluble diluents. The tablets compressed from these granules showed good hardness with fewer capping problems compared with those prepared using the pregelatinized native rice starch as a binder. In addition, most CMRS pastes formed clear films with varying film characteristics, depending upon the amylose content of the native starches. This type of modified rice starch can potentially be employed as a tablet binder and film‐former for pharmaceutical dosage formulations.
Phenolic Compounds Accumulate Specifically in Maternally‐Derived Tissues of Developing Maize Kernels
Authors: LeClere Sherry , Schmelz Eric A. , Chourey Prem S. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTPhenolic compounds function in natural resistance of plants to insects, pathogens, and abiotic stresses. We investigated the flavonoid and phenolic acid content in developing maize kernels from 8 to 28 days after pollination and found a complex and developmentally dynamic mixture of compounds. LC‐MS analysis showed no detectable levels of the flavonoid maysin in any of the kernel tissue tested. Accumulation of the three most abundant analytes was developmentally and spatially regulated and independent of the regulatory transcription factor pericarp color 1 (P1). Major analytes have UV characteristics similar to hydroxycinnamic acids. LC‐MS indicates molecular weights of 410, 440, and 862 mass units, representing coumaroylferuloylputrescine (CFP), diferuloylputrescine (DFP), and a novel compound, respectively. There are large differences in the abundance of these compounds between genetic backgrounds, and accumulation increases with age. We dissected and analyzed various tissue types and demonstrated that the majority of these compounds are present in pedicels, with lesser amounts in pericarp and placento‐chalazal regions. These data indicate that complex phenolic acids and amides rather than flavonoids are the major phenolic constituents in developing kernels, and accumulation of these compounds is developmentally and spatially regulated, with the greatest abundance in maternal tissues surrounding the kernel.
Screening of Wheat for Flour Swelling Volume by Near‐Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Crosbie G. B. , Osborne B. G. , Wesley I. J. , Adriansz T. D. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTSelection for starch quality is an important consideration in the breeding of wheat for Asian noodles, particularly Japanese udon, and the flour swelling volume (FSV) test was developed for this purpose. Near‐infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) analysis has also been a key tool in recent years in wheat quality selection. The development and validation of NIRS calibrations for the prediction of FSV on whole grain involved 22 cultivars and breeding lines grown at four locations in two seasons. Eight calibrations were developed, each based on samples from seven trials, with the eighth trial used for validation. Over the eight calibrations, r2 between predicted and actual values was 0.56–0.86 (mean 0.74) and the standard error of prediction (SEP) was 0.77–1.65 (mean 1.14) mL/g of dry meal. Separate calibrations were also developed for hard (n = 461), soft (n = 150), and soft+hard grain (n = 616), with standard errors of cross‐validation (SECV) of 1.03, 1.39, and 1.21 mL/g of dry meal, respectively. Corresponding r2 between predicted and actual values were 0.76, 0.78, and 0.76, respectively. Thus, NIRS offers good potential for the screening of early‐generation lines to identify those with high or low FSV.
Effect of Grain Morphology on Degree of Milling and Iron Loss in Rice
Authors: Prom‐u‐thai C. , Sanchai C. , Rerkasem B. , Jamjod S. , Fukai S. , Godwin I. D. , Huang L. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTGrain morphological characteristics were thought to play a significant role in genotypic variation in Fe concentration in white rice. Comparing 17 rice cultivars representing six major grain morphological categories, the present study systematically investigated the relationship between grain morphology, the degree of milling (DOM), and the loss of Fe during the polishing process. The relative importance of key morphological parameters in this relationship was also investigated. The grain morphological characteristics of different rice cultivars significantly affected the degree of Fe loss during polishing to produce white rice. This variation in Fe loss from polishing among the six categories of rice cultivars is mainly due to their difference in DOM (r = 0.73**) and this loss in Fe was the primary factor determining the level of Fe concentration in the white rice. Among the morphological parameters investigated, grain length and length‐to‐width ratios played the most significant role in determining the DOM, which suggests that these two grain attributes may serve as the initial screening parameters when selecting cultivars for high Fe white rice production. Degree of Fe loss was lowest in short‐bold grain shape category compared with the other grain shapes.
Extraction and Characterization of Starch from Alkaline Cooked Corn Masa
Authors: Ratnayake Wajira S. , Wassinger Andrew B. , Jackson David S. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTStarch granules undergo structural and morphological changes during food processing unit operations as they interact with other food ingredients. This study was conducted to isolate and characterize starch granules from corn masa. A proteolytic enzyme, thermolysin, was effective in separating and isolating starch granules from endosperm proteins present in masa. The efficiency of starch extraction using thermolysin was 74% (w/w), and subsequent analyses showed that the isolated granules were free of contaminants. Starch samples were characterized using light microscopy, SEM, DSC, and XRD. Starch granules isolated from masa had undergone internal structural changes and some granules (≈40%) lost birefringence during nixtamalization. These internal changes occurred, in most cases, without visible alterations in general granular morphology. Nixtamalized granules underwent changes mostly consistent with a “heat‐moisture treatment” process.