bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Some engineering experiences in tropical soils
Authors: Dixon Hugh Hume , Robertson Robert Hugh Stannus 
Published: November 2007

Summary
The paper deals with some engineering aspects of residual soils in the tropics including experience of halloysitic soils during the construction of the Ruiru Dam in Kenya and the more detailed studies of residual soils carried out during the construction of the Sasumua Dam. Such soils, as compacted, have an unusually low dry density and high optimum moisture content but high shear strength. Engineering properties are apparently inconsistent with the index properties; moreover, standard control tests show marked variations.
Mineralogical studies can explain some of these apparent irregularities. Water is bound to the halloysite crystals and the measured proportion of bound water varies according to the treatment in the test method. Further, the grading as determined by hydrometer tests varies markedly according to the dispersing agent used. The halloysite particles are collected in robust silt-sized clusters imparting to the soil a high shear strength and many of the properties of a granular material.
Engineering geology in the investigation and construction of the Batang Padang hydro-electric scheme, Malaysia
Authors: Newbery John 
Published: November 2007

Summary
The Batang Padang hydro-electric scheme in West Malaysia is located in an area of tropically-weathered granite. Major factors in the siting, design and construction of the engineering structures, which include three dams, twelve miles of tunnel and a power station 900 ft underground, were the nature of the residual soil mantle and the structure of the underlying rock.
Site investigation included over 10 000 ft of cored borings carried out in two stages. The first stage confirmed that there were no major geological impediments to the scheme and enabled basic design concepts to be established. Stage two obtained data for detailed design of the dams and tunnels. Principally because of the presence of deep weathering, earth-fill dams were the most economic and suitable. As the pressure tunnels were located mainly in competent granite with tight joints, unlined designs were chosen.

Exploration of the power station site was deferred until excavation of the tailrace tunnel permitted an exploratory adit to be constructed. The investigation included measurements of elastic modulus, strain measurements in drillholes from which were computed the
in situ
stresses in the rock, and a discontinuity survey. Laboratory tests were made on cores. The results confirmed that the cavern would be excavated in intact rock suitable for permanent support by bolts, gunite and mesh.

During construction it was possible to evaluate the success of the site investigation. Overall rock tightness led to a major reduction in the scale of grouting. Intact rock in the power station proved ‘defective’ in that it resulted in exfoliation of the cavern walls necessitating more extensive guniting than expected. A major geological problem proved to be tunnelling through residual soil below the water table. This led to flow slides necessitating tunnel diversions.
Geological education for undergraduate civil engineers
Authors: Cawsey David Charles , Francis Christopher Michael George 
Published: November 2007

Summary
Problems exist in the teaching of geology to undergraduate civil engineers. These may be attributed not only to the inherent nature of the subject material but also to the attitude of qualified civil engineers. The scepticism expressed by some civil engineers is ascribed to the partial replacement of geology by soil mechanics, the specialist nature of geotechnical work within the construction industry, the non-quantitative nature of geology, and the lack of geologists employed in civil engineering.
Difficulties are experienced in teaching because of the limited time available and the necessity for students to acquire enough basic knowledge to enable them to appreciate the applications of the science to civil engineering.
An outline teaching schedule is suggested that allows for some 'pure' geology as well as engineering geology. Field work, project work and reference to case histories are important if the student is to appreciate the relevance of the subject material. With this treatment geology may be a unifying as opposed to a peripheral subject in civil engineering courses.
The influence of weathering on the microstructure of Keuper Marl
Authors: Barden Laing , Sides Geoffrey 
Published: November 2007

Summary
Problems exist in the teaching of geology to undergraduate civil engineers. These may be attributed not only to the inherent nature of the subject material but also to the attitude of qualified civil engineers. The scepticism expressed by some civil engineers is ascribed to the partial replacement of geology by soil mechanics, the specialist nature of geotechnical work within the construction industry, the non-quantitative nature of geology, and the lack of geologists employed in civil engineering.
Difficulties are experienced in teaching because of the limited time available and the necessity for students to acquire enough basic knowledge to enable them to appreciate the applications of the science to civil engineering.
An outline teaching schedule is suggested that allows for some 'pure' geology as well as engineering geology. Field work, project work and reference to case histories are important if the student is to appreciate the relevance of the subject material. With this treatment geology may be a unifying as opposed to a peripheral subject in civil engineering courses.
The Nag's Head Landslips, Cullompton By-Pass, Devon
Authors: Sherrell Frederick William 
Published: November 2007

Summary
The paper describes a deep cutting in Upper Carboniferous rocks, and examines the sequence and extent of the landslips which subsequently affected it. The causes of the landslips are considered and discussed in relation to the geological and hydrogeological conditions which obtain in the cutting. The hydrogeological investigation, from which the final remedial measures were designed, suggests that where the groundwater conditions may constitute a major part of the geotechnical aspect of the design of future cuttings in similar rocks, a full understanding of their aquifer characteristics is of great importance.
An investigation of the aquifer potential of the Fell Sandstone of Northumberland
Authors: Hodgson Albert Vivian , Gardiner Michael David 
Published: November 2007

Summary
The results of this preliminary investigation indicate that the Fell Sandstone is the best aquifer in Northumberland, and that the groundwater potential is largely undeveloped.

The formation has an outcrop of 118 square miles (305 km
2
), of which 65 square miles (168 km
2
) are drift free. The attractive qualities of the sandstone are the friable, granular nature, the good sorting and the commonly occurring fissures and joints. The storage capacity of the formation is of the order of 10
12
Imperial gallons (4·55 × 10
12
litres). Analysis of precipitation data and water balance calculations suggest an average recharge of between 40 and 70 mgd, (182 × 10
6
l/d–319 × 10
6
1/d). Determinations of porosity and laboratory permeability give mean values of 13·8 percent and 6·4gpd/ft
2
, (314 1/d/m
2
) respectively; the transmissibility could be considerably greater than the mean value of 5300 gpd/ft (7900 1/d/m) calculated by pumping the existing boreholes. The results of chemical analyses show that the water quality is good.

There seems little doubt that further water supplies required for commercial development on Tweedside and in south-east Northumberland could be developed from the Fell Sandstone aquifer. Proposals for the economic development and future study of the aquifer are outlined.
The classification for engineering purposes of tills from moraines and associated landforms
Authors: McGown Alan 
Published: November 2007

Summary
This paper makes a critical review of some of the many previous attempts at identifying and classifying tills from morainicand associated landforms and comments on the deficiencies of these as a basis for an engineering classification system. A new approach to the classification of till is suggested, which it is claimed, is suitable for both engineering and some geological purposes. This new system is then applied to a number of tills from the West Highlands of Scotland and some reported gradings of tills from other countries.
Geological Society Working Party Report on The logging of rock cores for engineering purposes
Authors: Broch J. A. , Broch E. , Walton G. 
Published: November 2007

Dear Sir,
We have some suggestions regarding the report of the Working Party on Rock Core Logging. The logarithmic scales for both strength and bedding plane spacing are welcome. Do, however, the arguments in favour of the proposed strength classification outweigh the practical advantages of a system based on equal divisions, when only slight modifications would be required for sub-divisions evenly spaced on a logarithmic scale?
Use of adjectives such as weak, strong, close or wide can also lead to difficulties. The relationship between terms such as ‘moderately weak’ and ‘moderately strong’ may not be immediately obvious. When setting up a system for rock quality classification based on both strength and fracture spacing (Franklin, Broch and Walton, 1971) some of these difficulties are overcome. A common nomenclature (low, high etc.) was used for both axes and also for rock quality (Figure 1), terms such as ‘low strength’ and ‘low fracture’ spacing replacing terms such as ‘weak’, ‘thin’ and ‘close’. There is little to be gained by differently classifying the spacing of joints, bedding planes or other types of structural discontinuity.
Attention is drawn to the ‘point load test’ as an alternative to the ‘uniaxial test’ for strength classification. Results for the two types of test are closely correlated. The point load test, however, uses portable field apparatus and requires no specimen preparation.
The engineering geologist in project reconnaissance and feasibility studies
Authors: Edwards Rowland John Graham 
Published: November 2007

Summary
The purpose of reconnaissance and feasibility studies is examined together with the part played by the engineering geologist. His functions, activities and output are then considered under five main headings: Providing a project outline (reconnaissance); description of the project area; plan of fieldwork; site information; and project analysis and report. An illustrative example of the use of terrain evaluation is included.
The necessity for accuracy, simplicity and relevance in all phases of the work is emphasized. It is suggested that the contribution of the engineering geologist is often undervalued or even neglected. The reason for this is occasionally ignorance of the contribution that he can make but it is more frequently the result of poor communication, and/or co-ordination between the individuals or groups involved in such studies.
Management of underground water resources
Authors: Jones Glyn Parry 
Published: November 2007

Summary
The choice of water management practice depends partly on normal commercial exploitation and partly on its position as a life-essential. The underground “resource” that is to be managed includes potable and non-potable waters whether they be in “temporary” or “permanent” storage, and consideration needs to be given to the use of non-potable aquifers for waste disposal purposes. Acceptance of management as the promotion of optimum regional welfare requires its introduction in the development of a water resources system at an early a stage as possible. The management scheme should give consideration to a wide range of user requirements and meet such demands from a number of devices at its disposal. Optimum performance will be obtained from widespread modification of the hydrological cycle by the integrated use of surface and subsurface resources. This requires a thorough understanding of all aspects of the cycle, and the degree of mutual interdependence of the components is illustrated. Examples of a variety of management schemes are briefly described and serve to show the significant role played by hydrogeology in the design of these schemes. Water-resources management is dependent on specialist hydrological advice, but the status and career opportunities for scientists in this field have yet to achieve parity with those of engineers, and until such time as this is achieved then interdisciplinary study will remain desirable but not realizable.
Preliminary sources of site information for roads in Britain
Authors: Dumbleton Michael John , West Graham 
Published: November 2007

Summary
The published Report (LR403) reviews sources of information on ground conditions in Britain, and points out some of the road-engineering applications to which they may be put. Sources include geological, soil, land-use, topographical and hydrographic maps and publications, mine records, information obtainable from official bodies and local engineering works, air photographs, and site inspection. The availability of these sources of information and their interpretation and application to site investigations for roads are described.
The information that they provide can be useful at all stages of planning, design, construction and service, but is likely to be of most value if obtained at an early stage in the planning of a road project. Information is particularly important for route location and the early recognition of situations offering particular engineering difficulties, and for the planning and interpretation of the detailed site investigation.
The information is available at low cost compared with that obtained by direct subsurface exploration, and at an earlier date, and its use can allow more economical site investigations to be planned.
Investigations of the landslide at Walton's Wood, Staffordshire
Authors: Early Kenneth Reginald , Skempton Alec Westley 
Published: November 2007

Summary
Field and laboratory investigations of the Walton's Wood landslide led, for the first time, to the determination of the residual strength of a clay by (1) tests on natural slip surfaces, (2) reversal shear tests on previously unsheared specimens, and (3) stability calculations. The shear strengths determined by all three methods were practically identical, and could be represented by the parameters cr′ = 0, r′ = 14°. The strength of the clay in its ‘fully-softened’ or ‘critical’ state was approximately c′ = 0, ′' = 20°. The much lower residual strength is due to the development of a continuous slip surface at large displacements and re-orientation of clay particles along the slip surface.

The landslide had probably been initiated by the erosion of an ice-marginal drainage channel during a retreat stage of the Last (Weichselian) Glaciation. The consequent oversteepening of the hillside, in mudstones of the Upper Coal Measures, led to landslips and rapid weathering, so that eventually the slope became blanketed by a thick layer of colluvium inclined at an angle of about 11° to the horizontal. Final equilibrium had not yet been attained when, in 1961, construction of a motorway embankment began on the old landslide. Failure of the partially built embankment occurred. A description is given of the remedial measures which enabled the motorway to be completed at this locality in November 1963. Typical index properties of the clay in the landslide mass are:
w
= 29, LL = 57, PL = 27, clay fraction = 70 per cent. The predominant clay mineral is kaolinite.
Wearing-course aggregates in Northern Ireland
Authors: Cameron Ian Burnett 
Published: November 2007

Summary
The Institute of Geological Sciences in Belfast and the Northern Ireland Ministry of Development have been active in the search for a wearing-course aggregate which will give results consistently above the Ministry of Transport specifications for Polished Stone Value. Two promising sources of natural aggregate are being investigated. Results of tests on samples from the Co. Antrim bauxite deposits indicate that this may well be suitable for road surfacing after calcining.
Subsidence problems in route design and construction
Authors: Malkin Alexander Bernard , Wood John Charles 
Published: November 2007

Summary
The paper reviews the main causes of ground subsidence as it affects route design and construction in the United Kingdom. Investigation techniques and remedial measures are discussed in relation to both natural and mining subsidence. In addition to the common occurrence of subsidence problems in the coalfields, emphasis is placed on their presence elsewhere in the country. Natural subsidence problems are associated mainly with carbonate and saliferous rocks but mining activity has taken place at various times at numerous geological horizons for a variety of minerals. Future mining activity is likely to involve fewer minerals but will still be dominated by the coal industry. Experience has shown that the conflicting interests of route planners and mineral operators can usually be resolved by negotiation, accompanied in some cases by compensation.
The morphology of degraded landslide slopes in South West Dorset
Authors: Brunsden Denys , Jones David K. C. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
Geomorphological techniques, including morphological mapping and profiling have been used to investigate the distribution of old landslides on the southern slopes of the Char valley in West Dorset. It is shown that these field techniques provide data which can be usefully employed to precede and supplement geotechnical investigations. The spatial pattern of landslide morphology is described and a tentative chronology suggested. The survey reveals a similar, although more extensive and complete, pattern of landslide degradation to that reported for slides on London Clay and the Lias Clay of the East Midlands.
Periglacial mudslides in Vestspitsbergen and their bearing on the origin of fossil ‘solifluction’ shears in low angled clay slopes
Authors: Chandler Richard John 
Published: November 2007

Summary
Data are presented concerning mudflows of very silty material occurring on slopes in the range 8½° to 12°. In the stress range within which these flows (or more properly slides) occurred the angle of shearing resistance was at least 36°, so that for movement to have been initiated on slopes less steep than about 16°–18° slope stability analyses require that substantial artesian pore pressures should exist. Both electrical and standpipe piezometer observations confirmed the existence of artesian pressures in this slope, though the pressures at the time of observation were not quite high enough to cause further mudflow movement. This observation is consistent with stability analyses carried out using the measured soil strengths.
The significance of these observations is discussed in the context of the shear surfaces that have recently been reported from low angle clay slopes in midland and southern England.
The role of rock mechanics in the reconnaissance of rock foundations
Authors: Londe Pierre 
Published: November 2007

1. Introduction
The geologist and the engineer are both faced with specific difficulties when they attempt to forecast the behaviour of a large rock mass. All the difficulties come from the fact that a rock mass is always crossed by a number of joints, or cracks, or fractures, or shear faults. In addition, these discontinuities are often open due to stress relief near the free surface of the mass. Knowledge of the mechanics of a discontinuous medium is still new and so rock testing cannot be considered to have any rigorous theoretical basis and, despite the considerable increase in the number and diversity of tests made over recent years, progress has been rather uncoordinated. Some trends, however, are noticeable in the approach used by practitioners, mainly dam designers. In the past the engineer or the geologist faced with the decision of building or not building a dam on a given rock site was asked to guess its future behaviour. There was a temptation to display a gift of divination. More and more engineers however refuse to gamble or to make believe that they are especially gifted and instead they use rock mechanics. In other words, the time has come when not only experts are consulted but the rock itself.
2. Geological description

Validity of tests
. The rock mass takes the form of an assemblage of blocks with a very low void ratio (Fig. 1). The surfaces of separation are called
major discontinuities
to distinguish them from fine
Analysis of the stability of rock slopes
Authors: Londe Pierre 
Published: November 2007

1. Introduction

T
HE PROBLEMS
entailed by the stability of rock slopes are among the most difficult with which the profession is faced. Yet they are not exclusively academic, as amply evidenced by disasters such as the Malpasset Dam abutment failure and the Vajont rock slide.

Owing to the scale effect, strength properties vary generally with specimen size, and little or nothing is known about the laws governing this variation. Fortunately, however, there is practically no scale effect when the residual shear strength of a continuous layer of soft material is considered. This is the case of fault gouge or sedimentary clayey joints which are responsible for most failures of natural rock slopes. In view of this, and in the present state of knowledge, only rock slopes with surfaces of separation of large extension can be satisfactorily analyzed for stability.
A three dimensional method of analysis of such slopes has been worked out. The principle of the method will be described first and then a few examples will be given of its application to dam abutments. It is obvious that the process is perfectly valid for rock slopes other than dam abutments provided there exist large surfaces of separation.
2. The principle of three-dimensional analysis

Assumptions
. The stability of the slope is analyzed in terms of the stability of a given rock volume (Fig. 1). The internal faces of the volume are plane: the surface (
O
,
B
,
C
) or plane P
1
; the surface (
O
,
C
,
A
) or plane P
2
; the surface
Structure of a red clay soil from Nyeri, Kenya
Authors: Smart Peter 
Published: November 2007

Summary
A red soil from Nyeri has a well developed crumb (erde) structure. Electron microscopy shows the crumbs to comprise mainly small clay plates and smaller, 50 Å, iron oxide particles. The iron oxide particles tend to aggregate with each other; otherwise the particles are mixed randomly. The observations help to explain the moisture holding and compaction characteristics of the soil.
Groundwater recharge in the Lower Greensand of the London Basin—results of tritium and carbon-14 determinations
Authors: Mather John David , Gray David Alfred , Allen Raymond Alfred , Smith Douglas Brian 
Published: November 2007

Summary
Groundwater derived from the Lower Greensand of the London Basin has been ‘dated’ by the use of tritium and carbon-14 techniques. The data indicate that replenishment from the northern outcrop is feasible but that movement from the southern outcrop is extremely slow and possibly restricted.
Effects of non-linearity on the prediction of settlements of foundations on rock
Authors: Hobbs Noel Bambury 
Published: November 2007

Summary
Many rocks exhibit non-linear deformation characteristics, but nevertheless are regarded as linear when estimating settlements. The results of a plate test on Bunter Sandstone are examined taking account of the non-linear nature of the rock. A method of estimating the settlement of large structures is outlined, using a 60 ft diameter reactor foundation as an example as cases on non-linear rocks can only be considered on a numerical basis. The errors incurred in treating non-linear rocks as linear and in extrapolating from plate loading tests are discussed.