bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE USE OF LANDSAT IMAGERY IN GROUND WATER EXPLORATION1
Authors: Foster Kennith E. , Schowengerdt Robert A. , Glass Charles E. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Water supplies in Arizona are becoming increasingly limited because municipal, industrial, and agricultural consumption depletes ground water reserves by three million acre‐feet annually.Additional demands are being created by electric power generation, particularly in northeastern Arizona where ground water pumpage is expected to escalate by sixfold during the next 10 years. The results of a study to determine the ease and feasibility of using satellite imagery as a tool in exploring for new sources of ground water are reported. Lineaments detected on Landsat images of two sites were mapped and correlated with well data in the two study areas by means of well centered grid model. The correlations developed between lineament density and water well data in the two study sites support the hypothesis that a relationship exists between regional geologic structure and the presence of ground water.
A RETROSPECTIVE BENEFIT‐COST ANALYSIS OF WATER RESOURCE PROJECTS IN THE CUMBERLAND RIVER BASIN1
Authors: Martin W. Joseph , Thackston Edward L. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A retrospective benefit‐cost analysis of major water resources projects in the Cumberland River basin was conducted. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers' projects selected were Dale Hollow, Wolf Creek, Center Hill, and J. Percy Priest Reservoirs. The ex‐post performance of the evaluated reservoirs were compared to the ex‐ante estimates.Benefits and costs for each project were deflated to their base year and respective average annual values for each of these components were calculated. An ex‐post benefit‐cost ratio was determined for each project, as well as the combined system. The benefit‐cost ratio for each project surpassed unity. The actual ratio as compared to the ex‐ante estimate for each project is as follows: Dale Hollow, 1.24 to 1.46; Wolf Creek, 1.40 to 1.53; Center Hill, 1.17 to 2.02; and J. Percy Priest, 1.45 to 1.6. The internal rate of return was also determined for each project.The results obtained for each project are tabulated and discussed with consideration given to factors effecting the economic evaluation of the projects.
ANALYSIS OF FIRM WATER SUPPLY UNDER COMPLEX INSTITUTIONAL CONSTRAINTS1
Authors: M John , Labadie John W. , Jones E. Bruce 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTRiver basin computer simulation studies often do not properly include the complex legal and institutional factors governing water allocation. These factors include formal water rights and informal borrowing agreements among the basin water users. An attempt has been made in this study to show that such factors can be included. We also show that an optimal, integrated approach to reservoir operations in a river basin can do much to alleviate the burden of new demands placed on available water resources. The procurement of a firm water supply for a proposed coal fired power plant is analyzed as a case study. An efficient river basin simulation model is used to determine the viability of a scheme for providing an annual firm water supply to the plant, with consideration of the existing water storage and demands within the basin. Given the hydrologic sequence considered, the model results show that the proposed strategy is viable in that the required firm water supply can be realized without causing harm to decreed water users in the basin. However, integrated diversion and reservoir operations are required to assure a desirable uniform rate of delivery of reusable effluent to the power plant.
CASE STUDIES OF AGRICULTURAL WATER CONSERVATION1
Authors: Sonnen Michael B. , Dendy Bill B. , Lindstrom Kris P. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTFarmers from four irrigation districts in Texas and California were questioned about water conservation practices they are now using, those they plan to adopt, and potential incentives that government might offer to induce still further water conservation on their part. While responses differed somewhat from place to place and among individual farmers, the general results were: a) farmers reported that “water conservation” is not new to them, it is something they practice regularly; b) recent innovations such as laser controlled land leveling devices have permitted some substantial water use reductions in recent years; and c) even greater incentive mechanisms that government could provide and that farmers would accept as useful incentives, such as long term low interest loans for water saving equipment, would probably not be able to reduce water use in agriculture much further than 15 percent below current levels. It is recommended nonetheless that Federal agencies and local water districts and individuals should nonetheless pursue water conservation training and education programs, demonstrations of conjunctive use and water banking opportunities for water saving, and increased loan programs for installation of water saving equipment.
SUSPENDED SEDIMENT PRODUCTION FROM FORESTED WATERSHEDS ON OAHU, HAWAII1
Authors: Doty R. D. , Wood H. B. , Merriam R. A. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTSuspended sediment from forested and agricultural watersheds was sampled over a five‐year period on the island of Oahu. A variety of storm conditions were sampled, giving a measure of the extreme variability in suspended sediment production. Total annual suspended sediment from all watersheds sampled ranged from 8400 kg/km2 to 617,000 kg/km2. Normally, about 90 percent of the total suspended sediment was produced during less than 2 percent of the time. Suspended sediment concentrations rapidly increased during rising stream flow resulting from rain storms. Time to peak of less than two hours is common, with a similarly rapid return to prestorm conditions. The data presented indicate the great variability of suspended sediment yields, making establishment of effective standards difficult.
OPERATING POLICIES FOR A SURFACE/GROUND WATER SYSTEM1
Authors: Rushton K. R. , Tomlinson L. M. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe simulation of the conjunctive use of a surface reservoir and a limestone aquifer is described. The potential yields from each of the sources are of the same order. An important feature of the aquifer is that if the pumpage is reduced, much of the excess water is lost through springs. Five different operating policies are considered which determine whether pumpage should be taken from the reservoir or aquifer. The total safe yields for the historic period 1961–1977 are estimated for each policy and their relative advantages and disadvantages are discussed. The simulation is also carried out for 100 years of generated data to discover the long term consequences.
RESULTS OF ACIDIZING WATER WELLS IN ARIZONA1
Authors: Hargis David R. , McCauley Charles A. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTTwo wellfields have been developed to provide water for a coal fired electric generating station in Arizona. Wellfield No. 1 penetrates the unconfined Coconino Sandstone aquifer, and wellfield No. 2 penetrates the composite Kaibab Limestone‐Coconino Sandstone aquifer where ground water occurs under confined conditions. A well in each wellfield was pumped and water level drawdown data were collected before and after acidizing. The drawdown data at the various pumping rates were analyzed to determine the potential benefits of acidizing production water wells in both wellfields. After acidizing, the specific capacity of the well in wellfield No. 1 was improved about 50 percent at water production rates ranging from about 200 to 500 gallons per minute (gpm) (13 to 32 liters per second (lps)). After acidizing, the specific capacity of the well completed in wellfield No. 2 was improved about 100 percent at pumping rates ranging from about 1,250 to 2,200 gpm (79 to 139 lps). An annual saving of approximately 11 percent in pumping costs can be realized in wellfield No. 2, and savings are approximately four percent in wellfield No. 1. Acidization is beneficial for wells that can produce more than 500 gpm (32 lps), and is of marginal value for those that produce less than that amount.
HYDROPOWER LOSSES FROM NAVIGATION IN THE SNAKE‐COLUMBIA RIVERS: 1978–791
Authors: Culver C. F. , Millham C. B. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThis work addresses several policy questions arising from indirect power losses due to navigation of the Snake‐Columbia Rivers. Losses incurred in 1978–79 are given, and these losses are then compared to current conservation efforts, new power projects, and present replacement costs associated with the system.
USER REACTION TO WILD AND SCENIC RIVER DESIGNATION1
Authors: Becker Robert H. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The National Wild and Scenic River Act of 1968 was designed to protect the nation's unique waterways. This Act, however, has been criticized for negatively affecting areas it was intended to protect. Findings, based on field investigation in the Upper Mississippi River basin suggest that designation may serve as a factor for increasing recreational use levels on the protected rivers. This study discusses the social and recreational consequences of designating rivers and the attitudes of river users regarding designation.
CALIBRATING AND VERIFYING THE SSARR MODEL ‐MISSOURI RIVER WATERSHEDS STUDY1
Authors: Cundy Terrance W. , Brooks Kenneth N. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe Streamflow Synthesis and Reservoir Regulation (SSARR) model was calibrated and verified on the Madison and Gallatin watersheds in the upper Missouri River drainage. The study was performed to determine if the SSARR model could simulate snowmelt‐runoff volumes to effect better operation of six multipurpose reservoirs on the Missouri River. Physical watershed characteristics and parameter sensitivity are incorporated into a procedure which expedites model calibration. Criteria are established to facilitate parameter development and to objectively evaluate calibration and verification results. A ratio of simulated to observed snowmelt‐runoff volumes of the Madison River averaged 1.00 and 1.02 for calibration (N = 8 years) and verification (N = 6 years) with corresponding standard deviations of 0.08 and 0.13. Gallatin volume ratios averaged 0.99 and 0.95 for calibration (N = 7 years) and verification (N = 5 years) with respective standard deviations of 0.08 and 0.28.
APPLICATION OF A SINGLE RESERVOIR OPERATION POLICY TO A RAIN WATER CISTERN SYSTEM1
Authors: Lo Andrew , Fok Yu‐Si 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe operation policy for a single reservoir is applied to a rain water cistern system because the functions of a cistern are similar to a simple single reservoir. Since the cistern is a closed system, water loss is negligible. In this study, a dynamic programming analysis has been made to study the effects of the probable weekly rainfall and the water storage in the cistern towards the water consumption policy. The result of this study indicates that the water consumption rate should be adjusted into a lower rate when the water storage in the cistern is low and/or when the expected probable weekly rainfall is low if the owner of the cistern does not want to risk the chance of an empty cistern. The demand for a reliable method for forecasting weekly rainfall is evident in this study.
WATER USE CONFLICT NEAR MADISON, NEBRASKA1
Authors: Ginsberg Marilyn 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Nebraska statutes give first preference for use of ground water to domestic purposes, second to agriculture, and third to manufacturing or industrial purposes.Rapid growth in the number of irrigation wells has caused an increasing number of water use conflicts. One such conflict arose from the installation and use of an irrigation well near Madison in Madison County, Nebraska. Pumping from the irrigation well coincided with head declines in nearby domestic wells screened in the same sand and gravel, but appeared unrelated to water level changes in wells screened in a higher saturated sand.A drawdown‐recovery test was performed to determine the degree of hydraulic connection between the wells involved. Operation of the irrigation well was determined to be the cause of the head decline in nearby domestic wells screened in the same sand and gravel.Partly as a result of this conflict, legislation recently introduced into the state legislature would require that wells of higher preference be “reasonably” constructed if wells of lower preference are to be held liable for head loss.
USING A DISTRIBUTED ROUTING RAINFALL‐RUNOFF MODEL1
Authors: Doyle W. Harry 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Urban storm water data from four catchments near Miami, Florida, were collected and compiled by the U.S. Geological Survey and were used for testing the applicability of deterministic modeling for characterizing storm water flows from small land use areas. The four sites were:

(1) a 40.8‐acre (0.165‐km2) single family residential area
(2) a 58.3‐acre (0.236‐km2) highway area
(3) a 20.4‐acre (0.083‐km2) commercial area, and
(4) a 14.7‐acre (0.059‐km2) multifamily residential area.

A distributed routing rainfall‐runoff model was used to simulate 328 storms at one‐minute time intervals. Weighted Standard Error of Estimates (SEE) for storm runoff volume for calibration and verification simulations were 0.072 in. (1.829 mm) and 0.117 in. (2.972 mm), respectively, while the corresponding SEE for peak discharges were 5.761 cfs (0.163 m3/s) and 5.119 cfs (0.145 m3/s), respectively.
FACTORS INVOLVED IN EVALUATING GROUND WATER IMPACTS OF DEEP COAL MINE DRAINAGE1
Authors: Davis Phillip R. , Walton William C. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The determination of probable ground water impacts of proposed deep coal mining is required as part of permit applications. Impact prediction generally involves well production test analysis and modeling of ground water systems associated with coal seams. Well production tests are often complicated due to the relatively low permeabilities of sandstones and shales of ground water systems. The effects of the release of water stored within finite diameter production wells must be considered. Well storage capacity appreciably affects early well production test time drawdown or time recovery data. Low pumping rates, limited cones of depression, and length of required pumping periods ate important well production test design factors.Coal seam ground water system models are usually multilayered and leaky artesian. Mine drafts partially penetrate the ground water system. Simulation of coal mine drainage often involves the horizontal permeability and storage coefficient of the coal seam zone, vertical permeabilities of sandstones and shales (aquitard) above and below the coal seam zone, and the hydrologic properties of the source bed above the aqultard overlying the coal seam zone. Ground water level declines in both the coal seam zone and source bed near land surface are necessary factors in impact analysis. An example of evaluation studies in southwest Indiana will illustrate factors involved in deep coal mine drainage modeling efforts.
Nonpoint Source Loading Rates From Selected Land Uses1
Authors: Daniel T. C. , Wendt R. C. , McGuire P. E. , Stoffel D. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Loading rates derived from monitoring natural runoff from selected land uses are compared. Land uses selected for evaluation are construction sites, barnyards, and agriculture (dairying). Runoff volumes, sediment, and nutrient fractions were monitored and expressed as areal loadings for comparison purposes.Sediment yield and total phosphorus (total P) loss was directly proportional to runoff (m3/ha). In decreasing order, the loadings for sediment and total P were as follows: construction site > barnyard > general dairying. Runoff from the barnyard area was approximately 10 times higher in soluble phosphorus and ammonium nitrogen than the other land uses under investigation. Areal loss for nitrate nitrogen was highest from the construction site and was attributed to the higher volume of runoff per unit area.Results show that barnyards in a dairying watershed are potentially a major source of sediment and nutrients, especially those dissolved fractions which have the potential for immediate water quality impacts. Relative to general agricultural land, urban construction sites also appear to be a major source of sediment and nutrients. As with barnyard sites, however, the effect of such sites on water quality likely depends on proximity to surface water bodies and other watershed characteristics affecting delivery ratios of contaminants.
ESTIMATION OF SOIL MOISTURE FROM SEASAT SAR DATA1
Authors: Blanchard B. J. , Chang A. T. C. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT A study was made to determine if Seasat Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data could be used to make practical estimates of soil moisture. Extensive ground measurements were collected at two primary sites near Guymon, Oklahoma, and Sublette, Kansas. The relative sensitivity of the SAR to differences in soil moisture, tillage roughness, and vegetation was determined. To validate the effects detected in the SAR data, an airborne scatterometer with a similar wavelength was flown repeatedly over the Guymon site.Soil moisture variations in the surface 2 cm and surface 15 cm of fields with bare soil, milo and alfalfa produce similar responses in the scattering coefficient from both systems. Roughness due to tillage in row crops produced as much as 12–15 dB increase in the scatterometer return. Most agricultural vegetation was effectively penetrated by the L‐band frequencies; however, corn produced an exceptionally high radar return either standing or after combine harvesting. When corn had ripened, there was some evidence that tillage roughness could be detected through the canopy. Moderate tillage roughness produced by grain drill furrows caused over 12 dB increase in return when row directions changed from parallel to perpendicular with respect to the SAR look direction. Dramatic increases in return occurred when vegetation surfaces were wet. Increased radar returns from tillage roughness, some vegetation and wet vegetation surfaces, all dyanmic in nature, were significant and may limit the practical estimation of soil moisture from the radar data.
EVALUATION OF WATER QUALITY SAMPLING LOCATIONS ON THE YUKON RIVER1
Authors: Whitfield Paul H. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: This paper presents an approach to the evaluation of water quality sampling locations for their potential use for long term monitoring. This approach was applied to four sites on the Yukon River near the Canada‐United States boundary. At three of these sites it was difficult to obtain representative samples due to the presence of extensive lateral heterogeneities. These heterogeneities occur because of a lack of mixing between the Yukon River and the major tributaries upstream from Dawson. Only one of the sampling locations is spatially homogeneous enough to provide representative samples.Concentration variations over the annual cycle are very large, often as much as two orders of magnitude. Estimates are made of the frequency and density with which samples must be collected to be able to detect a 10 percent different between annual mean concentrations. The estimated frequencies are so large that such an undertaking would be impractical. More importantly, the assumptions of this analysis are invalid, and time series analysis of fixed frequency samples is proposed as an alternative that is statistically rigorous and requires fewer samples.
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT FOR JOINT PRODUCTION OF WATER AND TIMBER: A PROVISIONAL ASSESSMENT1
Authors: Krutilla John V. , Bowes Michael D. , Sherman Paul 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTRemoval of forest canopy to reduce interception, evaporation, and transpiration, and to collect blowing snow, etc., has been demonstrated to increase water yield from small subalpine watersheds. How useable the increase in yield might be depends on a number of factors. It is likely that a more complete description of what occurs in the acquatic and riparian environment as a result of the increased yield, and at points of collection or diversion will affect our judgment. There is room for a further contribution by earth and life scientists to fully round out the biophysical effects to be assessed in economic terms. A partial analysis may nonetheless be undertaken, and given certain peculiarly favorable circumstances in the Colorado Rockies for increases in yield, and the existence of a water transporting and utilizing infrastructure and markets, a provisional economic judgment can be reached.
COST‐EFFECTIVE REGULATORY OPTIONS FOR WATER QUALITY LIMITED STREAMS1
Authors: David Martin H. , David Elizabeth L. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTWith the pressure from industries and municipalities to reduce the waste water treatment costs associated with the permit limits needed to attain the goals of the Clean Water Act, attention has turned ways of introducing flexibility into the regulations without sacrificing the water quality goals.Wisconsin is the first state to have adopted a variety of options from which dischargers may choose when meeting their water quality requirements. These options were developed for the express purpose of minimizing the costs and maximizing the flexibility of the point source water quality regulations while ensuring that permitted discharge would not violate the water quality standards.This paper presents five options that the state has made available to dischargers, as well as one the state did not adopt. The conclusion is that a mix of options can substantially increase the flexibility and reduce the costs of meeting water quality standards on effluent limited streams.
SOIL EROSION AWARENESS AND USE OF CONSERVATION TILLAGE FOR WATER QUALITY CONTROL1
Authors: Korsching Peter F. , Nowak Peter J. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTWater pollution through loss of topsoil from farmland continues to be a major problem, despite nearly 50 years of providing farmers technical and financial assistance for soil and water conservation. The technology for controlling erosion and water pollution is available, but farmers have been slow in implementing control practices. Past research has shown that farmers tend to be unaware of the seriousness of the erosion problem on their own operations. Using a random sample of farmers from central Iowa, the relationship is examined between awareness of a soil erosion problem and the use of conservation tillage. Results indicate that awareness of a soil erosion problem effects the use of conservation tillage, and that awareness can be enhanced by experiential educational strategies such as the development and implementation of a soil and water conservation plan.
ON THE ESTIMATION OF DIRECT IRRIGATION BENEFITS1
Authors: Sampath Rajan K. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTFor optimal allocation of resources, it is critical to arrive at proper estimations of direct benefits created by irrigation projects. This paper reviews critically the traditinal procedures of estimating the direct irrigation benefits and, in this context, presents formulas to show the extent of bias in them. The paper further discusses the implications of shifts in demand over time for biases in the estimation of direct benefits through traditional procedures and provides altenate procedures for the proper estimation of direct irrigation benefits. In this context, it throws some light on the exact distribution of benefits between consumers and producers.
DRAINAGE QUALITY AT DEEP COAL MINE SITES1
Authors: Wirries Dama L. , McDonnell Archie J. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Samples were collected from the drainages of inactive deep coal mine sites located in eight states. Drainage quality was found to be highly variable, with a majority of sites exceeding federal effluent quality guidelines. Concentrations of trace metals including cadmium, mercury, zinc, and nickel were low. The presence of overburden calcareous material was shown to affect drainage quality.A consistent pattern of pH‐acidity response was found to exist for the mine sites monitored. An empirical formula was developed to characterize this response.