bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and characterization of wholly aromatic poly(azomethine)s containing donor–acceptor triphenylamine moieties
Authors: Liou Guey‐Sheng , Lin Hung‐Yi , Hsieh Yu‐Lun , Yang Yi‐Lung 
Published: September 2007

AbstractN‐(4‐nitrophenyl)‐4′,4″‐bisformyl‐diphenylamine was synthesized from N‐(4‐nitrophenyl)‐diphenylamine by the Vilsmeier‐Haack reaction. Soluble aromatic poly(azomethine)s (PAMs) were prepared by the solution polycondensation of N‐(4‐nitrophenyl)‐4′,4″‐bisformyl‐diphenylamine and aromatic diamine in N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (NMP) at room temperature under reduced pressure. All the PAMs are highly soluble in various organic solvents, such as N,N‐dimethylacetamide (DMAc), chloroform (CHCl3), and tetrahydrofuran (THF). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) indicated that these PAMs had glass‐transition temperatures (Tgs) in the range of 170–230 °C, and a 10% weight‐loss temperatures in excess of 490 °C with char yield at 800 °C in nitrogen higher than 60%. These PAMs in NMP solution showed UV‐Vis charge‐transfer (CT) absorption at 405–421 nm and photoluminescence peaks around 462–466 nm with fluorescence quantum efficiency (ΦF) 0.10–0.99%. The highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy levels of these PAMs can be determined from cyclic voltammograms as 4.86–5.43 and 3.31–3.34 eV, respectively. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 4921–4932, 2007
A novel QoS routing protocol for LEO and MEO satellite networks
Authors: Zhou Yunhui , Sun Fuchun , Zhang Bo 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe rapid advance of communication and satellite technology pushes broadband satellite networks to carry on multimedia traffic. However, the function of onboard routing cannot be provided in existing satellite networks with inter‐satellite links, and quality of service (QoS) of satellite networks cannot be reliably guaranteed because of great difficulties in processing of long distance‐dependent traffic. In this paper, a two‐layered low‐Earth orbit and medium‐Earth orbit satellite network (LMSN) is presented. A novel hierarchical and distributed QoS routing protocol (HDRP) is investigated, and an adaptive bandwidth‐constrained minimum‐delay path algorithm is developed to calculate routing tables efficiently using the QoS metric information composed of delays and bandwidth. The performance of LMSN and HDRP is also evaluated through simulations and theoretical analysis. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of epidural analgesia and intercostal nerve cryoanalgesia for post‐thoracotomy pain control
Authors: Ju Hui , Feng Yi , Yang Ba‐Xian , Wang Jun 
Published: September 2007

AbstractEpidural analgesia is regarded as the gold method for controlling post‐thoracotomy pain. Intercostal nerve cryoanalgesia can also produce satisfactory analgesic effects, but is suspected to increase the incidence of chronic pain. However, randomized controlled trials comparing these two methods for post‐thoracotomy acute pain analgesic effects and chronic pain incidents have not been conducted previously. We studied 107 adult patients, allocated randomly to thoracic epidural bupivacaine and morphine or intercostal nerve cryoanalgesia. Acute pain scores and opioid‐related side effects were evaluated for three postoperative days. Chronic pain information, including the incidence, severity, and allodynia‐like pain, was acquired on the first, third, sixth and twelfth months postoperatively. There was no significant difference on numeral rating scales (NRS) at rest or on motion between the two groups during the three postoperative days. The patient satisfaction results were also similar between the groups. The side effects, especially mild pruritus, were reported more often in the epidural group. Both groups showed high incidence of chronic pain (42.1–72.1%), and no significance between the groups. The incidence of allodynia‐like pain reported in cryo group was higher than that in Epidural group on any postoperative month, with significance on the sixth and the twelfth months postoperatively (P<0.05). More patients rated their chronic pain intensity on moderate and severe in cryo group and interfered with daily life (P<0.05). Both thoracic epidural analgesia and intercostal nerve cryoanalgesia showed satisfactory analgesia for post‐thoracotomy acute pain. The incidence of post‐thoracotomy chronic pain is high. Cryoanalgesia may be a factor that increases the incidence of neuropathic pain.
ISLAND MORTALITY IN THE PAST: SOME EVIDENCE FROM GREECE
Authors: GAVALAS VASILIS S. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryThis paper explores the course of infant and childhood mortality in the Greek island of Paros from the end of the nineteenth until the mid-twentieth century. For this purpose the method of family reconstitution has been applied to two towns on the island. Official population statistics have been used to derive basic mortality estimates for the Cyclades and Greece as a whole. Reference to other studies concerning island mortality is also made. Hence, there appears the chance to compare insular with mainland mortality and realise that insular mortality presented some distinct features. It is shown that island populations presented lower mortality than the national average until the first decades of the twentieth century. However, by the 1950s Greece’s infant and childhood mortality had dropped to the same or even to lower levels than those of the islands.
The Census Period: 1923–2003
Authors: Wagner Frederic H. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractWinter elk numbers on the northern range have been counted through most of its history, with ground counts up to 1956 (except 1935) and aerial counts up to the present. Several sightability bias tests have indicated that the censuses count approximately 70-75% of the herd. Regression of annual, instantaneous rates of change (r) between censuses of years t and t+1 on censuses of years t produces an inverse correlation with r reaching zero (equilibrium) at 16,800 (22,000-25,000 corrected for the sightability bias), and indicating density dependence. Below 16,800, the herd increased or held its numbers when hunting kills outside the park and park removals fell below 15-20%, but declined when removals exceeded this magnitude. While evidence of equilibration supports one tenet of the population aspect of the natural-regulation hypothesis, the 6x increase from a census of 3,172 in 1968 to 18,913 in 1988 (‘eruption’) falsifies two of the population tenets of the hypothesis.
Influences on Upland System Structure III: Conifers and Deciduous Shrubs
Authors: Wagner Frederic H. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractHistoric and photographic evidence of the northern range shows the absence of browsing highlines on conifers in early park years (pre-1900), their general appearance by the early 1900s, and widespread existence to the present. Architectural analysis of conifer morphology indicates an early period of light or no browsing followed by a period of heavy use, with some evidence of no reproductive replacement. Key research that would have shown elk effects on conifer trends has been denied. Historical accounts describe a number of shrub and small deciduous-tree species, many of them berry-bearing, as significant components of the northern range. Heavy browsing impacts were first reported in 1914. Exclosure studies in the 1980s showed abundant berry production by three species inside exclosures, but almost none on the outside where annual growth shoots that would produce fruit in their second year are almost entirely browsed off each year.
The Essential Child
Authors: Gelman Susan A. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractEssentialism is the idea that certain categories, such as “dog,” “man,” or “intelligence,” have an underlying reality or true nature that gives objects their identity. This book argues that essentialism is an early cognitive bias. Young children's concepts reflect a deep commitment to essentialism, and this commitment leads children to look beyond the obvious in many converging ways: when learning words, generalizing knowledge to new category members, reasoning about the insides of things, contemplating the role of nature versus nurture, and constructing causal explanations. This book argues against the standard view of children as concrete or focused on the obvious, instead claiming that children have an early, powerful tendency to search for hidden, non-obvious features of things. It also disputes claims that children build up their knowledge of the world based on simple, associative learning strategies, arguing that children's concepts are embedded in rich folk theories. Parents don't explicitly teach children to essentialize; instead, during the preschool years, children spontaneously construct concepts and beliefs that reflect an essentialist bias. The book synthesizes over fifteen years of empirical research on essentialism into a unified framework and explores the broader lessons that the research imparts concerning, among other things, human concepts, children's thinking, and the ways in which language influences thought.
Introduction
Authors: Gelman Susan A. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis introduction concerns essentialism in everyday thought. Roughly, essentialism is the view that categories have an underlying reality or true nature that one cannot observe directly but that gives an object its identity. According to essentialism, categories (such as “boy,” “girl,” or “intelligence”) are real, in several senses: they are discovered (rather than invented), they are natural (rather than artificial), they predict other properties, and they point to natural discontinuities in the world. The question of whether children are essentialists runs directly against a powerful portrait of children's concepts as perceptually driven, concrete, and atheoretical. This chapter argues that children's concepts are not merely perceptually based, concrete, or built up from specifics, but rather reflect folk theories and a powerful capacity to look beyond the obvious. The discussion focuses on essentialism as an early, domain-specific cognitive bias; children's concepts as embedded in theories; and language as an influence on cognitive development.
Causal Explanations, Causal Determinism
Authors: Gelman Susan A. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractPeople appeal to hidden, nonobvious features in constructing certain categories. The question that arises is: why should this be? The essentialist position proposes that causes are more important than effects — and causes are more internal, hidden, nonobvious than are effects (at least for natural kinds). This chapter argues for the centrality of causes in children—s concepts by showing that children's understanding of cause can determine which features are pivotal in the categories they form, and that children's explanations for category structure appeal to essences or essence-like constructs. It is also suggested that the link between essences and categories follows from children's propensity to search for causes.
Conclusions to Part I
Authors: Gelman Susan A. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractChildren display evidence for two elements of essentialism: treating certain categories as richly structured kinds and assuming that some as-yet-undefined causal placeholder is responsible for the structure of such categories. This chapter examines four central issues: which categorical domains are essentialized; whether essentializing of living kinds is biological, on either a naive-biological or correct-biological construal; the role of statistical information in essentialist reasoning; and what individual essentialism is and how it compares to kind essentialism.
Why Do We Essentialize?
Authors: Gelman Susan A. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe question of why we essentialize gives rise to a variety of other questions, concerning issues such as where essentialism is located, or what properties of the mind give rise to essentialism. Essentialism has many benefits; it provides a framework for making valuable category-based inferences, for example. Furthermore, the many ways in which children essentialize the natural world reveal precocious abilities to categorize and benefit from categories. Yet essentialism also carries with it serious costs. It encourages and justifies stereotyping of social categories (including those of race, gender, and sexual orientation), and perpetuates the assumption that artificial distinctions (such as caste or class) are natural, inevitable, and fixed. This chapter argues that essentialism is rooted neither in its costs nor its benefits, but falls out as a consequence of children being very good at a number of other skills: distinguishing appearance from reality, searching for causes, noting correlational clusters, and understanding how labeling works.
“Pioneers of Japanese Development”
Authors: Azuma Eiichiro 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter explores how history writing helped forge an undifferentiated memory that would guide the Issei through the years preceding their wartime internment. The success of the Japanese exclusion movement led many Issei to grope for something in which to take pride and for which to hope, albeit under the general principle of acquiescence. Writing a common history was the Issei historians' attempt to replace the group's crisis of racial subordination with a shared memory of their “glorious” past in the post-1924 years.
Helping Japan, Helping Ourselves
Authors: Azuma Eiichiro 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter examines the meanings of Japanese immigrant nationalism. The origin of modern Issei nationalism can be traced to the rise of Japanese militarism in Manchuria in the early 1930s, which drastically transformed the hitherto estranged relationship between the empire and the immigrant community after 1924. For policy makers in Japan, Japanese residents in the United States became politically relevant at this time in the context of the growing tension with Anglo-American powers. The rise of Japanese immigrant patriotism and Japan's attempt to exploit it for geopolitical purposes, did not result in the metamorphosis of the Issei into a replica of the Japanese militarist or the ultranationalist extremist, as anti-Japanese agitators often claimed. Instead, Issei patriotism inaugurated another phase of the immigrant-state partnership where immigrant dreams and Japan's state mandate converged in complex ways.
Introduction
Authors: McGinn Thomas A. J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis introduction discusses the subject of the book, namely the legal rules affecting the practice of female prostitution in Rome during the central part of its history, a period extending from approximately 200 BC to AD 250. The book looks at the origins and content of the legal norms created for prostitution. The aim is to examine these norms in relation to the wider social context, discuss how the legal and political authorities were able to adapt this to society's needs, and illustrate crucial issues relating to marginal groups, marriage, sexual behavior, the family, slavery, and citizen status, especially the status of women. Prostitution, for years a marginal theme in historiography, stands at the center of some fundamental modern concerns with past societies.
TheLex Iulia et Papia
Authors: McGinn Thomas A. J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter examines the ancient Roman law lex Iulia et Papia, which consists of a marriage law, the lex Iulia de maritandis ordinibus, and a comitial statute, the lex Papia Poppaea. The two enactments are usually distinguished in the sense that the first encouraged marriage; the second, the bearing of children. In fact, the lex Iulia itself rewarded parents. The second statute both supplemented and partly recast the first, eliminating loopholes and relaxing some of the rules. Thus the jurists and modern commentators can refer to the two laws as one: the lex Iulia et Papia. To understand better the connection between the two statutes, one might invoke the jurist Papinian's famous observation on the relationship between the ius civile and the ius honorarium: the lex Papia Poppaea functioned “to support, supplement, and correct” the lex Iulia de maritandis ordinibus.
Emperors, Jurists, and theLex lulia de Adulteriis Coercendis
Authors: McGinn Thomas A. J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter examines the ancient Roman law lex Iulia de adulteriis coercendis, with emphasis on imperial law generated by emperor and Senate and the law of the jurists. The juristic definition of “prostitute” under the adultery statute is discussed, along with criminal pimping under the statute, the moral significance that the jurists attributed to the main species of lenocinium, and the offenses against the lex Iulia that came to be viewed by the jurists as a species of lenocinium. The lex Iulia de adulteriis coercendis was the only special criminal law on which the jurists wrote monographs. Three of the Severan greats, Ulpian, Papinian, and Paul, made notable contributions in this area. If these men felt any hostility toward the statute, it is well masked. Their approach to the interpretation of the law is typical of the general juristic position. This in turn may be described as quite favorable, insofar as it aids the policy goals pursued by the statute wherever possible through extensive interpretation.
The Taxation of Roman Prostitutes
Authors: McGinn Thomas A. J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe tax on prostitutes instituted by Caligula provides solid evidence on its economic importance and the attitude of the imperial administration to it. The scattered and fragmentary nature of this evidence is given close attention here so we can extracat the true significance of the tax. This chapter examines the information given by Suetonius and Dio and discusses the motives for its introduction, methods of collection and calculation, later history and eventual abolition, and, finally, the provincial evidence for details of administration. The aim is to assess not only the success of the tax in terms of the original motives for its introduction but also the other effects of the tax, for it has some important implications for Roman public policy toward prostitution in general.
Lost Knowledge
Authors: DeLong David W. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This book shows how the cost of losing human knowledge in a technology-intensive world seriously affects organizational success. It explains what leaders must do to retain critical know-how as millions of aging baby boomers begin retiring from the workforce in the next decade. This aging workforce will produce an unprecedented skills shortage in many sectors. Particularly at risk is the tacit or experiential knowledge needed to maintain high levels of performance in today's complex technological, scientific, and management fields. The book shows how this threatened loss of intellectual capital or “brain drain” can be addressed with increased attention to workforce planning, knowledge management, and knowledge retention initiatives. It provides a framework and action plan to help managers tackle the interdependent challenges of increased retirements, more competitive recruiting, and greater turnover among mid-career employees created by changing workforce demographics.
Case Study
Authors: Stohlgren Thomas J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter considers the difficulties in designing the plant diversity component of monitoring programs designed to report the condition and production of the nation's forests, including changes in understory plant diversity. The methods were modified to be flexible enough to work equally well in a variety of forest types, yet standardized enough to allow for highly comparable data on plant diversity across the United States. The US Department of Agriculture's Forest Health Monitoring program accomplished this task. It is a national program that makes annual evaluations of the condition, changes, and trends in the health of forest ecosystems in the US. The monitoring program consists of a nationwide, uniform distribution of sample plots providing a large, unbiased sample of the nation's forests (1 plot/63,942 ha).
Nonspatial Statistical Modeling of Plant Diversity
Authors: Stohlgren Thomas J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter presents selected examples of non-spatial statistical modeling of plant diversity including correlation and simple regression, multiple regression, path coefficient analysis, canonical correspondence analysis, regression tree analysis, and logistic regression. It provides more details and considerations in their applications. Data from published studies are used to illustrate typical applications and interpretations of results to address several commonly asked questions from students. Suggestions and recommendations are also provided, including: having clear analysis objectives in mind, testing multiple techniques, and considering spatial analysis following non-spatial modeling of plant diversity.
Spatial Analysis and Modeling
Authors: Stohlgren Thomas J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractData on plant diversity are inherently spatial. There are various spatial techniques available to map and model plant diversity, or the distributions of selected species at landscape scales. This chapter discusses point distribution maps, range maps, spatial interpolation (kriging), spatial integration, and validating spatial models by assessing model “uncertainty”. The advantages and disadvantages of various modeling approaches are discussed.
Concepts for Assessing Temporal Changes in Plant Diversity
Authors: Stohlgren Thomas J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThere are several considerations in developing appropriate strategies for monitoring plant diversity at landscape scales. Many plant ecologists and land managers are rightly concerned with either current and rapidly emerging issues or long-term, chronic issues involving trends in plant diversity and the threats to that diversity. Thus, various strategies for monitoring plant diversity might be considered including retrospective studies, chronosequence studies, and monitoring plant diversity with permanent plots. Several examples are provided. The constraints and limitations of long-term studies are also discussed.
Case Study
Authors: Stohlgren Thomas J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractImproved sampling designs are needed to detect, monitor, and predict plant migrations and plant diversity changes caused by climate change and other human activities. This chapter provides a methodology based on multi-scale vegetation plots established across forest ecotones to monitor changing patterns of plant diversity, invasion of non-native plant species, and plant migrations at landscape scales. The methods are applied in the forests of Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado.
Case Study
Authors: Stohlgren Thomas J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe variability inherent in all natural landscapes poses a significant challenge in designing accurate and complete inventories of plant diversity given typical cost constraints. One option is to establish many large plots across the landscape, or maybe twice as many smaller plots across the landscape for the same cost. However, all designs have cost limitations. In this case study, three plot designs were used: a large, multi-scale plot; a smaller multi-scale plot; and a single-scale plot to assess the advantages and disadvantages associated with the integrated use of three vegetation sampling plot designs.