bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of number of Streptococcus uberis calculated on a volume or weight basis in sand and sawdust bedding
Authors: Gabler Matthew T. , Reneau Jeffrey K. , Farnsworth Ralph J. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To determine a method for comparing
counts of Streptococcus uberis in sand and sawdust
and account for the influence of weight or volume of
the bedding material.

Sample Population—2 sources of kiln-dried sawdust
and 2 sources of washed sand.

Procedures—Sterilized bedding material (100 ml) was
weighed and uniformly distributed in an aluminum
pan. Each sterilized bedding material was inoculated
with a mean of 3.6 × 106 (experiment 1) or 2.4 × 107
(experiment 2) colony-forming units (CFU) of S
uberis/ml of bedding material. Without allowing time
for replication of S uberis, inoculated bedding materials
were washed with sterile saline (0.9% NaCl) solution.
A 200-ml aliquot of wash solution was serially
diluted up to 2,500 times with additional saline solution
and inoculated on plates containing tryptose agar
with 5% sheep blood. After incubation for 48 hours,
number of CFU of S uberis was counted. This procedure
was replicated 19 and 16 times for each bedding
material in experiments 1 and 2, respectively.

Results—Evaluation of Bonferroni 95% confidence
intervals revealed significant differences for counts of
S uberis calculated on a weight basis between sand
and sawdust.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Comparison
of counts of S uberis determined on a volume basis
for sand and sawdust accentuates to a lesser degree
the weight difference of the bedding materials and
ensures a more appropriate comparison of number of
S uberis. (Am J Vet Res 2001; 62:171–173)
Prevalence of Streptococcus iniae in tilapia, hybrid striped bass, and channel catfish on commercial fish farms in the United States
Authors: Shoemaker Craig A. , Klesius Phillip H. , Evans Joyce J. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To determine the prevalence of
Streptococcus iniae in tilapia (Oreochromis spp),
hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops × M saxatilis),
and channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) on commercial
fish farms in the United States.

Animals—1,543 fish (970 tilapia, 415 hybrid striped
bass, and 158 channel catfish).

Procedures—The dry-swab technique was used for
collection of specimens for streptococcal isolation.
Specimens were shipped by overnight delivery and
processed by use of standard bacteriologic techniques.

Results—Streptococcus iniae was not isolated from
market-size channel catfish. Prevalence in tilapia and
hybrid striped bass was 37 of 970 (3.81%) and 30 of
415 (7.23%), respectively. Prevalence by farm ranged
from 0.0 to 27.4% for tilapia and 0.0 to 21.6% for
hybrid striped bass. In tilapia, prevalence was lowest
in market-size and nursery fish (4 of 239 [1.67%] and
3 of 339 [0.88%], respectively), with an increase in
prevalence for fish in the grow-out stage (30 of 337
[7.96%]). For hybrid striped bass, prevalence was
lowest in nursery and market-size fish (3 of 96
[3.12%] and 1 of 47 [2.12%], respectively) and highest
in fish in the grow-out stage (26 of 272 [9.56%]).
Prevalence in market-size tilapia and hybrid striped
bass was 5 of 286 (1.75%).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results of
this study do not support the contention that S iniae
is a serious public health threat associated with commercially
raised fish; rather, it represents a limited risk
for older or immunocompromised people who incur
puncture wounds while handling and preparing fish.
(Am J Vet Res 2001;62:174–177)
Electroacupuncture-induced neural activation detected by use of manganese-enhanced functional magnetic resonance imaging in rabbits
Authors: Chiu Jen-Hwey , Cheng Hui-Cheng , Tai Chih-Ho , Hsieh Jen-Chuen , Yeh Tzu-Cheng , Cheng Henrich , Lin Jaung-Geng , Ho Low-Tone 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To investigate the effects of acupuncture on neural activity detected by use of manganeseenhanced functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and elucidate the relationship between somatic acupoint stimulation and brain activation.Animals—40 New Zealand White rabbits.Procedure—Manganese-enhanced fMRI was performed in anesthetized rabbits manipulated with electroacupuncture (EA) on Zusanli (ST-36) and Yanglingquan (GB-34) acupoints. Image acquisition was performed on a 1.5T superconductive clinical scanner with a circular polarized extremity coil. T1- weighted images were acquired sequentially as follows: baseline, after mannitol injection, after manganese infusion, and 5 and 20 minutes after initiation of EA.Results—Changes in focal neural activity were detected by use of manganese-enhanced fMRI. Stimulation on Zusanli (ST-36) for 5 minutes resulted in activation of the hippocampus, whereas stimulation on Yanglingquan (GB-34) resulted in activation of the hypothalamus, insula, and motor cortex. Activation became less specific after 20 minutes of EA. Furthermore, stimulation on ipsilateral acupoints led to bilateral brain activation.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Each acupoint has a corresponding cerebral linkage, and stimulation on these points resulted in time-dependent neural activation. Understanding the linkage between peripheral acupoint stimulation and central neural pathways may provide a useful guide for clinical applications of acupuncture. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:178–182)
Epidemiologic features of Campylobacter jejuni isolated from poultry broiler houses and surrounding environments as determined by use of molecular strain typing
Authors: Nesbit Elizabeth G. , Gibbs Penelope , Dreesen David W. , Lee Margie D. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To genetically type Campylobacter jejuni
isolates from broiler houses or the external environment
to identify the source of Campylobacter organisms
in broiler chickens.

Sample Population—Environmental samples associated
with broiler chickens, in commercial grow-out
houses.

Procedure—Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was
used to amplify flaB, and the amplicon was digested
with Sau3A to create a restriction fragment length
polymorphism assay; PCR was also used to detect a
transcribed spacer region in the 23S rRNA gene.

Results—Isolates possessing a 23S spacer region
were more prevalent outside broiler houses than
inside. Houses that had previously contained chickens
or lacked biosecurity procedures were more likely
to contain isolates possessing the 23S spacer. One
house contained only isolates possessing the spacer,
whereas an adjacent house contained only isolates
lacking the spacer. The flaB type detected in broiler
houses was different from the type detected in the
environment; however, many isolates within the broiler
houses contained untypable flaB genotypes.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Most isolates
from within houses were genetically distinct from isolates
from outside houses that were examined by
bacteriologic culture, suggesting an undetected
source of C jejuni. Detection of isolates containing
the 23S spacer appeared to be an indicator of environmental
contamination of the houses. The observation
of completely different C jejuni genetic types
simultaneously within adjacent houses suggests that
some types do not compete successfully during the
grow-out period. In addition, the diversity of genotypes
identified within broiler houses indicates the
complexity of the ecologic features of C jejuni in the
chicken environment. (Am J Vet Res 2001;62:190–194)
Evaluation of glycoprotein Ib expression on feline platelets
Authors: Tablin Fern , Johnsrude Jocelyn D. , Walker Naomi J. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine whether platelets obtained from cats expressed glycoprotein Ib (GPIb).Sample Population—Platelets obtained from 11 specific-pathogen-free cats.Procedure—Platelets were analyzed by use of immunofluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, western immunoblot analysis, and immunoprecipitation.Results—Immunofluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry revealed the protein on the surface of feline platelets. Biochemical studies (western immunoblot analysis and immunoprecipitation) revealed a 140-kd membrane glycoprotein. Additional biochemical studies revealed that feline GPIb was sensitive to proteolysis, because platelet cytoskeletons prepared with low concentrations of a calpain inhibitor (ie, leupeptin; 100 µg/ml) had substantial proteolysis, and there was an association of protein fragments with the actin cytoskeleton.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Analysis of these results indicate that feline platelets express a 140-kd membrane protein that is recognized by monoclonal antibodies developed against GPIb. Application of standardized ELISA to quantitate glycocalicin, the water-soluble fragment of GPIb, may provide important information on the production of microvesicles, increased platelet turnover, and abnormal proteolysis. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:195–201)
Locomotor characteristics of horses with navicular disease
Authors: Williams Gail E. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine whether force-plate evaluation of horses with navicular disease would reveal an abnormal gait that persists despite loss of sensation to the palmar foot region, which may predispose such horses to navicular disease.Animals—17 clinically normal Thoroughbreds and 8 Thoroughbreds with navicular disease.Procedure—Data on ground reaction forces were obtained in trotting horses, using a force plate. Forcetime curve variables for clinically normal horses were derived from 4 points at the beginning and 4 points at the end of the vertical and craniocaudal horizontal plots. Principal component analysis was undertaken separately on beginning-of-stride and end-of-stride data, and the first 2 components were represented graphically. Rotation matrices were applied to equivalent data for horses with navicular disease before and after disruption of sensation by administration of a palmar digital nerve blockade.Results—Prior to nerve block, horses with navicular disease differed significantly from normal horses for beginning-of-stance phase and end-of-stance phase variables. After nerve block, horses with navicular disease maintained the same significant differences from clinically normal horses only for variables at the beginning-of-stance phase.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Horses with navicular disease have abnormal limb-loading force patterns that are not altered by loss of sensation in the palmar region. These abnormal patterns were detected in a horse without navicular disease. Some horses are predisposed to navicular disease as a result of an inherent abnormal gait pattern. Analysis of gait patterns could be used for detection and appropriate management of horses susceptible to development of navicular disease. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:206–210)
Partial characterization of retroviruses from boid snakes with inclusion body disease
Authors: Jacobson Elliott R. , Orós Jorge , Tucker Sylvia J. , Pollock David P. , Kelley Karen L. , Munn Robert J. , Lock Brad A. , Mergia Ayalew , Yamamoto Janet K. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To characterize retroviruses isolated from
boid snakes with inclusion body disease (IBD).

Animals—2 boa constrictors with IBD and 1 boa
exposed to an affected snake.

Procedure—Snakes were euthanatized, and tissue
specimens and blood samples were submitted for
virus isolation. Tissue specimens were cultured with
or without commercially available viper heart cells and
examined by use of transmission electron
microscopy (TEM) for evidence of viral replication.
Reverse transcriptase activity was determined in
sucrose gradient-purified virus. Western blotting was
performed, using polyclonal antibodies against 1 of
the isolated viruses. Specificity of the rabbit anti-virus
antibody was evaluated, using an immunogold-labeling
TEM technique.

Results—3 viruses (RV-1, RV-2, and RV-3) were isolated.
The isolates were morphologically comparable
to members of the Retroviridae family. Reverse transcriptase
activity was high in sucrose gradient fractions
that were rich in virus. Polyclonal antibody
against RV-1 reacted with proteins of similar relative
mobility in RV-1 and RV-2. By use of immunogold
labeling, this antibody also recognized virions of both
RV-1 and RV-2.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—A retrovirus
was isolated from boid snakes with IBD or exposed
to IBD. Western blot analysis of viral proteins indicated
that viruses isolated from the different snakes
were similar. Whether this virus represents the
causative agent of IBD is yet to be determined. The
isolation of retroviruses from boid snakes with IBD is
an important step in the process of identifying the
causative agent of this disease. (Am J Vet Res
2001;62:217–224)
Effects of intraluminal distention and decompression on microvascular permeability and hemodynamics of the equine jejunum
Authors: Dabareiner Robin M. , White Nathaniel A. , Donaldson Lydia L. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine whether intraluminal distention and subsequent decompression of the equine jejunum affects intestinal blood flow, hemodynamics, and microvascular permeability.Animals—5 healthy adult horses.Procedure—Horses were anesthestized and underwent exploratory laparotomy. Two jejunal segments were identified as sham-operated or instrumented segments. After baseline values were obtained, intraluminal distention was created in the experimental segment to induce an intraluminal pressure of 18 cm H2O. After 120 minutes of distention, the intestine was decompressed for 120 minutes. Mesenteric blood flow, oxygen delivery, oxygen consumption, microvascular permeability, wet weight-to-dry weight ratio, neutrophil infiltration, and vascular resistance were determined and comparisons made among control, sham-operated, and experimental segments.Results—Mean jejunal blood flow was 21.4 ml/min per kg. There was a significant decrease in mesenteric blood flow to the distended intestine (13.4 ml/min per kg). Blood flow increased significantly during the decompression period (340% of baseline blood flow). Intraluminal distention and subsequent decompression resulted in a significant increase in microvascular permeability, as determined by the osmotic reflection coefficient. Oxygen delivery and oxygen content decreased significantly during the distention period and increased during decompression. Morphologic evaluation revealed a significant increase in edema and neutrophil infiltration after distention and decompression, compared with results for the sham-operated or control segments.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Intraluminal distention and decompression of the equine jejunum results in low-flow ischemia and edema, which may contribute to adhesions and ileus in the postoperative period after surgery for obstructions of the small intestines. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:225–236)
Ultrastructure of selected calcium oxalate-containing urinary calculi from dogs
Authors: Domingo-Neumann Rebecca A. , Ruby Annette L. , Ling Gerald V. , Schiffman Peter S. , Johnson Deedra L. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To elucidate the ultrastructural details of calcium oxalate-containing urinary calculi from dogs.Sample Population—38 specimens selected from a collection of 8,297 oxalate-containing urinary calculi from dogs: 22 specimens composed of calcium oxalate (calcium oxalate monohydrate [COM], calcium oxalate dihydrate [COD], or COM and COD) and 16 specimens composed of calcium oxalate with amorphous calcium phosphate.Procedure—Analyses of specimens included use of plain, reflected, and polarized light microscopy, X-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with backscattered electron (BSE) imagery, and electron microprobe analysis.Results—Four texture types were observed in calcium oxalate calculi; 4 texture types of calcium oxalatecalcium phosphate-mixed calculi were recognized. Texture types were delineated through differences in calcium oxalate crystal sizes, which were affected by urine supersaturation and abundance of crystal nucleation sites. Segregation of calcium oxalate from calcium phosphate indicated they do not precipitate under the same conditions. Deposition of calcium phosphate between calcium oxalate crystals decreased the volume of pore spaces within calculi. Porosity was observed along boundaries between COM and COD. Minute pores increased the surface area of calculi exposed to urine, and this increase in liquid-solid interface promotes interaction of crystals with the surrounding urine.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Calcium oxalate urolithiasis is of major concern, because it is often a recurrent disease among dogs, principally treated by surgical removal of calculi, with few effective dissolution strategies. Understanding the ultrastructure and mineralogic content of calcium oxalate and its association with amorphous calcium phosphate is a step toward the solution of this increasingly important medical problem. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:237–247)
Experimental infection of European wild boars and domestic pigs with pseudorabies viruses with differing virulence
Authors: Müller Thomas F. , Teuffert Jürgen , Zellmer Robby , Conraths Franz J. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To determine susceptibility of European
wild boars (Sus scrofa) to infection with pseudorabies
virus (PrV) and to characterize the virulence of a wildboar
PrV isolate for wild and domestic pigs.

Animals—18 wild boars and 16 domestic pigs.

Procedure—Three groups of 4 wild boars were inoculated
with PrV Bartha, Kaplan, and a wild-boar isolate
(BFW1) and housed with uninfected pigs. Two groups
of domestic pigs (4 and 8 pigs/group, respectively)
were inoculated with various doses of BFW1. Animals
were observed daily for clinical signs, and samples
were tested for PrV excretion and homologous antibodies.
After reactivation of latent infection by
induced immunosuppression, PrV was detected in tissues
of necropsied animals, using cell culture and a
polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Results—Clinical signs depended on virulence of the
PrV strain and dose of inoculum. Only infection with
PrV Kaplan resulted in severe disease and death. Virus
was isolated from nasal and genital swab specimens.
Antibodies were first detected on day 7 after inoculation;
a specific humoral immune response was
delayed in BFW1-infected animals. Virus was isolated
from various tissues of Kaplan-infected wild boars,
whereas mainly viral DNA was detected in a few tissues
of Bartha- and BFW1-infected animals, using
PCR after immunosuppression.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—European
wild boars are susceptible to transmission of PrV
infection from domestic pigs and vice-versa. The PrV
isolate BFW1 is of low virulence and seems to be
adapted to the wild boar population from which it was
isolated. (Am J Vet Res 2001;62:252–258)
Maternal expression of functional lipoprotein lipase and effects on body fat mass and body condition scores of mature cats with lipoprotein lipase deficiency
Authors: Backus Robert C. , Ginzinger David G. , Ashbourne Excoffon Katherine J. D. , Clee Susanne M. , Hayden Michael R. , Eckel Robert H. , Hickman M. Anne , Rogers Quinton R. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To assess effects of deficiency of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) on body condition scores and lean and fat body masses of adult cats.Animals—12 cats without LPL mutations and 23 cats that were heterozygous or homozygous carriers of the Gly412Arg LPL mutation.Procedure—Lean and fat body masses were estimated by use of body condition scores and change in enrichment of serum after IV administration of deuterium oxide. Mass spectroscopy and infrared absorbance methods were used to determine deuterium enrichment.Results—Fat body mass (mean ± SD; 0.2 ± 0.1 kg) and percentage body fat (6.2 ± 1.4%) of homozygotes were significantly less than those of clinically normal cats and heterozygotes (0.7 ± 0.1 kg, 18.2 ± 1.6% and 0.5 ± 0.1 kg, 15.6 ± 1.7%, respectively). Homozygous offspring of homozygous dams had significantly less fat body mass (0.1 ± 0.1 kg) and percentage body fat (2.1 ± 1.0%) than homozygous offspring of heterozygous dams (0.3 ± 0.1 kg and 9.2 ± 1.7%, respectively). Lean body mass did not differ significantly among groups. For all groups, percentage body fat was significantly correlated with body condition score (r = 0.65), and body condition scores supported findings for fat body mass.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Deficiency of LPL activity in cats diminishes stores of body fat. This is consistent with a low rate of de novo synthesis of fat. The effect of dam on body masses in mature LPLdeficient cats indicates nutrient programming of adipose formation during gestation or lactation. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:264–269)
Endoscopy via a gastric cannula to monitor the development of ulcers in the pars esophagea in pigs after consumption of a finely ground feed combined with a period of withholding of feed
Authors: Cole Jeffrey T. , Gookin Jody L. , Gayle J'mai M. , Eisemann Joan H. , Argenzio Robert A. , , Blikslager Anthony T. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To develop an endoscopic technique for use in monitoring devlopment of gastric ulcers via a gastric cannula during withholding of feed and administration of a finely ground diet to pigs.Animals—6 pigs weighing between 60 and 70 kg.Procedure—A gastric cannula was surgically inserted adjacent to the pars esophagea in each pig. Pigs were fed a finely ground diet for two 7-day periods that were separated by a 48-hour period during which feed was withheld. Endoscopic examination via the gastric cannula was used to monitor development of ulcers in the pars esophageal region of the pigs during the 48-hour period of feed withhold and subsequent 7-day feeding period. An ulcer score was assigned during each endoscopic examination. A final examination was performed during necropsy and compared with results for the final endoscopic examination.Results—Consumption of a finely ground diet for 7 days resulted in progressive erosive damage to the pars esophageal region of the stomach. Further significant increases in ulcerative damage were detected after 24 and 48 hours of withholding of feed. Final examination during necropsy did not reveal significant differences from results obtained during the final endoscopic examination.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Endoscopic examination via a gastric cannula was an effective means of monitoring ulcer development in the pars esophagea of pigs. Feeding a finely ground diet and withholding of feed induced endoscopically observable ulcers in the stratified squamous epithelial region of the stomach. Direct visual examination during necropsy confirmed the accuracy of endoscopic examination. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:1076–1082)