bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inoculation of dogs with artificial larvae similar to those of Dirofilaria immitis: Distribution within the pulmonary arteries
Authors: Atwell R. B. , Rezakhani A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Two hundred artificial larvae, similar in size to those of Dirofilaria immitis, were inoculated into the venous system of 20 clinically healthy dogs and the distribution pattern was evaluated. One hundred forty-four (73%) of the larvae were located in the right lung and fifty-one (26%) in the left lung. Of those larvae in the lung, 50% were in the right caudal branch and 21% in the left caudal branch of the pulmonary artery. These findings help to explain why the right caudal lung lobe usually is more affected in canine dirofilariasis.
Field evaluation of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for swine trichinosis: Efficacy of the excretory-secretory antigen
Authors: Murrell K. D. , Anderson W. R. , Schad G. A. , Hanbury R. D. , Kazacos Κ. R. , Gamble H. R. , Brown J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A field evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for swine trichinosis was done with sera obtained from 5 herds experiencing ongoing transmission of Trichinella spiralis. Epizootiologic studies conducted on these herds offered an opportunity to evaluate the accuracy of an elisa, using larval T spiralis excretory-secretory antigens. Sera from 162 infected pigs and 143 serum samples from noninfected pigs originating from the same farms were tested. The infection status of the pigs was determined by digestion of diaphragm or tongue muscle samples. Two criteria were established to classify the elisa optical density (OD) readings: Criterion I stated that an OD ≥ 5 times the mean OD of several normal swine sera pools was positive; criterion II stated that a OD ≥ 4 times the normal sera values was positive. The results obtained did not reveal obvious serologic variations among infected herds located in the 4 states involved. Overall, the test detected 93% (criterion I) and 96% (criterion II) of infected pigs.
The majority of false-negative sera was from hogs that had < 5 larvae/g of muscle; 1 hog had 73.8 larvae/g of diaphragm muscle. The false-positive rates were 8% for criterion I and 9% for criterion II. The actual rate for these false-positive samples may have been overestimated, because generally, only small tissue samples (0.4 to 10 g) were digested; larger sample sizes might have altered the results. The relevance of this qualification is that these pigs originated from herds with prevalence rates > 50%. Other factors that may account for occasional false-positive sera or false-negative sera in the swine trichinosis elisa are discussed. Finally, the liabilities and assets of this serologic test are considered in relation to its application for herd screening and its use as an antemortem test.
Sarcocystis infections in mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) in Montana and the descriptions of three new species
Authors: Dubey J. P. , Speer C. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Four structural types of sarcocysts of Sarcocystis were found in skeletal muscles of mule deer in Montana. Type I sarcocysts were thin walled (1 to 3 μm) and belonged to S hemionilatrantis. Types II to IV sarcocysts were thick walled (2 to 10 μm) and new names were proposed for them. Type II sarcocysts with long villar projections were named S hemioni. Type III sarcocysts with club-shaped villi of uneven thickness were named S youngi. Type IV sarcocysts with walls of uneven thickness and containing hair-like protrusions were named S americana.
Effect of captopril on the progression of induced pyelonephritis in the rat
Authors: Hall Robert L. , Wilke W. Lee , Fettman Martin J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The effect of captopril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, was studied in rats subjected to Escherichia coli pyelonephritis. Eight weeks after pyelonephritis was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats, the rats were randomly assigned to treatment groups based on urinary protein excretion. In experiment 1, rats were given captopril, 50 mg/kg of body weight, or saline solution via daily intraperitoneal injection. To eliminate complications with captopril-induced peritonitis, experiment 2 was performed in which rats were given the same treatment by daily gavage. In both experiments, 24-hour urinary protein excretion in the saline-treated rats was significantly greater than that of the captopril-treated rats after 12 weeks of treatment (P < 0.05). Plasma urea nitrogen, plasma creatinine, and endogenous creatinine clearance did not differ between treatment groups during the course of therapy in experiment 1. There were no differences in these values in experiment 2, except at week 8 of treatment when the captopril-treated rats had significantly lower plasma creatinine and higher endogenous creatinine clearance than did the saline-treated rats (P < 0.05). There was also no difference between treatment groups in the degree of morphologic renal damage based on light microscopic evaluation of kidneys at the end of treatment.
Effect of Clonidine, quipazine, and LY 53857 on the prolactin-suppressant action of bromocriptine in rats
Authors: Lipham Luke B. , Booth Nicholas H. , Jernigan Antoinette D. , Robbins Joe D. , Hatch Roger C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The α2-adrenergic agonist clonidine hydrochloride, the serotonin agonist quipazine maleate, and the serotonin (5-HT2) antagonist LY 53857 were tested alone and in various combinations for their capabilities to increase mean serum prolactin (msp) concentrations in rats given the synthetic ergot alkaloid CB-154 (2-bromo-α-ergocriptine), a known prolactin suppressor.
The LY 53857 and the combination of clonidine, quipazine, and LY 53857 significantly decreased msp concentrations. Quipazine given alone (10 mg/kg of body weight) was best able to increase msp concentration and has potential to antagonize prolactin-depressant effects of ergot alkaloids.
Neuromuscular and cardiovascular effects of atracurium in ponies anesthetized with halothane
Authors: Hildebrand S. V. , Howitt G. A. , Arpin D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Atracurium besylate, a recently developed, intermediate-duration acting, neuromuscular-blocking agent, was given to 15 halothane-anesthetized ponies to produce surgical relaxation (95% to 99% reduction of hoof twitch). All 15 ponies were given 3 injections; 8 of the 15 ponies were given 2 additional injections. Initial dosage of 0.11 ± 0.01 mg/kg (mean ± sd) and all subsequent injections of 0.052 mg/kg produced desired relaxation.
Paralysis phase (maximum twitch reduction to 10% twitch recovery) lasted 24 ± 5 minutes for the initial injection. Paralysis from subsequent injections lasted for a slightly shorter time. Recovery phase (10% to 75% twitch recovery) was similar for all injections (initial and repeated) and lasted approximately 11 minutes. Cardiovascular side effects were not seen.
Reversal of effects of atracurium with administration of 0.5 mg of edrophonium/kg was achieved when the evoked digital extensor tension (twitch height) had returned to 95% of base line after the last atracurium injection. Edrophonium caused systolic blood pressure to increase 121% ± 7% of base-line pressure, which was 133 ± 18 mm of Hg. Heart rate changed to 93% ± 9% of base line after edrophonium was given, which was 49 ± 7 beat/min, but this change did not occur until after the blood pressure increased.
Recovery to standing was smooth and strong. Five ponies stood on their first attempt to rise, 5 on the 2nd attempt, 2 on the 3rd, and 1 on the 4th. Seven ponies stood within 30 minutes after transportation to the recovery stall, 7 within an hour. One pony took 70 minutes to regain its standing posture. Total anesthesia time was approximately 5 hours before transportation to the recovery area. Evidence of residual weakness was not noted.
Action of atracurium in ponies was similar to its action in other species, since atracurium gave reproducible magnitude and duration of relaxant effect, did not have a cumulative effect, and did not have cardiovascular side effects.
Use of a toxoid vaccine to protect goats against intradermal challenge exposure to Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
Authors: Brown Corrie C. , Olander Harvey J. , Biberstein Ernst L. , Morse Susan M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Two groups of male, 9-week-old goats (5 goats/group) were vaccinated subcutaneously with formalized exotoxin of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, with Freund's incomplete adjuvant. Each goat was given 2 vaccinations, 2 weeks apart. At each vaccination, each group 1 goat was given 0.5 ml of toxoid, and each group 2 goat was given 1 ml of toxoid. Twenty days after the 2nd vaccination, vaccinated goats and 5 nonvaccinated 12-week-old goats (controls) were inoculated intradermally (challenge exposed) with live C pseudotuberculosis, monitored for 13 weeks, and euthanatized. At necropsy, 5 of the 10 vaccinated goats did not have C pseudotuberculosis lesions, 3 had abscesses limited to the inoculation site and draining lymph node, and 2 had disseminated bacterial lesions. Of the 5 nonvaccinated controls, 4 had disseminated abscesses and 1 had a single abscess in an internal node. Serologically, 9 of the 10 vaccinated goats developed positive (≥ 1:8) antibody titers against the exotoxin within 1 week after inoculation; the 10th goat seroconverted 2 weeks after inoculation, whereas control goats required 3 weeks to develop a positive antibody response. Therefore, early during an infection with C pseudotuberculosis, antibodies against the exotoxin may protect a goat against spread of the organism.
All goats were injected intradermally before challenge exposure, 10 days after challenge exposure, and at 4, 8, and 12 weeks after challenge exposure with a skin-test reagent composed of fragmented bacterial cells. Skin-test reactions were not seen before challenge exposure. After challenge exposure, observable skin-test responses increased throughout the study.
Colostral transfer of Clostridium perfringens type C beta antitoxin in swine
Authors: Matisheck Peter H. , McGinley Michael 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Nine bred gilts were vaccinated with 2 doses of a Clostridium perfringens type C toxoid at a 5-week interval. Time of vaccination during gestation differed among the gilts. Clostridium perfringens β antitoxin in colostral samples and in serum samples was titrated in mice. Blood was collected from 2 to 5 neonatal pigs from each dam (total = 32 pigs) when the pigs were 36 to 48 hours old. Antitoxin titers in colostrum were 123 to 4.5 IU/ml, indicating considerable variation in individual responses of the gilts to toxoid. Serum titers of neonatal pigs reflected colostrum titers of their dams. This colostrum-to-serum titer correlation was essentially a straight-line fit by least-squares linear regression analysis, establishing a direct proportional relationship between colostrum titers and serum titers of neonatal pigs. In the dams, a correlation was not found between colostral titers and serum titers of blood samples collected 2 weeks after collection of colostrum.
Serum antibodies to Pasteurella haemolytica lipopolysaccharide: Relationship to experimental bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis
Authors: Confer A. W. , Panciera R. J. , Mosier D. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine the serum antibody response to Pasteurella haemolytica lipopolysaccharide (lps) for calves vaccinated with saline solution, a formalin-killed Ρ haemolytica bacterin, or live Ρ haemolytica. Bacterin-vaccinated calves had a lower antibody response to lps than did calves vaccinated with live Ρ haemolytica. Calves vaccinated with either saline solution or the bacterin were more susceptible to intrapulmonic challenge exposure with Ρ haemolytica than were calves vaccinated with live organisms.
Serum antibody responses to Ρ haemolytica lps did not seem important for resistance to challenge exposure, because there was no significant correlation (P > 0.05) between the lung lesion score and antibody response to Ρ haemolytica lps. There was a highly significant correlation (P < 0.001) between antibody detected against Ρ haemolytica lps and that against formalin-killed Ρ haemolytica. Competitive binding studies indicated that Ρ haemolytica lps is a major antigenic determinant on the surface of Ρ haemolytica. There did not seem to be substantial cross-reaction between lps from Ρ haemolytica and that from Escherichia coli (serotype O26:B6).
Hybridization of bovine Escherichia coli isolates with gene probes for four enterotoxins (STaP, STaH, STb, LT) and one adhesion factor (K99)
Authors: Mainil Jacques G. , Moseley Steve L. , Schneider Robert A. , Sutch Kathleen , Casey Thomas A. , Moon Harley W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Colony hybridizations with 4 enterotoxins (STaP, STaH, STb, and LT) and 1 adherence factor (K99) gene probes were done on Escherichia coli isolated from calves. Agreement between the K99 probing and a serologic assay to detect the K99 antigen was 99% for the identification of K99+ and K99- isolates. Ninety-five of the isolates (22%) hybridized with at least 1 enterotoxin gene probe (Ent+ isolates), and 82 (19%), with the K99 gene probe. The majority of Ent+ isolates (85%) reacted with probes for STaP and K99 genes. The STaP gene was present by itself in 4 of the Ent+ isolates (4%) and with the STb gene in 6 of the Ent+ isolates (6%). Five of the Ent+ isolates (5%) carried the STb and LT genes, and none (0%) of the isolates carried the STaH gene. All but 2 of the isolates with the K99 gene also had the STaP gene. Twenty-eight isolates shown to produce STa enterotoxin in previous studies failed to hybridize with any of the enterotoxin gene probes. These 28 isolates were also phenotypically negative when the tests for enterotoxin production were repeated. These isolates probably lost their genes for enterotoxin production during storage in the laboratory.
Effect of recombinant DNA-derived bovine α-1 interferon on transmissible gastroenteritis virus infection in swine
Authors: MacLachlan Ν. James , Anderson Kevin P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Recombinant DNA-derived bovine interferon α1-1 (BoIFN) inhibited replication of both vesicular stomatitis virus and transmissible gastroenteritis virus in cultures of swine testicular cells. Newborn pigs were orally inoculated with BoIFN and subsequently had interferon in their gastric contents and serum; however, interferon was found only occasionally in intestinal washings. Incubation of BoIFN with gastric contents from a newborn suckling pig did not affect antiviral activity, whereas intestinal (small intestine) contents from the same animal inactivated BoIFN within 1 minute. Beginning at 6 hours of age, newborn, colostrum-deprived pigs were given 1 mg of BoIFN orally every 12 hours. These pigs were not protected against challenge exposure to virulent transmissible gastroenteritis virus at 48 hours of age; disease and mortality were similar for these pigs and for control pigs not given BoIFN prior to challenge exposure. The BoIFN did not impair growth rate of pigs and did not cause obvious disease or lesions.
Nitrogen metabolism of calves inoculated with bovine adenovirus-3 or with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus
Authors: Cole N. A. , Delaney D. D. , Cummins J. M. , Hutcheson D. P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Beef calves were inoculated with bovine adenovirus-3 or infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus. After inoculation, plasma fibrinogen increased, serum phosphorus decreased, and nitrogen and phosphorus digestibility decreased compared with preinoculation values. Urinary Ν excretion increased when calves developed rectal temperatures > 39.7 C.
Results indicated that clinical infection of calves with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus increases urinary Ν excretion and reduces Ν and phosphorus balance, and that clinical and subclinical infections with either virus reduce dietary Ν digestibility.
Toxicologie and immunologic effects of sublethal doses of cyclopiazonic acid in rats
Authors: Hill Joseph E. , Lomax Larry G. , Cole Richard J. , Dorner Joe W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Effects of cyclopiazonic acid (cpa) on humoral immunity, cell-mediated immunity, weight gain, organ weights, clinical chemical and hematologic values, and gross and microscopic lesions were evaluated. Four groups of rats, each containing 3 males and 3 females, were given 0, 0.1, 1, and 5 mg of cpa/kg of body weight intraperitoneally for 28 days.
A dosage level of 5 mg/kg produced a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in weight gain. Rats given 0.1 or 1 mg of cpa/kg had a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in antibody titer against sheep rbc 5 days after injection. The 0.1 mg/kg group also had a significant reduction in antibody titer 7 days after injection. Microscopic lesions were limited to liver and kidneys and were characterized by vacuolated to granular hepatocyte cytoplasm and dilated renal convoluted tubules, many having pyknotic nuclei and scattered hyaline casts.
Effects of spontaneous, assisted, and controlled ventilatory modes in halothane-anesthetized geldings
Authors: Hodgson D. S. , Steffey E. P. , Grandy J. L. , Woliner M. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Cardiopulmonary effects of spontaneous, assisted, and controlled ventilatory modes were determined with 6 young, healthy geldings anesthetized with halothane at a constant dose (1.3 minimum alveolar concentration). All horses were in lateral recumbency, and all modes of ventilation were studied at least once during each anesthetic exposure. Cardiac output did not differ between spontaneous and assisted ventilation modes, but both modes were associated with significantly (P < 0.05) higher cardiac output than that with controlled ventilation. The PaCO2 differed significantly (P < 0.01) between all modes of ventilation. Although controlled ventilation maintained a normal PaCO2, assisted ventilation reduced PaCO2 as compared with spontaneous ventilation with less cardiovascular depression than that with controlled ventilation. Mixed venous O2 tensions were higher with spontaneous and assisted ventilation modes than with controlled ventilation. Except for shorter inspiratory time and smaller inspiratory/expiratory ratio associated with spontaneous ventilation, there were no ventilatory mode-related effects on ventilatory variables.
Monoclonal antibodies produced to Streptococcus agalactiae
Authors: Ainsworth A. J. , Capley Gina 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Two monoclonal antibodies produced against Streptococcus agalactiae were studied for their specificity and sensitivity. Both reacted strongly in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and indirect fluorescent antibody test with S agalactiae, but did not react with other gram-positive organisms frequently found in test herds in Mississippi. A procedure for using monoclonal antibodies in the detection of S agalactiae-infected milk samples is proposed.
Efficacy of avridine as an adjuvant for Newcastle disease virus antigen in chickens
Authors: Rweyemamu Mark M. , Umehara Ossamuro , de Lucca-Neto Domingos , de C. Baltazar Mário , Vicente Fausto E. , da R. Medeiros-Neto Raul 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Avridine, a lipoidal amine with interferon-inducing and adjuvant properties, was an effective adjuvant for Newcastle disease antigen (nda) in chickens. Eleven vaccine lots were evaluated: 2 commercial water-in-oil vaccines, 4 experimental oil emulsion vaccines, 4 avridine-containing vaccines, and a control lot of nonadjuvanted antigen. Avridine significantly enhanced the immunologic responses of chickens against nda. Chickens vaccinated with the avridine-containing vaccines had significantly higher antibody titers (hemagglutination inhibition) than did chickens vaccinated with the commercial vaccines. Experimental oil emulsion vaccines prepared from the same antigens as avridine-adjuvanted vaccines induced higher hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers after primary but not after booster vaccination. Use of avridine as an adjuvant for nda in vaccines for chickens induced immunologic protection rates similar to those induced by oil emulsion vaccines, without causing the reactogenic and tissue residue problems associated with the use of oil vaccines in chickens.
Contributions of the glossopharyngeal nerve and the pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve to the swallowing process in dogs
Authors: Venker-van Haagen A. J. , Hartman W. , Wolvekamp W. Th. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The separate contributions of the glossopharyngeal nerve and the pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve to the innervation of the pharyngeal muscles were studied first in 10 canine cadavers by dissection of the pharyngeal plexus and the pharyngeal muscles. In 10 other dogs, the parent trunks and 1st division of the glossopharyngeal nerve and the pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve were electrically stimulated. The evoked stimulation potentials were recorded from the stylopharyngeal, hyopharyngeal, thyropharyngeal, and cricopharyngeal muscles. One of the parent trunks was then transected, and the effects on the swallowing process were observed clinically and by contrast videofluorography. Denervation potentials resulting from nerve transection were recorded in the soft palate, the hyopharyngeal, thyropharyngeal, and cricopharyngeal muscles.
The pharyngeal plexus was composed of branches originating from the glossopharyngeal nerve and the pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve. In most dogs, the pharyngeal muscles and the soft palate were innervated ipsilaterally by both nerves. The swallowing process was more severely disturbed after bilateral transection of the pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve than after bilateral transection of the glossopharyngeal nerve.
Acute intravascular hemolytic anemia in the black rhinoceros: Hematologic and immunohematologic observations
Authors: Chaplin Hugh , Malecek Anne C. , Miller R. Eric , Bell C. Elliott , Gray Lloyd S. , Hunter Vickie L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
To investigate the syndrome of acute intravascular hemolytic anemia in the black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis), laboratory techniques used in the differential diagnosis of hemolytic anemias were performed on blood samples from 6 black rhinoceroses: 3 nonrelated healthy rhinoceroses, 1 rhinoceros with iron deficiency anemia, and 2 rhinoceroses with intravascular hemolysis. Osmotic fragility, erythrocyte membrane protein composition, hemoglobin electrophoresis, and hemoglobin stability did not distinguish between healthy and affected (anemia or hemolysis) rhinoceroses. Polyclonal antiglobulin reagents were prepared in rabbits, using whole rhinoceros serum and purified rhinoceros immunoglobulin G. These reagents were nonreactive against erythrocytes of the healthy and iron-deficient rhinoceroses. Reactions with rbc from the rhinoceros with fatal hemolytic anemia indicated increased membrane coating by the third component of complement; this was not evident in a second rhinoceros that survived a hemolytic event.
Acute intravascular hemolysis in the black rhinoceros: Erythrocyte enzymes and metabolic intermediates
Authors: Paglia Donald E. , Valentine William N. , Miller R. Eric , Nakatani Misae , Brockway Richard A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Enzymes of aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis, glutathione cycling, and nucleotide metabolism were assayed on erythrocytes from 7 healthy rhinoceroses, 2 rhinoceroses during periods of intravascular hemolysis, and 1 rhinoceros without clinical signs of illness, which was the mother of 3 offspring with intravascular hemolytic syndrome. Measurements also were made of erythrocyte concentrations of glycolytic intermediates, adenine nucleotides, and glutathione. Although comparison of results for healthy and affected rhinoceroses did not identify an enzyme abnormality as a cause for the hemolytic syndrome, the data provided information regarding the metabolic characteristics of erythrocytes from healthy rhinoceroses.