bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Normal counterparts’ of nodal peripheral T‐cell lymphoma
Authors: Rüdiger Thomas , Geissinger Eva , Müller‐Hermelink Hans Konrad 
Published: June 2006

AbstractPeripheral T‐cell lymphomas (PTCL) have been difficult to classify. A homogeneous principle of classification is still lacking, partly because lymph node compartments containing functionally distinct T‐cell subsets have not been identified. A correlation to differentiated T‐cell subsets, as CD4+ or CD8+ cells as well as cytotoxic populations has not revealed clinically meaningful entities. Upon antigen encounter, mature T‐cells pass through distinct stages characterized by their surface molecule expression. Naïve T‐cells are CD45RA+/CD45R0−/CD27+/CCR7+, however, after antigen contact CD45RA expression is replaced by CD45R0. They differentiate to central memory cells, which retain CD27 and CCR7, or to effector‐memory cells, which loose expression of both molecules depending on the strength of the antigen interaction. Immunohistological analysis of PTCL showed an effector or effector‐memory cell phenotype (CD45RA−/CD45R0+/CD27−) for both angioimmunoblastic T‐cell lymphoma (AILT) and anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL), but different cytotoxic and activation markers expressed by these tumours. A subset of CD4+ PTCL‐not otherwise specified (PTCL‐NOS) may correspond to a central memory cell phenotype (CD45RA−/CD45R0+/CD27+). Thus, a correlation of PTCL to stages of differentiation, rather than to the direction of differentiation, may reveal homogeneous categories. A comparison between the lymphomas and their normal counterparts maycontribute to the understanding of the underlying transformation mechanisms. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Automated measurement of mean wall thickness in the common carotid artery by MRI: A comparison to intima‐media thickness by B‐mode ultrasound
Authors: Underhill Hunter R. , Kerwin William S. , Hatsukami Thomas S. , Yuan Chun 
Published: June 2006

AbstractPurposeTo determine whether the mean wall thickness (MWT) of the common carotid artery (CCA) measured by MRI is comparable to B‐mode ultrasound (US) measurement of the intima‐media thickness (IMT), an established marker of cardiovascular risk.Materials and MethodsAs part of the two‐year ORION trial, 43 patients with 16–79% stenosis by duplex US underwent high‐resolution MRI and B‐mode US examinations of their carotid arteries. Twenty‐eight carotid arteries were identified as having both sufficient proximal coverage and adequate image quality of the CCA on MRI and a corresponding US. A novel algorithm utilizing statistical shape modeling was developed to automatically detect and measure MWT to within subpixel accuracy. The interrater and interscan reproducibility of the MWT measurement was computed as the root‐mean‐square (RMS) difference. The MWT and IMT measurements were compared via the Pearson correlation coefficient.ResultsThe MWT and IMT had a high Pearson correlation coefficient (r = 0.93; P < 0.001). The RMS difference between readers and between scans was 0.01 mm and 0.04 mm, respectively. Our automated algorithm correctly identified the lumen in 28 cases (100%) and the outer‐wall boundary in 26 cases (93%).ConclusionAutomated measurements of the MWT by MRI are reproducible and have a high correlation with the IMT by B‐mode US. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. Published 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Temporal dynamics of neurite outgrowth promoted by basic fibroblast growth factor in chick ciliary ganglia
Authors: Zamburlin Pollyanna , Gilardino Alessandra , Dalmazzo Simona , Ariano Paolo , Lovisolo Davide 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBasic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is a potent and multifunctional neurotrophic factor that can influence neuronal survival and differentiation. It has been shown to modulate growth and orientation of neuritic processes both in intact organs and in neuronal cultures, with a wide spectrum of effects on different preparations. Here we report that it promotes neurite growth in developing parasympathetic neurons from the chick ciliary ganglion. We have used both organotypic cultures and dissociated neurons, and we have combined assessment of global neurite growth by immunocytochemical techniques with evaluation of dynamic parameters of single neurites via time‐lapse microscopy. We show that laminin, a molecule of the extracellular matrix that has been associated with stimulation of neurite extension, has only a limited and short‐lived effect on neurite outgrowth. In contrast, bFGF can promote global growth of the neuritic network both in whole ganglia and in dissociated cultures for times up to 48 hr, and this effect is related to an increase in the growth rate of single neurites. Moreover, the effect can be observed even in enriched neuronal cultures, pointing to a direct action of bFGF on neurons. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Factors affecting the meat quality of veal
Authors: Ngapo Tania M , Gariépy Claude 
Published: June 2006

AbstractOver the last 50 years the veal industry has seen a number of changes, in particularly in production systems with the introduction and acceptance of grain‐fed and heavier calves and the progressive move from individual pens to group housing. Reasons for the changes are multi‐faceted of which two important players are the well‐being of the animal and the public perception of the industry. Regardless of the reasons for the changes, breeders strive to attain veal conforming to the rigorous standards reflecting consumer demands. Consequently a multitude of publications exists on production factors in veal farming. However, many of these reports stop at the ‘farm gate’, or more correctly, the slaughterhouse, where carcass characteristics in particular are assessed. Changes in production systems generally aim to improve feed efficiency and weight gains, but often overlook meat quality aspects which ultimately dictate financial gains. This review aims to summarise the existing and available literature on factors affecting the quality of veal meat. The topics covered include the effects of breed, sex, weight or age, diet composition and dietary treatments, environment and pre‐slaughter handling, and processing factors such as stunning, electrical stimulation, ageing and packaging. Copyright © 2006 Crown in the right of Canada. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Xanthate‐Mediated Controlled Radical Polymerization of N‐Vinylcarbazole
Authors: Mori Hideharu , Ookuma Hiroshi , Nakano Shuji , Endo Takeshi 
Published: June 2006

AbstractSummary: Well‐defined poly(N‐vinylcarbazole) [poly(NVC)] was synthesized by macromolecular design via interchange of the xanthates (MADIX)/reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. The homopolymers with controlled molecular weights ($\overline M _{\rm n}$ = 3 000–48 000) and low polydispersities indices ($\overline M _{\rm w} /\overline M _{\rm n}$ = 1.15–1.20) were obtained by the polymerization of NVC with AIBN in the presence of O‐ethyl‐S‐(1‐phenylethyl) dithiocarbonate as a xanthate‐type chain transfer agent (CTA). Good control of the polymerization was confirmed by the linear first‐order kinetic plot, the molecular weight controlled by the monomer/CTA molar ratio, linear increase in the molecular weight with the conversion, and the ability to extend the chains by the second addition of the monomer.Radical polymerization of NVC in the presence of CTA and plot of number‐average molecular weight (circles) and polydispersity (squares) as a function of conversion.magnified imageRadical polymerization of NVC in the presence of CTA and plot of number‐average molecular weight (circles) and polydispersity (squares) as a function of conversion.
Connector Effect in Electroluminescent Properties of Poly(p‐phenylene vinylene) Derivatives Containing Triazole Chromophores
Authors: Chen Shinn‐Horng , Chen Yun 
Published: June 2006

AbstractSummary: We report the thermal, optical, electrochemical and electroluminescent properties of four polymers P1–P4 consisting of hole‐transporting [1,4‐bis(hexyloxy)‐2,5‐distyrylbenzene;DSB] and electron‐transporting [4‐(4‐(hexyloxy)phenyl)‐3,5‐diphenyl‐4H‐1,2,4‐triazole; TAZ] fluorophores linked by four kinds of connectors: (1) ether spacers, (2) single bonds, (3) 1,4‐phenylenes, and (4) 1,4‐divinylbenzenes. These polymers are soluble in common organic solvents such as chloroform, N‐methylpyrrolidone (NMP) and CH2Cl2CH2Cl2 and exhibit good thermal stability with decomposition temperatures higher than 340 °C. Compounds M1–M3 containing a TAZ or DSB core were employed as a model to study the optical properties of the polymers. The photoluminescence (PL) spectral maxima of P1–P4 in CHCl3 were spread over a wide range, from 453 nm to 501 nm, depending upon the chemical structures of the connectors. In the film state, the PL maxima shifted bathochromically from 464nm to 538 nm, which can be attributed to the formation of excimers. From the optimized semiempirical modified neglect of diatomic overlap (MNDO) calculations, the adjacent benzene rings between DSB and TAZ chromophores in P2 and P3 twist about 81–89° which is significantly different from P4 (circa 0°). The effect of the twisted connector architectures on optical and electrochemical properties for P1–P4 is discussed. The electroluminescences of P1–P4 and corresponding Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (C.I.E.) coordinates are also depicted to indicate that incorporating different connectors to these polymers changed their color from blue, to green, to the yellow region.The C.I.E. 1931 diagram of lights emitted from the PLED devices (ITO/PEDOT:PSS/P1–P4/Al).magnified imageThe C.I.E. 1931 diagram of lights emitted from the PLED devices (ITO/PEDOT:PSS/P1–P4/Al).
Stabilization of Polymer Bilayers by Introducing Crosslinking at the Interface
Authors: An Narong , Li Yanxia , Yang Yuming , Yu Fusheng , Dong Lisong 
Published: June 2006

AbstractSummary: Bisphenol A solid epoxy serves as an effective reaction compatibilizer to the bisphenol A polycarbonate (PC)/PMMA bilayer systems. Addition of epoxy to the bottom PMMA layer can retard or even prevent the dewetting of PC films by introducing crosslinking between both components at the interface. This is the first investigation of polymer bilayers stabilized by chemical reactions.AFM topographic image of a representative dewetting hole.magnified imageAFM topographic image of a representative dewetting hole.
Continuum damage mechanics for hysteresis and fatigue of quasi‐brittle materials and structures
Authors: Desmorat R. , Ragueneau F. , Pham H. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractFor a material exhibiting hysteresis such as quasi‐brittle materials, it is natural to consider that hysteresis and fatigue are related to each other. One shows in the present work that damage, from the continuum damage mechanics point of view, may be seen as the link between both phenomena. One attempts, hence, to set up a unified modelling of hysteresis and damage. Numerical examples are given for concrete and validate the proposed model of internal sliding and friction coupled with damage. The problem of a proper phenomenological modelling of the micro‐defects closure effect leading to a dissymmetric tension/compression response and to stiffness recovery in compression is also addressed. Cyclic and fatigue applications are in mind, and also random fatigue and seismic responses. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and characterization of sulfonated polyimides containing aliphatic linkages in the main chain
Authors: Jang Wonbong , Kim Dowan , Choi Seunghyuk , Shul Yong Gun , Han Haksoo 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA series of six‐membered sulfonated polyimides with aliphatic linkages (SPIAs) was successfully synthesized using 1,4,5,8‐naphthalenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (NTDA), 4,4′‐diaminobiphenyl 2,2′‐disulfonic acid (BDSA) as the sulfonated diamine, and aliphatic diamines H2N(CH2)nNH2 where n = 6, 8, 10, 12. These SPIAs were evaluated for thermal stability, ion exchange capacity (IEC), water uptake, proton conductivity, and hydrolytic stability. Proton conductivity and hydrolytic stability of the SPIAs were compared with the fully aromatic polyimide (MDA‐SPI) prepared from 4,4′‐methylenedianiline (MDA), BDSA, and NTDA. All the SPIAs exhibited high thermal stability. As the chain length of the aliphatic diamine decreased, the IEC and water uptake of the SPIAs increased. The SPIAs showed higher proton conductivity than commercially available membranes such as Nafion 117 at high temperatures and higher proton conductivity than MDA‐SPI at all temperatures. All SPIAs exhibited a hydrolytic stability more than twice as high as that of MDA‐SPI. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Proteomic dissection of plant development
Authors: Hochholdinger Frank , Sauer Michaela , Dembinsky Diana , Hoecker Nadine , Muthreich Nils , Saleem Muhammad , Liu Yan 
Published: June 2006

AbstractPlant development is controlled by complex endogenous genetic programs and responses to environmental cues. Proteome analyses have recently been introduced to plant biology to identify proteins instrumental in these developmental processes. To date most plant proteome studies have been employed to generate reference maps of the most abundant soluble proteins of plant organs at a defined developmental stage. However, proteomics is now also utilized for genetic studies comparing the proteomes of different plant genotypes, for physiological studies analyzing the influences of exogenous signals on a particular plant organ, and developmental studies investigating proteome changes during development. Technical advances are now beginning to allow a proteomic dissection of individual cell types, thus greatly increasing the information revealed by proteome analyses.
Determination of dihedral Ψ angles in large proteins by combining NHN/CαHα dipole/dipole cross‐correlation and chemical shifts
Authors: Loth Karine , Abergel Daniel , Pelupessy Philippe , Delarue Marc , Lopes Philippe , Ouazzani Jamal , Duclert‐Savatier Nathalie , Nilges Michael , Bodenhausen Geoffrey , Stoven Véronique 
Published: June 2006

AbstractWe propose a strategy based on the combination of experimental NHN/CαHα dipole/dipole cross‐correlated relaxation rates and chemical shift analysis for the determination of Ψ torsion angles in proteins. The method allows the determination of a dihedral angle that is not easily accessible by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The measurement of dihedral angle restraints can be used for structure calculation, which is known to improve the quality of NMR structures. The method is of particular interest in the case of large proteins, for which spectral assignment of the nuclear Overhauser effect spectra, and therefore straightforward structural determination, is out of reach. One advantage of the method is that it is reasonably simple to implement, and could be used in association with other methods aiming at obtaining structural information on complex systems, such as residual dipolar coupling measurements. An illustrative example is analyzed in the case of the 30‐kDa protein 6‐phosphogluconolactonase. Proteins 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multiagent reinforcement learning with the partly high‐dimensional state space
Authors: Fujita Kazuyuki , Matsuo Hiroshi 
Published: June 2006

AbstractOne method of designing a multiagent system is called multiagent reinforcement learning. In multiagent reinforcement learning, an agent also observes the other agents as part of the environment. As a result, as the number of agents increases, the state space increases exponentially (curse of dimensionality), and the learning speed decreases dramatically. The amount of memory required for learning also becomes enormous. Modular Q‐learning, which was proposed as a technique for solving this problem, has the disadvantage that the learning performance decreases due to the incompleteness of perception. In the current research, the authors propose the HMQL technique for improving the learning performance of Modular Q‐learning by using a method of partially increasing the dimensionality of the state space. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 37(9): 22–31, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.20526
Dynamic amino acid increases in the basolateral amygdala during acquisition and expression of conditioned fear
Authors: Venton B. Jill , Robinson Terry E. , Kennedy Robert T. , Maren Stephen 
Published: June 2006

AbstractGlutamate and γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) release in the amygdala are thought to be crucial for the acquisition and expression of fear memories, but the time course of amino acid changes during conditioning is unknown. We used rapid‐sampling microdialysis with 14 s temporal resolution to address this issue. During auditory fear conditioning, large, rapid and transient increases in glutamate and GABA were detected, but only during the first noise–shock pairing. In contrast, rats receiving unsignaled shocks during contextual fear conditioning showed no changes in GABA and less glutamate release for the initial shock, but increased glutamate release during later shocks. Expression of conditioned fear to either a white noise or the context previously paired with shock produced similar rapid and transient increases in many amino acids in the amygdala. These experiments demonstrate glutamate and GABA levels in the amygdala are differentially modulated during auditory and contextual fear learning, and are transiently increased during the expression of fear memories.
Neuronal circuitry and synaptic organization of trigeminal proprioceptive afferents mediating tongue movement and jaw–tongue coordination via hypoglossal premotor neurons
Authors: Luo Pifu , Zhang Jingdong , Yang Regina , Pendlebury William 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe neural framework and synaptic organization of trigeminal proprioceptive afferent‐mediated jaw–tongue coordination were studied in rats using multiple electrophysiological and neuroanatomical approaches. Electrostimulation of the masseter nerve evoked short‐latency responses (5.86 ± 2.59 ms) in hypoglossal premotor pools including the parvocellular (PCRt) and intermediate (IRt) reticular nuclei and the dorsomedial part of the spinal trigeminal nucleus oralis (Vodm) and interpolaris (Vidm). Biocytin‐labelled axon terminals from these areas traveled into the hypoglossal nucleus (XII) and contacted motoneurons. Double labelling of biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) tracing and cholera toxin B (CTB) transport demonstrated that labelled axons and terminals from the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus (Vme) overlapped with XII premotor neurons in the alpha division and in PCRt, IRt, Vodm and Vidm. Confocal microscopic observations revealed that Vme terminals closely contacted XII premotor neurons. Dual labelling of intracellular neurobiotin staining of jaw‐muscle spindle afferents (JMSAs) combined with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) retrograde transport revealed that 498 JMSA boutons apposed to 146 HRP‐labelled premotor neurons. Electron microscopic observations demonstrated that 127 JMSA boutons made both axodendritic (68%) and axosomatic (32%) synapses with XII premotor neurons. Eighty‐three per cent of synapses were asymmetric and the rest (17%) were symmetric. Thirty‐nine per cent of JMSA boutons received presynaptic contacts from P‐type terminals. Varieties of synaptic organizations were found. These results provide evidence that trigeminal proprioceptive afferents mediate jaw–tongue coordination through XII premotor neurons. Ultrastructural findings demonstrated that synapses between JMSA boutons and XII premotor neurons are predominantly excitatory, and synaptic transmission to XII motoneurons is modified on XII premotor neurons by presynaptic mechanisms. These frameworks and synaptic organizations are most probably the neural substrate for trigeminal proprioceptive afferent‐mediated jaw–tongue coordination.
In vitro tracheal hyperresponsiveness to muscarinic receptor stimulation by carbachol in a rat model of bleomycin‐induced pulmonary fibrosis
Authors: Barrio J. , Cortijo J. , Milara J. , Mata M. , Guijarro R. , Blasco P. , Morcillo E. J. 
Published: June 2006

Summary 1 Bleomycin‐induced lung injury is widely used as an experimental model to investigate the pathophysiology of pulmonary fibrosis but the alterations in the pharmacological responsiveness of airways isolated from bleomycin‐exposed animals has been scarcely investigated. The aim of this study was to examine the in vitro tracheal responses to muscarinic receptor stimulation with carbachol in a rat bleomycin model. 2 Concentration–response curves to carbachol (10 nm to 0.1 mm) were obtained in tracheal rings isolated from Sprague–Dawley rats 14 days after endotracheal bleomycin or saline. The intracellular calcium signal in response to carbachol (10 μm) was measured by epifluorescence microscopy using fura‐2 in primary cultures of tracheal smooth muscle cells from bleomycin‐ and saline‐exposed rats. Circulating plasma tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α/interleukin (IL)‐1β levels were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. 3 Maximal contraction in response to carbachol was significantly greater in tracheal rings from bleomycin‐exposed rats compared with controls (15.8 ± 1.3 mN vs. 11.8 ± 1.4 mN; n = 19, P < 0.05). 4 Carbachol (10 μm) elicited a transient increase of intracellular calcium with greater increment in tracheal smooth muscle cells from bleomycin‐exposed rats compared with controls (372 ± 42 nmvs. 176 ± 20 nm; n = 7, P < 0.01). 5 Circulating plasma levels of TNF‐α/IL‐1β were augmented in bleomycin‐exposed rats compared with controls. Tissue incubation with TNF‐α (100 ng ml−1)/IL‐1β (10 ng ml−1) increased in vitro tracheal responsiveness to carbachol. 6 In conclusion, tracheal contraction in response to muscarinic receptor stimulation with carbachol was increased in bleomycin‐exposed rats. This in vitro cholinergic hyperresponsiveness may be related to the augmented levels of inflammatory cytokines in bleomycin‐exposed rats.
Nasal symptoms, airway obstruction and disease severity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Hurst John R. , Kuchai Romana , Michael Philip , Perera Wayomi R. , Wilkinson Tom M.A. , Wedzicha Jadwiga A. 
Published: June 2006

SummaryBackground:  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by inflammation of the lung in association with airflow obstruction. There is increasing evidence of upper airway involvement in COPD and we have reported that this nasal inflammation is proportional to that in the lung. Given recognized relationships between lower airway inflammation and spirometric indices such as the Forced Expiratory Volume in one second (FEV1), we hypothesized that there may be a relationship between nasal obstruction and FEV1 in COPD. We also sought to investigate relationships between nasal symptoms and nasal patency in COPD.Methods:  We assessed the nasal and pulmonary airways, using acoustic rhinometry and spirometry respectively, in 51 patients with COPD.Results:  The presence of chronic nasal symptoms in COPD was associated with reduced nasal patency (6·04 cm2 symptoms vs. 9·55 cm2 no symptoms, at the second minimum cross‐sectional area, P = 0·049). Nasal patency in COPD was inversely proportional to pulmonary airflow obstruction, and therefore to COPD disease severity (e.g. FEV1% predicted vs. second minimum cross‐sectional area, r = 0·36, P = 0·009).Conclusions:  The degree of nasal airway obstruction in COPD reflects the impairment to pulmonary airflow, and is greater in the presence of chronic nasal symptoms. This study provides further evidence of pan‐airway involvement in COPD.