bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Space techniques used to measure change in terrestrial waters
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

Terrestrial waters—including snowpack, glaciers, water in aquifers and other geological formations, water in the plant root zone, rivers, lakes, man‐made reservoirs, wetlands, and inundated areas—represent less than a mere 1% of the total amount of water on Earth. However, they have a crucial impact on terrestrial life and human needs and play a major role in climate variability.Land waters are continuously exchanged with the atmosphere and oceans in vertical and horizontal mass fluxes through evaporation, transpiration, and surface and subsurface runoff. Although it is now recognized that improved description of the terrestrial branch of the global water cycle is of major importance for climate research and for inventory and management of water resources, the global distribution and spatial‐temporal variations of terrestrial waters are still poorly known because routine in situ observations are not available globally. So far, global estimates of spatial‐temporal change of land water stored in soils and in the snowpack essentially rely on hydrological models, either coupled with atmosphere/ocean global circulation models and/or forced by observations.
Undergraduate program focuses on international issues in water resources
Authors: Tyler Scott W. , Siliman Stephen E. , Campana Michael E. 
Published: October 2006

For the past two summers, faculty from the University of Notre Dame, the University of Nevada, Reno, and the University of New Mexico have directed a U.S.National Science Foundation (NSF) Research Experience for Undergraduates (REU) site focusing on issues in international water resources. (See REU Site on Water Resources in Developing Countries, www.nd.edu/~reuwater/). The overarching objective of this project is to engage and educate U.S. students in the issues and problems facing the world's nations in water resource development and potable water supply.The stated goals of the REU program are to expand student participation in all areas of research, and specifically, to attract a diverse group of students into the fields of science and engineering, including graduate‐level studies. In addition, international REU sites often seek to develop students who can be “globally competent;” that is, understand science and engineering in frameworks other than a North American perspective. (More information on international REU sites and site development can be found at www.nsftokyo.org/ and www.nsf.gov/sbe/int/.)
GPS probes the kinematics of the Vrancea Seismogenic Zone
Authors: van der Hoeven André , Schmitt Günter , Dinter Georg , Mocanu Victor , Spakman Wim 
Published: October 2006

In late 2001, the Surface Behavior and Dynamical Units of the Southeast Carpathian Tectonics (SUBDUCT) program was initiated by the Netherlands Research Center for Integrated Solid Earth Sciences (ISES), together with the faculty of geology and geophysics at the University of Bucharest, and the (Romanian) National Institute for Earth Physics.The aim of this program is to monitor, analyze, and interpret the surface motions occurring in response to active crust‐lithosphere dynamics of the southeast Carpathians in Romania (Figure 1), using the Global Positioning System (GPS). For this region, observations of surface kinematics constitute a new and independent data source. In combination with other information, mainly obtained by geologic and geophysical studies, surface motions may help to unravel the intriguing tectonics of the region. Particularly SUBDUCT focuses on the dynamic processes of the Vrancea high‐seismicity region.
What is the physical meaning of the AE index?
Authors: Kamide Y. , Rostoker G. 
Published: October 2006

We would like to propose ceasing the derivation and distribution of the AE (Auroral electrojet) index because AE has no physically interpretable meaning and is therefore of no scientific value. Note that the term “AE indices” is different from the term “AE index;” the former includes the AU and AL indices, whereas the latter is just the AE index itself. (See below for the definition of AU and AL.)Since the introduction of the AE indices by Davis and Sugiura [1966], scientists have relied on the indices to monitor the level of geomagnetic disturbance resulting from the auroral electrojets and hence, by proxy, to specify the state of the magnetosphere and the ionosphere. The AE index was defined by the separation between the upper and lower envelopes of the superposed H component plots from auroral‐zone magnetic observatories. The upper and lower envelopes were defined as the AU and AL indices, respectively Thus, there is the relationship given by AE = AU ‐ AL.
Siberian River Run‐off in the Kara Sea: Characterisation, Quantification, Variability and Environmental Significance
Authors: Polyak Leonid 
Published: October 2006

After the end of the Cold War, the number of scientific publications dealing with Russian Arctic seas increased dramatically These include compilations of Soviet‐era data sets, as well as new data collected by international expeditions since the early 1990s. Several large, multidisciplinary projects were organized through Russian‐German research partnership focusing on the Laptev and Kara seas.Notably the Siberian River Run‐off (SIRRO) project was aimed at investigating the effects of the discharge of western Siberian rivers on the Kara Sea. The importance of this topic is justified by the critical role of runoff in the formation and maintenance of the Arctic Ocean ice cover, and in controlling the deep‐sea thermohaline convection in the Nordic seas. The Kara Sea receives more than one‐third of the total runoff into the Arctic Ocean, predominantly from the Ob and Yenisey rivers, which drain a huge catchment area extending to the slopes of the Tibetan Plateau.
U.S. Quaternary fault and fold database released
Authors: Haller Kathleen M. , Machette Michael N. , Dart Richard L. , Rhea B. Susan 
Published: October 2006

A comprehensive online compilation of Quaternary‐age faults and folds throughout the United States was recently released by the U.S. Geological Survey with cooperation from state geological surveys, academia, and the private sector.The Web site (http://Qfaults. cr.usgs.gov/) contains searchable databases and related geo‐spatial data that characterize earthquake‐related structures that could be potential seismic sources for large‐magnitude (M>6) earthquakes.This is the first nationwide compilation to provide current, comprehensive, geologically based information on known or suspected active faults. The Web site features a visual depiction of spatial and temporal patterns of faulting at local, regional, and national scales. Comprehensive written descriptions based on published data are presented in a uniform format for nearly 2000 faults nationwide. The database will be of interest to the seismological, geodetic, paleoseismic, and the ever‐growing seismic hazard assessment communities, as well as emergency managers, the insurance industry earthquake engineers, public officials, and developers. The Web site features a user‐friendly interface and supports user‐defined, downloadable geographic information system (GIS) data.
The global seismographic network surpasses its design goal
Authors: Butler Rhett , Lay Thome , Creager Ken , Earl Paul , Fischer Karen , Gaherty Jim , Laske Gabi , Leith Bill , Park Jeff , Ritzwolle Mike , Tromp Jeroen , Wen Lianxing 
Published: October 2006

This year, the Global Seismographic Network (GSN) surpassed its 128‐station design goal for uniform worldwide coverage of the Earth. A total of 136 GSN stations are now sited from the South Pole to Siberia, and from the Amazon Basin to the sea floor of the northeast Pacific Ocean—in cooperation with over 100 host organizations and seismic networks in 59 countries worldwide (Figure 1).Established in 1986 by the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS) to replace the obsolete, analog Worldwide Standardized Seismograph Network (WWSSN),the GSN continues a tradition in global seismology that dates back more than a century to the network of Milne seismographs that initially spanned the globe. The GSN is a permanent network of state‐of‐the‐art seismological and geophysical sensors connected by available telecommunications to serve as a multi‐use scientific facility and societal resource for scientific research, environmental monitoring, and education for our national and international community.
Proposed initiative would study Earth's weathering engine
Authors: Anderson Suzanne P. , Blum Joel , Brantley Susan L. , Chadwick Oliver , Chorover Jon , Derry Louis A. , Drever James I. , Hering Janet G. , Kirchner James W. , Kump Lee R. , Richter Daniel , White Art E. 
Published: October 2006

At the Earth's surface, a complex suite of chemical, biological, and physical processes combines to create the engine that transforms bedrock into soil (Figure 1). Earth's weathering engine provides nutrients to nourish ecosystems and human society mediates the transport of toxic components within the biosphere, creates water flow paths that carve and weaken bedrock, and contributes to the evolution of landscapes at all temporal and spatial scales. At the longest time scales, the weathering engine sequesters CO2, thereby influencing long‐term climate change.Despite the importance of soil, our knowledge of the rate of soil formation is limited because the weathering zone forms a complex, ever‐changing interface, and because scientific approaches and funding paradigms have not promoted integrated research agendas to investigate such complex interactions. No national initiative has promoted a systems approach to investigation of weathering science across the broad array of geology, soil science, ecology and hydrology. Such a program is certainly needed, and this article describes a platform on which to build the initiative to answer the following question: How does the Earth weathering engine break down rock to nourish ecosystems, carve errestrial landscapes, and control carbon dioxide in the global atmosphere?
Degassing the “Killer Lakes” Nyos and Monoun, Cameroon
Authors: Halbwachs Michel , Sabroux Jean‐Christophe , Grangeon Jacques , Kayser Gaston , Tochon‐Danguy Jean‐Claude , Felix Alain , B´eard Jean‐Christophe , Villevieille Adelin , Vitter Gérard , Richon Patrick , Wüest Alfred , Hell Joseph 
Published: October 2006

A unique humanitarian, scientific, and technical experiment is currently taking place in a forgotten mountainous region of West Africa.The experiment is on the verge of reaching its operational stage, which consists of the eradication of a “new” natural hazard; one that is potentially devastating, but which has been known for only 20 years. The Lake Nyos catastrophe, which claimed 1800 victims in August 1986, was not unprecedented. Indeed, 2 years previously a lethal gas burst, originating from nearby Lake Monoun in the same remote area of Cameroon, killed 37 people—an odd and tragic episode that went almost unnoticed. One had never before heard of Mother Nature asphyxiating human beings and most higher animals on such a scale in a single and brief non‐volcanic event.
Climate, Santa Ana Winds and autumn wildfires in southern California
Authors: Westerling Anthony L. , Cayan Daniel R. , Brown Timothy J. , Hall Beth L. , Riddle Laurence G. 
Published: October 2006

Wildfires periodically burn large areas of chaparral and adjacent woodlands in autumn and winter in southern California. These fires often occur in conjunction with Santa Ana weather events, which combine high winds and low humidity, and tend to follow a wet winter rainy season. Because conditions fostering large fall and winter wildfires in California are the result of large‐scale patterns in atmospheric circulation, the same dangerous conditions are likely to occur over a wide area at the same time.Furthermore, over a century of watershed reserve management and fire suppression have promoted fuel accumulations, helping to shape one of the most conflagration‐prone environments in the world [Pyne, 1997]. Combined with a complex topography and a large human population, southern Californian ecology and climate pose a considerable physical and societal challenge to fire management.
InSAR permanent scatterer analysis reveals ups and downs in San Francisco Bay Area
Authors: Ferretti A. , Novali F. , Bürgmann R. , Hilley G. , Prati C. 
Published: October 2006

Using new analysis techniques of spacebased radar data, surface deformation features caused by various tectonic, geomorphic, and hydrologic processes are imaged in the San Francisco Bay area of California. Uplift is due mainly to sub‐mm/yr tectonic upheaval related to slip along and interaction of the complex array of San Andreas transform system faults, while seasonally recharging aquifers account for tens‐of‐millimeters rise. Observed downward motions are caused by seasonally depleting aquifers, active deep‐seated landslides, and rapid settling of unconsolidated sediments and man‐made fill alongside the San Francisco Bay.Synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) from Earth‐orbiting spacecraft has revolutionized the field of crustal deformation research since its first geophysical application about a decade ago [Massonnet et al., 1993]. During the last 10 years, InSAR has been used to study a wide range of surface displacements related to active faults, volcanoes, landslides, aquifers, oil fields, and glaciers, to name just a few, at a spatial resolution of less than 100 m and centimeter‐level precision [see Massonnet and Feigl, 1998; and Burgmann et al., 2000a for reviews of the InSAR method and applications]. The temporal resolution is limited by the approximately monthly repeat time of satellite flyovers. Due to the viewing geometry of the radar satellite (the beam along which distance changes are measured is oriented at ∼23° off vertical), InSAR is particularly sensitive to vertical deformation, but cannot detect displacements parallel to the orbit track. Severe limitations to the InSAR method remain, especially decorrelation of surface scatterers due to vegetation or other surface change processes, incoherence caused by large satellite orbit separations between the two image acquisitions used to make an interferogram, and noise from signal delays in the Earth's atmosphere.
Earthquake rupture dynamics: Comparing the numerical simulation methods
Authors: Harris Ruth A. , Archuleta Ralph J. 
Published: October 2006

Thirty years ago, scientists first developed computer programs that could tackle the complicated problem of simulating earthquakes as dynamic rupture processes, and predicting the ensuing fault movement.At first, only a few people were able to formulate the appropriate numerical solutions, but these researchers were working with methods that could rarely simulate the full three‐dimensional world in which real earthquakes occur. Now, three decades later, our computational infrastructure has vastly improved, along with our knowledge about how to construct computer software that numerically simulates the sudden faulting that occurs during earthquakes. Whereas in the past a lack of computational power provided formidable obstacles, in the present computer capacity is less of a concern, but the science is still hampered by a lack of key field observations, along with critical ideas about the predominant physical processes that control earthquakes.
Comment on “Error made in reports of main field decay”
Authors: Maus Stefan , Macmillan Susan ,   IAGA Working Group V‐MOD on Geomagnetic Field Modeling
Published: October 2006

As the International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy (IAGA) Working Group on Geomagnetic Field Modeling (http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/IAGA/vmod/), responsible for the International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF) [Macmillan et al., 2003], we would like to comment on the Forum article by Wallace H.Campbell (Eos,85(16),20 April 2004). Campbell claims that reports of dipole decay at a special session held at the AGU 2003 Fall Meeting were misleading due to an incorrect choice of the coordinate system for the spherical harmonic analysis (SHA) of the geomagnetic field used for the IGRF the model on which the decay calculation was based.Campbell alleges that the dipole moment of a spherical harmonic expansion depends on the choice of the origin of the coordinate system. In his textbook on geomagnetism, Campbell goes one step further in asserting that, without changing the origin, the process of “tilting the analysis axis to align with the geomagnetic axis…would enhance the dipole term at the expense of the higher multipoles” [Campbell, 2003].
Water year 2004: Western water managers feel the heat
Authors: Pagano Thomas , Pasteris Phil , Dettinger Michael , Cayan Daniel , Redmond Kelly 
Published: October 2006

This spring, a rare combination of exceptionally warm temperatures and near‐record lack of precipitation in the western United States caused a rapid change in hydrologic conditions and an unexpectedly early onset of spring conditions.With much of the western U.S. already in its fifth year of drought, an above‐average western snowpack on 1 March 2004 provided hope for much‐needed abundant runoff. Unfortunately snowmelt began far earlier than anticipated, resulting in dramatic declines in seasonal spring‐summer streamflow forecasts as the month proceeded, declines more rapid by some measures than ever before in the past 75 years. With reservoirs near historic lows, many water users have been hard pressed to deal with the continuing drought.
Copahue volcano: A modern terrestrial analog for the opportunity landing site?
Authors: Varekamp Johan C. 
Published: October 2006

The Opportunity Rover on Mars landed in an environment that contained grey hematite (specularite) and jarosite,with structures indicative of flowing water. Less firm evidence suggests the presence of gypsum as well, and the environment is overall rich in S, Cl, and Br (NASA news releases, 2004). Such a suite of minerals may form from an iron‐ and sulfate‐rich brine, either through evaporation, cooling, or changes in redox conditions (see Hynek et al. [2002] and Christensen et al. [2001], for a discussion of the extent and possible origins of the Mars hematite deposits).On Earth, such an association of minerals is not very common, but is found in alteration zones with fumarolic activity in some volcanic craters. The condensation or dissolution in meteoric waters of S‐rich volcanic gases creates acid fluids in the surficial environment that leach rock‐forming elements (RFEs) from the surrounding rocks, forming large, bleached areas of mineralizations of hematite, cristobalite, and gypsum, occasionally with zones rich in alunite or jarosite.
Intra‐Oceanic Subduction Systems:Tectonic and Magmatic Processes
Authors: Fischer Tobias 
Published: October 2006

Subduction zones are locations where oceanic lithosphere, capped with altered crust and sediments, is recycled into Earth's interior. Dehydration of the subducted slab causes the generation of arc magmas with unique geochemical characteristics.The total length of active margins is about 43,500 km, and most of this length is situated on continental crust and marked by spectacular volcanoes as in the Andes and Japan. Some 17,000 km (∼40%) of volcanic arcs, are situated on oceanic crust. These intra‐oceanic arcs are much less studied than their continental counterparts. The reason is that they are located in some of the world's most remote regions and their volcanoes are typically submerged below sea level. Because intra‐oceanic arcs are situated on thin, mafic oceanic crust, contamination of magmas by high silica crust normally does not occur, allowing for a more straight forward investigation of mantle processes than in continental arcs. Intra‐oceanic arcs are also thought to represent locations where basaltic crust is modified to form continental crust, a still poorly understood process.
ASTER views a high altitude Tibetan Lake in stereo
Authors: Matthews J. P. , Wallis S. R. , Yamaguchi Y. 
Published: October 2006

The lakes of the Tibetan Plateau (Figure 1) have been investigated by Western and Chinese scientists over many years [e.g., Gasse et al, 1991;Zheng, 1997]. They are often located in extremely remote and inhospitable terrain at altitudes above 4000 m and, as a result, boat‐based research campaigns aimed toward an improved understanding of the limnology and limnogeology of these water bodies are time consuming and difficult to perform.In order to support recent field studies of the Tibetan lakes, high spatial resolution imagery acquired by ASTER (the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer) has been used.These data were gathered in the visible, near‐infrared, and thermal infrared bands as ASTER operated on the TERRA platform [Yamaguchi et al, 1998], a component of NASAs Earth Observing System (EOS).The research outlined here has benefited, in particular, from the availability of stereo data gathered by ASTER, in which regions are imaged first at nadir and then from a backward looking slant view some 55 s later in the near‐infrared (channel 3B, 0.781–0.86 µm).
The role of paleoclimatic studies in assessing climate change
Authors: Thompson Robert S. 
Published: October 2006

As the international community ponders the potential course of future climatic changes and their impacts, studies of past climatic changes and their environmental effects provide a way to understand the processes involved in environmental change, the interactions among elements of the ocean‐atmosphere‐land surface system, and the rates and amplitudes of natural climatic variability.Paleoclimatic studies provide direct evidence of how the climate system changes through time, including its responses to unprecedented (in the instrumental record) changes in its controls.The paleoclimatic record also provides a laboratory for testing the ability of numerical models to simulate conditions different from the current climate.
Exploiting MODIS data for estimating sea surface nitrate from space
Authors: Goes Joaquim I. , Gomes Helga do R. , Saino T. , Wong C. S. , Mordy C. W. 
Published: October 2006

A better understanding of the oceans' carbon cycle and a reduction in existing uncertainties in estimates of CO2 fluxes between the atmosphere and the oceans have become central to several contemporary programs. Oceanic CO2 fluxes are largely regulated by the “solubility pump” and the "biological pump." The solubility pump is governed by physical processes that include near‐surface conditions at the air‐sea interface, the partial pressure of CO2 between the sea surface and the atmosphere, and the solubility of CO2 in seawater.The biological pump, in turn, is regulated by phytoplankton photosynthesis, which converts CO2 to organic matter. The fraction of newly photosynthesized carbon exported to depth in the oceans is referred to as “export production” or “new production,” and is largely dependent on exogenous nitrogeneous nutrient inputs, primarily nitrate into the euphotic zone [Eppley and Peterson, 1979].