bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phase I Clinical Evaluation of Carboplatin in Tumor‐Bearing Cats: A Veterinary Cooperative Oncology Group Study
Authors: Kisseberth W.C. , Vail D.M. , Yaissle J. , Jeglum K.A. , Couto C.G. , Ward H. , Khanna C. , Obradovich J. E. 
Published: December 2008

Background:The dosage of carboplatin in cats has been reported anecdotally and experimentally in non‐tumor‐bearing cats, but the dosage for carboplatin treatment in tumor‐bearing cats has yet to be defined in a prospective clinical trial.Purpose:To determine the maximally tolerated dose (MTD) and dose‐limiting toxicosis (DLT) of carboplatin in tumor‐bearing cats.Cats:Fifty‐nine cats with measurable solid tumors.Methods:The starting dose of carboplatin was 160 mg/m2of body surface area IV. Doses were increased by 20 mg/m2in cohorts of 3–14 cats until the MTD was reached.Results:The 59 cats entered into this multi‐institutional phase I study received 1 or more doses of carboplatin at various dosages and were evaluated for toxicity, response to treatment, or both. The MTD was 240 mg/m2and neutropenia was the DLT. For the 1st cycle of treatment in 44 cats evaluated for neutropenia, 6 episodes of grade 3 or greater neutropenia occurred on days 7 (n=1), 14 (n=4), and 21 (n=1). There was no evidence of drug‐induced nephrotoxicosis or pulmonary edema. Preliminary evidence of antitumor activity was observed in 7 of 59 (11.9%; 95% CI, 5.6–22.8%) cats evaluated for response to treatment. There was 1 complete response (cutaneous hemangiosarcoma) and 6 partial responses (4 injection site sarcomas, 1 oral squamous cell carcinoma, 1 lymphoma). Responses were of short duration (median, 42 days; range, 7–168 days).Conclusions and Clinical Importance:The dose of carboplatin recommended to treat tumor‐bearing cats is 240 mg/m2IV every 3–4 weeks.
Poor Reproducibility of Template Bleeding Time in Horses
Authors: Segura D. , Monreal L. 
Published: December 2008

Background:Template bleeding time (TBT) is considered to be a useful test for detecting platelet function disorders and the effect of platelet‐activating drugs, but studies in human medicine have concluded that the test has poor reproducibility and sensitivity.Hypothesis:TBT has poor reproducibility in horses and has insufficient sensitivity to detect the effect of etamsylate on platelet function.Animals:Twenty healthy horses.Methods:TBT was determined and repeated 2 hours and 30 days later. TBT was also performed 2 hours after IV administration of etamsylate.Results:Although no statistical differences were seen between the TBT values obtained at different times, the coefficients of variation for TBT replicates ranged from 26.8% to 45.5%. The reference range for TBT was 138.4–860.4 seconds. No statistically significant shortening of the mean TBT value was observed after etamsylate administration.Conclusion and Clinical Importance:TBT has poor reproducibility, and the reference range is too wide to make TBT useful in a clinical setting. Other tests with higher reproducibility should be considered when assessing platelet function disorders in horses.
Serial Evaluation of Protein C and Antithrombin in Dogs with Sepsis
Authors: De Laforcade A.M. , Rozanski E.A. , Freeman L.M. , Li W. 
Published: December 2008

Background:Protein C (PC) and antithrombin (AT) activities are decreased in humans with severe sepsis, and persistent changes are associated with decreased survival. In dogs with sepsis, PC and AT have been shown to be decreased at the time of diagnosis.Hypothesis:PC and AT activities change significantly over time in dogs with sepsis and may be related to outcome.Animals:Twelve dogs with naturally occurring sepsis.Methods:Blood was collected from 12 dogs with sepsis, defined as histopathologic or microbiologic confirmation of infection and two of the following: hypo‐ or hyperthermia, tachycardia, tachypnea, leukopenia, leukocytosis, or >3% bands. The time of 1st sampling was considered day 1 and sampling was repeated every 24 hours for 5 days or until discharge or death. Changes over time were analyzed by ANOVA with repeated measures, and the association between PC and AT and outcome was determined by a 2‐equation treatment effects model.Results:Nine dogs and 11 dogs had decreased PC and AT activity on day 1, respectively (mean PC, 66.0 ± 25.8%; mean AT, 48.1 ± 16.5%). PC activity significantly decreased from day 1 to day 2 (P= .001), then increased over time. Changes in PC (P< .001) and AT (P< .001) over time were likely associated with outcome with nonsurvivors having lower PC and AT activities than survivors.Conclusion:Results of this preliminary study show that PC and AT activities change significantly over time in dogs with sepsis and both are likely related to survival.
Glomerular Filtration Rate Estimated by 3‐Sample Plasma Clearance of Iohexol in 118 Healthy Dogs
Authors: Bexfield N.H. , Heiene R. , Gerritsen R.J. , Risøen U. , Eliassen K.A. , Herrtage M.E. , Michell A.R. 
Published: December 2008

Background:Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) decreases in the aging human kidney, but limited data exist in dogs.Hypothesis:There is an effect of age and body size on estimated GFR in healthy dogs.Animals:One hundred and eighteen healthy dogs of various breeds, ages, and body weights presenting to 3 referral centers.Methods:GFR was estimated in clinically healthy dogs between 1 and 14 years of age. GFR was estimated from the plasma clearance of iohexol, by a compartmental model and an empirical correction formula, normalized to body weight in kilograms or liters of extracellular fluid volume (ECFV). For data analysis, dogs were divided into body weight quartiles 1.8–12.4, 13.2–25.5, 25.7–31.6, and 32.0–70.3 kg.Results:In the complete data set, there was no trend toward lower estimated GFR/kg or GFR/ECFV with increasing age. GFR decreased with age in dogs in the smallest weight quartile only. A significant negative linear relationship was detected between body weight and estimated GFR/kg and GFR/ECFV. Reference ranges in different weight quartiles were 1.54–4.25, 1.29–3.50, 0.95–3.36, and 1.12–3.39 mL/min/kg, respectively. Standardization to ECFV rather than kilogram body weight did not produce substantial changes in the relationships between GFR estimates and age or weight.Conclusions and Clinical Importance:Interpretation of GFR results for early diagnosis of renal failure should take into account the weight and the age of the patient for small dogs.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Histological Classification of Intracranial Meningiomas in 112 Dogs
Authors: Sturges B.K. , Dickinson P.J. , Bollen A.W. , Koblik P.D. , Kass P.H. , Kortz G.D. , Vernau K.M. , Knipe M.F. , LeCouteur R.A. , Higgins R.J. 
Published: December 2008

Background: Intracranial meningiomas are the most common primary brain tumors in dogs. Classification of meningiomas by tumor grade and subtype has not been reported, and the value of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics for predicting tumor subtype and grade has not been investigated.Hypothesis: Canine intracranial meningiomas are a heterogenous group of tumors with differing histological subtypes and grades. Prediction of histopathological classification is possible based on MRI characteristics.Animals: One hundred and twelve dogs with a histological diagnosis of intracranial meningioma.Methods: Retrospective observational study.Results: Meningiomas were overrepresented in the Golden Retriever and Boxer breeds with no sex predilection. The incidence of specific tumor grades was 56% benign (Grade I), 43% atypical (Grade II), and 1% malignant (Grade III). Grade I histological subtypes included meningothelial (43%), transitional (40%), microcystic (8%), psammomatous (6%), and angiomatous (3%). No statistically significant (P < .05) associations were found among tumor subtype or grade and any of the MRI features studied.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Meningiomas in dogs differ from their counterparts in humans mainly in their higher incidence of atypical (Grade II) tumors observed. MRI characteristics do not allow for prediction of meningioma subtype or grade, emphasizing the necessity of histopathology for antemortem diagnosis. The higher incidence of atypical tumors in dogs may contribute to the poorer therapeutic response in dogs with meningiomas as compared with the response in humans with meningiomas.
Canine Lymphoproliferative Disease Characterized by Lymphocytosis: Immunophenotypic Markers of Prognosis
Authors: Williams M.J. , Avery A.C. , Lana S.E. , Hillers K.R. , Bachand A.M. , Avery P.R. 
Published: December 2008

Background: Canine lymphoproliferative disease often presents with lymphocytosis and is immunophenotypically diverse.Hypothesis: Immunophenotype predicts prognosis in canine lymphoproliferative disorders involving circulating lymphocytosis.Animals: Dogs that had peripheral blood evaluation performed by flow cytometry by the Clinical Immunology Service at Colorado State University between 2003 and 2005.Methods: Outcome data regarding treatment and survival were sought on patients with lymphocytosis comprising a single lymphocyte subset. Ninety‐six patients that met the inclusion criteria had sufficient follow‐up information to be included in the study.Results: Four main phenotypic classifications were found: CD8+ T‐cell, CD21+ B‐cell, CD4‐8‐5+ (aberrant T‐cell phenotype), and CD34+ (undifferentiated progenitor). Expression of CD34 predicted poor outcome with median survival of 16 days (P < .0001) compared with other phenotypes. Within the CD8+ phenotype, dogs presenting with a lymphocytosis >30,000 lymphocytes/μL had significantly shorter median survival (131 days) than those presenting with <30,000 lymphocytes/μL (1098 days, P < .0008). Within the T‐cell leukemias, there was no difference in outcome between dogs with CD4‐8‐5+ leukemia and dogs with the CD8+ T‐cell phenotype nor was the loss of expression of the pan‐leukocyte marker CD45 associated with decreased survival time. A CD21+ lymphocytosis composed of large cells was associated with shorter survival time (129 days) than those with smaller circulating cells (median survival not reached, P < .01).Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Immunophenotyping provides an objective method for determining prognosis in lymphoproliferative disorders characterized by lymphocytosis.
Enhanced Bactericidal Activity against Escherichia coli in Calves Fed Morinda citrifolia (Noni) Puree
Authors: Schäfer M. , Sharp P. , Brooks V.J. , Xu J. , Cai J. , Keuler N.S. , Peek S.F. , Godbee R.G. , Schultz R.D. , Darien B.J. 
Published: December 2008

Background: Although adequate colostrum intake and properly used antibiotics can provide much protection for the bovine neonate, increased antibiotic scrutiny and consumer demand for organic products have prompted investigations of natural immunomodulators for enhancing calf health. One plant‐based immunomodulator, Morinda citrifolia (noni) fruit, is a well‐recognized natural product that has a broad range of immunomodulatory effects.Hypothesis: Neonatal calves fed noni puree would demonstrate whole blood phagocytic capacity in Gram‐negative and Gram‐positive in vitro assays.Animals: Blood samples from 18 neonatal Holstein bull calves.Methods: Calves were divided into 2 groups: Group 1 comprised control calves, whereas Group 2 received 30 mL of noni puree twice a day in milk replacer. Day 0 blood samples were obtained between 36 and 48 hours of age before the first feeding of puree. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid anticoagulated blood was collected from each calf on days 0, 3, 7, and 14. Bactericidal assays were performed to estimate the percentage killing of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus epidermidis.Results: Blood samples from noni puree‐fed calves displayed significantly more E. coli bacterial killing than did controls on day 14, and although differences were not significant on days 0, 3, and 7, bacterial killing progressively increased over time. There was no significant difference between the groups for S. epidermidis killing.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: The immunomodulatory effect of noni puree may prove valuable in the future as production animal antibiotic use becomes more restricted. Additional clinical trials are warranted to investigate the clinical application of noni puree in promoting calf health.
Plasma d‐Dimer Concentration in Sick Newborn Foals
Authors: Armengou L. , Monreal L. , Tarancón I. , Navarro M. , Ríos J. , Segura D. 
Published: December 2008

Background: Septicemia is associated with a systemic inflammatory response, hemostatic activation, and disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC).Hypothesis: Increased plasma d‐dimer concentration occurs in septic neonates and can reliably detect sepsis or DIC, and predict death in ill neonatal foals.Animals: 40 septic, 41 nonseptic hospitalized foals, and 22 healthy neonates.Methods: Prospective observational clinical study. Blood samples were collected on admission, at 24–48 hours after admission, and at the time of discharge or euthanasia. Plasma d‐dimer concentration, clotting times, antithrombin activity, and fibrinogen concentration were determined.Results: On admission, d‐dimer concentration values were significantly higher in septic foals (median, 25–75th percentiles; 568, 245–2013 ng/mL) compared with the nonseptic and healthy groups (386, 175–559 and 313, 152–495 ng/mL, respectively), and in septic foals at the age of 2–7 days compared with similar‐age nonseptic foals. By means of samples taken at 24–48 hours of hospitalization and a cut‐off value of > 2000 ng/mL, D dimer concentration was significantly associated with the diagnosis of septicemia (odds ratio [OR] = 19.6, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.9–203) and death (OR = 8.7, 95% CI 1.8–43). Owing to a high false‐positive prediction rate (71%), a normal d‐dimer concentration is better at eliminating the diagnosis of sepsis than an increased d‐dimer concentration at predicting sepsis. Fifty percent of septic foals had a diagnosis of DIC, but d‐dimer concentration was not significantly associated with the diagnosis of DIC.Conclusions and clinical importance: Septic foals showed a marked activation of coagulation and fibrinolytic systems and a high prevalence of DIC. Increased plasma d‐dimer concentration is significantly associated with the diagnosis of sepsis.
A Phase II Clinical Trial of Vinorelbine in Dogs with Cutaneous Mast Cell Tumors
Authors: Grant I.A. , Rodriguez C.O. , Kent M.S. , Sfilgoi G. , Gordon I. , Davis G. , Lord L. , London C.A. 
Published: December 2008

Background:Few effective drugs are available to treat dogs with locally aggressive or metastatic mast cell disease.Hypothesis:Vinorelbine, a semisynthetic derivative of vinblastine, is an effective drug for the treatment of canine mast cell tumors (MCT).Animals:Twenty‐four dogs with cutaneous MCT.Methods:Dogs with at least 1 measurable, cytologically confirmed, and previously untreated cutaneous MCT received a single treatment with vinorelbine at the previously established dosage of 15 mg/m2IV. Tumor measurements and CBC were evaluated before and 7 days after treatment. Adverse events were graded according to Veterinary Cooperative Oncology Group (VCOG) guidelines.Statistics:Data were accrued in accordance with a Simon's 2‐stage design with a noninteresting response rate of .05, a target response of .25, and α and β values of .10.Results:Three of 24 dogs (13%) had a response to treatment, including 1 measurable complete response and 1 measurable partial response. The 3rd dog had microscopic complete response to treatment with stable measurable disease. Twenty other dogs (83%) had stable disease and 1 dog (4%) had progressive disease. Neutropenia occurred in 13 dogs (54%) (grade 1, n = 4; grade 3, n = 6; grade 4, n = 3). Gastrointestinal toxicity occurred in 11 dogs (46%) (anorexia: grade 1, n = 3; grade 2, n = 1; grade 3, n = 1; diarrhea: grade 1, n = 2; grade 3, n = 1; vomiting: grade 1, n = 5; grade 3, n = 1).Conclusions and Clinical Importance:Vinorelbine was associated with an overall response rate of 13% and a high prevalence of neutropenia. Additional studies are indicated to determine if repeated dosing of vinorelbine or combination of vinorelbine with other drugs increases the observed biologic activity against canine MCT.
Marbofloxacin for the Treatment of Experimentally InducedMycoplasma haemofelisInfection in Cats
Authors: Ishak A.M. , Dowers K.L. , Cavanaugh M.T. , Powell C.C. , Hawley J.R. , Radecki S.V. , Lappin M.R. 
Published: December 2008

Background:Administration of tetracyclines or fluoroquinolones is associated with improvement in clinical and laboratory abnormalities in cats infected withMycoplasma haemofelis. No treatment protocol has consistently eliminated the organism, and antimicrobial susceptibility may vary amongM. haemofelisisolates. Continued search for effective therapies is warranted.Hypothesis:Marbofloxacin administered at the onset of clinical illness will be safe and effective for the treatment ofM. haemofelis.Animals:Fourteen young adult, laboratory‐reared cats housed together in a specific pathogen‐free facility.Methods:Twelve cats were inoculated IV with 2.0 mL of blood from 2M. haemofelispositive cats. Clinical parameters were assessed daily. CBC and hemoplasma polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay were performed before inoculation, weekly for 1–3 weeks postinoculation (PI) and twice weekly 3–6 weeks PI. Treatment with marbofloxacin (2.75 mg/kg PO daily for 14 days) was initiated in 6 randomly selected cats when PCV was <30% or fever was >102.5°F (39.2 °C). Cats that were PCR positive on day 7 of therapy were treated for 28 days. Cats that were PCR negative on day 42 PI were treated with 20 mg/kg methylprednisolone acetate IM on day 50 PI.Results:Significant differences between groups on some days after inoculation included higher PCV and red blood cell counts, lower mean cell volume, and higher mean cell hemoglobin content in marbofloxacin‐treated cats. No differences in PCR assay results were noted between groups.Conclusions and Clinical Importance:Marbofloxacin was safe and resulted in more rapid hematologic improvement inM. haemofelis‐infected cats, but did not change clinical scores and did not consistently eliminate infection.
Heart Murmurs and Valvular Regurgitation in Thoroughbred Racehorses: Epidemiology and Associations with Athletic Performance
Authors: Young L.E. , Rogers K. , Wood J.L.N. 
Published: December 2008

Background:Cardiac murmurs associated with valvular regurgitation occur commonly in conditioned performance horses, but their association with athletic performance is unknown.Hypothesis:Cardiac valvular regurgitation has a negative association with race performance.Animals:Five hundred and twenty‐six “race fit” Thoroughbred racehorses engaged in either flat (race distance 1,000–2,500 m) or jump racing (race distance 3,200–6,400 m).Methods:Cardiac auscultation and color flow Doppler (CFD) echocardiography were performed on 777 occasions. The associations between the presence and severity of either an audible cardiac murmur or valvular regurgitation assessed by CFD, and published, objective measures of race performance were determined using a standard regression approach.Results:The prevalence of murmurs and of regurgitation varied significantly between racetypes (P<.02), generally increasing from 2‐year olds to chasers. There were no consistent associations between racing performance and either grade of murmur or regurgitation, whether the presence or absence of regurgitation or murmur, or only murmurs ≥3/6 or regurgitation ≥6/9, were considered.Conclusions and Clinical Importance:There were differences in prevalence and severity of murmurs of atrioventricular and aortic valve regurgitation between racehorses in different disciplines. Data also showed that neither regurgitation nor murmurs were negatively associated with Timeform rating, an index of UK racehorse quality, in any of the groups of racehorses studied.
Parenteral Selenium and Vitamin E Supplementation of Weaned Beef Calves
Authors: Swecker W.S. , Hunter K.H. , Shanklin R.K. , Scaglia G. , Fiske D.A. , Fontenot J.P. 
Published: December 2008

Background:The weaning process in beef calves elicits physiological stress responses that can negatively affect performance and health. Supplementation of vitamins and minerals, particularly selenium (Se) and vitamin E, might be warranted.Hypothesis:That parenteral administration of Se or vitamin E would correct or prevent deficiencies of these nutrients in postweaned beef calves during a backgrounding period (42 days after weaning).Animals:One hundred and forty‐four weaned steers (200–250 kg) in 3 trials.Methods:One trial was conducted with cattle on a dry lot fed a total mixed ration and 2 trials were conducted on cattle on pasture. Selenium was administered at 0.05 mg/kg BW (SC) and vitamin E was administered at 1500 IU on days 0 and 28 (SC).Results:A treatment effect attributable to Se or vitamin E supplementation on average daily gain was not detected in any trials. Parenteral supplementation with Se on days 0 and 28 resulted in higher serum Se concentrations as compared with controls on day 42. Parenteral supplementation with Se on days 0 and 28 improved Se status from marginal to adequate in 1 trial. Parenteral supplementation with vitamin E did not improve serum vitamin E concentrations in any experiment.Conclusions and Clinical Importance:Supplementation with vitamin E or Se or a combination of both did not have a significant effect on calf performance during the 42‐day backgrounding period.
Glomerular Filtration Rate in Dogs with Leishmaniasis and Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Cortadellas O. , Del Palacio M.J. Fernández , Talavera J. , Bayón A. 
Published: December 2008

Background:Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) measurement is an indicator of kidney function. However, its usefulness in dogs at early stages of spontaneous chronic kidney disease (CKD) of glomerular origin, where routine laboratory techniques are not sufficiently sensitive, remains unproved.Hypothesis:That GFR is reduced in proteinuric nonazotemic or mildly azotemic dogs with CKD secondary to leishmaniasis.Animals:Twenty‐six dogs with CKD secondary to leishmaniasis and 10 healthy dogs (control group).Methods:CBC, serum biochemistry, and urinalysis (microalbuminuria and urine protein/creatinine ratio [UPC]) were performed in all dogs. GFR was calculated by measuring exogenous creatinine clearance. Based on degree of proteinuria and serum creatinine concentration (SCr), dogs were classified as group A (control; n = 10): UPC < 0.2, SCr < 1.4 mg/dL; group B (n = 8): UPC, 0.2–0.5, SCr < 1.4 mg/dL; group C (n = 10): UPC > 0.5, SCr < 1.4 mg/dL; group D (n = 5): SCr, 1.4–2 mg/dL; group E (n = 3): SCr > 2 mg/dL.Results:GFR (mL/kg/min) was 3.9 ± 0.29, 4.4 ± 0.74, 4.5 ± 1.44, 2.8 ± 0.97, and 1.5 ± 0.43 for groups A, B, C, D, and E, respectively. Eleven dogs (1 from group B, 3 from group C, 4 from group D, and all 3 dogs from group E) had an abnormally low GFR. Four dogs from group B and 5 dogs from group C had a GFR above the upper reference range (>4.5 mL/min/kg).Conclusion and Clinical Relevance:Some proteinuric nonazotemic or mildly azotemic dogs with leishmaniasis have low GFR, but glomerular hyperfiltration occurs in other dogs.