bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The orderly use of experience: Pragmatism and the development of hospital industry self‐regulation
Authors: Rees Joseph V. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThis article focuses on the origins and the development of American hospital industry self‐regulation. Drawing on extensive archival research, this article suggests that the American College of Surgeon’s Hospital Standardization Program was closely linked to the American pragmatist tradition. So understood, the Program represents a major milestone in the history of American regulation, perhaps the first self‐regulatory system steeped in pragmatist principles of social ordering, a Progressive‐era model of governance that long ago foreshadowed some of today’s most significant regulatory innovations.
Salmonella spp. in Bavarian Liquid Pig Manure: Occurrence and Relevance for the Distribution of Antibiotic Resistance
Authors: Hölzel C. , Bauer J. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryIn a representative study, 380 manure samples of pig farms distributed all over Bavaria (Germany) were screened for the presence of Salmonella spp. at the time of manure application to soil using methods adapted to DIN EN ISO 6579. The isolates were tested according to DIN 58940 for their susceptibility towards 26 antimicrobial substances – such substances partly administered in animals, but mainly used in human therapy. Six out of 380 manure samples and, in addition, the only separated liquid manure sample examined, contained Salmonella isolates. Serotypes represented S. Typhimurium (n = 5), S. Derby (n = 1) and S. Infantis/S. Serogroup C1‐(6,7:r:‐)‐form (each n = 1). Within the serovar S. Typhimurium, the most common phage type was DT104 (n = 3). All Salmonella isolates originated from ‘big’ farms (>30/45 sows on combined/breeding farms or >220 fattening pigs). Four out of six manure samples contained resistant isolates; all resistant Salmonellae were multi‐resistant. Two out of three DT104‐isolates showed the typical penta‐resistance pattern often found in S. Typhimurium DT104, which was, furthermore, supplemented by other resistances. One Escherichia coli isolated together with a phage type DT104 S. Typhimurium also expressed the same penta‐resistance pattern.
American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Horses from Endemic Areas in the North‐Central Mesoregion of Paraná State, Brazil
Authors: Filho D. Vedovello , Jorge F. A. , Lonardoni M. V. C. , Teodoro U. , Silveira T. G. V. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryAmerican cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) is an endemic disease in the north‐west of Paraná state, Brazil, where it occurs in humans and dogs. Few studies have been undertaken on the occurrence of the disease in other domestic animals and horses. In this study we investigated the infection of horses by Leishmania in ACL‐endemic rural areas. Direct agglutination test (DAT) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were employed. Fifty‐five horses from rural areas in the municipalities of Doutor Camargo, Ourizona, São Jorge do Ivaí, Ivatuba and Santa Fé (Água do Ó) were analysed. DAT‐detected antibody titres varied from 10 to 640, and 42 (76.3%) animals presented titres ≥20. PCR analyses led to the detection of Leishmania (Viannia) DNA in the blood samples of three (7.1%) of 42 animals. The presence of anti‐L. (V.) braziliensis antibodies and Leishmania (Viannia) DNA in horses from endemic areas suggests their participation in the ACL transmission cycle.
Experimental and Numerical Techniques in Fluids
Authors: Durst Franz 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe development of fluid mechanics is briefly reviewed, and the importance of fluid flows to heat and mass transport in nature and also in science and engineering is outlined. The early theoretical developments are explained, and it is indicated that the basic equations were already available at the end of the 18th century. Methods to solve these equations for engineering flows were not, however, developed until the second half of the 20th century. This was an important period for fluid flow research during which all the experimental fluid mechanics methods, particularly the optical methods, available today were also developed. The same is true for all the numerical methods that are used very successfully nowadays to solve scientific and engineering fluid flow problems. The Institute of Fluid Mechanics at the University of Erlangen-Nürnberg has contributed extensively to these developments.
Large-Scale Evaluation of Genetic Variants in Candidate Genes for Colorectal Cancer Risk in the Nurses' Health Study and the Health Professionals' Follow-up Study
Authors: Hazra Aditi , Chanock Stephen , Giovannucci Edward , Cox David G. , Niu Tianhua , Fuchs Charles , Willett Walter C. , Hunter David J. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractAdvances in genomics offer new strategies for assessing the association of common genetic variations at multiple loci and risk of many diseases, including colorectal cancer. Low-penetrance alleles of genes in many biological pathways, such as DNA repair, metabolism, inflammation, cell cycle, apoptosis, and Wnt signaling, may influence the risk of nonfamilial colorectal cancer. To identify susceptibility genes for colorectal cancer, we designed a large-scale case-control association study nested within the Nurses' Health Study (190 cases and 190 controls) and the Health Professionals' Follow-up Study (168 cases and 168 controls). We used a custom GoldenGate (Illumina) oligonucleotide pool assay including 1,536 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) selected in candidate genes from cancer-related pathways, which have been sequenced and genotyped in the SNP500Cancer project; 1,412 of the 1,536 (92%) of the SNPs were genotyped successfully within 388 genes. SNPs in high linkage disequilibrium (r2 ≥ 0.90) with another assayed SNP were excluded from further analyses. As expected by chance (and not significant compared with a corrected Bonferroni P = 0.00004), in the additive model, 11 of 1,253 (0.9%) SNPs had a Ptrend &lt; 0.01 and 38 of 1,253 (3.0%) SNPs had a Ptrend ≥ 0.01 and Ptrend &lt; 0.05. Of note, the MGMT Lys178Arg (rs2308237) SNP, in linkage disequilibrium with the previously reported MGMT Ile143Val SNP, had an inverse association with colorectal cancer risk (MGMT Lys178Arg: odds ratio, 0.52; 95% confidence interval, 0.35-0.78; unadjusted Ptrend = 0.0003 for the additive model; gene-based test global P = 0.00003). The SNP500Cancer database and the Illumina GoldenGate Assay allowed us to test a larger number of SNPs than previously possible. We identified several SNPs worthy of investigation in larger studies. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(2):311–9)
V89L Polymorphism of the 5α-Reductase Type II Gene (SRD5A2), Endogenous Sex Hormones, and Prostate Cancer Risk
Authors: Boger-Megiddo Inbal , Weiss Noel S. , Barnett Matt J. , Goodman Gary E. , Chen Chu 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
We examined the combined effect of circulating sex hormones and SRD5A2 V89L polymorphism on prostate cancer risk in a case-control study (300 cases and 300 controls) nested within the Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial. A moderate increase in risk associated with above-median serum levels of androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) was present irrespective of V89L genotype. However, in L/L or V/L men, above-median DHEAS levels were associated with an increased risk of aggressive tumors [odds ratios (OR), 3.12; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.28-7.63] but not of nonaggressive ones (OR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.25-1.25). Above-median serum levels of free estradiol were associated with a lower risk, especially for aggressive cancer. The association with aggressive disease was more pronounced in men with a V/V genotype (OR, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.14-0.81), than in men with an L/L or V/L genotype (OR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.37-1.60). Above-median levels of 3α-diol G were associated with an increased risk, but only in men with the L/L or V/L genotype (OR, 2.16; 95% CI, 1.31-3.56). The increase in risk in L/L and V/L men was restricted to aggressive tumors. Our study observed that only in men with the L/L or V/L genotype were increased serum levels of DHEAS and 3α-diol G positively associated with a higher risk of aggressive prostate cancer. Free estradiol levels were negatively associated with risk of aggressive prostate cancer in men with the V/V genotype. However, the absence of an overall association between V89L genotype and aggressive prostate cancer argues for a cautious interpretation of these observations. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(2):286–91)
Differential Roles of p16INK4A and p14ARF Genes in Prognosis of Oral Carcinoma
Authors: Sailasree R. , Abhilash A. , Sathyan K.M. , Nalinakumari K.R. , Thomas Shaji , Kannan S. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Background: Oral cancer patients are found to have poor clinical outcome and high disease recurrence rate, in spite of an aggressive treatment regimen. The inactivation of INK4A/ARF loci is reported to be second to p53 inactivation in human cancers. The purpose of this study was to assess the prognostic significance of the molecular aberrations in the INK4A locus for effective identification of aggressive oral carcinoma cases needing alternate therapy.
Materials and Methods: The study composed of 116 patients freshly diagnosed with oral carcinoma. The genetic and epigenetic status of the p16INK4A and p14ARF genes was evaluated. The relation between these genic alterations and different treatment end points, such as residual disease (initial response), disease recurrence, and overall survival, along with the standard clinical markers, were analyzed.
Results: 62% of the study cases had p16INK4A gene abnormalities, with deletion accounting for 33% and methylation for 29%. Alterations in p14ARF gene either by deletion (12%) and/or methylation (18%) were observed in 30% of the cases. p16INK4A deletion was associated with aggressive tumors, as evidenced by the nodal involvement of the disease. Low or absence of p16INK4A protein adversely affected the initial treatment response. Promoter methylation of p16INK4A was associated with increased disease recurrence and acts as an independent predictor for worse prognosis. Surprisingly, p14ARF methylation associated with lower recurrence rate in oral cancer patients with a good clinical outcome. Overall survival of these patients was associated with tumor size, nodal disease, and p16INK4A protein expression pattern. Our results indicate that p16INK4A and p14ARF alterations constitute a major molecular abnormality in oral cancer cases.
Conclusion: The molecular profile of INK4A/ARF locus, both at DNA and protein level, could be used as a prognostic biomarker for assessing the aggressiveness of disease in oral carcinoma patients. The study further shows the opposing clinical effect of these two genes, transcribed from the same locus, in oral cancer patients. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(2):414–20)
The Effect of Difluoromethylornithine on Decreasing Prostate Size and Polyamines in Men: Results of a Year-Long Phase IIb Randomized Placebo-Controlled Chemoprevention Trial
Authors: Simoneau Anne R. , Gerner Eugene W. , Nagle Ray , Ziogas Argyrios , Fujikawa-Brooks Sharon , Yerushalmi Hagit , Ahlering Thomas E. , Lieberman Ronald , McLaren Christine E. , Anton-Culver Hoda , Meyskens Frank L. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractBackground: Prostate cancer is a major health issue, and prevention of prostate cancer and/or its progression will yield benefits for men. Difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) is an antiproliferative agent, inhibiting ornithine decarboxylase, the first enzyme in the polyamine pathway, and has been studied as a therapeutic and chemopreventive agent. The prostate has high levels of tissue polyamines and has shown sensitivity to DFMO both in vitro and in vivo.Methods: Eighty-one men participated in a 1-year randomized trial of placebo or DFMO. Prostate volume determination and biopsy of the prostate for histology and polyamine content were done at baseline and after 12 months. Other biomarker variables were assessed, including total and free prostate-specific antigen and prostate-specific antigen doubling time.Results: Compared with baseline, men receiving DFMO had a smaller increase in prostate volume (0.14 cm3) than those on placebo (2.95 cm3; P = 0.0301) at 1 year. In addition, DFMO caused a 60.8% reduction of prostate putrescine levels compared with a 139.5% increase in the placebo arm (P = 0.0014). Stratification by ornithine decarboxylase genotype showed that DFMO reduced prostate volume (P = 0.029) and putrescine levels (P = 0.0053) in the AA + GA group but not in the GG group. There were no grade 3 or 4 toxicities. There was no clinical ototoxicity, with one subclinical grade 2 hearing decline on audiogram.Conclusion: In this randomized placebo-controlled trial, DFMO induced a decrease of prostate putrescine levels and rate of prostate growth. The potential of this compound for prostate cancer or hyperplasia should be further studied. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(2):292–9)
A Common 8q24 Variant and the Risk of Colon Cancer: A Population-Based Case-Control Study
Authors: Li Li , Plummer Sarah J. , Thompson Cheryl L. , Merkulova Alona , Acheson Louise S. , Tucker Thomas C. , Casey Graham 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Three recent studies identified common variants on 8q24 that confer modestly increased susceptibility to colorectal cancer. Here, we replicate the association in a population-based case-control study of colon cancer, including 561 cases and 721 unrelated controls. The rs6983267 marker was significantly associated with colon cancer risk. Compared with those homozygous for the T allele, the heterozygous and homozygous carriers for the G allele had an age-adjusted odds ratio of 1.39 (95% confidence interval, 1.03-1.88) and 1.68 (95% confidence interval, 1.21-2.33), respectively. An additive model showed strong evidence for a gene-dose response relationship (Ptrend = 0.0022). The association remained statistically significant when restricted to Caucasians only (527 cases and 679 controls; Ptrend = 0.0056). Further adjustment for other known risk factors did not alter the results. Stratified analysis revealed no evidence for effect modification by family history of colorectal cancer, age, or gender. These data replicate the association identified from recent studies, providing additional evidence supporting the rs6983267 genetic polymorphism as a marker predisposing to colon cancer. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(2):339–42)
Exfoliated Cells in Stool: A Source for Reverse Transcription-PCR–Based Analysis of Biomarkers of Gastrointestinal Cancer
Authors: Yu Ying Jie , Majumdar Adhip P.N. , Nechvatal Jordan M. , Ram Jeffrey L. , Basson Marc D. , Heilbrun Lance K. , Kato Ikuko 
Published: February 2008

AbstractBecause the colonic mucosa is in direct contact with digesta, luminal exposure to potentially carcinogenic or chemopreventive agents may be important in colorectal carcinogenesis, independently of the effects of systemic exposure through the circulation. To date, few biomarkers for luminal exposure have been identified, and isolation of reasonably good quality fecal human RNA remains difficult. In this study, we assessed the yield and quality of RNA extracted from 10 human stool samples after storage with several commercially available preservatives compared with stool samples immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen. This study shows that careful design of primer pairs which amplify a short length of DNA is key to obtaining interpretable and reproducible results. Moreover, the use of commercially available RNA preservation kits enables investigators to collect usable fecal samples from large populations. Of all the preservative methods tested, RNAlater had the best performance in terms of overall quality, quantity, and level of genomic DNA contamination, and thus deserves further investigation. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(2):455–8)
Psychosocial Outcomes and Health-Related Quality of Life in Adult Childhood Cancer Survivors: A Report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study
Authors: Zeltzer Lonnie K. , Lu Qian , Leisenring Wendy , Tsao Jennie C.I. , Recklitis Christopher , Armstrong Gregory , Mertens Ann C. , Robison Leslie L. , Ness Kirsten K. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Purpose: Psychological outcomes, health-related quality of life (HRQOL), and life satisfaction are compared between 7,147 adult childhood cancer survivors and 388 siblings from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study, examining demographic and diagnosis/treatment outcome predictors.
Methods: Psychological distress, HRQOL, and life satisfaction were measured by the Brief Symptom Inventory-18, the Medical Outcomes Survey Short Form-36, and Cantril Ladder of Life, respectively. A self-report questionnaire provided demographic/health information and medical record abstraction provided cancer/treatment data. Siblings' and survivors' scores were compared using generalized linear mixed models, and predictor effects of demographic and cancer/treatment variables were analyzed by multivariate logistic regression.
Results: Although survivors report greater symptoms of global distress (mean, 49.17; SE, 0.12) than do siblings (mean, 46.64; SE, 0.51), scores remain below population norms, indicating that survivors and siblings remain psychologically healthy. Survivors scored worse than siblings on overall physical (51.30 ± 0.10 versus 54.98 ± 0.44; P &lt; 0.001) but not emotional aspects of HRQOL, but effect sizes were small, other than in vitality. Most survivors reported present (mean, 7.3; SD, 0.02) and predicted future (mean, 8.6; SD, 0.02) life satisfaction. Risk factors for psychological distress and poor HRQOL were female gender, lower educational attainment, unmarried status, annual household income &lt;$20,000, unemployment, lack of medical insurance, having a major medical condition, and treatment with cranial radiation.
Conclusion: Compared with population norms, childhood cancer survivors and siblings report positive psychological health, good HRQOL, and life satisfaction. The findings identify targeted subgroups of survivors for intervention. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(2):435–46)
Association between p53 and Human Papillomavirus in Head and Neck Cancer Survival
Authors: Smith Elaine M. , Wang Donghong , Rubenstein Linda M. , Morris William A. , Turek Lubomir P. , Haugen Thomas H. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Background: High-risk human papillomavirus (HPV-HR) is a significant risk factor for head and neck cancer (HNC), abrogating normal p53 function. In addition, HPV and p53 have been associated with prognosis of these tumors but the findings have been inconsistent. We examined p53 expression and HPV-HR individually and jointly for differences in predicting HNC survival.
Methods: HNC patients (n = 294) were evaluated for p53 by immunohistochemical staining. HPV was detected by PCR/dot blot hybridization and sequencing.
Results: HNC tumors showed 48% with p53 overexpression and 27% with HPV-HR. Multivariate analyses showed that p53 positivity was significantly associated with higher risk of disease-specific [hazard ratio (HR); 2.0; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.1-3.7] and recurrence-free mortality (HR, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.4-5.3). HPV− cases had significantly worse disease-specific survival (HR, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.3-6.3) compared with HPV-HR cases. When analyzed jointly, with p53−/HPV-HR tumors as the reference group, p53+/HPV− patients had the worst disease-specific (HR, 5.3; 58% versus 15%, P = 0.006) and recurrence-free survival rates (HR, 9.5; 17% versus 89%, P = 0.001), in contrast to the p53−/HPV− and p53+/HPV-HR groups, which had less elevated and different risks for disease-specific survival (HR, 2.5 and 1.7, respectively) and recurrence-free survival (HR, 4.2 and 7.2, respectively).
Conclusion: Joint assessment of p53/HPV status provides different HRs for each clinical outcome in the four biomarker groups that are distinct from the individual biomarkers. These findings suggest that joint assessment of p53/HPV provides a better indicator of prognosis and potentially different types of treatments. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(2):421–7)
Vegetables and Fruits in Relation to Cancer Risk: Evidence from the Greek EPIC Cohort Study
Authors: Benetou Vassiliki , Orfanos Philippos , Lagiou Pagona , Trichopoulos Dimitrios , Boffetta Paolo , Trichopoulou Antonia 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Introduction: Vegetables and fruits have long been considered as conducive to cancer prevention, but this view has recently been challenged. We investigated the relation of vegetable and fruit intake with total cancer occurrence in the population-based cohort of the Greek component of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and nutrition (EPIC), which is characterized by high consumption of these foods.
Materials and Methods: For a median of 7.9 years, 25,623 participants (10,582 men, 15,031 women) were actively followed-up, contributing 188,042 person-years. Cancer at any site was diagnosed in 851 participants (421 men, 430 women). Dietary intakes were ascertained at enrollment through an extensive, validated, interviewer-administered food frequency questionnaire. Data were analyzed through Cox regression, controlling for potential confounders.
Results: An inverse association of cancer incidence with vegetables and fruits (mutually adjusted) was noted, reaching statistical significance for vegetables among women. When vegetables and fruits were combined, the inverse association with cancer occurrence was statistically significant for the entire cohort [hazard ratio per increasing quintile, 0.94; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.88-0.99], as well as among women (hazard ratio per increasing quintile, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.83-0.98), but not among men (hazard ratio per increasing quintile, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.87-1.04).
Conclusions: In a general population-based Greek cohort, we have found evidence that consumption of vegetables and fruits is inversely associated with incidence of cancer overall, although the associations seem to be weaker than expected on the basis of case-control studies previously undertaken in Greece. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(2):387–92)
Wave–Turbulence Interactions in a Breaking Mountain Wave
Authors: Epifanio Craig C. , Qian Tingting 
Published: February 2008

The mean and turbulent structures in a breaking mountain wave are considered through an ensemble of high-resolution (essentially large-eddy simulation) wave-breaking calculations. Of particular interest are the turbulent heat and momentum fluxes in the breaking wave and their roles in shaping the wave-scale and larger-scale flows. The evolution of the breaking wave in the ensemble mean is found to be broadly consistent with prior low-resolution calculations. A turbulent kinetic energy budget for the wave shows that the turbulence production is almost entirely due to the mean shear. Most of the production is at the top of the leeside shooting flow, where the mean-flow Richardson number is persistently less than 0.25. The turbulent dissipation of mean-flow wave energy is shown to result mainly from the turbulent momentum fluxes—specifically, from the tendency of these fluxes to act counter to the mean-flow disturbance wind. Of particular importance is the eddy deceleration of the leeside shooting flow. The resulting momentum dissipation leads to a mean-flow Bernoulli loss, a cross-stream mean-flow PV flux, and a permanent upward mean-flow vorticity transfer. The dependence of the turbulent fluxes on grid spacing is considered by computing a series of ensembles with grid spacings ranging from L/56 to L/3.7 (where L is the mountain half-width). At the highest resolution, the eddy fluxes are mostly resolved, but with increasing grid spacing, the resolved-scale fluxes decline and the parameterized fluxes become larger. It is shown that for the chosen parameter values, the parameterized fluxes overestimate the mean-flow PV flux: at L/3.7 the PV flux is nearly twice that computed at L/56.