bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Harmonic morphisms from compact 3-manifolds
Authors: Baird Paul , Wood John C. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter shows that a non-constant harmonic morphism with compact fibres from a 3-manifold endows it with the structure of a Seifert fibre space — a 3-manifold with a certain type of one-dimensional foliation with leaf space an orbifold. Conversely, any Seifert fibre space can be obtained from a harmonic morphism by smoothing the orbifold leaf space. A global version of the factorization theorem is provided, then the metrics on a 3-manifold which support a harmonic morphism to a surface are described locally and globally. It is shown how fundamental invariants of a one-dimensional foliation propagate along its leaves. The necessary curvature conditions where a Riemannian 3-manifold supports a non-constant harmonic morphism to a surface are given. These show that there are never more than two such harmonic morphisms up to equivalence, even locally, unless it is a space form.
Complexity of Marine Fisheries Dynamics and Climate Interactions in the Northeast Pacific Ocean
Authors: Bailey Kevin M. , Hollowed Anne B. , Wooster Warren S. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The impact of climate on fisheries is highly variable, indirect, and complex. Several dominant themes related to climate change and fisheries are considered in some of the chapters in this volume (Chapters 2, 3, and 6), including: complex interactions, formation of patterns over large-scales, high variability over small-scales, and the desirability of forecasting tools. This chapter discusses how these themes are focal issues in many of the world's seas, including the northeast Pacific Ocean. The chapter identifies how established climate-fish links often deteriorate with time, and underscore the role of regime shifts and switches of climatic controlling factors.
NEW CONCEPTS AND METHODS—PRE-BAYESIAN ERA
Authors: Chatterjee Shoutir Kishore 
Published: September 2007

AbstractAfter James Bernoulli, the main contributors to probability theory and its applications in the 18th century worked either to solve more intricate problems of games of chance (De Moivre), or to build new probability models (De Moivre, Daniel Bernoulli). Further, some of them used probabilistic arguments to test hypotheses about or to estimate parameters involved in probability models for real life phenomena in the fields of demography, astronomy, and theory of errors. The concept of continuous variables, the tool of generating functions, the normal model approximation to the binomial, and ‘the rational expectation principle’ (in the context of the St. Petersburg Paradox) emerged out of these studies.
BEGINNING OF THE PRO-SUBJECTIVE APPROACH
Authors: Chatterjee Shoutir Kishore 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Around the middle of the 18th century, Bayes conceived the idea of treating an unknown parameter as a subjective random variable distributed according to a prior, and inferring about it from its conditional (posterior) distribution given the observations. He considered the particular case of a binomial parameter subject to a uniform prior, and following the pro-subjective approach used the posterior to derive an interval estimate. Later, Laplace stated the result in its general form and employed it extensively for pro-subjective inference of various types in different situations, often basing his computation on the asymptotic normality of the posterior distribution. In a novel application, Laplace used pro-subjective reasoning and the data from a sample survey to estimate the size of the population of France.
MODERN ERA: THE SUPERSTRUCTURE BUILDS UP
Authors: Chatterjee Shoutir Kishore 
Published: September 2007

AbstractIn the modern era, the methods of statistics were further abstracted from particular practical problems and the subject gained a distinct identity. In the first phase, Edgeworth and Karl Pearson worked vigorously on model-selecting induction, leading to the formulation of the famous Pearsonian chi-squared test. In the second phase, ‘Student’ started the small-sample theory for model-specific induction with his pioneering work, and Fisher, following up, developed a variety of sampling theory procedures and laid the foundations of the general theory of estimation, multivariate analysis, and the theory of design of experiments. All these areas were subsequently enriched by the contributions of a galaxy of workers. The logic of the behavioural approach to induction was consolidated by Neyman and E. S. Pearson, and was later extended and generalized by Wald. After the emergence of a rigorous theory of subjective probability, there was a revival of interest in the pro-subjective Bayesian and the purely subjective approach in the second half of the 20th century. Work on model-free induction covering large sample procedures, nonparametric methods, and the theory and practice of finite population sampling also progressed steadily during this period.
Time-harmonic fields
Authors: Fabrizio Mauro , Angelo Morro 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter reviews balance laws and relevant solutions to Maxwell’s equations in connection with the time-harmonic dependence. The wave equation becomes the Helmholtz equation and, for it, Green’s functions and Poynting’s theorem are considered. Wave solutions are investigated by letting the material be dissipative. Huyghens principle is re-examined and the properties of radiating solutions are established. Superposition of waves, dispersion effects, the Doppler effect, and group and signal velocity are reviewed.
Thermodynamics of simple electromagnetic systems
Authors: Fabrizio Mauro , Angelo Morro 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The laws of thermodynamics play a central role in two respects: they characterize the admissible constitutive equations and single out function spaces where the mathematical problems find a natural setting. This chapter gives an overview of the laws of thermodynamics for thermoelectromagnetic processes. A detailed derivation is provided of the restrictions placed by the second law on linear electromagnetic systems with memory. Motivated by the intrinsic nonuniqueness, specific forms are also determined for free enthalpies and free energies of dielectrics and conductors (with memory). A model and the thermodynamic restrictions are given for dissipative interfaces.
SPECIALIZED STRUCTURES
Authors: Bini D. A. , Latouche G. , Meini B. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Some specialized structures are investigated in this chapter and some of the algorithms in previous chapters are adapted to the specific cases. Markov chains with limited displacement (non-skip-free processes) are solved by means of functional iterations and cyclic reduction. Markov chains of M/G/1-type are reduced to a special QBD process with infinite blocks and treated with cyclic reduction. Finally, three different algorithms for tree-like stochastic processes, relying on fixed point iterations, Newton’s iteration, and cyclic reduction, are introduced and analysed.
DOS AND TUNNELING
Authors: Larkin Anatoly , Varlamov Andrei 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe chapter starts with a discussion of the density of states renormalization in the normal state of a superconductor caused by fluctuation pairing which occurs close to the transition temperature. The manifestation of this fluctuation renormalization in the tunnel current of the N(S)-I-S (S) junction is then discussed. In order to derive the general formula for the current in an arbitrary tunnel structure, the effective boundary Hamiltonian is introduced, which allows for the study of fluctuation phenomena in N(S)-I-S junction. The fluctuation tunneling anomaly in a superconductor above the paramagnetic limit is discussed. The effect of quantum fluctuations on magnetoresistance of a granular superconducting metal is considered.
FLUCTUATIONS IN NANOGRAINS, NANODROPS AND GRANULAR SUPERCONDUCTORS
Authors: Larkin Anatoly , Varlamov Andrei 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter starts off with a discussion of the specifics of superconductivity in ultrasmall superconducting grains. The method of optimal fluctuations in the vicinity of Tc is then introduced, and applied to the study of the formation of superconducting drops in a system with quenched disorder or in strong magnetic fields. The exponential DOS tail in a superconductor with quenched disorder is calculated. Properties of Josephson coupled superconducting grains and drops are discussed. The XY-model for granular superconductor and the GL description of the granular superconductor are formulated. The broadening of superconducting transition by the quenched disorder is found. The final part of the chapter focuses on the specifics of the quantum phase transition in granular superconductors. It discusses Coulomb suppression of superconductivity in the array of tunnel coupled granules, properties of superconducting grains in the normal metal matrix, and phase transition in disordered superconducting film in strong magnetic field.
THE MATHEMATICAL SETTING
Authors: Modersitzki Jan 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe basic mathematical notation is introduced, including formal definitions of images and digital images, midpoint and meshpoint grids. Local and global interpolation techniques such as next-neighbour, d-linear, spline, sinc, and wavelet interpolations are discussed. For the functional setting, the square-integrable functions, point evaluation functionals, and various derivative operators are formally introduced. A general setting for image transformations is presented. Using this setting, a formal description of the image registration problem in continuous space is given. Restricted transformations like rigid, affine-linear, polynomial, and B-spline transformations are examined, and the Lagrangian and Eulerian frames for template transformations are discussed.
REPRINT A NEW METHOD FOR THE EVALUATION OF ELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITY IN METALS
Authors: Edwards S. F. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter presents a paper which develops a method allowing for the evaluation of closed formal expressions for electrical conductivity which have recently been developed. The case of a random set of scatterers is treated in detail and a formal solution is made to yield directly the solution to the Boltzmann equation. A brief mention of the application of this method to liquids and alloys is made.
REPRINT THE STATISTICAL DYNAMICS OF HOMOGENEOUS TURBULENCE
Authors: Edwards S. F. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter presents a paper which examines the problem of steady homogeneous isotropic turbulence under idealized conditions, allowing the for the exact form of the correlation functions to be determined. Liouville's equation, and its generalization when a random input of energy is presented, is a useful starting point for the derivation of the steady distribution function of velocities, but it is inadequate for the study of the correlation functions when the velocities are taken at different points in time and a more general equation is derived to handle this problem. After an intuitive discussion of the problem, a general method is given for solving both Liouville's equation and the new extended equation. The solutions are then discussed in detail and it is shown that for a certain class of input behaviours, exact solutions can be given for the structure of the velocity correlation function. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the validity of the method of solution.
REPRINT THE STATISTICAL MECHANICS OF POLYMERS WITH EXCLUDED VOLUME
Authors: Edwards S. F. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter presents a paper that studies the probability distribution of the configurations of a polymer consisting of freely hinged links of length l and excluded volume v. It is shown that the interaction of the polymer with itself can be represented by considering the polymer under the influence of a self-consistent field which reduces the problem to an equation like the Hartree equation for an atom. The theory is extended to polymers of finite length, to the excluded random walk problem, and to n dimensions.
REPRINT STATISTICAL MECHANICS WITH TOPOLOGICAL CONSTRAINTS: II
Authors: Edwards S. F. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter presents a paper showing that the full specification of an assembly of long flexible molecules, needed for a statistical-mechanical study, requires an infinite set of topological invariants. The first two of these are derived in detail. These invariants provide a better description of the topology of the system than a more intuitively obvious one would do, for example, to state the condition that a molecule contains a single knot is very complicated requiring an infinite number of invariants, just as the specification of a function at a point requires an infinite number of Fourier coefficients. It is shown that the probability of molecules taking up configurations with given values for the invariants is a problem in quantum field theory. The transition from a real polymer to its representation by a continuous curve leads to divergences, but these can be absorbed by renormalizing the step length and entropy per monomer; within these two changes the topological properties are independent of monomer structure.
Background matching
Authors: Ruxton Graeme D. , Sherratt Thomas N. , Speed Michael P. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter focuses on how potential prey might avoid being detected by predators by matching their coloration, patterning, and movement to that of the local environment — a mechanism called crypsis or camouflage. The costs and benefits of this mechanism are identified. Consideration is also given to the conditions whereby this mechanism drives population-level polymorphism in the appearance of individuals within a single population. This mechanism is contrasted with masquerade, whereby the potential prey aims to avoid being identified for what it is, rather than avoid being detected as an entity at all.
Transparency and silvering
Authors: Ruxton Graeme D. , Sherratt Thomas N. , Speed Michael P. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter considers why only aquatic organisms can sometimes make themselves difficult to detect by allowing light to pass through them (transparency) or be reflected from them (reflective silvering). The physics of these phenomena are discussed to explain the taxonomic and ecological prevalences of these anti-predatory tactics. The importance of absorption of light by water, ultra-violet radiation, and polarization in this context is discussed.
The form and function of warning displays
Authors: Ruxton Graeme D. , Sherratt Thomas N. , Speed Michael P. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractSome prey that have secondary defences warn potential predators of these defences by means of conspicuous signals. Such aposematic signals are generally considered to aid in predators learning to avoid prey that utilise this signal. This chapter examines how the sensory and psychological properties of the predators are likely to influence signal decision in terms of ease of learning, memorability of signals, and recognizability and identification of signals. It also considers the importance of unlearned wariness of dangerous or otherwise unattractive prey.
Spatial structure and dynamics in a marine food web
Authors: Melián Carlos J. , Bascompte Jordi , Jordano Pedro 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Trophic interactions, as many other relevant ecological processes, are spatially extended. Previous work has pointed out the importance of the spatial domain for understanding food webs. This chapter builds on this body of work by considering how space shapes food web structure. It considers two case studies. First, it studies whether the global structure of Doñana's food web (south-eastern Spain) is homogeneous on each habitat type, or whether different habitat types have subwebs with different structure. Second, it considers in several geographic locations in southern Spain the food web formed by the genera Turdus and the plants whose fruits they consume. It looks at how food web structure at each spatial location is related to structure at other locations.
Analysis of size and complexity of randomly constructed food webs by information theoretic metrics
Authors: Morris James T. , Christian Robert R. , Ulanowicz Robert E. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter studies random, steady state food webs of varying size and complexity (up to 2,000 species and 1.3 million connections) which were generated with and without ecologically realistic constraints. This chapter analyses trends in network metrics, such as ascendancy, developmental capacity, and throughput as functions of size and complexity while holding constant the total annual gross primary production. It shows that total system biomass declined as the number of nodes representing biodiversity increased, or as the connectivity of the network increased. Total consumer biomass was not affected by the number of nodes or connections, and was not correlated with primary producer biomass. Therefore, loss of total biomass was more associated with decreased NPP and a decrease in the efficiency of primary production than a loss of consumer biomass. The ratio of tertiary consumer to detritivore biomass, an indicator of the direction of energy flow, was positively correlated to taxonomic diversity, but negatively correlated with the number of connections. The ratio of ascendancy to capacity was negatively correlated with network size, and complexity was within the range of those of real aquatic ecosystems of similar size. The trends indicate that more energy is dissipated as the density of network connections increases.
Climate forcing, food web structure, and community dynamics in pelagic marine ecosystems
Authors: Ciannelli L. , Hjermann D. Ø. , Lehodey P. , Ottersen G. , Duffy-Anderson J. T. , Stenseth N. C. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The Eastern Bering Sea (EBS), the Gulf of Alaska (GOA), and the Barents Sea (BS) share key features: they are dominated by gadoids populations, they are heavily fished, and they are under the influence of large-scale climatic fluctuations. Previous studies have shown that climate forcing can impact the species composition and the food webs in each of these ecosystems. However, food webs and species interactions can mediate the relative impact of climatic perturbation on community. For example, a relatively small increase in SST over the western GOA region during the mid-1970s led to a spectacular change in the local species community, but a reverse in climatic conditions that occurred during the late 1980s did not result in similar biological changes. This chapter reviews the food webs of the GOA, EBS, and BS, and relates them to prevailing large-scale climatic phases. The comparative approach adopted in this review is aimed at increasing the understanding of the mechanisms linking climate change and food web dynamics in marine ecosystems.
PARAMETERIZED COMPLEXITY THEORY
Authors: Niedermeier Rolf 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter offers a closer look at parameterized computational complexity theory. Central concepts in this context are parameterized problems, parameterized reducibility, parameterized complexity classes, W[1], complete problems, and W[1]-hardness proofs. In addition, the chapter provides a survey of some recent developments concerning structural parameterized complexity theory.
UNIVERSES IN TOPOSES
Authors: Streicher Thomas 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter discusses a notion of universe in toposes, which from a logical point of view gives rise to an extension of Higher Order Intuitionistic Arithmetic (HAH). In this way, one can construct families of types in the universe by structural recursion and quantify over such families. Further, it shows that (hierarchies of) such universes do exist in all sheaf and realizability toposes. They do not exist instead either in the free topos or in the Vω+ω model of Zermelo set theory. Though universes in the category Set are necessarily of strongly inaccessible cardinality, it remains an open question as to whether toposes with a universe allow one to construct internal models of Intuitionistic Zermelo Fraenkel set theory (IZF).
SPACES AS COMONOIDS
Authors: Bucalo A. , Rosolini G. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe constructive approach to topology has produced a wealth of new insights about spaces, almost reaching the point of making these more elementary than sets. In particular, the point of view taken by the notion of the basic picture as developed in the context of formal topology brings forward the relevance of relations between sets as an elementary constituent for understanding topological spaces. The chapter employs the language and notions of category theory to put the concept of the basic pair under scrutiny. It gives a presentation of topological spaces, which exploits another monoidal structure on the category of complete sup-lattices compared with the one given by Galois connections as in the memoirs by Joyal and Tierney. In this modified context, this chapter characterizes the frames which are topologies.
CONSTRUCTIVE REVERSE MATHEMATICS: COMPACTNESS PROPERTIES
Authors: Ishihara Hajime 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter proposes a base formal system for constructive reverse mathematics to classify various theorems in intuitionistic, constructive recursive, and classical mathematics by logical principles, function existence axioms, and their combinations. The system is weak enough to allow for a comparison of the results obtained in it with those obtained within classical reverse mathematics as well as to prove theorems in Bishop's constructive mathematics. The chapter also formalizes results on compactness properties, such as the Heine-Borel theorem, the Cantor intersection theorem, the Bolzano-Weierstrass theorem, and sequential compactness, in the base formal system as test cases of its adequacy and faithfulness for the purpose of constructive reverse mathematics. The computability of function existence axioms and their combination with logical principles are also investigated, identifying them with closure conditions on a class of functions.
Musculature
Authors: Schmidt-Rhaesa A. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe cooperation of actin and myosin is a characteristic of metazoan musculature. Actin and myosin can be traced far back in evolution and functional changes can be detected. Among metazoan animals, the acto-myosin complex was present first in isolated myocytes, then it was present within epidermal cells (as epitheliomuscle cells), and finally it separated as fibre muscle cells to form muscles. Within muscle cells, myofilaments can have different arrangements: smooth, oblique, or cross-striated musculature. These patterns have functional importance and give restricted phylogenetic signals. A grid of longitudinal and circular musculature below the epidermis appears to be characteristic for bilaterian animals; this arrangement has been altered several times.
Circulatory systems
Authors: Schmidt-Rhaesa A. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractFluids are transported in different ways through animal bodies, but several animals possess a specific system for this purpose: the circulatory system. This can be an open system of clefts and interstities, a closed system of tubelike structures (vessels), or a combination of the two. In most cases, circulatory vessels are limited and formed by coelom epithelia of adjacent coelomic compartments. They are lined by extracellular matrix and represent the primary body cavity (the blood vascular system). In only a few cases do circulatory vessels have an epithelium, and are then coelomic circulatory systems. The occurrence, shape, and extension of circulatory systems among animals are very diverse and this chapter concludes that their multiple parallel evolution has to be assumed.