bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wood Frame Walls in Cold Climate —Vapour Barrier Requirements
Authors: Thue Jan Vincent , Skogstad Hans Boye , Homb Anders 
Published: March 2007

In Norway, it is common practice to use a polyethylene foil as a vapour barrier on the warm side of the thermal insulation in wood frame construc tions. The question has been raised whether such a vapour barrier is really necessary. It has been claimed that so-called "breathing constructions" would contribute to bet ter indoor climate conditions and have just as good moisture performance as tradi tional constructions, even in a cold climate. The paper summarises the results from two laboratory test series with wood frame walls having barriers with different water vapour resistance on warm and cold sides of the heat insulation. The results are discussed and some preliminary requirements regarding the vapour resistance of the barriers are outlined. The subject will be fol lowed up in further research in the laboratory and in a test house.
The Thermal Resistance of Mineral Wool Products with Density Gradients: Theory and Experimental Procedures
Authors: Campanale Manuela , De Ponte Francesco , Moro Lorenzo 
Published: March 2007

Some standardized experimental procedures for the characterization of most common homogeneous insulating materials, in particular, low-density high- thickness mineral wool products, are based on some analytical models (two-flux model) which take into account combined heat transfer by conduction and radiation in homogeneous media. Interlaboratory comparisons and experimental validation of the models during some years has now covered most commercial products and proved that agreement is far better than testing accuracy. However, the above proce dures can no longer be applied when a density gradient occurs along the thickness of the specimen and hence a gradient of the radiative extinction coefficients is orig inated. The gradient occurs due to the weight of the upper layers of the product on the lower layers during binder polymerization. The system of differential equations which described the above models was therefore improved to take this effect into ac count. The solution was only possible by splitting the insulation into three layers, two facing the bounding surfaces of the product and a third forming a core. The solution is then used as the interpolating function of measured data in a procedure to characterize mineral wool products with density gradients, exceeding the maximum specimen thickness for the apparatus to be used, and such that the homogeneity assumption of standard models does not supply acceptable accuracy levels.
Moisture Management of EIFS Walls— Part 2: Classification of EIFS Systems
Authors: Bomberg Mark , Kumaran Kumar , Day Kevin 
Published: March 2007

When durability of EIFS-clad houses located in some coastal ar eas with high moisture exposure was questioned, the EIFS industry introduced new solutions. Most of the newly developed EIFS products are based on the prem ise that a weather resistant, continuous, exterior skin can be difficult to achieve, let alone maintain, during the service life of a building. These new systems have two identifiable features: (1) EIFS cladding and (2) a multifunctional second-line of de fense to contain and manage water that passed the cladding. Three subsystems and systems, namely, source drained (SD-EIFS), drained screen (DS-EIFS), and vented screen (VS-EIFS), rely on water drainage from the wall assembly. The fourth multifunctional EIFS is primarily based on the storage and drying capabilities of the wall assembly. Another prerequisite of a functional wall assembly is the presence of an air barrier. Experience indicates that only the redundant wall system with multiple defense mechanisms presents the opportunity for a durable and low-maintenance building envelope.
The Remarkable Persistence of a Flawed Theory:
Authors: COSTELLO BARBARA J. 
Published: March 2007

Cultural deviance theorists' standard response to theoretical critiques is that the critics have not carefully read the original sources, resulting in a misunderstanding of the perspective. In response to my recent critique of the cultural deviance perspective, Matsueda (1997) follows this standard practice. He claims that my critique is based on false premises, thereby obviating the need to respond to my argument that cultural deviance theory is logically untenable. Anticipating such reactions, I adopted the strategy of relying heavily on direct quotes from cultural deviance theorists' original works to support my arguments (Sutherland, 1947; Akers, 1973, 1996; Matsueda, 1982, 1988; Sutherland, Cressey, and Luckenbill, 1992). But because Matsueda did not sufficiently use the same strategy, many of his points are unconvincing. Here I provide additional evidence supporting my original positions, and demonstrate that many of Matsueda's responses to my critique create additional logical and empirical problems for the theory.
Review : Thermal injuries in children - nursing and related care
Authors: Orr Jan 
Published: March 2007

■ Children with thermal injuries are cared for in many settings within the health service ■ To promote excellence of care, knowledge of their extensive and holistic needs are required ■ A multi-disciplinary team approach is vital to ensure adequate and effective care is given during throughout the child's recovery ■ Family-centred partnerships in care are essential ingredients in caring for the thermally injured child
Review : Best interests versus autonomy: a model for advocacy in child health care
Authors: Rose Pat 
Published: March 2007

■ Decisions about children are often justified as being in the child's best interests ■ Health care professionals must ensure that the views of children are considered when planning their care ■ Decisions about a child's care should reflect the child's wishes and the family's value system ■ To do this, the health care professional needs knowledge of child development and family dynamics, assessment skills, and interpersonal skills ■ Children's autonomy can be preserved if they participate in making decisions with those seeking their long term good
Mothers' understanding of their children's bodies
Authors: Littlewood Jenny 
Published: March 2007

■ Children under 6 months, brought to the accident and emergency department (A&E) are distressed by problems often related to digestion ■ Parental knowledge of their children's bodies showed relatively little differentiation between structures ■ They made clear distinctions between the quality of their baby's crying and the problem ■ Parents made decisions to seek help on the basis of the quality of their child's crying and thereby its associated disorder ■ Telephone advice for parents may be the way forward in service provision, and will therefore require more exacting knowledge from the parents ■ The research approach used in the study - cognitive mapping - appeared to be acceptable to the mothers, as a way of eliciting representations
The Effect of Molecular Weight Distribution on the Physical Properties and Morphology of Polypropylene Stretched Tape
Authors: Flood J.E. , Hart D.W. , Nulf S.A. , Brown H.S. 
Published: March 2007

Stretched tape and film were made from isotactic polypropylene (iPP) homopoly mer produced with SHAC* catalyst (Shell High Activity Catalyst). The resins used were nominal 3.5 and 8.0 melt flow (MF) resins with narrow, medium, and broad molecular weight distributions (MWD). Measurements were made of tape and film physical properties as a function of MWD and process heat history. Small angle x-ray two-theta scans through the meridional direction were done to obtain Long Period Spacing (LPS) Long period spacing for an idealized semicrystalline model is the combined distance through both a crystalline lamella and the amorphous region between the lamellae. LPS was correlated to resin melt flow and MWD. Wide angle x-ray scattering (WAXS) techniques using pole figures and Hermans orientation func tions were used to determine molecular orientation. Density and physical properties (percent elongation at break, Young's modulus, and tenacity) did not change significantly as a function of MWD for the 3.5 and 8 MF tapes. The tenacities of the 8 MF tapes averaged 0.8 gm/denier less than those of the 3.5 MF tapes. The density of the 8 MF tapes was higher than that of the 3.5 MF tape density (0.9039 and 0.8998 gm/cm3, respectively) indicating a higher percent crystallinity for the 8 MF tapes. The lower molecular weights of the 8 MF resins apparently contribute to a more highly ordered structure; the latter keeps the physical properties of the tape from deteriorating as molecular weight decreases. The net result is that lower molecular weight resins (higher MF) can produce stretched tape with acceptable physical prop erties at high processing speeds.
Information and cervical screening: a qualitative study of women's awareness, understanding and information needs about HPV
Authors: Goldsmith Megan R , Bankhead Clare R , Kehoe Sean T , Marsh Gill , Austoker Joan 
Published: March 2007

Objectives: To explore women's attitudes towards the information about human papilloma virus (HPV) provided during cervical screening and to describe women's HPV information needs. Setting: Women with a range of screening results (normal, inadequate, borderline and abnormal) were identified by three screening centres in England. Two consecutive samples of women attending for colposcopy for the first time following screening were also approached. Methods: Seven focus groups were conducted between May 2005 and April 2006 with 38 women who had recently been for cervical screening or had attended a colposcopy appointment. Results: Most women had no prior awareness of HPV. Many women queried the importance of being informed about HPV as no preventive advice or treatment is available. The HPV information included in the UK national screening programme abnormal result leaflet left women with more questions than answers (a list of unanswered questions is included with the results). Further information was requested about HPV detection, infection and transmission as well as the natural history and progression of cervical cancer. No consensus was reached regarding the best time to provide HPV information. Conclusions: Clear communication of the complicated issues surrounding HPV infection and the natural history of cervical cancer is a considerable educational challenge for screening providers. As awareness of HPV becomes more widespread and HPV testing is explored as a triage during cervical screening, women are likely to require more information about the virus and the implications of infection. Consideration should be given to the production of a separate national screening programme HPV leaflet.
Transverse low‐field RF coils in MRI
Authors: Claasen‐Vujčič Tatjana , Borsboom Henny M. , Gaykema Harry J. G. , Mehlkopf Toon 
Published: March 2007

AbstractImaging at low fields imposes a number of nonstandard requirements on the RF coil. At low fields, coil losses are dominant over patient losses. This means that even more stress is put on the quality factor Q. Furthermore, the low frequency also implies a high inductance L and/or a high capacitance C product. Just increasing the capacitance C results in a difficult optimal matching to the preamplifier as well as increased costs and higher complexity of the resonator construction. Coils with a high quality factor Q and a high inductance are thus required at low fields. Birdcage coils possess a number of advantages over saddle and solenoidal coils. However, the currently used birdcages have inherently low inductances limited by the size of the coil. The problem can be solved by a novel design in which the strip configuration for inductors is abandoned and the inductors are realized as a certain number of turns. The Q factor can be further improved by using Litz wire. Three novel transverse RF coils with high inductances are presented and compared with each other as well as to the standard coils. Both linear and quadrature modes are discussed.
Intra-Industry Performance Comparison and Industrial Concentration
Authors: Lippit Jeffrey W. , Oliver Bruce L. 
Published: March 2007

This study examines the importance of economies of scale in measuring the concentration-profits relationship. Firms are grouped into industries facilitating within industry analyses. Replacement cost disclosures are utilized to evaluate any price change bias resulting from the use of traditional accounting statements. This study produces no indication of economies of scale in high or low concentration industries. In medium concentration industries there is a weak tendency for larger firms to have higher returns. This result cannot, however, be attributed to scale economies. Observed replacement cost price adjustments are not randomly distributed across firms.
The Relationship of the Watson-Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal To Sex and Four Selected Personality Measures for a Sample of Dutch First-Year Psychology Students
Authors: Hoogstraten Joh. , Christiaans H.H.C.M. 
Published: March 2007

In reaction to an earlier publication by Simon and Ward (1974) on the 1952 version of the Watson-Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal, data are presented on the relationship of the 1964 forms of the same instrument to four selected noncognitive measures for a sample of 190 Dutch psychology students. Except for Subtest 5, Evaluation of Arguments, subtest and total score means were significantly lower for Form ZM than for Form YM. Reliabilities of the Watson-Glaser (W-G) subtests ranged from only .22 to .69. Total score KR-20 reliability estimates, however, were .72 (ZM) and .77 (YM). No sex differences were found. The correlation between the W-G total scores and those on the extroversion-introversion measure was not significant. Correlations of the W-G measure with other personality characteristics (neuroticism and rigidity) were also close to zero. As for version ZM of the W-G measure the performance was significantly associated with test-defensiveness.
A Correlation of Barron's Ego Strength Scale and Smith's Non-Conformity Scale
Authors: Martin John D. , Blair Garland E. , Bottoms Su Anne H. 
Published: March 2007

The sample used in the present study consisted of undergraduate students enrolled in Adolescent and Child Psychology classes at Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, Tennessee. The total number of 76 students included 23 males and 53 females. The ages ranged from 18 to 29 with a mean of 23. Conformity and Ego Strength Scales were found to be significantly, but inversely, related. A statistically significant correlation between sex and a measure of conformity suggested that females are more conforming than are males. Inasmuch as the concepts of Conformity and Ego Strength consist of antagonistic characteristics, it is believed that the results of the present study provide some evidence for the validity of the Ego Strength Scale of Barron.
Encountering and Integrating Kierkegaard's Absolute Paradox
Authors: Schneider Kirk J. 
Published: March 2007

Kierkegaard's absolute paradox is proposed as the fundamental basis for a cohesive existential-phenomenological theory of perception. Absolute paradox is defined as a continuum of physical, intellectual, and emotional finitude (limitation) counterpoised by physical, intellectual, and emotional infinitude (freedom). After setting forth the tenets of this theory of paradox, the author explores its implications for the history of philosophical thought and individual and social psychology. In particular, he inquires as to why this paradox is so often denied and trivialized. He concludes that both philosophically and psychologically persons often fear paradox-even to a life-threatening degree-and therefore adopt polarized or extreme views. Finally, the author discusses integrated or balanced philosophical and psychological perspectives. He claims that such perspectives are possessed by persons who are able to encounter paradox and constructively transform what had once been denied or alien. The article is intended to reflect the spirit of Becker (1973), who urged that existential-phenomenological psychology (and in turn humanistic psychology) should strive to develop a more accessible, rigorous, and unified stance. Only the paradox comes anywhere near to comprehending the fullness of life.—Carl Jung.
Human Science Research Methods
Authors: Barrell James J. , Aanstoos Chris , Rechards Anne C. , Arons Mike 
Published: March 2007

In this work, we contribute to the human science research paradigm now emerging internationally by describing four major human science research methods: the experiential, hermeneutical, perceptual psychological, and phenomenological. Each author has contributed to the development and utilization of one of these methodologies, while remaining conversant with the others. We recognize the unique value of each, but also are convinced that the human science approach has now attained the level of sophistication that makes a comparative examination of its various methodologies a timely endeavor. We have begun that task in this article by summarizing how each methodology addresses a common phenomenon, that of the experience of anxiety. Specifically, we summarize each method with regard to its research purpose, its formulation of a research question, its means of data collection, and its data analytic procedures. Although differences are evident, shared values and procedures are also clarified. All methods underscore the significance of (a) focusing on understanding human experience, (b) practicing impartiality during observations, (c) grounding the research in the life-world, and 4) clarifying the meanings that are lived from the perspective of one's own experiencing. It is our hope that this work will add to an in-depth understanding of what human science research means as well as offer concrete guidelines to carry out its form of research.
Death Knell of the Guru System?
Authors: Wren-Lewis John 
Published: March 2007

This article proposes a radically new approach to the much discussed question of the relationship between claims to spiritual enlightenment and ethical behavior recently rekindled by disclosures of what seems to have been very unenlightened conduct in the private life of J. Krishnamurti, the one modern teacher most people assumed to be above such frailties. The approach is based on the author's personal experience of a lasting shift of consciousness following a close encounter with death in 1983, which leads him to contend that the transformation of which Krishnamurti spoke was not a change in personality but an opening of "depth-perspective" in the moment that puts all human feelings into new proportion in relation to actual enjoyment of eternity. The surest way to prevent such a change is to pursue spiritual development in the hope of achieving some ideal condition, which means that idealization of spiritual teachers is a trap not only for gullible seekers, as often maintained by skeptical psychologists, but even more for the teachers themselves. Krishnamurti saw this more clearly than most, yet seems to have been unable to avoid the trap. The need now is to abandon the whole master system in favor of a genuine experimental approach to spirituality with full up-front admission of failures as an essential requirement not only for any real research, but also for maintaining enlightenment itself. When a guru's not engaged in meditation (meditation), A-reciting of his mantra for the week (for the week), His capacity for infantile inflation (-tile inflation) Is enough to drive disciples up the creek (up the creek). He will take the girls aside for tantric yoga (tantric yoga) While celibacy is ordered for the chaps (for the chaps), When he starts behaving like an angry ogre (angry ogre) He claims it's just to make your pride collapse. Oh with all these daily pujas to be done (to be done), A disciple's lot is not a happy one (happy one). -Gilbert & Sullivan (channelled communication, a New Age update of the 'Policemen's Chorus" from The Pirates of Penzance, first written when this ancient spirit was split between two Victorian Englishmen in his last incamation).
The Conception of Criminality Illustrated by a Stochastic Process Model for Deviant Behavior
Authors: Petersen Eggert 
Published: March 2007

It is common knowledge that individuals vary regarding criminal tendency. That the surroundings vary correspondingly - as will become clear from the investigation described below - is less evi dent. The everyday view of criminality which is also widespread among scientists and theorists is namely "one-dimensional"- absolute and static. The concept of "criminal" (denoting criminal persons) is a pure Aristotelian classification, i.e., a collective name, deriving from one criterion of the fact that different individuals in widely different situations have shown widely different behavior. From a psychological point of view the con cept is without any actual contents. From a relativistic dynamic conception of criminality, however, criminality does neither char acterize the person in himself nor the current environment as such, but must be seen as an effect of the interaction between the person and the current environment. By means of a stochastic model operating with parameters for the individual person, and parameters for the specific current environment, there is an account of how naval criminality may be described from a model of interaction given below. The investigation introducing individual-centered stochastic models of interaction in criminology also illustrates the problems of comparison which criminology faces, together with the con ception of criminality.
Cohesion and Coherence in Compositions in Malay and English
Authors: Johnson Patricia 
Published: March 2007

Empirical studies on cohesion in written discourse of native and non-native speakers of English indicate that judgments of writing quality may depend on overall coherence in content, organization, and style rather than on the quantity of cohesion (Witt & Faigley, 1981; Connor, 1984; Lindsay, 1984; Scarcella, 1984; Schneider, 1985). However, the studies concerning non-native speakers of English have not included data from the first language nor controlled the language and cultural background of ESL writers. This study examines cohesion in expository essays written in Malay and in English by native speakers of both languages and in ESL by Malaysian writers. Sample compositions evaluated holistically as "good" or "weak" in quality were submitted by Malaysian teachers of com position in Malay and by American teachers of native and non-native speakers of English. T-tests performed on the data obtained from a cohesion analysis of text (Halliday and Hasan, 1976) indicate no dif ferences in the amount of cohesion between "good" and "weak" com positions written in Malay by native speakers (20) or in English by native (20) and Malay speakers (20). "Good" compositions written in Malay have more intersentence semantic ties (e.g., reiteration and collocation) than "weak" compositions. However, "good" compositions written in English by native speakers have more intersentence syntactic ties (e.g., reference and conjunction) than "weak" compositions. The development of content in the com positions written in Malay in comparison to those written in English by native speakers indicate a crosscultural variance in conditions for quality. In addition, compositions in ESL demonstrate a developmental stage in the usage of syntactic cohesive links and the organization of material, reflecting previous writing experience in the Malay language.