bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two Distinct Pathways Supply Anthranilate as a Precursor of thePseudomonasQuinolone Signal
Authors: Farrow John M. , Pesci Everett C. 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACTPseudomonas aeruginosais an opportunistic pathogen that causes serious infections in immunocompromised patients and those with cystic fibrosis (CF). This gram-negative bacterium uses multiple cell-to-cell signals to control numerous cellular functions and virulence. One of these signals is 2-heptyl-3-hydroxy-4-quinolone, which is referred to as thePseudomonasquinolone signal (PQS). This signal functions as a coinducer for a transcriptional regulator (PqsR) to positively control multiple virulence genes and its own synthesis. PQS production is required for virulence in multiple models of infection, and it has been shown to be produced in the lungs of CF patients infected byP. aeruginosa. One of the precursor compounds from which PQS is synthesized is the metabolite anthranilate. This compound can be derived from the conversion of chorismate to anthranilate by an anthranilate synthase or through the degradation of tryptophan via the anthranilate branch of the kynurenine pathway. In this study, we present data which help to define the kynurenine pathway inP. aeruginosaand show that the kynurenine pathway serves as a critical source of anthranilate for PQS synthesis. We also show that thekynpathway genes are induced during growth with tryptophan and that they are autoregulated by kynurenine. This study provides solid foundations for the understanding of howP. aeruginosaproduces the anthranilate that serves as a precursor to PQS and other 4-quinolones.
Transcription Termination within the Iron Transport-Biosynthesis Operon ofVibrio anguillarumRequires an Antisense RNA
Authors: Stork Michiel , Di Lorenzo Manuela , Welch Timothy J. , Crosa Jorge H. 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACTThe iron transport-biosynthesis (ITB) operon inVibrio anguillarumincludes four genes for ferric siderophore transport,fatD, -C, -B, and -A, and two genes for siderophore biosynthesis,angRandangT. This cluster plays an important role in the virulence mechanisms of this bacterium. Despite being part of the same polycistronic mRNA, the relative levels of transcription for thefatportion and for the whole ITB message differ profoundly, the levels of thefattranscript being about 17-fold higher. Using S1 nuclease mapping,lacZtranscriptional fusions, and in vitro studies, we were able to show that the differential gene expression within the ITB operon is due to termination of transcription between thefatAandangRgenes, although a few transcripts proceeded beyond the termination site to the end of this operon. This termination process requires a 427-nucleotide antisense RNA that spans the intergenic region and acts as a novel transcriptional terminator.
Inverse Regulation of Biofilm Formation and Swarming Motility byPseudomonas aeruginosaPA14
Authors: Caiazza Nicky C. , Merritt Judith H. , Brothers Kimberly M. , O'Toole George A. 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACTWe previously reported that SadB, a protein of unknown function, is required for an early step in biofilm formation by the opportunistic pathogenPseudomonas aeruginosa. Here we report that a mutation insadBalso results in increased swarming compared to the wild-type strain. Our data are consistent with a model in which SadB inversely regulates biofilm formation and swarming motility via its ability both to modulate flagellar reversals in a viscosity-dependent fashion and to influence the production of the Pel exopolysaccharide. We also show that SadB is required to properly modulate flagellar reversal rates via chemotaxis cluster IV (CheIV cluster). Mutational analyses of two components of the CheIV cluster, the methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein PilJ and the PilJ demethylase ChpB, support a model wherein this chemotaxis cluster participates in the inverse regulation of biofilm formation and swarming motility. Epistasis analysis indicates that SadB functions upstream of the CheIV cluster. We propose thatP. aeruginosautilizes a SadB-dependent, chemotaxis-like regulatory pathway to inversely regulate two key surface behaviors, biofilm formation and swarming motility.
Fatty Infiltration and Atrophy of the Rotator Cuff do not Improve after Rotator Cuff Repair and Correlate with Poor Functional Outcome
Authors: Gladstone James N. , Bishop Julie Y. , Lo Ian K.Y. , Flatow Evan L. 
Published: March 2007

Background The role of degenerative changes in rotator cuff musculature with respect to the functional outcomes of rotator cuff repair have only recently been recognized and are still not well understood. In addition, the reversibility of these changes with repair of the tendons is questionable. Hypothesis Poorer preoperative muscle quality negatively affects outcome, and a successful outcome (in terms of a healed repair) might demonstrate improvements in fatty infiltration and muscle atrophy. Study Design Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods Thirty-eight patients (mean age, 62 years) were prospectively evaluated with preoperative and 1-year postoperative clinical examination and appropriate magnetic resonance image sequencing to determine grades of muscle atrophy and fatty infiltration of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles. American Shoulder and Elbow Society (ASES), Constant, and pain scores were determined as well as strength measurements. The retear rate and progression of muscle degeneration were also evaluated. Independent predictors of outcome measurements and cuff integrity were determined. Results The overall clinical outcome, including ASES, Constant, and pain scores, improved significantly (P < .0001). Strength in forward elevation improved significantly (P < .006), while external rotation strength did not. There was a strongly negative correlation between muscle quality and outcome results in most cases. When the results were adjusted for multivariate effect, muscle atrophy and fatty infiltration of the infraspinatus muscle were the only independent predictors of ASES and Constant scores (P < .03). Tear size and rotator cuff healing did not play an independent role. Tear size, however, was the only independent predictor of ultimate cuff integrity (P = .002). Both atrophy and fatty infiltration progressed significantly over the course of the study. In cases in which the tendon had re-torn, the progression was found to be more significant than when the repair proved successful (P < .003). Conclusion Muscle atrophy and fatty infiltration of the rotator cuff muscles, particularly of the infraspinatus, play a significant role in determining functional outcome after cuff repair. Tear size appears to have the most influential effect on repair integrity. A successful repair did not lead to improvement or reversal of muscle degeneration and a failed repair resulted in significantly more progression. In general, healed repairs demonstrated minimal progression. These findings suggest that repairs should be performed, if possible, before more significant deterioration in the cuff musculature in order to optimize outcomes, and that understanding the degree of muscle atrophy and fatty infiltration before surgery can help guide patient expectations.
Association of the diplotype configuration at the N-acetyltransferase 2 gene with adverse events with co-trimoxazole in Japanese patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Soejima Makoto , Sugiura Tomoko , Kawaguchi Yasushi , Kawamoto Manabu , Katsumata Yasuhiro , Takagi Kae , Nakajima Ayako , Mitamura Tadayuki , Mimori Akio , Hara Masako , Kamatani Naoyuki 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAlthough co-trimoxazole (trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole) is an effective drug for prophylaxis against and treatment ofPneumocystispneumonia, patients often experience adverse events with this combination, even at prophylactic doses. With the aim being to achieve individual optimization of co-trimoxazole therapy in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), we investigated genetic polymorphisms in theNAT2gene (which encodes the metabolizing enzyme of sulphamethoxazole). Of 166 patients with SLE, 54 patients who were hospitalized and who received prophylactic doses of co-trimoxazole were included in the cohort study. Adverse events occurred in 18 patients; only two experienced severe adverse events that lead to discontinuation of the drug. These two patients and three additional ones with severe adverse events (from other institutions) were added to form a cohort sample and were analyzed in a case-control study. Genotype was determined using TaqMan methods, and haplotype was inferred using the maximum-likelihood method. In the cohort study, adverse events occurred more frequently in those without theNAT2*4haplotype (5/7 [71.4%]) than in those with at least oneNAT2*4haplotype (13/47 [27.7%];P= 0.034; relative risk = 2.58, 95% confidence interval = 1.34–4.99). In the case-control study the proportion of patients withoutNAT2*4was significantly higher among those with severe adverse events (3/5 [60%]) than those without severe adverse events (6/52 [11.5%];P= 0.024; odds ratio = 11.5, 95% confidence interval = 1.59–73.39). We conclude that lack ofNAT2*4haplotype is associated with adverse events with co-trimoxazole in Japanese patients with SLE.
The major vault protein is related to the toxic anion resistance protein(TelA) family
Authors: Suprenant Kathy A. , Bloom Nathan , Fang Jianwen , Lushington Gerald 
Published: March 2007

SUMMARYVaults are barrel-shaped ribonucleoprotein particles that are abundant in certain tumors and multidrug resistant cancer cells. Prokaryotic relatives of the major vault protein, MVP, have not been identified. We used sequence analysis and molecular modeling to show that MVP and the toxic anion resistance protein, TelA of Rhodobacter sphaeroides strain 2.4.1,share a novel fold that consists of a three-stranded antiparallelβ-sheet. Because of this strong structural correspondence, we examined whether mammalian cell vaults respond to tellurite treatment. In the presence of the oxyanion tellurite, large vault aggregates, or vaultosomes, appear at the cell periphery in 15 min or less. Vaultosome formation is temperature-dependent, reversible, and occurs in normal human umbilical vein endothelial cells as well as transformed HeLa cervical cancer cells. Vaultosome formation is not restricted to tellurite and occurs in the presence of other toxic oxyanions (selenate, selinite, arsenate, arsenite, vanadate). In addition, vaultosomes form independently from other stress-induced ribonucleoprotein complexes, stress granules and aggresomes. Vaultosome formation is therefore a unique cellular response to an environmental toxin.
Clicking caterpillars: acoustic aposematism inAntheraea polyphemusand other Bombycoidea
Authors: Brown Sarah G. , Boettner George H. , Yack Jayne E. 
Published: March 2007

SUMMARYAcoustic signals produced by caterpillars have been documented for over 100 years, but in the majority of cases their significance is unknown. This study is the first to experimentally examine the phenomenon of audible sound production in larval Lepidoptera, focusing on a common silkmoth caterpillar, Antheraea polyphemus (Saturniidae). Larvae produce airborne sounds,resembling `clicks', with their mandibles. Larvae typically signal multiple times in quick succession, producing trains that last over 1 min and include 50–55 clicks. Individual clicks within a train are on average 24.7 ms in duration, often consisting of multiple components. Clicks are audible in a quiet room, measuring 58.1–78.8 dB peSPL at 10 cm. They exhibit a broadband frequency that extends into the ultrasound spectrum, with most energy between 8 and 18 kHz. Our hypothesis that clicks function as acoustic aposematic signals, was supported by several lines of evidence. Experiments with forceps and domestic chicks correlated sound production with attack, and an increase in attack rate was positively correlated with the number of signals produced. In addition, sound production typically preceded or accompanied defensive regurgitation. Bioassays with invertebrates (ants) and vertebrates (mice) revealed that the regurgitant is deterrent to would-be predators. Comparative evidence revealed that other Bombycoidea species,including Actias luna (Saturniidae) and Manduca sexta(Sphingidae), also produce airborne sounds upon attack, and that these sounds precede regurgitation. The prevalence and adaptive significance of warning sounds in caterpillars is discussed.
Temperature dependent modulation of lobster neuromuscular properties by serotonin
Authors: Hamilton Jonna L. , Edwards Claire R. , Holt Stephen R. , Worden Mary Kate 
Published: March 2007

SUMMARYIn cold-blooded species the efficacy of neuromuscular function depends both on the thermal environmental of the animal's habitat and on the concentrations of modulatory hormones circulating within the animal's body. The goal of this study is to examine how temperature variation within an ecologically relevant range affects neuromuscular function and its modulation by the neurohormone serotonin (5-HT) in Homarus americanus, a lobster species that inhabits a broad thermal range in the wild. The synaptic strength of the excitatory and inhibitory motoneurons innervating the lobster dactyl opener muscle depends on temperature, with the strongest neurally evoked muscle movements being elicited at cold (&lt;5°C) temperatures. However, whereas neurally evoked contractions can be elicited over the entire temperature range from 2 to &gt;20°C, neurally evoked relaxations of resting muscle tension are effective only at colder temperatures at which the inhibitory junction potentials are hyperpolarizing in polarity. 5-HT has two effects on inhibitory synaptic signals: it potentiates their amplitude and also shifts the temperature at which they reverse polarity by approximately +7°C. Thus 5-HT both potentiates neurally evoked relaxations of the muscle and increases the temperature range over which neurally evoked muscle relaxations can be elicited. Neurally evoked contractions are maximally potentiated by 5-HT at warm (18°C) temperatures; however, 5-HT enhances excitatory junction potentials in a temperature-independent manner. Finally, 5-HT strongly increases resting muscle tension at the coldest extent of the temperature range tested (2°C) but is ineffective at 22°C. These data demonstrate that 5-HT elicits several temperature-dependent physiological changes in the passive and active responses of muscle to neural input. The overall effect of 5-HT is to increase the temperature range over which neurally evoked motor movements can be elicited in this neuromuscular system.)
Halfe the world knowes not how the other halfe lies: Investigation of verbal and non‐verbal signs of deception exhibited by criminal offenders and non‐offenders
Authors: Porter Stephen , Doucette Naomi L. , Woodworth Michael , Earle Jeff , MacNeil Bonnie 
Published: March 2007

Purpose. This study examined the verbal and non‐verbal behaviours exhibited by criminal offender and non‐offender participants while they related planned truthful and deceptive accounts about emotional autobiographical events.Methods. In a 2 × 2 (participant group × veracity) quasi‐experimental design, offenders (N = 27) and university students (N = 38) provided videotaped accounts of four autobiographical emotional events: two honest and two fabricated (counterbalanced). Patterns of behaviour exhibited during the truthful and the deceptive accounts were then compared.Results. In general, offenders and non‐offenders showed similar patterns of deceptive behaviour. Deceptive accounts by both groups contained fewer details than honest accounts. Deception was associated with an increase in illustrator usage and self‐manipulations; however, univariate analyses indicated only that offenders exhibited significantly more self‐manipulations when lying. A significant interaction emerged in which offenders showed a reduction in smiles when lying about the emotional events, while students showed no difference.Conclusions. Offenders and students showed similar patterns of lying on most cues. However, unlike non‐offenders, offenders smiled less and showed an increase in self‐manipulations when lying. We theorize that offenders may have been aware that smiling and laughing are negatively related to perceived credibility in the speaker and used self‐manipulations to distract listeners from the content of their lies.
Pump Therapy for Children: Weighing the Risks and Benefits
Authors: Klingensmith Georgeanna J. , Temple-Trujillo Rita , Johnson DeAnn 
Published: March 2007

In Brief
Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion therapy can provide improved diabetes care and improve quality of life for some children with diabetes. However, insulin pump therapy in children poses unique problems not faced in adult diabetes management. Appropriate supervision of pump therapy in a young child requires an adult who is motivated, educated, and available at all times to manage the insulin pump.
Energy Therapies and Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Guthrie Diana W. , Gamble Maureen 
Published: March 2007

In Brief
People with diabetes require multiple interventions to reach their glycemic goals. Energy therapies have been a useful aid in improving health and well-being. Clinical interventions involve energy exchange in some form. This article focuses on energy therapies that involve the presence of a therapist, whether local or long distance, to support and aid in the healing process. The literature on diabetes and healing therapies is sparse, but there is potential for energy therapy to assist individuals with diabetes in reaching goals for normoglycemia and high quality of life.
Biological Complementary Therapies: A Focus on Botanical Products in Diabetes
Authors: Shane-McWhorter Laura 
Published: March 2007

In Brief
Several botanical and biological products claim to lower blood glucose or decrease complications of diabetes, and some of these are being used by people with diabetes. Products thought to lower blood glucose include gymnema, fenugreek, bitter melon, ginseng, and nopal. Claims have also been made for aloe, bilberry, and milk thistle, but there is less evidence in support of these. Botanical products thought to decrease diabetes complications include γ-linolenic acid, ginkgo biloba, and garlic. A vitamin-like substance, α-lipoic acid, has been used to treat neuropathic complications.
Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Syndrome
Authors: Umpierrez Guillermo E. , Murphy Mary Beth , Kitabchi Abbas E. 
Published: March 2007

In Brief
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome (HHS) are two acute complications of diabetes that can result in increased morbidity and mortality if not efficiently and effectively treated. Mortality rates are 2–5% for DKA and 15% for HHS, and mortality is usually a consequence of the underlying precipitating cause(s) rather than a result of the metabolic changes of hyperglycemia. Effective standardized treatment protocols, as well as prompt identification and treatment of the precipitating cause, are important factors affecting outcome.
Glucose Control During and After Pancreatic Transplantation
Authors: Shokouh-Amiri M. Hosein , Stratta Robert J. , Latif Kashif A. , Gaber Osama 
Published: March 2007

In Brief
Pancreas transplantation is considered the best treatment option for patients with type 1 diabetes and renal failure. In this article, the authors describe perioperative glucose control in patients undergoing pancreas or kidney-pancreas transplantation.
Avoiding High-Risk Behaviors: Smoking Prevention and Cessation in Diabetes Care
Authors: Tibbs Tiffany L. , Haire-Joshu Debra 
Published: March 2007

In Brief
Smoking and other high-risk behaviors can result in devastating health consequences for patients with diabetes, in addition to patients with cardiovascular disease and cancer. The prevention and treatment of smoking should be a high priority for diabetes care providers. Effective strategies to implement behavioral change are discussed.
Improving Adherence to Diabetes Self-Management Recommendations
Authors: Schechter Clyde B. , Walker Elizabeth A. 
Published: March 2007

In Brief
Improved health outcomes for individuals with diabetes depend on integrating self-management into daily life. A wide variety of educational, behavioral, and affective interventions are available that individually produce modest improvements in patient adherence to treatment recommendations in diabetes and related chronic illnesses and that work somewhat better when used in combination. A summary of selected successful interventions is presented.
Evolving Roles: From Diabetes Educators to Advanced Diabetes Managers
Authors: Valentine Virginia , Kulkarni Karmeen , Hinnen Debbie 
Published: March 2007

In Brief
The evolution of advanced practice in diabetes management has emulated the advanced practice efforts of nursing groups. However, many disciplines are involved in the care and education of people with diabetes. This article reviews the expanded role of health professionals in diabetes and describes the development of a new clinical management credential for nurses, dietitians, and pharmacists with advanced degrees and advanced practice experience in diabetes.
Group Education in Diabetes: Effectiveness and Implementation
Authors: Mensing Carolé R. , Norris Susan L. 
Published: March 2007

In Brief
Groups offer a forum for people with diabetes to gather and learn together. Group attendees and educators have an opportunity to use creative approaches to learning. This article defines groups, discusses related constructs, reviews effectiveness research and some of its unanswered questions, describes implementation challenges, and offers skill-building suggestions to educators who use groups as a part of an educational practice.
Biopsychosocial Factors Affecting Metabolic Control Among Female Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Jack Leonard 
Published: March 2007

In Brief
Emerging research emphasizes the importance of an integrative approach to treating type 1 diabetes among adolescent females. This review discusses important biological, psychological, behavioral, and sociocultural factors that must be considered when providing diabetes care. A summary of recommendations to assist health care professionals in delivering care to their patients is provided.
Food, Identity, and African-American Women With Type 2 Diabetes: An Anthropological Perspective
Authors: Liburd Leandris C. 
Published: March 2007

In BriefDietary practices are deeply rooted in history and culture. Anthropologists have long recognized that food choices and modes of eating reflect many symbolic, affective, familial, and gender-specific associations. African-American women with type 2 diabetes may find that modifying their dietary patterns is particularly challenging given the highly ritualized nature of eating and food selection and the meanings encoded in foods and food-centered events in the African-American experience. When health care providers understand the historical and social shaping of food patterns, they can work in partnership with people with type 2 diabetes to shift cultural norms toward healthy eating.
Factors and Processes Associated With Physical and Psychological Health of African-American Mothers With Type 2 Diabetes: A Heuristic Model
Authors: Murry Velma McBride , Owens Michelle D. , Brody Gene H. , Black Angela R. , Willert Amanda S. , Brown Anita C. 
Published: March 2007

In BriefThis article examines the influence of social and personal stressors on the physical and psychological functioning of African-American mothers with type 2 diabetes. The conceptual model presented proposes that exposure to multiple stressors may lead some African-American women to implement exaggerated coping behaviors to prove their competence, which in turn may prevent them from seeking and accepting the help they need. The negative consequences for health of this “superwoman syndrome” are emphasized. The moderating or buffering effect of social support and maternal psychological resources on the links between stressors, coping behaviors, and health are also considered.