bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
WEDDELL SEAL UNDERWATER CALLING RATES DURING THE WINTER AND SPRING NEAR MAWSON STATION, ANTARCTICA
Authors: Rouget P. A. , Terhune J. M. , Burton H. R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractUnderwater vocalization monitoring and surveys, both on ice and underwater, were used to determine if Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii) near Mawson Station, Antarctica, remain under the fast ice during winter within close range of breeding sites. Daytime and nighttime underwater calling rates were examined at seven breeding sites during austral winter and spring to identify seasonal and diel patterns. Seals rarely hauled out at any of the sites during winter, although all cohorts (adult males, females, and juveniles) were observed underwater and surfacing at breathing holes throughout winter (June–September) and spring (October–December). Seal vocalizations were recorded during each sampling session throughout the study (n= 102 daytime at seven sites collectively, and n= 5 24‐h samples at each of two sites). Mean daytime calling rate was low in mid‐winter (July) (mean = 18.9 ± 7.1 calls/min) but increased monthly, reaching a peak during the breeding season (November) (mean = 62.6 ± 15.7 calls/min). Mean nighttime calling rate was high throughout the winter and early spring (July–October) with mean nocturnal calling rate in July (mean = 61.8 ± 35.1 calls/min) nearly equal to mean daytime calling rate in November (during 24‐h daylight). Reduced vocal behavior during winter daylight periods may result from animals utilizing the limited daylight hours for nonvocal activities, possibly feeding.
QUANTIFICATION OF TERRESTRIAL HAUL‐OUT AND ROOKERY CHARACTERISTICS OF STELLER SEA LIONS
Authors: Ban Stephen , Trites Andrew W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSteller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) are known to have occupied the same terrestrial haul‐out and rookery sites across the North Pacific Rim for centuries, but it is not known why they choose and stay at these locations, or what defines their preferred habitat. Classifying and comparing the shoreline type of haul‐outs and rookeries against sites not used by Steller sea lions showed that they preferentially locate their haul‐outs and rookeries on exposed rocky shorelines and wave‐cut platforms. However, no preference was found for selecting rookeries on sheltered shore types. Shoreline types used less frequently by sea lions included fine‐to‐medium‐grained sand beaches, mixed sand and gravel beaches, gravel beaches, and sheltered rocky shores. Quantifying the shoreline types used by sea lions confirms anecdotal reports of habitat preferences and may prove useful in identifying and protecting sea lion terrestrial habitat, or in forecasting how climate change might affect the distribution of sea lions.
SITE FIDELITY, ASSOCIATIONS, AND MOVEMENTS OF CUVIER'S (ZIPHIUS CAVIROSTRIS) AND BLAINVILLE'S (MESOPLODON DENSIROSTRIS) BEAKED WHALES OFF THE ISLAND OF HAWAI‘I
Authors: McSweeney Daniel J. , Baird Robin W. , Mahaffy Sabre D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAlthough the Ziphiidae are the second‐most speciose family of cetaceans, information on beaked whale species and populations has been limited by the difficulties in finding and approaching free‐ranging individuals. Site fidelity, patterns of association, and movements of two species, Cuvier's (Ziphius cavirostris) and Blainville's (Mesoplodon densirostris) beaked whales, were assessed using a 21‐yr photographic data set from the west coast of the island of Hawaii. Resightings of individuals of both species spanned 15 yr, suggesting long‐term site fidelity to the area. Long‐term resightings were documented primarily from adult females of both species. Group sizes for both species were small and most groups had only a single adult male present. For Blainville's beaked whales, repeated associations between adult females and adult males were documented for all resightings of adult males over periods from 1 to 154 d. Among adult females, although repeated associations occurred up to 9 yr apart, individuals were seen separately in intervening years. Individuals of both species seen on multiple occasions were typically documented in multiple months/seasons, suggesting they may use the study area throughout the year. Such long‐term site fidelity has implications both for potential population structure and for susceptibility of beaked whale populations to anthropogenic impacts.
Spontaneous ruptured primary hepatic angiosarcoma coincident with Schistosoma Japonica liver fibrosis
Authors: Wang Ze‐sheng , Wang Wei‐xing , Xiong Cheng‐long , Zhan Na , Li Hui 
Published: May 2007

Aim:  We report herein a case of spontaneous ruptured primary hepatic angiosarcoma coincident with Schistosoma Japonica liver fibrosis and review the correlative literature.Methods:  The resected specimen was examined by histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluation.Results:  The final diagnosis was spontaneous ruptured primary hepatic angiosarcoma coincident with Schistosoma Japonica liver fibrosisConclusion:  Considering the nature of primary hepatic angiosarcoma, in particular the ruptured hepatic angiosarcoma, it is obviously desirable to avoid any unnecessary delay or definitive surgical treatment. It is presumed that angiosarcoma in the liver has a possible association with S. japonicum and the deposition of ovae in liver.
Bezafibrate induces multidrug‐resistance P‐Glycoprotein 3 expression in cultured human hepatocytes and humanized livers of chimeric mice
Authors: Shoda Junichi , Okada Kosuke , Inada Yoichi , Kusama Hiroshi , Utsunomiya Hirotoshi , Oda Koji , Yokoi Tsuyoshi , Yoshizato Katsutoshi , Suzuki Hiroshi 
Published: May 2007

Aim and Methods:   A decreased function of multidrug‐resistance 3 P‐glycoprotein (MDR3), limiting the rate of biliary phospholipid secretion, predisposes individuals to cholestasis and/or cholangitis. Fibrates induce the expression of mdr2 (homolog of human MDR3) in rodents. To investigate the effects of bezafibrate (BF) on the expression levels of MDR3 in cultured human hepatocytes and human livers, the amount of protein and subcellular localization of MDR3 was assessed in HepG2 cells treated with BF and humanized livers of BF‐treated chimeric mice.Results:  In HepG2 cells, while treatment with BF did not increase the protein levels of MDR3, the treatment caused a redistribution of MDR3 in the bile canaliculi. In humanized livers of chimeric mice, oral administration of BF induced a large increase in the protein amount of MDR3 and its redistribution in the bile canaliculi. Moreover, the modulatory effects of BF on key factors involved in hepatic cholesterol and bile acid metabolism in human subjects were traced in the humanized livers of BF‐treated chimeric mice.Conclusion:  BF causes an induction of MDR3 expression in human livers. This provides a rationale for the beneficial role of BF in improving cholestasis and/or cholangitis associated with defective MDR3 expression and function in various types of cholestatic hepatobiliary diseases.
Alpha‐fetoprotein‐specific transfer factors downregulate alpha‐fetoprotein expression and specifically induce apoptosis in Bel7402 alpha‐fetoprotein‐positive hepatocarcinoma cells
Authors: Zhang Hui , Bai Zengliang , Chen Jing , Wang Ze , Li Juan 
Published: May 2007

Aim:  To investigate the mechanisms of AFP‐specific transfer factors (AFP‐TF) in induced Bel7402 cells apoptosis. Further, we investigate the interaction between AFP‐TF and AFP in the apoptosis.Methods:  Bel7402 and HepG2 AFP‐positive hepatocarcinoma cell lines, SK‐Hep‐1 AFP‐negative hepatocarcinoma cell line and Changliver normal liver cell line are used. Cell viability is evaluated by MTT assay and apoptosis is measured by Hoechst33342 staining and TUNEL assay. FACS is used to analyze the cell cycle. AFP expression is examined by RT‐PCR, Western blotting and immunocytochemistry. The interaction between AFP‐TF and AFP in the apoptosis is investigated by addition of AFP in cultures or AFP transfection in Bel7402 cells prior to AFP‐TF treatment. Mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and intracellular Ca2+ concentration are respectively measured by Rhodamine123 and Fluo‐3 AM Ester. Western blotting detects the involvement of several apoptosis‐related proteins. Finally, caspase‐3 and Caspase‐9 activity are respectively examined.Results:  AFP‐TF can induce apoptosis in Bel7402 and HepG2 AFP‐positive hepatocarcinoma cells, but not SK‐Hep‐1 and Changliver cells. AFP‐mRNA level changes little in apoptotic Bel7402 cells; while AFP expression is downregulated and uniformly dispersed throughout the whole cell. Addition of exogenous AFP or overexpression of intracellular AFP can reduce such apoptotic effect. Besides, apoptotic Bel7402 cells show a disruption of ΔΨm, an immediate elevation of Ca2+ concentration, a prominently decreased ratio of bcl‐2 to bax, a release of cytochrome c from mitochondria to cytosol, and ultimately an activation of caspase‐9 and caspase‐3.Conclusion:  AFP‐TF induced Bel7402 cells apoptosis is mitochondrial‐dependent and is mediated by the interaction of AFP‐TF with intracellular AFP.
Inhibition of nuclear factor‐kappa B induces inflammatory cell migration and exacerbates severe liver injury in hepatitis B virus transgenic mice
Authors: Satake Shinichi , Nagaki Masahito , Kimura Kiminori , Moriwaki Hisataka 
Published: May 2007

Aim:  Nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐κB) has a central role in co‐ordinating the expression of a wide variety of genes that control the immune response and it is also recognized as an antiapoptotic transcription factor. In this study, we focused on the role of the NF‐κB signaling pathway in liver injury induced in hepatitis B virus (HBV) transgenic mice.Methods:  A fulminant hepatitis model was created in mice by the adoptive transfer of antigen‐specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) into HBV transgenic mice. We used an adenovirus expressing a mutant form of the IκB super‐repressor (Ad5IκB), an NF‐κB inhibitor, to inhibit the NF‐κB signaling pathway.Results:  We observed that pretreatment with Ad5IκB increased the migration of inflammatory cells into the liver 6–24 h after a single intravenous injection of antigen‐specific CTLs, in comparison to pretreatment with a control adenovirus. We also demonstrated that the presence of the NF‐κB inhibitor exacerbated severe liver injury and hepatocellular apoptosis 24 h after the injection of the antigen‐specific CTLs.Conclusion:  These results suggest that the inhibition of NF‐κB activity induces severe fulminant hepatitis in HBV transgenic mice.
Size-Dependent Elastic
State of Ellipsoidal Nano-Inclusions Incorporating Surface∕Interface
Tension
Authors: Sharma P. , Wheeler L.
T. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Using a tensor virial method of moments, an approximate solution to the relaxed elastic state of embedded ellipsoidal inclusions is presented that incorporates surface∕interface energies. The latter effects come into prominence at inclusion sizes in the nanometer range. Unlike the classical elastic case, the new results for ellipsoidal inclusions incorporating surface∕interface tension are size-dependent and thus, at least partially, account for the size-effects in the elastic state of nano-inclusions. For the pure dilatation case, exceptionally simple expressions are derived. The present work is a generalization of a previous research that addresses simplified spherical inclusions. As an example, the present work allows us, in a straightforward closed-form manner, the study of effect of shape on the size-dependent strain state of an embedded quantum dot.
Diphenyl Furans and Aza Analogs: Effects of Structural Modification on In Vitro Activity, DNA Binding, and Accumulation and Distribution in Trypanosomes
Authors: Mathis Amanda M. , Bridges Arlene S. , Ismail Mohamed A. , Kumar Arvind , Francesconi Iris , Anbazhagan Mariappan , Hu Qiyue , Tanious Farial A. , Wenzler Tanja , Saulter Janelle , Wilson W. David , Brun Reto , Boykin David W. , Tidwell Richard R. , Hall James Edwin 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT
Human African trypanosomiasis is a devastating disease with only a few treatment options, including pentamidine. Diamidine compounds such as pentamidine, DB75, and DB820 are potent antitrypanosomal compounds. Previous investigations have shown that diamidines accumulate to high concentrations in trypanosomes. However, the mechanism of action of this class of compounds remains unknown. A long-hypothesized mechanism of action has been binding to DNA and interference with DNA-associated enzymes. The fluorescent diamidines, DB75 and DB820, have been shown to localize not only in the DNA-containing nucleus and kinetoplast of trypanosomes but also to the acidocalcisomes. Here we investigate two series of analogs of DB75 and DB820 with various levels of in vitro antitrypanosomal activity to determine whether any correlation exists between trypanosome accumulation, distribution, and in vitro activity. Despite wide ranges of in vitro antitrypanosomal activity, all of the compounds investigated accumulated to millimolar concentrations in trypanosomes over a period of 8 h. Interestingly, some of the less potent compounds accumulated to concentrations much higher than those of more potent compounds. All of the compounds were localized to the DNA-containing nucleus and/or kinetoplast, and many were also found in the acidocalcisomes. Accumulation in the nucleus and kinetoplast should be important to the mechanism of action of these compounds. The acidocalcisomes may also play a role in the mechanism of action of these compounds. This investigation suggests that the extent of accumulation alone is not responsible for killing trypanosomes and that organelle-specific accumulation may not predict in vitro activity.
Fosamprenavir plus Ritonavir Increases Plasma Ketoconazole and Ritonavir Exposure, while Amprenavir Exposure Remains Unchanged
Authors: Wire Mary B. , Ballow Charles H. , Borland Julie , Shelton Mark J. , Lou Yu , Yuen Geoffrey , Lin Jiang , Lewis Eric W. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT
Plasma ketoconazole (KETO), amprenavir (APV), and ritonavir (RTV) pharmacokinetics were evaluated in 15 healthy subjects after being treated with KETO at 200 mg once daily (QD), fosamprenavir (FPV)/RTV at 700/100 mg twice daily (BID), and then KETO at 200 mg QD plus FPV/RTV at 700/100 mg BID in this open-label study. The KETO area under the concentration-time curve at steady state was increased 2.69-fold with FPV/RTV. APV exposure was unchanged, and RTV exposure was slightly increased.
Pegylated Interferon Alfa-2b Monotherapy and Pegylated Interferon Alfa-2b plus Lamivudine Combination Therapy for Patients with Hepatitis B Virus E Antigen-Negative Chronic Hepatitis B
Authors: Kaymakoglu Sabahattin , Oguz Dilek , Gur Gurden , Gurel Selim , Tankurt Ethem , Ersöz Galip , Ozenirler Seren , Kalayci Cem , Poturoglu Sule , Cakaloglu Yılmaz , Okten Atilla 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT
Forty-eight hepatitis B virus (HBV) E antigen-negative chronic hepatitis B patients received pegylated interferon alfa-2b either alone or with lamivudine for 48 weeks and were followed for an additional 24 weeks. At the end of follow-up, virological response rates (HBV DNA levels of <400 copies/ml) were similar in the monotherapy (24%) and combination therapy (26%) groups.
Location of Persisting Mycobacteria in a Guinea Pig Model of Tuberculosis Revealed by R207910
Authors: Lenaerts Anne J. , Hoff Donald , Aly Sahar , Ehlers Stefan , Andries Koen , Cantarero Luis , Orme Ian M. , Basaraba Randall J. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT

The lengthy chemotherapy of tuberculosis reflects the ability of a small subpopulation of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
bacteria to persist in infected individuals. To date, the exact location of these persisting bacteria is not known. Lung lesions in guinea pigs infected with
M. tuberculosis
have striking similarities, such as necrosis, mineralization, and hypoxia, to natural infections in humans. Guinea pigs develop necrotic primary lesions after aerosol infection that differ in their morphology compared to secondary lesions resulting from hematogenous dissemination. In infected guinea pigs conventional therapy for tuberculosis during 6 weeks reduced the bacterial load by 1.7 logs in the lungs and, although this completely reversed lung inflammation associated with secondary lesions, the primary granulomas remained largely unaffected. Treatment of animals with the experimental drug R207910 (TMC207) for 6 weeks was highly effective with almost complete eradication of the bacteria throughout both the primary and the secondary lesions. Most importantly, the few remnants of acid-fast bacilli remaining after R207910 treatment were to be found extracellular, in a microenvironment of residual primary lesion necrosis with incomplete dystrophic calcification. This zone of the primary granuloma is hypoxic and is morphologically similar to what has been described for human lung lesions. These results show that this acellular rim may, therefore, be a primary location of persisting bacilli withstanding drug treatment.
Single-Dose Pharmacokinetics of Intravenous Itraconazole and Hydroxypropyl-β-Cyclodextrin in Infants, Children, and Adolescents
Authors: Abdel-Rahman Susan M. , Jacobs Richard F. , Massarella Joseph , Kauffman Ralph E. , Bradley John S. , Kimko Hui C. , Kearns Gregory L. , Shalayda Kevin , Curtin Christopher , Maldonado Samuel D. , Blumer Jeffrey L. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT

This investigation was designed to evaluate the single-dose pharmacokinetics of itraconazole, hydroxyitraconazole, and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) after intravenous administration to children at risk for fungal infection. Thirty-three children aged 7 months to 17 years received a single dose of itraconazole (2.5 mg/kg in 0.1-g/kg HP-β-CD) administered over 1 h by intravenous infusion. Plasma samples for the determination of the analytes of interest were drawn over 120 h and analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography, and the pharmacokinetics were determined by traditional noncompartmental analysis. Consistent with the role of CYP3A4 in the biotransformation of itraconazole, a substantial degree of variability was observed in the pharmacokinetics of this drug after IV administration. The maximum plasma concentrations (
C
max
) for itraconazole, hydroxyitraconazole, and HP-β-CD averaged 1,015 ± 692 ng/ml, 293 ± 133 ng/ml, and 329 ± 200 μg/ml, respectively. The total body exposures (area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 24 h) for itraconazole, hydroxyitraconazole, and HP-β-CD averaged 4,922 ± 6,784 ng·h/ml, 3,811 ± 2,794 ng·h/ml, and 641.5 ± 265.0 μg·h/ml, respectively, with no significant age dependence observed among the children evaluated. Similarly, there was no relationship between age and total body clearance (702.8 ± 499.4 ml/h/kg); however, weak associations between age and the itraconazole distribution volume (
r
2
= 0.18,
P
= 0.02),
C
max
(r
2
= 0.14,
P
= 0.045), and terminal elimination rate (
r
2
= 0.26,
P
< 0.01) were noted. Itraconazole infusion appeared to be well tolerated in this population with a single adverse event (stinging at the site of infusion) deemed to be related to study drug administration. Based on the findings of this investigation, it appears that intravenous itraconazole can be administered to infants beyond 6 months, children, and adolescents using a weight-normalized approach to dosing.
Measurement of Voriconazole Activity against
Candida albicans
,
C. glabrata
, and
C. parapsilosis
Isolates Using Time-Kill Methods Validated by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Li Yanjun , Nguyen M. Hong , Derendorf Hartmut , Cheng Shaoji , Clancy Cornelius J. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT

We developed a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay to validate time-kill and postantifungal-effect (PAFE) experiments for voriconazole against
Candida albicans
,
Candida glabrata
, and
Candida parapsilosis
isolates. Voriconazole exerted prolonged fungistatic activity but no PAFE at concentrations achievable in human sera. HPLC confirmed that experiments were conducted at the desired steady-state voriconazole concentrations.
Effects of the Translocation Status of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reverse Transcriptase on the Efficiency of Excision of Tenofovir
Authors: Marchand Bruno , White Kirsten L. , Ly John K. , Margot Nicolas A. , Wang Ruth , McDermott Martin , Miller Michael D. , Götte Matthias 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThe ATP-dependent phosphorolytic excision of nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors can diminish their inhibitory effects on human immunodeficiency virus replication. Previous studies have shown that excision can occur only when the reverse transcriptase complex exists in its pretranslocational state. Binding of the next complementary nucleotide causes the formation of a stable dead-end complex in the posttranslocational state, which blocks the excision reaction. To provide mechanistic insight into the excision of the acyclic phosphonate nucleotide analog tenofovir, we compared the efficiencies of the reaction in response to changes in the translocation status of the enzyme. We found that rates of excision of tenofovir with wild-type reverse transcriptase can be as high as those seen with 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine monophosphate (AZT-MP). Thymidine-associated mutations, which confer >100-fold and 3-fold decreased susceptibility to AZT and tenofovir, respectively, caused substantial increases in the efficiency of excision of both inhibitors. However, in contrast to the case for AZT-MP, the removal of tenofovir was highly sensitive to dead-end complex formation. Site-specific footprinting experiments revealed that complexes with AZT-terminated primers exist predominantly pretranslocation. In contrast, complexes with tenofovir-terminated primers are seen in both configurations. Low concentrations of the next nucleotide are sufficient to trap the complex posttranslocation despite the flexible, acyclic character of the compound. Thus, the relatively high rate of excision of tenofovir is partially neutralized by the facile switch to the posttranslocational state and by dead-end complex formation, which provides a degree of protection from excision in the cellular environment.