bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sib‐mating and sex ratio strategies in scelionid wasps
Authors: WAAGE JEFFREY K. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. 1. Theoretical models by Hamilton and others predict that the optimal sex ratio (proportion males) for a species should decrease with increasing levels of sib‐mating. A test of this hypothesis is made for members of the parasitoid family Scelionidae.2. Scelionid wasps differ in levels of sib‐mating as a consequence of differences in host egg mass size, male—male aggression and female—female aggression.3. Sex ratios for thirty‐one species vary with inferred changes in sib‐mating as predicted by the models.4. Interspecific differences in sex ratio may represent different fvted strategies or different manifestations of a single variable strategy (sex ratio game) in response to parasitoid‐produced stimuli.5. Males and females are assigned non‐randomly to egg masses in a manner which ensures mixed broods in the proper proportions for a particular species.
Differential stratification, movement and parasitism of sexes of the bagworm, Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis on redcedar
Authors: GROSS SCOTT W. , FRITZ ROBERT S. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. 1. Male and female bagworm larvae develop and pupate at different heights on redcedar trees.2. Habitat segregation by height of male and female bagworms is apparent by the third instar, and results in part from differential movement of male and female larvae on redcedar foliage during their development. Females gradually ascend the crown, whereas males remain at the same height on the tree.3. Parasitism of male bagworm pupae was greater than for female pupae. Pupal parasitism is heaviest in the bottom of redcedar trees, where most male bagworms pupate.4. Several hypotheses are offered concerning the origin and maintenance of differential habitat utilization by male and female bagworms, despite apparently strong selection against males pupating low in the crowns of redcedar.
Parental behaviour in Copris lunaris (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae): care and defence of brood balls and nest
Authors: KLEMPERER H. G. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. 1. Nesting female beetles righted brood balls (so as to replace the egg or larva in the uppermost position) and repaired damaged balls. This behaviour required the presence of an egg or larva in the ball, or of a short‐lasting material found just after oviposition. The shape of the ball was also a righting stimulus since artificial ellipsoids were stood on end.2. Balls containing dichloromethane extracts of C.lunaris brood were righted and repaired. Eggs and larvae of several other Scarabaeidae did not release these responses but were destroyed.3. Righting behaviour was released when brood was absent from the top of the ball. The beetle then crawled vertically downwards and, if it encountered the displaced apex, a novel rolling action followed which automatically turned the ball towards the correct position.4. An opening made in the nest was repaired with soil excavated from the chamber floor. Clunaris adults and Aphodius fossor larvae were attacked if they were encountered in the nest.
Interference by the mantispid Mantispa uhleri with the development of the spider Lycosa rabida
Authors: REDBORG K. E. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. 1. The larvae of Mantispa uhleri Banks (Neuroptera: Mantispidae) board spiders to await the production of an egg sac containing their obligate developmental food. While aboard the spider, larvae maintain themselves by feeding on spider blood. This parasitic behaviour was investigated by allowing larvae to board sixth instar Lycosa rabida Walckenaer (Araneae: Lycosidae). Larval parasitism has a direct and indirect effect on the developmental physiology of the spider.2. The direct effect, equal in both spider sexes, is an increase in development time and a decrease in adult size.3. The indirect effect on development time and adult size is brought about by the loss of an instar in female spiders only. Parasitized females were mature at nine or ten instars; control females at ten or eleven. Male instar number was not affected; both control and parasitized males were mature at nine or ten instars.4. The net result is that parasitized female spiders are even smaller than would be predicted from the direct effect alone, but actually mature faster than control females. In males there is only the direct effect. The adaptive significance of this sexually dimorphic response is discussed.
Observations on the biology and ecology of the chrysomelid beetle Gastrophysa polygoni in cereal fields
Authors: SOTHERTON N. W. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. 1. Observations were made on the biology of Gastrophysu polygoni (L.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in cereal fields in southern England in 1977, 1978 and 1979. Adults of the overwintering generation emerged in late April/ May and there were usually two generations during the spring and summer months. In 1979 there was some evidence for at least a partial third generation.2. In the field, the oviposition period was 44 days in the first generation and c. 25 days in the second. Fecundity varied from 586 to 1028 eggs per female and was higher in the first than in the second generation in both 1977 and 1979; in 1978 the reverse was true.3. Every year there were Iarge losses in the numbers within a generation. However, only one parasite was bred from the developmental stages and a pathogen attacking the larvae was found only in 1977.4. In some fields and in some years, harvesting and straw burning operations were carried out when eggs were present on the plants. Harvesting did not result in a significant reduction in the numbers of eggs. Burning reduced the numbers of egg batches. The effect was most severe when the straw was spread over the field prior to burning.5. In the field, significantly more eggs were laid on plants of Polygonum aviculare than on P.convolvulus. In the laboratory, larval survival was higher and duration of development shorter on these two species than on other Polygonaceae found on the farm.
Bionomics of Prays citri (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) and their use in a model of control by male mass trapping*
Authors: STERNLICHT M. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. 1. The paper describes the population dynamics of Prays citri (Milliere), relevant to the control of this pest by synthetic pheromone, as well as infestation of lemon trees in various areas and seasons.2. The responses of males to natural and synthetic sex pheromones are compared, and ratios for the degree of attraction of traps compared with the degree of attraction of competing wild females are calculated.3. The ratios obtained with various population densities over two seasons of the pest's activity are presented.4. The data are used in a model simulating control of Prays citri by male mass trapping.
Potential interspecific competition and host specificity: hispine beetles on Heliconia
Authors: STRONG DONALD R. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. 1. Adults of rolled‐leaf hispine beetles (Chrysomelidae, Coleoptera) spend their lives in the scrolls formed by immature leaves of Heliconia (Heli‐coniaceae, Monocotyledonae) in Tropical America. As many as eight hispine species can intermingle in the host scrolls at a single site. Scrolls of single host species are invariably occupied by adults of more than one hispine species, and as many as five species can simultaneously occupy one scroll.2. I made virgin scrolls, which had never contained any insects, by growing leaves under the cover of plastic bags.3. Thirty‐seven combinations of single hispine and Heliconia species were experimentally created in the virgin scrolls, at two sites and in two seasons, in Costa Rica. Combinations included all abundant host species at the sites.4. All beetles left all leaves of the twenty‐eight unnatural beetle—host combinations, within 24 h. On the other hand, none of the nine natural combinations was completely abandoned within the experimental period.5. Thus, host specificity is not broader in the absence of similar hispine species that might be competitors, and interspecies competition does not affect this obvious aspect of resource utilization for these phytophagous insects.
Energy reserves and metabolic expenditures of monarch butterflies overwintering in southern California
Authors: CHAPLIN SUSAN B. , WELLS PATRICK H. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. 1. Energetic expenditure and predicted requirements for overwintering metabolism were determined for monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus L.) in southern California.2. Fat content of butterflies declined steadily from a maximum of 71% lean dry weight in late November to a minimum of 36% lean dry weight in late January. The energy expenditure measured by fat depletion over a 61 day period from 24 November to 25 January was 26.05 joules per day.3. Butterflies were generally the same temperature as the air at any time they were inactive, whether they were part of a large cluster or roosting solitarily.4. Oxygen consumption of butterflies increased in a curvilinear fashion with increasing air temperature. Thus, the predicted metabolic requirements for an inactive butterfly during their quiescent period from late November to late January was 30.32 joules per day.5. In contrast to the steady depletion of fat reserves during their quiescent period in December and January, low and stable fat levels of butterflies in late February coincide with high levels of flight activity, mating and emigration of females from the colony.6. Progressive tightening of the energy balance due to increasing nocturnal temperatures from northern to southern California coastal areas may limit the southern distribution and duration of overwintering aggregations.
The effects of host‐plant distribution and local abundance on the species richness of agromyzid flies attacking British umbellifers
Authors: FOWLER SIMON V. , LAWTON JOHN H. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. 1. The number of agromyzid species (Diptera: Agromyzidae) attacking British Umbelliferae generally increases with the size of the geographic range of the host, measured as occupied 10 km squares in the Atlas of the British Flora (Lawton & Price, 1979).2. In the present study we tried to explain the large, residual variation in this species—area relationship using two new variables, namely the local abundance of the host plant, and the number of habitats within which it grows.3. Local abundance was estimated from eight floras that map plant distributions within English countries by tetrads (2 times 2 km squares). Local abundance was defined as:Total number of occupied tetradsTotal number of available tetrads within occupied 10 km squares4. The number of habitats occupied by each host plant was taken from the only county flora to record plant habitats objectively, that for Warwickshire.5. We expected to find a correlation between local abundance and the residuals from the national species—area relationship, with locally scarce plants having fewer agromyzids than expected from the sizes of their national ranges, and vice versa.6. What we found was that size of geographic range and local abundance were highly correlated; hence their relative contributions to agromyzid species richness were difficult to disentangle. Residuals from the national species—area relationship were positively correlated with local abundance, but the relationship marginally failed to achieve statistical significance (P= 0.06).7. In contrast, the number of habitats occupied by each species of umbellifer in Warwickshire had a marked effect upon agrornyzid species richness, with plants that grow in more habitats supporting more species of insects. Not surprisingly, local abundance and number of habitats occupied were highly correlated.8. Lawton & Price's observation that aquatic umbellifers are faunally impoverished now emerges as part of the general effect of number of habitats occupied by the host plants on agromyzid species richness.9. Once the number of habitats occupied by each host plant in Warwickshire was entered into a multiple regression, the effect of size of host geographic range on agromyzid species richness was no longer statistically significant.10. A combination of the number of habitats occupied, and leaf‐form of the host (the latter taken from Lawton & Price, 1979), explains 61% of the variation in agromyzid species richness on British Umbelliferae.
Nest construction and larval behaviour of Onitis belial and Onitis ion (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae)
Authors: KLEMPERER H. G. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. 1. Female beetles working alone or in cooperation with a male buried dung to make brood masses. O.belial brood masses were packed close together in clusters; each mass was constructed as a horizontal thick‐walled tube of dung which was filled with a dung sausage containing two to six eggs. O.ion made vertical sausage‐shaped brood masses with one to four eggs.2. The larvae of both species were able to survive in artificial brood balls as well as in multi‐egg brood masses because of their ability to repair larval chambers with their own excrement.3. The multi‐egg brood mass of Onitis has probably evolved from a simple one‐egg brood mass. It does not resemble the underground dung mass from which brood balls are made by certain Coprini.
Diurnal periodicity of fight in some Delphacidae and Cicadellidae associated with rice
Authors: PERFECT T. J. , COOK A. G. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. 1. The diurnal periodicity of flight of delphacids and cicadellids associated with rice was assessed by suction trapping.2. All the delphacids examined and most cicadellids showed a bimodal, crepuscular pattern of flight, the major peak occurring in the evening.3. Some cicadellids showed a unimodal crepuscular pattern of flight activity with the peak occurring in the evening, whereas flight activity of Cofana spectra and Cunimaculata continued throughout the night.4. Changes in the periodicity of flight activity of Nilaparvata lugens, Sogatella furcifera, Recilia dorsalis and Macrosteles striifrons were observed in relation to phases of the moon and the nature of the habitat.5. Periodicity of take‐off for N.lugens, Sfurcifera and R.dorsalis assessed by canopy net traps also showed a bimodal, crepuscular pattern with the major peak occurring in the evening.6. The significance of diurnal periodicity is discussed in relation to the flight behaviour of the insects studied.
The assessment of arboreal insect fauna: comparisons of knockdown sampling and faunal lists
Authors: SOUTHWOOD T. R. E. , MOW V. C. , KENNEDY C. E. J. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. 1. A comparison is made between the fauna of six British tree species sampled by pyrethrum knockdown and the faunal lists in the literature for the same tree species.2. Conspecific trees vary both in abundance of arthropods and their proportional distribution across taxa, but there are important overriding differences between tree species.3. The percentage similarity in faunal composition between tree species reflects the ecological specificity of the arthropod groups used for the comparison.4. The similarity in species composition between tree species is least for phytophages, the guild most closely associated with particular tree species, The two species of Salix are most similar in their fauna for most guilds.5. About 40% of the entirely phytophagous species in the faunal lists for native trees were found in the knockdown samples.6. The proportion of individuals of predominantly phytophagous taxa collected that belong to the relevant faunal lists ranges from 0.39 to 0.99.7. Those species found in the knockdown samples which are not included in faunal lists none the less contribute to the trophic web of the tree.8. The relative species richness of arboreal faunas assessed from knockdown samples parallels that derived from faunal lists.9. The two approaches to the categorization of arboreal faunas, knockdown sampling and faunal lists, provide comparable data.
Factors affecting equal catchability in two swallowtail butterflies, Papilio polyxenes and P.glaucus
Authors: LEDERHOUSE ROBERT C. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. 1. Recapture probabilities were analysed for individually marked black swallowtails, Papilio polyxenes F., and tiger swallowtails, P.glaucus L. (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae).2. Recapture rates differed with sex and behaviour at time of capture for P.polyxenes, but not with age. For P.glaucus, only differences related to behaviour at time of capture were significant.3. Black swallowtail males that were not physically restrained in identification had a recapture probability (73%) that was significantly higher than the 45% for males that were captured and handled. The higher rate was also exhibited by released, laboratory‐reared males.4. The capture effect was due to increased dispersal out of the areas and not to avoidance of capture or the capture site.
Host selection and egg allocation behaviour by Aphytis melinus and A.lingnanensis: comparison of two facultatively gregarious parasitoids
Authors: LUCK ROBERT F. , PODOLER HAGGAI , KFIR RAMI 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. 1. The ovipositional and egg allocation behaviour of individual females of Aphytis melinus DeBach and A.lingnunensis Compere were compared.2. Both Aphytis species exhibit the same behavioural sequence during oviposition.3. Aphytis melinus laid most of its female eggs on the dorsum of a scale‐insect beneath its cover, and most of its male eggs under the scale‐insect's body. Aphytis lingnanensis also oviposited both dorsally and ventrally on scale‐insect hosts, but female and male progeny arose with equal frequency from eggs laid in both locations.4. Both A.melinus and A. lingnanensis are facultatively gregarious parasitoids. The degree of gregariousness depends on host size, i.e. the larger the host, the more the Iikelihood that several eggs will be deposited at each visit by the parasitoid.5. When two eggs were laid during the same host visit, both A.melinus and A.lingnanensis laid one female and one male egg more often than would be expected under an assumption of random allocation of sexes.6. Because A.melinus successfulIy utilize smaller hosts than A.lingnanensis to produce progeny, these parasitoids should not be considered ecological homo‐logues, as suggested by DeBach & Sundby (1963).
Foliar nitrogen and larval parasitism as determinants of leafminer distribution patterns on Spartina alterniflora
Authors: STILING PETER D. , BRODBECK BRENT V. , STRONG DONALD R. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT, 1. In northwest Florida, Hydrellia valida hew (Diptera: Ephydridae) frequently mines the leaves of salt marsh cord, grass, Spartina alterniflora. Larvae and pupae are more commonly found in shoreline plants within 3 m of the sea than in inland plants.2. Shoreline plants contain over twice as much total foliar nitrogen as inland plants. In transects from inland to shoreline plants, leafminer density is positively correlated with total leaf nitrogen content.3. We experimentally increased foliar nitrogen content on inland Spartina patches to levels above those of shoreline plants. Leafminer densities on experimental centres remained far below those on control edges.4. Larval parasitism by Opius sp. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Pteromalus sp. (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) reaches over 90%, with parasitism increasing from shoreline to inland plants. We suggest that gradients in leafminer densities are caused by differences in parasitoid abundance.
Phenotypic variability in nesting success among Osmia lignaria propinqua females in a glasshouse environment: (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)
Authors: TEPEDINO V. J. , TORCHIO P. F. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. 1. The phenotypic variability of several estimates of fitness among seventeen nesting female O.lignaria Cresson was examined in a glasshouse provided with abundant resources.2. Females exhibited wide variation in: (a) number of nests and cells made and in their rate of construction, (b) the incidence of mortality of offspring, and (c) the percentage of male offspring produced (52–100%).3. In confirmation of earlier field studies: (a) more offspring of both sexes were produced during the first half of the nesting season, (b) most female offspring were produced early in the nesting season, (c) most parental investment during the last half of the flight season was made in male offspring, (d) there was a decrease in offspring size with season, with females decreasing more than males, and (e) the ratio of female/male body weight was = 1.8. These results appear to be due to ageing rather than to a reduction in resource availability.4. No relation between female size and fecundity was evident.5. There was no evidence that small females tended to produce a greater proportion of the smaller sex (males) than did large females.6. Smaller offspring of both sexes had a much greater probability of dying overwinter than did large offspring. However, where the sexes overlapped in size (large males, small females), almost all females died and almost all males survived. We hypothesize that as size of offspring produced declines with season, a greater proportion of males are produced because they have a much greater probability of surviving at small body sizes.
Further evidence for windborne movement of armyworm moths, Spodoptera exempta, in East Africa
Authors: TUCKER M. R. , MWANDOTO S. , PEDGLEY D. E. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. 1. Comparison of dominant wind directions with seasonal redistribution of Spodoptera exempta caterpillar outbreaks in East Africa provides further circumstantial evidence to support the hypothesis of downwind migration by adult moths.2. Calculated backward and forward tracks for sixty‐nine nights during the 1973–74 and 1974–75 seasons, when there were sudden increases in numbers of moths caught at six light traps, illustrate the variability of downwind movement due to the effects of temporary atmospheric disturbances.3. Comparison of calculated tracks with known outbreaks before and after the nights of increased moth catch suggests that some outbreaks are derived from unreported sources, especially eariy in the season, and it is therefore unwise to link new outbreaks only with known earlier ones.
Role of two phoretic mites in transmission of bluestain fungus, Ceratocystis minor
Authors: BRIDGES J. ROBERT , MOSER JOHN C. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT.

Tarsonemus mites phoretic on southern pine beetles were shown to be hypervectors of bluestain fungus, Ceratocystis minor (Hedgcock 1906).
Beetles with phoretic mites had significantly more C.minor than did mite‐free beetles.
Over 90% of tarsonemid mites collected from beetle‐infested inner bark and 59% of mites phoretic on emerging beetles carried C.minor spores.
This association is an interesting example of a three‐way mutualism among insects, mites and fungi.
The effect of larval photoperiod on pupal colour and diapause in swallowtail butterflies
Authors: HAZEL WADE N. , WEST DAVID A. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT.There are significant differences in the effects of larval photo‐period on diapause and pupal colour among the speciesPapilio polyxenesFabr.,P.troilusL.,Battus philenor(L.) andEurytides marcellus(Cramer).Diapause and pupal colour inP.polyxenesandP.troilusare strongly influenced by larval photoperiod, short photophase eliciting brown diapausing pupae. Photoperiods of 15L:9D permit the expression of the green and brown pupal colour alternatives.Pupal colour inB.philenorandE.marcellusis not affected by larval photoperiod, but short photophase induces diapause in these species.All species exceptB.philenorshow an association between brown pupal colour and diapause:Emarcelluswhen reared on long (midsummer) photophase,P.polyxenesandP.troiluswhen reared on short (autumnal) photophase.InP.polyxenes, short photophase can affect pupal colour responses directly, whether the individual enters diapause or not.Differences among the species are related to differences in the ecology of their natural pupation sites.