bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hydrogeology Is More Than a Classical Sciencea
Authors: Stephenson D. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTContemporary use patterns of land and water resources create conflicts between natural and human environments. These conflicts are generally not discussed as part of a classical approach to geologic education. This paper addresses the need to increase non‐earth science training simultaneous with traditional training. The benefits to be gained will be welcomed by both students and their potential employers. One approach to suggested interdisciplinary water‐resource education is discussed.
Artificial Recharge — State of the Arta
Authors: Brown R. F. , Signor D. C. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe largest potential reservoir for the storage of potable water is in the unsaturated zone. Use of this space for the storage and retrieval of potable water is a multifaceted problem which requires application of the best talent from the scientific community.Artificial recharge has many similarities to liquidwaste disposal through deep wells. In both, the problem is to place liquid in a permeable lithologic unit at an economic rate, to predict movement and the chemical reactions and physical changes that take place while the liquid is in the reservoir. Differences between the two operations are principally in the type of fluid injected and the ultimate objective. In artificial recharge the objective is to store and retrieve water of good quality; in waste disposal the objective is to store permanently water of objectionable quality. In both artificial recharge and liquid‐waste storage, the nature of the storage must be known, particularly that of the unsaturated zone. The techniques of investigation for recharge and waste disposal are generally the same.Water commonly is recharged by surface spreading through basins or by induced recharge from adjacent streams and lakes or through injection wells. Research in recharge through basins has been dominated by mathematical models based on idealized conditions and empirical relations, derived by experimental sequencing of recharge operations, and operational controls in the pretreatment of recharge water. Recharge by injection wells has been undertaken in a variety of hydrologic environments. In Israel efforts have been directed toward the analyses of diffusion and dispersion of the injected water. Much research in the United States has been directed toward the movement of bacteria and organic matter through an aquifer and toward the chemical modeling of changes in recharged water as it moves.Much more research is needed on the basic properties of aquifers, particularly in the unsaturated zone, and on all aspects of recharge‐water quality. Research and the use of data produced are increasingly the responsibility of interdisciplinary teams which consider the geologic, hydraulic, and economic aspects of the system.
New Priorities for Ground‐Water Quality Protectiona
Authors: Miller David W. , Scalf Marion R. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTFour regional studies of the status of ground‐water pollution problems in 26 States have been sponsored by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. These investigations involved comprehensive reviews of the literature and contacts with public officials and others involved in water supply, so that individual case histories of ground‐water contamination problems could be evaluated. Septic tanks and cesspools, petroleum exploration and development, landfills, irrigation return flows, and surface discharges, impoundments, and spills are the principal sources leading to degradation of ground‐water quality.Only a very small percentage of the instances of ground‐water contamination that probably exist has been discovered to date, and almost all the reported cases were only discovered after a water‐supply source had been noticeably affected by one or more pollutants. In the vast majority of cases inventoried, the problem has not been corrected and will become more troublesome in the future. A prime need in all four regions is a greater effort toward locating and evaluating as many additional cases of ground‐water contamination as possible.
Rational Basis for Septic Tank System Designa
Authors: Laak Rein , Healy Kent A. , Hardisty Dan M. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTAbout 17 million families in the U. S. A. are served by septic tank and subsurface seepage systems. Rational design of these wastewater disposal systems includes three aspects. First the system must be hydraulically sound. This means that the flow regime and the storage and water carrying capacity of the receiving soil should be measured before design. A soil with a coefficient of permeability of less than 10‐4 ft/min (5 × 10‐5 cm/sec) suggests, for example, that the hydraulic capacity of the system governs the size of the subsurface leaching field. Seasonally high water tables or impervious strata may retard the flow and reduce the quantity of wastewater that can be carried away from the subsurface disposal area. In this case an elevated bed can be designed to increase the potential hydraulic gradient.The second consideration concerns the biological mat in leaching fields. Leaching fields can be designed with higher loadings in soils having a greater coefficient of permeability than 10‐4 ft/min (5 × 10‐5 cm/sec) if increased pretreatment is used. A mathematical relationship was developed for reducing the size of leaching fields for effluents with a BOD5 plus suspended solids less than 250 mg/1. Leaching fields were projected to operate indefinitely. Long‐term loading rates for different soil permeabilities were plotted on a graph which can be used for sizing fields.The third design consideration concerns preservation of the ground‐water quality. The travel of phosphate and nitrogen has been studied by others and by the authors. Concrete sand and silt with an unsaturated thickness of 1.5 feet (38.1 cm) still removed after 2 years of operation 30% of septic tank effluent phosphate and nitrogen. The effluent from the test soils had a concentration of about 13 mg/1 phosphate and 15 mg/1 nitrogen mostly in the NO‐3— N form.
Hydrocarbon Dispersion in Ground Water: Significance and Characteristicsa
Authors: Osgood John O. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTGround‐water contamination resulting from hydrocarbon spills is a significant problem which has received little attention. Over two hundred spills to the ground have been investigated during the last two and a half years by the Ground Water Section of the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources. Explosions, injuries, damaged water supplies and other serious consequences have forced the recognition that these cases are important. Since Federal regulations are unsatisfactory in preventing spills to the ground, it is clearly the responsibility of the State to develop meaningful controls.Hydrocarbon dispersion is essentially a shallow ground‐water problem. The hydrogeologic characteristics at the spill site are critical in determining dispersion once the hydrocarbon has reached the water table. The hydrocarbon is largely contained on top of the water table. In unconsolidated deposits or in fill material, the shallow ground‐water flow system and the direction of hydrocarbon dispersion will coincide. In sedimentary rocks the orientation of the rock becomes critical. When the dip is shallow enough to contain the water table, dispersion may either coincide with the major flow direction or may diverge from it where facies changes or significant changes in packing are encountered. Dispersion will parallel the strike of the rock in more steeply dipping rocks rather than the major ground‐water flow direction. Lateral movement will be controlled by jointing and fracturing. Solution channels and fractures exert the major controlling influence on heavily cemented soluble limestones. In tightly cemented clastics, crystalline rocks and less soluble carbonates, contaminant flows on top of the water table in fractures. Hydrocarbons may be imprisoned where solution channels and fractures do not intercept other openings within the water‐table plane.Recovery programs for most hydrocarbon spills are complex. Larger cases receive the greatest attention; however, smaller ones are actually more significant since they are more common. Recovery costs are expensive and complete removal is extremely time‐consuming. Better maintenance and emergency response plans must be developed, even by small users. Federal and State governments must recognize the problem as being serious and must develop revolving product recovery funds to be used in ground‐water cases. Lastly, ground‐water spills must be handled by ground‐water specialists. Experimentation by those who lack the proper qualifications can prove very costly.
Pickling Liquors, Strip Mines, and Ground‐Water Pollutiona
Authors: Pettyjohn Wayne A. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTIn 1964 a waste disposal firm began dumping neutralized spent pickling liquors into an abandoned strip mine in eastern Ohio. In 1970 the disposal pit was enlarged and shortly thereafter significant water pollution problems began to occur. Highly mineralized fluids began to leak from the disposal pit into the surrounding spoil material and eventually into streams and ponds. These solutions are characterized by a low pH and excessive concentrations of dissolved solids, hardness, sulfate, chloride, nitrate, iron, fluoride, aluminum, chromium, nickel, and zinc.In addition to the contamination by steel mill wastes, acid‐mine drainage from surrounding areas degrades both surface and ground water. Acid‐mine drainage is characterized by a low pH, and high concentrations of dissolved solids, hardness, sulfate, and iron.Geohydrologic and geochemical data clearly illustrate that abandoned strip mines should not be used for the storage of toxic liquid or semiliquid materials.
Investigating Ground‐Water Pollution from Indianapolis'Landfills ‐ The Lessons Learneda
Authors: Weist William G. , Pettijohn Robert A. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTIn cooperation with the city of Indianapolis, the U.S. Geological Survey undertook a study to determine the nature and extent of water pollution resulting from the operation of seven landfills in or near the city. To accomplish this, 10 to 36 observation wells, ranging from 14 to 170 feet (4 to 52 metres) deep, were installed in and around each landfill. The wells were installed variously by auger, rotary, and air‐rotary methods; the mud for the rotary drilling was natural mud, bentonite and(or) an organic polymer. The wells were constructed of 2‐inch (5‐centimetre) PVC casing, and ended either in slotted casing or PVC “wire‐wrapped” screen. After the wells were completed and developed, water samples were collected from selected wells for detailed chemical analysis. This type of analysis will be repeated yearly on selected wells. Every month the water levels are measured and field determination of four chemical and physical water parameters are made. Water samples have been collected using a bailer, a centrifugal pump, and a gas‐driven pump.Based on the experiences so far, the following are considerations in planning future studies:

Keep the objectives of the study well in mind in planning the methods to be used and the financing.
Black iron pipe is suitable well casing except when careful analyses are needed for research projects, for sampling concentrated leachate, or where rapid corrosion can be expected.
Use of 4‐inch (10‐centimetre) casing may provide more options than 2‐inch (5‐centimetre) casing as to method of collecting water samples, and may be easier to install and develop.
A power auger is preferable for drilling and installing small‐diameter wells in refuse.
A drilling mud made with an organic polymer is effective, particularly if 2‐inch (5‐centimetre) casing is used, but provides a medium for bacterial growth.
When the water level is too deep for a centrifugal pump to function in a 2‐inch (5‐centimetre) well, a bailer is more efficient and fairly contaminant‐free.
Once good control on water quality is obtained, field determination of selected parameters is sufficient to follow movement of a leachate plume.
ERTS Imagery for Ground‐Water Investigations
Authors: Moore Gerald K. , Deutsch Morris 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTERTS imagery offers the first opportunity to apply moderately high‐resolution satellite data to the nationwide study of water resources. This imagery is both a tool and a form of basic data. Like other tools and basic data, it should be considered for use in ground‐water investigations. The main advantage of its use will be to reduce the need for field work. In addition, however, broad regional features may be seen easily on ERTS imagery, whereas they would be difficult or impossible to see on the ground or on low‐altitude aerial photographs.Some present and potential uses of ERTS imagery are to locate new aquifers, to study aquifer recharge and discharge, to estimate ground‐water pumpage for irrigation, to predict the location and type of aquifer management problems, and to locate and monitor strip mines which commonly are sources for acid mine drainage. In many cases, boundaries which are gradational on the ground appear to be sharp on ERTS imagery. Initial results indicate that the accuracy of maps produced from ERTS imagery is completely adequate for some purposes.
Ground‐Water Pollution by Wood Waste Disposal
Authors: Sweet H. R. , Fetrow R. H. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTTimber production and wood products industries in the Mid‐Willamette Valley of Oregon annually dispose of about 547,000 tons (500,000 tonnes) of wood and bark wastes. Land storage or disposal of these wastes can result in the generation of significant volumes of leachate.Wood waste leachates are commonly characterized by lignin‐tannin (measured as tannic acid), oxygen demanding materials, color, and odor. In this study, lignin‐tannin concentrations in the ground water ranged as high as 7.5 mg/l; iron and manganese were also shown to increase markedly relative to natural background concentrations, ranging as high as 13 mg/l and 106 mg/l, respectively.In August 1972 the area affected by the contaminated ground water covered about 4 acres (1.6 hectares) and extended nearly 1,000 feet (330 meters) downgradient from the disposal site. By late January 1973 the plume had migrated laterally to affect an area of about 15 acres (6 hectares) while extending over 1,500 feet (460 meters) downgradient. The lateral migration is attributed to a seasonal change in the local flow system. At least eleven existing domestic water‐supply wells have been rendered nonpotable by this pollution.
Conjunctive Availability of Surface and Ground Water in the Albuquerque Area, New Mexico: A Modelling Approach
Authors: Brutsaert Willem F. , Gebhard Thomas G. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThis study is part of an interdisciplinary analysis of the economic evaluation of the water resources of the Rio Grande region of New Mexico. It was elemental in obtaining dynamic water availabilities in time and space.The relationship of dynamic ground‐water availability and aquifer behavior under projected stresses was modeled by a ground‐water system simulator based on a mass balance of the hydrologic basin. Conditions from extreme dry to extreme wet were modeled, combined with a range of different water demands. A vast amount of information was thus obtained in the form of aquifer responses for different conditions. An analogous relationship was constructed from these data by stepwise multiple regression analysis and was of the following formλd = f (dn, L)where λd = change in water‐table elevation for the time period considered, dn= water‐table elevation at the end of the previous time period, and L = a lump factor combining surface‐water inflow and outflow, precipitation, and beneficial and nonbeneficial water uses.Other results readily obtainable from the simulation runs are river accretion or depletion curves as a function of time. These curves show the diversion effects of groundwater pumping upon the river.
The Solubility of Ferric Oxyhydroxides in Natural Waters
Authors: Whittemore Donald O. , Langmuir Donald 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTIron in ground water is often present both in solution and as suspended ferric oxyhydroxides. In most instances amounts of dissolved iron in natural waters are limited by the solubility of the ferric oxyhydroxides, whether suspended or present as part of aquifer materials. Oxyhydroxide solubilities, which range widely in natural waters, may be described by pQ =‐log [Fe3+] [OH‐]3, where [Fe3+] [OH‐]3 is the product of ion activities in the water. pQ. values calculated from Fe(II), Eh, and pH measurements in several types of high iron ground and surface waters (Fe(II) = 0.02 to 1460 ppm) indicate that most of the waters are in equilibrium with ferric oxyhydroxides which range from amorphous material to crystalline goethite (pQ values at 25°C from about 37 to 44, respectively). Stabilities generally increase (higher pQ's) in a given water with time. In general, the lower the dissolved iron, the more soluble is the oxyhydroxide precipitated and the slower its increase in stability. This was observed both in coastal‐plain ground waters (pQ= 36.6 ‐ 42.7), and in laboratory aged solutions. The faster the oxidation and hydrolysis rate of dissolved Fe(II), the lower the pQ, as shown by the reaction of mineralized spring waters with varying amounts of surface waters (pQ= 37.2 ‐ 41.5). Where saturation of water with siderite occurs, the siderite is in equilibrium with amorphous ferric oxyhydroxides (pQ= 36.9 ‐ 37.4 for calcium, magnesium bicarbonate ground waters). pQ values > 44.2, in a flooded coal mines for example, indicate that another iron mineral such as pyrite may control dissolved iron level.
THE OCCURRENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF GUEST SINK, HERNANDO COUNTY, FLORIDA
Authors: Boatwright Barbara A. , Allman David W. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe spectacular occurrence of a sinkhole near the Gulf Coast of Florida engulfed a well drilling rig, a water truck, and a load of PVC pipe on a trailer, all within less than 10 minutes. The 150‐foot diameter sinkhole, which was initially dry and extended to a depth of 59 feet below mean sea level, developed suddenly on September 19, 1974. This occurred during the drilling of a 6‐inch well in Hernando County, about 5 miles inland from the Gulf of Mexico at a land surface elevation of 11 feet above mean sea level. The sinkhole which displaced 6500 cubic yards began to develop when the drill bit entered a cavity at a depth of 202 feet. Numerous satellite sinks ranging up to 20 feet in diameter occurred simultaneously with the develop‐ ment of the parent sink. Within 24 hours, ground‐water discharge into the parent sink from the shallow, unconfined and unconsolidated aquifer had filled the sink to an elevation of 8 feet above mean sea level. The total esti‐ mated replacement cost of the equipment lost in the sinkhole is $120,000.
Aquifer Evaluation Using Depositional Systems: An Example in North‐Central Texas
Authors: Hall W. Douglas , Turk L. Jan 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTDelineation of major depositional systems and their component facies within the Lower Cretaceous Hosston and Hensel Sandstones provides a model for predicting the distribution and chemical composition of water in the aquifer. Two major depositional trends occur in the Hosston Formation: (1) a dip‐oriented meanderbelt fluvial system which supplied sediment to (2) a strike‐oriented, high‐destructive, wave‐dominated delta system in the east. The Hensel deposits prograded eastward across the featureless upper surface of the Pearsall Formation, forming two depositional systems similar to those of the Hosston. The meanderbelt sandstone facies of the fluvial systems and the coastal barrier facies of the delta systems are capable of supplying greater amounts of ground water than the floodbasin, lagoon‐marsh‐embayment, or prodelta/shelf facies. Ground water is dominantly of the calcium‐magnesium bicarbonate type in the fluvial systems but changes downdip to sodium sulfate and sodium bicarbonate types in the delta systems. The change in chemical equilibrium probably occurs as dolomite‐rich waters from the fluvial facies percolate downdip and dissolve anhydrite or oxidize pyrite in lagoonal facies within the delta system, and calcium may be exchanged for sodium on the marine clays.
Applications of Electro‐Osmosis to Ground‐Water Flow Problems
Authors: Lewis Roland W. , Humpheson Chris , Bruch John C. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe solution of two‐dimensional ground‐water flow in soils of low hydraulic conductivity under the influence of both electrokinetic and hydrodynamic forces is found using the finite element method. The example investigated deals with a confined aquifer in which there is a recharging as well as a discharging well present. The results demonstrate the effect of the application of the electro‐osmosis phenomenon. The formulation is general and permits the analysis of not only arbitrary shaped boundaries but also different electrode configurations.
A Simple Case of Conjunctive Surface‐Ground‐Water Management
Authors: Morel‐Seytoux H. J. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTA specific hydrologic model of a stream‐alluvial aquifer system was developed for the purpose of designing rules and regulations which maximize the beneficial uses of the waters of a State within the law. The model is particularly suited when decisions on pumping rates are to be reviewed on a frequent regular basis. The procedure is illustrated on a simplified case for which the river loss influence coefficients can be obtained by a combination of analytic derivations and algebraic manipulations.
Well Cuttings Analysis in Ground‐Water Resources Evaluationa
Authors: Matlock W. G. , Morin G.C.A. , Posedly J. E. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTA method for collection and analysis of well cuttings samples to aid in ground‐water resources evaluation of certain types of alluvial aquifers is described. The method standardizes collection procedures which minimize disruption of the drilling process and allows for easier laboratory interpretation. Analysis techniques for soils are adapted to differentiate between the formations encountered. Wet and dry colors, particle size analysis, acid reaction, plus examination of mineral constituents permits correlation of formation characteristics from wells constructed at different times and by different drillers. An example of the procedure for an area northwest of Tucson, Arizona is given.