bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Irreversible Hypoglycaemic Coma in Islet-Cell Adenoma and in Schizophrenia
Authors: Parfitt D. N. 
Published: August 2008

As an approach to the problem of schizophrenia it is proposed to compare the effects and after-effects of severe hypoglycaemia due mainly to islet-cell adenoma of the pancreas in otherwise healthy people with the effects and after-effects of severe hypoglycaemia therapeutically induced in schizophrenics.The difficulties are plain. Personal experience of patients with functioning islet-cell adenoma is limited almost always to a few cases, whereas average experience of insulin coma treatment covers some hundreds of cases; moreover, there is little overlap of experience except in the post-mortem room or in the laboratory for morbid histology. During insulin treatment there is constant supervision by a trained staff, medical and nursing, so that serious developments can be met by immediate intravenous sugar and investigations are continual; with adenomata there is no observation until, perhaps, a general practitioner is called in about alarming symptoms of one kind or another and sometimes months or even years elapse before a patient gets into hospital, where the intensity of observation and even more so of investigation may exceed that available in mental hospitals. Insulin coma treatment has a more or less standard aim, to produce coma of increasing duration up to a maximum of something like an hour which is then repeated thirty times or more; dosage is built up with the greatest care. Adenomata produce conditions varying from the hardly serious to the fatal under the influence of an insulin dosage which is quite unknown.This comparison is based chiefly on an analysis of 290 serial courses of insulin coma treatment given to schizophrenic patients at Holloway Sanatorium during the four years 1950 to 1953 inclusive, and on the 258 cases of islet-cell adenoma reported by Crain and Thorn (1949) and the 398 cases, all that could be traced up to that date and including the Crain and Thorn cases, analysed by Howard, Moss and Rhoads (1950). Many separate papers have been consulted for more detailed approaches and for extra information, although of course those published before 1950 were included in the reviews already mentioned. Despite the difficulties of this comparison, it can be shown that the similarities between the two groups follow expectation and are very strong indeed, so that the differences which emerge have at least possible significance.
A Prophylactic Approach to Child Psychiatry
Authors: Bolton Anne 
Published: August 2008

It has long seemed apparent to workers in the child guidance field that many of their patients show evidence of longstanding emotional disturbance; either the symptoms now complained of have been present for many years, or there has been a history of symptoms earlier on which have disappeared only to be replaced by the existing ones. Some of these patients whose present condition may be almost intractable, might have been helped had they been treated at an earlier date, while recent work by Bowlby (1951) and others has emphasized how important are security and satisfactory emotional relationships in the early years for the establishment of a stable personality. Thus it appears that any prophylactic approach, aimed at reducing the incidence of emotional disturbance in older children, and it is hoped ultimately in adults, may need to be made very early in life.Little has been published, apart from accounts of individual patients, of work on any series of very young children who were psychiatrically disturbed, particularly from a prophylactic point of view. Joseph (1948) has described some of the patients she has seen in a child guidance clinic attached to a child welfare centre, and Gillespie (1954) has compared the symptomatology of a series of pre-school children treated at Infant Welfare Centres with the preschool histories of older children treated in a child guidance clinic. She points out that the type of problem dealt with in the under-fives was seen in a high proportion of the earlier histories of those who needed treatment at a later age. The importance of early treatment for parents in the prevention of serious disturbance in the children has been emphasized by Fries (1946) by Jacobs (1949) and on a community scale by Caplan (1951). His experience in Infant Welfare Centres in Israel over a number of years has led him to concentrate on the treatment of cases where abnormal symptoms were not yet manifest, but where pathogenic relationships of the parents to the child were such that he felt that emotional difficulties in the child might later develop. In this country such a prophylactic approach is relatively unexplored, although the possibility of preventing mental ill health in children is one which has interested public health authorities for some time.
The Concentration of Adrenaline in Human Plasma and its Relation to Mental Activity
Authors: Weil-Malherbe H. 
Published: August 2008

It is generally accepted that situations of danger, stress or emergency lead to an increased activity of the sympathetic system and to the discharge of adrenaline from the adrenal medulla. Until recently our knowledge was based, essentially, upon two lines of evidence; on the observation of effector organs and mechanisms, such as heart rate, blood pressure, width of skin capillaries, etc., and on the measurement of the adrenaline concentration in the suprarenals or the suprarenal veins, which contain comparatively large quantities. Lately, with the advent of more refined techniques, further methods have become available, which made it possible to estimate adrenaline in tissues other than the suprarenals, in urine and in peripheral blood. The last two methods are obviously of special importance for clinical studies.In this paper work done in the writer's laboratory will be briefly reviewed. The first part deals with the development of a method for the estimation of adrenaline and noradrenaline in plasma and with experiments that were intended to establish the validity of the method. The concentration of adrenaline and noradrenaline, and the form of their occurrence, in plasma and CSF, will be discussed. In the second part results will be described, which suggest that there is a correlation of the blood-adrenaline level with mental activity.
The Detection of Psychological Vulnerability in Students
Authors: Davidson M. A. , Lee D. , Parnell R. W. , Spencer S. J. G. 
Published: August 2008

Parnell (1951) reported that 76 men undergraduates at Oxford had lost a full term's residence on account of psychological ill health in the period of three years from 1 January, 1947 to 31 December, 1949. Psychological ill health had caused 52·5 per cent. of all prolonged absence through illness, a fact which emphasized the need for more detailed study of the causes and possibility of prevention of psychological disturbance. As an indication of minimal current prevalence of such disturbance, it may be reported that 59 Oxford students in need of psychiatric help were referred by their general practitioners to the Warneford and Park Hospitals in twelve months from 1 April, 1953 to 31 March, 1954: these figures take no account of the numbers treated elsewhere; but the evidence as a whole shows that, as found in 1951, mental upset is still the most important cause of ill health in Oxford students.Information derived from a comparison of somatotype, electroencephalographic, psychological and psychiatric findings upon patients and healthy controls is summarized in this paper. It shows that, despite a probable bias in the controls, significant differences can be detected between the two samples. Some of these differences were sufficiently marked to form the basis for a simple heuristic method of detecting vulnerability.
A Case of Childhood Pellagra with Psychosis
Authors: Hersov L. A. 
Published: August 2008

Pellagra is a rare disease in Great Britain. The majority of cases occur among patients in mental hospitals and institutions (Stannus and Gibbons, 1934), and more recently it has been described as an accompaniment or complication of a chronic psychosis (Hardwick, 1946). Sporadic cases do arise in the general population (Davis and Hinden, 1941), but it is likely that in many instances the disease goes unrecognized (Deeny, 1942). Pellagra is particularly uncommon in British children (Greenfield and Holmes, 1939), although observers in areas where the disease is rife are of the opinion that it is found more frequently in children than in adults (Weston and Weston, 1948).Mental symptoms are frequent in pellagra and may, in fact, precede the other manifestations (Sydenstricker, 1943). Severe psychoses occur in untreated cases and depressive, manic and paranoid reactions have been described (Hardwick, 1946). In children, however, symptoms are usually mild and mania or delirium is not often present (Holt and Mcintosh, 1953); therefore this case of pellagra with a psychotic reaction in a 10-year-old English schoolboy may be of interest.
Clinical Blood-Pressure in Anxiety
Authors: Rudolf G. De M. 
Published: August 2008

That variations of blood-pressure are found in states of emotion is commonplace knowledge; that rises may take place with temporary fear and anxiety is also well known, but that anxiety occurs with a reduced or normal blood-pressure is not perhaps so well appreciated.The purpose of the present investigation was to determine whether the blood-pressure remains high when the patient with anxiety is in a state of overt placidity and calmness.
Prognosis in Psychiatric Disorders of the Elderly an Attempt to Define Indicators of Early Death and Early Recovery
Authors: Kay D. W. K. , Norris Vera , Post Felix 
Published: August 2008

Prognosis, the prediction of the outcome of an illness, has long been recognized as a necessary skill of a physician. Hippocrates (translated Chadwick and Mann, 1950) said:“It seems highly desirable that a physician should pay much attention to prognosis. If he is able to tell his patients when he visits them not only about their past and present symptoms, but also to tell them what is going to happen, as well as to fill in the details they have omitted, he will increase his reputation as a medical practitioner … It is impossible to cure all patients: that would be an achievement surpassing in difficulty even the forecasting of future developments … By realizing and announcing beforehand which patients were going to die he would absolve himself from any blame.”In addition to the reasons given by our distinguished forebear we now also require to read into the future so that we can make the best use of the limited facilities available for the sick. This is particularly true for elderly psychiatric patients for whom treatment facilities are still very inadequate. It has been suggested (Cook, Dax and Maclay, 1952) that mentally ill elderly people should by preference be admitted to short-stay units attached to general hospitals for the assessment of prognosis and probable response to treatment. They suggested that a 3-4-months stay might be necessary. Experience in a diagnostic outpatient clinic (Norris and Post, 1954) led one of us (F.P.) to believe that it should be possible to classify patients according to the best method of dealing with them in a shorter time even than the six weeks recommended by the B.M.A. Report (1947). The present study was designed to test this belief. Our hopes were only partly fulfilled, but a post hoc analysis of our original data, in conjunction with the known results of the follow-up of cases, has suggested that with more knowledge of the factors influencing prognosis over a short term, much more accurate forecasts could have been achieved. The second half of this paper is devoted to a discussion of these factors. A preliminary report was given at the Third International Congress of Gerontology (Kay et al., 1954).
Intensive Cortisone Therapy in Schizophrenia
Authors: Rees Linford , King G. M. 
Published: August 2008

Cortisone therapy has been claimed to produce favourable results in clinical schizophrenics (Cohn and Karnosh, 1951; Cohn et al., 1953). Rees and King (1952) carried out a controlled investigation on the effects of Cortisone given in moderate doses over a four-day period to a group of schizophrenic patients and found no significant changes in symptomatology, behaviour or in a series of psychological and physiological tests.In a personal communication Dr. Cohn suggested that Cortisone given in higher doses over a longer period would probably be therapeutically more effective in chronic schizophrenia.The present paper describes a controlled investigation into the therapeutic effects of Cortisone given in high dosage over a relatively prolonged period.
Photic Stimulation, Imagery, and Alpha Rhythm
Authors: Blum Richard H. 
Published: August 2008

Photic stimulation, the exposure of the human eye to repetitive flashes of light, has been employed in recent years in three ways; as a diagnostic, as a therapeutic, and as a research method. In each case, its use has opened new frontiers of inquiry into the borderlands of neurology and psychology.This paper presents certain observations which stem from the testing of exploratory hypotheses with regard to an expected relationship between photic stimulation and imagery, alpha rhythm, critical flicker frequency (CFF), personality test data, overt reactions, and after-images in three major diagnostic groups: schizophrenics, organic brain damage (paretics and others), and normal individuals (no history of brain damage or emotional disorder).Since this is a report of exploratory work, no attempt has been made to apply rigorous statistical tests nor to arrive at final conclusions. The aim is rather to stimulate further research which may employ more adequate instruments, larger groups, or different conceptual schemes.
Metabolic Variations in Manic-Depressive Psychosis
Authors: Dawson J. , Hullin R. P. , Crocket Beatrice M. 
Published: August 2008

In previous investigations of changes observed in the blood levels of acetylmethylcarbinol and butane-2: 3-diol in patients with manic-depressive psychosis (Dawsonet al., 1954), the blood levels of a large number of patients in one mood phase were compared with the levels in another group of patients in a different mood phase. This procedure showed that the differences between the various mood phases were statistically significant. A lack of correlation in time between the chemical changes and the alteration in mood might account for the limited degree of correlation obtained. Thus, if the chemical change preceded the mood change, some of the data would not correspond with the observed mood state during which the blood sample was taken.Another uncontrolled factor in the previous investigation was the diet; whilst all the blood samples were taken after a 12 hour fast, there was a large difference in the previous dietary history of the patients due to their mental state. Again, only blood levels were investigated and these might have been considerably affected by alterations in kidney activity.For all these reasons, a different approach to the problem was made, and a small number of patients has been studied closely through a series of mood changes so as to enable us to determine the time relationship, if any, between the change in mental state and the chemical change. The patients were segregated into a small ward where their food intake was determined and 24-hour urine collections made; whilst in the unit, patients were maintained without sedation and without electroconvulsant therapy.On the basis of the previous work, it was concluded that the variations observed in the blood levels of acetylmethylcarbinol and butane-2: 3-diol did not, in themselves, determine a change in mood but were indicators of some other, more fundamental alteration in the metabolic state of the subject. Consequently, changes in extracellular fluid volume as estimated by determinations of the thiocyanate space, were also investigated with these patients. Estimations of urinary constituents were also made to determine the effect of the kidneys in influencing blood levels.
“Memory Function” in Psychiatric Patients Over Sixty, Some Methodological and Diagnostic Implications
Authors: Shapiro M. B. , Post F. , Löfving B. , Inglis J. 
Published: August 2008

The aim of the research of which this study forms part, is to examine the relationship of certain aspects of mental functioning to the psychiatric illnesses of old age.One of the apparent deficits of function to which psychiatrists commonly attach importance is “memory impairment“. This is considered part of various clinical syndromes, especially of the “organic” disorders of senility. The assessment of memory is, therefore, of considerable practical importance and most psychiatrists working with elderly patients use some kind of “memory tests”. Such tests are usually unstandardized and lack objective scoring criteria.There are, in relation to memory assessment, some points of conflict between clinical usage and the evidence of objective psychological investigations. For example, the existence of a “memory function” which could be considered as relatively independent of general mental functioning or intelligence, has not been well substantiated when some such clinical tests have been put to critical examination. Eysenck and Halstead (2) after a brief review of the literature and an experimental attack on this problem, conclude that “… the ability involved in the clinical tests of memory studied in this research was identical with that involved in the intelligence test used, and that, therefore, it was misleading to accept scores on these various tests as estimates of a person's ‘memory’ ability.”
Encephalitis Periaxialis Diffusa with Survival for Thirty-Six Years
Authors: Stewart R. M. 
Published: August 2008

In 1928 Symonds (1928) recorded a case of Schilder's encephalitis, the disease being remarkable for its familial incidence and the presence of a progressive double hemiplegia. Since this date other writers have fully confirmed his observations.Familial forms of Schilder's Encephalitis have been described by Ferraro (1928) and Van Bogaert and Nyssen (1936) while Bouman (1934) has emphasized that in children quadriplegia is the usual clinical finding.The present report deals with the clinical and pathological findings in a girl who was the second of thirteen children in the family studied by Symonds. Clinically, the case was remarkable for the very long period of survival and pathologically, by reason of the extensive degree of spinal cord degeneration with but little evidence of sclerosis in the cerebral hemispheres.
The use of Vocabulary in the Measurement of Intellectual Deterioration—A Review
Authors: Yates Aubrey J. 
Published: August 2008

The problem of determining whether or not a particular individual has deteriorated intellectually or with respect to other skills is one which has exercised the ingenuity of clinical psychologists for a long time. Clearly the most satisfactory method from the point of view of reliability and validity is by means of the test-retest method over a given period of time, using tests for which adequate statistical information is available. However, since a direct estimate of the individual's previous level of intelligence is usually not available and since the psychologist often cannot wait six months or longer to obtain a direct retest, some method had to be devised which would overcome this difficulty. Babcock (1930) hit on the method of using the Vocabulary test as an estimate of previous level of intellectual ability and contrasting it with performance on other tests supposedly sensitive to deterioration in order to measure the amount of decline which had taken place.Some aspects of the use of vocabulary in clinical psychological testing have been reviewed by a number of writers (Cronbach, 1942; Feifel, 1949; Hunt, 1936; Jastak, 1949; Lewinski, 1948; Raven and Walshaw, 1944; Shakow, 1946), and the immense interest shown in vocabulary as a test may be inferred from the 101-page bibliography of vocabulary studies published by Dale (1949). However, previous reviews suffer from two defects in that(a)they do not attempt to cover the ground thoroughly or systematically, being usually introductory to an experiment, or not specifically concerned with the subject matter of this paper; and(b)they naturally give no information about the important research which has taken place in this field within the last few years. The present review has been undertaken for these reasons, and because of the intrinsic importance of the problem.
Mental Maladjustment in the East African
Authors: Smartt C. G. F. 
Published: August 2008

Relatively little is yet known of the incidence or nature of mental disorder in Africans. The literature on African psychiatry is not extensive and, although a wealth of anthropological and sociological work has given us an idea of the cultural and physical background of the African, we are still much in the dark as to how these factors influence his personality and what bearing they may have upon mental illness. A number of studies of patients in African Mental Hospitals have been made by various writers and diagnostic classifications have been attempted. Most writers agree that it is rare to find any great degree of similarity between the various types of mental disorder in Africa and those found in the higher developed western countries. Most of the work in this field has been summarized by Carothers (1954).My aim in this paper is to give a rough idea of the African background, to speculate on various aspects of the African personality in the light of present knowledge, and to try and reflect these speculations by description of the various types of insanity that are encountered in a mental hospital in Tanganyika. Some of the differences in the nature and aetiology of these disorders, compared with those most common in the home country, will be discussed. My remarks are, of course, confined to Tanganyika and if I inadvertently use the term “the African” I refer to the native of Tanganyika whom I have studied for the past eight years and who compose the bulk of the patients in hospital.
Perception of the Upright in Relation to Body Image
Authors: Bennett D. H. 
Published: August 2008

The Concept of the Body Image and the Perception of the Human BodyThe consideration of our awareness of our own bodies ceased to be wholly a philosophical problem when Pick (1908) and Head and Holmes (1911), having observed neurological disturbances of body awareness, first suggested the concept of a Body Image or Body Schema. The concept, has in its slow growth, become at times confused and has always resisted satisfactory definition. Pick himself made no attempt to define it, while for Head and Holmes it was a “postural model of the body” being constantly built up and changed by every new posture and movement and forming a “plastic schema” which was “the fundamental standard against which all postural changes are measured“. Schilder (1935) greatly enriched the concept by emphasizing not only its physiological and neuropathological basis but its psychological aspect. He defined it thus: “The image of the human body means the picture of our own body which we form in our mind, that is to say the way in which the body appears to ourselves.” This was a comprehensive “body image”; more than a perception or mere representation and including even Head and Holmes's “Body Schema“. The Body Schema concept has been more recently defined by Clifford Scott (1948) as “that conscious or unconscious integration of sensations, perceptions, conceptions, affects, memories or images of the body from the surface to its depths and from its surfaces to the limits of space and time”.