bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploring the ruminal microbiota of dairy cows for probiotic strains
Authors: Duan Xiaowei , Ma Rui , Vigors Stafford , Ma Lu , Gu Jingang , Bu Dengpan 
Published: February 2025

Abstract

The rumen ecosystem is complex and dynamic, with bacteria playing crucial roles in nutrient breakdown and utilization. In this study, we aimed to establish a strain-level database that will enable targeted screening of functional probiotic strains for future applications in the ruminant industry. We examine the rumen bacterial community using a combined approach of culturomics and amplicon sequencing, utilizing six dairy cows as rumen fluid donors. To isolate both facultative and strict anaerobic strains, we employed 15 culture conditions, which included nine different media and two gas conditions. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis were combined to identify specific strains. A total of 1047 isolates were assigned to 203 strains, accounting for 7.62% of the OTUs found in the rumen microbiota. The strains were assigned to three phyla (Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria), three classes, six orders, 10 families, 16 genera, and 32 species, including eight potential new species (belonging to five genera). At the genus level,
Escherichia
,
Limosilactobacillus
,
Ligilactobacillus
,
Streptococcus
,
Enterococcus
,
Bacillus
,
Klebsiella
,
Staphylococcus
,
Kurthia
,
Microbacterium
,
Brevibacillus
,
Lacticaseibacillus
,
Pediococcus
,
Weissella
,
Pseudomonas,
and
Propionibacterium
were identified in the ruminal culturome. Of them, a group of previously identified probiotic strains, including LAB (
Limosilactobacillus
,
Ligilactobacillus
,
Enterococcus
,
Lacticaseibacillus
,
Pediococcus
, and
Weissella
) and
Bacillus
(
B. safensis
,
B. subtilis
, and
B. tequilensis
), was identified and based on function having potential as ruminant feed additives. Culturomics played a pivotal role in mining the five genera of
Propionibacterium
,
Lacticaseibacillus
,
Microbacterium
,
Brevibacillus
, and
Kurthia
, which accounted for 2.38% of bacterial genera, complementing the discovery made by the 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing results in this study, the Hungate 1000 project, and two other published ruminal culture datasets. Wilkins-Chalgren broth was the most efficient medium for isolating ruminal bacteria under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, respectively. Among the 203 representative strains, 43 were strictly aerobic, seven were strictly anaerobic, and 152 were facultative anaerobes. This study confirms the key role of culturomics in exploring the complex microbiota of the rumen and provides a valuable probiotic resource for fermented feed and direct-fed microbes in the ruminant industry.
Investigating factors affecting the internal erosion of soils used in earth fill dams and embankments
Authors: Attom Mousa F , Yamin Mohammad , Vandanapu Ramesh , AbdulGhafour Husaen , Eltayeb Ahmed 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
One of the main causes of failures in earth dams and embankments is internal erosion. This process initiates when seepage forces exceed the internal frictional resistance within soils. This paper investigates the effect of physical properties of soils that control failure due to internal erosion of soils such as plastic limit, cohesion and initial dry density. Three types of clayey soils with different properties were used in this research. Specimens were prepared to perform direct shear test and hole erosion test at different initial dry densities to find cohesion and internal erosion characteristics of soils. An effort was made to identify the relationship between engineering properties and internal erosion parameters of soil like critical shear stress and erosion rate index. Results show that increase in initial dry density and liquid limit of soil makes them less susceptible to erosion and increase the critical shear value. Moreover, equations were developed to predict both erosion rate index and critical shear based on the initial physical properties of the soils. The findings of this research will contribute in selecting the soils for dams and embankments and predict their behavior from proposed equations using simple geotechnical properties.
Slope stability analysis of the diversion tunnel inlet at Pasir Kopo Dam, Banten Province, Indonesia
Authors: Wirawan Andri , Gde Budi Indrawan I , Hendra Amijaya Donatus 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Pasir Kopo dam will be built to develop infrastructure facilities in Banten province. This dam is supported by a twin diversion tunnel, which is a horseshoe-shaped tunnel with lengths of 413,11 meters and 433,10 meters. As the stability of the natural slope is disturbed by excavation activity for tunneling, slope stability analysis is required to ensure safety during construction and use. The geological engineering in this research was obtained by identifying the core rock sample from BT 01, BTA 01, and BTA 02 by PT. Mettana in 2017-2018 to get information about lithology, level of weathering, and Geological Strength Index (GSI). The index properties test and the mechanical properties are used as material parameters for slope stability. This paper will focus on the slope stability analysis of the diversion tunnel inlet using the limit equilibrium method, namely Bishop’s method and Morgenstern-Price’s method under static and dynamic loads. The research location geomorphology is a hill formed by volcanic eruptions and can be dePined as a rather steep pyroclastic Plow ridge. The diversion tunnel inlet consists of fair-quality lapilli tuff and tuff with moderate weathering. The safety factor using the Bishop simpliPied method is 3,731 under static load and 2,567 under earthquake load. The safety factor using the Morgenstern-Price method is 3,748 under static load and 2,561 under earthquake load. Both methods indicate that the slope stability of the diversion tunnel can be categorized as stable according to the requirements of the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) 8460:2017
Chemical Composition and Particle Size Analysis with SEM, TEM, and XRD Techniques of Silicon Dioxide for (SiO2+EG/DW) Nanofluids
Authors: Abdulah Amri , Kristiawan Budi , Endra Juwana Wibawa , Sukarman  , Khoirudin  , Tri Wijayanta Agung 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Silica or silicon dioxide, with the chemical formula SiO2, has a structure with a repeating pattern of silicon and oxygen. Silicon dioxide is widely used as a nanofluid because it has the ability to absorb moisture, which is useful for reducing the impact of corrosion, in addition to its high thermal conductivity, which can improve the thermal performance of nanofluids. Determining factors for the success of nanofluids include the preparation of nanofluids, such as the chemical composition of the material and the particle size of the nanoparticles used, so that testing must be carried out. Preparation of nanofluid in this study using the two-step method (TSM), identification of chemical composition, and particle size measurement of SiO2 nanoparticle base materials using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Dispersion Energy (EDX), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) were carried out to validate the nanoparticle materials used. From the results of the SEM tests in two selected areas, it is known that nanoparticles have 45.83% silicon compounds, 53.75% and oxygen 54.17%, and 46.25%, respectively. The particle size based on the XRD data was calculated repeatedly using the Scherrer equation and then the modified Scherrer equation, obtaining a crystallite size value of 1.15 nm. The particle size, based on TEM data, varied between 15 and 28 nm. From the results of particle measurements using several techniques, it was found that silicon dioxide (SiO2) particle samples used to make nanofluids meet the criteria for nanoparticles, namely particles measuring 1-100 nanometers.
Numerical simulation of fluid flow in semicircular cavity using structured meshes
Authors: Saroja Gancang , Rianto Sugeng , Abdurrouf  , Sakti Setyawan P. , Nurhuda Muhammad 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Fluid flow within semicircular cavities is a significant focus in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) due to the complex flow patterns and diverse applications associated with such geometries. However, creating a structured mesh in these intricate domains presents notable challenges. This study aims to develop and evaluate various structured mesh designs for semicircular domains using a multi-blocking strategy. We generated four distinct mesh configurations, utilizing both quadrilateral and triangular elements, to effectively discretize the computational domain. Laminar flow simulations were conducted at Reynolds numbers of 500, 1000, and 2000 to investigate the flow characteristics. The findings demonstrate that all mesh configurations consistently yielded accurate streamline and vorticity contours, as well as U-velocity profiles, showing strong agreement with prior studies that utilized alternative meshing techniques.
Study of EPC type 3D printer materials as a kidney organ phantom with variations in CT-Scan exposure voltage and kidney cancer nodule size
Authors: Yunianto Mohtar , Riyatun  , Nerita Ranny Lilin 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
A study of EPC-type 3D printer materials has been carried out, which has the potential to become a kidney organ phantom. The parameters studied include material density, CT-Number, electron density, effective atomic number, and radiation dose, as well as to determine the visibility of kidney cancer nodules on variations in CT-Scan exposure voltage. The phantom sample was printed using a 3D printer in the shape of a kidney organ. The CT-Scan exposure voltage is set at 80 kV, 100 kV, and 120 kV. The nodule diameters were 2 mm, 4 mm, 6 mm, 8 mm, and 10 mm. The research showed that the material’s density was 1.05 grams/cm3. The CT-Number of samples at each voltage was obtained respectively 35.28 HU, 38.98 HU, and 50.45 HU. The electron density results at each voltage were obtained: 1.035, 1.039, and 1.050, respectively. The EDG results obtained were 3.25 x 1023 electrons/gram. The EDV results obtained were 3.33 x 1023 electrons/cm3. The effective atomic number results were 3.98. These parameters are by the parameters of the kidney organ so that the EPC material has the potential to become a phantom material for the kidney organ. The practical dose value obtained for each voltage is 2.47 mSv, 3.12 mSv, and 3.12 mSv, which is still below the abdominal CT-Scan value of 5-7 mSv. The results of exposure to kidney cancer nodules showed that for nodule visibility for each voltage variation, nodules measuring 4 mm, 6 mm, 8 mm, and 10 mm were visible, while nodules measuring 2 mm were not visible.
Effect of distance between evaporator source and substrate on the formation and characteristics of Aluminum (Al) layers
Authors: Daphne Juliannisa P. , Nurosyid Fahru , Suryana Risa 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Aluminum (Al) layers have been deposited on glass substrates using the thermal evaporation method. The distances between the evaporator source (Al source) and the glass substrates (spacers) were varied at 5, 8, and 11 cm, and the Al source’s positions were also diverse. This variation was conducted to observe the influences on the morphological, optical, electrical, and crystal properties of the prepared layers. The results revealed that the source-substrate distance and Al source position affected the morphological surfaces and thickness of the samples, proven by the morphological images, transmittance curves, and XRD results. Further, these characteristics led to the alteration of resistivity and conductivity values.
Morphology of plasma electrolytic oxidation formed on Zr-4 alloy with time
Authors: Al Afghani Fajar , Anawati Anawati 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) is a metal surface modification for developing an anti-corrosion and wear-resistant oxide layer. The morphology of the PEO layer evolved with time. This work studies the morphological change of the PEO layer formed on zircalloy-4 (Zr-4) with time. The PEO was performed at a current density of 90 mA/cm2 for 60, 180, and 300 s. Surface and cross-sectional morphology were studied, and elemental composition was analyzed using SEM-EDS. At 60 s, the resulting layer exhibited surface porosity of 5.34 % and thickness of 10.2 μm. At a prolonged time of 180 s, the thickness increased three times to 30.2 μm, and the surface porosity increased to 7.86%. At 300 s, the layer further thickened but only slightly to 34.4 μm and became more porous with porosity of 12.57%. The layer formed for 60, 180, and 300 s yielded hardness of 262.4 ± 6.6, 299.8 ± 7.5, and 346.4 ± 8.0, respectively. The PEO layer on Zr-4 gradually thickened with time, resulting in enhancement of hardness and an increase of porosity.
Effect of heating rate on thermal behaviour of plasticised hard polyurethane-urea
Authors: Restasari Afni , Kaur Anureet , Naderizadeh Sara , Qi Xin , Akutagawa Keizo , Spontak Richard J. , Busfield James J. C. , Tan Wei 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Polyurethane-urea (PUU) forms through the chemical reactions of prepolymer with diisocyanate-end groups and diamine. The mechanical properties of PUU are explored by examining its hard and soft segments. In addition to a melting temperature, this investigation involves determining the glass transition temperature (T
g) of PUU, the characteristic temperature that marks the shift from a glassy to a rubbery state in materials. Those thermal properties are potentially affected by plasticiser commonly used to overcome a short pot life of PUU because of its high reactivity. This work aims to investigate the effect of heating rate on the thermal properties of plasticised hard PUU using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). This work used a plasticised PUU with a hardness of 95 shore A. DSC analysis was performed with variations of the heating rate of 10, 20, 40, and 60 K/min. Based on melting point analysis, it is found that plasticised hard PUU has two types of crystal of which one of them has heating rate dependence. Based on T
g analysis, T
g of hard segment is twice of T
g soft segment at zero heating rate. Increasing the heating rate increases T
g and the preferred heating rate for T
g analysis is 20 K/min.
Numerical investigation of Marangoni natural convection and entropy generation using the RBF meshless method
Authors: Pranowo  , Kubota Mitsuhiro , Tri Wijayanta Agung , Budiyanto Setyohadi Djoko , Itaya Yoshinori 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The entropy study of luid low and heat transfer in an open square cavity with simultaneous natural and Marangoni convection is presented in this paper. Sidewall heating drives natural convection luid low. Marangoni convection is invoked to account for thermal interaction through the free surface at the top. Through numerical calculations, the evolution of thermal-hydraulic low physics is thoroughly studied. The Navier-Stokes, continuity, and energy equations are cast using the fractional step method, and the governing equations are discretized using the Radial Basis Function (RBF) meshless approach. Using relevant parameters such as the Marangoni number (Ma = 10-1000), Prandtl number (Pr = 0.71-7.0), and Rayleigh number (Ra = 1000-100000), the results show various low patterns. A comparative analysis that takes into account Marangoni convection demonstrates how its presence can improve heat transmission. Additionally, the entropy creation of the speci ied parameters is examined and analyzed.
Properties investigation of sago starch plasticized with Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) and glycerol as food packaging material
Authors: Khairuddin  , Rizky Arrafi Saddam , Widiyandari Hendri 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Properties of biopolymer composite based on sago starch plasticized with glycerol and polyethylene glycol (PEG) have been investigated. The composites were prepared as food packaging material. The properties were characterized including the water vapor barrier properties through Payne cups analysis, cooking oil barrier testing, contact angle measurement, FTIR analysis, and SEM analysis. The total weight of sago starch and plasticizer was 1 gram, with a ratio of 10% plasticizer to 90% sago starch. The best water vapor barrier properties given when starch was mixed with PEG 1000, while the best oil barrier properties when sago starch was mixed with PEG 600. The best biodegradability was observed when sago starch was mixed with PEG 2000. The sago starch/PEG 2000 composite exhibited the highest hydrophilicity in the contact angle test with water. All samples exhibited polar properties and strong adhesion forces in the contact angle test with oil. FTIR analysis revealed changes in absorption peak patterns during the mixing and degradation processes of the composites. SEM analysis showed differences in surface conditions of the films based on the molecular weight of the plasticizers used. Glycerol produced smooth and elastic films, while PEG 1000 resulted in rough and rigid films.
Reconciling Earth’s growing energy imbalance with ocean warming
Authors: Allan Richard P , Merchant Christopher J 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Rising greenhouse gas concentrations and declining global aerosol emissions are causing energy to accumulate in Earth’s climate system at an increasing rate. Incomplete understanding of increases in Earth’s energy imbalance and ocean warming reduces the capability to accurately prepare for near term climate change and associated impacts. Here, satellite based observations of Earth’s energy budget and ocean surface temperature are combined with the ERA5 atmospheric reanalysis over 1985-2024 to improve physical understanding of changes in Earth’s net energy imbalance and resulting ocean surface warming. A doubling of Earth’s energy imbalance from 0.6±0.2 Wm−2 in 2001-2014 to 1.2±0.2 Wm−2 in 2015-2023 is primarily explained by increases in absorbed sunlight related to cloud-radiative effects over the oceans. Observed increases in absorbed sunlight are not fully captured by ERA5 and determined by widespread decreases in reflected sunlight by cloud over the global ocean. Strongly contributing to reduced reflection of sunlight are the Californian and Namibian stratocumulus cloud regimes, but also recent Antarctic sea ice decline in the Weddell Sea and Ross Sea. An observed increase in near-global ocean annual warming by 0.1 oC/yr for each 1 Wm−2 increase in Earth’s energy imbalance is identified over an interannual time-scale (2000-2023). This is understood in terms of a simple ocean mixed layer energy budget only when assuming no concurrent response in heat flux below the mixed layer. Based on this&#xD;simple energy balance approach and observational evidence, the large observed near-global ocean surface warming of 0.27oC from 2022 to 2023 is found to be physically consistent with the large energy imbalance of 1.85±0.2 Wm−2 from August 2022 to&#xD;July 2023 but only if (1) a reduced depth of the mixed layer is experiencing the heating or (2) there is a reversal in the direction of heat flux beneath the mixed layer associated with the transition from La Nina to El Nino conditions. This new interpretation of&#xD;the drivers of Earth’s energy budget changes and their links to ocean warming can improve confidence in near term warming and climate projections.
Post-Installed Reinforcement with the Application of Adhesives: A Review
Authors: Siapno Mayco-nel P. , Dela Cruz Orlean G. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Due to the significance of post-installation reinforcement in strengthening and rehabilitation projects, it is commonly used worldwide, including in the Philippines. It helps to lower the cost of construction more effectively and provides a measure of assurance regarding the structural soundness of building and civil engineering infrastructure projects. It is also necessitated enhancing the structural soundness of existing structures, like improving the connections between members. Whenever it is necessary to add new structural components, added to the already existing ones rather than punishing the entire structure to be taken down and rebuilt after installation process provides a corrective strategy. But the bond’s strength (BS) in the post-installed structural element between the reinforcements and the concrete greatly influences the effectiveness and anchoring of the entire structural structure. Like any design and construction development, there are still a number of challenges with the post-installed reinforcement that need to be addressed.
Measurements of the quantitative analytical depth resolution at evaporated gold layers with the FEG-EPMA JEOL JXA-8530F
Authors: Berger D , Nissen J 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This work concludes our systematic investigations of the spatial analytical resolution at different primary electron energies and specimens with different atomic numbers [1-4]. The aim of the entire study was to determine the qualitative and especially the quantitative analytical spatial resolutions that can actually be achieved in practise. For this purpose, we prepared test specimen by evaporating thin metallic layers (Al, Ag and Au) with various thicknesses on top of non-fluorescent substrates. To determine the depth resolution, the layers were analysed from the top. The measurements were carried out using a field emission electron microprobe, but the results are also applicable to SEM-EDS and SEM-WDS.
This work now evaluates the quantitative analytical depth resolution measured with electron energies from 4 to 15 keV on eight gold layer specimens with different layer thicknesses from 30 to 1,030 nm. By varying the primary electron energy E
0, we determined the minimum value of E
0 for which the depth of the signal source volume is identical to the layer thickness. This value is defined as the depth resolution, which is identical to the ionisation range of the atomic shell under consideration. With respect to the excitation energy of the characteristic X-rays, the depth resolution for the quantitative element analysis for Au (Mα at 4 kV) is found to be below 50 nm. It should be noted that the applied electron energies fulfil the 2-times overvoltage criteria resulting in reasonable X-ray signals with good signal-to-noise ratio.
The experimental results were cross-checked with simulations and calculations. While we found a good agreement with Monte Carlo simulations, the well-known Castaing-formula predicts smaller values for all primary electron energies. The deviation increases for decreasing energies. Since we regard test specimens without any disturbing secondary fluorescence, the measurements presented in this paper are very helpful for further improvements of calculations, MC simulations and other approximations.
Electron probe microanalysis of UO2 for stoichiometry determination
Authors: Wright K E , Adkins C 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Oxygen-metal ratios are important to the study of irradiated nuclear oxide fuel. Critical performance metrics such as thermal conductivity, constituent redistribution, and melting temperature depend on the degree of departure from UO2.00 stoichiometry and in which direction (hyper- or hypo-stoichiometric) the departure has occurred. This study examined three sintered pellets with compositions of UO2.00, UO2.02, UO2.21 and one un-sintered pellet with a composition of UO2.16. When analysed via electron probe microanalysis, Al-coated pellet accuracy ranged from −1.0 % to 19.4 % while Ir-coated pellet accuracy ranged from −0.5 % to 4.6 %. For both analysis sets the un-sintered pellet exhibited the largest accuracy error. While some pellet heterogeneity contributed to lower-than-expected precision, this method appears suitable for characterising oxygen-metal ratios in irradiated uranium oxide fuels.