bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The GRI Staged Field Experiment
Authors: Holditch S. A. , Robinson B. M. , Whitehead W. S. , Ely J. W. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
The Gas Research Inst.'s (GRI's) Tight Gas Sands Program has been involved with research on low-permeability formations during the past 4 years. The main focus of the research has been to improve the general understanding of producing tight reservoirs, while a specific focus has been to advance the technology involving hydraulic-fracture geometry. The unique aspect of this research is that the laboratories have been actual gas wells completed in the Travis Peak formation in east Texas.
To extend the development of technology fully, GRI has planned four staged field experiments (SFE's) from 1986 through 1989. The SFE program provides the opportunity to collect a wealth of data that cannot be obtained from normal cooperative research wells. The purpose of this paper is to summarize all the tests and data collected on the first SFE and to present the available results from the analyses of these data.
A New Approach for Constructing Derivative Type Curves for Well Test Analysis
Authors: Onur Mustafa , Reynolds Albert C. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
Recently, type curves based on pressure derivatives have become a highly popular method for analyzing well test data. Typically, these type curves represent a log-log plot of dimensionless pressure and the derivative of dimensionless pressure vs. dimensionless time. This work presents a new general procedure for constructing type curves based on a new combination of dimensionless pressure and the derivative of dimensionless pressure. The procedure can be used to construct type curves for all standard problems encountered in well testing. The new type curves always have good character so that nonuniqueness problems sometimes encountered in type-curve matching are eliminated; thus, the type curves constructed by our method should improve our ability to obtain accurate estimates of reservoir parameters by type-curve matching. The basic procedure is used to construct new type curves for wellbore storage and skin problems and for fractured wells (uniform-flux and infinite-conductivity). These type curves are constructed so that the vertical scale of the dimensionless derivative groups is automatically aligned with the vertical scale of the field-data derivative groups; thus, type-curve matching of field derivative data is accomplished by moving the field data plot only in the horizontal direction. This automatic alignment of the vertical scales simplifies type-curve matching and also is advantageous for determining whether field data actually represent the solution assumed by a given type curve.
Review of U. S. Oil and Gas Production -- 1965
Authors: Lindsly R.R. 
Published: December 2007

Introduction
The petroleum industry supplies approximately 73 per cent of the nation's energy requirements, and domestic capital and exploration expenditures total more than $6 billion annually. The producing segment of the industry accounts for around 60 per cent of these capital expenditures, and domestic production amounts to approximately 80 per cent of the nation's liquid raw material supply. The producing industry is important from the standpoint of national security, and its reserve producing capacity, Jan. 1, 1966, was approximately 2.7 million bbl of crude oil and natural gas liquids daily, based on IPAA estimates. The productive capacity of natural gas, Jan. 1, 1964, as estimated by NPC in its 1965 report, indicates 57.7 billion cu ft/D of capacity over and above the average production for 1963. Total petroleum demand in 1965 averaged 11,490,000 B/D, up 473,000 or 4.3 per cent from 1964. Gasoline, which makes up approximately 41 per cent of demand, experienced a healthy 3.9 per cent increase. Total petroleum supply in 1965 averaged 11,482,000 B/D. Of this total, domestic crude production (68.0 per cent of supply) averaged 7,804,000 B/D, up 2.5 per cent; natural gas liquids production (10.5 per cent of supply) averaged 1,210.000 B/D, up 4.8 per cent; and imports of crude and products (21.5 per cent of supply) averaged 2,468,000 B/D, up 9.3 per cent from 1964. Demand for natural gas continued in upward trend in 1965 as reflected by production which totaled 16.3 trillion cu ft, or a 6.5 per cent increase over the 15.3 trillion cu ft produced in 1964. Fig. 1 shows supply trends of petroleum and natural gas from 1956 to 1965.

Reserves
To supply the ever-increasing demand for petroleum and natural gas, adequate reserves must be maintained through continuous exploratory efforts, development drilling and improved recovery techniques. Therefore, it is pertinent to note the changes in underground inventory during 1965. Proved reserves of crude oil at year-end 1965 stood at 31.4 billion bbl, up 1.2 per cent from the previous year. Although the change is small, it is the second consecutive year that crude reserves have posted an increase. However, the reserves-production (R-P) ratio in 1965 was 1 1.7: 1, down slightly from the previous year. It was the fifth straight year of decline and reflects the failure of reserves to keep pace with production which has grown at the rate of 2.0 per cent for the past five years. Proved reserves of natural gas liquids at year-end 1965 were 8.0 billion bbl, up 3.6 per cent from 1964. After trending downward since 1958, the R-P ratio leveled off at 14.5:1, the same as in 1964.
Downhole Maintenance of Subsea Completions
Authors: Simpson D. M. , Pearce J. L. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
This paper describes some of the work performed in Phase 1 of a multiphase joint industry program to investigate a down-hole maintenance system for subsea completions that is both reliable and cost-effective. Phase 1 covered concept selection, leaving Phases 2 and 3 to cover critical component design and further development, respectively. The approach taken in Phase 1 to accomplish the program's purpose was to identify and then to study those concepts for transporting maintenance tool strings through the water column and into the subsea tree that eliminated the requirement of a drill vessel for surface support.
Recovering Oil by Retorting a Nuclear Chimney in Oil Shale
Authors: Lombard D.B. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A method is proposed for recovering oil by retorting oil shale shattered by deep underground nuclear explosions. Because most of the oil will be obtained from chunks of oil shale with maximum dimensions exceeding 1 ft, retorting times of up to several weeks are needed for complete recovery. A study of the heat economy of the retorting process in an underground nuclear chimney suggests that the nuclear detonation itself and the subsequent controlled combustion of residual carbon in retorted oil shale will provide ample energy. The proposed method is shown to be thermally efficient. A 5-ft diameter, 12-ft high aboveground batch retort has been constructed for the experimental retorting of mixtures of oil shale particle sizes. Low rates of air and recycle gas, low-retorting temperatures and slow combustion front advance have characterized its operation. In spite of imperfect mist-separating equipment, recoveries of about 60 percent of Fischer assay have been obtained. The particle size distribution of 30 gal/ton oil shale has not been appreciably altered by the retorting. The operating conditions of a nuclear chimney retort will be defined by the recycle gas-to-air ratio and the overall rate of gas injection. Determination of optimum operating conditions will be complicated by the large number of factors involved. However, the proposed technique appears to be a promising one for recovering the oil from thick, deep, oil shale deposits.
Interaction of Natural Convection and Gravity Segregation in Oil/Gas Reservoirs
Authors: Jacqmin David 
Published: December 2007

Summary
The distribution of chemical components in reservoirs can be significantly affected by diffusional segregation caused by gravity. This segregation, however, can be opposed by convective mixing. Parallel-flow solutions are presented that shed light on the interaction of these two processes. The solutions are used to explain results of numerical calculations of convection-diffusion in model rectangular reservoirs.
Mechanisms of Miscibility Development in Hydrocarbon Gasdrives: New Interpretation
Authors: Novosad Z. , Costain T. G. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
This study concerns the mechanism of miscibility development in multiple-contact-miscible (MCM) gasdrives. Many low-pressure, rich-gas floods, traditionally assumed condensing processes, are shown to be vaporizing or (upper) liquid-extraction drives. It is shown that the solvent phase behavior at reservoir conditions determines the mechanism of miscibility development and that the rich-gas drives in low-temperature reservoirs are mostly condensing processes, while the liquid-extraction mechanism prevails in high-temperature reservoirs. The equation-of-state (EOS) simulations support this new interpretation of rich-gas-drive mechanism. Direct experimental evidence is also provided. The misuse of pseudoternary diagrams and failure to recognize their limitation when applied to multicomponent systems are shown often to lead to a false indication of a condensing processing. This adversely affects interpretation of experimental data (such as interpretation of miscibility in slim-tube displacements), and thus miscible solvent design.
Emeraude Vapeurs A Steam Pilot in an Offshore Environment
Authors: Couderc Bernard M. , Verpeaux J. F. , Monfrin Dominique , Quettler Lisette H. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
Adverse conditions prevail in the Emeraude field offshore Congo on the West African coast, including shallow (200 to 500 m), very heterogeneous reservoirs and 100-mPa·s oil at reservoir conditions. In 1983, a steamdrive pilot was begun in two superposed and independent reservoirs to estimate recovery rate and oil/steam ratio (OSR). The shallow reservoirs required tilted conductor pipes, a tilted rig, and adapted pumping units on one platform, while steam production equipment had to be located on a second platform because of the distance to shore. After 3 years of steam injection, the incremental recovery rate was promising and the OSR was 0.30 vol/vol in the pilot area. Some wells outside the five-spot pilot also showed oil-rate increases. Numerical simulations of the pilot behavior were made with a thermal pseudocompositional simulator.
Interpretation of Thermal Well Falloff Testing
Authors: Stanlslav J. F. , Easwaran C. V. , Kokal S. L. 
Published: December 2007

SummaryA mathematical model is presented that describes the effect of heat losses on pressure behavior in falloff testing of steam-injection wells. A general solution is presented in the form of type curves (with the heat-loss factor as a parameter), along with the analytical solutions for the asymptotic cases. A new method of falloff data analysis also is proposed.
Improved Methods for Sampling Gas and Drill Cuttings
Authors: Williams Richard D. , Ewing Scott P. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
Large variations exist in the sampling performance of conventional drilling-mud gas samplers, resulting from a combination of design and operational differences. These variations have been evaluated systematically, and modifications have been made that improve sampling performance and make samplers operate comparably. A new method of sampling for drill cuttings from drilling mud has been tested that overcomes deficiencies in sampling from shaker tailings. With this method, it is possible to obtain cuttings samples more representative of the drilled interval.
Effects of a Partially Communicating Fault in a Composite Reservoir on Transient Pressure Testing
Authors: Ambastha A. K. , McLeroy P. G. , Grader A. S. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
Many reservoirs are faulted, and hydraulic characterization of these faults is essential for the design of field-scale developments. In addition to the effect that a fault has on fluid flow in the reservoir, it may separate two different reservoir regions with distinctly different properties. The detection of the properties on both sides of the fault and the distance to the fault are important in the reservoir-characterization process.
In this study, a linear fault is modeled as an infinitesimal-thickness skin boundary. Analytical solutions for pressure-transient behavior for a line-source, constant-rate well in a composite reservoir are obtained with one Fourier space transformation and time-space Laplace transformations. The solutions are presented for strip and infinite reservoirs. This study examines drawdown-pressure and pressure-derivative behavior and extends and generalizes many studies presented in the past. Correlating parameters for pressure-transient responses are presented. The possibilities of boundary detections are considered, and interference pressure responses in a composite, strip reservoir are briefly discussed.
Seismic Response for Reservoir-Fluid Evaluation
Authors: Rafipour B. J. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
This paper describes a study of the relationships among lithology, pore-fluid content, stratigraphy, and the seismic response for clastic sedimentary rocks. We show how it is possible to generate seismic models from the petrophysical measurements. This procedure should provide a useful conceptual model for understanding the seismic response of a particular type of reservoir.
New Unified Method of Integrating Core Capillary Pressure Data With Well Logs
Authors: Alger R. P. , Luffel D. L. , Truman R. B. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
A new unified method is presented for relating porosity, water saturation, capillary pressure (or height in the reservoir), and permeability through multilinear regression with core and log data. This method, an extension of Heseldin, is well-suited to computer processing. In addition to general use in reservoir description, this new method is also shown to be useful in several specific applications.
Severe Slugging in Pipeline/Riser Systems
Authors: Fabre Jean , Peresson Lucien L. , Corteville Jacques , Odello Robert , Bourgeois Thierry 
Published: December 2007

Summary
Severe slugging in pipeline/riser systems was modeled by solving the local instantaneous equations for mass and momentum with a method of characteristics. The results are in good agreement with experimental data obtained in a 0.053-m-diameter flow loop for different pipeline slopes and various flow rates.
A Rule-Based System for Estimating Clay Distribution, Morphology, and Formation Damage in Reservoir Rocks
Authors: Vitthal Sanjay , Gupta Anuj , Sharma M. M. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
A rule-based system has been developed that combines a knowledge base of known facts and heuristics with an inference engine to extract relevant information on clay composition, distribution, and morphology in a rock sample. The expert system uses the data to calculate a set of formation indices for the reservoir; i.e., it measures the reservoir's susceptibility to damage caused by clay swelling and migration.
Comparison of Multiphase-Flow Correlations With Measured Field Data of Vertical and Deviated Oil Wells in India
Authors: Ral R. , Singh I. , Srlni-vasan S. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
The estimation of pressure drop for multiphase flow in deviated and inclined pipes is a very complex problem. Although many investigators have suggested solutions to this problem for vertical and horizontal pipes, only a few works are available for deviated and inclined upward flow in well tubing. Also, no two methods yield identical results for a given set of flow conditions.
Based on earlier studies, a composite model for pressure-drop calculation is proposed. A comparison is made between this composite model and methods proposed previously with 323 sets of field-measured data.
Onshore and offshore Indian oil and gas fields currently being exploited were selected. An extensive effort was made to acquire the large number of actual field-measured data required for this study, including some data sets collected from the literature. The 323 data sets cover a wide range of all parameters.
The accuracy of the pressure drop calculated by the proposed model shows good results. Study of its applicability in different ranges indicated that this model performs well in all the ranges of liquid flow rate, GOR, API gravity, and water cut. Several other methods performed well.
Fluid-Loss Control: The Key to Successful Acid Fracturing
Authors: Crowe C. W. , Hutchinson B. H. , Trittipo B. L. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
Acid fluid loss is extremely difficult to control and is generally considered to be the major factor limiting the effectiveness of acid fracturing treatments. Chemical erosion of fracture faces and the development of wormholes are largely responsible for the reduced efficiency of acid fracturing fluids. The creation of acid wormholes increases the effective area from which leakoff occurs, thus reducing the acid hydraulic efficiency. Once wormholes form, most acid fluid loss originates from these wormholes rather than penetrating uniformly into the fracture face.
Methods of acid fluid-loss control are discussed and evaluated with an improved fluid-loss test procedure. This procedure uses limestone cores of sufficient length to contain wormhole growth. Studies demonstrate that if wormhole growth can be controlled, acid fluid loss approaches that of nonreactive fluids.
An improved acid fracturing fluid having unique Theological characteristics is described. This acid has a low initial viscosity but temporarily becomes extremely viscous during leakoff. This high leakoff viscosity blocks wormhole development and prevents acid entry into natural fractures. After the treatment, spent-acid viscosity declines rapidly to ensure easier cleanup.
Sandstone Acidizing Design With a Generalized Model
Authors: Taha R. , Hill A. D. , Sepehrnoorl K. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
Acidizing of sandstones with HF/HC1 mixtures is most frequently applied to remove near-wellbore damage, often in reservoirs with considerable vertical heterogeneity. A previously presented model for such processes in which an organic resin diverting agent was used has been extended to account for any type of particulate diverting agent and to allow for injection of multiple sequences of acid and diverting agent at either constant rates or constant bottomhole pressures (BHP's). When used to design treatments for a typical U.S. gulf coast reservoir, the model has shown that the optimal treatment strategy depends on both diverting-agent efficiency and the desired depth of live acid penetration and that relatively high injection rates appear advantageous for the conditions imposed by the model.
A general model of diverting-agent behavior was developed from filtration theory. A single parameter, the specific cake resistance, is needed to model the diverting-agent behavior in the acidizing simulator. Calculation procedures to determine this parameter from laboratory tests of diverting agents were developed. These tests are either constant-rate, constant-pressure, or variable-rate and variable-pressure experiments; in each case, the specific cake resistance can be extracted from the experimental data. These procedures allow the efficiencies of various diverting agents to be compared on an equal basis.
The sandstone acidizing model was used to design a treatment for a typical gulf coast sandstone reservoir. On the basis of an overall skin factor for the well, various assumptions were made about the distribution of formation damage around this multilayered completion. Treatment results were found to be fairly sensitive to the details of the damage distribution, suggesting that the skin factor alone may not be an adequate design parameter.
Effects of Underbalance on Perforation Flow
Authors: Halleck P. M. , Deo M. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
In a study of perforation flow in standard API test targets, underbalance between 500 and 1,000 psi [3.4 and 6.9 MPa] was needed to obtain optimum flow efficiency. Perforation cleanup due to transient pressure gradients was separated from that caused by postshot, steady-state flow. Perforations with low initial flow efficiencies could be improved by steady-state washing, but not to optimum levels. The amount of rock debris washed from the perforation during the washing phase correlated directly with the shooting underbalance applied. Tests performed in kerosene-saturated, brine-free targets resulted in generally lower flow efficiencies and required higher underbalances to obtain optimum levels.
A New Method of Matching Aquifer Performance and Determining Original Gas in Place
Authors: Gajdica Ronald J. , Wattenbarger R. A. , Startzman Richard A. 
Published: December 2007

SummaryA new method is presented for determining the original gas in place (OGIP) from depletion performance data in gas reservoirs with water influx. A study of the performance of 32 gas reservoirs shows that the method gives generally better results than either the steady-state or the unsteady-state method currently used. The primary advantages of this method are that limiting assumptions about the aquifer geometry and properties are not necessary and the computation is automatic, quick, and relatively simple compared with reservoir simulation.Monthly gas production and shut-in bottomhole pressures (SIBHP’s) are used as input data. A material balance is performed to determine aquifer influx. Linear programming (LP) is used to match the aquifer behavior automatically. Then the solution is repeated for various OGIP assumptions until the optimal value is determined.With a gas-production and pressure-data history, the OGIP and an aquifer influence function (AIF) can be determined with this method and future performance can be predicted. (The AIF is a "type curve" for the aquifer.) Data from 32 offshore gas reservoirs were used to evaluate the method. Good results were obtained in most of these reservoirs. The method has useful application before, or instead of, a reservoir simulation study.
Geostatistics Applied to Gas Reservoirs
Authors: Meunler G. , Coulomb C. , Laille J. P. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
The spatial distribution of many of the physical parameters connected with a gas reservoir is of primary interest to both engineers and geologists throughout the study, development, and operation of a field. It is therefore desirable for the distribution to be capable of statistical interpretation, to have a simple graphical representation, and to allow data to be entered from either two- or three-dimensional grids. To satisfy these needs while dealing with the geographical variables, new methods have been developed under the name "geostatistics." This paper describes briefly the theory of geostatistics and its most recent improvements for the specific problem of subsurface description. The external-drift technique has been emphasized in particular, and in addition, four case studies related to gas reservoirs are presented to show the wide range of geostatistics application.
Steady Adiabatic, Two-Phase Flow of Steam and Water Through Porous Media
Authors: Sanchez J. Michael , Schechter Robert S. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
Reliable steam/water relative permeability curves that have not been previously reported were obtained under conditions of near-adiabatic, two-phase, steady flow in an unconsolidated Ottawa sandpack. Comparison of higher-temperature steam/water relative permeability curves to those for nitrogen/water at room temperature indicate that the two types of flows are essentially identical.