bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Cost of Adaptivity and Virtual Lanes in aWormhole Router
Authors: Aoyama Kazuhiro , Chien Andrew A. 
Published: September 2007

We examine the cost in router complexity of adaptivity and virtual lanes in wormhole routers, using f‐flat adaptive
routers (based on a generalization of planar-adaptive routing) which include routers with a range of routing
freedom. Our studies show that adaptivity is expensive because it requires additional virtual channels and much
larger crossbar switches for both adaptivity and deadlock prevention. Increases of 50 to 100% in channel utilization
are required to justify additional degrees of routing freedom.Three internal router architectures for virtual lanes are examined and the fully expanded crossbar is found to be
most effective because it gives simplest control and minimal internal blocking. Examining router designs with from
1–16 virtual lanes indicates that 30% improvements in channel utilization are required to justify each additional
virtual lane. These studies combined with published simulation results indicate that only modest numbers of virtual
lanes are likely to be cost effective.
Accident Trauma — A Descriptive Hospital Study
Authors: Sathiyasekaran B.W.C. 
Published: September 2007

THE STUDY was conducted at the casualty department of Government General Hospital, Madras, South India. Accident trauma patients, 1906, have attended the above department during a continuous period of one month round the clock and accounted for 15.3% of the total attendance of patients to the casualty department. Of those brought to hospital following accident trauma 1.8% were dead, 35.1% were due to road traffic accidents, 21.7% to household accidents and 20.9% to occupational accidents. Of the accident traumas 46.9% occurred in the age group 21-40 years. Males accounted for 80% of the patients. Injuries involving lower extremities accounted for 35.4% of the total injuries; head injuries accounted for 29.5%. Of the injuries 5.8% were life threatening, 7.4% severely disabling, 35.9% disabling and the rest were trivial injuries.
National Recording of Environmental Incidents in Scotland
Authors: Forbes Gerald I. 
Published: September 2007

One of the main problems in determining the environmental status of a territory is the common failure to accurately record the occurrence of environmental incidents. All too often control ofpollution is the responsibility ofvarious independent central and local government departments without overall co operation and recording of incidents. If an official recording mechanism is not in place no determina tion of the number of environmental incidents that occur in a given period of time can be determined, no relation of connected incidents can be made, no lessons can be learned and passed on to all those working in the pollution control field, and no assessment of improved environmental standards can be achieved. In Scot land for the past 3 years a central system for recording environ mental health incidents has been in place and many benefits from this administrative arrangement are already evident. The implementation, management benefits and results ob tained from the programme are given and suggestions are made as to how this programme could be extended internationally.
A Pilot Epidemiologic Study of Diabetes Mellitus in the Sudan
Authors: Ibrahim Ahmed Bani  , Anokute Charles 
Published: September 2007

Records of 523 consecutive diabetic patients attending a diabetic clinic in Wad Madeni, Central Region, Sudan, were reviewed to determine epidemiologic features and the relation between their diabetes and nutritional state. The male to female ratio was 0.97: 1. The age at diagnosis ranged between 0-61 years with a mean age of 51.7 ± 11.9 years for males and 49.4 ± 11.4 for females. Obesity was a feature, in that 47.4% of females and 30% of males were determined to be in excess of normal body mass index (BMI) standards. A family history of diabetes was present in 67% of cases. Hypertension was present in 38% of cases; it was slightly more common among females than males (52% vs 48%), respectively. Insulin was employed for control of diabetes in 75% of cases, and oral hypoglycaemics in 20%. The re mainder were on diet therapy alone. Thirty-four percent of the patients are rural dwellers that should be saved from disabling and even fatal compli cations of the disease in combination with malnutrition and infectious diseases that hasten death in rural areas. It is hoped that the interest of those concerned regarding public health implications of the findings in this study will be stimulated.
Mothers' attitudes to children's chest infections in India
Authors: Khan A.Z. , Tickoo R. , Arif T. , Zaheer M. 
Published: September 2007

Acute Respiratory Infections (ARIs) account for a very high morbidity and morta lity amongst children in the developing countries. A knowledge, attitude and practice study in relation to the literacy status of mothers whose children suffered from ARI was con ducted. A sample of 140 mothers who had 265 children were selected for the study. The majority of literate mothers (75%) had complete knowledge regarding management of ARI. Literacy alone was not the only factor responsible for developing a positive attitude and adopting correct practices during ARI. Mass media and health personnel played an equally important role. Most women (89.3%) had obtained their knowledge regarding ARI through media and paramedical staff. Most mothers (96.4%) were concerned about the health of their children when they suf fered from episodes of ARI and the majority of them (87.2%) were worried because they felt that their children or contacts could be adversely affected. Nearly 72% of mothers took early action during an episode of ARI. The majority of the medical practitioners practised non-allopathic medicine but all of them were prescribing allopathic drugs. Most of the mothers (70%) had no problem in taking their children to the desired health centres when needed.
Submitting a paper to the Society's Journal
Authors: Watkins J. , Davies G.J. , Vinten G. 
Published: September 2007

Each Journal has its own specific requirements for authors dealing with matters such as type of papers published, instructions for their submission and their layout and content. Requirements of authors are printed on the back cover of each issue of the Journal of the Royal Society of Health. This paper explores these in more detail and updates them for 1997 and onwards.
A replica exchange Monte Carlo algorithm for protein folding in the HP model
Authors: Thachuk Chris , Shmygelska Alena , Hoos Holger H 
Published: September 2007

AbstractBackgroundTheab initioprotein folding problem consists of predicting protein tertiary structure from a given amino acid sequence by minimizing an energy function; it is one of the most important and challenging problems in biochemistry, molecular biology and biophysics. Theab initioprotein folding problem is computationally challenging and has been shown to beNPMathType@MTEF@5@5@+=feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfKttLearuWrP9MDH5MBPbIqV92AaeXatLxBI9gBaebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8akY=wiFfYdH8Gipec8Eeeu0xXdbba9frFj0=OqFfea0dXdd9vqai=hGuQ8kuc9pgc9s8qqaq=dirpe0xb9q8qiLsFr0=vr0=vr0dc8meaabaqaciaacaGaaeqabaqabeGadaaakeaat0uy0HwzTfgDPnwy1egaryqtHrhAL1wy0L2yHvdaiqaacqWFneVtcqqGqbauaaa@3961@-hard even when conformations are restricted to a lattice. In this work, we implement and evaluate the replica exchange Monte Carlo (REMC) method, which has already been applied very successfully to more complex protein models and other optimization problems with complex energy landscapes, in combination with the highly effectivepull moveneighbourhood in two widely studied Hydrophobic Polar (HP) lattice models.ResultsWe demonstrate that REMC is highly effective for solving instances of the square (2D) and cubic (3D) HP protein folding problem. When using the pull move neighbourhood, REMC outperforms current state-of-the-art algorithms for most benchmark instances. Additionally, we show that this new algorithm provides a larger ensemble of ground-state structures than the existing state-of-the-art methods. Furthermore, it scales well with sequence length, and it finds significantly better conformations on long biological sequences and sequences with a provably unique ground-state structure, which is believed to be a characteristic of real proteins. We also present evidence that our REMC algorithm can fold sequences which exhibit significant interaction between termini in the hydrophobic core relatively easily.ConclusionWe demonstrate that REMC utilizing the pull move neighbourhood significantly outperforms current state-of-the-art methods for protein structure prediction in the HP model on 2D and 3D lattices. This is particularly noteworthy, since so far, the state-of-the-art methods for 2D and 3D HP protein folding – in particular, the pruned-enriched Rosenbluth method (PERM) and, to some extent, Ant Colony Optimisation (ACO) – were based on chain growth mechanisms. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first application of REMC to HP protein folding on the cubic lattice, and the first extension of the pull move neighbourhood to a 3D lattice.
Serum proteins and paraproteins in women with silicone implants and connective tissue disease: a case–control study
Authors: Csako Gyorgy , Costello Rene , Shamim Ejaz A , O'Hanlon Terrance P , Tran Anthony , Clauw Daniel J , Williams H James , Miller Frederick W 
Published: September 2007

AbstractPrior studies have suggested abnormalities of serum proteins, including paraproteins, in women with silicone implants but did not control for the presence of connective-tissue disease (CTD). This retrospective case–control study, performed in tertiary-care academic centers, assessed possible alterations of serum proteins, including paraproteins, in such a population. Seventy-four women with silicone implants who subsequently developed CTD, and 74 age-matched and CTD-matched women without silicone implants, were assessed in the primary study; other groups were used for additional comparisons. Routine serum protein determinations and high-sensitivity protein electrophoresis and immunofixation electrophoresis were performed for detection of paraproteins. Women with silicone implants, either with or without CTD, had significantly lower serum total protein and α1-globulin, α2-globulin, β-globulin, γ-globulin, and IgG levels compared with those without silicone implants. There was no significant difference, however, in the frequency of paraproteinemia between women with silicone implants and CTD (9.5%) and age-matched and CTD-matched women without silicone implants (5.4%) (odds ratio, 1.82; 95% confidence interval, 0.51–6.45). Paraprotein isotypes were similar in the two groups, and the clinical characteristics of the 13 women with paraproteinemia were comparable with an independent population of 10 women with silicone breast implants, CTD, and previously diagnosed monoclonal gammopathies. In summary, this first comprehensive study of serum proteins in women with silicone implants and CTD found no substantially increased risk of monoclonal gammopathy. Women with silicone implants, however, had unexpectedly low serum globulin and immunoglobulin levels, with or without the subsequent development of CTD. The causes and clinical implications of these findings require further investigation.
Identification of novel regulatory factor X (RFX) target genes by comparative genomics in Drosophila species
Authors: Laurençon Anne , Dubruille Raphaëlle , Efimenko Evgeni , Grenier Guillaume , Bissett Ryan , Cortier Elisabeth , Rolland Vivien , Swoboda Peter , Durand Bénédicte 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Background
Regulatory factor X (RFX) transcription factors play a key role in ciliary assembly in nematode, Drosophila and mouse. Using the tremendous advantages of comparative genomics in closely related species, we identified novel genes regulated by dRFX in Drosophila.

Results
We first demonstrate that a subset of known ciliary genes in Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila are regulated by dRFX and have a conserved RFX binding site (X-box) in their promoters in two highly divergent Drosophila species. We then designed an X-box consensus sequence and carried out a genome wide computer screen to identify novel genes under RFX control. We found 412 genes that share a conserved X-box upstream of the ATG in both species, with 83 genes presenting a more restricted consensus. We analyzed 25 of these 83 genes, 16 of which are indeed RFX target genes. Two of them have never been described as involved in ciliogenesis. In addition, reporter construct expression analysis revealed that three of the identified genes encode proteins specifically localized in ciliated endings of Drosophila sensory neurons.

Conclusion
Our X-box search strategy led to the identification of novel RFX target genes in Drosophila that are involved in sensory ciliogenesis. We also established a highly valuable Drosophila cilia and basal body dataset. These results demonstrate the accuracy of the X-box screen and will be useful for the identification of candidate genes for human ciliopathies, as several human homologs of RFX target genes are known to be involved in diseases, such as Bardet-Biedl syndrome.
Whistle blowing
Authors: Birley J. 
Published: September 2007

“A practitioner shall be free, without prior consent of the employing authority to publish books, articles, etc. and to deliver any lecture or speak, whether on matters arising out of his or her hospital service or not”. Paragraph 330, Terms and Conditions of Service for Hospital Medical and Dental Staff“The culture of honesty and high integrity in British public service is something that needs to be sustained. Half of all fraud is detected by staff who spot something dodgy and report on it. One of the best antidotes to fraud is an open attitude with staff”. Andrew Foster, Controller of the Audit Commission (1994)“I am appalled at the thought that there remain in the NHS some people who feel that they work in a climate that prevents them from freely expressing their views. That is not the kind of organisation I wish to lead. I do not believe that there is any place for ‘confidentiality for commercial reasons’ in the family of the NHS”. Alan Langlands, Chief Executive of the NHS Executive (1995)For the purpose of this article, I am using a definition of whistle blowing which was used at a conference in November 1995 at the Royal Society of Medicine:“Reporting serious concern about patient care, past present or future, to people beyond the immediate circle of the clinical team. This could be ‘local’ – within the organisation – or ‘more distant’ for example to a professional organisation, the Secretary of State, politicians, or the media.”
Teaching child and adolescent psychiatry to medical undergraduates
Authors: Worrall-Davies Anne E. 
Published: September 2007

The aim of this article is to set the teaching of child and adolescent psychiatry to medical undergraduates in the framework of current educational theory and General Medical Council (1993) curriculum guidelines. The objectives are to:(a) outline the main reasons for teaching child and adolescent psychiatry in the medical undergraduate curriculum;(b) discuss placement of child and adolescent psychiatry teaching in the curriculum;(c) outline relevant content;(d) describe appropriate teaching methods; and(e) describe assessment and evaluation procedures.
How Does the Changing Profile of Infants Who Are Referred for Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Affect Their Overall Respiratory Outcome?
Authors: Beardsmore Caroline S. , Westaway Jennifer , Killer Hilliary , Firmin Richard K. , Pandya Hitesh 
Published: September 2007

OBJECTIVE. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation has been shown to be effective in term neonates with severe but reversible lung disease within the context of randomized, controlled trials. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation now has been open to a wider population of infants in the United Kingdom, and other treatments have become available. The population referred for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, therefore, has changed. The aims of this study were to (1) compare respiratory outcomes of infants who received extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in recent years with those from 10 years ago and (2) determine whether respiratory outcome varied with diagnostic group.
METHODS. All infants who were referred to a single extracorporeal membrane oxygenation center and were &lt;12 months old during a 7-year period were eligible. One year after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, lung volume, airway conductance, maximum expiratory flow, and indices of tidal breathing were measured.
RESULTS. A total of 106 infants (77% of those eligible) were tested, and results were compared with those of 51 infants referred for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as part of the original United Kingdom extracorporeal membrane oxygenation trial. Lung volume was not different, but there was a strong trend for the infants who were seen in more recent years to have better forced expiratory flow and specific airway conductance. Restricting analysis to the major subgroup (meconium aspiration) confirmed these findings. When divided into diagnostic subgroups, infants who required extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for respiratory distress syndrome or who were &gt;2 weeks old when extracorporeal membrane oxygenation was commenced had a poorer respiratory outcome than others.
CONCLUSIONS. The respiratory outcome of infants who were treated beyond the tightly regulated criteria of the United Kingdom trial remains good and even shows a trend toward improvement. Certain subgroups require extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for longer and have poorer pulmonary function when followed up.
Inhibitory effects of various beverages on human recombinant sulfotransferase isoforms SULT1A1 and SULT1A3
Authors: Nishimuta Haruka , Ohtani Hisakazu , Tsujimoto Masayuki , Ogura Kenichiro , Hiratsuka Akira , Sawada Yasufumi 
Published: September 2007

AbstractSulfotransferase (SULT) 1A1 and SULT1A3 play important roles in the presystemic inactivation of β2agonists in the liver and intestine, respectively. The study aimed to investigate the inhibitory effects of grapefruit juice, orange juice, green tea, black tea and oolong tea and their constituents on the activities of SULT1A1 and SULT1A3.The activities of both SULT1A1 and SULT1A3 were significantly inhibited by all the beverages investigated at a concentration of 10%. The beverage constituents were tested in concentration ranges considered to be physiologically relevant. The grapefruit constituent, quercetin, completely inhibited SULT1A1, while quercetin and naringin both partially inhibited SULT1A3. The orange constituents, tangeretin and nobiletin, also completely inhibited SULT1A1. The tea constituents, (−)‐epicatechin gallate and (−)‐epigallocatechin gallate, both almost completely inhibited SULT1A1 and SULT1A3. Moreover, the theaflavin and thearubigin fractions of black tea both completely inhibited SULT1A1 and strongly inhibited SULT1A3. The inhibitory action of green tea on SULT1A3 was competitive, while that of black tea and oolong tea was mixed competitive/non‐competitive. Mechanism‐based inhibition was not observed with any beverage.In conclusion, various beverages, especially teas, inhibit the function of SULT1A3, and therefore may have the potential to increase the bioavailability of orally administered substrates of SULT1A3, such as β2agonists. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detection and localization of an estrogen receptor beta splice variant protein (ERβ2) in the adult female rat forebrain and midbrain regions
Authors: Chung Wilson C.J. , Pak Toni R. , Suzuki Shotaro , Pouliot Wendy A. , Andersen Melvin E. , Handa Robert J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractEstrogens regulate neural processes such as neuronal development, reproductive behavior, and hormone secretion, and signal through estrogen receptor (ER) α and ERβ (here called ERβ1). Recent studies have found variations in ERα and ERβ1 mRNA splicing in rodents and humans. Functional reporter gene assays suggest that these splicing variations alter ER‐mediated transcriptional regulation. Estrogen receptor beta 2 (ERβ2), an ERβ1 splice variant containing an 18 amino acid (AA) insert in the ligand binding domain, binds estradiol with ≈10‐fold lower affinity than ERβ1, suggesting that it may serve as a low‐affinity ER. Moreover, ERβ2 reportedly acts in a dominant‐negative fashion when heterodimerized with ERβ1 or ERα. To explore the function of ERβ2 in brain, an antiserum (TwoβER.1) targeting the 18 AA insert was developed and characterized. Western blot analysis and transient expression of ERβ2 in cell lines demonstrated that TwoβER.1 recognizes ERβ2. In the adult female rat brain, ERβ2 immunoreactivity is localized in the cell nucleus and is expressed with a distribution similar to that of ERβ1 mRNA. ERβ2 immunoreactive cell numbers were high in, for example, piriform cortex, paraventricular nucleus, supraoptic nucleus, arcuate nucleus, and hippocampal CA regions, whereas it was low in the dentate gyrus. Moreover, ERβ2 is coexpressed in gonadotropin‐releasing hormone and oxytocin neurons. These studies demonstrate ERβ splice variant proteins in brain and support the hypothesis that ER signaling diversity depends not only on ligand or coregulatory proteins, but also on regional and phenotypic selectivity of ER splice variant proteins. J. Comp. Neurol. 505:249–267, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Health risks and benefits of trans fatty acids including conjugated fatty acids in food – Synopsis of the AFSSA report and recommendations
Authors: Léger Claude‐Louis , Razanamahefa Landy , Margaritis Irène 
Published: September 2007

AbstractAn AFSSA's working group was created in 2004 to review the current knowledge on health risks and benefits of trans fatty acids (TFA) in food aiming to provide technical and scientific support to food recommendations and regulation. The AFSSA report on TFA was published on April 2005 and is available on AFSSA website. Based on several considerations AFSSA has proposed the chemical, non restricted definition of TFA – i.e. including together TFA naturally present in food and those chemically produced (the mixtures of trans conjugated isomers of linoleic acid, designed as CLA) or resulting from a manufacturing process – as the ”︁regulatory”︁ definition of TFA. From consumption data, including those newly collected in France, and studies concerned with cardiovascular diseases, overweight/obesity, metabolic syndrom and metabolism, AFSSA has recommended that the value of 2% of total energy intake be considered as TFA consumption level that should not be exceeded. To do so, it has been proposed several recommendations and measures to consumers (and domestic oil companies, see the AFSSA report). Since the consumption of CLA of natural origin was found to be very low in France (≥10% of TFA, with rumenic acid accounting for more than 90%), no particular measure has been required regarding naturally occurring CLA in food. In contrast, consuming the chemically‐produced CLA mixtures led to high‐dose intakes of both rumenic acid and 10t,12c CLA. Current data did not provide clear evidence for a beneficial effect of rumenic acid, whereas adverse effects of 10t,12c CLA were suspected. Accordingly, introduction of CLA mixtures in foods – regardless of the proportion of each isomer – has been considered not to be justified in the form of supplements/food ingredients in the state of knowledge. A strong recommendation has been expressed in favor of TFA labeling, whereas a separate labeling of CLA has not been required.