bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantification of Smoke Production during ICBO Type Room Corner Tests
Authors: Waterman T.E. , Damijonaitis R.A. 
Published: March 2007

A method was developed to quantify smoke evolution during an ICBO type room corner fire test using temperature and smoke density measurements taken at the room doorway. This method eliminates the need for an overhead canopy hood/ex haust duct system to collect and quantify the smoke emitted from the doorway. The method was established by examining various combinations of room-doorway mea surements as candidate smoke prediction techniques. These included the in-doorway vertical profile of measured temperature or velocity, coupled with averaged smoke density measured across the doorway width or height, or horizontally outward from the doorway top. The basis for assessing the utility of each candidate method was its ability to predict, from doorway measurements, the smoke production measured by a hood/exhaust duct system. The data used in this evaluation were from four ICBO type room corner fire tests conducted by Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. (ULI) for SPI under a previous contract. The recommended prediction technique estimates volumetric outflow of combus tion products from the doorway from the vertical temperature profile in the door way. The temperature profile is truncated to include only data above the inflow- outflow interface. The "best" estimate of smoke density (concentration) in the outflow was obtained from instrumentation oriented horizontally outward from the top of the doorway. The authors presented a paper, "Quantification of Smoke Production During ICBO Type Room Corner Tests—An SPI Report," to the 30th Annual Technical/ Marketing Conference in October 1986. Although the described research was near ing completion at the time of that presentation, significant factors, particularly on matters related to data truncation, became evident only shortly before the presenta tion, and long after submitting the paper for pre-print in the conference proceedings. The purpose of this presentation is to briefly summarize previously reported materi als, address new research findings, present conclusions, and make recommendations both for implementation of the analysis technique and for data collection in future ICBO type room fire testing.
Recent Advances in the Development of Rigid Polyurethane Foams of Improved Thermal Insulation Efficiency
Authors: Cunningham A. , Jeffs G.M.F. , Rosbotham I.D. , Sparrow D.J. 
Published: March 2007

The fundamental mechanisms of heat transfer through rigid polyure thane (PUR) foam are reviewed in terms of three distinct elements, λ g, λ s and λ r, which represent heat transfer by thermal conductivity through the gas phase, solid phase and by radiation respectively. It is demonstrated that values for λ g and λ s can be estimated, and from the measured λ-value of the foam, an approximation of λ r ob tained by difference. This shows that there is considerable scope for improving the thermal insulation efficiency of these materials. Small reductions in λ-value can be obtained by op timisation of λ g and λ s elements, but the main scope for improvement is by reduction of λ r. This can be partially achieved by the production of foam with very fine cells. However there are strong indications that the cell windows are transparent to radiative heat transfer and several other factors need to be taken into account in re ducing λ r to its minimum practical value. Combining all these factors, laboratory foams can be produced consistently with λ-values 20-30% lower than typical com mercial material. λ-value ageing, which results from air ingress into the cells of the foam, can be substantially eliminated by covering the foam with air impermeable barriers. How ever recent developments have shown that by optimisation of foam formulations, the rate of ageing and the aged λ-value can also be significantly reduced in uncovered foams. The excellent insulation properties of PUR foams compared with competitive ma terials is a consequence of the low value of λ g which results from the encapsulation of the Refrigerant 11 blowing agent inside the foam cells. Supplies of Refrigerant 11 may become limited in the future, with potential adverse effects on the insulation efficiency of PUR foam. In such a situation the indications are that any losses in in sulation efficiency can be minimised and be more than compensated for by further optimisation of the approaches discussed in this paper.
Thermal Conductivity of Moist Masonry Materials
Authors: Sandberg Per Ingvar 
Published: March 2007

In the European standardization organization CEN, a working group has developed a standard describing the procedures to be used when determin ing the thermal conductivity of masonry materials such as brick, aerated concrete, etc. It applies to measurements using a guarded hot plate or a heat flow meter appara tus. This paper deals with those clauses of the standard related to measurements on moist materials and describes the background and considerations needed for the drafting of these clauses. Preparation and conditioning of the test specimens are described. The paper analyses the effect of moisture redistribution during the measurements and reviews different options for dealing with these effects. It is possible, for the materials considered, to restrict the errors caused by effects of moisture in the materials to less than about 5%-that is to the same order of magni tude as the errors of the guarded hot plate or heat flow meter apparatus itself when testing dry masonry materials.
Book Reviews : Data Analysis, An Introduction, by Michael S. Lewis-Beck, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1995, 75 pages
Authors: Mustian R. David 
Published: March 2007

Books applicable to the broad field ofprogram evaluation are reviewed. Books may be reviewed singly or in groups to illuminate similarities and differences in intent, philosophy, and usefulness. Persons with suggestions of books to be reviewed, or those who wish to submit a review, should contact Perry Sailor (Department of Psychology, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-2810; phone: 801-797-0090 or e-mail: perrys@cpd2.usu.edu). In general, a review of an individual book should not exceed four double-spaced typewritten pages; groups of books may require additional lengths. In the past, EP policy has been to commission a single review for each book. That will continue to be the practice for most books, but in the future, two reviews will be commissioned for books judged by the Editor and/or Book Review Editor to be major works in evaluation. Such major evaluation books would include evaluation texts, edited books of evaluation readings, or other books dedicated solely to extending evaluation theory or practice. Conversely, books that focus on methods or techniques shared by evaluation and other disciplines or professions (e.g., statistics; measurement; observation methods) will receive a single review.
The Dependent Consumer: Reflections on Accounts of the Risks of Non-Prescription Medicines
Authors: Bissell Paul , Ward Paul R. , Noyce Peter R. 
Published: March 2007

Although academic writing about risk as a conceptual and theoretical category has burgeoned in recent years, debates about the characteristics of the risk society have tended to by-pass more mundane but ubiquitous dimensions of health and health-related behaviour. In this article, we argue that focusing on lay people’s understanding of the risks of a relatively commonplace example of modern medical technology (the use of non-prescription medicines for the self-medication of minor ailments) provides an insight and a challenge to what theorists of the risk society have described as the existential contours of life in late modernity. In the context of an empirical study detailing consumer responses to a naturally occurring risk, we explore some of the arguments proposed by Ulrich Beck and amplified by Anthony Giddens concerning the characteristics of the risk society. We provide evidence both for and against the propositions described by these authors and posit a more nuanced understanding of the risks of scientific medicine which acknowledges both lay expertise over medicines usage coupled with dependence on medicine and medical technology as forms of healing.
Recovery and Reuse of Waste PVC Coated Fabrics. Part 2: Analysis of the Components Separated from PVC Coated PET Fabrics
Authors: Adanur Sabit , Hou Zhenwei , Broughton Royall M. 
Published: March 2007

The second part of this work is devoted to the analysis of the swelling process, i.e., phase separation of swelling bath, solubility properties of coated fabrics in swelling bath, and swelling extent of each component in coated fabrics. A variety of analytical methods was used to characterize the separation sol vent, the amount and removeability of the glue, the changes in the chemical and physical properties of the PVC and PET polymers during the processes, and the extent of recovery of the plasticizer. Initial recovery PET fabrics (scraps) were fur ther treated with removal of glue from the fabric surface in a dimethyl formamide (DMF) solution. The final product was the recycled PET fiber (staple). The struc ture and performance of recovered PET fiber were examined by several testing techniques, such as, DSC, WAXD, birefringence, acoustics emission, and tensile testing. Experimental results were evaluated and analyzed to draw optimal parame ters that would make mass production feasible. The results may lay the groundwork for a commercial recovery process of this very important group of individual fabrics. As an example, the recovered PET scraps were directly used to reinforce the epoxy resin composites to demonstrate an application of the recovered product. In another application, the recovered PET staple was opened and combed on a special machine, then needle-punched to form a nonwoven fabric as another application example. The first part of this work, "Part 1: Experimental Procedures and Separation of Fabric Components," appeared in the last issue of this journal [14].
Global Trends in Military Production and Conversion
Authors: SILVERBERG DAVID 
Published: March 2007

The end of the Cold War has forced the world's military-industrial complex to concentrate on technological niches rather than broad technological thrusts. The decline in defense budgets and the cutbacks in defense production will erode military capabilities in the developed world, allowing the Third World to catch up in key niches. Defense conversion has not succeeded to date, and is unlikely to succeed on anything like the scale of the previous military production or to absorb significant numbers of unemployed defense workers. The military-industrial complex should be allowed to consolidate and contract while new business formation among former defense workers, researchers, and engineers should be encouraged. In the long run, entrepreneurship will likely prove more beneficial and productive than trying to keep alive the kinds of enterprises that served the needs of the Cold War.
Reliability of the Q-Sort Inventory of Parenting Behaviors
Authors: Pease Damaris , Boger Robert , Melby Janet N. , Pfaff Judy , Wolins Leroy 
Published: March 2007

Test-retest reliability on the Q-Sort Inventory of Parenting Behaviors was obtained by using a sample of 30 mothers of 3-year-old children. The inventory consists of 72 statements, each of which describes a different parenting behavior and utilizes a forced-choice format. Mothers independently sorted the statements into nine ordered categories along a continuum from "most like me" to "least like me" and repeated the sort 2 weeks later. Analysis of variance and Pearson product-moment correlations indicated that the within-subject correlation between first and second sorts was .72. Of this total variability, .37 was common to all mothers. This variability was probably engendered by variance in social desirability of the items. Of the variance, 35% was due to reliable differences among respondents in the profile of item responses.
Some Formulas for Use with Bayesian Ability Estimates
Authors: Mislevy Robert J. 
Published: March 2007

Relationships between Bayesian ability estimates and the parameters of a normal population distribution are derived in the context of classical test theory. Analogues are provided for use as approximations in work with item response theory. The following questions were addressed: What is the relationship between the distribution of the latent ability variable in a population, and the distribution of ability estimates? Because calculating Bayesian estimates typically requires knowing the population distribution, how should one proceed if it is not known? What if Bayesian ability estimates have been calculated in accordance with a common population distribution, but it is later desired to estimate the distributions of specified subpopulations?
Effective Stiffness of Randomly Oriented Fibre Composites
Authors: Christensen R.M. , Waals F.M. 
Published: March 2007

This paper is concerned with the theoretical derivation of the effective stiffness properties for two types of randomly oriented fibre systems: (a) A system with completely three-dimensional random orientation of fibres in an isotropic matrix phase; (b) A system with two-dimensional (planar) random orientation of fibres in an isotropic matrix phase, appropriate to thin sections in a state of plane stress. The formulas derived predict the effective isotropic properties of the composite in terms of the elastic properties of each phase and the volume concentration of the fibre phase. These results provide the theoretical limits with which experimental results can be compared to assess the effectiveness of bonds, dispersion of fibres and any other factors which may affect the performance. In the last section a comparison is made with experimental results. In addition, the relation of the present study to pre vious work on this topic is discussed.
Diffusion With Time-Varying Diffusivity, With Application to Moisture-Sorption in Composites
Authors: Weitsman Y. 
Published: March 2007

This paper concerns the diffusion equation when the diffusion co efficient varies with time. It has been agreed that the sorption of moisture in composites is described by the diffusion equation and that the diffusion coefficient is highly sensitive to temperature. When the temperature varies with time, as during a "thermal spike", the diffusion coefficient becomes time dependent. It is shown in this paper that the above time-variation can be treated simply and efficiently with the aid of a simple transformation. This trans formation permits the utilization of all the available solutions, that were based on a time-independent diffusion coefficient, upon a simple and easy adjustment in the time-scale.
A Micromechanical Prediction of Initial Yield Surfaces of Unidirectional Composites
Authors: Wakashima K. , Suzuki Yoshio , Umekawa S. 
Published: March 2007

For two-phase materials composed of ductile matrices reinforced with plastically nondeformable inclusions, the yield condition that has the same form as Tsai and Wu's phenomenological criterion has been deduced through a micromechanics analysis. Basic assumptions made are that the matrix material obeys the Levy-von Mises flow rule, and that matrix plastic strains are uniform. In general, the shape of the yield surface can be proved to be hyperellipsoidal. A further analysis is devoted to the case where the inclusions can be treated as identical ellipsoids with corresponding axes aligned. Based on the results, numerical computation of yield strength parameters is carried out for unidirectional boron fiber-aluminum composites subjected to uniform temperature changes prior to external loading. It is shown that yielding cannot take place under certain combined triaxial (not hydrostatic) stresses. Some discussion related to the effect of prior temperature changes is also given.
Meditation Practice and Research
Authors: Walsh Roger 
Published: March 2007

This article provides an introduction and overview of meditation practice, theory, and research. The models of human nature and consciousness from the meditative traditions are compared with traditional Western psychological models, and the former are suggested to encompass a wider range of states of consciousness and psychological well-being. The various models and mechanisms, psychological and physiological, Eastern and Western, that have been advanced to account for the effects of meditation are reviewed. Meditation practice is discussed both as a self-regulation strategy for specific psychotherapeutic and psychophysiological aims and as a discipline for deep self-exploration and transformation. When used for intensive self-exploration, meditation is best viewed as one component of a process demanding and producing a thoroughgoing transformation of all aspects of life and thought. The progression of experiences, insights, and states of consciousness that tend to emerge with intensive insight meditation are descibed, as are the author's initial experiences. The research literature on the effects and therapeutic applications of meditation is reviewed. We know the outer world of sensations and actions, but our inner world of thoughts and feelings we know very little. The primary purpose of meditation is to become conscious of and familiar with our inner life. The ultimate purpose is to reach the source of life and consciousness. Skill in meditation affects deeply our character. We are slaves to what we do not know; of what we know we are masters. Whatever vice or weakness in ourselves we discover and understand its courses and its workings, we overcome it by the very knowing; the unconscious dissolves when brought into the conscious [Sri Nisargadatta Maharaj, 1973, p. 15].
Midlife Themes of Invisible Citizens
Authors: Hardcastle Beverly 
Published: March 2007

This article reports on a two-part interview study of 23 men and women aged 35 to 45 who held low-profile jobs such as prison inmates and guards, hospital cooks, laundry workers, custodians, resort maids, gardeners, bartenders, and bellmen. A research approach incorporating interview, life study, and oral history methods, mixed open-ended questions with formal inventories such as the Rokeach Value Survey and the KilpatrickCantril self-anchoring scale. Four common themes emerged from the group. All were hopeful about their futures and most felt that their present lives were better than their past. A majority saw their lives as being strongly influenced by some painful and traumatic life event such as a divorce, death of a loved one, accident, drug addiction, or view of war. The women tended to select relational events when asked for their most significant life events, whereas the men chose public or personal events. All saw themselves as being responsible for their lives. The greatest contributions were the life stories themselves, reminding one of the need to see individuals in the rich context of their separate lives in order to appreciate the logic of their life themes.
Marginal Workers in the Big Picture: Unionization of Visual Artists
Authors: Markey Ray 
Published: March 2007

Australian unions face a crisis of declining membership density. An important contributor has been the increased proportion of marginal workers in the total labour force. These workers include casual and part-time workers, and sub contractors and the 'self-employed'. Visual artists typify the marginal workforce. Most are employed most of the time on a commission or contract basis, their employment is intermittent, their income is appallingly low, and they are poorly unionized. A small majority of visual artists are women. A tiny Artworkers Union struggled to survive from 1979. More recently, the Operative Painters and Decorators Union has attempted to organize artists, gaining awards for them in two states, and pursuing job-creation policies in the building industry for artists. However, the Painters and Decorators' intervention has been controversial, and it has failed to attract many artist members. The new Media, Entertainment and Arts Alliance seems to be a more appropriate union. However, a major problem for unionization of artists is the individualism determined largely by the nature of the creative labour process. If unions are to achieve effective coverage of artists, they will need to adopt innovative ap proaches, which will have significant implications for unionism generally.
Juvenile Gangs in Paris: Toward a Structural Analysis
Authors: Monod Jean 
Published: March 2007

In contrast with studies focused on the "delinquency" aspects of juvenile gangs, this article is based on the assumption that juvenile gangs are a normal phenomenon and that they have a particular historical significance. Juvenile subcultures, far from being pathological, re-establish a kind of cultural diversity in a world threatened with uniformization. This diversity is organized among Parisian juvenile gangs in a number of variants, both opposed and complementary to each other, which define their crucial relations with their environment, the society at large, their common past and uncertain future, and their mutual relationships. The evolution of Parisian juvenile gangs shows that their current diversity must be related to their past common style when, in 1956, they were influenced by certain American movies. Torn between integrating tendencies, both positive (official teen-age culture) and negative (officially defined juvenile delin qtiency), and tendencies to disintegration, gangs maintain their identity mainly by strengthening, through ideology and/or behavior, the conflicts which oppose them to the legitimations of normative society. This observation and others make it possible to reformulate the classic oppositions between subculture and social structure, individual and group, etc. The methodology here proposed suggests that, behind the arbitrary appearance of subcultural varieties, a logic operates which organizes their mutual relation ships and explains their meaning.
Different Learning Patterns in Self-Access
Authors: Lai Lai-kwan , Hamp-Lyons Liz 
Published: March 2007

Self-access learning has recently received much attention from language practitioners, educators and linguists in the language learning field. Much emphasis has been put on the effectiveness of the self-access system. However, it is difficult to locate studies concerning the learning patterns in self-access systems. This paper looks on two levels into the different learning patterns among university students studying in a self-access learning environment. First, it addresses the impact of the different learning patterns on language learning under self-access systems. Second, the paper discusses our research findings on the learning patterns among university students when learning in the self-access mode and proposes appropriate self-access working models to enhance language learning.