bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bacterioplankton assemblages transforming dissolved organic compounds in coastal seawater
Authors: Mou Xiaozhen , Hodson Robert E. , Moran Mary Ann 
Published: May 2007

SummaryTo characterize bacterioplankton functional assemblages that transform specific components of the coastal seawater dissolved organic carbon (DOC) pool, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) was used to label the bacterioplankton cells that were active following addition of single‐DOC model compounds: two organic osmolytes [dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) and glycine betaine (GlyB)] and two aromatic monomers [para‐hydroxybenzoic acid (pHBA) and vanillic acid (VanA)]. Bacterial populations were analysed based on in situ fluorescent immunodetection of BrdU incorporation followed by fluorescence‐activated cell sorting (FACS). Sorted cells were then characterized by 16S rDNA‐based analysis. Populations with high BrdU incorporation level (HI) developed within 8 h of introduction of 100 nM model compound. Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphisms (T‐RFLP) analysis indicated that the HI populations in all four amendments were composed of bacteria from the same major taxa (phylum and subphylum levels), but the relative abundance of each differed. High‐resolution clone libraries (each containing ∼200 clones) showed that the HI populations in the GlyB and VanA amendments consisted of both metabolic generalists and specialists within the α‐Proteobacteria (mainly members of the Roseobacter clade), β‐Proteobacteria and γ‐Proteobacteria (mainly members of Altermonadaceae, Chromatiaceae, Oceanospirillaceae and Pseudomonadaceae). The presence of members of OM60/241, OM185, SAR11, SAR86 and SAR116 in the HI populations indicated that members of these groups can assimilate the model DOC compounds, providing some of the first glimpses into heterotrophy by members of these poorly understood environmental clusters.
THE TERMS‐OF‐TRADE EFFECTS OF DEVALUATION UPON REAL INCOME AND THE BALANCE OF TRADE
Authors: Machlup Fritz 
Published: May 2007

SUMMARYThe question how currency devaluation would affect the net terms of trade has been debated for many years, chiefly because one wanted to know what this change in the terms of trade would do to real national income, and also how this income change in turn would alter the trade balance. Yet, changes in the net terms of trade can have determinate effects on real income only if the productivity of resources is unchanged, and devaluation usually affects productivity through the resource reallocation which it induces; indeed, where there is no such reallocation the net terms cannot be affected by devaluation. Hence, even if the net terms should be adversely affected by devaluation, this may be associated with an improved use of resources which raises productivity enough to cause real national income to be increased rather than reduced. A deterioration of the net terms of trade may sometimes be a pre‐condition for an increase in real national income as well as for an improvement in the balance of trade. The presumption is strong that the devaluation of an overvalued currency will lead to a more efficient allocation of resources. The contention that a deterioration of the net terms of trade will normally cause a reduction of the real national income and a worsening of the balance of trade by equal amounts must surely be rejected.The conceptual identity between real output and real income cannot be maintained when the terms of trade change. Clear analysis of the problems under discussion requires distinctions between “real output”, “real intake”, and “real income”. If the idea of a “change in the real balance of trade” is to make sense, it must relate to the difference between changes in real domestic output and real domestic intake. The socalled “primary burden” of devaluation may be interpreted as the fall in real intake when real output and terms of trade are unchanged; if there is any “secondary burden”, it need not be another reduction in real intake, but rather a reduction in real income. Since real output and real income may move simultaneously in different directions, it becomes necessary to ask on which of them the spending propensities—investment, consumption, imports, hoarding—are based. Depending on the incidence of changes in “income”, it will sometimes be real output, sometimes real income that will determine expenditures. Yet in most algebraic models there is just a simple Y for both.
NOUVEAUX ASPECTS DE LA THÉORIE DES PRIX ET DE LA PRODUCTION*
Authors: Capet M. F. 
Published: May 2007

SUMMARY New Aspects of Price and Production Theory. Despite recent progress, price and production theory is still inadequate, because it is not applicable to the management of business enterprises and it cannot be used in macro‐economic models. What is needed is not the refinement of a few special points in the theory, which suffers from the defect of narrowness, but rather an effort to extend its scope, particularly in the following respects:(a) Investigation of such relations as may exist between markets or between industries;(b) Specification of the production functions;(c) The working‐out of a theory of organisations, which would make it possible to grasp and express, in simple terms, the differences that are to be expected in the behaviour of a co‐operative society and a share company, a trust and a cartel a free and a dependent enterprise, etc.;(d) Investigation of cases falling somewhere between a duopoly and a polypoly— the only forms which really exist—detailed treatment being given to the possible reactions of enterprisers (price changes, advertisements, participations etc.), and the result being systematised on the basis of a new logical principle, which, to all appearance, can only be the one underlying the theory of games.It looks as if we are now upon the brink of such an extension of the theory. This would constitute the second “revolution” of the price and production theory. The book Business Concentration and Price Policy reviews the stage now reached by research with regard to a large number of important points, such as:‐ the concept of industry,‐ investigation of yields,‐ the extent of concentration and degree of integration of business firms,‐ the incidence of taxes,‐ the tactics of imperfect competition,‐ the relations between markets.Although it suffers from want of systematic arrangement, the book nevertheless supplies a great many data necessary for the elaboration of a general theory.
TOWARDS A THEORY OF IMPLANTED DEVELOPMENT IN UNDERDEVELOPED COUNTRIES
Authors: BonnÉ Alfred 
Published: May 2007

SUMMARYThe vigorous movement towards raising the levels of economic performance and consumption in the underdeveloped areas has become one of the central economic issues of our time. But so far no satisfactory theory has been constructed to explain this movement, its implications and effects.The starting‐point for any attempt to construct a theory of development in underdeveloped countries must be an analysis of the major factors and conditions responsible for economic growth in Western countries. These are: (1) capital formation of an impressive magnitude, as a continuous process increasing in breadth and intensity and including the formation of intellectual capital. The introduction of mechanical means of production was of paramount importance in this process, because it radically changed the rate of progress; (2) operation of effective incentives either in the form of material rewards (profits) or spiritual inducements or both; (3) availability of an expanding market to absorb the rising flow of goods; (4) tendency for a balanced ratio to be maintained between population growth and economic growth; (5) a succession of scientific discoveries and a readiness on the part of entrepreneurs and technicians to utilise them for the continual improvement of techniques of production; (6) apolitical regime and a social order conducive to economic development. Since several of these factors either do not obtain at all in underdeveloped countries, or obtain only partially, a theory of economic development built on the cornerstones of economic growth in the West would not fit conditions in underdeveloped countries.The gradual change to an independent existence with higher standards of living and higher levels of economic performance is being brought about by a transfer of means and techniques of economic development from outside through a process of implantation. In place of the incentives which served in the Western world and which are not reproduced to the extent required to stimulate a comprehensive process of development in the immediate future, substitutes are in operation. Modern nationalism is one of the motive forces of economic development in underdeveloped countries. On the same plane is the acceptance of entrepreneurial functions by governmental agencies.The progress in transferability of modern techniques of production has immensely facilitated the promotion of up‐to‐date processes of production and distribution in underdeveloped countries also. Finally, a difference is to be noted in the economic mechanism by which the various elements of the socio‐economic process are geared together and kept in motion.
MONOPOLISTIC RENT DETERMINATION IN UNDERDEVELOPED RURAL AREAS*
Authors: Bottomley Anthony 
Published: May 2007

SUMMARYEconomists are often puzzled by the fact that impoverished tenants in poor countries are frequently crowded on to inadequate holdings, while much immediately available land remains unused. This paper sets out to explain this phenomenon in terms of the monopoly or oligopoly power of the landlord class. Individual landowners with this power will find it in their interest to rent out land only up to the point at which its annual marginal value product equals the annual outlay involved in bringing it into use. The latter can be expressed as the yearly interest payments on the original investment (clearing, levelling, and draining charges etc.) plus some annual maintenance costs.More terrain may be cultivated if the monopoly power of landlord can be broken. This would mean that land would be employed up to a level at which the value of its marginal product, as opposed to its marginal value product, equalled the annual cost of bringing it into use. In addition, the VMP and MVP curves on a particular landlord's holdings would be rendered more rent‐elastic if their produce could be sold in wider national and international markets. This too would bring more land under the plough. Sharp price declines associated with increased production in isolated areas may be an important reason why monopolistic landowners keep much of their land unused. The author admits that this is but one among a number of alternative explanations, but he asks that it be given equal consideration with the others. Statistical data pertaining to the South American republic of Ecuador are used in support of the argument.
VALUES IN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS: A METHODOLOGICAL ISSUE*
Authors: Jr. Charles Schotta, 
Published: May 2007

SUMMARYThis paper examines the problem of selection of variables which are to be considered important when theories or hypotheses concerning social and economic behavior are formulated. It is argued that while considerable precision is utilized in deriving conclusions from economic models, the degree of precision used in selecting the variables included in the model is very much less.The problems involved in constructing a theory of hypothesis building are discussed. The meaning of analyses where ‘casual empiricism’ has been used to select decision variables is examined and criticized. Possible approaches to the problem of interpretation of analytical results in such cases are outlined.The paper does not contain a proposal for a theory of theory construction, but merely calls attention to some of the problems involved in formulation of hypotheses in positive social sciences such as economics.
THE PATINKIN CONTROVERSY: A REVIEW
Authors: Mauer Laurence Jay 
Published: May 2007

SUMMARYThe article reviews the first two stages of the Patinkin Controversy; these stages deal with the question of whether the Classical system is logically sound. Two distinct meanings of the term inconsistency are established: inconsistency in the sense that, for a given system of equations, all equations cannot be simultaneously satisfied by at least one set of values of the variables; and inconsistency in the sense that, for a given set of assumptions, a contradiction is present. It is shown that much of the controversy's confusion has arisen from a failure to distinguish between these two meanings.The conclusion reached is that despite the attacks on Patinkin's position, the logical problem which he descovered still remains.
DESCRIPTIVE, PREDICTIVE AND NORMATIVE THEORY
Authors: Morgenstern Oskar 
Published: May 2007

SUMMARYThe higher degree of description is reached when a field becomes amenable to the use of the axiomatic method. In economics this state has been reached only recently in the establishment of a numerical utility. In general, it is difficult to know what to describe and how to measure; both require precise concepts. Current economic descriptions lack both very often, in particular the whole area of psychological factors, decisions, etc., escape the essentially physical descriptions of economic phenomena.Good predictions are the ultimate test of theory but also false theories often have a surprising power to predict. Thus, this matter is much more complicated than normally assumed.Even descriptive theories can be interpreted as ‘normative’ provided they are convincing to the user. The implied norm is often a prohibition, as for example, in the statement that one should not try to build a perpetuum mobile. If a state of society is commonly accepted which sanctions private property, then the norm follows that one ought not to steal. This is different from normative value statements that derive solely from other norms.
ON SOME ISSUES IN THE THEORY OF THE ‘SOCIALIST ECONOMY'*
Authors: Spulber Nicolas 
Published: May 2007

SUMMARYA number of debates have taken place among Western economists about efficient allocation under ‘socialism’, interplay of objectives and controls under alternative modes of socialist organization’, and about ways of classifying ‘socialist’ changes and transitions. The paper presents the main thrusts of these debates and examines various interpretations of the concept of a ‘socialist economy’ including those originating in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. The study is comprised of three parts. The first considers the attempts to define polar types of ‘socialist organization’. The second discusses efforts to ascertain the rationale of socialist changes and to determine the direction of such changes. The third examines the key problems involved in the transition from one system to another.
FISCAL FEDERALISM, SPILLOVERS AND THE EXPORT OF TAXES
Authors: Sandler Todd M. , Shelton Robert B. 
Published: May 2007

SUMMARYThis paper ties together two recent important contributions to the analysis of fiscal federalism, namely when public goods spillovers and tax exportation exist simultaneously. In a two‐region analysis, with resources immobile, the analysis demonstrates that it may be to the advantage of a net tax ‘importing’ region to remain in a federation whenever the net tax ‘exporting’ region increases its production of a mutually beneficial good or service. Relaxing the assumption of resource immobility, the paper investigates the conditions in which a tax ‘importing’ region may find itself ‘better off’ than in the no tax ‘importation’ case.This paper also investigates standard notions of tax efficiency and illustrates that with tax exportation, previous notions of tax efficiency must be qualified. Furthermore, it is shown that due to tax distortions, it is possible for all parties to be made ‘better off’ through some form of tax harmonization, but it is to the advantage of no single region to correct its tax distortions.
EINE VERALLGEMEINERUNG DES WACHSTUMSMODELLS VON SOLOW UND IHRE ANWENDUNG AUF DAS NEOKLASSISCHE THEOREM
Authors: MÜckl Wolfgang J. 
Published: May 2007

SUMMARYSolow's famous contribution to the theory of economic growth is based on the assumption that the savings proportions are the same for all income earners. In this study this restrictive premise is replaced by the assumption that the savings proportions vary according to the different groups of income earners.This paper sets out to analyse the resultant consequences for the long‐run equilibrium growth. One essential result is that both the overall savings proportion and the capital‐output‐ratio are flexible. Their steady‐state solutions are, in contrast to the respective solutions in Solow’s original paper, dependent on the form of the production function.Moreover, there can be derived certain conditions for the special long‐run equilibrium of the Neo‐Classical Theorem, which are implying no specific restrictions on the savings proportions of the various groups. Besides, there is shown that on these conditions not only a maximum of total consumption per man is achieved but also an equal distribution of consumption among all groups.
THE STANDARDIZED WORK WEEK AND THE ALLOCATION OF TIME*
Authors: Sherman Roger , Willett Thomas D. 
Published: May 2007

SUMMARYMinimum‐wage, maximum hours legislation constrains employers in the hours of work they offer weekly to employees. Implications of this standardized work week are discussed here in the context of theories of the allocation of time. Some confounding of the effects due to income differences in such theories is shown to be possible because the value of consumers’ time is no longer indicated by their wage rates. Retail organization and service industries also can be expected to adjust to the differences in time value. Possible welfare bases for the standardized work week are noted.
ON THE THEORY OF THE DEVALUATION BIAS*
Authors: Roper Don E. 
Published: May 2007

SUMMARYGovernment authorities outside the U. S. have two important incentives to hold the values of their currencies in terms to dollars below the equilibrium rate. First, their export and import competing industries are able to place considerable political pressure on the authorities to keep an undervalued rate whereas consumer interests are so diffuse that they exert little pressure for an overvalued rate. Secondly, the authorities themselves would rather have too many reserves than too few.This paper demonstrates that these two forces do not produce a devaluation bias against the dollar except over a transitional period.
LONG‐RUN PROFIT MAXIMIZATION: AN EMPIRICAL TEST
Authors: Hiller* John R. 
Published: May 2007

SUMMARYThe present paper attempts a more direct test of the growth and profit maximizing theories of the firm, than previously presented. The approach is to estimate directly the marginal rates of return on investment for individual firms and individual years, over time, for a sample of large U.S. industrial corporations. The marginal rate of return estimates are then statistically compared to several cost of capital series, on a year‐by‐year basis. Substantial, prolonged, and statistically significant overinvestment is discovered, casting doubt on the profit maximizing conditions but supporting the growth theory of the firm.
A Simultaneous Equations Model of Trade and Development with Dynamic Policy Simulations
Authors: Dominick Salvatore  
Published: May 2007

SUMMARYThis article seeks to help resolve the serious theoretical controversy about the contribution of international trade to economic development by constructing a simultaneous‐equations model that captures the most important quantitative aspects of the relationship between trade and development, and testing it by pooling data for 52 nations (representing all of the developing nations for which the required data are available) from 1961 to the present. The model is estimated by Full Information Maximum Likelihood, validated by dynamic simulation and utilized for policy and other counterfactual simulations. By the use of dummy variables and Chow tests, shifts of the structural relationships and slope coefficients over time are also tested for. The study finds strong empirical support for trade being very important for development, but to be more in the nature of a handmaiden than of an engine of growth.
Strategy and Implementation of Employment Policy in Austria
Authors: Tichy Gunther 
Published: May 2007

SUMMARYAustrian business cycle policy was unconventional but rather successful in the last three decades and especially since the oil crisis. The unconventional conception was developed by trial and error, only ex post it got the name Austro‐Keynesianism. Nevertheless it has a theoretical basis, a rather radical interpretation of KEYNES, which bases economic instability on a deep‐rooted uncertainty of entrepreneurs. According to this interpretation economic policy tried to stabilize the data most important for entrepreneurial decisions, especially wage increase, exchange rates and investment promotion. This lightened the burden of the traditional instruments of stabilization policy. In addition these instruments were assigned differently: Exchange rate policy was primarily used to stabilize prices in the short run, incomes policy to equilibrate the current account in the medium and longer run, fiscal policy to stabilize employment. While the new assignation proved useful for stabilization policy, some structural problems remained unsolved.
Institutionelle Ursachen der geringen ökonomischen Forschungsaktivität im deutschsprachigen Raum
Authors: Rätzer Ernst 
Published: May 2007

ZISAMMEMFASSIMGAufgrund verschiedener Anzeichen ist zu schliessen, dass bei der ökonomischen Forschung an den deutschsprachigen staatlichen Universitäten ein deutlicher Rückstand besteht gegenüber der internationalen, weitgehend durch amerikanische Wissenschafter geprägten Spitze. Eine Analyse der für die Hochschulprofessoren massgebenden institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen zeigt, dass dies auf eine ungünstige Anreizstruktur zurückzuführen ist. Diese Regelungen wirken sich nämlich im Endeffekt dahingehend aus, dass andere Tätigkeiten (sogenannte ≪Dienstleistungen≫) im Regelfall wesentlich mehr zum Nutzen eines Professors beitragen als die Forschungsarbeit. Dies trifft auch dann zu, wenn bei den nutzenstiftenden Faktoren nicht nur das Einkommen, sondern auch Anerkennung und Befriedigung an der Tätigkeit berücksichtigt werden. Wenn der Staat an seinen Universitäten mehr und bessere Forschung wollte, müsste er demzufolge dafür sorgen, dass wissenschaftliche Arbeit relativ zu anderen Tätigkeiten wieder attraktiver würde. Zur Erreichung dieses Ziels sind grundsätzlich verschiedene Massnahmen denkbar. Bei einer vergleichenden Beurteilung schält sich jedoch als einziger vom Staat tatsächlich steuerbarer und gleichzeitig auch wirkungsvoller Aktionsparameter die Besoldungsregelung heraus: die institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen müssten demnach so umgestaltet werden, dass sich zusätzliche Forschungsarbeit in irgend einer Form auch in zusätzlichem Einkommen niederschlägt.