bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Use of Dental Implants in Combination with Removable Partial Dentures. A Case Report
Authors: CHRONOPOULOS VASSILIOS , SARAFIANOU ASPASIA , KOURTIS STEFANOS 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTImplant treatment protocols for fully edentulous patients include implant‐supported fixed restorations with a minimum of five to six implants or overdentures on two to four implants. However, implant placement in the posterior areas is sometimes not permitted by anatomic and/or financial restraints, or patients’ unwillingness to have extensive surgical procedures.The purpose of this case report is to present a treatment option where bilateral distal extension removable partial dentures (RPDs) are used in combination with anterior fixed implant prostheses with semi‐precision attachments.The initial treatment plan of a 65‐year‐old female with failing dentition involved the fabrication of overdentures supported by four implants placed in the interforaminal area in both arches. Because of inadequate space for the retentive elements of the overdenture and the patient's objection to surgical procedures for the placement of additional implants to support a fixed restoration, the treatment plan was modified. Fixed ceramometal cement‐retained implant restorations with semi‐precision attachments adjacent to the distal abutments were fabricated in the maxilla and the mandible. Bilateral distal extension RPDs were placed in both arches. The patient's benefits were increased comfort, good esthetics in the anterior area, improved phonetics, and masticatory function. Retentive element maintenance requirements were similar to conventional RPDs. More extended controlled clinical studies are needed to establish the long‐term success of this treatment option.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCERemovable partial dentures may offer an attractive treatment option for an edentulous patient, as they may combine an FPD in the anterior segment with a removable appliance in the posterior areas. A satisfying restoration can be achieved with fewer implants.
Reproducibility of the Pink Esthetic Score—Rating Soft Tissue Esthetics Around Single‐Implant Restorations with Regard to Dental Observer Specialization
Authors: GEHRKE PETER , LOBERT MARKUS , DHOM GÜNTER 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTPurpose:  The pink esthetic score (PES) evaluates the esthetic outcome of soft tissue around implant‐supported single crowns in the anterior zone by awarding seven points for the mesial and distal papilla, soft‐tissue level, soft‐tissue contour, soft‐tissue color, soft‐tissue texture, and alveolar process deficiency. The aim of this study was to measure the reproducibility of the PES and assess the influence exerted by the examiner's degree of dental specialization.Materials and Methods:  Fifteen examiners (three general dentists, three oral maxillofacial surgeons, three orthodontists, three postgraduate students in implant dentistry, and three lay people) applied the PES to 30 implant‐supported single restorations twice at an interval of 4 weeks. Using a 0–1–2 scoring system, 0 being the lowest, 2 being the highest value, the maximum achievable PES was 14. At the second assessment, the photographs were scored in reverse order. Differences between the two assessments were evaluated with the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (R). The Wilcoxon signed‐rank test was used for comparisons of differences between the ratings. A significance level of p < 0.05 was chosen for both tests.Results:  Observer results indicated that the agreement between the first and second rating for all occupational groups was 70.5%, with a broad correlation between the two ratings and a high statistical significance (Spearman's R = 0.58, p = 0; Wilcoxon T = 163,182, Z = 3.383599, p = 0.000716). The most agreement between the first and second rating was obtained by orthodontists with 73.5% (R = 0.67), and the least by lay people 65.9% (R = 0.50). Very poor and very esthetic restorations showed the smallest deviations. Orthodontists were found to have assigned significantly poorer ratings than any other group. The assessment of postgraduate students and laypersons were the most favorable.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCEThe PES allows for a more objective appraisal of the esthetic short‐ and long‐term results of various surgical and prosthetic implant procedures. It reproducibly evaluates the peri‐implant soft tissue around single‐implant restorations and results in good intra‐examiner agreement. However, an effect of observer specialization on rating soft‐tissue esthetics can be shown.
How many Katrinas? Predicting the Number of Hurricanes Striking the USA
Authors: O'Hagan Tony , Ward Bob , Coughlin Katie 
Published: December 2008

AbstractHurricane Katrina dealt a savage blow to New Orleans. This year Hurricane Gustav threatened a repetition. How many Katrinas will strike in future? As yet another hurricane approached, intuition and science came together in a grey room to try to find out. Tony O'Hagan, Bob Ward and Katie Coughlin report.
Carbon Labelling: Too Complex or will it Transform Our Buying?
Authors: Boardman Brenda 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
In January 2007, Sir Terry Leahy, Chief Executive of Tesco, made a surprise announcement: Tesco intend to put carbon labels on all their products. The hope is that consumers will be able to judge the impact on the environment of what they buy. But Tesco stock 70 000 products. Can it be done? And, if so, how?Brenda Boardman looks at the challenges.
What's in a Name? The Frequency and Geographic Distributions of UK Surnames
Authors: McElduff Fiona , Mateos Pablo , Wade Angie , Borja Mario Cortina 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Are you a Smith, a Featherstonehaugh-Cholomondely-Warnock or a Begum? Your surname can reveal the social history of where you live. Fiona McElduff, Pablo Mateos, Angie Wade and Mario Cortina Borja investigate.
Expression levels of aminopeptidase‐N genes in the lightbrown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana
Authors: Simpson Robert M. , Poulton Joanne , Markwick Ngaire P. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractFive aminopeptidase‐N genes (EpAPN1‐5) of the tortricid moth Epiphyas postvittana have been isolated from a midgut expressed sequence tag (EST) library. Relative RNA expression of these genes was measured by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction using actin as a reference gene. Measurements were made on various tissues of fifth instar larvae, over all stages of the life cycle and under differing dietary conditions: different protein sources and levels, and in presence of trypsin and metalloprotease inhibitors. Gene expression for all five genes was the greatest in midgut tissue, but was also detected in the hindgut, fat body and Malpighian tubules. EpAPN4 was consistently the highest expressed, with EpAPN3 at about half that level; EpAPN5 was the least expressed. During larval stages expression was high, generally increasing over the instars, after an early peak as neonates or first instars. Expression in other life stages was much lower. Males and females showed differing expression in the pupal and adult stages: female expression was higher in the pupa, this reversed in the adult. Gene expression levels and ratios both changed with diet. A natural apple leaf diet depressed levels. Diets with the most impaired amino acid balance induced the greatest change; generally EpAPN1 increased by the greatest proportion. The addition of proteinase inhibitor also increased gene expression, and it was noteworthy that the trypsin inhibitor addition, which has been shown to double aminopeptidase activity, also doubled levels of gene expression.
Ferritin acts as a target site for the snowdrop lectin (GNA) in the midgut of the cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis
Authors: Sadeghi Amin , Smagghe Guy , Proost Paul , Van Damme Els J.M. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe snowdrop lectin GNA (Galanthus nivalis agglutinin) has been shown to possess insecticidal activity to a range of economically important insect pests. However, the precise mechanism of insecticidal action of GNA against insects remains unknown. In this investigation, we attempted to purify and identify receptor(s) responsible for binding of GNA in the larval midgut of a major lepidopteran pest (the cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis) to better understand its mode of action. Therefore, cytoplasmic as well as membrane proteins from 800 larval midguts were chromatographed on a column with immobilized GNA. Sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of the proteins eluted from the GNA column followed by sequencing of the GNA‐binding proteins and BLAST analyses revealed that the N‐terminal sequences of a 24 kDa polypeptide purified from the cytoplasmic and membrane protein fraction revealed sequence similarity to sequences encoding heavy chain homologs of ferritin from Manduca sexta (76% sequence identity), Calpodes ethlius (80% sequence identity) and Bombyx mori (61% sequence identity). Furthermore, the N‐terminal sequence of a 31 kDa polypeptide from the membrane protein fraction showed sequence similarity to a light chain homolog of ferritin from Manduca sexta (88% sequence identity).
Effects of methamidophos and deltamethrin on in vitro protein phosphorylation in Monochamus alternatus
Authors: Liu Jie , Gao Xi‐Wu , Wu Yi‐Jun , Li Wei , Qin Qi‐Lian , Sun Jiang‐Hua 
Published: December 2008

Abstract Monochamus alternatus Hope (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is not only a serious pest insect to pine trees but also the main vector of pine wood nemadote Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, which causes pine wilt disease. To explore the insecticidal mechanism of insecticides to M. alternatus, we chose methamidophos and deltamethrin as the representatives of two groups of insecticides (organophosphates and pyrethroids), which are widely used for pest control in China and investigated their effects on phosphorylation of proteins from the insect. Phosphorylation of proteins from the insect fat body and head was determined by in vitro32P‐labelling. In the fat body, deltamethrin obviously reduced basal phosphorylation levels of proteins at 111, 95, 77, and 44 kDa, but enhanced the basal phosphorylation level of a protein at 138 kDa. However, in the presence of calmodulin but not cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), deltamethrin increased phosphorylation of the protein at 111 kDa. In the head, deltamethrin inhibited basal phosphorylation levels of proteins at 113, 98, and 51 kDa, but potentiated phosphorylation of a protein at 167 kDa activated by cAMP. Methamidophos inhibited phosphorylation of a protein at 44 kDa in the fat body. Although methamidophos did not impact basal phosphorylation levels of any proteins in the head, it inhibited calcium/calmodulin (Ca2+/CaM)‐stimulated phosphorylation of a protein at 51 kDa. Together, our data indicate that methamidophos and deltamethrin altered phosphorylation levels of various proteins in the head and fat body of the pine insect and these two kinds of insecticides acted on the proteins that can be phosphorylated in the tissues respectively, which is possibly related to their toxicity.
Biology and life table studies of the oriental tobacco budworm, Helicoverpa assulta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), influenced by different larval diets
Authors: Wang Kai‐Yun , Zhang Yong , Wang Hong‐Yan , Xia Xiao‐Ming , Liu Tong‐Xian 
Published: December 2008

AbstractDevelopment, survivorship, pupal weight, oviposition, and life table parameters of the oriental tobacco budworm, Helicoverpa assulta Guenée, were evaluated in the laboratory on an artificial diet, pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.), and tobacco (Nicotiana tobacum L.). We found that the average developmental time of immature stages was longest on tobacco (36.2 d), intermediate on pepper (34.4 d), and shortest on artificial diet (33.5 d). Immature survival from egg to pupa varied from 31% on tobacco, 43% on pepper, and 74% on artificial diet. Pupal weight ranged from 197.4 mg/pupa on tobacco, 233.1 mg/pupa on pepper and 253.4 mg/pupa on artificial diet. The average numbers of eggs laid by adults reared as larvae on the artificial diet, pepper, or tobacco were 614, 421 and 334 eggs/female, respectively. Numbers of remaining eggs in ovaries of the adult females reared as larvae on the artificial diet, pepper, or tobacco were 16, 26, and 42 eggs/female, respectively. The longevity of adult females developed from larvae reared on the three diets was not significantly different, whereas the longevity of male adults from the larvae reared on artificial diet was longer (16.8 d) than that for males reared on tobacco (13.8 d) and pepper (13.3 d). The intrinsic, finite, gross, and net rates of increase were highest for females reared as larvae on artificial diet, lowest for females emerging from larvae reared on tobacco, and intermediate for females emerging from larvae reared on pepper. Generation times and doubling time of H. assulta were shortest for larvae fed artificial diet, intermediate from larvae reared on pepper, and longest from larvae reared on tobacco. We concluded that the artificial diet was the most suitable larval diet of H. assulta followed by pepper, and tobacco.
AN ISOLATED CARBONATE BANK IN THE ZECHSTEIN MAIN DOLOMITE BASIN, WESTERN POLAND
Authors: Peryt T. M. , Dyjaczyński K. 
Published: December 2008

Isolated carbonate banks in starved basins are very attractive targets for hydrocarbon prospecting. In the Zechstein (Late Permian) Main Dolomite (Ca2) Basin of Western Poland, six such banks or isolated platforms have been penetrated by wells, and gas and/or oil has been found in all of them. The largest is the Chartów Platform, which lies a few tens of kilometres from the edge of the carbonate shelf, and shows well‐defined facies zonation. Three shallowing‐upward cycles may be distinguished in the bank‐edge sands, while the central (lagoonal) region and lower slope show a single deepening‐upward sequence. Local rapid subsidence, usually balanced by the rate of deposition, is inferred for the edge of the Chartów Platform; this subsidence was not balanced in other zones.The driving force for increased local subsidence may have been related to subtle block movements, and the break‐up of the PZ1 (Werra) evaporite platform. The rate of increased subsidence fluctuated; pulses of relatively rapid subsidence disturb the sequence, which was controlled by sea‐level fluctuations.Differential subsidence and sea‐level changes are common during the evolution of evaporite basins, and isolated platforms similar to the Chartów structure may be common in other evaporite basins, where isolated banks are located between the central and marginal areas.
THERMAL MATURITY AND HYDROCARBON GENERATION IN ROCKS FROM THE SEDIMENTARY BASINS OF MADAGASCAR
Authors: Ramanampisoa L. , Radke M. 
Published: December 2008

Oil exploration in Madagascar has been concentrated on the Morondava Basin in the SW of the island, which is well‐known for its large deposits of tar sand and heavy oil at Bemolanga and Tsimiroro. Petroleum shows have frequently been encountered in exploration wells, but source‐rock identification has remained inconclusive. Thus, the present study of a wildcat was originally related mostly to geochemical prospect appraisal. Due to the uniform organic matter type and wide range of thermal evolution stages sampled, the case history has more general implications, however, as regards relationships between thermal maturation and hydrocarbon generation.Evaluation of eleven rock samples taken at depths of between 1,100 and 2,500m by Rock‐Eval, solvent extraction and vitrinite reflectance (Rr) methods revealed only poor source rocks for oil with marginal through to post‐mature Type III kerogens (Rr between 0.5% and 1.4%). Discrepancies in yield profiles of total C15+ ‐hydrocarbons peaking at higher Rr in the Morondava and Douala Basin (Cameroon) wells than in a Deep Basin (West Canada) well are tentatively attributed to their different geothermal histories. However, yield trends of specific saturated and aromatic hydrocarbon families, as determined by capillary gas chromatography, did not testify to the suspected effect of geothermal rate variations on generation curves, which hence remain unproven.Based on systematic changes with depth in the distribution of methylated di‐ and tri‐aromatics, the interpretation of maturation levels with respect to hydrocarbon generation was refined. When converted to vitrinite reflectance equivalents (Rr), molecular parameters such as the Trimethylnaphthalene Ratio (TNR 1) and the Methylphenanthrene Index (MPI 1) were able to disclose gradual maturity changes.In contrast to the large Morondava Basin, the smaller Majunga Basin in NW Madagascar has been the site of little exploration activity until recently. Based on organic‐geochemical analysis of seven rock samples from two exploration wells by the above‐mentioned methods, it was found that good source rocks for oil are absent. Some of the samples may have a considerable gas generation potential, which at best has been partially realised. Certainly, maturities inadequate for substantial gas generation are indicated by aromatic parameters.
RESERVOIRS IN FRACTURED BASEMENT ON THE CONTINENTAL SHELF OF SOUTHERN VIETNAM
Authors: Areshev E. G. , Dong Tran Le , San Ngo Thuong , Shnip O. A. 
Published: December 2008

A number of oil‐ and gasfields have recently been discovered on the continental shelf of Southern Vietnam, the largest of which is White Tiger. The main pay‐zone in this field is in the basement, which is composed of granites and granodiorites, lithologies which are found in the basement elsewhere on the shelf. The granites have undergone severe alteration as a result of tectonic, hydrothermal and surface weathering processes.Reservoirs are related to cavernous fracture porosity in deep basement zones, and to “porous cavernous” fracturing at more shallow levels. Total reservoir thickness exceeds 1 km, and the oil‐water contact has not yet been located. Flow‐rates reach 2,000 cu. m/d. Drilling data indicates that the granitoids are overlain by argillaceous‐terrigenous rocks of Oligocene and younger ages which have a thickness of 2.5–4.4 km (up to 8 km in places, according to seismic data).Source rocks are mostly early Oligocene argillites, from which oil probably migrated into upthrown basement blocks.
OILFIELD BRINES OF METEORIC AND CONNATE ORIGIN IN THE EASTERN NIGER DELTA
Authors: Amajor L. C. , Gbadebo A. M. 
Published: December 2008

A study of oilfield brines in the Afam, Imo River, Bodo‐West and Umuechem oilfields in the Eastern Niger Delta petroleum sub‐province of Nigeria was undertaken in an attempt to determine their genetic affinities.On the basis of their contents of bicarbonate, chloride and sulphate ions, and total dissolved solids, most of the formation waters from the Imo River oilfield are shown to be meteoric in origin, whereas those from Afam, Bodo‐West and Umuechem are connate waters. The relationship between salinity and total dissolved solids can be expressed by a simple linear equation.Formation‐water resistivity and total dissolved solids from these oilfields are parabolically related. The amount of total dissolved solids is also depth‐controlled, and increases with depth. This relationship is thought to be a function of post‐depositional processes.
Studies on the Muscular Physiology of the Genital Tract
Authors: GENELL SUNE 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Myometrial tonus varies with, the sexual phase. It is low in the heat phase, high in the quiescent phase. The fall of tonus in the heat phase is elicited by the heat hormone of the ovary, oestrin.Myometrial tonus is not influenced by castration as such. It remains unchanged within that space of time following castration during which muscular atrophy has not yet appeared.It is probable that the uterine muscle possesses a certain state of normal tonus, maintained largely by unknown factors. We only know that the tonus of the uterus depends on ionic factors, on the osmotic pressure of the blood, and on the hydrogen‐ion concentration, but little is known of the mechanism through which these factors act. Under the action of oestrin the normal state of tonus falls during the heat phase. The mechanism of this oestrin action is unknown.
The Absorption of Ethyl Alcohol from the Gastro‐Intestinal Tract as a Diffusion Process
Authors: BERGGREN SVEN M. , GOLDBERG LEONARD 
Published: December 2008

Summary.After a survey of earlier literature on the passage of ethyl alcohol from the gastro‐intestinal tract to the blood, the factors are discussed that may possibly have to bear on this passage, the basis of the discussion being the laws of diffusion. From these laws formulae have been deduced, in which the percentage of the blood alcohol, the blood flow through the mucous membrane of the stomach and the concentration and the volume of the alcoholic solution ingested have been taken into consideration. The validity of these formulae is not only confined to the diffusion of alcohol but also applies to all the cases in which a pure process of diffusion is concerned.By means of a series of determinations of the alcohol percentage in the contents of the stomach of cat with intact and ligated pylori as well as on human subjects—both normal individuals and patients—by means of fractional withdrawal of ingested alcohol, an attempt has been made to show that the passage of alcohol through the mucous membrane of the stomach is to be regarded as a pure process of diffusion. The results of the experiments are:

The absorption of ethyl alcohol from the stomach follows the laws of diffusion. This means that the greater the concentration of the alcohol ingested, the more rapidly will absorption take place with a higher and earlier blood alcohol maximum (cp fig. 1). The so‐called diffusion factor is constant in the case of constant blood flow and constant volume.
A cat with ligated pylorus absorbs in 30 min about 38% of the alcohol ingested, when given in a solution of 5 per cent by volume, about 62% after 60 min and 76% after 120 min; of a solution of 17 per cent proportionally more is absorbed.
On human subjects with closed pylori the corresponding figures for a solution of 5 per cent by volume are 40% after 30 min, 70% after 60 min and about 100% after 120 min. If the stomach is emptied, on the other hand, the whole quantity of alcohol ingested can disappear in less than 30 min.
Eine einfaehe und für klinische Zwecke geeignete Mikromethode zur Bestimmung des Harnstoffstickstoff's (UrN) im Blute durch Ureasebehandlung und direkte Nesslerisierung
Authors: OHLSSON Von WILHELM 
Published: December 2008

Zusammenfassung.Es wird eine einfache Methode zur Bestimmung des Harnstoffstickstoffs an 0.2 ml Blut beschrieben. Ihr Vorzug besteht darin, dass das Blut in eine Lösung gebracht wird, die gleichzeitig als eine für optimale Ureasewirkung geeignete Pufferlösung und nach leichter Ansäuerung als Eiweissfällungsmittel dient. Man erhält ein eiweissfreies Zentrifugat und nimmt darauf, in Gegenwart von Gummi arabicum als Schutzkolloid, nach direkter Nesslerisierung eine kolorimetrische Bestimmung vor.Für einen Geldbeitrag zur Ausführurig der Arbeit möchte ich der ←Kungl. Fysiografiska Sällskapet→ in Lund meinen Dank aussprechen.