bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adult Rat Hepatocytes in Primary Culture. VII. Proliferative and Functional Properties of Cells from Ethanol‐Intoxicated Animals: Evidence for a Reversible Albumin ‘Production Defect’
Authors: Lad Pushkaraj J. , Shier W. Thomas , Skelly Harold , de Hemptinne Bernard , Leffert Hyam L. 
Published: February 2008

Properties of long‐term cultures of hepatocytes isolated from nutritionally maintained adult rats treated in vivo for 8–12 days with ethanol to achieve blood levels of 200–220 mg ethanol/dl (experimental group) and from isocalorically maintained mock‐treated (control) rats were compared. Two kinds of treatment protocols were used: intragastric intubation or inhalation chambers. Similar results were observed with cultured cells obtained from either protocol.Hepatocytes in ‘monolayers’ from both animal groups showed unimpaired proliferative responses with respect to (a) cell multiplication and DNA synthesis rates during an asynchronous 12‐day growth cycle and (b) proliferogenic peptides [insulin, glucagon, and epidermal growth factor (EGF)] that reinitiate DNA synthesis parasynchronously during late stationary phase (days 12–13). Quantitative differences in [3H]leucine uptake into total proteins (cellular plus ‘secreted’) were not detected during the growth cycle. However, during stationary phase (days 8–12), 25%‐75% less [3H]leucine‐labeled albumin was released into culture fluids by hepatocytes from experimental livers than by hepatocytes from control livers. More pronounced differences were seen when albumin in the same culture fluids was measured by radioimmunoassay in contrast to measurements of [3H]leucine‐labeled albumin in these fluids. The defect was reversible since it was not seen in stationary‐phase hepatocyte cultures prepared from rats withdrawn more than 7 days from ethanol treatment whose blood alcohol levels had fallen to 0 mg ethanol/dl.These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that, with respect to albumin production by hepatocytes, chronic ethanol exposure induces a specific but reversible ‘defect’. Because this defect is not seen in short‐term hepatocyte cultures, long‐term cultures should facilitate attempts to understand the molecular and cellular causes of this functional impairment.
Evaluation of the Role of Acetaldehyde in the Actions of Ethanol on Gluconeogenesis by Comparison with the Effects of Crotonol and Crotonaldehyde
Authors: Cederbaum Arthur I. , Dicker Elisa 
Published: February 2008

Liver cells from fasted rats oxidized ethanol and crotonol at identical rates. Ethanol and crotonol increased the cytosolic lactate/pyruvate ratio to the same extent, however only ethanol increased the mitochondrial B‐hydroxybutyrate/acetoacetate ratio. The rate of oxidation of crotonaldehyde by liver cells was 30% to 50% of the rate of oxidation of acetaldehyde. Cyanam‐ide, which is especially inhibitory towards the low Km mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase, inhibited the oxidation of acetaldehyde to a greater extent than it inhibited the oxidation of crotonaldehyde. Acetaldehyde, but not crotonaldehyde, increased the B‐hydrox‐ybutyrate/acetoacetate ratio; both aldehydes produced some increase in the lactate/pyruvate ratio. Consequently, differences between the effects of ethanol and crotonol on the mitochondrial redox state may relate to differences between the metabolism of their respective aldehydes.Intact mitochondria oxidized crotonaldehyde at about 10% the rate found with acetaldehyde. In deox‐ychoiate‐disrupted mitochondria, in the presence of external NAD+, crotonaldehyde was oxidized at rates less than one‐fourth the rate found with acetaldehyde. Cyanamide inhibited the oxidation of acetaldehyde to a greater extent than the oxidation of crotonaldehyde. These results suggest that crotonaldehyde is a poor substrate for the low Km mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase.In isolated hepatocytes, acetaldehyde stimulated glucose production from pyruvate, but inhibited gluconeogenesis from glycerol, xylitol, and sorbitol. Crotonaldehyde had no effect on glucose production from these substrates, indicating that the effects of acetaldehyde were due to the metabolism of acetaldehyde in the mitochondria. Ethanol stimulated glucose production from pyruvate, whereas crotonol was without effect. The stimulation by ethanol, and the lack of effect by crotonol, appears to be due to changes in the mitochondrial redox state produced as a consequence of the further oxidation of acetaldehyde, but not crotonaldehyde. Crotonol and ethanol inhibited glucose production from glycerol, xylitol, and sorbitol, suggesting that changes in the cytosolic redox state play the major role in the effect of the alcohols on glucose production from these substrates. However, the inhibition by ethanol was consistently 10% to 15% greater than the inhibition by crotonol, suggesting that acetaldehyde contributes to the effects of ethanol. These differences between ethanol and crotonol are consistent with a role for acetaldehyde metabolism in the actions of ethanol. Crotonol may be a useful aid in determining the mechanism whereby ethanol alters henatic functions.
Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics of Ethanol Elimination in Long Sleep and Short Sleep Mice
Authors: Gilliam David M. , Bloedow Duane C. , Collins Allan C. 
Published: February 2008

Pharmacokinetic studies of ethanol elimination in humans and dogs have suggested that elimination from the blood can be best described through the application of MichaelikMenten enzyme kinetics. In an attempt to extend the application of the Michaelis‐Menten model to ethanol elimination in mice, we measured elimination rates using serial blood samples obtained from the long sleep (Ls) and short sleep (SS) selected mouse lines following a bolus, intravenous ethanol infusion. A comparison was made between elimination rates as predicted by Widmark's linear model and by the nonlinear Michaelis‐Menten model. Volume of distribution was also determined for each mouse line.Ethanol elimination in these mice conformed to the nonlinear model. Significantly greater Vmax and Km values were obtained for the SS mice than for the LS; however, no significant difference in linear elimination rates was found between lines. The LS mice exhibited a significantly greater volume of distribution than did the SS. The Michaelis‐Menten model predicts that SS ethanol metabolism should be greater than LS metabolism at blood ethanol concentrations greater than 120 mg%. The results support the suggestion that ethanol elimination can be best described by Michaelis‐Menten kinetics. Line differences in ethanol elimination may have resulted from changes in the doses used to select these mice and/or the induction of specific ethanol metabolizing systems.
Factors Affecting Outcome of Depressive Symptoms in Alcoholics
Authors: Nakamura Michiko M. , Overall John E. , Hollister Leo E. , Radcliffe Edgard 
Published: February 2008

Eighty‐eight patients consecutively admitted to an alcohol treatment program were studied to determine the amount of depressive symptoms on entry to the program and after 4 weeks ot treatment. The degree of symptoms was in turn related to various aspects of their drinking behavior. Twenty‐two of the patients were classified as having moderate to marked depressive symptoms, 40 had mild symptoms, and 26 had no significant symptoms at the time of entry into the program. Factors in drinking behavior that best characterized those wlth moderate to marked symptoms were addiction, sleep disturbance, hangover incapacitation, loss of control, neurological signs, and organicity/toxicity. At the end of treatment, only four patlents could actually be diagnosed as depressed, while 12 had mild residual symptoms and 72 no longer had significant symp toms. The one factor that clearly distinguished those patlents with residual depressive symptoms was the use of drinking for social facilitation. For such individuals, bars and drinking were the focus of social life.The favorable course of depressive symptoms in alcoholics soon after they stop drinking suggests that they are more likely the consequence of drlnking than the cause of it. The fact that patients who drink primarily to facilitate social aspects of their lives were the most likely to have residual symptoms suggests that treatment of such indlvlduals should involve development of alternative mechanisms of social interaction.
Alcohol Use and Iron Status in Pregnant Women
Authors: Streissguth Ann Pytkowicz , Barr Helen M. , Labbe Robert F. , Smith James R. , Darby Betty L. , Smith Nathan J. , Martin Donald C. , Doan Roscius N. 
Published: February 2008

Iron status, assessed by ferritin (ng/ml), transferrin saturation (YO), and hemoglobin (g/100 ml), was examined in a sample of 1398 women from blood samples drawn at their first prenatal visit and in 712 of these women later at their 32‐week prenatal visit. Self‐reported alcohol use (average ounces of absolute alcohol consumed per day around the time of conception) was not systematically related to iron status. Furthermore, the proportion of iron‐depleted or anemic women did not vary according to different levels of alcohol use. An exception is noted in a small group of nine very heavy drinkers, reporting eight or more drinks per day, who, at 32 weeks gestation, had a higher proportion of iron depletion but not anemia.It was concluded that at least in a sample of primarily middle class women receiving good prenatal care, iron depletion and/or anemia probably do not explain the alcohol‐related adverse pregnancy outcomes that have been reported previously. Nevertheless, results from several very heavy drinkers suggest that the iron status of pregnant alcoholic women should be investigated further.
Elimination of Artifactual Acetaldehyde in the Measurement of Human Blood Acetaldehyde by the Use of Polyethylene Glycol and Sodium hide: Normal Blood Acetaldehyde Levels in the Dog and Human after Ethanol
Authors: DeMaster Eugene G. , Redfern Beth , Weir E. Kenneth , Pierpont Gordon L. , Crouse Linda J. 
Published: February 2008

A new procedure is described for the preparation of human blood samples for analysis of acetaldehyde and ethanol by head space gas chromatography. High concentrations of polyethylene glycol were used to remove the hemoglobin and approximately 50% of the plasma protein. Artifactual formation of acetaldehyde from ethanol was inhibaed by sodium azide. Using this method, no artifactual acetaldehyde was detectable in human, dog, sheep, and rat blood when spiked with ethanol in final concentrations of 65 mM. The recovery of added acetaldehyde was approximately 80% for human dog, and sheep blood, whereas it was only 30% for rat blood.Following ethanol administration, acetaldehyde levels were determined in blood taken from the pulmonary artery and descending aorta of the dog and human, and also from the hepatic vein of the latter. The relative blood acetaldehyde concentrations at these sites were hepatic vein > pulmonary artery > descending aotta.
Effects of Ethanol
Authors: Wilson James R. , Erwin V. Gene , McClea Gerald E. , Plomin Robert , Johnson Ronald C. , Ahem Frank M. , Cole Robert E. 
Published: February 2008

Two doses of ethyl alcohol were administered to 48 young male subjects (24 brother‐pairs), and placebo doses were administered, to five brother‐pairs (controls). Dose 1 amount was calculated to result in a peak blood alcohol content (BAC) of 100 mg/100 ml; dose 2 was given when BAC had fallen to one‐half the peak BAC resulting from dose 1, in an attempt to raise BAC back to 100 mg/100 ml. Prior to alcohol dosage, baseHne measurements were made on a number of behavioral tests. Behavioral performances during metabolism of doses 1 and 2 were compared to baseline performance. Sensitivity to ethanol was indicated by performance decrements on nearly all. tests after ethanol dosing. Acute behavioral tolerance to ethanol (ABTE) was indicated for some tests by improved performance after dose 2 compared to performance at a time after dose 1 when BACs were about equivalent A preliminary search for possible genetic components of sensitivity and ABTE was undertaken by comparing the scores of the brothers.SUMMARY1. Sensitivity to ethanol, measured via a mean performance decrement, was found for many of the tests employed in this study, with larger decrements seen on motor tasks.2. Despite the overall picture of average performance decrements, there was striking individual variability in performance, and a few individuals performed better after ethanol dosage.3. Mean scores revealed a consistent trend for improved performance during clearance of the second dose of ethanol. We have termed this phenomenon “acute behavioral tolerance to ethanol.” When the short individual tests were summed to form a “motor” test battery and a “written” test battery, ABTE was clearly a significant effect.4. Even though tests of familiality (via resemblance of brothers) were not definitive, perhaps due to the small sample size, several promising leads for further research on familiality of responses to ethanol were revealed.
Antibodies to Cytokeratin Filaments in Patients with Alcoholic Liver Disease
Authors: Kurki Pekka , Virtanen Ismo , Lehto Veli‐Pekka , Atfthan Olof , Salaspuro Mikko 
Published: February 2008

Previous studies have suggested that cytosketetal elements in an altered form in vivo (alcoholic hyalin, AH) are targets for an autoimmune reaction in alcoholic liver disease (ALD). In this study we assayed autoantibodies to cytosketetal cytokeratin filaments, intermediate filaments of epithelial cells, by indirect immunofluorescence technique (IIF) using cultured human amnion epithelial ceils and PtK 2 ceils as targets. Sera from 20 patients with ALO, 38 patients with urogenital cancer, 22 patients with renal diseases, and from 18 healthy controls were studiedPatients with ALO had a significantly increased prevalence of cytokeratin filament autoantibodies using both PtK 2 cells (69%) and human amnion epithelial ceils (69%) as substrate, as compared to other groups. The antibodies were mainly of IgA and IgM class and could be demonstrated in all forms of ALD. Interestingly, cytoskeieton antibodies have previously been observed in diseases of viral and “autoimmune” origin
A Field Test of the Sweat Patch
Authors: Phillips E. Louise R. , Little Ruth E. , Hillman Robert S. , Labbe Robert F. , Campbell Caryl 
Published: February 2008

The sweat patch is a new, noninvasive method designed to estimate the ethanol consumption of drinking subjects. It consists of salt‐impregnated absorbent pads protected by a plastic chamber with attached water‐tight adhesive. The patch reportedly collects trans‐epidermal fluid at a steady rate for up to 10 days. Recent laboratory research has indicated a linear relationship between the concentration of ethanol in transepidermal fluid and mean concentration of ethanol in blood. Levels of ethanol in the sweat patch allowed identification of persons drinking at least 0.5 g of ethanol/kg/day with 100% sensitivity and specificity. The study reported here was conducted to test the field effectiveness of this sweat patch in normal, active research subjects.First, several pretests were conducted to determine the optimal location of the patch on the body and its fluid uptake at various sites. A laboratory experiment using nonalcoholic subjects was conducted to replicate previous work, and methods of measuring ethanol concentration in the patch were refined.A field test of the patch was then carried out Healthy active volunteers drank a single “moderate” dose of ethanol (0.5 g of ETOH/kg of body weight) and then remained abstinent for the next 3 days. A week later, a “heavy” dose (1.0/kg of body weight) was consumed. Only a trace of ethanol was detected in any of the patches worn in either experiment. The patch did not measure ethanol in the transepidermal fluid under field conditions. Thus, further design modifications and pilot testing are required before the full benefits of this unobtrusive measure of drinking can be realized.
Importance of plant physical cues in host acceptance for oviposition by Busseola fusca
Authors: Calatayud P.‐A. , Ahuya P.O. , Wanjoya A. , Le Rü B. , Silvain J.‐F. , Frérot B. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractPlant and surrogate stems exhibiting specific combinations of physical cues were used to determine which plant‐related stimuli influence the oviposition of Busseola fusca (Fuller) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). The number of eggs and egg batches laid per female increased with an increase in diameter of both natural and artificial stems. Direct observations of the oviposition behaviour (walking, antennating, and sweeping with the ovipositor) indicated that the female moths preferred oviposition supports with a large diameter and non‐pubescent or smooth surfaces over pubescent or rough ones. Pubescence and rough surfaces significantly affected the behavioural steps leading to oviposition by interfering with the ovipositor sweep process necessary to find a suitable oviposition site. Furthermore, more eggs and egg batches were laid on soft than rigid supports. The rigidity of the support affected the proper insertion of the ovipositor for egg deposition. Our results underline the importance of physical stimuli in B. fusca's choice of an oviposition site, which may facilitate the identification of potential host plants or preferred oviposition sites on a plant for this species.
EFFECT OF BIFIDOBACTERIUM BREVE ON THE GROWTH OF ENTEROBACTER SAKAZAKII IN REHYDRATED INFANT MILK FORMULA
Authors: OSAILI T.M. , SHAKER R.R. , AYYASH M.M. , HOLLEY R.A. 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACT The effect of Bifidobacterium breve on the survival and growth of Enterobacter sakazakii in rehydrated infant milk formula stored at 4–45C was studied. A commercial culture of B. breve and a five‐strain cocktail E. sakazakii were mixed with rehydrated formula and stored up to 8 h. The populations of B. breve and E. sakazakii at each storage time/temperature were determined. There was a two‐way interactive effect between B. breve numbers and temperature on the number of E. sakazakii in the rehydrated formula at 3–8 h of storage. E. sakazakii did not grow in the rehydrated formula at 4C. At 12 and 20C, the numbers of E. sakazakii in the presence of B. breve were lower than those in the formula without B. breve at 8 h of storage, and at 45C, when the bacteria were combined, a similar result was obtained at 6‐ and 8‐h storage. The presence of B. breve in the formula appeared to enhance the growth of E. sakazakii at 37C in the rehydrated formula stored at 2–8 h. Other more competitive inhibitory probiotic cultures would be more appropriate to control E. sakazakii growth in unrefrigerated rehydrated milk‐based formula.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSResults obtained showed that the probiotic organisms Bifidobacterium breve did not reduce Enterobacter sakazakii levels in rehydrated infant formula if held >2 h at >30C. At 37C, B. breve stimulated the growth of the pathogen after 2 h. Choice of probiotic bacteria for inclusion in these products to improve infant gut microflora should be based on their neutral or negative influence on E. sakazakii survival/growth to reduce the risk to health associated with the contamination of these products during manufacture.
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE MICROFLORA ISOLATED FROM QUESO FRESCO MADE FROM RAW AND PASTEURIZED MILK*
Authors: RENYE J.A. , SOMKUTI G.A. , VALLEJO‐CORDOBA B. , VAN HEKKEN D.L. , GONZALEZ‐CORDOVA A.F. 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACT This study characterized the microflora present in four Queso Fresco‐style cheeses made from raw milk (RM) and two cheeses made from pasteurized milk (PM) obtained directly from six different producers in Mexico. Microbial isolates were initially analyzed on 8 different selective media and further analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Sequence analysis identified Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis as an isolate growing on M17 agar in four cheese samples. L. lactis ssp. lactis was the only lactic acid bacterium identified which is traditionally used as a cheese starter culture. Sequence analysis of isolates from MRS medium supplemented with vancomycin identified Leuconostoc mesenteroides in all six cheese samples. A high number of coliforms, enterococci and coagulase‐positive staphylococci were identified in all RM cheeses. The numbers of total coliform species were lower in both PM samples (by 2 log10), but the numbers of staphylococci were lower in only one sample (by 3 log10). The numbers of enterococci were high in both PM samples, and sequence analysis identified Enterococcus faecium as the only enterococcal species isolated from all six cheeses. These results suggest that L. lactis ssp. lactis, L. mesenteroides and E. faecium are species that may contribute to the organoleptic qualities of Queso Fresco‐style cheeses analyzed in this study.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThis work was performed to define the natural microflora present in traditional‐style Queso Fresco in order to identify bacterial species that may contribute to the organoleptic qualities of the cheese. Identification and enumeration of the “generally regarded as safe” (GRAS) lactic acid bacteria may allow for the development of new culture blends for the production of Queso Fresco using pasteurized milk, while maintaining the desired qualities of the raw milk varieties. In addition, bacteria recovered from the raw milk cheeses may be novel strains offering advantages over commercially available starter and adjunct LAB currently being used to make Queso Fresco. The work also identified potential pathogens and spoilage bacteria associated with traditional‐style Queso Fresco, stressing the importance in developing a desirable pasteurized milk cheese.
EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT STORAGE CONDITIONS ON AFLATOXIN FORMATION IN KÖME INOCULATED WITH ASPERGILLUS PARASITICUS NRRL 2999
Authors: YILDIZ HİLAL , SERT SELAHATTİN , GÜRSES MUSTAFA 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACT In this study, Köme with walnuts were investigated for aflatoxin production. One part of stringed walnuts was inoculated at 104 spores/g with the Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 2999 strain, and the other as control group was not inoculated. The Köme samples were stored at 20 ± 1C at 85 ± 2% and 95 ± 2% relative humidity for 45 days. All the samples were subjected to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and total aflatoxin analysis in certain time intervals (1, 4, 7, 15, 30 and 45 days). Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect the amounts of aflatoxins. At 85 ± 2% and 95 ± 2% relative humidity, the detected amounts of aflatoxins were 616.15 ng/kg AFB1 and 1747.16 ng/kg aflatoxin total, and 732.98 ng/kg AFB1 and 2039.02 ng/kg total at the end of 45 days, respectively. The findings of this research indicated that aflatoxin formation in Köme is dependent on the storage conditions, such as mold contamination, and relative humidity. Aflatoxin production was found in high levels at the 95 ± 2% relative humidity.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThis study contributes to a better understanding of the effect on aflatoxin production of factors such as relative humidity and mold contamination. This approach is useful for determining storage conditions that would prevent aflatoxin formation.