bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Flame retardant property of nanopowder aerosols toward methane
Authors: Huang Ch. , Yang X. , Lu L. , Wang X. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe flame retardant property of aerosols formed from 18 different nanopowders has been studied. The diameter of nanocrystalline powders was determined by XRD and TEM. The concentration of combustible gas was determined by gas chromatography. It was found that ZrO2 nanocrystalline powdered aerosol can effectively retard the burning of CH4. The flame retardation caused by ZrO2 toward the combustion reaction of methane is through an inhibitory mechanism, which was further confirmed by contrasting it with Halon extinguishing agent and flame retardant property of ZrO2-aerosol toward CH3CH2CH3 or CO. The type of nanopowder aerosols as anti-explosion and fireproof agents was researched preliminarily in theory, too. The current ZrO2-aerosol study will find extensive applications in the field of fire-extinguishing and anti-explosion agents used in case of combustible gas.
Synthesis and characterization of the rare-earth complexes with salicylic acid
Authors: Xuwu Y. , Wujuan S. , Congyu K. , Li Z. , Hangguo Z. , Shengli G. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractSeven rare-earth complexes with salicylic acid RE(HSal)3·nH2O (HSal = C7H5O3; RE = La-Sm, n = 2; RE = Eu, Gd, n = 1) were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, the IR spectrum, and cyclic voltammetry. The constant-volume combustion energies of complexes, Δc U, were determined by a precise rotating-bomb calorimeter at 298.15 K. Their standard molar enthalpies of combustion, Δc H mo, and standard molar enthalpies of formation, Δf H mo, were calculated.
Etherification of glycerol with tert-butyl alcohol catalysed by ion-exchange resins
Authors: Klepáčová K. , Mravec D. , Bajus M. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe reaction of glycerol with tert-butyl alcohol in the liquid phase on acid Amberlyst-type ion-exchange resins was studied. The influence of temperature, mole ratio n(TBA)/n(G), water and swelling of gel, and macroreticular type of polymer catalysts on etherification reaction was investigated. The most favourable reaction temperature is 75°C. The conversion of glycerol and yield of glycerol tert-butyl ethers has increased with the mole ratio n(TBA)/n(G). Dry form of macroreticular catalysts provided the best results. Etherification reaction of glycerol with isobutylene in non-aqueous conditions gives the highest yield of desired ethers. The influence of water was studied. The gel forms of ion-exchange resins have very low catalytic activity. It can be concluded that water has an inhibition effect on ion-exchange resins. By comparing the gel and macroreticular forms of Amberlyst ion-exchange resins it can be concluded that very acid forms of macroreticular ion-exchange resins with a high degree of crosslinking are more active catalysts for the studied reaction due to their pores which are sufficiently large so that the voluminous tert-butyl ethers of glycerol can be formed. It was estimated that tert-butyl alcohol as tert-butylation agent is not suitable for etherification of glycerol with the formation of di-and triethers.
Synthesis of α,α′-bis(R-benzylidene)cycloalkanones catalyzed by potassium hydrogen sulfate under solvent-free conditions
Authors: Cai X. , Xie B. , Guo H. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractCyclopentanone or cyclohexanone were condensed with aromatic aldehydes to give corresponding α,α′-bis(R-benzylidene)cyclopentanones or α,α′-bis(R-benzylidene)cyclohexanones. The reaction was catalyzed by potassium hydrogen sulfate with a yield of 84–95% under solvent-free conditions.
Towards a programming culture in the design arts
Authors: Silver Mike 
Published: August 2006

AbstractIn his introduction to this issue of AD, guest‐editor Mike Silver celebrates ‘the flexible language of commands and logical procedures’ of computers whose creative potential has until now been undervalued in architecture. He explains how the ‘happy accident’ of late 1990s blob architecture is now giving way to a focus on programming and composing new code, which promises ‘to generate new and unprecedented modes of expression’. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
When code matters
Authors: M Rocker Ingeborg 
Published: August 2006

Abstract‘Architecture has been bound and shaped by changing code and constraints throughout its history.’ Ingeborg M Rocker traces, in turn, first the development of calculus into computation and, then, the introduction of computers into architecture. In so doing, she asks what will be the potential effects of computation on the recoding of architecture. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Building without drawings: Automason Ver 1.0
Authors: Silver Mike 
Published: August 2006

AbstractFor the most part, technological innovation in architecture has been narrowly focused around the intersection of computer‐aided design (CAD) and computer‐aided manufacture (CAM). Here, Mike Silver urges architects to take up the gauntlet and develop software tools that can change the way buildings are made. He describes his own investigations into projects that employ a cellular automaton (CA) program for conveying design data directly on site. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Milgo experiment: an interview with Haresh Lalvani
Authors: Lobell John 
Published: August 2006

AbstractFor just less than a decade, Haresh Lalvani has been working on a series of projects with Milgo/Bufkin, a leading architectural metal‐fabrication company, seeking to economically integrate the shaping and making of metal surfaces into elements that create a seamless whole. Here, John Lobell interviews Lalvani about his pioneering work with computer‐aided design and manufacturing and how it has been informed by his development of the Morphological Genome, a universal code for mapping and manipulating form, whether natural or man‐made. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
All‐over, over‐all: biothing and emergent composition
Authors: Ednie‐Brown Pia 
Published: August 2006

AbstractIn the last decade, the impact of the digital on form‐finding in architecture has been conspicuous. Could working with computational algorithms as the primary generative material, however, have deeper, more far‐reaching effects on the creative field? Here, Pia Ednie‐Brown asserts that a new paradigm in composition is being articulated, as exemplified by the Invisibles installation, created by the New York‐based practice biothing. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tectonics, economics and the reconfiguration of practice: the case for process change by digital means
Authors: R Shelden Dennis 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe current programming culture in architecture could all too easily be written off as a youthful, geeky obsession with the algorithmic and the parametric among nascent practitioners, who have had little if any opportunity to build. The activities of Gehry Technologies run counter to this stereotype. Building on 15 years of experience at Gehry and Partners, Gehry Technologies was founded in 2002 as an independent organisation dedicated to the business of technological innovation and the development of architectural software tools. Dennis R Shelden, chief technology officer, discusses the wider implications of a concentrated focus on technological tools and organisational processes for designers and the business of building. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Calculus‐based form: an interview with Greg Lynn
Authors: M Rocker Ingeborg 
Published: August 2006

AbstractGreg Lynn's name has become synonymous with digital architecture. The guest‐editor of the seminal issue of AD Folding in Architecture (1993; revised edition, Wiley‐Academy 2004), Lynn pioneered a curvilinear approach when computerised technologies were only a marginal part of the discussion. Here, in an interview with Ingeborg M Rocker, Lynn speaks candidly and enthusiastically about his own journey through software ‐ from appropriation of standardised packages to scripting customised tools. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
House in Keremma
Authors: Melvin Jeremy 
Published: August 2006

AbstractOn the Brittany coast in northern France, Lacaton Vassal has built a home on the shore. Jeremy Melvin describes how the house's seemingly precarious sandy site celebrates nature for not being ‘entirely benign’, while also underlining architecture's ability to adapt the environment to human use. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Islington Square, Manchester
Authors: Stewart Bruce 
Published: August 2006

AbstractWith its bold gables, Islington Square is a conspicuous presence in New Islington, the area of east Manchester that is currently being developed to take the place of the dilapidated Cardroom Estate. Bruce Stewart explains how, rather than being an exercise in wilful pattern‐making, the form of the facade and the interior planning of this unique scheme have come about as the result of FAT's lengthy consultation process with the housing residents. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the fill charge and the sensitivity analysis of a V‐shaped micro heat pipe
Authors: Suman Balram 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe fill charge and the sensitivity analysis of a micro‐grooved heat pipe are presented. Methods for calculating the optimal‐fill charge, the height and the temperature of the coolant liquid for a V‐shaped microgrooved heat pipe are presented using a macroscopic approach. The fill charge is determined to be an important parameter for the optimal performance of a heat pipe. The under‐ and overcharged heat pipes are less efficient than the optimally charged one. The worsening effect of the overcharge is more pronounced than the undercharge. The variation in the coolant liquid temperature is greater than that of the substrate temperature. In the sensitivity analysis of a micro heat pipe, under transient operation, the variations in the thermophysical properties, gravity force, and design parameters are considered. The present study sets forth both the qualitative and the quantitative effects of the variation in thermophysical properties of the coolant liquid and the design parameters of a V‐shaped groove. These studies are carried out by solving the coupled nonlinear governing partial differential equations for fluid flow, heat transfer, and mass transfer using the finite‐difference technique. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Biosynthetic Inorganic Chemistry
Authors: Lu Yi 
Published: August 2006

AbstractInorganic chemistry and biology can benefit greatly from each other. Although synthetic and physical inorganic chemistry have been greatly successful in clarifying the role of metal ions in biological systems, the time may now be right to utilize biological systems to advance coordination chemistry. One such example is the use of small, stable, easy‐to‐make, and well‐characterized proteins as ligands to synthesize novel inorganic compounds. This biosynthetic inorganic chemistry is possible thanks to a number of developments in biology. This review summarizes the progress in the synthesis of close models of complex metalloproteins, followed by a description of recent advances in using the approach for making novel compounds that are unprecedented in either inorganic chemistry or biology. The focus is mainly on synthetic “tricks” learned from biology, as well as novel structures and insights obtained. The advantages and disadvantages of this biosynthetic approach are discussed.
Reversible Full‐Range Color Control of a Cholesteric Liquid‐Crystalline Film by using a Molecular Motor
Authors: Eelkema Rienk , Feringa Ben L. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractBy using a chiral molecular motor as a dopant in a cholesteric liquid‐crystalline film, fully reversible control of the reflection color of this film across the entire visible spectrum is possible. The large difference in helical twisting power between the two isomeric forms of the motor allows efficient light‐ and heat‐induced switching of the helicity of the cholesteric liquid‐crystal superstructure.
Pharmacokinetic changes of ipriflavone in rats with acute renal failure induced by Uranyl Nitrate
Authors: Chung Hye J. , Lee Myung G. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractPharmacokinetic parameters of ipriflavone were compared after intravenous (20 mg/kg) and oral (200 mg/kg) administration in control rats and in rats with acute renal failure induced by uranyl nitrate (U‐ARF rats). It was expected that the time‐averaged nonrenal clearance (Clnr) of ipriflavone in U‐ARF rats could be significantly slower than in the control rats, since it was reported that ipriflavone was metabolized via the hepatic microsomal cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1/2 and 2C11 and the expression and mRNA level of CYP1A2 were not changed, but those of CYP2C11 were decreased in U‐ARF rats compared with control rats. Unexpectedly, after intravenous administration in U‐ARF rats, the Clnr of ipriflavone was significantly faster than in the controls (40.8 compared with 29.0 ml/min/kg). This may be due to an increase in the glucuronide conjugate formation of ipriflavone metabolites in U‐ARF rats. After oral administration of ipriflavone in U‐ARF rats, the AUC0–24 h was significantly smaller (194 compared with 295 µg min/ml) than in the controls. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The value increment of mass‐customized products: an empirical assessment
Authors: Schreier Martin 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
The primary argument in favour of mass customization is the delivery of superior customer value. Using willingness‐to‐pay (WTP) measurements, Franke and Piller (2004), Journal of Product Innovation Management, 21, 401–415 have recently shown that customers designing their own watches with design toolkits are willing to pay premiums of more than 100% (ΔWTP). In the course of three studies, we found that this type of value increment is not a singular occurrence but might rather be a general phenomenon, as we again found average ΔWTPs of more than 100% among customers designing their own cell phone covers, T‐shirts and scarves. Building on this, we discuss the sources of benefits that are likely to explain this tremendous value increment. We argue that compared to conventional standard products, a mass‐customized product might render the following utilitarian and hedonic benefits: (1) First, the output might be beneficial as self‐designed products offer a much closer fit between individual needs and product characteristics. In addition to this mere functional benefit, extra value might also stem from (2) the perceived uniqueness of the self‐designed product. As the customer takes on the role of an active co‐designer, there may also be two general ‘do‐it‐yourself effects’: (3) First, the process of designing per se is likely to allow the customer to meet hedonic or experiential needs (process benefit). (4) Customers may also be likely to value the output of self‐design more highly if they take pride in having created something on their own (instead of traditionally buying something created by somebody else). This is referred to as the ‘pride of authorship’ effect.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigating the relationship between product involvement and consumer decision‐making styles
Authors: Bauer Hans H. , Sauer Nicola E. , Becker Christine 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Recently, a number of studies have investigated consumer decision‐making styles (CDMS) and their importance to consumer behaviour research. However, research designs suggested to date are mainly replications of a study by Sproles and Kendall (1986) proposing eight mental characteristics, the so‐called Consumer Styles Inventory (CSI). The CSI has been applied across cultures, but without critically examining its validity and reliability. A major concern is the postulated product independence of CSI. The aim of this study is to further develop this approach, to apply it to different product categories and to investigate the relationship between product involvement and CDMS. In doing so, we conducted a survey in Great Britain and Germany, and analysed the data using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Not only did we demonstrate that there is a relationship between products and CDMS, but also that CDMS are governed by consumers' perceived product involvement. Important implications for marketing practice can be derived.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Real brands in imaginary worlds: investigating players' experiences of brand placement in digital games
Authors: Molesworth Mike 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
This paper explores the development of brand placement in digital games using focus groups with game‐players. Growth in in‐game brand placement is explained by game developers' financial and creative priorities and experimentation in marketerss' use of media. The external context of game‐play is then examined based on explanations of the non‐material aspects of consumer behaviour. Internal game processes are also reviewed, including psychological processes that are likely to be of interest to marketers. The reported experiences of players are then considered in terms of these processes. Findings seem to support the use of brand placement in games. Players easily recall encounters with brands during game‐play and are generally positive about these experiences, suggesting that brands increase realism because it allows individuals to create and explore consumption‐based daydreams. However, some players reject brand placement, preferring in‐game fantasies that are independent of mundane commodities. The findings also raise issues related to the ways in which individuals may use digital games to reflect on our consumer society and this raises a question of the degree to which digital games may support or oppose existing consumer cultures. Other problems for managers wishing to use this technique were revealed by the repetitive nature of games which may cause message wear‐out, and by playerss' frustration with aspects of a game which may lead to negative evaluations of in‐game brands.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MgCl2/R′nAl(OR)3−n: An Excellent Activator/Support for Transition‐Metal Complexes for Olefin Polymerization
Authors: Nakayama Yasushi , Saito Junji , Bando Hideki , Fujita Terunori 
Published: August 2006

AbstractA new and effective method for the activation, and simultaneously, immobilization of bis(phenoxyimine) early‐transition‐metal complexes for olefin polymerization (known as FI catalysts), which makes use of MgCl2/R′nAl(OR)3−n as an activator/support, has been developed. Ti‐, Zr‐, and V‐FI catalysts combined with this MgCl2‐based compound can form highly active MgCl2‐supported single‐site catalysts capable of demonstrating superior catalytic properties, compared to the corresponding homogeneous methylaluminoxane‐ (Ti‐ and Zr‐FI catalysts) or alkylaluminum‐activation systems (V‐FI catalysts), in terms of their catalytic activity, molecular weight, stereoselectivity, and comonomer incorporation. Additionally, these new catalysts can produce polymers of significant morphology with high efficiency. Notably, the MgCl2‐based compounds can also effectively activate and immobilize the early‐to‐late transition‐metal complexes that have emerged recently. Thus, the application of MgCl2‐based compounds as activators/supports for transition‐metal complexes for olefin polymerization provides a conceptually new strategy for the development of methylaluminoxane‐ and borate‐free, high‐performance, single‐site catalysts capable of controlling polymer morphology.
Hodgkin transformation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Tsimberidou Apostolia‐Maria , O'Brien Susan , Kantarjian Hagop M. , Koller Charles , Hagemeister Fredrick B. , Fayad Luis , Lerner Susan , Bueso‐Ramos Carlos E. , Keating Michael J. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractBACKGROUNDHodgkin transformation is a rare complication of chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL). In this study, the authors assessed the incidence, presenting characteristics, and outcomes of patients with CLL/SLL who developed Hodgkin lymphoma (HL).METHODSAn electronic database search of patients with CLL/SLL who presented at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center Department of Leukemia between 1975 and 2005 was performed.RESULTSAmong 4121 patients with CLL/SLL, 18 patients (0.4%) developed HL. Presenting features included B‐symptoms (67%), lymph node enlargement (79%), splenomegaly (43%), hepatomegaly (29%), hypercalcemia (6%), infection (6%), and mental status changes (6%). The median age was 72 years (range, 49–81 years), and there was a male preponderance (78%). The median time from CLL to HL diagnosis was 4.6 years (range, 0–12.9 years). Fourteen patients (78%) had been previously treated for CLL/SLL. Ten patients (56%) had received >1 prior therapy. The median β2‐microglobulin level was 4.5 mg/L, and the median lactate dehydrogenase level was 610 IU/L. Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) was positive by in situ hybridization for EBV‐encoded RNA in 3 of 4 tested patients. Fourteen patients (78%) received chemotherapy. The overall response rate was 44% (complete response rate, 19%). The median overall survival duration was 0.8 years (range, 0.03 years–6.7+ years). The median failure‐free survival (FFS) duration was 0.4 years.CONCLUSIONSThe rates of response, survival, and FFS in patients with Hodgkin transformation of CLL/SLL were inferior to those reported in patients with de novo HL and were similar to those in patients with Richter syndrome. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Phase I study to determine the safety and pharmacokinetics of oral administration of TAS‐102 in patients with solid tumors
Authors: Hong David S. , Abbruzzese James L. , Bogaard Karla , Lassere Yvonne , Fukushima Masakazu , Mita Akira , Kuwata Keizo , Hoff Paulo M. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe purpose of the current study was to determine the maximum tolerated dose, dose‐limiting toxicities, pharmacokinetic profile, and recommended Phase II dose of oral administration of TAS‐102, a novel nucleoside formed by the combination of α,α,α‐trifluorothymidine (FTD) and a thymidine phosphorylase inhibitor (TPI: 5‐chloro‐6‐(2‐iminopyrrolidin‐1‐yl)methyl‐2,4(1H,3H)‐pyrimidinedione).METHODSEligible patients had advanced solid tumors, adequate organ function, and had not received anticancer therapy in the preceding 4 weeks. TAS‐102 was administered orally once daily for 14 days, followed by a 1‐week rest, repeated every 3 weeks. The initial dose of TAS‐102 administered was 100 mg/m2/day. The first 2 patients treated at that dose experienced substantial toxicity and, therefore, lower dose levels of TAS‐102 were subsequently explored.RESULTSFourteen patients were enrolled; all patients were evaluable for toxicity assessment and 12 were evaluable for response. The initial dose explored was 100 mg/m2/day, based on a preclinical monkey model. However, the first 2 patients experienced bone marrow suppression of Grade 3 or 4 in course 1. The protocol was amended to study the next cohort of patients at 50 mg/m2/day. At this dose level no Grade 3 or 4 toxicities were observed in course 1. In the subsequent dose level (60 mg/m2/day), 3 of 6 patients experienced Grade 3 or 4 granulocytopenia as dose‐limiting toxicity. Three additional patients for a total of 6 were enrolled at 50 mg/m2/day without occurrence of dose‐limiting toxicity. Thus, 50 mg/m2/day was declared the maximum tolerated dose for this schedule.CONCLUSIONSThe authors' study showed that 50 mg/m2/day was a tolerable dose of the novel antimetabolite FTD in combination with an inhibitor of its inactivating enzyme TP, and this is the recommended Phase II dose. Evaluation of this daily dose in malignancies for which fluoropyrimidines have failed is needed. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.