bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mondini defect in association with multiple congenital anomalies
Authors: Sekhar H. K. Chandra , Sachs M. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractA case of bilaterally symmetrical genetic aplasia conforming to Mondini type of congenital deformity in a 12‐day‐old child is presented with the help of temporal bone sections. Cochlear changes include a stunted modiolus, deficient interscalar septum between the middle and upper coils forming a scala communis cochleae, a degenerated organ of Corti and reduced spiral ganglion cells and dendrites. The vestibule is malformed, with membranous labyrinth being deficient. The utricle and semicircular canals are absent. There is no oval window or stapedial footplate, and the facial nerve is hypoplastic. An interesting feature is the unusual association of bilateral bony choanal atresia, atrial septal defect, cleft lip, absence of olfactory bulbs in the brain, and congenital ophthalmic anomalies.
Effects of anoxia and ethacrynic acid upon ampullar endolymphatic potential and upon high energy phosphates in ampullar wall
Authors: Kusakari J. , Thalmann R. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe ampullar endolymphatic potential (AEP) was studied in the guinea pig during ischemia and asphyxia and following systemic application of ethacrynic acid. In addition the specialized and nonspecialized portions of the ampullar wall were analyzed for ATP and P‐creatine at different conditions of metabolic interference. Under control conditions the AEP amounted to + 4.6 ± 1.2 mV. In both types of hypoxia the decline of the AEP proceeded on a much slower time scale than that of the cochlear endolymphatic potential (CEP), and the maximum negativity reached was considerably less. Quantitative analysis of both types of ampullar wall tissue indicated a much slower decline in hypoxia of ATP levels than in the stria vascularis. Changes in P‐creatine levels were considerably more rapid. The AEP became reduced and changed polarity also by intoxication with ethacrynic acid (EA), but higher dosages (above 70 mg/kg) were necessary than for effects upon the CEP and much longer time periods were required for attainment of maximum negativity. The maximum negativity of the AEP was significantly greater at a dosage of 100 mg/kg of EA than during ischemia. At the point of maximum depression of the AEP P‐creatine levels in both types of ampullar tissue were unchanged, but ATP levels were significantly reduced in the specialized portions of ampullar wall.
Symposium: Methods of reconstruction in tympanoplasty: II. Maintenance of the anterior sulcus — tympanic membrane relationships in tympanoplastic surgery
Authors: Bailey H. A. Ted 
Published: September 2006

AbstractA technique for closure of tympanic membrane perforation which preserves the normal anterior sulcus‐tympanic membrane relationships is described. This underlay fixation technique provides a high graft take, good conization of the drum, prevention of lateralization of the reconstructed drum and elimination of tenting or blunting of the anterior sulcus. The reconstructed tympanic membrane presents a near normal appearance with good physiological and acoustic properties.
Ossicular chain reconstruction
Authors: Glasscock Michael E. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis study represents a review of 121 patients who underwent ossicular chain reconstruction during a five‐year period. They depict a general cross section of the sequelae of chronic otitis media. There was no selection of “favorable” cases. Ninety have been followed for one year or more. Hearing results in the most favorable cases (malleus handle and stapes arch present), were improved by the employment of a sculptured, fitted incus prosthesis between the handle and capitulum. Postoperative hearing was improved to within 10 db of the postoperative bone level in about half of the cases. Hearing was 20 db or better in more than 80 percent.
The use of tragal cartilage in ossicular reconstruction
Authors: Spencer James T. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractReadily available tragal cartilage has been found to be a very beneficial autogenous graft source for construction of prostheses to correct those defects in the ossicular chain that frequently occur when the incudostapedial joint is destroyed by middle ear pathology, particularly by the retraction of the posterior, superior quadrant of the tympanic membrane against and/or around the incudostapedial connection. This is true whether there be only erosion of the incus just at the joint, or whether there is erosion of the entire long process of the incus together with the superstructure of the stapes. The various types of deformity and the particular tragal cartilage prosthesis tailored for each deformity, and designed for maximum gain in hearing, are presented together with representative pre‐ and postoperative audiograms for the variety of types.
Ototoxicity of tobramycin sulfate
Authors: Prazma Jiri , Postma Duncan S. , Pecorak John B. , Fischer Newton D. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractFifty‐four healthy guinea pigs were studied histologically for evaluation of Tobramycin sulfate ototoxicity. They were treated with 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg/kg/day under different schedules. Loss of hair cells occurred when dosage of 1,200 mg/kg was reached. Animals receiving 700 mg/kg were without damage to the inner ear. Outer hair cell loss occurred first in the basal turn, spreading upward. Inner hair cell loss began in the apical turn, progressing downward. When a total dose of 1,400 mg/kg was reached by (two) different schedules the higher daily dose produced about twice the hair cell loss; therefore, the ototoxic effect depends on the total dose but even more on the increased blood concentration.
Avoiding complications in radical neck dissection
Authors: Thomas Yarington C. , Yonkers A. J. , Beddoe G. M. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractAs reported previously, it remains our conclusion that the radical neck dissection can be performed expediently in a reasonable period of time, usually without the need of blood replacement, and is not characterized by major physiologic disability or wound complications secondary to the neck dissection alone. The presence of preoperative radiation, composite resections entering the oral cavity or pharynx, and systemic disease or debilitation, however, vastly enhance the risk of significant life threatening complications and prolong hospitalization; therefore, the use of postoperative radiation therapy in combined treatment, the use of planned fistulas and generally accepted reconstructive techniques, and a careful evaluation of the methods and technique for protection of the carotid artery are recommended.
Tracheostomy in infants and young children
Authors: Hawkins Donald B. , Williams Everard H. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractSeventy‐three tracheostomies performed in children three years of age and under in a 52‐month period are discussed. Thirty‐six were under one year of age. Forty‐one were performed for upper airway obstruction, 23 for ventilation or suction, and nine for a combination of upper airway obstruction and lower bronchopulmonary disease.
Laryngeal papillomatosis: Immunologic and viral basis for therapy
Authors: Bone Robert C. , Feren Alan P. , Nahum Alan M. , Winkelhake Bonnie G. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe distressing nature of laryngeal papillomatosis and lack of clinical progress in its treatment are reviewed. Presently accepted and investigative methods of therapy are reviewed with special attention being given to immune therapy. Support for the concept of a viral etiology is discussed and other etiologic agents considered. Known and possibly significant roles of wart virus antibodies are discussed and the importance of complex interplay between maternal and fetal immune systems explored as a possible explanation for some puzzling aspects of laryngeal papillomatosis.Finally, a proposed experimental design is outlined, the purpose of which is to provide a useful animal model to investigate immune changes in laryngeal papillomatosis, as well as effects of surgical or medical therapy.
The cochlear implant: Basic principles
Authors: Brackmann Derald E. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractIn recent years the cochlear implant has been a subject of much discussion and controversy. The clinician has often been confused by the conflicting reports of success and failure. In this paper the development of the cochlear implant is reviewed and its present status summarized. It is hoped that the clinician may thereby gain an understanding of this device so that he can better evaluate its present and future status.Selection of Patients for Cochlear Implantation.The cochlear implant will benefit only those patients with hair cell loss who have remaining viable auditory neurons. In order to determine whether viable neurons remain, an electric current is passed through a small needle which is placed onto the promontory through the tympanic membrane. If patients experience an auditory sensation as a result of this electrical stimulation, it is felt that they are suitable candidates for a cochlear implant.Feasibility of Long‐Term VIIIth Nerve Stimulation.Information Transfer by Electrical Stimulation.Single‐channel stimulation produces only periodicity pitch, and information transfer is insufficient for speech discrimination.Present Status of the Cochlear Implant.To the present time 15 patients have been implanted with a unipolar electrode under the direction of the Ear Research Institute. These patients have all benefited from their devices. They are able to perceive background sounds and receive a cadence or rhythm to speech which makes the device helpful in lipreading. None of the patients have developed significant speech discrimination.Future of the Cochlear Implant.It is our opinion that the present single‐channel cochlear implant is a clinically useful device. Work is continuing on the thorough evaluation and rehabilitation of patients with this device.Development of a multiple‐channel electrode and stimulator is the goal of several groups active in the cochlear implant field. The theoretical model for the future cochlear implant is an eight or more channel device with each electrode stimulating a different population of nerve fibers. The stimulator will separate the incoming signal into eight or more frequency bands and then differentially stimulate the separate electrodes with a coded signal.It is hoped that sufficient information may thereby be provided for understanding of speech. Preliminary studies give hope that this may be possible.
Carcinoma of the external auditory canal
Authors: Crabtree James A. , Hill Britton B. , Pierce Max K. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractSuccessful management of carcinoma of the external auditory canal depends upon four factors: 1. early diagnosis is imperative if a high cure rate is to be expected; 2. correct evaluation of the extent of the malignancy; 3. adequate surgery based upon correct evaluation; and 4. postoperative radiation in certain selected cases.In this review of 35 cases, two factors were used to determine whether the disease was localized or extensive. When extension occurs into the mastoid as deep as the middle ear cleft or into the facial nerve, it should be designated as extensive tumor. Tumors which do not go as deep as the facial nerve or involve the mucosa of the middle ear should be designated as localized tumors.In localized tumors, it is possible to perform a wide en bloc resection of the bony and cartilaginous external auditory canal including the tympanic membrane and malleus, and if necessary, including the superficial lobe of the parotid. Postoperative radiation is indicated when the pathological specimen shows unclear margins in the surgical dissection.With localized tumors, en bloc resection of the external auditory canal offers a high cure rate. In extensive lesions, an en bloc dissection removing the bulk of the tumor mass, followed by irradiation, seems to offer at least as good a prognosis as more radical surgery.
Pre and post‐glycerol special audiometric tests battery results in endolymphatic hydrops
Authors: Swanson Sylvia N. , Arenberg I. Kaufman , Carver William F. , Spector Gershon J. , Stroud Malcolm H. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe glycerol test for endolymphatic hydrops was administered to 17 patients exhibiting classical symptoms of Ménière's disease. A complete battery of audiometric tests including the SISI, TTD (Rosenberg variation), ABLB, Sweep Frequency Békésy, two tests of speech discrimination (Rush Hughes and Northwestern), and air and bone conduction thresholds were administered pre and post‐glycerol ingestion in order to determine the effect of osmotic diuresis. Improvement in pure‐tone sensitivity and speech discrimination scores were most often observed. Among the special audiometric tests only the SISI scores exhibited changes, however, these could be related to the threshold changes. There were no significant differences observed in the threshold tone decay tests nor in the ABLB. The sweep frequency Békésy test revealed only the changes which were observed in pure‐tone sensitivity.
Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea via the fossa of rosenmuller
Authors: Jaffe Burton , Welch Keasley , Strand Roy , Treves Salvador 
Published: September 2006

AbstractTraumatic cerebrospinal fluid fistulas in children are not rare as described by Harwood‐Nash1 and Caldicott, North, and Simpson.2 Those involving the sphenoid bone apparently are rare, particularly in early childhood.
Hemangiomas of the salivary glands
Authors: Nussbaum Moses , Tan Sergio , Som Max L. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractFive salivary gland hemangiomas in adults are reported. The feasibility of preoperative diagnosis on clinical and radiologic grounds is emphasized. Adult hemangiomas are of the cavernous type and can be differentiated from infantile capillary hemangiomas clinically as well as histologically. Cavernous hemangiomas in the adult should be treated by surgical excision.
An endolaryngeal method of vertico‐lateral transposition of the vocal cord for bilateral abductor paralysis
Authors: Langnickel Rainer 
Published: September 2006

AbstractAn endolaryngeal method of vertico‐lateral elevation and fixation of the vocal fold in the treatment of bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis is described. In 62 patients on whom this operative procedure was performed, a considerable improvement in respiration at the same time as almost unchanged phonation has been obtained in 61 cases. The results are illustrated by sonograms and respirometric examinations. Laryngograms demonstrate the function of the newly created glottis.
The vascular anatomy of the eustachian tube in the guinea pig
Authors: Voorhees Richard L. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractVascular anatomy of the eustachian tube has received little attention in the world's medical literature.Forty guinea pigs were perfused with Berlin Blue as a contrast medium and the eustachian tube microvascular architecture visualized through surface preparations. A diffuse, dense two‐layered capillary network was found which followed the distribution of mucous glands. Five animals suffering from suppurative otitis media showed marked capillary congestion with increased vessel to tissue density. Relationships to gross arterial and venous supply as found in the human are discussed.
Metastatic disease of the temporal bone
Authors: Stucker Fred J. , Holmes William F. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis paper discusses metastatic disease of the temporal bone, and illustrates its discussion with a case history.The incidence, signs, symptoms, and treatment generally recorded are discussed. The histopathology of such lesions, as well as a documentation of those organ systems most likely to provide temporal bone metastatic spread, is noted. As with primary neoplasias of the temporal bone, metastatic disease may coexist with or mimic chronic otitis media. It is the wary surgeon who carefully analyzes his patient, the history, the intensity of signs, particularly pain — and, therefore, is prepared for the exigencies of recognizing neoplasia with or without associated chronic otitis media.
The use of homograft stapes
Authors: Smith Mansfield F. W. , Dobie Robert 
Published: September 2006

AbstractHomograft stapes were used for ossicular reconstruction in 43 ears over a three‐year period. The average hearing improvement was 7.9 db. These cases were divided into two groups: those with an intact posterior canal wall and those with an open mastoid cavity. The latter group fared better, with an average improvement of 15 db.Fourteen of the 43 ears were subsequently re‐explored. Satisfactory bony union between the homograft stapes and recipient footplate was found in eight cases, four cases showed poor bony union, and bony resorption of the homograft had occurred in two patients with eustachian tube dysfunction. This technique offers promise for reconstruction of the ear with a loss of the stapes arch, especially in the presence of an open mastoid cavity and thus a shallow middle ear.
Observations on the biochemical effects of transfusion of citrate‐phosphate‐dextrose stored blood in man
Authors: Miller Robert N. , Engelhardt Robert , Collins John A. , Slatopolsky Eduardo , Ladenson Jack H. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractPreliminary data on the biochemical effects of the transfusion of three units of CPD blood in man is presented. Free (ionized) calcium was found to decrease approximately two minutes following initiation of the transfusion of CPD stored blood at a rate of 50 ml/min. Due to mixing problems, arterial and not venous specimens were found necessary to monitor accurately the severity of these decreases. Parathyroid hormone in the peripheral blood was found to increase two to four minutes after the initiation of transfusion. Decreases in blood pressure were observed during transfusion. The blood pressure recovered when the transfusion was stopped and did not decrease any further after restarting the transfusion, even when comparable free calcium levels were achieved. Insulin levels were found not to increase or decrease consistently, and only modest changes in plasma potassium were observed.
Histopathologic correlates of otoneurologic manifestations following head trauma
Authors: Makishima Kazumi , Sobel Steven F. , Snow James B. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe clinical course of patients dying of head trauma and the physiologic evaluation of audition in guinea pigs subjected to several forms of head trauma are correlated with the histopathologic findings in the brains and temporal bones. In the patients there was wide spread hemorrhage, edema, disorganization and disruption of neural tissue. Loss of Purkinje cells and other neural elements was prominent. The temporal bone findings in the patients included laceration of and hemorrhage into the VHIth nerve as well as bleeding into the scala tympani. The membranous labyrinths demonstrated no specific changes secondary to the trauma. The guinea pigs developed a central form of hearing loss with elevated thresholds for evoked responses from the inferior colliculus and normal AC cochlear potentials. In the animals hemorrhage in the substance of the brain, necrosis of neural tissue, edema, disorganization and disruption were prominent. Although there was extravasation of blood in the tympanic and vestibular scalae, the membranous structures of the inner ears were well preserved.
Inner ear decompression sickness
Authors: Farmer Joseph C. , Thomas W. G. , Youngblood D. G. , Bennett P. B. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractWith recent increases in commercial, military, and sport diving to deeper depths, inner ear injuries during such exposures have been encountered more frequently and noted during several phases of diving: during compression, at stable deep depths, with excessive noise exposure in diving, and during decompression. The pathophysiology of these injuries differs, depending upon the phase of diving in which the injuries occur.In this report, 23 cases of hearing loss, tinnitus, and/or vertigo occurring during or shortly after decompression are presented. Thirteen of these cases occurred in helium‐oxygen dives involving a change to air during the latter stages of decompression. A significant correlation is present between prompt recompression treatment, relief of symptoms, and lack of residual deficits.Current knowledge indicates that the management of otologic decompression sickness should include: 1. prompt recompression to at least 99 feet deeper than the symptom onset depth; 2. recompression using the previous helium‐oxygen mixture when the injuries occur during or shortly after a switch from helium‐oxygen to air during the latter stages of decompression; 3. the use of parenteral diazepam for symptom relief and cyclic inhalations of oxygen enriched treatment gases; and 4. the avoidance of further diving by divers who exhibit permanent inner ear injuries after the acute symptoms have subsided.
Computer processing of audiological and vestibular data. II. A further note
Authors: Abel Sharon M. , Barber Hugh O. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis paper provides an addendum to an earlier paper describing the development of a computer record system for patient data. The specific problems addressed pertain to the storage and retrieval of historical information, physical signs and diagnosis. Some preliminary comparisons of audiological and vestibular test results are given for groups of patients with diagnoses of acoustic neuroma, Meniere's disease, temporal bone fracture and vestibular neuronitis.
Apnea and airway obstruction during feeding and sleep
Authors: Steinschneider Alfred , Rabuzzi Daniel D. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractRecent awareness of the magnitude of sudden unexplained deaths in apparently healthy infants has lead to an increased interest in those circumstances that are associated with or can elicit prolonged and serious apneic episodes. In the present studies, attention was directed toward the study of physiologic activity during sleep and feeding.Apneic episodes of varying durations occur during sleep which, in some instances, can be of sufficient length to warrant resuscitative intervention. A number of infants also reveal transient upper airway obstruction following brief periods of sleep apnea. This functional airway obstruction produces sudden and severe bradycardia. Similarly, infant feeding can induce dangerously prolonged periods of apnea and, in some infants, transient airway obstruction.Few detailed studies have been performed to identify the anatomical level or characteristics of the obstruction. Available evidence suggests that this can take the form either of muscle hypotonicity or hypertonicity. Two infants observed by means of direct laryngoscopy revealed transient failure of vocal cord abduction. These results have provided for the development of two theoretical models that can result in the sudden infant death syndrome; furthermore, continuous recordings of respiratory and cardiac activity during feeding and sleep can be extremely valuable in elucidating the mechanisms responsible for the sudden development of apneic and cyanotic episodes in infants.
Pseudomonas meningitis complicating head and neck surgery
Authors: Bray David A. , Calcaterra Thomas C. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThree patients, each of whom had Pseudomonas meningitis as a sequela of an extensive head and neck operation, have been treated successfully. All three patients had cerebrospinal fluid leaks, and operative management of this complication is discussed. Antibiotic management included the parenteral administration of the recently developed drugs gentamicin, car‐benicillin, and intrathecal gentamicin. Since extensive head and neck operations are being performed with increasing frequency and since infectious complications are inevitable, it is mandatory that the otolaryngologist be familiar with current methods of managing these potentially lethal conditions.