bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Orientation Overgrowth of Metal-phthalocyanines on the Surface of Single Crystals. II. Vacuum-condensed Films of Copper-phthalocyanine on Alkali Halides
Authors: Ashida Michio 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Cleaved faces of KCl, KBr and NaCl crystals were used as substrates. When copper-phthalocyanine is vacuum-condensed onto either KCl or KBr, the films on it take a standing b-axis orientation, which shows a C4v symmetry. The major planes of symmetry coincide with those of KCl and KBr. The crystals on KBr show an azimuthal angular shift of about +12° or –12° in respect to the major symmetry axes, [010] and [100], of the substrate crystal. When the films have the standing b-axis orientation, the planar molecule in the crystal comes into parallel contact with the cleavage face of the substrate. It may be presumed that the bridge nitrogen atoms in a phthalocyanine molecule are placed on the potassium ions in the (001) planes of KCl and KBr. The films on KCl and KBr are composed of finely-divided rectangular crystals and dendrites; the former are concentrated at steps on the cleavage face to produce a decorative pattern, while the latter appear on the smooth surface. The formation in various types of crystals are interpreted in terms of the rate of nucleation and growth. The films vacuum-condensed onto NaCl are composed of laminar crystals which have a random orientation.
The Physical Properties and Crystal Structure of 2-Bromo-1,1,1-trichloro-2-methylpropane
Authors: Koide Tsutomu , Oda Tsutomu , Washio Osamu , Fujita Kazuo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
2-Bromo-1,1,1-trichloro-2-methylpropane gives a plastic crystal, named by Timmermans (J. Chim. Phys., 35, 331 (1938)), which is optically isotropic and which has a density of 1.97 g./cc. at 25°C. The X-ray data can be interpreted with a body-centered cubic lattice, with 7.42 Å for the unit cell length containing two molecules. The symmetry interpretation gives a crystal structure of a disordered orientation of molecules. It was found, by means of optical measurements and differential thermal analysis, that there is a phase transition at about −62°C, below which the crystal is in a lower symmetry.
Szilard-Chalmers Reaction of Anionic Cobalt Complex Ions on Ion-Exchange Resins
Authors: Matsuura Tatsuo , Hashimoto Tetsuo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The recoiling behavior of [Co(C2O4)3]3−, [Co(NO2)6]3− and [Co(CN)6]3− ions on in anion-exchanger was studied both by the dynamic and the static methods under various conditions. As the stability of the complex decreases, the separable yield increased as a general trend, and the effectiveness of the dynamic method in obtaining higher yield than the static method was clearly demonstrated. On the other hand, specific activity increased with increasing stability of the complex, i. e., with decreasing G values. The increase of pH generally decreased the separable yield and increased the specific activity. The effects of mesh size of resin and preirradiation by gamma rays were also studied. Since the observed tendency that the separable yield decreased with increasing stability constant of the complex ion seems to be a general one, a theoretical interpretation for this relationship was attempted.
Stability Constants of Uranyl Chelates with Nuclear-Substituted Salicylic Acids
Authors: Rao J Mohan , Seshaiah U V 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The formation of an orange-red coloured water soluble chelate between uranyl ion an p-aminosalicylic acid with maximum absorption at 460 mμ is reported. The colour of the complex is fairly stable and attains maximum intensity at a pH 4.5. The composition of the complex has been evaluated by Job’s and mole ratio methods employing absorbance data and has been found to be 1 : 1 with respect to metal and ligand. The stability constants of the uranyl chelates of certain nuclear substituted salicylic acids, such as, 3-nitrosalicylic, 5-sulpho-salicylic, β-resorcylic and p-aminosalicylic acids have been determined and the validity of the linear relationship between ligand basicity and the metal chelate stability studied. Based on pH and adsorption studies, tentative structures for the above uranyl chelates have also been proposed.
The Effects of the Temperature on the γ-Radiation-Induced Polymerization of Ethylene
Authors: Machi Sueo , Hagiwara Miyuki , Gotoda Masao , Kagiya Tsutomu 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The gamma-radiation-induced polymerization of ethylene was carried out/over the wide range of temperature from 30 to 200°C at pressure ranging from 100 to 400kg./cm2 and at dose rates from 2×103 to 4×105 rad./hr. It was shown that the rate of polymerization is rapidly accelerated at 30°C, that the degree of acceleration decreases with an increase in the reaction temperature, and that above 100°C the rate is independent of the time. It was correspondingly shown that the molecular weight of the polymer increases with the reaction time, at 30°C, that its increment for a unit of time decreases with an increase in the temperature, and that the molecular weight is independent of the time above 100°C. By means of a kinetical discussion it was concluded that the rate of the termination reaction, which is almost eliminated at 30°C, increases with the temperature and attains a value comparable to that of initiation above 100°C. The dose rate exponents of the polymerization rate and molecular weight were shown to vary with the reaction temperature. Namely, the exponents were evaluated as 0.9 and 0 at 30°C, 0.8 and −0.1 at 100°C, and 0.7 and −0.2 at 140 and 200°C, for the polymerization rate and the molecular weight respectively. It was assumed from these high exponents that the termination may occur above 100°C in a first-order reaction to a considerable extent. Under a constant pressure, the polymer yield was shown to decrease with the temperature from 30 to 60–80°C, and then to increase at high temperatures from 80 to 200°C. On the other hand, the molecular weight of the polymer simply decreases with the temperature from 30 to 200°C. The chain transfer reaction is considered to be almost negligible at 30–70°C. The number of polymer chains for a constant reaction time and monomer concentration is independent of the temperature from 30 to 70°C, while it increases with the temperature from 70 to 200°C. The effects of pressure on the polymer yield and molecular weight were also investigated at 140°C.
Syntheses of Isomeric Methylpseudoionones and Isomeric Pseudoionones by Means of the Wittig Reaction
Authors: Sasaki Kazuhiro 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Four isomeric methylpseudoionones and two isomeric pseudoionones were separately synthesized by the Wittig reaction of citral a or citral b with the corresponding phosphonates. Two isomeric pseudoionones were also synthesized by the Wittig reaction of citral a or citral b with 2-oxopro-pylidenetriphenylphosphorane. The configurations and the conformations of the dienone systems in four methylpseudoionones and two pseudoionones were discussed on the basis of the infrared and ultraviolet absorption data.
Studies of Poly-β-benzyl-l-aspartate Helix. I. The Synthesis and Rotatory Dispersion of Copolymers of β-p-Methyl, Chloro, Cyano, or Nitrobenzyl-l-aspartate with β-Benzyl-l-aspartate
Authors: Hashimoto Masahisa , Aritomi Jiro 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
β-p-Methyl, chloro, cyano and nitrobenzyl-l-aspartates were synthesized, and the respective homopolymers and copolymers of these β-(p-substituted benzyl)-l-aspartates with β-benzyl-l-aspartate were prepared. The introduction of a methyl, chloro, or cyano group into the para position of the aromatic ring in the side chain of poly-β-benzyl-l-aspartate (PBLA) also causes a reversal from the left- to the right-handed in the helical sense of the polypeptide in a chloroform solution, as in the case of the nitro group. The residue of the copolymers where the transition takes place contained: nitro, 20–30; cyano, 40–50; chloro, ca. 50; and methyl group, ca. 70mol.-%. These values may indicate the relative stabilities between the PBLA helix and poly-β-(p-substituted benzyl)-l-aspartate helices. These series of copolymers had no absorption band in the longer wavelength region except for a nitrobenzyl series, which had an absorption band at around 330 mμ. The absence of an absorption band resulted in a normal b0 value. The results suggest that the factors which determine the helical sense of the PBLA helix are not very simple and that the left-handed helix of PBLA is much less stable.
A New Method for the Phosphorylation of Alcohols by Means of Bromine and Dibenzylhydrogen Phosphite
Authors: Mukaiyama Teruaki , Kouda Hajime , Kodera Kyoko 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Various alkyldihydrogen phosphates were obtained in good yields by reacting alcohols, dibenzylhydrogen phosphite, and bromine in the presence of triethylamine, followed by catalytic hydrogenation. When benzyl alcohol and diethyl phosphite were used in the above reaction, only the oxidation of the latter took place, giving diethylhydrogen phosphate in an excellent yield. These results suggest that the above phosphorylation of alcohol proceeds through a quaternary phosphonium salt, i. e., dibenzyloxyalkyloxyhydroxy phosphonium bromide, which is then converted into an alkylbenzylhydrogen phosphate. The effect of tertiary amines on this type of phosphorylation was also examined.
Organic Sulfur Compounds. XIV. The Reactions of Sulfinic Esters and Related Compounds with Hydrazine
Authors: Kobayashi Michio , Yamamoto Asami 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Anhydrous hydrazine reacted with sulfinic esters under mild reaction conditions to give disulfides, which were in turn, upon prolonged heating, reduced by hydrazine to mercaptans. Aromatic thiolsulfonates and sulfonyl chlorides were also reduced by hydrazine, whereas aromatic sulfoxides and sulfinic acids were not reduced under comparable reaction conditions. A mixture of hydrazine with a sulfinic ester or another of the reducible sulfur compounds described above can hydrogenate carbon-carbon double bonds and triple bonds. A mechanism involving the intermediate formation of diimide is proposed.
Studies of the Hydrocracking of Lignin. I. The Hydrocracking of Desulfonated Sulfite Waste Lignin
Authors: Oshima Motoyoshi , Kashima Kan , Kubo Teruo , Tabata Haruro , Watanabe Hiroshi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The raw material for the hydrocracking was prepared by treating alcohol fermented sulfite waste liquor with lime, desulfonating the thus-prepared slurry by heating, and deashing the precipitate with sulfur dioxide. The hydrocracking was run with a high-boiling fraction of lignin-hydrogenated oil as the solvent (pasting oil) and with Fe-promotor-sulfur as the catalyst. The yield of monophenols was 24% (based on klason lignin) with a 100% recovery of the pasting oil under reaction conditions of a temperature of 430°C, an initial hydrogen pressure of 130 kg./cm2, and a catalyst dosage of 3% (based on the lignin). The higher reaction pressure resulted in a slight increase in the yield of monophenols. The formation of non-volatile pitch decreased with the increase in the initial pressure up to 130 kg./cm2 but a further increase of the pressure exerted no effect. The higher reaction temperature gave more hydrogen absorption and a higher yield of monophenols, and less pitch formation and pasting oil recovery. However, it is essential to select reaction conditions where the highest yield of monophenols is obtained with a 100% recovery of the pasting oil.
Twinning in Electric Furnace-fused Corundum
Authors: Yamaguchi Goro , Kubo Yasushi , Ogawa Hiroshi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
In an investigation into the fracture properties of thin-sectioned corundum crystals, it was noticed that microcracks in electrically-fused corundum obey a hexagonal symmetry in spite of the rhombohedral symmetry of the corundum structure. This fact suggests that the corundum crystals consist of several twins, which have the same optical direction and which cannot be distinguished microscopically. The X-ray Laue back-reflection and etching techniques were applied to commercial 16-mesh grains of electric furnace-fused alumina abrasives. Corundum crystals grown over the crystal size of hundreds of μ to 1 mm. in electric-furnace fusions were found to be generally composed of several penetration twins with a twinning plane (0001). The twins are considered to be growth twins arising in the cooling process. The impurity composition and heat treatment have no marked effect on twinning. The twin junction is highly stable both mechanically and chemically. Cleavage cracks generated in individual crystals are stopped at the twin boundary.
Kinetic Studies of Solvolysis. XI. The Steric Course of the Phenolyses of Optically Active α-Phenylethyl Chloride in Mixtures of Various Phenols and Organic Solvents—A Mechanism for the SN1 Reaction with a Net Retention of Configuration
Authors: Okamoto Kunio , Yamada Hiroto , Nitta Issei , Shingu Haruo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The SN1 phenolyses of optically active α-phenylethyl chloride in binary mixtures of organic solvents and certain substituted phenols (i. e., phenol, p-cresol, p-chloro- and p-nitro-phenol) proceed in the presence of aniline and of triethylamine to give the corresponding α-phenylethyl substituted-phenyl ethers with a predominantly-retained configuration. In binary mixtures of benzene and various phenols, the extents of retention for the ethers are slightly reduced at the higher base concentrations. However, in binary solvents of acetonitrile and certain phenols, the optical purities of the ethers with retained configurations decrease continuously with the base concentrations, while at the higher concentrations (∼0.4 m) the steric courses change to the inverted course. The C-alkylated (α-phenylethylated) derivatives of these phenols, isolated along with the phenyl ethers, have inverted configurations, irrespective of the configurations of the corresponding phenyl ethers. These results are all consistent with a mechanism in which a molecule of the phenol reacts with the SN1 ion-pair intermediate of the phenolysis to give a phenyl ether with a retained configuration, probably by SNi-like four-center substitution, whereas the reaction of a phenoxide anion with the SN1 intermediate proceeds predominantly by the Walden inversion mechanism yielding a phenyl ether and α-phenylethylated phenols with inverted configurations.
Studies of the Chemical Reactions of Uranium Iodide with Oxygen and Iodine at High Temperatures
Authors: Handa Muneo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Uranium tetraiodide is oxidized to triuranium octoxide through three intermediates, which are deposited on silica powder heated to temperatures of about 400, 300 and 200°C respectively. The intermediates are produced by the action of oxygen contained in small amounts in a helium stream (1/100–1/10000 atm.) on uranium tetraiodide. The intermediates are considered to be compounds consisting of uranium, iodine and oxygen. Chemical analysis, the measurement of the melting point and X-ray analysis show that the compound deposited at the temperature of 400°C is uranium triiodide, while the compounds deposited at 300 and 200°C are both uranium tetraiodides. Three hypotheses have been formulated to interpret the above phenomenon, in which the reaction of uranium iodides with iodine has been studied.
The Electron Spin Resonance and Electronic Spectra of 4-Substituted Pyridinyl Radicals
Authors: Itoh Michiya , Nagakura Saburo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The ESR and electronic absorption spectra have been measured with the 1-methyl-4-carbo-methoxy-, 1-methyl-4-carbamido-, 1-methyl-4-acetyl- and 1-methyl-4-cyanopyridinyl radicals. From the analysis of their ESR spectra by the aid of a spectrum accumulator, we have been able to determine the nitrogen and hydrogen hyperfine splitting constants of these pyridinyl radicals, from which the spin distributions have then been evaluated. These radicals except for the 1-methyl-4-carbamidopyridinyl radical, have been found to show three absorption bands, at 300–350 mμ, at about 400 mμ and at about 600 mμ. From the results of the ESR and electronic absorption spectra, the electronic structures of these pyridinyl radicals have been concluded to be similar to those of the 4-substituted pyridine anion radicals. The preparation of 1,2,6- and 1,3,5-trimethyl-4-substituted pyridinyl radicals has been attempted. The latter radicals, except for the 1,3,5-trimethyl-4-cyanopyridinyl radical, were not detected by the ESR and electronic absorption spectra, because the steric hindrance of the methyl groups at the 3 and 5 positions prevents them from achieving the resonance stabilization due to the 4-substituent.
Kinetic Studies of the Solution Polymerization of Trioxane Catalyzed by BF3·O(C2H5)2. V. The Effect of the Solvent and of the Polymerization Temperature
Authors: Miki Tetsuro , Higashimura Toshinobu , Okamura Seizo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The effect of the polarity of solvents in the solution polymerization of trioxane catalyzed by BF3·O(C2H5)2 has been studied. While the molecular weight of the resulting polymer is almost independent of the kind of solvent, the rate of polymerization in a polar solvent is large at a high initial monomer concentration. At a low monomer concentration, however, the rate of polymerization in a non-polar solvent is larger than that in a polar solvent. This fact can probably be explained by observing that, at the low monomer concentration, the initiation species produced from the catalyst is solvated by the solvent molecule rather than by trioxane because of the small basicity of trioxane. The activation energies of the over-all polymerization rate as determined in ethylene dichloride, nitroethane and nitrobenzene are all about 16 kcal./mol. The decrease in the molecular weight of the resulting polymers caused by raising the temperature is very small.
Studies of Poly-2-vinylpyridine. I. Suspension Polymerization and Molecular Weight Distribution
Authors: Arichi Shizuo , Mitsuta Seiji , Sakamoto Noriyuki , Murata Hiromu 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
2-Vinylpyridine has been polymerized by the suspension method. A stable suspension has been obtained using a mixture of sodium butylnaphthalene sulfonate and gelatine as a stabilizer in the concentration ranges of 0.025–0.75 per cent (for the former) and 0.75–1.0 per cent (for the latter) in water. The molecular weight of polymers thus obtained from this stable suspension system could be controlled by varying the concentration of azo-bis-isobutyronitrile and the temperature. The Mw/Mn ratios of the polymers obtained by the above method are relatively large; from 3.5 to 5. Precipitation fractionation has been carried out for a polymer obtained using ethyl methyl ketone as a solvent and ligroin as a precipitant at a constant temperature. Three kinds of molecular weight distribution curves have been obtained by applying the data of fractionation to (1) Tung’s method, (2) exponential-type and (3) logarithmic normal-type molecular weight distribution functions. By comparing the average molecular weights, Mw and Mn calculated from each curve with the experimental values, it was found that the molecular weight distribution of the fraction can be well represented by the function 2 or 3.
Studies of Poly-2-vinylpyridine. II. Solubilities in Various Solvents
Authors: Arichi Shizuo , Matsuura Hiroatsu , Tanimoto Yoshio , Murata Hiromu 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The viscosity and osmotic pressure of a fraction of poly-2-vinylpyridine have been measured in various solvents, and the parameters concerning the solubility of this polymer, that is, the osmotic second virial coefficient, A2, the polymer-solvent interaction parameter, μ, and the solubility parameter, δ2, have been obtained. From the values of these parameters, the following conclusions have been obtained: poly-2-vinylpyridine has a solubility parameter of ca. 10.4 (cal./cc.)1⁄2 and acts as an electron donor. As a result of the specific interaction between a solvent and the pyridine nitrogen of this polymer, the solvent power is greater in an acidic solvent and smaller in a basic than would be expected from the solubility parameter alone. An especially strong interaction between poly-2-vinylpyridine and aliphatic alcohols, chloroform and nitroethane has been observed and its nature has been discussed.
Studies of Poly-2-vinylpyridine. III. Intrinsic Viscosity and Molecular Weight
Authors: Arichi Shizuo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The viscosity, osmotic pressure and light-scattering of a series of 14 fractions of poly-2-vinylpyridine in various solvents have been measured. The following results have been obtained: The constants, Kw′ and v, in the Mark-Houwink equation have been determined for the solutions of: (a) 92.01 weight per cent ethanol, (b) methanol, (c) dimethylformamide, (d) benzene and (e) dioxane as follows:
(a) [η]=1.22×10−4Mw0.73 (d) [η]=1.70×104Mw0.64
(b) [η]=1.13×104Mw0.73 (e) [η]=3.09×104Mw0.58
(c) [η]=147×10−4Mw0.67
The molecular weight of the polymers ranged from 3.4×104 to 93×104, while the viscosity was measured at 25±0.01°C. The constant, K′ in the Mark-Houwink equation in the case of a homogeneous molecular weight has been calculated assuming the exponential- and logarithmic normal-type molecular weight distribution functions for each fraction. The Flory constant, K, defined as [η]θ=KM1⁄2 has been found by the method of Fixman and Krigbaum to be: (8.7±1.0)×10−4 at 25°C. The K value has also been found to be (9.1±1.1)×104 by measuring the intrinsic viscosity in benzene at the θ-point, 16.2°C. The short range interactions of this polymer have also been discussed.
The Rheological Study of Aqueous Solutions of Polyvinyl Alcohol at Ultrasonic Frequencies
Authors: Arakawa Kiyoshi , Takenaka Nobuo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The ultrasonic velocity and the absorption have been measured over the 5–45 Mc./sec. frequency range for aqueous solutions of polyvinyl alcohol by means of an ultrasonic pulse technique which was similar in principle to that used by Pinkerton (Proc. Phys. Soc. B62, 286 (1949)). The temperature varied over the 3–70°C range. The velocity-versus-temperature curves have been found to be convex upwards, like that of pure water, but the peak shifts upwards and to the lower-temperature side with an increase in the concentration. The ultrasonic absorptions of aqueous solutions of partly-saponified polyvinyl alcohol have been found to be larger than those of perfectly-saponified alcohol at the same concentrations. Two relaxation mechanisms have been found for each sample. For the solutions of the perfectly-saponified sample, the first relaxation frequency, f1, is 35 Mc./sec. at 12°C, while the second relaxation frequency f2 is 40 Mc./sec. at 60°C, for example. On the other hand, these values have been found to be nearly equal for the solutions of the partly-saponified sample. The activation energy, ΔH2, obtained from the temperature dependence of f2 is about 4 kcal./mol., irrespective of the quantity of resuidal acetate groups, and the ΔH1 value forf1 is of the order of 10 kcal./mol.
The Infrared Spectra of Artificial Coal made from Submerged Wood at Uozu, Toyama Prefecture, Japan
Authors: Tsukashima Hiroshi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The infrared spectra of artificial coal prepared from Submerged Wood were observed and compared with those of lignin and cellulose. The artificial coalification seems to proceed in three stages, characterized by the corresponding infrared spectra, i. e., a cellulose-like spectrum, a lignin-like spectrum, and a spectrum resembling that of natural coal. The infrared spectrum of artificial coal is generally similar to that of natural coal with a little higher carbon content, suggesting that the degree of coalification is more advanced in artificial coal than in natural coal. The background absorption in the infrared spectra of artificial coal of a low coalification is weak, while that in the infrared spectra of artificial coal of a high coalification is strong.