bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermodynamic model for nonlinear electrostatic adsorption equilibrium of protein
Authors: Su Xue‐Li , Sun Yan 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA statistical thermodynamic model is developed for the nonlinear multicomponent protein adsorption equilibrium on ion exchanger. This model takes into account the electrostatic interactions between the adsorbent surface and protein molecules, as well as the lateral interactions between adsorbed protein molecules. The model is, therefore, in accord with the nonstoichiometric nature of the electrostatic adsorption of protein. There are two categories of model parameters: one corresponds to the adsorption affinity of the protein and the other is descriptive of the interactions between the adsorbed molecules. So, all the model parameters have definite physical meanings, and for the adsorption equilibria of single protein, there are only two model parameters. By comparison with batch adsorption equilibrium data of bovine serum albumin, the model is found to fit the experimental data well. The effects of buffer type, pH and ionic strength on the model parameters are reasonably interpreted by the electrostatic and thermodynamic theories. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Preface: Insect signal transduction systems: Current knowledge and future directions
Authors: Vanden Broeck Jozef , Stanley David 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe papers in this special issue were originally derived from presentations at the International Congress of Entomology, Brisbane, Australia, in 2004. The corresponding authors appeared as speakers in a symposium entitled “Insect Signal Transduction Systems: Current Knowledge and Future Directions,” organized by Jozef Vanden Broeck (Leuven, Belgium) and David Stanley (Columbia, MO).Among the many exciting areas of insect science, it would be extremely difficult to exaggerate the importance of our growing knowledge on signal transduction systems. In recent years, the available molecular information has grown exponentially as a result of genome and EST (“expressed sequence tags”) sequencing projects. These projects already have an important impact on signal transduction research and provide novel insights in the evolution of genes coding for important components of signaling processes. Future challenges are to study the functional relationships between (this plethora of) genes, as well as the regulation of their expression. In addition to the more traditional insect physiology and the fruitful combination of Drosophila genetics and germline transformation technology, some very powerful methods have now become available for functional genomic analyses in the postgenomic research era.
Optimal nocturnal humidification for xerostomia
Authors: Hay K. David , Morton Randall P. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBackground.Xerostomia is associated with a difficulty of maintaining oral hygeine and with symptoms of daytime oral discomfort and nocturnal sleep disturbance.Methods.A pilot study was conducted to test the efficacy of a new method of delivering heated humidified air (37 degrees C, 100% water vapor saturated, at 20–25 L/min flow rate via specially designed nasal prongs) overnight for 2 weeks to 10 volunteers with Sjögrens Syndrome. Effectiveness was assessed by means of questionnaire, including the validated Xerostomia Inventory together with specific questions related to quality of sleep and oral comfort.Results.Nine subjects completed the study. Daytime xerostomia symptoms were significantly reduced in participants (p = .004). Night‐time oral comfort was significantly improved (p = .005) as was early morning mouth comfort (p = .008). Frequency of dry cough was also significantly reduced over the study period (p < .001).Conclusions.The body temperature, pressure saturated, delivery system was well tolerated and succeeded in alleviating the major oral and pharyngeal symptoms produced by xerostomia. These results have encouraged us to pursue further research in the application of this method of providing heated humidification.© 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2006
Reliable option for reconstruction of amputation stumps: The free anterolateral thigh flap
Authors: Yıldırım Serkan , Calikapan Gaye Taylan , Akoz Tayfun 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe increased use of microsurgery has enabled reconstructive surgeons to deal with tissue defects of various sizes and compositions. The limited amount of qualified tissue for covering is the primary problem in stump reconstruction. Free flaps offer the ideal solution by providing the optimal cover, and by preserving the length of the amputation site. Anterolateral thigh flaps were preferred for reconstruction of lower extremity amputation sites of nine patients admitted both in the subacute and chronic periods. All underwent previous stump reconstruction with local flaps in other clinics. Anterolateral thigh flaps avoided further shortening of the extremities, and provided stable tissue for prosthesis use. The flap offers reliable soft‐tissue reconstruction of amputation stumps © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2006.
Comparison of gas‐phase acidities of some carbon acids with their rates of hydron exchange in methanolic methoxide
Authors: DeTuri Vincent F. , Koch Heinz F. , Koch Judith G. , Lodder Gerrit , Mishima Masaaki , Zuilhof Han , Abrams Neal M. , Anders Cecily E. , Biffinger Justin C. , Han Patrick , Kurland Adam R. , Nichols Jason M. , Ruminski Anne M. , Smith Patricia R. , Vasey Karen D. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractHydron exchange reaction rates, kexch M−1s−1, using methanolic sodium methoxide are compared with gas‐phase acidities, ΔG kcal/mol, for four 9‐YPhenylfluorenes‐9‐iH, seven YC6H4CiH(CF3)2, seven YC6H4CiHClCF3, and C6F5iH. Fourteen of the fluorinated benzylic compounds and pentafluorobenzene result in near unity experimental hydrogen isotope effects that suggest substantial amounts of internal return associated with the exchange process. Although the reactions of 9‐phenylfluorene have experimental isotope effects that appear to be normal in value, they do not obey the Swain–Schaad relationship. This suggests that they occur with small amounts of internal return. The entropies of activation, ΔS‡, are +12 to +14 eu, for the benzylic compounds and different significantly from those for the 9‐YPhenylfluorenes, ΔS‡ of −8 to −12 eu. The ΔS‡ ∼ 1 eu for the reactions of pentafluorobenzene falls between the other compounds. Density functional calculations using B3LYP/6‐31+G(d,p) are reported for the reactions of CH3O−(HOCH3)3 with C6F5H, C6H5CH(CF3)2, C6H5CHClCF3, and 9‐phenylfluorene. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Site‐directed combinatorial construction of chimaeric genes: General method for optimizing assembly of gene fragments
Authors: Saftalov Liz , Smith Peter A. , Friedman Alan M. , Bailey‐Kellogg Chris 
Published: June 2006

AbstractSite‐directed construction of chimaeric genes by in vitro recombination “mixes‐and‐matches” precise building blocks from multiple parent proteins, generating libraries of hybrids to be tested for structure–function relationships and/or screened for favorable properties and novel enzymatic activities. A direct annealing and ligation method can construct chimaeric genes without requiring sequence identity between parents, except for the short (≈3 nt) sequences of the fragment overhangs used for specific ligation. Careful planning of the assembly process is necessary, though, in order to ensure effective construction of desired fragment assemblies and to avoid undesired assemblies (e.g., repetition of fragments, fragments out of order).We develop algorithms for specific planned ligation of short overhangs (SPLISO) that efficiently explore possible assembly plans, varying the fragment overhangs and the order of ligation steps in the assembly pathway. While there is a combinatorial explosion in the number of possible assembly plans as the number of breakpoints and parent genes increases, we employ a dynamic programming approach to find globally optimal ones in low‐order polynomial time (in practice, taking only seconds for basic assembly plans). We demonstrate the effectiveness of our algorithms in planning the assembly of hybrid libraries, under a variety of experimental options and restrictions, including flexibility in the position and amino acid sequence of breakpoints. Our method promises to enable more effective application of site‐directed recombination to protein investigation and engineering. Proteins 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sensitivity of the hazard ratio to nonignorable treatment assignment in an observational study
Authors: Mitra Nandita , Heitjan Daniel F. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractIn non‐randomized studies, estimation of treatment effects generally requires adjustment for imbalances in observed covariates. One such method, based on the propensity score, is useful in many applications but may be biased when the assumption of strongly ignorable treatment assignment is violated. Because it is not possible to evaluate this assumption from the data, it is advisable to assess the sensitivity of conclusions to violations of strong ignorability. Lin et al. (Biomet. 1998; 54:948–963) have implemented this idea by investigating how an unmeasured covariate may affect the conclusions of an observational study. We extend their method to assess sensitivity of the treatment hazard ratio to hidden bias under a range of covariate distributions. We derive simple formulas for approximating the true from the apparent treatment hazard ratio estimated under a specific survival model, and assess the validity of these formulas in simulation studies. We demonstrate the method in an analysis of SEER‐Medicare data on the effects of chemotherapy in elderly colon cancer patients.Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new class of [2Fe-2S]-cluster-containing protoporphyrin (IX) ferrochelatases
Authors: Shepherd Mark , Dailey Tamara A. , Dailey Harry A. 
Published: June 2006

Protoporphyrin (IX) ferrochelatase catalyses the insertion of ferrous iron into protoporphyrin IX to form haem. These ferrochelatases exist as monomers and dimers, both with and without [2Fe-2S] clusters. The motifs for [2Fe-2S] cluster co-ordination are varied, but in all cases previously reported, three of the four cysteine ligands are present in the 30 C-terminal residues and the fourth ligand is internal. In the present study, we demonstrate that a group of micro-organisms exist which possess protoporphyrin (IX) ferrochelatases containing [2Fe-2S] clusters that are co-ordinated by a group of four cysteine residues contained in an internal amino acid segment of approx. 20 residues in length. This suggests that these ferrochelatases have evolved along a different lineage than other bacterial protoporphyrin (IX) ferrochelatases. For example, Myxococcus xanthus protoporphyrin (IX) ferrochelatase ligates a [2Fe-2S] cluster via cysteine residues present in an internal segment. Site-directed mutagenesis of this ferrochelatase demonstrates that changing one cysteine ligand into serine results in loss of the cluster, but unlike eukaryotic protoporphyrin (IX) ferrochelatases, this enzyme retains its activity. These data support a role for the [2Fe-2S] cluster in iron affinity, and strongly suggest convergent evolution of this feature in prokaryotes.
Women and Classical Translation in the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Brown Hilary 
Published: June 2006

AbstractWomen in Germany first began to take up their pens in substantial numbers during the eighteenth century. One area where they apparently did not leave their mark was in the translation of classical literature, despite a wave of interest in the classics in the literary world at large. However, this article sheds new light on women's involvement in this field. It focuses on a handful of women who translated from Greek or Latin, namely Luise Gottsched (1713–62), Fräulein von Erath (?–1776) and Ernestine Christine Reiske (1735–98). It looks at the conditions in which they did so, at their presentation of the texts, and at contemporary reactions to their work. It shows that women could only make their way in this area in exceptional cases, and that they usually exercised a considerable degree of caution. Yet, in some rare instances, translation gave women a new freedom. A translator could put her name to works of a surprising nature, such as philosophy and erotica. Adopting the detached stance of translator meant she could publish texts which women at the time would probably never have dared to write themselves. Thus, the act of translation could open up new spheres of literary activity for women.
Wars and Rumours of Wars: Questions of Authenticity in German Patriotic Poetry 1870–1
Authors: Webster William 
Published: June 2006

AbstractFranz von Ditfurth's Historische Volks‐ und volksthümliche Lieder des Krieges von 1870–1871 presents contemporary ‘popular’ patriotic poetry as a counterpoint to the overwhelming mass of ‘educated’ verse published during the Franco‐Prussian War. The distinctions drawn between ‘Kunstpoesie’ and ‘Volksdichtung’ are called into question by Ditfurth's somewhat problematic choice of material, but the questions he raises were important enough to have been debated by Wilhelm Raabe and Wilhelm Jensen, following the appearance in 1871 of Jensen's Lieder aus Frankreich. (The poems it contained were explicitly ascribed to a serving soldier but had actually been composed by the non‐combatant Jensen.) In response to Raabe's accusation of deception, Jensen insisted on the quality of his work and averred that it would have been received less enthusiastically if his authorship had been known. The organisation, direction, tone and quality of Jensen's collection are discussed and subsequently set against a volume of ‘genuine’ poems from the front: Julius Wolff's Aus dem Felde (also 1871). The conclusion places the controversy over Jensen's volume in the context of the centuries‐old discussion of ‘authenticity’ in literature.
Arthritogenicity of collagen type II is increased by chlorination
Authors: Westman E , Lundberg K , Erlandsson Harris H 
Published: June 2006

Summary
During inflammation, activated neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages produce and release myeloperoxidase (MPO). MPO converts hydrogen peroxide to hypochlorous acid, a highly reactive and oxidizing agent. Proteins subjected to hypochlorous acid become chlorinated. We analysed how chlorination of the cartilage antigen collagen type II (CII) affects its immunogenic and arthritogenic properties by studying immune responses to chlorinated CII in comparison to immune responses to CII and by studying the development of arthritis in rats immunized with CII–Cl. CII–Cl immunization of LEW.1AV1 rats caused a 100% incidence of arthritis with a mean maximum score of 9·2 (maximal score possible 16). The same dose of non-chlorinated CII did not induce arthritis at all. Rats immunized with CII–Cl developed high anti-CII–Cl IgG titres and also developed IgG antibodies recognizing the non-chlorinated form of CII. Analysis of cytokine mRNA expression in lymph nodes 10 days after immunzation revealed an increased expression of interferon (IFN)-γ mRNA and interleukin (IL)-1β mRNA in CII–Cl-immunized rats compared to CII-immunized rats. Thus, chlorination of CII increased its immunogenicity as well as its arthritogenicity. As neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages are abundant cells in arthritic joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, chlorination might be a mechanism by which immunoreactivity to CII is induced and by which chronic joint inflammation is supported.
Can common species provide valuable information for conservation?
Authors: WHITELEY ANDREW R. , SPRUELL PAUL , ALLENDORF FRED W. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractTo demonstrate the importance of genetic data for multispecies conservation approaches, we examined the distribution of genetic variation across the range of the mountain whitefish (Prosopium williamsoni) at microsatellite and allozyme loci. The mountain whitefish is a common species that is particularly well suited for accurately revealing historical patterns of genetic structure and differs markedly from previously studied species in habitat requirements and life history characteristics. As such, comparing the population genetic structure of other native fishes to similar data from mountain whitefish could inform management and conservation strategies. Genetic variation for mountain whitefish was hierarchically distributed for both allozymes and microsatellites. We found evidence for a total of five major genetically differentiated assemblages and we observed subdivision among populations within assemblages that generally corresponded to major river basins. We observed little genetic differentiation within major river basins. Geographic patterns of genetic differentiation for mountain whitefish were concordant with other native species in several circumstances, providing information for the designation of conservation units that reflect concordant genetic differentiation of multiple species. Differences in genetic patterns between mountain whitefish and other native fishes reflect either differences in evolutionary histories of the species considered or differences in aspects of their ecology and life history. In addition, mountain whitefish populations appear to exchange genes over a much larger geographic scale than co‐occurring salmonids and are likely to be affected differently by disturbances such as habitat fragmentation.
Unusual case of pentastomiasis mimicking liver tumor
Authors: Machado Marcel Autran C , Makdissi Fabio F , Canedo Leonardo F , Martino Rodrigo B , Crescentini Fábio , Chieffi Pedro P , Bacchella Telesforo , Machado Marcel C C 
Published: June 2006

AbstractPentastomiasis is a rare zoonotic disease. Almost all recorded cases of human pentastomiasis had been incidental findings at autopsy. We report an unusual case of human pentastomiasis mimicking liver tumor successfully treated by liver resection. This clinical presentation is uncommon and it was probably caused by a pentastomid that exited its cyst and migrated to the liver causing an infarct that was mistaken as a primary liver tumor. Diagnosis could not be made before the surgery. This is the first reported case of human pentastomiasis in Brazil.
Orthotopic hepatocellular carcinoma model with a controlled and reproducible tumorigenicity
Authors: Okubo Hironao , Takei Yoshiyuki , Serizawa Nobuko , Enomoto Nobuyuki , Ikejima Kenichi , Sato Nobuhiro 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBackground:  To explore therapeutic strategies for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) there is a need for a suitable and reproducible animal model. However, most models produced thus far have drawbacks such as high rates of artificial tumor dissemination and complexity of the implantation technique. To circumvent these issues, we selected an appropriate HCC cell line coupled with a simple modality to prevent unintended tumor cell dissemination.Method:  KDH‐8 cells were inoculated into the rat liver. To prevent tumor cell leakage, a human fibrinogen/thrombin‐coated collagen patch was attached on the site after withdrawal of the needle. In some animals, ligation of the hepatic artery was performed.Results:  Early after injection, all rats (n = 60) developed a solitary nodule. Successful inoculation was observed in all animals with a leakage (dissemination) rate of 0%. Computed tomography (CT) demonstrated a well‐demarcated low density mass accompanied with a central necrosis that mimicked a typical CT image of human HCC. Doppler ultrasonography demonstrated a vascularized property of the tumor. Tumor volumes increased with time, reaching 3299.5 ± 290.0 mm3 at day 28 after inoculation. Thus the formed KDH‐8 hepatoma was pathologically classified into a poorly differentiated HCC demarcated with surrounding connective tissue. After hepatic arterial ligation, tumor growth was impeded with an inhibition of 59.1 and 70.4% (day 21 and 28, respectively).Conclusions:  The current orthotopic hepatoma model enables a controlled and reproducible tumorigenicity and displays properties and histopathology resembling human HCC. It may be a useful tool in the investigation of antiangiogenic and anticancer therapeutics.
Electronic books: children’s reading and comprehension
Authors: Grimshaw Shirley , Dungworth Naomi , McKnight Cliff , Morris Anne 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis study investigates the differences in children’s comprehension and enjoyment of storybooks according to the medium of presentation. Two different storybooks were used and 132 children participated. Of these, 51 children read an extract from The Magicians of Caprona, about half reading an electronic version with an online dictionary, and the rest reading a printed version with a separate printed dictionary. The remaining 81 children read an extract from The Little Prince, 26 reading an electronic version, 26 reading the same but with narration and 29 reading a printed version. No dictionary was supplied with this storybook. The type of medium did not significantly affect the children’s enjoyment of either storybook, and while it took them longer to read the electronic versions, this difference was only significant for The Little Prince. For both storybooks, comprehension scores were higher for retrieval‐type questions than for inference ones. The use of the online dictionary in the electronic condition of The Magicians of Caprona was significantly greater than that for the printed dictionary in that condition. The provision of narration in the electronic version of The Little Prince led to significantly higher comprehension scores than when narration was absent.
Onychomycosis in Icelandic children
Authors: Sigurgeirsson B , Kristinsson KG , Jonasson PS 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBackground  Onychomycosis is a rare disorder in children. Few studies exist on the incidence or prevalence of onychomycosis in children.Objective  To examine the epidemiology of childhood onychomycosis in Iceland during the period 1982–2000.Methods  Results from all mycological samples taken from children in Iceland from 1982 to 2000 were examined. Information about the requesting physician, unique social security number, date of birth, sex, results of culture and microscopy were registered. Growth of a dermatophyte was taken as an indication of a case of onychomycosis.Results  During the period 1982–2000 a total of 493 samples from 408 Icelandic children, aged 0–17 years, were examined. Dermatophytes were cultured from 148 (30.0%) samples. During the period 1982–85, the mean annual incidence of positive cultures was 1.65 per 100 000, increasing to 21.30 per 100 000 for the years 1996–2000. Trichophyton rubrum was the dominating organism and was found in 102/148 cases positive for the growth of a dermatophyte. The incidence of positive dermatophyte cultures increased with age and was found in eight children aged 0–4, and in 57 children aged 10–14 years.Conclusion  Onychomycosis is rare in children, but increases with age. It seems that onychomycosis increased during the study period, but it is not clear if this was due to a true increase in the prevalence of onychomycosis or an increased awareness of onychomycosis, or both.