bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Location–price competition with externality: an application to the Tenerife tram
Authors: Dorta‐González P. , Santos‐Peñate D. R. , Suárez‐Vega R. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThis paper presents a location–price equilibrium problem on a tree. A sufficient condition for having a Nash equilibrium in a spatial competition model that incorporates price, transport, and externality costs is given. This condition implies both competitors are located at the same point, a vertex that is the unique median of the tree. However, this is not an equilibrium necessary condition. Some examples show that not all medians are equilibria. Finally, an application to the Tenerife tram is presented.
Emergency service systems: The use of the hypercube queueing model in the solution of probabilistic location problems
Authors: Galvão Roberto D. , Morabito Reinaldo 
Published: August 2008

AbstractProbabilistic location problems are surveyed from the perspective of their use in the design of emergency service systems, with special emphasis on emergency medical systems. Pioneering probabilistic models were defined in the 1980s, as a natural extension of deterministic covering models (first generation models) and backup models (second generation). These probabilistic models, however, adopted simplifying assumptions that in many cases do not correspond to real‐world situations, where servers usually cooperate and have specific individual workloads. Thus the idea of embedding the hypercube queueing model into these formulations is to make them more adherent to the real world. The hypercube model and its extensions are initially presented in some detail, which is followed by a brief review of exact and approximate methods for its solution. Probabilistic models for the design of emergency service systems are then reviewed. The pioneering models of Daskin and ReVelle and Hogan are extended by embedding the hypercube model into them. Solution methods for these models are surveyed next, with comments on specialized models for the design of emergency medical systems for urban areas and highways.
Suspected lily‐of‐the‐valley (Convallaria majalis) toxicosis in a dog
Authors: Atkinson Kathryn J. , Fine Deborah M. , Evans Tim J. , Khan Safdar 
Published: August 2008

AbstractObjective:To describe successful treatment of third‐degree atrioventricular (AV) block using temporary noninvasive transthoracic pacing and placement of a permanent transvenous pacemaker in a case of suspected lily‐of‐the‐valley (Convallaria majalis) intoxication in a dog.Case summary:A 2‐year‐old neutered male Beagle weighing 17.8 kg was presented to the emergency service for treatment of bradycardia, vomiting, and lethargy. An electrocardiogram revealed third‐degree AV block that was nonresponsive to atropine. Ten hours after admission, the dog became obtunded. Treatment initially consisted of temporary noninvasive transthoracic pacing and eventually placement of a permanent transvenous pacemaker. The initial history did not suggest that the dog had access to any known cardiotoxins. However,C. majalis, which contains cardiac glycosides, was identified within the dog's environment and the dog's serum did contain digoxin or an immunologically cross‐reactive compound.New or unique information provided:This is the first reported successful management ofC. majalistoxicosis in a dog. Temporary noninvasive transthoracic pacing was used in the management of this case as a safe and effective bridge to permanent pacemaker implantation.
Glucose metabolism in five septic neonatal foals
Authors: Jose‐Cunilleras Eduard , Hinchcliff Kenneth W. , Nout Yvette S. , Geor Raymond J. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractObjective:Glucose metabolism is often deranged in septic animals. Bacteremia and sepsis are common in foals and clinical experience suggests that glucose metabolism is abnormal in some of these animals. The purpose of this study was to provide initial estimates of rates of glucose appearance, disappearance, and metabolic clearance rate in septic foals.Series Summary:Rates of glucose entry, and exit from blood were determined by use of infusion of isotopically labeled glucose in 5 foals with confirmed sepsis. Serum concentrations of glucose, insulin, glucagon, and cortisol were measured concurrent with measurement of rates of glucose turnover. Median glucose turnover rate was 24 μmol/kg/min (range 17–53 μmol/kg/min), and median glucose metabolic clearance rate was 3.2 mL/kg/min (range 1.7–6.7 mL/kg/min). Median concentration of serum immunoreactive insulin was 55 pmol/L (range 36–190 pmol/L), median serum immunoreactive glucagon was 65 pmol/L (range 19–120 pmol/L), and median serum cortisol was 207 nmol/L (range 100–333 nmol/L).New or unique information provided:These data, although limited in scope and by the lack of data in healthy foals, demonstrate the magnitude and variation in glucose appearance, disappearance, and metabolic clearance rate in septic foals, provide an estimate of rates of glucose utilization in sick foals, and will be useful in guiding future studies of energy metabolism in healthy and ill foals.
Ultrasonographic abnormalities in eyes with traumatic hyphema obscuring intraocular structures: 33 cases (1991–2002)
Authors: Book Bradley P. , Van Der Woerdt Alexandra , Wilkie David A. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractObjective: To examine ultrasonographic abnormalities in eyes with traumatic hyphema obscuring intraocular structures.Design: Retrospective clinical study.Setting: The ophthalmology services of a private practice and university veterinary teaching hospital.Animals: Twenty‐two dogs, 6 cats, 3 horses, and 2 birds.Measurements and main results: Medical records were reviewed for signalment, history, ophthalmic examination, ultrasonographic findings, treatment, and outcome in all patients that presented to the ophthalmology service with trauma‐induced hyphema obscuring intraocular structures. Thirty‐three patients were included and there were 35 affected eyes (17 left and 18 right). Abnormalities noted on ophthalmic examination included hyphema obscuring intraocular details beyond the iris (100%), corneal laceration (23%), iris prolapse (23%), fibrin clotting within the anterior chamber (17%), and subconjunctival and periocular bruising (17%). Ocular ultrasonography revealed the presence of either vitreous hemorrhage or a retinal detachment in 32 of 35 eyes (91%) with traumatic hyphema. Of the remaining 3 eyes, ocular ultrasonography revealed a lens luxation with posterior eye wall rupture in 1 eye and collapsed globes in the other 2 eyes. Twelve eyes were enucleated and 23 were treated medically. Ten of the medically treated eyes were lost to follow‐up. Blindness was noted in all the affected eyes upon their final discharge and recheck examination.Conclusions: Ocular ultrasonography revealed vitreous hemorrhage or a retinal detachment in 32 eyes (91%) with traumatic hyphema. Blindness was noted on the last available examination of every eye. The prognosis for vision in an eye with traumatic hyphema obscuring intraocular detail is poor.
Newly diagnosed single unprovoked seizures and epilepsy in Stockholm, Sweden: First report from the Stockholm Incidence Registry of Epilepsy (SIRE)
Authors: Adelöw Cecilia , Åndell Eva , Åmark Per , Andersson Tomas , Hellebro Eva , Ahlbom Anders , Tomson Torbjörn 
Published: August 2008

SummaryPurpose:  To describe and report initial findings of a system for prospective identification and follow‐up of patients with newly diagnosed single unprovoked seizures and epilepsy in Stockholm, Sweden, the Stockholm Incidence Registry of Epilepsy (SIRE). Methods:  From September 2001 through August 2004, a surveillance system has been in use to identify incident cases of first unprovoked seizures (neonatal seizures excluded) and epilepsy among residents of Northern Stockholm, an urban area with approximately 998,500 inhabitants. Potential cases are identified through multiple mechanisms: Network of health care professionals, medical record screening in specific hospital units, including outpatient clinics, emergency room services, and review of requests for electroencephalography (EEG) examination. Potential cases are classified 6 months after the index seizure based on review of medical records. Results:  After screening approximately 10,500 EEG requests and 3,300 medical records, 1,015 persons met the criteria for newly diagnosed unprovoked seizures (430 single seizures; 585 epilepsy). The crude incidence for first unprovoked seizures and epilepsy was 33.9/100,000 person years, (the same adjusted to the European Standard Million), highest the first year of life (77.1/100,000) and in the elderly. No cause could be identified in 62.4%. Conclusions:  We have established a sustainable system for prospective identification of new onset epilepsy cases in Stockholm. Despite a possible under‐ascertainment, the registry provides a useful starting point for follow‐up studies.
Ethanol‐Mediated DNA Damage and PARP‐1 Apoptotic Responses in Cultured Fetal Cortical Neurons
Authors: Cherian Priscilla P. , Schenker Steven , Henderson George I. 
Published: August 2008

Background:  Prior studies by many laboratories have illustrated that ethanol can elicit a cascade of caspase‐dependent apoptotic events in cultured neurons. Studies in our laboratory have connected this to oxidative stress and effects on fetal cortical neuron glutathione homeostasis.Aims:  The intent of the following studies is to address mechanisms underlying ethanol‐associated DNA damage that may be connected to apoptotic death of neurons.Methods:  Cultures of fetal rat cerebral cortical neurons were utilized. Estimates of DNA damage was determined by Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining and nuclear condensation; Poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase‐1 (PARP‐1) expression was determined by immunostaining and Western blotting; and occurrence of parylation and AIF translocations were assessed by Western blotting.Results:  Ethanol treatment of the neurons generated increases in DNA damage by 4 hours while nuclear condensation was low at the short exposure period but increased markedly by 24 hours. This was temporally related to a marked up‐regulation of PARP‐1 expression. Activity of PARP‐1, as assessed by PolyADP‐ribose (PAR) formation, occurred within 15 minutes and peaked by 6 to 8 hours of ethanol treatment. An almost complete translocation of apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) from mitochondria to the nucleus occurred by 24 hours of ethanol treatment (4.0 mg/ml). Ethanol treatment for 4, 12, and 24 hours elicited an increasing caspase‐mediated cleavage of PARP‐1 to its 24 kDa fragment.Conclusions:  These data illustrate the rapid occurrence of DNA damage following ethanol exposure and that PARP‐1 pathways may play a role in the subsequent apoptotic death of these neurons.
Shear Bond Strength of Four Resin Cements Used to Lute Ceramic Core Material to Human Dentin
Authors: Altintas Subutayhan , Eldeniz Ayçe Unverdi , Usumez Aslihan 
Published: August 2008

Abstract Purpose: This study evaluated the effect of four resin cements on the shear bond strength of a ceramic core material to dentin. Materials and Methods: One hundred twenty molar teeth were embedded in a self‐curing acrylic resin. The occlusal third of the crowns were sectioned under water cooling. All specimens were randomly divided into four groups of 30 teeth each according to the resin cement used. One hundred twenty cylindrical‐shaped, 2.7‐mm wide, 3‐mm high ceramic core materials were heat‐pressed. The core cylinders were then luted with one of the four resin systems to dentin (Super‐Bond C&B, Chemiace II, Variolink II, and Panavia F). Half of the specimens (n = 15) were tested after 24 hours; the other half (n = 15) were stored in distilled water at 37°C for 1 day and then thermocycled 1000 times between 5°C and 55°C prior to testing. Shear bond strength of each specimen was measured using a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. The bond strength values were calculated in MPa, and the results were statistically analyzed using a two‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey HSD tests. Results: The shear bond strength varied significantly depending on the resin cement used (p < 0.05). The differences in the bond strengths after thermocycling were not remarkable as compared with the corresponding prethermal cycling groups (p > 0.05). Significant interactions were present between resin cement and thermocycling (p < 0.05). After 24 hours, the specimens luted with Variolink II (5.3 ± 2.2 MPa) showed the highest shear bond strength, whereas the specimens luted with Chemiace II (1.6 ± 0.4 MPa) showed the lowest. After thermocycling, the bond strength values of specimens luted with Chemiace II (1.1 ± 0.1 MPa) and Super‐Bond C&B (1.7 ± 0.4 MPa) decreased; however, this was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). The increase in the shear bond strength values in the Panavia F (4.5 ± 0.7 MPa) and Variolink II (5.5 ± 2.1 MPa) groups after thermocycling was also not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Variolink II and Panavia F systems showed higher shear bond strength values than Chemiace II and Super‐Bond C&B. They can be recommended for luting ceramic cores to dentin surfaces.
National Growth in Simulation Training within Emergency Medicine Residency Programs, 2003–2008
Authors: Okuda Yasuharu , Bond William , Bonfante Gary , McLaughlin Steve , Spillane Linda , Wang Ernest , Vozenilek John , Gordon James A. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractObjectives:  The use of medical simulation has grown dramatically over the past decade, yet national data on the prevalence and growth of use among individual specialty training programs are lacking. The objectives of this study were to describe the current role of simulation training in emergency medicine (EM) residency programs and to quantify growth in use of the technology over the past 5 years.Methods:  In follow‐up of a 2006 study (2003 data), the authors distributed an updated survey to program directors (PDs) of all 179 EM residency programs operating in early 2008 (140 Accreditation Council on Graduate Medical Education [ACGME]‐approved allopathic programs and 39 American Osteopathic Association [AOA]‐accredited osteopathic programs). The brief survey borrowed from the prior instrument, was edited and revised, and then distributed at a national PDs meeting. Subsequent follow‐up was conducted by e‐mail and telephone. The survey concentrated on technology‐enhanced simulation modalities beyond routine static trainers or standardized patient‐actors (high‐fidelity mannequin simulation, part‐task/procedural simulation, and dynamic screen‐based simulation).Results:  A total of 134 EM residency programs completed the updated survey, yielding an overall response rate of 75%. A total of 122 (91%) use some form of simulation in their residency training. One‐hundred fourteen (85%) specifically use mannequin‐simulators, compared to 33 (29%) in 2003 (p < 0.001). Mannequin‐simulators are now owned by 58 (43%) of the programs, whereas only 9 (8%) had primary responsibility for such equipment in 2003 (p < 0.001). Fifty‐eight (43%) of the programs reported that annual resident simulation use now averages more than 10 hours per year.Conclusions:  Use of medical simulation has grown significantly in EM residency programs in the past 5 years and is now widespread among training programs across the country.
Defining Systems Expertise: Effective Simulation at the Organizational Level—Implications for Patient Safety, Disaster Surge Capacity, and Facilitating the Systems Interface
Authors: Kaji Amy H. , Bair Aaron , Okuda Yasuharu , Kobayashi Leo , Khare Rahul , Vozenilek John 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe Institute of Medicine’s report “To Err is Human” identified simulation as a means to enhance safety in the medical field, just as flight simulation is used to improve the aviation industry. Yet, while there is evidence that simulation may improve task performance, there is little evidence that simulation actually improves patient outcome. Similarly, simulation is currently used to model teamwork‐communication skills for disaster management and critical events, but little research or evidence exists to show that simulation improves disaster response or facilitates intersystem or interagency communication. Simulation ranges from the use of standardized patient encounters to robot‐mannequins to computerized virtual environments. As such, the field of simulation covers a broad range of interactions, from patient–physician encounters to that of the interfaces between larger systems and agencies. As part of the 2008 Academic Emergency Medicine Consensus Conference on the Science of Simulation, our group sought to identify key research questions that would inform our understanding of simulation’s impact at the organizational level. We combined an online discussion group of emergency physicians, an extensive review of the literature, and a “public hearing” of the questions at the Consensus Conference to establish recommendations. The authors identified the following six research questions: 1) what objective methods and measures may be used to demonstrate that simulator training actually improves patient safety? 2) How can we effectively feedback information from error reporting systems into simulation training and thereby improve patient safety? 3) How can simulator training be used to identify disaster risk and improve disaster response? 4) How can simulation be used to assess and enhance hospital surge capacity? 5) What methods and outcome measures should be used to demonstrate that teamwork simulation training improves disaster response? and 6) How can the interface of systems be simulated? We believe that exploring these key research questions will improve our understanding of how simulation affects patient safety, disaster surge capacity, and intersystem and interagency communication.
The public’s stigmatizing attitudes towards people with mental disorders: how important are biomedical conceptualizations?
Authors: Jorm A. F. , Griffiths K. M. 
Published: August 2008

Objective:  This study examined hypotheses that stigmatizing attitudes are increased by use of psychiatric labels, by conceptualization of symptoms as a medical illness and by belief in genetic causes.Method:  A survey of 3998 Australian adults asked questions about one of four vignettes: early schizophrenia, chronic schizophrenia, depression and depression with suicidal thoughts. Attitudes were measured by a social distance scale and a question about likely dangerousness.Results:  Social distance was unrelated to the hypothesized factors. For schizophrenia (but not depression), belief in dangerousness was predicted by medical illness conceptualizations and genetic causal attribution. However, more important factors were the behaviours in the vignette and the belief that they are because of weakness of character.Conclusion:  Biomedical conceptualizations are not the major cause of stigma, rather it is the behaviour associated with mental illness and the belief that this is because of personal weakness.
The Contribution of Social Movement Theory to Understanding Terrorism
Authors: Beck Colin J. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe study of terrorism and political violence has been characterized by a lack of generalizable theory and methodology. This essay proposes that social movement theory can contribute a necessary conceptual framework for understanding terrorism and thus reviews the relevant literature and discusses possible applications. Terrorism is a form of contentious politics, analyzable with the basic social movement approach of mobilizing resources, political opportunity structure, and framing. Cultural perspectives call attention to issues of collective identity that allow for sustained militancy, and movement research recommends alternative conceptions of terrorist networks. Previous research on movement radicalization, repression, and cycles of contention has direct bearing on militancy. Emerging perspectives on transnational collective action and the diffusion of tactics and issues informs an understanding of contemporary international terrorism. Research on movement outcomes suggests broader ways of considering the efficacy of political violence. Finally, methodological debates within the study of social movements are relevant for research on terrorism. In sum, a social movement approach to terrorism has much to contribute, and research on terrorism could have important extensions and implications for social movement theory.
Distribution of Pneumococcal Surface Protein A Families 1 and 2 among
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Isolates from Children in Finland Who Had Acute Otitis Media or Were Nasopharyngeal Carriers
Authors: Melin Merit M. , Hollingshead Susan K. , Briles David E. , Hanage William P. , Lahdenkari Mika , Kaijalainen Tarja , Kilpi Terhi M. , Käyhty Helena M. 
Published: August 2008

ABSTRACT

PspA is a structurally variable surface protein important to the virulence of pneumococci. PspAs are serologically cross-reactive and exist as two major families. In this study, we determined the distribution of PspA families 1 and 2 among pneumococcal strains isolated from the middle ear fluid (MEF) of children with acute otitis media and from nasopharyngeal specimens of children with pneumococcal carriage. We characterized the association between the two PspA families, capsular serotypes, and multilocus sequence types (STs) of the pneumococcal isolates. MEF isolates (
n
= 201) of 109 patients and nasopharyngeal isolates (
n
= 173) of 49 children were PspA family typed by whole-cell enzyme immunoassay (EIA). Genetic typing (PCR) of PspA family was done for 60 isolates to confirm EIA typing results. The prevalences of PspA families 1 and 2 were similar among pneumococci isolated from MEF (51% and 45%, respectively) and nasopharyngeal specimens (48% each). Isolates of certain capsule types as well as isolates of certain STs showed statistical associations with either family 1 or family 2 PspA. Pneumococci from seven children with multiple pneumococcal isolates appeared to express serologically different PspA families in different isolates of the same serotype; in three of the children the STs of the isolates were the same, suggesting that antigenic changes in the PspA expressed may have taken place. The majority of the isolates (97%) belonged to either PspA family 1 or family 2, suggesting that a combination including the two main PspA families would make a good vaccine candidate.
Development of Antibodies to PspA Families 1 and 2 in Children after Exposure to
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Authors: Melin Merit M. , Hollingshead Susan K. , Briles David E. , Lahdenkari Mika I. , Kilpi Terhi M. , Käyhty Helena M. 
Published: August 2008

ABSTRACT

Pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) is an important virulence factor of
Streptococcus pneumoniae
. PspA exists as two major families, which include variable but serologically cross-reactive proteins. Previous studies with a family 1 PspA antigen suggested that children develop low concentrations of anti-PspA after pneumococcal carriage or infection. In this study, antibody to PspA families 1 and 2 was measured by an enzyme immunoassay of the serum and saliva of children with a history of culture-proven pneumococcal colonization and/or acute otitis media and in the serum and saliva of adults. The PspA families of the pneumococcal strains isolated from children were determined. The majority of the children had high serum and salivary anti-PspA concentrations to the PspA family they had encountered and low concentrations to the other, whereas adults had high antibody concentrations to both PspA families, both in serum and in saliva. The results suggest that children have a relatively family-specific antibody response to the PspA family they have been exposed to and that any PspA vaccine for children should contain members of both major PspA families.