bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prostate cancer and the multiple primary malignant neoplasm syndrome
Authors: Ray P. , Guinan P. , Sharifi R. , Mouli K. , Shaw M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn an attempt to evaluate the relationship of prostate cancer to the multiple primary malignant neoplasm syndrome, 626 prostate cancer cases were reviewed. Patients with one malignant tumor appear to be no more at risk of developing a prostate cancer than individuals who have never had a tumor.
Primary explant culture: An in vitro model of the human prostate
Authors: Merchant Donald J. , Clarke S. M. , Ives K. , Harris S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractHuman prostate tissue gave rise to essentially pure cultures of basal cells in vitro. Careful analysis by phase‐contrast microscopy and photography suggested that these cells attempt to differentiate into secretory acinar cells. This was confirmed by immunocytochemical analysis for prekeratin which is present only in basal cells in situ and for prostatic acid phosphatase, prostate‐specific antigen, and prostate fluid antigen, which are present only in secretory acinar cells in situ.
Carcinoma of the prostate: Results of post‐irradiation biopsy
Authors: Freiha F. S. , Bagshaw M. A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractOne hundred and forty‐six patients with clinically localized carcinoma of the prostate were surgically staged and treated with external beam irradiation to the prostate and to the lymph node‐bearing areas. Sixty‐four (44%) of these patients had needle biopsy of the prostate 18 months or more following completion of therapy. Thirty‐nine (61%) of the biopsies were interpreted as positive and 25 (39%) as negative. Twenty‐eight (72%) of the 39 patients with a positive biopsy have subsequently developed metastases as compared to only 6 of 25 (24%) of the patients with a negative biopsy. It is concluded that an apparently positive postirradiation biopsy is likely to indicate active disease and identifies patients at a higher risk for development of metastases. Other details of staging, grading, and outcomes that compare these two groups are discussed.
International overview on the treatment of prostate cancer–scandinavian experience
Authors: Könyves I. , Andersson L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe Scandinavian countries, especially Sweden and Norway, have a high incidence of prostate cancer. The tumor classification has been mainly uniform in recent years, according to the TNM system. Transrectal fine‐needle biopsy and cytologic malignancy grading were introduced in Sweden and were gradually accepted in other countries. The treatment of prostate cancer has been mainly conservative as it is in most parts of Europe. For a long period endocrine therapy was given in the vast majority of cases. In recent years radiotherapy has also been used in cancer of low differentiation with no evidence of dissemination. In poorly differentiated and disseminated disease, Estracyt is the standard therapy. Estracyt is also given in disseminated carcinoma nonresponsive to ordinary hormone therapy. In this category of patients other chemotherapy is the second therapeutic alternative. Various techniques of endocrine therapy, chemotherapy, and radical surgery are subject to controlled trials.
Surgical staging in carcinoma of the prostate: The RTOG experience
Authors: Pilepich M. V. , Asbell S. O. , Mulholland G. S. , Pajak T. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractOne hundred thirty‐six patients with carcinoma of the prostate entered on phase III RTOG studies (RTOG 75–06 and RTOG 77–06) between 1976 and the end of 1980 underwent staging lymphadenectomy prior to irradiation. The operative reports and histological findings have been reviewed in order to determine the patterns of intrapelvic tumor spread and to correlate the type of surgical procedure and the extent of lymphatic dissection with the incidence and type of postirradiation complications (primarily genital and lower extremity lymphedema). The surgical procedures were classified into three categories according to extent: 1) biopsy only, 2) limited (diagnostic) dissection, and 3) complete (therapeutic) dissection. The incidence of postirradiation lymphedema was found to be strongly dependent upon the extent of dissection. Patients undergoing limited (diagnostic) dissection followed by pelvic irradiation have a 25–30% risk of developing this debilitating complication. In patients undergoing complete (therapeutic) dissection followed by pelvic irradiation lymphedema has been observed in 66% of cases.
A mobile mass screening unit for prostatic disease
Authors: Watanabe Hiroki , Ohe Hiroshi , Inaba Tadashi , Itakura Yasuhiro , Saitoh Masahito , Nakao Masahiro 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA mobile unit for mass screening of prostatic disease using transrectal ultrasonotomography was developed in December 1980. In the following years we screened 1,396 males over 55 years of age. We have detected 463 cases [33.2%] of benign prostatic hypertrophy [BPH] and eight cases [0.6%] of prostatic cancer. The detection rate of BPH and malignancy of the prostate was shown to be very high. Thus, the unit promises to be of value in preventative medicine projects for prostatic disease in Japan.
The use of radioactive 7α, 17α‐dimethyl‐19‐nortestosterone (mibolerone) in the assay of androgen receptors
Authors: Schilling Karen , Liao Shutsung 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTritiated 7α, 17α‐dimethyl‐19‐nortestosterone (DMNT; mibolerone), a synthetic androgen stable to metabolic conversion in the rat ventral prostate, is an excellent radioactive ligand for the quantitation and characterization of androgen receptors in prostate, liver, and cultured cells. DMNT is more receptor‐selective than 17α‐methyl‐17β‐hydroxy‐estra‐4,9,11‐trien‐3‐one (R1881); DMNT interacts with glucocorticoid and progestin receptors much less strongly than R1881. Unlike 5α‐dihydrotestosterone, DMNT does not bind tightly to testosterone‐estradiol binding globulin of human serum. The hydroxylapatite‐filter assay we employed can clearly distinguish between DMNT binding to androgen receptors of rat ventral prostate and interaction of DMNT with androgen binding protein of epididymides. The prostate cytosol (3H)DMNT‐receptor complex sediments in two forms (4 and 8 S) in a low salt medium. In 0.4 M KCl, both the prostate cytosol and nuclear (3H)DMNT‐receptor complexes migrated as 3–4 S components. The formation of both the cytosol and nuclear DMNT‐receptor complexes is inhibited by antiandrogens and 17β‐estradiol.
Action of prolactin in regressing prostate: Independent of action mediated by androgen receptors
Authors: Assimos Dean , Smith Cornelius , Lee Chung , Grayhack John T. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractHyperprolactinemia, achieved by grafting pituitaries under the renal capsule, has been shown to cause a delay in the rate of castration‐induced prostatic regression in rats. The mechanism of this prolactin action is not established, although it has been suggested that the action of prolactin in the rat prostate is mediated through the action of androgen. To explore the possibility that a small amount of residual endogenous androgen present in the prostate at the time of castration acts synergistically with prolactin to cause this delay in prostatic regression, Flutamide has been used in the present study in an attempt to inhibit this residual androgen effect by blocking its interaction with androgen receptors. Two experiments were conducted. In experiment 1, daily sc injections of Flutamide (25 mg/kg) for 7 days to castrated rats supplemented with dihydrotestosterone‐filled silastic tubing either 1 or 4 cm long completely suppressed both prostatic weight and protein content to the level that was normally observed in castrated rats receiving empty tubings. Furthermore, treatment of Flutamide to castrated rats did not cause an increase in prostatic weight and protein content over those of castrated rats treated with the vehicle only. These results indicate that Flutamide, at this dosage, is a potent antiandrogen and that the compound itself does not have any androgenic activity in the rat prostate. In experiment 2, adult male rats were castrated and received two female pituitaries grafted under the renal capsule. One week later, their serum prolactin levels increased from 20±3 ng/ml to 102±8 ng ml. This elevated level of serum prolactin was associated with a delay in the rate of prostatic regression. Administration of Flutamide, at a dose (25 mg/kg) which completely suppressed prostatic growth, failed to inhibit the delay in prostatic regression in castrated rats bearing the pituitary grafts. Since Flutamide inhibits the androgen action in the prostate by blocking the binding of intracellular dihydrotestosterone to androgen receptors, the failure of Flutamide to block the effect of prolactin suggests that the prolactin action in regressing prostates is not mediated by androgen receptors.
Effects of diethylstilbestrol and estramustine phosphate (estracyt) on natural killer cell activity and tumor susceptibility in male mice
Authors: Kalland Terje , Haukaas Svein A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe effects of estramustine phosphate (EMP) and diethylstilbestrol (DES) on natural killer (NK) cell activity, tumor growth, and artificial metastases were investigated in male C57BL/6 mice. Kinetic analysis and studies at the single‐cell level indicated that EMP did not influence the number of NK cells but interfered with their lytic activity thereby reducing the actual killer capacity. NK cells from EMP‐exposed animals responded normally to the interferon inducer Poly I:C which restored NK activity to control levels. Spleen cells from DES‐treated animals had lytic activity comparable to that of control animals. However, more detailed analysis showed that DES reduced the number of lymphocytes able to recognize target cells, while the individual NK cell had an increased lytic activity and recycling capacity. Moreover, NK cells from DES‐treated animals were refractory to poly‐I:C stimulation, suggesting that they were prestimulated in vivo. The pertubations of the NK cell system induced by both EMP and DES were reversible and normalization of NK activity was reached within a week. The incidence of tumor takes after subcutaneous inoculation of the syngeneic Lewis lung carcinoma was increased in EMP as well as DES‐treated animals. Artificial lung metastasis produced by intravenous injection of the same tumor was increased in EMP but not in DES‐exposed animals.
Promotional effects of testosterone and dietary fat on prostate carcinogenesis in genetically susceptible rats
Authors: Pollard Morris , Luckert Phyllis H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractGermfree (GF) Lobund strain Wistar (LW) rats, fed vegetable diet L‐485, have developed prostate adenocarcinomas spontaneously (10% incidence) at average age 34 months. Conventional LW rats, implanted with testosterone at age 4 months, developed a higher incidence of prostate cancer after an average interval of 14 months: 24% had developed gross tumors, and 40% when it included microscopic tumors. Preliminary results indicate that testosterone‐treated LW rats that were fed the same diet, which was supplemented with corn oil up to 20% fat, developed prostate cancer after intervals of 6–12 months.Aged GF Sprague‐Dawley (SD) rats have not developed prostate cancer spontaneously. Conventional SD rats fed diet L‐485 and treated with testosterone developed only prostatitis.Experimental designs should consider genetic susceptibility as a basic prerequisite for studies on experimental prostate cancer.
Nutrition and prostate cancer: A case‐control study
Authors: Heshmat Martin Y. , Kaul Lalita , Kovi Joseph , Jackson Marvin A. , Jackson Aaron G. , Jones George W. , Edson Mitchell , Enterline John P. , Worrell Roger G. , Perry Sophie L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis one‐to‐one, age‐ and race‐matched case‐control study involved 181 histologically confirmed black prostate cancer patients and 181 controls seen at three major hospitals in Washington, DC, during the period 1979–1982. Personal interviews were conducted to obtain the number of times food items of specified serving size were consumed per week by cases and controls during the age periods 30–49 and 50 years and older. Then the average daily consumption of each of 18 nutrients per 1,000 calories was calculated. There was risk enhancement associated with increased intake of proteins, total fat, saturated fat, oleic acid, and vitamin A during the age period 30–49 years. The association was highly significant for vitamin A and approached statistical significance for the other four nutrients. A hypothesis based on disturbance of the zinc‐retinol binding protein‐vitamin A axis was put forward to explain the relative risk enhancement effect of vitamin A on prostate cancer.
DHT in prostate cancer tissue— a guide to management and therapy
Authors: Geller Jack , Albert Jerry D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn 24 untreated stage D2 prostate cancer patients with prostate DHT levels greater than 2.5 ng/g, 20 initially responded to therapy with partial objective progression (POR) or were objectively stable (OS) for 12 or more months while four patients relapsed in less than 1 year. Of eight patients with prostate DHT levels less than 2.0 ng/g, five had either objective progression or were objectively stable for 6 months or less; two other patients have completed remissions ranging from 16 to 24 months while one patient remains objectively stable for 21 months to date.DHT concentrations were also measured in prostate tissue of patients with advanced prostate cancer in relapse following either DES or castration with or without estrogen therapy. Although castration, medical or surgical, usually leads to DHT concentrations of less than 2.4 ng/g, two out of 20 surgical castrates and four out of nine estrogen‐treated patients had values above this level. These differences suggest that (1) increased tissue DHT levels of DES‐treated patients may be due to inadequate dosage or decreased compliance, and (2) increased tissue DHT concentrations greater than 2.4 ng/g in castrates suggests an adrenal cortical androgen contribution to the prostate DHT level.These studies suggest that DHT measurements in prostate cancer tissue are of value in predicting response in untreated prostate cancer patients and of directing therapy in patients who are in relapse after orchiectomy or estrogen therapy.
Efficacy of (D‐Leu6)‐Des Gly‐NH210‐LHRH ethylamide against prostatic cancer
Authors: Yamanaka Hidetoshi , Makino Takeo , Yajima Hisanori , Saruki Kazuhisa , Shida Keizo 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTwenty‐two patients with prostatic cancer were treated for 12 to 52 weeks with the luteinizing hormone‐releasing hormone agonist, (D‐Leu6)‐des Gly‐NH210‐LHRH ethylamide (leuprolide). The clinical efficacy of leuprolide was evaluated at 12 weeks according to NPCP criteria. All seven patients with Stage B and C disease demonstrated a partial objective regression. The objective response rate in 12 previously untreated Stage D patients was 92% (partial regression: 5; stable disease: 6). In three relapsing Stage D patients, one demonstrated stable disease and two failed to respond to leuprolide therapy. Even though the dose of leuprolide used in this study was high, no serious side effects were observed in any patients. There was a large increase in serum FSH and LH levels during the first few days of treatment, but serum FSH and LH levels fell below the initial levels by 1 and 2 weeks, respectively. Serum testosterone fell to less than 1 ng/ml within 3 weeks, and at 12 weeks it was 7.99% of the initial level. The present study shows that chronic administration of leuprolide in high doses can safely and effectively reduce the level of serum testosterone in patients with prostatic cancer.
The effects of estradiol‐17β on the ultrastructure and subcellular distribution of zinc in the prostatic epithelium of castrated rats
Authors: Timms B. G. , Chandler J. A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMale Sprague‐Dawley rats, previously castrated for a 7‐day period, were maintained on either a low or high dose of estradiol‐17β for 3 days. Some areas of the prostatic epithelium in the lateral lobe exhibited the ultrastructural characteristics of the untreated, intact animals in response to the small dose of estrogen. The ventral lobe by comparison was not similarly affected. This stimulation in the lateral prostate was not reflected by comparable changes in the subcellular distribution of zinc.
Identification of prostate and other cancers by two‐dimensional protein electrophoresis
Authors: Anderson Kenning M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSome cancers are so undifferentiated as to preclude their identification, and this hinders selection of an appropriate therapy. The systematic analysis and cataloguing of electrophoresed proteins from identified cancers and their comparison with the protein patterns from histologically indeterminate cancers should provide a general means of identifying the latter.
Secretion of bromide by the canine prostate
Authors: Smith Emil R. , Ilievski Vladimir 
Published: February 2007

AbstractFour dogs with surgically produced prostatic fistulas were given single oral doses of 1.13 gm of sodium bromide daily for five consecutive days. Two days later the mean (± SE) serum level of bromide was 28.0 ± 4.0 meq/L and the serum chloride level had decreased from a pretreatment value of 112.5 ± 1.0 meq/L to 86.5 ± 3.7 meq/L; in the basal prostatic secretion, the mean prostatic fluid to serum (PF/S) ratios for bromide and chloride were 0.56 ± 0.15 and 0.53 ± 0.11, respectively, and were not different (P > 0.05, paired t‐test); at higher rates of secretion provoked by intravenous pilocarpine the corresponding PF/S ratios of 1.48 ± 0.04 and 1.32 ± 0.01 were significantly different (P < 0.05, paired t‐test). It is concluded that the processes involved in forming the basal and pilocarpine‐induced prostatic secretions must differ and that the ability of the chloride‐transporting system to transport bromide is slightly greater than that for chloride. Because it may impair sperm motility, bromide secreted in prostatic fluid potentially could adversely affect reproduction.
Zinc and cadmium concentrations in whole tissue and in separated epithelium and stroma from human benign prostatic hypertrophic glands
Authors: Lahtonen Riitta 
Published: February 2007

AbstractProstate tissues from patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy were separated into epithelial and stromal components and the concentrations of zinc and cadmium were determined in these two fractions and in whole tissue by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The concentrations of testosterone and 5α‐dihydrotestosterone (5α‐DHT) were determined by radioimmunoassays. The concentration of zinc was found to be significantly greater (P < .001) in epithelial than in stromal preparations: 17.32 ± 1.15 vs 7.29 ± 0.53 μmol/g dry weight (SEM, n = 15). The concentrations of cadmium in epithelium, 9.55 ± 1.31 μmol/g dry weight (SEM, n = 15) and in stroma, 6.65 ± 1.06 μmol/g dry weight (SEM, n = 15), did not differ significantly. The concentrations of zinc and cadmium in whole tissues were 13.88 ± 1.70 μmol/g dry weight and 8.85 ± 1.53 μmol/g dry weight, respectively (SEM, n = 15).In epithelial preparations, cadmium and testosterone were inversely correlated, but no other correlations were noted between metal and androgen concentrations in whole tissue, stroma, or epithelium.The results of the present study indicate that zinc preferably resides in the epithelium of human prostatic tissue, particularly in BPH, although the stroma also contains significant amounts of this metal. Cadmium appears to be more evenly distributed between the epithelium and stroma of prostatic tissue and previous findings of high cadmium concentrations in hypertrophic and carcinomatous prostatic tissue were not confirmed.
Nuclear androgen receptor content in biopsy specimens from histologically normal, hyperplastic, and cancerous human prostatic tissue
Authors: van Aubel O. G. J. M. , Bolt‐de Vries J. , Blankenstein M. A. , Kate F. J. W. , Schröder F. H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAndrogen receptors (ARn) were assayed in nuclear extracts of prostatic biopsies from 60 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and 82 patients with prostatic cancer (PC), with an exchange assay using heparin extraction, labelling with 3H‐R1881, and protamine sulphate precipitation. The content of ARn of BPH biopsies (38 ± 34 fmol/mg protein [mean ± SD]; n = 70) was not different from that of PC biopsies (39 ± 32 fmol/mg protein; n = 115). Biopsies showing essentially normal prostatic tissue had a lower ARn content (12 ± 13 fmol/mg protein; n = 6). The content of ARn was independent of the age of the patient and of the histological grade of the carcinomas. A considerable variation in ARn content within tumors of individual patients was found, indicating that ARn are not uniformly distributed over prostatic tissue; ie, cells with high and low receptor content may coexist in different proportions in different regions of the prostate. Therefore, assays on multiple biopsies may be required for a proper estimation of the mean receptor content. The question remains, however, whether the behavior of the tumor is adequately predicted by the mean receptor level or, for instance, by the region with the lowest receptor content.
Inhibition of androgen metabolism in stroma and epithelium of the human benign prostatic hyperplasia by progesterone, estrone, and estradiol
Authors: Krieg Michael , Schlenker Arvid , Voigt Klaus‐Dieter 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIt has been shown that progesterone, estrone, and estradiol are present in significant amounts in the human benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Therefore it was of interest to determine the inhibitory effect of these steroids on the 5α‐reductase and 3α(β)‐hydroxysteroiddehydrogenase (HSDH) activities, the enzymes responsible for the conversion of testosterone to 5α‐dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and DHT to 3α(β)‐androstanediols, respectively. The enzyme inhibition was analyzed in vitro by measuring the 5α‐reductase in the presence of either progesterone, estrone, or estradiol, using testosterone as substrate. The DHT was used as substrate for HSDH. The metabolites were quantified by t.l.c. The main results were as follows: (1) Concerning 5α‐reductase in BPH, the mean inhibitor constants (K1; μM) of progesterone, estrone, and estradiol were 0.11, 15.5, and 5.1, respectively. (2) Analyzing epithelium and stroma of BPH separately, the inhibition of 5α‐reductase resulted in nearly identical K1′S. (3) Concerning HSDH in BPH, the mean K1s of progesterone, estrone, and estradiol were 169, 63, and 192, respectively. (4) Analyzing epithelium and stroma of BPH separately, the inhibition of HSDH led to nearly identical K1′s. (5) The kinetic parameters (KM, Vmax) of the 5α‐reduction of progesterone and testosterone were nearly identical. These results led to the suggestion that the endogenous concentrations of progesterone, estrone, and estradiol have no significant inhibitory effect on the 5α‐reductase and HSDH in vivo. Furthermore, the nearly identical inhibitor constants found for both enzymes in epithelium and stroma of BPH indicate that in both compartments the 5α‐reductase and HSDH are qualitatively identical.