bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Attitude envers la religion et l'Eglise en Autriche Enquête auprès des soldats de l'armée autrichienne
Authors: Fischer H. , Holl A. 
Published: March 2007

The authors wanted to investigate the structure of attitudes towards the church and religion in Austria. In particular, it seemed desirable a) to clarify the concept of religiosity on empirical grounds; b) to investigate the relations between religiosity and personality traits; c) to find deter minants for religious activities; d) to examine the role of the church and the clergy in regard to religiosity and religious activities. 417 soldiers, most of them Catholics, of the Military Force in Austria were asked to fill out both a questionnaire on attitudes towards the church and religion (178 items) and a personality-test questionnaire. The data were processed by factor-analysis, which brought nine inter pretable factors. Religiosity was found to form one factor with nearly no relations to personality traits, except a correlation of 0.38 between religiosity and conservatism. Religiosity was shown to be only one of two dominant motives for church-going; equally important for church-going is the factor 'social contact', which shows the influence of social learning on religious activities. The church is considered both as ecclesiastical machinery with bureaucratic elements, and as an institution, which guarantees the moral standards of the society. Clergy are seen as re presentatives of the church as a big organization on the one hand, and as counselors on the other. The sample showed in general rather favourable opinions of the church and religion; an attitude which was interpreted as 'friendly distance'.
L'appartenance religieuse comme expression de structures cuturelles latentes: probème de méthode
Authors: Remy J. , Hambye F. 
Published: March 2007

In the present age, the progress of our knowledge concerning the forms of religious membership depend less on more precise instruments for measuring behaviour and explicit beliefs than on hypotheses derived from sociology of knowledge and of culture. This implies in its turn the in vention of new techniques, where the possibilities of interviewing are criticized. We were faced with the question in our work with F. Boulard: comparing the results of the census of Sunday Mass attendance in the majority of French towns. This change in scale in relation to monographic analyses has brought to light a link between religious observance and the cultural structure of the group, that is to say collective cultural patterns pro gressively formed in the course of history and transmitted in a quasi- hereditary fashion. This leads us to propose the following hypotheses: religious behaviour is an expression in daily life, of implicit cultural patterns, which direct the believer to diverse behaviour and beliefs. These cultural patterns operate even if they are unknown, They are transmitted independently. Thus the social efficacy of religion would be due to its insertion in latent cultural structures and to unconscious transmission. A religious crisis would be more serious if it results from an evolution of these latent cul tural patterns. This affects the conception of the person who through an original work, tries to express, and even to invent in an unconscious way, these collective patterns. In order to verify these hypotheses, it seems important to detect several levels of interpersonal communication and examine the extent to which they are in continuity or not. Such was our aim in two research studies. One, entitled 'Analysis of the ideology of students at the University of Louvain', attemps to compare religious membership arising from criteria defined by authority, the church as a reference group, religious and ideological evaluation of oneself and one's environment, various stereo types of social life, as also some future projects dealing with criteria around which worlds of plausibility are organized. The other study at tempts to compare three types of languages: the results of a classical type of interview; a projective test (the construction of an ideal town) analysed by a structural method; the commentary made by the subject on his projection.
Un temple de grande ville et la population religieuse flottante
Authors: Fuj Masao 
Published: March 2007

What are the problems facing Japanese Buddhism in an urban society where the place of religious institutions has rapidly altered and where since the War tremendous movements of population have taken place ? In order to try and answer this question, the author has studied the running of a public cemetery in Yokohama and of the temple attached to it. He examines the way the new-comers get in contact with the temple and what services they except of it ; from this, how the relationship is established between the temple and the community and what measure of solidarity is achieved. With the help of this work, he then goes on to question future trends in religious loyalty and allegiance, and how the changes in residence and the passing of older generations will effect the funeral cult and the care of the tombs. With faith less and less supported by bonds of kinship and with couples becoming more and more independent, the temples should be recognising the importance of the development of personal faith. And, it is equally true that the work of the temples themselves and the role the y pla y needs revision ; they are far too dependant on the funeral cult which is no longer an effective way of creating links with a mobile and urban society.
Modes et indices d'identification juive
Authors: Rabi W. 
Published: March 2007

What is the Jewish identity ? What determines it ? Can it be defined in rational terms ? Have the Jews themselves any clear idea of it ? May it be identified as a religious faith, a social condition, a historic destiny or as an ethnic solidarity ? By what sort of objective criteria could it be analysed ? In the following article the author, taking evidence from research carried out mainly in Anglo-Saxon countries and the work currently being conducted in France, shows how be haviour which was previously of purely religious significance developed into external signs of identification and, in the end, has become secularized. At the present time, collective religious practices exist alongside collective practices which are secular ized or simply secular. The Jewish condition in the West in particular is becoming such that it appears impossible simply to retain only religious criteria because of the polymorphous character of the real Jewish world. Finally, the author em phasizes the will to survive to await the coming of the Sa viour. But to what end ?
Judaism and Secularization
Authors: Raphaël Freddy , Hickey John 
Published: March 2007

Pour étudier les relations entre judaisme et « cité séculière », il faut se placer dans une double perspective. La première est l'interprétation théologique de l'histoire du peuple juif. Elle a des incidences importantes sur les conceptions du temps et de l'espace. Tout le peuple est engagé au service d'une idée im personnelle et il ne s'érige pas en absolu. Le judaisme — re connaissant Dieu pour seul souverain — est essentiellement une « sacralisation » du monde. Ce monde a une réalité tem porelle. Il est temps et histoire. Le judaïsme est aussi une « sacralisation » du temps, car c'est celle de la rédemption active. C'est quand le peuple suc comba à la tentative du veau d'or qu'il reçut l'ordre d'édifier un tabernacle, symbole de la sainteté de l'espace. Le judaisme est « sacralisation de l'histoire ». Les événe ments célébrés ne sont pas de simples anniversaires récurrents, mais des étapes dans une maturation et une progression dans l'alliance entre le Créateur et la créature. Dans une telle pers pective, le monde est un chantier où Dieu et l'homme ceuvrent ensemble. La deuxième perspective est celle du judaïsme comme com munauté historique et sociologique. Trois forces jouent dans le sens d'une sécularisation. D'abord le ghetto, comme évasion et refus de confrontation avec le siècle, c'est-à-dire le refus de coopérer avec Dieu dans la transformation du monde pour hâter l'avènement du Royaume. Ce ghetto signifie, d'une part, le désintérêt du reste de l'humanité et, d'autre part, l'absolu tisation du particularisme. Ensuite l'intégration dans la société globale est force de sé cularisation, car elle signifie la perte de la relation dialectique entre judaïsme et monde (non-coincidence). Emancipation et assimilation renforcent la sécularisation, et cela aboutit à la confessionnalisation du judaïsme (réduit à une religion). Le phénomène d'urbanisation joue très fort sur cette forme de sécularisation. Enfin, le nationalisme est aussi une forme de sécularisation. Il s'est produit dans l'histoire par la royauté « pour être comme toutes les nations ». Aujourd'hui il prend aussi la forme du sionisme politique, malgré les avertissements de théoriciens sionistes, tels A. Haarn et M. Buber. La seule façon pour l'Etat d'Israël de ne pas devenir un ghetto hissé au niveau de la modernité est de dépasser la dialectique du politique et du spirituel.
L'Eglise Orthodoxe grecque et le messianisme en Afrique
Authors: Hatzimichali Nectaire 
Published: March 2007

The author of this article has taken up, on one hand, the problem of the ideology of Greek missionaries in Africa and, on the other, the influence of African nationalistic and messianic factors in the reception of orthodoxy as a means of religious expression of the natives. The implantation of orthodoxy in Africa does not result from an organized missionary effort but rather from the historical encounter of Greek orthodox messianism with its African homologue. The Greek missionaries, faithful to the Byzantine schema of a close link between religion and nation, contributed to a highlighting of the meaning of the struggles for independence. This was the case especially in Uganda and Kenya. In the case of Zaire, on the other hand, orthodoxy was only implanted after the proclamation of independence. It was positively received because Greek orthodox messianism, centered on the spiritual, corresponded to the expectations inspired by the prophetic movement of Simon Kibangu.
Chretiens pour le Socialisme et Action Catholique Ouvrière
Authors: Rousseau André 
Published: March 2007

The author of this article tries to point out, in the present fragmentation of the socio-religious movements which are at work in French Catholicism, the complex interplay of social, political and religious factors. He thus proposes the first elements for an answer to the questions posed by some observers concerning the recent (selective and limited) migration of French Catholics towards socialism. How much importance should be given in the analysis to the type of social background from which the different movements of "left-oriented Christians" are re cruited ? The author proceeds in three steps : 1. What are the socio-economical aspect of the divisions which are at work in French Catholicism ? 2. The genesis of the movement of the Chrétiens pour le socia lisme and the conflicts of tendencies therein are analysed through its conflicts with the Action Catholique Ouvrière. 3. The analysis of the relevant characteristics of these conflicts does not base itself upon ethical choices, but builds on the modes of negotiation used by the ACO (which is deve loping a " strategy of recognition") on the one hand, and the CPS (who are developing diverse practices of " sym bolic dissidence") on the other.
Quelques formes de «piété politique» en Suisse
Authors: Saurma Adalbert 
Published: March 2007

In this article, the author tries to apply the somewhat odd notion of «political devotion» to a few Swiss cases, some of which are of a historical nature. In this way, he hopes to revive the debate on political-religious matters which has unfortunately been dried out as a result of the over-simple modern distinction bet ween Church and State. The author then wants to give a functio nal description of individual situations and the behaviour- responses they have induced. The most frequent way in which situations are interpreted while being simplified consists in the «common sense» approach of political devotion. Finally, the development of political devotion has been «cap tured» in some of its historical forms using inductive typology: from the devotion which characterizes the small territories of pri mitive Switzerland, marked by its relationship with nature, one moves to patriotic devotion and lastly to present-day civil theolo gies.
Popular Culture, Religion and Everyday Life
Authors: Lalive d'Epinay Christian , Alexander Daniel , Clemence Alain , Lazega Emmanuel , Modak Marianne 
Published: March 2007

Cet article présente quelques résultats d'une recherche sur la population de 65 ans et plus du Valais central (pays catholique, région périphérique, semi-rurale et montagnarde) et du canton de Genève (région de tradition protestante et situation urbaine). Les résultats obtenus d'une enquête par questionnaire auprès de deux échantillons aléatoires de 800 personnes chacun mettent en lumière le contraste entre la position monopolistique occupée par l'Eglise catholique auprès de cette génération dans le contexte rural, et l'absence d'emprise des Eglises chrétiennes sur la même génération, en milieu urbain. Constatant ainsi le caractère nucléaire de l'adhésion reli gieuse dans le premier cas, et son caractère contingent dans le second, les Auteurs cherchent alors à situer la religion dans le système symbolique («l'image-action») de la classe populaire typi que de chacun de ces contextes: paysanne en Valais, ouvrière à Genève. Ils utilisent alors un autre matériel: les récits de vie- centrés sur la vie actuelle - récoltés auprès d'un sous-échantillon de 150 personnes. Ils concluent que dans la société industrielle-urbaine, l'absence d'une explication significative de la question du sens est, de fait, l'élément partagé. Pour cette cohorte de personnes âgées, l'évidence partagée ne réside plus dans une explication, mais dans un constat, concret et précaire, lié à une expérience quotidienne: je vis, de cela je suis sûr, même si je ne me sens plus tout à fait des vivants.
La religion dans le roman feuilleton allemand
Authors: Daiber Karl-Fritz 
Published: March 2007

The Author studies the mode of appearance of religion in the popular, serialized, German novel. Through the different versions of this literary genre (sentimental novel, medical novel, regional history, western...) the analysis permits the discovery of a functio nal, lived experience comparable to the religious experience habi tually investigated by the social sciences with the aid of other indicators.« Trivial religion » with this light shed upon it seems to corres pond rather well to aesthetic or philosophical needs for security, the very simple structure of which accord with the role of the con sumer as individual.
Containing Indeterminacy
Authors: CORLETT WILLIAM 
Published: March 2007

Outside (though not completely so) the circuit of the international division of labor, there are people whose consciousness we cannot grasp if we close off our benevolence by constructing a homogeneous Other referring only to our own place in the seat of the Same or the Self. Here are subsistence farmers, unorganized peasant labor, the tribals, and the communities of zero workers on the street or in the countryside. To confront them is not to represent (vertreten) them but to learn to represent (darstellen) ourselves. Spivak (1988, 288-9)
Editorial: The Psychologist's Work in the Schools and Beyond
Authors: Lowenstein L. F. 
Published: March 2007

Today, more than ever before, psychologists working with each other could provide greater scope for the creation of a healthier future society. Working together, we could improve the plight of our present society and the world, and divert them from the dangerous course they appear to be taking. What is this dangerous course? Need I explain when signs and examples are all about us? Some of the problems are social, others ecological, and still others are due to psychological problems or economic deprivation, or to nationalistic rather than international considerations. Despite the comparative affluence of western society, some individuals fall through the net and fail to share in the wealth, do not desire it, or are unable to benefit from it. Additionally, with greater emphasis on technology and automation, there is a great danger that the human side of social development may be increasingly neglected. Thus we may find that the worst aspects of Huxley's Brave New World are likely to be our heritage or, at the other extreme, that we become a society of individuals who care little or nothing for the plight of our less fortunate neighbours.
Resistance to Change: The Influence of Social Networks on the Conversion of a Privately-Owned Unionized Business to a Worker Cooperative
Authors: Brown Judith , Quarter Jack 
Published: March 2007

This study analyses the impact of social networks upon the conversion of a privately-owned construction firm in central Canada to a worker cooperative based on Mondragon by-laws. The conversion was undertaken by the president and co-owner of the privately-owned company, Conco, in 1987, and the study was done four years later. The four construction unions representing the trades-people resisted the conversion. In the beginning the cooperative consisted only of management. Gradually, it has expanded to include the office staff, but only a small minority of trades-people became involved. This phenomenon is analysed in terms of social networking theory. The main findings were: (1) employees at Conco interpreted information and formed attitudes through social networks in which they participated; (2) identification with one's network was accentuated by a lack of trust with those in the opposing network; and (3) given the lack of trust, people turned to key players in their network for information and turned to others within their networks to compare ideas and opinions.
Leadership Recruitment and Ethnic Stratification in Basketball
Authors: Chu Donald B. , Segrave Jeffrey O. 
Published: March 2007

Based upon a sample of the three NCAA basketball divisions and information gathered from the NBA it is apparent that patterns of leadership and racial discrimination may be accounted for by the centrality hypothesis. Specifically it was found that 1. Players occupying the position of guard are more likely than forwards and centers to have access to the positions of head and assistant coach. 2. Since white players are disproportionately found at the guard position, whites are more likely than blacks to be selected as head and assistant coaches.
'A Lamp to Guide Your Feet' : Jim Larkin, the Irish Worker and the Dublin Working Class
Authors: Newsinger John 
Published: March 2007

At present you spend your lives in sordid labour and your abode in filthy slums; your children hunger, and your masters say your slavery must endure for ever. If you would come out of bondage yourself must forge the weapons and fight the grim battle. The written word is the most potent force in our modern world. The Irish Worker will be a lamp to guide your feet in the dark hours of the impending struggle; a well of truth reflecting the purity of your motives, and a weekly banquet from which you will rise strengthened in purpose to emulate the deeds of your forefathers, who died in dungeon and on scaffold in the hopes of a glorious resurrection for our beloved country1.
French `Reality Television'
Authors: Dauncey Hugh 
Published: March 2007

During the early 1990s, reality programming (RP) was introduced into the French television industry in the form of what became known as téléréalité, or, perhaps in deference to their American and Italian origins, `reality shows'. Initially greeted by a storm of controversy about their legality, and about the desirability of some of their feared effects on French society and institutions (especially the legal system and the right to privacy), reality shows have now become a more accepted, but equally controversial feature of French broadcasting. This article examines the growth of reality programming in French television during the 1990s, describing the main programmes and styles of RP in France, and setting the phenomenon within the double context of ever increasing commercial constraints on programme production and traditional French concerns to maintain France's image as a country of culture. The article analyses the discourse of criticism and of justification which has arisen around the issue of reality shows, manipulating notions of democracy, authenticity and empowerment of individual citizens in defence of RP and presenting fears of informing, voyeurism and exhibitionism in the case against. It is seen how reality shows are taking their place in the constant modernization of French society, including the modernization of notions of what is represented by `culture', but, also, how these new trends in television programming are undermining some of France's traditional values and aspirations.
Early Adolescent Attitudes toward Sex Roles
Authors: Streitmatter Janice L. , Cruz Rafaela M. Santa , Ellis-Schwabe Michelle 
Published: March 2007

In today's American society, both men and women are occupying roles which at one time were considered the exclusive domain of either just men or just women. Recognizing this trend, one begins to ask, do middle school/junior high students hold attitudes about sex roles which reflect the trend of less traditional perceptions of what men and women should or should not do, or do they hold traditional views of these roles? A questionnaire asked 2149 students about male and female roles. The results found that the male respondents' perceptions were more traditional than female perceptions. When boys and girls were grouped, a general trend showed that each older age and grade category was more conservative than the next younger group. Finally, the students enrolled in more traditional schools with grade configurations of K-8 and 7-9 held conservative views while the early adolescents in middle schools with grade configurations of 5-8 and 6-8 held the least traditional views.
Consumer Survival during the Great Depression: Reports from the Field
Authors: Hill Ronald Paul , Hirschman Elizabeth C. , Bauman John F. 
Published: March 2007

This article reconstructs consumers' experiences during the Great Depression, using observations of their behavior as preserved in archival reports. Where possible, archival photographs were collected to provide supportive visual documentation of particular aspects of consumption. The four themes resulting from the analysis of these data are (1) the effect of a lack of employment opportunities and protection on depression-era consumption, (2) deterioration of living accommodations and goods needed to sustain life and health, (3) return to self-sufficient modes of production, and (4) collective/communal action. Broader implications for marketers are discussed. We still pray to be given each day our daily bread. Yet there is too much bread, too much wheat and corn, meat and oil and almost every other commodity required by man for his subsistence and material happiness. We are not able to purchase the abundance that modern methods of agriculture, mining and manufacture make available in such bountiful quantities. Why is mankind being asked to go hungry and cold and poverty stricken in the midst of plenty?