bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The use of land capability and land suitability classifications for planning purposes in Scotland
Authors: Bibby J. S. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The Department of Agriculture and Fisheries for Scotland (DAFS) have a responsibility to comment on all proposed changes of use in agricultural land in Scotland, whether this be to urban and industrial use or to forestry. The Macaulay Institute for Soil Research, through its Department of Soil Survey, has mapped the soils of Scotland, demonstrating in the process very clear links between the underlying solid and drift geology, and soil development and land use. Two series of interpretative maps have been produced, one at 1:250 000 of the entire country and one at 1:50 000 of the arable lands. These incorporate both climatic and site factors with soil type to provide a classification of agricultural potential. This work will be implemented in Scotland by DAFS as part of their planning-related functions in 1987. This paper describes the links between geology and soil maps, and the approaches taken in both land classification compilation and application. In conclusion, the basis for land suitability maps for specific purposes, now being actively developed to provide further guidance for assessing the impact of land use change in Scotland, is described.
Thematic mapping of the abandoned mining hazard: a pilot study for the South Wales Coalfield
Authors: Statham I. , Golightly C. , Treharne G. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

The Department of the Environment and the Welsh Office jointly sponsored a South Wales Desk Study into the feasibility of producing thematic maps of the Mining subsidence risk for planners. A method was to be developed and tested for a 25 km
2
Pilot Area centred on Ebbw Vale.

The study was started by collecting geological and mining data for the Pilot Area and compiling this information on a map. It was then intended to prepare the mining subsidence map from this map by back analysing subsidence incidents to determine the hazardous areas. This simple approach could not be followed for two reasons. First, the record of mining was incomplete and it was therefore necessary to define ‘worked’ seams and areas from the total historical record and not only from the surviving mine plans. Secondly, insufficient subsidence incidents were discovered in the Pilot Area to carry out meaningful back analysis.
The study was extended to collect all readily available records of subsidence incidents throughout the Coalfield. A total of 388 were traced, mainly dating from 1960. About threequarters were collapses through superficial materials and were either close to the outcrop or above mine entries, the remaining 25% propagated to the ground surface through rock. The upper limit of migration was typically 8 times the extracted height where the dip was shallow, incrasing to as much as 18 times for steep dips. Selected grout contracts and opencast mining sites were also examined to gain information on the present condition of old workings and to study the ‘reputations’ of the various seams for voids.
The results of the coalfield study were applied to the Pilot Area to produce a 1:10 000 scale Development Advice Map, ‘Mining Subsidence for use by developers and planners’. The map is zoned to show areas where specialist advice is necessary to support a planning application and it also shows all mine entries traced by the desk study. The method of production is general for the South Wales Coalfield and further maps could be prepared, using the Coalfield Study, quickly and cheaply.
Development of resources
Authors: Taylor R. K. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
This review compares and contrasts opencast coal-mining, dolomite quarrying and an open pit tungsten proposal with the planning impacts which affect new underground coal-mines. Deep-mining is emphasised in view of its past widespread effects in urban areas of Britain. Papers in the session on mining subsidence, long-term quarry slopes and sand and gravel construction materials are also considered in the context of the present planning system.
Environmental planning and mineral development: the case of Hemerdon Mine
Authors: Jone A. R. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
In 1981 a planning application was submitted to mine tungsten and tin at Hemerdon, near Plymouth, close to the edge of Dartmoor National Park. Considerable concern was expressed about the possible environmental damage which could result from this major opencast mining and waste disposal operation. Against this are set the potential benefits to the local and national economy. After a public inquiry in 1982 the Secretary of State refused permission but indicated improvements to the visual aspects of the processing plant and waste disposal area which would be regarded more favourably in a new submission. A revised plan was submitted in 1985 which, while still not satisfying objectors, was passed by Devon County Council, subject to conditions.
Planning and geotechnical considerations for redevelopment of derelictindustrial land in London docklands
Authors: Gahir J. S. , Clark A. R. , Martin P. L. , Howland A. F. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The redevelopment of former docklands, with docks frequently backfilled by end tipping through
water, requires careful planning and a proper understanding of the geotechnical properties of the materials
involved. An overall scheme for development of part of the former Surrey Commercial Docks Southwark,
disused since 1960s, was formulated by London Docklands Development Corporation to provide a new
environment encompassing housing, schooling, a shopping centre, social and recreation facilities and light
industrial units.
This paper presents a review of the development strategy and planning aspects of the development of Surrey
Quays with particular reference to the assessment of the former wharf areas and the quality of the dockfill.
Planning considerations, along with the role of geotechnics within the infrastructure development plan, are
presented. The results of geotechnical investigations which included an extensive phase of field and laboratory
testing, led to a ground improvement programme consisting of surcharge loading and vibro-replacement.
The geological input to the reclamation process in forestry
Authors: Moffat A. J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
A geological understanding of a site is important if it is to be reclaimed successfully for a forestry after-use. Comprehensive site investigations before mineral extraction enable sensible decisions to be made concerning landform and drainage design, cultivation methods and species selection. Land given back to forestry is often of poor quality, and geological information helps to maximise the opportunities available. These points are illustrated with recent examples from British forestry practice.
The Town and Country Planning (Minerals) Act 1981 is discussed with reference to reclamation to forestry. The aftercare condition imposed by the Act makes treatments of the land such as drainage, cultivation and fertilising the concern of the mineral operator for 5 years following restoration. However, compared with other land uses, forestry is more profoundly affected by the restoration process. Hence, early consultations between planner and forester are essential.
Coastal erosion in the eastern half of Christchurch Bay
Authors: Nicholls R. J. , Webber N. B. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

Christchurch Bay has a long history of shoreline recession and this has given rise to some major coastal engineering problems. An area of particular concern is Hurst Beach at its eastern end, where the maximum rate of recession has increased from 1.5 m a
-1
(1867 to 1968) to 3.5 m a
-1
(1968 to 1982). Hurst Castle itself is now subject to wave attack on part of its frontage. The littoral sediment movement was assumed to be essentially continuous around Christchurch Bay, but, in fact, a littoral drift sub-cell boundary (i.e. a partial barrier to littoral drift) is present in the vicinity of Hordle Cliff. Therefore, the increased recession of Hurst Beach is a local problem. Milford-on-Sea is situated on a thick sequence of Pleistocene Gravels, whose erosion contributed substantially to the maintenance of Hurst Castle Spit as a major physiographic feature. However, a series of coast protection works were constructed to protect Milford-on-Sea between 1936 and 1968, removing this important source of sediment.

In the long term, without any further human interference, recession rates of up to 6 m a
-1
will probably occur along Hurst Beach. A breach of Hurst Beach is a major concern, as it would create an island at Hurst Castle and expose the vulnerable, low-lying, northern coast of the West Solent, including the village of Keyhaven, to increased wave attack and tidal scour. Ecologically important saltmarshes would also be destroyed.

Shingle renourishment is the only environmentally acceptable engineering solution. Limited renourishment has already commenced. Any cost benefit decisions must consider the wider implications of a breach in Hurst Beach, including environmental and ecological considerations.
This case study demonstrates the importance of a detailed understanding of both the littoral and offshore sediment movement for the planning of coast protection.
The geological input into land-use planning in Lothian Region, Scotland
Authors: Henry J. J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Strategic land use planning in Lothian Region is administered by Lothian Regional Council while the four District Councils and the New Town Development Corporation deal with local planning issues. Lothian Regional Council's Structure Plan interprets government guidelines setting out the strategic guidance for the development of the Region which is reflected in Local Plans.
The paper describes the geological input into the land-use planning system at both strategic and local levels in relation to the stability of land and minerals required by the extractive industries.
Geotechnical input to land use planning in Hong Kong
Authors: Koirala N. P. , Hee A. , Burnett A. D. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The importance of efficient landuse and town planning in Hong Kong has been accentuated in recent years because of the shortage of readily developable natural terrain and the high price of the man-made land which is consequently required to be formed under the adverse conditions of hilly topography, difficult geology and severe rainfall. The allocation of land, for all requirements in the community, is undertaken in Hong Kong by means of a land planning procedure by which boundaries for different classes of landuse are defined and delineated on statutory Outline Zoning Plans while more detailed development proposals and site layouts are shown on Departmental Plans.
The paper describes the different types of land planning documents dealt with by the Geotechnical Control Office and discusses the objectives and techniques of geotechnical assessment of these plans. The main geological and geotechnical hazards and constraints faced during land development are also discussed and reference is made to case histories of geotechnical input to specific projects to illustrate the role of engineering geology in the land planning process.
Ground movements due to tunnelling in hard rocks
Authors: Ward W. H. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Movements caused by tunnel construction in continuous and discontinuous hard rock are discussed briefly and generally in relation to typical topographic and effective ground stress conditions. Larger displacements are found in open-jointed rocks at shallow depth, and adjacent to tunnels built too close to steep valley walls where stress conditions are adverse.
In deep tunnels, where the ground stresses are sufficiently adverse to cause local rock failure, convergence controlled by supports allows the rock to dilate locally and attenuates the movements away from the tunnel.
Reference is made to a special form of upward collapse in unsupported tunnels at moderate depth, which may migrate to the surface in discontinuous rocks with near-vertical joint sets and thin, near-horizontal and weak bedding, in the long-term.
Two case records are given of water at high pressure in adjoining strata causing bursting of intervening rock into tunnels, one from above the tunnel and one from below.
A case study of two tunnels driven in the Singapore ‘Boulder Bed’ and in grouted coral sands
Authors: Shirlaw J.N. , Doran S. , Benjamin B. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
As part of the construction of the Singapore Mass Rapid Transit, two tunnels had to be driven from a shaft to Raffles Place Station. Each drive was approximately 170 m long and was mostly in the Singapore ‘Boulder Bed’. This formation underlies much of the Central Business District of Singapore, and is thought to be a colluvial deposit comprising sandstone boulders in a stiff clay matrix
The first 60 m of the upper tunnel had a mixed face with an old coral reef above axis and the Boulder Bed below it. The corals and sands of the reef were highly permeable and had to be injected with chemical grout before tunnelling commenced.
The Raffles Place area is in the commercial heart of Singapore and the tunnels passed close to two high-rise buildings. One of these buildings had an underground car park within 5 m of the upper tunnel. Shield drives in the Boulder Bed had recorded high surface settlements, and there was concern about the underground car park which was known to be sensitive to settlement. It was proposed to drive the tunnels using the New Austrian Tunnelling Method, and one of the justifications for choosing the technique was that the resulting soil movements could be minimized. In order to check this claim surface settlement arrays, inclinometers and extensometers were installed to monitor movements caused by the tunnelling.
Records of ground movements measured are presented, and compared with the movements recorded above shield driven tunnels in the same deposit. Methods of grouting and testing used in the coral and sands are also reported.
Tunnelling through frozen ground: a case history at Iver, Buckinghamshire
Authors: Griffin A. R. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
As part of the Three Valleys Water Scheme a 6 km long 2.54 m internal diameter tunnel was driven from Iver Treatment Works (Bucks) to Wraysbury Reservoir. The general geology of the area consisted of 2–3 m of river terrace gravels overlying London Clay and Woolwich and Reading Beds. During investigations carried out in advance of the tunnel face anomalous ground conditions were detected. A deep gravel filled scour hollow was located which cut down 30 m into the London Clay onto the proposed tunnel line. In addition the underlying clay and water bearing sands (under artesian pressure) of the Woolwich and Reading Beds had been folded upwards.
Extensive ground treatment was carried out consisting of an initial programme of claquage and gel grouting followed by ground freezing.
Measurements of tunnel and lining movements were carried out initially in the wedge block line section and through the frozen section. Measurements indicated that ground treatment had been successful with negligible ground movement towards the tunnel face and with little lining deformation.
Ground losses during bored piling through weathered Keuper Sandstone in Bristol
Authors: Thomas G. G. , Mojabi M. S. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The redevelopment of Brunei House in Bristol required that the 1820 facade be retained. The facade was badly cracked having been constructed on only a shallow masonry strip footing in thick historical fill and up to 5 m of soft Keuper clays and-sands. The groundwater table was at approximately 3 m depth. The Keuper Sandstone, at typically 7 to 10 m depth had weathered to a loose sand and the site investigation had encountered sub-artesian water pressures in this stratum.
The new building required piled foundations, which had to be installed alongside the facade. The inevitable vibration during driven piling meant that bored piles were the preferred solution. The integrity of continuous flight auger piling had not been adequately proven in these ground conditions, and such piles were also rejected.
It was appreciated that with conventional bored piling, ‘boiling sand’ would prove to be a problem in the saturated Keuper Sandstone, which had weathered to a sand. The paper describes how the volume of ground loss was reduced to an acceptable amount by maintaining satisfactory hydraulic head. Twin telescopic casings were also experimented with in an attempt to seal the pipe casings into the underlying Carboniferous sandstone bedrock, thus reducing the ground loss.
The facade was supported with a large concrete counter balance, and a scaffolding grillage was designed to allow the facade to articulate during the piling. Details are given of the thorough programme of monitoring which was undertaken.
The ground loss into the pile bores was successfully controlled and the facade moved in the manner predicted.
A case study illustrating the use of boundary element stress analysis in deformation prediction
Authors: Price C. H. de G. , Legge T. F. H. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
A case history is presented in which movements around an underground powerhouse were predicted using two dimensional boundary element stress analysis. The powerhouse, for the Kiambere Hydro-Electric Project in Kenya, is situated in fresh, very widely jointed migmatite at a depth of 128 to 162 m below ground level.

Results of early analyses which employed the vertical and horizontal
in situ
stresses are presented. These are compared with the results of analyses employing an inclined stress field more closely approximating to the true three dimensional conditions. Shear stresses, which had to be ignored in the earlier analysis, were thus reduced. Finally, the effects of minor excavations around the cavern are assessed and included into the results of the cavern analyses, producing a pseudo three dimensional analysis. The absolute values of the deflections were extremely limited but are of relatively little significance in themselves. More importantly, the case study illustrates the high degree of precision which extensometer monitoring can attain, and the level of correlation achieved between predicted and observed deformations. The
in situ
stress testing carried out for the study is put into its tectonic context adjacent to the East African Rift Valley.
Grouting-induced ground movements
Authors: Gregory B. J. , Venter I. S. , Kruger L. J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The Far West Rand in the Transvaal Province of South Africa is the location of some of the world’s largest gold mines. The area is underlain by dolomite which is sub-divided into a series of separate groundwater compartments by dykes. The inflow of water from the overlying dolomite into these deep-level gold-mines directly influences their continued development and operation. A policy of dewatering some compartments has therefore been adopted due to economic and safety considerations. However, such dewatering has in the past resulted in large-scale ground movements in the form of sinkholes and dolines, causing damage and collapse of structures and, in some cases, loss of life.
The dewatering of the Gemsbokfontein Compartment commenced in 1986. Prior to this a field trial was conducted to assess the potential of grouting as a preventative geotechnical treatment for protecting an important traffic route against the effects of sinkhole development.
During the field trial ground movements occurred as a result of the grouting. This paper describes the monitoring of these movements and the operational procedures adopted to minimize the induced settlements. On the basis of monitoring and analysis of the settlements it was concluded that the movements were the surface manifestation of sub-surface erosion of wad at depth due to the movement of grout across steeply inclined dolomite. Following the field trial, a major grouting contract along those sections of the highway identified as high risk was completed before the start of dewatering. During this operation, ground movements were again recorded and ascribed to erosion and disturbance of the wad due to grouting. The procedures established during the field trials were reintroduced and the contract was completed with minimal damage to the carriageways.
A cost-benefit analysis for stabilizing shallow Bath Stone mine workings at Corsham, Wiltshire
Authors: Thomas G. G. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
A conventional ground investigation for an elevated tank at Box Hill near Corsham in Wiltshire, proved 5 m of thinly bedded oolitic limestone, beneath a veneer of fill. Four weeks before the construction works were to be put out to tender in 1986, a plan of the Brewer’s Yard Mine came to light, which indicated that there were old stone mine workings beneath the tanks, at about 17 m depth. A geotechnical reassessment was therefore commissioned.
An examination of the workings revealed that three significant roof collapses had occurred within the mine, directly below the proposed tank. The largest fall had migrated about 3 m above original roof level. It was concluded that future falls were likely. However, an existing elevated tank was located over old workings and although it had been levelled regularly over its 50 year life, it had showed no signs of movement. Consequently a cost-benefit analysis of a number of options was undertaken.
Geotechnical influences upon longwall mining
Authors: Isaac A. K. , Follington I. L. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
This paper describes geotechnical influences upon the planning, development and implementation of the longwall mining system. The effects of these factors have been assessed from a series of comprehensive investigations carried out in the South Wales and South Nottinghamshire Coalfields. All the investigations involved the setting up of monitoring sites employing specially designed instrumentation to monitor the parameters outlined in the paper. In addition, detailed structural and lithological investigations have been carried out involving underground mapping, diamond drilling and logging, geotechnical core logging and physical rock property determinations.
This information has been brought together for each site and a characteristic deformation mechanism identified. These are presented in the paper with a series of three dimensional figures indicating the primary influences.
The value of these types of studies is outlined in the paper both in the planning of subsequent extraction and as improvements to current operational systems.
Monitoring of ground movement above an abandoned limestone mine
Authors: Longworth T. I. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Precision water-level gauges, magnet extensometers and invar wire extensometers have been designed and used by the Building Research Establishment to continuously measure horizontal and vertical ground movements above the abandoned Castlefields limestone mine, Dudley. All the instrumentation operated automatically and was controlled by computerized data logger. Details are given here of instrument design and performance, and of the observed ground movements over a three year period, including before, during and after filling of the mine with rock paste.
Ground displacements have been very small, indicating general stability of strata above the mine, despite known frequent falls from the mine roof prior to filling with rock paste. Rock paste has been demonstrated to be an acceptable new technique from the standpoint of not causing a temporary increase in mine instability
during injection.
Trial borehole electro-levels are described and recommended as robust economical devices which can give warning of ground subsidence over mines.