bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lack of interchangeability between visual analogue and verbal rating pain scales: a cross sectional description of pain etiology groups
Authors: Lund Iréne , Lundeberg Thomas , Sandberg Louise , Budh Cecilia Norrbrink , Kowalski Jan , Svensson Elisabeth 
Published: October 2005

Abstract

Background:
Rating scales like the visual analogue scale, VAS, and the verbal rating scale, VRS, are often used for pain assessments both in clinical work and in research, despite the lack of a gold standard. Interchangeability of recorded pain intensity captured in the two scales has been discussed earlier, but not in conjunction with taking the influence of pain etiology into consideration.

Methods:
In this cross-sectional study, patients with their pain classified according to its etiology (chronic/idiopathic, nociceptive and neuropathic pain) were consecutively recruited for self-assessment of their actual pain intensity using a continuous VAS, 0–100, and a discrete five-category VRS. The data were analyzed with a non-parametric statistical method, suitable for comparison of scales with different numbers of response alternatives.

Results:
An overlapping of the VAS records relative the VRS categories was seen in all pain groups. Cut-off positions for the VAS records related to the VRS categories were found lower in patients with nociceptive pain relative patients suffering from chronic/idiopathic and neuropathic pain. When comparing the VAS records transformed into an equidistant five-category scale with the VRS records, systematic disagreements between the scales was shown in all groups. Furthermore, in the test-retest a low percentage of the patients agreed to the same pain level on the VAS while the opposite hold for the VRS.

Conclusion:
The pain intensity assessments on VAS and VRS are in this study, not interchangeable due to overlap of pain records between the two scales, systematic disagreements when comparing the two scales and a low percentage intra-scale agreement. Furthermore, the lower VAS cut-off positions relative the VRS labels indicate different meaning of the rated pain intensity depending on pain etiology. It is also indicated that the scales have non-linear properties and that the two scales probably have different interpretation. Our findings are in favor of using the VRS in pain intensity assessments but if still the VAS is preferred, the VAS data should be analyzed as continuous using statistical methods suitable for ordinal data. Furthermore, our findings indicate a risk to over or under estimate the patient's perceived pain when interpreting condensed VAS data.
Survivin expression and its clinical significance in pancreatic cancer
Authors: Lee Myung Ah , Park Gyeong-sin , Lee Hee-Jung , Jung Ji-Han , Kang Jin-Hyoung , Hong Young Seon , Lee Kyung Shik , Kim Dong-gu , Kim Seung-Nam 
Published: October 2005

Abstract

Background
Survivin, an inhibitor of apoptosis is expressed in several human cancers. Its expression is known to be associated with poor clinical outcome, but not widely studied in pancreatic cancer. We performed this study to determine the survivin expression in pancreatic cancer and its clinical significance as a prognostic factor.

Methods
We performed immunohistochemical staining for survivin, p53, and Bax in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded block from forty-nine pancreatic tissues. To determine the association with clinical course, we reviewed the patients' clinical record.

Results
Of the 49 cases of pancreatic cancer, 46 cases (93.9%) were positive for survivin expression. There was no significant association between survivin expression and p53 or bax. For clinicopathological parameters, perineural invasion was more common in survivin positive and venous invasion was more common in survivin negative (p = 0.041 and 0.040, respectively). Responsiveness to chemotherapy appeared to be slightly better in patients with low survivin expression.

Conclusion
Survivin expression may be associated with venous or perineural invasion, indicating metastatic route, and seems to have a potential as a predictive marker for chemotherapy. Further study of large scale is required to determine the clinical significance of survivin expression in pancreatic cancer.
ELSID-Diabetes study-evaluation of a large scale implementation of disease management programmes for patients with type 2 diabetes. Rationale, design and conduct – a study protocol [ISRCTN08471887]
Authors: Joos Stefanie , Rosemann Thomas , Heiderhoff Marc , Wensing Michel , Ludt Sabine , Gensichen Jochen , Kaufmann-Kolle Petra , Szecsenyi Joachim 
Published: October 2005

Abstract

Background
Diabetes model projects in different regions of Germany including interventions such as quality circles, patient education and documentation of medical findings have shown improvements of HbA1c levels, blood pressure and occurrence of hypoglycaemia in before-after studies (without control group). In 2002 the German Ministry of Health defined legal regulations for the introduction of nationwide disease management programs (DMP) to improve the quality of care in chronically ill patients. In April 2003 the first DMP for patients with type 2 diabetes was accredited. The evaluation of the DMP is essential and has been made obligatory in Germany by the Fifth Book of Social Code. The aim of the study is to assess the effectiveness of DMP by example of type 2 diabetes in the primary care setting of two German federal states (Rheinland-Pfalz and Sachsen-Anhalt).

Methods/Design
The study is three-armed: a prospective cluster-randomized comparison of two interventions (DMP 1 and DMP 2) against routine care without DMP as control group. In the DMP group 1 the patients are treated according to the current situation within the German-Diabetes-DMP. The DMP group 2 represents diabetic care within ideally implemented DMP providing additional interventions (e.g. quality circles, outreach visits). According to a sample size calculation a sample size of 200 GPs (each GP including 20 patients) will be required for the comparison of DMP 1 and DMP 2 considering possible drop-outs. For the comparison with routine care 4000 patients identified by diabetic tracer medication and age (> 50 years) will be analyzed.

Discussion
This study will evaluate the effectiveness of the German Diabetes-DMP compared to a Diabetes-DMP providing additional interventions and routine care in the primary care setting of two different German federal states.
A system for precise analysis of transcription-regulating elements of immunoglobulin genes
Authors: Cheng Emily Y , Collins Cathy , Berru Maribel , Shulman Marc J 
Published: October 2005

AbstractBackgroundPrecise analysis of expression-regulating elements, such as enhancers and insulators, requires that they be tested under reproducible, isogenic conditions. The commonly used methods of transfecting DNA into cell lines and selecting for drug resistance lack the requisite precision, as they yield cell lines in which varying numbers of gene copies have inserted at varying and undefined sites. By contrast, recombination-mediated cassette exchange (RMCE), by which a site-specific recombinase is used to place a single copy of a transgene at a constant chromosomal site of a cell line, offers the necessary precision. Although RMCE is generally applicable, many regulatory elements of interest are tissue-specific in their function and so require cell lines in the appropriate ontogenetic state.ResultsAs reported here, we have used RMCE in a mouse B hybridoma cell line to establish a system with several additional advantages. To avoid the non-physiological features of prokaryotic DNA, this system uses the immunoglobulin μ heavy chain (IgH) gene from the hybridoma as the reporter. Expression can be measured simply by bulk culture assays (ELISA, Northern blot) and single cell assays (flow cytometry). Expression of the IgH reporter gene varies only 1.5 fold among independent transfectants, and expression is greatly (> 50 fold) increased by inclusion of the IgH intronic enhancer.ConclusionThis system is suitable for precise analysis of the regulatory elements of the immunoglobulin loci.
Expression and cytosolic assembly of the S-layer fusion protein mSbsC-EGFP in eukaryotic cells
Authors: Blecha Andreas , Zarschler Kristof , Sjollema Klaas A , Veenhuis Marten , Rödel Gerhard 
Published: October 2005

Abstract

Background
Native as well as recombinant bacterial cell surface layer (S-layer) protein of Geobacillus (G.) stearothermophilus ATCC 12980 assembles to supramolecular structures with an oblique symmetry. Upon expression in E. coli, S-layer self assembly products are formed in the cytosol. We tested the expression and assembly of a fusion protein, consisting of the mature part (aa 31–1099) of the S-layer protein and EGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein), in eukaryotic host cells, the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and human HeLa cells.

Results
Upon expression in E. coli the recombinant mSbsC-EGFP fusion protein was recovered from the insoluble fraction. After denaturation by Guanidine (Gua)-HCl treatment and subsequent dialysis the fusion protein assembled in solution and yielded green fluorescent cylindric structures with regular symmetry comparable to that of the authentic SbsC. For expression in the eukaryotic host Saccharomyces (S.) cerevisiae mSbsC-EGFP was cloned in a multi-copy expression vector bearing the strong constitutive GPD 1 (glyceraldehyde-3-phosophate-dehydrogenase) promoter. The respective yeast transfomants were only slightly impaired in growth and exhibited a needle-like green fluorescent pattern. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies revealed the presence of closely packed cylindrical structures in the cytosol with regular symmetry comparable to those obtained after in vitro recrystallization. Similar structures are observed in HeLa cells expressing mSbsC-EGFP from the Cytomegalovirus (CMV IE) promoter.

Conclusion
The mSbsC-EGFP fusion protein is stably expressed both in the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and in HeLa cells. Recombinant mSbsC-EGFP combines properties of both fusion partners: it assembles both in vitro and in vivo to cylindrical structures that show an intensive green fluorescence. Fusion of proteins to S-layer proteins may be a useful tool for high level expression in yeast and HeLa cells of otherwise instable proteins in their native conformation. In addition the self assembly properties of the fusion proteins allow their simple purification. Moreover the binding properties of the S-layer part can be used to immobilize the fusion proteins to various surfaces. Arrays of highly ordered and densely structured proteins either immobilized on surfaces or within living cells may be advantageous over the respective soluble variants with respect to stability and their potential interference with cellular metabolism.
The role of aromatase inhibitors in ameliorating deleterious effects of ovarian stimulation on outcome of infertility treatment
Authors: Mitwally Mohamed FM , Casper Robert F , Diamond Michael P 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Clinical utilization of ovulation stimulation to facilitate the ability of a couple to conceive has not only provided a valuable therapeutic approach, but has also yielded extensive information on the physiology of ovarian follicular recruitment, endometrial receptivity and early embryo competency. One of the consequences of the use of fertility enhancing agents for ovarian stimulation has been the creation of a hyperestrogenic state, which may influence each of these parameters. Use of aromatase inhibitors reduces hyperestrogenism inevitably attained during ovarian stimulation. In addition, the adjunct use of aromatase inhibitors during ovarian stimulation reduces amount of gonadotropins required for optimum stimulation. The unique approach of reducing hyperestrogenism, as well as lowering amount of gonadotropins without affecting the number of mature ovarian follicles is an exciting strategy that could result in improvement in the treatment outcome by ameliorating the deleterious effects of the ovarian stimulation on follicular development, endometrial receptivity, as well as oocyte and embryo quality.
Research ethics committees: agents of research policy?
Authors: Hemminki Elina 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
The purpose of this commentary is to describe the unintended effects ethics committees may have on research and to analyse the regulatory and administrative problems of clinical trials.

Discussion

The Finnish law makes an arbitrary distinction between medical research and other health research, and the European Union's directive for good clinical trials further differentiates drug trials. The starting point of current rules is that clinical trials are lesser in the interest of patients and society than routine health care. However, commercial interests are not considered unethical. The contrasting procedures in research and normal health care may tempt physicians to continue introducing innovations into practice by relying on unsystematic and uncontrolled observations. Tedious and bureaucratic rules may lead to the disappearance of trials initiated by researchers. Trying to accommodate the special legislative requirements for new drug trials into more complex interventions may result in poor designs with unreliable results and increased costs. Meanwhile, current legal requirements may undermine the morale of ethics committee members.

Conclusion

The aims and the quality of the work of ethics committees should be evaluated, and a reformulation of the EU directive on good clinical trials is needed. Ethical judgement should consider the specific circumstance of each trial, and ethics committees should not foster poor research for legal reasons.
Cell type-specific characterization of nuclear DNA contents within complex tissues and organs
Authors: Zhang Changqing , Gong Fang Cheng , Lambert Georgina M , Galbraith David W 
Published: October 2005

Abstract

Background
Eukaryotic organisms are defined by the presence of a nucleus, which encloses the chromosomal DNA, and is characterized by its DNA content (C-value). Complex eukaryotic organisms contain organs and tissues that comprise interspersions of different cell types, within which polysomaty, endoreduplication, and cell cycle arrest is frequently observed. Little is known about the distribution of C-values across different cell types within these organs and tissues.

Results
We have developed, and describe here, a method to precisely define the C-value status within any specific cell type within complex organs and tissues of plants. We illustrate the application of this method to Arabidopsis thaliana, specifically focusing on the different cell types found within the root.

Conclusion
The method accurately and conveniently charts C-value within specific cell types, and provides novel insight into developmental processes. The method is, in principle, applicable to any transformable organism, including mammals, within which cell type specificity of regulation of endoreduplication, of polysomaty, and of cell cycle arrest is suspected.
Quantification of the response of circulating epithelial cells to neodadjuvant treatment for breast cancer: a new tool for therapy monitoring
Authors: Pachmann Katharina , Camara Oumar , Kavallaris Andreas , Schneider Uwe , Schünemann Stefanie , Höffken Klaus 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Introduction
In adjuvant treatment for breast cancer there is no tool available with which to measure the efficacy of the therapy. In contrast, in neoadjuvant therapy reduction in tumour size is used as an indicator of the sensitivity of tumour cells to the agents applied. If circulating epithelial (tumour) cells can be shown to react to therapy in the same way as the primary tumour, then this response may be exploited to monitor the effect of therapy in the adjuvant setting.

Method
We used MAINTRAC® analysis to monitor the reduction in circulating epithelial cells during the first three to four cycles of neoadjuvant therapy in 30 breast cancer patients.

Results
MAINTRAC® analysis revealed a patient-specific response. Comparison of this response with the decline in size of the primary tumour showed that the reduction in number of circulating epithelial cells accurately predicted final tumour reduction at surgery if the entire neoadjuvant regimen consisted of chemotherapy. However, the response of the circulating tumour cells was unable to predict the response to additional antibody therapy.

Conclusion
The response of circulating epithelial cells faithfully reflects the response of the whole tumour to adjuvant therapy, indicating that these cells may be considered part of the tumour and can be used for therapy monitoring.
Increased CXCR4-dependent HIV-1 fusion in activated T cells: role of CD4/CXCR4 association
Authors: Zaitseva Marina , Romantseva Tatiana , Manischewitz Jody , Wang Jiun , Goucher David , Golding Hana 
Published: October 2005

AbstractActivation of peripheral CD4+ T cells resulted in augmented fusion with X4 human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope-expressing cells without parallel increases in the surface expression of CD4 or CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4). Our study used biochemical methods and biological assays to correlate the increased fusion potential of activated T cells with changes in CXCR4 isoforms and CD4-CXCR4 association. Western blot analyses of CXCR4, precipitated from resting T cells, identified several CXCR4 species with molecular weights of 47, 50, 62, and 98 kDa. After 24 h stimulation with phytohemagglutinin/interleukin-2, a marked reduction was seen in the 47-kDa, with a concomitant increase in the amounts of 50 and 62–64 kDa CXCR4. T cell activation also induced an increase in the coprecipitation of CXCR4 with CD4. The 62-kDa CXCR4 predominantly coprecipitated with CD4 and was shown to be ubiquitinated. Stripping of CD4 from the cell surface with pronase treatment prior to cell lysis only partially reduced coprecipitation of CD4 with the 62-kDa CXCR4, revealing a pool of intracellular CD4-CXCR4 complexes. Coprecipitation of CXCR4 with CD4 was reduced in activated cells treated with Brefeldin A and Monensin, suggesting that late endosomes play a role in intracellular association of CXCR4 with CD4. Confocal microscopy confirmed the colocalization of CD4 and CXCR4 within CD63+ endocytic compartments. These findings demonstrated a correlation between the enhanced susceptibility of activated T cells to HIV-1 fusion and accumulation of ubiquitinated 62–64 kDa CXCR4 species, which preferentially associated with CD4. The CD4-CXCR4 complexes may shuttle between late endosomes and the cell surface.
Decreased clearance ofPseudomonas aeruginosafrom airways of mice deficient in lysozyme M
Authors: Cole Alexander M , Thapa Dharma R , Gabayan Victoria , Liao Hsiang-I , Liu Lide , Ganz Tomas 
Published: October 2005

AbstractLysozyme is a ubiquitous and abundant, cationic, antimicrobial polypeptide of leukocytes and epithelia, but its biological function in host defense is largely unexplored. To ascertain the role of lysozyme during bacterial infection of murine airways, we exposed the airways of lysozyme M-deficient (lys M−/−) mice to the pulmonary pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa and examined the host's response to infection. Despite partial compensation as a result of the appearance of lysozyme P in the infected airways of lys M−/− mice, these lys M−/− mice showed decreased clearance of P. aeruginosa compared with their lys M+/− or lys M+/+ littermates. Lysozyme contributes to optimal clearance of P. aeruginosa from the murine airways.
Splenic macrophages and B cells mediate immunosuppression following abrupt withdrawal from morphine
Authors: Rahim Rahil T , Meissler Joseph J , Adler Martin W , Eisenstein Toby K 
Published: October 2005

AbstractWe have previously shown that abrupt withdrawal (AW) from morphine induces greater than 80% immunosuppression in murine spleen cells, as assessed by the capacity to mount an in vitro plaque-forming cell response to sheep red blood cells. Present studies about the mechanisms of immunosuppression following AW showed that addition of highly enriched (CD11b+) splenic macrophages (obtained by cell sorting or magnetic separation) from AW mice to cultures of normal, unfractionated spleen cells suppressed immune responses. Further, addition of highly enriched (CD19+) B cells (but not T cells) from AW mice to normal cells was also immunosuppressive. B cells from AW mice were also able to inhibit the proliferative response of normal spleen cells to concanavalin A but not to lipopolysaccharide. Overall, the data suggest that immunosuppression by AW spleen cells is a result of active suppression by macrophages and B cells.
Differential transcription of Eomes and T-bet during maturation of mouse uterine natural killer cells
Authors: Tayade Chandrakant , Fang Yuan , Black Gordon P , VA Paffaro , Erlebacher Adrian , Croy B Anne 
Published: October 2005

AbstractDuring human and rodent uterine decidualization, transient but abundant numbers of uterine natural killer (uNK) cells appear, proliferate, and differentiate. uNK cells share features with peripheral NK cells but are specialized to promote interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-mediated, pregnancy-associated, structural changes in maternal placental arteries. In CD8+ T cells and NK cells, the transcription factors T-bet and eomesodermin (Eomes) regulate maturation and effector functions, including IFN-γ production. No studies are reported for uNK cells. Implantation sites in T-bet null mice, which have a defect in NK cell maturation, had uNK cells normal in morphology and number and normally modified spiral arteries. As Eomes null mice are not viable, real-time polymerase chain reaction comparisons between C57Bl/6J (B6) and alymphoid (Rag20/0γc0/0) mice were used to assess uNK cell expression of T-bet, Eomes, and the target genes IFN-γ, granzyme A, and perforin. Gestation dated (gd) uterine tissues (mixed cell composition) and 200 morphologically homogeneous, laser-capture, microdissected uNK cells of different maturation stages were used. In uterus, Eomes transcripts greatly outnumbered those of T-bet, whether donors were nonpregnant or pregnant, and increased to gd10. In uNK cells, transcripts for T-bet, Eomes, and IFN-γ were most abundant in mature stage cells, and transcripts for granzyme A and perforin were lower at this stage than in immature or senescent cells. Thus, Eomes dominance to T-bet discriminates regulation of the uNK cell subset from that observed for peripheral NK cells.