bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Time Course of Elevated Ethanol Intake in Adolescent Relative to Adult Rats Under Continuous, Voluntary‐Access Conditions
Authors: Vetter Courtney S. , Doremus‐Fitzwater Tamara L. , Spear Linda P. 
Published: May 2007

Background: Adolescence is a period of elevated alcohol consumption in humans as well as in animal models. Previous studies in our laboratory have shown that adolescent Sprague–Dawley rats consume approximately 2 times more ethanol on a gram per kilogram basis than adult animals in a 2‐bottle choice free‐access situation. The purpose of the present study was to examine the time course and pattern of elevated ethanol intake during adolescence and the adolescent‐to‐adult transition, contrast this intake with ontogenetic patterns of food and water intake, and determine whether adolescent access to ethanol elevates voluntary consumption of ethanol in adulthood.Methods: Adolescent [postnatal day (P)27–28] and adult (P69–70) male Sprague–Dawley rats were singly housed with continuous access to both water and 1 of 3 experimental solutions in ball‐bearing–containing sipper tubes: unsweetened ethanol (10% v/v), sweetened ethanol (10% v/v+0.1% w/v saccharin), and saccharin alone (0.1% w/v).Results: Ethanol consumption plateaued at approximately 7.5 g/kg/d during the first 2 weeks of measurement (i.e., P28–39) in early adolescence, before declining sharply at approximately P40 to levels that were only modestly elevated compared with adult‐typical consumption patterns that were reached by approximately P70. In contrast, intake of food and total calories showed a more gradual decline into adulthood with no distinguishable plateaus in early adolescence. When adolescent‐initiated and adult‐initiated animals were tested at the same chronological age in adulthood, animals drank similar amounts regardless of the age at which they were first given voluntary access to ethanol.Conclusions: Taken together, these data suggest that the elevated ethanol intake characteristic of early‐to‐mid adolescence is not simply a function of adolescent‐typical hyperphagia or hyperdipsia, but instead may reflect age‐related differences in neural substrates contributing to the rewarding or aversive effects of ethanol, as well as possible modulatory influences of ontogenetic differences in sensitivity to novelty or in ethanol pharmacokinetics. Voluntary home cage consumption of ethanol during adolescence, however, was not found to subsequently elevate ethanol drinking in adulthood.
Alcohol Use Disorders Increase the Risk for Mechanical Ventilation in Medical Patients
Authors: De Wit Marjolein , Best Al M. , Gennings Chris , Burnham Ellen L. , Moss Marc 
Published: May 2007

Background: Annually, more than 300,000 patients receive mechanical ventilation in an intensive care unit in the United States. The hospital mortality for ventilated patients may approach 50%, depending on the primary diagnosis. In trauma and surgical patients, a diagnosis of alcohol use disorder (AUD) is common and is associated with a prolonged duration of mechanical ventilation. The objective of this study is to determine whether the presence of AUD and the development of alcohol withdrawal are associated with an increased use and duration of mechanical ventilation in patients with medical disorders that commonly require intensive care unit admission.Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample, a large all‐payer inpatient database representing approximately 1,000 hospitals. For the years 2002 to 2003, adult patients with 1 of the 6 most common diagnoses associated with medical intensive care unit admission were included in the study. Both univariate analysis and multivariable logistic regression were performed to determine whether AUD and alcohol withdrawal were independently associated with the use and duration of mechanical ventilation in these patients.Results: There were a total 785,602 patients who fulfilled 1 of the 6 diagnoses, 26,577 (3.4%) had AUD, 3,967 (0.5%) had alcohol withdrawal, and 65,071 (8.3%) underwent mechanical ventilation (53% <96 hours, 47%≥96 hours). Independent of the medical diagnosis, AUD was associated with an increased risk of requiring mechanical ventilation (13.7 vs 8.1%, odds ratio=1.49, 95% confidence interval [1.414; 1.574], p<0.0001) but was not associated with a prolonged duration of mechanical ventilation. However, the presence of alcohol withdrawal was associated with a longer duration of mechanical ventilation (57 vs 47%≥96 hours, odds ratio=1.48, 95% confidence interval [1.266; 1.724], p<0.0001).Conclusions: In patients with medical diagnoses associated with intensive care unit admission, AUD increases the risk for mechanical ventilation while the development of alcohol withdrawal is associated with a longer duration of mechanical ventilation.
Asymptomatic carrier trees in pine stands naturally infected with Bursaphelenchus xylophilus
Authors: Takeuchi Yuko , Futai Kazuyoshi 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
A rapid and accurate diagnostic method is needed to detect asymptomatic
carrier trees to assist in exterminating pine wilt disease caused by the
pathogenic pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. We
extracted DNA by the CTAB method from pine trees located in two natural
stands, a Japanese black pine stand and a Japanese red pine stand, known to
be infected with PWN, and detected the PWN by the nested-PCR method. Many
trees of both pine species harboured PWN, although some of them had no
external and/or internal symptoms such as yellowing of needles and disrupted
resin exudation. Some Japanese black pine trees remained asymptomatic during
the study and survived for 1 or more years after PWN infection without
displaying any wilting symptoms. The diagnostic method adopted in the
present study is useful and sensitive enough for practical use to detect the
asymptomatic carrier trees and may prove to be an effective method to assist
in control of the pest in the field.
New and known species of Dorylaimoidea (Nematoda: Dorylaimida) from Singapore
Authors: Ahmad Wasim 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA new genus and three new and nine known species of Dorylaimoidea are recorded for the first time from Singapore. Rafflesius singaporensis gen. n., sp. n. is characterised by having a continuous lip region with amalgamated lips; labial papillae not protruding above labial contour; slender, dorylaimoid odontostyle with aperture one third its length; abrupt pharyngeal expansion; DO and DN far posterior to beginning of expansion; both pair of subventrals in the posterior third of expanded part; monoopisthodelphic female genital system, and long filiform tail. Oriverutus nusi sp. n. is characterised by having 0.81-0.89 mm long, slender body; offset lip region with distinct lips and labial papillae; 19-20 μm long, attenuated odontostyle; amphidelphic female genital system and elongate conoid tail with slightly dorsally bent tip. Saevadorella microstyla sp. n. is characterised by having 0.33-0.37 mm long body; offset lip region; 10.5-11.5 μm long, attenuated odontostyle; rod-like odontophore; amphidelphic female genital system and short, conoid, ventrally arcuate tail. Saevadorella parva sp. n. is characterised by having 0.37-0.54 mm long body; distinctly offset lip region; 21.5-22.5 μm long attenuated odontostyle; amphidelphic genital system and short conoid, ventrally arcuate tail. Mesodorylaimus flagellatus, M. pusillus, Amphidorylaimus infecundus, Discolaimium clavatum, Labronema nepalense, Oriverutus sundarus, O. microdorus, O. parvus and O. asaccatus are recorded for the first time from Singapore.
Assessment of genetic variability in populations of Nacobbus aberrans (Thorne, 1935) Thorne & Allen, 1944 (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae) from Argentina
Authors: Lax Paola , Rondan Dueñas Juan , Gardenal Cristina N. , Doucet Marcelo E. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Nacobbus aberrans produces severe damage to agriculture and is considered to
be of quarantine importance. The levels of polymorphism and genetic
differentiation among Argentine populations of this species from different
hosts and origin were studied using Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) as
molecular markers. Second-stage juveniles from nine populations associated
with three different hosts (tomato, quinoa and potato) were analysed
individually. Three primers were selected because they produced clear and
100% reproducible patterns; 37 fragments were considered for the analysis.
The technique employed revealed high levels of polymorphisms, the highest
proportion of genetic diversity being found within populations (95%).
Populations showed a tendency to group together according to their original
host, based on their pairwise FST. Low levels of genetic differentiation
among populations were observed, suggesting an extensive gene flow among
them. Passive dispersal of nematodes by natural means and anthropogenic
activities would probably be, at least partially, responsible for the
results observed. This work is the first study of genetic structure of N.
aberrans populations at a macrogeographical level using ISSR markers.
Description of Aulolaimus multipapillatus sp. n. and A. nannocephalus Andrássy, 1972 with notes on taxonomy and phylogeny of the genus (Nematoda: Aulolaimidae)
Authors: Holovachov Oleksandr , Boström Sven , Susulovsky Andrij 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
One new and one known species of Aulolaimus are described, viz. A.
multipapillatus sp. n. from Israel and A. nannocephalus from Ukraine.
Aulolaimus multipapillatus sp. n. is particularly characterised by a cuticle
bearing ca 60 distinct longitudinal ridges, cuticle with distinct
ornamentation on ventral body side anterior and posterior to vulva, 6-11
midventral sensilla anterior to cloaca, and spicules ca 25 μm long.
Aulolaimus nannocephalus is redescribed on the base of both light and
scanning electron microscopic observations on two populations from Ukraine.
An emended diagnosis and a revised classification of the genus are proposed.
The morphological variability and systematic position of Aulolaimus are
discussed and a key to the species of the genus is provided.
Bursaphelenchus uncispicularis n. sp. (Nematoda: Parasitaphelenchidae) from Pinus yunnanensis in China
Authors: Zhuo Kan , Li Xundong , Li Danlei , Yu Shengfu , Liao Jinling 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Bursaphelenchus uncispicularis n. sp. is described and figured. The nematode
was found in wilted pine Pinus yunnanensis Franchet from a single locality
in Longling county, Yunnan Province, China. The new species is characterised
by a relatively small stylet (11-15 μm long) with weakly developed basal
swellings and lateral fields bearing four incisures. The male has relatively
small, arcuate spicules with a distinct, dorsally bent, hook-like condylus,
thorn-like rostrum, distinct cucullus and an ovoid terminal 'bursa' with
minutely tripartite terminus. The female has a minute vulval flap and a
conical tail with a relatively robust and blunt projection ca 1.2-4.5 μm
long. Both sexes are of moderate body length ranging from 676-1088 μ m in
the female and 552-1083 μm in the male with a slender body (a = 37-54 in the
female and 36-54 in the male) and a relatively short tail (c = 26-39 in the
female and 31-45 in the male). Bursaphelenchus uncispicularis n. sp. most
closely resembles B. borealis, B. leoni and B. silvestris. However, the new
species is easily distinguished from these three species by a number of
characters including spicule size and shape, female tail shape and length,
and postvulval uterine sac length.
Effects of various stress factors on heat tolerance by Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Steinernema carpocapsae
Authors: Bilgrami Anwar , Gaugler Randy 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCentrifugation, desiccation, agitation, and handling of entomopathogenic nematodes in the laboratory during isolation, culture, storage, formulation and experimentation, influences nematode ability to tolerate adverse environmental conditions. Stress imposed by centrifugation (5-60 min), desiccation (3-9 days), agitation (3-24 h), and handling (2-10 times) reduced stress and heat tolerance in Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Steinernema carpocapsae. Short durations of stresses (e.g., 5 min of centrifugation, 3-5 days of desiccation, 3 h of agitation and 2-4 times of handling) did not affect nematodes, whereas prolonged durations (e. g., 10-60 min of centrifugation, 7-9 days of desiccation, 6-24 h of agitation and 6-10 times of handling) significantly decreased heat tolerance. Steinernema carpocapsae tolerated stress comparatively better than H. bacteriophora by showing a significantly greater degree of heat tolerance. This study provides a basis to investigate further the effects of physical and chemical stresses in order to minimise handling of laboratory nematodes and reduce disruptions of their normal function and behaviour.
Differences in the gastrointestinal micro biota of specific pathogen free mice: an often unknown variable in biomedical research
Authors: O'Rourke J. , Lee A. , McNeill J. 
Published: May 2007

Large differences were found in the numbers of facultatively anaerobic Gram-negative bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract of mice from 3 major specific pathogen free (SPF) units in Australia. The species isolated also differed between mouse colonies. In one unit the presence of Enterobacter cloacae was found to dramatically influence the survival of mice following total body irradiation. This finding conforms with previous studies which have shown the influence of variation in gastrointestinal micro biota on the immune system and on susceptibility to infection. Given that the presence or absence of Enterobacteriaceae in the intestines of mice under investigation may influence experimental results, researchers using SPF rodents are encouraged to determine the baseline loading of these bacteria in their animals. Where results of immunological or irradiation studies from different colonies are likely to be compared, the enterobacterial status of the colony being used should be reported.
Spontaneous glomerular immunoglobulin deposition in young Sprague-Dawley rats
Authors: Goode N. P. , Davison A. M. , Gowland G. , Shires M. 
Published: May 2007

The frequency, age-onset and distribution of spontaneously deposited immunoglobulins (lgs) in glomeruli of Sprague-Dawley rats has been investigated. Groups of rats ( n=10) were examined at 4-7 day intervals from birth (presuckling) until 30 days of age. Findings were compared with circulating immunoglobulin concentrations in each age group. Immunoglobulins were undetectable in immature kidneys of newborn rats. However, as early as 5 days, scanty IgA and IgM deposits were observed predominantly in mesangial areas of mature glomeruli, corresponding to low circulating concentrations of these immunoglobulins. By contrast, glomerular IgG deposits were not observed until 21 days, despite relatively high concentrations of circulating maternal IgG from birth. Mesangial deposition of immunoglobulins increased with age. Absence of complement C3c or electron dense deposits associated with this mesangial localization suggests that immunoglobulins were not deposited as immune complexes. Accumulation of non-phlogogenic immunoglobulins in the mesangium of normal rats supports the concept that the mesangium is constantly perfused by circulating macro-molecules and filtration residues. The results indicate problems of interpretation of the significance of endogenous immunoglobulin deposition in models of experimental glomerulonephritis, even in studies involving weanling rats.
A 2 year follow-up of effects of biotechniques on reproduction in the domestic rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus
Authors: Fischer B. , Meuser-Odenkirchen G. 
Published: May 2007

Routinely employed reproductive techniques such as gonadotropin treatment (0·3 mg follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) subcutaneously twice daily for three consecutive days) followed by natural mating or artificial insemination as well as induction of ovulation by human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) (75 i.u. hCG intravenously) were analysed in the rabbit after 2 years of consecutive experiments. 85% of gonadotropin-treated animals mated spontaneously. All 222 FSH-primed donor rabbits and 59 hCG-injected non-primed controls ovulated. The average number of ovulations per female was 30 (FSH and hCG) and 7·4 (hCG only). The fertilization rate was 88%, and 22·7 embryos were recovered per FSH-treated donor rabbit. With increasing time after mating the embryo recovery rate decreased (day 1 post coitum (p.c.), 36 embryos per rabbit; day 3 p.c., 26 embryos per rabbit; day 5 p.c., 16 embryos per rabbit) and a higher percentage of females had no embryos recovered. Embryo recovery was poor in donors with ovulation numbers greater than 40. Artificial insemination of non-receptive females yielded smaller numbers of embryos compared with natural mating. Differences in fertility between the seasons of the year was revealed to be small. We conclude that gonadotropin treatment is efficient in increasing the number of embryos. Management of laboratory rabbits (dating, mating and expected number of embryos) is more predictable, and experiments can be performed successfully in all seasons of the year. However, the incidence of embryonic mortality seems to be increased when gonadotropin treatment is applied.
Interlaboratory comparison of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) for detection of Bordetella bronchiseptica antibodies in guineaplgs
Authors: Wullenweber M. , Boot R. 
Published: May 2007

Thirty-nine guineapigs were examined for Bordetella bronchiseptica infection by culture and serology, using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)and the indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) test. Each serological method detected evidence of B. bronchiseptica infection in more guineapigs than did culture. IIF using an antigen prepared from a mouse isolate of B. bronchiseptica detected fewer infected guineapigs than when performed with antigens prepared from B. bronchiseptica isolates from a rat, a dog and a guineapig. ELISA and IIF detected a comparable incidence of infection. Cross-reactivity was investigated further by carrying out ELISAs using 5 antigens prepared from B. bronchiseptica isolates from different species and antiserum to these antigens raised in non-infected guineapigs.
Hereditary compulsive self-mutilating behaviour in laboratory rabbits
Authors: Iglauer F. , Beig C. , Dimigen J. , Gerold S. , Gocht A. , Seeburg A. , Steier S. , Willmann F. 
Published: May 2007

During the last few years an increasing number of cases of extensive automutilation has been observed in a rabbit breeding colony of Checkered crosses. Digits and pads of the front feet were traumatized. No other behavioural abnormalities or signs of disease were evident. Self-mutilation was seen both in stock, breeding and experimental animals, in rabbits kept singly in cages and in those housed in groups on the ground, in rabbits kept in different buildings and under the care of different staff members. This behavioural abnormality of Checkered crosses has also been observed in animals after being placed into other institutions or private homes. No evidence of an agent responsible for the occurrence of self-injury could be found with parasitological, mycological, histological, clinical or haematological examination. Twelve to 16 animals are affected yearly in a colony varying in size between 130 and 230 rabbits. Following complete healing, relapses occurred up to 3 times per year, on either the same or the opposite front foot. In the last 21 cases episodes of automutilation could be regularly interrupted with the dopamine antagonist, haloperidol. Similar signs of automutilation were never seen in animals of another breeding line kept in the same building and under the same conditions nor in animals brought in from other breeding colonies. A relatively high coefficient of inbreeding can be presupposed in this 15-year-old breeding colony of Checkered crosses. A genetic predisposition for the behavioural anomaly described appears very likely.
Serum levels of selected liver proteins following partial hepatectomy in the female rat
Authors: Hau J. , Červinková Zuzana , O'Brien Deirdre , Stodulski G. , Šimek J. 
Published: May 2007

Liver regeneration in the rat following partial hepatectomy (PH) is a frequently used model to study regulatory mechanisms in relation to cell growth and differentiation. In the present study, we analysed quantitative changes in the peripheral circulation of a number of important serum proteins following PH and laparotomy. Alpha-fetoprotein synthesis was induced in the PH rats and remained at very low levels in non-operated controls. Pregnancy-associated murine protein-1 levels and fibronectin levels were lower in the circulation of all operated animals compared with the intact controls. The serum levels of alpha-2 macroglobulin were elevated in all operated animals compared with the non-operated controls. Circulating complement factors C3c and C4 were present at significantly lower levels in PH animals than in rats following laparotomy. Small growth stimulating molecules (<10 kDa) synthesized by different organs during the regenerative process have been described in the literature, but dialysates of the spleen and liver from non-operated rats and PH rats showed no significant impact on serum levels of the proteins in the present study.
The flank approach to the porcine upper urinary tract: safe and reliable
Authors: Bowen John , Cranley John , Gough David 
Published: May 2007

An extra-peritoneal flank approach was used to gain access to the left pelviureteric junction of 8 young pigs. The operative procedure was simple and took 15 min to complete. There were no serious complications, analgesia requirements were negligible and all animals re-established on feeds within 12 h post-operatively. The operative procedure is described; due to the above considerations the flank approach to the porcine kidney can be recommended.
Genetic studies of a new mutant strain showing shivering in the mouse
Authors: Guo X. , Nobunaga T. , Katoh H. 
Published: May 2007

A new mutant with shivering, Hula dance Sendai (tentatively named hus gene), was found in the IVCE strain. A congenic strain, C57BL/6JJcl- hus, was established by the cross-intercross method using IVCE- hus as the donor strain and C57BL/6JJcl as the recipient. No significant differences were observed in the age of the onset of shivering and life span between B6- hus and IVCE- hus mice. Genetic analyses demonstrated that this mutation is governed by an autosomal recessive gene ( Mbphus) and is an allele of the Mbpshi gene (Chr.18)