bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE ROLE OF CIRCULATING FLUID VOLUME AND RELATED PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN THE CONTROL OF ALDOSTERONE SECRETION.
Authors: Blair‐West JR , Boyd GW , Coghlan JP , Denton DA , Wintour Marelyn , Wright RD 
Published: December 2007

SummaryIn an investigation of the role of circulating fluid volume in the control of aldosterone secretion in sodium deficient sheep with cervical adrenal autotransplants, measurements of adrenal secretion of cortisol, corticosterone and aldosterone, I131 gamma globulin space, plasma sodium and potassium concentrations and adrenal blood flow were made under the following circumstances:‐A. When the estimated sodium deficit was replaced by the intravenous infusion of sodium solution (i) as 4M ‐NaCl, (ii) as isotonic Ringer type solution, B. When plasma volume was increased without substantial alteration of sodium status by the intravenous infusion of plasma volume expanders, using (i) 25% sheep albumin and (ii) 6% dextran in normal saline.These procedures produced concurrent variation in other parameters of known importance in aldosterone control, including plasma sodium and potassium concentrations, and therefore the relationship between plasma volume and aldosterone secretion rate was assesed by a system of multivariate analysis. Plasma volume was found to be inversely related to aldosterone secretion rate both during established sodium deficiency and during the subsequent intravenous infusion in 6% dextran in normal saline, but no such relationship could be established for the experiments in groups A or B (i). Even in the expertmental groups where the relationship was significant, the derived regression equations indicated that any causal roll of plasma volume in the regulation of aldosterone secretion was relatively minor.Results from experiments of the types A and B above did not suggest the existence of a simple relationship between aldosterone secretion and the observed changes in systolic, diastolic mean arterial or pulse pressures.
TICK RESISTANCE IN CATTLE: ITS STABILITY AND CORRELATION WITH VARIOUS GENETIC CHARACTERISTICS
Authors: Francis J , Ashton GC 
Published: December 2007

SummaryTicks were counted on 51 Droughtmaster and 12 Bos taurus cattle on about 120 occasions during 1962–64. The mean tick count on the Bos taurus cattle was 15·94 in 1962 which fell to 2·10 by 1964. The respective figures for the Droughtmaster cattle were 2·62 and 0·18. The steady fall in numbers was attributed to the relatively small proportion of female ticks which reach maturity on Droughtmaster cattle.Within the group of 51 Droughtmaster cattle the tick burden carried by an individual varied with environmental and other factors, but did not alter much relative to other individuals (simple correlation 0·7). Similar results were obtained with the Bos taurus cattle. It is assumed that average tick numbers on the various individuals within a group were inversely related to the tick resistance of the animals concerned.There was no significant correlation between tick infestation and the distribution of alleles at the following loci: haemoglobin, albumin, transferrin, post‐albumins and soluble J antigen.There was a signiflcant association between the distribution of amylase genes and tick burden in the Droughtmaster cattle, and a similar but not significant association in the Bos taurus cattle.There was a significant difference in both the mean erythrocyte potassium concentration [K+e] and packed cell volume betweeu the Bos taurus and Droughtmaster cattle, but these characteristics were not correlated with tick burden within the Droughtmaster cattle.
SIMULTANEOUS TITRIMETRIC DETERMINATION OF BICARBONATE AND TITRATABLE ACID OF URINE
Authors: Györy AZ , Edwards KDG 
Published: December 2007

SummaryAn acid‐titration method for the determination of bicarbonate and titratable acid in the one sample of urine is described. The method needs only one manipulation of the sample of urine, and was devised to simplify routine laboratory methodology. The accuracy and precision of the urinary bicarbonate method during routine laboratory use is comparable to that obtained by using the Van Slyke manometric apparatus.The titratable acid obtained by this method gave values which were persistently lower by about 0·5 mM/L than those obtained by the direct titration method at present in use. This difference was attributed to the carbonic acid present in urine which is partly titrated in the determination of titratable acid by the direct method.
THE ORIGIN AND SEQUENCE OF THE CELLS FOUND IN THE ACUTE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE
Authors: Ryan GB 
Published: December 2007

SummaryExperiments were designed to investigate first the origin of the mononuclear cells in inflamed areas, and secondly, the cellular sequence in the acute inflammatory response.It was found that, following several injections of a carbon suspension intravenously into rats, 7–10% of the blood mononuclear cells were labelled with carbon particles. A similar level of labelling was found in exudate mononuclear cells on “skin‐windows” applied to skin surface abrasions, except for a much higher level on those “skin‐windows” applied soon after the last dose of carbon; further experiments indicated that this latter result was a form of artefact due to the ingestion by these cells of carbon particles from labelled polymorphs which had died and disintegrated on the coverslips.In a second series of experiments abrasions made on the skin of rabbits were covered with a “window‐box” chamber containing fluid which was changed and examined at certain intervals. It was found that, although polymorph emigration into the fluid of the chamber reached its peak less than 6 hr. after initiation of an injury, no mononuclear cells were found in the exudates until 8 hr., and then only in very small numbers; the mononuclear cell counts in the fluid did not reach a peak until approximately 24 hr. later.The results of the “skin‐window” experiments indicate that the mononuclear cells found in inflammatory exudates are of haematogenous origin; the results of the “window‐box” experiments confirm that, following injury, there is an early but transient emigration of polymorphs into the acute inflammatory exudate followed by a delayed but more prolonged escape of mononuclear cells.
IMMUNOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIAE
Authors: Marmion BP , Plackett P , Lemcke Ruth M 
Published: December 2007

SummaryA lipid fraction extracted from Mycoplasma pneumoniae with chloroform‐methanol contained the major part of the serological activity associated with whole cell preparations in complement fixation (CF) tests with homologous human and rabbit antisera. Like whole cell antigens of M. pneumoniae, the lipid fraction also reacted with bovine sera containing antibody to M. mycoides and with rabbit antiserum against Streptococcus MG.In addition to this major lipid fraction from M. pneumoniae, there was apparently another component which came out in the potassium chloride washings of the lipid extract, in an ethanol soluble, acetone insoluble (Dafaalla B) fraction and in a warm aqueous phenol extract. These fractions all reacted more strongly with rabbit and bovine M. mycoides sera than with homologous rabbit antisera to M. pneumoniae. The cross‐reacting component has not yet been characterised; extracts were of low activity compared with the lipid extract and improved extraction methods are required.In contrast to M. pneumoniae, the chloroform‐methanol soluble fraction of M. mycoides had limited serological activity with homologous rabbit and bovine sera. Its major serological activity appeared in the potassium chloride washings of the lipid extract and in the warm phenol extract made after preliminary chloroform‐methanol extraction of the cells. Like the partly purified galactans previously described, the crude phenol extract reacted with certain human sera with antibody to M. pneumoniae.The heterogenetic reaction of the M. pneumoniae chloroform‐methanol fraction with Streptococcus MG antiserum could not be attributed to contamination of the organisms with medium constituents. The corresponding component in Streptococcus MG has still to be isolated and identified. The relation of the cross‐reaction to the formation of Streptococcus MG agglutinins in patients infected with M. pneumoniae has still to he elucidated.
THE INCIDENCE OF FOLLICULAR STRUCTURES IN THE HUMAN THYMUS AT AUTOPSY
Authors: Middleton G 
Published: December 2007

SummaryA survey of 928 autopsy thymic glands from hospital and accident deaths was carried out to determine the incidence of follicular structures in the human thymic medulla. It was found that, contrary to previous opinions, follicular structures with pale centres are indeed common in the normal human thymus. The incidence in young people is identical with the figure quoted for myasthenia gravis. Follicles are not present in neonates and the incidence decreases with illness and with advancing age.The presence of follicular structures with pale centres in the human thymic medulla cannot be regarded as diagnostic of auto‐immune disease.
CHANGES IN MILK COMPOSITION OF THE RED KANGAROO, MEGALEIA RUFA (DESMAREST), DURING LACTATION
Authors: Lemon Meredith , Barker S 
Published: December 2007

SummaryObservations were made on quantitative changes which occurred in the milk of four female red kangaroos during the progress of lactation. These changes were related to growth of the pouch‐young and to development of the delayed blastocyst. In the two animals which produced pouch‐young from a delayed blastocyst alter the first young had developed normally and permanently emerged from the pouch, total solids increased until the time of redevelopment of the blastocyst when they decreased steadily. In these two animals solids‐not‐fat showed the same trend as total solids. Protein levels increased also until redevelopment of the blastocyst and then fell and stabilised. Unbound reducing sugars remained consistently low throughout. There was a large discrepancy between the sum of the measured parameters and total solids, which may be accounted for by bound sugars not measured during this study. The results are discussed in relation to what little is known of lactational changes which occur in other species of marsupials.
THE RESPONSE OF THE ISOLATED UTERUS OF THE GUINEA‐PIG TO STIMULATION OF THE OVARIAN NERVES DURING THE OESTROUS CYCLE
Authors: Pennefather Jocelyn N , Isaac PF 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThis paper describes a preparation consisting of a guinea‐pig isolated uterine horn with the ovarian nerves attached. The response to nerve stimulation and to some drugs depends on the stage of the oestrous cycle.Uteri taken from guinea‐pigs in dioestrous, in which the vaginal closure membrane was intact, responded to stimulation of the nerves accompanying the ovarian vessels with large contractions. Uteri taken from guinea‐pigs in oestrous, in which the membrane was absent, responded to stimulation with relaxation or irregular or feeble contractions.Noradrernaline usually caused contraction of the uterus from animals in dioestrous but not of those in oestrous. Adrenaline caused inhibition and acetylcholine contraction of uteri, irrespective of the stage of the sexual cycle.The response of the dioestrons uterus to nerve stimulation was reduced by phentolamine and by guanethidine increased by propranolol and by cocanie, and was unaffected by atropine, hyoscine or hexamethonium. It is concluded that the fibres stimulated are postganglionic and noradrenergic. In uteri taken during oestrons the addition of pronethalol to the bath led to the appearance of contractile responses to nerve stimulation.Oestrous uterine horn were often quiescent, while those taken during the remainder of the cycle often exhibited spontaneous activity which gradually increased during the course of an experiment, but often increased rapidly after phentolamine or guanethidine was added to the bath.The relationship between these results and the changing levels of ovarian hormones during the oestrous cycle is discussed.
STUDIES IN ACUTE UNDERNUTRITION
Authors: Ashley BCE , Whyte HM 
Published: December 2007

SummaryFive healthy male subjects were studied during a total of sixteen six‐day periods of undernutrition. The treatments offered were 1200 kcal. per day from sucrose, else starvation, with or without norethandrolone (40 mg. daily) and/or cortisone (600 mg. over the first three days only). One subject tested all eight possible combinations.In starvation body protein catabolism continued at a rate equivalent to the previous dietary protein intake. Starvation caused excessive loss of body water and electrolytes (over and above the losses attributable to cellular breakdown), ketonuria, acidosis, hperuricaemia and a 4–5 kg. loss of body weight.Sucrose feeding decreased protein catabolism by 60% and was the most effective protein‐sparing treatment tested. It abolished ketonuria, hyperuricaemia and acidosis, reduced the loss of body water and electrolytes and resulted in a 2 kg. loss of body weight.Cortisone did not increase protein catabolism. It caused retention of sodium, especially in starvation, and of water and chloride in starvation but not with sucrose feeding.Norethandrolone caused a 30% reduction of protein catabolism in starvation but was without effect when sucrose was fed. It had no effects on water and electrolytes. It caused a decrease in the excretion of steroid material during cortisone administration.There is an obvious relevance of these observations to the treatment of oliguric renal failure.
THE ACTION OF TRYPSIN AND OF CHYMOTRYPSIN ON PHENYLTHIOCARBAMYL‐ANGIOTENSIN II
Authors: Osborn EC , Doyle AE , Murray M 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe effects of incubaling angiotensin II (valyl5‐angiotensin II‐ aspartic‐β‐amide) and a mixture of [35S] and [32S] phenylthiocarbainyl‐angiotensin II (PTC‐angiotensin) with trypsin and chymotrypsin at varying concentrations have been studied, and the chromatographic and electrophoretic properties of the breakdown products determined The results indicate that PTC‐angiotensin, like angiotensin, is readily split by trypsin between arginine and valine3 and by chymotrypsin between tyrosine and valine. The rate of destruction by the two enzymes, as judged by the decline in pressor activity, was similar with both compounds. In addition to the expected cleavage between arginie and valine3, trypsin induced cleavage between asparagine and arginine, in PTC‐angiotensin but not in angiotensin, with the liberation of free arginine and PTC‐asparagine.
GENERATION AND USE OF ANTIBODIES TO ANGIOTENSIN II
Authors: Catt Kevin , Coghlan JP 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe rabbit antibodies produced by immunization with angiotensin II amide, coupled to pig gamma globulin, react equally well with the naturally‐occurring α aspartyl angiotensin II and exhibit only very slight cross reaction with angiotensin I. The use of these antibodies in a simple ion exchange radioimmunoassay procedure allows the estimation of as little as 0·25 ng. of angiotensin II.It is likely that the antigenic portion of the angiotensin molecule which reacts with this particular antibody is close to the C‐terminal end of the octapeptide. Since angiotensiniases act by removing amino acids from the N‐terminal end of the molecule, biologically inactive metabolites of angiotensin II may retain immunological reactivity. The presence of such fragments in circulating blood could lead to disparity between the results of bioassay and radioimmunoassay of blood angiotensin II unless adequate isolation procedures are performed.
THE PRODUCTION OF RESISTANCE TO SPIRAMYCIN IN A POPULATION OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
Authors: Frost AJ 
Published: December 2007

SummaryA dairy herd, heavily infected with Staph. aureus, was sampled monthly and infected quarters treated with spiramycin after each of seven samplings. No resistant strains were found using a disc method, but there was a significant increase in the minimum inhibitory concentration of spiramycin for the strains isolated as the therapy continued. After concluding treatment, the minimum inhibitory concentration pattern of the isolates reverted to pretrial levels.The rate of mutation to resistance to spiramycin was estimated as 0·82 × 10−10 per division cycle.
THE INFLUENCE OF HEPARIN AND OF SECTION OF THE BUFFER NERVES ON THE RESPONSES OF THE CAT KIDNEY TO SALINE‐LOADING
Authors: Lockett Mary F 
Published: December 2007

SummaryIsolated cat kidneys perfused at constant pressure with defibrinated blood from normal animals respond to haemodilution with 0·9% NaCl. Tyrode's fluid or Locke's solution (10 ml./150 ml. blood) by diuresis and natriuresis. This response is biphasic. Phase I has very short latency and is characterized by a sharp rise in renal blood flow and filtration fraction and in the concentration of urinary Na. Phase II has a latency of 7–10 min., is of more gradual onset, and is characterized by a rise in renal plasma flow, a normal filtration fraction and a fall in the concentration of urinary Na. Heparinization abolishes the phase I response of the isolated perfused kidney to haemodilution with saline.Kidneys perfused either with defibrinated or with heparinized blood from headless animals failed to respond to the haemodilution.Kidneys in situ in the intact unheparinized animal show a biphasic response to the rapid intravenous injection of 15 ml./kg. isotonic saline, 20 ml. per min. The phase I response of these kidneys in situ is reduced but is not abolished by heparinization, and is larger, relatively, than the phase I response shown by a kidney perfused with defibrinated blood. The heparin stable component of the phase I response to haemodilution is found attributable to the rise in arterial pressure caused by the rapid intravenous injection of saline and is enhanced by section of the moderator nerves or by ligature of the brachiocephalic and L. subclavian arteries in the vagotomized animal. Denervation of a kidney causes only small reduction in the phase I resporse to haemodilution. Kidneys perfused from the neck respond to rises in blood pressure occasioned by saline injections similarly. Phase II of the response of the kidney in situ is reduced by section of the moderator nerves and is abolished by ligature of the brachiocephalic and L. subclavian arteries at their origins.It is inferred that a hormone of intracranial, but not of hypophyseal, origin may exert permissive control over the renal response to haemodilution, and that the two phases of the response of the isolated cat kidney to haemodilution may prove attributable to two separate hormones, intrarenal in their origin.
LOCATION OF NORADRENERGIC STRUCTURES IN THE CENTRAL ARTERY OF THE RABBIT EAR
Authors: Waterson JG , Smale DE 
Published: December 2007

SummaryA modified histochemical technique for demonstrating specific fluorescence in the rabbit ear artery has been described. Indirect evidence is presented that the fluorescence may be due to the presence of noradrenaline in the arterial wall. It is suggested that the specific fluorescent structures shown are noradrenaline containing granules in adrenergic nerve terminals, and are confined to the outer border of the smooth muscle layer of the rabbit ear central artery.
SEQUENCE OF IgM AND IgG ANTIBODY SYNTHESIS IN MICE
Authors: Auzins Ieva 
Published: December 2007

SummaryA comparison of the ability of IgM and IgG antibody to suppress the humoral response to sheep erythrocytes in mice shows that, unlike IgG antibody, IgM antibody does not cause a suppression of the IgG response. The significance of this finding is discussed.
EVIDENCE FOR THE POSSIBILITY OF NUCLEAR UPTAKE OF POLYMERISED DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID OF SPERM PHAGOCYTOSED BY MACROPHACES
Authors: Reid BL , Blackwell PM 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe pattern of saline elution of deoxyribonucleic acid prepared from cultured sheep macrophage cells is changed after these cells have been exposed to rat sperm. Reasons are discussed for believing that this altered pattern is due to the incorporation by the macrophage nucleus of sperm deoxyribonucleic acid in polymerised form.
THE REPRODUCIBILITY AND ACCURACY OF PLASMA VOLUME ESTIMATION IN THE SHEEP WITH BOTH 131I GAMMA GLOBULIN AND EVAN'S BLUE.
Authors: Boyd GW 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe reproducibility and accuracy of estimation of plasma volume in the sheep were investigated for each of two separate plasma labels—131I gamma globulin and Evan's blue dye. The results showed that the 131I gamma globulin space was more reproducible than the simultaneously estimated Evan's blue space (P < 0·05), and that the latter indicator measured a space some 12% larger than the former (P < 0·01). The “error” term associated with the estimation of the 131I gamma globulin space in well‐trained animals (coefficient of variation 2·5%) was comparable with the theoretical error (coefficient) of variation 1·2%) derived by combining the errors associated with the individual methodological procedures. In less well‐trained animals the in vivo “error” for the estimation of the 131I gamma globulin space was significantly higher than that observed in the well‐trained animals (P < 0·01). It is suggested that this may have been due to a variation in the amount of circulating protein and ultrafiltrate during the experiments in the less well‐trained animals. Evidence for the accuracy of estimation of true plasma volume with 131I gamma globulin is discussed, with particular reference to the finding of a high “F cells” ratio (mean 0·96) In a chronically splenectomised sheep, using 131I gamma globulin and 31Cr labelled red cells.
A COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTS OF A VARIETY OF FACTORS ON THE METABOLIC RATE OF THE MOUSE
Authors: Pennycuik Pamela R 
Published: December 2007

SummaryMeasurements of resting and total metabolic rate were made on a series of different strains of mice at six different ambient temperatures: 26, 28, 30, 32, 34 and 36°.At temperatures al and above 32° mice acclimatized as adults to 36° had significantly lower rates of oxygen consumption than mice acclimatized to 21°.Second and third generation animals reared at 34° had higher rates of oxygen utilization than those reared at 21°. By the sixth generation the oxygen utilization at 32° and above was decreased to levels below those of mice reared at 21°.Mice of different genetic backgrounds were found to have significantly different rates of O2 consumption.Animals with short ears and vestigial tails had higher rates of oxygen consumption than animals with long ears and tails at temperatures of 32° and above. The oxygen consumptions of naked mice were also elevated at these temperatures, as well as at temperatures below the thermoneutral point (33°). Hairless animals had rates of oxygen consumption significantly higher than those of furred sibs at all temperatures investigated. There was no difference between the oxygen consumptions of white and black mice.Activity caused a significant rise in metabolic rate at all temperatures investigated. This was less noticeable at the thermoneutral point than at the extremes of the temperature range investigated.Lactation almost doubled the metabolic rate of mice reared and measured at 34°.
THE EFFECT OF α− AND β‐ADRENORECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENTS ON POST‐EXERCISE HYPERAEMIA IN MAN
Authors: Fewings JD 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe effect of intra‐arterial infusion of the β‐adrenoreceptor blocking agent propranolol and the α‐adrenoreceptor blocking agent phenoxybenzamine on post‐exercise hyperaemia has been examined in the human forearm. The post‐exercise hyperaemia was significantly reduced by propranolol. but not affected by phenoxybenzamine.The reduction of the post‐exercise hyperaemia by propranolol appears to be due to its β‐adrenoreceptor blocking action on adrenaline, released as a result of the emotional stress involved in performing the exercise.