bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE FLUORIMETRIC DETERMINATION OF PROGESTERONE IN HUMAN PLASMA DURING PREGNANCY AND THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE
Authors: SHORT R. V. , LEVETT IRIS 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The fluorescence reaction for progesterone described by Touchstone & Murawec (1960) has been used to determine the concentration of progesterone in nineteen samples of peripheral blood from pregnant women, and in seventeen samples of peripheral blood from women during the course of the menstrual cycle.
There was good agreement between the ultraviolet and fluorescent estimates of progesterone in all the samples from pregnant women.
The concentrations found during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle were in general lower than those found during the luteal phase. In one woman who was sampled repeatedly during the course of a menstrual cycle, there was a well defined rise in the level of progesterone in the blood after the expected date of ovulation.
STUDIES BEARING ON THE NATURE OF ANDROGYNY
Authors: FERRIMAN D. , PAGE B. H. , NEWNHAM R. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Hair growth, biacromial and bi-iliac diameters were studied in a control group of 140 women. Hair growth showed significant correlation with biacromial diameters (P < 0·01) but not with bi-iliac diameters.
The 24 hr. urinary excretions of oestriol, oestrone and oestradiol were estimated in two to four menstrual cycles, during the phase before the ovulatory rise, in thirty-five women. Twenty were hirsute and fifteen had high bi-iliac diameters. Two of the latter had unusually high rates of oestrogen excretion but otherwise there was no difference between the groups. Despite wide variations between individuals, oestrogen excretion was relatively constant from cycle to cycle in nearly all the subjects.
URINARY GONADOTROPHINS IN POST-MENOPAUSAL WOMEN
Authors: BROWN P. S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Urinary gonadotrophins from post-menopausal patients were tested by two methods of bioassay.
Measured by the response of the mouse uterus, the daily excretion of total gonadotrophin in the less severely disabled patients ranged from 10 to 200 mg. equivalents of HMG 20A. Patients with active rheumatoid arthritis showed similar levels but some patients with severe disability due to anorexia, reticulosis or anaemia excreted very little gonadotrophin.
The gonadotrophins were also measured in terms of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) using the ovarian response in mice treated with excess human chorionic gonadotrophin. It was found that they differed strikingly from HMG 20 A in being relatively more potent in the assay for FSH. This suggests that they contained relatively more FSH.
The day-to-day fluctuation in the excretion of total gonadotrophin was compared with the differences between duplicate estimations. There were considerable quantitative fluctuations which could not be explained by the experimental errors. There was little evidence of major fluctuation in the quality of the gonadotrophins when this was assessed in a similar way.
THE EFFECT OF CORTISOL AND CERTAIN SYNTHETIC STEROIDS ON THE PERMEABILITY OF SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE IN THE RABBIT
Authors: SHARP G. W. G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. An investigation of the effects of cortisol and certain synthetic steroids on the permeability of synovial membrane has been carried out by studying the rate of absorption of phenolsulphonphthalein from the talocrural joints of rabbits.
2. Cortisol, betamethasone, dexamethasone and prednisolone all decreased the permeability of synovial membrane to approximately the same extent. Fluorohydrocortisone had no detectable effect.
3. The implications of these observations with regard to structure-activity relationships, physiological significance and mechanism of action are discussed.
GONADOTROPHIC AND THYROTROPHIC CELLS OF THE PITUITARY GLAND OF THE FERRET
Authors: HOLMES R. L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The regional distribution of types of cell in the pars distalis of the ferret's pituitary gland has been described. Seasonal variations in cytology, and the effect of thyroidectomy and gonadectomy have been studied.
The gonadotrophic cells contain coarse PAS-positive granules, and are distributed widely throughout the gland. In anoestrous animals they are poorly granulated, and become almost totally degranulated after ovariectomy. PAS-positive cells which also stain with Alcian blue appear to be thyrotrophic in function, and become degranulated after thyroidectomy. They occur throughout most of the gland, but especially in ventral and rostro-lateral regions.
Pregnancy, or treatment of ovariectomized animals with oestrogen, is followed by the appearance of numerous cells equivalent to the 'carminophils' of the cat.
IODIDE METABOLISM OF THE THYROID AND MAMMARY GLANDS DURING LACTATION IN SHEEP
Authors: FALCONER I. R. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Seven ewes and nine lambs were used for a study of thyroid function and 131I metabolism during lactation.
Carrier-free 131I was injected intramuscularly into the ewes, and its distribution into the thyroid, blood and milk studied in detail for 30 hr. From 30 hr. until 400 hr. less frequent blood and milk samples were taken, and thyroid count rates measured.
Blood was analysed for protein-bound iodide (PBI), protein-bound and total 131I; milk for total 131I.
From these data a number of parameters of thyroid function were calculated.
The rate constant for thyroid 131I release, and the PBI levels, showed no difference between lactating and non-lactating ewes. Thyroid 131I uptake was reduced, due to mammary competition.
Milk:serum 131I ratios varied between 29:1 and 92:1. The mammary gland was shown to be more than three times as efficient as the thyroid at removing iodide from the blood stream.
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN OESTRADIOL AND PROGESTOGENS IN THE UTERUS OF THE MOUSE
Authors: MARTIN L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Progesterone and various nor-steroids did not prevent oestrogenic interruption of early pregnancy in the mouse, although they inhibited other oestrogen-induced changes in the uterus and vagina. It is suggested that the relationship between oestrogen and progesterone is not one of simple molecular competition.
INTERRUPTION OF EARLY PREGNANCY IN THE RABBIT BY A SINGLE INJECTION OF OESTRADIOL CYCLOPENTYLPROPIONATE
Authors: GREENWALD G. S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Female rabbits were injected i.m. with various doses of oestradiol cyclopentylpropionate (OECP) immediately after coitus. The percentage of embryonic deaths 8 days post coitum after a single injection of 25, 50, 100 or 250 μg. of OECP was, respectively, 86, 97, 100 and 100%. However, the cornua of rabbits receiving as much as 100 μg. of OECP had normal 3 to 4 + progestational proliferation 8 days after mating.
The high embryonic mortality resulted from disturbances in the rate of egg transport through the oviduct. Thus, with 25 μg. OECP most of the ova were expelled from the reproductive tract 48 hours post coitum, whereas with 250 μg ova were retained at the ampullary-isthmic junction of the tube for at least 5 days. Under these circumstances, small viable blastocysts developed in 4 days, but 24 hr. later all eggs were degenerating.
These experiments suggest that embryonic death indirectly results from administration of OECP and that the hormone only briefly disrupts postovulatory development of the reproductive tract.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN URINARY ANDROST-16-EN-3α-OL AND URINARY 11-DEOXY-17-OXOSTEROID EXCRETION
Authors: BULBROOK R. D. , THOMAS B. S. , BROOKSBANK B. W. L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. There is a very high correlation between the amounts of urinary androstenol and those of dehydroepiandrosterone, androsterone and aetiocholanolone in women with metastatic breast cancer.
2. In spite of this correlation, which implies a common precursor, tritiated dehydroepiandrosterone or testosterone are not metabolized to androstenol at the periphery (maximum conversion: 0·4% of injected dose) in amounts sufficient to account for the urinary androstenol.
3. As a means of evaluating 'androgen status' androstenol assays do not appear to be more useful than those of the 11-deoxy-17-oxosteroids.
CORTISOL AND CORTISONE IN SALIVA OF PREGNANCY
Authors: GREAVES M. S. , WEST H. F. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The concentration of cortisol and cortisone in mixed saliva has been measured in normal non-pregnant women, normal pregnant women in the third trimester of pregnancy and pregnant ones with mild toxaemia in the third trimester. The ratio of cortisol to cortisone was 1:4 for the non-pregnant and 1:5 for the pregnant women. The mean concentration of cortisol for the pregnant subjects was twice that of the non-pregnant and the mean concentration of cortisone three times that of the non-pregnant women. Filtration studies showed no significant binding of cortisol or cortisone in the saliva.
It is concluded that the raised concentration of cortisol and cortisone in saliva indicates a raised concentration in the cells of the salivary gland. If this rise is common to the connective tissues generally it provides a reasonable explanation for the remission of rheumatoid arthritis experienced by some patients in the latter months of pregnancy.
STANDARDIZATION OF THE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF HUMAN PITUITARY INTERSTITIAL CELL-STIMULATING HORMONE IN TERMS OF HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN
Authors: LOSTROH A. J. , SQUIRE P. G. , LI C. H. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The biological activity of purified human interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH) has been standardized in terms of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG), by means of the ventral prostate test in hypophysectomized male rats and by means of the interstitial cell repair test in hypophysectomized female rats. In the ventral prostate assay, human ICSH injected in saline, unlike HCG, gave a very flat dose-response curve; injected in 16% gelatin, the two hormones gave dose-response curves that were indistinguishable from each other; the estimated potency of the ICSH preparation was equivalent to 500 i.u./mg. In the interstitial repair test, a total dose of 1·4 μg. of human ICSH effected repair similar to that obtained with 0·7 i.u. of HCG, i.e. 1 mg. of ICSH was equivalent to 500 i.u. of HCG. Thus, the potency of purified human ICSH can be estimated in terms of HCG by either of the two assays, and comparisons between different ICSH preparations can be made on this basis.
OBSERVATIONS ON A HAEMAGGLUTINATION—INHIBITION TECHNIQUE FOR ESTIMATING HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE
Authors: O'CONNOR P. J. , SKINNER L. G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The haemagglutination—inhibition technique has been examined as a method of estimating human growth hormone (HGH) and the need for rigid standardization of the procedures involved is stressed.
Examination of antisera to a Raben type preparation by immunodiffusion and haemagglutination—inhibition procedures showed the presence of antibodies to albumin and γ-globulin as well as to HGH. The presence of these contaminating antibodies did not appear to interfere with the endpoints obtained in the haemagglutination—inhibition reactions.
Within its limitations the technique has been found suitable for the assay of solutions of purified HGH. The mean level of HGH in six normal adult human sera was estimated as 261 ± 23·6 μg./l. (± s.e.) which is similar to the values obtained by other workers, but the validity of this mean value is questioned.
THE PREPARATION OF SHEEP GROWTH HORMONE
Authors: WALLACE A. L. C. , FERGUSON K. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Growth hormone has been prepared from sheep pituitary glands by chromatography of a simple buffer extract on DEAE-cellulose. The preparation appears to be free of other anterior pituitary hormones but shows two main components when analysed by starch gel electrophoresis. These components appear similar to those present in standard preparations of ox growth hormone.
Sheep growth hormone prepared by this method is not significantly less active than purified ox growth hormone when compared by the tibial-epiphysial cartilage response in hypophysectomized rats.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF A FEEDBACK MECHANISM BETWEEN THE OVARY AND THE DIENCEPHALIC-HYPOPHYSIAL SYSTEM IN THE RAT
Authors: PRESL J. , HORSKÝ J. , HENZL M. , JIRÁSEK J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
With the object of obtaining basic information concerning the establishment of the feedback mechanism between the ovaries and the diencephalic-hypophysial system (DHS), changes in the gonadotrophic activity and histological structure of the anterior pituitary lobe were determined in groups of rats 21 days following ovariectomy on the day of birth or at 5, 10, 15, 20, 30 and 50 days.
It was shown that the gonadotrophic activity of the hypophysis of spayed females and non-spayed controls differed using the criterion of uterine weight of the recipient, following ovariectomy at birth. After spaying at the age of 5 days the difference was also statistically significant using the criterion of ovarian weight. Histological investigation showed that in animals ovariectomized at days 1 and 5 there was an increase in PAS-positive mucoid cells in the adenohypophysis with a distinct PAS-positive Golgi zone in the pale centre of the cytoplasm.
The results of these experiments show that a feedback mechanism between the ovaries and the DHS becomes established at an age between (21–x) and (26–x) days, where x is the period necessary for the development of demonstrable post-castration changes in the anterior lobe. In view of the reported initiation of ovarian oestrogen production, the hypothesis is discussed that the feedback mechanism begins to function during very early post-natal life.
OVULATION IN THE RABBIT: THE TIME OF FOLLICULAR RUPTURE AND EXPULSION OF THE EGGS, IN RELATION TO INJECTION OF LUTEINIZING HORMONE
Authors: HARPER M. J. K. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Fifty-five mature oestrous does were injected intravenously with luteinizing hormone (LH) and subsequently killed between 9 hr. 52 min. and 14 hr. 30 min. after injection. At autopsy the number of freshly ruptured follicles was counted and was expressed as a percentage of the total number of follicles (ruptured and unruptured) counted, that had undergone pre-ovulatory swelling. This method of calculating 'percentage ovulation' gave results which agreed very closely with previously reported data. The calculation showed no ovulation by 10 hr., 50% ovulation between 10½ and 10¾ hr., and 100% ovulation by 14 hr. after the injection of LH.
In thirty-nine out of these fifty-five does a special study was carried out to determine in what position (in the ruptured follicle, on the surface of the ovary or in the Fallopian tube) the eggs from the ruptured follicles were recovered in relation to the time elapsing after LH injection. Between 10½ and 11½ hr. after injection about 17% of the eggs were found either still inside the ruptured follicle, or within the cumulus oophorus protruding from the follicle or adhering to the ovarian surface. However, at 11½–13 hr. after injection only 3·6–5·9% were still in the follicle or on the ovarian surface. From 13 hr. after LH injection all the eggs recovered were found in the Fallopian tube. These results suggest that not all the eggs are ejected from the follicle at the time of rupture, and that some appreciable time may elapse between follicular rupture and entry of eggs into the tube.
EFFECT OF RELAXIN ON THYROID FUNCTION IN THE RAT
Authors: PLUNKETT E. R. , SQUIRES B. P. , HEAGY F. C. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. Relaxin administered to intact female rats at oestrus stimulated an increase in 24 hr. uptake of 131I by the thyroid gland.
2. In oestrogen-treated spayed rats, relaxin stimulated increases in 24 hr. thyroidal uptake of 131I, thyroid weight and plasma PB131I to levels which were significantly higher than in the oestrogen treated controls.
3. The effect of relaxin on the thyroid was not observed in oestrogen-treated hypophysectomized female rats or in hypophysectomized rats on a maintenance dose of TSH.
4. It is concluded that relaxin causes an increase in size of the thyroid and uptake of radioactive iodine (RAI) in oestrogen-primed animals by means of an increased production of TSH. Two mechanisms by which TSH production may be stimulated under these experimental conditions are discussed.
ANALYSIS OF STEROID METABOLITES BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
Authors: CHAMBERLAIN J. , KNIGHTS B. A. , THOMAS G. H. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. Steroids have been chromatographed on columns coated with neopentylglycol adipate (NPGA), the fluoralkyl silicone polymer QF-1 and the methyl silicone polymer SE-30. The ΔRmg values for various functional groups have been calculated for these chromatographic systems. In particular, the relative elution properties of 3-hydroxysteroids, their acetates and their trimethylsilyl ethers, have been investigated.
2. Androsterone, its 5β-epimer and dehydroepiandrosterone can be separated as their trimethylsilyl ethers on NPGA. Using this method, these three 17-oxosteroids have been detected in human and monkey urine.
3. A system of analysis, based on ΔRmr values, has been applied to the identification of the metabolites found in human and rhesus pregnancy urine. The levels for progesterone metabolites in the urine of pregnant monkeys were found to be extremely low in comparison with those in women.
THE OESTROGENS OF THE SOW IN EARLY PREGNANCY: ACCUMULATION OF OESTRONE IN THE ALLANTOIC FLUID
Authors: LUNAAS T. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The concentration of oestrogens was estimated by chemical methods in ovarian, placental and foetal tissues and in allantoic fluid obtained from sows at a stage of early pregnancy when increased amounts of oestrone are excreted in the urine (25–30 days after breeding). Relatively high levels of oestrone, as characterized by additional chemical procedures, were found in the allantoic fluid. Most of the oestrone in the allantoic fluid was present in an ether insoluble form. The levels of oestradiol-17β in the tissues examined seemed to be negligible.
The origin of urinary oestrone excreted in the sow during early pregnancy is discussed.
HYDROXYLATION OF 11-DEOXYCORTICOSTERONE BY ADRENALS OF VARIOUS ANIMAL SPECIES
Authors: GRIFFITHS K. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The metabolism of 11-deoxycorticosterone (DOC) in vitro by homogenates of adrenal glands from various species has been studied.
Homogenates of 'non-fatty' adrenal glands, especially those prepared from golden hamster adrenals, were shown to possess an active 19-hydroxylating enzyme system. In the case of the golden hamster adrenal, approximately 30% of the added DOC was converted to 19-hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone (19-OH-DOC). Negligible transformation was observed using homogenates prepared from 'fatty' adrenal glands, similar to the type found in man. 19-OH-DOC was, however, formed from DOC by a homogenate of a human foetal adrenal gland.
No relationship was observed between the 11β-hydroxylating activity of the adrenal homogenate, and the reported cortisol/corticosterone ratio found in the adrenal venous blood of various animals.
ORAL AND RECTAL THYMOLYTIC ACTIVITIES OF SOME ANTI-INFLAMMATORY STEROIDS IN WEANLING RATS
Authors: PRATT M. A. , ATKINSON R. M. , WOOLLETT E. A. , TOMICH E. G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Various anti-inflammatory steroids and some of their phosphates, acetates and hemisuccinates have been assayed on intact weanling rats for thymolytic activity by the oral and rectal routes. The percentages of rectal over oral activity were: cortisol and its esters, 19–35; prednisone alcohol, 47; prednisolone and its esters, 29–53; betamethasone and its esters, 73–105; dexamethasone and its esters, 71–82. The 21-acetates of cortisol, prednisolone, betamethasone and dexamethasone had higher ratios of rectal to oral activity than did the parent alcohols and other esters. Prednisolone had a lower ratio to its esters than did cortisol, betamethasone and dexamethasone.
The results are compared with published information on the rectal absorption of anti-inflammatory steroids in man.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS INDICES OF ADRENOCORTICAL ACTIVITY DURING 23 DAYS AT HIGH ALTITUDE
Authors: MACKINNON P. C. B. , MONK-JONES M. E. , FOTHERBY K. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. Four men and three women ascended by télépherique and helicopter from 1000 to 4333 m. where they remained for 23 days.
2. Measurements of urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteroids, 17-oxosteroids, pregnanediol and pregnanetriol and circulating eosinophils were made at sea level and at high altitude.
3. An attempt was also made to measure changes in emotional activity by means of the palmar sweat index (PSI). This index was assessed at intervals throughout the day at sea level and at high altitude, and in response to adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and a self-imposed stress.
4. Within 24 hr. of acute exposure to high altitude urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteroids increased whilst circulating eosinophils decreased; by the 5th day both were returning to sea-level values. The output of 17-oxosteroids was lower by the 5th day at high altitude and subsequently increased; pregnanediol and pregnanetriol levels remained unchanged.
5. PSIs throughout the day become progressively lower as the length of stay at altitude increased. The response to ACTH at sea level and high altitude appeared to be similar but the response to a self-imposed stress was longer in duration at high altitude than at sea level.
GONADOTROPHIC RESPONSE OF THE OVARIES OF THE ALBINO MOUSE FOLLOWING CHRONIC LOW-INTENSITY GAMMA IRRADIATION
Authors: HUNTER J. D. , KRISE GEORGE M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Immature female albino mice were exposed to 60Co irradiation at rates of 20 r. and 40 r./day to total doses of 250,500,750 and 1000 r. Those irradiated at 40 r./day during the 1st week of life showed only one-third of the normal increase in uterine and ovarian weight after injection of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) when 25 days old. No further decline in response was seen when the total dose was increased from 250 to 1000 r. Irradiation at 20 r./day to total doses of 500 r. produced little change in normal HCG response.
In contrast, sexually mature adults exposed at 40 r./day to total doses of 1000 r. showed little response to HCG.
Histological examination of ovaries from immature mice exposed to doses of 250, 500 and 1000 r. at 40 r./day revealed a depopulation of primary oocytes and early maturing follicles as well as a notable decrease in ovarian size.
ACTION OF PINEAL EXTRACTS ON THE GONADS AND THEIR FUNCTION
Authors: REISS M. , DAVIS R. H. , SIDEMAN M. B. , MAUER I. , PLICHTA E. S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The action of pineal extracts on the genital system of several species of laboratory animals has been investigated. Determination of the phosphorus turnover in the genital organs of treated animals proved to be a significant guide to the action of pineal preparations. Doses of pineal extracts lower than those required for weight changes sufficed to produce changes in phosphorus metabolism.
Apparently contradictory results encountered originally were explained when findings were evaluated on the basis of the age of the test animal and the type of extract used. Thus, in immature and/or hypophysectomized animals, crude aqueous extracts stimulate the genital system, whereas in mature intact animals the same extract often has an inhibitory effect on the same organs. The inhibitory effect could be measured also in immature mice treated with gonadotrophic hormone and this proved useful in short-term experiments.
Crude glandular suspensions apparently contain both inhibitory and stimulatory principles. Partial separation of these was achieved through the use of trichloracetic acid, the supernatant fluid having predominantly inhibitory action while the stimulatory substance was found mainly in the precipitate.