bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Disease consciousness and coping strategies of patients with schizophrenic psychosis
Authors: Dittmann J. , Schüttler R. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTIn 50 schizophrenic patients, semistructured interviews were carried out concerning disease consciousness, occupation with the disease and behaviour and coping in case of psychotic experiences; 72% of the patients occupied themselves with their disease. In 84% a disease consciousness was present; 38% gave a multifactorial explanation for their psychosis. In 94% the occasional appearance of psychotic experiences was acknowledged. In 86% specific changes of the individual behaviour for coping with these experiences were described. These changes included withdrawal, increasing of interpersonal contact, cognitive control, symptomatic behaviour and adjustment of the neuroleptic medication. The study shows that schizophrenic patients are not passive victims of their disease. In the majority of cases a disease consciousness is present. The patients try to cope with their psychotic experiences in individually different ways. It is assumed that a better knowledge of these strategies might enable the clinician to use these phenomena as an adjunct to pharmacotherapy.
The effect of the detoxification of domestic gas in Switzerland on the suicide rate
Authors: Lester D. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTAn examination of suicide rates in Switzerland during the period when domestic gas was detoxified indicated that, not only did the use of domestic gas for suicide decline, but so did the overall suicide rate, indicating that people did not switch to alternative methods for suicide, contrary to a claim made by the late Erwin Stengel.
Remoxipride and haloperidol in schizophrenia: a double‐blind multicentre study.
Authors: Ahlfors U. G. , Rimõn R. , Appelberg B. , Hagert U. , Harma P. , Katila H. , Mah‐lanen A. , Mehtonen O‐P. , Naukkarinen H. , Outakoski J. , Rantanen H. , Sorri A. , Tamminen T. , Tolvanen E. , Holm A.‐C. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractNinety‐two patients with schizophrenia were included in a double‐blind multicentre parallel‐group trial comparing remoxipride and haloperidol. The mean daily dose during the last week of treatment was 316 mg (range, 150–600 mg) in the remoxipride group and 8.7 mg (range, 5–20 mg) in the haloperidol group. The study period was six weeks with at least one day of washout. Both Clinical Global Impression (CGI) rating, and Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) total scores declined at the end of the trial compared with pretreatment values in both groups. No significant differences were found between the remoxipride and haloperidol groups with regard to the treatment outcome. Treatment‐emergent extrapyramidal symptoms were statistically more frequent and more severe during haloperidol than during remoxipride treatment. Haloperidol‐treated patients reported also significantly more concentration difficulties. Severe extrapyramidal side effects in the haloperidol group and clinical ineffectiveness in the remoxipride group were the most frequent reasons for premature discontinuation of treatment.
Remoxipride and haloperidol in the acute phase of schizophrenia: a double‐blind comparison
Authors: Deo R. , Soni S. , Rastogi S. C. , Levine S. , PIant I. , Edwards J. Guy , Mitchell M. , Chanas A. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe efficacy and safety of remoxipride in the treatment of schizophrenia were compared with those of haloperidol in a multicentre double‐blind 6‐week study which was randomized with a parallel group design and was preceded by a washout period. Eighty‐nine consecutively admitted men and women meeting the Research Diagnostic Criteria for schizophrenia in an acute phase of the illness were treated with remoxipride 75–300 mg twice daily or haloperidol 5–20 mg twice daily. The efficacy assessments were the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, Krawiecka Rating Scale, and Clinical Global Impression. Both antipsychotic drugs produced clinical improvement with no significant differences between the efficacy of the two drugs. There were relatively few side effects. There were significantly fewer extrapyramidal symptoms and instances of blurred vision with remoxipride and less constipation with haloperidol. The results indicate that remoxipride is as effective an antipsychotic as haloperidol. Remoxipride has an advantage over haloperidol in respect to extrapyramidal side effects.
Affective symptoms associated with the onset of major depression in the community: findings from the US National Institute of Mental Health Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program
Authors: Dryman A. , Eaton W. W. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThis study examined the strength of relationships between forms of depressive symptoms over a one‐year period and the onset of major depression. The data analyzed were collected in 4 sites of the US National Institute of Mental Health Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program (NIMH‐ECA, 1981–1985). The Diagnostic Interview Schedule's specifications of DSM‐III criteria for major depression were employed. Overall, the results indicated a strong positive association between an onset episode and the following depressive symptoms over 1 year: diminished sexual drive, feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt and trouble concentrating or thinking. Sleep disturbance among women and fatigue among males were also significantly associated with experiencing an onset of major depression. The implications of the findings for secondary prevention efforts are explored.
A comparison of the mental status, personality profiles and life events of patients with irritable bowel syndrome and peptic ulcer disease
Authors: Dinan T. G. , O'Keane V. , O'Boyle C. , Chua A. , Keeling P. W. N. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractForty patients with a diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and 32 patients with peptic ulcer disease underwent a full psychiatric assessment. All were rated using the Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (GSRS), the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale, the Life Experiences Survey and the Eysenck Personality Inventory. The 2 groups were not distinguishable on total GSRS scores or rates of DSM‐III diagnosed mental disorder. However, greater trait scores for neuroticism and introversion were found in the IBS group, together with a greater reporting of life events perceived as negative.
Platelet imipramine binding and serotonin uptake in obsessive‐compulsive patients
Authors: Vitiello B. , Shimon H. , Behar D. , Stoff D. , Bridger W. H. , Friedman E. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractPlatelet imipramine binding was measured in 16 drug‐free nondepressed patients (aged 20‐61 years, mean ± SD 35 ± 8) suffering from obsessive‐compulsive disorder (OCD) and in 16 sex‐, race‐ and age‐matched healthy controls. Imipramine binding capacity and affinity were not different in the 2 groups. Platelet serotonin (5‐HT) uptake capacity, Vmax, was also measured in 15 of these patients and their matched controls. Vmax was significantly higher in the patients (309 ± 149 pmol/109 cells/min) than in the controls (181 ± 110). An increase in platelet 5‐HT uptake supports the involvement of 5‐HT in OCD and may suggest that a hyperactive serotonergic system is present in this disorder.
Rapid eye movement latency and mood following a delay of bedtime in healthy subjects: do the effects mimic changes in depressive illness?
Authors: David M. M. , MacLean A. W. , Knowles J. B. , Coulter M. E. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe phase advance hypothesis proposes that a phase advance of certain circadian rhythms (such as rapid eye movement (REM) sleep propensity) relative to the sleep‐wake cycle is implicated in the pathophysiology and pathogenesis of depression. In an earlier study, we reported that a 6‐h delay of sleep in normals produced REM changes that resembled the depressive pattern. Mood change was generally modest, although 2 of the 10 subjects became noticeably depressed. This study assessed the replicability of these results, and introduced a phase advance control condition. Predicted changes were observed in REM parameters. Modest but reliable mood change was confined to the first night of the phase delay, and was attributed to sleep loss. These results suggest that the effects of the phase shift were relatively benign, except in a minority of cases. Such individuals may have a susceptibility to depression that manifests itself under certain conducive physiological conditions.
Validity and reliability of the Dysfunctional Behaviour Rating Instrument
Authors: Molloy D. W. , Mcllroy W. E. , Guyatt G. H. , Lever J. A. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe objective of this study was to examine the reliability and validity of the Dysfunctional Behaviour Rating Instrument (DBRI) in cognitively impaired older adults living in the community. A total of 184 adults with suspected cognitive impairment received a standardized history, physical examination and work‐up that included the Standardized Mini‐Mental State Examination. Caregivers scored a DBRI Behaviour Problem Checklist (BPC) and Lawton Scale for each patient. The reliability of the DBRI, measured by an intraclass correlation coefficient, was 0.75. The correlation coefficient between the DBRI and the BPC total score was 0.71. The correlations between the DBRI and the cognitive, activities of daily living and self‐care domain scores of the BPC were lower (0.66, 0.38 and 0.26 respectively). The DBRI is a specific, reliable and valid caregiver‐reported measure of dysfunctional behaviour in cognitively impaired elderly living in the community.
Serotonergic interhemispheric asymmetry: gender difference in the orbital cortex
Authors: Arató M. , Frecska E. , Tekes K. , MacCrimmon D. J. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe asymmetry of tritiated imipramine (IMI) binding sites (which are associated with serotonergic mechanisms) were investigated in the orbital frontal cortex in 6 women and men who died of natural causes, and who did not have a history of mental disorders. There was significant interhemispheric asymmetry in both sexes, higher Bmax on the right side compared with the left. The Bmax values of IMI binding in the right orbital cortex in women were significantly higher than in men. Our preliminary findings – gender difference of serotonergic mechanisms in some area of the human brain ‐ are in accordance with the observed gender differences in a variety of serotonin‐regulated behaviors (sexual behavior, aggression and impulse control), and serotonergic mental disorders (eating disorders, suicidal behavior, anxiety disorders and depression).
Some themes from the philosophy of psychiatry: a short review
Authors: Rosenberg R. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractSome major themes in the philosophy of science are briefly reviewed, considering epistemological, ontological and ethical problems in modern psychiatry. A conception of realism at the ontological, empiricism at the methodological level and humanistic ethics is proposed. Metapsychiatry is suggested as a theoretical discipline integrating clinical research methodology and philosophy of science.
Interaction between genetic vulnerability and family environment: the Finnish adoptive family study of schizophrenia
Authors: Tienari P. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA nationwide Finnish sample of schizophrenics' offspring given up for adoption was compared blindly with matched controls, that is, adopted‐away offspring of nonschizophrenic biologic parents. The adoptive families were investigated thoroughly by joint and individual interviews and psychologic tests. Biologic parents were also interviewed and tested. Among the 144 index and 178 control offspring, the percentage of both psychoses and other severe diagnoses (borderline syndrome and severe personality disorder) was significantly higher in the index adoptees than in the matched control adoptees. Of the 15 psychotic adoptees in the total sample to date, 13 are offspring of schizophrenics and 2 are control offspring. Both global clinical ratings and test data for the adoptive, rearing parents also correlate with the symptomatic status of the adoptees. A prospective, longitudinal study of adoptees at risk is being undertaken to explore the direction of effects between adoptees and adoptive parents.
De novo mania among elderly people
Authors: Charron M. , Fortin L. , Paquette I. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractDe novo mania is defined as the occurrence of a first manic episode in a patient with no history of mood disorder, after exclusion of organic etiologies. Although it is believed to be rare in elderly populations, the authors nonetheless report 6 cases encountered over a 2‐year period. The literature regarding mania among elderly people is reviewed, and the authors formulate their recommendations in view of more frequent recognition and better management of these patients.
Peripheral‐type benzodiazepine receptors in anxiety disorders
Authors: Rocca P. , Ferrero P. , Gualerzi A. , Zanalda E. , Maina G. , Bergamasco B. , Ravizza L. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractPeripheral benzodiazepine receptors (pBDZr) were analyzed in lymphocyte membranes from patients with anxiety disorders (generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), n= 15; panic disorder (PD), n= 10; obsessive‐compulsive disorder (OCD), n= 18), other mental disorders (n= 40) and 50 healthy controls, by the specific binding of 3H‐PK11195. The number of binding sites (Bmax) was significantly decreased in groups with both GAD and OCD as compared with age‐matched controls, by 45% and 25% respectively, whereas the binding affinity (Kd) was the same in all disorder and control groups. Conversely, no changes in binding capacity was observed in the other disorder groups and particularly in the one with PD. The abnormality in pBDZr observed in patients with GAD was restored to a normal value after long‐term treatment with 2′‐chloro‐N‐desmethyldiazepam, which also coincided with their recovery from anxiety. Our data suggest that the clinical heterogeneity in anxiety disorders might be related to different biological mechanisms and that lymphocyte pBDZr might be useful in demonstrating these differences.
Relationship of dose to antidepressant prophylactic efficacy
Authors: Peselow E. D. , Difiglia C. , Fieve R. R. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractWe studied 75 patients on prophylactic antidepressants (imipramine or amitriptyline) to examine the effect of antidepressant dose on long‐term prophylaxis of depression and to see whether lowering the dose during the prophylactic period affected subsequent relapse. There was no statistically significant difference in maintenance and prophylactic doses between the group that completed the 2 years free of a depressive episode, the group that had a depressive relapse and the group that dropped out of treatment before the end of the prophylactic period. However, the group that completed the 2 years free of a depressive episode had significantly less of a difference between the maintenance and prophylactic doses than the other 2 groups. Overall, 11/31 who remained on the same dose during the prophylactic period vs the maintenance period relapsed vs 17/25 who had their dose lowered during the prophylactic period vs the maintenance period. This difference was statistically significant.
Karolinska Psychodynamic Profile
Authors: Weinryb RM , Rössel RJ 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTWeinryb RM, ROssel RJ: Karolinska Psychodynamic Profile ‐ KAPP. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1991:83 (suppl 363):l‐23.The Karolinska Psychodynamic Profile, KAPP, is a rating instrument founded upon psychoanalytic theory. Its validity is satisfactory, and high interrater reliability can be attained with modest training of the raters in using the instrument. It enables relatively stable and only slowly variable modes of mental functioning and character traits to be assessed psychodynamically. The profile is based upon eighteen subscales, by means of which these modes of mental functioning and character traits can be represented. The subscales have been chosen with a view to obtaining a comprehensive assessment of modes of mental functioning and character traits, as reflected in the patient's self‐image and relationships with others. The subscales and their scale steps have been provided with relatively detailed descriptions which are kept close to clinically observable phenomena. The information needed for making the assessments is obtained through a structural interview procedure. The manual, the subscales and their scale steps, and the assessment procedure is presented.
Validity and reliability of the Anorectic Behavior Observation Scale for parents
Authors: Vandereycken W. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe Anorectic Behavior Observation Scale (ABOS) is a new self‐reporting questionnaire developed to obtain information from parents about specific behaviors and attitudes in their children that might be symptomatic for anorexia or bulimia nervosa. Parents of 191 eating disorder patients and 174 female students completed the questionnaire. Using a cut‐off score of 19, the ABOS has a sensitivity of 90.0% and a specificity of 89.6%. A comparison with a clinician's evaluation of the patients’ behavior and, in the control group, with the subjects’ own judgement, revealed that parents generally give reliable information. The ABOS may be used as a valuable supplement to existing screening instruments for eating disorders.
The St. George's dementia bed investigation study: a comparison of clinical and pathological diagnosis
Authors: Gilleard C. J. , Kellett J. M. , Coles J. A. , Millard P. H. , Honavar M. , Lantos P. L. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractSixty‐four elderly patients who had been admitted to the St. George's Hospital Alzheimer's disease evaluation project during 1981–1989 were followed up to postmortem examination. Comparison between clinical diagnoses and neuropathological diagnoses indicated positive predictive values for the antemortem diagnoses of 50–67%. Existing clinical criteria may not be accurate enough to permit firm antemortem diagnosis of older people for either research or clinical purposes.
Drop‐out rate as a performance indicator in psychotherapy
Authors: Hunt C. , Andrews G. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractMany large studies of psychotherapy show that the median patient drops out by the 5th session and most before the 10th session. Data from an effective behavior therapy clinic for the anxiety disorders showed that only 17% of patients failed to complete a median of 60 h of therapy. Patient characteristics were not associated with attrition. We examined 5 meta‐analytic treatment reviews and found the median drop‐out rate was 8% after 20 h of therapy. We suggest that low attrition is associated with effective, standardized treatment and as such, drop‐out rate may be a proxy variable that can indicate effective service delivery.
The structure of personality disorders in DSM‐III
Authors: Bell R. C. , Jackson H. J. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractIn DSM‐III it is proposed that there are 11 personality disorders (PDs) that fall into 3 superordinate clusters: cluster A, labelled the odd or eccentric; cluster B, labelled the emotional, dramatic or erratic; and cluster C, described as the anxious or fearful. To check this proposal, data were obtained from a sample of 112 state hospital psychiatric inpatients via the Structured Interview for DSM‐III Personality (SIDP). Various statistical techniques were applied to the data, ranging from the least constrained method of multidimensional scaling to the most constrained and statistically rigorous approach of confirmatory factor analysis. In the latter approach, the models suggested by the various statistical approaches were contrasted directly. A 3‐cluster solution was accepted as the best representation of the data, although PD membership of the 3 clusters varied in some ways from those suggested by DSM‐III. An exploratory correlational analysis showed that many of the items were more strongly correlated with PDs other than the ones specified by DSM‐III, but generally items clustered within the 3 superordinate clusters. This issue deserves further investigation.
Early signs of cognitive deficits among human immunodeficiency virus‐positive hemophiliacs
Authors: Riedel R.‐R. , Helmstaedter C. , Bülau P. , Durwen H. F. , Brackmann H. , Fimmers R. , Clarenbach P. , Miller E. N. , Böttcher M. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA total of 181 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐seropositive hemophiliacs and 28 hemophilic controls were evaluated by psychometric tests and by electroencephalogram (EEG). Patients were classified from stages 1–6 according to the immunological criteria of the Walter Reed staging system. Statistical analysis of psychometric data showed an effect of the stage of the disease on test performances, indicating a decline in attention, accumulation of perceptual interferences, decline in visuoperceptual speed and visuomotor response speed and reduced verbal memory performance, especially in stage 6 patients. Comparison of performance levels with normative test data already revealed cognitive deficits in about 20–30% of the patients in stages 2–5. As regards verbal memory, especially learning and recognition of new verbal information were impaired. In contrast, there was no significant deficit for nonverbal memory processing. Compared with the controls, patients exhibited an increasing number of abnormal EEG findings in stages 2–6. As a conclusion, in the stages before acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) develops, EEG findings as well as psychometric findings indicate central nervous system involvement of AIDS in about 20–30% of cases, whereas in full‐blown AIDS there is a marked increase to 80%. Besides a more general deficit of attention and psychomotor speed as is seen in subcortical dementia, there is evidence for a particular verbal learning disorder, suggesting additional selective impairment of the brain.
Projective identification and suicide contagion
Authors: Taiminen T. J. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe effect of suggestion on suicide is well established. However, the intrapsychic mechanisms of the contagion of suicides are poorly understood. In this article I first present the literature about suicide clustering and about projective identification. In the following clinical vignette I try to understand a patient's suicidal behaviour, referring to William Goldstein's clarifying model of projective identification. I aim to illustrate that his model has heuristic value in the treatment of suicidal patients when the effect of suggestion or identification is suspected.
Social conditions in a total population with long‐term functional psychosis in three different areas of Stockholm County
Authors: Borgå P. , Widerlöv B. , Stefansson C. G. , Cullberg J. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA number of social conditions regarding interpersonal relations, housing and employment were studied in a total population of individuals with long‐term functional psychosis (n= 341) drawn from the population aged 18–64 years inhabiting three different areas of Stockholm County, altogether about 57,000 inhabitants. Individuals were included irrespective of whether they had a psychiatric treatment contact or not. They were mostly unmarried (57%) and living alone (64%). Most were unemployed (69%) and over half received a disability pension. However, 76% had their own flat and a reasonable financial standard, not deteriorating with illness duration. The diagnosis of schizophrenia led to poorer social conditions, as did early age at onset, male sex and co‐morbidity of substance abuse. A larger number of individuals lived in an institution in the urban area while a greater number lived with relatives in the rural area.