bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High animal‐fat intake changes the bile‐acid composition of bile juice and enhances the development of Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma in a rat duodenal‐contents reflux model
Authors: Chen Kuan‐Hao , Mukaisho Ken‐ichi , Sugihara Hiroyuki , Araki Yoshio , Yamamoto Gaku , Hattori Takanori 
Published: September 2007

The dietary components responsible for the development of Barrett's esophagus (BE) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) remain unclear. Wistar rats were divided into four groups based on their diet: a low soybean‐oil diet, a low cow‐fat diet, a high soybean‐oil diet, and a high cow‐fat diet. First, we evaluated the bile acid composition of the bile juice in each group without operation, using high‐performance liquid chromatography. Because only high cow‐fat intake induced changes in the composition of bile acids in bile juice, we then selected animals fed with a low soybean‐oil diet and those with a high cow‐fat diet to carry out esophago‐jejunostomy for reflux of the duodenal contents, and compared sequential morphological changes between these groups up to 30 weeks after surgery. At 30 weeks after surgery, the reflux animals in the high cow‐fat group showed a significantly higher incidence of BE and Barrett's dysplasia than those in the low soybean‐oil group, and the incidence of EAC in the high cow‐fat group was also slightly higher than that in the low soybean‐oil group. High dietary animal fat changed the bile‐acid composition and increased the concentration of taurine conjugates in the bile juice. These increased bile acids promoted the development of BE and Barrett's dysplasia leading to EAC. (Cancer Sci 2007; 98: 1683–1688)
Identifying health disparities across the tobacco continuum
Authors: Fagan Pebbles , Moolchan Eric T. , Lawrence Deirdre , Fernander Anita , Ponder Paris K. 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTAims Few frameworks have addressed work‐force diversity, inequities and inequalities as part of a comprehensive approach to eliminating tobacco‐related health disparities. This paper summarizes the literature and describes the known disparities that exist along the tobacco disease continuum for minority racial and ethnic groups, those living in poverty, those with low education and blue‐collar and service workers. The paper also discusses how work‐force diversity, inequities in research practice and knowledge allocation and inequalities in access to and quality of health care are fundamental to addressing disparities in health.Methods We examined the available scientific literature and existing public health reports to identify disparities across the tobacco disease continuum by minority racial/ethnic group, poverty status, education level and occupation.Findings Results indicate that differences in risk indicators along the tobacco disease continuum do not explain fully tobacco‐related cancer consequences among some minority racial/ethnic groups, particularly among the aggregate groups, blacks/African Americans and American Indians/Alaska Natives. The lack of within‐race/ethnic group data and its interactions with socio‐economic factors across the life‐span contribute to the inconsistency we observe in the disease causal paradigm.Conclusions More comprehensive models are needed to understand the relationships among disparities, social context, diversity, inequalities and inequities. A systematic approach will also help researchers, practitioners, advocates and policy makers determine critical points for interventions, the types of studies and programs needed and integrative approaches needed to eliminate tobacco‐related disparities.
Addressing tobacco‐related health disparities
Authors: Moolchan Eric T. , Fagan Pebbles , Fernander Anita F. , Velicer Wayne F. , Hayward Mark D. , King Gary , Clayton Richard R. 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTAims The aim of this review is to outline a transdisciplinary research framework for identifying, explaining and intervening to address tobacco‐related health disparities (TRHD). We will show the importance of an approach that integrates the human life‐cycle (developmental) and tobacco addiction cycle (behavioral) for interventions that address group‐specific vulnerabilities.Methods The existing empirical knowledge base on tobacco‐related health disparities is mapped onto a conceptual framework built around life‐cycle and addiction cycle trajectories for disparate population groups.Findings Current knowledge about developmental trajectories of tobacco use is based on general population studies with minimal information on group differences. At the national level, early onset of tobacco use is associated with a high level of tobacco dependence, low number of quit attempts, long‐term smoking history and tobacco‐related health harm. These relationships cannot be assumed for all population groups: African Americans and Asian Americans typically have a later age of tobacco use onset compared to European Americans, yet health consequences of smoking are higher among African Americans but not Asian Americans. Even less is known about group differences in the temporal progression from smoking onset to daily smoking. Determining the time‐frame from initial to regular smoking seems crucial for targeted secondary prevention, before the establishment of addictive tobacco use patterns. Group‐specific data characterizing the duration from daily tobacco use to a quit attempt or request for cessation treatment are also scant.Conclusions A comprehensive, integrated, transdisciplinary framework is needed to guide efforts to understand tobacco‐related health disparities and to increase the effectiveness of evidence‐based interventions delivered in culturally appropriate and economically practicable ways, while optimizing the balance between demand for and access to services.
A biopsychosocial approach to examining tobacco‐related health disparities among racially classified social groups
Authors: Fernander Anita F. , Shavers Vickie L. , Hammons George J. 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTAims To articulate a broader, multi‐causal model that incorporates psychosocial and environmental factors that can differ systematically across racially classified social groups (RCSGs) and impact biological pathways related to the development of tobacco‐related diseases.Methods This paper is built upon a review of the existing scientific literature on selected biopsychosocial factors (diet/nutrition, obesity, alcoholic intake, psychosocial stress, occupational/environmental exposures and exposure to other diseases and illnesses) and tobacco use in examining the biological contributions to differences in tobacco‐related health outcomes among RCSGs.Findings Recent work has focused on RCSG genetic variations as a possible explanation for differences in tobacco‐related health disparities. It is argued in this paper that, given the genetic heterogeneity ‘within’ RCSGs, it is unlikely that across RCSG genetic variations are likely to be the major source of differences impacting biological pathways in tobacco‐related health outcomes. The evidence shows that results, even at the level of within‐population genetic variations, have been limited and often inconsistent. A conceptual framework is proposed to account for biological pathways related to the development of tobacco‐related diseases.Conclusions Determinants of tobacco‐related health disparities are not understood clearly. The contribution of biological factors may be important. Current efforts to determine biological differences in tobacco use and related diseases among RCSGs have focused primarily on genetic variations. However, this approach has limitations. An alternative biopsychosocial framework that examines the potential biological mechanisms through which life experiences and behavior might affect tobacco use and health outcomes in these population groups is needed, including those of life‐style (e.g. diet/nutrition, obesity, physical exercise, alcohol consumption), psychosocial (e.g. stress and coping), occupational/environmental exposures and the presence of other diseases/illnesses.
Racially classified social group tobacco‐related health disparities: what is the role of genetics?
Authors: FERNANDER ANITA F. 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTCertain racially classified social groups suffer disproportionately from tobacco‐caused morbidity and mortality. Recent advances in genetics are leading researchers to examine variables that may account for this. However, it is critical that investigators proceed with caution and utilize transdisciplinary approaches. A number of fundamental questions might be used to stimulate consensus building in this area of science. What is race and how should its complexity be operationalized? Is it possible/likely that pharmacogenetics will allow us to match smokers with cessation strategies based on a gene‐psychological profile? What are the most important conceptual and methodological issues for a research agenda in this area?
Overcoming confounding of race with socio‐economic status and segregation to explore race disparities in smoking
Authors: LaVeist Thomas A. , Thorpe Roland J. , Mance GiShawn A. , Jackson John 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTAims  We examined the nature of racial disparities in smoking status within a sample that accounts for two major confounding factors in health disparities research—racial segregation and socio‐economic status. Also, we sought to determine the generalizability of our sample.Design and setting  Cross‐sectional study based on data from the Exploring Health Disparities in Integrated Communities Study in south‐west Baltimore, MD (EHDIC‐SWB) and a subsample of respondents in the 2002 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) that was matched to EHIDC‐SWB. The final matched data set sample size was 2948 adults (1474 EHDIC‐SWB; 1474 matched NHIS).Measurements  Our outcome variables were life‐time and current smoking status and number of cigarettes smoked daily. Independent variables include race, age gender, educational attainment and income.Findings  In the adjusted models, whites had greater odds than blacks of current smoking and reported smoking more cigarettes in the EHDIC‐SWB sample, but there were no race differences in current smoking status or in the number of cigarettes smoked per day in the NHIS. The prevalence rates for both life‐time and current smoking were substantially greater in the EHDIC‐SWB sample, but in comparisons of blacks and whites across samples we found that the magnitude of the difference between the samples was greatest for whites.Conclusions  Unadjusted national estimates of race disparities as reported in national reports may be biased because of differential risk exposure among people of different race groups. Race differences in social and environmental contexts account partially for racial differences in smoking patterns.
How reliable and valid is the Brief Sensation Seeking Scale (BSSS‐4) for youth of various racial/ethnic groups?
Authors: Vallone Donna , Allen Jane A. , Clayton Richard R. , Xiao Haijun 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTAims  To assess the reliability and validity of the Brief Sensation Seeking Scale BSSS‐4 by race/ethnicity.Design  Six waves of nationally representative, cross‐sectional, Legacy Media Tracking Survey (LMTS) data. Analyses are based on a sample size of 24 328 individuals. Response rates for the individual survey administrations range from 60% to 30%.Setting  Data were collected by telephone, from April 2001 to January 2004.Participants  Youth, aged 12–17 years, who completed the LMTS.Measurements  Sensation seeking was measured using the four‐item scale, BSSS‐4, published by Stephenson et al. in 2003. A series of items from the LMTS was used to measure youth intention to smoke and smoking behavior.Findings  Mean sensation seeking scores increased as the risk for established smoking increased. African American youth who are open to smoking or have experimented with cigarettes had lower mean sensation seeking scores than their white and Hispanic counterparts. Coefficient alpha and average corrected item‐total correlations suggest that the BSSS‐4 is a less reliable measure of sensation seeking for African American youth compared to white and Hispanic youth.Conclusions  The BSSS‐4 is a useful tool for identifying youth at risk for smoking; however, it is less reliable and valid for African American youth compared with other youth. Future research should investigate whether other existing sensation seeking scales are equally reliable and valid across race/ethnicity, and whether an alternative scale could or should be developed that would measure sensation seeking more effectively among African American youth.
The reliability and validity of the Brief Sensation Seeking Scale (BSSS‐8) with young adult Latino workers: implications for tobacco and alcohol disparity research
Authors: Stephenson Michael T. , Velez Luis F. , Chalela Patricia , Ramirez Amelie , Hoyle Rick H. 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTAim  This study investigated the reliability and validity of the Brief Sensation Seeking Scale (BSSS‐8) in both English and Spanish with Latinos, the fastest‐growing minority group in the United States, and the correlation between sensation seeking and tobacco and alcohol use.Design  Cross‐sectional survey, computer‐assisted telephone interviews (CATI).Setting  Dallas and Houston, Texas.Participants  A total of 789 Latinos participated in this study. Participants were currently in the work‐force, not enrolled in college, and between the ages of 18 and 30 years.Measurements  Participants completed a self‐report questionnaire (in either English or Spanish) consisting of items measuring tobacco and alcohol use as well as the eight‐item Brief Sensation Seeking Scale.Findings and conclusions  For English‐speaking Latino participants, the BSSS factor structure was second‐order unidimensional and correlated positively with life‐time cigarette use, intention to smoke in the future and amount and frequency of alcohol consumption. For Spanish‐speaking Latino participants, a four‐subfactor solution for the BSSS provided the best fit to the data although correlations between the four subscales and cigarette use were small.
Sensation seeking: a commentary
Authors: CLAYTON RICHARD R. , SEGRESS MELISSA J. H. , CAUDILL CRYSTAL A. 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTAims  To discuss some of the conceptual and methodological issues about race/ethnicity and sensation seeking not discussed fully in the two empirical papers in this issue.Methods  The authors of this commentary examined critically the papers in this issue by Vallone et al. and Stephenson et al. and asked if there were underlying or foundational issues that were ignored or not discussed adequately regarding the sensation seeking construct. After reviewing an initial list of those issues, a decision was made to discuss four of them.Findings  There is inadequate attention paid to: (i) the developmental aspects of sensation seeking and the almost exclusive focus on youth; (ii) the possibility that sensation seeking is relevant primarily for initial events and not continuation, progression within and across drug classes, progression to dependence, regression, cessation and relapse; (iii) the putative multi‐dimensionality of sensation seeking and the pervasive tendency of researchers to ignore the dimensions; and (iv) possible lack of validity of the construct within and across racial and ethnic groups.Conclusions  The two papers in this issue by Vallone et al. and Stephenson et al., each of which is focused on racial/ethnic differences in the relationship of sensation seeking to tobacco attitudes, intentions and tobacco use, suggest that it is time for more foundational research on the relevance of the multi‐dimensional definition of the construct. The relationship of the putative dimensions to each other and to other variables, and the utility of the construct for segmenting audiences and predicting public health outcomes, is an area where more foundational research is needed.
Differential impact of state tobacco control policies among race and ethnic groups
Authors: Tauras John A. 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTAims  This paper describes patterns of racial and ethnic cigarette use in the United States and discusses changes in state‐level tobacco control policies. Moreover, this paper reviews the existing econometric literature on racial and ethnic smoking and discusses the limitations of that research. Finally, this paper outlines an agenda for future research.Methods  Patterns of racial and ethnic smoking and changes in state‐level tobacco control policies in the United States were obtained from a variety of sources, including surveys and government and private documents and databases. After an extensive literature search was completed, the existing research was scrutinized and recommendations for much‐needed future research were put forth.Findings  Despite the fact that certain racial and ethnic minorities bear a disproportionate share of the overall health burden of tobacco, less than a handful of econometric studies have examined the effects of state‐level public policies on racial and ethnic smoking. The existing literature finds Hispanics and African Americans to be more responsive to changes in cigarette prices than whites. Only one study examined other state‐level tobacco policies. The findings from that study implied that adolescent white male smoking was responsive to changes in smoke‐free air laws, while adolescent black smoking was responsive to changes in youth access laws.Conclusions  While much has been learned from prior econometric studies on racial and ethnic smoking in the United States, the existing literature suffers from numerous limitations that should be addressed in future research. Additional research that focuses on races and ethnicities other than white, black and Hispanic is warranted. Furthermore, future studies should use more recent data, hold sentiment toward tobacco constant and control for a comprehensive set of tobacco policies that take into account not only the presence of the laws, but also the level of restrictiveness of each policy.
Most Latino smokers in California are low‐frequency smokers
Authors: Zhu Shu‐Hong , Pulvers Kim , Zhuang Yuerong , Báezconde‐Garbanati Lourdes 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTAims  We examine the phenomenon of low‐frequency smoking (non‐daily smoking or smoking ≤ 5 cigarettes daily) among California Latinos and address its implications for addiction theory and population tobacco control.Design, setting and participants  Data gathered in 2001 and 2003 through the California Health Interview Survey (CHIS), the largest general health survey in California. The present study focused on Latino current smokers (n = 1254 for CHIS 2001; n = 946 for CHIS 2003).Measurement  Latino smokers reporting either non‐daily smoking or smoking ≤5 cigarettes daily were identified and grouped into one category: low‐frequency smokers.Findings  Weighted by population parameters, more than 70% of Latino smokers in California were found to be low‐frequency smokers [70.7% (CI = 67.2%, 73.9%) in 2001 and 70.8% (CI = 67.1%−74.2%) in 2003]. This high proportion cut across all demographic dimensions in both surveys, suggesting pervasiveness and reliability of this phenomenon. Proportions for non‐daily smokers and low‐rate daily smokers were 48.6% and 22.1% in 2001 and 54.9% and 15.9% in 2003. In both surveys, more than 80% of non‐daily smokers consumed ≤ 5 cigarettes on their smoking days.Conclusions  The fact that most Latino smokers are low‐frequency smokers calls for a new theoretical framework—beyond withdrawal‐based theories—to account for the prevalence of this behavior on the population level. It also calls into question the harm‐reduction approach as a tobacco control strategy for California Latino populations. Strategies emphasizing that every cigarette can hurt, and encouraging complete cessation, seem more fitting for this group of smokers.
Building capacity to address tobacco‐related disparities among American Indian and Hispanic/Latino communities: conceptual and systemic considerations
Authors: Báezconde‐Garbanati Lourdes , Beebe Laura A. , Pérez‐Stable Eliseo J. 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTAim  To discuss systemic and conceptual issues that surround capacity building for tobacco control in traditionally underserved communities, by presenting two case studies, one in an American Indian community and another in a Hispanic/Latino community.Design  Key informant interviews, cross‐sectional surveys and case study methods were used to create community‐specific conceptual frameworks for building capacity for tobacco control. These models of capacity building serve as the backdrop for the development of the two case studies.Setting, participants, measurements  Interview and survey participants were identified through convenience and snowball sampling, using a community‐based participatory process in an American Indian community in Oklahoma and among the Hispanic/Latino Tobacco Education Partnership (H/LTEP) organizations in California. Using qualitative and quantitative methods, two case studies were created based on the results of interviews with key informants in each of the respective communities, outcomes of efforts to build capacity in tobacco control are presented.Findings  The extent to which American Indian and Hispanic/Latino communities have the capacity to address effectively the disproportionate burden of tobacco abuse is contingent upon the presence of leadership, collaboration, programs, distribution of funds and resources, development of policies and an underlying understanding of community strengths, history, values and participation. Common characteristics emerge from the case studies that help bridge differences in definition and measurement across both populations and programs.Conclusion  The conceptual frameworks for capacity building presented provide insight that enhances the ability of priority populations to engage in tobacco control strategies using culturally and language appropriate interventions.
Connective tissue growth factor is an indicator of bone involvement in multiple myeloma, but matrix metalloproteinase‐9 is not
Authors: Munemasa Shoso , Sakai Akira , Kuroda Yoshiaki , Okikawa Yoshiko , Katayama Yuta , Asaoku Hideki , Kubo Tadahiko , Miyakawa Yoshitaka , Serikawa Masahiro , Sasaki Tamito , Kimura Akiro 
Published: September 2007

SummaryBone disease (BD) in multiple myeloma (MM) is because of the activation of osteoclasts and impairment of osteoblast differentiation. Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is known to participate in the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells to committed osteoprogenitor cells. We analysed the concentration of circulating CTGF in 35 MM patients and 22 malignant lymphoma (ML) patients and 14 normal individuals. CTGF is protease‐sensitive and thus is found as both an N‐terminal half fragment (N‐half CTGF) and whole (W‐CTGF). Serum levels of W‐CTGF and N‐half CTGF + W‐CTGF were determined by separate sandwich enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays. The level of W‐CTGF was significantly lower (P < 0·005) in MM patients compared with ML patients and normal individuals, while N‐half + W‐CTGF was similar in all groups. Furthermore, W‐CTGF was significantly lower in MM patients with BD compared with those without BD (P < 0·005) and this was independent of previous treatment. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐9 is produced by myeloma cells and is thought to be related to BD in MM. However, MMP‐9 does not cleave CTGF and serum MMP‐9 level was not related to BD in MM. Thus, CTGF is an indicator of BD in MM; its metabolism and function in MM should be clarified.