bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Safety and security in acute admission psychiatric wards in Ireland and London: a comparative study
Authors: Cowman Seamus , Bowers Len 
Published: December 2008

Aims and objectives.  The comparative element of this study is to describe safety and security measures in psychiatric acute admission wards in the Republic of Ireland and London; to describe differences and similarities in terms of safety and security patterns in the Republic of Ireland and London; and to make recommendations on safety and security to mental health services management and psychiatric nurses.Background.  Violence is a serious problem in psychiatric services and staff experience significant psychological reactions to being assaulted. Health and Safety Authorities in the UK and Ireland have expressed concern about violence and assault in healthcare, however, there remains a lack of clarity on matters of procedure and policy pertaining to safety and security in psychiatric hospitals.Design.  A descriptive survey research design was employed.Methods.  Questionnaires were circulated to all acute wards in London and in Ireland and the resulting data compared.Results.  A total of 124 psychiatric wards from London and 43 wards from Ireland were included in this study and response rates of 70% (London) and 86% (Ireland) were obtained. Differences and similarities in safety and security practices were identified between London and Ireland, with Irish wards having generally higher and more intensive levels of security.Conclusions.  There is a lack of coherent policy and procedure in safety and security measures across psychiatric acute admission wards in the Republic of Ireland and London. Given the trends in European Union (EU) regulation, there is a strong argument for the publication of acceptable minimum guidelines for safety and security in mental health services across the EU.Relevance to clinical practice.  There must be a concerted effort to ensure that all policy and procedure in safety and security is founded on evidence and best practice. Mental health managers must establish a review of work safety and security procedures and practices. Risk assessment and environmental audits of all mental health clinical environments should be mandatory.
Omalizumab therapy: patients who achieve greatest benefit for their asthma experience greatest benefit for rhinitis
Authors: Humbert M. , Boulet L. P. , Niven R. M. , Panahloo Z. , Blogg M , Ayre G. 
Published: December 2008

Background:  Asthma and rhinitis are considered components of a single IgE‐mediated inflammatory disorder. However, despite being shown to often co‐exist, they are typically treated as independent conditions. Omalizumab, an anti‐IgE antibody, has proven effective in the treatment of both asthma and rhinitis.Aims:  To examine whether a response to omalizumab in terms of asthma control predicts a higher likelihood of rhinitis response in patients with concomitant allergic asthma and rhinitis.Methods:  This post hoc analysis was conducted on efficacy results from the SOLAR trial in which patients with moderate‐to‐severe asthma and rhinitis were randomized to receive omalizumab or placebo for 28 weeks. Patients were classified as asthma responders based on the physician’s overall assessment (complete control or marked improvement in a five‐level evaluation). Rhinitis responders were identified using the Rhinitis Quality of Life Questionnaire (RQLQ) questionnaire (≥ 1.0 point improvement in overall score).Results:  Data were available for 207 omalizumab‐treated patients and 192 placebo patients. According to the physicians overall assessment, 123 (59.4%) of omalizumab‐treated patients were asthma responders, with the likelihood of a rhinitis response significantly (P < 0.001) greater in these patients than in the placebo group. The odds ratio for rhinitis response in omalizumab‐treated asthma responders vs nonresponders was 3.56 (95% CI: 1.94–6.54).Conclusions:  A response in terms of asthma following omalizumab therapy is associated with a significantly increased probability of improvement in rhinitis.
Plasma biomarkers of acute attacks in patients with angioedema due to C1‐inhibitor deficiency
Authors: Cugno M. , Zanichelli A. , Bellatorre A. G. , Griffini S. , Cicardi M. 
Published: December 2008

Background:  Cl‐inhibitor (C1‐INH) deficiency leads to recurrent attacks of mucocutaneous edema and may be inherited (hereditary angioedema [HAE]) or acquired (acquired angioedema [AAE]), which have the same clinical picture characterized by angioedema involving the skin, gastrointestinal tract, and larynx. Although cutaneous swelling is evident, abdominal angioedema is still a diagnostic challenge and attacks can mimic surgical emergencies. There is currently no laboratory marker for identifying angioedema attacks.Objective:  As coagulation and fibrinolysis are activated during angioedema attacks, we assessed if plasma measurements of prothrombin fragment F1 + 2 (marker of thrombin generation) and D‐dimer (marker of fibrin degradation) can be useful for the diagnosis of angioedema because of C1‐INH deficiency, especially in case of hidden locations as abdominal attacks.Methods:  In addition to complement, we measured plasma levels of F1 + 2 and D‐dimer in 28 patients with C1‐INH deficiency during acute attacks and remission, 35 patients without C1‐INH deficiency during abdominal colics, and 20 healthy subjects.Results:  Plasma F1 + 2 levels were higher in patients with C1‐INH deficiency during remission than in healthy controls (P = 0.001), and further increased during cutaneous and abdominal attacks (P = 0.0001); patients without C1‐INH deficiency had normal F1 + 2 levels during abdominal colics. Plasma D‐dimer levels were higher in patients with C1‐INH deficiency during remission than in controls (P = 0.012) and increased during angioedema attacks, reaching higher levels than in patients without C1‐INH deficiency during colics (P = 0.002).Conclusions:  During acute angioedema attacks, patients with C1‐INH deficiency have high prothrombin fragment F1 + 2 and D‐dimer levels, the measurement of which may have an important diagnostic value.
Nomenclature for factors of the HLA system, update April 1996
Authors: Marsh Steven G. E. 
Published: December 2008

The following sequences have been submitted to the Nomenclature Committee since the March 1996 Nomenclature update and, following agreed policy, have been assigned official allele designations. Full details of all sequences will be published in the forthcoming report “Nomenclature for factors of the HLA System, 1996.Below are listed the newly assigned sequences, confirmations of previously reported sequences and some sequences which are corrections of those originally reported. The accession number of each sequence is given and these can be used to retrieve the sequence files from either the EMBL, GenBank or DDBJ data libraries. Although accession numbers have been assigned by the data libraries and most sequences are already available, there is still the possibility that an author may not yet have allowed the sequence to be released, in such a case you will have to contact the submitting author directlySequences correcting previously reported sequences
Role of the human CD38 molecule in B cell activation and proliferation
Authors: Funaro A. , Morra M. , Calosso L. , Zini M. G. , Ausiello C. M. , Malavasi F. 
Published: December 2008

Human CD38 is a surface molecule which has been attributed the function of a signaling channel leading to cellular activation and proliferation, an ectoenzyme with multiple function as well as an inducer of Ca2+ mobilization from cytoplasmic stores. The effect mediated by CD38 have been studied in different cell populations: the results obtained in human B cells are apparently contradictory, with CD38 simultaneously leading to apoptosis in early B cells while increasing survival in cells derived from lymph node germinal center. Other effects recently reported concern a different potential in terms of signaling in early B cells and derived cell lines or in more detailed disease models of human leukemia, namely B chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells.To complete the picture of the effects mediated by CD38 in the B cell compartment, we have studied the signals elicited by ligation of the human molecule in mature B cells from circulating pool and also from spleen of normal individuals. The information obtained completes the picture of CD38 and mature B cells, where we also studied the contribution of relevant cytokines involved in maintenance and differentiation of these normal cells, namely IL‐1 α, IL‐2, IL‐4 and IL‐6. Our results indicate that human CD38 plays a key role as a co‐receptor in mature B cells from normal individuals.
EFFECT OF EPINEPHRINE ON CARDIAC RHYTHM DURING ANESTHESIA WITH METHOXYFLURANE (PENTHRANE®) AND TRIFLUOROETHYL VINYL ETHER (FLUOROMAR®)
Authors: Israel Jacob S. , Criswick V. Guy , Dobkin Allen B. 
Published: December 2008

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGEs wurden drei Versuchsserien an nicht praemedizierten Bastardhunden durchgeführt, bei denen man nach 25 Minuten Narkose mit 1% Methoxyfluran (Penthrane) sowie mit 4% bzw. 4,8% Trifluoroaethylvinylaether (Fluoromar) Epinephrin zur Provokation injizierte. Zur Überwachung des Herzrhythmus wurde ein Elektrokardiogramm (Ableitung 2) angelegt. Faktoren, die die kardiovaskulaere Reaktion gegenüber diesen Narkosemitteln verstärken konnten, wurden im wesentlichen durch adequate Lungenventilation, kontrollierte Verdampfung des Narkosemittels und eine gleichmässige, erfahrungsgemäss ohne stärkeres Ansteigen oder Absinken des Blutdruckes einhergehende Narkosetiefe ausgeschaltet.Herzkammerflimmern und Tod als Folge der Epinephrininjektion trat bei einem der 12 Hunde, die 1% Methoxyfluran und bei einem der 12 Hunde, die 4% Trifluoroaethylvinylaether erhalten hatten, ein. Die meisten Tiere entwickelten während dieser Versuche potentiell tödliche Arrhythmien.Die Reaktion von Hunden auf eine Epinephrininjektion ist weniger gefährlich während der Narkose mit Methoxyfluran und mit Trifloroaethylvinylaether als unter Zyklopropan, Trichloraethylen und Halothan. Diese Experimente zeigen jedoch, dass bei der klinischen Anwendung dieser Mittel selbst unter idealen Bedingungen das Risiko einer Epinephrinanwendung nicht gerechtfertigt ist, es sei denn, man gibt Epinephrin in grosser Verdünnung (1:200.000) und in sehr kleinen Mengen.
EFFECT OF TETRAHYDROAMINAGRINE (T.H.A.) ON NORMAL AND DEPRESSED RESPIRATION
Authors: Dyrberg V. , Johansen S. H. , Jørgensen Mogens 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYThe influence of T.H.A. on the respiratory response to carbon dioxide has been examined in three normal subjects using a rebreathing technique. T.H.A. was given either alone or in combination with pethidine and was found to possess respiratory stimulatory properties, which were, however, inconstant. The drug has some undesirable side effects.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDer Einfluss von T.H.A. auf die Atmung nach Kohlensäurereiz wurde bei 3 gesunden Versuchspersonen mit Hilfe einer Rückatmungstechnik untersucht. Es zeigte sich dabei, dass T.H.A., das entweder allein oder in Kombination mit Pethidine gegeben wurde, atemanregende Eigenschaften besitzt, die sich aber als unbeständig erwiesen. Das Medikament hat einige unerwünschte Nebenwirkungen.
APNOEIC OXYGENATION IN ANAESTHETISED MAN
Authors: Payne J. P. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYThe effect of apnoeic oxygenation during halothane anaesthesia has been studied.The results obtained are broadly in agreement with those reported by other workers. The extent of the acidosis is directly related to the duration of apnoea. Metabolic disturbance played only a small part in its development which is primarily respiratory in origin.Pulse rate, pulse pressure and blood pressure were all increased and there were associated ventricular extrasystoles. It is suggested that increased sympathetic activity due to the raised carbon dioxide tension in arterial blood is responsible.Desaturation of arterial blood was observed postoperatively, and it is suggested that this is due to a disturbance of the ventilation/perfusion ratio.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDie Wirkung der Diffusionsatmung (←Apnoeic oxygenation→) während der Halothan‐Narkose wurde überprüft.Die erzielten Resultate stimmen im Grossen und Ganzen mit den bereits von anderen Autoren veröffentlichten überein. Das Ausmass der Azidose steht in direktem Verhältnis zur Dauer der Apnoe. Metabolische Storungen spielten nur eine geringe Rolle, sie sind vielmehr im wesentlichen respiratorischen Ursprungs.Pulsfrequenz, Pulsdruck und Blutdruck stiegen an und es traten gelegentliche ventrikuläre Extrasystolen auf. Man glaubt, dass die verstarkte Tätigkeit des Sympathikus, die wiederum durch den Anstieg der Kohlensäure‐Spannung im arteriellen Blut zustande kommt, dafür verantwortlich ist.Desaturation des arteriellen Blutes wurde postoperativ beobachtet und man nimmt an, dass dies durch eine Störung des Ventilations/Perfusions‐Verhältnisses bedingt ist.
PERIDURAL ANESTHESIA: A Review of 10,000 Administrations
Authors: Lund P. C. 
Published: December 2008

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDie statistische Analyse einer Reihe von 10.000 aufeinanderfolgender Periduralanaesthesien wird kurz dargestellt. Die dabei gewonnenen Eindrücke, Meinungen und Erfahrungen werden genauestens erortert.Es wird deutlich gezeigt, dass die Periduralanaesthesie kein Allheilmittel ist; noch ist sie frei von verschiedenen Komplikationen und Nachwirkungen. Es wird darauf hingewiesen, dass die Periduralanaesthesie ziemlich schwierig auszuführen ist und dass strengste Befolgung auch der kleinsten Details dieser Technik Voraussetzung für die Sicherheit und das Wohlbefinden des Patienten ist.Wir glauben, dass die von uns erzielten Resultate darauf hinweisen, dass die Periduralanaesthesie, zumindest bei sorgfaltig ausgewahlten Fällen, eine hervorragende Anaesthesiemethode für zahlreiche chirurgische als auch geburtshilfliche Eingriffe ist. Darüber hinaus hat sie weite klinische Verwendungsmöglichkeiten, deren voile Bedeutung zur Zeit noch gar nicht zur Gänze erkannt wird.
EFFECT OF ENALLYNYMAL NATRIUM (BRIETAL®), ENHEXYMAL NATRIUM (EVIPAN®) AND THIOMEBUMAL NATRIUM (PENTOTHAL®) ON BRONCHIAL MUSCLES A Comparative Study
Authors: Aurup Robert , Hougs Willy 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYFrom our experiments on 15 guinea pigs connected to a modified Konzett‐Roessler system it must be concluded that the ultrashort‐acting barbiturate enallynymal natrium (Brietal®) has a potentiating effect on acetylcholine‐induced bronchospasms of a potency midway between the effects of thiomebumal natrium (Pentothal®) and enhexymal natrium (Evipan®).ZUSAMMENFASSUNGAus unseren Experimenten an 15 Meerschweinchen, die an ein modifiziertes Konzett‐Roessler‐System angeschlossen worden waren, muss der Schluss gezogen werden, dass das ultrakurz wirkende Barbiturat Enallynymal‐Natrium (Brietal) eine potenzierende Wirkung auf den Azetylcholin‐Bronchospasmus hat, die in der Stärke etwa in der Mitte zwischen der Potenzierung durch Pentothal und durch Evipan liegt.
FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TONIC AND PHASIC MUSCLES ELICITED BY SUCCINYLCHOLINE
Authors: Björk Å. , Wåhlin Å. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYThe present investigation, carried out on cats, is an electromyographic contribution to illustrate the difference between tonic and phasic muscles with regard to their reactions to succinylcholine, especially by means of the preparalytic activity caused by the agent.Thus, the phasic muscle under test is characterized by a more distinct sensitivity to succinylcholine.It is considered that the drug is the tool of choice for separating the two muscle groups in an convincing way.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDie vorliegende Untersuchung, die an Katzen ausgeführt wurde, ist ein elektromyographischer Beit rag zur Darstellung des Unterschiedes zwischen tonischen und phasischen Muskeln im Hinblick auf deren Verhalten unter Succinylcholin, insbesondere was die praeparalytische Aktivität, die durch das Mittel hervorgerufen wird, betrifft.
TRICHLORETHYLENE ANAESTHESIA AND HEPATIC FUNCTION A Study Based on the Determination of Enzyme Concentrations in the Blood
Authors: Bløndal Bjørn , Fagerlund Benny 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYThe effect of trichlorethylene upon the liver was studied by determining the concentrations of glutamic acid‐pyruvic acid‐transaminase and lactic dehydrogenase in the blood of 36 patients. Alterations in the concentrations of these enzymes constitute the hitherto most sensitive indicator of liver function. The patients were anaesthetised with trichlorethylene and nitrous oxide‐oxygen, and the enzyme concentrations were determined pre‐operatively, a few hours after operation, and on the second and third postoperative days. Elevated values were not found in any case. This appears to justify the conclusion that trichlorethylene anaesthesia as practised in the present study exerts no demonstrable hepatotoxic effect.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDie Wirkung von Trichloräthylen auf die Leber wurde durch Bestimmung der Konzentrationen von Glutaminsäure‐Pyruvinsäure‐Transaminase und Milchsäure‐Dehydrogenase im Blut von 36 Patienten untersucht. Veränderungen in der Konzentration dieser Enzyme stellen den höchst empfindlichen bisher bekannten Indikator für die Leberfunktion dar. Die Patienten wurden mit Trichloräthylen, Lachgas und Sauerstoff narkotisiert, die Enzymkonzentrationen wurden praeoperativ wenige Stunden nach der Operation, sowie am 2. und 3. postoperativen Tag bestimmt. In keinem Fall wurden erhöhte Werte gefunden. Dies scheint zu der Schlussfolgerung zu berechtigen, dass Trichloräthylen‐Narkose, wie sie bei der vorliegenden Untersuchung durchgeführt worden war, keinen nachweisbaren hepatotoxischen Effekt hat.
Studies in Hypothermia
Authors: Svanes K. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYAseptic inflammation was produced by subcutaneous injection of turpentine in mice.The mice were anaesthetized with pentobarbital and phenobarbital and subjected to hypothermia at 20–22.5°C for 4, 12 and 24 hours, respectively.During hypothermia, the local inflammatory reaction was greatly delayed, but not completely inhibited. Twenty‐four hours after the injection of turpentine the local reaction was similar to that of a 4‐hour inflammation at normal temperature.After rewarming from 24 hours under hypothermia the inflamed area was a little smaller than under normal conditions. Apart from this, the local inflammatory reaction was about the same as that of the normal controls.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGAseptische Entzündung wurde bei Mäusen durch subkutane Injektion von Terpentin erzeugt.Die Mäuse wurden mit Pentobarbital und Phenobarbital narkotisiert und dann für 4, 12 bzw. 24 Stunden einer Hypothermic von 20 bis 22,5°C ausgesetzt. Während der Unterkühlung war die lokale Entzündungsreaktion weitgehend verzögert, jedoch nicht komplett aufgehoben. 24 Stunden nach der Injektion von Terpentin war die lokale Reaktion ähnlich der nach 4 Stunden bei normaler Temperatur.Bei der Wiedererwärmung nach 24‐stündiger Unterkühlung war das entzündete Areal etwas kleiner als unter normalen Bedingungen. Davon abgesehen entsprach die lokale Entzündungsreaktion etwa der bei den normalen Kontrolltieren.
CLINICAL TRIAL OF A NEW LOCAL ANAESTHETIC (LAC‐43) WITH THE AID OF THE PIN‐PRICK AND NINHYDRIN METHODS IN FINGER BLOCKS
Authors: Widman Bertil 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYLAC‐43 is a new local anaesthetic which differs from mepivacaine in that the methyl group has been replaced by a butyl group.The duration of a block of the little finger with LAC‐43 was studied in a group of 20 subjects, all of the same sex (female) and the same age group. The trial was conducted at random by a double‐blind method. The durations of the anaesthesias were assessed both by the pin‐prick method and by means of the so‐called ninhydrin method.With both methods, it was found that LAC‐43 0.25% with a vasoconstrictor has twice as long a statistically reliable duration as Carbocaine with adrenaline, with toxically equivalent doses, and that the test preparation has four times as long a duration as Carbocaine in the same concentration but without adrenaline.LAC‐43 0.25% without vasoconstrictor has a low frequency of complete blocks, viz. 50%.It was not possible to determine any statistically significant difference in the results between the pin‐prick method and the ninhydrin method, nor was any reliable difference found in the duration between the left and the right little finger.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGBei LAC‐43 handelt es sich urn ein neues Lokalanästheticum, welches sich dadurch von Mepivacain (Carbocain/Scandicain) unterscheidet, dass es an Stelle der Methyl‐eine Butylgruppe trägt.Die Wirkungsdauer eines Nervblocks mit LAC‐43 am kleinen Finger wurde an 20 gleichgeschlechtlichen (weiblichen) Versuchspersonen etwa gleichen Alters in einem Doppelblindversuch mit zufälliger Zuordnung geprüfl. Die Anaesthesiedauer wurde sowohl mit dem Nadelstichverfahren wie mittels der sogenannten Ninhydrin‐Methode getestet.An Hand beider Prüfverfahren liess sich zeigen, dass 0,25% LAC‐43 unter Zusatz eines Vasokonstriktors doppelt so lange wirkt, wie Carbocain mit Adrenalin in einer Konzentration gleicher Toxicität; ein Vergleich mit Carbocain ohne Adrenalin ergab eine 4 fach längere Wirkung. Die Unterschiede sind statistisch hoch gesichert. Setzt man 0,25% LAC‐43 keinen Vasokon‐striktor zu, so lässt sich ein vollständiger Block nur in etwa 50% der Fälle erzielen.Statistisch signifikante Unterschiede zwischen den Ergebnissen der beiden Prüfverfahren (Nadelstich, Ninhydrin) oder zwischen den Resultaten am linken und rechten Kleinfinger ergaben sich nicht.
LOCAL TISSUE‐OXYGEN TENSION AFTER ADRENALINE, NORADRENALINE AND OCTAPRESSIN® IN LOCAL ANAESTHESIA
Authors: Klingenström P. , Westermark L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYThe local tissue‐oxygen tension in the skin was studied, when adrenaline, noradrenaline and Octapressin® Sandoz were used as vasoconstrictors in local anaesthetic agents injected subcutaneously on the forearms of healthy human subjects.During the first hour after injection changes in colour occurred in the adrenaline and noradrenaline zones: the initially pale zones became cyanotic. The Octapressin zones remained pale throughout the entire experimental period.The tissue‐oxygen tension, as measured with a Clark polyethylene membrane electrode attached to a Beckman Physiological Gas Analyzer, was clearly lower after the administration of the catecholamines than after Octapressin.The colour change and the decrease in tissue‐oxygen tension are attributed to the fact that the locally administered adrenaline or noradrenaline gives rise to a local increase in oxygen consumption.Since Octapressin, when used as a vasoconstrictor in local anaesthesia, does not cause any local cyanosis, and the local tissue‐oxygen tension is higher, it may be more harmless to the tissue than the other two agents.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDie Gewebssauerstoffspannung der Haut am Unterarm gesunder Versuchs‐personen wurde nach subcutaner Injektion einer Lokalanaesthetikums unter Zusatz von Adrenalin, Noradrenalin bzw. Octapressin (Sandoz) als Vasokon‐striktor geprüft.Innerhalb der ersten Stunde nach Injektion treten in den Adrenalin‐ und Noradrenalinzonen Farbveränderungen auf: die anfänglich blasse Zone wird zyanotisch. Nicht so bei Octapressin, wo die blasse Farbe bestehen bleibt.Die Gewebssauerstoffspannung (gemessen mit Clark‐Membranelektrode und Beckman Physiological Gas Analyzer) lag in den Catecholaminzonen tiefer als im Octapressinbereich.Die Farbänderung und der Abfall der Sauerstoffspannung im Gewebe wird auf eine lokale Erhöhung des Sauerstoffverbrauchs unter der Einwirkung von Adrenalin bzw. Noradrenalin zurückgeführt. ‐ Da Octapressin, als Vaso‐konstriktor dem Lokalanaesthetikum zugesetzt, keine örtliche Zyanose verur‐sacht und die Sauerstoffspannung im Gewebe nicht so stark absinken lässt, dürfte es für das Gewebe harmloser sein als die Catecholamine.