bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hybrid one‐dimensional residual autoencoder and ensemble of gradient boosting for cloud IDS
Authors: Chauhan Nupa Ram , Dwivedi Rakesh Kumar 
Published: April 2024

SummaryThe distributed and decentralized architecture of cloud computing is important for a number of industries, including business, government, entertainment, education, and information technology. It facilitates a wide aspect of information technology, where the computing model is vulnerable to attacks or intrusion. For detecting malicious activities, a novel intrusion detection system (IDS) is required to be developed. In this paper, an enhanced synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE) with a hybrid one‐dimensional residual auto encoder and the Ensemble of Gradient Boosting (1D‐RAE‐EGB) models are proposed for cloud intrusion detection. The proposed IDS resolves the class imbalance problem through enhanced SMOTE. In addition, noise reduction is accomplished with ID‐RAE, which minimizes the data dimension. Finally, the soft voting‐based ensemble classification model is used for attack detection. The ensemble gradient boosting model comprises categorical boosting (CatBoost), extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), and light gradient boosting machine (LightGBM). The ensemble model is fine‐tuned by reducing the number of parameters under fitting conditions since it is not compulsory to re‐adjust the weight values in a backpropagation process. The proposed IDS is implemented in Python using the NSL‐KDD dataset. The accuracy, precision, recall, f1‐score, false positive rate (FPR), false negative rate (FNR), specificity, and Kappa measure obtained for the proposed IDS are 99.98%, 99.3%, 98.5%, 99.95%, 0.723, 0.46, 99.98%, and 99.97%, respectively.
Supramolecular Synthesis of Star Polymers
Authors: Haino Takeharu , Nitta Natsumi 
Published: April 2024

AbstractInvited for this month′s cover are the collaborating groups of Prof. Dr Takeharu Haino at Hiroshima University (Japan) and Dr Natsumi Nitta at the University of Chicago (USA). The cover picture shows cartoons of miktoarm A8Bn star and graft copolymers formed by molecular recognition of a self‐assembled capsule possessing eight polymer chains and guest‐terminated and guest‐centered polymers. Read the full text of the review at 10.1002/cplu.20240014.
Impact of Micro‐ and Nano‐Plastics on Human Intestinal Organoid‐Derived Epithelium
Authors: Wang Brooke , Iglesias‐Ledon Lilianne , Bishop Matthew , Chadha Anushka , Rudolph Sara E. , Longo Brooke N. , Cairns Dana M. , Chen Ying , Kaplan David L. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe development of patient‐derived intestinal organoids represents an invaluable model for simulating the native human intestinal epithelium. These stem cell‐rich cultures outperform commonly used cell lines like Caco‐2 and HT29‐MTX in reflecting the cellular diversity of the native intestinal epithelium after differentiation. In our recent study examining the effects of polystyrene (PS), microplastics (MPs), and nanoplastics (NPs), widespread pollutants in our environment and food chain, on the human intestinal epithelium, these organoids have been instrumental in elucidating the absorption mechanisms and potential biological impacts of plastic particles. Building on previously established protocols in human intestinal organoid culture, we herein detail a streamlined protocol for the cultivation, differentiation, and generation of organoid‐derived monolayers. This protocol is tailored to generate monolayers incorporating microfold cells (M cells), key for intestinal particle uptake but often absent in current in vitro models. We provide validated protocols for the characterization of MPs/NPs via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for detailed imaging and their introduction to intestinal epithelial monolayer cells via confocal immunostaining. Additionally, protocols to test the impacts of MP/NP exposure on the functions of the intestinal barrier using transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) measurements and assessing inflammatory responses using cytokine profiling are detailed. Overall, our protocols enable the generation of human intestinal organoid monolayers, complete with the option of including or excluding M cells, offering crucial techniques for observing particle uptake and identifying inflammatory responses in intestinal epithelial cells to advance our knowledge of the potential effects of plastic pollution on human gut health. These approaches are also amendable to the study of other gut‐related chemical and biological exposures and physiological responses due to the robust nature of the systems. © 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.Basic Protocol 1: Human intestinal organoid culture and generation of monolayers with and without M cellsSupport Protocol 1: Culture of L‐WRN and production of WRN‐conditioned mediumSupport Protocol 2: Neuronal cell culture and integration into intestinal epitheliumSupport Protocol 3: Immune cell culture and integration into intestinal epitheliumBasic Protocol 2: Scanning electron microscopy: sample preparation and imagingBasic Protocol 3: Immunostaining and confocal imaging of MP/NP uptake in organoid‐derived monolayersBasic Protocol 4: Assessment of intestinal barrier function via TEER measurementsBasic Protocol 5: Cytokine profiling using ELISA post‐MP/NP exposure.
Lignosulfonate‐Based Carbon‐Supported Pellets Catalyst to Enhance Sustainable Biofuel Production from Waste Cooking Oil
Authors: Silva Ingrid F. , Shekova Irina , Volkel Antje , Al‐Naji Majd , Antonietti Markus 
Published: April 2024

AbstractIn this study, a cost‐effective and stable heterogeneous acidic carbocatalyst (CZnLS950) derived from Na‐lignosulfonate (LS), a side product of the paper industry, was employed to produce hydrocarbon fuels through the pyrolysis of waste cooking oil (WCO) and crude natural‐oil extracted from sunflower seeds, aligning with the principles of the circular economy. To enhance its practicality in industrial settings, the catalyst was synthesized in pellet form, enabling easy separation from the biofuel produced during the reaction. CZnLS950 exhibited remarkable catalytic efficiency in the pyrolysis of WCO, resulting in a 71 wt. % liquid biofuel yield under mild conditions. This performance is attributed to the unique synthesis procedure of acidic carbocatalyst, which utilizes LS and nano ZnO (20 nm) to create a hierarchical pore structure with acidic properties (1.1 mmol of NH3 g−1). Stability and reusability of the carbocatalyst were evaluated, and the results showed excellent stability with small catalytic deactivation (~5 wt. %) after the fourth use. Attempts at distinct catalytic mechanisms for WCO and sunflower seeds crude natural‐oil pyrolysis were provided to understand the processes involved in obtaining the two different biofuels produced. Overall, this study sets the stage for exploring Lignosulfonate‐based materials to achieve renewable biofuel from recycling streams.
Design and implementation of a fully differential 2nd‐order CIFF DSM with the synthetic techniques of novel CDS chopper‐integrator and DER using additive‐error capacitors
Authors: Geng Chao , Wang Xiaoxiao , Zhang Zhen , Tong Teng 
Published: April 2024

SummaryCompared to the independent application of chopper stabilization or correlated double sampling (CDS), this paper proposed a 2nd‐order cascade of integrators with feedforward delta–sigma modulator (DSM) utilizing an innovatively synthetic technique of chopper‐integrator within CDS at 1st stage for reducing the flicker noise and DC offset cancelation from about 9.5 mV to −4.4 μV ± 115.6 μV (δ). On the regard of further enhancing the noise suppression and mitigating the nonlinearities of capacitor mismatch, instead of applying the dynamic elements randomization (DER) to the nonlinear correction of DAC under multi‐bits quantizer, here the operation of 3‐bits DER with scrambler has been intelligently employed on the 2nd integrators' sampling capacitors to gain the 2nd noise‐shaping characteristic in spite of 1‐bit quantizer. The noise floor could be theoretically scaled down by −16.1 dB at input frequency of 10 kHz within the limited bandwidth of 100 kHz. The prototype DSM was manufactured in 180‐nm BCD process with an active area of 0.2625 mm2 and achieves the SNDR‐based Schreier figure‐of‐merit (FoMS) of 144 dB and Walden figure‐of‐merit (FoMW) of 25.96 pJ/conv under a 3.3 V supply at 10 kHz working frequency.
Wireless power transfer efficiency enhancement based on a negative permeability double‐helix metamaterial structure
Authors: Huang Xin , Hou Zifan , Chen Dachao , Li Rui , Shou Mengjie , Wu Decheng , Yang Ping‐an , Luo Hongping 
Published: April 2024

SummaryIn wireless power transfer (WPT) systems, extended transmission distances significantly impede efficiency, posing a major challenge to their practical application. This paper presents a novel ortho‐octagonal double‐helix metamaterial that can effectively enhance the transmission efficiency of WPT systems. It has theoretically derived and experimentally verified the enhancement of evanescent wave transmission by this metamaterial dielectric plate. A WPT simulation system operating at 10.78 MHz is constructed by HFSS software, and the effects of adding passive relay coils and different shapes of metamaterials on the transmission efficiency are comparatively investigated. Simulated data converge to indicate that integrating variously shaped metamaterials at the transceiver's end distinctly elevates the WPT system's transmission efficiency. When the transceiver coil spacing of the WPT system is greater than 22 cm, the effect of metamaterials on the system transmission efficiency enhancement shows an increasing and then decreasing trend as the distance increases. The positive octagonal metamaterial improves 12% over the circular metamaterial in the mid‐range transmission distance due to its better magnetic coupling effect. When the transceiver coil spacing is 22 cm, the open‐circuit voltage of the receiving coil after loading the metamaterial is stabilized to be enhanced by nearly five times, and it has the best effect at 30 cm, and the transmission efficiency is enhanced from 30% to 60%, which verifies the effective enhancement of the metamaterial on the transmission efficiency of the WPT system.
Comparison of the scrape‐off layer two‐point model for deuterium and helium plasmas in JET ITER‐like wall low‐confinement plasma conditions
Authors: Rees David , Sissonen Joona , Groth Mathias , Rikala Vesa‐Pekka , Kumpulainen Henri , Thomas Beth , Brix Mathias ,   JET Contributors
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe hydrogenic two‐point model (H‐2PM), an analytical model for the scrape‐off layer that predicts a common electron and ion temperature and density along a flux tube from a target temperature and density, is adapted to a single‐species helium (He) model, preserving the 2PM assumptions and analytical nature. Across a range of densities and heating powers, the predicted is within of upstream measurements by high‐resolution Thomson scattering (HRTS) for low‐confinement He plasmas performed in JET ITER‐like wall (JET‐ILW). For high‐recycling conditions, He‐2PM predictions of were within 10% of the Li‐beam diagnostic measurements, excluding the near‐SOL, when assuming , suggesting the divertor SOL was not fully ionised in the JET‐ILW He plasmas.
Nor climate nor human impact factors: Chytrid infection shapes the skin bacterial communities of an endemic amphibian in a biodiversity hotspot
Authors: Bacigalupe Leonardo D. , Solano‐Iguaran Jaiber J. , Longo Ana V. , Gaitán‐Espitia Juan D. , Valenzuela‐Sánchez Andrés , Alvarado‐Rybak Mario , Azat Claudio 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe bacterial communities of the amphibian skin (i.e., the bacteriome) are critical to the host's innate immune system. However, it is unclear how different drivers can alter this function by modulating the bacteriome's structure. Our aim was to assess the extent to which different host attributes and extrinsic factors influence the structure of the bacterial communities of the skin. Skin bacterial diversity was examined in 148 individuals of the four‐eyed frog (Pleurodema thaul) from 16 localities spanning almost 1800 km in latitude. The richness and beta diversity of bacterial families and the richness and abundance of Bd‐inhibitory bacterial genera were used to describe their structure. Predictors associated with the host (developmental stage, genetic lineage, individual Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis [Bd] infection status) and the landscape (current climate, degree of anthropogenic disturbance) were used in the statistical modeling in an information theoretical approach. Bd infection and host developmental stage were the only predictors affecting bacteriome richness, with Bd+ individuals and postmetamorphic stages (adults and juveniles) having higher richness than Bd− ones and tadpoles. High diversity in Bd+ individuals is not driven by bacterial genera with known anti‐Bd properties. Beta diversity was not affected by Bd infection and was mainly a consequence of bacterial family turnover rather than nestedness. Finally, for those bacterial genera known to have inhibitory effects on chytrid, Bd+ individuals had a slightly higher diversity than Bd− ones. Our study confirms an association between Bd infection and the host developmental stage with the bacterial communities of the skin of P. thaul. Unexpectedly, macroclimate and human impact factors do not seem to play a role in shaping the amphibian skin microbiome. Our study exemplifies that focusing on a single host–parasite system over a large geographic scale can provide essential insights into the factors driving host–parasite–bacteriome interactions.
Effects of sacubitril/valsartan according to polypharmacy status in PARAGON‐HF
Authors: Matsumoto Shingo , Yang Mingming , Shen Li , Henderson Alasdair , Claggett Brian L. , Desai Akshay S. , Lefkowitz Martin , Rouleau Jean L. , Vardeny Orly , Zile Michael R. , Jhund Pardeep S. , Vaduganathan Muthiah , Solomon Scott D. , McMurray John J.V. 
Published: April 2024

AimsPatients with heart failure (HF) and preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) have a particularly high prevalence of comorbidities, often necessitating treatment with many medications. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between polypharmacy status and outcomes in PARAGON‐HF.Methods and resultsIn this post hoc analysis, baseline medication status was available in 4793 of 4796 patients included in the primary analysis of PARAGON‐HF. The effects of sacubitril/valsartan, compared with valsartan, were assessed according to the number of medications at baseline: 683 non‐polypharmacy (<5 medications); 2750 polypharmacy (5–9 medications), and 1360 hyper‐polypharmacy (≥10 medications). The primary outcome was total HF hospitalizations and cardiovascular deaths. Patients with hyper‐polypharmacy were older, had more severe limitations due to HF (worse New York Heart Association class and Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire scores), and had greater comorbidity. The non‐adjusted risk of the primary outcome was significantly higher in patients taking more medications, and similar trends were seen for HF hospitalization and cardiovascular and all‐cause death. The effect of sacubitril/valsartan versus valsartan on the primary outcome from the lowest to highest polypharmacy category was (as a rate ratio): 1.19 (0.76–1.85), 0.94 (0.77–1.15), and 0.77 (0.61–0.96) (pinteraction = 0.16). Treatment‐related adverse events were more common in patients in the higher polypharmacy categories but not more common with sacubitril/valsartan, versus valsartan, in any polypharmacy category.ConclusionsPolypharmacy is very common in patients with HFpEF, and those with polypharmacy have worse clinical status and a higher rate of non‐fatal and fatal outcomes. The benefit of sacubitril/valsartan was not diminished in patients taking a larger number of medications at baseline.
Insulin‐like growth factor binding protein‐7 concentrations in chronic heart failure: Results from the EMPEROR programme
Authors: Ferreira João Pedro , Packer Milton , Sattar Naveed , Butler Javed , González Maldonado Sandra , Panova‐Noeva Marina , Sumin Mikhail , Masson Serge , Pocock Stuart J. , Anker Stefan D. , Zannad Faiez , Januzzi James L. 
Published: April 2024

AimsInsulin‐like growth factor binding protein‐7 (IGFBP7) is a biomarker of tissue senescence with a role in cardio‐renal pathophysiology. The role of IGFBP7 as a prognostic biomarker across the full ejection fraction (EF) spectrum of heart failure (HF) remains less well understood. We examined associations between IGFBP7 and risk of cardio‐renal outcomes regardless of EF and the effect of empagliflozin treatment on IGFBP7 concentrations among individuals with HF.Methods and resultsIGFBP7 was measured in 1125 study participants from the EMPEROR‐Reduced and EMPEROR‐Preserved trials. Cox regression was used to study associations with outcomes. Study participants with IGFBP7 levels in the highest tertile had a higher‐risk clinical profile. In Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for clinical variables, N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide and high‐sensitivity cardiac troponin T, baseline IGFBP7 values in the highest tertile predicted an increased risk of HF hospitalization or cardiovascular death (hazard ratio [HR] 2.00, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.28–3.10, p = 0.002, p for trend <0.001) and higher risk of the renal composite endpoint (HR 4.66, 95% CI 1.61–13.53, p = 0.005, p for trend = 0.001), regardless of EF. Empagliflozin reduced risk for cardiovascular death/HF hospitalization irrespective of baseline IGFBP7 (p for trend across IGFBP7 tertiles = 0.26). Empagliflozin treatment was not associated with meaningful change in IGFBP7 at 12 or 52 weeks.ConclusionAcross the entire left ventricular EF spectrum in the EMPEROR Programme, concentrations of the senescence‐associated biomarker IGFBP7 were associated with higher risk clinical status and predicted adverse cardio‐renal outcomes even in models adjusted for conventional biomarkers. Empagliflozin did not significantly affect IGFBP7 levels over time.
Immune quorum sensing dictates IFN‐I response dynamics in human plasmacytoid dendritic cells
Authors: Van Eyndhoven Laura C. , Vreezen Cherise C. , Tiemeijer Bart M. , Tel Jurjen 
Published: April 2024

AbstractType I interferons (IFN‐Is) are key in fighting viral infections, but also serve major roles beyond antiviral immunity. Crucial is the tight regulation of IFN‐I responses, while excessive levels are harmful to the cells. In essence, immune responses are generated by single cells making their own decisions, which are based on the signals they perceive. Additionally, immune cells must anticipate the future state of their environment, thereby weighing the costs and benefits of each possible outcome, in the presence of other potentially competitive decision makers (i.e., IFN‐I producing cells). A rather new cellular communication mechanism called quorum sensing describes the effect of cell density on cellular secretory behaviors, which fits well with matching the right amount of IFN‐Is produced to fight an infection. More competitive decision makers must contribute relatively less and vice versa. Intrigued by this concept, we assessed the effects of immune quorum sensing in pDCs, specialized immune cells known for their ability to mass produce IFN‐Is. Using conventional microwell assays and droplet‐based microfluidics assays, we were able the characterize the effect of quorum sensing in human primary immune cells in vitro. These insights open new avenues to manipulate IFN‐I response dynamics in pathological conditions affected by aberrant IFN‐I signaling.
Immobilization of Prussian Blue Nanoparticles Onto Au‐Modified ZnIn2S4 Photoanode for Efficient Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting
Authors: Wang Lipeng , Zheng Mengjiao , Lai Longjie , Wang Rui , Qian Tongton , Zhang Li , Younas Waqar , Mao Guobing , Liu Qi 
Published: April 2024

AbstractZnIn2S4 has been regarded as a promising photoanode material for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. However, its severe charge recombination and low carrier transport efficiency limit practical applications in PEC water splitting. A novel ZnIn2S4/Au/PB photoanode was prepared by using the in‐situ photodeposition of Au nanoparticles and electrodeposition of Prussian blue (PB) nanoparticles onto ZnIn2S4 nanosheets. The photocurrent density of the prepared ternary photoanode reached 0.42 mA/cm2 at 1.23 VRHE, which is 6 times higher than pure ZnIn2S4. The introduction of Au nanoparticles remarkably improved the efficiency of carrier transport and separation. Additionally, the application of PB onto ZnIn2S4 resulted in an extended spectrum of light absorption. The incident photon‐to‐current efficiency (IPCE) value recorded was 24.6 % at 350 nm. This improvement can be attributed to the formation of a Z‐type heterojunction.
Hypersensitive Inhibition of Organocatalysts by Halide Salts: Are Two Catalysts Involved in the Mannich Reaction?
Authors: Leino Teppo O. , Noutsias Dimitris , Helttunen Kaisa , Moilanen Jani O. , Tarkkonen Eeki , Kalenius Elina , Kiesilä Anniina , Pihko Petri M. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractConformationally flexible tertiary amine – thiourea−urea catalysts 1 and 2 for the Mannich reaction between imines and malonate esters are efficiently inhibited by quaternary ammonium halides. NMR titrations, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and NOE experiments showed that the catalysts bind chloride and bromide ions with relatively high affinities (K=103–105 M−1 in acetonitrile). The halide ions not only block the active site of the catalysts, but they also induce refolding into catalytically inactive conformations upon complexation in an allosteric‐like event. At substoichiometric inhibitor:catalyst ratios, the catalysts displayed hypersensitivity to the inhibitors, with overall rates that were lower than those expected from simple 1st order kinetics and 1 : 1 inhibitor:catalyst stoichiometry. To rationalize the observed hypersensitivity, different kinetic scenarios were examined. For catalyst 2 and the Takemoto catalyst (6), the data is consistent with 2nd order dependency on catalyst concentration, suggesting that a mechanism involving only a single catalyst in the catalytic cycle is not operative. For catalyst 1, an alternative scenario involving 1st order in catalyst and catalyst poisoning at low concentrations of 1 could also rationalize the hypersensitivity. Interestingly, inhibition of catalysts 1 and 2 by halide salts led to significant loss of enantioselectivity, in contrast to the Takemoto catalyst 6 which was inhibited but with essentially no change in enantioselectivity.
A controversial question: Can morphometry and clinical history be enough to diagnose hippocampal dysplasia?
Authors: Arruda Ianne Lucena , Arruda Rivus Ferreira , da Silveira Rayanne Maria Brandão , Duarte Jeana Torres Corso , Guaranha Mirian Salvadori Bittar , Guilhoto Laura Maria , Carrete Júnior Henrique , Stavale Joao Norberto , Centeno Ricardo Silva , Yacubian Elza Marcia Targas , Peixoto‐Santos Jose Eduardo 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe presence of dysmorphic neurons with strong cytoplasmatic accumulation of heavy non‐phosphorylated neurofilament is crucial for the diagnostics of focal cortical dysplasia type II (FCDII). While ILAE's classification describes neocortical dysplasias, some groups have reported patients with mesial t abnormal neurons in the hippocampus of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Here we report a patient with such abnormal neurons in the hippocampus and compared it with previous reports of hippocampal dysplasia. Finally, we discuss the need for diagnostic criteria of hippocampal dysplasia.