bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Drift velocity of charged particles in gases: general relationship between drift velocities in position and velocity spaces
Authors: Makabe Toshiaki 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
We discuss the theoretical expression of the drift velocity of charged particles (i.e., positive and negative ions as well as electrons) from the perspective of the distinct statistical characteristics in position and velocity spaces. A qualitative difference between the drift velocities,
V

dR in position space and
V

dV in velocity space emerges, as commonly recognized, in the presence of non-conservative collisions that the number of the charged particle is not conserved. This paper confirms that
V

dR, incorporating a corrected term in position space, is equivalent to the phase-space expression of the charged particle with a small density gradient under a cold gas approximation using the Boltzmann equation. Numerically predicted drift velocities in the literature for charged particles in gases allow us to categorize their relative magnitudes with respect to
V

dR ≷
V

dV in the range of reduced electric field E/N previously studied. We discuss the disparity between
V

dR and
V

dV based on the energy dependence of the non-conservative collision. It is noteworthy that the present argument is irrespective of the degree of anisotropy in the velocity distribution of the charged particle. Key words: drift velocity, drift velocity in position and velocity spaces, relationship between the bulk and the flux drift velocities, Boltzmann equation, density gradient expansion of the distribution.
Designing a validation experiment for radio frequency condensation
Authors: Fu Lanke , Litvinova Mitra E. , Nies R. , Reiman A.H. , Austin M. , Bardoczi L. , Brookman M. , Chen Xi , Choi W. , Fisch N.J. , Hu Q. , Hyatt A. , Jung E. , La Haye R. , Logan N.C. , Maraschek M. , McClenaghan J.J. , Strait E. , Welander A. , Yang J. ,   the ASDEX Upgrade Team
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Theoretical studies have suggested that nonlinear effects can lead to ‘radio frequency (RF) condensation’, where an initially broad current profile can coalesce in islands when they reach sufficient width. In suitable conditions, RF condensation can ‘self-focus’ the driven current to the center of an island, improving stabilization efficiency and reducing control complexity. In unsuitable conditions, the effect can prematurely deplete the RF energy before it reaches the island center, impairing stabilization. It is predicted that the RF condensation effect can significantly impact reactor-scale tokamaks. This paper presents a set of simulations investigating the conditions under which RF condensation might be encountered in present-day tokamaks. For concreteness, the calculations use equilibrium reconstructions for two shots from DIII-D and AUG. The Current Condensation Amid Magnetic Islands (OCCAMI) simulation code has been used for this investigation. The code takes as its input a numerically specified axisymmetric EFIT equilibrium solution, and it perturbatively constructs a 3D field with an island embedded at the appropriate rational surface. In the OCCAMI code, the GENRAY code is used for ray tracing and for calculating the power deposition along a ray trajectory, and GENRAY is coupled self-consistently to a solution of the thermal diffusion equation in the island. The simulation results described in the paper illuminate the conditions required for experimental validation of the theory of RF condensation. The simulations also provide an explanation of why the effect was not noticed in experiments prior to the publication of theoretical papers on the subject.
Mechanical model for a full fusion tokamak enabled by supercomputing
Authors: Ellis W.M.E. , Reali L. , Davis A. , Brooks H.M. , Katramados I. , Thornton A.J. , Akers R.J. , Dudarev S.L. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Determining stress and strain in a component of a fusion power plant involves defining boundary conditions for the mechanical equilibrium equations, which implies the availability of a full reactor model for defining those conditions. To address this fundamental challenge of reactor design, a finite element method model for the Mega-Ampere Spherical Tokamak Upgrade fusion tokamak, operating at the Culham Campus of UKAEA, has been developed and applied to assess mechanical deformations, strain, and stress in the full tokamak structure, taken as a proxy for a fusion power plant. The model, handling 127 million finite elements using about 800 processors in parallel, illustrates the level of fidelity of structural simulations of a complex nuclear device made possible by the modern supercomputing systems. The model predicts gravitational and atmospheric pressure-induced deformations in broad agreement with observations, and enables computing the spectrum of acoustic vibrations of a tokamak, arising from mechanical disturbances like an earthquake or a plasma disruption. We introduce the notion of the density of stress to characterise the distribution of stress in the entire tokamak structure, and to predict the magnitude and locations of stress concentrations. The model enables defining computational requirements for simulating a whole operating fusion power plant, and provides a digital foundation for the assessment of reactor performance as well as for specifying the relevant materials testing programme.
The investigation of pH controlling and HCl concentrations for synthesis radar absorber material
Authors: Yustanti E , Gusti M F , Noviyanto A , Randa M 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Barium hexaferrite, with the chemical formula BaFe12O19, is a well-known permanent magnet. Due to its extraordinary magnetic properties, barium hexaferrite has the potential to be one of the best candidates for microwave absorbers. It is essential to use high-level iron (Fe) as a precursor to synthesize barium hexaferrite. This study used natural FeCl3 precursors from the iron sands of Anyer Beach, Banten. Iron sand is leached with hydrochloric acid (HCl). This study investigated the varying concentrations of HCl, including 8M, 10M, and 12M. This study examined the leaching of iron sand by characterizing it using x-ray fluorescence to determine the amount of each element present. The x-ray fluorescence results for the highest Fe value are 41.624%. This study used the co-precipitation method to create a material that blocks radar. Barium hexaferrite with Mg and Al as dopants is the basis of this material. The washing pH affects the decrease in the reflection loss value. This study investigated variations of pH 7, pH 9, and pH 11. The BHF dopant Mg-Al achieves its optimum at pH 7, resulting in a particle size of 90 nm. At 8.2 GHz, the reflection loss value reaches - 18.1462 dB. The reflection loss value corresponds to 98.42% microwave absorption.
The Effect of Na2O/Ho2O3 Substitution on absorption spectra of Ho-Tm codoped Boro-Tellurite Glass
Authors: Marzuki A , Djeksadipura W M S , Ramelan A H , Fausta D E , Harjana  , Sutomo A D 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Boro-tellurite glasses composed of 57B2O3– (4-y)Na2O-–15Bi2O3-20TeO2–3TiO2–1Tm2O3-yHo2O3 (y = 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 mol%) were succesfully synthesised and the change in their absorption spectra in wavelength range 300-1100 nm were studied. All glasses were fabricated at the same melting temperature 1000°C and subsequenlty qunched and annnealled in the same manner. It can be seen that glass dopped with only Tm3+ ions (y = 0) shows three absorption peaks, i.e., 471, 686, and 792 nm. As Ho3+ ions were added, there were additional six new peaks appear, i.e., peaks located around 417, 450, 485, 538, and 642 nm. The study reveals that different peaks show difference of sensitivity to the additional Ho3+ ions concentration with peaks around 450 nm shows the most sensitive.
Classifying volcanic earthquake types of Mount Merapi using Artificial Neural Network (ANN)
Authors: Sudarmaji  , Pujianie Jacobus Patresya , Sulistyani  
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Indonesia, a country that passed by ring of fire, make this country have a lot of volcanoes. Therefore, monitoring volcanic activity is needed to dig deeper into volcano-science and to help in mitigating the risk of volcanic disasters that can be done by utilizing today’s technological developments. By utilizing of artificial inteligence and machine learning technology that can automate the processing of large amount of data, monitoring of volcanic activity can be made easier. On this research, the use of artificial neural network (ANN) for classifying volcanic earthquake patterns from Mt. Merapi. Some volcanic events from Mt. Merapi was be categorized into five classes: volcano-tectonic A, volcano-tectonic B, multiphase, low frequency and rockfall. The seismic data record from Mt. Merapi was processed becoming frequency spectrum as feature space and input for the artificial neural network. The output of the artificial neural network is one type of Mt. Merapi seismic event. The input data consist of 430 volcanic events record of Mt. Merapi during October 2019. Some architecture model of artificial neural network has been developed too. The experiment result of the artificial neural network for these volcanic events with ratio training and testing around 70%:30% shows accuracy was >83.7%. This accuracy is higher than previous studies of machine learning using same data with XGBoost algorithm with accuracy 76.7% and SVM algorithm with accuracy 74.4%.
Nanoparticle formulation of ZnO: TiO2 as sunscreen cream for Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus (CLE) patients
Authors: Siswanto  , Qulub Fitriyatul , Ofelia Viannco Junico Vallery 
Published: February 2025

Abstract

Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus (CLE) is a form of lupus that affects the skin and is highly sensitive to ultraviolet (UV) light. UV-B. in particular. can trigger inflammation and apoptosis in CLE patients. making a sunscreen with effective UV-B protection crucial. This study evaluates the effectiveness of zinc oxide (ZnO) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles in sunscreen. ZnO and TiO2 nanoparticles were prepared using the High Energy Milling method. resulting in particle sizes of 7.77 nm and 4.44 nm. respectively. The creams containing these nanoparticles were tested for physical stability and UV protection. Results showed that the creams were physically stable and provided good UV protection. with ZnO and TiO2 nanoparticles making up 12.60% of the total cream ingredients. resulting in the highest SPF (Sun Protection Factor) value of 62.0 ± 1.37.
Precision farming for coffee: Real-Time monitoring and control systems
Authors: Muhamad Akhsan Firmansyah Nanang , Khoirunisa Anwar Fayiszah , Alamsyah Alviola , Jati Puspitasari Ayu 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Coffee is one of vital Indonesia’s commodity. Greenhouse coffee growing ensures consistent production through controlled conditions like temperature, humidity, and soil moisture. Wireless Sensor Networks and IoT-based systems in smart greenhouses enable real-time plant monitoring, remote management, and automatic control, crucial for efficiency. In this study, the sensors used include DHT22 for air temperature and humidity, YL-69 for soil humidity, and BH1750 for light intensity. The ESP32 is connected to a local internet network, transmitting data to a database. Hardware collects data through the ESP32, enabling control of actuators such as cooling fans, spray pumps, and water pumps. A real-time monitoring website for temperature, air humidity, soil moisture, and light intensity is established on a server computer using PHP, Visual Studio Code for the interface, and MySQL for storing data. From the prototype, the average accuracy percentage in consecutive temperature tests is 97.1%, air humidity is 94%, light intensity is 84.5%, and soil moisture is 79.2%. The Average Response Time (RT), representing the time needed for the system to receive data from the microcontroller and display it on the website, is 1.660 seconds. Cooling fans, spray pumps, and water pumps act as actuators activated by the ESP32 through 2-channel relays. These actuators are triggered based on air temperature, air humidity, and soil moisture values. If the air temperature exceeds 27°C, the cooling fans activate to regulate the air temperature. Should air humidity drop below 70%, the spray pump activates to boost humidity within the greenhouse. Similarly, if soil moisture falls below 74%, the water pump activates to augment soil moisture levels. Actuator response aligns with specified threshold values for each sensor: >27°C for temperature, <76% for air humidity, and <70% for soil moisture. This study effectively monitors and controls temperature, humidity, and soil moisture for coffee plants, aiming to boost production.
The Impact of nitrogen doping variations on the effectiveness of TiO₂ as a photocatalyst for methylene blue degradation
Authors: Kusumandari Kusumandari , Dwi Wijayanti Osi , Iriani Yofentina , Endah Saraswati Teguh , Purnama Budi 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
TiO₂-N, with nitrogen sourced from urea, was successfully synthesized using the sonication method. Variations in the mass ratio of urea in TiO₂-N (8:2, 6:4, 4:6, 2:8) were conducted to determine their effects on structural properties, functional groups, morphology, bandgap energy, and the most effective photocatalytic properties of the samples. XRD analysis results showed that all samples exhibited an anatase phase and had a tetragonal structure. The crystallite sizes of TiO₂ and TiO₂-N (8:2, 6:4, 4:6, and 2:8) were 50.73 nm, 51.91 nm, 51.55 nm, 51.88 nm, and 51.15 nm, respectively. FTIR results indicated that all samples contained Ti-O-Ti and Ti-N-Ti bonds. SEM results revealed the morphology of TiO₂ and TiO₂-N. UV-Vis DRS results showed that TiO₂-N had a smaller bandgap energy compared to TiO₂. Photocatalytic activity tests of the TiO₂-N samples showed that TiO₂-N (6:4) was the most effective in degrading methylene blue under both UV light and daylight.
Improving the estimation of grazing pressure in tropical rangelands
Authors: Fernández Pedro David , Baumann Matthias , Blanco Lisandro , Murray Francisco , Nasca José , Piipponen Johannes , Tasquer Macarena , Kuemmerle Tobias 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Livestock grazing is a key land use globally, with major environmental impacts, yet the spatial footprint of grazing remains elusive, particularly at broad scales. Here, we combine livestock system indicators based on remote sensing and livestock vaccination data with a biophysical grass growth model to assess forage production, livestock carrying capacity, and grazing pressure on rangelands in the South American Dry Chaco. Specifically, we assess how considering different livestock systems (e.g. fattening in confinement, grazing with supplementary feeding, woodland grazing) changes estimations of grazing pressure. Our results highlight an average carrying capacity of 0.48 animal units equivalents (AUEs) per hectare for the Chaco (0.72 for pastures, 0.43 for natural grasslands, 0.37 for woodlands). Regional livestock requirements ranged between 0.02–6.43 AUE ha−1, with cattle dominating livestock requirements (91.6% of total AUE). Considering livestock systems with different production intensities markedly altered the rangeland carrying capacity and degradation estimations. For example, considering confinements and supplementary feeding drastically reduced the pasture area with potential overgrazing, from about 58 000 km2 to <19 000 km2 (i.e. 13.5% vs 5.7% of the total rangeland area). Conversely, considering the typically unaccounted-for cattle of woodland smallholders markedly increased the potentially degraded woodland area, from 3.2% (∼1000 km2) to 12.1% (3700 km2) of the total woodland area. Our work shows how ignoring production intensity can bias grazing pressure estimations and, therefore, conclusions about rangeland degradation connected to livestock production. Mapping indicators characterizing the intensity of livestock systems thus provide opportunities to understand better grazing impacts and guide efforts towards more sustainable livestock production.
How to reinforce governance in water–tourism nexus research? Updating the hydrosocial cycle to loop into stakeholders’ roles, interactions, and power dynamics
Authors: Ricart Sandra , Villar-Navascués Rubén , Squitieri Flaminia , Neri Mattia , Hernández-Hernández María , Toth Elena , Rico-Amorós Antonio M 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Over the years, a substantial body of knowledge has emerged to analyse the water–tourism nexus, shifting from setting agendas to problem-solving approaches, while highlighting the importance of involving stakeholders in effective governance. In this respect, the hydrosocial cycle approach has demonstrated its effectiveness in assessing the human–nature dimension of water resources by examining the roles and narratives of stakeholders, as well as the asymmetrical power dynamics influencing decision-making processes. This study establishes a framework aimed at enhancing governance in hydrosocial research related to the intersection of water and tourism by exploring stakeholders’ interactions across five key dimensions: relevance, representativeness, recognition, performance, and collaboration. Additionally, it articulates each dimension using a triple-loop factor scheme that considers stakeholders’ knowledge (to be), actions (to do), and relationships (to share). This framework was implemented in two Mediterranean coastal hotspots, Benidorm (Spain) and Rimini (Italy), which exemplify complex water management contexts marked by competing water needs. Data were gathered through questionnaires distributed to key stakeholders, such as municipalities, regional authorities, water suppliers, irrigation districts, and tourism associations. Our findings illustrate that within the water–tourism nexus, governance tends to favour the water component over the tourism dimension, as evidenced by water stakeholders’ leadership roles, player status, and their greater relevance and recognition in terms of their responsibilities and actions. Moreover, although some stakeholders lack awareness of others’ roles within the system, no stakeholder was seen as redundant, which suggests potential for fostering engagement by pinpointing most influential stakeholders and reassessing their positions in power-imbalanced contexts. The proposed framework introduces a straightforward, flexible, and easily replicable strategy for dealing with context-dependent issues and challenges, such as the water–tourism nexus, and can enhance the effectiveness of broader participatory tools, such as semi-structured interviews and workshops, improving its applicability in a range of governance environments.
Interface bonding of co-laminated and annealed sheets – A short review of recrystallisation and grain growth mechanisms
Authors: Brisset F , Azzeddine H , Bradai D , Baudin T 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The roll bonding and the accumulative roll bonding allow the joining of two or more sheets of similar or dissimilar materials at various temperatures. This kind of metal-forming allows to access optimised physical properties of metallic composites. However, from a general point of view, the bonding strength of the co-laminated layers is very low and consolidation annealing is necessary to improve it. Consequently, recrystallisation and grain growth phenomena occur in the different layers and at the interfaces as well. The present short review highlights the recrystallisation and grain growth mechanisms such as continuous, discontinuous recrystallisation, particle-stimulated nucleation, and grain boundary migration mainly reported in the literature. Based on microstructural observations, it appears that consolidation annealing must be optimised to improve the bonding strength and the microstructural homogeneity of multilayer composites.
Investigation of detector efficiency with EDS in SEM with the aim to improve standardless quantitative results
Authors: Eggert F , Rafaelsen J , Camus P P 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
We have found deviations in in net-count measurement comparisons with EDS detectors equipped with different X-ray entrance windows that cannot be explained by the theoretical assumed and synchrotron measurements verified window transmissions. This work presents the results with systematic simultaneous measurements, which were performed with two EDS SDD systems on one SEM to verify this effect. The two detectors were equipped with a polymer window (Moxtek AP3) and the next generation Si3N4-window (Amptek C2), respectively. A possible explanation of measured detector-efficiency deviations will be given with an additional “divergence effect” due to the Moxtek polymer window support grid blades. It is to consider an additional X-ray transmission at window support grid lamella edges for divergent X-rays at energies already below 10 keV, while the support grid becomes significantly transparent in the parallel beam only with energies >10 keV. This effect is to consider in difference to the parallel beam transmission view because the X-rays in the SEM are from a point source, a fact which was ignored in the past. The “divergence effect” increases with detector area and with closer detector distance to the specimen in SEM. Small deviations of grid lamella alignment to the detector axis can produce similar lamella-edge transmission effects, which can differ between individual detectors. Taking the additional polymer window grid-lamella transmission into account explains the already observed and reported systematic difference in the calculated X-ray counts emitted from a specimen (measured net counts corrected with detector-efficiency). And with this, it explains the deviations of quantitative results between the two different detector window systems. Standardless quantitative results need to be independent from the detector (window) with which the measurements were performed. This was the motivation for the presented work and is a precondition to investigate and improve the standardless quantitative models further, to achieve improved accuracy in standardless evaluation of the measured X-ray data with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) systems, used for the electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) method.
Imaging through highly scattering media via global transformer mapping
Authors: Xia Wenxuan , Li Xiangqing , He Guannan , Luo Zhi , Wu Xia , Huang Bo 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Scattering media are prevalent in real life. When light from the object passes through thick scattering media, most of it is scattered, forming noise-like speckle patterns. In this paper, we utilize the circular Gaussian distribution model to simulate the multi-scattering process in the media. Unlike the point-to-point mapping in an ideal lens imaging system, the multi-scattering process transforms the relationship between the object and speckle patterns into a one-to-many mapping. Each point on the object can potentially contribute to all the pixels in the speckle pattern. We propose a transformer framework that can reconstruct object images from speckle patterns more effectively than convolutional neural networks. This is because the transformer, through its attention mechanism, efficiently captures the global correlation information inherent in the one-to-many mapping. Furthermore, the one-to-many mapping indicates that speckle patterns have a certain degree of redundancy. We can reconstruct object images from partial speckle patterns.