bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF PROGESTERONE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF MOUSE EGGS IN VITRO
Authors: WHITTEN W. K. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. The action of progesterone on the development of the mouse ovum from the eight-celled stage to the blastula has been studied in vitro.
2. Concentrations of progesterone below 2 μg/ml. produced no observable effect, whereas some toxicity was observed at 4 μg/ml. and few ova survived higher concentrations.
3. Herniation of the zona pellucida by the developing blastula is described; this process was inhibited by 4 μg/ml., but not by 2 μg/ml. of progesterone.
4. Blastulae appear to be more sensitive to the action of progesterone than are earlier stages.
5. Oestrogens afforded no demonstrable protection against the toxic action of progesterone when added to the culture medium.
6. The possible physiological significance of these findings is discussed.
OPTIMUM CONDITIONS FOR THE BIOLOGICAL ASSAY OF GONADOTROPHINS
Authors: CLARINGBOLD P. J. , LAMOND D. R. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The assay of gonadotrophic preparations by means of the uterine weight of the immature mouse has been studied using a preparation of chorionic gonadotrophin. An optimum biological assay, with a linear segment of the log dose-log response line covering a twenty-fold dose range is obtained if the following conditions are fulfilled:
(i) The total dose is administered 44 hr prior to killing.
(ii) Mice of similar body weight and age are used immediately after weaning.
(iii) Responses are corrected by covariance for variation in body weight. Significant secular variation in both position and slope of the dose-response line occurs.
It is stressed that adoption of factorial methods of experimentation considerably facilitates the development of a biological assay technique.
THE EFFECT OF GROWTH HORMONE ON THE YIELD AND COMPOSITION OF COWS' MILK
Authors: HUTTON J. B. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Using a single injection technique, a study has been made of the effect of growth hormone (GH) on the yield and composition of cows' milk.
Six lactating cows comprising three sets of identical twins each received six different injection levels during a 78-day period. Quantities of GH injected ranged from 6·25 to 200 mg in geometric progression, and responses were measured for milk yield (lb.), fat percentage, and solids-not-fat percentage, together with the derivatives of these three.
Quantities of food consumed by the animals were calculated from the weights of food offered and refused, and total dry-matter intakes were derived from dry-matter estimates obtained on every 3rd day.
Results from this experiment show that there is a highly significant linear relationship between log weight of GH injected (mg) and the increase in milk yield (lb.) obtained. Significant linear relationships have also been found between log weight of GH injected (mg) and the degree of change obtained in each of the following milk components: water (1b.); fat (1b.); and solids-not-fat (lb.).
Further analysis of the data has shown that by increasing the quantity of GH injected, significant increases are produced in the yield of fat (lb.) relative to the yield of non-fatty-solids (lb.). This is attributed to a significant negative relationship between log weight of GH injected (mg) and the extent of the change in the solids-not-fat percentage.
Administration of GH produces increases in the efficiency of conversion of food dry matter to milk and the extent of these changes is closely related to those of milk yield.
The results are discussed in relation to previously published findings, and possible explanations for some of the phenomena noted are advanced.
THE ACUTE EFFECT OF ADRENAL HORMONES AND CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM UPON PLASMA PHOSPHATE AND POTASSIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN MAN
Authors: MILLS J. N. , THOMAS S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Phosphate infusions were given to human subjects at a rate which elevated the plasma concentration to three or four times the normal level, and then permitted to fall slowly. In subjects who had taken cortisone by mouth, the plasma phosphate concentration was lower before and throughout the infusion.
Phosphate infusions were also given at a rate which for many hours maintained the plasma concentration at about double the normal level. Intravenous injection of hydrocortisone caused, after a latent period of about 1¼ hr, a sharp fall in plasma phosphate.
Hydrocortisone given intravenously without previous phosphate infusion led, after a similar latency, to a sharp fall in plasma phosphate. Since the phosphate did not appear in the urine, and the volume of extracellular fluid did not expand under the influence of glucocorticoids, it is inferred that the phosphate had become intracellular.
Intravenous hydrocortisone had little effect upon plasma potassium. It produced a small and variable rise in plasma glucose, a small rise in oxygen consumption without consistent change in r.q., and no change in plasma pH.
Oral glucose followed by intravenous insulin caused a large drop in plasma potassium and a small one in plasma phosphate.
Intravenous deoxycorticosterone, in doses which caused a similar sodium retention to that produced by hydrocortisone, did not depress plasma phosphate concentration.
The possible relationship between the changes in plasma electrolytes and carbohydrate metabolism is discussed.
OVUM TRANSFER IN THE SHEEP
Authors: AVERILL R. L. W. , ROWSON L. E. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Transfers were made of 127 fertilized sheep ova to ninety-one ewes in which oestrus had been detected 1–4½ days previously. Fifty-two ewes received ova of the 6- to 16-cell stage, and forty-one of these (78·8%) gave birth to one or more lambs. Transfers were most successful where oestrus was synchronized between donor and recipient. Some sheep ova were successfully transferred after storage in vitro at between 30 and 37°C for up to 115 min. Ova at the 6-to 16-cell stage developed more frequently in ewes which had more than one corpus luteum in their ovaries at the time of transfer; of ova transferred singly 74%, and of ova transferred in pairs 75% developed into lambs.
No 2-cell ova, and only 15·8% of 4-cell ova, developed when transferred into the uterine cornua, and no 2- or 4-cell ova developed when transferred into the uterine tubes of ewes in which oestrus had commenced more than 3 days prior to transfer. The success of individual transfers was not significantly related to the breed of the recipient ewe, breed origin of the ovum, the season in which transfer was performed, or to the number and result of previous transfers made into the same recipient.
Out of thirteen ewes subjected to one or more transfers of ova, twelve subsequently conceived after matings at their first or second heat in the season of transfer.
QUANTITATIVE STUDIES OF HAIR GROWTH IN THE ALBINO RAT
Authors: JOHNSON ELIZABETH 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. The patterns of the first and second hair growth waves, forming the second and third coats, were followed in albino rats which had been dyed black before the start of hair growth.
2. The length of hair produced during the growth waves varies from region to region of the body. These regional differences are partly the result of differences in rates of growth, but mainly due to differences in the duration of the period of follicular activity.
3. The duration of the growing and resting periods varies in different areas of the body. For example, in the ventral region the resting period between the first and second waves lasts for about 14 days and the growing period of the second wave for only 12 days, whereas in the mid-dorsal region the resting period lasts for about 4 weeks and the growing period about 19 days.
4. As the growth wave spreads over each area every follicle produces a new hair alongside the dead or 'club' hair. Loss of club hairs then begins, and the rate of loss varies from region to region of the body.
5. In female rats the growth wave moves more slowly, the definitive length of hair is shorter, and the loss of club hairs is slower than in the male. The sexual differences in hair length are the result of differing rates of growth, and there is no difference in the duration of follicular activity between the sexes.
6. It is suggested that in assessing the effect on hair growth of any treatment the following aspects should be considered:
(a) Time of initiation of the growth wave and its duration. (The length of the resting period in any region will depend on both these factors.)
(b) Duration of the growing period.
(c) Rate of elongation of the hair during the growing period.
(d) Rate of loss of club hairs.
ENDOCRINE STUDIES ON DELAYED IMPLANTATION IN LACTATING MICE
Authors: WHITTEN W. K. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
When mouse ova were grafted under the renal capsule, the proportion of mice showing evidence of implantation was the same for normal and hypophysectomized animals.
The injection of oestradiol dipropionate into pregnant lactating mice, on the 5th day post partum, produced macroscopic evidence of uterine implantation 26 hr later. This was not seen until 28 hr after an injection of serum gonadotrophin.
The physiological significance of these findings is discussed.
THE ACUTE EFFECTS OF CORTISONE AND CORTISOL UPON RENAL FUNCTION IN MAN
Authors: MILLS J. N. , THOMAS S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Renal function has been studied in normal human subjects over some hours after the administration of 250 mg cortisone acetate orally or of 100 mg cortisol intravenously. Increased output of potassium without elevation of plasma concentration, and retention of sodium, were observed regularly both in the course of and without a phosphate infusion. Glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow were sometimes markedly elevated, sometimes unaltered. When phosphate was infused in amounts sufficient to saturate tubular reabsorptive capacity, phosphate tubular maximum was often depressed by the hormones, but sometimes unaltered. At normal plasma concentrations the usual relationship between phosphate excretion and plasma concentration or filtered load was undisturbed.
THE EFFECT OF THYROID HORMONE ON THE RATE OF BOTH NEUROMUSCULAR AND MUSCULAR FAILURE IN ADRENALECTOMIZED MICE MAINTAINED ON SALT
Authors: LOCKETT MARY F. , GANJU S. N. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Pretreatment of salt-maintained adrenalectomized mice for 6 days with 3–6 mg dried thyroid gland, or with 0·25 μg of either l-thyroxine or l-triiodothyronine, per mouse per day, delayed the early onset of both neuromuscular and muscular failure which are characteristic of these animals. Dose-effect curves for the action of thyroxine on the myoneural junctions and striped muscle fibres are given.
A concentration of 0·05μg l-triiodothyronine/100 ml. bath fluid antagonized potassium reduction of the maximal twitch of the normal rat diaphragm in response to nerve stimulation, but not in response to direct stimulation of the curarized muscle.
THE EXTRACTION OF GONADOTROPHINS FROM URINE BY THE COMBINED USE OF BENZOIC ACID AND TUNGSTIC ACID
Authors: BUTT W. R. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. A new method is described for the quantitative extraction of gonadotrophins from the urine of non-pregnant human subjects. It depends on the precipitation of the gonadotrophin with a mixture of benzoic and tungstic acids.
2. The method is simple, rapid and more efficient than the kaolin method and should be suitable for routine clinical assays of gonadotrophins.
THYROID FUNCTION AND ADRENAL WEIGHT IN THE RABBIT
Authors: BROWN-GRANT K. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Young adult male rabbits were thyroidectomized or treated with methylthiouracil and adrenal weights determined after 3 or 6 weeks. No significant changes were seen following thyroidectomy. After 3 weeks of methylthiouracil treatment the mean absolute weight of the adrenal glands, but not the relative weight, was reduced. After 6 weeks both the absolute and relative weights were increased above the control levels, but the differences were not statistically significant. The results are compared with those obtained by other workers for rabbits and for other species.
DIMETHYLSTILBOESTROL AS AN OESTROGEN INHIBITOR
Authors: EMMENS C. W. , COX R. I. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Dimethylstilboestrol, a pro-oestrogen, inhibits the response to oestrone, oestradiol or diethylstilboestrol when both are given intravaginally to spayed mice by a 2-injection technique. It inhibits the natural oestrogens in doses of 0·05–0·5% of its own median effective dose (ca. 50 μg), but 5% of the median effective dose is needed with diethylstilboestrol.
No inhibition was seen in the present tests when either oestradiol (used in most tests) or inhibitor were given subcutaneously, or when both were so given. Little or no inhibition was seen when oestradiol and inhibitor were given other than simultaneously.
It is suggested that the untransformed molecule is the active inhibitor.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE USE OF 2-METHYL-9α-FLUOROHYDROCORTISONE IN THE MAINTENANCE OF ADRENALECTOMIZED PATIENTS
Authors: GURLING K. J. , BARON D. N. , GORE MARION B. R. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. 2-methyl-9α-fluorohydrocortisone was administered orally to two adrenalectomized patients in doses of from 0·025 to 0·1 mg daily.
2. Excessive sodium retention occurred with doses of 0·03–0·1 mg daily, and 0·025 mg sufficed for a positive sodium balance and maintenance of blood pressure.
3. Adrenocortical replacement did not seem to be physiological with this dose in spite of electrolyte control, and there was subjective improvement when cortisone was resumed.
AN INVESTIGATION CONCERNING THE PRESENCE OF FREE TESTOSTERONE IN THE TESTIS OF THE ALBINO RAT
Authors: SCHORRIG E. W. , ROOSEN-RUNGE E. C. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Rat testes were extracted by a method designed to preserve the integrity of natural steroid compounds. The yields were greater than those obtained with ordinary ethanol-ether extraction.
The extracts were analysed for testosterone by dialysis, column-separation, and u.v. absorption spectroscopy. The sensitivity of the method was approx. 0·5 μg of standard column purified testosterone. No free testosterone was found in the extracts from either rat or monkey testes.
Compounds isolated from testicular extracts were characterized by their u.v. absorption spectra.
Details of procedures and the significance of the results are discussed.
STEROIDS AND OTHER LIPIDS OF PREGNANT COW'S URINE
Authors: KLYNE W. , WRIGHT A. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. Pregnant cow's urine was hydrolysed with acid, and the lipid material obtained was submitted to the fractionation procedures customary in the study of urinary steroids.
2. Oestrone (0·3 mg/1.) and oestradiol-17α (0·1 mg/1.) were isolated from the phenolic fraction. Oestradiol-17β could not be detected.
3. The heterocyclic phenol equol isoflavan-7:4′-diol) was also isolated (6 mg/1.).
4. The neutral non-ketonic fraction contained 5β-androstane-3α: 17α-diol (0·2 mg/1.) and 5α-androstane-3β:17α-diol. A very small quantity of material resembling 5β-pregnane-3α:20α-diol (the common 'pregnanediol' of human pregnancy urine) was isolated but not satisfactorily identified.
5. The volatile part of this fraction contained two tetrahydroionanediols A and B.
6. The neutral non-volatile ketonic fraction was small (0·6 mg/1.). Three α-17-oxosteroids were tentatively identified.
7. The results are discussed in relation to the routes of steroid excretion in cows, and in relation to the determination of steroids in animal urines.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN URINARY EXCRETION OF OVARIAN HORMONE METABOLITES AND CORNIFICATION OF THE VAGINAL EPITHELIUM DURING THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE
Authors: PUTTARAJURS B. V. , TAYLOR W. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The urinary excretion of oestrone, oestradiol, oestriol and 5β-pregnane-3α:20α-diol has been determined by chemical methods during four menstrual cycles. Vaginal smears were also obtained throughout the cycles, and the degree of cornification of the vaginal epithelium has been compared with oestrogen and pregnanediol excretion.
Of the four cycles studied, only one had a cornification curve which could definitely be described as of the normal ovulatory type. The steroid excretion patterns, however, conformed to those expected in an ovulatory cycle, except in one instance where an abnormal excretion of oestradiol was found during the follicular phase.
The correlation coefficient for oestrogens and the percentage of cornified cells in the smear has been calculated for the separate cycles and for the four cycles added together. The degree of correlation varied between subjects and between different cycles in the same subject.
The implications of the results are discussed.
THE TRANSPORT OF OVA IN RELATION TO THE DOSAGE OF OESTROGEN IN OVARIECTOMIZED RABBITS
Authors: NOYES R. W. , ADAMS C. E. , WALTON A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
In order to determine what part the level of oestrogen in the body might play in the passage of ova through the female reproductive tract, 1249 freshly ovulated ova from donor rabbits were transferred into the uterine tubes of seventy-four ovariectomized recipients, fifty-three of which had previously been treated for 5–18 days with small daily injections of oestradiol benzoate. From 10 to 78 hr after transfer, 41% of the ova were recovered from the uterine tubes, 9% from the uterine horns, and 23% from the vaginae of the recipient animals. Twenty-seven% of the ova were lost. The rate of ovum transport varied widely between similarly treated animals, and between the right and left sides of the reproductive tract of the same animal. Larger proportions of ova were retained in the uterine tubes, and smaller proportions in the uterine horns as the oestrogen dose was increased.
The great variability in the stage of cleavage and in the thickness of the mucin coat of ova recovered from the uterus and vagina suggested that the ova might be widely dispersed through the uterine tubes and that they probably pass out of the uterine tube at widely different periods of time. Evidence is presented that ovum transport in ovariectomized rabbits with or without oestrogen treatment is very irregular, that ova may be ejected from either end of the uterine tube at almost any time after transfer, and that ova are not normally retained in the uteri of such animals.
Approx. 1 μg oestradiol benzoate administered daily for 5–10 days was necessary to maintain the uterine weight of ovariectomized rabbits at about the same level as that in intact oestrous rabbits, and also to reduce the variability in egg transport observed in control and ovariectomized animals.
EFFECTS OF WATER DEPRIVATION UPON THE NEUROSECRETORY MATERIAL OF THE DESERT RAT (MERIONES MERIONES) COMPARED WITH THE LABORATORY RAT
Authors: HOWE A. , JEWELL P. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effects of dehydration, brought about by water deprivation over a period of 10 days, upon the stainable neurosecretory material (NSM) of the hypothalamo-hypophysial system were compared in two species of rodents originating from different climatic habitats, namely the laboratory rat (Rattus norvegicus) and the desert rat (Meriones meriones).
While the neural lobe of the laboratory rat was virtually completely depleted of NSM by this procedure, that of the desert rat showed no detectable histological changes. No striking changes were found in the hypothalamus of either species following this period of water deprivation, although there was some indication of disappearance of NSM from the hypothalamus in the desert rat.
The results are briefly discussed in relation to the theory of hypothalamic neurosecretion.
THE EFFECT OF ADRENOCORTICAL HORMONES AND ACTH ON SEROMUCOID AND GLYCOPROTEIN LEVELS IN THE RABBIT
Authors: KEYSER J. W. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Injection of adrenocorticotrophic hormone into rabbits produced a significant increase in the blood seromucoid and total serum glycoprotein levels. Although cortisol in large doses raised the seromucoid level, the injection of corticosterone or deoxycorticosterone, or of an adrenaline-free Swingle-Pfiffner extract of adrenal gland, had no effect on either seromucoid or total serum glycoprotein levels. It is suggested that the elevations of these proteins found in many pathological conditions are not brought about by an adrenocortical mechanism.
STUDIES ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OVARIAN HORMONES AND UTERINE INFECTION
Authors: BROOME A. W. J. , LAMMING G. E. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Studies were completed on the rate of uterine antibody production in oestrous rabbits following intrauterine immunization with Escherichia coli. No local antibody response was found to occur until 8 days after immunization, and it was concluded that this response is too slow to account for antibacterial action of the oestrous uterus.
In experiments to test the effect of systemic and intrauterine immunization of rabbits with E. coli antigen on the subsequent antibacterial activity of their uteri against E. coli, it was shown that intrauterine, but not systemic, immunization would significantly increase the antibacterial activity of the uteri of both oestrous and pseudopregnant rabbits.
The significance of these findings in relation to uterine infection is discussed.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CHANGES IN PLASMA CORTISOL CONCENTRATION AND RENAL EXCRETION OF CORTICOSTEROIDS AFTER A WATER LOAD
Authors: HATFIELD C. B. , SHUSTER S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. Plasma cortisol concentrations, and the urinary output of free and conjugated Porter-Silber reacting steroids, 17-ketosteroids (17-KS), 'total 17-OH CS', urinary cortisone and cortisol, free and conjugated tetrahydrocortisone and cortisol were measured before and after a 1 l. water load.
2. The plasma cortisol concentration fell within 30 min of water ingestion, and tended to increase as diuresis declined.
3. There was a simultaneous increase in the urinary output of 17-KS, total 17-OH CS, and free Porter-Silber reacting steroids. In contrast, urinary excretion of glucuronide-conjugated corticosteroids did not increase during diuresis.
4. The implications of these findings are discussed and it is concluded that (a) the enhanced corticosteroid output during water diuresis is renal in origin, suggesting that tubular factors play a part in the excretion of these hormones; and (b) the role of the adrenal in the excretion of a water load is permissive.
SECTION OF THE PITUITARY STALK IN MONKEYS
Authors: HOLMES R. L. , HUGHES E. BRODIE , ZUCKERMAN S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
An attempt was made to separate the pituitary gland from the hypothalamus in eight mature female rhesus monkeys by placing a piece of polythene film between the cut ends of the pituitary stalk. One animal died shortly after operation. In two it was established that the stalk had not been divided, and normal menstrual cycles continued. In a fourth, normal cycles also continued in spite of extensive damage to the stalk.
Amenorrhoea set in in three of the monkeys despite variable degrees of regeneration of hypothalamo-hypophysial vascular connexions. One animal underwent two phases of uterine bleeding in spite of complete structural and vascular separation of the pituitary gland from the hypothalamus.
The neural process was found to be atrophic in each of the seven surviving animals, and all developed diabetes insipidus. The severity of the polyuria could be correlated with the amount of damage to the median eminence rather than to the stalk.
OESTROGEN INHIBITORS OF THE STILBOESTROL SERIES
Authors: EMMENS C. W. , COX R. I. , MARTIN L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
In tests of vaginal cornification, anti-oestrogenic activity has been demonstrated in dimethylstilboestrol, ethylstilboestrol and n-propylstilboestrol. It has not been detected in some other stilboestrols.
Dimethylstilboestrol, the most potent anti-oestrogen, inhibits the increase in vaginal mitosis and epithelial thickness which normally follows the administration of oestrone to the ovariectomized mouse. This contrasts with the action of substances like testosterone and progesterone, which inhibit cornification but do not inhibit mitosis in ratios of up to a million to one.