bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Substance misuse in a high security hospital: period prevalence and an evaluation of screening
Authors: Kendrick Caroline , Basson John , Taylor Pamela J. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBackgroundIllicit drug misuse by people with mental disorder in the community has been associated with increased risk of violence but not tested among inpatients.AimsTo evaluate screening for illicit drugs and determine the period prevalence of use in one high security hospital.MethodA records study six and 18 months after introduction of random ward urine testing was followed by a true random prospective study. A random sub‐sample of these tests was checked in the laboratory.ResultsIn the first period there were few tests and patchy recording; during the second, both improved, but testing was not random. In the third period there were 217 tests (65% of those requested) in 33 days; 116 tests requested were not carried out, of which 42 were due to patient refusals. Correlations between dipstick and laboratory results, and research and central recording of tests were high. The rate of drug detection was no higher with true randomization. The hospital's central record was confirmed as a reliable and valid research tool with respect to illicit substances. In the year 2000 the central record showed 12 definite cases of illicit substance use in 153 887 patient days, but some for test refusals.ConclusionsRandom, reliable urine drug testing can be implemented, with generally good cooperation between patients and staff. Contrary to popular belief, in this setting there was little misuse. Further research might test whether current extensive preventive measures are cost effective. The methodology might be applied in less controlled settings to test inpatient violence and substance misuse associations. Copyright © 2002 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Does self‐control account for the relationship between binge drinking and alcohol‐related behaviours?
Authors: Piquero Alex R. , Gibson Chris L. , Tibbetts Stephen G. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractIntroductionGottfredson and Hirschi's theory that there is an underlying factor accounting for all sorts of antisocial behaviour has attracted widespread theoretical and empirical attention. One of their most controversial statements is a ‘generality’ hypothesis, a notion that criminal, deviant and reckless acts are highly correlated because they are caused by individual differences in self‐control. In this paper, we examine the extent to which self‐control accounts for the relationship between two behaviours: binge drinking and involvement in alcohol‐related behaviours, including criminal behaviour.MethodQuestionnaires were given to students at a southern US university. A final sample of 241 students (35% males, 91% whites, aged 17–40). One question concerned binge‐drinking, 11 others related to other alcohol‐related behaviour; a 24‐item scale measured self‐control and sex was recorded. A probit model was used to test the effect of low self‐control on binge drinking and on other alcohol‐related behaviours. It was found that self‐control exhibits a positive effect on both. But binge drinking and other alcohol‐related behaviours are correlated, so a further analysis using a bivariate probit model was undertaken using a naïve model (no covariates), an unconstrained model (allowing self‐control to exert a unique effect on both outcomes), and a constrained model forcing self‐control to be the same for both outcomes.ResultsOur results suggest that while low self‐control is a significant predictor of both binge drinking and alcohol‐related problems, it does not fully account for the relationship between the two outcomes. In addition, separate estimation for each sex reveal a substantively different pattern of results.DiscussionFurther research is needed to disentangle the differences between the sexes. Situational factors, especially in males, may account for adverse alcohol‐related behaviours. Other measures of self‐control are also needed. Copyright © 2002 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Personality disorders in prisoners and their motivation for dangerous and disruptive behaviour
Authors: Coid Jeremy W. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractObjectivesTo examine the associations between DSM‐III, axis II, personality disorder, motivation and disruptive behaviour in prisoners.MethodInterviews were carried out with 81 prisoners in prison special units in England using research diagnostic instruments and an item sheet measuring disruptive behaviours and their motivations. Independent associations were established using logistic regression.ResultsSpecific associations were established between psychopathy and axis II disorders with violent and disruptive behaviour and motivations for these behaviours.ConclusionsThe study supported a cognitive model explaining the functional association between personality disorder and antisocial behaviour. Personality disorders act as predisposing factors influencing the development of motivations and subsequently facilitate the enactment of disordered behaviour, in a linear progression. Assessment of personality disorder should be routine in disruptive and dangerous prisoners. Copyright © 2002 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
The role of forensic medical examiners and their attitudes on delivering brief alcohol interventions in police custody
Authors: Best David , Noble Alison , Stark Margaret , Marshall E. Jane 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBackgroundMany drunken detainees are not receiving alcohol treatment, so the forensic medical examiner (FME) might be the only healthcare professional they see. This paper explores the possibility of British FMEs delivering brief alcohol interventions in custody suites.MethodTwenty‐five FMEs and 15 police officers were interviewed, using semi‐structured interviews and a snowball sampling approach.ResultsThe main concerns expressed by FMEs regarding brief alcohol interventions were around role legitimacy, the suitability of the location and the state of the detainee. Several FMEs suggested that all drinkers would benefit from some intervention, especially young binge drinkers, drink drivers and those detained for domestic violence.DiscussionThese findings suggest that FMEs generally require a clearer understanding of the effectiveness of brief interventions, and the wider public health implications of such ‘low demand’ alcohol interventions. Copyright © 2002 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
The treatment and security needs of patients in special hospitals: views of referring and accepting teams
Authors: Sayal Kapil , Maden Anthony 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBackgroundVarious studies suggest that 20–30% of patients in England and Wales in high security could be safely managed in medium security but there are no objective criteria and little attention has been paid to differences of opinion.MethodThe authors compare the views of the referring and receiving team on the security needs of all special hospital patients from two London health authorities.ResultsDisagreements were found in only 8% of cases, and they were more likely to occur in patients detained under the legal category of psychopathic disorder. Between 21% and 33% of patients were rated as misplaced by one or other team but these figures include patients who were either already on trial leave in another hospital or on the waiting list for an identified placement. Patients for whom there was agreement on misplacement, with no identified route out of high security, account for 9% of the total. Most patients with treatment‐resistant schizophrenia were not receiving atypical anti‐psychotic medication.DiscussionIt may be more realistic to plan future services on the basis that only 9% of patients are misplaced, rather than the previous estimates that appear to have guided current policy. Patients detained under the legal category of psychopathic disorder present particular problems and there is a need to develop appropriate facilities at medium secure level. In the meantime, no patients should be admitted to high security without consultation with the catchment area service and a jointly agreed plan for future rehabilitation. Copyright © 2002 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Name change among offender patients: an English high security hospital sample
Authors: Völlm Birgit , Jamieson Liz , Gordon Harvey , Taylor Pamela J. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBackgroundThere is scant literature on change of name among psychiatric patients but a more substantial amount on the use of aliases among offenders. No one to our knowledge has explored name changes among offender patients.AimThis study was undertaken to establish the prevalence of name change among high security hospital patients and to compare those who changed name with those who did not.HypothesisIt was hypothesized that name change would be associated with male gender, repeated offending and a diagnosis of personality disorder.MethodThe clinical records of all patients resident in one high security hospital on 31 January 2000 were searched. As all such patients are compulsorily detained, all name changes must be recorded. Any change prior to that date was also noted, together with basic demographic and diagnostic information; supplementary data were obtained from the special hospitals' case register.ResultsSeventy‐one patients (17%) of the resident population changed names (exclusive of a woman changing her surname on marriage). Name changing was associated with disrupted upbringing. Patients with personality disorder were more likely to change names than those with psychosis, regardless of sex, age or ethnic group. Those with psychosis were more likely to select unusual or symbolic names.ConclusionsOn the evidence of previous literature, people from this serious offender patient population were more likely to change names than other psychiatric patients but less likely than non‐mentally‐disordered offenders. Changes by people with psychosis seemed related to their illness, whereas changes by those with personality disorder might reflect childhood disruptions in rearing patterns. Copyright © 2002 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Young adults, alcohol, crime and disorder
Authors: Richardson Anna , Budd Tracey 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBackgroundAlcohol‐related crime is increasingly being recognized as a problem in cities and towns with popular entertainment districts. Crime and disorder linked to alcohol has been particularly connected with binge drinking or heavy sessional drinking. Research evidence indicates that it is the young adult age group who are most likely to be involved in crime and disorder and the most likely to binge drink. This paper examines the relationship between binge drinking and criminal and disorderly behaviour among 18‐ to 24‐year‐olds.MethodSecondary analysis was undertaken of the 1998/1999 Youth Lifestyles Survey, a large‐scale, representative, household survey of 12‐ to 30‐year‐olds living in England and Wales.ResultsBinge drinking, and especially male binge drinking, among 18‐ to 24‐year‐olds is statistically related to offending behaviour. In the 12 months prior to interview 39% of binge drinkers admitted to committing an offence and 60% admitted criminal and/or disorderly behaviour during or after drinking alcohol. Multivariate analysis found that binge drinking remains strongly associated with criminal and disorderly behaviour even after taking other relevant factors into account. Individuals who got drunk at least once a week had more than five times the odds of being involved in fighting or violent crime. For offences or disorderly behaviour that took place during or after drinking alcohol an individual had a seven times greater chance of breaking or damaging something and a five times greater chance of being involved in a fight if he/she got drunk at least once a week.DiscussionThese findings suggest that frequency of drunkenness is a better predictor of offending behaviour than frequency of drinking per se. Using frequency of drunkenness as the basis for defining binge drinking reveals that a large minority of young adults who binge drink also become involved in offending or disorderly behaviour. Binge drinking is particularly associated with crimes of violence. The relationship between binge drinking and crime and disorder is stronger among young males than females. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Changes in patterns of excessive alcohol consumption in 25 years of high security hospital admissions from England and Wales
Authors: McMahon Celia , Butwell Martin , Taylor Pamela J 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBackgroundIt is now generally acknowledged that alcohol abuse increases the risk of violence among people with major mental disorder. Studies in the 1980s and earlier, however, tended to report an inverse relationship between their alcohol use and violence.AimsA study was undertaken to test a hypothesis that among people with major mental disorder considered to pose a serious risk to others the likelihood of excessive alcohol consumption in a period leading up to a violent or dangerous act has increased over time.MethodsAnalysis was made of annual high security hospital admission cohort case register data of 1 January 1975 to 31 December 1999; alcohol use data were taken from interview and records, and problem drinking defined as consumption of alcohol in excess of 21 units per week during the 12 months prior to the index offence or act.ResultsThere was a linear increase in the proportion of patients in five‐year admission cohorts who had engaged in excessive alcohol consumption during the year prior to their index offence or act. The increase was steeper among women than men, but cut across all diagnosis and offending groups. It was strongly associated with increasing tendency to abuse illicit drugs.ConclusionsThe greater proportion of patients affected by excessive alcohol consumption occurred in spite of a reduction over the same period in admission of people in the diagnostic groups most likely to be implicated in substance misuse (personality disorder). This increased trend may simply reflect similar trends in the general population, but may also be associated with a lack of services or current consensus on appropriate treatment for patients whose mental illness is complicated by excessive alcohol use. Regardless, the trend suggests a growing need for ‘dual diagnosis’ services within and outside high security hospital. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Alcohol and violence and the possible role of serotonin
Authors: Badawy Abdulla A.‐B. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBackgroundThere is undisputed evidence linking alcohol consumption and violence and other forms of aggressive behaviour, and also linking aggression with dysfunction of the brain indolylamine serotonin (5‐hydroxytryptamine or 5‐HT). Alcohol consumption also causes major disturbances in the metabolism of brain serotonin. In particular, acute alcohol intake depletes brain serotonin levels in normal (non‐alcohol‐dependent) subjects. On the basis of the above statements, it is suggested that, at the biological level, alcohol may induce aggressive behaviour in susceptible individuals, at least in part, by inducing a strong depletion of brain serotonin levels.AimsIn this article, evidence supporting these interrelationships and interactions will be summarized and discussed, the alcohol–serotonin–aggression hypothesis will be reiterated, and potential intervention strategies will be proposed. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Alcohol use and negative affect in the offence cycle
Authors: Day Andrew , Howells Kevin , Heseltine Karen , Casey Sharon 
Published: March 2006

AbstractIntroductionIt is commonly acknowledged that, for many offenders, alcohol use is strongly associated with criminal behaviour. The belief held by many professionals that the two phenomena are associated, probably in a causal way, has led to the inclusion of alcohol use as a ‘criminogenic need’ in many settings where rehabilitation programmes are used to reduce recidivism. However, the mechanisms and pathways involved in the alcohol–crime link remain poorly understood.Argument and conclusionThis paper reviews the literature relating to alcohol–offending links and draws some inferences about the role of alcohol use as a criminogenic need in offender rehabilitation. It is proposed that the bi‐directional relationship between alcohol use and negative affective states is important in understanding the offence cycle, and that deficits in self‐regulation not only characterize both alcohol misuse and negative affect but are also implicated in the offending behaviour itself. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Predictive validity despite social desirability: evidence for the robustness of self‐report among offenders
Authors: Mills Jeremy F. , Loza Wagdy , Kroner Daryl G. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractIntroductionMany professionals believe that self‐report questionnaires used to predict recidivism have a low validity. The aim of the present study was to investigate the assumption that the validity of self‐report is vulnerable to self‐presentation biases in offender samples.MethodThe participants consisted of 124 male offenders who volunteered to complete the Self‐Appraisal Questionnaire (SAQ).ResultsLower scores on measures of social desirability were significantly associated with higher levels of risk (as measured by self‐report and a rated actuarial instrument) and a higher likelihood to re‐offend. Further, stepwise regression analysis revealed that social desirability added significantly unique variance in the prediction of violent recidivism.DiscussionThe authors propose that impression management may be an enduring person‐based characteristic within an offender sample rather than a situationally determined response style. The variance associated with this characterological information is proposed to be the source of the unique predictive variance. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Psychology brings justice: the science of forensic psychology
Authors: Gudjonsson Gisli H. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractIn this paper the focus is on one aspect of forensic psychology: the development of psychological instruments, a social psychological model and assessment procedures for evaluating the credibility of witnesses and police detainees during interviewing. Clinically grounded case work and research has impacted on police interviewing and practice, the admissibility of expert psychological testimony and the outcome of cases of miscarriage of justice. After describing the research that laid the foundations for advancement of scientific knowledge in this area, a brief review is presented of 22 high‐profile murder cases where convictions based on confession evidence have been quashed on appeal between 1989 and 2001, often primarily on the basis of psychological evidence. The review of the cases demonstrates that psychological research and expert testimony in cases of disputed confessions have had a profound influence on the practice and ruling of the Court of Appeal for England and Wales and the British House of Lords. The cases presented in this paper show that it is wrong to assume that only persons with learning disability or those who are mentally ill make unreliable or false confessions. Personality factors, such as suggestibility, compliance, high trait anxiety and antisocial personality traits, are often important in rendering a confession unreliable. Future research needs to focus more on the role of personality factors in rendering the evidence of witnesses and suspects potentially unreliable. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Social‐cognitive determinants of help‐seeking for mental health problems among prison inmates
Authors: Skogstad Philip , Deane Frank P. , Spicer John 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBackground Prisoners experience high rates of mental health problems and suicidal behaviours. Failure to seek help may exacerbate these problems and limit opportunities to participate in offending‐related programmes.Aims To assess whether prisoners'; intentions to seek help for a personal‐emotional problem, including suicidal feelings, can be predicted using variables from the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB). These TPB variables were supplemented by measures of emotional distress, prior contact with a psychologist and demographic variables.Methods Male inmates from six New Zealand prisons were asked to participate, with approximately 50% (n = 527) of those who initially expressed an interest in the study completing the self‐report questionnaire. Most participants completed the questionnaire in small‐group meetings in the prison units and returned them to the researchers immediately after completion.Results On average, participants reported higher levels of current emotional distress than comparison student samples. TPB variables predicted help‐seeking intentions for suicidality and personal‐emotional problems. Those with prior contact with prison psychologists had lower intentions to seek help for suicidal feelings than prisoners without such contact. Older prisoners, those with more years of education, and those who had previous contact with a psychologist outside prison tended to have higher intentions to seek psychological help.Conclusions Social‐cognitive factors predicted intentions to seek help among New Zealand prisoners but prison‐specific issues, such as relative reluctance to seek help when suicidal and reluctance to seek help from prison psychologists, were also identified.Implications for practice Prisoners'; access to services could be improved, for example, through directly working on attitudinal barriers. Strategies to ensure access to specialized forensic mental health in‐reach services could also be an alternative or additional route to ensure that this disadvantaged group seeks appropriate help. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mental health patients in criminal justice populations: needs, treatment and criminal behaviour
Authors: Keene J. , Janacek J. , Howell D. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBackgroundGovernment policy requires that health and social care agencies work more closely together and in partnership with the criminal justice system. There is a well‐established relationship between crime and mental disorder.MethodThe Tracking Project provides for the first time in England the means of collating and analysing data on mental disorder (defined as receiving secondary care as patients of a Mental Health Trust) and crime (defined as all those charged with an offence). Data were collected over a three‐year period for all individuals who had contact with the criminal justice system and mental health services in an English county.ResultsIn a county population of 800,400, some 30,329 were offenders. More than a third had used a health or social care service during the three‐year period; 8.0% were mentally disordered. Those offenders aged 25–64 and who contacted the police more than once were significantly more likely to be mentally disordered. Type of offence was also a relevant variable. The probation service showed broadly similar results.DiscussionThe research has provided for the first time substantive quantitative evidence of the relationship between crime and mental disorder. The results can be used as the basis for further work to target assessment and risk reduction measures at those most at risk. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd.