bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Water Consumption and Nursing Characteristics of Infants by Race and Ethnicity
Authors: Heller Keith E. , Sohn Woosung , Burt Brian A. , Feigal Robert J. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this project was to determine racial/ethnic differences in water consumption levels and nursing habits of children younger than 2 years old. Methods: Data from the 1994–96 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII) were used for these analyses. Water consumption and breast‐feeding data on 946 children younger than 2 years old were used. Results: For black non‐Hispanic children younger than 2 years old (n=121), 5.3 percent of the children were currently being breast fed. This percentage was less than that seen in other racial/ethnic groups. For white non‐Hispanic children (n=620), this percentage was 10.8 percent; for Hispanic children (n=146), 12.2 percent; for “other” children, 18.5 percent (n=59). Black non‐Hispanic children had the highest total water consumption (128.6 ml/kg/day) among all groups, white non‐Hispanic had the lowest (113.2 ml/kg/day). These differences were not statistically significant in multivariate regression modeling. Black non‐Hispanic children also drank moretap water (21.3 ml/kg/day) than white non‐Hispanic children (12.7 ml/kg/day) and Hispanic children (14.9 ml/kg/day). The difference was statistically significant in multivariate regression modeling. Conclusions: The differences in breast feeding and water consumption observed among black children younger than 2 years of age could be a factor in the observed higher levels of fluorosis in black children compared to other children.
Access and Use of Specific Dental Services in HIV Disease
Authors: Mascarenhas Ana Karina , Smith Scott R. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract Objective: This study examined factors associated with the use of specific dental services by persons with HIV disease. Methods: The data were derived from 1,588 adults who participated in a series of up to six interviews as part of the AIDS Cost and Service Utilization Surveys. Use of dental services such as examinations, x‐rays, cleaning, fillings, extractions, root canals, crown and bridge or dentures, andperiodontal procedures were evaluated using logistic regression and generalized estimating equations were applied. Results: Multivariate analyses showed that medical insurance, an education beyond high school, income higher than $1,300 per month, high ambulatory visits, and receipt of psychological counseling were generally associated with higher service use. Blacks, those with an inpatient admission, and CD4+ cell counts less than 500 cells/μL were significantly less likely to use most types of dental services. Conclusions: The study concludes that disparities exist in the use of several dental services similar to those seen in the general population.
Health Care Savings from Microbiological Caries Risk Screening of Toddlers: a Cost Estimation Model
Authors: Zavras Athanasios I. , Edelstein Burton L. , Vamvakidls Athanasios 
Published: May 2007

Abstract Objective: Modeling new biomedical technologies and determining their expected cost is necessary before initiating formal clinical trials. This paper estimates an economic model for the potential cost impact of microbiological screening of toddlers for caries risk compared to the traditional method of managing pediatric caries. Methods: Potential cost savings were calculated based on screening test properties (sensitivity and specificity) derived from a population of 1,180 children aged 1 to 3 years with a caries prevalence of 15 percent. An algorithm was then developed to allocate prevalent and anticipate incident caries, treatment effectiveness assumptions, and existing regional treatment costs. Results: The cost analysis model conservatively predicts savings of 7.3 percent from screening and early intervention. Cumulative dental treatment costs for a child at age 4 years are $367.90 if the child has been screened and $396.70 otherwise. The model further predicts that cost savings increase significantly as caries prevalence increases. Conclusions: Microbiologic risk assessment for pediatric caries may be an example of a preventive public health screening technique that results in both clinical benefits and cost savings. If the model is validated by randomized clinical trials, microbiologic screening could be used by pediatric primary care providers to identify toddlers who require early referral to dentists for further risk assessment and early caries management.
Perceived Impact of Oral Health Conditions Among Minority Adolescents
Authors: Broder Hillary L. , Slade Gary , Caine Rufus , Reisine Susan 
Published: May 2007

Abstract Objective: This study assessed the perceived impact of oral health conditions, and the relationship of two measures of self‐reported outcome, the RAND SF‐36 and the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP), to clinical indicators of oral health among inner‐city adolescents. Methods: A convenience sample of 93 minority adolescents completed the RAND SF‐36 and the OHIP and 76 of them completed a clinical dental examination assessing DMFS. Results: Participants averaged 14.4 (SD=1.2) years old; 52 percent were female; and 86 percent were African‐American. The mean DMFS was 8.8 (SD=6.3). Participants reported relatively poor general health on the SF‐36 as well as poor oral health on the OHIP. None of the SF‐36 subscales were significantly related to DMFS. OHIP subscales were consistently related to DMFS—those with worse oral health reported more impacts. With the exception of the bodily pain subscale of the SF‐36, the SF‐36 and OHIP subscales were significantly correlated with Pearson's correlations ranging from ‐.21 to ‐.57 (P<.05). Conclusions: Although the SF‐36 and the OHIP were correlated, the OHIP appears to be more highly associated with the impacts of oral health conditions than the SF‐36 among inner‐city adolescents who reported low general and oral health quality of life.
Access to Dental Care for Head Start Enrollees
Authors: Edeistein Burton L 
Published: May 2007

Abstract Objective: The objectives of this review are to characterize the oral health and dental access of Head Start children, describe barriers to their care, advance strategies to address those barriers, and consider how Head Start Performance Standards can be utilized to maximize oral health and access to dental care. Methods: Published, programmatic, and solicited data describing oral health status and dental service utilization are reviewed together with reports of conferences exploring access barriers. Head Start performance measures for child health and development services, child health and safety, family partnerships, and community partnerships are individually evaluated for their potential to improve oral health. Results: Head Start children, like all low‐income children, enjoy the highest rates of dental coverage (because of Medicaid and the State Child Health Insurance Program), yet these children also experience the highest rates of tooth decay, the most unmet dental care needs, the highest rates of dental pain, and the fewest dental visits. Getting children the dental care they need is problematic because of: multiple barriers associated with public and private dental delivery systems, Medicaid program funding and administration, dental workforce sufficiency and distribution, and issues of culture and communication that stand between parents, children, and caregivers. Conclusions: To move beyond screening and to access necessary dental care requires integration between medical and dental care, recognition and elimination of barriers to care, an understanding of dental provider types and their capacities, a formally structured referral process, and regular monitoring to ensure that complete care is obtained. Action steps are suggested that can maximize the effectiveness of Head Start Performance Standards. Head Start holds tremendous potential to actively develop and implement policies that can markedly improve both access to needed dental services and the oral health status of young disadvantaged children.
Systemic Diseases and Their Treatments in the Elderly: Impact on Oral Health
Authors: Ghezzi Elisa M. , Ship Jonathan A. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThe lifespan of the US population is increasing, with the elderly desiring successful aging. This goal is jeopardized as multiple systemic conditions and their treatments become more prevalent with age, causing impaired systemic and oral health and influencing an older person's quality of life. To obtain successful aging, a compression of morbidity must be obtained through prevention and management of disease. This paper describes the most common systemic diseases causing morbidity and mortality in persons aged 65+ years: diseases of the heart, malignant neoplasms, cerebrovascular diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pneumonia, influenza, diabetes mellitus, trauma, Alzheimer's disease, renal diseases, septicemia, and liver diseases. Disease prevalence and the impact of medications and other therapeutic measures used to treat these conditions are discussed. Oral sequelae are reviewed with guidelines for early detection of these deleterious consequences, considerations for oral treatment, and patient management. An understanding of the impact of systemic diseases and treatment on oral health is imperative for dental practitioners to appropriately treat and manage older patients with these conditions. With a focus on early detection and prevention, oral health care providers can improve the quality of life of this population and aid in the attainment of successful aging.
Oral Health and Nutrition in Older People
Authors: Walls Angus W. G. , Steele Jimmy G. , Sheiham Aubrey , Marcenes Wagner , Moynihan Paula J. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThe theoretical link between foods choice and masticatory efficiency has long been established. Recent evidence has confirmed this association, demonstrating a progressive alteration in food choice with decreasing numbers of teeth, with the greatest effect being among those who are edentulous. This altered food selection results in significant differences in the hematological status for some key nutrients in the one study in which this association was investigated. This paper summarizes some of the literature relevant to diet as a risk factor for systemic disease and identifies areas where altered food choice as a consequence of reduced masticatory efficiency might be placing individuals at increased risk of life‐threatening conditions, such as atherosclerosis and cancer.
Public Policy on Oral Health and Old Age: a Global View
Authors: Barmes David E. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper reviews major trends in the global demography and oral health status of populations, the challenges faced in ensuring successful aging because of these trends, and basic principles to guide public policy responses. Virtually all populations in which the dental caries prevalence reached high levels in the first half of the 20th century have experienced large reductions. A feared increase of the disease in the developing world has been far less than expected. Some countries that did suffer large increases dating from the 1960s already have managed to return to their former low levels because of timely use of preventive measures. Improving oral hygiene and a consequent reduction in the occurrence and severity of periodontal diseases further bolster the mainly positive trend in global oral health. Only in the former socialist economies is oral health status worsening. These positive changes have brought the expectation that an intact and well‐functioning dentition should last for life, no matter how extended the lifespan becomes. But these changes take us into “uncharted waters” and the most appropriate strategies for preserving health in old age are unknown because they have never been tried. However, public policies to support community awareness and acceptance of broad‐based preventive behaviors to preserve oral health in old age are essential. Policies also must provide guidance on how to proceed when disabling disease occurs, provide for regular research and updating of information, and ensure access to cost‐effective and high‐quality services for all.
Clinical Factors Related to Noncompletion of Root Canal Therapy
Authors: Caplan Daniel J. , White B. Alex 
Published: May 2007

AbstractObjectives: This study identified clinical factors related to noncompletion of root canal therapy (RCT) among patients in a dental health maintenance organization (HMO) based in Portland, OR. Methods: A secondary analysis of a case‐control study was conducted using data from 303 individuals enrolled continuously in the HMO from January 1, 1987, through December 31, 1994, who received endodontic access on a permanent nonwisdom tooth in 1987 or 1988. Person‐ and tooth‐level characteristics were evaluated to compare patients whose accessed tooth was obturated by December 31, 1994, with patients whose accessed tooth was not obturated by that date. Written and electronic records were reviewed to ascertain study variables, and multivariate logistic regression models were developed to describe differences between the two groups. Results: Incomplete RCT was more common among patients who were symptomatic prior to access and had more missing first molars at access. It also was more common among teeth that were decayed, had more pockets ≥5 mm, and had fewer decayed or filled surfaces at access. Conclusions: Because patients with greater evidence of past and current oral disease were less likely to have completed RCT, they may require additional counseling about the importance of carrying through with prescribed treatment.
A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial of a Dental Health Education Program for 10‐year‐old Children
Authors: Worthington Helen V. , Hill Kirsty B. , Mooney Jeanette , Hamilton Fiona A. , Blinkhorn Anthony S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractObjective: Using a cluster randomized trial, this study tested the effectiveness of a dental health education program designed to improve the oral hygiene and dental knowledge of 10‐year‐old children. Methods: Thirty‐two primary schools in the northwest of England participated. After a baseline assessment of plaque and the completion of a dental knowledge questionnaire by the children, the schools were allocated randomly to active or control groups. Children in schools allocated to the active group received the dental health program, which consisted of four one‐hour lessons. After four months the children were examined clinically and scored for plaque, and a second questionnaire was administered. The schools in the control group were then allocated randomly to receive the program or not over the following three months, the program being withdrawn from the schools who initially received it. A further assessment of plaque was made and a questionnaire administered seven months after the baseline of the study. Results: The active groups had 20 percent and 17 percent lower mean plaque scores than the control group at four and seven months (P<.001). The children's knowledge of which type of toothbrush should be used and the role of disclosing tablets improved in the initial test group when compared with the control group and this was retained over the second part of the study. Conclusion: The children receiving the program had significantly lower mean plaque scores and greater knowledge about toothbrushes and disclosing tablets than the control children who had not received the program.
Prevalence of Dental Fluorosis in the Primary Dentition
Authors: Warren John J. , Levy Steven M. , Kanellis Michael J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractObjectives: This paper presents data on the prevalence of primary tooth fluorosis among children residing in Iowa, and the relationships between fluorosis prevalence and selected measures of fluoride exposures. Methods: Children in the study cohort were followed prospectively during the first year of life. This study assessed their home water fluoride concentrations and use of fluoride dentifrice or dietary fluoride supplements. A total of 637 children (320 females and 317 males) were examined for fluorosis using a modification of the TSIF index at age 4 1/2 to 5 years, with 90.4 percent having intact primary dentitions. Results: 74 children (11.6%) had fluorosis present on one or more of their primary teeth, and 71 children (11.1%) had two or more teeth affected. Nearly all fluorosis was mild, with the primary second molar teeth most commonly affected. Fluorosis was significantly associated with higher water fluoride concentration, but not with the use of dentifrice or fluoride supplements. Conclusions: The results of this study show that primary tooth fluorosis is relatively uncommon, but is most frequently seen on the posterior teeth, particularly the primary second molars, which form at later stages of development. This finding suggests that primary tooth fluorosis is mostly a postnatal phenomenon, and is associated with higher water fluoride levels.
US Drinking Water: Fluoridation Knowledge Level of Water Plant Operators
Authors: Lalumandier James A. , Hernandez Leonor C. , Locci Ana B. , Reeves Tom G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractObjectives: We determined the knowledge level of water plant operators who fluoridate drinking water, and we compared small and large water plants. Methods: A pretested survey was sent to 2,381 water plant operators in 12 states that adjust the fluoride concentration of drinking water. A z‐test for proportion was used to test for statistical difference between small and large plants at α=0.05. Small water plants were those treating less than 1 million gallons of water daily. Results: Eight hundred small and 480 large water plant operators responded, resulting in a response rate of 54 percent. Two‐thirds of water plant operators correctly identified the optimal fluoride level, but more than 20 percent used a poor source for choosing the optimal level. Only one‐fourth of operators were able to maintain the fluoride concentration to within 0.1 mg/L of the optimal concentration. A significantly greater proportion of operators at large water plants than at small water plants reported that they were able to maintain a fluoride concentration to within 0.1 mg/L of the optimal concentration (33.5% vs 21.3%, z=4.74, P <.05). Conclusions: Although most operators correctly identified the optimal fluoride level, small water plant operators were less likely to use accurate reasoning for choosing that level and in maintaining fluoride concentrations within 0.1 mg/L of that level than large water plant operators.
Community‐oriented Oral Health Promotion for Infants in Jerusalem: Evaluation of a Program Trial
Authors: Sgan‐Cohen Harold D. , Mansbach Ivonne Kleinfeld , Haver Dana , Gofin Rosa 
Published: May 2007

AbstractObjectives: This study sought to measure the effect of a community health education program on reported infants' bottle‐feeding practices and infants' toothbrushing behavior, with or without distribution of toothpaste and tooth‐brushes. Methods: In this quasi‐experimental comparison group design study conducted in mother and child health centers in Jerusalem, parents of 727 children were surveyed by telephone at baseline and six months later. The cohort of infants was aged 6–12 months at baseline. The program group received structured health education. The control group received no organized educational intervention. Within the program and control groups, half of the centers were randomly given toothpaste and toothbrushes. Results: Parents' reports revealed a secular 32.5 percent increase in toothbrushing for infants with no intervention, 45.1 percent for infants only receiving toothpaste and toothbrushes, 43.7 percent for infants only receiving the health education program, and a 60.4 percent increase for infants receiving health education together with toothpaste and toothbrushes (chi‐square, P=.0002). Modification of bottle‐drinking practices, in this program, was unsuccessful. Conclusion: The free distribution of toothpaste and toothbrushes, together with an oral health education program, is recommended as a potentially practical and effective method of promoting early oral hygiene practices.
Elder Mistreatment: Implications for Public Health Dentistry
Authors: Cowen Howard J. , Cowen Perle Slavik 
Published: May 2007

AbstractElder mistreatment has increasingly been recognized as a serious and complex health issue affecting large numbers of elders each year. Health professionals have been found to lack knowledge regarding assessment, diagnosis, intervention, and reporting criteria of this problem. In dentistry, there have been recent calls for more research and publications as well as requests for professional policy statements and guidelines. Public health dentistry, with its emphasis on prevention, can lend guidance and leadership at the primary, secondary, and tertiary levels. This article reviews the types and prevalence of elder mistreatment, discusses predisposing variables, and offers an ecological model that serves as a guide to interventions directed at all levels of elder mistreatment prevention.
Perspectives of Maryland Adult and Family Practice Nurse Practitioners on Oral Cancer
Authors: Siriphant Piya , Horowitz Alice M. , Child Wendy L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractObjectives: Because oral and pharyngeal cancer mortality in Maryland ranks seventh among states and sixth for black males, a statewide oral cancer needs assessment was conducted. The purposes of this qualitative descriptive study were to obtain indepth information on nurse practitioners' awareness and opinions of oral cancer, oral cancer examinations, and related factors. These findings were intended to supplement a previous survey conducted among Maryland nurse practitioners. Methods: A professional focus group moderator conducted one face‐to‐face focus group with 11 nurse practitioners and one telephone focus group with eight nurse practitioners. Criterion‐purposeful sampling and qualitative content analysis were employed. Results: Findings showed that oral cancer is a neglected public health problem and, based on their formal training, not one considered by nurse practitioners to be their responsibility. Although aware of other cancers, none of the nurse practitioners recognized that oral cancer was a public health problem in the state. Numerous barriers were cited for this neglect, including their lack of training and, in one case, unpleasant feelings about examining the mouth. Participants concluded that oral cancer is part of their responsibilities and that they are interested in related continuing education courses. Conclusions: The focus groups of nurse practitioners provided rich and insightful suggestions for future strategies to help solve the oral cancer problem in Maryland, which supplemented the quantitative mail survey conducted earlier. (J Public Health Dent 2001;61(3):145‐49]