bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ACCURACY OF THE TAKEDA TM‐2420 AMBULATORY BLOOD PRESSURE MONITOR
Authors: Russell A. E. , Tonkin A. L. , Wing L. M. H. , Hassam R. M. , McRitchie R. J. , Aylward P. E. , Minson R. B. , Bune A. J. C. , West M. J. , Chalmers J. P. 
Published: June 2007

SUMMARY1. The accuracy of blood pressure measurement with the Takeda TM‐2420 ambulatory blood pressure monitor and the TM‐2020 data recorder have been assessed by comparison with simultaneous measurements taken using auscultation and direct femoral artery measurements.2. Systolic blood pressure was underestimated by the TM‐2420 by a mean of 10 mmHg (s.d. = 6, 95% confidence interval (CI) =−13 to −7) over the range of pressures measured by auscultation. It was underestimated by 23 mmHg (s.d. = 12, 95% CI =−28 to −18) compared with direct femoral artery measurements.3. Diastolic pressure measurements were similar to those obtained by auscultation. When compared with direct femoral artery recordings, diastolic pressure was overestimated by about 5 mmHg (s.d. = 4, 95% CI = 3.4–6.6), which is consistent with indirect readings, taken with a ‘standard’ cuff (inflatable bladder 23 cm × 12 cm).4. The TM‐2420/2020 is thus suitable for ambulatory measurements of blood pressure when diastolic pressure is the criterion of interest.
RENAL ARTERY DUPLEX ULTRASONOGRAPHY: A RELIABLE NEW SCREENING TEST FOR FUNCTIONALLY SIGNIFICANT RENAL ARTERY STENOSIS
Authors: Hawkins Peter G. , McKnoulty Leanne M. , Gordon Richard D. , Klemm Shelley A. , Tunny Terry J. 
Published: June 2007

SUMMARY1. Renal artery duplex ultrasonography (RADU) has recently become available as a rapid, relatively inexpensive, non‐invasive screening test for renal artery stenosis causing renovascular hypertension.2. We compared the sensitivity of RADU with that of computerized nuclear renography (CNR) in 16 patients with renovascular hypertension. All had lateralizing renal venous renin ratio (RVRR) studies, 15 had renal artery stenosis (RAS) on angiography and one had unilateral chronic parenchymal renal disease (CPRD).3. We found RADU to be at least as reliable as CNR with sensitivities of 100% and 93.7%, respectively. Neither RADU nor CNR was successful (sensitivity 25% and 0%, respectively) in detecting minor, functionally insignificant contralateral renal artery stenosis in four patients, two of whom had multiple small renal arteries — a recognized difficulty in the use of RADU.4. After successful (RVRR became negative) therapeutic intervention in two patients with RAS (dilatation one, surgery one), RADU changed from positive to negative and may therefore be a useful alternative to repeat angiography in this setting.5. Performed in conjunction with renal parenchymal B mode ultrasound, RADU correctly identified the presence of CPRD in one patient.
EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE FOR DIETARY PREVENTION OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
Authors: Yamori Y. 
Published: June 2007

SUMMARY1. Since 100% stroke‐prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) develop cardiovascular diseases (CVD) spontaneously, they are the best models for experimental studies on CVD prevention. Previous studies have proven that stroke can be prevented by improving diets such as sodium (Na) restriction, potassium (K) supplementation and, feeding of animal or vegetable proteins, some amino acid and fatty acids and dietary fibres.2. Recent studies in SHRSP have further confirmed the effectiveness of CVD prevention of the following dietary components.3. Studies on SHRSP repeatedly demonstrated that the adverse effect of Na was counteracted by K, which reduced stroke incidence. Even a 1 min reduction in dietary Na/K ratios (from 0.93 to 0.61) delayed the development of stroke in SHRSP given 1% NaCl water for drinking.4. Excess NaCl intake affected the development of stroke more adversely in SHRSP than Na citrate excess.5. An increase in dietary Ca (from 0.6 to 1.2 or 1.6%) effectively attenuated the development of hypertension, prevented stroke and prolonged life‐span in salt‐loaded SHRSP, whereas additional dietary Mg (from 0.2 to 0.8%) did not affect BP levels.6. The quality of protein is also important for stroke prevention. The protein content of 20% in regular laboratory diets was replaced with soy protein, which effectively prevented stroke. In contrast to short life‐span in salt‐loaded SHRSP (88 ± 1 days), this life prolongation effect was intensified with the addition of 1.0% Ca (344 ± 16) and became maximal with the further addition of 0.6% Mg (>416 ± 20).7. In addition to the observed effect of palmitoleic acid (C16:1), undecylenic acid (C11:1), 1% in the diet effectively delayed the development of stroke and significantly prolonged life‐span in salt‐loaded SHRSP. Preventive effects were also confirmed with diets containing 23% lecithin from soy bean or krill.
ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME IN THE RAT HEART: STUDIES OF ITS INHIBITION IN VITRO AND EX VIVO
Authors: Fabris Bruno , Jackson Bruce , Cubela Rose , Mendelsohn Frederick A. O. , Johnston Colin I. 
Published: June 2007

SUMMARY1. The pharmacokinetics of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition in rat heart and lung was evaluated in vitro and ex vivo.2 Radioinhibitor [125I]‐351A binding displacement was used to assess the relative potency of six ACE‐inhibitors (CI906, CGS14831, S9780, 351A, MK521, SQ27519) in rat heart and lung homogenates, and estimate equilibrium association constant (Ka).3. Following oral administration of 0.3 mg/kg of Quinapril (CI928) specific binding of [125I]‐351A to ACE was measured in rat heart.4. Ka for binding to ACE of each inhibitor was significantly higher in right and left atrium than in lung (P < 0.05) or the right and left ventricle (P < 0.005). These differences did not affect the degree or time course of inhibition in vivo in the rat myocardial ACE following Quinapril treatment.5. Rank order of potency of the ACE inhibitors tested was CI906 = CGS14831>S9780>351A>MK521>SQ27519
RENAL SYMPATHETIC NERVE ACTIVITY MEASURED BY NOREPINEPHRINE SPILLOVER RATE IN RESPONSE TO CHANGES IN BLOOD PRESSURE IN CONSCIOUS RABBITS
Authors: Sano Naoki , Way Diana , McGrath Barry P. 
Published: June 2007

SUMMARY1. Renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) in response to changes in mean arterial pressure (MAP) was examined by measuring renal norepinephrine (NE) spillover rate in conscious rabbits.2. A chronic renal vein catheter was implanted for sampling renal venous blood without stress in conscious animals.3. RSNA estimated by renal NE spillover rate significantly increased in response to moderate falls in MAP produced by sodium nitroprusside (SNP) infusion and decreased in response to moderate rises in MAP produced by phenylephrine (PE) infusion.4. The NE spillover method is sufficiently sensitive to detect responses of RSNA to physiological stimuli in conscious rabbits.
hGK‐1: A KALLIKREIN GENE EXPRESSED IN HUMAN PROSTATE
Authors: Morris Brian J. 
Published: June 2007

SUMMARY1. Humans have three kallikrein genes: hGK‐1, hRKALL (kinin‐generating) and a gene encoding prostate specific antigen (PSA).2. Using a gene‐specific oligonucleotide, expression of hGK‐1 was demonstrated in human prostate, but not in 10 other tissues examined.3. The similarity in tissue specificity of expression of hGK‐1 with that of the PSA gene led to an examination of putative regulatory DNA. Marked identity of >90% was seen (compared with 80% for hRKALL), thus supporting a role for the operation of similar tissue‐specific mechanisms for the control of hGK‐1 and the PSA gene.4. Unique structural features were observed in the protein encoded by hGK‐1 suggestive of a capacity for interaction with substrate residues larger than those in kininogen. In particular it is predicted that a glycine at 186 would twist the polypeptide backbone in this crucial, highly conserved active site region and so profoundly influence interaction with substrate.
EFFECT OF FURAZOLIDONE AND NITROFURAZONE ON BRAIN GAMMA‐AMINO BUTYRIC ACID AND GLUTAMATE CONCENTRATIONS IN CHICKENS
Authors: Ali B. H. 
Published: June 2007

SUMMARY1. The concentrations of gamma‐amino butyric acid (GABA) and glutamate were measured in the brains of chickens which were treated with furazolidone (FZ) or nitrofurazone (NF) at oral doses of 12.5, 25 or 50 mg/kg for 5 days.2. At the end of the treatment, the birds lost about 9% of their bodyweight when on the small dose of FZ or NF and about 18% when on the high doses.3. Both drugs produced dose‐dependent increases in the concentrations of GABA and glutamate which were statistically significant at doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg of NF, and 50 mg/kg of FZ.
ATRIAL NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE LEVELS IN CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE IN MAN BEFORE AND DURING CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITION
Authors: Crozier Ian G. , Nicholls M. Gary , Ikram Hamid , Espiner Eric A. , Yandle Tim G. 
Published: June 2007

SUMMARY1. To determine the response of plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) to treatment with an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor in heart failure, seven patients (NYHA Functional Class III‐IV) were studied before and after the addition of ramipril to maintenance digoxin and diuretic treatment.2. Baseline arterial ANP levels were raised, but fell during ramipril treatment in parallel with changes in both haemodynamic recordings (arterial pressure, pulmonary artery diastolic pressure, and right atrial pressure) and hormone levels (antiotensin II and aldosterone).3. Coronary sinus ANP, measured in three patients, was greater than concomitant arterial levels, and the coronary sinus ANP secretion rate was calculated to be between 15 and 119 pmol/min.4. These results demonstrate that improvement in haemodynamic function during ACE inhibitor treatment is associated with a decline in elevated ANP levels, and support the concept that atrial stretch or pressure regulates the secretion of atrial peptides in man.
NORADRENALINE DIFFUSION, METABOLISM AND VASCULAR RESPONSE IN THE RABBIT EAR ARTERY
Authors: de la Lande I. S. 
Published: June 2007

SUMMARY1. Effects of uptake1 and uptake2 inhibition on the vasoconstrictor activity of noradrenaline (NA) in the perfused artery of the rabbit ear are reviewed in the light of data on NA metabolism and diffusion.2. The minor effect of uptake1 inhibition on the response to intraluminal NA is related to location of the sympathetic nerves at the medial‐adventitial border, and low diffusivity together with loss of amine by uptake2 in the media.3. The minor effect of uptake2 inhibition on the vasoconstrictor activity of NA suggests that uptake2 has little effect on steady‐state amine concentration in the media. This suggestion is supported by analyses of patterns of normetanephrine efflux from the artery.4. Attention is drawn to the ability of uptake inhibitors, and of constriction and distension, to influence entry of NA into the artery wall.
CHIRALITY: PHARMACOKINETICS AND PHARMACODYNAMICS IN 3 DIMENSIONS
Authors: Williams Kenneth M. 
Published: June 2007

SUMMARY1. Biological macromolecules are able to distinguish between enantiomeric substrates. A three‐point interaction between the drug enantiomers and the macromolecule (Easson‐Stedman hypothesis) can frequently account for this selectivity.2. Significant pharmacodynamic differences between enantiomers are more the rule than the exception.3. Pharmacokinetic differences between enantiomers are, in general, not as great as the pharmacodynamic differences. However, stereoselective protein binding, metabolism and renal clearance are still very important aspects of understanding drug disposition and the time course of drug action.4. There may be pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic enantiomer‐enantiomer interactions. Consequently, the activity and disposition of a racemic drug may not be the simple sum of the activities and disposition of the individual enantiomers.5. Enantiomers have been used as sensitive 3‐dimensional probes to establish structure‐activity relationships, to provide insights into genetic polymorphism of drug metabolism, and to provide insights into other aspects of drug disposition.6. A need for a 3‐dimensional understanding of pharmacodynamics and pharma‐cokinetics is implicit in the asymmetric nature of biological environments.
MUSCARINIC RECEPTOR DIFFERENTIATION
Authors: Mitchelson F. , Choo L. K. , Darroch S. 
Published: June 2007

SUMMARY1. Several selective antagonists are available to differentiate between muscarinic receptors.2. Further subdivision of M1 and M2 muscarinic receptors appears possible and is supported by studies with cloned receptors.3. Reasons for differences between affinity constants determined in functional and binding studies and whether receptor subtypes couple exclusively with a particular cellular mechanism are still to be determined.
EFFECTS OF RESERPINE TREATMENT ON ARRHYTHMOGENESIS DURING ISCHAEMIA AND REPERFUSION IN THE ISOLATED RAT HEART
Authors: Zhan C. Y. , Tang F. , Lee A. Y. S. , Wong T. M. 
Published: June 2007

SUMMARY1. The effects of reserpine treatment on the myocardial contents of catecholamines and enkephalins and the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias during ischaemia and reperfusion in the isolated rat heart were studied.2. Reserpine treatment almost completely depleted the heart of noradrenaline (NA). It also significantly depleted the heart of adrenaline and dopamines. It did not, however, alter the myocardial contents of enkephalins.3. Reserpine‐treatment attenuated significantly, but did not abolish, cardiac arrhythmias induced by ischaemia and reperfusion in the isolated heart preparation.4. The results of the present study indicate that myocardial catecholamines especially NA are a contributing factor to arrhythmogenesis during ischaemia and reperfusion.
CENTRALLY MEDIATED INCREASED SYMPATHETIC ACTIVITY IS NOT IMPORTANT IN THE GENESIS OF ACTH‐INDUCED HYPERTENSION IN SHEEP
Authors: Spence Campbell D. , Mathai Michael , Mills Eric H. , Coghlan John P. , Whitworth Judith A. , Scoggins Bruce A. 
Published: June 2007

SUMMARY1. Adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH) administration to sheep produces a rapid adrenally dependent hypertension which is maximal after 3 days and associated with increased cardiac output (CO) and heart rate (HR), while calculated total peripheral resistance remains unchanged.2. This study investigated the proposal that a centrally mediated increase in sympathetic activity is important in the development of ACTH‐induced hypertension.3. Concomitant intravenous infusions of either clonidine (60 μg/kg per day) or methyldopa (60 mg/kg per day) with ACTH (5 μg/kg per day) failed to inhibit the increase in mean arterial pressure (MAP) observed with ACTH.4. In a separate experiment clonidine abolished the increase in CO and HR but not the pressor response associated with ACTH administration.5. These results do not support a role for centrally mediated increase in sympathetic activity in the genesis of ACTH‐induced hypertension.
EFFECT OF CIGARETTE SMOKING ON THE FREQUENCY OF VENTRICULAR PREMATURE COMPLEXES IN NORMAL SUBJECTS
Authors: Pestell R. G. , Taylor R. R. 
Published: June 2007

SUMMARY1. Ambulatory ECG monitoring was undertaken in healthy cigarette smokers (33) and non‐smokers (20) of similar age (21–66 years).2. The frequency of ventricular premature complexes (VPC) was less in habitual smokers (P < 0,05; Mann‐Whitney rank test) and an average of more than 1 VPC per hour occurred in a higher proportion of non‐smokers than smokers: eight of 20 (40%) vs two of 33 (6%) (P < 0.01; Chi‐square test).
AMPLIFICATION BY SEROTONIN OF RESPONSES TO OTHER VASOCONSTRICTOR AGENTS IN THE RAT TAIL ARTERY
Authors: Xiao X‐H. , Rand M. J. 
Published: June 2007

SUMMARY1. A low concentration of serotonin (3 nmol/L), which did not exert a direct vasoconstrictor action, amplified the responses to certain other vasoconstrictor agents (α1‐adrenoceptor agonists, KCl, ATP and vasopressin) in isolated perfused segments of the rat tail artery.2. Low concentrations of serotonin (0.3 and 1 nmol/L) amplified vasoconstrictor responses to sympathetic nerve stimulation, but higher concentrations of serotonin (10 and 30 nmol/L) produced vasoconstriction and reduced responses to sympathetic nerve stimulation.3. The calcium channel blocking drug diltiazem (1 and 10 μmol/L) produced concentration‐dependent reductions of vasoconstrictor responses to phenylephrine. The amplifying effect of serotonin on responses to phenylephrine was attenuated by 1 μmol/L and abolished by 10 μmol/L diltiazem, and was also abolished in a Ca2+‐free medium.4. Ketanserin (10 nmol/L) antagonized the vasoconstrictor action of serotonin and, to a lesser extent, the vasoconstrictor actions of phenylephrine and noradrenaline. It abolished the amplifying effect of a low concentration of serotonin on responses to noradrenaline and phenylephrine.5. The amplification of vasoconstrictor response in the rat tail artery by serotonin appears to be due to activation of receptors of the 5‐HT2 subtype which are coupled to an increase in Ca2+ influx into the vascular smooth muscle cells.
EDITORIAL REVIEW: MECHANISMS OF AMINOGLYCOSIDE NEPHROTOXICITY
Authors: Bennett William M. 
Published: June 2007

SUMMARYAminoglycosides continue to be widely used for the treatment of serious Gram‐negative infections. Ten to fifteen per cent of all courses of therapy are complicated by declines in renal function, despite close monitoring of serum drug levels. The proposed pathogenesis and biochemical mechanisms of renal dysfunction caused by these commonly used therapeutic agents are discussed.
HISTAMINE ENHANCES HYPOXIA‐INDUCED VENTRICULAR ARRHYTHMIAS IN ISOLATED RAT HEARTS
Authors: Dai Soter 
Published: June 2007

SUMMARY1. The effects of hypoxia, histamine‐receptor agonist perfusion, and their combination on cardiac rhythm were studied in isolated rat hearts.2. While hypoxia induced a high incidence of ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation, only a few preparations developed ventricular arrhythmias in response to perfusion with high concentration of histamine, 2‐pyridylethylamine or impro‐midine.3. The times of onset of hypoxia‐induced ventricular arrhythmias were significantly shortened by perfusion with either histamine, 2‐pyridylethylamine or impro‐midine. The accelerated occurrence of hypoxia‐induced ventricular arrhythmias by histamine was significantly abolished by pretreatment with either diphenhydramine or cimetidine.4. The results indicate that hypoxia and histamine can increase ventricular vulnerability of the rat heart to each other. It is also suggested that the arrhythmogenic actions of histamine in hypoxic rat hearts are mediated by both histamine H1‐ and H2‐receptors.
EFFECTS OF LOW DOSE INFUSION OF ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR ON ACUTE INHIBITION OF ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME IN NORMAL MAN
Authors: Nakamura Motoyuki , Arakawa Naoshi , Kawata Yukio , Kato Masataka 
Published: June 2007

SUMMARY1. We have studied the effects of low dose infusions of atrial natriuretic factor (human ANF (99–126), 1.95 pmol/min per kg) on angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor‐induced haemodynamic and hormonal changes in healthy subjects.2. ACE inhibitor (captopril 25 mg, administered orally) was given against a background infusion of physiological saline (placebo day) or ANF (experimental day).3. Compared with the placebo observations, ANF enhanced the fall in plasma aldosterone concentrations induced by captopril (P<0.05).4. The rise of plasma renin activity following administration of ACE inhibitor which was observed during placebo infusion was abolished by ANF (P<0.05).5. The responses of systemic blood pressure and heart rate to the converting enzyme inhibition were not affected by the infusion of ANF.6. These results suggest that variations in endogenous circulating ANF may influence, in part, the response of these hormonal levels during ACE inhibition.
VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL POLYPEPTIDE AND HUMAN VAGINAL BLOOD FLOW: COMPARISON BETWEEN TRANSVAGINAL AND INTRAVENOUS ADMINISTRATION
Authors: Palle Connie , Bredkjaer Helle E. , Ottesen Bent , Fahrenkrug Jan 
Published: June 2007

SUMMARY1. The present study was performed to examine and compare the effect of increasing doses of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) on vaginal blood flow following vaginal subepithelial and intravenous injection in normal women.2. Local vaginal blood flow was measured by a heated oxygen electrode.3. Peripheral blood samples were collected throughout the experiments for VIP analysis by radioimmunoassay.4. Both subepithelial and intravenous injections induced a significant and dosedependent increase in vaginal blood flow (P<0.05), displaying the same efficacy, potency and sensitivity.5. The vaginal flow values correlated with the corresponding plasma VIP concentrations after both routes of administration.6. The systemic vascular side effects; that is, flushing, hypotension and tachycardia, were observed following both subepithelial and intravenous injection.7. The findings indicate that the effect of VIP on vaginal blood flow irrespective of route of administration is part of a systemic vasodilatory effect rather than a local response.
VASCULAR ACTIONS OF ENDOTHELIN IN THE RABBIT KIDNEY
Authors: Denton K. M. , Anderson W. P. 
Published: June 2007

SUMMARY1. The effect of two doses of endothelin, 10 and 50 ng/kg per min, i.v., on glomerular filtration rate (GFR), tubular stop flow pressure and pre‐ and postglomerular vascular resistance have been studied in anaesthetized rabbits.2. Blood pressure did not change significantly in response to 10 ng/kg per min endothelin or vehicle infusion, but rose steadily during infusion of 50 ng/kg per min endothelin, increasing 11.8±2.7 mmHg by 90 min of infusion.3. Glomerular filtration fraction (3H‐inulin extraction ratio) rose and remained elevated throughout the endothelin infusion at 50 ng/kg per min. GFR did not change significantly until 70–90 min of the infusion (50 ng/kg per min) when it decreased by about 35%. No significant changes were seen at 10 ng/kg per min endothelin.4. Sodium excretion rate rose in response to the lower dose, due to an increase in fractional sodium excretion. No changes in sodium excretion were seen at the higher dose of endothelin.5. Glomerular capillary pressure rose significantly in response to endothelin infusion (50 ng/kg per min).6. Renal blood flow fell progressively in response to endothelin (50 ng/kg per min), to about one‐third of the pre‐infusion value.7. Renal vascular resistance increased progressively with both doses of endothelin, by about 35% at 10 ng/kg per min and about 400% at 50 ng/kg per min after 70–90 min. Preglomerular resistance increased from 1.0±0.1 to 5.0±1.9 mmHg/mL per min in response to endothelin 50 ng/kg per min. Postglomerular resistance rose from 1.0±0.1 to 5.6±2.17 mmHg/mL per min.8. Thus endothelin infusion caused progressive renal vasoconstriction with similar magnitude increases in both pre‐ and postglomerular vessels. The vasoconstriction of the kidney caused by endothelin occurred at a dose which did not effect systemic blood pressure.
EFFECT OF CGS 9896 ON STRESS‐INDUCED GASTRIC ULCER IN RAT
Authors: Najim Rafid A. , Karim Kassim H. 
Published: June 2007

SUMMARY1. The effects of CGS 9896, a partial benzodiazepine agonist, and chlordiazepoxide, a full benzodiazepine agonist, on stress‐induced gastric ulcers as well as blood glucose were compared.2. Ulceration in the glandular stomach was induced by 2 h restraint at 4°C.3. CGS 9896 reduced significantly the ulcer parameters but did not affect blood glucose. The effect of CGS 9896 was dose‐dependently blocked by the benzodiazepine antagonist flumazepil.4. Chlordiazepoxide reduced the ulcer parameters but increased blood glucose.5. Since CGS 9896 lacks sedative effects but reduced ulcer parameters, the antiulcer and sedative effects of drugs acting at benzodiazepine receptors are disassociated.6. Benzodiazepine‐induced hyperglycaemia does not play a major role in the antiulcer effects.