bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of water on engineering properties of weathered rocks
Authors: Turk N. , Dearman W.R. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT
The influence of groundwater on the engineering properties of rocks is well known. Because of its importance, rock mass classification methods include groundwater as one of the main classification parameters. Perhaps the best indication of the influence of groundwater on rock mass properties comes from the application of geophysical resistivity and seismic refraction techniques to investigate groundwater. When ground conditions change from an unsaturated to a saturated state, resistivity and velocity of the rock mass change markedly.

In nature, groundwater affects rock properties either by changes in pore water pressure or by chemical reaction. While increase in pore water pressure decreases the total normal stress in the rock mass, chemical reactions cause rocks to weather resulting in changes in physical and mechanical properties. Pore water pressure is best evaluated in the rock mass by
in situ
measurements. However, the properties of weathered rocks are very often best studied in the laboratory. Over the last decade the influence of weathering on the engineering properties of mainly igneous and sedimentary rocks, under dry and saturated conditions, has been investigated. A great deal of test data has been accumulated on the index and engineering properties of fresh and weathered rocks from the UK and abroad. Analysis of the available test data shows that while certain rock properties increase with weathering and saturation, others decrease.

In this paper changes with saturation in selected index and engineering properties of fresh and weathered porphyrites and andesites from the UK and Turkey are reported. Established relations between the dry to saturation index and engineering properties of weathered rocks will also be presented.
Hydrogeological investigation of a proposed waste disposal site at Nant Y Gwyddon, South Wales
Authors: Tonkin R. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT
The paper describes an investigation into the feasibility of siting a large landfill site on an extensive hilltop plateau, in an area receiving annual rainfall in excess of 2000 mm. The underlying rocks mainly comprise jointed sandstones. Water resources are located on and adjacent to the area and are fed by streams rising within it. The method of site operation required (i.e. containment or dispersal) could be determined only be means of detailed investigation capable of quantifying pollution risks. A groundwater tracing test was performed in conjunction with a surface water survey. These are described and the results and interpretation presented. The proposed method of site development is summarised.
Economical collection of reliable groundwater information
Authors: Sutton J.S. , Eldred C.D. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Many site investigations fail to provide reliable information on site groundwater levels and quality yet such information is frequently crucial for successful design and construction. In many cases instrumentation and long term monitoring are either unjustifiable or impracticable. However, adherence to a series of simple rules ensuring accurate recording of water levels and flush returns with reference to borehole and casing depth, throughout the drilling or boring programme, can ensure that reliable information is obtained. Similarly simple and cheap equipment can ensure that general parameters defining water quality (pH and EC) and unstable parameters such as dissolved gases, hardness and alkalinity can be reliably determined, although care is required to ensure that samples are representative particularly if no trial excavations are made.
The use of this type of information and the requirement for it where it has not been properly collected are illustrated with reference to investigations for road construction, an opencast coal mine and a major dewatering operation.
Instrumentation in groundwater
Authors: Charles J.A. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
The problems posed by the flow of groundwater are many and diverse. Instrumentation can only be usefully applied when the nature of the problems that may be encountered in a particular situation are appreciated. Instrumentation may be employed to monitor the rate of flow of groundwater, to measure the seepage velocity, to measure permeability and hydraulic gradient, to detect flow and leakage and to monitor the effect of flow (e.g. settlement). Instrumentation should be reliable and great care should be taken during installation and operation as incorrect measurements may be much worse than no measurements.
Rapid permeability testing by the pressurisation method
Authors: Pontin J.M.A. , French M.A. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Design and use of equipment developed to determine permeability and compressibility of saturated ground is described. The basis of the method is to produce compressible flow of groundwater by pressurising special boreholes with sealed screened zones.
The development of the principles and theory of the method from existing techniques is described. Analysis of data is illustrated and the advantages of the method discussed.
A model for predicting groundwater level response to meteorological changes
Authors: Barton M. E. , Thomson R. I. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract

A simple model, based on the overall soil water balance, has been developed for the prediction of groundwater levels in response to meteorological changes. The model consists of two parts as follows:

A soil moisture deficit model which uses daily rainfall and potential evapo-transpiration data to estimate the effective rainfall entering the ground beyond the influence of evapo-transpiration.

A model relating the effective rainfall to the water table and predicting the groundwater level response.

Rainfall, potential evaporation and water level records are required for at least two years in order to perform a split record test. The data from the first year are used for calibrating and from the second year for testing the model.

The model has been applied to a cliff top site adjacent to the degrading coastal cliffs at Naish Farm, near Highcliffe, Hampshire. The necessary data has been collected over the two year period from October 1982 to October 1984. The groundwater level data used is for the upper permeable layer of Plateau Gravel. The Plateau Gravel acts as a groundwater store, supplying seepage both down into the underlying Barton Clay and, under winter conditions, outwards to the cliff face. The meteorological data were obtained by setting up a local weather station. The results show a good model fit to the observed data.
The model is suitable for general application. It is considered that it may prove of particular value for areas with active landslides as a means of understanding the incidence and rates of slope movements.
The prediction of groundwater levels using computer based mathematical models
Authors: Hurley G.A. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
The prediction of water level from rainfall events in landslip areas is important as maximum levels are required to determine minimum factors of safety for the slip. Also, rates of slip movement are likely to be linked to water level and an accurate prediction of water level fluctuation may lead to the modelling of slip movement.
Using real data, this paper presents two mathematically based models which have been used to predict water levels in a South Wales Landslip. The first approach uses time series and the second a conceptional idea. The models are compared and their applicability to other sites discussed.
The representation of time variant free surface seepage using finite difference methods: a review
Authors: Miles J.C. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Several numerical techniques are available for the representation of time variant free surface seepage, notably finite elements, boundary elements and finite difference methods. This work concentrates on the latter. Over the last twenty years several papers have been published on the representation of free surface seepage using finite differences but unfortunately each paper advocates the use of different approximations and stability criteria. The choice of which variation to use is therefore a problem. In this paper the various methods are reviewed and tested against a variety of solutions and recommendations are made as to which method is the most stable and accurate.
Prediction of groundwater pressures and uplift below excavations in tidal limits
Authors: Pontin J.M.A. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract

A study to explain the mechanisms of cyclic pore pressure generation in ground below a tidal estuary is described: and how to predict these pressures caused by tidal fluctuations is explained. These estimates are used to examine uplift and instability to be avoided during construction inside deep marine excavations. Failure modes to be expected from predicted hydraulic pressures are reviewed and appropriate safety factors discussed. Results are presented for a range of
in situ
ground parameters. Critical levels within the excavations are used and the range of pore pressure relief required are presented for a particular safety factor.
Automatic monitoring of groundwater conditions
Authors: Weeks R.C. , Starzewski P. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Recent innovations, particularly in electronics, coupled with the needs of the construction industry have led to the development of a range of equipment which allows reliable, economic and automatic data logging of groundwater conditions in boreholes and piezometers. The paper describes the development, installation, operation and performance of some of the equipment which is currently available for obtaining data from groups of piezometers and also single installations.
Monitoring of groundwater conditions at West Chevington opencast coal site, Northumberland
Authors: Blythe D. A. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
West Chevington opencast coal site is a productive mine situated near Widdrington, Northumberland and is operated on behalf of the National Coal Board Opencast Executive.
Excavation of a multi-seam sequence of strata mainly within the upper Westphalian A of the Carboniferous is being carried out in a series of benches so that the excavation void proceeds eastwards with increasing depth. A number of piezometers have been installed along sections running across the site, both within the backfill, which follows the slowly migrating excavation void, and in advance of the excavation. The monitoring of groundwater levels has allowed a study of the drawdown and recovery due to the excavation to be carried out. A relationship between water level changes and the position of the excavation benches has been investigated.
Rock samples were obtained from the excavation, as they were removed by faceshovel and dragline, and moisture contents and porosities determined in the laboratory. Estimates of volumes of water removed by earthmoving plant have been calculated to demonstrate the proportions that are mechanically extracted from the excavation.
Monitoring groundwater conditions in a highway embankment
Authors: Crabb G. I. , West G. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
The paper describes how a section of 7 m high embankment made of Gault Clay on the Cambridge Northern Bypass (A45) has been instrumented with the aim of elucidating the mechanism of shallow slope failures that have affected adjacent lengths of the embankment. A comprehensive array of automatically recording hydraulic piezometers was installed to monitor pore water pressure changes, an automatic rain gauge was set up to record the rainfall and automatic stereocameras were positioned to photograph the slope daily so that the onset and development of any slip can be followed.
The piezometer installation is described in some detail and the results of the first fifteen months, monitoring of groundwater conditions in the embankment are presented: the results, together with those of laboratory strength tests, enable a simple stability analysis to be made for the embankment slope for different pore water pressure conditions. Comments are made on the operation of the hydraulic piezometers and the automatic logging system used to record their readings. In particular it was found that a diurnal cyclic pressure variation is caused by temperature changes affecting the piezometer tubing. The serviceability of the logger and rain gauge over a full year is also discussed. Finally some improvements to the system that are being incorporated in two new installations on sites on the M26 motorway in Kent, and which were made as a direct consequence of the experience with the Cambridge installation, are briefly described.
The value and interpretation of groundwater level measurements
Authors: Eggboro M.D. , Walthall S. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
The measurement of water levels in the ground is a routine part of groundwater resource assessments and most site investigations. However the techniques used are often inadequate to reveal the true behaviour of aquifers, often resulting in inadequate data or a large number of expensive but useless readings. Continuous recording of groundwater levels using both float-operated chart recording and electric pressure transducers have been made on a wide range of observation wells to determine the most economical frequency of measurement for different aquifers and different purposes. The results of the investigation revealed a number of factors which are relevant in the observation of groundwater levels and these are discussed. Of these the construction of the observation point in the form of an open observation well, tube well, standpipe or one of a variety of piezometers is of fundamental importance. The behaviour of the aquifer as confined, or unconfined, with or without perched water tables, has considerable bearing on the results obtained. Barometric, tidal, fluvial, seasonal and abstraction effects on groundwater levels are discussed with reference to the amplitude of groundwater fluctuation and its rate of change. Finally suggestions are made for the design of observation points and the frequency of readings for different applications.
Surveillance of pore water conditions in large urban slopes
Authors: McNicholl D. P. , Cho G.W.F. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Landslides in Hong Kong are almost always associated with periods of heavy rainfall. Groundwater has a major influence on the strength of soil and the stability of slopes. In the time preceding failure, the pore water pressure can change from being strongly negative to become increasingly positive. Hence the prediction of groundwater levels under critical design conditions is important in the assessment of slope stability.
If it is considered that a slope has an inadequate margin of safety and that the structures above and below the slope should be evacuated or restricted the advice given can often be over-cautious or inappropriate.
A rational approach is suggested to help engineers carry out surveillance of pore water conditions and to give advice on managing urban slopes with low factors of safety. Surveillance implies the collection of information, analysis and initiation of actions. A range of subjects relating to the automatic monitoring and surveillance of hazardous slopes is briefly covered. Emphasis has been placed on situations where it is essential for professionals to react quickly and decisively to changes in the surveillance case. A case study is included to demonstrate the suggested approach.
Groundwater control by jet grouting
Authors: Coomber D.B. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Control of groundwater using familiar injection or permeation grouting techniques has experienced a chequered history, with technical success and cost control remaining difficult to predict. This results mainly from the excessive dependence of grout acceptance and therefore treatment continuity, on the permeability of the ground requiring stabilisation.

Over a decade in Europe generally and relatively recently in Britain, jet grouting has emerged as a tried and tested means of minimising these uncertainties and increasing confidence in the grouting of soils. Soil structure is destroyed using high energy erosive jets while simultaneously either mixing grout with the disturbed soil particles
in situ
or largely
replacing
eroded ground with tremmied grout.

The process has been used to (i) seal cofferdams against or around buried structures or installations, (ii) seal joints between closely spaced but non-contiguous piled walls, (iii) exclude water from basement excavations, (iv) stabilise shaft bases against piping and (v) treat unstable ground for tunnelling purposes.
Following a brief description of the technique this paper illustrates these applications, with appropriate reference to examples.
Interceptor drains for cliff-tops and above the crest of slopes and cuttings
Authors: Barton M.E. , Thomson R.I. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Three types of interceptor drain considered in the paper are (i) drains for surface water (ii) cut-off drains in pervious strata overlying a relatively impervious stratum and (iii) vertical drainage wells for draining water into either pervious strata at depth or drains bored (or tunnelled) in from the slope face. Their function is to prevent surface or ground water from reaching an actual or potential landslide: drainage of the landslide itself is not considered in this paper.
Various difficulties which may impair the effectiveness of interceptor drains are listed. Cases from the literature are reviewed and new observations made on interceptor drains of which the authors have direct experience. It is shown that the performance of these drains may often be less than satisfactory and it is concluded that by their nature interceptor drains require rigourous site investigation and monitoring before, during and after construction. Attention is also drawn to the generally negligible influence of interceptor drains on rates of equilibration of pore-water pressures depressed by unloading in clay soils.
Estimation of mass permeability for excavations for the Greater Cairo Wastewater Project
Authors: Coe R.H. , Kay W.F. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Cairo lies at the apex of the Nile delta on fluviatile deposits of Oligocene to Recent age. Groundwater levels are controlled by several factors including the Nile, water supply abstraction, irrigation canals and construction dewatering. The water table on the flood plain is about 2 to 3 m below the ground surface. In many areas the sand aquifer is confined by clays and silts.
The Greater Cairo Wastewater Project involves the design and construction of a network of tunnels, pipelines, culverts and pumping stations to transfer the wastewater to existing and proposed treatment works to the east and west of the city. The structures are up to 32 m below ground surface in the saturated alluvium and therefore groundwater plays a significant part during construction.
Site investigations were carried out to determine the static water levels and quality of groundwater. Permeability of the aquifer was ascertained by means of pumping tests.
Some case histories are given to discuss how the results of the groundwater investigations have been used to design methods of controlling groundwater for the various engineering structures involved in the project. The project is in the early stages of construction and much further experience is likely.
Advance land drainage as an aid to construction in areas with high groundwater levels in Warrington New Town
Authors: Wilde P. M. , Crook J. M. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Warrington New Town, now part of the combined Warrington and Runcorn Development Corporation, was designated in 1968 with an area of approximately 7 500 hectares to be comprehensively developed by 1990. The task has included the development for employment uses of several large low lying areas of land underlain by saturated alluvial and fluvioglacial deposits. When building in these areas, an effective method of controlling the groundwater must be chosen to facilitate the efficient and economic construction of excavations for all groundworks. If the upper soils are permeable sands and/or gravels, land drainage installed in advance of construction to lower groundwater levels can provide such a method. A case study is presented demonstrating the effectiveness of this system illustrated by the results of monitoring of groundwater levels over a 24 month period punctuated by the installation of land drainage.
Histone H2B as a functionally important plasminogen receptor on macrophages
Authors: Das Riku , Burke Tim , Plow Edward F. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractPlasminogen (Plg) facilitates inflammatory cell recruitment, a function that depends upon its binding to Plg receptors (Plg-Rs). However, the Plg-Rs that are critical for cell migration are not well defined. Three previously characterized Plg-Rs (α-enolase, annexin 2, and p11) and a recently identified Plg-R (histone H2B [H2B]) were assessed for their contribution to Plg binding and function on macrophages. Two murine macrophage cell lines (RAW 264.7 and J774A.1) and mouse peritoneal macrophages induced by thioglycollate were analyzed. All 4 Plg-Rs were present on the surface of these cells and showed enhanced expression on the thioglycollate-induced macrophages compared with peripheral blood monocytes. Using blocking Fab fragments to each Plg-R, H2B supported approximately 50% of the Plg binding capacity, whereas the other Plg-Rs contributed less than 25%. Anti-H2B Fab also demonstrated a major role of this Plg-R in plasmin generation and matrix invasion. When mice were treated intravenously with anti-H2B Fab, peritoneal macrophage recruitment in response to thioglycollate was reduced by approximately 45% at 24, 48, and 72 hours, with no effect on blood monocyte levels. Taken together, these data suggest that multiple Plg-Rs do contribute to Plg binding to macrophages, and among these, H2B plays a very prominent and functionally important role.
Treatment with GITR agonistic antibody corrects adaptive immune dysfunction in sepsis
Authors: Scumpia Philip O. , Delano Matthew J. , Kelly-Scumpia Kindra M. , Weinstein Jason S. , Wynn James L. , Winfield Robert D. , Xia Changqing , Chung Chun Shiang , Ayala Alfred , Atkinson Mark A. , Reeves Westley H. , Clare-Salzler Michael J. , Moldawer Lyle L. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractApoptosis of CD4+ T cells and TH2 polarization are hallmarks of sepsis-induced immunoparalysis. In this study, we characterized sepsis-induced adaptive immune dysfunction and examined whether improving T-cell effector function can improve outcome to sepsis. We found that septic mice produced less antigen-specific T-cell–dependent IgM and IgG2a antibodies than sham-treated mice. As early as 24 hours after sepsis, CD4+ T cells proliferated poorly to T-cell receptor stimulation, despite normal responses to phorbol myristate acetate and ionomycin, and possessed decreased levels of CD3ζ. Five days following immunization, CD4+ T cells from septic mice displayed decreased antigen-specific proliferation and production of IL-2 and IFN-γ but showed no difference in IL-4, IL-5, or IL-10 production. Treatment of mice with anti-GITR agonistic antibody restored CD4+ T-cell proliferation, increased TH1 and TH2 cytokine production, partially prevented CD3ζ down-regulation, decreased bacteremia, and increased sepsis survival. Depletion of CD4+ T cells but not CD25+ regulatory T cells eliminated the survival benefit of anti-GITR treatment. These results indicate that CD4+ T-cell dysfunction is a key component of sepsis and that improving T-cell effector function may be protective against sepsis-associated immunoparalysis.