bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, characterization and sol–gel entrapment of a crown ether‐styryl fluoroionophore
Authors: Sui Zhijie , Hanan Nathan J. , Phimphivong Sam , Wysocki Ronald J. , Saavedra S. Scott 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe synthesis and initial evaluation of a new dye‐functionalized crown‐ether, 2‐[2‐(2,3,5,6,8,9,11,12,14,15‐decahydro‐1,4,7,10,13,16‐benzohexaoxacyclooctadecin)ethenyl]‐3‐methyl benzothiazolium iodide (denoted BSD), are reported. This molecule contains a benzyl 18‐crown‐6 moiety as the ionophore and a benzothiazolium to spectrally transduce ion binding. Binding of K+ to BSD in methanol causes shifts in the both absorbance and fluorescence emission maxima, as well as changes in the molar absorptivity and the emission intensity. Apparent dissociation constants (Kd) in the range 30–65 µm were measured. In water and neutral buffer, Kd values were approximately 1 mm. BSD was entrapped in sol–gel films composed of methyltriethoxysilane (MTES) and tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) with retention of its spectral properties and minimal leaching. K+ binding to BSD in sol–gel films immersed in pH 7.4 buffer causes significant fluorescence quenching, with an apparent response time of approximately 2 min and an apparent Kd of 1.5 mm. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The evolution of the cilium and the eukaryotic cell
Authors: Hartman Hyman , Smith Temple F. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe Cilium, the Nucleus and the Mitochondrion are three important organelles whose evolutionary histories are intimately related to the evolution and origin of the eukaryotic cell. The cilium is involved in motility and sensory transduction. The cilium is only found in the eukaryotic cells. Here we show that eight gene duplications prior to the last common ancestor of all extant eukaryotes account for the expansion of the Heavy Chain Dynein family of motor proteins and the evolution of the complexity of the cilium. The ambiguities in the branching of the phylogenetic tree of the HC‐Dyneins were resolved by creating well‐defined subtrees and using them to create the full tree. Due to the intimate relationship between the nucleus, the division center, mitosis and the basal body/centriole, the evolution of the cilium can now be related to the evolution of mitosis. In addition, the analysis of the cilium rules out its endosymbiotic origin from a phagocytosis of a bacterium. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of graduate clinicians' personal therapy on therapeutic alliance
Authors: Gold Stephanie H. , Hilsenroth Mark J. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThis study investigates the effects of clinician personal therapy on therapeutic alliance early in treatment. Therapists who had received personal therapy assessed 30 outpatients, and therapists who had not undergone personal therapy assessed 30 outpatients. These groups of patients were matched on key demographic, diagnostic and psychiatric severity data. Results demonstrated no significant group differences on patient‐rated alliance. Significant differences were observed for the therapist‐rated alliance variables of therapist confidence, goal and task agreement, as well as overall alliance, with higher scores from those therapists who had received personal therapy. In addition, significant differences were found in the number of therapy sessions attended, with the treatments of those therapists who had received personal therapy being twice as long. The impact of personal therapy in relation to structured training and a therapeutic model of assessment on graduate clinicians' ability to form positive collaborative relationships with their patients is discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Current‐input OTRA Schmitt trigger with dual hysteresis modes
Authors: Lo Yu‐Kang , Chien Hung‐Chun , Chiu Huang‐Jen 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA simple current‐input Schmitt trigger is presented and implemented. It consists of one operational transresistance amplifier and a resistor. In addition, the circuit offers dual hysteresis mode operations within the same topology. The circuit operations are described. Experimental and simulation results are given to verify the theoretical analysis. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Advances in the development of kinase inhibitor therapeutics for Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Savage Mary J. , Gingrich Diane E. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractPharmaceutical approaches to slow the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) have focused primarily on reducing production or increasing clearance of amyloid β peptide (Aβ). Recent clinical trial results question the efficacy of targeting Aβ for treatment of mild to moderate AD, highlighting the need for alternate approaches. With the marketing of eight kinase inhibitors for oncology indications as of 2008 (Gleevec®, Tarceva®, Nexavar®, Sutent®, Rapamune®, Sprycel®, Tasigna®, and Tykerb®) and current clinical trials of more than 150 others for a number of indications, the progress that has been made in improving the selectivity and pharmaceutical properties of this class of compounds suggests that targeting neurodegenerative diseases such as AD may be possible. The present review describes a number of kinase targets for AD that have been studied in relation to tau protein pathology, neuroinflammation and neuron loss, in addition to amyloid pathology. Drug Dev Res 70, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Small molecule inhibitors of Aβ‐aggregation and neurotoxicity
Authors: Hawkes Cheryl A. , Ng Vivian , McLaurin JoAnne 
Published: February 2009

AbstractAlzheimer disease (AD) is characterized pathologically by extracellular amyloid deposits composed of Aβ peptide, neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) made up of hyperphosphorylated tau, and a deficit of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain. Presently, only symptomatic therapies are available for the treatment of AD and these therapies have a limited time frame of utility. Amyloid disorders represent the effects of chronic Aβ production and are not a secondary pathological effect caused by a distant trigger; therefore targeting Aβ is a viable pursuit. In this review, we will discuss the various small molecule anti‐aggregation inhibitors that have been reported in the literature, with emphasis on compounds that are presently being investigated in clinical trials. Drug Dev Res 70, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Structure and modeling in the design of β‐ and γ‐secretase inhibitors
Authors: Holloway M. Katharine , Hunt Peter , McGaughey Georgia B. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThis review discusses the involvement of structure and modeling in the design of β‐secretase (BACE‐1) and γ‐secretase inhibitors as putative Alzheimer's Disease therapeutics. The early and broad availability of structural information for BACE‐1, a membrane‐tethered aspartyl protease, has led to the use of in silico methods in the overall design and optimization process. However, for γ‐secretase, an integral membrane protein, the lack of a detailed 3D structure has limited the application of computational methods. Drug Dev Res 70, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Translational medicine perspective in development of disease modifying therapies for Alzheimer's disease: biomarkers to buy down the risk
Authors: Wan Hong I. , Hurko Orest , Day Mark , Rutkowski J. Lynn 
Published: February 2009

AbstractAlzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease and the most common cause of age‐related dementia. Currently available pharmacologic therapies, including acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors and N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists, only treat symptoms and do not address the underlying neurodegeneration. In addition to potentially improve the accuracy of diagnosis, biomarkers serve important roles for the development of putative disease‐modifying drugs for AD. In this article, we review the existing and emerging areas of biomarker research and development for AD. Biochemical biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid have been used to provide a link to disease pathology and may provide important proof of concept data for several classes of emerging therapeutics. Imaging biomarkers including volumetric magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography assessing either glucose utilization or radioligands binding to amyloid plaque are discussed. Appropriate uses of these biomarkers in the context of the development of disease‐modifying therapies are discussed. Drug Dev Res 70, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of alcohol and smoking during pregnancy on infant autonomic control
Authors: Fifer William P. , Fingers Sherri Ten , Youngman Mitzi , Gomez‐Gribben Esperanza , Myers Michael M. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractPrenatal exposure to smoking and alcohol increases the risk for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). Physiological changes associated with these exposures are not well studied. Full‐term infants were tested within the first 3 days of life. We hypothesized that maternal alcohol consumption and/or smoking during pregnancy would alter autonomic nervous system function. Newborns whose mothers smoked during pregnancy had lower beat‐to‐beat heart rate variability in quiet sleep. Infants whose mothers consumed alcohol had lower global heart rate variability, but only in active sleep. Unexposed infants demonstrated increases in heart rate with head‐up tilt and decreases in heart rate with head‐down tilt, but smoking and alcohol‐exposed infants showed no significant responses. These results indicate that autonomic function is altered by prenatal exposure to alcohol and smoking. Such markers may provide early identification of infants at greatest risk for SIDS. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 51: 234–242, 2009
Xhairy2 functions in Xenopus lens development by regulating p27xic1 expression
Authors: Murato Yasuhito , Hashimoto Chikara 
Published: February 2009

AbstractLens of vertebrate eyes is derived from competent pre‐placodal ectoderm in response to signal(s) from retinal lineage. We herein report that the Xenopus Hes gene Xhairy2, which is expressed in pre‐placodal ectoderm, is required for lens development from the initial stage. We show that Xhairy2 knockdown reduced the expression of lens marker genes at every step of lens determination, eventually resulting in ocular lens malformation. Interestingly, retina marker gene expression and retinal anlage morphology remained normal upon Xhairy2 knockdown. Furthermore, loss of lens field caused by Xhairy2 depletion was partially rescued by simultaneous knockdown of the cell cycle inhibitor gene p27xic1. These results suggest that Xhairy2 is required for lens development through the regulation of p27xic1 expression, independent of the known cascade of transcription factors. Based on these findings, we propose that Xhairy2 may maintain an intracellular environment in which inducing signal(s) can be accepted. Developmental Dynamics 238:2179–2192, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Notch signaling downstream of foxD5 promotes neural ectodermal transcription factors that inhibit neural differentiation
Authors: Yan Bo , Neilson Karen M. , Moody Sally A. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractWe investigated the role of the Notch signaling pathway in regulating several transcription factors that stabilize a neural fate and expand the neural plate. Increased Notch signaling in a neural lineage via a constitutively activated form (NICD) up‐regulated geminin and zic2 in a cell‐autonomous manner, and expanded the neural plate domains of sox11, sox2, and sox3. Loss‐ and gain‐of‐function assays show that foxD5 acts upstream of notch1 gene expression. Decreasing Notch signaling with an anti‐morphic form of a Notch ligand (X‐Delta‐1STU) showed that the foxD5‐mediated expansion of the sox gene neural plate domains requires Notch signaling. However, geminin and zic2 appear to be dually regulated by foxD5 and Notch1 signaling. These studies demonstrate that: (1) Notch signaling acts downstream of foxD5 to promote the expression of a subset of neural ectodermal transcription factors; and (2) Notch signaling and the foxD5 transcriptional pathway together maintain the neural plate in an undifferentiated state. Developmental Dynamics 238:1358–1365, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Flk1‐myr::mCherry mouse as a useful reporter to characterize multiple aspects of ocular blood vessel development and disease
Authors: Poché Ross A. , Larina Irina V. , Scott Melissa L. , Saik Jennifer E. , West Jennifer L. , Dickinson Mary E. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe highly vascularized mouse eye is an excellent model system in which to elucidate the molecular genetic basis of blood vessel development and disease. However, the analysis of ocular vessel defects has traditionally been derived from fixed tissue, which fails to account for dynamic events such as blood flow and cell migration. To overcome the limitations of static analysis, tremendous advances in imaging technology and fluorescent protein reporter mouse lines now enable the direct visualization of developing cells in vivo. Here, we demonstrate that the Flk1‐myr::mCherry transgenic mouse is an extremely useful live reporter with broad applicability to retinal, hyaloid, and choroid vascular research. Developmental Dynamics 238:2318–2326, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative and developmental study of the immune system inXenopus
Authors: Robert Jacques , Ohta Yuko 
Published: February 2009

AbstractXenopus laevisis the model of choice for evolutionary, comparative, and developmental studies of immunity, and invaluable research tools including MHC‐defined clones, inbred strains, cell lines, and monoclonal antibodies are available for these studies. Recent efforts to useSilurana(Xenopus)tropicalisfor genetic analyses have led to the sequencing of the whole genome. Ongoing genome mapping and mutagenesis studies will provide a new dimension to the study of immunity. Here we review what is known about the immune system ofX. laevisintegrated with available genomic information fromS. tropicalis. This review provides compelling evidence for the high degree of similarity and evolutionary conservation betweenXenopusand mammalian immune systems. We propose to build a powerful and innovative comparative biomedical model based on modern genetic technologies that takes take advantage ofX. laevisandS. tropicalis, as well as the wholeXenopusgenus. Developmental Dynamics 238:1249–1270, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Polarity and cell fate specification in the control of Caenorhabditis elegans gastrulation
Authors: Rohrschneider Monica R. , Nance Jeremy 
Published: February 2009

AbstractGastrulation is a time during development when cells destined to produce internal tissues and organs move from the surface of the embryo into the interior. It is critical that the cell movements of gastrulation be precisely controlled, and coordinated with cell specification, in order for the embryo to develop normally. Caenorhabditis elegans gastrulation is relatively simple, can be observed easily in the transparent embryo, and can be manipulated genetically to uncover important regulatory mechanisms. Many of these cellular and molecular mechanisms, including cell shape, cytoskeletal, and cell cycle changes, appear to be conserved from flies to vertebrates. Here we review gastrulation in C. elegans, with an emphasis on recent data linking contact‐induced cell polarity, PAR proteins, and cell fate specification to gastrulation control. Developmental Dynamics 238:789–796, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Deficiency screen identifies a novel role for beta 2 tubulin in salivary gland and myoblast migration in the Drosophila embryo
Authors: Jattani Rakhi , Patel Unisha , Kerman Bilal , Myat Monn Monn 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe Drosophila embryonic salivary gland is an epithelial organ formed by the coordinated invagination and migration of primordial cells. To identify genes that regulate gland migration we performed a deficiency screen of the third chromosome. Here, we report on the analysis of the beta 2 tubulin isoform (β2t) that maps at 85D15. We show that, in β2t mutant embryos, salivary glands did not complete their posterior migration and that migration of fusion competent myoblasts and longitudinal visceral muscle founder cells between the gland and circular visceral mesoderm was delayed. We also demonstrate that gland migration defects correlate with reduced βPS and αPS2 integrin expression in the surrounding mesoderm and that β2t genetically interacts with genes encoding integrin αPS1 and αPS2 subunits. Our studies reveal for the first time that β2t is expressed in embryogenesis and that β2t plays an important role in salivary gland and myoblast migration, possibly through proper regulation of integrin adhesion proteins. Developmental Dynamics 238:853–863, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Vegetation of the river Yamuna floodplain in the Delhi stretch, with reference to hydrological characteristics
Authors: Tabasum Tanveera , Bhat Pamposh , Kumar Ritesh , Fatma Tasneem , Trisal C. L. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractVegetation in the Delhi stretch of the floodplain of the river Yamuna was examined in relation to hydrological characteristics. The floodplain was delineated into four zones based on hydrological interventions. Seventy‐four plant species including forty‐two aquatic/semi‐aquatic were identified. The decrease in water discharge from Jhangola to downstream Okhla, led to reduction in species richness. Co‐structures between hydrological characteristics and vegetational composition indicated that vegetation in the four identified zones was governed essentially by hydrological factors. Zones I and III exhibited near‐perfect correspondence signifying that variation in vegetational composition in these zones could be explained, to a great extent, on the basis of variations in the hydrological conditions. Zone II and IV, with relatively weaker correspondence, indicated that there were gradients other than hydrological conditions, which caused variations in vegetational characteristics. The present study highlighted the importance of allocation of water for periodic inundation to maintain floodplain characteristics including aquatic/semi‐aquatic vegetation cover as critical to the management of the river ecosystem. The current policy of water use focused entirely on human uses ignoring ecological requirements, and had clear adverse implications on the health of the river ecosystem. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
From law‐taking to policy‐making. The environmental dimension of the EU accession process – challenges, risks and chances for the SEE countries
Authors: Tews Kerstin 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThis paper addresses the challenges and risks of an environmental enlargement strategy that has to rely on conditionality as a modus of operation. Such policy transfers generate shortcomings, which, in the case of the EU, might affect their future capacity to develop innovative environmental policy, if it enlarges. The paper begins with a short description of the challenges both from the EU's and the SEE countries' perspective. It highlights some of the newer, even stricter elements of the conditionality mode applied by the EU. It proceeds with an analysis of the risks of conditionality. In doing so, it outlines some of the lessons gleaned from the former enlargement process to Central and Eastern Europe, within which comparable experiences were made in unilaterally adjusting national law according to an agenda set by external actors. In the third section, the paper develops arguments with respect to handling these risks. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
SambVca: A Web Application for the Calculation of the Buried Volume of N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands
Authors: Poater Albert , Cosenza Biagio , Correa Andrea , Giudice Simona , Ragone Francesco , Scarano Vittorio , Cavallo Luigi 
Published: February 2009

AbstractWe present a free web application for the calculation of the buried volume (% VBur) of NHC ligands. The web application provides a graphic and user‐friendly interface to the SambVca program, developed for the calculation of % VBur values not only of NHC ligands but also of other classic organometallic ligands such as, for example, phosphanes and cyclopentadienyl‐based ligands. To provide a reliable procedure for the calculation of % VBur values we tested our approach in the interpretation of the binding energies of NHC ligands in Cp*Ru(NHC)Cl complexes in terms of steric and electronic parameters.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Influence of Lewis Acid and Solvent in the Hydrosilylation of Aldehydes and Ketones with Et3SiH; Tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane B(C6F5)3 versus Metal Triflates [M(OTf)3; M = Sc, Bi, Ga, and Al] – Mechanistic Implications
Authors: Bach Peter , Albright Andrea , Laali Kenneth K. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe scope of the B(C6F5)3‐catalyzed hydrosilylation of (X)Ph–CH=O and (X)Ph–C(R)=O was expanded to include a large set of substitutents (X = H, p‐Me, o‐Me, p‐F, o‐F, p‐Cl, p‐Br, p‐NO2, m‐NO2, p‐Et; R = Me or CF3). Reactions proceed at room temperature with high chemoselectivity in a host of solvents (toluene, benzene, CCl4, 1,2‐dichloroethane, and methylcyclohexane), or under solventless conditions, with hydrosilylation yields ranging from 85 to 95 % (for aldehydes) and 71 to 100 % (for ketones) and no noticeable solvent dependency of hydrosilylation yields. Replacing B(C6F5)3 for M(OTf)3 (M = Bi, Al, Ga, Sc) causes a dramatic change in chemoselectivity, forming dibenzyl ether and benzylated solvent (with toluene and benzene), with hydrosilylation products becoming negligible in most cases. The M(OTf)3‐catalyzed reactions thus represent a practical method for the synthesis of dibenzyl ethers. Remarkably, substantial amounts of dibenzyl ether was formed in the B(C6F5)3‐catalyzed reactions, when MeCN was used as solvent. Mechanistic implications of these Lewis acid catalyzed reactions are discussed.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Gas‐phase photocatalytic oxidation of benzene over titanium dioxide loaded on Ce0.67Zr0.33O2
Authors: Junbo Zhong , Weidong Jiang , Bin Xu , Xiyang He , Jianzhang Li , Yaoqiang Chen 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIncreasing environmental pollution caused by the volatile organic compounds because of their toxicity is a matter of great concern; thus, it is crucial to develop processes that can destroy these compounds effectively. It has been found that the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 toward the decomposition of gaseous benzene in a batch reactor can be greatly enhanced by loading TiO2 on the surface of Ce0.67Zr0.33O2. In this work, we have investigated the loading amount of TiO2 on Ce0.67Zr0.33O2 in enhancing the photocatalytic activity of TiO2. This article reveals that the optimal loading amount of TiO2 on Ce0.67Zr0.33O2 for the degradation of gaseous benzene is 1% (wt). The prepared photocatalyst was characterized by Brunauer‐Emmet Teller, X‐ray diffraction, UV–vis diffuse reflectance, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The deposited titania was well dispersed in the Ce0.67Zr0.33O2 matrix. TiO2/Ce0.67Zr0.33O2 absorbs much more ultraviolet light than TiO2 in the ultraviolet light region. The binding energy values of Ti2p shift to lower value. TiO2/Ce0.67Zr0.33O2 demonstrates 1.5 times photocatalytic activity of that of pure TiO2. Based upon these observations, the mechanistic role of Ce0.67Zr0.33O2 in the photocatalytic oxidation reaction has been suggested. The suggested mechanism is electrons transfer, increase of the surface coverage of active oxygen species, and increase of the absorption from 210 to 400 nm of TiO2/Ce0.67Zr0.33O2. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2009