bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The alpha‐sulfonation of alkyl palmitates and stearates
Authors: Smith F. D. , Stirton A. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMethyl, ethyl, and isopropyl esters of palmitic or stearic acid werea‐sulfonated directly by the dropwise addition of a 2.4 molar ratio of liquid sulfur trioxide to the ester, with or without solvent, at 0C. Scission of the ester apparently takes place during sulfonation. Yield of the ester RCH‐(SO3Na)CO2R was increased, and yield of by‐product disodium salt was decreased by reesterification with methyl, ethyl, or isopropyl alcohol prior to neutralization. Direct sulfonation of the ester by sulfur trioxide, without solvent, gave 70–80% yields, increased 10% by the presence of a small amount of CCl4 as the solvent (1 ml/g of ester). Mixtures of thea‐sulfo ester and the disodium salt can be analyzed by infrared spectra.
The isolation and partial characterization of gangliosides and ceramide polyhexosides from the lens of the human eye
Authors: Feldman Gerald L. , Feldman Lutrell S. , Rouser George 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe first isolation of glycolipids from the lens of the human eye is described. Neutral (ceramide polyhexosides) and acidic (gangliosides) glycolipids were separated by column chromatography and further resolved by thin‐layer chromatography. The components were methanolyzed, converted to trimethyl silyl ethers and the ratios of the components determined. Two types of monosialogangliosides were found. The most abundant ganglioside contained long chain base/fatty acid/glucose/galactose/neuraminic acid in the ratio 1/1/1/2/1. The ratio of components of the minor ganglioside fraction was 1/1/1/1/1. Dihydrosphingosine was the major base and the major fatty acids were palmitate and nervonate. The ceramide polyhexosides all had a glucose/galactose molor ratio of 1/1 and the mixture of ceramide polyhexosides had a dihydrosphingosine/sphingosine molar ratio of 7.85. The fatty acids ranged from C10 to C25 with both odd and even carbon chains and were saturated or monounsaturated with palmitate, oleate, and nervonate predominating.
Polymorphism of palm oil and palm oil products
Authors: Yap Peck Hong , de Man J. M. , de Man L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPalm oil, palm stearin, hydrogenated palm oil (IV 27.5) and hydrogenated palm olein (IV 28) were crystallized at 5°C, temperature cycled between 5 and 20°C, and kept isothermally at 5°C for 36 days. The polymorphic state of the fats was monitored by X‐ray diffraction analysis. Soft laser scanning of X‐ray films was used to establish the increase inβ crystal content. Palm stearin was least stable in theβ′ form, followed by palm oil. The hydrogenated oils were very stable in theβ′ form. Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) analysis was used to complement the X‐ray data.
Triglyceride specific heat determined by differential scanning calorimetry
Authors: Hampson J. W. , Rothbart H. L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe specific heats of the three polymorphic forms of trilaurin, trimyristin, tripalmitin and tristearin have been determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Results from ‐90 to +100 C for the triglycerides were obtained and compared with the literature values determined by classical methods. Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture.
Jojoba. I. establishment of commercial plantations
Authors: Yermanos D. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAlthough jojoba withstands a wide spectrum of environmental stresses, plantations should be established at first in areas where environmental factors offer a maximum likelihood of success for this crop. The two major limiting factors that will determine location of plantations appear to be temperature and soil type: flower damage occurs at temperatures lower than 22 F (‐5 C), and poor growth results on heavy soils with poor water penetration. Optimum planting plan appears to consist of continuous hedge type rows spaced 15 ft (5 m) apart with plants 3 ft (90 cm) apart on the row.
Correlations for trans‐isomer formation during partial hydrogenation of oils and fats
Authors: Puri P. S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTwo empirical models are proposed to correlate the amount of trans‐isomers formed during the partial hydrogenation of oils and fats as a function of the degree of hydrogenation and process variables. From minimal experimental data, constants for these models can be obtained and used to interpolate or extrapolate the trans‐isomer data to predict the amount of trans‐isomers formed during a partial hydrogenation or to select processing conditions for a desired amount of trans‐unsaturation. The application of these models has been demonstrated using hydro‐genation data for soybean and rapeseed oils.
Periodate‐permanganate oxidations for determining location and amount of unsaturation in monounsaturated fatty acids
Authors: Jones E. P. , Stolp J. A. 
Published: July 2007

ConclusionsPeriodate‐permanganate oxidation of three samples of oleic acid considered to be of high purity has given reproducible but less than theoretical amounts of total dibasic acids. Recovery approximated 92% with about 90.3% of the expected azelaic acid. Recovery of other dibasic acids indicated that about 1.5% of the total unsaturation of these samples of oleic acid was present in positions 8 or 10 in the fatty acid molecule.Oxidation of elaidic acid produced from one of the oleic acids has given total dibasic acid yield of about 96%, with a smaller amount of its total unsaturation in the same position as in the parent oleic acid.Oxidation of high purity 9,10‐dihydroxystearic acid has given essentially quantitative yield of total dibasic acids. The method described should be useful in determining the composition of similar unsaturated positional isomers.Controls showing the effect of the method on azelaic acid and on a mixture of azelaic acid with pelargonic have shown essentially quantitative recovery of azelaic acid. Failure to establish quantitative recovery on oxidation of oleic acid must be caused by some unknown factor during oxidationper se. The experimental technique described was satisfactory for quantitative studies of the type undertaken.Oxidation of moderate‐purity, mono‐unsaturated fatty acids, such as erucic, 10‐undecenoic, and vaccenic acid, has given mixed dibasic acids corresponding to the respective positions of unsaturation.The data indicate that the method described shows the position of minor unsaturation within about 1%.
Further studies on the isomerization of polyunsaturated fatty acids by potassium tertiary butoxide
Authors: Sreenivasan B. S. , Brown J. B. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryA temperature and time study revealed that the best conditions for the isomerization and estimation of polyunsaturated acids are heating in a sealed tube for 2 hrs. at 140° with potassium‐t‐butoxide in t‐butanol. Under these conditions conjugation of linolenic and arachidonic acids appears to have attained completion. With linoliec acid a higher degree of conjugation than by other methods and a shift of peak to lower wavelength (231–232 mμ) are observed. Extinction coefficients obtained by this method for isomerized pure linoleic (k232, 98.0) and linolenic (k268, 138.4) acids are the highest so far reported. Ultraviolet and infrared examination of the conjugated trienes isolated from isomerized linolenic acid concentrate showed that, under these conditions, trienes similar to both alpha‐ and beta‐eleostearic acids are produced. Analyses of samples of oils for component polyunsaturated acids, by this method, compare well with those by other methods. The presence of small amounts of a tetraenoic acid in linseed oil is noted.
An international training and support programme for the establishment of neonatal screening in developing countries
Authors: Fukushi M. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryWe report our experience in developing and implementing a training programme aimed at introducing neonatal screening to health care professionals in developing countries. It was originally envisioned as a 10‐year programme but was later extended to 15. Our institute initially began offering the training course in neonatal screening on an annual basis in 1990, under the auspices of the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). The aims of the programme were to enhance the participants’ technical knowledge and skills, as well as deepen their understanding of the principles involved in neonatal screening. Over the 15 years that the programme ran, up to March 2005, a total of 130 participants originating from 36 countries completed the course, the participants comprising some 85 paediatricians, 4 obstetricians, 34 biochemists and 7 administrative officers or public health specialists, a number of whom have subsequently implemented neonatal screening programmes in their respective institutes, regions or countries. Having thus completed the initial 15‐year phase of the training course, after a thorough evaluation we initiated the second phase of our international training and support programme for neonatal screening in 2006. With the objective of supporting the establishment of a neonatal screening system for congenital hypothyroidism, the new programme consists of not only specialist training in Japan but also financial and technical assistance for helping to establish neonatal screening in the participants’ respective countries.
Highly Efficient Enzymatic Synthesis of 2‐Monoacylglycerides and Structured Lipids and their Production on a Technical Scale
Authors: Pfeffer Jan , Freund Andreas , Bel‐Rhlid Rachid , Hansen Carl‐Erik , Reuss Matthias , Schmid Rolf D. , Maurer Steffen C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWe report here a two‐step process for the high‐yield enzymatic synthesis of 2‐monoacylglycerides (2‐MAG) of saturated as well as unsaturated fatty acids with different chain lengths. The process consists of two steps: first the unselective esterification of fatty acids and glycerol leading to a triacylglyceride followed by an sn1,3‐selective alcoholysis reaction yielding 2‐monoacylglycerides. Remarkably, both steps can be catalyzed by lipase B from Candida antarctica (CalB). The whole process including esterification and alcoholysis was scaled up in a miniplant to a total volume of 10 l. With this volume, a two‐step process catalyzed by CalB for the synthesis of 1,3‐oleoyl‐2‐palmitoylglycerol (OPO) using tripalmitate as starting material was established. On a laboratory scale, we obtained gram quantities of the synthesized 2‐monoacylglycerides of polyunsaturated fatty acids such as arachidonic‐, docosahexaenoic‐ and eicosapentaenoic acids and up to 96.4% of the theoretically possible yield with 95% purity. On a technical scale (>100 g of product, >5 l of reaction volume), 97% yield was reached in the esterification and 73% in the alcoholysis and a new promising process for the enzymatic synthesis of OPO was established.
Double emulsions of water‐in‐oil‐in‐water stabilized by α‐form fat microcrystals. Part 1: Selection of emulsifiers and fat microcrystalline particles
Authors: Garti N. , Aserin A. , Tiunova I. , Binyamin H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDouble emulsions are commonly stabilized by monomeric and/or polymeric emulsifiers. Pickering stabilization by solid particles such as colloidal microcrystalline cellulose has been mentioned only once as a possible technique to stabilize the external interface of the water‐in‐oil‐in‐water emulsion. No further work was carried out exploring this option. The present study shows that solid microcrystalline fat particles of α‐form are capable of adsorbing at the water‐oil interface and, together with other hydrophobic emulsifiers, can stabilize water‐in‐oil (W/O) emulsions. The crystals must be submicron in size in order to effectively adsorb and arrange at the interface. Large crystals do not fit and were found to flocculate as free crystals in the continuous oil phase. The α‐form crystals can be obtained by flash‐cooling saturated triglycerides in vegetable oils in the presence of emulsifiers, such as polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR), that stabilize the dispersion and serve as α‐tending crystal structure modifiers. It was assumed that PGPR also serves as a cross‐linker or bridge between the crystalline fat particles and the water, and facilitates the anchoring of the fat particles in the oil phase in one direction while dangling itself in the water phase. The double emulsion droplets prepared with these W/O emulsions are relatively large in size (6–18 µm), but stable to coalescence. The marker (NaCl) does not seem to release with time, suggesting that the fat particles form microcapsules on the water interface, totally sealing the water from releasing its addenda. The systems seem to have a significant potential for food emulsions.
Chief Lamidi Adedibu and patronage politics in Nigeria
Authors: Omobowale Ayokunle Olumuyiwa , Olutayo Akinpelu Olanrewaju 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTSince the acceptance of multi-party democracy as the most viable alternative to autocracy and military rule in Africa, democratic rule has become the vogue. Nigeria's attempt at democracy was (and is) accompanied by patronage politics, whereby certain personalities exact great influence on the political process. This study spotlights Chief Lamidi Adedibu and his patronage style in Nigerian politics, and shows that Adedibu gained political ‘patronic’ prominence during Nigeria's Third Republic in the 1990s, through the provision of the survival needs of the poor majority who are, mostly, used as thugs for protection against challenges from opponents and for political leverage. Since then, he has remained a ‘valuable tool’ of ‘any government in power’ and politicians ready to provide the necessary goods for onward transmission to clients.
Integration of physiological and molecular mechanisms of the developmental origins of adult disease: new concepts and insights
Authors: Symonds Michael E. 
Published: July 2007

It is now well established that an imbalance or reduction in the maternal diet either through pregnancy and lactation or at defined time points therein can have long-term effects on cardiovascular and metabolic health in the resulting offspring; the exact outcome varying greatly with the period of development or growth targeted. The EARly Nutrition programming – long-term follow up of Efficacy and Safety Trials and integrated epidemiological, genetic, animal, consumer and economic research (EARNEST), or metabolic programming, project aims to determine the primary physiological and molecular mechanisms that cause long-term changes in both cardiovascular function and metabolic homeostasis. Thereafter, it also aims to examine nutritional interventions that could be adopted in order to overcome such complications. The present review summarises some of the more recent findings from a range of nutritional interventions in both small and large animals that are beginning to uncover novel pathways by which long-term health can be determined. These interventions include nutritional manipulations that can increase or decrease blood pressure in the resulting offspring as well as indicating their dissociation from adaptations in the kidney. Particular emphasis will be placed on growth during lactation in conjunction with the extent to which central and peripheral tissue adaptations can act to amplify, or protect, the offspring from later disease when born to nutritionally-manipulated mothers.
Asymptotic stability of heteroclinic cycles in systems with symmetry. II
Authors: Krupa Martin , Melbourne Ian 
Published: July 2007

Systems possessing symmetries often admit robust heteroclinic cycles that persist under perturbations that respect the symmetry. In previous work, we began a systematic investigation into the asymptotic stability of such cycles. In particular, we found a sufficient condition for asymptotic stability, and we gave algebraic criteria for deciding when this condition is also necessary. These criteria are satisfied for cycles in R3.Field and Swift, and Hofbauer, considered examples in R4 for which our sufficient condition for stability is not optimal. They obtained necessary and sufficient conditions for asymptotic stability using a transition-matrix technique.In this paper, we combine our previous methods with the transition-matrix technique and obtain necessary and sufficient conditions for asymptotic stability for a larger class of heteroclinic cycles. In particular, we obtain a complete theory for ‘simple’ heteroclinic cycles in R4 (thereby proving and extending results for homoclinic cycles that were stated without proof by Chossat, Krupa, Melbourne and Scheel). A partial classification of simple heteroclinic cycles in R4 is also given. Finally, our stability results generalize naturally to higher dimensions and many of the higher-dimensional examples in the literature are covered by this theory.
Stabilization to a singular steady state for the Frank-Kamenetskii equation in a critical dimension
Authors: Galaktionov Victor A. , King John R. 
Published: July 2007

We study the phenomenon of the infinite-time stabilization of classical global solutions of nonlinear reaction–diffusion equations to an unbounded (singular) stationary state and we present a new case of such an asymptotic singularity pattern formation. We concentrate on the most famous parabolic model, namely the semi-linear Frank-Kamenetskii equation from combustion theory,

where B is a ball in RN. Our goal is to show that a new asymptotic problem arises precisely in dimension 10, not being available in other dimensions (which were studied earlier). For N = 10, we fix the ball B = {|x| < 4} and take bounded initial data u0 below the singular stationary solution Us(x) = ln(16/|x|2), which is unbounded at the origin x = 0.We establish a sharp estimate on the rate of convergence u(x, t) → Us(x) as t → ∞ on compact subsets bounded away from x = 0 and also at the singularity point. We show that u(0, t) = α0t + O(ln t) → ∞, where the positive constant α0 is given by the first eigenvalue of the associated linear differential operator. We present formal asymptotic results showing that a detailed asymptotic analysis depends on a quite involved balance between various linear and nonlinear terms. Moreover, similar critical asymptotic behaviour is shown to exist in various related nonlinear second- and higher-order parabolic equation.
Conicting nonlinearities and spectral lacunae bounded on one side by eigenvalues
Authors: Ruppen Hans-Jörg 
Published: July 2007

This paper deals with eigenvalue problems of the form

where 0 < σ < τ and V(x) is such that the spectrum of −u″ consists of eigenvalues λ1, λ2,…situated below the continuous spectrum [Λ,+∞[.We analyse the existence of (multiple) solutions for λ < λ1 as well as for λ > λ1 when λ is in a spectral lacuna.The existence of solutions depends on the weight of μ > 0. Moreover, when λ increases (while μ is kept fixed), some solutions are lost when crossing eigenvalues.The above results are derived with the help of an abstract approach based on variational techniques for multiple solutions. This approach can even be applied to a wider class of problems, the one presented herein being only a model problem.
Weighted inequalities for Cesàro maximal operators in Orlicz spaces
Authors: Salvador Pedro Ortega , Torreblanca Consuelo Ramírez 
Published: July 2007

Let 0 < α ≤ 1 and let M+α be the Cesàro maximal operator of order α defined by

In this work we characterize the pairs of measurable, positive and locally integrable functions (u, v) for which there exists a constant C > 0 such that the inequality

holds for all λ > 0 and every f in the Orlicz space LΦ(v).
We also characterize the measurable, positive and locally integrable functions w such that the integral inequality

holds for every f ∈ LΦ(w).
The discrete versions of this results allow us, by techniques of transference, to prove weighted inequalities for the Cesàro maximal ergodic operator

associated with an invertible measurable transformation, T, which preserves the measure.Finally, we give sufficient conditions on w for the convergence of the sequence of Cesàro-α ergodic averages for all functions in the weighted Orlicz space LΦ(w).
Phosphorylation pattern of the p90rskand mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) molecule: comparison ofin vitroandin vivomatured porcine oocytes
Authors: Schuon C. , Ebeling S. , Meinecke B. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe overall objective was to elucidate the phosphorylation pattern and activity of the kinase p90rsk, a substrate of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), duringin vitroandin vivomaturation of pig oocytes. Cumulus–oocyte complexes were collected from slaughtered pigs and maturedin vitro(0, 22, 26, 30, 34, 46 h) with and without the MEK inhibitor U0126. Forin vivomaturation, gilts were stimulated with equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG) (600–800 IU). Maturation was induced 72 h later with hCG (500 IU). Oocytes were obtained surgically (0, 22, 30 h). The samples were submitted to electrophoresis and protein blotting analysis. Enhanced chemiluminescence was used for visualization.In vitromatured oocytes were further submitted to a commercially available radioactive kinase assay to determine kinase activity. It was shown that oocytes, as well as cumulus cells, already possess a partially phosphorylated p90rskat the time of removal from follicles, with a further phosphorylation of the molecule occurring between 22–24 h after the initiation of culture, andin vivomaturation. The phosphorylation of p90rskcoincides with the phosphorylation of MAPK and can be prevented by U0126, indicating a MAPK-dependent phosphorylation of p90rsk. Phosphorylation of thein vivomatured oocytes occurred shown as a band of less than 200 kDa. This is presumably a molecule complex, with MAPK not being a component. Therefore, the p90rskmoleculein vivoexists as a dimer. Determination of kinase activity demonstrated decreasing enzyme activities. This led to the conclusion that the assay is not specific for p90rsk, instead measuring p70S6kinase activities.
Image Analysis of Food Microstructure. John C. Russ
Authors: Smith Bronwen 
Published: July 2007

Image Analysis of Food Microstructure. John C. Russ. CRC
Press, Boca Raton, FL; 2005, 369 pages. ISBN 0-8493-2241-3Understanding food microstructure is fundamental to understanding the
changes fresh fruit and vegetables undergo during development,
postharvest, and during processing and preservation treatments, such as
canning, drying, and freezing. Microstructure is also important in
manufactured foods and in the development of new types of foods to give
insight into the way in which ingredients respond when mixed with others
and how they compete for space in a volume. Microstructure is important
for food scientists because it gives rise to quality aspects, including
texture, color, and palatability of foods. Finding innovative ways to
examine food microstructure not only helps the fundamental understanding
but also allows us to solve problems for industry when products fail.