bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Scenic Beauty Temporal Distribution Method: An Attempt to Make Scenic Beauty Assessments Compatible with Forest Planning Efforts
Authors: Hull R. Bruce , Buhyoff Gregory J. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A method was developed which simulates and evaluates scenic beauty through time with the intent of providing useful information for forest management and planning efforts. It is argued that temporal based scenic information is essential given the dynamic nature of forest management and planning. Temporal distributions of scenic beauty, which represent the level of scenic beauty at each year during the planning horizon, were simulated in order to evaluate the scenic impacts of proposed management actions. Four general loblolly pine stand management practices (unthinned natural, unthinned planted, lightly thinned planted, and heavily thinned planted) were compared with respect to their impacts on scenic beauty. Overall, natural stands were of highest scenic quality followed by unthinned planted and heavily thinned planted stands, which were not significantly different from one another. The lightly thinned stands were least scenic. These findings are consistent with results of past research. Also examined were the scenic impacts of management actions such as rotation age and initial density. In general, decreasing stand density increases scenic beauty, less productive sites have more scenic beauty, and increasing stand age increases scenic beauty. Information about initial stand conditions was found highly predictive of how scenic beauty temporal distributions perform over a 50-year horizon. It was concluded that the scenic beauty temporal distribution method provides managerially relevant information and has the potential to be a useful forest management decision-making tool. Forest Sci. 32:271-286.
Soil Nutrient Flux: A Component of Nutrient Cycling in Temperate Forest Ecosystems
Authors: Peterson David L. , Hammer R. David 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Extractable nutrient levels in a floodplain forest soil varied significantly over the course of a year. Temporal variation in nutrient pools expressed as the ratio range/mean was in the following order: NH4-N &gt; NO3-N » extractable P &gt; exchangeable K &gt; exchangeable Mg &gt; exchangeable Ca. Lowest concentrations occurred during the summer months for all nutrients except NO3-N. The magnitude of this variation exceeded the size of several other nutrient fluxes within the ecosystem, which indicated that the soil system was a dynamic component of the floodplain forest ecosystem. Considerable evidence from diverse soil and vegetation types suggests that temporal variation in soil nutrient levels is a feature common to most temperate forest ecosystems. Forest Sci. 32:318-324.
Input/Output Models and Forest Resource Constraints: A Comment
Authors: Vincent Jeffrey R. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Input/output (I/O) analysis has been used to study regional impacts of timber supply increases. Two types of I/O models exist, the conventional demand-driven model and the more obscure supply-driven model. Contrary to a suggestion by Schallau and Maki (1983), results of these two models cannot be compared to gain useful information about different types (endogenous or exogenous) of public timber supply changes. This is demonstrated by a simple example in which a timber supply increase of the same type (that is, endogenous or exogenous) is used to drive each model. Quite different results are obtained, due to the diametrically opposed assumptions of the two models. When comparing endogenous and exogenous changes, analysts should make an ex ante choice between the two models, not use them both; some guidelines for making this choice are suggested. Forest Sci. 32:397-401.
Volume Growth Estimation From Permanent Horizontal Points
Authors: Van Deusen Paul C. , Dell Tommy R. , Thomas Charles E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Net change in volume (V) from time 1 to time 2 can be attributed to the components of ingrowth (I), survivor growth (S), mortality (M), and cut (C) (Beers 1962) as follows: V2 - V1 = I + S - M - C. Traditional point sampling methods for estimating the right-side growth components often lead to an inequality with the left-side estimate of net change. This paper shows concisely why this occurs. A new estimator for survivor growth is developed which ensures equality between estimates of net change and the components thereof. Forest Sci. 32:415-422.
Taxonomic Implications of Monoterpene Compounds of Blue and Engelmann Spruces
Authors: Schaefer Peter R. , Hanover James W. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The monoterpenes of cortical oleoresin collected from mature blue and Engelmann spruce have significant diagnostic potential in taxonomic studies of these species, while seedling cortical monoterpenes appear to be less useful.
Cortical monoterpene compounds were analyzed in 38 blue and 13 Engelmann spruce in the Scotch Creek drainage in southwestern Colorado, and in their 6-months-old progeny. The objective was to explore the utility of monoterpenes in studying natural hybridization between the two species. Twenty-two compounds were detected in the cortical oleoresin of mature trees, twelve of which were identified. Species differences were generally quantitative, with most statistically significant. Blue spruce oleoresin contained higher levels of tricyclene, alpha-pinene, camphene, and bornyl acetate, while Engelmann spruce oleoresin contained higher levels of beta-pinene, 3-carene, terpinolene, and several unknown compounds. Monoterpene content of seedlings differed appreciably from that of mature parents. The large increase in beta-pinene in Engelmann spruce seedlings was the most striking. A discriminant function analysis of mature tree data distinguished between blue and Engelmann spruce with no misclassifications. Forest Sci. 32:725-734.
Height-Diameter Relationships at Age 15 in Loblolly Pine Seed Sources
Authors: Buford M. A. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Data from nine locations not thinned by age 15 of the loblolly phase of the Southwide Pine Seed Source Study were analyzed to determine the effect of seed source on the shape and level of the height-diameter curves. Seed source affected the shape of the height-diameter curve at only one of the nine locations. Six of the nine locations showed a seed source effect on the level of the height-diameter regression. Seed source differences in height-diameter relationships can be integrated into growth and yield models by modifying the level of the height-diameter curve to reflect dominant height without altering the basic shape of the curve for a given site. Suggestions for further study are given. Forest Sci. 32:812-818.
Clonal and Annual Variation in Cone Production in Loblolly Pine Seed Orchards
Authors: Byram T. D. , Lowe W. J. , McGriff J. A. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Monitoring two loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) orchards for several years indicated that cone production was under moderate genetic control (broad-sense heritability estimates of 0.35 and 0.40). Early in the life of these orchards a few clones contributed most of the cone crop. This percentage was reduced as the orchards matured until approximately 60% of the clones were required to produce 90% of the cone crop. Even then, clones frequently changed rank from year to year. There was no relationship between a clone's cone production in a seed orchard and its performance in progeny tests. Forest Sci. 32:1067–1073.
Market Value of Timber When Some Offerings Are Not Sold: Implications for Appraisal and Demand Analysis
Authors: Huang F. Mey , Buongiorno J. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A model of market value was developed for tracts of timber sold at auction for a minimum appraised value, when a substantial number of the tracts offered do not receive a bid. In this model, market value is a function of the characteristics of the timber and of market conditions, but market value is observed and equal to the high bid only if it is greater than the appraised value. This tobit model leads to the probability of selling a tract of given characteristics, conditional on a certain appraised value. Symmetrically, the model yields the appraised value that ensures a certain probability of selling. The expected high bid, conditional or unconditional on the occurrence of a sale, can also be computed. When this is done for all tracts offered and for various probability targets, a schedule of expected volume sold against expected price is obtained that corresponds to the aggregate demand for timber from the forest of interest. The model was estimated by maximum likelihood with data from the Chequamegon National Forest (WI) from 1976 to 1980. Variables influencing market value were: volume and quality of timber, hauling distance, hardwood lumber price, and whether the sale was a salvage operation. The corresponding parameters were used to predict the effect of setting appraised values that would have sold 95, 75, or 65% of the tracts offered for sale on the Chequamegon in 1981 and 1982. The results led to an estimate of the price elasticity of the demand for timber from that forest of -1.56. Forest Sci. 32:845-854.
A Test of Six Methods for Estimating True Heights from Stem Analysis Data
Authors: Dyer Michael E. , Bailey Robert L. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Six published or proposed methods of estimating the height corresponding to a given age with sectioned-tree stem analysis data were compared using actual heights at known ages for 28 loblolly pine trees. The most accurate was Carmean's (1972) method, which assumes that height growth is constant for each year contained within a bolt and that each crosscut occurs in the middle of a year's growth. Methods proposed by Lenhart (1972) and by Newberry (1978) were less accurate but probably acceptable. These three methods produce data that, when used to fit a nonlinear height-age model with Richards' (1959) equation, gave more than 80% overlap in the asymptotic 95% confidence intervals of the parameter estimates. Resulting height-age curves were nearly coincident for these three methods. For. Sci. 33(1):3-13.
Cost Sharing in Multiple Use Forestry: A Game Theoretic Approach
Authors: Rideout Doug , Hof John 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Game theory is applied to the problem of joint cost allocation in forest management. The theory is used to define bounds (limits) to cost allocations. These traditional bounds are further defined in the context of potentially relevant benefit information to arrive at "benefit-included" bounds. These benefit-included bounds are consistent with both game theory and the early water resources principles that were based on cost separability. The traditional bounds and the benefit-included bounds are applied to a multipurpose forestry case study. The application is facilitated using the "nucleolus" cost allocation technique. The nucleolus provides a unique allocation that does not breach the bounds. The previously obscure calculation procedure of the nucleolus is clarified by example. For. Sci. 33(1):81-88.
Chaparral Conversion to Increase Streamflow in Arizona: Sequential Treatments Extend Duration of Nitrate Loss to Stream Water
Authors: Davis Edwin A. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Converting an Arizona chaparral watershed to grass cover in two stages by means of herbicide treatments increased stream flow and the concentration of nitrate ions in the stream water. Nitrate rose to remarkably high concentrations (83 ppm) and was exported from the watershed in extraordinary amounts (up to 143 kg/ha/yr) in comparison with a control watershed (1.0 kg/ha/yr). Abnormal concentrations of nitrate in streamflow persisted for more years from the two-stage treated watershed than from a companion watershed converted in one stage. Monthly mean weighted nitrate concentrations fluctuated in an annual cyclic pattern that closely corresponded with major rainfall events and the annual stream discharge cycle, which peaked during the winter rainy season. A possible consequence of such large releases of nitrate ions into stream water is eutrophication of downstream watercourses and reservoirs. In planning for chaparral conversions to enhance water yield, forage production, and wildlife habitat, consideration should be given to the nitrate-release phenomenon associated with conversion to reduce possible adverse environmental impacts. For. Sci. 33(1):89-103.
Early Genetic Evaluation of Open-Pollinated Douglas-Fir Families
Authors: Riitters Kurt H. , Perry David A. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In a test of early genetic evaluation of the growth potential of 14 families of open-pollinated Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco), measures of growth and phenology of seedlings grown in a coldframe were correlated with height of saplings in evaluation plantations at 9, 12, and 15 years. Fifteen-year height was most strongly correlated with measures of seedling budset (r = -0.57), height (r = 0.54), and branchiness (r = -0.53). Seedling growth and phenology values generally were poorly correlated with seed weight; however, seedling-sapling correlations were related to seedling-seed weight correlations. Seedling-sapling correlations improved with sapling age from 9 to 15 years. For. Sci. 33(2):577-582.
The Quantitative Description of Cable Yarder Settings—Parameters for the Triangular Setting with Apical Landing
Authors: Greulich Francis E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The design and operation of an economically efficient timber harvesting system requires the effective characterization of the individual setting. Two contributions are made toward this objective. First, closed-form solutions for several well-established parameters of turn location, including average yarding distance and average yarding slope, are derived for triangular settings on uniform slope with an apical landing. These derivations are greatly facilitated by a new expected value formulation. Second, the new concept of an effective external boundary is presented with one possible definition of its measure for any setting. Closed-form solutions are then obtained for the effective external boundary and the average external yarding distance on any triangular setting with an apical landing. For. Sci. 33(3):603-616.
A Procedure to Evaluate Sampling Schemes for Improving Already Calibrated Models
Authors: Gertner George 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A Bayesian procedure is presented for evaluating potential sampling schemes to update previously calibrated models. Consideration can be given to biological restrictions on the range measurement interval of variables. The criterion used to evaluate the schemes is the mean variance of prediction in the response region where the model will be used. Two examples of sampling schemes for improving existing forest growth models are assessed. For. Sci. 33(3):632-643.
Economic Harvesting of Uneven-Aged Northern Hardwood Stands Under Risk: A Markovian Decision Model
Authors: Kaya Ismail , Buongiorno Joseph 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A method is presented to determine economic harvesting policies for northern hardwood stands, taking into account uncertain stand growth and prices. The method used a transition matrix giving the probability of a stand and market state in five years, given the current stand and market state. Stand states were defined by the basal area of trees in three timber sizes. Market states were defined by timber price levels. The transition probabilities were computed by simulation, using a stochastic model of northern hardwoods and the probability distribution of prices in Wisconsin. A method of successive approximations was used to find the harvesting policy that would maximize the expected net discounted value of returns from a stand over an infinite horizon. The solution also gave the expected stand value, including land. The best management policy prescribed a specific harvest for each possible stand and market state. A sensitivity analysis was done of the effects of changes in discount rate, fixed costs, and transition probabilities on the best policy and the expected cutting cycle. For. Sci. 33(4):889-907.
Ecological Implications of Loblolly Pine Regeneration for Small Mammal Communities
Authors: Mengak Michael T. , Guynn David C. , Van Lear David H. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Loblolly stands regenerated by the seed tree method (natural regeneration) and loblolly plantations were compared for differences in habitat and small mammal populations. Measurements were taken on 20 habitat variables that characterized the understory vegetation and gross habitat structure of each stand. Small mammals were collected by removal trapping during 1984 and 1985. Capture rates, expressed as the number of animals caught per 100 trap nights (TN), were higher in natural stands than in plantations overall and in 4 of 5 trap sessions. However, differences were not significant. The logarithm of capture rate was linearly related to age with a negative slope for each regeneration method, but was not statistically different between methods. Animal capture rates were correlated with habitat variables that declined with age. Changes in the trophic structure of the small mammal community are discussed. When sites are prepared by chopping and burning, small mammal populations respond similarly for both natural and artificial regeneration methods. For. Sci. 35(2):503-514.
Expert Opinion Estimation of Fireline Production Rates
Authors: Fried Jeremy S. , Gilless J. Keith 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
An expert opinion survey of wildland firefighters (engine captains, handcrew bosses, and dozer operators) was used to obtain estimates of fireline production rates for use in stochastic simulations of initial attack on wildland fires. The survey design was inspired by the probabilistic PERT/CPM technique of expressing the time required to complete a given activity as a beta distribution. This design proved intelligible to firefighters, cost-effective, and caused minimal disruption of normal firefighting activities. The survey produced useable information quickly. Comparisons of the results with production rates reported in prior studies indicate that the latter are quite optimistic. Production rates appear to be strongly influenced by variations in topography and vegetation that could not be easily categorized on a statewide basis. Other researchers may find this estimation technique to be of value for quantifying a stochastic production process, especially one not readily amenable to direct measurement.
A Signal Detection Framework to Evaluate Models of Tree Mortality Following Fire Damage
Authors: Saveland James M. , Neuenschwander Leon F. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Signal detection theory provides an appropriate framework to evaluate the performance of various individual tree mortality models. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves show the tradeoffs that are possible by varying the decision criteria, show predictive performance with respect to chance, and show the difference between various models. Two ROC curves were generated to predict ponderosa pine mortality following fall prescribed fires in northern Idaho. One ROC curve was developed from rules of thumb using percent crown scorch. A second ROC curve was developed from a logistic mortality model using diameter at breast height and scorch height. Overall, percent crown scorch is a better predictor of mortality than scorch height, and thus should be used to plan and conduct salvage operations in ponderosa pine following a fire. Because of the difficulties involved in predicting percent crown scorch before a fire, the logistic model based on scorch height can be used to plan understory prescribed fires. For. Sci. 36(1):66-76.
Frequency Distribution and Heritability of First-Order Lateral Roots in Loblolly Pine Seedlings
Authors: Kormanik Paul P. , Ruehle John L. , Muse H. David 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Frequency distributions and heritability of first-order lateral roots (FOLR) were computed for seedling progeny of loblolly pine mother trees in different years in a nursery. Seeds were from 12 mother trees the first year and from 25 different mother trees the second year. The theoretical frequency distribution of FOLR in these loblolly pine seedlings was best appropriated by a truncated normal distribution for untransformed FOLR &gt;0. Family mean heritability estimates (h²) for the 12 and 25 half-sib seedlots were (0.769 ± 0.17 and 0.766 ± 0.11) and combined data produced an h² of 0.767 ± 0.09. Seedlings were also stratified into four FOLR categories: 0-3, 4-5, 6-7, and ≥8. The aboveground dimensions of seedlings in the 0-3 category were consistently and significantly smaller than in the other three grades for all families. Seedlings in this category represented 39% of all seedlings tested over 2 years. In four families 57% of the progeny were in this lowest FOLR category, while in four other families only 25% of the seedlings were in this category. All measured seedling parameters increased significantly from the smallest to the largest FOLR category. These data suggest that mother trees could be selected for FOLR development by some standard nursery procedure. For. Sci. 36(3):802-814.
In Vitro Propagation of the Endangered Virginia Roundleaf Birch (Betula uber [Ashe] Fern.) Using Dormant Buds
Authors: Vijayakumar N. K. , Feret Peter P. , Sharik Terry L. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Dormant buds collected from greenhouse and field-grown trees of Betula uber (Ashe) Fern., the endangered Virginia round-leaf birch, were used for micropropagation. A nutrient medium containing the mineral salts of Murashige and Skoog (1962) supplemented with organic nutrients and growth regulators supported bud break, elongation, and limited multiplication. Shoots were 2-3 cm in height with 3-4 leaves in four weeks. They developed roots in vivo in 4-6 weeks in peat pellets under high humidity conditions with 16 h photoperiod at a temperature of 20°C. For. Sci. 36(3):842-846.
A Basal Area Increment Model for Individual Conifers in the Northern Rocky Mountains
Authors: Wykoff William R. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A basal area increment model is developed and evaluated for individual trees of 11 conifer species. This distance-independent model is applicable over much of the northern Rockies, an extensive region where stands have considerable variation in species composition, age structure, and past management. The model represents the diverse ecological requirements of the various species and responds appropriately across the observed range of predictor variables. Furthermore, it is well behaved even when used for conditions found in the region but not represented in the large calibration data set (44,086 trees). In addition, it possesses desirable statistical properties such as homogeneous residual variance, minimal multicollinearity, and linear parameters. The model is validated against independent data from two sources: a research study of young managed stands (2,881 trees) and a collection of long-term permanent research plots (6,594 trees). Predictions for small suppressed trees from the permanent plots are generally too large, but there are no significant relationships between residuals and other predictor variables in either data set. An unusual feature of the model is the intentional omission of site index and age, which is motivated by the large number of irregular stands in the region. Validation tests using the permanent research plots indicate, however, that residuals are not correlated with site index and age. Furthermore, long-term projections of stand attributes are unbiased. For. Sci. 36(4):1077-1104.