bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ARCHIMANDRITE MIKHAIL (SEMENOV) AND RUSSIAN CHRISTIAN SOCIALISM
Authors: DIXON SIMON 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTSex, populism, and the search for universal religious freedom were the overwhelming preoccupations of Russia's Silver Age, and no churchman did more to engage with them than Archimandrite Mikhail (Semenov). Having spearheaded the Russian Orthodox church's mission to the intelligentsia in the years before 1905, he fell from grace when Russian social Christianity was irrevocably politicized by revolution. Sacked from his chair at the St Petersburg theological academy when he declared himself a Christian socialist, he was unfrocked for converting to the Old Belief, and imprisoned for fomenting sedition. Yet even as he lurched from the established church, via the schism, to a revolutionary form of Golgothan Christianity, obsessed with suffering, Mikhail never abandoned his burning desire to build the kingdom of heaven on earth. His career, which has so far escaped detailed historical investigation, encapsulates most of the ecclesiastical tensions of his time, and reveals in particularly acute form the difficulties experienced by the Russian church when it attempted to respond to modernist intellectuals and to popular spiritual need.
PROVINCE, METROPOLIS, AND THE LITERARY CAREER OF PHYLLIS BENTLEY IN THE 1930s*
Authors: RUSSELL DAVE 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTIn spite of a welcome and ever growing academic interest in the lives and work of twentieth-century women writers the Yorkshire novelist, Phyllis Bentley, has remained resolutely hidden from view. This article seeks to demonstrate her importance as a ‘middlebrow’ novelist, particularly in the 1930s, and to examine the ways in which her career sheds light on contemporary relationships between the ‘provincial’ and the ‘metropolitan’. Through consideration of both her private papers and her fiction, it analyses Bentley's complex relationship with both her home town of Halifax and the West Riding more widely. It argues that Bentley played a major role in creating a greater space within the national culture for the representation of provincial, especially northern, life, while also displaying a profound ambivalence toward that very life. While in many ways a passionate and articulate interpreter of the region in which she spent virtually all of her adult life, she also clearly felt constricted by her provincial location and cultural setting, especially when in contact with the London-based literary elite; her relationship with Vera Brittain was particularly highly charged in this regard.
New presentation of familial medullary thyroid carcinoma in 87-year-old patient with high-riskRETproto-oncogene codon 620 mutation
Authors: Jaggard M K J , MacRae C , Ifeacho S , Robinson S , Tolley N S 
Published: September 2008

AbstractObjective:We report a case of familial medullary thyroid carcinoma in an 87-year-old woman, despite the patient having a high-risk codon 620 mutation.Method:Medline and PubMed were searched for cases and literature reviews relating to the following keywords: ‘codon 620’, ‘medullary thyroid carcinoma’, ‘multiple endocrine neoplasia’ and ‘RET proto-oncogene’.Results:We report the case of an 87-year-old woman who presented with a goitre, later identified as medullary thyroid carcinoma. Genetic analysis revealed aRETproto-oncogene codon 620 mutation. Genetic testing has revolutionised the management of medullary thyroid carcinoma. The genetic basis of hereditary medullary thyroid carcinoma lies with theRETproto-oncogene. Several disease-causing mutations of this gene have been identified and their clinical prognosis described. The penetrance of these mutations is high; as such, carriers progress to develop medullary thyroid carcinoma at a young age. Mutations at the codon 620 position are classified as high-risk for early development of medullary thyroid carcinoma; thus, the current recommendation is for prophylactic thyroidectomy at five years of age.Conclusions:In this case, the progress of hereditary medullary thyroid carcinoma was unique, considering the late presentation of medullary thyroid carcinoma despite the presence of the high-riskRETproto-oncogene codon 620 mutation. The authors wish to highlight the importance of this case, as it may present a counter-argument to the current recommendations for early, prophylactic thyroidectomy in codon 620 mutation carriers in order to prevent early development of medullary thyroid carcinoma.
Is second language lexical access prosodically constrained? Processing of word stress by French Canadian second language learners of English
Authors: TREMBLAY ANNIE 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTThe objectives of this study are (a) to determine if native speakers of Canadian French at different English proficiencies can use primary stress for recognizing English words and (b) to specify how the second language (L2) learners' (surface-level) knowledge of L2 stress placement influences their use of primary stress in L2 word recognition. Two experiments were conducted: a cross-modal word-identification task investigating (a) and a vocabulary production task investigating (b). The results show that several L2 learners can use primary stress for recognizing English words, but only the L2 learners with targetlike knowledge of stress placement can do so. The results also indicate that knowing where primary stress falls in English words is not sufficient for L2 learners to be able to use stress for L2 lexical access. This suggests that the problem that L2 word stress poses for many native speakers of (Canadian) French is at the level of lexical processing.
Expressive language style among adolescents and adults with Williams syndrome
Authors: CRAWFORD NICOLE A. , EDELSON LISA R. , SKWERER DANIELA PLESA , TAGER-FLUSBERG HELEN 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTLanguage samples elicited through a picture description task were recorded from 38 adolescents and adults with Williams syndrome (WS) and one control group matched on age, and another matched on age, IQ, and vocabulary knowledge. The samples were coded for use of various types of inferences, dramatic devices, and verbal fillers; acoustic analyses of prosodic features were carried out, and an independent group of judges provided global ratings of the overall expressiveness of the language. In addition, a standardized measure of social adaptive functioning was administered to the parents of the participants with WS. The findings revealed distinctive developmental trends in the use of expressive content and prosodic patterns by adolescents and adults with WS that were not evident among the controls. Ratings of expressiveness by naive judges of the speech samples produced by the participants with WS were related to parent evaluations of adaptive social communication skills; however, the verbal productions of this group were not judged to be significantly more expressive than those of controls.
Factors that influence comprehension of connectives among language minority children from Spanish-speaking backgrounds
Authors: CROSSON AMY C. , LESAUX NONIE K. , MARTINIELLO MARIA 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTThis study explores factors influencing the degree to which language minority (LM) children from Spanish-dominant homes understand how connectives, such asin contrastandbecause, signal relationships between text propositions. Standardized tasks of vocabulary, listening comprehension, word reading, and a researcher-designed text cohesion task were administered to 90 fourth-grade LM students. Understanding of connectives was influenced by vocabulary knowledge and listening comprehension. The degree of challenge that specific connectives posed to LM students was predicted by the difficulty that connectives presented as vocabulary items and also by the type of semantic relationship between clauses they signaled. The findings point to factors that may present sources of difficulty underlying reading comprehension, in particular the critical role of oral language competencies.
Disarticulated acanthodian and chondrichthyan remains from the upper Middle Devonian Aztec Siltstone, southern Victoria Land, Antarctica
Authors: Burrow Carole J. , Long John A. , Trinajstic Kate 
Published: September 2008

AbstractWell-preserved vertebrate microremains are abundant in the residues from a calcareous grey siltstone in thekarawakabiozone (?late Givetian) of the Aztec Siltstone at Mount Crean, Lashly Mountains, Antarctica. Acanthodians are represented by scales of acritolepidPechoralepis juozasisp. nov., climatiidNostolepissp. cf.N. gaujensisValiukevičius, diplacanthidMilesacanthus antarcticaYoung & Burrow, and an undetermined acanthodiform. The acanthodian assemblage resembles those from early Frasnian carbonates of central Iran. Chondrichthyan elements in the fauna include rare teeth ofAztecodus harmsenaeLong & Young andAntarctilamna priscaYoung, ctenacanthoid-type scales and branchial denticles which are possibly fromAntarctilamna, and scales of an indeterminate chondrichthyan. An isolated set of acanthodid acanthodiform jaws from the uppermost ‘phyllolepid’ biozone of the Aztec Siltstone at Mount Ritchie, Warren Range, Antarctica is also described.
Radioactive Isotopes as Tracers: A Closer Look at Radium and Radon: Measurement and Application of Radium and Radon Isotopes in Environmental Sciences; Venice, Italy, 7–11 April 2008
Authors: Moore W. 
Published: September 2008

The accurate measurement and modeling of certain radium and radon isotopes is important because such radionuclides have become primary tools for determining fluxes of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) into the ocean, rates of mixing of coastal waters, residence times of water in estuaries, and interactions between surface water and groundwater.Fifty‐two scientists from 14 countries met for a workshop on radium and radon isotopes, hosted by the Venice office of the U.N. Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). These scientists discussed complexities regarding the measurement of radium‐223 (223Ra), radium‐224 (224Ra), radium‐226 (226Ra), radium‐228 (228Ra), radon‐220 (220Rn), and radon‐222 (222Rn), as well as models used to apply the results to environmental questions.
Evidence for the functional significance of diazotroph community structure in soil
Authors: Hsu Shi-Fang , Buckley Daniel H 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Microbial ecologists continue to seek a greater understanding of the factors that govern the ecological significance of microbial community structure. Changes in community structure have been shown to have functional significance for processes that are mediated by a narrow spectrum of organisms, such as nitrification and denitrification, but in some cases, functional redundancy in the community seems to buffer microbial ecosystem processes. The functional significance of microbial community structure is frequently obscured by environmental variation and is hard to detect in short-term experiments. We examine the functional significance of free-living diazotrophs in a replicated long-term tillage experiment in which extraneous variation is minimized and N-fixation rates can be related to soil characteristics and diazotroph community structure. Soil characteristics were found to be primarily impacted by tillage management, whereas N-fixation rates and diazotroph community structure were impacted by both biomass management practices and interactions between tillage and biomass management. The data suggest that the variation in diazotroph community structure has a greater impact on N-fixation rates than do soil characteristics at the site. N-fixation rates displayed a saturating response to increases in diazotroph community diversity. These results show that the changes in the community structure of free-living diazotrophs in soils can have ecological significance and suggest that this response is related to a change in community diversity.
Transport functions dominate the SAR11 metaproteome at low-nutrient extremes in the Sargasso Sea
Authors: Sowell Sarah M , Wilhelm Larry J , Norbeck Angela D , Lipton Mary S , Nicora Carrie D , Barofsky Douglas F , Carlson Craig A , Smith Richard D , Giovanonni Stephen J 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
The northwestern Sargasso Sea undergoes annual cycles of productivity with increased production in spring corresponding to periods of upwelling, and oligotrophy in summer and autumn, when the water column becomes highly stratified. The biological productivity of this region is reduced during stratified periods as a result of low concentrations of phosphorus and nitrogen in the euphotic zone. To better understand the mechanisms of microbial survival in this oligotrophic environment, we used capillary liquid chromatography (LC)-tandem mass spectrometry to detect microbial proteins in surface samples collected in September 2005. A total of 2215 peptides that mapped to 236 SAR11 proteins, 1911 peptides that mapped to 402 Prochlorococcus proteins and 2407 peptides that mapped to 404 Synechococcus proteins were detected. Mass spectra from SAR11 periplasmic substrate-binding proteins accounted for a disproportionately large fraction of the peptides detected, consistent with observations that these extremely small cells devote a large proportion of their volume to periplasm. Abundances were highest for periplasmic substrate-binding proteins for phosphate, amino acids, phosphonate, sugars and spermidine. Proteins implicated in the prevention of oxidative damage and protein refolding were also abundant. Our findings support the view that competition for multiple nutrients in oligotrophic systems is extreme, but nutrient flux is sufficient to sustain microbial community activity.
Characterization of coenzyme binding and selectivity determinants in Mycobacterium tuberculosis flavoprotein reductase A: analysis of Arg199 and Arg200 mutants at the NADP(H) 2′-phosphate binding site
Authors: Sabri Muna , Dunford Adrian J. , McLean Kirsty J. , Neeli Rajasekhar , Scrutton Nigel S. , Leys David , Munro Andrew W. 
Published: September 2008

Mycobacterium tuberculosis FprA (flavoprotein reductase A) is an NAD(P)H- and FAD-binding reductase that is structurally/evolutionarily related to adrenodoxin reductase. Structural analysis implicates Arg199 and Arg200 in interactions with the NADP(H) 2′-phosphate group. R199A, R200A and R199A/R200A mutants were characterized to explore the roles of these basic residues. All mutations abolished neutral FAD semiquinone stabilization in the NADPH-reduced enzyme, owing to weakened NADPH affinity. Instead, FAD hydroquinone was formed in all mutants, and each displayed substantially enhanced autooxidation rates (20–40-fold) compared with NADPH-reduced WT (wild-type) FprA. Steady-state ferricyanide reduction studies revealed diminished NADPH affinity (higher Km values), but lower NADH Km values. Despite a lowered kcat, the R199A/R200A mutant exhibited a 200-fold coenzyme specificity switch towards NADH, although substrate inhibition was observed at high NADH concentrations (Ki=250 μM). Stopped-flow FAD reduction studies confirmed substantially increased NADPH Kd values, although the limiting flavin reduction rate constant was similar in all mutants. The R199A mutation abolished electron transfer between hydroquinone FprA and NADP+, while this reaction progressed (via an FADH2-NADP+ charge-transfer intermediate) for R200A FprA, albeit more slowly (klim=58.1 s−1 compared with &gt;300 s−1) than in WT. All mutations caused positive shifts in FAD potential (∼40–65 mV). Binding of an NADPH analogue (tetrahydro-NADP) induced negative shifts in potential (∼30–40 mV) only for variants with the R200A mutation, indicating distinctive effects of Arg199/Arg200 on coenzyme binding mode and FAD potential. Collectively, these data reveal important roles for the phylogenetically conserved arginines in controlling FprA FAD environment, thermodynamics, coenzyme selectivity and reactivity.
Complex Surgical Site Infections and the Devilish Details of Risk Adjustment: Important Implications for Public Reporting
Authors: Anderson Deverick J. , Chen Luke F. , Sexton Daniel J. , Kaye Keith S. 
Published: September 2008

Objective.To validate the National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance (NNIS) risk index as a tool to account for differences in case mix when reporting rates of complex surgical site infection (SSI).Design.Prospective cohort study.Setting.Twenty-four community hospitals in the southeastern United States.Methods.We identified surgical procedures performed between January 1, 2005, and June 30, 2007. The Goodman-Kruskal gamma or G statistic was used to determine the correlation between the NNIS risk index score and the rates of complex SSI (not including superficial incisional SSI). Procedure-specific analyses were performed for SSI after abdominal hysterectomy, cardiothoracic procedures, colon procedures, insertion of a hip prosthesis, insertion of a knee prosthesis, and vascular procedures.Results.A total of 2,257 SSIs were identified during the study period (overall rate, 1.19 SSIs per 100 procedures), of which 1,093 (48.4%) were complex (0.58 complex SSIs per 100 procedures). There were 45 complex SSIs identified following 7,032 abdominal hysterectomies (rate, 0.64 SSIs per 100 procedures); 63 following 5,318 cardiothoracic procedures (1.18 SSIs per 100 procedures); 139 following 5,144 colon procedures (2.70 SSIs per 100 procedures); 63 following 6,639 hip prosthesis insertions (0.94 SSIs per 100 procedures); 73 following 9,658 knee prosthesis insertions (0.76 SSIs per 100 procedures); and 55 following 6,575 vascular procedures (0.84 SSIs per 100 procedures). All 6 procedure-specific rates of complex SSI were significantly correlated with increasing NNIS risk index score (P< .05).Conclusions.Some experts recommend reporting rates of complex SSI to overcome the widely acknowledged detection bias associated with superficial incisional infection. Furthermore, it is necessary to compensate for case-mix differences in patient populations, to ensure that intrahospital comparisons are meaningful. Our results indicate that the NNIS risk index is a reasonable method for the risk stratification of complex SSIs for several commonly performed procedures.
Structure and dynamics of odonate communities: accessing habitat, responding to risk, and enabling reproduction
Authors: Crumrine Patrick W. , Switzer Paul V. , Crowley Philip H. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis chapter highlights the key abiotic and community-level interactions that influence odonate community structure. Three important life-history based issues central to odonate communities are developed: habitat access, response to risk during the larval stage, and emergence and reproduction. Each issue is addressed by considering relevant ecological theory and identifying and reviewing empirical studies with odonates that address hypotheses raised by theoretical studies. Although numerous short-term studies at relatively small spatial scales have been conducted with odonate larvae, very little is known about the relative impacts of competition, cannibalism, predation, intraguild predation and size structure on odonate population dynamics, and community structure in natural systems. Long-term studies at multiple life history stages and levels of organization are required to generate a more complete understanding of odonate communities, and ecological communities in general.
Life-history plasticity under time stress in damselfly larvae
Authors: Stoks Robby , Johansson Frank , De Block Marjan 
Published: September 2008

AbstractAnimals often face time stress because they have to reach a certain stage before a certain time horizon (e.g., the onset of winter or pond drying). Damselflies react to time stress with a shortening of their development time, and often show compensatory growth to avoid a smaller size at metamorphosis. Behaviour (increased foraging) and digestive physiology (increased growth efficiency) underlie this life history plasticity. Both ecological and physiological costs of this accelerated life history have been shown: time-stressed larvae are less responsive to predators and hence suffer higher mortality by predation, and show larger mass loss during starvation and reduced investment in immune function and in energy storage. These costs may explain why time-stressed larvae suffer a reduced lifetime mating success in the adult stage.
Ecological factors limiting the distributions and abundances of Odonata
Authors: McPeek Mark A. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis chapter reviews the ecological processes that define and limit the distributions and abundances of many odonate species across ecological environments. Distributions of species among standing bodies of water seem to be limited mainly by the distributions of their predators in the larval stage (e.g., larger dragonflies and fish). Although species also show restricted distributions among flowing water habitats, much less is known about the ecological processes that constrain their distributions. Many different types of species interactions (e.g., resource abundances, competitors, predators, parasites) contribute to the limitation of local abundances. Directions for potential future research are suggested.
Migration in Odonata: a case study ofAnax junius
Authors: May Michael L. , Matthews John H. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractMigration by Odonata may illuminate patterns and evolution of insect migration in general. As aquatic/aerial carnivores dragonflies differ from most migratory insects, and because they are large and diurnal, observational techniques are available that are impossible in most other insects. Geographic analysis of genetic structure and stable and radiogenic isotope composition and use of newly developed radio-tracking techniques has been applied to migration in the North American dragonfly, Anax junius. Southbound migrants move up to 2,800 km. Developmental phenology suggests early (‘resident’) and late (‘migrant’) cohorts at most sites, but these groups appear genetically identical, and the species is essentially panmictic in eastern North America. Apparently environmental cues and physiological responses to photoperiod and temperature engender migratory behaviour. Successful radio-tracking of individual A. junius has revealed alternating periods of migration and energy replenishment, and responses to wind and temperature similar to avian migration.
The use of dragonflies in the assessment and monitoring of aquatic habitats
Authors: Oertli Beat 
Published: September 2008

AbstractOdonata constitute a valuable tool for various types of bioassessment and biomonitoring of aquatic habitats, such as the measure of biodiversity, the appraisal of waterbody health or integrity (including water quality and ecosystem function), the monitoring of management or restoration practices, and the detection and prediction of biological impacts of climate warming. Furthermore, they have already provided excellent data sets for hypothesis testing in ecology or evolution. An efficient sampling method for Odonata should account for the three live stages, i.e., larvae, exuviae, and adults. However, as this approach may be too expensive, most existing methods only focus on one stage. In applied issues, the adult stage is surveyed at a low cost, and is therefore useful for rapid assessments; it can serve for preliminary screening, for example when identifying local hotspots of diversity or, on the contrary, to mark degraded sites.