Loess chronology and composition as interpreted through the lens of fossiliferous lake sediments in central Illinois, USA
Authors: Curry B. Brandon 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Silty lacustrine and paludal records spanning from the penultimate deglaciation (late Illinois Episode) to the present are preserved in kettles formed during marine isotope stage (MIS) 6 that lie adjacent to the MIS 2 Manito terrace along the valleys of the Sangamon and Illinois Rivers. Geochemical, mineralogical, particle-size, and chronological records from two basins, Smith Lake and Lake Ben, provide a unique opportunity to assess loess age and provenance of the south-central Laurentide ice sheet. Here, I focused on deposits of redeposited loess of the last glaciation (Wisconsin Episode). Other than subtle laminations and fossils of emergent and aquatic plants and animals, the silty texture, chemical composition, and mineralogy of the lake sediment closely resemble Peoria Silt (loess).
Sediment-core records sampled from Smith Lake and Lake Ben in Mason County, Illinois, confirm rapid deposition of proximal loess derived from the nearby outwash plain of the Illinois River from ca. 30.9–18.0 calibrated (cal) k.y. B.P. From 18.0–14.7 cal k.y. B.P., deposition of proximal loess was gradually replaced by far-traveled (distal) loess chiefly derived from Superior lobe provenance and global dust. The succession is capped by a cumulic gleysol that was truncated by recent plowing.
Proximal loess deposits in lakes Smith and Ben are composed primarily of very fine sand, coarse silt, and medium silt (125–16 µm) compared to the distal facies (fine silt and finer sediment: &lt;16 µm). Proximal loess that originated from outwash of the Lake Michigan lobe contains abundant Ca, Zr, Sr, illite, and magnetic minerals. The distal facies contains relatively abundant Rb, Al, K, Si, Cu, and Pb, and it is enriched in smectite (relative to illite) and depleted in magnetic minerals.
Radiocarbon ages on terrestrial gastropod aragonite in loess from the nearby New Cottonwood School and Thomas Quarry sites indicate that Peoria Silt deposition ended between 18 cal k.y. B.P. and 16 cal k.y. B.P. At these localities, the upper part of the record is complicated by the modern soil, which has altered soil organic matter and leached carbonate. At Lake Ben, the radiocarbon record of emergent aquatic vegetation indicates that sediment accumulation rates and the ratio of proximal to distal loess decreased at the correlative interval that yielded the youngest snail shell ages at Cottonwood School. The upward increase in element concentrations such as Al and decrease in coarse/fine silt ratios in the modern soil are prominent features in the Lake Ben record dating from 18–14 cal k.y. B.P. This correlation strongly suggests that many of the features of the modern soil were not developed into uniform parent material but, rather, were inherited from incremental addition of distal loess to proximal loess, collectively identified as Peoria Silt. The paucity of key elements (Cd, Hg, Se, Ag, Au) in this transition zone suggests limited contributions from western lobes (i.e., Des Moines and James lobes), but abundant Ti and Cu suggest a contribution from the Superior lobe. A new wrinkle in this interpretation is that the rise in elements such as Al, Rb, and Si suggests significant additions from generic dust from unknown sources.