bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Worldwide Spill Response Strategy
Authors: Clayton E. W. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Soon after the spill in Valdez, Chevron, like most of the other oil companies, undertook a detailed review of its prevention, preparedness and response efforts. To accomplish this, Chevron assembled a task force with representatives selected by the heads of our major operating companies throughout the world and of key staff organizations. One of the major outputs was the Guiding Principles for Oil and Chemical Spills to Water. It outlines Chevron's policy for dealing with all aspects including defining responsibilities, encouraging mutual aid within the company, and organizing company-wide internal support teams for response worldwide. The company-wide resource teams are: the Advisory & Resource Team, the Worldwide Spill Response Team, 13 Functional Teams and the Mutual Aid Manpower Pool. In addition to developing these internal company resources, Chevron also obtained access to external spill response resources, such as Oil Spill Response Limited (OSR), the Marine Spill Response Corporation (MSRC), and the PetroAssist Network. The Chevron Emergency Response Staff ties all this together through publishing a directory of the internal and external resources for operating companies’ use. The Emergency Response Staff also is coordinating two company-wide drills per year to help keep the company in a ready state for response to a major spill incidents.
Occupational and Ecological Safety Management in Russian Oil and Gas Industry in a Massive Transition
Authors: Volchkov S. V. , Prusenko B. E. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The paper contains the general overview of the current situation in technological and ecological safety management in Russian oil and gas industry under the conditions of a massive transition to the market economy. The legal basis for occupational and ecological safety in Russia is discussed. The newly adopted laws and regulations of different level and the necessary and not yet adopted regulations are under consideration. The system of governmental bodies control over different types of hazards and ecological issues is analyzed. The newly organized in Russia and traditional for the market economy technologies and methods as risk management and insurance are analyzed too. The vision of the paper is to summarize all these issues as to the needs of oil and gas industry of Russia and to the western companies engaged in the E & P in Russia. The main trends in the system of technological and ecological safety management in Russian oil and gas industry are discussed too as the new organizational structures, fees penalties and so on. The practical conclusions and recommendations for oil and gas engineers are also in the scope of the paper. The paper mainly deals with upstream sector onshore and off-shore and pipeline construction and operation.
Safety and Health Assessments: A Systematic Approach
Authors: Dujmovich T. J. , Setiawan Hardi 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Success of safety and health prpgrams has historically been determined by the performance metrics (fatalities, injuries and illnesses) of an operation. Programs are generally reactive having been formulated or implemented as a reaction to performance metrics.
Proactive safety management, however, analyzes the programs and systems that are in place to generate performance metrics. By focusing assessments on the systems that are in place in each operation, we are able to determine strengths that can be utilized to correct observed deficiencies. Performance metrics improve as a result of the system being better managed.
By adopting a proactive approach in our seismic operations, we successfully improved our performance metrics by reducing our contractor LWC rate from 9.S in 1990 to 0.5 in 1992 and our total recordable rate during the same period from 14.7 to 1.7. This improvement has occurred in remote areas with extreme environmental conditions.
Techniques used include conversations with senior management to determine their perception of the systems in place. While strategies and implementation steps may vary, the fundamental principals upon which the systems are based remain consistent throughout the corporation. Conversations with line personnel further verifies these beliefs. Employees are observed for proper work practices and are interviewed about the task that they are completing. These interviews are nonconfrontational and foster strong communication between management and employees. Positive features as well as opportunities for improvement and recommendations are cited. This allows the findings to be presented in a positive light. Participation of representatives from the organization being assessed is critical as this enables the process to serve as a training function also. While this approach has been critical to improving performance metrics, it has also enabled improvement in the management of business systems with improvements in productivity as high as 60% realized.
Environmental Review Using Structured Analysis Technique (ERUSAT)
Authors: McCubbin R. N. , Poblete B. R. , Hoffman B. E. , Bugden Brian , Palmer P. J. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Environmental Review Using Structured Analysis Technique (ERUSAT) provides a method to comprehensively review the environmental regulatory requirements that would affect the engineering design of an offshore drilling and production platform. It is used to identify scenarios/issues which could result in environmental non-compliance and provide a means of addressing potential design modifications which would alleviate the environmental concerns.
The method is qualitative, requiring an experienced multi-disciplinary team to identify scenarios/issues from the review of all pertinent environmental legislations, development and design conditions, previously conducted HAZOP studies and third party studies that could potentially affect the platform design and to discuss potential design modifications leading to a recommendation for further task force/contractor review. The study is meant to be an integral part of the engineering process of the project, similar to the other safety studies performed on the platform design.
The approach is similar to other structured analysis techniques, such as Hazard and Operability (HAZOP) studies, but requires the identification of issues/scenarios rather that potential causes of undesired events. The review requires several steps: Step 1: Identification of potential issues/scenarios;Step 2: Critical review of identified issues/scenarios;Step 3: Recommendations (where warranted) for changes in practices or design or for a more detailed study to determine solutions.
The ERUSAT study document thus produced, will now be a living document for the operating company to be updated regularly in response to environmental legislative changes, technological advances in pollution abatement equipment, operational experience, etc..
The paper outlines the ERUSAT approach, explains the customizing of a commercially available HAZOP software package to facilitate the documentation of the study, summarizes the results of the review sessions, and highlights the potential application of the technique to the current development project and other future onshore/offshore complex industrial projects.
Drilling Fluids: Economics and Planning To Achieve Environmental Targets
Authors: Morrish D. P. J. , Kwant J. W. H. , Holgate M. J. M. , Day N. F. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Drill cuttings re-injection (CRI) is rapidly becoming the North Sea operator's favourite option in reducing the environmental impact of drilling operations and meeting current and projected UK legislation. Shell U.K. Exploration and Production (Shell Expro), operator in the U.K. sector of the North Sea for Shell, Esso and other co-venturers, is planning CRI in its Brent Field based on both environmental and economic considerations. The paper discusses how environmental legislation as well as the company target setting regime has produced a favourable economic perspective within which to view environmental projects such as CRI.
Strategies and Mid-Term Environmental Investments in the Venezuelan Oil Industry
Authors: Corrie C. L. , Sanchez J. C. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
In 1992 umprecedented measures were adopted in Venezuela to enhance the national environmental legislation: existing regulations regarding air and water pollution control, waste management, environmental impact studies and others were amended, and a new law establishing penalties against environmental offenses was adopted. Also, a mayor step in the involvement of public, environmental and industry organizations in policy development and implementation was made with the creation of a National Environmental Regulation Committee, which will review the existing regulations and will propose new ones.
Petróleos de Venezuela, S.A. (PDVSA), the state oil company, contributed to the development of the new environmental measures, which allowed the company to review their strategies and to prepare a mid-term investment plan to comply with the emerging regulatory requirements. This paper summarizes the more significant aspects of the new environmental measures, the implications for PDVSA and a brief description of the company's mid-term investments in environmental proyects. PDVSA has invested US$ 350 millions in the last 5 years to meet the requirements of the Venezuelan regulations, and have planned to invest US$ 800 million for the period 1994-2000.
Environmental Covenants: A New Strategy Towards Sustainable Development?
Authors: Herenius T. A. , Kuyper J. , Williams S. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
In 1989 the Dutch Government published the National Environmental Policy Plan (NEPP). In this plan it was stated that, by the year 2000, certain maximum allowable risk levels for waste streams to the environment should not be exceeded and that by 2010 those risk levels should be negligible.
The NEPP requires reductions in the national emissions and discharges of 50-70 % by 2000 and 80-90 % by 2010 compared to the emission/discharge levels in 1 985. It was realised that these targets could not be met by solely issuing new legislation, as this is often a lengthy procès which does not normally lead to cost effective solutions. It was therefore proposed that legislation be supplemented by voluntary agreements, (Environmental Covenants), between government and industry sectors on how to achieve these reductions.
In august 1992, the Dutch E&P industry started discussions with the government about an Environmental Covenant. It is expected that a Covenant will be finalised early 1994.
To support the Covenant discussions profiles of the different emissions to water, air and soil have been calculated up to 2010 and a methodology has been developed to help identify how the E&P industry should allocate the finite resources available to enable it to make the largest contribution to the achievement of the NEPP goals.
The methodology combines the available scientific data, current emission levels, and societal preferences to estimate overall preference factors for unit reductions in the various E&P industry emissions and discharges.
These factors are used with conventional evaluation methods to establish the relative environmental cost effectiveness of a portfolio of possible environmental improvement projects. After ranking on the basis of cost-effectiveness, marginal and cumulative cost-benefit curves and tables are produced which can be used for project selection.
Environmental Impact Assessment Using Remote Sensing Technology: Methodology and Case Studies
Authors: Janks J. S. , Prelat A. E. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Landsat remote sensing technology was used to provide environmental assessments of oilfield operations. Landsat sensors, launched in 1972, are particularly adept at providing historical analyses. Exploration, production, and abandonment phases (e.g., oil spills, well sites, production pits, and seismic activities) were assessed. Deforestation was evaluated in the Oriente region of Ecuador, production facilities in a midcontinent (USA) oilfield, and oily waste in the southern USA. Remote sensing identified exposed hydrocarbons, sludge, thermal anomalies, and production pit locations. Deforestation patterns were characterized and quantified.
Produced Waste Management in the Canadian Petroleum Industry
Authors: Jamaluddin A. K. M. , Vandamme L. M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The production of heavy oil under primary or secondary recovery, like that of conventional petroleum fluids, is accompanied by a large volume of produced water. The disposal of that water can be expensive as the produced water contains contaminants including total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), oil, and grease. In addition, most heavy oil reserves occur in shallow and unconsolidated sandstone formations, which produce a considerable amount of sand. The disposal of the produced sand can also be expensive. The major contaminants in that sand stream are hydrocarbon and chloride.
In this paper, the results of a systematic characterization of the produced water and sand, along with the evaluation of available options for treatment and ultimate disposal, are presented. In addition, a membrane process for water treatment and a flotation process for sand treatment are presented. The results indicate that the membrane process was successfully used to reduce the contaminants in the produced water and, hence, reduce the volume of water to be disposed of. In this process, 90% of the TDS was rejected. The flotation treatment was also successfully used to reduce the contaminants in the produced sands. In this process, more than 99% of the unbound hydrocarbons and chlorides were removed.
Ultrafiltration of Oily Wastewater
Authors: Bilstad T. , Espedal E. , Haaland A. H. , Madland M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The petroleum industry and regulatory agencies are searching for alternative methods for treating drainwater from oil rigs. Membrane separation has proven to be an effective and economic alternative to conventional methods for oil-water separation. Drainwater from oil rigs may contain up to 5% oil in addition to different chemicals in varying concentrations. Drainwater typically is collected in a burner tank and burnt by flare to the atmosphere. This emission to air causes an unwanted environmental impact.
The summer of 1992 was used to test membranes and gather design information through pilot studies for a full-scale separation plant for treating oily drainwater. The results from the pilot testing were encouraging and a full-scale membrane plant was designed, however, not yet manufactured.
The membrane separation plant is tubular ultrafiltration (UF) and the pilot plant operation was on a batch basis with a volume reduction factor approaching forty. The UF membrane had a maximum permeate flux of around 300 l/m2/h at maximum 6 kg/cm2 inlet pressure and 3.8 m/s fluid velocity with a clean membrane. The flux typically dropped and approached 80 l/m2/h at the end of a day's operation. The retentate from UF separation was returned to the feed tank whereas the permeate was routed to the sewer. Design of a full-scale plant was performed using a flux value of 40 l/m2/h.
Cleaning of the membrane was performed with 0.3% nitric acid at 45 °C and the alkaline detergent Ultrasil 11 at 0.25% and 55 °C. The membrane flux did not always fully recover after each chemical cleaning. A 200 mg/1 Cl2 solution administered as sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) would, however, restore the original flux.
Environmental Aspects of Produced Water From Offshore Platforms on the Dutch Continental Shelf
Authors: op ten Noort F. J. , Marquenie J. M. , Cofino W. P. , van Hattum B. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In a joint Industry program, the composition and the environmental risk of produced water discharges on the Dutch Continental Shelf was investigated, along with the investigation of existing heavy metal removal technology potentially suitable for offshore application. On fifteen gas platforms and four oil platforms on the Dutch Continental Shelf samples have been taken of produced water, which subsequently were analyzed for general physical/chemical waste water characteristics, oil and oil related compounds, mono- and poly-cyclic-hydrocarbons, other organics, heavy metals and radionuclides. The environmental risk of produced water discharges was evaluated on the basis of acute toxicity data from bio-assays, of data of individual compounds, fate determination and bio-accumulation. Finally, existing/proven technology capable of reducing volatile hydrocarbons (BTEX) and/or heavy metal content from produced water and that was potentially suitable for offshore application was investigated.
The following conclusions can be drawn from the program results:
– the general composition is presented in table 1; – the concentrations of chemical constituents in gas produced water are considerably higher than those in oil produced water; – gas produced water may be considered as moderately to practically non-toxic, according to the GESAMP* classification; – acute toxicity expressed as median lethal or effect concentration may vary over more than three orders of magnitude; – a dilution of 3.000 is required for gas platform produced water to attain the lowest 96-hr no-effect-concentration for the acute toxicity for the most sensitive species; – for gas platform produced water the dilution of 3.000 will be reached within 7 mins. at a distance of 50-300 m from the point of discharge. – no existing suitable technology for heavy metal removal was identified; – for removal of BTEX, air stripping seems to be a promising method.
* Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution.
Wellsite Mixing Minimizes the Environmental Impact and Reduces Costs During Pumping Operation
Authors: Chang D. J. , Gerke J. A. , Osborn F. A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This article presents the environmental and financial benefits that have been achieved through continuous wellsite mixing techniques during pumping operations. Traditionally excess fluid volumes have been pre-mixed either at the base facility or at the wellsite prior to the start of most treatments. This excess was needed to compensate for the ‘dead volume’ remaining at the bottom of a storage tank, and in some cases to prepare for the optimum treatment volume which could only be determined during or after the pumping operation.
Mixing at the wellsite facilitates better control of the chemical composition, density and rheological properties of the fluid before pumping the complex mixture into the well. Such mixing reduces the environmental risks (3), (9) as all the chemical handling is done under controlled conditions and preventive measures are implemented to contain any fluid spill. Additionally, continuous wellsite mixing cuts the cost of operation by eliminating waste disposal and tank cleaning following the completion of treatment.
The practices of continuous wellsite mixing are explained through the use of two specially designed mixing systems in operation today. Resulting environmental and financial benefits are shown through the implementation of these systems in pumping operations.
Environmental Impact of Exploration and Production Operations on the Niger Delta Mangrove
Authors: van Dessel J. P. , Omuku P. S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Mangroves can be defined as the brackish, tidal areas of sheltered tropical or subtropical coastlines and are considered to be environmentally very sensitive. The Niger Delta, in which Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria (SPDC) operates, consists of more than 6000 km2 of these brackish water swamps. The Niger Delta ecosystem is particularly characterised by extensive networks of creeks, with tall mangrove trees at the creek edges, while further inland only short mangroves are found. Stilted roots are typical for these littoral plant formations. The fauna is characterised by fish and bird life, a large variety of species inhabiting the sediment (benthos) and patchy distributed wildlife. In the past 5 years, SPDC has embarked on a large number of environmental baseline and impact studies to assess the environmental impact of SPDC's operations on the mangrove ecosystem with the objective of minimising that impact. Geographically these studies cover the entire Niger Delta and they deal with various E&P related activities: seismic, drilling and production. SPDC has two operating divisions, covering the Eastern and Western part of the Niger Delta. This paper concentrates on studies carried out in the Eastern part of the Niger Delta and describes the area, its sensitivities and SPDC's effort at understanding the impact on the mangrove ecosystem. It also describes a number of existing guidelines aimed at minimising impact to the environment and preventing or remediating (potential) adverse impact on the mangrove.
Environmental Impact from Removal of Offshore Installations: The North East Frigg Field Case
Authors: Håbardsholm Lars , Robberstad Lasse 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Put in production in December 1983, North East Frigg (NEF) was the first multiwell Subsea Production System (SPS) developed in the North Sea. The six wells drilled through a subsea template and the control station, an unmanned articulated tower, have been remotely controlled from the Frigg Field situated 18 kilometres away. In May 1993, the field was shut in, after having produced more than 11 BSCM of gas.
Having no detailed regulations for what to remove and how to plan abandonment and removal of installations, Elf Petroleum Norge as Operator prepared removal plans and performed a consequence analyses in order to assist our own and the authorities’ decision process.
The study was made in accordance with guide-lines for such analysis stipulated by the Norwegian Petroleum Act for all field development plans.
This paper presents the results of the consequence analysis performed. Environmental issues, socio-economic effects, safety and cost associated with the different removal, abandonment, re-use and disposal alternatives have been considered in accordance with prevailing legislation and the international legal framework.
The analysis concludes that a combination of abandonment on site and removal of parts of the installations for dumping in deep water is the optimum solution for this case.
Negative consequences for the environment or use of the sea are not expected. Re-cycling of materials could have a marginally positive effect on energy consumption and discharges to air, but the cost benefit ratio is very high.
Although the NEF field consists of very specific installations, it is expected that this first case in Norway will attract considerable interest both in terms of decision process and actual removal and disposal solutions. This is the first case for the authorities to handle, and it is expected to be used as an example when removal of other platforms is being prepared in the future.
Exploration and Production Waste Management Guidelines from the E&P Forum
Authors: Owens C. K. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The E&P Forum has produced guidelines for exploration and production (E&P) waste management. The guidelines address methods that could be considered in the development of area specific waste management plans in both developed and developing nations. The guidelines include discussion on the principles of waste management, development of waste management plans, identification and characterization of E&P wastes, and waste management and disposal options for these wastes. The wastes generated by E&P activities are summarized, and specific examples of applicable management options are presented for some of these wastes.