bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hopewellian in Minnesota
Authors: Bennett John 
Published: April 2006

The recent synthesis of Minnesota archaeology by Wilford has revealed the presence of Hopewellian-like materials in the northern part of the state. These seem thoroughly blended with “Lake Michigan” Woodland traits and may represent the feathering out of the Hopewellian complex and its integration into existing Woodland manifestations.None of the “spectacular” Hopewellian traits are present in the Laurel and Arvilla foci, however, and it is doubtful if they can be properly called “Hopewellian.” In this connection I believe it may be of interest to note an early report of excavations at St. Paul, Minnesota, by T. H. Lewis.
Some “Palaeolithic” End-Scrapers from Southern Oklahoma
Authors: Antle H. R. 
Published: April 2006

During the course of a survey of surface manifestations in the region of Piatt National Park, Oklahoma, the writer's attention was called to the distinctive form of scraper occurring in sites between Buckhorn and Oil Creek, streams heading four and eight miles south of the Park, respectively.The two creeks are outlets of underground waters from the numerous caves of that locality. The waters are clear, cold and palatable, and the banks of the creeks were favorite locations for camps of prehistoric peoples, if one can judge by the thousands of flint chips that cover the surface. The streams empty within twelve miles into the False Washita, a river whose geological history goes far back into Palaeozoic times.
A Cave Habitation in Vermont
Authors: Sherman Theodore H. 
Published: April 2006

This brief description of the site and evidence of occupation is written for the purpose of preserving the data. Considering the rare reference to cave habitations in reports of Eastern activities, this bit of evidence seems worth recording.Approximately one mile below Carvers Falls, in the valley of the Poultney River, and nine miles from Lake Champlain, the cave entrance is seen as a crevice, open overhead, in an outjutting part of the southern face of a limestone cliff. The opening is near the top of the cliff and at the summit of a talus incline extending into a land-locked pool where once the river was navigable by large boats before historical freshets changed the scene.
Textiles and Matting from Waterfall Cave, Chihuahua
Authors: Clune Dorris 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe 32 specimens from Waterfall Cave include apocynum-fiber textiles, cane and palm-frond matting and braids, a yucca-fiber leader on a fishhook, and a girdle or string apron. The matting is twilled; the textiles are plain weave and generally warp face. Technical aspects of these specimens are similar to those of textiles from Chihuahua published by Lila O'Neale in 1948. Pattern weaving is the only major new element found at Waterfall Cave.
Further Data and a Date from Cerro Mangote, Panama
Authors: McGimsey Charles R. 
Published: April 2006

In the October, 1956, issue of American Antiquity (Vol. 22, No. 2) a report was made on preliminary excavations made in 1955 at Cerro Mangote, a preceramic site in Panama. During the 1956 season 6 additional weeks were spent at this site with financial assistance from the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Briefly, the results of this more extensive work were as follows:Approximately 300 cu. m. of material were excavated, an estimated one-third of the total content of the site. A few sherds were recovered on or immediately below the surface in the same general area as those found the previous year.
The Booger Bottom Mound: A Forsyth Period Site in Hall County, Georgia
Authors: Caldwell Joseph R. , Thompson Charles E. , Caldwell Sheila K. 
Published: April 2006

The corps of engineers is currently building a power and flood control dam near the little town of Buford on the upper Chattahoochee River in northern Georgia. This is one of several such dams under way in the State, and in accordance with the usual procedure the Smithsonian River Basin Surveys made a routine archaeological reconnaissance of the impoundment area from November 15, 1950 to April 7, 1951. During the survey the writers came upon a large prehistoric mound (9HL64) not previously reported.We spent three weeks investigating the structure to determine if its eventual flooding in the Buford impoundment would constitute an important loss of archaeological data. The conclusion reached was that a full scale excavation should be made before the site is inundated sometime in 1954 or 1955.
Pictographs of the San Luis Rey Basin, California
Authors: True D. L. 
Published: April 2006

The San Luis Rey River flows westward across northern San Diego County, California. The area from Henshaw dam down to and including the Bonsall post office can be described as the central San Luis Rey River basin. It includes a little less than half of the total watershed area but contains many tributary streams and probably accounts for more than half of the total runoff. The area is mountainous and wooded or brush covered and is dissected by numerous small streams, many of which originate in the higher elevations of the Agua Tibia and Palomar mountain ranges.
Ample water supplies and favorable thermal zones which belt the area, coupled with a heavy growth of forest cover along the streams, provided both vegetal and animal food supplies which in turn resulted in more than average aboriginal population. The heaviest concentrations of population were in the areas now known as Pauma Valley, Rincon, The Potrero, and the La Jolla area, all of which still have sizable Indian populations living on reservations. In historic times, the region was occupied by Indians of the Luisefio stock (Kroeber, 1925, p. 648).
A Translucent Shelter for Field Work in Regions with High Precipitation
Authors: Borden Charles E. 
Published: April 2006

Heavy and frequent rainfall is a serious obstacle to archaeological work on the North Pacific Coast. Exposure to many days and perhaps weeks of rain may impair the health of the field party and will inevitably dampen the morale of individual members. Rain causes delays, makes the midden material soggy and difficult to work, may collapse the trench walls, and brings numerous other major and minor headaches in its wake.Last spring a group of anthropology students from the University of British Columbia, working under my direction at a site in the Vancouver area, tested the practicability of a simple shelter, designed to give adequate protection during wet weather and to admit sufficient light for all operations.
The Cultural Position of the Bahamas in Caribbean Archaeology
Authors: Granberry Julian 
Published: April 2006

This paper is concerned with the prehistory of the Bahama Islands, British West Indies, an archipelago stretching in a 600-mile arc from the southeast Florida coast opposite West Palm Beach to within 60 miles of the northern coasts of Cuba and Hispaniola (Fig. 1). The Turks and Caicos groups, although politically administered from Jamaica, belong both geologically and archaeologically in the archipelago and are therefore included in this report.The purpose of the present survey is to clarify the relationships of pre-Columbian Bahamian culture to neighboring regions. Before any clarification can be made, however, it is first necessary to outline briefly the archaeological findings in the islands, for no complete survey has yet been published.
An Authentic Glass Artifact
Authors: Griffin John W. 
Published: April 2006

In view of the vast number of spurious glass artifacts known, it is of interest to note a genuine example which came to light recently in excavations in Florida.The scraper illustrated with this note (Fig. 27) is made of heavy green glass, and is a perfectly good aboriginal piece in form and workmanship. The length is 57 mm., the width 36 mm. The greatest thickness, 11 mm., lies near the steep nose at a point where original surfaces are present on both bottom and top. Undoubtedly, the material was derived from a heavy green glass bottle.The artifact was found in test excavations at the site of San Luis de Talimali, several miles west of the city of Tallahassee, Florida. San Luis was the major Spanish settlement in the Apalachee area during the seventeenth century, and at the time of its abandonment and destruction in 1704 consisted of a fort and blockhouse, a mission, and a number of dwellings inhabited by both Spaniards and Indians.
Comment on Quimby's “Cultural and Natural Areas before Kroeber”
Authors: Aschmann Homer 
Published: April 2006

One is forced to admire Quimby's enterprise (1954, American Antiquity, Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 317-31) in attempting not only a characterization but a mapping of the paleogeography of North America at 7 stages between 8500 B.C. and 500 B.C. Among other things it shows a healthful awareness that the physical environment cannot be considered a constant even in the relatively short time span generally accepted for the New World archaeological record. Fruitful investigations can be pursued through coordinating the geological, climatological, paleoecological, and archaeological evidence over extensive regions, and this tentative essay may provide a needed impetus.On the other hand, certain of the hypotheses presented in this paper seem to me to demand immediate examination before they become established dogma to burden subsequent investigations. I shall not question the eclectic use of 2 main chronological frameworks, those provided by Antevs and by radiocarbon dating, though the former, at least, is hardly established fact (Burma 1950).
Notes on the Third Interglacial Artifacts
Authors: Roosa William B. , Peckham Stewart L. 
Published: April 2006

The following is a discussion of Carter's (1952) third interglacial artifacts. Carter's conclusion that he has found third interglacial artifacts is based on two hypotheses: 1. The objects found are artifacts; 2. The layer in which they were found dates from the third interglacial. These comments are limited to a brief discussion of the first hypothesis.The pictures and descriptions furnish no concrete proof that the finds are artifacts, although the burden of proof must rest with him. We contend that these “artifacts” are well within the range of naturally chipped stone. This conclusion is based on Barnes’ (1939) discussion of natural and artificial flaking of flints which is based on his own work and that of the Abbe Breuil, S. H. Warren and others. Barnes and Breuil have shown that natural forces can produce flaked flints, many of which are far more convincing “artifacts” than those Carter reports.
The Study of Osteological Materials in the Plains
Authors: White Theodore E. 
Published: April 2006

Many archaeological sites in the Missouri Valley have produced large quantities of unworked animal bones. Most of these “food” bones are mammalian, with some bird, turtle, and fish. Recent studies by Lehmer (1952; 1954) and the series of studies by the author in American Antiquity (Vols. 17, 19, and 21) indicate that this material has important cultural implications which should not be overlooked. First of all, it is desirable to review briefly some of the questions which can be answered by study of the unworked bone.1. Did the people exercise any choice in the age of the animals they killed? This question can be determined with a fair degree of probability only with the mammals. An estimate of the age can be determined from the teeth (whether they are deciduous or permanent, and by the amount of wear) and from the relation of the epiphyses to the diaphyses. Criteria for these estimates, applicable to the larger game animals, are given in standard textbooks of the anatomy of the domestic animals.
The Blade and the Core
Authors: Mewhinney H. 
Published: April 2006

If a man who merely amuses himself by flaking flints ventures to offer advice to professional archaeologists, he may be set down as loutish or impertinent. But I will take the chance. I should like to ask the professional brethren to restudy some of the North American sites and look carefully for blades or lamellar flakes. For I am persuaded that blades will be found wherever long, thin, and shapely projectile points are found.In spite of Holmes (1919, Chapters 13 and 19), it is extremely difficult to make a pretty projectile point by nibbling down a core, whereas it is easy to make one by trimming a blade. The circumstantial evidence indcates that any workman, early or late, who wished to make a long, thin, and delicate point would begin with a blade rather than with a core. The most successful of the contemporary fakers, indeed, have simplified the process by sawing out flat blades with a lapidary saw.
The Inner Sanctum of Feather Cave, a Mogollon Sun and Earth Shrine Linking Mexico and the Southwest
Authors: Ellis Florence Hawley , Hammack Laurens 
Published: April 2006

AbstractArrow Grotto, an inner sanctum deep within a mountain of south-central New Mexico and reached only by a crawlway from Feather Cave, was found to contain masses of offerings untouched for six centuries or more. Examination of material and of accompanying pictographs by men from several living pueblos led to identification of the grotto as a shrine for Earth Mother and Sun Father, visited at the period of biannual solar ceremonies. Parallels between Arrow Grotto, other prehistoric ceremonial caves, and even the Anasazi sipapu, show a pattern surprisingly similar to that of a number of Pueblo ceremonial caves in use today or in the recent past. Parallels to concepts regarding caves and supernaturals in Mexican cultures indicate a series of rapid northward diffusions of religious ideas, the first, at least, from eastern Mesoamerica, through Preclassic to Postclassic periods, one of our most specific evidences of influential contacts.Original owners of Feather Cave and Arrow Grotto probably were Piros who left the Rio Bonito Valley to become mingled, eventually, with southern Tiwa relatives, whose descendants still inhabit pueblos near Albuquerque.
Glyphic Evidence for a Dynastic Sequence at Quiriguá, Guatemala
Authors: Kelley David H. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis paper attempts to establish the rules governing the recognition of names in the Maya script, particularly with regard to their glyphic context. These rules are applied to the Quiriguá inscriptions; glyph clauses pertaining to three rulers are established with some probability and two others are suggested more doubtfully. The founder of the Quiriguá dynasty was apparently related to an identified ruler at Copán, and it is shown that at least one and probably two later rulers at Copán share some names and titles with the Quiriguá rulers. It is suggested that the family name of the rulers of Copán and Quiriguá was caan, sky.
Sedna Creek: Report on an Archaeological Survey on the Arctic Slope of the Brooks Range
Authors: Schlesier Karl H. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractDuring the summer of 1964, a field party from Wichita State University conducted a survey in the vicinity of May Lake, 50 air mi. northwest of Anaktuvuk Pass. A large number of heavily patinated artifacts was discovered on and beneath the present ground surface in the flood plain of a small stream not registered on U.S. Geological Survey maps and named Sedna Creek. The artifact assemblage consists of flakes and flake tools, all of which belong to one single tradition. A comparison with Far North assemblages indicates that Sedna Creek is the fourth site of the British Mountain complex. Of Old World sites, Ust-Kanskaia, Tuin-Gol, the Mal’ta-Buret complex, Sannyi Mys, and Chastinskaya appear closely related.
Pyramids and Temple Mounds: Mesoamerican Ceremonial Architecture in Eastern North America
Authors: Wicke Charles R. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractVarious scholars have considered the problem of Mesoamerican cultural influences in the eastern United States. They agree in general on a Mesoamerican origin for temple mounds. Eastern temple mounds are later than the earliest ones from Mesoamerica and, like them, are characterized by groups of four around a plaza, super-imposed construction, frequent eastward orientation of the principal platform of a group, and capping by a temple structure. The Huastec region of northeastern Mesoamerica seems to show the closest architectural similarities to the southeastern United States. At the same time, authorities do not concur on the origin of funerary mounds, which occur in the Preclassic of Mesoamerica at Aljojuca (Puebla), at La Venta (Tabasco), at Kaminaljuyu (highland Guatemala), and probably at many other sites. Many of these were constructed prior to the earliest burial mound sites in the United States. Since Chard has refuted the hypothesis of Asiatic origin for burial mounds, a Mesoamerican origin seems even more likely. Art motifs diffused along with the mound concept. Both are manifest in art that is considered to be hieratic, which points to possible migration of an elite group. How such diffusion took place remains unanswered, but the possibilities of maritime connections merit consideration. Contacts between Mesoamerica and the eastern United States appear to have been frequent, varied, and early.
A Triangular Scarflike Cloth from Pachacamac, Peru
Authors: VanStan Ina 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA square, gauze-weave fabric, folded diagonally and ornamented on the two short sides with sewed-on pattern-weave bands, was found by Uhle beneath the Pachacamac temple and is probably the oldest gauze reported from Pachacamac. This unusual, triangular, scarflike cloth, with a style previously reported only from Ancon, indicates the use of still another type of made-up article at Pachacamac and the presence of another style category in this region. It suggests that the variety of sewed-to-form textiles produced in pre-Columbian Peru was greater than has been generally believed.
An Early Man Site in the San Joaquin Valley, California
Authors: Riddell Francis A. , Olsen William H. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA collection of chipped stone specimens from a locality on the south shore of Tulare Lake in the San Joaquin Valley of California includes a number of points which are closely analogous to specimens of the fluted point tradition (Clovis-Folsom). Other chipped stone pieces suggest antiquity and probable San Dieguito affinity. The site, known as the Witt site, after the collector, shows few or no late period artifacts and lies below the late prehistoric Tulare Lake level.
Plains Archaeology, 1935–60
Authors: Wedel Waldo R. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA review of archaeological research in the short-grass Plains and adjacent Prairie regions shows that although early travelers observed evidences of the prehistoric occupation of the area, no systematic archaeological work was undertaken until very recently. The publication of Strong's Introduction to Nebraska Archeology in 1935 opened the quarter-century of growth which was at first characterized by intensive surveys and testing, then by the excavations sponsored by the federal relief agencies, and since World War II by the large-scale salvage work connected with federal water-control programs, especially the Missouri Basin Project. These salvage operations have produced an enormous body of new data on all major time horizons and from all parts of the Plains, as well as an awareness of the rich potential of Plains pre-history. The scope of these operations has required a high degree of cooperation between research organizations and has led to the development of new excavation techniques, especially those involving heavy earth-moving machinery. Efforts to organize these new data have resulted in a uniform method of site designation and broadly applicable artifact classifications, but no scheme for culture classification to replace the Midwestern Taxonomic System which has been the conventional method of expressing cultural similarities. The direct historical approach to the problem of the ethnic identification of archaeological complexes, settlement pattern studies, and the relationship between man and environment, which have long been major interests of Plains archaeologists, continue to dominate the interpretive scene.
Archaeology in Lowland South America and the Caribbean, 1935-60
Authors: Rouse Irving 
Published: April 2006

AbstractArchaeological research in those parts of South America not included in Nuclear America is reviewed with an emphasis on Amazonia and the Caribbean area. Southern South America is primarily important at present for the well documented series of Early Man sites which indicate that American Indians had reached the farthest periphery of the hemisphere by as early as 7000 B.C. There have been three main developments and one shortcoming in the archaeology of Amazonia and the Caribbean area during the past 25 years. The developments are the discovery and formulation of new cultural complexes or phases, the establishment of chronological control which has been most successful in the Caribbean area, and the introduction and archaeological testing of Steward's concept of evolutionary levels correlated with environment, especially in Amazonia. The shortcoming is the lack of interest in reconstructing the culture of the excavated sites.
Archaeology and Private Enterprise: A Need for Action
Authors: Wendorf Fred 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThere has not been an adequate development of systematic programs of salvage archaeology on privately financed construction work. As a consequence, the great majority of building projects are undertaken without any effort being made to save the historic and scientific resources that may be destroyed during the course of construction. Salvage archaeology on privately financed projects is largely restricted to public lands. Because of a favorable industrial and public attitude toward salvage archaeology, this would appear to be an appropriate time to initiate a major campaign to extend salvage programs to other construction operations, particularly those on nonpublic lands. Four specific steps are proposed to expand salvage archaeology into the major unprotected areas.
Huanuco Viejo: An Inca Administrative Center
Authors: Morris Craig , Thompson Donald E. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSurvey and excavations carried out at the Inca administrative center of Huánuco Viejo revealed a large city with a ceremonial and palatial section, large residential zones, and huge storage facilities. Well-cut Cuzco style masonry was limited to the ceremonial areas, which included platforms, gateways, a bath and an elaborate apartment, probably intended to house royalty or important officials. The residential districts were Inca derived in architecture and planning, and the pottery was virtually limited to Inca inspired wares, thus demonstrating a lack of influence in either architecture or ceramics of the local peasants who served at the site. The huge storage areas housed mostly local highland produce which was used to sustain the city, mita laborers, and transients, and was probably not used for extensive redistribution to the local villages in the surrounding area. The city, then, must be described as an artificial device imposed by the Inca for administrative and political purposes, rather than as a city which arose because of local conditions or needs.
Procedures for Establishing a Faunal Collection to Aid in Archaeological Analysis
Authors: Mori John L. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe inability to identify faunal remains is one reason why archaeologists continue to devote minimal attention to their study. Archaeologists can become familiar with the skeletal characteristics of animals by establishing a faunal collection. Processing of specimens involves removing tissue from the skeleton, removing grease from the bones, bleaching the bones, and cataloging the specimen.