bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk factors for development of acute laminitis in horses during hospitalization: 73 cases (1997–2004)
Authors: Parsons Corrina Snook , Orsini James A. , Krafty Robert , Capewell Linda , Boston Ray 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Objective—To identify risk factors for development of acute laminitis in horses during hospitalization for illness or injury.
Design—Retrospective case-control study.
Animals—73 horses that developed laminitis (case horses) and 146 horses that did not develop laminitis (control horses) during hospitalization.
Procedures—Case and control horses were matched in a 2:1 ratio by the date on which each horse was evaluated. Potential risk factors investigated included age, breed, and sex; highest and lowest values recorded during hospitalization for fibrinogen concentration, WBC count, PCV, and total solids concentration; and comorbid disease states, including pneumonia, endotoxemia, diarrhea, medically treated colic, surgically treated colic, pituitary adenoma, retained placenta or metritis, forelimb lameness, hind limb lameness, acute renal failure, and vascular abnormalities. A univariate screening of all potential risk factors was performed to determine which variables should be selected for further analysis. All factors found to be associated with development of laminitis were included in a multivariate conditional logistic regression model.
Results—Development of laminitis was marginally associated with lowest and highest fibrinogen concentrations, highest PCV, and lowest total solids concentration and significantly associated with pneumonia, endotoxemia, diarrhea, abdominal surgery for colic, and vascular abnormalities. In the multivariate analysis, only endotoxemia was significantly associated with laminitis.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Endotoxemia is an important risk factor for development of acute laminitis in horses during hospitalization for medical or surgical conditions. Early recognition of endotoxemia, or the potential for it to develop in certain disease states, and initiation of treatment directed at endotoxemia or its consequences may help prevent laminitis in horses during hospitalization.
Contribution of environmental mycobacteria to false-positive serum ELISA results for paratuberculosis
Authors: Osterstock Jason B. , Fosgate Geoffrey T. , Norby Bo , Manning Elizabeth J. B. , Collins Michael T. , Roussel Allen J. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the effect of exposure to environmental mycobacteria on results of 2 commercial ELISAs for paratuberculosis in cattle.
Design—Experimental trial.
Animals—19 weaned crossbred beef calves.
Procedures—Calves were inoculated SC with 1 of 5 mycobacterial isolates (3 calves/isolate) derived from herds with high proportions of false-positive serologic reactions for paratuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (MAP; positive control inoculum; 2 calves), or mineral oil (negative control inoculum; 2 calves). Sera were assessed at intervals by use of 2 ELISAs (A and B) for paratuberculosis in cattle, and all calves underwent tuberculosis testing at the end of the study.
Results—Neither mineral oil–inoculated calf had positive results with either ELISA during the study. Both MAP-inoculated calves were identified as seropositive via ELISA-A, and 1 calf was identified as seropositive via ELISA-B. By use of ELISA-A, ≥ 1 false-positive reaction over time was detected in 2, 3, 3, and 1 of the 3 calves injected with Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium intracellulare, Mycobacterium scrofulaceum, or Mycobacterium terrae, respectively. By use of ELISA-B, only M scrofulaceum induced false-positive reactions (2/3 calves). Calves that had at least 1 positive ELISA-A result were more likely to be classified as suspect reactors via the caudal fold tuberculosis test.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—False-positive serologic reactions may occur during use of commercially available ELISAs for paratuberculosis in calves experimentally exposed to environmental mycobacteria; naturally occurring exposures with these mycobacteria may represent a cause for high proportions of false-positive serologic reactions for paratu-berculosis in some cattle herds.
Coatings
Authors: Wicks, Zeno W. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe factors controlling performance of coatings are covered including film formation, flow, mechanical properties, exterior durability, adhesion and corrosion protection. Resins such as acrylics, acrylic and vinyl latexes, polyesters, amino resins, urethane resins, epoxy resin, drying oils, alkyd resins, silicon resins and derivatives, as well as a variety of more specialized resin are covered. Solvents are covered including, their properties, effect on film formation, performance of coatings, and regulatory guest ions are discussed. Pigments, color, gloss, the effect of pigments on film properties and performance are discussed. Solventborne and waterborne coatings, UV curable coatings, and powder coatings are covered with discussion of their relative advantages and disadvantages. Product coatings such as those for automobiles, containers, coil coating, coatings for wood, plastics, and glass are discussed. Architectural coatings including exterior house paint, interior flat paint, and gloss enamels are covered. Special‐purpose coatings such as those for maintenance, auto refinishing, aircraft and marine applications are covered. A large number of carefully selected references are given; they can supply more detailed information for persons who are interested.
Urethane Coatings
Authors: Wicks, Zeno W. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Reactions of isocyanates are reviewed. Several classes of urethane coatings are used. Two package (2K) urethane coatings have one component containing the polyisocyanate and the other with a coreactant such as a hydroxy‐functional acrylic resin and react fairly quickly even at moderately elevated temperature. 2K urea coatings dry very rapidly, for example, roofing coatings can be walked on seconds after application. Blocked isocyanate coatings have the advantage of excellent package stability but require high temperature curing an example of their use is in electrodeposition primers for automobiles, Moisture curable urethane are solutions of resins with terminal isocyanate groups after application they crosslink by reaction with water in the atmosphere. They are particularly useful in applications such as wood or concrete flooring, where excellent abrasion resistance is required. There are also several types of waterborne urethanes: polyurethane dispersions (PUDs) both thermoplastic and thermosetting. PUDs can be used with acrylic latexes to combine the advantages of each at lower cost than PUDs. There is an increasing market for hybrid PUDs in which acrylic monomers are polymerized in a PUD to make resins with excellent performance that are less costly than regular PUDs. Another important type is 2K waterborne urethane in which a polyisocyanate is mixed into an aqueous dispersion of a coreactant. They are used in applications such as clear coats for automobiles and finishes for wood kitchen cabinets. Most recently, UV curable waterborne coatings have become available. They have many advantages over convention UV curable coatings. Other applications of urethane technology are uralkyds (alkyds made using a diisocyanate instead of phthalic anhydride), hydroxy‐terminated urethane resins that are crosslinked with melamine‐formaldehyde resins, and “carbamate‐functional” acrylic resins where the carbamate groups are crosslinked with melamine‐formaldehyde resins.
Highly Branched Phosphorescent Dendrimers for Efficient Solution‐Processed Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Bera R. N. , Cumpstey N. , Burn P. L. , Samuel I. D. W. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIntermolecular interactions play a crucial role in the performance of organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). Here we report the photophysical and electroluminescence properties of a fac‐tris(2‐phenylpyridyl)iridium(III) cored dendrimer in which highly branched biphenyl dendrons are used to control the intermolecular interactions. The presence of fluorene surface groups improves the solubility and enhances the efficiency of photoluminescence, especially in the solid state. The emission peak of the dendrimer is around 530 nm with a PL quantum yield of 76 % in solution and 25 % in a film. The photophysical properties of this dendrimer are compared with a similar dendrimer with the same structure but without the fluorene surface groups. Dendrimer LEDs (DLEDs) are prepared using each dendrimer as a phosphorescent emitter blended in a 4,4′‐bis(N‐carbazolyl)biphenyl host. Device performance is improved significantly by the incorporation of an electron‐transporting layer of 1,3,5‐tris(2‐N‐phenylbenzimidazolyl)benzene. A peak external quantum efficiency of 10 % (38 Cd A–1) for the dendrimer without surface groups and 13 % (49.8 Cd A–1) for the dendrimer with fluorene surface groups is achieved in the bilayer LEDs.
The Fabrication, Fluorescence Dynamics, and Whispering Gallery Modes of Aluminosilicate Microtube Resonators
Authors: Rakovich Y. P. , Balakrishnan S. , Donegan J. F. , Perova T. S. , Moore R. A. , Gun'ko Y. K. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn this paper a novel technique for the production of aluminosilicate microtubes, which are shown to act as optical cylindrical microresonators, is described. The free‐standing microtubes are fabricated by using vacuum‐assisted wetting and filtration of silica gel through a microchannel glass matrix. The microtubes are studied using scanning electron microscopy, micro‐photoluminescence spectroscopy, and fluorescence lifetime imaging confocal microscopy. In the emission spectra of the microresonators we find very narrow periodic peaks corresponding to the whispering gallery modes of two orthogonal polarizations with quality factors up to 3200. A strong enhancement in photoluminescence decay rates at high excitation power demonstrates the occurrence of amplified spontaneous emission from a single microtube. These microtubes show a large evanescent field extending many micrometers beyond the tube radius. Applications for these novel microresonators will be in the areas of microlasers and microsensors and quantum information processing.
Porphyrin‐Based Molecular Rotors as Fluorescent Probes of Nanoscale Environments
Authors: Ghiggino K. P. , Hutchison J. A. , Langford S. J. , Latter M. J. , Lee M. A. P. , Lowenstern P. R. , Scholes C. , Takezaki M. , Wilman B. E. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe synthesis, characterization, and photophysical properties of a series of supramolecular triads consisting of a tin(IV) porphyrin with axial ligands of ortho‐, meta‐, and para‐hydroxyphenyl naphthalenediimides are presented. For the meta‐ and para‐hydroxyphenyl derivatives, efficient and solvent‐viscosity‐dependent quenching of porphyrin fluorescence is observed. Experimental and theoretical studies demonstrate that, in these compounds, photoinduced electron transfer from the phenolate to the porphyrin is modulated by large amplitude rotational motions of the naphthalenediimide. These compounds are novel examples of fluorescent molecular rotors, and their potential use as environmental probes of local viscosity and temperature are discussed.
Reversible Luminescent Gels Containing Metal Complexes
Authors: De Paoli G. , Džolic Z. , Rizzo F. , De Cola L. , Vögtle F. , Müller W. M. , Richardt G. , Žinic M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractGelators are compounds capable of solidifying various solvents and water. Organic gels, and in particular hydrogels, are interesting soft materials with many potential applications. In this paper the formation of luminescent gels in water and dimethylformamide as solvents is reported. The gels are prepared by using a carboxylate‐based aliphatic gelator (1) and a N,N′‐bis(O‐methyl‐TyrOH) oxalamide derivative (2). The gels are transparent, and form fiberlike structures in the presence of the red luminescent moiety, a EuIII hemicaged complex. The spectroscopic behavior of the complex is investigated in different solvents and when is entrapped in the gel. In order to probe the involvement of the chemical structure of the luminescent moiety in the gel network, a ruthenium complex, Ru(bpy)2(dppz)2+ (where bpy = 2,2′‐bipyridine and dppz = dipyrido[3,2‐a:2′,3′‐c]phenazine) has also been employed. The complex is in fact nonluminescent in water, while emitting when incorporated in the gel. Such “switching on” behavior is attributed to the incorporation of the complex into the lipophilic environment of gel fibers, where it is shielded from quenching by water molecules.
Depolarization Effects in Self‐Assembled Monolayers: A Quantum‐Chemical Insight
Authors: Cornil D. , Olivier Y. , Geskin V. , Cornil J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractMany recent experimental studies have demonstrated that the deposition of a self‐assembled monolayer (SAM) made of polar molecules on a metal surface can significantly modulate its work function and hence the barrier for hole and electron injection in optoelectronic devices. The permanent dipole moment associated with the backbone of the molecules plays a key role in defining the amplitude and direction of the work‐function shift. We illustrate here via quantum‐chemical calculations performed on model systems that the dipole moment of molecules is significantly reduced going from the isolated state to the SAM. Such depolarization effects that are most often neglected thus reduce the work‐function shift and have to be taken in account to control and understand charge‐injection barriers in devices at a quantitative level.
From Molecular Machines to Microscale Motility of Objects: Application as “Smart Materials”, Sensors, and Nanodevices
Authors: Willner I. , Basnar B. , Willner B. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractMachinelike operations are common functions in biological systems, and substantial recent research efforts are directed to mimic such processes at the molecular or nanoscale dimensions. The present Feature Article presents three complementary approaches to design machinelike operations: by the signal‐triggered mechanical shuttling of molecular components; by the signal‐triggering of chemical processes on surfaces, resulting in mechanical motion of micro/nanoscale objects; and by the fuel‐triggered motility of biomolecule–metal nanowire hybrid systems. The shuttling of molecular components on molecular wires assembled on surfaces in semirotaxane configurations using electrical or optical triggering signals is described. The control of the hydrophilic/hydrophobic surface properties through molecular shuttling or by molecular bending/stretching processes is presented. Stress generated on microelements, such as cantilevers, results in the mechanical deflection of the cantilever. The deposition of a redox‐active polyaniline film on a cantilever allows the reversible electrochemically induced deflection and retraction of the cantilever by the electrochemical oxidation or reduction of the polymer film, respectively. A micro‐robot consisting of the polypyrrole (PPy) polymer deposited on a multi‐addressable configuration of electrodes is described. Au magnetic core/shell nanoparticles are incorporated into a polyaniline film, and the conductivity of the composite polymer is controlled by an external magnet. Finally, the synthesis of a hybrid nanostructure consisting of two actin filaments tethered to the two ends of a Au nanowire is described. The adenosine triphosphate (ATP)‐fueled motility of the hybrid nanostructure on a myosin monolayer associated with a solid support is demonstrated.
Cover Picture: Nanovalves (Adv. Funct. Mater. 5/2007)
Authors: Saha S. , Leung K. C.‐F. , Nguyen T. D. , Stoddart J. F. , Zink J. I. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractInterlocked molecular and supramolecular actuators based on rotaxanes can act as gatekeepers at the entrances to nanopores in silica. Guest dye molecules can then be uploaded and released on demand. These molecular actuators, or nanovalves, reported on p. 685 by Fraser Stoddart, Jeffrey Zink, and co‐workers, can be operated by using a wide range of stimuli, and can be regarded as prototypes for highly controllable drug‐delivery systems.This article features both molecular and supramolecular chemistry involving: i) stimuli‐induced nanoscale movements within mechanically interlocked molecules; ii) the fabrication of mesoporous silica substrates; and iii) the integration of the mechanically interlocked molecular/supramolecular actuators to act as gatekeepers at the entrances to the silica nanopores into which guest dye molecules can be uploaded and released on demand from the mesoporous silica substrates. The supramolecular actuators are based on two [2]pseudorotaxanes—that is, 1:1 complexes that can be dissociated by external inputs, such as acid/base cycles, electrons, and light. The molecular actuators are based on bistable [2]rotaxanes and can be operated mechanically by using either redox chemistry or electrochemistry. After these pseudorotaxanes and bistable rotaxanes have been attached covalently to the orifices of the silica nanopores, stimuli‐controlled mechanical movements within these mechanically interlocked molecules can be harnessed to close and open the nanopores. Therefore, these mechanically interlocked molecules have been employed as nanovalves for controlled sequestering and release of guest dye molecules into and out of the mesoporous silica substrates. These actuators can be regarded as the prototypes of highly controllable drug‐delivery systems.
Modeling of freezing step during freeze‐drying of drugs in vials
Authors: Nakagawa Kyuya , Hottot Aurélie , Vessot Séverine , Andrieu Julien 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA mathematical model that simulates temperature profiles during freezing process of standard pharmaceutical formulations (mannitol and BSA based) was set up in two‐dimensional axsymmetric space, and the ice crystal mean sizes were semi empirically estimated from the resulting temperature profiles. Water vapor mass transfer permeability values during sublimation step were also estimated from ice phase morphological parameters. All these numerical data were compared with experimental data, and a quite good agreement was observed that confirmed the adequacy of the present model calculations. It was confirmed that, for a given formulation, the mass transfer parameters during freeze‐drying were strongly dependent on morphological textural parameters, and consequently, on the nucleation temperatures that fix the ice phase morphology. The influence of freezing rate was also predicted from the simulations, proving that an increase of cooling rates led to slower primary drying rates. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
An oligonucleotide based array‐CGH system for detection of genome wide copy number changes including subtelomeric regions for genetic evaluation of mental retardation
Authors: Toruner Gokce A. , Streck Deanna L. , Schwalb Marvin N. , Dermody James J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractDevelopmental delay (DD) and mental retardation (MR) are important child heath issues with a one percent prevalence. Karyotyping with or without subtelomeric FISH (fluorescent in situ hybridization), unless the phenotype of the patient suggests a specific aberration for a specific FISH assay, is the most common procedure in cytogenetic evaluation of MR/DD. In addition, there are several platforms utilizing microarray based comparative genomic hybridization technology (array‐CGH) for genetic testing. Array‐CGH can detect deletions or duplications in very small segments of chromosomes and the use of this technology is expected to increase the diagnostic yield. The major limitation of the current BAC based array technologies is the low resolution (∼1 Mb) of the chip and suboptimal coverage particularly in the subtelomeric regions. Our aim was to design a novel array‐CGH chip with high‐density of probes in the subtelomeric regions as well as to maintain sufficient density in other regions of the genome to provide comprehensive coverage for DD/MR. For this purpose, we used Human Genome CGH Microarray 44B chip (Agilent) as the template for the novel design. Using e‐array 4.0 (Agilent), one third of the probes were randomly removed from the array and replaced by 14,000 subtelomeric probes. The average density of the probe coverage is 125 kb and 250–400 probes interrogate subtelomeric regions. To evaluate the array, we tested 15 samples (including subtelomeric aberrations and other microdeletion syndromes), which were previously analyzed by karyotyping and/or FISH. The concordance rate between array results and previous results is 100%. In addition we detected two novel aberrations that were not detected by karyotyping. These results demonstrate the utility of this format of array‐CGH in detecting genome wide submicroscopic copy number changes as well as providing comprehensive coverage of all subteleomeric regions. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Novel oral findings in Schimmelpenning syndrome
Authors: Ernst Linda M. , Quinn Peter D. , Alawi Faizan 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe report a patient with Schimmelpenning syndrome with two previously unreported oral manifestations: multiple pigmented malformed teeth and an adenomatoid odontogenic tumor of the anterior mandible. Also found were multiple complex odontomas, bilateral maxillary fibro‐osseous lesions and recurrent central giant cell granulomas of the jaws. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Risk factors for poor bone health in adolescents and adults with CHARGE syndrome
Authors: Forward Karen E. , Cummings Elizabeth A. , Blake Kim D. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractCHARGE syndrome, is associated with genital hypoplasia, feeding difficulties and delayed puberty. In this study we examined the prevalence of risk factors for poor bone health in adolescents and adults with CHARGE. Questionnaires assessing fracture history, dietary intake of calcium and vitamin D, pubertal status and activity level using the Habitual Activity Estimation Scale (HAES) were completed by caregivers. Control data were collected for the HAES. When available, reports from dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DEXA) were obtained. Thirty individuals with CHARGE syndrome (n = 15 males; n = 15 females; age range 13 to 34 years; mean age 19.6 years) were recruited. Traumatic bony fractures were identified in 30% of the population. The recommended nutritional intake (RNI) for calcium and vitamin D were not met by 41% and 87% of the population, respectively, and 53% required past tube feeding. Delayed puberty was experienced by 87% with only 4 individuals (2 female, 2 males) having experienced normal puberty. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) was taken by 33% of females and 60% of males. According to the HAES, adolescents with CHARGE syndrome (13–18 years) were significantly less active than controls. Individuals with CHARGE syndrome age 19 and older were also less active than controls, although this difference was not significant. DEXA scan data was obtained, however, due to small sample size (n = 10) and confounding variables (i.e., short stature, pubertal stage, height, weight), it was difficult to draw meaningful conclusions. Feeding difficulties, inactivity and hypogonadism are predisposing factors for the development of poor bone health among individuals with CHARGE syndrome. Education is necessary to raise awareness regarding the importance of HRT, proper nutrition and weight‐bearing activity for healthy bone development and maintenance in individuals with CHARGE syndrome. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.