bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molecular characterisation of SALMFamide neuropeptides in sea urchins
Authors: Elphick Maurice R. , Thorndyke Michael C. 
Published: November 2005

SUMMARY
The SALMFamides are a family of neuropeptides found in species belonging to the phylum Echinodermata. Members of this family have been identified in starfish (class Asteroidea) and in sea cucumbers (class Holothuroidea) but not in other echinoderms. Our aim here was to characterise SALMFamide neuropeptides in sea urchins (class Echinoidea). Radioimmunoassays for the starfish SALMFamides S1 and S2 were used to test for related peptides in whole-body acetone extracts of the sea urchin Echinus esculentus. Fractionation of extracts using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)revealed several peaks of SALMFamide-like immunoreactivity, with two S2-like immunoreactive peaks (3 and 4) being the most prominent. However, peak 4 could not be purified to homogeneity and although peak 3 was purified, only a partial sequence (MRYH) could be obtained.
An alternative strategy for identification of echinoid SALMFamides was provided by sequencing the genome of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Analysis of whole-genome shotgun sequence data using the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) identified a contig (347664) that contains a coding region for seven putative SALMFamide neuropeptides(PPVTTRSKFTFamide, DAYSAFSFamide, GMSAFSFamide, AQPSFAFamide, GLMPSFAFamide,PHGGSAFVFamide and GDLAFAFamide), which we have named SpurS1-SpurS7,respectively. Three of these peptides (SpurS1-3) have the C-terminal sequences TFamide or SFamide, which are identical or similar to the C-terminal region of the starfish SALMFamide S2. This may explain the occurrence of several S2-like immunoreactive peptides in extracts of Echinus esculentus.
Detailed analysis of the sequence of contig 347664 indicated that the SALMFamide gene in Strongylocentrotus purpuratus comprises two exons,with the first exon encoding a signal peptide sequence and the second exon encoding SpurS1-SpurS7. Characterisation of this gene is important because it is the first echinoderm neuropeptide precursor sequence to be identified and,more specifically, it provides our first insight into the structure and organisation of a SALMFamide gene in an echinoderm. In particular, it has revealed a hitherto unknown complexity in the diversity of SALMFamide neuropeptides that may occur in an echinoderm species because all previous studies, which relied on peptide purification and sequencing, revealed only two SALMFamide neuropeptides in each species examined. It now remains to be established whether or not the occurrence of more than two SALMFamides in Strongylocentrotus purpuratus is a feature that is peculiar to this species and to echinoids in general or is more widespread across the phylum Echinodermata. Identification of SpurS1-SpurS7 provides the basis for comparative analysis of the physiological actions of these peptides in sea urchins and for exploitation of the sea urchin genome sequence to identify the receptor(s) that mediate effects of SALMFamides in echinoderms.
Respiratory and acid–base responses during migration and to exercise by the terrestrial crabDiscoplax (Cardisoma) hirtipes, with regard to season, humidity and behaviour
Authors: Morris Steve 
Published: November 2005

SUMMARYThe terrestrial crab Discoplax hirtipes (formerly Cardisoma hirtipes) exhibits a seasonally dichotomous activity pattern governed by the seasonal rainfall on Christmas Island, with a breeding migration in the wet season. Greater activity in the wet season reflects a release of constraints on ion and water balance independent of changes in exercise physiology. The respiratory responses to walking exercise by D. hirtipes were assessed with regard to humidity and season. In the laboratory, crabs walked 38% faster when humidity was high, while the O2 uptake across the lung became diffusion limited despite a Ca2+-induced increase in O2 affinity of the haemocyanin. Crabs walking in 90% relative humidity exhibited a larger metabolic acidosis while re-oxidation of l-lactate was only 0.49 mmol l–1 h–1. The wet-season crabs were more active and exhibited a respiratory acidosis compared with the quiescent dry-season crabs. The migration was close to the limit of the aerobic scope of the crabs, and the pulmonary oxygen partial pressure(PO2) was depressed, the O2 uptake diffusion limited and the arterial–venous PO2 difference diminished. Additional, enforced exercise induced a metabolic acidosis. The optimum strategy for migration would be walking continuously but at a speed within the aerobic scope. D. hirtipes is influenced by seasonal rain and responds to lower ambient humidity by limiting exercise. The behavioural response is paramount since the changes in respiratory status were determined primarily by the differences in commitment to, and investment in, walking and not by direct effects of humidity on respiratory physiology.
Gamma radiolysis studies of uranyl fluoride
Authors: Icenhour A. S. , Toth L. M. , Del Cul G. D. , Miller L. F. 
Published: November 2005

Summary
The safe handling and storage of radioactive materials require an understanding of the effects of radiolysis on those materials. Radiolysis may result in the production of gases (e.g., corrosives) or pressures that are deleterious to storage containers. A study has been performed to address these concerns as they relate to the radiolysis of residual fluoride compounds in uranium oxides. Samples of UO2F2·xH2O and U3O8 (with ∼1.4 wt.% fluorine content) were irradiated in a 60Co source and in spent nuclear fuel (SNF) elements from the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Container pressures were monitored throughout the irradiations, and gas and solid samples were analyzed after the irradiations. The irradiation of UO2F2·xH2O produced O2 – with G(O
2)-values ranging from 0.007 to 0.03 molecules of O2 produced per 100 eV. Neither F2 nor HF was produced by the irradiations. Chemical analyses of solid samples showed that some of the uranium was reduced from U(VI) to U(IV). A saturation damage limit for the UO2F2·xH2O was demonstrated by using the HFIR SNF elements, and the limit was found to be 7–9% at ∼108 rad/h). It is shown that the covalently bonded oxygen is more susceptible to radiation damage than is the ionically bonded fluorine. Irradiation of U3O8 (with ∼1.4 wt.% fluorine content) resulted in neither gas production nor a pressure increase. These experiments led to the conclusion that during long-term storage U3O8 is safe from overpressurization and the production of corrosives caused by gamma radiolysis of residual fluorides.
Measurement of fission neutron spectrum averaged cross sections of some threshold reactions on europium: small scale production of no-carrier-added153Sm in a nuclear reactor
Authors: Fatima I. , Zaidi Jamshed H. , Ahmad Shujaat , Subhani M. S. 
Published: November 2005

SummaryEmploying the activation technique in combination with radiochemical separations and high-resolution γ-ray spectroscopy fission neutron spectrum averaged cross sections were measured for several (n, 2n), (n, p) and (n, α) reactions on isotopes of europium. Our measurements constitute the first systematic studies. Of special interest was the investigation of153Eu(n, p)153Sm reaction for the production of no-carrier-added153Sm in a nuclear reactor. Using 100% enriched153Eu target, 97.21 MBq153Sm per batch can be produced which is, however, not sufficient for medical application.
Reduction of Shp-2 Expression by Small Interfering RNA Reduces Murine Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived In Vitro Hematopoietic Differentiation
Authors: Zou Gang-Ming , Chan Rebecca J. , Shelley W. Christopher , Yoder Mervin C. 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
Shp-2 is a member of a small family of cytoplasmic Src homology 2 (SH2) domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatases. Although Shp-2 has been shown to be necessary for hematopoiesis using a mouse model expressing a mutant residual protein (Shp-2Δ/Δ), we used small interfering RNA (siRNA) to reduce Shp-2 expression and examined the consequences on embryonic stem cell (ESC)-derived hemangioblast, primitive, and definitive hematopoietic development. We found that at a concentration of 50 nM, Shp-2 siRNA effectively diminished Shp-2 expression in differentiating embryoid bodies. Hemangioblast, primitive, and definitive hematopoietic progenitor formation was decreased significantly after transfection with Shp-2 siRNA but not with scrambled siRNA. Because Shp-2 is involved in signals emanating from the basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) receptor, we asked whether Shp-2 functions in bFGF-mediated hemangioblast development. Reduction of Shp-2 expression using siRNA, but not scrambled siRNA, blocked the bFGF-induced increase in hemangioblast development. Using siRNA as an independent method of reducing Shp-2 function, in contrast to the mutant mouse model (Shp-2Δ/Δ) previously used, we demonstrate that Shp-2 is required in hemangioblast, primitive, and definitive progenitor hematopoietic development and that Shp-2 is integrally necessary for bFGF-mediated hemangioblast production.
Gene-Expression Profiling and the Future of Adjuvant Therapy
Authors: Vijver Marc 
Published: November 2005

Abstract

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to:Explain how clinical experience influences treatment selection and how this is likely to be refined by molecular diagnosis in the future.Describe the potential of gene profiling in personalized cancer medicine.Discuss some of the limitations of clinical medicine as it relates to the rapid application of gene-expression profiling.
Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 hour of AMA PRA category 1 credit at CME.TheOncologist.com
Gene-expression profiling can help distinguish between patients at high risk and those at low risk for developing distant metastases, and so identify patients for adjuvant therapy. For several years, the Netherlands Cancer Institute has been working on gene-expression profiling of breast cancer using a microarray platform containing 25,000 genes. Using supervised classification, a prognostic classifier consisting of 70 genes could be identified. In addition to providing prognostic information, gene profiling should also enable us to detect patients who are likely to respond to particular adjuvant interventions. Well-known predictors for response to systemic therapy include estrogen receptor status HER-2 status, c-kit mutation, and epidermal growth factor receptor mutation. Because of the long periods required for predicting responsiveness in the adjuvant setting, neoadjuvant trials promise far quicker results. Several neoadjuvant studies are under way or planned to investigate gene-expression profiling as a means of predicting the therapeutic response to doce taxel (Taxotere®; Aventis Pharmaceuticals Inc., Bridgewater, NJ, http://www.aventispharma-us.com), paclitaxel (Taxol®; Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, http://www.bms.com), cyclophosphamide, and doxorubicin (Adriamycin®; Bedford Laboratories, Bedford, OH, http://www.bedfordlabs.com) in breast cancer patients. It is expected that in the coming years an increasing number of novel prognostic and predictive tests will help in guiding the adjuvant systemic treatment of breast cancer and other malignancies.
Can We Approach Zero Relapse in Breast Cancer?
Authors: Mamounas Eleftherios P. 
Published: November 2005

Abstract

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to:Discuss the factor most likely to contribute to further decreases in breast cancer mortality.Describe the achievments made in the adjuvant treatment of node-negative and node-positive breast cancer.Explain the evolving role of targeted therapies and genomics in breast cancer.
Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 hour of AMA PRA category 1 credit at CME.TheOncologist.com
Adjuvant hormonal therapy and adjuvant chemotherapy have contributed significantly to the falling rates of breast cancer mortality. The introduction of taxanes and aromatase inhibitors in the adjuvant setting represents recent important improvements. More recently, the demonstration of significant benefit in the adjuvant setting with novel molecular targeted therapies (such as trastuzumab [Herceptin®; Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, http://www.gene.com]) is already beginning to have a substantial impact on the adjuvant treatment of patients with certain tumor characteristics (i.e., HER-2 positivity). Neoadjuvant treatment represents an approach that offers an intermediate end point (i.e., pathologic complete response) that can be used as a marker of therapeutic activity. Furthermore, the use of genomic profiling is starting to replace the traditional prognostic and predictive factors currently used to estimate risks for recurrence and response to particular adjuvant therapies. These recent developments have demonstrated that the notion of approaching zero relapse in breast cancer patients is now within our reach.
Nickel Compounds
Authors: Lascelles Keith , Morgan Lindsay G. , Nicholls David , Beyersmann Detmar 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Inorganic Nickel Compounds3.Nickel Tetracarbonyl4.Nickel Salts of Organic Acids5.Organonickel Compounds6.Analysis7.Economic Aspects8.Toxicology8.1.Distribution in the Environment8.2.Mammalian Toxicology
Palladium‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling of Alkynylzincs with Allylic Electrophiles: An Efficient and Selective Synthesis of Stereo‐ and Regio‐Defined 1,4‐Enynes.
Authors: Qian Mingxing , Negishi Ei‐ichi 
Published: November 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Importance of Chiral Phase‐Transfer Catalysts with Dual Functions in Obtaining High Enantioselectivity in the Michael Reaction of Malonates and Chalcone Derivatives.
Authors: Ooi Takashi , Ohara Daisuke , Fukumoto Kazuhiro , Maruoka Keiji 
Published: November 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Fused or Not β‐Lactam‐biaryl Hybrids by Free Radical Aryl—Aryl Coupling of 2‐Azetidinone‐tethered Haloarenes.
Authors: Alcaide Benito , Almendros Pedro , Pardo Carmen , Rodriguez‐Vicente Alberto , Ruiz M. Pilar 
Published: November 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Anticancer Activity Studies on Some 2‐Chloro‐1,4‐bis‐ (5‐substituted‐1,3,4‐oxadiazol‐2‐ylmethyleneoxy)phenylene Derivatives.
Authors: Holla B. Shivarama , Poojary K. Narayana , Bhat K. Subrahmanya , Ashok Mithun , Poojary Boja 
Published: November 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Catalytic C—C Coupling Reactions at Nickel by C—F Activation of a Pyrimidine in the Presence of a C—Cl Bond: The Crucial Role of Highly Reactive Fluoro Complexes.
Authors: Steffen Andreas , Sladek Marianna I. , Braun Thomas , Neumann Beate , Stammler Hans‐George 
Published: November 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Biological Activity of N′‐(Substituted pyrimidin‐2‐yl)‐N‐dichlorochrysanthemoyl Thioureas and Their Fused Heterocyclic Compounds.
Authors: Xue Sijia , Guo Yanling , Li Jingzhi , Ke Shaoyong , Duan Liping 
Published: November 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
New 7‐Phosphanorbornenes Derived from 2‐Methyl‐1‐phenyl‐ and 1‐Cyclohexyl‐3‐methyl‐2,5‐dihydro‐1H‐phosphole 1‐Oxides.
Authors: Kovacs Janos , Balazsdi Szabo Nora , Nagy Zoltan , Ludanyi Krisztina , Keglevich Gyoergy 
Published: November 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A New Route to Methyl (R,E)‐(‐)‐Tetradeca‐2,4,5‐trienoate (VIII) (Pheromone of Acanthoscelides obtectus) Utilizing a Palladium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Allene Formation Reaction.
Authors: Ogasawara Masamichi , Nagano Takashi , Hayashi Tamio 
Published: November 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Microwave‐Assisted Paal–Knorr Reaction – Three‐Step Regiocontrolled Synthesis of Polysubstituted Furans, Pyrroles and Thiophenes
Authors: Minetto Giacomo , Raveglia Luca F. , Sega Alessandro , Taddei Maurizio 
Published: November 2005

AbstractAn efficient and highly versatile synthesis of furans, pyrroles and thiophenes is described. Starting from commercially available or easily prepared β‐keto esters, functional homologation provides differently substituted 1,4‐diketones that can be transformed, through a microwave‐assisted Paal–Knorr condensation, into the corresponding methoxycarbonyl heterocycles. The methoxycarbonyl moiety can be directly transformed into an NH2 group by hydrolysis to carboxylic acid and Curtius rearrangement or into an amide by reaction with a primary amine in the presence of Me3Al. The method is compatible with the presence of a CbzNH group so that the final heterocycle can be inserted into a peptide sequence as a turn inducer. By using this procedure, a collection of more than 60 different tetrasubstitued pyrroles or trisubstituted thiophenes has been prepared. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
The Ligand‐Exchange Process of P–Hapical Phosphoranes and the Thermal Formation and Pseudorotation of Anti‐Apicophilic Spirophosphoranes
Authors: Kojima Satoshi , Kajiyama Kazumasa , Nakamoto Masaaki , Matsukawa Shiro , Akiba Kin‐ya 
Published: November 2005

AbstractMonocyclic P–Hapical phosphoranes 10 bearing a ring‐opened Martin ligand are formed upon treatment of the P–Hequatorial spirophosphorane 7 with more than 2 equiv. of alkyllithium compounds. A ligand‐exchange process of these phosphoranes 10 involving the interconversion of the bidentate Martin ligand with the monodentate Martin ligand was found to proceed, probably through a hexacoordinate phosphorus atom. Heating of 10 in nondonating solvents furnished alkylspirophosphoranes 5, whereas heating of 10 in donor solvents led to the formation of anti‐apicophilic phosphoranes 6, a new class of phosphoranes in which the less apicophilic carbon substituent occupies an apical position and the more apicophilic oxygen atom occupies an equatorial position. These phosphoranes 6 were found to completely convert into their energetically more stable Cequatorial,Oapical stereoisomers 5 upon heating. On the basis of kinetic examinations of the cyclization process of 10, the formation of 6 can be rationalized by the enhanced nucleophilicity of the hydroxy group in the donor solvents. The isomer 5b was estimated to be more stable than 6b (R = nBu) by 12 kcal mol–1 from kinetic studies on the pseudorotation of 6b to 5b. This is in good agreement with theoretical calculations with analogous 5a and 6a (R = Me), which estimate the difference in energy to be 14.1 kcal mol–1. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
The calculation of incompressible separated turbulent boundary layers
Authors: Kogan A. , Migemi S. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe algebraic turbulent model of Baldwin and Lomax was incorporated into the incompressible full Navier–Stokes code FIDAP. This model was extensively tested in the past in finite difference codes. We believe that the incorporation of the model also into the finite element code has resulted in a practical method to compute a variety of separated turbulent 2D flows. Firstly, we use the model to compute the attached flow about an aerofoil. Next, the application of the model to separated flows is presented by computing the flows at high angles of attack up to maximum lift. It is shown that the model is capable of predicting separation, steady stall and CLmax. As a difficult test of the model we compute the laminar separation bubble development directly using the full Navier–Stokes finite element code. As far as we know, this approach has not yet been reported. The importance of using an appropriate upwinding is discussed. When possible, comparison of computed results with experiments is presented and the agreement is good.
Upwind discretization of the steady Navier–Stokes equations
Authors: Koren Barry 
Published: November 2005

AbstractA discretization method is presented for the full, steady, compressible Navier–Stokes equations. The method makes use of quadrilateral finite volumes and consists of an upwind discretization of the convective part and a central discretization of the diffusive part. In the present paper the emphasis lies on the discretization of the convective part. The solution method applied solves the steady equations directly by means of a non‐linear relaxation method accelerated by multigrid. The solution method requires the discretization to be continuously differentiable. For two upwind schemes which satisfy this requirement (Osher's and van Leer's scheme), results of a quantitative error analysis are presented. Osher's scheme appears to be increasingly more accurate than van Leer's scheme with increasing Reynolds number. A suitable higher‐order accurate discretization of the convection terms is derived. On the basis of this higher‐order scheme, to preserve monotonicity, a new limiter is constructed. Numerical results are presented for a subsonic flat plate flow and a supersonic flat plate flow with oblique shock wave–boundary layer interaction. The results obtained agree with the predictions made. Useful properties of the discretization method are that it allows an easy check of false diffusion and that it needs no tuning of parameters.
Convergence studies with the Sandia Ocean modeling system
Authors: Dietrich David E. , Roache Patrick J. , Marietta Mel G. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractFive numerical schemes are compared using convergence studies in the framework of the hydrostatic Sandia Ocean Modeling System (SOMS). Three resolutions are used, 40, 20 and 10 km, with respectively three, seven and 15 layers and time steps of 60, 30 and 15 min, so 15 convergence calculations are performed. The same geophysical prototype problem (exhibiting baroclinic instability in a statically stable environment) is used for all calculations.All five schemes are second‐order‐accurate in space, but those using four‐point interpolations for the Coriolis and pressure gradient terms are shown to produce much more accurate results, with relatively little extra computation, than schemes using two‐point interpolations.Convergence is also indicated with decreasing horizontal diffusivities of 107, 106, and 105 cm2s−1. Using 107 cm2s−1 diffusivities causes substantial damping of the dominant instabilities during the 30‐day integrations performed, but using 106 cm2 s−1 results in little damping and yields results very close to those using 105 cm2 s−1.A barotropic (vertically averaged flow) cyclonic northern basin gyre is explained as a weakly forced circulation. Its equilibrium amplitude is determined by a balance between dissipation effects due to horizontal mixing and diffusion, and weak second‐order driving associated with thermodynamic forcing and vorticity dissipation at the basin bottom. It is thus quite sensitive to model dissipation but can be well described by SOMS owing to SOMS' low numerical dissipation.