bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Virological outcomes in patients infected chronically with hepatitis B virus genotype A in comparison with genotypes B and C
Authors: Kobayashi Mariko , Akuta Norio , Suzuki Fumitaka , Suzuki Yoshiyuki , Arase Yasuji , Ikeda Kenji , Hosaka Tetsuya , Saitoh Satoshi , Kobayashi Masahiro , Someya Takashi , Sato Junko , Watabiki Sachiyo , Miyakawa Yuzo , Kumada Hiromitsu 
Published: November 2005

AbstractIn a single hospital in Tokyo, the 87 patients infected persistently with hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype A, the 413 with B, and the 3,389 with C were compared for virological outcome. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was cleared from the serum in 12% (3/26), 2% (2/112), and 3% (23/826) of patients with genotypes A, B, and C, respectively, at 5 years of follow‐up (P = 0.0395). Hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) was cleared from serum more frequently in patients with genotype B than those with A or C (78% [32/41] vs. 58% [11/19] or 45% [251/562], P = 0.00001) at 5 years. Of the 45 individuals infected with genotype A and followed for 3 years or longer, HBeAg was more frequent (16% [3/19] vs. 73% [19/26], P = 0.0002) and levels of HBV DNA higher (median <2.6 [range: <2.6–5.6] vs. >7.6 [<2.6–>7.6] log copies/ml, P = 0.001) in the 26 patients with biopsy‐proven chronic hepatitis than the 19 asymptomatic carriers. Among the 26 hepatitis patients infected with HBV genotype A, decreases in HBV DNA were less frequent (20% [1/5] vs. 93% [13/14] or 86% [6/7], P = 0.0095) and increases in serum levels of hyaluronic acid ≥10 ng/ml commoner (80% [4/5] vs. 14% [2/14] or 14% [1/7], P = 0.017) in the patients who kept HBeAg than in those who seroconverted or who remained HBeAg‐negative. In conclusion, patients persistently infected with HBV genotype A fare better than those with genotype B or C. However, high levels of HBV DNA continue in those in whom HBeAg persists along with fibrosis in the liver. J. Med. Virol. 78:60–67, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, inc.
Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis epidemic caused by coxsackievirus A24 variants in Korea during 2002–2003
Authors: Park Kwisung , Lee Kangbum , Lee Jiwon , Yeo Sanggu , Lee Sunhwa , Cheon Doo‐sung , Choi Wooyoung , Ahn Jungbae , Kim Sunghan , Jee Youngmee 
Published: November 2005

AbstractA variant of coxsackievirus A24 (CA24v) is one of the agents causing acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis. There was an epidemic of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis caused by CA24v in Korea from 2002 to 2003. Seventy‐one strains of CA24v were isolated from 159 conjunctival specimens (45%). Most of the patients were school children under the age of 20. The epidemic began in the first week of August in 2002, and spread extensively, with a peak in the third week of September. CA24v strains were also isolated from conjunctival specimens in 2003. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) was performed and sequencing of the 340 bp fragment of the VP1 region of the viruses. Sequencing data were multiple‐aligned using CLUSTAL W (version 1.81). Phylogenetic trees were plotted using TreeView (version 1.6.6). Homologies ranged from 97.7%–100%, depending on geographical regions: from 99.4%–100% in 2002 and 98.4%–100% in 2003. A phylogenetic tree based on the nucleotide sequence homologies formed clusters depending on years rather than on geographical regions. Identities (98%–100%) were found among the Korean CA24v strains, and there was 85%–90% homology between these and the prototype strain. J. Med. Virol. 78:91–97, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, inc.
Enterovirus meningitis in Brazil, 1998–2003
Authors: dos Santos Gina P.L. , Skraba Irene , Oliveira Denise , Lima Ana A.F. , de Melo Maria Mabel M. , Kmetzsch Claudete I. , da Costa Eliane V. , da Silva Edson E. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractAcute viral infections of the central nervous system (CNS) such as acute flaccid paralysis, meningitis, and encephalitis, are responsible for a high morbidity, particularly in children. Non‐Polio enteroviruses (NPEV) are known to be responsible for over 80% of viral meningitis in which the etiologic agent is identified. In the present study, we show the frequency of enterovirus meningitis in Brazil from December 1998 to December 2003. Enterovirus were isolated from 162 (15.8%), of a total of 1,022 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens analyzed. Echovirus 30 was identified in 139 of these isolates (139/162–85.2%). Other identified enteroviruses were: Coxsackievirus B5 (3.7%), Echovirus 13 (3.7%), Echovirus 18 (3%), Echovirus 6 (1.2%), Echovirus 25 (1.2%), Echovirus 1 (0.6%), and Echovirus 4 (0.6%). Patients's age ranged from 28 days to 68 years old. The most frequent symptoms were fever (77%), headache (69.5%), vomiting (71.3%), neck stiffness (41.3%), convulsion (7.1%), and diarrhea (3.7%). Although, the majority of the patients recovered without any complication or permanent squeal, five deaths occurred. Throughout the surveillance period, five viral meningitis outbreaks were confirmed: four in the Southern Brazil and one in the Northeast Brazil. Echovirus 30 was responsible for four out of the five outbreaks while Echovirus 13 caused the fifth one. Besides the outbreaks, 734 sporadic cases were also identified during the study period and 59 of these were positive for virus isolation (8%). Echovirus 30 accounted for 70% of the isolates. Our results showed that Echovirus 30 was the most prevalent etiological agent of viral meningitis in Brazil, causing both outbreaks and sporadic cases. J. Med. Virol. 78:98–104, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, inc.
Seroepidemiology of hepatitis A, B, C, and E viruses infection among preschool children in Taiwan
Authors: Lin Jye‐Bin , Lin Ding‐Bang , Chen Shiuan‐Chih , Chen Pao‐San , Chen Wen‐Kang 
Published: November 2005

AbstractTaiwan was a hyperendemic area for hepatitis A and B viruses (HAV and HBV) infection before late 1980s. To study the seroprevalence of hepatitis A, B, C, and E viruses (HCV and HEV) infection among preschool children in Taiwan, a community‐based survey was carried out in 54 kindergartens in 10 urban areas, 10 rural areas, and 2 aboriginal areas randomly selected through stratified sampling. Serum specimens of 2,538 preschool children were screened for the hepatitis A, C, and E antibodies by a commercially available enzyme immunoassay and for HBV markers by radioimmunoassay methods. The multivariate‐adjusted odd ratios (OR) with their 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated through the multiple logistic regression analysis. Females had a statistically significantly higher HAV seroprevalence than males. The seroprevalence of HCV infection increased significantly with age. The larger the sibship size, the higher the seroprevalence of HBV infection. Aboriginal children had a significantly higher seroprevalence of HBV and HEV infection and lower seroprevalence of HCV infection than non‐aboriginal children. A significantly higher seroprevalence of HBV infection was found in rural children than urban children. There was no significant association between serostatus of HAV and HEV infection and between serostatus of HBV and HCV infection among preschool children in Taiwan. The poor environmental and hygienic conditions in the aboriginal areas might play a role in infection with HBV and HEV. J. Med. Virol. 78:18–23, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, inc.
Altered knee kinematics in ACL‐deficient non‐copers: A comparison using dynamic MRI
Authors: Barrance Peter J. , Williams Glenn N. , Snyder‐Mackler Lynn , Buchanan Thomas S. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractKinematics measured during a short arc quadriceps knee extension exercise were compared in the knees of functionally unstable ACL‐deficient patients, these patients' uninjured knees, and uninjured control subjects' knees. Cine phase contrast dynamic magnetic resonance imaging, in combination with a model‐based tracking algorithm developed by the authors, was used to measure tibiofemoral kinematics as the subjects performed the active, supine posture knee extension exercise in the terminal 30 degrees of motion. Two determinants of tibiofemoral motion were measured: anterior/posterior location of the tibia relative to the femur, and axial rotation of the tibia relative to the femur. We hypothesized that more anterior tibial positioning, as well as differences in axial tibial rotation patterns, would be observed in ACL‐deficient (ACL‐D) knees when compared to uninjured knees. Multifactor ANOVA analyses were used to determine the dependence of the kinematic variables on (i) side (injured vs. uninjured, matched by subject in the control group), (ii) flexion angle measured at five‐degree increments, and (iii) subject group (ACL‐injured vs. control). Statistically significant anterior translation and external tibial rotation (screw home motion) accompanying knee extension were found. The ACL‐D knees of the injured group exhibited significantly more anterior tibial positioning than the uninjured knees of these subjects (average difference over extension range = 3.4 ± 2.8 mm, p < 0.01 at all angles compared), as well as the matched knees of the control subjects. There was a significant effect of interaction between side and subject group on A/P tibial position. We did not find significant differences in external tibial rotation associated with ACL deficiency. The changes to active joint kinematics documented in this entirely noninvasive study may contribute to cartilage degradation in ACL‐D knees, and encourage more extensive investigations using similar methodology in the future. © 2005 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res
Composition and transport properties of human ankle and knee cartilage
Authors: Fetter Nicole L. , Leddy Holly A. , Guilak Farshid , Nunley James A. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe incidence of osteoarthritis is significantly higher in the knee as compared to the ankle, suggesting that differences in the properties of cartilage from these joints may contribute to the development of osteoarthritis. As an avascular tissue, articular cartilage depends primarily upon diffusion for molecular transport. The goal of this study was to determine if differences in the structure and composition between ankle and knee cartilage were also reflected as differences in solute transport properties. The diffusion coefficient and partition coefficient of a 70‐kDa dextran molecule were measured in human ankle and knee articular cartilage using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) and were compared to the proteoglycan, collagen, water, and DNA contents within each zone. The mean partition coefficient was significantly lower in the ankle compared to the knee (0.010 ± 0.002 vs. 0.022 ± 0.003, p < 0.01), but no differences in the diffusion coefficients were observed (34.6 ± 0.9 µm2s−1 vs. 35.4 ± 2.4 µm2s−1, p = 0.70). Ankle cartilage exhibited higher proteoglycan content as well as a trend toward lower water content, suggesting that ankle cartilage has a smaller effective pore size than knee cartilage. These findings suggest that differences in the composition of ankle and knee cartilage contribute to a difference in the partition coefficient. The results of this study provide further support for the hypothesis that the transport properties of cartilage may play a role in the differences in the incidence of osteoarthritis in these joints by altering the effective concentration of growth factors and cytokines to which chondrocytes are exposed. © 2005 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res
Differences in polymeric proteins among grains in spring wheat spikes
Authors: Andersson A , Oscarson P , Prieto‐Linde ML , Johansson E 
Published: November 2005

AbstractA uniform amount and size distribution of polymeric proteins within grains in a spike might determine the stability of wheat quality. Two cultivars were grown to maturity in solution culture in a climate chamber. Nitrogen (N) in the form of nitrate was added daily and replaced with 15N before harvest. Plants were harvested during grain development. Protein composition and relationships of labelled N in grains from different spikelets within the spike were determined. Higher percentages of large unextractable polymeric proteins (%‐LUPP) and total unextractable polymeric proteins (%‐TUPP) were found in the lower‐ and uppermost spikelets in the spike compared with the middle ones for cv. WL, but not for cv. Sport. Both cultivars showed variations in the percentage of large unextractable monomeric proteins (%‐LUMP) and total SDS‐extractable protein (Tote) in the spikelets within the spike. The amount of total SDS‐unextractable protein (Totu) did not vary for either of the cultivars. The spikelets within the spike showing high and low %‐LUMP and Tote at maturity showed a similar behaviour shortly after flowering in cv. WL, but not in cv. Sport. The N concentration of SDS and sonicated extracts varied along the spikelets of the spike for both cultivars. The atom‐% excess 15N decreased in cv. Sport SDS‐extractable and ‐unextractable proteins and cv. WL albumins + globulins, gliadins and glutenins from grains at different spikelet positions along the spike. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Diagnostic radiology and nuclear medicine
Authors: Castillo Ernesto , Lawler Leo P. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe diagnosis and accurate staging of esophageal adenocarcinoma remains one of the greatest challenges for non‐invasive imaging techniques. All modalities have limitations and require a rational application of combined tools in order to assess the extent of loco‐regional tumor and distant metastatic disease. The fundamental role remains defining organ‐confined disease and mapping non‐organ confined disease. Endoscopic ultrasound combined with multislice computed tomography (CT) is the mainstay of morphologic loco‐regional staging. In recent years, functional metabolic 2‐[fluorine‐18]fluoro‐2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose (FDG)–positron emission tomography (PET) has emerged as a particularly useful adjunct to detect occult metastatic disease, to predict response to neoadjuvant therapy and to document recurrent disease. The current imaging algorithm and new developments in imaging assessment will be reviewed. J. Surg. Oncol. 2005;92:191–202. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bangladesh: partnership or posture in aid for development?
Authors: Green Lara , Curtis Donald 
Published: November 2005

AbstractGovernment‐donor relations in Bangladesh are shaped by a history of donor dependence and reaction against it. Sustained growth, substantial social sector achievements and a growing proportion of the investment budget serviced from national resources now gives the government confidence and increasing room for manoeuvre. But many in Bangladesh see donor pressure for public sector reform as a sign of low government ownership and a loss of sovereignty in economic management. Donor policies can be seen as a result of ‘group think’ at the top level of agencies, leading to the perception that donors are ‘ganging up’ on the government. Each donor, at implementation level, tends to demand compliance, leaving little room for local interpretation of needs. On the government side the centre—perceiving itself to be weak and subject to sustained criticism—tries to keep a hold on funds and programmes, leaving little room for manoeuvre or discretion on the part of programme‐level officers. The resultant tension between the government and the donor community underlies aid management relationships and stands in contrast to the language of partnership that donors these days propose. This article reviews the concerns of Bangladesh government officials managing aid in regard to donor practices, particularly the difficulties that they perceive in donor conditionality; and donors' seemingly poor appreciation of the government's systems, priorities and limited capacity. Donor perspectives on the other hand are conditioned by the ever‐changing value imperatives of aid as well as the ever‐present need to disburse. Experience with the Local Consultative Group, a donor side initiative to build partnership, illustrates the theme. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aid management in Cambodia: breaking out of a low ownership trap
Authors: Hubbard Michael 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThree main observations are made in this article. First, aid administration costs are not regarded as a major problem by government aid recipients in Cambodia. Second, resource availability appears to be the underlying, pressing issue which may substantially determine skill retention, capacity and hence ownership in a government department. This is suggested by the greater ownership exhibited by well‐resourced government departments. Third, reform of aid management practices which focuses on improving continuity of resourcing (e.g. longer term commitments), and joint working with government are likely to be more important than attempts to reduce administrative costs of aid. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mozambique: the costs of ‘owning’ aid
Authors: Batley Richard 
Published: November 2005

AbstractMozambique has only recently emerged from a long civil war, the national political process remains uncertain and the government apparatus is weak. Since its origin as an independent state, the country has been heavily aid‐dependent, but the donor community has come to regard Mozambique as a positive case with a government that is receptive of new policies. In the name of increasing local ownership and of reducing the costs or burdens of dealing with multiple donors, most bilateral donors are seeking to channel more of their aid directly through government into sector and national budgets, instead of bypassing government through donor‐led projects. However, this article argues that the immediate effect may be neither to reduce the costs of aid nor to increase the ownership of government. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Why does aid management in Samoa succeed? a note
Authors: Delay Simon 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThis note is derived from a study of burdens imposed by aid management in three South Pacific islands; Fiji, Samoa and Vanuatu. It suggests that aid management in Samoa is unusually successful in the region owing to the involvement of high‐level leadership in aid coordination and the capacity and stability of key staff. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On twinning: the impact of naming an EU accession programme on the effective implementation of its projects
Authors: O'Connor Steven , Kowalski Robert 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe introduction of the Twinning instrument as its principal institution‐building mechanism in countries applying to join the European Union saw the appearance of a vocabulary very much at divergence with the language associated with other ‘Technical Assistance’ programmes. The arbitrary and connotational character of this heavily metaphorical terminology has differentiated Twinning from other programmes in the minds of those involved in the programme. At the same time, however, it has also resulted in a measure of ambiguity and confusion among project ‘partners’—principally over their roles and responsibilities. This problem could be overcome by targeting any one of the three points in Peirce's semiotic model: by changing the signs of twinning; by re‐attuning the users' interpretants; or by bringing the object, the Twinning programme itself, closer to how the signs of twinning are actually perceived and understood. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Human breast epithelial stem cells and their regulation
Authors: Kalirai Helen , Clarke Robert B 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThis review summarizes the current evidence for the existence of human breast stem cells and the pathways involved in their regulation, and discusses how the disruption of these pathways may result in the generation of a population of cells with the capacity for unlimited self‐renewal. Relevant data from mouse model systems are also discussed where appropriate. By understanding the molecular pathways that regulate self‐renewal of normal mammary stem cells, it may be possible to target the activation of these pathways in breast tumours. Copyright © 2005 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Deregulation of the hedgehog signalling pathway: a possible role for the PTCH and SUFU genes in human rhabdomyoma and rhabdomyosarcoma development
Authors: Tostar Ulrica , Malm Carl Johan , Meis‐Kindblom Jeanne M , Kindblom Lars‐Gunnar , Toftgård Rune , Undén Anne Birgitte 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe naevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS) is caused by mutations in the hedgehog receptor PTCH gene. It is characterized by developmental defects and a predisposition to the development of certain tumours, such as basal cell carcinoma, medulloblastoma and meningioma, and potentially fetal rhabdomyomas and embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas. This study aimed to analyse PTCH status in an NBCCS patient with fetal rhabdomyoma and to investigate whether deregulation of hedgehog signalling, as shown by altered expression of hedgehog pathway components and/or genetic imbalances, is a general finding in sporadic rhabdomyomas and rhabdomyosarcomas. The NBCCS patient had a novel PTCH germ‐line mutation, 1370insT, and developed a fetal rhabdomyoma that harboured a 30 bp in‐frame deletion in the second allele resulting in homozygous inactivation of PTCH. Sporadic rhabdomyomas and rhabdomyosarcomas showed overexpression of PTCH (43/43) and GLI1 (41/43) mRNA, as determined by in situ hybridization, indicating ongoing active hedgehog signalling. Immunohistochemical staining revealed a subgroup of fetal rhabdomyomas and embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas (12/34) lacking PTCH immunoreactivity. Four of nine informative fetal rhabdomyomas and embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas showed loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in the PTCH region with two of these (one fetal rhabdomyoma and one embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma) also showing LOH in the SUFU region. These findings suggest that haploinsufficiency for the two tumour suppressor genes PTCH and SUFU, which are both active in the same signalling pathway, may be important for tumour development. Based on our results we propose that the pathogenesis of rhabdomyoblastic tumours, particularly fetal rhabdomyomas and embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas, involves deregulation of the hedgehog signalling pathway. Copyright © 2005 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.