bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inter‐rater agreement of assessed prenatal maternal occupational exposures to lead
Authors: Correa Adolfo , Min Yuan‐I , Stewart Patricia Ann , Lees Peter S. J. , Breysse Patrick , Dosemeci Mustafa , Jackson Leila W. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractBACKGROUND: Industrial hygienists' assessments of prenatal occupational exposures based on parental job histories is a promising approach for population‐based case‐control studies of birth defects and other perinatal outcomes. However, evaluations of inter‐rater agreement of such assessments have been limited. METHODS: We examined inter‐rater agreement of occupational lead exposure assessments of maternal job reports by industrial hygienists in a population‐based case‐control study of parental occupational lead exposure and low birth weight. A total of 178 jobs with potential exposure to lead during the 6 months before pregnancy to the end of pregnancy were examined. Three industrial hygienists evaluated these jobs independently for exposure to lead including probability of exposure, type of exposure, route of entry, exposure frequency, duration, and intensity. Inter‐rater agreement of these assessments beyond chance was evaluated using the kappa statistic (κ). RESULTS: In general, inter‐rater agreement was greater for assessment of direct exposures than assessment of indirect exposures. However, inter‐rater agreement varied with the lead exposure metric under consideration, being: 1) fair to good for type of direct exposure (i.e., inorganic or organic), respiratory exposure and frequency of exposure to direct inorganic lead, hours per day of direct (i.e., inorganic or organic), and intensity of direct inorganic exposure; 2) poor for probability and type of indirect exposure (inorganic or organic); and 3) indeterminate for frequency of direct organic exposure, frequency of indirect exposures (organic or inorganic), and intensity of direct exposures (organic or inorganic). CONCLUSION: Retrospective assessment of maternal prenatal exposures to lead by industrial hygienists can provide some reliable metrics of exposure for studies of perinatal outcomes. Reliability studies of such exposure assessments may be useful for: quantifying the reliability of derived exposure metrics; identifying exposure metrics for exposure‐outcome analyses; and determining the reliability of prenatal occupational exposures to other agents of interest. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mathematik und Religion in der frühen Neuzeit
Authors: Breger Herbert 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSome protestant Mathematicians had a strong preoccupation with the Day of Judgement. Stifel, Faulhaber, Napier and Newton made calculations in order to determine the date of the end of the world. Craig gave mathematical rules for a decline in the reliability of Christian tradition; in order to prevent a reliability of nearly zero, the Day of Judgement must come before. Furthermore, some conflicts between theology and mathematics are discussed. The Council of Konstanz condemned Wyclif's theory of the continuum. It seems that the relation between part and whole was a crucial point between the Aristotelians and the “moderns”.
Akzentverschiebung ‐ Zur Geschichte der Semitistik und Islamwissenschaft während des ‚Dritten Reichs’︁
Authors: Hanisch Ludmila 
Published: October 2006

AbstractFifty years after World War II the history of Semitic and Islamic Studies during the period of nazism has more or less remained ‘terra incognita’. The article shows that academic activities in this field did not remain uninfluenced by that period. In addition to the banishment of Jewish scholars, a concentration on Arabian Studies took place and scholars contributed for the weltanschauung of the Third Reich. To date not all the outcomes can be presented. Yet, one of them is easily observable: The study of Jewish religion, history and culture became a special branch, it is no longer part of Oriental studies.
Bewertung durch Auswahl Wieviel wählt der Wissenschaftshistoriker aus, wieviel übergeht er?
Authors: Graf‐Stuhlhofer Franz 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn presenting events in history, the historian is forced to select a few people. This selection of people choosen by the historian is an evaluation in itself. How restricted is his selection? In the history of science we could ask: How large is the proportion of selected scientists in comparison with those that are not mentioned? The answer: A book that covers the entire history of science, usually will select one out of about three hundred scientists.
Waffenentwicklung – Normsetzungen für den Krieg
Authors: Messerschmidt Manfred 
Published: October 2006

AbstractArmament Development – Warfare Rules. Modern armament technology was discussed at the Hague Conferences in 1899/1907. Air war was seen already as a coming danger. Nevertheless, the big powers could not reach a specific agreement on air war. There was only a provisional five years' rule not to drop explosives from aircraft. In 1907 the powers did not prolong this rule. The question was, therefore, whether Articles 25 and 27 of the Hague Convention on land warfare as well as the Marten's Clause (Preamble to the Hague Convention) were to be applied to air warfare.During World War I the powers neglected these rules by referring to the ‚legal justification’︁ of achieving the goals of war and of the right of reprisals. The inter‐war years did not see better results. Attempts made at the Washington Conference of 1921/22 to reach an agreement resulted only in the proposals made in 1923 by the Hague Commission of Jurists. No agreement was made between the wars. The military, air‐war planners and industrials hardly even discussed the conflicting relationship between air warfare and international law. Discussions, war games, strategic thought and armaments envisaged area‐bombardment directed against the morale of the population. World War II implemented this kind of war on a great scale. Similar developments took place with respect to chemical warfare. It was only fear of reprisals that prevented gas‐air war. Both kinds of war chemical warfare in World War I and strategic air war directed against non‐combatants in World War II had not been in accordance with the Hague Convention and with general rules of international law.
Soziobiologische Kriegführung? Der Generalplan Ost
Authors: Schleiermacher Sabine 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn studying the genesis of ‚Generalplan Ost’︁ one can elucidate the alliance of academic research and military expansion in Nazi Germany in a unique way. By ‚Generalplan Ost’︁ we understand the total German planning effort in transforming the territories of Poland, the Baltic republics and Soviet Union, which were occupied since the beginning of World War II. In this scientists were not only provided with ample opportunities for research by the National Socialist government, but the Nazi policy of occupation created the preconditions necessary for putting theoretical models into practice. This was done in complete disregard of pre‐existing structures in population, settlement, society, economy, and patterns of traffic. The principal aim consisted in the total transformation of the envisaged Eastern European sphere and the implantation of a new National Socialist social order style in Eastern Europe. Scientific planning not only implied a declaration of war against the very people living in the geographic sphere covered by the plan, but presupposed the existence of war in order to put the plan into practice. In a rare mixture of social science, geography and biology, instruments of science made possible and provoked the social selection and deportation of human beings as well as attempts at Germanization and ‚Umvolkung’︁. It is a well known fact, that deportation and extermination became a brutal reality as an intrinsic ingredient of these planning efforts.
Georges Canguilhem als Medizinhistoriker
Authors: Grond‐Ginsbach Caspar 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe work of the French philosopher Georges Canguilhem is introduced here. Medical historiography is not the ultimate aim of Canguilhems work, but rather a tool for the analysis ef epistemological questions. These questions are to be investigated, as well as the art of medical history that Canguilhem considers to be helpful for such investigations. French „epistemology”︁, a direction of philosophy of science to which Canguilhem belongs, is discussed first. Canguilhem's epistomology does not aim at a rational reconstruction of decontextualized scientific results, but at an historical reconstruction of science. It analyses the functioning of scientific concepts in relation of their historical context. The main themes of Canguilhems work (biological normality, scientific ideology and history of physiology) are summarized in a second part of this study. Finally we investigate the importance of Canguilhem for modern research in history of medicine.
„Die gesamte Philosophie ist eine Neuerung in alter Unkenntnis”︁ Johannes Keplers Neuorientierung der Astronomie um 1600
Authors: Knobloch Eberhard 
Published: October 2006

AbstractJohannes Kepler belonged to a long tradition of inquiring into nature with reference to God. This applies to Ptolemy, N. Copernicus, Chr. Clavius. Kepler's „new kind of poem”︁ is analyzed in five sections which are based on Keplerian key words: Innovation, Hypothesis, Cause, Soul, Picture. Kepler consciously adhered to new questions, new answers, new methods. He relied on a new notion of hypothesis. His celestial dynamics included a celestial psychology whereby he used a visual conception of astronomy.
Von der klassischen Trägheit zur dynamischen Raumzeit: Albert Einstein und Ernst Mach
Authors: Renn Jürgen 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe paper analyzes Einstein's path to the General Relativity in the context of its historical alternatives. The main alternatives were constituted by an exclusively field theoretical approach to gravitation and a generalization of mechanics following suggestions by Ernst Mach. It is shown that Einstein succeeded in avoiding the pitfalls of both approaches by suitably combining them. The characteristics and the success of his path to General Relativity are explained by his non‐specialist, integrative outlook on the problem of classical physics.
Die Johannes Gutenberg‐Universität als ‘Université Rhénane’ Zur Wiedergründung der Mainzer Hochschule 1946 im Kontext der französischen Besatzungspolitik
Authors: Zauner Stefan 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn the spring of 1946, the French Military Government in occupied Southwest Germany re‐opened the University of Mainz, closed down some 150 years ago. The article places this creation in the overall scheme of French cultural and (re)educational policies in postwar Germany, and describes the formative phase of an academic institution which was supposed to be a counterbalance to traditional German universities, mainly by cultivating a humanist, democratic, and pro‐European spirit, but also by introducing new institutional structures, educational units, and recruitment patterns. The author argues that ambitious claims and harsh reality differed considerably, and that the concurrence of various and complex crisis phenomena led to an early “normalization” of the would‐be francophile paragon.
Die kernphysikalischen Ambitionen des Reichspostministers Ohnesorge
Authors: Stange Thomas 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWhile the history of the German uranium project during the Second World War has been described in much detail, the funding of nuclear research by the Minister of the Reichspost, Wilhelm Ohnesorge, has found but little attention. The reasons for this were presumably the relative scarcity of documents and an underestimation of the efforts made and the results achieved by the research branch of the Reichspost, the Reichspostforschungsanstalt. The essay attempts to fill this gap in describing how and why Ohnesorge became interested in nuclear physics, how two institutes were set up, and what their objectives were.
Wisse die Wege! Hildegard von Bingen zum 900. Geburtstag
Authors: Bäumer‐Schleinkofer Änne 
Published: October 2006

Abstract»Know the Ways!« On the occasion of Hildegard's of Bingen 900th birthday. Hildegard is regarded as one of the most important women of the Middle Ages. Her contemporaries from all over the world wrote letters to her searching for help and prayer. Universilary working she wrote works about medicine, natural history, compositions of chants for the honour of God and his creation and more than three hundred letters to people all over the world including the popes and the emperor. Hildegard's work and the way she understood herself were strongly marked by vision and prophecy. Her works were of divine origin by vision and audition. Her aim was the religious interpretation of the whole universe and a Christian life in the sense of the bible. Heaven and earth, faith and natural science, medicine and religion, the human existence in all its facts and potentials, everything was a mirror of divine love to her. In her first work Scivias („Know the Ways”︁) she is considering on the history of creation and salvation, from the origin of the world and of man over Christ's salvation to the fulfillment at the end of times. In the centre is standing the human being as microcosm reflecting the whole world in all conditions and laws. Man is the main work of god, reflecting in his doing and thinking God's love. Man has to know the ways that means to live the life of love in all consequences including reproduction by creating a new human being for the praise of God.
Botanische Gärten und Pflanzengeographie als Herrschaftsrepräsentationen
Authors: Klemun Marianne 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe article deals with different botanical gardens in Vienna. These places of knowledge in the 18th century are constituted to operate science professionally. Different forms of gardens and practices document various opinions of science. Nikolaus J. von Jacquin forms the centre of botany in Vienna. Botanical Travellers have taken plant from all over the world, from the periphery to the centers, the botanical gardens in Europe. Symbolized by collectors the contribution of worldwide plant material is visualised as plant geography in the first map of the distribution of plants.
Wörter und Bilder in der österreichisch‐ungarischen Philosophie: Von Palágyi zu Wittgenstein
Authors: Nyíri Kristóf 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe thesis according to which technologies of communication have implications not just for the form, but also for the content and indeed for the overall logic of what is being communicated rests on a set of general philosophical assumptions as regards the relation between thought and its medium. The paper shows that formulating these assumptions, and elaborating them, has been a characteristic concern of Austro‐Hungarian philosophy; that between the philosophers who played a role in the relevant endeavours there obtained significant, sometimes mutual, influences; and that Austro‐Hungarian realities ‐ basically, the phenomenon of disturbed communication within the Habsburg Empire ‐ had a marked effect on their thought.
Strukturwandel der Wissenschaft im Nationalsozialismus
Authors: Sieg Ulrich 
Published: October 2006

AbstractNational Socialism brought about profound changes for the German academic system. Forced emigration not just sent outstanding scholars into exile, thus closing down promising research venues. In fact, it changed the entire climate of scientific inquiry by removing intellectual outsiders from the scene, whose absence usually precludes any success of innovative research. In most disciplines this led to a dominance of just a few academic ‘schools’ and paradigms, which severely harmed intra‐discipline accountability and innovation. The academic bureaucracy worked more effectively than has been assumed for a long time: practice‐oriented research enjoyed massive state support, and huge research projects outside the universities flourished. At the same time the National Socialists looked ambivalently at the universities themselves. They savored the legitimizing functions of the arts and sciences, and yet they distrusted the professors as exponents of the bourgeois world of old. Contrary to the blooming sciences such as biology, chemistry, and physics, the arts and humanities had a hard time demonstrating their practical applicability. In order to prove their worth by means of giving advice to the political sphere, they formed interdisciplinary combines, which were massively funded by the ‘Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft’. The ‘Deutsche Wissenschaft’, which has been incorrectly marginalized in numerous accounts, served in part to provide a Weltanschauung justification for these networks. While the German academic community in 1945 tried to pick up the threads of the a‐political self‐ understanding of the 1920s, in fact there were numerous continuities to academic life before and after 1945. Among them were the encompassing loss of international contacts, the strengthening of hierarchical structures, and the importance of feasibility criteria for the culture of innovation. The arts and humanities (Geisteswissenschaften) could not regain the lost territory of significance, which they had suffered during the Third Reich. It is mainly their development which showed an amazing persistence of national socialist patterns of view and of concepts of the enemy, which in turn as late as 1968 inspired in part the anti‐bourgeois thrust of the critique of the academic world.
Insight into the free‐radical‐scavenging mechanism of hydroxyl‐substituent Schiff bases in the free‐radical‐induced hemolysis of erythrocytes
Authors: Tang You‐Zhi , Liu Zai‐Qun 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis work aimed to explore the mechanism by which hydroxyl‐substituent Schiff bases scavenge free‐radicals. Thus, four Schiff bases, that is benzylidene aniline (BAN), 2‐(phenyliminomethyl)phenol (BAH), 4‐benzimidoylphenol (PBH) and 2‐benzimidoylphenol (OBH), were applied to protect human erythrocytes against 2,2′‐azobis(2‐amidinopropane hydrochloride) (AAPH)‐induced hemolysis. The results revealed that the OH attached to the ortho‐position of methylene in Schiff base scavenges 1.46 radicals per molecule, the OH attached to the para‐position of the N atom scavenges 2.94 radicals and the OH attached to the ortho‐position of the N atom scavenges 3.63 radicals. In addition, four Schiff bases were used together with some familiar antioxidants, such as 6‐hydroxyl‐2,5,7,8‐tetramethyl chroman‐2‐carboxylic acid (Trolox), L‐ascorbic acid (VC), α‐tocopherol (TOH) and L‐ascorbyl‐6‐laurate (VC‐12) in AAPH‐induced hemolysis of erythrocytes. It was found that, except for BAN+VC‐12, BAH + VC‐12, OBH + VC‐12 and PBH+TOH, all the other combinations protected erythrocytes more perfectly than when used individually. This result demonstrated that a promotive protection existed between Schiff base and other antioxidants and this improved their ability to scavenge free‐radicals. Finally, IC50 values of the aforementioned Schiff bases together with 2‐((o‐hydroxylphenylimino) methyl)phenol (OSAP) and 2‐((p‐hydroxylphenylimino)methyl)phenol (PSAP) were determined by reaction with two radical species, that is, 2,2′‐azinobis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonate) radical (ABTS+·) and 2,2′‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The results implied that the molecular framework of a Schiff base and an OH attached to the ortho‐position of methylene were apt to reduce radicals, but the OH attached to the aniline ring in a Schiff base was prone to scavenge radicals directly. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Triphenylphosphane‐Functionalised Amphiphilic Copolymers: Tailor‐Made Support Materials for the Efficient and Selective Aqueous Two‐Phase Hydroformylation of 1‐Octene
Authors: Bortenschlager Martin , Schöllhorn Nicole , Wittmann Anton , Weberskirch Ralf 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAmphiphilic copolymers (random P1 and block P2) based on 2‐oxazolines were synthesised with triphenylphosphane ligands covalently linked to the polymers by means of a metal‐free synthesis route. The resulting macroligands were used in the aqueous two‐phase hydroformylation of 1‐octene. The influence of the polymer architecture (random and block copolymers) on activity and selectivity of the hydroformylation reaction was investigated and compared with that of nonfunctionalised copolymers (random P3 and block P4) and RhI/triphenylphosphane trisulfonate as a water‐soluble catalyst. The highest activities were observed for the random copolymer P1 (p=50 bar, T=100 °C, c=8×10−4 mol L−1) with a turnover frequency (TOF) of 3700 h−1, whereas the corresponding block copolymer P2 reached TOF numbers of 1630 h−1. Additionally, both macroligands indicated efficient suppression of isomerisation and led to almost constant n/iso selectivities of about 3 after complete substrate conversion. Copolymers P3 and P4 showed, under identical reaction conditions, strong isomerisation after 40–60 % conversion (n/iso≈0.7) and maximum activities of 1560 h−1 (P3) and 1330 h−1 (P4) at a concentration of 5×10−3 mol L−1.
Preparation and Structure of Mono‐ and Binuclear Half‐Sandwich Iridium, Ruthenium, and Rhodium Carbene Complexes Containing 1,2‐Dichalcogenolao 1,2‐Dicarba‐closo‐Dodecaboranes
Authors: Wang Xin , Liu Shuang , Weng Lin‐Hong , Jin Guo‐Xin 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe synthesis of half‐sandwich transition metal complexes containing both 1,2‐dichalcogenolato‐1,2‐dicarba‐closo‐docecaborane (CabE,E) [CabE,E=E2C2(B10H10); E = S, Se] and N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands is described. Addition of mono‐NHC ligand to the 16e half‐sandwich dichalcogenolato carborane complexes [Cp*Rh(CabE,E)], [Cp*Ir(CabS,S)], [(p‐cymene)Ru(CabS,S)] (Cp* = pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) gives corresponding mononuclear 18e dithiolate complexes of the type [LM(CabE,E)(NHC)]: [Cp*M(CabS,S)(1‐ethenyl‐3‐methylimidazolin‐2‐ylidene)] (M = Ir (2), Rh (3)), [Cp*Rh(CabE,E)(3‐methyl‐1‐picolyimidazolin‐2‐ylidene)] [E = S (6), Se (7)], [(p‐cymene)Ru(CabS,S)(NHC)] [NHC = 1‐ethenyl‐3‐methylimidazolin‐2‐ylidene (4), 3‐methyl‐1‐picolyimidazolin‐2‐ylidene (8)], whereas bis‐NHC give centrosymmetric binuclear complexes [{Cp*M(CabS,S)}2(1,1′‐dimethyl‐3,3′‐methylene(imidazolin‐2‐ylidene))] [M = Rh (10), Ir (11)]. The complexes were characterized by IR, NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. In addition, X‐ray structure analyses were performed on complexes 2–4, 6, 8, 10 and 11.
Iron‐Based Layered Superconductor: LaOFeP.
Authors: Kamihara Yoichi , Hiramatsu Hidenori , Hirano Masahiro , Kawamura Ryuto , Yanagi Hiroshi , Kamiya Toshio , Hosono Hideo 
Published: October 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Urea Coordinated Titanium Trichloride TiIII[OC(NH)2]6Cl3: A Single Molecular Precursor Yielding Highly Visible Light Responsive TiO2 Nanocrystallites.
Authors: Li Ji‐Guang , Yang Xiaojing , Ishigaki Takamasa 
Published: October 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Azidoaurates of the Alkali Metals.
Authors: Afyon Semih , Hoehn Peter , Armbruester Marc , Baranov Alexey , Wagner Frank R. , Somer Mehmet , Kniep Ruediger 
Published: October 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Practical by Ligand Design: A New Class of Monodentate Phosphoramidite Ligands for Rhodium‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Hydrogenations.
Authors: Zhao Baoguo , Wang Zheng , Ding Kuiling 
Published: October 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.