bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Illicit drug use among Icelandic prisoners prior to their imprisonment
Authors: Sigurdsson Jon F. , Gudjonsson Gisli H. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis study investigates illicit drug use among new admissions to Icelandic prisons over a 21‐month period. Of all new admissions, 344 (96%) agreed to participate in the study. They were asked questions about their previous use of illicit drugs and this was related to the nature of their current offence. Cannabis and amphetamines were the most commonly used illicit drugs, with 62% and 50% of the subjects admitting to having used these substances at some time in their life. The corresponding figures for having consumed these illicit drugs during the previous six months were 31% and 28%, respectively. Only 11 subjects (3%) reported having used opiates. Seventy‐three subjects (23%) reported intravenous drug use. Women prisoners (43%) more commonly reported injecting drugs than men (21%) prisoners. Significant differences were found between offence categories, with persons convicted of drug and property offences most commonly having used illicit drugs. Copyright © 1996 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Sexually abusive behaviour in an adolescent boy with the 48,XXYY syndrome: a case study
Authors: Epps Kevin J. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis paper describes the case of a sexually abusive adolescent boy with an unusual and rare chromosomal disorder, the 48,XXYY syndrome. Few such cases have been reported in the literature and there is no known association with sexually abusive behaviour. Following a presentation of his case history, the assessment and treatment of his sexually abusive behaviour is described, most of which occurred whilst he was detained in secure accommodation. Unfortunately, the cognitive‐behavioural treatment programme appeared to have little effect in reducing his risk of reoffending. He lacked interest and motivation such that it proved difficult to engage him in interventions aimed at changing his attitudes and behaviour. Further, he appeared unable to understand the emotional consequences for the victims of his abusive behaviour. Consequently, he continues to be sexually aroused by children, experiencing sadistic sexual fantasies, and to hold beliefs supporting sexual involvement with children. Copyright © 1996 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
A neurophysiological predictor of reoffending in special hospital patients
Authors: Howard Rick , Lumsden John 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe aim of this study was to assess a possible role for a slow brain potential measure, the Go/No Go contingent negative variation (CNV), as an indicator of subsequent reoffending by mentally disordered offenders released from a special high‐security hospital. The rationale was twofold: (1) Go/No Go CNV has been found to correlate with psychometric measures of impulsivity; (2) impulsivity has been found to predict recidivism in sexual offenders and in violent offenders generally. The subjects were 44 men compulsorily admitted to Broadmoor Hospital from 1977 to 1980 under the Mental Health Act 1959 (MHA 1959). They fell within the legal categories of psychopathic disorder (PD: n = 16) or mental illness (MI: n = 28). CNV recordings were carried out within 3 months of admission using a Go/No Go avoidance paradigm. Subjects were assigned to a ‘high risk’ (HR: n = 21) group if their Go/No Go difference fell at or beyond a standard deviation from the mean for a normal control group comprising 19 student nurses, matched for age and sex, in whom CNVs were recorded at the same time; they were otherwise classed as ‘low risk’ (LR: n = 23). Patients were followed post‐discharge for up to 15 years. Information was obtained pertaining to reconvictions, rehospitalisation and death from the special hospitals case register. Reconvictions for any offence occurred in six of 21 HR patients, compared with one of 23 LR patients, giving an overall accuracy for the predictor of 63.6%, and a relative improvement over chance of 72%. These results offer some promise that Go/No Go CNV may be a useful predictor of recidivism in mentally disordered offenders. Copyright © 1996 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Diversion versus liaison: psychiatric services to the courts, Wellington, New Zealand
Authors: Brinded Philip , Malcolm Fiona , Fairley Nigel , Doyle Bernadine 
Published: March 2006

AbstractA Court Liaison Service was established, in December 1992, to provide psychiatric advice to the Wellington region's District and High Courts. The service was attached to the regional Forensic Psychiatric Service of the Wellington Area Health Board serving a catchment area of about 850 000. The authors describe the first year of operation of the service and then discuss some of the important issues in providing such a service, with particular reference to the concept of diversion of mentally ill offenders. The concept of liaison between the courts and regional forensic psychiatric services is discussed and the proposition put forward that perhaps the current court liaison services in New Zealand combine the best aspects of ‘diversion’ and ‘liaison’ schemes. Copyright © 1996 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Mental disorders detected in an Irish prison sample
Authors: Smith Charles , O'Neill Helen , Tobin John , Walshe David , Dooley Enda 
Published: March 2006

AbstractIn the Republic of Ireland, as elsewhere, there have been changes in patterns of health service for people with a mental disorder. Fears are often expressed that these changes have had an impact on the prison population. A total of 109 pre‐trial and 126 sentenced prisoners were randomly selected from a 1992–93 12‐month resident population of male prisoners in the Republic of Ireland's largest prison – Mountjoy. Experienced psychiatrists conducted unstructured and semi‐structured clinical interviews with them and diagnoses were made according to criteria in the American Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM‐III‐R). Rates of major mental illness, mainly functional psychosis, were higher than would be expected for the general population, but it was the prevalence of alcohol and also substance misuse that gave rise for greatest concern about unmet need. In the absence of longitudinal data further comment cannot be made on impressions of increase in psychiatric disorder in Irish prisons in the 1980s and 1990s, but there is certainly a major problem with levels of disorder in the study population, for which health service provision does not appear to be meeting need. Innovations in mental health legislation and practical approaches to such people are urgently required. Copyright © 1996 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Applications of integrated sensing and processing in spectroscopic imaging and sensing
Authors: Medendorp Joseph , Lodder Robert A. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractIntegrated sensing and processing (ISP) encompasses the use of optical computing and adapted excitation signals to physically implement chemometric calculations in spectroscopic sensors for imaging. As data sets become larger and more complex with each emerging generation of hyperspectral imagers, the ‘pixel‐to‐pupil’ ratio increases at a rate faster than computing power can accommodate. In response to the need for faster and more efficient methods of processing, many analog solutions to the problem of high data dimensionality have emerged. The successful development of ISP has strong implications for military imaging, biosensing, spectroscopic imaging, and pharmaceutical process analytical technology (PAT). ISP developments in spectroscopy and PAT have emerged as alternatives to conventional Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR), near‐infrared (NIR), IR, UV–visible, fluorescence, Raman, and acoustic‐resonance spectrometry (ARS). Flourishing applications of ISP have demonstrated predictive ability equivalent to conventional approaches for sample differentiation and analyte quantification, in only a fraction of the time required for traditional spectrometric measurements. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Correlation between the 6Li,15N Coupling Constant and the Coordination Number at Lithium
Authors: Granander Johan , Sott Richard , Hilmersson Göran 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe 6Li,15N coupling constants of lithium amide dimers and their mixed complexes with n‐butyllithium, formed from five different chiral amines derived from (S)‐[15N]phenylalanine, were determined in diethyl ether (Et2O), tetrahydrofuran (THF) and toluene. Results of NMR spectroscopy studies of these complexes show a clear difference in 6Li,15N coupling constants between di‐, tri‐ and tetracoordinated lithium atoms. The lithium amide dimers with a chelating ether group exhibit 6Li,15N coupling constants of ∼3.8 and ∼5.5 Hz for the tetracoordinated and tricoordinated lithium atoms, respectively. The lithium amide dimers with a chelating thioether group show distinctly larger 6Li,15N coupling constants of ∼4.4 Hz for the tetracoordinated lithium atoms, and the tricoordinated lithium atoms have smaller 6Li,15N coupling constants, ∼4.9 Hz, than their ether analogues. In diethyl ether and tetrahydrofuran, mixed dimeric complexes between the lithium amides and n‐butyllithium are formed. The tetracoordinated lithium atoms of these complexes have 6Li,15N coupling constants of ∼4.0 Hz, and the 6Li,15N coupling constants of the tricoordinated lithium atoms differ somewhat, depending on whether the chelating group is an ether or a thioether; ∼5.1 and ∼4.6 Hz, respectively. In toluene, mixed trimeric complexes are formed from two lithium amide moieties and one n‐butyllithium. In these trimers, two lithium atoms are tricoordinated with 6Li,15N coupling constants of ∼4.6 Hz and one lithium is dicoordinated with 6Li,15N coupling constants of ∼6.5 Hz.
Effects of hydroxyurea and aphidicolin on phosphorylation of ataxia telangiectasia mutated on Ser 1981 and histone H2AX on Ser 139 in relation to cell cycle phase and induction of apoptosis
Authors: Kurose Akira , Tanaka Toshiki , Huang Xuan , Traganos Frank , Dai Wei , Darzynkiewicz Zbigniew 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBackground:DNA replication stress often induces DNA damage. The antitumor drug hydroxyurea (HU), a potent inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase that halts DNA replication through its effects on cellular deoxynucleotide pools, was shown to damage DNA inducing double‐strand breaks (DSBs). Aphidicolin (APH), an inhibitor of α‐like DNA polymerases, was also reported to cause DNA damage, but the evidence for induction of DSBs by APH is not straightforward. Histone H2AX is phosphorylated on Ser 139 in response to DSBs and one of the protein kinases that phosphorylate H2AX is ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM); activation of ATM is through its phosphorylation of Ser 1981. The present study was undertaken to reveal whether H2AX is phosphorylated in cells exposed to HU or APH and whether its phosphorylation is mediated by ATM.Materials and Methods:HL‐60 cells were treated in cultures with 0.1–5.0 mM HU or 1–4 μM APH for up to 5 h. Activation of ATM and H2AX phosphorylation was detected immunocytochemically using Ab specific to Ser1981‐ATM or Ser 139‐H2AX epitopes, respectively, concurrent with measurement of cellular DNA content.Results:While exposure of cells to HU led to H2AX phosphorylation selectively during S phase and the cells progressing through the early portion of S (DI = 1.1–1.4) were more affected than late‐S phase (DI = 1.6–1.9) cells, ATM was not activated by HU. In fact, the level of constitutive (“programmed”) ATM phosphorylation was distinctly suppressed, in all phases of the cell cycle, at 0.1–5.0 mM HU. Cells' exposure to APH also resulted in H2AX phosphorylation at Ser139 with no evidence of ATM activation, and as in the case of HU, the early‐S cells were more affected than the late‐S phase cells. The rise in frequency of apoptotic cells became apparent after 2 h of exposure to HU or APH, and all apoptotic cells had markedly elevated levels of both H2AX‐Ser139 and ATM‐Ser1981 phosphorylation.Conclusions:The lack of correlation between H2AX phosphorylation and ATM activation indicates that protein kinase(s) other than ATM (ATR and/or DNA‐dependent protein kinase) are activated by DSBs induced by replication stress. Interestingly, HU inhibits the constitutive (“programmed”) level of ATM phosphorylation in untreated cells. However, DNA fragmentation during apoptosis activates ATM and dramatically increases level of H2AX phosphorylation. © 2006 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Accurate apoptosis measurement requires quantification of loss of expression of surface antigens and cell fragmentation
Authors: Diaz David , Prieto Alfredo , Barcenilla Hugo , Monserrat Jorge , Sánchez Miguel A. , Reyes Eduardo , Hernandez‐Fuentes Maria P. , de la Hera Antonio , Orfao Alberto , Alvarez‐Mon Melchor 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBackground:The use of ratiometric cell enumeration methods emerges as a more accurate method of measurement of the occurrence of apoptosis in cell cultures. These new flow cytometry methods were used to quantify the impact of cell fragmentation and loss of lineage antigen (LAg) expression on measurement of apoptosis.Methods:Highly purified human lymphocyte populations were negatively sorted and cultured for 24 h. Apoptotic cells were identified using annexin V, 7‐amino‐actinomycin D and their LAgs were stained with antibodies. A new indicator, the apoptotic rate, was used to determine apoptosis occurrence and its validity compared with the widely accepted percentage of apoptotic cells (apoptotic index, AI).Results:Loss of LAg expression and cell fragmentation were observed under all conditions assayed and for all cell populations studied.Conclusions:Current methods for quantifying of apoptosis involving AI systematically underestimate apoptosis occurrence in all populations and conditions, especially among cells undergoing spontaneous apoptosis. © 2006 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Reliable DNA ploidy determination in dehydrated tissues of vascular plants by DAPI flow cytometry—new prospects for plant research
Authors: Suda Jan , Trávníček Pavel 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBackground:Only fresh plant material is generally used for rapid DNA ploidy estimation by flow cytometry (FCM). This requirement, however, substantially limits convenient FCM application in plant biosystematics, population biology, and ecology. As desiccation is a routine way for sample preservation in field botany, potential utilization of dehydrated tissues of vascular plants in FCM research was examined.Methods:Standard DAPI protocol was employed to evaluate the performance of 60 air‐dried species, spanning more than 100‐fold range of nuclear DNA amounts. Multiploid Vaccinium subg. Oxycoccus was selected as model taxon for detailed investigation and cytotype comparison.Results:A majority of analyzed plants yielded distinct peaks with reasonable coefficients of variation after several months of storage at room temperature. Fluorescence intensity of nuclei isolated from desiccated tissues was highly comparable with that for fresh material, allowing reliable DNA ploidy estimation. Deep‐freezer preservation substantially extended Vaccinium samples lifetime (at least to 3 years) and maintained high histogram resolution.Conclusions:The introduced approach eliminates the need for fresh material in many vascular plants and thus opens new prospects for plant FCM. Convenient cytotype investigation in field research and retrospective ploidy determination in already herbarized samples are among the principal advantages. © 2006 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Sequential phosphorylation of Ser‐10 on histone H3 and ser‐139 on histone H2AX and ATM activation during premature chromosome condensation: Relationship to cell‐cycle phase and apoptosis
Authors: Huang Xuan , Kurose Akira , Tanaka Toshiki , Traganos Frank , Dai Wei , Darzynkiewicz Zbigniew 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBackground:Histone H1 and H3 phosphorylation associated with chromatin condensation during mitosis has been studied extensively. Less is known on histone modifications that occur during premature chromosome condensation (PCC). The aim of the present study was to reveal the status of histone H3 and H2AX phosphorylation on Ser‐10 and Ser‐139, respectively, as well as ATM activation through phosphorylation on Ser‐1981, during PCC, and relate these events to cell‐cycle phase and to initiation of apoptosis.Materials and Methods:To induce PCC, A549 and HL‐60 cells were exposed to the phosphatase inhibitor calyculin A (Cal A). Phosphorylation of histone H3 and H2AX as well as ATM activation were detected immunocytochemically concurrent with analysis of cellular DNA content and activation of caspase‐3, a marker of apoptosis. The intensity of cellular fluorescence was measured by flow‐ or laser scanning cytometry.Results:Induction of PCC led to rapid histone H3 phosphorylation, followed by activation of ATM and then H2AX phosphorylation in both, HL‐60 and A549 cells. All these events occurred sequentially, prior to caspase‐3 activation, and affected cells in all phases of the cell cycle. ATM activation and H2AX phosphorylation was seen during mitosis of A549 but not HL‐60 cells.Conclusions:Because the Cal A‐induced phosphorylation of histone H3 and H2AX, and of ATM, precede caspase‐3 activation these modifications are pertinent to PCC and not to apoptosis‐associated chromatin condensation. The sequence of histone H3 and H2AX phosphorylation and ATM activation during PCC is compatible with a role of ATM in mediating phosphorylation of H2AX but not H3. Mitosis in some cell types may proceed without ATM activation and H2AX phosphorylation. © 2006 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Phenotypic comparison of multiple monocyte‐related populations in murine peripheral blood and bone marrow
Authors: Schlueter Annette J. , Glasgow Judith K. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBackground:Monocyte subsets are not well defined in murine peripheral blood (PB). Monocyte‐related populations could also be located in bone marrow (BM), but studies correlating monocyte populations found in these two tissues are lacking. This study simultaneously analyzed PB and BM to phenotypically define multiple monocyte‐related subsets in each location.Methods:Murine PB and BM cells were simultaneously stained for monocyte‐related populations, using five‐color flow cytometry. Relevant subsets were defined on the basis of Ly‐6C, CD11b, and wheat germ agglutinin phenotype in addition to light‐scatter characteristics. These populations were extensively characterized for the expression of other myeloid and dendritic cell markers, adhesion molecules, chemokine receptors, and growth factor receptors.Results:Six monocyte‐related populations were defined, three each in BM and PB. No identical populations were found between the two tissues. Two BM populations and one PB population have heterogeneous expression of many markers, suggesting additional complexity among monocyte‐related subsets.Conclusions:The murine monocytic series comprises multiple subsets, differing between PB and BM. This study defines and extensively phenotypes six of these populations, providing preliminary information about possible developmental relationships and migratory capacities of these cells. © 2006 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Use of multiparameter analysis for Vibrio alginolyticus viable but nonculturable state determination
Authors: Albertini Maria Cristina , Accorsi Augusto , Teodori Laura , Pierfelici Lucia , Uguccioni Francesco , Rocchi Marco B. L. , Burattini Sabrina , Citterio Barbara 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBackground:Vibrio alginolyticus is known to enter into a viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state in response to environmental conditions unfavorable to the growth. Cells in VBNC condition pose a public health threat because they are potentially pathogenic.Methods:We constructed a pathway for the identification of the most significant variables and the characterization of those variables able to discriminate the groups under investigation. Different parameters measured by the image processing software were chosen as the most representative of V. alginolyticus cell morphology (length index for dimension) and metabolic activity (density profile indexes). To detect relationships between the groups of treatment performed, we carried out a principal components analysis (PCA).Results:The PCA analysis indicated that increasing coccoid shape transformation was related to both metabolic and dimension variations, delineating a well defined graph profile. Indeed, we discovered that specific morphological variations occur when cells in the culturable state pass into VBNC condition, namely comma‐shaped culturable bacteria are converted into coccoid‐shaped VBNC cells. The results were also supported by scanning electron microscopy analysis.Conclusions:This technique allows the analysis of a large number of vibrio samples in a short period of time. The obtained multiparameter information may complement genetic/molecular analyses facilitating, in an automatic fashion, further studies to evaluate the potential risk of this pathogen in the environment. It may also be a useful tool for large‐scale cell biology studies and high content screening. © 2006 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Body checking questionnaire: Psychometric properties and clinical correlates in obese men and women with binge eating disorder
Authors: Reas Deborah L. , White Marney A. , Grilo Carlos M. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractObjective:Body checking is considered a behavioral manifestation of the overevaluation of shape and weight, which is characteristic of patients with eating disorders. We examined the initial psychometric properties of the Body Checking Questionnaire (BCQ) and the frequency and nature of body checking behaviors in obese men and women with binge eating disorder (BED).Method:Participants were a consecutive series of 73 (22 men, 51 women) treatment‐seeking obese adults who met research criteria for BED as defined in the 4th ed. of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM‐IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994). Participants were administered measures to assess body checking, body image concerns, and the core psychopathology of eating disorders, and general psychological functioning. Semistructured interviews were used to establish the diagnosis of BED.Results:Psychometric evidence was found to support the reliability and validity of the BCQ in patients with BED. Women reported significantly greater levels of body checking than men. Participants with greater body dissatisfaction reported more frequent checking than participants with less dissatisfaction. Among women, the frequency of checking was related to younger age, lower body mass index (BMI), body dissatisfaction, overevaluation of body shape and weight, greater depression, and lower self‐esteem.Conclusion:There exist significant gender and age‐related differences in both the frequency and correlates of body checking behaviors. Among obese women with BED, body checking is related to the overevaluation of shape as well as with associated psychopathology. © 2006 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2006.