bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF AGE, SEX, GONADECTOMY, SODIUM CHLORIDE INTAKE, AND TREATMENT WITH CORTISOL ACETATE UPON THE LIFESPAN OF ADRENALECTOMIZED MICE OF AN ALBINO STRAIN
Authors: MUNFORD R. E. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effects of age, sex, gonadectomy, administration of NaCl and treatment with cortisol acetate (CA) upon survival after adrenalectomy was investigated in mice of an albino strain.
Complete bilateral adrenalectomy was followed by death in all mice except in the group maintained by administration of CA. A period of maintenance with CA was assumed to allow accessory cortical tissue to grow to an extent that, in some mice, it could maintain life when the replacement therapy was withdrawn. The incidence of indefinite survival was greater in mice treated with 50 and 75 μg CA than in those injected with 12·5 and 25 μg daily.
Evidence is presented which suggested that operative shock did not contribute significantly to deaths occurring later than 36 hr after adrenalectomy.
The lifespan of adrenalectomized mice increased with age at operation, but was not affected by the addition of NaCl to the drinking water. In female mice adrenalectomized prior to puberty the ovaries appeared to promote a slight but significant increase in survival time. This effect was not observed in mice adrenalectomized at 6 or 12 weeks of age. Castration did not affect the lifespan of immature male adrenalectomized mice.
The majority of a group of male mice adrenalectomized at 21 days of age were able to survive, and grow in body weight at about half the rate of control-operated mice, as long as treatment with CA in daily doses ranging from 12·5 to 75 μg was continued. The average lifespan appeared to be greater and the number of mice dying during treatment less at higher levels of CA treatment, but these differences were not significant.
A loss of body weight occurred in all CA-treated adrenalectomized mice during the terminal stages of adrenal insufficiency. Mice which survived indefinitely gained in body weight during the injection period at a rate similar to that of control-operated mice.
THE EFFECTS OF VASOPRESSIN ON WATER UPTAKE OF THE TOAD, BUFO MARINUS, WHILE BATHED IN DIFFERENT HYPOTONIC SOLUTIONS
Authors: BENTLEY P. J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The uptake of water with and without vasopressin was measured in the intact toad, Bufo marinus.
When injected with vasopressin, toads sitting in tap water showed a significantly greater response than those sitting in distilled water.
NaCl solutions of increasing concentrations potentiated the uptake of water in response to vasopressin over part of the hypotonic range.
If the NaCl level was kept constant and glucose used to increase the concentration, there was a steady decrease in response as the concentration was increased towards isotonicity with the animal's body fluids.
Uptake of water in response to vasopressin was far greater in sodium chloride than in either lithium or potassium chloride of the same concentration. The control water uptake was similar in the three solutions.
Large doses of vasopressin brought about an increase in sodium loss through the toad's skin.
The theoretical implications of these results are discussed in relation to possible mechanisms involved in this uptake of water.
A METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF 5β-PREGNANE-3α:17α:20α-TRIOL IN URINE
Authors: STERN MARGARET I. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
5β-Pregnane-3α:17α:20α-triol is found in unusually large quantities in the urine of many patients with adrenal hyperplasia. A method for its determination is described, which by the utilization of many features of the Klopper, Michie & Brown [1955] method for the determination of urinary pregnanediol, enables the two steroids to be measured concomitantly. The method is sufficiently sensitive, precise and specific for routine purposes and is convenient to use.
BLOOD LEVELS OF PROGESTERONE IN THE EWE
Authors: EDGAR D. G. , RONALDSON J. W. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Progesterone levels in the blood of ewes were assayed chemically.
No progesterone was detected in blood from the jugular vein of any ewe.
It was found in blood from the vein draining the active ovary during the oestrous cycle. Detectable amounts appeared on the 3rd day, and the mean concentration increased to about 1·8 μg/ml. on the 7th day. This level was maintained until the 16th day and fell to <0·15 μg/ml. on the 17th or last day of the cycle.
Blood from the vein draining the active ovary during pregnancy showed a mean level similar to that reached during the oestrous cycle until about the 17th week when it gradually fell to, and remained at, <0·15 μg/ml. a few days before parturition.
In blood from the vein draining the pregnant horn of the uterus, progesterone was detected in low concentrations between the 9th and 18th weeks of pregnancy in only six out of 143 cases.
Considerable variation between ewes in progesterone concentration was found.
PROGESTERONE IN BLOOD
Authors: SHORT R. V. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The content of progesterone was determined in the peripheral venous blood of cows from the 32nd day of pregnancy until the day before calving. The level ranged from 0·74 to 0·98 μg progesterone/100 ml. plasma throughout the 32nd-256th day period, but thereafter a marked decrease was observed, and on the day before calving the level was 0·1–0·4 μg/100 ml. plasma.
FORMATION OF DECIDUOMATA IN THE LACTATING MOUSE
Authors: GREENWALD G. S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
When the uteri of lactating mice were traumatized from 4 to 16 days post partum, deciduomata were formed in only one of thirty-one animals. However, when progesterone in doses of 0·25 mg or more was administered for 3 days after traumatization, sixteen out of eighteen lactating mice formed deciduomata. It was established that at least 0·35 mg progesterone daily for 7 days is required to induce the decidual reaction in ovariectomized mice.
Although there is ample evidence for the secretion of progesterone during lactation in the mouse, the amounts are apparently insufficient to initiate and maintain deciduomata. It is concluded that quantitative differences exist between the pseudopregnancy of lactation and of sterile coitus.
THE ANTAGONISM BETWEEN CORTISONE AND VITAMIN D: EXPERIMENTS ON HYPERVITAMINOSIS D IN RATS
Authors: CRUICKSHANK E. M. , KODICEK E. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Hypervitaminosis was produced in young growing rats and the effect of daily injections of cortisone acetate (CA) was studied on growth, metastatic calcification, urinary phosphorus excretion and bone ash.
Cortisone treatment did not ameliorate the weight loss, clinical appearance, histological lesions or the increased urinary phosphorus. excretion of the hypervitaminotic rats. Control rats, treated with CA alone, showed no untoward effects at the dose levels employed.
It is concluded that cortisone does not act as a direct antimetabolite towards vitamin D. The antagonistic effect of the hormone observed in man may be due to reversal of the toxic action of vitamin D by an indirect mechanism, affecting the metabolic sites, such as intestinal tissue, kidney tubules and/or skeletal tissue, on which both vitamin D and cortisone appear to act.
THE RELATIONSHIP OF ALTERED THYROID ACTIVITY TO VARIOUS REPRODUCTIVE PHENOMENA IN GILTS
Authors: LUCAS J. J. , BRUNSTAD G. E. , FOWLER S. H. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Three groups of fifteen Palouse gilts each were used to test the effects of altered thyroid activity on ovulation and fertilization rates and embryonic mortality in swine. Two groups received 0·15% thiouracil and 0·0123% thyroprotein, respectively, in a basal ration, and the third served as controls. All gilts were assigned to treatment sets at first oestrus and were bred to fertile boars at second oestrus. One-third of the gilts in each group were slaughtered 12–24 hr after the end of second oestrus, one-third slaughtered 25 days post coitum and the remainder allowed to farrow.
An analysis of variance revealed no significant differences between groups for: ovulation rate, fertilization rate, embryonic mortality during the first 25 days of gestation, number of normal embryos at 25 days post coitum, or number of pigs born alive. A significant increase in the duration of gestation was found for thiouracil-treated females. Pigs born to thyroproteinsupplemented mothers were significantly heavier at birth than pigs born to thiouracil-treated mothers.
Under the conditions of this experiment, X2 analysis indicated that thiouracil produced a highly significant embryonic mortality during gestation from the 25th day of pregnancy until farrowing. Thyroprotein treatment tended to lower embryonic mortality during the same period.
FERTILITY AND OOCYTE NUMBERS AFTER X-IRRADIATION OF THE OVARY
Authors: INGRAM D. L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The relation between fertility and number of oocytes in the ovary has been investigated in rats whose ovaries had been X-irradiated. The number of oocytes was reduced by means of graded doses of X-rays and the animals were then mated with fertile males.
The number of females which gave birth became fewer and litter-size decreased significantly with increasing doses of irradiation. It was also observed that animals which had lost all their oocytes at the end of the experiment displayed continuous vaginal cornification.
The probability that the impaired fertility is directly due to the depletion in the number of available germ cells is discussed.
THE EFFECT OF INCREASED APPETITE AND OF INSULIN ON GROWTH IN THE HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED RAT
Authors: KENNEDY G. C. , PARROTT DELPHINE M. V. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Young hypophysectomized rats were subjected to hypothalamic lesions to increase their appetite. They became as fat as non-hypophysectomized rats treated in the same way, but unlike them retained appreciable amounts of extra protein and water. There was no growth in length, however, and the injection of zinc protamine insulin produced no additional effect either on growth or on appetite.
During hyperphagia the greatest accumulation of protein was in the liver, and both the number and size of the liver cells increased. The weight of the kidney was much less affected. Neither normal growth nor regeneration of the liver appeared to be dependent, like that of the kidney or skeleton, upon the presence of the pituitary.
THE EFFECTS OF INSULIN, RESERPINE AND CHOLINE 2:6-XYLYLETHER BROMIDE ON THE ADRENAL MEDULLA AND ON MEDULLARY AUTOGRAFTS IN THE RAT
Authors: COUPLAND R. E. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The adrenaline and noradrenaline content of the adrenal medulla and medullary implants has been assessed by histochemical and assay techniques after the injection of insulin, reserpine, and choline 2:6-xylylether bromide (TM10) into Wistar and Sprague-Dawley strain rats. Insulin hypoglycaemia is without effect on implanted chromaffin cells, but reduces the adrenaline content of the intact adrenal. Reserpine reduces the catechol amine content of both normal and grafted chromaffin cells. TM10, given as a single intravenous injection, has no effect on either normal or implanted chromaffin cells.
VARIATION IN THE NUMBER OF CORPORA LUTEA AND IN THE NUMBER AND SIZE OF 6-DAY BLASTOCYSTS IN RABBITS SUBJECTED TO SUPEROVULATION TREATMENT
Authors: BEATTY R. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The numbers of corpora lutea and the numbers and sizes of 6-day blastocysts have been studied in rabbits, widely varying in ages and weights, that had been subjected to a superovulation treatment. For all does, the average value of each characteristic on the left sides of the animals was similar to that on the right, the average left-to-right difference being not significant. An average of thirty-one corpora lutea and thirteen blastocysts per doe was obtained. Maximum numbers per doe were one hundred and fifty-three corpora lutea and seventy-three blastocysts. Average blastocyst diameter was 2·203 mm, the average volume being 6·780 mm3.
There was a fairly large variation from one doe to another in the relative numbers of corpora lutea (or in the relative numbers of blastocysts) on the two sides of the animal. The number of blastocysts per doe was positively related to the number of corpora lutea. The number of corpora lutea per doe was inversely related to the age of the doe. An inverse relation between the number of blastocysts and the age of the doe was presumably indirect, being mediated by the number of corpora lutea. All these relationships were highly significant. There was no demonstrable relationship between the number of corpora lutea and the weight of the doe. No firm evidence was found for a direct relationship (independent of weight and number of corpora lutea) between the number of blastocysts and age, or for any relationship with weight.
Diameter of blastocysts seemed more appropriate than volume as a measure of size suitable for analysis. Transformations tending to give linear relationships between variables have been studied. Size differences between blastocysts within the same uterine horn formed a large source of variation, probably not attributable to the superovulation procedure. Differences in blastocyst size between uterine horns within does were significant but introduced little extra variation. Mean blastocyst size varied greatly from one doe to another, but none of this variation was related significantly to known factors such as the weight of the dam or sire, or the age of the dam. The experiment appeared to be fairly sensitive in detecting these relationships.
The relationships found between the number of corpora lutea and the age or weight of the doe can be reconciled with the previous literature. The lack of demonstrable connexion between blastocyst size and the weight of dam or sire is in conflict with the results of other authors, and no specific reconciliation can be made. It is suggested that uniformity in age is more important than uniformity in weight when test animals are selected for assay of follicle stimulating hormone under conditions comparable with those of the present work.
EFFECT OF SODIUM CHLORIDE INTAKE AND MINERALOCORTICOID LEVEL ON THE GRANULARITY OF JUXTAGLOMERULAR CELLS
Authors: WIEDMAN M. L. , DUNIHUE F. W. , ROBERTSON W. VAN B. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effect of combinations of normal, low and high sodium chloride intake with normal, low and high mineralocorticoid level on granularity of cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus has been studied in the rat. The results have been compared with previously reported data from a similar series in the cat. With one exception, low sodium intake by normal rats, the granular cell index in both rat and cat was inversely related to the mineralocorticoid level and unrelated to the sodium intake. Data are presented which suggest that this exception is only apparent and may be explained on the basis of a different adrenal response by the rat.
GOITROGENS IN MILK
Authors: GREENE R. , FARRAN HELEN , GLASCOCK R. F. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. English kale, used to a great extent as a fodder for cows during the winter months, contains a substance which causes epithelial hyperplasia in the thyroid of rabbits.
2. The milk of cows fed either on English kale or on hay contains a substance which temporarily suppresses the uptake of 131I by the human thyroid.
3. The 'goitrogenic' effect of 'hay milk' is transient, and there is at present no evidence that it is clinically significant. That of 'kale milk', even if it is significant in fresh milk, is absent from deep-frozen milk. Further experiments are in progress to determine the goitrogenic properties, if any, of fresh kale milk.
THE INDUCTION OF DECIDUOMATA IN THE PSEUDOPREGNANT RAT BY SYSTEMIC ADMINISTRATION OF HISTAMINE AND HISTAMINE RELEASERS
Authors: KRAICER P. , SHELESNYAK M. C. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Intravascular or intraperitoneal injection of histamine or of the histamine releaser, '48/80', into the pseudopregnant rat produced a decidual cell reaction (DCR) in rat uteri with which there was no physical or surgical contact. The data add evidence to the role of histamine in the induction of the DCR.
The histamine-releasing activity of an antihistamine (pyrathiazine) was also used to induce the DCR systemically.
ADRENOCORTICAL ACTIVITY IN BOVINE PREGNANCY AND PARTURITION
Authors: BRUSH M. G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The plasma 17:21-dihydroxy-20-keto-corticosteroid levels in the cow in late pregnancy (33–0 days before calving) are only slightly higher than in the cow soon after calving (0–99 days). A larger rise was sometimes seen in the last few days before calving.
Except in one case where calving was difficult, no evidence of increased levels associated with the time of labour was found.
Higher levels in the first day or two after calving were seen in some cases, but subsequently levels were uniformly low—the difference from earlier levels being statistically significant (P=0·01).
In general, these results are in contrast with the human picture. Possible reasons for these findings are discussed.
OVARIAN STIMULATION FOLLOWING CEREBRAL LESIONS IN FERRETS
Authors: HERBERT J. , ZUCKERMAN S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Bilateral electrolytic lesions have been made in the thalamus, caudate nucleus or adjacent areas, in fourteen anoestrous ferrets; in another ten animals control operations were performed which were identical except that an electrolytic current was not passed.
Most of the experimental animals came into heat precociously. This effect was independent of the size, position, or even the presence of an electrolytic lesion, but depended only upon operative interference with the cerebrum.
It was concluded that these procedures acted as a non-specific stimulus for the production of gonadotrophic hormone and that more specific interpretations of the results of similar investigations involving central nervous lesions were, therefore, not necessarily valid.
HUMAN URINARY GONADOTROPHINS
Authors: BROWN P. S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Urinary gonadotrophins were assayed against HMG 20 A during the menstrual cycle in four subjects by methods believed to measure follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and total gonadotrophin respectively. The gonadotrophins showed qualitative fluctuation. Three subjects showed maximum levels of total gonadotrophin near the middle of the cycle, and three showed a notably different pattern of excretion of FSH with high values in the first part of the cycle.
Gonadotrophins from patients with secondary amenorrhoea showed no qualitative fluctuation, but treatment with stilboestrol apparently caused a rise in excretion of interstitial cell stimulating hormone in three out of nine patients.
The results of ninety-eight assays are recorded with fiducial limits and are discussed with reference to the specificity of the methods and the importance of inter-assay errors.
EFFECTS OF OESTROGENS AND ACTH ON THE ADRENALS OF THE GUINEA-PIG COMPARED WITH THOSE IN THE RAT
Authors: CLAYTON BARBARA E. , HAMMANT JOYCE E. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. In female guinea-pigs the total cholesterol in the adrenal glands was significantly depressed by stilboestrol (SB). Oestradiol (Oe) did not produce a significant fall in adrenal cholesterol, and the levels in the serum and liver were unchanged by either treatment.
2. The effects of SB and Oe have been compared in the guinea-pig and rat.
(a) In both species adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) caused a fall in adrenal ascorbic acid. In the rat, but not in the guinea-pig, there was also a fall after treatment with SB and Oe.
(b) In the rat SB caused severe morphological changes in the adrenal glands and great depletion of their lipid content. By contrast, in the guinea-pig, even using five times the dose given to the rat, morphological changes in the adrenals were minimal and there was little depletion of fat.
(c) Oe did not produce marked morphological changes in either species, but it caused great depletion of fat in the adrenal glands of the rat, and, by contrast, only a little depletion in the guinea-pig.
(d) No severe changes were observed in the livers and kidneys in either species following treatment with ACTH, SB or Oe.
These experiments emphasize the large differences in the response of these two species to treatment with oestrogens.
OCCURRENCE OF ANOESTRUS IN MICE CAGED IN GROUPS
Authors: WHITTEN W. K. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
When female mice were caged in groups of thirty, regular oestrous cycles did not occur in the majority of animals. The vaginal smears of these mice were mucified and some remained so for 40 days. Cycles promptly returned when the mice were caged individually.
The ovaries of the grouped mice were significantly lighter than those of individually housed controls, although the body weights were not different. Fewer of the grouped animals had tubal ova and corpora lutea were absent from, or atrophic in, some of the ovaries.
A decidual reaction was obtained in only one of ninety animals following trauma of the endometrium.
When grouped mice were subsequently paired, mating occurred 3 nights later in 53%. When females were caged singly the occurrence of mating was distributed more evenly over the first 4 nights.
Regular oestrous cycles did not occur in blind mice while they were grouped or in mice when they were separated by partitions in the cage.
It is concluded that anoestrus occurs when mice are grouped and results from a depression of pituitary gonadotrophic function. This depression is independent of mutual visual or tactile stimuli.
INFLUENCE OF GONADECTOMY, SEX HORMONES AND OTHER FACTORS, ON THE ACTIVITY OF CERTAIN GLYCOSIDASES IN THE RAT AND MOUSE
Authors: CONCHIE J. , FINDLAY JUNE 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. The rise with age in the α-mannosidase, β-galactosidase, β-N-acetylglucosaminidase and βglucuronidase activities in the epididymis of mice and rats has been examined. Enzyme activities in both species reached a maximum at an age of 12–14 weeks.
2. Ovariectomy caused a considerable drop in all uterine enzyme activities in mice. Administration of oestrone to such mice restored the activities to intact levels.
3. Castration of both mice and rats greatly reduced the enzyme activities in the epididymis. Prolonged injection of testosterone raised all the activities, although not to intact levels.
4. Injections of menthol, chloroform and carbon tetrachloride caused changes in enzyme activity analogous to those already observed with β-glucuronidase, although there were quantitative differences in the response of each enzyme.
5. A study of the effects of partial hepatectomy, and to a lesser extent, injection of carbon tetrachloride on the glycosidase activities in ovariectomized mice provides evidence for the action of extraovarian oestrogen.
6. Changes in enzyme activities of the epididymis were seen after partial hepatectomy or injection of carbon tetrachloride in castrated male mice.
7. The qualitative behaviour of all four enzymes in response to the action of extrinsic agents suggests that they exert similar functions in the body, and that these may well lie in the field of mucopolysaccharide catabolism.
CLASSIFICATION OF THE MUCOID (BASOPHIL) CELLS IN THE NORMAL AND PATHOLOGICAL HUMAN ADENOHYPOPHYSIS
Authors: ADAMS C. W. M. , PEARSE A. G. EVERSON 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. Two types of mucoid (basophil) cell, described as R and S, can be distinguished in the human adenohypophysis by a performic acid-Alcian blue method for cystine.
2. The relationship of the S—R terminology to other nomenclatures of human pituitary basophils is discussed.
3. The R cell, which contains little cystine, is the common mucoid cell of the human adenohypophysis: it is the cell which undergoes hyalinization in Cushing's syndrome and after cortisone therapy.
4. The S cell is found in the normal pituitary and, in great numbers, in Addison's disease and in shock: it is suggested that this cell is responsible for corticotrophin-synthesis.