bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multiplex Enzyme Assay Screening of Dried Blood Spots for Lysosomal Storage Disorders by Using Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Zhang X Kate , Elbin Carole S , Chuang Wei-Lien , Cooper Samantha K , Marashio Carla A , Beauregard Christa , Keutzer Joan M 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Background: Reports of the use of multiplex enzyme assay screening for Pompe disease, Fabry disease, Gaucher disease, Niemann-Pick disease types A and B, and Krabbe disease have engendered interest in the use of this assay in newborn screening. We modified the assay for high-throughput use in screening laboratories.
Methods: We optimized enzyme reaction conditions and procedures for the assay, including the concentrations of substrate (S) and internal standard (IS), assay cocktail compositions, sample clean-up procedures, and mass spectrometer operation. The S and IS for each enzyme were premixed and bottled at an optimized molar ratio to simplify assay cocktail preparation. Using the new S:IS ratio, we validated the modified assay according to CLSI guidelines. Stability of the S, IS, and assay cocktails were investigated. Dried blood spots from 149 healthy adults, 100 newborns, and 60 patients with a lysosomal storage disorder (LSD) were tested using the modified assay.
Results: In our study, the median enzyme activity measured in adults was generally increased 2–3–fold compared to the original method, results indicating higher precision. In the multiplex format, each of the 5 modified enzyme assays enabled unambiguous differentiation between samples from healthy individuals (adults and newborns) and the corresponding disease-specific samples.
Conclusions: The modified multiplex enzyme assay with premixed S and IS is appropriate for use in high-throughput screening laboratories.
Rethinking media events in the context of a global public sphere: Exploring the audience of global disasters in Greece
Authors: Kyriakidou Maria 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Current accounts on globalization and transnational media flows have reformed traditional debates on media events and have raised questions on the integrative potential of media events at a global level. This article addresses this issue by employing the case of global disasters as media events and exploring some of the characteristics of the global public sphere surrounding them in one of its particular actualizations: that of the Greek audience. The article is empirically grounded on focus group discussions through which questions of perception and framing of disasters as well as of the potential of promotion of global solidarity will be addressed.
Inside the media event: Examining the media practices of Dissent! at the Hori-Zone eco-village at the 2005 G8 Gleneagles Summit
Authors: McCurdy Patrick M. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
International meetings such as the G8 Summit have evolved from the sequestered gatherings of the economic elite to full-scale political media events. Dominant approaches to such events are often text-centered, focusing on the media's framing of protest and overlooking the actions and interactions at such sites. However, media events must also be examined from the perspectives of those involved in the event. Accordingly, a mediation approach is proposed to analyze the media practices of the Dissent! Network at the 2005 G8 Summit and specifically, Hori-Zone eco-village. After qualifying the G8 Summit as a media event, Hori-Zone is established as a site inside the media event. Protests launched from the camp are then analyzed, arguing that their position inside the media event transforms them from direct action into spectacular action. The conclusion reiterates the importance and implications of understanding political media events from the perspective of those inside the media event.
Eating cake at the European Round Table: Panem et Circenses in the mediation of the European Union's 50th anniversary by the British and the Irish Press
Authors: Trandafoiu Ruxandra 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
This article analyses the intersecting emotive expressions of nationalism, Euroscepticism, and Europeanness in Britain and Ireland during the European Union's 50th birthday festivities in March 2007. Such discursive manifestations in the Irish and British national press were occasioned by the display and public consumption of fifty-four national cakes at the Berlin Volkfest. The public, ritualistic, and convivial eating of national foods, represented a departure from the usual stale recipe of political summits, and was supposed to excite feelings of identity with the European Union project. Yet the event occasioned press, politicians, and public to delve into backward looking nationalist projections, the result of which was a media event riddled by fragmentation and diverging readings, which have to be interpreted via the multifarious relationships between globalization, national dishes and national identity.
Cellulosic aerogels as ultra-lightweight materials. Part 2: Synthesis and properties 2nd ICC 2007, Tokyo, Japan, October 25–29, 2007
Authors: Liebner Falk , Haimer Emmerich , Potthast Antje , Loidl Dieter , Tschegg Stefanie , Neouze Marie-Alexandra , Wendland Martin , Rosenau Thomas 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Ultra-lightweight cellulose aerogels can be obtained in three steps: (1) preparation of a cellulose solution in molten N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide monohydrate (NMMO·H2O) at 110–120°C and casting of the viscous mass into moulds; (2) extraction of the solidified castings with ethanol to initiate cellulose aggregation and to remove NMMO·H2O so that the fragile, fine-porous texture of cellulose II is largely retained; and (3) drying of the lyogel using supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2). According to this approach, cellulosic aerogels were prepared from eight commercial cellulosic materials and pulps and analysed for selected chemical, physicochemical and mechanical parameters. The results reveal that all aerogels obtained from 3% cellulose containing NMMO·H2O melts had a largely uniform mesoporous structure with an average pore size of ∼9–12 nm, surface area of 190–310 m2 g-1, and specific density of 0.046–0.069 g cm-3, but rather low mechanical stability expressed as compressive yield strain of 2.9–5.5%. All samples showed viscoelastic behaviour, with Young's modulus ranging from ∼5 to 10 N mm-2. Doubling the cellulose content in the NMMO·H2O melt from 3% to 6% increased Young's modulus by one order of magnitude. Shrinkage of the fragile cellulose bodies during scCO2 drying was still considerable and is subject to further investigations. Influencing parameters such as scCO2 pressure, cellulose content, regenerating solvent and the number of regenerating baths were optimised.
Intentionality, communicative intentions and the implication of politeness
Authors: Ruhi Şükriye 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Working within the relevance-theoretic paradigm (Sperber & Wilson 1995 [1986]), complemented with the cognitive linguistic approach (Johnson 1987; Lakoff & Johnson 1980), the paper proposes that politeness is an optional metarepresentation of an “interpersonal attitude” (Haugh 2007:91) that concerns the domain of intentionality. The paper first addresses the issue of “noticed” vs. “unnoticed” politeness with respect to utterance processing and argues that “unnoticed” (conventional) politeness can exist in interaction on the level of “background consciousness” (O'Driscoll 1996:1) and that processing of non-conventional utterances need not go through full-fledged inferential processing to achieve polite interpretations. Politeness is described as an implication that may result via the integration of the metarepresentation of (communicative) intentions and evaluative metarepresentations of the interlocutors' social acts.
Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Assessment of Genetic Diversity in Pacific Lampreys
Authors: Lin Binbin , Zhang Ziping , Wang Yilei , Currens Kenneth P. , Spidle Adrian , Yamazaki Yuji , Close David A. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
This study is the first to document genetic differences among Pacific lampreys Lampetra tridentata across much of their range. We examined collections of migrating adult Pacific lampreys from the Naka River, Japan; Moose River, Alaska; and six Pacific Northwest locations (North Fork Toutle, Willamette, Deschutes, John Day, Rogue, and Klamath rivers) based on variation at 180 polymorphic loci among the 556 amplified fragment length polymorphism loci generated by seven primer combinations. Despite the large geographical distances separating the samples, the different collections were characterized by a high proportion of shared bands, which indicated significant levels of historical gene flow across the range of the species. Analysis of molecular variance across three geographical regions—the Pacific Northwest, Alaska, and Japan—showed divergence among samples (genetic differentiation index FST = 0.106, P &lt; 0.001) and significant differences among regions (regional differentiation FRT = 0.014; P &lt; 0.001), among Pacific Northwest collections (population differentiation FSR = 0.092; P &lt; 0.001), and within collections. Over this extent of the species' range, genetic divergence tended to follow a pattern of isolation by distance, which suggested that allelic diversity may have been maintained by stepping stone patterns of dispersal. This pattern did not occur within the Pacific Northwest: among the six collections, all pairwise FST comparisons were statistically significant and ranged from 0.037 to 0.182, but the differences corresponded to no obvious geographical pattern.
Comparison of Largemouth Bass Assessment Metrics between Standardized and Historical Sampling Designs at Six Florida Lakes
Authors: Bonvechio Kimberly I. , Allen Micheal S. , Bonvechio Timothy F. , Coughlin Tim P. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Standardized protocols for sampling fish in lentic systems were recently established for the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. One of the main concerns of state biologists is that standard sampling methods could reduce the value and comparability of long-standing, fixed-transect historical data sets. Therefore, largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides were sampled by electrofishing in six lakes using both the historical and the new standard methods in spring 2006. Based on a two-way analysis of variance, the mean log-transformed catch per unit effort (CPUE) and proportional size structure of quality-size fish (PSSQ) and preferred-size fish (PSSP) did not differ significantly between the two sampling methods for any lake, when all samples were included. Based on bootstrapping analyses, which controlled for differences in sample sizes between the standard and historical methods, the variation associated with mean CPUE was generally higher for the standard method, whereas the variation associated with mean PSSP was generally higher for the historical method. Aside from PSSQ, the sample size required to obtain adequate levels of power and detection were met only by the standard method, for which a larger number of samples were collected. Our study suggests that the point estimates (i.e., means) from the historical methods can be used in trend analyses in concert with the new standard methods but that the standard method provides for better comparisons among water bodies.
Recruitment of Juvenile Red Drum in North Carolina: Spatiotemporal Patterns of Year-Class Strength and Validation of a Seine Survey
Authors: Bacheler Nathan M. , Paramore Lee M. , Buckel Jeffrey A. , Scharf Frederick S. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Sixteen years of data from a North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries seining survey were analyzed to assess the validity of the survey, describe spatial and temporal patterns in recruitment of red drum Sciaenops ocellatus, and evaluate factors that potentially contribute to recruitment variation. Overall, 11,817 age-0 red drum (total length = 11–104 mm) were collected in the survey during 1991–2006. Annual estimates of red drum recruitment were variable over time and showed no long-term trend. The dome-shaped catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) pattern of all annual cohorts indicated that the seine survey captured peak abundance levels each year; the spatial coverage of the survey also appeared to be adequate. Regional correlations within North Carolina were strongest for areas that were adjacent to one another, and the North Carolina statewide index was not correlated with indices from Florida or Texas, suggesting that factors controlling recruitment of red drum operate at a scale of tens to hundreds of kilometers. Age-0 red drum were caught at temperatures ranging from 8.5°C to 33.5°C and at salinities from 0.0 to 34.7 practical salinity units (psu; 1 psu ≈ 1‰). A generalized additive model explained only 8.1% of the variation in age-0 abundance, suggesting that early juvenile abundance cannot be predicted with these abiotic factors. Variation in loss rates of age-0 red drum appeared to be independent of variation in cohort density. The CPUE of age-0 red drum was correlated with harvest of age-2 fish 2 years later, suggesting that additional modification of year-class strength after the early juvenile stage is moderate or weak. Results of this study have improved our understanding of red drum recruitment patterns while simultaneously validating the seine survey.
The Effect of Yakima River Spring Chinook Salmon Sire Life History Type on Emergence Timing and Size of Progeny
Authors: Beckman Brian R. , Gadberry Brad , Parkins Paul , Larsen Donald A. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractTwo sets of half‐sib families of Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha were generated by crossing four full‐size anadromous males and four early‐maturing males with each of two full‐size anadromous females (eight males × two females) obtained from the Cle Elum Supplementation Research Facility on the Yakima River. Emergence timing differed by up to 5 weeks between families, with a highly significant difference between females. Within females there was no significant effect of male life history type on either median emergence timing or fry size; however, there was a suggestion of a relationship between individual sire and progeny emergence timing. There were significant differences in fry weight at emergence between the two females, but sire did not influence fry weight at emergence within females. This study demonstrates that ecologically significant differences in emergence timing may be generated solely through genetic and maternal affects, as all parents were spawned on the same day and all progeny were reared within a common thermal regime.
Estimating Recent Growth Rates of Atlantic Salmon Smolts Using RNA‐DNA Ratios from Nonlethally Sampled Tissues
Authors: MacLean Sharon A. , Caldarone Elaine M. , St. Onge‐Burns Jeanne M. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractFour tissues that can be removed nonlethally were evaluated for their effectiveness in estimating recent growth rates of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar smolts using RNA‐DNA ratios (R/Ds). Weight‐based growth rates were calculated for smolts reared in the laboratory for 4 weeks. Gill, muscle, scale, and caudal fin tissues were sampled to evaluate sampling ease during fieldwork, the quantity of RNA and DNA available for analysis, and the correlation of R/D with growth rate. Muscle provided adequate tissue for nucleic acid analysis, was strongly correlated with recent growth rates, and could be easily sampled in the field using a biopsy punch. Gill tissue did not provide adequate RNA for analysis with an ethidium‐bromide‐based microplate fluorometric assay, and R/Ds from scale and fin tissues were poorly correlated with growth rate.
The state of in vitro science for use in bioaccumulation assessments for fish
Authors: Weisbrod Anne V. , Sahi Jasminder , Segner Helmut , James Margaret O. , Nichols John , Schultz Irvin , Erhardt Susan , Cowan-Ellsberry Christina , Bonnell Mark , Hoeger Birgit 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThrough the concerted evaluations of thousands of commercial substances for the qualities of persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity as a result of the United Nations Environment Program's Stockholm Convention, it has become apparent that fewer empirical data are available on bioaccumulation than other endpoints and that bioaccumulation models were not designed to accommodate all chemical classes. Due to the number of chemicals that may require further assessment, in vivo testing is cost prohibitive and discouraged due to the large number of animals needed. Although in vitro systems are less developed and characterized for fish, multiple high-throughput in vitro assays have been used to explore the dietary uptake and elimination of pharmaceuticals and other xenobiotics by mammals. While similar processes determine bioaccumulation in mammalian species, a review of methods to measure chemical bioavailability in fish screening systems, such as chemical biotransformation or metabolism in tissue slices, perfused tissues, fish embryos, primary and immortalized cell lines, and subcellular fractions, suggest quantitative and qualitative differences between fish and mammals exist. Using in vitro data in assessments for whole organisms or populations requires certain considerations and assumptions to scale data from a test tube to a fish, and across fish species. Also, different models may incorporate the predominant site of metabolism, such as the liver, and significant presystemic metabolism by the gill or gastrointestinal system to help accurately convert in vitro data into representative whole-animal metabolism and subsequent bioaccumulation potential. The development of animal alternative tests for fish bioaccumulation assessment is framed in the context of in vitro data requirements for regulatory assessments in Europe and Canada.
Antibiotics as a chemical stressor affecting an aquatic decomposer–detritivore system
Authors: Bundschuh Mirco , Hahn Torsten , Gessner Mark O. , Schulz Ralf 
Published: August 2008

AbstractRecent evidence indicates that a variety of antibiotic residues may affect the integrity of streams located downstream from wastewater treatment plants. Aquatic communities comprising bacterial and fungal decomposers and invertebrate detritivores (shredders) play an important role in the decomposition of allochthonous leaf litter, which acts as a primary energy source for small running waters. The aim of the present study was to assess whether an antibiotic mixture consisting of sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, erythromycin-H2O, roxithromycin, and clarithromycin has an effect on such a decomposer–detritivore system. Leaf discs were exposed to these antibiotics (total concentration of 2 or 200 μg/L) for approximately 20 d before offering these discs and corresponding control discs to an amphipod shredder, Gammarus fossarum, in a food choice experiment. Gammarus preferred the leaf discs conditioned in the presence of the antibiotic mixture at 200 μg/L over the control discs (pair-wise t test; p = 0.006). A similar tendency, while not significant, was observed for leaves conditioned with antibiotics at a concentration of 2 μg/L. The number of bacteria associated with leaves did not differ between treatments at either antibiotic concentration (t test; p = 0.57). In contrast, fungal biomass (measured as ergosterol) was significantly higher in the 200 μg/L treatment (t test; p = 0.038), suggesting that the preference of Gammarus may be related to a shift in fungal communities. Overall these results indicate that mixtures of antibiotics may disrupt important ecosystem processes such as organic matter flow in stream ecosystems, although effects are likely to be weak at antibiotic concentrations typical of streams receiving wastewater treatment plant effluents.
Pulp and paper mill effluent treatments have differential endocrine-disrupting effects on rainbow trout
Authors: Orrego Rodrigo , Guchardi John , Hernandez Victor , Krause Rachelle , Roti Lucia , Armour Jeffrey , Ganeshakumar Mathumai , Holdway Douglas 
Published: August 2008

AbstractEndocrine disruption (ED) effects due to pulp and paper mill effluents extracts involving different industrial procedures and effluent treatments (nontreated, primary, and secondary treated) were evaluated using immature triploid rainbow trout in a pulse-exposure toxicity experiment. The protocol involved the use of intraperitoneal injection of mill extracts (solid-phase extraction [SPE]) corrected for individual fish weight and included several laboratory standards (steroidal hormones and phytosterols). Biological endpoints at two different levels of biological organization were analyzed (molecular and individual organism). Results indicated that nonsignificant changes were observed in the individual physiological indices represented by condition factor, liver somatic index, and gonad somatic index during the experiment. Significant induction of liver ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity was observed between different effluent treatments and experimental controls. Significant endocrine-disrupting effects at the reproductive level were observed in all effluent treatments involving significant increments in plasma vitellogenin (VTG) levels. Fish exposed to untreated effluent extracts had significantly higher VTG levels compared to fish exposed to primary and secondary treatment effluent extracts, indicating a decrease of the estrogenic effect due to the effluent treatment. The present study has shown that for the Chilean pulp and paper mill SPE extracts evaluated, an endocrine disruption effect was induced in immature triploid rainbow, reaffirming the significant estrogenic effects demonstrated previously in laboratory and field experiments.
Biotransformation of acridine byMycobacterium vanbaalenii
Authors: Sutherland John B. , Heinze Thomas M. , Pearce Mason G. , Deck Joanna , Williams Anna J. , Freeman James P. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractCultures of Mycobacterium vanbaalenii strain PYR-1 in a liquid medium were exposed to the toxic environmental contaminant acridine (260 μM). After incubation for 7 d, the cultures were extracted with ethyl acetate. Metabolites were purified using high-performance liquid chromatography and analyzed by mass spectrometry and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Four metabolites, 9,10-dihydroacridine, 4-hydroxyacridine, acridine cis-1,2-dihydrodiol, and acridin-9(10H)-one, were identified.
Is dietary mercury of neurotoxicological concern to wild polar bears (Ursus maritimus)?
Authors: Basu Niladri , Scheuhammer Anton M. , Sonne Christian , Letcher Robert J. , Born Erik W. , Dietz Rune 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Polar bears (Ursus maritimus) are exposed to high concentrations of mercury because they are apex predators in the Arctic ecosystem. Although mercury is a potent neurotoxic heavy metal, it is not known whether current exposures are of neurotoxicological concern to polar bears. We tested the hypotheses that polar bears accumulate levels of mercury in their brains that exceed the estimated lowest observable adverse effect level (20 μg/g dry wt) for mammalian wildlife and that such exposures are associated with subtle neurological damage, as determined by measuring neurochemical biomarkers previously shown to be disrupted by mercury in other high-trophic wildlife. Brain stem (medulla oblongata) tissues from 82 polar bears subsistence hunted in East Greenland were studied. Despite surprisingly low levels of mercury in the brain stem region (total mercury = 0.36 ±0.12 μg/g dry wt), a significant negative correlation was measured between N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor levels and both total mercury (r = —0.34, p &lt; 0.01) and methylmercury (r = —0.89, p &lt; 0.05). No relationships were observed among mercury, selenium, and several other neurochemical biomarkers (dopamine-2, gamma-aminobutyric acid type A, muscarinic cholinergic, and nicotinic cholinergic receptors; cholinesterase and monoamine oxidase enzymes). These data show that East Greenland polar bears do not accumulate high levels of mercury in their brain stems. However, decreased levels of NMDA receptors could be one of the most sensitive indicators of mercury's subclinical and early effects.