bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Library catalogue production on small computers
Authors: Kilgour Frederick G. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe paper discusses the production of library catalogue cards, specifically treating the Columbia‐Harvard‐Yale Medical Libraries Computerization Project.The Harvard Medical Library withdrew from the Project as of 30 June 1966.
A description is provided of the bibliographic data input, general computer processing, and various output modes. The paper, also, treats of error controls, human edit procedures, and the complexity and variety of present bibliographic organization in the context of computer manipulation.
A computer‐program system to facilitate the study of technical documents
Authors: Bobrow Daniel G. , Kain R. Y. , Raphael Bertram , Licklider J. C. R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSymbiont is a computer‐and‐program system for use in research on computer‐aided study. It stores, retrieves, and displays documents and parts of documents. It “semi‐automates” the taking of verbatim notes. It facilitates the manipulation and intercomparison of graphs. And it conducts searches for passages of text that contain specified words or phrases. Experience with Symbiont and plans for its improvement are described.
Dictionary buildup and stability of word frequency in a specialized medical area
Authors: Long John M. , Barnhard Howard J. , Levy Gertrude C. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis is a report of word usage in radiological (x‐ray) patient records as found in a 5% sample of the annual case load at UAMC including 100,000 words. Records were taken exactly as dictated. The study is part of an effort to develop an IR system for patient data. The system “autocodes” (automatically stores) the physician's dictated findings and diagnoses in such a fashion that they can be retrieved again automatically.Some of our findings approximate results reported in the literature. For example, the rate of introduction of new different words levels off to about 2,500 words when 40,000 to 50,000 words of text have been analyzed. However, unclassified words continue to occur at a significant level of almost 2% at the 100,000 word level, with a 1% noise level.Attempts to establish the rank order of words beyond the first several hundred have failed because about 70% of the words appear to occur with such a low relative frequency (no more than one time in 10,000). Thus, establishing files by rank order appears impractical, even though filter lists (discard words) by rank groups (words with nearly the same relative frequency) are quite practical.Additional data are presented and design implications are discussed.
Computer‐produced microfilm library catalog
Authors: Kozumplik W. A. , Lange R. T. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe philosophy, production, and cost‐effectiveness of a computer‐generated library catalog is described. This catalog is unique in that it utilizes direct computer to microfilm composition techniques, employing the Stromberg Carlson 4020. Cost, user acceptance, and by‐product capabilities are stressed.
A rationale for attacking information problems
Authors: Wall Eugene 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe “systems” approach to information system problems is suggested, wherein problems arising from information origination, processing, and utilization—and alternative solutions to the problems—can be viewed as an entirety rather than piecemeal. Information utilization problems involve sociopolitical considerations (e.g., “wants” vs. “needs” of users), economic values of information, and the more objective considerations of timeliness, quality, and format requirements placed upon information services or products. Quality is encompassed by the factors of specificity, completeness, and relevance. Information processing is shown to consist of seven distinct “unit processes,” which may be combined in only nine different ways, thus defining nine possible types of information systems. The “unit processes” employed interact strongly with each other and with user requirements. Information origination—specifically the increasing ratio of “dross” to “ore”—is stated to be the single major information problem for which rational means of attack are not apparent at present.
Libraries and machines—A Review
Authors: Adkinson Burton W. , Stearns Charles M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe application of computers to library operations is discussed in broad terms. Three phases in automation of libraries are identified: the mechanization of conventional operations such as bibliographical control processes and administrative monitoring systems; the automation of search processes based on subject matter; and the move toward new and different kinds of services that computer technology may make possible. We are in the second phase, and snagged by the difficulty experienced by computers dealing with natural language and subjective ambiguities. To move forward through phase two will require a better dialog capacity between man and machine than presently exists. Before progressing into the third phase a better identification of the purposes that our files of information are to serve will be needed.Practical considerations affecting computer adoption by libraries are identified as: the need to stay in business during conversion to automated modes; the necessity for demonstrating in advance the economic advantages of conversion; the difficulty of proving in advance that conversion will meet real user needs; and the standardization and compatibility problems that will have to be solved to make the various automated libraries able to use one another's services efficiently.
A study of the use of materials circulated from an engineering library, March to May 1956
Authors: Pings Vern 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this study undertaken from March to May 1956 was to determine how an academic engineering library was used by two groups of users, the undergraduates and graduate students–faculty. The part of the study reported here is the result of a questionnaire given to the user at the time he charged out an item at the circulation desk to ascertain for what purpose he selected the item(s) and how he learned about it as a source of information. Variations in the reasons for selecting items changed during the three periods the data were collected. The undergraduates borrowed less for classroom work as the semester progressed, while the graduate‐faculty group borrowed increasingly for this reason. Supporting the conclusions of the other studies, the most important source for learning about an item was personal through recommendation; however, one of every four items charged out was discovered in browsing through the library's collection. From this study one can conclude that not only must librarians be acquainted with their users as individuals, but that the physical arrangement of library materials is an important factor in accessibility to information in an academic environment.
A general model of information transfer: Theme paper 1968 annual convention
Authors: Murdock John W. , Liston David M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA general model of information transfer establishes a conceptual framework for contributed papers for the 1968 ADI Convention in Columbus, Ohio, October 20–24, 1968. The general model is an elaboration on the classic sender/channel/receiver model and presents a variety of alternative channels for information transfer including direct transfer, primary recorded media, archives, secondary recorded media, and information centers. Suggested areas for response in the form of contributed papers include costs, performance, benefits, functions, application of scientific and technical disciplines, research, vocabulary control, and language processing associated with information systems, science, and technology. A call for papers for the 1968 ADI Convention is included.
Computer usage in the development of a water resources thesaurus
Authors: Hersey David F. , Hammond William 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper describes one method by which a thesaurus has been developed making extensive use of a computer to supplement the intellectual effort. The computer techniques incorporate several exceptionally useful innovations not previously disclosed in the open literature. The thesaurus which was developed is similar in convention and format to that recently adopted for Project LEX (4).
Air pollution technical information processing—the microthesaurus approach
Authors: Tancredi Samuel A. , Nichols Owen D. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this report is to describe the microthesaurus approach to indexing technical literature, as used within the Air Pollution Technical Information Center (APTIC) of the National Center for Air Pollution Control (NSAPC). Using the Thesaurus of Air Pollution Terms as a base, a microthesaurus was constructed by dividing the field of air pollution and its effects into major categories such as Humans and Animals, Plants and Foods, Pollutants, Measurements, and others. These major categories were further divided to sub‐categories such as Respiratory Diseases, Suspended Particulates, and Materials Deterioration. Finally, the subcategories were reduced to very specific terms such as asthma, bronchitis, emphysema—all subordinate to Respiratory Diseases. Approximately 1,300 terms were arranged hierarchically on three display sheets with each term coded according to the number‐color scheme of a Jonkers Termatrex system. These sheets were subsequently used to deep‐index several thousand air pollution documents. It was concluded that the micro‐thesaurus approach provided the following: (1) consistency of indexing; (2) elimination of coding and spelling errors; (3) retrieval of both broad and highly specific information; and (4) adaptability to manual and mechanized systems.
A physician oriented method for clinical information retrieval
Authors: Smith Michael J. , Levy Richard P. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA system is described whereby a physician can, by use of a simple language, effectively search a large amount of active clinical patient data. The language, which is in everyday use has been found to be easily learnable. The language allows partitioning a file in a number of different ways, thus permitting the chronology of a patient's record to be a search parameter. The output from the search provides a count of the documents searched, the proportion that satisfy the search, and the identifying numbers of those documents which contain the desired information. At the option of the user, the output may be supplemented by all or part of those documents which met the requirements of the search.
GAF document storage and retrieval system
Authors: Starke A. C. , Whaley F. R. , Carson E. C. , Thompson W. B. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe system is designed primarily for company reports but may include any documentary input. The following steps are involved in input: (1) Documents are scanned, selected, and subdivided (where necessary); (2) on a worksheet are entered a bibliographic description, a store address, and index descriptors and subdescriptors; index entries are chosen with the aid of a GAF Thesaurus structured to control synonymity, generic and other conceptual relationships; (3) document and worksheet are microfilmed for storage; (4) the worksheet contents are keyboarded for machine‐readable records, first on tape for IBM 1401, in the future on disc for a third‐generation computer. The input is punched cards at present, but more sophisticated input devices are under study. Computer programs comprise the Combined File Search (CFS) system (IBM 10.3.047) with several interface programs included. Document retrieval involves the following steps: (1) An inquirer from any one of the Company's units presents a Search Request Form using both narrative and descriptors chosen with the aid of the GAF Thesaurus; (2) the question is transformed at the center into a set of search descriptors and subdescriptors in appropriate logic statements involving AND, OR, and AND NOT logic, with the option of linking descriptors or truncating them to get word stems; the program has the option of printing out all or part of the master records for documents retrieved; (3) the inquirer reviews the index output and selects relevant addresses; (4) the addressed reports are located in the microfilm store at his location, reviewed, and prints made where needed.
Thesaurus development for a decentralized information network
Authors: Eller James L. , Panek Robert L. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA review is given of specialized requirements needed for the development of a controlled vocabulary for a decentralized information network composed of 18 subject‐oriented clearing houses in the field of education. The major elements of the review include initial development stages, appointment of an advisory group for terminology development, coordination requirements, and lexicographic procedures. Training and coordination related to thesaurus development in a decentralized information network are discussed. A computerized method for developing descriptor group displays is examined and illustrated.
A study of searching the eye research literature
Authors: Miller Russell R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe paper is a report of most of the major findings of a study in searching the periodical eye research literature. Questions were collected from eye researchers and a selected group of these were searched in nine different secondary sources. Articles thought to be relevant were Xeroxed and sent to the eye researchers who subsequently rated the articles. Articles of eye research interest are found in a wide variety of journals, but a small number of journals carry a large proportion of the articles judged valuable by the eye researchers. Approximately a fourth of eye research articles are in foreign languages. Translations are not readily available. Despite a delay of more than 15 months between the original appearance of articles in journals and the mailing of photocopies, about half of the articles of interest to the researchers were not known to them previously. For extensive retrospective searches more than one secondary service must be used. Index Medicus and Excerpta Medica (Section 12) or Ophthalmic Literature would be good sources. MEDLARS demand searches were not shown to be clearly superior to manual searches of Index Medicus. Titles, abstracts, and full text were shown to be equally effective in permitting searchers to retrieve references that were subsequently rated as relevant by the researchers. A searcher with a background in ophthalmology was able to retrieve more articles of research interest than other non‐ophthalmologist searchers.
Computer graphics: An assembly line for information
Authors: McConnell William A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe growing disparity in productivity between manufacturing and engineering design activities suggests that “software” systems—in which information is organized to produce instructions—must adopt some of the disciplines that have been fruitful in the “hardware” systems—where materials are organized to create products. Developments at Ford toward measuring elements of the design task, detailed planning and organizing of the engineering process at its inception, and elimination or acceleration of the iterative process characteristic of the “scientific method” are discussed in this context. Particular attention is given to the importance of computer graphics and its use with a time‐shared computer system as communication and storage means—the beginnings of an “assembly line” for information.
The determination of legal facts and economic guideposts with respect to the dissemination of scientific and educational information as it is affected by copyright—A status report
Authors: Sophar Gerald J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe study determines the amounts, kinds, source, and age of copyrighted materials copied by United States libraries and information centers. It also examines the “fair use” principle to see if the current copying practices do in fact conform to copyright law. More than one billion pages of copyrighted materials were copied by United States libraries in 1967, almost all as single copies. The librarian equates this practice with fair use despite the fact that there is nothing in copyright statute or the common law to justify this practice. Under current beliefs and practices single‐copy reproduction is not significantly affected or restricted by copyright law. Conclusions and recommendations based on the study are made.
Imprecision in indexing. Part II
Authors: Tinker John F. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBy freeing indexers from the necessity of using standard language, and placing them only under the constraint of choosing descriptors from a short authority list to which they may freely add modifiers, a lucid and understandable index can be produced. Used in conjunction with the listing program and the display described, this approach produces a remarkably efficient index to a series of a few thousand related compounds. The consistency of use of terms on the authority list, expressed as an increase in the chance of retrieval, is improved, but not brought to perfection. The meaning of a given term to the various indexers, judged by their lack of agreement in applying it to the abstracts, remains imprecise. The listing programs and display can also be used to produce an index in a broad subject area. However, the utility of the index to a broad subject area will depend to a greater extent on the application of indexing policies and on an authority list that is less a dictionary and more a thesaurus which reflects these policies.
Automated control of a fast‐turnaround contractor—Subcontractor document management system
Authors: Komiske Patrick T. , Braunstein Albert A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAutomated Control of a Document Management System (ACDMS) was devised and implemented with the use of an IBM‐7094 information retrieval system in the Applied Physics Laboratory's computing center. The system provides management control in a timely manner for all documentation relevant to the Laboratory's subcontract with industry to construct satellites. Characteristically, the ACDMS has provided logging, processing, and control information for over 5,000 satellite drawings and more than 2,000 other documents and their continuing revisions that have flowed between the Laboratory and the subcontractor for over two years.
The use of simulation in studying information storage and retrieval systems
Authors: Baker Norman R. , Nance Richard E. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractPrevious applications of simulation to information storage and retrieval systems (ISRS) have been overly restrictive in their scope and have failed to consider the environment within which such systems operate. This paper considers the ISRS as a subsystem within a larger system which includes the users and the funders of the retrieval system. The three components form a closed‐loop information feedback system in which user response influences both the funding and operation of the ISRS as it attempts to satisfy user needs within a finite budget allocation. Reward‐cost theory provides the basis for describing user behavior. An industrial dynamics model has been developed to simulate ISRS/ user/funder behavior where a university departmental library is the ISRS component. The results which such an analysis can produce are discussed.
Retrieval of answer‐providing documents
Authors: O'Connor John 
Published: June 2007

Abstract(I) Better understanding of subject document retrieval might result if different functions of subject document retrieval systems are studied separately. This paper is concerned with retrieval of documents, in response to a question, from which answers to that question can be inferred (“answer‐providing documents”). “Answer can be inferred from document” has many possible meanings, one of which must be selected (an “inference specification”). Inasmuch as scientists in a field sometimes disagree about the correctness of inferences, have somewhat different background knowledge, etc., any inference specification can only approximate scientific inference practices. Two sources of systematic knowledge of document‐statement inference practices in a scientific field are described. (II) If a content word occurs in a question, then it occurs in any answer to that question (with some apparently tractable exceptions). An indexing procedure based on that fact is described which would permit retrieval of all answer‐providing documents for a question. However, because the indexing is “nonrelational,” it could cause false retrievals as well. Various ways of dealing with such false retrievals are briefly indicated, and a study is sketched that would provide data for helping selection among them. Two special points concerning indexing for retrieval of answer‐providing documents are discussed separately.
Measures for the comparison of information retrieval systems
Authors: Pollock Stephen M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA definite need exists for an absolute and uniform means of comparison and evaluation of certain characteristics of various information retrieval systems. This paper is concerned only with the system's ability to satisfy queries; the effort and time used, and their relative costs, are not considered. Some past procedures that have been used are reviewed and discussed, along with some of the difficulties that arise when these procedures are followed. We present some desirable characteristics for a meaningful measure of effectiveness, then analyze in detail one such measure that may be used to compare the retrieval capabilities of a large variety of systems. This measure, called the “normalized sliding ratio,” has a relation to the classical recall and precision ratios and may be looked on as a generalization of them.
The browser's retrieval game
Authors: Treu Siegried 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA three‐mode game (procedure), applicable to time‐sharing information retrieval systems, is described in detail and demonstrated by limited experimental results. It is designed to offer the system user direct interaction with the system and a certain browsability through its information file. An association function is required to assign a level of association, based on co‐occurrence frequencies, to every pair of terms in the term vocabulary. The association level of a pair serves as indicator of in‐file presence or absence of the represented concept. The user starts with any single term(s) or term pair(s), “browses” through the available index term vocabulary “aisles” by means of a display console, and finally arrives at the game's objective: Either a query in terms of pair(s) of highly associated terms or the conclusion that the subject of interest is not represented. Formulating a query by coordinating only highly associated terms is expected to produce several advantages. It provides more specificity to query meaning while nevertheless insuring the retrieval of relevant items. It also prevents many false drops otherwise generated by erroneously coordinated index terms. The experimental results lend support to these expectations.