bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Exposure Period and Algal Concentration on the Frequency of Infection of Aposymbiotic Ciliates by Symbiotic Algae from Paramecium bursaria
Authors: WEIS DALE S. , AYALA ALFRED 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISThe effect of exposure period and concentration of algae on the frequency of infection of aposymbiotic ciliates by algae obtained from the same clone of Paramecium bursaria syngen 2, was studied. The frequency of infection was roughly proportional to the algal concentration and to the exposure time of ciliates to algae. The relationship of algal concentration to infection frequency closely fitted the Poisson distribution curve for N = 1, suggesting that the minimum number of algae required to infect a single ciliate is 1. However, the data also strongly suggested that the average number of algae required to initiate infection of an average ciliate was ˜ 1,000. Three possible resolutions of this situation are: (a) the selection by the ciliate of a rare infective variant from a heterogeneous population: (b) the rare escape of an alga from digestion by the ciliate; and (c) the requirement for a large number of algae‐ciliate contacts to induce susceptibility in the ciliate. Splitting the exposure of ciliates to algae into 2 periods of 0.5 h, separated by 5 h in the absence of algae, produced a much higher frequency of infection than a single l‐h exposure, supporting the suggestion that the large number of algae is required to induce susceptibility in the ciliate which can then be infected by as few as a single algal cell.
Isolation, Enumeration and Identification of Amebae from a Nebraska Lake*
Authors: O'DELL WILLIAM D. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSISA plaque technic was evaluated and used for the isolation and enumeration of small, free‐living amebae in lake‐bottom samples which were collected each month for one year from a Nebraska lake. Several culture media were evaluated, and a simple glucose‐salts medium was chosen. The most frequent ameba in the lake‐bottom samples was Acanthamoeba polyhaga which underwent marked increases and decreases in population densities during the collection period. This pattern was not correlated with water temperature, bacterial counts, and nitrate or phosphate levels. Other species of amebae of the genera Hartmannella, Vahlkampfia, Naegleria, Paratetramitus and Echinamoeba were isolated. Most of these were either found infrequently or remained at relatively low, constant densities throughout the year. In addition, 4 species of Acrasieae of the genera Dictyostelium and Polysphondylium were isolated from the lake‐bottom samples.
Morphogenèse de Régénération chez le CiliéCondylostoma magnum (Spiegel): Etude ultrastructurale
Authors: BOHATIER JACQUES 
Published: May 2007

RESUME. Les événements corticaux qui se produisent au cours des stades successifs de la régénération orale chez Condylostoma magnum (Spiegel) sont étudiés cytologiquement au microscope électronique.La zone de cicatrisation est très riche en vacuoles et petites vésicules en relation avec la membrane plasmique. La multiplication cinétosomienne débute sur le cǒté gauche des cinéties du territoire ventral gauche en “V” normalement impliqué dans la stomatogenèse, au niveau du cinétosome antérieur des paires somatiques. La prolifération se poursuit par l'apparition de jeunes cinétosomes le plus souvent orthogonaux aux anciens. Ce processus de multiplication très rapide aboutit à la formation d'un “champ anarchique,” au sein duquel on observe que: (a) les cinétosomes néoformés ne possèdent pas tous des fibres postciliaires associées, et, (b) lorsque la présence de cette catégorie de fibres tangentielles peut ětre décelée, l'orientation des cinétosomes ainsi définie est reconnue quelconque. La différentiation des organelles adoraux se fait dans la partie gauche du champ (primordium de gauche), par alignement des cinétosomes sur 2 rangées pour chaque organelle (orientées perpendiculairement à l'axe antéro‐postérieur du Cilié), dont une seule (postérieure) possède des postciliaires. La ciliogenèse intervient pour de nombreux cinétosomes dès le stade du champ “anarchique”; pour certains cinétosomes elle s'achève au début de l'agencement en organelles, et est concomitante de la poussée des némadesmes. La 3ème rangée (antérieure) des organelles, les desmoses inter‐cinétosomiennes, et les liaisons entre organelles voisins, n'apparaissent que secondairement. La différenciation de la ciliature parorale (à droite) est plus tardive. Elle se fait à l'intérieur d'un primordium, dont l'organisation est primitivement “anarchique,” et est accompagnée par une résorption progressive de la plus grande partie des cinétides néoformées. En particulier, de nombreux cinétosomes du champ droit possèdent des fibres postciliaires associées, qu'on ne retrouve pas an niveau de la “polystichomonade” régénérée. Enfin, la genèse des nouveaux cinétosomes au sein d'une cinétie somatique, au moment de son allongement est également décrite.
Life Cycle of Isospora rivolta (Grassi, 1879) in Cats and Mice*
Authors: DUBEY J. P. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The endogenous development of Isospora rivolta (Grassi) was studied in cats fed oocysts, and was compared with the endogenous cycle after feeding them mice infected with I. rivolta. For the mouse‐induced cycle, 14 newborn cats were killed 12 to 240 h after having been fed mesenteric lymph nodes and spleens of mice. Asexual and sexual development occurred throughout the small intestine, in epithelial cells of the villi and glands of Lieberkuhn. The number of asexual generations was not determined with certainty, but there were at least 3 structurally different meronts. Type I meronts appeared at 12–48 h postinoculation (HPI). They were 8.5(6–13) × 5.1(3–6) μm, contained 2–8 merozoites, and divide by binary division or endodyogeny. Type II meronts were multinucleate merozoite‐shaped meronts within a single parasitophorous vacuole. They were found at 48–172 HPI and measured 12.6(9–18) × 9.8(9–13) μm. Individual multinucleate merozoite‐shaped meronts were 7–13 × 3–5 μm in sections and contained 2–30 slender (5.5 × 1.0 μm) merozoites. Type III meronts occurred at 72–192 HPI and gamonts at 72–96 HPI. Mature microgamonts measured 11.3(9–15) × 8.0(6–9) μm in sections and up to 21.5 × 14 μm in smears, and contained up to 70 microgametes. Macrogamonts measured 13.3(11–18) × 9.0(5–13) μm in sections and 18 × 16 μm in smears. Oocysts were 10–15 × 9–15 μm in sections and 19.8(17–24) × 18.0(17–23) μm in fixed and stained smears. Unsporulated oocysts in feces were 22.3(18–25) × 19.7(16–23) μm and spomlated oocysts 25.4(23–29) × 23.4(20–26) μm. Sporulation was completed within 24 h at 22–26 C. For the study of the oocyst‐induced cycle in cats, 18 newborn cats were killed between 6 and 192 HPI. The endogenous development was essentially similar to the mouse‐induced cycle, but merogony and gametogony occurred 12–48 h later than in the latter cycle.Isospora rivolta was pathogenic for newborn but not for weaned cats. Newborn cats fed 105 sporocysts or infected mice usually developed diarrhea 3–4 days after inoculation. Microscopically, desquamation of the tips of the villi and cryptitis were seen in the ilium and cecum in association with meronts and gamonts.For the study of the development of I. rivolta in mice, mice were killed from day 1 to 23 months after having been fed 105–105 sporocysts, and their tissues were examined for the parasites microscopically, and by feeding to cats. The following conclusions were drawn. (A) Isospora rivolta most frequently invaded the mesenteric lymph nodes of mice and remained there for 23 months at least. It also invaded the spleen, liver, and skeletal muscles of mice. This species could not be passed from mouse to mouse. Sporozoites increased in size from ˜6.8 × 4.9 μm on day 1 to ˜13.4 × 6.9 μm on day 31 postinoculation. Division was not seen.Prepatent period was 4–7 days and patent periods ranged from 2 to several weeks.
Replication of Nosema Algerae In Three Insect Cell Lines
Authors: STREETT D. A. , RALPH DAVID , HINK W. F. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS Nosema algerae, a microsporidan parasite of anopheline mosquitoes, was successfully replicated in 3 insect cell culture lines: Trichoplusia ni (TN‐368); Heliothis zea (IPLB‐1075); and Mamestra brassicae (IZD‐Mb‐0503). Infectious spores were produced in vitro. Spores were observed at 48 h postinfection, and some cells were filled with sproes by 72 h.The number of parasites per cell increased with time. At 72 h postinfection, the infection rates for the 3 cell lines ranged from 23 to 32%. Infected cell lines were subcultured, and by the 6th passage spore production had ceased.
Content, Synthesis, and Function of Polyamines in Trypanosomatids: Relationship to Chemotherapy1,2
Authors: BACCHI CYRUS J. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTPolyamines are multiply amine‐substituted straight‐chain aliphatics; their content in different tissues may vary widely, and their functions are many. Their main routes of biosynthesis originate from ornithine and methionine. Polyamine content and biosynthesis in tryposomatid flagellates are reviewed concluding with emphasis on their possible role as critical drug targets in these parasitic protozoa so pathogenic for man in large areas of the world.
Particle Assemblies in the Plasma Membrane of Tetrahymena: Relationship to Cell Surface Topography and Cellular Morphogenesis1
Authors: HUFNAGEL L. A. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTDuring a freeze‐fracture electron microscopical study of the plasma membrane of Tetrahymena, several different types of organized particle assemblies were observed. Three of these were found only on the protoplasmic face and were localized in the anterior‐ventral region of the cell. These consisted of plate‐like arrays composed of 4–25 triplet rows of small 3–4 nm particles; long, paired linear arrays localized at the tops of cortical ridges and composed of 7–8 nm particles; and elongated tetragonal arrays located in the grooves between ridges and composed of approximately 10 nm particles. The distribution of these arrays is consistent with roles in cellular morphogenesis, chemoreception, or cell‐cell pairing during conjugation. In addition, a unique particle track associated with the cytoproct (anal pore) was observed in the external face of the plasma membrane. Furthermore, the protoplasmic face of the plasma membrane is characterized by a high density of particles organized into localized microarrays, consisting of small paracrystals or strings, which exhibit a loose higher‐order patterning most evident toward the anterior end of the cell. Particle distributions on the protoplasmic face do not appear to be significantly altered by conditions that cause clumping of alveolar membrane particles. Taken together, these observations are consistent with the idea that the proteins of the plasma membrane are highly ordered and relatively immobile and that the structure of the plasma membrane is regionally differentiated.
Isospora as an Extraintestinal Parasite of Passerine Birds1
Authors: BOX EDITH D. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTToxoplasma‐like avian parasites inhabiting mononuclear phagocytes have been called Haemogregarina, Toxoplasma. avian Toxoplasma, Atoxoplasma, and Lankesterella by various authors. My attempts to transmit the parasites by bloodsucking mites or by transfer of blood and tissues of infected sparrows and canaries were unsuccessful. However, it was noted that the infection was exacerbated under conditions that favored transmission of coccidiosis: crowding and lack of cleanliness. Oral inoculation of sporulated oocysts of Isospora resulted in death from overwhelming macrophage infection with Toxoplasma‐like organisms. Experiments using sparrows and canaries showed that the Isospora species involved was not cross infectious. Further investigations using canaries demonstrated that after oral oocyst inoculation, infection of macrophages spread from the submucosa of the duodenum to the liver. spleen, and lungs. After several generations in the internal organs, asexual multiplication, occured in the intestinal epithelium of the small intestinc. Fecal oocysts first appeared at the end of 9–10 days. Oocysts continued to be passed in the feces for months after infection. This chronicity may be explained by the relatively long life of the macrophages that serve as host cells for the asexual stages as compared to the intestinal epithelium which is the cell type parasitized by conventional coccidia.
A Comparative Study of the Infraciliature and Silverline System of the Fresh‐Water Scuticociliates Pseudocohnilembus putrinus (Kahl, 1928) nov. comb., P. pusillus (Quennerstedt, 1869) nov. comb., and the Marine Form P. marinus Thompson, 19661
Authors: FOISSNER WILHELM , WILBERT NORBERT 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThree species of Pseudocohnilembus were examined with respect to infraciliature and the silverline system. The freshwater species P. putrinus and P. pusillus exhibited no differences in general organization of the argyrophilic structures when compared with the marine P. marinus. A review of the Pseudocohnilembus species that have been described on the basis of silver preparations shows that at present four species have been well characterized: P. pusillus (Quennerstedt, 1869) nov. comb., P. putrinus (Kahl, 1928) nov. comb., P. hargisi Evans & Thompson, 1964, and P. marinus Thompson, 1966, P. persalinus Evans & Thompson, 1964 and P. longiseta Evans & Thompson, 1964 are regarded as identical with the older known P. pusillus, because with respect to morphology and argyrophilic structures they are within the range of variability of that species; and their names thus fall as synonyms of P. pusillus.
Characterization of Populations of Promastigotes of Leishmania donovani1
Authors: DORAN THOMAS I. , HERMAN ROBERT 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTPromastigotes of Leismania donovani cultured for either 3 or 10 days in vitro and inoculated intracardially into golden hamsters with an equal number of organisms from either population showed a 7‐fold difference in infectivity when compared at both 10 to 16 days post‐infection. Reproducible histochemical staining for the promastigote enzymes glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and peptidase after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed two isoelectric variants of G6PDH (Bands 1 and 2) that displayed a 45% decrease (Band 1) and a 60% increase (Band 2) in total activity when 3‐ and 10‐day‐old promastigores were compared. Peptidase activity, present in a single band, increased 7‐fold in 10‐day‐old promastigotes. A decrease in the lectin‐induced agglutination of promastigotes by castor bean agglutinin (RCA60), specific for D‐galactose and N‐acetyl‐D‐galactosamine, was seen when 3‐ and 10‐day‐old promastigotes are compared. Antisera raised against sonicated 10‐day‐old promastigotes showed a unique precipitin band between the antiserum and sonicated 10‐day‐old promastigotes not found between the antiserum and sonicated 3‐day‐old promastigotes.
Five New Species of Myxobolus (Myxosporea: Protozoa), Parasitic in Cirrhina mrigala (Hamilton) and Labeo rohita (Hamilton), with a Note on a New Host Record for M. curmucae Seenappa & Manohar, 19801
Authors: SEENAPPA D. , MANOHAR L. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTFive new species of the genus Myxobolus (Myxosporea) infecting the fresh‐water carps are described. M. bhadrensis n. sp. was noticed in the musculature of the fry of Labeo rohita, collected from Bhadra Fish Seed Farm, in September 1979; and M. shettii, M. vedavatiensis, M. venkateshi, and M. hosadurgensis n. spp. were found in the gills of Cirrhina mrigala sampled from Vanivilasa Sagar Fish Farm in April 1980. Also, a new host record for M. curmucae is reported.
Some Corrections in Haemogregarine (Apicomplexa: Protozoa) Nomenclature1
Authors: LEVINE NORMAN D. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThe nomenclature of three genera in the family Haemogregarinidae (Haemogregarina, Karyolysus, and Hepatozoon) has been reviewed and the following new names are introduced to replace homonyms or for previously unnamed species: Haemogregarina carlosi n. nom., in the erythrocytes of the lizard Lacerta ocellata; Haemogregarina tincae n. nom., in the stomach and intestine of the tench Tinca tinca; Hepatozoon insectivorae n. sp., in the leucocytes of the shrews Sorex araneus and Crocidura leucodon; Hepatozoon krampitzi n. sp., in the leucocytes of the vole Microtus oeconomus; Hepatozoon peromysci n. sp., in the leucocytes of the deermice Peromyscus boylii and P. truei gilberti; and Hepatozoon pallida (Pessoa et al., 1971) n. comb., in the erythrocytes of the snake Thamnodynastes pallidus nattereri.
X‐ray Microanalysis of the Mineral Contents of Some Protozoa
Authors: RIEDER NORBERT , OTT HUBERT A. , PFUNDSTEIN PETER , SCHOCH ROBERT 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTWith the aid of energy‐dispersive X‐ray microanalysis, several protozoa were tested for content of cations within inorganic minerals. The skeleton of acantharia consists mainly of Sr with small quantities of Ca and Ba. Two Loxodes species contain nothing but Ba, while in some Remanella species Sr with small quantities of Ba were present. In one Geleia species, Ca with small quantities of Sr was found; in two Trachelocerca species from Sylt (Germany), Ba is there in addition. Another Trachelocerca species from northern Italy lacked Ba, but did possess Mn. In Prorodon only Ca was found.
Ultrastructure, Behavior, and Algal Flagellate Affinities of the Helioflagellate Ciliophrys marina, and the Classification of the Helioflagellates (Protista, Actinopoda, Heliozoea)1
Authors: DAVIDSON LLOYD A. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTCiliophrys marina is a small marine helioflagellate, with a central nucleus, which is capable of reversibly transforming from a rapidly swimming flagellate cell with no axopodia to the structure of a heliozoan with a flagellum that beats only a few times a minute. When in the flagellate form, the flagellum acts as a tractellum due to the tubular mastigonemes found along its length. When the rapidly swimming flagellate strikes a piece of debris, the flagellum goes through a very characteristic shock‐induced avoidance reaction. Similarly, when a mechanical shock is delivered to the cell in its heliozoan form, the axopodia are contracted in less than 20 msec. Both reactions are inhibited in low calcium seawater. Transformation from the heliozoan to the flagellate form is accomplished by slow retraction and absorbance of the axopodia and activation of the flagellum. Ultrastructurally, each axopodium is found to contain three microtubules which attach to the outer nuclear membrane of the central nucleus at sites that this study characterizes by electron microscopy of thin sections and freeze fracture preparations. The mitochondria have tubular cristae, each containing an intracristal filament. Finally, a taxonomic review of the helioflagellates is presented, and it is suggested that C. marina is derived from the chrysomonads. An argument is also made for classifying C. marina with the heliozoan order Actinophryida, as a recently published classification of the protozoa does.
Kinetic Analysis of Chemokinesis of Paramecium1
Authors: HOUTEN JUDITH VAN , MARTEL ELAINE , KASCH TONYA 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTParamecia detect and accumulate in or disperse from some chemicals. Cells do this by changing frequency of turning and speed of swimming. There are at least two mechanisms by which cells respond: one dependent on ability to turn, one dependent on speed modulation. There are also two classes of chemicals: those that require the cells' ability to turn in order to cause accumulation and dispersal (type I), and those that apparently require only speed modulation (type II). Attractants of type I cause qualitatively similar changes in behavior to repellents of type II and the converse; therefore, assays are needed to distinguish between these two classes of chemicals, despite qualitatively similar behavior of some attractants and repellents. We examined two assays of paramecium chemoresponse, T‐maze assay and well test, to understand how the T‐maze distinguishes between attractants of type I and repellents of type II and why the well test does not.
“Unidentified” Mobile Protozoans from the Blood of Carp and Some Unsolved Problems of Myxosporean Life Cycles1
Authors: LOM JIRI , DYKOVA IVA , PAVLASKOVA MILENA 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTHeavy infections with enigmatic mobile organisms have recently been found in the blood of carp (Cyprinus carpio) in Central Europe. The organisms measure up to 15 μm, are variable in shape, and exhibit an unceasing twitching or dancing movement. Their developmental cycle starts with a primary cell enclosing a secondary cell. The former grows while the latter produces inside itself by a series of binary fissions and internal cleavages up to eight secondary cells, each of which encloses an inner (tertiary) cell of its own. In addition, up to four tiny cells with compact nuclei (“residual bodies”) also result from divisions of the secondary cells. Primary cells containing the products of the division of secondary cells finally disintegrate, releasing the secondary cells, which in their turn become new primary cells and repeat the cycle all over again. The structure and behavior of these organisms were so incompatible with existing ideas on myxosporean development that their myxosporean affinity was at first unrecognized. The final proof of their identity–appearance of myxosporean spores in sterile, experimentally infected hosts–is still to be presented. The interpretation of the myxosporean features of their life cycle (i.e., [1] the pericyte nature of the primary cell, [2] proliferation by disintegration of the pseudoplasmodial primary cell, [3] no rigidly fixed pattern in vegetative development), their ultrastructure (i.e., [1] characteristic bundles of microtubules and numerous free ribosomes in secondary cells, [2] lack of centrioles, [3] membranes enclosing the secondary cells within the primary cells), and facts on their epizootiology (i.e., [1] no success at transmission via leeches, [2] the occurrence of these organisms along with Sphaerospora renicola Dykova and Lom) suggest that they are stages of S. renicola from the kidney of carp. Similar mobile organisms were found in the blood of fry of two other fishes (Gobio gobi and Tinca tinca) which are also hosts for a Sphaerospora that infects the kidney. This suggests that these organisms represent an early phase in the developmental cycle in the genus Sphaerospora. The existence of cells enveloped one within the other (secondary and tertiary cells) in the developmental cycle, a characteristic myxosporean feature itself, is an intriguing parallel to similarly enclosed cells in sporogenesis of Paramyxea (Ascetospora).