bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
White-matter hyperintensities in first-episode psychosis
Authors: Zanetti Marcus V. , Schaufelberger Maristela S. , de Castro Cláudio C. , Menezes Paulo R. , Scazufca Márcia , McGuire Philip K. , Murray Robin M. , Busatto Geraldo F. 
Published: July 2008

BackgroundWhite-matter hyperintensities have been associated with both schizophrenia and mood disorders, particularly bipolar disorder, but results are inconsistent across studiesAimsTo examine whether white-matter hyperintensities are a vulnerability marker for psychosis or are specifically associated with bipolar disorderMethodT2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging data were acquired in 129 individuals with first-episode psychosis (either affective or non-affective psychoses) and 102 controls who were randomly selected from the same geographical areas. Visual white-matter hyperintensity ratings were used for group and subgroup comparisonsResultsThere were no statistically significant between-group differences in white-matter hyperintensity frequency or severity scores. No significant correlations were found between white-matter hyperintensity scores and duration of illness, duration of untreated psychosis, or severity of psychotic, manic or depressive symptomsConclusionsWhite-matter hyperintensities are not associated with vulnerability to psychosis in general, or specifically with affective psychoses. Further, first-episode psychosis investigations using more quantitative methods are warranted to confirm these findings
Patterns of suicide by occupation in England and Wales: 2001–2005
Authors: Meltzer Howard , Griffiths Clare , Brock Anita , Rooney Cleo , Jenkins Rachel 
Published: July 2008

BackgroundSuicide rates vary by occupation but this relationship has not been frequently studiedAimsTo identify the occupations with significantly high suicide rates in England and Wales in 2001–2005 and to compare these with rates from previous decadesMethodMortality data from death registrations in England and Wales over the calendar years 2001–2005 were used to calculate proportional mortality ratios (PMRs) and standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) for both men and women aged 20–64 years by their occupationResultsAmong men, in 2001–2005, construction workers, and plant and machine operatives had the greatest number of suicides. The highest PMRs were for health professionals (PMR=164) and agricultural workers (PMR=133). Among women, administrative and secretarial workers had the greatest number of suicides yet the highest PMRs were found for health (PMR=232), and sport and fitness (PMR=244) occupationsConclusionsExcess mortality from suicide remains in some occupational groups. The apparent changes in suicide patterns merits further exploration, for example examining the prevalence of depression and suicidal ideation in medical practitioners, dentists, veterinarians, agricultural workers, librarians and construction workers
Psychoses, ethnicity and socio-economic status
Authors: Kirkbride J. B. , Barker D. , Cowden F. , Stamps R. , Yang M. , Jones P. B. , Coid J. W. 
Published: July 2008

BackgroundConsistent observation of raised rates of psychoses among Black and minority ethnic (BME) groups may possibly be explained by their lower socio-economic statusAimsTo test whether risk for psychoses remained elevated in BME populations compared with the White British, after adjustment for age, gender and current socio-economic statusMethodPopulation-based study of first-episode DSM–IV psychotic disorders, in individuals aged 18–64 years, in East London over 2 yearsResultsAll BME groups had elevated rates of a psychotic disorder after adjustment for age, gender and socio-economic status. For schizophrenia, risk was elevated for people of Black Caribbean (incidence rate ratios (IRR)=3.1, 95% CI 2.1–4.5) and Black African (IRR=2.6, 95% CI 1.8–3.8) origin, and for Pakistani (IRR=3.1, 95% CI 1.2–8.1) and Bangladeshi (IRR=2.3, 95% CI 1.1–4.7) women. Mixed White and Black Caribbean (IRR=7.7, 95% CI 3.2–18.8) and White Other (IRR=2.1, 95% CI 1.2–3.8) groups had elevated rates of affective psychoses (and other non-affective psychoses)ConclusionsElevated rates of psychoses in BME groups could not be explained by socio-economic status, even though current socio-economic status may have overestimated the effect of this confounder given potential misclassification as a result of downward social drift in the prodromal phase of psychosis. Our findings extended to all BME groups and psychotic disorders, though heterogeneity remains
Clinical pathways in psychiatry
Authors: Evans-Lacko Sara E. , Jarrett Manuela , McCrone Paul , Thornicroft Graham 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThis editorial summarises the literature on the use of care pathways in psychiatry. Further, it considers the case-mix clusters used in care pathways in relation to health service financial tariff and currency systems, and also reviews the evidence for the effectiveness of clinical pathways
Psychiatry's 200th birthday
Authors: Marneros Andreas 
Published: July 2008

SummaryProfessor Johann Christian Reil of Halle, Germany, first introduced the term ‘psychiatry’ in 1808. He argued that mental illness should be treated by physicians and that psychiatry required the very best medical practitioners. He stressed the important relationships between physical and mental factors in illness and the role of psychotherapy as one of the main treatment approaches in medicine. He was a strong advocate of humane treatment and reduction of stigma. Many of his ideas remain important today
Growth Hormone Treatment on Atherosclerosis: Results of a 5-Year Open, Prospective, Controlled Study in Male Patients with Severe Growth Hormone Deficiency
Authors: Colao Annamaria , Di Somma Carolina , Spiezia Stefano , Savastano Silvia , Rota Francesca , Savanelli Maria Cristina , Lombardi Gaetano 
Published: July 2008

Background: Severe GH deficiency (GHD) is associated with, increased cardiovascular risk and intima-media thickness (IMT) at major arteries.Objective: The objective of the study was to investigate the 5-yr effects of GH replacement on common carotid IMT and insulin resistance syndrome (IRS) (at least two of the following: triglycerides levels ≥ 1.7 mmol/liter, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels ≤ 1.0 mmol/liter, blood pressure above 130/85 mm Hg, fasting glucose 6.1–7 or 2 hr after glucose 7.7–11.1 mmol/liter).Design: This was an interventional, open, prospective, controlled study.Patients: Patients included 35 men with severe GHD and 35 age-matched healthy men as controls.Intervention: All patients received standard replacement therapy; GH replacement was added in 22 patients (group A) and refused by 13 others (group B).Measurements: Five-year changes in IMT and IRS prevalence were measured.Results: At baseline, IMT was higher in the patients with (P &lt; 0.001) and without IRS (P = 0.004) than in controls. Eighteen patients (51.4%) and two controls (5.7%; P &lt; 0.0001) had IRS. At study end, use of lipid-lowering drugs (92.3, vs. 13.6 and 34.3%, P &lt; 0.0001), glucose-lowering drugs (69.2 vs. 31.4 and 22.7%; P = 0.016), and antihypertensive drugs (61.5 vs. 20.0 and 4.5%; P &lt; 0.0001) was higher in group B patients than controls and group A patients. IGF-I levels normalized in all group A patients and remained lower than −1 sd score in 77% of group B patients. IMT significantly decreased only in group A and significantly increased in controls and nonsignificantly in group B patients. IRS prevalence significantly reduced only in group A patients.Conclusions: Severely hypopituitary GHD men have more frequently increased IMT at common carotid arteries and IRS than controls. After 5 years, only in GH replaced patients, IMT and prevalence of IRS decreased.
MEPE-ASARM Peptides Control Extracellular Matrix Mineralization by Binding to Hydroxyapatite: An Inhibition Regulated by PHEX Cleavage of ASARM
Authors: Addison William N , Nakano Yukiko , Loisel Thomas , Crine Phillippe , McKee Marc D 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Hyp mice having an inactivating mutation of the phosphate-regulating gene with homologies to endopeptidases on the X-chromosome (Phex) gene have bones with increased matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein (MEPE). An acidic, serine- and aspartic acid–rich motif (ASARM) is located in the C terminus of MEPE and other mineralized tissue matrix proteins. We studied the effects of ASARM peptides on mineralization and how PHEX and MEPE interactions contribute to X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH). ASARM immunoreactivity was observed in the osteoid of wildtype bone and in the increased osteoid of Hyp mice. In wildtype bone, PHEX immunostaining was found particularly in osteoid osteocytes and their surrounding matrix. Treatment of MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts with triphosphorylated (3 phosphoserines) ASARM peptide (pASARM) caused a dose-dependent inhibition of mineralization. pASARM did not affect collagen deposition or osteoblast differentiation, suggesting that pASARM inhibits mineralization by direct binding to hydroxyapatite crystals. Binding of pASARM to mineralization foci in pASARM-treated cultures and to synthetic hydroxyapatite crystals was confirmed by colloidal-gold immunolabeling. Nonphosphorylated ASARM peptide showed little or no binding to hydroxyapatite and did not inhibit mineralization, showing the importance of ASARM phosphorylation in regulating mineralization. PHEX rescued the inhibition of osteoblast culture mineralization by pASARM, and mass spectrometry of cleaved peptides obtained after pASARM-PHEX incubations identified pASARM as a substrate for PHEX. These results, showing that pASARM inhibits mineralization by binding to hydroxyapatite and that this inhibitor can be cleaved by PHEX, provide a mechanism explaining how loss of PHEX activity can lead to extracellular matrix accumulation of ASARM resulting in the osteomalacia of XLH.
Heteroscedastic Regression Analysis of Factors Affecting BMD Monitoring
Authors: Sadatsafavi Mohsen , Moayyeri Alireza , Wang Liqun , Leslie William D 
Published: July 2008

AbstractIdentifying factors affecting BMD precision and interindividual heterogeneity in BMD change can help optimize BMD monitoring. BMD change for the lumbar spine and total hip for short-term reproducibility (n = 328) and long-term clinical monitoring (n = 2720) populations were analyzed with heteroscedastic regression using linear prediction for mean (monitoring population only) and log-linear prediction for SD (both populations). For clinical monitoring, male sex, baseline body mass index (BMI), and systemic corticosteroid use were associated with greater SD of BMD change. Weight gain was negatively associated with SD for the hip, whereas height change was positively associated with SD for the spine. Each additional year of monitoring increased the SD by 6.5–9.2%. Osteoporosis treatment affected mean change but did not increase dispersion. For short-term reproducibility, performing scans on a different day increased the SD of measurement error by 38–44%. Baseline BMD, difference in bone area, and a repeat scan performed by different technologists were associated with higher measurement error only for the hip. For both samples, heteroscedastic regression outperformed models that assumed homogeneous variance. Heteroscedastic regression techniques are powerful yet underused tools in analyzing longitudinal BMD data and can be used to generate individualized predictions of BMD change and measurement error.
Long-Term Survival and Fracture Risk After Hip Fracture: A 22-Year Follow-Up in Women
Authors: von Friesendorff My , Besjakov Jack , Åkesson Kristina 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Hip fracture is associated with high early mortality. Little is known about long-term survival and subsequent fracture risk. The aim of this study was to evaluate survival and fracture risk after hip fracture in women at different ages. All women suffering a hip fracture during 1984–1985 in Malmö, Sweden, were identified (n = 766) and followed up to 22 yr or death. All new radiographic examinations related to musculoskeletal trauma with or without fracture were registered. Survival (mortality) and fracture was evaluated in 5-yr age bands and in age groups (&lt;75, 75–84, and ≥85 yr). Mean age was 79.6 ± 9.9 yr (range, 31.6–99.4 yr), with 42% between 75 and 85 yr of age. Overall 22-yr survival was 6%: 79% at 1 yr, 48% at 5 yr, and 33% at 10 yr (i.e., population at risk). One-year mortality was 7%, 21%, and 33% for &lt;75, 75–84, and ≥85 yr of age, respectively, and 95% of those ≥85 yr were dead at 10 yr. Prior hip fracture did not affect age-adjusted mortality (OR, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.756–1.20; p = 0.15). A total of 768 fractures were registered at 715 occasions in 342 women (45%; mean, 2.3 fractures/woman; range, 1–11 fractures/woman). Of the fracture occasions, 15% occurred within the first year, 27% within 2 yr, and 73% within 5 yr. The residual lifetime fracture risk was 45%, with a mortality-adjusted increase to 86%. The 10-yr fracture risk was 40%; with a mortality-adjusted increased to 65%. In conclusion, almost one half of all women with a hip fracture suffer a new fracture during their remaining lifetime. Fracture risk is highly dependent on age and survival, emphasizing that preventive strategies need to be tailored to each age group specifically.
A Bivariate Whole Genome Linkage Study Identified Genomic Regions Influencing Both BMD and Bone Structure
Authors: Liu Xiao-Gang , Liu Yong-Jun , Liu Jianfeng , Pei Yufang , Xiong Dong-Hai , Shen Hui , Deng Hong-Yi , Papasian Christopher J , Drees Betty M , Hamilton James J , Recker Robert R , Deng Hong-Wen 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Areal BMD (aBMD) and areal bone size (ABS) are biologically correlated traits and are each important determinants of bone strength and risk of fractures. Studies showed that aBMD and ABS are genetically correlated, indicating that they may share some common genetic factors, which, however, are largely unknown. To study the genetic factors influencing both aBMD and ABS, bivariate whole genome linkage analyses were conducted for aBMD-ABS at the femoral neck (FN), lumbar spine (LS), and ultradistal (UD)-forearm in a large sample of 451 white pedigrees made up of 4498 individuals. We detected significant linkage on chromosome Xq27 (LOD = 4.89) for LS aBMD-ABS. In addition, we detected suggestive linkages at 20q11 (LOD = 3.65) and Xp11 (LOD = 2.96) for FN aBMD-ABS; at 12p11 (LOD = 3.39) and 17q21 (LOD = 2.94) for LS aBMD-ABS; and at 5q23 (LOD = 3.54), 7p15 (LOD = 3.45), Xq27 (LOD = 2.93), and 12p11 (LOD = 2.92) for UD-forearm aBMD-ABS. Subsequent discrimination analyses indicated that quantitative trait loci (QTLs) at 12p11 and 17q21 may have pleiotropic effects on aBMD and ABS. This study identified several genomic regions that may contain QTLs important for both aBMD and ABS. Further endeavors are necessary to follow these regions to eventually pinpoint the genetic variants affecting bone strength and risk of fractures.
Cooperative Regulation of Chondrocyte Differentiation by CCN2 and CCN3 Shown by a Comprehensive Analysis of the CCN Family Proteins in Cartilage
Authors: Kawaki Harumi , Kubota Satoshi , Suzuki Akiko , Lazar Noureddine , Yamada Tomohiro , Matsumura Tatsushi , Ohgawara Toshihiro , Maeda Takeyasu , Perbal Bernard , Lyons Karen M , Takigawa Masaharu 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
CCN2 is best known as a promoter of chondrocyte differentiation among the CCN family members, and its null mice display skeletal dysmorphisms. However, little is known concerning roles of the other CCN members in chondrocytes. Using both in vivo and in vitro approaches, we conducted a comparative analysis of CCN2-null and wildtype mice to study the roles of CCN2 and the other CCN proteins in cartilage development. Immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate the localization of CCN proteins and other chondrocyte-associated molecules in the two types of mice. Moreover, gene expression levels and the effects of exogenous CCN proteins on chondrocyte proliferation, differentiation, and the expression of chondrocyte-associated genes in their primary chondrocytes were evaluated. Ccn3 was dramatically upregulated in CCN2-null cartilage and chondrocytes. This upregulation was associated with diminished cell proliferation and delayed differentiation. Consistent with the in vivo findings, CCN2 deletion entirely retarded chondrocyte terminal differentiation and decreased the expression of several chondrocyte-associated genes in vitro, whereas Ccn3 expression drastically increased. In contrast, the addition of exogenous CCN2 promoted differentiation strongly and induced the expression of the associated genes, whereas decreasing the Ccn3 expression. These findings collectively indicate that CCN2 induces chondrocyte differentiation by regulating the expression of chondrocyte-associated genes but that these effects are counteracted by CCN3. The lack of CCN2 caused upregulation of CCN3 in CCN2-null mice, which resulted in the observed phenotypes, such as the resultant delay of terminal differentiation. The involvement of the PTHrP-Ihh loop in the regulation of CCN3 expression is also suggested.
Lounging on the Sofa with Leigh Hunt: A New Source for the Notes in Melville's Shakespeare Volume
Authors: Sanborn Geoffrey 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
The argument of this essay is that several of the notes that Herman Melville wrote in the back leaves of one of his Shakespeare volumes—notes that have been an object of interest and speculation ever since their discovery in the 1930s—were responses to essays written by Leigh Hunt and collected in a volume called The Indicator. In all likelihood, Melville read these essays—along with a Quarterly Review essay by Francis Palgrave, which has previously been shown to be the source of other notes in the back of the Shakespeare volume—on the sofa of his father-in-law, Lemuel Shaw, shortly before or after the birth of his son Malcolm in February 1849. The discovery of the new source is important both as an aid in identifying when and where Melville took all of these notes and as an indication of how carefully Melville studied the British periodical essay before beginning Moby-Dick (1851). In the essays of writers like Hunt, he encountered a form that seemed as though it could stretch to accommodate his literary and philosophical ambitions without sacrificing the companionship of the implied reader. For at least two years, Melville would believe enough in the possibilities of that form to compose his miraculously sociable expressions of unresolvable hope and rage, to give voice to the seemingly “wicked,” and yet to feel, as he told Nathaniel Hawthorne, “spotless as the lamb.”
The Place of a Servant in the Scale
Authors: Burrows Stuart 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
This essay examines the servants and shopkeepers who play a surprisingly central yet critically unacknowledged role in Henry James's fiction of the late 1890s, arguing that James's frequent depiction of lower-class life is a sign not of an unsuspected interest in class but of his familiar interest in consciousness. This interest has been memorably diagnosed by Sharon Cameron, who observes that in the work of James's last stage “consciousness is not in persons; it is rather between them”—that thoughts can be shared by characters without being spoken. Yet the writings that immediately precede James's last works offer a less reciprocal model of consciousness to the one that Cameron provides. Because the characters in What Maisie Knew (1897), The Awkward Age (1899), and The Turn of the Screw (1898) do not have access to the minds of those around them, they are forced to imagine other forms in which to measure both their own knowledge and that of others. The form they discover is the lives of the people who work for them. These subjects provide a fixed scale by which to measure the growth of consciousness in James's protagonists because they are assumed to have none of their own. Thus in The Turn of the Screw the terror experienced by the governess at the apparition of the ghosts of the former governess and valet can be understood as her realization that her identity is her situation; like them, she is reproducible, exchangeable, dispensable. The ghosts, that is, function as externalized figures for her own condition.
The decline of serum testosterone levels in community-dwelling men over 70 years of age: descriptive data and predictors of longitudinal changes
Authors: Lapauw B , Goemaere S , Zmierczak H , Van Pottelbergh I , Mahmoud A , Taes Y , De Bacquer D , Vansteelandt S , Kaufman J M 
Published: July 2008

ObjectiveThis study was designed to assess longitudinal changes in serum testosterone levels, explore relationships with aging, genetic-, health-, and lifestyle-related factors, and investigate predictors of changes in healthy elderly men.DesignPopulation-based, longitudinal, 4-year observational study in 221 community-dwelling men aged 71–86 years at baseline.MethodsHormone levels assessed by immunoassay, anthropometry, questionnaires on general health, and genetic polymorphisms. Predictors of changes in testosterone levels explored using linear mixed-effects modeling for longitudinal analyses.ResultsTotal testosterone (TT), free testosterone, and bioavailable testosterone (BioT) levels decreased with aging, decreases in BioT being most marked. No changes in sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) or estradiol (E2), while LH and FSH levels increased during follow-up. Subjects who gained weight displayed a greater decline in TT levels, mainly due to decreasing SHBG levels. However, baseline body composition was not predictive of subsequent changes in testosterone levels. Baseline E2 (P=0.023 to 0.004), LH (P=0.046 to 0.005), and FSH (P<0.002) levels were independently positively associated with a faster decline in testosterone fractions, although only FSH remained significant when adjusting for baseline testosterone (P=0.041–0.035). Carriers of a ‘TA’ haplotype of the estrogen receptor α gene (ERα) PvuII and XbaI polymorphisms displayed a slower decline of TT and BioT (P=0.041–0.007).ConclusionsIn elderly men with already low serum testosterone levels, a further decline was observed, independent of baseline age. The identification of FSH levels as a predictor of this decline appears to reflect the testicular mechanisms of aging-related changes in testosterone production, whereas associations with E2 and ERα polymorphisms are suggestive of estrogen-related processes, possibly related to changes in the neuroendocrine regulation of testosterone production.