bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Screening techniques for the evaluation of chemicals with activity as tick repellents
Authors: Matthewson Michael D. , Hughes Graham , Macpherson Ian S. , Bernard Colette P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractScreening techniques are described for the evaluation of the activity of tick repellents in vitro and in vivo, for the control of ticks of veterinary importance. In addition a modification of the in‐vitro technique is described whereby the knockdown activity of chemicals may be assessed. There was a lack of correlation between results obtained in vitro and those obtained in vivo. Butopyranoxyl and N, N‐diethyl‐m‐toluamide, which were highly active in vitro, showed only medium to low activity in vivo. Conversely, benzyl benzoate and dimethyl carbate, which were highly active in vivo, showed only low activity in vitro. Chemical breakdown, volatility, the ability of the chemical to bind to hair and skin, and differences in the behaviour and the morphology and physiology of the sense organs between larval and adult Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi (Neumann 1897) are suggested as likely explanations for these differences in activity. Of the four synthetic pyrethroids tested, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, permethrin and fenvalerate, only the first three were shown to have good knockdown activity but only two, deltamethrin and permethrin, produced significant mortality of the exposed larvae. Further tests would be required to determine whether there is a correlation between knockdown and mortality.
The toxicities of some analogues of dieldrin, endosulfan and isobenzan to bloodsucking diptera, especially tsetse flies
Authors: Brooks Gerald T. , Barlow Fred , Hadaway Alan B. , Harris Edward G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe dieldrin analogue, 1, 8, 9, 10, 11, 11‐hexachloro‐4, 5‐exo‐epoxy‐2, 3‐7, 6‐endo‐tricyclo‐[6.2.1.02, 7]undec‐9‐ene (HEOM), and the isomeric 3, 4‐exo‐epoxy‐and 3, 6‐endo‐epoxy compounds (HCE and ODA, respectively), incorporating structural modifications of the non‐chlorinated ring system, were tested against adult mosquitoes (mainly Anopheles stephensi List.), tsetse flies (mainly Glossina austeni Newst.) and stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.). The order of toxicity was ODA > HCE > HEOM. In further tests of residual activity against A. stephensi, ODA was better than HCE but neither was sufficiently persistent to be a promising mosquito toxicant. Analogues of dieldrin (HEOD), endosulfan and isobenzan with reduced numbers of chlorine atoms were tested against G. austeni. In the pentachloro‐analogues of dieldrin and α‐endosulfan, the anti‐bridge chlorine was more important than the syn‐chlorine for toxicity. The general effect of reductive dechlorination was to reduce toxicity, but the effect was small for some endosulfan analogues and in one case there was an increase in toxicity. In the main, toxicities of the endosulfan analogues compared favourably with those of the dieldrin analogues. However, toxicity fell drastically following replacement of the second ethylenic chlorine in isobenzan. The effect of these structural changes on toxicity evidently varied from one series to another and was influenced in an unpredictable manner by the rest of the molecule.
The metabolism of [14C]aldicarb in the root of sugar beet plants
Authors: Rouchaud Jean , Moons Chantal , Meyer Joseph A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSugar beet plants were grown in the field, after in‐furrow application of [14C]‐ aldicarb (3 kg of aldicarb ha−1) at planting. The ripe sugar beet plants were harvested, and the roots were analysed. The roots were fractionated according to a procedure similar to the normal beet‐sugar manufacturing process. Expressed as a proportion of the total radioactivity incorporated into the root, the pulp contained 29.7%, the lime cake 9.7%, the crystallised sugar 17.7% (which gave, with the radioactivity found in the sugar in the molasses, a total of 20.7% of the radioactivity in the total sugar), and the molasses, 42.9%. A part of the labelled carbon from the radio‐ active aldicarb and its metabolites had thus been metabolised and incorporated into sugar molecules. Except for the radioactivity in the sugar and in the lime cake from the processing, the proportion of radioactive non‐conjugated organosoluble compounds was very low (2.6%), and perhaps partially corresponded to the very low amount of aldoxycarb (aldicarb sulphone) in the root (less than 0.001 mg of [14C]‐aldicarb equivalents kg−1 fresh weight). Hydrolysis of the molasses yielded free radioactive 2‐methyl‐2‐(methylsulphinyl)propan‐1‐ol (3.1%), 2‐mesyl‐2‐methyl‐propan‐I‐ol (8.9%) and 2‐mesyl‐2‐methylpropionic acid (12.0%) which had been conjugated to plant constituents in the root. The corresponding concentrations (expressed as mg of [14C]aldicarb equivalents kg−1 fresh weight of root) were 0.004, 0.011, and 0.016, respectively. No aldicarb, aldicarb sulphoxide or aldoxycarb (nor the corresponding nitrile, generated from aldicarb during the fractionation procedure) was liberated by the hydrolysis, indicating the absence of conjugates of these compounds in the root.
Problems in obtaining a description of the evolution of dimethoate resistance in Danish houseflies (Musca domestica)
Authors: Gibson John P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractData on the evolution of a polygenically determined resistance to dimethoate, in populations of houseflies on Danish farms, were examined in order to see whether useful information about the processes involved could be obtained. Examination of the variance of tolerances in samples of flies suggested that there was considerable genetic variability for resistance before dimethoate was first used, but provided no other information. Before examining estimates of log LD50 (LLD50), the relationship between LLD50 and the log weight of the flies assayed was investigated in an experiment in Denmark, and the standard error of LLD50 estimates was estimated. Examination of LLD50 estimates (adjusted for log weight) provided evidence of substantial migration of flies between farms, which produced large and unpredictable changes in tolerance levels on individual farms, and prevented extraction of further useful information from the data. However, it was concluded that even had migration been negligible, the data would not have provided information suitable for the construction of models of the evolution of this polygenically determined resistance. This conclusion is likely to hold for most existing data. Alternative approaches towards obtaining models of the evolution of polygenically determined resistances are suggested.
A mass fragmentographic method for the determination of the bendiocarb metabolite 2, 2‐dimethylbenzo‐1,3‐dioxol‐4‐ol in human urine
Authors: Adcock John W. , Challis Iain R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA sensitive and specific method for the determination of the bendiocarb metabolite 2, 2‐dimethylbenzo‐1, 3‐dioxol‐4‐ol (I) in human urine has been developed. The method can be used to estimate the amount of bendiocarb absorbed by personnel if they become exposed to the insecticide during manufacture and spraying. Urine is collected for 16 h after the period of exposure to bendiocarb and the total volume of urine voided is measured. The urinary metabolite I occurs in conjugated form and is released by enzymic hydrolysis. The free I is extracted from the urine and analysed by gas chromatography/mass fragmentography. Deuterated I is used as an internal standard and is added to the urine sample prior to the hydrolysis procedure. Determination is possible at levels of 1 μg of I ml−1 of urine. Knowing the total volume of urine voided, the amount of bendiocarb absorbed can be calculated. The method can determine the absorption of 1 mg of bendiocarb and will detect absorption below that amount.
Multiple nozzles for producing small drops in a mist‐blower spray machine
Authors: Blake Patrick S. , Hunter Laurence D. , Warman Timothy M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe biological effectiveness of deposits of binapacryl applied by a single high pressure nozzle was compared with similar deposits applied by twin low‐pressure nozzles. Equal foliar deposit densities were obtained from the two systems but the single nozzles gave marginally better control of apple powdery mildew and fruittree red spider mite.
Combinations of pirimiphos‐methyl and carbaryl for stored grain protection
Authors: Davies Richard A. H. , Desmarchelier James M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn laboratory experiments, whole wheat was treated with pirimiphos‐methyl or carbaryl or combinations of these two insecticides; the treated grain was then adjusted to a 12% moisture content and stored at 25°C for bioassay at various intervals over a period of 39 weeks. Pirimiphos‐methyl at 5.1 mg kg−1 effectively controlled Sitophilus granarius (L.) and Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val but was ineffective against Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) CRD 118, a strain showing malathion resistance. Conversely, carbaryl at 6.5 mg kg−1 (but not at 3.1 mg kg−1) was effective against R. dominica, but ineffective against the other two species. A combination of pirimiphosmethyl + carbaryl, at 1.8 + 5.1 mg kg−1, controlled S. granarius and R dominica but not T. confusum, whilst a 4.2 + 3.4 mg kg−1 combination was relatively more effective against T. confusum but less so against R. dominica. In a separate experiment, whole wheat was treated with carbaryl at 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 mg kg−1 (nominal rates). Samples were stored and, at various times after the treatments, were bioassayed with R. dominica CRD 2, at 20, 25, 30 and 35°C. The results were comparable with those for the CRD 118 strain, but efficacy was reduced at higher temperatures. The combination of pirimiphos‐methyl at 4–5 mg kg−1 and carbaryl at 5–6 mg kg−1 is suggested as a potentially useful grain protectant where R. dominica is a problem and long term storage is required. These results are discussed in relation to the protection of stored grain in Australia.
Residues of aldicarb and its main metabolites in the leaves of sugar beet plants
Authors: Rouchaud Jean , Moons Chantal , Meyer Joseph A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe residues of aldicarb and of its main metabolites (aldoxycarb, 2‐mesyl‐2‐methylpropionitrile, and 2‐mesyl‐2‐methylpropan‐1‐ol) were measured, by a gas‐liquid chromatographic procedure, in the leaves of ripe sugar beet plants from cultures made by several farmers. The sugar beet plants had been grown in normal fields and treated at sowing with aldicarb at the usual rate of 1 kg ha−1 in the form of ‘Temik’, the commercial formulation of aldicarb which contains 10% by weight of aldicarb. The samples of sugar beet plants were taken from three fields of different soil types. The residue concentrations, ranged in order of soil type, were: sandy loam > silt loam > clay.
Factors affecting the distribution of pesticide drenches in soil using the fungicide metazoxolon as a model
Authors: Morrod Rodney S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe distribution resulting from the drenching of soil with a suspension concentrate of [14C]metazoxolon was studied in the laboratory and the field. Penetration of soil columns was increased by (a) increasing the drench volume from 1 to 7.8 litres m−2, (b) changing the original soil moisture content from air‐dry to field‐capacity, and (c) including 1 % of ‘Renex 30’ surfactant in the drench. Penetration was greatest in soils containing large pores and was reduced when aggregates were broken down by sieving. Leaching the column with 1.56 cm of ‘rain’, 15 h after treatment, did not increase the penetration by metazoxolon. In all experiments, the maximum concentration of metazoxolon occurred in the top 2 cm of soil. Equivalent effects were found when metazoxolon was applied to a poorly‐structured sandy clay loam in the field.
The determination and study of residues of flamprop‐isopropyl in soil
Authors: Bosio Pierre G. , Cole Edwin R. , Mathews Brian L. , Woodbridge Austin P, , Wright A. Neill 
Published: November 2006

AbstractResidue analytical studies are reported on soils from trial sites in the UK and France following applications of flamprop‐isopropyl (I) to growing crops. The analytical procedure developed allowed the determination of I and its hydrolysis product N‐benzoyl‐N‐(3‐chloro‐4‐fluorophenyl)‐DL‐alanine (II). The residues in the soil often increased during some weeks after application due to transfer of I from the crop to the soil, so that measurement of the initial half‐life of I in soil was unusually difficult. However, it was probably within the range 4–20 weeks. Both I and II were detected in field soils, but neither compound was persistent in soil and normally little or no carry‐over of residues occurred from one season to the next, although greater persistence was found in one Kentish trial.
The neo‐Darwinian theory and pesticide resistance
Authors: Bishop James A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe development of resistance to pesticides in populations of organisms as diverse as those of bacteria, insects and mammals, provides outstanding examples of adaptation by natural selection. The integration of Mendelian genetics and the Darwinian hypothesis, known as the neo‐Darwinian theory of evolution, can account for such genetic responses to changes in environment. There is one problem: that of its weak falsifiability. Selected subsets of theory can explain almost anything. An attempt is made to identify phenomena that are involved in adaptive responses of higher organisms to changes in environment. These are discussed with particular reference to the development of resistance in mammalian populations. Recent developments in genetics pertinent to this problem are outlined.
The establishment of a laboratory strain of Aedes aegypti homogeneous for high resistance to permethrin
Authors: Malcolm Colin A. , Wood Roger J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA strain (BKPM) of Aedes aegypti from Bangkok, after some mass selection with permethrin, showed an initial resistance level to permethrin of about 20‐fold compared with a standard susceptible strain. The strain was subjected to a programme of single‐family sib selection, concurrently with further mass selection. The F1 and F2 results of single‐family sib selection established that BKPM was heterogeneous for resistance to permethrin. The most resistant family in the F1 and F2 was inbred to an F3. The results indicated that this family was homogeneous. A strain BKPM3 was established from this family and found to have a resistance level of about 30‐fold. Despite the heterogeneity of BKPM, five generations of mass selection failed to raise the resistance level to permethrin. The selection procedure was then changed, in as much that the insects were sorted at the end of the 60‐min exposure instead of after the 24‐h holding period, and concentrations were chosen to give a higher selective effect. This resulted in an almost immediate rise in resistance to a level similar to that of BKPM3, and subsequent mass selection failed to raise this further. The possible effects of the changes in selection procedure are discussed.
Behaviour of permethrin as a seed treatment against larvae of the wheat bulb fly (Delia coarctata fall.)
Authors: Gatehouse Diana M. , Evans David D. , Griffiths David C. , Scott Geoffrey C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPermethrin, applied as a seed treatment to winter wheat, was sufficiently stable to control wheat bulb fly larvae. The largest decrease in attack by the larvae, compared with control, was in shallow‐sown (2.5 cm), rather than deep‐sown (7.5 cm) treatments. Experiments to study the distribution of the compound in the plant and soil, after its application as a seed treatment, have shown that in shallow‐sown treatments, 10–15% of the chemical residue in the plant could be detected in the bulb, whereas in deep‐sown treatments, only 2–3% of the residue could be detected in the bulb. The majority of this residue, 142 days after planting, was found to be the parent material, indicating that at low soil temperatures, the permethrin was being degraded very slowly. Thus, the ability of permethrin to decrease attack by wheat bulb fly larvae may be explained by the stability of thecompound at low temperatures and its movement into the outer tissues or the bulb, where the larvae enter the wheat plant. The failure of permethrin to protect plants from larval attack when the seeds are deep‐sown can be explained by the presence of very small amounts of treated insecticide in the bulb, and the distance of the bulb from the seed.
Disappearance of 1,1,1‐trichloroethane from fumigated cereal grains and other foodstuffs during storage and processing
Authors: Goodship Gwen , Scudamore Keith A. , Hann Jane 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe sorption of 1,1,1‐trichlorethane by a variety of cereals and other foodstuffs during fumigation, and the rates of loss during subsequent airing, were determined by gas‐liquid chromatography of solvent extracts. The results are discussed in relation to the variables that affect the sorption of fumigants on commodities and the subsequent residue behaviour during storage. The loss of residue was measured at each stage of the processing of fumigated wheat into bread. Residues in 450‐g loaves were <0.1 mg kg−1. A comparison of the sorption and residue data for 1,1,1‐trichloroethane, with those obtained previously for carbon tetrachloride, shows that the amounts of residues of the two compounds could be expected to be similar after their use in cereal fumigation. It is concluded, therefore, that the less favourable data available for the mammalian chronic toxicology of carbon tetrachloride indicate that considerable advantage would be gained by its replacement as a grain fumigant by 1,1,1‐trichloroethane.
Effects of the moisture content on the sorption and desorption behaviour of fumigants on grain with special reference to 1,1,1,‐trichloroethane
Authors: Scudamore Keith A. , Goodship Gwen 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA method is described for carrying out experimental studies on the interaction of fumigant vapours with food commodities under conditions of controlled moisture content. The amount of 1,1,1‐trichloroethane adsorbed by wheat and maize during fumigation increased with the moisture content of the grain, but during subsequent airing, it was lost more rapidly from grain of higher moisture content. Except with the driest grain used, the rate of loss of fumigant was usually more rapid at 25°C than at 10°C. When samples of wheat and maize were dried slowly during airing, the rate of loss of 1,1,1‐trichloroethane was considerably reduced, almost none being lost in an initial 2‐week period of re‐equilibration. Some parameters affecting the sorption and loss of fumigants by food commodities are discussed, together with constraints in the interpretation of experimental data.
Synthesis and pesticidal activities of some new substituted 3H‐quinazolin‐4‐one derivatives; part XVIII
Authors: Misra Hemant K. , Gupta Anil K. Sen 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe synthesis is described of some new 2‐[3‐aryl(or cyclohexyl)‐6‐bromo(or 6,8‐dibromo)‐4‐oxo‐3H‐quinazolin‐2‐ylthio]‐N‐(4‐phenylthiazol‐2‐yl)acetamides and 2‐[3‐aryl(or cyclohexyl)‐6‐bromo(or 6,8‐dibromo)‐4‐oxo‐3H‐quinazolin‐2‐ylthio]‐N‐(4‐aryl‐5‐methylthiazol‐2‐yl)acetamides. The compounds were screened for their antibacterial, insecticidal and anti‐acetylcholinesterase activities; most of them exhibited significant activities.
Biological and biochemical aspects of the disruption of adult formation in Tribolium by a novel bis(thiocarbamate) R‐31026 and the juvenoid R‐20458
Authors: Ishaaya Isaac 
Published: November 2006

AbstractS,S‐Di‐isobutyl N ethylethylenebis(thiocarbamate) (R‐31026) had a strong morphogenetic effect, acting by contact on the newly formed pupae of Tribolium confusum and Tribolium castaneum and thereby disrupting adult development. At a dietary concentration of 20 mg kg−1, 95% of pupae of T. confusum produced pupa‐adult intermediates; T. castaneum pupae were affected to a smaller extent. Topical application with 0.002 μg per 0–24‐h‐old pupa of T. confusum resulted in the formation of 88% malformed intermediates. The larvae brought into contact with R‐31026 were not affected and pupated normally, hence the compound differs in its activity from that of a typical juvenile hormone compound. On the other hand, the pupal morphogenetic activity of R‐31026 resembles that of the typical juvenoid compound 3‐[5‐(4‐ethylphenoxy)‐3‐methylpent‐3‐enyl]‐2,2‐dimethyloxirane (R‐20458). The progeny of the emerging adults from pupae treated with either R‐20458 or R‐31026 were strongly affected. The effective dosages were far below those required for pupal morphogenetic activity. Biochemical studies showed an increase in the soluble protein fraction during the pupal stage after treatment with either R‐31026 or R‐20458 indicating disturbances in protein build‐up. The bis(thiocarbamate) R‐31026 has more favourable practical properties than R‐20458 for controlling agricultural insects, because it does not prolong the larval feeding stage.
Bioavailability of conjugated and soil‐bound [14C]‘hydroxymonolinuron’‐β‐D‐glucoside residues to earthworms and ryegrass
Authors: Haque Ajazul , Schuphan Ingolf , Ebing Winfried 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe β‐D‐glucoside conjugate of [14C]‘hydroxymonolinuron’, [phenyl‐14C]‐3‐(4‐ chlorophenyl)‐1‐(hydroxymethyl)‐1‐methoxyurea‐β‐D‐glucoside (HM‐β‐G) and its soil‐bound residues, prepared as described, were used to estimate its bioavailability to earthworms and ryegrass plants. The results demonstrate that these bound residues were available to both earthworms and ryegrass. The concentration in the earthworms, expressed on a dry weight basis after 42 days of exposure, was equal to the surrounding soil. The earth worms were found to be more efficient in remobilising and absorbing soil‐bound residues than ryegrass plants after 59 days of cultivation. Fractionation of the soil‐bound residues showed that 29% of the radiocarbon was associated with fulvic acid, 20% with humic acid and 9% with the humin fraction. 4‐Chlorophenylurea, a metabolite of HM‐β‐G proved to be a key compound in the formation of soil‐bound residues. The amount of radioactivity (bound residues), recovered from soil through solubilisation by means of 0.5M‐acid and alkali, seems to be a criterion for predicting the bioavailability of bound phenylurea residues. The half‐life of soil‐bound residues was estimated to be about 4.6 years.