bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on the immunobiology of rnu/rnu “nude” rats with congenital aplasia of the thymus
Authors: Brooks Colin G. , Webb Peter J. , Robins R. Adrian , Robinson Graham , Baldwin Robert W. , Festing Michael F. W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA detailed study of the recently described “nude” rat, which suffers from congenital aplasia of the thymus, has shown that this animal is grossly deficient in functional mature T cells.Histological investigation revealed that those areas of lymph node, spleen and Peyer's patches, which are considered to be thymus‐dependent, were markedly depleted of lymphocytes. The areas of lymph node and Peyer's patches, which are normally considered to be thymus‐independent, were also partially depleted of lymphocytes, whereas the thymus‐independent areas of splenic white pulp showed greater activity than in control animals.Indirect immunofluorescence with a monoclonal anti‐T cell antibody showed that lymph node and spleen cells were severely depleted of mature T cells, whereas staining with anti‐immunoglobulin antisera revealed an increased percentage of B cells in these organs. The nature of the residual anti‐T+ cells in rnu/rnu lymph node and spleen is not clear, but at least some of these may be precursor T cells. Spleen cells from rnu/rnu rats gave no response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA), and only occasional small responses to concanavalin A (Con A), but showed normal responses to Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The absence of responses to PHA and Con A was not caused by suppressor cells nor by any defect in helper cell activity. In so far as PHA and Con A are considered to be T cell‐dependent mitogens and S. aureus a T cell‐independent mitogen, these results indicate that rnu/rnu rats lack functional T cells.
Synthesis of the mouse complement component C 4 (Ss‐protein) by peritoneal macrophages: kinetics of secretion and glycosylation of the subunits
Authors: Fey George , Odink Karel , Chapuis Rose Marie 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSs antigen was partially purified from mouse EDTA plasma, and a highly specific antiserum was prepared. Peritoneal exudate cells from Ss‐high mouse strains were labeled in primary tissue culture with [35S]methionine. Ss protein was found to be synthesized by macrophages and to be secreted into the culture medium as shown by indirect immunoprecipitations performed with this antiserum. The unreduced precipitated Ss molecule coelectrophoresed with human C4 at an apparent mol. wt. of 200000. Upon reduction, Ss protein dissociated into three subunits α, β and γ of mol. wts. 98000, 70000 and 32000. This pattern was almost identical to the one obtained for human C4. The Ss a subunit was converted by human Cls into an α subunit of approximately 85 Kdalton. This conversion is a characteristic property of C4. A single‐chain intracellular precursor for the Ss protein (pre‐Ss: 200 Kdalton) was also immunoprecipitated. In pulse‐chase experiments, it disappeared from the cytoplasmic extract within less than 10 h in a reciprocal manner to the appearance of extracellular mature Ss protein. No significant amounts of high‐mol. wt. extracellular precursors were detected. A group of four single‐chain molecules of mol. wt. between 160000 and 220 000 was immunoprecipitated from the tissue culture supernatant with anti‐Ss antiserum. These molecules could not be chased into mature Ss protein. The α, α′ and β subunits of Ss and the α chain of C3 incorporated [3H]mannose and [3H]glucosamine, the Ss α and C3 β chains did not.
Development of cytotoxic T lymphocyte precursors in the absence of the thymus
Authors: Galli Peter , Dröge Wulf 
Published: February 2007

AbstractReconstitution of adult thymectomized and lethally irradiated C3H or (C 3 H × DBA/2) F1 mice with syngeneic adult bone marrow cells or 18 to 20‐day‐old fetal liver cells resulted almost regularly in the generation of large numbers of cytotoxic T lymphocyte precursors (CTLP) against trinitrophenylated C3H cells and three types of allogeneic stimulator and target cells. The responses against 2,4,6‐ trinitrophenylated cells were restricted and in so far typical for cytotoxic T lymphocytes.The failure of bone marrow cells from athymic C 3 H mice to reconstitute significant cytotoxic activity indicated that the CTLP had developed from “cytotoxic T lymphocyte preprogenitors” (CTLPP) which were derived from the donor and which had already been under thymic influence. The stem cell preparations in themselves contained frequencies of mature CTLP far too low to account for the reactivity and CTLP frequencies in the reconstituted mice. This fact implied that the CTLPP proliferated extensively and/or matured in the recipient in the absence of the thymus.Individual mice failed to respond to one or more of these stimulator cells. The failure of individual mice to respond was randomly expressed for the four specificities even when the mice were reconstituted with the same stem cell preparation suggesting that CTLPP with defined specificity and low frequency (about 1/108 in fetal liver) were contained in the stem cell preparation and transferred randomly into the irradiated recipients. This would imply that one CTLPP gives rise to 5 × 103–20 × 103 CTLP within 5 weeks.The data suggest that the peripheral pools, at least of certain T cell subclasses, may be maintained largely by post‐thymic proliferation of CTLPP.
Prostaglandin (PG) release in the mixed lymphocyte culture; effect of presensitization by a skin allograft; nature of the PG‐producing cell
Authors: Dy Michel , Astoin Monique , Rigaud Michel , Hamburger Jean 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA release of prostaglandin (PG) has been demonstrated in lymphocyte culture supernatants. The amount of PG produced is strikingly increased in mixed cultures between allograft donor and recipient. This phenomenon is not yet detectable after 6 h of culture, appears at 24 h and reaches its maximum at 48 h. Little or no increase in PG production is found in the supernatant of primary mixed lymphocyte cultures (i.e. without previous allograft) at least in the first two days of culture. The difference between allografted and control animals begins at day 6 after grafting, reaches a maximum at day 12, remains high until day 20 and decreases thereafter.This increased amount of PG in mixed cultures between donor and recipient spleen cells is probably, at least to a large extent, produced by macrophages. Evidence for this interpretation includes the following observations: (a) cells responsible for the increase are adherent cells and (b) the phenomenon is no longer found following a treatment of spleen cells with silica.When mouse peritoneal macrophages (or adherent spleen cells) are incubated in vitro with supernatants of mixed cultures between allograft donor and recipient, their PG production is considerably increased. Hence, it is suggested that the above‐described phenomenon could result from the stimulation of macrophages by lymphokines released in mixed cultures following allografts.If such a release of PG takes place within the graft, it may play a regulatory role in the control of the magnitude of the anti‐allograft immune response.
Antibody‐dependent, cell‐mediated cytotoxicity against human red blood cells: correlation of effector cell type with enzymatic alteration of the target cell surface
Authors: Yust Israel , Frisch Bertha , Goldsher Naomi 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTarget cell factors, which contribute to the determination of the effector cell type in an antibody‐dependent, cell‐mediated cytotoxicity system were studied. Human red blood cells (RBC) were treated with papain and investigated by transmission and scanning electron microscopy (TEM and SEM). Both untreated (native) and treated 0 Rh+ RBC were labeled with 51Cr, sensitized with anti‐D immunoglobulin and incubated with unfractionated autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells. With native RBC, immune lysis was proportional to the number of phagocytes: enrichment of effectors in phagocytes increased lysis, while depletion of phagocytes from effectors decreased lysis. Following papain treatment of target RBC, lysis by unfractionated mononuclear effectors was markedly augmented; since this effect was not diminished by decrease of phagocytes to less than 2%, the augmented lysis was not due to the number of phagocytic effectors. TEM and SEM of enzyme‐treated RBC showed spherocytosis with varying degrees of creation and blurring and irregularities of the cellular membranes. The results suggest that papain‐induced alterations in the target RBC rendered them susceptible to lysis by interaction between anti‐D antibody and peripheral blood lymphocytes.
Structure of Ia antigens from the rat. Mouse alloantisera demonstrate at least two distinct molecular species
Authors: Blankenhorn Elizabeth P. , Cecka J. Michael , Frelinger John , Götze Dietrich , Hood Leroy 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIa antigens isolated from spleen cells of rats and mice are composed of two polypeptide chains, designated α and β. Mouse alloantisera specific for the I‐Ak and I‐Ek subregions react with two distinct groups of rat Ia antigens, designated A‐like and E‐ like, respectively. Two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis and peptide map analysis demonstrate that the A‐like antigens of rat are distinct from the E‐like antigens. Both rat Ia antigens react with alloantiserum produced in rats congenic for the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). These results demonstrate for the first time that two distinct Ia antigens are present in the rat. Accordingly, the rat, like the mouse, may have Ia antigens encoded by at least two sub regions of the rat MHC. The existence of multiple Ia gene products in rats is revealed by chemical techniques even in the absence of formal genetic evidence of more than one I subregion in the rat.
H‐2 gene products influence susceptibility of target thyroid gland to damage in experimental autoimmune thyroiditis
Authors: Ben‐Nun Avraham , Maron Ruth , Ron Yacov , Cohen Irun R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe restriction of the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT) by H‐2 gene products was investigated. EAT was induced by injecting thyroglobulin extract plus adjuvant into F1, hybrid mice that had been implanted under the kidney capsules with thyroid glands originating from either the EAT‐susceptible or ‐resistant parental strain mice. We found relative H‐2 restriction of thyroid damage to those glands originating from the H‐2‐susceptible parental strain. H‐2 restriction of damage at the level of the target thyroid gland implicates cytotoxic effector T lymphocytes as a pathogenic agent of EAT.
A glycolipid on the surface of mouse natural killer cells
Authors: Kasai Masataka , Iwamod Masao , Nagai Yoshitaka , Okumura Ko , Tada Tomio 
Published: February 2007

AbstractCytotoxic treatment with rabbit antiserum raised against purified glycosphingolipid “asialo GM1” was capable of eliminating natural killer (NK) activity of spleen cells from different inbred mouse strains including CBA/J, C57BL/6, BALB/c, AKR, and athymic nude mice. The anti‐asialo GM 1 antiserum showed little cross‐reactivity with structurally related glycolipids, e.g. GM 1, GD 1 b and asialo GM 2 in the microflocculation test. The specific reactivity of this antiserum with NK cells was confirmed by the quantitative absorption of anti‐NK activity with graded amounts of asialo GM 1 but not with other glycosphingolipids. The absorption of anti‐brain‐associated T cell antigen (anti‐BAT) with asialo GM 1 also effectively diminished its anti‐NK activity, leaving the ability to kill T cells intact. This suggests that the antibody to asialo GM 1 is responsible for the anti‐NK activity contained in the anti‐BAT antiserum. In contrast to the extreme sensitivity of NK cells to anti‐asialo GM 1, alloreactive cytotoxic T killer cells generated in the mixed lymphocyte culture were not killed by anti‐asialo GM 1 and complement. These results indicate that asialo GM 1 is expressed on mouse NK cells in a high concentration.
Cell surface immunoglobulin μ and γ chains of human lymphoid cells are of higher apparent molecular weight than their secreted counterparts
Authors: Singer Paul A. , Williamson Alan R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSelected human lymphoma‐derived and lymphoblastoid cell lines have been characterized and shown to be useful model systems for the expression of either cell surface Ig, or secretory Ig, or both simultaneously. Daudi and Raji cell lines were shown to express surface IgM with no secretion of IgM. The lymphoblastoid cell lines Tay‐3 and RPMI 1788 are high‐rate secretors of IgM. The lymphoma cell line BJAB synthesizes both cell surface IgM and secretory IgM. In the secreting cells, we have identified an intracellular μ chain with an apparent molecular weight approximately 2000 less than secreted μ chain. In cells synthesizing surface IgM, a surface μ chain has been identified which has an apparent mol. wt. of approximately 2000 more than secreted μ chain. The intracellular μ chain in these cells is indistinguishable in size from the mature surface μ chain; the Daudi cell line is exceptional in that surface deposition of the intracellular μ chain is preceded, or accompanied, by an increase in apparent mol. wt. The lymphoblastoid cell line Bec‐11 synthesizes both cell surface IgG and secretory IgG. In Bec‐11 cells, a surface form of μ chain, having a higher apparent mol. wt. than secreted γ chain, has been resolved. There is no detectable difference between L chains associated with any of the different forms of H chain. A biosynthetic relationship between the different forms of H chain is proposed.
Cell cooperation during in vivo anti‐hapten antibody responses: V. Two synergistic Ly‐1+23− helper T cells with distinctive specificities
Authors: Janeway Charles A. , Bert Deborah L. , Shen Fung‐Win 
Published: February 2007

AbstractExperiments were carried out to determine the antigen specificity of two distinct helper T cells (Th) that act synergistically in adoptive secondary in vivo anti‐hapten antibody responses. Both Th were present in anti‐Ly‐2 and complement‐treated spleen T cell populations, implying that both Th are Ly‐1+,23−. Adding normal T cells or T cells primed to other carriers to specific carrier‐primed T cells, using a variety of different protocols did not affect the helper activity of the specifically primed Th. Thus, both Th apparently are antigen‐specific. Furthermore, Th primed with one carrier and boosted with that carrier plus hapten linked to a noncross‐ reactive carrier cannot help B cells. However, if a mixture of Ly‐1 T cells from mice primed with two different carriers is transferred along with B cells, and the mice are boosted with hapten coupled to one of the two priming carriers, then giving the other carrier induces a significant increase in antibody production. Thus, only one of the two Th (Th1) requires a hapten‐carrier bridge, while the other does not (Th2). However, both Th 1 and Th2 are clearly antigen‐specific and require stimulation with antigen to exert helper activity. Furthermore, these experiments strongly suggest that Th 2 cannot express helper function in vivo in the absence of Th 1. These findings, and the absence of Th2‐like cells in agammaglobulinemic mice, were correlated with other studies in which two helper activities have been described. It was concluded that in vivo responses require an effective Th 1‐B cell interaction, whereas Th2, if stimulated with antigen, will augment certain portions of the antibody response, such as idiotype or allotype, and thus influence the quality of the antibody response directly.
Cell cooperation during in vivo anti‐hapten antibody responses: VI. Evidence for an allogeneic effect replacing one of two helper T cells
Authors: Janeway Charles A. , Bert Deborah L. , Mosier Donald E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractT and B lymphocyte activity in adoptive secondary antibody responses was assessed by cell titration in mice of the X‐linked immune defective CBA/N strain and mice of their normal partner strain CBA/CaJ. No quantitative differences could be detected in either T or B cell activity in these experiments, in which 2,4‐dinitrophenyl was used as the hapten. Both of the helper T cells detected in such assays were present in both strains. During these experiments, it was found that a subline of CBAN maintained at Yale may have diverged from the CBA/N NIH stock. This was detected by an ability of irradiated mice of the Yale subline to increase the antibody response of B cells from the NIH subline, provided specific helper T cells were also present. This allogeneic effect apparently replaced the activity of one helper T cell, but did not replace the requirement for a carrier‐specific helper T cell.
Studies on transplantation immunity. IV. Murine natural immunity to lymphoid cells in vivo
Authors: Pincott Christine E. , Bainbridge Douglas R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA natural response acting to discriminate between allogeneic and syngeneic lymphocytes in vivo is described for normal mice. Eighteen to 24 h after systemic injections of low doses of 51Cr‐labeled cells, less radioactivity is found in the lymph nodes after allogeneic transfer. The spleen but not the liver participates in the response. It can be abolished by neonatal induction of transplantation tolerance, is shown to be immunologically specific, and is resistant to irradiation up to 1000 rd, although a radiosensitive phase occurs during recovery from sublethal irradiation. The response is cell‐mediated but depends upon cooperation from a factor present in normal serum. It is thymus‐independent: this clearly distinguishes it from the superficially similar immune response acquired by immunization and aligns it with the class of responses to which the hybrid histocompatibility response and natural killer‐like phenomena belong. Unlike these, however, it is present at birth and directed primarily against H‐2 antigens. It appears to follow the classical transplantation rules in a limited range of strains. Some of the difficulties inherent in this type of study are discussed.
The role of vesicular stomatitis Virus major glycoprotein in determining the specificity of virus‐ specific and H‐2‐restricted cytolytic T cells
Authors: Sethi Krishan K. , Brandis Henning 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPossible involvement of the major glycoprotein (G protein) of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), which is expressed on infected cell surfaces, in the virus‐specific and H‐2‐restricted lysis of targets by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) was sought by examining the effect of monoclonal antibody directed against the G protein of Indiana (VSVInd) or New Jersey (VSVNJ) serotypes. Evidence is presented that hybridoma supernatants containing monoclonal antibody of the IgG class directed against the G protein of VSVNJ could specifically block the lytic activity of primary CTL obtained from BALB/c mice infected with UV‐inactivated VSVNJ, but not VSVInd for homotypic but not heterotypic VSV‐infected P815 Y cells. Likewise, monoclonal anti‐VSVIndand anti‐G protein antibody proved effective in blocking the lysis mediated by VSVInd‐ but not VSVNJ‐primed CTL against targets infected with VSVInd, but not those infected with VSVNj. The results of blocking assays are consistent with the interpretation that UV‐inactivated VSVNJ or VSVInd could generate, during the primary in vivo response, CTL subsets which were able to distinguish between serologically distinct VSV G proteins and those which were cross‐reactive for both serotypes. Purified G protein derived from either of the 2 VSV serotypes could in in vitro culture trigger the generation of completely serotype‐specific and H‐2‐restricted secondary CTL from nonlytic precursors primed in vivo with homologous VSV serotype. The lytic activity of secondary VSVNJ‐ and VSVInd‐specific CTL could be blocked by incubation of infected targets with monoclonal anti‐VSVNJ and anti‐VSVInd G protein antibodies, respectively. The data obtained are taken as suggestive evidence for the specific recognition of VSV G protein expressed on target cells by virus‐specific CTL.
Mechanism of antigen binding by T cells: H‐2 (I‐A)‐restricted binding of antigen plus Ia by helper cells
Authors: Puri Joseph , Lonai Peter 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe binding of a complex containing self Ia and antigen (IAC) to T cells was investigated. Poly‐L (Tyr, Glu)‐poly‐DLAla—poly‐LLys [(T, G)‐A—L], bovine serum albumin, ovalbumin or fowl gamma‐globulin were used as antigen. The effect of this complex was investigated in three experimental systems: autoradiographic antigen binding, in vivo immunization, and in vitro radioactive suicide of helper T cells. Autoradiographic experiments have shown that antigen binding to T cell‐enriched spleen cells is a slow process with a half‐life period of 20 min. It was found that during this time, antigen which can bind to Lyt‐1+ T cells with much faster kinetics (half‐life period = 2 min), is liberated from adherent cells. This “processed” antigen was retained by anti‐Ia or lentil lectin affinity columns, and its binding to T cells was restricted by the I‐A subregion of H‐2. IAC was 100 to 1000‐fold more immunogenic in vivo than the same amount of untreated antigen. This immunogenicity could be removed on anti‐Ia columns, and was found to be under similar H‐2 restriction as was its binding to T cells. The functional T cells, to which IAC binds, were identified by radioactive antigen suicide. It was found that the IAC killed syngeneic but not allogeneic, helper T cells. For the binding of processed antigen, helper cells required metabolic energy and a nonspecific soluble factor of adherent cells. These data are interpreted to suggest that H‐2 restriction is directly determined by the interaction of the helper cell receptor with self Ia and foreign antigen. It also appears that the Ia‐containing antigen may be a potent, cell type‐directed immunogen.
Qed‐1 – a target for unrestricted killing by T cells
Authors: Lindahl Kirsten Fischer , Hausmann Barbara 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTwo prototype target determinants for unrestricted killing by T cells are defined: Qed‐la, detected on B6.Tlaa targets by C3H/HeJ lymphocytes primed in vivo and restimulated in vitro by B 10.BR spleen cells; and Qed‐1b, detected on C57BL/6J lymphocytes by B 10.BR anti‐C 3 HiHeJ effector cells generated in the same manner. Other mouse strains can be typed for Qed‐1 by the ability of their lymphocytes to inhibit one of these lytic reactions. Of 55 inbred strains, 52 expressed either Qed‐1a or Qed‐1b, which thus behaved as products of alleles of a single locus, Qed‐1. The remaining three strains, all H‐2r, did not compete against specific lysis of Qed‐1a, but inhibited Qed‐1b‐specific lysis only in part; it is proposed that these strains carry a third allele or haplotype, Qed‐1c. The Qed‐1 locus was mapped distal to Qa‐2. Qed‐1h was found on both normal and mitogen‐activated lymphocytes and did not appear confined to any lymphoid subpopulation. Cytotoxic responses, not restricted by H‐2 and specific for antigens controlled by the Tla region, could be induced in several combinations of H‐Zidentical strains differing at Qed‐1. Cells of some strains, like B 10.BR, NZB, and SWR, responded directly in culture, even without priming in vivo.