bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FATTY ACID COMPOSITIONS OF TURKISH SHORTENINGS WITH EMPHASIS ON TRANS FATTY ACIDS
Authors: BASOL BELGIN , TASAN MURAT 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT The fatty acid (FA ) composition and the trans FA (TFA) content of Turkish shortenings were determined by capillary gas–liquid chromatography. The saturated FA, monounsaturated FA and polyunsaturated FA contents were within the ranges of 27.4–48.8, 33.8–56.7 and 8.4–35.3% of total FA, respectively. The total TFA ranged from 2.7 to 23.9% of total FA. The total trans C18:1 acid was the major TFA in all the analyzed brands, representing 82.3–94.5% of total TFA. The total trans C18:2 acid varied from 0.2 to 2.9% of total FA, while the total trans C18:3 acid was only found at very low levels (0.1% of total FA) in the samples of two brands. It is clear from the results that partially hydrogenated vegetable oils with high TFA content are still the major raw materials used in the production of Turkish shortenings.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe fatty acid (FA) composition of the shortenings, with emphasis on trans FA (TFA), was studied. It is important to reduce the amounts of dietary TFA because of their deleterious effects on human health, mainly on the cardiovascular system. As demonstrated in the present investigation, nevertheless, partially hydrogenated vegetable oils with high TFA content are still the major raw materials used for shortening production. On the other hand, reducing the total TFA content in the shortenings leads to an increase in saturated FA content. It is important to consider the data obtained in the industrial applications in order to improve the FA profile of the shortenings.
QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF ALKYLRESORCINOLS IN CEREAL GRAINS: INDEPENDENCE OF THE LENGTH OF THE ALIPHATIC SIDE CHAIN
Authors: KULAWINEK MARIOLA , KOZUBEK ARKADIUSZ 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT Two general spectrophotometric methods were used to analyze alkylresorcinols and determine their total amounts in rye, wheat and cereal products. Alkylresorcinols were extracted from rye bran with acetone, hydrogenated to obtain a mixture of saturated homologues, subjected to preparative high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to obtain individual species with the side chain ranging from 15 to 25 carbon atoms, and finally quantified by colorimetric reaction with the diazonium salt Fast Blue B (2‐methoxy‐4‐nitoraniline) and by HPLC. The intensity of the reaction between the same weight amounts of homologues with Fast Blue B decreased in the order C15:0 > C17:0 > C19:0 > C21:0 > C23:0 > C25:0. It was demonstrated that calibration curves based on molecular concentration instead of weight amount of the particular homologues were characterized by the same regression equation and showed an acceptable linearity in the range of 5–30 nmol of homologue in a sample. This confirmed that the colorimetric reaction of alkylresorcinols with Fast Blue B is independent of the length of the aliphatic side chain. Total alkylresorcinols were accordingly determined in cereal grain materials. Two extraction systems (acetone and ethyl acetate) were used. The results of the colorimetric method and those calculated from calibration curves based on the weight amounts of the homologues C15:0 and C19:0 were different. In contrast, the results calculated from the calibration curves based on the mole amounts of the particular homologues were very similar or even identical.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe color and intensity of the reaction between alkylresorcinols and the diazonium salt Fast Blue B was independent of the length of the alkyl side chain. This feature could be helpful for the differential determination of the phenolic and resorcinolic lipids present in biological samples. Most cereal material and products contain a mixture of various homologues that is characteristic not only of the source (rye, wheat, triticate, barley), but also of the variety and the growth conditions. Therefore, for accurate calibration curves independent of the composition of homologues, they should be prepared on the basis of the mole fraction of the alkylresorcinols present, similar to the quantitation of phospholipids via phosphorus determination. This procedure will also allow the direct comparison of their amounts in different sources of alkylresorcinols. Nevertheless, simultaneous determination of the homologue composition in the samples is desirable (e.g., by reverse‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography) as different homologues may have various impacts on the biological activity of alkylresorcinols from cereal products.
EXTRACTION OF COCOA BUTTER BY SUPERCRITICAL CARBON DIOXIDE: OPTIMIZATION OF OPERATING CONDITIONS AND EFFECT OF PARTICLE SIZE
Authors: TAN TENG‐JU , JINAP SELAMAT , KUSNADI ASEP EDI , HAMID NAZIMAH SHEIKH ABDUL 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT The optimum operating conditions for the extraction of cocoa butter from cocoa liquor using supercritical carbon dioxide and the effect of sample particle size on cocoa butter extraction under optimized operating conditions were investigated. The optimization was conducted at 10–45 MPa and 35–75C, with extraction times of 1–12 h by response surface methodology. The effect of particle size was studied using cocoa liquor, ground cocoa nibs and crushed cocoa nibs with particle sizes of approximately 74 µm, 0.85–1 mm and 4–6 mm, respectively. The yield was analyzed for total fat content by gravimetric method and triacylglycerol (TAG) profile by high‐performance liquid chromatography. The results showed higher yield of cocoa butter with higher values of pressure, temperature and extraction time. The optimum conditions for cocoa butter extraction were 45 MPa, 75C and 12 h. The smaller particle size produced a higher yield of cocoa butter. 1,3‐Dipalmitoyl‐2‐oleoyl‐glycerol (POP), 1‐palmitoyl‐2‐oleoyl‐3‐stearoyl‐glycerol (POS) and 1,3‐distearoyl‐2‐oleoyl‐glycerol (SOS) were the major TAGs present in the extracted cocoa butter, with POS being the highest (>30%) for all treatments studied.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe application of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction offers a pollution‐free technology that will gain wide acceptance globally because of increasingly stringent environmental regulations. The results from the study would assist the industry in the production of cocoa butter that is safe for consumption and free from contaminants, in contrast to those produced by organic solvent and mechanical expression.
Seroprevalence of H1N1, H3N2 and H1N2 influenza viruses in pigs in seven European countries in 2002–2003
Authors: Van Reeth Kristien , Brown Ian H. , Dürrwald Ralf , Foni Emanuela , Labarque Geoffrey , Lenihan Patrick , Maldonado Jaime , Markowska‐Daniel Iwona , Pensaert Maurice , Pospisil Zdenek , Koch Guus 
Published: April 2008

Objectives  Avian‐like H1N1 and human‐like H3N2 swine influenza viruses (SIV) have been considered widespread among pigs in Western Europe since the 1980s, and a novel H1N2 reassortant with a human‐like H1 emerged in the mid 1990s. This study, which was part of the EC‐funded ‘European Surveillance Network for Influenza in Pigs 1’, aimed to determine the seroprevalence of the H1N2 virus in different European regions and to compare the relative prevalences of each SIV between regions.Design  Laboratories from Belgium, the Czech Republic, Germany, Italy, Ireland, Poland and Spain participated in an international serosurvey. A total of 4190 sow sera from 651 farms were collected in 2002–2003 and examined in haemagglutination inhibition tests against H1N1, H3N2 and H1N2.Results  In Belgium, Germany, Italy and Spain seroprevalence rates to each of the three SIV subtypes were high (≥30% of the sows seropositive) to very high (≥50%), except for a lower H1N2 seroprevalence rate in Italy (13·8%). Most sows in these countries with high pig populations had antibodies to two or three subtypes. In Ireland, the Czech Republic and Poland, where swine farming is less intensive, H1N1 was the dominant subtype (8·0–11·7% seropositives) and H1N2 and H3N2 antibodies were rare (0–4·2% seropositives).Conclusions  Thus, SIV of H1N1, H3N2 and H1N2 subtype are enzootic in swine producing regions of Western Europe. In Central Europe, SIV activity is low and the circulation of H3N2 and H1N2 remains to be confirmed. The evolution and epidemiology of SIV throughout Europe is being further monitored through a second ‘European Surveillance Network for Influenza in Pigs’.
Oncogenic activities of metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (Grm1) in melanocyte transformation
Authors: Shin Seung‐Shick , Namkoong Jin , Wall Brian A. , Gleason Ryan , Lee Hwa Jin , Chen Suzie 
Published: April 2008

SummaryPreviously, we reported a transgenic mouse line, TG‐3, that develops spontaneous melanoma with 100% penetrance. We demonstrated that ectopic expression of Grm1 in melanocytes was sufficient to induce melanoma in vivo. In this present study, the transforming properties of Grm1 in two cultured immortalized melanocytes were investigated. We showed that, in contrast to parental melanocytes, these Grm1‐clones have lost their requirement of TPA supplement for proliferation and have acquired the ability to form colonies in semi‐solid medium. Xenografts of these cells formed robust tumors in both immunodeficient nude and syngeneic mice with a short latency (3–5 days). The malignancy of these cells was demonstrated by angiogenesis and invasion to the muscle and the intestine. The requirement of Grm1 expression for the maintenance of transformation was demonstrated by an inducible siRNA system. Induction of expression of siRNA for Grm1 reduced the number of proliferating/viable cells in vitro and suppressed in vivo xenografted tumor growth in comparison with control. Taken together, these results showed that expression of exogeneously introduced Grm1 is sufficient to induce full transformation of immortalized melanocytes.
Trabeculectomy surgery augmented with intra‐Tenon injection of mitomycin C
Authors: Lee Edward , Doyle Eddie , Jenkins Christopher 
Published: April 2008

Abstract.Purpose:  To describe a novel approach to mitomycin C (MC) application during trabeculectomy surgery and to report the 1‐year results of surgery using this technique.Methods:  One hundred and eight consecutive trabeculectomies and phaco‐trabeculectomies using MC were performed by a single consultant surgeon, using a standardized technique. This technique involved injecting MC into the Tenon’s layer during the procedure, rather than applying it directly to the under‐surface of the conjunctiva.Results:  Preoperative mean intraocular pressure (IOP) was 23.6 ± 5.8mmHg. Mean IOP 12 months following surgery was 12.2 ± 3.9 mmHg. Seventy‐six eyes (70.3%) had an IOP less than 2/3 listing IOP at 12 months without the need for anti‐glaucoma medication. Ninety‐three eyes (86%) had an IOP <21 mmHg, 79 (73%) had an IOP <16 mmHg and 62 (57%) had an IOP <14 mmHg without anti‐glaucoma medication at 12 months. Transient complications included hyphaema, bleb leak and choroidal detachment in 14.8%, 5.6% and 15.7% of cases, respectively. Hypotony (defined as IOP <7 mmHg, excluding the first day postoperatively) was seen in 21.3% of cases. At 12 months, 21 eyes (19.4%) had cystic blebs and five (4.6%) had Tenon’s cysts with an IOP greater than 20 mmHg.Conclusion:  A novel means of applying intraoperative MC is described. The 12‐month outcome data show it to be an effective technique that compares favourably with others in the literature.
Comparison of Real-Time PCR for Detection of the
tcdC
Gene with Four Toxin Immunoassays and Culture in Diagnosis of
Clostridium difficile
Infection
Authors: Sloan Lynne M. , Duresko Brian J. , Gustafson Daniel R. , Rosenblatt Jon E. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT

We have developed a rapid real-time PCR method using fluorescence resonance energy transfer probes and the LightCycler (Roche Diagnostics), which will detect the presence of the
tcdC
gene of
Clostridium difficile
in stool samples. Our PCR method also will identify the presence of base pair deletions, one of which (18 bp) has been associated with the “epidemic” toxin-hyperproducing strains. We compared the results of this PCR with those of three
C. difficile
toxin-detecting enzyme immunoassays (EIAs), an EIA for the detection of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), and culture of
C. difficile
. A total of 200 stool specimens were studied by the methods under comparison.
C. difficile
was isolated from 49 specimens by culture, and 44 of these were confirmed as containing one of the genes associated with toxin production (“toxigenic culture”). Using toxigenic culture as the “gold standard”, the sensitivities, specificities, and positive and negative predictive values, respectively, of the assays were 48%, 98%, 88%, and 87% for the Premier toxin A and B test; 48%, 99%, 91%, and 87% for the ImmunoCard toxin A & B test; 48%, 84%, 46%, and 85% for the Xpect
C. difficile
toxin A/B test; 32%, 100%, 100%, and 84% for the Triage
C. difficile
panel (for toxin A); and 86%, 97%, 90%, and 96% for the LightCycler PCR. Thus, in comparison to the sensitivity of toxigenic culture, the sensitivities of the toxin immunoassays were unacceptably low, while the LightCycler real-time PCR assay for the detection of the
tcdC
gene of
C. difficile
is sensitive and specific.
Occurrence of Norovirus Infections Unrelated to Norovirus Outbreaks in an Asymptomatic Food Handler Population
Authors: Okabayashi Tamaki , Yokota Shin-ichi , Ohkoshi Yasuo , Ohuchi Hironori , Yoshida Yasuhiro , Kikuchi Masayuki , Yano Koichi , Fujii Nobuhiro 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT
Norovirus (NV) is the most common causative agent of nonbacterial gastroenteritis. Reports of surveillance of NV in facilities that reported outbreaks are frequently found in publications, but reports of that in facilities without outbreaks are not found. We investigated the molecular epidemiology of NV isolates derived from asymptomatic food handlers working at a nonoutbreak food catering facility in Hokkaido, Japan, from February to March in 2005 and January to February in 2006 by RNA polymerase gene sequencing. Approximately 12% (20/159) of the samples were positive for genogroup II (GII; 10.1% in 2005 and 14.2% in 2006). The GI genotypes were not detected. The data from the phylogenetic analysis indicated that, among the 20 strains detected, 13 strains were GII/genotype 2 (GII/2), two were GII/3, three were GII/8, and two were GII/12. GII/4, which has been found most frequently in recent outbreaks worldwide, including Japan, was not detected. We found that one individual was coinfected with two genotypes, GII/2 and GII/12. This is the first report of the detection of NV genotypes in asymptomatic food handlers working at a nonoutbreak facility. The excretion of NV from healthy individuals may be an infection source of NV outbreaks as well as other food-borne diseases.
Two Cases of Keratitis and Corneal Ulcers Caused by
Burkholderia gladioli
Authors: Lestin Franka , Kraak Robert , Podbielski Andreas 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT

We report two cases of protracted keratitis complicated by corneal ulcer.
Burkholderia gladioli
, primarily known as a plant pathogen, was cultured from corneal swabs. The epithelial defects healed after extended adequate antibiotic therapy. Despite identical patterns of both strains in restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, a common infection source was not detectable.
Virus-Specific Interleukin-17-Producing CD4
+
T Cells Are Detectable in Early Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection
Authors: Yue Feng Yun , Merchant Asad , Kovacs Colin M. , Loutfy Mona , Persad Desmond , Ostrowski Mario A. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT

T
H
-17 cells have been shown to play a role in bacterial defense, acute inflammation, and autoimmunity. We examined the role of interleukin 17 (IL-17) production in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. Both HIV-1- and cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific IL-17-producing CD4
+
T cells were detectable in early HIV-1 infection but were reduced to nondetectable levels in chronic and nonprogressive HIV-1 infection. IL-17-producing CMV-specific cells were not detected in blood from HIV-1-uninfected normal volunteers. Virus-specific T
H
-17 cells could coexpress other cytokines and could express CCR4 or CXCR3. Although the etiology of these cells has yet to be established, we propose that microbial translocation may induce them.
Asynchronous breeding in the socially monogamous prairie vole
Authors: Wolff Jerry O. , Ophir Alexander G. , Phelps Steven M. 
Published: April 2008

At least two hypotheses have been proposed for why animals should breed synchronously: (1) to swamp predators and reduce the probability of offspring being killed and (2) to promote monogamy when paternal care is important for offspring survival. Thus prey and monogamous species are likely candidates for synchronous breeding. We conducted an experiment to determine if a prey species, the monogamously breeding prairie vole ( Microtus ochrogaster (Wagner, 1842)), breeds synchronously. We conducted eight replicates in which we placed six nulliparous females and six adult males in semi-natural enclosures for 18–21 days to determine if they bred synchronously. The time of conception ranged from 2 to 18 days within replicates with no indication of breeding synchrony within any of the populations. Thus neither predator avoidance nor paternal care models were supported for prairie voles. We conclude that rodents in general are not good models for breeding synchrony and that females use alternative mating tactics to enhance their lifetime reproductive success. We discuss our results in the context of the prairie vole mating system.
Extreme suppression of aboveground activity by a food-storing hibernator, the eastern chipmunk (Tamias striatus)
Authors: Munro D. , Thomas D. W. , Humphries M. M. 
Published: April 2008

Eastern chipmunks ( Tamias striatus (L., 1758)) capitalize on pulsed production of storable seed from masting trees by accumulating large, long-term larder hoards in their burrow. Since this species does not accumulate fat, hoarded food is the sole source of energy used during hibernation and inactive periods. Because hoards can be very large, they offer chipmunks the possibility of forgoing aboveground foraging when seeds or nuts are not abundant on the forest floor. Here, we present evidence that at least 82 chipmunks in two different populations interrupted aboveground activity for 9–11 months when mast was not available. A large hoard of American beech ( Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) nuts established during the preceding year appeared to allow these chipmunks to cease foraging for almost a full year when food availability was particularly low. This extended period of inactivity is among the longest reported for a hibernating mammal, and demonstrates complex interactions between past, current, and future resource availability in shaping the seasonal activity patterns of food-storing hibernators.
Equatorial Convectively Coupled Waves in a Simple Multicloud Model
Authors: Khouider Boualem , Majda Andrew J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Linear stability results for the multicloud model recently developed by the authors on an equatorial beta plane are presented here. The linearized equations, about a realistic radiative–convective equilibrium (RCE) are projected in the meridional direction via a Galerkin truncation procedure based on the parabolic cylinder functions. In a suitable parameter regime, the multicloud model exhibits convectively coupled Kelvin, M = 0 eastward (Yanai), and M = 1 westward inertia–gravity waves, unstable at the synoptic scales in agreement with the outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) spectral peaks observed by Wheeler and Kiladis. The horizontal wave structure and vertical wavenumber of the unstable waves qualitatively match those of the rotating equatorial shallow water waves but with a reduced phase speed, as in the observations. More importantly, they exhibit the same self-similar front-to-rear vertical tilt in the zonal winds, temperature, and heating fields as observed by Kiladis and colleagues. Similar to the case without rotation (from earlier work) a wave life cycle is identified, once again demonstrating the crucial role, played by congestus clouds and moisture, of preconditioning and moistening prior to deep convection and of triggering and maintaining the instability. When the troposphere is excessively dry, the convective wave instability fades out and an instability of low-frequency modes moving in both eastward and westward directions takes place. The eigenstructure of the low-frequency modes projects heavily on the congestus and moisture components and exhibits a quadruple vortex configuration reminiscent of Rossby waves with strong meridional convergence of warm and moist air toward the equatorial belt, suggesting a moistening and preconditioning role resembling the congestus standing mode seen in the case without rotation.
Structural and Intensity Changes of Hurricane Bret (1999). Part I: Environmental Influences
Authors: Lowag Alexander , Black Michael L. , Eastin Matthew D. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Hurricane Bret underwent a rapid intensification (RI) and subsequent weakening between 1200 UTC 21 August and 1200 UTC 22 August 1999 before it made landfall on the Texas coast 12 h later. Its minimum sea level pressure fell 35 hPa from 979 to 944 hPa within 24 h. During this period, aircraft of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) flew several research missions that sampled the environment and inner core of the storm. These datasets are combined with gridded data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Global Model and the NCEP–National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) reanalyses to document Bret’s atmospheric and oceanic environment as well as their relation to the observed structural and intensity changes. Bret’s RI was linked to movement over a warm ocean eddy and high sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the Gulf of Mexico coupled with a concurrent decrease in vertical wind shear. SSTs at the beginning of the storm’s RI were approximately 29°C and steadily increased to 30°C as it moved to the north. The vertical wind shear relaxed to less than 10 kt during this time. Mean values of oceanic heat content (OHC) beneath the storm were about 20% higher at the beginning of the RI period than 6 h prior. The subsequent weakening was linked to the cooling of near-coastal shelf waters (to between 25° and 26°C) by prestorm mixing combined with an increase in vertical wind shear. The available observations suggest no intrusion of dry air into the circulation core contributed to the intensity evolution. Sensitivity studies with the Statistical Hurricane Intensity Prediction Scheme (SHIPS) model were conducted to quantitatively describe the influence of environmental conditions on the intensity forecast. Four different cases with modified vertical wind shear and/or SSTs were studied. Differences between the four cases were relatively small because of the model design, but the greatest intensity changes resulted for much cooler prescribed SSTs. The results of this study underscore the importance of OHC and vertical wind shear as significant factors during RIs; however, internal dynamical processes appear to play a more critical role when a favorable environment is present.