bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inheritance and allelic relationships of fertility restoration genes for seven new sources of male‐sterile cytoplasm in sunflower
Authors: Jan C. C. , Vick B. A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe inheritance of fertility restoration of six mitomycin C and streptomycin‐induced cytoplasmic male‐sterile (cms) mutants and one cms line derived from Native American cultivar PI 432513 in sunflower was evaluated. These seven new cms sources were also compared with the commercially used cms PET1 (Helianthus petiolaris Nutt.) cytoplasm, using USDA inbred lines with restoration genes (Rf1) specific for cms PET1 and new restoration lines identified for cms PI 432513. Restoration genes for cms PI 432513 were found in ‘Armavir’, VNIIMK, P21 and male‐fertile (MF) plants of PI 432513. F2 and F3 segregation ratios of crosses between cms PI 432513 and these restoration sources indicated a single dominant gene controlled fertility restoration. Progenies of cms PI 432513 testcrossed with F1’s of half‐diallel crosses among the respective four homozygous restoration lines and RHA 274 suggested that the restoration genes of RHA 274, VNIIMK, P21 and PI 432513 were at the same locus. Restoration genes from VNIIMK, P21 and PI 432513 satisfactorily restored pollen stainability in the heterozygous condition. A very weak expression of the Rf gene in ‘Armavir’ was observed in the heterozygous condition. Fertility restoration capability of these genes for the six mutant cms HA 89 and cms HA 89 (in PET1 cytoplasm) was observed. The mutant cms HA 89 lines were also restored completely by RHA 266, RHA 274, RHA 280 and RHA 296, and F2’s segregation ratios indicated single dominant gene control, implying a common cytoplasmic male sterility in all lines. F1’s of half‐diallel crosses among RHA 266, RHA 273, RHA 274, RHA 280 and RHA 296 were testcrossed onto the cms lines, and their all MF progenies among lines, except RHA 280, confirmed that fertility restoration was controlled by a single Rf1 gene locus. The restoration gene in confection line RHA 280, namely Rf3, was at a different locus than Rf1 and was equally capable of restoring all the cms lines. Cms HA 89 mutants and cms PI 432513 are in H. annuus cytoplasm, and are agronomically equal in hybrid performance to the cms PET1 used in commercial sunflower hybrids. These new cms lines will provide immediate alternative cms sources for reducing the genetic vulnerability resulting from the exclusive use of the single cms source PET1 in sunflower hybrid production.
Butter feeding enhances TNF‐α production from macrophages and lymphocyte adherence in murine small intestinal microvessels
Authors: Fujiyama Yoichi , Hokari Ryota , Miura Soichiro , Watanabe Chikako , Komoto Shunsuke , Oyama Tokushige , Kurihara Chie , Nagata Hiroshi , Hibi Toshifumi 
Published: March 2007

AbstractBackground and Aim:  Dietary fat is known to modulate immune functions. Intake of an animal fat‐rich diet has been linked to increased risk of inflammation; however, little is known about how animal fat ingestion directly affects intestinal immune function. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of butter feeding on lymphocyte migration in intestinal mucosa and the changes in adhesion molecules and cytokines involved in this effect.Methods:  T‐lymphocytes isolated from the spleen were fluorescence‐labeled and injected into recipient mice. Butter was administered into the duodenum, and villus microvessels of the small intestinal mucosa were observed under an intravital microscope. mRNA expression of adhesion molecules and cytokines in the intestinal mucosa were determined by quantitative PCR. The effect of butter feeding on tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α mRNA expression of intestinal macrophages was also determined.Results:  Intraluminal butter administration significantly increased lymphocyte adherence to intestinal microvessels accompanied by increases in expression levels of adhesion molecules ICAM‐1, MAdCAM‐1 and VCAM‐1. This accumulation was significantly attenuated by anti‐MAdCAM‐1 and anti‐ICAM‐1 antibodies. Butter administration significantly increased TNF‐α in the lamina proprial macrophages but not interleukin‐6. Anti‐TNF‐α treatment attenuated the enhanced expression of adhesion molecules induced by butter administration.Conclusion:  T‐lymphocyte adherence to microvessels of the small intestinal mucosa was significantly enhanced after butter ingestion. This enhancement is due to increase in expression levels of adhesion molecules of the intestinal mucosa, which is mediated by TNF‐α from macrophages in the intestinal lamina propria.
Analysis of multiple cracks in laminate composites under anti‐plane static loads
Authors: WANG B. L. , ZHANG H. Y. 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper investigates multiple cracking of a laminate composite subjected to anti‐plane loads. The laminate composite is made up of a central layer sandwiched between two layers of different properties. There is a periodic array of cracks in the central layer along the central axis of the medium. A singular integral equation is formulated in terms of the crack‐face displacement. The model developed is applied to the analysis of fibre multiple cracking in fibre‐matrix laminate composites. It is also applied to the analysis of matrix cracking in fibre‐matrix laminate composites. Numerical results have been given for the effects of crack spacing and constituent volume fraction on the crack tip field intensity factor and stress.
Fatigue strength of small‐notched specimens under variable amplitude loading within the fatigue limit diagram
Authors: KONDO Y. , SAKAE C. , KUBOTA M. , NAGAMATSU S. 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACTAlthough the fatigue limit diagram is defined in principle for constant stress amplitude, it is often considered that fatigue failure would not occur, even in varying loading, if applied stresses were kept within the fatigue limit diagram. However, it was shown in the case of small‐notched specimens that fatigue failure occurred in some special cases of variable amplitude loading, even when all stress amplitudes were kept within the fatigue limit diagram. The cause of this phenomenon was examined using two‐step stress and repeated two‐step stress patterns in which the first step stress was chosen to be equal to the fatigue limit with zero mean stress and a mean stress was superposed on the second step stress. A non‐propagating crack was formed by the first step stress. This crack functioned as a pre‐crack for the second step stress with high mean stress. Consequently, fatigue failure occurred even when all stress amplitudes were kept within the fatigue limit diagram. It was an unexpected fracture caused by the interference effect of a non‐propagating crack and a mean stress change.
Modelling of fatigue lifetime under non‐proportional multiaxial alternating loading
Authors: WEICK M. , AKTAA J. 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper presents two approaches to lifetime prediction under non‐proportional multiaxial alternating loading; a phenomenological approach using the Manson–Coffin relation and a microstructural approach. Both models have in common the use of a new multiaxiality factor.The data sets for the adaptation and validation of both models are taken from the authors' own experiments. In these tests, both the load paths and the phase shift are varied. The biaxial test apparatus allows for an application of fixed principal stress or strain directions even under non‐proportional loading.A fairly good agreement with our multiaxial lifetime results is obtained with both models. For an advanced assessment of the quality of the approaches used, the models are compared with several other well‐known models from the literature. An additive yardstick is used for the comparison of the different models.
Evaluation of fatigue crack propagation by mode I and mixed mode in 1050 aluminium
Authors: MAKABE C. , YAMANE T. , SOCIE D. F. , SUEYOSHI T. 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACTThe mechanism of mixed‐mode fatigue crack propagation was investigated in pure aluminum. Push‐pull fatigue tests were performed using two types of specimens. One was a round bar specimen having a blind hole, one was a plate specimen having a slit. The slit direction cut in the specimen was perpendicular or inclined 45 degrees relative to the centre of the specimen axis. In both cases, cracks propagated by mode I or by the mixed mode combining mode I and shear mode, depending on the testing conditions. In these cases the crack propagation rate was evaluated with a modified effective stress intensity factor range. Crack propagation retardation was observed in some specimens. However, it was found that the crack propagation rate could also be evaluated by the effective stress intensity factor range independent of the crack propagation mode.
Effect of plastic anisotropy of weld on limit load of undermatched middle cracked tension specimens
Authors: ALEXANDROV S. , CHUNG K.‐H. , CHUNG K. 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACTPlastic anisotropy may have a significant effect on the limit load of structures. The present paper shows its effect on the limit load of well‐undermatched middle cracked tension specimens assuming that the base material is elastic and the weld material obeys Hill's quadratic orthotropic yield criterion in rigid‐perfect plasticity. The solution is based on a kinematically admissible velocity field, which is compatible with a stress field satisfying the equilibrium equations and the yield criterion in the plastic zone. The velocity field is singular in the vicinity of the bi‐material interface, which is typical for isotropic materials.
A Doubly Weighted Approach to Urban Data Disaggregation in GIS: A Case Study of Wuhan, China
Authors: Huang Zhengdong , Ottens Henk , Masser Ian 
Published: March 2007

AbstractUrban models are evolving to require more and more detailed data that in many cases have to be spatially disaggregated from larger zones. This paper deals with the disaggregation of statistical data in an urban context in which land use data are available at a less detailed level. With the availability of land use data, the traditional approach of areal weighting is improved with an areal and land use weighted approach. This weighted approach is further elaborated to include homogeneous weight zones (HWZ) so as to reflect general geographical variations among the same land use type. A case study in Wuhan, China has demonstrated the effectiveness of the doubly weighted approach within the specified context.
GML for Representing Data from Spatio‐Historical Databases: A Case Study
Authors: Siyuan Fang , Griffiths Tony , Paton Norman W 
Published: March 2007

AbstractMany applications, in areas such as land use, traffic management and location aware services, involve the storage, analysis and sharing of spatio‐temporal data. The need to represent such data in a way that eases sharing across applications, has led to the development of the Geography Markup Language (GML), which provides a rich collection of constructs for representing spatial and associated aspatial data as XML documents. However, although there are a growing number of applications and tools that make use of GML, there are surprisingly few experience reports on the representation of data from existing applications or models using GML constructs. This paper provides one such report, describing the use of GML as an exchange format for the Tripod spatio‐historical database. This in turn involves identifying mappings between Tripod and GML constructs, and the development of a generic architecture for carrying out such mappings. The experience demonstrates that even though GML provides rich modelling facilities, the development of mappings from pre‐existing models can be challenging, as related constructs often provide semantically distinct capabilities.
BETWEEN SUBORDINATION AND KOINONIA: TOWARD A NEW READING OF THE CAPPADOCIAN THEOLOGY1
Authors: AWAD NAJEEB G. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis article argues that it is inappropriate to read Cappadocian theology exclusively from the angle of Basil of Caesarea's identification of the Godhead with the Father alone. As an alternative to the Basilian‐based reading that undermines the view that the three persons are together co‐constitutive of the Godhead and restricts the Godhead to the Father alone, this article calls for a more comprehensive reading of the theology of the Cappadocian fathers that takes into consideration the trinitarian perspective of Gregory of Nazianzus, and claims that his understanding of the Godhead as the reciprocal koinonia of the three persons together not only completes and corrects Basil's view and presents a more coherent view of the Cappadocian theology, but also salvages the theology of the Trinity from any possible semi‐monarchical logic that could undermine one of the divine persons for the sake of, or at the expense of, the others.
Correlations between feeding type and mandibular morphology in the sika deer
Authors: Ozaki M. , Suwa G. , Kaji K. , Ohba T. , Hosoi E. , Koizumi T. , Takatsuki S. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractMorphological comparisons of the sika deer Cervus nippon mandible and molars were conducted between two (northern and southern) Japanese subspecific lineages and among local populations of different (‘grazer’ or ‘intermediate feeder’) feeding types. The northern lineage showed greater M1 breadth, M3 hypsodonty and mandibular corpus height than the southern lineage. Such differences were not observed between the ‘grazer’ and ‘intermediate feeder’ populations of the northern lineage. However, a northern population, which inhabits a particularly harsh environment (Kinkazan Island), had the largest values of relative molar size and hypsodonty, although this was not statistically significant. These results imply that, in the Japanese sika deer, the selective pressures acting on the current ‘grazer’ populations are not strong enough to bring out noticeable adaptive change in molar size and hypsodonty, but adaptive change in these traits may occur in an environment that promotes excessive molar wear, more than that seen in the current sika deer habitats of Japan. Combined with what is known of the Pleistocene history of the sika deer, we infer that the ancestral population of the northern Japanese lineage likely acquired their relatively larger and more hypsodont molars in an extremely harsh environment during the last or previous glacial periods.
Den shifting by wolves in semi‐wild landscapes in the Deccan Plateau, Maharashtra, India
Authors: Habib B. , Kumar S. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractReproductive success is crucial for the survival and persistence of any species. The Deccan Biogeographic Zone of India is the stronghold of a population of the Indian wolfCanis lupus pallipes. Gaining a better understanding of the den‐use pattern of wolves in different areas in this zone is thus vital for their conservation and management. The wolves excavated multiple dens in our study sites and kept shifting their litters among them. Major disturbance factors around denning sites were active stone quarries, traffic, crop harvesting and livestock movement. One wolf pack used 14 dens in four breeding seasons. Discriminant function analysis indicated that den shifting by wolves was not entirely governed by disturbance levels at den sites. Increasing age of pups was one of the main factors associated with den shifting rather than the magnitude of disturbance (χ2=34.26, d.f.=12,P<0.001). Tolerance to disturbance around dens during the early stages of pup development was negatively correlated (r=−0.519,P<0.05) with availability of water and age of pups (r=−0.613,P<0.01). Excavation of multiple dens by wolves was apparently related to den shifting, which seemingly is a survival strategy of wolves in these semi‐wild human‐dominated landscapes in the Deccan Biogeographic Zone. Principal components analysis indicated that during the initial stages of pup development, nature of the land, den orientation and distance of the den from roads were important cues in addition to age category of pups for den shifting. The analysis also suggested that factors such as distance of the new den where pups are to be transferred, distance from water source and availability of foxVulpes bengalensisholes for den use were also important.
Remarkable genetic homogeneity in unstriped, long‐tailed Ichthyophis along 1500 km of the Western Ghats, India
Authors: Gower D. J. , Dharne M. , Bhatta G. , Giri V. , Vyas R. , Govindappa V. , Oommen O. V. , George J. , Shouche Y. , Wilkinson M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe mountainous Western Ghats are part of a biodiversity hotspot and extend for about 1600 km, lying close and subparallel to the west coast of peninsular India. The region is a centre of diversity for amphibians, and recent preliminary work on some components of both caecilian (Gymnophiona) and frog (Anura) fauna is indicative of a high degree of local endemism. We investigated diversity in mitochondrial rRNA 12S and 16S sequences for long‐tailed, unstriped Ichthyophis (Amphibia: Gymnophiona: Ichthyophiidae) that potentially represent four taxonomically confused and poorly known endemic caecilian species. Data were analysed for18 individuals from along c. 1500 km of the Western Ghats region. Genetic diversity is remarkably low, with a maximum uncorrected p‐distance of 0.5%. These DNA sequences and new morphological data do not allow us to reject the null hypothesis that the sample comprises only a single, widely distributed, highly interconnected species. The phylogenetic signal among the data is extremely low. However, population genetic analyses reveal that the Palghat Gap, a c. 30 km discontinuity in the Western Ghats considered to be significant in the biogeography of other organisms occurring in this region, corresponds to a significant subdivision of long‐tailed, unstriped Ichthyophis into two groups.
Functional neuroanatomy of visually elicited simple phobic fear: Additional data and theoretical analysis
Authors: FREDRIKSON MAIS , WIK GUSTAV , ANNAS PETER , FRICSON KAJ , STONE‐ELANDER SHARON 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe investigated central nervous system correlates of simple phobie fear, Regional cerebral blood flow (rcBF) was measured using position emission tomography(PFT) in eight volunteers with symptomatic spider phobia that were exposed to visual phobogenic and neutral stimuli Diazepam (0.1 mg/kg body weight i.v.) or placebo was administered under double blind conditions after initial PFT scans. The PFT scans were then repeated. The presence of fear was confirmed by rating procedures and increased number of nonspecific electrodermal fluctuations and by higher heart rate during phobic than during neutral stimulation. Phobic as compared to neural stimulation elevated the retional to whole brain (relative) CBF in the secondary visual cortex but reduced relative rCBF in the hippocampus, prefrontal, orbitofrontal, ttemporopolar, and posterior cingulated cortex. Dia/epam treatment did not affect the relative rCBF or the subjective or physiological fear indices. The observed rCPF pattern replicates our previous findings in snake phobics (M. Fredrikson et al.[1993]Psychophysiology, 30, 127, 131 G. Wik et al. [1993]Psychiatry Research (Neuroimaging), 50, 15–24) and indicated that fear and anxiety affect cortical areas outside the classic limbie system areas.
Processing of auditory deviants with changes in one versus two stimulus dimensions
Authors: SCHRÖGER ERICH 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAuditory event‐related potentials (ERPs) in response to 50‐ms tones were recorded from the human scalp. A standard stimulus (p= .88) and three different deviants were randomly presented via earphones. There were two one‐dimensional deviants (one frequency and one location deviant) and one two‐dimensional deviant, with changes in both frequency and location. In one condition, subjects read a book and ignored the auditory stimuli, whereas in another condition they tried to discriminate deviants from standards. In the ignore condition, the two‐dimensional deviant elicited an enhanced mismatch negativity (MMN) as compared with the MMNs elicited by the one‐dimensional deviants. The temporal and the topographic distributions of the two‐dimensional MMNs could be modeled by adding the one‐dimensional MMNs. This additivity of the MMNs probably results from the independent activity of separate neural populations generating the frequency and the location MMN. In the attend condition, the deviance‐related ERP effects were not additive in the N2b and P3 range, implicating that the neural processes involved in the conscious detection of changes in location and frequency were not independent.
Isolation and characterization of polymorphic microsatellites from Asian green mussel (Perna viridis)
Authors: LIN GRACE , FENG FELICIA , YUE GEN HUA 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAsian green mussels (Perna viridis) belonging to the family Mytilidae are native to the coastal and tropical marine waters of the Indo‐Pacific region. Ten polymorphic microsatellites were isolated and their polymorphisms were determined in 36 individuals. The average allele number of the 10 microsatellites was 11.7/locus with a range of two to 24 and the expected heterozygosity averaged at 0.69, ranging from 0.18 to 0.94. Eight out of 10 microsatellites agreed with the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium and showed independent segregation. These microsatellites will facilitate the studying of the genetic diversity and population structure of the green mussel in and outside of the Indo‐Pacific region of Asia.
MISCONDUCT IN MEDICAL STUDENTS
Authors: VENGOECHEA JAIME , MORENO SOCORRO , RUIZ ALVARO 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACTMedical students, subject to unique challenges and stressors, frequently engage in misconduct. In this observational study, carried out in a medical school in Colombia, we developed a survey to explore the association between misconduct and stress, potential stressors and other possible contributing factors, such as sex, age and academic year. Of the 433 students that responded to our survey, 97.9% did not fully disagree with at least one of the mentioned misconducts and 99.8% admitted to at least one transgression. Based on a scale we developed, 61.4% of the students consistently agreed with misconduct and 44.9% frequently engaged in misconduct. A logistic regression model suggests that being male (OR 1.90, CI 95% 1.27–2.84) and stress (OR 1.04, CI 95% 1.01–1.06) may increase the likelihood of misconduct. In a subgroup of students, excluding those in their last year of studies, higher academic semester (OR 1.25, CI 95%: 1.10–1.42) may also be a risk factor for misconduct. Most of the observed variation in the data, however, is not explained by these factors. Other modifiers, such as student personality and sub‐culture, may play a greater role in determining misconduct. The proportion of medical students that engage in misconduct is very high and warrants the attention of the medical education community.