bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fatty acid distribution in lipids and32P incorporation into phospholipids during early amphibian development
Authors: Barassi C. A. , Bazan N. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSeveral aspects of lipid composition and32P incorporation were studied during early embryogenesis of the toad,Bufo arenarum, Hensel. The surveyed stages ranged from unfertilized oocyte to neural tube formation. The fatty acid distribution in polar and neutral lipids, as well as in acetone eluate from Unisil columns was similar in unfertilized oocyte and late blastula stage. There was no significant effect of cell cleavage on the fatty acid composition of these lipid fractions. Neutral lipids represent ca. 67% of the total lipids. The main components of the phospholipids were phosphatides of choline and ethanolamine. The total lipid and phospholipid content does not change through the studied stage of neurula. However a large increment in the phospholipid's specific radioactivity occurs when32P is injected along with the hormone to induce ovulation. It is suggested that this may reflect changes in turnover rates rather than net biosynthesis. Since a large amount of cell membranes is being formed during the early development and because the level of phospholipids remains constant, an explanation is offered regarding membranogenesis. Active phospholipid biosynthesis may take place during oogenesis. These lipids may be stored in the yolk platelet, and fertilization may regulate the functioning of a transport mechanism to corresponding membrane sites. The increased incorporation of32P may reflect changes in the activity of new membranes.
Effect of double bond position in octadecenoates upon hydrolysis by pancreatic lipase
Authors: Heimermann Wayne H. , Holman Ralph T. , Gordon Dennis T. , Kowalyshyn Doris E. , Jensen Robert G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFifteen triacylglycerols containing 12∶0, 14∶0, 16∶0, 18∶2 and one positional isomer ofcis‐18∶1 were hydrolyzed by pancreatic lipase (EC 3.1.1.3, glycerol ester hydrolase). The fatty acids in the products of lipolysis were identified and measured by gas liquid chromatography. The substrates containing the Δ2 through Δ7 isomers of 18∶1 were resistant to pancreatic lipolysis. These isomers accumulated in the di‐ and residual triacylglycerols and were diminished in the free fatty acids. The discrimination was greates against the Δ5 isomer.
Skin surface lipids of the dog
Authors: Sharaf David M. , Clark Stanley J. , Downing Donald T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe skin surface lipid of the dog has been reported to contain a high proportion of diol diesters having a lower mobility on thin layer chromatography than diesters from other species in spite of containing similar fatty acid and diol components. In the present study, dog skin surface lipid was separated by preparative thin layer chromatography into sterol esters (42%), wax diesters (32%), free sterols (9%), polar lipids (7%), and unidentified components (10%). The diesters contained 1,2‐diols, each esterified with one long chain fatty acid and one isovaleric acid moiety. The diols were principally branched chain C21 and C22 compounds while the long chain fatty acids esterified with them were mainly C20 and C21 branched compounds. The fatty acids from the sterol esters were mostly saturated, branched chain C19 to C23, together with 7% of straight chain monoenoic acids, principally C21 and C22. There were only trace amounts of free sterols other than cholesterol, while the esterified sterols contained 96% cholesterol and 4% lathosterol.
Specific distribution of fatty acids in the triglycerides of rainbow trout adipose tissue. Influence of temperature
Authors: Leger C. , Bergot P. , Luquet P. , Flanzy J. , Meurot J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn the trout, the unsaturated fatty acids are preferentially located in the β‐position and the saturated fatty acids in the α‐position of triglycerides. This fatty acid distribution is retained even with diets containing lard. The fish are, therefore, able to modify completely the fatty acid distribution of dietary triglycerides. There is no retention of the β‐monoglyceride structure during the biosynthetic processes. However, the modification of the dietary fatty acid distribution by the trout seems to be more difficult at 18 C than at 10C.
15,18,21,24‐triacontatetraenoic and 15,18,21,24,27‐triacontapentaenoic acids: New C30 fatty acids from the marine spongeCliona celata
Authors: Litchfield Carter , Tyszkiewicz John , Marcantonio Eugene E. , Note Gregory 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe marine sponseCliona celata contains 3.5% 30∶4ω6 and 7.0% 30∶5w3 in its total fatty acids. These C30 polyunsaturated structures are unknown in other living organisms. Both acids occur mainly as phosphatidylserine esters.
Variations in the molecular species of lung phosphatidylglycerol
Authors: Okano Goroh , Akino Toyoaki 
Published: November 2006

AbstractApproximately 20% of the phosphatidylglycerol of the lung tissue of several animals was found to have both fatty acids saturated. Pulmonary washings from the lung of the rabbit and guinea pig had more saturated phosphatidylglycerol than the washed lung tissue. Lung‐saturated phosphatidylglycerol was relatively low in the perinatal period, a time during which saturated phosphatidylcholine accumulated predominantly. This suggests that the metabolism of the saturated species of lung phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol, which are considered to be the major pulmonary surfactants, may not be regulated in the same manner, at least in the perinatal lung.
The importance of the steric configuration of lysophosphatidylcholine in the lymphatic transport of fat
Authors: O'doherty P. J. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe importance of the steric configuration of lysophosphatidylcholine in the lymphatic transport of fat was investigated in bile fistula rats. It was found that the feeding of 1‐palmitoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine increased the lymphatic output of phosphatidyl choline and triacylglycerol, while the feeding of 3‐palmitoyl‐sn‐glycero‐1‐phosphocholine had no effect. In intestinal microsomes of the bile fistula rats, it was found that the lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase was stereospecific in acylating the 1‐acyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine enantiomer. The significance of these findings is briefly discussed.
A method for the quantitative estimation of cholesterol α‐oxide in eggs
Authors: Tsai L. S. , Ijichi K. , Hudson C. A. , Meehan J. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA method for the quantitation of cholesterol α‐oxide in egg and egg products is described. Total lipids extracted from dry egg samples were fractionated on a silicic acid column to concentrate cholesterol oxides which were then quantitatively determined by gas liquid chromatography (GLC). Those samples which showed cholesterol oxides by GLC were further analyzed by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) for the ratio of cholesterol α‐oxide and cholesterol β‐oxide. Cholesterol α‐oxide content was calculated from the combined results of GLC and HPLC.
Characterization of triterpene alcohols of seed oils from some species of theaceae, phytolaccaceae and sapotaceae
Authors: Itoh Toshihiro , Uetsuki Toshimitsu , Tamura Toshitake , Matsumoto Taro 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTriterpene alcohol constituents of the unsaponifiable lipids separated from tea seed oil fromThea sinensis L. (Theaceae), camellia seed oil fromCamellia japonica L. (Theaceae), pokeweed seed oil fromPhytolacca americana L. (Phytolaccaceae) and shea butter from the seed kernels ofButyrospermum parkii (Sapotaceae) were studied. Among a number of triterpene alcohols present in these oils, 19 components were identified as cycloartenol, 24‐methylenecycloartanol, parkeol, 24‐methylene‐24‐dihydroparkeol, lanosterol, euphol, butyrospermol, tirucallol, tirucalla‐7,24‐dienol, dammaradienol, 24‐methylenedammarenol, α‐amyrin, β‐amyrin, lupeol, germanicol, taraxasterol, ψ‐taraxasterol, taraxerol and myricadiol. Tirucalla‐7,24‐dienol and butyrospermol are the predominant components of the 2 Theaceae and pokeweed seed oils. Shea butter, on the other hand, contains α‐amyrin followed by butyrospermol and lupeol as the major triterpene constituents.
The Di‐ and triesters of the lipids of steer and human meibomian glands
Authors: Nicolaides N. , Santos Evelyn C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThree groups of diesters have been isolated and identified in the lipids of steer meibomian glands. The first group, designated as α Type I, with the abbreviated formula FA‐αOHFA‐FA1c, consisted of α‐hydroxy fatty acids esterified to fatty acids and fatty alcohols in the approximate molar ratio 1∶1∶1. The second group, designated as ω Type I‐St, with the abbreviated formula FA‐ωOHF A‐St, consisted of ω‐hydroxy fatty acids esterified to fatty acids and sterols in the approximate molar ratio 1∶1∶1. The third group, designated as α,ω Type II, with the abbreviated formula FA‐α,ωdiol‐FA, consisted of α,ω‐diols esterified to 2 moles of fatty acids. The sum of the different diesters comprised about 9% of total steer meibomian lipids.Capillary GLC of the fatty acids of αType I diesters showed the fatty acids to be a family with a two‐cluster profile, one at C12 to C20 and the other at C21 to C31, with anteiso chains predominating. Fatty acids from ωType I‐St and α,ωType II diesters gave mainly a one‐cluster profile in the short long chain, C23 to C30, with anteiso chains predominating, while the α‐hydroxy fatty acids were short chain C13 to C18 acids with C16 predominating. The sterols in diesters ωType I‐St were cholesterol (∼60%), Δ7 cholestenol (∼35%) and an unidentified compound (∼5%) with a GLC retention time slightly longer than Δ7 cholestenol on SE‐30 phase. The ω‐hydroxy fatty acids and α,ω‐diols both were of exceedingly long chain lengths, C29−C38, and showed similar GLC profiles. Two types of triesters comprising approximately 1% of total steer meibomian lipids have been isolated but incompletely characterized. In terms of molar ratios, one group of triesters gave fatty acids:ω‐hydroxy fatty acids:α‐hydroxy fatty acids:sterols + fatty alcohols as approximately 1∶1∶1∶1. The other contained fatty acids, α‐hydroxy fatty acids and α,ω‐diols in what appears to be a complex mixture of several triesters. Diesters ωType I and α,ωType II also were found in human meibum. Hitherto these two diesters have not been found in any animal tissue.
Need for an Individualized and Aggressive Management of Multinodular Goiters of Endemic Zones by Specially Trained Surgeons: Experience in Western Nepal
Authors: Baxi M. , Shetty K. J. , Baxi J. , Basu A. , Talwar O. P. , Smithi S. , Tiwari P. K. , Maudar K. K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBackgroundThe goals of the present study were to explore the presentation of multinodular goiter (MNG) and solitary thyroid nodules (STN) in the sub‐Himalayan belt, including the risk of malignancy, and to evaluate whether specialized surgeon training in endocrine surgery has an effect on reducing complications.MethodsThis retrospective study (1998–2003) analyzed 624 patients with thyroid disorders seen in the thyroid clinic of a tertiary care hospital in western Nepal. The findings included 67.7% (n = 423: euthyroid, 297, toxic, 126) multinodular goiters (MNG) and 18.5% (n = 116) STN. Rest of patients of other thyroid disorders were excluded from the study. Ultrasonography and fine‐needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) were the available diagnostic adjuncts. To evaluate the role of surgeon training, outcomes were compared between patients cared for by surgeons specially trained in endocrine surgery and those who were not. Prognostic markers indicated aggressiveness of cancers.ResultsOf the 539 MNG and STN patients in this series, 236 underwent operation. Of these, 25.7% (139/539) were toxic, and 11.31% had associated carcinoma. Aggressive cancers, like poorly differentiated (4.9%) and anaplastic types (18%), were more common than in series of patients from iodine‐sufficient regions. Patients 40–55 years of age were more likely to have toxicity, and those > 60 years of age were more likely to have aggressive cancers. Postoperative complication rates were lower in the group treated by surgeons who had special training in endocrine surgery.ConclusionsThere is a higher incidence of toxicity and malignancy in MNG in an endemic goiter zone. The limited diagnostic and therapeutic facilities in the region under study warrant a high degree of clinical suspicion and judgment, sound knowledge of thyroid physiology, thorough interpretation of hormone test results, and meticulous surgical techniques. The treatment must be individualized with consideration of humanitarian and socioeconomic factors, without compromising the quality of care and its long‐term consequences. Aggressive management of malignancy and toxicity with total thyroidectomy is needed as primary therapy in many instances. However, subtotal excision is more useful in carefully selected cases with a small remnant. Specialized training in thyroid surgery appears to be valuable in reducing complications.
Synthesis and phospholipase C inhibitory activity of D609 diastereomers
Authors: González‐Roura Albert , Casas Josefina , Llebaria Amadeu 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe potassium xanthate D609 is widely accepted as a selective inhibitor of PC‐specific phospholipase C (PC‐PLC). The tricyclo[5.2.1.02,6]decane skeleton present in D609 can lead to four diastereomeric paris, but the diastereoselectivity of PC‐PLC inhibition has never been reported. In this article, the synthesis of racemic D609 diastereomers and that of other xanthates, as well as their inhibitory effect on PC‐PLC is reported. All xanthates obtained were competitive inhibitors of PC‐PLC from Bacillus cereus (PLCBc). No significant differences were found in the activity of D609 diastereomers (Ki 13–17 μM), suggesting the absence of a diastereochemical control of the enzyme by xanthate inhibitors. This result was confirmed after obtaining other potassium xanthates differing from D609 in the aliphatic chain. Among them, the potassium O‐n‐decenylxanthate was the most active inhibitor of PLCBc (Ki 10 μM). These data indicate that the essential structural requirements for PLCBc in vitro inhibition by xanthates are the presence of a Zn‐chelating dithiocarbonate head and a sufficiently hydrophobic aliphatic moiety.
Cloning and molecular characterization of the Δ6‐desaturase from two Echium plant species: Production of GLA by heterologous expression in yeast and tobacco
Authors: García‐Maroto Federico , Garrido‐Cárdénas José A. , Rodríguez‐Ruiz Juan , Vilches‐Ferrón Miguel , Adam Ana C. , Polaina Julio , López Alonso Diego 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe synthesis of GLA (Δ6, 9, 12‐18:3) is carried out in a number of plant taxa by introducing a double bond at the Δ6 position of its precursor, linoleic acid (Δ9, 12‐18:2), through a reaction catalyzed by a Δ6‐desaturase enzyme. We have cloned genes encoding the Δ6‐desaturase (D6DES) from two different Macaronesian Echium species, E. pitardii and E. gentianoides (Boraginaceae), which are characterized by the accumulation of high amounts of GLA in their seeds. The Echium D6DES genes encode proteins of 438 amino acids bearing the prototypical cytochrome b5 domain at the N‐terminus. Cladistic analysis of desaturases from higher plants groups the Echium D6DES proteins together with other Δ6‐desaturases in a different cluster from that of the highly related Δ8‐desaturases. Expression analysis carried out in E. pitardii shows a positive correlation between the D6DES transcript level and GLA accumulation in different tissues of the plant. Although a ubiquitous expression in all organs is observed, the transcript is particularly abundant in developing fruits, whereas a much lower level is present in mature leaves. Functional characterization of the D6DES gene from E. gentianoides has been achieved by heterologous expression in tobacco plants and in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In both cases, overexpression of the gene led to the synthesis of GLA. Biotechnological application of these results can be envisaged as an initial step toward the generation of transgenic oleaginous plants producing GLA.
Evidence for [1,5] sigmatropic rearrangements of CLA in heated oils
Authors: Destaillats Frédéric , Angers Paul 
Published: November 2006

AbstractLinoleic acid was heated at 200°C under helium. Analysis of degradation products by GC on a long polar open tubular capillary column showed the presence of CLA isomers. The identified mono trans CLA isomers were cis‐9, trans‐11, trans‐9, cis‐11, trans‐10, cis‐12, cis‐10, trans‐12, trans‐8, cis‐10, and cis‐11, trans‐13 18:2 acids. Oils containing different levels of linoleic acid (peanut, sesame seed, and safflower seed oils) were also heat treated, resulting in similar CLA distributions. Elution order was confirmed using cis‐9, trans‐11 and trans‐10, cis‐12 acid methyl esters standards and their respective configuration isomers (trans‐9, cis‐11, cis‐10, trans‐12), obtained after mild selenium‐catalyzed isomerization. These results indicated that two conjugated mono trans isomers of 18:2 acid, cis‐8, trans‐10 and trans‐11, cis‐13 18:2 were absent from the series, thus strongly suggesting that some constraints were preventing their formation. By heating pure methyl rumenate (cis‐9, trans‐11 18:2) under similar conditions, isomerization resulted principally in a nearly equimolar mixture of methyl rumenate and trans‐8, cis‐10 18:2. Similarly, the methyl ester of trans‐10, cis‐12 18:2 acid was partially transformed into cis‐11, trans‐13 18:2 acid. Respective geometrical isomers were also formed in trace amounts. A concerted pericyclic isomerization mechanism, a [1,5] sigmatropic rearrangement, is proposed that limits the conjugated system to isomerization from a cis‐trans acid to a trans‐cis acid, and vice versa. This mechanism is consistent with undetected cis‐8, trans‐10 and trans‐11, cis‐13 18:2 isomers in heated oils containing linoleic acid.
Protective effect of oleuropein, an olive oil biophenol, on low density lipoprotein oxidizability in rabbits
Authors: Coni E. , Di Benedetto R. , Di Pasquale M. , Masella R. , Modesti D. , Mattei R. , Carlini E. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractOn the basis of the results obtained with pilot studies conducted in vitro on human low density lipoprotein (LDL) and on cell cultures (Caco‐2), which had indicated the ability of certain molecules present in olive oil to inhibit prooxidative processes, an in vivo study was made of laboratory rabbits fed special diets. Three different diets were prepared: a standard diet for rabbits (diet A), a standard diet for rabbits modified by the addition of 10% (w/w) extra virgin olive oil (diet B), a modified standard diet for rabbits (diet C) differing from diet B only in the addition of 7 mg kg−1 of oleuropein. A series of biochemical parameters was therefore identified, both in the rabbit plasma and the related isolated LDL, before and after Cu‐induced oxidation. The following, in particular, were selected: (i) biophenols, vitamins E and C, uric acid, and total, free, and ester cholesterol in the plasma; (ii) proteins, triglycerides, phospholipids, and total, free, and ester cholesterol in the native LDL (for the latter, the dimensions were also measured); (iii) lipid hydroperoxides, aldehydes, conjugated dienes, and relative electrophoretic mobility (REM) in the oxidized LDL (ox‐LDL). In an attempt to summarize the results obtained, it can be said that this investigation has not only verified the antioxidant efficacy of extra virgin olive oil biophenols and, in particular, of oleuropein, but has also revealed a series of thus far unknown effects of the latter on the plasmatic lipid situation. In fact, the addition of oleuropein in diet C increased the ability of LDL to resist oxidation (less conjugated diene formation) and, at the same time, reduced the plasmatic levels of total, free, and ester cholesterol (−15, −12, and −17%, respectively), giving rise to a redistribution of the lipidic components of LDL (greater phospholipid and cholesterol amounts) with an indirect effect on their dimesions (bigger by about 12%).
Lipoproteins modify the macrophage uptake of triacylglycerol emulsion and of zymosan particles by similar mechanisms
Authors: Carvalho Márcia D. T. , Tobias Vanessa E. , Vendrame Célia M. V. , Shimabukuro Alice F. , Gidlund Magnus , Quintão Eder C. R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe uptake of lipids and formation of foam cells are key events in atherosclerosis and in eruptive xanthomata formation in primary hyperchylomicronemia. Here we have compared the influence of low density lipoprotein (LDL), oxidized LDL (oxLDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL), and delipidated HDL (apoHDL) on the uptake by macrophages of zymosan (an insoluble fraction of yeast cell walls) and of triglyceride‐rich emulsion (EM) particles that resemble chylomicrons, but, like zymosan, are equally devoid of protein components. Zymosan internalization is known to occur through unspecific phagocytosis, whereas natural chylomicrons are taken up by several specific lipoprotein receptors. We found that phagocytosis is not promoted as much by oxLDL as by normal LDL. HDL‐coated zymosan was found to be inert and apoHDL slightly enhanced phagocytosis. LDL and apoHDL promoted the uptake of EM while oxLDL and HDL significantly inhibited the uptake. Therefore, the data support that HDL, and not apoHDL, particles inhibit EM uptake. We concluded that by using lipoprotein‐coated zymosan particles, we could demonstrate different biological effects of LDL, oxLDL, HDL, and apoHDL on macrophage phagocytosis and that this method could be useful to delineate components of the various lipoproteins important for the propagation or inhibition of the formation of foam cells.
Dietary docosahexaenoic acid suppresses inflammation and immunoresponses in contact hypersensitivity reaction in mice
Authors: Tomobe Yoko I. , Morizawa Kazuya , Tsuchida Mamoru , Hibino Hidehiko , Nakano Yoshio , Tanaka Yukihisa 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis study was designed to examine the immunomodulatory effects of dietary docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the absence of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). We investigated the effects of feeding dietary DHA ethyl ester (DHA‐Et) (97% pure) at levels of 4.8 wt% of the total diet and of feeding EPA ethyl ester (EPA‐Et) (99% pure) at 4.8 wt% on the inflammatory response in the challenge phase of the contact hypersensitivity reaction (CHR) in the ears of mice sensitized with 2,4‐dinitro‐1‐fluorobenzene (DNFB). The effect of DHA‐Et on T lymphocytes at the CHR site was examined using anti‐CD4 antibodies. Furthermore, we examined the cytokines formed at the CHR site on the mRNA level. It was found that 24 h after the challenge, DHA‐Et but not EPA‐Et reduced the ear swelling. Infiltration of inflammatory cells, in particular, CD4‐positive T lymphocytes, into the ears in the challenge phase of CHR was observed. DHA‐Et reduced the infiltration of CD4‐positive T lymphocytes into the ears. DHA‐Et also decreased the expression of interferon‐γ, interleukin (IL)‐6, IL‐1β, and IL‐2 mRNA in ears. These observations suggest that DHA, but not EPA, may exert an antiinflammatory and immunosuppressive effect. The immunosuppressive effectiveness of fish oil may be attributed mainly to DHA.