bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two months of endurance training does not alter diastolic function evaluated by TDI in 9–11-year-old boys and girls
Authors: Obert P , Nottin S , Baquet G , Thevenet D , Gamelin F-X , Berthoin S 
Published: December 2007

Objective:Superior global cardiac performance (ie stroke volume) is classically reported after training in children. Current knowledge of the impact of exercise training on myocardial relaxation, a major component of left ventricular (LV) filling and subsequently stroke volume, is, however, limited in the paediatric population. This study aimed to investigate the effect of aerobic training on LV wall motion velocities by tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) in healthy children.Methods:25 children (11 girls, 14 boys) were enrolled in a 2 month high-intensity aerobic training programme and 25 (12 girls and 13 boys) served as controls. The children (9–11 years old) performed a graded maximal exercise test on a treadmill to evaluate maximal oxygen uptake. Standard Doppler echocardiography and TDI measurements were performed at baseline and end of the study. Tissue Doppler systolic, early and late myocardial velocities were obtained at the mitral annulus in the septal, lateral, inferior and posterior walls.Results:Maximal oxygen uptake increased by 6.5% (before: 51.6 (SD 4.2), after: 55.0 (4.5) ml/min/kg p<0.001) after training. A modest but significant increase in left ventricular end-diastolic diameter was also noticed (before: 46.1 (3.4), after: 48.3 (4.3) mm.BSA-1/2, p<0.001), whereas left ventricular wall thickness and mass were unchanged. Neither transmitral inflow velocities nor early and late wall motion (Em: before = 18.4 (2.7), after = 18.0 (2.3) cm/s, Am: before = 6.8 (1.2), after = 6.7 (1.3) cm/s) were affected by training. Shortening fraction and regional systolic function (Sm: before = 10.1 (1.6), after = 10.2 (1.4) cm/s) by TDI were also unchanged.Conclusion:High-intensity aerobic sessions repeated over a 2 month period failed to improve regional diastolic function assessed by TDI in healthy young children.
Why does exercise terminate at the maximal lactate steady state intensity?
Authors: Baron B , Noakes T D , Dekerle J , Moullan F , Robin S , Matran R , Pelayo P 
Published: December 2007

Objective:The purpose of this study was to measure physiological responses during exercise performed until exhaustion at the exercise intensity corresponding to the maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) in order to determine why subjects stopped.Methods:Eleven male trained subjects performed a test at MLSS on a cycle ergometer until exhaustion.Results:Time to exhaustion was 55.0 (SD 8.5) min. No variation was observed between the 10th and the last minute for arterial pyruvate, bicarbonate, and haemoglobin concentrations, redox state, arterial oxygen pressure, arterial oxygen saturation, osmolality, haematocrit, oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide output, and gas exchange ratio (p>0.05). Arterial lactate concentration and arterial carbon dioxide pressure decreased significantly whereas pH, base excess and the Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE) increased significantly (p<0.05). Although respiratory rate, minute ventilation and heart rate increased significantly until exhaustion (p<0.05), values at termination of the MLSS test were significantly lower than values measured during a maximal exercise test (p<0.05). Blood ammonia concentrations rose progressively during the MLSS test. However, there is no known mechanism by which this change could cause peripheral fatigue.Conclusions:Exercise termination was not associated with evidence of failure in any physiological system during prolonged exercise performed at MLSS. Thus the biological mechanisms of exercise termination at MLSS were compatible with an integrative homoeostatic control of peripheral physiological systems during exercise.
Effect of commercial airline travel on oxygen saturation in athletes
Authors: Geertsema C , Williams A B , Dzendrowskyj P , Hanna C 
Published: December 2007

Background:Aircraft cabins are pressurised to maximum effective altitudes of 2440 metres, resulting in significant decline in oxygen saturation in crew and passengers. This effect has not been studied in athletes.Objective:To investigate the degree of decline in oxygen saturation in athletes during long-haul flights.Methods:A prospective cross-sectional study. National-level athletes were recruited. Oxygen saturation and heart rate were measured with a pulse oximeter at sea level before departure, at 3 and 7 hours into the flight, and again after arrival at sea level. Aircraft cabin pressure and altitude, cabin fraction of inspired oxygen and true altitude were also recorded.Results:45 athletes and 18 healthy staff aged between 17 and 70 years were studied on 10 long-haul flights. Oxygen saturation levels declined significantly after 3 hours and 7 hours (3–4%), compared with sea level values. There was an associated drop in cabin pressure and fraction of inspired oxygen, and an increase in cabin altitude.Conclusions:Oxygen saturation declines significantly in athletes during long-haul commercial flights, in response to reduced cabin pressure. This may be relevant for altitude acclimatisation planning by athletes, as the time spent on the plane should be considered time already spent at altitude, with associated physiological changes. For flights of 10–13 hours in duration, it will be difficult to arrive on the day of competition to avoid the influence of these changes, as is often suggested by coaches.
Effects of exercise intensity on lymphocyte H2O2production and antioxidant defences in soccer players
Authors: Sureda A , Ferrer M D , Tauler P , Romaguera D , Drobnic F , Pujol P , Tur J A , Pons A 
Published: December 2007

Objective:Physical exercise is capable of enhancing or suppressing the immune response depending on the intensity and duration of exercise. This study investigated how exercise intensity influences the lymphocyte antioxidant response and the induction of cellular oxidative damage.Design:Eighteen voluntary male pre-professional soccer players participated in this study. Sportsmen played a 60 min training match, and were divided into three groups depending on the intensity degree during the match: low, medium and high intensities.Measurements:Malondialdehyde (MDA), vitamins C and E and haem oxygenase-1 (HO-1) gene expression were measured in lymphocytes. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was determined in lymphocytes and neutrophils.Results:Lymphocyte MDA levels and H2O2production were significantly increased in the group which performed the most intense exercise. Neutrophil counts and ROS production increased progressively with the exercise intensity. Vitamin C significantly decreased after exercise in the highest-intensity group in comparison with initial values, whereas vitamin E levels significantly increased in the medium and high-intensity groups. HO-1 gene expression significantly increased in the medium and high-intensity groups.Conclusions:Exercise intensity affects the lymphocyte and neutrophil oxidant/antioxidant balance, but only exercise of high intensity induces lymphocyte oxidative damage.
Low organic solvent exposure and combined maternal–infant gene polymorphisms affect gestational age
Authors: Qin X , Wu Y , Wang W , Liu T , Wang L , Hu Y , Chen D 
Published: December 2007

Objective:Little information is available on the associations of combined maternal–infant genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures and reproductive outcomes, especially in the Chinese population. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the polymorphisms of combined maternal–infant metabolic genes,CYP1A1HincII,CYP1A1MspI,GSTT1andGSTM1affect the association of maternal exposure to organic solvents with gestational age.Methods:1113 mother–infant pairs were enrolled from the Beijing Yanshan Petrochemical Corporation between June 1997 and June 2002, of which 546 mothers were exposed to organic solvents and 567 were not. Multiple linear regression models were used to estimate the combined maternal–infant gene effects, and to characterise combined maternal–infant genetic susceptibility to organic solvents in relation to gestation.Results:Organic solvent exposure was significantly related to shortened gestation (−1.2 weeks, 95% CI−1.6 to −0.9). Additionally, combined maternal–infant genotypes including Ile/Ile462–Ile/Ile462 (−0.6 weeks, 95% CI−0.9 to −0.4) inCYP1A1HincII and absent–absent inGSTT1(−0.4 weeks, 95% CI−0.9 to −0.3) were significantly associated with shorter gestation. When considering both organic solvent exposure and combined maternal–infant genotypes, the largest associations were found among exposed women with the absent–absent genotype (−1.5 weeks, 95% CI −1.8 to −1.2) inGSTT1and the Ile/Ile462–Ile/Ile462 genotype (−1.5 weeks, 95% CI −1.8 to −1.2) inCYP1A1HincII, suggesting that combined genotypes would modify the effect of exposure to organic solvents on gestation.Conclusions:This study demonstrates the role of combined maternal–infant genotypes in modifying the adverse effects of organic solvent exposure on gestation, and the maternal–infant interaction of four genes was determined.
New Cortinarius species associated with Quercus and Comarostaphylis in Costa Rica
Authors: Ammirati Joe , Garnica Sigisfredo , Halling Roy E. , Mata Milagro , Mueller Gregory M. , Carranza Julieta 
Published: December 2007

Ten new species of Cortinarius are described from Costa Rican neotropical montane forests based on morphological and molecular phylogenetic data. Morphological features of the basidiomes and nuclear rDNA sequence analyses place these species in the following clades: Anomali ( Cortinarius sericeolazulinus ), Cotoneus ( Cortinarius aureopigmentatus ), Limonii ( Cortinarius aurantiobrunneus ), Lustrati ( Cortinarius comarostaphylii , Cortinarius comparioides , Cortinarius ovreboi ), Myxacium ( Cortinarius costaricensis ), and Telamonia ( Cortinarius carranzae , Cortinarius quercoarmillatus , Cortinarius savegrensis ). Species delimitations, diagnostic characters, sequence pair wise comparisons, and affinities to closely related species are included for each species. These Cortinarii occur with several species of Quercus with the exception of C. comarostaphylii, which is associated with Comarostaphylis (Ericaceae) in the páramo and in mixed forests with Quercus and Comarostaphylis.
Studies on the diatom genus Stenopterobia (Bacillariophyceae) including descriptions of two new species
Authors: Siver Peter A. , Camfield Lee 
Published: December 2007

During an investigation of freshwater diatoms from highly acidic ponds scattered along the Atlantic Coastal Plain of North Carolina we encountered a large number of specimens from the genus Stenopterobia . All of the specimens were representative of straight, not sigmoidal-shaped, taxa and collectively ranged in length from ca. 10 µm to over 200 µm. In the process of making species determinations we examined type material for four species of Stenopterobia originally described by Lewis (1864) from Saco Pond, a small spring-fed waterbody nestled in the White Mountains of New Hampshire. The four species, Stenopterobia baileyi (Lewis) Brébisson ex Van Heurck, Stenopterobia anceps (Lewis) Brébisson ex Van Heurck, Stenopterobia delicatissima (Lewis) Brébisson ex Van Heurck, and Surirella intermedia Lewis (=Stenopterobia curvula (W. Smith) Krammer), were originally placed by Lewis within the genus Surirella. We examined seven permanent slides archived at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia that contained material collected by Lewis. In addition, we collected new material from Saco Pond, including a sediment core, and examined these samples using SEM. We also examined type material for another species, Stenopterobia cuspidata (Hustedt) Vyverman, using SEM. We concluded that the North Carolina collections contained five species, two described as new ( Stenopterobia gracilis sp. nov. Siver & Camfield and Stenopterobia fusiformis sp. nov. Siver & Camfield), two representing organisms originally described by Lewis (S. baileyi and S. delicatissima), and the fifth recently described from Cape Cod ( Stenopterobia pseudodelicatissima Siver & Hamilton). New characters, including externally capped areolae, valve face coverings, and laterally opened girdle bands, are described for the genus. Lastly, lectotypes for three of Lewis’ taxa were selected.
Nitrogen fixation makes biomass allocation to roots independent of soil nitrogen supply
Authors: Markham John H. , Zekveld Corinthe 
Published: December 2007

Biomass allocation patterns in plants are known to be affected by soil nitrogen availability. Since nitrogen availability can depress symbiotic nitrogen fixation, and nitrogen fixation can make plant growth independent of soil nitrogen availability but is energetically costly, it is unclear how allocation patterns in nitrogen-fixing species should respond to variation in soil nitrogen availability. We examined the effect of nitrogen source and concentration on the growth and allocation patterns in the nitrogen-fixing shrub Alnus viridis subsp. crispa (Aiton) Turrill. Plants were grown with either NH4+-N or NO3–-N at a range of low N concentrations, from 0 to 2 mmol·L–1, and either inoculated with Frankia or not. Plants without nodules had 25.l% lower biomass and had double the allocation to roots at all but the 2 mmol·L–1nitrogen concentration. Even though nodulated plants increased growth with nitrogen concentration, allocation to roots as a fraction of total biomass did not vary in these plants, suggesting increased growth resulted from more efficient nitrogen acquisition. Allocation to roots was a significant predictor of plant growth in non-nodulated plants (r2= 0.318, for linear least squares fit with log mass) but not for nodulated plants (r2= 0.108). As nitrogen concentrations increased, allocation to nodules, specific nodule numbers, and the proportion of nitrogen fixed by the plants decreased, demonstrating a shift to soil nitrogen use.
Long-term investigation of a deep-seated creeping landslide in crystalline rock. Part II. Mitigation measures and numerical modelling of deep drainage at Campo Vallemaggia
Authors: Eberhardt E. , Bonzanigo L. , Loew S. 
Published: December 2007

For more than 200 years, the villages of Campo Vallemaggia and Cimalmotto have been slowly moving on top of a deep-seated landslide in the southern Swiss Alps. Numerous mitigation measures have been carried out during this time to stabilize the landslide but with limited to no success. Those attempts largely focussed on minimizing erosion at the toe of the landslide. More recently, the need to stabilize the slope began to intensify, as with each passing year the two villages were being pushed closer to the edge of a 100 m high erosion front at the foot of the landslide. This led to an extensive investigation and monitoring campaign to better understand the factors controlling the landslide movements, which as reported in Part I (see companion paper, this issue), pointed to high artesian pore pressures as being the primary destabilizing mechanism. Here in Part II, the arguments supporting the need for a deep drainage solution are reported, as is the history, implementation, and measured response of the Campo Vallemaggia landslide to the various mitigative measures taken. Numerical modelling results are also presented, based on hydromechanically coupled distinct-element models, to help demonstrate why deep drainage succeeded where other mitigation measures failed.
Responses of single piles to tunneling-induced soil movements in sandy ground
Authors: Chiang Kuo-Hui , Lee Chung-Jung 
Published: December 2007

The responses of single piles under various working loads to nearby tunneling were investigated using centrifuge model tests. First, the tunneling-induced soil movements and the tunnel stability in saturated sandy ground were examined. Two instrumented piles with penetration depths of 27 m were located either side of, and at various distances from, tunnels embedded at depths with various cover-to-diameter ratios, and used to measure the bending moments and axial forces at various depths for various ground loss ratios during tunneling simulations. The test results show that in the case of shallow tunneling near a long pile the unit skin frictions on the pile from the tunnel axis to an elevation of 1.5 tunnel diameters above the tunnel axis rapidly decrease with increases in the ground loss ratio. A significant degradation of the end bearing capacity results in a large settlement of the pile if the pile tip is near the tunnel. The depth ratio was found to be a significant influence on the bending moment profiles along the piles, but both the depth ratio and the working loads on the pile head determine the axial load profile and the pile settlement. A mechanism for pile load transfer during new tunneling is proposed to enable construction engineers to prevent structure failure in piles and excessive pile settlement.
Effet de la température sur le comportement des sols non saturés sur les chemins de drainage et d’humidification
Authors: Ghembaza Moulay-Smaïne , Taïbi Said , Fleureau Jean-Marie 
Published: December 2007

The behaviour of soils subject to suction on drying and wetting paths depends on the type of material and its initial state. Exposure to heat modifies the state of pore water and therefore the hydromechanical behaviour of the soil. A new experimental device has been developed to study the thermohydric behaviour of unsaturated soils. Salt solution desiccators and polyethylene glycol (PEG) osmotic solutions are dipped in thermostatic baths, whose temperature ranges from room temperature to 80 °C. Tests were carried out on a sandy clay prepared in the laboratory and on a natural undisturbed clay, extracted from an experimental site for deep underground storage of radioactive waste. Results show that temperature plays an important role in the shrinkage of soil, especially when subjected to high levels of suction. The results can be applied to observe the response of confining clay barriers submitted to hydric and thermal changes.
THE CASE FOR AN INTERMEDIATE EXCHANGE RATE REGIME
Authors: WILLIAMSON JOHN 
Published: December 2007

The argument that any exchange rate regimes other than firmly fixed and freely floating rates were infeasible — the so-called bipolarity thesis — acquired great popularity in the wake of the Asian crisis of a decade ago, but it has almost vanished today. One reason is surely the unkind empirical evidence, which shows that intermediate regimes — measured as those where both reserve and exchange rate changes lie in an intermediate range — are not in fact tending to disappear (Levy Yeyati and Sturzenegger, 2002). Another reason is the recognition that exchange rate policy should have other objectives besides avoiding crises, and that in the world we live in today it is reasonable to give these other objectives a significant priority. And perhaps a third factor is growing recognition that it is possible to design or operate intermediate regimes in ways that avoid exposing them to the dangers that were focused on by the disciples of bipolarity. This article starts by distinguishing the options that countries face in choosing an exchange rate regime. It examines the advantages and disadvantages of each of them, finally suggesting that for most countries the real choice lies between freely floating rates, floating rates disciplined by a reference rate system, and an ill-defined managed floating with the management undefined. Three issues may influence the choice between those alternatives: transparency; perceived consistency with that pillar of current macroeconomic thinking, inflation targeting; and the theory of what determines exchange rates. In the latter context, it is argued that the current conventional wisdom of the economics profession is wrong, and that a more convincing diagnosis of the process of exchange rate determination lends support to the proposal for a reference rate system.
Chapter 9 Quaternary volcanicity
Authors: Gasparon Massimo 
Published: December 2007

The Quaternary volcanoes along the Sunda and Banda arcs of Indonesia are a well-known example of subduction-related volcanism. Subduction zones are the major sites of crustal recycling on the Earth, and it is the recycling of crustal material into the mantle that contributes to the continuing chemical differentiation of the planet
Relatively primitive subduction-related magmas that might be melts of material beneath the volcanic arc, unmodified by postmelting processes, are rare, so that much attention has been dedicated in the last two decades to the study of the isotopic systematics of the most mafic volcanics as a means of identifying their source materials. These suggest that sediments-or fluids derived from the sediments-subducted along the Sunda Trench might have an effect on the composition of the Sunda-Banda arc volcanics. Gasparon & Varne (1998), however, argued that the isotopic signature of mafic volcanics in some sectors of the arc resembles that of Indian Ocean basalts, and that along-arc variations in magma types cannot be accounted for by crustal contamination in the mantle source. Indeed, Gasparon & Varne (1995, 1998) suggested that late-stage (post-melt generation) crustal contamination is the main process responsible for the wide array of volcanics in the Quaternary Sunda arc.
The first detailed and comprehensive synthesis of the geology of Indonesia was published by van Bemmelen (1949), and an IAVCEI cataloque of the active volcanoes followed in 1951, compiled by Neumann van Padang (1951). This was later revised and updated by Kusumadinata (1979). These two fundamental publications, rich in information
Chapter 11 Fuel resources: coal
Authors: Thomas L. P. 
Published: December 2007

The coal resources of Sumatra were developed rapidly during the 1980s and 1990s following the oil shocks of the 1970s. This encouraged the Indonesian Government to develop the abundant coal resources of the nation as a major source of energy, as it was appreciated that it was not sensible to rely upon any single energy source. Coal resources are now of vital importance to the Indonesian economy, being used as fuel in preference to that of oil for thermo-electric generating stations, and cement works, throughout Indonesia. Coal has also been developed as one of Indonesia's major export commodities, being shipped to ASEAN countries and other countries in the Far East, such as Malaysia, Thailand, the Philippines, Taiwan, Korea and Japan, which are deficient in fuel resources, as well as further afield to Europe
Coal was first discovered under the Dutch colonial administration in the Ombilin Basin, within the Barisan Mountains, near Sawahlunto in West Sumatra in 1891 (Fig. 11.1). The area has a rugged mountainous topography and mining operations could not commence until a railway line had been constructed to transport the coal from Sawahlunto to the port of Teluk Bayur south of Padang on the west coast of Sumatra. The Ombilin area continues as a major producer of coal, mostly through open-cast mining, but much of the coal is now transported to the coast by road. In 1919, the Bukit Asam Mine in South Sumatra began production, the coal being exported again by rail transport through the ports of