bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors Determining the Circulatory Adjustments to Diving: I. Water immersion
Authors: Andersen Harald T. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractAndersen, H. T. Factors determining the circulatory adjustments to diving. I. Water immersion. Acta physiol. scand. 1963. 58. 173–185. — The importance of water immersion per se for the circulatory adjustments to diving has been studied in the domestic duck. The heart rate has been used as an index of the cardio‐vascular changes. The physiological reactions characteristic of diving were elicited upon submersion in ducks with free access to air through tracheal cannulas, just as well as in intact birds. Likewise, the adjustments to diving were maintained by emerging ducks after the nostrils were above the water surface, provided the rest of the beak was kept submerged. Also, when the lungs and air‐sacs were ventilated at the normal rate during descent and submersion, the diving bradycardia was nevertheless elicited. By studying the heart rate during slow submersions of the beak and the head, it was found that the most marked cardiac slowing resulted from immersion of the level of the nares, whereas the conspicuous post‐divc tachycardia was brought about during the first respiratory effort. It is concluded that the circulatory adjustments to diving are elicited by the actual water immersion, probably due to stimulation of peripheral receptors in the beak, especially in the region of the nostrils. The degree of distention of the lungs and the air‐sacs, as well as variations in the venous return may also be important factors for the elicitation and abolition of the diving characteristics.
The Effect of Various Dextran Fractions on the Suspension Stability of the Blood after Intravenous Injection in Cats
Authors: Eliasson R. , Samelius‐Broberg U. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractEliasson, R. and U. Samelius‐Broberg. The effect of various dextran fractions on the suspension stability of the blood after intravenous injection in cats. Acta physiol. scand. 1963. 58. 211–215. — The effect of 3 different commercially available dextran preparations on the suspension stability of cat's blood has been studied after i.v. injection during circulatory experiments. It is shown that dextrans with a mean molecular weight of 75,000 and higher induce such a marked decrease in the suspension stability that they can hardly be regarded as suitable plasma expanders for this species. A dextran preparation with a mean molecular weight of 40,000 and a narrow molecular weight distribution (Rheomacrodex®) does not change the suspension stability of the cat's blood. It has earlier been shown to be a suitable plasma expander and its use in physiological experiments on cats is therefore recommended.
Dependence of Glomerular Filtration Rate on Proximal Tubular Reabsorption of Salt
Authors: Leyssac Paul P. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractLeyssac, P. P. Dependence of glomerular filtration rate on proximal tubular reabsorption of salt. Acta physiol. scand. 1963. 58. 236–242. — The purpose of the present investigation was to study the relationship between the rate of glomerular filtration and the rate of proximal tubular reabsorption of filtrate in mammalian kidneys. In the exposed left kidney of white rats the time required from ligation of the left renal artery until the proximal tubules have completed reabsorption of the luminal filtrate and the tubules have thus become occluded was observed. This time interval, named“occlusion time”, observed directly in a stereomicroscope, was measured with a stop watch and could be determined within plus or minus 2 sec. Inulin clearances were determined in periods immediately preceding the measurement of the occlusion time. A linear correlation was demonstrated between glomerular filtration rate and occlusion time, and it is concluded that the proximal reabsorption of sodium is a T‐max type of process independent of but limiting the glomerular filtration rate.
Lactic Acid Assay with L(+)lactic Acid Dehydrogenase from Rabbit Muscle
Authors: Lundholm Lennart , Mohme‐Lundholm Ella , Vamos Nandor 
Published: December 2008

AbstractLundholm, L., E. Mohme‐Lundholm and N. Vamos. Lactic acid assay with L(+)lactic acid dehydrogenase from rabbit muscle. Acta physiol. scand. 1963. 58. 243–249. — Lactate assay with L(+)lactic acid dehydrogenase from rabbit muscle and with DPN involved the problem of quantitatively reducing lactate to pyruvate. The problem was overcome by use of a solution with a high pH, by an excess of DPN, and by addition of a carbonyl reagent e.g. semicarbazide or hydrazine, which trapped the formed pyruvate. Hydrazine was found to be preferable to semicarbazide since it appeared to bind pyruvate more effectively. It was thus possible to carry out the reaction, with a 100 per cent recovery, at pH = 9.0. This was advantageous because, at pH > 9.0, hydrazine and semicarbazide rapidly formed products with DPN that absorbed at 340 mμ, giving a high blank value that varied greatly with the pH of the solution and seriously affected the precision of the method. Unlike hydrazine, moreover, semicarbazide reacted with formed DPNH in the presence of atmospheric oxygen, so that the extinction of DPNH decreased.
Turnover of Rat Serum Lipoprotein Cholesterol
Authors: Karvinen Esko , Miettinen Matti 
Published: December 2008

AbstractKarvinen, E. and M. Miettinen. Turnover of rat serum lipoprotein cholesterol. Acta physiol. scand. 1963. 58. 250–254. — The distribution of cholesterol‐4‐C14 in a1, a2 and β lipoprotein and chylomicron fractîons separated by paper electrophoresis was studied from 3 hours to 8 days after oral administration of cholesterol‐4‐C14. The apparent turnover time of cholesterol‐4‐C14 in the lipoprotein and chylomicron fractions was found to be very similar in all fractions or about 79 hours.
Comparative Effects of Hydralazine, Sodium Nitrite and Acetylcholine on Resistance and Capacitance Blood Vessels and Capillary Filtration in Skeletal Muscle in the Cat
Authors: ÅBlad Bengt , Mellander Stefan 
Published: December 2008

AbstractÅblad, B. and S. Mellander. Comparative effects of hydralazine, sodium nitrite and acetylcholine on resistance and capacitance blood vessels and capillary filtration in skeletal muscle in the cat. Acta physiol. scand. 1963. 58. 319—329. — The actions of intra‐arterially infused hydralazine, sodium nitrite and acetylcholine were studied with a technique permitting simultaneous and quantitative recording of the responses in the various ‘series‐coupled’ sections in the skeletal muscle vascular bed. The dilator effects of all three drugs were found to be due to a ‘direct’ action on the vascular smooth muscle. Each of the drugs evoked characteristic peripheral vascular response pattern differentiated from that of the others. Thus, hydralazine dilated the resistance vessels almost exclusively while sodium nitrite predominantly dilated the capacitance vessels. Acetylcholine elicited a pronounced dilatation of both the resistance and the capacitance vessels. Furthermore, hydralazine and acetylcholine produced a net outward capillary filtration into the extravascular space depending upon a relatively more pronounced dilatation of precapillary than post‐capillary resistance vessels, while sodium nitrite did not significantly influence the transcapillary exchange. The present findings may aid in explaining the different general hemodynamic effects elicited by hydralazine and sodium nitrite in the intact organism.
Contrd of Thyrotrophic Hormone (TSH) Secretion by the“Heat Loss Center”
Authors: Anderson B. , Ekman L. , Gale C. C. , Sundsten J. W. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIn 9 goats studied, local cooling of the cr hypothalamic region (the“heat loss center”) was found to cause a marked increase in the release of protein bound iodine (PBI131) from the thyroid gland concomitant with the development of extreme hyperthermia. Local cooling of other parts of the brain was negative in these respects. Median eminence lesions blocked the thyroidal response to central cooling. The lesioning of the median eminence by RF heating, however, in itself resulted in a conspicuous release of PBI131 from the thyroid. Local warming of the“heat loss center” was found to block the thyroidal response to a general cold stress and to retard the normal release of PBI131 from the thyroid. When such warming was prolonged in the cold, a lowering of the core temperature about 10°C occurred, but the development of hypothermic hyperglycemia was prevented. It is suggested that central“warm detectors” in the“heat loss center”, even at a normal body temperature, exert a certain inhibitory tone on the release of TSH from the hypophysis. The strength of this inhibition seems to increase in proportion to the rise of the temperature of the“heat loss center”, i. e. in proportion to the degree of activation of the central“warm detectors”. It seems likely that other hormonal cold defense mechanisms are also inhibited in a similar manner by the“heat loss center”.
Effects of Bretylium, Reserpine, Guanethidine and Sympathetic Denervation on the Noradrenaline Content of the Rat Submaxillary Gland
Authors: Benmiloud M. , Euler U. S. v. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractAfter sympathetic denervation the noradrenaline content of the rat submaxillary gland decreased slowly during the first 8 hours and disappeared completely in 24 hours. Reserpine and guanethidine caused depletion of noradrenaline from denervated as well as innervated glands. In the case of reserpine the denervated gland was slightly less depleted (p < 0.05). The noradrenaline depletion produced by treatment with these two drugs and by sympathetic denervation was significantly reduced by simultaneous injection of bretylium. In addition bretylium had a releasing effect, not as striking as that of rescrpine and guanethidine, but highly significant. The implications of these results are discussed.
Mechanics of Abdomen and Thorax in Man during Natural Breathing
Authors: NISELL OVE 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe intra‐gastric pressure fluctuation during natural breathing is presumed to indicate the pressure moving the abdomen and thoracic wall. The mechanics of the abdomen and thoracic wall were estimated in resting human subjects by means of intra‐gastric pressure tidal volume curves. Compliance was 0.06–0.23 l/cm water, resistance 0.5–6.5 cm water/ I/sec, and rate of aspiratory work 15–100 litre cm water/min (100 litre cm water = 1 kpm) for abdomen and thoracic wall together. Supine as compared to sitting position increased the compliance and decreased the resistance. The abdomen was calculated to have a higher compliance and a lower resistance than the thoracic wall and to account for more than 0.6 of resting ventilation.
Positive Inotropic Responses and Catecholamine Content of Iqolated Rabbit Atria Exposed to Tyramine
Authors: Angelakos E. T. , Torchiana M. L. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe noradrenaline (NA) content of isolated rabbit atria was essentially unchanged following perfusion with tyramine (100 μg/ml) for 30 min. Over the same period the positive inotropic effect of tyramine was still 75 per cent of the peak response. After prolonged exposure (2–3 hours) the NA content decreased about 25 per cent and the inotropic effect about 50 per cent. In general, there was a correlation between the reduction in the response to c and the NA content. However, the NA content was still 40–50 per cent of the control value when the tissue responded no longer to tyramine. At that time the tissue was fully responsive to administered NA. The reduction in the NA content of the tissue could not supply more than a total of 0.1 to 0.2 μgNA over 2–3 hours. This suggests a considerable synthesis of NAin vitroif the effect of tyramine is indeed mediated through NA release. Direct measurement showed that 30 min after the end of a prolonged tyramine infusion the NA tissue content was restored by an amount corresponding to about 20 per cent of the control value. This however, did not restore the response to tyramine.
Excitatory and Inhibitory Bladder Responses to Stimulation of the Cerebral Cortex in the Cat
Authors: Gjone R. , Setekleiv J. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractA continuous intravesical pressure recording was established in 22 anesthetized cats by operative canalization of the bladder cavity, leaving the urinary outlet intact. The intravesical pressure variations caused by controlled volume changes were studied, and the alterations in bladder activity in response to stimulation of the cerebral cortex were recorded. The following excitatory bladder reactions on cortical stimulation are described: augmentation of the rhythmic contractions, drop wise expulsion of the bladder contents with incomplete emptying of the vesical cavity and, finally, a normal micturition act with forceful detrusor contractions. With regard to inhibitory effects the following responses were obtained: reduction or complete inhibition of the rhythmic bladder activity, arrest of the urination act or suppressed micturition. In agreement with previous investigations excitatory bladder responses were obtained from the first sensory‐motor area and from the anterior cingulate region. In addition, excitatory effects were elicited by stimulation of the anterior ectosylvian and anterior sylvian gyri (the somatic sensory‐motor area II). Previous observations of inhibitory influence on bladder activity from the first sensory‐motor area were confirmed. In addition, inhibitory effects were produced from the somatic sensory‐motor area II, the subcallosal part of the anterior cingulate region and the orbital gyrus. All the various types of bladder reactions described above were obtained from any of these regions.
Excitation of Flexor Fusimotor Neurones by Electrical Stimulation in the Red Nucleus
Authors: Appelberg B. , Kosary I. Z. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe effect of electrical stimulation at various depths in the region of the red nucleus, upon the activity in fusimotor efferents or muscle spindle afferents from extensor and flexor muscles of the hind limb was studied in cats lightly anesthetized with Nembutal. Stimulation in the dorsal part of, and dorsally to the nucleus caused inhibition of the activity in most fusimotor fibres and decreased the static discharge of extensor as well as flexor spindles. From the ventral part of the nucleus the activity in many fusimotor fibres was facilitated. Fusimotor fibres receiving facilitation from the red nucleus evidently pass to flexor muscle spindles, because the discharge of these was markedly increased from stimulating points in the ventral part of the red nucleus. The discharge of extensor spindles was decreased also from this part of the nucleus. The findings are discussed mainly in relation to previous observations of motor effects elicited from the red nucleus.
Time Correlation Between the Effects of Reserpine on Behaviour and Storage Mechanism for Arylalkylamines
Authors: Carlsson A. , Jonasson J. , Rosengren E. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe time course of the effect of reserpine on the ability of the adrenal medullary granules to take up arylalkylamines in vivo has been studied. It was observed that there was a closer correlation in time between the effects of the drug on the uptake of the amines by the granules and behaviour than between the latter and the tissue amine content. The finding is in accordance with a hypothesis that new‐formed arvlalkylamines arr at first transferred to sites in the granules where they are easily available for physiological release.
The Serum Cholesterol Level and Mucosal Mast Cell Count in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Rats in Dexamethasone‐shock
Authors: Haikonen Matti , Räsänen Toimi 
Published: December 2008

AbstractRats were injected with large daily doses of dexamethasone for 5 and 8 days, during which they and the control rats which were not given dexainethasone were kept on a fat‐rich and fat‐poor diet. The serum cholesterol was determined and the mast cells in the mucosa of the stomach, duodenum and colon were counted at the end of the test period. The serum cholesterol level rose distinctly in the rats given fat and it was raised significantly further by dexamethasone administration. The elevation of the serum cholesterol level was small in the rats kept on a fat‐poor dirt despite the dexamethasone administered. The mast cells in the mucosa of the glandular stomach, duodenum and colon were degranulated during dexamethasone treatment, most rapidly in the mucosa of the glandular stomach. The diet had no effect on the mucosal mast cells. It is suggested that a fartor activating the clearing factor is mobilised into the organism from the mucosal mast celly in the gastrointestinal tract and that this activating factor is absent after mast cell degranulation. resulting in alimentary cholesterolemia.
Storage of Human Red Blood Cells II. The effect of pH and of the addition of adenine
Authors: Verdier Carl‐Henric de , Högman Claes , Garby Lars , Killander Johan 
Published: December 2008

AbstractBlood was stored for different periods of time in three solutions 1) ACD solution 2) a less acidic medium and 3) a neutral solution containing citrate and phosphate buffer. At the beginning of the storage period the pH of the blood ranged from 6.8 (ACD) up to 7.4 (neutral solution). Furthermore the effect of the addition of adenine to each of these three solutions was tested. In some experiments storage of blood with final hematocrit values of about 66% instead of the usual about 40% was also investigated. With the two more neutral media hemolysis and glycolysis were more pronounced than in the acidic medium. Addition of adenine to the three solutions decreased hemolysis and increased glycolysis but its effect was much more pronounced in the two more neutral media. It was possible to maintain the concentration of 2,3‐diphosphoglycerate in the erythrocytes if the cells were kept in a neutral solution, although this method gave a more rapid drop in the ATP level. In the more acid solutions the concentration of ATP remained higher, but the 2,3‐diphosphoglycerate rapidly disappeared. No major differences were observed between blood preserved in ACD solution with hematocrit of about 66% and the usual hematocrit of about 40%.
Effect of Prostaglandins on Gatecholamine Induced Changes in the Free Fatty Acids of Plasma and in Blood Pressure in the Dog Prostaglandin and related factors 22
Authors: Bergström Sune , Carlson Lars A. , Orö Lars 
Published: December 2008

AbstractProstaglandins E1, E2, E3 and F1α (PGE1 etc) were given intravenously to anesthetized dogs during continuous infusion of norepinephrine. PGE1, PGE2 and PGE3 in doses of 5 micrograms all significantly reduced the arterial concentration of the free fatty acids of plasma (FFA) and the blood pressure, while the same dose of PGF1α had no significant effect. Continuous intraarterial infusions of PGE1 during continuous infusion of norepinephrine had a more pronounced effect on FFA and blood pressure than continuous intravenous infusions. Infusion of PGE1 almost completely blocked the usual increase of FFA caused by epinephrine and also resulted in a blood pressure fall during epinephrine infusion. PGE1 diminished the plasma glucose response to epinephrine only slightly. Studies on the turnover rate of FFA with labeled albumin bound palmitate showed that PGE1 completely blocked the norepinephrine induced stimulation of lipid mobilization. Infusion of PGE1 during continuous infusion of norepinephrine also decreased the elevated plasma glycerol concentration.
Uptake of L‐ and D‐Isomers of Catecholamines in Adrenergic Nerve Granules
Authors: Euler U. S. V. , Lishajko F. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe spontaneous depletion of endogenous noradrenaline (NA) from bovine splenic nerve granules is diminished or prevented by incubation with either L‐NA or D‐NA. However, the effect observed following the addition of L‐NA is significantly greater than that produced by the D‐isomer. No significant difference is observed between the uptake of the two isomers of adrenaline (A) in undepleted granules. The enhanced uptake of A or NA in a concentration of 10 üg/ml in the presence of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) similarly did not differ for the L‐ and D‐isomers of the amine. However, the ATP‐ dependent uptake at an amine concentration of 1 μg/ml was 2–3 times as high for L‐NA and L‐A than for the D‐isomers.It is concluded that the ATP‐dependent uptake in nerve granules of NA and A at low amine concentrations is to some extent stereospecific, while the amine‐uptake at higher concentrations with and without added ATP is not or only slightly dependent on the steric configuration.
Activity of Intrafusal Muscle Fibres in Muscle Spindles of Xenopus Laevis
Authors: Smith Richard S. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractObservations were made of the mechanical and electrical activity of intrafusal muscle fibres in semi‐isolated muscle spindles from Xenopus laevis. The spindle capsule, which formed a part of the recording system, was studied and was found to be a a laminated, ohmic, structure with a characteristic length of approximately 0.7 mm. Electrical and histological evidence combined with observations of the movements of the intrafusal muscles led to the conclusion that the intrafusal muscle bundle consisted of either two or three muscle fibres and that these muscle fibres could be divided into large and small diameter groups. The large diameter muscle fibres showed a fast contraction in response to single stimuli, and were supplied by large diameter motor nerves. The small diameter muscle fibres showed a very slow contraction in response to single stimuli and were supplied by small diameter motor nerves. Evidence was obtained that the innervation of the large and the small fibres did not overlap. The electrical event in both types of muscle fibre was conducted transcapsularly except on repetitive stimulation, and external current records indicated that the membrane potential change in the small muscle fibres was considerably longer than in the large fibres. Transcapsular conduction failed in the large fibres at a a stimulation rate of approximately 30/sec, and in the small fibres at 5/sec. This conduction failure was associated with a fusion of contraction on the innervated side of the preparation. Evidence was obtained that a region of low safety factor exists in the large intrafusal muscle fibres in the approximate region of the sensory contacts.
Vasoconstriction Resulting from Diencephalic Stimulation
Authors: Feigl Eric O. 
Published: December 2008

Received 2 September 1963AbstractUsing the Horsley‐Clarke technique in cats, diencephalic and rostral mesencephalic structures were systematically explored with stimulating electrodes. Blood pressure, and venous outflows from skeletal muscle, kidney, and intestine were measured. Except for areas where active cholinergic muscle vasodilatation was elicited, stimulation points which gave increases in blood pressure also gave Vasoconstriction in skeletal muscle, kidney and intestine. A search was made for areas which would give selective Vasoconstriction in a single organ or a differentiated response in the blood flows of different organs. A region in the reticular formation of the rostral mesencephalon was found where points giving Vasoconstriction in muscle and kidney beds were anatomically separate.