bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
UK responses to the asylum issue: A comparison of lay and expert views
Authors: Pearce Julia M , Stockdale Janet E 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThere is much political and media discussion about asylum in Britain and opinion polls indicate public hostility towards asylum seekers. The current research aims to contribute towards a greater understanding of public responses to this issue by exploring the social representations of asylum seekers. Social representations theory provides a useful framework for research on asylum as it conceptualizes public understandings of new and challenging social objects. Semi‐structured interviews conducted with lay participants and experts working in support of asylum seekers were thematically analyzed and the results were compared with existing media representations. These comparisons suggest that public representations of asylum seekers differ from formal discourses and are closer to media portrayals. Public respondents perceived public hostility to be greater than the attitudes evinced by the current sample would suggest. The findings suggest that opinion polls may exaggerate public negativity towards asylum seekers and indicate the need for accurate information to be disseminated through publicly accessible sources and for public engagement in debate about the issue. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Synthesis and One‐ and Two‐Photon Optical Properties of Dipolar, Quadrupolar and Octupolar Donor–Acceptor Molecules Containing Dimesitylboryl Groups
Authors: Collings Jonathan C. , Poon Suk‐Yue , Le Droumaguet Céline , Charlot Marina , Katan Claudine , Pålsson Lars‐Olof , Beeby Andrew , Mosely Jackie A. , Kaiser Hanns Martin , Kaufmann Dieter , Wong Wai‐Yeung , Blanchard‐Desce Mireille , Marder Todd B. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractTwo series of related donor–acceptor conjugated dipolar, pseudo‐quadrupolar (V‐shaped) and octupolar molecular systems based on the p‐dimesitylborylphenylethynylaniline core, namely, 4‐(4‐dimesitylborylphenylethynyl)‐N,N‐dimethylaniline, 4‐[4‐(4‐dimesitylborylphenylethynyl)phenylethynyl]‐N,N‐dimethylaniline, 3,6‐bis(4‐dimesitylborylphenylethynyl)‐N‐n‐butylcarbazole and tris[4‐(4‐dimesitylborylphenylethynyl)phenyl]amine, and on the E‐p‐dimesitylborylethenylaniline motif, namely, E‐4‐dimesitylborylethenyl‐N,N‐di(4‐tolyl)aniline, 3,6‐bis(E‐dimesitylborylethenyl)‐N‐n‐butylcarbazole and tris(E‐4‐dimesitylborylethenylphenyl)amine have been synthesised by palladium‐catalyzed cross‐coupling and hydroboration routes, respectively. Their absorption and emission maxima, fluorescence lifetimes and quantum yields have been obtained and their two‐photon absorption (TPA) spectra and TPA cross‐sections have been examined. Of these systems, the octupolar compound tris(E‐4‐dimesitylborylethenylphenyl)amine has been shown to exhibit the largest TPA cross‐section among the two series of approximately 1000 GM at 740 nm. Its TPA performance is comparable to those of other triphenylamine‐based octupoles of similar size. The combination of such large TPA cross‐sections and high emission quantum yields, up to 0.94, make these systems attractive for applications involving two‐photon excited fluorescence (TPEF).
Extraction of pollen lipids by SFE‐CO2 and determination of free fatty acids by HPLC
Authors: Wang Xiaoyan , Wang Honglun , Liu Yongjun , You Jinmao , Suo Yourui 
Published: December 2008

AbstractRape bee pollen lipids obtained by petrol ether extraction (PEE) or supercritical fluid (carbon dioxide) extraction (SFE) were compared with regard to their free fatty acid (FFA) components. Optimal SFE conditions were selected by carrying out the Taguchi method with an OA9 (33) matrix design, and are as follows: extraction pressure at 35 MPa, temperature at 45 °C, and dynamic extraction time at 90 min. The lipid yield based on PEE was 7.42 wt‐% and the extracts of the desired analytes based on SFE varied in the range of 3.23–5.58 wt‐% under different conditions. With the optimized procedure, the lipid yield was 6.09 wt‐%. The FFA in the lipids were separated with a pre‐column derivation method and 1‐[2‐(p‐toluenesulfonate) ethyl]‐2‐phenylimidazole [4,5‐f]9,10‐phenanthrene as labeling regent, followed by high‐pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection. HPLC analysis shows that the lipids contain abundant unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) in high to low concentrations as follows: linolenic acid (18:3), oleic acid (18:1), linoleic acid (18:2), nervonic acid (24:1), and lignoceric acid (20:4). The UFA contents in the SFE extracts were higher than those after PEE. The results indicated that SFE under suitable conditions is more selective than conventional PEE with regard to lipid extraction and preservation of their quality.
Making Molecules Make Themselves – the Chemistry of Artificial Replicators
Authors: Vidonne Annick , Philp Douglas 
Published: December 2008

AbstractExamples of chemical systems capable of templating and catalyzing their own synthesis – so‐called replicating systems – have begun to appear in the chemical literature over the last 20 years. For the biologist, these systems represent a link with the origin of life – their study can perhaps shed light on prebiotic chemical evolution. For the synthetic chemist, they represent the ultimate synthetic machine, capable of templating the production of a large number of perfect copies of themselves from a single original molecule. One of the driving forces behind this research area has been the recognition of the important role that replication plays in biology and a desire to answer a fundamental question – “Is the structural complexity of nucleic acids necessary to store and transmit information at a molecular level?” In addition, the concept of a chemical template that is capable of making billions of exact copies of itself, given appropriate starting materials, is a highly attractive one for the burgeoning field of systems chemistry. It is therefore clear that the development of a detailed understanding of the behaviour of replicating systems has important perspectives for both biology and chemistry. In the present review, we will concentrate on the design and implementation of systems based on small, synthetic organic molecules that can reproduce themselves.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Volatile compounds of chile pepper (Capsicum annuum L. var. glabriusculum) at two ripening stages
Authors: Forero M. Daniel , Quijano Clara E. , Pino Jorge A. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe steam volatile components of chile pepper (Capsicum annuum L. var. glabriusculum) at two ripening stages (green and red) were analysed using GC and GC–MS; 140 constituents were identified, of which hexyl isopentanoate, hexyl 2‐methylbutanoate, limonene, hexyl isohexanoate, (E)‐2‐hexenal, isopentyl isopentanoate and (Z)‐3‐hexenyl isopentanoate were found to be the major constituents. During fruit maturation, the majority of volatile compounds decreased. In general, green chile peppers have higher amounts of esters, with their fruity odour notes, than red fruits. Attending to the differences in the amount of total volatiles, which is higher at the green stage in comparison with the mature stage, it can be concluded that the green stage is better in terms of its flavour than the red stage. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Meat intake and meat preparation in relation to risk of postmenopausal breast cancer in the NIH‐AARP diet and health study
Authors: Kabat Geoffrey C. , Cross Amanda J. , Park Yikyung , Schatzkin Arthur , Hollenbeck Albert R. , Rohan Thomas E. , Sinha Rashmi 
Published: December 2008

AbstractA number of studies have reported that intake of red meat or meat cooked at high temperatures is associated with increased risk of breast cancer, but other studies have shown no association. We assessed the association between meat, meat‐cooking methods, and meat‐mutagen intake and postmenopausal breast cancer in the NIH‐AARP Diet and Health Study cohort of 120,755 postmenopausal women who completed a food frequency questionnaire at baseline (1995–1996) as well as a detailed meat‐cooking module within 6 months following baseline. During 8 years of follow‐up, 3,818 cases of invasive breast cancer were identified in this cohort. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). After adjusting for covariates, intake of total meat, red meat, meat cooked at high temperatures, and meat mutagens showed no association with breast cancer risk. This large prospective study with detailed information on meat preparation methods provides no support for a role of meat mutagens in the development of postmenopausal breast cancer. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Promoter polymorphisms of IL2, IL4, and risk of gastric cancer in a high‐risk Chinese population
Authors: Wu Juan , Lu Yan , Ding Yan‐bing , Ke Qiao , Hu Zhi‐bin , Yan Zhi‐gang , Xue Yan , Zhou Yan , Hua Zhao‐lai , Shu Yong‐qian , liu Ping , Shen Jing , Xu Yao‐chu , Shen Hong‐bing 
Published: December 2008

AbstractInterleukin 2 (IL2) is a typical Th1 cytokine, and interleukin 4 (IL4) is an inducible Th2 cytokine. These cytokines are critical mediators of the Th1/Th2 balance and apoptosis potential and involved in the process of inflammation‐mediated carcinogenesis in human organs, including the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that functional variants in IL2 and IL4 were associated with risk of gastric cancer by genotyping two promoter polymorphisms in IL2 G‐330T (rs2069762) and IL4 T‐168C (rs2070874) in a case‐control study of 1045 patients with incident gastric cancer and 1100 cancer‐free controls in a high‐risk Han Chinese population. We found that, compared with the IL4 ‐168TT genotype, heterozygous ‐168TC and combined ‐168TC/CC genotypes were associated with a significantly decreased gastric cancer risk [adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 0.81, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.67–0.98 for ‐168TC; OR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.69–1.00 for ‐168TC/CC, respectively]. Furthermore, this significant protective effect was more evident for gastric cardia cancer patients (adjusted OR = 0.73, 95% CI = 0.56–0.95 for ‐168TC/CC vs. ‐168TT). For IL2 G‐330T, subjects carrying GT/TT genotypes also had a significantly reduced risk of gastric cardia cancer (adjusted OR = 0.68, 95% CI = 0.46–0.99), compared with those carrying the GG genotype. Our results indicate that IL4 T‐168C and IL2 G‐330T promoter polymorphisms may contribute to the etiology of gastric cardia cancer in Chinese populations. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Discriminating neurogenic from myopathic disease via measurement of muscle anisotropy
Authors: Garmirian Lindsay P. , Chin Anne B. , Rutkove Seward B. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractSkeletal muscle is electrically anisotropic, with a tendency for applied electrical current to flow more readily along muscle fibers than across them. In this study, we assessed a method for non‐invasive measurement of anisotropy to determine its potential to serve as a new technique for distinguishing neurogenic from myopathic disease. Measurements were made on the biceps brachii and tibialis anterior muscles in 15 normal subjects and 12 patients with neuromuscular disease (6 with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and 6 with various myopathies) using 50 kHZ applied current. Consistent multi‐angle anisotropic patterns were found for reactance and phase in both muscles in normal subjects. Normalized anisotropy differences for each subject were defined, and group average values identified. The amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients demonstrated increased and distorted anisotropy patterns, whereas myopathic patients demonstrated normal or reduced anisotropy. These results suggest that non‐invasive measurement of muscle anisotropy has potential for diagnosis of neuromuscular diseases. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Muscle Nerve, 2009
Conductive thin film formation onto radiation grafted polymeric surfaces using electroless plating technique
Authors: Ali Amr El‐Hag , Aal Alsayed Abdel 
Published: December 2008

AbstractSurface modification of polypropylene films (PP) was carried out via radiation induced graft copolymerization of 4‐vinyl pyridine (4VP) and acrylamide (AAm) to enhance the adhesion ability of the PP surface for electroless deposition of copper. Factors affecting the grafting process such as suitable solvent, comonomer composition and concentration and irradiation dose were optimized. The grafted films produced were characterized by studying their Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectra and thermal stability. The grafted films were copper‐plated by electroless deposition using Pd as the catalyst to initiate the redox reaction. The influence of catalytic activation method parameters on the plating rate were studied. Scanning electron microscopy revealed a dense and void‐free copper deposited film. The adhesion of the deposited copper film to the modified PP films was determined by measuring the tensile strength of the copper plated films. The electrical characteristics of the copper plated films in comparison with grafted films were studied. The results showed the high adhesion of the deposited copper film to the grafted PP film as well as the high electrical conductivity. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Acrylic fibers processing with ionic liquid as solvent
Authors: Wan Shengxing , Zhang Yumei , Wang Huaping 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIonic liquid, 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride ([BMIM]Cl), was used as solvent for the polymerization of acrylonitrile (AN) and the resulting polymer solution was directly applied for spinning to produce polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fiber for the first time. Acrylic polymers with high content of AN, large molecular weight, and low polydispersity index (PDI) were prepared. The PAN macromolecules have little degradation during dissolution of PAN in [BMIM]Cl, which is completely different from the dissolution of biopolymers such as cellulose in ionic liquids. The PAN fiber with round profile and good mechanical properties was successfully spun from the PAN/[BMIM]Cl solution using dry–jet wet spinning technology. It suggests that an environmental friendly process for the acrylic fiber would be developed and the high performance PAN fiber would be obtained when the spinning conditions are optimized further. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neonatal bilateral ovarian sex cord stromal tumors
Authors: Capito Carmen , Flechtner Isabelle , Thibaud Elisabeth , Emond Sophie , Kalfa Nicolas , Jaubert Francis , Sarnacki Sabine 
Published: December 2008

AbstractA child was referred for evaluation after prenatal diagnosis with macrosomia, clitoromegaly, labial hypertrophy, and a left ovarian cyst. The karyotype was 46,XX. The postnatal pelvic ultrasound was normal. High levels of anti‐mullerian hormone and testosterone led to a hCG stimulation test, which was followed by isosexual precocious puberty and the appearance of a bilateral ovarian enlargement with a left tumoral mass. A left ovarian tumorectomy revealed a fibrothecoma. Six weeks later, a tumoral relapse occurred and completion of oophorectomy revealed a juvenile granulosa cell tumor (JGCT). Whereas hormonal levels decreased after surgery, a new rise associated with an enlargement of the right ovary led to the diagnosis of right JGCT. A right oophorectomy was proposed to the parents, who declined further surgery. After 2 months, the hormonal levels normalized. This case illustrates the confusing overlap between developmental and neoplastic biology in neonates. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;52:401–403. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stress‐resilience capacity of pediatric oncologists: A Swedish nationwide and population‐based study of motivation, emotional distress, and overall life satisfaction
Authors: Stenmarker Margaretha , Palmérus Kerstin , Márky Ildikó 
Published: December 2008

AbstractBackgroundPediatric oncology is an area with heavy emotional distress. In balancing the daily challenges motivational factors might play a key role and could be examined by studying an individual's stress‐resilience capacity. This first nationwide population‐based study of 89 Swedish pediatric oncologists presents aspects of motivation related to experience and number of patients cared.ProcedureIn 2006, a cross‐sectional mail survey with questionnaires dealing with motivation, coping resources, life satisfaction and emotional distress was performed. The response rate in the target group was 88%.ResultsThe physicians wanted to be well informed (98%) and updated at national (93%) and international (90%) level. Established routines gave them security managing different diagnoses (97%). Optimal pediatric oncology included several colleagues (98%) and a multi‐professional healthcare team (95%). Time pressure was a reality for every participant. Meeting seriously ill children was a way of being aware of essential issues of life (90%). More experienced pediatricians reported higher impact from motivational factors, past overall life satisfaction and a lower degree of somatization. The future overall life satisfaction was higher among physicians meeting more pediatric oncology patients. Between 8% and 45% of the variance in the stress‐resilience capacity of the whole group was explained by low levels of depression, future overall life satisfaction and aspects of motivation.ConclusionsPediatric oncologists continuously meet families in crisis. Knowledge of the physicians' stress‐resilience capacity is expected to be useful in improving the physician–patient relationship, retaining experienced physicians and recruiting new specialists in this medical field. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;52:503–509. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Demographic data, natural history, and prognostic factors of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in children: A multicentered study from Argentina
Authors: Donato Hugo , Picón Armando , Martinez Mónica , Rapetti María Cristina , Rosso Amadeo , Gomez Sergio , Rossi Nestor , Bacciedoni Viviana , Schvartzman Gabriel , Riccheri Cecilia , Costa Alejandra , Di Santo Juan 
Published: December 2008

AbstractBackgroundDemographics, outcome, and management of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) in children present differences between countries. Although several factors influence outcome, it is impossible to predict at diagnosis which patients will have acute or chronic disease. High rates of spontaneous remission in chronic ITP have been reported.ProcedureData concerning 1,683 patients with ITP diagnosed from 1981 to date are presented; outcome was evaluated in 1,418 children.ResultsRemarkable presenting features were an incidence peak in the first 2 years of age and male predominance in patients <24 months of age. Three age groups with different recovery rates (P < 0.001) were established (2–12 months: 89.8%; 1–8 years: 71.3%; 9–18 years: 49.0%). Platelet count <10 × 109/L and history of previous illness were associated with higher remission rates only in patients >12 months of age. The score developed by the NOPHO Group showed a predictive value of 83.9% for acute ITP. Spontaneous remission between 6 months and 11 years from diagnosis was achieved by 107 of 325 (32.9%) non‐splenectomized children with chronic ITP, and in 44.9% of them between 6 and 12 months from diagnosis.ConclusionsAge and score were main prognostic factors. Infants <1 year of age are a special group with a brief course and very high recovery rate that are not influenced by other prognostic factors. Definition of groups based on age and scoring could be useful to establish differential management guidelines. The cut‐off value to define chronic ITP should be changed to 12 months. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;52:491–496. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Informed choice in prenatal testing: a survey among obstetricians and gynaecologists in Europe and Asia
Authors: van den Heuvel Ananda , Chitty Lyn , Dormandy Elizabeth , Newson Ainsley , Deans Zuzana , Marteau Theresa M. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractPurposeTo ascertain the extent to which the value obstetricians and gynaecologists attach to informed choice in the context of prenatal testing varies across countries.MethodThe values attached to informed choice and the perceived importance of test decisions reflecting the views of others considered significant to pregnant women were assessed and compared across obstetricians and gynaecologists in six countries: UK (n = 176), Netherlands (n = 331), Italy (n = 254), Greece (n = 116), China (n = 116) and India (n = 123).ResultsWhile respondents from the United Kingdom and the Netherlands almost unanimously believed prenatal testing should reflect a parental choice (94%), substantial minorities in Greece, India, and China and to a lesser extent Italy, believed testing should either reflect a family choice or no choice (11–41%). Respondents who attached a low value to the views of others attached greater value to parental choice. Multinomial logistic regression analysis confirmed the independent predictive value of a country and perceived importance of test decision reflecting the views of significant others.ConclusionWhile many obstetricians and gynaecologists favour prenatal testing reflecting a parental choice, the extent to which their values may affect the likelihood that informed choice is realised, may vary across countries. The impact of these findings on patient autonomy is raised. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of Plasma‐Polymerized Thiophene Thin Films and Nanoparticles Synthesized by a Double‐Discharge Technique
Authors: Goktas Hilal , Ince Fatma Gul 
Published: December 2008

AbstractPTH nanoparticles and thin films were synthesized via a plasma polymerization technique using a double‐discharge system. This system has a fast filamentary discharge formed from the superposition of an ordinary low‐pressure dc glow discharge and a high‐current pulsed one. The samples were characterized by SEM, TEM, XPS, UV‐vis and FT‐IR spectroscopy. We found that superposing two discharges allows to control the morphology of the films. In the high‐temperature region, smooth and uniform thin films were produced, whereas gas‐phase polymerization resulted in films with grains of irregular shape. However, the films produced in the gas‐phase region exhibited highly thiophenic structures and could be dispersed in DCM, giving nanoparticles of 30 to 50 nm diameter.magnified image