bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of oral erythromycin formulations in the horse using pharmacokinetic profiles
Authors: EWING P. J. , BURROWS G. , MACALLISTER C. , CLARKE C. 
Published: April 2008

Ewing, P. J., Burrows, G., MacAllister, C, Clarke, C. Comparison of oral erythromycin formulations in the horse using pharmacokinetic profiles. J. vet. Pharmacol, Therap.17, 17–23.The pharmacokinetic properties of four erythromycin formulations were compared in six adult horses after administration of single and multiple oral doses. Formulations of erythromycin administered were estolate and phosphate given 37.5 mg/kg every 12 h and 25 mg/kg every 8 h, and stearate and ethylsuccinate given 25 mg/kg every 8 h. Areas under the curve (AUC) and maximum plasma erythromycin concentrations (Cmax) were equal or greater (P ≥ 0.05) following administration of erythromycin phosphate and stearate compared with those values following administration of erythromycin estolate or ethylsuccinate. In comparing an 8 h vs. a 12 h dosage interval for multiple doses of erythromycin phosphate or estolate, there were no significant differences observed in AUC(24–28 h), peak‐trough plasma concentrations or duration that plasma concentrations exceeded the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) for Rhodococcus equi. Comparisons of pharmacokinetic parameters between single and multiple doses were made for each formulation. Differences in Cmax, tmax, or t½β between single and multiple doses were demonstrated for erythromycin ethylsuccinate and estolate. Based on equivalent plasma antibiotic concentrations, erythromycin phosphate or stearate could be substituted for estolate in the treatment of Rhodococcus equi pneumonia. Furthermore, there was no advantage of an 8‐h interval, compared with an interval of 12 h.
Probable post‐synaptic α2 adrenergic mediated effect of xylazine on goat uterine motility*
Authors: PEREZ R. , COX T F , ARRUE R. 
Published: April 2008

Perez, R., Cox, J.F., Arrue, R. Probable post‐synaptic ot2 adrenergic mediated effect of xylazine on goat uterine motility. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 17, 59–63.Xylazine has been characterized as a selective α2‐adrenoceptor agonist, which has explained its central nervous system depressant and other pharmacological effects. In order to characterize the effect of xylazine on uterine motility during the oestrus cycle in goats intrauterine pressure changes were recorded in cycling goats using balloon‐tipped catheters placed in the uterine horns and connected to pressure transducers and a recorder. The effect of xylazine on myometrial activity was studied by giving increasing doses of the drug (1.0, 10.0, 100.0 or 500.0 &#x006d;̈g/kg) intravenously (i.v.) to animals either in the follicular or the luteal phase of the cycle. To establish the subtype of a adrenergic receptor mediating the action of xylazine, goats were pretreated with either prazosin (1.0 mg/kg, i.v.) or yohimbine (1.0 &#x006d;̈g/kg, i.v.). To establish whether the effect of xylazine was pre‐ or post‐synaptic, xylazine (100 mg/kg, i.v.) was administered to goats pretreated with reserpine (0.8 mg/kg, i.p.) to deplete presynaptic catecholamine stores. Xylazine induced a significant and dose‐dependent increase on uterine motility in cycling goats, apparently mediated by postsynaptic oc2‐adrenoceptors.
Trimethoprim/sulfonamide combinations in the horse: a review
Authors: DUIJKEREN E. VAN. , VULTO A G , MIERT A. S. J. P. A. M. VAN 
Published: April 2008

Van Duijkeren, E., Vulto, A.G., van Miert, A.S.J.P.A.M. Trimethoprim/sulfonamide combinations in the horse: a review. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap.17, 64–73.The indications for use, side‐effects, and pharmacokinetic parameters of trimethoprim, sulfonamides and their combinations in the horse are reviewed. Trimethoprim/sulfonamide (TMPS) combinations are used for the treatment of various diseases caused by gram‐positive and gram‐negative bacteria, including infections of the respiratory tract, urogenital tract, alimentary tract, skin Joints and wounds‐ TMPS combinations can be administered orally, since absorption from the gastrointestinal tract is relatively good. However, peak serum concentrations can vary significantly between individual horses. Feed intake affects serum concentrations after oral administration. Concentrations of non‐bound trimethoprim (TMP) and sulfadiazine (SDZ) in synovial fluid and peritoneal fluid are equal to serum concentrations after intravenous (i.v.) administration, and high concentrations are found in urine. Concentrations of TMP and sulfamethoxazole (SMX) in cerebrospinal fluid after i.v. administration exceed the minimum inhibitory concentration for common equine pathogens. The volume of distribution is 1.5‐2.71/kg for TMP and 0.3‐0.7 1/kg for various sulfonamides. The plasma half‐life of TMP is 1.9‐4.3 h, whereas the plasma half‐lives of the different sulfonamides vary between 2.7 and 14.0 h. About 50% of total TMP is bound to plasma proteins. The binding of sulfadox‐ine to plasma proteins depends on total plasma concentration and varies between 14% and 72%. The binding of other sulfonamides to plasma proteins may range from 33% for sulfaphenazole (SPZ) to 93% for sulfadimethoxine (SDM). Sulfonamides are metabolized by acetylation of the para‐amino (N4) group and by hydroxylation of the methyl group and the pyrimidine ring. The metabolic pathways of TMP in the horse are not fully known. Bacterial resistance to TMPS combinations is still relatively low. The sensitivity of different micro‐organisms may vary with the relative activity of the sulfonamide used in the combination. The advised oral and i.v. dose rate is 15–30 mg/kg (in a 1:5 TMP/S ratio) with a dose interval of 12 h. The acute toxicity of TMPS is low, but there have been several reports of death after i.v. administration, probably due to vagal stimulation and subsequent bradycardia and vasodilatation caused by the pharmaceutical formulation (excipients, solvents) used. Future research should concentrate on establishing the optimum pyrimidine/sulfonamide combination and its dosing regimen for antimicrobial therapy in horses.
Influences of study design and location on the relationship between particulate matter air pollution and birthweight
Authors: Parker Jennifer D. , Woodruff Tracey J. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryA large number of studies have identified a relationship between particulate matter air pollution and birthweight. Although reported associations are small and varied, they have been identified in studies from places around the world. Exposure assignment, covariates and study inclusion criteria vary among studies. To examine the effect of these and other study characteristics on associations between particulate matter and birthweight, US birth records for singletons delivered at 40 weeks gestation in 2001–03 during the months of March, June, September and December were linked to quarterly estimates of pollution exposure, both particulate matter exposure and exposure to multiple pollutants, by county of residence and month of birth. Annual, 9‐month and trimester‐specific exposures were assigned.Among births linked to particulate matter exposure there was a small association between coarse particle exposure and birthweight (beta −13 g per 10 µg/m3 increase [95% CI −18.3 g, −7.6 g]) after controlling for maternal factors; this association was attenuated slightly and remained statistically significant after further adjustment for contextual factors, year of birth, region, or urban–rural status. The associations were slightly weaker among births linked to multiple pollutant exposure than among births linked to just particulate matter exposure. The association varied markedly by region, ranging from a decrement of 43 g per 10 µg/m3[95% CI −58.6 g, −27.6 g] in the north‐west to a null association in the south‐west. Trimester findings were smaller, yet remained significant and varied regionally. The association between fine particle exposure and birthweight varied considerably, with an overall small positive association that became null after control for region. This study found that wide regional differences in association may contribute to the varied published findings. The association between coarse particle exposure and birthweight appeared robust, if small; fine particles had no overall association with birthweight.
Associated factors and consequences of late preterm births: results from the 2004 Pelotas birth cohort
Authors: Santos Iná S. , Matijasevich Alicia , Silveira Mariângela F. , Sclowitz Iândora K. T. , Barros Aluísio J. D. , Victora Cesar G. , Barros Fernando C. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryAlthough neonatal and infant mortality rates have fallen in recent decades in Brazil, the prevalence of preterm deliveries has increased in certain regions, especially in the number of late preterm births. This study was planned to investigate: (1) maternal antenatal characteristics associated with late preterm births and (2) the consequences of late preterm birth on infant health in the neonatal period and until age 3 months. A population‐based birth cohort was enrolled in Pelotas, Southern Brazil, in 2004. Mothers were interviewed and the gestational age of newborns was estimated through last menstrual period, ultrasound and Dubowitz's method. Preterm births between 34 and 36 completed weeks of gestational age were classified as late preterm births. Only singleton live births from mothers living in the urban area of Pelotas were investigated. Three months after birth, mothers were interviewed at home regarding breast feeding, morbidity and hospital admissions. All deaths occurring in the first year of life were recorded.A total of 447 newborns (10.8%) were late preterms. Associations were observed with maternal age <20 years (prevalence ratio [PR] 1.3 [95% CI 1.1, 1.6]), absence of antenatal care (PR 2.4 [1.4, 4.2]) or less than seven prenatal care visits, arterial hypertension (PR 1.3 [1.0, 1.5]), and preterm labour (PR 1.6 [1.3, 1.9]). Compared with term births, late preterm births showed increased risk of depression at birth (Relative risk [RR] 1.7 [1.3, 2.2]), perinatal morbidity (RR 2.8 [2.3, 3.5]), and absence of breast feeding in the first hours after birth (PR 0.9 [0.8, 0.9]). RRs for neonatal and infant mortality were, respectively, 5.1 [1.7, 14.9] and 2.1 [1.0, 4.6] times higher than that observed among term newborns. In conclusion, in our setting, the prevention of all preterm births must be a priority, regardless of whether early or late.
Age‐specific, density‐dependent and environment‐based mortality of a short‐lived perennial herb
Authors: Picó F. X. , Retana J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractDensity‐independent and density‐dependent processes affect plant mortality. Although less well understood, age‐specific mortality can also play an important role in plant mortality. The goal of this study was to analyse several factors accounting for mortality in the Mediterranean short‐lived perennial herb Lobularia maritima. We followed three cohorts of plants (from emergence to death) during 4 years in field conditions. We collected data on plant mortality of the effect of biotic agents (moth larvae and mycoplasma‐like organisms, MLOs) and environmental variables. We also estimated density‐dependent relationships affecting the fate of seedlings and adults. Results show that cohorts differed in their survival curves and ageing significantly increased mortality risk. Seedling mortality was density‐dependent whereas adult mortality was not affected by density. MLO infection led to higher plant mortality whereas moth larvae attack did not affect plant mortality. In general, seedlings and adult plants experienced the highest mortality events in summer. We found, however, weak relationships between weather records and plant mortality. Age and size structures were not correlated. Overall, this study provides a comprehensive review of age‐specific, density‐dependent and density‐independent factors that account for mortality of L. maritima plants throughout their life cycle in field conditions, highlighting the fact that age is an important factor in determining plant population dynamics.
Tinea capitis among primary school children in some parts of central Nigeria
Authors: Ayanbimpe Grace M. , Taghir Henry , Diya Abigail , Wapwera Samuel 
Published: April 2008

SummaryTinea capitis is the most common superficial mycosis in children of school age. Although it is of public health importance, it is not a reportable or notifiable disease; therefore, actual prevalence figures are unknown in many endemic areas. The aim of this work was to determine the prevalence of tinea capitis among primary school children in two states in central Nigeria, highlighting the main aetiological agents of the infection and possible predisposing factors. A total of 28 505 primary school children aged between 3 and 16 years were recruited for the study, from 12 primary schools in two local government areas of Benue and Plateau States of Nigeria. Of them, 796 had lesions, which were clinically suggestive of tinea capitis out of which 248 (31.2%) were confirmed positive by microscopy and culture. Tinea capitis was more frequent in males, 194 (78.2%) than in females, 54 (21.8%). Children aged 10–14 years, followed by 5–9 years were predominantly infected, with 106 (42.7%) and 100 (40.3%) respectively. There was a significant correlation between age group and occurrence of tinea capitis in the study population at 95% confidence level (P = 0.004). Tinea capitis was significantly more frequent in Jos State (44.6%) than in Gboko State (23.2%) (t = .659; 95% confidence level). The prevalence of tinea capitis was influenced by social and cultural habits of the areas rather than by population density. The aetiological agent of tinea capitis in the study population was Trichophyton soudanense, 76 (30.6%), followed by Microsporum ferrugineum, 19 (7.7%) and Microsporum audouinii, 19 (7.7%). Differences in aetiology were observed for Gboko and Jos, except for T. soudanense, which predominated in both areas. The high prevalence of tinea capitis in the areas studied may be attributed to frequent interaction with soil and animals and low level of health education on personal and environmental hygiene. Aetiological agents varied from one geographical area to another.
Trichophyton rubrum autoinoculation from infected nails is not such a rare phenomenon
Authors: Szepietowski Jacek C. , Matusiak Łukasz 
Published: April 2008

SummaryKerion‐like lesions are usually caused by zoophilic dermatophytes. Here, we present a rare case report – an inflammatory tinea barbae due to an anthropophilic fungus (Trichophyton rubrum), which is the main pathogen of onychomycosis and tinea pedis. Probably the infection, in the presented case, spread from diseased fingernails. We do postulate that physicians should consider autoinoculation as a not so rare way of fungal infection transmission.
Posaconazole as first line treatment for disseminated zygomycosis
Authors: Peel Trisha , Daffy John , Thursky Karin , Stanley Peter , Buising Kirsty 
Published: April 2008

SummaryWe describe the first case report of posaconazole use as first line agent in the treatment of disseminated zygomycosis with prosthetic hip joint and pulmonary involvement due to Rhizopus microsporus. This infection occurred in a heavily immunosuppressed patient with systemic lupus erythematosus.
Comparative efficacy and tolerability of Ketomousse® (ketoconazole foam 1%) and ketoconazole cream 2% in the treatment of pityriasis versicolor: results of a prospective, multicentre, randomised study
Authors: Di Fonzo E. M. , Martini P. , Mazzatenta C. , Lotti L. , Alvino S. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryKetomousse® (K), a new thermophobic formulation (ketoconazole 1%), has proven its efficacy in the treatment of dandruff, caused by the same agent as pityriasis versicolor (PV). The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy and tolerability of K thermophobic foam vs. ketoconazole cream 2% (N) in the treatment of PV. Forty‐six patients (22 in K and 24 in N group) with PV involving no more than 15% of the total trunk surface were randomly assigned for treatment either with K or N once daily for 14 days. Three weeks after the completion of treatment, improvement rate and side‐effects were evaluated by clinical and mycological examination (Wood’s light). Follow‐up was available for 81% of subjects. Complete resolution was observed in five patients (29%) in K group and in nine (47%) in N group (P = 0.291). One patient in the N group reported urticaria while no adverse events were reported for K. Both products were cosmetically acceptable with respect to feasibility of application and formulation with a preference for K. Ketomousse® (1% ketoconazole) provides an equal efficacy and tolerability compared to ketoconazole cream 2%. Therefore, Ketomousse® could be considered an excellent therapeutic option in the treatment of PV.
Basidiomycete metabolites attenuate virulence properties of Candida albicans in vitro
Authors: Falkensammer Barbara , Pleyer Lisa , Ressler Sigrun , Berg Albrecht , Borg‐von Zepelin Margarethe , Nagl Markus , Lass‐Flörl Cornelia , Speth Cornelia , Dierich Manfred P. , Würzner Reinhard 
Published: April 2008

SummarySecreted aspartic proteases (Saps) represent an important virulence factor facilitating fungal adherence. Several protease inhibitors (PIs), including HIV PIs, have been shown to reduce Candida adhesion. The aim of this study was to ascertain whether or not the recently discovered PIs Aureoquinone and Laccaridiones A and B, isolated from Basidiomycete cultures, or Bestatin, act as Sap‐inhibitors and/or inhibitors of fungal adhesion. Drug effects on candidial Sap‐production were determined by Sap‐ELISA. Control tubes, in the absence of drug, served as positive controls, while tubes excluding both drug and proteinase induction medium were used as negative controls. Aureoquinone as well as Laccaridiones A and B, but not Bestatin, significantly inhibited Candida albicans adhesion to both epithelial and endothelial cells in a dose dependent manner and also reduced Sap‐release (effects were not because of a direct interaction of the Basidiomycete metabolites with secreted Saps). Laccaridione B was consistently found to be the most effective PI tested. Interestingly, these drugs are neither fungistatic nor fungicidal at the concentrations applied. Laccaridione B may represent a promising novel type of antimycotic drug – targeting virulence factors without killing the yeast.
Pleuritis caused by Acremonium strictum in a patient with colon adenocarcinoma
Authors: Koç A. Nedret , Mutlu Sarigüzel Fatma , Artiş Tarık 
Published: April 2008

SummaryAlthough Acremonium strictum is environmentally widespread as opportunistic mold, it may cause infection in patients who have immunodeficiency problems. In this study, Staphylococcus aureus and A. strictum were isolated from the pleural fluid of a patient with colon adenocarcinoma. The patient did not receive antifungal therapy because the patient died after the isolation of mold. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of amphotericin B, fluconazole, ketoconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole for the A. strictum strain isolated from pleural fluid were 0.125, 256, 2 and 1.5, 0.25 μg ml−1 respectively. In conclusion, bacteria and fungus, especially opportunistic mold, should be taken into consideration in developing pleuritis in the patients with immune‐deficiency.
Tumour necrosis factor inhibitors in ankylosing spondylitis
Authors: Reed M. R. , Taylor A. L. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAnkylosing spondylitis (AS) is the most common form of spondyloarthropathy. Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory medications and exercise are used to manage the chronic inflammatory spinal pain and stiffness. Up to 20% of patients have a peripheral inflammatory arthritis, which is treated with standard disease‐modifying anti‐rheumatic drugs especially sulfasalazine and methotrexate. Patients may also have extra‐articular manifestations, such as anterior uveitis, psoriasiform skin lesions and inflammatory bowel disease. Anti‐tumour necrosis (TNF) therapy has been used with great success in rheumatoid arthritis. There are now good data of the efficacy of anti‐TNF therapies in the short and medium terms in AS. Etanercept, infliximab and adalimumab have been shown in randomized placebo‐controlled trials of short duration to significantly reduce disease activity, including pain and stiffness as well as improving function, spinal movement and quality of life. It is hoped that long‐term therapy will prevent radiologic progression and ankylosis and studies of long‐term efficacy are awaited. Anti‐TNF therapies are generally well tolerated in AS. It is important to screen for latent tuberculosis before the commencement of anti‐TNF therapy. The side‐effect profile of anti‐TNF therapies in AS does not appear different from that in rheumatoid arthritis. Currently, treatment with anti‐TNF therapy in AS is indicated in established disease with radiographic damage. There is evidence that response to therapy is greater in patients with earlier disease and less damage. Future developments may see this therapy extended to patients with pre‐radiographic AS.
Wet forced‐air warming blankets are ineffective at maintaining normothermia
Authors: LIN ERICA P. , SMITH KATHLEEN , VALLEY ROBERT D. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryBackground:  Forced‐air warming systems have proven effective in preventing perioperative hypothermia. To date, reported adverse events relate primarily to overheating and thermal injuries. This study uses a simple model to show that forced‐air warming blankets become ineffective if they get wet.Methods:  Temperature sensor probes were inserted into three 1‐liter fluid bags. Group C bags served as the control. Groups D (dry) and W (wet) bags were placed on Bair Hugger® Model 555 (Arizant Healthcare, Inc., Eden Prairie, MN, USA) pediatric underbody blankets. The warming blanket for Group W bags was subsequently wet with irrigation fluid. Temperature was documented every 5 min. This model was repeated two times for a total of three cycles. Statistical analysis was performed using anova for repeated measures.Results:  Starting temperatures for each model were within a 0.3°C range. Group C demonstrated a steady decline in temperature. Group D maintained and slightly increased in temperature during the observation period, while Group W exhibited a decrease in temperature at a rate similar to Group C. These results were significant at P < 0.005.Conclusions:  A wet forced‐air warming blanket is ineffective at maintaining normothermia. Once wet, the warming blanket resulted in cooling similar to the control group.
Entrepreneurship and Liquidity Constraints: Evidence from Sweden
Authors: Nykvist Jenny 
Published: April 2008

AbstractHurst and Lusardi (2004)use a specification with higher‐order polynomials to estimate the relationship between wealth and entrepreneurship. They find evidence against the existence of extensive liquidity constraints in the United States. In this paper, their approach is replicated on Swedish data. A positive relationship between wealth and entrepreneurship is found, which supports the liquidity constraints hypothesis. Alternative methods for handling the endogeneity problem and distinguishing between absolute decreasing risk aversion and liquidity constraints lend further support to the hypothesis. The analysis suggests that there exist liquidity constraints in Sweden, which are possibly more extensive than in the United States.