bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lice, Mites, Bedbugs, Fleas, Tumbu Flies: Disease-Causing Agents Preventable through Appropriate Laundry Practices, Sanitation Regimes, and Hygiene
Authors: Balge M. Z. , Krieger G. R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
During construction phases of oil and gas development projects, living and working environments can become crowded due to the influx of large numbers of personnel from a variety of different cultures. This paper will present practical measures that can be implemented that will prevent the acquisition and transmission of diseases related to poor housekeeping, laundry and sanitation.
Appropriate cleaning and sanitation of living and work areas can prevent a variety of diseases related to filth and dirty environments. They include:
✵ Scabies (mites) ✵ Pediculus humanus capitis, Pediculus Humanus and Pthirus pubis (Human lice) ✵ Typhus fever, trench fever (body louse) ✵ Scrub typhus (mites) ✵ Plague and typhus (rat fleas) ✵ Myiasis (tumbu fly, bot fly) ✵ Fungal diseases such as ringworm and parasitic worms
These diseases can be transmitted through contact with infested bedding, clothing, linen, toweling, unsanitary bathing facilities, and contact with contaminated soil. Although they are not disease vectors, bedbug infestations can create skin irritations leading to infections.
A Practical Approach to Transient Pressure Behavior
Authors: Mead Homer N. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A new concept for transient pressure buildup analysis is developed based upon the following:
A different method for calculating pressure drop in a reservoir and across the skin. Any measured buildup curve is matched (after wellbore and storage effects have died out) with a rectangular hyperbolic equation specific for that buildup. The asymptote to the time axis of the specific hyperbolic equation is final static buildup pressure. The maximum slope of the MDH plot using the calculated points from the rectangular hyperbolic equation is taken to be m. A direct relationship is developed between the buildup time to maximum slope on the calculated MDH plot and the actual distance to the radius of drainage at the time of shutin.
The methods for determining m and the calculated distance to the effective drainage radius at the time of shutin are empirical.
A System to Evaluate the Performance of Insulated Tubulars in Steam Injection Wells
Authors: Eisenhawer Stephen W. , Johnson Donald R. , Vigil William J. , Meldau Robert F. , Gilby Doug 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The efficiency of a thermal enhanced oil recovery project with surface steam generation can be significantly increased by using insulated tubing in the injection wells. In order to evaluate the performance of various insulated tubulars it is necessary to obtain detailed temperature measurements and accurate heat loss data under actual in—field conditions. A system to provide this information has been developed and is in operation at the Aberfeldy steam pilot near Lloydminster, Saskatchewan, Canada.
Temperature measurements are made using thermocouples inside and on the outer wall of the injection string; on the outside of the casing, and in a set of three 25 mm (1 in) ID thermowells attached to the casing. In addition, thin film heat flux sensors are bonded directly to the wall of the injection string. A probe system was designed to measure circumferential temperature variations in the thermowells at depths down to 100 m. This makes it possible to obtain detailed axial temperature profiles. Anticipated hot spots on an insulated joint will be detected in this manner. All of the data is recorded on a datalogger and detailed analysis is performed on a computer system.
To date a short test has been carried out using bare 60 mm (2–3/8 in) injection string tubing. This bare string provides data for comparison with insulated strings. High resolution radial temperature profiles were obtained during this test. Variations in heat loss from the string as functions of time and operating conditions have also been successfully monitored. Heat losses from the string during initial start up on the order of 1.0 Kw/m (1050 Btu/hr-ft) were observed with the heat flux sensors. This is in good agreement with the expected heat loss. The heat flux sensors make it possible to both simplify and improve the determination of insulated tubular thermal performance.
Nitrogen for the Enhanced Recovery of Oil and Gas
Authors: Clancy J. P. , Gilchrist R. E. , Kroll D. E. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Nitrogen, produced by air separation and compressed to high pressure has many potential applications in enhanced oil and gas recovery. Possible applications include using nitrogen as a driving gas for costly and limited carbon dioxide, and in some cases for miscible displacement. The displacement of gas cap gas, the production of attic reservoirs, the cycling of condensate reservoirs, the maintenance of reservoir pressure and other applications can also be considered. Nitrogen can be produced at almost any reservoir site using proven technology and various energy sources. Depending upon the pressure, quantities, and location, nitrogen may cost one-quarter (1/4) to one-half (1/2) the price of natural gas. Using existing technology, nitrogen can be separated from the produced associated natural gas.
Pump-Off Controller Application for Midway-Sunset Cyclic Steam Operations
Authors: Acton Jeff F. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper proposes the use of pump-off controllers to optimize cyclic steam enhanced recovery. This is accomplished by allowing pumping units to operate at constant higher strokes per minute while letting the pump-off controller system monitor the fluid pound dictated by changing well conditions. This concept alleviates the need to change pumping unit speeds as the cycle progresses while ultimately increasing net oil gained per cycle.
The Development of a Conceptual Model of the Rotorua-Whakarewarewa Geothermal Reservoir, New Zealand
Authors: Donaldson Ian G. , Grant Malcolm A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
It is now considered that extraction of energy and fluid from a hot water aquifer underlying the city of Rotorua, New Zealand, is adversely affecting the surface geothermal features in the neighboring Whaka-rewarewa Tourist Reserve. In this paper, we look at the spectrum of data available that may provide us with background information about this system. An analysis of this data enables us to establish a conceptual model of the total Rotorua-Whakarewarewa geothermal reservoir. This may help in the setting up of a management plan that will permit the continuing extraction of energy by residents while giving some degree of protection to the features in the Tourist Reserve.
Tertiary Oil Recovery by Flooding with Aqueous Chemical Solutions
Authors: Kamath Krishna I. , Comberiati Joseph R. , Zammerilli Anthony M. , Kyle Clyde C. , Taylor Billy D. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The ability of a water-soluble (oil-insoluble), detergent alkylate sulfonate to recover tertiary oil from flooded-out Berea sands is traced to the presence, in it, of minor but as yet chemically unidentified components. The immiscible displacement process with dilute aqueous solutions of the sulfonate is found to be independent of conventional mobility control, and to depend only on the amount of sulfonate (not concentration) in the displacing phase.
Two Dimensional Simulation of Chemical Flooding
Authors: Pope Gary A. , Hong Chong H. , Sepehrnoori Kamy , Lake Larry W. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A two-dimensional, multicomponent, multiphase, compositional reservoir simulator has been developed, tested, and applied to micellar/polymer flooding. The simulator is even more complete in its physical description than the 1-D version previously published.1,2 The simulator is described and discussed. Applications to various field scale conditions are illustrated. Factors simulated include reservoir heterogeneity, crossflow, dispersion, injection rate, and various process variables such as slug size, polymer drive grading and size, salinity gradient, and mobility ratio.
Formation Damage Due to Asphaltene Precipitation Resulting from CO2 Gas Injection in Iranian Carbonate Reservoirs
Authors: Moghadasi J. , Kalantari-Dahaghi A. M. , Gholami V. , Abdi R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Although CO2 injection is one of the most common enhanced oil recovery methods, that is widely used in Iranian reservoirs, it may change the reservoir fluid properties and cause some problems such as Asphaltene precipitation which will result in reduction of injectivity and productivity of oil wells and plugging wellbore and production facilities.
This paper describes the effect of miscible CO2 flood on Asphaltene precipitation in angestan reservoir of Kupal field in southwest of Iran. The amount of Asphaltene precipitation in the mixture of oil and CO2 gas was measured by using PVT test and the mechanism of precipitation under the reservoir conditions was obtained by high pressure core flood test. Then, the experimental results were compared with the ones obtained from available asphaltene precipitation models.
Associated Gas Treatment On Site
Authors: Moins George 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Associated gases are being collected and processed for natural gas liquids (NGL) recovery and market gas production in more and more fields, both onshore and offshore, for a better valorization of natural resources. The economical background of associated gas treatment is discussed and available methods for NGL recovery are reviewed and evaluated against technical criteria.
Economics of NGL recovery projects are provided for three typical examples: a major onshore project, a combination offshore-onshore project, and an offshore project.
A Comparative Analysis of Costs to Government for Home Care and Long-term Residential Care Services, Standardized for Client Care Needs
Authors: Hollander Marcus J. , Chappell Neena L. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper reports on the results of analyses using administrative data from British Columbia for 10 years from fiscal 1987/1988 to 1996/1997, inclusive, to examine the comparative costs to government of long-term home care and residential care services. The analyses used administrative data for hospital care, physician care, drugs, and home care and residential long-term care. Direct comparisons for cost and utilization data were possible, as the same care-level classification system is used in BC for home care and residential care clients. Given significant changes in the type and/or level of care of clients over time, a full-time equivalent client strategy was used to maximize the accuracy of comparisons. The findings suggest that, in general, home care can be a lower-cost alternative to residential care for clients with similar care needs. The difference in costs between home care and residential care services narrows considerably for those who change their type and/or level of care, and home care was found to be more costly than long-term institutional care for home care clients who died. The findings from this study indicate that with the appropriate substitution for residential care services, in a planned and targeted manner, home care services can be a lower-cost alternative to residential long-term care in integrated systems of care delivery that include both sets of services.
Linguistic, Academic, and Cognitive Benefits of French Immersion
Authors: Lazaruk Wally 
Published: December 2007

Abstract: A survey of research on French as a second language (FSL) education in Canada suggests that French immersion (FI) students enjoy significant linguistic, academic, and cognitive benefits. We organize our summary of the advantages of FI around these three themes, comparing students’ proficiency in French and English across various FI programs, and assessing their overall academic achievement. Our review shows that FI programs enable students to develop high levels of proficiency in both French and English, at no cost to their academic success. Cognitive research associates bilingualism with heightened mental flexibility and creative thinking skills, enhanced metalinguistic awareness, and greater communicative sensitivity. Because cognitive benefits are contingent on a bilingual learner's proficiency in both languages, it may be that FI programs, which promote heightened proficiency in both French and English, foster in their students an underlying cognitive advantage.
Trait differences between grass species along a climatic gradient in South and North America
Authors: Oyarzabal Mariano , Paruelo José M. , del Pino Federico , Oesterheld Martín , Lauenroth William K. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractQuestion: Are trait differences between grasses along a gradient related to climatic variables and/or photosynthetic pathway?Location: Temperate grassland areas of South and North America.Methods: In a common garden experiment, we cultivated C3 and C4 grasses from grasslands under different climatic conditions, and we measured a set of 12 plant traits related to size and resource capture and utilization. We described (1) interspecific plant trait differences along a climatic gradient defined by the precipitation and temperature at the location where each species is dominant and (2) the association between those plant trait differences and the photosynthetic pathway of the species.Results: Trait differences between grasses were related to the precipitation at the area where each species is dominant, and to the photosynthetic pathway of the species. Leaf length, leaf width, plant height, leaf area per tiller, specific leaf area, leaf δ13C ratio, and nitrogen resorption efficiency increased while leaf dry matter content and nitrogen concentration in senesced leaves decreased as precipitation increased. A proportion of these changes along the gradient was related to the photosynthetic pathway because dominant grass species in cold areas with low precipitation are mainly C3 and those from warm and wet areas are C4.Conclusions: A previous worldwide analysis showed that traits of graminoid species measured in situ changed slightly along climatic gradients (< 10% variance explained). In contrast, under a common environment we observed that (1) grass traits changed strongly along a climatic gradient (30‐85% variance explained) and, (2) a proportion of those changes were related to the association between photosynthetic pathway of the species and precipitation.
Cover Picture: Tuning Cell Adhesion on PTFE Surfaces by Laser Induced Microstructures (Adv. Eng. Mater. 12/2007)
Authors: Reichert J. , Brückner S. , Bartelt H. , Jandt K. D. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe cover shows living cells adhering to PTFE surfaces. These surfaces were microstructured by laser ablation without changing the distinct chemical properties of the material. More about tuning cell adhesion on PTFE surfaces can be found in the article by J. Reichert et al. on page 1104.
Common‐ and multi‐offset ground‐penetrating radar study of a Roman villa, Tourega, Portugal
Authors: Berard Brooke A. , Maillol J. M. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractA ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) survey was conducted at the site of the first to fourth century AD Roman villa of Tourega, near Évora, Alentejo region, Portugal. This site has been partially excavated, revealing a bathhouse complex consisting of a tank reservoir, multiple bathing rooms and a major corridor. The excavated portion of Tourega provides direct archaeological feedback as to the size, shape, depth and orientation of structures revealed by GPR surveys. A 4500 m2 area surrounding the known site was surveyed using common‐offset 500 MHz and 200 MHz pseudo‐three‐dimensional acquisition. Amplitude time‐slice analysis reveals a large number of well‐defined additional structures confirming a much broader extension of the site. For shallow buried rectilinear structural targets, the high frequency 500 MHz common‐offset data provide excellent imaging. However, limited depth penetration at 500 MHz necessitated a lower frequency of investigation; therefore 200 MHz common‐ offset and multi‐offset data were also acquired. Two 200 MHz multi‐offset GPR profiles were obtained over the large double‐walled structure identified on the time‐slices, acquired using a newly proposed multi‐offset acquisition technique – rapid multi‐offset acquisition. This acquisition technique uses the existing single‐channel GPR system, is extremely cost‐effective, and easily acquires a high fold. Rapid multi‐offset acquisition provides an average time saving up to five times that of stationary multi‐offset profiling. The 200 MHz multi‐offset profiles provide a greater depth penetration and enhanced structural detail (i.e. improved imaging of dipping structures) than comparable 200 MHz common‐offset profiles. Post‐stack, inverse‐Q filtering increases vertical resolution and interpretability of the multi‐offset sections via removal of wavelet dispersion. Although multi‐offset data are less feasible for characterizing this site in three dimensions because of the large time commitment in data collection, two multi‐offset profiles over key structures of interest improved the final site interpretation, with enhanced image quality and higher resolution than comparable common‐offset profiles. The combined results of the multi‐offset survey with a common‐offset grid should encourage a more frequent use of multi‐offset data at archaeological sites when the depth extent of the archaeological site is uncertain. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Content and mean polymerization degree of procyanidins in extracts obtained from clear and cloudy apple juices
Authors: Huemmer Wolfgang , Dietrich Helmut , Will Frank , Schreier Peter , Richling Elke 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe polyphenol profile of apples and that of technologically differently treated apple juices has already been studied thoroughly; nevertheless, the content of polymeric procyanidins has not received much attention up to date. Therefore, procyanidins in extracts made from six blended apple juices and two authentic clear as well as cloudy apple juices (Malus domestica cv. Bohnapfel and Bittenfelder) were investigated. Our determinations revealed significant differences in the total procyanidin content between apple juice extracts obtained from clear and the corresponding cloudy juices under study. Depending on the apple cultivars used average amounts of total procyanidin content determined in the extracts made from clear and cloudy juices ranged from 28.4 ± 4.4% to 49.0 ± 5.7% and from 48.3 ± 0.3% to 60.6 ± 0.3%, respectively. As the mean degree of polymerization (DPm) is supposed to have an influence on bioavailability and toxicity on different cells lines used in in vitro systems, the average degree of polymerization of the juices under examination were determined. Depending on the cultivar used and the technology of juice processing the DPm ranged between 3.0 and 13.4.
Identification of metabolic fluxes in hepatic cells from transient 13C‐labeling experiments: Part I. Experimental observations
Authors: Hofmann Ute , Maier Klaus , Niebel Anja , Vacun Gabriele , Reuss Matthias , Mauch Klaus 
Published: December 2007

AbstractAn experimental set‐up for acquiring metabolite and transient 13C‐labeling data in mammalian cells is presented. An efficient sampling procedure was established for hepatic cells cultured in six‐well plates as a monolayer attached to collagen, which allowed simultaneous quenching of metabolism and extraction of the intracellular intermediates of interest. Extracellular concentrations of glucose, amino acids, lactate, pyruvate, and urea were determined by GC–MS procedures and were used for estimation of metabolic uptake and excretion rates. Sensitive LC–MS and GC–MS methods were used to quantify the intracellular intermediates of tricarboxylic acid cycle, glycolysis, and pentose phosphate pathway and for the determination of isotopomer fractions of the respective metabolites. Mass isotopomer fractions were determined in a transient 13C‐labeling experiment using 13C‐labeled glucose as substrate. The absolute amounts of intracellular metabolites were obtained from a non‐labeled experiment carried out in exactly the same way as the 13C‐labeling experiment, except that the media contained naturally labeled glucose only. Estimation of intracellular metabolic fluxes from the presented data is addressed in part II of this contribution. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;100: 344–354. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene polymorphisms in 13 Chinese ethnic populations
Authors: Mao Renfang , Fan Yihui , Chen Feng , Sun Donglin , Bai Jing , Fu Songbin 
Published: December 2007

AbstractIt has been shown that the polymorphisms of Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene are associated with susceptibility to several disorders including hyperhomocysteinemia, vascular disease, birth defect, and certain cancers, and exhibit great diversities among various populations. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of two common non‐synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (i.e., C677T and A1298C) at MTHFR gene in 13 Chinese populations. A total of 1015 healthy individuals from 13 populations distributed widely from north to south in China were studied. DNA samples were isolated from peripheral blood samples and genotyped using polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism. For C677T polymorphism, the frequency in Chinese of CC homozygous was 42.4%; CT heterozygous was 49.8%; and TT homozygous was 7.9%. For A1298C, AA homozygous was 39.2%; AC heterozygous was 38.6%; and CC homozygous was 22.2%. The allelic frequency of 677T and 1298C was 32.8 and 41.5%, respectively, and each allele frequency had significant variance in 13 Chinese populations. The frequency of the 677T allele among southern populations was 30.7% compared to 38.0% among northeastern and 30.5% among northwestern populations. The difference was statistically significant (p < 0.01). The frequency of 1298C mutation in southerns was 58.9% whereas in northeasterns it was 24.0% and 37.6% in northwesterns. This was also statistically significant (p < 0.01). The MTHFR C677T and A1298C sites were in linkage disequilibrium in the Chinese population revealed by our data. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.