bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of information feedback and attentional focus of feedback in treating the person with a hemiplegic arm
Authors: Durham Katherine , Van Vliet Paulette M. , Badger Frances , Sackley Catherine 
Published: December 2008

AbstractBackground and Purpose. Feedback about motor performance can induce either an internal focus of attention (about body movement) or an external focus of attention (about the effects on the environment) in the learner. The main aim of this pilot study was to examine the attentional focus of feedback given by physiotherapists during treatment of the hemiplegic arm. A second aim was to examine the frequency of feedback about motor performance during treatment. Method. A multi‐methods design was used (quantitative and qualitative). Eight physiotherapists and eight patients with stroke were recruited from two hospitals. Data were collected by video recordings of treatment, interviews (both therapists and patients) and questionnaire (therapists). Information feedback, instructions and motivational statements were identified from the video recordings. Feedback and instructions were further grouped into internal focus, external focus or mixed focus of attention. Themes were drawn from the interview transcripts. Triangulation was used to provide corroborating information from the different data sets. Results. Two hundred and forty‐six of the total 1914 statements identified in the videos were feedback, the rest comprising instructions and statements of motivation. Of the feedback statements, 236 of the total 247 identified had an internal focus. Therapist interviews and questionnaires revealed more external focus communication than actual treatment. Conclusions. Physiotherapists used instructions and statements of motivation more than feedback and directed the patient's attention more to body movement than movement effects. The outcome of this study may prompt clinicians' to examine the amount and the attentional focus of the feedback they use in their clinical practice, and to consider whether it is a most effective approach in light of current evidence. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Virtual in vivo biopsy map of early prostate neoplasm in TRAMP mice by MRI
Authors: Kiss Pal , Eltoum Isam‐Eldin , Suranyi Pal , Zeng Huadong , Simor Tamas , Elgavish Ada , Elgavish Gabriel A. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe noninvasive, early detection of Prostate Intraepithelial Neoplasia (PIN), a precancerous neoplasia of the prostate, would be highly desirable. In our experiments, we used TRAMP mice to model PIN in the range of grade 1 through grade 4.METHODSContrast enhanced pixel‐by‐pixel R1 mapping of the prostate was used to detect areas with the different prostate neoplasia grades. After anesthesia, Gd(ABE‐DTTA) was injected I.V. A series of MRI images with varying TI were then acquired to create R1 maps in a 2 mm transversal tomographic slice that included the prostate. After euthanasia and the excision of the prostate, a 2 mm slice, corresponding to the tomographic slice, was selected and prepared for histological analysis. The microscopic sections of this slice were scanned and analyzed along with the R1 maps. The R1 values were normalized to that measured in muscle tissue in each individual mouse to account for possible variations among the mice in contrast agent uptake (R1norm). The R1norm values and the histological grades in the corresponding areas were correlated.RESULTSA significant difference was found between the R1norm values measured in areas with grade 1–2 versus those observed in areas with grades 3–4. Also, a significant correlation was found between the area size of the ROIs differentiated by MRI, and those determined by histology.CONCLUSIONThis method has the potential for early noninvasive detection of developing prostate cancer. Prostate 69:449–458, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of a three‐dimensional culture model of prostatic epithelial cells and its use for the study of epithelial‐mesenchymal transition and inhibition of PI3K pathway in prostate cancer
Authors: Chu Jian Hong , Yu Shan , Hayward Simon W. , Chan Franky L. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractBACKGROUNDAppropriate 3D culture models of human prostatic epithelial cells resembling normal growth pattern and architecture of prostate gland and its malignant development are scarce.METHODSHere, we optimized the 3D culture conditions of the immortalized non‐transformed human prostatic epithelial cell line BPH‐1 in Matrigel and developed a 3D culture model closely mimicking prostatic glandular structure.RESULTSOur results showed that BPH‐1 cells cultured in Matrigel formed acinus‐like spheroids with lumen formation and polarized differentiation. To establish an androgen‐stimulated differentiation in AR‐negative BPH‐1, we generated AR‐transduced BPH‐1 cells, which displayed androgen‐induced secretory differentiation and growth suppression in 3D culture. We also evaluated the spheroid forming capacity of tumorigenic derivative BPH‐1CAFTD sublines in 3D culture and their responses to PI3K inhibitor LY294002. Results showed that these tumorigenic BPH‐1CAFTD sublines did not exhibit polarized differentiation in Matrigel culture. Interestingly, polarization could be restored by LY294002 treatment of BPH‐1CAFTD1 but not of BPH‐1CAFTD3 subline. Finally, we employed this 3D culture model to examine the significance of an EMT‐regulatory transcription factor Snail in prostate cancer development by its stable transduction into BPH‐1 cells. Results showed that BPH‐1‐Snail cells lost their spheroid forming capacity and exhibited an invasive phenotype.CONCLUSIONSTaken together, we established a 3D culture model of human prostatic epithelial cells with structural and functional relevance to normal prostate gland and prostate cancer development and also demonstrated that this 3D model might be useful to assess the ability of drugs to restore differentiation as a potential surrogate measure of efficacy for prostate cancer therapy. Prostate 69:428–442, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential involvement of reactive oxygen species and nucleoside transporters in cytotoxicity induced by two adenosine analogues in human prostate cancer cells
Authors: Minelli Alba , Bellezza Ilaria , Tucci Arianna , Rambotti Maria Grazia , Conte Carmela , Culig Zoran 
Published: December 2008

AbstractBACKGROUNDElevated levels of cellular oxidative stress represent a specific vulnerability of malignant cells and exposure to cytotoxic drugs is known to induce oxidative stress in cancer cells. The effects of two adenosine analogues, 2‐chloroadenosine and 2‐chlorodeoxyadenosine, were investigated to assess their mechanism of action in prostate cancer cells.METHODSAndrogen‐independent and ‐sensitive (PC3 and LNCaP) prostate cancer cells and mouse primary prostate cultures were used in the study. Proliferation and cell cycle progression were analyzed in the presence of 2‐chloroadenosine and 2‐chlorodeoxyadenosine. Adenosine receptors and nucleoside transporters expression were determined by RT‐PCR. GSH and reactive oxygen species levels were determined by DTNB and DCFH‐DA, respectively. Nuclear translocation of Nrf2 was assessed by Western blotting.RESULTS2‐Chloroadenosine marginally affected primary prostate cells viability whereas it was more potent than 2‐chlorodeoxyadenosine in reducing viability and increasing apoptosis in both prostate cancer cell lines. Moreover, ROS levels and GSH content were markedly affected in PC3 whereas only ROS production was increased in LNCaP cells. The antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene protected PC3 cells from GSH depletion and reduction in cell viability induced by 2‐chloroadenosine.CONCLUSIONS2‐Chloroadenosine, but not 2‐chlorodeoxyadenosine is capable of inducing apoptosis in prostate cancer cells, an effect which may be explained at least partially by the capacity of the nucleoside analogue to modify ROS and GSH levels. These observations may offer a rationale for the use of 2‐chloroadenosine to improve the clinical efficacy of GSH‐dependent antitumor drugs. Prostate 69:538–547, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of androgen and estrogen related proteins in normal weight and obese prostate cancer patients
Authors: Gross Mitchell , Ramirez Cristina , Luthringer Daniel , Nepomuceno Edward , Vollmer Robin , Burchette James , Freedland Stephen J. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractBACKGROUNDObesity is associated with an aggressive form of prostate cancer and with alterations in androgen and estrogen metabolism. We hypothesized that changes in components of the sex steroid receptor axis may contribute to the clinical aggressiveness of prostate cancer in obese patients.METHODSA database was assembled containing clinical and pathological variables from 539 patients treated with radical prostatectomy at a single urban hospital between 1994 and 2002. Tissue microarrays were constructed from representative patients and expression of androgen receptor (AR), PSA, estrogen receptor α (ERα), estrogen receptor β (ERβ), and aromatase was examined.RESULTSHigher BMI correlated strongly with black race, the presence of extra‐capsular extension, and higher pathologic stage. Expression of AR, PSA, ERβ and aromatase in cancerous epithelial cells did not differ according to obesity status. However, decreased expression of ERα and aromatase was observed in the stromal compartment surrounding non‐cancerous acini in obese patients.CONCLUSIONWe confirm the previously reported associations between obesity and aggressive clinical and pathologic features in our single‐institution, urban teaching hospital. In comparing obese versus non‐obese patients, there was no difference in expression of androgen or estrogen related proteins in cancerous epithelial cells. However, there was a down‐regulation of ERα and aromatase in the stroma of obese patients. Our data suggest obesity may cause stromal changes in the sex steroid production and signaling pathways which may affect prostate cancer growth via intracrine/paracrine mechanisms. Prostate 69:520–527, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Conformational dynamics of the EGFR kinase domain reveals structural features involved in activation
Authors: Papakyriakou Athanasios , Vourloumis Dionisios , Tzortzatou‐Stathopoulou Fotini , Karpusas Michael 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has been the focus of intensive studies because of its importance in cancer research. Thus, a broader understanding of the molecular mechanism of activation of the EGFR kinase will have profound significance for the development of novel therapeutics. Numerous crystal structures of EGFR kinase, including the structure of the activating‐kinase dimer, have provided snapshots of the specific pathway. Herein, we performed unrestrained‐, as well as targeted‐molecular dynamics simulations based on these data, to gain further insight into the conformational changes responsible for activation. Comparison of the monomer‐ versus activating‐EGFR‐dimer simulations indicates that the dimerization is stabilizing structural elements associated with the activated state and predicts new salt‐bridge interactions involving activation‐loop residues that may also be associated with that state. Targeted molecular dynamics simulations of the inactive‐to‐active EGFR transition, as well as the reverse pathway, confirm the formation of conserved structural features of functional importance for the activity or stabilization of either conformation. Interestingly, simulations of the L834R mutant, which is associated with cancer, suggest that the structural basis of the activation induced by that mutation might be the ability of the mutated R834 residue to consecutively form salt bridges with neighboring acidic residues and cause destabilization of a hydrophobic cluster in the inactive state. Proteins 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Structural and dynamic effects of cholesterol at preferred sites of interaction with rhodopsin identified from microsecond length molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Khelashvili George , Grossfield Alan , Feller Scott E. , Pitman Michael C. , Weinstein Harel 
Published: December 2008

AbstractAn unresolved question about GPCR function is the role of membrane components in receptor stability and activation. In particular, cholesterol is known to affect the function of membrane proteins, but the details of its effect on GPCRs are still elusive. Here, we describe how cholesterol modulates the behavior of the TM1‐TM2‐TM7‐helix 8(H8) functional network that comprises the highly conserved NPxxY(x)5,6F motif, through specific interactions with the receptor. The inferences are based on the analysis of microsecond length molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of rhodopsin in an explicit membrane environment. Three regions on the rhodopsin exhibit the highest cholesterol density throughout the trajectory: the extracellular end of TM7, a location resembling the high‐density sterol area from the electron microscopy data; the intracellular parts of TM1, TM2, and TM4, a region suggested as the cholesterol binding site in the recent X‐ray crystallography data on β2‐adrenergic GPCR; and the intracellular ends of TM2‐TM3, a location that was categorized as the high cholesterol density area in multiple independent 100 ns MD simulations of the same system. We found that cholesterol primarily affects specific local perturbations of the helical TM domains such as the kinks in TM1, TM2, and TM7. These local distortions, in turn, relate to rigid‐body motions of the TMs in the TM1‐TM2‐TM7‐H8 bundle. The specificity of the effects stems from the nonuniform distribution of cholesterol around the protein. Through correlation analysis we connect local effects of cholesterol on structural perturbations with a regulatory role of cholesterol in the structural rearrangements involved in GPCR function. Proteins 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Folding simulations of Trp‐cage mini protein in explicit solvent using biasing potential replica‐exchange molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Kannan Srinivasaraghavan , Zacharias Martin 
Published: December 2008

AbstractReplica exchange molecular dynamics (RexMD) simulations are frequently used for studying structure formation and dynamics of peptides and proteins. A significant drawback of standard temperature RexMD is, however, the rapid increase of the replica number with increasing system size to cover a desired temperature range. A recently developed Hamiltonian RexMD method has been used to study folding of the Trp‐cage protein. It employs a biasing potential that lowers the backbone dihedral barriers and promotes peptide backbone transitions along the replica coordinate. In two independent applications of the biasing potential RexMD method including explicit solvent and starting from a completely unfolded structure the formation of near‐native conformations was observed after 30–40 ns simulation time. The conformation representing the most populated cluster at the final simulation stage had a backbone root mean square deviation of ∼1.3 Å from the experimental structure. This was achieved with a very modest number of five replicas making it well suited for peptide and protein folding and refinement studies including explicit solvent. In contrast, during five independent continuous 70 ns molecular dynamics simulations formation of collapsed states but no near native structure formation was observed. The simulations predict a largely collapsed state with a significant helical propensity for the helical domain of the Trp‐cage protein already in the unfolded state. Hydrogen bonded bridging water molecules were identified that could play an active role by stabilizing the arrangement of the helical domain with respect to the rest of the chain already in intermediate states of the protein. Proteins 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Crystal structure of a novel Sm‐like protein of putative cyanophage origin at 2.60 Å resolution
Authors: Das Debanu , Kozbial Piotr , Axelrod Herbert L. , Miller Mitchell D. , McMullan Daniel , Krishna S. Sri , Abdubek Polat , Acosta Claire , Astakhova Tamara , Burra Prasad , Carlton Dennis , Chen Connie , Chiu Hsiu‐Ju , Clayton Thomas , Deller Marc C. , Duan Lian , Elias Ylva , Elsliger Marc‐André , Ernst Dustin , Farr Carol , Feuerhelm Julie , Grzechnik Anna , Grzechnik Slawomir K. , Hale Joanna , Han Gye Won , Jaroszewski Lukasz , Jin Kevin K. , Johnson Hope A. , Klock Heath E. , Knuth Mark W. , Kumar Abhinav , Marciano David , Morse Andrew T. , Murphy Kevin D. , Nigoghossian Edward , Nopakun Amanda , Okach Linda , Oommachen Silvya , Paulsen Jessica , Puckett Christina , Reyes Ron , Rife Christopher L. , Sefcovic Natasha , Sudek Sebastian , Tien Henry , Trame Christine , Trout Christina V. , van den Bedem Henry , Weekes Dana , White Aprilfawn , Xu Qingping , Hodgson Keith O. , Wooley John , Deacon Ashley M. , Godzik Adam , Lesley Scott A. , Wilson Ian A. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractECX21941 represents a very large family (over 600 members) of novel, ocean metagenome‐specific proteins identified by clustering of the dataset from the Global Ocean Sampling expedition. The crystal structure of ECX21941 reveals unexpected similarity to Sm/LSm proteins, which are important RNA‐binding proteins, despite no detectable sequence similarity. The ECX21941 protein assembles as a homopentamer in solution and in the crystal structure when expressed in Escherichia coli and represents the first pentameric structure for this Sm/LSm family of proteins, although the actual oligomeric form in vivo is currently not known. The genomic neighborhood analysis of ECX21941 and its homologs combined with sequence similarity searches suggest a cyanophage origin for this protein. The specific functions of members of this family are unknown, but our structure analysis of ECX21941 indicates nucleic acid‐binding capabilities and suggests a role in RNA and/or DNA processing. Proteins 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Safely scale‐up processes and accommodate recipe changes
Authors: Theis Amy E. , Burelbach James P. , Askonas Charles F. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThermal hazards screening can be quickly and cost‐effectively performed to obtain the required data for the safe scale‐up of chemical processes and to accommodate changes to process recipes. Before scale‐up, it is vital to identify safe temperature and pressure operating ranges, quantify the heat generated from a reaction, and the number of moles of gas generated. It is also prudent to determine the heat and gas generation rates to safely accommodate the reaction in the given process equipment. These rate data can also be used to verify the adequacy of the existing pressure relief system design. Process Hazard Analysis (PHA) and Hazard and Operability (HAZOP) reviews identify credible upset scenarios, and data are required to address these issues. When a process recipe or batch size is changed, data are necessary to quantify the effect of the change on the above parameters. For modifications to existing processes, a management of change review should occur. Data addressing issues resulting from these reviews are readily available by performing calorimetry experiments with the Advanced Reactive System Screening Tool and similar calorimeters. Examples of these applications are included in this article. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2009
Protective effect of latex ofCalotropis procerain Freund's Complete Adjuvant induced monoarthritis
Authors: Kumar V. L. , Roy S. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe protective effect of latex ofCalotropis procerain Freund's Complete Adjuvant (FCA) induced monoarticular arthritis was evaluated in rats. Arthritis was induced by a single intra‐articular injection of 0.1 mL of 0.1% FCA in the right ankle joint. The effect of dried latex (DL, 200 and 400 mg/kg) and its methanol extract (MeDL, 50 and 500 mg/kg) following oral administration was evaluated on joint inflammation, hyperalgesia, locomotor function and histology at the time of peak inflammation. The effects of DL and MeDL were compared with antiinflammatory drugs phenylbutazone (100 mg/kg), prednisolone (20 mg/kg), rofecoxib (20 and 100 mg/kg) and immuno‐suppressant methotrexate (0.3 mg/kg). Daily oral administration of DL and its methanol extract (MeDL) produced a significant reduction in joint inflammation (about 50% and 80% inhibition) and associated hyperalgesia. The antihyperalgesic effect of MeDL was comparable to that of rofecoxib. Both DL and MeDL produced a marked improvement in the motility and stair climbing ability of the rats. The histological analysis of the arthritic joint also revealed significant reduction in oedema and cellular infiltration by MeDL that was comparable to that of rofecoxib. Thus, our study suggests that the latex of C. procera has the potential to be used as an antiarthritic agent. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antiproliferative effects of different plant parts of Panax notoginseng on SW480 human colorectal cancer cells
Authors: Wang Chong‐Zhi , Xie Jing‐Tian , Fishbein Anna , Aung Han H. , He Hui , Mehendale Sangeeta R. , He Tong‐Chuan , Du Wei , Yuan Chun‐Su 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe chemical constituents and antiproliferative effects on SW480 human colorectal cancer cells of different plant parts of P. notoginseng were evaluated. The contents of saponins in extracts from root, rhizome, flower and berry of P. notoginseng were determined using high performance liquid chromatography. The contents and proportions of saponins were different among the four plant parts. Using the cell counting method, the antiproliferative effects were evaluated and the results indicated all four extracts, at 0.05–1.0 mg/mL, showed concentration‐related antiproliferative effects on the cancer cells. The flower extract had stronger effects compared with the other three extracts; at 1.0 mg/mL, it inhibited the cell growth by 93.1% (p < 0.01). The antiproliferative effects of major saponins in notoginseng, notoginsenoside R1, ginsenosides Rb1, Rb3 and Rg1, were also evaluated, and the observed effects of major constituents support the pharmacological activities of extracts. The effects of notoginseng extracts on cell cycle and apoptosis of SW480 cells were determined using flow cytometry. Notoginseng extract can arrest the cells in S and G2/M phases. Remarkably apoptosis induction activities of notoginseng extracts were observed with the flower extract possessing the most potent effect, supporting the antiproliferative effect. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Centella asiatica extract selectively decreases amyloid β levels in hippocampus of Alzheimer's disease animal model
Authors: Dhanasekaran Muralikrishnan , Holcomb Leigh A. , Hitt Angie R. , Tharakan Binu , Porter Jami W. , Young Keith A. , Manyam Bala V. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractPSAPP mice expressing the ‘Swedish’ amyloid precursor protein and the M146L presenilin 1 mutations are a well‐characterized model for spontaneous amyloid β plaque formation. Centella asiatica has a long history of use in India as a memory enhancing drug in Ayurvedic literature. The study investigated whether Centella asiatica extract (CaE) can alter the amyloid pathology in PSAPP mice by administering CaE (2.5 or 5.0 g/kg/day) starting at 2 months of age prior to the onset of detectable amyloid deposition and continued for either 2 months or 8 months. A significant decrease in amyloid β 1–40 and 1–42 was detectable by ELISA following an 8 month treatment with 2.5 mg/kg of CaE. A reduction in Congo Red stained fibrillar amyloid plaques was detected with the 5.0 mg/kg CaE dose and long‐term treatment regimen. It was also confirmed that CaE functions as an antioxidant in vitro, scavenging free radicals, reducing lipid peroxidation and protecting against DNA damage. The data indicate that CaE can impact the amyloid cascade altering amyloid β pathology in the brains of PSAPP mice and modulating components of the oxidative stress response that has been implicated in the neurodegenerative changes that occur with Alzheimer's disease. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.