bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CHARACTERISATION OF EPEIRIC “LAYER‐CAKE” CARBONATE RESERVOIRS: UPPER MUSCHELKALK (MIDDLE TRIASSIC), THE NETHERLANDS
Authors: Borkhataria R. , Aigner T. , Pöppelreiter M. C. , Pipping J. C. P. 
Published: March 2006

Upper Muschelkalk (Middle Triassic) carbonates produce natural gas at Coevorden field in the NE Netherlands. This is currently the only field which produces gas from this succession although several other prospects have been identified nearby. In order to help develop these hydrocarbons, this study proposes a facies and reservoir model of the Upper Muschelkalk in the NE Netherlands together with a regional framework intended to assist in further evaluation.Distribution of facies and reservoir properties of the Upper Muschelkalk carbonates in the NE Netherlands indicate deposition on a storm‐dominated epeiric ramp with a very low gradient. The predominantly muddy and marly lithofacies types in proximal and distal parts of the ramp gradually interfinger with a shoreline‐detached “shoal”‐like ooidal grainstone complex. The best reservoir quality (permeability up to 60 mD) is recognised within dolomitised peloid ooid grainstones. These are interpreted as high‐energy backshoal deposits. Reservoir quality decreases in the limestone‐dominated “shoal” facies and the muddier foreshoal facies. A four‐fold hierarchy of depositional cycles describes the systematic and thus predictable vertical variation in reservoir quality (permeability) and quantity (net‐to‐gross). High‐resolution correlation suggests that medium‐scale cycles (5 to 15 metres thick) can be traced for hundreds of kilometres. Small‐scale cycles (1 to 3 metres thick) are persistent for several tens of kilometres and have sheet‐like geometries. Individual reservoir units (several decimetres thick) appear to be laterally continuous over a maximum of a few kilometres although internal flow barriers might be expected. Mapping of Upper Muschelkalk thickness and facies has clearly defined backshoal, ”shoal and foreshoal facies belts with distinctly different reservoir characteristics. Typically, reservoir quality and quantity decrease with increasing thickness of the Upper Muschelkalk and the underlying Middle Muschelkalk halite. The systematic variations in thickness are apparently controlled by a combination of palaeogeography and palaeotectonics. The best reservoir quality and highest quantity is found on a palaeohigh characterised by a relatively thin Upper Muschelkalk succession and the absence of underlying halite. These features can also be recognised in seismic data.The results of this case study can also be applied in the integrated characterisation of similar epeiric carbonates constituting highly productive reservoirs in the Middle East, including the Khuff and Arab Formations.
HYDROCARBON SEEPAGE AND CARBONATE MOUND FORMATION: A BASIN MODELLING STUDY FROM THE PORCUPINE BASIN (OFFSHORE IRELAND)
Authors: Naeth J. , di Primio R. , Horsfield B. , Schaefer R. G. , Shannon P. M. , Bailey W. R. , Henriet J. P. 
Published: March 2006

This study assesses whether the growth of deep water carbonate mounds on the continental slope of the north Atlantic may be associated with active hydrocarbon leakage. The carbonate mounds studied occur in two distinct areas of the Porcupine Basin, 200 km offshore Ireland, known as the Hovland‐Magellan and the Belgica areas.To evaluate the possible link between hydrocarbon leakage and mound growth, we used two dimensional cross‐section and map‐based basin modelling. Geological information was derived from interpretation of five seismic lines across the province as well as the Connemara oilfield. Calibration data was available from the northern part of the study area and included vitrinite reflectance, temperature and apatite fission track data.Modelling results indicate that the main Jurassic source rocks are mature to overmature for hydrocarbon generation throughout the basin. Hydrocarbon generation and migration started in the Late Cretaceous. Based on our stratigraphic and lithologic model definitions, hydrocarbon migration is modelled to be mainly vertical, with only Aptian and Tertiary deltaic strata directing hydrocarbon flow laterally out of the basin. Gas chimneys observed in the Connemara field were reproduced using flow modelling and are related to leakage at the apices of rotated Jurassic fault blocks. The model predicts significant focussing of gas migration towards the Belgica mounds, where Cretaceous and Tertiary carrier layers pinch out. In the Hovland‐Magellan area, no obvious focus of hydrocarbon flow was modelled from the 2D section, but drainage area analysis of Tertiary maps indicates a link between mound position and shallow Tertiary closures which may focus hydrocarbon flow towards the mounds.
DISTRIBUTION OF SOURCE ROCKS AND MATURITY MODELLING IN THE NORTHERN CENOZOIC SONG HONG BASIN (GULF OF TONKIN), VIETNAM
Authors: Andersen C. , Mathiesen A. , Nielsen L. H. , Tiem P. V. , Petersen H. I. , Dien P. T. 
Published: March 2006

The northern offshore part of the Cenozoic Song Hong Basin in the Gulf of Tonkin (East Vietnam Sea) is at an early stage of exploration with only a few wells drilled. Oil to source rock correlation indicates that coals are responsible for the sub‐commercial oil and gas accumulations in sandstones in two of the four wells which have been drilled on faulted anticlines and flower structures. The wells are located in a narrow, structurally inverted zone with a thick predominantly deltaic Miocene succession between the Song Chay and Vinh Ninh/Song Lo fault zones. These faults are splays belonging to the offshore extension of the Red River Fault Zone.Access to a database of 3,500 km of 2D seismic data has allowed a detailed and consistent break‐down of the geological record of the northern part of the basin into chronostratigraphic events which were used as inputs to model the hydrocarbon generation history. In addition, seismic facies mapping, using the internal reflection characteristics of selected seismic sequences, has been applied to predict the lateral distribution of source rock intervals. The results based on Yükler ID basin modelling are presented as profiles and maturity maps. The robustness of the results are analysed by testing different heat flow scenarios and by transfer of the model concept to IES Petromod software to obtain a more acceptable temperature history reconstruction using the Easy%R0 algorithm.Miocene coals in the wells located in the inverted zone between the fault splays are present in separate intervals. Seismic facies analysis suggests that the upper interval is of limited areal extent. The lower interval, of more widespread occurrence, is presently in the oil and condensate generating zones in deep synclines between inversion ridges. The Yükler modelling indicates, however, that the coaly source rock interval entered the main window prior to formation of traps as a result of Late Miocene inversion.Lacustrine mudstones, similar to the highly oil‐prone Oligocene mudstones and coals which are exposed in the Dong Ho area at the northern margin of the Song Hong Basin and on Bach Long Vi Island in Gulf of Tonkin, are interpreted to be preserved in a system of undrilled NW–SE Paleogene half‐grabens NE of the Song Lo Fault Zone. This is based on the presence of intervals with distinct, continuous, high reflection seismic amplitudes. Considerable overlap exists between the shale‐prone seismic facies and the modelled extent of the present‐day oil and condensate generating zones, suggesting that active source kitchens also exist in this part of the basin. Recently reported oil in a well located onshore (BIO‐STB‐IX) at the margin of the basin, which is sourced mainly from “Dong Ho type” lacustrine mudstones supports the presence of an additional Paleogene sourced petroleum system.
Time allocation between feeding and incubation in uniparental arctic‐breeding shorebirds: energy reserves provide leeway in a tight schedule
Authors: Tulp Ingrid , Schekkerman Hans 
Published: March 2006

Birds with uniparental incubation may face a time allocation problem between incubation and feeding. Eggs need regular warming to hatch successfully, but the parent must leave the nest to feed and safeguard its own survival. Time allocation during incubation is likely to depend on factors influencing egg cooling rates, parental energy requirements and feeding intake rate. How this allocation problem is resolved was subject of this study on arctic‐breeding shorebirds. We compared incubation rhythms between four uniparental shorebird species differing in size and expected to find both species differences and weather effects on the organisation of incubation.Attentive behaviour and responses to variation in weather showed a remarkable consistency across species. All species alternated feeding bouts (recesses) with brooding bouts throughout the day. Recesses were concentrated in the warmer parts of the day, while recess duration showed little diurnal variation. Despite continuous daylight, a pronounced day‐night rhythmicity was apparent. The four species in this study spent a similar proportion (13–19%) of the time off their nest. After correction for weather effects, the number of recesses was largest in the smallest species, while recess duration was longest in the largest species. Total recess time per day increased on cold days through an increase of mean recess length, while the number of recesses decreased.Comparing our observations to predictions derived from criteria that birds might use to organise their attentive behaviour, showed that the limits are set by parental requirements, while the energy stores of adults provide some leeway for short‐term adjustments to environmental variability.If breeding birds trade off feeding time against incubation time, energy stores are expected to be influenced by weather. We expected uniparental species to be more likely to show weather effects on condition than biparentals, as in the latter ‘off duty’ time is much larger and independent of weather. This prediction was tested by comparing energy stores in two uniparental species and a biparental congener. While body mass of uniparental incubators decreased after a period with low temperatures, body mass of the biparental species did not.
Topoisomerase II-α expression increases with increasing Gleason score and with hormone insensitivity in prostate carcinoma
Authors: Hughes C , Murphy A , Martin C , Fox E , Ring M , Sheils O , Loftus B , O’Leary J 
Published: March 2006

Aim:To investigate and compare topoisomerase II-α expression in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), prostate cancer of varying Gleason scores and hormone-insensitive prostate cancer.Methods:The immunohistochemical expression of topoisomerase II-α antibody in the above-mentioned diagnostic categories was investigated and compared.Results:Increased expression of topoisomerase II-α was seen in the prostate cancers of Gleason scores 7 and 8–10 (p = 0.000) compared with prostate cancers of Gleason score 6 and BPH (p = 0.245). Statistically significant differences were found in the topoisomerase II-α gene expression between prostate cancers categorised by Gleason Score. Also, increased expression of topoisomerase II-α was seen in the known hormone-resistant prostate carcinomas compared with prostate cancers with no hormone treatment in the subgroup with Gleason scores 8–10, which approached statistical significance (p = 0.081). No statistically significant difference was observed in topoisomerase II-α expression between the groups with BPH and prostate carcinoma of Gleason score 6 (p = 0.245).Conclusion:Topoisomerase II-α expression was found to increase with the known prognostic marker Gleason score and with hormone insensitivity. Objective evidence is provided for clinical trials with drugs targeting topoisomerase II-α to be targeted to patients with prostate cancers of Gleason Score >6 and, in particular, prostate cancers of Gleason Scores 8–10.
Topoisomerase IIα in Wilms’ tumour: gene alterations and immunoexpression
Authors: Tretiakova M , Turkyilmaz M , Grushko T , Kocherginsky M , Rubin C , Teh B , Yang X J 
Published: March 2006

Background:Topoisomerase IIα (topoIIα) is an essential enzyme gene in regulating DNA structure and cell proliferation and is encoded by the TOP2A. Using cDNA microarray analysis, TOP2A has been reported to be one of the top genes overexpressed in Wilms’ tumour.Aim:To evaluate the role of TopoIIα in Wilms’ tumorigenesis and its prognostic value.Methods:TOP2Agene copy numbers were determined using the fluorescence in situ hybridisation technique, and protein expression levels of TopoIIα by immunostaining in 39 samples of primary and 18 samples of metastatic Wilms’ tumour.Results:TOP2Agene amplification was detected only in anaplastic Wilms’ tumours, and none of the Wilms’ tumours showed deletion of theTOP2Agene. TopoIIα protein overexpression was detected in 97% of Wilms’ tumours, and correlated strongly with proliferation, as measured by Ki-67 (r = 0.85). The high TopoIIα expression was associated with the presence of vascular invasion, prominent apoptosis, metastases and adverse clinical outcomes (p<0.05).Conclusions:Our findings suggest that TopoIIα overexpression in Wilms’ tumours is caused by a change at the transcription level, except for anaplastic Wilms’ tumours, in which gene amplification was present. High levels of TopoIIα protein are correlated with tumour aggressiveness. The assessment of TopoIIα expression in Wilms’ tumour may have prognostic value.
Basal-like breast carcinomas: clinical outcome and response to chemotherapy
Authors: Banerjee S , Reis-Filho J S , Ashley S , Steele D , Ashworth A , Lakhani S R , Smith I E 
Published: March 2006

Background:Grade-III invasive ductal carcinomas of no special type (IDCs-NST) constitute a heterogeneous group of tumours with different clinical behaviour and response to chemotherapy. As many as 25% of all grade-III IDCs-NST are known to harbour a basal-like phenotype, as defined by gene expression profiling or immunohistochemistry for basal cytokeratins. Patients with basal-like breast carcinomas (BLBC) are reported to have a shorter disease-free and overall survival.Material and methods:A retrospective analysis of 49 patients with BLBC (as defined by basal cytokeratin expression) and 49 controls matched for age, nodal status and grade was carried out. Histological features, immunohistochemical findings for oestrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PgR) and HER2, and clinical outcome and survival after adjuvant chemotherapy were compared between the two groups.Results:It was more likely for patients with BLBCs to be found negative for ER (p<0.0001), PgR (p<0.0001) and HER2 (p<0.01) than controls. Patients with BLBCs were found to have a significantly higher recurrence rate (p<0.05) and were associated with significantly shorter disease-free and overall survival (both p<0.05). In the group of patients who received anthracycline-based adjuvant chemotherapy (BLBC group, n = 47; controls, n = 49), both disease-free and overall survival were found to be significantly shorter in the BLBC group (p<0.05).Conclusions:BLBCs are a distinct clinical and pathological entity, characterised by high nuclear grade, lack of hormone receptors and HER2 expression and a more aggressive clinical course. Standard adjuvant chemotherapy seems to be less effective in these tumours and new therapeutic approaches are indicated.
Immunohistochemical staining for adipophilin, perilipin and TIP47
Authors: Muthusamy K , Halbert G , Roberts F 
Published: March 2006

Background:The presence of lipid in the cell cytoplasm is useful for supporting the diagnosis of sebaceous gland carcinoma (SGC). Currently this requires histochemical stains that are carried out on frozen sections of unprocessed tissue. Recently, several anti-adipocytic antibodies that recognise proteins associated with lipid vesicles have been described. These antibodies can be applied to paraffin-wax sections.Aim:To assess the ability of anti-adipocytic antibodies to identify intracytoplasmic lipid in SGC.Methods:Immunohistochemistry with a monoclonal antibody to adipophilin and polyclonal antibodies to perilipin and TIP47/PP17 was carried out on archival, formalin-fixed, paraffin-wax-embedded sections of 26 samples of SGC. The immunostaining was compared with 22 other eyelid tumours (11 basal cell carcinomas (BCC), 10 squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) and 1 Merkel cell tumour).Results:Immunohistochemical staining was positive in 23, 10 and 2 cases of 26 SGC with adipophilin, perilipin and TIP47, respectively. The positive staining identified cytoplasmic lipid vesicles. Anti-adipophilin was positive in five other eyelid tumours (4 BCC and 1 SCC) staining small cytoplasmic granules that can be easily distinguished from the staining in SGC.Conclusions:Immunohistochemical staining for adipophilin and perilipin is a useful ancillary technique for the demonstration of lipid in SGC that may be applied to paraffin-wax sections.
VOTING MECHANISMS IN ASYNCHRONOUS BYZANTINE ENVIRONMENTS
Authors: PELC ANDRZEJ 
Published: March 2006

A source sends a piece of data (message), relayed to a receiver by n processes, some of which can be faulty. We assume that the number of faulty processes is at most f and that faulty processes exhibit a Byzantine behavior. A deciding agent has to make a decision concerning the source message, on the basis of results obtained from the receiver. The environment is totally asynchronous. An Asynchronous Byzantine Voting Mechanism is a method that enables the deciding agent to always correctly determine the source message in this scenario. We show that there exists a correct Asynchronous Byzantine Voting Mechanism if and only if f < n/3. If this condition is satisfied, we provide such a mechanism. This result should be contrasted with the feasibility of synchronous voting mechansisms, in which the receiver can wait until all fault-free processes convey their values: for this scenario a correct voting mechanism exists whenever f < n/2.
CLINICAL APPLICATION OF DOUBLE DORSAL PLATES FOR THE DISTAL RADIUS FRACTURES
Authors: Yoshida Noriyuki , Matsushita Kazuhiko , Arai Takeshi , Izumiyama Ko , Beppu Moroe , Hirata Kazuaki 
Published: March 2006

The purpose of this study was to develop plates that fit the contour of the distal radius of the Japanese and can be inserted less invasively.Three-dimensional models of 36 radii of 18 volunteers were prepared. Using these models, the shape of the cortical bone on the radial margin of the distal radius and just below the dorsal fourth compartment of the wrist, to which the plates were expected to be applied, was measured, and the curves of the plates were determined. The functions of approximated curves of the plates were: [ y = -2 × 10-8x5- 2 × 10-6x4+ 0.0006 x3- 0.0312 x2+ 0.3274 x + 15.224 on the radial margin of the distal radius and [ y = 7 × 10-7x5- 0.0001 x4+ 0.0078 x3- 0.2355 x2+ 3.1815 x - 5.6383 just below the fourth compartment.The clinical results of the application of double dorsal plates were satisfactory in clinical cases for the distal radius fractures.
Relationship between Air Pollution in Hong Kong and in the Pearl River Delta Region of South China in 2003 and 2004: An Analysis
Authors: Lee Y. C. , Savtchenko A. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Air pollution in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region of south China, which is one of the four regions in China most heavily affected by haze, is found to correlate with that of Hong Kong, indicating the regional nature of the Hong Kong problem. Of the 10 territory-wide episode days occurring in Hong Kong in 2003 and 2004, 3 of them coincide with the most polluted days of the month in the PRD. On two other episode days, the most polluted days in the PRD occurred within 2 days of the Hong Kong episodes. The air pollution trends of the PRD cities and Hong Kong are found to resemble each other more under certain meteorological conditions than others, notably when a tropical storm is positioned at the Luzon Strait between Taiwan and Luzon in the Philippines, and the entire PRD, including Hong Kong, is equally affected by it, resulting in photochemical events. During this time, Hong Kong is downwind of nearly all pollution sources in the region. At other positions of the storm, the eastern part of the PRD is often affected more significantly. In winter episodic conditions, which occur when weak anticyclones prevail over south China, local meteorological factors, namely, inversions and sea-breeze convergences, are believed to contribute to the temporal difference of the pollution peaks in Hong Kong and the rest of the PRD.
School Mindfulness and Faculty Trust: Necessary Conditions for Each Other?
Authors: Hoy Wayne K. , Gage Charles Quincy , Tarter C. John 
Published: March 2006

Background: The paradox of relying on routines and standard practices, which protect institutional functioning from the vagaries of personality, often comes at the cost of thoughtful adaptability. Purpose: The objectives are to conceptualize and apply the construct of mindfulness to schools and to explore trust as a school condition that fosters mindful actions. Setting: A diverse sample of 75 middle schools was selected for study. Participants: Twenty-six hundred teachers responded to survey instruments in 75 schools. Research Design: An ex post facto test of a theoretical set of hypotheses was performed. Data Collection and Analysis: Data were collected by researchers in regular faculty meetings and assessed using correlational, regression, and factor analyses. Findings: Faculty trust and school mindfulness seemed necessary conditions for each other. Conclusions: Mindfulness is a concept every school administrator should understand and practice, and a culture of trust seems necessary to achieve both the ends of understanding and practice. Principals need to lead in mindful ways. By encouraging faculty to play with ideas, to create novelty in their classrooms, to feel safe to take reasonable risks, to experiment, and to be resilient, the principal can have profound effects on school mindfulness.
Are Teachers Who Need Sustained, Content-Focused Professional Development Getting It? An Administrator’s Dilemma
Authors: Desimone Laura M. , Smith Thomas M. , Ueno Koji 
Published: March 2006

Purpose: Policymakers and administrators are increasingly focusing on professional development as a means to improve teaching quality. In this study, the authors examine whether professional development in mathematics is primarily performing an educative function by addressing weak teacher preparation, or a catalytic function by serving mainly teachers who already have a strong content knowledge of mathematics. Methods: The data used are from the teacher surveys completed for the 2000 National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP). The analysis is conducted using multinomial logit results transformed into relative risk ratios that indicate the relative odds that a teacher will participate in sustained, medium-length or brief (mathematics)content-focused professional development. Findings: The results indicate that teachers with strong content knowledge in mathematics—measured by type of degree in mathematics and self-reported preparedness to teach different topics in mathematics—are more likely to take sustained content-focused professional development than teachers with weak content knowledge in mathematics. Thus, professional development is primarily serving teachers with already strong content area expertise in mathematics, rather than addressing content knowledge gaps for teachers less prepared to teach mathematics. Implications for Practice: Options for administrators include: (a) encourage teachers to take challenging professional development by scaffolding and matching activities to teachers’ level of expertise, (b) build links between the activities and the school’s vision, and(c) require teachers to take high-quality professional development. The most powerful but also the most challenging recommendation is for district and school administrators to stop providing low-quality, ineffective professional development.