bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Commercial animal and yeast extracts in composite food products. II.—Identification of meat extracts, yeast extract and hydrolysed protein in soup tablets and cubes by paper chromatography
Authors: Crush K. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractComposite food products containing salt, monosodium glutamate, fat and a commercial beef, whale or yeast extract or chicken meat, or hydrolysed protein were examined, after extraction of the fat, by two‐dimensional paper chromatography. Characteristic constituents of the extracts were resolved and the recognition of extracts is discussed.Commercial soup tablets and cubes from European countries were examined for whale extract by the method described: it was detected in all four chicken tablets, in two out of five cubes and in five out of twenty‐three soup tablets.
Some properties of freeze‐dried pork muscles of high or low ultimate pH
Authors: Penny I. F. , Voyle C. A. , Lawrie R. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe induction of a high ultimate pH in pork muscle by preslaughter injection of adrenaline gave a product which after Accelerated Freeze Drying was more tender and more juicy than the corresponding control pork muscle of low ultimate pH.
Effects of soil and foliar applications of sodium borate to sugar beet
Authors: Hamence J. H. , Oram P. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effects were examined of liquid and solid applications of sodium borates, used at the rate of 20 lb. borax equivalent/acre, to sugar beet at seeding, mid‐June and late August. The trials were conducted at twelve sites on light‐land farms in East Anglia, selected as far as possible as having a previous history of boron deficiency.Treatments were effective in controlling, but not always entirely eliminating, boron‐deficiency symptoms, and had no detrimental influence on germination, population or growth. Nevertheless yields of roots and sugar, and sugar content, were increased significantly only at severely deficient sites; juice purity was not improved nor was noxious nitrogen reduced even at such sites; and these trials lend no support to theories that boron addition has some specific value in increasing sugar content, even where soils have a normal supply of the element. Leaf weight was increased more consistently, even where boron had no effect on root yield and there were no noticeable deficiency symptoms. Climatic and soil influences were very marked, serious deficiency being more prevalent in drier years and on lighter soils, where temporary attacks in intermittent dry periods were also liable to occur. No consistent differences could be observed between liquid or solid applications whether to the seed bed or to the growing crop, but August treatment in neither case gave good results.Boron analyses were made on soils and leaves. Results suggest that soil analysis (either for total or available boron) is an unreliable means of diagnosing boron requirement, that roots neither reflect boron contents of soils or plants, nor the results of boron addition. The analysis of blades of older leaves in June when it is not too late to take the necessary corrective action, is the best procedure for sugar beet. The available boron content of soils and the total boron content of plants were highest in late summer, and even where boron had been added in August, residual effects were small and well below the safety margin for crops less tolerant than beet. In view of climatic hazards, the uncertainty of soil analysis as a means of diagnosis, the low residual effects of boron addition, and the damaging losses from serious deficiency, a routine application of borate to all sugar beet crops grown on lighter soils seems a wise precaution. These trials indicate that for this purpose a foliar spray applied in June, or after singling, is just as effective as a fertiliser applied to the seed bed.
Total sulphur and water‐soluble sulphate contents of soils and their relation to other soil properties
Authors: Massoumi A. , Cornfield A. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn 58 cultivated mineral soils, there were wide ranges in the contents of total sulphur and water‐soluble sulphate‐sulphur and in the content of sulphate‐sulphur calculated as a percentage of total sulphur. Calcareous soils had a higher average total sulphur content than had non‐calcareous soils, although the range of values in both groups was wide and showed considerable overlapping. Total sulphur was significantly (P < 0.01) correlated with sulphate, but variations in total sulphur accounted for only 15% of the variations in sulphate. Walkley‐Black carbon values accounted for 47% and total nitrogen for 34% of the variations in total sulphur: pH and clay content were poorly correlated with total sulphur. Correlations of sulphate with pH, Walkley‐Black carbon, total nitrogen and clay were of a low order or non‐significant. The average nitrogen/sulphur ratio of the soils was somewhat lower than those reported by other workers for similar groups of soils.
Citrus essential oils. IV.—Chemical transformations of lime oil
Authors: Slater C. A. , Watkins W. T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA study has been made of some of the chemical transformations which may occur when natural lime oil is distilled from or kept in contact with lime juice. The results help to account for the differences in aroma and flavour between natural and distilled lime oils and between fresh and stored lime juice.
Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilisers on the non‐volatile organic acids of tomato fruit
Authors: Davies J. N. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effect of two levels each of N, P and K in factorial combination on the acidity and the individual non‐volatile organic acids in ethanolic extracts of whole, ripe tomato fruit has been studied. The concentrations of the two principal acids, citric and malic, were both significantly increased by high levels of K in the soil. Although the main effect of N was not significant, significant interactions between N and K were found with respect to both acids, and a significant interaction between N and P with respect to citric acid.Glutamic and aspartic acids and pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid (PCA) were all increased by N applications and decreased by phosphate. There was no significant main effect of K on glutamic acid concentrations, but aspartic acid and PCA were significantly decreased by high K levels in the soil. Changes in glutamic and aspartic acids were reflected in the total α‐amino‐N content; the highest concentrations were found where high N was combined with low phosphate. Addition of K decreased the total α‐amino‐N at the low, but not at the high level of N.
Determination of 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2,4,5‐trichlorophenoxyacetic acid in lawn fertilisers
Authors: Bradley J. K. , Thompson W. K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe extraction and determination by gas chromatography of 2,4‐dichloro‐ (2,4‐D) and 2,4,5‐trichloro‐phenoxyacetic acids (2,4,5‐T) as their methyl esters when present together in lawn fertilisers is described. The recovery of these herbicides varies with the composition of the fertiliser and four formulations have been studied to cover the most likely variations to be met in practice. The presence of dissolved hide meal results in extremely low recoveries. With this exception, recovery of over 90% of the 2,4‐D added and 75% of the 2,4,5‐T added is obtained. Standard deviations for three formulations are quoted.
Factors influencing the production of hydrogen sulphide from meat during heating
Authors: Johnson A. R. , Vickery J. R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe relationship between the nutritional history of an animal and the production of H2S when the meat is heated has been investigated. The flesh of animals in poor condition produced more labile sulphur in the form of H2S than did the flesh from animals in good condition. The amount of H2S produced was directly related to the pH of the meat, irrespective of whether the pH was varied artificially by the use of acid or alkali, or whether the ultimate pH was increased biologically by starvation.
Effects of cobalt‐60 γ‐irradiation and mechanical damage on soft wheat flour
Authors: Miller B. S. , Koenig V. L. , Trimbo H. , Ogrins Alide 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSeveral cake flours were irradiated with 60Co γ‐rays and subjected to chemical, physicochemical and cake‐making evaluation. Ball‐milled and pin‐milled samples were similarly studied. Damage to volume, grain and texture characteristics of white layer cakes occurred between 0.1 and 1.0 × 106 rads, and greater dosages caused progressively more deterioration. Profound changes in starch and protein occurred as the result of irradiation. Mechanical damage by pin‐ and (especially) ball‐milling affected the properties of the starch and protein, but not always in the same way as irradiation. Whereas milling led to improvement in cake quality, irradiation apparently did not.
The nutritive value of meat by‐products
Authors: Grace N. D. , Richards E. L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe “available lysine value” (ALV) of various meat by‐products has been determined, and correlations with the relative nutritive values (determined by bioassay using growth of chickens) and the “gross protein value” (GPV) estimated. The ALV correlated well with GPV but not with the relative nutritive value and there was no significant correlation between the values obtained by the biological methods. Biological assay showed that there were significant differences in the nutritive value of the meat by‐products. The use of the GPV which evaluates protein supplements at a sub‐optimal level of protein may give an inaccurate indication of their value at optimum levels of protein. The proximate analyses and the calcium and phosphorus content of these materials are also reported.
The protein amino‐acid composition and nitrogen distribution in two tropical grasses
Authors: Hodgson H. C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDeterminations have been made of the amino‐acid composition of protein extracts from the dried green tissues of two perennial tropical grasses—Brachiaria ruziziensis and Setaria sphacelata, harvested at various growth stages. The relative contributions of the isolated protein N, soluble N, and residual or unextracted N to the total organic nitrogen have also been investigated. The results show general similarities of protein composition and pattern of nitrogen distribution throughout the development of the plants.
Flour treated with chlorine dioxide: Multigeneration tests with rats
Authors: Hutchinson J. B. , Moran T. , Pace J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTwo groups of rats were bred and maintained for six successive generations on diets containing over 70% by weight of dried bread. For one group the bread was made from untreated flour and for the other from flour treated with 48 p.p.m. of chlorine dioxide. For each generation the number of litters produced, the number per litter, the birthweight, the weight of the young at 7, 14 and 21 days during suckling, the weight at weaning, the survival rate at weaning, the post‐weaning rate of growth to maturity and food consumption during growth were observed. In these respects there was no significant difference between the two groups in any of the generations or over all generations. The observations as a whole provide no evidence that treatment of flour with chlorine dioxide at this level produces a factor which adversely affects the nutrition of the rat during reproduction and growth.
Coumarin and related compounds of Anthoxanthum puelii and Melilotus alba and dicoumarol formation in spoilt sweet vernal and sweet clover hay
Authors: Davies E. G. , Ashton W. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAnthoxanthum species are unusual among British grasses in their content of coumarin, a compound whose presence in sweet clover (Melilotus alba) has been alleged to give rise to the production of the anticoagulant dicoumarol in “sweet clover disease”. By chromatographic and spectrophotometric techniques, 7‐hydroxycoumarin 6‐glucoside (aesculin) and o‐hydroxyhydrocinnamic (melilotic) acid, trans‐2‐hydroxycinnamic (o‐coumaric) acid, and 4‐hydroxycinnamic (p‐coumaric) acid were found in annual sweet vernal (A. puelii) and sweet clover. 3‐Methoxy‐4‐hydroxycinnamic (ferulic) acid was also found in annual sweet vernal, and 7‐hydroxycoumarin in sweet clover. Dicoumarol formation was studied in spoilt (i.e., mouldy) hay made from perennial sweet vernal (Anthoxanthum odoratum). The hay contained very small amounts of dicoumarol, and larger amounts were present when the hay was inoculated with Penicillium jenseni and when formaldehyde was added. During spoilage the coumarin content of the hay decreased while the related compounds increased in amount and reached a steady value in about 4 weeks.Although the coumarins and related compounds of annual sweet vernal and sweet clover are virtually the same, much higher levels of dicoumarol were found in the latter after spoilage, possibly because, under the conditions of the experiment, it became more mouldy than the former.Experiments with a mixed oatgrass/cocksfoot hay indicated that added trans‐2‐hydroxycinnamic acid and not coumarin gave rise to 4‐hydroxycoumarin which reacted with formaldehyde to produce dicoumarol. This suggests that this acid and not coumarin is the precursor of dicoumarol.The very small amounts of dicoumarol found in spoilt perennial sweet vernal hay, and the results of earlier experiments in which such hay was fed to sheep and rabbits, do not suggest that the increased use of Anthoxanthum species in pastures would lead to detrimental effects.
The mineral composition of apples. II.—Analytical methods
Authors: Perring M. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTwo methods of determination of potassium in apples using aqueous extraction and a flame photometer are described. Comparisons with results obtained by ashing show that 95–98% of the total potassium can be recovered. Methods of clarifying the extracts are compared.Methods used to determine potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus in ash solutions are discussed. It is shown that the concentrations of the other ions present in ash solutions do not interfere with the direct determination of potassium and sodium by flame photometer.
Rapid estimations of hypoxanthine concentrations as indices of the freshness of chill‐stored fish
Authors: Jones N. R. , Murray J. , Livingston E. I. , Murray C. K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractRapid estimates of hypoxanthine concentration in muscle extracts by xanthine oxidase reaction agreed well with those obtained by ion‐exchange chromatography. Assay by precipitation as the silver salt was subject to some inaccuracy. Concentrations of hypoxanthine increased throughout the period of useful storage of a number of species. The increases correlated well with most evaluations of quality by taste panel.
Studies in beef quality. IV.—A comparison of the eating quality of meat from bulls and steers
Authors: Jones K. Bryce , Harries J. M. , Robertson Jean , Akers J. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe eating quality of rib joints and silversides from 10 pairs of bull‐and‐steer twins has been investigated.Steer meat was the more tender. Overall it also had a slight advantage in juiciness and flavour. Significant differences in tenderness were found in the longissimus dorsi, biceps femoris and semi‐tendinosus muscles. The differences in quality were most marked in the region of the 7–8th rib. Shear values supported the taste panel assessment of tenderness.The bull meat contained less fat than the steer meat. Several animals, mostly bulls, yielded meat with high pH values but the meat was not dark cutting.
Availability of sulphur amino‐acids in protein foods. I.—Total sulphur amino‐acid content in relation to sulphur and nitrogen balance studies with the rat
Authors: Miller E. L. , Carpenter K. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFor a series of seven fish, meat and whale meals, there was no correlation between their sulphur content (expressed per 16 g. of N) and their net protein utilisation for rats although the quality of the protein was limited by the sulphur‐containing amino‐acids. The relationship found for a series of human diets cannot therefore be extended to processed material of the type used here. Cystine and methionine accounted for less than two‐thirds of the sulphur found in five of the samples. Digestibility of the sulphur ranged from 53 to 90% and, except for two meals which had the highest ratio of cystine to methionine, was similar to the corresponding figure for nitrogen. The product of sulphur amino‐acid content and sulphur digestibility of the meals correlated with their net protein utilisation for rats. Procedures for estimation of cystine and methionine are discussed.
Infant food based on coconut protein, groundnut protein isolate and skim milk powder. II—Overall growth‐promotinǵ value and supplementary value to poor cereal diets
Authors: Rao G. Rama , Indira K. , Ramanatham G. , Chandrasekhara M. R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe nutritive value of a spray‐dried infant food described in Part I was studied by growth experiments on albino rats. The growth of albino rats on the infant food diet was 15.3 g. as compared with 13.9 g. for a control milk food of a similar composition. A 3 : I blend of infant food and cane sugar promoted a weekly growth rate of 18.1 g. as compared with 16.1 g. obtained for a similar blend of control milk food and sugar. No significant differences were observed in the contents of liver‐protein and fat but protein and calcium contents of the carcasses of animals receiving infant food were lower than of those receiving milk food. When incorporated at 20% level (providing about 5% of extra protein) in maize‐tapioca diets and at 10% level in rice diets, the food was as effective in promoting growth in rats. However, in the compositions of the liver and carcass there were some significant though inconsistent differences, between the diets on maize‐tapioca and rice. The livers of rats receiving the supplement of infant food or milk food were normal, indicating that both the supplements were effective in correcting the protein deficiency in the diets and in preventing liver damage which occurred in the unsupplemented diets.
Some biochemical investigations into the susceptibility of barley varieties to DDT
Authors: Upshall D. G. , Goodwin T. W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe internal DDT deposits in the leaves of a barley strain (Rika) which is susceptible to DDT and of one (Proctor) which is resistant, were found to be the same. DDT specifically accumulated to the same extent in both strains.Neither DDT (2.56 × 10−5M) nor DDE (2.75 × 10−5M) inhibited the Hill reaction in either strain. When DDT at approximately 30 p.p.m. was included in a water culture solution, no adverse effect on the root system of either strain was noted; only very slight uptake of DDT into the plant was noted. The susceptible strain when germinated in the presence of DDT is not adversely affected until the 10th day, i.e., when all food reserves are used up. No significant metabolism of DDT by either strain could be observed even when [14C]‐DDT was used.Examination of 19 DDT analogues revealed three structural requirements for toxicity.It is concluded that DDT exerts its toxic effect in Rika by gaining access to a functional lipoprotein in the chloroplast by being able to penetrate the membrane; in Proctor it is adsorbed on the chloroplast but presumably cannot penetrate the chloroplast membrane.
Foliar analysis as a diagnostic technique in cocoa nutrition. I.—Sampling procedure and analytical methods
Authors: Acquaye D. K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe analytical methods used in foliar diagnosis at the Cocoa Research Institute, Tafo, are described; and their accuracy and precision tested by statistical analysis. The variables which might influence the harvesting of a representative leaf sample were studied. The age, size and position of leaf with respect to light and time of day of sampling affected nutrient concentrations of N, P, K, Mg and Ca in the leaves. Sampling of alternate trees of a plot of 100 trees (planted at 8 ft. × 8 ft.) indicated that on the average about 50% and 14% of the tree population should be sampled to show a significant difference of 10% and 20% respectively at P = 0.05.A sampling procedure is recommended.
Hydrogen sulphide production by yeasts
Authors: Rankine B. C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractHydrogen sulphide production was studied quantitatively with 64 yeasts from 12 genera in pure culture in grape juices under different conditions.Large differences were observed between strains, ranging from no detectable production using sensitive lead acetate indicator tubes to high production easily detected by smell. On the average about five times as much was produced at 30° as at 15°. The amount produced under defined conditions appears to be a constant character of the yeasts. Schizosaccharo‐myces malidevorans produced the greatest quantity, and oxidative yeasts of the genera Pichia and Candida growing as surface films gave slow production over a long period.Production by pairs of yeasts, the partners of which differed in amount produced in pure culture, was also studied. With pairs of yeasts having the high hydrogen sulphide‐producing Schizosaccharomyces as one partner, the yield was related to the proportion of this yeast in the mixture, as measured towards the end of fermentation.With yeasts producing lesser amounts, the amount produced by the pair of yeasts fermenting together was less than that expected. A possible reason for this is given.The importance of selecting a yeast with minimal hydrogen sulphide production for winemaking, and the use of an adequate volume of starter to dominate the natural yeasts is emphasized.
Studies on rumen metabolism. III.—Effect of lipids in vitro and in vivo on microbial activity
Authors: Robertson J. A. , Hawke J. C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe addition of lipids increased the formation of ammonia when strained rumen liquors were incubated anaerobically at 39° with ryegrass juice extract high in protein, but decreased the formation of ammonia when fibrous substrates low in protein were used instead of ryegrass juice extract. The addition of lipid did not affect ammonia levels in the rumen of cows on a hay diet. Lipid decreased the digestion of fibrous ryegrass constituents and cotton thread by rumen micro‐organisms in vitro and in vivo respectively. Decreased formation of acetic acid and increased formation of propionic acid also occurred in the presence of lipid. High rates of fermentation of the constituents of ryegrass juice were not affected by lipid and were accompanied by rapid hydrogenation of the constituent unsaturated fatty acids of the lipid itself.
Digestion. III—Faecal analyses and digestibility
Authors: Hellström Nils , Aamisepp Margarethe 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA study is made of five fractions (separated by a technique described) from the faeces of sheep fed on ryegrass and cocksfoot cut at different periods of growth. The correlation between the feed, the protein contents of the faeces fractions and the metabolic product is briefly discussed.