bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biological Control of Glasshouse Whitefly and Red Spider Mite on Tomatoes and Cucumbers in England and Wales, 1975–76
Authors: GOULD H. J. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYSurveys of the use of biological control programmes on cucumbers and tomatoes in England and Wales in 1975 and 1976 showed a considerable increase in the area using these programmes in 1976. It was estimated that in 1976 biological control of red spider mite (Tetranychus urticae (Koch)) was used on 89·2 ha of cucumbers and 42·1 ha of tomatoes, while Encarsia formosa Gahan was used for the control of glasshouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westw.)) on 53·8 ha of cucumbers and 85·6 ha of tomatoes. In both years satisfactory results were obtained on 72–87 per cent of the treated area.
‘Banker’ Plant Production of Encarsia formosa Gahan and its Use in the Control of Glasshouse Whitefly on Tomatoes
Authors: STACEY D. L. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARY‘Banker’ plants on which a whitefly/parasite interaction had been well established successfully controlled glasshouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westw.)) when introduced on to a commercial tomato crop at rates of 89 or 50 plants per hectare. Each plant produced about 8000 parasites over a minimum period of eight weeks and the presence of whiteflies and honeydew on these plants provided the adult parasites with a source of food during the early stages of the infestation. The principal advantages of the ‘banker’ system over existing methods in which parasites are introduced on detached leaf material are the ease of rearing the parasites and the need for only a single introduction to the glasshouse.
Cochliobolus sativus on Barley in Scotland
Authors: WHITTLE A. M. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYVery severe infection of several crops of spring barley by Cochliobolus sativus occurred in Scotland during 1971–73. The most severely infected cultivar was Clermont, the high, susceptibility of which, combined with extensive seed infection, was responsible for the outbreak. Seed‐borne infection by C. sativus was not wholly controlled by mercurial seed treatments, although no mercury tolerance was detected. The fungus is able to overwinter in the soil in Scotland and can also survive by infecting other graminaceous hosts. Several of these are believed to be new host records for this fungus in Britain.
The Effects on Narcissus Bulbs of Methyl Bromide Fumigation used to Control Bulb Scale Mite
Authors: POWELL D. F. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYNarcissus bulbs were fumigated with methyl bromide at 18°C using dosages of 130, 172, 200, 212–5, 250, 260 or 340 mg hr/1. during three storage seasons. Samples were checked for pests, especially bulb scale mite (Steneotarsonemus laticeps (Halb.)), while others were grown on and checked for effects on subsequent growth. Laboratory examination of samples after fumigation showed that all the mites had been killed by the five largest but not by the two smallest dosages. However, live mites were found when bulbs fumigated with any of the dosages were lifted after another growing season. Mite populations also increased while bulbs were in store. No significant phytotoxicity was observed after any except the largest of the dosages tested. A treatment of 250 mg hr/1. with five hours’ exposure is recommended as being virtually non‐phytotoxic and providing satisfactory control of bulb scale mite.
Aldicarb‐treatment of Year‐round Chrysanthemums for Control of Red Spider Mite, Tetranychus urticae (Koch), in 1976
Authors: STONE L. E. W. , LANE A. , HAMMON R. P. , GOULD H. J. , POTTER R. F. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYObservations in nurseries in Hampshire, Kent, Sussex, Gloucestershire and Avon in 1976 showed that aldicarb‐treatment of year‐round chrysanthemums no longer prevented infestation by Tetranychus urticae. The evidence suggests that strains resistant to this acaricide had been selected.
A Case Study of the Aetiology of Ergot Disease of Cereals and Grasses
Authors: MANTLE P. G. , SHAW S. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYThe distribution and sequence of infection of grass and cereal hosts of ergot (Claviceps purpurea (Fr.) TuL) was observed during 1972–73 at a farm locality in Oxfordshire. Analysis of the alkaloid content of ergot sclerotia formed on these hosts indicated the presence of at least four distinct strains of the fungus which exhibited some host restriction. Strains parasitizing Lolium perenne, Dactylis glomerata, Holcus lanatus and Arrhenatherum elatius were, both on the evidence of the timing of natural infections and their sclerotial alkaloid content, of little importance in the aetiology of ergot disease of cereals. The qualitative spectrum of the major alkaloids was common to ergots collected from Alopecurus myosuroides, A. pratensis, wheat and barley. This supports the view that A. pratensis as a spring‐flowering grass, and A. myosuroides as an early‐flowering weed grass in cereal crops, may have important roles in the aetiology of ergot disease of cereals.
Effects of Seed Treatments on Septoria nodorum Infection of Winter Wheat
Authors: BATEMAN C. L. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYControl of seed‐borne Septoria nodorum on winter wheat by seed treatment with one of two organomercury compounds at various rates, or with carboxin, maneb, guazatine, quinacetol sulphate or thiabendazole, was investigated in two field experiments in eastern England during 1973–75 and in growth‐room tests. All the non‐mercurial fungicides were as effective as the optimum rates of organomercury compounds in preventing seedling infection. Subsequent development of S. nodorum on the upper leaves, and of mildew, sharp eyespot and eyespot, was not influenced by seed treatment.
A New Pathotype of the Potato Cyst Nematode Globodera pallida
Authors: FULLER J. M. , HOWARD H. W. , STONE A. R. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYBy using new experimental clones bred from the Andigena source of resistance CPC 2802, a Globodera pallida population from near Boston, Lincolnshire, was shown to be a previously unrecognized pathotype, although it would be classified as Pa 2 according to the scheme of Kort, Ross, Rumpenhorst and Stone (1977). As a result, modification of the scheme will be necessary.
A New Systemic Fungicide to Control Red Core of Strawberry
Authors: MONTGOMERIE ISABEL G. , KENNEDY D. M. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYThe fungicides ‘Glycophene,’ neutral Bordeaux mixture and pyroxychlor, triadimefon, DPX 3217, LS 73 1038, and cycloheximide were compared with fenaminosulf for activity against Phytophthora fragariae Hickman in pot experiments. Symptoms of red core were not detected in strawberry plants dipped in LS 73 1038 before planting and subsequently inoculated with mycelial discs and zoospore suspensions of the fungus. The amount of disease was decreased when this fungicide was applied as a soil drench before or after inoculation or as a foliar spray before inoculation. No symptoms were detected in plants growing in compost which had been drenched with cycloheximide. The other fungicides did not decrease red core.
Observations on the Origins of Septoria nodorum Infection of Winter Wheat
Authors: JENKYN J. F. , KING J. E. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYIn field experiments with winter wheat in Hertfordshire, seed infection with Septoria nodorum and the incorporation of infected straw into seedbeds were often correlated with reduced seedling establishment and increased seedling infection. Artificially infected straw was a less effective source of inoculum than naturally infected straw, which gave rise to the most severe leaf symptoms in one season when heavy rain favoured the development of an epidemic. In an experiment where a severe epidemic did not develop, organomercury seed treatment was the most important factor increasing seedling emergence and grain yield, also apparently leading to decreased Septoria infection of the flag leaf sheath. Spores from lesions which developed after plots were sprayed with a suspension of pycnidiospores of S. nodorum were not always morphologically typical of that species.
Reaction of Barley to Cereal Root‐knot Nematode, Meloidogyne naasi
Authors: OGUNFOWORA A. O. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYAmong 17 cultivars of barley tested in the glasshouse, none was immune to Meloidogyne naasi Franklin: galled tissues contained typical mature females and egg masses. However, some cultivars were more prone to damage than others. Tillering and grain yield of six barley cultivars were compared in sterilized and M. naasi‐infested soil. Despite the addition of fertiliser and supplementary watering, infested plants produced significantly fewer tillers and lower yields of grain.
Effects of Fungicides and Insecticides on Mildew, Viruses and Root Yield of Swedes
Authors: JENKYN J. F. , RAWLINSON C. J. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYFungicides, applied to control powdery mildew (Erysiphe cruciferarum Opiz ex L. Junell) on swedes (Brassica napus L. var. napobrassica Peterm), increased root yield by up to 66, 57 and 45 per cent in 1974, 1975 and 1976 respectively. In 1975, early‐sown swedes yielded more than late‐sown swedes when sprayed to control mildew. Untreated swedes gave similar yields whether sown early or late. Early sowing also increased the incidence of virus diseases. Insecticide sprays decreased aphid numbers but had little effect on virus incidence; they significantly increased root yield when tested in 1975 but not in 1976.
Observations on Potato Disease Incidence Following Soil Application of a Granular Fungicide‐Bactericide at Planting
Authors: COPELAND R. B. , LOGAN C. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYA granular formulation (Byatran) combining a systemic fungicide (thiabendazole) and a bactericide (iodophor) was applied to the soil at the time of planting potatoes in 1974 and 1975. Observations indicated little or no effect of this material on the incidence of gangrene, common and powdery scab, black scurf, skin spot, silver scurf and black leg. The treatment was associated in both years with a slight but non‐significant increase in yield of cv. Ulster Sceptre but not of cv. Majestic.
Seed Treatment with Dichlorophen to Control Fusarium solani f. sp. phaseoli on Phaseolus vulgaris
Authors: MUSSA A. E. A. , RUSSELL P. E. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYDichlorophen inhibited germ tube development and the mycelial growth of Fusarium solani f. sp. phaseoli both on solid and in liquid media. Tests on seedlings in the glasshouse showed that dichlorophen applied as either a drench at 500 or 1000 μg/ml or as a dry powder to the seed could be used to control Fusarium solani foot rot of Phaseolus vulgaris, although the degree of control was dependent upon the concentration used and on the method of application.
Use of Forecasting in Chemical Control of Black Bean Aphid, Aphis fabae Scop., on Spring‐sown Field Beans, Vicia faba L.
Authors: WAY M. J. , CAMMELL M. E. , GOULD H. J. , ALFORD D. V. , GRAHAM C. W. , LANE A. , LIGHT W. I. St. G. , RAYNER J. M. , HEATHCOTE G. D. , FLETCHER K. E. , SEAL K. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYCounts of Aphis fabae Scop, eggs in winter and of the active stages in May on the spindle bush, Euonymus europaeus L., are used to predict the need for chemical control of the black bean aphid on spring‐sown field beans, Vicia faba L. For the purposes of forecasting, most of England south of the Humber is divided into 18 areas for which separate forecasts are made. A level of 5 per cent of plants colonized on the SW. headlands of fields in early to mid‐June is used as an economic threshold above which control measures are justified.From 1970 to 1975, area forecasts of the probability of attack were successful. According to the sampled fields there was considerable annual variation in the size of infestations, ranging from widespread, potentially damaging populations in 1973 and 1974 to very small populations in 1975. There was also considerable variation between areas: for example, in East Anglia and the East Midlands treatment was justified only in 1973 and 1974, whereas in Hampshire and Worcestershire/Herefordshire treatment was justified in all years except 1975. It was estimated that, from 1970 to 1975, control based on forecasting would have led to a gain of £11·4/ha over no treatment, and £3·8/ha over correctly timed routine preventive treatment applied annually irrespective of the aphid situation.
Surveys of Diseases of Winter Wheat in England and Wales, 1970–75
Authors: KING J. E. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYSamples from 265–333 randomly selected crops of winter wheat in England and Wales were taken annually from 1970 to 1975 after heading, the main sample being at the milky‐ripe growth stage. The percentage of the area of the top two leaves affected by diseases was recorded and, in the last five years, samples were tested for infection by barley yellow dwarf virus: in 1975 stem base diseases were recorded. Scptoria was the most common and severe disease in four of the six years. In. 1970 mildew was most severe and, in 1975, brown rust. The severity of infection by Septoria tended to be greater in southern and western areas in wetter summers and in crops following a previous cereal. Yellow rust was most severe in 1972, when it was very prevalent on cv. Joss Cambier. In 1973 the disease was less severe, but in 1974 and 1975 the severities of both yellow and brown rusts increased in association with the popularity of susceptible cultivars. There was a tendency for yellow rust to be more severe on early‐sown crops. In 1975, eyespot was recorded on 11·8 per cent of the stems. 1·8 per cent of the symptoms being severe. Fungicidal sprays were associated with a slightly smaller incidence of stem base diseases. Estimates of percentage loss in yield due to particular diseases vary from almost zero caused by yellow rust in 1970 to 7·4 per cent loss caused by Septoria in 1972.
Colorado Beetles Reported in England, Wales and Scotland, 1976
Authors: BARTLETT P. W. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYIn 1976 one breeding colony of the Colorado beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), was found in England. This was the first colony to be found since 1952. In addition 24] single beetles were found in England and Wales, of which 23 were alive. This is the largest annual total for 27 years. Seventy‐six single beetles were found in Scotland, of which two were alive. Details of these finds are presented. The outstanding features were the large numbers associated with wheat (240) from Holland and France and with rye seed (49) from Holland.
Multiplication of some South American and European Populations of Potato Cyst Nematodes on Potatoes Possessing the Resistance Genes H1, H2 and H3
Authors: FRANCO J. , EVANS K. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYAbility to overcome the resistance of genes H1, H2 and H3 incorporated in potato cultivars was compared in 44 South American and nine European populations of potato cyst nematodes (Globodera spp.) by recording the development of females on rooted stem cuttings grown in pots in a glasshouse. Most of the South American populations were able to multiply on all the potato plants containing resistance genes, whereas the European populations were unable to overcome the resistance of at least one of the genes. Of particular note, however, was a population of Globodera rostochiensis from Italy which overcame resistance conferred by gene H1. Our results suggest that European populations of potato cyst nematodes contain only a fraction of the genetic variability found in South American populations.
Application of Dichlofluanid by Thermal Fogging for the Control of Grey Mould of Tomato
Authors: MORGAN W. M. , SPENCER D. M. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYThe effectiveness of dichlofluanid, applied at three frequencies with thermal fogging equipment, was compared with that of a standard high‐volume spray (HV) of the same fungicide for the control of natural and artificial infections of Botrytis cinerea on unheated glasshouse tomatoes. Control of the disease on stems and petioles was best when fogged fungicide was applied at intervals of 3–4 days. Weekly fogging and fortnightly HV treatment were similar in the degree of disease control they achieved whilst the least effective treatment was fortnightly fogging. There was an inverse relationship between disease control and distance from the fogging machine. Control of ghost‐spotting on fruit in the crop canopy was better with HV than with any of the fogging treatments.
Review of Losses caused by Virus Yellows in English Sugar Beet Crops and the Cost of Partial Control with Insecticides
Authors: HEATHCOTE G. D. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYFrom 1970 to 1975, before soil‐applied pesticides were widely used by sugar beet growers in England, virus yellows is estimated to have caused an annual loss representing about 5 per cent of the crop's potential yield, equivalent to about £4·2 million at the 1974 price for beet. At least £0·9 million were spent annually by growers on insecticides to give partial control of yellows, probably giving a yield increase worth thrice that sum. When 20 per cent or more of sugar beet plants show symptoms of virus yellows at the end of August crop yields are appreciably decreased, and the proportion of the national crop area in this category during 1970–75 ranged from less than 1 to 86 per cent (averaging 30 per cent).
Colorado Beetles Reported in England, Wales and Scotland, 1977
Authors: BARTLETT P. W. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYIn 1977 one breeding colony of the Colorado beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), was found in England. In addition 258 single beetles were found in England and Wales, of which 73 were alive. This is the largest annual total of single beetles ever found. Twenty‐four single beetles were found in Scotland, of which eight were alive. Details of these finds are presented. The outstanding features were the large numbers associated with wheat (170) from Holland and France, with vehicles (28) from continental Europe and with fresh vegetables (25). Live female beetles kept in the laboratory after capture laid an average of 1039 eggs each (range 72–2926) and the average percentage hatch was 36 (range 0–67).
Rainfall and the Occurrence of Phytophthom syringae Fruit Rot of Apples in Kent 1973–75
Authors: UPSTONE M. E. , GUNN E. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYThe occurrence of Phytophthora syringae (Kleb.) Kleb, fruit rot in commercial crops of apple cv. Cox's Orange Pippin in Kent was associated with rain during the harvest period, particularly in 1973 when a major infection date was identified. Infection may have occurred by means of rain splash from soil or from soil contaminating storage bins or fruit handling equipment. Secondary spread of the disease during refrigerated storage in a controlled atmosphere often increased infection, particularly in long‐term stored fruit.
The True Identity of the Cherry Fruit Moth in Britain
Authors: ALFORD D. V. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYObservations in cherry and plum orchards in England confirm that, as on the continent of Europe, Argyresthia pruniella (Clerck) and not A. curvella (L.) is associated with these crops. The pest status of A. curvella on cherry, therefore, should no longer apply and in its place A. pruniella should be designated the cherry fruit moth.
The Effect of Marasmius oreades in Pasture
Authors: HARDWICK N. V. , HEARD A. J. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYIn 1974–76 a study of fairy rings in West Sussex caused by Marasmius oreades (Bolt ex Fries) Fries indicated that they can be a severe problem in pastures under intensive management. The yield of high quality grassland was decreased directly by the bare rings produced by the fungus and by alteration of the botanical composition of the sward by permitting the introgression of weed species.
The Occurrence of Brome Mosaic Virus in Britain
Authors: GIBSON R. W. , KENTEN R. H. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYBrome mosaic virus (BMV), a virus not previously reported from Britain, was found in 1976 at Rothamsted, Hertfordshire, in Phleum bertolonii DC. Physically and serologically, the isolate was indistinguishable from an American strain of BMV and the two could be differentiated only by the symptoms they caused in Chenopodium murale L.
Fungicidal Control of Botrytis cinerea on Grape‐vines in England
Authors: HUNTER T. , WHITELEY L. A. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYSporulation from sclerotia of Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Pers. on grapevine canes was suppressed for 14 days in laboratory trials by tar/petroleum oil, but not by other materials tested. Dichlofluanid gave the most effective control of B. cinerea during the growing season, but benomyl and the substituted hydantoin fungicide, iprodione, reduced fruit infection significantly. Completion of fermentation was delayed in juice extracted from fruit harvested eight days after the final spray of dichlofluanid or chlorothalonil had been applied.
Coccinellid Beetles on Sugar Beet in Eastern England, 1961–75
Authors: HEATHCOTE G. D. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYThe times of flight and the annual fluctuations in the numbers of coccinellid beetles on sugar beet crops in eastern England from 1961 to 1975 were determined using yellow, cylindrical sticky traps and by examining plants in plots which had not been treated with insecticide. Adalia bipunctata (L.) was the coccinellid most often trapped and it formed 33 per cent of the total catch. Propylea 14‐punctata (L.) formed 25 per cent of the total catch. Coccinella septempunctata L. was less often caught, forming only nine per cent of the total catch on traps, and it was uncommon on sugar beet except when the plants were heavily infested with Aphis fabae Scop, in August. The ‘plagues’ of C. septempunctata occasionally recorded on the East Anglian coast occurred only in years when aphids had been common on cereal crops.Although coccinellids are one of the causes of the rapid decline of aphid populations on sugar beet in August, no evidence was found that they play an important part in controlling the spread of yellowing viruses. However, they may prevent a crop from becoming heavily infested with aphids which are potential vectors in the spring and they may destroy aphids overwintering on virus‐infected weeds and other sources of infection.
The Effects of Pesticides on a Perennial Ryegrass Sward
Authors: PLUMB R. T. , JENKYN J. F. , BROOM E. W. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYDazomet, applied to the soil in September 1972, increased the dry matter yield in 1973 of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) cv. Gremie sown that spring in Hertfordshire. The greatest increase (60 per cent) was where least nitrogen had been applied and was not apparently the result of differences in pathogen or pest incidence. Sprays of the fungicides benodanil and benomyl, and drenches of captafol, did not affect yield in 1973 or 1974, although benodanil controlled crown rust (Puccinia coronata Corda) in August and September 1973.Sprays of the acaricide endosulfan and the aphicide menazon had no detectable effects in 1973. In 1974, endosulfan sprays, either alone or with menazon, controlled Abacarus hystrix (Nal.), the mite vector of ryegrass mosaic virus (RMV), decreased RMV incidence from 54 to 26 per cent and increased dry matter yield by six per cent.Mildew (Erysiphe graminis DC.) was observed in 1973 and leaf spot (Drechslera spp.) was common in 1973 and 1974, but infection by both d0iseases was only slight. The incidence of barley yellow dwarf virus was slight and not apparently affected by the treatments. Root discoloration was common but not affected by dazomet or captafol. Fusarium culmorum (W. G. Smith) Sacc. was commonly isolated from very discoloured roots and one isolate, which was weakly pathogenic to ryegrass, killed wheat seedlings. After cutting, patches of grass in plots given 150 kg nitrogen/ha/cut showed poor regrowth, but this could not be associated with pathogens. Mildew and RMV were most common on plots given most nitrogen (150 kg N/ha/cut). RMV and its vectors were apparently more detrimental during the experiment than were other pathogens.