bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Smolder of Cellulosic Fabrics. III. The Control of Radical Driven Reactions
Authors: Dyakonov Alexander J. , Grider David A. 
Published: March 2007

The temperature programmed decomposition of cellulosic fabric was studied. Temperature Programmed Reaction (TPR) experiments performed in an inert atmosphere revealed that UV irradiation of #6 cotton duck fabric pro moted an increase in the degree of cellulose decomposition, while decreasing the onset temperature of decomposition. DSC-in-air experiments using these sam ples verified these observations. DSC spectra for non-irradiated samples revealed little difference in heat flows. Intramolecular redox reactions induced during UV irradiation formed hydroperoxide groups, generating relatively low heat flow. These results imply that the major role of incorporated oxygen was the facilitation of low heat cellu lose degradation and cleavage reactions. Potassium iodide introduced into the fabric resulted in lower cellulose degradation activity in an inert gas at tempera tures below 240°C. Reduction of the peroxide groups in the cellulose by iodide ions was assumed to cause this change. Monoethanolamine and nicotine were also applied to the cellulosic fabric, de creasing the rate of CO x formation. DSC spectra showed that low temperature heat-producing cleavage was suppressed. Nicotine and other components of ciga rette smoke were found to act as inhibitors of the onset of cellulosic smolder, thus preventing the smolder of cellulosic fabric.
The Role of Demographic and Economic Characteristics of Twelve Member States of the European Union in the Diversity of State Support for Families
Authors: Ray J.C. 
Published: March 2007

This study is based upon an international dataset comparing state support for families in fifteen countries (of which twelve are member states of the European Union). The data, which deal with 84 model families, are for the year 1992 and were originally presented in an article in this journal in 1993 (Bradshaw et al. 1993a). Using multiple regression analysis, the levels of state support are explained by the principal parameters used for setting the levels of ben efit, and by the demographic and economic characteristics of the countries concerned. Similar regression analyses are then under taken for each country separately, limited to the benefit parameters. From a comparison of these various regres sions it seems that each of the two sets of fac tors plays an important role. This suggests that the economic convergence of the member states is likely to promote greater similarity in their systems of state welfare support for fam ilies. Nevertheless, the differences which emerge can be interpreted as reflecting differ ing priorities. A definite effort of political will would be necessary for the convergence of national family welfare policies to become a reality.
Retrenchment, Reproduction, Modernization: Pension Politics and the Decline of the German Breadwinner Model
Authors: Meyer Traute 
Published: March 2007

The German welfare state in gendered welfare state analyses is widely recognized as a strong male breadwinner model: its institutions sup port the traditional division of labour and low female labour force participation. This article seeks to show that due to diminishing political support this model is eroding. The article starts from the assumption that the welfare state is a mediator between dy namic social and economic requirements. Therefore social policy regulations need to be adjusted continuously. This need has intensi fied over the last decade because of growing global economic competition and the collapse of the East German economy. The way social policymakers reacted to this pressure for reform shows no active support for the poli cies that help to maintain women's economic dependency on 'breadwinners'. This will be demonstrated by an analysis of the positions of the political actors involved in two major pension reforms, one in 1989 and one in 1997. According to their public statements these actors were motivated by three factors: firstly, they agreed that retrenchment measures were necessary; secondly, the intention to secure generational reproduction by improving carers' independent rights was dominant; thirdly, reforms were motivated by the inten tion to make the pension system more just. The direction of the reforms is to reduce the economic attractiveness of marriage and to create stronger incentives to be employed.
The 'Interpreter Effect': Rendering Interpreters Visible in Cross-Cultural Research and Methodology
Authors: Jentsch Birgit 
Published: March 2007

Social science literature dealing with cross-cul tural research tends to discuss 'language' as a methodological problem. One focus is hereby on testing the equivalence of concepts in dif ferent languages, usually in relation to one survey carried out in various countries. However, what hardly seems to feature are ex periences and thoughts on the social process of conducting interviews with a party of a differ ent linguistic background from that of the in terviewer, and the possible role of interpreters. It is in clinical interviewing in the mental health services where such issues have received considerable attention. This article is based mainly on two sources of knowledge and experience: first, on litera ture about the methodological issues gener ated by mainly clinical interviews conducted with interpreters; second, on experiences re lated to my thesis fieldwork in Budapest, which comprised 26 interviews with labour and management representatives, carried out with the assistance of interpreters. On this basis, the following issues are addressed: the possible interview bias arising due to the inter preter's background characteristics; the poten tial difficulties which are likely to occur, in particular when lay interpreters are involved; the possible lack of control over the interview process. Finally, the role of the interpreter as providing the non-native interviewer with a cultural context is explored.
In Search of Foundations: the Oeuvre of Donald L. Gelpi, Sj, and Its Significance for Pentecostal Theology and Philosophy
Authors: Yong Amos 
Published: March 2007

AbstractDonald L. Gelpi, SJ, has been one of the few individuals who has developed a systematic philosophical theology and spirituality that are imbued with intuitions derived from the (in his case, Catholic) charismatic experience. His insights remain to be appreciated as such by Pentecostal and charis matic scholars working in these areas. This essay seeks to introduce the work of Gelpi to Pentecostal and charismatic philosophers and theologians by providing broad overviews of the central themes of Gelpi's project begun in the early 1970s and more explicitly developed in his most recent books. I will focus on three motifs in Gelpi's oeuvre—his foundational pneumatol ogy, his theological anthropology, and his theological method—and explore how they intersect with, complement, and perhaps even chart fresh avenues for Pentecostal-charismatic scholarship.
Charismata: Gifts, Enablements, or Ministries?
Authors: Aker Benny 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn the midst of a growing awareness of spiritual gifts in contemporary church culture and in the academy, much confusion exists. The use of the term 'charismata' promotes this confusion and is not an appropriate label for the biblical evidence of such activity. The problem lies in a deficient linguistic and exegetical handling of this term—a problem identified by James Barr long ago and brought to the fore by Kenneth Berding. Proper exegesis overcomes this prevalent exegetical and linguistic fallacy and suggests another term, diakonia. However, a more foundational conception of both the church and ministry is lacking. By analyzing Pauline anthropol ogy in Romans, an enduring and foundational model for gifts and ministries emerges. This model is the Pauline conception of the church as God's tem ple. People who are delivered from sin's power through identifying with Jesus' death, burial, and resurrection and who have the Spirit are free to give themselves both as sacrifice and temple servants in spiritual ministries. One other caution is raised and discussed. One must avoid the charge in practice and theology of Spirit-monism. Basic structures of the New Testament always place Jesus as the One through whom the Spirit comes. Conse quently, all Spirit activity must in some way be christological and sote riological in nature. Some contemporary applications are derived from this biblical theology of Church and ministry.
Spirit Christology: Seeing in Stereo
Authors: Habets Myk 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn light of recent discussions in this journal and the wider debate over pneumatology, Habets presents a proposal for a Trinitarian Spirit Christology that may satisfy the concerns of contemporary Roman Catholicism, Evangelicalism and Pentecostalism alike. Habets holds that a Trinitarian Spirit Christology satisfies the requirements for a biblical Christology when it is seen not as a replacement for but a complement to the existing Logos Christology. By building on the work of contemporary Roman Catholic, Pentecostal and Reformed theologians, a Spirit Christology holds out significant promise for the future of Spirit talk. A comprehensive Spirit Christology must fulfil certain christological criteria and will necessitate a revised trinitarian model, both of which Habets outlines in this essay.
The Pentecostal-Moltmann Dialogue: Implications for Mission
Authors: Lord Andrew 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA lively dialogue on pneumatology took place in JPT 4 (April 1994) be tween Jürgen Moltmann and Pentecostal scholars. I want to return to this dialogue and examine two of the key differences in understanding, suggest ing that Pentecostals focus on the 'particular' and the 'transcendent' whereas Moltmann emphasizes the 'universal' and the 'immanent'. These differences are of significant importance in the theology and practice of mission. Although both Moltmann and Pentecostals share a desire for mission to be holistic and experiential, they differ over the means of mission and charac teristics of mission. In some ways this difference reflects the wider differ ence between ecumenical and evangelical theologies of mission. Building on the dialogue, I want to suggest the outline of a way beyond these differences by suggesting a pneumatological framework for mission. This framework grounds mission in movements of the Holy Spirit and is suggestive of a new way forward in the theology of mission.
Discerning the Spirit in Life: a Review of God the Spirit By Michael Welker
Authors: Macchia Frank 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn contrast to all so-called natural pneumatologies, it has... become clear that the Spirit does not 'somehow or other' enlist the services of 'everything'. Instead, the Spirit who acts in the fullness of time 'rests' decisively on the selfless, suffering, and despised Messiah... But in contrast to all 'pneumatologies of the "beyond"', it has become clear that God's Spirit acts in, on, and through fleshly, perishable, earthly life, and precisely in this way wills to attest to God's glory and to reveal the forces of eternal life.1
Involvement in Sport and Watching of Sport Events of Workers at a Large Enterprise in Budapest
Authors: Tamásné Földesi 
Published: March 2007

In her study, the author investigates the relationship of workers in Hungary, today, with the sport-club, sport performance and mass sport of their "own" enterprise. She examines, by questionnaire-method in a so-called representative sample, selected by mathematical-statistcial methods from about 30,000 workers of a large municipal enterprise: — which place does participation in competitions, contests at the factory, talks about sport-organizations, competitions, competitors, and actual sport activi ty, occupy on the scale of values of workers? — what kind of differences are there in this respect between various social strata and groups? — which are the most important sociological characteristics of those involved in sport? Results obtained in the course of investigations are suitable for orienting further work of the enterprise concerned, and that of its sport club.
An Attempt Defining the Influence of Selected Factors Exerted on Results in Sport and Gymnastics
Authors: Szot Zbigniew , Jurkiewicz Bogdan 
Published: March 2007

The authors set themselves the goal to examine the interaction between five selected variables and to establish the hierarchy of significance of the influence of some of them on results in sport and gymnastics. (Social origin, age, practice as competitor, marital state and the age of starting to practice gymnastics). Forty-four top-class competitors, 40 competitors of the national champion category (NC) and 22 of the international champion category (IC) were subjected to an analysis. The method used was an analysis of multiple regressicn, based en the structure of mathematical models. The results obtained indicate a remarkable influence of the social origin, practice as competitor and marital state on results in sport and gymnastics. Competitors of working class origin at the beginning of their career (first class and national champion category) obtain worse results than competitors from intellectual circles. This thesis did not find confirmation as regards the category of international champions, where competitors of working class origin obtain better results than their peers from families of intellectuals. The practice as competitor exerts a positive influence, i.e. one year more of practice improves the results on an average by 1.102 points. The analysis also reveals that competitors who are single obtain better results than those who are married.
Sport as a Show
Authors: Ponomariev N.I. 
Published: March 2007

A sport show exerts a complex and manifold influence on the Spectators, beginning with social and psychological to aesthetic and biological ones. Spectator sport contributes to the talking shape of group moods and solidarity. It is an important factor influencing group psychology. Victory of athletes is the principal factor creating the ideological and educational effect of the show. Sport as a show appears in its direct form, such as competitions, sport festivals or parades as well as sport shows or in its indirect form (television reportages, film). The speetator, sport fan and public are the "consumers" of the show. Perception of the sport show is for the sport fans of a direct nature, mutual influence develops in a psychological manner, by means of imitation. The spectator identifies with the athletes' activity. Differences in the behaviour of the spectators, making their appearance during the sport event reflect the level of their interest in sport. Thus, the attitudes of spectators are social behaviour and the sport show itself is an element of culture. The socio-economic conditions in which sport shows function exert a decisive influence on the content and form of the social phenomenon, brought forth by them.
Social Status of Indian Elite Sportsmen in Perspective of Social Stratification and Mobility
Authors: Sohi A.S. 
Published: March 2007

Sooial stratification as a socio-cultural perspective has been shown related to life chances, consequences and life style in general. An individual in a social stra tum is so circumstanced that he is destined to develop a particular behavioral dispo sition in general. In line with this context, a few studies have been conducted revealing that participation in sports both as recreational and competitive, is significantly related to the various social classes or strata. Incidentally, such studies have been conducted in developed countries. The studies in socialist countries have revealed that sports participation is open to every one. India's position is quite interesting in this respect as it is a fast developing country and gradually the tradi tional social stratification is also loosing its old but strong hold. The present study has been undertaken with two major hypotheses. First, the participation in sports at higher competition level requires a certain reinforcement induced through social stratification both the traditional and newly emerging one. Second, achievement in sports provides some leaverage for social mobiblity among the sportsmen. Sportsmen from seven sports numbering 180 who came to attend coaching camps to prepare for major international encounters, were included in the sample. The data were collected with the help of standard instrument in the form of a questionnaire. The caste and class status of these respondents were established in a very objective manner and various social indices were considered for this purpose. The findings of the study revealed that: I. In terms of traditional caste system, most of the sportsmen came from higher castes. II. In view of the emerging class system, most of them belong to the middle class. III. Mobility in a certain aspect can be observed. IV. Religion has been seen as influencing sports participation. V. Further, in short, there has been seen a relationship between the type of sport and strata. Some of the stratification indices were highly related to the type of social stratification, i.e. caste and class. There is sufficient evidence that there is a social hierarchy of sports which follows the status hierarchy in stratification.
Competitive Sport and Sport Success in the Olympic Games: A Cross-Cultural Analysis of Value Systems
Authors: Seppänen Paavo 
Published: March 2007

Any culture provides activities which can be identified as a kind of play, game, contest or sport. Equally obvious is the fact that the types of play, games and sport as well as the emphasis put on competition vary greatly from time to time and society to society. For a sociologist the variation is a "why". Numerous studies suggest that particular kinds of games and plays are more characteristic than some others of any culture. Similarly it is obvious that the variation, the emphasis put on competition and success in modern sport is based on cultural values and social order. The records of medal winners of all the Olympic Games since 1896 suggest that sports achievements and sports success are highly characteristic of Western civilization, which, in the wider sense of the word, covers all the societies whose culture is primarily based on Hellenic-Roman heritage on the one hand and Judaic-Christianity on the other. An essential element in Western culture explaining high sports achievements is considered to be a more or less fundamental belief in progress - not only in sports but also in science, technology and economy. The variation of achievements within Western culture is thought to be due to varying nuances of values in various branches of Western heritage and the type of liberties allowed by the existing social order.
Modernizing Effects on Sports and Physical Activities among Korean Adults
Authors: Kim Manshik 
Published: March 2007

Many Koreans engage in a variety of sports and physical activities during their leisure time. However, their involvement in certain sports has been largely decided by their material conditions, attitudes, and values. A survey was conducted to determine the relative contributions of class backgrounds and value orientations to two kinds of sports involvement (traditional and modern sports involvements). The results of analyses of sports participation models prompted three major conclusions: 1. Korean adults living in Seoul valued rationalism and collectivism; there was no preference either for conservatism or progressivism nor for nonmaterialism or materialism. 2. Both social class and a collective orientation are related to participation in modern sports activities among male adults living in Seoul, Korea. In other words, people who are more well off and value collectivism are more likely to participate in modern sports. 3. Analysis suggests that cultural dual structure is present in a Korean society.
Sport as Symbol
Authors: Krawczyk Zbigniew 
Published: March 2007

This paper is an attempt to analyse sport in semiological categories, i.e. of sign and symbol. The author accepts the significative layer of sport is nearest to the nature of a myth. Contemporary sport expresses the industrial society's desire to compete, to reach for perfection, individual fame and riches. It also satisfies the hope for rapid horizontal and vertical mobility, for women to surmount biological and culture barriers and for the abolition of ethnical and racial inequality. It further expresses the longing for universal ethical principles and for escape from the spiritless conditions of a profane world. In the author's view, the basic forms of symbolizing sporting behaviors have been expressed by: the ideology of sport, utopia of sport, ethics of sport, sporting art, science of sports and a ritual of a sacral nature.
Practice Patterns of Advanced Practice Psychiatric Nurses
Authors: Campbell Cindy D. , Musil Carol M. , Zauszniewski Jaclene A. 
Published: March 2007

BACKGROUND: Research about the nature and scope of advanced psychiatric nurse prac tice is critical to validating advanced practice and further developing the role of the advanced practice nurse. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to describe the characteristics and the practice and prescriptive patterns of advanced practice psychiatric nurses (APPNs). Research questions included: (a) What are the characteristics of APPNs? (b) What are the prac tice patterns of APPNs? (c) What are the prescribing patterns of APPNs? (d) Do APPNs with prescriptive authority dependent on physicians differ in prescribing patterns from those APPNs with prescriptive authority independent of physicians? (e) Are APPNs with prescriptive authority dependent on physicians in the form of a protocol more likely to practice in urban areas than in rural areas? STUDY DESIGN: This study was a descriptive cross-sectional survey of a random sample of 500 APPNs selected from the approximately 800 names included in the American Nurses Credentialing Center directory. RESULTS: Nurses in this sample were most likely to be older (mean age 50 years) women holding a masters degree or higher and working less than 40 hours per week in at least one or more subspecialties with an average of 13 years experience in the role. Most of these nurses earned between $30,000 and $69,999. They tended to be employed by an organization at least part of the time, with the rest of their time spent in private prac tice. Most (93%) of the APPNs in this study spent their time divided between two or more outpatient activities. Prescribing patterns for major tranquilizers, mood stabilizers, and antiparkinsonian agents differed based on dependence on protocol of prescriptive authority. APPNs in this sample were no more likely to practice in urban or rural areas when their prescriptive authority was independent or dependent on a physician. CONCLUSION: APPNs have decisions to make about the future of their role in a climate that demands more intensive treatment for a much smaller fee. ( J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc [1998]. 4, 111-120)