bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ALPRENOLOL DURING HALOTHANE ANAESTHESIA IN SURGIAL PATIENTS
Authors: Johnstone Michael 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYAlprenolol 10 mg has been given intravenously to each of 70 atropinised patients lightly anaesthetised with halothane in oxygen. Evidence of reflex adrenergic overactivity of the heart was present in each patient before alprenolol was injected. Alprenolol completely blocked the chronotropic, inotropic and dysrhythmic reactions of the heart to reflex adrenergic stimulation. In the dose used the drug had no effect on the dromotropic activity of the heart.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGAlprenolol wurde in einer Dosis von 10 mg an 70 Patienten intravenös verabreicht, die atropinisiert und mit Halothan‐Sauerstoff oberflächlich anaesthesiert waren. Bei allen Patienten waren vor der Injektion von Alprenolol Zeichen einer reflektorischen adrenergischen Hyperaktivität des Herzens vorhanden. Alprenolol blockierte die chronotropischen, inotropischen und dysrhytmischen Reaktionen des Herzens auf reflektorische adrenergische Stimulation komplett. In der angewandten Dosierung hatte das Mittel keinen Einfluss auf dromotrope Aktivität des Herzens.
The Pathophysiology of Cerebral Anoxia
Authors: Ingvar David H. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYMeasurements of regional cerebral blood flow have demonstrated that cerebral anoxia destroys the normal “metabolic” regulation of the flow as well as the normal autoregulation of the cerebrovascular resistance. This leads to cerebral “vasomotor paralysis” or “luxury perfusion” (Lassen (1966)22), during which the rate of flow is increased above the post‐anoxi‐cally lowered metabolic demands. Cerebral anoxia may also, apart from causing cerebral hyperaemia, lead to an increased fluid filtration in the capillaries and possibly also an increased cellular water uptake. Although these mechanisms are not fully understood, it seems likely that they contribute to the development of brain oedema in the postanoxic phase.In patients with focal occlusive (anoxic) lesions, several of the above events can be demonstrated directly by means of neuroradiological procedures and measurements of regional cerebral blood flow. Following general brain anoxia the cerebral vasomotor paralysis and ensuing oedema may set up a vicious circle which leads to an increase in the intracranial pressure, which may further augment the anoxia and—in severe cases—give rise to global brain ischaemia and extensive brain necrosis.
Vasopressor‐Cardiotonig Drugs in Cardiac Resuscitation
Authors: Jude James R. , Neumaster Terry , Kfoury Emile 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYIntravenous vasopressor‐cardiotonic drugs have been shown to be valuable agents in cardiac resuscitation to increase the perfusion pressure developed by external or internal cardiac compression. While the data presented does not provide quantitative values for improved cerebral or coronary artery flow, the signs of improved circulation in the end organs gives credence to the fact that such must be occurring. Epinephrine would appear to be a logical agent to employ for this effect if given into the blood repeatedly at four to five minute intervals. Isoproterenol was not effective in its action due to the lack of pressure increase.
Change in PaO2 During Artificial Ventilation With Added Dead Space
Authors: Johansen Sophus H. , Mourkidou S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYWhen patients during anaesthesia were ventilated with large tidal volumes which produced a mean PaCO2 of 26 mm Hg, insertion of a 500 ml dead space increased PaCO2 to 48 mm Hg, and was accompanied by a rise in PaO2 from 172 mm Hg to 212 mm Hg, probably caused by an increase in cardiac output.It is suggested that a state of normocapnia should be attempted when respiration and circulation are interfered with, as under anaesthesia.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGWenn Patienten in Narkose mit so grossen Atemvolumina beatmet werden, dass ein durchschnittliches PaCO2 von 26 mm Hg resultiert, kann man durch Zwischenschalten eines Totraumes von 500 ml das PaCO2 wieder auf 48 mm Hg erhöhen. Dies ist von einem PaO2‐Anstieg von 172 mm Hg auf 212 mm Hg begleitet, der wahrscheinlich die Folge eines erhohten Herzminutenvolumens ist.Es wird vorgeschlagen, einen Zustand der Normokapnie anzustreben, wenn, wie unter der Narkose, die Atem‐ und Kreislaufverhältnisse gestört sind.
PHARMACOLOGY OF INTRAVENOUS LOCAL ANESTHETICS
Authors: Steinhaus John E. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYThe systemic effects of local anesthetics should be regarded as with other drugs. The central nervous system can be stimulated or depressed. The depressant action may be useful or dangerous depending on the severity of the situation. The cardiovascular effects are depressant in nature and are useful in antiarrhythmic therapy. In the average patient severe cardiovascular depression requires higher dosage than that which produces central nervous system effect.
CARBON DIOXIDE LAPAROSCOPY
Authors: Berenyi Kalman J. , Fujita Toshio , Siegler Alvin M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYA total of 114 patients were anesthetized for pelvic laparoscopy, using halo‐thane, nitrous oxide, oxygen sequence. Endotracheal intubation and mechanically controlled ventilation were employed. No major surgical or anesthesia complications were observed. The technique, indications and contra‐indica‐tions of laparoscopy are detailed. Acid‐base parameters were determined on 11 patients showing an average rise of 9.28 mm Hg in arterial carbon dioxide tension, in spite of vigorous hyperventilation.ZUSAMMENFASSUNG114 Patienten wurden fur Beckenlaparoskopien mit der {Combination Halothan‐Lachgas‐Sauerstoff narkotisiert. Endotracheale Intubation und mechanisch kontrollierte Beatmung kamen zur Anwendung. Es wurden keine grosseren operativen oder Anaesthesiekomplikationen beobachtet. Technik, Indikationen und Kontraindikationen der Laparoskopie werden im Einzelnen dargelegt. Bei 11 Patienten wurden die Saure‐Basen‐Parameter bestimmt, wo‐bei sich ein durchschnitdicher Anstieg von 9,28 mm Hg in der arteriellen Kohlensaurespannung, trotz kraftiger Hyperventilation, ergeben hat.
Post‐transfusion stability of haemoglobin mass
Authors: Pottgiesser T. , Specker W. , Umhau M. , Roecker K. , Schumacher Y. O. 
Published: December 2008

Background and Objectives  Total haemoglobin mass (tHb) as a direct parameter of the blood system and ultimate target of all blood transfusions has not been evaluated for its post‐transfusion survival and stability. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the latter which may also be relevant from an anti‐doping perspective as autologous blood transfusions remain impossible to detect.Materials and Methods  The tHb was determined by the CO rebreathing method prior to and after donation of 1 unit of whole blood, as well as prior to and after reinfusion (weekly up to 56 days) of the erythrocyte concentrate in 10 men (28 ± 7 years, 181 ± 7 cm, 76 ± 12 kg).Results  The mean tHb content of the derived erythrocyte concentrate was 60 ± 3 g, while the net tHb increases after transfusion of 51 g (95% confidence intervals 33–69 g) permitted proof of an elevated tHb for at least 56 days after transfusion.Conclusion  The results show that an elevated tHb induced by autologous transfusion allowed continuous identification although, as expected, a slow decrease of tHb has been revealed in the observation period. In reference to anti‐doping, CO rebreathing permits proof of a supraphysiologically elevated tHb but possibly only if a stable baseline value is known.
A torch in the rain forest: thermogenesis of the Titan arum (Amorphophallus titanum)
Authors: Barthlott W. , Szarzynski J. , Vlek P. , Lobin W. , Korotkova N. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractAn outstanding flagship species in the plant kingdom is the Titan arum (Amorphophallus titanum), which produces a fountain‐like bloom up to 3 m high. The unique appearance of three simultaneous inflorescences in May 2006 was a chance to analyse the flowering behaviour and thermogenesis of this giant. For the first time, the heating of the central column (spadix) could be documented using a high‐performance thermographic camera. Time series analyses of the infrared image sequences revealed that the 3‐m high spadix surface heats up in pulses emanating from the base of the inflorescence. The surface temperature reaches over 36 °C, compared to the ambient temperature of 27 °C. Waves of the carrion‐like odour are synchronised with these heat pulses. The combination of heat pulses, the fountain‐like shape plus the enormous size lead to a unique type of ‘convection flower’. On the basis of our observations, we assume that Amorphophallus titanum is able to overcome thermodynamic decoupling by a self‐produced convective process.
Carbon isotope analysis of acetaldehyde emitted from leaves following mechanical stress and anoxia
Authors: Jardine K. , Karl T. , Lerdau M. , Harley P. , Guenther A. , Mak J. E. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractAlthough the emission of acetaldehyde from plants into the atmosphere following biotic and abiotic stresses may significantly impact air quality and climate, its metabolic origin(s) remains uncertain. We investigated the pathway(s) responsible for the production of acetaldehyde in plants by studying variations in the stable carbon isotope composition of acetaldehyde emitted during leaf anoxia or following mechanical stress. Under an anoxic environment, C3 leaves produced acetaldehyde during ethanolic fermentation with a similar carbon isotopic composition to C3 bulk biomass. In contrast, the initial emission burst following mechanical wounding was 5–12‰ more depleted in 13C than emissions under anoxia. Due to a large kinetic isotope effect during pyruvate decarboxylation catalysed by pyruvate dehydrogenase, acetyl‐CoA and its biosynthetic products such as fatty acids are also depleted in 13C relative to bulk biomass. It is well known that leaf wounding stimulates the release of large quantities of fatty acids from membranes, as well as the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). We suggest that, following leaf wounding, acetaldehyde depleted in 13C is produced from fatty acid peroxidation reactions initiated by the accumulation of ROS. However, a variety of other pathways could also explain our results, including the conversion of acetyl‐CoA to acetaldehyde by the esterase activity of aldehyde dehydrogenase.
Phytophthora infestans isolates from Northern China show high virulence diversity but low genotypic diversity
Authors: Guo J. , Van Der Lee T. , Qu D. Y. , Yao Y. Q. , Gong X. F. , Liang D. L. , Xie K. Y. , Wang X. W. , Govers F. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractPhenotypic and genotypic characteristics of 48 Phytophthora infestans isolates, collected in five provinces in Northern China between 1997 and 2003, were determined and compared with reference isolates. Characterisation included mating type, virulence, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotype and DNA fingerprinting patterns based on simple sequence repeats (SSR) and amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP). All isolates had the A1 mating type, mtDNA haplotype IIa and an identical SSR genotype (designated as SG‐01‐01) that differed from SSR genotypes found in the reference isolates, including those representing the ‘old’ US‐1 lineage that dominated the P. infestans population worldwide prior to 1980. In contrast, the virulence spectra were highly variable and virulence to all resistance genes present in the standard differential set (R1 to R11) was found. AFLP analysis revealed some diversity; eight different AFLP genotypes were found that could be grouped into two major clusters. This study shows that there is very little genotypic diversity in the P. infestans population in Northern China. The occurrence of many different races within this rather uniform population is discussed in the framework of recent insights into the molecular determinants of avirulence in potato–P. infestans‘gene‐for‐gene’ interactions.
Genetic Mapping of Magnaporthe grisea Avirulence Gene Corresponding to Leaf and Panicle Blast Resistant QTLs in Jao Hom Nin Rice Cultivar
Authors: Sreewongchai Tanee , Sriprakhon Siangchai , Wongsaprom Chankarn , Vanavichit Apichart , Toojinda Theerayut , Tharreau Didier , Sirithunya Pattama 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe avirulence characteristic of Magnaporthe grisea isolate TH16 corresponding to Jao Hom Nin (JHN) rice cultivar was studied by mapping population of 140 random ascospore progenies derived from the cross between B1‐2 and TH16 isolates. Segregation analyses of the avirulence characteristic performing on JHN rice at the seedling and flowering stages were performed in this mapping population. We used the reference map of Guy11/2539 to choose microsatellite DNA markers for mapping the avirulence gene. The genetic map of this population was constructed from 39‐microsatellite markers. The genetic map was spanned by covering seven chromosomes with an average distance of 11.9 cM per marker. In mapping population the distribution of pathogenic and non‐pathogenic progenies on JHN rice were found to be fitted to 1 : 1 ratio for two of the rice stages, seedling and flowering stages. The Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) analysis for avirulence genes corresponding to two rice stages were located at the same region on chromosome 2 between markers Pyms305 and Pyms435. The LOD score and percentage of phenotypic variance explained (PVE) on two rice stages were 5.01/16.69 and 6.73/20.26, respectively. These loci were designated as Avr‐JHN(lb) and Avr‐JHN(pb) corresponding to leaf and panicle blast characteristics. The findings of this study can be the initial step for positional cloning and identifying any function of avirulence genes corresponding to leaf and panicle blast characteristics.
Post‐operative chylothorax in children: An evidence‐based management algorithm
Authors: Panthongviriyakul Charnchai , Bines Julie E 
Published: December 2008

Aim:  To develop an evidence‐based algorithm for the therapeutic approach to the management of post‐operative chylothorax.Methods:  Review and analysis of published literature sourced from Medline from 1964–2007.Results:  Understanding the pathophysiology of chylothorax and the anatomical structure of the thoracic duct assisted clinical decision making in the management of a patient with chylothorax. Treatment options for post‐operative chlothorax include conservative management with medium chain triglyceride‐enriched diet or total parenteral nutrition in combination with adequate drainage of pleural fluid, somatostatin or octreotide therapy or surgical intervention. Based on analysis of the available evidence an algorithm for therapeutic approach to the management of post‐operative chylothorax has been developed.Conclusion:  Post‐operative chylothorax is associated with significant morbidity and prolonged hospitalization. An evidence based algorithm to guide the therapeutic approach to management of post‐operative chylolthorax is proposed.
NONCHROMAFFIN PARAGANGLIOMA IN THE NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES
Authors: Ueda Norifumi , Yoshida Aichi , Fukunisht Ryo , Fujita Hiroshi , Yanagihara Naoaki 
Published: December 2008

Nonchromaffin paraganglioma occurring in the nose and paranasal sinuses are extremely rare. The authors have experienced a case of nonchromaffin paraganglioma of nasal cavity which extended to the epiphar‐ynx. To our knowledge, this reported case is the fourth case that has appeared in the world literature.The patient, a 31‐year‐old female, had complained of a right nasal obstruction and mucopurulent rhinorrhea for two years. The right nasal cavity was filled with a polypoid mass showing no bleeding tendency or necrosis. Radiographs revealed a homogeneous shadow which occupied the entire nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. Histopathological studies revealed that the tumor showed typical findings of nonchromaffin paraganglioma and neurosecretory ganules in cytoplasm were observed by electron microscopic study. Subsequently, the tumor recurred at on the posterior epipharyngeal wall after a duration of one year and three months, and was removed completely. Since then, there was no recurrence of the tumor until the present time. ACTA PATHOL. JPN. 35: 489–495, 1985.
A CYSTIC ADENOMATOID TUMOR OF THE UTERUS SIMULATING LYMPHANGIOMA GROSSLY
Authors: Iwasaki Isao , Yu Ten Jun , Tamaru Junichi , Asanuma Katsumi 
Published: December 2008

We are reporting a rare case of an adenomatoid tumor of the uterus having multicystic gross appearance. A 32‐year‐old woman complaining of dysmenorrhea had multicystic mass lesions on the posterior wall of the right cornual region of the uterus. The specimen showed a honeycomb appearance with mucoid content. Microscopically, numerous gland‐like spaces lined with low cuboidal cells were observed beneath the serosa, and mucopolysaccharide material accumulated in the cystic spaces forming honeycomb‐like lesions surrounded by myometrial tissue.The postoperative course was uneventful and the patient was discharged on the 9th day after the operation. “Cystic adenomatoid tumor of the uterus” was diagnosed. The patient is being followed up continuously, so far without recurrence. ACTA PATHOL. JPN. 35 : 989–993, 1985.
CORNELIA DE LANGE SYNDROME WITH INTRACRANIAL GERMINOMA
Authors: Sato Akito , Kajita Akira , Sugita Katsuo , Izumi Tatsuro , Fukuyama Yukio , Funata Nobuaki , Okeda Riki 
Published: December 2008

An autopsy case of Cornelia de Lange syndrome with intracranial germinoma is reported. Clinically, the patient was diagnosed as having this syndrome at one year of age, she was found to be suffering from diabetes insipidus at 18 years of age and soon she had an accidental death.The autopsy disclosed that the tumor grew from the hypothalamus to the optic nerve and the posterior lobe of the hypophysis. Microscopically, this tumor was a germinoma with a “two cell pattern”. On the other hand, examination by peroxidase‐antiperoxidase complex (PAP) method of the anterior lobe of the hypophysis demonstrated that thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH) and follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) producing cells had decreased.
EARLY CHANGES IN CEREBRAL ANEURYSMS IN THE INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY/POSTERIOR COMMUNICATING ARTERY JUNCTION
Authors: Kayembe Kalula N.T. , Kataoka Hideo , Hazama Fumitada 
Published: December 2008

In order to obtain information about preaneurysmal changes, the junction of the internal carotid artery/posterior communicating artery (ICA/PComA) in the circles of Willis in subjects with aneurysms at sites other than the junction, and in control subjects without aneurysms, were studied by light microscopy.Small evaginations and thinnings of the media with and without dilatation were observed at the apical areas of the forks with a significantly higher incidence in the aneurysm series than in the control, suggesting some predisposing factor in subjects with aneurysms. As well as funnel‐shaped dilatations previously described as the only type of ICA/PComA preaneurysmal change, other more localized types were observed. All the small evaginations and about half of the thinnings and dilatations were observed at the apex in association with a medial gap, but the other half occured at some distance from the apex. The thinned arterial wall showed degenerative changes of the elastic lamina and media. Intimal pads were observed at the apex, the ICA/PComA lateral angle and the ICA stem/branch curve. Their combination with preaneurysmal changes was more frequent in the aneurysm series in comparison with the control.Degenerative changes of the elastic lamina and media caused by hemodynamic stress due to branching structures including intimal pads are thus presumed to be the initial lesions existing prior to aneurysm formation.
Histochemical localization of copper in various organs of brindled mice
Authors: Yoshimura Noriaki 
Published: December 2008

In order to disclose histochemically the localization of copper in various organs in Menkes disease, untreated brindled mouse hemizygotes (BM) and normal male littermates were examined by the modified sulfide silver method of Kozma, where the specificity for copper staining has been proved to be enhanced by trichloroacetic acid treatment. When compared with normal controls, renal tubules – most of which were of proximal convoluted segments – and intestinal mucosal epithelium of BM clearly showed increased staining with copper. Hepatocytes in the liver and neurons in the brain, however, displayed an obvious reduction in staining despite a marked increase in staining of capillaries in these two organs. Electron microscopy of the specimens stained with the Kozma method revealed numerous fine silver grains which represented Cu++ localization, distributing within the cytoplasm outside both mitochondria and the nucleus.The intense staining of capillaries observed only in the liver and brain of BM may indicate a blockade of copper transport owing to trapping of copper in the capillary walls, and may be responsible for low tissue‐copper concentrations of the two organs. Similarly, high tissue‐copper concentrations of the kidney and intestine are attributed to excessive deposition of copper in their epithelial cells which are probably due to impaired intracellular copper‐transportation.
Selective iron deposition in pancreatic islet B cells of transfusional iron‐overloaded autopsy cases
Authors: Lu Jian‐Ping , Hayashi Keiki 
Published: December 2008

Pancreatic islets of 36 autopsy cases with transfusional iron‐overload were examined. Immunohistochemical and histo‐chemical stainings were used to clarify the relationship between blood transfusion and iron deposition in the islet. Disease of the lymphohemopoietic system (leukemia, lymphoma, aplastic anemia) or liver (carcinoma and/or cirrhosis) accounted for 86.1% of the patients’main diagnosis. Sixteen of them had slight hemosiderin deposition (Group 1), twenty cases had severe hemosiderin deposition (Group 2). Another ten cases were used as controls (Group 3). The cases had a similar age distribution to Group 1 and 2, with neither blood transfusion nor hemosiderin deposition. The volume of blood transfusion was 6.1 ± 3.6, 17.5 ± 12.2 L for Groups 1 and 2, respectively. The plasma glucose was 137.8 + 54.4 and 170.6 ± 108.4 mg/dL, respectively. Four cases in Group 1 and 14 cases in Group 2 had glycosuria. The number of islet cells with hemosiderin increased with the enlargement of transfusion volume (r= 0.664, P± 0.001). Plasma glucose also related with the percentage of hemosiderin positive islet cell (r = 0.386, P < 0.025). In severely iron‐overloaded cases, hemosiderin was selectively deposited in B cells of the islet.It was concluded that large amounts of blood transfusions for non‐congenital disease can induce selective hemosiderin deposition and impairment of pancreatic B cell that may result in hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus of the patients.
The development of target‐specific vertebrate pest management tools for complex faunal communities
Authors: Bengsen Andrew , Leung Luke K.‐P. , Lapidge Steven J. , Gordon Iain J. 
Published: December 2008

Summary  The efficacy of vertebrate pest control in complex faunal communities can be compromised by adverse impacts on non‐target species. We present a five‐step framework to guide the design of pest control programmes to overcome this constraint.The model consists of: (i) selection of the most appropriate basis for control; (ii) identification of opportunities to prevent non‐target species from interacting with control activities; (iii) classification of non‐target species by dissimilarity to the target pest; (iv) use of a recognition systems approach to identify further differences between pests and non‐target species; and (v) experimental evaluation of prototype control methodologies. Application of the framework to the problem of feral Pig (Sus scrofa) control in the tropical forests of the Daintree region in north Queensland identified six design features which, if successfully evaluated and implemented, could allow the implementation of strategic, sustained Pig control using poison baits where it has previously been unacceptable.