bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Sandwich” Plating for Intra-articular Distal Radius Fractures with Volar and Dorsal Metaphyseal Comminution
Authors: Day Charles S. , Kamath Atul F. , Makhni Eric , Jean-Gilles Jerome , Zurakowski David 
Published: July 2007

Introduction Intra-articular distal radius fractures with volar and dorsal comminution present a special challenge to the hand surgeon. Methods Ten patients formed the study cohort. All plates were low profile and stainless steel. Radiographic parameters, range of motion, and strength compared to the uninjured side were recorded. Functional outcome was evaluated by Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) questionnaire and Gartland and Werley scoring system. Results Median age at surgery was 58 years (range, 24 to 86). Mean follow-up was 17 months (range, 12 to 28). According to the AO classification system, there were three type C2 and seven type C3 fractures. Median preoperative dorsal angulation was 24 deg; median postoperative dorsal angulation was 3 deg. Eighty percent (8) of the fractures also had an intra-articular step-off or gap, all of which were corrected to neutral by the procedure. Compared with the contralateral side, mean extension and flexion were 73 and 75%, respectively, pronation and supination were 95 and 88%, respectively, and grip strength and thumb pinch were 72 and 87%, respectively. Mean postoperative DASH score was 16 points, and 70% (7) of the patients had Gartland and Werley scores of good or excellent. None of the patients needed to have their plates removed, and no extensor tendon rupture was reported. Conclusions The “sandwich” plating technique is an effective method of regaining near-anatomic reconstruction of intra-articular, volarly and dorsally comminuted distal radius fractures. Results from this study demonstrate that patients can expect to regain about 80% of their range of motion and strength. Moreover, 70% of the patients will have good to excellent functional outcomes. This is the first study to examine range of motion and functional outcome of low-profile “sandwich” plating without plate removal.
The lindlar‐catalyzed reduction of methyl santalbate: a facile preparation of methyl 9‐cis,11‐trans‐Octadecadienoate‐9,10‐d2
Authors: Adlof Richard O. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractConjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has been associated with the reduction of chemically induced cancers in mice and rats and the suppression of atherosclerosis in rats. We have found seed oils to be a valuable source of precursors for the rapid preparation of gram quantities of deuterium‐labeled fats. Methyl santalbate (methyl 11‐trans‐octadecen‐9‐ynoate), obtained from Santalum album (Linn.) seed, was reduced with Lindlar catalyst, quinoline, and deuterium gas to produce, in yields of 65–75%, the gram quantities of methyl 9‐cis,11‐trans‐octadecadienoate‐9,10‐d2 (CLA‐d2) we required for metabolism and oxidation studies. Unlike monoacetylenic and methylene‐interrupted polyacetylenic fatty acid methyl esters, the conjugated system was reduced with no noticeable break in the rate of deuterium uptake. The quantity of poison (quinoline) present did influence the amount of CLA‐d2 produced, but the production of overreduced fatty acid methyl esters (perhaps because of the conjugated system) could not be prevented. Fractionation of the reaction mixture by silver resin chromatography resulted in the isolation of >99% chemically pure CLA‐d2 in yields of 60–70%.
Proof of the Chen–Rubin conjecture
Authors: Alzer Horst 
Published: July 2007

Let n ≥ 0 be an integer and let λ(n) be the median of the Gamma distribution of order n + 1 with parameter 1. In 1986, Chen and Rubin conjectured that n ↦ λ (n) − n (n = 0, 1, 2, …) is decreasing. We prove the following monotonicity theorem, which settles this conjecture.Let α and β be real numbers. The sequence n ↦ λ (n) – αn (n = 0, 1, 2, …) is strictly decreasing if and only if α; ≥ 1. And n ↦ λ(n) − βn (n = 0, 1, 2, …) is strictly increasing if and only if β < λ(1) − log 2 = 0.98519….
Age-associated perturbations in glutathione synthesis in mouse liver
Authors: Toroser Dikran , Sohal Rajindar S. 
Published: July 2007

The nature of the mechanisms underlying the age-related decline in glutathione (GSH) synthetic capacity is at present unclear. Steady-state kinetic parameters of mouse liver GCL (glutamate–cysteine ligase), the rate-limiting enzyme in GSH synthesis, and levels of hepatic GSH synthesis precursors from the trans-sulfuration pathway, such as homocysteine, cystathionine and cysteine, were compared between young and old C57BL/6 mice (6- and 24-month-old respectively). There were no agerelated differences in GCL Vmax, but the apparent Km for its substrates, cysteine and glutamate, was higher in the old mice compared with the young mice (∼800 compared with ∼300 μM, and ∼710 compared with 450 μM, P&lt;0.05 for cysteine and glutamate in young and old mice respectively). Amounts of cysteine, cystathionine and Cys-Gly increased with age by 91, 24 and 28% respectively. Glutathione (GSH) levels remained unchanged with age, whereas GSSG content showed an 84% increase, suggesting a significant pro-oxidizing shift in the 2GSH/GSSG ratio. The amount of the toxic trans-sulfuration/glutathione biosynthetic pathway intermediate, homocysteine, was 154% higher (P&lt;0.005) in the liver of old mice compared with young mice. The conversion of homocysteine into cystathionine, a rate-limiting step in trans-sulfuration catalysed by cystathionine β-synthase, was comparatively less efficient in the old mice, as indicated by cystathionine/homocysteine ratios. Incubation of tissue homogenates with physiological concentrations of homocysteine caused an up to 4.4-fold increase in the apparent Km of GCL for its glutamate substrate, but had no effect on Vmax. The results suggest that perturbation of the catalytic efficiency of GCL and accumulation of homocysteine from the trans-sulfuration pathway may adversely affect de novo GSH synthesis during aging.
Two newly identified SipA domains (F1, F2) steer effector protein localization and contribute to Salmonella host cell manipulation
Authors: Schlumberger Markus C. , Käppeli Rina , Wetter Michael , Müller Andreas J. , Misselwitz Benjamin , Dilling Sabrina , Kremer Marcus , Hardt Wolf‐Dietrich 
Published: July 2007

Summary Salmonella Typhimurium causes bacterial enterocolitis. The type III secretion system (TTSS)‐1 is a key virulence determinant of S. Typhimurium mediating host cell invasion and acute enterocolitis. The TTSS‐1 effector protein SipA is transported into host cells, accumulates in characteristic foci at the bacteria–host cell interface, manipulates signalling and affects virulence. Two functional domains of SipA have previously been characterized: The N‐terminal SipA region (amino acids 1–105) mediates TTSS‐1 transport and the C‐terminal SipA ‘actin‐binding’ domain (ABD; amino acids 446–685) manipulates F‐actin assembly. Little is known about the central region of SipA. In a deletion analysis we found that the central SipA region harbours two distinct functional domains, F1 and F2. They are involved in SipA focus formation and host manipulation. The F1 domain (amino acids 170–271) drives SipA focus formation and domain F2 (amino acids 280–394) enhances this process by mediating SipA–SipA interactions. SipA variants lacking the F1‐, the F2‐ or the actin binding domain were attenuated in virulence assays, namely host cell invasion and/or virulence in a mouse model for enterocolitis. Our results show that the newly identified SipA domains have distinct functions. Nevertheless, cooperation between the SipA domains F1, F2 and ABD is required to promote Salmonella virulence.
Avian Model for B‐Cell Immunology – New Genomes and Phylotranscriptomics
Authors: Kohonen P. , Nera K.‐P. , Lassila O. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this review is to discuss the use of chicken and other model organisms in the study of B‐cell development and function as well as to highlight the opportunities afforded by the expanded genome‐sequencing efforts. A brief introduction on chicken B‐cell biology is followed by discussion of somatic cell reverse genetic approaches using the DT40 cell line. The unique advantages of the DT40 system are emphasized with discussion on B‐cell receptor signalling research as well as on DNA repair and mechanisms of immunoglobulin diversification. An attempt is made to compare and contrast the results from chicken with mouse knockouts on the one hand and RNAi with human cell lines on the other. Chicken is also emerging strongly as a platform for gene expression analysis, and avian studies are compared with mammalian studies. Multi‐species gene co‐expression analysis, which could also be termed phylotranscriptomics, aims to use the evolutionary distance between organisms to its advantage. This approach, still in its infancy, is also reviewed and its applicability to the chicken is discussed.
Characterization of a new HLA‐B allele, HLA‐B*5312, and re‐evaluation of the published sequences of the untranslated regions of HLA‐B*35 and HLA‐B*53
Authors: Heinold A. , Bauer M. , Scherer S. , Opelz G. , Tran T. H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWe report a novel human leukocyte antigen (HLA)‐B allele, HLA‐B*5312. Compared with HLA‐B*530101, there is one silent substitution at nucleotide 438 and two non‐synonymous substitutions at nucleotides 431 and 440, causing a change of the amino acid sequence (Asn→Ser at codon 77 and Ile→Thr at codon 80, respectively) within the Bw4 epitope. In contrast to the published sequences (IMGT/HLA Database, version 2.16.0, January 2007), we found that HLA‐B*530101 had a C instead of a T at nucleotide −221, whereas HLA‐B*350101 had a C instead of an A at nucleotide 2992. According to our sequencing results, HLA‐B*5312 resembles HLA‐B*350101 regarding its sequence of the untranslated regions. HLA‐B*5312 may have been the result of a double crossing over event during which HLA‐B*350101 adopted a Bw4 motif.
Resistance to pathogens and host developmental stage: a multifaceted relationship within the plant kingdom
Authors: Develey‐Rivière Marie‐Pierre , Galiana Eric 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe induction of resistance to disease during plant development is widespread in the plant kingdom. Resistance appears at different stages of host development, varies with plant age or tissue maturity, may be specific or broad‐spectrum and is driven by diverse mechanisms, depending on plant–pathogen interactions. Studies of these forms of resistance may help us to evaluate more exhaustively the plethora of levels of regulation during development, the variability of the defense potential of developing hosts and may have practical applications, making it possible to reduce pesticide applications. Here, we review the various types of developmental resistance in plants and current knowledge of the molecular and cellular processes involved in their expression. We discuss the implications of these studies, which provide new knowledge from the molecular to the agrosystem level.

Contents

Summary
405

I.
Introduction
405

II.
The many forms of developmental resistance
406

III.
Molecular mechanisms of developmental resistance
410

IV.
Relationships between defense and development in plants
412

V.
Concluding remarks
413

Acknowledgements
413

References
413
Meaning in life mediates the relationship between social and physical functioning and distress in cancer survivors
Authors: Jim Heather S. , Andersen Barbara L. 
Published: July 2007

Objectives.Impairments in physical and social functioning are often associated with distress for the cancer survivor. Impaired functioning may also lead individuals to question previously held beliefs about meaning in life. Meaning in life was hypothesized to mediate the relationship between functioning and distress.Design and methods.Two studies were conducted. In the cross‐sectional study (I), cancer survivors (N= 420) were accrued via the Internet and completed measures of social and physical functioning, meaning and distress. In the longitudinal study (II), breast cancer survivors (N= 167) completed measures of functioning at 18 months, meaning at 24 months and distress at 30 months post‐diagnosis.Results.In Study I, meaning in life was a significant, partial mediator for both of the effects of physical and social functioning impairments on heightened distress. In Study II, significant indirect effects of functioning impairments on distress through meaning were replicated even when functioning and distress were measured 1 year apart. The relationship of social functioning and distress was fully mediated by meaning in life, whereas the relationship of physical functioning and distress was partially mediated by meaning.Conclusion.The negative social and physical sequelae of cancer are associated with heightened distress, and this association appears to be accounted for, in part, by patients' loss of meaning in their lives.
Einsatz der Road-Lab-Math Strategie bei der simulationsbasierten Entwicklung von Fahrdynamikregelsystemen (Application of the Road-Lab-Math Strategy in Simulation-based Development of Chassis Control Systems)
Authors: Kochem Michael , Holzmann Henning 
Published: July 2007

Aktuelle und zukünftige Fahrzeugentwicklungsprojekte sind durch eine hohe bzw. steigende Variantenvielfalt gekennzeichnet. Ohne Unterstützung durch Simulationen ist dies nicht zu bewältigen. Die Road-Lab-Math Strategie (RLM) hat zum Ziel, die Entwicklungsaktivitäten so zwischen Fahrversuch, Labor und Simulation zu verteilen, dass die maximalen Synergie-Effekte für die Entwicklung ausgenutzt werden können. Notwendig sind dazu die entsprechende Simulationsgüte und die automatisierte Simulation von umfangreichen Testszenarien. Am Beispiel eines aktuellen Fahrzeugprojektes zeigt dieser Beitrag wie die Umsetzung der RLM-Strategie zur Freigabeempfehlung der ABS-/ESP-Software bzw. deren Variantenparametern geführt hat.
A rising number of variants characterizes actual and upcoming vehicle development projects. The development activities cannot be met without simulation support. Therefore, the Road-Lab-Math strategy (RLM) has been created to balance the development load between road testing, lab and math-based simulation. As a basis for that, a high simulation confidence as well as an automated simulation of various test scenarios are necessary. An actual vehicle development project serves as example how the RLM-strategy leads to release suggestions for the ABS-/ESC-software and its respective parameters.
Mixtures of metals and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons elicit complex, nonadditive toxicological interactions in meiobenthic copepods
Authors: Fleeger John W. , Gust Kurt A. , Marlborough Sidney J. , Tita Guglielmo 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe acute toxicity of metal–polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) mixtures (i.e., Cd, Hg, Pb, fluoranthene, and phenanthrene) associated with sediments was assessed in two benthic copepods. Schizopera knabeni was exposed to sediment amended with single contaminants and mixtures. Adult S. knabeni were highly tolerant of single-contaminant exposures to phenanthrene, Cd, Hg, and Pb as well as a mixture of Cd, Hg, and Pb. Binary experiments revealed that although phenanthrene was synergistic with Cd and Hg, the phenanthrene-Cd synergism was much stronger (2.8 times more lethal than predicted). When a mixture of Cd, Hg, and Pb was combined with phenanthrene, a synergistic response was observed, eliciting 1.5 times greater lethality than predicted. A Cd-phenanthrene synergism in S. knabeni was also observed in aqueous exposures, suggesting that the interaction was related to a pharmacological insult rather than a sediment-related exposure effect. An antagonism between Cd, Hg, and Pb was indicated, and this antagonism may have moderated the Cd-phenanthrene synergism in mixtures containing Cd, Hg, Pb, and phenanthrene. Experiments with Amphiascoides atopus revealed that phenanthrene and fluoranthene were each synergistic with Cd in aqueous exposures. Our studies suggest that interactive toxicity among metal-PAH mixtures may be common among benthic copepods and that strong synergistic effects observed in binary mixtures may be moderated in more diverse contaminant mixtures. However, the strength of the observed synergisms raises concerns that established sediment quality criteria may not be protective for organisms jointly exposed to PAH and metals, especially Cd-PAH mixtures.
Intersex in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) used as negative controls in toxicologic bioassays: A review of 54 cases from 41 studies
Authors: Grim K. Christiana , Wolfe Marilyn , Hawkins William , Johnson Rodney , Wolf Jeffrey 
Published: July 2007

AbstractHistologic assessment of the gonads to detect intersex has become a valuable end point in reproductive toxicologic testing for fish, and many studies have solidly linked intersex with exposure to endocrine active substances (EAS). An assumption in such studies is that spontaneous intersex does not occur in control fish. Using historical data derived from toxicologic tests with Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes), we report a retrospective study in which we identified 54 individual instances of intersex (testicular oocytes or ovarian testicular tissue) in control medaka from 15 of 41 selected toxicologic studies. These studies, comprised of previously unpublished data, had been conducted at three geographically distant laboratories, each of which utilized unique water sources, employed somewhat different culture protocols, and maintained distinct medaka breeding colonies. During our histologic examinations, we also identified three germ cell neoplasms that had been inadvertently diagnosed as intersex. In the present report, we review potential causes of intersex, discuss possible reasons why spontaneous intersex has rarely been reported, and propose suggestions for the judicious interpretation of intersex results in medaka studies involving EAS.
Roman Catholic Tradition and Ritual and Business Ethics: A Feminist Perspective
Authors: Andolsen Barbara Hilkert 
Published: July 2007

Abstract:Clerical workers are an important segment of the work force. Catholic social teachings and eucharistic practice shed useful moral light on the increase in contingent work arrangements among clerical workers. The venerable concept of “the universal destination of the goods of creation” and a newer understanding of technology as “a shared workbench” illuminate the importance of good jobs for clerical workers. However, in order to apply Catholic social teachings to issues concerning clerical work as women’s work, sexist elements in traditional Catholic social teachings must be critically assessed. Participation in the Eucharist helps share a moral stance of inclusivity and sensitivity to forms of social marginalization. While actual practice fails fully to embody gender or racial inclusivity, participation in the inclusive table fellowship of the Eucharist should make business leaders question treating contingent workers as a peripheral work force.
Business Ethics and Politics in China
Authors: Steidlmeier Paul 
Published: July 2007

Abstract:Business ethics in China is highly politicized, both within China as well as on the global scene. Over the past years many issues of business ethics have arisen. It turns out that the Chinese often have a different set of ethical priorities with respect to the economy than do their Western counterparts. China possesses rich and well-developed ethical traditions that provide a meaningful basis for evaluating its own problems. This article reviews China’s ethical heritage and, at the same time, takes note of Western ethical concerns of human rights, property and so forth that have been injected into the debate. The article further reviews the principal issues of ethical analysis and, within the context of China/U. S. inter-relations, suggests ethical paths to pursue on four levels: government to government, multinational corporations, interest groups and international fora, and individual initiatives and commitment.
The Morality of the Corporation: An Empirical or Normative Disagreement?
Authors: Maitland Ian 
Published: July 2007

Abstract:In the canonical view of the corporation, management is the agent of the owners of the corporation—the stockholders—and, as such, has a fiduciary duty to manage the corporation in their best interests. Most business ethicists condemn this arrangement as morally indefensible because it fails to respect the right of other corporate constituencies or “stakeholders” to self-determination. By contrast, the modern agency theory of the firm provides a defense of this arrangement on the grounds that it is the result of stakeholders’ right to self-determination. This paper uses the example of managers’ fiduciary duty to stockholders to argue that different normative judgments often mask empirical disagreements.
A Feminist Reinterpretation of The Stakeholder Concept
Authors: Wicks Andrew C. , Gilbert Daniel R. , Freeman R. Edward 
Published: July 2007

Abstract:Stakeholder theory has become one of the most important developments in the field of business ethics. While this concept has evolved and gained prominence as a method of integrating ethics into the basic purposes and strategic objectives of the firm, the authors argue that stakeholder theory has retained certain “masculinist” assumptions from the wider business literature that limit its usefulness. The resources of feminist thought, specifically the work of Carol Gilligan, provide a means of reinterpreting the stakeholder concept in a way that overcomes many of the existing limitations. This reading provides a different understanding of the identity and meaning of the firm, specifically in terms of its relationship to stakeholder groups and what it means for a firm to succeed. The alternatives proposed also converge with recent trends in the wider management literature and provide practical guidance for firms which face a myriad of challenges in the increasingly complex and global marketplace.
The Social Equation: Freedom and its Limits
Authors: Horvath Charles M. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract:Western business philosophy is rooted in the concepts of free enterprise, free markets, free choice. Yet freedom has its limits. Nature itself imposes constraints. In the state of nature each business must try to accomplish everything autonomously and ward off the attacks of rivals. These activities cost the business a great deal of freedom. The social contract emerges from such anarchy to increase the freedom available to all members of society. It does so by setting limits on individual freedom which actually increase the overall amount of freedom available within the system. The Social Equation presents a relational model of this contract to show how overall freedom is increased in a state of society. In so doing, the obligations which society places on businesses to produce beneficial goods and services is developed. Next, the complex relationship between socially enforced constraints and social moral constraints is examined, showing that social moral constraints increase freedom more than do enforced constraints. This work concludes with proposed uses of the Social Equation as a heuristic for business ethics.