bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Veränderungen von Tonböden bei alternativ‐ökologischen und konventionellen Anbauverfahren
Authors: Niederbudde E. A. , Kaubrügger Henrike , Flessa H. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract Changes of clay soils under organic and conventional farming Chemical, mineralogical and soil‐physical measurements were performed on clay soils, which were cultivated under conventional and organical production system for the last 14 years. Soils in the organic system [TNL soils] were loosened from 10–35 cm and organic residues and manure were incorporated into the 0–10 cm layer by a rotowator. Soils in the conventional system [TKL soils] were plowed to a depth of 22 cm. Humus and nitrogen reserve and the amount of mobile phosphate in the top soils of the TNL soils were higher than in those of the TKL soils. The exchangeable potassium in the top soil was higher in TKL soils than in TNL soils, whereas the organic system (TNL) showed a more equal distribution within top and subsoil. This observation was confirmed by measurements of the mobile potassium (ARo‐values).The contents of 2:1 layer silicates with expanded layers was lower in the top soil of TKL soils than in TNL soils. This can be explained by the reduced application of liquid manure (Gülle) and the missing application of potassium fertilizer on TNL soils. The layer charge of the expanded minerals ranged from ‐0.80 to ‐0.68 for the vermiculites, and from ‐0.45 to ‐0.35 for the smectites, per formula unit respectively.No influence on the percentage of the fine and mid pores was found. The amount of slow draining large pores (Ø 50‐10 μm) was higher in TNL soils than in TKL soils, only in a neighbouring pasture soil the proportion of these pore exceeded those of TNL soils. Measurements of pore continuity did not show such a clear difference between TKL and TNL soils, but was higher for TNL soils.
Effects of Soil Drought in the Generative Phase of Development of Field Bean (Vicia faba L. var. minor) on Leaf Water Status, Photosynthesis Rate and Biomass Growth
Authors: Grzesiak S. , Koscielniak J. , Filek W. , Augustyniak G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe effects of 10‐day periods of soil drought during flowering (DI) or pod growth (DII) and during both these phases (DI + DII) on leaf water status, photosynthesis rate, plant growth and production of biomass was studied in pot experiments with field bean. Soil water content during drought spells were kept at 30% of field water capacity. Soil water deficiency DI and DII depressed the leaf water potential relatively to control by about 100 % and 140 % respectively, increased the water deficit by 100 % and 120 % and reduced photosynthesis rate by 80 % and 90 %. Rehydration of tissues completely abolished any decline of photosynthesis rate caused by drought DI, but after drought DII photosynthesis rate remained depressed by about 30 % even after rehydration. Drought periods DI and DII caused more rapid withering of leaves, a decline in the total leaf area and a temporary increase of root weight.Drought occuring at flowering (DI) also activated the mechanism of plant adaptation to water deficiency during the pod formation phase (DII). Single or double periods of drought had not any significant influence on the number of pods and seeds, but decreased their weight.
Seasonal Factors of Correlation Between Climatic Factors, Photosynthetic and Agronomic Traits in Maize
Authors: Stamp P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe dry matter accumulation and photosynthetic traits of upper leaves were studied twice weekly in 1983, under field conditions, for two early maturing maize cultivars. Analysis of correlation between climatic data and those traits were based on four week periods. Seasonal patterns of correlation coefficients were drawn by shifting the beginning of these four week periods from one sampling data to the next until four weeks before the end of the sampling period. Most traits were significantly correlated with climatic factors at one time or another; only those correlations which were of longer duration will be mentioned here. Net assimilation rate was positively correlated with maximum temperature during intensive leaf growth. The relative growth rate was closely correlated with photosynthetic photon irradiance (PPI) during the second half of June and with phosphofructokinase activity during the second part of July. The chlorophyll content showed a close and positive relationship with minimum temperature until the end of June and with PPI during most of August. The content of carotenoids was, for the most part, negatively correlated with climatic factors, the closest relationship existing with the PPI at the previous sampling date until the beginning of July. The activity of photosynthetic enzymes such as RuBP carboxylase, NADP malate dehydrogenase and PEP carboxylase was generally less closely correlated with climatic factors over longer periods. Patterns of correlation were remarkably similar for the two cultivars.
Effect of Method of Inoculation and Nitrogen Fertilizer on Nodulation and Yield of Selected Tropical Legumes
Authors: Sangakkara U. R. , Marambe B. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractMany factors affect nodulation of legumes of which, nitrogen fertilizer and method of inoculation play a vital role. Thus, a study evaluated the effects of the above factors on nodulation and yields of two common tropical food legumes, namely Mungbean and Bushbeans which are considered extensive and poor nodulatingo species respectively.Inoculation increased nodulation of bushbeans and to a lesser extent in mungbeans. This effect was more evident with time. Nodulation was reduced in the presence of nitrogen fertilizer, and the effect was more pronounced in the extensively nodulating species, mungbean. Nitrogen and nodulation increased yields of both species. The results indicate the inability of bushbeans and to a lesser extent mungbean, to meet all nitrogen requirements by nodulation and nitrogen fixation alone. This suggests the need for some fertilizer nitrogen for tropical legumes in addition to inoculation to obtain optimal yields.
Effects of Long‐term Application of Slurry on Soil Nitrogen Mineralization
Authors: Maidl F. X. , Fischbeck G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractField trials were conducted for two years on two farms which differed in long‐term application of slurry in order to study the long‐term effect of slurry and the effect of application time (no slurry, slurry autumn, slurry spring) on the dynamics of nitrogen in the soil.The results can be summarized as follows:On the farm with long‐term application of slurry, (“livestock farm”), nitrate‐content in the soil was markedly higher than on the farm without slurry application (“arable farm”). This is due to a more intensive N‐mineralization during autumn and spring. On the livestock farm a remarkably high mineralization of nitrogen was observed at soil temperatures near 0°C, while on the “arable farm” N‐mineralization started only at temperatures above +4°C.The high N‐mineralization during autumn on the “livestock farm” implies the risk of N leaching into deeper soil layers during winter.Slurry application caused a large increase of mineralized nitrogen in soil. No site‐differences in decomposition of actual slurry applications have been observed.High N infiltration‐rates may occur when slurry is applied in autumn, depending on the amount of autumn and winter rainfall. Thes risk of nitrogen leaching also persists, when slurry is applied in spring and crops with late N‐uptake are cultivated (e.g. sugar beet).The intensive leaching of nitrogen after application of slurry is caused by the fast nitrification of slurry‐NH4, which may happen even at low temperatures.
Effects of Nitrogen Application Time on Ear Components of Maize
Authors: Vig J. C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractPot and field experiments were conducted with two varieties of maize to study the effects of nitrogen applied in different doses. The total amount of N applied was same in all variants of one experiment. The development of maize plants varied due to variety and N‐doses. In pot experiment no N application before sowing or in the begin of the ear differentiation reduced total number of spikelets, spikelet rows/ear, length of ear, kernel yield as well as plant height. In field experiments an amount of 30 kg N/ha in the begin of ear formation was sufficient for maximum increase in almost all yield characteristics. Higher doses than that were not effective to promote these parameters further.
Struktur, mikrobieller Stoffwechsel und potentiell mineralisierbare Stickstoffvorräte in ökologisch und konventionell bewirtschafteten Tonböden
Authors: Niederbudde E. A. , Flessa H. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractStructure, microbial metabolism and potentially mineralizable nitrogen pools in organically and conventionally farmed clay soilsSoil physical, soil chemical and biological studies were carried out on two differently cultivated clay soils. One soil, under organic farming system (TNL), was not ploughed for the last 14 years, the 0–10 cm layer was tilled by a rotowator system. The other soil was tilled conventionally and was ploughed down to 22 cm (TKL). For comparison the topsoil of a pasture was investigated.The saturated hydraulic conductivity (depicted as frequency distribution from kt values) was very high in the TNL soil and in the pasture soil. The TKL soil showed a lower conductivity and pore continuity than the other soils, especially in the layer of 0–10 cm (Aprhonzon). Aggregate stability (measured as total settlement) was highest in the pasture soil, followed by the 10–20 cm layer of TKL soil. The small fragments of TNL soil resulted in a decline of the aggregate stability.Dehydrogenase activity was similar in the TNL soil and the pasture, and lower in the TKL soil. Potentially mineralizable nitrogen showed the same trend as dehydrogenase activity. Soil respiration was higher in the TKL soil than in the TNL soil. This was attributed to higher amounts of microbial available carbon probably because of the presence of undecomposed crop residues in the TKL soil.
Monocarpk Senescence in Relation to Yield of Sesamum indicum During Source‐Sink Alteration
Authors: Biswas A. K. , Ghosh A. K. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractDefoliation hastens senescence of the capsule wall, increased seed weight/capsule and harvest index, promotes seed filling and decreased the post‐flowering contribution and yield/plant. Defruiting delayed senescence of the subtending leaf. Treatment of kinetin on the capsule wall increased its chlorophyll, sugar and dry weight and also increased yield by increasing harvest index, seed weight/capsule compared to seed treatment as well as control, although post‐flowering contribution reduced significantly. When treated on the capsule wall ABA defers senescence of both leaf and capsule wall and also increased the yield parameters but seed treatment although defers senescence of both the source organs, decreased the yield parameters. Treatment of urea defers senescence of the source organs and also increased yield and capsule number though harvest index was reduced.It is concluded that contribution from the capsule wall and deferment of senescence of this organ at the post capsule development period determines yield and in normal condition contribution of source is limited by the sink size.
Effect of Source Manipulations on the Dynamics of Pod Set and Flower Abscission in Mungbean
Authors: Hamid A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractFlower abscission and pod set behaviour of mungbean in relation to the degree of defoliation at the reproductive stage was studied under field conditions. In the undefoliated and partially defoliated plants flowering occurred in two successive flushes, although the second flush of flowering was less distinct in partially defoliated plants. Most of the pods a plant attained came from the second flush of flowering. Undefoliated and partially defoliated plant had 23 and 8 pods, respectively. Magnitude of flower abscission and pod set in undefoliated plants was much higher than it was in partially defoliated plants. In the completely defoliated plants none of the pods survived to mature and death of plants occurred within a week following defoliation.
Problems of Breeding for Improved Standing Ability in Dried Peas, Pisum sativum L.
Authors: Stelling D. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractStanding ability is a major component of combining ability and yield stability in dried peas. In performance trials during 1986–1988 commercial varieties and new breeding lines were evaluated for standing ability at one location. Standing ability was measured by visual scores, crop height and standardized crop height (crop height in percent of plant length) at several observation dates during the generative phase. Visual scoring proved to be the most suitable method for the measurement of standing ability as far as time requirement and precision are concerned.Considerable differences between years and varieties were found for both the course of lodging during the generative phase and the standing ability shortly before harvest. Several, at least three or four measurements of standing ability should be done during the generative phase. Also highly significant variety x year interactions were observed. Heritability values estimated for different parameters of standing ability were medium to high as compared to plant length and maturity date (high) or grain yield (low).In general, standing ability of the semi‐leafless varieties proved to be much better than standing ability of the conventional ones. However, the semi‐leafless plant type was not always associated with an improved standing ability.Problems relating to the methods of measurement of standing ability, its phenotypic expression and variability are discussed.
Erhaltung der Ertragsfähigkeit des Bodens auf lange Sicht unter dem Einfluß von Fruchtfolgegestaltung, Düngung und Herbizideinsatz
Authors: Weisskopf P. , Sturny W. G. , Keller E. R. , Schwendimann F. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract Impact of crop rotation, fertilizer treatments, and herbicidal applications on the long term maintenance of soil fertility VI. Examination of progressive differences regarding chemical and physical factors of the yield potential of a soil conducted over the period 1973 through to 1983 In order to investigate the influence of different crop management practices such as crop rotation, fertilizer treatments, and herbicide applications on the yield potential of a soil, the Crop Science Department of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich) conducted a long term field experiment commencing 1973. The experimental location was at the Swiss Federal Research Station for Farm Management and Agricultural Engineering at Tänikon/TG (northeastern Switzerland).Over ten years of research it was found that chemical and physical soil properties had, in general, been only marginally affected by the different experimental treatments. However, consistent studies have shown that certain trends regarding specific factors of greater importance have emerged, which were not observed during the first five year period. Should they persist, the yield potential of the soil could be substantially affected in the long run.Soil reaction, organic carbon content, cation exchange capacity, and aggregate stability have proven to be relatively stable values. Changes of greater significance were evidenced regarding the character of the air‐water regime, a factor of particular importance for this site. Obviously, crop rotation had a marked impact on soil compaction. Therefore under local research conditions, the yield potential of the soil will, in the short term, be most likely endangered by structural soil changes.
Relationship between Seed Characters, Plant Growth and Yield Parameters of Phaseolus vulgaris
Authors: Sangakkara U. R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractLegumes are an important component of the dietary pattern of the developing world. Thus optimal yields are a vital factor in agricultural production in these countries. Seed characters affect plant growth and yields of grain legumes. Due to the lack of similar studies in Phaseolus vulgaris (Frenchbeans), a study was carried out to determine the effect of seed characters on the growth cycle of frenchbean plants. Seed size was primarily determined by the size and weight of cotyledons and seed coat, as embryo size was similar in all seed classes. Seed size had no effect on seed viability, although larger seeds germinated earlier. There was a positive relationship between seed size and plant growth characters. Larger seeds developed plants with better growth and yield component parameters, resulting in higher yields. The importance of determining seed size in frenchbeans is presented.
Physiological Evaluation of Drought Resistance in Oats
Authors: Yadava R. B. R. , Bhatt R. K. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTwelve varieties of Oat (Avena sativa L.) were screened for relative drought tolerance based on the magnitude of chlorophyll stability index (CSI), relative water content (RWC) and free proline accumulation. IGFR1‐2670, IGFRI‐3021, IGFRI‐2688 and IGO‐8 showed a lower magnitude of CSI under stress condition in comparison to other tested varieties whereas the values of RWC and tree proline accumulation were higher. Based on the observations of this study it is concluded that, of the varieties tested, IGFRI‐2670, 3021 2688 and IGO‐8 are relatively more drought tolerant than the other genotypes tested. A close agreement was also noticed amongst the trends of CSI and proline accumulation, and per cent reduction in yield in rainfed over irrigated conditions.
Growth and Metabolic Changes of Cowpea Plants as Affected by Water Deficiency and Indole‐3‐Yl‐Acetic Acid
Authors: Khalil Sohair , Mandurah Hanan M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractCowpea plants (Vigna sinensis Savi.) were grown in pots for two successive years. These plants were daily maintained water holding capacities (15, 25, 45, 65 %).The foliage of plants grown at every level of soil moisture was sprayed till dripping with IAA solutions (0, 10, 50, 100 mg/l) three times after 3, 6 and 9 weeks from sowing. Samples were taken at the two physiological stages before flowering and during flowering for growth measurements and determinations of nitrogen fractions.Water shortage led to retardation of stem length, number of internodes, number of leaves and dry weight shoots. IAA increasing the same parameters only when applied at concentrations of 10 and 50mg/1 at moisture level 65 %, 45 % and 25 % of W.H.C.Water stress decreased total‐N and protein‐N contents of cowpea shoots. On the other hand total soluble‐ N content was increased under the same conditions. IAA increased total‐N and protein‐N content of cowpea shoots. Meanwhile, the same growth regulator decreased total soluble‐N when applied at 45% 25 % and 15 % W.H.C. levels.
Influence of Accumulated Heat Units and Sunshine Hours on the Growth and Yield of Sorghum (var. Co 25)
Authors: Mathan K. K. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe relationship between the aerial temperature, distribution pattern during the crop growth period, accumulated heat units and sunshine hours at different growth phases of sorghum (Co 25), and the growth parameters of the crop, sown on weekly intervals from January 29, 1986 to March, 1986 was studied at Coimbatore, India. Number of days for completion of germination, height of plant, leaf area index, grain, straw and total dry matter yield were found to be related to the sunshine hours. Grain and straw yield were negatively related with the heat units accumulated at the seeding stage. Grain yield alone was positively related to accumulated heat untis at flowering stage, while grain and straw yield were not related with heat units at growth, bootleg and maturity stage. Total accumulated heat units during the entire growth period of the crop was positively related to the grain and straw yield. Treatmental variations were significant for grain, straw, total dry matter production and other growth parameters except tiller numbers. An early cooler temperature followed by a warmer temperature during flowering, maturity phases are crucial for higher grain, straw and dry matter production.
N2‐Fixierung und Ertragsstruktur der Weißen Lupine (Lupinus albus L.) im Vergleich zu Vicia faba L. und Glycine max (L.) Merr. auf verschiedenen Standorten
Authors: Hartmann C. , Aldag R. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract N2‐Fixation and Yield Structure of White Lupin (Lupinus albus L.) in Comparison to Vicia faba L. and Glycine max (L.) Merr. on Different Sites In field studies white lupin (Lupinus albus L., Eldo) was compared with faba bean (Vicia faba L., Herz Freya) in 1986 and soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr., Gambit) in 1988 on five sites respectively. Total N2‐fixation, which was determined by the extended difference method, and yield components were correlated to weather and soil conditions:1. While faba bean responded to low pH with delayed nodulation, white lupin showed no decrease in N2‐fixation at pH less than 5.5 as far as soil was not calcareous.2. The white lupin developed its root system most quickly into further soil depths and produced a root dry weight six times as large as that of faba bean in the soil layer 60‐90 cm until the end of July (Bayreuth).3. Despite on the calcareous sites the white lupin showed the highest total‐N2‐fixation (max. 36 g N/m2) throughout, the N‐gain for the succeeding crop was up to 8 g N/m2 for white lupin and faba bean as well. In contrast the N‐balance of soybean was mostly negative.4. Seed yields of white lupin (48‐450 g/m2) ranged between those of faba bean (145‐549 g/m2) and of soybean (89‐290 g/m2); its raw protein yields were the highest found (max. 158 g/m2) though.
Stärke‐ und Amylosesynthese in Samen von Mark‐ und Futtererbsen
Authors: Haeder H. E. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract Starch and amylose synthesis in seeds of garden and field peas In seeds of garden and field peas (Pisum sativum, ssp. medullare and ssp. sativum) the synthesis of starch, amylose, amylopectin and sugar was investigated during seed development in plants differing in potassium nutrition. Seed growth started about 2 weeks after flowering and was terminated 5 weeks later.At the beginning of seed growth synthesis of amylose and amylopectin was very low in both pea species with a small surplus of amylopectin. After the first third of seed development, however, synthesis of amylose and mainly of amylopectin was improved at different rates. While both species exhibited an almost analogous increase in amylose synthesis, synthesis of amylopectin differed widely in garden and field peas. In garden peas it fell behind amylose production, yielding an amylose/amylopectin ratio of 2: 1 in mature seeds. In field peas amylopectin synthesis greatly exceeded amylose production resulting in an amylose/amylopectin ratio of 1:2.The 50 % higher starch content in seeds of field peas was mainly due to the more intensive rate of amylopectin synthesis. This shows that starch production via amylopectin synthesis is probably the more effective metabolic pathway.Sugar contents were highest in the middle of the generative phase. Until maturity they rapidly declined to one quarter of the maximum level. At each stage of seed development sugar content in garden peas was twice as high as in field peas. Potassium nutrition had only a very small influence on the carbohydrates examined.