bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chronic Morphine Administration Enhances Nociceptive Sensitivity and Local Cytokine Production after Incision
Authors: Liang DeYong , Shi Xiaoyou , Qiao Yanli , Angst Martin S , Yeomans David C , Clark J David 
Published: April 2008

Background -: The chronic use of opioids prior to surgery leads to lowered pain thresholds and exaggerated pain levels after these procedures. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain this heightened sensitivity commonly termed opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH). Most of these proposed mechanisms involve plastic events in the central or peripheral nervous systems. Alterations in the abundance of peripheral mediators of nociception have not previously been explored. Results -: In these experiments mice were treated with saline (control) or ascending daily doses of morphine to generate a state of OIH followed by hind paw incision. In other experiments morphine treatment was initiated at the time of incision. Both mechanical allodynia and peri-incisional skin cytokine levels were measured. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) assays were used to determine neutrophil activity near the wounds. The cytokine production inhibitor pentoxifylline was used to determine the functional significance of the excess cytokines in previously morphine treated animals. Mice treated chronically treated with morphine prior to incision were found to have enhanced skin levels of IL-1β, IL-6, G-CSF, KC and TNFα after incision at one or more time points compared to saline pretreated controls. The time courses of individual cytokines followed different patterns. There was no discernable effect of chronic morphine treatment on wound area neutrophil infiltration. Pentoxifylline reduced cytokine levels and reversed the excess mechanical sensitization caused by chronic morphine administration prior to incision. Morphine treatment initiated at the time of incision did not lead to a generalized enhancement of cytokine production or nociceptive sensitization in excess of the levels observed after incision alone. Conclusion -: The enhanced level of nociceptive sensitization seen after incision in animals chronically exposed to morphine is associated with elevated levels of several cytokines previously reported to be relevant to this incisional pain model. The cytokines may be functional in supporting nociceptive sensitization because pentoxifylline reverses both peri-incisional skin cytokine levels and OIH. Opioid administration beginning at the time of incision does not seem to have the same cytokine enhancing effect. Approaches to postoperative pain control involving a reduction of cytokines may be an effective way to control excessive pain in patients chronically using opioids prior to surgical procedures.
No Greater Incidence or Worsening of Cardiac Valve Regurgitation with Somatostatin Analog Treatment of Acromegaly
Authors: Colao Annamaria , Marek Josef , Goth Miklos I. , Caron Philippe , Kuhn Jean Marc , Minuto Francesco M. , Weissman Neil J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Context: Excess GH and IGF-I in acromegaly are associated with reduced life expectancy due to cardiovascular complications.
Objective: The objective of the study was to investigate the prevalence, incidence, and severity of cardiac valve regurgitation before and after somatostatin-analog treatment in acromegaly.
Design: This was a prospective, observer-blinded, multicenter, 12-month study.
Setting: The study was conducted at 33 specialist centers.
Patients: The study population consisted of 225 adult patients with acromegaly without significant cardiac valve abnormalities or prior valve-replacement surgery, matched for age, sex, and center/country/study.
Interventions: Interventions included initiation/continuation of lanreotide (n = 107) or octreotide treatment (n = 118), tailored for optimal disease control.
Main Outcome Measures: Relative risk of new/worsening regurgitation in any valve at 12 months compared with baseline, was measured.
Results: At baseline, almost 80% of patients had some degree of cardiac valve regurgitation, although none was severe. The risk of developing new/worsening regurgitation in any valve at 12 months was nonsignificant and similar for the cohorts [adjusted odds ratio 0.86; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.41–1.82; P = 0.694; relative risk 1.04; 95% CI 0.67–1.60; risk difference 0.01; 95% CI −0.13 to 0.16]. For 54% of patients, the severity of regurgitation stayed the same during the study. At baseline, significant valve regurgitation occurred in 18% of patients (lanreotide cohort) and 13% (octreotide cohort) and at 12 months in 18% of each cohort.
Conclusions: The incidence of valve regurgitation did not change over 12 months of treatment with somatostatin analogs, and most cases were physiologic or mild in severity. There was no significant difference between somatostatin analogs in the risk of developing new/worsening valve regurgitation or significant regurgitation after 1 yr.
Serum Ghrelin Levels Are Increased in Hypothyroid Patients and Become Normalized by l-Thyroxine Treatment
Authors: Gjedde Signe , Vestergaard Esben Thyssen , Gormsen Lars Christian , Riis Anne Lene Dalkjær , Rungby Jørgen , Møller Niels , Weeke Jørgen , Jørgensen Jens Otto Lunde 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Context: An interaction between ghrelin, which is implicated in the regulation of short- and long-term energy balance, and thyroid function has been reported in hyperthyroidism in which ghrelin levels are reversibly suppressed. We measured serum ghrelin levels and metabolic indices in hypothyroid patients before and after l-thyroxine replacement.
Patients and Methods: Eleven patients were examined twice: 1) in the hypothyroid state and 2) after at least 2 months of euthyroidism. Ten healthy subjects served as a control group. Ghrelin was measured in conjunction with indirect calorimetry and a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp.
Results: Serum ghrelin levels were increased by 32% under basal conditions in the hypothyroid state (PRE) as compared with posttreatment (POST) (picograms per milliliter): 976.4 ± 80.8 vs. 736.8 ± 67.1 (P &lt; 0.001). This difference prevailed during the clamp, but a decline was observed in both states: 641.4 ± 82.2 vs. 444.3 ± 66.8 μg/ml (P = 0.005). The hypothyroid state was associated with decreased resting energy expenditure, increased respiratory quotient, and insulin resistance. Serum ghrelin levels as well as the metabolic aberrations became normalized after l-thyroxine replacement as compared with the control subjects.
Conclusion: Serum ghrelin levels are reversibly increased in hypothyroid patients. It remains to be investigated whether this represents a direct effect of iodothyronines on ghrelin secretion or clearance or a compensatory response to the abnormal energy metabolism in hypothyroid patients.
Reciprocal Relation between Marrow Adiposity and the Amount of Bone in the Axial and Appendicular Skeleton of Young Adults
Authors: Di Iorgi Natascia , Rosol Michael , Mittelman Steven D. , Gilsanz Vicente 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Background: Studies in the elderly suggest a reciprocal relation between increased marrow adiposity and bone loss, supporting basic research data indicating that osteoblasts and adipocytes share a common progenitor cell. However, whether this relation represents a preferential differentiation of stromal cells from osteoblasts to adipocytes or whether a passive accumulation of fat as bone is lost and marrow space increases with aging is unknown. To address this question and avoid the confounding effect of bone loss, we examined teenagers and young adults.
Methods: Using computed tomography, we obtained measurements of bone density and cross-sectional area of the lumbar vertebral bodies and cortical bone area, cross-sectional area, marrow canal area, and fat density in the marrow of the femurs in 255 sexually mature subjects (126 females, 129 males; 15–24.9 yr of age). Additionally, values for total body fat were obtained with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry.
Results: Regardless of gender, reciprocal relations were found between fat density and measures of vertebral bone density and femoral cortical bone area (r = 0.19–0.39; all P values ≤ .03). In contrast, there was no relation between marrow canal area and cortical bone area in the femurs, neither between fat density and the cross-sectional dimensions of the bones. We also found no relation between anthropometric or dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry fat values and measures for marrow fat density.
Conclusions: Our results indicate an inverse relation between bone marrow adiposity and the amount of bone in the axial and appendicular skeleton and support the notion of a common progenitor cell capable of mutually exclusive differentiation into the cell lineages responsible for bone and fat formation.
Expression of Six Transmembrane Protein of Prostate 2 in Human Adipose Tissue Associates with Adiposity and Insulin Resistance
Authors: Arner Peter , Stenson Britta M. , Dungner Elisabeth , Näslund Erik , Hoffstedt Johan , Ryden Mikael , Dahlman Ingrid 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Context: Six transmembrane protein of prostate 2 (STAMP2) is a counterregulator of adipose inflammation and insulin resistance in mice. Our hypothesis was that STAMP2 could be involved in human obesity and insulin resistance.
Objective: The objective of the study was to elucidate the role of adipose STAMP2 expression in human obesity and insulin resistance.
Design: The design was to quantify STAMP2 in human abdominal sc and omental white adipose tissue (WAT), isolated adipocytes, and stroma and in vitro differentiated preadipocytes and relate levels of STAMP2 in sc WAT to clinical and adipocyte phenotypes involved in insulin resistance.
Participants: Nonobese and obese women and men (n = 236) recruited from an obesity clinic or through local advertisement.
Main Outcome Measurement: Clinical measures included body mass index, body fat, total adiponectin, and homeostasis model assessment as measure of overall insulin resistance. In adipocytes we determined cell size, sensitivity of lipolysis and lipogenesis to insulin, adiponectin secretion, and inflammatory gene expression.
Results: STAMP2 levels in sc and visceral WAT and adipocytes were increased in obesity (P = 0.0008–0.05) but not influenced by weight loss. Increased WAT STAMP2 levels associated with a high amount of body fat (P = 0.04), high homeostasis model assessment (P = 0.01), and large adipocytes (P = 0.02). Subjects with high STAMP2 levels displayed reduced sensitivity of adipocyte lipogenesis (P = 0.04) and lipolysis (P = 0.03) to insulin but had normal adiponectin levels. WAT STAMP2 levels correlated with expression of the macrophage marker CD68 (P = 0.0006).
Conclusion: Human WAT STAMP2 associates with obesity and insulin resistance independently of adiponectin, but the role of STAMP2 in obesity and its complications seems different from that in mice.
Fracture Toughness Evaluation of Eurofer97 by Testing Small Specimens
Authors: Serrano Marta , Fernández Pilar , Lapeña Jesús 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Eurofer’97 is the structural reference material that will be tested in the ITER modules. Its metallurgical properties have been well characterized during the last years. However, more investigations related to the fracture toughness of this material are needed to assess its integrity because this property is one of the most important to design structural components. In the case of structural materials for fusion reactors, the small specimen test technology is being actively developed to investigate the fracture toughness among other mechanical properties. The use of small specimens is due to the small available irradiation volume of the International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility (IFMIF) and also due to the high fluence expected in the fusion reactor. The aim of this paper is to determine the fracture toughness of the Eurofer’97 steel by testing small specimens of different geometry in the ductile-to-brittle transition region with the application of the Master Curve methodology. The tests and data analysis have been performed following the Master Curve approach included in the ASTM Standard E1921-05, “Standard Test Method for Determination of Reference Temperature, T0, for Ferritic Steels in the Transition Range.” Specimen size effects and comparison of the fracture toughness results with available data in the literature are also discussed.
Fretting Fatigue Behavior of Shot-Peened Ti-6Al-4V and IN100
Authors: Mall Shankar , Ng J. L. , Madhi E. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Shot-peened titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V and nickel-based super alloy IN100 were subjected to plain and fretting fatigue under cylinder-on-flat contact condition at room temperature. Measurement of compressive residual surface stress from shot-peening before and after fretting showed relaxation, which was significant in IN100 and near the contact surface. The fretting fatigue life of IN100 did not improve significantly due to shot-peening, while there was considerable improvement for Ti-6Al-4V and relatively less relaxation of the residual surface stress. Further, fretting had a relatively more detrimental effect on the fatigue performance of Ti-6Al-4V than in the case of IN100. A critical plane-based fatigue crack initiation model, a modified shear stress range parameter, was computed from finite element analysis for two levels of residual surface stress relaxation: no relaxation and complete relaxation. This analysis suggested that not only crack initiation but also propagation should be considered to characterize fretting fatigue behavior of shot-peened specimens; however, it showed an appropriate trend with the measured fretting fatigue life and agreement with several other experimental observations.
Dynamizing the Economy in a façon irréguliére: A New Look at Financial Politics in Porfirian Mexico
Authors: Passananti Thomas P. 
Published: April 2008

Notwithstanding the Díaz regime's slogan “poca política, mucha administración,” in Porfirian Mexico financial policies were fashioned by politics, by unstable alliances between public officials, local elites, and foreign investors. However the nature of those relationships is the subject of much current research and debate. This essay argues against the view of recent scholarship that financial politics was dominated by private actors, claiming instead that the Porfirian government enjoyed a surprising degree of autonomy from financiers, an autonomy it deployed to advance initiatives to stimulate growth while protecting the banking system from speculation and uncertainty. The claims are based on a careful examination of the politics and the political economy of financial reforms undertaken in the 1890s by the Porfirian government. The essay shows that the Mexican government was not hamstrung by private interests, but rather designed and implemented laws to dynamize the economy, shield it from the high costs of volatility, and increase the sources of public finance.
A pesar del lema del régimen de Díaz, “poca política, mucha administración,” en el México porfiriano las políticas de finanzas fueron diseñadas por la política, por las alianzas inestables entre funcionarios públicos, élites locales, e inversionistas extranjeros. Sin embargo, la naturaleza de aquellas relaciones es el tema de debate de mucha de la investigación actual. Este ensayo se opone a la visión de trabajos recientes que postulan que la política financiera fue dominada por participantes privados, afirmando en cambio que el gobierno porfiriano disfrutó de un grado sorprendente de autonomía de los inversionistas; una autonomía que se desarrolló para impulsar iniciativas que estimularan el crecimiento y a la vez protegieran el sistema bancario frente a la especulación y la incertidumbre. Este argumento está basado en un examen cuidadoso de la política y la economía política de las reformas financieras emprendidas en los años 1890 por el gobierno de Porfirio Díaz. El ensayo muestra que el gobierno mexicano no fue zarandeado por los intereses privados, sino que diseñó e implementó leyes para dinamizar la economía, protegerla de los altos costos de la volatilidad, y aumentar las fuentes de la finanza pública.
Legislative Oversight of the Armed Forces in Mexico
Authors: Díez Jordi 
Published: April 2008

During the hegemonic rule of the Partido Revolucionario Institucional (Institutional Revolutionary Party) (PRI), civil-military relations in Mexico were characterized by an implicit “pact” between civilian authorities and the armed forces, a pact that resulted in little civilian oversight and high levels of military autonomy. Despite Mexico's transition to democracy in 2000, the pact has been maintained, albeit somewhat altered. Because the responsibility to oversee the armed forces in democratic regimes is shared among the three branches of government, legislatures play an essential role in the oversight process, which directly affects democratic transparency, horizontal accountability, and good governance. This article investigates the extent to which the Mexican Congress has been able to exercise effectively its constitutionally mandated authority to oversee the armed forces as it emerges as a powerful institution in transitional Mexico. It argues that although congressional oversight has increased in some areas, it has generally remained weak.Durante el régimen hegemónico del Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI), las relaciones entre civiles y militares en México se caracterizaban por un ‘pacto’ implícito entre las autoridades civiles y las fuerzas armadas, el cual otorgaba a los militares gran autonomía militar con poco control civil. A pesar de la transición a la democracia en 2000, este pacto civil-militar se ha mantenido, si bien con algunas modificaciones. Dada que la responsabilidad de la supervisión de las fuerzas armadas en los regímenes democráticos es compartida por los tres poderes de gobierno, el poder legislativo funge un rol esencial en el proceso de supervisión, el cual afecta la transparencia democrática, la responsabilidad y el buen gobierno. Este artículo investiga cuan capaz ha sido el congreso mexicano en ejercer sus responsabilidades constitucionales de supervisión de las fuerzas armadas en la medida en que se posiciona como una poderosa institución en el México de la transición. El artículo arguye que a pesar de que la supervisión legislativa de las fuerzas armadas se ha incrementado, en general continúa siendo débil.
La Revista Mexicana de Literatura: territorio de la nueva elite intelectual (1955–1965)
Authors: Horcasitas Ricardo Pozas 
Published: April 2008

La Revista Mexicana de Literatura (1955–1965) fue el punto de encuentro de los jóvenes intelectuales mexicanos, que expresaron el cambio cultural producido por la transformación de la sociedad en la década de los sesenta. El artículo recorre la especificidad de los distintos grupos que dirigieron la Revista. Esta publicación tuvo cinco etapas constituidas por sus direcciones y la composición de consejos editoriales. El texto hace un análisis de sus distintas secciones, que cambiaron a lo largo de sus etapas, asímismo, analiza las posiciones estéticas y culturales en las que sus colaboradores fijan su postura frente a la literatura y la creación.
The Revista Mexicana de Literatura (1955–1965) was the meeting place for young Mexican intellectuals who expressed the cultural change produced by the transformation of society in the sixties. The article covers the particularities of the different groups that directed the Revista. This publication had five different periods, according to its directors and the composition of the publishing boards. The article analyzes the different sections of the journal, which changed through the various periods; in addition, it analyzes the aesthetic and cultural positions in which the contributors set their position on literature and the arts.
Reduced Mismatch Repair of Heteroduplexes Reveals “Non”-interfering Crossing Over in Wild-Type Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Getz Tony J , Banse Stephen A , Young Lisa S , Banse Allison V , Swanson Johanna , Wang Grace M , Browne Barclay L , Foss Henriette M , Stahl Franklin W 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Using small palindromes to monitor meiotic double-strand-break-repair (DSBr) events, we demonstrate that two distinct classes of crossovers occur during meiosis in wild-type yeast. We found that crossovers accompanying 5:3 segregation of a palindrome show no conventional (i.e., positive) interference, while crossovers with 6:2 or normal 4:4 segregation for the same palindrome, in the same cross, do manifest interference. Our observations support the concept of a “non”-interference class and an interference class of meiotic double-strand-break-repair events, each with its own rules for mismatch repair of heteroduplexes. We further show that deletion of MSH4 reduces crossover tetrads with 6:2 or normal 4:4 segregation more than it does those with 5:3 segregation, consistent with Msh4p specifically promoting formation of crossovers in the interference class. Additionally, we present evidence that an ndj1 mutation causes a shift of noncrossovers to crossovers specifically within the “non”-interference class of DSBr events. We use these and other data in support of a model in which meiotic recombination occurs in two phases—one specializing in homolog pairing, the other in disjunction—and each producing both noncrossovers and crossovers.
Evolution and Genetic Population Structure of Prickly Lettuce (Lactuca serriola) and Its RGC2 Resistance Gene Cluster
Authors: Kuang Hanhui , van Eck Herman J , Sicard Delphine , Michelmore Richard , Nevo Eviatar 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Genetic structure and diversity of natural populations of prickly lettuce (Lactuca serriola) were studied using AFLP markers and then compared with the diversity of the RGC2 disease resistance gene cluster. Screening of 696 accessions from 41 populations using 319 AFLP markers showed that eastern Turkish and Armenian populations were the most diverse populations and might be located in the origin and center of diversity of L. serriola. Screening 709 accessions using the microsatellite MSATE6 that is located in the coding region of most RGC2 homologs detected 366 different haplotypes. Again, the eastern Turkish and Armenian populations had the highest diversities at the RGC2 cluster. The diversities at the RGC2 cluster in different populations were significantly correlated with their genomewide diversities. There was significant variation of copy number of RGC2 homologs in different populations, ranging from 12 to 22 copies per genome. The nucleotide diversities of two conserved lineages (type II) of RGC2 genes (K and L) were not correlated with diversities calculated using the MSATE6 or AFLP data. We hypothesize that the high genomewide diversity and diversity of the RGC2 cluster in eastern Turkish and Armenian populations resulted from high abiotic and biotic stresses in the regions of origin of L. serriola.