bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Protocol Optimization for Long‐Term Liquid Storage of Goat Semen in a Chemically Defined Extender
Authors: Zhao B‐T , Han D , Xu C‐L , Luo M‐J , Chang Z‐L , Tan J‐H 
Published: November 2008

ContentsA specific problem in the preservation of goat semen has been the detrimental effect of seminal plasma on the viability of spermatozoa in extenders containing egg yolk or milk. The use of chemically defined extenders will have obvious advantages in liquid storage of buck semen. Our previous study showed that the self‐made mZAP extender performed better than commercial extenders, and maintained a sperm motility of 34% for 9 days and a fertilizing potential for successful pregnancies for 7 days. The aim of this study was to extend the viability and fertilizing potential of liquid‐stored goat spermatozoa by optimizing procedures for semen processing and storage in the mZAP extender. Semen samples collected from five goat bucks of the Lubei White and Boer breeds were diluted with the extender, cooled and stored at 5°C. Stored semen was evaluated for sperm viability parameters, every 48 h of storage. Data from three ejaculates of different bucks were analysed for each treatment. The percentage data were arcsine‐transformed before being analysed with anova and Duncan’s multiple comparison test. While cooling at the rate of 0.1–0.25°C/min did not affect sperm viability parameters, doing so at the rate of 0.6°C/min from 30 to 15°C reduced goat sperm motility and membrane integrity. Sperm motility and membrane integrity were significantly higher in semen coated with the extender containing 20% egg yolk than in non‐coated semen. Sperm motility, membrane integrity and acrosomal intactness were significantly higher when coated semen was 21‐fold diluted than when it was 11‐ or 51‐fold diluted and when extender was renewed at 48‐h intervals than when it was not renewed during storage. When goat semen coated with the egg yolk‐containing extender was 21‐fold diluted, cooled at the rate of 0.07–0.25°C/min, stored at 5°C and the extender renewed every 48 h, a sperm motility of 48% was maintained for 13 days, and an in vitro‐fertilizing potential similar to that of fresh semen was maintained for 11 days.
The risk of venous thromboembolism associated with the use of tranexamic acid and other drugs used to treat menorrhagia: a case–control study using the General Practice Research Database
Authors: Sundström A , Seaman H , Kieler H , Alfredsson L 
Published: November 2008

Objective  To assess whether use of tranexamic acid is associated with an increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE).Design  Nested case–control study.Setting  Database study using the General Practice Research Database for the years 1992–1998.Population  Women aged 15–49 years with a diagnosis of menorrhagia.Methods  Multivariate conditional logistic regression was used to estimate the risk for VTE associated with different drug treatments for menorrhagia, adjusting for confounders.Main outcome measures  Adjusted odds ratios with 95% CI.Results  A total of 134 cases of VTE and 552 matched controls were identified. Recent use of tranexamic acid was scarce, yielding an adjusted odds ratio for VTE of 3.20 (95% CI 0.65–15.78). The use of mefenamic acid (ORadj 5.54 [95% CI 2.13–14.40]) or norethisterone (ORadj 2.41 [95% CI 1.00–5.78]) was associated with an increased risk of VTE, as was a recent—in relation to menorrhagia—diagnosis of anaemia or a haemoglobin value <11.5 g/dl (ORadj 2.23 [95% CI 1.02–4.86]).Conclusions  We found that tranexamic acid was associated with an increased risk of VTE, although the risk estimate did not reach statistical significance. Increased risks of VTE associated with other treatments for menorrhagia were observed. The increased risk of VTE observed with a diagnosis of anaemia—a proxy for more severe menorrhagia—suggests that menorrhagia could be a prothrombotic condition. The observed association between VTE, tranexamic acid and other treatments for menorrhagia may thus partly be explained by confounding by indication. The possibility that menorrhagia is itself a risk factor for VTE merits further investigation.
A randomised controlled trial of routine versus restrictive use of episiotomy at operative vaginal delivery: a multicentre pilot study
Authors: Murphy DJ , Macleod M , Bahl R , Goyder K , Howarth L , Strachan B 
Published: November 2008

Objective  To compare the maternal and neonatal outcomes of operative vaginal delivery in relation to the use of episiotomy.Design  Pilot randomised controlled trial (RCT).Setting  Two urban maternity units in Scotland and England.Sample  Nulliparous women anticipating a singleton cephalic vaginal delivery were recruited in the antenatal period.Methods  If an operative vaginal delivery was required in the second stage of labour, women were randomised to either routine (in all cases) or restrictive (only if tearing apparent) use of episiotomy.Main outcome measures  The primary outcome was anal sphincter tearing (third or fourth degree). Secondary outcomes included postpartum haemorrhage (PPH), neonatal trauma and pelvic floor symptoms up until 10 days postpartum.Results  In a group of 317 women requiring operative vaginal delivery, 200 were randomised: 99 to routine use of episiotomy and 101 to restrictive use. There were small differences in the rates of anal sphincter tears (8.1% routine versus 10.9% restrictive, OR 0.72, 95% CI 0.28–1.87) and primary PPH (36.4% routine versus 26.7% restrictive, OR 1.57, 95% CI 0.86–2.86). Neonatal trauma was similar between the two groups (45.5% routine versus 43.6% restrictive, OR 1.08, 95% CI 0.62–1.89), as was prolonged catheterisation, urinary incontinence, faecal incontinence, perineal infection and prolonged hospital admission.Conclusions  This pilot study does not provide conclusive evidence that a policy of routine episiotomy is better or worse than a restrictive policy. A definitive RCT is feasible but will require a large sample size to inform clinical practice.
EXTENSION OPPORTUNITIES IN MARKETING1
Authors: HOW R. BRIAN 
Published: November 2008

SummaryIn summary I would like to make the following points:1. There are numerous opportunities for educational programs in agricultural marketing that would be of value to farmers, to the management of marketing firms, and to consumers.2. In Colleges and Departments of Agriculture our first responsibility is still to farm people, even though they are actually performing fewer marketing services today.3. Marketing information of most general use to farmers is that which helps them understand the economic situation and outlook, and important economic principles related to marketing.4. Developing educational programs with marketing firms requires a change in direction from primary concern with farm problems to concern with the problems of the private marketing firm. While this may be difficult to accept, there is really no direct conflict of interest between programs for farmers and those for marketing firm personnel and the methods and kinds of information available can often be used in both areas.5. Programs with marketing firms are as varied as the needs of the firms themselves. The extension specialist well versed in a particular phase of business management, or equipped with a particular set of analytical tools, or familiar with recent research findings, can make considerable improvement in the efficiency of operation of most marketing firms.6. A major policy question at present is how far we should go in working with marketing firms. There is considerable agreement that some work is desirable from the point of view of providing greater knowledge of marketing, and that it can be done with little additional help and few special studies.7. Arguments presented in favor of considerable expansion in marketing work are that legislators are willing to provide public support, the need is great in view of rising marketing costs and obvious inefficiencies, and benefits to agriculture are as great as for some of the farm production work.8. Those who caution against moving too rapidly in this area are reluctant to divert resources away from agricultural programs, and argue that once work with marketing firms is initiated there is no logical place to draw the line on extension programs.9. The case for marketing information for consumer programs is largely based on the complexity of modern food marketing. The growth of new products and more processing would indicate that educational programs in buying foods for homes or institutions will expand in the future.10. Extension programs in marketing can be successful if the educational feature is stressed, and the programs are based on sound research, conducted by competent personnel using appropriate methods, and given the freedom and administrative support necessary for the job.
YIELD PREDICTIONS FOR 1965 WHEAT, OATS, AND BARLEY IN MANITOBA1
Authors: YEH MARTIN H. 
Published: November 2008

This is an aggregate study based on the time series data, 1921 to 1964, covering the entire Province of Manitoba on a district‐by‐district basis. The study has attempted to include three parts. First it has examined grain yield fluctuations and has selected the most significant factors influencing yields. These include resource inputs, technology, weather and chance. Second, the study has developed a method by which the influence of each factor on grain yields may be measured. Third, it has shown that grain yields can be forecast within an acceptable margin of error, based on the past pattern of weather cycles, the current trend of technical advance and a monthly assessment of rainfall and temperature during seeding, growing and harvesting periods in any given year.The findings from this study show that the predicted yields for each of the grain crops were reasonably close to the actual yields, demonstrating an adequate model used and the efficiency of the analytical technique employed. Additional work on this topic is necessary, firstly to explore other possible methods of analysis and, secondly, to extend the analysis to cover the other two prairie provinces on a district‐by‐district basis, in order to be able to provide more information regarding the crop predictions which may be useful to farmers, distributors, businessmen, and governments involved in decision making.
A Regional Analysis Of The Supply And Demand Of Farm Labor In Canada
Authors: YEH M. H. , LI LEW‐KING 
Published: November 2008

This is an aggregative study covering the years 1946 to 1962, with the primary objective ofexamining the most significant factors which affect a market structure for farm labor. A recursive system is used to derive an equilibrium level of both hired and family farm labor during the period studied as well as an equilibrium level of future farm labor requirement by 1970. The findings show that the demand for farm labor was apparently not, or weakly, responsive to the farm wage rate in all regions and it was weakly responsive to the parity ratio, farm machinery and productivity. On the supply side, farm labor also was not, or weakly, responsive to the variables included in all regions with the exception of the farm wage rate or parity ratio in B.C. and the adjusted non‐farm wage rate and farm machinery in the Atlantic region. The results also show that, in Canada as a whole, the projected family labor employment will be 294,000 manequivalents by 1910 or 42 percent decline as compared to the 1962 level, while the projected hired labor employment will be 114,000 manequivalents in 1970 or 14 percent increase in the eight years after 1962. This would likely be the tendency because of the continuous economic development on the one hand and the consolidation of farms on the other.
MEASURING THE RELATIVE INCOME OF FARM LABOUR, 1941–611
Authors: KULSHRESHTHA S. N. 
Published: November 2008

This is an analysis of farm labour income at an aggregate level for the period 1941 to 1961. The income of farm labour was estimated for paid workers, operators or self‐employed workers, and total paid and unpaid workers, These incomes were compared with five sub‐sectors of the nonfarm economy and for five geographical regions. In estimating income, adjustments were made for the age and sex composition of labour force, bours of work in various industries, movement of prices of inputs and output, and period of employment of farm workers.The results show significant differences in incomes of various categories of workers, and incomes of farm workers compared to various sub‐sectors of the nonfarm economy. Similarly, various regions were found to. be highly heterogeneous with respect to relative labour income levels. When the farm and nonfarm sectors were adjusted for differences in characteristics, the labour income ratio of Canadian agriculture on a normalized man equivalent basis ranged between 41 and 63 percent.
Regional Planning For Depressed Rural Areas —The Canadian Experience1
Authors: POETSCHKE L. E. 
Published: November 2008

Attempts are being made to improve the level of living of people in depressed rural areas in Canada. The most significant institutional efforts are those by the Agricultural and Rural Development Administration's comprehensive planning programs. A description is given of the problem confronted both from an economic development and practical planning viewpoint. The evolving federal program including general research procedures are discussed along with the specific area programs that are being developed and implemented.
A COMPUTER MANAGERIAL PACKAGE FOR FEED MILLS*
Authors: BRAITHWAITE W. M. , BRITNEY J. B. 
Published: November 2008

Currently many attempts are being made to improve the level of firm decision‐making through the use of computers. Such an approach requires the ability to represent the firm's activities in the form of a mathematical model.In this study, the linear programming model was used to represent the operations of a Feed manufacturer. The usefulness of the model to assist managerial decision‐making in the areas of product mix and promotion, pricing, feed formulation and resource utilization is explored.
Economic Integration and Model Building
Authors: Capel R. E. , Harris T. D. 
Published: November 2008

A certain amount of economic integration between countries of the North American continent is widely accepted as an appropriate compromise between complete integration and complete independence. There are, however, important inter‐ and intra‐regional considerations. Methods for studying economic integration are proposed based on linear programming models. Two models are outlined for testing the consequences of economic integration on agriculture.L'inTÉGRATION ÉCONOMIQUE ET LA CONSTRUCTION DES MODÈLES: Un certain montant d'intégration économique entre les pays du continent de l'Amérique du Nord est grandement accepté comme compromis entre une intégration compléte et une indépendance complète. On s'intéresse, par conséauent, à plusieurs considérations inter‐ et intra‐régionales. Des méthodes pour étudier l'intégration économique sont discutées et deux modèles sont suggérés pour prédire des conséquences pour l'agriculture de l'intégration économique.
A FRAMEWORK FOR VIEWING SIMULATION
Authors: Manderscheid Lester V. , Nelson Glenn L. 
Published: November 2008

This expository article is designed to provide the agricultural economist with an introduction to simulation models. An intellectual framework is suggested to assist the reader in relating the several types of models that may be encountered in the literature. The Monte Carlo technique for experimentation with stochastic models is emphasized because of its potential usefulness.UN EXPOSE DES MODELES DE SIMULA TION ‐ L'objet de cet article était de vous familiariser avec des modèles de conditions simulées. Le raisonnement propose devrait aider les lecteurs à se faire une idée des divers modèles qui surgissent dans ces écrits. A cause de son utilité, la technique Monte Carlo est soulignée comme expérimentation.
Acreage Response In Ontario*
Authors: Meilke K. D. , Kramar R. E. 
Published: November 2008

Acreage response functions for Ontario shelled corn, fodder corn. oats, barley, soybeans, mixed grain and winter wheat are presented. The acreage response functions are estimated using data from 1945 to 1971. The estimated equations are used to predict acreage in 1972 and 1973. In general, the acreage response of Ontario crops tends to be very elastic with respect to lagged price and yields.Le rendement par acre en Ontario dans la culture du mais àécosser, du mats de fourrage, de I'avoine, de I'orge, du soja, du blé d'automme, et des grains mélangés est présenté. Le rendement par acre est calculé de données des années 1945 à 1971. Les calculs servent à prédire le rendement par acre pour les années 1972 et 1973. En général, le rendement par acre des récoltes Ontariennes semble étre très élastique par rapport aux rendements et des prix antérieurs.
Market Stabilization by Deficiency Payment Programs: Theoretical Analysis and its Application to the Canadian Pork Sector
Authors: Martin Larry , MacLaren Donald 
Published: November 2008

Canada's approach to stabilization of the livestock industry differs from stabilization programs analyzed in recent economic literature. In theory, the Canadian approach results in net economic benefits to society. Empirical analysis of pork stabilization indicates the potential magnitude of net benefits and shows that alternative programs have different stabilizing characteristics.L'approche Canadienne de stabilisation de la production animate diffère des programmes de stabilisation présentés récement dans la littérature économique. En théory l'approche Canadienne se traduit par un gain net au profit de la société. L'analyse empirique de la stabilisation du marché porcin indique l'eventail possible des gains net et montre que des variantes du programme ont diverses characteristiques de stabilisation.
CANADIAN WHEAT EXPORTS IN THE INTERNATIONAL MARKET: AN EXPLORATORY ECONOMETRIC AND POLICY ANALYSIS
Authors: MacLaren Donald 
Published: November 2008

This study attempts to measure with a two‐region model some of the key economic relationships for Canadian wheat in the world market. The excess demand function facing Canadian wheat exports was found to be price elastic. Dynamic policy multipliers were derived to calculate the effects on wheat exports and the world price of changes in policy instruments including the initial payment for wheat.Cette étude a pour but de mesurer, au moyen d'un modèle portant sur deux régions, quelques‐uns des principaux rapports économiques entre l'économie canadienne du blé et les marchés mondiaux. La fonction de demande excédentaire des exportations canadiennes de blé s'est vérifiée élastique par rapport au prix. Les effets de changements dans les instruments de la politique agricole, tels que le paiement initial du blé, sur les exportation canadiennes et sur le prix mondial du ble ont eté calcule au moyen de multiplicateurs dynamiques.
THE DEMAND FOR FATS AND OILS IN CANADA
Authors: Al‐Zand Osama A. , Hassan Zuhair A. 
Published: November 2008

The overall per capita consumption of fats and oils in Canada has shown only a slight upward trend over the last twenty years. The composition of fats and oils consumed, however, has changed drastically. The most noticeable change was the shift from animal fats to oils and fats of vegetable origin. Specific economic variables have played a key role in determining the nature and direction of consumption for each fat and oil product. Most of the consumption demand changes exhibited over the period are explained by corresponding changes in respective prices and income. Demand for all fats and oils remains in the inelastic range. Income growth had a positive effect on the demand for margarine, butter and especially for shortening, but a negative effect on that for lard. The associated nature of demands for these products, as a group of food items, implies that alternative statistical methods of estimation can yield precise and consistent demand parameters. The parameters obtained from the conventional ordinary least squares (OLS) were verified and refined using Zellner's “Seemingly unrelated regressions” (ZSUR) and full information maximum likelihood (FIML). Reliable demand measures are essential prerequisites for effective agricultural policy and planning.Pendants les vingls ans passés, la consommation canadienne globale par habitant des huiles et des graisses n'a montré qu' une légère tendence ascendante. Mais alors, le montant consommé des diverses genres d'huiles et de graisses a changé beaucoup. Le changement le plus remarquable a eu lieu au niveau d'une nouvelle préférence pour les graisses d'origine végétale au lieu des graisses animales. Des variables économiques spécifiques ont fortement déterminé la nature et la direction de la consommation de chaque produit huileux ou graisseux. Presque tous les changements de demande de consommation pendant cette période peuvent être expliqués par des changements correspondants de prix et de revenus. La demande est inélastique pour toutes les huiles et les graisses. l'acroissement des revenus renforce la demande pour le margarine, le beurre et surtout pour la graisse à pâtisserie mais diminue la demande pour le saindue. Puisque la demande pour ces produits alimentaires est liée, des méthodes alternatives d'estimation statistique peuvent rapporter des paramètres de demande précis et consistants. Les paramètres obtenus de la méthode conventionnelle de ‘ordinary least square’ (OLS) ont été vérifiés et raffinés avec celles obtenus par la méthode de ‘Seemingly unrelated regression’ de Zellner (ZSUR) et par la méthode de ‘full information maximum likelihood’ (FIML). Des sûres mesures de demande sont des requis essentiels à la formulation efficace de la politique et de la plani‐fication agricole.
A SIMULATION MODEL TO EVALUATE THE TIME‐QUANTITY RESPONSE IN SPECIALIZED WHITE VEAL PRODUCTION
Authors: Clark Jack H. , Sturgess Neil H. , Wilton James W. , Stone Philip M. 
Published: November 2008

The objectives of this study were; to develop a model to simulate the growth of calves marketed as white veal; to use this model to evaluate alternative feeding rations; and to estimate optimal net returns to specialized white veal resources. A set of growth equations for veal calves developed by Van Es of Holland were used in a simulation model to estimate the growth of calves fed milk replacer. The model optimized the feeding system and indicated the optimum market weight strategy for specialized white veal producers. The results suggested that feeding system, mortality rates of calves and input‐output prices ratios were all variables that influenced the optimum market weight and that producers should choose a flexible market weight strategy in preference to a single target market weight.Le but de cette étude est: de mettre au point un model pour simuler la croissanee de veaux destinés à la boucherie; d'utiliser ce model afin d'évaluer diverses RATIONS et d'estimer le bénéfice net optimal provenant des ressources consacrées à cette production. Un ensemble d'équations estimant la croissanee de veaux de boucherie, établi par Van Es de Hollande, est utilisé pour estimer la croissanee de veaux nourris avec des substituts de lait. Se model établi le meilleur système d'alimentation ainsi que le meilleur poids de commercialisation pour les producteurs specialisés en viande de veaux. d'après ces résultats les taux de mortalité, les systèmes d'alimentation et le rapport du prix des inputs et outputs influencent le meilleur poids de commercialisation; et les producteurs devraient choisir une politique adaptative plutôt que de s'arrêter à un poids donné.