bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A PHOTOGRAPHIC REGISTER OF TYPE SPECIMENS
Authors: Brummitt R. K. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryIn a project organised by the Association pour l'Etude Taxonomique de la Flore d'Afrique Tropicale a register of type specimens of Ranunculaceae from tropical and southern Africa has been produced by assembling photographs of relevant specimens from 30 herbaria. Each photograph is documented by two names, that of the taxon under which the specimen is filed in the herbarium holding it and (where known) that of which the specimen is the type. Additional data can be read from the photographs themselves when necessary. In herbaria where types are already clearly distinguished the method proved relatively quick and involved minimal effort by curators, and the end product was found to answer most of the problems faced by botanists wishing to locate types. No follow‐up attempt to systematically go through herbaria recording type in this way is at present envisaged, but those working on plants of tropical and southern Africa are invited to submit any photographs of type specimens from this area to the AETFAT Library in Brussels where a photographic type register will be built up slowly.
CLETHRA OCCIDENTALIS (CLETHRACEAE): A RE‐EVALUATION
Authors: Duncan Thomas 
Published: April 2006

SummaryA statistical analysis of variation in Clethra occidentalis sensu lato was undertaken to reexamine its limits. Methods used are t‐tests and principal component analysis. From the evidence presented, C. occidentalis is redefined to include only Jamaican populations. It is suggested that C. hondurensis be recognized and that the disposition of other Mexican and Central American populations cannot be resolved without further revisionary study of the entire C. occidentalis complex.
THE LINNAEAN SPECIES OF GOMPHRENA L. (AMARANTHACEAE)
Authors: Mears James A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe eleven species described as Gomphrena L. by Linnaeus are identified as species of Gomphrena, Alternanthera Forsskål, Caraxeron Rafinesque (= Philoxerus auct. mult., non R. Brown) and Froelichia Moench. Alternanthera flava (L.) Mears, comb. nov., is presented. It is demonstrated that Linnaeus' attitudes about the genus Gomphrena were more closely related to inflorescence characteristics than to stamen and stigma number.
ETUDE QUANTITATIVE DE LA CLASSIFICATION DES HAMAMELIDIDAE
Authors: Barabé Denis , Bergeron Yves , Vincent Gilles A. 
Published: April 2006

RésuméLa taxonomie numérique est rarement utilisée pour comparer les familles de plantes entre elles. Ceci est probablement dû au fait qu'il est difficile d'organiser les caractères de façon à bien exprimer la variabilité qui existe souvent à ce niveau taxonomique. Afin de contourner cet obstacle nous avons utilisée la fréquence des caractères à l'intérieur de la famille. L'étude porte sur la sous‐classe des Hamamelididae, sensu Takhtajan (1969), qui comprend 22 familles. Pour la plupart des familles, 130 caractères morphologiques et anatomiques ont été recensés.La fréquence d'un caractère, dans chaque famille, est obtenue en calculant le pourcentage de genres qui possèdent le caractère en question. Les données furent traitées selon 2 méthodes: la méthode des groupements par agglomération hiérarchique et l'analyse en coordonnées principales. Le coefficient de similarité utilisée est celui de Gower (1971). Cette analyse montre que la sous‐classe des Hamamelididae se subdivise phénétiquement en trois groupes assez bien délimités. Le groupe 1 comprend des familles dites primitives, Eupteleaceae, Tetracentraceae, Trochodendraceae, Myrothamnaceae, Cercidiphyllaceae, Platanaceae, Hamamelidaceae, et est souvent vu comme faisant le lien avec les autres sous‐classes. Les familles du groupe 3, Myricaceae, Moraceae, Ulmaceae, Betulaceae, Fagaceae, Juglandaceae, Rhoipteleaceae, Urticaceae, Cannabaceae, se distinguent plutôt par des caractères évolués et forment le noyau des Amentifères. Le groupe 2, qui comprend les familles Casuarinaceae, Eucommiaceae, Balanopaceae, Didymelaceae, Leitneriaceae et Barbeyaceae, ne semblent pas posséder de caractères particuliers. Ces familles possèdent, pour la plupart, un ensemble de caractères qui se trouvent principalement soit dans le groupe 1, soit dans le groupe 3 ou les deux à la fois. Voilà pourquoi, il réunit des familles phénétiquement intermédiaires entre celles du groupe 1 et du groupe 3.Cette étude indique aussi que les Balanopaceae se rapproche davantage du complexe Trochodendrales‐Hamamelidales que des Fagales. De plus, il semble que les Leitneriaceae, tout en étant près des Amentifères, s'insèrent plus ou moins directement entre ce groupe et les Hamamelidales. Les résultats obtenus concordent sensiblement avec certains systèmes de classification modernes et plus particulièrement avec celui proposé par Takhtajan, si l'on fait abstraction de la position des Balanopaceae et des Leitneriaceae.
REPONSE DU METABOLISME FLAVONIQUE A LA PRESSION DE SELECTION DU MILIEU SUR DIVERSES POPULATIONS DU LATHYRUS PRATENSIS L.
Authors: Reynaud J. , Blaise S. , Jay M. , Cartier D. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryMathematical analysis of the flavonoid pattern of twenty populations of Lathyrus pratensis shows that there is no difference between diploid and tetraploid samples in flavonoid metabolism. But we noted obvious differences between the populations growing in a wet habitat and those growing in a dry one, the flavonoid biosynthesis evolution of these being more advanced. Moreover, in both diploids and tetraploids, the hypothesis of ancestors from different geographical origins is reinforced by slight variations in the flavonoid metabolism expression on the samples studied.
THE LOST PAINTINGS OF THE SESSÉ & MOCIÑO EXPEDITION: A NEWLY AVAILABLE RESOURCE
Authors: McVaugh Rogers 
Published: April 2006

SummaryAbout 2000 watercolor paintings, made by the artists of the 18th‐century Spanish expedition to New Spain, and lost since 1820, were found in Barcelona and acquired by the Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation, Pittsburgh. They will constitute an important resource for those hoping to fix the identities of the species of plants described by A. P. de Candolle on the basis of these paintings and the duplicate set at the Conservatoire Botanique, Genève.
THE CINCHONA SPECIES OF JOSE CELESTINO MUTIS
Authors: Kirkbride Joseph H. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryJosé Celestino Mutis was one of the most important of the early botanists in Colombia. One of his few publications was “El Arcano de la Quina” which appeared in the Papel Periódico de Santafé de Bogotá, a small‐format weekly newspaper, between the 10th of May, 1793, and the 7th of February, 1794. In a table which appeared on page 465 of issue 111, 11 October 1793, he validly published four species of Cinchona, C. lancifolia, C. oblongifolia, C. cordifolia and C. ovalifolia.
THE MISUSE OF MIXED COLLECTIONS IN BRYOPHYTE TAXONOMY
Authors: Wyatt Robert , Lane David M. , Stoneburner Ann 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe use of mixed collections has become widespread in moss taxonomy as a short‐cut for more rigorous examination of the genetic basis of morphological characters. The reasoning behind this approach is that closely related but morphologically different plants growing intermixed must be experiencing the same environment. Therefore, the morphs must be genetically distinct and can be treated as separate taxa. The method is simple to apply and has been extended from field observations of mixed populations to mixed specimens in herbarium packets. There are serious problems with the logic and methodology of this approach. It overlooks the possibility of microenvironmental variation and requires unreasonably restrictive assumptions about genetic variability in bryophyte populations. The mixed collection method should be abandoned entirely, and more rigorous experimental tests, such as uniform garden cultivation and reciprocal field transplants, employed.
COMPUTER EDITING OF SERIAL AND INDENTED IDENTIFICATION KEYS
Authors: češka A. , Trumpour A. D. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryAPL programming language is used to edit and print identification keys constructed in serial key format. Printout options include printing the full key or its parts, in either serial or indented form. Limitations of the method are discussed. Function listings and technical details are given in the Appendix.
QUERCUS PRINUS L.—NOMEN AMBIGUUM
Authors: Hardin James W. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryQuercus prinus L. has been used for two different species of chestnut oaks in eastern North America for over 175 years and is now considered to be a constant source of error and confusion. It cannot be rejected easily under Art. 69 because the type cannot be identified. Several alternative solutions are suggested, the simplest and clearest being to use an unambiguous synonym.
AN ASSESSMENT OF CHEMICAL FEATURES FOR THE CLASSIFICATION OF PLANT FOSSILS
Authors: Niklas Karl J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryA list of 52 chemical characters is presented for preparing a numerical taxonomy of plant fossils. These characters may be used to determine (1) the degree of chemical similarity among various fossil taxa, (2) the maximum number and the state of characters needed to construct a suprageneric classification corresponding to one based on morphological features, (3) the nature of diagenesis effecting a divergence between chemical and morphological classifications, and (4) the utility of chemical characters in deriving phylogenetic relationships. Results from the analyses of 36 fossil taxa demonstrate the practicality of the proposed system, while comparisons of dendrograms obtained from chemical data and from classical criteria show good agreement. The approach taken in this study can provide an on‐line computer basis for the identification of plant fossils, provided that the environment of post‐depositional sediment maturation was sufficiently mild.
NICKEL UPTAKE BY NEW CALEDONIAN SPECIES OF PHYLLANTHUS
Authors: Kersten William J. , Brooks Robert R. , Reeves Roger D. , Jaffré Tanguy 
Published: April 2006

SummaryHerbarium specimens (nearly 350) of New Caledonian species of Phyllanthus (Euphorbiaceae) were analysed for their nickel and cobalt contents with a view to discovering new hyperaccumulators of nickel (>1000 μg/g dry mass) and to assisting in chemotaxonomic classification of this difficult genus. A total of 10 hyperaccumulators were identified and it was possible to characterise and identify a number of species from their nickel and/or cobalt contents. This was particularly true for the taxonomically difficult section Heteroglochidion. This work raises to 40 the number of known hyperaccumulators of nickel found in New Caledonia.
STATUS OF THE POLLEN GENUS POLLENITES
Authors: Frederiksen N. O. , Ames H. T. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe nomenclature of fossil pollen grains cannot be stabilized until a final decision is made about the validity of publication of Pollenites. Our view, substantiated by Potonié's original discussions of the genus, is that the name Pollenites was validly published in Potonié's second 1931 taxonomic paper on Tertiary palynology.
LECTOTYPIFICATION OF POLYGONUM MARITIMUM L. (POLYGONACEAE)
Authors: Raffaelli Mauro 
Published: April 2006

SummaryLinnaeus based the name Polygonum maritimum in Species Plantarum on two specimens: the first, labeled “Monspelii et in Italia,” is kept in Burser's herbarium (UPS); the second, on which is written: “Virginia,” is among Linnaeus' specimens in Stockholm (S). Linnaeus, however, classified both the European specimen (UPS) and the American one (S) as P. maritimum, considering them to be both the same species. Actually, only the European specimen is attributable to P. maritimum, while the American one is P. glaucum Nutt. According to current usage, there is no doubt that the name P. maritimum refers to the European species and therefore, according to I.C.B.N. (Art. 7, Rec. 7B, 51 and 53), I have selected as lectotype of P. maritimum the specimen in Burser's herbarium (UPS).
A COMMENTARY ON RHEEDE'S AROIDS
Authors: Suresh C. R. , Sivadasan M. , Manilal K. S. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryRheede named 12 Araceae in his Hortus Malabaricus. Commentaries on the identifications, meanings, etc. of these names which fall under 11 accepted taxa, are given along with the types and distribution of their current names.
PREPARATION OF A BARLEY REGISTER: AN INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEM FOR CULTIVARS
Authors: Thompson B. K. , Baum B. R. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryPreparation of a Barley Register: An Information Retrieval System for Cultivars. B.K. Thompson and B. R. Baum. Engineering & Statistical Research Institute and Biosystematics Research, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A OC6.An information storage and retrieval system has been developed which produces a register for barley (Hordeum) cultivars, including pedigree charts, coefficients of parentage and inbreeding, references, and synonyms and translations for each cultivar. The register also includes cross‐references and a general bibliography. Although the system is being applied specifically to barley, it is sufficiently general for use with other cultivated crops. The system is an expanded version of an earlier one developed by the same authors for oat (Avena) cultivars. It is described herein with particular emphasis given to modifications and additions to the previous system.
VIRGULUS RAF. (1837), AN EARLIER NAME FOR LASALLEA GREENE (1903) (ASTERACEAE)
Authors: Reveal James L. , Keener Carl S. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryVirgulus Raf. (1837) is the earliest available name for those species of Aster L. with a basic chromosome number of x = 5, or derived x = 4. This name has priority over the recently reinstated Lasallea Greene (1903) which is additionally an orthographic variant of Lasallia Mérat (1821), a lichen. The necessary transfers are made from Aster to Virgulas.
ON SOME BRAZILIAN MALVACEAE OF MARTIUS, PUBLISHED BY COLLA IN 1833
Authors: Fryxell Paul A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryType specimens of six names published by Colla in 1833, which were collected by Martius in Brazil, were examined. These names have been either ignored or treated as “insufficiently known” in the literature of the family Malvaceae. One of the six names, Sida tomentosa Martius ex Colla, remains a nomen dubium. Four of the names were found to be the correct names of the species in question (Pavonia lanceolata Colla, Pavonia martii Colla, Sida nemorensis Martius ex Colla, and Sida setosa Martius ex Colla). One name (Hibiscus anonimus Martius ex Colla) is reduced to synonymy under Pavonia cancellata (Linn, f.) Cavanilles. A description and illustration are provided for Pavonia lanceolata.
THE SUBFAMILIAL, TRIBAL AND SUBTRIBAL NOMENCLATURE OF THE RUBIACEAE
Authors: Darwin Steven P. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryRecent renewed interest in the suprageneric classification of the Rubiaceae has made a clarification of the subfamilial, tribal, and subtribal nomenclature an urgent necessity. Presented here is a list of all suprageneric names published within the Rubiaceae, with an indication of their nomenclatural status; names of segregate families are also included. Attention is drawn to various problems concerning the interpretation of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature with regard to the names of taxa published between the ranks of family and genus. Three subfamilial and ten tribal names are validated with Latin descriptions or diagnoses.
TYPIFICATION OF THE GENUS PENICILLIUM
Authors: Hawksworth D. L. , Pitt J. I. , Sutton B. C. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe name of the holotype of the generic name Penicillium Fr. (1832), “Mucor crustaceus L.”, is considered to be a nomen dubium and to probably represent a member of a genus other than Penicillium as currently conceived. In order to preserve current usage of the name Penicillium, the conservation of Penicillium Link ex Gray (1821) with P. expansum Link ex Gray as the lectotype species is proposed. Conservation is necessary as the publi‐
TYPIFICATION OF GENERIC NAMES
Authors: McNeill J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe recently published Report of the Committee on Generic Typification did not deal adequately with the case for abandoning that part of Art. 10 of the Code that reads “the type of the name of a genus … is a species” nor did it provide examples of the effect of its various Proposals to amend the Code. This paper attempts to deal with this inadequacy and meet this omission.
THE NAME FOR THE TOMATO
Authors: Terrell Edward E. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryRecent claims that Lycopersicon lycopersicum (L.) Farwell is the correct name for the tomato are discussed in relation to the International Rules of Botanical Nomenclature. It is concluded that the name Lycopersicon esculentum Miller is correct. A preliminary proposal is made in an attempt to clarify Article 23 regarding the definition of tautonyms.
POLLINATION, HYBRIDIZATION AND ETHOLOGICAL ISOLATION OF RHINANTHUS MINOR AND R. SEROTINUS (RHINANTHOIDEAE: SCROPHULARIACEAE) BY BUMBLEBEES (BOMBUS LATR.)
Authors: Kwak Manja M. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe pollination, hybridization and ethological isolation of sympatric and synchronously flowering annuals Rhinanthus minor and R. serotinus were studied. Pollination was achieved by nototribically and sternotribically pollinating bumblebees (Bombus spp.), i.e. the essential parts of the flower contacts the dorsal respectively the ventral side of the insect's body. In general, pollination behaviour was related to tongue lengths of bumblebee species. Bumblebees could bring about species hybridization by visits to both plants species during one foraging trip as nototribic or as sternotribic pollinators and species isolation by visits to only one species during one foraging trip or by visits to one species nototribically and to the other sternotribically during one foraging trip. Hybridization between the two annual Rhinanthus species resulted in the rise of hybrid swarms. Partial isolation could be effected if medium‐tongued*** or short‐tongued bumblebee species visited both plant species during one foraging trip; in that case the stigma of R. minor is not able to touch the sites of R. serotinus pollen on the bodies of the bumblebees, but the reverse may be possible. The inaccessibility of the R. minor stigma resulted in R. minor remaining relatively ‘pure’. By analyzing the foraging patterns of bumblebees on Rhinanthus during three successive days the significance of two different forms of ethological isolation is considered. About 40% of the observed bumblebees*** confined their visits to one Rhinanthus species. The long‐tongued B. hortorum showed a strong preference for R. serotinus. The behaviour patterns of 60% brought about partial isolation or hybridization. The medium‐tongued B. pascuorum was responsible for partial isolation (isolation of R. minor). The short‐tongued species B. pratorum, B. terrestris and B. lapidarius were ‘good’ hybridizers.To support the idea that introgression into R. serotinus was likely, some other factors are discussed, e.g. the attractiveness of R. serotinus, and the fact that bumblebees are more likely to alternate between R. serotinus and the hybrid forms.
ON THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BOTANICAL AND HORTICULTURAL NOMENCLATURE AND THE STATUS OF BOTANICAL COMBINATIONS BASED SOLELY ON THE DESCRIPTION OF A CULTIVAR
Authors: Welch H.J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryBotanical nomenclature exists to serve botanical classification: horticultural nomenclature exists to serve horticultural selection. Hence the wisdom of having two Codes and the importance of keeping these two separate matters distinct at all levels. Botanical nomenclature is obligately classificatory. In contrast, horticultural nomenclature does not arise unless and until a cultivar has been created by selection from amongst other material within (actually or conceptually) the same botanical taxon. A cultivar, whether consisting of one clone or a thousand clones is a single, recognisable entity. No objection can be raised to a botanical combination, if correctly proposed, being based upon a pre‐1st January 1959 Latin‐form cultivar name. Many such combinations, however, were not in the past correctly proposed. A Latin‐form trinomial name given to a cultivar is not a validly published combination (Article 33). A cultivar, by definition, is not a taxon (Articles 1‐4), so reference to the description of a cultivar does not satisfy the requirements of Article 32. A proposed combination based solely on the description of a cultivar (the describing author's intention here is paramount) is therefore not validly published and must be rejected.
HETEROBASIDION (FOMES) ANSOSUM AND THE BONDARZEWIACEAE
Authors: Stalpers Joast A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe taxonomic position of Heterobasidion annosum is discussed. The species is closely related to Bondarzewia and has to be placed in the Bondarzewiaceae. This family includes the Amylariaceae and the Echinodontiaceae.
ILLEGITIMATE “BASIONYMS,” IMPACT ON PRIORITY AND AUTHOR CITATION OR, THE RISE OF DESMODIUM INCANUM AND FALL OF D. CANUM (FABACEAE)
Authors: Nicolson Dan H. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryLegitimacy of a synonym is one of three considerations entering into the determination of the correct name of a species, the others being priority and availability of the epithet in the generic name accepted. Epithets validly published in illegitimate binomials do not enter into considerations of priority. However, if such an epithet is later used under another generic name, it may form a legitimate binomial (Article 72, Note) and must be treated as a new name with priority dating from the time of legitimate usage. This causes shifts in priority, as well as author citation, particularly if the epithet is transferred to a third generic name (Article 33, Note 2), considerations sometimes overlooked in current literature. The reinstatement of the formerly well‐known name, Desmodium incanum DC. (1825), and rejection of the currently well‐known name, D. canum Schinz & Thellung (1913), is a case in point.
RE‐EXAMINATION OF A NUMERICAL TAXONOMIC STUDY OF SOLANUM SPECIES AND HYBRIDS
Authors: Schilling Edward E. , Heiser Charles B. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryData of Heiser et al. (1965) on species, hybrids, autoploids, and alloploids in Solanum were re‐examined using additional methods of numerical analysis. The phenogram produced after the removal of hybrids from the data matrix indicated that distortion of taxa observed in the phenogram of the previous study was due to the influence of hybrids. Hybrids, with one exception, were found to fall in an intermediate position relative to their parents in the graph obtained from principal components analysis. The ability to display intermediate groups makes principal components analysis better suited than cluster analysis for revealing hybrids from phenetic data.
AN EFFICIENT METHOD FOR THE CAPTURE AND TRANSMISSION OF SPECIMEN LABEL INFORMATION
Authors: Adams Robert P. , Weber William A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryHerbarium labels were photographed using single frames of 8 mm movie film. Up to 3200 labels can be captured on a 15 m roll of film. Total costs for capturing 60,000 labels was only $ 735 (1.2c/label) (US$). This should be an inexpensive method to transmit label data and decrease specimen borrowing for distribution mapping purposes.
EVOLUTION OF GENETIC MECHANISMS IN FUNGI
Authors: Ullrich Robert C. , Raper John R. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThis paper considers the evolution of genetic mechanisms in the fungi. Specific attention is directed to the nature of the hereditary material (e.g., guanine‐cytosine content, genome size, reiterated sequence content). The impact of the small amount of DNA per fungal cell is examined in the context of limiting evolutionary potential. The evolution of complex genetic mechanisms involving functionally related genes is considered from systems known in extant fungi, e.g., genetic isolating mechanisms, mycelial growth rate, time and abundance of fruiting, control of recombination, and patterns of sexuality.