bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Side Population Cells from Human Airway Epithelium
Authors: Hackett Tillie-Louise , Shaheen Furquan , Johnson Andrew , Wadsworth Samuel , Pechkovsky Dmitri V. , Jacoby David B. , Kicic Anthony , Stick Stephen M. , Knight Darryl A. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
The airway epithelium is the first line of contact with the inhaled external environment and is continuously exposed to and injured by pollutants, allergens, and viruses. However, little is known about epithelial repair and in particular the identity and role of tissue resident stem/progenitor cells that may contribute to epithelial regeneration. The aims of the present study were to identify, isolate, and characterize side population (SP) cells in human tracheobronchial epithelium. Epithelial cells were obtained from seven nontransplantable healthy lungs and four asthmatic lungs by pronase digestion. SP cells were identified by verapamil-sensitive efflux of the DNA-binding dye Hoechst 33342. Using flow cytometry, CD45− SP, CD45+ SP, and non-SP cells were isolated and sorted. CD45− SP cells made up 0.12% ± 0.01% of the total epithelial cell population in normal airway but 4.1% ± 0.06% of the epithelium in asthmatic airways. All CD45− SP cells showed positive staining for epithelial-specific markers cytokeratin-5, E-cadherin, ZO-1, and p63. CD45− SP cells exhibited stable telomere length and increased colony-forming and proliferative potential, undergoing population expansion for at least 16 consecutive passages. In contrast with non-SP cells, fewer than 100 CD45− SP cells were able to generate a multilayered and differentiated epithelium in air-liquid interface culture. SP cells are present in human tracheobronchial epithelium, exhibit both short- and long-term proliferative potential, and are capable of generation of differentiated epithelium in vitro. The number of SP cells is significantly greater in asthmatic airways, providing evidence of dysregulated resident SP cells in the asthmatic epithelium.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Regulation of Embryonic Stem Cell Self-Renewal and Pluripotency by Foxd3
Authors: Liu Ying , Labosky Patricia A. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
The Foxd3 forkhead transcription factor is required for maintaining pluripotent cells in the early mouse embryo and for the establishment of murine embryonic stem cell (ESC) lines. To begin to understand the role of Foxd3 in ESC maintenance, we derived ESC lines from blastocysts that carried two conditional Foxd3 alleles and a tamoxifen-inducible Cre transgene. Tamoxifen treatment produced a rapid and near complete loss of Foxd3 mRNA and protein. Foxd3-deficient ESCs maintained a normal proliferation rate but displayed increased apoptosis, and clonally dispersed ESCs showed a decreased ability to self-renew. Under either self-renewal or differentiation-promoting culture conditions we observed a strong, precocious differentiation of Foxd3 mutant ESCs along multiple lineages, including trophectoderm, endoderm, and mesendoderm. This profound alteration in biological behavior occurred in the face of continued expression of factors known to induce pluripotency, including Oct4, Sox2, and Nanog. We present a model for the role of Foxd3 in repressing differentiation, promoting self-renewal, and maintaining survival of mouse ESCs.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
An Innovative Bitumen Extraction Process for Oil Sands: Sand Reduction Technology (SRT) and Bitumen Concentration
Authors: Yildirim Erdal , Gregoli A.A. , Jamshar J.A. , Rimmer D.P. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
In 1991, Canadian Occidental undertook the development of a new process designed for efficient extraction of bitumen from oil sands which would be suitable for employment at remote sites. The new process, Sand Reduction Technology (SRT), is based on the separation of solids from an oil sand slurryin a system of hydrocyclones. The sand and clay in the slurry exit as a concentrated tails stream containing 70 to 75 percent solids. The remaining bitumen, water, and fine solids form an overhead stream containing 5 to 15percent bitumen. The objective of this new program was to test process concepts for efficient removal of water from this stream to produce a concentratedbitumen product stream containing 40 to 75 percent bitumen.
Following a series of laboratory investigations, a small scale processdevelopment unit (PDU) was constructed in Canadian Occidental's laboratory in Tulsa to test the bitumen concentration process. The PDU was sized to feed 10Ibs/min of oil sands to a slurry preparation unit which consisted of a heatedtumbler. The slurry was screened to remove oversize solids and unconditioned oil sands and was then pumped to a one-inch hydrocyclone for separation of most of the slurry solids. The overhead stream from the hydrocyclone was tested in several process options to concentrate the contained bitumen, which averaged about 8 percent in this stream. Oil sands feed for this project was obtained from Syncrude Canada Ltd. and consisted of two grades described as "typicalgrade" and "low grade".
Twenty-two PDU runs were made from November 1993 through June 1994. The operating plan for each run included a start-up period in which process conditions were established, followed by a one-hour material balance period. Two basic bitumen concentration concepts were evaluated, with several variations of each. The first process concept was based on the flotation of bitumen from the cyclone overhead stream. A four-cell Denver flotation unit was employed for this phase of the project, which included eight PDU runs. Good bitumen recovery was achieved in the flotation tests with up to 99 percent retention of bitumen in this part of the process. The bitumen was also concentrated, with bitumen concentration in the flotation froth averaging greater than 40 percent during optimal run periods.
Gauge Accreditation Facility -- History and Future Recommendations
Authors: Vik S. A. , Botto G. , Kviljo K. , Roffey M. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
This paper presents the history of the ‘Gauge Accreditation Facility’ project. Twelve large oil companies sponsored a joint industry project to test and compare a large number of memory and permanent pressure gauges. The project experienced a significant improvement in gauge quality and services during and after the project. This paper will present information about the project focusing on memory gauges as these were the bulk of the gauges tested.
Petroleum Engineering Education: Innovation to Meet the Needs of Industry
Authors: Schenewerk Philip , Alman Rex 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
In the grand scheme of engineering disciplines, petroleum engineering is a relative newcomer. Early curricula focused on the entire field of endeavor from exploration to refining depending on the expertise of the faculty. The modem curriculum, however, has been fairly standardized through the process of accreditation. Throughout its relatively short history there have been numerous arguments about what elements of the curriculum were more important, strong fundamentals, and applied sciences vs. specialization in petroleum engineering; business skills vs. humanities and social sciences.
Today, as we are all aware, our industry is in a continual state of change. Since 1988 extraction has lost 53% of its workforce. Industry has become more efficient, doing more with better technology and fewer people. The industry, which has always had an international side, has moved overseas as companies seek exploration opportunities outside the US. As the perceived need for petroleum engineers in the US has declined, so has the number of petroleum engineering departments. These trends have been a cause of concern to petroleum engineering educators because of the historically strong ties between industry and university petroleum engineering departments.
Over the last five years, a series of three colloquia has been held to discuss issues related to petroleum engineering education. The first colloquium, held during the summer of 1991, focused on supply and demand issues along with a variety of issues related to perspectives on the educational needs of future petroleum engineering students (Wilhite, 1991). During this first colloquium, schools were asked to indicate their desired enrollment levels. Evaluating these desired enrollments showed that enrollments would be in excess of the projected needs of industry. It was clear that if enrollments were to rise, other employment outlets for petroleum engineers would need to be found.
A New Cost Effective Philosophy for Upgrading Passive Fire Protection
Authors: Aune Stig , Skotnes Ole , Rasmussen Olav , Schumacher Robert R. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
A platform complex in the Norwegian Sector of the North Sea has been in operation since 1983. As the installation is exposed to a rather hostile environment, the original spray-on passive fire protection has experienced extensive degradation and a replacement or upgrade was required in order to maintain the fire resistance rating originally planned for when the coating was applied.
As part of the replacement and upgrade project, a new philosophy for passive fire protection was developed. The new philosophy focused on demonstrating the actual need of replacement, something that was determined through a thorough evaluation of the different functions the passive fire protection would have for the different fire compartments. The functions evaluated took into account the protection of personnel, environment and assets. Dimensioning fire loads were defined considering fire types, heat loads and fire duration.
Every type of structure; wall, floor or ceiling (with associated load-bearing members) was analysed, and functional requirements to the structures and areas were established for a range of fire scenarios. Based on this, the need for passive fire protection was determined and summarised in tables in order to ease any future replacements or upgrades. A plot-plan indicating the required fire protection was then developed for all areas of each platform.
Applying this new methodology on the first platform (of four) resulted in significant savings in the time spent offshore replacing the degraded passive fire protection. This again resulted in a cost reduction of more than 1 million dollars for this platform alone.
Based on the success of the new passive fire protection philosophy with regards to time and cost savings, it has been decided that this also will be applied in the design phase of any new platforms that the company will build in the future.
Impact of Composition Variation with Depth on Volatile Oil
Authors: Syahrial E. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
It has been known that the distribution of hydrocarbon components in a fluid column is affected of gravity. Many authors have shown the effect of composition variation within a hydrocarbon column due to gravity. In thick reservoirs as the depth increases, the mole fraction of the lighter hydrocarbon decreases, whereas the heavy fraction fraction increases. These variations may affect reservoir fluid properties considerably. In studying reservoir processes, especially with miscible displacements, it is essential to have of underlying mechanisms.
In this paper, we investigate the effect of composition variation with depth on volatile oil under depletion and miscible gas processes. A ternary diagram was used to identify the process displacement mechanisms at different locations. A new efficient compositional simulation approach was used to model the volatile oil reservoir bahaviour.
It was shown that the decreasing light component with depth caused different miscible displacement processes as the oil composition move toward limiting tie line in the ternary diagram. Saturation and reservoir pressures variation with depth were not linear in a thick reservoir. This non linearity increased with the increased in volatility of the oil. In the case of depletion, the concentration of light component decreased below its original composition in the produced layers. In vaporising-gas drive the light component gradually vaporized from the bottom to the top of reservoir, whereas the intermediate component decreased below its original composition from the bottom to the top of the reservoir.
Views on Exercise Maintenance: Variations Among Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Swärdh Emma , Biguet Gabriele , Opava Christina H 
Published: July 2008

Background and Purpose
Individuals with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) often have to make changes in exercise behavior in order to gain and sustain health benefits. The purpose of this study was to explore and describe ways of understanding exercise maintenance among individuals with RA who had already started to exercise.

Participants
Fourteen women and 4 men with RA of at least 2 years’ duration, selected from 4 hospitals or primary health care physical therapy clinics, participated. They had exercised regularly at least twice weekly during the previous 2 months with various levels of support from a physical therapist, and they had attempted to exercise without support outside of the health care environment during the previous year.

Method
A phenomenographic approach was used to analyze semistructured interviews. A pattern of categories of descriptions was constructed based on the participants’ conceptions and ways of understanding the phenomenon of exercise maintenance.

Results
Five categories were identified: “external control,” “sticks and carrots,” “a joint venture,” “the easy way,” and “on one's own terms.” The categories became clear by elucidating 2 aspects related to exercise maintenance: (1) the way the participants talked about and experienced the type of support needed and (2) personal factors.

Discussion and Conclusion
The results highlight the importance of finding the proper context and support for each patient's needs. Furthermore, preparing for exercise maintenance by strengthening the patient's beliefs in his or her ability to exercise in different settings, by discussing pros and cons of exercise, and by exploiting the patient's ability to adapt and continue exercise outside of the health care environment might be valuable.
Habitual Physical Activity Behavior of Patients After Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty
Authors: Wagenmakers Robert , Stevens Martin , Zijlstra Wiebren , Jacobs Monique L , van den Akker-Scheek Inge , Groothoff Johan W , Bulstra Sjoerd K 
Published: July 2008

Background and PurposeDespite recognized health benefits of physical activity, little is known about the habitual physical activity behavior of patients after total hip arthroplasty (THA). The purpose of this study was to analyze this behavior and the fulfillment of guidelines for health-enhancing physical activity of these patients compared with a normative population.Subjects and MethodsThe participants were 273 patients who had undergone a primary THA (minimum of 1 year postoperatively). Comparisons were made between this group and 273 age- and sex-matched individuals from a normative population. Comparisons also were made between participants with THA under 65 years of age and those 65 years of age and older and among participants with THA in different Charnley classes. Level of physical activity was assessed with the Short QUestionnaire to ASsess Health-enhancing physical activity (SQUASH).ResultsNo significant differences in total amount of physical activity or time spent in different categories of physical activity were found between the THA group and the normative group. Participants with THA spent significantly more minutes in activities of moderate intensity compared with the normative group. Participants with THA who were under 65 years of age were significantly more active than older participants with THA. Charnley class had significant effects on time spent at work, time spent in moderate-intensity activities, and total amount of activity, with the least activity performed by participants in Charnley class C. The guidelines were met by 51.2% of the participants with THA and 48.8% of the normative population. Female participants met the guidelines less frequently than male participants in both the combined groups (odds ratio=0.50, 95% confidence interval=0.35–0.72, P&lt;.001) and the THA group (odds ratio=0.48, 95% confidence interval=0.28–0.80, P=.001).Discussion and ConclusionThe results suggest that patients after THA are at least as physically active as a normative population. Nevertheless, a large percentage of these patients do not meet the guidelines; therefore, they need to be stimulated to become more physically active.
Kleinflächig spezialisierter, aber weiterhin multifunktionaler Schweizer Wald (Essay) | Typically patchy but multifunctional Swiss forest (essay)
Authors: Schneiter Anja , Sorg Annina 
Published: July 2008

Forests and forestry in the year 2050 may be described based on social, ecological and economical influence factors and their consequences. Increased pressure through human settlements and a polarized behaviour during leisure time both belong to social developments which are relevant to the forest. Furthermore, the benefits of a forest such as fresh air, clean water and free access may be assigned a monetary value in the future, whereas currently they are not. In the future, the ecological conditions may be strongly influenced by climate change. The Swiss forest as a whole is not currently in danger; however, pronounced climatic extremes may soon cause extended damage. As a result, the management of protection forests may become even more important. Economical developments such as the shortage of oil and the price increase of natural resources will have consequences for the forest management. Thus, the demand for wood as a source of energy and a substitute for other resources will increase.
All these changes will increase the conflict of interests in the Swiss forest until the year 2050. This will lead to the fact that the various uses of the forest will be segregated more intensely and its multifunctionality will obtain a more important meaning on a higher level.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Trimerizations of Terminal Arylalkynes: Synthesis of 1,3‐Diaryl‐2‐arylethynyl‐1,3‐butadienes[1]
Authors: Wu Yao‐Ting , Lin Wei‐Chih , Liu Chia‐Ju , Wu Chuan‐Yi 
Published: July 2008

AbstractVarious 1,3‐diaryl‐2‐arylethynyl‐1,3‐butadienes 7 have been prepared by the Pd‐catalyzed trimerization of arylalkynes 4. Their structures and stereochemistry have been confirmed by X‐ray crystal analyses. This procedure provides high regioselectivity to generate adducts Z‐7 in moderate to excellent yields. The scope, limitations and regioselectivity of this reaction have been investigated. In DMSO at 180 °C, 1,3‐di(1‐naphthalenyl)‐2‐(1‐naphthalenylethynyl)‐1,3‐butadiene (7m) underwent 6π‐electrocyclization to form 2‐(1‐naphthalenyl)‐3‐(1‐naphthalenylethynyl)‐1,2‐dihydrophenanthrene (21). Under acidic conditions, (1Z)‐1,3‐diphenyl‐2‐(1‐phenylethynyl)‐1,3‐butadiene (Z‐7a) was converted to 1‐methyl‐3‐phenyl‐2‐(2‐phenyl‐1‐ethionyl)‐2‐indene (22) in 75% yield.
Highly Efficient and Stereoselective Julia–Kocienski Protocol for the Synthesis of α‐Fluoro‐α,β‐unsaturated Esters and Weinreb Amides Employing 3,5‐Bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl (BTFP) Sulfones
Authors: Alonso Diego A. , Fuensanta Mónica , Gómez‐Bengoa Enrique , Nájera Carmen 
Published: July 2008

Abstractα‐Fluoroacetates 3 and Weinreb amide 4, bearing a α‐[3,5‐bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]sulfonyl (BTFP‐sulfonyl) group at the α‐position, are employed in the highly stereoselective synthesis of α‐fluoro‐α,β‐unsaturated alkenoates and Weinreb amides, respectively. Aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes are condensed under extremely mild and simple reaction conditions using potassium carbonate in dimethylformamide at room temperature under solid‐liquid phase‐transfer catalysis conditions in good yields and high Z‐diastereoselectivities, specially in the case of the fluorinated Weinreb amides. A detailed computational mechanistic study suggests a final non‐concerted elimination of sulfur dioxide and 3,5‐bis(trifluoromethyl)phenoxide and explains the observed high stereoselectivities for the reaction on the basis of thermodynamic and kinetic considerations.
New Functionalized Vinyl Monomers by Ethylene‐(Functionalized)‐Norbornene Hetero‐Trimerization Catalyzed by Cobalt(II)‐(Imino)pyridine Complexes
Authors: Toti Alessandro , Giambastiani Giuliano , Bianchini Claudio , Meli Andrea , Luconi Lapo 
Published: July 2008

AbstractOn activation by MAO the (imino)pyridine cobalt(II) complex CoCl2N2 catalyzes the enchainment of one norbornene (NB) molecule with two ethylene molecules to give exo‐2,exo‐3‐ethylvinylnorbornane with high activity and complete diastereoselectivity. Turnover frequencies [TOF, mol NB (mol Co×h)−1] as high as 270,000 have been obtained. The 2E‐1NB hetero‐trimerization reaction has been also accomplished with NBs bearing polar substituents such as norbornenemethanol and norbornenecarboxylic acid provided that the substrate is protected with triisobutylaluminum and the less sterically demanding complex CoCl2N2 is used as catalyst precursor. A mechanism for the hetero‐trimerization reactions is proposed on the basis of experimental evidence.
Organocatalytic and Enantioselective Direct Vinylogous Michael Addition to Maleimides
Authors: Lu Jun , Zhou Wei‐Juan , Liu Feng , Loh Teck‐Peng 
Published: July 2008

AbstractAn organocatalytic enantioselective direct vinylogous Michael addition of α,α‐dicyanoolefins to maleimide has been developed; the products could be obtained in good yields and high enantioselectivities.
Copper‐Catalyzed Cycloaddition of Sulfonyl Azides with Alkynes to Synthesize N‐Sulfonyltriazoles ‘on Water’ at Room Temperature
Authors: Wang Feng , Fu Hua , Jiang Yuyang , Zhao Yufen 
Published: July 2008

AbstractWe have developed a green and practical method for the Huisgen cycloaddition of water‐insoluble sulfonyl azides with alkynes ‘on water’ at room temperature under catalysis of the inexpensive catalyst system CuX/PhSMe, and addition of the ligand (thioanisole) greatly inhibited cleavage of the N1N2 bond in the 5‐cuprated N‐sulfonyltriazole intermediates to amides and improved the yields of N‐sulfonyltriazoles.
Aerobic Oxidations Catalyzed by Zeolite‐Encapsulated Cobalt Salophen
Authors: Johansson Mikael , Purse Byron W. , Terasaki Osamu , Bäckvall Jan‐E. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractCobalt salophen was encapsulated in a series of zeolites with a wide variation of the silicon‐to‐aluminium atomic ratio and with different cations. The zeolite‐cobalt salophen catalysts were prepared using the “ship‐in‐a‐bottle technique” where the complex was synthesized in the super cage of the zeolite and therefore locked into the pocket. The encapsulated catalysts were then tested in the aerobic oxidation of hydroquinone to p‐benzoquinone; the best encapsulated catalyst was shown to be an efficient electron‐transfer mediator in a palladium‐catalyzed aerobic oxidative carbocyclization.
Iminium Salt‐Catalysed Asymmetric Epoxidation using Hydrogen Peroxide as Stoichiometric Oxidant
Authors: Page Philip C. Bulman , Parker Phillip , Rassias Gerasimos A. , Buckley Benjamin R. , Bethell Donald 
Published: July 2008

AbstractIminium salt organocatalysts can provide high selectivity and high efficiency in catalytic asymmetric epoxidation. They are normally used in conjunction with Oxone as the stoichiometric oxidant. Oxone, however, has limited stability and is insoluble in most organic solvents; we report here for the first time the development of a reaction system driven by hydrogen peroxide as the stoichiometric oxidant, involving an unusual double catalytic cycle.