bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The biomechanics of vertebroplasty in multiple myeloma and metastatic bladder cancer: a preliminary cadaveric investigation
Authors: Oakland Robert J. , Furtado Navin R. , Timothy Jake , Hall Richard M. 
Published: November 2008

Object
The vertebral column is the most common site for secondary bone metastases and lesions arising from hematological malignancies such as multiple myeloma (MM). These infiltrations can be lytic in nature and cause severe weakening of the vertebral body, an increased risk of fracture, and spinal cord compression leading to neurological deficit. Qualitatively it is apparent that increasing infiltration of these lytic lesions will have a deleterious effect on the mechanical behavior of the vertebrae. However, there is little quantitative information about the relationship between tumor deposits and the impact on the mechanical behavior of the vertebrae. In addition, there have been limited biomechanical assessments of the use of vertebroplasty in the management of these malignancies. The purpose of this preliminary study was to evaluate the mechanical behavior of lesion-infiltrated vertebrae from 2 malignant cancers and to investigate the effectiveness of vertebroplasty with and without tumor debulking.

Methods
Individual vertebrae from 2 donor spines—one with MM and another with bone metastases secondary to bladder cancer—were fractured under an eccentric flexion load, from which failure strength and stiffness were derived. Alternate vertebrae defined by spinal level were assigned to 2 groups: Group 1 involved removal of lesion material with Coblation (ArthroCare Corp.) preceding vertebroplasty; Group 2 received no Coblation prior to augmentation. All vertebrae were fractured postaugmentation under the same loading protocol. Micro-CT assessments were undertaken to investigate vertebral morphology, fracture patterns, and cement distribution.

Results
Multiple myeloma involvement was characterized by several small lesions, severe bone degradation, and multiple areas of vertebral shell compromise. In contrast, large focal lesions were present in the vertebrae with metastatic bladder cancer, and the shell generally remained intact. The mean initial failure strength of the vertebrae with metastases secondary to MM was significantly lower than in vertebrae with bone metastases secondary to bladder cancer (Load = 950 ± 300 N vs 2200 ± 750 N, p < 0.0001). A significant improvement in relative fracture strength was found postaugmentation for both lesion types (1.4 ± 0.5, p < 0.001). Coblation provided a marginally significant increase in the same parameter postaugmentation (p = 0.08) and qualitatively improved the ease of injection and guidance of cement.

Conclusions
In the vertebral column, metastatic lesions secondary to bladder cancer and MM showed variations in the pattern of infiltration, both of which led to significant reductions in fracture strength. Account should be taken of these differences to optimize the vertebroplasty intervention in terms of the cement formulation, delivery, and any additional surgical procedure.
Distribution of blue-green algae in soils of Chittagong University campus and their nitrogen fixing capacity
Authors: Gafur MA , Parvin Soltana 
Published: November 2008

Occurrence of blue-green algae in plain land, pond side, hilly area and dry rice field soils of Chittagong University Campus and N2 fixation of some of them have been studied. Twenty four species under 20 genera were identified and their number varied from 0.11Ã104/g to 2.8Ã104/g soil. Anabaena oryzae, Calothrix sp., Cylindrospermum majus and Hapalosiphon hibernicus and Nostoc spongiaeforme were selected for their nitrogen fixing potential. Maximum amount of total nitrogen was recorded in Nostoc spongiaeforme followed by Hapalosiphon hibernicus, Cylindrospermum majus, Anabaena oryzae and Calothrix sp. after 30 days growth in batch cultures. Â Key words: BGA, Distribution, Nitrogen fixation doi:10.3329/bjb.v37i1.1563 Bangladesh J. Bot. 37(1): 49-53, 2008 (June)
Nanoarchitecturing of Activated Carbon: Facile Strategy for Chemical Functionalization of the Surface of Activated Carbon
Authors: Xu Yi‐Jun , Weinberg Gisela , Liu Xi , Timpe Olaf , Schlögl Robert , Su Dang Sheng 
Published: November 2008

AbstractNanoarchitecturing of carbon nanospheres onto the surface of activated carbon (AC) gives birth to a new composite carbon material that features a hierarchical structure with macro‐ and nanometer dimensions of the respective carbon components and exhibits a remarkably enhanced adsorption capability for heavy‐metal ions (${\rm CrO}_4^{2 - }$ and Fe3+) from aqueous solution as compared to AC. Thus, we first propose that nanoarchitecturing of AC can be utilized not only as a flexible method for the synthesis of novel, hybrid, nanostructured composite carbon materials but also as a new and “green‐route” strategy for functionalization of the surface of AC in an effective manner. Hence, there is scope for a possible new concept in the functionalization of industrial AC for specific applications.
Free Energy Control of Charge Photogeneration in Polythiophene/Fullerene Solar Cells: The Influence of Thermal Annealing on P3HT/PCBM Blends
Authors: Clarke Tracey M. , Ballantyne Amy M. , Nelson Jenny , Bradley Donal D. C. , Durrant James R. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe function of organic solar cells is based upon charge photogeneration at donor/acceptor heterojunctions. In this paper, the origin of the improvement in short circuit current of poly(3‐hexylthiophene)/6,6‐phenyl C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT/PCBM) solar cells with thermal annealing is examined. Transient absorption spectroscopy is employed to demonstrate that thermal annealing results in an approximate two‐fold increase in the yield of dissociated charges. The enhanced charge generation is correlated with a decrease in P3HT's ionization potential upon thermal annealing. These observations are in excellent quantitative agreement with a model in which efficient dissociation of the bound radical pair into free charges is dependent upon the bound radical state being thermally hot when initially generated, enabling it to overcome its coulombic binding energy. These observations provide strong evidence that the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) level offset of annealed P3HT/PCBM blends may be only just sufficient to drive efficient charge generation in polythiophene‐based solar cells. This has important implications for current strategies to optimize organic photovoltaic device performance based upon the development of smaller optical bandgap polymers.
Nanocrystalline Magnesium Oxide‐Stabilized Molybdenum: An Efficient Heterogeneous Catalyst for the Aerobic Oxidation of Alcohols to Carbonyl Compounds
Authors: Kantam M. Lakshmi , Yadav Jagjit , Laha Soumi , Sreedhar Bojja , Bhargava Suresh 
Published: November 2008

AbstractA nanocrystalline magnesium oxide‐stabilized molybdenum(VI) complex catalyzed the oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols to carbonyl compounds in excellent yields using molecular oxygen as stoichiometric oxidant. The nanomaterials with their three‐dimensional structure and defined size and shape act as suitable supports for metal complexes. The catalyst can be reused for four runs without any significant loss of activity.
Gold(I)‐Catalyzed [4+2] Annelation/Nucleophilic Addition Sequence: Stereoselective Synthesis of Functionalized Bicyclo[4.3.0]nonenes
Authors: Böhringer Sebastian , Gagosz Fabien 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe gold(I)‐catalyzed isomerization of readily available 1,8‐dien‐4‐ynes allows the rapid construction of a variety of synthetically useful bicyclo[4.3.0]nonenes by a stereoselective sequence involving a [4+2] annelation/nucleophilic addition process.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Heck Coupling‐Hydrogenation: Highly Efficient One‐Pot Synthesis of Dibenzyls and Alkyl Phenyl Esters
Authors: Kantam M. Lakshmi , Chakravarti Rajashree , Chintareddy Venkat Reddy , Sreedhar B. , Bhargava Suresh 
Published: November 2008

AbstractAn efficient method for the synthesis of industrially important dibenzyls and alkyl phenyl esters via sequential Heck coupling and hydrogenation of the alkenyl double bond in one pot with a single recyclable catalyst under mild conditions has been realised. The catalyst was recovered by simple filteration and reused for several cycles with consistent activity.
Copper(I)‐Catalyzed One‐Pot Synthesis of 2‐Iminobenzo‐ 1,3‐oxathioles from ortho‐Iodophenols and Isothiocyanates
Authors: Lv Xin , Liu Yunyun , Qian Weixing , Bao Weiliang 
Published: November 2008

AbstractA novel and efficient formation of 2‐iminobenzo‐1,3‐oxathioles from readily available precursors via a copper(I)‐catalyzed one‐pot cascade process has been developed. Various 2‐iminobenzo‐1,3‐oxathioles, which might be useful in pharmaceutical and biochemical areas, were conveniently synthesized in good to excellent yields.
Palladium on Calcium Carbonate Combined to 2‐Hydroxypropyl‐α/β‐cyclodextrins: A Selective Catalytic System for Aqueous Heck Coupling and Hydroarylation
Authors: Senra Jaqueline D. , Malta Luiz Fernando B. , Souza Andréa Luzia F. , Aguiar Lúcia C. S. , Antunes O. A. C. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractAn efficient, selective and recoverable catalytic system for ligand‐free aqueous Heck reactions using hydroxypropylated cyclodextrins (HPCDs) and palladium on calcium carbonate (Pd/CaCO3) is highlighted. Remarkably, stereo‐ and chemoselectivities could be tuned by the cavity size of cyclodextrins, exploiting the relevance of host‐guest interactions. UV‐Vis experiments have led to strong evidence concerning an interplay between Pd(II) and α‐HPCD, possibly ascribed to a reduction/stabilization effect of CDs. Unexpectedly, hydroarylation was the favored pathway with acrylonitrile which provided access to 3‐phenylpropionitrile derivatives without usual hydride donors. Finally, determination of soluble Pd(0/II) via AAS enabled the definition of a predominant homogeneous mechanism in which TONs over 5000 were observed.
Synthesis of Chiral 2‐Hydroxy‐1‐methylpropanoates by Rhodium‐Catalyzed Stereoselective Hydrogenation of α‐(Hydroxymethyl)‐acrylate Derivatives
Authors: Holz Jens , Schäffner Benjamin , Zayas Odalys , Spannenberg Anke , Börner Armin 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe synthesis of chiral 3‐hydroxy‐2‐methylpropanoic acid esters (e.g., “Roche ester” 3a) based on the rhodium‐catalyzed stereoselective hydrogenation of Baylis–Hillman reaction products was investigated. Full conversions and enantioselectivities of up to 99% at a substrate/catalyst ratio of up to 500/1 were achieved by application of bisphospholanes of the catASium M series as ancillary ligands. An interesting kinetic resolution was observed by the diastereoselective hydroxy‐directed hydrogenation of related racemic β‐branched precursors affording mainly anti‐isomers with up to 96%ee.
A Novel Enantioselective Catalytic Tandem Oxa‐Michael–Henry Reaction: One‐Pot Organocatalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of 3‐Nitro‐2H‐chromenes
Authors: Xu Dan‐Qian , Wang Yi‐Feng , Luo Shu‐Ping , Zhang Shuai , Zhong Ai‐Guo , Chen Hui , Xu Zhen‐Yuan 
Published: November 2008

AbstractAn enantioselective oxa‐Michael–Henry reaction of substituted salicylaldehydes with nitroolefins that proceeds though an aromatic iminium activation (AIA) has been developed by using a chiral secondary amine organocatalyst and salicylic acid as a co‐catalyst. The corresponding 3‐nitro‐2H‐chromenes were obtained in moderate‐to‐good yields with up to 91%eeunder mild conditions. Based on the experimental results and ESI‐mass spectrometric detection of the intermediates, a plausible transition state has been proposed to explain the origin of the activation and the asymmetric induction.
Heck Cross‐Coupling of Aryldiazonium Tetrafluoroborate with Acrylates Catalyzed by Palladium on Charcoal
Authors: Felpin François‐Xavier , Fouquet Eric , Zakri Cécile 
Published: November 2008

AbstractA property‐activity relationship study of various palladium supported on charcoal (Pd/C) catalysts has been undertaken for the Heck reaction of aryldiazonium tetrafluoroborate with acrylates. The optimized protocol enables the cross‐coupling with a low loading of palladium at room temperature in technical grade methanol. Although the catalyst could not be recycled at this time, measurement of the palladium content by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) shows low palladium contamination of the solvent and product, rendering this method safer for the environment compared to homogeneous conditions.
The transition to post‐industrial BMI values among US children
Authors: Komlos John , Breitfelder Ariane , Sunder Marco 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe trend in the BMI values of US children has not been estimated very convincingly because of the absence of longitudinal data. Our objective is to estimate time series of BMI values by birth cohorts instead of measurement years. We use five regression models to estimate the BMI trends of non‐Hispanic US‐born black and white children and adolescents ages 2–19 between 1941 and 2004. The increase in BMIZ values during the period considered was 1.3σ (95% CI: 1.16σ; 1.44σ) among black girls, 0.8σ for black boys, 0.7σ for white boys, and 0.6σ for white girls. This translates into an increase in BMI values of some 5.6, 3.3, 2.4, and 1.5 units, respectively. While the increase in BMI values started among the birth cohorts of the 1940s among black girls, the rate of increase tended to accelerate among all four ethnic/gender groups born in the mid‐1950s to early‐1960s. Some regional evidence leads to the conjecture that the spread of automobiles and radios affected the BMI values of boys already in the interwar period. We suppose that the changes in lifestyle associated with the labor saving technological developments of the 20th century are associated with the weight gains observed. The increased popularity of television viewing was most prominently associated with the contemporaneous acceleration in BMI gain. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthese von 11C‐, 18F‐, 15O‐ und 13N‐Radiotracern für die Positronenemissionstomographie
Authors: Miller Philip W. , Long Nicholas J. , Vilar Ramon , Gee Antony D. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractDie Positronenemissionstomographie (PET) ist eine leistungsfähige Bildgebungsmethode, die zur Untersuchung und Visualisierung der menschlichen Physiologie eingesetzt wird. Das Funktionsprinzip der PET beruht auf der Detektion positronenemittierender Radiopharmazeutika. Aus PET‐Experimenten können direkte Informationen über Stoffwechselvorgänge, Rezeptor‐Enzym‐Funktionen und biochemische Mechanismen im lebenden Gewebe erhalten werden. Anders als die Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT) und die Computertomographie (CT), die in erster Linie anatomische Bilder liefern, kann die PET chemische Veränderungen messen, die bereits vor dem Auftreten anatomischer Krankheitszeichen auftreten. Die PET ist dabei, sich als eine revolutionäre Methode für die Diagnostik von Körperfunktionen zu etablieren, die die Anwendung individueller, auf den Patienten zugeschnittener Behandlungsmethoden ermöglicht. Allerdings ist die Entwicklung von Synthesestrategien für neuartige positronenemittierende Moleküle nicht trivial. In diesem Aufsatz diskutieren wir die entscheidenden Aspekte bei der Synthese von PET‐Radiotracern mit den kurzlebigen Positronenemittern 11C, 18F, 15O und 13N. Der Schwerpunkt liegt auf den jüngsten Fortschritten bei der Entwicklung von Radiomarkierungsstrategien. Wir hoffen, dass dieser Aufsatz das Interesse von Synthesechemikern auch außerhalb der Radiochemie finden wird und die Bedeutung der PET in der molekularen Bildgebung sowie den Bedarf an neuen, innovativen chemischen Strategien für verbesserte Radiomarkierungstechniken aufzeigt.
Cloning of the dog bile salt export pump (BSEP; ABCB11) and functional comparison with the human and rat proteins
Authors: Yabuuchi Hikaru , Tanaka Kenji , Maeda Miyako , Takemura Masaaki , Oka Masaki , Ohashi Rikiya , Tamai Ikumi 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe dog bile salt export pump (BSEP; ABCB11) was cloned and expressed in a Sf9 insect cell system. The deduced amino acid sequence encodes a 1325‐amino‐acid protein, which shows 89.4% and 80.2% homology with human BSEP and rat Bsep, respectively. The transcript of the dog Bsep gene was detected at a high level in liver, but not other tissues, by quantitative RT‐PCR. The BSEP‐expressing membrane vesicles isolated from Sf9 cells exhibited saturable uptake of [3H]taurocholic acid with Michaelis constants (Km) of 33.7, 22.2 and 19.9 µM for the dog, rat and human transporters, respectively. The uptake of [3H]taurocholic acid by all three transporters was significantly inhibited by troglitazone, glibenclamide, and other several inhibitors, while pravastatin inhibited dog Bsep and human BSEP, but not rat Bsep at 100 µM. The IC50 of troglitazone for dog Bsep, human BSEP, and rat Bsep were 32, 20, and 60 µM, and those of pravastatin were 441, 240 and >1,000 µM, respectively. In conclusion, while dog Bsep shows similar ATP‐dependent bile acid transport characteristics to human BSEP and rat Bsep, there is a species difference in affinity for drugs such as pravastatin and troglitazone. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prevalence of spina bifida among children and adolescents in metropolitan Atlanta
Authors: Shin Mikyong , Besser Lilah M. , Correa Adolfo 
Published: November 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND:Although studies have examined the prevalence of spina bifida (SB) among births, little is known about the SB prevalence among children and adolescents. We estimated the prevalence of SB among children and adolescents in metropolitan Atlanta.METHODS:This study used data from a population‐based registry of birth defects, with information on children with SB (cases) born in five Atlanta counties from 1979–2002. The population at risk was derived from United States Census data and variations in SB prevalence were examined by race/ethnicity, sex, lesion level, age group under 20 years, 4‐year birth cohort, and time period using Poisson regression.RESULTS:From 1979 to 2002, SB birth prevalence decreased from 6.3 to 3.2 per 10,000 live births (p< 0.001) and SB prevalence within each age group also declined. In 2002, there were 211 children 0–19 years old surviving with SB in Atlanta (2.4 per 10,000 children 0–19 years old); prevalence of SB was higher among non‐Hispanic whites and among children with lumbosacral lesion but did not vary by sex. With the exception of the most recent birth cohort (1998–2002), within each 4‐year birth cohort, the prevalence of SB was generally higher among non‐Hispanic whites than among non‐Hispanic blacks.CONCLUSIONS:This study provides minimum prevalence estimates among children and adolescents with SB in metropolitan Atlanta, and identifies race/ethnic disparities in such prevalence estimates. This information could be useful for assessing the specialized health care needs for children with SB and the possible reasons for the racial/ethnic variation in prevalence of SB. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of DNA Strands Site‐Specifically Damaged by C8‐Arylamine Purine Adducts and Effects on Various DNA Polymerases
Authors: Böge Nicolas , Jacobsen Maike I. , Szombati Zita , Baerns Sabrina , Di Pasquale Francesca , Marx Andreas , Meier Chris 
Published: November 2008

AbstractC8‐Arylamine‐dG and C8‐arylamine‐dA adducts have been prepared using palladium cross‐coupling chemistry. These adducts were subsequently converted into the corresponding 5′‐O‐DMTr‐C8‐arylamine‐3′‐O‐phosphoramidites and then used for the automated synthesis of different site‐specifically modified oligonucleotides. These “damaged” oligonucleotides have been characterized by ESI‐MS, UV thermal stability assays, and circular dichroism, and they have been used in EcoRI assays as well as in primer extension studies using various DNA polymerases.
Supramolecular Chirality and Reversible Chiroptical Switching in New Chiral Liquid‐Crystal Azopolymers
Authors: Barberá Joaquín , Giorgini Loris , Paris Fabio , Salatelli Elisabetta , Tejedor Rosa M. , Angiolini Luigi 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe synthesis of chiral liquid‐crystalline polymers of well‐controlled structure (linear and three‐armed star‐shaped) with distinct average chain lengths and low polydispersity was achieved by atom transfer radical polymerisation (ATRP) of a new optically active monomer (S)‐4‐[6‐(2‐methacryloyloxypropanoyloxy)hexyloxy)]‐4′‐ethoxyazobenzene [(S)‐ML6A], containing the L‐lactic residue of one absolute configuration in the side‐chain. All the obtained polymeric samples, characterised by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and polarised optical microscopy (POM), exhibit a smectic A1/2 (fully interdigitated) liquid‐crystalline phase and high cleaning points, with transition temperatures dependent on the average polymerisation degree and the macromolecular structure. The chirality originated at the molecular level by the asymmetric functionality of the L‐lactic acid residue provides the polymers, in the smectic phase, of highly homogeneous conformations with a prevailing chirality related to the presence of H‐aggregates having conformational dissymmetry of one prevailing screw‐sense. By irradiating with circularly polarised light (CPL), it is possible to photomodulate the chiroptical properties of these intrinsically chiral polymeric thin films. Upon irradiation with left‐handed CPL (l‐CPL), the circular dichroism (CD) spectra of the films show enhancement of ellipticity and a net inversion of sign. The effect is reversible and the mirror image of the CD spectrum can be restored by pumping with right‐handed CPL radiation (r‐CPL). The results show the ability of l‐CPL to invert the supramolecular chirality of the materials and demonstrate the essential role of azoaromatic aggregates.
Adopting helical CT screening for lung cancer
Authors: McMahon Pamela M. , Kong Chung Yin , Weinstein Milton C. , Tramontano Angela C. , Cipriano Lauren E. , Johnson Bruce E. , Weeks Jane C. , Gazelle G. Scott 
Published: November 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND.Simulation modeling can synthesize data from single‐arm studies of lung cancer screening and tumor registries to investigate computed tomography (CT) screening. This study estimated changes in lung cancer outcomes through 2005, had chest CT screening been introduced in 1990.METHODS.Hypothetical individuals with smoking histories representative of 6 US cohorts (white males and females aged 50, 60, and 70 years in 1990) were simulated in the Lung Cancer Policy Model, a comprehensive patient‐level simulation model of lung cancer development, screening, and treatment. A no screening scenario corresponded to observed outcomes. We simulated 3 screening scenarios in current or former smokers with ≥20 pack‐years as follows: 1‐time screen in 1990; and annual, and twice‐annually screenings beginning in 1990 and ending in 2005. Main outcomes were days of life between 1990 and 2005 and life expectancy in 1990 (estimated by simulating life histories past 2005).RESULTS.All screening scenarios yielded reductions (compared with no screening) in lung cancer‐specific mortality by 2005, with larger reductions predicted for more frequent screening. Compared with no screening, annual screening of ever‐smokers with at least 20 pack‐years of cigarette exposure provided ever‐smokers with an additional 11 to 33 days of life by 2005, or an additional 3‐10 weeks of (undiscounted) life expectancy. In sensitivity analyses, the largest effects on gains from annual screening were due to reductions in screening adherence and increased smoking cessation.CONCLUSIONS.The adoption of CT screening, had it been available in 1990, might have resulted in a modest gain in life expectancy. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.