bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The University in Contemporary Society
Authors: Castle Emery N. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe paradox currently facing higher education can be stated in terms of the inherent elements of competition between the autonomous and popular functions of the university. Land‐grant universities and academic agricultural economists are inevitably caught up in this competition and need to come to terms with it. In coming to terms with this conflict, academic people will find it helpful to recognize and admit the social consequences of their mission‐oriented research and service. They also need to recognize internal threats to academic freedom; not all such threats come from irate citizens or the corrupting impact of the establishment. The federal‐state relationship in research is undergoing significant change. Management techniques are “in”; individual freedom in choice of research project and procedure is “out”. The implications of this for the traditional and autonomous functions of the university has been neither widely recognized nor discussed.
Consumer Demand for Meat in Canada
Authors: Tryfos P. , Tryphonopoulos N. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAn application of Zellner's [13] two‐stage procedure is illustrated in the estimation of the parameters of a system of linear, contemporaneously related demand functions for beef, veal, pork, lamb, and chicken meat in Canada, based on annual data for the period 1950 to 1970.
Milk Demand, Supply, and Price Relationships, 1950–1968
Authors: Prato Anthony A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractDemand supply, and price relationships in the dairy sector were measured for the 1950–1968 period by two‐stage least squares. Actual cow numbers adjusted more quickly to desired levels than production per cow. Own price elasticities of milk supply and consumer demands for fluid and manufactured milk were not statistically significant.
Distributed Lag Estimation of Harmonic Motion in the Hog Market
Authors: Jelavich Mark S. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe harmonic motion model as explanation of some markets' behavior is an alternative to the cobweb model. A distributed lag technique for estimating harmonic motion is presented. Results are consistent with the four‐year period observed in the hog cycle; an inference about farmers' expectations can be made from the results.
Impact of Aggregation on the Estimation of Outdoor Recreation Demand Functions
Authors: Brown William G. , Nawas Farid 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis research indicates that aggregating data tends to cause multicollinearity and difficulty in estimating the parameters of recreation demand functions. Gains in efficiency of estimation of several hundred percent could often be obtained by using individual observations, rather than the traditional zone averages, as illustrated with an empirical example.
Ownership of Farm Trucks for Hauling Grain: An Application of Multivariate Logit Analysis
Authors: Kulshreshtha Surendra N. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIn calculating the cost of hauling grain with respect to a change in hauling distance, the nature of the truck maintained by a farmer is usually assumed to remain the same. Logit analysis is applied to estimate the relationship between the size and age of grain trucks and the distance to an elevator. The estimated probability of a farmer maintaining a larger and/or a newer truck increases as hauling distance becomes longer.
American Agriculture and the Prophecy of Increasing Misery
Authors: Lianos Theodore P. , Paris Quirino 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA Marxian analysis of labor exploitation in American agriculture has indicated that the rate of exploitation has increased more than seven times from 1949 to 1968. Exploitation is defined in a relative sense as a declining of the income share of workers relative to that of capitalists. Labor is defined to include both hired and family workers. While exploitation of hired labor may appear as a familiar notion, the idea is advanced that family labor may have been exploited also.
Government Farm Programs and Commodity Interaction: A Simulation Analysis
Authors: Ray Daryll E. , Heady Earl O. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAn econometric simulation model is developed which causally relates resource use, production, price, utilization, and income for major agricultural commodities. The recursive model links related commodity subsectors and utilizes time lags and feedback information. The simulation model is used to analyze the effect of selected public policies for agriculture. The first simulation tests the model's ability to predict the historical behavior of the agricultural sector. Subsequent simulations investigate the implications of free markets, increased input prices, higher price support rates for corn, and higher price support rates for wheat on resource use, output, and income for individual commodities and United States agriculture as a whole.
Quarterly Models to Predict Cash Prices of Pork Bellies
Authors: Foote Richard J. , Craven John A. , Williams Robert R. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractQuarterly three‐equation models designed to predict wholesale cash prices for fresh pork bellies at Chicago, quarterly consumption, and end‐of‐quarter stocks were developed and fitted by three‐stage least squares based on data for 1957–1971. This is the first published econometric study relating to this highly volatile commodity. The major methodological contribution is a demand‐for‐storage equation that combines a Nerlove‐type price expectations adjustment formulation with expectations on the supply side based on data published in the USDA quarterly Hogs and Pigs. Useful forecasts of both cash prices and futures quotations were given through the first half of 1972.
Marginal Risk Constraint Linear Program for Activity Analysis
Authors: Chen Joyce T. , Baker C. B. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA dichotomous Marginal Risk Constraint (MRC) criterion is proposed to take explicit account of activity income covariance relationships and to restrict the choice of activities within the range of rational combinations. A parametric LP solution procedure is also presented. The E,V boundary approximated is satisfactorily close to that generated from QP.
Demand for Financial Assets in the Farm Sector: A Portfolio Balance Approach
Authors: Penson John B. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe demand for financial assets in portfolios of farm business‐household units is viewed as a problem of maximization of utility derived from pecuniary and nonpecuniary services provided by portfolio components and unused credit reserves. The statistical model provides simultaneous equations estimates of structural demand equations for commercial bank deposits. Yields on equities, marketable government bonds, and time and savings deposits as well as the service charge rate on demand deposits are shown to be important determinants of demand. The speed of adjustment of actual stocks to desired levels was estimated and comparisons were made with published estimates for other sectors.
Separable Programming for Considering Risk in Farm Planning
Authors: Thomas Wayne , Blakeslee Leroy , Rogers LeRoy , Whittlesey Norman 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper proposes use of separable programming for selecting farm enterprises which are efficient in terms of expected income and income variance. An empirical application on a croplivestock farm in the Columbia Basin of Washington is presented. The effects of removing statistically insignificant covariance terms and the error introduced by the linear approximation are explored.
Imperfect Competition in a Vertical Market Network: The Case of Rubber in Thailand
Authors: Stifel Laurence D. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe efficiency of the sheet rubber marketing system in Thailand is analyzed in the framework of the structure‐conduct‐performance model from the field of industrial organization. Market performance is evaluated by the degree of monopsony profits and progressiveness. Examination of the multiple relationships at the three principal levels of the vertical network indicates that the system does not fit pure models of microeconomic theory. Comprehensive analysis leads to different conclusions than the more traditional, partial analysis. Diagnosing the structural and behavioral determinants of performance also assists in identifying policy measures to improve marketing efficiency.
Landowner Benefits from Use‐Value Assessment under the California Land Conservation Act
Authors: Schwartz S. I. , Hansen David E. , Foin T. C. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe factors that determine the size of benefits to landowners who participate in the use‐value assessment program under the California Land Conservation Act are identified, and the level of benefits available to landowners is calculated for several cropping patterns in Sacramento County. Possibilities for decisionmakers to increase participation by altering benefits is examined through a sensitivity analysis on the factors that determine benefit levels. It is concluded that little opportunity exists for decisionmakers to influence enrollment significantly except through measures that influence land values or development expectations of landowners.
Estimation of Demand for Transportation of Agricultural Commodities
Authors: Miklius Walter , Garrod Peter V. , Casavant Kenneth L. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA logit model is used to estimate the elasticities and cross elasticities for freight transport services. The model is applied to a sample of cherry and apple shipments. The performance of the model in explaining choice of transportation method is highly satisfactory. Estimated coefficients, with one exception, have expected signs and are statistically significant.
Systems‐Simulation in a Practical Policy‐Making Setting: The Venezuelan Cattle Industry
Authors: Miller S. F. , Halter A. N. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractShifting the Venezuelan cattle industry from traditional to modern production is the problem of formulating policy at the federal government level. A systems‐simulation model shows the consequences, through time, of the current set of policies and hypothesizes the consequences of other policy alternatives. Validity of the model was established, on the basis of the decision‐maker's criterion, through a game of hide‐and‐go‐seek. Interaction between the researchers and decision‐makers brought together the relevant positive and normative information before a policy was established.
Farmer Conservatism and the Incidence of Taxes
Authors: Davis J. Ronnie , Meyer Charles W. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractState sales and income taxes and local property taxes generally absorb a higher percentage of the income of farmers than of nonfarmers, according to ah Iowa incidence study. Simple models of voting behavior show higher tax burdens may cause farmers to be more conservative toward public spending than other taxpayers, even though their demand for public services is identical.
Predicting the Effects of High‐Lysine Corn on the Hog Economy
Authors: Nelson A. Gene , Hammonds Timothy M. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractEstimation of a supply and demand model of the hog economy is presented for analyzing the possible effects of high‐lysine com. Changes in hog marketings and prices are predicted as a function of the feed cost savings resulting from the successful introduction of high‐lysine corn.
A Dynamic Regional Model for Evaluating Resource Development Programs
Authors: Tung Fu‐Lai , MacMillan James A. , Framingham Charles F. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe purpose of the paper is to describe and demonstrate the usefulness of a dynamic regional economic model for evaluating resource development programs. The model results indicate that without development programs land may constrain livestock production after 1976. The growth in crop production is demand determined and will not exceed available land. A labor requirement of 15,400 man‐years is projected for 1976 with 2,600 unutilized. Output and income distribution effects of drainage, training, and land‐clearing development programs are assessed for the Interlake Area of Manitoba.
A Spatial Equilibrium Model for Plant Location and Interregional Trade
Authors: von Oppen Matthias , Scott John T. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractCombination of a single‐equation location model and interregional trade analysis into one model provides an effective tool to simultaneously determine regionally optimal numbers and sizes of processing plants and optimal interregional trading and pricing. The results of an earlier empirical application of the model on the prospective soybean industry in India are reviewed after four years of actual development. Private industry is allocating its processing plants in line with the pattern computed by the model, and a comparatively costly plan of arbitrarily establishing one government plant at an arbitrary location has not been implemented.
Estimation of Gain Isoquants and a Decision Model Application for Swine Production
Authors: Sonka Steven T. , Heady Earl O. , Dahm P. Fred 
Published: July 2006

AbstractHistoric estimates of livestock production functions have used repeated observations on the animals to estimate the overall gain surface. The estimates involve autocorrelation accordingly. To circumvent this problem, gain isoquants are estimated directly by means of an instrumental variable approach. Data are from a swine experiment designed for the purpose with 648 hogs. Protein supplement and corn serve as the substitute inputs. Protein supplement is estimated as the instrumental variable. Isoquant equations then are predicted for three weight intervals. Finally, a decision model is applied for economic choice. Comparisons are made for various price sets of recent years.
Price Expectations and the Welfare Gains from Price Stabilization
Authors: Turnovsky Stephen J. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe gains from price stabilization are analyzed in the case where supply decisions are made before the actual market price is known and so are based on price expectations. Two expectations generating mechanisms are considered—the “adaptive” scheme and the “rational” hypothesis. In both cases price stabilization provides an overall welfare gain that is higher than when supply depends upon actual prices. The distribution of these gains among producers and consumers is shown to depend crucially upon how the expectations are generated, as well as the source and autoregressive properties of the random price fluctuations.
A Model of the U. S. Apple Industry: A Quadratic Interregional Intertemporal Activity Analysis Formulation
Authors: Fuchs Hilarius W. , Bohall Robert W. , Farrish Raymond O. P. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAn in‐depth analysis of the U. S. apple industry and its problems requires simultaneous consideration of its multiple dimensions of space, time, resources, commodities, production activities, and marketing levels. An empirical model incorporating these dimensions is constructed and its use for policy analysis is demonstrated by measuring the impact of alternative size reductions in regional apple marketings on f.o.b. level industry and regional net returns. The model could also be used in determining the ramifications of changes in consumer demand, transportation costs, and marketing margins on such factors as production, prices, and interregional flows.
Flood Insurance or Disaster Loans: An Economic Evaluation
Authors: Rettger Michael J. , Boisvert Richard N. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAlternative federal flood disaster assistance programs are evaluated through an economic comparison of flood insurance and disaster loan programs. The distribution of costs, benefits, and program transfers, both private and public, are simulated over time and are analyzed to determine the sensitivity of program performance to specific program parameters. Empirical results demonstrate that both programs provide adequate levels of protection at approximately equivalent costs. Variations in premium and interest rate subsidies have major effects on the distribution of total costs between the public and private sectors.
Toward an Aggregative Measure of Saving and Capital Finance for U.S. Farm Operator Families
Authors: Penson John B. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe present economic accounting system for the farm production sector fails to measure the personal saving of sector participants and its allocation between financing farm and nonfarm investments. This paper discusses the conceptualization, estimation, and usefulness of two economic accounts covering 1970–75 that provide this information for farm operator families, the largest group of sector participants. These accounts also identify the portion of annual farm capital accumulation financed by internal versus external funds. Analytical ratios illustrating the substantial amounts of equity capital withdrawn to finance nonfarm investments in recent years are presented.
Grain Marketing Systems: The Case of the United States versus Canada
Authors: McCalla Alex F. , Schmitz Andrew 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper compares the U.S. and Canadian grain‐marketing systems, emphasizing wheat. The historical evolution of each system is first presented; then each system's performance is evaluated using such criteria as producer prices and export market shares. The particular marketing system by itself is not the only determinant of performance differences of the two systems; government policies also play a role. Furthermore, the two marketing systems do not operate independently of each other. Often the Canadian Wheat Board uses the private system in the United States to carry out the delivery of grain once sales have been made; also, at times, the Board has made direct sales to U.S. grain firms.
The Impact on the Canadian Rapeseed Industry from Changes in Transport and Tariff Rates
Authors: Furtan W. H. , Nagy J. G. , Storey G. G. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe economic viability and potential development of the Canadian rapeseed processing industry has been affected by a statute which allows raw rapeseed to be placed in export position at a rate two and one‐half to three times lower than the processed oil and meal products and by a high Japanese rapeseed oil tariff. An analysis was undertaken to evaluate the effects on prices and trade flows of rapeseed, rapeseed oil, and rapeseed meal from policy changes in the Japanese rapeseed oil tariff and in Canadian freight rate policies. A four‐region, three‐commodity, spatial‐equilibrium, quadratic‐programming model of the world rapeseed industry was constructed to measure the impact of the various policy changes.
Production Function Estimation and Related Risk Considerations
Authors: Just Richard E. , Pope Rulon D. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThere has been considerable interest in estimations of input effects on the probability distribution of output. Most empirical and theoretical analyses utilize multiplicative stochastic specifications which are analyzed and found unduly restrictive, particularly since inputs that marginally reduce risk are not allowed. A more general stochastic specification is proposed, free of these a priori restrictions. The proposed functional form estimation is discussed and demonstrated with nitrogen‐response data and common log‐linear production functions. Though nitrogen is risk‐increasing, the marginal variance contribution is smaller when compared to estimates based upon multiplicative specification. Finally, stochastic specification error effects are analyzed.
Multiple Exchange Rate Changes and U.S. Agricultural Commodity Prices
Authors: Collins Keith J. , Meyers William H. , Bredahl Maury E. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA model was developed to assess recent effects of exchange rate changes, inflation, and price insulation policies on real U.S. commodity prices. Exchange rate effects are defined so that they can occur and be significant under either fixed or floating rate regimes. The results indicate exchange rate effects on real U.S. commodity prices are smallest under free trade and real commodity price insulation policies but rise substantially as nominal price insulation policies become more prevalent.
Effects of Exchange Rate Changes on U.S. Agriculture: A Dynamic Analysis
Authors: Chambers Robert G. , Just Richard E. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAn econometric model of the wheat, corn, and soybean markets is used to examine the dynamic effects of exchange rate fluctuation on U.S. commodity markets. Exports and agricultural prices are found to be sensitive to movements in the exchange rate, while domestic factors, such as disappearance and inventories, are less sensitive but still responsive. Dramatic short‐run adjustments in prices and exports are followed by less dramatic but significant longer‐run adjustments. Thus, the hypothesis of elastic response to the exchange rate seems particularly relevant for the short run.
The Political Economy of Agricultural Credit: The Case of Bolivi
Authors: Ladman Jerry R. , Tinnermeier Ronald L. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA theoretical framework is established to show that agricultural credit programs in less developed countries can be used for political purposes because of (a) government‐controlled supply; (b) implicit income transfers associated with concessionary interest rates, delinquency, and inflation that can be used as patronage for politically influential borrowers; and (c) ease of implementation under guise of economic objectives. The framework is applied to Bolivia. Within that country's political context, large income transfers to a few influential farmers strongly suggest the importance of political factors in credit allocation with consequent effects on income distribution, development, and debilitation of financial institutions.
Effects of Market‐Share and Antimerger Policies on the Fluid Milk‐Processing Industry
Authors: Kilmer Richard L. , Hahn David E. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe effects of merger restriction policies and market‐share restriction policies on the structure of the Ohio fluid milk‐processing industry are compared and contrasted within an intertemporal production distribution model. Individual firm size constraints are predicated on the transition probabilities of a Markov Chain. Merger restrictions are found to be less disruptive of industry structure. However, market share is a more effective tool for controlling concentration. The appropriate combination of merger‐market share policies must be based on an analysis of market performance on a market‐by‐market basis.
The Role of Education in the Dynamics of Supply
Authors: Petzel Todd E. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper offers a synthesis of Nerlovian supply dynamics and the recent work on the role of education in entrepreneurial decision making. The model is tested by looking at the dynamics of soybean supply for U.S. counties from 1947 to 1973. Rates of adjustment to long‐run equilibrium are found to depend on several variables, including education of the decision maker.
Monthly Steer and Heifer Supply
Authors: Nelson Glenn , Spreen Thomas 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe manner in which producers form price expectations is often a destabilizing influence on observed prices. Recent price trends are extrapolated, leading to delayed or accelerated marketings which reinforce the existing price trend. An analysis of monthly steer and heifer slaughter yields this conclusion. The theoretical framework links capital theory with the hypothesis concerning extrapolation of price trends. Apparent conflicts in previous studies of the short‐term response of slaughter to prices are clarified and partially resolved by the theoretical and empirical results.