bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and the critical role of cataplerosis in the control of hepatic metabolism
Authors: Hakimi Parvin , Johnson Mark T , Yang Jianqi , Lepage David F , Conlon Ronald A , Kalhan Satish C , Reshef Lea , Tilghman Shirley M , Hanson Richard W 
Published: November 2005

Abstract

Background
The metabolic function of PEPCK-C is not fully understood; deletion of the gene for the enzyme in mice provides an opportunity to fully assess its function.

Methods
The gene for the cytosolic form of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP) (EC 4.1.1.32) (PEPCK-C) was deleted in mice by homologous recombination (PEPCK-C-/- mice) and the metabolic consequences assessed.

Results
PEPCK-C-/- mice became severely hypoglycemic by day two after birth and then died with profound hypoglycemia (12 mg/dl). The mice had milk in their stomachs at day two after birth and the administration of glucose raised the concentration of blood glucose in the mice but did not result in an increased survival. PEPCK-C-/- mice have two to three times the hepatic triglyceride content as control littermates on the second day after birth. These mice also had an elevation of lactate (2.5 times), β-hydroxybutyrate (3 times) and triglyceride (50%) in their blood, as compared to control animals. On day two after birth, alanine, glycine, glutamine, glutamate, aspartate and asparagine were elevated in the blood of the PEPCK-C-/- mice and the blood urea nitrogen concentration was increased by 2-fold. The rate of oxidation of [2-14C]-acetate, and [5-14C]-glutamate to 14CO2 by liver slices from PEPCK-C-/- mice at two days of age was greatly reduced, as was the rate of fatty acid synthesis from acetate and glucose. As predicted by the lack of PEPCK-C, the concentration of malate in the livers of the PEPCK-C-/- mice was 10 times that of controls.

Conclusion
We conclude that PEPCK-C is required not only for gluconeogenesis and glyceroneogenesis but also for cataplerosis (i.e. the removal of citric acid cycle anions) and that the failure of this process in the livers of PEPCK-C-/- mice results in a marked reduction in citric acid cycle flux and the shunting of hepatic lipid into triglyceride, resulting in a fatty liver.
Phase I Dose-Finding Study of Weekly Single-Agent Patupilone in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors
Authors: Rubin Eric H. , Rothermel John , Tesfaye Fisseha , Chen Tianling , Hubert Martine , Ho Yu-Yun , Hsu Chyi-Hung , Oza Amit M. 
Published: November 2005

Purpose To evaluate the safety and maximum-tolerated dose (MTD) of weekly patupilone, a natural epothilone B, in patients with advanced solid tumors. Patients and Methods Patients were treated with patupilone (0.3 to 3.6 mg/m2) for 6 weeks on/3 weeks off or 3 weeks on/1 week off. Dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs), MTD, and pharmacokinetics were determined for each schedule of administration. Results Ninety-one patients were enrolled. The most common tumor types included ovarian, breast, and colon cancers. Doses of patupilone less than 2.5 mg/m2 using either the 6 weeks on/3 weeks off or the 3 weeks on/1 week off schedule were tolerated well. At higher doses, DLTs were observed using both dosing schedules, with diarrhea the most common DLT. The MTD for both treatment schedules was 2.5 mg/m2. After a short infusion, patupilone blood concentrations declined in a multiphasic manner with a terminal half-life of 4 days. Drug clearance was nonrenal and was not related to body-surface area. Over the dose range evaluated, systemic drug exposure was approximately dose proportional. Three patients achieved a partial response, and 31 patients had stable disease. Two patients experiencing a partial response had received prior taxane therapy. Conclusion Patupilone is well tolerated when administered at a dose of 2.5 mg/m2, using either a 6 weeks on/3 weeks off or a 3 weeks on/1 week off schedule. In contrast with murine studies, patupilone has a relatively prolonged terminal half-life in humans. The partial responses in patients previously treated with taxanes is consistent with promising preclinical results.
Oxidative Stress in Migrating Spring Chinook Salmon Smolts of Hatchery Origin: Changes in Vitamin E and Lipid Peroxidation
Authors: Welker Thomas L. , Congleton James L. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractPolar lipid peroxidation (LPO), a measure of oxidative damage to membrane lipids, and concentrations of the antioxidant vitamin E were determined for kidney and liver tissues of Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha sampled before release from three hatcheries in the Snake River basin, Idaho, and from juvenile fish bypass systems at several dams in the Columbia– Snake River federal hydropower system. Oxidative stress, as indicated by LPO, significantly increased in migrating juveniles after they left the hatchery in each of the study years (1999 and 2000). The largest increase in liver LPO occurred between the hatcheries and Lower Granite Dam (the first dam encountered by migrating fish) with little or no additional change as the fish migrated through the hydropower system. Kidney LPO, on the other hand, continued to increase as the fish migrated to lower Columbia River dams 348–461 km downstream. Levels of vitamin E were inversely correlated with LPO. Postrelease decreases in vitamin E were significant for kidney tissue in 1999 and for liver tissue in 2000. Liver and kidney LPO indices were higher and vitamin E concentrations were lower in 1999 than in 2000, possibly because river flows, spill levels at the dams, and dissolved gas levels in the river were higher in 1999. Liver vitamin E was significantly lower in fish exposed to juvenile fish bypass systems at two or more dams (including the dam where they were sampled) than in fish bypassed only at the sampling location; however, greater exposure to bypasses did not increase liver or kidney LPO indices. Increased polar LPO could have adverse effects on a range of physiological processes in migrating smolts. The significance of oxidative stress in migrating smolts will, however, remain uncertain until research is done to relate oxidative stress indices to biological function and fitness.
Stillbirths in the United States, 1981–2000: An Age, Period, and Cohort Analysis
Authors: Ananth Cande V. , Liu Shiliang , Kinzler Wendy L. , Kramer Michael S. 
Published: November 2005

Objectives. We examined age, period, and cohort (APC) effects on temporal trends in stillbirths among Black and White women in the United States. Methods. We conducted a cohort study of Black and White women who delivered a singleton live-born or stillborn infant during 1981 through 2000. We analyzed stillbirth rates at 20 or more weeks of gestation within 7 age groups, 4 periods, and 10 “central” birth cohorts after adjusting for confounders. Results. In both racial groups, women younger than 20 years or 35 years or older were at increased risk of stillbirth; risks decreased over successive periods in all age groups. Birth cohort had no impact on stillbirth trends among Blacks and only a small, nonsignificant effect among Whites. Analyses of various APC combinations showed that Blacks were at a 1.2- to 2.9-fold increased risk for stillbirth relative to Whites. Attributable fractions for stillbirth because of age, period, and cohort effects were 16.5%, 24.9%, and 0.1%, respectively, among Black women and 14.5%, 36.2%, and 2.1%, respectively, among White women. Conclusions. Strong effects of age and period were observed in stillbirth trends, but these factors do not explain the persistent stillbirth disparity between Black and White women.
Mortality Among Very Low-Birthweight Infants in Hospitals Serving Minority Populations
Authors: Morales Leo S. , Staiger Douglas , Horbar Jeffrey D. , Carpenter Joseph , Kenny Michael , Geppert Jeffrey , Rogowski Jeannette 
Published: November 2005

Objective. We investigated whether the proportion of Black very low-birth-weight (VLBW) infants treated by hospitals is associated with neonatal mortality for Black and White VLBW infants. Methods. We analyzed medical records linked to secondary data sources for 74050 Black and White VLBW infants (501 g to 1500 g) treated by 332 hospitals participating in the Vermont Oxford Network from 1995 to 2000. Hospitals where more than 35% of VLBW infants treated were Black were defined as “minority-serving.” Results. Compared with hospitals where less than 15% of the VLBW infants were Black, minority-serving hospitals had significantly higher risk-adjusted neonatal mortality rates (White infants: odds ratio [OR]=1.30, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.09, 1.56; Black infants: OR = 1.29, 95% CI = 1.01, 1.64; Pooled: OR = 1.28, 95% CI=1.10, 1.50). Higher neonatal mortality in minority-serving hospitals was not explained by either hospital or treatment variables. Conclusions. Minority-serving hospitals may provide lower quality of care to VLBW infants compared with other hospitals. Because VLBW Black infants are disproportionately treated by minority-serving hospitals, higher neonatal mortality rates at these hospitals may contribute to racial disparities in infant mortality in the United States.
Infant Sleeping Environment and Asthma at 7 Years: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Trevillian Leigh F. , Ponsonby Anne-Louise , Dwyer Terence , Kemp Andrew , Cochrane Jennifer , Lim Lynette L.-Y. , Carmichael Allan 
Published: November 2005

Objectives. We investigated the role of infant bedding items, as part of a composite bedding environment, in the development of childhood wheezing. Methods. This prospective cohort investigation involved 863 children who participated in an infant survey in 1988 and an asthma study in Tasmania, Australia, in 1995. The derived 3 composite infant bedding categories corresponded to increasing numbers of house dust mite (HDM)–rich bedding items used. Outcomes measured included recent and frequent wheezing. Results. Composite infant bedding used was associated with recent wheezing. Effects increased at increasing levels of HDM–rich bedding items used. Effects were further enhanced by home environmental factors of bedroom heating, recent bedroom painting, and absence of bedroom carpeting. When any 2 or more of these environmental factors were present, a strong dose–response relationship was evident. Conclusions. Our results show that bedding exposures in infancy are prospectively associated with childhood wheezing and that home environmental conditions may modify this association.
A Community Resilience Approach to Reducing Ethnic and Racial Disparities in Health
Authors: Davis Rachel , Cook Danice , Cohen Larry 
Published: November 2005

Prevention Institute, a nonprofit, national center dedicated to health and well-being, developed a toolkit for health and resilience in vulnerable environments (THRIVE), a community assessment tool, to help communities bolster factors that will improve health outcomes and reduce disparities experienced by racial and ethnic minorities. THRIVE is grounded in research and was developed with input from a national expert panel. It has demonstrated utility in urban, rural, and suburban settings. Within months of piloting, several communities had initiated farmer’s markets and youth programs. THRIVE provides a framework for community members, coalitions, public health practitioners, and local decisionmakers to identify factors associated with poor health outcomes in communities of color; engage the range of partners needed to improve community health outcomes, such as planners, elected officials, businesses, housing, and transportation; and take action to remedy disparities.
Effects of Physical Activity on Cognitive Functioning in Middle Age: Evidence From the Whitehall II Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Singh-Manoux Archana , Hillsdon Melvyn , Brunner Eric , Marmot Michael 
Published: November 2005

Objectives. We examined the association between physical activity and cognitive functioning in middle age. Methods. Data were derived from a prospective occupational cohort study of 10308 civil servants aged 35–55 years at baseline (phase 1; 1985–1988). Physical activity level, categorized as low, medium, or high, was assessed at phases 1, 3 (1991–1994), and 5 (1997–1999). Cognitive functioning was tested at phase 5, when respondents were 46–68 years old. Results. In both prospective (odds ratio [OR] = 1.65; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.30, 2.10) and cross-sectional (OR=1.79; 95% CI=1.38, 2.32) analyses, low levels of physical activity were a risk factor for poor performance on a measure of fluid intelligence. Analyses aimed at assessing cumulative effects (summary of physical activity levels at the 3 time points) showed a graded linear relationship with fluid intelligence, with persistently low levels of physical activity being particularly harmful (OR=2.21; 95% CI=1.37, 3.57). Conclusions. Low levels of physical activity are a risk factor for cognitive functioning in middle age, fluid intelligence in particular.
New Trends in Palladium‐Catalyzed Transfer Hydrogenations Using Formic Acid
Authors: Prasad Kapa , Jiang Xinglong , Slade Joel S. , Clemens Jennifer , Repič Oljan , Blacklock Thomas J. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractIn the presence of a catalytic amount of organic bases, Pd‐catalyzed transfer hydrogenations with formic acid were found to be facile processes. These new conditions produce innocuous carbon dioxide as the by‐product compared to the use of ammonium formate, which generates ammonia and carbon dioxide as gaseous by‐products which recombine to create unsafe conditions. When the substrate is basic enough to form salts with formic acid, no additional base is necessary. In certain cases, the product of the reaction was used to accelerate the transfer hydrogenation process.
Nanopartikel als regenerierbare Katalysatoren: an der Nahtstelle zwischen homogener und heterogener Katalyse
Authors: Astruc Didier , Lu Feng , Aranzaes Jaime Ruiz 
Published: November 2005

AbstractIn der jüngsten Vergangenheit ist das Interesse an der Katalyse mit Nanopartikeln (NPs) stark gestiegen, wie zahlreiche Publikationen auf diesem Gebiet aus den letzten fünf Jahren belegen. Dieser Bereich der “semi‐heterogenen” Katalyse bildet die Nahtstelle zwischen homogener und heterogener Katalyse. Aktuelle Fortschritte betreffen die Effizienz und Selektivität der Reaktionen sowie die Rückgewinnung und Regenerierbarkeit des katalytischen Materials. Gewöhnlich werden die NP‐Katalysatoren aus einem Metallsalz, einem Reduktionsmittel und einem Stabilisator hergestellt und auf einem Oxid‐, Aktivkohle‐ oder Zeolithträger fixiert. Neben den früher hauptsächlich eingesetzten Polymeren und Oxiden finden inzwischen auch neuartige Stabilisatoren, Medien und Trägermaterialien Anwendung, darunter Dendrimere, spezifische Liganden, ionische Flüssigkeiten, Detergentien, Membranen, Kohlenstoff‐Nanoröhren und eine Vielzahl von Oxiden. Auch mit ligandenfreien Verfahren wurden jüngst bemerkenswerte Ergebnisse bei sehr geringer Metallbeladung erreicht. Dieser Aufsatz diskutiert die neueren Entwicklungen und die Anwendung von katalytischen Metallnanopartikeln in der organischen Synthese, z. B. in Hydrierungen und C‐C‐Kupplungen sowie in der heterogenen Oxidation von CO durch Gold‐NPs.
Nanoparticles as Recyclable Catalysts: The Frontier between Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis
Authors: Astruc Didier , Lu Feng , Aranzaes Jaime Ruiz 
Published: November 2005

AbstractInterest in catalysis by metal nanoparticles (NPs) is increasing dramatically, as reflected by the large number of publications in the last five years. This field, “semi‐heterogeneous catalysis”, is at the frontier between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, and progress has been made in the efficiency and selectivity of reactions and recovery and recyclability of the catalytic materials. Usually NP catalysts are prepared from a metal salt, a reducing agent, and a stabilizer and are supported on an oxide, charcoal, or a zeolite. Besides the polymers and oxides that used to be employed as standard, innovative stabilizers, media, and supports have appeared, such as dendrimers, specific ligands, ionic liquids, surfactants, membranes, carbon nanotubes, and a variety of oxides. Ligand‐free procedures have provided remarkable results with extremely low metal loading. The Review presents the recent developments and the use of NP catalysis in organic synthesis, for example, in hydrogenation and CC coupling reactions, and the heterogeneous oxidation of CO on gold NPs.
Parasitoid wasp uses a venom cocktail injected into the brain to manipulate the behavior and metabolism of its cockroach prey
Authors: Gal Ram , Rosenberg Lior Ann , Libersat Frederic 
Published: November 2005

AbstractUnlike other venomous predators, the parasitoid wasp Ampulex compressa incapacitates its prey, the cockroach Periplaneta americana, to provide a fresh food supply for its offspring. We first established that the wasp larval development, from egg laying to pupation, lasts about 8 days during which the cockroach must remain alive but immobile. To this end, the wasp injects a cocktail of neurotoxins to manipulate the behavior of the cockroach. The cocktail is injected directly into the head ganglia using biosensors located on the stinger. The head sting induces first 30 min of intense grooming followed by hypokinesia during which the cockroach is unable to generate an escape response. In addition, stung cockroaches survive longer, lose less water, and consume less oxygen. Dopamine contained in the venom appears to be responsible for inducing grooming behavior. For the hypokinesia, our hypothesis is that the injected venom affects neurons located in the head ganglia, which send descending tonic input to bioaminergic neurons. These, in turn, control the thoracic premotor circuitry for locomotion. We show that the activity of identified octopaminergic neurons from the thoracic ganglia is altered in stung animals. The alteration in the octopaminergic neurons' activity could be one of the mechanisms by which the venom modulates the escape circuit in the cockroach's central nervous system and metabolism in the peripheral system. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 60:198–208, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Physiological and behavioral host‐parasitoid interactions: Future visions
Authors: Beckage Nancy E. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe association of insect parasitoids with their highly co‐evolved host species requires a sophisticated degree of physiological signaling between host and parasitoid. Host suitability reflects a combination of multifactorial traits, encompassing host immunocompetence, endocrine status, nutritional quality, and behavior, among other features. The articles in this special issue address many of these topics, and describe the physiological and behavioral interactions of insect hosts with hymenopteran and dipteran parasitoids as well as symbionts and pathogens. The papers in this issue were originally presented in a symposium entitled “Physiological and behavioral host‐parasite interactions” that convened during the 2004 International Congress of Entomology in Brisbane, Australia. All manuscripts have undergone rigorous peer review before acceptance for publication in this special issue.
Host refractoriness of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, to the braconid endoparasitoid Cotesia flavipes
Authors: Rodríguez‐Pérez Mario A. , Dumpit Ronald F. , Lenz Jennifer M. , Powell Erinn N. , Tam Selina Y. , Beckage Nancy E. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractCotesia flavipes (Hymenoptera:Braconidae) is a gregarious endoparasitoid of several pyralid stemborer larvae of economic significance including the sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis. In this study, the ability of this parasitoid to develop in a sphingid host, Manduca sexta, was tested. First, second, third, fourth, and even pharate fifth instar host tobacco hornworm larvae were readily parasitized by the female C. flavipes parasitoids but no wasp larvae hatched from the eggs in this refractory host. Instead, the parasitoid eggs were invariably encapsulated by the host's hemocytes and, ultimately, no parasitoids emerged from tobacco hornworm hosts. The first stages of encapsulation were evident at 2 h post‐parasitization of the host M. sexta larvae, when the beginning stages of capsule formation were seen. The developmental fate of the host larvae with encapsulated parasitoids was variable. Most succumbed as abnormally small fifth instars or as post‐wandering prepupal animals, while a few developed normally to the pupal stage. Dissection of all the larvae or pupae with encapsulated wasp eggs showed evidence of hemocytic encapsulation and melanization of the C. flavipes eggs. This report describes the association between C. flavipes and M. sexta, which appears to be an excellent model system for studying the physiological processes accompanying wasp egg encapsulation that result in death of the host as well as the parasitoid. Since the parasitoid egg never hatches, the system offers an excellent opportunity to identify and study the effects of parasitoid‐injected polydnavirus and venom on host physiology. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 60:159–171, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of enantiomerically pure trans‐(1R,2R)‐ and cis‐(1S,2R)‐1‐amino‐2‐indanol by lipase and ω‐transaminase
Authors: Yun Hyungdon , Kim Juhan , Kinnera Koteshwar , Kim Byung‐Gee 
Published: November 2005

AbstractSyntheses of trans‐(1R,2R) and cis‐(1S,2R)‐1‐amino‐2‐indanol (AI) were accomplished by a series of enantioselective enzymatic reactions using lipase and transaminase (TA). Lipase catalysed enantioselective hydrolysis of 2‐acetoxyindanone was employed to prepare (R)‐2‐hydroxy indanone (HI). trans‐AI (5 mM) (de > 98%) was produced from 20 mM (R)‐2‐ HI using ω‐TA and 50 mM (S)‐1‐aminoindan as an amino donor in water‐saturated ethyl acetate. For the production of cis‐AI, the diastereomeric (2R)‐AI was synthesized from (R)‐2‐HI using reductive amination, and the kinetic resolution was performed with ω‐TA. The enantioselectivity of ω‐TA for (2R)‐AI was increased to 22.1 in the presence of 5% γ‐cyclodextrin. cis‐AI (15.4 mM) (96% de) was obtained from 40 mM (2R)‐AI using 30 mM pyruvate and ω‐TA (25 mg) in 10 mL of 100 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.0). © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Detection of anti‐CD32 alloantibody in donor plasma implicated in development of transfusion‐related acute lung injury
Authors: Nishimura Motoko , Takanashi Minoko , Okazaki Hitoshi , Satake Masahiro 
Published: November 2005

AbstractTransfusion‐related acute lung injury (TRALI) occasionally causes serious symptoms that may be fatal to recipients. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) and alloantibodies specific to PMN cell surface antigens are suspected to cause TRALI. The aim of this study is to establish a sensitive and stable procedure of detecting alloantibodies not only in donor blood, but also in recipient's plasma. We have introduced a new method of detecting alloantibodies based on double‐determinant enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (DD‐ELISA) and a monoclonal antibody‐immobilized granulocyte antigen (MAIGA) test (arbitrarily designated as modified DD‐ELISA). We verified the specificity of alloantibodies against PMN cell surface antigens in plasma samples from three normal healthy donors of blood that induced respiratory distress in recipients after a blood transfusion. Anti‐CD32 (Fc γ RIII) alloantibodies were detected in all the plasma samples using two different clones of the monoclonal anti‐CD32 antibody. The specificities of these plasma samples could not be identified by the granulocyte immunofluorescence test (GIFT) using typed test cells. Except for the anti‐CD32 alloantibodies, one plasma sample was proved to have the anti‐HNA‐1a alloantibodies. In another plasma sample, the anti‐HNA‐2a alloantibodies were detected. By modified DD‐ELISA, we could clearly specify the presence of alloantibodies in the three plasma samples. Our results also suggest that the anti‐CD32 alloantibodies can be generated in vivo and may play some roles in the development of TRALI. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.