bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sleep Environment, Positional, Lifestyle, and Demographic Characteristics Associated With Bed Sharing in Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Cases: A Population-Based Study
Authors: Ostfeld Barbara M. , Perl Harold , Esposito Linda , Hempstead Katherine , Hinnen Robert , Sandler Alissa , Pearson Paula Goldblatt , Hegyi Thomas 
Published: November 2006

BACKGROUND. In 2005, the American Academy of Pediatrics Task Force on Sudden Infant Death Syndrome recommended that infants not bed share during sleep.
OBJECTIVE. Our goal was to characterize the profile of risk factors associated with bed sharing in sudden infant death syndrome cases.
DESIGN/METHODS. We conducted a population-based retrospective review of sudden infant death syndrome cases in New Jersey (1996–2000) dichotomized by bed-sharing status and compared demographic, lifestyle, bedding-environment, and sleep-position status.
RESULTS. Bed-sharing status was reported in 239 of 251 cases, with sharing in 39%. Bed-sharing cases had a higher percentage of bedding risks (44.1% vs 24.7%), exposure to bedding risks in infants discovered prone (57.1% vs 28.2%), and lateral sleep placement (28.9% vs 17.8%). The prone position was more common for bed-sharing and non–bed-sharing cases at placement (45.8% and 51.1%, respectively) and discovery (59.0% and 64.4%, respectively). In multivariable logistic-regression analyses, black race, mother &lt;19 years, gravida &gt;2, and maternal smoking were associated with bed sharing. There was a trend toward less breastfeeding in bed-sharing cases (22% vs 35%). In bed-sharing cases, those breastfed were younger than those who were not and somewhat more exposed to bedding risks (64.7% vs 45.1%) but less likely to be placed prone (11.8% vs 52.9%) or have maternal smoking (33% vs 66%).
CONCLUSIONS. Bed-sharing cases were more likely to have had bedding-environment and sleep-position risks and higher ratios of demographic and lifestyle risk factors. Bed-sharing subjects who breastfed had a risk profile distinct from those who were not breastfed cases. Risk and situational profiles can be used to identify families in greater need of early guidance and to prepare educational content to promote safe sleep.
Comparison of the Immunogenicity and Reactogenicity of a Prophylactic Quadrivalent Human Papillomavirus (Types 6, 11, 16, and 18) L1 Virus-Like Particle Vaccine in Male and Female Adolescents and Young Adult Women
Authors: Block Stan L. , Nolan Terry , Sattler Carlos , Barr Eliav , Giacoletti Katherine E.D. , Marchant Colin D. , Castellsagué Xavier , Rusche Steven A. , Lukac Suzanne , Bryan Janine T. , Cavanaugh Paul F. , Reisinger Keith S. ,   for the Protocol 016 Study Group
Published: November 2006

OBJECTIVE. Prophylactic vaccination of 16- to 23-year-old females with a quadrivalent human papillomavirus (types 6, 11, 16, 18) L1 virus-like particle vaccine has been shown to prevent type-specific human papillomavirus infection and associated clinical disease. We conducted a noninferiority immunogenicity study to bridge the efficacy findings in young women to preadolescent and adolescent girls and boys, who represent a primary target for human papillomavirus vaccination.
METHODS. We enrolled 506 girls and 510 boys (10–15 years of age) and 513 females (16–23 years of age). Participants were vaccinated on day 1, at month 2, and at month 6, and serology testing was performed on day 1 and at months 3 and 7 on blinded samples. Neutralizing antibody concentrations were determined using type-specific immunoassays and summarized as geometric mean titers and seroconversion rates. Vaccine tolerability also was assessed.
RESULTS. By month 7, seroconversion rates were ≥99% for all 4 human papillomavirus types in each group. By month 7, compared with women, anti–human papilloma virus geometric mean titers in girls or boys were noninferior and were 1.7- to 2.7-fold higher. Most (&gt;97%) injection-site adverse events were mild to moderate in intensity. Significantly more boys (13.8%) and girls (12.8%) than women (7.3%) reported fevers ≥37.8°C within 5 days of vaccination. Most (96.4%) fevers were mild (&lt;39°C).
CONCLUSIONS. Noninferior immunogenic responses to all 4 human papillomavirus types in the quadrivalent vaccine permit the bridging of efficacy data that were generated in young women to girls. The results in boys lend support for the implementation of gender-neutral human papillomavirus vaccination programs. This vaccine generally was well tolerated.
Variations in Low Birth Weight and Preterm Delivery Among Blacks in Relation to Ancestry and Nativity: New York City, 1998–2002
Authors: Howard David L. , Marshall Susan S. , Kaufman Jay S. , Savitz David A. 
Published: November 2006

OBJECTIVES. Black women in the United States are more likely to give birth to preterm and low birth-weight infants than their white counterparts, but little is known about variation in birth outcomes within the black population. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that the risk of low birth weight and preterm birth within the black population varies by maternal ancestry and nativity.
POPULATION AND METHODS. We conducted a retrospective cohort study using New York City birth records. All of the recorded live births to black women occurring in New York City between January 1, 1998, and December 31, 2002 (N = 168039), were divided into the following self-reported ancestry groups: African, American, Asian, Cuban, European, Puerto Rican, South and Central American (excluding Brazilian), and West Indian and Brazilian. To estimate adjusted risk ratios for low birth weight (weight at birth &lt;2500 g) and preterm birth (gestational age at delivery &lt;37 weeks, based on clinical estimate), we ran 3 models for each outcome, using negative binomial regression and Poisson regression with robust SE estimation. All of the models used blacks reporting American ancestry as the reference group. The first model included ancestry as the primary exposure variable along with covariates that included maternal age, parity, smoking, and education, as well as paternal education and race. Nativity (US- or foreign-born) was included in the second model, and terms representing interaction effects between ancestry and nativity were included in the third model.
RESULTS. There was substantial variation in risks of preterm birth and low birth weight among the black subgroups, with all of the groups having lower risks than the American black reference group, even after adjusting for maternal risk factors and other covariates. Risk ratios for low birth weight ranged from 0.55 among South/Central Americans to 0.91 among Cubans; risk ratios for preterm birth showed a similar pattern. Nativity was also associated with low birth weight and preterm birth; births to foreign-born women were less likely to be preterm or low birth weight than births to US-born women. Furthermore, nativity effects varied by ancestry group, with foreign-born status inversely associated with poor birth outcomes among South/Central Americans but not among West Indians/Brazilians.
CONCLUSIONS. Important health differences may be masked in studies that treat black women in America as a homogeneous group and do not take ethnic variation and nativity into account.
Illness and Injury Among Children Attending Summer Camp in the United States, 2005
Authors: Yard Ellen E. , Scanlin Margery M. , Erceg Linda Ebner , Powell Gwynn M. , Wilkins John R. , Knox Christy L. , Comstock R. Dawn 
Published: November 2006

OBJECTIVES. The purpose of this work was to describe illnesses and injuries sustained by campers at summer camps, calculate illness and injury rates, and identify risk factors for camp-related illness and injury.METHODS. A convenience sample of camps selected from the US summer camp population participated in this pilot illness and injury surveillance study. Camps completed weekly reports detailing the number of campers on site and the number of adverse events sustained and provided specific information about each adverse event.RESULTS. A total of 177 camper illnesses and injuries occurred during 122379 camper-days, with a median rate of 1.15 adverse events per 1000 camper-days. The majority of reported events were illnesses (68.0%), 11.8% of which were communicable and seen in multiple individuals at camp. Of the injury events (32.0%), cut/scratch/scrape were the most common diagnoses (33.3%), followed by fracture (14.6%) and sprain/strain (10.4%); horseback riding and capture the flag were identified as injury-producing activities.CONCLUSIONS. Internet- and telephone-based surveillance systems can be successfully used to conduct illness and injury surveillance among children attending summer camp. Data collected via such systems can be used to calculate illness and injury rates, to describe patterns of illness and injury, and to identify risk factors for camper-related illness and injury. Given the millions of children attending summer camp yearly, a surveillance system such as this can provide the data needed to develop evidence-based prevention interventions to decrease the number of youth whose camp experiences are negatively affected by illness and injury.
Development and Dissemination of Potentially Better Practices for the Provision of Family-Centered Care in Neonatology: The Family-Centered Care Map
Authors: Dunn Michael S. , Reilly Maureen C. , Johnston Anne M. , Hoopes Robert D. , Abraham Marie R. 
Published: November 2006

OBJECTIVE. Family-centered care has become integral to the provision of quality neonatal intensive care. However, practices that reflect the core principles of family-centered care have not been described fully in the literature or implemented and evaluated consistently within newborn intensive care. The objective of this study was to create a family-centered care map that enhances the ability of the health care team to work with families to coordinate and deliver care in a holistic manner to meet the developmental, physical, and psychosocial needs of NICU patients and their families.METHODS. Potentially better practices were developed for sequential clinical phases by using standardized methods. These included focus groups with families, brainstorming sessions with staff, literature review, and input from established family advisory groups and family-centered care experts. Potentially better practices then were integrated into the family-centered care map that was configured in a Web-based format. Overall utility will be evaluated by determining the effect of the family-centered care map on length of stay, parental satisfaction, and family-centered care beliefs and practices among NICU staff.RESULTS. Sixty-three potentially better practices were identified for 7 clinical phases and 3 variations that were believed to characterize the clinical course of a typical NICU patient. A prototype of the Web-based family-centered care map that illustrates the clinical phases with links to the related potentially better practices, operational processes, and case studies was created. Baseline data from a care provider survey, from a family satisfaction survey, and on length of stay have been collected.CONCLUSIONS. Quality improvement methods and collaboration among 3 centers led to the development of an innovative Web-based resource to assist individual care providers and family advisors to provide comprehensive family-centered care to infants and families. Implementation of the family-centered care map has potential to affect positively the quality of newborn intensive care and lead to improved long-term outcomes.
Evaluation and Development of Potentially Better Practices to Improve the Discharge Process in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Sims Debra C. , Jacob Jack , Mills Marla M. , Fett Patricia A. , Novak Gayle 
Published: November 2006

Objective. Our goal was to identify potentially better practices that create a successful discharge planning process that spans the entire newborn intensive care stay to the next level of care by embedding the discharge planning into all aspects of patient care and communication.Methods. Potentially better practices were developed through recommendations from a content expert and a literature review. Internal benchmarking, self-assessment tools, monthly conference calls, the Neonatal Intensive Care Quality Improvement Collaborative 2002 listserv, parent feedback, and semiannual conferences were used to finalize recommendations and implement practices.Results. Potentially better practices included (1) create an easy-to-use/easy-to-access discharge planning tool kit, (2) restructure written and oral communication tools and processes to reflect plans for the day, the stay, and the way to discharge, (3) maximize the impact and use of caregiver educational tools, and update materials and delivery systems for caregiver education, (4) use continuous quality improvement tools and processes to ensure parent/caregiver and staff satisfaction, and (5) analyze and enhance transfers into and interactions with the community.Conclusion. The potentially better practices are recommendations that are designed to integrate organizational, clinical, and operational processes to ensure optimal discharge planning from admission through follow-up in the community.
Overcoming Barriers to Oxygen Saturation Targeting
Authors: Ford Susannah P. , Leick-Rude Mary Kay , Meinert Kerri A. , Anderson Betsi , Sheehan Michael B. , Haney Barbara M. , Leeks Sherri R. , Simon Stephen D. , Jackson Jodi K. 
Published: November 2006

OBJECTIVE. To reduce hyperoxia in very low birth weight infants who receive supplemental oxygen, the Children’s Mercy Hospital neonatal respiratory quality improvement committee introduced the potentially better practice of oxygen saturation targeting and identified strategies to overcome barriers to implementation of this practice.METHODS. Using rapid-cycle quality improvement projects, this center adapted an oxygen saturation targeting protocol and tracked hourly oxygen saturation as measured by pulse oximetry in very low birth weight infants who received supplemental oxygen.RESULTS. The percentage of time in the range of 90% to 94% of oxygen saturation as measured by pulse oximetry increased from 20% to an average of 35% after implementation of the protocol. The percentage of time with oxygen saturation as measured by pulse oximetry &gt;98% dropped from 30% to an average of 5% to 10%.CONCLUSIONS. A well-planned strategy for implementing oxygen saturation targeting can result in a sustained change in clinical practice as well as change in the culture of the NICU regarding the use of oxygen.
Recent Trends in Waist Circumference and Waist-Height Ratio Among US Children and Adolescents
Authors: Li Chaoyang , Ford Earl S. , Mokdad Ali H. , Cook Stephen 
Published: November 2006

OBJECTIVES. Abdominal obesity may be a better predictor than overall obesity for the risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Waist circumference and waist-height ratio are 2 simple, yet effective, surrogate measures of abdominal obesity. We sought to examine the recent trends in mean waist circumference and waist-height ratio and prevalence of abdominal obesity among children and adolescents aged 2 to 19 years in the United States.
METHODS. Representative samples of the civilian, noninstitutionalized US population from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted during 4 time periods, 1988–1994 (ie, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III), 1999–2000, 2001–2002, and 2003–2004, were examined to estimate the mean waist circumference and waist-height ratio of boys and girls in 4 different age groups. Data from the 3 most recent National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys were combined to establish a National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2004 category.
RESULTS. Categorized by age group, the unadjusted mean waist circumference for boys increased between National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III and National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2004 from 50.7 cm (aged 2–5 years), 61.9 cm (aged 6–11 years), 76.8 cm (aged 12–17 years), and 81.3 cm (aged 18–19 years) to 51.9, 64.5, 79.8, and 86.6 cm, respectively. During the same time periods and within the same age groups, the unadjusted mean waist circumference for girls increased from 51.0, 61.7, 75.0, and 77.7 cm to 51.8, 64.7, 78.9, and 83.9 cm, respectively. The relative change in waist-height ratio was similar to waist circumference at each age group for both boys and girls. Using the 90th percentile values of waist circumference for gender and age, the prevalence of abdominal obesity increased by 65.4% (from 10.5% to 17.4%) and 69.4% (from 10.5% to 17.8%) for boys and girls, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS. Mean waist circumference and waist-height ratio and the prevalence of abdominal obesity among US children and adolescents greatly increased between 1988–1994 and 1999–2004.
Fruit Juice Intake Predicts Increased Adiposity Gain in Children From Low-Income Families: Weight Status-by-Environment Interaction
Authors: Faith Myles S. , Dennison Barbara A. , Edmunds Lynn S. , Stratton Howard H. 
Published: November 2006

OBJECTIVE. Our goal was to test the hypothesis that increased fruit juice intake and parental restriction of children's eating are associated with increased adiposity gain and whether exposure to nutritional counseling predicted reduced adiposity gain among children.
PATIENTS AND METHODS. A sample of parents or guardians of children aged 1 to 4 years who attended 1 of 49 Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children agencies in New York State were surveyed in 1999 or 2000 (N = 2801). The survey addressed children's dietary intake, parental feeding practices, and parental exposure to nutritional counseling messages to increase fruit, vegetable, and low-fat milk intakes. Each child's height and weight were measured approximately every 6 months for up to 48 months. A prospective cohort design was used in which survey variables were the predictors and the outcome was change in children's adiposity, defined as change in age- and gender-standardized BMI per month (ie, BMI z-score slope).
RESULTS. Controlling for gender and ethnicity, the relationship between juice intake and adiposity gain depended on children's initial overweight status. Among children who were initially either at risk for overweight or overweight, increased fruit juice intake was associated with excess adiposity gain, whereas parental offerings of whole fruits were associated with reduced adiposity gain. Each additional daily serving of fruit juice was associated with an excess adiposity gain of 0.009 SD per month. Feeding restriction was greater among parents whose children were initially at risk for overweight or overweight compared with those at a healthy weight. Parental exposure to nutritional messages was not associated with reduced child adiposity gain.
CONCLUSION. This study supports the Institute of Medicine recommendations to reduce fruit juice intake as a strategy for overweight prevention in high-risk children.
Counseling About Firearms: Proposed Legislation Is a Threat to Physicians and Their Patients
Authors: Vernick Jon S. , Teret Stephen P. , Smith Gary A. , Webster Daniel W. 
Published: November 2006

In early 2006, 2 separate but virtually identical bills were introduced in the Virginia and West Virginia legislatures that would have profoundly affected the relationship between a physician and his or her patients. Each bill would have prohibited a physician from asking a patient if he or she owned firearms for the purpose of counseling that patient about ways to reduce risks associated with firearms. Penalties for violation of the bills included revocation of a physician's license to practice. The Virginia bill was initially approved by its state House of Delegates by a vote of 88 to 11. It was ultimately defeated in a Virginia Senate committee. The West Virginia bill did not receive a vote during the 2006 legislative session. Although neither bill became law this year, this type of bill is likely to reappear in future legislative sessions.
The Virginia and West Virginia bills were contrary to the best-practices recommendations of medical societies, including the American Academy of Pediatrics. Anticipatory guidance regarding firearms can indeed reduce risks to patients. Yet, the bills would have preferred the judgment of legislators over physicians regarding this aspect of the practice of medicine. In addition, the 2 bills raise legal issues regarding both medical malpractice and the First Amendment protection of the freedom of speech.
The Virginia and West Virginia bills would have treated risks associated with firearms differently from other hazards and interfered with a physician's ability to protect his or her patients. The Virginia bill was defeated, in part, through the efforts of physicians to educate legislators. However, physicians must remain prepared to respond to similar state legislative initiatives in the future.
Exercise Therapy as a Treatment for Psychopathologic Conditions in Obese and Morbidly Obese Adolescents: A Randomized, Controlled Trial
Authors: Daley Amanda J. , Copeland Robert J. , Wright Neil P. , Roalfe Andrea , Wales Jerry K. H. 
Published: November 2006

OBJECTIVE. We conducted a proof-of-concept, randomized, controlled trial to investigate the effects of a supervised exercise therapy intervention on psychopathologic outcomes in obese adolescents.
METHODS. The participant sample consisted of 81 adolescents (age: 11–16 years) who had been referred to a children's hospital for evaluation of obesity or who responded to a community advertisement. Participants were assigned randomly to exercise therapy, an equal-contact exercise placebo intervention, or usual care. Intervention participants attended 3 one-on-one sessions per week for 8 weeks and then completed a home program for another 6 weeks. Outcomes included self-perceptions (self-esteem), depression, affect, physical activity, aerobic fitness, and BMI.
RESULTS. A total of 18 of 81 participants were categorized as morbidly obese (BMI SD score: &gt;3.5; adult equivalent BMI: ≥40). At baseline, 30.3% of participants had a Children's Depression Inventory score of ≥13, and 27% reported recent suicidal ideation. Repeated-measures mixed analysis of covariance (controlling for baseline scores) revealed significant changes in physical self-worth, associated measures of self-esteem, and physical activity over time, consistently favoring exercise therapy. There were no significant changes in BMI.
CONCLUSIONS. Findings confirmed psychopathologic conditions as a serious health concern in obese and morbidly obese adolescents. Our study is the first randomized, controlled trial to demonstrate that a brief supervised exercise therapy intervention has the potential to improve psychopathologic outcomes significantly and to increase physical activity in obese adolescents, relative to usual care.