bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pharmaceutical Care in Community Pharmacies: Practice and Research in Germany
Authors: Eickhoff Christiane , Schulz Martin 
Published: March 2006

Objective: To discuss the provision of pharmaceutical care in community pharmacies in Germany including community pharmacy, organization and delivery of health services, pharmacy education, community pharmacy services, research in community pharmacy, and future plans for community pharmacy services. Findings: In Germany, cognitive pharmaceutical services have been developed for more than 12 years. Several studies and programs have shown that pharmaceutical care and other pharmaceutical services are feasible in community pharmacy practice and that patients benefit from these services. In 2003, a nationwide contract was established between representatives of the community pharmacy owners and the largest German health insurance fund. In this so-called family pharmacy contract, remuneration of pharmacists for provision of pharmaceutical care services was successfully negotiated for the first time. In 2004, a trilateral integrated care contract was signed that additionally included general practitioners, combining the family pharmacy with the family physician. Within a few months, the vast majority (>17 000) of community pharmacies have registered to participate in this program. Conclusions: German community pharmacies are moving from the image of mainly supplying drugs toward the provision of cognitive pharmaceutical services.
Implementation of Ward-Based Clinical Pharmacy Services in Belgium—Description of the Impact on a Geriatric Unit
Authors: Spinewine Anne , Dhillon Soraya , Mallet Louise , Tulkens Paul M , Wilmotte Léon , Swine Christian 
Published: March 2006

Background: Patient-centered clinical pharmacy services are still poorly developed in Europe, despite their demonstrated advantages in North America and the UK. Reporting European pilot experiences is, therefore, important to assess the usefulness of clinical pharmacy services in this specific context. Objective: To report the results of the first implementation of Belgian clinical pharmacy services targeting patients at high risk of drug-related problems. Methods: An intervention study was conducted by a trained clinical pharmacist providing pharmaceutical care to 101 patients (mean age 82.2 y; mean ± SD number of prescribed drugs 7.8 ± 3.5) admitted to an acute geriatric unit, over a 7 month period. All interventions to optimize prescribing, and their acceptance, were recorded. An external panel (2 geriatricians, 1 clinical pharmacist) assessed the interventions' clinical significance. Persistence of interventions after discharge was assessed through telephone calls. Results: A total of 1066 interventions were made over the 7 month period. The most frequent drug-related problems underlying interventions were: underuse (15.9%), wrong dose (11.9%), inappropriate duration of therapy (9.7%), and inappropriate choice of medicine (9.6%). The most prevalent consequences were to discontinue a drug (24.5%), add a drug (18.6%), and change dosage (13.7%). Acceptance rate by physicians was 87.8%. Among interventions with clinical impact, 68.3% and 28.6% had moderate and major clinical significance, respectively. Persistence of chronic treatment changes 3 months after discharge was 84%. Conclusions: Involving a trained clinical pharmacist in a geriatric team led to clinically relevant and well-accepted optimization of medicine use. This initiative may be a springboard for further development of clinical pharmacy services.
Upholding the Land Legislation of a 'Communistic and Socialist Assembly': The Benefits of Confederation for Prince Edward Island
Authors: Bittermann Rusty , McCallum Margaret 
Published: March 2006

Most accounts of Prince Edward Island's entry into Confederation note that the federal government provided the Island with $800,000 for buying out the landlords who held large blocks of Island land, but few accounts recognize that money alone would not end landlordism if the landlords were unwilling to sell their estates. Until Confederation, landlords and the Colonial Office, acting at landlords' behest, resisted legislation to compel the landlords to sell their estates. After Confederation, landlords continued to resist, but the Colonial Office left the supervision of Island land legislation to Canada's governor general. On its second try, the Island obtained royal assent for legislation compelling the landlords to sell their estates at a price to be set by a three-person commission. When the newly created Supreme Court of Canada rejected the landlords' challenge to the awards made under the legislation, the Island was free to complete the expropriation of all large Island estates. Without the often-overlooked element of compulsion, the Island could not have used its $800,000 to create a more equitable distribution of land resources. La plupart des comptes rendus de l'entrÃ©e de l'Ãle-du-Prince-Ãdouard au sein de la confÃ©dÃ©ration soulignent que le gouvernement fÃ©dÃ©ral a fourni 800 000 $ Ã l'Ãle pour faire des acquisitions auprÃ¨s des propriÃ©taires terriens qui possÃ©daient de grandes parties des terres de l'Ã®le. Cependant, peu de ces comptes rendus reconnaissent que l'argent ne suffirait pas Ã mettre fin au rÃ¨gne des propriÃ©taires terriens si ces derniers refusaient de vendre leurs terres. Jusqu'Ã la confÃ©dÃ©ration, les propriÃ©taires terriens et le ministÃ¨re des Colonies, agissant pour le compte des propriÃ©taires, ont rÃ©sistÃ© Ã la rÃ©glementation visant Ã inciter les propriÃ©taires Ã vendre leurs terres. AprÃ¨s la confÃ©dÃ©ration, les propriÃ©taires ont continuÃ© Ã rÃ©sister, mais le ministÃ¨re des Colonies a dÃ©lÃ©guÃ© la supervision des lois relatives aux terres de l'Ã®le au Gouverneur gÃ©nÃ©ral du Canada. Lors de sa deuxiÃ¨me tentative, l'Ãle a obtenu la sanction royale pour l'adoption d'une loi exigeant des propriÃ©taires qu'ils vendent leurs terres Ã un prix qui serait Ã©tabli par une commission constituÃ©e de trois personnes. Une fois que la Cour suprÃªme du Canada, qui venait d'Ãªtre crÃ©Ã©e, ai rejetÃ© l'appel prÃ©sentÃ© par les propriÃ©taires terriens Ã l'Ã©gard des prix Ã©tablis en vertu de la loi, l'Ãle a Ã©tÃ© en mesure de terminer l'expropriation de tous les vastes domaines qui se trouvaient sur l'Ã®le. Sans cet Ã©lÃ©ment d'obligation, que l'on tend souvent Ã nÃ©gliger, l'Ãle n'aurait pas pu utiliser ses 800 000 $ pour obtenir une distribution plus Ã©quitable des terres.
2005 NAPS Presidential Address: Remembering Abraham of Farshut: History, Hagiography, and the Fate of the Pachomian Tradition
Authors: Goehring James E. 
Published: March 2006

Evidence preserved in three panegyrics on Abraham of Farshut, the last Coptic orthodox archimandrite of the Pachomian Koinonia, indicates that ideological divisions within the federation brought on by the Council of Chalcedon led to its decline and ultimate failure within Egypt. During the reign of Justinian I, pro-Chalcedonian elements within the Koinonia gained complete control, forcing Abraham and the other Coptic orthodox monks to depart. When Egypt remained non-Chalcedonian, the latter-day pro-Chalcedonian Pachomian movement became irrelevant and lost its place in history. While Byzantium and the West continued to trace the history of coenobitic monasticism back from their own northern Mediterranean ascetic heroes to the early Pachomians, the Coptic church tracked its development from the early Pachomians through Shenoute and his White Monastery federation to the present. As a result, Shenoute came to eclipse Pachomius within the Coptic tradition, while he remained virtually unknown in Byzantium and the West.
A Sensitive PCR‐Based Assay to Detect Neotyphodium Fungi in Seed and Plant Tissue of Tall Fescue and Ryegrass Species
Authors: Dombrowski James E. , Baldwin James C. , Azevedo Mark D. , Banowetz Gary M. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTA polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐based method for detection of Neotyphodium endophytes in seed and plant tissue from tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), Italian (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), and perennial (Lolium perenne L.) ryegrasses was developed. The primers were designed to amplify products from a conserved region of the Neotyphodium spp. tubulin 2 gene which is present in N. coenophialum (Morgan‐Jones and W. Gams) Glenn, C.W. Bacon, and Hanlin (endophyte of tall fescue), N. lolii (Latch, M.J. Chr., and Samuels) Glenn, C.W. Bacon, and Hanlin (endophyte of perennial ryegrass), and N. occultans C.D. Moon, B. Scott, and M.J. Chr. (endophyte of Italian ryegrass). PCR yielded the expected amplification products from infected seed lots for tall fescue (358 base pairs [bp]), Italian ryegrass (364 bp), and perennial ryegrass (370 bp). Based on DNA mixture tests and bulk seed analysis, the PCR assay was sensitive enough to detect as little as one infected seed per 50 seeds tested. In addition, the primer set detected the Neotyphodium spp. endophyte in all plant tissues except roots. Comparison of the PCR‐based assay to microscopic examination and immunoblot detection of endophytes in seed lots showed that all three methods compared favorably to one another. However, none of the three methods could distinguish between viable and nonviable endophyte in seed. This PCR method provides an accurate, sensitive approach for detecting the presence of the endophyte in these grasses, while maintaining enough specificity to discriminate Neotyphodium spp. from related fungal contaminants such as ergot [Claviceps purpurea (Fr.:Fr.) Tul.].
Recurrent Selection in a Synthetic Brachiariagrass Population Improves Resistance to Three Spittlebug Species
Authors: Miles J. W. , Cardona C. , Sotelo G. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTSpittlebugs (Homoptera: Cercopidae) are important pests of forage grasses in the genus Brachiaria (Trin.) Griseb. throughout the neotropics. Results of recurrent selection on resistance to spittlebugs in a synthetic brachiariagrass population are reported. The population was synthesized by recombining sexual hybrids obtained from crosses between a tetraploidized sexual ruzigrass (B. ruziziensis Germain & Evrard) biotype and nine natural apomictic tetraploid accessions of signalgrass (B. decumbens Stapf) and palisadegrass [B. brizantha (A. Rich.) Stapf]. The first three selection cycles were on resistance to a single Colombian spittlebug species [Aeneolamia varia (F.)], and the final two cycles simultaneously on resistance to A. varia and to two additional Colombian spittlebug species [A. reducta (Lallemand) and Zulia carbonaria (Lallemand)]. Selection was based on survival of spittlebug nymphs feeding on artificially infested, greenhouse‐grown plants. From C2 to C6, mean survival of A. varia nymphs on selected genotypes dropped from 55.6 to 7.0%. Tetraploid sexual clones with combined high levels of resistance to all three spittlebug species have been obtained. The effectiveness of this resistance against spittlebug species not occurring in Colombia needs to be determined, and its expression in crosses with spittlebug‐susceptible, apomictic genotypes needs to be assessed.
Improvement of a Maize Population by Full‐Sib Selection Alone versus Full‐Sib with Selection during Inbreeding
Authors: Pixley Kevin V. , Dhliwayo Thanda , Tongoona Pangirayi 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTMaize (Zea mays L.) improvement involves formation, evaluation, selection, and recombination of genetically variable families or inbred lines, and because cultivars must combine many desirable traits, the process can be complicated and lengthy. This study compared 12 experimental open‐pollinated varieties (OPVs) developed from maize population Pool 9A by two approaches, full‐sib (FS) selection alone and FS selection combined with inbreeding with selection for Maize streakvirus (MSV) resistance. The experimental OPVs were evaluated in 13 environments in Africa, including three sites with artificial MSV inoculation. Full‐sib selection combined with inbreeding and selection for MSV resistance [with mild selection for gray leaf spot resistance (GLS, caused by Cercospora zeae maydis Tehon & Daniels)], reduced ear height and reduced days to flowering] resulted in OPVs with similar grain yield but superior MSV resistance (P < 0.01), fewer days to anthesis (P < 0.01), and lower ear height (P < 0.05) than OPVs developed by FS selection alone. Each generation (from S0 to S3) of inbreeding with selection resulted in OPVs that were 16, 8, 2, and 1% improved for MSV and GLS resistance, ear height, and days to anthesis, respectively. Our results demonstrate improvement of a maize population for MSV resistance and other traits by selection during inbreeding (from S0 to S3), without negative impact on gains for grain yield achieved by evaluation and selection among the progenitor FS families.
Response of Stored Potato Seed Tubers from Contrasting Cultivars to Accumulated Day‐Degrees
Authors: Struik P. C. , van der Putten P. E. L. , Caldiz D. O. , Scholte K. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTIn potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), the accumulated day‐degrees (temperature sum, calculated by accumulating the daily temperatures) from dormancy break until seed tuber use has been suggested as an indicator of the physiological status of the seed. We tested whether similar temperature sums differing in timing of a short period of high temperatures gave similar seed performance. Four field experiments were performed in which seed was used that had been exposed to different storage temperature regimes, differing in total temperature sum or in timing or duration of a warm period. Emergence, number of stems, number of tubers, and early and mature tuber yield were assessed. During the storage period, the onset of sprouting was recorded. Cultivars with a high rate of physiological degeneration (“ageing”) were usually sensitive to warm storage during the second part of the storage period, especially if the first 12 to 18 wk of storage had also been warm. This was reflected in reduced emergence (≤10%), low densities of stems (≤0.5 stems m−2) and tubers (≤5 tubers m−2), and low yields, especially with early harvesting (≤20 g m−2). Specific phasing of the warm period could reduce yields to levels even below the yield of the seed tubers exposed to the highest accumulated temperature sum. A higher temperature sum after the end of dormancy advanced and accelerated the process of ageing of seed tubers. Cultivars with a high rate of ageing showed much greater difference between the same temperature sums built up over time in different ways than cultivars with a low rate of ageing. The resulting maximum differences in final fresh tuber yield between seed lots exposed to the same temperature sum could be 65 Mg ha−1 for Astarte (a cultivar with a high rate of ageing) compared with nil for Désirée (a cultivar with a low rate of ageing).
Response of Selected Hard Red Wheat Lines to Imazamox as Affected by Number and Location of Resistance Genes, Parental Background, and Growth Habit
Authors: Hanson Bradley D. , Shaner Dale L. , Westra Philip , Nissen Scott J. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTImidazolinone‐resistant (IR) wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was released for commercial production in portions of the USA in 2002 and has provided growers with a new technology to selectively control winter annual grass weeds. Imidazolinone herbicides inhibit acetolactate synthase (ALS) in susceptible plants; however, IR wheat has an altered target site which confers resistance to these herbicides. The mutation‐derived resistance trait of most commercially available IR winter wheat cultivars is located on the D‐genome; however, winter and spring wheat cultivars with the resistance trait on the A, B, or D genome or on multiple genomes are currently under development. Four groups of near‐isoline wheat with spring or winter growth habit and resistance genes on the B, D, or both B and D genomes were compared for whole plant and ALS enzyme response to imazamox. Biomass accumulation after treatment was similar among B‐ and D‐ genome resistant winter wheat biotypes and was always higher than B‐ and D‐genome resistant spring wheat biotypes. D‐genome resistant spring wheat was more resistant than B‐genome resistant spring wheat and the two‐gene resistant spring wheat had an additive level of tolerance to imazamox compared with single‐gene resistant spring wheat. Growth habit (spring vs. winter) did not affect in vitro ALS activity among B‐ or among D‐genome resistant cultivars; however, D‐genome resistant cultivars had significantly higher in vitro ALS activity in the presence of imazamox compared with B‐genome resistant cultivars regardless of growth habit. D‐genome resistance appears to provide greater tolerance to imazamox compared with B‐genome resistance; however, multiple‐genome resistance likely will be required to consistently avoid crop injury in spring wheat from labeled U.S. rates. Although ALS extracted from winter wheat and spring wheat responded similarly to imazamox, whole plant responses demonstrates that tolerance is affected by factors other than resistance gene location.
Dip‐Pen Nanolithography Using the Amide‐Coupling Reaction with Interchain Carboxylic Anhydride‐ Terminated Self‐Assembled Monolayers
Authors: Chi Y. S. , Choi I. S. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractHerein we report on a new type of dip‐pen nanolithography (DPN), which utilizes an interfacial organic reaction—the amide‐coupling reaction—between chemically activated surfaces and amine ink molecules transferred from an atomic force microscopy tip. As a representative of the chemically activated surfaces that could react with amine compounds, we formed a self‐assembled monolayer terminating in interchain carboxylic anhydride (ICA) groups on gold, and generated chemically derived nanopatterns using alkylamines as ink molecules. Amine inks showed diffusive behavior similar to thiol inks on gold in conventional DPN, and the pattern sizes were controlled by changing the tip dwell times. In addition, nanopatterns of hydrolyzed ICAs were generated by taking advantage of the participation of the water meniscus in the DPN process and the chemical nature of the ICAs.
Latino farmworker perceptions of the risk factors for occupational skin disease
Authors: Arcury Thomas A. , Vallejos Quirina M. , Marín Antonio J. , Feldman Steven R. , Smith Gerrell , Quandt Sara A. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBackgroundFarmworkers in the US constitute a medically underserved population at substantial risk for numerous environmental and occupational health problems. Most US farmworkers are Latino. Skin disease is one health problem to which farmworkers are particularly vulnerable. Interventions to reduce skin disease must be adapted to farmworkers' understanding of such disease, including their beliefs or knowledge of risk factors for skin disease.MethodsStructured by the Explanatory Models of Illness framework, this analysis uses a qualitative design based on in‐depth interviews with 30 Latino farmworkers (6 females, 24 males) to determine beliefs and perceptions of the causes of common occupational skin diseases in this population. Computer assisted, systematic procedures are used to analyze the verbatim transcripts of these interviews.ResultsSkin disease is a major concern among farmworkers because it affects work, social interaction, and other aspects of their lives. Farmworker beliefs and perceptions of skin disease causation can be integrated into a general model in which perceived risk factors include sun and heat, chemicals, plants, insects, moisture, hygiene, and contagion. Each of these factors is moderated by the individual's personal susceptibility to that cause. The interaction or combination of two or more factors is thought to amplify their individual effects.ConclusionsThe farmworker model of skin disease causation suggests important content for health education to reduce skin disease among farmworkers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Birth seasonality and interbirth interval of captive Rhinopithecus bieti
Authors: Cui Liang‐Wei , Sheng Ai‐Hong , He Shao‐Chun , Xiao Wen 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis study, which is based on 10 years of birth records, shows that black‐and‐white snub‐nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) in captivity display marked birth seasonality. The birth season starts in December and ends in June, with a peak from March to May, and a median birth date of April 10. More male infants than female ones are born in captivity. More males were born at the Kunming Institute of Zoology (KIZ) than at the Kunming Zoo (KZ). Of 17 interbirth intervals (IBIs), 29% were from females that had lost an infant at <1 year of age or experienced stillbirth, and 71% were from females whose infant survived more than 1 year. The mean IBI for the former group (428±SD 87 days) was significantly shorter than that for the latter group (706±71 days), in agreement with reports of other Colobine species. Infant mortality was lower in captivity than in the field, which may reflect the relatively stable food availability and climate in captivity compared to the harsh conditions in the wild. Am. J. Primatol. 68:1–7, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Thermally activated mineralogical transformations in archaeological hearths: inversion from maghemite γFe2O4 phase to haematite αFe2O4 form
Authors: Maki David , Homburg Jeffrey A. , Brosowske Scott D. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractA series of laboratory experiments were conducted in an effort to understand why magnetic field gradient survey techniques failed to detect hearths at a prehistoric archaeological site in southern California. The study used various methods of environmental magnetism to examine the effects of exposing soil samples to a temperature of 650°C over a period 26 h. Results of the study indicate that the failure was associated with a reduction in soil magnetic susceptibility to below background levels within hearth soils. This reduction was due to high‐temperature transformation of iron oxides from a highly magnetic form to a relatively non‐magnetic form. The reduction in susceptibility is thought to have proceeded via the oxidation of primary (lithogenic) magnetite, Fe3O4 to maghemite, γ Fe2O4 followed by the inversion of maghemite to haematite, αFe2O4. The study suggests that in some instances high temperature inversion can reduce the proportion of ferrimagnetic minerals within a hearth to below initial concentrations (resulting in a negative magnetic field gradient anomaly, the opposite of what is normally expected). A field experiment was also conducted to determine what soil temperatures might be achieved 2 cm beneath a hearth. The experiment recorded temperatures ranging from approximately 400°C to 650°C, with an average temperature of about 470°C. Soil colour changes and magnetic susceptibility enhancement observed at the conclusion of the field experiment indicate that these temperatures were sufficient to activate some mineralogical changes, possibly including inversion to haematite. The implications of high temperature inversion to archaeological prospection are discussed, as is a potential archaeological application. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Work‐first federal policies: Eroding access to community colleges for Latinos and low‐income populations
Authors: Shaw Kathleen M. , Goldrick‐Rab Sara 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis chapter describes how the implementation of the 1996 welfare reform and the 1998 Workforce Investment Acts affected community colleges' willingness and capacity to provide access to postsecondary education and training for Latinos and other low‐income populations