bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A placebo‐controlled, double‐blind, clinical trial of paroxetine in depressed outpatients
Authors: Rickels K. , Amsterdam J. , Clary C. , Fox I. , Schweizer E. , Weise C. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTA placebo‐controlled, randomized, double‐blind study was carried out in outpatients suffering from major unipolar depressive disorder to assess the efficacy and tolerability of paroxetine in the treatment of depression. The study lasted for six weeks. After a placebo washout period of 4 to 14 days patients took 20mg of paroxetine or matched placebo as a morning dose for one week; thereafter the dose of paroxetine could be titrated between 10 and SOmg/day. Patients were evaluated at baseline, weekly during the first four weeks of the study, and at the end of sixweeks; patients who entered a six‐week extensionphasewere evaluated at 9 and 12 weeks. Evaluations were carried out using HAMD (including ECDEU factors), MADRS, HSCL, Covi anxiety and Raskin depression scales, CGI, and a seven‐point rating of global improvement. Adverse events and laboratory values were also recorded at each assessment. One hundred and eleven patients entered the study, and efficacy data were available for 102 of these (49 on paroxetine and 53 on placebo). Efficacy measurements demonstrated significantly greater clinical improvement with paroxetine than placebo after two weeks of treatment, and this became even more marked after six weeks. Patients who continued treatment for a further six weeks maintained their clinical improvement. When adverse events were examined, statistically significant differences between paroxetine and placebo were seen only for sweating, diarrhoea, nausea, and somnolence. No significant changes were seen in any of the laboratory parameters measured. If these results are confirmed in future studies, paroxetine will represent an important addition to the treatments available for depression.
Violent and nonviolent suicide attempts — a controlled Rorschach study
Authors: Rydin E. , Åsberg M. , Edman G. , Schalling D. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTRorschach records from 20 patients who had made active, violent suicide attempts were compared with records from 20 patients who had taken drug overdoses and 20 psychiatric control patients who had not made a suicide attempt. Ego function ratings showed that violent attempters were more paranoid than both other groups and less able to cope with conflict situations, to handle dysphoric affect and to differentiate between reality and imagination. Violent attempters had lower level of cognitive maturity than controls and tended to produce fabulized combination responses, suggesting cognitive slippage, and distorted human content responses, indicating pathological object relationships. Nonviolent attempters did not differ from controls. Six patients, all from the violent attempt group, completed suicide within a follow‐up period of 4 years. Compared with the survivors, they were less tolerant of dysphoric affect and showed more pronounced decline of developmental level within cards. Completers could be identified on the Rorschach at 55% sensitivity and 93% specificity.
The epidemiology of demoralization in a kibbutz
Authors: Gilboa S. , Levav I. , Gilboa L. , Ruiz F. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThis article reports a true prevalence study of demoralization conducted in a kibbutz. This commune, which assures its members all their instrumental needs throughout the individual life span, is probably one of the few of its kind in the world. All adult members (n= 353) of a kibbutz affiliated with the most orthodox of the federations replied to a self‐administered interview containing the Psychiatric Epidemiology Research interview 27‐item Demoralization Scale. The response rate approached 95%. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted using demoralization rates and mean scores as dependent variables. The overall prevalence of demoralization was 25%. Women exhibited higher rates and mean scores. There was a clear association between occupational prestige scores and demoralization in both sexes. Discussion is based on the comparison between the study findings and those published in the literature, both in terms of the overall results and their pattern of association with key sociodemographic variables.
Mental disorders among primary health care patients in Nicaragua
Authors: Penayo U. , Kullgren G. , Caldera T. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to validate the Self Report Questionnaire (SRQ‐20) as a screening instrument to identify probable psychiatric cases in the general population in Nicaragua and to study the prevalence and identification of mental disorders in primary health care. In the general population 576 people were screened using SRQ‐20. A subsample was further interviewed using the Present State Examination (PSE). In primary health care centers 781 patients were screened according to SRQ‐20 and staff indicated whether a mental disorder was identified or not. In the general population study, 9/10 turned out an adequate cut‐off for SRQ‐20, identifying 23% as probable cases. Using the same cut‐off, 47% of the primary health care patients were identified as probable cases. Among male probable cases only 7% were identified as cases by health care staff, and among female probable cases health care staff identified 13% as cases. When the results are compared with previous studies, it becomes evident that the general level of psycho‐emotional complaints and accordingly the cut‐off for caseness differ in different parts of the world. SRQ must be calibrated for each cultural setting. Among primary health care patients, mental disorders were overrepresented and frequently overlooked by the physicians. Educational programs with training in psychiatry should be implemented for primary health care staff.
Reactive psychosis among elderly people
Authors: Ungvari G. S. , Hantz P. M. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTTwo cases of reactive psychosis occurring over the age of 65 are briefly reported. The role of organic impairment and evaluation of previous psychiatric illness in the diagnosis of reactive psychosis in elderly people is discussed. In addition, a brief review of the relevant Scandinavian literature is provided.
Platelet tritiated imipramine binding in psychiatric patients: relationship to symptoms and severity of depression
Authors: Ellis P.M. , Mclntosh C.J. , Beeston R. , Salmond C.E. , Cooke R.R. , Mellsop G. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe clinical and research significance of reduced imipramine binding has remained unclear despite considerable investigation. This study used an assay of demonstrated reliability to investigate the clinical correlates of imipramine binding to platelets in 63 depressed and 33 nondepressed psychiatric patients and 40 healthy control subjects. Both patient groups had Bmax values significantly lower than those of the healthy controls. Unequivocal associations between binding parameters and individual symptoms or groups of symptoms were not established, but a negative correlation between Kd and the number of adverse life events experienced in the preceding 6 months was apparent. These findings provide no support for the view that reduced binding is a trait marker for susceptibility to depression and cast doubt on its specificity as a state marker for the syndrome of depression.
Vitamin B12 levels in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of people with Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Ikeda T. , Furukawa Y. , Mashimoto S. , Takahashi K. , Yamada M. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTVitamin B12 levels in the serum and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were compared between patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and senile dementia of Alzheimer's type (SDAT) (AD group) and patients with multi‐infarct dementia (MID group). The B12 levels in the serum and the CSF were 742 ± 359 pg/ml and 28 ± 7 pg/ml (mean ± SD), respectively, in the AD group, and 962 ± 254 pg/ml and 50 ± 26 pg/ml, respectively, in the MID group. CSF B12 levels were significantly lower in the AD group than in the MID group, whereas the serum levels were not different. At the same time, the serum levels of almost all patients were within the normal range, whereas the CSF levels were 25 pg/ml or lower in 10 of 12 AD patients. Therefore, this low level in the CSF is considered to be a characteristic finding in the AD group.
Do suicides who write notes differ from those who do not? A study of suicides in West Berlin
Authors: Heim N. , Lester D. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTPeople who completed suicide in West Berlin and left suicide notes were found to differ in sex, age, method used for suicide and the reason for suicide, compared with those not leaving notes. These results suggest that conclusions from research into the psychodynamics of suicide based on suicide notes may be biased.
Alcoholism among Taiwan aborigines defined by the Chinese Diagnostic Interview Schedule: a comparison with alcoholism among Chinese
Authors: Hwu H.‐G. , Yeh Y.‐L. , Wang J.‐D. , Yeh E.‐K. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe prevalence of alcoholism was reported to be 0.1 % in an aboriginal study on Taiwan using the census survey method in the 1950s. This study adopted a modified Chinese Diagnostic Interview Schedule to determine the prevalence of DSM‐III‐defined alcohol abuse (AA) and alcohol dependence (AD) in the Atayal, Paiwan and Yami ethnic groups of Taiwan aborigines. Stratified random sampling was used. The sample sizes of Atayal, Paiwan and Yami were 793, 656 and 106 respectively. The prevalence rates of DSM‐III‐defined AA and AD were 11.6%, 11.4% and 14.2%; and 9.0%, 8.1% and 6.4% respectively. No significant difference was found between the 3 ethnic groups. These prevalence figures are significantly higher than those for Chinese. In this comparative analysis, 2 distinct etiological hypotheses are proposed for the AA and the AD.
A double‐blind comparative study of remoxipride and haloperidol in schizophrenic and schizophreniform disorders
Authors: Mendlewicz J. , de Bleeker E. , Cosyns P. , Deleu G. , Lotstra F. , Masson A. , Mertens C. , Parent M. , Peuskens J. , Suy E. , de Wilde J. , Wilmotte J. , Nörgard J. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe antipsychotic effect of remoxipride was compared to that of haloperidol in a randomized double‐blind study with parallel group design comprising 98 patients with schizophrenia or schizophreniform disorder according to DSM‐III. After a 3–7 day placebo washout period, patients received either 150–600 mg of remoxipride or 5–20 mg of haloperidol daily for 6 weeks. No significant differences in efficacy were found between the two treatments. Treatment‐emergent checklist symptoms such as hypokinesia, rigidity, and tremor occurred more frequently and were more severe during haloperidol than during remoxipride treatment despite a significantly higher concurrent use of anticholinergic drugs in the haloperidol group. Haloperidol‐treated patients reported greater increases in sleep and salivation than remoxipride‐treated patients. Shoulder shaking and tremor were reported as occurring more frequently in the haloperidol group according to the Simpson and Angus rating scale for extrapyramidal symptoms. In summary, the two drugs seemed to be equally efficacious, though the tolerability profile favoured remoxipride.
The concept of cycloid psychosis: the discriminatory power of symptoms
Authors: Jönsson S. A. T. , Jonsson H. , Nyman G. E. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractRecords of all 154 psychotic patients first admitted to a psychiatric hospital in 1925 were rated according to a checklist of 33 dichotomous items expected to characterize cycloid and schizoaffective psychosis; 64 cases satisfied 5 or more items. Among them, 34 were globally judged as cycloid and showed a favourable outcome when followed up. The remaining 30 cases were used as a contrast sample, consisting of schizoaffective psychotics with an unfavourable outcome and schizophrenics and affective patients who shared some symptoms with the experiment group. Six symptoms significantly more frequent in the cycloid group were all characteristic for confusional and anxiety or happiness psychoses in the sense of Leonhard. Happiness‐ecstacy and global altruism were exclusively recorded in cycloid psychosis. A discriminant analysis yielded a significant proportion of correct predictions. The result was thought to be relevant for differential therapeutic strategies.
A survey of sudden death associated with the use of antipsychotic or antidepressant drugs: 49 cases in Finland
Authors: Mehtonen O.‐P. , Aranko K. , Mälkonen L. , Vapaatalo H. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractPhenothiazines have repeatedly been found to be associated with cases of sudden death, but the issue of causality has remained controversial. A survey of medicolegal autopsies performed in Finland over a 3‐year period revealed that sudden unexpected deaths of 31 women (mean age 44 years, range 25–69) and 18 men (mean age 40 years, range 26–62) were associated with either the use of antipsychotic or antidepressant drugs. Therapeutic use of phenothiazines was documented in all but 3 of these 49 cases and thioridazine was involved in over half of them. Thus, whereas thioridazine was the only antipsychotic drug associated with 15 cases, only 5 cases were associated with any of the other antipsychotic or antidepressant drugs. The differences between the subgroups of psychotropic drugs remained clear after adjustment according to the respective data on drug use in the population. Although there are several uncontrolled confounding factors, the overrepresentation of phenothiazines, especially thioridazine, among psychiatric patients who died suddenly is striking and, taken together with their well‐established arrhythmogenic effects, warrants further attention.
Disposition of the neuroleptic zuclopenthixol cosegregates with the polymorphic hydroxylation of debrisoquine in humans
Authors: Dahl M.‐L. , Ekqvist B. , Widén J. , Bertilsson L. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe pharmacokinetics of a single oral dose of the neuroleptic drug zuclopenthixol (10 or 6 mg) was studied in 6 extensive and 6 poor metabolizers of debrisoquine. The peak plasma concentrations of zuclopenthixol did not differ between the phenotypes, whereas the plasma elimination half‐life was significantly longer in poor than in extensive metabolizers (29.9 ± 6.6 vs 17.6 ± 6.9 h). Accordingly, the total oral plasma clearance was lower in poor than in extensive metabolizers (0.78 ± 0.27 vs 2.12 ± 0.65 1/h/kg). Ten of the volunteers had previously participated in a similar study in which the kinetics of perphenazine, another neuroleptic drug, were studied in poor and in extensive metabolizers of debrisoquine. There was a significant correlation between the oral clearance of perphenazine and that of zuclopenthixol among these 10 subjects. The study indicates that the disposition of zuclopenthixol, as well as that of perphenazine, is related to the genetically determined capacity to hydroxylate debrisoquine. The significance of this polymorphism for the clinical use of neuroleptics is discussed.
An interactionistic integrating view of depressive disorders and their treatment
Authors: Perris C. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe development of a depressive disorder is often considered from the perspective of biological causation, mental processes, or with a focus on possible social determinants, even though the possible concomitance of factors belonging to the different domains is generally acknowledged. In this article, a further development of an interactional model previously described is presented. The model is focused on the concept of individual vulnerability, which is assumed to result from a continuous interplay of the individuals with their environment, and from the effect of factors belonging to different domains that interact. A closer definition of individual vulnerability suggests that it consists of the interaction of biological characteristics of the person and a basically dysfunctional self‐schema. Empirical studies in support of some of the hypotheses which can be derived from the model are briefly reviewed, and the implications of the model for the treatment of depression is underscored.
What is an adequate treatment in convulsive therapy?
Authors: Fink M. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe parameters of the induction of an effective electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) treatment are poorly defined. We find variations in outcome, with changes in electrode placement and energy levels, despite measures of motor seizure duration greater than 25 s. To maximize the outcome of ECT, attention is again focused on the electrophysiologic and biochemical features of seizures, much as Ottosson studied them in 1960.
Ethical aspects of psychological autopsy
Authors: Beskow J. , Runeson B. , Åsgård U. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractSurvivors of suicide victims are usually vulnerable to new traumatic experiences. Researchers who have used the method of psychological autopsy, including interviews with survivors, have paid little attention to ethical questions. The purpose of this article is to discuss such issues based on empirical data. Data and experiences from 3 studies of suicide among men (n= 271), women (n= 104) and youth (n= 58) are presented; the last 2 also include telephone follow‐up by an independent researcher who measured the reactions of the interviewees to the main interviews. The ethical problems for 3 groups of agents (informants and other relatives, including the deceased; the researcher; and the research) are discussed according to 3 basic ethical principles (nonmaleficence, beneficence and respect for autonomy). Many of the interviewees still had signs of crisis reactions and thus constituted a vulnerable group. Nevertheless, drop‐out was infrequent. Nor did we find any interviewee who was hurt by the interview, even if the possibility cannot be excluded in a few cases (less than 4%). Many of the interviewees seem to benefit from the interview. The interviews ought to be done by researchers prepared to meet people in crisis situations. The informants had different opinions on whether letter or telephone was the best method for first contact. Tape‐recording was generally accepted. It seems to be possible and advisable to further change the design to better meet the needs of the interviewees, without violating the requirements of the researcher and the research.
Comparison of the Chinese Depression Inventory and the Chinese version of the Beck Depression Inventory
Authors: Zheng Y.P. , Lin K.‐M. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractUsing a sample of 329 currently depressed patients from 24 hospitals across China, the Chinese Depression Inventory (CDI) was developed based on its own culture and verbal expression styles. The reliability and validity of CDI were much better for these patients than the Chinese version of the Beck Depression Inventory (CBDI). This study demonstrated that the CDI is both a culturally sensitive and cross‐culturally useful self‐report scale for measuring the severity of depression in Chinese. The authors suggest that such a rating scale would eliminate serious cultural biases, control for the severity of illness among different ethnic groups and thereby make cross‐cultural studies more valid.
Moclobemide in depression: a randomized, multicentre trial against isocarboxazide and clomipramine emphasizing atypical depression
Authors: Larsen J. K. , Gjerris A. , Holm P. , Andersen J. , Bille A. , Christensen E. M. , Høyer E. , Jensen H. , Mejlhede A. , Langagergaard A. , Laursen A. L. , Nilakantan B. , Olafsson K. , Severin B. , Rafaelsen O. J. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractMoclobemide was compared with isocarboxazide and clomipramine in patients with depression. A total of 167 outpatients were allocated to daily treatment with 300 mg moclobemide, 30 mg isocarboxazide or 150 mg clomipramine for 6 weeks. Moclobemide was slightly inferior to clomipramine, whereas isocarboxazide had an intermediate position. There was no interaction between treatment and atypical or nonatypical depression. Anticholinergic symptoms and orthostatic hypotension were most pronounced in the clomipramine group.
The Canberra Interview for the Elderly: a new field instrument for the diagnosis of dementia and depression by ICD‐10 and DSM‐III‐R
Authors:   Social Psychiatry Research Unit, National Health and Medical Research, Council, Australian National University
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe Canberra Interview for the Elderly (CIE) has been developed as a field instrument for identifying cases of dementia and depression, doing so strictly according to the diagnostic criteria in both the draft ICD‐10 and DSM‐III‐R. It has been designed to be administered by lay interviewers. Information is gathered from the subject and an informant, and is then processed by computer algorithm to generate diagnoses. In a sample of 76 elderly patients attending a hospital clinic, test‐retest reliability was found to be high at the level of individual items. For the diagnoses made on two occasions, agreement was comparable with other standardized psychiatric interviews designed for lay administration in the community. Validity, other than content validity, remains to be assessed. The CIE and its diagnostic algorithms are an efficient tool for clinical and epidemiological research on dementia and depression among elderly people, where close adherence to international criteria is required.
Carbamazepine versus lithium in the prophylaxis of bipolar affective disorder
Authors: Coxhead N. , Silverstone T. , Cookson J. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA 12‐month double‐blind trial of carbamazepine vs lithium, given as sole treatment for the prophylaxis of bipolar affective disorder, was carried out in 31 patients. All were previously stable on lithium; 15 were switched over to carbamazepine and 16 remained on lithium. Although the overall relapse rate was similar in the 2 groups (6 on carbamazepine, 8 on lithium), nearly all the relapses in carbamazepine occurred in the first month, probably precipitated by lithium withdrawal. Two patients on carbamazepine developed a rash and were withdrawn. More side effects were noted during the early stages on carbamazepine. Patients on lithium tended to gain weight (+ 4 kg) compared with carbamazepine (‐ 3.1 kg). It is concluded that carbamazepine is as effective as lithium in the prophylaxis of bipolar affective disorder; changeover from lithium to carbamazepine should be done slowly.
Antecedents of anxiety syndromes in a cohort of 50,465 young men in Sweden. A prospective analysis of self‐reported and professionally assessed psychosocial characteristics
Authors: Allgulander C. , Allebeck P. , Brandt L. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to find psychiatric, behavioral and social characteristics that predict subsequent anxiety syndromes in men. Questionnaire data were collected in a cohort of all 50,465 men in Sweden who were conscripted for military training. By record linkage with the national psychiatric inpatient register, we identified 68 probands with pure anxiety neurosis occurring in the cohort during a 13‐year follow‐up period. Baseline characteristics were categorized into 8 variables that were entered into logistic regression models. We found that reported treatment with psychoactive drugs and perceived mental health problems at baseline increased the odds of being admitted for anxiety neurosis by 1.9 and 1.8. Other predictors were family problems (odds ratio = 2.0) and having a family member being treated with psychoactive drugs (odds ratio = 1.7). Univariate relative risks were higher, and a psychiatric diagnosis at conscription conferred a relative risk of anxiety neurosis of 2.2. A similar profile was obtained for subjects admitted for a depressive neurosis, in support of the continuum hypothesis between anxiety and depression. We conclude that the necessity of admission for anxiety neurosis in young men originates in genuine mental symptoms in the family setting.