bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experiments to investigate transport processes in the near wakes of disks in turbulent air flow
Authors: Humphries W. , Vincent J. H. 
Published: March 2006

Experiments reported previously determined the detention time of airborne smoke particles momentarily trapped in the wake bubble behind a flat disk normal to smooth air flow. The dimensionless groupH, the product of the detention timetdand mainstream air velocityUdivided by the disk diameterD, was found to be 7.44 for all combinations ofU, Dand the Reynolds number, a result that was consistent with a suggested physical model for particle transport across the bubble boundary. The work is now extended into the regime of turbulent free-stream flow, whereHis seen to decrease with an increasing level of turbulence while the base pressure coefficient becomes more negative. At the same time, the length of the bubble decreases, as does the bubble shape factor (the ratio of bubble volume to surface area, non-dimensionalized with respect toD). A simple theoretical relationship betweenHand the base pressure coefficient is argued, and is found to be in good agreement with experiment.An important conclusion from this work is that the free-stream turbulence parameter$\Lambda \equiv l_fk^{\frac{1}{2}}_f/DU $(wherelfandkfare the length scale and the kinetic energy of the free-stream turbulence respectively) controls the properties of the flow about the disk.This work has potential applications in several areas of topical technological interest.
A rational model for Langmuir circulations
Authors: Craik A. D. D. , Leibovich S. 
Published: March 2006

A realistic theoretical model of steady Langmuir circulations is constructed. Vorticity in the wind direction is generated by the Stokes drift of the gravity-wave field acting upon spanwise vorticity deriving from the wind-driven current. We believe that the steady Langmuir circulations represent a balance between this generating mechanism and turbulent dissipation.Nonlinear equations governing the motion are derived under fairly general conditions. Analytical and numerical solutions are sought for the case of a directional wave spectrum consisting of a single pair of gravity waves propagating at equal and opposite angles to the wind direction. Also, a statistical analysis, based on linearized equations, is developed for more general directional wave spectra. This yields an estimate of the average spacing of windrows associated with Langmuir circulations. The latter analysis is applied to a particular example with simple properties, and produces an expected windrow spacing of rather more than twice the length of the dominant gravity waves.The relevance of our model is assessed with reference to known observational features, and the evidence supporting its applicability is promising.
The planar turbulent jet
Authors: Gutmark E. , Wygnanski I. 
Published: March 2006

Results of hot-wire measurements in a plane incompressible jet are reported. The flow was found to be self-preserving beyond x/d > 40 and measurements were made up to x/d = 120. The quantities measured include mean velocities, turbulence intensities and third- and fourth-order terms, as well as two-point correlations and the intermittency factor. Conditional sampling techniques were used to obtain exclusively data within the turbulent zone of the jet. The results are compared with previous investigations.This is the third paper in a sequence providing data on turbulent free shear flows.
Velocity measurements close to a rough plate oscillating in its own plane
Authors: Keiller D. C. , Sleath J. F. A. 
Published: March 2006

Measurements are described of the fluid velocities close to rough beds oscillating in their own plane. The roughness with which most of the results were obtained consisted of smooth spheres closely packed in hexagonal formation. Some results are also given for beds of gravel. The beds were oscillated with simple harmonic motion in still air and the measurements were made with a hot-wire anemometer.The measurements very close to the beds of smooth spheres show two maxima in the velocity profile during each half-cycle. One maximum corresponds to a component of velocity which varies nearly sinusoidally with time. The second forms quite a sharp peak and occurs close to ωt= 90°, 270°, where ω is the angular frequency of oscillation andtis time measured from the instant of maximum velocity of the plate. The phase at which this peak occurs shows little variation with distance from the bed. For values of βD> 3·0, where β = (ω/2ν)½, ν is the kinematic viscosity andDis the sphere diameter, the maximum velocity during each half-cycle is found at this peak over at least a certain range of distances from the bed. The variation with height of the nearly sinusoidal component of velocity is quite close to that given by Stokes’ (1851) solution for a flat plate. The peak at ωt= 90°, 270°, however, rises from zero at the bed to a maximum at a distance of about one-eighth of a sphere diameter above the crests and then falls off again.The measurements with beds of gravel show a variation in velocity similar to that observed by Kalkanis (1957, 1964) and Sleath (1970). Because of the irregularity of the surface it is difficult to draw definite conclusions about the flow in the immediate vicinity of the bed.A number of tests were carried out, with the beds of spheres, using a wire slanted at 45° to the bed in order to determine the velocity productuw.
Convective amplification of real simple sources
Authors: Dowling Ann 
Published: March 2006

This paper examines the problem of a pulsating compact body moving with constant velocity. This problem is usually incorrectly treated as a convected monopole. The analysis here shows that the motion of such a ‘real’ source introduces additional coupled multipoles, whose combined effects generate previously unexpected convective features. The amplification obtained is not the monopole convective amplification (1 —Mr)−2. It is found to depend on the virtual mass tensor of the body, the minimum effect being (1 —Mr)−3. There is also amplification in the direction perpendicular to the flight path (unless the motion is parallel to a principal axis of the virtual mass tensor).The field produced by oscillation of a convected compact body of constant geometry is also investigated. Again, this problem is often misrepresented as a moving dipole. Here it is shown that the effect of convection on such a real source is surprising and complicated. It cannot be described completely by Doppler factors, and there is amplification in the direction perpendicular to the source motion.These two model problems serve as a warning that the effect of flight on real sources cannot be anticipated until such real sources are correctly modelled, and that also the influence of source motion is likely to be much greater than has so far been anticipated.
Spatial orientation of the facial nerve in relation to parotid tumours
Authors: Aird D W , Puttasiddaiah P , Berry S , Spyridakou C , Kumar M 
Published: March 2006

Objective: The aim of this study was to identify the distribution of parotid tumours within the gland in relation to the facial nerve branches. Documentation revealing such a relationship has not been reported previously.Method: A prospective study involving 111 patients was carried out over a period of 18 years in a specialist otolaryngology unit within a district general hospital. The relationship of the facial nerve to the tumour was graded into six types. The grading system was then employed to categorize each case.Results: More than two-thirds of the tumours were pleomorphic adenomas. The majority of these were located in the body and not in the tail of the parotid gland. In 50 per cent of these cases, the tumour was in close association with the two major divisions of the facial nerve. In the case of Warthin's tumours, 47 per cent were located in the tail, below the lower division of the facial nerve.
SAAK'Y EL RETORNO DEL FIN DEL MUNDO: La plaga de langosta en las profecías del katun 13 Ahau
Authors: Quintanilla Alejandra García 
Published: March 2006

AbstractoCon base en dos textos “proféticos” para elkatun 13 Ahaucontenidos en elChilam Balam de Maníy en la concordancia hecha por Barrera Vásquez y Rendón para los textos paralelos que aparecen en el Chumayel, Kaua, y Maní, exploro símbolos, significados y saberes construídos por los mayas yucatecos respecto a uno de los más graves y recurrentes problemas de su historia: la plaga de langosta (Schistocerca piceifronspiceifrons). Los pronósticos van más allá del hambre y la enfermedad previsibles.Saak'aparece con el potencial destructivo suficiente para poner en crisis el ecosistema, la sociedad y hasta el orden cósmico. Los sabios que escribieron las profecías revelan un amplio conocimiento de la plaga, de los alcances de su impacto y, desde lo profundo de su cultura, hacen una propuesta para evitar que la crisis lleve a la ruptura social y a mayor sufrimiento y mortandad.
Myosin heavy-chain kinase A from Dictyostelium possesses a novel actin-binding domain that cross-links actin filaments
Authors: Russ Misty , Croft Daniel , Ali Omar , Martinez Raquel , Steimle Paul A. 
Published: March 2006

Myosin heavy-chain kinase A (MHCK A) catalyses the disassembly of myosin II filaments in Dictyostelium cells via myosin II heavy-chain phosphorylation. MHCK A possesses a ‘coiled-coil’-enriched domain that mediates the oligomerization, cellular localization and actin-binding activities of the kinase. F-actin (filamentous actin) binding by the coiled-coil domain leads to a 40-fold increase in MHCK A activity. In the present study we examined the actin-binding characteristics of the coiled-coil domain as a means of identifying mechanisms by which MHCK A-mediated disassembly of myosin II filaments can be regulated in the cell. Co-sedimentation assays revealed that the coiled-coil domain of MHCK A binds co-operatively to F-actin with an apparent KD of approx. 0.5 μM and a stoichiometry of approx. 5:1 [actin/C(1–498)]. Further analyses indicate that the coiled-coil domain binds along the length of the actin filament and possesses at least two actin-binding regions. Quite surprisingly, we found that the coiled-coil domain cross-links actin filaments into bundles, indicating that MHCK A can affect the cytoskeleton in two important ways: (1) by driving myosin II-filament disassembly via myosin II heavy-chain phosphorylation, and (2) by cross-linking/bundling actin filaments. This discovery, along with other supporting data, suggests a model in which MHCK A-mediated bundling of actin filaments plays a central role in the recruitment and activation of the kinase at specific sites in the cell. Ultimately this provides a means for achieving the robust and highly localized disruption of myosin II filaments that facilitates polarized changes in cell shape during processes such as chemotaxis, cytokinesis and multicellular development.
Data Storage, Processing, and Visualization for the Australia Telescope Compact Array
Authors: Murphy Tara , Lamb Peter , Owen Christopher , Marquarding Malte 
Published: March 2006

AbstractWe present three Virtual Observatory tools developed at the Australia Telescope National Facility (ATNF) for the storage, processing and visualization of Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA) data. These are the Australia Telescope Online Archive, a prototype data-reduction pipeline, and the Remote Visualization System. These tools were developed in the context of the Virtual Observatory and were intended to be both useful for astronomers and technology demonstrators. We discuss the design and implementation of these tools, as well as issues that should be considered when developing similar systems for future telescopes.
The Near-Infrared Surface Brightness Distribution of NGC 4696
Authors: Mur Pablo Arnalte , Ellis Simon C. , Colless Matthew 
Published: March 2006

AbstractWe present H-band observations of the elliptical galaxy NGC 4696, the brightest member of the Centaurus cluster of galaxies. We have measured its light profile, using a two-dimensional fitting algorithm, out to a radius of 180 arcsec (37 h70−1 kpc). The profile is well described by a de Vaucouleurs law, with an effective radius of 35.3 ± 1.0 h70−1 kpc. There is no need for the extra free parameter allowed by a Sérsic law. Allowing for a variation of 0.3% in the sky level, the profile obtained is compatible with data from the Two-Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS). The profile shows no sign of either a truncation or an extended halo.
Saturn's Icy Moon Rhea: A Prediction for its Bulk Chemical Composition and Physical Structure at the Time of the Cassini Spacecraft First Flyby
Authors: Prentice Andrew J. R. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractI report a model for the formation of Saturn's family of mid-sized icy moons to coincide with the first flypast of Rhea by the Cassini spacecraft on 2005 November 26. It is proposed that the moons had condensed from a concentric family of orbiting gas rings that were shed some 4.6 × 109 yr ago by the proto-Saturnian (hereafter p-Sat) cloud. The p-Sat cloud is made up of gas and residual grains of the gas ring that was shed by the proto-Solar cloud (hereafter PSC) at Saturn's orbit. The bulk of the condensate within this proto-Solar ring accumulates to form Saturn's central core of mass ∼10–20 M⊕ (M⊕ = Earth mass). The process of formation of Saturn's solid core thus provides an opportunity for the p-Sat cloud to become depleted in rock and water ice relative to the usual solar abundances of these materials. Nitrogen, which exists as uncondensing N2 in the PSC and as NH3 in the p-Sat cloud, retains its solar abundance relative to H2. If the depletion factor of solids relative to gas is ζdep = 0.25, as suggested by the low mass of Rhea relative to solar abundance expectations, the mass-percent ratio of NH3 to H2O in the dense p-Sat cloud is 36:64. Numerical and structural models for Rhea are constructed on the basis of a ‘cosmogonic’ bulk chemical composition of hydrated rock (mass fraction 0.385), H2O ice (0.395), and NH3 ice (0.220). It is difficult to construct a chemically differentiated model of Rhea whose mean density matches the observed value ρRhea = 1.23 ± 0.02 g cm−3 for reasonable bounds of the controlling parameters. Chemically homogeneous models can, however, be constrained to match the observed Rhea density provided that the mass fraction of NH3 is permitted to exceed the cosmogonic value by a factor ζNH3 = 1.20–1.35. A large proportion of NH3 in the ice mass inhibits the formation of the dense crystalline phase II of H2O ice at high pressure. This may explain the lack of compressional features on the surface of the satellite that are expected as a result of ice II formation in the cooling core. The favoured model of Rhea is chemically uniform and has mass proportions of rock (0.369), H2O ice (0.378), and NH3 ice (0.253). The enhancement factor of NH3 lies within the measured uncertainties of the solar abundance of nitrogen. The satellite is very cold and nearly isodense. The predicted axial moment-of-inertia coefficient is [C/MR2]Rhea = 0.399 ± 0.004.
The Group Evolution Multiwavelength Study (GEMS): The Sample and Datasets
Authors: Forbes Duncan A. , Ponman Trevor , Pearce Frazer , Osmond John , Kilborn Virginia , Brough Sarah , Raychaudhury Somak , Mundell Carole , Miles Trevor , Kern Katie 
Published: March 2006

AbstractGalaxy groups have been under-studied relative to their richer counterparts — clusters. The Group Evolution Multiwavelength Study (GEMS) aims to redress some of the balance. Here we describe the GEMS sample selection and resulting sample of 60 nearby (< 130 Mpc) galaxy groups and our multiwavelength dataset of X-ray, optical, and Hı imaging. ROSAT X-ray images of each group are presented. GEMS also utilizes near-infrared imaging from the 2MASS survey and optical spectra from the 6dFGS. These observational data are complemented by mock group catalogues generated from the latest ΓCDM simulations with gas physics included. Existing GEMS publications are briefly highlighted as are future publication plans.
Amino acid composition of TopCross high-oil maize grain
Authors: Thomison P. R. , Barker D. J. , Geyer A. B. , Lotz L. D. , Siegrist H. J. , Dobbels T. L. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractIncreased amino acid content in high-oil maize (Zea mays L.) grain may add further value to its use in livestock rations, especially if this enhanced amino acid content is consistent across varying growing conditions. Most high-oil maize (HOM) grown in the USA utilizes the TopCross system which involves planting a blend (TC Blend) of two types of maize. Field experiments and on-farm studies were conducted in 1997 and 1998 to compare the amino acid profile of grain from HOM TC Blends with that of their normal-oil maize (NOM) counterparts across a range of production environments in Ohio. In 1997, the composition of four amino acids (lysine, methionine, glycine and arginine) was significantly higher in HOM compared to NOM grain. In 1998, nine amino acids (lysine, methionine, glycine, arginine, asparagine, threonine, serine, cysteine and tryptophan) were greater in HOM than in NOM grain. Lysine and methionine content in HOM grain averaged 12 and 13% higher than in NOM grain in both years. The number of amino acids significantly affected by the grain parent was greater than that for maize type each year. A significant maize type × grain parent interaction for a limited number of amino acids suggest that TC Blend grain parents may affect the consistency of amino acid composition in HOM grain. Results of this study demonstrate that the levels of several amino acids, including economically important lysine and methionine, were consistently greater in HOM than in NOM grain across a range of production environments. Modelling with livestock ration balancing software showed that the additional amino acids and oil in HOM added 12–20% to its value as livestock feed.
Proteome analysis of the relationship between bruchid-resistant and -susceptible mungbean genotypes
Authors: Karim Khan Md. Monowar , Khan Ayub , Ishimoto Masao , Kitamura Keisuke , Komatsu Setsuko 
Published: March 2006

AbstractMungbean seeds are often attacked by bruchid insects causing serious damage to the grain during storage. The susceptible/resistant characteristics of mungbean against bruchids have been investigated at the protein level. Seeds of the susceptible cultivar Osaka-ryokuto and the resistant near-isogenic line BC20 were collected at 5, 9, 13, 17, 21 and 23 days after flowering. Crude, cytosol and membrane protein fractions were extracted from the seeds for twodimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis. In Osaka-ryokuto six proteins were found in higher amounts compared to BC20 in the crude protein extract. Some of these proteins were homologous to legumin B and liguleless1. And in BC20 one unique protein, homologous to SalF1R, was identified. In the subcellular protein fractions, nine unique proteins were identified in BC20, seven in the cytosol and two in the membrane fractions. These proteins were homologous to chitinase, alanine aminotransferase in membrane, and SalF1R, β-1,3- glucanase, protein phosphatase 2A, peroxidase BP 2A, provicilin and canavalin in the cytosol fractions. Previous findings of many researchers reveal that these are mainly defence-related proteins. Thus, it is suggested that the above proteins may play a role in maintaining the resistance of line BC20.
Relationships among artichoke cultivars and some related wild taxa based on AFLP markers
Authors: Sonnante G. , De Paolis A. , Pignone D. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractArtichoke,Cynara cardunculusvar.scolymusis a diploid outcrossing species, originated in the Mediterranean basin, which has been much appreciated both for its tasty heads and pharmaceutical properties since ancient times. The species includes two more botanical varieties:C. cardunculusvar.altilis, the cultivated leafy cardoon andC. cardunculusvar.sylvestris, the presumed wild progenitor of artichoke, which are completely interfertile with the cultivated globe artichoke and all together they form the primary gene pool of artichoke. The secondary gene pool includes at least seven wildCynaraspecies. A high level of morphological variation, essentially in head shape and size, is observed in artichoke varieties. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers were used in order to assess genetic variation and relationships among artichoke varieties and between these and some of their wild relatives. A selected group of wild and cultivated artichoke accessions belonging to different clusters detected on a morphological basis and from various geographical origins was chosen for the analysis. Twenty-four primer combinations were initially tested to evaluate their ability to detect polymorphism between samples. Nine primer combinations were chosen for further analysis on 39 cultivated artichokes, two wild progenitors, one cultivated cardoon, one sample ofC. cornigera, one ofC. humilisand two samples ofC. syriaca. A high level of polymorphism was observed for AFLP markers. The polymorphic bands obtained were scored and used to assess genetic similarity among wild and cultivated accessions and finally to construct a UPGMA dendrogram and principal co-ordinate (PCO) analysis based on Jaccard's similarity index. The artichoke wild progenitor was quite distantly related to the cultigen and occupied a separate branch in the dendrogram. However, wildC. cardunculuswas more similar to the artichoke than were the other wild species, corroborating the idea that it is the wild progenitor of cultivated artichokes. Within the cultivated artichoke, the dendrogram derived from AFLP analysis produced branches which roughly corresponded to the groups obtained on the basis of morphological and physiological characteristics. The groups were homogeneous enough, except for the ‘Romaneschi’ types, which proved to be quite genetically variable, and did not cluster in a single branch. This is interpreted on the grounds of the possible selection pathway of this more modern morpho-group.
Vitamin D status of 51–75-year-old Irish women: its determinants and impact on biochemical indices of bone turnover
Authors: Hill Tom R , O'Brien Maria M , Lamberg-Allardt Christel , Jakobsen Jette , Kiely Mairead , Flynn Albert , Cashman Kevin D 
Published: March 2006

AbstractObjectivesTo assess the vitamin D status of Irish postmenopausal women during wintertime, and to examine its relationship with serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) and biochemical markers of bone turnover. In addition, the determinants of wintertime serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OH–D) levels in these women were investigated.DesignA cross-sectional observational study.SettingCork City, Ireland (52°N).SubjectsNinety-five apparently healthy, free-living postmenopausal women (aged 51–75 years), not taking any medication and free from any condition likely to affect vitamin D status or calcium/bone metabolism.ResultsForty-eight per cent and 7% of women had serum 25OH–D levels <50 nmol l−1and <25 nmol l−1, respectively. 25OH–D levels in these women were positively associated with dietary calcium intake (P= 0.0002) and use of vitamin D-containing supplements (P= 0.031), and negatively associated with cigarette smoking (P= 0.027) and body mass index (BMI) (P= 0.030). Low serum 25OH-D levels (<50 nmol l−1) were associated (P<0.01) with elevated serum PTH levels. There were no significant differences in urinary pyridinium crosslinks or serum osteocalcin, biochemical indices of bone turnover, between subjects with serum 25OH–D levels above or below 50 nmol l−1.ConclusionsA high proportion of Irish postmenopausal women had low vitamin D status (< 50 nmol l−1) during late wintertime, which appeared to lead to elevated levels of serum PTH but not of bone turnover markers. Use of regular low-dose supplemental vitamin D, meeting daily calcium recommendations, cessation of smoking and maintaining BMI in the normal range are important factors that could help maintain adequate vitamin D levels during wintertime in these women.