bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Evaluation of the Impression Test for Estimating the Tensile Properties of Metallic Materials
Authors: Jones HN 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The load versus displacement response of a flat-ended cylindrical indenter when pushed into a material at a constant displacement rate, termed the “impression test,” and originally used as a measure of the compressive flow curve of metals, has also been used for estimating the tensile properties of metallic materials. The validity of this test method for determining tensile properties has been studied for five different materials of widely differing tensile flow behaviors. It is demonstrated that the impression test, like all indentation or hardness tests, can be used for the estimation of tensile properties of metallic materials only under very restrictive circumstances. In particular, the test cannot be relied upon alone without calibration and verification by actual tension tests, as it is insensitive to variations in tensile ductility. It was possible, with empirically defined relationships, to obtain reasonable estimates of the tensile yield stress for most of the materials studied. For true tensile strengths of metallic materials the method was less successful. In the case of heterogeneous materials of limited tensile ductility, such as gray cast iron or some particulate reinforced metal matrix composites, the test failed to give a valid characterization of tensile properties. Additionally, it was found to be insensitive to the upper and lower yield point associated with the initiation and propagation of a Luders band which is commonly observed in annealed low-carbon steels.
Temperature Calibration of Thermomechanical Analyzers: Part I—The Development of a Standard Method
Authors: Earnest CM , Seyler RJ 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Thermomechanical analysis (TMA) is conducted with a variety of configurations involving differing probe geometries under static loading in tension, compression, or flexure. The most frequent assignment made in these applications involving thermomechanical measurements is that of transition temperatures, which include the melt temperature, glass transition, softening point, etc. Assurance of an isothermal study temperature is also a common requirement in TMA experiments. Intrinsic in any of these measurements is the knowledge of the sample temperature; yet, in practice, it is only the temperature in close proximity to the specimen that is known.
The transformation of proximity temperatures recorded in thermomechanical devices to sample transition temperatures is of utmost importance in both basic research and quality control of materials. It is accomplished by an accurate calibration of the TMA sample temperature and should be considered a prerequisite to may other determinations. This paper will discuss the topic of temperature calibration of thermomechanical devices. Efforts which led to the establishment of ASTM E 1363, Test Method for Calibration of Thermomechanical Analyzers, for the calibration of such TMA instruments through ASTM Task Group E37.01.12 will be included.
Temperature Calibration of Thermomechanical Analyzers: Part II—An Interlaboratory Test of the Calibration Procedure
Authors: Seyler RJ , Earnest CM 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
An interlaboratory “round robin” test study was conducted for the calibration method developed by ASTM Task Group E37.01.12, which was described in Part I of this paper. The interlaboratory test protocol was consistent with the requirements outlined in ASTM E 691, Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Test Program to Determine the Precision of Test Methods. The results obtained by 10 participating laboratories were used to prepare a precision and bias statement for ASTM E 1363, Test Method for Temperature Calibration of Thermomechanical Analysers. Statistical treatment of the data yielded at the 95% confidence level a repeatability limit r = 1.43904°C, a reproducibility limit R = 4.11475°C, and a bias of 0.0137°C.
Vibration Levels in Commercial Truck Shipments as a Function of Suspension and Payload
Authors: Singh SP , Marcondes J 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This paper addresses the vibration levels in commercial truck shipments. Data were collected on various truck shipments in the United States over various interstate expressways. Comperisons are shown for effect of suspension, weight of shipment, and road quality. Data are presented in the form of Power Density Spectrums that can be used for simulating tests on electro-hydraulic vibration tables. These plots are composite spectrums showing the average levels observed in these studies from data collected over 16 000 km of road conditions. Specific data for a section of road condition, load configuration, and suspension used may vary from these average levels. The results of these studies were requested by the ASTM D 4728 Task Group on Random Vibration Testing of Shipping Containers, to be recommended for package testing.
Resonance Monitoring of Building Assemblies for Durability Tests
Authors: Hearn G , Testa RB 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Resonance monitoring is an established method for detecting deterioration in materials in accelerated aging tests Current ASTM practice monitors a single resonance. If more than one resonance is monitored it becomes possible to distinguish localized deterioration from general deterioration, to identify the specific locations of deterioration, and to recognize anticipated deterioration events. Data on location of deterioration is important in durability tests for assemblies where a distinction between materials failures and failures due to stress concentration is needed. Relations for the interpretation of changes in resonance as location of deterioration are developed. A laboratory study of condition monitoring by resonance in fatigue loading of a welded steel frame is reviewed. A potential application for resonance monitoring in building assemblies is outlined.
A Cutting Apparatus to Aid in the Preparation of Ring Specimens for Tensile Testing of Latex Condoms and Other Thin Elastic Films
Authors: Lennon TP , Srisamang V 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A new cutting device has been developed for preparing condom ring specimens for tensile testing. The cutting apparatus requires minimal training and produces a consistent specimen. The device, consisting of a die with replaceable blades and a μg for holding the condom, was designed to be mounted on a conventional high-precision lever press. The underlying principles used in the design of this apparatus may be adapted to improve reliability and quality cutting of any thin elastic material that is difficult to handle.
Probabilistic Model for the Analysis of Dynamic Cone Penetrometer Test Values in Pavement Structure Evaluation
Authors: Divinsky M , Livneh M 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Reliable analysis and interpretation of the results obtained under testing in pavement design and evaluation require consideration of the nature of the values under study, including construction of the probabilistic model that describes their statistical behavior. The investigation has been focused on the testing data peculiarities related to the dynamic cone penetrometer (DCP), which has become one of the extensively used testing devices in pavement evaluation. Application of the probabilistic models containing the stochastic components in pavement design and evaluation is determined by the nature of the pavement component characteristics, including subgrade soils, formed under the influence of various factors. The probability distribution model for the DCP values has been described based on the analysis of the statistical peculiarities of the observed data. The model reflects the main features and physical essence of the DCP values. Some differences in statistical conclusions based on the models under study have been demonstrated. Models can be recommended that have a positive influence on studying relationships between the DCP characteristics and various pavement design parameters and increase the reliability of estimates and solutions in pavement structure evaluation.
Extrapolation of Creep Strain Data for Pure Copper
Authors: Sandström R 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
High-temperature plants operating in the creep regime are typically designed for a lifetime of 100 000 to 250 000 h. To obtain design data, short time data must be extrapolated to the lifetimes of technical interest. In the present paper a new method for the simultaneous extrapolation of creep strain and rupture data is proposed. This approach has the advantage that it improves the statistical basis for the evaluation and makes it possible to avoid physically impossible results frequently obtained if creep strain data are analyzed separately. The method has successfully been applied to phosphorus-alloyed pure copper.
Effect of Asphalt Mix Design Method on Binder and Gradation Selection
Authors: Sousa JB , Prates M , Barros R , Langlois P , Leclerc AM , Briggs B 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
To investigate the hypothesis that Superpave Volumetric mix design yields superior performing mixes overall, the Portuguese Road Directorate (JAE) compared the performance of Superpave mixes with the performance of other mixes. The comparisons were made with gradations that pass through, above, and below the restricted zone. Performance was evaluated using the Marshall test, the Hveem test, the Repetitive Simple Shear Test at Constant Height, the Four Point Bending Fatigue Test, and the French Wheel Tracking Device. These research efforts led to consideration as to what extent the binder and gradation selections are dependent on the mix design tool. The results indicate that some Superpave mixes yield the lowest laboratory performance in some of the tests.
California Bearing Ratio Test Simplified
Authors: Pandian NS , Sridharan A , Raju PSRN 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Due to the large volume of soil sample material and effort involved, the conventional California bearing ratio (CBR) tests are laborious and time consuming. Hence, an attempt was made to use the Proctor mold itself with a proportionately smaller plunger to estimate the CBR values. The good agreement between the CBR values obtained using the conventional mold and plunger and the Proctor mold and a smaller plunger (with a correction factor) suggests the feasibility of this approach, especially for fine-grained soils. The recommended minitest apparatus and procedure make the CBR test much simpler.
Observation of the Propagation of Plastic Strain in HSLA 80 Steel
Authors: Du ML , Chiang FP 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
We observed using the in-plane moire method the propagation of plastic strain in a uniform tension specimen made of HSLA 80 steel loaded quasi-statically. The steel shows a localized, heterogeneous type of transition from elastic to plastic deformation. Plastic strain generally initiates at one end of the specimen and gradually propagates toward the other end. The magnitude of plastic strain, once initiated and propagation begun, is about seven times the elastic strain. An interface band of the order of a few millimeters separates the elastic and plastic zones. Since it is a nonuniform deformation, local strain measurement methods such as strain gage, clip gage, etc. are not suitable to characterize the mechanical properties of this material.
Charpy Impact Verification Data (1994–1996): A Summary
Authors: McCowan CN , Wang CM , Vigliotti DP 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
We present a summary of Charpy impact verification test data that were evaluated by the National Institute of Standards and Technology from January 1994 to December 1996. The Charpy impact machines that met the verification requirements of ASTM Test Methods for Notched Bar Impact Testing of Metallic Materials (E 23) are broken down by year and by reference lot. Based on the data, a proposed verification rule that limits the range of the verification set has been examined. We also present the results for determining whether two energies (lower and upper ends of the machine capacity) or three (lower, middle, and upper) are needed to verify the performance of the large-capacity impact machines; currently E 23 requires three energies to be tested.
Effect of Austempering Variables on the Quasi-Static and Dynamic Fracture Toughness of Austempered Ductile Iron
Authors: Srinivasan MN , Komatsu S 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Statistical design of experiments was employed to study the effect of austenitizing temperature, austempering temperature, and austempering time on the quasi-static and dynamic fracture toughness of austempered ductile iron of a standard composition. Regression equations were developed to determine the relative significance of the variables in affecting the quasi-static and dynamic fracture toughness of the austempered iron studied.
Ultrasonic Signal-Transmission Techniques for Compact Microtunneling Systems
Authors: Honjoh K , Hoshiya K , Nakano S , Kuwano H 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This paper describes ultrasonic transmission techniques for sensor signals transmitted through water-filled pilot pipes for underground microtunneling systems. Underwater ultrasonic waves are used for transmitting the orientation and location signals of a remote-controlled machine. We have investigated the relationship between ultrasonic transmission loss and frequency with propagation distance in water-filled pipes. Digital signals can be transmitted at 100 bps for more than 50 m in 80-mm-diameter steel pipes by using underwater ultrasonic pulse waves above 300 kHz. A compact prototype ultrasonic transmitter and receiver were developed, making it possible to transmit and receive 8-bit signals through flowing water in the pilot pipes by processing their signal waveforms. Field trials demonstrated a range of signal transmission of pitching angle data over a 40-m distance for an actual compact microtunneling system.
Estimation with a Few Strain Gages of Stress Fields near a Notch Root of Actual Structures Under In-Plane Loading
Authors: Harada T , Noguchi H 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
In this paper, a simple method is proposed for estimating with a few strain gages stress fields near a notch root in plates under in-plane loading. In the present method, the stress fields are estimated by solving the boundary value problems. Concretely, we use the Airy's stress function for an arbitrary plate with a free circular hole, considering an edge near a notch root as a part of a free circular hole. The unknown coefficients of the Airy's stress function are determined from stress values with strain gages along a certain closed curve so that the Airy's stress function satisfies the boundary conditions at the curve. The strain values are measured only at four points on a circular arc whose radius is 1.5 times as large as the notch root radius. The method of least squares is used for determining the unknown coefficients. We demonstrate the present method using eight types of notched plates. We obtained accurate estimation results except for a few cases.
Failure Analysis Using Microfocus X-ray Imaging
Authors: Bossi RH 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Failure analysis is an essential element of all engineered products. The goal of failure analysis is the understanding of the root causes of any undesirable effects. Microfocus X-ray imaging (radioscopy and computed tomography) offers detailed information on the internal assembly and material condition of objects under failure analysis investigation. Using advanced systems for the acquisition of radioscopic and computed tomography (CT) images, failure analysis investigations are improved in technical accuracy at a reduced flow time and cost over alternative approaches. A versatile microfocus radioscopic system with CT capability has been implemented successfully as a standard tool in the Boeing Phantom Works Failure Analysis Laboratory. Using this tool, studies of electronic, electromechanical, and composite material items have been performed. Such a system can pay for itself within two years through higher productivity of the laboratory, increased laboratory value to the company, and resolution of critical problems whose worth far exceeds the value of the equipment.
A CTOD Approach to Predicting Crack Extensions in Aluminum Alloys
Authors: Gu I 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA practical method is proposed to calculate crack extensions during stable and subsequent unstable crack growth conditions in aluminum alloy 7075-T651 specimens. Also for aluminum alloy 2024-T351 specimens, the stable crack growth is calculated up to the limit stress. A crack initiated at a critical CTOD extends stepwise in successive increments of CTOD, so that the ratio of a CTOD increment to a crack-extension increment is a critical value, independent of an initial CTOD. The value attained instantaneously at each step of crack extension is different from measurable total CTOA. Some CTOD functions for MT and CT specimens of various sizes and crack lengths are calculated up to their limit loads using finite element analysis. The functions when plotted against applied stress vary little with crack length over a wide range except near the limit stress. The proposed method is based on the calculated functions for a mechanics solution. There seem to be two types in the final phase of fracture: (1) limit load for the 2024-T351 alloy and (2) fracture instability for the 7075-T651 alloy. When the total of CTOD increments during stable crack growth reaches a critical value, fracture instability occurs that characterizes crack extension without further increment of CTOD. Fracture constants are determined so that the calculations may be fitted to available test data with respect to effective and physical crack lengths. The determined fracture constants are transferred to other specimens to predict the failure loads, in good agreement with test loads. Discussions are made on specimen size effects and crack length measurement in the presence of crack tip tunneling.
Decay of Wood and Wood-Based Products Above Ground in Buildings
Authors: Carll CG , Highley TL 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This paper is an overview of what we know about occurrence of wood decay above ground within buildings. It presents information concerning under what conditions decay may become established. In laboratory tests involving optimum moisture and temperature conditions for decay fungi, and direct contact with large quantities of specific well-developed decay fungi, substantial decay in small specimens of untreated wood of nondurable species can occur in a few weeks. The simultaneous occurrence of optimum conditions for decay and high degree of inoculation with mature decay fungi is probably very rare in buildings. However, spore germination also proceeds rapidly at optimum moisture and temperature conditions. For most decay fungi, optimum moisture conditions mean moisture contents above fiber saturation (usually around 25 to 30% mc,) but well below the waterlogged condition. Optimal temperatures for most decay fungi are in the range of 21 to 32°C. Untreated wood and wood-based products will not decay if intermittently wetted for short periods to moisture contents above fiber saturation or if wetted to such levels for periods of a few months when temperature is low. However, little is known in quantitative terms about decay development under fluctuating conditions. Moisture and temperature conditions are not expected to fluctuate appreciably behind external insulation and finish system (EIFS) claddings. Given this, we can find nothing in the research literature that would contradict the 20% wood moisture content rule for this application.
EIFS Sealant Joint Restoration
Authors: Yarosh KF 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The successful performance of exterior insulation and finish systems (EIFS) is related directly to the sealants used to weatherseal the EIFS and adjacent materials to EIFS. With millions of square feet of EIFS installed, proper restoration of EIFS joints can help ensure long-term watertight performance of the EIFS wall. A new test method that closely parallels ASTM C 1135—Test Method for Determining Tensile Adhesion Properties of Structural Sealants, is currently under consideration by ASTM Task Group C 24.20.12. This new test method allows sealant joints to be evaluated in many conditions to more closely simulate actual field conditions. This paper will focus on types of EIFS joint failure and possible causes for failure. Different restoration methods will be discussed with particular attention to the use of sealants to overlay failed sealant joints. A modification to the test method under review by ASTM Task Group C 24.20.12 will be used to evaluate various joint conditions with EIFS, including standard square joints, hourglassshaped joints, overlay joints with wet sealants, and overlay joints with performed sealants.
Data Supporting a Provisional American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Method for Metalworking Fluids, Part I: A Solvent Blend with Wide-Ranging Ability to Dissolve Metalworking Fluids
Authors: Glaser RA 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Data are presented to support modification to a provisional American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) sampling and analytical technique for metalworking fluids (ASTM P42-97). The method, tentatively recommended by ASTM Subcommittee D-22.04, involves collection of the aerosolized fluid on a filter and separation of the fluid from co-sampled particulate matter via solvent extraction of that fluid from the filter. The solubilities of nine metalworking fluids were tested in seven solvents: acetone, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, isopropanol, methanol, toluene, water, and three solvent blends: dichloromethane: methanol, dichloromethane:methanol:toluene, and dichloromethane:methanol:hexane. A ternary blend of dichloromethane: methanol:toluene (1:1:1) was found to dissolve samples of the four classes of metalworking fluids within about 1 min.
The Role of Bearing Plates in the Five-Point Bending Tests of Structural-Size Lumber
Authors: Leichti RJ , Nakhata T 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The five-point bending test is configured as a continuous two-span beam having point loads at each midspan. It was proposed by others as an approach to evaluating the shear capacity of structural size lumber and engineered wood products because earlier tests with wood-based structural panels yielded shear failure modes. In the tests with structural panels, the thickness/depth ratio was large relative to that in structural lumber, although the length/depth ratios were the same. In addition, the density of the structural panels was greater than that of structural lumber. At the load-bearing positions, rounded bearing surfaces were used for the tests of structural panels, but flat bearing plates have been the practice in tests of structural size lumber. In this study, finite-element analyses of the bearing plates and the resulting stress distributions on structural lumber were conducted, first on an orthotropic half-plane and then in the five-point test geometry for structural lumber. The analyses used linear elastic and nonlinear compressive stiffness perpendicular to the grain and nonlinear shear modulus. Our testing showed that elementary beam theory failed to accurately predict the stresses in the critical region of the specimens. In addition, it appears unlikely that sufficient bearing can be developed in smaller lumber sizes to make the five-point bending method reflective of the true shear capacity.