bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Autologous mixed lymphocyte reactions in NZB mice: analysis in recombinant inbred lines shows a T cell defect unrelated to autoantibody production
Authors: Bocchieri Maureen H. , Riblet Roy J. , Smith J. Bruce 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction (AMLR) has been examined in the AMLR‐deficient strain, NZB, in C58 mice, which have normal AMLR responses, and in the (NZB × C58) recombinant inbred (NX8 RI) lines. Half of the NX8 RI lines had deficient AMLR and half were comparable in reactivity to the C58 parent strain. AMLR unresponsiveness did not correlate in the NX8 RI lines with H‐2 or any other marker known to affect immune recognition. Non‐T cells from H‐2k NX8 RI lines which had deficient AMLR were able to stimulate an MLR when cultured with T cells of C58 origin. AMLR‐positive H‐2d lines responded to NZB stimulators, whereas NZB T cells did not respond to any of the H‐2d NX8 RI lines but did exhibit strong alloreactivity. Thus, the AMLR defect in NZB mice is due to a T cell lesion. Furthermore, since AMLR deficiency in the NX8 RI lines did not correlate with a positive Coombs test or the production of naturally occurring thymocytotoxic antibody, we conclude that autoimmunity in NZB mice is a complex disease resulting from the inheritance of multiple independently segregating genes.
The Lyt phenotype of a long‐term allospecific T cell line. Both helper and killer activities to IA are mediated by Ly‐1 cells
Authors: Swain Susan L. , Dennert Gunther , Wormsley Susan , Dutton Richard W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe relationship between surface antigen expression and function in the long‐term allospecific T cell line C.C3.11.75 was examined by flow microfluorometry, antiserum plus complement depletion and cell sorting. T cells of the line expressed Lyt‐1, but little or no Lyt‐2 antigens. Proliferation to cells bearing Iak determinants, generation of T cell‐replacing nonspecific helper factor in response to Iak‐positive cells and the killing of Iak‐positive targets were dependent only on Ly‐1 cells. No obvious heterogeneity was found in this cell line despite its disparate functional activities. The fact that Lyt‐2 molecules need not be present for killing directed against Ia determinants indicates that such molecules are not obligatory for the induction or delivery of killing and raises the question of what the role of Lyt molecules in T cell recognition or function might be.
Anti‐idiotypic immunity and autoimmunity I. In vitro and in vivo effects of anti‐idiotypic antibodies to spontaneously occurring autoantibodies to rat thyroglobulin
Authors: Zanetti Maurizio , Bigazzi Pierluigi E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe effects of anti‐receptor (anti‐idiotypic) immunity on autoimmune responses have been investigated in Buffalo (BUF) rats with autoimmune thyroiditis. As compared to other animal models of autoimmune desease, BUF rat thyroiditis has the following advantages: it occurs in an inbred strain, arises spontaneously (i.e. without the experimental administration of autoantigens and adjuvants) and is characterized by the production of autoantibodies to only one autoantigen, thyroglobulin. Finally, its pathogenesis is mediated by autoantibodies to rat thyroglobulin, and therefore this model is particularly suitable to study the effects of anti‐idiotypic reactions on those autoimmune disorders whose damage is caused by humoral immunity.The experiments reported in the present study show that first, heterologous anti‐idiotypic antibodies to autoantibodies against rat thyroglobulin have been produced and characterized. It has then been demonstrated that such anti‐idiotypic antibodies are capable of inhibiting the in vitro binding between thyroglobulin and thyroglobulin autoantibodies obtained from BUF rats. It has also been shown that repeated injections of anti‐idiotypic antibodies into sublethally X‐irradiated BUF rats with autoimmune thyroiditis were followed by a significant change in the levels of circulating autoantibodies to rat thyroglobulin. These results provide evidence that in spite of the complexity of autoantigens and the heterogeneity of autoimmune responses, established autoimmune diseases may be controlled by sequential immunosuppression and anti‐idiotypic immunity.
Different macrophage populations distinguished by means of fluorescent polysaccharides. Recognition and properties of marginal‐zone macrophages
Authors: Humphrey John H. , Grennan Deirdre 
Published: February 2007

AbstractFluorescent conjugates of hydroxyethyl (OEt) starch or Ficoll are selectively ingested and retained in vivo by spleen marginal‐zone (MZ) and lymph node marginal‐sinus macrophages of mice, whereas similar conjugates of type 3 pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide (SIII) are generally retained by macrophages (Kupffer cells, histiocytes, macrophages of spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow and peritoneal cavity). MZ and other macrophages are readily identifiable by fluorescence after injection in vivo of OEt starch and SIII labeled with tetraethylrhodamine isothiocyanate and fluorescein isothiocyanate. Collagenase digestion was required for recovery of intact MZ macrophages from spleen in single cell suspensions and for maximum yields of other macrophages. MZ macrophages are larger and morphologically distinct from other macrophages, but resemble them in respect of EA, EAC receptors and acid phosphates and nonspecific esterase content and are equally radio‐resistant. They appear normal in CBA/N nude and in beige mice. Freshly isolated MZ macrophages in suspension have adherent lymphocytes, dispersible by EDTA treatment, with B but not T cell markers. It is suggested that selective adherence to MZ macrophages is a factor in determining B cell traffic. MZ macrophages did not have demonstrable surface I‐A or I‐EC antigens. Only 4–8% of other spleen macrophages freshly isolated by collagenase treatment expressed I‐A in the same preparation, whereas 35% of other cells (lymphocytes and blasts) reacted with monoclonal anti‐I‐A and anti‐I‐EC. After adherence to glass or plastic, 40% or more red‐pulp, but not MZ macrophages, became I‐A‐positive. When taken from mice recently restimulated with sheep erythrocytes, half the red‐pulp macrophages expressed I‐A even before adherence.The relation of MZ to other macrophages is not known. However, their properties are consistent with the demonstrated ability of thymus‐independent antigens selectively taken up by these cells to elicit long‐lasting IgM antibody responses by direct interaction with B cells. The unexpected observation that only a small proportion of spleen macrophages freshly isolated from unstimulated mice had detectable surface I‐A, but that this proportion was much increased after attachment to plastic, is discussed in relation to the possibility that macrophages do not express surface Ia antigens unless they have been stimulated.
Preparative nonlytic separation of Lyt2+ and Lyt2− T lymphocytes, functional analyses of the separated cells and demonstration of synergy in graft‐vs.‐host reaction of Lyt2+ and Lyt2− cells
Authors: Mage Michael , Mathieson Bonnie , Sharrow Susan , McHugh Louise , Hämmerling Ulrich , Kanellopoulos‐Langevin Colette , Donald Brideau  , Thomas Charles A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA convenient, preparative scale, nonlytic separation of mouse T lymphocytes into Lyt2.2+ and Lyt2.2− populations is reported. Immunoglobulin‐negative (Ig−) spleen cells, Ig− lymph node cells, and peanut lectin‐unagglutinated (PNA−) thymocytes were incubated under sterile conditions at 0°C with monoclonal mouse antibody to the Lyt2.2 T cell differentiation antigen. The antibody‐treated cells were washed and placed in polystyrene tissue culture dishes that had been precoated with antibody to mouse Ig. Nonadherent populations were depleted of Lyt2.2+ cells and were essentially devoid of cytotoxic T lymphocyte precursors (CTLp), but contained helper activity for in vivo T‐dependent IgM, IgG and IgA antibody formation. Adherent cell populations were enriched for Lyt2.2+ cells and for CTLp. The graft‐vs.‐host activity of the separated, adherent (Lyt2.2+) and nonadherent (Lyt2.2−) cells in the Simonsen spleen assay in neonatal (C57BL/6 × BALB/c)F1 mice was less than that of unfractionated cells, but the activity of remixed Lyt2.2+ plus Lyt2.2− cells was higher than the sum of the contributions of these cells tested separately, and equal to that of the unfractionated cells. PNA− thymocytes were also separated into Lyt2.2+ and Lyt2.2− populations by fluorescence‐activated cell sorting. Nonlytic separation allows the recovery of the Lyt1+2+ population, which is lost in cytotoxic elimination experiments. Under the conditions described for the plate separation, the purity of the separated cells and recovery of activity approaches that of cells separated by sorting. Therefore, the plate separation offers a convenient alternative to fluorescence‐activated cell sorting when large numbers (i.e. up to 5 × 107 positively selected cells) are needed, as in studies of in vivo cell‐mediated immune reactions.
Generation of effector cells from T cell subsets III. Synergy between Lyt‐1 and Lyt‐123/23 lymphocytes in the generation of H‐2‐restricted and alloreactive cytotoxid T cells
Authors: Simon Markus M. , Edwards Andrew J. , Hämmerling Ulrich , McKenzie Ian F. C. , Eichmann Klaus , Simpson Elizabeth 
Published: February 2007

AbstractLyt‐123/23 and Lyt‐1 T cell subsets, positively selected by separation on the fluorescence‐activated cell sorter, were tested in vitro for their role in the generation of H‐2‐restricted and alloreactive cytotoxic T cells. It is shown that in the proliferation assay, both T cell subsets responded equally well to H‐2 and non‐H‐2 antigens (H‐Y), respectively. In contrast, none of the selected Lyt subsets, but only the mixed population containing Lyt‐1 and Lyt‐123/23 lymphocytes gave rise to both H‐2‐restricted (anti‐H‐Y, anti‐trinitrophenyl) and alloreactive (anti‐H‐2) cytotoxic lymphocytes. The data imply an essential role of Lyt‐1 cells as inducers or helpers in the generation of all cytotoxic lymphocytes from their precursors in the Lyt‐123/23 pool.
Activation of the alternative pathway of complement: efficient fluid‐phase amplification by blockade of the regulatory complement protein β1H through sulfated polyanions
Authors: Bitter‐Suermann Dieter , Burger Reinhard , Hadding Ulrich 
Published: February 2007

AbstractCurrent concepts of activation of the alternative pathway of complement (APC) focus on the central role of an amplification mechanism triggered by C3b which is covalently bound to the surface of activating substances. Using sulfated polyanions as model substances, an efficient fluid‐phase activation of complement is demonstrated in contrast to solid‐phase activation.It is shown that particulate high‐molecular weight sulfated polyanions are capable of reversibly binding the guinea pig and human regulatory protein β1H. This fixation leads to an extensive activation of C3 and factor B because the regulatory function of β1H is blocked in the fluid‐phase C3b‐dependent amplification system of the APC. Addition of β1H to β1H‐depleted C4‐deficient guinea pig serum reconstitutes the physiological control mechanisms of the APC. Guinea pig β1H, purified to homogeneity, is described as a 160000 dalton protein of a single‐chain structure. In addition, highly specific and sensitive test systems for β1H are described.
Allotype suppression in the chicken IV. Deletion of B cells and lack of suppressor cells during chronic suppression
Authors: Ratcliffe Michael J. H. , Ivanyi Juraj 
Published: February 2007

AbstractEmbryonally induced allotype suppression in M‐1, G‐1 heterozygous chickens was stable for at least 18 months after hatching. Suppression was established rapidly since injection of antigen only 4 days after anti‐IgM‐1 antiserum failed to abrogate its effect. Injected chickens had undetectable serum levels (i.e. less than 40 μg/ml) of the suppressed IgM‐1 and low (0.3–0.6 mg/ml) levels of the linked IgG‐1 allotype. This correlated with a complete depletion of cells bearing the relevant IgM‐1 allotype and a compensatory increase in the alternative nonsuppressed IgM‐1 allotype‐bearing cells in the spleen, peripheral blood and bursa. Cell transfer studies suggested that suppression could not be attributed to allotype‐specific suppressor cells.
Implantation of mouse histocompatibility antigens into membranes of cultured tumor cells
Authors: Volsky David Julian , Ährlund‐Richter Lars , Dalianis Tina , Klein George 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMembranes of murine lymphoma cells expressing H‐2a antigens were isolated, purified and co‐reconstituted with isolated Sendai virus envelopes according to a previously published procedure (Volsky, D. J. et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1979. 76: 5440.). The resulting hybrid H‐2a/Sendai virus envelope vesicles (SH‐2a vesicles) were capable of binding to and fusing with mouse lymphoma cells. The fusion resulted in the implantation of H‐2a antigens into membranes of target cells, as demonstrated by the presence of serologically active antigens on cultured cells 8 and 16 h after implantation.
b 96, a seventh allele at the rabbit x chain b locus
Authors: Benammar Amel , Cazenave Pierre‐André 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA previously undetected allotypic specificity, A96, was observed in the wild rabbit population of Zembra (Tunisia). The A96 allotype is inherited as a b allotype, and its antigenic determinants are located on the x light chains of immunoglobulins. Although cross‐reacting with b6, the A96 allotype carries its own allotypic determinants, and is therefore distinct from the known allotypes of the b series (b4, b5, b6, b9, b4var and b95). The data indicate that A96 is encoded by an allele at the b locus, tentatively designated b 96.
Nature of the immunogenic moiety recognized by the human T cell proliferating in response to tetanus toxoid antigen
Authors: Broff Martin D. , Jonsen Marie E. , Geha Raif S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis study was undertaken to investigate the nature of the immunogenic moiety recognized by the human T cell which proliferates in response to tetanus toxoid (TT) antigen.Immunosorbent‐purified anti‐TT IgG antibodies failed, even when added in great excess, to inhibit T cell proliferation in response to TT. Urea‐denatured (UD) TT antigen containing less than 1% native TT, as assessed by its reactivity with antibodies raised against native TT, triggered proliferation in T cells to an extent equal to that seen with native TT. The proliferative response to UDTT was seen only in T cells obtained from donors immune to TT and was inhibited by antisera to DRw antigens of the cell donor. T cells responding to TT and to UDTT essentially overlapped because exposure to 5′‐bromo‐2‐deoxyuridine and light of T cells prestimulated with TT or UDTT abolished the specific response to both forms of the TT antigen but not to phytohemagglutinin or to Manilla antigen. It is concluded that proliferating human T cells recognize determinants which differ from those that elicit an antibody response and which may arise as a result of antigen processing by macrophages. The implications of these present results on the nature of the human T cell receptor for antigen are discussed.
Switched allotype expression in an immunoglobulin‐nonsecreting rabbit lymphoid cell line fused with rabbit gangliocytes
Authors: Petit‐Koskas Elisabeth , Schreiber Alain B. , Favre Catherine , Chemla Roselyne , Vray Bernard , Zurawski Vincent , Buttin Géarard , Cazenave Pierre‐andré , Strosberg A. Donny 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe Simian virus 40‐transformed rabbit spleen cell TRSC‐1 synthesizes intracellular whole IgG molecules of the a1b4 allotype. Two hypoxanthine‐guanine phosphoryl transferase‐deficient mutants were derived from this line. One of these, TRSC‐1‐8, was used in somatic cell fusion experiments together with gangliocytes from a rabbit immunized against β‐galactosidase.Out of nineteen hybrid clones surviving in selective medium, only one, L17, was shown to produce free γ chains which express the a2 allotype of the donor rabbit rather than the a1 marker of the parents TRSC‐1‐8 line. The inability to restore IgG secretion in hybrids suggests that dominant regulatory controls are exerted by the TRSC‐1 genome on Ig production. This supports the notion that the TRSC‐1 line originated from a splenocyte that had not reached the final plasmocyte differentiation stage at the time of viral transformation.
Liposomes as immunological adjuvants in eliciting antibodies specific to the synthetic polypeptide poly(LTyr, LGlu)‐poly(DLAla)–poly(LLys) with high frequency of site‐associated idiotypic determinants
Authors: Lifshitz Ruth , Gitler Carlos , Mozes Edna 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe antibody response to the synthetic polypeptide, poly(LTyr, LGlu)‐poly(DLAla)–poly(LLys), [(T, G)‐A–L], injected entrapped in liposomes which served as adjuvant, has been analyzed. The liposomes used were composed of phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, dicetylphosphate and DL α‐tocopherol (molar ratios as 4:3:0.1:0.5) and therefore, were negatively charged. Since the (T, G)‐A–L is also negatively charged, no free complexes were formed. The (T, G)‐A–L was found to be entrapped inside the enclosed volume of the liposomes, and no (T, G)‐A–L antigenic determinants could be detected on the liposomal membranes. Injection of high‐responder C3H.SW (H‐2b) mice with (T, G)‐A–L‐bearing liposomes demonstrated that the i.p. and the i.v. routes of immunization were efficient in eliciting (T, G)‐A–L‐specific antibodies, whereas the i.d. injection led to poor antibody responses. The latter route of immunization is the most effective when (T, G)‐A–L is injected in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). When low doses (0.1 and 1 μg) of (T, G)‐A–L were used for immunization, the liposomes were better adjuvants than CFA. The effectiveness of the liposomes as immunological adjuvants was also shown in their ability to induce high‐potential, primed memory cells. The pattern of low (H‐2k, a) and high (H‐2b) responsiveness to (T, G)‐A–L was retained following immunization with (T, G)‐A–L entrapped in liposomes, as tested in two pairs of congenic strains. (T, G)‐A–L‐specific antibodies induced by injection with 1μ antigen entrapped in liposomes bear the (T, G)‐A–L site‐related idiotypic markers of C3H.SW (Igh‐1a) mice in a significantly higher frequency than the homologous idiotypes, namely the antibodies elicited in this strain against (T, G)‐A–L in CFA. Thus, liposomes may serve as adjuvants for the production of relatively restricted (T, G)‐A–L‐specific antibodies of high qualitiy.
Cellular interactions in the generation of cytolytic T lymphocyte responses Analysis of the helper T cell pathway
Authors: Weinberger Ofra , Herrmann Steven , Mescher Matthew F. , Benacerraf Baruj , Burakoff Steven J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMurine splenic lymphocytes exhibit a requirement for helper T cells for the induction of a cytolytic T lymphocyte response to suboptimal doses of allogeneic cells, membranes from allogeneic cells, or purified H‐2 antigen in liposomes. The conditions where a requirement for help is apparent are the same conditions where a dependence on splenic adherent cells (SAC) has been demonstrated (Weinberger, O. et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1980. 77: 6091). Help can be provided in the form of primed, radioresistant, Ly‐1+ spleen or lymph node cells or helper factor (interleukin 2, IL‐2). A factor generated from phytohemagglutinin‐stimulated human lymphocytes, when added to culture in the presence of antigen, bypassed the requirement for Ia+ SAC and helper cells. IL‐2 reconstituted the response to H‐2Kk in liposomes in cultures depleted of SAC, strongly suggesting that the helper cell must see antigen re‐expressed by an antigen‐presenting cell, whereas the prekiller does not. IL‐2 could be generated by culturing Ly‐1+ murine spleen cells with H‐2Kk pulsed on SAC.
Sequential expression of B lymphocyte surface antigens in vitro
Authors: Abbott Joan , Ngiam Kin 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSerological techniques were used to examine the process of sequential surface antigen expression on differentiating B cells in vitro. A 4‐day culture system is described in which bone marrow lymphocytes from neonatal mice acquire in sequence the ability to express Lyb‐2, IgM, Ia and IgD in response to a 3‐h‐induction with E. coli lipopoly‐saccharide (LPS). Lyb‐2 can be induced on day 1, IgM can be induced after 24 h, Ia after 48 h and IgD only after 96 h in culture. This sequence mimics the order of appearance of B cell surface antigens during ontogeny. When DNA synthesis is blocked from 0–24 h with hydroxyurea (HU), all surface antigens can be induced simultaneously by LPS. Immunoselection of one antigen‐bearing population results in the loss of cells bearing other B cell antigens indicating that the surface antigens are induced on the same cells. When both HU and LPS were added to the cultures from the start, IgM appears after 11–14 h, Ia after 14–15 h and IgD only after 19 h. Induction of antigen was demonstrated by the cytotoxicity assay, quantitative absorption and the protein A sheep red blood cell resetting assay.The results obtained show that there is a population of surface IgM‐negative precursor B cells in young bone marrow which, when grown in vitro, become sequentially inducible for expression of B surface antigens. Inhibition of DNA synthesis promotes acquisition of the inducible state, and the sequence of antigen expression is correlated with specific time intervals after DNA synthesis has stopped.
Compensation for idiotype suppression I. Acquirement of ability to compensate for TEPC‐15 idiotype suppression in mice during the early neonatal period
Authors: Kim Byung S. , Hubchak Susan 
Published: February 2007

AbstractNeonatal injection of BALB/c mice with antibodies specific for the idiotype of TEPC‐15 myeloma protein (T15id), which is serologically identical to the major idiotype of anti‐phosphorylcholine (PC) antibody, renders the recipients completely unresponsive to PC. C57BL/6, (BALB/c × C57BL/6)F1 and C.B20 mice, similarly treated with anti‐T15id antibody, also displayed tolerance to PC although they were relatively more resistant (8–13%) than BALB/c mice (<2% control response). When anti‐T15id antibody was injected into 15‐day‐old neonates, the resistance to the tolerance in C57BL/6 and C.B20 mice was much more apparent (up to 80% of the control response) in contrast to that in BALB/c mice, which was not significant. Adoptive transfer of spleen cells from idiotypically suppressed BALB/c mice into 20‐day‐old normal C.B20 mice resulted in suppression of T15id but not in tolerance to PC, due to increased production of non‐T15id‐bearing anti‐PC antibody. These results suggest that the ability of clonal compensation for T15id suppression is acquired during early life (2–10 days), under the influence of gene(s) associated or linked with the Igh.
Cross‐reactive anti‐vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) cytotoxic T lymphocytes recognize the major surface glycoprotein of VSV
Authors: Hale Arthur H. , Ruebush Mary J. , Lefrančlois Leo 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe major surface glycoprotein (G) of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) was purified and incorporated into lipid vesicles containing the purified hemagglutinin‐neuraminidase (HN) and fusion (F) glycoproteins of Sendai virus. These lipid vesicles were then used to modify and render target cells susceptible to lysis by anti‐VSV cytotoxic T lymphocytes. The results obtained provide direct evidence that the G protein is a target antigen for specific and cross‐reactive anti‐VSV cytotoxic T lymphocytes. The significance of this work is discussed.