bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A biopsychosocial treatment approach to post‐traumatic stress disorder
Authors: Schwartz Lee S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPost‐Traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is defined and treatment discussed from a combined biologic, psychologic, and social perspective. Literature relevant to each parameter is discussed. Pharmacologic interventions are described along with guidelines to carrying out the psychotherapeutic process which should accompany the former. Finally, insight is offered into the problems of the PTSD patient in using social support, with suggestions for their treatment.
Sleep of chronic post‐traumatic patients
Authors: Glaubman Hananyah , Mikulincer Mario , Porat Anat , Wasserman Orna , Birger Moshe 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe purpose of the present study was to investigate the sleep of people diagnosed as suffering from chronic Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). The sleep of seven chronic post‐traumatic patients with no known physical injuries was compared with that of seven matched control subjects. The post‐traumatic patients had poorer sleep: decreased sleep efficiency, increase in number of awakenings, and decreased SWS, as well as longer REM latency. It was also found that their complaints correlated with relevant sleep‐monitored measures. The findings add further support for the inclusion of sleep difficulties in the definition of the Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder.
The importance of parallel process in debriefing crisis counsellors
Authors: Talbot Alison 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis article extends the idea of parallel process from the therapeutic situation to crisis circumstances where similar processes can occur. Parallel processes have a particular relevance in a crisis since critical incidents tend to raise the emotional climate of the counseling situation. The processes that occur with a group of victims in the aftermath of a crisis can be reenacted between counsellors working with the victims and this has implications for clinical work. As example of such a situation is discussed as are the ramifications for the debriefing of counsellors.
Post‐traumatic stress reactions in children
Authors: Yule William , Williams Ruth M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSurprisingly, far less is known of the manifestations of post‐traumatic stress reactions in children than in adults. Research over the past 10 years has begun to describe phenomena very similar to PTSD in adults, particularly among young adolescents. This paper will briefly review recent research and will describe our own experiences working with children who survived the Herald of Free Enterprise ferry disaster. Attention will be paid not only to the reactions of the children, but also to the reactions of their families, and to problems experienced subsequently at school. An account will be given of two therapeutic groups run in parallel for children and parents. It is concluded that children, at least in the 8‐ to 16‐year age range, show problems very similar to adult PTSD, but that these will not be picked up by commonly used screening instruments.
Depressive sequelae of recent criminal victimization
Authors: Sorenson Susan B. , Golding Jacqueline M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn a community sample of 2700 adults, 14.6% reported that in the previous 6 months they themselves or someone important to them were the victim of a crime (mugged or personally assaulted; burglarized, robbed, or swindled; or sexually assaulted). Men and women reported roughly equal rates of victimization; Hispanics reported fewer victimizations than non‐Hispanic whites. History of criminal victimization during the previous 6 months and certain crime characteristics were used to predict concurrent depression (assessed by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale) and suicidality (self‐report of suicide ideation or attempt). Being a crime victim was associated with increased suicidality and depression. Increased risk of suicidality following criminal victimization occurred irrespective of race, gender, education, and current mental disorder. Those who were mugged, sexually assaulted, or experienced multiple victimization were at greatest risk for depression. Those who were mugged were at greatest risk of suicidality.
The stability of emotional symptoms among disaster victims in a developing country
Authors: Lima Bruno R. , Pai Shaila , Lozano Julio , Santacrutz Hernan 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis stability of emotional distress following a major disaster in Colombia was evaluated in a 2‐year follow‐up of a representative subsample of 40 adult victims of the Armero disaster in Colombia. The utilization of the Self‐Reporting Questionnaire indicated an increase of emotional distress from 55% to 78%. However, the mean neurotic subscale score, the most frequent neurotic symptoms, the strongest predictors of emotional distress, and the symptom‐profiles of distressed victims were essentially the same.
Clinical assessment of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among American minorities who served in Vietnam
Authors: Penk Walter E. , Allen Irving M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis paper will review issues in clinical assessment of minority combat veterans who served in Vietnam. We will specify differences and similarities for assessing minorities within the context of evaluating the larger combat veteran population. As a way of introducing a need for specialized diagnosis and treatment, we will present data demonstrating that minorities may be characterized as a distinct group among Vietnam combat veterans; data demonstrating differential rates of PTSD and other psychological disorders; as well as differences in vocational, social, educational, physical and health adjustment along with differential rates of health services utilization. Throughout this paper, we will attempt to give a historical perspective to the role of the minority soldier before, during, and after military service in Vietnam, as well as inter‐related civilian events that impacted minority veterans. We will review pertinent theories that explain higher PTSD rates among minority veterans‐considering the special nature of the Vietnam War and its impact on young minority soldiers. We will frankly discuss problems we have observed about clinician prejudice that adversely affect clinical assessment and treatment. We emphasize that every combat veteran, regardless of racial background, is a unique individual with his or her own unique story to tell. We are aware, though, that cross‐cultural interactions, because of factors internal to both client and clinician, can impede, if not preclude, effective therapeutic encounter. We recognize that providing information about minorities may do relatively little to alter deeply rooted prejudice of an unconscious nature. We hope to address the issues of ethnicity in ways that do not stir clinical resistance but rather that enhance clinician sensitivity, curiosity, and confidence.
Personal trauma and world view—are extremely stressful experiences related to political attitudes, religious beliefs, and future orientation?
Authors: Carmil Devora , Breznitz Shlomo 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe study of the Hol (Holocaust) provides the opportunity to study enduring effects of stressful experiences, many years after their occurrence. Yet the effect on attitudes and beliefs has been shown relatively little research interest. The present study compared Hol. survivors and children of survivors to two control groups in regard to political attitudes, religious identity, and future orientation. Survivors and children of survivors have been found to be different from the controls; almost 5 decades after the exposure to the trauma, both survivors and their descendants support the more centrally located political parties, express greater belief in God and a greater belief in a better future (χ2 = 8.945, p < 0.030, χ2 = 15.046, p < 0.020, χ2 = 17.438, p < 0.042). Possible explanations accounting for these results are discussed.
The rorschach and ptsd revisited: Critique of van der Kolk and Ducey's (1989) “the psychological processing of traumatic experience: Rorschach patterns in PTSD”
Authors: Cohen Leo , de Ruiter Corine 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAn article which appeared in the Journal of Traumatic Stress, 2: 259–274, on the Rorschach and PTSD, is criticized on methodological and general scholarly grounds. Special focus was given to the authors' treatment of Rorschach protocols and Rorschach data. The scientific contributions of the study are reviewed.
Physical health complaints in combat‐related post‐traumatic stress disorder: A preliminary report
Authors: Litz Brett T. , Keane Terence M. , Fisher Lisa , Marx Brian , Monacol Valerie 
Published: May 2007

AbstractResearch has detailed the psychosocial parameters of combat‐related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but little information has been reported on it's physical health concomitants. Many aspects of the PTSD syndrome may interact to create chronic stress reactions that are related to the emergence of disease states. As part of an initial step in exploring the physical health risk associated with PTSD we examined self‐reported health problems in two matched groups of treatment‐seeking Vietnam combat veterans with and without PTSD. Overall, the PTSD group reported more current health problems, but no more physician diagnosed disorders than their non‐PTSD cohort. Possible mechanisms responsible for the report of health complaints in PTSD are discussed.
Negative psychometric outcomes: Self‐report measures and a follow‐up telephone survey
Authors: Solomon Zahava , Shalev Arik , Spiro Shimon E. , Dolev Aliza , Bleich Avi , Waysman Mark , Cooper Samuel 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTo assess the effectiveness of the Koach project, two groups of subjects, comprising the 40 Koach participants and 40 PTSD veterans who served as controls, were examined 1 year before Koach and 9 months afterwards. In addition, the Koach participants were also assessed immediately before and immediately following the project. The self‐report measures focused on PTSD symptomatology, post‐traumatic intrusion and avoidance, general psychiatric symptomatology, social functioning and perceived self‐efficacy in combat. Participation in Koach led to improvement in one area only: perceived self‐efficacy in combat. The measures of emotional distress and psychiatric symptomatology indicated that patients treated in Koach fared worse than untreated PTSD controls. In addition, in order to assess the long‐term impact of the program, 36 Koach participants were surveyed by phone approximately 2 years after the residential stage of the project. Military functioning, family life, work, and psychiatric symptomatology were assessed. Findings indicate that most of the participants had not returned to their prewar level of functioning.
The prevalence of lifetime and partial post‐traumatic stress disorder in vietnam theater veterans
Authors: Weiss Daniel S. , Marmar Charles R. , Schlenger William E. , Fairbank John A. , Kathleen Jordan B. , Hough Richard L. , Kulka Richard A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA complete understanding of the consequences of service in a war zone includes examining the lifetime and current prevalence of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and of partial PTSD. Cases of partial PTSD are persons who have clinically significant symptoms of PTSD, but who do not meet the full diagnostic criteria. The National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study (NVVRS) estimated the lifetime prevalence of PTSD to be 30.9% among male theater veterans, 26.% among females; lifetime prevalence of partial PTSD was an additional 22.5% and 21.2%, respectively; current prevalence of partial PTSD was 11.1% in males and 7.8% in females. NVVRS findings indicate that of the 1.7 million veterans who ever experienced significant symptoms of PTSD after the Vietnam war, approximately 830,000 (49%) still experience clinically significant distress and disability from symptoms of PTSD. The contribution of partial PTSD represents an estimated additional 350,000 veterans.
Addressing cognitive defenses in critical incident stress
Authors: Janik James 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWhile it is presumed that public safety workers have always used cognitive defenses to cope with traumatic experiences, this process has lacked systematic study. The author asserts that the use of ego defenses is common, necessary for daily functioning and not necessarily pathonomic or in need of therapeutic confrontation. This article makes an attempt to organize some of the literature in the area, raise questions that need to be studied, and argue strongly for future research.
Psychological symptoms and psychiatric diagnoses in Operation Desert Storm troops serving graves registration duty
Authors: Sutker Patricia B. , Uddo Madeline , Brailey Kevin , Allain Albert N. , Errera Paul 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis clinical report describes symptoms of psychological and physical distress and psychiatric disorders in 24 Army Reservists who served war zone graves registration duty in support of Operation Desert Storm. Troops underwent comprehensive assessment for evidence of psychopathology that might be associated with war zone duty as one component of a debriefing protocol scheduled during regular drill exercises eight months after their return to the United States. Troops endorsed items suggestive of high war zone stress exposure, common symptoms of anxiety, anger, and depression, and multiple health and somatic concerns. Almost half of the sample met criteria for post‐traumatic stress disorder, and diagnosis of this disorder was strongly associated with evidence of depressive and substance abuse disorders. The gruesome aspects of body recovery and identification in a war zone setting were cited as stressor elements of significant negative impact.
Validation of the purdue post‐traumatic stress scale on a sample of Vietnam veterans
Authors: Hendrix Charles C. , Anelli Lisa M. , Gibbs Jinnifer P. , Fournier David G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe Purdue Post‐traumatic Stress Disorder Scale is a 15‐item self‐report instrument based on the DSM‐III diagnostic criteria for post‐traumatic stress disorder. This scale is a quick easily administered, measure of psychological reactions to a traumatic event. The goal of the present report is to validate this instrument for use as a measure of long‐lasting combat stress reactions of American Vietnam veterans. The PPS demonstrated a high degree of internal consistency with a Cronbach's coefficient alpha of 0.94. The PPS demonstrated construct validity through significant correlations with other self‐report measures of combat experience and residual psychological distress, and through a factor analysis yielding three factors, labeled as arousal, avoidance, and the global perception of distress. Results support further use of the Purdue Post‐traumatic Stress Scale as a research instrument for assessing the long‐term impact of a traumatic event.
Response style and self‐control under scud missile attacks: The case of the sealed room situation during the 1991 Gulf war
Authors: Klingman Avigdor , Kupermintz Hagai 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe interrelationships of coping responses, self‐control and trait anxiety in Israeli university students during the 1991 Gulf war were investigated. Respondents (35 male and 58 female students) responded to a battery of questionnaires at the end of the war to assess these variables. Their responses, which referred to the sealed room situation, were characterized by attempts to help others and relatively low emotion‐focused reactions. Based on factor analysis, a three‐factor structure of response modes is suggested: instrumental, emotion‐focused and blunting‐like. Self‐control was found to be associated with a lower intensity of the emotion‐focused response mode. Trait anxiety did not correlate with any of the response modes.
Convergent validity of measures of post‐traumatic stress disorder in a mixed military and civilian population
Authors: Neal Leigh Anthony , Busuttil Walter , Rollins John , Herepath Ronald , Turnbull Gordon , Strike Paul 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe authors evaluated the validity of the Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) subscale of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), the Impact of Event Scale (IES) and the Symptom Check List 90 (SCL‐90) as continuous and dichotomous measures of PTSD in a mixed military and civilian group of 70 subjects in the United Kingdom. The MMPI‐PTSD and the IES are designed specifically as measures of PTSD and the Global Symptom Index of the SCL‐90 is a general measure of neurosis. All measures produced significant positive correlations with scores from the Clinician Administered Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder Scale (CAPS‐1) and with each other. The IES was the most useful dichotomous measure. The optimum cut‐off score for the IES producing the highest Positive Predictive Value and the lowest Apparent Total Misclassification Error Rate has been determined.
The role of the experimenter in field studies of distressed populations
Authors: Derry Paula , Baum Andrew 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn laboratory research, the experimenter's role is to behave in a standardized manner, often following a script, in order to collect data without influencing the responses of subjects. However, in field studies of vulnerable or victimized populations, experimenters confront tasks and dilemmas at odds with this concept of their role. Subjects may cry; experimenters may experience strong feelings when witnessing adversity; normative experimental behavior may feel inappropriate. This paper reports on issues identified in a graduate seminar for nonclinically trained health psychology researchers, and describes the program of training provided. Paradoxically, adhering to a more detached, noninfluential style of interaction requires adapting a flexible, rather than a rote, behavioral style. Relevant skills include explicating values, developing relational and communications skills, and training in post‐traumatic stress syndromes. By thus redefining the experimenter's role, ethical and practical considerations introduced in field studies of distressed populations can be balanced with laboratory values.
Race‐related PTSD: The Asian American Vietnam veteran
Authors: Loo Chalsa M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis article presents a conceptual framework by which to understand race‐related post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) for the Asian American Vietnam veteran. The framework draws from cognitive schema theory, social behaviorism, the notion of cumulative racism as trauma, and the assumption that bifurcation and negation of one's bicultural identity is injurious. Classifications of race‐related stress or trauma that may be experienced by Asian American Vietnam veterans, with exemplifying clinical case material, are presented. These types of stressors include being mistaken for Vietnamese, verbal and physical assaults that are race‐related, death and near‐death experiences that are race‐related, racial stigmatization, dissociation from one's Asian identity, and marginalization. As studies of combat trauma and sexual assault forced the psychological stresses attendant to war and sexist oppression into public consciousness, so this article addresses psychological stress and trauma attendant to racism.
The civilian version of the Mississippi PTSD scale: A psychometric evaluation
Authors: Vreven Dawn L. , Gudanowski David M. , King Lynda A. , King Daniel W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis three‐part study examined the reliability and validity of the civilian version of the Mississippi Scale for Combat‐Related PTSD using data from the nonveteran participants in the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study. The Civilian Mississippi Scale had a raw score distribution that was roughly symmetric, with an acceptable degree of dispersion and a reasonably high internal consistency reliability coefficient. Overall, however, measurement precision was weaker than that for the military version of the instrument, and confirmatory factor analytic findings differed from those found for the military version. Preliminary investigations of validity were in the form of correlations with indices of stressful life events, a PTSD symptom count, and measures of demoralization and active expression of hostility. The Civilian Mississippi Scale emerged from the various analyses as a PTSD measure with potential but requiring further validational study and perhaps some refinement.
Diagnosis and treatment of combat stress reaction: Current attitudes of military physicians
Authors: Manor Iris , Shklar Rami , Solomon Zahava 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis study examined the attitudes of 203 Israel Defense Forces (IDF) military physicians regarding the causes and treatment of combat stress reaction. The findings indicate that subjects tended primarily to endorse situational rather than predispositional explanations for the causation of the CSR. They attributed the highest levels of responsibility for treatment to the frontline physician and to commanders and the least amount of responsibility to the casualty himself. These findings suggest that military physicians do not hold CSR casualties responsible for the causation or the treatment of the stress reaction. CSR is now viewed within the “medical model.” It is considered by doctors to be within the purview of medicine and CSR casualties are considered legitimate objects of medical concern. The stigma attached to the phenomenon in the past thus appears to have diminished considerably.
Mental health officers' causal explanations of combat stress reaction
Authors: Shalom Dina , Benbenishty Rami , Solomon Zahava 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis study examined causal attributions for combat stress reaction (CSR) among 117 Israel Defense Forces (IDF) mental health officers. The impact of case characteristics (the level of objective stress in the situation, reaction of others in the same situation, soldier's previous functioning and type of symptomatology) and respondent characteristics (professional affiliation, therapeutic orientation) on these attributions was also examined. Results show that mental health officers view CSR primarily as a response to external circumstances; it is not generally seen as resulting from personality traits or intrapsychic processes. Findings also indicate that causal attributions were influenced at least to some degree by the clinicians' professional affiliation, their therapeutic orientation, and their knowledge of the casualty's prior functioning.
The acute psychological impact on survivors following a train accident
Authors: Hagströum Rolf 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSixty‐six passengers surviving a collision of two trains were investigated concerning relevant background data, degree of personal injury, experience of a threat to life, symptoms and problems immediately after the accident, and thoughts about difficulty in coping. The most obvious impact on the survivors was the experience of being close to death. One result of this was that they developed a new coping strategy to minimize emotional pain. Some survivors also suffered problems of “re‐living” the accident. This is important for the coping process. The process includes psychological integration of the accident as an important life event. The findings indicate that “re‐living” of the accident through nightmares and intrusive thoughts is responsible for problems in carrying out ordinary tasks. The observations are in accordance with those made after other types of accidents and disasters.