bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reaction mechanics of sodium methoxide treatment of lard
Authors: Weiss Theodore J. , Jacobson Glen A. , Wiedermann Lars H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractLard was treated at several temperatures with sodium methoxide catalyst. Samples were taken frequently during the course of the reaction and were subjected to measurements of glyceride distribution, especially the trisaturated triglyceride fraction, in terms of melting point, cooling curve, aniline point, and x‐ray diffraction pattern. The over‐all reaction could be broken down into several phases.

Catalyst Formation. The sodium methoxide reacts with a fat to form an active catalyst. Infrared spectra show the formation ofbeta‐keto esters during the reaction, probably intermediates in the ester‐ester interchange.
Crystal Modification. This phase is characterized by a complete and permanent change in crystal structure with a simultaneous loss of GS2U peak in the cooling curve. The GS3 content is only slightly increased from the original lard at this point.
IV, etc. Interesterification. During these phases the fatty acids of the triglycerides approach random distribution. Intra‐esterification occurs simultaneously but at a different rate. These phases are distinguishable from each other by their apparent GS3 contents, which increase beyond that of phase II.
The relationship of pyridoxine and riboflavin to the nutritional value of polymerized fats
Authors: Witting L. A. , Nishida T. , Johnson O. C. , Kummerow F. A. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe nutritive value of polymerized fats was compared by feeding them at a 10% level to weanling rats kept on three different basal rations and various vitamin supplements. Autoxidatively or thermally autoxidatively polymerized fats depressed growth, and thermally polymerized fats were toxic to rats. The results indicated that the dietary level of riboflavin and pyridoxine and the manner in which the fats were polymerized had an important bearing on their nutritional value. The protein level also influenced the nutritional value of the oils and, at lower levels, appeared to be related to pyridoxine intake as the growth depression and the toxicity were partially overcome by supplementation of the diet with pyridoxine. Riboflavin apparently aided the animals in coping with autoxidized fat but did not contribute any protective action against thermal polymers.
Lipase made active in hydrophobic media by coupling with polyethylene glycol
Authors: Kodera Y. , Nishimura H. , Matsushima A. , Hiroto M. , Inada Y. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractLipases from various microorganisms were chemically modified with polyethylene glycol derivatives: 2,4‐bis[O‐methoxypoly(ethylene glycol)]‐6‐chloro‐s‐triazine (activated PEG2, a chain‐shaped polymer) and copolymer of polyoxyethylene allyl methyl diether and maleic anhydride (activated PM, a comb‐shaped polymer). Because each polymer is amphipathic, the modified lipases become soluble not only in aqueous solution but also in hydrophobic media. They exhibit potent catalytic actions for ester synthesis and ester exchange reactions, the reverse reaction of hydrolysis, in transparent organic solvents and also in oily substrates without organic solvents. With PEG2‐lipases, macrocyclic lactone and gefarnate (geranyl farnesylacetate) were synthesized in high yields from 16‐hydroxy‐hexadecanoic acid ethyl ester and from farnesylacetic acid and geraniol in organic solvents, respectively. The modified lipase catalyzed the esterification preferentially with the (R)‐isomer of secondary alcohols. Because the ester synthesis reactions with modified lipase proceeded in the transparent benzene system, the kinetic parameters (Michaelis constant and maximum velocity) were obtained by reciprocal plotting according to the Michaelis equation. With comb‐shaped polymer as modifier, PM‐lipase catalyzed effectively the reverse reaction of hydrolysis in organic solvents. The properties of each modified lipase are discussed in relation to those of the nonmodified lipase.
On the configuration of cocoa butter
Authors: Lutton E. S. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryIt is concluded from x‐ray diffraction, thermal curve, and enzymatic hydrolysis that the predominant glyceride of cocoa butter is 2‐oleoyl palmitoyl stearin (POS) instead of 2‐palmitoyl oleoyl stearin (OPS), the configuration which has been rather generally accepted. Accordingly it is suggested that a fully satisfactory cocoa butter extender should be largely of symmetrical, disaturated configuration since only thus is the characteristic beta‐3 form of cocoa butter likely to be preserved.An important aspect of this finding is that all disaturated vegetable glycerides which have been well characterized are of symmetrical, disaturated configuration. This not only supports the idea of the formation of specific glycerides in natural fats as opposed torandom fatty acid distribution but also points to some important common feature in vegetable glyceride metabolism.
Continuous one‐step refining‐water washing of crude coconut oil
Authors: Morren J. E. , Sourelis S. G. , Kaiser H. R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe Duozon‐Hydrazon combination soapstock separating and water washing machine has been demonstrated as a versatile, efficient, continuous coconut oil refining machine in commercial installations, with refining factors of 1.0 and less.
Refining crude cottonseed oil dissolved in hexane
Authors: Zeitoun M. A. , Harris W. B. , Harris W. D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMeasurements were made of the surface tensions of mixtures of cottonseed oil and hexane and of their interfacial tensions against water and caustic soda solutions. Attempts were made to study the reaction rate between the two phases. The results show that in caustic refining of hexane miscellas the caustic is readily dispersed into the oil‐hexane phase.Refining losses were found to be lower for miscellas containing less than 70% oil. Concentrations as low as 40% were refined successfully. The losses were inversely related to the viscosity of the solution.
Solvent cooking of cottonseed meats for extraction
Authors: Spadaro J. J. , Vix H. L. E. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryData have been presented for a solvent‐cooking method of preparing cottonseed meats for extraction. The study includes experiments in which the flake moisture contents were increased to as high as 40% during the initial solvent cooking phase and decreased to about 10% by the end of the cooking cycle, and in which hexane and heptane were used as the cooking solvent in the presence of chemicals such as NaOH, NaCl, CaCl2, and NH3.Results showed specific trends with varying condiditions. Examples are: increase in the initial moisture content during cooking increases granulation and consequently the mass velocity; increase to 30% moisture content is sufficient to result in mass velocities above the desirable 2,000 lbs. per square foot per hour; free gossypol content of the extracted meals is lower with the higher initial cooking moisture contents and with the addition of certain chemicals (NaOH‐CaCl2) ; and the addition of the combination of NaOH and NaCl resulted in better overall filtration‐extraction characteristics than either the NaOH‐CaCl2 or the NH3‐NaCl combinations.On the basis of the above results the following general conclusions can be made:

Solvent cooking offers the possibility of combining cooking, crisping, and slurrying (extraction) steps into a single operation in a process, such as filtration extraction for the direct solvent extraction of cottonseed.

Chemicals can be introduced as needed to promote free gossypol reduction and possibly maintain a high alkali protein solubility in the solvent extracted meal.

Agglomeration and extractability of the solvent‐cooked cottonseed meats can be controlled.
Glucosinolate levels in western Canadian rapeseed and canola
Authors: Daun J. K. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSince the introduction of low glucosinolate rapeseed into Canadian production in 1975, the average level of glucosinolates has declined from about 80 µmol/g to 25 µmol/g in the 1985 Canadian new crop. Since 1983, more than 90% of the rapeseed planted in Western Canada has been of canola quality (less than 30 µmol/g glucosinolates). The Northern Alberta/British Columbia growing area is the only area in Western Canada which produced noncanola quality seed in 1984. Export shipments of rapeseed from Western Canada have not contained more than 30 µmol/g glucosinolates since December 1983, and at the end of the 1984/85 shipping year most shipments contained about 20 µmol/g glucosinolates. Western Canadian crushing plants have preferentially selected and crushed canola quality seed since 1979. This preferential selection may have slowed the reduction of glucosinolates in export seed. Crushers have produced canola quality meal from seed containing as much as 50 µmol/g glucosinolates, since between 40 and 60% of the glucosinolates present in the seed were removed during processing. Rapeseed has been introduced recently in Southern Ontario. Although the spring‐planted crop is canola quality, the winter crop, which makes up 20% of the production, is still high in glucosinolates.
A simple chemical method for stabilization of rice bran
Authors: Prabhakar J. V. , Venkatesh K. V. L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA new simple chemical method for stabilization of rice bran is described. The process, based on the principle that lipase activity will be low at low pH, uses hydrochloric acid at 40 l/ton of bran for lowering the pH of rice bran from 6.9–6.0 to 4.0. The acid can be applied easily by sprinkling or spraying. The operation on small lots can be done by hand mixing of bran, but it is more efficient and effective if mechanical mixing, like a rotary or a trough mixer, is used. This simple method, which takes less than 4 min for a batch of 15 kg, will be useful for stabilization of rice bran in rice mills or where steam or electricity is unavailable. The process is being evaluated in commercial trials.
Isolation and detection of alkaline contaminant materials (ACM) in used frying oils
Authors: Blumenthal M. M. , Stockler J. R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAlkaline contaminant materials are formed in frying oils during cooking. The ACM can be eluted from the same International Union of Pure and Applied Chemists‐Association of Official Analytical Chemists (IUPACAOAC) silica gel column used to determine polar materials in frying oils. The ACM are eluted with methanol after “non‐polar” and “polar” fractions already have been eluted from the column. A residue of silica gel in the methanol eluate must be insolubilized before the ACM can be identified and quantitated. IR was used to identify sodium oleate as the major constituent of ACM from a set of restaurant generated frying oil samples.
The volatile decomposition products and the organoleptic characteristics of the oxidative polymers of ethyl linoleate
Authors: Chang S. S. , Kummerow F. A. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe polymers formed during autoxidation of ethyl linoleate at 30°C. were isolated by a solvent extraction method using pentane‐hexane and diethyl ether as solvents. These polymers were only partially decomposed by catalytic hydrogenation at temperatures ranging from 25 to 110°C. and pressures ranging from 60 to 1,800 p.s.i. with Raney Nickel as catalyst. Both the polymers and their hydrogenated products had a bitter rancid flavor and painty odor. However in a dilution up to 10 parts per million, the polymers as well as the hydrogenated polymers could not be detected organoleptically.Both the polymers and their hydrogenated products were reautoxidized at 30°C. and the volatile material obtained in each case characterized. The volatile material which was obtained from the polymers contained n‐propionaldehyde, n‐pentanal, and n‐hexanal; and the volatile material from the hydrogenated polymers contained n‐pentanal and 2‐heptenal. Since n‐hexanal was also identified in the volatile decomposition products from autoxidizing soybean oil and 2‐heptenal from the reversion compounds of hydrogenated soybean oil and since both these aldehydes were absent in the volatile cleavage products from autoxidizing linolenate, it is therefore possible that these reversion compounds could have arisen from the oxidative polymers of linoleate.
The production of salad oil by fractional crystallization with solvents
Authors: Mertens W. G. , Rubin L. J. , Teasdale B. F. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA fractional crystallization method for the winterization of cottonseed oil with solvents was developed in our laboratories and pilot plant.Small amounts of solvent (e.g., 10% by weight of acetone) were mixed with the oil. This mixture was rapidly chilled to 0ŶC. and kept at this temperature for 3舑4 hrs.; the liquid portion was separated from the solids.After solvent evaporation a salad oil of good quality was obtained. The yield is equal to or better than that obtained with conventional methods.The method is suitable for a continuous operation since rapid chilling can be used, and only a short over‐all time is necessary. Great advantages of the process are the use of low amounts of solvent and of a refrigeration system not requiring temperatures below 0ŶC.
The oxyethylation of dinonylphenol
Authors: Mansfield R. C. , Locke J. E. , Booman K. A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCountercurrent extraction data have shown that ethylene oxide adducts of dinonylphenol have a wider molecular‐weight distribution than is predicted by the Flory‐Poisson calculation. The difference is attributed to the fact that the dinonylphenol is not completely converted to dinonylphenoxyethanol before subsequent monomer additions occur.
Determination of mono‐, di‐, and triglycerides by molecular distillation and thin‐layer chromatography
Authors: Privett O. S. , Blank M. L. , Lundberg W. O. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAnalysis of mixtures of mono‐, di‐, and triglycerides by molecular distillation and thin‐layer chromatography is described.Mono‐ and diglycerides undergo appreciable acyl migration through the effect of heat during molecular distillation. Nevertheless this technique may be used for the quantitative analysis of mixtures of mono‐, di‐, and triglycerides, provided there are no substances present which catalyze, disproportionation.Thin‐layer chromatographic (TLC) analysis of mono‐, di‐, and triglycerides is fast and simple and can be carried out on a micro‐scale with a high degree of accuracy and precision. It also is extremely sensitive, permitting the quantitative estimation of as little as 0.1% of a single component in a mixture.
New integrated refining process for edible oils
Authors: Cavanagh G. C. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryDust‐free solvent meal can be produced by pretreating meats with granular soda ash prior to oil extraction, addition of foots from miscella‐refining operation to meal, and screening meal from dryers prior to grinding, then grinding only overs and blending with screened meal.By exclusion of air and light and by properly coordinating the miscella refining procedure, light‐colored, soap‐free oil can be produced, using low Baumé lye.Refined miscella can be winterized in a short enough time to warrant doing it in a continuous plant, giving yields and chill tests comparable to or better than conventionally winterized oil.A continuous deodorizer followed by continuous injection of nitrogen into the deodorized, cooled salad oil protects the oil from oxidation in this integrated, continuous salad‐oil plant.
Paper chromatography of phospholipides on silicic acid impregnated glass fiber filter paper
Authors: Dieckert Julius W. , Reiser Raymond 
Published: May 2007

Summary1. A reasonably reproducible method has been developed for separating lysolecithin, lecithin,, sphingomyelin, and phosphatidylethanolamine, using glass fiber filter paper impregnated with silicic acid as the chromatographic medium and 1:1 methanol:ethyl ether as the developing solvent.2. Hot sulfuric acid was used to locate the chromatographed compounds on the chromatogram. The advantages and disadvantages of this reagent and the other spot test reagents used were discussed.3. No separation between the unsaturated and saturated counterparts of lysolecithin or lecithin was obtained.
Principles of mixing in the fatty oil industries
Authors: Rushton J. Henry 
Published: May 2007

ConclusionThe principles of mixing are now so well understood that it is possible to determine the fluid motion best suited for any specific process. Equipment can be selected that will give the desired motion most economically. In some processes pipeline mixing is sufficient and convenient. Most operations require intermixing of materials on both large and small scales and can be done best with propellers and turbines operating in tanks.At all stages of the development of a new process, exploratory‐research, bench‐scale, and pilot‐plant, attention to the mixing impeller and tank arrangement is necessary so that equivalent results can be reproduced in commercial sizes. When scale models of propellers and turbines are used, with well‐known flow, turbulence, and power characteristics, the mixers can be selected with assurance. Otherwise the sizing of large‐scale equipment becomes mainly conjecture and improvisation.
Metal‐catalyzed lipid oxidation and changes of proteins in fish
Authors: Castell Charles H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe addition of metals to pure fats and model systems has given us a picture of the part they play in lipid oxidation. But in complex substrates such as fish flesh the same metal ions catalyze reactions in other components of the muscle as well. A more complete picture of deterioration is obtained when we also examine the effect of metals on the other components of the muscle.Although lean fish muscle contains 0.5% to 1% unsaturated lipids, during frozen storage it rarely goes rancid, as indicated by thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values or rancid odors. The lipids do oxidize, but instead of forming carbonyls and other compounds associated with rancidity, they become bound up in lipid‐protein complexes, which accounts for the toughened texture of overstored or poorly stored frozen fish. It has been generally accepted that the formation of these lipid‐protein polymers is brought about by a reaction between the proteins and oxidizing fatty acids. For fish of the gadoid or cod family, this is further complicated by the enzymic production of formaldehyde, which forms in the muscle during cold storage. The direct addition of formaldehyde to give concentrations of 0.001% to 0.05% caused marked reductions in the extractable protein of cod muscle. Because formaldehyde and dimethylamine (DMA) are produced in the stored muscle by the same reaction, the accumulation of the DMA can be used as a measure of this process which leads to protein insolubility. Removal of the dark lateral muscle from the fillets before freezing reduced the production of DMA and formaldehyde during storage and resulted in less loss of extractable protein.
IR spectra of long chain vinyl derivatives
Authors: McManis George E. , Gast Lyle E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDifferences in their IR spectra are used to identify and analyze compounds containing a monosubstituted ethylenic (vinyl) group. Variations in location, shape and intensity of the various bands due to this structure were studied. Although previous work was briefly reviewed, emphasis was on new information obtained from IR spectra of long chain vinyl compounds related to vegetable oils, including 1‐alkenes, acrylic esters, allyl esters and ethers, vinyl esters, vinyl ethers and vinyl ketones. In IR spectra of long chain (C10−C18) vinyl compounds bands caused by the vinyl structure show clearly and, usually, without interference. These bands consist of stretching vibrations of the vinyl olefinic bond and the three vinylic C−H bonds, and of in‐plane and out‐of‐plane deformations of the C−H linkages. Since the vinyl group and neighboring groups influence one another, the interactions of vinyl groups with carbonyl groups and single C−O bonds, as in esters and ethers, were investigated.
Diels‐alder adducts from safflower oil fatty acids: I. Maleic anhydride as dienophile
Authors: Sastry G. S. R. , Murthy B. G. K. , Aggarwal J. S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe Diels‐Alder reaction between alkali conjugated and elaidinized safflower oil fatty acids and maleic anhydride was studied under various experimental conditions. The principal product which was obtained in 51–55% yields was a mixture of the adduct of maleic anhydride and maleic acid in 40∶60 proportions. The isolation and properties of this mixed adducts from the reaction mixture and their conversion to trimethyl, tributyl and triallyl esters are described. The trimethyl ester was also obtained in good yield from the methyl esters of the fatty acids and dimethyl maleate.
Industrial uses of high erucic oils
Authors: Nieschlag H. J. , Wolff I. A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractVegetable oils rich in erucic acid have desirable properties for a variety of applications. At present, only a fraction of the potential that exists for commercial exploitation of high erucic oils in the United States is fulfilled with 10 million pounds of rapeseed oil imported annually. Though rape is not a crop in the United States, another member of the mustard family, crambe, has been recommended by the USDA as a practical crop for domestic cultivation. Compared to rapessed oil, crambe oil is more suitable for industrial use because it consistently contains a higher percentage of erucic acid. High erucic oils, as examplified by crambe, can be employed as lubricants in continuous steel casting, in formulated lubricants and in the manufacture of rubber additives. Both the hydrogenated oil and derived wax esters have properties comparable to commercial waxes. Useful nitrogen derivatives can be prepared from either the erucic acid or mixed acids from the oil; behenyl amine is used in a corrosion inhibitor, disubstituted amides are effective plasticizers and erucamide is an excellent slip and antiblocking agent for plastic films. Oxidative ozonolysis of erucic acid produces the dibasic acid, brassylic, and the monoacid, pelargonic. Mixed diacids, mainly brassylic and azelaic, can be obtained by ozonolysis of fatty acids from the oil. Alkyl diesters of brassylic, or of the mixed diacids, are excellent low temperature plasticizers. Two new nylons (13 and 1313), which are derived from C‐13 difunctional products of erucic acid ozonolysis, contain repeating units that have longer uninterrupted polymethylene chains than other nylons. Moderate melting points and exceptionally low water absorption are a consequence of this structure. The low‐melting characteristic is an advantage in adhesive uses and facilitates fluidized‐bed coating, molding and extrusion; low moisture affinity contributes to excellent electrical properties and dimensional stability.
Tall oil
Authors: Herrlinger Richard 
Published: May 2007

SummaryTall oil processing is a relatively new and rapidly growing industry. Based on a stable supply of raw material from the kraft paper industry, it provides an important source of rosin and fatty acid products. The processes most generally employed in the United States are acid refining, distillation, and separation by fractional distillation.Tall oil refining techniques have advanced to the point where fatty acids substantially free from rosin acids and rosin substantially free from fatty acids are produced. With continued growth of the industry and further advances in tall oil technology, products of even greater refinement and wider utility may be expected in the not too distant future.
Determination of the methoxyl content of fats
Authors: Allen R. R. , Buswell R. J. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryA method for the determination of the methoxyl content of fats has been developed using chromotropic acid. The fat is saponified and the methanol recovered by distillation, oxidized, and reacted with chromotropic acid. The optical density of the colored solution at 5,700 A is proportional to the methoxyl present.