bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical Evaluation of a Titanium, Headless Variable‐Pitched Tapered Cannulated Compression Screw for Repair of Frontal Plane Slab Fractures of the Third Carpal Bone in Thoroughbred Racehorses
Authors: HIRSCH JONATHAN E. , GALUPPO LARRY D. , GRAHAM LINDSAY E. , SIMPSON EDWIN L. , FERRARO GREGORY L. 
Published: March 2007

Objective— To report clinical evaluation of third carpal bone (C3) frontal plane slab fracture repair with the Acutrak® screw system.Study Design— Prospective case series.Sample Population— Racing Thoroughbreds (n=17) with frontal C3 slab fractures.Methods— C3 slab fractures in Thoroughbred racehorses (1999–2004) were repaired by use of the Acutrak® screw system. Data collected were (1) preoperative variables—gender, age at injury, limb involved, injury occurrence, fracture thickness, complexity, and displacement, race starts and earnings and (2) postoperative variables were: surgical complications, days to first start, race starts, and earnings. A Wilcoxon signed‐rank test was used to compare pre‐ and postoperative starts and earnings; significance was set at P<.05.Results— Seventeen Thoroughbred racehorses (12 females, 3 males, 2 geldings) were enrolled. Mean (±SD) age at injury was 3.3±1.0 years. Right carpi (10) were affected more than left (7). Ten injuries occurred during training, 7 during racing. Twelve of 15 horses that raced before injury returned to racing. Average days to first start was 349.3±153.9 days. Horses that returned to racing had more starts after repair (median, 6.5 versus 3.5; P=.04) and did not have decreased earnings per start (median, $2452 versus $3061; P=.30).Conclusion— The Acutrak® screw system is a useful repair technique for frontal C3 slab fractures in Thoroughbred racehorses.Clinical Relevance— Adequate reduction and stability of C3 slab fractures can be achieved with the Acutrak® screw system, decreasing the likelihood of fragment splitting and screw head impingement on carpal soft tissues.
In vitro quality of red blood cells (RBCs) collected by multicomponent apheresis compared to manually collected RBCs during 49 days of storage
Authors: Picker Susanne M. , Radojska Stela M. , Gathof Birgit S. 
Published: March 2007

BACKGROUND: New technologic developments enable automated collection and preparation of red blood cells (RBCs). This study's aim was to evaluate quality of apheresis‐derived RBCs (ARBCs) collected as single units along with platelets (RBC‐Ps) or double units (2‐RBCs) with four different apheresis systems.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Sixty‐six donors with similar baseline variables underwent RBC apheresis collection with various machines (Amicus [15 RBC‐Ps] and Alyx [15 2‐RBCs], Baxter; the Trima Accel [9 RBC‐Ps, 8 2‐RBCs], Gambro, and the MCS+[9 RBC‐Ps, 10 2‐RBCs], Haemonetics Corp.). In vitro properties were analyzed during 49 days of storage and compared to manual RBCs (MRBCs, n = 14).RESULTS: All units but one, Alyx, demonstrated white blood cell counts of less than 1 × 106. ARBCs showed lower variability in volume compared to MRBCs. All units met international requirements (European, AABB) for hematocrit (50%‐70%), hemoglobin (>40 g/unit), and RBC mass (≥153 mL). pH values remained similar between study groups without reaching critical limits in any unit. MRBCs had slight advantages for hemolysis at the end of storage and were significantly superior in energy maintenance as indicated by less ATP degradation and potassium leak most likely due to more pronounced anoxidative glycolysis particularly during the first half of storage. Owing to more declining oxidative glucose metabolism, ARBCs demonstrated higher methemoglobin formation and subsequent oxygen release until the end of storage.CONCLUSION: ARBCs exhibited better predictability in volume and absolute RBC mass than MRBCs and demonstrated sufficient in vitro quality throughout storage, even though lower ATP preservation and higher methemoglobin formation were observed compared to MRBCs probably due to differences in glucose metabolism.
One center's experience: the serology and drugs associated with drug‐induced immune hemolytic anemia—a new paradigm
Authors: Johnson Susan T. , Fueger Judith T. , Gottschall Jerome L. 
Published: March 2007

BACKGROUND: Drug‐induced immune hemolytic anemia (DIIHA) is an uncommon finding characterized by a sudden decrease in hemoglobin after treatment with the putative drug. The full range of drugs causing DIIHA and the initial serologic presentation are not fully appreciated. This work identifies additional drugs associated with DIIHA and offers additional insights about diagnosis.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A 20‐year retrospective review of testing in one laboratory was performed. Patient sex, age, medication history, initial direct antiglobulin test (DAT) and indirect antiglobulin test, method of drug‐dependent antibody (DDA) detection, and specificity were reviewed.RESULTS: Seventy‐one patients with 73 DDAs to 23 different drugs were identified. The following DDA specificities were identified: cephalosporins (37), penicillin and/or penicillin derivatives (12), nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (11), quinine and/or quinidine (7), and others (6). Fifty‐two percent (37) were due to cephalosporins with 27 cefotetan‐dependent antibodies detected. Four NSAIDs required urinary metabolite for detection. DAT was strongly positive, at least 2+, in 75 percent (51/68) of patients with a positive DAT. Initial eluate was negative in 52 patients, weak positive (<2+) in 14 patients, and strong positive (≥2+) in 2 patients. Serologic results showed characteristics of warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) in 22 or 31 percent of all cases and cold‐reactive AIHA in 2 cases.CONCLUSIONS: It is important to consider DIIHA when a patient serologically presents as either warm‐ or cold‐type AIHA to avoid erroneous diagnosis. Based on these findings, the strength of the initial DAT is much stronger than previously reported for all types of drug‐induced immune hemolysis. This report is also unique in the number of NSAIDs reported. A new classification of categorizing DDA is proposed.
Estimation of Sampling Effort for Catching Enough Bats
Authors: Ke Weiming , Bales Brandon T. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
How many bats must you catch to find out how many species of them are flying around? South Dakota is evidently well infested with small flying mammals. Weiming Ke and Brandon T. Bales of South Dakota State University spent many happy night-time hours with their nets….
Experimental Design, Genetics and Animal Toxicity Tests
Authors: Festing Michael 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Can the design of experiments in a major industry be based on unsound principles? A key principle in experimental design is to control all variables except for the ones being studied. But the pharmaceutical industry tests the toxicity of potential new drugs by using genetically heterogeneous rats and mice, even though these can vary hugely in their responses. This reduces the power of their experiments. Michael Festing asks why basic design principles are being ignored; can this be a contributing factor to the high cost of drug development?
Fast cosmological parameter estimation using neural networks
Authors: Auld T. , Bridges M. , Hobson M. P. , Gull S. F. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
We present a method for accelerating the calculation of cosmic microwave background (CMB) power spectra, matter power spectra and likelihood functions for use in cosmological parameter estimation. The algorithm, called CosmoNet, is based on training a multilayer perceptron neural network and shares all the advantages of the recently released Pico algorithm of Fendt & Wandelt, but has several additional benefits in terms of simplicity, computational speed, memory requirements and ease of training. We demonstrate the capabilities of CosmoNet by computing CMB power spectra over a box in the parameter space of flat Λ cold dark matter (ΛCDM) models containing the 3σ WMAP 1-year confidence region. We also use CosmoNet to compute the WMAP 3-year (WMAP3) likelihood for flat ΛCDM models and show that marginalized posteriors on parameters derived are very similar to those obtained using camb and the WMAP3 code. We find that the average error in the power spectra is typically 2–3 per cent of cosmic variance, and that CosmoNet is ∼7 × 104 faster than camb (for flat models) and ∼6 × 106 times faster than the official WMAP3 likelihood code. CosmoNet and an interface to CosmoMC are publically available at .
Does gum chewing help prevent impaired gastric motility in the postoperative period?
Authors: Leier Heather 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPurpose: To discuss the pathophysiology of postoperative ileus (POI) and the addition of gum chewing to a multimodal treatment plan.Data sources: Review of current literature of the pathophysiology of POI, multimodal treatment options, and current research on gum chewing and its effects on the prevention of POI.Conclusions: Studies have documented that gum chewing decreases time to flatus and first defecation after surgery. Studies indicate that gum chewing can decrease the length of hospital stay by 1 day. There were no documented adverse effects of gum chewing. The addition of gum chewing to a multimodal treatment program assists with increasing patient comfort, satisfaction, and decreasing healthcare expenditures.Implications for practice: POI is a common complication of abdominal surgery. Research has indicated that gum chewing has assisted with increasing gastric motility, decreasing lengths of hospital stays, and decreasing healthcare expenditures. Gum chewing is an inexpensive and safe option to add to a multimodal program for the prevention of POI.
The Empirical Slippery Slope from Voluntary to Non-Voluntary Euthanasia
Authors: Lewis Penney 
Published: March 2007

Slippery slope arguments appear regularly whenever morally contested social change is proposed. Such arguments assume that all or some consequences which could possibly flow from permitting a particular practice are morally unacceptable.Typically, “slippery slope” arguments claim that endorsing some premise, doing some action or adopting some policy will lead to some definite outcome that is generally judged to be wrong or bad. The “slope” is “slippery” because there are claimed to be no plausible halting points between the initial commitment to a premise, action, or policy and the resultant bad outcome. The desire to avoid such projected future consequences provides adequate reasons for not taking the first step.Thus the legalization of abortion in limited circumstances is asserted to lead down the slippery slope towards abortion on demand and even infanticide; and the legalization of assisted suicide to lead inexorably to the acceptance of voluntary euthanasia and subsequently to the sanctioning of the practice of nonvoluntary euthanasia – even involuntary euthanasia of “undesirable” individuals.
Risk of hepatitis B infections in Olympic wrestling
Authors: Bereket-Yücel S 
Published: March 2007

Objective:First, to investigate the prevalence of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and occult HBV infection (OC-HBV) in Turkish Olympic wrestlers. Second, to examine the relationship between HBV DNA values in sweat and blood.Methods:A total of 70 male Olympic wrestlers were recruited as the study sample.Results:As a result of the standard monoclonal antibody based hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) detection, none of the Olympic wrestlers carried HBsAg in this study. On the other hand, according to real time PCR for serum HBV DNA detection in this study, 9 (13%) of the wrestlers had OC-HBV infection. Eight (11%) of the participants had HBV DNA in their sweat. In addition, there was a significant relationship between HBV DNA values in the blood and sweat of the wrestlers (r = 0.52, p<0.01).Conclusions:In addition to bleeding wounds and mucous membranes, sweating may be another way of transmitting HBV infections in contact sports. An HBV test should be done and each wrestler should be vaccinated at the start of his career.
Glycol ethers and semen quality: a cross-sectional study among male workers in the Paris Municipality
Authors: Multigner L , Ben Brik E , Arnaud I , Haguenoer J M , Jouannet P , Auger J , Eustache F 
Published: March 2007

Objectives:Apparent increases in human male reproductive disorders, including low sperm production, may have occurred because of increased chemical exposure. Various glycol ether-based solvents have pronounced adverse effects on sperm production and male fertility in laboratory animals. The authors investigated the effects of past and current exposure to glycol ether-containing products on semen quality and reproductive hormones among men employed by the Paris Municipality.Methods:Between 2000 and 2001 the authors recruited 109 men who gave semen, blood and urine samples and underwent an andrological examination. Information on lifestyle, occupation, exposure and medical history was obtained by interview. According to their job and chemical products used during the period 1990–2000, men were classified as either occupationally exposed or non-exposed. Current exposure levels to glycol ethers at the time of the study were evaluated by biological monitoring of six urinary metabolites.Results:Previous exposure to glycol ethers was associated with an increased risk for sperm concentration, for rapid progressive motility and for morphologically normal sperm below the World Health Organization semen reference values. No effect of previous glycol ether exposure on hormones levels was observed. By contrast, current glycol ether exposure levels were low and not correlated with either seminal quality or hormone levels.Conclusions:This study suggests that most glycol ethers currently used do not impact on human semen characteristics. Those that were more prevalent from the 1960s until recently may have long lasting negative effects on human semen quality.
Leukemia Inhibitory Factor: A Newly Identified Metastatic Factor in Rhabdomyosarcomas
Authors: Wysoczynski Marcin , Miekus Katarzyna , Jankowski Kacper , Wanzeck Jens , Bertolone Salvatore , Janowska-Wieczorek Anna , Ratajczak Janina , Ratajczak Mariusz Z. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma frequently infiltrates bone marrow and this process involves the stromal-derived factor-1 (SDF-1)–CXCR4 axis. Because leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), like SDF-1, is secreted by bone marrow stroma and directs the regeneration of skeletal muscles, we examined whether the LIF–LIF receptor (LIF-R) axis affects the biology of rhabdomyosarcoma cells. We found that in rhabdomyosarcoma cells, LIF stimulates the following: (a) phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase p42/44, AKT, and signal transducers and activators of transcription 3, (b) adhesion and chemotaxis, and (c) increased resistance to cytostatics. To compare the biological effects of LIF versus SDF-1, we examined the RH30 cell line, which is highly responsive to both ligands, and found that the chemotaxis of these cells is significantly reduced when the inhibitors of both receptors (T140 for CXCR4 and gp190 blocking antibody for LIF-R) are added simultaneously. Subsequently, by using repetitive chemotaxis to LIF or SDF-1, we selected from the RH30 line subpopulations of cells that respond to LIF but not SDF-1 (RH30-L) or to SDF-1 but not LIF (RH30-S). We found that (a) RH30-L cells seed better to the bone marrow, liver, and lymph nodes of immunodeficient mice than RH30-S cells and (b) mice inoculated i.m. with the RH30-L cells had more rhabdomyosarcoma cells in the bone marrow and lung after 6 weeks. Thus, we present the first evidence that the LIF–LIF-R axis may direct rhabdomyosarcoma metastasis. Further, because we showed that the in vivo metastasis of RH30 cells is inhibited by small interfering RNA against LIF-R, molecular targeting of this axis could become a new strategy to control the metastasis of rhabdomyosarcoma. [Cancer Res 2007;67(5):2131–40]
Twist Transcriptionally Up-regulates AKT2 in Breast Cancer Cells Leading to Increased Migration, Invasion, and Resistance to Paclitaxel
Authors: Cheng George Z. , Chan Joseph , Wang Qi , Zhang Weizhou , Sun Calvin D. , Wang Lu-Hai 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Metastasis, the cardinal feature of malignant tumors, is an important clinical variable in patient prognosis. To understand the basis for metastasis, we systematically selected for highly invasive cells from breast cancer cell lines, MCF7 and MDA-MB-453, with moderate to low invasive ability using Boyden chamber invasion assay. The four-cycle selected invasive lines, named MCF7-I4 and MDA-MB-453-I4, respectively, displayed epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and dramatically enhanced invasive ability. EMT changes were corroborated with decreased level of E-cadherin and increased vimentin, fibronectin, and β1 integrin. Twist, a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor, and AKT2, a known proto-oncogene, were found to be elevated in the invasive cells compared with the parental. Ectopic expression and knockdown of Twist by short interference RNA resulted in significant increase and reduction, respectively, of AKT2 protein and mRNA expression. Twist bound to E-box elements on AKT2 promoter and enhanced its transcriptional activity. Moreover, silencing AKT2 decreased Twist-promoted migration, invasion, and paclitaxel resistance. Reintroducing AKT2 largely rescued the phenotype resulted from knockdown of Twist in I4 cells, suggesting that AKT2 is a downstream target and functional mediator of Twist. Finally, we observed a 68.8% correlation of elevated Twist and AKT2 expression in late-stage breast cancers as oppose to 13% in early-stage breast cancers. Our study identifies Twist as a positive transcriptional regulator of AKT2 expression, and Twist-AKT2 signaling is involved in promoting invasive ability and survival of breast cancer cells. [Cancer Res 2007;67(5):1979–87]
Elevated Expression of the Oncogene c-fms and Its Ligand, the Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor-1, in Cervical Cancer and the Role of Transforming Growth Factor-β1 in Inducing c-fms Expression
Authors: Kirma Nameer , Hammes Luciano S. , Liu Ya-Guang , Nair Hareesh B. , Valente Philip T. , Kumar Shantha , Flowers Lisa C. , Tekmal Rajeshwar Rao 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Cervical cancer is the third most common gynecologic cancer in the United States. The presence and possible involvement of several cytokines have been studied in cervical cancer; however, very little data, if any, are available on whether cervical tumors are responsive to stimulation by the macrophage colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1). Given the involvement of c-fms and its ligand CSF-1 in gynecologic cancers, such as that of the uterus and the ovaries, we have examined the expression of c-fms and CSF-1 in cervical tumor (n = 17) and normal cervix (n = 8) samples. The data show that c-fms and its ligand are significantly higher in cervical carcinomas compared with normal samples. Immunohistochemistry not only showed that tumor cells expressed significantly higher levels of c-fms but also c-fms levels were markedly higher in tumor cells than tumor-associated stromal cells. Blocking c-fms activity in cervical cancer cells, which express CSF-1 and c-fms, resulted in increased apoptosis and decreased motility compared with control, suggesting that CSF-1/c-fms signaling may be involved in enhanced survival and possibly invasion by cervical cancer cells via an autocrine mechanism. Combined, the data show for the first time the induction of CSF-1 and c-fms in cervical carcinomas and suggest that c-fms activation may play a role in cervical carcinogenesis. Additionally, our data suggest that transforming growth factor-β1 may be a factor in inducing the expression of c-fms in cervical cancer cells. The data suggest that c-fms may be a valuable therapeutic target in cervical cancer. [Cancer Res 2007;67(5):1918–26]
CD28 Costimulation Overcomes Transforming Growth Factor-β–Mediated Repression of Proliferation of Redirected Human CD4+ and CD8+ T Cells in an Antitumor Cell Attack
Authors: Koehler Heike , Kofler David , Hombach Andreas , Abken Hinrich 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
The T-cell–mediated antitumor immune response is frequently repressed in the tumor environment by an immunologic barrier, the predominant mediators of which are thought to be interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). We explored the effect of these cytokines on the individual T-cell effector functions on antigen engagement during an antitumor cell attack. Isolated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were antigen-specifically redirected toward carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)-positive tumor cells by expression of a recombinant T-cell receptor (immunoreceptor), which triggers T-cell activation via CD3ζ on binding to CEA. Immunoreceptor-activated T cells secrete IFN-γ, proliferate, and lyse CEA+ but not CEA− tumor cells. Whereas IL-10 has no direct effect on immunoreceptor-triggered effector functions, TGF-β represses proliferation of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells but neither IFN-γ secretion nor specific cytolytic activities. CD28 costimulation, however, overcomes TGF-β–mediated repression in T-cell proliferation. Consequently, T cells redirected by a combined CD28-CD3ζ signaling immunoreceptor are largely resistant to TGF-β–mediated repression. This is reflected in vivo by a more pronounced antitumor activity of T cells against TGF-β–secreting tumors when redirected by a costimulatory CD28-CD3ζ than by a CD3ζ signaling immunoreceptor. [Cancer Res 2007;67(5):2265–73]
Metabolomics by Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of the Response to Chloroethylnitrosourea Reveals Drug Efficacy and Tumor Adaptive Metabolic Pathways
Authors: Morvan Daniel , Demidem Aicha 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Metabolomics of tumors may allow discovery of tumor biomarkers and metabolic therapeutic targets. Metabolomics by two-dimensional proton high-resolution magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was applied to investigate metabolite disorders following treatment by chloroethylnitrosourea of murine B16 melanoma (n = 33) and 3LL pulmonary carcinoma (n = 31) in vivo. Treated tumors of both types resumed growth after a delay. Nitrosoureas provoke DNA damage but the metabolic consequences of genotoxic stress are little known yet. Although some differences were observed in the metabolite profile of untreated tumor types, the prominent metabolic features of the response to nitrosourea were common to both. During the growth inhibition phase, there was an accumulation of glucose (more than ×10; P &lt; 0.05), glutamine (×3 to 4; P &lt; 0.01), and aspartate (×2 to 5; P &lt; 0.01). This response testified to nucleoside de novo synthesis down-regulation and drug efficacy. However, this phase also involved the increase in alanine (P &lt; 0.001 in B16 melanoma), the decrease in succinate (P &lt; 0.001), and the accumulation of serine-derived metabolites (glycine, phosphoethanolamine, and formate; P &lt; 0.01). This response witnessed the activation of pathways implicated in energy production and resumption of nucleotide de novo synthesis, thus metabolic pathways of DNA repair and adaptation to treatment. During the growth recovery phase, it remained polyunsaturated fatty acid accumulation (×1.5 to 2; P &lt; 0.05) and reduced utilization of glucose compared with glutamine (P &lt; 0.05), a metabolic fingerprint of adaptation. Thus, this study provides the proof of principle that metabolomics of tumor response to an anticancer agent may help discover metabolic pathways of drug efficacy and adaptation to treatment. [Cancer Res 2007;67(5):2150–9]