bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Kennedy Matthew 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The Conclusion of On Elizabeth Taylor: An Opinionated Guide looks at the broad scope of her life and work. The conclusion reviews her years as a child star at MGM, moving into mature roles, her peak in the late 1950s, and onto sustained stardom and celebrity for decades. The conclusion offers a glowing assessment of Taylor the artist, whose work was often overshadowed by her spellbinding beauty and notorious tabloid stories of her private life. The conclusion ties together the complex pieces of Taylor's life, connecting her acting with her psychology, commitment to social justice, great loyalty to friends, and pioneering work as an AIDS activist.
The Decarbonization Delusion
Authors: Moore Andrew 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
People take carbon for granted so much that they rarely consider how carbon’s amazing properties lead to its ubiquity in the energy and fabric of life and human civilization. And yet humans are now trying to decarbonize. This book gives an overview and analysis of some of the most pressing challenges and considerations in the area of the decarbonization of economies. It does so from the perspective of chemistry and biology, and it comes to the conclusion that we are likely to do more environmental damage by breaking free from carbon than if we embrace the impressive capacity that carbon-based energy carriers and materials have for creating circular economies with zero net carbon dioxide emissions. Biology has done this sustainably for around 3.5 billion years, and humans must learn from that enormous lesson.
What carbon “does” in the universe
Authors: Moore Andrew 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Carbon was a relative latecomer in the formation of the universe as we know it (i.e., the stars and galaxies that we can see with the naked eye). However, to understand carbon’s place in the order of things, we go back to the Big Bang and the creation of matter. Carbon’s birth started to change the universe in ways that no other element could because of its very special chemistry. Carbon is, indeed, the element of life because, without carbon, or an element that can achieve a similar, astounding versatility of chemistry, life would not have gotten much further than simple chemical concentration gradients. Carbon chemistry was a toolbox waiting to be discovered by biology.
The carbon economy of nutrition and food production
Authors: Moore Andrew 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The challenge of feeding humanity is growing. Exacerbating this is the increase in meat consumption globally. Agriculture already faces enormous challenges to become environmentally sustainable. Growing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from livestock are the most serious immediate problem, comparable with CO2 emissions from the transport sector. Because a health diet does not require much meat, wealthy countries should drastically reduce animal product consumption, mainly meat. Studying the ways in which the various nutritional components are metabolized, particularly carbohydrates and fats/oils, leads to insights that are relevant not only to reducing GHG emissions and environmental damage, but also to lessening disease and increasing healthy life span. Interestingly, humans’ evolution with fire has bestowed humans with an unusual resistance to the combustion products of organic compounds. There are striking parallels between the energy metabolism of food and fuel considerations for human technology.
Sources and sinks
Authors: Moore Andrew 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In 2019, the International Energy Agency reported that 36.7 gigatonnes (Gt) of carbon dioxide (CO2) were released globally from energy generation and other industries—an all-time record. The COVID pandemic reduced emissions by 1.5–2.6 Gt, the largest single-year decline on record, but emissions are growing again as fast as before. An unprecedented extent of coal burning is the culprit. Atmospheric CO2 behaves in a complicated and unintuitive way to cause global warming: it’s basically a thermal catalyst. Earth’s CO2 buffering capacity is greatly exceeded, and humans understand little about ocean sequestration, which is much larger than land-plant CO2 absorption. Changes in seawater pH and temperature threaten whole ecosystems. Most fossil reserves were created via transformations of dead organic matter hundreds of millions of years ago, extremely slowly. Humans are burning them extremely fast, and peak oil seems now to be in sight.
Fuels, efficiency, and emissions
Authors: Moore Andrew 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Fuels represent 85% of petroleum products. Choice of energy carrier is crucial for many applications: factors include combustion characteristics, thermal efficiency of application, and emissions. Ethanol is established in automotive fuel; large-scale sustainability depends on how it’s made. E-methanol appears to be gaining traction for automotive use. A variety of synthetic fuels are being developed for heating and transport sectors where high density is crucial, which is also a prerequisite in steel and cement manufacture. Non-combustion engine emissions are increasingly eclipsing combustion-engine emissions in First-World towns, and the more pressing health concerns emanate from domestic heating and industry stacks. Synthetic fuels burn more cleanly than fossil equivalents and can be made in CO2-neutral processes. Synthetics are energetically quite costly, but parallels with biological energy metabolism demonstrate great advantages of efficiency tradeoffs. Producing electricity for synthetic fuels on very small areas of non-agricultural land seems feasible, especially if consumption is also reduced.
A carbonaceous, biology-inspired recipe for sensible and environmentally conscious energy economies
Authors: Moore Andrew 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Finding environmentally conscious ways of storing energy is one of the largest challenges surrounding the regenerative energy movement. Sustainable approaches to this have many interesting parallels with biology—in particular the metabolism of carbon-based intermediates for energy transport and storage and synthesis of other materials. Photosynthesis, biological metabolism, and evolution present excellent models. Discussed are absolute requirements such as reduction in consumption and use; striving for true recyclability (no net harmful emissions of any kind from the human system); integration and economy of “metabolism,” that is cycling of energy and material; opportunism (making use of material and energy flows that would otherwise go to “waste,” and cause environmental damage); economy of scale and decentralized production in appropriate measures; diversity of technology; experimentation, close monitoring, and adaptation; preparedness to pay more for almost everything; and a new materialism.
“I’ve Been Kidnapped by Kmart!”
Authors: Winkler Kevin 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses Bette Midler’s movie career. She made an auspicious debut in The Rose (1979), playing a self-destructive rock singer. Despite a critically acclaimed performance, she had difficulty finding follow-up vehicles. In the mid-1980s, Midler experienced a remarkable turnaround in her film career when she starred in a series of comedy hits for Walt Disney Studios that cast her in broadly drawn comic roles. Later sentimental dramas ended her run as a top box-office star. Midler enjoyed a hit with The First Wives Club (1996) but, like other female stars her age, had trouble finding appropriate roles in a youth-oriented film landscape. The late resurgence in popularity of Hocus Pocus (1993), a kid-friendly comedy about witches, led to a 2022 sequel that debuted not in theaters but on the streaming platform Disney+, becoming the service’s most-watched film.
Exploring Black Students and Racial Trauma
Authors: Duncan April D. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the various direct and systemic racial stressors that Black students experience daily. It focuses on how direct stressors such as bullying, adverse police contact, and community violence impact the mental health of Black students. Additionally, systemic racial stressors including school discipline, the juvenile justice system, and the child welfare system are explored as contributing factors to racial trauma in Black students. The impact of intergenerational trauma on parenting practices in the Black community is also highlighted. The chapter also examines the effects of racial trauma on Black students, along with signs a student may be experiencing racial trauma. Suggestions on clinical assessments to screen for racial stressors in Black students are highlighted as well.
Play Therapy as a Solution to Racial Trauma
Authors: Duncan April D. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Historically Black children have not been immune to the racial stressors that are experienced in the Black community. This chapter discusses the historical context of play among enslaved 19th-century children as a catalyst to using play therapy as an innovative solution to address racial trauma in Black students. It includes an overview of play therapy along with suggestions for toys and materials to support Black students in individual, group, and family play therapy sessions. Seminal play theories such as Cognitive Behavioral Play Therapy (CBPT), Adlerian Play Therapy (AdPT), Theraplay, Child-Centered Play Therapy (CCPT), Ecosystemic Play Therapy, and Filial Therapy are explored as interventions to address mental health issues such as depression, anxiety, and suicidality. Additionally, expressive therapies including sand tray therapy, art therapy, music therapy, and game play are identified as tools to engage Black students in play therapy.
Play Therapy to Address Bullying Among Black Students
Authors: Duncan April D. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Bullying is a pervasive problem in schools, especially race-based bullying towards Black students. This chapter defines bullying and explores the mental health effects of bullying on the student who has been bullied, the student who bullies others, and the bystander witnessing bullying. It also explores bullying among Black LGBTQ students as they endure the intersectionality of race, gender identity, and sexual orientation as additional racial stressors that contribute to racial trauma. The chapter also explores the use of racial socialization messages as an empowerment tool for both heterosexual and sexual minority Black students. Play therapy interventions are included for empowering Black youth and encouraging racial and cultural pride in Black students. Expressive therapy interventions to empower Black LGBTQ students are also included.
It Takes a Village
Authors: Duncan April D. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the importance of the “village” concept in the Black community as an additional way to provide support to Black students experiencing racial trauma. It explores how intergenerational trauma has shaped modern-day parenting practices in the Black community that serve as both risk and protective factors for Black students. The chapter also discusses the mental health issues plaguing Black adults that may hinder parent–child relationships. It explains the importance of building relationships with Black caregivers and gaining their buy-in for play therapy with their children. The chapter also includes the use of filial therapy, child–parent relationship therapy (CPRT), and Adlerian play therapy to involve Black caregivers in family play therapy sessions to address racial trauma in children and families.
Diagnosing the Causes of Environmental Problems
Authors: Bodansky Daniel , van Asselt Harro 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Disentangling the various factors that contribute to an international environmental problem constitutes an important first step in determining the range of possible responses. Chapter 3 reviews different approaches to diagnosing the causes of environmental problems. It begins by exploring how population, affluence, and technology may affect environmental impacts. Next, it shows how behavioral accounts can supplement scientific explanations of environmental problems, and how economists view environmental problems as resulting from market failures. These approaches are contrasted with cultural and ethical approaches, which emphasize the social and cultural determinants underpinning the behavior of states and other international actors. The chapter concludes by briefly highlighting the importance of political considerations in analyzing environmental problems.
Prescribing the Cure
Authors: Bodansky Daniel , van Asselt Harro 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Chapter 4 discusses how policy solutions to environmental problems can be developed. In addressing international environmental problems, decision-makers first need to identify what problems merit attention and, correspondingly, set goals. Such goals can be defined in absolutist terms, for instance the prevention of environmental harm. Goal-setting can also involve balancing approaches, in which the costs and benefits of taking environmental action are considered. The chapter examines different criteria—effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, and equity—that can be used to decide what means are appropriate to achieve a given goal. This is followed by a review of various policy instruments, including informational measures, government-mandated controls, and market-based approaches such as taxes or tradable allowances. Although each instrument has its strengths and weaknesses, together they represent a sophisticated toolkit for international environmental lawyers.
International Carrots and Sticks
Authors: Bodansky Daniel , van Asselt Harro 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
International environmental regimes have developed a wide variety of institutions and mechanisms to promote implementation and compliance with international environmental norms. Chapter 12 begins by investigating the reasons why states may not comply, including bad faith, changed circumstances, poor planning, domestic politics, and lack of capacity. The chapter then explains the possible goals of international implementation mechanisms, suggesting that international environmental law generally seeks to promote future compliance rather than to remedy past noncompliance. The chapter then contrasts different responses to noncompliance, distinguishing between the enforcement model and the managerial model. It explains how reporting and review, financial and technical assistance, dispute settlement, and multilateral compliance procedures can help to promote implementation and compliance, and highlights the role of different actors, including states, international institutions, and nonstate actors, in this regard.
Is International Environmental Law Effective?
Authors: Bodansky Daniel , van Asselt Harro 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Chapter 13 examines the important question of whether international environmental law is effective in solving environmental problems. It begins by outlining different meanings of effectiveness—distinguishing between legal effectiveness, behavioral effectiveness, and problem-solving effectiveness—and explaining the different ways in which the effectiveness of international environmental regimes can be measured. The chapter then discusses the extent to which international environmental regimes have been effective, suggesting that while progress is being made, the problem-solving effectiveness of international environmental law is still limited. The chapter end by discussing factors that help explain why some agreements have been more effective than others, distinguishing between exogenous factors that are outside the control of treaty negotiators (such as the nature of the problem) and endogenous factors that can be addressed through better treaty design.
Conclusion
Authors: Bodansky Daniel , van Asselt Harro 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In light of ongoing environmental crises, Chapter 14 provides concluding remarks on the extent to which international environmental law can be considered fit for purpose. The chapter considers proposals for more radical changes, such as the creation of a new international environmental organization, but suggests that environmental problem-solving is more likely to emerge from the incremental work of the kind carried out so far. In that regard, the chapter points to various innovations in international environmental law, including new mechanisms to set standards and promote implementation. The chapter also highlights the dynamic nature of international environmental institutions and the evolving role of nonstate actors.
The moral economy of diversity of educational options in four European “choice” countries
Authors: Lauri Triin , Põder Kaire 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter concentrates on public preferences over the diversification of education and asks what explains these preferences. Our main variable of interest is the belief in meritocracy as the primary explanatory cause behind public preferences, as we assume it to capture fairness reasoning behind educational diversification. Public preference for educational diversification is operationalized as a composite index comprising individuals’ attitudes toward parental choice, the role and funding of private schools, comprehensive education, and tracking. We rely on survey data from four small European countries with relatively similar educational outcomes indicated by pro-choice policies and low between-school variance: Denmark, Estonia, Ireland, and Sweden. We show that belief in meritocracy explains preferences over educational diversification; however, some country heterogeneity remains—Sweden differs from the rest. Case descriptions on how policy makes politics—and in so doing legitimizes or de-legitimizes it—give insight into this heterogeneity.
Privatization by default
Authors: Zhang Wei , Bray Mark 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Around the world, growing attention focuses on the scale, nature, and implications of private supplementary tutoring. This phenomenon has long been especially visible in East Asia and is now global. Some tutoring is provided by commercial enterprises, but other tutoring is provided by regular teachers seeking to supplement their incomes. University students and other informal suppliers are also evident. In contrast to government-led initiatives, most shadow education has developed despite rather than because of government policies. Indeed it could be described as privatization by default. The tutoring sector has grown in response to demand from students and their families and through the entrepreneurial initiatives of companies, teachers, and informal providers. From the perspective of mainstream schooling, private tutoring is not simply a parallel supplement; it has far-reaching implications for mainstream schooling as well as for wider social and economic development.
The growth of private schools in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries
Authors: Kippels Susan M. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Since they were established, the Gulf Cooperative Council (GCC) countries have made remarkable progress in the development of their education systems. However, over the past decade, private schools have been opening at faster rates than public schools. While private education has been essential to meet the educational requirements of the children of large numbers of non-nationals in the GCC, an increasing number of national students are also enrolled in these schools. In order to better understand the influence of private education in the region, this chapter examines the GCC private school landscape in terms of areas, such as compound annual growth enrollment rates, percentages of students in public and private schools, and national and non-national student breakdowns in public and private schools. It also explores micro-level demand- and supply-side policies and actions that have supported the growth of private schools. Additionally, the chapter includes a discussion of the implications related to the rise in private schools for families, public education systems, as well as the state.
School autonomy as a form of privatization in public schooling in post-Soviet republics of Central Asia—Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan
Authors: Santalova Antonina 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter offers a comprehensive empirical analysis of school autonomy in the post-Soviet Central Asian states of Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan, with a specific focus on two key dimensions: financial resource management and fundraising autonomy. The research draws from a multifaceted methodology, incorporating surveys, in-depth interviews, and legislative analysis to provide a holistic view of the educational landscape in these countries. The findings of the analysis shed light on a noteworthy trend: these nations have experienced a limited but discernible degree of privatization, particularly in the realms of financial resource management and fundraising autonomy. This transformation is closely linked to the evolving role of the central government, which has seen a decline in fiscal and bureaucratic capacity. As a result, the chapter highlights the significant shift in decision-making and managerial authority, as it increasingly moves to the school level. This shift in educational governance reflects a dynamic and evolving landscape in the field of education within these post-Soviet Central Asian states.
Patterns of privatization in/of education
Authors: Santalova Antonina 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter synthesizes and evaluates the key themes and arguments explored in the book Privatization in and of education. The analysis of patterns of privatization in/of education systems in countries included in this volume demonstrated that privatization in/of education cannot be viewed as strictly exogenous or endogenous to educational systems. Instead, it can take on many different forms and evolve over time, depending upon the context and a number of other factors. While privatization can lead to increased diversity and competition, it can also exacerbate existing inequalities and create new ones. Therefore, it is crucial to carefully consider the potential outcomes of privatization and to ensure that it is implemented in a way that benefits all stakeholders, including students, parents, educators, and society as a whole.
The Manxman (1929)The Manxman (1929)
Authors: Gunning Tom 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
“The Manxman (1929): Written on the water: Hitchcock’s dissolving ink” deals with a complex shot from The Manxman, in effect, two shots joined by an overlap dissolve. The dissolve moves from the heroine’s suicide attempt by drowning to the courtroom where her “crime” is later being judged. Formally, this dissolve visually blends a dark image of the water to a close-up of an inkwell in which the judge is dipping a pen. The photogenic confusion of these two images, disparate in location and context, provides a powerful crystallization of the film’s themes: the oppression of the heroine’s desire by a male code of law represented by the judge, and the subsequent drama of subterfuge and guilt joining the heroine, her husband, and the judge. The dissolve displays Hitchcock’s mastery in editing together significant details at the end of the silent era.