bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A new fluidized bed coating process via photo‐initiated cationic polymerization
Authors: Feng Jianxin , Zhu Linjie , Lu Chunmeng , Teng Shuli , Young Ming‐Wan , Gogos Costas G. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractAn ultraviolet (UV) photo‐polymerization particle coating process was developed by coupling the photo‐initiated cationic polymerization with the fluidized bed coating techniques. Unlike the conventional air‐suspension coating in the fluidized bed, the new process employs a UV curable composition instead of a solvent/water‐borne system as a coating material, which has a rapid curing rate and virtually no inhibition to oxygen and moisture. A modified fluidized bed coater equipped with a quartz window allows UV light to penetrate and to initiate the curing of photo‐sensitive polymerizable chemicals coated on the particles. A UV‐curable liquid composed of cycloaliphatic epoxide, oxetane, and triarylsulfonium cationic photo‐initiator was specifically formulated for the fluidized bed particle coating process. A systematic experimental approach including photo‐Differential Scanning Calorimetry, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, and tackiness measurements has been developed to characterize the curing mechanism of the cationic UV curable formulations and to optimize the chemical compositions. The effects of the UV curable chemicals, viscosity of coating liquid, and the fluidization operating conditions on the physical properties of coated particles have been thoroughly investigated. Under optimized conditions, this novel process is very efficient as follows: particles can be coated very rapidly with ultra‐thin films of the cured chemicals, with little, if any, formation of particulate agglomeration. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2009. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
Sol‐gel process of alkyltriethoxysilane in latex for alkylated silica formation in natural rubber
Authors: Siramanont Jirawan , Tangpasuthadol Varawut , Intasiri Amarawan , Na‐Ranong Nuchanat , Kiatkamjornwong Suda 
Published: February 2009

AbstractSol‐gel process of alkyltriethoxysilanes that was dispersed in natural rubber latex was used to generate alkylated silica particles inside the rubber matrix. Three types of alkyltriethoxysilanes were chosen, i.e., vinyltriethoxysilane (VTOS), ethyltriethoxysilane (ETOS), and i‐butyltriethoxysilane (BTOS), as they differed in the type of one substituent group. Together with tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), a typical precursor for silica formation, all silanes were studied for their conversion to silica and subsequent reinforcement capabilities in sulfur‐vulcanized rubber. The in situ generated silicas were fine and well dispersed in the rubber matrix, as analyzed by SEM and TEM. Solid‐state 29Si‐NMR technique was used to confirm the presence of alkyl substituents on the silica particles buried inside the rubber matrix. Tensile and tear properties of the in situ silica‐filled NR vulcanizates were higher than those of the vulcanizate prepared by conventional mixed method. Among the three alkyltriethoxysilanes used, only VTOS, when used as a mixture with TEOS, did not cause a reduction in silica formation. The resulting vinylated silica tended to enhance the tensile modulus and resistant to tear of the rubber vulcanizates. Cure characteristic and swelling behavior in toluene of the silica‐containing vulcanizates were also investigated. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2009. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
Determinants of physical activity among women treated for breast cancer in a 5‐year longitudinal follow‐up investigation
Authors: Emery Charles F. , Yang Hae‐Chung , Frierson Georita M. , Peterson Laura J. , Suh Sooyeon 
Published: February 2009

AbstractObjective: To estimate the 5‐year trajectory of physical activity among women with breast cancer, and to evaluate biopsychosocial variables (health status, physical symptoms, health‐related quality of life (HRQL), depressive symptoms, and social support), measured soon after breast cancer diagnosis, as predictors of the 5‐year trajectory.Methods: Women diagnosed with Stage II or III regional breast cancer (n=227), surgically treated and awaiting the start of adjuvant therapy completed baseline assessments of medical, psychological, and behavioral functioning. Follow‐up evaluations were conducted every 4 months during the first year and every 6 months during the subsequent 4 years (12 assessments total during the 5‐year study). Mixed‐effects modeling was utilized to estimate the baseline level of physical activity as well as rate of change over time. Measures of physical health status, HRQL, depressive symptoms, and social support were included as predictors of the physical activity trajectory.Results: A curvilinear pattern of change in physical activity was evident over the 5‐year follow‐up (p=0.002). Physical activity increased gradually during the first 18 months, then declined steadily over the subsequent 42 months. Poor physical health, depressive symptoms, and lower emotional HRQL were associated with less physical activity. Higher family support was associated with a slower decline in physical activity in the latter 42 months of the study.Conclusions: Emotional HRQL following diagnosis with breast cancer appears to be important for sustaining physical activity in the first 1–2 years following diagnosis. Physical activity interventions among breast cancer survivors should address depressive symptoms early in the course of treatment. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of treatment factors, comorbidities and health‐related quality of life on self‐efficacy for physical activity in cancer survivors
Authors: Perkins Heidi Y. , Baum George P. , Carmack Taylor Cindy L. , Basen‐Engquist Karen M. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractObjective: The physical and psychological benefits of exercise for cancer survivors are well documented. Researchers have examined self‐efficacy (SE) as a target for promoting exercise; however, the predictors of SE, including treatment factors and comorbidities, have not been examined extensively. The purpose of this cross‐sectional analysis was to examine how variables related to cancer and cancer treatment, comorbid health problems, health‐related quality of life (QOL), and depression relate to SE for physical activity in cancer survivors.Methods: This secondary analysis examined treatment factors, comorbidity, and QOL data from 148 breast cancer and 134 prostate cancer survivors who had participated in studies examining exercise and QOL. A predictive regression model was developed by testing each variable individually with SE and including the variables that had a significance of ≤0.2 in a multivariate regression model.Results: For the breast cancer population, vitality (B=0.23, p=0.02), bodily pain (B=0.16, p=0.07), and mental health (B=0.15, p=0.01) were associated with SE for physical activity. For the prostate cancer survivors, education, (B=−0.20, p=0.036) vitality (B=0.26, p=0.01), and bodily pain (B=0.13, p=0.182) remained in the model.Conclusion: Treatment factors and comorbidities were not associated with SE for physical activity, but health‐related QOL factors of vitality and bodily pain were associated with SE. Thus, subjective measures of well‐being are important factors to consider when developing targeted interventions to increase physical activity in cancer survivors. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation of Cu2ZnSnS4 thin film solar cells under non‐vacuum condition
Authors: Moritake Noriko , Fukui Yuki , Oonuki Masatoshi , Tanaka Kunihiko , Uchiki Hisao 
Published: February 2009

AbstractCu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin film solar cells have been fabricated with the all semiconductor layers prepared under non‐vacuum conditions. For the solar cell structure of Al/ZnO:Al/CdS/CZTS/Mo/Soda Lime Glass (SLG) substrate, ZnO:Al window, CdS buffer and CZTS absorber layers were deposited by sol‐gel, chemical bath deposition (CBD) and sol‐gel sulfurizing methods, respectively. Since the CdS buffer layer plays an important role in the final photovoltaic properties of thin film solar cells, an optimum condition of the CdS deposition was first determined. As a result of the investigations, the best solar cell showed an open circuit voltage of 554 mV, a short current density of 6.70 mA/cm2, a fill factor of 43.4% and a conversion efficiency of 1.61%. This is the highest conversion efficiency to date of the CZTS solar cell prepared under non‐vacuum conditions. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Fabrication of a n ‐type ZnO/p ‐type Cu–Al–O heterojunction diode by sputtering deposition methods
Authors: Takahata Satoru , Saiki Keita , Imao Takashi , Nakanishi Hisayuki , Sugiyama Mutsumi , Chichibu Shigefusa F. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractCuAlO2 polycrystalline films were deposited by the helicon‐wave‐excited plasma sputtering (HWPS) method at 700 °C. The best full‐width at half‐maximum value of the (006) CuAlO2 X‐ray diffraction peak was 0.19 degrees, which was similar to those reported previously using other deposition methods. While, noncrystalline Cu–Al–O films were deposited by a conventional RF sputtering method. Using this p ‐type transparent conducting oxide (TCO) film and an n ‐type ZnO film deposited by HWPS, a n ‐type ZnO/p ‐type Cu–Al–O heterojunction diode was fabricated. Optical transmittance of the device was approximately 80% in the near infrared region. The rectifying current–voltage characteristics with a threshold forward voltage approximately 1.4 V were obtained. These results are the first step toward realizing an electrical/optical device using p ‐type CuAlO2 or Cu‐Al‐O films. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A Microwell Array Platform for Picoliter Membrane Protein Assays
Authors: Binkert Andreas , Studer Philipp , Vörös Janos 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA novel microwell chip is developed that can be used to detect protein binding in a liquid environment, together with a liquid handling system that allows the performance of assays with picoliter volumes. A PDMS well structure is cast on a planar optical waveguide, providing reaction containers combined with a high‐sensitivity fluorescence readout system. Individual wells of the array can be addressed, filled, and rinsed using a contact‐mode pin and ring spotter. This allows for immunoassays in a heavily multiplexed way, as all steps of the assay can be individually chosen per well. An array density of over 1000 wells cm−2 is used for the current experiments. The wells provide a protected liquid environment in which the handling of proteins in their natural state is possible, thus maintaining their activity. The membrane protein annexin V is chosen as a model protein to demonstrate the current possibilities. Annexin V binds to phosphatidylserine (PS) head groups of lipids in a Ca2+‐dependent manner and is often chosen as a marker for cell apoptosis. Lipid vesicles with and without PS are spotted in individual wells and spontaneously formed a planar lipid bilayer on the bottom of the buffer‐filled wells. Annexin V can be used to distinguish between wells containing PS groups previously incorporated in the membrane patches and reference wells without PS head groups. Also, the dependence on the calcium concentration can be shown. Fluorescence readout of the assays is performed using a highly sensitive system based on a planar optical waveguide.
Macrophage Inflammatory Response to Self‐Assembling Rosette Nanotubes
Authors: Journeay W. Shane , Suri Sarabjeet S. , Moralez Jesus G. , Fenniri Hicham , Singh Baljit 
Published: February 2009

AbstractRosette nanotubes (RNTs) are a new class of nanomaterials with significant therapeutic potential. However, societal concerns related to the potential adverse health effects of engineered nanomaterials drew attention towards the investigation of their interaction with the human U937 macrophage cell line. The cells are treated with medium only (control), lysine (50 µg mL−1), lysine‐functionalized RNTs (RNT‐K; 1, 5, and 50 µg mL−1), Min‐U‐Sil quartz microparticles (80 µg mL−1), or lipopolysaccharide (1 µg mL−1). The supernatant and cells are assayed for cell viability, cytokine protein, and mRNA expression at 1, 6, and 24 h post‐treatment. The results indicate that RNT‐K activate transcription of proinflammatory genes (interleukin‐8 and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α)) within 1 h, but this effect is not accompanied by protein secretion into the supernatant. The effect of the length of RNTs on human U937 macrophage viability is also investigated. Although both short and long RNT‐K exhibit time‐dependent effects on TNF‐α transcription, only the short RNT‐K (5 µg mL−1) increase TNF‐α concentration at 6 h relative to the long RNT‐K. Moreover, RNT‐K (1 and 5 µg mL−1) have no effect on cell viability by 24 h. These data indicate that RNT‐K do not induce a robust inflammatory response or cytotoxicity in the U937 human macrophage cell line, and therefore could be used for biomedical applications.
Motion control of electric vehicles and prospects of supercapacitors
Authors: Hori Yoichi 
Published: February 2009

AbstractNovel motion control techniques for electric vehicles (EVs) on the basis of the quick torque generation in these vehicles have been developed at the Hori Laboratory. Because EVs are powered by electric motors, they have three major advantages: (i) motor torque generation is quick and accurate, (ii) a motor can be attached to each wheel, and (iii) motor torque can be estimated precisely. These advantages enable us to (i) easily realize high‐performance antilock braking systems and traction control systems with minor feedback control of each wheel, (ii) control chassis motion, for example, direct yaw control, and (iii) estimate road surface condition. We have developed test vehicles and confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed methods. Recently, we have manufactured small EVs that are powered only by supercapacitors. Supercapacitors have long operating life, large current density, and are environmental friendly. Furthermore, their energy level can be estimated from their terminal voltage. Because EVs powered by supercapacitors can run for more than 20 min by charging only for 30 s, recharging EVs will not be a major problem. In the future, EVs will be recharged via contactless power transfer. Copyright © 2009 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Aberrant Methylation of the Netrin‐1 Receptor Genes UNC5C and DCC Detected in Advanced Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Hibi Kenji , Mizukami Hiroki , Shirahata Atsushi , Goto Tetsuhiro , Sakata Makiko , Sanada Yutaka 
Published: February 2009

AbstractBackgroundUNC5C and DCC, the netrin‐1 receptors, belong to the functional dependence receptors family, which shares the ability to induce apoptosis in the absence of their ligands. Recently, two reports indicated that UNC5C and DCC methylation was closely associated with loss of gene expression in colorectal cancer. These results prompted us to examine the methylation status of the UNC5C and DCC genes in the colorectal carcinomas we surgically removed.MethodsThe methylation status of the UNC5C and DCC genes were examined in primary carcinomas and the corresponding normal tissues derived from 50 patients with colorectal cancer using quantitative methylation‐specific polymerase chain reaction (qMSP). The correlation between the methylation status and the clinicopathologic findings was then evaluated.ResultsAberrant methylation of the netrin‐1 receptor genes were detected in 41 of the 50 (82%) primary colon cancers, suggesting that the aberrant methylation of netrin‐1 receptors was frequently observed in colorectal cancer. The clinicopathologic data were then correlated with this result.ConclusionsA significant difference was observed in the Dukes stage (p = 0.0438). Netrin‐1 receptors might act as a tumor suppressor in colorectal cancers, and thus methylation might present a malignant potential in colorectal cancer.
A test of Sporormiella representation as a predictor of megaherbivore presence and abundance
Authors: Raper Diana , Bush Mark 
Published: February 2009

AbstractSpores of the dung fungus Sporormiella have been suggested to indicate the presence, perhaps also the abundance of past megaherbivore populations. Nonetheless, basic studies demonstrating a correlation between Sporormiella concentration in lacustrine sediments and modern herbivore abundance are lacking. This study of Sporormiella representation in grazed and ungrazed landscapes provides supporting evidence for the application of Sporormiella as an indicator of megaherbivore presence and abundance in ancient landscapes. However, Sporormiella representation is spatially sensitive to the distance from the dung source. In lakes where Sporomiella are abundant in shoreline sediments, they decline sharply with increasing distance from the lake edge. Although this study provides supporting evidence for the application of Sporormiella as a proxy for herbivore presence and abundance, independent proxies should be applied in conjunction with Sporormiella to control for changes in lake size.
Self-similar solutions for imploding z-pinch shells in magnetized plasmas
Authors: SHTEMLER Y. M. , MOND M. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractImploding z-pinch shells with total currents that are proportional to some power of time are investigated. Time-space separable self-similar solutions with cylindrical symmetry are explicitly obtained. The problem is treated asymptotically in high thermal conductivity within the model of magnetized resistive plasmas, while the ionization and radiation processes are ignored.
The World After the War
Authors: Samuel Viscount 
Published: February 2009

Your founders were men of vision. They built for the future. Dr. Birkbeck, Lord Brougham, Francis Place, and the rest—they must sometimes have wondered what this London would be—and England, Europe, the world—a hundred years or so after their time. When, on December 2, 1823, they opened the doors of the London Mechanics Institution, destined to grow, through many vicissitudes, to become the renowned College in which we meet to-day, they may well have let their imagination guess what might be the changes and developments in which this enterprise of theirs, according to its measure and scope, might play a part. That was a time when modern science was in its brilliant youth; when the movement for popular education was beginning to take hold, opening great prospects for the future; when, after twenty years of war, the British nation was gathering its forces for a sustained effort to remedy the great social evils that afflicted it, while in the political field, the powerful campaign was beginning that was destined to win victory in the Great Reform Bill of 1832. We may be sure that those men, of the sort—as a present-day poet writes:“Who watch the world with pity and prideAnd warm to all mankind,”that those men would have had visions, hopes, expectations, an assurance even, that in later days a wiser and better instructed people, having established full political liberty, would have used their power to cure those social evils; with the help of a developed science, would have got rid of poverty; clasping hands with other free peoples, would have established securely the reign of peace, and so made possible an age of high material prosperity and brilliant intellectual splendour.
Freedom, Discipline and Bondage
Authors: Cranston Maurice 
Published: February 2009

I believe we could learn more about freedom if we talked less about freedom. Because “freedom” is a word with singular prestige, various moral philosophers have embodied it in their teaching and claimed to set forth its true characteristics. Many words employed in philosophical controversy are ambiguous. “Freedom,” I think, is one of the most troublesome. I propose to attempt some disentanglement.To begin with, there is a sense in which the meaning of “freedom” seems to present no difficulties. This sense occurs in such a remark as: “That animal was in captivity and now it is free.” I shall call this “simple freedom” and what it means is the absence of constraint. Thus applied there would probably be general agreement about the word. The difficulties arise when we come to consider freedom as pertaining to human persons. Here the distinction between simple freedom and the more philosophical definitions of the word will emerge.On the simple definition a man is free if constraint is absent, and that is all there is to it. But this will not do for most philosophers.It is pointed out that man is a special case in that he experiences conflicting desires. He wills a thing and he does not will it; or he wills something and at the same time he wills something else which is incompatible with it. Man, we are reminded, is a rational creature, but besides his rational will he is subject to the solicitations of impulses and desires which are not rational. Therefore, it is argued, the mere absence of constraint is not a sufficient condition of human freedom and hence not a sufficient definition of the word “freedom” as applied to human persons.
Personality and Liberty
Authors: Stapledon Olaf 
Published: February 2009

Two rival passions are at work in men's hearts to-day, the cult of individuality and the cult of society. They give rise all too often to extravagant praise of liberty and to a no less extravagant insistence on discipline for society's sake.It is impossible to form a balanced idea of the functions of liberty and discipline, or of the right relation between the individual and his social environment, without having a clear view of the nature of personality and community. I offer a brief and dogmatic sketch of this subject.A personality is the product of the impact of the objective universe, past and present, on a particular experiencing subject.I do not wish to imply that a “subject” is necessarily a substance (in the philosophical sense) or a metaphysical ego, or an immortal soul. Whether such eternal individual spirits exist or not, I do not pretend to know. I do not even, by the word “subject,” pledge myself to what Professor Broad has called a “centred theory” of the nature of mind, I do not know whether a mind is a system of experiences united in an enduring centre, as the spokes of a wheel are united in the hub; or whether it is a centreless “net” of experiences all related together in a special way. By “subject” I mean only “that which experiences,” whatever the true philosophical account of it. I mean the seeming focus or centre of experience and action. This focus is in some sense located in time and space, in fact it is located within the organism. For my purpose the subject is simply that to which experience happens, and that which responds with conscious behaviour. I do not wish to raise the epistemological problem. I merely assume the rejection of solipsism, and the reality of an objective universe which the individual experiences, however imperfectly.
A Comment on Some of Sir Francis Galton's Observations and Inferences with Regard to Free-Will
Authors: Reeve E. G. 
Published: February 2009

Sir Francis Galton writes:“Those who find a difficulty in understanding how a feebly felt mental action can vanquish a strong desire, will find the difficulty vanish if they consent to assume a physiological and not a psychical standpoint. The gain is as great as viewing the planetary system after the fashion of Copernicus, instead of that of Ptolemy. There is nothing contrary to experience in supposing that conflicting physiological actions may be perceived with a distinctness quite disproportionate to their real efficacy. We may compare the conflict between faintly perceived activities of one kind and clearly perceived activities of another kind, to that between troops dressed in a uniform scarcely distinguishable from the background with others clad in staring scarlet. We must be content to admit that our consciousness has a very inexact cognisance of the physiological battles in our brain, and that the mystery why apparently weak motives of one class should invariably get the better of apparently strong motives of another class, lies wholly in the word ‘apparently’. In short, that the appearances of their relative strength are deceptive”.