bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adrenocortical oncocytoma in a child
Authors: Gumy‐Pause Fabienne , Bongiovanni Massimo , Wildhaber Barbara , Jenkins Jesse J. , Chardot Christophe , Ozsahin Hulya 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAdrenocortical oncocytoma is a rare epithelial tumor only described in adults. We report the case of a 12‐year‐old female who presented a left adrenal mass with abdominal pain, fatigue, acne vulgaris, and elevation of the androstenedione and total testosterone. She had an adrenalectomy. A diagnosis of adrenocortical oncocytoma was made after detailed histological, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural studies. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;50:718–721. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Body composition, muscle strength deficits and mobility limitations in adult survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Ness Kirsten K. , Baker K. Scott , Dengel Donald R. , Youngren Nancy , Sibley Shalamar , Mertens Ann C. , Gurney James G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBackgroundChronicity of muscle weakness from cancer and its treatment may be problematic, particularly in those treated for cancer during childhood. We compared body composition, muscle strength, and mobility between 75 adult survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and expected values based on population normative data.MethodsSubjects were young adults treated for childhood ALL between 1970 and 1986, selected randomly from participants in an ongoing study of cancer survivors. DeXA scans were performed to evaluate body composition, and myometry used to measure strength. Mobility was evaluated with the Timed Up and Go (TUG) and 2‐min walk (TMW). One sample t‐tests compared ALL survivors to population norms.ResultsMales had 4.5% and females had 2.3% more body fat than expected (expected males 21.5%, females 36.0%). Males were 76.7 Newtons and females were 58.6 Newtons weaker in quadriceps strength than expected (expected males 569.87 N, females 464.67 N). Males walked 100.88 m and females walked 85.38 m less on the TMW (expected values: males 304.23 m, females 276.26 m), and took longer to complete the TUG (males 5.82 vs. 2.84 sec, females 5.88 vs. 3.00 sec) than expected. Treatment with cranial radiation and current growth hormone (GH) deficiency were associated with lower body weakness among females.ConclusionsYoung adult survivors of childhood ALL have strength and mobility deficits. Decreased strength may reduce ability to participate in physical activity, perpetuating fitness deficits in survivors of childhood ALL. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007;49:975–981. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dynamics of end‐grafted polystyrene brushes in theta solvents
Authors: Michailidou V. N. , Loppinet B. , Vo D. C. , Prucker O. , Rühe J. , Fytas G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe dynamics of the concentration fluctuations in end‐grafted polystyrene brushes in a theta solvent (cyclohexane) are probed by evanescent wave dynamic light scattering at different wavevectors q and temperatures. When the solvent quality changes from marginal to poor, the relaxation function C(q, t) exhibits strong effects as compared with the smooth variation of the brush density profile. From a single exponential above 50 °C, C(q, t) becomes a two‐step decay function. The fast decay is still assigned to the cooperative diffusion albeit slower than in the good solvent regime whereas the slow nonexponential and nondiffusive process might relate to microsegragated and/or chain dynamics in the present polydisperse brush. The relaxation function of the present three brushes with different grafting density reveals similarities and disparities between wet brushes and semidilute polymer solutions. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 3590–3597, 2006
Relation between the adhesion strength and interfacial width for symmetric polystyrene bilayers
Authors: Akabori Kei‐Ichi , Baba Daisuke , Koguchi Kazuhiro , Tanaka Keiji , Nagamura Toshihiko 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPolystyrene (PS) bilayers were prepared and were adhered at a temperature between the surface and bulk glass‐transition temperatures for a given time. Then, the interfacial adhesion strength (GL) was examined with a conventional lap‐shear measurement. GL first increased with increasing adhesion time and then reached a constant value. This result implied that the segments moved across the interface, to a certain depth, even at a temperature below the bulk glass‐transition temperature. To confirm this, the interfacial evolution for the PS/deuterated PS bilayers was examined with dynamic secondary‐ion mass spectrometry. The GL value was linearly proportional to the thickness of the interfacial adhesion layer. Finally, we propose a strategy for regulating the adhesion strength based on the chain‐end chemistry. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 3598–3604, 2006
Kondo effect in a three‐terminal quantum ring
Authors: Leturcq R. , Schmid L. , Ensslin K. , Driscoll D. C. , Gossard A. C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe Kondo effect has been widely studied in semiconductor quantum dots, in particular due to the ability to study the system out‐of‐equilibrium. However, the information obtained from a quantum dot connected to two leads is not complete, and a better understanding of this regime can be achieved by connecting the system to a third lead. We have performed transport measurements on a three‐terminal quantum ring in the Kondo regime. With two leads strongly coupled to the ring, we have used the third weakly coupled lead as a tunnel probe in order to measure the Kondo density of states, and to study the decoherence of the Kondo state at large bias voltage. We also show that the three leads can be strongly coupled and all show a Kondo correlation with the ring, which is the first step towards observing a two‐channel Kondo effect. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Control and measurement of electron spins in semiconductor quantum dots
Authors: Kouwenhoven L. P. , Elzerman J. M. , Hanson R. , Willems van Beveren L. H. , Vandersypen L. M. K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWe present an overview of experimental steps taken towards using the spin of a single electron trapped in a semiconductor quantum dot as a spin qubit [Loss and DiVincenzo, Phys. Rev. A 57, 120 (1998)]. Fabrication and characterization of a double quantum dot containing two coupled spins has been achieved, as well as initialization and single‐shot read‐out of the spin state. The relaxation time T 1 of single‐spin and two‐spin states was found to be on the order of a millisecond, dominated by spin–orbit interactions. The time‐averaged dephasing time T 2*, due to fluctuations in the ensemble of nuclear spins in the host semiconductor, was determined to be on the order of several tens of nanosceconds. Coherent manipulation of single‐spin states can be performed using a microfabricated wire located close to the quantum dot, while two‐spin interactions rely on controlling the tunnel barrier connecting the respective quantum dots [Petta et al., Science 309, 2180 (2005)]. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Single‐photon‐emitting diodes: a review
Authors: Bennett A. J. , Atkinson P. , See P. , Ward M. B. , Stevenson R. M. , Yuan Z. L. , Unitt D. C. , Ellis D. J. P. , Cooper K. , Ritchie D. A. , Shields A. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCompact and reliable sources of non‐classical light could find many applications in emerging technologies such as quantum cryptography, quantum imaging and also in fundamental tests of quantum physics. Single self‐assembled quantum dots have been widely studied for this reason, but the vast majority of reported work has been limited to optically excited sources. Here we discuss the progress made so far, and prospects for, electrically driven single‐photon‐emitting diodes (SPEDs). (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electron spin and nuclear spin manipulation in semiconductor nanosystems
Authors: Hirayama Yoshiro , Yusa Go , Sasaki Satoshi 
Published: November 2006

AbstractManipulations of electron spin and nuclear spin have been studied in AlGaAs/GaAs semiconductor nanosystems. Non‐local manipulation of electron spins has been realized by using the correlation effect between localized and mobile electron spins in a quantum dot‐ quantum wire coupled system. Interaction between electron and nuclear spins was exploited to achieve a coherent control of nuclear spins in a semiconductor point contact device. Using this device, we have demonstrated a fully coherent manipulation of any two states among the four spin levels of Ga and As nuclei. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Coherent population trapping in a single‐hole‐charged quantum dot
Authors: Imamoglu A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCoherent population trapping in a single hole charged quantum dot could provide a powerful spectroscopic tool for understanding and controlling spin decoherence mechanisms. Measurement of the width of the transparency window as a function of magnetic field, temperature and gate voltage could be used to reveal the contributions of phonons, co‐tunneling and hyperfine interactions to hole decoherence. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Lifting of spin blockade by hyperfine interaction in vertically coupled double quantum dots
Authors: Tarucha S. , Kitamura Yosuke , Kodera Tetsuo , Ono Keiji 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe ability of the hyperfine interaction to lift spin blockade was studied for vertically coupled double quantum dots in two different regimes of potential detuning between the two dots. The double dot has a triplet state, which is a sufficiently long‐lived excited state to block current flow by the Pauli effect. This blockade is lifted by a spin flip transition to the singlet state, generating a leakage current. The singlet‐triplet separation or exchange energy decreases with increasing detuning. For small detuning, the leakage current shows a step when the Zeeman energy equals the exchange energy thus turning on the flip‐flop interaction. The threshold magnetic field gradually increases with decreasing detuning. It increases more abruptly near the resonance of two singlet states reflecting the increased exchange energy. For large detuning, the leakage current is caused by singlet‐triplet mixing due to the fluctuating nuclear field, and it decreases when the Zeeman energy exceeds the fluctuating nuclear field energy. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Preface: phys. stat. sol. (b) 243/14
Authors: Bougeard Dominique , Finley Jonathan , Grayson Matthew , Tornow Marc 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe present special issue entitled Frontiers in Semiconductor Nanoscience has been prepared to honor Gerhard Abstreiter on the occasion of his 60th birthday and pay tribute to his long career, during which he has consistently operated at the frontiers in semiconductor physics and nanoscience. The twin issues in pss(a) and pss(b) consist of more than forty contributions from leading scientists in four of the general fields of semiconductor and nanostructure physics in which Gerhard has been most active: (i) quantum transport, (ii) optical properties and coherent phenomena, (iii) nano‐biological systems and (iv) novel materials and nanostructures. As discussed by Günther Bauer in his laudatio, Gerhard has consistently made highly significant contributions to each and every one of these fields throughout his career, often leading to new advances that have had a major impact in the fields of semiconductor nanostructures and condensed matter physics.In addition to providing a fitting tribute to Gerhard's long scientific career, we hope that this issue will stimulate imaginative exploitation of these emerging and rapidly developing fields. We are sure that all contributors, colleagues and collaborators join us in wishing Gerhard a very happy birthday and look forward to working on future problems in the science of semiconductors and their nanostructures. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Comparison of Weibull small samples using Monte Carlo simulations
Authors: Lam R. , Spelt J. K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe evaluation of the functional reliability of different designs is a common task and times to failure can be compared using the likelihood ratio test. In the microelectronics industry, as in many others, the high cost of testing places severe restrictions on the sample size. Moreover, the products in these tests are often new and do not have previous reliability histories. These factors make the selection of the Type I and Type II errors in comparison tests very difficult. This paper presents the Monte Carlo simulation results of Type II errors for the likelihood ratio test of comparison as a function of the Type I error and the (small) sample size. Our conclusions are summarized as follows: (1) the common microelectronics industry standard sample size of 32 is often insufficient to reach satisfactory conclusions; (2) small sample tests should only be used for prescreening for significant differences; and (3) when only small samples are available, the Type I and the Type II errors must be selected carefully to prevent misleading conclusions. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cost‐penalized estimation and prediction evaluation for split‐plot designs
Authors: Liang Li , Anderson‐Cook Christine M. , Robinson Timothy J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractComparisons between different designs have traditionally focused on balancing the quality of estimation or prediction relative to the overall size of the design. For split‐plot designs with two levels of randomization, the total number of observations may not accurately summarize the true cost of the experiment, because different costs are likely associated with setting up the whole and subplot levels. In this paper, we present several flexible measures for design assessment based onD‐,G‐ andV‐optimality criteria that take into account potentially different cost structures for the split‐plot designs. The new measures are illustrated with two examples: a 23factorial experiment for first‐order models, where all possible designs are considered, and selective designs for a three‐factor second‐order model. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measuring process capability based on Cpmk with gauge measurement errors
Authors: Hsu B. M. , Shu M. H. , Pearn W. L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDue to their effectiveness and simplicity of use, the process capability indices $C_{p}$, $C_{pk}$, and $C_{pm}$ have been popularly accepted in the manufacturing industry as management tools for evaluating and improving process quality. Combining the merits of those indices, a more advanced index, $C_{pmk}$, is proposed that takes into account process variation, process centering, and the proximity to the target value, and has been shown to be a very useful index for manufacturing processes with two‐sided specification limits. Most research works related to $C_{pmk}$ assume no gauge measurement errors. However, such an assumption inadequately reflects real situations even when highly advanced measurement instruments are employed. Conclusions drawn regarding process capability are therefore unreliable and misleading. In this paper, we conduct a sensitivity investigation for the process capability index $C_{pmk}$ in the presence of gauge measurement errors. We consider the use of capability testing of $C_{pmk}$ as a method for obtaining lower confidence bounds and critical values for true process capability when gauge measurement errors are unavoidable. The results show that using the estimator with sample data contaminated by measurement errors severely underestimates the true capability, resulting in an imperceptibly smaller test power. To measure the true process capability, three methods for the adjusted confidence bounds are presented and their performances are compared using computer simulation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Monitoring capability indices using an EWMA approach
Authors: Castagliola Philippe , Vännman Kerstin 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWhen performing a capability analysis it is recommended to first check that the process is stable, for example, by using control charts. However, there are occasions when a process cannot be stabilized, but it is nevertheless capable. Then the classical control charts fail to efficiently monitor the process position and variability. In this paper we propose a new strategy to solve this problem, where capability indices are monitored in place of the classical sample statistics such as the mean, median, standard deviation, or range. The proposed procedure uses the $C_p(u,v)$ family of capability indices proposed by Vännman combined with a logarithmic transformation and an EWMA approach. One important property of the procedure presented here is that the control limits used for the monitoring of capability indices only depend on the capability level assumed for the process. The experimental results presented in this paper demonstrates how this new approach efficiently monitors capable processes by detecting changes in the capability level. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Partial confounding and projective properties of Plackett–Burman designs
Authors: Kulahci Murat , Bisgaard Søren 
Published: November 2006

AbstractScreening experiments are typically used when attempting to identify a few active factors in a larger pool of potentially significant factors. In general, two‐level regular factorial designs are used, but Plackett–Burman (PB) designs provide a useful alternative. Although PB designs are run‐efficient, they confound the main effects with fractions of strings of two‐factor interactions, making the analysis difficult. However, recent discoveries regarding the projective properties of PB designs suggest that if only a few factors are active, the original design can be reduced to a full factorial, with additional trials frequently forming attractive patterns. In this paper, we show that there is a close relationship between the partial confounding in certain PB designs and their projective properties. With the aid of examples, we demonstrate how this relationship may help experimenters better appreciate the use of PB designs. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reliability Analysis of a conveyor system using hybrid data
Authors: Gupta Suprakash , Bhattacharya Jayanta 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe quantification of a fault tree is difficult without an exact probability value for all of the basic events of the tree. To overcome this difficulty in this paper, we propose a methodology which employs ‘hybrid data’ as a tool to analyse the fault tree. The proposed methodology estimates the failure probability of basic events using the statistical analysis of field recorded failures. Under these circumstances, where there is an absence of past failure records, the method follows a fuzzy set based theoretical evaluation based on the subjective judgement of experts for the failure interval. The proposed methodology has been applied to a conveyor system. The results of the analysis reveal the effectiveness of the proposed methodology and the instrumental role played by the experience of experts in providing reliability oriented information. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Strategies to avoid false negative findings in residue analysis using liquid chromatography coupled to time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Kaufmann Anton , Butcher Patrick 
Published: November 2006

AbstractLiquid chromatography coupled to orthogonal acceleration time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (LC/TOF) provides an attractive alternative to liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) in the field of multiresidue analysis. The sensitivity and selectivity of LC/TOF approach those of LC/MS/MS. TOF provides accurate mass information and a significantly higher mass resolution than quadrupole analyzers. The available mass resolution of commercial TOF instruments ranging from 10 000 to 18 000 full width at half maximum (FWHM) is not, however, sufficient to completely exclude the problem of isobaric interferences (co‐elution of analyte ions with matrix compounds of very similar mass). Due to the required data storage capacity, TOF raw data is commonly centroided before being electronically stored. However, centroiding can lead to a loss of data quality. The co‐elution of a low intensity analyte peak with an isobaric, high intensity matrix compound can cause problems. Some centroiding algorithms might not be capable of deconvoluting such partially merged signals, leading to incorrect centroids.Co‐elution of isobaric compounds has been deliberately simulated by injecting diluted binary mixtures of isobaric model substances at various relative intensities. Depending on the mass differences between the two isobaric compounds and the resolution provided by the TOF instrument, significant deviations in exact mass measurements and signal intensities were observed. The extraction of a reconstructed ion chromatogram based on very narrow mass windows can even result in the complete loss of the analyte signal. Guidelines have been proposed to avoid such problems. The use of sub‐2 µm HPLC packing materials is recommended to improve chromatographic resolution and to reduce the risk of co‐elution. The width of the extraction mass windows for reconstructed ion chromatograms should be defined according to the resolution of the TOF instrument. Alternative approaches include the spiking of the sample with appropriate analyte concentrations. Furthermore, enhanced software, capable of deconvoluting partially merged mass peaks, may become available. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of heavy metals and PCBs on marine picoplankton
Authors: Caroppo Carmela , Stabili Loredana , Aresta Michele , Corinaldesi Cinzia , Danovaro Roberto 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSynergistic/antagonistic effects of multiple contaminants in marine environments are almost completely unexplored. In the present study, we investigated the effects of heavy metals (Zn and Pb) and PCBs on picoplankton abundance, biomass, cell size distribution, and bacterial C production. Natural picoplankton assemblages were exposed to heavy metals (Zn or Pb), organic contaminants (PCBs, Aroclor 1260), and to a mixture of different contaminants. The results of the present study indicate that Zn addition stimulated heterotrophic growth, whereas Pb has a negative impact on heterotrophic picoplankton, particularly significant in the first 24 h. Heavy metals had no effects on the autotrophic component. The addition of Aroclor 1260 had a significant impact on abundance, biomass, and cell size of autotrophic and heterotrophic picoplankton, and reduced significantly bacterial secondary production. Three weeks after PCB treatment, heterotrophic bacteria displayed a clear resilience, both in terms of abundance and biomass, reaching values comparable to those of the controls, but not in terms of bacterial C production. Our results indicate that picoplankton can be sensitive indicators of impact determined by heavy metals and PCBs in coastal marine systems. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 21: 541–551, 2006.