bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Partial argentation resin chromatography (PARC): III. the effects of sodium ion incorporation and solvent on the separation of mixtures of fatty acids, of fatty esters, and of triglycerides
Authors: Adlof R. O. , Emken E. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPartial argentation resin chromatography (PARC) was used to separate mixtures of fatty acids, of fatty esters and of triglycerides. Various eluting solvents (methanol, acetone, ether, benzene) were investigated and acetone was the preferred solvent. To prevent acid‐catalyzed condensation of the acetone, the sulfonic acid protons of the XN1010 resin were replaced with sodium ions before silver ion incorporation. Atomic absorbtion spectrophotometry was used to determine the number of silver ions incorporated per volume of resin. A mixture containing stearic, elaidic and oleic acids was separated on a saturated silver resin column. A commercially available sample of linoleic acid was purified on a 53% PARC column (meaning 53% of the available sulfonic acid protons in the resin were replaced by silver ions). A 39% PARC column was used to separate a mixture of linseed acids. Methyl linoleate, linolenate and arachi‐donate also were isolated on a 39% PARC column. A mixture containing triolein, trilinolein and trilinolenin was separated on a 32% PARC column.
Computation of nickel catalyst activity in the hydrogenation of triacylglycerol oils
Authors: Koman V. , Sahajova′‐Hojerova′ J. , Csicsayova′ M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe development of a new method for a faster and more accurate computation of the nickel catalyst activity was studied. This catalyst is used in partial catalytic hydrogenation of vegetable oils for production of edible fats. In order to index the activity, a computer program, CATACT, was developed using FORTRAN language. This program uses 3 easily determined experimental values as input data (refractive index at 60 C, catalyst concentration and hydrogenation time). Output data are catalyst activity indexes either in word or numerical form. The hydrogenation data were gathered from a laboratory reactor under laboratory conditions. Using these data, we computed the activity of Ni catalysts which have been reused in oil hydrogenation under industrial conditions. The classical method of determining such activity by evaluating the melting point is, in view of the very low activity of such catalysts, inadequate to provide sufficient information for easy interpretation.
Minor additives in heavy‐duty laundry detergents
Authors: Neiditch O. W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA number of heavy‐duty detergent additives, collectively referred to as “minor additives,” are ingredients which are individually present in minor amounts but which can contribute significantly to the performance and marketability of detergent products. In this paper, additives which will be discussed include fluorescent whitening agents (FWA), soil antiredeposition agents and perfumes.
Quantitative analysis of fatty acids and sterols in Malagasy rice bran oils
Authors: Gaydou E. M. , Raonizafinimanana R. , Bianchini J. P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe fatty acid and sterol compositions of six Malagasy rice bran oils were evaluated. Investigation by gas liquid chromatography (GLC) using Carbowax 20 M revealed 10 fatty acids, mainly palmitic (16–20%) oleic (41–44%) and linolenic (31–37%) acids. An OV 17 column was used to separate eight sterols, mainly Β‐sitosterol (53–59%), campesterol (16–26%) and stigmasterol (10–13%). No significant variation for the fatty acid and sterol contents was observed among the rice varieties studied.
Synetics
Authors: Kessler Alan 
Published: July 2007

AbstractGroup problem solving techniques can be useful even if they are rarely used with a group. The principles involved can help identify problems earlier and lessen any tendency to put off solving them; and one becomes willing to tackle more difficult, complex problems. In the corporate environment, these techniques are often used as communication aids among groups in place of more traditional meetings. They can be much more effective for problem interface situations where groups are in conflict, or else just talk a different language. Such techniques are described in this paper.
Selection of optimized packaging materials
Authors: McHugh N. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractCritical parameters in selecting the most appropriate packaging for soap and detergent products are reviewed. Included among these parameters are package strategy, features required for consumer utilization, competitive products, cost limitations, availability of materials having adequate chemical resistance to product, overall dimensions and construction details, machinability of selected design, pallet pattern or shipping configuration, physical strength of individual package and outer case, ability to withstand storage and handling rigors. Guidelines and criticality tests are reviwed briefly as tools for evaluating and projecting the effect of a given parameter on acceptability of the finished package.
Two soybean genotypes lacking lipoxygenase‐1
Authors: Hildebrand D. F. , Hymowitz T. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe U.S. Department of Agriculture soybean germplasm collection (6,499 accessions) was screened for genotypes with greatly reduced or missing lipoxygenase‐1 (L‐1) [linoleate: O2 oxidoreductase, EC 1.13.11.12] and lipoxygenase‐2 and L‐3 (L‐2 and L‐3) activity. The L‐1 assay used linoleic acid dispersed in Tween‐20 at pH 9.0 as the substrate (acid assay) and the L‐2 and L‐3 assay used linoleic acid methyl ester dispersed in ethanol at pH 7.0 as the substrate (ester assay). The spectrophotometric assay based on conjugated diene formation at 234 mm was used in the qualitative screening procedure. Two plant introductions (PI), 133226 from Indonesia and PI 408251 from Korea lacked L‐1 activity. Oxygen uptake, electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing confirm the lack of detectable L‐1 activity in the seed of these two genotypes. Radial diffusion against soybean seed lipoxygenase antiserum showed that the two genotypes are missing a precipitin band that normal soybean genotypes and purified lipoxygenase from soybean seed exhibit. Neither the L‐1 variants nor any other accessions tested had greatly reduced activity with the ester assay.
Analysis of lipid classes and lipofuscin substances by high performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Phillips F. C. , Privett O. S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe fractionation and analysis of the lipid classes and fluorescent substances of animal tissues by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a combination of fluorescence and flame ionization detectors is described. The lipid classes and fluorescent substances are extracted from rat kidney and liver tissue by a new method that involves preextraction of nonlipid and aqueous‐soluble fluorescent substances with hot dilute (0.05 N) acetic acid. The lipid classes and organic‐soluble fluroscent substances are extracted from the residual tissue in three extractions: the first with chloroform/methanol, 1:1, v/v; the second with chloroform/methanol, 1:2, v/v; and the third with methanol. The fractionation of these compounds by HPLC is carried out with a column 0.2×45 cm, packed with a special adsorbent prepared by reacting silicic acid with ammonium hydroxide. The eluent is passed through a fluorescence detector, which provides a profile of the fluorescent compounds, and then to a flame ionization detector for analysis of the lipid classes. The method is demonstrated on rat blood serum, liver and kidney tissue.
Comparison of methylene chloride and chloroform for the extraction of fats from food products
Authors: Chen I. S. , Shen C. S. J. , Sheppard A. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTen food products with a wide range of total fat, fatty acid and sterol content were obtained from a supermarket in the Washington, DC area. These food products were extraced by a new method, using methylene chloride/methanol as the extraction solvent. The results were compared to the Folch et al. procedure, in which chloroform/methanol is the extraction solvent. Total fat was determined, and fatty acid methyl esters and sterol butyrates were prepared and measured by gas liquid chromatography. An analysis of variance indicated that methylene chloride is as effective as chloroform, a suspected carcinogen, in the Folch et al. extraction of total fat, fatty acids and sterols from foods.
Thermal interaction of linoleic acid and its esters with valine
Authors: Henderson S. K. , Nawar W. W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWhen linoleic acid or its esters were heated in the presence of valine a number of interaction products were formed. The major product was 2‐pentylpyridine which is thought to be produced by the reaction of 2,4‐decadienal with ammonia. Also formed were two secondary amides, isobutyloctanamide and isobutyllinoleylamide. Additional interaction products found include alkylpyridines and alkylpyrroles. The formation of these compounds is similar to the formation of 2‐pentylpyridine. They can result by reaction of an aldehyde with an amine or ammonia to form a Schiff base intermediate, followed by cyclization and rearrangement to form either the pyridine ring or the pyrrole ring. In addition, a branched nitrile compound was produced. This compound is considered to be formed by cleavage of the pyridine ring in 2‐pentylpyridine.
High performance liquid chromatography of triglycerides: Controlling selectivity with reverse phase columns
Authors: Plattner R. D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractRapid separations of triglycerides by chain length and degree of unsaturation have been made by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using reverse phase columns. Several different bonded columns were evaluated for use in reverse phase HPLC of triglycerides, and differences in selectivity are discussed. Selectivity was also modified by adding silver ion to the solvent, which produces marked changes in selectivity of solute triglycerides.
Enzymes for low temperature washing
Authors: Nielsen M. H. , Jepsen S. J. , Outtrup H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe increasing use of synthetic fibers which cannot tolerate temperatures above 50–60 C has changed the washing habits during the past 5–10 years toward the use of lower washing temperatures. Furthermore, the energy crisis has focused interest on washing at ambient temperatures for the purpose of saving energy. In order to compensate for the lower washing efficiency at decreased temperatures, enzyme producers have devoted much R&D capacity to screen for new proteolytic enzymes which are more suitable for washing at lower temperatures. The result of a screening program carried out for several years, a new detergent protease with interesting characteristics, is discussed.
Sampling and Measurement in Soybean Processing Plants
Authors: Barger William M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSeveral soybean processing plants were involved in a plant survey to determine (a) material sampled, (b) method of sampling, (c) sample locations, (d) frequency of sampling, (e) variables checked, (f) method of sample evaluation, and (g) instruments used in sample evaluation. Errors in sampling occur more frequently than in sample analysis. It is difficult to obtain a material stream grab sample that is representative of the stream. The only accurate sampling and analytical method would be to sample the entire throughput tonnage of the plant. Since this procedure is not feasible, regular and consistent sampling of product streams must be maintained.
Petrochemicals — viable raw materials for tomorrow’s soap and detergent industry?
Authors: Haupt D. E. , Schwin P. B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper attempts to address the complex question of petrochemical raw materials’ future role in supplying the soap and detergent industry. The following points are emphasized: (a) The basic resource oil and natural gas, although not in unlimited quantities as in the past, will be available in the future, (b) The petrochemical industry will continue to receive its required share of the available petroleum resources, and the detergent industry will continue to receive the feedstocks they require, (c) The cost pressures which will be impacting the surfactant manufacturers will be similar to the overall inflation rates affecting the entire economy.
Total hardness ions in laundry washing solutions
Authors: Yamaji Y. , Collier E. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA study was made of 1,600 actual washing solutions, and an estimate was made of the contribution of soils and fabrics to the total hardness. The amount of total hardness in the washing solution was appreciably higher than that present in the tap water. It was shown that the major source of the added hardness was that absorbed on fabrics during the previous wash/rinse operation. A significant amount was also contributed by the soil present on the fabrics being washed. Knowledge of the amount of hardness present in washing solutions is an obviously important factor in formulating detergents for optimal cleaning performance. The total amount of hardness present in Japanese washing solutions is, on average, more than double that present in tap water, largely because of the widespread practice of multi‐load washing. By combining actual wash solution hardness data and product usage levels, it is possible to calculate the percentage of washloads that will be adequately sequestered, as a function of builder level. At the current average P2O5 level present in Japanese laundry granules (10% P2O5), only about 15% of the total number of washloads is adequately sequestered at recommended product usage. By contrast, at 20% P2O5 in product (the pre‐1974 maximum builder level, now no longer allowed because of environmental concerns), about 85% of all loads were believed to be adequately sequestered. This comparison highlights the necessity of providing adequate replacement builders for phosphate and/or of appropriately reformulating the surfactant system to maintain the detergent performance characteristics at a satisfactorily high level.
Organic builders: A review of worldwide efforts to find organic replacements for detergent phosphates
Authors: Crutchfield M. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractContinuing pressures to reduce phosphates in wastewaters have sustained an intensive worldwide search to develop acceptable substitutes. Organic polycarboxylate salts have been most extensively investigated because there are a large number of structural possibilities, and the possibility for biodegradation to innocuous CO2 and H2O offers an optimal answer to most environmental questions. In addition to testing known compounds, many novel structures have been synthesized in efforts to tailor materials with optimum properties. Stringent requirements for functional effectiveness, human safety, environmental acceptability, practical processability, and acceptable costs have limited the number of viable alternatives. Compounds that have been proposed are reviewed with particular attention to recent developments.
The workhorse surfactants: LAS, alcohol sulfates, and ether sulfates
Authors: Matson T. P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractRelative market volumes are discussed illustrating why LAS, alcohol sulfates, alcohol ether sulfates, and branched chain alkylene benzene sulfonates are called “workhorse” surfactants. Typical heavy duty powder, heavy duty liquid, and light duty liquid formulations from around the world are given for each material. Low mole ether sulfates for heavy duty powders are discussed as to chemical constituency and performance. Comparisions of LAS to paraffin sulfonates and olefin sulfonates are given for light duty liquid formulations. Shampoo performance advantages of alcohol sulfates over olefin sulfates are illustrated.
Recent findings and experiences with alpha olefin sulfonates
Authors: Yamane I. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn the sulfonation and sulfation of alpha olefin (AO), linear alkylbenzene (LAB), and alcohol ethoxylate (AE), improved reaction yields and products’ color were obtained by using the TO‐Reactor recently developed in Lion Fat & Oil Co., Ltd., compared with those obtained in a conventional falling‐film type reactor. These improvements especially were remarkable in the case of AO, so that light‐colored alpha olefin sulfonate (AOS), having improved performance properties, was obtained without bleaching. For the performance tests, AOS was evaluated in several systems, together with some other surfactants, alcohol sulfate (AS), alcohol ethoxy sulfate (AES), linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), and alpha‐sulfo fatty acid methyl ester (a‐SEMe). AOS was one of the most useful surfactants for heavy duty powder detergents of low phosphate formulation because of its good detergency and foaming power, rinsing property, and free flowing property. Thus, bright white heavy duty powder detergents, containing 8% of P2O5, were developed with AOS (nonbleached), AES, LAS, sodium pyrophosphate (TSPP), and some other ingredients, which have been marketed in the household cleaning products field in Japan since 1976.
Scanning electron microscopy in the detergent industry
Authors: Puderbach H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn 1965, scanning electron microscopes became available commercially. The use of these instruments and other new equipment (such as X‐ray microanalysis and cathodoluminescence) created new possibilities for evaluation of detergent qualities permitting further insights into the morphology and inorganic chemical composition of powder particles, including the surfaces and the inside regions. The new instruments also can be used in testing procedures during product development. Use of scanning electron microscopy in evaluation of detergents was discussed using selected examples related to investigations concerning (a) stability of bleaching activator prills, (b) coating of enzyme marums, (c) distribution of optical brighteners, (d) distribution of the inorganic constituents of powder particles, (e) thermal stability of sodium triphosphate hexahydrate, and (f) development of sodium aluminum silicates (SASIL) as phosphate substitutes. The examples were chosen to show the possibilities of scanning electron microscopy. Together with its additional features and in combination with other methods of physical and chemical analysis, scanning electron microscopy can provide important information concerning solid surfaces, which are relevant in the field of detergent chemistry.
Evaluation of detergents for washing fabrics
Authors: Krüssmann H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractVarious methods are used today to check the washing effect of detergents. They differ mainly in whether the cleaning assessment is determined by the use of artificially soiled test fabrics, anonymous naturally soiled laundry in a single wash test, or new family bundles in multiple use and wash test series. Correlation of the information based on the actual field behavior of the different methods is discussed. Applicability of the different systems will depend on the special conditions which call for abbreviated procedures. Multiple use and wash tests are very close to practical use, give information about cumulative effects and thereby allow the detection of small differences. Their disadvantages are high costs and length of time for the test. For a realistic evaluation from a consumer viewpoint, they are of little significance without a ranking scale correlating to consumers’ appraisal. Classification of tested products depends on the kinds of textiles in the family bundles which are used in the detergency evaluation. This factor is important in the detection of correlations between the two methods. For product evaluation and especially for overall quality ratings, the use of test fabrics is satisfactory if a carefully selected combination of these is chosen. Taking into consideration empirical data obtained with standard formulations, one can obtain satisfactory results corresponding to consumers’ appraisals. Stain removal and soil redeposition have to be given the same weight as soil removal. An overall investigation of possible correlations is lacking so that some uncertainties still remain.
Consumers are the final product judges
Authors: Lyng A. L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractConsumers repurchase detergent products based upon satisfactory performance in their homes. While laboratory tests are essential tools to help develop detergents to meet consumer needs, they cannot totally reflect the real world of in‐home experiences with its multitude of variables. The need to update laboratory test methods continually to account for changing lifestyles, consumer practices, and trends in related industries will be discussed, as will the pitfalls of relying solely on laboratory tests to try to predict whether product performance answers consumer’s needs.
Update on detergent legislative/regulatory activities: A review of government interests from an information point of view
Authors: Idman M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractNational laws regulating use of chemicals are becoming more numerous. These laws affect firms outside the adopting nation as well as within. The new U.S. Toxic Substances Control Act will have major international impact. Firms in the chemical industry, including soap and detergent manufacturers, are encouraged to coordinate their activities in response to such laws, helping to provide governmental agencies with the technical information needed to carry out and evaluate tests on the effects of chemicals.
Benefit/risk assessment today
Authors: Hall R. E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA systematic approach to benefit/risk assessment is presented which recognizes (a) the potentially broad exposure of humans and the environment to soap and detergent materials, (b) current regulatory requirements, and (c) the desirability for making these assessments at various stages of product development to minimize both unnecessary testing expense and the likelihood of an unacceptable risk in a product ready for market.
General trends in the coloring and finishing of textiles
Authors: Hildebrand D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFrom the present situation in the textile finishing industry, it is evident that revolutionary innovations are not in sight and that attempts to work with new processes must first prove successful in special sectors. The dyestuff and auxiliaries market will depend on the price to the same extent as technical progress approaches an end point. The trend toward a splitting up of the market into fashion and nonfashion goods will intensify the regional shift in the production of standard qualities. Whereas in Western Europe and Japan the proportion of highly fashionable qualities is increasing and some are even exported, in the U.S. the parallel development of both types of goods will continue, as befits the size and multifariousness of this market.
Use of oil in baked products—Part I: Background and bread
Authors: Hartnett D. I. , Thalheimer W. G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe benefits of fat systems in yeast‐raised and chemically leavened baked goods are reviewed. The effects of rising ingredient costs and competition on ingredient technology are described, leading to a discussion concerning the trend in the United States to switch from the standard shortenings—lard and partially hydrogenated vegetable shortening—to oil in baked products. Problems associated with the incorporation of oil in bread formulations follow. Test work has shown that surfactants are effective additives in overcoming these negative and in promoting the production of quality products. A comparison of oil versus lard as the shortening medium in bread is described. Evaluation of emulsifiers with oil in bread are discussed.
Analysis of extractables from one euphorbia
Authors: Nemethy Esther K. , Otvos John W. , Calvin Melvin 
Published: July 2007

AbstractChemical analyses have been made of the heptane extractable material ofEuphorbia lathyris, a plant which has been proposed as an “energy farm” candidate. The heptane extract is 4–5% of the dry plant weight and has a heat value of ≈18×103 BTU/Ib. This reduced photosynthetic material consists almost entirely of polycyclic triterpenoids.