bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of delayed storage and continuous ethylene exposure on flesh reddening of ‘Royal Diamond’ plums
Authors: Manganaris George A , Vicente Ariel R , Crisosto Carlos H , Labavitch John M 
Published: August 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND: Flesh reddening has been described as one of the manifestations of plum fruits to low‐temperature storage for prolonged periods. The influence of factors such as ethylene and delayed storage has not been studied to date. In order to assess that, plum cv. ‘Royal Diamond’ fruits were (a) stored at 5 °C (control), (b) held at 20 °C for 2 days before storage at 5 °C (delayed storage) or (c) maintained at 5 °C under 15 µL L−1 ethylene. Fruits were then transferred to 20 °C and ethylene, respiration, weight loss, firmness, soluble solids content, acidity, flesh reddening, anthocyanin accumulation and phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase (PAL) activity were determined.RESULTS: Delayed storage fruits showed more extensive flesh reddening than control fruits, with increased PAL activity and higher anthocyanin accumulation. Symptoms were expressed more markedly when fruits were stored at 5 °C in ethylene.CONCLUSION: Results indicated that the fruit ripening stage is a critical factor determining the susceptibility of ‘Royal Diamond’ plums to flesh reddening. Fruits continuously exposed to ethylene showed a dramatic increase in reddening, suggesting that ethylene contributes to the development of the disorder. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Laser applications and system considerations in ocular imaging
Authors: Elsner A.E. , Muller M.S. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractWe review laser applications for primarily in‐vivo ocular imaging techniques, describing their constraints based on biological tissue properties, safety, and the performance of the imaging system. We discuss the need for cost‐effective sources with practical wavelength‐tuning capabilities for spectral studies. Techniques to probe the pathological changes of layers beneath the highly scattering retina and diagnose the onset of various eye diseases are described. The recent development of several optical‐coherence‐tomography‐based systems for functional ocular imaging is reviewed, as well as linear and nonlinear ocular‐imaging techniques performed with ultrafast lasers, emphasizing recent source developments and methods to enhance imaging contrast.
Molecular Flexibility of Methylcelluloses of Differing Degree of Substitution by Combined Sedimentation and Viscosity Analysis
Authors: Patel Trushar R. , Morris Gordon A. , de la Torre Jose Garcia , Ortega Alvaro , Mischnick Petra , Harding Stephen E. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe flexibility/rigidity of methylcelluloses (MCs) plays an important part in their structure–function relationship and therefore on their commercial applications in the food and biomedical industries. In the present study, two MCs of low degree of substitution (DS) 1.09 and 1.32 and four of high DS (1.80, 1.86, 1.88 and 1.93) were characterised in distilled water in terms of intrinsic viscosity [η]; sedimentation coefficient ($s_{20,{\rm w}}^0$) and weight average molar mass ($\overline M _{\rm w}$). Solution conformation and flexibility were estimated qualitatively using conformation zoning and quantitatively (persistence length Lp) using the new combined global method. Sedimentation conformation zoning showed an extended coil (Type C) conformation and the global method applied to each MC sample yielded persistence lengths all within the range Lp = 12–17 nm (for a fixed mass per unit length) with no evidence of any significant change in flexibility with DS.magnified image
Evolution of corrosion in cast Al alloy in antifreeze radiator coolant
Authors: Zhou W. , Aung N. N. , Choudhary A. , Kanouni M. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractCorrosion is an important issue for cast Al alloy in an engine cooling system, but how the microstructural features affect the coolant‐related corrosion behaviour is not well understood. In this research, the evolution of corrosion in an ISO 2379 cast Al alloy was studied in an antifreeze radiator coolant under heat‐rejecting conditions. Extensive analyses of microstructures and corroded surfaces were carried out using an optical microscope, scanning electron microscope equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy and X‐ray diffractometer. Intergranular cavitation corrosion was observed to occur at interfaces between α‐Al matrix and intermetallics (Al2Cu and Al5FeSi) or to a less degree at interfaces between α‐Al matrix and Si phase. The large area fraction of the cathodic phases (Al2Cu, Al5FeSi and Si) led to the galvanic coupling between them and the adjacent anodic α‐Al matrix. The heat‐rejecting condition in antifreeze radiator coolant was favourable condition to cavitation process while severe crevice corrosion was predominant at oxygen‐depleted regions in the heat‐transfer corrosion cell.
Pitting corrosion of sheets of a nickel‐base superalloy
Authors: Rao M. N. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractCold rolled sheets of a nickel‐base superalloy are used in building gas turbine engines. After rolling to the final gauge, the sheets were annealed at 1180 °C. Pickling of the sheets was carried out to remove the scale and the oxidized layer. It was observed that there was heavy incidence of pitting with perforations at several locations due to pits penetrating through the thickness. The sheets got rejected, resulting in heavy loss. The superalloy contains 25 wt% chromium, 15 wt% tungsten. Tungsten provides high resistance to pitting corrosion. With such a high level of W, the grade has a high Pitting Resistance Equivalent. Further it is a single‐phase material. Pitting attack is thus totally unexpected. The failure was analyzed. Pickling process for this material normally involves the usage of salt bath, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and/or hydrofluoric‐nitric acid baths. In the case under study, satisfactory pickling was not achieved this way; discoloration and deposits were persistently present on the sheet surface. In order to improve the surface quality, the sheets were dipped in hydrochloric acid bath for a long time. Hydrochloric acid bath was in aged condition; by that point of time, the bath went through extensive usage for pickling of different grades of steels. Consequently there was significant accumulation of iron salts in the bath. It is known that ferric and chloride ions cause significant acceleration in pitting. The bath was stagnant and the time of immersion of the sheets in the bath was long. The material failed under the combination of these adverse conditions. The paper brings out the details of the failure analysis carried out.
Effects of Sn and Ca additions on microstructure, mechanical properties, and corrosion resistance of the as‐cast Mg‐Zn‐Al‐based alloy
Authors: Jihua C. , Zhenhua C. , Hongge Y. , Fuquan Z. , Yingliang C. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractEffects of Sn and Ca additions on microstructure, mechanical properties, and corrosion resistance of the as‐cast Mg‐6Zn‐2Al‐based alloy were investigated by SEM, XRD, tensile tests, electrochemical measurements, etc. The higher the Sn content, the higher the yield strength of the Mg‐6Zn‐2Al‐based alloy. Trace Ca addition refined both grains and divorced eutectics in the Mg‐Zn‐Sn‐Al alloys, leading to the best combination of strength and plasticity. Moreover, its influence was more significant for the alloy with a higher Sn content. Furthermore, the combined addition had a beneficial effect on the corrosion resistance improvement of the Mg‐6Zn‐2Al alloy. The Mg‐6Zn‐2Al‐3Sn‐0.2Ca alloy was the most corrosion‐resistant alloy among the nine alloys studied, better than AZ91 and ZA85. It could be ascribed to the decrease and the refinement of divorced eutectics, the higher hydrogen overvoltage of Sn and the Ca grain refinement.
Corrosion behavior of Ti‐xNb‐13Zr alloys in Ringer's solution
Authors: Robin A. , Carvalho O. A. S. , Schneider S. G. , Schneider S. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractTi‐6Al‐4V alloy has been widely used in restorative surgery due to its high corrosion resistance and biocompatibility. Nevertheless, some studies showed that V and Al release in the organism might induce cytotoxic effects and neurological disorders, which led to the development of V‐free alloys and both V‐ and Al‐free alloys containing Nb, Zr, Ta, or Mo. Among these alloys, Ti‐13Nb‐13Zr alloy is promising due to its better biomechanical compatibility than Ti‐6Al‐4V. In this work, the corrosion behavior of Ti, Ti‐6Al‐4V, and Ti‐xNb‐13Zr alloys (x = 5, 13, and 20) was evaluated in Ringer's solution (pH 7.5) at 37 °C through open‐circuit potential measurements, potentiodynamic polarization, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Spontaneous passivity was observed for all materials in this medium. Low corrosion current densities (in the order of 10−7 A/cm2) and high impedance values (in the order of 105 Ωcm2 at low frequencies) indicated their high corrosion resistance. EIS results showed that the passivating films were constituted of an outer porous layer (very low resistance) and an inner compact layer (high resistance), the latter providing the corrosion resistance of the materials. There was evidence that the Ti‐xNb‐13Zr alloys were more corrosion resistant than both Ti and Ti‐6Al‐4V in Ringer's solution.
The Free Volume and Its Recovery in Pressure‐Densified and CO2‐Swollen Heterocyclic‐Ring‐Containing Fluoropolymers
Authors: Dlubek Günter , Pionteck Jürgen , Yu Yang , Thränert Stefan , Elsayed Mohamed , Badawi Emad , Krause‐Rehberg Reinhard 
Published: August 2008

AbstractChanges in the free volume in CYTOP due to pressure densification and swelling with CO2 have been examined using PALS and PVT experiments. Employing the Simha‐Somcynsky equation of state the specific hole free, Vf, and occupied, Vocc, volumes were estimated. The change in the total volume due to the pre‐treatments occurs exclusively in the hole free volume and the relative change in Vf is one order of magnitude larger than in the total volume. Vocc shows no memory for the history of the polymer glass. The mean and width of the size distribution of subnanometre holes in the glassy state decrease upon densification and increase upon swelling. The volume changes which are frozen in the polymer glass begin to recover at temperatures distinctly below Tg.magnified image
Multifunctional Polymethacrylates Obtained Via ATRP of Functional and Reactive Monomers Followed by Polymer Analogous Reaction with Functional Amines
Authors: Popescu Dragos , Keul Helmut , Moeller Martin 
Published: August 2008

AbstractStarting from methyl methacrylate (MMA), butyl methacrylate (BMA), allyl methacrylate (AMA), phenoxycarbonyloxy ethyl methacrylate (PCEMA), and functional amines different multifunctional polymethacrylates are accessible. The reactive monomer PCEMA was synthesized starting from 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate, and then copolymerized via ATRP with other methacrylates in order to obtain reactive copolymers which were subjected to polymer analogous reactions with different functional amines leading to multifunctional polymethacrylates. These can be used for the preparation of multifunctional surfaces.magnified image
Improved PEDOT Conductivity via Suppression of Crystallite Formation in Fe(III) Tosylate During Vapor Phase Polymerization
Authors: Zuber Kamil , Fabretto Manrico , Hall Colin , Murphy Peter 
Published: August 2008

AbstractVapor phase polymerization was used to synthesize high conductivity poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxyphenylene) (PEDOT). The monomer is presented to an oxidant‐rich substrate in vapor form and even for short polymerization times, 10–30 min, Fe(III) tosylate has a propensity for water absorption leading to crystal formation. Poor oxidant treatment before polymerization or high humidity during polymerization can create holes in the PEDOT film decreasing its conductivity. The addition of an amphiphilic copolymer poly(ethylene glycol)‐ran‐poly(propylene glycol) suppresses crystal growth allowing better film formation. The humidity level during synthesis was optimized at 35% relative humidity (RH), producing a conductivity of 761 S · cm−1. Additionally, the copolymer extends the RH range that is tolerable for polymer synthesis.magnified image
Nicotine and Parkinson's disease: Implications for therapy
Authors: Quik Maryka , O'Leary Kathryn , Tanner Caroline M. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractAccumulating evidence suggests that nicotine, a drug that stimulates nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, may be of therapeutic value in Parkinson's disease. Beneficial effects may be several‐fold. One of these is a protective action against nigrostriatal damage. This possibility stems from the results of epidemiological studies that consistently demonstrate an inverse correlation between tobacco use and Parkinson's disease. This reduced incidence of Parkinson's disease has been attributed to the nicotine in tobacco products, at least in part, based on experimental work showing a protective effect of nicotine against toxic insults. Second, several studies suggest a symptomatic effect of nicotine in Parkinson's disease, although effects are small and somewhat variable. Third, recent data in nonhuman primates show that nicotine attenuates levodopa‐induced dyskinesias, a debilitating side effect that develops in the majority of patients on levodopa therapy. Collectively, these observations suggest that nicotine or CNS selective nicotinic receptor ligands hold promise for Parkinson's disease therapy to reduce disease progression, improve symptoms, and/or decrease levodopa‐induced dyskinesias. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society
Electrogenerated chemiluminescence of benzo 15‐crown‐5 derivatives
Authors: Jiang Xiao , Yang Xichuan , Zhao Changzhi , Sun Licheng 
Published: August 2008

AbstractNovel electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) reagents C1, C2, and C3 with high fluorescence quantum yields bearing 15‐crown‐5 moiety have been synthesized and characterized. The photophysical, electrochemical, and ECL characters of these compounds have been studied in a 1:1 (v/v) PhH/MeCN mixed solvent. The ECL intensity is enhanced distinctly with the increase in the fluorescence quantum yield. Their ECL behaviors have been studied using annihilation and co‐reactant methods (tri‐n‐propylamine (TPrA) was used as a co‐reactant), respectively. The stable ECL emissions of compounds C1–C3 can be ascribed to the typical and simple monomer ECL emission via S‐route. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Economic‐statistical design of 2‐of‐2 and 2‐of‐3 runs rule scheme
Authors: Kim Young‐Bok , Hong Jung‐Sik , Lie Chang‐Hoon 
Published: August 2008

AbstractIn this paper, we investigate the economic‐statistical design method for the 2‐of‐2 runs rule and the 2‐of‐3 runs rule. The Markov chain approach is used to obtain the average run length and the process cycle time. In addition, a simplified algorithm is presented to search the optimal setting of the design parameters. A numerical example and sensitivity analysis are also provided to compare the performances of the runs rules. The results show that the use of runs rule scheme can reduce operating cost comparing with the Shewhart control chart while maintaining a good statistical performance. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A bio-psycho-social model of successful aging as shown through the variable “physical activity”
Authors: Kanning Martina , Schlicht Wolfgang 
Published: August 2008

AbstractIn this article, we present and explain a bio-psycho-social model of successful aging with subjective well-being as a criterion of a successful aging process. We focus on physical activity because it is a crucial behavior. Physical activity can support successful aging in two different ways: first, due to its physiological and cognitive effects, and Second, an older person can enhance subjective well-being (SWB) while being physically active. The model points out that an older person can regulate SWB. To do this, an older person should set and pursue personally and culturally valued goals. The strength of the association between setting a goal and goal pursuance, respectively, and SWB depends on the extent a person is able to satisfy psychological needs (autonomy, competence, relatedness). But, the decision as to which goal will be set and pursued does not belong to the older person exclusively. The bio-psycho-social model explains that the chance to enhance SWB is restricted by personal dispositions (e.g., physiological constitution, psychological factors) and social–structural constraints (e.g., predominant stereotype of aging, facilities especially for target groups).
Role of neonatal hyperleptinaemia on serum adiponectin and suppressor of cytokine signalling-3 expression in young rats
Authors: Passos Magna Cottini Fonseca , Toste Fabiane Pereira , Dutra Sheila Cristina Potente , Trotta Paula Affonso , Toste Fernanda Pereira , Lisboa Patrícia Cristina , de Moura Egberto Gaspar 
Published: August 2008

Previously we had shown that neonatal leptin treatment programmes for both hyperleptinaemia and hyperinsulinaemia, which lead to leptin resistance and low expression of the hypothalamic leptin receptor (OB-Rb) of rats aged 150 d. Here we investigated in young post-weaned rats (age 30 d) if leptin treatment during lactation induces leptin and insulin resistance and if those changes are accompanied by changes in the suppressor of cytokine signalling-3 (SOCS-3) expression and serum adiponectin concentration. After delivery, the pups were divided into two groups: (1) a leptin group (Lep) that were injected with leptin daily (8 μg/100 g body weight subcutaneously) for the first 10 d of lactation; (2) a control (C) group, receiving saline. After weaning (day 21), body weight was monitored until the animals were age 30 d. They were tested for food intake in response to either leptin (0·5 mg/kg body weight intraperitoneally) (CL, LepL) or saline (CSal, LepSal) when they were aged 30 d. The CL group showed lower food intake, but no response was observed in the LepL group, suggesting leptin resistance. The Lep group had hyperleptinaemia (five-fold), hyperinsulinaemia (+42·5 %) and lower levels of serum adiponectin ( − 43·2 %). The hypothalamic expression of OB-Rb was lower ( − 22 %) and SOCS-3 was higher (+52·8 %) in the Lep group. We conclude that neonatal leptin treatment programmes for leptin resistance as soon as 30 d and suggests that SOCS-3 appears to be of particular importance in this event. In the Lep group, the lower serum adiponectin levels were accompanied by higher serum insulin, indicating a probable insulin resistance.
Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and sedentary behaviours in relation to body mass index-defined and waist circumference-defined obesity
Authors: Stamatakis Emmanuel , Hirani Vasant , Rennie Kirsten 
Published: August 2008

The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationships of physical activity types and sedentary behaviour with BMI and waist circumference (WC). The sample comprised 6215 adults (2775 men, 3440 women) aged 16 years and over living in Scotland. Self-reported physical activity of moderate to vigorous intensity (MVIA) included domestic activity, walking, and sports and exercises. MVIA levels were classified as being inactive, being insufficiently active, being sufficiently active for general health benefits and being sufficiently active for obesity prevention. Sedentary time was defined as television and other screen-based entertainment time (TVSE). Dependent variables were BMI-defined obesity (BMI-OB) and WC-defined obesity (WC-OB). TVSE was positively related to both WC-OB (adjusted OR 1·69 (95 % CI 1·39, 2·05) for ≥ 4 h of TVSE per d compared with < 2 h/d) and BMI-OB (OR 1·88; 95 % CI 1·51, 2·35) independently of MVIA. Those classified as most active who reported ≥ 4 h/d of TVSE had higher prevalence of BMI-OB (18·9 v. 8·3 %; P < 0·05) and WC-OB (28·0 v. 10·0 %; P < 0·01) than those equally active with < 2 h/d of TVSE. Sports and walking were related inversely to WC-OB (OR for no time compared with ≥ 30 min/d: 1·55 (95 % CI 1·24, 1·94); 2·06 (95 % CI 1·64, 2·58)), but only walking was related to BMI-OB (OR 1·94; 95 % CI 1·58, 2·37). Domestic physical activity was not related to BMI-OB or WC-OB. In conclusion, physical activity and sedentary behaviour are independently related to obesity. Public health recommendations should both promote physical activity and discourage engagement in sedentary pursuits.
Effect of intragastric acid stability of fat emulsions on gastric emptying, plasma lipid profile and postprandial satiety
Authors: Marciani Luca , Faulks Richard , Wickham Martin S. J. , Bush Debbie , Pick Barbara , Wright Jeff , Cox Eleanor F. , Fillery-Travis Annette , Gowland Penny A. , Spiller Robin C. 
Published: August 2008

Fat is often included in common foods as an emulsion of dispersed oil droplets to enhance the organoleptic quality and stability. The intragastric acid stability of emulsified fat may impact on gastric emptying, satiety and plasma lipid absorption. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether, compared with an acid-unstable emulsion, an acid-stable fat emulsion would empty from the stomach more slowly, cause more rapid plasma lipid absorption and cause greater satiety. Eleven healthy male volunteers received on two separate occasions 500 ml of 15 % (w/w) [13C]palmitate-enriched olive oil-in-water emulsion meals which were either stable or unstable in the acid gastric environment. MRI was used to measure gastric emptying and the intragastric oil fraction of the meals. Blood sampling was used to measure plasma lipids and visual analogue scales were used to assess satiety. The acid-unstable fat emulsion broke and rapidly layered in the stomach. Gastric emptying of meal volume was slower for the acid-stable fat emulsion (P < 0·0001; two-way ANOVA). The rate of energy delivery of fat from the stomach to the duodenum was not different up to t = 110 min. The acid-stable emulsion induced increased fullness (P < 0·05), decreased hunger (P < 0·0002), decreased appetite (P < 0·0001) and increased the concentration of palmitic acid tracer in the chylomicron fraction (P < 0·04). This shows that it is possible to delay gastric emptying and increase satiety by stabilising the intragastric distribution of fat emulsions against the gastric acid environment. This could have implications for the design of novel foods.