bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Marine Site Investigations and BS 5930
Authors: Carter P. G. , Pirie R. M. , Sneddon M. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Marine site investigations are reviewed briefly, in terms of suitable drilling platforms and craft for various conditions, requirements for permissions and service locations, marine ground investigation methods and marine survey methods including geophysical profiling.
The wide range of marine site investigation methods is illustrated and the appreciable differences from land site investigation methods are noted. It is suggested that BS 5930 does not give sufficient guidance on marine site investigations and that this situation should be rectified.
A Rational Approach to Consolidated Undrained Triaxial Testing
Authors: Coatsworth A. M. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Because of sampling disturbance the results of unconsolidated undrained triaxial tests often show a considerable scatter and seriously underestimate the undrained strength of a natural soil.

Therefore, consolidated undrained triaxial testing is sometimes used, the fundamentally based methods being Bjerrum's, in which specimens are anisotropically consolidated to the field effective stresses, and the SHANSEP method, in which specimens are consolidated to much higher stresses, allowed to swell if the soil is overconsolidated
in situ
, and the results then normalised. The relative merits of these two approaches depend on the type of soil.

In commercial practice, however, most consolidated undrained triaxial testing is carried out on a purely empirical basis, in part because both the Bjerrum and SHANSEP methods require anisotropic consolidation procedures which are not commonly available. Approximations to actual soil behaviour can be used to devise a Modified SHANSEP method, which utilises conventional isotropic consolidation.
Two site investigations are cited as examples of the use of the method, and in both cases the derived undrained strengths were higher than those from unconsolidated undrained testing.
Simplified Descriptive Scheme and Classification System for the Logging of Cut Slope Faces
Authors: Gamon T. I. , Finn R. P. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
A simplified descriptive scheme and classification system is currently being used for the systematic logging of cut slopes for a 22 ha site formation project in weathered granitic rocks in Hong Kong.

The site formation comprises the removal of some 1.5 million m
3
of soft granitic soil and 3.5 million m
3
of sound rock, and the formation of approximately 60,000 m
2
of slope face. The cut slope faces are logged as they are exposed, and the slope protection and stabilisation works designed and installed as the site is lowered.

A simplified descriptive scheme was considered essential to reduce the time for logging and eliminate the need for specialist logging personnel.

Existing descriptive schemes were compared and the most useful, compatible indices selected. Additional indices from other authors were added where appropriate. This descriptive scheme was simplified after the site investigation stage of the works and the resultant scheme checked against the faces exposed during the excavation of 300,000 m
3
of weathered granite as part of the advanced works.

The finalised simplified scheme was documented as a manual, which has been used on site to standardise the descriptions, abbreviations and presentation. Once logged, the exposed weathered profile is classified into zones, and the distribution of the zones compared with a number of standard profiles to rapidly assess the stability of the ‘soil’ slopes.

To date, 40,000 m
2
of slope face have been logged at a scale of 1:100, and appropriate slope protection and stabilisation works designed and installed.
The Choice of Test Methods in Site Investigations
Authors: Marsland A. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

The appropriate choice of sampling methods, laboratory tests and
in situ
tests depends upon the type of structure or earthwork being
considered, the nature of the ground influenced by the construction and the required
accuracy of the prediction. To obtain optimum results requires considerable experience
of the design requirements and potential construction problems as well as the test
methods and their range of application. Some methods are particularly useful for
obtaining continuous profiles and giving a rough indication of the engineering
properties while others are designed to provide more basic soil parameters. The
results obtained may be sensitive to changes in equipment details, test procedures and
methods of interpretation.

When empirical relationships are invoked, care is necessary to ensure that identical
equipment and procedures have been used and that the correlations have been obtained in
similar soils. The degree to which the volumes of soil tested are representative of the
soil in the mass is important. Factors such as the orientation of the maximum stresses
applied during the tests relative to the directions of the macro fabric features, the
degree of stress anisotropy, the directions of the stresses applied to the structure
and the effects of disturbance during sampling and insertion of
in situ
devices need careful consideration.

Test data from the most appropriate
in situ
and laboratory tests
should be integrated with soil fabric studies in order to produce the best overall
assessments.
An Appraisal of Soil Index Tests
Authors: Medhat F. , Whyte I. L. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The development of liquid and plastic limit tests is reviewed. It is confirmed that the fall cone method is more reliable and reproducible than the Casagrande method for the liquid limit, and this test is adequate for index purposes. The plastic limit has remained effectively unchanged for sixty years and there is no accepted alternative procedure. The Atterberg/Terzaghi rolling bead method is not of adequate reliability and reproducibility. It is proposed that the remoulded shear strength of a fine soil provides a rational basis for index tests. Extrusion and cones have been used to investigate simple methods and it is concluded that both approaches have potential, with the cone test probably being the simpler and more economical approach. Four clay soils were used in the investigation, and it is recommended that a wider range of plastic soils be tested to confirm or otherwise the validity of this approach to index testing.
An Example of Rotary Core Drilling in Soils
Authors: Scarrow J. A. , Gosling R. C. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
pAs part of a large geotechnical investigation carried out in the Middle East over 50 boreholes, totalling some 2000 m, were put down by rotary core drilling in soils. The site was located on an alluvial flood plain and, in keeping with their origin, the soils encountered were very variable with clays, silts, sands and to a lesser extent gravels being present.
This paper describes the rotary core drilling equipment used, which included both conventional drilling on rods and wire-line systems, together with the synthetic polymer flushing medium. This method of total volume sampling together with the quality of the cores, their description and photography are discussed briefly. The method ensured realistic gradings, with all fractions of the material being present, and allowed laboratory determinations of natural density and moisture content on rotary cores of granular materials leading to direct assessments of relative density.
Investigation of Ground Heave at ICI Mond Division, Castner-Kellner Works, Runcorn
Authors: Sibley M. H. , Vadgama N. J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
A serious crack was first noticed in the ground bearing floor slab of K-Unit Plant in September 1977, nine years after its construction. By 1981 measurements shoved the floor near the crack to have risen 80 mm above design level. Significant upward movement of structural columns and beams was also recorded. These movements were beginning to disrupt the working of the plant and in 1981 it was decided to investigate the phenomenon.
A desk study showed that furnaces once stood on the site, with caustic soda storage tanks nearby. A heavy wall once occupied the approximate line of the present crack. Subsoil contamination by alkali solutions was also suspected.
Ground conditions were investigated using light cable percussion boreholes. The nature of the problem, however, called for techniques not covered by BS5930. A magnetic probe extensometer was installed at the point of maximum heave, and in the laboratory soil specimens were subjected to swelling tests using special apparatus and techniques.Chemical tests and X-Ray analyses were also made.
Five possible mechanisms of swelling were investigated, and it was shown that the heave resulted from a slow alkali-clay reaction. Predictions of future movements were made and these allowed the remedial work to be planned.
The Quality of U100 Sampling
Authors: Whyte I. L. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The origins and development of the U100 (U4) thick-walled open-drive sampler are reviewed. The requirements of CP 2001 and BS 5930 are examined in relation to sample quality, and these are shown to be too favourable. Causes of sample disturbance are considered, particularly those due to volume changes, and shown to depend on moisture content, plasticity and particle size distribution. Quality classes possible with conventional U100 samples are suggested, and Classes 3 or 4 are to be generally expected. Class 1 samples are improbable. It is recommended that a general purpose sampler such as the U100 should have a maximum inside clearance of 1% and not ‘about 1%’ as recommended in BS 5930.
The ‘Valvate’ System Related to Percussive Boring and Sampling Techniques
Authors: Vallally C. O. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Accurate borehole records and water tables are the two most influential factors in any ground investigation survey. These form the basis of any early conclusions and final design. It therefore follows that the samples taken, disturbed and undisturbed, are representative of the strata encountered.
An innovation, the ‘Valvate System’, has been developed recently. The main feature of geotechnical importance is a one way control flow representing the soil profile through which the boring or sampling tool penetrates.
In a boring operation through cohesive or granular soils, the system allows a better visual examination and assessment, by the operator on site, of the soil stratum where lenses of silt, sand, drainage paths/response zones may be present. These discontinuities can be noted on site accurately and correlated later by examination of samples in the laboratory.
With the present method of percussive boring, especially in soft sensitive soils, the structure is destroyed by ineffective strokes of the claycutter causing re-gurgitation and distorting any geological sequence.
The ‘Valvate System’ has been applied to boring and sampling tools; this paper describes the equipment and various applications, which have undergone trials conducted by contractors and local authorities.
VALVATE: Having Valves—Oxford Dictionary Definition.
State of Weathering: The Search for a Rational Approach
Authors: Dearman W. R. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
In BS 5930:1981 both the state of weathering of rock
material and a scale of weathering grades for the rock mass
are included in a Code for the first time. The schemes
proposed are largely derivative from those proposed by
Working Parties of the Engineering Group, which in turn
benefited from earlier studies in Hong Kong and Australia.
The descriptive terms used for rock material: fresh,
discoloured, decomposed, disintegrated, are defined, and the
stages of weathering subdivided using qualifying terms, for
example 'partially discoloured'. These descriptive qualifying
terms may be quantified if necessary, but no indication is
given as to how this should be done.
Following recent Australian practice, the scale of
weathering grades of the rock mass is described in the terms
applied to the rock material. Except in the case of Grade 1,
Fresh, discontinuities and other defects of the rock mass are
not mentioned. This implies, and it needs emphasizing, that
the descriptive terms for the degree of weathering should
provide a reliable indication of the effects of weathering on
the engineering properties or engineering behaviour of the
rock mass. The material and the defects, such as
discontinuities in the rock mass, therefore need to be
described separately.
A descriptive scheme is proposed for the simple definition
of weathering classes of rock material, and application of
these classes to the description of the rock mass is also
considered.
The effect of scale, particularly the spacing of discontinuities
and thickness of highly weathered zones, is
important in assessing the engineering properties of the rock
mass. This can be dealt with effectively in the descriptive
logging of drill core and rock exposures.
Planning and geology
Authors: McDonic G. F. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Most of those engaged in town and country planning are aware of the importance of geology regarding their subject. Indeed there are many geologists now engaged in the planning service.
There are two areas, in particular, where geological skills will be required on an increasing scale in the future.
These are in mineral planning and landfill and restoration on the one hand, and countryside planning on the other.
Land use planning is a political process and has as its basis the positive role of development plans and the negative constraints of development control. Development control involves the approval and refusal of planning applications by planning authorities and the Secretary of State for the Environment. Many disciplines contribute technical advice regarding planning but technical advice is just one of the factors influencing any decision since planning authorities are charged with considering all material considerations.
The value of geology in planning
Authors: Legget R. F. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Geology is of fundamental importance as far as the planning of physical facilities and individual structure is concerned and recognition of this allows wise use of urban and rural land. As land is the surface expression of the underlying geology, planning should not proceed without fully appreciating geological conditions. Foundation, tunnels, transportation routes, etc. depend for their stability and performance on the geological setting.
There are, however, three aspects of geology related to areal planning which are not quite so obvious. First, prior to land being developed it is desirable to know if any useful materials can be retrieved from it before construction starts. Sequential land planning is therefore important. Secondly, there is likely to be an increased utilization of underground space in the years ahead. Thirdly, all those concerned with planning must realise that groundwater is a dynamic system and that, in particular, watertables can rise and fall, and thereby can influence subsurface structures.
A review of engineering geological and geotechnical aspects of town and country planning with particular reference to minerals and the extractive processes
Authors: Hake S. S. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the importance of, and connection between, Town and Country Planning matters and the need for engineering geological and geotechnical assessments. A brief review is given of the development plan system including the respective aims and intentions of both County and Local Structure Plans. Current planning law and building regulations are described from the point of view of stability of structures in the long term, together with comment so far as liability is concerned. The control of mineral workings is also briefly described in both planning and engineering geological terms. In addition, mining rights are discussed in lay terms from the mineral estates point of view. The underlying theme is with regard to minerals and the extractive processes.
The paper includes conclusions and recommendations which follow consideration of these issues in the light of the experience gained from undertaking detailed assessments with respect to planning issues, environmental impact, and stability considerations associated with opencast working and construction operations in areas affected by past, present and future underground mining at various depths. These conclusions deal with the applications of engineering geology and geotechnics within the current planning framework. Finally, recommendations are made concerning the future relationship between planning and engineering geology.
Data sources for planning: geomorphological mapping of landslides in north-east Derbyshire
Authors: Al-Dabbagh T. H. , Cripps J. C. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Categorization of land and the recognition of land surface processes of significance to development proposals are a fundamental necessity of effective land use planning and route selection. It is desirable that investigations of ground conditions should be initiated at an early stage of planning so that their impact may form the basis of the process. Since, generally, in these investigations an assessment of a large development area or route corridor must be made, low cost and rapid methods must be utilized.
A number of sources of suitable geological and engineering geological data are available, although not necessarily in an appropriate form. Much could be gained by undertaking interpretation of these data, although the value of doing so could be reduced or even negated if the user fails to appreciate any shortcomings of the data. Familiarization with the techniques of data collection would provide users with some knowledge of deficiencies and also equip them to commission data acquisition and specify styles of presentation most suited to their requirements. Geomorphological mapping is a relatively cheap and rapid method of acquiring data about the ground conditions. In the paper a number of examples are considered and, in addition, geomorphological mapping of landslides in north-east Derbyshire, is demonstrated.
One particular landslide has been subjected to detailed investigations in that accurate long term measurements of movement have been made. These reveal the rate and style of movement of different parts of the landslip which when considered together with the geomorphological map could form the basis of investigations for remedial measures.
The geomorphological mapping provides data not only confirming or otherwise the stability condition of the landslides, but also gives indications of the style of instability. The studies are advocated as useful sources of information for planning surveys. This particular work demonstrates the use of a rapid and inexpensive method of obtaining information about land instability.
Geophysical mapping techniques in environmental planning
Authors: Culshaw M. G. , Jackson P. D. , McCann D. M. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Geophysical information can be used to identify geological features, some of which may be a problem during the planning, design or construction of a new development. The location of magnetic dykes, the investigation of buried channels, or of landslips, the determination of the thickness of drift deposits or the identification of natural or man-made cavities are all problems which can be studied by geophysical surveying methods on both a regional or local scale. The information obtained can then be incorporated into factual or interpreted engineering geological maps for use by planners or engineers.
In this paper, the contribution that geophysical surveying methods can make at the planning, design, construction and monitoring stages of a development is examined and illustrated with a number of case histories.
Engineering geology input to the Greater Amman Master Plan
Authors: McCrae R. W. , Al-Ammouri A. F. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
A study is presently being undertaken to formulate a Master Plan for the development of the urbanized area encompassing Amman in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. This work includes reviewing data on many aspects, including geology and geotechnics which will influence future development. A detailed study of all the existing geological information for the area has been carried out to obtain an overview of the geological conditions to be encountered in the area.
The objective of the engineering geological input is to identify the location and causes of geotechnical problems and to formulate preliminary engineering solutions or policy proposals to mitigate their effect (if necessary by suggesting legislation). To facilitate this work a databank is being created to contain the extensive site investigation records which have been collected in the area.
The role of surface geophysics in the assessment of regional groundwaterpotential in Northern Nigeria
Authors: Reynolds J. M. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

An analysis has been made of the usefulness of surface geophysical site investigations as part of a
rural water supply programme carried out in southern Kano State, northern Nigeria. Field work was
undertaken under the auspices of the Kano State Agricultural Rural Development Project in conjunction with
Groundwater Development Consultants (International) Ltd, Cambridge. The database for this study consists
of the results of surface geophysical site investigations at over 200 rural villages and comprised electrical
resistivity and/or electromagnetic ground conductivity methods together with hydrogeological data from
boreholes drilled as tubewells. The groundwater potential of southern Kano State was determined as a result of
field studies of hand-dug wells, water table levels, geological and geomorphological mapping, the use of aerial
photographs and, in particular, surface geophysics. Areas with poor groundwater potential were successfully
highlighted. A drilling programme was planned on the basis of these field studies which allowed the drilling rigs
to be used to maximum effectiveness providing successful tubewells whilst the more problematical sites were
investigated further. Wildcat wells sited without the aid of geophysics and drilled in the Basement Complex of
the Younger Granite terrain in Kano State resulted in unacceptably high failure rates (
c.
70%). Once
geophysical methods were introduced, the failure rate fell to less than 32% and, following further development
of geophysical field and interpretation techniques, the final failure rate was around 17%. For a project whose
target was 1000 successful tubewells, each costing of the order of £15,000, the saving to the client as a result of
reduced number of failures was of the order of £5 million. The use of resistivity surveys, especially in conjunction
with electromagnetic induction methods, has proved invaluable in the evaluation of groundwater potential and
the planning of extensive drilling programme in southern Kano State.