bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Methylphenidate: A dose-response analysis and parent-child comparison of somatic complaints
Authors: Rapport M.D. , Randall R. , Moffitt C. 
Published: March 2007

The authors examined parent and child ratings of somatic complaints in 65 children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) who received four doses (5 mg, 10 mg, 15 mg, 20 mg) of methylphenidate (MPH) in the context of a double-blind, placebo controlled, within-subject (crossover) experimental design. Results indicated that parent and child ratings of somatic complaints decreased in a linear fashion from baseline levels as a function of increasing MPH dose and showed minimal variation across MPH conditions. Statistical comparisons of specific somatic complaints indicated minimal agreement between parents and children in contrast to the nearly identical parent-child dose-response curves. The paradoxical findings of fewer somatic complaints associated with MPH, importance of obtaining children's perceptions of MPH treatment, and Implications for measuring somatic complaints are discussed.
Some Laboratory Studies On the Use of Polyurethane Rigid Foam as a Thermal Insulation Material in Low Temperature Service
Authors: Hilado Carlos J. 
Published: March 2007

Polyurethane rigid foam is widely used as a thermal insula tion material in low temperature service because of its low thermal conduc tivity. This paper describes the results of laboratory studies on various aspects of this application such as maintenance of insulation efficiency, corrosion protection, and friability. Comparisons between thermal insulation systems on 3-inch pipe in -320°F service showed that a system employing slightly over one inch thickness of polyurethane rigid foam was more efficient than a system employing six inches of cellular glass. Because of the thickness-area geometry of pipe insulation, low-conductivity polyurethane rigid foam offers greater insulation advantages on small pipes than on essentially flat surfaces. Studies of unprotected polyurethane rigid foam installed on a vessel maintained at —109°F and exposed to surroundings at 74° F and 50 percent relative humidity for a period of 200 days. The one inch thick specimens had K-factors averaging 0.21 after 200 days; thicker specimens resulted in progressively smaller K-factor increase. These results are attrib uted to an expected decrease in water vapor permeability through polymer films at low temperatures, and the formation of a frost barrier at the 32° F level within the foam. Some conditions of service can result in corrosion of metal in contact with insulation, and such situations should be identified and handled with protective measures. When the metal was foamed in place or embedded in foam, the effect of foam on stainless steel, aluminum, galvanized iron, and copper appeared protective rather than corrosive; mild steel seemed adversely affected by foam contact. When the metal formed the faces of sandwich panels, foams poured in place tended to protect mild steel for about seven months, but did not appear to protect aluminum. When aluminum foamed in place was exposed to an environment which pro moted condensation of water at the aluminum surface where it could leach corrosive constituents from the foam, significant corrosion was observed within 3 months. A wash primer coating provided complete protection, but coal tar and modified acrylic latex coatings failed to provide any significant protection. The friability of thermal insulation materials is a factor in their dura bility and their potential for health hazards due to dust inhalation. Fria bility tests of various materials showed that commercially available rigid cellular plastics were less friable than cellular glass.
The Impact of Education on the Will to Redress the Feminisation of Poverty in Australia1
Authors: Grichting Wolfgang L. 
Published: March 2007

Education is commonly portrayed in liberal democracies as a source of enlightenment and support for liberal social policy. If that is true, how does education affect views about the feminisation of poverty? Jackman and Muha (1984) concluded that 'the well educated (in the USA) are but one step ahead of their peers in developing a defense of their interests that rests on qualification, individualism, obfuscation and symbolic concession'. On the basis of two national surveys of workers and leaders it is suggested that education in Australia has only minimal impact on the will to redress the feminisation of poverty. However, it is noted that the lack of any positive finding may well be the result of poor measurement and inadequate analysis of the issue under examination both in the United States and in Australia. It would appear that education is a necessary, rather than a sufficient condition for the production of more enlightened attitudes concerning the will to redress the feminisation of poverty in Australia.
Community, Mosque and Ethnic Politics
Authors: Humphrey Michael 
Published: March 2007

This paper focuses on the role of religion in organising a Lebanese Muslim community in Sydney. In particular it looks at the role of the mosque and its relationship to other Lebanese and Islamic organisations in Australia. The analysis centres on the issue of mosque leadership and the politics of appointment of Imams. The conflict over mosque leadership has drawn a culturally and politically isolated community into mainstream political and legal processes in Australia and enhanced the position of the mosque as the central community organisation in the Lebanese Sunni community. The paper argues that the study of immigrant politics has tended to ignore the significance of immigrant culture and organisation in the incorporation of immigrants into Australian social and political structures in favour of studying their participation in trade union and party politics. An attempt is made here to look at the role of immigrant culture and organisation in seeking to define spheres of social and political autonomy outside the workplace, and the way the state seeks to intervene in local community politics to limit that autonomy.
Crime prevention, urban space and social exclusion
Authors: White Rob , Sutton Adam 
Published: March 2007

This paper provides an evaluation of 'environmental crime prevention' from the point of view of the social impact of such approaches. The basic contention of the paper is that an understanding of the processes of inclusion and exclusion are, or should be, central to any plan which attempts to modify the environment in order to reduce or prevent crime. After a brief review of the general literature dealing with social space and the urban environment, the paper provides an extended discussion of the nature of environmental criminology, the relationship between crime prevention and social exclusion, and critical issues relating to the development of a more participatory and inclusive crime prevention strategy. The key message of the paper is that the benefits of 'environmental crime prevention' cannot be assumed. Planning decisions, allocation of community resources, the social construction of urban space, types of local government intervention and specific methods used by police all impact upon the nature and effects of prevention. Ultimately, for 'crime' to be addressed in a meaningful and lasting manner it is necessary to go beyond episodic social initiatives and approaches which focus predominantly on reducing physical opportunities and improving techniques of control, to implement strategies which see crime and public safety as stemming first and foremost from social relationships in the community.
The Hygienic Preparation of Meat Carcases
Authors: Bywater H.E. 
Published: March 2007

Improvements in standards of hygiene which have been evolved in most fields of the food industry in recent years are notably absent in the preparation of carcases for human food. Indeed, methods have tended to deteriorate and gross soiling of meat occurs far too frequently. Abattoirs are inadequate in design, capacity and equipment. There is a lack of appreciation of the principles of hygiene, both in management and slaughtering per sonnel. Slaughtermen should be required to attend courses of instruction in hygiene as applied to the meat industry. Until a rational system of slaughtering procedure based on hygienic principles can be established, minor improvements should be introduced. High pressure sprays for washing down carcases should be installed as a matter of urgency and meanwhile chemical agents should be used to sterilize wiping cloths and washing water, the bacterial content of which may be comparable with that of sewage.
Bacteriological Standards for Perishable Foods
Authors: Rowlands Arthur 
Published: March 2007

For milk and dairy products complete freedom from pathogens is the only accept able standard. To achieve this, pasteurisation or some other form of heat treatment is necessary, adequate precautions being taken to prevent subsequent reinfection of the milk. Physical checks of plant coupled with the use of the phosphatase test, rather than bacteriological methods, serve to ensure the bactericidal efficiency of heat treatment processes and the safety of milk supplies. Bacteriological standards are desirable also to ensure milk which will keep sweet until it is utilized. For this purpose a keeping quality of twenty-four hours after delivery to the consumer may be considered a satisfactory minimum standard. At present, different modifications of the methylene blue test are in use officially for raw and pasteurised milk. In general, compliance with the standards imposed ensures a satisfactory keeping quality, but there is much to be said for a common test and standard for all milk sampled during distribution to the consumer. Direct measurement of keeping quality, using clot-on-boiling to determine the end-point, deserves serious consideration as a method for routine control purposes. For milk to be used for processing or manufacture, a rapid test to be applied to all milk as received is the first consideration. The I0-minute reszaurin test, despite its limitations, is now in general use for this purpose. In addition, however, it is desirable to carry out tests on samples from all producers at intervals, in order to maintain their interest in milk quality and to encourage improvement where necessary. There are no official bacteriological standards for dairy products. There is, in fact, little call for such standards, although manufacturers must, in their own interest, maintain strict bacteriological control over the quality of the raw milk and manufac turing processes. Failure to do so may lead to faults in the products which seriously impair their marketable value or make them entirely unsuitable for human consumption.
Staphylococcal Food Poisoning in the Manchester Area
Authors: Parker M.T. 
Published: March 2007

Outbreaks of staphylococcal food poisoning recorded in the Manchester area in the four years 1949-1952 are analysed. The majority were caused by prepared foods contaminated by manufacturers or caterers, and sixteen of the twenty were due to meat products. An unusual feature of the series is the occurrence of four outbreaks due to food from freshly-opened tins. The conditions under which the causative bacteria gained access to the various foods and multiplied in them are described. The food handlers in the establishments involved in thirteen of the outbreaks were examined for the " epidemic type " of Staphylococcus aureus. It was isolated from the hands of one or more persons in twelve outbreaks, but most of the hand carriers did not have the same strain in their nose swabs. Persons working together tended to carry the same strain on their hands. In the general population, hand carriage is unusual except in nose carriers, and the type present in the nose and on the hands is usually the same. The unusual findings in food handlers are probably due to the frequency with which they receive minor injuries to the hands and the ease with which hand-to-hand transfer of bacteria occurs under poor hygienic conditions. It is almost impossible to prevent the contamination of many food products with S. aureus. Although it is desirable to minimize this contamination, the most reliable methods of preventing staphylococcal food poisoning are those designed to prevent the multiplication of the organism in food.
Re-inventing the Flat Tyre
Authors: Ormston Mike 
Published: March 2007

One has to believe that education managers are a different species from managers per se, who need not care about the product that their firm produces: it might be chocolate bars or chips, of any variety. What they are concerned about is productivity, efficiency and effectiveness. Education managers, however, are concerned with education, the transmission of culture, the enabling of people to play a full part in a liberall democratic society, with all that entails in terms of values like respect for persons, empathy and care. The present government, in managerialist mode, appear more to foster the role of the manager per se than the education manager in what, no doubt, we shall learn to call the education industry and, in ideological mode, press the virtues of free markets and competition rather than a cooperative social system. Behind this paper is a plea that education managers do not respond entirely to the thrills, excitement and power of the coming era, but remember and be true to the core mission of schooling.
Über die stochastische Fundierung des psychophysischen Gesetzes
Authors: Pfanzagl J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractLet P (x, y) be the probability that stimulus x is discriminated as larger than y. Conditions are given under which P (x, y) can be represented in the form P (x, y) = H (m)(x) — m(y). If such a representation is possible, m(x) can be used as a measure for the sensation corresponding to stimulus x. Finally similar to the procedure usual in psychophysics, the stochastic Weber function w (x, p) is defined by P (w (x, p), x) = p. Conditions are given under which there exists a function m (x) such that m (w (x, p)) — m (x) = h (p).
Outstanding practical problems in emulsion polymerisation with particular reference to dienic hydrocarbons
Authors: Duck E. W. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe incentives and problems associated with 100W conversions of polymerisation are discussed with reference to the heterogeneity produced by emulsion polymerisation of styrene‐butadiene rubbery copolymers. Stereospecific problems are also considered together with the influence of latex particle size and particle size distribution on viscosity and solids content and film‐forming properties.
Emulsion polymerisation of vinyl acetate in relation to the chemical structure of polyvinyl alcohol
Authors: Noro K. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe effects of content and sequence distribution of residual acetyl groups in the polymer chain, and carbonyl content of polyvinyl alcohol, on the emulsion polymerisation of vinyl acetate in the presence of polyvinyl alcohol were investigated.Properties of modified polyvinyl alcohol grades as a protective colloid were also studied.Results show that the viscosity, particle size, stability and the freeze‐thaw stability of the emulsion are determined largely by the fine chemical structure of the polyvinyl alcohol used in the polymerisation.
Crosslinked phenol‐formaldehyde sulphonates as cation exchangers
Authors: Makar S. M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe suspension polycondensation of phenol sulphonic acid and its homologues with formaldehyde, to produce a satisfactory cation exchanger in the bead form in the presence of sulphuric acid catalyst, was investigated. The various reaction conditions for bead formation, using an organic liquid suspending medium in the presence of a suspension stabiliser, such as the nature and quantity of the suspension stabilisers, the quantity of water added, the nature and quantity of the organic suspending medium and the rate of mixing, were studied.o‐Dichlorobenzene was the best organic suspending liquid and a chemically peptised colloidal kaolin suspension was a good suspension stabiliser in the presence of a wetting agent. The optimum reaction conditions were given.The best exchangers were obtained in good yields using a molar ratio of phenol: HCHO:H2SO4 of 1·0:2·5:1·5 or a mixture of equimolecular amounts of phenol and resorcinol in a molar ratio of mixed phenols: HCHO: H2SO4 of 1·0:1·0:1·5.The efficiency of all the products obtained was measured by determination of their total exchange capacity.
Recovering the Historical Rechtsstaat
Authors: Bhat Girish 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn this article, the author discusses the historical development of the concept of the Rechtsstaat in both Germany and elsewhere in continental Europe and North America, and seeks to argue that the term, for reasons empirical and ideological, has become excessively vague and, therefore, almost meaningless as a historically descriptive word and form of legal polity. The article urges a return to a rigorously historical understanding of the Rechtsstaat in order to restore centrality to the role of political authority and state power in the broad sweep of German life and, by extension, throughout continental Europe, and in order to maintain distinctions among western legal ways and traditions, in this case the important difference between the continental, civil law notion of the Rechtsstaat and the Anglo-American, common law theory of the rule of law. The argument proceeds along two major tracks. First, the author explores the eighteenth and nineteenth-century origins of the Rechtsstaat idea and its powerfully state-centered identity amidst countervailing liberal and democratic currents, and how such statism has persisted in German history and intellectual life up through the contemporary era. Historical, legal, and philosophical writings on the Rechtsstaat, both within and beyond German borders, constitute the focus of the analysis. The argument's second principal line of exposition is a consideration of the influence of the Rechtsstaat concept on the west's study of the history of Russian law and legal development, especially in the late imperial era. In delineating the course of western academics' interpretation of Russia's recent modernizing past—particularly in contrast to the writings of pre-revolutionary Russians—the author discusses the gradual merging of Rechtsstaat principles with indigenous Russian legal values and European intellectual borrowings, the eventual, post-1945 global triumph of Anglo-American expectations for modern, developed legal life, and finally the assimilation of the Rechtsstaat idea to the now globally broadcast standards and values of the rule of law model.
Force Limitations and European Political Development
Authors: Holst Johan Jurgen 
Published: March 2007

The article presents a political framework for assessing arms control regimes in Europe in the current phase of political transformations. Security in Europe consti tutes a developmental problem and should be viewed as a continuous process. Three aspects of the status quo are distinguished. The European security system constitutes the sum total of the North European, Central European and Mediterranean security zones. Arms control measures should be viewed as means for political reconstruction on the basis of the territorial status quo within the context of preserving the indivisibility of the peace in Europe. The article identifies eight assumptions regarding the political utility and functions of arms control in Europe. It concludes with a heuristic presenta tion of various building block approaches to a construction of an arms control infra structure for the political order in Europe.
Small States in International Politics
Authors: Skagestad Gunnar 
Published: March 2007

The study of small states may be perceived, alternatively, as a distinctly separate discipline within the broader subject area of international politics, or, as one particular approach to the study of international politics in general. So may the study of the 'new territories'. In this chapter, the two perspectives combine. Presenting the 'new territories studies' as a novel approach to the traditional small states studies, the chapter discusses the practical/political possibilities and limitations inherent in the small states' situation and is also an attempt to contribute toward an improved theoretical basis for the study of small-state behavior. The empirical material is mainly the developments in inter-state relations which have taken place in the Antarctic (the 'Antarctic Model'); the Arctic situation is also presented for com parative purposes. The author arrives at certain guarded generalizations, where the need for inter national cooperation emerges as a major contingent factor regarding the validity of descriptive and normative hypothesizing on small state behavior.
Convergent vs. Conflicting Interests in Processes of Armaments Acquisition: A Case Study of Two Finnish Decisions on the Procurement of Military Aircraft
Authors: Harle Vilho 
Published: March 2007

Harle, V. Convergent vs. Conflicting Interests in Processes of Armaments Acquisition: A Case Study of Two Finnish Decisions on the Procurement of Military Aircraft. Cooperation and Conflict, XIV, 1979, 21-33. In 1976 the Finnish Government decided to replace the Finnish Air Force Fouga Magister jet trainers with advanced British HS Hawk jet trainers and its Saab Safir primary trainers with indigenous Leko-70s. The author suggests that these decisions cannot be explained by reference to the external environment of Finnish foreign policy, and therefore a more general framework based on the literature on the military-in dustrial complex is proposed. The theory can be criticized, however, for the assumption that the MIC segments exercise their influence in a more or less coordinated and mutually supportive way to achieve and maintain optimal levels of military expenditure. This also applies to the Finnish case: the decisions were made either against the interests of the Finnish aircraft industry or on the direct responsibility of the Finnish Government, and were not based on common MIC interests. Air Force interests conflicted with those of industry, and the role of the Government was to decide which interests were to be taken into consideration. The author hesitates to generalize his findings, but suggests that research be carried out along the same lines in other countries.
The Role of Like-Minded Countries in the North-South Contradiction: The Case of Norway's Policy towards a NIEO
Authors: Løvbræk Asbjørn , Ofstad Arve 
Published: March 2007

Løvbræk, A. & Ofstad, A. The Role of Like-Minded Countries in the North-South Contradic tion : The Case of Norway's Policy towards a NIEO. Cooperation and Conflict, XIV, 1979, 121-132. The concept of 'like-mindedness' is seen as identifying a bridge-building position between developing countries and 'hardline' industrialized countries on NIEO issues. Like-minded ness is theoretically identified as a strategy for international social democratic reformism which recognizes that important changes are needed in international economic relations to regulate the operations of the market forces and prevent a collapse of the total system. Three factors are discussed to explain why Norway has taken a like-minded position: the predomi nance of social democratic ideology in Norwegian foreign policy, the absence of economic crisis at the time when the position was elaborated, and the low level of Norwegian economic expansion into the Third World. Lastly, the article discusses how the contradiction between support for NIEO principles and economic self-interests impose constraints on Norway's like-minded position when the NIEO negotiations and the political and economic environment in which they are undertaken undergo important changes.