bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of the UL25 Protein in Herpes Simplex Virus DNA Encapsidation
Authors: Cockrell Shelley K. , Sanchez Minerva E. , Erazo Angela , Homa Fred L. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT
The herpes simplex virus protein UL25 attaches to the external vertices of herpes simplex virus type 1 capsids and is required for the stable packaging of viral DNA. To define regions of the protein important for viral replication and capsid attachment, the 580-amino-acid UL25 open reading frame was disrupted by transposon mutagenesis. The UL25 mutants were assayed for complementation of a UL25 deletion virus, and in vitro-synthesized protein was tested for binding to UL25-deficient capsids. Of the 11 mutants analyzed, 4 did not complement growth of the UL25 deletion mutant, and analysis of these and additional mutants in the capsid-binding assay demonstrated that UL25 amino acids 1 to 50 were sufficient for capsid binding. Several UL25 mutations were transferred into recombinant viruses to analyze the effect of the mutations on UL25 capsid binding and on DNA cleavage and packaging. Studies of these mutants demonstrated that amino acids 1 to 50 of UL25 are essential for its stable interaction with capsids and that the C terminus is essential for DNA packaging and the production of infectious virus through its interactions with other viral packaging or tegument proteins. Analysis of viral DNA cleavage demonstrated that in the absence of a functional UL25 protein, aberrant cleavage takes place at the unique short end of the viral genome, resulting in truncated viral genomes that are not retained in capsids. Based on these observations, we propose a model where UL25 is required for the formation of DNA-containing capsids by acting to stabilize capsids that contain full-length viral genomes.
The Two Functions of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 ICP0, Inhibition of Silencing by the CoREST/REST/HDAC Complex and Degradation of PML, Are Executed in Tandem
Authors: Gu Haidong , Roizman Bernard 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT
ICP0, an α (immediate-early) protein of herpes simplex virus 1, performs at least two key functions. It blocks inhibition of viral-gene expression by interferon, a function dependent on the degradation of the ND10 components PML and SP100 by the ubiquitin ligase expressed by the RING finger (RF), and it blocks silencing of viral DNA mediated by the HDAC1/2-CoREST-REST complex. In the latter case, a mutant CoREST lacking the HDAC1 binding site compensates totally or in part for the absence of ICP0 in a cell-type-dependent manner. Here, we compare the phenotypes of an ICP0 mutant containing disabling amino acid substitutions in the RF with those of a mutant with substitutions in the CoREST binding site (R8507). We report the following: (i) the onset of replication of both mutants was delayed, but the RF mutant yields did not reach wild-type virus levels even as late as 48 h after infection, and (ii) in infected cells, PML is rapidly degraded by wild-type virus, with some delay by the R8507 mutant, and is spared by the RF mutant. The translocation of ICP0 to the cytoplasm is impaired in cells infected with the RF mutant or delayed in cells infected with the R8507 mutant. Finally, in contrast to wild-type viruses, both mutants are inhibited by alpha or gamma interferon. The results indicate that both sets of events, the degradation of PML and the blocking of silencing, are interdependent and in large measure dependent on events in the ND10 nuclear bodies.
Evidence of CD8
+
T-Cell-Mediated Selective Pressure on Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1
nef
in HLA-B*57
+
Elite Suppressors
Authors: Bailey Justin R. , Brennan Timothy P. , O'Connell Karen A. , Siliciano Robert F. , Blankson Joel N. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT

Elite suppressors (ES) are human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected patients who maintain viral loads of <50 copies/ml without treatment. The observation that the HLA-B*57 allele is overrepresented in these patients implies that HIV-1-specific CD8
+
T cells play a key role in suppressing viral replication. We have previously shown that while CD8
+
T-cell escape mutations are rarely seen in proviral Gag sequences in resting CD4
+
T cells from peripheral blood, they are present in every clone amplified from the low levels of free virus in the plasma of HLA-B*57
+
ES. In this study, we compared the pattern of mutations in Nef sequences amplified from peripheral blood CD4
+
T cells and from plasma virus. We show that Nef mutations are present in plasma virus but are rare in the cellular sequences and provide evidence that these plasma Nef variants represent novel escape mutants. The results provide further evidence of CD8
+
T-cell-mediated selective pressure on plasma virus in ES and suggest that there must be ongoing HIV-1 replication in spite of the very low viral loads seen for these patients.
Interaction of the Influenza A Virus Nucleocapsid Protein with the Viral RNA Polymerase Potentiates Unprimed Viral RNA Replication
Authors: Newcomb Laura L. , Kuo Rei-Lin , Ye Qiaozhen , Jiang Yunyun , Tao Yizhi Jane , Krug Robert M. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT
The influenza A virus polymerase transcribes and replicates the eight virion RNA (vRNA) segments. Transcription is initiated with capped RNA primers excised from cellular pre-mRNAs by the intrinsic endonuclease of the viral polymerase. Viral RNA replication occurs in two steps: first a full-length copy of vRNA is made, termed cRNA, and then this cRNA is copied to produce vRNA. The synthesis of cRNAs and vRNAs is initiated without a primer, in contrast to the initiation of viral mRNA synthesis, and requires the viral nucleocapsid protein (NP). The mechanism of unprimed viral RNA replication is poorly understood. To elucidate this mechanism, we used purified recombinant influenza virus polymerase complexes and NP to establish an in vitro system that catalyzes the unprimed synthesis of cRNA and vRNA using 50-nucleotide-long RNA templates. The purified viral polymerase and NP are sufficient for catalyzing this RNA synthesis without a primer, suggesting that host cell factors are not required. We used this purified in vitro replication system to demonstrate that the RNA-binding activity of NP is not required for the unprimed synthesis of cRNA and vRNA. This result rules out two models that postulate that the RNA-binding activity of NP mediates the switch from capped RNA-primed transcription to unprimed viral RNA replication. Because we showed that NP lacking RNA-binding activity binds directly to the viral polymerase, it is likely that a direct interaction between NP and the viral polymerase results in a modification of the polymerase in favor of unprimed initiation.
The INSIG1 gene, not the INSIG2 gene, associated with coronary heart disease: tagSNPs and haplotype-based association study
Authors: Liu Xiaoli , Li Yun , Wang Laiyuan , Zhao Qi , Lu Xiangfeng , Huang Jianfeng , Fan Zhongjie , Gu Dongfeng 
Published: October 2008

SummaryDyslipidemia, especially hypercholesterolemia, is a major risk factor of coronary heart disease (CHD). The insulin induced gene 1 (INSIG1) and insulin induced gene 2 (INSIG2) encode two proteins which mediate feedback control of cholesterol synthesis. We conducted a case-control study to investigate whether the common variants in INSIG genes were associated with CHD in Chinese Han population. Three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the INSIG1 gene and four SNPs of the INSIG2 gene were chosen as haplotype-tagging SNPs (htSNPs) and genotyped in 853 patients with CHD and 948 unrelated control subjects. Haplotype analysis showed that the haplotype Hap4 (TTA) of the INSIG1 gene significantly increased the risk of CHD (adjusted odds ratio [OR]1.59, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.22–2.06,p=0.0006),while the haplotype Hap3 (TGA) significantly decreased the risk of CHD (adjusted OR 0.74, 95%CI 0.60–0.92, p=0.006) compared with the reference haplotype Hap1 (GGA). No significant associations were found between polymorphisms of INSIG2 gene and CHD. In addition, the single polymorphism analysis showed that rs9769826 of the INSIG1 gene was associated with glucose in controls. The G-allele (minor allele) carriers had higher glucose level (5.74 ± 2.03 mM) than AA genotype carriers (5.45 ± 1.37 mM,p=0.015).The present study indicated that the INSIG1 gene, but not the INSIG2 gene, was associated with CHD in the Chinese population.
Effect of rotation crops on hatch, viability and development of Heterodera glycines
Authors: Chen Senyu , Johnson Gregg , Warnke Senia , Wyse Donald , Porter Paul 
Published: October 2008

AbstractRotation with non-host crops can be an effective method for reducing soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines) populations in soybean cropping systems. Sunn hemp, Illinois bundleflower, oilseed rape, perennial ryegrass, red clover, corn and H. glycines-susceptible soybean were compared for their effects on H. glycines hatch, viability and development in laboratory and glasshouse experiments. In the laboratory experiments, root exudates in soil leachates, extracts from fresh plant tissues, and extracts from residues of sunn hemp, red clover and soybean stimulated hatch of second-stage juveniles (J2) of H. glycines. All crops appeared to contain hatch inhibitors as well. There was no apparent effect of the root exudates and extracts from any of the crops on egg viability in vitro. When the H. glycines J2 were exposed to root exudates and extracts for 72 h, only the extracts of fresh plants and plant residue from sunn hemp, red clover and soybean, and the extract of plant residue from oilseed rape reduced viability of J2. In glasshouse experiments, residues of all crops, except Illinois bundleflower, reduced egg population density, with sunn hemp providing the greatest reduction. Residues of sunn hemp, red clover, and perennial ryegrass added to soil reduced the reproduction factor, suggesting the residues not only reduced egg population density but also reduced nematode infectivity. While all crops allowed penetration by J2, minimal development (to third- or fourth-stage juveniles only) occurred only in sunn hemp, red clover, oilseed rape and Illinois bundleflower, and full development occurred only in soybean. The results suggest that sunn hemp and red clover were the most effective rotation crops for managing H. glycines, and that stimulating hatch of H. glycines J2 was the main mechanism involved in reducing the H. glycines population density.
Diplogastrellus metamasius n. sp. (Rhabditida: Diplogastridae) isolated from Metamasius hemipterus (L.) (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae) in southern Florida and Costa Rica
Authors: Ye Weimin , Center Barbara , Giblin-Davis Robin , Kanzaki Natsumi , Zeng Yongsan 
Published: October 2008

AbstractDiplogastrellus metamasius n. sp. (Rhabditidae) was cultured from dauer juveniles recovered during dissections of the West Indian sugarcane weevil, Metamasius hemipterus (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae), from southern Florida and Costa Rica. Morphological studies of these two isolates with light microscopy and SEM revealed many typological differences between it and the closest putative relative. Based upon molecular and mating studies, the two isolates are conspecific and are described herein as Diplogastrellus metamasius n. sp. Diplogastrellus metamasius n. sp. is characterised by stomatal structure, i.e., cheilostom with thin adradial cuticular flaps, anterior region of gymnostom ring strongly cuticularised and refractile, stegostom forming a structure resembling a 'glottoid' apparatus and possessing a movable, flap-like, dorsal tooth with small ventral ridges, oblong (elongated) median bulb in both sexes, single gonad with short (less than one vulva body diam.) postuterine sac, well developed ovary reflexed posteriorly beyond the vulva, tapered to filiform tail in both sexes, relatively large gubernaculum in males (with arcuate anterior part and pointed distal part in lateral view) and arrangement of the nine pairs of male genital papillae, especially the position of first two pairs which are located far anterior to the cloacal slit. Because of the many possibilities for homoplasy in the morphological characters possessed by the new species and described species in the 'sister' genera of Butlerius, i.e., the arrangement of male caudal papillae, and Paroigolaimella, i.e., the arrangement of cheilostomatal flaps, molecular analysis of more members of these putative clades is necessary before unambiguous generic placement of this new species is possible.
Diversity of Meloidogyne exigua (Tylenchida: Meloidogynidae) populations from coffee and rubber tree
Authors: Muniz Maria de Fátima , Carneiro Regina , Almeida Maria Ritta , Campos Vicente Paulo , Castagnone-Sereno Philippe , e Castro José Mauro da Cunha 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIsozymes (esterase and malate dehydrogenase), SCAR and RAPD-PCR were studied in 15 populations of three races of Meloidogyne exigua collected in coffee-producing areas in Brazil, Bolivia and Costa Rica and one population from rubber tree plantations in Brazil. This study revealed four esterase phenotypes (E1, E2, E2a, E3) and three malate dehydrogenase phenotypes (N1, N1a, N2) for M. exigua populations. The most common multi-enzyme phenotype was E2N1. The enzymatic phenotypes do not separate M. exigua races. Sixteen populations of M. exigua were tested in Multiplex PCR using SCAR primers ex-D15F/R that allowed the identification of all M. exigua populations. Phylogenetic analyses showed high intraspecific polymorphism (25.9-59.6%) for all M. exigua studied. However, all populations clustered together with 100% bootstrap support, thereby demonstrating the consistency of species identification. In general, no correlation was found between enzymatic profile, race and genetic polymorphism of the studied populations.
Interaction between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and the nematicide aldicarb on hatch and development of the potato cyst nematode, Globodera pallida, and yield of potatoes
Authors: Deliopoulos Thomas , Haydock Patrick P.J. , Jones Peter W. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
The effects of inoculation of roots of the potato (Solanum tuberosum) cv.
Golden Wonder with the mixed-isolate arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF)
inoculum Vaminoc, or with three single-isolates AMF inocula (Glomus
intraradices, G. mosseae and G. dussii; components of Vaminoc), on the
potato cyst nematode (PCN) Globodera pallida were assessed in a pot
experiment in the presence or absence of the nematicide aldicarb (Temik
10G). Mycorrhization of potato roots stimulated an 11% overall mean increase
in the hatch of G. pallida within the first 2-4 weeks from planting. In the
presence of aldicarb, AMF-inoculated plants exhibited only 57% of the PCN
population size (viable eggs (g soil)−1) of the non-inoculated plants; in
the absence of aldicarb the respective value was 42%. Root length
colonisation by AMF was unaffected by the application of aldicarb. Roots of
PCN-infested plants exhibited reduced levels of mycorrhizal colonisation
(41%) compared to non-PCN-infested plants (45%). The AMF isolates used
differed in their ability to produce a plant growth response (expressed as
root dry weight, shoot dry weight or total dry biomass) and to affect tuber
yield. In this regard, the single Glomus isolates enhanced plant growth (36%
increase in total dry biomass) and improved fresh tuber yield by 22% on
average, while Vaminoc had, in most cases, no effect. It was concluded that
AMF have potential to reduce G. pallida multiplication via a dual mechanism
involving stimulation of nematode hatch and inhibition of root invasion.
Field experimentation will be required to take this research forward and
assess the feasibility of including AMF in G. pallida integrated management
strategies.
Responses of Heterodera glycines and Meloidogyne incognita to exogenously applied biogenic amines
Authors: Masler Edward 
Published: October 2008

AbstractHatching and head movement behaviours of second-stage juvenile (J2) of two agriculturally important plant-parasitic nematodes were affected by the in vitro application of biogenic amines. The behavioural responses of Heterodera glycines and Meloidogyne incognita to treatments of serotonin, octopamine and dopamine were qualitatively similar, but significant quantitative differences between the species were revealed. The frequency of J2 head movement was decreased by as little as 250 μM serotonin in H. glycines and 500 μM serotonin in M. incognita, with effective doses (ED50) of 0.73 mM for H. glycines and 1.72 mM for M. incognita. Octopamine had the opposite effect of serotonin, increasing J2 head movement frequency at thresholds of 2 mM in H. glycines and 1 mM in M. incognita. Octopamine ED50 values were 32.35 mM and 1.91 mM, respectively. Dopamine had no effect on head movement in either species up to concentrations of 20 mM. Serotonin inhibited hatch in both species but was more potent against H. glycines (90% inhibition at 1 mM) than M. incognita (40% inhibition at 5 mM). Octopamine reduced hatch equally in both species with over 95% inhibition at 80 mM. Dopamine had no effect on hatch in M. incognita but did inhibit H. glycines hatch over 60% at 40 mM. The value of detailed quantitative analyses of plant-parasitic nematode responses to biogenic amines for studies on nematode control is discussed.
Development of an entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae, in cultured insect cells under axenic conditions
Authors: Nagata Masao , Kiuchi Takashi , Kikuta Shingo , Aoki Fugaku 
Published: October 2008

AbstractA new method for culturing an entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae, in cultured insect cells under axenic conditions was devised. When Steinernema eggs were put into the established cell line Sf9, they grew, moulted, developed to adults and produced eggs. Their life cycle took about 6 days and successive subcultures were possible. Their developmental state was comparable to that of culture in insects, and an individual nematode and each developmental event could be observed easily through the transparent culture vial under a microscope. Living insect cells were food for nematodes because juveniles grew slowly and did not develop to adults in the culture medium only or in medium containing dead cells. Infective juveniles (IJ) were not observed during the first generation in culture but they appeared and increased in number during 30 days of culture with cell deterioration. The propagation of nematodes and the occurrence of IJ varied with culture conditions such as medium volume. When IJ obtained from insects were transferred to cultured cells, they shed their cuticle and recovered from the dauer state. Culturing Steinernema with cultured insect cells is a useful tool to investigate its life cycle.
Nematicidal activity of malabaricones isolated from Myristica malabarica fruit rinds against Bursaphelenchus xylophilus
Authors: Choi Nam Hee , Kwon Hyeok Ran , Son Seung Wan , Choi Gyung Ja , Choi Yong Ho , Choi Jae Eul , Jang Kyoung Soo , Lee Sun Og , Ngoc Luu Hoang , Kim Jin-Cheol 
Published: October 2008

AbstractPlant extracts from 50 plant species were tested for their nematicidal activities against Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the causative agent of pine wilt disease. Out of 50 extracts, the methanol extract of Myristica malabarica fruit rinds showed the most potent nematicidal activity with mortality of 100% at a concentration of 1000 μg ml–1 against B. xylophilus. Three nematicidal substances were isolated by bioassay-guided fractionation and then identified as malabaricones A, B and C by mass and NMR spectral data. Both malabaricones B and C showed higher activity than malabaricone A. There was a significant synergistic interaction between the three compounds on the pine wood nematode. When the combination of three compounds at a ratio of 1 : 1 : 1 was applied, its EC50 value was 11.8 μg ml–1. These results indicate that the extract of M. malabarica containing the three resorcinols could be useful as a natural nematicide for the control of pine wilt disease.
The structure of the female reproductive system of nematodes from the genus Steinernema (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae)
Authors: Borgonie Gaetan , Bert Wim , Zograf Julia 
Published: October 2008

AbstractFemales of six species of nematodes from the genus Steinernema (S. affine, S. arenarium, S. bicornutum, S. carpocapsae, S. feltiae and S. glaseri) were studied using light microscopy. Investigation of the gonoduct morphology was completed with ultrastructural data for S. carpocapsae and S. feltiae. Except for S. bicornutum, all species studied show an overall similarity in reproductive system architecture, i.e., a swollen proximal region of the ovaries, an oviduct consisting of irregular rows with two to four cells in cross-section and a uterus divided into two morphologically distinguishable parts (except S. carpocapsae). Such a gonoduct structure is distinctive from any other known nematode gonoduct, especially the particular arrangement of the oviduct cells in mostly long irregular rows with two to four cells in cross-section (except S. bicornutum), which is, according to current knowledge, unique within the Rhabditida. These results indicate the coherence of the genus Steinernema as shown from other morphological and molecular studies. The distal swelling of the uterus is considered to be a spermatheca-uterus complex that possibly functions to store and activate sperm and as a fertilisation chamber. The diversity of the cellular architecture of the Steinernema gonoduct provides valuable information for the delineation of species within a morphologically conserved genus. Furthermore, limited results point to a congruence between the gonoduct characters and current molecular phylogenetic hypothesis within Steinernema. Future studies in this direction must ultimately lead to a better understanding of evolutionary processes within the genus.
Description of Mononchus sandur n. sp. (Nematoda: Mononchidae) and remarks on M. truncatus Bastian, 1865 and M. aquaticus Coetzee, 1968 from a glacial floodplain reach (Großglockner region, Hohe Tauern, Austria)
Authors: Eisendle Ursula 
Published: October 2008

AbstractFemales and males of a new species of the genus Mononchus were found in an alpine, glacial floodplain reach (2073 m a.s.l.) in the Großglockner region (Hohe Tauern National Park; Austria). Females of Mononchus sandur n. sp. are medium sized (1.5-1.8 mm) with body diam. of 45-65 μm. The buccal cavity is 28-35 × 13-15 μm in size with the dorsal tooth located 65-77% from the buccal cavity base. The distinct amphid openings (4 μm) are located 11 μm posterior to the head and anterior to the dorsal tooth apex. The general appearance of the female is characterised by the shape of the tail with its combination of length and slenderness (224-306 μm; c′ = 7.2-10.8). Males of M. sandur n. sp. are very similar to females with the exception of a shorter tail (147-159 μm). Males have 16 and 18 preanal supplements, 57-68 μm long spicula and 11-14 μm long gubernaculum. Morphometric measurements and ratios were determined for 20 females of M. sandur n. sp., M. truncatus and M. aquaticus, all co-occurring in the floodplain reach. One-way analysis of variance revealed that M. aquaticus, M. truncatus and M. sandur n. sp. differ significantly in 18 out of 20 morphometric traits. A cluster analysis of ten morphometric traits was done to allocate and separate the measurements of the 60 females. Three distinctly separate clusters arose. By calculating the Kappa coefficient (K), it could be shown that the partitioning of individuals in these three clusters was in complete accordance with the species determination (K = 1; P < 0.0001).