bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of dinitrophenol on bladder metabolism and contraction
Authors: Levin Robert M. , van Arsdalen Keith , Thomas Theresa , Wein Alan J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractUrinary bladder function is dependent on the utilization of intracellular metabolic energy. Although preformed ATP is generally regarded to be the major source of metabolic energy for smooth muscle contraction, recent evidence suggests that other sources of metabolic energy may be involved in bladder function. In order to study the relationship between bladder contraction and intracellular ATP, we characterized the effect of 2,4 dinitrophenol (DNP) on rabbit urinary bladder adenine nucleotide metabolsim, intracellular ATP concentration, and isolated bladder strip contraction.DNP specifically inhibits mitochondrial formation of ATP by “uncoupling” mitochondrial oxidation from the phosphorylation of adenine nucleotides. The results can be summarized as follows: (1) DNP produced a dose‐dependent inhibition of ATP synthesis. (2) DNP (250 μM) produced a similar gradual decrease (with respect to time) in both contractile response to field stimulation and intracellular ATP concentration. (3) DNP (30‐2,000 μM) produced a similar graded dose‐dependent decrease in both contractile response to field stimulation and intracellular concentration of ATP. The effect of DNP on bethanechol stimulation of bladder strip contraction was similar to its effect on field stimulation.The inhibitory effect of DNP on the contractile response to both electrical stimulation and bethanechol appears to be directly related to the progressive decline in the contraction of intercellular adenine nucleotides and the decline of adenine nucleotide synthesis.
Effect of alpha‐adrenergic blockade and anticholinergic agents on the decentralized primate bladder
Authors: McGuire Edward J. , Savastano Joan A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe effect of anticholinergic and alpha‐adrenergic blocking agents on the primate bladder decentralized at the sacral level was studied. Both agents diminish the intravesical pressure response to filling and slightly increase capacity. Each appears to exert an independent effect.
Rectal electrostimulation of erection in macaca fascicularis primates
Authors: Levin Robert M. , Clayton Russell , Strong George , Brenman Henry , Wein Alan J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractNoninvasive transrectal electronic stimulation using a Biosonics MEGS (registered trademark and devices by Biosonics, Inc.; patent pending) unit was employed to produce erection in five Macaca fascicularis primates. Using an electrode‐bearing glove (Biosonics, patent pending) a modulated pulse stimulus of 12 and 15 V was applied to five intra‐rectal loci overlying the prostate. The locus that produced the most positive response was then stimulated at six intensities between 7.5 and 15 V. Erectile response was quantitated with a new device that measures penile rigidity (Biosonics, patent pending). Of the five loci tested (midline central, midline base, midline apex, right and left border), the right border of the prostate produced the most consistent and strongest erectile response. Increasing the stimulus intensity between 7.5 and 15 V demonstrated that a minimum voltage of 10.5 V was necessary for erection. There was a rapid progressive increase in rigidity, which became maximum at 15 V. These results demonstrate that the use of the Biosonics MEGS device and rigidometer provides a reliable method of producing and quantitating erection in primates.
A short‐time‐delay urinary flowmeter
Authors: Ask Per , Engberg Anders , Öberg P. Åke , Spångberg Anders 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA urinary flowmeter has been designed, using a quickly rotating disc and a balance principle. The flowmeter has a fast and accurate response to changing flows. The time delay of the flowmeter is less than about 0.25 s. The improved accuracy in recording urinary flow using the presented flowmeter should make it possible to extract more information from the detrusor pressure and urinary flow relations, relevant for assessing lower urinary tract function.
A model for both the passive and active properties of urinary bladder tissue related to bladder function
Authors: van Duyl W. A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractHerein we propose a new mechanical model for interpretation of volume‐pressure relationships of the bladder in both the collection and in the evacuation phase. Contractile tissue is ascribed plastic properties. The static volume‐pressure relation is related to a plasto/contractile‐elastic tissue component. In contrast to other models, the elastic element in series with the contractile element corresponds to tissue elasticity, which also determines the static volume–pressure relation. Viscoelasticity is more relevant in the evacuation phase than in the collection phase.
Neural control of the urinary bladder: Possible relationship between peptidergic inhibitory mechanisms and detrusor instability
Authors: De Groat William C. , Kawatani Masahito 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis paper provides a brief review of the organization of the neural mechanisms controlling micturition. The role of neuropeptides in peripheral afferent and efferent pathways and in the central reflex mechanisms is discussed. A major focus of the paper is on the inhibitory functions of spinal and supraspinal enkephalinergic systems in the control of bladder capacity and bladder stability. Pharmacological studies indicate that drug‐induced changes in enkephalinergic mechanisms can elicit marked alterations in bladder function. Similar changes in transmitter mechanisms may occur following neural injury or disease and therefore be involved in the development of neurogenic disorders of the lower urinary tract.
Spontaneous contractions in urinary bladder smooth muscle: Preliminary results
Authors: van Duyl W. A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSpontaneous rhythmic contraction patterns in bladder tissue have been analysed in time and space by using a new experimental technique. These rhythmic contractions appear to be composed of frequency components which are multiples of a basic frequency. Distributions of the activity are also more or less synchronized in space. The physiological significance of the spontaneous activity is related to the potentiality of small regional contractions to become an epicentre for the development of large contractions leading to detrusor instability. The level of spontaneous activity is suggested as a parameter to define the state of the bladder along a bladder‐performance scale with the fully passive and fully activated states as extreme modes of performance.
Stress inconthence and detrusor instability/urge incontinence
Authors: McGuire E. J. , Savastano J. A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe overall incidence of detrusor instability in 603 women with stress incontinence was 30%. One hundred seventy‐two women had detrusor instability and/or urge incontinence preoperatively. Twenty‐three additional women developed detrusor instability and/or urge incontinence only after operation. By eight weeks after operation 4% of the entire group or 14% of those who had detrusor instability or urge incontinence at any time pre‐or postoperatively still had the difficulty with incontinence. These findings indicate that a small number of women with both stress incontinence and detrusor instabilty and/or urge incontinence will still have symptomatic urinary loss as a result of persistent detrusor abnormalities at eight weeks after operation.
Electrical pelvic floor stimulation for the control of detrusor instability
Authors: Fall Magnus 
Published: March 2007

AbstractExperimental and clinical investigations have shown that pelvic floor electrical stimulation activates the striated paraurethral musculature and evokes inhibitory segmental reflexes with abolition of bladder hyperactivity. In the early clinical series, the methods were designed for stress incontinence but urge symptoms have later turned out to be the main indication for electrostimulation. The current clinical results of electrostimulation in detrusor instability are good. Electrostimulation seems to be one of the best options for detrusor instability alone or in combination with stress incontinence.
The role of denervation in the treatment of detrusor instability
Authors: Torrens Michael J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe bladder can function autonomously after complete denervation [Denny Brown and Robertson, 1933] and the activity of the spastic paraplegic bladder may be improved after extensive anterior rhizotomy [Munro, 1945]. Because of such observations denervation (better termed decentralisation) has been used sporadically over the last 40 years to control bladder overactivity. This denervation may be attempted at many levels:Intramural, by hyperbaric vesical distension [Dunn et al, 1974].Intramural, by vesical transection [Essenhigh and Yeates, 1973] or myotomy [Mahony and Laferte, 1972].Paravesical—transabdominal [Worth and Turner‐Warwick, 1973], transvaginal [Ingelman‐Sundberg, 1959], or transvesical [Mundy and Stephenson, 1984].Parasacral [Theirmann, 1952].Transsacral extradural [Meirowsky and Scheibert, 1950; Torrens and Griffith, 1976; Rocks wold et al, 1973].Lumbosacral intradural [Toczek et al, 1978].From the analysis of results in a number of relatively small series [Torrens and Hald, 1979], certain general conclusions can be drawn and these are listed below.
Continuous recording of urethral activity in healthy female volunteers
Authors: Søresen S. , Kirkeby H. J. , Stødkilde‐Jørgensen H. , Djurhuus J. C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe pressure variations at the maximal urethral closure pressure (MUCP) were continuously recorded in healthy female volunteers by means of a two‐point microtip transducer catheter for one hour. Before the investigation a normal voiding was assured objectively and bladder instability was excluded.All women showed pressure variations both at the MUCP and more distally. The pressure variations, from 3 to 66 cm H2O, showed rhythmicity and three frequency ranges could be identified. Slow pressure waves with a frequency of one in eight to 19 minutes were observed. Relatively fast‐pressure waves were observed (one every one to four minutes) and relatively fast‐frequency pressure waves were observed (rate: one to eight per minute).The pressure variations of the urethra seem to be an aspect of normal urethral physiology possibly contributing to continence and urinary tract infection prevention.
Inter‐ and intra‐departmental variations of the perineal pad weighing test
Authors: Christensen S. J. , Colstrup H. , Hertz J. B. , Lenstrup C. , Frimodt‐Møller C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTwenty women with urinary incontinence performed three pad‐weighing tests each, two of these in the Department of Urology, the third in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. Comparison of the test results from the two departments showed significantly different median urine losses, ie, 9 g and 24 g (P < .05).The results of the two tests carried out in the Department of Urology were not significantly different: the median urine losses were 24 g and 21 g (P > .1).It is concluded that the pad‐weighing test is or limited value for interdepartmental comparison since different investigators may obtain significantly different results.
A new method for correction of urinary stress incontinence in women
Authors: Fianu Stefan , Larsson Bertil , Ölund Anders , Jonasson Aino 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTwenty‐two patients with urinary stress incontinence confirmed by urodynamic recordings were operated on by using absorbable Dexon sutures combined with a two‐component fibrin sealant, which induced fibrosis, for the fixation of the urethrovesical junction to the retropubic periostium. The postoperative observation period ranged from 12 to 30 months, and so far no relapses or complications have been observed.
Micturitional Reflexes in Chronic Spinalized Cats: The Underactive Detrusor and Detrusor‐Sphincter Dyssynergia
Authors: Galeano César , Jubelin Bruno , Germain Louis , Guenette Lilianne 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe studied micturitional reflexes in 46 unanesthetized adult male cats spinalized at C5‐C6 17 to 125 days previously and in eight intact central nervous system chloralosed cats that were used as controls. Urethral pressure profiles, cystosphincterograms with the urethrovesical junction opened and closed, and mechanograms of detrusor and circular and longitudinal urethral muscles were performed. The effect of vesical, urethral, pelvic, or pudendal anesthesia and vesical and urethral mechanical stimulation were studied.Our results suggest that spinalization produces two major types of neurourologic disorders: (1) weakness of detrusor contractor reflexes (vesicovesical and urethrovesical contraction reflexes) and (2) exaggeration of urethral contractor reflexes (urethrourethral contraction reflex, guarding reflex). Secondarily the weakness of detrusor contractions diminishes the efficiency of the urethral reflex relaxation needed for voiding (vesicourethral relaxation reflex).Because of these abnormalities, two main syndromes appear: (1) underactive detrusor function and (2) detrusor sphincter dyssynergia. Isolated peripheral manipulations of the bladder or urethra do not improve micturition: (1) increase in detrusor contraction strength induces detrusor sphincter dyssynergia, and (2) relaxation of the external sphincter facilitates voiding, but urinary retention persists.It is proposed that spinalization produces a central micturitional dysreflexia responsible for the peripheral dysfunction, and treatment must be oriented toward the central dysreflexia rather than the peripheral dysfunction.
Intrinsic neuromuscular defects in the neurogenic bladder: V. Autonomic re‐innervation of the male feline rhabdosphincter following somatic denervation by bilateral sacral ventral rhizotomy
Authors: Elbadawi Ahmad , Atta Mohamed A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe have shown previously that myofibers of the male feline rhabdosphincter are innervated by somatomotor end‐plates as well as nonspecialized surface junctions by autonomic cholinergic and adrenergic axons. Shortly after sacral ventral rhizotomy, the somatomotor cholinergic axons innervating the plates disappear, but the autonomic cholinergic and adrenergic surface junctions are preserved. In the present study, the eventual pattern of innervation of the somatically denervated rhabdosphincter is described. Four to ten weeks after denervation there was (1) progressively marked sprouting of nonmyelinated cholinergic and adrenergic axons, with an increasingly prominent probable copeptidergic component of both axon types; (2) preservation and possibly increase in the number of autonomic surface junctions; and (3) re‐innervation of the initially nerveless end‐plates by autonomic cholinergic and/or adrenergic axons, occasionally with cholinergic/adrenergic axoaxonal synapses. Based on these and our previous observations, it is concluded that any neural control that the denervated rhabdosphincter may eventually have is purely autonomic, and may in part be achieved via its original end‐plates. The significance of our findings with respect to the physiology and pharmacology of the rhabdosphincter (incontrast to other striated muscle) and its possible role in lower‐motor neurogenic voiding dysfunction are analyzed.
Effectiveness of propantheline bromide in the treatment of geriatric patients with detrusor instability
Authors: Zorzitto M. L. , Jewett M. A. S. , Fernie G. R. , Holliday P. J. , Bartlett S. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA placebo controlled, single‐blind drug trial was designed to assess the efficacy of propantheline bromide (PB) in the treatment of urinary incontinence in geriatric institutionalized subjects with an uninhibited neurogenic bladder. Patients were randomly assigned to start PB 15 mg per os (PO) four times a day (QID), or placebo. Drug therapy was continued for 4 days after which a 3‐day wash‐out period was allowed before crossing over. Incontinence was recorded using an electronic monitor. If incontinence continued, the protocol was repeated at a 30‐mg QID dose. Thirty‐four patients completed the 15‐mg protocol; no significant difference in continence was found between PB and placebo at this dose. Twenty‐four patients completed the 30‐mg dose, and a 17% improvement in continence was observed. This marginal clinical benefit was outweighed by the number of significant side effects. In conclusion, propantheline bromide was not a found to be a clinically useful agent for the managment of incontinence in this group of institutionalized, elderly patients.
Pathogenetic factors in vesicoureteral reflux
Authors: Jørgensen Troels Munch 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe pathogenesis of vesicoureteral reflux and reflux nephropathy is multifactorial, but certain known interconnections between different factors have been established. There exists an age‐dependent anatomy and function of the ureterovesical junction, and this is of absolute importance for the presence of vesicoureteral reflux. Also, bladder urethral dysfunction with formation of high bladder pressures, urinary tract infections, and ureteric peristaltic properties seem to be of major importance for the development and maintenance of reflux. Vesicoureteral reflux combined with normal bladder‐urethral function induces no change in the dynamic function of the upper urinary tract. In cases of bladder‐urethral dysfunction that lead to high‐pressure reflux, dilatation of the upper urinary tract is produced with irreversible damage of the peristaltic rhythm, frequency, and propagation. Such changes are aggravated by simultaneous infection. Reflux nephropathy most often occurs in cases of pyelorenal backflow with infected urine but can be aggravated by bladder‐urethral dysfunction producing high pelvic pressures. Bacteria ascend from the bladder to the kidney, and maximal bladder pressures and the peristaltic conditions in the ureter have an impact on this. The maximal bladder pressure and the compiled pressure load transmitted without hindrance from the bladder to the kidney are presumably mandatory for the formation of nephropathy in cases of sterile reflux.
Beta‐adrenergic stimulation of cyclic AMP production in the rabbit urinary bladder
Authors: Levin Robert M. , Ruggieri Michael R. , Hypolite Joseph , Wein Alan J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAlthough adenyl cyclase stimulation has been associated with beta‐receptor activation in the heart and some smooth muscle systems, it has been shown not to correlate with beta receptor activation in several other smooth muscle preparations. The present study investigates the relationship between cyclic AMP formation and beta‐adrenergic stimulation in the rabbit urinary bladder. The intracellular concentration of cyclic AMP was determined in fresh rabbit bladder and isolated strips incubated under a variety of conditions. The results can be summarized as follows: (1) there was no difference between the cyclic AMP concentration in the bladder base and the bladder body, (2) incubation with theophylline significantly increased the concentration of cyclic AMP in all bladder strips, (3) isoproterenol significantly increased cyclic AMP in the bladder dome but not in the base, and (4) propranolol specifically inhibited the cyclic AMP increase produced by isoproterenol.Incubation with methoxamine, bethanechol, ATP, or diltiazem had no effect on the cyclic AMP concentration. The difference in the response to isoproterenol between bladder base and body correlates very well with both the distribution of beta receptors and the contractile response of these sections to isoproterenol. These studies demonstrate that the bladder body contains an isoproterenol‐sensitive adenyl cyclase system.
Stream flow rate and velocity at the end of micturition
Authors: Gleason Donald M. , Bottaccini Manfred R. , Seitzinger Marilyn 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe most significant changes in voiding patterns in male subjects with prostatism occur toward the end of the stream rather than at the beginning or at peak flow. The flow curve shape that is heavily weighted toward endstream events flattens and can be expressed mathematically as the ratio of peak flow to time of voiding. The flow rate at the end of voiding deteriorates more in the obstructed patient than in the normal, so that terminal flow is a better discriminator of pathology than peak flow. The terminal velocity is also sensitive to minor changes in outflow resistance. Values of terminal flow rate in the obstructed male were scattered below 8 ml/s. Terminal velocity in obstructed males was usually less than 85 cm/s with an overlap zone between 85 and 100 cm/s. The studies were done on a total of 35 subjects, 12 normal men and 23 patients.
Urethral resistance—a misleading term
Authors: Schäfer Werner 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe hydrodynamic concepts of micturition dynamics ignore the detrusor as an integral part of the energy balance of voiding and postulate that the key for grading and judging voiding function is the intraurethral fluid energy loss alone. Such concepts are summarized in the term “urethral resistance” one of the most frequently misused terms in urodynamics.
Office vs. urodynamic flows: Is there a difference?
Authors: Reid R. E. , Maliver L. , Laor E. , Tolia B. M. , Freed S. Z. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn order to evaluate the possible effect environment might have upon a patient's flow pattern, a study was conducted of 50 patients (23 males and 27 females), who first voided in the privacy of an office and for whom a repeat flow measurement was later obtained in the urodynamic setting. An analysis of covariance was used to compare maximum flow rates in both areas. Male patients voided with a significantly lower maximum flow rate in the urodynamic laboratory. A calculated correction factor was derived for men (1.62), which would bring the maximum flow in the urodynamic laboratory up to the flow measurements in the office. It appears that environment does play a significant role upon the voiding parameters of men under testing situations.
Spinal nerve root surgery for urinary bladder reinnervation
Authors: Vorstman Bert , Schlossberg Steven , Kass Leonard , Devine Charles J. , Horton Charles E. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis paper focuses briefly on the concept of urinary bladder reinnervation. Unilaterally decentralized bladders were reinnervated using a new experimental technique, mixed nerve root crossover surgery via a nerve graft. Electrophysiologic and cystometric data indicated axonal regeneration and bladder reinnervation after a mixed suprasacral nerve root (L7) to mixed sacral root (S1) anastomosis. Similar data were obtained from anastomosis with an interposition nerve graft. The crossover nerve root anastomosis also provided for redirection of axons. By employing a similar technique to bypass a damaged segment of spinal cord, urinary bladder reinnervation and restoration of central bladder control may be achievable in select spinal cord injury or spina bifida patients.