bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Review of the Geology and Petroleum Possibilities of the Continental Margins of India
Authors: Sahay B. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT
Continental margins which flank western and eastern limits of India are broadly divided into West and East Coast. The width of the eastern Continental Shelf varies from 300 km near Bombay to approximately 80 kms near Porbandar, narrowing further towards south to 60 kms near Cochin. The Eastern Continental Shelf which extends from Cape Comorin to Calcutta, has the width varying from 2.5 km, about 150 kms south of i1adras to 2JO kms up to Ganges river delta, near Calcutta.

WEST COAST
The continental western margin has been divided into six sedimentary basins. They are Klitchasin, Saurashtra basin, Bombav Offshore Basin, Konkan basin, Laccadive basin, and Kerala basin. Surface geological exposures along the western margins of India are known in Kutch and Saurashtra Peninsula and in a thin strip along the coast near Cochin. These basins being graben type, the stratigraphy of the basins extending into the shelf is inferred mostly from the seismic data.

EAST COAST
The Eastern Continental margin of India has been also divided into six major sedimentary basins, which from South to North are Cauvery basin, Palar basin, Godavari-Krishna basin, Mahanadi basin, Benqa1 basin and Andaman-Nicobar basin. The surface geology of eastern continental margin is available near Cape Comorin, which is mostly Archaen rocks, with thick covering of Tertiary sediments, which are also found along the north western coast of Ceylon. Further north it consists of Cretaceous and Tertiary rocks overlain by Pleistocene and Recent sediments.

RESULTS
Reconnaissance and semi-detailed geophysical surveys have helped in delineation of big and small structures in western and Eastern margins of India. The first offshore exploratory work along the western continental margin. Was undertaken in the Bombay Offshore basin, which is a continuation of the Cambay basin on the land, where oil and gas fields were found earlier. Evaluation by drilling of important structures like Bombay High, Panna, Basseitn, Ratna, Heera, South Papti, etc. have resulted in the discovery of oil and gas fields. A full sedimentary section of more than 4 km. resting on Trappean/Pre-Cambrian basement has been met. Hydrocarbon bearing horizons range in are from middle Miocene-Eocene. Lot of facies variation has been noticed and which probably has been responsible for the hydro carbon accumulation/absence in a different structures in this basin. The other offshore basins, Kutch and Saurashtra are being evaluated as a result of the encouraging data obtained in the adjoining Bombay Offshore basin.
In the East Coast, big and small structures have also been delineated in the different sedimentary basins. Drilling carried out in the; Cauvery basin, Godavari, Bengal Offshore basins and Andaman and Nicobar islands has also indicated hydrocarbon shows both of smaller and bigger magnitude. These areas are now under active exploration for a thorough evaluation of their hydrocarbon potential in the prospective structures.
Finite Element Analysis of Bending in a Threaded Connector for a 5 1/2-in. Marine Riser
Authors: Allen M.B. , Eichberger L.C. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
This paper describes the development of a new finite element modelling technique for performing nonlinear bending analysis of tubulars and its application to a threaded connector for a 5–1/2 inch production tubing marine riser.
A finite element technique has been developed for analyzing bending loads applied to an axisymmetric geometry. The method uses a Fourier series solution. The first two terms of the series are solved simultaneously, allowing nonlinearities to be included since the method does not use superposition, which normally requires linearity. Existing methods of analysis require either a linear elastic assumption and axisymmetric approximation of bending loads, or a full three dimensional analysis. The new technique includes nonlinearities in mechanical properties, gapping, and friction. It is more accurate than the method where axisymmetric loads are applied so that pipe OD stresses are the same as those that would result from bending. The model is considerably less complicated to use than a three dimensional model and is also considerably less expensive.
The method described above is applied to a 5-1/2 inch threaded connector. The connector is analyzed under make-up, tension, pressure, bending, and shear loads. Predictions include average and reversing stresses in the pin and box wall and at stress concentrations. These predictions can be used to evaluate the fatigue life of the connector.

Introduction
Fatigue analysis is important in determining the expected useful life of a marine riser. As with any tubular string, one of the weak links of the system is the joint connections. In the case of a marine riser, the connector is an area of complex stress distributions and stress concentrations. Full scale laboratory tests can go a long way towards determining the tensile strength and leak resistance of a threaded connector, but it is nearly impossible to measure stresses or strains at critical locations in the connector (at thread roots and seal ring grooves) or to test a connector until it falls in fatigue. However, fatigue calculations require that the connector stresses be computed.
Finite element analysis has been applied as a useful tool in connector design and evaluation. It is most useful in determining stresses and deformations that cannot be measured in the laboratory and in determining the effects of connector variables and loads that are not easily controlled in the lab. In this case, accurate stress values can only be obtained with a finite element analysis.
Due to the complex and nonlinear behavior of a threaded connector, existing finite element codes could not efficiently model a connector subjected to shear and bending loads. The objective of the work presented in this paper was to develop the capability to perform efficient nonlinear analysis of bending in tubulars, then apply the newly developed method to analyze a threaded connector for use in a marine riser.
Research and Development Project of Manganese Nodule Mining System in Japan
Authors: Takahara H. , Handa K. , Ishii K. , Kuboki E. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT
The Agency of Industrial Science and Technology, the Ministry of International Trade and Industry, Japan, started the large-Scale Project entitled, The Research and Development Project of Manganese Nodule Mining System in FY1981. The Project is scheduled to last until FY1989 with a total budget of about 20 billion Japanese Yen (about $85 million, U.S.). The mining system being researched and developed in the Project is a hydraulic mining system in which manganese nodules are collected a towed vehicle on the sea floor and are transported in a slurry of seawater and nodules through the lift system onto the mining ship.
In the Project, R&D of technology has been conducted to complete a highly effective, reliable and well-coordinated ocean mining system; furthermore the commercial feasibility has been evaluated. In the last stage of the Project, a pilot scale mining test is scheduled in the Pacific Ocean.

INTRODUCTION
Manganese nodules, which contain significant quantities of copper, nickel, cobalt and manganese, are considered to be an important future source of minerals which are crucial to Japanese industrial and national security interests. In other words, it is absolutely important for Japan to recover manganese nodules from the deep ocean floor since it will ensure a stable supply of four strategic metals as "quasi-domestic" sources for Japan, where these metals are in short supply and must be imported.
Entirely new technology, however, is required for recovering the nodules from the deep ocean floor. In addition, according to the new Law of the Sea Treaty adopted at the United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea in 1982, those who would develop deep ocean manganese nodules would have to possess their own mining technology and would be required to transfer it to the international organization, or the Enterprise.
Under such circumstances, the Agency of Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) selected the Research and Development Project of Manganese Nodule Mining System as one of the National Research and Development Programs in FY1981. The Project is scheduled to last until FY1989 with a total budget of about 20 billion Yen (approx. $85 million, U.S.).

NATIONAL R&D PROGRAM
The National Research and Development Program (popularly known as the Large-Scale Project) has been conducted by the AIST since 1966. This is-a program for urgent, expensive, risky and long-term projects which it would be difficult for private firms to undertake alone. The AIST promotes such important projects as mentioned above under contract with industry.
Promotion of such technological development by the government will not only increase the sophistication and knowledge-intensiveness of the Japanese industrial structure, but will also help to expand the world's technological frontier, to revitalize the entire world economy and to contribute to international community.
Molikpaq: An Integrated Mobile Arctic Drilling Caisson
Authors: Hnatiuk J. , Felzien E.E. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT
The design, installation and performance of Molikpaq, an innovative mobile steel drilling caisson designed to cope with the severe ice conditions in the Beaufort Sea are summarized. The environmenta1 constraints and the rationale for choosing the unique design are briefly discussed. A sub sea berm was constructed and tested prior to placement of the caisson. The caisson was installed in September 1984 by ballasting it down onto the berm and subsequently filling the central core of the caisson with sand for stability against sea ice forces. In the interests of safety, the berm and caisson are instrumented and carefully monitored. The 95-foot high caisson is much higher than any used to date and is so designed to reduce the volume and cost of the sub sea berms. The design of the caisson permits its quick relocate on to a new dri11ing site during the short open water period in summer, since the drilling equipment and accommodation are an integral part of the unit. Molikpaq, the Inuit name for "great wave" can be utilized in water depths ranging from 50 to 130 feet by varying the sub sea berm height. It can be operated in a range of sea bottom conditions by appropriate preparation of the foundation. Since it is designed to withstand multi-year ice features, it is capable of year-round drilling. Valuable performance data being acquired will be very useful in the design of other exploratory drilling units or larger production platforms in the future.

INTRODUCTION
Permits were issued over the period 1963 to 1969 to explore for oi1 and gas on the majority of the Canadian continental shelf of the Beaufort Sea which extends some 75 to 100 miles to a water depth of 600 feet. Gulf Canada Resources Inc. operates 2.5 million acres mainly in the 60 to 140 ft. water depth range. The Geological Survey of Canada's average expectations of the hydrocarbon potential of the Beaufort Sea-Mackenzie Delta 8.5 billion bbl of oil and 66 TCF of gas till Although many encouraging discoveries have been made offshore, the commercial viability of the reserves will depend on many factors such as pay thickness and other reservoir characteristics, well productivities, reservoir depth, water depth, distance from shore, environmental forces, sea bottom conditions, capital and operating costs, crude oil prices and fiscal regime. Further deli neat ion dri11ing is required for several discoveries including Gulf's recent Amauligak major oil discovery.

BEAUFORT SEA ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
Sea ice is the most severe environmental constraint in the Beaufort Sea, with the area of interest usually ice-covered nine months of the year. This sea ice affects operations as well as design of platforms. Freeze-up usually commences in early October, with new ice formation beginning near shore and slowly progressing offshore.
Reading Micro-Stratigraphy From Seismic Reflection Data
Authors: Peña R.E. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT
A transfer-matrix description for the propagation of 3D acoustic waves in a randomly stratified medium is considered. A general condition for the acoustic resolution of distinct micro-stratigraphic configurations is found. The calculation is exact and is used to identify which manipulations of field data yield best indicators of subsurface microstratigraphy.
Assuming that subsurface parameters vary with depth alone, the original 3D problem may be mapped into a parameterized family of dynamically independent ID problems. Each of these is solved by standard Green's function methods in terms of transfer matrices describing propagation through each constituent micro-layer. A simple, suitably weighted, stack of raw data yields a trace corresponding to any desired ID subspace. Shot attributes may be removed statistically or by other methods. Simple relationships exist between the spectral properties of the remaining trace and the ordered product of transfer-matrices for propagation through the micro-layers. The zero and finite offset reflection and transmission characteristics of a stratified geologic bed may be determined. A limited discussion of the most pertinent literature is also included.

INTRODUCTION
The possibility of reading the microstratigraphic structure of the earth's subsurface using long wavelength probes, has entertained the curiosity of numerous investigators. The basic idea is that though the micro-structures are scaled by a length very much smaller than the probing length, when they are distributed over some macroscopic dimension it ought to be possible to extract information about their characteristic statistical properties. The goal is not, therefore, to resolve individual structures but rather to obtain information concerning the correlation functions which specify their distribution. Availability of this type of information could significantly influence the judgment of geologists searching for hydrocarbons.
The first papers published in Geophysics which directly address this subject, appear to have been by C.W. Horton1, 2 in 1955 and 1957. From a signal-processing point of view he studied the problem of reproducible 'noise' in field seismograms. On the assumption of a totally random distribution of identical subsurface scatterers, a relationship was established between the reflection characteristics of each individual scatterer and the statistical properties of the seismogram.
A 1969 paper of Mathieu and Rice3 introduced multivariate or discriminate analysis for the differentiation of subsurface types. This method is based on reading a set of 'indicator variables' from each of a statistically significant number of traces or sections. Two stages characterize its implementation. The first is a learning stage in which well understood case studies or forward modeled examples are used to establish the relative discriminating power of each pre-selected indicator variable. The information is obtained in the form of factors which fix the discriminant function's sensitivity to variations in their values.
A Multi-National Consortium Opportunity For Satellite Remote Sensing
Authors: Maughan P.M. 
Published: October 2008

Satellite remote sensing is one of the evolving space based technologies that is providing a new perspective and dimension for managing the earth's resources. Data from Landsat has proven useful in studying crop production, disease, drought, land use, flooding, deforestation and oil and mineral prospecting, among many other applications.
We are now convinced that the market for space based economic intelligence is pervasive and significant. It is necessary only to come up with a remote sensing data product at an attractive price that is readily available and the "world will beat a path to your door". Sound familiar? It is easier said than done.
The U. S. Government has recently shown willingness to conduct a true commercial market test, through a joint venture of RCA Corporation and Hughes Aircraft Company called EOSAT, to see if a market for land remote sensing data really exists. The French Government, through a French "commercial" group called Spot Image, intends to carry out similar marketing plans. The plans of Japan, Germany, Brazil, India, ESA and others in this area are still unclear, but it is expected that over the next five years we will see a large investment in market development.
EOSAT and Spot Image represent slightly different approaches to developing the remote sensing data product market. EO SAT is focused on a higher resolution, multi-spectral data product. Spot Image is investing in higher resolution stereoimage data products. Each has begun to build a market presence with the available resources.
1. The multi-national consortium concept was developed in concert with Dr. John L. McLucas, 309 North Lee Street, Alexandria, VA 22314.
Which of these approaches will prevail? In my judgment, what we are seeing now is only the first of several "cards" to be played. The approaches--that is, the product/price/availability model--will change to reflect the developing market. The model that will ultimately succeed will probably require significantly higher quality data, both spatially and spectrally, than either EOSAT or Spot Image will initially offer. If this is the case, the group that is most adaptable will clearly have the business edge.
Providing better quality data will necessitate increasing spatial resolution to, say, three meters, an order of magnitude better than Landsat 5 TM data. This is less of a technical challenge than a political problem.
At this point, there probably would be an outcry by certain countries over marketing higher quality images of their territory to a third party. I believe that such concerns would lead to a demand for intergovernmental agreements with stipulations permitting the sensed country to, among other things:Have first access to the data;Have the right to censor the data to remove sensitive material;Have exclusive rights to the data;Have the right to levy a charge based on the amount of territory sensed;Have the right to perform all value-added processing of the data.
Efficient New Processing System for Water Deoxygenation
Authors: Henriksen N. , Nord L. , Kjøberg S.A. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT
A new concept for DEOXYGENATION has been developed based on the use of an inert gas, which is recirculated; a specially designed stripping chamber and a catalyst bed.
The concept has been fully proven in a prototype unit handling 500 m3/hour sea water.
This unit is located on the Norwegian east coast and interested parties are welcome to inspect the installation. Long term development work will be carried out with this unit to assess its suitability for other applications and also to optimise mechanical and energy requirements.
The prototype has demonstrated the considerable advantages now available, when compared with conventional vacuum and gas stripping units.
Some of these advantages are particularly attractive for offshore operators viz:Substantial savings of space and weight.Very low levels of residual dissolved oxygen.The need for chemical scavengers can be eliminated.No large volumes of stripping gas requiring flaring - a major advantage over conventional gas stripping.Units will operate with unfiltered sea water without a build up of foulants.Units can be sited in platform legs thus saving deck space.Modular construction provides flexibility in performance.
The process comprises a stripping chamber in which nitrogen is used to remove dissolved oxygen from the liquid phase. Separated "gas" is thenpassed over a catalyst bed in the presence of a "reactant". Oxygen free gas is then returned to the stripping chamber for re-use.
Details of the process, laboratory studies and prototype operations are presented in this paper.

Introduction.
Sea water injection is widely used for enhanced oil recovery in offshore fields.
Removal of dissolved oxygen from sea water reduces the incidence of corrosion "pitting" of unprotected carbon steel equipment.
The elimination of corrosion is necessary to avoid "fouling" of flow lines or a build up of deposits at the well-bore face.
Current practice is to deoxygenate with large, packed towers, operating either under vacuum, or with natural gas as a stripping medium.
Such systems can reduce dissolved oxygen to very low levels, particularly gas stripping units, but the ratio of gas to water volume is very high and many governments have restricted the volume of gas which can be flared during normal operations. Conventional units must therefore be regarded as a compromise in terms of:SIZEWEIGHTCONFIGURATION (location)PROCESS RESTRICTIONS andPERFORMANCE
Residual dissolved oxygen levels of 50 to 100 ppb are obtained without theaddition of chemical scavenger.
Further reduction to less than 5 ppb O2 is achieved by the addition of a solution of either ammonium hydrogen sulphite or sodium hydrogen sulphite.
Large sea water injection systems consume substantial quantities of chemical oxygen scavenger. Such chemicals are not expensive in themselves but the logistics should be considered since bulk storage is often required both onshore and offshore, expensive travel tanks are required to satisfy IMCO standards (class I).