bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gene therapy for HIV infection: what does it need to make it work?
Authors: von Laer Dorothee , Hasselmann Susanne , Hasselmann Klaus 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe efficacy of antiviral drug therapy for HIV infection is limited by toxicity and viral resistance. Thus, alternative therapies need to be explored. Several gene therapeutic strategies for HIV infection have been developed, but in clinical testing therapeutically effective levels of the transgene product were not achieved. This review focuses on the determinants of therapeutic efficacy and discusses the potential and also the limits of current gene therapy approaches for HIV infection. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Routine rapid HIV testing in hospitals: Another opportunity for hospitalists to improve care
Authors: Greenwald Jeffrey L. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends routinely offering HIV testing to inpatients at hospitals with an HIV seroprevalence rate of greater than 1% or an AIDS diagnosis rate of greater than 1.0 per 1000 discharges. This recommendation has not been widely adopted, perhaps because of one of several barriers: the cost of implementing a counseling and testing program; the logistics of HIV counseling and testing on a hospital ward particularly with respect to privacy; concern about the follow‐up of HIV test results necessitating patients to return after discharge; and the cultural mindset of screening as an outpatient modality complicated by the fear of raising the possibility of HIV testing and therefore eliciting a negative reaction from a patient who has not requested it.PURPOSEThis article focuses on these barriers and some possible solutions, emphasizing the role of FDA‐approved rapid HIV tests, which may decrease follow‐up issues for HIV testing programs. It also considers hospitalists, given their frontline status and ability to coordinate the multidisciplinary services and systemwide approach required to implement such a program, as leaders in this area. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2006;1:106–112. © 2006 Society of Hospital Medicine
Acute aortic dissection
Authors: Siegal Eric M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAcute aortic dissection is an uncommon but lethal cause of acute chest, back, and abdominal pain. Establishing a timely diagnosis is paramount, as mortality from acute aortic dissection rises by the hour. Physical findings are protean and may include acute aortic valve insufficiency, peripheral pulse deficits, a variety of neurologic deficits, or end‐organ ischemia. The keys to establishing a timely diagnosis are maintaining a high index of suspicion and quickly obtaining a diagnostic study. CT angiography, magnetic resonance imaging, transesophageal echocardiography, and, to a lesser extent, aortography are all highly accurate imaging modalities. The choice of study should be driven by the clinical stability of the patient, the information required and the resources available at presentation. Proximal dissections are surgical emergencies, but distal dissections are generally treated medically. Endovascular stents are gaining favor for use in the repair of both acute and chronic distal dissections. Long‐term outcome data for endovascular stenting are still limited, and it remains unclear when stenting should be favored over surgery or medical therapy. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2006;1:94–105. © 2006 Society of Hospital Medicine
Curriculum development: The venous thromboembolism quality improvement resource room
Authors: McKean Sylvia , Stein Jason , Maynard Greg , Budnitz Tina , Amin Alpesh , Johnson Scott , Wellikson Larry 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe role of the hospitalist has evolved over the last decade, with hospitalists increasingly being asked to lead systems‐based initiatives to improve the quality of inpatient care. The educational strategy of the Society of Hospital Medicine (SHM) includes development of practice‐based resources to support hospitalist‐led improvement in clinically important measures of hospital care quality.OBJECTIVETo develop a resource at the SHM Web site to present quality improvement (QI) principles for systems‐based care in the hospital and to help individual hospitalists improve specific patient outcomes.DESIGNThe SHM defined the role of the hospitalist in QI, performed an assessment of the educational needs of hospitalists, and executed a Web‐based educational strategy to address these needs. The organization identified the most common cause of preventable inpatient deaths, hospital‐acquired venous thromboembolism (VTE), and prioritized the need to improve prophylaxis.RESULTSThis new resource at the SHM Web site presents principles for conducting QI in the hospital. To enable learning that is practice based, the VTE Quality Improvement Resource Room (QI RR) features Ask the Expert, an interactive discussion community, and an original Improvement Workbook, a downloadable project outline and tutorial that hospitalists can use to guide and document steps in an effort aimed at reducing hospital‐acquired VTE.CONCLUSIONSThis QI resource serves as a template for the development of subsequent hospital‐based resources. User feedback will refine the QI RR and its format so that similar offerings can target other significant inpatient problems. Additional research is needed to evaluate learning and the clinical impact of this quality improvement resource on hospital performance measures and patient outcomes. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2006;1:124–132. © 2006 Society of Hospital Medicine.
How hospitalists spend their time: Insights on efficiency and safety
Authors: O'Leary Kevin J. , Liebovitz David M. , Baker David W. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBACKGROUNDDespite the dramatic growth of hospitalists, no studies have evaluated the type and frequency of activities that hospitalists perform. To evaluate the types and frequency of activities that hospitalists perform during routine work, we conducted a time‐motion study of hospitalist physicians at our institution.DESIGNA research assistant shadowed hospitalist physicians for 3‐ to 5‐hour periods. Observation periods were distributed in order to sample all parts of a typical day of a hospitalist, including both admitting and nonadmitting periods. Activities were recorded on a standardized data collection form in 1‐minute intervals. Incoming pages were recorded as well.RESULTSTen hospitalists were shadowed by a single research assistant for a total of 4467 minutes. Hospitalists spent 18% of their time on direct patient care, 69% on indirect patient care, 4% on personal activities, and 3% each on professional development, education, and travel. Communication accounted for 24% of the total minutes. Multitasking, performing more than one activity at the same time, was done 21% of the time. Hospitalists received an average of 3.4 ± 1.5 pages per hour.CONCLUSIONSHospitalists spent most of their time on indirect patient care activities and relatively little time on direct patient care. Hospitalists spent a large amount of time on communication, underscoring the need for hospitalists to have outstanding communication skills and systems that support efficient communication. Multitasking and paging interruptions were common. The inherent distraction caused by interruptions and multitasking is a potential contributor to medical error and warrants further study. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2006;1:88–93. © 2006 Society of Hospital Medicine.
The history of sweet taste: not exactly a piece of cake
Authors: Temussi Pierandrea 
Published: April 2006

AbstractUnderstanding the molecular bases of sweet taste is of crucial importance not only in biotechnology but also for its medical implications, since an increasing number of people is affected by food‐related diseases like, diabetes, hyperlipemia, caries, that are more or less directly linked to the secondary effects of sugar intake. Despite the interest paid to the field, it is only through the recent identification and functional expression of the receptor for sweet taste that new perspectives have been opened, drastically changing our approach to the development of new sweeteners. We shall give an overview of the field starting from the early days up to discussing the newest developments. After a review of early models of the active site, the mechanisms of interaction of small and macromolecular sweet molecules will be examined in the light of accurate modeling of the sweet taste receptor.The analysis of the homology models of all possible dimers allowed by combinations of the human T1R2 and T1R3 sequences of the sweet receptor and the closed (A) and open (B) conformations of the mGluR1 glutamate receptor shows that only ‘type B’ sites, either T1R2(B) and T1R3(B), can host the majority of small molecular weight sweeteners. Simultaneous binding to the A and B sites is not possible with two large sweeteners but is possible with a small molecule in site A and a large one in site B. This observation accounted for the first time for the peculiar phenomenon of synergy between some sweeteners. In addition to these two sites, the models showed an external binding site that can host sweet proteins. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electron ionization‐induced fragmentation of some new dibenzo(d, f)(1,3)dioxepine derivatives
Authors: Begala Michela , Tocco Graziella , Delogu Giovanna , Meli Gabriele , Picciau Carmen , Podda Gianni 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe mass spectrometric behaviour of a series of 6,6‐disubstituted dibenzo(d,f)(1,3)dioxepine derivatives have been studied. The fragmentation patterns were described and discussed in detail with the aid of labelled compounds, accurate mass measurements and collisionally induced dissociation experiments performed using an ion trap. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of global warming on ENSO variability using the coupled giss GCM/ZC model
Authors: Eichler Timothy , Rind David , Zebiak Stephen 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis study uses a hybrid coupled model (referred to as the general‐circulation model (GCM)/Zebiak/Cane (ZC) model), which consists of the Goddard Institute for Space Studies' (GISS) Atmospheric general‐circulation model (AGCM) coupled to the oceanic component of the ZC intermediate model to assess the impact of global warming on El Niño behavior, with and without the influence of heat introduced from the subtropical Pacific (via subtropical cell (STC) pathway). The baseline GCM/ZC model produces El Niño variability with a two year periodicity and an amplitude of approximately half the magnitude of observed El Niño. The GCM/ZC model also produces an appropriate atmospheric global response to El Niño/southern oscillation (ENSO) as shown by composites of 500 hPa heights, sea‐level pressure (SLP), 200 hPa wind, and precipitation during El Niño and La Niña periods. To evaluate the importance of global warming on ENSO variability, 2× CO2 and 4× CO2 transient simulations were done increasing the atmospheric CO2 one percent per year, then extending the runs for an additional 70 years to obtain equilibrium climates for each run. An additional set of global‐warming simulations was run after including a STC parameterization generated by computing 5‐year running means of the sea‐surface temperature (SST) difference between a transient run and the 1× CO2 GCM/ZC run at the anticipated subduction zones (160–130°W, 20–40°N and 20–44°S, 160–130°W) and adding it to the base of the equatorial mixed‐layer of the ZC model with a time lag of 15 years. This effectively alters the vertical temperature gradient of the ZC model, which affects SST via upwelling.Two features of the GCM/ZC response to global warming are emphasized. Firstly, the inclusion of the STC results in a major redistribution of heat across the equatorial Pacific, leading to an El Niño‐like response in the final equilibrium solution with less variability about the mean. The global warming aspect due to the El Niño‐like response results in a positive feedback on global warming, which causes a higher global surface‐air temperature (SAT) than identical transient simulations without inclusion of the STC. Secondly, including the STC effect produces a far greater magnitude of global ENSO‐like impact because of the reduction of, or even the reversal of, the equatorial Pacific longitudinal SST gradient. The implications of such an extreme climate scenario are discussed. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society
The bounded approximation property for spaces of holomorphic mappings on infinite dimensional spaces
Authors: Çalışkan Erhan 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWe study the bounded approximation property for spaces of holomorphic functions. We show that if U is a balanced open subset of a Fréchet–Schwartz space or (DFM )‐space E , then the space ℋ︁(U ) of holomorphic mappings on U , with the compact‐open topology, has the bounded approximation property if and only if E has the bounded approximation property. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Infinitesimal deformations of double covers of smooth algebraic varieties
Authors: Cynk Sławomir , van Straten Duco 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe goal of this paper is to give a method to compute the space of infinitesimal deformations of a double cover of a smooth algebraic variety. The space of all infinitesimal deformations has a representation as a direct sum of two subspaces. One is isomorphic to the space of simultaneous deformations of the branch locus and the base of the double covering. The second summand is the subspace of deformations of the double covering which induce trivial deformations of the branch divisor. The main result of the paper is a description of the effect of imposing singularities in the branch locus.As a special case we study deformations of Calabi–Yau threefolds which are non‐singular models of double cover of the projective 3‐space branched along an octic surface. We show that in that case the number of deformations can be computed explicitly using computer algebra systems. This gives a method to compute the Hodge numbers of these Calabi–Yau manifolds. In this case the transverse deformations are resolutions of deformations of double covers of projective space but not double covers of a blow‐up of projective space. In the paper we gave many explicit examples. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The Gustavsson–Peetre method for several Banach spaces
Authors: Fernández‐Martínez Pedro , González Luis , Romero Raúl 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWe extend the Gustavsson–Peetre method to the context of N ‐tuples of Banach spaces. We give estimates for the norm of the interpolated operator. The method is applied to tuples of weighted L p ‐spaces and to tuples of Orlicz spaces identifying the outcoming spaces in both cases. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Approximation numbers and Kolmogorov widths of Hardy‐type operators in a non‐homogeneous case
Authors: Edmunds D. E. , Lang J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractLet I = [a , b ] ⊂ ℝ, let 1 < q ≤ p < ∞, let u and v be positive functions with u ∈ L p ′ (I ) and v ∈ L q (I ), and let T : L p (I ) → L q (I ) be the Hardy‐type operator given by
equation image
Given any n ∈ ℕ, let s n stand for either the n ‐th approximation number of T or the n ‐th Kolmogorov width of T . We show that
equation image
where c pq is an explicit constant depending only on p and q . (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Enzyme‐Catalyzed Preparation of Aliphatic Polythioester by Direct Polycondensation of Diacid Diester and Dithiol
Authors: Kato Makoto , Toshima Kazunobu , Matsumura Shuichi 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSummary: Aliphatic dithiol‐diacid type polythioesters were first enzymatically prepared by the direct polycondensation of hexane‐1,6‐dithiol and diacid diesters using the immobilized lipase from Candida antarctica (lipase CA). As a typical example, diethyl sebacate and hexane‐1,6‐dithiol were polymerized using lipase CA in bulk in the presence of molecular sieves 4A to produce the corresponding polythioester with an $\overline M _{\rm w}$ of 10 200 in 90% yield. Both the melting and crystallization temperatures of the produced polythioesters were higher when compared to those of the corresponding polyoxyesters. A higher molecular weight polythioester was produced using lipase in a two‐step procedure, i.e., cyclization with subsequent ring‐opening polymerization.Preparation of polythioester and melting temperature of various polythioesters and polyoxyesters.magnified imagePreparation of polythioester and melting temperature of various polythioesters and polyoxyesters.
Effect of Drawing Induced Dispersion of Nano‐Silica on Performance Improvement of Poly(propylene)‐Based Nanocomposites
Authors: Ruan Wen Hong , Huang Xian Bo , Wang Xian Hou , Rong Min Zhi , Zhang Ming Qiu 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSummary: A new route that combines graft pre‐treatment and drawing techniques with melt mixing to prepare nanoparticle‐filled thermoplastic polymer composites is reported. Nano‐SiO2 particles are first modified by graft polymerization and then the grafted nanoparticles are melt‐compounded with poly(propylene) (PP) to produce composite filaments via drawing. Finally, the filaments are injection molded into bulk materials. Because the proposed manufacturing method is able to induce separation of the nanoparticles and the formation of beta‐crystals in the PP matrix, the resultant PP‐based nanocomposites are much tougher than the unfilled polymers, as characterized by either static or dynamic tests, in addition to showing a simultaneous increase in strength and stiffness.Force–time curves of PP and its nanocomposites recorded during notch impact tests.magnified imageForce–time curves of PP and its nanocomposites recorded during notch impact tests.
Regional brain volumes distinguish PSP, MSA‐P, and PD: MRI‐based clinico‐radiological correlations
Authors: Paviour Dominic C. , Price Shona L. , Jahanshahi Marjan , Lees Andrew J. , Fox Nick C. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractProgressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and multiple system atrophy (MSA) are neurodegenerative disorders, each with a prevalence of around 5 per 100,000. Regional brain atrophy patterns differ in the two disorders, however, and magnetic resonance imaging is sometimes helpful in distinguishing them in the later stages. We measured whole brain and regional volumes, including cerebellum, pons, midbrain, superior cerebellar peduncle (SCP), and ventricular volumes as well as frontal and posterior–inferior cerebral regions in 18 subjects with PSP, 9 with MSA‐P (parkinsonian phenotype), 9 with Parkinson's disease (PD), and 18 healthy controls. Associations between these volumes, cognitive profiles, and clinical measures of disease severity and motor disability were assessed. Mean midbrain volume was 30% smaller in PSP than in PD or controls (P < 0.001) and 15% smaller than in MSA‐P (P = 0.009). The mean SCP volume in PSP was 30% smaller than in MSA‐P, PD, or controls (P < 0.001). Mean cerebellar volumes in MSA‐P were 20% smaller than in controls and PD and 18% smaller than in PSP (P = 0.01). Mean pontine volume in MSA‐P was 30% smaller than in PD or controls (P < 0.001) and 25% smaller than in PSP (P = 0.01). Motor disability was most strongly associated with midbrain volume, and more severe executive dysfunction was associated with reduced frontal volume. These distinct patterns of cortical and subcortical atrophy, when considered together rather than independently, better differentiate PSP and MSA‐P from each other and also from healthy controls. © 2006 Movement Disorder Society
Survival of Parkinson's disease patients in a large prospective cohort of male health professionals
Authors: Chen Honglei , Zhang Shumin M. , Schwarzschild Michael A. , Hernán Miguel A. , Ascherio Alberto 
Published: April 2006

AbstractParkinson's disease (PD) patients have higher mortality than individuals without PD. However, most of the previous studies were based on prevalent cases and few examined the potential effects of duration and smoking on the survival of PD patients. We compared the survival experience of 288 men with incident PD diagnosed between 1986 and 2000 with that of 51,012 men free of PD in the Health Professionals Follow‐up Study. As of January 2002, 92 deaths occurred among PD cases and 8,485 among men without PD. After controlling for age, men with PD had 60% higher mortality than those without PD (95% CI: 1.3–2.0). PD mortality was strongly related to disease duration: compared with men without PD, the age‐adjusted relative risk for PD patients was 1.1 during the first 5 years from diagnosis, 2.3 from 5 to 10 years, and 3.5 after 10 years (P < 0.0001 for trend). As expected, cigarette smoking was strongly and positively associated with total mortality among men free of PD (comparing >30 pack‐years vs. never smokers, relative risk, 2.0; P < 0.0001 for trend), but this association was not observed among PD patients (RR: 1.0; P = 0.95 for trend). This study confirms that PD patients have a higher mortality than individuals without PD and that the excess mortality increases with disease duration. However, smoking seems to impose little additional risk among PD patients in this large cohort of health professionals. © 2006 Movement Disorder Society
Thermal degradation kinetics of isoflavone aglycones from soy and red clover
Authors: Stintzing Florian Conrad , Hoffmann Manuel , Carle Reinhold 
Published: April 2006

AbstractDriven by their beneficial effects on human metabolism, isoflavonoids have gained considerable importance reflected by an increased number of isoflavone‐rich foods, food supplements and pharmaceutical products on the market, mainly derived from soy and red clover. While it is well known that the genuine isoflavone pattern will be altered during processing, data on aglycone stability are rare. Therefore, a thorough study into the thermal sensitivities of biochanin A, daidzein, formononetin, flavone, genistein, glycitein and isoflavone was performed. Samples were heated at 150°C over a period of 7 h at three different pH values, and degradation of the aglycones was monitored by HPLC‐DAD analyses. Therefrom, structure‐related stability characteristics could be established. While virtually no decay was observed at pH 7.0 and 5.6, degradation was most prominent at pH 3. 1. Individual aglycone retention was further dependent on heating time with daidzein being the most labile compound after any time interval. Curve fitting of the data revealed first‐order degradation kinetics for flavone and glycitein, while the remaining aglycones exhibited a sigmoidal degradation pattern.
Fusarium mycotoxins and ochratoxin A in cereals and cereal products
Authors: Engelhardt Gabriele , Barthel Jörg , Sparrer Dieter 
Published: April 2006

AbstractResults from the Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority on contamination of cereals and cereal products from the Bavarian market with the mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEA), and ochratoxin A (OTA) and of maize meal and semolina with fumonisins (FUM) in the year 2004 are presented. Contamination rates and levels of DON, ZEA, and OTA were low and did not exceed the maximum levels. However, a 92% contamination rate and high levels of FUM in maize meal and semolina were measured. Contamination levels of mycotoxins are discussed and evaluated with respect to possible health implications for consumers.