bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Soap and lime soap dispersants
Authors: Linfield W. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn recent decades, soap has largely been replaced by petrochemicals and polyphosphates as the major components of laundry detergents in the U.S. Currently, the use of soap is primarily confined to the toilet soap bar field, and technological advances here have been mainly in processing. In view of the rising costs and increasing scarcity of petrochemicals and polyphosphates, tallow, a replenishable, inexpensive agricultural by‐product, was examined as an alternate raw material. Tallow soap has a long history of efficacy and safety but suffers from poor performance in hard water and insolubility in cold water. It has now been shown that the performance of soaps can be drastically improved in cold water solubility and in hard water detergency by the addition to the soap of lime soap dispersing agents (LSD A). These are anionic or amphoteric surfactants possessing one or more bulky polar groups. These soap‐LSDA combinations form mixed micelles in water and essentially take on the surface active characteristics of a single anionic surfactant. Soap‐LSDA combinations wash well in hard water without curd formation; they can be “built” with various materials such as phosphates and trisodium nitrilotriacetate (NTA) to enhance detergency. Soap‐LSDA combinations equal the conventional detergents in every performance respect and undergo biodegradation more readily and completely.
Zwitterionic surfactants: Structure and performance
Authors: FernLey G. W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe performance and biodegradability of some zwitterionic surfactants have been compared with those of conventional anionic and nonionic surfactants. The zwitterionics are superior base materials for formulating laundry products with or without phosphates. In addition to having excellent performance properties, ammoniocarboxylates are highly biodegradable with respect to functional and ultimate degradation.
Bleach: Facts, fantasy, and fundamentals
Authors: Coons D. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBleaching agents are primary adjuncts of the cleaning process. They can be formulated as separate products for discretionary use or incorporated as an integral part of the cleaning product. The chemistry and expected performance benefits of the various types of commercially available bleaching agents are discussed. The known chemical and environmental factors affecting shelf stability and in‐use activity of bleaching agents are reviewed. Attributes for the “ideal” household bleach are also outlined.
Cationic surface active agents as fabric softeners
Authors: Egan R. R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractRinse cycle, wash cycle, and dryer type softeners are reviewed and their compositions discussed. Ashland’s conclusions are: (a) Rinse cycle softeners give the best performance from a softening and anti‐static point of view. They are, however, less convenient to use since they must be introduced into the final rinse, (b) Wash cycle softeners are convenient to use, but higher use levels are necessary to impart adequate softening and anti‐static properties making their use more expensive. They also tend to decrease the cleaning properties of the detergent used, (c) Dryer type softeners are convenient to use, but they impart less softening because of nonuniform deposition of softener on the fabric. The anti‐static properties, on the other hand, imparted by these softeners are very good.
Spray drying and dry neutralization of powdered detergents
Authors: Davidsohn A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSpray tower designs for soaps and detergents, practical operating conditions and practices in slurry preparation, and spray tower operation are described and illustrated. The specific problems of exhaust air purification, handling of fines, and the behavior of various builders and surfactants during spray drying are discussed. Dry neutralization systems and the combination of spray drying with dry neutralization to introduce heat sensitive and difficult to atomize materials, to use practically all types of surfactants, to increase capacity, and to save energy are considered also.
Use of oil in baked products—Part II: Sweet goods and cakes
Authors: Hartnett D. I. , Thalheimer W. G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe discussion on the current trend in the United States to switch from the conventionally accepted lard or partially hydrogenated vegetable shortening to oil as the shortening medium in baked goods is continued. Problems encountered when oil is used to replace the plastic shortenings in sweet doughs and cakes are described. Test work has shown that surfactants are useful tools in counteracting the resultant negative aspects associated with the use of oil. A review of various surfactant systems with oil and their effects on finished sweet dough and cake quality are discussed.
Cis‐Unsaturated fatty acid products by hydrogenation with chromium hexacarbonyl
Authors: Frankel E. N. , Awl R. A. , Friedrich J. P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe use of Cr(CO)6 was investigated to convert polyunsaturated fats intocis unsaturated products. With methyl sorbate, the same order of selectivity for the formation ofcis‐3‐hexenoate was demonstrated for Cr(CO)6 as for the arene‐Cr(CO)3 complexes. With conjugated fatty esters, the stereoselectivity of Cr(CO)6 toward thetrans, trans diene system was particularly high in acetone. However, this solvent was not suitable at elevated temperatures required to hydrogenatecis, trans‐ andcis, cis‐conjugated dienes (175 C) and nonconjugated soybean oil (200 C). Reaction parameters were analyzed statistically to optimize hydrogenation of methyl sorbate and soybean oil. To achieve acceptable oxidative stability, it is necessary to reduce the linolenate constituent of soybean oil below 1–3%. When this is done commercially with conventional heterogenous catalysts, the hydrogenated products contain more than 15%trans unsaturation. By hydrogenating soybean oil with Cr(CO)6 (200 C, 500 psi H2, 1% catalyst in hexane solution), the product contains less than 3% each of linolenate andtrans unsaturation. Recycling of Cr(CO)6 catalyst by sublimation was carried through three hydrogenations of soybean oil, but, about 10% of the chromium was lost in each cycle by decomposition. The hydrogenation mechanism of Cr(CO)6 is compared with that of arene‐Cr(CO)3 complexes.
Trace metal content of rapeseed meals, oils and seeds
Authors: Elson C. M. , Hynes D. L. , MacNeil P. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe concentration of lead, copper, cadmium and zinc as determined by anodic stripping voltammetry and atomic absorption spectrophotometry in a series of rapeseed oils, meals, and seeds is reported. The metal content of rapeseed seeds is not influenced by growing area; however, the variety appears to affect the metal levels. In general, meals contain twice the heavy metal burden of the seeds. The partitioning of metals between meals and oils heavily favors the meals except for lead where the distribution is approximately two to one.
Antioxidant activity of oat extract in soybean and cottonseed oils
Authors: Tian L. L. , White P. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA previously published method for extracting antioxidants from Noble oats with methanol was modified to improve the antioxidant activity. The extract was tested in soybean and cottonseed oils held at 30 and 60°C in the dark and at 30°C in the light. During storage, the peroxide values (PV) of the oils were generally significantly lower (P≤0.05) with the addition of the extract than was the control (no additives), and the PV were slightly higher than for oils containing TBHQ. In addition, the extract was added to emulsions of the same oils and held at 30°C in the light and at 60°C in the dark. The PV of the emulsions containing the extract were significantly lower (P≤0.05) than were the PV of those containing tertiary butylhydroquinone and the control.
Cis‐trans isomerization of octadecatrienoic acids during heating. Study of pinolenic (cis‐5,cis‐9,cis‐12 18∶3) acid geometrical isomers in heated pine seed oil
Authors: Wolff Robert L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTo understand the heat‐inducedcis‐trans isomerization of ethylenic bonds in octadecatrienoic acids, pine seed oil, which contains the unusual nonmethylene‐interrupted pinolenic (cis‐5,cis‐9,cis‐12 18∶3) acid as a major component, was heated under vacuum at 240°C for 6 h together with linseed and borage oils. As a results, a small percentage of pinolenic acid undergoescis‐trans isomerization. The main isomer that accumulates is thetrans‐5,cis‐9,trans‐12 18∶3 acid. Minor amounts of the three mono‐trans isomers are also present. Identification of isomers was realized by combining gas‐liquid chromatography on a CP Sil 88 capillary column, argentation thin‐layer chromatography and comparing the equivalent chainlengths of artifacts to those of isomers present in NO2‐isomerized pine seed oil. Hydrazine reduction was used to demonstrate that there was no positional shift of double bonds. Heat‐induced geometrical isomerization of pinolenic acid differs from that of α‐ and γ‐linolenic acids in at least two aspects. The reaction rate is slower (about one‐fourth), and mono‐trans isomers are formed in low amounts.
Conversion of allylic hydroxy oleate to conjugated linoleic acid and methoxy oleate by acid‐catalyzed methylation procedures
Authors: Yurawecz Martin P. , Hood Jennifer K. , Roach John A. G. , Mossoba Magdi M. , Daniels Daniel H. , Ku Yuoh , Pariza Michael W. , Chin Sou F. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractConjugated linoleic acid (CLA), a term describing a group of conjugated octadecadienoic acids that are both naturally occurring and formed during food processing, is the subject of considerable current research because of the recently reported antioxidant and anticarcinogenic properties of these compounds. Allylic hydroxy oleates (AHOs), secondary products of lipid autoxidation, have also been found in foods. By means of high‐performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and gas chromatography/matrix isolation/Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, we determined that currently used acid‐catalyzed methylation procedures convert AHOs to CLA and other products that potentially yield high values in determination of CLA in foods. A mixture of AHOs, containing mainly (8‐ and 11‐)hydroxy‐9‐octadecadecenoates, was synthesized and tested by methylation procedures with the following catalysts: BF3, HCl, NaOMe and tetramethylguanidine. Both the BF3 and the HCl procedures converted AHOs to CLA. The base‐catalyzed procedures did not convert AHOs to CLA.
Study of lipid‐protein interaction using pulsed NMR
Authors: Trumbetas J. , Fioriti J. A. , Sims R. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPulsed nuclear magnetic reasonance (NMR) measurements were made on freeze‐dried emulsions containing fat and protein. It was demonstrated that this method can be used to determine the degree of lipid‐protein interaction in the samples. Interaction is maximized near the isoelectric range of the protein, which supports the theory that hydrophobic interactions are predominant. Triglycerides and fatty methyl esters interact to nearly the same degree as do free fatty acids, which indicates that the carboxylate group plays a minor role in interaction. Degree of interaction increases when the emulsions are homogenized at higher pressures. There is an inverse relationship between interaction and foamability of the rehydrated emulsion suggesting that less protein is available for film formation after interaction. In addition, fat‐protein interaction was shown to protect the protein from heat denaturation. These pulsed NMR measurements may represent an approach toward a better understanding of lipidprotein interactions in food systems.
Tungsten Oxide Nanorods Array and Nanobundle Prepared by Using Chemical Vapor Deposition Technique
Authors: Wang XP , Yang BQ , Zhang HX , Feng PX 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Tungsten oxide (WO3) nanorods array prepared using chemical vapor deposition techniques was studied. The influence of oxygen gas concentration on the nanoscale tungsten oxide structure was observed; it was responsible for the stoichiometric and morphology variation from nanoscale particle to nanorods array. Experimental results also indicated that the deposition temperature was highly related to the morphology; the chemical structure, however, was stable. The evolution of the crystalline structure and surface morphology was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectra and X-ray diffraction approaches. The stoichiometric variation was indicated by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
Purification, Surface Tensions, and Miscibility Gaps of Alkyldimethyl and Alkyldiethylphosphine Oxides
Authors: Blunk Dirk , Tessendorf Renate , Buchavzov Natalie , Strey Reinhard , Stubenrauch Cosima 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAlkyldimethyl (CnDMPO) with chain lengths of n = 8 (octyl), 10 (decyl), 12 (dodecyl), and 14 (tetradecyl) as well as alkyldiethyl (CnDEPO) phosphine oxides with chain lengths of n = 10, 12, and 14 were synthesized and purified to study how the adsorption properties and the location of the miscibility gap of these surfactants depend on the size of the head group and on the length of the alkyl chain. After surfactant purification, the surface tension isotherms were determined from which the cmc, the minimum surface tension σcmc, the maximum surface concentration Γmax, and the minimum surface area Amin were obtained. As expected, for one homologous series, a decrease in the cmc and an increase in Γmax was observed with increasing alkyl chain length. For two surfactants of the same alkyl chain length, the cmc values of the CnDEPO surfactants are approximately two times lower than those of the CnDMPO surfactants. However, the Γmax values of CnDEPO are lower than those of CnDMPO as two ethyl chains are sterically more demanding than two methyl chains. In addition to the adsorption properties, the location of the miscibility gap as a function of the alkyl chain length and the head group size was studied. Its location depends on the total number of carbon atoms and not primarily on the length of the main alkyl chain. This observation reflects the decreasing water solubility which can be tuned by increasing the length of either the main alkyl chain or of the shorter head group chains.
Genetische Determinanten des EKG
Authors: Pfeufer A. 
Published: July 2007

Zusammenfassung
Schon bald nach der Erfindung des EKG wurden die hohen Heritabilitäten vieler EKG-Parameter erkannt. Seit etwa einer Dekade wird intensiv an der Aufklärung zugrunde liegender genetischer Varianten gearbeitet, mit der Einführung genomweiter Assoziationsstudien steht dafür nun auch eine adäquate Methode zur Verfügung. Die molekulare Identifizierung und Charakterisierung bisher unbekannter herzrhythmusassoziierter Gene und Genvarianten verspricht nicht nur eine Vertiefung unseres Verständnisses der kardialen Elektrophysiologie, sondern auch eine Option auf bessere therapeutische und präventive Strategien für Arrhythmien und den plötzlichen Herztod.
Dynamics of perceived parenting and identity formation in late adolescence
Authors: Beyers Wim , Goossens Luc 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTIdentity formation is a dynamic process of person–context interactions, and part of this context are parents, even in late adolescence. Several theories on parent–adolescent relationships share the idea that parents influence the process of identity formation. However, up to now, empirical evidence, particularly longitudinal evidence for this link is limited. Therefore, this study aims to examine short‐term changes in parenting and identity formation during late adolescence and to test the transactional process involved. Moreover, we focused on gender differences. Late adolescents were measured twice with a 1‐year interval. Analyses using latent change models largely showed that parenting predicted the explorative phases of identity formation (i.e., exploration in breadth and commitment making), while evaluative phases of identity formation (i.e., exploration in depth and commitment identification) predicted more supportive parenting. Gender differences emerged, with respect to both parents’ and adolescents’ gender. These results clearly show that parenting and identity formation are dynamically interlinked, and underscore that parents keep being an important source of socialization for their developing children, even in late adolescence.
Lipid‐binding role of βII‐spectrin ankyrin‐binding domain
Authors: Bok Ewa , Plażuk Ewa , Hryniewicz‐Jankowska Anita , Chorzalska Anna , Szmaj Agnieszka , Dubielecka Patrycja M. , Stebelska Katarzyna , Diakowski Witold , Lisowski Marek , Langner Marek , Sikorski Aleksander F. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIt is known that erythroid and non‐erythroid spectrins binding of vesicles and monolayers containing PE proved sensitive to inhibition by red blood cell ankyrin. We now show that the bacterially‐expressed recombinant peptides representing βII(brain)‐spectrin's ankyrin‐binding domain and its truncated mutants showed lipid‐binding activity, although only those containing a full‐length amino terminal fragment showed high to moderate affinity towards phospholipid mono‐ and bilayers and a substantial sensitivity of this binding to inhibition by ankyrin. These results are in accordance with our published data on βI‐spectrin's ankyrin‐binding domain [Hryniewicz‐Jankowska A, et al. Mapping of ankyrin‐sensitive, PE/PC mono‐ and bilayer binding site in erythroid beta‐spectrin. Biochem J 2004;382:677–85]. Moreover, we tested also the effect of transient transfection of living cells of several cell‐lines with vectors coding for GFP‐conjugates including βII and also βI full‐length ankyrin‐binding domain and their truncated fragments on the membrane skeleton organization. The transfection with constructs encoding full‐length ankyrin‐binding domain of βII and βI spectrin resulted in increased aggregation of membrane skeleton and its punctate appearance in contrast to near normal appearance of membrane skeleton of cells transiently transfected with GFP control or construct encoding ankyrin‐binding domain truncated at their N‐terminal region. Our results therefore indicate the importance of N‐terminal region for lipid‐binding activity of the β‐spectrin ankyrin‐binding domain and its substantial role in maintaining the spectrin‐based skeleton distribution.
Schleiermacher's supralapsarian christology
Authors: van Driel Edwin Chr. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWhile several commentators have pointed out the supralapsarian nature of Schleiermacher's christology, this article is the first thorough examination of the nature of Schleiermacher's supralapsarian arguments. I show that Schleiermacher's supralapsarianism is directly based on his doctrine of absolute dependence and divine causality. However, the ontology implied by the latter doctrine is in the end inconsistent with Schleiermacher's christology, and Schleiermacher's system does not seem to have the resources to be saved from this inconsistency.
Exchange and ecstasy: Luther's eucharistic theology in light of Radical Orthodoxy's critique of gift and sacrifice
Authors: Malysz Piotr J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIt is frequently alleged that Martin Luther's doctrine of justification by grace through faith posits absolute human passivity vis-à-vis God and, on account of the past completion of Christ's sacrifice, disconnects Christians from the cross. This article takes issue with this view. Specifically, it disputes the claim that, through his doctrine of justification, Luther became an unwitting advocate of the conceptual juxtaposition of gift and exchange and thus also an ideologue of the shift from an organic to a contractual view of society. Instead, I argue, Luther's eucharistic theology anticipates the concerns of Radical Orthodoxy's critique of gift and sacrifice. It does so, however, in a more forceful manner, in that for Luther gift and exchange are so bound together in his doctrine of justification that the eucharist, instead of being a mere paradigm for social relationships (as Radical Orthodoxy would have it), radically restructures those relationships in the all-embracing unfolding of its participatory gratuity. An additional merit of Luther's vision lies in its systematic description of the eucharist's gift-character in terms of socially and vocationally construed delay and non-identical repetition, actively involving both God and humans – a description not afforded by Radical Orthodoxy's critique.
Enforcing the Kyoto Protocol: can punitive consequences restore compliance?
Authors: HOVI JON , FROYN CAMILLA BRETTEVILLE , BANG GURI 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTTo enhance effective cooperation, the Marrakesh Accords provide a compliance system for the international climate regime. An innovative part of this system is an Enforcement Branch authorised to apply punitive consequences against countries that fail to comply with their Kyoto obligations. While previous research has primarily focused on the ability of this compliance system to deter non-compliance, this article discusses whether the actual use of punitive consequences will induce a non-compliant country to return to compliance. The Marrakesh Accords explicitly emphasise that the punitive consequences shall be aimed at the restoration of compliance. However, we show that the application of punitive consequences will accomplish this in only exceptional circumstances.
Trusteeship and the concept of freedom
Authors: SØBJERG LENE MOSEGAARD 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTAfter almost four decades of abandonment, the institution of trusteeship had a revival on the international agenda as the United Nations assumed responsibility of the war-torn territories of Kosovo and East Timor in 1999. This revival was met with severe criticism for jeopardising the values of order and equality in contemporary international society. The present article argues that this criticism is misleading. The essence of a modern trusteeship is not order or equality but the expansion of freedom. Rather than destabilising international society, it is argued that a trusteeship can be a constructive tool in the re-establishment of freedom, stability and peace in post-conflict territories.
Individual experiencing of states
Authors: FAIZULLAEV ALISHER 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe author argues that the international context provides an apparent environment for the individual experiencing of the state as a distinctive unitary and cohesive actor with its own intentionality and personhood, social relations and coercive resources, manifested not only by actions and force, but also through symbols, figure of speeches and other allusive forms capable of affecting human identity. As a direct personal observation, individual experiencing of states contains an inner, phenomenological plan, though it is not a solipsistic process and depends on people’s shared meanings. Conventional perception of states as anthropomorphic actors regards relations between states as social or interpersonal relations, thus causal attribution and social expectations affect individual experience of states. Being primarily a common-sense phenomenon, individual experiencing of states has a wide-ranging effect on both ‘conventional’ and ‘conceptual’ understanding of international relations. In perception and explanation of international politics, real political developments are often overshadowed by observable, experiential, common-sense causations.