bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detection of adulteration
Authors: Rossell J. B. , King B. , Downes M. J. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA program of work is in progress to establish the levels and ranges of fatty acids and other components present in the major edible vegetable oils. Authentic samples from the major producing areas for such oil have been obtained and analyzed. In the case of palm oil, ranges of the fatty acid composition and of the acids at the triglyceride 2‐position, have been obtained for about 40 samples. These data were used to calculate enrichment factors, and triglyceride carbon number compositions, using a small computer program. Comparison with experimentally determined carbon number compositions were then made. Good correlations were found for whole unadulterated oils, but not for oil fractions. Unfortunately, these differences were insufficient to detect contamination of palm oil by 10 or 20% levels of other oils, or of palm fractions. Compositional ranges of sterols and tocopherols have also been determined on a selection from the original set of palm samples. Work on sunflower seed and groundnut oils has followed the same lines, particular attention having been paid to linolenic acid and, in the case of groundnut oil, also erucic acid, levels. Some groundnut kernels were found to have an oil with a component which cochromatographed with methyl erucate during fatty acid determination. This unknown constituent was studied by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry, and is thought to comprise a mixture of epoxy fatty acids. Analysis of the triglyceride fraction isolated from groundnut oil by thin layer chromatography removes this unknown constituent, and simplifies interpretation of the fatty acid composition of groundnut oil.
Trends in the chemistry and technology of lipids
Authors: Boelhouwer C. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA review is given of the annual world production of fats and oils and their increasing availability for edible and nonedible purposes. Trends in some important industrial processes (polymerization, metathesis, oxidation, etc.) are discussed and the applicability of fatty oils as specific and characteristic base materials for the organic chemical industry is compared with developments in the field of petroleum synthetics. To improve the position of fat‐intermediates and fat derivatives on the world market, future research should be particularly directed to an optimal use of their specific physical, chemical and biochemical properties, and to an increased coherence between our technological and biochemical knowhow.
Lipase immobilized on a hydrophobic, microporous support for the hydrolysis of fats
Authors: Brady C. , Metcalfe L. , Slaboszewski D. , Frank D. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractEnzymatic hydrolysis of triglycerides has been studied as a low energy‐consuming alternative to the present steam (Colgate‐Emery) process. Cost analysis of the enzymatic process indicates that use of immobilized lipase compares favorably with the present steam process. This paper discusses the search for an adsorbent to use as the support material for the lipase. Hydrophobic microporous powders, membranes and fibers were found to give the best performance, as little of the lipase's activity was lost upon immobilization. Lipase immobilized on Accurel powder has been studied in various reactor configurations for the hydrolysis of triglycerides. Reactor designs studied include cocurrent and counter‐current fixed beds, continuous stirred tank reactors, and the diaphragm reactor. Productivities of the latter two reactor types were 1100 and 1700 kg fatty acid per kg immobilized lipase.
Evaluation of Turkish sulphur olive oil as an alternative diesel fuel
Authors: Aksoy H. A. , Kahraman I. , Karaosmanoglu F. , Civelekoglu H. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractEsterification of Turkish sulphur olive oil with different types of straight‐ and branched‐chain monohydric alcohols has been investigated. Reaction conditions such as temperature and time have been evaluated, and monoester yield has been determined. As the alcohol component, direct application of an industrial byproduct such as crude fuel oil has been investigated. Finally some preliminary laboratory tests concerning the suitability of the fuel oil monoester as a diesel fuel substitute have been performed.
Mass spectra of diterpene resin acid methyl esters
Authors: Chang Teh‐Liang , Mead Thomas E. , Zinkel Duane F. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe mass spectra of 35 tricyclic, diterpene resin acid methyl esters were examined. It was found that unsaturation substantially influenced the initial fragmentation. The carbomethoxy group is readily eliminated, with the positive charge usually being retained in the cyclic fragment. No significant differences were noticed among stereoisomers.
Processing soybeans into foods: Selected aspects of nutrition and flavor
Authors: Rackis J. J. , McGhee J. E. , Honig D. H. , Booth A. N. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSince many new soy protein products are being developed which differ in enzyme activity, protein dispersibility, flavor, nutritive value, and functional properties, quality control is assuming increasing significance. The effects of dry and moist heat and hexane:ethanol azeotrope extraction upon various enzymatic activities, protein solubility, and nutritive value of defatted soy flakes differ considerably. Specifications and guidelines initially developed to establish the degree of moist heat treatment required to produce edible grade products need to be reevaluated for these processes. Flavor scores of hexane:ethanol azeotrope‐extracted flakes and proteinates prepared from them are significantly higher than those prepared by current commercial practices. Because peroxidase is a much more stable enzyme than lipoxygenase, determination of peroxidase activity may be a more suitable method to define proper processing conditions which improve the flavor of soy products. A combination of hexane:ethanol extraction and steaming improves the flavor and nutritive value of defatted soy flakes. Azeotrope extraction alone does not inactivate trypsin inhibitors; nutritive value of the extracted flakes is low, and pancreatic hypertrophy occurs when they are fed to rats. Protein efficiency ratio of the processed flakes is 2.2 on a basis of a value = 2.5 for casein. Other factors to be considered to prepare soy protein isolates of good nutritional quality are: choline deficiency, variability in sulfur amino acid content, and formation of phytate complexes that affect bioavailability of essential minerals, particularly zinc.
The plant geneticist’ contribution toward changing lipid and amino acid composition of safflower
Authors: Knowles P. F. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractCurrent research on the fatty acid composition of the seed oil of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) has shown the following: (1) there is a possibility that the oleic acid content can be increased above 80%, though probably not above 85%, by use of modifying genes and the major geneol; (2) wild species do not look very promising as a source of genes for modifying fatty acid composition; (3) commercially grown high linoleic and high oleic types are temperature stable; (4) an experimental type with about equal amounts of oleic and linoleic acids is responsive to temperature, with high temperature increasing oleic acid and low temperature increasing linoleic acid; and (5) stearic acid in another experimental type with higher levels of stearic acid (5–10%) is reduced by low temperatures.
A laboratory study of the press effect in adsorptive bleaching
Authors: Henderson John H. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe so‐called press effect is widely credited with enhancing the overall efficiency of bleaching clays in commercial operations. Laboratory bleaches are generally done with one use of bleaching clay, while plant operations often include a process in which spent clay in a filter press acts as a fixed bed to remove additional impurities from slurry‐treated oil. In this study, the press effect is simulated in the laboratory by measuring the influence of a progres‐sively‐built filter cake on concentrations of carotenes and chlorophyll in successive batches of slurry‐contacted oils. The oil used was canola; the clay tested was a commercially available acid‐activated clay classified to two different average particle sizes. Conditions were chosen to simulate those used in commercial operations. Better total bleaching was seen from the first batch to the last as filter cake was built up. In addition, a significant particle size effect was seen.
Effect of agitation on selectivity in the hydrogenation of soybean oil
Authors: Beal R. E. , Lancaster E. B. 
Published: January 2007

SummaryA total of 12 hydrogenations were conducted in the pilot plant. The conditions were such that analyses of the data would furnish information as to the effect of 6 variables on the course of the reaction. The most reliable estimates were obtained for the effect of increasing, by agitation, the dispersion of hydrogen in the oil. The dispersion was accomplished by converting from a simple turbine agitator to a gas dispersing type with easily fabricated parts. This change resulted in a more selective reaction with respect to unsaturates. The change can also result in a shorter reaction time, or in the consumption of less power. Judging from its effects on the course of hydrogenation, agitation cannot simply be defined in terms of speed.
The microscopy of the liquid crystalline neat and middle phases of soaps and synthetic detergents
Authors: Rosevear F. B. 
Published: January 2007

SummaryThe mesomorphic or “liquid crystalline” neat and middle phases encountered in aqueous systems of soaps and synthetic detergents differ considerably in plasticity. Nevertheless, in fundamental phase studies or the examination of commercial products and processes, identification of these two phases has hitherto been uncertain, particularly when they are mixed with each other or with other phases; even under the polarizing microscope, their identification has not been positive since, by the classical criteria for identifying mesomorphic phases, both are “smectic.”The present work reveals additional criteria by which the two phases may be satisfactorily distinguished. In the first place, there are non‐geometric textures exhibited by middle but not by neat. Conversely, there are planar textures exhibited by neat but not by middle. Furthermore there are important systematic differences even among the focal conic textures upon which the smectic nature of the two phases has previously been predicated.While the microscopic method now makes possible the identification of phase mixtures, it serves also as a rapid method even where one‐phase compositions are concerned.This study is primarily descriptive in its present state of development, but the existence of systematic microscopic differences between these two nominally smectic phases, coupled with their well‐known and pronounced difference in consistency, suggests a fundamental structural distinction between them.Much of the present subject‐matter applies also to such materials as certain wetting agents and dyes, as well as phosphatides and certain other biological substances.
Factors affecting initial foam height in the Ross‐Miles foam test
Authors: Rosen M. J. , Solash J. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA study has been made of the relationship between initial foam height, H, as measured by the Ross‐Miles test, and such factors as surfactant concentration, critical micelle concentration (CMC) of the solute, surface tension (γ) of the solution, surface area (A) of the foam, and the work involved in the production of the foam surface. The initial foam was remarkably constant in character for the systems studied and there was a linear relationship between H and A. For five of the six solutes used, the work of producing the foam surface fell within a narrow range at concentrations in the neighborhood of the CMC, indicating an inverse relationship between A and γ. For these solutes, H≈(1000/γ)−3.6. The maximum in H occurred in the neighborhood of the CMC.
Structure of unsaturated vegetable oil glycerides: Direct calculation from fatty acid composition
Authors: Evans C. D. , McConnell D. G. , List G. R. , Scholfield C. R. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractComposition and structure of unsaturated glycerides of vegetable oils can be calculated directly from the fatty acid composition of the oil. Fatty acid distribution on the 2 position as normally determined by lipase hydrolysis is calculated from the composition of the whole oil by applying the following three rules in their respective order: Saturated fatty acids and those with chain length greater than 18 carbons are first distributed equally and randomly on the 1 and 3 position of the glycerol moiety; oleic and linolenic acids are treated equally, or as a unit, and distributed equally and randomly on all three glyceride positions with any excess from the 1 and 3 position being added to the 2 position; and all remaining positions are filled by linoleic acid. Remarkably good agreement between the calculated and experimentally determined fatty acid distributions is shown for soybean, linseed, safflower and many other vegetable oils whose compositions are reported in the literature. An association between oleic and linolenic acid within the glyceride structure of some vegetable oils is evident.
Physicochemical properties of fractionated beef tallows
Authors: Grompone Maria A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe relationships among composition, melting point, titer and solid fat index of beef tallow and its respective liquid and solid fractions obtained by industrial dry fractional crystallization are determined. The relationships between composition and titer do not permit one to distinguish beef tallow from the fractionated ones of the same melting range. On the other hand, the relationships between melting point and titer are different: the oleomargarines have melting points lower than their corresponding titers, and those of the beef tallow and oleostearins are higher. The fractionated fats have different contents of oleic and stearic acids compared with the unfractionated ones, but their percentage of palmitic acid does not vary remarkably. The dilatometric curves are displaced in a parallel relationship without important changes in their shape.
Production of hydroxy fatty acids from unsaturated fatty acids byFlavobacterium sp. DS5 hydratase, a C‐10 positional‐ andcis unsaturation‐specific enzyme
Authors: Hou Ching T. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA new microbial isolate,Flavobacterium sp. DS5, converted oleic and linoleic acids to their corresponding 10‐keto‐and 10‐hydroxy fatty acids. The hydration enzyme seems to be specific to the C‐10 position. Conversion products from α‐ and γ‐linolenic acids were identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared, and nuclear magnetic resonance as 10‐hydroxy‐12(Z),15(Z)‐octadecadienoic and 10‐hydroxy‐6(Z),12(Z)‐octadecadienoic acids, respectively. Products from other 9(Z)‐unsaturated fatty acids also were identified as their corresponding 10‐hydroxy‐ and 10‐keto‐fatty acids.Trans unsaturated fatty acid was not converted. From these results, it is concluded that strain DS5 hydratase is indeed a C‐10 positional‐specific andcis‐specific enzyme. DS5 hydratase prefers an 18‐carbon monounsaturated fatty acid. Among the C18 unsaturated fatty acids, an additional double bond at either side of the 9,10‐position lowers the enzyme hydration activity. Because hydratases from other microbes also convert 9(Z)‐unsaturated fatty acids to 10‐hydroxy fatty acids, the C‐10 positional specificity of microbial hydratases may be universal.
An explicit solution to a system of implicit differential equations
Authors: Dacorogna Bernard , Marcellini Paolo , Paolini Emanuele 
Published: December 2006

In this article we give an
explicit
solution to the vectorial differential inclusion where we have to find a map

u\:\text{:}\Omega \subset \mathbb{R}^{2}\rightarrow \mathbb{R}^{2}

with

u = 0

on

∂Ω

and

Du(x) \in \mathrm{O}(2),\:\text{a.e. }x \in \Omega .

Résumé

Nous construisons une solution
explicite
d'une inclusion différentielle où on cherche une application

u\:\text{:}\Omega \subset \mathbb{R}^{2}\rightarrow \mathbb{R}^{2}

avec

u = 0

sur

∂Ω

et

Du(x) \in \mathrm{O}(2),\:\text{p.p. }x \in \Omega .
Finite Morse index solutions of exponential problems
Authors: Dancer E.N. 
Published: December 2006

We prove that the problem

−\mathrm{\Delta }u = \mathrm{e}^{u}

has no negative finite Morse index solution on

\mathbb{R}^{3}

and give some applications to bounded domain problems.

Résumé

Nous montrons que le problème

−\mathrm{\Delta }u = \mathrm{e}^{u}

ne possède pas de solution négative d'indice de Morse fini sur

\mathbb{R}^{3}

et présentons quelques applications à des problèmes sur des domaines bornés.
The economic burden of depression in Sweden from 1997 to 2005
Authors: Sobocki Patrik , Lekander Ingrid , Borgström Fredrik , Ström Oskar , Runeson Bo 
Published: December 2006

AbstractBackgroundDepression is one of the most common causes of disability and is associated with substantial reductions in the individual's quality of life. The aim of this study was to estimate the economic burden of depression to Swedish society from 1997 to 2005.Materials and MethodsThe study was conducted in a cost-of-illness framework, measuring both the direct cost of providing health care to depressive patients, and the indirect costs as the value of production that is lost due to morbidity or mortality. The costs were estimated by a prevalence and top-down approach.ResultsThe cost of depression increased from a total of €1.7 billion in 1997 to €3.5 billion in 2005, representing a doubling of the burden of depression to society. The main reason for the cost increase is found in the significant increase in indirect costs due to sick leave and early retirement during the past decade, whereas direct costs were relatively stable over time. In 2005, indirect costs were estimated at €3 billion (86% of total costs) and direct costs at €500 million (16%). Cost of drugs was estimated at €100 million (3% of total cost).ConclusionThe cost of depression is substantial to society and the main cost driver is indirect costs due to sick leave and early retirement. The cost of depression has doubled during the past eight years making it a major public health concern for the individuals afflicted, carers and decision makers.
Mutagenesis of the DNA binding residues in bovine pancreatic DNase1: an investigation into the mechanism of sequence discrimination by a sequence selective nuclease
Authors: Doherty Aidan J. , Worrall Andrew F. , Connolly Bernard A. 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
The sequence selectivity of DNasei cleavage has been investigated by site-directed mutagenesis of a chemically synthesised gene. Two key DNA binding residues have been conservatively altered (Y76F and R41K) or have had their side-chains truncated (Y76A and R41A) and the effect on the cleavage of tyr T promoter DNA has been noted. It would appear from these studies that DNasei is not sensitive to minor groove width via these DNA-contacting residues, and it is suggested that DNA helical stiffness is a controlling parameter in determining DNasei sequence selectivity.
Analysis and prediction of functionally important sites in proteins
Authors: Chakrabarti Saikat , Lanczycki Christopher J. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe rapidly increasing volume of sequence and structure information available for proteins poses the daunting task of determining their functional importance. Computational methods can prove to be very useful in understanding and characterizing the biochemical and evolutionary information contained in this wealth of data, particularly at functionally important sites. Therefore, we perform a detailed survey of compositional and evolutionary constraints at the molecular and biological function level for a large set of known functionally important sites extracted from a wide range of protein families. We compare the degree of conservation across different functional categories and provide detailed statistical insight to decipher the varying evolutionary constraints at functionally important sites. The compositional and evolutionary information at functionally important sites has been compiled into a library of functional templates. We developed a module that predicts functionally important columns (FIC) of an alignment based on the detection of a significant “template match score” to a library template. Our template match score measures an alignment column's similarity to a library template and combines a term explicitly representing a column's residue composition with various evolutionary conservation scores (information content and position‐specific scoring matrix‐derived statistics). Our benchmarking studies show good sensitivity/specificity for the prediction of functional sites and high accuracy in attributing correct molecular function type to the predicted sites. This prediction method is based on information derived from homologous sequences and no structural information is required. Therefore, this method could be extremely useful for large‐scale functional annotation.
Gene, phenotype and function: GLABROUS1 and resistance to herbivory in natural populations of Arabidopsis lyrata
Authors: KIVIMÄKI MAARIT , KÄRKKÄINEN KATRI , GAUDEUL MYRIAM , LØE GEIR , ÅGREN JON 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe molecular genetic basis of adaptive variation is of fundamental importance for evolutionary dynamics, but is still poorly known. Only in very few cases has the relationship between genetic variation at the molecular level, phenotype and function been established in natural populations. We examined the functional significance and genetic basis of a polymorphism in production of leaf hairs, trichomes, in the perennial herb Arabidopsis lyrata. Earlier studies suggested that trichome production is subject to divergent selection. Here we show that the production of trichomes is correlated with reduced damage from insect herbivores in natural populations, and using statistical methods developed for medical genetics we document an association between loss of trichome production and mutations in the regulatory gene GLABROUS1. Sequence data suggest that independent mutations in this regulatory gene have provided the basis for parallel evolution of reduced resistance to insect herbivores in different populations of A. lyrata and in the closely related Arabidopsis thaliana. The results show that candidate genes identified in model organisms provide a valuable starting point for analysis of the genetic basis of phenotypic variation in natural populations.