bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
6-Azauracil Sensitivity Assay for Yeast
Authors: Tansey William P. 
Published: December 2006

INTRODUCTIONTreatment of yeast with 6-Azauracil (6AU) leads to a reduction of intracellular GTP levels. The reduction in GTP levels is not itself lethal, but can block yeast growth when combined with mutations that affect transcriptional elongation. 6AU sensitivity thus can be used as a crude assay to test for mutations that affect transcriptional elongation. The assay described here requires growing saturated cultures of yeast, counting, and spotting serial dilutions of yeast on both CSM and CSM + 6AU plates.
Plating Cells for Microinjection
Authors: Dean David A. 
Published: December 2006

INTRODUCTIONThis protocol describes a method for plating cells for microinjection onto etched coverslips. The coverslips for microinjection must be marked so that microinjected cells can be identified at time points after injection. A procedure for etching coverslips is given below; alternatively, pre-etched coverslips can be purchased at slightly higher cost.
Preparation (Pulling) of Needles for Gene Delivery by Microinjection
Authors: Dean David A. 
Published: December 2006

INTRODUCTIONThis protocol contains methods for pulling microinjection needles using two different models of pipette pullers. The advantage of pulling needles in the laboratory is that a variety of different needle types can be pulled, depending on the samples and cells being injected. An added advantage is cost; once a pipette puller has been purchased, boxes of glass capillaries are inexpensive compared to premade microinjection needles. The advantages to buying preformed and sterilized needles include increased uniformity of needles from one to another, ease of use, high quality, and not having to invest in a pipette puller. The pipette puller models described in this article are the Flaming/Brown Pipette Puller Model P-97 (Sutter) and the PUL-1 Micropipette Puller (World Precision Instruments). The PUL-1 instrument is the less expensive of the two, but it requires more user input, and it cannot be used to pull Femtotip-like microinjection pipettes.
Transformation of Agrobacterium Using Electroporation
Authors: Weigel Detlef , Glazebrook Jane 
Published: December 2006

INTRODUCTIONThis protocol describes a method for transforming Agrobacterium with plasmid DNA using electroporation in a manner similar to that commonly used for Escherichia coli. Although the transformation efficiency for Agrobacterium is lower than that for E. coli, it is possible to obtain adequate numbers of Agrobacterium transformants with this technique.
C-23 Hydroxylation byArabidopsisCYP90C1 and CYP90D1 Reveals a Novel Shortcut in Brassinosteroid Biosynthesis
Authors: Ohnishi Toshiyuki , Szatmari Anna-Maria , Watanabe Bunta , Fujita Satomi , Bancos Simona , Koncz Csaba , Lafos Marcel , Shibata Kyomi , Yokota Takao , Sakata Kanzo , Szekeres Miklos , Mizutani Masaharu 
Published: December 2006

AbstractBrassinosteroids (BRs) are biosynthesized from campesterol via several cytochrome P450 (P450)–catalyzed oxidative reactions. We report the functional characterization of two BR-biosynthetic P450s from Arabidopsis thaliana: CYP90C1/ROTUNDIFOLIA3 and CYP90D1. The cyp90c1 cyp90d1 double mutant exhibits the characteristic BR-deficient dwarf phenotype, although the individual mutants do not display this phenotype. These data suggest redundant roles for these P450s. In vitro biochemical assays using insect cell-expressed proteins revealed that both CYP90C1 and CYP90D1 catalyze C-23 hydroxylation of various 22-hydroxylated BRs with markedly different catalytic efficiencies. Both enzymes preferentially convert 3-epi-6-deoxocathasterone, (22S,24R)-22-hydroxy-5α-ergostan-3-one, and (22S,24R)-22-hydroxyergost-4-en-3-one to 23-hydroxylated products, whereas they are less active on 6-deoxocathasterone. Likewise, cyp90c1 cyp90d1 plants were deficient in 23-hydroxylated BRs, and in feeding experiments using exogenously supplied intermediates, only 23-hydroxylated BRs rescued the growth deficiency of the cyp90c1 cyp90d1 mutant. Thus, CYP90C1 and CYP90D1 are redundant BR C-23 hydroxylases. Moreover, their preferential substrates are present in the endogenous Arabidopsis BR pool. Based on these results, we propose C-23 hydroxylation shortcuts that bypass campestanol, 6-deoxocathasterone, and 6-deoxoteasterone and lead directly from (22S,24R)-22-hydroxy-5α-ergostan-3-one and 3-epi-6-deoxocathasterone to 3-dehydro-6-deoxoteasterone and 6-deoxotyphasterol.
Transfusion prevents acute chest syndrome predicted by elevated secretory phospholipase A2
Authors: Styles Lori A , Abboud Miguel , Larkin Sandra , Lo Margaret , Kuypers Frans A. 
Published: November 2006

SummaryAcute pulmonary injury is known as acute chest syndrome (ACS) in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD). Secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) was found to predict those at risk for ACS and a trial was designed to determine if red blood cell transfusion can be used to prevent ACS. Patients with an elevated sPLA2 were randomised to either receive a single transfusion or standard care. Five of the eight patients (63%) randomised to standard care developed ACS versus none of the seven patients randomised to the transfusion arm (P = 0·026, Odds ratio = 23·6, 95% confidence interval 1, 557). This study suggests that transfusion may prevent ACS.
Immunogenetic factors determining the evolution of T‐cell large granular lymphocyte leukaemia and associated cytopenias
Authors: Nearman Zachary P. , Wlodarski Marcin , Jankowska Anna M. , Howe Evan , Narvaez Yadira , Ball Edward , Maciejewski Jaroslaw P. 
Published: November 2006

SummaryT‐cell large granular lymphocyte leukaemia (T‐LGL) is a chronic clonal proliferation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). T‐LGL presents with cytopenias, often accompanied by autoimmune diseases, suggesting clonal transformation arising from an initially polyclonal immune response. Various immunogenetic predisposition factors, previously described for both immune‐mediated bone marrow failure and autoimmune conditions, may promote T‐LGL evolution and/or development of cytopenias. The association of T‐LGL was analysed with a number of immunogenetic factors in 66 patients, including human leucocyte antigen (HLA) and killer‐cell immunoglobulin‐like receptor (KIR) genotype, KIR/KIR‐L mismatch, CTLA‐4 (+49 A/G),CD16−158V/F, CD45 polymorphisms, cytokine single nucleotide polymorphisms including: TNF‐α (−308G/A), TGF‐β1 (codons 10 C/T, 25 G/C), IL‐10 (−1082 G/A), IL‐6 (−174 C/G), and IFN‐γ(+874 T/A). A statistically significant increase in A/A genotype for TNF‐α−308, IL‐10–1082, andCTLA‐4 +49 was observed in T‐LGL patients compared with control, suggesting that the G allele serves a protective role in each case. No association was found between specific KIR/HLA profile and disease. KIR/KIR‐L analysis revealed significant mismatches between KIR3DL2 and KIR2DS1 and their ligands HLA‐A3/11 and HLA‐C group 2 (P = 0·03 and 0·01 respectively); the biological relevance of this finding is questionable. The significance of additional genetic polymorphisms and their clinical correlation to evolution of T‐LGL requires future analysis.
Do Workplace Contracts Harm Labour Productivity Growth? A Reconsideration of the Macroeconomic Evidence from New Zealand
Authors: Perry L. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis article reconsiders the argument advanced or endorsed by a large number of leading Australian academics and others that labour productivity growth in New Zealand fell markedly during the period in which New Zealand's Employment Contracts Act 1991 (ECA) was operative—that is, for most of the 1990s. On the one hand, based on total economy estimates developed by The Conference Board and the Groningen Growth and Development Centre, labour productivity growth was unexceptional though a little higher than the New Zealand average of the last three decades or so. On the other hand, based on newly released official estimates of New Zealand's ‘measured sector’ (which accounts for about two‐thirds of the total economy), labour productivity growth was almost identical to that of Australia during the EC A period. This in turn suggests that New Zealand's labour productivity growth rose markedly for the measured sector during the EC A years. All in all, the evidence presented in this article is inconsistent with claims that the period of the EC A was associated with relatively weak New Zealand productivity growth. Selected issues arising from these findings are briefly canvassed.
Government Bond Seigniorage
Authors: Hu Yifan 
Published: November 2006

AbstractRecent studies have indicated that government bonds are an imperfect substitute for money in providing transaction services. Based on these studies, this article develops a theoretical framework showing that, as with money seigniorage, the government can gain an interest benefit from issuing government bonds. The article terms this interest benefit as ‘government bond seigniorage’. Further, the article estimates government bond seigniorage in comparison with money seigniorage for five countries (Australia, Canada, France, Italy and the United States) during the period 1959–2001. It is found that government bond seigniorage accounts for a larger percentage of Gross Domestic Product than money seigniorage, but also experiences greater fluctuations for all sample countries.
Coding Issues for the Interventionalist: A Consensus Statement by the ASDIN
Authors: Schon Donald , LeBlanc Lori M. ,   the ASDIN‐RPA Coding Committee
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe field of Interventional Nephrology has matured and expanded over the last decade. The American Society of Diagnostic and Interventional Nephrology (ASDIN) has recognized the need for standardization and uniformity in coding of interventional procedures on dialysis access. After extensive study, an ASDIN committee developed a coding manual in 2004 with revisions in 2005 and 2006, which is available to ASDIN members through the ASDIN web site. This article comprises a brief overview of appropriate coding for access related procedures and contrasts the ASDIN recommendations with a recent interventional radiology generated approch.
Utility of Static Pressure Ratio Recording during Angioplasty of Arteriovenous Graft Stenosis
Authors: Asif Arif , Besarab Anatole , Gadalean Florin , Merrill Donna , Rismeyer Anne E. , Contreras Gabriel , Leclercq Baudouin , Lenz Oliver , Wallach Jeffery , Wallach Joshua , Levine Michael I. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractIntra‐access static pressure ratio (SPR) (intra‐access pressure/mean arterial pressure) can be measured during angioplasty (PTA) to assess the functional importance of an arteriovenous graft (AVG) stenosis. We used SPR in 70 patients with AVGs who underwent 98 angioplasty procedures. SPR was measured during angioplasty by placing a catheter tip at mid‐access. Inflow stenosis (IF) = stenosis proximal to the tip of the catheter. Outflow stenosis (OF) = stenosis distal to the tip of the catheter up to the superior vena cava‐atrial junction. Post PTA, access flow (Qa) was assessed within 2 weeks. Complete data sets for both SPR and Qa were available in 83 procedures. Using a normal SPR ratio of 0.3–0.4 at mid‐graft, three patterns of SPR were noted. In 63 of 83 (76%) cases SPR was elevated prior to PTA (0.71 ± 0.13 SD). PTA reduced SPR toward normal range (0.44 ± 0.12) in 53 cases (84%). In the remaining 10 (16%), SPR decreased to a low value (0.22 ± 0.03) and normalized (0.40 ± .0.11) only after PTA of a coexisting inflow stenosis. In 12 of 83 (14%) procedures, the initial SPR was low (0.18 ± 0.04) and increased toward normal (0.3 ± 0.08) following IF stenosis PTA in seven (58%) cases. For the remaining five (42%) cases SPR increased to a high value (0.70 ± 0.21) and decreased toward normal range (0.33 ± 0.07) only after OF stenosis angioplasty. In 8 of 83 (10%) procedures, initial SPR was normal (0.33 ± 0.02). Angiography revealed coexisting IF and OF stenoses. SPR remained within the normal range after PTA of these lesions (0.33 ± 0.02). Qa increased significantly in 74 of 83 (89%) procedures (before = 572 ± 201, after = 1109 ± 368 ml/min; p < 0.001). SPR measurements can assist in hemodynamic assessment of an AVG during angioplasty procedure.
Linking Work Design to Mass Customization: A Sociotechnical Systems Perspective*
Authors: Liu Gensheng (Jason) , Shah Rachna , Schroeder Roger G. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTMass customization has gained increasing importance in recent years due to its ability to provide customized products efficiently and effectively, and manufacturing companies are continuously searching for ways to develop their mass‐customization ability. Despite extensive literature focusing on mass customization, few studies have systematically examined the impact of work‐design practices on a company's mass‐customization ability. Using the Sociotechnical Systems theory as a foundation, we link work‐design practices with mass‐customization ability, specifically identifying ten work‐design practices and examining their impact on mass‐customization ability using survey data and empirical research methods. The results support our hypothesized links and suggest that work‐design practices that manage both the technical and the social dimensions for achieving organization success have significant impact on a company's ability to achieve mass customization.
Supplier‐Switching Inertia and Competitive Asymmetry: A Demand‐Side Perspective*
Authors: Li Sali , Madhok Anoop , Plaschka Gerhard , Verma Rohit 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTBuilding on strategic management, operations strategy, and supplier management literatures, this article presents a framework for supplier selection from the demand‐side perspective. We highlight the role of a purchasing firm's switching inertia in the supplier‐selection process and demonstrate the usefulness of our framework for the industrial automation industry. Empirical data for this study was collected from 171 corporate and plant‐level executives in pharmaceutical, chemical, and paper‐and‐pulp manufacturing industries in the United States. A series of Web‐based individually customized discrete choice experiments asked the respondents to either switch to the new supplier or stay with the existing supplier. Based on the results of these experiments, we demonstrate the existence of switching inertia in the supplier‐selection process and discuss the managerial implications for incumbent and challenger supplier firms.
A Wavelet‐Based Approach to Preserve Privacy for Classification Mining*
Authors: Bapna Sanjay , Gangopadhyay Aryya 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTDespite the commercial success of data mining, a major drawback has been acknowledged across academic, industry, and government sectors, namely, the issue of violating the privacy of individuals. We propose a data transformation method based on wavelets to disguise private data while preserving the original classification patterns. Wavelet transformations have been used extensively in signal processing for data reduction, multiresolution analysis, and removing noise from data. In our implementation, two commonly used wavelet transforms, the Haar and the Daub‐4 transforms, are tested for pattern and privacy preservation in classification mining tasks. Empirical results confirm that the Haar and the Daub‐4 transforms preserve the classification patterns and preserve the privacy for real valued data.
The Sensitivity of the OptiMAL Rapid Diagnostic Test to the Presence of
Plasmodium falciparum
Gametocytes Compromises Its Ability To Monitor Treatment Outcomes in an Area of Papua New Guinea in which Malaria Is Endemic
Authors: Mueller Ivo , Betuela Inoni , Ginny Meza , Reeder John C. , Genton Blaise 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT

Using in vivo samples from treatment failure malaria cases, we demonstrate the high sensitivity of the parasite lactase dehydrogenase (pLDH)-based OptiMAL rapid diagnostic test in the detection of
P. falciparum
gametocytes. This high sensitivity limits the use of pLDH-based tests in the monitoring of treatment outcomes in circumstances where gametocytemia is common.
Molecular Confirmation that
Fasciola gigantica
Can Undertake Aberrant Migrations in Human Hosts
Authors: Le Thanh Hoa , De Nguyen Van , Agatsuma Takeshi , Blair David , Vercruysse Jozef , Dorny Pierre , Nguyen Thanh Giang Thi , McManus Donald P. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT

Two cases of aberrant migration by the liver fluke
Fasciola gigantica
in humans are reported. In both cases, subadult worms emerged through the skin. The identity of the worms was confirmed from their DNA sequences. This uncommon human pathogen might be more likely than
F. hepatica
to undertake aberrant migrations in humans.
Characterization of Small-Colony-Variant
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
Isolated from the Sputum Specimens of Five Patients with Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Anderson Scott W. , Stapp Jennifer R. , Burns Jane L. , Qin Xuan 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT

Cystic fibrosis (CF) patients are predisposed to chronic respiratory infection by nonfermentative gram-negative bacilli, including
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. S. maltophilia
is highly resistant to most antibiotics, with the exception of sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (SXT). SXT-resistant
S. maltophilia
has been reported, but the mechanism of resistance is not well defined. Repeated findings of suspected small-colony-variant (SCV)
S. maltophilia
isolates from the sputa of five CF patients were confirmed by partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The SCV
S. maltophilia
isolates were the only
S. maltophilia
isolates in these cultures, and none were clonally related. DNA fingerprint analysis confirmed that once established, the SCV
S. maltophilia
strains persisted. Nutritional studies of SCV
S. maltophilia
have suggested auxotrophy in hemin, methionine, and thymidine associated with resistance to multiple antibiotics, including SXT. The phenotypic switch from wild-type to SCV
S. maltophilia
was reproducible in vitro by exposure to SXT, suggesting that prolonged exposure to antibiotics may select for both the SCV
S. maltophilia
phenotype and SXT resistance by interference with the dihydrofolate reductase pathway. Recovery of SCV
S. maltophilia
from the sputum of CF patients has implications for both laboratory testing and patient management.
Temperate Bacteriophages Affect Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis Patterns of
Campylobacter jejuni
Authors: Barton Connie , Ng Lai-King , Tyler Shaun D. , Clark Clifford G. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT

The recently sequenced genome of
Campylobacter jejuni
RM1221 revealed the presence of three integrated bacteriophage-like elements. In this study, genes from the first element, a Mu-like bacteriophage, were amplified by PCR and used to probe pulsed-field gels of clinical
C. jejuni
strains obtained from a waterborne outbreak (Ontario, Canada, 2000). These highly similar strains differed only by their pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns due to an apparent insertion or deletion of a 40-kb fragment. Bacteriophage probes hybridized to these different bands in Southern blot analysis, indicating that homologues of bacteriophage genes were present in the outbreak strains. Investigation of the bacteriophage insertion sites in these isolates suggested that bacteriophage acquisition, loss, or transposition was responsible for the PFGE pattern variation. The bacteriophage gene sequences were similar, but not identical, in the outbreak strains and RM1221, indicating that differences may exist between the bacteriophages.
Geographic Information Systems and Genotyping in Identification of Rotavirus G12 Infections in Residents of an Urban Slum with Subsequent Detection in Hospitalized Children: Emergence of G12 Genotype in South India
Authors: Ramani Sasirekha , Banerjee Indrani , Primrose Gladstone Beryl , Sarkar Rajiv , Selvapandian David , Le Fevre Andrea M. , Jaffar Shabbar , Iturriza-Gomara Miren , Gray James J. , Estes Mary K. , Brown David W. , Kang Gagandeep 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
Rotavirus infections by G12 strains in several countries have recently been described. In this study, we report the emergence of G12 strains in south India. Fourteen cases of G12 infection were identified between June and September 2005. G12 was seen in combination with P[6], P[8], or nontypeable P type. Nine cases, including five symptomatic infections and four asymptomatic infections, were identified as part of routine surveillance for rotavirus infections in a birth cohort in the community between June and July 2005. Significant temporal and time-space clustering of eight of these cases represents a possible recent introduction of a new rotavirus VP7 genotype. Previous rotavirus infections had been documented for six of the nine children in the community. In the following 2 months, five cases of G12 infection were identified among children presenting to a referral hospital with diarrhea. This is the first description of symptomatic and asymptomatic G12 infections in children in the community. The detection of G12 strains from different parts of the world in recent years suggests the possibility of its emergence as an important global genotype. Monitoring of cocirculating rotavirus strains and detection of emerging strains is important in the context of the availability of rotavirus vaccines.
Toward Universal Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV) Genotyping: Diversity of VZV Strains from France and Spain
Authors: Loparev Vladimir , Martro Elisa , Rubtcova Elena , Rodrigo Carlos , Piette Jean-Charles , Caumes Eric , Vernant Jean-Paul , Schmid D. Scott , Fillet Anne-Marie 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
Thirty-one isolates from France and Spain were genotyped using a published method analyzing DNA sequence variation in open reading frame (ORF) 22, together with an evaluation of three well-characterized single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in ORF 38, 54, and 62. Nineteen were allocated to the European (E) genotype, six were mosaic-1 (M1), and two were mosaic-2 (M2). Four strains were assigned to a new genotype, mosaic-4 (M4). All isolates were wild type, with no Oka vaccine-associated markers. No isolates of the mosaic-3 (M3) or Japanese (J) genotype were observed. We also evaluated 13 selected isolates of E, J, M1, and M2 strains (9 of the 31 described above) using an alternative genotyping method based on the assessment of multiple SNP located in ORF 1, 9, 10, 21, 31, 50, 54, 62, and 68. This method assigns wild-type varicella-zoster virus (VZV) strains to seven genotypes: A1, A2, J1, B1, B2, C, and C1. VZV isolates identified as E (ORF22 method) had the genetic signature of genotype C VZV strains, M1 strains were A1, and M2 were A2. No J strains were detected, but parental Oka and vaccine Oka (genotype J) corresponded to genotype J1. M4 isolates (B) share the SNP array observed for M1 and E viruses, and probably represent recombinants between African-Asian (M1) and European (E) viruses. The two genotyping methods, using entirely different genomic targets, produced identical clusters for the strains examined, suggesting robust phylogenetic linkages among VZV strains circulating in Europe.
Development of a Flow Chart for Identification of Gram-Positive Anaerobic Cocci in the Clinical Laboratory
Authors: Song Yuli , Liu Chengxu , Finegold Sydney M. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT

Gram-positive anaerobic cocci (GPAC) are a heterogeneous group of organisms that are isolated from clinical specimens more often than any group of anaerobic bacteria except
Bacteroides
species, yet many strains are still difficult or impossible to identify in the diagnostic laboratory. In this study, a total of 124 strains, including 13 reference strains of GPAC species and 111 isolates that had been recovered from clinical specimens previously and identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, were subjected to biochemical characterization. Based on the results, a short biochemical scheme that involves the minimum essential biochemical tests for accurate identification of clinically important GPAC was developed.