bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Self-Knowledge and Self-Discovery
Authors: Cavell Marcia 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Self-knowledge is supposed to be transforming. Yet ordinarily, knowledge by itself has no effect on the object known. This chapter discusses the phenomenon of first-person authority; ‘the ocular view’ of self-knowledge and an alternative account; and self-knowledge with regard to beliefs and to emotions. It argues that self-discovery often requires a dialectic between the first-person and the third-person points of view in relation to one’s self.
Objectives
Authors: Stiglitz Joseph E. , Ocampo José Antonio , Spiegel Shari , Ffrench-Davis Ricardo , Nayyar Deepak 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis chapter begins with the idea that at the most general level, the goal of economic policy is to maximize long-term societal well-being in an equitable and sustainable manner. It addresses in detail the meaning and relevance of the goals of economic policy that are often put forward — from enhancing economic security and reducing unemployment, to reducing inflation, enhancing growth, and maintaining external balance. It also examines the link between stability and growth, and between short-term growth and sustainable growth. More specifically, the chapter critiques the narrow focus of the Washington consensus on price stability and emphasizes that economists should, instead, focus on long-term sustainable growth. The chapter concludes by highlighting the broader social consequences that choosing alternative economic policies may have and by emphasizing that all economic policies have trade-offs.
Capital Market Liberalization: The Arguments For and Against
Authors: Stiglitz Joseph E. , Ocampo José Antonio , Spiegel Shari , Ffrench-Davis Ricardo , Nayyar Deepak 
Published: September 2006

AbstractAlthough there is now a general recognition that capital market liberalization failed to help developing countries achieve economic growth and stability, the important question remains of why the supporters of liberalization were so wrong. The chapter begins with the ‘debate in brief’, which presents the central arguments for and against CML. The next three sections look at the impact of capital market liberalization on stability, growth, and poverty. The chapter then discusses the impact of the international policy response to instability known as ‘bail-outs’. The sixth section presents a brief discussion on the interaction of capital market liberalization, political processes, and democracy.
Capital Market Liberalization: Summary and Remaining Debates
Authors: Stiglitz Joseph E. , Ocampo José Antonio , Spiegel Shari , Ffrench-Davis Ricardo , Nayyar Deepak 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis chapter examines some of the other outstanding debates on capital market liberalization (CML). In particular, it focuses on when a country is sufficiently developed to risk capital market liberalization, whether all countries should make liberalization their long-term goal, and whether capital market liberalization is reversible; even if it was a mistake in the first place, should countries that have already liberalized now stick with it? For example, proponents of liberalization often argue that the issue is not whether countries should liberalize their capital markets, but rather that liberalization should occur within the ‘proper’ sequence of reforms. Critics, however, argue that CML should not necessarily be the long run goal of all countries and that there are better ways for developing countries to integrate into the global economy. The chapter also contains a section that examines the appropriateness of different techniques of capital market liberalization for countries in various stages of development.
Imitation and the Soul
Authors: Lorenz Hendrik 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
That appetite can form beliefs is presupposed in the Republic and denied in the Timaeus.This chapter explains this development in Plato’s psychological theory in terms of new thoughts about what is involved in forming beliefs, rather than in terms of substantial changes in Plato’s conception of appetite. It is argued that the new thoughts in question are on display at Theaetetus 184-6.
Desire without phantasia
Authors: Lorenz Hendrik 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
The chapter offers decisive reasons for thinking that Aristotle does not take the view that desire-formation always requires some suitable exercise of phantasia, and that he is committed to rejecting the view that every creature capable of desire must be capable of phantasia. The overall interpretation that emerges yields a sharpened view of the role Aristotle assigns to phantasia in the production of animal movement. It also resolves two apparent contradictions in the De Anima.
Goodman's Progress
Authors: Kulvicki John V. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
With the worries about Goodman on the table, this chapter introduces an alternative set of conditions: a modified form of Goodman’s relative repleteness, syntactic sensitivity, and semantic richness. These three are necessary for a representational system to be pictorial and they make no reference to the perception of pictures, but they are not sufficient for a representational system to be pictorial. They accommodate digital pictures comfortably, but are much too broad to capture what makes pictures pictures.
Deliberating in the Real World
Authors: Parkinson John 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis book attempts to solve two problems in deliberative democratic theory and practice: How can agreements reached inside deliberative forums be legitimate for those who did not take part? And why should people with strongly-held views participate in the first place? The solution involves rethinking deliberative theory, but also draws on lessons from practical experience with deliberative forums in Britain’s National Health Service. The book discusses the competing representation claims that different participants make, the pros and cons of different approaches to democratic accountability, and different conceptions of rationality and public reasoning. It concludes by rejecting the idea that we can have authentic, legitimate deliberation in any one forum. Instead, authentic, legitimate deliberation can only result from linkages between different kinds of institutions, drawing on different kinds of participants, at different points of a decision-making cycle. That is, it promotes a macro, society-wide view of deliberative democracy quite different from the micro, deliberative-forum view which dominates thinking on the subject in the UK. The book sketches the outline of such a deliberative system, suggesting how various institutions in civil society and elected government might link together to create public decisions, which are both more rational and more democratic.
4 Representation and Representativeness
Authors: Parkinson John 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis chapter explores the ideas of representation, the first broad solution to the legitimacy problems in deliberative democracy. It considers the nature, strengths, and weaknesses of three different types of representation claims made by participants in the cases, namely random selection, self-selection, and elected representation. It argues that elected representatives have the strongest claims simply because they can be removed from decision-making posts, but this strength depends on there being strong communicative relationships between representatives and the represented. It concludes that while representation claims are important, no one kind of representative has perfectly legitimate authority.
8 Questions and conclusions
Authors: Parkinson John 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis chapter presents a brief conclusion which summarizes the main argument: that fully legitimate, deliberative, and democratic decision making can only be of the macro kind, not the micro. It poses questions for future research and answers a hypothetical question from the Leicester case, giving a group of protestors six reasons to think that the outcome of the citizens’ jury was legitimate, and one reason — its restricted, local scope — to think that it was not.
Introduction
Authors: Garratt Anthony , Lee Kevin , Pesaran M. Hashem , Shin Yongcheol 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis chapter introduces the long-run structural approach to modelling. It makes brief comparisons with the key alternative approaches, namely large-scale simultaneous equation models, unrestricted and structural VARs, dynamic stochastic general equilibrium models, and New Keynesian models. The strengths of the long-run structural modelling approach are summarized and the organization of the book is described.
An economic theory of the long run
Authors: Garratt Anthony , Lee Kevin , Pesaran M. Hashem , Shin Yongcheol 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis chapter describes a specific theoretical framework for the macroeconomic modelling of a small open economy, emphasizing stock-flow equilibria, accounting identities, and arbitrage conditions. It describes how the framework can be embedded within a macroeconometric model, noting the testable restrictions on the long-run relations suggested by the theory.
Global modelling and other applications
Authors: Garratt Anthony , Lee Kevin , Pesaran M. Hashem , Shin Yongcheol 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis chapter describes some recent extensions of the model and some other applications. These include an introduction to the development of a model of the global macroeconomy using the long-run structural modelling approach; the application of the global model to the analysis of credit risk; the description of a monthly version of the UK model; and an analysis of financial distress in the UK financial sector.
Measuring Development Prospects by ‘Greening’ the National Accounts
Authors: Ramón López , Toman Michael A. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis chapter reviews income and welfare measurement and examines the central topics of assets and sustainability with the evaluation of key conceptual and theoretical literature. It also outlines the methods of asset accounting and presents selected empirical results from ‘greening’ the national accounts. Linkages to policy are explored, followed by broad conclusions on some basic questions: To what extent has the promise of environmental accounting been realized? Which approach has the greatest policy significance? And where is environmental accounting likely to be most useful? Finally, it studies the recent empirical results from Southern Africa and explores policy linkage with concluding remarks.
Impacts of Macroeconomic Policies on the Environment, Natural Resources, and Welfare in Developing Countries
Authors: Ramón López , Toman Michael A. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis chapter discusses relationships between the macro economy and economic policy, and the environmental and resource situation in developing countries. It focuses on the distortive effects of energy and resource subsidies, poorly managed monetary policy leading to exchange rate instability and high interest rates, and financial crises which often lead to too shortsighted policies and behavior regarding the management of environment and resources.
Structural Adjustment and Sustainable Development
Authors: Ramón López , Toman Michael A. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractEmpirical studies show extraordinarily high rates of return to investments in human and environmental public goods. This chapter demonstrates empirically, however, that the majority of governments in developing countries fail to invest sufficiently in public goods such as research and development, human capital, and the management of the environment. Such underinvestment causes a major distortion that partially explains the triple curse of slow growth, large social inequities and poverty, and environmental destruction that has typified most developing countries over recent decades. The chapter examines the contribution of IMF and World Bank supported structural adjustment, such as fiscal deficit reduction, privatization of state enterprises, and trade liberalization, in the light of the above framework. Rather than analyzing how each of the reforms may affect the environment, the chapter focuses on whether structural adjustment is likely to correct the under investment in human capital and environmental capital discussed above, and whether there are specific policies within structural adjustment that are likely to particularly affect such under investment.
The Economics of Terrestrial Biodiversity Conservation in Developing Nations
Authors: Ramón López , Toman Michael A. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractScientists and governments recognize the importance of biodiversity and its value to society. However, the unprecedented loss of biodiversity in this century signals a serious failure of policy to protect the plethora of species in the environment. As biodiversity loss is fundamentally an economic problem, economic theory and empirical analyses can play an important role in helping to protect biological diversity in developing nations. This chapter focuses on the use of economic analysis to develop better policy portfolios for biodiversity conservation, discusses biodiversity as a whole rather than a species in particular, and emphasizes land management and habitat protection to achieve conservation.
Conservation of Tropical Forests: Addressing Market Failure
Authors: Ramón López , Toman Michael A. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Tropical forest conservation and sustainable natural forest management both imply benefits and invoke considerable costs. The spatial and temporal mismatch of such benefits (which might not materialize until far in the future and could be shared by many parties) and costs (which often occur at a local scale and must be borne in the short term) prevents an efficient forest management at the national level. While the international community has developed a variety of instruments to align global and national incentives, the implementation of such policies needs to take into account national property right regimes and the recent trend towards the devolution of rights and responsibilities to communities and private individuals, which has a significant impact on the relative importance of different types of market failures and policy effects. This paper summarizes existing literature on the causes of deforestation and the magnitude of various forest benefit components, discusses the usefulness of forest valuation exercises for guiding policy choices regarding forest management and conservation, and highlights the key role of market failure in tropical forest conservation. It explores the various policy options that exist for the rest of the world to address market failure, and concludes with conditions necessary for improving current systems.
Can Anesthetic Technique for Primary Breast Cancer Surgery Affect Recurrence or Metastasis?
Authors: Exadaktylos Aristomenis K. , Buggy Donal J. , Moriarty Denis C. , Mascha Edward , Sessler Daniel I. 
Published: September 2006

Background
Regional anesthesia is known to prevent or attenuate the surgical stress response; therefore, inhibiting surgical stress by paravertebral anesthesia might attenuate perioperative factors that enhance tumor growth and spread. The authors hypothesized that breast cancer patients undergoing surgery with paravertebral anesthesia and analgesia combined with general anesthesia have a lower incidence of cancer recurrence or metastases than patients undergoing surgery with general anesthesia and patient-controlled morphine analgesia.

Methods
In this retrospective study, the authors examined the medical records of 129 consecutive patients undergoing mastectomy and axillary clearance for breast cancer between September 2001 and December 2002.

Results
Fifty patients had surgery with paravertebral anesthesia and analgesia combined with general anesthesia, and 79 patients had general anesthesia combined with postoperative morphine analgesia. The follow-up time was 32 +/- 5 months (mean +/- SD). There were no significant differences in patients or surgical details, tumor presentation, or prognostic factors. Recurrence- and metastasis-free survival was 94% (95% confidence interval, 87-100%) and 82% (74-91%) at 24 months and 94% (87-100%) and 77% (68-87%) at 36 months in the paravertebral and general anesthesia patients, respectively (P = 0.012).

Conclusions
This retrospective analysis suggests that paravertebral anesthesia and analgesia for breast cancer surgery reduces the risk of recurrence or metastasis during the initial years of follow-up. Prospective trials evaluating the effects of regional analgesia and morphine sparing on cancer recurrence seem warranted.
Quantifying the Effect of Antiplatelet Therapy
Authors: Agarwal Seema , Coakely Margaret , Reddy Kalpana , Riddell Anne , Mallett Susan 
Published: September 2006

Background
Antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and clopidogrel is known to confer protection against ischemic events. Increasing numbers of patients are presenting for surgery while taking these drugs. This may lead to an increase in perioperative blood loss, particularly in those who have a heightened response to the drugs. Identifying these patients preoperatively would allow us to plan appropriate management.

Methods
The antiplatelet effect of aspirin and/or clopidogrel was measured using two point-of-care monitors: the platelet function analyzer (PFA-100; Dade, Miami, FL) and the modified thromboelastograph (mTEG; Haemoscope Corp., Niles, IL). This was compared with optical light transmission aggregometry.

Results
All people taking aspirin displayed a definitive aspirin effect on aggregometry (n = 20). Ninety percent of these were identified by modified thromboelastography (n = 18). Seventy percent were identified by the platelet function analyzer (n = 14). Fifty percent of people taking clopidogrel displayed a definitive response to the drug on aggregometry. Seventy percent of these were identified on modified thromboelastography (n = 7). None were identified by the platelet function analyzer. There was good agreement between the results of the aggregometry and modified thromboelastography in clopidogrel patients (kappa = 0.81).

Conclusion
The search for a point-of-care monitor of platelet function has been the focus of much research. This study has shown that the modified thromboelastograph can be used for monitoring the effect of clopidogrel as well as aspirin. It potentially has a wide scope to be used for the monitoring of effectiveness of therapy as well as a possible predictor of perioperative bleeding.
Airway Management with Endotracheal Tube versus Combitube® during Parabolic Flights
Authors: Rabitsch Werner , Moser Doris , Inzunza Michelle R. , Niedermayr Monika , Köstler Wolfgang J. , Staudinger Thomas , Locker Gottfried J. , Schellongowski Peter , Wulkersdorfer Beatrix , Rich James M. , Meyer Brigitte , Benumof Jonathan L. , Frass Michael 
Published: September 2006

Background
Training of National Aeronautics and Space Administration space shuttle astronauts revealed difficult airway management with endotracheal tubes (ETTs) under microgravity conditions. The authors performed a randomized comparative study of ETT and Combitube (ETC; Tyco Healthcare, Pleasanton, CA). The aim of the study was to evaluate ease, time of insertion, and success rates during normogravity and parabolic flights using mannequins.

Methods
After normogravity experiments, four flyers performed intubation on a mannequin during the flights. Sixty-two intubation attempts were performed using the ETC (normogravity, 29; microgravity, 33), and 58 intubation attempts were performed using the ETT (each 29 attempts, both conditions). Time to completion of the intubation procedure, success rate, and ease of insertion were recorded.

Results
The ETC performed equally well between normogravity (median, 18 s; range, 17-25 s) and microgravity (median, 18.5 s; range, 17-28 s), whereas the ETT performed significantly slower under microgravity (median, 20 s; range, 17-27 s) as compared with normogravity (median, 18 s; range, 16-22 s; P = 0.019). One hundred nine of 120 (90%) were successful. The ETT and ETC were comparable with respect to successful intubations, under normogravity or microgravity, respectively.

Conclusions
Both the ETC and ETT perform comparably well. Slight differences could be found with respect to time of insertion in favor of the ETC. Because this is the first experiment using the ETC on the KC-135, it is shown that there is enough time to perform the insertion procedure. Because the ETC airway requires less training and is easier to insert than an ETT, it is recommended for further study as an alternative airway to what is currently on the shuttle.
Risk Factors for Ventilator-associated Pneumonia by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Presence of Recent Antibiotic Exposure
Authors: Rello Jordi , Allegri Camilla , Rodriguez Alejandro , Vidaur Loreto , Sirgo Gonzalo , Gomez Frederic , Agbaht Kemal , Pobo Angel , Diaz Emili 
Published: September 2006

Background
To facilitate the decision-making process for therapy and prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in patients undergoing recent antibiotic exposure, this study investigated whether the development of VAP episodes caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa or other pathogens are related to different risk factors, thereby distinguishing two risk population for this serious complication.

Methods
A 5-year retrospective case-control observational study was conducted. Cases of VAP caused by P. aeruginosa were compared with those caused by other pathogens. Univariate and multivariate analysis was performed using SPSS 11.0 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL).

Results
Two groups were identified: P. aeruginosa (group P) was isolated in 58 (63.7%) episodes, and 33 episodes served as controls (group C), after a median of 12 days (interquartile range, 4-28 days) and 9 days (interquartile range, 3-12.5 days) of mechanical ventilation, respectively. P. aeruginosa was identified in 34.7% of episodes with early-onset pneumonia and in 73.5% with late-onset pneumonia. In a logistic regression analysis, P. aeruginosa was independently associated with duration of stay of 5 days or longer (relative risk = 3.59; 95% confidence interval, 1.04-12.35) and absence of coma (relative risk = 8.36; 95% confidence interval, 2.68-26.09). Risk for pathogens different from P. aeruginosa (group C) in early-onset pneumonia associated with coma was estimated to be 87.5%.

Conclusions
Risk factors in episodes under recent antibiotic treatment caused by P. aeruginosa or other microorganism are not the same, a fact that could have implications for preventive and therapeutic approaches for this infection.