bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Toward a Critical Phenomenology of “Illegality”: State Power, Criminalization, and Abjectivity among Undocumented Migrant Workers in Tel Aviv, Israel
Authors: Willen Sarah S. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTGiven the vast scope and magnitude of the phenomenon of so‐called “illegal” migration in the present historical moment, this article contends that phenomenologically engaged ethnography has a crucial role to play in sensitizing not only anthropologists, but also policymakers, politicians, and broader publics to the complicated, often anxiety‐ridden and frightening realities associated with “the condition of migrant illegality,” both of specific host society settings and comparatively across the globe. In theoretical terms, the article constitutes a preliminary attempt to link pressing questions in the fields of legal anthropology and anthropology of transnational migration, on one hand, with recent work by phenomenologically oriented scholars interested in the anthropology of experience, on the other. The article calls upon ethnographers of undocumented transnational migration to bridge these areas of scholarship by applying what can helpfully be characterized as a “critical phenomenological” approach to the study of migrant “illegality” (Willen, 2006; see also Desjarlais, 2003). This critical phenomenological approach involves a three‐dimensional model of illegality: first, as a form of juridical status; second, as a sociopolitical condition; and third, as a mode of being‐in‐the‐world. In developing this model, the article draws upon 26 non‐consecutive months of ethnographic field research conducted within the communities of undocumented West African (Nigerian and Ghanaian) and Filipino migrants in Tel Aviv, Israel, between 2000 and 2004. During the first part of this period, “illegal” migrants in Israel were generally treated as benign, excluded “Others.” Beginning in mid‐2002, however, a resource‐intensive, government‐sponsored campaign of mass arrest and deportation reconfigured the condition of migrant “illegality” in Israel and, in effect, transformed these benign “Others” into wanted criminals. By analyzing this transformation the article highlights the profound significance of examining not only the judicial and sociopolitical dimensions of what it means to be “illegal” but also its impact on migrants' modes of being‐in‐the‐world.
Topical 8‐methoxypsoralen enhances the therapeutic results of targeted narrowband ultraviolet B phototherapy for plaque‐type psoriasis
Authors: Asawanonda P , Amornpinyokeit N , Nimnuan C 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTargeted broadband ultraviolet B (UVB) phototherapy as well as 308‐nm excimer laser have been reported to significantly improve or clear localized psoriatic plaques within 5 to 10 treatments when medium fluences [i.e. 4–6 multiples of minimal erythema doses (MED)] were used. Our study was conducted to determine the effects of different concentrations of topical 8‐methoxypsoralen (8‐MOP) cream when used in combination with targeted UV phototherapy with regard to number of treatments and cumulative UV doses to clear localized psoriasis. Ten evaluable patients with stable plaque‐type psoriasis completed the study. Three different concentrations of 8‐MOP creams (0.001%, 0.01% and 0.1%) were applied prior to irradiation with 4 MEDs of targeted narrowband UVB (NB‐UVB), whereas 0.001% 8‐MOP cream was used in conjunction with 5 J/cm2 UVA. All irradiations took place once weekly for 12 weeks. Psoriasis severity index (PSI) score was used to evaluate the efficacy of the treatment. With area‐under‐the‐curve analysis, 0.1% 8‐MOP/NB‐UVB was superior to other modalities in reducing the PSI scores. The number of treatments and cumulative NB‐UVB doses necessary to achieve PSI‐95, a 95% reduction in the scores, was also lower in the 0.1% 8‐MOP/NB‐UVB group, although the differences were not statistically significant. We conclude that topical 8‐MOP cream enhances the therapeutic effects of targeted NB‐UVB phototherapy without significantly increasing the short‐term adverse effects.
Melanoma epidemic across the millennium: time trends of cutaneous melanoma in Emilia‐Romagna (Italy) from 1997 to 2004
Authors: Pellacani G , Lo Scocco G , Vinceti M , Albertini G , Raccagni A Ascari , Baldassari L , Catrani S , Donelli S , Ghetti P , Lanzoni A , Leardini M , Reggiani M , Santini M , Stanganelli I , Virgili A , Seidenari S 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBackground  After a rapid increase in malignant melanoma (MM) incidence in the last decades, trends of the melanoma epidemic in the recent years seemed not homogeneous.Objective  This study aimed at the monitoring of some epidemiological data referring to melanoma in a region of the Northern Italy during the past 8‐year period.Methods  All cases of melanoma, including also in situ lesions, diagnosed in Emilia‐Romagna and San Marino State, with the exclusion of Cesena province, from 1997 to 2004 were recorded and the incidence of melanoma, adjusted for the European standard population by the direct method, was calculated.Results  Mean standardized incidence was 9.7 for invasive MMs and 11.9, considering also in situ ones, showing an ascending trend with an increment of 3.3 new incident cases in 2004 compared with 1997. No differences in age distribution, gender and site were reported. Concerning tumour thickness, although a general ascending trend in all subtypes, only thin melanoma incidence significantly increased over the study period.Conclusions  Contrary to data from Northern European countries, melanoma incidence still showed an ascending trend in the Italian population of Emilia Romagna.
Salt tectonics and shallow subseafloor fluid convection: models of coupled fluid‐heat‐salt transport
Authors: WILSON A. , RUPPEL C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThermohaline convection associated with salt domes has the potential to drive significant fluid flow and mass and heat transport in continental margins, but previous studies of fluid flow associated with salt structures have focused on continental settings or deep flow systems of importance to petroleum exploration. Motivated by recent geophysical and geochemical observations that suggest a convective pattern to near‐seafloor pore fluid flow in the northern Gulf of Mexico (GoMex), we devise numerical models that fully couple thermal and chemical processes to quantify the effects of salt geometry and seafloor relief on fluid flow beneath the seafloor. Steady‐state models that ignore halite dissolution demonstrate that seafloor relief plays an important role in the evolution of shallow geothermal convection cells and that salt at depth can contribute a thermal component to this convection. The inclusion of faults causes significant, but highly localized, increases in flow rates at seafloor discharge zones. Transient models that include halite dissolution show the evolution of flow during brine formation from early salt‐driven convection to later geothermal convection, characteristics of which are controlled by the interplay of seafloor relief and salt geometry. Predicted flow rates are on the order of a few millimeters per year or less for homogeneous sediments with a permeability of 10−15 m2, comparable to compaction‐driven flow rates. Sediment permeabilities likely fall below 10−15 m2 at depth in the GoMex basin, but such thermohaline convection can drive pervasive mass transport across the seafloor, affecting sediment diagenesis in shallow sediments. In more permeable settings, such flow could affect methane hydrate stability, seafloor chemosynthetic communities, and the longevity of fluid seeps.
A two‐year prospective follow‐up study of community‐based early intensive behavioural intervention and specialist nursery provision for children with autism spectrum disorders
Authors: Magiati Iliana , Charman Tony , Howlin Patricia 
Published: July 2007

Background:  This prospective study compared outcome for pre‐school children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) receiving autism‐specific nursery provision or home‐based Early Intensive Behavioural Interventions (EIBI) in a community setting.Methods:  Forty‐four 23‐ to 53‐month‐old children with ASD participated (28 in EIBI home‐based programmes; 16 in autism‐specific nurseries). Cognitive, language, play, adaptive behaviour skills and severity of autism were assessed at intake and 2 years later.Results:  Both groups showed improvements in age equivalent scores but standard scores changed little over time. At follow‐up, there were no significant group differences in cognitive ability, language, play or severity of autism. The only difference approaching significance (p = .06), in favour of the EIBI group, was for Vineland Daily Living Skills standard scores. However, there were large individual differences in progress, with intake IQ and language level best predicting overall progress.Conclusions:  Home‐based EIBI, as implemented in the community, and autism‐specific nursery provision produced comparable outcomes after two years of intervention.
Do paternal arrest and imprisonment lead to child behaviour problems and substance use? A longitudinal analysis
Authors: Kinner Stuart A. , Alati Rosa , Najman Jake M. , Williams Gail M. 
Published: July 2007

Background:  Children of prisoners are at increased risk of impaired health, behavioural problems and substance misuse; however, the causal pathways to these problems are unclear. Under some circumstances, parental imprisonment may result in improved outcomes for the child. This study investigates the impact of paternal arrest and imprisonment on child behaviour and substance use, as a function of child gender, and in the context of known social and familial risk factors.Methods:  Longitudinal analysis of an Australian birth cohort (N = 2,399) recruited 1981–83, with child outcomes measured at age 14. Participants were recruited prenatally from a large, public hospital in Brisbane, Australia and followed up in the community. History of paternal arrest and imprisonment were based on maternal self‐report, at age 14. Outcome measures included mother‐ and child‐reported internalising and externalising behaviour (CBCL and YSR), and child self‐reported alcohol and tobacco use.Results:  In univariate analyses, paternal imprisonment was associated with maternal reports of increased child internalising (OR = 1.82, 95%CI 1.08–3.06) and externalising (OR = 2.24, 95%CI 1.41–3.57), and alcohol use (OR = 1.68, 95%CI 1.11–2.53) at age 14. However, controlling for socio‐economic status, maternal mental health and substance use, parenting style and family adjustment, these associations became non‐significant. For boys only, in the multivariate model paternal arrest but not imprisonment predicted alcohol (OR = 1.79, 95%CI 1.09–2.95) and tobacco (OR = 1.83, 95%CI 1.03–3.25) use at age 14.Conclusions:  The association between paternal arrest and imprisonment and adverse outcomes in adolescence is accounted for by well‐established social and familial risk factors. Paternal imprisonment may not, in itself, increase the risk for child behaviour and substance use problems.
An optimized protocol for the identification of diatoms, flagellated algae and pathogenic protozoa with phylochips
Authors: METFIES KATJA , BERZANO MARCO , MAYER CHRISTIAN , ROOSKEN PAUL , GUALERZI CLAUDIO , MEDLIN LINDA , MUYZER GERARD 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn the past decade, molecular probe‐based methods have proved successful in improving both the efficiency and accuracy of the identification of microorganisms, especially those that are devoid of distinct morphological features. However until recently, these methods had the major drawback of being limited to the identification of only one or just a few species at a time. With the use of DNA microarrays, it is possible to identify large numbers of taxa on a single‐glass slide, the so‐called phylochip. There are numerous microarray protocols in the literature. These protocols share the same principles, but vary in details, e.g. labelling approach or detergent concentration in the washing buffer. In this study, we show that even small variations in hybridization protocols can have a strong impact on the outcome of the microarray hybridization. An optimized protocol for species identification on phylochips is presented. The optimized protocol is the result of a joined effort of three laboratories to develop phylochips for microbial species identification.
High throughput tissue preparation for large‐scale genotyping experiments
Authors: SLOTTA TRACEY A. BODO , BRADY LEE , CHAO SHIAOMAN 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA fast, efficient technique is described for the extraction of DNA from a large number of samples. The applications of this method include population genetics, plant breeding, and genetic screening. In the field, samples are collected in premeasured silica gel aliquots in polypropylene blocks, which are later used to grind the dried tissue. This permits naturalists, breeders, and collaborators to collect a large number of samples in a short amount of time and allows the samples to dry quickly during shipping. No phenol or chloroform steps are required to obtain high‐quality DNA. Samples representing 12 plant families, three invertebrates, and a mammal were included. Quantities of DNA obtained were consistent with or better than other techniques. The quality of samples was tested by amplification of the internal transcribed spacer region. Test amplifications were successful, confirming the quality of extracted DNA.
Cognitive Dysfunction and Depression May Decrease Activities in Daily Life More Strongly Than Pain in Community‐Dwelling Elderly Adults Living With Persistent Pain
Authors: Kauppila Timo , Pesonen Anne , Tarkkila Pekka , Rosenberg Per H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBackground and Objectives:  Chronic pain, dementia, and depression may reduce activities of daily life in elderly people. We evaluated the correlation between pain intensity and daily activities, cognitive state, and depression, as well as their interrelationships in home‐dwelling elderly people with chronic pain.Methods:  Forty‐one elderly home‐dwelling people who suffered from long‐lasting pain, and who participated in a rehabilitation program, were enrolled. Severity of pain at rest and after pain‐provoked motion was assessed on a visual analog scale (VAS, 0 to 100) and a 5‐point verbal rating scale (VRS). Cognitive status was assessed with the mini‐mental state examination (MMSE, 0 to 30), depression on the geriatric depression scale (GDS, 0 to 15), and functional ability in daily life was assessed with the Barthel Index (0 to 100).Results:  VAS and VRS scores correlated positively with each other. Rating pain at rest on the VRS (mean 1.0, median 1) correlated with severity of depression (GDS mean 5.4) (r = 0.3997, P < 0.01), while scores on the VAS did not. Pain ratings at rest did not correlate with the Barthel Index (mean 87.7), but the latter correlated positively with motion‐evoked VRS pain scores (mean 2.8, median 3) (r = 0.42829, P < 0.01). The MMSE (mean 25.3) did not correlate with any pain parameter, but it correlated positively with the Barthel Index (r = 0.3660, P < 0.05). The Barthel Index correlated negatively with the GDS (r = −0.39969, P < 0.01).Conclusion:  In home‐dwelling elderly people, chronic pain states do not seem to reduce daily activities as much as cognitive dysfunction and depression. The seemingly controversial finding of a positive correlation between daily activities and pain in motion, and lack of correlation with pain at rest, may be explained by a relatively low intensity of pain in our study people.
Competency assessment for infection control in the undergraduate dental curriculum
Authors: Milward Mike R. , Cooper Paul R. 
Published: July 2007

Objectives:  This study aimed at investigating the introduction of an infection control competency assessment on undergraduate dental student's awareness and knowledge of infection control.Method:  A short course, including an introductory lecture and a three component competency based assessment exercise testing student's knowledge and ability in infection control measures was incorporated into the previously established training programme. The assessment exercises included a written test of students’ knowledge of the Infection Control Policy, a unit management exercise and a hand hygiene assessment. The infection control competency was initially incorporated into the final term of the second year in 2004 and is now an established part of the 5‐year dental undergraduate degree programme. Re‐assessments were scheduled (at the start of third year) for students failing to meet the required standard as successful completion of this course was compulsory prior to students being allowed to treat their first patients. Student performance over the last 2 years on this course and during their first year on clinic were analysed to determine potential improvements in student knowledge and application in infection control. Examination results from the year 3, infection control spot test were compared with those of earlier years. In addition, the opinions, as assessed by questionnaire analysis, of dental staff and students on the infection control competency were obtained.Results:  All students successfully completed the infection control competency (either at first or second attempt) and were subsequently allowed to enter clinical training in year 3. Significant improvements were seen in students passing the course at their initial attempt, 42% and 78%, in the 2004 and 2005 academic years, respectively. Also subsequent testing of these students during their first year on clinic showed marked increases in awareness and knowledge of the infection control protocols. Staff and student feedback on this course was also found to be highly supportive of the introduction of the infection control competency.Conclusion:  Incorporation of additional formal pre‐clinical teaching and introduction of an infection competency potentially provides enduring knowledge and clinical application benefits.
A qualitative exploration of the role of gender, ethnicity and clinical experience upon dental students’ interpersonal skills when interacting with dental nurses
Authors: Freeman R. , Gorter R. , McWilliams C. , Williams S. 
Published: July 2007

Aim:  To explore qualitatively the role of gender, ethnicity and clinical experience upon dental students’ interpersonal skills when interacting with dental nurses.Method:  A convenience sample of 15 clinical dental students studying at Belfast (n = 9) and Leeds (n = 6) were invited to take part. The students were interviewed individually using an open format. Interviewing was stopped after 15 interviews as stability and saturation of the qualitative data had occurred. The data were analysed using content analysis.Results:  Interactions with dental nurses were primarily dictated by the dental students’ perceptions of the essential qualities of a dental nurse. Novitiate students perceived the dental nurse as an ‘teacher‐ally’, whereas clinically experienced students used the nurse as a ‘helper’. The degree to which dental students embraced hierarchical working styles and professional demarcation was influenced by clinical experience and gender, ethnicity. In order to promote cooperative working when interacting with dental nurses it seemed there was a need to consider incorporating interprofessional and cultural diversity training into undergraduate programmes.Conclusions:  The dental students’ interpersonal skills were affected by clinical experience, gender and ethnicity.
Preoperative intravenous iron administration corrects anemia and reduces transfusion requirement in women undergoing abdominal hysterectomy
Authors: DIEZ‐LOBO ANA I. , FISAC‐MARTÍN MARÍA P. , BERMEJO‐AYCAR IGNACIO , MUÑOZ MANUEL 
Published: July 2007

SUMMARYWe prospectively investigated the utility of preoperative intravenous (IV) iron treatment to increase hemoglobin (Hb) levels and reduce the need for transfusion in women with iron deficiency anemia (IDA) or iron deficiency (ID) scheduled for elective abdominal hysterectomy. Seventy‐five women with ID or IDA were enrolled in the study. Women having their surgical procedure at least 1 month after preoperative assessment received IV iron sucrose during 2–4 weeks (IV iron group, n = 31). Women having their surgical procedure a few days after preoperative assessment did not receive IV iron (control group, n = 44). At baseline, there were no differences between the two groups in terms of weight or age, prevalence of anemia, Hb levels or iron laboratory parameters. IV iron sucrose (760 ± 290 mg) increased preoperative Hb (ΔHb: 2.2 ± 1.2 g/dL; P < 0.001) and reduced postoperative transfusion rates when compared with the control group (32%vs. 0%, respectively; P < 0.001). In addition, fewer women from the IV iron group were anemic on postoperative day 21 (23%vs. 68%, respectively; P < 0.01). No life‐threatening iron sucrose adverse effect was observed. Because of the rapid increase in Hb levels, IV iron sucrose administration seems to be an effective approach for treating preoperative anemia and reducing transfusion rates in this female population.
Ex Vivo Monitoring of Antigen-Specific CD4+T Cells after Recall Immunization with Tetanus Toxoid
Authors: Barbey Catherine , Pradervand Estelle , Barbier Nathalie , Spertini François 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTTo monitor antigen-specific CD4+T cells during a recall immune response to tetanus toxoid (TT), a sequential analysis including ex vivo phenotyping and cytokine flow cytometry, followed by cloning and T-cell-receptor (TCR) spectratyping of cytokine-positive CD4+T cells, was performed. Grossly, twice as many TT-specific CD4+T-cell clones, ex vivo derived from the CCR7+/−CD69+interleukin-2-positive (IL-2+) CD4+subsets, belonged to the central memory (TCM; CD62L+CD27+CCR7+) compared to the effector memory population (TEM; CD62L−CD27−CCR7−). After the boost, a predominant expansion of the TCMpopulation was observed with more limited variations of the TEMpopulation. TCR beta-chain-variable region (BV) spectratyping and sequencing confirmed a large concordance between most frequently expressed BV TCR-CDR3 from ex vivo-sorted CCR7+/−CD69+IL-2+CD4+subsets and BV usage of in vitro-derived TT-specific CD4+T-cell clones, further demonstrating the highly polyclonal but stable character of the specific recall response to TT. Taken together, ex vivo flow cytometry analysis focused on the CCR7+/−CD69+IL-2+CD4+subsets appears to target the bulk of antigen-specific T cells and to reach an analytical power sufficient to adequately delineate in field trials the profile of the antigen-specific response to vaccine.