bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neurophilosophical perspectives of neuroimaging in forensic psychiatry—giving way to a paradigm shift?
Authors: Witzel Joachim , Walter Martin , Bogerts Bernhard , Northoff Georg 
Published: March 2008

AbstractForensic psychiatry is concerned with the relationship between psychiatric abnormalities and legal violations and crimes. Due to the lack of available biological criteria, evaluation and therapy in forensic psychiatry have so far been restricted to psychosocial and mental criteria of offenders' personalities. Recent advances in neurosciences allow a closer approach to the neural correlates of personality, moral judgments and decision‐making. We propose to discuss the introduction of biological criteria in the field of forensic psychiatry and to establish rules as to what extent such biological criteria will be a better and more reliable choice in judging mentally ill criminals by using all available information that can be obtained by biological means.Psychosocial and subjective criteria in forensic evaluation will be more and more accomplished by biopsychosocial and objective criteria. The responsibility of having committed a criminal act will no longer be exclusively defined by judging free and voluntary decision‐making, but rather by brain–behavior relationships. What is often referred to as psychosocially determined mental processes thus could be complemented by estimating the degree of biopsychosocially determined neural processes. We conclude that such a process could contribute to a paradigm shift in forensic psychiatry, which will have profound implications for offenders, forensic psychologists and psychiatrists, the law and society in general. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural brain abnormalities in psychopaths—a review
Authors: Weber Sabrina , Habel Ute , Amunts Katrin , Schneider Frank 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe biological basis of psychopathy has not yet been fully elucidated. Few studies deal with structural neuroimaging in psychopaths. The aim of this article is to review these studies in order to contribute to our understanding of the biological basis of psychopathy. Data in the literature report a reduction in prefrontal gray matter volume, gray matter loss in the right superior temporal gyrus, amygdala volume loss, a decrease in posterior hippocampal volume, an exaggerated structural hippocampal asymmetry, and an increase in callosal white matter volume in psychopathic individuals. These findings suggest that psychopathy is associated with brain abnormalities in a prefrontal–temporo‐limbic circuit—i.e. regions that are involved, among others, in emotional and learning processes. Additionally, data indicate that psychopathic individuals cannot be seen as a homogeneous group.The associations between structural changes and psychopathic characteristics do not enable causal conclusions to be drawn, but point rather to the important role of biological brain abnormalities in psychopathy. To gain a comprehensive understanding of this, psychopathy must be viewed as a multifactorial process involving neurobiological, genetic, epidemiological and sociobiographical factors. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A multifunctional androgen receptor screening assay using the high‐throughput Hypercyt® flow cytometry system
Authors: Dennis Megan K. , Bowles Harmony J.C. , MacKenzie Debra A. , Burchiel Scott W. , Edwards Bruce S. , Sklar Larry A. , Prossnitz Eric R. , Thompson Todd A. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe androgen receptor (AR) is a steroid hormone receptor which regulates transcription of androgen‐sensitive genes and is responsible for the development and maintenance of male secondary sexual characteristics. Chemicals that interfere with AR activity may lead to pathological conditions in androgen‐sensitive tissues. A variety of reporter systems have been developed, driven by androgen‐sensitive promoters, which screen for chemicals that modulate androgenic activity. We have developed a flexible, high‐throughput AR transcriptional activation assay, designated the Multifunctional Androgen Receptor Screening (MARS) assay, to facilitate the identification of novel modulators of AR transcriptional activity using flow cytometry. Androgen‐independent human prostate cancer‐derived PC3 cells were transiently cotransfected with an expression vector for the wild‐type human AR and an androgen‐sensitive promoter regulating the expression of destabilized enhanced GFP (dsEGFP). The transfected cells were stimulated with established androgenic and antiandrogenic compounds and assessed for increased or decreased dsEGFP expression. To screen for antagonists of AR transcription, the AR agonist R1881 was coadministered at submaximal concentrations with potential AR antagonists. The assay was formatted for high‐throughput screening using the HyperCyt® flow cytometry system. Agents with established androgenic and antiandrogenic activity were used for validation of the MARS assay. AR agonists were found to potently induce dsEGFP. Furthermore, AR agonists induced dsEGFP expression in a dose‐dependent manner. Alternatively, AR antagonists blocked dsEGFP expression when coadministered with low‐dose R1881, which also occurred in a dose‐dependent manner. Modulators of AR transcriptional activity can be successfully identified by the MARS assay, utilizing a rapid, flexible, sensitive, and high‐throughput format. Dose–response curves can be successfully generated for these compounds, allowing for an assessment of potency. Because of its simplicity and high‐throughput compatibility, the MARS assay and HyperCyt® system combined with flow cytometric analysis represents a valuable and novel addition to the current repertoire of AR transcriptional activation screening assays. © 2008 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Orally disintegrating olanzapine and potential differences in treatment‐emergent weight gain
Authors: Karagianis Jamie , Hoffmann Vicki Poole , Arranz Belen , Treuer Tamás , Maguire Gerald A. , de Haan Lieuwe , Chawla Bharat 
Published: March 2008

AbstractSeveral papers and communications have reported possible weight reduction or less weight gain when patients start or switch to orally disintegrating olanzapine, as contrasted with standard oral olanzapine tablets. In this paper, the current literature is reviewed and hypothesized mechanisms of action are discussed. The data are still preliminary and mechanisms of action are not well understood. Randomized controlled trials are needed to further evaluate change in weight during treatment with orally disintegrating olanzapine. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
X‐inactivation reveals epigenetic anomalies in most hESC but identifies sublines that initiate as expected
Authors: Hall Lisa L. , Byron Meg , Butler John , Becker Klaus A. , Nelson Angel , Amit Michal , Itskovitz‐Eldor Joseph , Stein Janet , Stein Gary , Ware Carol , Lawrence Jeanne B. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe clinical and research value of human embryonic stem cells (hESC) depends upon maintaining their epigenetically naïve, fully undifferentiated state. Inactivation of one X chromosome in each cell of mammalian female embryos is a paradigm for one of the earliest steps in cell specialization through formation of facultative heterochromatin. Mouse ES cells are derived from the inner cell mass (ICM) of blastocyst stage embryos prior to X‐inactivation, and cultured murine ES cells initiate this process only upon differentiation. Less is known about human X‐inactivation during early development. To identify a human ES cell model for X‐inactivation and study differences in the epigenetic state of hESC lines, we investigated X‐inactivation in all growth competent, karyotypically normal, NIH approved, female hESC lines and several sublines. In the vast majority of undifferentiated cultures of nine lines examined, essentially all cells exhibit hallmarks of X‐inactivation. However, subcultures of any hESC line can vary in X‐inactivation status, comprising distinct sublines. Importantly, we identified rare sublines that have not yet inactivated Xi and retain competence to undergo X‐inactivation upon differentiation. Other sublines exhibit defects in counting or maintenance of XIST expression on Xi. The few hESC sublines identified that have not yet inactivated Xi may reflect the earlier epigenetic state of the human ICM and represent the most promising source of NIH hESC for study of human X‐inactivation. The many epigenetic anomalies seen indicate that maintenance of fully unspecialized cells, which have not formed Xi facultative heterochromatin, is a delicate epigenetic balance difficult to maintain in culture. J. Cell. Physiol. 216: 445–452, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Maternal dietary habits and mycotoxin occurrence in human mature milk
Authors: Galvano Fabio , Pietri Amedeo , Bertuzzi Terenzio , Gagliardi Luigi , Ciotti Sabina , Luisi Stefano , Bognanno Matteo , La Fauci Luca , Iacopino Anna Maria , Nigro Francesco , Li Volti Giovanni , Vanella Luca , Giammanco Giuseppe , Tina Gabriella Lucia , Gazzolo Diego 
Published: March 2008

AbstractDuring 2006, 82 samples of human mature milk were collected at Italian hospitals and checked for aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and ochratoxin A (OTA) by immunoaffinity column extraction and HPLC. AFM1 was detected in four (5%) of milk samples (ranging from < 7 ng/L to 140 ng/L; mean level: 55.35 ng/L); OTA was detected in 61 (74%) of milk samples (ranging from < 5 ng/L to 405 ng/L; mean level: 30.43 ng/L. OTA levels were significantly higher (p ⪇ 0.05) in milk of habitual consumers of bread, bakery products and cured pork meat. No other statistically significant differences were observed although habitual consumers of pasta (p = 0.059), cookies (p = 0.061) and juices (p = 0.063) had mean contamination values of OTA higher than the moderate consumer. The very few AFB1 positive samples did not allow statistical comparisons. The present study confirms that the occurrence of OTA in human milk is related to maternal dietary habits. The findings support the possibility of dietary recommendations to woman, during pregnancy and lactation, aimed to tentatively reduce the OTA contamination of human milk.
Influence of substrate misorientation on properties of InGaN layers grown on freestanding GaN
Authors: Franssen G. , Suski T. , Kryśko M. , Łucznik B. , Grzegory I. , Krukowski S. , Khachapuridze A. , Czernecki R. , Grzanka S. , Mensz P. , Leszczyński M. , Porowski S. , Albrecht M. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe influence of GaN substrate misorientation on properties of Inx Ga1‐x N epilayers (0.05 < x < 0.1) has been examined. X‐ray Bragg reflection, photoluminescence (PL) peak energy and full width at half maximum were analyzed. Higher misorientation angles with respect to the c‐plane (up to 2.30°) give lower average In incorporation in InGaN layers, causing a blue shift of the PL peak energy. In contrast with expectations, higher misorientation (i.e., lower In content) leads to higher alloy disorder. This is reflected in the spectral width of PL lines and in a well‐pronounced S‐shape of PL vs. temperature for more misoriented samples. The obtained results clearly show that the misorientation of the substrate can be used as a parameter for the growth of InGaN layers, enabling the control of crucial light emitting device parameters such as emission energy and In fluctuation effects. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Provably secure RSA‐type signature based on conic curve
Authors: Dong Xiaolei , Qian Haifeng , Cao Zhenfu 
Published: March 2008

AbstractIn electronic communication and wireless communication, message authentication should be necessary. However, traditional method message authentication code (MAC) employs a symmetric cryptographical technique and it needs to keep a shared private key between two parties. For convenience, people now begins to use public key techniques to provide message authentication. In wireless communication, we shall save more space for message itself because of the limited resources. Therefore, we believe that our proposed digital signature scheme will be more fitful for this kind of communication due to the following merits: (1) in addition to inheriting the merits of RSA signature such as high verification efficiency, the proposed scheme also shows its advantage over RSA by resisting low public key exponent attack; (2) comparing with 1024 bits RSA, our digital signature scheme can sign 2048‐bit long message once, and generate a signature with 1025 bits length which doubles the capacity of the 1024‐bit RSA signature; (3) the scheme is provably secure and its security is tightly related to the hardness of conic‐based (CB)‐RSA assumption. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DCR‐MAC: distributed cognitive radio MAC protocol for wirelessad hocnetworks
Authors: Yoo Sang‐Jo , Nan Hao , Hyon Tae‐In 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe MAC protocol for a cognitive radio network should allow access to unused spectrum holes without (or with minimal) interference to incumbent system devices. To achieve this main goal, in this paper a distributed cognitive radio MAC (DCR‐MAC) protocol is proposed for wirelessad hocnetworks that provides for the detection and protection of incumbent systems around the communication pair. DCR‐MAC operates over a separate common control channel and multiple data channels; hence, it is able to deal with dynamics of resource availability effectively in cognitive networks. A new type of hidden node problem is introduced that focuses on possible signal collisions between incumbent devices and cognitive radioad hocdevices. To this end, a simple and efficient sensing information exchange mechanism between neighbor nodes with little overhead is proposed. In DCR‐MAC, eachad hocnode maintains a channel status table with explicit and implicit channel sensing methods. Before a data transmission, to select an optimal data channel, a reactive neighbor information exchange is carried out. Simulation results show that the proposed distributed cognitive radio MAC protocol can greatly reduce interference to the neighbor incumbent devices. A higher number of neighbor nodes leads to better protection of incumbent devices. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Serum chemistry concentrations of captive woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha)
Authors: Ange‐van Heugten Kimberly , Verstegen Martin , Ferket Peter R. , Stoskopf Michael , van Heugten Eric 
Published: March 2008

AbstractWoolly monkeys (Lagothrix sp.) are threatened species and numerous zoos have failed to sustain successful populations. The most common causes of death in captive woolly monkeys are related to pregnancy and hypertension. The objective of this retrospective study was to evaluate serum concentrations of a large number of captive woolly monkeys to establish baseline means and compare these concentrations with their closest related species to determine potential abnormalities. Serum analyses from 30 woolly monkeys housed at two institutions (Apenheul, The Netherlands and The Louisville Zoo, KY, USA) over 12 yr were collected. The statistical model included gender, age group (young, 0–4 yr of age; middle, 5–9 yr; and old, 10+ yr), and zoological institution. All panel result means were similar to previously reported concentrations for howler (Alouatta sp.) and spider monkeys (Ateles sp.) with the possible exception of alanine aminotransferase and γ‐glutamyl‐transferase being higher, whereas creatinine and phosphorus were lower. The serum glucose mean of 6.7 mmol/L is above the baseline range for humans and spider monkeys. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase, and sodium (Na) were higher in females and magnesium (Mg) was higher in males (P<0.05). ALP, Mg, and phosphorus were highest (P<0.05) and calcium and sodium tended to be highest (P<0.10) in the oldest animals. Ferritin tended to be highest (P<0.10) in the oldest animals. Albumin, ALP, chloride, Na, and total bilirubin were higher for Zoo A, whereas γ‐glutamyl‐transferase, glucose, and lactate dehydrogenase were lower for Zoo A (P<0.05). Areas of potential woolly monkey health risk were noted and discussed. Future studies are needed to determine free‐ranging serum concentrations to elucidate parameters that contain aberrant concentrations and decrease health status. Zoo Biol 27:188–199, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Separation of the methyl esters of oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids by column chromatography using cation exchange resin containing silver ion
Authors: Wurster C. F. , Copenhaver J. H. , Shafer P. R. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBy taking advantage of the tendency of silver ion to form complexes with unsaturated compounds, the methyl esters of oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids have been cleanly separated in good yield by column chromatography. The silver ion was supported by means of a cation exchange resin; no silver was ever eluted from the column. Aqueous methanol, pure methanol, and ethanol saturated with butene‐1 were employed as solvents.
The determination of sodium, potassium and magnesium in surfactants by flame spectrophotometry
Authors: Beck E. C. , Wilson K. J. , Jungermann Eric 
Published: March 2008

AbstractA method for determining sodium, potassium, and magnesium in soaps and detergents by means of flame spectrophotometry is described in detail. Sodium and/or potassium are normally present in high percentages; magnesium is usually found in relatively low concentrations as part of the antioxidant system of bar soaps. The spectrophotometric procedure has the following advantages over commonly used wet methods: 1) rapidity, 2) simplicity, and 3) the cations are determined directly and independently of each other. Soap additives, such as perfumes, colors, super‐fatting agents or germicides do not interfere with this method. Possible interferences between sodium, potassium, and magnesium cations were evaluated and eliminated. Typical examples, including toilet soaps, combination soap‐detergent bars, and sprayed detergents are described.
Kinetic studies of detergency. I. Analysis of cleaning curves
Authors: Bourne M. C. , Jennings W. G. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe kinetics of removal of thin films of pure radioactive tristearin from a stainless‐steel surface by .03M NaOH was studied in a circulation system. The data obtained are consistent with the presence of two species of tristearin, each species being removed simultaneously by a first‐order process and behaving independently of the other. The principal evidence for the existence of the two species is the excellent agreement of the experimental data with the mathematical techniques of kinetics over a wide range of experimental conditions. Rate constants for the removal of each species and the relative proportions of the two species are given for different experimental conditions. It is shown that the difference between the two species must be based on some physical factor, and possible explanations are discussed. The presence of two species gives a satisfactory explanation for hitherto unexplained results of other workers.
Kinetic studies of detergency. II. Effect of age, temperature, and cleaning time on rates of soil removal
Authors: Bourne M. C. , Jennings W. G. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe effects of variation in temperature, flow rate, cleaning time, and age were studied in a model circulation system. The results are recorded as changes in the rate constants k1 and k2 and changes in the relative proportions of the two soil species. The removal of tristearin in this simple system was found to proceed by two independent mechanisms, acting simultaneously. The first, named the 舠flow mechanism,舡 is dependent on time, and its rate increases with flow rate. The second, which the authors term the 舠Duprȳ mechanism,舡 is not dependent upon time and arises from the air‐detergent interface that moves over the surface. The Duprȳ effect is independent of flow rate at all rates of flow. In most of the experiments the DuprȲ mechanism accounted for about 90% of the removal of tristearin. A comparison is made between the removal of monomolecular films and thin polymolecular films. It is shown that the empirical finding of apparently simple first‐order kinetics is not inconsistent with the complex processes that remove tristearin from the surface.
Quantitative gas liquid chromatographic analysis of butterfat triglycerides
Authors: Kuksis A. , McCarthy M. J. , Beveridge J. M. R. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractGas liquid chromatographic triglyceride separation by carbon number, and integration of the area response obtained in the hydrogen flame ionization detector, has permitted the calculation of the following molar proportions for the various triglyceride types in a blended butterfat sample: C24 0.5, C25 0.08, C26 0.57, C27 0.18, C28 0.81, C29 0.17, C30 1.15, C31 0.2, C32 3.1, C33 0.34, C34 5.41, C35 1.0, C36 10.6, C37 1.2, C38 12.8, C39 1.15, C40 10.7, C41 1.0, C42 6.1, C43 0.58, C44 5.15, C45 0.6, C46 5.8, C47 1.0, C48 6.45, C49 1.47, C50 8.5, C51 1.43, C52 6.95, C53 1.05, C54 4.0. The validity of these estimates was verified by similar determinations performed on molecular distillates of butterfat and on butterfats with known amounts of added saturated and unsaturated long chain triglycerides. The fatty acid carbon recoveries estimated on the basis of the observed triglyceride peak proportions were of the order of 95% or better.A comparison of the experimentally determined triglyceride type distributions with those calculated on the basis of a completely random fatty acid arrangement for the blended and the molecularly distilled samples showed considerable differences, the most apparent of which was the greater proportion of both short and long chain triglycerides consistently predicted for the random population. On the basis of these studies, it is suggested that butterfat possesses a non‐random fatty acid distribution which is reflected in its triglyceride type distribution.
A comparison of the cup refining loss and neutral oil determinations for evaluating crude soybean oil
Authors: Potts T. J. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractData from 833 non‐degummed and degummed soybean oil samples, which were analyzed by both the neutral oil loss and cup loss methods, were examined, and it was found that the total premiums paid under the cup loss method and the proposed National Soybean Processors Association Technical Committee舗s neutral oil analysis were the same. However, better quality oils would have received a higher premium, while poorer oils would have been penalized more heavily under the new procedure.
Long chain alkanesulfonates and 1‐hydroxy‐2‐alkanesulfonates: Structure and property relations
Authors: Weil J. K. , Smith F. D. , Stirton A. J. , Bistline R. G. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractEven chain sodium alkanesulfonates from the Strecker reaction, odd chain sodium alkanesulfonates from the alkaline decarboxylation of ॅ‐sulfo acids, and sodium 1‐hydroxy‐2‐alkanesulfonates from the reduction of esters of ॅ‐sulfo acids were compared with respect to Krafft point, critical micelle concentration, detergency and foam height. Sodium alkanesulfonates and crude fusion products from the ॅ‐sulfo acids (mixtures of alkanesulfonates of one less carbon atom with a lesser amount of a soap of two less carbon atoms) are more soluble and have better detergent and foaming properties. Sodium 1‐hydroxy‐2‐alkanesulfonates resemble monosodium salts of ॅ‐sulfo acids.Alkanesulfonic acids and 1‐hydroxy‐2‐alkane‐sulfonic acids obtained from the sodium salts by ion exchange have lower Krafft points and are more readily soluble. The critical micelle concentrations of 1‐hydroxy‐2‐alkanesulfonic acids and ॅ‐sulfo acids are nearly the same and about equal to those of alkanesulfonic acids of one less carbon atom.