bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TIME-FOR-CHANGE MODEL AGAIN RIGHT ON THE MONEY IN
2008
Authors: Abramowitz Alan I. 
Published: January 2009

The October 2008 issue of PS published a symposium
of presidential and congressional forecasts made in the summer
leading up to the election. This article is an assessment of the
accuracy of their models.The Time-for-Change Model proved one of the most accurate of the 2008
presidential election forecasts run in the October
PS symposium. Using three predictors—the
president's approval rating at mid-year, the growth rate of real GDP
during the second quarter, and the time-for-change dummy
variable—the model predicted that Barack Obama would win the
presidential election with 54.3% of the major-party vote. According
to nearly final tabulations compiled by uselections.org, as of
December 8, Obama has received just over 53.6% of the major-party
vote. However, it is likely that Obama's final total will reach
53.7% of the major-party vote. Therefore, the model's current error
of 0.9 percentage points is likely to decrease further. The model
has now correctly predicted the winner of the popular vote in all
six presidential elections since its creation in 1988.
A RETROSPECTIVE ON THE PROSPECTIVE MODEL: ECONOMIC
EXPECTATIONS AND ELECTION OUTCOMES
Authors: Lockerbie Brad 
Published: January 2009

The October 2008 issue of PS published a symposium
of presidential and congressional forecasts made in the summer
leading up to the election. This article is an assessment of the
accuracy of their models.At its most basic level, the Economic Expectations and
Time-for-a-Change Model performed well in that it successfully
forecast a Barack Obama victory. It was in estimating the two-party
vote that the model underperformed. The point estimate was off by
just under five percentage points. While not terrible, the model did
not perform as well as it did in earlier years.
FORECASTING THE 2008 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION WITH THE
FISCAL MODEL: THE CHALLENGE MET
Authors: Cuzán Alfred G. , Bundrick Charles M. 
Published: January 2009

The October 2008 issue of PS published a symposium
of presidential and congressional forecasts made in the summer
leading up to the election. This article is an assessment of the
accuracy of their models.The presidential election forecast made with the Fiscal Model three
months before Election Day put the incumbents' share of the
two-party vote (VOTE2) at 48% (Cuzán and Bundrick 2008). As of the time of
this writing, it appears the incumbent-party ticket of John McCain
and Sarah Palin took a little less than that (around 46.5%). At
1.5%, the error is less than 2.3%, which is Campbell's (2008, 680) “benchmark” for a
“quite accurate” forecast. This is the second time in a row that the
Fiscal Model ranks among the best performers (Campbell 2005,
23).
ASSESSING THE ACCURACY OF THE 2008 STATE AND DISTRICT
FORECAST MODELS
Authors: Klarner Carl E. 
Published: January 2009

The October 2008 issue of PS published a symposium
of presidential and congressional forecasts made in the summer
leading up to the election. This article is an assessment of the
accuracy of their models.Ninety-nine days before the elections I utilized national- and
district- or state-level information to forecast the 2008 U.S.
presidential, House, and Senate elections (Klarner 2008). Overall,
the presidential model performed very well, while the House and
Senate models understated the extent of the Democratic wave.
White matter and neurocognitive changes in adults with chronic traumatic brain injury
Authors: KENNEDY MARY R.T. , WOZNIAK JEFFREY R. , MUETZEL RYAN L. , MUELLER BRYON A. , CHIOU HSIN-HUEI , PANTEKOEK KARI , LIM KELVIN O. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractDiffusion tensor imaging was used to investigate white matter (WM) integrity in adults with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and healthy adults as controls. Adults with TBI had sustained severe vehicular injuries on the average of 7 years earlier. A multivariate analysis of covariance with verbal IQ as the covariate revealed that adults with TBI had lower fractional anisotropy and higher mean diffusivity than controls, specifically in the three regions of interest (ROIs), the centrum semiovale (CS), the superior frontal (SPF), and the inferior frontal (INF). Adults with TBI averaged in the normal range in motor speed and two of three executive functions and were below average in delayed verbal recall and inhibition, whereas controls were above average. Time since injury, but not age, was associated with WM changes in the SPF ROI, whereas age, but not time since injury, was associated with WM changes in the INF ROI, suggesting that the effects of WM on time since injury may interact with age. To understand the utility of WM changes in chronic recovery, larger sample sizes are needed to investigate associations between cognition and WM integrity of severely injured individuals who have substantial cognitive impairment compared to severely injured individuals with little cognitive impairment. (JINS, 2009, 15, 130–136.)
Cognitive sequelae of blast-related versus other mechanisms of brain trauma
Authors: BELANGER HEATHER G. , KRETZMER TRACY , YOASH-GANTZ RUTH , PICKETT TREVEN , TUPLER LARRY A. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe use of improvised explosive devices has become the hallmark of modern warfare and has resulted in an ever-increasing number of blast-related traumatic brain injuries (TBIs). Despite this fact, very little is actually known about the cognitive sequelae of blast-related TBIs. The purpose of the current study was to compare patterns of performance on neuropsychological measures in subjects who have sustained TBIs as a result of blast (or explosion) with those who have sustained TBIs from non-blast or blunt force trauma (motor vehicle accident, fall, assault, etc.). Participants were categorized as blast-related TBI or non-blast-related TBI and according to severity of injury (mild or moderate-to-severe). No main effects were observed in analysis of covariance between blast-related TBI participants and non-blast-related TBI participants across any of the neuropsychological variables, although an interaction was observed on a visual memory test showing stronger performance for mild blast-related and poorer performance for moderate-to-severe blast-related participants compared with both non-blast groups. Overall, the results do not provide any strong evidence that blast is categorically different from other TBI mechanisms, at least with regard to cognitive sequelae on select measures. Additional findings included a marginally increased incidence of reported posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms among blast-injured participants. (JINS, 2009, 15, 1–8.)
An examination of the factor structure of the Beck Depression Inventory-II in a neurorehabilitation inpatient sample
Authors: SIEGERT RICHARD J. , WALKEY FRANK H. , TURNER-STOKES LYNNE 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) is widely used for assessing depression in neurorehabilitation. Given the concern that the somatic items might be misleading, we examined its factor structure in 353 inpatients. Exploratory factor analysis was undertaken to compare two- to five-factor solutions. Confirmatory factor analysis was then used to test the best exploratory solutions for goodness of fit on a subsample. Both provided strong support for a general depression factor and two specific factors, one somatic and one cognitive/affective. The BDI-II provides a meaningful score of overall depression, and it can also yield two subscores—one measuring somatic symptoms and the other measuring psychological symptoms of depression. To avoid confusing the common symptoms of neurological disability with depression in neurorehabilitation, clinicians need to consider all three scores carefully. (JINS, 2009, 15, 142–147.)
Negative affect predicts subsequent cognitive change in multiple sclerosis
Authors: CHRISTODOULOU CHRISTOPHER , MELVILLE PATRICIA , SCHERL WILLIAM F. , MACALLISTER WILLIAM S. , ABENSUR REBECCA L. , TROXELL REGINA M. , KRUPP LAUREN B. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractBaseline predictors of cognitive change were explored in a sample of persons with multiple sclerosis (MS). Potential predictors included demographic features, baseline clinical characteristics, and psychological state. Participants were 38 individuals diagnosed with either relapsing remitting or secondary progressive MS who did not meet criteria for a current major depressive episode. Subjects were tested at baseline and approximately 1 year in an ongoing longitudinal study of cognition in MS. Participants completed neuropsychological tests sensitive to impairment in MS. They also completed self-report measures of depression, anxiety, fatigue, apathy, and positive and negative affect. Baseline measures of negative affect (e.g., depressed mood, state anxiety, and negative affective state) consistently predicted cognitive change over the course of the study. Higher baseline levels of negative affect were associated with greater relative declines in cognitive performance. This longitudinal relation occurred in the absence of a cross-sectional relation between negative affect and overall cognition. High baseline negative affect particularly predicted a relative decline in episodic memory for newly learned verbal and visuospatial information. The negative affect measures were unique in their predictive value among all the baseline measures assessed. (JINS, 2009,15, 53–61.)
Semantic knowledge for famous names in mild cognitive impairment
Authors: SEIDENBERG MICHAEL , GUIDOTTI LESLIE , NIELSON KRISTY A. , WOODARD JOHN L. , DURGERIAN SALLY , ZHANG Qi , GANDER AMELIA , ANTUONO PIERO , RAO STEPHEN M. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractPerson identification represents a unique category of semantic knowledge that is commonly impaired in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), but has received relatively little investigation in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The current study examined the retrieval of semantic knowledge for famous names from three time epochs (recent, remote, and enduring) in two participant groups: 23 amnestic MCI (aMCI) patients and 23 healthy elderly controls. The aMCI group was less accurate and produced less semantic knowledge than controls for famous names. Names from the enduring period were recognized faster than both recent and remote names in both groups, and remote names were recognized more quickly than recent names. Episodic memory performance was correlated with greater semantic knowledge particularly for recent names. We suggest that the anterograde memory deficits in the aMCI group interferes with learning of recent famous names and as a result produces difficulties with updating and integrating new semantic information with previously stored information. The implications of these findings for characterizing semantic memory deficits in MCI are discussed. (JINS, 2009, 15, 9–18.)
Proactive and retroactive interference in young adults, healthy older adults, and older adults with amnestic mild cognitive impairment
Authors: EBERT PATRICIA L. , ANDERSON NICOLE D. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis study investigated memory interference in amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and normal aging. Participants were 27 young adults, 44 healthy older adults, and 15 older adults with aMCI. Memory interference was examined on the California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT) and on a modified AB-AC paradigm. Despite significant differences in memory performance on the CVLT, interference measures on this test did not distinguish individuals with aMCI and healthy older adults. The AB-AC task involved first learning a list (AB list) of 12 semantically related word pairs (e.g., knee-bone). Twenty minutes later, a second list (AC list) was learned in which the same stimulus words were paired with new response words (e.g., knee-bend). Both lists were repeated until 100% accurate recall was achieved. Finally, participants recalled the first (AB) list. Proactive interference (PI) was greater among older than younger adults, and greater still among individuals with aMCI, but the older and aMCI groups showed similar levels of retroactive interference. This study suggests that PI contributes to the memory deficits seen in aMCI and that tests sensitive to PI may assist in the early identification of aMCI. Memory interventions aimed at alleviating PI may improve memory functioning in individuals with aMCI. (JINS, 2009, 15, 83–93.)
Detection of prospective memory deficits in mild cognitive impairment of suspected Alzheimer’s disease etiology using a novel event-based prospective memory task
Authors: BLANCO-CAMPAL ALBERTO , COEN ROBERT F. , LAWLOR BRIAN A. , WALSH JOSEPH B. , BURKE TERESA E. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWe investigated the relative discriminatory efficacy of an event-based prospective memory (PM) task, in which specificity of the instructions and perceptual salience of the PM cue were manipulated, compared with two widely used retrospective memory (RM) tests (Rivermead Paragraph Recall Test and CERAD-Word List Test), when detecting mild cognitive impairment of suspected Alzheimer’s disease etiology (MCI-AD) (N= 19) from normal controls (NC) (N= 21). Statistical analyses showed high discriminatory capacity of the PM task for detecting MCI-AD. The Non-Specific-Non-Salient condition proved particularly useful in detecting MCI-AD, possibly reflecting the difficulty of the task, requiring more strategic attentional resources to monitor for the PM cue. With a cutoff score of <4/10, the Non-Specific-Non-Salient condition achieved a sensitivity = 84%, and a specificity = 95%, superior to the most discriminative RM test used (CERAD-Total Learning: sensitivity = 83%; specificity = 76%). Results suggest that PM is an early sign of memory failure in MCI-AD and may be a more pronounced deficit than retrospective failure, probably reflecting the greater self-initiated retrieval demands involved in the PM task used. Limitations include the relatively small sample size, and the use of a convenience sample (i.e. memory clinic attenders and healthy active volunteers), reducing the generalizability of the results, which should be regarded as preliminary. (JINS, 2009,15, 154–159.)
Impairmentversusdeficiency in neuropsychological assessment: Implications for ecological validity
Authors: SILVERBERG NOAH D. , MILLIS SCOTT R. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractNeuropsychological test interpretation has relied on pre- and postmorbid comparisons, as exemplified by the use of demographically adjusted normative data. We argue that, when the assessment goal is to predict real-world functioning, this interpretive method should be supplemented by “absolute” scores. Such scores are derived from comparisons with the general healthy adult population (i.e., demographically unadjusted normative data) and reflect examinees’ current ability, that is, the interaction between premorbid and injury/disease-related factors. In support of this view, we found that substantial discrepancies between demographically adjusted and absolute scores were common in a traumatic brain injury sample, especially in participants with certain demographic profiles. Absolute scores predicted selected measures of functional outcome better than demographically adjusted scores and also classified participants’ functional status more accurately, to the extent that these scores diverged. In conclusion, the ecological validity of neuropsychological tests may be improved by the consideration of absolute scores. (JINS, 2009,15, 94–102.)
Walking and talking therapy: Improving cognitive–motor dual-tasking in neurological illness
Authors: EVANS JONATHAN J. , GREENFIELD EVE , WILSON BARBARA A. , BATEMAN ANDREW 
Published: January 2009

AbstractUsing randomized control trial methodology, we evaluated the effectiveness of a 5-week cognitive–motor dual-tasking training program developed to improve performance of a group of people with dual-tasking difficulties arising from acquired brain injury. Training involved twice-daily practice on exercises involving walking being combined with tasks which increased in cognitive demand over the course of the intervention. A treatment group (n = 10) was compared with a control group (n = 9). The primary outcome measure was a task requiring participants to walk and carry out a spoken sentence verification task simultaneously. Secondary outcome measures were measures of dual-tasking involving either two motor tasks or two cognitive tasks. A questionnaire measure relating to activities of daily living requiring dual-tasking was also completed. Compliance with the training program was good. We found evidence of improvement in performance on the primary outcome measure, but little evidence of generalization to other measures. There was some evidence that participants believed that their dual-tasking performance in everyday life was improved after the intervention. The study was limited in terms of sample size, was not blinded and did not control fully for therapist contact time, but has produced valuable data relating to effect sizes associated with this form of intervention. (JINS, 2009, 15, 112–120.)
Neuroimaging correlates of parent ratings of working memory in typically developing children
Authors: MAHONE E. MARK , MARTIN REBECCA , KATES WENDY R. , HAY TRISHA , HORSKÁ ALENA 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe purpose of the present study was to investigate construct validity of parent ratings of working memory in children, using a multi-trait/multi-method design including neuroimaging, rating scales, and performance-based measures. Thirty-five typically developing children completed performance-based tests of working memory and nonexecutive function (EF) skills, received volumetric MRI, and were rated by parents on both EF-specific and broad behavior rating scales. After controlling for total cerebral volume and age, parent ratings of working memory were significantly correlated with frontal gray, but not temporal, parietal, or occipital gray, or any lobar white matter volumes. Performance-based measures of working memory were also moderately correlated with frontal lobe gray matter volume; however, non-EF parent ratings and non-EF performance-based measures were not correlated with frontal lobe volumes. Results provide preliminary support for the convergent and discriminant validity of parent ratings of working memory, and emphasize their utility in exploring brain–behavior relationships in children. Rating scales that directly examine EF skills may potentially have ecological validity, not only for “everyday” function, but also as correlates of brain volume. (JINS, 2009, 15, 31–41.)
Helping Scientists Become Effective Partners in Education and Outreach
Authors: Laursen Sandra L. , Smith Lesley K. 
Published: January 2009

How does a scientist find herself standing before a group of lively third‐graders? She may be personally motivated—seeking to improve public understanding of scientific issues and the nature of science, or to see her own children receive a good science education—or perhaps she simply enjoys this kind of work [Andrews et al., 20057semi; Kim and Fortner, 2008].In addition to internal motivating factors, federal funding agencies have begun to encourage scientists to participate in education and outreach (E/O) related to their research, through NASA program requirements for such activities (see “Implementing the Office of Space Science Education/Public Outreach Strategy,” at http://spacescience.nasa.gov/admin/pubs/edu/imp_plan .htm) and the U.S. National Science Foundation's increased emphasis on “broader impacts” in merit review of research proposals (see http://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2003/nsf032/bicexamples.pdf).
Quantifying expression of Geobacter spp. oxidative stress genes in pure culture and during in situ uranium bioremediation
Authors: Mouser Paula J , Holmes Dawn E , Perpetua Lorrie A , DiDonato Raymond , Postier Brad , Liu Anna , Lovley Derek R 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
As part of an effort to diagnose the physiological status of Geobacter species during in situ bioremediation of uranium-contaminated groundwater, transcript levels for two genes potentially associated with oxidative stress, cydA and sodA, were quantified throughout a bioremediation field study in Rifle, CO, USA. Despite the accumulation of Fe(II) in the groundwater, which is inconsistent with the presence of dissolved oxygen, both genes were highly expressed during the bioremediation process. Therefore, the response to oxidative stress was further evaluated with Geobacter uraniireducens, an isolate from the Rifle site. When G. uraniireducens cultured with fumarate as the electron acceptor was exposed to 5% oxygen for 8 h, there was a significant increase in cydA and sodA transcripts as well as other genes associated with oxygen respiration or oxidative stress. Oxygen-exposed cells had lower transcript abundance for genes associated with anaerobic respiration, metabolism and motility. Short-term oxygen exposure had little impact on cydA transcript levels, as more than 1 h was required for increases to levels comparable to the subsurface. Abundance of cydA and sodA transcripts for the isolate G. sulfurreducens were always higher in cells cultured with Fe(III) compared with fumarate as an electron acceptor, even when fumarate-grown cells were exposed to oxygen, and Fe(III)-grown cells were grown anaerobically. These results suggest that the apparently high Geobacter cydA and sodA expression during bioremediation cannot necessarily be attributed to oxidative stress and demonstrate that diagnosis of the metabolic status of subsurface microorganisms through transcript analysis should be coupled with appropriate geochemical analyses.
A comprehensive survey of soil acidobacterial diversity using pyrosequencing and clone library analyses
Authors: Jones Ryan T , Robeson Michael S , Lauber Christian L , Hamady Micah , Knight Rob , Fierer Noah 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Acidobacteria are ubiquitous and abundant members of soil bacterial communities. However, an ecological understanding of this important phylum has remained elusive because its members have been difficult to culture and few molecular investigations have focused exclusively on this group. We generated an unprecedented number of acidobacterial DNA sequence data using pyrosequencing and clone libraries (39 707 and 1787 sequences, respectively) to characterize the relative abundance, diversity and composition of acidobacterial communities across a range of soil types. To gain insight into the ecological characteristics of acidobacterial taxa, we investigated the large-scale biogeographic patterns exhibited by acidobacterial communities, and related soil and site characteristics to acidobacterial community assemblage patterns. The 87 soils analyzed by pyrosequencing contained more than 8600 unique acidobacterial phylotypes (at the 97% sequence similarity level). One phylotype belonging to Acidobacteria subgroup 1, but not closely related to any cultured representatives, was particularly abundant, accounting for 7.4% of bacterial sequences and 17.6% of acidobacterial sequences, on average, across the soils. The abundance of Acidobacteria relative to other bacterial taxa was highly variable across the soils examined, but correlated strongly with soil pH (R=−0.80, P&lt;0.001). Soil pH was also the best predictor of acidobacterial community composition, regardless of how the communities were characterized, and the relative abundances of the dominant Acidobacteria subgroups were readily predictable. Acidobacterial communities were more phylogenetically clustered as soil pH departed from neutrality, suggesting that pH is an effective habitat filter, restricting community membership to progressively more narrowly defined lineages as pH deviates from neutrality.