bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Domiciliary medication reviews by fourth year pharmacy students in Western Australia
Authors: Boyatzis Margaret , Batty Kevin T 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective
The principal aim of this study was to assess the potential value of final-year undergraduate pharmacy students in domiciliary medication review (DMR).

Method
Students attended workshops on communication skills, complementary medicines and medication review. Each student contacted 5–10 patients by telephone and asked them to identify from memory all current medications. The student later conducted a DMR in the patient's home and prepared a report for the pharmacist preceptor and the patient's medical practitioner (GP) to review.

Results
The students recruited 189 patients, 80% of whom were over 60 years of age. The mean number of medications recalled by patients (5.8±2.9) was significantly lower than the number of medications that patients were actually taking (8.5 ± 3.5; P &lt;0.001). Overall, 39% of patients gave incorrect/unknown indications for at least one medication and 17% had expired medicines. Students identified an average of 2.1 ± 1.7 actual or potential medication problems per patient. The mean number of problems endorsed by the pharmacist and GP were 1.1 and 0.9, and an additional 0.4 and 0.2 problems were identified, respectively. Nineteen patients (10%) required changes in therapy. Pharmacists and GPs thought it was appropriate for students to conduct DMRs under supervision and to include DMR as part of the students' training.

Conclusion
Final-year pharmacy students were capable of collecting and collating medication information for DMRs in the community setting. The programme was acceptable to patients, GPs and pharmacist preceptors. Experience in DMRs should be included in the education of pharmacy students and pre-registration trainees.
Pharmacy decision support: where is it? A systematic literature review
Authors: Calabretto Jean-Pierre , Warren Jim , Bird Linda 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective
The objectives of this study were: to identify electronic decision supported systems that directly support pharmacists or pharmacy practice, in either the hospital or community settings; to ascertain the type of research in this area; and to identify any observable gaps for electronic decision support.

Method
A systematic literature review of PubMed, journals with known publication of decision support, databases including the Cochrane Reviews Database, selected websites and conference proceedings was conducted. Criteria for inclusion were electronic decision support systems that: were in routine use; had been used or published since 1998; provided clinical support; were not embedded into medical instruments; and were used by pharmacists in the community or hospital setting.

Key findings
Four publications met the criteria from 386 references. Of these, three described alerting systems for pharmacists, and one described the effect on pharmacist workflow of computerised prescribing. Investigation of selected websites revealed a further 20 pharmacy-related projects. It was difficult to ascertain to what extent to these (unpublished) activities were occurring in countries outside Australia (the main practice setting considered), such as the UK and Canada.

Conclusion
There is scant literature describing electronic decision support system activities specifically for pharmacy or pharmacists, in comparison to the substantial quantity of similar literature for healthcare in general. Electronic decision support activities are evident in the commercial environment for systems supporting traditional pharmacy roles. Selected conference proceedings and web-based information indicate that activity is occurring in the area of pharmacy decision support, although for relatively simple systems. The emerging patient-focused roles for pharmacists suggest that they may require similar knowledge and information to those of medical professionals. There is now a need to fully understand, define and support these pharmacist requirements, to enable appropriate decision support tools to be developed, and provide the opportunity for improved healthcare.
‘At the moment it is just a couple of eccentrics doing it’: concordance in day-to-day practice
Authors: Leontowitsch Miranda , Stevenson Fiona , Nazareth Irwin , Duggan Catherine 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objectives
To assess the feasibility and acceptability of concordance in pharmacy practice through examination of communication between customers and pharmacists in two community pharmacies in consultations for over-the-counter medicines.

Method
A qualitative pilot study involving data drawn from six sources: audiotaped training session with all the pharmacists involved, observational field work in the pharmacies, audiotaped consultations with pharmacists and customers, debriefing interviews with pharmacists after the consultation, and semi-structured interviews with customers a few days after their consultation.

Setting
Two community pharmacies that concentrate their services on medicine advice and dispensing, one in a deprived inner-city area, the other in a more affluent suburban area of London.

Key findings
The pharmacists developed a personal understanding of concordance which informed their practice. Customers reported a high level of satisfaction with services they received from the respective pharmacists. Their accounts of the consultations verified the pharmacists' patient-centredness in their day-to-day practice.

Conclusion
The implementation of a concordance model was possible through the development of a personalised, patient-centred model which drew on the model of concordance but was adapted in accordance with both structural constraints as well as the personal style of the pharmacists involved.
Molecular-Dynamics Simulation of a Methane–Oxygen Mixture: Prediction of P–V–T Data and Evaluation of Effective Pair Potential Models
Authors: Seyed Matin Naser , Jalili Amir Hossein 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
The results of a molecular-dynamics simulation using various isotropic pair potential functions for pure methane, oxygen, and their binary mixtures in the temperature range of 200 to 600 K and densities up to about 1.5 times their critical density is presented. The models studied in this work were: 1) Lennard–Jones (12–6) potential functions with different parameters, which have been proposed for methane and oxygen in the literature, 2) various types of Mie(n–m) potential with different values of n and m, for both methane and oxygen molecules, and 3) a potential function introduced by Dymond, Rigby, and Smith (DRS model). A Kihara–Mie(20–6) potential with the best value for the Kihara parameter, “γ” and optimized σ and ε is proposed for an oxygen molecule. Considering the predicting capability of the mentioned potential functions for pure methane and oxygen, two of them were selected for investigating methane–oxygen binary mixtures. The CH4–CH4 and O2–O2 center-of-mass radial distribution function, calculated with selected potentials, predicts the positions and peak height for g(r)CH4–CH4 and g(r)O2–O2 in good agreement with experimental data. The Deiters equation of state was used for PVT data production of pure methane and oxygen and their mixtures via imposing an intuitive mixing rule for the equation-of-state parameters. The results show good agreement between the LJ(12–6) and DRS potential models and the Deiters equation of state at densities of up to 0.25 g mL−1 at all temperatures, the deviations increasing by increasing the density. Furthermore, in the case of a methane–oxygen binary mixture, the Peng–Robinson equation of state was applied. The results reveal a strong influence of the binary interaction parameter, over the predicting ability of the Peng–Robinson equation of state for the mixture under study.
Application of Supported Liquid Membranes in the Multi-Residue Extraction of Aminoglycoside Antibiotics in Milk and Urine
Authors: Msagati Titus A M , Nindi Mathew Muzi 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
A supported liquid membrane has been used as a sample clean-up and/or enrichment technique in the recovery of a mixture of aminoglycoside compounds from cow’s milk and urine. The aminoglycoside compounds studied include, neomycin, gentamycin (mainly gentamycin C1a), and streptomycin. The supported liquid membrane (SLM) used to trap these compounds consisted of (1:1) 1-decanol:n-undecane. Several factors affecting the extraction efficiencies during SLM enrichment, such as donor and acceptor phases pHs, were studied. High performance liquid chromatography coupled to a positive ion electrospray-mass spectrometer was used as a detection method for these antibiotic compounds with their minor structural components. The extraction efficiencies obtained after SLM enrichment ranged between 60–90% for milk samples and 80 – ∼100% for urine matrices. The detection limits obtained from urine was 0.23 μg L−1 for neomycin, 0.31 μg L−1 for gentamycin, and 0.16 μg L−1 for streptomycin and from cow’s milk were 0.34 μg L−1 for neomycin, 0.42 μg L−1 for gentamycin, and 0.20 μg L−1 for streptomycin.
Electronic Properties and Thermal Stability of Soluble Redox Proteins from a Thermophilic Purple Sulfur Photosynthetic Bacterium, Thermochromatium tepidum
Authors: Kobayashi Masayuki , Saito Takayuki , Takahashi Kiyomichi , Wang Zheng-Yu , Nozawa Tsunenori 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
The electronic properties of soluble redox proteins from a thermophilic purple sulfur photosynthetic bacterium Thermochromatium (T.) tepidum have been studied in terms of electronic absorption, magnetic CD, midpoint redox potential, and electron-transfer behavior. T. tepidum possesses one high potential iron–sulfur protein (HiPIP), one cytochrome c’, and two low potential cytochrome c-552’s. The two low potential cytochrome c-552’s can be separated further into a higher and a lower potential species. The HiPIP has a midpoint redox potential of +340 mV at pH 7. From electron-transfer ability shown by flash experiments, the HiPIP was confirmed to be the possible electron-transfer protein to the reaction center under physiological conditions. The HiPIP is thermally stable up to 60 °C, which is much higher than that of the mesophilic photosynthetic bacterium, Allochromatium (A.) vinosum. Cytochrome c’ has a high-spin protoheme with a redox midpoint potential of +100 mV at pH 7, similar to those of many other photosynthetic bacteria. The molecular weight was determined to be 14147 Da by MALDI-TOF/MS experiments. The higher potential cytochrome c-552’s have hemes c’s with midpoint redox potentials of −15 and +85 mV, and the lower one of −15 mV. The molecular weights for the higher potential cytochrome c-552 and the lower potential c-552 were found to be 20702 and 47757 Da, respectively. The higher potential cytochrome c-552 has an attached flavoprotein with a molecular mass of 42000 Da. The lower potential cytochrome c-552 has been found for the first time in T. tepidum.
Synthesis of Cyclic Ethers from 3- and 4-Hydroxyalkylphosphonium Salts
Authors: Okuma Kentaro , Sakai Osami , Hayano Tetsuji , Shioji Kosei , Matsuyama Haruo 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
The reaction of 6-methylene-1,3-dioxepanes derived from 3-hydroxyalkyltriphenylphosphonium salts and paraformaldehyde with trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate in the presence of N,N-diisopropylethylamine yielded novel 4-formyltetrahydropyrans. 3-Methylenetetrahydropyrans were synthesized by the reaction of 4-hydroxyalkyltriphenylphosphonium iodides with DBU and paraformaldehyde. 2,3-Dihydro-3-methylenebenzofuran was also obtained by the reaction of 2-hydroxybenzyltriphenylphosphonium bromide with butyllithium, followed by the addition of paraformaldehyde.
Employment of 31P MAS NMR for the Identification of Amorphous Precipitation Products Obtained from the MAP Process
Authors: Sugiyama Shigeru , Fujisawa Masayoshi , Yokoyama Masahiko , Sotowa Ken-ichiro , Tomida Tahei , Shigemoto Naoya 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
In order to recover aqueous ammonium (NH4+) and phosphate (PO43−) from wastewater, these ions were immobilized with MgO and MgCl2 into an insoluble solid. Analysis by X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed that the insoluble solid was a single phase of ammonium magnesium phosphate (Mg(NH4)PO4·6H2O: MAP). Therefore, the present process has been commonly known as the MAP process. However, analysis by the solid-state 31P magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (31P MAS NMR) of the insoluble solid revealed that the solid contained various phosphate compounds together with crystalline MAP. The results indicated that the solids obtained from the MAP process should be carefully identified, since they are considered to be utilized as a slow-acting fertilizer.
7,7-Dipyridyl-2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-quinone Methides: Synthesis, Complexation with Silver(I) Ion, and Oxidation to Their Pyridine N-Oxide
Authors: Matsumoto Kouzou , Ikeda Junya , Kurata Hiroyuki , Kawase Takeshi , Oda Masaji 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
A series of 7,7-dipyridyl-p-quinone methides are prepared from the corresponding dipyridylketones with 4-lithio-2,6-di-tert-butylphenoxide followed by dehydration. 7,7-Bis(2-pyridyl)-p-quinone methide formed the binuclear Ag(I) complex in which the quinone methide rings are deformed to the boat form. Oxidation of 7,7-dipyridyl-p-quinone methides gave the corresponding bis(pyridine N-oxide)s.
The First Atomic-scale Observation of a Ni2P(0001) Single Crystal Surface
Authors: Moula Md Golam , Suzuki Shushi , Chun Wang-Jae , Otani Shigeki , Oyama Shigeo Ted , Asakura Kiyotaka 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
The first clear atomic-scale images of a Ni2P(0001) surface have been obtained by means of a scanning tunneling (STM) microscope. The STM image shows an ordered hexagonal symmetry of the (0001) face, which can be assigned to phosphorus atoms on Ni3P1- and Ni3P2-terminated surface. The high temperature annealing is crucial to get a well-ordered atomic structure.
Youth Solar Ultraviolet Radiation Exposure, Concurrent Activities and Sun‐protective Practices: A Review
Authors: Wright C. Y. , Reeder A. I. 
Published: December 2005

ABSTRACTTo assist standardization of procedures, facilitate comparisons, and help guide research efforts to optimally inform development of appropriately targeted interventions, there is a need to review methods used to quantify child and adolescent solar ultraviolet radiation (UV) exposure, related outdoor activities and sun‐protective practices. This holistic approach is essential for comprehensive research that will provide all‐inclusive, informative and meaningful messages for preventive measures of harmful UV exposure. Two databases were searched and 29 studies were retrieved, and these studies report measurement or assessment techniques documenting UV exposure patterns and related outdoor activities. Polysulfone film badges were the main measurement instrument used in 10 studies, with questionnaire, survey data, observation, a model, electronic dosimeters, biological dosimeters, colorimeter and UV colouring labels used in the remaining studies. Methods used to record activities included self‐report, parental report, a logbook and observation. Measurement duration and unit of UV exposure varied in most studies, but a method common to 15 studies was measured UV exposure as a percentage of ambient UV. The studies reviewed do not provide sufficient information for the development and evaluation of targeted youth sun protection programs. Studies are required which document precise UV exposure, concurrent activities and sun protection usage for children and adolescents.
Aldehyde Dehydrogenases: Measurement of Activities and Protein Levels
Authors: Sreerama Lakshmaiah , Sládek Norman E. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractSeventeen enzymes are currently viewed as belonging to the human aldehyde dehydrogenase superfamily, and all of them catalyze the pyridine nucleotide–dependent oxidation of aldehydes to acids. Depending on the specific aldehyde dehydrogenase, lack of sufficient catalytic activity (1) results in a gross pathological phenotype in the absence of any insult, or (2) is ordinarily of no consequence with respect to gross phenotype, but is of consequence when the organism is subjected to a relevant insult. Described in this unit are eight assays that can be used to (semi)quantify various in vitro aldehyde dehydrogenase protein and/or catalytic activity levels, and two that can be used to semiquantify various in situ aldehyde dehydrogenase protein and/or catalytic activity levels. Aldehyde dehydrogenases also catalyze the hydrolysis of esters; this unit includes an assay that can be used to quantify that catalytic activity as well. Preparation of test materials and of antibodies to the aldehyde dehydrogenases are described in three support protocols.
Misincorporation Proton‐Alkyl Exchange (MPAX): Engineering Cysteine Probes into Proteins
Authors: Burguete Alondra Schweizer , Harbury Pehr B. , Pfeffer Suzanne R. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThis unit describes a rapid and efficient method to screen a polypeptide for amino acid residues that contribute to protein‐protein interaction interfaces. Cysteine residues are introduced as positional probes in a protein at random by co‐expression in bacteria with specific cysteine misincorporator tRNAs. The protein is then purified as an ensemble of polypeptides containing cysteine at low frequency, at different positions in each molecule. The ability of the native protein structure to protect different cysteine residues from chemical modification by iodoacetamide is determined to obtain a protein surface map that reveals candidate surface residues that are likely to be important for protein‐protein interaction. Cysteine mutants with altered ligand binding can also be selected simultaneously by affinity chromatography.
Health of the non‐elites at Tombos: Nutritional and disease stress in New Kingdom Nubia
Authors: Buzon Michele R. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractDuring the New Kingdom period, Egypt succeeded in occupying most of Nubia. Colonial towns were built, which served as centers of government and redistribution. This paper uses a bioarchaeological approach to address the effects of this cultural contact on non‐elites. Skeletal remains from the site of Tombos (N = 100), a cemetery in Upper Nubia dating to this important time, are analyzed, in addition to 1,082 individuals from contemporaneous Egyptian and Nubian sites, in order to shed light on the social, political, and economic processes at play and to determine how the people at Tombos were affected during this transitional period. In many ways, the Tombos population appears to have been affected by similar stressors as the other populations under study. However, a few small differences in the subadult frequencies of pathological lesions, especially remodeling rates, are significant in the overall picture of health at Tombos. These analyses suggest that, although the people of Tombos may have been integrated into the Egyptian colonial network, the additional resources they may have obtained could not protect them from nutritional and disease stress. A lower childhood survival through bouts of ill health at Tombos is suggested. While status may have played a role in the differences seen in the comparative populations, it is likely that parasites and/or other infections led to childhood illness and death. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Histologic subtypes as determinants of outcome in esophageal carcinoma patients with pathologic complete response after preoperative chemoradiotherapy
Authors: Rohatgi Pooja R. , Swisher Stephen G. , Correa Arlene M. , Wu Tsung T. , Liao Zhongxing , Komaki Ritsuko , Walsh Garrett L. , Vaporciyan Ara A. , Rice David C. , Bresalier Robert S. , Roth Jack A. , Ajani Jaffer A. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe current study tested the hypothesis that the clinical outcome of patients with localized esophageal carcinoma after preoperative chemoradiotherapy (CTRT) depends on histology.METHODSThe authors stratified patients by adenocarcinoma (ACA) or squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and compared the overall survival (OS) and patterns of failure among patients achieving pathologic complete response (pathCR) and < pathCR after preoperative CTRT. A correlation between baseline clinical stage and posttherapy pathologic response was made for ACA and SCC.RESULTSOf the 235 patients who underwent preoperative CTRT, 42 (18%) had SCC and 193 (82%) had ACA. In the ACA group, 56 patients (29%) achieved a pathCR and in the SCC group 13 patients (31%) achieved a pathCR. In the ACA group, a larger proportion of pathCR patients (n = 44; 79%) than < pathCR patients (n = 82; 60%) were alive at the time of last follow‐up (P = 0.01) and pathCR patients had a longer OS than < pathCR patients (P = 0.0006). However, in the SCC group OS or proportion alive did not differ significantly between pathCR and < pathCR patients (P ≥ 0.05). In the ACA group, a greater portion of < pathCR patients (32%) than pathCR patients (16%) had distant metastases (P = 0.02) and the distant metastases‐free survival of pathCR patients was longer than that of < pathCR patients (P = 0.0012). In the SCC group, the proportion or time to distant‐metastases did not differ significantly. Pretreatment clinical stage did not correlate with pathologic response for either histology.CONCLUSIONSThe results of the current study suggest that the clinical biology of SCC and ACA is different after CTRT. An investigation of molecular and patient genetics is needed to improve therapy. Cancer 2006. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Does a delay between diagnosis and radical prostatectomy increase the risk of disease recurrence?
Authors: Vickers Andrew J. , Bianco Fernando J. , Boorjian Stephen , Scardino Peter T. , Eastham James A. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDMen diagnosed with clinically localized prostate carcinoma have several treatment options. The investigation of these options may delay the initiation of definitive therapy. In the current study, the authors evaluated whether time from biopsy to radical prostatectomy (RP) was predictive of postoperative biochemical disease recurrence (BCR).METHODSA total of 3149 consecutive patients who underwent RP as their initial treatment for prostate carcinoma within a year of diagnosis were identified. The time between diagnosis and RP was entered as a predictor in a multivariate logistic regression model predicting BCR at 3 years, 5 years, 8 years, and 10 years. The year surgery was performed and the nomogram‐predicted probability of recurrence, which incorporates stage of disease, Gleason grade, and prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) level, were used as covariates.RESULTSThe authors found no clear evidence of a significant effect of delay to diagnosis on BCR. For those patients treated within 6 months (96% of the total sample) the odds ratio for each additional month of delay was 1.04, 1.07, 1.08, and 1.02, respectively, for 3‐year, 5‐year, 8‐year, and 10‐year BCR‐free survival (P > 0.2 for all analyses). However, the 95% confidence intervals were wide and included the possibility that even a minor delay in surgery might have a large impact on the probability of BCR.CONCLUSIONSThe time between biopsy and surgery does not appear to have a large effect on the risk of disease recurrence. Counseling patients on the importance of avoiding undue delay to surgery must be based on clinical judgment, particularly with respect to modifying advice based on the patient's risk. Cancer 2006. © 2005 American Cancer Society.