bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental infection of conventional dogs with canine parvovirus
Authors: McAdaragh J. P. , Eustis S. L. , Nelson D. T. , Stotz I. , Kenefick K. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Four 6-week-old conventional pups were inoculated with a parvovirus (pv) isolated from the feces of a dog with naturally occurring enteritis. Blood for hematologic studies, virus isolation (vi), and antibody titration and feces for vi and negative-contrast electron microscopy were collected on day 0 and daily until necropsy. Beginning at postinoculation day 2, necropsies were done and specimens were collected for immunofluorescence, vi, and light microscopic examination.
The pv infection was confirmed by vi, immunofluorescence, electron microscopy, and seroconversion. Clinical illness was not observed in inoculated pups, although mild intestinal lesions similar to those of naturally occurring pv enteritis were found. The failure to elicit severe disease in conventional pups indicates that one or more factors, such as intercurrent enteric or systemic infections, immune status, age, nutrition, virulence of virus, dose of infectious virus, and route of inoculation influence the clinical and pathologic manifestations of pv infection.
Failure of mineral-vitamin supplements to prevent tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) toxicosis in cattle
Authors: Johnson A. Earl 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The efficacy of 2 mineral-vitamin supplements in preventing or alleviating initial pyrrolizidine alkaloid (pa) toxicosis in cattle was tested. Three groups of calves were fed 1 of the 2 supplements plus tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) containing pa and 2 groups of calves were fed tansy ragwort without the supplement. Toxicity comparisons were based on differences in observed clinical signs, serum enzyme changes, survival time of calves, and histopathologic examination of hepatic tissue.Typical tansy ragwort toxicosis terminating in death developed in all calves. There were no marked differences in responses of the groups of calves. Seemingly, the supplements did not afford protection or alleviate tansy ragwort-related pa toxicosis in calves.
Urinary production in the healthy horse and in horses deprived of feed and water
Authors: Rumbaugh Gary E. , Carlson Gary P. , Harrold Doris 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Total daily 24-hour urinary output was obtained from 11 healthy horses fed alfalfa hay with free access to salt during periods of high environmental temperatures. Daily urinary volume averaged 15.6 L, with mean specific gravity of 1.028, osmolality of 1,040 mOsm/kg, and urinary flow rate of 1.24 ml/kg/hr.
Total 24-hour sample collections of urine were also obtained from horses held without access to feed or water for periods of 24, 48, and 72 hours during high environmental temperatures. Average urine production under these conditions was 6.3 L during the 1st day; 3.2 L, the 2nd day; and 3.0 L, the 3rd day. Although total daily urinary electrolyte excretion decreased during these periods, urinary electrolyte concentrations of the major ions often remained unchanged, or in the case of sodium, actually increased. There was a highly significant correlation between the urinary excretion of the principal cations, sodium and potassium, and the principal anion, chloride. The urinary excretion of water and electrolytes appeared to remain stable after 48 hours of feed and water deprivation.
Survey for heartworm, Dirofilaria immitis, and Dipetalonema reconditum (Nematoda:Filarioidea) in dogs from Virginia and North Carolina
Authors: Falls Randall K. , Platt Thomas R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Random-source dogs (n = 100) in Virginia and North Carolina were surveyed for the microfilariae of Dirofilaria immitis. Microscopic examination of fresh thin-films and modified Knott preparations were made. Dirofilaria immitis and Dipetalonema reconditum were found in 19% and 6% of the animals, respectively. There was no animal that harbored both species. Prevalence was significantly higher in North Carolina (28.6%) than in Virginia (13.6%) (P < 0.025). Mean pcv was significantly lower (P < 0.005) in infected vs noninfected animals.
Observation on the morphology of contagious equine metritis bacterial colonies isolated from infected pony mares
Authors: Sahu S. P. , Wool S. , Breese S. S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
In uterine or cervical specimens obtained from pony mares infected with streptomycin-resistant contagious equine metritis bacteria, several colonies of the bacteria which differed in morphologic characteristics were recognized during their primary isolation on Eugon chocolate agar and tryptose chocolate agar plates. The differences were usually not observed until plates were incubated 10 to 15 days.On Eugon chocolate agar plates, smooth colony, sandy colony with rings, and colony with blebs were recognized. On tryptose chocolate agar plates, only a round smooth convex colony was observed. By scanning electron microscopy, colonies consisted of coccal, coccobacillary, and bacillary forms.Only one type of colony was isolated from any mare.
Biometric study of the canine eye, using A-mode ultrasonography
Authors: Schiffer Stephen P. , Rantanen Norman W. , Leary George A. , Bryan Gary M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A biometric study, using A-mode ultrasonography, was done on 32 eyes in 17 clinically normal dogs in vivo. A ringstand technique, using a saline bath supported by a plastic membrane, was used for applying ultrasound to the eye. Four intraocular dimensions were measured, including the distance from the anterior cornea to the anterior lens surface, the lens thickness, the distance from the posterior lens surface to the retina, and the distance from the anterior cornea to the retina. Statistical difference was not found between the total axial length of the right eye compared with the length of the left eye. There was, however, a significant increase of the total axial length of the eye in the male over that in the eye in the female dog (P < 0.05).Tissue velocities for ultrasound in the canine aqueous and vitreous were equated to the velocity of ultrasound in distilled water at 38.6 C. The tissue velocity of the canine lens was determined experimentally to be 1,710 m/s and was shown to be greater than was the lens velocities in other species.Seemingly, adverse effects from ultrasound exposure were not seen.
Leptospiral vaccines in dogs: Immunogenicity of whole cell and outer envelope vaccines prepared in protein-free medium
Authors: Bey Ruseill F. , Johnson Russell C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The immunogenicity of leptospires cultivated in modified bovine albumin-polysorbate 80 medium and those cultivated in protein-free medium were quantitatively evaluated in the dog. Vaccine preparations, whole cell or outer envelope, prevented leptospiremia; however, kidney culture data revealed that 1 of 4 dogs vaccinated with 0.1 to 1 mg of whole cell prepared from leptospires cultivated in the modified bovine albumin-polysorbate 80 medium was positive for Leptospira, whereas dogs vaccinated with whole cells prepared in protein-free medium were not. Dogs vaccinated with ≥ 0.5 mg of outer envelope were refractory to infection after challenge exposure.
Detection of antibody in Aleutian disease of mink: Comparison of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and counterimmunoelectrophoresis
Authors: Wright P. F. , Wilkie B. N. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Experiments were undertaken to investigate the potential of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) as a screening test for the diagnosis of the 2 known naturally occurring forms of Aleutian disease of mink. Anti-Aleutian disease virus (adv) antibody activity was not detectable in the sera of mink with nonprogressive Aleutian disease despite the demonstration of antibody by counterimmunoelectrophoresis (ciep) in the same sera. Anti-adv antibody was detectable in 93% of sera from mink at various stages of experimentally induced progressive Aleutian disease. False-negative reactions occurred in sera which demonstrated high anti-adv antibody titers by ciep. As a consequence of the high prevalence of false-negative reactions, the elisa was not considered to be an effective screening test. However, using ciep as an indicator of adv infection, the eusa may be useful in differentiating mink with nonprogressive Aleutian disease from mink with progressive Aleutian disease.
Effect of enzyme inducers and inhibitors and glutathione precursor and depleter on induced acute aflatoxicosis in rabbits
Authors: Clark J. Derrell , Hatch Roger C. , Jain Anant V. , Weiss Raul 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Male New Zealand White rabbits were treated with microsomal enzyme inducers, inhibitors of hemoprotein synthesis or action, and glutathione precursor and depletor before they were orally given the median lethal dose (ld50) of aflatoxin B1 (afb1; 0.4 mg/kg) at the start of a 7-day experimental period.The drugs administered, mean duration of illness (hours), and survival percentage were as follows: controls (saline solution)—85, 50%; phenobarbital (pb)—100, 100%; phenylbutazone—115, 67%; benzoflavone—39, 17%; stanozolol—67, 67%; cobaltous chloride (CoCl2)—46, 67%; piperonyl butoxide (pbo)—88, 100% cysteine (cys)—68, 100%; ethyl maleate—71, 83%.Signs of toxicosis included decreased feed and water consumption, weight loss, dehydration, lethargy, and emaciation; some rabbits died or were euthanatized. Clinico-pathologic changes included increased serum aspartate aminotransferase (ast) activity by 24 hours and bilirubin concentration by 48 to 72 hours after afb1 was given. Grossly, livers were pale or tan and friable, with prominent lobular architecture. Kidneys of affected rabbits were pale to dark red. Microscopically, livers were normal or had lesions as great as extensive necrosis, hemorrhage, mineralization, and bile duct proliferation.Treatment of rabbits with pb, CoCl2, pbo, and cys protected against afb1 hepatic pathology, and pb, pbo, and cys also had protective effect against lethality. Ethyl maleate provided some protection against lethality and increased serum ast activity and bilirubin concentration. Toxicosis was enhanced by benzoflavone; phenylbutazone and stanozolol had litte influence.
Technique for acute suprapubic catheterization of the urinary bladder in the pig
Authors: Holliman C. James , Kenfield Karli , Nutter Elizabeth , Saffle Jeffrey R. , Warden Glenn D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Accurate monitoring of the urine output of swine is important in many areas of research. Due to the oblique course of the urethra in the boar, transurethral catheterization of the bladder is usually impossible. A technique is described for placement of an indwelling suprapubic catheter in the porcine bladder. Complications with this technique and catheter displacements have not occurred in a series of 53 swine each monitored for 48 hours after catheter placement.
Hemodynamic effects of prostacyclin (prostaglandin I2) in conscious ponies
Authors: Moore James N. , Garner Harold E. , Shapland J. Edward , Roberts M. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The infusion (iv) of prostacyclin (pgi2) into conscious ponies resulted in systemic arterial hypotension and tachycardia. Mean systemic arterial pressure decreased from 103.3 mm of Hg to 88.5 mm of Hg when 125 ng of pgi2/kg/minute was infused, and heart rate increased from 55.0 to 102.0 beats/minute. When 208 ng of pgi2/kg/minute was infused, mean systemic arterial pressure decreased from 103.3 to 78.0 mm of Hg and heart rate increased from 55.0 to 109.3 beats/minute. There were no significant alterations in pulmonary arterial pressure, lactate, pcv, total wbc count, platelet count, serum lactic dehydrogenase, and acid phosphatase activities, or rectal temperature at either dosage. The ponies became anxious and difficult to manage during the infusion.
Characterization of the chemiluminescence response of equine phagocytes
Authors: Washburn S. Michelle , Klesius Phillip H. , Ganjam Venkataseshu K. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Chemiluminescence (cl) assay, a rapid nonsubjective technique for analysis of phagocytic and opsonic functions, was adapted for use in the equine system. The cl, which is a measure of the activity of high-energy antimicrobial oxygen species formed during initial phagocytosis, was assayed in the liquid scintillation counter (lsc) and the luminometer. The cl response of equine peripheral blood leukocytes to zymosan, a yeast cell wall component which activates the alternative complement pathway, or Streptococcus zooepidemicus, was measured in both instruments. Luminol (5-amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione), which is readily oxidized by the high-energy oxygen species, was used to enhance the cl response.
In the lsc, a maximal cl assay used 5.0 × 106 to 2.0 × 107 leukocytes, 2.5 mg of zymosan/ml, and 0.028 mM luminol (solubilized in dimethyl-sulfoxide [dmso]). For maximal assay with the luminometer, 5.0 × 105 to 2.0 × 106 leukocytes, 5 mg of zymosan/ml or 1.0 × 108 streptococci, and 0.025 mM luminol (solubilized in neutral potassium salt solution) were used. The age of reactants was found to be an important assay factor. The cl response was greatly reduced when leukocytes in the assay were 7 to 8 hours old. An assay temperature of 39 C (ie, equine rectal temperature) gave optimal cl results. Serum opsonization was also found to greatly influence cl response. Homologous serum, not heat-inactivated, was necessary for sufficient opsonization of the phagocytic substrate. Serum once-absorbed with S zooepidemicus used to opsonize streptococci for cl assay significantly depressed cl response. Addition of the metabolic inhibitors sodium azide and superoxide dismutase also decreased cl production by over 90%. The luminometer was found to have several advantages over the use of the lsc for cl analysis. Results of the present study indicate that cl analysis has value in diagnosis of the phagocytic capacity of peripheral blood leukocytes and the opsonic activity of serum components in the horse.
Effect of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus infection of calves on cell populations recovered by lung lavage
Authors: Forman A. J. , Babiuk L. A. , Baldwin F. , Friend S. C. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Calves were challenge exposed with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (ibr) virus, and experiments were carried out to determine the presence of virus in the lungs, virus or viral antigen in alveolar macrophages, and alterations in immune functions of alveolar macrophages.
In experiment 1, calves were challenge exposed intranasally with ibr virus. Although clinical signs of ibr occurred in all challenge-exposed calves, there was minimal evidence of virus or viral antigen in cells lavaged from their lungs, and macrophage Fc- and complement-receptor activities, phagocytic activity, and ability to mediate antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity were unaltered.
In experiment 2, calves were challenge exposed intranasally or by aerosol with ibr virus strains Colorado-1 and 108, and samples were collected 4 and 6 days after challenge exposure. Virus was isolated from the lungs, and pathologic lesions of greater severity occurred in those calves challenge exposed by aerosol. Less than 0.1% of lavaged cells from challenge-exposed calves produced infectious centers on susceptible cell monolayers. In 1 sample of lavaged cells, approximately 5% of the cells, mainly macrophages, had viral antigen in the cytoplasm, as detected by immunofluorescence.
Because of the small proportion of macrophages that appeared to become infected after challenge exposure of calves with ibr virus, it is believed that the effect of ibr virus in predisposing calves to pneumonic pasteurellosis is an indirect, rather than a direct, manifestation of viral infection of macrophages.
Effects of exercise on the histochemical changes of articular chondrocytes in adult dogs
Authors: Kincaid Steven A. , Van Sickle David C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Effects of exercise regimens on the enzyme histochemical changes of articular chondrocytes of the humeral heads in adult shepherd-type dogs were studied. One group of 4 dogs was exercised by walking on a flat surface 5 days a week for 6 months. A 2nd group of 4 dogs was exercised under the same conditions, except that the dogs were forced to walk over platforms placed in their path. Three control dogs were exercised ad libitum in their housing area. In all dogs, the reactivity of lactic acid dehydrogenase was quite strong, nicotinamide dinucleotide dehydrogenase was moderate, and glucose-6-phosphatase was weak. Succinic acid dehydrogenase uridine diphosphate (udp)-galactose-4-epimerase, and udp-N-acetylglucosamine-4-epimerase were of weakly moderate staining reactivity. Consistent regional or laminar variability was not found among the chondrocytic populations of the exercised and control groups for the reactivity of the enzymes studied. However, regional and/or laminar variabilities in individuals of the experimental groups were identified. The weak reactivity of glucose-6-phosphatase was seemingly contradictory to the presence of intracellular lipids of adult articular chondrocytes. Lipid synthesis was suggested as a mechanism to store excessive quantities of hydrogen ions in an innocuous form, rather than in the potentially deleterious by-product of anaerobic glycolysis, lactic acid.
Experimentally induced thiamine deficiency in Beagle dogs: Clinicopathologic findings
Authors: Read Deryck H. , Harrington Daniel D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Twenty-three 2- to 5-month-old Beagle dogs were fed a purified thiamine-deficient ration (2 to 3 μg of thiamine/100 g of ration) at a rate of 40 to 70 g/kg of body weight/day, depending on age, for 32 to 134 (84 ± 42) days. Eleven dogs were used as principals, 6 as pair-fed (p-f) controls, and 6 as ad libitum-fed controls. Both control groups were given 300 μg of thiamine hydrochloride/kg, im, once a week.
Of 58 clinicopathologic values in the principals, 7 differed significantly (P < 0.05) from corresponding values in one or both control groups. Thiamine pyrophosphate effect on erythrocyte transketolase (tk) activity in creased steadily to a mean terminal value of 64%, whereas corresponding control values remained relatively stable below 11%. Mean terminal activity of erythrocyte tk was 1,030 μg of sedoheptulose/ml of erythrocytes/hour, about 50% of that of the p-f controls. Concentrations of blood pyruvate and lactate in 6- to 9-month-old principals increased abruptly during the intermediate stage of preliminary clinical signs (58.6 ± 37.0 days) to reach respective mean peaks of 7.4 mg/dl and 67 mg/dl, 5 to 6 times greater than corresponding values in p-f control dogs. The peak concentrations persisted for about 50 days, after which they decreased abruptly during the final stage of terminal clinical signs of disease (7.6 ± 6.0 days). Blood pyruvate and lactate concentrations in 3- to 4-month-old principals did not change appreciably. Two of these young principal dogs and 1 p-f control dog had low terminal plasma glucose concentrations (13 to 36 mg/dl), findings that were probably caused by inanition. Mean terminal numbers of segmented and band neutrophils were 2 and 9 times greater, respectively, than corresponding values of p-f controls. Mean terminal concentrations of csf pyruvate and lactate were 1.5 times greater than corresponding p-f control values, but the increase in pyruvate concentration was not significant.
Partial protection of calves against parainfluenza-3 virus infection by nasal-secretion interferon induced by infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus
Authors: Cummins J. M. , Rosenquist B. D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Six calves (principals) were inoculated intranasally with a vaccinal strain of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (ibr) virus, and 6 control calves were given a placebo. All were challenge exposed (aerosol) with parainfluenza-3 (pi-3) virus at 4 days later—6 being exposed to 105.3 tcid50 and the other 6 to 108.3 tcid50 of pi-3 virus. Nasal excretion of ibr virus and pi-3 virus interferon (ifn) concentrations in the nasal secretions (ns), and serum and ns antibody were measured before and at times after virus inoculation.
Two of 3 calves tested had ifn in their ns at 24 hours after ibr viral inoculation. The 6 calves (principals) given ibr virus had ifn in their ns at 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8 days, and 5 of the 6 calves had ns ifn at 10 days. The 3 control calves challenge exposed with pi-3 virus (108.3 tcid50) had ns ifn at 2 and 4 days, and 2 of these calves had ifn at 6 days after inoculation of pi-3 virus. Only 1 of the 3 control calves challenge exposed with 105.3 tcid50 of pi-3 virus had ns ifn after inoculation of pi-3 virus, and then at only 1 time period.
Serum-neutralizing antibody against pi-3 virus was present in 9 of 12 calves, and antibody in the ns was present in 5 of 12 calves, at the time of pi-3 virus challenge exposure. Antibody against pi-3 virus in the ns or the serum did not prevent infection. On experiment day 14 (or 10 days after pi-3 virus exposure), when nasal excretion of pi-3 virus had ceased or greatly decreased, serum or ns antibodies were increased in only 5 of 12 calves.
Two of the 3 control calves excreted pi-3 virus in their ns on experiment days 7, 8, and 10 (or 3,4, and 6 days after the challenge exposure with 105.3 tcid50 of pi-3 virus), but excretion was not detected at these times in the principals (ibr virus-inoculated) exposed with the same dosage of pi-3 virus. In the calves given the larger challenge exposure dose of pi-3 virus (108.3 tcid50), however, less difference in pi-3 viral excretion was noted; the geometric mean titer of pi-3 virus in the ns of these ibr virus-inoculated calves was greatly reduced, compared with that of the control calves, only on the 2nd and 8th days after challenge exposure. Interferon in the ns induced by ibr virus provided better protection against a challenge exposure with 105.3 tcid50 of pi-3 than it did against a challenge exposure by 108.3 tcid50.
Immunologic responses of the bovine fetus to parvovirus infection
Authors: Liggitt H. D. , DeMartini J. C. , Pearson L. D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Effects of bovine parvovirus (bpv) infection on the bovine fetal immune system were studied. Five fetuses obtained by cesarean section at 5, 10, 20,40, and 60 days after they were inoculated and 2 control fetuses at 130 and 153 days of gestation were studied. Virus was recovered from the bpv-inoculated fetuses. Between 5 and 10 days postinoculation (pi) fetal blood lymphocyte counts tripled, due primarily to an increase in E-rosetting lymphocytes. There were transient increases in fetal serum immunoglobulin (Ig)M (peaking at pi day 20), marked and gradual increase in IgG1, and minimal increase of IgG2. Serum-neutralizing antibodies were detected at pi day 10 and increased to a titer of 1:2056 by day 60. Peripheral blood lymphocytes of all fetuses responded well to the nonspecific mitogens phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A, and pokeweed mitogen. Histopathologically, there was lymphoid hyperplasia, most evident in lymph nodes draining the site of bpv inoculation. There was no indication of lymphoid depletion or necrosis in lymph nodes, spleen, or thymus of bpv-inoculated fetuses. These data indicate that under the conditions of this study, inoculation of the isolate of bpv may stimulate an immune response in the fetus.