bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE MOVEMENT OF PYRIDINIUM ALDOXIMES ACROSS THE RED CELL MEMBRANE
Authors: Keen TEB 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe movement of 2 PAM chloride (2‐hydroxyiminomethyl‐1‐methylpyridinium chloride) across the rabbit red cell membrane was examined. The rate of uptake and efflux of the oxime through the membrane was proportional to the concentration gradient and appeared to be a process of non‐assisted diffusion. The uptake was affected by factors such as the pH and ionic strength of the medium which suggested that transport was occurring through ionic pathways in the membrane in a manner similar to that described for inorganic cations. Tempaerature had a marked effect on the rate of uptake and the energy of activation was high. However, this did not appear to be inconsistent with a process of simple diffusion. Various substances which have been shown to affect selective cation permeability in red cells were examined, but the results did not help in further indentifying the diffusion pathways. Other species of red cells were also examined; there was a reduced rate of uptake in human cells, but there was no uptake in either bovine or sheep cells.The Various salts of 2 PAM behaved in a similar manner, the iodide and methanesulphonate salt giving identical results to the chloride. There was no uptake in rabbit red cells observed with the bisquaternary compounds TMB4 [1,1′‐trimethylene bis(4‐hydroxyiminomethyl pyridinium)dibromide] and toxogonin [bis(4‐hydroxyiminomethyl pyridinium‐1‐methyl) ether dichloride]. The rate of uptake of the two non‐quaternary compounds 2‐ and 4‐hydroxyimino‐methyl pyridine was so rapid that it could not be estimated by the method employed for the quaternary compounds.
EFFECT OF CASTRATION ON CHOLESTEROL METABOLISM AND HEPATIC CYTOCHROME P‐450 IN PIPERAZINE‐TREATED MALE AND FEMALE RABBITS
Authors: West CE , Redgrave TG , Roberts DCK 
Published: November 2007

SummaryPiperazine was added to the diets of cholesterol‐fed male and female rabbits that had been castrated 8 weeks previously. Castration did not alter the differential effect of piperazine on cholesterol metabolism, i.e. in male rabbits hypercholesterolaemia was reduced but in females it was augmented.In the same experiments hepatic microsomal cytochrome P‐450 was measured. Intact female rabbits had higher P‐450 concentrations than males and the difference was removed after castration. Piperazine reduced P‐450 concentrations in males but not in females.We conclude that the differential effect of piperazine on cholesterol metabolism in male and female rabbits must operate at a chromosomal or somatic level of sexual differentiation and not through the gonad. There is no simple relationship between hepatic total P‐450 concentration and cholesterol metabolism.
HISTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF THE DIFFUSION OF NORADRENALINE ACROSS THE ARTERY WALL
Authors: De La Lande IS , Jellett LB , Lazner Margaret A , Parker DAS , Waterson JG 
Published: November 2007

SummaryRabbit ear arteries were depleted of noradrenaline by prior treatment with reserpine.Following inhibition of monoamine oxidase, extraluminal noradrenaline caused the reappearance of monoamine fluorescence at the media‐adventitia border.Cocaine prevented the appearance of fluorescence, indicating that the latter was probably due to uptake of noradrenaline by the sympathetic nerves.Intraluminal noradrenaline failed to restore fluorescence unless meta‐nephrine or the catechol‐o‐methyl transferase inhibitor U0521 was also present.The results are interpreted as evidence (i) that intraluminal noradrenaline does not penetrate as readily as extraluminal noradrenaline to the sympathetic nerves; (ii) that the difference in penetration is due to loss of intraluminal noradrenaline in the media resulting from its uptake and inactivation by the smooth muscle.The finding that extraluminal noradrenaline does not restore fluorescence in the absence of monoamine oxidase inhibition provides further evidence that part of the monoamine oxidase in the artery wall is intimately associated with the sympathetic nerves.
THE EFFECTS OF TOBACCO SMOKING, INTRAVENOUS NICOTINE AND OTHER PROCEDURES ON THE RESPONSE OF HAND BLOOD FLOW TO DISTANT ICE APPLICATION
Authors: Ludbrook J , Walsh JA , Vincent Annette H 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe effects of tobacco smoking, sham smoking, intravenous administration of nicotine, a foot movement procedure, mental arithmetic and imaginary smoking on the vasoconstrictor response of hand resistance vessels to application of ice to the neck has been studied in normal subjects. All of the above procedures except imaginary smoking significantly reduced the ice response. The mechanism of this blocking effect is obscure, but a central inhibiting action, possibly at a cortical level, is postulated.
SELENIUM SUPPLEMENTATION, MATURITY AND SEX DEPENDENCE IN DIETARY NECROTIC LIVER DEGENERATION
Authors: Southwell‐Keely PT , Johnstone IL , Cole ER 
Published: November 2007

SummaryDifferences in the response of weanling and mature male and female rats to dietary necrotic liver degeneration were examined. Mature male rats developed the disease faster than mature females, but there was no difference in the rate of development between male and female weanling rats.
SOURCE OF FOETAL IRON IN THE CAT
Authors: Wong CT , Morgan EH 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe transfer of iron from maternal blood to the foetuses was determined from the uptake of 59Fe by the foetuses found 24 hours after the intravenous injection of 59Fe‐labelled plasma or erythrocytes into pregnant cats in the last one‐third of pregnancy. A mean value of 2·7 μg Fe was transferred from maternal plasma, whereas 176 μg was transferred from erythrocytes. It was concluded that the major source of foetal iron in the cat is maternal erythrocytes, and that transfer from maternal plasma is quantitatively insignificant.
THE BIOLOGICAL ‘HALF‐LIVES’ OF IgG1 AND IgG2 IN YOUNG MILK‐FED LAMBS AND IN NON‐PREGNANT COLOSTRUM‐FORMING SHEEP
Authors: Cripps AW , Lascelles AK 
Published: November 2007

SummaryIn non‐pregnant adult sheep biological ‘half‐lives’ of IgG1 and IgG2 were approximately 8 days with those for lambs slightly less than 7 days. In contrast, in late pregnant ewes forming colostrum the ‘half‐life’ of IgG1 was only 3·7 days. This value was significantly less (P < 0·01) than for IgG2 and less (P < 0·001) than the value for IgG1 in non‐pregnant animals.
THE EFFECT OF IMMUNIZATION WITH A ROUGH STRAIN OF SALMONELLA ENTERITIDIS ON THE FATE OF SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIVM IN MICE
Authors: Davies R , Kotlarski I 
Published: November 2007

SummaryMice were immunized with living Salmonella enteritidis and then challenged at various tunes up to 20 weeks with Salmonella typhimurium C5. The resistance or the immunized mice at the time of challenge was determined by survival of these mice for a period of 28 days or by comparison of liver, spleen and blood counts of the challenge population obtained from normal and immunized mice. Results of survival experiments indicated that the immunization produced effective and long lasting immunity, although bacterial enumeration studies showed that the level of resistance induced was not sufficient to achieve complete, rapid elimination of the challenge organism from the tissues.Mice immunized with S. enteritidis 11RX showed both Arthus reactivity and delayed type hypersensitivity to S. typhimurium C5 antigens, and the serum from these mice was shown to contain antibody activity, as determined by haemagglutination of sheep erythrocytes coated with S. typhimurium C5 lipopolysaccharide and in vitro bactericidal action against S. typhimurium M206.
AUTONOMIC CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS OF NASAL INHALATION OF CIGARETTE SMOKE IN THE RABBIT
Authors: White SW , McRitchie RJ , Franklin DL 
Published: November 2007

SummaryNasopharyngeal stimulation by cigarette smoke in unanaesthetised rabbits evokes apnoea in expiration, bradycardia (to 30% of control), a rise in mean arterial (to 110%) and right atrial pressure (by 6 mm Hg) and a fall in cardiac output (to 41% of control) and systemic conductance (to 36%). Blood flow (measured by Doppler flowmeter) and conductance in the mesenteric, renal, hind limb and car beds falls uniformly between beds and to the extent that, on occasions, flow in all these beds ceases. Sagittal sinus flow and conductance, in contrast, do not change or rise. The cardiovascular response is mediated predominantly through cardiac vagal and peripheral sympathetic vasoconstrictor nervous pathways. PνO2 in animals with intact autonomic reflex mechanisms falls by 10 ± 0·4 mm Hg 25 see after the onset of apnoea, but in animals with either combined or selective blockade of vagal and sympathoadrenal pathways peripheral flow is not reduced as in animals with intact autonomic pathways, and PνO2 falls by a significantly greater but equal amount in each (av. 15 ± 0·6 mm Hg, Pdiff < 0·001). The circulatory changes thus appear to conserve body oxygen stores during the induced apnoea, an effect dependent on the integration of evoked vagal and sympathetic autonomic activity.
BIOCHEMICAL HETEROGENEITY OF GLUTAMINE METABOLISM OF RAT KIDNEY MITOCHONDRIA SEPARATED BY RATE ZONAL CENTRIFUGATION
Authors: Adam William R , Brown Susan 
Published: November 2007

SummaryIn this study of biochemical heterogeneity of rat kidney mitochondrial glutamine metabolism:(1) Kidney mitochondria from emit ml und acidotic rats were separated into different fractions, on the basis of their sedimentation rate, on a continuous isosmotic density gradient.(2) There was one major mitochondrial protein peak in both control and acidotic samples. There were no differences in matrix space size or respiratory control ratios between the different fractions within this peak.(3) There is a heterogeneity of mitochondrial glutamine metabolism as measured by uptake of radioactivity from of 14C glutamine and by intact mitochondrial ammonia production. This heterogeneity was manifest by a peak of activity distinct from the protein peak. There was no peak in phosphate‐dependent glutamine amidohydrolase (PDG) levels. Thus, glutamine transport and not PDG controls the activity of mitochondrial glutamine deamidation in this situation.(4) Mitochondrial samples from acidotic rats had higher levels than controls of glutamine uptake, intact ammonia production and PDG. However, the pattern of the levels of uptake of radioactivity front 14C glutamine and PDG: in the different gradient fractions was the same in both groups.
THE EFFECT OF PRE‐PARTUM MILKING ON THE TRANSFER OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN INTO MAMMARY SECRETION OF COWS
Authors: Brandon MR , Lascelles AK 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe significance of local effects associated with mammary involution on transfer of immunoglobulin and especially cm the selective transfer of IgG1 into mammary secretion of cows approaching parturition has been determined. This was carried out by measuring the changes in the concentration of IgG1, IgG2. IgM and IgA in serum and mammary secretion of 5 cows in which two mammary glands were milked continuously (twice daily) during the period preceding parturition, while the other two glands were allowed to undergo normal involution.In the secretion of unmilked glands of all cows there was a substantial increase in the concentration of IgG1 as cows approached parturition. In contrast, the increases in the concentration of IgG1 and in the selective index for IgG1 of milked glands were either virtually non‐existent (1 cow) or generally reduced in magnitude and delayed in time of onset (4 cows). It is clear from the results that continued milking of a mammary gland throughout pregnancy tends to maintain milk production in the milked gland and at the same time reduces the massive selective transfer of IgG1 into secretion of that gland.
POTENTIATION BY COCAINE OF RELAXATIONS OF THE GUINEA‐PIG COLON CAUSED BY NORADRENALINE AND BY STIMULATION OF ADRENERGIC NERVES
Authors: Costa M , Furness JB , Dawson Kerrie 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe distal colon of the guinea‐pig is relaxed by noradrenaline, by isoprenaline and by the stimulation of fibres running with the colonic nerves or intramurally. The relaxations in response to stimulation of the colonic nerves have a guanethidine‐sensitive (adrenergic) and a guanethidine‐insensitive (non‐adrenergic) component. Cocaine causes a three‐fold sensitization of the muscle to noradrenaline but no sensitization to isoprenaline. Cocaine increases the duration, but does not affect the amplitude, of the relaxation observed when adrenergic nerves are stimulated, and affects neither duration nor amplitude of the non‐adrenergic response. The adrenergic nerve terminals lie in Auerbach's plexus, not in the longitudinal muscle. It is concluded that the sensitization to noradrenaline and the increases in durations of responses to adrenergic nerve stimulation are due to inhibition of catecholamine uptake into adrenergic nerves by cocaine. It appears that, even where the neuromuscular separation is large, as it is in the colon, the concentration of exogenous noradrenaline at the receptors can be decreased by neuronal uptake, and the uptake mechanism can modify responses to nerve stimulation in vitro.
THE EFFECTS OF A NEW XANTHINE DERIVATIVE, 3,7‐DIMETHYL‐1(5‐OXOHEXYL)‐XANTHIN (PENTOXIFYLLINE) ON THE GENERAL AND CARDIAC HAEMODYNAMICS OF THE INTACT ANIMAL
Authors: Maxwell GM 
Published: November 2007

SummaryA study has been made of the effects of xanthine derivative (pentoxifylline) upon the general and cardiac‐ haemodynamics of intact anaesthetised dogs. The drug increased heart‐rate, respiration rate, cardiac output and systemic pressure. It reduced mean pulmonary arterial pressure. Coronary flow was increased for only a few minutes, but coronary sinus O2 content increased throughout the study. Lactate and pyruvate values increased in both artery and coronary sinus, as did the cardiac extraction of these substances. Cardiac extraction of non‐esterified fatty acid increased.
A NEW ANALYSIS OF ALLOGENEIC INTERACTIONS
Authors: Lafferty KJ , Cunningham AJ 
Published: November 2007

SummaryAllogeneic reactions have conventionally been considered as typical immune responses by one population of cells to antigens present on the other. This view is inadequate, since it does not explain many features of these reactions, among which are: (1) reactivity is much higher between different strains within a species than between species, in spite of the much greater antigenic disparity in the second case; (2) a very high proportion of cells may respond to allogeneic stimuli; (3) major histocompatibility differences are not essential for vigorous allogeneic reactions; (4) the responding population need not be immunologically competent to respond to antigens of the stimulating population; (5) the stimulating population must be both metabolically active and immunocompetent.We have tried to produce a model of cell interaction which will account for these and other anomalies, while at the same time explaining both normal antigenic stimulation (through cell‐cell cooperation) and allogeneic interactions as examples of the same basic mechanism. The model is based on the Bretscher‐Cohn scheme of cell interaction. An allogeneic reaction is seen as having two stages: (1) Cells come together when antibody receptors on cells of one population combine with antigens on cells of the other. To this extent, our model is the same as the conventional one. It need not be the responding population which has the receptors, however. (2) A species‐specific proliferation signal passes between the cells. This is the same signal as is involved in normal antibody induction. Even antigen‐receptor bonds which are very weak may result in effective stimulation of one or both partners because of enhancing effect of this signal, and because the antigens involved are probably repeated over the cell surface, enabling multipoint binding. This explains the very high proportions of cells which proliferate. The exact outcome of any allogeneic interaction will depend on which of the two populations have antibody receptors for antigens on the other, which can produce the proliferative stimulus, and which can respond to either the proliferative signal alone or to this stimulus plus antigen.
THE ISOLATION OF BOVINE EPHEMERAL FEVER VIRUS IN CELL CULTURES AND EVIDENCE FOR AUTOINTERFERENCE
Authors: Tzipori S 
Published: November 2007

SummaryBovine ephemeral fever (BEF) virus was isolated from infected fresh cattle blood directly into Vero cell cultures. One cycle of rapid freezethaw destroyed the infectivity of the virus to Vero cells. The infectivity to baby mice by intracerebral inoculation, on the other hand, was only reduced. The occurrence of autointerferencc due to the presence of defective interfering particles in cell culture was also noted.BEF virus strain 919 was propagated to some extent in bovine kidney, testis and synovial cell monolayers, producing cytopathic effect (CPE) in 24 h. However, the CPE was nonprogressive and the addition of actinomycin D to the medium improved the virus titre only slightly.
A METHOD FOR ASSESSING PHAGOCYTE CLEARANCE RATES IN MAN
Authors: Marshall Villis R , Ludbrook John 
Published: November 2007

SummaryBy comparing the clearance rates of ICG and 99mTc‐sulphur colloid from the blood stream, it has been possible to provide a method for assessing the phagocytic activity of the reticulo‐endothelial system in man.
CELL POPULATIONS IN A RENAL LESION PRODUCED BY LOCAL INJECTION OF XENOGENEIC SPLEEN CELLS IN CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE‐TREATED RATS
Authors: Conway MS , Davies DJ 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe frequency and distribution of donor and host lymphoid tells in different stages of a lesion produced by injecting mouse spleen cells beneath the renal capsules of rats treated 24 h previously with cyclophosphamide have been studied by imniunofluorescent staining with species‐specific anti‐lymphocyte sera. Donor cells were predominant in the early stages of the reaction and penetrated the outer part of the renal cortex, but by day 7 when the lesion reached its maximum extent most of the infiltrating cells were of host origin. Donor cells never extended deeply into the kidney and they were not uniformly intermingled with the main mass of host cells hut their presence seemed to be necessary for the maintenance of the reaction, since it began to decline when donor cells were no longer detectable in the injected kidney.
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE NORMAL LYMPHOCYTE POPULATION CYTOLYTIC TO BURKITT'S LYMPHOMA CELLS OF THE EB2 CELL LINE
Authors: Matthews N , Maclaurin BP , Clarke GN 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe normal human lymphocyte population which exhibits “spontaneous” cytolysis of EB2 Burkitt's lymphoma fells has been characterized. The effector cell has EA and EAC' receptors but lacks E receptors and probably surface Ig. “Spontaneous” anti‐EB2 cytotoxicity was not reduced by preincubation of the effector cells with plastic or iron carbonyl or by passage through cotton wool or agarose columns but was reduced by passage through nylon wool columns. Thymocytes were not cytotoxic to EB2 cells, and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cells (of B cell characteristics) had reduced cytotoxicity compared with normal lymphocytes.Cells from various lymphoid organs of rats and guinea‐pigs were also cytotoxic to EB2 cells with reactivity in spleen blood ⩾ lymph >nodes, Spleen cells from neonatally thymectomized rats had increased cytotoxicity compared with normal rat spleen cells, suggesting that T lymphocytes are not essential. The effector cell in rat spleen did not adhere to cotton wool or agarose columns, indicating some resemblance to its counterpart in human peripheral blood.
REGULATION OF SHEEP ERYTHROCYTE VOLUME IN ANISOTONIC MEDIA
Authors: Benyajati Siribhinya , Morris RJH 
Published: November 2007

SummarySheep erythrocytes of high and low potassium types were incubated in non‐haemolytic hypotonic and hypertonic media for 4·5 h at 30°, After initial swelling or shrinking, they readjusted their volume toward their initial isotonic volume. The volume regulation was associated with specific changes in cation fluxes. In the swollen cells, efflux of both sodium and potassium was increased and influx of both cations was slightly decreased; the converse was true for the shrunken cells. All four fluxes were changed in a direction that led to return to normal volume. The difference in the response of the two types of sheep erythrocytes to changes of extracellular fluid osmolality resided in the different activity of their cation transport systems. It is concluded that sheep erythrocytes possess some means of regulating their volume in vitro which is linked to cation permeability. The exact nature of the physical mechanisms by which they accomplish this remains to be elucidated.
EFFECT OF THE LIGATION OF HEPATIC ARTERY ON THE MICROCIRCULATION IN THE CIRRHOTIC LIVER IN THE RAT
Authors: Koo Anthony , Liang Isabella YS , Cheng Kwok‐Kew 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe significance of the hepatic arterial supply in the intrahepatic microcirculation in normal and carbon tetrachloride‐induced cirrhotic livers was studied by dye injection method and by ligation of the hepatic artery. The in vivo distribution of dye injected into the hepatic artery evidenced the presence of arterio‐venous shunts in the cirrhotic liver. When the hepatic artery of the cirrhotic liver was ligated, the elevated portal venous pressure dropped significantly, and the fast‐flowing population of microvessels and sinusoids in the bimodal frequency distribution plot disappeared. The fast‐flowing microvessel and sinusoids appeared to be the “arterial” microvessels and sinusoids, and they were converted into the slow‐flowing venous channels after hepatic arterial ligation. The transmission of arterial pressure via the A‐V shunts may be of greater significance in the pathophysiology of portal hypertension than previously believed.
THE RELATION BETWEEN Z‐DISK LATTICE SPACING AND SARCOMERE LENGTH IN SARTORIUS MUSCLE FIBRES FROM HYLA CERULEA
Authors: Davey DF 
Published: November 2007

SummarySartorius muscles from the green tree frog Hyla cerulea were set at variety of muscle lengths and fixed for electron microscopy using acrolein followed by osmium tetroxide. The sarcomere length,s, was determined in thick sections using laser‐diffraction, The Z‐disk lattice spacing, z, was measured in electron micrographs of thin sections From the same muscles. The Z‐disk lattice was found to expand as sarcomere length decreased such that the quantity sz2 was constant at 1·05 × 106 nm3 for all sarcomere lengths in the range 1·9–2·9 μm. Thus, the sarcomere length dependency of the Z‐disk lattice is similar to that of the myosin filament lattice. The density of thin filaments per unit cross section of fibril leaving the Z‐disk is less than their density in the A band, Thus, fibrils have a smaller cross section in the I band, leaving more inter‐fibrillar space there. This may explain why more mitochondria and lipid droplets are located in the f bands than in the A bands. It is suggested that the Z‐disk may contribute to the short range elasticity of muscle fibres.
THE ORIGIN AND SIGNIFICANCE OF MACROPHAGES IN THORACIC DUCT LYMPH
Authors: Roser Bruce J 
Published: November 2007

SummaryEfferent lymph collected from a thoracic duct fistula initially contains no macrophages. However, the surgical procedures used to insert plastic cannulae into efferent lymphatics incite a vigorous foreign body reaction leading to the contamination of collected lymph with significant numbers of these cells. A sensitive and specific assay for the presence of macrophages in lymphocyte populations was used to quantitate the degree of contamination in rats bearing thoracic duct cannulae. The origin of some of these contaminant cells from the peritoneal macrophage population was established by adoptive transfer of labelled peritoneal cells to cannulated recipients.