bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
When is a species not a species? Uncoupled phenotypic, karyotypic and genotypic divergence in two species of South African laminate‐toothed rats (Murinae: Otomyini)
Authors: Taylor P. J. , Maree S. , Van Sandwyk J. , Baxter R. , Rambau R. V. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractChromosomal polytypy, morphological conservatism and absence of data have frustrated the taxonomic revision of two species of southern African‐endemic laminate‐toothed rats (Otomys irroratusandOtomys saundersiaes.l.). New cytogenetic (G‐banding and fluorescencein situhybridization), DNA sequence [cytochromeb(cytb) gene] and geometric morphometric data demonstrate the synonymy ofO. saundersiaefrom Grahamstown (Eastern Cape, South Africa) underO. irroratus, and the validity ofOtomys karoensisfrom the Fynbos Biome of the Western Cape. Phenotypic dimorphism in pelage colour and cranial morphology inO. irroratusfrom the climatically unpredictable Albany Thicket (=Savanna) Biome of the Eastern Cape results from the retention of allometric paedomorphic traits in some adults (saundersiaemorph) but not others. The same paedomorphic traits are associated with speciation and karyotypic and genetic differentiation inO. karoensis. WithinO. irroratus, two phenotypically and genotypically (cytbdivergence=6.4%) divergent lineages correspond with the Fynbos/Albany Thicket and Grassland biomes. Incipient speciation inO. irroratusseems to be associated with ecology rather than karyotype.
Aversive associative conditioning of prepulses in a startle inhibition paradigm
Authors: Nees Frauke , Hahn Melanie , Schulz André , Blumenthal Terry D. , Schächinger Hartmut 
Published: February 2009

AbstractPrepulse inhibition of startle (PPI) represents an automatic mechanism that reflects sensorimotor gating and early attention processes. PPI neither is the consequence of conscious behavioral modulation nor does it depend on learning and conditioning. However, pairing of weak tones and aversive startle stimuli during PPI testing may induce associative learning. Thus, in the present study (n=60) we tested whether prepulses may be subject to aversive conditioning. Eyeblink EMG and electrodermal responses to intense (100 dB) acoustic stimuli, presented either alone or preceded by weak tones (prepulses, 50 ms, 70 dB, SOA=120 ms), were measured. We found that after strong contingent pairing of weak tones with startle stimuli (PPI paradigm) intense versions of these tones induced significantly larger eyeblink and skin conductance responses than did never paired control tones. We conclude that during PPI testing, prepulses may be subject to aversive conditioning.
A production‐inventory model under stock‐dependent demand, Weibull distribution deterioration and shortage
Authors: Roy T. , Chaudhuri K. S. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIn the present article, we establish two production inventory models (Model I and Model II) for deteriorating items when the demand rate depends on the instantaneous inventory level. The production rate depends not only on the stock level but also on the demand. In both the models, we consider the Weibull distribution deterioration. Model I is developed and solved without allowing shortages whereas Model II is developed and solved allowing shortages that are backlogged. Three numerical examples are given to illustrate the solution procedure of the two models. Sensitivity analysis is also carried out.
On the string averaging method for sparse common fixed‐point problems
Authors: Censor Yair , Segal Alexander 
Published: February 2009

AbstractWe study the common fixed‐point problem for the class of directed operators. This class is important because many commonly used nonlinear operators in convex optimization belong to it. We propose a definition of sparseness of a family of operators and investigate a string‐averaging algorithmic scheme that favorably handles the common fixed‐point problem when the family of operators is sparse. The convex feasibility problem is treated as a special case and a new subgradient projections algorithmic scheme is obtained.
Kisspeptin‐54 at high doses acutely induces testicular degeneration in adult male rats via central mechanisms
Authors: Thompson EL , Amber V , Stamp GWH , Patterson M , Curtis AE , Cooke JH , Appleby GF , Dhillo WS , Ghatei MA , Bloom SR , Murphy KG 
Published: February 2009

Background and purpose:  The kisspeptins are critical regulators of reproduction and a therapeutic target for reproductive disease. Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) or peripheral injection of kisspeptin potently stimulates the hypothalamic‐pituitary gonadal (HPG) axis via gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone (GnRH). However, little is known regarding the effects of kisspeptin administration on testicular function. We investigated the mechanism(s) of kisspeptin‐induced testicular degeneration in the rat.Experimental approach:  Kisspeptin‐54 (50 nmol·day−1) was continuously administered subcutaneously (6 h to 3 days) to male Wistar rats and reproductive hormones and testicular histology analysed. We also investigated the effects of a single subcutaneous injection of 0.5, 5 or 50 nmol kisspeptin‐54. In order to determine whether the testicular degeneration observed is peripherally or centrally mediated, we investigated effects of i.c.v. injections of 5 nmol kisspeptin‐54 and pre‐administered a GnRH‐receptor antagonist (cetrorelix) to rats peripherally treated with kisspeptin‐54.Key results:  Continuous subcutaneous administration of kisspeptin‐54 caused testicular degeneration after only 12 h, when gonadotrophins were still markedly raised, suggesting that the degeneration is independent of the desensitization of the HPG axis to kisspeptin‐54. Furthermore, a single subcutaneous injection of kisspeptin‐54 caused dose‐dependent testicular degeneration. Continuous kisspeptin‐54 administration is thus not required to cause testicular degeneration. Pretreatment with cetrorelix blocked kisspeptin‐induced testicular degeneration, and a single i.c.v. injection of kisspeptin‐54 caused testicular degeneration, suggesting it is GnRH‐mediated.Conclusions and implications:  Kisspeptin‐induced testicular degeneration appears to be centrally mediated, and result from acute hyper‐stimulation of the HPG axis. Doses must be carefully considered if kisspeptin is to be used therapeutically.Mandarin translation of abstract
Decrease in suicide among the individuals treated with antidepressants: a controlled study of antidepressants in suicide, Sweden 1995–2005
Authors: Isacsson G. , Holmgren A. , Ösby U. , Ahlner J. 
Published: February 2009

Objective:  Ecological studies have demonstrated a substantial decrease in suicide in parallel with an increase in the use of antidepressants. Causality cannot, however, be inferred from such studies. The aim of this study was to test on the individual level the hypothesis that treatment with antidepressant medication has been a substantially contributing cause of the decrease in suicide.Method:  Time trends in the detection of antidepressants and five ‘control medications’ in the forensic toxicological screening of 16 937 suicides and 33 426 controls in Sweden 1995–2005.Results:  The expected number of antidepressant‐positive suicides in 2005 was 409 if the hypothesis was true and 603 if it was false. The observed number in 2005 was 420. The control medications were detected to the extent that was expected if not preventing suicide.Conclusion:  The observed trend in the number of suicides with antidepressants was well predicted by the hypothesis that the increased use of antidepressants has been a substantially contributing cause of the decrease in suicide.
The subjective experience of taking antipsychotic medication: a content analysis of Internet data
Authors: Moncrieff J. , Cohen D. , Mason J. P. 
Published: February 2009

Objective:  We explored the subjective effects associated with olanzapine, risperidone and older antipsychotics.Method:  We conducted a content analysis of an Internet database of comments about prescribed medications.Results:  We analysed 223 comments on risperidone, 170 on olanzapine and 46 relating to three older antipsychotics. The predominant subjective effects produced by all drugs consisted of sedation, cognitive impairment and emotional flattening or indifference. Connections appeared between these effects and Parkinsonian‐like symptoms with the older drugs, sexual impairment with risperidone and metabolic effects with olanzapine. The experience of akathisia was frequently linked to suicidal thoughts. Some respondents described how the drugs’ subjective effects helped to reduce symptoms of mania, psychosis and anxiety.Conclusion:  The generalisability of Internet data is uncertain. However, the data suggest that adverse subjective effects play a central role in the experience of taking antipsychotic drugs and may be related to the drugs’ desired benefits.
Immunohistochemical detection of lymphovascular invasion with D2‐40 in melanoma correlates with sentinel lymph node status, metastasis and survival
Authors: Petersson Fredrik , Diwan A. Hafeez , Ivan Doina , Gershenwald Jeffrey E. , Johnson Marcella M. , Harrell Robyn , Prieto Victor G. 
Published: February 2009

Using immunohistochemistry with anti‐D2‐40 for the detection of lymphovascular invasion (LVI‐IHC) in 74 cases of invasive melanoma, we found LVI in 23% (16/74) of the tumors. Data on sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy were available for 36 patients. Sixty‐seven percent (6/9) of patients with LVI‐IHC and 19% (5/27) without LVI‐IHC had positive SLN. Follow‐up data were available for 60 patients. Data on recurrence/metastasis were available for 60 patients. Twenty‐five percent (15/60) had LVI with immunohistochemistry. Fifty‐three percent (8/15) of these patients had “distant” metastasis or regional recurrence compared with 11% (5/45) in those without LVI‐IHC. Overall and disease‐specific survival was shorter for patients with LVI. In both the univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression models, LVI‐IHC in addition to ulceration was statistically significant with respect to overall survival. Specifically, in the reduced multivariate model, compared with patients with no LVI, patients with intratumoral LVI had a hazard ratio (HR) of 5.4 (95% CI 1.6–18.4), while patients with peritumoral LVI had a HR of 3.8 (95% CI 0.7–20.9). In addition, patients with ulceration had an increased hazard of 4.4 (95% CI 1.2–16.8).For the first time, we herein show a positive correlation with LVI in melanoma detected with immunohistochemistry and distant metastasis, overall survival and disease‐free survival.
3C 66B as a TeV radio galaxy
Authors: Tavecchio Fabrizio , Ghisellini Gabriele 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The Major Atmospheric Gamma-ray Imaging Cherenkov (MAGIC) Telescope collaboration reported the detection of a new very high energy source, MAGIC J0223+430, located close to the position of the blazar 3C 66A, considered a candidate TeV blazar since a long time. A careful analysis showed that the events with energies above 150 GeV are centred on the position of the Fanaro–Riley type I radio galaxy 3C 66B (at 6 arcmin from 3C 66A), with a probability of 95.4 per cent (85.4 per cent including systematic uncertainties) that the source is not related to 3C 66A. We present a model for the possible emission of 3C 66B based on the structured jet model already used to interpret the TeV emission of the radio galaxy M87. The model requires parameters similar to those used for M87 but a larger luminosity for the layer, to account for the more luminous TeV emission. We also show that the spectrum obtained by MAGIC can be interpreted as the combined emission of 3C 66B, dominating above ∼200 GeV, and 3C 66A. The high-energy emission from the latter source, being strongly attenuated by the interaction with the extragalactic background light, can only contribute at low energies. If we were to see the jet emission of 3C 66B at small viewing angles, we would see a spectral energy distribution closely resembling the one of S5 0716+714, a typical blazar.
EFFECT OF ENZYMATIC MACERATION ON SYNTHESIS OF HIGHER ALCOHOLS DURING MANGO WINE FERMENTATION
Authors: REDDY L.V.A. , REDDY O.V.S. 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACT Mango is a popular and highly produced fruit in India. Wine from two mango cultivars Banginapalli and Totapuri was prepared and the mode of higher alcohols synthesis during wine fermentation was evaluated. Mangoes were peeled off and juice was extracted immediately after crushing (control) and also after 10 h of pectinase treatment. The recovered juice was allowed to ferment at 15 and 20C. During fermentation, higher alcohols and sugars were measured. Contents of all the higher alcohols analyzed increased during fermentation. More volatiles were observed in wine produced from Totapuri cultivar (358 ± 12.7 mg/L) than wine from Banginapalli cultivar (340 ± 10.5 mg/L). Pectinase treatment increased the synthesis of iso‐amylalcohol, 2‐phenyl ethanol, n‐propanol, n‐butanol and methanol during fermentation. Sensory evaluation scores of wine correlated to the sum of higher alcohols. The results of the present study suggest that the pectinase treatment increases the mango juice yield and results in better wine sensory quality.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSNowadays, the number of wine consumers is increasing rapidly all over the world. In order to meet the demand, researchers are developing alternative wine producing technologies. In the present study, we made an attempt to produce wine from mango, the king fruit of world. The main objectives of this study are to increase the quality and quantity of mango juice for wine production and evaluate the aroma compounds kinetic parameters during wine fermentation. This study also provides an adequate process for both juice and wine production from mango and other tropical fruits. The findings regarding pectinase treatment, formation of major volatile compounds and sensory evaluation can be valuable references to the wine industry.
An Overview of Terra Mission Results Related to the Carbon Cycle
Authors: Imhoff Marc L. , Wolfe Robert , Diner David J. , Chopping Mark , Kahn Ralph , Salomonson Vincent , Gille John , Drummond James , Edwards David , Loeb Norm , Wielicki Bruce , Abrams Michael , Eng Bjorn , Tsay Si‐Chee , Ranson K. Jon 
Published: February 2009

AbstractLaunched in December 1999 as the Earth Observing System's flagship observatory, the Terra Mission (formerly EOS AM‐1) carries a suite of five instruments that collect comprehensive global measurements of earth's atmosphere, cryosphere, lands, and oceans. One of the mission's science goals is the collection of data that will enable a better quantitative understanding of earth's carbon cycle through direct observation of atmospheric constituents and the provision of spatially explicit information about biophysical surface properties useful for modeling. In this article, highlights of the mission's use of five main instruments (ASTER, CERES, MISR, MODIS, and MOPITT) to address various aspects of the carbon cycle are reviewed, using examples of earth's photosynthetic production on land, vegetation structure and ecosystem response, and the extent and frequency of fires and their contribution of aerosols and carbon emissions to the atmosphere.
On the sensitivity of patient‐specific IMRT QA to MLC positioning errors
Authors: Yan Guanghua , Liu Chihray , Simon Thomas A , Peng Lee‐Cheng , Fox Christopher , Li Jonathan G 
Published: February 2009

Accurate multileaf collimator (MLC) leaf positioning plays an essential role in the effective implementation of intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). This work evaluates the sensitivity of current patient‐specific IMRT quality assurance (QA) procedures to minor MLC leaf positioning errors. Random errors of up to 2 mm and systematic errors of and in MLC leaf positions were introduced into 8 clinical IMRT patient plans (totaling 53 fields). Planar dose distributions calculated with modified plans were compared to dose distributions measured with both radiochromic films and a diode matrix. The agreement between calculation and measurement was evaluated using both absolute distance‐to‐agreement (DTA) analysis and γ index with and criteria. It was found that both the radiochromic film and the diode matrix could only detect systematic errors on the order of 2 mm or above. The diode array had larger sensitivity than film due to its excellent detector response (such as small variation, linear response, etc.). No difference was found between DTA analysis and γ index in terms of the sensitivity to MLC positioning errors. Higher sensitivity was observed with than with in general. When using the diode array and criterion, the IMRT QA procedure showed strongest sensitivity to MLC position errors and, at the same time, achieved clinically acceptable passing rates. More accurate dose calculation and measurement would further enhance the sensitivity of patient‐specific IMRT QA to MLC positioning errors. However, considering the significant dosimetric effect such MLC errors could cause, patient‐specific IMRT QA should be combined with a periodic MLC QA program in order to guarantee the accuracy of IMRT delivery.PACS numbers: 87.50.Gi, 87.52.Df, 87.52.Px, 87.53.Dq, 87.53.Tf, 87.53.Kn, 87.56.Fc
Hydraulic optimization of a combined sewer overflow (CSO) storage facility using numerical and physical modelingA paper submitted to the Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science.
Authors: He Cheng , Marsalek Jiri 
Published: February 2009

A commercially available 3-D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model (STAR-CD) was used to investigate capacity upgrading options for a combined sewer overflow (CSO) facility of inadequate capacity. The numerical model was verified against the data collected in two physical models. The need for verifying the CFD model was given by the complexity of the CSO facility, which comprises several interconnected tanks. The verified numerical model was then applied to analyze hydraulic conditions in the whole facility for major structural modifications with the aim of reducing or eliminating untreated overflows from the facility. Many scenarios were proposed and tested in the study and the two most promising structural modifications, scenarios 1 and 2, are presented in the paper. Both appeared to meet the design condition of increasing the facility capacity to 60 m3/s, but better performing scenario 1 would be significantly more costly to implement than scenario 2. Even though the study focused on a particular CSO facility, hydraulic conditions in the studied facility represent general flow conditions in typical CSO or stormwater settling facilities and, therefore, the numerical modeling methods used are applicable to solving a wide range of hydraulic problems encountered at similar facilities.
CONSTRUCTING OPTIMAL HIGHWAYS
Authors: AHN HEE-KAP , ALT HELMUT , ASANO TETSUO , BAE SANG WON , BRASS PETER , CHEONG OTFRIED , KNAUER CHRISTIAN , NA HYEON-SUK , SHIN CHAN-SU , WOLFF ALEXANDER 
Published: February 2009

For two points p and q in the plane, a straight line h, called a highway, and a real v > 1, we define the travel time (also known as the city distance) from p and q to be the time needed to traverse a quickest path from p to q, where the distance is measured with speed v on h and with speed 1 in the underlying metric elsewhere. Given a set S of n points in the plane and a highway speed v, we consider the problem of finding a highway that minimizes the maximum travel time over all pairs of points in S. If the orientation of the highway is fixed, the optimal highway can be computed in linear time, both for the L1- and the Euclidean metric as the underlying metric. If arbitrary orientations are allowed, then the optimal highway can be computed in O(n2 log n) time. We also consider the problem of computing an optimal pair of highways, one being horizontal, one vertical.
A MULTISCALE CRYSTAL PLASTICITY ANALYSIS OF DEFORMATION IN A TWO-PHASE STEEL
Authors: GASKELL JILLIAN , DUNNE FIONN , FARRUGIA DIDIER , LIN JIANGUO 
Published: February 2009

A rate- and lengthscale-dependent crystal plasticity model is employed with a representative volume element for a two-phase austenitic steel under hot-forming conditions to investigate the role of austenite and MnS particle crystallographic orientation on local stress and slip conditions at austenite–MnS interfaces. It was found that austenite–MnS particle interfacial stress magnifications are determined largely by the crystallographic orientation of the MnS and not significantly by the austenite orientations. However, the crystallographic orientation of an austenite grain neighboring a MnS particle has a dramatic effect on slip localization and slip magnitude in the absence of any significant change in interfacial stress magnitude. The results suggest that it is the crystallographic orientation of the MnS rather than that of the austenite which determines the onset and rapidity of void nucleation. The results also show that there are very particular combinations of austenite–MnS particle orientations which lead to the highest interfacial stresses, and that the peak stress magnification arises not from the properties of the second phase particles but from their orientation. Micromechanical models based on isotropic plasticity will not capture correctly the interfacial stresses.
Factoring univariate polynomials over the rationals
Authors: Novocin Andy , van Hoeij Mark 
Published: February 2009

We present an algorithm for factoring a polynomial, f , in one variable with rational coefficients. Our algorithm is a variant of the Belabas [Belabas] version of the van Hoeij [van Hoeij] factoring algorithm. Our algorithm not only contains a practical speed-up over Belabas' but it also allows us to prove a new complexity result for factoring polynomials.
The van Hoeij algorithm follows Zassenhaus' [Zass] approach by factoring f mod a prime number and Hensel Lifting the local factors. The practical speed-up in van Hoeij's algorithm comes from using the LLL [LLL] algorithm to solve the exponential recombination problem of decicing which combination of local factors form the true factors. However, the cost of LLL in van Hoeij's approach has been difficult to bound (in fact [van Hoeij] only proves termination and makes no attempt at finding a complexity).

Belabas found a fine-tuning [Belabas] of van Hoeij's algorithm which nearly optimizes the practical running times, but still does not provide a good bound for the LLL costs. In [BHKS] both variants were shown to have polynomial complexity, but these bounds are still unsatisfactorily large and do little to illuminate the behavior of these algorithms. Our algorithm improves Belabas' approach in the following ways:

We make a practical improvement which ensures that Hensel Lifting is always minimized.

We include a decision making process which allows us to bound the total number of LLL switches in the algorithm by O(
r
3
), where
r
is the number of local factors. This is independent of both degree and coefficient size of
f
.

.

In this poster we present an overview of the new algorithm and give a brief look at the style of our proofs. For the full details of the switch bound O(
r
3
) see [Novocin]. Using the Floating-Point LLL [L2] and some minor changes we can show the LLL costs are O(
r
7
). We are still writing down the details of a proof that the new total complexity of our algorithm is O(
r
7
).