bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Skeletal and Pigmentation Defects following Retinoic Acid Exposure in Larval Summer Flounder, Paralichthys dentatus
Authors: Martinez Gabriela M. , Baron Michael P. , Bolker Jessica A. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract Supplementation of larval diets with vitamin A (VA) is routinely and successfully used to stimulate pigmentation development in hatchery‐reared flatfishes. However, excess dietary VA can lead to high levels of its metabolite retinoic acid (RA) and has been associated with the occurrence of skeletal deformities, presumably via RA toxicity. We reared summer flounder larvae, Paralichthys dentatus, in water containing 0‐ to 20‐nM RA to assess its effects on postmetamorphic pigmentation and on skeletal development. RA exposure disrupted pigmentation development: treated tanks had a smaller percentage of normally pigmented fish than did controls, with increased numbers of both hypo‐ and hyperpigmented individuals. Exposure also affected the development of several skeletal features: RA treatment correlated with a significant increase in the severity of defects in jaws, fins, hypurals, and vertebrae compared with control groups.
Environmental Manipulation of Growth and Sexual Maturation in Yellow Perch, Perca flavescens
Authors: Shewmon Laura N. , Godwin John R. , Murashige Ryan S. , Daniels Harry V , Losordo Thomas M. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract Yellow perch, Perca flavescens, exhibit sexually dimorphic growth detected as the fish enter puberty. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the differential influences of photoperiod and temperature on the sexual maturation and dimorphic growth pattern of yellow perch. Four combinations of constant (CP) or natural (NP) photoperiod with constant (CT) or natural (NT) temperature were evaluated (CPCT, CPNT, NPCT, NPNT). Following 6 months of growth, results indicate that (1) CT is the strongest promoter of overall growth regardless of photoperiod. Perch reared under CT were 26.4 ± 8.1 g heavier than perch reared under NT (P < 0.0001). (2) CP also promotes overall growth regardless of temperature. CP perch outgrew NP perch by 7.0 ± 8.1 g (P < 0.0872). (3) NP (decreasing) initiates maturation in yellow perch regardless of temperature. (4) NT is required for late maturational processes. While both NP groups initiated maturation, only NPNT females were able to recruit oocytes to a vitellogenic stage. Only NPNT males were able to sustain spermiation to the end of the study. (5) CPCT confer the best overall growth performance, fully inhibit maturation in both genders, and suppress a sexually dimorphic growth pattern up to 53 g average weight. These results indicate that using a CPCT regime during intensive fingerling production will produce a larger, more uniform fish population that could alleviate losses as a result of cannibalism. Perch that remained immature did not exhibit a dimorphic growth pattern.
Effect of Shrimp Stocking Density on Size‐fractionated Phytoplankton and Ecological Groups of Ciliated Protozoa within Zero‐water Exchange Shrimp Culture Systems
Authors: Decamp Olivier , Conquest Lytha , Cody Jeff , Forster Ian , Tacon Albert G. J. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract Zero‐water exchange shrimp culture systems are being investigated to reduce water and pathogens input and effluent output. The relative abundance and diversity of ciliates have been used as indicators of water quality and ecosystem dynamics in natural systems; however, their occurrence and role in shrimp production systems have not been investigated. The objectives of this research were to describe the succession of the ciliate community in a shrimp grow out system, to investigate the impact of increasing shrimp stocking density on the characteristics of the ciliated protozoa community, and to correlate this with shrimp performance. A growth trial with Litopenaeus vannamei was conducted outdoors with zero‐water exchange and three stocking densities (50, 75 and 100 shrimp/m2). In all treatments, free‐swimming ciliates were dominant in the early weeks, while substrate‐associated ciliates appeared later. The 100 shrimp/m2 treatment exhibited a lower abundance of free‐swimming ciliates but higher abundance of hypotrichous ciliates in the second half of production and higher shrimp mortality and lower shrimp growth in the last 2 wk. These results provide a preliminary examination of the role of ciliates in shrimp culture systems and direction for future work in determining the role of protozoa as indicators of water quality.
Isolation of Sulfated Anticoagulant Compound from Fermented Red SeaweedGrateloupia filicina
Authors: Nikapitiya Chamilani , De Zoysa Mahanama , Jeon You‐Jin , Lee Jehee , Jee Youngheun 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe red algaGrateloupia filicinawas fermented with 0.15 g/mL sucrose at 25 C, and anticoagulant activity was measured biweekly up to the 10th wk by activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT). A sulfated polysaccharide compound having anticoagulant activity was purified from the sixth wk of fermentation by fast protein liquid chromatography using diethylaminoethyl cellulose followed by a sepharose‐4B column. The concentration of the purified sulfated anticoagulant polysaccharide was 136.65 μg/mL, and the sulfate concentration of the purified compound was 26.33 μg/mL. The presence of just a single spot on agarose gel electrophoresis confirmed that the compound was purified, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that the purified compound was of high molecular mass. The purified sulfated anticoagulant polysaccharide consisted of galactose, glucose, and mannose in an approximate molar ratio of 0.95 : 0.01 : 0.03. Both purified anticoagulant and commercial heparin showed >1000 sec APTT activity at 136.65 μg/mL. As the technique of fermentation is inexpensive, the purified anticoagulant compound could have significant potential in the medical and pharmaceutical industry.
Reevaluation of the Dietary Protein Requirements and Optimum Dietary Protein to Energy Ratios in Japanese Eel, Anguilla japonica
Authors: Okorie Okorie E. , Kim Young‐Chul , Lee Seunghyung , Bae Jun‐Young , Yoo Jin H. , Han Kyungmin , Bai Sungchul C. , Park Gun‐Jun , Choi Se‐Min 
Published: August 2007

Abstract A 2 × 3 factorial design was used to reevaluate the dietary protein requirements and to determine the optimum dietary protein to energy (P/E) ratios in Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica, reared in the recirculating system. For each of two experiments, six experimental diets (45P16, 45P17, 45P19, 50P16, 50P17, and 50P19) were formulated and prepared to contain two protein levels (45 and 50%) and three energy levels (16, 17, and 19 kJ/g diet) at each protein level. In the first experiment, glass eel of initial weight 0.1 ± 0.02 g (mean ± SD) were used, while the second experiment was conducted with juvenile eel of initial weight 15.0 ± 3 g (mean ± SD). The first and second experimental periods were 6 and 16 wk for the glass and juvenile eel, respectively. At the end of the first experiment, there were no protein, energy, and their interaction effects. Also, there were no significant differences in weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed efficiency (FE), and protein efficiency ratio (PER) for glass Japanese eel fed all diets. Although there were no significant differences in growth parameters of glass eel fed all experimental diets, these parameters were higher for fish fed 50P16 than for fish fed the other diets. For the second experiment, there were significant protein effects on WG, SGR, and PER (P < 0.05). However, there were neither significant energy effects nor protein and energy interaction effects on WG, SGR, FE, and PER. Fish fed 45P19 had a higher WG, SGR, and PER than did fish fed 45P16, 50P16, and 50P19 (P < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences in growth parameters among fish fed 45P16, 45P17, 50P16, 50P17, and 50P19 and among those fed 45P17, 45P19, and 50P17. These results may indicate that the optimum dietary protein requirement and the P/E ratio could be 44.3% and 24.1 mg protein/kJ (45P19), respectively, in juvenile Japanese eel, based on WG, SGR, and PER.
Effect of Restricted Feeding Regimes on Compensatory Growth and Body Composition of Red Sea Bream, Pagrus major
Authors: Oh Sung‐Yong , Noh Choong Hwan , Cho Sung Hwoan 
Published: August 2007

Abstract Compensatory growth of red sea bream, Pagrus major, during feed deprivation and after refeeding was investigated. Groups of three fish each were allocated into 28 cages. Fish were fed by a commercial feed to satiation twice a day. Four feeding groups of fish were prepared: one group with continuous feeding (C) for 9 wk and three other groups with feed deprivation for 1 wk (F1) in Week 3, 2 wk (F2) from Week 2 to Week 3, and 3 wk (F3) from Week 1 to Week 3, respectively. All fish in the feed deprivation treatments resumed feeding in Week 4. The full compensatory growth was achieved in F1 and F2 fish after refeeding for the first 3 wk but in F3 fish after refeeding for the second 3 wk. Specific growth rate and feed conversion efficiency in all fish experiencing fasting were higher than those of control fish after first 3 wk of refeeding. At the end of feed deprivation in Week 3, crude protein, crude lipid, and energy content of all fish experiencing fasting were lower than those of the control fish. These results indicated that red sea bream experienced 1‐, 2‐, and 3‐wk fasting could achieve full compensatory growth in the 9‐wk feeding trial.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 virulence factors and poplar tree response in the rhizosphere
Authors: Attila Can , Ueda Akihiro , Cirillo Suat L. G. , Cirillo Jeffrey D. , Chen Wilfred , Wood Thomas K. 
Published: August 2007

SummaryWhole‐transcriptome analysis was used here for the first time in the rhizosphere to discern the genes involved in the pathogenic response of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 as well as to discern the response of the poplar tree. Differential gene expression shows that 185 genes of the bacterium and 753 genes of the poplar tree were induced in the rhizosphere. Using the P. aeruginosa transcriptome analysis, isogenic knockout mutants, and two novel plant assays (poplar and barley), seven novel PAO1 virulence genes were identified (PA1385, PA2146, PA2462, PA2463, PA2663, PA4150 and PA4295). The uncharacterized putative haemolysin repressor, PA2463, upon inactivation, resulted in greater poplar virulence and elevated haemolysis while this mutant remained competitive in the rhizosphere. In addition, disruption of the haemolysin gene itself (PA2462) reduced the haemolytic activity of P. aeruginosa, caused less cytotoxicity and reduced barley virulence, as expected. Inactivating PA1385, a putative glycosyl transferase, reduced both poplar and barley virulence. Furthermore, disrupting PA2663, a putative membrane protein, reduced biofilm formation by 20‐fold. Inactivation of PA3476 (rhlI) increased virulence with barley as well as haemolytic activity and cytotoxicity, so quorum sensing is important in plant pathogenesis. Hence, this strategy is capable of elucidating virulence genes for an important pathogen.
Rhizoremediation of lindane by root‐colonizing Sphingomonas
Authors: Böltner Dietmar , Godoy Patricia , Muñoz‐Rojas Jesús , Duque Estrella , Moreno‐Morillas Silvia , Sánchez Lourdes , Ramos Juan Luis 
Published: August 2007

SummaryWe used a two‐step enrichment approach to isolate root‐colonizing hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH)‐degrading microorganisms. The first step consists of the use of classical liquid enrichment to isolate γ‐HCH degraders. The γ‐HCH‐degrading microbes were attached in mass to corn seeds sown in soil with γ‐HCH, and after plant development we rescued bacteria growing on root tips. Bacteria were then subjected to a second enrichment round in which growth on liquid medium with γ‐HCH and inoculation of corn seeds were repeated. We then isolated bacteria on M9 minimal medium with γ‐HCH from root tips. We were able to isolate four Sphingomonas strains, all of which degraded α‐, β‐, γ‐ and δ‐HCH. Two of the strains were particularly good colonizers of corn roots, reaching high cell density in vegetated soil and partly removing γ‐HCH. In contrast, these bacteria performed poorly in unplanted soils. This study supports the hypothesis that the removal of persistent toxic chemicals can be accelerated by combinations of plants and bacteria, a process generally known as rhizoremediation.
A comparison of cleat types during two football-specific tasks on FieldTurf
Authors: Queen R M , Charnock B L , Garrett W E , Hardaker W M , Sims E L , Moorman C T 
Published: August 2007

Objective:To examine the effect of different cleat plate configurations on plantar pressure during two tasks.Design:Thirty-six athletes ran an agility course 5 times while wearing 4 different types of Nike Vitoria cleats: (1) bladed, (2) elliptical firm ground, (3) hard ground and (4) turf. Plantar pressure data were recorded during a side cut and a cross cut using Pedar-X insoles.Setting:Controlled laboratory studyParticipants:No history of lower extremity injury in the past 6 months, no previous foot or ankle surgery, not currently wearing foot orthotics and play a cleated sport at least twice a week.Main outcome measurements:Total foot contact time, contact area, maximum force, peak pressure and the force-time integral (FTI) in the medial, middle and lateral regions of the forefoot were collected. A 1×4 ANOVA (α = 0.05) was performed on each dependent variable. A Bonferroni adjustment was conducted (α = 0.008).Results:In the cross cut task, statistical differences between cleats were observed in three variables: total foot peak pressure, lateral forefoot FTI, and lateral forefoot normalised maximum force. In the side cut task, statistical differences between cleats were observed in 4 variables: total foot peak pressure, the medial and middle forefoot FTI, and the medial and middle forefoot normalised maximum force.Conclusions:Significant differences in forefoot loading patterns existed between cleat types. Based on the results of this study, it might be beneficial to increase the forefoot cushioning in cleats in an attempt to decrease loading in these regions of the foot.
Chronic dynamic exercise increases apolipoprotein A-I expression in rabbit renal cortex as determined by proteomic technology: Figure 1
Authors: Moraes R de , Valente R H , León I R , Trugilho M R O , Nóbrega A C L , Perales J , Tibiriçá E 
Published: August 2007

Objective:We have shown previously that exercise training enhances endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent vascular relaxation in rabbit kidney. This study aimed to investigate protein expression changes in the rabbit renal cortex induced by chronic dynamic exercise.Design:Kidneys were obtained from New Zealand rabbits either confined to pens (n = 8) or trained on a treadmill (0% grade) for 5 days/week at a speed of 18 m/min for 60-min periods over 12 weeks (n = 8). Expression of proteins in the renal cortex was determined by colloidal Coomassie blue staining after two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Differential protein spots were excised and digested with trypsin, and peptides were sequenced by electrospray ionization-ion trap mass spectrometry.Results:Two pairs of matching differentially stained spots displayed an approximate threefold increase in trained compared with sedentary animals. These four spots presented a molecular mass of 23 kDa but different pI values. Mass spectrometric analyses revealed the pairs of matching spots as being rabbit apolipoprotein A-I.Conclusion:Chronic dynamic exercise increases apolipoprotein A-I expression in the rabbit renal cortex. This fact could be involved in the alterations observed in the renal circulation after exercise training.
Efficacy of personal symptom and family history questionnaires when screening for inherited cardiac pathologies: the role of electrocardiography
Authors: Wilson M G , Basavarajaiah S , Whyte G P , Cox S , Loosemore M , Sharma S 
Published: August 2007

Aims:This study sought to confirm the efficacy of using resting 12-lead ECG alongside personal symptom and family history questionnaires and physical examination when screening for diseases with the potential to cause sudden cardiac death in the young.Methods and results:1074 national and international junior athletes (mean age 15.8 (SD 0.7) years, range 10 to 27) and 1646 physically active schoolchildren (16.1 (SD 2.1) years, range 14 to 20) were screened using personal and family history questionnaires, physical examination and resting 12-lead ECG. Nine participants with a positive diagnosis of a disease associated with sudden cardiac death were identified. None of the participants diagnosed with a disease associated with sudden cardiac death were symptomatic or had a family history of note.Conclusion: Family history and personal symptom questionnaires alone are inadequate to identify people with diseases associated with sudden cardiac death. Use of the 12-lead ECG is essential when screening for cardiac pathology in the young.
Feasibility of a walking workstation to increase daily walking
Authors: Thompson W G , Foster R C , Eide D S , Levine J A 
Published: August 2007

Objective:The number of calories expended in the workplace has declined significantly in the past 75 years. A walking workstation that allows workers to walk while they work has the potential to increase caloric expenditure. We evaluated whether employees can and will use walking workstations while performing their jobs.Methods and procedures:We studied nurses, clinical assistants, secretaries and appointment secretaries using the StepWatch Activity Monitor System (which accurately measures steps taken at slow speeds) while performing their job functions in their usual fashion and while using the walking workstation.Results:Subjects increased the number of steps taken during the workday by 2000 steps per day (p<0.05). This was equivalent to an increase in caloric expenditure of 100 kcal/day. Subjects reported that they enjoyed using the workstation, that it could be used in the actual work arena and that, if available, they would use it.Discussion:Walking workstations have the potential for promoting physical activity and facilitating weight loss. Several subjects in this study expended more than 200 extra calories daily using such a system. Further trials are indicated.
Re-thinking the embryo lethal system within the Pinaceae
Authors: Williams Claire G. 
Published: August 2007

Outcrossing, wind-pollinated members of the Pinaceae have high self-pollination rates yet produce few selfed seedlings. How are selfs selectively eliminated? Barriers to selfing have long been considered to be (i) avoidance of self-pollen capture, (ii) competition via simple polyembryony, and (iii) lower viability of selfed embryos. Here, reviews — and some revisions — are offered in addition to future research needs. First, avoiding self-pollen capture is largely ineffectual. Second, simple polyembrony is also a weak or nonexistent barrier against selfed embryos. Third, selfed embryos die at all stages, but a stage-specific death peak occurs during early embryogeny in some taxa and this death peak, if prevalent across a wider range of taxa, deserves a closer look. The death peak does not preclude the prevailing genetic model for embryo viability loci, but could indicate that other genetic mechanisms are operative. Molecular dissection shows that zygotic lethals are distributed across different chromosomal segments. To date, these are mostly semi-lethal rather than lethal, and they range from partially dominant to overdominant. A literature survey suggests that only 5 of the 10 genera within the Pinaceae ( Abies , Larix , Picea , Pinus , and Pseudotsuga ) have been well characterized with respect to selfing. Extreme inbreeding depression during embryo development may not be a shared feature among conifers as a group. A critical research question is whether dual death patterns are present in other genera, and if they are, alternative genetic models to account for the death peak. Addressing these questions has broad relevance to conservation, domestication, and management of closed populations, not just conifers or gymnosperms.
Genetic variation in twoChamaecristaspecies (Leguminosae), one endangered and narrowly distributed and another widespread in the Serra do Espinhaço, Brazil
Authors: Silva Reinaldo Moreira da , Fernandes G. Wilson , Lovato Maria Bernadete 
Published: August 2007

The Serra do Espinhaço in Brazil is under continuous and increasing levels of human disturbance. It has a large number of endemic plant species such as Chamaecrista semaphora (Irwin and Barneby), an endangered species with extremely narrow range. We studied the genetic diversity of C. semaphora and compared it with Chamaecrista mucronata (Spreng.) Irwin and Barneby, a widespread congeneric species distributed over the entire Serra do Espinhaço, in an attempt to provide information for conservation strategies. Two populations of C. mucronata and the only two known populations of C. semaphora from Serra do Cipó were screened for variability using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Populations of C. semaphora exhibited a lower percentage of polymorphic markers (16.9%) and Shannon’s Diversity Index (H′pop= 0.124) than C. mucronata populations (43.3% and H′pop= 0.299). Most of the genetic variability of both species studied was distributed within populations; C. semaphora populations (ΦST= 0.198) were less divergent than C. mucronata populations (ΦST= 0.378). The risk of extinction for C. semaphora is large owing to its low level of genetic diversity compared with its widespread congener and because of increasing habitat destruction. Both populations of C. semaphora urgently need protection to maximize the genetic diversity of this species and diminish further substantial loss within the populations.
Ecclesial Opposition to Mining on Mindanao: Neoliberalism Encounters the Church of the Poor in the Land of Promise
Authors: Holden William , Jacobson Daniel 
Published: August 2007

AbstractIn the developing world, environmental issues are often livelihood issues as the poor try to protect resources necessary for their subsistence. This paper examines the opposition of the Roman Catholic Church, on the Island of Mindanao, to neoliberal policies designed by the Philippine government to encourage nonferrous metals mining by multinational corporations. Mining is an activity with substantial potential for environmental degradation that can deprive the poor of their livelihood. The Church, demonstrating the influence of liberation theology and its preferential option for the poor, has taken a stance opposing mining as an activity that may harm the poor by degrading the environment upon which they depend for their livelihood and further impoverish them. The paper examines the Church's efforts to provide alternative development programs for the poor and discusses the potential for more conflict between neoliberalism, and its "top down" methods of implementing policies, and liberation theology with its "bottom up" perspective on achieving development.