bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determination of prostatic secretion in rats: Effect of neurotransmitters and testosterone
Authors: Wang Jin‐Min , McKenna Kevin E. , Lee Chung 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTo study the neuronal and hormonal control of prostatic secretion, the prostatic urethra was cannulated in urethane anesthetized rats. The volume of prostatic secretion was measured following infusion of cholinergic and adrenergic agonists in intact animals. Prostatic secretion was elicited by norepinephrine, phenylephrine, and carbachol; but not by clonidine, isoproterenol, pilocarpine, or acetylcholine. Phenylephrine and norepinephrine infusions caused a high initial rate of secretion, which then declined rapidly. Carbachol infusion, in contrast, produced a low but constant rate of secretion that was maintained for up to 1 hour. Histological examination of the prostate revealed contraction of smooth muscle surrounding prostatic ducts after infusion of phenylephrine and norepinephrine, but not carbachol. Prostatic secretion was also measured in castrated rats supplemented with various doses of testosterone. Testosterone exerted a dose dependent control of prostatic weight and secretory volume. These results indicate 1) α 1 receptor agonists can cause contraction of smooth muscle to expel fluid from the rat prostate, 2) carbachol induces prostatic secretion through a mechanism other than contraction of gland, and 3) testosterone has a primary role in controlling prostatic size.
Morphometric and stereological study of the glandular epithelium of the lateral prostate of the intact and castrated guinea pig
Authors: Tam C. C. , Wong Y. C. , White F. H. , Fowler J. P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe glandular epithelium of the lateral prostate of the guinea pig was described within the framework of a morphometric model in terms of relative densities and absolute dimensions. A combination of direct measurement and point and intersection counting techniques was used. The quantitative data generated in the intact animals were compared with those of castrated controls. Castration was accompanied by a significant decrease in height of the glandular epithelium and in sizes of secretory and basal cells and their corresponding nuclei. On a per cell basis, significant decreases in total volume and surface area of granular endoplasmic reticulum were detected after castration. This was accompanied by a significant reduction in the total volume of Golgi cisternae. The total volume, surface area, and number of highly electron‐dense and clear granules decreased significantly compared with the intact control animals. However, no significant changes in these parameters of low electron‐dense granules were found. Significant reductions in the total volume and surface area of condensing granules, lysosomes, and mitochondria, but not their number, were detected. The average sizes of condensing granules, secretory granules, lysosomes, and mitochondria were decreased significantly after castration. The present study showed that the alterations in the secretory function of the secretory cells of the lateral prostate was reflected by the quantitative changes in granular endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complexes, and secretory granules on a per cell basis. The data generated in the present study will serve as a baseline for further studies of the lateral prostate of the guinea pig.
Family aggregation of cancer of the prostate in quebec: The tip of the iceberg
Authors: Ghadirian Parviz , Cadotte Marcel , Lacroix André , Perret Chantal 
Published: February 2007

AbstractCancer of the prostate is one of the most common cancers among males in North America. Although some causative factors have been suggested by several surveys, the etiology of this common cancer is poorly understood. In a case‐control study of prostatic cancer in Greater Montreal, 21 of 140 patients with prostatic cancer (15.0%) gave a positive family history of the same cancer, as compared with two cases among 101 (2.0%) population‐based controls. This indicates about an eightfold difference in occurrence of cancer of the prostate among first‐degree family members of the case group with an odds ratio (OR) of 8.7 and 95% CI, 2.00–38.17. In this report we present the pedigrees of three families (two cases and one control) with four pathologically confirmed cases of cancer of the prostate in each family. This data suggest that a familial predisposition to prostatic cancer may become apparent in later decades of life. In these family aggregations, in addition to the genetic factors, environmental factors may also play an important role in the etiology of the same cancer among family members.
Beta adrenergic receptor alterations in diabetic rat prostate: Effects of insulin and dietary myoinositol
Authors: Gousse Angelo , Yoshida Masaki , Weiss Robert M. , Latifpour Jamshid 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAs sexual dysfunction is a well‐recognized manifestation of diabetes mellitus and as the function of the prostate, a major accessory organ in the male reproductive system, is regulated by the autonomic nervous system, we studied beta adrenergic receptors in the prostate of streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats, using radioligand receptor binding techniques. Four groups of rats were maintained for 8 weeks: controls, diabetics, insulin‐treated diabetics, and myoinisitol‐treated diabetics. The diabetic and myoinisitol‐treated diabetic animals were smaller, had higher blood glucose levels, higher water intake and urine output, smaller prostates, and lower serum insulin levels than the other groups. Saturation experiments with [3H]dihydroalprenolol showed that the induction of diabetes decreased the density of beta adrenergic receptors in prostatic membrane particulates. Inhibition studies with selective beta adrenergic antagonists demonstrated that these receptors were of the beta2 subtype. Furthermore, insulin but not myoinositol treatment normalized blood glucose and insulin levels, maintained normal prostate and body weight‐gain, and prevented the decrease in the density, i.e., down‐regulation, of the prostatic beta adrenergic receptors.
Glycoconjugates of the lateral prostate of the guinea pig: A lectin histochemical study
Authors: Chan L. , Wong Y. C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe present study examined the glycoconjugates of the lateral prostate using a battery of lectins. The results indicated that the secretory epithelium was rich in mannose (Man), N‐acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), galactose (Gal), N‐acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc), and complex oligosaccharides. Con A (concanavalin A), LCA (Lens culinaris agglutinin), PSA (Pisum sativum agglutinin), WGA (wheat germ agglutinin), PWM (pokeweed mitogen), RCA‐I (Racinus communis isolectin I), and PHA‐P (Phaseolus vulgaris agglutinin‐P) reacted intensely with both epithelia and stroma, while SBA (soybean agglutinin) and PNA (peanut agglutinin), which bind to terminal Gal, GalNAc, and Gal β1,3 GalNAc appeared to be specific to the secretory epithelium. SBA and PNA were useful as markers in the study of the secretory function of the prostate gland. The present study has shown that the Golgi apparatus of prostatic epithelial cells was rich in fucose (Fuc), oligomers of GlcNAc, Gal β1,3 GalNAc, Gal, and Man containing glycoconjugates, indicating that the gland was actively involved in glycosylation. The present study has also shown that LTA (Lotus tetragonolobus agglutinin) is a good marker for the epithelial Golgi. PNA also bound to the epithelial basement membrane and the connective tissue in the lamina propria. The present study has thus established, for the first time, the glycoconjugate patterns in the lateral prostate of the guinea pig.
Concepts of citrate production and secretion by prostate: 2. Hormonal relationships in normal and neoplastic prostate
Authors: Costello Leslie C. , Franklin Renty B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA unique and major function of prostate secretory epithelial cells is to synthesize, accumulate, and secrete extraordinarily high levels of citrate. This function is regulated by testosterone and by prolactin. Concepts of the mechanisms of hormonal regulation are presented. The relationship of testosterone and prolactin to the origin and homologies of different prostate cell lines is described. The metabolic differentiation of citrate and noncitrate producing prostate secretory epithelial cells is discussed. Concepts of the pathogenesis of prostatic neoplasms are presented based on hormonal, metabolic, and homologous relationships associated with citrate production. Characterization of normal and neoplastic secretory epithelial cells by their citrate function is emphasized. The urgency and necessity for research relating to all aspects of prostate citrate production in normal and pathological prostate are emphasized.
Immunohistochemical prostatic acid phosphatase level as a prognostic factor of prostatic carcinoma
Authors: Sakai Hideki , Shiraishi Kazutaka , Minami Yuzo , Yushita Yoshiaki , Kanetake Hiroshi , Saito Yutaka 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTo determine whether prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) immunoreactivity in prostatic adenocarcinoma is a reliable prognostic factor, the PAP immunohistochemical distribution has been examined in 78 prostatic carcinoma cases. The intensity of PAP immunostaining was graded from 0 to 2, and the scores of the primary and the secondary staining patterns were added to assess the extent of the PAP expression in needle biopsy specimens.As a result, a higher cancer‐specific survival rate was observed in patients showing a greater PAP immunostaining (P<0.01). Further, a multivariate analysis was made of possible prognostic factors (age, stage, Gleason score, serum PAP, PAP‐immunostaining score, and the initial treatment) to estimate the extent of their impact on cancer‐specific survival.Results have confirmed that the difference in PAP immunoreactivity is an excellent, independent prognostic factor for prostatic carcinoma.
Morphometric and stereological analysis of the effects of 17β‐estradiol on the glandular epithelium of the castrated guinea pig lateral prostate
Authors: Tam C. C. , Wong Y. C. , White F. H. , Fowler J. P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractUpon administration of pharmacological doses of estradiol to castrated guinea pigs, the secretory cells of the lateral prostate underwent hypertrophy which resulted from significant increases in nuclear and cytoplasmic volume. There were quantitative increases in the small highly electron‐dense granules and multivesicular bodies when compared with the castrated control. The dramatic increase in the number of highly electron‐dense granules probably occurred at the expense of the low electron‐dense granules. The average size of the condensing granules and mitochondria decreased significantly after estradiol administration. However, significant increase in the number of mitochondria was detected when compared with the castrated control. Ultrastructural data revealed no significant changes in the absolute dimensions of granular endoplasmic reticulum or of the Golgi complex, suggesting that estradiol exerted no significant stimulatory effects on these organelles. Pharmacological doses of estrogen appear to regulate the expression of secretory granules and multivesicular bodies in the lateral prostate of castrated guinea pigs.
Effect of calcium and calcium antagonists on 45Ca influx and cellular growth of human prostatic tumor cells
Authors: Batra Satish , Popper Lars D. , Hartley‐Asp Beryl 
Published: February 2007

AbstractCalcium and calmodulin play significant roles in DNA synthesis and cell proliferation. In this work the effects of verapamil, trifluoperazine, and tamoxifen on 45Ca uptake and cell growth in human prostatic tumor cells (DU 145) and human fibroblast cells (1 BR) were studied. Although the maximum proliferation was achieved at a concentration of around 2 mM CaCl2 in both DU 145 and 1 BR, growth of DU 145 cells was considerably greater than 1 BR at all calcium concentrations (0.1–4 mM). Calcium uptake experiments, using 45Ca, revealed that the unstimulated 45Ca uptake in 1 BR fibroblasts was 4–5 times higher than in DU 145 cancer cells. Depolarization with high extracellular K caused a 2–3‐fold increase in 45Ca influx in 1 BR but only 25–55% increase in DU 145 cells. Verapamil caused a significant inhibition of cell growth with an IC50 value of 55 μM. Verapamil paradoxically increased 45Ca uptake in both unstimulated and K‐stimulated DU 145 cells. Whereas unstimulated 45Ca uptake could be blocked by very low concentrations of lathanum (10 μM), much higher concentrations (1–10 mM) were required to completely block uptake in K‐depolarized cells. Both trifluoperazine and tamoxifen also inhibited cell proliferation with an IC50 concentration of approximately 5 μM. These drugs, had, however, no effect on 45Ca uptake either in unstimulated or depolarized cells. The results suggest that voltagegated calcium channels exist in both DU 145 cancer cells and fibroblasts. However, verapamil, in contrast to 1 BR, failed to block these channels in DU 145 cells. The mechanism of antiproliferative action of verapamil may be related to the observed, although paradoxical, increase in cellular calcium. The effect of trifluoperazine and tamoxifen does not involve changes in transmembrane calcium movements but could be mediated by their inhibition of calmodulin‐mediated reactions within the cell.
Effect of glycine on retroperitoneal and intraperitoneal organs in the rat model
Authors: Maatman Thomas J. , Musselman Paul , Kwak Y. S. , Resnick Martin I. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTwenty Sprague Dawley rats were administered various doses of 1.5% amino acetic acid (glycine), lactated Ringer's, and water, both intravenously and retroperitoneally, in an attempt to recreate the post‐transurethral resection syndrome in a rat model. The kidneys, liver, and pancreas were harvested 6 hours after exposure and examined pathologically. Water and lactated Ringer's had no histologic effect on these organs. Glycine was found to have a toxic effect on the kidneys and liver and this effect was dose related. Based on these results, it is postulated that glycine toxicity may play a significant role as a causative factor in producing the post‐transurethral resection syndrome.
Argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions in benign hyperplastic and cancerous human prostates
Authors: Masai Motoyuki , Abe Kouichi , Akimoto Susumu , Shimazaki Jun , Yatani Ryuichi 
Published: February 2007

AbstractArgyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions (AgNORs) were examined histologically in cells of benign hyperplastic and cancerous human prostates. Individual dots of AgNORs inside nucleus that were stained as separate granules or as parts of clusters were counted as one, and the average number of dots per cell was obtained by counting 100 nuclei. The number in epithelial cells was similar to that in stromal cells of hyperplastic prostates. In cancerous prostates, the number was larger than in hyperplastic prostates and increased along with upgrading. The number in incidental cancers was smaller than in clinical cancers as compared with cells of the same Gleason pattern. Number correlated with T factor, but not with N and M factors. Response to treatment and cause‐specific survival in stage D2 patients receiving endocrine therapy did not correlate with number, although a relationship between Gleason pattern and survival was shown in these patients. It was concluded that AgNORs might not be an indicator to predict prognosis after endocrine therapy, since a number of AgNORs did not influence response to the therapy.
Prostate specific antigen and prostatitis I. Effect of prostatitis on serum psa in the human and nonhuman primate
Authors: Neal Durwood E. , Moon Timothy D. , Clejan Sanda , Sarma Deba 
Published: February 2007

AbstractProstate specific antigen (PSA) has become a mainstay in the diagnosis and management of patients with prostate cancer. We have found, as have others, that it may be elevated in patients with prostatic inflammation. Ten patients had clinical evidence of prostatitis and elevated PSA levels. Six of these had persistently elevated levels after antibiotic treatment. After transrectal ultrasonography and biopsy, two had findings of adenocarcinoma, and the rest had a pathologic diagnosis of acute or chronic prostatitis. We studied this process in an experimental model of prostatitis using a nonhuman primate. We infected six cynomolgus monkeys and followed their PSA levels until resolution of the infection. The PSA peaked between 5 and 7 days after inoculation and gradually returned to baseline in 8 weeks. The dramatically elevated serum PSA levels in bacterial prostatitis can cause confusion in the diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma.
Prostate specific antigen and prostatitis II. PSA production and release kinetics in vitro
Authors: Moon Timothy D. , Neal Durwood E. , Clejan Sanda 
Published: February 2007

AbstractElevations in serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels in patients with prostatitis are well known, but the pathophysiologic mechanisms involved with this phenomenon are poorly understood. We have recently evaluated the effect of prostatitis on PSA levels in primates. This data demonstrated a rapid rise in PSA, which subsequently fell along the biological decay curve. This suggested a release of sequestered PSA. We evaluated the effect of infection upon PSA production for the prostatic adenocarcinoma cell line LNCaP. The cell line was determined to produce 9.6 ± 2.7 fg/cell/hr PSA with essentially linear kinetics. No effect was seen with dead bacteria, bacterial supernatant or complement upon the PSA production. Live E. coli had no effect for 4–8 hours at which time the cells sloughed and PSA production ceased. No release of stored PSA was seen. These data do not elucidate the reasons for increased serum PSA levels found with acute bacterial prostatitis, but indicate that it is not a storage phenomenon.
Evaluation of a new tumor marker for localized prostate cancer
Authors: Culkin Daniel J. , Gelder Frank B. , Vick Stephen R. , Parra Brett L. , Mata John A. , Venable Dennis D. , Zitman Roger A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAdenocarcinoma associated antigen (ACAA) is a large molecular weight protein that is normally found in low serum levels. Recent data have revealed elevations in patients with adenocarcinomas, including prostate cancer. To evaluate the relationship of ACAA levels with prostate cancer, we measured the cytosol content in malignant and nonmalignant prostate tissue and compared these results to those of the standard markers, prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) and prostatic specific antigen (PSA). Enzyme solid phase immunoassay was used to quantitate PSA and ACAA levels, and the enzymatic method was used to measure PAP. Wedge resection from the right and left posterior lobes of 50 fresh radical retropubic prostatectomy specimens were used for cytosol analysis. All foci of cancer within each prostate gland were carefully mapped by a single pathologist. When all malignant wedges (N = 74) were compared to all the benign wedges (N = 21), only the PSA levels showed significant elevation (p < 0.02). However, when benign and malignant tissue from the same prostate were available for comparison, both PSA (N = 17) and ACAA (N = 16) showed significant elevations in the cytosol of the malignant tissue (p < 0.002 and p < 0.03, respectively). Although not statistically significant, the cytosol PAP did show a consistent trend to be greater in malignant tissue. It appears that there is an association of increased cytosol ACAA and PSA with prostate cancer.
Studies on the proliferation, secretory activities, and epidermal growth factor receptor expression in benign prostatic hyperplasia explant cultures
Authors: Jones E. Glynne , Harper M. E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractShort term explant cultures of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) tissues were studied immunohistochemically to characterise both the morphological changes within the explant tissue and the cellular origin of the epithelial cell outgrowth. Altered patterns of expression of cytokeratins, prostate specific antigen (PSA) prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), and epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor were observed. After sloughing of the secretory epithelium in the majority of the acini repopulation and outgrowth of a monolayer was accomplished by cells which were strongly positive for stratifying keratin and EGF receptor and negative for PAP and PSA, indicative of a basal cell phenotype. The peak of proliferation in the acini, as assessed by Ki‐67 immunohistochemistry, occurred after 2–4 days in culture. Preliminary studies on BPH tissue xenografts in nude mice indicated that better preservation of normal morphology, secretory activity, and antigen expression could be achieved.
Relationship of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in prostatic carcinomas to various clinical parameters
Authors: Harper M. E. , Glynne‐Jones E. , Goddard L. , Wilson D. W. , Griffiths K. , Conn I. G. , Matenhelia S. S. , Peeling W. B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractProliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression was determined immunohistochemically, using a monoclonal antibody PC10, in 102 prostatic carcinoma samples and in prostate tissue from 21 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasis (BPH). The percentage of cells with stained nuclei ranged from 1% to 58% in the carcinoma specimens and 0% to 10% in the BPH specimens. A semiquantitative scoring system was devised for the degree of PCNA positivity observed in the tumors. Statistical analysis of the PCNA score in relation to the histological grade of the tumors gave a significant positive or negative correlation between these parametersP<0.001. No significant correlation between PCNA score was, however, seen with metastatic status, T category (TMN classification) of the primary tumor, or the patient's age at diagnosis.In 65 prostatic cancer patients of known survival, those individuals whose tumors had a PCNA score of ± (< 10% of nuclei stained) were compared with those patients whose tumors were either 1+, 2+, or 3+ (>10% of nuclei stained). Life table analysis of the two groups indicated that the patients with the lower PCNA score survived significantly longer than those with the higher PCNA scores,P<0.04.Comparison of the Ki‐67 expression in frozen sections with the PCNA expression in wax‐embedded tissue of 86 prostatic carcinomas was also undertaken. A significant correlation between these two parameters was found,P<0.001, although the growth fraction estimated by Ki‐67 expression was generally lower than that given by the PCNA scoring system. 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.