bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diseases in neonatal foals. Part 1: The 30 day incidence of disease and the effect of prophylactic antimicrobial drug treatment during the first three days post partum
Authors: WOHLFENDER F. D. , BARRELET F. E. , DOHERR M. G. , STRAUB R. , MEIER H. P. 
Published: February 2009

Summary Reasons for performing study: Neonatal diseases have been grouped and analysed but up‐to‐date statistically significant information about the incidence and prevalence of diseases in foals is limited. Since the 1950s it has been a common management practice to administer a 3 day course of antimicrobial drugs to neonatal foals. This was shown to significantly reduce the incidence of infections (Platt 1977). Since then management practices have improved and it is widely believed that prophylactic antimicrobial drugs are no longer necessary in foal rearing. Objectives: To determine the 30 day incidences or prevalences (depending on case definition) of various diseases and conditions in the neonatal foal and ascertain the influence of a prophylactic 3 day treatment on the frequency of infections. Methods: The population consisted of Thoroughbred foals born on stud farms in the Newmarket (UK) area in 2005 (n = 1031). Depending on the stud farm's practice in the use of prophylactic antimicrobial drugs, 2 groups of newborn foals (treated and untreated) were identified and followed for 30 days. Results: The 30 day incidences of infectious diseases under study were between 0.2% (osteomyelitis) and 5.85% (systemic disease with diarrhoea). The overall incidence for ‘total infectious diseases’ was 8.27%. The most commonly observed noninfectious condition was limb deformities (12.11% of all foals). There was no significant difference in the incidence of infectious diseases between the 2 groups. Conclusion: Infectious diseases are still an important problem in neonatal foals requiring further investigation as to which factors other than antimicrobial prophylaxis are relevant for disease prevention. Potential relevance: The results provide an up‐to‐date overview about the frequencies of various neonatal foal diseases. They do not support the traditional prophylactic use of antimicrobials to prevent infectious diseases in healthy newborn foals. However, it should be noted that this study was not a randomised controlled trial and therefore does not provide the strongest possible evidence for this conclusion.
Diseases in neonatal foals. Part 2: Potential risk factors for a higher incidence of infectious diseases during the first 30 days post partum
Authors: WOHLFENDER F. D. , BARRELET F. E. , DOHERR M. G. , STRAUB R. , MEIER H. P. 
Published: February 2009

Summary Reason for performing study: The development of clinical illness in foals is usually predetermined by perinatal history, management or stressful environmental conditions. Objectives: To determine potential risk factors for an increased incidence of infectious diseases during the first 30 days post partum. Methods: The population consisted of Thoroughbred foals born on stud farms in the Newmarket (UK) area in 2005 (n = 1031). They were followed for their first 30 days. Factors suspected to influence the incidence of infectious neonatal diseases were examined in a logistic regression approach for each of the 3 outcomes (total infectious diseases, systemic disease with diarrhoea and total infectious diseases excluding diarrhoea). All 28 factors were either foal or mare or stud farm related. Results: Several significant risk factors for a higher disease incidence, such as birth complications, colostrum intake by stomach tube and leucocytosis 12–48 h post partum were identified. The factor ‘boarding stud’ seemed to be protective against disease. Conclusion: Some factors, such as the mare's time at stud before foaling, the mare's rotavirus vaccination schedule and fibrinogen‐values that empirically had been linked to the outcome previously were not confirmed as relevant. This included the reported useful prophylactic treatment with antimicrobial drugs. Potential relevance: Factors to be considered when evaluating newborn foals include: stud management, the birth process, route of colostrum intake, white and red blood cells, and the date of birth. These may help to detect foals at risk to develop an infection so that targeted prophylactic measures can be initiated.
Influence of foot conformation on duration of competitive life in a Dutch Warmblood horse population
Authors: DUCRO B. J. , GORISSEN B. , van ELDIK P. , BACK W. 
Published: February 2009

Summary Reasons for performing study: Warmblood horse studbooks aim to breed horses with a conformation that will enable elite future sports performance, but reduce the risk of early retirement due to lameness. Negative conformational traits, such as asymmetrical or ‘uneven’ forefeet may possibly shorten the career of sporthorses. Objectives: To investigate the significance of foot conformation at young age to duration of the career of sporthorses. Methods: Databases of the Royal Dutch Warmblood Studbook (KWPN) and of the Royal Dutch Equestrian Sports Federation (KNHS) were matched and resulted in a dataset comprising 23,116 records of horses for which their conformation scores and duration of their sports career were available. Survival analysis was used to determine which of the conformation traits had a significant effect on duration of sports career in dressage and jumping at basic and elite level. Results: Duration of competitive life was shorter for jumping than for dressage. A different set of risk factors was found for each level and discipline. The trait ‘uneven feet’ tended to shorten the competitive life in dressage, but was a significant risk factor at the elite level of jumping. Conclusions: Limb conformation and, in particular, the conformation of the distal limb, are important for duration of competitive life. From the prevalence of uneven feet in sports disciplines, it may be concluded that this is an undesirable trait, particularly at the elite level of jumping, since uneven feet have a detrimental effect on the duration of competitive life in a sporthorse population. Potential relevance: This study provided evidence that the conformation trait uneven feet has a negative effect on Warmblood jumping performance and, therefore, breeders should be encouraged to avoid this phenomenon at foal age.
Short‐term anaesthesia with xylazine, diazepam/ketamine for castration in horses under field conditions: Use of intravenous lidocaine
Authors: SINCLAIR M. , VALVERDE A. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryReasons for performing study: Lidocaine single boluses and/or constant rate infusions are commonly administered intraoperatively during inhalant anaesthesia to lower inhalant concentrations, promote or maintain gastrointestinal motility, and potentially supplement analgesia. The benefits of using lidocaine with injectable anaesthesia for field surgeries has not been fully explored to determine advantages and disadvantages of lidocaine as an anaesthetic and analgesic adjunct in these conditions and impact on recovery quality.Objectives: To evaluate the use of systemic lidocaine with a standard field injectable anaesthetic protocol related to the need for additional drug administration as well as overall recovery score and quality.Hypothesis: The administration of systemic lidocaine with xylazine‐diazepam/ketamine anaesthesia for castration in the field decreases the need for additional injectable doses required for maintenance, but prolong and potentially impact the overall recovery score and quality in horses.Methods: Thirty client‐owned horses underwent standard injectable anaesthesia for field castration. Fifteen horses received lidocaine 3 mg/kg bwt, i.v. as a single bolus, and 15 received saline equal volume. The horses were monitored for the need for additional injectable anaesthetics and scored for overall recovery and quality by a blinded anaesthetist.Results: There were no statistically significant differences in the overall recovery score and quality, or need for additional injectable anaesthetic between horses receiving lidocaine and those receiving saline. There was a significantly longer time for the horses to stand after induction in the lidocaine group (mean 30.7 min) vs. saline group (mean 22.5 min) (P<0.04).Conclusions: Lidocaine, 3 mg/kg bwt i.v., does not adversely affect recovery using injectable field regimes, but the overall recovery period was longer. Lidocaine does not appear to reduce the need for additional injectable administration during surgery.Potential relevance: Further research is warranted to define the benefit of systemic lidocaine with field anaesthesia in horses by exploring the ideal dose and plasma level of lidocaine with injectable anaesthesia.
Blood culture status in mature horses with diarrhoea: A possible association with survival
Authors: JOHNS I. , TENNENT‐BROWN B. , SCHAER B. DALLAP , SOUTHWOOD L. , BOSTON R. , WILKINS P. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryReasons for performing study: The incidence and implications of positive blood cultures in mature horses with diarrhoea is unknown. The diagnosis of bacteraemia may alter treatment and prognosis.Hypothesis: The proportion of horses with diarrhoea that are blood culture positive is higher than previously assumed and a positive blood culture has a negative impact on survival.Methods: Blood cultures were taken at admission and 24 h after admission from 31 mature horses with diarrhoea.Results: Nine (29%) horses were blood culture positive within 24 h of admission. Organisms isolated includedCorynebacteriumspp. (n = 6),Streptococcusspp. (n = 2),Pantoea agglomerans(n = 1), Gram‐negative rod (n = 1),Bacillusspp. (n = 1) and yeast (n = 1). Horses with positive blood cultures were significantly less likely to survive. Prior treatment with antimicrobial drugs had no significant effect on blood culture status. Horses with positive blood cultures had a significantly higher heart rate, packed cell volume (PCV) and plasma potassium concentration at admission, and a higher PCV and lower total plasma protein concentration 24 h after admission.Conclusions: Positive blood cultures occur more frequently than previously reported, and may have a negative impact on survival in horses with diarrhoea.Potential relevance: Results of blood cultures may be useful in formulating a prognosis for horses with diarrhoea. Further research is required to determine the effect of antimicrobial treatment on outcome.
Heritability of foot conformation and its relationship to sports performance in a Dutch Warmblood horse population
Authors: DUCRO B. J. , BOVENHUIS H. , BACK W. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryReasons for performing study: Warmblood horse studbooks aim to breed horses with a conformation that will enable elite future performance, but reduce the risk of injuries and lameness. Negative conformational traits, such as asymmetrical or ‘uneven’ forefeet would possibly diminish performance.Objectives: To assess the prevalence and heritability of uneven feet and its genetic relationship to other conformation traits as well as to sporting performance later in life in Warmblood riding horses.Methods: The databases of the Royal Dutch Warmblood Studbook (KWPN, n = 44,840 horses) and Royal Dutch Equestrian Sports Federation (KNHS, n = 33,459 horses in dressage and n = 30,474 horses in showjumping) were linked through the unique number of each registered horse. Therefore, heritabilities and genetic and phenotypic correlations could be estimated from the scores of the jury at studbook admission and the sports performance of that population in dressage and jumping over the period 1990–2002.Results: The prevalence of uneven feet was 5.3% on average, and increased from under 4.5% during the first 3 years of recording to over 8% in the years from 2000 onwards. Heritability estimates of foot conformation traits were moderate and ranged from 0.16 for heel height to 0.27 for hoof shape. The genetic correlation between the trait of uneven feet and performance in competition was negative but weak: −0.09 with dressage and −0.12 with showjumping.Conclusions: Predisposition to uneven feet can be reduced by selection. Because of weak genetic correlations, the increased prevalence is not directly associated with selection for better sports performance or higher conformation grade. If the trait ‘uneven feet’ arises from a disproportionate relationship between height at the withers and neck length, then selection on conformation grade might result in development of uneven feet. In general, limb conformation has a moderate genetic relationship to conformation grade and foot conformation traits have a genetic relationship to sporting performance. Reducing occurrence of uneven feet by selection is possible, without limiting progress in sport performance.
Electrosprayed Enzyme Coatings as Bioinspired Alternatives to Bioceramic Coatings for Orthopedic and Oral Implants
Authors: de Jonge Lise T. , Leeuwenburgh Sander C. G. , van den Beucken Jeroen J. J. P. , Wolke Joop G. C. , Jansen John A. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe biological performance of orthopedic and oral implants can be significantly improved by functionalizing the non‐physiological metallic implant surface through the application of biologically active coatings. In this paper, a cost‐effective alternative to traditional biomedical coatings for bone substitution through exploitation of the specific advantages of the electrospray deposition technique for the immobilization of the enzyme alkaline phosphatase (ALP) onto the implant surface is presented. Since ALP increases the local inorganic phosphate concentration required for physiological mineralization of hard tissues, ALP coatings will enable enzyme‐mediated mineralization onto titanium surfaces. To evaluate the bone‐bioactive capacity of the ALP‐coated titanium surface, soaking experiments are performed. Although the purely inorganic so‐called simulated body fluid is the standard in vitro procedure for predictive studies on potential bone bonding in vivo, an alternative testing solution is proposed that also contains organic phosphates (cell culture medium supplemented with the organic β‐b;‐glycerophosphate (β‐b;‐GP) and serum proteins), thereby resembling the in vivo conditions more closely. Under these physiological conditions, the electrosprayed ALP coatings accelerated mineralization onto the titanium surface as compared to noncoated implant material by means of enzymatic pathways. Therefore, this novel approach toward implant fixation holds significant promise.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Field‐Effect Transistor Performance of Thieno[3,2‐b]thieno[2′,3′:4,5]thieno[2,3‐d]thiophene Derivatives
Authors: Liu Ying , Wang Ying , Wu Weiping , Liu Yunqi , Xi Hongxia , Wang Limin , Qiu Wenfeng , Lu Kun , Du Chunyan , Yu Gui 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe synthesis, characterization, and field‐effect transistor (FET) properties of a new class of thieno[3,2‐b]thieno[2′,3′:4,5]thieno[2,3‐d]thiophene derivatives are described. The optical spectra of their films show the presence of stronger interactions between molecules in the solid state. Thermal analyses reveal that the three materials are thermally stable and have no phase transitions at low temperature. The crystal structures are determined, and show π‐stacked structures and intermolecular S···S contacts. These organic materials exhibit p‐type FET behavior with hole mobilities as high as 0.14 cm2 V−1 s−1 and an on/off current ratio of 106. These results indicate that thieno[3,2‐b]thieno [2′,3′:4,5]thieno[2,3‐d]thiophene, as a linear π‐conjugated system, is an effective building block for developing high‐performance organic semiconductors.
Luminescence of Nanocrystalline Erbium‐Doped Yttria
Authors: Mao Yuanbing , Tran Thai , Guo Xia , Huang Jian Y. , Shih C. Ken , Wang Kang L. , Chang Jane P. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIn this paper, the luminescence, including photoluminescence, upconversion and cathodoluminescence, from single‐crystalline erbium‐doped yttria nanoparticles with an average diameter of 80 nm, synthesized by a molten salt method, is reported. Outstanding luminescent properties, including sharp and well‐resolved photoluminescent lines in the infrared region, outstanding green and red upconversion emissions, and excellent cathodoluminescence, are observed from the nanocrystalline erbium‐doped yttria. Moreover, annealing by the high power laser results in a relatively large increase in photoluminescent emission intensity without causing spectral line shift. These desirable properties make these nanocrystals promising for applications in display, bioanalysis and telecommunications.
Light‐Emitting Rubrene Nanowire Arrays: A Comparison with Rubrene Single Crystals
Authors: Lee Jin Woo , Kim Kihyun , Park Dong Hyuk , Cho Mi Yeon , Lee Yong Baek , Jung Jin Sun , Kim Dae‐Chul , Kim Jeongyong , Joo Jinsoo 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThis is a report on a new method of growth of a light‐emitting rubrene nanowires array with diameters of 200 ± 10 nm by using organic vapor transport through Al2O3 nanoporous templates. Nanometer‐scale laser confocal microscope (LCM) photoluminescence (PL) spectra and crystalline structures of the rubrene nanowires are compared with those of rubrene single crystals prepared with the same experimental conditions without the template. In the LCM PL spectra it is observed that the PL spectra and intensity varies with the detecting positions because of the crystal growth characteristics of the rubrene molecules. A single rubrene nanowire has a wider LCM PL band width than that of the rubrene single crystal. This may originate from the light emissions of the mixed polarized bands due to additional new crystallinity in the formation of the nanowires. From the current–voltage characteristic curves, the semiconducting nature of both the rubrene nanowires and single crystals is observed.
Material Solubility‐Photovoltaic Performance Relationship in the Design of Novel Fullerene Derivatives for Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells
Authors: Troshin Pavel A. , Hoppe Harald , Renz Joachim , Egginger Martin , Mayorova Julia Yu. , Goryachev Andrey E. , Peregudov Alexander S. , Lyubovskaya Rimma N. , Gobsch Gerhard , Sariciftci N. Serdar , Razumov Vladimir F. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe preparation of 27 different derivatives of C60 and C70 fullerenes possessing various aryl (heteroaryl) and/or alkyl groups that are appended to the fullerene cage via a cyclopropane moiety and their use in bulk heterojunction polymer solar cells is reported. It is shown that even slight variations in the molecular structure of a compound can cause a significant change in its physical properties, in particular its solubility in organic solvents. Furthermore, the solubility of a fullerene derivative strongly affects the morphology of its composite with poly(3‐hexylthiophene), which is commonly used as active material in bulk heterojunction organic solar cells. As a consequence, the solar cell parameters strongly depend on the structure and the properties of the fullerene‐based material. The power conversion efficiencies for solar cells comprising these fullerene derivatives range from negligibly low (0.02%) to considerably high (4.1%) values. The analysis of extensive sets of experimental data reveals a general dependence of all solar cell parameters on the solubility of the fullerene derivative used as acceptor component in the photoactive layer of an organic solar cell. It is concluded that the best material combinations are those where donor and acceptor components are of similar and sufficiently high solubility in the solvent used for the deposition of the active layer.
Metathesis in Pure Water Mediated by Supramolecular Additives
Authors: Brendgen Thomas , Fahlbusch Tilmann , Frank Markus , Schühle Daniel T. , Seßler Miriam , Schatz Jürgen 
Published: February 2009

Abstractmagnified imageSupramolecular, water‐soluble additives based on calix[n]arenes exhibit a beneficial influence on the ring‐closing and cross metathesis of non‐polar substrates in pure aqueous medium using standard Grubbs‐II and Hoveyda‐II catalysts. The catalytic activity observed in water is virtually the same as that in pure methanol. Quantitative yields of metathesis product can be achieved under mild aerobic conditions in/on water by (micro)solubilization of both the catalyst and starting materials by the macrocycles.
Development of a Supported Ionic Liquid Phase (SILP) Catalyst for Slurry‐Phase Friedel–Crafts Alkylations of Cumene
Authors: Joni J. , Haumann M. , Wasserscheid P. 
Published: February 2009

Abstractmagnified imageA supported ionic liquid phase (SILP) catalyst material has been developed based on a silica support coated with an acidic chloroaluminate ionic liquid. Compared to the results in a liquid‐liquid biphasic reaction these materials showed in the isopropylation of cumene a clearly different selectivity which was found to be related to a reduction of the ionic liquid’s acidity by the untreated silica support. By pretreating the support with a defined amount of ionic liquid for neutralization and removal of surface hydroxy groups, a well defined, very active and also very selective SILP catalyst for slurry phase Friedel–Crafts alkylation was obtained.
Synthesis of 2,6‐Dioxo‐1,2,3,4,5,6‐hexahydroindoles by Acid‐ Catalyzed Cyclization of Acetal‐Protected (2,4‐Dioxocyclohex‐1‐yl)acetamides and their Transformation into 5,8,9,10‐Tetrahydro‐6H‐indolo[2,1‐a]isoquinolin‐9‐ones
Authors: Juma Benard , Adeel Muhammad , Villinger Alexander , Reinke Helmut , Spannenberg Anke , Fischer Christine , Langer Peter 
Published: February 2009

Abstractmagnified imageAcetal‐protected (2,4‐dioxocyclohex‐1‐yl)acetic acids were prepared by allylation of dilithiated 1,3‐cyclohexane‐1,3‐diones, protection of the carbonyl groups and oxidation of the alkene moiety. Their reaction with amines afforded the corresponding amides which were transformed, by acid‐catalyzed cyclization, into various 2,6‐dioxo‐1,2,3,4,5,6‐hexahydroindoles. The reaction of the latter with triflic acid resulted in the formation of novel 5,8,9,10‐tetrahydro‐6H‐indolo[2,1‐a]isoquinolin‐9‐ones.
A Mild and Efficient Iron‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Alkenyl Halides via Direct Addition of Benzyl Halides to Arylalkynes
Authors: Liu Zhongquan , Wang Jianguo , Zhao Yankai , Zhou Bo 
Published: February 2009

Abstractmagnified imageAn efficient and mild iron‐catalyzed synthesis of alkenyl halides has been developed via direct carbon‐carbon bond formation by using benzyl halides and arylalkynes.
Mechanism studies on CVD of boron carbide from a gas mixture of BCL3, CH4, and H2 in a dual impinging‐jet reactor
Authors: Karaman Mustafa , Sezgi Naime Aslı , Doğu Timur , Özbelge Hilmi Önder 
Published: February 2009

AbstractNearly pure boron carbide free from impurities was produced on a tungsten substrate in a dual impinging‐jet chemical vapor deposition reactor from a BCl3, CH4, and H2 mixture. The Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis proved the formation of reaction intermediate BHCl2, which is proposed to occur mainly in the gaseous boundary layer next to the substrate surface. Among a large number of reaction mechanisms proposed only the ones considering the molecular adsorption of boron carbide on the substrate surface gave reasonable fits. In the proposed mechanism dichloroborane is formed in the gas phase only as a by‐product. Boron carbide, on the other hand, is formed through a series of surface reactions involving adsorbed boron trichloride, adsorbed methane and gas phase hydrogen. The simultaneous fit of the experimental rate data to the model expressions gave correlation coefficient values of 0.977 and 0.948, in predicting the B4C and BHCl2 formation rates, respectively. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009