bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Colonialism and Psychology of Culture
Authors: Okazaki Sumie , David E. J. R. , Abelmann Nancy 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThere has long been a criticism that scholarship devoted to the study of cultural variation in psychology has too easily ascribed the observed differences between different societies to essentialized notions of ‘culture’ while paying less attention to historical forces that shape these differences. In this paper, we argue that the conceptual frameworks of cross‐cultural and cultural psychology should allow for analysis of how major geopolitical events and historical processes bear on people's lives. Specifically, we point to colonialism, a discussion that has been less attended to in psychology, and argue that colonialism and its legacies exert a powerful influence on many worldwide populations. Analysis of colonialism and its legacies necessarily calls for attention to its prominent ideological cornerstones: race and ‘culture’, which are also central concepts in psychology as a global discipline. In psychology, colonialism has primarily been engaged in two ways: the study of the colonial impact on individuals; and the consideration of the colonial impact on the discipline and practice of psychology in formerly colonized nation states. We review this engagement and introduce examples of scholarship from each. This paper challenges the field to pay greater attention to sociopolitical discourses and historical contexts and, in turn, to theorize culture in ways that are responsive to the fluidity and complexity of social lives.
Reflecting on Six Decades of Selective Exposure Research: Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities
Authors: Smith Steven M. , Fabrigar Leandre R. , Norris Meghan E. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractFor over 60 years, researchers have explored the validity of the selective exposure hypothesis, which states that people will seek out consonant, and avoid dissonant, information. In early cognitive dissonance‐based research, selective exposure received mixed support. More recently, researchers have begun to delineate the factors that regulate the occurrence of selective exposure in a multitude of contexts. In this review, we discuss a number of such moderators as well as the ebb and flow of research over the years. We propose that many of these factors can be conceptualized as influencing capacity and/or motivations to process information, and we discuss how this framework can help categorize past, and suggest future, moderators. Finally, we highlight that other research domains should be considered when exploring selective exposure effects, and that researchers should consider how findings from the selective exposure literature can fruitfully be applied to other domains.
The State of the Story in Personality Psychology
Authors: Woike Barbara A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractPersonality psychologists have been studying narratives for decades. Their work offers significant insights into the meaning of the stories people tell. This article highlights some historical antecedents as well as the latest research findings from the growing area of personality psychology that focuses on narrative approaches. First, narrative research in personality shows that imaginative stories reveal enduring implicit motivations linked to affect, thought, and behavior. Second, autobiographical stories play a significant role in self‐development and personal identity formation. The narration of one's story is a process influenced over the life span by age‐related capacities and various psychological needs that occur in social and cultural contexts.
When the University Went ‘Pop’: Exploring Cultural Studies, Sociology of Culture, and the Rising Interest in the Study of Popular Culture
Authors: Clark Lynn Schofield 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis article examines why the study of popular culture has taken off as a subject of university course offerings and as a topic of scholarly inquiry since the 1980s. Placing the current explorations of popular culture in historical context, the article argues that popular culture's study and studies in the sociology of culture can illuminate many of the classic concerns that animate sociology and related fields, such as the social organization and power of institutions, debates about public life and the formation of public opinion, concerns about the relationship between consumption, social status, and politics of the privileged elite, and the role of media in the development of social movements and in individual and subcultural understandings. The article considers how popular cultural studies are currently shaping the study of social life, and concludes by considering trends that might be encouraged among students and emergent scholars seeking to study in this area.
Early Industrial Psychology: A Very Brief and Highly Selective History
Authors: Vinchur Andrew J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis essay provides a brief overview of the historical contributions of early industrial psychology to organizational studies. A description of present‐day industrial–organizational psychology is first presented. Factors both inside and outside psychology that influenced the development of industrial psychology are discussed, followed by the history of industrial psychology in the early years of the twentieth century. In the USA, initial activity in industry by psychologists was in advertising; however, employee selection then became the major focus. Reflecting their training in experimental psychology, early industrial psychologists favored a quantitative, scientific approach to selection that emphasized empirical verification of the effectiveness of their interventions. Part of finding a niche for their scientific approach to organizations was debunking pseudoscientific approaches to selection such as character analysis.
The Recurrence of Violence
Authors: Wydra Harald 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis article examines the recurrence of violence in the contemporary world based on the premise that states can use their monopoly of violence not only for preserving the life of their citizens but also for the sake of terror and annihilation. This ambiguous nature of the use of violence derives from the fact that the legal order of the state is a function of concrete acts of bloodshed and killing. The state bases the law on violence because authorities fear the psychological attraction that bloodshed has on the human imagination. The contagious character of violence, however, is not based on man's innate potential for aggression. Rather, it depends on the nature of the reciprocity of social relations. Violent conflict often feeds on negative social communication such as hatred and desire for vengeance. Yet, faced with the inevitable recurrence of violence humans have the capacity to act on the spiral of vengeance. One possible way to pacify violence is to transform the destructive, negative reciprocity of retaliation into the creative, positive reciprocity of active non‐violence.
Fabrication of Cell-Encapsulated Alginate Microfiber Scaffold Using
Microfluidic Channel
Authors: Kim Byung , Kim Intae , Choi WooSeok , Kim Sung Won , Kim JooSung , Lim Geunbae 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Traditional approaches in tissue engineering are limited in that cell seeding is inefficient and cells cannot be located on a scaffold precisely. Moreover, the traditional methods, which rely on a random and probabilistic process, produce scaffolds with low regularity in porosity, pore size, and interconnection of pores. In this research, we propose a novel method to fabricate a scaffold for tissue engineering, which can overcome the limitations of traditional approaches. Cell-encapsulated alginate solution and cross-linker solution were laminarly flowed into a microfluidic channel. Then, the alginate solution was gelled to form a cell-encapsulated alginate microfiber by the diffusion of gelation ion from the cross-linker solution and ejected from the outlet of channel to the reservoir. The diameter of the fabricated microfiber can be controlled by the flow rate ratio of the two solutions. Moreover, this method, which has no cell seeding step, eliminates the possibility of loss of cells and the problems related to distribution of cells. We also show the feasibility of the alginate microfiber as a scaffold, which can promote chondrogenesis. The chondrogenesis in the alginate microfiber was evaluated by both histological and biochemical analyses. The increase of major markers of chondrogenesis such as glycosaminoglycan and collagen shows the potential of alginate microfiber as a scaffold for cartilage.
Mutations in the Scaffoldin Gene,
cipA
, of
Clostridium thermocellum
with Impaired Cellulosome Formation and Cellulose Hydrolysis: Insertions of a New Transposable Element, IS
1447
, and Implications for Cellulase Synergism on Crystalline Cellulose
Authors: Zverlov Vladimir V. , Klupp Martina , Krauss Jan , Schwarz Wolfgang H. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT

Mutants of
Clostridium thermocellum
that had lost the ability to adhere to microcrystalline cellulose were isolated. Six of them that showed diminished ability to depolymerize crystalline cellulose were selected. Size exclusion chromatography of the proteins from the culture supernatant revealed the loss of the supramolecular enzyme complex, the cellulosome. However, denaturing sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis resulted in extracellular protein patterns comparable to those of isolated cellulosomes, except for a missing CipA band. Sequencing of the six mutant
cipA
genes revealed a new insertion (IS) element, IS
1447
, belonging to the IS
3
family. It was inserted into the
cipA
reading frame in four different locations: cohesin module 1, two different positions in the carbohydrate binding module, and cohesin module 3. The IS sequences were identical and consisted of a transposase gene and the inverted repeats IRR and IRS. The insertion resulted in an obviously nonspecific duplication of 3 base pairs within the target sequence. This lack of specificity allows transposition without the need of a defined target DNA sequence. Eighteen copies of IS
1447
were identified in the genomic sequence of
C. thermocellum
ATCC 27405. At least one of them can be activated for transposition. Compared to the wild type, the mutant culture supernatant, with a completely defective CipA protein, showed equal specific hydrolytic activity against soluble β-glucan but a 15-fold reduction in specific activity with crystalline cellulose. These results identify a genetic basis for the synergistic effect of complex formation on crystalline-cellulose degradation.
Muscle deoxygenation of upper-limb muscles during progressive arm-cranking exercise
Authors: Lusina Sarah-Jane C. , Warburton Darren E. R. , Hatfield Nicola G. , Sheel A. William 
Published: April 2008

The purpose of this study was to determine which upper-limb muscle exhibits the greatest change in muscle deoxygenation during arm-cranking exercise (ACE). We hypothesized that the biceps brachii (BB) would show the greatest change in muscle deoxygenation during progressive ACE to exhaustion relative to triceps brachii (TR), brachioradialis (BR), and anterior deltoid (AD). Healthy young men (n = 11; age = 27 ± 1 y; mean ± SEM) performed an incremental ACE test to exhaustion. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was used to monitor the relative concentration changes in oxy- (O2Hb), deoxy- (HHb), and total hemoglobin (Hbtot), as well as tissue oxygenation index (TOI) in each of the 4 muscles. During submaximal arm exercise, we found that changes to NIRS-derived measurements were not different between the 4 muscles studied (p > 0.05). At maximal exercise HHb was significantly higher in the BB compared with AD (p < 0.05). Relative to the other 3 muscles, BB exhibited the greatest decrease in O2Hb and TOI (p < 0.05). Our investigation provides two new and important findings: (i) during submaximal ACE the BB, TR, BR, and AD exhibit similar changes in muscle deoxygenation and (ii) during maximal ACE the BB exhibits the greatest change in intramuscular O2 status.
Chronic quercetin ingestion and exercise-induced oxidative damage and inflammation
Authors: McAnulty Steven R. , McAnulty Lisa S. , Nieman David C. , Quindry John C. , Hosick Peter A. , Hudson Matthew H. , Still Laura , Henson Dru A. , Milne Ginger L. , Morrow Jason D. , Dumke Charles L. , Utter Alan C. , Triplett Nan T. , Dibarnardi Adrianna 
Published: April 2008

Quercetin is a flavonoid compound that has been demonstrated to be a potent antioxidant in vitro. The objective of this study was to evaluate if quercetin ingestion would increase plasma antioxidant measures and attenuate increases in exercise-induced oxidative damage. Forty athletes were recruited and randomized to quercetin or placebo. Subjects consumed 1000 mg quercetin or placebo each day for 6 weeks before and during 3 d of cycling at 57% work maximum for 3 h. Blood was collected before and immediately after exercise each day, and analyzed for F2-isoprostanes, nitrite, ferric-reducing ability of plasma, trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, and C-reactive protein. Statistical analyses involved a 2 (treatment) × 6 (times) repeated measures analysis of variance to test main effects. F2-isoprostanes, nitrite, ferric-reducing ability of plasma, trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, and C-reactive protein were significantly elevated as a result of exercise, but no group effects were found. Despite previous data demonstrating potent antioxidant actions of quercetin in vitro, this study indicates that this effect is absent in vivo and that chronic quercetin ingestion does not exert protection from exercise-induced oxidative stress and inflammation.
Association between dietary fat intake, liver fat, and insulin sensitivity in sedentary, abdominally obese, older men
Authors: Kuk Jennifer L. , Davidson Lance E. , Hudson Robert , Kilpatrick Katherine , Bacskai Kinga , Ross Robert 
Published: April 2008

Whether dietary fat influences the interaction between liver fat, visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and metabolic risk is unclear. Thus, we sought to determine the independent associations between 1 and 10 d dietary fat intake, liver fat, and VAT on insulin sensitivity using a cross-sectional design. Liver fat score (LFS) was assessed by computed tomography and VAT by magnetic resonance imaging in 42 abdominally obese older men. Insulin sensitivity was measured by the hyperinsulinemic–euglycemic clamp technique. Diet composition was determined from self-recorded diet records for 1 and 10 d preceding the assessment of LFS. LFS was positively associated with the 10 d average fat and alcohol intake, but not with any 1 d average dietary variables. VAT (r = –0.36) and LFS (r = –0.32) were both negatively correlated with insulin sensitivity (p < 0.05). When LFS and VAT were entered in the same model, only VAT was an independent predictor of insulin sensitivity (p < 0.05). Control for the average 10 d alcohol consumption and fat intake improved the association between insulin sensitivity and LFS (from r = –0.32, p > 0.10 to r = –0.49, p < 0.05), but not VAT. In fact, after control for the 10 d dietary variables, both LFS and VAT were independent predictors of insulin sensitivity (p < 0.05). This was not true for any of the 1 d dietary intake variables. In conclusion, liver fat is associated with dietary fat intake and alcohol consumption over 10 d, but not 1 d. Furthermore, dietary habits may influence the relationship between liver fat and insulin sensitivity.
Influence of fiber-type composition on recovery from tourniquet-induced skeletal muscle ischemia–reperfusion injury
Authors: Walters Thomas J. , Kragh John F. , Baer David G. 
Published: April 2008

This study was designed to determine if previously reported differences in the functional impairment of muscles composed of predominantly different fiber types occurs following extended periods of ischemia. We hypothesized that the soleus (Sol) muscle, a predominantly slow-twitch muscle, would be less vulnerable to tourniquet-induced ischemia–reperfusion than the plantaris (Plant), a predominantly fast-twitch muscle, as determined by the assessment of isometric contractile function. Male Sprague–Dawley rats were assigned to one of the following groups to undergo tourniquet application (TKA) (n = 6/group): 2 h TKA, 2 d recovery; 4 h TKA, 2 d recovery; 2 h TKA, 14 d recovery; or 4 h TKA, 14 d recovery. In situ isometric contractile properties were assessed in the predominantly slow-twitch Sol and the predominantly fast-twitch Plant; the contralateral muscle served as the internal control. At 2 d, muscle contraction could not be elicited via neural stimulation, but muscles did contract with direct stimulation, which indicates neural injury. This condition was resolved by day 14. At this time point, tetanic tension (Po) in the Plant was reduced by 45% and 69% in the 2 and 4 h groups, respectively. Po for the Sol was unaffected in the 2 h group, but was reduced by 30% in the 4 h group. The fatigue resistance of the Plant was increased 2 fold in the 4 h group and was unchanged in all other groups. These results demonstrate that vulnerability to tourniquet-induced ischemia–reperfusion injury is dramatically different with respect to muscle fiber-type composition.
Non-invasive methods in paediatric exercise physiology
Authors: Armstrong Neil , Fawkner Samantha G. 
Published: April 2008

Oded Bar-Or’s hypothesis that children may be “metabolic non-specialists”, even when engaging in specialized sports, has stimulated the study of paediatric exercise metabolism since the publication of his classic text Pediatric sports medicine for the practitioner in 1983. Evidence drawn from several methodologies indicates an interplay of anaerobic and aerobic exercise metabolism in which children have a relatively higher metabolic contribution from oxidative energy pathways than adolescents or adults, whereas there is a progressive increase in glycolytic support of exercise with age, at least into adolescence and possibly into young adulthood. The picture is generally consistent but incomplete, as research with young people has been limited by both ethical and methodological constraints. The recent rigorous introduction of non-invasive techniques such as breath-by-breath respiratory gas analysis and magnetic resonance spectroscopy into paediatric exercise physiology promises to open up new avenues of research and generate unique insights into the metabolism of the exercising muscle during growth and maturation. It therefore appears that we might have available the tools necessary to answer some of the elegant questions raised by Professor Bar-Or over 25 years ago.
The time course of denervation-induced changes is similar in soleus muscles of adult and old rats
Authors: Degens Hans , Koşar Şükran Nazan , Hopman Maria T.E. , de Haan Arnold 
Published: April 2008

Muscle denervation is accompanied by atrophy and a decline in oxidative capacity. We investigated whether the time course of adaptations following denervation of the soleus muscle differs in adult (5 months old) and older adult (25 months old) rats. We denervated the soleus muscle of the left leg, while the right leg served as an internal control. Two weeks after denervation, muscle mass was decreased both in adult and old animals to, respectively, 57% and 54% (p < 0.001) and capillary to fibre ratio (C:F) decreased to 51% and 50% (p < 0.01) of the control values. Yet, the capillary density was increased in older adult but not in adult muscles, indicating that the regression of the capillary bed during denervation lags behind the decrease in fibre size in the soleus muscle of the older rats. One week after denervation the optical density of sections stained for succinate dehydrogenase was 83% and 79% (p < 0.05) of control adult and older adult muscles, respectively, and then remained stable. This indicates that during the first week of denervation loss of oxidative capacity occurred at a relatively higher rate than that of muscle mass. No major changes occurred between 2 and 4 weeks of denervation, except for an increase in the proportion of hybrid (I/IIa) fibres in 4 week denervated muscles (adult 10% vs. 23%; old 1% vs. 13%; p < 0.05). Except for changes in capillarisation, the time course of atrophy and decrease in oxidative capacity following denervation was similar in soleus muscles from adult and old rats.
Sweat rate, salt loss, and fluid intake during an intense on-ice practice in elite Canadian male junior hockey players
Authors: Palmer Matthew S. , Spriet Lawrence L. 
Published: April 2008

Previous research in many sports suggests that losing ~1%–2% body mass through sweating impairs athletic performance. Elite-level hockey involves high-intensity bursts of skating, arena temperatures are >10 °C, and players wear protective equipment, all of which promote sweating. This study examined the pre-practice hydration, on-ice fluid intake, and sweat and sodium losses of 44 candidates for Canada’s junior men’s hockey team (mean ± SE age, 18.4 ± 0.1 y; height, 184.8 ± 0.9 cm; mass, 89.9 ± 1.1 kg). Players were studied in groups of 10–12 during 4 intense 1 h practices (13.9 °C, 66% relative humidity) on 1 day. Hydration status was estimated by measuring urine specific gravity (USG). Sweat rate was calculated from body mass changes and fluid intake. Sweat sodium concentration ([Na]) was analyzed in forehead sweat patch samples and used with sweat rate to estimate sodium loss. Over 50% of players began practice mildly hypohydrated (USG > 1.020). Sweat rate during practice was 1.8 ± 0.1 L·h–1 and players replaced 58% (1.0 ± 0.1 L·h–1) of the sweat lost. Body mass loss averaged 0.8% ± 0.1%, but 1/3 of players lost more than 1%. Sweat [Na] was 54.2 ± 2.4 mmol·L–1 and sodium loss averaged 2.26 ± 0.17 g during practice. Players drank only water during practice and replaced no sodium. In summary, elite junior hockey players incurred large sweat and sodium losses during an intense practice, but 2/3 of players drank enough to minimize body mass loss. However, 1/3 of players lost more than 1% body mass despite ready access to fluid and numerous drinking opportunities from the coaches.
Hazard analysis of an active slide in the Thompson River Valley, Ashcroft, British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Eshraghian Arash , Martin C. Derek , Morgenstern Norbert R. 
Published: April 2008

Current practice in landslide hazard analysis does not commonly address the potential for different rates of movement after failure. The movement rates of an active landslide may vary significantly; therefore, the consequences analysis for such a landslide requires the calculation of the probability of different post-failure movement rates. Slide CN50.9 near Ashcroft, B.C., is used to demonstrate the hazard analysis of active landslides that incorporates the probability of post-failure movement rate. After defining the characteristics of the slide and the movement trigger, a probabilistic slope stability analysis for a 100 year period is conducted that considers the material and trigger uncertainties in the analysis. Then the uncertainties in the groundwater condition and amount of toe erosion are added to the probabilistic slope stability results. A new method is introduced for incorporating the probability of the different movement rates of each translational block within the slide body in the hazard analysis. A relatively high probability (0.1) of rapid reactivation for the toe reactivation block is estimated. The probability of very rapid retrogression of the current main scarp within the next 100 year period is calculated to be relatively low (0.003). A detailed risk analysis based on this hazard analysis will be helpful for decision makers.