bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Natural Inbreeding on Variance Structure in Tests of Wind-Pollination Douglas-Fir Progenies
Authors: Sorensen Frank C. , White Timothy L. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Studies of the mating habits of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) have shown that wind-pollination families contain a small proportion of very slow-growing natural inbreds.
The effect of these very small trees on means, variances, and variance ratios was evaluated for height and diameter in a 16-year-old plantation by systematically deleting from analyses the shortest individuals in wind-pollination (W) and diallel (D) progenies of six parent trees. The progenies were growing together in a common field test. The D population served as a control (no inbreds).
The low-vigor trees in the W population type gave a downward bias to means and an upward bias to within-plot and family x block variance estimates. Amount of bias differed among W families. Before deletion, estimates of additive genetic variance and heritability for height in the W test were about one-third and one-sixth the estimates from the D test. Deleting the shortest 5 to 8% of the trees from the W population did not remove all the discrepancy, but it did result in much closer agreement between W and D tests. For the D test alone, deletion of the smallest trees had a negligible effect on estimates of additive genetic variance and heritability. For. Sci 34(1):102-118.
Hybridization of the California Firs
Authors: Critchfield William B. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Four groups of firs (sections, in the most recent classification of Abies) are represented in California. Crossing within these sections is possible and even easy, and in two of the sections intergrading populations between highly crossable taxa are wide-spread in California. An exception is A. amabilis, a Northwestern fir that has not been crossed with other species in the same section (Grandes: A. concolor, A. grandis) or in other sections (e.g., Nobiles: A magnifica). Crossing species in different sections is usually difficult or impossible. The genetic isolation of A. bracteata, an endemic species classified as a monotypic subgenus or section, may be nearly complete: two probable hybrids with A. concolor died at a few years of age. A few putative hybrids from intersectional crosses between species in Grandes and Nobiles died within months of germination. Intersectional crosses with firs outside California (two Mexican and four Eurasian species) all failed except A. concolor x A. religiosa, which produced numerous healthy hybrids. The common occurrence of genetic barriers in Abies is at odds with the long-held view that it is easy to hybridize fir species. For. Sci. 34(1):139-151.
Genetic Variation in Leaf Morphology and Plant and Tissue Water Relations During Drought in Cercis canadensis L
Authors: Abrams Marc D. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Genetic variation in plant and tissue water relations in response to drought, and in leaf morphology, were examined in greenhouse-grown Cercis canadensis L. (eastern redbud) seedlings originating from seed obtained in three contrasting habitats: a relatively xeric Kansas prairie, a Kansas gallery forest understory, and a relatively mesic Indiana understory. Kansas prairie redbud maintained significantly greater leaf conductance (gwv) during a 13-day drought than did Kansas and Indiana understory redbud, despite similar decreases in leaf water potential (Ψleaf) in all three sources. Moreover, Kansas prairie redbud had significantly lower osmotic potentials at full and zero turgor compared to Indiana redbud at both the early and later stages of drought. Kansas understory redbud was the only source to undergo a significant decrease in relative water content at zero turgor and the bulk modulus of elasticity during drought. Kansas prairie redbud leaves were smaller and thicker and had higher specific leaf mass (i.e., more xerophytic) than understory redbud leaves. Kansas understory redbud had intermediate characteristics in terms of gwv; at the early to middle stages of drought, osmotic potentials at high and low Ψleaf and leaf area and thickness compared to Kansas prairie and Indiana understory redbud. These results suggest that genetically controlled physiological and morphological adaptation has occurred in redbud that should facilitate its survival in greatly contrasting habitats. For. Sci. 34(1):200-207.
Selecting Foliage and Growth Variables for Relating Insect Defoliation to Coniferous Tree Growth
Authors: Nichols Thomas J. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Correlations between estimators of foliage levels and basal area growth were compared for use in regression equations relating western spruce budworm defoliation to growth on 192 Douglas-fir and grand fir trees. Foliage terms that included one- to four-year-old foliage had the highest correlations, and adjusting foliage estimates to account for decreased foliage production improved correlations. Calibrations from a stand growth model predicting nondefoliated growth yielded the most precise estimates, as did adjusting growth estimates for annual weather impacts using a model including soil and weather factors. For. Sci. 34(1):236-242.
Activity Analysis in Forest Planning
Authors: Paredes V. Gonzalo L. , Brodie J. Douglas 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Linear programming has been the primary mathematical programming technique for multiple-use land management planning. Over the last two decades, forest planning research has emphasized modeling and computational issues of linear programming, rather than it uses for valuation and economic analysis. This paper shows that postoptimal activity analysis provides an effective tool for economic valuation of multiple-resource outputs and production factors. Marginal value curves are easily derived for both market and nonmarket outputs, and for production factors. This and other information are useful in comparing production alternatives and provide a basis for the economic rationale currently sought in multiple-use planning. Also, an efficient joint cost allocation scheme is proposed for use as an accounting system to track efficiency of production for market goods and to audit for rational evaluation of nonmarket goods. For. Sci. 34(1):3-18.
Changes in Loblolly Pine Seedling Root Growth Potential, Dry Weight, and Dormancy During Cold Storage
Authors: DeWald Laura E. , Feret Peter P. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings from a Virginia nursery were lifted once per month between October and February during the 1983 and 1984 lifting seasons and held in cold storage at 2°C for 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks. Following cold storage, root growth potential (RGP) and root and shoot characteristics were compared to freshly lifted seedlings. New root growth was similar despite significant differences in dry weight and shoot activity between cold-stored and freshly lifted seedlings. Seedlings placed in cold storage prior to the accumulation of 500 chilling hours in the nursery stored poorly. Cold storage success of seedlings in the spring was variable. For. Sci. 34(1):41-54.
The Influence of Soil Moisture on Eucalyptus Leaf Litter Moisture
Authors: Hatton Thomas J. , Viney Neil R. , Catchpole E. A. , De Mestre Neville J. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
An experiment was carried out to test the assumption that surface soil moisture affects fine dead fuel moisture. A randomized block design was used to test the response in Eucalyptus leaf moisture to two levels of soil moisture over a range of exposures to the sun, wind, and soil surface. Soil moisture clearly influenced daily leaf fuel moisture minima and maxima. The effect on daily minima was most pronounced for the bottom of the litter layer, which was shielded from the sun and wind and in contact with the soil. The effect of soil moisture on daily fuel moisture maxima was most pronounced for exposed samples. The responses in fuel moisture due to exposure and soil moisture were compared with fine fuel moistures predicted by three fuel moisture models. The various treatment combinations of soil moisture and exposure produced fuel moistures that varied too widely for any of the tested fuel moisture models to be consistently most accurate. For. Sci. 34(2):292-301.
Accuracy Testing and Estimation Alternatives
Authors: Gregoire Timothy G. , Reynolds Marion R. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The relation between the Freese (1960) accuracy test and the related test proposed by Reynolds (1984) is examined and a three-way decision rule is recommended as a circumspect alternative to the accept/reject decision rule commonly employed. Further alternatives are proposed in the form of point and interval estimates for parameters of the error distribution under scrutiny. The effect of bias correction on the test procedures and estimators is analyzed and simulated. Conditional bias correction following a pretest is shown to behave equivalently to unconditional bias correction when sample size is not too small. When errors are nonnormal, all tests and estimators degrade considerably, and the problem becomes severe for large sample sizes. For. Sci. 34(2):302-320.
Optimum Age For Family Selection for Growth in Genetic Tests of Loblolly Pine
Authors: McKeand S. E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
To increase the efficiency of the breeding and testing program of the North Carolina State University-Industry Cooperative Tree Improvement Program, an analysis of 18 first-generation genetic tests of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) was conducted to guide the decision of when growth should be assessed in advanced generation genetic tests. The biologically optimum age (where gain per year was maximized) for selecting families from these tests ranged from 3 to 10 years of age. Under reasonable assumptions for age-age correlations and heritability changes over time, expected gain per year in the breeding program was the greatest for selection between 6 and 8 years. The higher present value of gains from younger selection ages would lower the optimum selection age to 4 years or earlier. For. Sci. 34(2):400-411.
Predicted and Actual Capacity Changes in the Pulp and Paper Industries of Developed Market Economies: A Test of Rational Expectations
Authors: Buongiorno Joseph , Calmels Patrice 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A comparison was done of expected and actual changes of production capacity in the pulp and paper industries of 14 major producing countries. Tests were done to determine whether the predictions used all available information in an optimal manner (full rationality). The results showed that this was not the case for 29 to 86% of the countries, depending on the length of the forecast and commodity group. Another set of tests was then done to determine if whatever information used by forecasters was used efficiently (partial rationality). Unbiasedness, a necessary condition of partial rationality, was rejected for 29 to 79% of the countries considered, depending on forecast length and commodity group. Aggregation of countries into regions did not eliminate the bias. The general tendency was for forecasters to overestimate increases in capacity. For. Sci. 34(3):606-620.
Three-Dimensional Forest Growth Model Relating Tree Size, Tree Number, and Stand Age: Relation to Previous Growth Models and to Self-Thinning
Authors: McFadden George , Oliver Chadwick D. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A generalized three-dimensional model for tree growth containing tree size, number of trees per area, and stand age on the three axes can be shown to incorporate three previous models in the theoretical absence of differentiation and self-thinning. The previous models, each incorporating two of the three axes, are: the sigmoid growth models of tree size/stand age; the relation of tree size (volume or diameter)/tree number; and the reverse-J-shaped mortality relation of maximum tree number/stand age. Information developed from one two-dimensional model can be transferred to the other models using the three-dimensional response surface to interpret the growth trajectory of stands undergoing differentiation and self-thinning. For. Sci. 34(3):662-676.
Volume Estimation from Sample Tree Counts with Certain Individual Tree Volume Equations
Authors: Lynch Thomas B. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Since rapid inventories of forester areas are often required, it is desirable to reduce tree measurements for volume estimation when individual tree volume equations of certain commonly used types are available. In some cases it is possible to do so by altering the usual horizontal point sampling procedure so that sample trees are chosen with probability exactly proportional to the equations being used to obtain individual tree volume. In certain other cases, estimators are presented that combine counts of fixed-size and variable-size plots. One of the methods is compatible with local volume equations used in the Turnbull-Hoyer tarif system. For. Sci. 34(3):677-697.
Variation of Stem Rust Resistance in a Lodgepole Pine Provenance-Family Plantation
Authors: Yanchuk Alvin D. , Yeh Francis C. , Dancik Bruce P. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The pattern of inheritance of stalactiform blister rust (Cronartium coleosporioides Arth.) and western gall rust (Endocronartium harknessii Y. Hiratsuka) resistance in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.) was examined in a 10-year-old progeny trial of 214 open-pollinated families from 24 provenances in British Columbia. Provenance means and family-within-provenance means differed significantly for the two stem rusts. A positive relationship between elevation of provenance and provenance means for stalactiform blister rust score was found (R² = 0.34, P &lt; 0.01). Coastal provenances had the highest infection level for western gall rust. The heritability estimates appropriate for mass, family, and provenance selection on stalactiform blister rust resistance were 0.21 ± 0.11, 0.42 ± 0.17, and 0.74 ± 0.31, respectively. The heritability estimates appropriate for mass, family, and provenance selection on western gall rust resistance were 0.14 ± 0.09, 0.34 ± 0.16, and 0.77 ± 0.33, respectively. The large positive genetic correlation (0.49 ± 0.27) between stalactiform blister rust and western gall rust indicates that selection will simultaneously improve both traits. For. Sci. 34(4):1067-1075.
Heritability, Age-Age Correlations, and Inferences Regarding Juvenile Selection in Jack Pine
Authors: Riemenschneider Don E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Heights of jack pine trees from 101 open-pollinated families were measured at ages 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7 years. Age-age genetic and phenotypic correlations, and age-related fluctuations in heritability were evaluated to determine the optimal age for juvenile selection. Simple linear regressions of genetic and phenotypic age-age correlations on the natural log of the ratio of the two ages were significant (r² = 0.84 and 0.93 respectively). Genetic age-age correlations were greater than corresponding phenotypic correlations, particularly at longer age intervals. Heritability for tree height was highest at age 1 year, lowest at age 2, and intermediate thereafter. Results suggests that selection as early as age one would be an efficient strategy for improving rotation-age growth. For. Sci. 34(4):1076-1082.
Growth of Whiteleaf Manzanita (Arctostaphylos viscida Parry)
Authors: Minore Don , Weatherly Howard G. , Means Joseph E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
To describe the growth of whiteleaf manzanita (Arctostaphylos viscida Parry) on a variety of sites, stem-analysis techniques commonly used to analyze height growth of trees were applied to 47 open-grown shrubs in southwestern Oregon. Present crown dimensions were measured, and past stem lengths for each year of growth were determined by dissecting the longest stem. A model was fit to describe stem length as a function of plant age and stem length at age 10. Stem height, crown area, and crown volume were then related to length of the longest stem. The resulting equations can be used to predict the growing space that will be occupied by open-grown shrubs at any time through age 20. For. Sci. 34(4):1094-1100.
Analytical Estimates of Loblolly Pine Tree Center of Mass and Mass Moment of Inertia
Authors: Fridley J. L. , Tufts R. A. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Center of mass and mass moment of inertia of a solid can be calculated by appropriate integration over the volume of the object. Taper functions estimate tree stem diameter as a function of stem height and dbh. Center of mass and mass moment of inertia about two axes were estimated for 21 loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) trees using nine different taper functions to estimate the volume of integration. Laboratory measurements (from a previous study) of the same 21 trees served as a basis for evaluating and comparing the estimates. The center of mass values determined via the taper equations are similar among taper functions. However, significant differences were found, most importantly between measured values and estimates using six of the taper functions. Few significant differences were found in the mass moment of inertia values estimated via taper equations. For. Sci. 35(1):126-136.
Use of Sensitivity Analysis to Guide Primary Data Collection Efforts in the Construction of "Mongrel" Input-Output Models
Authors: Jamnick Mark S. , Gilless J. Keith 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A formula is presented for estimating the sensitivity of an input-output model's predictions of sectoral total gross outputs to errors in its technical coefficients without recalculating the inverse matrix. When building a "mongrel" input-ouput model (i.e., one based partly on primary data and partly on secondary data), the formula can be used to identify "significant" technical coefficients (those meriting estimation with primary data). Data from models of Humboldt County, California, and the state of Alabama are used to illustrate the use of the formula. Given plausible, albeit arbitrary, significance thresholds for errors in these models, relatively few technical coefficients in either appeared to merit estimation with primary data—indicating that the incremental costs associated with enhancing purely secondary data models may be quite low relative to the resulting gains in model reliability. For. Sci. 35(1):pp. 237-244.
Using N2-Fixing Albizia to Increase Growth of Eucalyptus Plantations in Hawaii
Authors: DeBell Dean S. , Whitesell Craig D. , Schubert Thomas H. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Plantations of Eucalpytus saligna Sm. grow rapidly in Hawaii, but supplemental nitrogen (N) is required on many sites. Because of the high cost of synthetic N fertilizer, mixed species plantings in which N is added by Albizia falcataria (L.) Fosb., an N2-fixing tree, are being tested on the island of Hawaii. Five combinations of Eucalyptus and Albizia were compared with each other, with pure Albizia, and with pure Eucalyptus fertilized periodically with nitrogen. The test is a randomized block design with four replications on the wet, Hamakua coast. At 48 months, Eucalyptus trees in the mixed plantings containing 34% or more Albizia were equal to or larger than those in the pure, fertilized stands. Total dry yields ranged from 109 ton/ha in pure Albizia plantings to 67 ton/ha in mixed species plantings with only 11% Albizia. Yields in the mixed plantings with 34 to 66% Albizia were 103 to 105 ton/ha, whereas yield in the pure, fertilized Eucalyptus stand was 94 ton/ha. Nitrogen concentration of Eucalyptus foliage increased as the amount of Albizia increased in the stand; and in mixed plantings with 34% or more Albizia, foliar N concentration exceeded that of the pure, fertilized, Eucalyptus treatment. Phosphorus levels in Eucalyptus foliage similarly increased as amounts of Albizia increased in the stand. At 48 months, total N was higher in soils of mixed species and pure Albizia plantings than in soils of the pure, fertilized Eucalyptus treatment. Albizia can provide the N needed by Eucalyptus in high-yielding bioenergy plantations along the Hamakua coast. For. Sci. 35(1):64-75.
Developing Growth and Yield Models Using Dimensional Analysis
Authors: Amateis Ralph L. , McDill Marc E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The concept of dimensional compatibility where the dimensions of expressions on both sides of an equation are consistent is presented as a useful principle for growth and yield models. A procedure for obtaining dimensional compatibility, called dimensional analysis, is presented as a tool for developing growth and yield models and is demonstrated in the context of two growth and yield modeling problems. For. Sci. 35(2):329-337.
Forest Planning and Decision Making under Fuzzy Environments: An Overview and Illustration
Authors: Mendoza Guillermo A. , Sprouse William 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Forest systems are inherently complex and therefore lend themselves naturally to fuzzy approaches in planning and decision making. In recognition of this, a two-stage approach to forest planning is proposed. This paper describes two modeling approaches or methods representing the two critical stages in planning: (1) generation of alternatives, and (2) evaluation and prioritization of these alternatives. The method for generating alternative solutions adopts a fuzzy approach, which allows for a more robust and flexible generation of alternatives. The second method enables the decision maker to examine the generated alternatives, elicit his or her perceptions and judgments, and use these judgments to synthesize a set of prioritized alternatives. A multiple-use planning problem adopted from the Shawnee National Forest is used to illustrate the methods. For. Sci. 35(2):481-502.
Systems of Equations in Forest Stand Modeling
Authors: Borders Bruce E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Growth and yield models are often composed of systems of related equations. Parameter estimation techniques such as two-stage and three-stage least squares have been suggested for fitting such systems. An alternative theoretically sound parameter estimation procedure that can be used for any number of sequentially related equations, linear and nonlinear, is presented and discussed. Implementation of this procedure is illustrated for two systems of equations. For. Sci 35(2):548-556.
Optimal Tariffs on Intermediate and Final Goods: The Case of Tropical Forest Products
Authors: Vincent Jeffrey R. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Products made from tropical timber are subject to a variety of tariff and nontariff barriers. This paper considers the potential welfare gains from the imposition of optimal (welfare-maximizing) tariffs on these products. Optimal tariffs and associated welfare gains are determined by applying nonlinear programming to a static (single-period), three-region, three-product, partial equilibrium simulation model of the tropical forest products sector. Optimal tariffs are determined for each region both with and without retaliation by other regions. In the case of retaliation, two- and three-region Cournot-Nash equilibria are described. Principal findings are that modest welfare gains are possible in the absence of retaliation, but large losses may result if other regions retaliate. Since tariff revenue is the critical component of the welfare increase, the redistribution of this revenue has important equity implications. For. Sci. 35(3):720-731.