bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How Carbon Nanotube Crushing can Improve Flame Retardant Behaviour in Polymer Nanocomposites?
Authors: Peeterbroeck Sophie , Laoutid Fouad , Swoboda Benjamin , Lopez‐Cuesta José‐Marie , Moreau Nicolas , Nagy Janos B. , Alexandre Michaël , Dubois Philippe 
Published: February 2007

AbstractNanocomposites based on an ethylene–vinyl acetate copolymer (27 wt.‐% vinyl acetate) and multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) have been prepared by melt blending and their thermal degradation and flame retardant properties have been evaluated. Special attention has been paid to the influence of the nanotube nature on the flammability properties and more particularly on the time to ignition (TTI) as measured by cone calorimetry. It has been shown that there is a strong influence of the nature of carbon nanotubes on the fire behaviour of the composites, especially previous MWNTs crushing proved to substantially delay the TTI while maintaining much reduced heat release rate (HRR). Such a remarkable behaviour might be explained by the chemical reactivity of radical species present at the surface/extremities of crushed MWNTs during the combustion process.magnified image
Hierarchical Pore Structures Fabricated by Electron Irradiation of Silicone Grease and their Applications to Superhydrophobic and Superhydrophilic Films
Authors: Lee Eun Je , Lee Hyeok Moo , Li Yue , Hong Lan Young , Kim Dong Pyo , Cho Sung Oh 
Published: February 2007

AbstractUnique hierarchical pore structures were fabricated by simply irradiating an electron beam onto silicone grease films. The hierarchical pore structures consisted of micrometer‐sized pores and macroporous walls. Due to the high surface roughness, the hierarchical pore structures exhibited both superhydrophobicity with a water contact angle (CA) of 170° and superhydrophilicity with an extremely low water CA of 3° after the chemical treatment of the surfaces. In addition to the hierarchical pore structures, sponge‐like pore structures were also fabricated by the electron irradiation of silicone grease films.magnified image
Involvement of MAPK, Bcl‐2 family, cytochrome c, and caspases in induction of apoptosis by 1,6‐O,O‐diacetylbritannilactone in human leukemia cells
Authors: Pan Min‐Hsiung , Chiou Yi‐Siou , Cheng An‐Chin , Bai Naisheng , Lo Chih‐Yu , Tan Di , Ho Chi‐Tang 
Published: February 2007

Abstract1,6‐O,O‐diacetylbritannilactone (OODBL) isolated from Inula britannica, exhibits potent antitumor activity against several human cancer cell lines. However, the molecular mechanism of OODBL in the induction of anticancer activity is still unclear. In the present study, we demonstrated that OODBL induced the occurrence of apoptosis in human leukemic (HL‐60) cells and cell arrest at the S phase. On the other hand, activation of caspase‐8, ‐9, and ‐3, phosphorylation of Bcl‐2 and Bid, and increased release of cytochrome c from mitochondria into cytosolic fraction were detected in OODBL‐treated HL‐60 cells. We further demonstrated that production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), activation of mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) and c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathways may play an important role in OODBL‐induced apoptosis. The results from the present study highlight the molecular mechanisms underlying OODBL‐induced anticancer activity.
Growth mechanism of satellite cells in human urethral rhabdosphincter
Authors: Sumino Yasuhiro , Hirata Yuji , Sato Fuminori , Mimata Hiromitsu 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAimsTo examine the presence of satellite cells in human urethral rhabdosphincter (RS) and to clarify the growth mechanism of these cells.MethodsHuman RS was obtained from patients undergoing radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer. Primary cells were selectively cultured by magnetic affinity cell sorting (MACS) using an anti‐neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) antibody. Selectively cultured cells, transfected with simian virus‐40 T antigen to extend their lifespan, were used for the following experiments: (1) determination of the effects of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1), and basic fibroblast growth factor (b‐FGF); (2) clarification of the signal transduction pathways used by these growth factors; and (3) examination of the autocrine actions in these cells.ResultsSelectively cultured cells expressed striated muscle markers and could differentiate into myotubes. HGF and IGF‐1 stimulated the growth of these cells in a dose‐dependent fashion. Regarding signal transduction, HGF phosphorylated ERK1/2 for 120 min while only transiently modifying Akt. In contrast, IGF‐1 phosphorylated Akt but not ERK1/2. Furthermore, these cells produced transcripts and proteins for both HGF and IGF‐1, and anti‐HGF and anti‐IGF‐1 antibodies suppressed cell proliferation.ConclusionsSatellite cells are present in human RS. The proliferation of these cells is primarily enhanced through both the endogenous and exogenous actions of HGF and IGF‐I via ERK1/2 and Akt. These findings may be useful in the development of a novel technique for the regeneration of human RS to treat urinary incontinence. Neurourol. Urodynam. 26:552–561, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effectiveness of private finance initiatives (PFI): study of private financing for the provision of capital assets for schools
Authors: Kakabadse Nada K. , Kakabadse Andrew P. , Summers Nick 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe study reported in this paper explores how effective Public Private Partnerships (PPP) have been as critical providers of capital assets within the state education sector in the UK. Specifically, the research investigates the impact on educational provision of the UK government's contentious £43 billion Private Finance Initiative (PFI). The inquiry focuses on 27 English Local Education Authorities (LEAs) currently or recently involved in PFI. The investigation examines the effect of PFI's on LEA decision‐making processes and discusses these authorities assessment of the UK government's current PFI strategy. An evaluation of PFI as a source of sustainable finance is reported as well as recommendations made for LEAs currently considering adoption of PFI. Through such analysis, this study seeks to de‐layer and ascertain the influence of complex external environmental influences and stakeholders that need to be taken into account in order to make PPPs work. The paper concludes by presenting the critical considerations for enhancing the working relationship between private and public sector partners. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhanced solvent extraction of polar lipids associated with rubber particles from hevea brasiliensis
Authors: Bonfils Frederic , Ehabe Eugene Ejolle , Aymard Christian , Vaysse Laurent , Sainte‐Beuve Jerome 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBiochemical studies of lipids bound to rubber particles have been complicated due to the solubility of polyisoprene chains in most extracting solvents and the rather delicate nature of polar lipids that are often denatured when traditional solvent extraction techniques are employed. In this paper, we describe a traditional technique and accompanying solvents that permit optimal extraction of rubber particle bound lipids. The technique, which is validated after characterizing the lipid extracts by elemental analysis, silica column adsorption and thin layer chromatography, appeared more suitable for extracting total lipids with optimal glycolipid and phospholipid contents. This technique is proposed as an alternative to traditional extraction methods used for solid natural rubber as it offers advantages with respect to ease of application, extract quality, extraction yields and reproducibility. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Demonstration of long‐chain n‐alkyl caffeates and Δ7‐steryl glucosides in the bark of Acacia species by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
Authors: Freire Carmen S. R. , Silvestre Armando J. D. , Neto Carlos Pascoal 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe GC‐MS identification of several abundant long‐chain aliphatic n‐alkyl caffeates, together with other p‐hydroxycinnamic acid esters, in the dichloromethane extracts of the bark of Acacia dealbata and A. melanoxylon, is reported. In addition, the unambiguous differentiation between two Δ7‐steryl glucosides (namely, spinasteryl glucoside and dihydrospinasteryl glucosides) and the homologous Δ5‐steryl glucosides was achieved based on the EI‐MS fragmentation features of their trimethylsilyl derivatives. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dual functionality of PTSA as electrolyte and dopant in the electrochemical synthesis of polyaniline, and its effect on electrical properties
Authors: Bhadra Sambhu , Singha Nikhil K , Khastgir Dipak 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe electrochemical synthesis of polyaniline (PAni) powder was carried out from an aqueous solution of 0.15 mol L−1 aniline with varying concentrations of p‐toluenesulphonic acid (PTSA) at room temperature. The PAni samples thus obtained were characterized using DC and AC conductivity, dielectric properties, infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, X‐ray analysis, scanning electron microscopy and ultraviolet spectroscopy. Results showed that PTSA is acting both as electrolyte and doping agent. With an increase in the PTSA concentration, there is more polaron formation, and this means an increase in charge carrier concentration and mobility. This accounts for the increase in conductivity and improved dielectric properties of the resultant PAni. The polymer was subjected to a heating and cooling cycle. The change in conductivity during the heating cycle is quite different from that during the cooling cycle, indicating some kind of hysteresis phenomenon occurring in the system. Moreover there is a net decrease in room temperature conductivity of PAni when subjected to the heating–cooling cycle. This may be due to the oxidation of PAni and generation of some kind of disorder in the structure of PAni during the heating–cooling process. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
The oncogenic potential of a prostate cancer‐derived androgen receptor mutant
Authors: Shi Xu‐Bao , Xue Lingru , Tepper Clifford G. , Gandour‐Edwards Regina , Ghosh Paramita , Kung Hsing‐Jien , deVere White Ralph W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe role of androgen receptor (AR) mutations in the initiation of prostate cancer (CaP) remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of an AR mutation on prostate tumorigenesis and to determine the resulting molecular alterations.METHODSWild‐type AR (ARWT) or the CaP‐derived K580R AR (ARK580R) mutant was stably transfected into SV40‐immortalized human prostate epithelial pRNS‐1‐1 cells that lack AR expression and fail to grow in nude mice. The ability of these AR‐transfected cell lines to form tumor was investigated in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, gene expression profiling of these cell lines was performed.RESULTSCompared with the ARWT, the ARK580R induced greater than sixfold increase in colony formation in soft agar. In vivo studies confirmed that the ARK580R‐transfected pRNS‐1‐1 cells were able to form tumors in nude mice. Using a combination of microarray and RT‐PCR, 29 differentially expressed genes were identified in ARK580R cells. It was found that silencing the expression of placental alkaline phosphatase (ALPP) that was upregulated in ARK580R cells resulted in significant inhibition of cell growth. Furthermore, the ARK580R‐transfected pRNS‐1‐1 cells expressed markedly increased p‐Akt and p‐p70 S6K.CONCLUSIONThe ARK580R mutation promoted the malignant transformation of prostate epithelial cells. This was associated with upregulation of ALPP and subsequent activation of the Akt signaling pathway. Prostate 67: 591–602, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Notes on upper air hygrometry.—II. On The Humidity in the Stratosphere
Authors: Dobson G. M. B. , Gluckauf E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe meteorograph records of the almost daily ascents over England during the months of April, 1939, and September, 1930, have been evaluated according to a method described in an earlier paper. (Q.J. 70, 1944, p. 293).The humidities so obtained indicate (1) that supersaturation with respect to ice is very frequently found in the upper troposphere; (2) that, within the stratosphere, dry air of a humidity mixing ratio of about 10−5 sometimes does occur, which can only be explained as tropical stratosphere air; (3) that, on one occasion, very dry air from the stratosphere appears to have been drawn into the uppermost regions of the troposphere.
The meteorological control of atmospheric pollution by heavy industry
Authors: Hewson E. W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe paper describes a method of reducing atmospheric pollution by varying the emission of the offending material with meteorological conditions. The details of the application of this principle by the Trail plant of the Consolidated Mining and Smelting Co. of Canada, Ltd., located in southern British Columbia, are given. The problem there is to prevent damage by sulphur dioxide to vegetation in the state of Washington. An investigation of the distribution of winds and SO2 in the Columbia River valley near Trail shows that, during growing season, the majority of fumigations are brought about by differential heating of the valley sides by the sun.Measured values of atmospheric turbulence and of wind speed and direction are fundamental in the control régime prescribed by the Arbitral Tribunal set up by governments of Canada and the United States. The possibility of applying this principle in other situations, and especially over level country, is discussed.
The theoretical distribution of airborne pollution from factory chimneys
Authors: Sutton O. G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe dispersal of pollution from factory chimneys is now recognised as a problem of considerable importance, both as affecting the health of the population in the neighbourhood of the source and for economic reasons. The release of accurate experimental data on atmospheric diffusion makes it possible to give reasonably reliable estimates of the concentrations of smoke and spread of the pollution downwind. It is shown that the earlier work of Bosanquet and Pearson is in general qualitative agreement with the more accurate expressions of the present paper, which are also shown to be in accordance with recent observations of Hewson on the distribution of sulphur dioxide in the vicinity of a large factory. Tables are given from which it is possible to estimate concentrations of pollution downward of an elevated source emitting at a known rate in various meteorological conditions.
Observations on the structure of convection currents; meteorological aspects of some South African gliding flights
Authors: Rainey R. C. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract(1) During the early stages of convection, the upper limit of air currents ascending from the surface, as recorded by sailplane, is found to agree closely with the level of the intersection on the tephigram of the path curve through the surface temperature at the time and the environment curve given by the corresponding upper‐air temperature observations. Details are given of one series of observations showing clearly successive stages in the breakdown of a morning inversion; and the good and bad thermal soaring conditions encountered on different days are shown to be fully explained by differences in vertical temperature distribution.(2) In the absence of appreciable convection effects, the vertical extent of orographic up‐currents over a hill is shown to be correlated with the component of the surface wind perpendicular to the line of the ridge.(3) Examples of the distribution of convective up‐currents in relation to the surface topography and to the structure of the wind, together with the magnitude of these currents, are derived from detailed analyses of barographic records of cross‐country sailplane flights on which a suitable flight‐plan has been followed sufficiently rigorously. Observations are quoted indicating convective cells of horizontal extent about twice their depth and 9,000 to 12,000 ft. long in the direction of the wind, and providing an approximate value of the ratio of the masses of ascending and descending air within a given isobaric slice.(4) An analysis of sailplane flights made at a well‐marked cold front demonstrates the existence of a narrow but apparently continuous zone of rising air immediately ahead of the front, with a vertical velocity greater than can be accounted for by passive lifting of the warm air at the frontal surface. Surface and upper‐air temperatures in the warm air ahead of the front show that this effect may be explained in terms of the localisation of previously scattered convection currents in the highly unstable warm air into a narrow zone just ahead of the advancing cold air.
Horizontal wind fields and pressure gradient
Authors: Sellick N. P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe method adopted in deriving the geostrophic and gradient wind relations, that of specifying a wind field and deriving the pressure field from it, is extended to find pressure fields for other flow patterns. The motion is referred to contours of isobaric surfaces and the analysis is limited to motion in terms of Cartesian co‐ordinates. Simple linear fields of motion introducing divergence and deformation are examined. It is found that fields which include deformation, e.g., cols and elliptical fields, are associated with appreciable acceleration and cross‐isobar flow, and that the addition of divergence leads to marked changes of pattern with time. Divergence imposed on solid rotation leads to marked cross‐isobar flow for pressure tendencies of average amount. A primitive cyclone model, moving to the east with a convergent centre of solid rotation surrounded by a simple vortex, is presented, and the pressure field resembles that of a deepening secondary. Finally it is shown that a translating cellular pattern resembles the waves observed in the upper troposphere.
A note on the relation between ageostrophic winds and isallobaric gradients
Authors: Miles M. K. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractUsing the observational material presented in an earlier paper (Miles 1949) it is found that the following relation fits the observations ahead of most of the warm fronts : [A] = 1.45 IM – 1, where [A] is the magnitude of the ageostrophic wind at 900 mb and IM the measured isallobaric wind as defined by Brunt and Douglas (1928), both in mi/hr.It is shown that when allowance is made for the fact that IM is obtained from isopleths drawn from three‐hour tendencies the result compares closely with other observational relations which have been shown (Miles 1949) to be in agreement with theory.This and some further measurements from synoptic charts lead to the conclusion that in the majority of cases the measured isallobaric wind can give a useful first approximation to the ageostrophic wind at 900 mb.
The temperatures at the tops of radar echoes associated with various cloud systems
Authors: Jones R. F. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractEvidence is produced to support the belief that temperatures at the tops of weather echoes are an indication of the relative strengths of the vertical currents within the echoes. Two types of weather echo are indicated according as the vertical currents are strong or weak, giving support to a theory for two different methods for the production of water drops of raindrop size in the atmosphere.
The size of cloud droplets in layer‐type cloud
Authors: Best A. C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe rate of growth of cloud droplets round a salt nucleus is examined and it is shown that, with nuclei of the size quoted in published measurements, the drop radius achieved in the period before the droplet is carried out of the cloud layer by turbulent diffusion is in reasonable accord with published measurements of the mean drop radius. It is also shown that the maximum drop radius reached when the droplet leaves the cloud owing to fall under gravity is of the same order as the largest cloud‐drop measurements. The effect of temperature is considered.
The warming of arctic air masses over the eastern North Atlantic
Authors: Craddock J. M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMethods are described whereby 28 measurements were made of the rates at which cold air masses crossing the eastern North Atlantic were receiving heat and water vapour from the sea. It is shown that the rate of heat transfer is closely associated with the difference between the sea temperature and the surface temperature representative of the air mass, and some of the implications of this result are discussed.
The size of cloud particles in stratocumulus cloud
Authors: Frith R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe size distribution of water droplets in thin stratocumulus cloud has been investigated using an impactor technique. The variation from point to point in the cloud is considered and it is shown that where the water content is large there is generally a larger number of particles but the average size is also greater. It is remarked that it seems to be quite usual for this sort of cloud to have a double maximum in the size distribution of droplets.
On the evaluation of terms of a type arising in Sutcliffe's treatment of cyclonic development
Authors: Sawyer J. S. , Matthewman A. G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA method is described for the approximate evaluation of expressions of the form V. Δ § in which V denotes a geostrophic wind vector, and § a geostrophic vorticity. The method is suitable for application to synoptic charts.
A study of the rainfall of two synoptic situations
Authors: Sawyer J. S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe rainfall resulting from the movement of the small depression of 14 March 1949 across the British Isles is analysed in detail by means of the autographic records and rainfall observations maintained for climatological purposes. The most striking features of the rainfall distribution are the result of orographic lifting and are in reasonable accord with theoretical expectation. The main effect of the hills is to intensify the rainfall in the existing rain area, but the duration is also increased in the higher areas. Other features of the rainfall distribution are discussed in relation to Sutcliffe's theory of development.A similar analysis is also made of the rainfall from the warm front of 14 February 1950.
Production of rain and drizzle by coalescence in stratiform clouds
Authors: Mason B. J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractCalculations have been made of the rate at which droplets originating on salt nuclei of given mass grow by both condensation and coalescence with smaller droplets in layer clouds of given uniform updraught, mean temperature, supersaturation and liquid‐water content; also of the rate at which the drops falling from the cloud will shrink by evaporation before reaching the ground. It is shown that clouds sustained by uniform updraughts of up to 10 cm sec−1 with no turbulent motion would be incapable of producing drizzle at the ground unless their liquid‐water contents were considerably higher than measured values indicate. It is suggested that turbulence plays an important part in releasing precipitation from non‐freezing layer clouds by increasing the effective fall path of some larger droplets among their small neighbours; this would lead to increased growth by coalescence. In order to start the coalescence process, a few droplets considerably larger than average must be present. It does not appear possible to account for this initial heterogeneity in the droplet‐size spectrum otherwise than by assuming that these larger droplets grow by condensation for a considerably longer period than the rest. It is suggested that while the bulk of the cloud droplets have their growth periods limited by the fact that they are continually being transferred by eddies between the interior and the boundaries of the cloud, a few remain in the interior for a long time, and it is these which initiate coalescence. These would have to exist in the cloud for 3 to 4 hr before falling out as drizzle drops.