bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Untersuchungen zur Aufnahme und zum Metabolismus von Phenol in Nahrungspflanzen
Authors: Müller H. 
Published: February 2007

Uptake and metabolism of phenol in food plants.Using phenol as model substance the uptake and metabolism of this substance class have been studied in food plants. Spinach (cultivated in pure quartz sand) was selected for the investigations of which we expected information as to whether irrigation with phenolic water leads to an accumulation of this toxic compound in food plants. The results obtained in our study can be summarized as follows: 1) After application of increasing phenol quantities (either as free phenol or as Na‐phenolate) the rise of incorporated, non‐metabolized phenol was greater than proportional. However, all levels found were far below 1% of the phenol quantity administered. 2) The proportion — again related to the quantity applied — of metabolized phenol present as soluble compounds increased with increasing phenol concentrations. If, for instance, the phenol quantity applied as Na‐phenolate was raised from 2 to 200 mg/pot, the proportion metabolized increased from 0.22 to 1.17%. The metabolites were identified to be phenol glycosides, mainly phenol glucoside; furthermore two substances present at much lower rates were very likely to be phenol galactoside and phenol galacturonide. 3) The phenol quantity incorporated in the lignin skeleton — 0.041% of 200 mg phenol applied — was negligible. 4) The studies have shown that low phenol concentrations in surface water used for irrigation are of no risk for plant quality. .
Ermittlung von Toxizitäts‐Grenzwerten für Zink, Kupfer und Blei in Hafer und Rotklee
Authors: Hodenberg Adelheid V. , Finck A. 
Published: February 2007

Determination of toxicity limiting values of Zn, Cu and Pb for oat and red clover.Toxicity limiting values of Zn, Cu and Pb are determined in order to investigate the causes of growth damages in certain fields. Since the ‘true’ toxicity limit is difficult to estimate, a (somewhat higher) content is called toxicity limiting value resulting after substraction of a significant yield difference.The pot experiments with increasing fertilization of Zn, Cu and Pb in soil culture gave the following results (summarized in tables in the discussion):.For Zn the toxicity limit is 410 ppm in oats at the beginning of tillering. In red clover of six weeks age it is only 290 ppm Zn and therefore much lower.For Cu the toxicity limit is 20 ppm in oats at the beginning of tillering and 18 ppm in six weeks old red clover.For Pb a toxic effect could be observed above 50 ppm, but this does not seem to be the true limit because of disturbing salt effects.
Neue Wirkungen des Wachstumsregulators Ancymidol bei Karotten
Authors: Kühn H. , Raafat A. 
Published: February 2007

New effects of the growth regulator Ancymidol in carrot plants.Ancymidol, generally known as growth retardant substance for ornamental plants, reduced length and weight of carrot leaves. Weight of roots, however, was either unchanged or was increased. So the leaf/root‐ratio was considerably narrowed. Pure protein content of leaves and roots increased, in the case of roots also the yield of pure protein.A regulation of plant growth and plant metabolism in this direction could be of importance also for other root crops.
The effect of synthetic polymers on the water stability of soil aggregates
Authors: Sadones M. , Bernaert E. , Schamp N. 
Published: February 2007

Der Effekt synthetischer Polymere auf die Stabilität von Bodenaggregaten gegen Wasser.Hydraulische Leitfähigkeitsmessung von 0,85–1,00 mm Bodenaggregaten ist ein einfaches und reproduzierbares Testverfahren für die Stabilität gegen Wasser von Böden, behandelt mit Verbesserungsmitteln. Es ist ein Parameter für den Gesamteffekt von Bodenverbesserungsmitteln, obwohl seine Relevanz von der speziellen Anwendung abhängig sein wird.Wasserlösliche Polymere sind um das 5–10 fache wirksamer als Emulsionen und mindestens in der ersten Serie wird der Effekt verstärkt durch ein höheres Molekulargewicht des Polymeres.
Die Umwandlung der glimmerartigen Schichtsilikate zu aufweitbaren Dreischicht‐Tonmineralen
Authors: Tributh Heinz 
Published: February 2007

The transformation of mica‐like layer silicates to expansible three‐layer day mineralsFirst of all a preliminary survey is given of those authors who have so far carried out investigations on certain minerals about transformations of layer‐silicates to expansible three‐layer clay minerals.It can be deduced from these investigations that the most important presupposition for a transformation, is the setting free of potassium and the reduction of the layer‐charge.The knowledge of the presuppositions of a transformation was achieved mainly in model tests (deposit‐clays), which also explain the running off of the exchanges of the intermediate layers. To demonstrate transformation processes with natural clay fractions of soils, requires an extensive clay fractionizing which is accomplished by means of centrifuges.Personal investigations with fractionized clays of a Chernozem have shown, that in soils, the transformation of illite into expansible three‐layer‐minerals occurs at the same time as the decrease in size of grain. Although the illites which are in the process of transformation reach an expansion up to 18 A from about 0,2 μ granular size, a qualitative difference exists (layer‐charge, contraction tendency) to the genuine montmorillonites, that only becomes less at the finest fractions > 0,01 μ.The investigations with other soils (‘gray brown‐soils’,‘acidic brown soil’) however, reveal that there is no suitable transformation scheme for all soils. Depending on the milieu in which the soil development has taken place, characteristic transformation sequences result. Because of the hitherto existing results three development‐models were introduced and discussed, each of which led to different end‐products.
Langstreckentransport von Natrium in Bohnenpflanzen
Authors: Marschner H. , Ossenberg‐Neuhaus H. 
Published: February 2007

Long distance transport of sodium in bean plantsIn 8–10 days old bean plants Na+ (22Na) has been applied to either a certain root zone, the stem, or the base and tip respectively of a primary leaf and the long distance transport of Na+ was studied in the following 12–48 h.The long distance transport of Na+ applied to the root zone 9–12 cm behind the tip was strongly restricted towards the shoot and hardly detectable towards the root tip (phloem transport). Presence of K+ in the surrounding solution strongly increased the Na+ efflux from the roots.After leaf application within 48 h 30–40% of the absorbed Na+ had been translocated out of the leaf in direction of the root where, from the basal root zones, intensive Na+ efflux took place. This Na+ efflux was hardly affected by presence of K+ in the external medium and was usually more than 10% of the Na+ taken up by the leaves. From the Na+ taken up by the hypocotyl within 12 h more than 25% had been released from the basal root zones into the nutrient solution. Less than 1% of the Na+ applied either to the leaf or the stem was translocated towards the shoot apex.Separation of the hypocotyl into cortex and stele at the end of the experiment demonstrated the high capacity of the stele for Na+ accumulation. Within the hypocotyl the transfer of Na+ from the stele to the cortex and the phloem seems to be a rapid process whereas the release of Na+ from the phloem into the stele is obviously very restricted. The long distance transport of Na+ within the phloem of the shoot is strictly basipetal and very efficient. Low Na+ contents of bean leaves are therefore the result of several regulating mechanisms: K+ stimulated Na+ efflux in the roots, restricted long distance transport in the xylem due to high Na+ accumulation in the stele, Na+ pumps at the phloem in stem and leaves for phloem loading of Na+, and finally strictly basipetal retranslocation of Na+ in the phloem into the roots and efflux into the solution from basal root zones.
Einfluß von Stickstoffernährung und Wuchsstoffapplikation auf die Knolleninduktion bei Kartoffelpflanzen
Authors: Krauß A. , Marschner H. 
Published: February 2007

Influence of nitrogen nutrition and application of growth regulators on tuber initiation in potato plantsIn water culture the effect of continuous and discontinuous N‐nutrition on tuber initiation was investigated. Additional applications of growth regulators on growing stolon tips were carried out.Continuous supply of nitrate or ammonium inhibited completely the tuber initiation in S. tuberosum varieties „Ostara”︁ and „Clivia”︁, The inhibition was compensated by application of CCC and ABA on the stolon tip. In contrast to this stolon application of kinetin and root application of CCC were ineffective. Temporarily damaging of the root system led to tuber initiation even when nitrogen was supplied continuously. In S. andigena grown under short day continuous N supply only delayed the tuber initiation but could not prevent it.Discontinuous N supply promotes tuber initiation in S. tuberosum. A sudden increase in N supply caused „re‐growth”︁ of the tuber, i.e. a stolon was formed on the tuber apex. GA3 application on the growing tuber had the same effect.The effect of N nutrition on tuber initiation can be explained via changing the balance of endogenous growth regulators in general and the physiological aging of the leaves in particular. Discontinuous N supply seems to reduce cytokinin production in roots and therefore accelerates the aging of the leaves. This in turn favours the formation of inhibitors and/or presumably reduces the GA production in the shoot, which will change the balance of the growth regulators in the stolon tip in favour to tuber initiation.
Cu, Co und Mo in Sesquioxid‐Anreicherungshorizonten
Authors: Schlichting E. 
Published: February 2007

Cu, Co and Mo in sesquioxide accumulation horizonsFe, Mn, Cu, Co and Mo were determined in 1) a podzol‐gley‐ and 2) a pseudogley brownearth — stagnogley — „ochre earth”︁‐landscape. In landscape 1) the accumulation of Fe in the gley — Go is pronounced and the translocation Mn>Cu, whereas landscape 2 is characterized by the accumulation of Mn in the „ochre earth”︁ and by a translocation Co>Cu (Mo shows just small differences in 1) and 2)). The relation between the distribution of Cu, Co and Mo and of sesquioxides is overlapped by the influence of organic matter. From larger concentration differences for both Mn and Co in landscape 2 as compared to 1 a special role of manganese oxides for the accumulation of Co can be concluded. This accumulation however is not connected with a stronger immobilization.
Einfluß von Makrobicyclus „Kryptofix 222”︁ auf die Calcium‐ und Strontium‐Aufnahme von Buschbohnen‐Keimpflanzen
Authors: Isermann K. , Glatzle A. 
Published: February 2007

Influence of macrobicycle „Kryptofix 222”︁ on calcium‐ and strontium‐uptake of bush bean seedlingsMacrobicycle „Kryptofix 222”︁ (4,7,13,16,21,24‐Hexaoxa‐1,10‐diazabicyclo‐8,8,8‐hexacosane) is the only known organic compound which chelates Sr (pK = 8.0) stronger than Ca (pK = 4.4). Therefore it was proved in experiments with 10 days old seedlings of bush beans, whether Kryptofix enables plants to discriminate between the physiological important Ca and the undesired Sr in favour of Ca. The following results were obtained:1. At a constant (equimolar) supply of CaCl2 + SrCl2 (50 μM/l each) increasing levels of Kryptofix raised the Ca/Sr‐ratio of the seedlings from 0.8 (without Kryptofix) to 2.7 (with 150 μM Kryptofix/l) by reducing their Sr‐content and increasing their Ca‐content correspondingly.2. Despite of reduced Sr‐uptake the translocation of Sr to the primary leaves was promoted by Kryptofix (presumably via preventation of Sr fixation by the xylem vessels and in the surrounding tissue), whereas no influence exists on the movement of Ca.3. At low CaCl2 + SrCl2 supply (5 μM/l each) the bean seedlings showed similar Ca and Sr‐contents (Ca/Sr‐ratio about 1.07), both in the presence or absence of equimolar Kryptofix concentrations.4. With increasing CaCl2 + SrCl2 supplies (25–125 μM/l each), bean seedlings without Kryptofix increasingly favours Sr‐ against Ca‐ uptake (reaching a Ca/Sr‐ratio of 0.49). On the contrary, in the presence of equimolar concentrations of Kryptofix (50–250 μM/l) there is an increasing preference of Ca versus Sr‐uptake (Ca/Sr = 1.89).
Stability constants of complexes of humic and fulvic acids isolated from organic‐enriched Egyptian soils with Fe, Mn and Zn cations
Authors: Elgala A. M. , El‐Damaty A. H. , Abdel‐Latif I. 
Published: February 2007

Stabilitätskonstanten von Fe‐, Mn‐ und Zn‐Komplexen mit Humin‐ und Fulvosäuren, die aus mit organischer Substanz angereicherten ägyptischen Böden isoliert wurdenHumin‐ und Fulvosäuren wurden isoliert von Alluvial‐ und Kalkbodenproben, welche vorher mit verschiedenen anorganischen Rückständen angereichert waren. Die Verhältnisse von Metall zu Fulvo‐ und Huminsäuren und die Werte der Stabilitätskonstante der Metallkomplexe dieser Verbindungen mit Fe, Mn und Zn wurden bei pH 7 durch die Anwendung der Ionenaustauscherharz‐Methode bestimmt.Die durchschnittlichen Mengen der organischen Liganden, welche sich mit einem Mol von Fe, Zn und Mn verbanden, waren 2,1, 1,4 und 1,1 für Huminsäuren, und entsprechend 1,4, 0,9 und 0,6 für Fulvosäuren. Die Log K‐Werte der untersuchten Elemente waren verhältnismäßig höher mit Humin‐ als mit Fulvosäuren. Die Werte der Stabilitätskonstanten von Fe, Zn und Mn waren 7,05, 5,45 und 4,01 mit Huminsäuren und 5,15, 4,01 und 2,70 mit Fulvosäuren.Die Bodentypen hatten keinen Einfluß auf die organo‐metallischen Verhältnisse bzw. die log K‐Werte, dagegen spielt der Ursprung der organischen Rückstände anscheinend eine Rolle. Die Größe der log K‐Werte der verschiedenen Präparate standen in Beziehung zu den Mengen der phenolischen OH‐Gruppen der organischen Verbindungen.
Comparative ability of natural humus materials and synthetic chelates in extracting Fe, Mn, Zn, and Ca from soils
Authors: Elgala A. M. , El‐Damaty A. H. , Abdel‐Latif I. 
Published: February 2007

Extraktionsfähigkeit von natürlichen Huminstoffen und synthetischen Chelatbildnern bei der Extraktion von Fe, Mn, Zn und Ca aus BödenEs wurden die Fähigkeiten von Humin‐ und Fulvosäuren aus mit Rückständen angereicherten Bodenproben im Vergleich zu den synthetischen Chelatbildnern Na2EDTA bzw. Na2EDTA, zur Extraktion von Fe, Mn, Zn und Ca aus zwei verschiedenen Böden, studiert. Alle organischen Substanzen extrahierten Ca in der Reihenfolge F.A.>Na2EDTA>H.A. > Na2EDTA.Die natürlichen Chelate, besonders Fulvosäuren, waren ähnlich oder mehr effektiv im Herauslösen von Fe als die synthetischen Chelate, während das Gegenteil bei Mn und Zn eintrat.Mit Ausnahme von Na2EDTA brachten die untersuchten Verbindungen die nachstehenden Elemente in der Reihenfolge Fe > Mn > Zn in Lösung. Na2EDTA erhöhte die löslichen Mengen dieser Elemente in der Reihenfolge Mn > Zn > Fe. Das synthetische Chelat Na2EDDHA war mehr effektiv als Na2EDTA, während Fulvosäure mehr von diesen Elementen in Lösung brachte als Huminsäure. Das Verhalten von synthetischen und natürlichen Chelaten war von der Aktivität des Ca‐Ions beeinflußt.
Einflüsse von Moorbodeneigenschaften auf die kapillare Wassernachlieferung
Authors: Burghardt W. 
Published: February 2007

Influences of some peat soil features on the capillary water supplyIn the Weiße Moor near Gifhorn the grassland suffered in summer 1972 from extreme drought (Fig. 2), on peat soil profiles with a thin top layer of medium decomposed high bog over layers of only slightly decomposed transition forms from bog to fen (Fig. 1). This transition peat form was marked by the nature of its pores (Fig. 1). It is supposed that this led to the considerable reduction of the unsaturated water flow (Fig. 3). By this the capillary water supply of the grassland from still largly saturated deeper peat layers (>30 cm) was limited.
Zur Bestimmung der ungesättigten Wasserleitfähigkeit im Felde
Authors: Ehlers W. 
Published: February 2007

Remarks on the determination of the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity based on field measurementsIn a previous paper hydraulic conductivity — moisture tension functions have been evaluated by a field method for various layers of a fallow loess soil (grey brown podzolic soil). The aim of the paper presented here, is to demonstrate the magnitude of error when the hydraulic functions are calculated in the presence of transpiring plants, as it was done elsewhere. The error arises, because the water uptake rates of roots are added to the capillary water flux through the soil matrix. From the present investigation it becomes clear that with advancing growing stages of winter wheat and the increasing water extraction ability the error becomes more and more pronounced. The conductivity values may then be overestimated by a factor of half the power of ten as compared to the results computed from the fallow soil.
Comparison of nitrate leaching results in a lysimeter experiment to those predicted by a simulation model and estimates of influences of varying parameters on simulation results
Authors: Hagin J. , Amberger A. , Kruh G. , Segall E. 
Published: February 2007

Vergleich der Nitratauswaschung zwischen den Ergebnissen von Lysimeterversuchen und den Vorausberechnungen durch das SimulationsmodellEin Computerprogramm wurde entwickelt zur Simulation der Veränderung der Stickstoffformen und Bewegungen im Boden. Die Umweltparameter dieses Programmes wurden den Bedingungen des Lysimeterversuches angepaßt. Die durch Computer errechnete Wasserperkolation aus einer Bodentiefe von 1 m wurde verglichen mit den im Lysimeterversuch tatsächlich gemessenen Perkolationswerten und eine gute Übereinstimmung erzielt. Die Annahme verschiedener Regenintensitäten und Stickstoffapplikationen veranschaulichte den Gebrauch eines solchen Modells für die Voraussage von Trends, die durch Änderung solcher Parameter ausgelöst wurde.
Kinetics of ion exchange in soil organic matter V. Differential ion exchange reactions of Cu2+‐, Cd2+‐, Zn2+‐ and Ca2+‐ons in humic acid
Authors: Bunzl K. , Wolf A. , Sansoni B. 
Published: February 2007

Kinetik des Ionenaustausches in der organischen Substanz des Bodens V. Differentielle Ionenaustauschreaktionen von Cu2+, Cd2+, Zn2+ und Ca2+ mit HuminsäureGeschwindigkeit und Gleichgewichtseinstellung bei der Adsorption von Cu2+, Cd2+, Zn2+ und Ca2+ durch Huminsäure wurden in aufeinanderfolgenden differentiell kleinen Ionenaustauschprozessen in batch‐Versuchen bestimmt.Die Experimente zeigten. daß die Halbwertzeiten dieser Sorptionsprozesse nur wenig vom Anfangsmetallgehalt der Huminsäure abhängen, wenn Cu2+ ‐ oder Cd2+ ‐Ionen aufgenommen werden. Sie nehmen jedoch mit zunehmendem Metallgehalt der Huminsäure erheblich ab. wenn Zn2+ ‐ oder Ca2+ ‐Ionen sorbiert werden. Bei gleichem Anfangsmetallgehalt der Huminsäure sind die Halbwertszeiten für die Sorption von Cu2+ ‐ und Cd2+ ‐Ionen länger als die entsprechenden von Zn2+ ‐ und Ca2+ ‐Ionen. Die Selektivitätsreihe der Sorption, die man aus den Verteilungskoeffizienten erhält, lautet: Cu2+ > Cd2+ > Zn2+ > Ca2+.Theoretische Berechnungen zeigten, daß sich die beobachteten Geschwindigkeiten tatsächlich in der beschriebenen Weise verhalten sollten, wenn — wie in vorliegendem Fall — die Diffusionskoeffizienten der Metallionen ähnlich sind und die Adsorption gemäß obiger Selektivitätsreihe erfolgt.
Effect of cellulose on soil erosion by water
Authors: Chandra Subhash , De S. K. 
Published: February 2007

Wirkung von Cellulose auf die Bodenerosion durch WasserBöden aus sechs verschiedenen Gebieten von Uttar Pradesh, Indien, wurden für diese Untersuchung ausgewählt. Cellulose wurde zu einem Anteil von 1 und 2% mit diesen Böden vermischt und für 15 und 30 Tage bei Raumtemperatur bebrütet. Die Böden wurden danach künstlich mit Wasser erodiert unter Benutzung des De‐Subhash‐Apparates. Konzentration der Cellulose und Länge der Bebrütungsperiode zeigen eine bestimmte Beziehung zur Erosionsverminderung, und dies ist wiederum korreliert mit einigen physiko‐chemischen Eigenschaften der Böden.
Elementselektive Verwitterung und Verlagerung in Böden auf Bärhaldegranit und ihre Bilanzierung
Authors: Keilen K. , Stahr K. , Zöttl H. W. 
Published: February 2007

Differences in weathering and translocation between several elements in soils formed from Bärhalde‐granite including element balancingBraunerde and iron‐humus podzol profiles formed from granitic scree under the cool‐humid climate of the higher elevations of the Black Forest (SW‐Germany) were analyzed in elements of major importance in soil formation. Their content in the 2–20 mm fragments and < 2 mm soil was compared with the parent rock.Na was lower in the 2–20 mm fragments and in the < 2 mm soil, compared with the parent rock data. Fe, Al, Mn, Ti were reduced in the 2–20 mm fragments but enriched in the < 2 mm soil. K shows in the Braunerde profiles higher contents in the fragments than in the parent rock, but lower contents in the < 2 mm soil. The podzol profiles had lower K contents in both fragments and soil. Si is enriched in the 2–20 mm fragments of all analysed profiles. These differences in the behaviour during soil formation are explained by element‐selective weathering of the primary minerals.Element translocations in the soil profiles were balanced. The calculations demonstrated a strong decrease in Na in all soils, a clear decrease of Al and Mn in the podzol profiles, and decrease of Fe only in the upper soil of the podzol profiles.The queue of mobility runs: Na < Ca < Mg < K < Mn < Al < Fe < Ti = Si.
Bestimmung von Benetzungswinkeln an verschiedenen Korn‐ und Aggregatfraktionen
Authors: Ellies A. , Hartge K. H. 
Published: February 2007

Determination of wetting angles on different particle and aggregate size fractionsWith investigations of water tension, capillary rise and infiltration the wetting angles of soil are usually assumed to be zero degrees. This assumption however is very often not valid.The estimation of wetting angles in soils of different grain‐size distribution must take into account the interaction of grain‐sizes with pore sizes. Therefore a correcting factor was worked out using 12 separated grain fractions. This factor effectively eliminated the influence of grain‐size distribution when applied to fractions in the range between 2000 and 35 μm at angles between 0 and ˜90°. Some examples of results are given.
Homogenität, Inhomogenität und Gleichheit von Bodenkörpern
Authors: Miehlich G. 
Published: February 2007

Homogeneity, inhomogeneity and equality of soil bodiesAn attempt is made at defining homogeneity, inhomogeneity and equality of soil bodies. A body of soil is called homogeneous if — when separated into partial units smaller than the smallest analytically assessable unit of volume — there is agreement in all properties. Any differences of properties between these partial units signify inhomogeneity. Natural soils are inhomogeneous per se. Inhomogeneity is an inherent property with specific differences between soils. In accordance to this definition it is not very meaningful to test for homogeneity, but rather to quantify the extent of inhomogeneity.Inhomogeneity can be evaluated by the following parameters:1. Variability: The variance between partial units of a body of soil. Variance is specific to the property evaluated and to the soil under investigation and is closely dependent on the volume of the partial units.2. The deviation from the ideally statistical arrangement (AviA): Partial units may, in respect to their local connection, be combined to larger volume units, which possess more similar properties within than between each other. These fields of similarity in turn form superior units in form, volume and pattern, which are called pattern complexes. Several such pattern complexes are superimposed in soil bodies.Soil investigations can only assess a limited section of the total inhomogeneity. Volume of sample, intensity of sampling and method of selection must be adequate to the type of research.Partial units of soil bodies are equal (or comparable) if their inhomogeneity does not exceed a preset limit specific to the objectives of the investigation.