bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do subcutaneous sutures increase risk of laparotomy wound suppuration?
Authors: COOMER R. P. C. , MAIR T. S. , EDWARDS G. B. , PROUDMAN C. J. 
Published: September 2007

Summary Reasons for performing study: Incisional drainage and suppuration occurs commonly following exploratory laparotomy; any technique with the potential to reduce the incidence of this complication warrants investigation. Objectives: To determine if abandoning the use of subcutaneous sutures in laparotomy wound closure is safe and whether it reduces the risk of suppuration. Methods: A randomised controlled study was carried out at 2 referral hospitals in the UK, involving 309 horses undergoing exploratory laparotomy; 150 horses underwent ‘2‐layer’ closure without a subcutaneous suture, while 159 underwent conventional ‘3‐layer’ closure. Information regarding degree of oedema and gross types of discharge was recorded daily; suppuration was defined as discharge of pus. Telephone follow‐up was carried out 30 days after hospital discharge to identify those complications occurring after that date and, thereafter, every 3 months. The influence of closure method on risk of wound suppuration was assessed by Chi‐squared analysis and by logistic regression. Time to suppuration was modelled using a Cox proportional hazards model. Results: No catastrophic failures of 2‐layer closures were recorded. Prevalence of suppuration was not significantly different, being 18.7% and 23.9% for 2‐ and 3‐layer closures, respectively (OR = 1.37, 0.79–2.37, P = 0.263). Conclusions and potential relevance: This study found no significant difference in prevalence or rate of wound suppuration in 2‐layer closures compared to conventional 3‐layer closure. Two‐layer closure is recommended as a safe alternative means of achieving ventral midline abdominal closure in horses.
Electromyographic activity of thepalatinusandpalatopharyngeusmuscles in exercising horses
Authors: HOLCOMBE S. J. , DERKSEN F. J. , ROBINSON N. E. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryReasons for performing study: Determining the respiratory related activity of thepalatinusandpalatopharyngeusmuscles in exercising horses is relevant because dysfunction of these muscles has been implicated in the pathogenesis of dorsal displacement of the soft palate.Objective: To determine if thepalatinusandpalatopharyngeusmuscles have respiratory activity that increases with intensity in exercising horses.Methods: Electromyographic activity was measured in thepalatinusandpalatopharyngeusmuscles using bipolar fine‐wire electrodes while the horses completed an incremental exercise treadmill protocol.Results: Both muscles displayed synchronous expiratory activity that increased significantly (P<0.05) with exercise intensity. Phasic expiratory activity of thepalatinusincreased 390 ± 98%, whereas phasic expiratory activity of thepalatopharyngeusincreased by 198 ± 30% as the treadmill speed increased from 6 to 12 m/s.Conclusions: The palatinusandpalatopharyngeusmuscles may be important respiratory muscles, functioning to stabilise the position of the soft palate during intense exercise.Clinical relevance: The predominant expiratory activity of these muscles may be associated with specific muscle function related to exercise or distinct upper airway phenomena of an obligate nasal breather, such as the horse.
Antibodies to elastin peptides in sera of Belgian Draught horses with chronic progressive lymphoedema
Authors: van BRANTEGEM L. , de COCK H. E. V. , AFFOLTER V. K. , DUCHATEAU L. , HOOGEWIJS M. K. , GOVAERE J. , FERRARO G. L. , DUCATELLE R. 
Published: September 2007

Summary Reasons for performing study: Chronic progressive lymphoedema (CPL) is a recently recognised disease of the lymphatic system characterised by lesions in the skin of the lower legs in several draught horse breeds, including the Belgian Draught hourse. Clinical signs slowly progress and result in severe disfigurement of the limbs. Ideally, supportive treatment should be started early in the disease process. However early diagnosis and monitoring progression of CPL is still a challenge. Hypothesis: Elastin changes, characterised by morphological alterations as well as increased desmosine levels, in the skin of the distal limbs of horses affected with CPL are probably associated with a marked release of elastin degradation products, which elicit production of circulating anti‐elastin antibodies (AEAbs) in the serum. An enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of serum AEAbs may document elastin breakdown. Methods: An ELISA technique was used to evaluate levels of AEAbs in sera of 97 affected Belgian Draught horses that were clinically healthy except for possible skin lesions, associated with CPL in their distal limbs. The horses were divided into 5 groups according to the severity of these skin lesions: normal horses (Group 1, n = 36), horses with mild lesions (Group 2, n = 43), horses with moderate lesions (Group 3, n = 8), horses with severe lesions (Group 4, n = 10) and, as a control, healthy Warmblood horses, unaffected by the disease (Group 5, n = 83). Results: Horses with clinical signs of CPL had significantly higher AEAb levels compared to clinically normal Belgian Draught horses and to healthy Warmblood horses. These levels correlated with severity of lesions. Conclusions: CPL in draught horses is associated with an increase of serum AEAbs. Potential relevance: Evaluation of serum levels of AEAbs by ELISA might be a useful diagnostic aid for CPL. Pathological degradation of elastic fibres, resulting in deficient support of the distal lymphatics, is proposed as a contributing factor for CPL in Belgian Draught horses.
Strain rate dependency on deformation texture for pure polycrystalline tantalum
Authors: Bhattacharyya Abhishek , Rittel Daniel , Ravichandran Guruswami 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The deformation texture of pure polycrystalline tantalum was characterized in the range of strain rates from 10−3 ∼10+3 s−1 at room temperature. Quasi-static tests were carried out on an MTS servohydraulic machine, whereas dynamic tests were carried out using a split Hopkinson pressure bar. Texture measurements were done using the electron backscattered diffraction set-up in the scanning electron microscope chamber. It was observed that the deformation texture was unaffected qualitatively by the strain rate variations, and was correlated to the insensitivity of the hardening behavior at different strain rates. Strain softening at high strain rate seemed to sharpen the texture.
Scheil–Gulliver simulation with partial redistribution of fast diffusers and simultaneous solid–solid phase transformations
Authors: Kozeschnik E. , Rindler W. , Buchmayr B. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
A numerical procedure for the simulation of solidification and micro-segregation is presented. The iterative solution algorithm is based on the classical Scheil – Gulliver model; however, the new algorithm allows taking into account partial redistribution of fast diffusing elements and solid – solid phase transformations, such as the peritectic reaction in low-carbon steels. It is shown that, especially in interstitial/substitutional alloys such as steels, simulations performed with the new algorithm give considerably different predictions as compared to simulations carried out with the classical Scheil – Gulliver procedure. The new procedure is described in detail and the results are validated on experimental data, i. e. micro-segregation measurements, the determination of the brittle temperature range for hot-cracking and experimental data on the specific heat capacity during solidification.
Post-optimization elimination of inverted miscibility gaps
Authors: Malakhov Dmitri V. , Balakumar Thevika 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Among numerous thermodynamic models of various systems published in recent decades, there is a small yet not negligible portion of assessments predicting an inverted miscibility gap in the liquid phase at elevated temperatures, a gap which in reality does not exist. Two methods to eliminate such a post-optimization artifact via a computationally simple correction of the excess Gibbs energy of the melt are proposed. Both methods employ optimization under topological constraints controlling the sign of the second derivative of the molar Gibbs energy of mixing with respect to concentration. Their applicability is demonstrated on the Sn – Zr system whose thermodynamic description incorporated in the COST 507 database leads to an unintended inverted miscibility gap.
Thermodynamic evaluation of the Au–Sn system
Authors: Grolier Vincent , Schmid-Fetzer Rainer 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The Calphad method has been employed in order to generate a simple and robust thermodynamic description of the Au – Sn system. Inconsistencies in a previous thermodynamic assessment of this system are pointed out. The reassessment is based on the published original experimental data on phase equilibria and thermodynamic alloy properties, which have been critically evaluated. The particular behaviour of the mixing enthalpy of the liquid phase and the claimed short-range order are addressed. The substitutional solution model has been employed for the solution phases α-(Au), β-(Au10Sn) and ∊-(Au5Sn), while the intermediate phases ζ-Au5Sn, δ-AuSn, ∊-AuSn2 and η-AuSn4 are considered as stoichiometric phases. The assignment of reasonable values of thermodynamic parameters is further demonstrated by the consideration of absolute entropies and entropies of fusion of all the intermetallic compounds.
Vegard's law: a fundamental relation or an approximation?
Authors: Jacob K. T. , Raj Shubhra , Rannesh L. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Vegard's law has been used extensively in mineralogy, metallurgy and materials science for the past six decades. According to the law, unit cell parameters should vary linearly with composition for a continuous substitutional solid solution in which atoms or ions that substitute for each other are randomly distributed. Although the law was postulated on empirical evidence, several cases of both positive and negative deviations from this law have been documented. Its theoretical foundations have not been critically explored. Presented in this communication is an analysis of the law within the framework of solution thermodynamics. It is shown that the deviation from Vegard's law is expected even for thermodynamically ideal solutions when there is a significant difference in lattice parameters of the pure components. The law should be reclassified as an approximation valid for specific conditions. The approximation is valid for ideal solutions when the lattice parameters of the pure components differ by less than 5 %. For solid solutions with positive deviations from ideality, there will always be positive deviations from Vegard's law. For solid solutions with moderately negative deviations from ideality, positive deviation from linearity of lattice parameters caused by size mismatch can be compensated for by the attractive interaction between the components, resulting in compliance with Vegard's law.
Application of FactSage thermodynamic modeling of recycled slags (Al2O3–CaO–FeO–Fe2O3–SiO2–PbO–ZnO) in the treatment of wastes from end-of-life-vehicles
Authors: Jak E. , Hayes P. , Bale C. W. , Decterov S. A. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The FactSage thermochemical software and databases calculates complex, multi-component, multi-phase equilibria involving simultaneously slag, metal, ceramic, and gas phases, over wide ranges of temperature, oxygen potential and pressure. The databases are automatically accessed by the software and the outputs of the Gibbs free energy minimization calculations can be presented in ways that are convenient to engineering practice, and as functions of key process variables.
The new thermodynamic databases for slag and solid oxide phases in the Al2O3 – CaO – FeO – Fe2O3 – SiO2 – PbO – ZnO system have been developed by critical evaluation/optimization of all available phase equilibrium and thermodynamic data. By means of the optimization process, model parameters are found which reproduce all thermodynamic and phase equilibrium data within experimental error limits. Furthermore, the models permit extrapolation into regions of temperature and composition where data are not available.
Phase equilibrium calculations have been undertaken, that are of interest in the thermal treatment of Automobile Shredder Residue (ASR) in the Al2O3 – CaO – FeO – Fe2O3 – SiO2 – PbO – ZnO system. This 7-component system represents only the major components of ASR. There are at least a dozen other important components in ASR not to mention the organic matter. The operating conditions deviate from thermodynamic equilibrium and the oxygen potential during the treatment of wastes is not well established. Consequently, the calculated diagrams are intended only to give an idea to industrial engineers about the trends in the liquidus temperature, extent of crystallization and partial pressures of volatile components as functions of temperature, composition and oxygen potential. These diagrams may also help to identify the process variables that are most important for industrial practice significantly reducing the amount of experimental work that has to be done to optimize the operations.
Reassessment of the Al–Mn system and a thermodynamic description of the Al–Mg–Mn system
Authors: Du Yong , Wang Jiong , Zhao Jingrui , Schuster Julius Clemens , Weitzer Franz , Schmid-Fetzer Rainer , Ohno Munekazu , Xu Honghui , Liu Zi-kui , Shang Shunli , Zhang Wenqing 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
A thermodynamic optimization for the Al – Mn system is performed by considering reliable literature data and newly measured phase equilibria on the Al-rich side. Using X-ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis, and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy methods, the melting behavior of λ-Al4Mn was correctly elucidated, and two invariant reactions associated with λ-Al4Mn (L + μ-Al4Mn λ-Al4Mn at 721 ± 2 °C and L + λ-Al4Mn Al6Mn at 704 ± 2 °C) are observed. The model Al12Mn4(Al, Mn)10 previously used for Al8Mn5 was modified to be Al12Mn5(Al, Mn)9 based on crystal structure data. In addition, the high-temperature form of Al11Mn4 is included in the assessment. Employing fewer adjustable parameters than previous assessments, the present description of the Al – Mn system yields a better overall agreement with the experimental phase diagram and thermodynamic data. The obtained thermodynamic description for the Al – Mn system is then combined with those in the Al – Mg and Mg – Mn systems to form a basis for a ternary assessment. The thermodynamic parameters for ternary liquid and ternary compound Mn2Mg3Al18 (τ) are evaluated on the basis of critically assessed experimental data. The enthalpy of formation for τ resulting from CALPHAD (CALculation of PHAse Diagrams) approach agrees reasonably with that via first-principles methodology. Comparisons between the calculated and measured phase equilibria in the Al – Mg – Mn system show that the accurate experimental information is satisfactorily accounted for by the present description. A reaction scheme for the whole ternary system is presented for practical applications.
A Review of Rangeland Privatisation and Its Implications in the Tibetan Plateau, China
Authors: Zhaoli Yan , Ning Wu , Dorji Yeshi , Jia Ru 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The Tibetan plateau of China is one of the world's major pastoral areas, in which rangeland management underwent fundamental changes in the twentieth century. This article reviews the rangeland privatisation process in the Tibetan plateau over the last ten years, examining cases from Hongyuan, Zoige and Maqu Counties in the eastern part of the plateau, Nyima County in the northwestern part and Dingri County in the southwestern part. Rangelands have been allocated to individual households or 'the least contracting unit' starting from 1996, but the process of rangeland privatisation was diverse and is still ongoing in the western part of the Tibetan plateau. Rangeland privatisation has some significant impacts on local people and their environment. First, many rangelands are inequitably allocated due to their highly variable topography, productivity and availability of water resources. Secondly, access to social and economic services has been made more difficult for some, while social conflicts have increased. Thirdly, privatisation of rangeland and sedentarisation of nomads needs matching infrastructure but that is still missing in many places. Meanwhile, privatisation of rangeland has led to increased labour inputs in some places and added more workload onto women and children. The article concludes that rangeland privatisation was intended to stop further rangeland degradation and to provide nomads with better lives. However, more study is needed on managing rangeland in an appropriate way.
The Adenauer Era: Anxieties and Traumas of Violence in the Postwar Period
Authors: Dülffer Jost 
Published: September 2007

Researching and writing contemporary history move forward in acertain rhythm. Today, the 1960s are the decade of major interest,whereas the 1970s increasingly are becoming the testing ground ofnew approaches and reinterpretations. By contrast, the 1950s seemof little interest—with most of the issues solved and most sourcesaccessible. But this could be a false impression, especially if onetakes into account the dominant views on this period that havebecome popular in the last years. After 1989/90, with the fall of theBerlin Wall, the unification of Germany, and the end of the ColdWar, many historians developed and corroborated an interpretationof the postwar decades—a now widely accepted master narrative ofthe “German question.” With the benefit of hindsight, they claimedthat Konrad Adenauer’s policy of Western integration was a necessaryand inevitable course, which facilitated eventual reunification.Other political options would have rendered the Federal Republic ofGermany (FRG) dangerously open to stronger communist pressure oreven would have presented the Soviet Union with the opportunity toexpand its empire to Germany as a whole.
'The Last Kulak' and Other Stories of Post-Privatisation Life in Chukotka's Tundra
Authors: Gray Patty A. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Privatisation of state farms in Russia precipitated a crisis in the reindeer herding economy. Chukotka once had the largest domestic reindeer herd in Russia, and the plummet in Chukotka's reindeer headcounts was steeper than anywhere else in the country. At the same time, reindeer herding in some regions of Russia, such as Yamal, remained relatively stable. This paper argues that much of the difference between Chukotka and other regions can be attributed to the particular, and very political, nature of the social relationship between local tundra-dwelling populations and the most immediate representative of the state apparatus that they face: the district administration. Using stories told by tundradwellers in one district of Chukotka, the paper explores the frustrations they experienced as their efforts to take more control of their own local situation were stymied by those in the bureaucracy above them. It concludes that politics and power relations should not be overlooked as a crucial factor in determining regionally-variable outcomes in post-privatisation reindeer herding in the Russian north, and can overpower or exacerbate economic and ecological factors.
Mobility and Technology: Understanding the Vulnerability of Two Groups of Nomadic Pastoralists to Reindeer Losses
Authors: Dwyer Mark James , Istomin Kirill Vladimirovich 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Between the nineteenth and early twentieth century reindeer mortality, particularly that caused by outbreaks of Siberian anthrax (sibirka), was proportionately higher among Komi herds than amongst those of the Nenets, despite both groups pasturing animals in close proximity to one another, principally within the Bol'shezemel'skaya tundra. Intriguingly, to escape infected land caused by these outbreaks, the Komi emigrated to new regions whereas the Nenets appeared to be relatively unaffected. However, upon closer examination of historical data, it is apparent that proportionately the Nenets lost track of twice as many reindeer compared to the Komi. Previous studies, despite providing little if any concrete evidence, suggested that characteristics of the Komi reindeer herding system (technology) made their reindeer more susceptible to sickness than those of the Nenets. This study, which involved anthropological field research as well as the use of historical data and literature, focused on analysing the following characteristics of reindeer herding technology between the two groups: (a) veterinary knowledge (b) frequency of herd observation, (c) frequency of movement, (d) pattern of pasturing. It was found that: veterinary knowledge between Komi and Nenets was commensurate and thus cannot be used as an explanatory factor; Komi herds were more frequently observed than those of the Nenets; Komi moved more frequently than the Nenets and spent less time at encampments; and the migration routes of Komi were longer and their pasturing corridors narrower than those of the Nenets. Differences in herd observation explained the differences in lost reindeer between the Komi and Nenets. The Komi were less able to identify and treat sick reindeer due to more frequent movements, larger herd sizes and less frequent corralling of the main productive herd compared to the Nenets. The length of migration routes and narrowness of pasturing corridors reduced the Komis' pasturing flexibility and thus their ability to avoid infected pastures compared to the Nenets. These results are relevant to both historical and contemporary herding practices.
Kristall‐Engineering: eine holistische Darstellung
Authors: Desiraju Gautam R. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractKristall‐Engineering, d. h. das Konstruieren von molekularen Festkörpern, ist das Synthetisieren von funktionalen Festkörperstrukturen aus neutralen oder ionischen Baueinheiten, wobei die Aufbaustrategie intermolekulare Wechselwirkungen einbezieht. Wasserstoffbrücken, Koordinationsbindungen und andere, schwächer gerichtete Wechselwirkungen definieren Unterstrukturmuster, die in der Literatur als supramolekulare Synthone oder sekundäre Baueinheiten bezeichnet werden. Das Kristall‐Engineering weist beträchtliche Überlappungen mit der supramolekularen Chemie, der Röntgenkristallographie, den Materialwissenschaften und der Festkörperchemie auf, es bildet aber dennoch eine eigenständige Disziplin. Das Gebiet hebt die herkömmlichen Trennungslinien von organischer, anorganischer und physikalischer Chemie auf, sodass Ideen und Techniken aus unterschiedlichsten Forschungsbereichen einfließen. Der vorliegende Aufsatz soll einige aktuelle Herausforderungen in diesem sich schnell entwickelnden Gebiet beleuchten. Zu den behandelten Themen gehören die Beschaffenheit von intermolekularen Wechselwirkungen, deren Rolle beim Konstruieren von Kristallstrukturen, die oft voneinander abweichenden Auffassungen über die geometrischen und chemischen Modelle eines Molekülkristalls, die Beziehung dieser Modelle zur Polymorphie, die wissensgestützte Computervorhersage von Kristallstrukturen sowie Versuche zum Abbilden des Reaktionswegs der Kristallisation.