bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cyberbullying: its nature and impact in secondary school pupils
Authors: Smith Peter K. , Mahdavi Jess , Carvalho Manuel , Fisher Sonja , Russell Shanette , Tippett Neil 
Published: March 2008

Background:  Cyberbullying describes bullying using mobile phones and the internet. Most previous studies have focused on the prevalence of text message and email bullying.Methods:  Two surveys with pupils aged 11–16 years: (1) 92 pupils from 14 schools, supplemented by focus groups; (2) 533 pupils from 5 schools, to assess the generalisability of findings from the first study, and investigate relationships of cyberbullying to general internet use. Both studies differentiated cyberbullying inside and outside of school, and 7 media of cyberbullying.Results:  Both studies found cyberbullying less frequent than traditional bullying, but appreciable, and reported more outside of school than inside. Phone call and text message bullying were most prevalent, with instant messaging bullying in the second study; their impact was perceived as comparable to traditional bullying. Mobile phone/video clip bullying, while rarer, was perceived to have more negative impact. Age and gender differences varied between the two studies. Study 1 found that most cyberbullying was done by one or a few students, usually from the same year group. It often just lasted about a week, but sometimes much longer. The second study found that being a cybervictim, but not a cyberbully, correlated with internet use; many cybervictims were traditional ‘bully‐victims’. Pupils recommended blocking/avoiding messages, and telling someone, as the best coping strategies; but many cybervictims had told nobody about it.Conclusions:  Cyberbullying is an important new kind of bullying, with some different characteristics from traditional bullying. Much happens outside school. Implications for research and practical action are discussed.
Improving early language and literacy skills: differential effects of an oral language versus a phonology with reading intervention
Authors: Bowyer‐Crane Claudine , Snowling Margaret J. , Duff Fiona J. , Fieldsend Elizabeth , Carroll Julia M. , Miles Jeremy , Götz Kristina , Hulme Charles 
Published: March 2008

Background:  This study compares the efficacy of two school‐based intervention programmes (Phonology with Reading (P + R) and Oral Language (OL)) for children with poor oral language at school entry.Methods:  Following screening of 960 children, 152 children (mean age 4;09) were selected from 19 schools on the basis of poor vocabulary and verbal reasoning skills and randomly allocated to either the P + R programme or the OL programme. Both groups of children received 20 weeks of daily intervention alternating between small group and individual sessions, delivered by trained teaching assistants. Children in the P + R group received training in letter‐sound knowledge, phonological awareness and book level reading skills. Children in the OL group received instruction in vocabulary, comprehension, inference generation and narrative skills. The children's progress was monitored at four time points: pre‐, mid‐ and post‐intervention, and after a 5‐month delay, using measures of literacy, language and phonological awareness.Results:  The data are clustered (children within schools) and robust confidence intervals are reported. At the end of the 20‐week intervention programme, children in the P + R group showed an advantage over the OL group on literacy and phonological measures, while children in the OL group showed an advantage over the P + R group on measures of vocabulary and grammatical skills. These gains were maintained over a 5‐month period.Conclusions:  Intervention programmes designed to develop oral language skills can be delivered successfully by trained teaching assistants to children at school entry. Training using P + R fostered decoding ability whereas the OL programme improved vocabulary and grammatical skills that are foundations for reading comprehension. However, at the end of the intervention, more than 50% of at‐risk children remain in need of literacy support.
Early onset recurrent subtype of adolescent depression: clinical and psychosocial correlates
Authors: Hammen Constance , Brennan Patricia A. , Keenan‐Miller Danielle , Herr Nathaniel R. 
Published: March 2008

Background:  Evaluated trajectories of adolescent depression and their correlates in a longitudinal study of a community sample: early onset (by age 15) with major depression (MDE) recurrence between 15 and 20; early onset with no recurrence; later onset of major depression after age 15 with and without recurrence by 20; and never‐depressed.Methods:  Eight‐hundred sixteen youth were studied at age 15, and 699 were included at age 20, with diagnostic evaluations and assessments of functioning in major roles.Results:  Youth with early onset and recurrent MDE differed from both those with early onset but nonrecurrent MDE and those with later onset‐no recurrence in terms of clinical features, adolescent social functioning, and later psychosocial adjustment. The early onset recurrent depressed youth had more severe, chronic, suicidal depressions, greater anxiety comorbidity, worse social functioning at 15, and poorer psychosocial, especially social, outcomes at 20.Conclusions:  Youth with depression by 15 with recurrence by age 20 may represent a high‐risk group, with likely life‐course‐persistent depression and maladjustment. Community youth whose early depression does not recur by age 20, or who have onset with no recurrence after age 15, may have more benign and possibly limited depressions. Later onset with recurrence is also a group at risk for dysfunctional outcomes, requiring further follow‐up.
Deliberate self‐harm by under‐15‐year‐olds: characteristics, trends and outcome
Authors: Hawton Keith , Harriss Louise 
Published: March 2008

Background:  Relatively little information is available about the characteristics and long‐term outcome of children and adolescents aged under 15 years who present to general hospitals because of deliberate self‐harm (DSH).Method:  Information was collected on 710 consecutive under‐15‐year‐olds presenting to a general hospital in central England with DSH over a 26‐year period (1978–2003). Outcome in terms of death was investigated from national statistics in 464 cases presenting during the first 20 years of the study.Results:  Most individuals were aged 12–14 years. In this age group the female:male ratio was 6.5:1. Nearly all (680/710, 95.8%) had taken overdoses, over half of these episodes involving paracetamol (acetaminophen). Few had a history of prior (7.7%) or current psychiatric treatment (7.7%), although a quarter (150/559, 26.8%) had a history of previous DSH. Suicidal intent was usually low. The most frequent problems were difficulties in relationships with family members (77.3%) and with friends (38.9%), and school/study problems (37.9%). The long‐term risk of suicide was low, 1.1% (N = 5) having died by probable suicide after a mean follow‐up period of 11 years 2 months.Conclusions:  DSH in children and young adolescents is usually related to life problems, is generally of low suicidal intent, and is associated with a relatively low long‐term risk of suicide.
Nonshared environmental influences on teacher‐reported behaviour problems: monozygotic twin differences in perceptions of the classroom
Authors: Oliver Bonamy R. , Pike Alison , Plomin Robert 
Published: March 2008

Background:  The identification of specific nonshared environments responsible for the variance in behaviour problems is a key challenge.Methods:  Nonshared environmental influences on teacher‐reported behaviour problems were explored independently of genetics using the monozygotic (MZ) twin differences design. Six aspects of classroom environment were rated by a representative sample of 570 nine‐year‐old MZ twins in the UK in different classrooms and were related to their different teachers’ reports of prosocial behaviour, hyperactivity, conduct problems, peer problems and emotional symptoms.Results:  Within‐pair differences in perceptions of the classroom were significantly correlated with teacher‐reported behaviour problems, indicating that children with less favourable perceptions of their classroom environment were reported by their teachers as less prosocial, more hyperactive, and to have more conduct and peer problems. Socioeconomic status did not significantly moderate any of these relationships. However, parent‐reported household chaos was a significant moderator.Conclusions:  The classroom environment is related to behaviour problems even when genetic factors are held constant. Classroom environment is more strongly associated with behaviour problems when the home environment is more chaotic.
Pregnancy Loss Rates Following Second Trimester Genetic Amniocentesis
Authors: Reid Karen P. , Gurrin Lyle C. , Dickinson Jan E. , Newnham John P. , Phillips John M 
Published: March 2008

Summary:Data from 3,953 consecutive second trimester genetic amniocenteses were analysed to determine pregnancy loss rates up to 6 weeks after the procedure. Information was prospectively collected on a cohort of 3,685 women in 3,896 singleton and 50 twin pregnancies, from 2 operating sites in Perth, Western Australia, using 9 operators over the 6‐year period, 1989 to 1995. Complete information regarding pregnancy outcome was obtained for 3,643 of the 3,685 women (98.9%). There were 27 identified singletons and 1 set of twins lost within 6 weeks following amniocentesis. The overall pregnancy loss rate in this cohort was 29 of 3,911 (0.74%). The pregnancy loss rate associated with genetic amniocentesis is not excessive in comparison to the calculated background pregnancy loss rate of 1%, and it is suggested that each prenatal diagnostic team should determine their own complication rates for the purpose of counselling prior to amniocentesis.
A Survey of Skin Disorders Seen in Pediatrie General and Dermatology Clinics
Authors: Tunnessen Walter W. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract: One‐week surveys of office visits to a general pediatrie clinic were carried out at monthly intervals over a six‐month period. Skin complaints accounted for 24% of the primary and secondary reasons for initiating clinic visits. Six categories of dermatologie conditions accounted for 81.5% of the pediatrie clinic visits, with skin infections comprising 38.5%. A survey of new referrals to a pediatrie dermatology clinic over a similar seasonal span revealed that the same six categories made up 51.8% of diagnoses.The surveys indicate that skin disorders are common reasons for pediatric office visits and suggest some areas that should be emphasized in the training of physicians in dermatologic diagnosis and management.
Principles of the Use of Glucocorticosteroids in the Growing Child
Authors: Lucky Anne W. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The use of glucocorticosteroids in children presents special problems because of the suppressive effects on growth and on the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis. This review summarizes the pathphysiology of glucocorticoid action and outlines suggested guidelines tor monitoring children treated with these drugs.There is no “magic formula” for corticosteroid use in children, except to say that it is safest to use the smallest possible dose for the shortest period of time. Growth and hypothalmic‐pituitary‐adrenal suppression may be minimized by giving alternate‐day or single morning doses and avoiding long‐acting preparations. Therapy during puberty and infancy has the greatest chance to produce permanent loss of ultimate height. Growth should be documented by accurate measurement, plotting the data on growth charts. During therapy and while the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis remains suppressed, written emergency instructions for glucocorticoid therapy should be provided to patients, and they should wear identification indicating that they are taking these agents. Above all. therapy must be individualized.
Clinical Perspectives on Premature Tooth Eruption and Cyst Formation in Neonates
Authors: Cohen Rhonna L. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Premature eruption of teeth occurs in 1 of every 2,000 births. The reported association between natal teeth and serious, rare, inherited syndromes suggests that particular caution should be exercised in examination of newborns having prematurely erupted teeth.The ectomesenchyma, from which the orofacial structures develop, undergoes a complex, coordinated series of steps of proliferation and differentiation during the first two months in utcro. At approximately seven weeks the presumptive mandibular and maxillary arches show a bandlike ectodermal thickening called the dental lamina. Odontogenesis (tooth development) begins with budding of the dental lamina and continues into the second week of life. Remnants of odontogenic epithelium or of epithelium covering the embryonic facial processes may develop into cystic structures, causing intraoral swellings on the alveolar ridges or palate (i.e., Bohn's nodules and Epstein's pearls). Prematurely erupted natal and neonatal teeth are generally normal deciduous incisors. Hypermobility of these teeth, resulting from poorly formed roots, may stabilize within a short period of time. Extraction of natal and neonatal teeth should not be done precipitously.
Benign Idiopathic versus Mycosis‐Fungoides‐Associated Follicular Mucinosis
Authors: Nickoloff Brian J. , Wood Colin 
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A study was undertaken in an attempt to identify useful histologic criteria that may allow differentiation between benign idiopathic and mycosisfungoides‐associated follicular mucinosis. We chose young patients because no person under 20 years of age with coexisting follicular mucinosis and mycosis fungoides disease has ever been reported. Our three most important observations in benign juvenile idiopathic follicular mucinosis were as follows:

The lymphocytic infiltrate was generally confined to follicular, perifollicular, or perivascular zones with no extension of either normal or atypical mononuclear cells into the epidermis or into papillary/reticular dermis.
Within follicular epithelium there were dense collections of lymphocytes with occasionally atypical‐appearing nuclei in three of the eight patients, but never as Pautrier microabscesses.
There was absence of a significant associated plasma cell or eosinophil‐containing inflammatory dermal infiltrate.

These findings are in contrast to those of older patients with follicular mucinosis and mycosis fungoides.
Reticular Erythematous Mucinosis Syndrome: Review of the World Literature and Report of the Syndrome in a Prepubertal Child
Authors: Cohen Philip R. , Rabinowitz Asher D. , Ruszkowski Anne Marie , DeLeo Vincent A. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractAn 8–year–old boy with reticular erythematous mucinosis syndrome had erythematous plaques on his chest, face, and arms for three years. Sun exposure resulted in pruritus and increased lesions. Histologic examination revealed a perivascuiar mononuciear celi infiltrate with hematoxylln and eosin staining, positive staining materiai between the dermal coilagen bundles with alcian blue (pH 2.5) staining, and granular basement membrane deposits of IgM with direct immunofluorescence staining. Results of all lupus erythematosus serologies and porphyrin studies were negative. Minimai erythema dose determinations to ultraviolet A and B were normai, and the lesions could not be induced with high doses of irradiation. Topical sunscreens, corticosteroid cream, and systemic beta–carotene produced no therapeutic benefit.
Pachyonychia Congenita: A Clinical Study of 12 Cases and Review of the Literature
Authors: Su W. P. Daniel , Chun Soo II , Hammond David E. , Gordon Hymie 
Published: March 2008

AbstractTwelve cases of pachyonychia congenita were reviewed. The mode of inheritance was autosomal dominant The ciinical features of these patients included thickened nails, hyperiteratosis of the palms and soles, thinning of hair or alopecia, painful bullae or ulcerations of the palms and soles, leukokeratosis oris, verrucous lesions of the extremities, hyperhidrosis, premature eruption of teeth, paronychial infections, epidermal cysts with miiia, and corneai dyskeratosis at times associated with cataracts. Biopsy from the plantar lesions usually revealed marked hyperkeratosis, acanthosis, moderate hypergranulosis, and minimal dermal infiammatory infiltration. Treatment with keratolytic agents and lubricants is indicated to areas of palmar and plantar hyperkeratosis but usually produces only transient benefit. Squamous cell carcinoma developed in one of the patients over the site of chronic plantar ulcerations. Areas of chronic bullous formation or ulceration should be observed for possible skin malignancy.
Systemic Cytomegalovirus in a Patient with the Keratitis, Ichthyosis, and Deafness (KID) Syndrome
Authors: Helm Klaus , Lane Alfred T. , Orosz John , Metlay Leon 
Published: March 2008

AbstractWe describe a patient with the keratitis, ichthyosis, and deafness (KID) syndrome who also had a generalized cytomegalovirus infection. Patients with the KID syndrome are susceptible to not only bacterial and fungal infections, but also to viral infections.
Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans in a 9‐Year‐Old Child: Treatment by MOHS Micrographic Surgery
Authors: Goldberg David J. , Maso Martha 
Published: March 2008

AbstractDermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is an uncommon, localiy and deepiy recurring dermal neoplasm that, when it occurs in cosmetically sensitive areas, can be devastating, particuiariy in children. MOHS micrographic surgery is now recognized as the treatment of choice for DFSP. A iesion of DFSP near the breast of a 9‐year‐old girl was treated by this technique. To our knowiedge, this is the first case of DFSP in a chiid in which MOHS micrographic surgery was used as the first‐tine treatment modaitty.
Comparison of Crotamiton 10% Cream (Eurax) and Permethrin 5% Cream (Elimite) for the Treatment of Scabies in Children
Authors: Taplin David , Meinking Terri Lynn , Chen Joaquin A. , Sanchez Regulo 
Published: March 2008

AbstractPermethrin 5% cream (Elimite) was approved as a treatment for scabies by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in September 1989. in a doubie‐biinded, randomized study, it was compared with crotamiton 10% cream (Eurax) for the treatment of scabies in children 2 months to 5 years of age. Two weeks after a singie overnight treatment, 14 (30%) of 47 chiidren were cured with permethrin 5% cream, in contrast to oniy 6 of 47 (13%) of subjects treated with Eurax. Four weeks after treatment the figures were 89% and 60% cured for the two agents, respectively. In 10 of the 19 patients whose treatment failed, the condition became worse after therapy. The difference in efficacy in favor of permethrin was significant (P = 0.002). That agent also demonstrated greater effectiveness in reducing pruritus and secondary bacterial infections. Eilmite offers a safe, efficacious, and cosmetically elegant aiternative to Eurax in the treatment of scabies in chiidren.
Diffuse Cutaneous Mastocytosis Mimicking Staphylococcal Scalded‐Skin Syndrome: Report of Three Cases
Authors: Oranje Arnold P. , Soekanto Widowati , Sukardi A. , Vuzevski Vojislav D. , Willigen André van der , Afiani H. M. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Three cases of diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis (DCM) were at first incorrectly diagnosed as staphylococcal scalded‐skin syndrome. In the first patient, at age 1 day the disease was recognized promptly by simple techniques such as Darier's sign and Tzanck smear. Much delay in making the diagnosis occurred in the other two patients, however: almost 1 year and 15 years, respectively.Bullous manifestations in mastocytosis occur only in the first two or three years. In the first months the disease can be dangerous and life threatening. To distinguish mastocytosis from vesicular and bullous neonatal disorders, one should perform Darier's sign and a Tzanck smear. The diagnosis is confirmed by histopathologic studies.Treatment of the bullous manifestations is symptomatic, with zinc oxide paste and oral antihistamines, which may provide some relief. In addition, cimetidine and sodium cromoglycate may be beneficial. At a later age psoralen plus ultraviolet A therapy may also relieve the symptoms.Particular foods and medicines can liberate histamine and should be restricted as much as possible in extremely affected patients. Special care should be taken when these patients are to undergo anesthesia. The risk of complications during and after anesthesia is also present in other forms of mastocytosis.
Cutaneous and Oral Lesions in 32 Children After Renal Transplantation
Authors: Menni Silvano , Beretta Daniela , Piccinno Roberta , Ghio Luciana 
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A variety of skin and oral mucosal lesions appearing in patients after renal transplantation have been reported in the literature. Because most of these data pertain to adults, we studied a group of children with kidney transplants to investigate the occurrence of skin and/or oral mucosal lesions, compare them with those observed in adults, and contribute to the knowledge of the pathogenesis of these disorders.Our series consisted of 32 patients aged 5 to 18 years, all of whom had skin and/or oral mucosal lesions that were classified as being either drug induced, probably related to uremia, or due to other causes. A possible relationship between drug‐induced lesions and the therapeutic immunosuppressive regimen in use was investigated. In addition, two formerly unreported lesions were seen in these patients: hypertrophy of lingual fungiform papillae and onychoschizia. The former occurred only in children receiving cyclosporine. Compared with adults, the frequency of gingival hypertrophy was higher and that of infectious disease was lower.
Dyskeratosis Congenita Associated with Elevated Fetal Hemoglobin, X‐Linked Ocular Albinism, and Juvenile‐Onset Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Reichel Martin , Grix Arthur C. , Isseroff R. Rivkah 
Published: March 2008

Abstract:An 11‐year‐old boy had dyskeratosis congenita, elevated fetal hemoglobin level, X‐linked ocular albinism, and juvenile‐onset diabetes mellitus. A review of the international literature revealed that elevated fetal hemoglobin has been noted in 15 reported cases of dyskeratosis congenita. It is a previously unrecognized, commonly associated finding in dyskeratosis congenita that may provide insight into the location and function of the gene for dyskeratosis congenita.
Anesthesia and/or Sedation for Pulsed Dye Laser Therapy
Authors: Rabinowitz Linda G. , B, Esterly Nancy , Frieden Ilona J. , Garbin Gregory S. , Grekin Roy C. , Stafford T. J. , Tan O. T. , Rabinowitz Linda G. , Goldberg Gerald N. , F, Rothman Karen , Roberts Lynne J. , Geronemus Roy G. , Mallory Susan B. , Garden Jerome M. , Morelli Joseph G. , L, Levy Moise , Cohen Bernard A. 
Published: March 2008

One of the most exciting developments in pediatric dermatology has been the use of the flashlamp‐pumped, 585‐nm, pulsed dye laser for treatment of vascular birthmarks. In many cases the results are miraculous. The increase in self‐esteem and happiness of many children and adolescents has been overwhelming; for some, depression has been lifted, stuttering has ceased, social involvement has increased, and antidepressants have been discontinued. There are many success stories to tell.Despite the remarkable effects of the pulsed dye laser and the medical and psychosocial indications for its use, the issue of pain control remains significant. We have no perfect outpatient pediatric anesthetic. Most methods carry either some risk or, if not hazardous, often are not very effective for controlling pain. Needless to say, a diversity of opinions exist on how to manage discomfort from this treatment modality. Therefore, we thought it would be useful to share the experiences and opinions of several dermatologists who have extensive experience with the pulsed dye laser.