bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Web searching on the Vivisimo search engine
Authors: Koshman Sherry , Spink Amanda , Jansen Bernard J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe application of clustering to Web search engine technology is a novel approach that offers structure to the information deluge often faced by Web searchers. Clustering methods have been well studied in research labs; however, real user searching with clustering systems in operational Web environments is not well understood. This article reports on results from a transaction log analysis of Vivisimo.com, which is a Web meta‐search engine that dynamically clusters users' search results. A transaction log analysis was conducted on 2‐week's worth of data collected from March 28 to April 4 and April 25 to May 2, 2004, representing 100% of site traffic during these periods and 2,029,734 queries overall. The results show that the highest percentage of queries contained two terms. The highest percentage of search sessions contained one query and was less than 1 minute in duration. Almost half of user interactions with clusters consisted of displaying a cluster's result set, and a small percentage of interactions showed cluster tree expansion. Findings show that 11.1% of search sessions were multitasking searches, and there are a broad variety of search topics in multitasking search sessions. Other searching interactions and statistics on repeat users of the search engine are reported. These results provide insights into search characteristics with a cluster‐based Web search engine and extend research into Web searching trends.
Improving high accuracy retrieval by eliminating the uneven correlation effect in data fusion
Authors: Wu Shengli , McClean Sally 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe aim of this research is twofold. On the one hand, high accuracy retrieval has been a concern of the information retrieval community for some time. We aim to investigate this issue via data fusion. On the other hand, the correlation among component results has been proven harmful to data fusion, but it has not been taken into account in data fusion algorithms. In the hope of achieving better performance, we propose a group of algorithms to eliminate the effect of uneven correlation among component results by assigning different weights to all component results or their combinations. Then the linear combination method or a variation is used for fusion. Extensive experimentation is carried out to evaluate the performances of these algorithms with six groups of component results, which are the top 10 systems submitted to Text REtrieval Conference (TREC) 6, 7, 8, 9, 2001, and 2002. The experimental results show that all eight data fusion methods involved outperform the best component system on average. Therefore, we demonstrate that the data fusion technique in general is effective with accurate retrieval results. The experimental results also demonstrate that all six methods presented in this article are effective for eliminating the effect of uneven correlation among component results. All of them outperform CombSum and five of them outperform CombMNZ on average.
Wirtschaftlichkeitsuntersuchungen zu Tribünenplatten unter dynamischer Beanspruchung
Authors: Roeser W. , Kuhlmann D. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIm vorliegenden Beitrag wird das dynamische Verhalten von Tribünenplatten in Sportstadien untersucht. Dabei werden neue Meßergebnisse beschrieben und auf die Wirtschaftlichkeit verschiedener Stufen‐ und Plattentypen eingegangen.
Kombiniertes Verfahren zur wirklichkeitsnahen Berechnung schlanker Stahlbetonstabtragwerke
Authors: Starossek Uwe , Wallmichrath Ingmar , Löhning Thomas 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDer wirklichkeitsnahen und damit nichtlinearen Berechnung von allgemeinen Stahlbetontragwerken kommt eine wachsende Bedeutung zu. Eine Kombination des allgemeinen Weggrößenverfahrens, des Übertragungsverfahrens und eines Querschnittsmoduls führt zu einem effektiven Berechnungsverfahren für allgemeine Stabtragwerke aus Stahl‐ und Spannbeton. Neben der stofflichen Nichtlinearität berücksichtigt das Verfahren auch geometrische Nichtlinearität mit großen Verformungen. Die übergeordnete Berechnung des Systems erfolgt inkrementell und iterativ mit dem allgemeinen Weggrößenverfahren. Auf Stabebene wird ein erweitertes Übertragungsverfahren zur Bestimmung der Stabendschnittgrößen und der Steifigkeitsmatrix eingesetzt. Die Formulierung des Übertragungsverfahrens erfolgt in einem rekursiven Schema für einen verformten Stab, der in Abhängigkeit vom Steifigkeitsgradienten in einzelne Abschnitte diskretisiert wird. Das nichtlineare Materialverhalten einschließlich Rißbildung, Entfestigung und Fließen der Bewehrung wird im Querschnittsmodul über eine Querschnittsintegration erfaßt.
Schutz und Instandsetzung von Betonbauteilen mit genormten Produkten nach EN 1504
Authors: Raupach M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDie Europäische Normenreihe EN 1504 für Schutz und Instandsetzung von Betonbauteilen steht unmittelbar vor ihrer Fertigstellung. Sie besteht aus 10 Hauptnormen und 62 zugehörigen Europäischen Prüfnormen. Die Hauptnormen EN 1504‐2 bis 7 regeln die Produktgruppen Oberflächenschutzsysteme, Mörtel, Klebstoffe für Verstärkungen, Riß‐ und Hohlraumfüllstoffe, Ankermörtel sowie die Stahlbeschichtungen. Die Prinzipien für den Gebrauch der Produkte sowie die Anwendung der Produkte auf der Baustelle mit zugehöriger Qualitätssicherung sind in den Teilen 9 und 10 enthalten. Ferner ist die Qualitätssicherung der Produkte in Teil 8 geregelt. Somit liegt in Kürze ein umfassendes Normenwerk für Schutz und Instandsetzung von Betonbauteilen vor. Derzeit wird beraten, wie dieses Normenwerk in Deutschland eingeführt wird. Aus verschiedenen Gründen wurde beschlossen, daß die Teile für Planung und Anwendung in Deutschland nicht eingeführt werden, weil mit den bestehenden Richtlinien des DAfStb “Schutz und Instandsetzung von Betonbauwerken” sowie der ZTV‐ING langjährig bewehrte Regelwerke vorliegen. Um die Europäisch zukünftig mit CE‐Zeichen markierten Produkte für Schutz und Instandsetzung von Betonbauwerken verwenden zu können, wurden für den Oberflächenschutz, die Mörtel, Rißfüllstoffe und die Stahlbeschichtungen inzwischen entsprechende Restnormen (DIN V 18026 bis 18028) erarbeitet, während die Kleber und Ankermörtel wie bisher in Zulassungen geregelt werden. In diesem Beitrag wird beschrieben wie zukünftig in Deutschland Schutz und Instandsetzung von Betonbauteilen mit genormten Produkten nach EN 1504 erfolgen soll.
Living donor versus deceased donor liver transplantation for early irresectable hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Lo C M , Fan S T , Liu C L , Chan S C , Ng I O-L , Wong J 
Published: October 2006

Abstract

Background
Hypothetical studies that favour living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) for early hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) assumed a comparable outcome after LDLT and deceased donor liver transplantation (DDLT). The aim of this study was to compare the outcome after LDLT with that after DDLT, and to identify factors that might account for any differences.

Methods
The study included 60 patients who met the radiological Milan or University of California at San Francisco (UCSF) criteria and underwent LDLT (43 patients) or DDLT (17).

Results
The LDLT group had fewer incidental tumours and a lower rate of pretransplant transarterial chemoembolization but a higher rate of salvage transplantation. Waiting time was shorter and graft weight to standard liver weight (GW : SLW) ratio was lower in this group. The perioperative course, and histopathological tumour size, number, grade and stage were comparable. Median follow-up was 33 (range 4–120) months. The cumulative 5-year recurrence rate was 29 per cent in the LDLT group and 0 per cent in the DDLT group (P = 0·029). A GW : SLW ratio of 0·6 or less, salvage transplantation, three or more tumour nodules, microscopic vascular invasion, and pathological stage beyond the Milan or UCSF criteria were significant confounding risk factors. Multivariable analysis identified salvage transplantation (relative risk 5·16 (95 per cent confidence interval (c.i.) 1·48 to 18·02); P = 0·010) and pathological stage beyond the UCSF criteria (relative risk 4·10 (95 per cent c.i. 1·02 to 16·48); P = 0·047) as independent predictors of recurrence.

Conclusion
Despite standard radiological selection criteria based on number and size, patients who underwent LDLT for HCC had more recurrence because of selection bias for other clinical characteristics.
Damages and rewards: assessment of malingered disorders in compensation cases
Authors: Rogers Richard , Payne Joshua W. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe assessment of malingering poses unique challenges to forensic practitioners in compensation cases and disability determinations. Beyond malingering itself, false claims can be presented regarding both the source of genuine symptoms and their injurious effects on work and social functioning. The article examines how contextually based psychological factors can affect clients' presentation in compensation cases. Important distinctions between different types of response style (e.g. malingering, feigning, and secondary gain) are presented. In addition, empirically validated detection strategies provide a clinical framework for the assessment of feigned disorders. With an emphasis on compensation cases and clinically relevant disorders, the effectiveness of these detection strategies is considered for specific psychological measures. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enyne Metathesis–Oxidation Sequence for the Synthesis of 2‐Phosphono Pyrroles: Proof of the “Yne‐then‐Ene” Pathway
Authors: Dieltiens Nicolai , Moonen Kristof , Stevens Christian V. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA new tandem reaction sequence has been developed for the synthesis of 2‐phosphono pyrroles. The sequence consists of ring‐closing enyne metathesis of a substituted aminophosphonate, containing a terminal alkyne and an internal alkene, in combination with in situ oxidation of the produced 3‐pyrrolines using tetrachloroquinone. By analyzing the formation of the end and certain byproducts, taking into account the difference in reactivity of different substrates and carefully studying spectroscopic data, it was found that the reaction proceeds by means of the “yne‐then‐ene” pathway. During the initiation phase, a new ruthenium carbene is formed which continues the propagation cycle.
Organocatalyzed Highly Enantioselective Direct Aldol Reactions of Aldehydes with Hydroxyacetone and Fluoroacetone in Aqueous Media: The Use of Water To Control Regioselectivity
Authors: Chen Xiao‐Hua , Luo Shi‐Wei , Tang Zhuo , Cun Lin‐Feng , Mi Ai‐Qiao , Jiang Yao‐Zhong , Gong Liu‐Zhu 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAn organocatalyst prepared from (2R,3R)‐diethyl 2‐amino‐3‐hydroxysuccinate and L‐proline exhibited high regio‐ and enantioselectivities for the direct aldol reactions of hydroxyacetone and fluoroacetone with aldehydes in aqueous media. It was found that water could be used to control the regioselectivity. The presence of 20–30 mol % of the catalyst afforded the direct aldol reactions of a wide range of aldehydes with hydroxyacetone to give the otherwise disfavored products with excellent enantioselectivities, ranging from 91 to 99 % ee, and high regioselectivities. Aldolizations of fluoroacetone with aldehydes mediated by 30 mol % of the organocatalyst in aqueous media preferentially occurred at the methyl group, yielding products with high enantioselectivities (up to 91 % ee); however, these additions took place dominantly at the fluoromethyl group in THF. Optically active 3,5‐disubstituted tetrahydrofurans and (2S,4R)‐dihydroxy‐4‐biphenylbutyric acid were prepared by starting from the aldol reaction of hydroxyacetone. Theoretical studies on the role of water in controlling the regioselectivity revealed that the hydrogen bonds formed between the amide oxygen of proline amide, the hydroxy of hydroxyacetone, and water are responsible for the regioselectivity by microsolvation with explicit one water molecule as a hydrogen‐bond donor and/or an acceptor.
Enantioselective Addition of Phenylacetylene to Ketones Catalyzed by Chiral Amino Alcohols
Authors: Ding Juan , Shen Zong‐Xuan , Luo Xiao‐Qing , Chen Wei‐Yi , Zhang Ya‐Wen 
Published: October 2006

Abstract(S)‐(1‐Benzylpyrrolidin‐2‐yl)diphenylmethanol and cinchonine were evaluated as promotors in the asymmetric additions of phenylacetylene to ketones, in order to prepare chiral propargylic alcohols. Good yields (up to 89%) and moderate enantioselectivities (up to 77.9% ee) were achieved. Addition of Ti(OPr‐i)4 can significantly improve the enantioselectivity of the reaction.
Laser Flash Photolysis Studies on Gallic Acid
Authors: Zhu Hong‐Ping , Zhao Hong‐Wei , Zhang Zhao‐Xia , Wang Wen‐Feng , Yao Si‐De 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe transient species of gallic acid (GA) have been studied by 266 nm nanosecond laser flash photolysis in aqueous solution and acetonitrile. The intermediate with absorption at 320 nm was identified as excited triplet state (3GA*), the decay rates of which were obtained in aqueous solution and acetonitrile respectively. Energy transfer from 3GA* to β‐carotene was observed and the energy transfer rate constant kent was determined to be 2.2×109mol−1·L·s−1. GA underwent photoionization during photolysis and the quantum yield of photoionization was determined to be 0.12 at room temperature with KI as a reference.
One Novel Vanadium‐Phosphate Cluster [PV2.5O8.5]·3.83{H2O} with Three‐Dimensional Architecture
Authors: Liu Ying , Zhang Xian‐Xi , Dou Jian‐Min , Wang Da‐Qi , Xu Feng , Zhou Lei , Su Huai‐Jing 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA novel vanadium‐phosphate compound [PV2.5O8.5]·3.83{H2O} (1) was obtained from the hydrothermal reaction and structurally characterized by elemental analysis and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, which exhibited that the title complex crystallized in cubic space group I‐43m with crystal data: a=1.6115(1) nm, V=4.1848(1) nm3,Z=12, Dc=1.783 g/cm3, F(000)=2278, R1=0.0528, and wR2=0.1329 [I>2σ(I)] (all data). The basic unit of {PV2.5O8.5} symmetrically extended to closed sphere‐like structure of {P4V10O34}, which was further linked to interleaving three‐dimensional network via sharing four phosphate through μ3‐oxygen atoms around the closed sphere‐like structures.
Design and Synthesis of Photoaffinity Probe Candidates for the GABA‐gated Chloride Channel
Authors: Liu Shang‐Zhong , Li Qing‐X. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn order to characterize binding sites of insecticidal compounds on GABA gated chloride channel, new photoaffinity probe candidates based on 5e‐t‐butyl‐2e‐[4‐(substituted‐propynyl)phenyl]‐1,3‐dithiane for the noncompetitive blocker (NCB) site of the γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)‐gated chloride channel were designed and synthesized, and their potency as an inhibitor on NCB was measured by 4′‐ethynyl‐4‐n‐[2,3‐3H2]‐propylbicycloorthobenzoate (3H EBOB) assay. The synthesized compounds showed high inhibition activities with half maximum inhibition concentrations (IC50) of lower than 35 nmol/L and were very stable in binding conditions as well photoreacted quickly at 300 nm light. These new compounds are expected to be good photoaffinity labeling probes if radioisotope iodine is incorporated.
Electron Effect of p‐Substituent on Iron(II) and Cobalt(II) Pyridinebisimine Catalyst for Ethylene Polymerization
Authors: Liu Jing‐Yu , Zheng Yi , Hu Ning‐Hai , Li Yue‐Sheng 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA series of 2,6‐bis(imino)pyridyl iron and cobalt complexes bearing p‐substituent [2,6‐(ArN=CMe)2C5H3N]‐
MCl2 (Ar=2,6‐Me2C6H3, 2,4,6‐Me3C6H2, 2,6‐Me2‐4‐BrC6H2, 2,6‐Me2‐4‐ClC6H2, 2,4‐Me2‐6‐BrC6H2, 2,4‐Me2‐6‐ClC6H2, while M=Fe, Co) have been synthesized and investigated as catalysts for ethylene polymerization in the presence of modified methylaluminoxane as a cocatalyst. The electron effect and positions of the substituent of pyridinebisimine ligands were observed to affect considerably catalyst activity and polymer property.
Immunoregulatory function of mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Uccelli Antonio , Moretta Lorenzo , Pistoia Vito 
Published: October 2006

AbstractMesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are a rare subset of stem cells residing in the bone marrow where they closely interact with hematopoietic stem cells and support their growth and differentiation. MSC can differentiate into multiple mesenchymal and non‐mesenchymal lineages, providing a promising tool for tissue repair. In addition, MSC suppress many T cell, B cell and NK cell functions and may affect also dendritic cell activities. Due to their limited immunogenicity, MSC are poorly recognized by HLA‐incompatible hosts. Based on these unique properties, MSC are currently under investigation for their possible use to treat immuno‐mediated diseases. However, both their condition of immunoprivilege and their immunosuppressive function have recently been challenged when analyzed under particular experimental conditions. Thus, it is likely that MSC effects on the immune system may be deeply influenced not only by cell‐to‐cell interactions, but also by environmental factors shaping their phenotype and functions.
C70[NR2]2O: The First C70 Intramolecular Ethers Bearing Two Amine Groups
Authors: Troshina Olesya A. , Troshin Pavel A. , Peregudov Alexander S. , Kozlovski Viacheslav I. , Lyubovskaya Rimma N. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPhotochemical reactions between [70]fullerene and N‐substituted piperazines yield C70[NR2]2O, the first isolated and characterized C70‐based aminofullerenes. Spectroscopic characterization revealed the presence of intramolecular ether moieties in the structures of these compounds. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
First Synthesis of Argadin: A Nanomolar Inhibitor of Family‐18 Chitinases
Authors: Dixon Mark J. , Andersen Ole A. , van Aalten Daan M. F. , Eggleston Ian M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe first synthesis of the cyclic peptide natural product, argadin is reported. Use of a solid‐phase approach featuring side‐chain resin attachment through histidine and a novel protecting group strategy allows rapid and efficient access to the argadin backbone, whereupon the unusual 3‐amino‐5‐hydroxy‐2‐pyrrolidone moiety of the peptide is introduced by oxidative cyclisation of a homoserine residue. Argadin is shown to exist as a 5:1 mixture of diastereoisomers at the 5‐hydroxy centre of the pyrrolidone ring, and inhibits a representative family‐18 chitinase (ChiB1 from Aspergillus fumigatus) with Ki = 33 nM. The high‐resolution X‐ray crystal structure of synthetic argadin in complex with the same enzyme shows the binding of a single diastereoisomer as previously observed with the authentic natural product. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Double‐functional characteristics of a surface molecular imprinted adsorbent with immobilization of nano‐TiO2
Authors: Su Haijia , Li Qiang , Tan Tianwei 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA new chitosan molecular imprinted adsorbent obtained by immobilization of nano‐TiO2 on the adsorbent surface (surface‐imprinted adsorbent with nano‐TiO2) was prepared. Based on photocatalytic reaction and the surface molecular imprinting technology, this new kind of surface‐imprinted adsorbent with immobilization of nano‐TiO2 can not only adsorb template metal ions but can also degrade organic pollutants. The results showed that, after the nano‐TiO2 was immobilized on the adsorbent surface, the adsorption ability for the imprinted ion (Ni2+) of this new imprinted adsorbent immobilized with nano‐TiO2 was not affected, but the degradation ability for p‐nitrophenol (PNP) of the surface‐imprinted adsorbent with nano‐TiO2 increased three‐fold compared with that of the surface‐imprinted adsorbent without nano‐TiO2, from 23.8 to 76.1% (at an initial PNP concentration of 20 mg·dm−3). The optimal TiO2 concentration in the adsorbent preparation was 0.025 g·TiO2 g−1 adsorbent. The removal capacity for PNP reached 60.25 mg·g−1 (at 400 mg·dm−3 initial PNP concentration) under UV irradiation. The surface‐imprinted adsorbent with nano‐TiO2 can be reused for at least five cycles without decreasing the removal ability for PNP and the imprinted ion (Ni2+). Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
The use of evolutionary biology concepts for genome annotation
Authors: Danchin Etienne G.J. , Levasseur Anthony , Lopez Rascol Virginie , Gouret Philippe , Pontarotti Pierre 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe past decade has seen the completion of numerous whole‐genome sequencing projects, began with bacterial genomes and continued with eukaryotic species from different phyla: fungi, plants and animals. Besides, more biological information are produced and are shared thanks to information exchange systems, and more biological concepts, as well as more bioinformatics tools, are available. In this article, we will describe how the evolutionary biology concepts, as well as computer science, are useful for a better understanding of biology in general and genome annotation in particular. The genome annotation process consists of taking the raw DNA produced, for example, by the genome sequencing projects, adding the layers of analysis and interpretation necessary to extract its biological significance and placing it in the context of our understanding of biological processes. Genome annotation is a multistep process falling into two broad categories: structural and functional annotation. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 306B, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc
Laser‐assisted microdissection (LAM) in developmental biology
Authors: Chimge Nyam‐Osor , Ruddle Frank , Bayarsaihan Dashzeveg 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe analysis of gene expression in developing organs is a valuable tool for the assessment of genetic fingerprints during the various stages of differentiation. Complex processes in developing tissues are particularly difficult to understand in terms of biochemical phenomena. Laser‐assisted microdissection (LAM) allows the efficient and precise capture of cells or groups of cells from developing tissues in sufficient quantities and within the context of time and space to permit the subsequent molecular characterization of the targeted tissue. The technique development has dramatically increased the ease of isolating specific cells which, together with progress in tissue preparation and microextraction protocols, allows for broad‐range down‐stream applications in the fields of genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics. This review gives an overview of the LAM technology and its application in developmental biology. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 306B, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.