bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acute and Chronic Phases of Unilateral Inflammation in Rat's Ankle are Associated with an Increase in the Proportion of Calcitonin Gene‐related Peptide‐immunoreactive Dorsal Root Ganglion Cells
Authors: Hanesch Ulrike , Pfrommer Ursula , Grubb Blair D. , Schaible Hans‐Georg 
Published: April 2006

AbstractUsing immunocytochemical methods, the proportion of calcitonin gene‐related peptide immunoreactive perikarya was determined in dorsal root ganglia L4–L6 in four control rats and in ten rats with a unilateral inflammation in the ankle region of the left hindlimb. The inflammation was induced by subdermal injection of Freund's complete adjuvant at the ankle. Swelling and cellular infiltration of the ankle region developed within 2 days, and were stable and restricted to the injected ankle for the duration of the 3‐week study. In control rats ∼24% of 20 419 perikarya showed calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP)‐like immunoreactivity. In rats with unilateral inflammation the proportion of CGRP‐positive neurons was increased on the inflamed side to ∼32% of 11 454 cells at day 2 (P < 0.001 with respect to ganglia in normal rats) and ∼29% of 10 739 perikarya at day 20 post inoculation (P < 0.01). By contrast, no significant changes were found between ganglia in the non‐injected side (∼25% at day 2 and ∼24% at day 20). These results demonstrate that peripheral inflammation is associated with an increase in the proportion of neurons in the dorsal root ganglia that synthetize CGRP. This up‐regulation is already present at an early stage of inflammation but also at later stages, suggesting that the increased synthesis of CGRP is an important neurobiological reaction associated with the acute and chronic phases of inflammation.
Zonal Organization Within the Projection from the Inferior Olive to the Rostral Paramedian Lobule of the Cat Cerebellum
Authors: Trott Judy R. , Apps Richard 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe projection from the inferior olivary nucleus to the forelimb‐related regions of the c1, c2 and c3 zones within rostral folia of the paramedian lobule of the cat cerebellum was studied using a combined electrophysiological and neuroanatomical tracing technique. In each experiment, the cerebellar cortical zones were identified by their receipt of spino‐olivocerebellar input evoked by percutaneous electrical stimulation of the limbs. A small (15 – 30 nl) injection of wheatgerm agglutinin – horseradish peroxidase (WGA – HRP) was then made into the centre of one of the zones. The olivary regions projecting to each zone were compared with the regions within the olive that have previously been shown to project to the corresponding cortical zones within lobule V of the anterior lobe. The results show that some (but not all) of the paravermal zones in the anterior lobe are also represented in the paramedian lobule (PML). The most medial (c1) zone in rostral PML receives climbing fibre input from an area in the rostral dorsal accessory olive which overlaps partially with the area that projects to the medial half of the C1 zone in lobule V. A zone equivalent to the lateral half of the c1 zone (the cx zone) in lobule V does not appear to be present within rostral PML. A middle (c2) zone within rostral PML receives olivary input from a region within the rostral medial accessory olive that overlaps partially with the area that projects to the c2 zone in lobule V. The presence of a c3 zone within rostral PML was found to be variable between animals and it could be identified electrophysiologically in only two out of a possible nine cases. In summary, the results demonstrate that, although a number of similarities exist between the olivocerebellar projections to corresponding cortical zones in the two forelimb‐receiving regions of the cat paravermal cortex, the differences in olivocerebellar connectivity between the two regions suggest that functional differences between them may also exist.
The Incidence of Bifurcation Among Corticocortical Connections from Area 17 in the Developing Visual Cortex of the Cat
Authors: Price David J. , Ferrer José Manuel R. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn newborn kittens, cells in the striate cortex (visual area 17) that project to area 18 (part of extrastriate cortex) are distributed with uniform density in the superficial and in the deep layers. During postnatal weeks 2 – 3, some of these corticocortical connections are removed to generate an adult‐like projection in which association cells are clustered mainly in the superficial layers of area 17. Axonal elimination, without cell death, is the major factor sculpting patches of corticocortical cells in superficial layers. In adult cats, few cells in area 17 (∼5%) have axons that bifurcate to multiple extrastriate areas. We have studied the possibility that the early exuberant innervation of area 18 by neurons in area 17 is largely from the transient collaterals of axons that also project to other visual areas. Kittens aged 2 – 21 days were each injected with a pair of retrogradely transported tracers, either diamidino yellow and fast blue, or diamidino yellow and a carbocyanine dye, at retinotopically corresponding points in area 18 and either area 19 or the posteromedial lateral suprasylvian cortex (PMLS). As for injections in area 18, those in area 19 and PMLS in kittens aged ≥5 days labelled cells in continuous bands in area 17; in older kittens neurons projecting from area 17 to extrastriate regions were in patches, mainly in superficial layers. In each animal, the labelling from the two injections overlapped by 51–92%. However, at all ages, never more than 4% of cells projecting to area 18 branched to PMLS; ≤6% of area 17‐to‐18 cells bifurcated to area 19 in kittens aged ≥15 days, although slightly more (10 – 12%) did so at 3 – 5 days. Thus, as in adults, we found no evidence of frequent collateralization among the axons of cells projecting from area 17 to other extrastriate areas in kittens.
The Structure of Sleep is Related to the Learning Ability of Rats
Authors: Ambrosini M. V. , Mariucci G. , Colarieti L. , Bruschelli G. , Carobi C. , Giuditta A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractUsing electroencephalographic methods, rats learning or not learning a two‐way active avoidance task were found to differ significantly in the structure of sleep determined the day before training. The main differences concerned (i) synchronized sleep episodes followed by wakefulness, which were longer and fewer in learning rats; (ii) paradoxical sleep episodes, which were longer in learning rats. Significant correlations were present between the number and/or the average duration of synchronized sleep episodes followed by wakefulness or by paradoxical sleep and the number of avoidances or escapes scored in the training session. Power spectral analysis indicated that the relative output in the 6 – 7‐Hz region was higher in learning rats, notably during short episodes of synchronized sleep followed by paradoxical sleep. As two‐way active avoidance training induces comparable modifications in postacquisition sleep (Ambrosini et al., Physiol. Behav., 51, 217 – 226, 1992), the features of preacquisition sleep which prevail in learning rats might directly determine their capacity to learn. Alternatively, they might reflect the existence of a genetic determinant independently conditioning the ability to learn.
The Envelope Glycoprotein of HIV‐1 Alters NMDA Receptor Function
Authors: Sweetnam Paul M. , Saab Omar H. , Wroblewski Jarda T. , Price Christopher H. , Karbon E. William , Ferkany John W. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV‐1) infection often results in central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction, yet the mechanism(s) of action for HIV‐1 in the CNS are not fully understood. In the present study gp120, the HIV‐1 envelope glycoprotein, was shown to selectively inhibit N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor function. In addition to inhibiting radioligand binding to rat NMDA receptors, gp120 inhibited NMDA‐induced currents in Xenopus oocytes, attenuated NMDA‐stimulated calcium flux and cytotoxicity in cultured cerebellar granule cells, and provided partial protection against NMDA‐induced lethality in vivo. These findings suggest that NMDA receptor complex is a possible site of action of HIV‐1 within the CNS.
Cocaine Enhances the Changes in Extracellular Dopamine in Nucleus Accumbens Associated with Reinforcing Stimuli: A High‐speed Chronoamperometric Study in Freely Moving Rats
Authors: Kiyatkin Eugene A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractNumerous data suggest that the mesocorticolimbic dopamine (DA) system is critically involved in the organization and regulation of goal‐directed behaviours of various types as well as in the mediation of the psychogenic effects of cocaine. To test the hypothesis that cocaine not only alters levels of extracellular DA within the mesolimbic DA system, but in addition changes the response of this system to reinforcing environmental stimuli, a study using high‐speed chronoamperometry was done to evaluate the effects of cocaine (15 mg/kg, i.p.) on extracellular DA in the nucleus accumbens and to assess the effects of cocaine on the response evoked by the presentation of tail‐pinch and palatable food. Cocaine was found to induce long‐term biphasic changes in extracellular DA (an increase followed by a decrease) and, more importantly, to enhance DA increases evoked by both tail‐pinch and food. The powerful enhancing action of cocaine on DA release, triggered by significant environmental stimuli and associated with behaviours of different types, is considered to be a possible primary mechanism of its rewarding or euphorigenic effect.
Glutamate‐like Immunoreactivity in Retinal Terminals of the Mouse Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
Authors: Castel M. , Belenky M. , Cohen S. , Ottersen O. P. , Storm‐Mathisen J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWith a view to identifying the neurotransmitter content of retinal terminals within the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus, a highly specific antiserum to glutaraldehyde‐coupled glutamate was used in a postembedding immunogold procedure at the ultrastructural level. Retinal terminals were identified by cholera toxin–horseradish peroxidase transported anterogradely from the retina and reacted with tetramethyl benzidine/tungstate/H2O2, or by their characteristically pale and distended mitochondria with irregular cristae. Controls included model ultrathin sections containing high concentrations of various amino acids. Alternate serial sections were labelled with anti‐glutamate and anti‐γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA). Data were analysed by computer‐assisted image analysis. Density of glutamate labelling (gold particles per μm2) on whole retinal terminals was > 3 times higher than that on postsynaptic dendrites, and > 5 times higher than that on miscellaneous non‐retinal non‐glutamatergic terminals in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. The overall density of gold particles over retinal terminals was ∼ 3 times higher than that over GABAergic terminals, in which glutamate‐like immunoreactivity was mainly mitochondrial. Labelling of vesicles in retinal terminals was almost 5 times greater than the apparent labelling of vesicles in GABAergic terminals, underscoring the location of transmitter glutamate within synaptic vesicles in retinal terminals. In the retino‐recipient region of the suprachiasmatic nucleus there was also a small population of non‐retinal glutamatergic terminals. Their overall immunoreactivity was similar to or exceeded that of retinal terminals, but morphological features clearly distinguished between these two types of glutamate‐containing terminals. The present results indicate that the vast majority of retinal terminals may use glutamate as a transmitter, in keeping with electrophysiological and neuropharmacological data from other sources. The possibility of cotransmitters within retinal terminals, suggested by the presence of dense‐core vesicles among the glutamate‐containing synaptic vesicles, has still to be addressed.
Potent Analgesia Induced in Rats by Combined Action at PCP and Polyamine Recognition Sites of the NMDA Receptor Complex
Authors: Coderre Terence J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe present study was performed to examine the analgesic effects of the intrathecal administration of agents acting at various sites in the N‐methyl‐d‐aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor complex on the nociceptive responses to s.c. formalin injection in rats. Both the competitive NMDA receptor antagonist 2‐amino‐5‐phosphonovaleric acid (APV) and the non‐competitive NMDA antagonist dizocilpine maleate (MK‐801) produced dose‐dependent analgesic effects in the late, but not the early, phase of the formalin test. The polyamine antagonist ifenprodil, and the strychnine‐insensitive glycine antagonists DCQX and 7‐chlorokynurenic acid, failed to produce any analgesic effects in either the early or the late phase of the formalin test. The analgesic effects of APV were enhanced slightly by combined administration with a non‐analgesic dose of glycine, and the analgesic effects of MK‐801 were dramatically potentiated by combined adminstration of a non‐analgesic dose of the polyamine spermine. The results indicate that much more potent analgesia can be produced in the formalin test by a combination of open channel blockers (such as MK‐801) with agonists acting at the polyamine site, than by a single treatment with antagonists to either glycine allosteric or polyamine sites within the NMDA receptor complex.
Giant GABAB‐mediated Synaptic Potentials Induced by Zinc in the Rat Hippocampus: Paradoxical Effects of Zinc on the GABAB Receptor
Authors: Xie Xinmin , Smart Trevor G. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe interaction of zinc with pre‐ and postsynaptic GABAB receptors was studied in adult rat hippocampal slices using intracellular recording in CA1 and CA3 pyramidal neurons. Zinc (50 – 300 μM) antagonized baclofen responses with a variable potency, whereas CGP‐35348 (100 μM) or barium (300 μM) produced a more substantial and consistent inhibition. Zinc also induced giant GABAA‐mediated depolarizing potentials (GDP) in these neurons. After blocking GABAA and excitatory synaptic transmission, monosynaptic hyperpolarizing inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSP) mediated by GABAB receptors (IPSPB) were inhibited by CGP‐35348 or barium; however, zinc increased the latency and prolonged the duration of the IPSPB and also induced the appearance of spontaneous giant GABAB‐mediated hyperpolarizing potentials (GHP). In some cells, IPSPBs in zinc exhibited a multiphasic appearance. The early component was partially inhibited by 300 μM zinc and was followed by a late GHP. CGP‐35348 at 100 μM inhibited the early monosynaptic IPSPB but not the GHP; however, at 300 μM both components were blocked. Paired‐pulse inhibition of the IPSPB was used to assess the effect of zinc on presynaptic GABAB receptors. Neither the zinc‐chelating agent CP94 (400 μM) nor zinc affected this phenomenon. CGP‐35348, barium and polyvalent cations, such as cadmium, copper, cobalt, manganese, iron and aluminium, failed to induce giant potentials in hippocampal neurons. It is concluded that zinc is apparently unique in synchronizing the release of GABA to produce GDPs and GHPs.
Functional Organization of Area V2 in the Alert Macaque
Authors: Peterhans E. , von der Heydt R. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWe studied the relation between anatomical structure and functional properties of cells in area V2 of the macaque. Visual function was assessed in the alert animal during fixation of gaze. Recording sites were reconstructed with respect to cortical lamination and the cytochrome oxidase pattern. We measured orientation and direction selectivity, end‐stopping, sensitivity to binocular disparity and ocular dominance, and determined more complex functions like sensitivity to anomalous contours and lines defined by coherent motion. Orientation selectivity was found in all parts of area V2, with high frequencies in the pale and thick stripes of the cytochrome oxidase pattern, and with lower frequency in the thin stripes. Representations of anomalous contours were found in the pale and thick stripes with similar frequencies, but generally not in the thin stripes, which have been thought to process colour. Lines defined by coherent motion were most frequently represented in the thick stripes; they were less frequent in the pale stripes, and (as with anomalous contours) were not found in the thin stripes. Sensitivity to binocular disparity was found in all types of stripes, but more frequently in the thick stripes, where the exclusively binocular neurons were also concentrated. By contrast, no segregation was found for direction selectivity and end‐stopping. All neuronal properties were distributed evenly across cortical laminae. We conclude that mechanisms for figure–ground segregation involve the pale and the thick stripes of the cytochrome oxidase pattern, perhaps with greater emphasis on 'shape from motion’and 'stereoscopic depth’in the thick stripes, while more elementary neuronal properties are distributed almost evenly across the stripe pattern.
Functional Organization of the Human First and Second Somatosensory Cortices: a Neuromagnetic Study
Authors: Hari R. , Karhu J. , Hämäläinen M. , Knuutila J. , Salonen O. , Sams M. , Vilkman V. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractMultichannel neuromagnetic recordings were used to differentiate signals from the human first (SI) and second (SII) somatosensory cortices and to define representations of body surface in them. The responses from contralateral SI, peaking at 20 – 40 ms, arose mainly from area 3b, where representations of the leg, hand, fingers, lips and tongue agreed with earlier animal studies and with neurosurgical stimulations and recordings on convexial cortex in man. Representations of the five fingers were limited to a cortical strip of ∼2 cm in length. Responses from SII peaked 100 – 140 ms after contra‐ and ipsilateral stimuli and varied considerably from one subject to another. Signs of somatotopical organization were seen also in SII. Responses of SII were not fully recovered at interstimulus intervals of 8 s.
Expression of c‐Jun as a Response to Dorsal Root and Peripheral Nerve Section in Damaged and Adjacent Intact Primary Sensory Neurons in the Rat
Authors: Jenkins R. , McMahon S. B. , Bond A. B. , Hunt S. P. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIt was previously shown that the immediate early gene, c‐jun, was highly expressed over long periods, in both peripheral sensory and motor neurons following axon damage or block of axoplasmic transport. Here we have examined the question of whether the expression of c‐Jun protein is related to axon injury per se or to the process of axon growth. We have examined dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells subjected to different manipulations which are associated with varying degrees of regrowth, as follows: (i) after peripheral nerve section, where it appears that all damaged neurons make some regenerative effort. 1 – 24 days after sciatic nerve section and ligation most cells in L4/L5 DRG were c‐Jun‐positive; (ii) after section of the central processes of the DRG cells, which then showed a slow and limited regrowth of their axons towards, but not into, the spinal cord. This resulted in a variable, but significant, expression of c‐Jun in a small number of DRG cells; (iii) in intact sensory neurons that were offered the opportunity to sprout into adjacent denervated peripheral tissue. The sciatic nerve was ligated and the response of cells in the L3 ganglia (many of which project to the saphenous nerve) was measured. A small but significant number of cells were c‐Jun‐positive; (iv) in intact sensory neurons that were offered the opportunity to sprout centrally into partialy denervated neuropil of the spinal cord. We examined neurons in the L3 DRG after rhizotomy of the adjacent L4/L5 dorsal roots. Previous work suggests that sensory neurons show at best a very limited growth under these conditions. No significant increase was seen in c‐Jun expression in these cases. These results suggest that c‐Jun expression is closely correlated with growth and regeneration, and not simply a consequence of neuronal injury.
A Phosphorylation Epitope on MAP 1B that is Transiently Expressed in Growing Axons in the Developing Rat Nervous System
Authors: Gordon‐Weeks Phillip R. , Mansfield S. Gary , Alberto Concha , Johnstone Mandy , Moya Fernando 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWe have isolated a monoclonal antibody (150) that recognizes a phosphorylation epitope on the microtubule‐associated protein (MAP) 1B. Immunoblot analysis of the developing rat central nervous system shows that monoclonal antibody 150 is directed against a protein of ∼325 kDa (MAP 1B) that copolymerizes with microtubules through successive cycles of temperature‐dependent assembly and disassembly. Furthermore, immunoprecipitated MAP 1B contains the epitope recognized by monoclonal antibody 150. Removal of phosphate from blotted proteins using alkaline phosphatase abolishes the binding of monoclonal antibody 150 to MAP 1B, indicating that the epitiope is phosphorylated. In the developing rat nervous system, immunohistochemistry with monoclonal antibody 150 shows that the phosphorylation epitope on MAP 1B is transiently expressed in growing axons but not in dendrites. For instance, in the neonatal rat cerebellum, the parallel fibres of granule cells are stained only during elongation and not after synaptogenesis. The monoclonal antibody 150 epitope is also transiently expressed in radial glial fibres and in certain cell nuclei. All immunostaining of sections with monoclonal antibody 150 was completely abolished by alkaline phosphatase treatment. These observations and previous ones made by us in cell culture (Mansfield et al., J. Neurocytol., 20, 654 – 666, 1991) suggest that the phosphorylation epitope on MAP 1B recognized by monoclonal antibody 150, which has not been previously detected in vivo, may be important in axonogenesis.
Distribution and Characterization of Neuropeptide FF‐like Immunoreactivity in the Rat Nervous System with a Monoclonal Antibody
Authors: Lee Che‐Hung , Wasowicz Krzysztof , Brown Robert , Majane Elizabeth A. , Yang Hsiu‐Ying T. , Panula Pertti 
Published: April 2006

AbstractMonoclonal antibodies against neuropeptide FF were produced and characterized. The antibodies are directed and highly specific to neuropeptide FF, and reactivity requires the C‐terminal dipeptide of neuropeptide FF (Arg‐Phe‐NH2). Tissue extracts from bovine spinal cord, rat spinal cord and hypothalamus were analysed by high‐pressure liquid chromatography coupled with radioimmunoassay using the characterized monoclonal antibody. Only one immunoreactive peptide was detected and it coeluted with authentic neuropeptide FF. Using this highly specific monoclonal antibody, the distribution of neuropeptide FF‐like immunoreactivity was further studied by indirect immunohistochemistry. Immunoreactivity was seen in two major cell groups in the rat brain. The largest cell group was located in the medial hypothalamus between the dorsomedial and ventromedial nuclei. The other one was found in the nucleus of the solitary tract. Fibres immunoreactive for neuropeptide FF were located in the lateral septal nucleus, amygdala, different hypothalamic areas, nucleus of the solitary tract, ventral medulla, trigeminal complex and the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Spinal and sympathetic ganglia were non‐reactive. No neuropeptide FF immunoreactivity was seen in the gut autonomic nervous system or endocrine cells. The results show that neuropeptide FF‐like immunoreactivity has a clearly more limited distribution in the nervous system than typical brain–gut peptides.