bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Scale‐Up of Agrobacterium‐Mediated Transient Protein Expression in Bioreactor‐Grown Nicotiana glutinosa Plant Cell Suspension Culture
Authors: M. O'Neill Kristin , Larsen Jeffrey S. , Curtis Wayne R. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe reporter gene β‐glucuronidase was transiently expressed in a 51‐L bioreactor‐grown plant cell suspension culture of Nicotiana glutinosa at a yield of approximately 1.1 mg through co‐culture with an auxotrophic strain of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The three order of magnitude scale‐up involved the investigation of factors contributing to transient expression including the timing of Agrobacterium inoculation relative to the plant cell growth phase, plant tissue culture hormonal triggers and plant cell cycle synchronization. The co‐culture process was simplified to facilitate implementation in a pilot‐scale bioreactor. At the shake flask scale it was determined that elevated concentrations of oxygen in the headspace were detrimental to transient expression levels and the addition of acetosyringone to the co‐culture had a negligible effect. The bacterial preparation process was also streamlined, permitting the direct transfer of the Agrobacterium culture from a bench‐scale fermentor to the pilot‐scale plant cell culture bioreactor. Increasing expression levels and overcoming batch‐to‐batch variability despite extensive procedure systemization remain the major technical hurdles.
U.S. National Science Foundation Budget Proposal Focuses on Basic Research
Authors: Kumar Mohi 
Published: March 2008

The budget request of the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) for fiscal year (FY) 2009 focuses attention on basic research, establishes and supports several cross‐foundation investment projects designed to have a transformative impact across science and engineering, and puts foundation activities back on track to double their research budgets by the next decade.The foundation's total proposed budget is US$6.85 billion, an increase of 13% over that enacted for FY 2008. Most of this funding increase goes to NSF's Research and Related Activities (R&RA) account, which, at $5.59 billion, is $772.5 million above the FY 2008 enacted amount.
Developing Strategies for Future Climate Change Science: Future Climate Change Research and Observations: GCOS, WCRP and IGBP Learning From the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report; Sydney, Australia, 4–6 October 2007
Authors: Bojinski Stephan , Doherty Sarah 
Published: March 2008

Learning from the findings of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report to design future strategies for climate change research and observations was the key objective of a workshop organized jointly by the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS), the World Climate Research Program (WCRP), and the International Geosphere‐ Biosphere Programme (IGBP) in Sydney, Australia.Some 66 key IPCC authors and other experts associated with the three international programs discussed ways to sustain and develop future observing systems and to define climate change research challenges, based on gaps and uncertainties identified by IPCC Working Group I (The Physical Science Basis) and Working Group II (Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability) in their latest assessments.
Foufoula‐Geogiou Receives 2007 Hydrologic Sciences Award
Authors: Hornberger George M. , Foufoula‐Georgiou Efi 
Published: March 2008

It is my great pleasure today to introduce the recipient of the 2007 AGU Hydrologic Sciences Award, Efi Foufoula‐Georgiou.Efi took her Ph.D. at the University of Florida (environmental engineering), and she has been at the University of Minnesota for a number of years where she is the McKnight Distinguished Professor in the Department of Civil Engineering. Efi is codirector of NCED, the National Science Foundation Science and Technology Center dealing with Earth‐surface dynamics.
Mantle Plumes: A Multidisciplinary Approach
Authors: Condie Kent C. 
Published: March 2008

Mantle plumes are blobs of relatively hot, low‐density mantle that because of their buoyancy, rise through the surrounding mantle. The existence of mantle plumes in the Earth was first suggested in 1963 by J. Tuzo Wilson at the University of Toronto as an explanation of oceanic island chains, such as the Hawaiian and Emperor volcanic chains, which change progressively in age along the chain. Wilson proposed that as lithospheric plates move over fixed hot spots (the mantle plumes), volcanism is recorded as a linear array of volcanic seamounts and islands parallel to the direction the plate is moving.In 1971, W. Jason Morgan at Princeton University suggested that flood basalts were formed by the melting of plume heads, whereas hot spot volcanic chains were derived from partial melting of plume tails. He also showed that closely spaced hot spots on the same plate had not moved significantly relative to each other, and he suggested this was evidence that the plumes had come from the core‐mantle boundary.
General Detoxification and Stress Responses Are Mediated by Oxidized Lipids through TGA Transcription Factors inArabidopsis
Authors: Mueller Stefan , Hilbert Beate , Dueckershoff Katharina , Roitsch Thomas , Krischke Markus , Mueller Martin J. , Berger Susanne 
Published: March 2008

Abstract12-oxo-phytodienoic acid and several phytoprostanes are cyclopentenone oxylipins that are formed via the enzymatic jasmonate pathway and a nonenzymatic, free radical–catalyzed pathway, respectively. Both types of cyclopentenone oxylipins induce the expression of genes related to detoxification, stress responses, and secondary metabolism, a profile clearly distinct from that of the cyclopentanone jasmonic acid. Microarray analyses revealed that 60% of the induction by phytoprostanes and 30% of the induction by 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid was dependent on the TGA transcription factors TGA2, TGA5, and TGA6. Moreover, treatment with phytoprostanes and 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid inhibited cell division and root growth, a property also shared by jasmonic acid. Besides being potent signals, cyclopentenones and other lipid peroxidation products are reactive electrophiles that can covalently bind to and damage proteins. To this end, we show that at least two of the induced detoxification enzymes efficiently metabolize cyclopentenones in vitro. Accumulation of two of these metabolites was detectable during Pseudomonas infection. The cyclopentenone oxylipin gene induction profile resembles the defense response induced by a variety of lipophilic xenobiotics. Hence, oxidized lipids may activate chemosensory mechanisms of a general broad-spectrum detoxification network involving TGA transcription factors.
Antiliaemophilic Factor (Factor VIII): An a‐2 Globulin
Authors: Barkhan P. , Lai M. , Stevenson M. 
Published: March 2008

Little is known of the molecular size or structure of antihaemophilic factor (AHF)‐also known as Factor VIII or antihaemophilic globulin (AHG). It is generally assumed to be a protein and has been characterized electrophoretically as a B‐2 globulin (Spaet and Kinsell, 1953; van Creveld, Hoorweg, den Ottolander and Veder, 1956). Hardisty and Pinniger (1956) found that it migrated with the B‐globulin fraction.In the course of using the method of starch‐block electrophoresis for the separation of clotting factors from human plasma we have found the AHF activity in the a‐2 globulin region, and have failed to detect similar activity in any of the B‐globulin fractions. In this paper we report and discuss these findings.
The Incidence and Types of Thalassaemia‐Trait Carriers in Israel
Authors: Ramot B. , Abrahamov Ayalah , Frayer Z. , Gafni D. 
Published: March 2008

The Israeli population has been found to be heterogeneous by the use of a number of genetic markers (Ramot, Duvdevani‐Zikert and Kende, 1962; Szeinberg, Sheba and Adam, 1958; Sohar, Pras, Heller and Heller, 1961; Sheba, Ashkenazi and Szeinberg, 1962; Gurevitch, Hasson, Margolis and Poliakoff, 1954). The presence of thalassaemia among Buchara and Kurdish Jews has been previously described by Schieber (1945) and by Matoth, Shamir and Freundlich (1955).This study was undertaken to determine (a) the frequency of thalassaemia among different Jewish ethnic groups, and (b) the frequency of an increase in haemoglobin A2 among thalassaemia carriers in our population.
Studies on Fibrinogen Fractions Isolated from Human Plasma by Precipitation with Cold Ether
Authors: Eisen V. 
Published: March 2008

Mackay, Maycock, Silk and Combridge (1965) have shown that human fibrinogen preparations isolated by cold ether from freshly collected plasma (fraction HAHG, rich in Factor VIII), or from outdated plasma (fraction ETF), generate, when incubated at 37°C., traces of kinin (2–30 μmg. of bradykinin per ml. of fraction in 60 minutes). Activation of the plasminogen in the two fractions enhances the kinin formation in HAHG (30–117 μmg./ml. per 60 minutes), but not in ETF. Longer incubation did not increase the kinin yield.With larger transfusions, the amounts of kinin which develop in activated HAHG could be sufficient to produce pharmacological effects, and consequently clinical reactions (Mackay et al., 1965). However, there is no evidence that the plasminogen in transfused HAHG is activated in the body. Even if this were the case, the action of this enzyme on the kinin‐yielding substrate (kininogen) in HAHG is so slow that the resulting kinin would be destroyed in vivo by the normal blood kininase (a carboxypeptidase), before effective levels could develop. The present work suggests that the occasional reactions to transfusions (Maycock, Evans, Vallet, Combridge, Wolf, MacGibbon, French, Wallett, Dacie, Biggs, Handley and Macfarlane, 1963) could be due to the presence in HAHG and ETF of already active kalli‐krein which rapidly forms kinin by interacting with the high kininogen concentration in the recipient's plasma (cf. Fig. 1 in Mackay et al., 1965). The fractions also contain a factor capable of activating the kallikreinogen in the patient's plasma.The nature of the enzymic contaminant in HAHG and ETF, which hydrolysed p‐tosyl‐l‐arginine methyl ester (TAMe) even when the plasminogen in the two fractions had not been activated (Mackay et al., 1965), was also investigated in the present study.
The Action of the First Component of Complement on Cells Sensitized with Blood Group Antibody
Authors: Stratton F. , Rawlinson Violet I. 
Published: March 2008

We have always experienced difficulties in the past in treating cells sensitized with blood group antibody with the first component of complement so that they became strongly active following such treatment. Such cells, prepared as described by other workers (Harboe, Müller‐Eberhard, Fudenberg, Polley and Mollison, 1963) have always proved to be insufficiently active for our experiments.We therefore explored a number of alternative methods, and found that a pellet obtained by ultracentrifugation of human serum (Naff, Pensky and Lepow, 1964) could be used for this purpose. The object of this paper is to describe the treatment of cells sensitized with blood group antibodies with this pellet and to describe the reactions of the cells so prepared.
Platelet Survival Studies in Man with Diisopropylphosphorofluoridate (DF32P). SOME OBSERVATIONS IN PATIENTS WITH HYPOCOAGULABILITY, ‘HYPERCOAGULABILITY’ AND PLATELET DISORDERS*
Authors: Barkhan P. 
Published: March 2008

Diisopropylphosphorofluoridate (DF32P) acts as a cell label by combining irreversibly with esterases in the cell membrane. It was first used in man for tagging red cells (Cohen and Warringa, 1954) and later for platelets (Leeksma and Cohen, 1956) and leucocytes (Athens, Mauer, Ashenbrucker, Cartwright and Wintrobe, 1959). Since DF32P allows platelets to be labelled directly in vivo it has obvious advantages over the 51Cr method (Aas and Gardner, 1958) which necessitates removal of platelets from the body for labelling and subsequent re‐injection.The precise form of the normal platelet survival curve in man and the relative importance of intrinsic factors such as cell age, and extrinsic factors such as variations in the concentration of plasma coagulation factors, remains to be established. As part of an investigation into some of these factors, DF32P has been used in a small comparative study of platelet survival in some hypocoagulable and some ‘hypercoagulable’ states. During the course of this study the opportunity arose to apply the method to patients with qualitative and quantitative platelet abnormalities. These studies are presented and discussed in this paper.
Studies on Neutrophil Function I. Physiological and Pharmacological Aspects
Authors: Penny R. , Galton D. A. G. , Scott J. T. , Eisen V. 
Published: March 2008

During inflammation, the circulating neutrophil adheres to the altered venular endothelium (Marchesi, 1964; Cotran, 1965), and emigrates between the endothelial cells into the tissue towards its prey. Both phenomena were first observed by Dutrochet in 1824 in the small blood vessels of the tail of the frog tadpole. Accurate observations on the margination and emigration of leucocytes in inflammation were made between 1833 and 1850 by Wagner, Waller, Addison and Wharton–Jones, and later by Cohnheim and Adami. The history of the early work is reviewed by Grant (1965). The amoeboid locomotion of leucocytes was studied by Metchnikoff at the end of the 19th century. He introduced the term phagocytosis and was the first to recognize it as a defence reaction (1893), his contemporaries including Klebs, Koch, Waldeyer and Virchow having regarded leucocytes as a source of dissemination of the bacteria they had observed within them.Pseudopodia form and enclose the particles to be phagocytosed within a phagocytic vacuole into which are discharged the enzyme‐rich contents of the neutrophil granules (Senda, 1962; Zucker‐Franklin and Hirsch, 1964; Zatti, Rossi and Meneghell, 1965). This process requires the participation of intrinsic neutrophil mechanisms and of extrinsic serum and tissue components. The biochemical aspects of neutrophil function at rest and in action have been investigated, (Karnovsky, 1962; Rossi and Zatti, 1964; Ohta, 1964a, b; Perry, 1964; Zatti et al., 1965) but recently more attention has been directed towards the extracellular components concerned in leucocyte emigration (Hurley, 1964), adhesiveness (Rabinowitz, 1964), chemotaxis (Boyden, North and Faulkner, 1965; Ward, Cochrane and Müller‐Eberhard, 1965), phagocytosis (Tullis and Surgenor, 1950; Nelson and Lebrun, 1956; Boyden, 1963; Gerlings‐Petersen and Pondman, 1964; Vaughan, 1965), and the post‐phagocytic phase (Li, Mudd and Kapral, 1963; Archer, 1964; Boyden et al., 1965).In the present study, adhesiveness and phagocytosis were the two aspects of neutrophil function assessed in vitro under physiological and pharmacological conditions (I) and in pathological states (II), in the hope of casting light on the causes of disturbed function in a variety of pathological states.
Observations on the in vitro Growth of Peripheral Leucocytes from Patients with Myeloproliferative Disorders
Authors: Pegrum G. D. 
Published: March 2008

In 1960 Moorhead, Nowell, Mellman, Battips and Hungerford described a method for obtaining chromosome preparations by culturing peripheral blood leucocytes. This work has provoked intensive studies of human chromosomes in many disorders. Studies on leukaemia and related conditions were not long in appearing, and in 1960 Nowell and Hungerford described an abnormality of one of the small acrocentric chromosomes in two male patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia. The abnormal chromosome was later found to occur in the majority of patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia and was named the Philadelphia (Ph1) chromosome. In the first studies this chromosome was sometimes absent from the peripheral blood cultures stimulated with phytohaemagglutinin but present in the marrow. However, there are cases of chronic myeloid leukaemia where no Ph1 chromosome can be found (Tough, Jacobs, Court‐Brown, Baikie and Williamson, 1963; Krauss, Sokal and Sandberg, 1964).Studies on non‐leukaemic myeloproliferative disease indicated no constant chromosomal abnormality (Sandberg, Ishihara, Crosswhite and Hauschka, 1962; Goh and Swisher, 1964). While carrying out chromosome studies on patients with myeloproliferative disorders it was noticed that there was considerable variation in the number of cells in mitosis when cells from different patients were grown in vitro (Pegrum, 1965). An investigation has therefore been carried out on the growth of cells from 28 patients with myeloproliferative disorders, using 15 blood donors as controls, in an attempt to evaluate these differences. The cells synthesizing DNA prior to division were identified at intervals of 3, 5 and 7 days by autoradiography following exposure to tritiated thymidine.
Studies on Thalassaemia‐like Anaemias in Pregnant Immigrants in London*
Authors: Beaven G. H. , Dixon G. , White J. C. 
Published: March 2008

It is increasingly recognized that the thalassaemia trait is extremely variable in all its manifestations, and that its geographical distribution is very widespread. For this reason it may be expected to be found in many of the immigrant groups in the United Kingdom. The requisite haematological and biochemical study over a sufficient period of time can conveniently be carried out during antenatal attendance, and the possible influence of this condition on the haematological status during pregnancy is itself of considerable interest. The same immigrant groups also contain numerous examples of the easily definable traits for the common abnormal haemoglobins (Hb‐S, Hb‐C), as well as diverse anaemias and others which are essentially due to iron deficiency. In such groups all these conditions may also be complicated by parasitic infestations, particularly hookworm.The present report deals specifically with a group of thalassaemia‐like anaemias, which are compared with a group of iron‐deficiency anaemias. The recognition of the thalassaemic state is based on: (a) consistently reduced MCHC or microcytosis, (b) reduced osmotic fragility of the red cells before or after incubation, (c) presence of stainable iron in the stores and erythroblasts of the bone marrow, and (d) quantitative studies of the Hb‐A2 and Hb‐F levels in haemolysates.The occurrence of Hb‐γ4 (Hb‐Bart's) in the cord bloods at delivery has also been studied. Parallel observations have been made on the subjects with iron‐deficiency anaemias of pregnancy.
Effects of Human Plasma on Thrombelastographic Patterns Produced by Fibrinolytic Agents in Fibrin Clots
Authors: Egeblad Klas , Astrup Tage 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA comparative study is presented of the thrombelastographic patterns produced by, and the curves correlating concentration and activity of, fibrinolytic agents incorporated in a bovine fibrin clot containing various amounts of human plasma. Except for a delay of lysis the thrombelastographic patterns produced by plasmin in the simple fibrin clot are in principle retained in the presence of plasma. An interference of plasmin with clot structure is revealed by a decreased maximum amplitude. The slopes of the plasmin correlation curves are considerably increased in the presence of plasma.Urokinase and SK‐activator (streptokinase+ human globulin) produced the same thrombelastographic pattern in the simple fibrin clot as in the presence of plasma except that at low concentrations of SK‐activator a prolongation of the end phase occurred. This was even more pronounced when SK‐resistant plasma was used. In this case also the correlation curves became steep. With urokinase and plasmin the SK‐resistant plasma showed the patterns produced by normal plasma.Platelets interfere strongly with clot formation and final clot structure. There is a large increase in maximum amplitude. The antifibrinolytic effect of platelets is mainly directed against plasmin.
New Anticoagulant from Lysed Fibrinogen
Authors: Triantaphyllopoulos E. , Triantaphyllopoulos D. C. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYOnce fibrinogenolysis had been initiated, few, if any fibrinogen molecules remained unaffected. Even the fraction which could still be precipitated by 0–25 per cent ammonium sulphate saturation showed differences from intact fibrinogen. Its solubility decreased very early, its coagulability gradually disappeared and the fraction itself acquired anticoagulant properties.The ability of the 0–25 per cent fraction to prolong the thrombin clotting time of intact fibrinogen varied with incubation in a way similar to that of the 25–50 per cent fraction (AFIF). It was, however, less potent and it disappeared after heating at 60° C. for 15 minutes. The two anticoagulant fractions could be differentiated by the electrophoretic and thermo‐stable protein patterns, the degree of precipitability by ether, the effect of alkaline pH buffers and the effect of fraction concentration on the inhibitory activity.The main electrophoretic component of the 0–25 per cent fraction, responsible for the bulk of the inhibitory effect at 100 per cent CP, had a slightly slower mobility and lower specific activity than the main component of the 25–50 per cent fraction.Purified thrombin liberated acid soluble protein fragments from the 0–25 per cent fraction equal to about 1.5 per cent of the total protein.
The Factor‐VIII Activity in Fresh and Stored Plasma
Authors: Preston A. E. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYAn investigation into the Factor‐VIII activity in fresh and stored plasma is reported and the present methods of production at the Oxford Regional Blood Transfusion Centre described.Simple methods for increasing the Factor‐VIII activity of therapeutic plasma are suggested.Special equipment and methods did not prevent the loss of activity which occurs following the freezing, storage and thawing of fresh frozen plasma.A comparison between plasma stored at 4° C. for less than 18 hours is made with fresh frozen plasma and the use of the former is suggested for routine treatment of minor injuries when fresh frozen plasma is not available.
Spontaneous Lymphocyte Transformation in vitro: Negative Evidence from a Study of Thymidine Uptake
Authors: Caron G. A. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYStudies of the uptake of tritiated thymidine by human peripheral lymphocytes cultured in autologous plasma or, after washing, in foetal calf serum have failed to provide evidence for the occurrence of spontaneous blastoid transformation during 1–7 days in vitro.Repeated washing of peripheral lymphocytes caused an inconstant reduction in their ability to respond to stimulation with PHA.The accuracy and sensitivity of the technique of measuring the degree of in vitro transformation activity of lymphocyte cultures by their uptake of radioactively labelled thymidine is increased by partially removing polymorphonuclear leucocytes from the leucocyte suspensions and by restricting exposure of the cultures to the radioactive thymidine to the final 1 hour of culture.
Vitamin B12 Absorption by Inhalation
Authors: Shinton N. K. , Singh A. K. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYCyanocobalamin in the form of an aerosol was inhaled by normal subjects, patients with pulmonary diffusion defects and patients with vitamin B12 deficiency. In all groups there was a rapid increase in serum B12 levels suggesting that absorption had occurred by diffusion through the lung alveoli.Six patients with pernicious anaemia given daily inhalations showed complete clinical and haematological remission and a group of six patients with B 2 deficiency were maintained in remission for 12 months. While effective, this method of administration of vitamin B12 is not regarded as superior to that of injections and is therefore considered to have no therapeutic application. The possibility of inducing pulmonary damage is considered.