bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adaptability in metaphors for translators’ self-concepts
Authors: Gebbia Chiara Astrid 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
In the ever-changing language industry, translation experts are required to be ‘adaptive agents’. This study uses
metaphors of self-concepts (i.e. personal metaphors) to access the cognitive aspects of the self that are enacted by students and
professionals before and after performing a task. Translators whose metaphors show richness are expected to perform better, with
their metaphors changing as they are exposed to different tasks. Such metaphor dynamicity is thus thought to be related to
adaptability.
Personal metaphors were collected via linguistic prompts and naturally in questionnaires/interviews about
participants’ backgrounds and professional opinions. While the study found a relation between metaphor dynamicity and performance,
no definitive conclusions could be drawn on metaphor richness. This led to the hypothesis that dynamic personal metaphors of
adaptability (e.g., a translator is a chameleon; a jack of all trades) can be linked to better performance. The study also
suggests that incorporating metaphors and self-concepts in translator training could enhance adaptability in translation.
The potential of CRISPR-Cas genome editing technologies to mitigate biotic stress in plants
Authors: Jahan Israt , Angon Prodipto Bishnu , Mou Sharah Jabeen , Zannat Meskul , Antu Uttam Biswas , Alam Md. Mahabub , Sweety Akivha Akter , Islam Md. Shafiul , Sakil Md. Arif 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Plant development is mainly impacted by biotic stresses, including disease and pests, reducing agricultural production. Genome editing methods have high efficiency, controlled, and directional editing qualities, so their use in agriculture has increased significantly in recent years. Breeding-resistant variants might greatly benefit from the deployment of genome editing methods. These strategies have produced amazing results when it comes to the resistant breeding of significant agricultural crops. One of the most effective, practical, and quick methods for successfully manipulating the target gene is the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas (CRISPR-associated) system. The Cas9 protein, an RNA-guided DNA endonuclease, causes a site-specific double-strand break that starts a DNA repair process and modifies the genome. Despite possessing two layers of defensive mechanisms: Effectors-triggered immunity (ETI) and PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) responses, plants are susceptible to phytopathogens (bacteria, fungi, viruses). The genome has been edited using CRISPR-Cas technology to strengthen plant immunity and provide long-term resistance to pathogens and insects. To improve plant life and resistance, this review explains the functions of CRISPR-Cas-mediated genome editing in plants against various biotic stresses. This review also points out the limitations of CRISPR-Cas systems, which will be the subject of future research.
Determination of optical properties of a single-mode class-A laser amplifier using the noise fluxes generated by cavity Langevin force
Authors: jahanpanah jafar , Rahdar A A , Hashemi Dastjerdi D 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The noise feature of a single-mode class-A laser amplifier is investigated by solving the Maxell-Bloch equations of motion in the presence of the fluctuation force of cavity Langevin. The aim is to calculate the simultaneous fluctuations that are superimposed on the amplitude and phase of the cavity electric field, as well as the atomic population inversion. The correlation function of these fluctuations yields the amplitude, phase, and spontaneous emission noise fluxes, respectively. The amplitude and spontaneous emission noise fluxes exhibit the Lorentzian profiles in both the below-threshold state and the injection-locking region of the above-threshold state. While noise is typically viewed negatively in science and engineering, this research highlights its positive role as a valuable tool for measuring the optical properties of a laser amplifier. For instance, the degree of first-order temporal coherence (DFOTC) is derived by taking the Fourier transform of the amplitude noise flux. The damping rate of DFOTC is associated with the coherence time of the light emitted by the laser amplifier. Furthermore, the uncertainty relation between noise bandwidth and coherence time is confirmed. Finally, it is demonstrated that the input pumping noise flux, together with the output amplitude and spontaneous emission noise fluxes, satisfy the principle of flux conservation.
Transforming Power System Operations: A Case Study of SCADA/EMS in Bhutan
Authors: Chophel Ugyen , Samten  , Yangden Kinley , Tshomo Karma 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Despite possessing a considerable quantity of hydropower resources, Bhutan has only utilized approximately 8% of its total potential. However, the presence of multiple international transmission lines to evacuate excess power to India, along with a significant increase in local electricity demand since 2007, has necessitated the development of a structured power sector and the adoption of advanced technology to ensure the reliable operation of the power system. In pursuit of centralized monitoring and control of Bhutan’s power system, the country opted to implement state-of-the-art Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition System / Energy Management System (SCADA/EMS) technology in 2009. It has two regional control centers of respective regions reporting to the main control center in Thimphu. This paper articulates the experiences and lessons learned from operating the SCADA/EMS system, offering valuable insights to system operators, SCADA engineers, policymakers, regulatory authority, and power utilities alike.
Correlation of electrical impedance values to blood sugar levels of mice (Mus musculus) with diabetes mellitus
Authors: Faisal Muhammad , Pundjung Juswono Unggul , Rahadi Santoso Didik , Sulistya Widodo Chomsin 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Electrical impedance is one of the electrical properties of cells that can be used to identify cell and tissue damage. Several previous studies have shown that electrical impedance can be used to study the correlation between electrical properties and the condition of biological materials. Impedance has the potential to be an alternative method in non-invasive metabolic disease screening. This study aims to analyze the correlation between electrical impedance values and blood sugar levels in mice (Mus musculus) when suffering from diabetes mellitus. The experimental animals used in this study were 90 male mice (Mus musculus). The mice were divided into six groups consisting of mice that were not injected with streptozotocin (T1) and mice that were injected with streptozotocin at doses of 10 mg/mL (T2), 15 mg/mL (T3), 20 mg/mL (T4), 25 mg/mL (T5), and 30 mg/mL (T6). All groups of mice had their electrical impedance values and blood sugar levels measured. Our findings show that the higher the blood sugar level, the lower the electrical impedance value. At a frequency of 1000 Hz, a correlation factor value (r = − 0.93) was obtained, indicating a close relationship between blood sugar levels and electrical impedance. The correlation between the two is inversely proportional. The electrical impedance value decreased by 13% (T2), 19% (T3), 24% (T4), 28% (T5), and 37% (T6) compared to (T1). The Nyquist plot results of the real Z-component are 4745.3 Ω (T1), 4199.3 Ω (T2), 3992.5 Ω (T3), 3844.5 Ω (T4), 3650.8 Ω (T5), 3457 Ω (T6), while the imaginary Z-component are 192.8 Ω (T1), −21 Ω (T2), −41.1 Ω (T3), −43.4 Ω (T4), −43.4 Ω (T5), and −33 Ω (T6). When blood sugar levels are high, the Nyquist plots of the real Z- and imaginary Z-components shift lower to the left.
Study of the dirac equation with hylleraas potential and Position-Dependent Mass (PDM) under the influence of the external magnetic field
Authors: Lestari Dwi , Permatahati L K , Suparmi A. , Cari C. , Setyanto F.N. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
We investigated the solutions of the Dirac equation with the position-dependent mass (PDM) and external magnetic field particles for the Hylleraas potential using the Nikiforov-Uvarov (NU) method. The relativistic energy eigenvalues and the wave function were obtained Analytically. We compute the energy spectra and the wave function using Mathlab software. The plots of the energy spectra were presented with respect to various values of the quantum number, magnetic field, PDM parameters, and potential parameters. The influence of those parameters on energy levels was analyzed. From the results, it is shown that relativistic energy decreases as the quantum number, potential parameter, and magnetic field increase. The results are in agreement with recent study.
Effects of calcination temperature on Ca/P ratio of calcium phosphate from freshwater snails (Sulcospira testudinaria) shells
Authors: Siswo Nugroho Bintoro , Wahyuni Dwiria , Asri Asifa , Lirawanto Arif 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Calcium phosphate (CaP) bioceramics, including hydroxyapatite (HAp), tricalcium phosphate (TCP), and tetra-calcium phosphate (TTCP), demonstrate applicability in the restoration of damaged hard tissues such as bones and teeth. CaP can be fabricated from natural calcium oxide (CaO) materials, such as freshwater snails (Sulcospira testudinaria). In this study, we investigate the influence of the calcination temperature of freshwater snail shells on the calcium per phosphorus (Ca/P) ratio in the produced CaP to obtain HAp. Characterization was performed using a scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) to analyze the sample’s morphology and calculate Ca/P ratio. The calcination process, conducted for 1 h with temperature variations at 800°C, 900°C, 1000°C, and 1100°C, was complemented by the synthesis of CaO using a hydrothermal method. SEM analysis indicates that particle morphology becomes smoother and more uniform at higher temperatures, specifically at 1000°C and 1100°C. EDX analysis reveals that the variation in calcination temperature does not significantly affect the Ca/P ratio. While the Ca/P ratio in this study does not align with the commercial standard for HAp, it suggests the presence of TTCP. Nevertheless, This study shows the potential to achieve convergence between the synthesized HAp and the commercial standard by increasing the calcination time during the synthesis process.
The effect of elemental contents on the dielectric permittivity of nickel laterite ores at 2.5 GHz
Authors: Agusu La , Muhammad A. J. , Sulhajib S. , Darusman L. M. , Sudiana I. N. , Safiuddin L. O. , Iwamoto T. , Terui Y. , Karya I. P. A. , Nakagawa K. , Nishiumi T. , Asano T. , Mitsudo S. , Ishikawa Y. , Fujii Y. , Tatematsu Y. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The rising demand for nickel, a critical component in Li-ion battery cathodes, highlights the need for sustainable nickel processing methods that minimize carbon emissions. However, current pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical techniques for nickel processing yield significant CO2 emissions, necessitating a transition to greener technologies. The electrical permittivity constant is a crucial parameter in microwave processing technology. This study investigates the dielectric permittivity of nickel laterites, measured from 50 samples with nickel content ranging from 0.9% to 2.2%. The nickel content was quantified using X-ray fluorescence (XRF), while the permittivity constants (real part, 𝓔’, and imaginary part, 𝓔”) were determined using the cavity perturbation method at a frequency of 2.5 GHz. The results revealed 𝓔’ values ranging from 2.8 to 4.1, with loss tangents (tan δ = 𝓔”/𝓔’) varying from 0.047 to 0.108. Notably, 𝓔’ and tan δ exhibited positive correlations with increasing nickel and iron contents, while the presence of other elements such as Si, Mg, Al, Co, and Mn negatively impacted both parameters. These findings suggest that microwave heating presents a viable alternative for nickel processing across a wide range of nickel contents, offering the potential for lower carbon emissions compared to traditional methods. The correlation between permittivity constants and elemental composition provides critical insights for optimizing microwave processing in nickel smelting, positioning this technology as a promising candidate for sustainable mineral processing.
Investigations of the ferromagnetic shape memory alloy Co-Ni-Al by X-ray Kossel microdiffraction
Authors: Langer E , Potapov L P , Kopeček J 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The ternary compound Co-Ni-Al was investigated by the X-ray Kossel microdiffraction as a member of this material class of ferromagnetic shape memory alloys for the first time. Thereby monocrystals with the nominal chemical composition Co38Ni33Al29 were initially studied in the austenitic phase, in order to contribute to a better understanding of the complex behaviour of this material by means of a further diffraction method with a high informational content. While in the present two phase structure the precipitates could be clearly identified and confirmed as face-centred cubic cobalt solid solution by the Kossel diffraction, whereas for the expected B2-structure only 2 of the needed 5 superstructure reflections could be proved by means of the Kossel technique. A possible explanation lies besides the reason of a weak reflection intensity in a very strong discrepancy of 21 % of the ideal stoichiometric composition of (Co, Ni)50Al50 in the investigated (Co, Ni)71Al29. As known from the literature to maintain the B2-structure under such conditions is only possible by the formation of an enormous number of so-called constitutional crystal defects, which could be used to explain the non-verified superstructure reflections. Moreover, the local lattice constant of the main crystal phase β was determined to a = (0.2855 ± 0,0002) nm by the Kossel technique.
A Critical Comment on Proportionality in the Mass Surveillance Jurisprudence of the CJEU and the ECtHR
Authors: Dalla Corte Lorenzo 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Data retention, bulk collection, and (mass) surveillance measures constitute serious interferences with individuals’ fundamental rights and freedoms, most notably their rights to the respect for private life and to the protection of personal data. European apex courts—the Court of Justice of the European Union and the European Court of Human Rights—assess the legitimacy of such interferences against the limitation clauses present in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU and in the European Convention on Human Rights respectively. Chapter 4, through a systematic hermeneutical analysis of the case law of the CJEU and the ECtHR, provides a critical opinion on the proportionality testing and limitations analysis carried out by both apex courts when adjudicating cases relating to mass surveillance matters. It argues, in essence, that there is a ‘value vacuum’ in both courts’ mass surveillance jurisprudence which might be due, at least in part, to how both courts carry out their lato sensu proportionality test.
Proportionality and Strict Proportionality in the Case-law of the Court of Justice of the European Union on Data Retention
Authors: Nardi Daniele 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Chapter 5 analyses the foundation of the case-law of the Court of Justice of the European Union that led to the ban of general and indiscriminate retention of communications’ metadata in the light of the classical three limbs of ‘appropriateness’, ‘necessity’, and ‘strict proportionality’ of the proportionality test that every measure imposing limitations on fundamental rights must pass. It will discuss the notions of ‘strict necessity’, and the initial reticence of the Court to perform the balancing exercise inherent in the last limb of the test, strict proportionality. It will thus question whether the Court actually performed a ‘strict proportionality’ assessment, that is, a balancing exercise between costs and benefits of the measures at stake. Chapter 5 concludes that the fact that proportionality of an interference with fundamental rights may require to be adjudicated by resorting to a strict proportionality assessment is in line with the constitutional role of the Court, and a more explicit recourse to it, when necessary, would enhance legal certainty.
Data Retention in the Proposed ePrivacy Regulation Caught between the Well-established Case Law of the Court of Justice and the Deep Disagreements of the EU Legislature
Authors: Tracol Xavier 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
In 2017, the European Commission made a Proposal for an ePrivacy Regulation which includes a provision on data retention. The Commission and the EDPS both emphasised the need for this provision to comply with all the requirements set out in the applicable case law of the Court of Justice. Whilst the Parliament generally supported the Proposal, including the provision on data retention, Member States have been divided on the matter and the Council has consequently not managed to reach any common position. In 2020, the Court of Justice rendered the two La Quadrature du Net ‘I’ and Privacy International judgments on data retention. These judgments are both legally based inter alia on Article 4(2) of the Treaty of the EU and relevant provisions of the Charter which are part of EU primary law. The Council reacted to these two judicial decisions with amendments to the ePrivacy Regulation, which do not comply with the case law of the Court of Justice on data retention. As a result, the Parliament and the Council disagree on the provision about data retention and the draft ePrivacy Regulation has consequently been stuck since 2021. Since EU secondary law must comply with EU primary law, the ePrivacy Regulation which is EU secondary law must comply with the applicable case law of the Court of Justice which is based inter alia on EU primary law. As a consequence, the EU legislature should simply codify such case law in the provision on data retention of the ePrivacy Regulation.
Data Retention in Germany
Authors: Bäcker Matthias 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
For a long time, the dispute over data retention in Germany seemed like a never-ending story. The legislator twice enacted legal provisions on data retention, both of which were overturned in court proceedings after a short time. The focus of the legal dispute, however, shifted between these proceedings. The Federal Constitutional Court (Bundesverfassungsgericht—BVerfG) nullified the first set of provisions on data retention on the grounds that they infringed German fundamental rights, although they were mandated by the Data Retention Directive. In contrast, the successful proceedings against the second data retention, which is based on a regulatory decision by the German legislator, primarily invoked European Union law. Data retention thus forms a benchmark case for the Europeanisation of the protection of fundamental rights in Germany. The legal policy discussion on data retention seems to have focused on a few individual issues recently. There is currently an opportunity to pacify the debate on data retention in Germany, although the effects of the recent La Quadrature du Net ‘II’ judgment of the CJEU remain to be seen.
Consequences of the Collapse of a Directive
Authors: Markou Christiana 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Chapter 9 examines the effects of the annulment of the Data Retention Directive on the Cypriot legal order regarding data retention. Case law had been heading towards a direction that was not in line with the relevant CJEU case law up until 2021, when the Cyprus Supreme Court ruled that the Cyprus legislation on data retention was ineffective as it contravened EU law. The particular decision was expected to lead to the ‘collapse’ of the court orders issued on the basis of said legislation authorizing police access to retained data. Surprisingly, the Supreme Court judgment was not unanimous. Moreover, it did not have the expected results either, something which, though may appear surprising at first, can perhaps be justified by reference to more recent CJEU case law and a different approach adopted more recently by a Cyprus court.
To Retain or (not) to Retain Data? The Danish Case
Authors: Næsborg-Andersen Ayo 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Denmark had implemented laws on data retention prior to the Digital Rights Ireland judgment of 2014, collecting more data than allowed by that judgment. Various governments and parliaments have, however, since then seemingly been unwilling to abide by the judgments of the Court. Thus, the Danish legislation on data retention was unchanged until very recently, where the data retention act was finally amended, only to be halted by a new judgment from the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) very shortly thereafter. Chapter 15 presents the content of the old and new Danish retention rules and examines whether aspects of the current law are in accordance with EU law, looking at legislative preparatory works and debates in the Danish Parliament, finding several issues potentially in violation of fundamental rights.
The Swedish Data Retention Saga
Authors: Bergström Maria 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Chapter 17 provides a contextual and historical analysis of the Swedish data retention saga evolving around the Swedish support to introduce data retention legislation at EU level, the penalty payments for non-implementation, the annulment of the EU Directive, and the requests for preliminary references in order to clarify the required safeguards for data retention to be lawful, with particular focus on reviewed and revised national legislation in the absence of an EU legal framework. The Swedish data retention saga provides a rich example of the interrelation between national and European law and politics and the legal processes that led to legal changes both on national and European levels, including an analysis of data retention, but with focus more on lawmaking and judicial processes rather than data retention as such and in detail. This chapter thereby analyses the interplay between Swedish and European law and politics against the necessary balance between effective and efficient criminal investigation, legal certainty, and fundamental rights protection in data retention regulation.
Introduction: the hypothesis and the project
Authors: Pettit Philip 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Homo sapiens is distinguished by being able, publicly and privately, to make judgments and reason to conclusions, to make value commitments, and to ascribe responsibility. A possible explanation for those and related capacities is that this animal is also homo loquens: a great ape that is capable of speech and converse. But how to defend that hypothesis? This book does so by trying to show that certain counterparts—the humanoids—would be robustly likely to develop relevant capacities in the presence of speech, whatever the origin of language among them; the capacities would emerge as skills in the conversive practices that speech would enable. Such a genealogy might serve to explicate the nature and function of the capacities in the human case, even if it did not reflect the actual history of their appearance among humans. But it ought not to obscure the fact that human capacities have been responsible for ill as well as for good.