bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bladder functional recovery following acute overdistension
Authors: Kang Jianshe , Wein Alan J. , Levin Robert M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe effects of acute overstretching on detrusor function are unclear. Based on a new method to catheterize male rat bladder through the whole urethra, three groups (control, shamoperated, and acute bladder overdistension) of male rats were utilized in the present experiment. The contraction generated by in vitro bladders immediately post‐overdistension in response to 2 Hz and 32 Hz stimulation significantly decreased at 0.75 ml and 1.5 ml intravesical volumes respectively; however, by 1 day post‐overdistension the contractile responses increased toward normal. By three days the ability of the bladder to generate pressure completely returned to normal, and the average bladder weight for this group was increased. Similarly, the ability to empty was reduced at 0.75 ml and 1.5 ml immediately following overdistension and recovered fully after 3 days. The ability of the sham‐operated bladders to empty at high intravesical volume was slightly reduced immediately following overdistension, and this was the only pathophysiological change observed in this group. Acute bladder overdistension did not alter intravesical capacity. It is clear that acute over‐distension induced reversible changes in basic bladder function.© 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pelvic floor muscle exercise for the treatment of female stress urinary incontinence: Classification and characterization of responders
Authors: Bø Kari , Larsen Stig 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to classify and characterize responders and non‐responders 10 pelvic floor muscle (PFM) exercise in treatment of female stress urinary incontinence (SUI). Fifty‐two women with SUI, mean age 45.9 years (24–64), participated in a randomized PFM exercise trial for 6 months. Treatment was either intensive exercises (IE) or moderate exercises carried out at home (HE).Each of five parameters used to measure improvement of SUI (pad test, conversion of a closure pressure [cough] from negative to positive, the patient's own assessment, leakage index, and social activity index) was given one point if present. Respondets to treatment were defined by cumulative score 4 and 5, borderline responders by 2 and 3, and non‐responders by 0 and 1. Classified as responders were 65% in the IE group and 20.6% in the HE group. There were no non‐responders but 35% borderline responders in the IE group.The responders in the IE group were significantly older, had a longer history of SUI, a higher body mass index (BMI), stronger PFM, more severe SUI measured by leakage and social activity index before treatment, negative closure pressure, lower resting maximum urethral pressure (MUP), and in addition were more motivated for treatment than borderline responders.The discriminant function classified the responders to treatment by a combination of four initially observed variables: maximum flow rate, PFM strength, duration of SUI symptoms, and score on the leakage index. All patients classified as responders by use of the cumulative score in the HE group were correctly classified by the discriminant function.
Neurogenic bladder in lower motor neuron lesion: Long‐term assessment
Authors: Gajewski J.B. , Awad S.A. , Heffernan L.P.H. , Benstead T.J. , Downie J.W. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe have comprehensively investigated 10 patients with lower motor neuron (LMN) lesions (mean duration of lesions: 14 years) who were managed with intermittent catheterization. All patients (9 males and 1 female) underwent complete neurologic examination and, if necessary, extensive electromyographic studies to define the level and completeness of the lesion. The causes of the LMN lesions were traumatic injury (5), congenital (2), inflammation (1), and surgery (2). Patients were arranged into 2 groups. Five patients had complete lesions (no sensory or motor function at sacral level) and 5 had incomplete lesions (some remaining function). All patients were continent between catheterizations. A detailed urodynamic investigation, including cystometrogram (CMG), urethral pressure profile (UPP), voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG), phentolamine (5 mg i.v.), and bethanechol (5 mg s.c.),Tests, was performed in all patients. Detrusor compliance (DC) at 100 ml was statistically the same in both groups (21.9 ml/cm H2O in complete lesions and 37.2 ml/cm H2O in incomplete lesions) and did not change at all after phentolamine in incomplete lesions (37.2 ml/cm H2O) but was somewhat increased in complete ones (27.5 ml/cm H2O). Bethanechol decreased DC in patients with complete and incomplete lesions (2.9 and 7.1 ml/cm H2O, respectively). Maximal urethral pressure was the same in both groups before and after pharmacological tests. The bladder neck was completely closed (VCUG) in all 5 patients with incomplete lesions in comparison to only 1 from the other group. Phentolamine had only a slight effect on bladder neck in both groups. Bladder compliance is normal in patients with LMN lesions treated with intermittent catheterization and the bladder neck is opened only in complete lesions. This may also account for the absence of incontinence in these patients.
Effects of pregnancy on adrenergic function in the rabbit urinary bladder
Authors: Tong Yat‐Ching , Wein Alan J. , Levin Robert M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPregnancy induces morphological as well as functional changes in the urinary tract. Urinary frequency, incontinence, and an increase in residual urine are common clinical findings during gestation. Previous studies from this laboratory have shown a decreased cholinergic response and cholinergic receptor density in the urinary bladders of pregnant rabbits.In the present study, the adrenergic functions of the bladders of pregnant and virgin New Zealand White rabbits were compared using isolated muscle strips. Dose‐response curves showed that the contractile responses to epinephrine (alpha and beta agonist) and methoxamine (alpha agonist) were significantly reduced in tissues from the base and the mid‐segment, but not the body of the pregnant rabbit bladders. No significant difference was observed in the degree of isoproterenol (beta agonist) induced relaxations between the two groups. Thus, the results demonstrated a decreased alpha responsiveness in the midsegment and base of the pregnant bladders.Physiologically, a decrease in alpha tone at the bladder base would be advantageous for bladder emptying as the resultant relaxation at the bladder outlet theoretically would alleviate the effect of decreased bladder body contractility as well as any mechanical stress imposed on the urethra by the enlarging uterus.
Sacral spinal cord and root potentials evoked by the stimulation of the dorsal nerve of penis and cord conduction delay for the bulbocavernosus reflex
Authors: Ertekin Cumhur , Mungan Behiye 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSegmental spinal cord and root potentials in response to stimulations of the dorsal nerve of penis, tibial nerve, and the sural nerve were epidurally recorded in normal subjects. EMG responses from the bulbocavernosus (BC) and the various leg muscles were also recorded in response to bipolar stimulations by the same epidural needle electrodes of the sacral cord and lumbosacral roots.The afferent conduction velocity from the penis to Th12‐L1 intervertebral level was about 40 m/sec on the average, which is significantly slower than those obtained by the stimulation of the mixed and cutaneous nerves at the lower limb.The latency of the motor responses of the BC muscle from Th12‐L1 spine levels were found comparatively longer than those of thigh muscles on maximal epidural stimulation in spite of the shorter distances to the BC muscle.The central conduction delay within the sacral cord of the bulbocavernosus reflex was calculated and found to be about 8.2 msec, while the central conduction time was about 1.1 msec for the Soleus‐H‐Reflex. These findings may suggest that there may be about 5–6 synapsis necessary for the first component of the bulbocavernosus reflex, though some faster oligosynaptic cord linkage may also exist.
Uroflowmetry in the puerperium
Authors: Ramsay Ian N. , Hughes Paul A.F. , Mathers Alan M. , Edgar Torbet T. , Rice Nigel 
Published: March 2007

AbstractOne hundred women underwent uroflowmetry once per day for the first 3 days after delivery, and the results compared to those of 53 nonpregnant controls in an effort to determine 1) whether urinary flow in the puerperium is different to that found without pregnancy, 2) whether uroflow parameters change as the puerperium progresses, and 3) which characteristics of a patient or her labour bear most influence upon the results of uroflowmetry.Urinary flow in the puerperium was seen to be different from that of the nonpregnant female in that mean flow rates were lower. In addition to this, voided volume, total flow time, and time to peak flow were all significantly increased on day 1, but were comparable on days 2 and 3. Other than for falling voided volumes, uroflow parameters did not alter significantly as the puerperium progressed. Correlation of the variables age, parity, baby weight, length of first and second stage, use of epidural and perineal suturing with the parameters of urinary flow failed to show any significant relationship. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Urothelial permeability of the isolated whole bladder
Authors: Tammela Teuvo , Wein Alan J. , Monson Frederick C. , Levin Robert M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe urothelium of the bladder presents an effective barrier to the penetration of solutes from the urine into the bladder wall. Previously, we have demonstrated that the dye indigocarmine can be utilized intravesically to study urothelial permeability. In general, intravesical indigocarmine (administered in vivo) will not penetrate the bladder wall unless the urothelium is damaged by overdistension, acetone administration, or mechanical damage. Unfortunately, using in vivo methodologies, one is limited in the study of the effect of specific conditions and permeations on bladder permeability. In the current study an isolated in vitro whole bladder model was developed to quantitatively study the permeability of the bladder urothelium. In these studies, the penetration of indigocarmine into and through the bladder wall was quantitated under various conditions. The in vitro bladder was filled by infusing 1% indigocarmine in saline in a step‐wise manner at the rate of 10 ml in 10 minutes followed by a stabilization period of 10 minutes. Samples were taken from the bath at 20 minutes intervals for spectrophotometrical analysis of the dye. At the end of experiment the bladder was washed in saline for 10 minutes, and stored and extracted in formalin. In general, no indigocarmine penetrated the urothelium until the in vitro capacity was reached and exceeded. At intravesical volumes greater than capacity, the dye concentration in the bath increased very rapidly, even though the integrity of the bladder wall remained intact. In bladders treated with a gentle 50% acetone wash for 1 minute the dye started to penetrate into the bath at intravesical volumes of 25% of capacity and increased rapidly thereafter. Heparin instillations both delayed the onset of dye penetration and reduced the magnitude of the dye penetration. In addition, heparin inhibited dye penetration only at low volumes. Although in vitro anoxia of 60 minutes induced only slight dye penetration into the bath, the dye concentration in the tissue increased substantially indicating that anoxia induced damage to the urothelium.These results indicate that an intact mucosal layer in the in vitro whole bladder model prevents indigocarmine penetration into and through the bladder wall, as it does in the in vivo bladder. Similar to the in vivo studies, there is a clear quantitative correlation between penetration of the dye and mucosal damage. Filling the bladder to capacity induced no mucosal damage. Only at volumes above capacity was the integrity compromised and permeability increased. The current model can be utilized to study mucosal permeability under controlled intravesical and extravesical conditions, as well as the study of permeability of bladders subjected to specific uropathologies. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of atropine, glucagon, and bethanechol on urodynamics of continent cecal urinary reservoir before and after complete, partial, and sham detubularizations in dog
Authors: Tammela Teuvo L.J. , Kiilholma Pentti J.A. , Chancellor Michael B. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractEffects of muscarinic receptor blockade (atropine), stimulation (bethanechol), and bowel smooth muscle relaxant (glucagon) on the Urodynamics of the continent cecal urinary reservoir in a tube form and after complete, partial, and sham detubularizations were studied using dogs. Complete detubularization significantly increased capacity and decreased spontaneous motor activity, whereas the other types of detubularization had no significant effects on them. Neither atropine nor glucagon had influence on the basal pressure, but they increased the capacity and the volume at which the first pressure wave appeared and decreased the wave amplitude. After detubularization glucagon further decreased uninhibited contractions while atropine totally abolished them. The highest capacity and lowest motor activity was gained when atropine or glucagon was given in cases with detubularized pouch demonstrating an additive effect of the detubularization and drug. Also, bethanechol increased the motor activity and decreased the volume in detubularized pouches. It is suggested that when hyperactivity of intestinal reservoir is a problem in a patient with a detubularized cecal pouch, orally administered anticholinergic or bowel smooth muscle relaxing drugs may be useful in management. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of cromakalim on micturition function in rats
Authors: Smith Amanda B. , Bertelsen Darci L. , Kau Sen T. , Chun Alexa L. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAlthough many studies investigating the effect of cromakalim on bladder contractility exist, thus far, there are no published studies investigating its effect on micturition function in conscious rats. We measured the effect of cromakalim i.v. on urine output, frequency, volume of each micturition, and blood pressure in saline‐diuresed and non‐diuresed rats. In saline‐diuresed rats cromakalim produced significant decreases in urine output (0.1 mg/kg, 32%; 0.3 mg/kg, 46%; 1.0 mg/kg, 68%) and average frequency (0.1 mg/kg, 36%; 0.3 mg/kg, 51%; 1.0 mg/kg, 70%) in the first 3 hours. At 3–6 hours after administration of cromakalim there were rebound increases in both urine output (0.1 mg/kg, 290%; 0.3 mg/kg, 373%; 1.0 mg/kg, 538%), and frequency (0.1 mg/kg, 147%; 0.3 mg/kg, 181%; 1.0 mg/kg, 314%) and by 6–12 hours the effects of cromakalim on micturition function were gone. Mean arterial pressure dropped to 50% of control immediately after cromakalim administration in saline‐diuresed rats and began to return to control levels after 3 hours. Cromakalim produced similar results in non‐diuresed rats. The decrease in urine output 0–3 hours after cromakalim administration may have been a consequence of cromakalim's profound decrease in blood pressure that occurred during that time. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detrusor contraction strength in men undergoing prostatectomy
Authors: Robertson Andrew S. , Airey Robert , Griffiths Clive J. , Sharpies Linda , Neal David E. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractElective prostatectomy is a frequently performed operation but the outcome may not always be satisfactory. This is probably because a significant number of men, despite subjective symptoms, are not urodynamically obstructed before operation and the preoperative assessment of obstruction is not easy using conventional urodynamic criteria. We have calculated detrusor contraction strength (WF) in men before and after prostatectomy. Our aim was to determine its relationship with symptomatic and urodynamic findings before and after prostatectomy and whether it was associated with clinical outcome.One hundred and twenty nine men listed for operation because of symptoms and low urinary flow rates were studied by means of urodynamic investigation and symptom scoring both before and 6 months after prostatectomy.A significant association was found between persistent obstructive symptoms after operation and a low WF before operation (P = 0.01), suggesting that weak detrusor function before operation was the cause of persistent symptoms afterwards. A significant correlation was also found between a high pre‐operative WF and a high post‐operative urinary flow rate; (P = 0.003); men with high detrusor power achieving the better flow rates after operation. Despite this relationship, the overall subjective clinical outcome was not strongly associated with WF and WF was no better than simple measurement of voiding pressure in predicting outcome in a multivariate analysis.The measurement of detrusor contraction strength provides some insight into the relationship between bladder function and clinical outcome after prostatectomy, but we have found it unable to predict outcome for the individual patient.
Abnormal pedal thermoregulation in interstitial cystitis
Authors: Irwin Paul P. , James Susan , Watts Lynda , Fleming Lamar L. , Galloway Niall T. M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIsolated cold stress tests were used to evaluate the thermoregulatory capacity in the feet of 19 patients with interstitial cystitis (IC) and of 11 healthy volunteer control subjects. Mean pedal skin temperature fell more rapidly in the IC group as compared with controls; significant differences were found at 10‐min (P = 0.002) and 20‐min (P = 0.0008) cooling. Mean skin temperature remained lower in the IC group throughout the study. Sixteen feet (42%) in the IC group and five (22%) of the control feet failed to return to within 2°C of baseline temperature during the 20‐min recovery period. These findings may reflect abnormal vasomotor control in the IC group and, if so, may be indicative of increased spinal sympathetic activity in interstitial cystitis.
Male sexual impotence in diabetes mellitus: vasculogenic versus neurogenic factors
Authors: Benvenuti F. , Boncinelli L. , Vignoli G. C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn an attempt to understand better the role of vascular and neurogenic alterations in the pathophysiology of diabetic impotence, 29 impotent male patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) were investigated by means of doppler ultrasound examination (DUE) of penile arteries, sacral evoked responses (SERs), peripheral nerve conduction studies, and, in most cases, nocturnal penile tumescence monitoring (NPTM).Fourteen patients showed isolated alterations of penile vascular supply, four isolated alterations of penile segmental innervation, and seven combined vasculogenic and neurogenic abnormalities; finally, in four patients, DUE, SERs, and NPTM were normal. One patient, in spite of the presence of marked vasculogenic and neurogenic alterations, showed nocturnal penile erections. Results confirm that vascular obstruction, more than nerve damage, plays a primary role in the pathophysiology of diabetic erectile failure, and stress the importance of psychogenic factors. The observation that some patients presented marked involvements of both arterial supply and neurological pathways only a few years, or even 1 year, after the diagnosis of the disease, indicates the need of an early screening of the vascular and neurological status, even in asymptomatic patients.Furthermore, all patients with altered SERs had peripheral neuropathy; on the other hand, six patients with peripheral neuropathy had normal SERs. This result stresses the diagnostic importance of the electrophysiologic studies of sacral segmental innervation and indicates further that in a comprehensive diagnostic protocol of diabetic impotence the study of SERs should be performed only in patients with peripheral neuropathy.
Fiberoptic microtransducer pressure technology: Uurodynamic implications
Authors: Belville William D. , Swierzewski Stanley J. , Wedemeyer Gary , McGuire Edward J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe FST 200 is a novel commercially available pressure measurement system that combines microtechnology and fiberoptics and is particularly well suited for invasive urodynamic studies. Pressure recording with this system is highly accurate and reproducible. The pressure curves obtained parallel those from standard water cystometry. Being small and portable, the system lends itself to invasive transurethral monitoring in the privacy of an examination room. Additionally, the 5F catheter size allows the performance of leak point pressures and pressure/flow voiding studies with minimal urethral stenting artifact often seen with larger catheters. The technical aspects of this system are presented.
Incidence of abnormal voiding parameters in the immediate postpartum period
Authors: Ramsay Ian N. , Edgar Torbet T. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractOne hundred eighty‐four patients were assessed prospectively by uroflowmetry and post‐micturition ultrasonography on a daily basis in the immediate postpartum period to assess the incidence of abnormal voiding parameters, their predisposing factors, and whether the combination of two screening tests was more helpful than either alone as a screening test of abnormal voiding in the puerperium. The incidence of abnormal voiding parameters was 43%. The majority of these were asymptomatic. Of those patients who had an abnormality, 68% had normal voiding parameters by the time they went home, and all of those who returned for follow‐up had normal parameters. Operative delivery, perineal trauma, and epidural anaesthesia all increased the incidence of abnormal voiding parameters. Residual urine was a feature in 70 of the 79 patients found to be abnormal, and the incidence of an abnormal flow rate was not significantly greater than in the nonpregnant population. This suggests that the addition of uroflowmetry does not confer any benefit over postmicturition assessment of residual urine by ultrasonography in the detection of patients with postpartum voiding dysfunction.
Species differences in cAMP production and contractile response induced by β‐adrenoceptor subtypes in urinary bladder smooth muscle
Authors: Morita Takashi , Ando Masao , Kihara Kazunori , Oshima Hiroyuki 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe contractile activity of urinary bladder smooth muscle has been shown to be inhibited by β‐adrenoceptor agonists. β‐Adrenoceptor subtypes in the rabbit, canine, and human urinary bladder smooth muscles were studied by measuring changes in contractile forces and in intracellular cAMP concentrations on administration of β‐adrenoceptor agonists. In the rabbit bladder, only β2‐receptors may have functional roles in the detrusor muscle, while both β1 and β2‐receptors may have functional roles in the detrusor muscles of the canine bladder. Only β2‐receptors may have functional roles in the human detrusor muscles, similar to the rabbit detrusor muscles. Thus, species differences may exist in β‐adrenoceptor subtypes in smooth muscles of urinary bladder.