bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Wallowa Mountains, northeast Oregon
Authors: Taubeneck William H. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The Wallowa Mountains are mostly within the Eagle Cap Wilderness Area, which is accessible only on footor horseback. The only road that penetrates the mountains extends south from Lostine (Fig. 1) along the Lostine River and is continuously within 1,300 ft (400 m) of nearly all of the east contact of unit one (Fig. 1) of the Wallowa batholith; this road ends at location H in the east part of unit two.
Reproducibility of dynamically represented acoustic lung images from healthy individuals
Authors: Maher T M , Gat M , Allen D , Devaraj A , Wells A U , Geddes D M 
Published: November 2007

Background and aim:Acoustic lung imaging offers a unique method for visualising the lung. This study was designed to demonstrate reproducibility of acoustic lung images recorded from healthy individuals at different time points and to assess intra- and inter-rater agreement in the assessment of dynamically represented acoustic lung images.Methods:Recordings from 29 healthy volunteers were made on three separate occasions using vibration response imaging. Reproducibility was measured using quantitative, computerised assessment of vibration energy. Dynamically represented acoustic lung images were scored by six blinded raters.Results:Quantitative measurement of acoustic recordings was highly reproducible with an intraclass correlation score of 0.86 (very good agreement). Intraclass correlations for inter-rater agreement and reproducibility were 0.61 (good agreement) and 0.86 (very good agreement), respectively. There was no significant difference found between the six raters at any time point. Raters ranged from 88% to 95% in their ability to identically evaluate the different features of the same image presented to them blinded on two separate occasions.Conclusion:Acoustic lung imaging is reproducible in healthy individuals. Graphic representation of lung images can be interpreted with a high degree of accuracy by the same and by different reviewers.
Tectonic evolution of the North China Block: from orogen to craton to orogen
Authors: Kusky T. M. , Windley B. F. , Zhai M.-G. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The North China Craton contains one of the longest, most complex records of magmatism, sedimentation, and deformation on Earth, with deformation spanning the interval from the Early Archaean (3.8 Ga) to the present. The Early to Middle Archaean record preserves remnants of generally gneissic meta-igneous and metasedimentary rock terranes bounded by anastomosing shear zones. The Late Archaean record is marked by a collision between a passive margin sequence developed on an amalgamated Eastern Block, and an oceanic arc–ophiolitic assemblage preserved in the 1600 km long Central Orogenic Belt, an Archaean–Palaeoproterozoic orogen that preserves remnants of oceanic basin(s) that closed between the Eastern and Western Blocks. Foreland basin sediments related to this collision are overlain by 2.4 Ga flood basalts and shallow marine–continental sediments, all strongly deformed and metamorphosed in a 1.85 Ga Himalayan-style collision along the northern margin of the craton. The North China Craton saw relative quiescence until 700 Ma when subduction under the present southern margin formed the Qingling–Dabie Shan–Sulu orogen (700–250 Ma), the northern margin experienced orogenesis during closure of the Solonker Ocean (500–250 Ma), and subduction beneath the palaeo-Pacific margin affected easternmost China (200–100 Ma). Vast amounts of subduction beneath the North China Craton may have hydrated and weakened the subcontinental lithospheric mantle, which detached in the Mesozoic, probably triggered by collisions in the Dabie Shan and along the Solonker suture. This loss of the lithospheric mantle brought young asthenosphere close to the surface beneath the eastern half of the craton, which has been experiencing deformation and magmatism since, and is no longer a craton in the original sense of the word. Six of the 10 deadliest earthquakes in recorded history have occurred in the Eastern Block of the North China Craton, highlighting the importance of understanding decratonization and the orogen–craton–orogen cycle in Earth history.
Contributions of the lower crust to Mesozoic mantle-derived mafic rocks from the North China Craton: implications for lithospheric thinning
Authors: Huang F. , Li S.-G. , Yang W. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract

The lithospheric mantle underneath the North China Craton changed completely from the Palaeozoic to the Cenozoic. This study reviews geochemical data from Mesozoic mantle-derived mafic rocks from the North China Craton to investigate the role of mafic lower continental crust in lithosphere replacement. Samples from the North China Craton have typical ‘continental’ geochemical signatures, including depletion of high field strength elements, enrichment of large ion lithophile elements and Pb, unradiogenic Pb isotopes, and enriched Sr–Nd isotopic ratios. Positive correlation between initial
87
Sr/
86
Sr and
206
Pb/
204
Pb, low Ce/Pb and Nb/U, high Ba/Nb and La/Nb, and unradiogenic Pb isotopes of Mesozoic mafic rocks cannot simply be explained by derivation from a lithospheric mantle enriched by ancient (Archaean or Mesoproterozoic) fluid or melt metasomatism. Instead, they more probably result from a lithospheric mantle or upwelling asthenosphere underneath the North China Craton that was modified by the lower continental crust in the Mesozoic. Because oceanic plate subduction zones surrounded the North China Craton during the late Palaeozoic, the lithospheric mantle underneath the North China Craton was weakened by fluids derived from subducted slabs, and thus shortened and thickened by continent–continent collisions of the North China Block with the South China Block and the Siberian plate. Metamorphic reactions occurred in the mafic lower continental crust beneath the North China Craton, creating garnet-bearing assemblages (eclogite and garnet pyroxenite) with densities of up to 3.8 g cm
−3
, which led to negative buoyancy in the over-thickened lithosphere. The unstable lithosphere was delaminated and subsided into the uppermost mantle. The delaminated lower crust partially melted, producing SiO
2
-rich melts that metasomatized surrounding asthenospheric mantle, which upwelled and replaced the volume formerly occupied by the delaminated lithospheric mantle, resulting in the ‘continental’ geochemical signatures widely observed in Mesozoic mantle-derived mafic rocks from the North China Craton. The ‘continental’ geochemical signatures of Mesozoic mantle-derived mafic rocks suggest that lithospheric delamination could have occurred by the time of volcanic eruption in the northern margin of the North China Craton in the mid-Jurassic and later in the southern margin and Dabie–Sulu Orogen in the early Cretaceous.
Late Mesozoic mafic magmatism from the North China Block: constraints on chemical and isotopic heterogeneity of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle
Authors: Fan W. , Guo F. , Wang Y. , Zhang H. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract

Available major, trace element and Sr–Nd isotope data for the late Mesozoic mafic rocks in the eastern North China Block (NCB) show chemical and isotopic differences between rocks from different tectonic units. Such differences are interpreted as signatures inherited from the melted mantle sources, which had experienced distinctive enrichment processes during lithospheric evolution. The subcontinental lithospheric mantle beneath the NCB interior is characterized by long-term light REE (LREE) enrichment and EM1-like Sr–Nd isotopic signatures. Such a lithospheric mantle is mainly composed of chemically refractory peridotites that are common in cratonic regions. In contrast to that of the NCB interior, beneath the northern part of the NCB a relatively chemically fertile mantle was enriched in large ion lithophile elements and LREE and depleted in Nb–Ta and Th–U. It has higher
87
Sr/
86
Sr(i) and ε
Nd
(
t
) than that of the interior of the block, and is interpreted to have been modified by recycled lower continental crust components related to the palaeo-Asian Ocean subduction. The lithospheric mantle beneath the southern NCB has the highest
87
Sr/
86
Sr(i) and the lowest ε
Nd
(
t
), and is chemically transitional between the interior and northern part of the block. Formation of such an enriched lithospheric mantle was closely associated with modification from the subducted Yangtze lower–middle crust during Triassic collision between the North China and Yangtze Blocks. A lithospheric extension–thinning model is proposed to explain the petrogenesis of these late Mesozoic mafic rocks in the eastern North China Block. This process was amplified by effects from surrounding plate interactions, including the rapid northward movement of the palaeo-Pacific Ocean, compressional forces from the Siberian plate, the Tethyan tectonic belt and possibly the Indo-China Block. The resultant forces triggered lithospheric extension, asthenospheric upwelling, and decompressional melting of the enriched mantle sources.
Polyphase Mesozoic tectonics in the eastern part of the North China Block: insights from the eastern Liaoning Peninsula massif (NE China)
Authors: Lin W. , Faure M. , Monié P. , Wang Q.-C. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract

In Eastern China, the North China Block (NCB) has experienced a complex tectonic evolution during Late Palaeozoic to Mesozoic times. The unconformable sedimentary cover, which ranges in age from Neoproterozoic to Permian, underwent two tectonic episodes in Early Triassic and Cretaceous times. An early north–south compressional phase, D
1
, characterized by north-verging recumbent folds with east–west-trending axes and top-to-the-north ductile shear zones can be observed in a gabbroic pluton and the Neoproterozoic sedimentary host rocks. The available radiometric ages allow us to interpret this event as an Early Triassic back-thrusting related to the final stage of the collision between the North China and South China Blocks. During the Late Mesozoic, an extensional event characterized by (1) half-grabens filled by continental terrigeneous red beds and lava flows, (2) low-angle detachment faults, (3) synkinematic granitic plutons, and (4) metamorphic core complexes is widespread in the Eastern Liaoning Peninsula. This extensional D
2
event can be subdivided into a ductile deformation and a brittle deformation, corresponding to different expressions of crustal deformation. In every area studied in the Eastern Liaoning Peninsula, the ductile D
2
deformation is characterized by a NW–SE-trending stretching lineation with a top-to-the-NW sense of shear. Mica and amphibole from the metamorphic country rocks, granodioritic or monzogranitic plutons and their mylonitized margins yield
40
Ar/
39
Ar ages ranging from 130 to 120 Ma. These dates support fast cooling and exhumation rates coeval with the extensional tectonics. The brittle D
2
deformation is responsible for the formation of high-angle normal faults marked by low-temperature cataclasites bounding half-grabens. During the Mesozoic, the tectonic regime of Eastern China experienced a significant inversion from compression to extension. The Eastern Liaoning Peninsula massif provides an example of this geodynamic transition.
Mesozoic tectonics in the Eastern Block of the North China Craton: implications for subduction of the Pacific plate beneath the Eurasian plate
Authors: Li S. Z. , Kusky T. M. , Zhao G. , Wu F. , Liu J.-Z. , Sun M. , Wang L. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract

The Jiao-Liao massif is located in the hanging wall of the north-dipping Dabie–Sulu suture zone and is an important part of the Eastern Block of the North China Craton. Several important tectonic models for the tectonic evolution of Eastern Asia rely on critical information from the Jiao-Liao massif. This paper combines new sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) U–Pb zircon ages of the Dandong Granite in the southern Liaoning Province, China, with extensive field data for the eastern North China Craton, including the Bohai Bay Basin. Combined with other recent SHRIMP dating, we use this information to summarize the Mesozoic tectonic reactivation and evolutionary processes of the Jiao-Liao massif of the Eastern Block of the North China Craton. In this study we identify a
c
. 160 Ma episode of partial melting of Palaeoproterozoic plutons in the Jiao-Liao massif. Cathode luminescence and backscatter electron imagery reveal
c
. 167–157 Ma magmatic euhedral single zircons and magmatic zircon rims surrounding
c
. 2100 Ma cores in the Dandong Granites near the Liaonan Neoarchaean terrane. This partial melting is probably related to
in situ
remelting of ancient lower continental material, mostly the North China Craton. The Dandong plutons are aligned in a NE–SW direction and are extensively deformed by subhorizontal ductile thrust-related shearing and subsequent NNE–SSW trending folds. Here, we show that for the Dandong area the first deformation occurred between 195 and 193 Ma, based on K–Ar and
40
Ar/
39
Ar ages of muscovites from east–west-trending shear zones on the Liaodong Peninsula. Based on the field relationships between the plutons and structural fabrics, a range from 153 to 145 Ma is defined as the duration of the second deformation in the Dandong Granites. The third deformation is marked by the formation of NNE–SSW strike-slip faults between 135 and 95 Ma. This deduced age range is similar to an
40
Ar/
39
Ar age range of 128–132 Ma of initial sinistral strike-slip faulting of the Tan-Lu fault in Anhui Province and to a biotite cooling age of 100±2.3 Ma of the Yilan–Yitong segment of the Tan-Lu fault in the Jilin Province. These faults are transtensive and controlled the formation of pull-apart basins. However, during the third deformation, some metamorphic core complexes in Eastern China formed in the overlapping area between the large-scale sinistral faults. Our SHRIMP data also indicate that the Liaodong basement and its Early Mesozoic magmatism are similar to the Jiaodong basement and its Mesozoic magmatism. Therefore, the Early Mesozoic evolution of the Liaodong area, similar to that of the Jiaodong area, was also closely related to the Sulu orogen in the Early Mesozoic and to the Pacific subduction throughout the Mesozoic.
Deep crustal structures of the Yanshan intracontinental orogeny: a comparison with pericontinental and intercontinental orogenies
Authors: Shao J. , He G. , Zhang L. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The Mesozoic Yanshan intracontinental orogenic belt is developed in a weak zone on the northern margin of the North China Craton. We classify the Yanshan as an intracontinental orogen, as opposed to an intercontinental or pericontinental orogen, because of several geodynamic factors that differ from those of typical intercontinental orogens. These are: (1) reactivated tectonic activity on the lithospheric-scale faults since 1.8 Ga; (2) differential uplift of blocks during the Mesozoic, especially the great change of the elevation–subsidence framework at about 140 Ma, which induced building of the Yanshan Mountain and formation of the Cretaceous basins; (3) polycyclic evolutionary processes of active rift basins recorded by the Mesozoic volcanic and sedimentary strata; (4) Mesozoic tectonic regime reversion in the eastern North China Craton, demonstrated by petrological and geochemical evidence of crust–mantle interaction and supported by research on lithosphere thinning and ancient heat flow. Among these factors, the acute tectonic events of the lithosphere and evolution of active rift basins are directly affected by the upper mantle. The differential elevation of faulted blocks directly reflects the deep tectonic processes. Inherited features of the tectonic activities are characteristic of intracontinental orogenies and occur throughout all stages of the Yanshan movement but with different features. The deep controlling factors changed with time and combined with each other. The depth of tectonomagmatic activity became progressively shallower from 180 Ma to 130 Ma and then became deep again after 120 Ma. In the same period, extensional deformation was predominant in this area. The most important geodynamic characteristic of the Yanshan intracontinental orogeny is the tectonic regime inversion. Intracontinental orogeny is the response of the upper crust to the dramatic movements of the deep lithosphere. Its essential tectonic processes are thickening and subsequent thinning of the crust and lithosphere, which induces not only deformation of the rocks but also uplift of the mountain chain. Magmatic underplating is the most important factor of the Yanshan orogeny.
Laboratory testing for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia is inconsistent in North America: A survey of North American specialized coagulation laboratories
Authors: Hayward Catherine , Moffat Karen , Moore Jane , Warkentin Theodore , Zehnder James , Price Elizabeth 
Published: November 2007

SummaryHeparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a serious complication of heparin therapy. As HIT is considered a clinico-pathologic entity, laboratory practices have an important role in diagnosing or excluding HIT. It was the objective of this study to assess the current status of laboratory testing for HIT in North America. An online survey consisting of 67 questions related to laboratory testing for HIT was developed by the North American Specialized Coagulation Laboratory Association (NASCOLA), and distributed to its 59 members. The survey included queries about HIT test ordering practices, HIT immunoassay and activation assays performed, and reporting practices. Data was collected from the 44 NASCOLA laboratories who responded. Of these sites, 88% performed immunoassays for HIT, commonly using commercial assays. However, sites varied in practices related to use of controls, immunoglobulin class of antibody detected, and in result interpretation and reporting. Platelet activation assays for HIT were performed by 36% of sites, commonly using assays of serotonin release (50%) or heparin- induced platelet aggregation (43%). Sites varied in the use of washed platelets versus platelet-rich plasma, controls, and heparin concentrations. This survey is the first comprehensive assessment of patterns of practice in HIT testing among diagnostic coagulation laboratories in North America. We observed sitespecific variability of testing methods encompassing all stages of testing, including pre-analytical handling, testing methodologies, and result interpretation and reporting. The variability in HIT platelet activation assay methods among institutions indicates a need for proficiency testing to assess assay performance,and for consensus guidelines on HIT laboratory testing.
Snake venom metalloproteinases, crotarhagin and alborhagin, induce ectodomain shedding of the platelet collagen receptor, glycoprotein VI
Authors: Wijeyewickrema Lakshmi , Gardiner Elizabeth , Moroi Masaaki , Berndt Michael , Andrews Robert 
Published: November 2007

SummaryGlycoprotein (GP)VI, that binds collagen, together with GPIb- IX-V which binds von Willebrand factor, forms an adheso-signalling complex on platelets that initiates thrombus formation in haemostasis and thrombosis. In this study, we show that two snake venom metalloproteinases, crotarhagin and alborhagin, induce ectodomain shedding of GPVI by a mechanism that involves activation of endogenous platelet metalloproteinases. Alborhagin is a viper venom metalloproteinase from Trimeresurus albolabris, while crotarhagin is a previously undescribed toxin from the rattlesnake Crotalus horridus horridus (~60-kDa non-reduced and reduced). Like alborhagin, crotarhagin induces aggregation in human platelet-rich plasma (maximal activity, ~0.3 μg/ ml). Aggregation of washed platelets was inhibited by soluble GPVI ectodomain expressed as an Fc-fusion protein, confirming crotarhagin targeted GPVI. Treating washed platelets with crotarhagin or alborhagin resulted in time-dependent loss of surface GPVI and the appearance of an ~55-kDa soluble GPVI fragment in supernatants. Crotarhagin also induced shedding in GPVItransfected RBL-2H3 cells. Crotarhagin-induced shedding was metalloproteinase-dependent (inhibited by EDTA), but also blocked by inhibitors of GPVI signalling (Src kinase inhibitors, PP1 or PP2, or Syk inhibitor, piceatannol), indicating shedding required GPVI-dependent platelet activation. Together, the data suggest that the rattlesnake metalloproteinase, crotarhagin, and the viper toxin alborhagin, induce GPVI shedding by a mechanism involving activation of endogenous platelet metalloproteinases rather than direct cleavage of GPVI.
Pentecostal Witchcraft: Neoliberal Possession and Demonic Discourse in Ivoirian Pentecostal Churches
Authors: Newell Sasha 
Published: November 2007

AbstractWhile Pentecostal churches derive their growing popularity in large part from their ability to combat witchcraft in society, I argue here that Pentecostalism is itself an alternative form of witchcraft discourse. As such, it falls prey to the same ambivalent relationship between power, success and social obligation that witchdoctors and politicians must face. I discuss Pentecostalism and witchcraft in terms of their relationship to neoliberal understandings of individual agency and economy in contrast to the moral economy of social obligations. At the same time I draw parallels between the ritual techniques of Pentecostalism and witchcraft cosmology, demonstrating that, despite Pentecostal churches' efforts to transcend the power of witchcraft, they in many cases become encompassed by witchcraft discourse, often taking on the appearance of witchcraft itself.