bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
iNOS expression requires NADPH oxidase‐dependent redox signaling in microvascular endothelial cells
Authors: Wu Feng , Tyml Karel , Wilson John X. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractRedox regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression was investigated in lipopolysaccharide and interferon‐γ (LPS + IFNγ)‐stimulated microvascular endothelial cells from mouse skeletal muscle. Unstimulated endothelial cells produced reactive oxygen species (ROS) sensitive to inhibition of NADPH oxidase (apocynin and DPI), mitochondrial respiration (rotenone) and NOS (L‐NAME). LPS + IFNγ caused a marked increase in ROS production; this increase was abolished by inhibition of NADPH oxidase (apocynin, DPI and p47phox deficiency). LPS + IFNγ induced substantial expression of iNOS protein. iNOS expression was prevented by the antioxidant ascorbate and by NADPH oxidase inhibition (apocynin, DPI and p47phox deficiency), but not by inhibition of mitochondrial respiration (rotenone) and xanthine oxidase (allopurinol). iNOS expression also was prevented by selective antagonists of ERK, JNK, Jak2, and NFκB activation. LPS + IFNγ stimulated activation/phosphorylation of ERK, JNK, and Jak2 and activation/degradation of IκB, but only the activation of JNK and Jak2 was sensitive to ascorbate, apocynin and p47phox deficiency. Ascorbate, apocynin and p47phox deficiency also inhibited the LPS + IFNγ‐induced DNA binding activity of transcription factors IRF1 and AP1 but not NFκB. In conclusion, LPS + IFNγ‐induced NFκB activation is necessary for iNOS induction but is not dependent on ROS signaling. LPS + IFNγ‐stimulated NADPH oxidase activity produces ROS that activate the JNK‐AP1 and Jak2‐IRF1 signaling pathways required for iNOS induction. Since blocking either NFκB activation or NADPH oxidase activity is sufficient to prevent iNOS expression, they are separate targets for therapeutic interventions that aim to modulate iNOS expression in sepsis. J. Cell. Physiol. 217: 207–214, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of Different Aluminum Alkyls on the Metallocene/Methylaluminoxane Catalyzed Polymerization of Higher α‐Olefins and Styrene
Authors: Vasilenko Irina V. , Kostjuk Sergei V. , Kaputsky Fyodor N. , Nedorezova Polina M. , Aladyshev Alexander M. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe replacement of MAO by different aluminum alkyls in the polymerization of higher α‐olefins catalyzed by rac‐EtInd2ZrCl2 and rac‐(CH3)2CInd2ZrCl2 and in the syndiospecific polymerization of styrene with CpTiCl3 as a catalyst was studied. An activating effect for all catalysts investigated was found when adding TIBA, while TEA and THA have a deactivating effect. It was found that more than half of the expensive methylaluminoxane can be successfully replaced by TIBA without deleterious effects on the catalyst activity and the properties of the polymers synthesized during higher α‐olefin polymerization catalyzed by rac‐EtInd2ZrCl2 and rac‐(CH3)2CInd2ZrCl2.magnified image
Effect of Processing Parameters on the Mechanical Properties of Injection Molded Thermoplastic Polyolefin (TPO) Cellular Foams
Authors: Wong Steven , Lee John W. S. , Naguib Hani E. , Park Chul B. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractIn this study, the effects of processing parameters on the mechanical properties of injection molded thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO) foams are investigated. Closed cell TPO foams were prepared by injection molding process. The microstructure of these foamed samples was controlled by carefully altering the processing parameters on the injection molding machine. The foam morphologies were characterized in terms of skin thickness, surface roughness, and relative foam density. Tensile properties and impact resistance of various injection molded TPO samples were correlated with various foam morphologies. The findings show that the mechanical properties are significantly affected by foam morphologies. The experimental results obtained from this study can be used to predict the microstructure and mechanical properties of cellular injection molded TPO foams prepared with different processing parameters.magnified image
Diethoxy‐azobis(pyridinium) Salt as Photoinitiator for Cationic Polymerization: Towards Wavelength Tunability by Cis–Trans Isomerization
Authors: Durmaz Yasemin Yuksel , Zaim Ömer , Yagci Yusuf 
Published: May 2008

AbstractN,N′‐diethoxy‐4,4′‐azobis(pyridinium) hexafluorophosphate (DEAP) has been synthesized by alkylation of the corresponding N‐oxide and characterized. DEAP exhibits UV induced cis–trans isomerization with absorptions at around λ = 459 and 360 nm, respectively. The ability of the DEAP ion to act as a photoinitiator for the cationic polymerization of cyclohexene oxide and N‐vinylcarbazole is demonstrated. The initiation step involves the decay of the excited state of the trans form of the salt with homolytic bond rupture of the nitrogen–oxygen bond. Its potential use as a photoinitiator for free radical polymerization is also demonstrated using methyl methacrylate monomer as the example.magnified image
Post‐Synthesis Functionalization of (Meth)acrylate Based Monoliths via Electron Beam Triggered Graft Polymerization
Authors: Beier Matthias J. , Knolle Wolfgang , Prager‐Duschke Andrea , Buchmeiser Michael R. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractPorous polymeric monoliths were prepared via electron beam triggered free radical polymerization of (meth)acrylates. Post‐synthesis functionalization of these supports was accomplished via electron beam initiated free radical graft polymerization of methacryloyl‐substituted NHC precursors. The grafted precursors were converted into the corresponding copper complexes. Cu‐loadings were between 1.3 mg · g−1 and 1.5 mg · g−1. These supported catalysts were used in selected CO hydrosilylation and cyanosilylation reactions using a continuous flow setup.magnified image
Synthesis, characterization, and self‐assembly of comb‐dendronized amphiphilic block copolymers
Authors: Yi Zhuo , Liu Xuanbo , Jiao Qing , Chen Erqiang , Chen Yongming , Xi Fu 
Published: May 2008

AbstractNovel amphiphilic comb‐dendronized diblock copolymers composed of hydrophobic Percec‐type dendronized polystyrene block and hydrophilic comb‐like poly(ethylene oxide) grafted polymethacrylate P(PEOMA) block were designed and synthesized via two steps of atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The comb‐like P(PEOMA) prepared by ATRP of macromonomers (PEOMA) with two different molecular weights (Mn = 300 and 475) were used to initiate the sequent ATRP of dendritic styrene macromonomer (DS). The molecular weights and compositions of the obtained block copolymers were determined by 1H NMR analysis. The copolymers with relatively narrow polydispersities (1.27–1.38) were thus obtained. The bulk properties of comb‐dendronized block copolymers were studied by using differential scanning calorimetry, polarized optical microscopy and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD). Similar to dendronized homopolymers, the block copolymers exhibited hexagonal columnar liquid‐crystalline phase structure. By using such amphiphilic comb‐dendronized block copolymers as building blocks, the rich self‐assembly morphologies, such as twisted string, vesicle, and large compound micelle (LCM), were obtained in a mixture of CH3OH and THF. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 4205–4217, 2008
Optically absorbing trilayer films fabricated using a Filtered Cathodic Vacuum Arc
Authors: Abaffy N. Biluš , Partridge J. G. , Plessis J. du , McCulloch D. G. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA Filtered Cathodic Vacuum Arc (FCVA) deposition system has been used to produce Al2O3/Al/Al2O3 trilayers for use as optically absorbing coatings. Ellipsometry was used to measure the optical constants of the AlOx films and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to measure their stoichiometry. It was found that a wide range of Ar/O2 inlet flow‐rates could be used to produce stoichiometric Al2O3 in the FCVA system. Several Al2O3/Al/Al2O3 tri‐layers have been produced with different Al layer thicknesses and the simulated and experimental reflection characteristics have been compared. An average reflectance of 4% was achieved over the visible spectrum for the optimised trilayer coating deposited on silicon. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Synthesis, stability and electrocatalytic activity of polymer‐stabilized monometallic Pt and bimetallic Pt/Cu core–shell nanoparticles
Authors: Muraviev D. N. , Macanás J. , Ruiz P. , Muñoz M. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractIn this paper we report the results obtained for inter‐matrix synthesis (IMS) and characterization of monometallic and bimetallic polymer‐stabilized metal nanoparticles (PSMNPs). The IMS procedure is based on the use of appropriately functionalized polymeric membranes as nanoreactors, which allows both synthesis and characterization of the composition and morphology of PSMNPs inside the membranes. The membranes were prepared by using noncrosslinked sulfonated poly(etherether ketone) (SPEEK) of desired degree of sulfonation, which provided insolubility of the polymer in water and solubility in some organic solvents (e.g. dimethylformamide). The IMS of PSMNPs involved loading of the membrane with metal ions or complexes followed by metal reduction inside the membrane resulting in the formation of either monometallic (Cu or Pt) or bimetallic (Pt/Cu) PSMNPs with core–shell structure. The electrocatalytic activity of the PSMNPs was estimated by measuring the electrochemical response of amperometric sensors prepared by using SPEEK‐Pt‐PSMNP and SPEEK‐Pt/Cu‐PSMNP nanocomposite membranes as sensing elements to detect H2O2. At the same values of Pt loading the response of Pt/Cu‐PSMNP‐based sensors appeared to be far higher than that of sensors modified with Pt‐PSMNP membranes. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Polymerization‐direction‐controlled growth of polydiacetylene on artificial silicon oxide templates
Authors: Akai‐Kasaya Megumi , Higuchi Yuichi , Yura Kayo , Yoshida Akihito , Saito Akira , Aono Masakazu , Kuwahara Yuji 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe control of anisotropic polydiacetylene film formation has been demonstrated on a silicon oxide surface with artificial periodic grooves. A diacetylene monomer film was grown by molecular deposition on the grooves, and polymerization was induced by ultraviolet light irradiation. Anisotropic polymer chain formation was successfully investigated on grooves with a depth larger than 40 nm and a pitch narrower than 2 µm. The interplay between molecular kinetic growth parameters and preferential interaction with a patterned surface has been discussed considering the calculated dimerization energy of monomers. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mounting a hydrogenase analog on calixarenes—designing a nature‐inspired solid state catalyst for fuel cells by density functional theory
Authors: Sy Dy Eben , Kasai Hideaki , Redshaw Carl , Pickett Christopher J. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe hydrogen‐fuel PEFC (polymer electrolyte fuel cell) is among the most promising alternative power generators of the future. But for it to become widely used, an alternative catalyst to platinum must be developed. While there have been previous attempts to synthesize hydrogenase mimics for this purpose, the current state of artificial hydrogenases can be summarized into two groups: sufficiently active but not in a stable solid state; and in the solid state but not sufficiently active.We model a modified active site of Fe‐only hydrogenases deposited on a variety of calixarenes for solid‐state support by density functional calculations. Among the calixarenes considered, our calculations have shown that calix[5]arene is so far the most viable macrocycle to hold the di‐iron site. Our calculations also show that the crucial hydrogenase active site characteristics are maintained in this material: having an FeFe bond and anti‐bond at the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) respectively; and the bonding orbitals on the Fe centers connected to the sulfur of the electron chain at the HOMO. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanism of adhesion promotion between aluminium sheet and polypropylene with maleic anhydride‐grafted polypropylene by γ‐aminopropyltriethoxy silane
Authors: Chen Ming‐An , Zhang Xin‐Ming , Huang Rong , Lu Xue‐Bin 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe effect of concentration of γ‐aminopropyltriethoxy (γ‐APS) solution on shear strength of adhesive bonding between aluminium sheet and polypropylene (PP) with addition of a certain amount of maleic anhydride‐grafted polypropylene (PP‐g‐MAH) has been investigated. It is shown that the lap shear strength is promoted obviously with pre‐treatment of aluminium sheet by γ‐APS. The maximum strength is obtained at a concentration of 3% γ‐APS solution. With further high concentration of γ‐APS, the lap shear strength decreases. The examination of the separated surfaces by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) shows that (CO)2OAl and C(O)OAl are formed for adhesive bonding between PP with the addition of 20 wt% PP‐g‐MAH and aluminium sheet without pre‐treatment by γ‐APS, and that the area ratio of C related to oxygen on the separated aluminium side is 33.28%, which is obviously higher than 14% on the polymer side. As for adhesive bonding between PP with the addition of 20% PP‐g‐MAH and 3% γ‐APS pre‐treated aluminium sheet, C(O)NC(O) and C(O)NH are formed. The area ratio of C related to oxygen on the separated polymer side increases to 24.99%. It is proposed that γ‐APS pre‐treatment improves the distribution and shape of PP‐g‐MAH chains in the region adsorbed on the substrate and the region adjacent to this region. The chemical interactions at the interface are also proposed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Soil removal as a rate process
Authors: Loeb L. , Sanford P. B. , Cochran S. D. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe rate of soil removal during multiple cycle washing has been studied for three artificially soiled cotton test cloths. Results are considered in relation to a soil removal rate concept proposed some years ago by Vaughn, Vittone, and Smith. It is shown that the rate of removal for these soils, when washed in the Terg‐O‐Tometer with a built, anionic, synthetic detergent, does not correspond to a simple first order rate process as proposed by Vaughn et al. Rather, it was found that under a variety of washing situations the percentage soil removal increased linearly with the log of cumulative wash time. Further, it was shown that for those experiments involving detergent concentration or level of mechanical action, the slopes of these log time relationships, which reflect the rate of soil removal, vary in the expected manner.
Quantitative applications of high‐resolution proton magnetic resonance measurements in the characterization of detergent chemicals
Authors: Crutchfield M. M. , Irani R. R. , Yoder J. T. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractQuantitative hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance measurements are used for the determination of average structures of detergent chemicals. For alkylbenzenes, alkylphenols, and ethylene oxide (EO) adducts of alkylphenols, the following quantities can be measured: average lengths of alkyl chains, average molecular weights, degree and kind of branching in the alkyl chain, ortho‐para distribution of aryl substituents, and average lengths of BO chains. Accuracy is of the the order of ŷ 2% of the total hydrogen. The method is nondestructive, and sample volumes as small as 0.007 ml have been used.
Monoacylglycerols Activate Capsaicin Receptor, TRPV1
Authors: Iwasaki Yusaku , Saito Orine , Tanabe Manabu , Inayoshi Kimiko , Kobata Kenji , Uno Shuichi , Morita Akihito , Watanabe Tatsuo 
Published: May 2008

AbstractTransient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1 (TRPV1) is known as capsaicin (CAP) receptor and activated by CAP. Activation of TRPV1 by CAP increases energy expenditure and thermogenesis in rodents or human. Therefore, TRPV1 may be target for energy expenditure enhancement and thermogenesis. To search for novel TRPV1 agonist, we screened 19 types of foods by using TRPV1‐expressing HEK293 cells. TRPV1 was activated by hexane extract of wheat flour, and its functional compounds were 1‐monoacylglycerols containing oleic, linoleic, and α‐linolenic acids. Their potencies (EC50) were about 50 times larger than that of CAP and their efficacies (maximal response) were about half of that of CAP. TRPV1 was activated by 1‐monoacylglycerols (MGs) having C18 and C20 unsaturated and C8–C12 saturated fatty acid (FA). Moreover, 2‐MGs having C18 and C20 unsaturated FA acted on TRPV1 with the same potency. On the other hand, no activation of TRPV1 was induced by MGs having C16 and C18 saturated FA, di‐ or triacylglycerols of C18:1 FA. Pain‐relating aversive responses were induced when TRPV1‐activating 1‐monoacylglycerols (50 mM) was administered subcutaneously into rat hind paw. These effects were inhibited by the co‐injection of capsazepine (10 mM) which is a TRPV1 competitive antagonist. These results suggested that these 1‐monoacylglycerols activate TRPV1 in vitro and in vivo.
Response biases in preschool children's ratings of pain in hypothetical situations
Authors: von Baeyer Carl L. , Forsyth Sasha J. , Stanford Elizabeth A. , Watson Mark , Chambers Christine T. 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTResponse biases are systematic biases in responding to test items that are unrelated to the content of the items. Examples often reported in young children include choosing only the lowest or highest anchors of a scale, or choosing a left‐to‐right sequence of responses. We investigated the presence of response biases in young children's ratings of pain in hypothetical situations, as a way of gauging their developing understanding of a pain scale over the preschool years. Children aged 3–5 years (N=185) rated items from the Charleston Pediatric Pain Pictures (CPPP) using the Faces Pain Scale‐Revised (FPS‐R). Response biases were identified objectively by computer pattern identification. Anchor biases (choosing the lowest and highest pain faces) occurred in 16% of children. Left–right or right–left sequences occurred in 35%. Monte Carlo simulation established that such patterns occur infrequently by chance (<3% for anchor biases; <6% for sequence biases). Response biases were identified more often in younger than older children. These results reveal that response biases are common in children under 5 years. Clinicians should consider self‐report pain ratings from preschoolers with caution, seek complementary observational assessment, and investigate discrepancies between self‐report and observational estimates of pain. Simplified forms, instructions, and methods of administration for self‐report scales should be developed and validated for use with 3‐ and 4‐year‐olds.
The Rocourt Tephra, a Widespread 90–74 ka stratigraphic marker in Belgium
Authors: Pouclet André , Juvigné Etienne , Pirson Stéphane 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA new study of the stratigraphy and composition of the Rocourt Tephra is performed at five sites in Belgium and brackets the age of the tephra between 90.3 and 74 ka. The volcanic glass grains have a typical shape of phreatomagmatic eruption products. A large set of tephra minerals were analyzed, namely clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene, amphibole, and Cr-spinel. The compositions of these minerals have been compared with the lava xenocrysts, megacrysts, and phenocrysts of the proximate Eifel volcanic province for which the origin has been determined (mantle xenoliths, high-pressure cumulates, and middle- to low-pressure magmatic phases). This allowed us to determine the likely origin of the tephra minerals. The Rocourt Tephra source could be a West Eifel volcano that was fed by a deep-seated magma batch rich in high- to middle-pressure minerals.
On K2 of varieties over number fields
Authors: González-Avilés Cristian D. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractLet k be a number field and let X be a smooth, projective and geometrically integral k-variety. We show that, if the geometric Néron-Severi group of X is torsion-free, then the Galois cohomology group is finite. Previously this group was only known to have a finite exponent. We also obtain a vanishing theorem for this group, showing in particular that it is trivial if X belongs to a certain class of abelian varieties with complex multiplication. The interest in the above cohomology group stems from its connection to the torsion subgroup of the Chow group CH2(X) of codimension 2 cycles on X. In the last section of the paper we record certain results on curves which must be familiar to all specialists in this area but which we have not formerly seen in print.
Cohomologically triangulated categories I
Authors: Baues H.-J. , Muro F. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractWe introduce cohomologically triangulated categories as triples (A,t,▽) given by an additive categoryA, an additive equivalencet:AAand a cohomology class ▽ in the translation cohomologyH3(A,t). A stable homotopy theoryCwithA= HoCyields such a triple and the class of distinguished triangles inAis deduced from ▽.
HIGHER EPISTASIS IN GENETIC ALGORITHMS
Authors: IGLESIAS M. T. , PEÑARANDA V. S. , VIDAL C. , VERSCHOREN A. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractWe study thek-epistasis of a fitness function over a search space. This concept is a natural generalization of that of epistasis, previously considered by Davidor, Suys and Verschoren and Van Hove and Verschoren [Y. Davidor, in:Foundations of genetic algorithms, Vol. 1, (1991), pp. 23–25; D. Suys and A. Verschoren, ‘Proc Int. Conf. on Intelligent Technologies in Human-Related Sciences (ITHURS’96), Vol. II (1996), pp. 251–258; H. Van Hove and A. Verschoren,Comput. Artificial Intell.14(1994), 271–277], for example. We completely characterize fitness functions whosek-epistasis is minimal: these are exactly the functions of orderk. We also obtain an upper bound for thek-epistasis of nonnegative fitness functions.
NEIGHBOURHOODS OF INDEPENDENT SETS FOR (a,b,k)-CRITICAL GRAPHS
Authors: ZHOU SIZHONG , XU YANG 
Published: May 2008

AbstractLet G be a graph of order n. Let a, b and k be nonnegative integers such that 1≤a≤b. A graph G is called an (a,b,k)-critical graph if after deleting any k vertices of G the remaining graph of G has an [a,b]-factor. We provide a sufficient condition for a graph to be (a,b,k)-critical that extends a well-known sufficient condition for the existence of a k-factor.
ON R-SECTORIAL DERIVATIVES ON BERGMAN SPACES
Authors: BÁRTA TOMÁŠ 
Published: May 2008

AbstractIn this paper we show boundedness of vector-valued Bergman projections on simple connected domains. With this result we show R-sectoriality of the derivative on the Bergman space onC+and maximalLp-regularity for an integrodifferential equation with a kernel in the Bergman space.
Radula synthesis by three species of iron mineralizing molluscs: production rate and elemental demand
Authors: Shaw J.A. , Macey D.J. , Brooker L.R. 
Published: May 2008

A cold-shock technique was used to determine radula production rates for the chitonsAcanthopleura hirtosaandPlaxiphora albida, and for the limpetPatelloida alticostata, which replaced their radular teeth at rates of 0.40, 0.36 and 0.51 rows d−1, respectively. These rates are far slower than those determined previously for non-iron-mineralizing molluscs, suggesting that the improved working life of the teeth afforded by iron-mineralization acts to significantly reduce replacement rates. In addition, inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy has been used to determine the quantity of iron and other elements comprising the radula of each species. These data, used in conjunction with the radula production rates, reveal thatA. hirtosa,Plaxiphora albidaandPatelloida alticostatahave daily radula mineralization requirements for iron of 3.06, 4.12 and 0.55 μg, respectively. Such information is vital for continuing studies related to the cellular delivery of ions and subsequent biomineralization of the tooth cusps in chitons and limpets.