bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lipase ofGeotrichum candidum immobilized on silica gel
Authors: Sonnet Philip E. , McNeill Gerald P. , Jun Wang 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSilica gel is a useful support for the lipases ofGeotrichum candidum. Esterification of selected fatty acids and alcohols proceeded to 85–92% conversion in hydrocarbon solvents, and the degree of esterification was increased to 96–98% by adding 4Å molecular sieves at later stages of reaction. The equilibrium ratio of ester to fatty acid (butyl oleate to oleic) was determined for the supported lipase in a number of solvents and ranged from 92∶8 in hexane and isooctane to 16∶84 int‐butanol. The essential character of the enzyme seemed unimpaired by deposition onto silica gel as judged by fatty acid selectivity and stereoselectivity.
Present and prospective development in the palm oil processing industry
Authors: Kheiri M. S. A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractMalaysia, the leading producer of palm oil, is now also the major producer and exporter of processed palm oil (PPO). Since 1977 she has been exporting PPO in increasing amounts. As a result about 50% of world production of palm oil is now traded as PPO in the international market.Currently, Malaysia has processing capacity far exceeding her production of crude palm oil. Guaranteed capacities for physical refining, fractionation and chemical neutralization are 12,075, 9,940 and 4,949 metric tons (MT) per day, respectively. These can be increased to 16,285, 12,705 and 6,170 MT per day, respectively, by some modification and rationalization. Thus Malaysia is geared to cope with increased production of PPO at least up to 1990.The PPO products exported are the results of primary down streaming of crude palm oil. The production and export of these products are very well established. The emphasis is now on further down‐streaming of PPO products into specialized products such as food ingredients, nonfood applications and finished products such as shortenings, margarines, cocoa butter replacer fats and oleochemicals both for local consumption and export. By the end of the decade, Malaysia is likely to become a center for the manufacture of basic oleochemicals and their derivatives.
Minor constituents of palm oil
Authors: Goh S. H. , Choo Y. M. , Ong S. H. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractCrude palm oil contains about 1% of minor components including carotenoids, tocopherols, sterols, triterpene alcohols, phospholipids, glycolipids and terpenic and paraffinic hydrocarbons. The nutritionally important components such as carotenes and tocopherols also improve stability of the oil. Although a highly valued product, carotene unfortunately is bleached or destroyed in refining because suitable recovery technology is not available. Thermal degradation of carotene, previously suspected of giving rise to undesirable chemicals, now is known to furnish mainly harmless hydrocarbons, most of which are removed by the deodorization step in refining. Tocopherols, being natural antioxidants, need to be carefully preserved during milling, refining, fractionation and modification of palm oils. The accumulation of tocopherols in the palm fatty acid distillate promises to provide a new source for the recovery of this valuable substance. The role played by phospholipids is frequently misunderstood because they can act in two ways, i.e. as an antioxidant synergist and a surface active agent to disperse impurities in oil. In crude palm oil the phospholipid content is small, because most of it is removed during milling; the phosphorus content is due mainly to inorganic phosphorus. Among the sterols, cholesterol constitutes too small a percentage to be of much concern. Sterols, triterpenoids and terpenoid hydrocarbons are also potentially useful side products should recovery technology become available. Other newly characterized minor and trace components also are discussed.
Palm oil and palm kernels
Authors: Southworth A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractEvents leading up to the introduction of the pollinating weevil (Elaeidobius kamerunicus) into Malaysian plantations are described, and the effect of this on the industry is discussed. The main benefits so far are increased kernels and savings in estate pollination costs. It is as yet too early to assess other benefits. The changes in bunch composition have given rise to some processing problems, i.e., sterilization and nut processing, which are currently being corrected.There have been no major changes in processing procedures, but process developments, such as the use of decanters, computerization, steam utilization and quality improvements, are being made. A review of effluent treatment from palm oil mills shows that most mills conform to government standards using mostly biological digestion processes and land application. Research and development projects are discussed. These include tissue culture and utilization of byproducts.
Palm kernel oil extraction ‐ The malaysian experience
Authors: Tang Thin Sue , Teoh Pek Kooi 
Published: January 2007

AbstractIn direct screw pressing, kernels must undergo seed preparation steps of size reduction, flaking and steam conditioning prior to mechanical extraction. Mechanical wear and tear, maintenance expenses and electricity are the major costs.The direct solvent extraction process is used in larger plants. Production cost depends mainly on solvent loss and energy used in solvent recovery and pelletizing. However, oil recovery is more complete than in screw pressing.A third processing method uses pre‐pressing followed by solvent extraction.The choice of process or machinery depends on capital investment, production cost, oil recovery and its value. Whether the higher investment and production cost incurred in solvent extraction is offset by the higher oil extraction rate needs to be determined.Strict quality control right from fruit processing to kernel extraction is necessary to ensure production of good quality oil and by‐products. Malaysian palm kernel oil has proven to be of consistent quality, with narrow ranges in chemical characteristics. The palm kernel cake and pellets are important ingredients for animal feed.
Coconut oil and its byproducts
Authors: Montenegro Herman M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractByproducts of processing coconut fruit include coconut water usable as a carbohydrate beverage or fermentable substance; the husk, as a source of fibers, charcoal and chemicals; and the shell, usable primarily as a source of carbon. Coconut‐shell activated carbon is discussed in detail. This effective adsorbent has increasing applications in industrial and environmental processes.
Automation of palm oil mills
Authors: Sivasothy K. , Lim Nicholas B. H. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAutomation is the function of monitoring and regulating process operations non‐manually or remotely to check or maintain the required processing conditions and product quality, the use of instrumental techniques of analysis in the laboratory and the use of computers for data processing and other miscellaneous applications. Applications where automation is justifiable and the impact of changing trends in automation technology, especially the recent influx of microprocessor‐based systems, are discussed briefly. Applications in the palm oil mill where automation is fairly well‐developed and is being developed, as well as ideas for future applications are reviewed. An example of a practical approach to automation in palm oil mills is given using automatic control of crude oil dilution.
Hydrogenation of palm and lauric oils
Authors: Grothues B. G. M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe technology and equipment for hydrogenating fats and oils is described. Advantages and disadvantages of various batch and continuous processes are discussed. Continuous hydrogenation is suggested for plants that process essentially only one type of oil. When several different feedstocks are to be processed in the same equipment, batch autoclaves may be advantageous.Hydrogenated palm kernel and coconut oils or fractions have many uses in food products, especially in products where specific melting points and good oxidative stabilities are important. Trends in hydrogenation indicate that more and more energy‐saving and automation devices will be used to reduce energy and labor costs and to make more uniform products, especially in batch processes.
Palm oil in margarines and shortenings
Authors: Duns Malcolm L. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractPalm oil has become used increasingly as a raw material in soaps, edible fat‐based products and confectionary. This paper deals specifically with applications in margarines and shortenings. Properties of palm oil are described, indicating both the special characteristics that make it suitable for such applications and its limitations. Modification techniques which can minimize or eliminate the disadvantages and hence broaden the scope of application include hydrogenation, fractionation and interesterification. Various applications of palm oil, both modified and unmodified, in margarines and shortenings for use in both tropical and temperate climatic conditions are described.
Confectionery fats from palm oil
Authors: Okawachi T. , Sagi N. , Mori H. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe influence of diglycerides (DG's) and trisaturated glycerides (P‐P‐P) on tempering and the hardness of confectionery products are described. Palm oil and its processed products in confectionery fats have been reported (1,2). Palm oil contains a symmetric triglyceride (P‐O‐P) as a main component which has polymorphic changes similar to those of cocoa butter, so a mixture of these is able to use a tempering process similar to that used for cocoa butter.Details for fat crystals and polymorphism have been reported (3,4). Okada (5) used a mixture of tristearin and tripalmitin and studied the behavior of polymorphism using X‐ray diffraction. The effects of DG's on polymorphic change in palm oil also have been reported (6,7), and Okiy (8) suggested that DG's have an inferior effect on the quality of palm oil when used in the solidified phase. However, there have not been many papers regarding how the above influence works in the production process or how it affects confectionery products.Palm oil contains about 10% trisaturated glycerides together with a few percent of mono‐ and diglycerides as minor components, which have been produced during the maturation of palm fruits and processing of fats. It is very difficult to eliminate these completely during the refining process.This paper reports a study of the influence of these minor components on tempering and hardness of products by using a simulated tempering machine. We have found that DG's lower the temperature of tempering and soften the hardness of products and that P‐P‐P increased the viscosity of products during tempering process but increased the hardness of products very little.
Linear alkylbenzene
Authors: de Almeida J. L. G. , Dufaux M. , Taarit Y. Ben , Naccache C. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractLinear alkylbenzene (LAB) was introduced in the mid‐1960s as a raw material for cleaning products. Since then, continuing and explosive research on its biodegradation and on its environmental and human toxicity has been performed. The efficiency of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate as surfactant is clearly established, and it is one of the safest and most cost‐effective products in widespread commercial use. The aim of the present paper is to survey the most important developments and understandings of the chemistry of LAB production and of its physical and environmental properties. The expected consequence of this analytical survey is to envisage the continuous challenges for the detergents industry in catalytic production of LAB, better control of selectivity, replacement of corrosive and mineral liquid acid catalyst by heterogeneous acid catalyst and the maintenance of competitiveness of LAB with respect to natural alcohols.
A novel dianionic surfactant from the reaction of C14‐alkenylsuccinic anhydride with sodium isethionate
Authors: Schmidt W. W. , Lilienthal W. , Raney K. H. , Dubey S. T. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA novel derivative of alkenylsuccinic anhydride has been developed. When the anhydride is opened with sodium isethionate, a difunctional surfactant, alkenyl carboxysulfonate (ACS), is produced. This product has a unique combination of properties: moderate foaming, effective detergency, as well as the capability to function as a hydrotrope and as a co‐builder in formulated cleaning systems. This paper briefly reviews some past studies with ACS. The utility of ACS in hard‐surface cleaning is also examined, especially the capacity of this molecule to act both as a low‐streaking surfactant and a hydrotrope. This combined function should allow formulators to diminish or eliminate volatile solvents in a variety of cleaning products. ACS has shown merit as an agent to reduce soil redeposition in three different heavy‐duty liquid formulations. Additionally, heavy‐duty liquid detergents containing ACS can be formulated to high surfactant and organic builder levels.
Chemo‐enzymatic synthesis of disaccharide fatty acid esters
Authors: Sarney Douglas B. , Kapeller Herwig , Fregapane Guiseppe , Vulfson Evgeny N. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA novel enzymatic method for the synthesis of disaccharide fatty acid esters was developed with immobilizedMucor miehei lipase (Lipozyme IM‐60; Novo Nordisk, Bagsvaerd, Denmark) as a catalyst. A range of lactose and maltose monoesters was prepared in overall yields of 48–77% from the corresponding sugar acetals and fatty acids.
Builder performance in detergent formulations and biodegradability of partially dicarboxylated amylopectin
Authors: Matsumura Shuichi , Aoki Kiyotaka , Toshima Kazunobu 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAmylopectin was partially dicarboxylated so as to retain the unreacted glucopyranose groups as biodegradable segments in the polymer chain; and the bioenzymatic degradability, as well as builder performance in detergent formulations, was evaluated and compared with data obtained from amylose. Dicarboxylation of amylopectin was carried out by conversion of the vicinal diols of the glucopyranose groups of amylopectin into the corresponding dicarboxylatesvia dialdehydes. The aerobic biodegradability of sodium dicarboxyamylopectin (DCAp) was evaluated by measuring the biological oxygen demand (BOD) with activated sludge. The biodegradability, of DCAp depended on the content of unreacted glucopyranose groups in the polymer chain. DCAp containing more than 80 mol% glucopyranose groups showed excellent biodegradability. The biodegradability, obtained by the BOD test, and the enzymatic degradability also correlated well, suggesting that these polymers are first cleaved at the unreacted glucopyranose units with subsequent assimilation of the resultant oligomeric fractions. DCAp, which was biodegradable under aerobic conditions, also biodegraded under anaerobic conditions. Detergency tests were carried out with heavy‐duty detergent formulations. The detergency was determined by the content of dicarboxylate groups in the polymer when compared on an equal weight basis. The polymers with high dicarboxylate contents showed better builder performance. DCAp showed better builder performance than the corresponding amylose derivatives. This excellent builder performance is ascribed to the cluster‐type structure of amylopectin, in which calcium ion is effectively sequestered. Builder performance in detergent formulation improved greatly with increasing amounts of DCAp used in the detergent formulation.
Nonionic detergent degradation: III. Initial mechanism of the degradation
Authors: Patterson Stella J. , Scott C. C. , Tucker K. B. E. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractIn Parts I and II of this series (1,2), degradation and foaming experiments on a number of commercially available alcohol polyethoxylates and alkyl phenol polyethoxylates are described. This paper describes an extension of the thin layer chromatographic work on which the experiments described earlier were based, supplemented by a variety of other chemical and physical tests to provide some insight into the initial mechanism of degradation of these materials before they disappear by the established oxidation and hydrolytic routes. In the case of the readily degradable alcohol ethoxylates, two distinct mechanisms are shown to proceed simultaneously: a fission of the molecule into hydrophobic and hydrophilic entities, and a rapid oxidation of the hydrophobic group. No fission occurs in the case of the alkyl phenol ethoxylates, the more usual route of degradation being slow oxidation and hydrolysis of the alkyl groups, the aromatic ring and the ethoxy chain simultaneously; occasionally, and at higher pH, the hydrolysis of the ethoxy chain proceeds at a considerably increased rate.
The use of agroindustrial by‐products for biosurfactant production
Authors: Mercade M. E. , Manresa M. A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractTraditionally, hydrocarbons have been used for biosurfactant production. However, urban waste, peat pressate and agroindustrial by‐products, such as olive oil mill effluent and acid whey, are possible substitutes for microbial growth and biosurfactant production. The state of the art has been reviewed, augmented by some new information onPseudomonas fermentation of olive oil mill effluent. More research is needed to improve yields and production economics.
Fatty acids: part 27. Olefin inversion involving unsaturated fatty esters
Authors: Lie Ken Jie M. S. F. , Chan M. F. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractUnsaturated long chain fatty esters gave the corresponding bromochloro ester derivatives when treated with N‐bromosuccinimide and hydrogen chloride. Treatment of the intermediate halo esters with sodium iodide furnished the same positional unsaturated fatty ester isomers, but of opposite geometric configuration. This olefin isomerization method was found to be high yielding, stereospecific and to cause no double bond migration.
Detection of chlorophyll derivatives in soybean oil by HPLC
Authors: Fraser M. S. , Frankl G. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractChlorophyll derivatives have been isolated from a degummed soybean oil by cellulose column chromatography and resolved by reversed phase HPLC. The HPLC separation was performed on a Zorbax ODS column using acetone‐methanol (75:25) as the mobile phase. Seven major components were detected by visible (650 nm) light absorption. Pheophytin A is the predominant component of the mixture (40–45% of the total). Pheophytin A’, pyropheophytin A, and three unidentified pigments having spectral features resembling pheophytin A comprise the other major pigments. No evidence was found for the presence of chlorophylls A and B in this oil.
Characterization of γ‐linolenic acid geometrical isomers in borage oil subjected to heat treatments (deodorization)
Authors: Wolff Robert L. , Sébédio Jean‐Louis 
Published: January 2007

AbstractHeating of borage oil, either under vacuum as a model or during steam‐vacuum deodorization, produces artifacts that are geometrical isomers of γ‐linolenic acid (cis‐6,cis‐9,cis‐12 18∶3 acid). In a first approach, we have studied the behavior of these fatty acids in the form of either methyl or isopropyl esters on two capillary columns (CP‐Sil 88 and DB‐Wax). From this study, it appears that the DB‐Wax capillary column is the best suited analytical tool to study in some detail γ‐linolenic acid geometrical isomers. In a second approach, the structure of these isomers was formally established by combining several analytical techniques: Argentation thin‐layer chromatography, comparison of the equivalent chainlengths with those of isomers present in NO2‐isomerized borage oil on two different capillary columns, partial hydrazine reduction, oxidative ozonolysis, gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry and gas chromatography coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The two main isomers that accumulate upon heat treatments are thetrans‐6,cis‐9,cis‐12 andcis‐6,cis‐9,trans‐12 18∶3 acids with minor amounts ofcis‐6,trans‐9,cis‐12 18∶3 acid. One di‐trans isomer, supposed to be thetrans‐6,cis‐9,trans‐12 18∶3 acid, is present in low although noticeable amounts in some of the heated oils. The content of these artificial fatty acids increases with increasing temperatures and duration of heating. The degree of isomerization (DI) of γ‐linolenic acid is less than 1% when the oil is deodorized at 200°C for 2 h. Heating at 260°C for 5 h increases the DI up to 74%. Isomerization of γ‐linolenic acid resembles that of α‐linolenic (cis‐9,cis‐12,cis‐15 18∶3) acid in several aspects: The same kinds and numbers of isomers are formed, and similar degrees of isomerization are reached when the octadecatrienoic acids are heated under identical conditions. It seems that the reactivity of a double‐bondvis‐à‐vis cis‐trans isomerization is linked to its relative position, central or external, and not to its absolute position (Δ6, 9, 12 or 15).
Analysis of the seeds ofVentilago calyculata Tul.
Authors: Grover G. S. , Rao J. T. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSeeds ofVentilago calyculata contained 3.4% moisture, 1.8% ash, 32.9% fiber, 3.5% protein, 1.3% reducing sugars (as glucose), and 40% fixed oil, sterols, coloring matter, glycosides and free acids. The fixed oil of the seeds has been investigated in detail. Oleic acid was the major constituent at 63.1%; others were 15.9% palmitic, 13.6% linolenic, 4.5% linoleic, 1.2% lauric, 1.1% stearic and small amounts of caprylic acids. The unsaponfiable matter contained β‐amyrin and lupeol along with traces of two unidentified hydrocarbons.
Effect of salt and aging on aqueous surfactant formulations for tertiary oil recovery: A correlation of physical properties with microstructure using spin‐labels
Authors: Vijayan S. , Ramachandran C. , Shah D. O. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractPhysical properties and molecular packing in surfactant aggregates of the surfactant formulation 5% (w/w) TRS 10–410 (a petroleum sulfonate), 3% (w/w) isobutanol and desired quantities of sodium chloride in distilled water were studied using electron spin resonance (ESR) technique and pH, density, viscosity, screen factor, specific conductance, surface tension and free sodium ion measurements of fresh and aged solutions. The results suggested that both salt concentration and aging lead to changes in molecular packing of surfactant aggregates. At optimal salinity, the order parameter was a maximum. With increasing salt concentration, the correlation time increases initially and decreases at higher salt concentration. Various physical property data substantiate the observed microstructural changes. A detailed discussion is presented of the interrelations of these parameters operative in this complex surfactant formulation.
Sterols, methyl sterols, triterpene alcohols and fatty acids of the kernel fat of different malagasy mango(Mangifera indica) varieties
Authors: Gaydou Emile M. , Bouchet Philippe 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe kernel fat content of 16 different mango varieties collected from the Northwestern part of Madagascar island were examined. The fat content (22–54%) was determined by chloroform/methanol extraction. Investigation by gas liquid chromatography (GLC) revealed 15 fatty acids, mainly palmitic (7–12%), stearic (22–40%), oleic (41–48%) and linoleic (7–17%). Significant correlations were observed among the main fatty acids. Testing for the sterol fraction in 15 mango varieties allowed us to separate and quantitatively analyze 7 sterols by GLC. The main sterols wereβ‐sitosterol (47–76%), stigmasterol (12–23%) and campesterol (7–12%). The stigmasterol/campesterol ratio (1.2:2.3) was lower in mango kernel fat than in cocoa butter. Among the 4‐methyl sterol fractions, gramisterol, lophenol, obtusifoliol and citrostadienol were tentatively identified by GLC. Lupeol, cycloartenol,α‐ andβ‐amyrins and friedelinol were tentatively identified by GLC in the triterpene alcohols fractions.