bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of an Annular Baffle on Heat Transfer to an Immersed Coil Heat Exchanger in Thermally Stratified Tanks
Authors: Nicodemus Julia , Smith Joshua , Noreika Joseph , Gomi Manaka , Zhou Tingyu 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The effect of a cylindrical baffle on heat transfer to an immersed heat exchanger is investigated in initially thermally stratified tanks. The heat exchanger is located in the annular region created by the baffle and the tank wall. Three different cases of initial thermal stratification are explored, and in each case, experiments are conducted with and without the baffle in the stratified tank and in a comparable isothermal tank with the same initial energy, enabling exploration of the role of the baffle in a stratified tank and the role of stratification in tanks with or without the baffle. The baffle maintains the high initial temperature of the upper zone of the stratified tank for 10–16 min, as cool plumes that form on the heat exchanger are confined to the annular baffle region until they exit at the bottom of the tank. Regardless of stratification, the baffle always improves heat transfer to the immersed heat exchanger. In the isothermal tanks, the baffle increases total energy extracted in the first 30 min of discharge by over 20%. In stratified tanks, the baffle increases total energy extracted in 30 min of discharge by 9–16%. Initially, improvement in heat transfer in stratified tanks is due to the higher driving temperature differences around the heat exchanger. Later, after all the water from the hot zone has entered and flowed through the baffle, the tank is basically isothermal, and velocity increases as the fluid temperature drops, maintaining rates of heat transfer higher than that in the tank without the baffle. Stratification improves heat transfer in tanks without a baffle because, by design, the driving temperature difference between the heat exchanger wall and the surrounding fluid is considerably higher. However, in tanks with the baffle, stratification has only a modest positive effect on heat transfer to the immersed heat exchanger.
Epidemiology of Shoulder Dislocations Presenting to Emergency Departments in the United States, 2007–2020
Authors: Rodriguez Rebecca R. , Lam Kenneth C. 
Published: March 2024

Context: Shoulder dislocations are the most commonly treated joint dislocation in the emergency department. Zacchilli and Owens previously reported on the epidemiology of shoulder dislocations presenting to the emergency department in the United States from 2002 to 2006. At the time of data collection and analysis, no epidemiological report had been published to update these findings. Purpose: The purpose of our study was to provide an updated epidemiological report from 2007 to 2020. Results: A total of 26,203 shoulder dislocations were recorded in the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System database from 2007 to 2020. The highest rates occurred in males (71.4%, n = 18,722) and patients aged 20–29 years old (28.2%, n = 7,292). The most common mechanism of injury was sports involvement (48.6%, n = 12,735). Interpretation: Our findings suggest that rates of shoulder dislocations have remained consistent with previous research on this topic, indicating no significant changes over the past 19 years. More effective prevention strategies are needed, especially for at-risk populations.
Recent H9N2 avian influenza virus lost hemagglutination activity due to a K141N substitution in hemagglutinin
Authors: Wen Feng , Yan Zhanfei , Chen Gaojie , Chen Yao , Wang Nina , Li Zhili , Guo Jinyue , Yu Hai , Liu Quan , Huang Shujian 
Published: March 2024

ABSTRACT

The H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) represents a significant risk to both the poultry industry and public health. Our surveillance efforts in China have revealed a growing trend of recent H9N2 AIV strains exhibiting a loss of hemagglutination activity at 37°C, posing challenges to detection and monitoring protocols. This study identified a single K141N substitution in the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein as the culprit behind this diminished hemagglutination activity. The study evaluated the evolutionary dynamics of residue HA141 and studied the impact of the N141K substitution on aspects such as virus growth, thermostability, receptor-binding properties, and antigenic properties. Our findings indicate a polymorphism at residue 141, with the N variant becoming increasingly prevalent in recent Chinese H9N2 isolates. Although both wild-type and N141K mutant strains exclusively target α,2-6 sialic acid receptors, the N141K mutation notably impedes the virus’s ability to bind to these receptors. Despite the mutation exerting minimal influence on viral titers, antigenicity, and pathogenicity in chicken embryos, it significantly enhances viral thermostability and reduces plaque size on Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. Additionally, the N141K mutation leads to decreased expression levels of HA protein in both MDCK cells and eggs. These findings highlight the critical role of the K141N substitution in altering the hemagglutination characteristics of recent H9N2 AIV strains under elevated temperatures. This emphasizes the need for ongoing surveillance and genetic analysis of circulating H9N2 AIV strains to develop effective control and prevention measures.

IMPORTANCE
The H9N2 subtype of avian influenza virus (AIV) is currently the most prevalent low-pathogenicity AIV circulating in domestic poultry globally. Recently, there has been an emerging trend of H9N2 AIV strains acquiring increased affinity for human-type receptors and even losing their ability to bind to avian-type receptors, which raises concerns about their pandemic potential. In China, there has been a growing number of H9N2 AIV strains that have lost their ability to agglutinate chicken red blood cells, leading to false-negative results during surveillance efforts. In this study, we identified a K141N mutation in the HA protein of H9N2 AIV to be responsible for the loss of hemagglutination activity. This finding provides insight into the development of effective surveillance, prevention, and control strategies to mitigate the threat posed by H9N2 AIV to both animal and human health.
Potent small molecule inhibitors against the 3C protease of foot-and-mouth disease virus
Authors: Kim Yunjeong , Pool Emma , Kim Eunji , Dampalla Chamandi S. , Nguyen Harry Nhat , Johnson David K. , Lovell Scott , Groutas William C. , Chang Kyeong-Ok 
Published: March 2024

ABSTRACT

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is one of the most devastating diseases of livestock which can cause significant economic losses, especially when introduced to FMD-free countries. FMD virus (FMDV) belongs to the family
Picornaviridae
and is antigenically heterogeneous with seven established serotypes. The prevailing preventive and control strategies are limited to restriction of animal movement and elimination of infected or exposed animals, which can be potentially combined with vaccination. However, FMD vaccination has limitations including delayed protection and lack of cross-protection against different serotypes. Recently, antiviral drug use for FMD outbreaks has increasingly been recognized as a potential tool to augment the existing early response strategies, but limited research has been reported on potential antiviral compounds for FMDV. FMDV 3C protease (3Cpro) cleaves the viral-encoded polyprotein into mature and functional proteins during viral replication. The essential role of viral 3Cpro in viral replication and the high conservation of 3Cpro among different FMDV serotypes make it an excellent target for antiviral drug development. We have previously reported multiple series of inhibitors against picornavirus 3Cpro or 3C-like proteases (3CLpros) encoded by coronaviruses or caliciviruses. In this study, we conducted structure-activity relationship studies for our in-house focused compound library containing 3Cpro or 3CLpro inhibitors against FMDV 3Cpro using enzyme and cell-based assays. Herein, we report the discovery of aldehyde and α-ketoamide inhibitors of FMDV 3Cpro with high potency. These data inform future preclinical studies that are related to the advancement of these compounds further along the drug development pathway.

IMPORTANCE
Food-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus (FMDV) causes devastating disease in cloven-hoofed animals with a significant economic impact. Emergency response to FMD outbreaks to limit FMD spread is critical, and the use of antivirals may overcome the limitations of existing control measures by providing immediate protection for susceptible animals. FMDV encodes 3C protease (3Cpro), which is essential for virus replication and an attractive target for antiviral drug discovery. Here, we report a structure-activity relationship study on multiple series of protease inhibitors and identified potent inhibitors of FMDV 3Cpro. Our results suggest that these compounds have the potential for further development as FMD antivirals.
Determination of the cycle threshold value of the Xpert Xpress SARS-CoV-2/Flu/RSV test that corresponds to the presence of infectious SARS-CoV-2 in anterior nasal swabs
Authors: Relich Ryan F. , Van Benten Kayla , Lei Guang-Sheng , Robinson Christopher M. , Carozza Mariel , Sahoo Malaya K. , Huang ChunHong , Solis Daniel , Sibai Mamdouh , Myers Christopher A. , Sikorski Cynthia , Balagot Caroline , Yang David , Pinsky Benjamin A. , Loeffelholz Michael J. 
Published: March 2024

ABSTRACT

Despite having high analytical sensitivities and specificities, qualitative SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) cannot distinguish infectious from non-infectious virus in clinical samples. In this study, we determined the highest cycle threshold (Ct) value of the SARS-CoV-2 targets in the Xpert Xpress SARS-CoV-2/Flu/RSV (Xpert 4plex) test that corresponded to the presence of detectable infectious SARS-CoV-2 in anterior nasal swab samples. A total of 111 individuals with nasopharyngeal swab specimens that were initially tested by the Xpert Xpress SARS-CoV-2 test were enrolled. A healthcare worker subsequently collected anterior nasal swabs from all SARS-CoV-2-positive individuals, and those specimens were tested by the Xpert 4plex test, viral culture, and laboratory-developed assays for SARS-CoV-2 replication intermediates. SARS-CoV-2 Ct values from the Xpert 4plex test were correlated with data from culture and replication intermediate testing to determine the Xpert 4plex assay Ct value that corresponded to the presence of infectious virus. Ninety-eight of the 111 (88.3%) individuals initially tested positive by the Xpert Xpress SARS-CoV-2 test. An anterior nasal swab specimen collected from positive individuals a median of 2 days later (range, 0–9 days) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by the Xpert 4plex test in 39.8% (39/98) of cases. Of these samples, 13 (33.3%) were considered to contain infectious virus based on the presence of cultivable virus and replication intermediates, and the highest Ct value observed for the Xpert 4plex test in these instances was 26.3. Specimens that yielded Ct values of ≤26.3 when tested by the Xpert 4plex test had a likelihood of containing infectious SARS-CoV-2; however, no infectious virus was detected in specimens with higher Ct values.

IMPORTANCE
Understanding the correlation between real-time PCR test results and the presence of infectious SARS-CoV-2 may be useful for informing patient management and workforce return-to-work or -duty. Further studies in different patient populations are needed to correlate Ct values or other biomarkers of viral replication along with the presence of infectious virus in clinical samples.
Granular Aluminum Kinetic Inductance Nonlinearity
Authors: Zhdanova M. , Pologov I. , Svyatsky G. , Chichkov V. , Maleeva N. 
Published: March 2024

Granular Aluminum is a superconductor known for more than eighty years, which recently found its ap-plication in qubits, microwave detectors and compact resonators, due to its high kinetic inductance, critical magnetic field and critical current. Here we report on the nonlinear dependence of granular Aluminum inductance on current, which hints towards parametric amplification of the microwave signal in granular Aluminum films. The phase shift of the microwave signal reached 4 rad at a frequency of 7 GHz, which makes it possible to estimate the nonlinearity of the system as $$\Delta \phi {\text{/}}\phi = 1.4{\kern 1pt} \% $$ and the potential gain of the order of 17 dB.
Gravitationally induced unified relation among duality, coherence, steering, and maximal average fidelity
Authors: Chen Duo-Duo , Dong Dong-Dong , Song Xue-Ke , Ye Liu , Wang Dong 
Published: March 2024

AbstractRecently, numerous measures have been proposed for quantifying the quantumness of a given system, and the existence of intrinsic connections among quantum resource measures has been proven. Here, we study the unified relationship between duality, first-order coherence, three-setting linear steering inequality, and maximum average fidelity between two masses due to gravity. Under gravitational inducement, an equivalent relationship was identified between the first-order coherence and duality. The coherence of a system can be controlled by adjusting arm lengths and the distance between the arms of an interferometer. In most cases, the first-order coherence of a system cannot be maximised. Furthermore, a trade-off relationship between gravitationally induced duality and steering violations was derived. We can adjust the arm length and distance between the arms of the interferometer such that the steering violation reaches its maximum at phase $$\pi $$
π
. The results show that the value of the steering violation is always greater than 1; that is, the state of the system is steerable. In addition, we explored the intrinsic relationship between duality and the maximal average fidelity due to gravity. In most cases, the maximum average fidelity of the system is greater than 2/3, indicating that the state is useful for quantum teleportation. These results are important for investigating the intrinsic relationships among various quantum resources within the framework of gravity.
Electron EDM and LFV decays in the light of Muon $$(g-2)_\mu $$ with U(2) flavor symmetry
Authors: Tanimoto Morimitsu , Yamamoto Kei 
Published: March 2024

AbstractWe study the interplay of New Physics (NP) among the lepton magnetic moment, the lepton flavor violation (LFV) and the electron electric dipole moment (EDM) in light of recent data of the muon$$(g-2)_\mu $$(g-2)μ. The NP is discussed in the leptonic dipole operator with theU(2) flavor symmetry of the charged leptons, where possible CP violating phases of the three family space are taken into account. It is remarked that the third-family contributes significantly to the LFV decay,$$\mu \rightarrow e\gamma $$μ→eγ, and the electron EDM. The experimental upper-bound on$$\mu \rightarrow e\gamma $$μ→eγdecay gives a severe constraint on the parameters of the flavor model. The predicted electron EDM is rather large due to the CP violating phases in the three family space. In addition, we also study$$(g-2)_{e,\tau }$$(g-2)e,τof the electron and tauon, and EDMs of the muon and tauon as well as the$$\tau \rightarrow e \gamma $$τ→eγand$$\tau \rightarrow \mu \gamma $$τ→μγdecays. The$$\tau _R \rightarrow \mu _L \gamma $$τR→μLγdecay is predicted to be close to the experimental upper-bound.
Tuning the electro-optical properties of germanene nanoribbons by boron atom substitution for application in information transmission
Authors: Ngoc Hoang Van , Ha Chu Viet 
Published: March 2024

Germanene nanoribbons, a one-dimensional material, have great potential for future technological applications. This research aims to investigate the electro-optical properties of boron-doped germanene nanoribbons with a width of five atoms. The theory used in this study is density functional theory (DFT). The original system is a narrow band gap semiconductor, with a gap size of 0.06[Formula: see text]eV. The doped configurations, which retain the honeycomb hexagonal structure, are stable and metallic in nature. The introduction of B atoms flattens the configuration, leading to a partial charge shift from Ge to B. The absorption peaks in the 3B and 5B configurations occur in the frequency range less than 500[Formula: see text]nm, indicating good absorption of visible light, and suggesting possible applications in light-sensitive components. Notably, the real part of the dielectric function’s 0z component is negative, offering immense potential for optical, microwave and communication applications.
Twin-Width IV: Ordered Graphs and Matrices
Authors: Bonnet Édouard , Giocanti Ugo , de Mendez Patrice Ossona , Simon Pierre , Thomassé Stéphan , Toruńczyk Szymon 
Published: March 2024

We establish a list of characterizations of bounded twin-width for hereditary classes of totally ordered graphs: as classes of at most exponential growth studied in enumerative combinatorics, as monadically NIP classes studied in model theory, as classes that do not transduce the class of all graphs studied in finite model theory, and as classes for which model checking first-order logic is fixed-parameter tractable studied in algorithmic graph theory.

This has several consequences. First, it allows us to show that every hereditary class of ordered graphs either has at most exponential growth, or has at least factorial growth. This settles a question first asked by Balogh et al. [
5
] on the growth of hereditary classes of ordered graphs, generalizing the Stanley-Wilf conjecture/Marcus-Tardos theorem. Second, it gives a fixed-parameter approximation algorithm for twin-width on ordered graphs. Third, it yields a full classification of fixed-parameter tractable first-order model checking on hereditary classes of ordered binary structures. Fourth, it provides a model-theoretic characterization of classes with bounded twin-width. Finally, it settles the small conjecture [
8
] in the case of ordered graphs.
Generating Python Type Annotations from Type Inference: How Far Are We?
Authors: Guo Yimeng , Chen Zhifei , Chen Lin , Xu Wenjie , Li Yanhui , Zhou Yuming , Xu Baowen 
Published: March 2024

In recent years, dynamic languages such as Python have become popular due to their flexibility and productivity. The lack of static typing makes programs face the challenges of fixing type errors, early bug detection, and code understanding. To alleviate these issues, PEP 484 introduced optional type annotations for Python in 2014, but unfortunately, a large number of programs are still not annotated by developers. Annotation generation tools can utilize type inference techniques. However, several important aspects of type annotation generation are overlooked by existing works, such as in-depth effectiveness analysis, potential improvement exploration, and practicality evaluation. And it is unclear how far we have been and how far we can go.
In this paper, we set out to comprehensively investigate the effectiveness of type inference tools for generating type annotations, applying three categories of state-of-the-art tools on a carefully-cleaned dataset. First, we use a comprehensive set of metrics and categories, finding that existing tools have different effectiveness and cannot achieve both high accuracy and high coverage. Then, we summarize six patterns to present the limitations in type annotation generation. Next, we implement a simple but effective tool to demonstrate that existing tools can be improved in practice. Finally, we conduct a controlled experiment showing that existing tools can reduce the time spent annotating types and determine more precise types, but cannot reduce subjective difficulty. Our findings point out the limitations and improvement directions in type annotation generation, which can inspire future work.
Spectral Flow Cytometry Methods and Pipelines for Comprehensive Immunoprofiling of Human Peripheral Blood and Bone Marrow
Authors: Spasic Milos , Ogayo Esther R. , Parsons Adrienne M. , Mittendorf Elizabeth A. , van Galen Peter , McAllister Sandra S. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract

Profiling hematopoietic and immune cells provides important information about disease risk, disease status, and therapeutic responses. Spectral flow cytometry enables high-dimensional single-cell evaluation of large cohorts in a high-throughput manner. Here, we designed, optimized, and implemented new methods for deep immunophenotyping of human peripheral blood and bone marrow by spectral flow cytometry. Two blood antibody panels capture 48 cell-surface markers to assess more than 58 cell phenotypes, including subsets of T cells, B cells, monocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, and dendritic cells, and their respective markers of exhaustion, activation, and differentiation in less than 2 mL of blood. A bone marrow antibody panel captures 32 markers for 35 cell phenotypes, including stem/progenitor populations, T-cell subsets, dendritic cells, NK cells, and myeloid cells in a single tube. We adapted and developed innovative flow cytometric analysis algorithms, originally developed for single-cell genomics, to improve data integration and visualization. We also highlight technical considerations for users to ensure data fidelity. Our protocol and analysis pipeline accurately identifies rare cell types, discerns differences in cell abundance and phenotype across donors, and shows concordant immune landscape trends in patients with known hematologic malignancy.

Significance:
This study introduces optimized methods and analysis algorithms that enhance capabilities in comprehensive immunophenotyping of human blood and bone marrow using spectral flow cytometry. This approach facilitates detection of rare cell types, enables measurement of cell variations across donors, and provides proof-of-concept in identifying known hematologic malignancies. By unlocking complexities of hematopoietic and immune landscapes at the single-cell level, this advancement holds potential for understanding disease states and therapeutic responses.
Benchmarks for Pirá 2.0, a Reading Comprehension Dataset about the Ocean, the Brazilian Coast, and Climate Change
Authors: Pirozelli Paulo , José Marcos M. , Silveira Igor , Nakasato Flávio , Peres Sarajane M. , Brandão Anarosa A. F. , Costa Anna H. R. , Cozman Fabio G. 
Published: March 2024

ABSTRACT
Pirá is a reading comprehension dataset focused on the ocean, the Brazilian coast, and climate change, built from a collection of scientific abstracts and reports on these topics. This dataset represents a versatile language resource, particularly useful for testing the ability of current machine learning models to acquire expert scientific knowledge. Despite its potential, a detailed set of baselines has not yet been developed for Pirá. By creating these baselines, researchers can more easily utilize Pirá as a resource for testing machine learning models across a wide range of question answering tasks. In this paper, we define six benchmarks over the Pirá dataset, covering closed generative question answering, machine reading comprehension, information retrieval, open question answering, answer triggering, and multiple choice question answering. As part of this effort, we have also produced a curated version of the original dataset, where we fixed a number of grammar issues, repetitions, and other shortcomings. Furthermore, the dataset has been extended in several new directions, so as to face the aforementioned benchmarks: translation of supporting texts from English into Portuguese, classification labels for answerability, automatic paraphrases of questions and answers, and multiple choice candidates. The results described in this paper provide several points of reference for researchers interested in exploring the challenges provided by the Pirá dataset.