bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Priority rules govern the organization of traffic on foraging trails under crowding conditions in the leaf-cutting ant Atta colombica
Authors: Dussutour A. , Beshers S. , Deneubourg J. L. , Fourcassié V. 
Published: January 2009

SUMMARY
Foraging in leaf-cutting ants is generally organized along well-defined recruitment trails supporting a bi-directional flow of outbound and nestbound individuals. This study attempts to reveal the priority rules governing the organization of traffic on these trails. Ants were forced to move on a narrow trail, allowing the passage of only two individuals at a time. In this condition, a desynchronization of inbound and outbound traffic was observed,involving the formation of alternating clusters of inbound and outbound ants. Most clusters of inbound ants were headed by laden ants followed by unladen ants. This occurred because inbound unladen ants did not attempt to overtake the laden ants in front of them. As unladen ants move on average faster than laden ants, these ants were thus forced to decrease their speed. By contrast,this decrease was counterbalanced by the fact that, by staying in a cluster instead of moving in isolation, inbound unladen ants limit the number of head-on encounters with outbound ants. Our analysis shows that the delay induced by these head-on encounters would actually be twice as high as the delay induced by the forced decrease in speed incurred by ants staying in a cluster. The cluster organization also promotes information transfer about the level of food availability by increasing the number of contacts between outbound and inbound laden ants, which could possibly stimulate these former to cut and retrieve leaf fragments when reaching the end of the trail.
The role of the arthropod stomatogastric nervous system in moulting behaviour and ecdysis
Authors: Ayali Amir 
Published: January 2009

SUMMARYA possible role of the insect stomatogastric nervous system (STNS) in ecdysis was first implied in early studies reporting on internal air pressure build-up in the digestive tract and air swallowing during ecdysis. The frontal ganglion, a major component of the insect STNS, was suggested to play an important part in this behaviour. Recent neurophysiological studies have confirmed the critical role of the STNS in the successful completion of both larval and adult moults in insects. In aquatic arthropods, though much less studied, the STNS plays an equally important and probably very similar role in water swallowing. Water uptake is instrumental in splitting the crustacean cuticle and allowing successful ecdysis. Current data are presented in a comparative view that contributes to our understanding of the role of the STNS in arthropod behaviour. It also sheds light on the question of homology of the STNS among the different arthropod groups. New insights into the neurohormonal control of ecdysis, related to the STNS in both insects and crustaceans, are also presented and comparatively discussed.
Control and function of arm swing in human walking and running
Authors: Pontzer Herman , Holloway John H. , Raichlen David A. , Lieberman Daniel E. 
Published: January 2009

SUMMARY
We investigated the control and function of arm swing in human walking and running to test the hypothesis that the arms act as passive mass dampers powered by movement of the lower body, rather than being actively driven by the shoulder muscles. We measured locomotor cost, deltoid muscle activity and kinematics in 10 healthy adult subjects while walking and running on a treadmill in three experimental conditions: control; no arms (arms folded across the chest); and arm weights (weights worn at the elbow). Decreasing and increasing the moment of inertia of the upper body in no arms and arm weights conditions, respectively, had corresponding effects on head yaw and on the phase differences between shoulder and pelvis rotation, consistent with the view of arms as mass dampers. Angular acceleration of the shoulders and arm increased with torsion of the trunk and shoulder, respectively, but angular acceleration of the shoulders was not inversely related to angular acceleration of the pelvis or arm. Restricting arm swing in no arms trials had no effect on locomotor cost. Anterior and posterior portions of the deltoid contracted simultaneously rather than firing alternately to drive the arm. These results support a passive arm swing hypothesis for upper body movement during human walking and running, in which the trunk and shoulders act primarily as elastic linkages between the pelvis, shoulder girdle and arms,the arms act as passive mass dampers which reduce torso and head rotation, and upper body movement is primarily powered by lower body movement.
Estimating energy expenditure of animals using the accelerometry technique: activity, inactivity and comparison with the heart-rate technique
Authors: Green J. A. , Halsey L. G. , Wilson R. P. , Frappell P. B. 
Published: January 2009

SUMMARYSeveral methods have been used to estimate the energy expenditure of free-ranging animals. A relatively new technique uses measures of dynamic body acceleration as a calibrated proxy for energy expenditure and has proved an excellent predictor of energy expenditure in active animals. However, some animals can spend much of their time inactive and still expend energy at varying rates for a range of physiological processes. We tested the utility of dynamic body acceleration to estimate energy expenditure during a range of active (locomotion, eating) and inactive (digesting, thermoregulating)behaviours exhibited by domestic chickens. We also compared this technique with the more established heart-rate method for estimating energy expenditure. During activity, the error of estimation using body acceleration was very similar to that from the heart-rate method. Importantly, our results also showed that body acceleration can be used to estimate energy expenditure when birds are inactive. While the errors surrounding these estimates were greater than those during activity, and those made using the heart-rate method, they were less than those made using interspecific allometric equations. We highlight the importance of selecting a methodology that is appropriate for the life-history of the subject animal. We suggest that, to achieve the greatest possible accuracy and precision when estimating energy expenditure in free-ranging animals, the two techniques should be combined, and both heart rate (fH) and dynamic body acceleration could be included as covariates in predictive models. Alternatively, measures of acceleration can be used to ascertain which behaviour is being exhibited at each moment and hence which predictive model should be applied.
Sibling Relationship Quality and Social Functioning of Children and Adolescents With Intellectual Disability
Authors: Floyd Frank J. , Purcell Susan E. , Richardson Shana S. , Kupersmidt Janis B. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWe examined sibling relationships for children and adolescents with intellectual disability and assessed implications for their social functioning. Targets (total N = 212) had either intellectual disability, a chronic illness/physical disability, or no disability. Nontarget siblings reported on relationship quality, sibling interactions were observed, and teachers reported on social adjustment. Group comparisons highlighted the asymmetrical hierarchy and low conflict unique to siblings and targets with intellectual disability. Sibling relationships characterized by high warmth/closeness, positive affect, and few negative behaviors were predictive of fewer behavior problems for the targets at school. Both high warmth/ closeness and high conflict predicted greater social competence for the targets with intellectual disability, though warmth, conflict, and sibling management had different implications depending on the sibling's gender.
Factors Predictive of Midlife Occupational Attainment and Psychological Functioning in Adults With Mild Intellectual Deficits
Authors: Seltzer Marsha Mailick , Floyd Frank J. , Greenberg Jan S. , Hong Jinkuk , Taylor Julie Lounds , Doescher Heather 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
The life course of individuals with mild intellectual deficits and the factors that account for heterogeneity in their midlife outcomes were examined. Past research has shown that such individuals are at risk for poor occupational attainment in adulthood and more compromised psychological functioning, including increased depression. Although predictors varied for men and women, in general greater midlife occupational attainment was predicted by continuation of education beyond high school, having role models for achievement, and social participation earlier in adulthood. Midlife psychological functioning was predicted by having role models of achievement, having discussed plans for the future with parents and teachers, and achievement of aspirations set in high school. Implications for contemporary models of transition planning are discussed.
Durability by Design: New Results on Load-Carrying Silicone Bonding
Authors: Hagl Anneliese 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
In the year 2000, the Herz-Jesu church in Munich, Germany was finalized featuring a glass façade with advanced bonded load-carrying structures. The façade was stiffened in such a way that wind- and dead-loaded glass elements were joined to stainless steel channels by a two-component silicone adhesive for load transfer. Durability aspects related to this type of bonding were already presented by the author at the previous symposium in 2003. The technical questions raised by the design of the Herz-Jesu church initiated detailed research investigations within Germany concerning the application of complex bonding geometries for structural engineering purposes. These studies comprised experimental and theoretical activities which were focused on the mechanical properties of two-component silicone adhesives as well as on the behavior of various bonding geometries resulting from the use of L- and T-type steel elements. In the context of these research activities, attention was also paid to different aspects directly or indirectly related to durability issues. Regarding adhesive material behavior, tensile, compression, and shear tests were performed on aged and unaged specimens in order to analyze the impact of an aggressive environment. Several degradation modes were induced into the specimens in a systematic manner in order to evaluate the load-bearing capacities and failure mechanisms of the different bonding geometries and in order to assess the behavior in the view of partial failure. This paper presents an overview of the obtained experimental results complemented by detailed finite element analysis results. Former results obtained for the U-type bonding geometry are reviewed in the light of new experimental findings. Furthermore, bonding geometries like the T-type bonding are assessed in a similar way as previously done for the U-type bonding geometry. Finally, the paper concludes by directly comparing all investigated bonding geometries with respect to durability aspects.
Gestational thyroid function abnormalities in conditions of mild iodine deficiency: early screening versus continuous monitoring of maternal thyroid status
Authors: Moleti Mariacarla , Lo Presti Vincenzo Pio , Mattina Filiberto , Mancuso Alfredo , De Vivo Antonio , Giorgianni Grazia , Di Bella Beatrice , Trimarchi Francesco , Vermiglio Francesco 
Published: January 2009

ObjectiveTo longitudinally evaluate the timing of maternal thyroid underfunction occurrence in mildly iodine-deficient (ID) pregnant women, and ultimately assess the benefit of thyroid function testing at early gestation only in identifying maternal thyroid underfunction.Participants/methodsSerum free-thyroxine and TSH were measured in 220 consecutive women once in early pregnancy (by week 12) and twice per trimester subsequently. Anti-thyroperoxidase and anti-thyroglobulin were also determined at initial and final observation.ResultsThyroid autoantibodies were detectable in 8.2% women. Overall, the prevalence of hypothyroidism over the course of gestation was 11.8% (26/220), with a relative risk of hypothyroidism in antibody-positive women of 5.0 (χ2 20.02, P<0.0005). Nonetheless, almost 70% hypothyroid women tested negative for thyroid autoantibodies. Fifteen/26 (57.7%) hypothyroid women were identified at presentation, and the remaining 11 at either early (6/11) or late (5/11) phases of the 2nd trimester. Isolated hypothyroxinemia was observed in 56/220 (25.4%) women, mostly from the 2nd trimester onwards.ConclusionsIn mildly ID areas thyroid function testing early in gestation seems to be only partly effective in identifying thyroid underfunction in pregnant women. Indeed, in our series more than 40% hypothyroid women would not have been diagnosed had we limited our observation to early thyroid function tests alone. Although thyroid autoimmunity carried a 5-fold increased risk of hypothyroidism, iodine deficiency seems to be a major determinant in the occurrence of thyroid underfunction. Adequate iodine supplementation should be strongly recommended to meet the increased hormone demand over gestation.
Endometriosis
Authors: Lampé László 
Published: January 2009

Az endometriosis (ectopiás endometrium) szövettanilag benignus kórkép, de sok panaszt (meddőség, dysmenorrhoea, fájdalom) és súlyos szövődményeket okozhat. A nemi teljesség korában lévő nők megbetegedése, de ritka kivételként a menarche előtt is kialakul. Korábban feltételezett gyakoriságát (1-2%) a laparoszkópia alkalmazása óta 6-10%-ban adják meg. Keletkezésében közvetlen ráterjedés (például endometriosis interna, seu adenomyosis), retrográd menstruáció, embolizáció, metaplasia mellett immunológiai és genetikai folyamatok szerepét is bizonyították. Felismerésében a laparoszkópiának van fő szerepe, továbbá a képalkotó eljárásoknak és a fizikális vizsgálatnak. Kezelésében hormonális és műtéti megoldások mellett palliatív gyógymódokkal segíthetünk.
Three New Species of Eriophyoid Mites (Acari: Prostigmata: Eriophyoidea) from Grass Hosts in Croatia
Authors: Skoracka A , Labrzycka A , Rector B G 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Three new species of grass-feeding eriophyoid mites (Acari: Prostigmata: Eriophyoidea) are described from Croatia: Acaralox croatiae n. sp., inhabiting purple moorgrass, Molinia coerulea (L.) Moench; Aculodes festucae n. sp., inhabiting tall fescue, Festuca arundinacea Schreb.; and Aculodes sylvatici n. sp., inhabiting false brome, Brachypodium sylvaticum (Huds.) Roem. et Schult. The three new species are first records of eriophyoid mites infesting Poaceae in Croatia. These records increase the current documented number of eriophyoid species in Croatia from 28 to 31.
Revision of the Family Helotidae (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea) III: The Thibetana Group and a Checklist of Helota MacLeay Species
Authors: Lee Chi-Feng 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
The thibetana species group of Helota MacLeay is revised. Five species are considered to be valid. The following synonyms are proposed: Helota sinensisOlliff, 1883 (=H. tonkinensisRitsema, 1905a); and H. thibetana Westwood, 1842 (=H. verrucosaRitsema, 1894; H. donckieriRitsema, 1907; H. westwoodiiRitsema, 1907). Lectotypes are designated for Helota sinensis Olliff, H. tonkinensis Ritsema, H. donckieri Ritsema, and H. westwoodii Ritsema. A key for the thibetana species group is provided. Figures of the protibia, penis, parameres, internal sac, and eighth abdominal tergite are given for each species. A checklist of the 23 valid species and subspecies of the genus Helota MacLeay is provided.
Effect of Host Plant Part on Larval Body-Color Polymorphism inHelicoverpa Armigera(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Yamasaki Azusa , Shimizu Ken , Eujisaki Kenji 
Published: January 2009

AbstractLarvae of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), exhibit a body-color polymorphism that is most distinct in the final instar. Larval coloration was investigated in relation to the effects of host plant diet. Larval coloration was strongly influenced by the plant parts on which larvae fed; larvae that fed on leaves exhibited a higher frequency of green coloration than larvae that fed on flowers and fruit. This pattern also was exhibited in full sibling larvae that had uniform genetic background. Larval performance in terms of survival, developmental period, and pupal weight was better in larvae reared on fruit than in those reared on leaves. Our results suggest that larval coloration was determined primarily by the portion of the plant upon which larvae were reared. Larvae also had a certain degree of plastic response to the diet change, which indicates larvae can adjust body color as they change the part of the host plant where they feed. Although the adaptive consequence of similar body color to plant part is still unknown, diet-induced body-color polymorphism in H. armigera might have some role in helping larvae avoid visual predation.
Life Cycle and Larval Morphology of Diomus Terminatus (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and its Potential as a Biological Control Agent of Melanaphis Sacchari (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Akbar W , Carlton C , Reagan T E 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
The life cycle, morphology, and potential of Diomus terminatus Say (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) to control the sugarcane aphid, Melanaphis sacchari (Zehntner) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), were examined in the laboratory. The morphologies of first and fourth instars are described and illustrated, with emphasis on characters of first instar that differ from those of later instars. Dramatic differences exist in the relative size and abundance of specialized setae between early and late instars. Field-collected late instars of D. terminatus were successfully reared to adult stage at 26°C by using M. sacchari feeding on small pieces of sugarcane {Saccharum, spp.) leaves. The eggs laid on the sugarcane leaves hatched in 4.5 ± 0.1 d. Larval and pupal stages lasted an average of 6.8 ± 0.6 and 4.9 ± 0.2 d, respectively. D. terminatus required 12.1 ± 0.6 d from egg hatch to adult emergence. The adult longevity test with single adults in petri dishes revealed that D. terminatus remained alive for 26 ± 1.9 d when feeding on aphids of mixed ages. The larvae consumed a total of 30 ± 1.8 aphid nymphs, with a daily consumption rate of 4.7 ± 0.4. The adult voracity test showed that D. terminatus could consume as many as 19 ± 0.9 aphids per d. These results are discussed with respect to their implications for aphid control in Louisiana sugarcane.
Life History, Seasonal Phenology, and Parasitoids of the Hawaiian Endemic Moth Udea Stellata (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)
Authors: Kaufman L V , Wright M G 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
This study presents basic information on the life cycle, seasonal phenology, and parasitism of the endemic Hawaiian moth Udea stellata (Butler) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), a species for which little biological information is available, even though it was described more than a century ago. By observation of ecdysis and measurements of corresponding head capsule widths under laboratory conditions, we determined that U. stellata undergoes six larval stages. All larval stages had distinct ranges in head capsule width. Duration of each larval stage as well as the egg and pupal stage are reported. Endemic host plants of U. stellata, Pipturus spp. (Urticacea), were sampled at eight field sites between July 2004 and July 2006. Temporal differences in density of larvae were most pronounced in medium- and high-elevation sites, possibly an effect of more marked seasonal temperature changes. The parasitoid assemblage associated with U. stellata consisted of seven species: three adventive species, two purposely introduced species, and two of unknown origin. Adventive parasitoids rather than purposely introduced parasitoids were responsible for the greater part of the apparent mortality observed.
Early Nymphal Development in Ephoron Leukon (Ephemeroptera: Polymitarcyidae) with Particular Emphasis on Mouthparts and Abdominal Gills
Authors: O'donnell Brigid C 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
The early stages of nymphal development of Ephoron leukon Williamson (Ephemeroptera: Polymitarcyidae) are described with special attention paid to the appearance and differentiation of the mouthparts and abdominal gills. Dramatic changes in the mouthparts of E. leukon include outgrowth of the mandibular tusks from the mandible proper, differentiation of the galealacinia and palps of the maxillae, and splitting of the labium into multiple lobes plus the adornment of various regions of the mouthparts with dense brushes of setae functioning in filter feeding. The abdominal gills of E. leukon originate as short threads, and then they progressively elongate and develop a fringe of long thin extensions around their margins, branch basally to form two separate lamellae and ultimately acquire a suite of structural adornments. In E. leukon, nymphs develop mature mouthparts and abdominal gills during early nymphal ontogeny, a developmental pattern that may facilitate key habitat transitions.
Dead Reckoning in Tunnel Propagation of the Formosan Subterranean Termite (Isoptera:Rhinotermitidae)
Authors: Bardunias Paul , Su Nan-Yao 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Subterranean termites excavate extensive tunnel complexes in search of resources. The high energetic cost of digging through soil places stringent requirements on the efficiency of tunnel patterns for both search and transport at the time of their initial construction. An efficient spread of tunnels could result from simple diffusion away from a shared origin, but the ability to actively orient the burgeoning tunnels allows for the construction of efficient patterns when faced with the possibility of detours or directional drift. In this study, termite excavators were made to dig through one or two 90° forced turns of varying length that displaced them laterally and changed their heading. When allowed to tunnel freely again, they invariably corrected for the displacement by moving along a vector away from a point of tunnel origination, termed the global away vector (GAV), that was the opposite of a homing vector. Through the elimination of reliable allothetic cues, idiothetic dead reckoning was shown to be sufficient to orient tunnel headings. Excavation in termites was not coordinated solely by stigmergy, because tunnelers did not rely on local cues alone while digging, but the removal of soil from sites at the tunnel tip was governed by their ability to generate a GAV through dead reckoning.