bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PRO‐OPIOCORTIN RELATED PEPTIDES IN HUMAN PITUITARY AND ECTOPIC ACTH SECRETING TUMOURS
Authors: RATTER SALLY J. , GILLIES GLENDA , HOPE J. , HALE ANN C. , GROSSMAN A. , GAILLARD R. , COOK D. , EDWARDS C.R.W. , REES LESLEY H. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYBasal and stimulated secretion of N‐terminal pro‐opiocortin (Pro‐γ‐MSH), ACTH and LPH from seven pituitary and three ectopic ACTH secreting tumours have been studied in vitro using a perfused isolated cell system. The peptides were shown to be released concomitantly and in equimolar amounts. The pituitary tumours responded to stimulation with rat stalk median eminence extracts (SME) and synthetic AVP. However, peptide release from the ectopic tumours, although pulsatile, remained autonomous. Prior to surgery, gel‐chro‐matographic profiles of plasma immunoreactive ACTH showed only one peak, which eluted in the position of 1–39 ACTH, in patients with the pituitary tumours, but there was a second peak of large molecular weight ACTH present in the plasma from those with the ectopic ACTH syndrome. This second form of ACTH could not be detected in any of the tumour cell column effluents. An eighth pituitary tumour was atypical, in its unusually large size, clinically aggressive nature and spectrum of peptide release. Although peptide release in response to stimulation with SME was similar to that observed with the other pituitary tumours, the chromatography of the plasma ACTH resembled the ectopic plasma pattern, showing two peaks of immunoreactivity.
FAILURE OF INHIBITION BY TRH OF L‐DOPA STIMULATED GH SECRETION IN PATIENTS WITH ALCOHOLIC CIRRHOSIS OF THE LIVER
Authors: ZANOBONI ALBERTO , ZECCA LUCIANO , ZANOBONI‐MUCIACCIA WANDA 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYWe have investigated the effects of a single oral dose of L‐Dopa (500 mg) or of an i.v. infusion of TRH (1 mg dissolved in 400 ml of saline solution) or both administered together, on GH release in men with alcoholic cirrhosis of the liver, and compared them with responses in normal subjects. The results obtained in normal subjects confirm that TRH does not modify plasma GH levels, L‐Dopa elevates GH concentrations, while the administration of these two drugs together significantly inhibits GH release induced by oral L‐Dopa. In contrast, in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis of the liver, the following results were obtained:

TRH infusion significantly increased plasma GH levels which were steadily elevated throughout the experiment;
oral administration of L‐Dopa provoked a significant rise in blood GH over the basal values similar to that observed in normal subjects;
when TRH and L‐Dopa are administered at the same time a GH increase like that observed after L‐Dopa alone was obtained.

These results clearly demonstrate that in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis of the liver the normal inhibitory effect of TRH on L‐Dopa induced GH release is completely lost.
SOMATOSTATIN‐28 AND SOMATOSTATIN‐14 SUPPRESSION OF ARGININE‐, INSULIN‐, AND TRH‐STIMULATED GH AND PRL SECRETION IN MAN
Authors: MILLAR R. P. , KLAFF L. J. , BARRON J. L. , LEVITT N. S. , LING N. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYGH and PRL responses to arginine infusion and to the combined pituitary stimulation test (0·1 u/kg of insulin, 200 μg of TRH, 100 μg of LHRH) were compared in five normal men during infusions of somatostatin‐14 (SS‐14) and somatostatin‐28 (SS‐28), and during control infusions of vehicle alone. SS‐14 and SS‐28 were infused at a rate of 1·8 nmol/kg over 210 min. Arginine (0·5 g/kg) was infused from 30 to 60 min and the combined pituitary stimulation test commenced at 120 min. Arginine (0·5 g/kg) infused from 30 to 60 min induced an increase in GH secretion in all subjects and this increase was completely abolished in these same subjects when infused with SS‐14 and SS‐28. Arginine‐induced hyperglycaemia was significantly greater during infusion of SS‐14 and further enhanced by infusion of SS‐28. A small increase in PRL secretion occurred after arginine infusion and this was not inhibited by SS‐14 or SS‐28. Insulin and TRH administration induced marked increases in both GH and PRL secretion. The mean GH increase was significantly inhibited by SS‐14 and SS‐28 up to 165 min but not thereafter. The PRL increase was significantly inhibited by SS‐28 but not by SS‐14 and this greater efficacy was also indicated by administering different doses of SS‐28 to one subject. Taken together with the demonstration that SS‐28 is released from the median eminence, these findings indicate that SS‐28 has a hormonal role in the regulation of GH and PRL secretion.
HUMAN ERYTHROCYTE INSULIN RECEPTORS IN NORMAL MALE AND FEMALE SUBJECTS
Authors: WAJCHENBERG B. L. , LERARIO A. C. , EL‐ANDERE W. , OHNUMA L. Y. , SOUZA I. T. TOLEDO E 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYHuman red blood cells (RBC) have been shown to have highly specific insulin receptors. We have studied the binding characteristics of insulin to these receptors in erythrocytes from normal male and female subjects on their usual diet and physical activity. There were no significant differences in insulin binding in erythrocytes from females between the two phases of the menstrual cycle. However, the receptor concentration was higher in the 2nd half of the cycle accompanied by a reduction in affinity.Binding curves of 125‐I‐insulin to RBC from males were higher than females in either phases of the menstrual cycle, primarily due to an increase in receptor concentration when compared to females in the follicular phase and mediated by an increased affinity at low receptor occupancy when compared to females in the luteal phase.We speculated that the differences in the binding characteristics of 125I‐insulin to RBC insulin receptors are mediated by differences in the levels of sex hormones.
SERUM TRIIODOTHYRONINE AND HYPERTHYROIDISM IN A POPULATION SAMPLE OF WOMEN
Authors: NYSTRÖM E. , BENGTSSON C. , LINDQUIST O. , LINDBERG S. , LINDSTEDT G. , LUNDBERG P.‐A. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe serum T3 assay has been regarded as the most sensitive single test for hyperthyroidism although impaired conversion of T4 to T3 in non‐thyroidal illness (NTI) might decrease its diagnostic sensitivity. The present report gives experience from the T3 assay in middle‐aged females under conditions similar to those in a general health survey. The assays were performed during two periods with an interval of six years.In 1974–75 we studied a representative sample (n= 1283) of women of ages 44, 52, 56, 60 and 66 years in Göteborg, Sweden. Individuals with serum T3 concentration > mean + 2·5 SD were selected for a follow‐up study (n= 21). Of 16 individuals with no previous thyroid disease and no present treatment with thyroid hormones or oestrogens, 14 were subjected to a TRH‐stimulation test giving a normal TSH response in 10 cases having T3 concentrations up to mean + 3·5 SD. Four women with serum T3 concentration ≥ mean + 3·5 SD had previously unrecognized autonomous function thyroid function, of whom two developed hyperthyroidism after two years.The original population sample was reinvestigated after six years in 1980‐81 (n= 1138) together with an additional sample of women giving a total sample of 1422 women of ages 26, 38, 50, 58, 62, 66 and 72 years. Of the females studied in 1974–75 eight had developed hyperthyroidism between the two studies; three of these had raised serum T3 at the investigation in 1974–75. No case of hyperthyroidism had been missed by the T3 assay in the 1974–75 study. Of individuals with serum T3≥mean + 2·5 SD selected for a follow‐up (n= 29) at least five were found to have previously unrecognized thyroid autonomy.We found a raised serum T3 to be associated with hyperthyroid (n= 2) and euthyroid GRAVES' disease, autonomously functioning thyroid adenoma(s), possible painless subacute thyroiditis, possible thyrotoxicosis factitia, diminished thyroid reserve and thyroid substitution therapy.Since we did not correct for variations in protein binders a number of individuals with oestrogen‐associated rise of total T3 were identified, but the rises were usually modest. The incidence of hyperthyroidism for the original sample as calculated for the six‐year period was 1.3 cases/1000 women/year whereas the prevalence by 1980‐81 was 13 cases/1000 women.We conclude that a single T3 determination will in most cases be sufficient for the diagnosis of clinical hyperthyroidism in a non‐hospitalized population. Our study indicates some of the problems associated with the follow‐up of a general screening for hyperthyroidism, the possible benefit of which remains to be studied.
RELATIONS BETWEEN IMMUNOREACTIVE SOMATOMEDIN C, INSULIN AND T3 PATTERNS DURING FASTING IN OBESE SUBJECTS
Authors: CAUFRIEZ A. , GOLSTEIN J. , LEBRUN P. , HERCHUELZ A. , FURLANETTO R. , COPINSCHI G. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYPlasma glucose, immunoreactive somatomedin‐C (Sm‐C), GH, insulin (IRI) and T3 were measured daily in 20 obese subjects before and during a 9‐day fast. Control levels of Sm‐C were normal and exhibited no significant correlation with any of the other parameters investigated. During fasting there were no consistent variations in GH, but significant decreases occurred in blood glucose, IRI, T3 and Sm‐C levels. While individual Sm‐C patterns varied widely, as a group the fasting Sm‐C values showed a positive correlation with the fasting IRI and T3 levels, and with control body weight. These findings suggest that the decrease in Sm‐C which occurs during caloric deprivation may be the result of concomitant decreases occurring in T3 and IRI levels.
PLASMA DISAPPEARANCE OF OVINE CORTICOTROPHIN‐RELEASING FACTOR IN MAN
Authors: TSUKADA T. , NAKAI Y. , KOH T. , TSUJII S. , IMURA H. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYDisappearance of immunoreactive ovine corticotrophin‐releasing factor (IR‐oCRF) from plasma after a single intravenous injection of ovine corticotrophinreleasing factor (oCRF) was studied in man in the morning and evening. Synthetic oCRF (80 μg) was injected intravenously to four normal male volunteers at 0900 h or at 2200 h. Blood samples were drawn before and 2, 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min after the oCRF injection. Plasma IR‐oCRF was measured by a specific radioimmunoassay for OCRF. Plasma concentrations of IR‐oCRF after oCRF injections in the morning and in the evening did not differ significantly (P>0·05). Disappearance of IR‐oCRF was modelled with a two‐exponent function by using a non‐linear least squares computer program. The metabolic clearance rate, the apparent initial volume of distribution, the plasma half‐life for the fast component and that for the slow component calculated from all eight tests in the morning and evening were 1·49·0±05 ml/min·kg, 44·4±1·7 ml/kg, 6·8±0·7 min and 46·2±2·3 min (mean ± SEM), respectively. This relatively long half‐life may be responsible for the prolonged biological effect of oCRF administered intravenously. There were no significant differences between parameters of IR‐oCRF disappearance curves in the morning and those in the evening (P>0·05).
HORMONAL EFFECTS OF GnRH AGONIST IN THE HUMAN MALE: II. TESTOSTERONE ENHANCES GONADOTROPHIN SUPPRESSION INDUCED BY GnRH AGONIST
Authors: BHASIN S. , HEBER D. , STEINER B. , PETERSON M. , BLAISCH B. , CAMPFIELD L. A. , SWERDLOFF R. S. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYSuperactive analogues of gonadotrophin releasing hormone and testosterone, when administered together, synergistically inhibit gonadotrophin secretion and spermatogenesis in the rat. In order to determine whether testosterone also enhanced gonadotrophin suppression by GnRH agonist in the human male, two groups of four normal male volunteers first received either 10 or 100 μg of a GnRH agonist D(Nal2)6GnRH (GnRH‐A) daily for 10 d. After at least a 50 d recovery period, the same subjects received a single injection of 200 mg of testosterone oenanthate (TE) on day 1 in addition to the same dose of GnRH‐A daily for 10 d. Serum LH, FSH and testosterone (TS) concentrations were measured dailyjust prior to the next analogue dose, and on days 1 and 10 at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16 and 24 h after the analogue injection.Daily administration of both 10 and 100 μg of GnRH‐A alone resulted in an early phase of stimulation followed by progressive decline in LH, FSH and testosterone to levels below baseline by day 10 despite continued administration of GnRH‐A. Addition of testosterone to 10 μg of GnRH‐A resulted in hormonal responses identical to those seen with GnRH‐A alone. Combined treatment of testosterone with 100 μg of GnRH‐A did not blunt the peak LH and FSH responses on day 2, but resulted in significantly lower LH (mean integrated responses: 187 ± 30 vs. 234 ± 42 mIU‐d/ml) and FSH (mean integrated responses: 20·6 ± 3·3 vs. 32·8 ± 4·2 mIU‐d/ml) responses from days 3 to 11. By day 11, all subjects receiving combined treatment (GnRH‐A 100 μg+testosterone oenanthate) had undetectable serum FSH levels. In contrast, serum FSH concentrations on day 11 after treatment with GnRH‐A alone were 43·6 ± 8·9% of control and none of the subjects had values below the limit of detection. Serum testosterone levels in the combined treatment group did not fall below baseline by day 10 in either the 10 (161·4 ± 48%) or the 100 μg GnRH‐A groups (104·6 ± 11·2%), while in the group receiving GnRH‐A alone, testosterone levels declined to 45·6 ± 8·3% and 80±18·8% with the 10 and 100 μg dose respectively.We conclude that addition of a suppressive dose of testosterone to an appropriate dose of GnRN‐A significantly enhances gonadotrophin suppression by GnRH‐A in the human male. Combined use of testosterone and GnRH‐A might be of importance in the development of a male contraceptive to achieve the desired suppression of spermatogenesis while avoiding androgen deficiency.
DIRECT AND QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENT BY IMMUNOPRECIPITATION ASSAY OF ANTI‐THYROTROPHIN RECEPTOR ANTIBODIES IN SERA OF PATIENTS WITH GRAVES' DISEASE
Authors: de BRUIN T. W. A. , van der HEIDE D. , QUERIDO A. , KROL MARIA C. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe presence of anti‐TSH receptor antibodies in the sera of 32 patients with untreated GRAVES' disease, 21 patients with euthyroid autonomous multinodular goitre, nine patients with Hashimoto's disease and 22 normal controls, was investigated by means of a direct and quantitative immunoprecipitation assay (IPA). A comparison was made between the IPA anti‐TSH receptor antibody titres, the thyrotrophin‐binding inhibitor immunoglobulins (TBII) index determined by radio‐receptor assay and the presence of circulating immune complexes (CIC); no correlation was found. Twenty‐six (81%) of the 32 untreated patients with GRAVES' disease were IPA‐positive; 16 (50%) had a positive TBII index. None of the patients with euthyroid autonomous multinodular goitre and none of the normal controls were IPA‐positive and their TBII index was normal in all cases. Of the nine patients with Hashimoto's disease seven were IPA‐positive and three had a positive TBII index. Of ten patients with GRAVES' disease still in remission none was IPA‐positive and their TBII index was normal. Of 18 patients who relapsed after treatment, 13 were IPA‐positive and only five had a positive TBII index. In seven patients with GRAVES' disease studied serially, anti‐TSH receptor antibodies remained present in the sera of four, although the TBII indices normalized. For the five patients who relapsed, a rise in the anti‐TSH receptor antibody titre at the time of the relapse was observed. It is concluded that not all anti‐TSH receptor antibodies cause TSH‐binding inhibition in the radio‐receptor assay, and further evidence has been obtained that anti‐TSH receptor antibodies are the cause of the hyperfunctioning of the thyroid gland in GRAVES' disease.
MALIGNANT PHAEOCHROMOCYTOMA: CLINICAL, BIOCHEMICAL AND SCINTIGRAPHIC CHARACTERIZATION
Authors: SHAPIRO B. , SISSON J. C. , LLOYD R. , NAKAJO M. , SATTERLEE W. , BEIERWALTES W. H. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYWe have evaluated thirty patients with malignant metastatic phaeochromocytoma with regard to clinical features, indices of catecholamine secretion, histology of lesions and a number of imaging procedures including scintigraphy with the recently developed sympathetic tissue‐seeking radiopharmaceutical 131I‐metaiodobenzylguanidine (131I‐MIBG). The primary tumour was extraadrenal in 13 cases. The commonest site of metastases was the axial skeleton (20 cases), followed by liver (four cases), lymph nodes (four cases), peritoneum (two cases) and lung (three cases). The malignancies were indolent, the mean time following the initial diagnosis was 9·18 years (range 0 to 33 years) and the mean duration of known metastases 3·71 years (range 0 to 18 years). There was a wide range of abnormalities in plasma and urinary catecholamines which did not correlate with the extent of tumour spread, histological pattern (mitotic index, Zellballen pattern, capsular or vascular invasion pleomorphism or necrosis) or 131I‐MIBG uptake by tumour deposits. 131I‐MIBG scintigraphy was found to be a useful technique for determining the extent of metastatic disease in most cases (26 of 30) and in some patients (16 of 30) was more sensitive than other radiological procedures. No false positive scans were encountered.
LONG‐TERM RESULTS OF ADRENAL SURGERY IN PATIENTS WITH CUSHING'S SYNDROME DUE TO ADRENOCORTICAL ADENOMA
Authors: VÄLIMÄKI M. , PELKONEN R. , PORKKA LEENA , SIVULA A. , KAHRI A. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYFourteen of 16 patients with Cushing's syndrome due to adrenal adenoma who had undergone adrenal surgery in the period 1967‐1981 participated in a follow‐up study 1 to 15 (mean 4·5) years after the operation. There were 14 unilateral and two bilateral adenomas. Two patients have died: one from postoperative complications, the other by suicide 10 years after surgery. None of the patients relapsed and none showed clinical features of Cushing's syndrome. However, five patients remained obese and four hypertensive. Furthermore, in the female patients the bone mineral density was lower than in age‐matched controls. The function of the pituitary‐adrenal axis recovered slowly. Postoperative replacement therapy was withdrawn 3 to 28 (mean 11·8) months after surgery in all but one patient. The function of the remaining adrenal gland was completely normal in 10 patients. In two patients the plasma cortisol response to ACTH‐stimulation was still blunted and associated with elevated plasma ACTH‐levels. The plasma ACTH‐level was low in the only patient having persistent hypocortisolism. In conclusion, the results show that most patients with Cushing's syndrome due to adrenal adenoma recover fully after surgery. In some patients, however, the suppressed pituitary and/or adrenal fail to resume normal function.
THE DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF CYSTIC NECK MASSES BY THE DETERMINATION OF THYROGLOBULIN CONCENTRATIONS IN THE ASPIRATES
Authors: KAWAMURA S. , KISHINO B. , MIYAUCHI A. , TAKAI S. , TAJIMA K. , MASHITA K. , TARUI S. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThyroglobulin (Tg) concentrations in the aspirates of various types of cystic neck masses were measured by RIA to assess the usefulness of this determination in differential diagnosis. The subjects consisted of 16 patients, whose final diagnoses were all established on the basis of operative results; three patients had follicular thyroid adenomas (F‐Ad), 11 had papillary thyroid carcinomas (P‐Ca), one had a thyroglossal duct cyst (TDC) and one had a lateral cervical cyst (LCC). Tg concentrations in the cyst fluids of F‐Ad and P‐Ca were very high (0·042–2·83 mg/ml) compared with serum Tg concentrations. There was no difference in Tg concentrations in the fluids of P‐Ca between primary lesions (n= 5) and metastatic lesions (n= 6). On the other hand, Tg concentrations of TDC and LCC were very low (< 100 ng/ml). Difficulty was experienced in diagnosing three patients, even though they had been examined by all nonsurgical diagnostic techniques. However, an occult thyroid carcinoma with lymph node metastasis was diagnosed by demonstrating a high Tg concentration in the aspirate of the cystic lymph node. T3 concentrations in cyst fluids of F‐Ad were higher than those of P‐Ca. T3 concentrations in the fluids of P‐Ca, TDC and LCC did not differ, and were similar to serum T3 levels. Cytology of cyst fluids was positive in four of 10 patients examined with P‐Ca. In conclusion, we can clearly confirm the thyroid origin of a cystic neck mass by demonstrating a high Tg concentration in the aspirate. This is especially useful for diagnosis in patients with thyroid carcinoma, including occult thyroid carcinomas with cystic lymph node metastasis.
THE EFFECT OF ENDOGENOUS AND EXOGENOUS GONADOTROPHIN‐RELEASING HORMONE ON THE PROLACTIN RESPONSE TO TRH
Authors: GOOREN L. J. G. , VAN DER VEEN E. A. , VAN KESSEL H. , HARMSEN‐LOUMAN W. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe prolactin response to TRH in a group of patients with Kallmann's syndrome was found to be significantly lower compared to a group of hypergonadotrophic hypogonadal patients. Since levels of testicular products are comparably low in both groups, we hypothesize that high endogenous LHRH production might be associated with an increased prolactin response to TRH. In support of this, we were, indeed, able to establish a positive correlation between the magnitude of the prolactin response to TRH and basal and LHRH‐stimulated LH/FSH levels (the latter serving as an index of endogenous LHRH production) in: (1) eugonadal men, (2) men with Kallmann's syndrome, (3) oestrogen‐treated agonadal men, (4) men with severely impaired spermatogenesis and, (5) agonadal men. A direct relation between LHRH and the prolactin response to TRH was demonstrated in a group of eugonadal men, the prolactin response to TRH being greater after prolonged LHRH pretreatment. We speculate that an increase of endogenous or exogenous LHRH might be associated with decreased hypothalamic dopamine secretion which could directly increase prolactin synthesis. Indirectly, decreased dopamine secretion could augment the potency of TRH in releasing prolactin.
LACK OF ENDOGENOUS OPIOID INHIBITORY TONE ON LH SECRETION IN EARLY PUBERTY
Authors: FRAIOLI F. , CAPPA* M. , FABBRI A. , GNESSI L. , MORETTI C. , BORRELLI PATRIZIA , ISIDORI A. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThirteen normal children, seven males and six females, during early puberty (I‐II according to Tanner), have been studied. Each subject was injected at weekly intervals and in random order with 100 μg of LHRH, 0·2 mg/kg of naloxone and 0·9% saline in single bolus. The gonadotrophin response was evaluated. The administration of naloxone failed to elevate LH levels in any of the subjects studied, even in those who showed a clear gonadotrophin response to LHRH. Unlike the response noted in adults, endogenous opiates do not appear to exert a tonic inhibitory influence on LH secretion during early pubery.
PITUITARY CELLULAR HYPERSENSITIVITY IN IDIOPATHIC HYPOPITUITARISM
Authors: SOBEL D. O. , GUTAI J. P. , RABIN B. S. , MONDINO B. J. , FIREMAN P. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYLymphocyte transformation in response to a saline extract of human pituitary was used to evaluate anti‐pituitary immunity in patients with idiopathic hypopituitarism. Nine normal subjects and three children with idiopathic hypopituitarism were studied. Lymphocytes of one patient were significantly reactive to pituitary extract (beyond the 95% tolerance limits of the normal subjects) at five and eleven months after the diagnosis of hypopituitarism. The anti‐pituitary hypersensitivity appeared organ specific since there was no lymphocyte reactivity to human thyroid extract in this patient. The presence of alopecia universalis, dystrophic nails and a primary immunodeficiency state suggests an autoimmune basis of his hypopituitary state. Due to hypogammag‐lobulinaemia and the lack of pituitary cell antibodies in this child, a humoral role in the development of his hypopituitarism is not supported.