bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fulvestrant (ICI 182,780) down-regulates androgen receptor expression and diminishes androgenic responses in LNCaP human prostate cancer cells
Authors: Bhattacharyya Rumi S. , Krishnan Aruna V. , Swami Srilatha , Feldman David 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) plays a key role in the development and progression of prostate cancer. Targeting the AR for down-regulation would be a useful strategy for treating prostate cancer, especially hormone-refractory or androgen-independent prostate cancer. In the present study, we showed that the antiestrogen fulvestrant [ICI 182,780 (ICI)] effectively suppressed AR expression in several human prostate cancer cells, including androgen-independent cells. In LNCaP cells, ICI (10 μmol/L) treatment decreased AR mRNA expression by 43% after 24 hours and AR protein expression by ∼50% after 48 hours. We further examined the mechanism of AR down-regulation by ICI in LNCaP cells. ICI did not bind to the T877A-mutant AR present in the LNCaP cells nor did it promote proteasomal degradation of the AR. ICI did not affect AR mRNA or protein half-life. However, ICI decreased the activity of an AR promoter-luciferase reporter plasmid transfected into LNCaP cells, suggesting a direct repression of AR gene transcription. As a result of AR down-regulation by ICI, androgen induction of prostate-specific antigen mRNA and protein expression were substantially attenuated. Importantly, LNCaP cell proliferation was significantly inhibited by ICI treatment. Following 6 days of ICI treatment, a 70% growth inhibition was seen in androgen-stimulated LNCaP cells. These data show that the antiestrogen ICI is a potent AR down-regulator that causes significant inhibition of prostate cancer cell growth. Our study suggests that AR down-regulation by ICI would be an effective strategy for the treatment of all prostate cancer, especially AR-dependent androgen-independent prostate cancer. [Mol Cancer Ther 2006;5(6):1539–49]
Diagnosing Sources of U.S. Seasonal Forecast Skill
Authors: Quan X. , Hoerling M. , Whitaker J. , Bates G. , Xu T. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
In this study the authors diagnose the sources for the contiguous U.S. seasonal forecast skill that are related to sea surface temperature (SST) variations using a combination of dynamical and empirical methods. The dynamical methods include ensemble simulations with four atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs) forced by observed monthly global SSTs from 1950 to 1999, and ensemble AGCM experiments forced by idealized SST anomalies. The empirical methods involve a suite of reductions of the AGCM simulations. These include uni- and multivariate regression models that encapsulate the simultaneous and one-season lag linear connections between seasonal mean tropical SST anomalies and U.S. precipitation and surface air temperature. Nearly all of the AGCM skill in U.S. precipitation and surface air temperature, arising from global SST influences, can be explained by a single degree of freedom in the tropical SST field—that associated with the linear atmospheric signal of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The results support previous findings regarding the preeminence of ENSO as a U.S. skill source. The diagnostic methods used here exposed another skill source that appeared to be of non-ENSO origins. In late autumn, when the AGCM simulation skill of U.S. temperatures peaked in absolute value and in spatial coverage, the majority of that originated from SST variability in the subtropical west Pacific Ocean and the South China Sea. Hindcast experiments were performed for 1950–99 that revealed most of the simulation skill of the U.S. seasonal climate to be recoverable at one-season lag. The skill attributable to the AGCMs was shown to achieve parity with that attributable to empirical models derived purely from observational data. The diagnostics promote the interpretation that only limited advances in U.S. seasonal prediction skill should be expected from methods seeking to capitalize on sea surface predictors alone, and that advances that may occur in future decades could be readily masked by inherent multidecadal fluctuations in skill of coupled ocean–atmosphere systems.
Observational Constraints on Past Attributable Warming and Predictions of Future Global Warming
Authors: Stott Peter A. , Mitchell John F. B. , Allen Myles R. , Delworth Thomas L. , Gregory Jonathan M. , Meehl Gerald A. , Santer Benjamin D. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
This paper investigates the impact of aerosol forcing uncertainty on the robustness of estimates of the twentieth-century warming attributable to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Attribution analyses on three coupled climate models with very different sensitivities and aerosol forcing are carried out. The Third Hadley Centre Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere GCM (HadCM3), Parallel Climate Model (PCM), and GFDL R30 models all provide good simulations of twentieth-century global mean temperature changes when they include both anthropogenic and natural forcings. Such good agreement could result from a fortuitous cancellation of errors, for example, by balancing too much (or too little) greenhouse warming by too much (or too little) aerosol cooling.
Despite a very large uncertainty for estimates of the possible range of sulfate aerosol forcing obtained from measurement campaigns, results show that the spatial and temporal nature of observed twentieth-century temperature change constrains the component of past warming attributable to anthropogenic greenhouse gases to be significantly greater (at the 5% level) than the observed warming over the twentieth century. The cooling effects of aerosols are detected in all three models.
Both spatial and temporal aspects of observed temperature change are responsible for constraining the relative roles of greenhouse warming and sulfate cooling over the twentieth century. This is because there are distinctive temporal structures in differential warming rates between the hemispheres, between land and ocean, and between mid- and low latitudes. As a result, consistent estimates of warming attributable to greenhouse gas emissions are obtained from all three models, and predictions are relatively robust to the use of more or less sensitive models. The transient climate response following a 1% yr−1 increase in CO2 is estimated to lie between 2.2 and 4 K century−1 (5–95 percentiles).
Inclusion Complexes of Cyclodextrins with Benzoquinolines in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Hamai Sanyo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The inclusion behavior of cyclodextrins (CDs) towards neutral species of benzo[h]quinoline (BhQ), benzo[f]quinoline (BfQ), and phenanthridine (PT) have been investigated in pH 7.3 buffers. α-CD forms little or no inclusion complexes with BhQ, BfQ, and PT, whereas β-CD forms 1:1 inclusion complexes with these benzoquinolines. In β-CD solution containing propylene oxide or tetrahydrofuran, a ternary inclusion complex is formed among β-CD, the benzoquinoline, and propylene oxide (tetrahydrofuran). γ-CD forms 1:1 inclusion complexes with the benzoquinolines, except for BhQ, for which a precipitation has been observed in the concentration range examined. For BfQ, its excimer fluorescence has also been observed, which is due to the 2:2 γ-CD–BfQ inclusion complex. The equilibrium constants for the formation of the binary and ternary inclusion complexes have been evaluated from the fluorescence intensity changes.
Solid Waste Management for Rural Areas: Analysis of Costs and Service Requirements
Authors: Schreiner Dean , Muncrief George , Davis Bob 
Published: July 2006

AbstractFederal and state legislation is increasingly making solid waste management an important service provided by rural communities and planning regions. Few systems have been designed for rural areas, and few studies have included data on spatial effects of collection density and transfer distances to disposal sites. Models are given estimating quantity of solid waste generated and costs per ton of solid waste collected, transferred, and disposed for different service areas and alternative technologies. The data can be used to project quantities of solid waste for collection and disposal and to determine optimum site location of disposal facilities in rural regions.
An Analysis of Alternative Grain Distribution Systems
Authors: Ladd George W. , Lifferth Dennis R. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA transshipment plant location model is used to determine the number, size, and location of new subterminals, expansions in storage capacity of existing country elevators, the rail network, and the monthly flows of grain from origins to elevators to destinations to maximize joint net revenue of grain producers within a 6 1/2‐county region. A grain transportation system having fewer rail lines would increase joint net revenue. Country elevators incapable of loading multiple‐car trains would be used as storage facilities and transship much of their grain to market through subterminals. Total net revenue varied by 1% or 2% over a wide range of rail abandonment plans.
A Spatiotemporal Quality Competition Model of the Australian Sugarcane Processing Industry
Authors: Ryland G. J. , Guise J. W. B. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAn activity analysis model is developed to determine the optimum period of production at a chain of sugarcane processing plants and the optimal regional transport network flows of cane and raw sugar. Explicit treatment is given to discrete variations in input quality which affect revenue at each plant location in each time period. Optimal solutions to three market configurations open to a multifacility monopolist—spatiotemporal quality competition, spatial quality competition, and pure competition—are obtained. Results suggest that, for given output, industry net revenues can be increased when explicit consideration is given to input quality variations relative to industry net revenues associated with treating inputs as homogeneous.
Cost Rates of Extending Unemployment Insurance to Agricultural Employment
Authors: Elterich Joachim , Bieker Richard 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis study uses the results of a regression equation for seventeen survey states to predict the cost rate of extending unemployment insurance (UI) to agricultural employment for each of the forty‐eight contiguous states. The equation included work force and UI system variables as regressors. For the United States, the cost rate averaged 3.3% of taxable payroll and ranged from 0.8% to 8.5% among states. With hardly any exceptions, the extension of UI to agriculture will not threaten the solvency of states' UI trust funds.
Economic Impact of Restricting Feed Additives in Livestock and Poultry Production
Authors: Mann Thomas , Paulsen Arnold 
Published: July 2006

AbstractEffects of feed additive restrictions on meat production have been measured in previous studies. An econometric simulation model is used in this study to evaluate the impact of policy alternatives on costs, prices, and net profits in beef, pork, broiler, and turkey production over a ten‐year period. Under the model, all the restrictive policy alternatives produced wholesale price increases. Simulation estimates of price and production cost increases, however, were lower than previous findings. Health risk reductions may be obtainable at a smaller loss in economic efficiency than previously suggested.
Farm Size, Rural Community Income, and Consumer Welfare
Authors: Heady Earl O. , Sonka Steven T. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractDecline in the number of farms and the resulting increase in average farm size has been a persistent feature of the change occurring in American agriculture throughout the last three decades. Different farm‐size assumptions are examined and their effect on certain key farm and nonfarm variables estimated. None of the alternatives analyzed provides benefits for all groups considered, and policies which may favor any one of these scenarios involve trade‐offs between the variables discussed.
Optimal Agricultural Pest Management with Increasing Pest Resistance
Authors: Hueth D. , Regev U. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe effect of increasing pest resistance to insecticides on the optimal control of a pest population is investigated by constructing a single‐pest, single‐crop management model and analyzing the resulting optimality conditions. Use of insecticides under these conditions results in both monetary costs and user costs. It is suggested that growers do not generally consider these user costs and therefore do not obtain maximum profits. The dynamic formulation of the model results in an extension of the literature dealing with the “economic‐threshold,” which under reasonable conditions is shown to be increasing during the course of the season.
Demand, Supply, and Price Relationships for the Broiler Sector, with Emphasis on the Jack‐Knife Method
Authors: Thompson Russell G. , Sprott J. Michael , Callen Richard W. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractParameters of a simultaneous equation model of the broiler sector were estimated by 2SLS, OLS, and JK procedures as proposed by Tukey and Hartley and Hartley. Results indicate that 2SLS and OLS methods may significantly underestimate the standard errors of the coefficients.
Risk Programming: An Aid in Planning Reservoir‐Irrigation Systems
Authors: Conner J. R. , Freund R. J. , Godwin M. R. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractRisk programming and simulation are used to develop a model which illustrates the effects of risk on farmers' managerial decisions and the optimal design parameters of a reservoir‐irrigation system. Since variations in water availability affect enterprise choice and farm income, farmers' reactions to risk are deemed important.
The Social Profitability of Subsidies for Agricultural Exports: The Case of Ghana
Authors: Haessel Walter , Vickery Edward 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA framework is developed to estimate the social profitability of export subsidies. The approach indicates whether a definite gain has been obtained even though the new equilibrium is not a first best. A method is provided for measuring consumer surplus when the demand curve shifts as a consequence of the policy. The technique is applied to selected agricultural exports from Ghana. It is found that while the subsidies would be profitable there would also be a heavy fiscal burden associated with the subsidies even though the subsidy scheme may be partly self‐financing.
An Economic Analysis of a Regionalized Rural Solid Waste Management System
Authors: Hardy William E. , Grissom Curtis L. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA quantitative model is developed to examine the possibility of cost savings through cooperative efforts in collecting and disposing of solid waste material. Heuristic algorithms are used to determine the best locations for landfills and the best routes for the collection trucks to follow in serving the five‐county study area. The results of the economic analyses indicate that a regional system for solid waste collection and disposal can be justified from a cost standpoint.
System Simulation of Agricultural Development: Some Nigerian Policy Comparisons
Authors:   The Michigan State University Agricultural Sector Simulation Team
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe generalized system simulation approach can improve information input to the decision‐making process in general. This paper illustrates a particular application to problems of planning and policy making for agricultural sector development. An overview of a simulation model of the Nigerian economy is given, and results of a series of 15 Nigerian agricultural development policy simulation experiments are analyzed in detail. The main conclusion is that, at least for these 15 experiments, a technological transformation of agricultural export crop production is necessary for sustained economic growth. The paper concludes with a discussion of the approach's general applicability.
A Methodology for Investigating the Importance of Government Intervention in Farmers' Decisions
Authors: Just Richard E. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA methodology for empirical investigation of the importance of subsidies, price supports, allotments, and diversion programs in agricultural supply response is developed and applied. Inclusion of the interdependent effects of government programs for competing crops is emphasized. Since at least some aspect of the institutional arrangements governing a group of competing commodities is often modified, a substantial part of the paper is devoted to the consistent representation of differing combinations of government program provisions in a single model of supply response. Alternative modifications and interpretations of the model for dealing with highly correlated government program variables are then considered.
Changes in Number and Size Distribution of U. S. Soybean Processing Firms
Authors: Farris Paul L. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractRapid growth in soybean processing was accompanied by declining processor numbers between 1946 and 1971. Large firm concentration rose through 1965, then stabilized. Processor size distributions after 1953 tended toward lognormality. Future industry structure may be significantly influenced by public policies affecting competitive viability of intermediate size firms.
Implications of Public School Finance Reform with Local Control
Authors: White Fred C. , Miller Bill R. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe nation's present interest in school finance reform concerns elimination of inequities in financing and improvement in the delivery of educational services. This paper examines one of the most popular school finance reform proposals that would allow the local school district to select an appropriate tax effort without directly linking quality of education to the district's wealth. Implementation of this reform proposal would result in a slight redistribution of income to poorer districts but would result in further inequities in quality of educational services.
Crop Yields: Random, Cyclical, or Bunchy?
Authors: Luttrell Clifton B. , Gilbert R. Alton 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper investigates whether changes in weather have random effects on crop yields. The data are yield series of several crops for the United States, individual major producing states, and major producing areas. Statistical tests show little evidence of nonrandomness in these series. There is almost no evidence of cycles or bunchiness prior to 1932, none for national average yields or the weighted average for major producing areas. Since 1932 there is some evidence of autocorrelation; however, this appears to reflect the uneven application rate of high yielding inputs, such as fertilizer and hybrid seed.
Strategy for Pesticide Use: Frequency and Applications
Authors: Talpaz Hovav , Borosh Itshak 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA pest control model with multiple treatments is presented. Population dynamics and damage rates are temperature dependent with predation affected by pesticide application. Pesticide tolerance distribution is used for constructing the estimated kill function. Mathematical‐numerical optimization is applied, selecting frequency and dosage which minimize control costs and crop damage.
A Welfare Analysis of Long‐Term Forest Products Price Stabitization
Authors: Adams Darius M. , Haynes Richard W. , Darr David R. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe prospective welfare and market impacts offederal efforts to stabilize prices of wood products are examined for two alternative strategies involving manipulating Forest Service harvest levels. Generally, these stabilization strategies yield substantial net benefits. Consumers consistently gain, while losses by stumpage producers and by end product suppliers in the South are largely offset by gains in the West.
The Evaluation of the Benefits of Basic Need Policies
Authors: Scandizzo Pasquale L. , Knudsen Odin K. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper presents a method to quantify social benefits of basic need policies by (a) relating their definition to the degree of fulfillment of accepted social standards, and (b) recasting the analysis of basic need projects within the general framework of shadow pricing in cost‐benefit analysis. An empirical application of this method shows that in poor countries, the attempt at upholding a standard of minimum food consumption for the poor would put substantial premiums on food production over and above world (or domestic supply) prices provided that the increased food supply results in sufficiently higher consumption for the undernourished.
A Comparison of Generating Techniques and Goal Programming for Public Investment, Multiple Objective Decision Making
Authors: Willis C. E. , Perlack R. D. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe move toward public decision making based on multiple objective analysis has occurred largely during the past decade. During this brief interval dozens of techniques have been advanced for this purpose. The class of (generating) techniques which do not require prior articulation of preferences and which provide alternative solutions rather than a single optimum is characterized and compared to goal programming. Goal programming, as generally employed, seeks a single optimum solution given an articulated set of targets and priorities on the relevant objectives. Four criteria were used in this comparison and neither approach was found to be unambiguously superior.
Cattle as a Store of Wealth in Swaziland: Implications for Livestock Development and Overgrazing in Eastern and Southern Africa
Authors: Doran M. H. , Low A. R. C. , Kemp R. L. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe contention that cattle are held as a store of wealth in Swaziland is supported by a regression analysis of slaughter against price and rainfall, and by an examination of the Swazi herd structure. The failure to recognize that cattle directly satisfy both wealth and income motives in traditional societies has led to the implementation of production‐oriented livestock development programs, which may worsen the serious overgrazing problem in Swaziland. Observations elsewhere indicate that there are lessons to be learned for livestock development in other overgrazed parts of eastern and southern Africa.
Wheat Cartelization and Domestic Markets
Authors: Chambers Robert G. , Woolverton Michael W. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe effects of cartelization in the international wheat market are analyzed. Particular attention is given to the relationship between the level of cartel profits and the price farmers receive for their wheat. Sufficient conditions are established for a rise in cartel profits to be associated with a rise in the farmgate price of wheat. The potential stability of a cartel formed by the major trading companies also is investigated and a means of preventing cheating is introduced and discussed.
An Analytical Framework for Extension Community Development Programming in Local Government
Authors: McDowell George R. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractCurrent Extension programming in community development, much of it directed at local government problems, appears a potpourri of stylistic approaches. The public choice paradigm explicitly establishes a theoretical basis for the view that government's primary role is providing for resolution of the constant and inevitable conflicts between the values of citizens. It views the level and mix of services provided by government as a reflection of that political process rather than a scientifically determinable optimum. These arguments clarify differences between “process” and “substantive” approaches to Community Resource Development programming and suggest a framework for Extension strategies for improving local government.