bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of odontocete populations of the Marquesas and Society Islands (French Polynesia)
Authors: Gannier Alexandre 
Published: November 2008

Small boat surveys were organized to study cetaceans of the Marquesas (9°S and 140°W) and the Society Islands (17°S and 150°W) in French Polynesia. Prospecting took place from 12–15 m sailboats, between 1996 and 2001 with systematic visual searching. Boats moved according to sea conditions, at a mean speed of 10 km/h. Effective effort of 4856 km in the Marquesas and 10,127 km in the Societies were logged. Relative abundance indices were processed for odontocetes using data obtained with Beaufort 4 or less. In the Marquesas, 153 on-effort sightings were obtained on 10 delphinids species including the spotted dolphin, spinner dolphin, bottlenose dolphin, melon-headed whale and rough-toothed dolphin. In the Societies, 153 sightings of 12 odontocetes included delphinids (spinner, rough-toothed and bottlenose dolphins, short-finned pilot and melon-headed whales, Fraser's dolphin, Risso's dolphin and pygmy killer whale) and two species of beaked whales, the sperm whale and dwarf sperm whale. Relative abundance indices were higher in the Marquesas than in the Societies both inshore (0.93 ind/km2against 0.36 ind/km2) and offshore (0.28 ind/km2against 0.14 ind/km2). Differences in remote-sensed primary production were equally important, the Marquesas waters featuring an annual average of 409 mgC.m−2 · day−1and the Societies of only 171 mgC · m−2 · day−1. The presence of a narrow shelf around the Marquesas also accounted for differences in odontocete populations, in particular the delphinids.
Biochemical composition of the mesopelagic coronate jellyfishPeriphylla periphyllafrom the Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Lucas Cathy H. 
Published: November 2008

The size–weight relationships, percentage water, ash-free dry weight and biochemical (protein, lipid and carbohydrate) contents of the coronate jellyfish speciesPeriphylla periphyllahave been analysed. A total of 48 medusae ranging in size from 13 to 80 mm bell diameter were collected from mesopelagic depths in the eastern Gulf of Mexico. The dry mass of whole medusae ranged from 1.12 to 10.53% of wet weight (mean 5.49%), while ash-free dry weight, a proxy for organic content, varied between 25.19 and 34.89% of dry weight (mean 30.14%). Preservation in 2% glutaraldehyde resulted in shrinkage in >75% of the medusae, with preserved bell diameters 2.9% to 28.6% smaller than the original fresh bell diameters. Preservation also produced a significant adjustment to the bell diameter to wet weight relationship. With regard to biochemical content, the typical gelatinous zooplankton trend of low carbohydrate (mean 8.99 mg gDW−1), intermediate lipid (mean 20.57 mg gDW−1) and high protein (mean 63.71 mg gDW−1) was observed. Although there was a high degree of variability in biochemistry, there was no apparent trend with size.
The North Sea benthic system: a 36 year time-series
Authors: Frid C.L.J. , Garwood P.R , Robinson L.A. 
Published: November 2008

Since 1971 the macro-benthic infauna at Station P, 18.5 km off the Northumberland coast (central western North Sea), have been sampled by grabbing each January/February. The data series now includes over 260 taxa from 173 genera. The most abundant taxa are Heteromastus, Levinsinia and Priospio which between them account for nearly 45% of the individuals recorded while the top 10 ranked taxa between them include almost 70% of the individuals recorded. Both total abundance and genera richness have varied through the 36 year series, particularly during the late 1980s–early 1990s but there was no trend and values in the 2000s are similar to those at the start of the series. However, MDS ordination of the entire genera abundance series shows a trend in composition of the macrobenthos through time. There is evidence that the changes in composition were driven by fishing impacts, but also influenced by the trend in climate warming and altered fluxes of phytoplankton to the benthos. Given that the dominant taxa have not changed and the total abundance and richness are similar this implies a turnover and redistribution of individuals across many taxa and raises the possibility of shifts in the ecological functioning of the system.
Evaluation of the video-identification technique applied to bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in Cagarras Archipelago, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Authors: Lodi Liliane , Mayerhofer Luiz Cláudio , Monteiro Neto Cassiano 
Published: November 2008

Reliable methods to identify and monitor cetacean individuals are important to assess population behaviour and ecology. We describe and evaluate the application of the digital video-identification technique (DVI) for the acquisition and analysis of dorsal fin images in the study of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in the Cagarras Archipelago, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Between August and November 2004, we identified and catalogued 20 individuals; 80% were re-sighted more than twice. The Individual Residence Index varied between 1.0 (N = 1) and 0.2 (N = 4). Compared with traditional photo-identification methods, DVI offers significant advantages in respect to production of sequential images and speed of editing and processing.
Effect of vitrification technique and assisted hatching on rabbit embryo developmental rate
Authors: Popelková M. , Turanová Z. , Koprdová L. , Ostró A. , Toporcerová S. , Makarevich A. V. , Chrenek P. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryThe aim of the study was to determine the efficiency of two vitrification techniques followed by two assisted hatching (AH) techniques based on post-thaw developmental capacity of precompacted rabbit embryos and their ability to leave the zona pellucida (hatching) during in vitro culture. The total cell number and embryo diameter as additional markers of embryo quality after warming were evaluated. In vivo fertilized, in vitro cultured 8–12-cell rabbit embryos obtained from superovulated rabbit does were cryopreserved by two-step vitrification method using ethylene glycol (EG) as cryoprotectant or by one-step vitrification method with EG and Ficoll (EG+Ficoll). Thawed embryos were subjected to enzymatic or mechanical AH. Vitrified EG group showed significantly lower (P < 0.05) blastocyst rate (22.5%) and hatching rate (15%) than those vitrified with EG + Ficoll (63 and 63% resp.) and that of control (97 and 97% respectively). Significantly lower values of total cell number (P < 0.05) as well as embryo diameter (P < 0.01) in EG group compared with EG + Ficoll and control group were recorded. No significant difference was found in developmental potential of warmed embryos treated by either mechanical or enzymatic AH. The present study demonstrates that the EG + Ficoll vitrification protocol provides superior embryo survival rates over the EG vitrification protocol for 8–12-cell stage precompacted rabbit embryos. No positive effect of either mechanical or enzymatic AH on the post-thaw viability and quality of rabbit embryos in vitro was observed.
Arbuscular Mycorrhiza–Specific Signaling in Rice Transcends the Common Symbiosis Signaling Pathway
Authors: Gutjahr Caroline , Banba Mari , Croset Vincent , An Kyungsook , Miyao Akio , An Gynheung , Hirochika Hirohiko , Imaizumi-Anraku Haruko , Paszkowski Uta 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Knowledge about signaling in arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbioses is currently restricted to the common symbiosis (SYM) signaling pathway discovered in legumes. This pathway includes calcium as a second messenger and regulates both AM and rhizobial symbioses. Both monocotyledons and dicotyledons form symbiotic associations with AM fungi, and although they differ markedly in the organization of their root systems, the morphology of colonization is similar. To identify and dissect AM-specific signaling in rice (Oryza sativa), we developed molecular phenotyping tools based on gene expression patterns that monitor various steps of AM colonization. These tools were used to distinguish common SYM-dependent and -independent signaling by examining rice mutants of selected putative legume signaling orthologs predicted to be perturbed both upstream (CASTOR and POLLUX) and downstream (CCAMK and CYCLOPS) of the central, calcium-spiking signal. All four mutants displayed impaired AM interactions and altered AM-specific gene expression patterns, therefore demonstrating functional conservation of SYM signaling between distant plant species. In addition, differential gene expression patterns in the mutants provided evidence for AM-specific but SYM-independent signaling in rice and furthermore for unexpected deviations from the SYM pathway downstream of calcium spiking.
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis of haemophilia
Authors: Lavery Stuart 
Published: November 2008

SummaryPreimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) aims to increase the number of options available to couples who could have a child affected with haemophilia and reduce the anxiety these couples often associate with reproduction. The female partner must undergo an in vitro fertilization cycle, and the eggs or embryos are then biopsied. Embryos which are unaffected by haemophilia can then be transferred to the uterus. The clear advantage of this technique is that the woman knows from the very beginning that the pregnancy is unaffected by haemophilia, and she can avoid conventional invasive prenatal diagnosis and the difficult decision on whether or not to terminate an affected pregnancy. Several strategies for this single cell genetic diagnosis have been described. These include embryonic sexing using polymerase chain reaction, embryonic sexing using fluorescent in situ hybridization, specific diagnosis using restriction enzymes, sequencing and haplotype analysis. Over the years, PGD has attracted much ethical commentary, both supportive and critical, regarding the fundamental principles of embryo selection and destruction. New scientific advances and their potential applications are considered.
Chlorambucil versus observation after anti‐Helicobacter therapy in gastric MALT lymphomas: results of the international randomised LY03 trial
Authors: Hancock Barry W. , Qian Wendi , Linch David , Delchier Jean‐Charles , Smith Paul , Jakupovic Ira , Burton Cathy , Souhami Robert , Wotherspoon Andrew , Copie‐Bergman Christiane , Capella Carlo , Traulle Catherine , Levy Michael , Cortelazzo Sergio , Ferreri Andres J. M. , Ambrosetti Achille , Pinotti Graziella , Martinelli Giovanni , Vitolo Umberto , Cavalli Franco , Gisselbrecht Christian , Zucca Emanuele 
Published: November 2008

SummaryGastric mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphomas are uncommon tumours characterised by a tendency to remain localised for long periods. The aetiological association between MALT lymphomas and Helicobacter pylori is well established. The role of additional chemotherapy after H. pylori eradication in localised MALT lymphomas is unclear. The LY03 trial was designed to establish whether chlorambucil after treatment for H. pylori would help prevent recurrence. Patients were treated with antibiotics for H. pylori infection. Those with successful eradication of H. pylori and no evidence of progression of lymphoma were eligible for randomisation to chlorambucil or observation. Two hundred and thirty‐one patients were registered. Ninety‐seven percent patients had H. pylori eradicated after antibiotics and 59% achieved macroscopically normal gastric mucosa. One hundred and ten patients were randomised. With a median follow‐up of 58 months, six patients were dead and 17 had recurrent/progressive disease. The recurrence/progression rates at 5 years were 11% for chlorambucil, and 21% for observation with a difference of 10%, 95% confidence interval (CI) = −9% to 29%, P = 0·15. No difference was detected in recurrence/progression‐free survival [Hazard Ratio (HR) = 0·96, 95% CI = 0·41–2·2, P = 0·91] or overall survival (HR = 1·93, 95% CI = 0·39–9·58, P = 0·42). This is the first randomised trial to show there is no good evidence to support that additional single agent chemotherapy to anti‐H. pylori treatment contributes to prevent recurrence in localised gastric MALT lymphomas.
Homozygous HAX1 mutations in severe congenital neutropenia patients with sporadic disease: a novel mutation in two unrelated British kindreds
Authors: Smith Bradley N. , Ancliff Phil J. , Pizzey Arnold , Khwaja Asim , Linch David C. , Gale Rosemary E. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryPatients with autosomal dominant (AD), sporadic and X‐linked severe congenital neutropenia (SCN) may have mutations in the elastase 2 (ELA2) or Wiskott‐Aldrich syndrome (WAS) genes. Homozygous mutations in the HAX1 gene have recently been reported in autosomal recessive (AR) cases of primarily Middle‐Eastern descent and the original Kostmann family. We screened 109 predominantly Caucasian SCN kindreds for mutations in these genes; 33 (30%) had 24 different ELA2 mutations, five of them novel, two kindreds (2%) had WAS mutations and four kindreds (4%) had three different HAX1 mutations, two of them novel. One HAX1 mutation (p.Ser43LeufsX11) was found in an AR Ashkenazi Jewish kindred, the other (p.Glu31LysfsX54) in two unrelated British patients with sporadic disease. Microsatellite analysis of the HAX1 locus revealed a common haplotype (maximum distance 4·1 Megabases) for the p.Glu31LysfsX54 patients, suggesting a possible ancestral founder. In functional assays, the level of spontaneous and staurosporine‐induced apoptosis was increased in neutrophils from both p.Ser43LeufsX11 patients but not a p.Glu31LysfsX54 patient, suggesting the possible presence of modifying factors. The low incidence of HAX1 mutations in our study suggests that the frequency may vary between racial groups but suggests that irrespective of inheritance or racial origin, SCN patients should be screened for HAX1 mutations.
Using sighting records to declare eradication of an invasive species
Authors: Rout Tracy M. , Salomon Yacov , McCarthy Michael A. 
Published: November 2008

Summary

A major challenge for eradication managers is deciding when a programme can be deemed successful. Regan et al. (2006) were the first to pose this problem within a decision theory framework, minimizing the net expected cost of the decision. The optimal time to declare eradication was based on the number of consecutive surveys in which the species was not found (‘absent surveys’). Their formulation used estimates of detectability and persistence – parameters that are often difficult to estimate – to calculate the probability that the invasive species is still present.
Here we use a similar decision‐making framework but instead predict presence based on the pattern of sightings, using a method developed by Solow (1993a) that assumes a constant sighting rate. This method does not require estimates of detectability and persistence. We find the number of absent surveys after which eradication should be declared, using three approaches: a stochastic dynamic program, which finds the exact optimal solution, a rule of thumb, and an approximation. We then compare these results with a method assuming a declining sighting rate.
Both the rule of thumb and approximation give results that are close to the exact optimal solution. The rule of thumb with the declining sighting rate method generally gives a larger optimal number of absent surveys.
Synthesis and applications. Analysing this problem within a decision theory framework enables us to minimize the expected cost of declaring eradication. By using the more readily available sighting data, we make this framework applicable to a wider range of invasive species. Our approximation is a simple calculation, making it an accessible tool that could be applied by managers of eradication programmes for invasive species.
Quantifying the three main components of salinity tolerance in cereals
Authors: RAJENDRAN KARTHIKA , TESTER MARK , ROY STUART J. 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACTSalinity stress is a major factor inhibiting cereal yield throughout the world. Tolerance to salinity stress can be considered to contain three main components: Na+ exclusion, tolerance to Na+ in the tissues and osmotic tolerance. To date, most experimental work on salinity tolerance in cereals has focused on Na+ exclusion due in part to its ease of measurement. It has become apparent, however, that Na+ exclusion is not the sole mechanism for salinity tolerance in cereals, and research needs to expand to study osmotic tolerance and tissue tolerance. Here, we develop assays for high throughput quantification of Na+ exclusion, Na+ tissue tolerance and osmotic tolerance in 12 Triticum monococcum accessions, mainly using commercially available image capture and analysis equipment. We show that different lines use different combinations of the three tolerance mechanisms to increase their total salinity tolerance, with a positive correlation observed between a plant's total salinity tolerance and the sum of its proficiency in Na+ exclusion, osmotic tolerance and tissue tolerance. The assays developed in this study can be easily adapted for other cereals and used in high throughput, forward genetic experiments to elucidate the molecular basis of these components of salinity tolerance.
Adjustment of growth and central metabolism to a mild but sustained nitrogen‐limitation in Arabidopsis
Authors: TSCHOEP HENDRIK , GIBON YVES , CARILLO PETRONIA , ARMENGAUD PATRICK , SZECOWKA MAREK , NUNES‐NESI ADRIANO , FERNIE ALISDAIR R. , KOEHL KARIN , STITT MARK 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACTWe have established a simple soil‐based experimental system that allows a small and sustained restriction of growth of Arabidopsis by low nitrogen (N). Plants were grown in a large volume of a peat–vermiculite mix that contained very low levels of inorganic N. As a control, inorganic N was added in solid form to the peat–vermiculite mix, or plants were grown in conventional nutrient‐rich solids. The low N growth regime led to a sustained 20% decrease of the relative growth rate over a period of 2 weeks, resulting in a two‐ to threefold decrease in biomass in 35‐ to 40‐day‐old plants. Plants in the low N regime contained lower levels of nitrate, lower nitrate reductase activity, lower levels of malate, fumarate and other organic acids and slightly higher levels of starch, as expected from published studies of N‐limited plants. However, their rosette protein content was unaltered, and total and many individual amino acid levels increased compared with N‐replete plants. This metabolic phenotype reveals that Arabidopsis responds adaptively to low N by decreasing the rate of growth, while maintaining the overall protein content, and maintaining or even increasing the levels of many amino acids.
Concurrent chemoradiotherapy with nedaplatin after radical hysterectomy in patients with stage IB and II cervical cancer
Authors: Kobayashi Yoichi , Ohara Tatsuru , Wada Yasuna , Okuda Yoshiko , Kondo Haruhiro , Okuma Yoshiaki , Suzuki Nao , Gomi Hiromichi , Kiguchi Kazushige , Ishizuka Bunpei 
Published: November 2008

AbstractAlthough radical hysterectomy is the standard surgical treatment for patients with stage IB and II cervical cancer, it does not improve the prognosis of high‐risk patients even if postoperative radiotherapy is added. There is therefore a need to establish some other therapeutic regimen. In the present retrospective study, the efficacy of concurrent nedaplatin after radical hysterectomy in high‐risk stage IB to II cervical cancer was analyzed. From 1995 through 2005, patients with an International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage of IB2 and II cervical cancer who were given only radiotherapy (RT; n = 17) or postoperative concurrent chemoradiotherapy with biweekly nedaplatin at 70 mg/m2 (p‐CCRT; n = 13) were entered. All of the patients had at least one of the following risk factors: lymphovascular space infiltration, positive lymph nodes, or parametrial invasion. There was no significant difference between the RT and p‐CCRT groups with regard to mean age and risk factors, except that more patients in the p‐CCRT group had positive lymph nodes (P < 0.05). Five‐year progression‐free survival and overall survival after RT versus p‐CCRT were 76.0% versus 83.3%, and 81.9% versus 83.3%, respectively. Although many patients in the p‐CCRT group had positive lymph nodes, there was no significant difference in either PFS or OS. No grade 4 myelosuppression or other severe side effects were seen in the p‐CCRT group. As CCRT with nedaplatin might have some benefit, a randomized control trial should be conducted in the future.
THE PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF URETHRAL STRICTURE OF INFLAMMATORY ORIGIN
Authors: Ainsworth‐Davis J. C. 
Published: November 2008

Summary(1) Stricture is due to imperfectly treated gonorrhea, and it may take years to develop. Such treatment was common during the Great War because of the urgency of getting officers and men back to the firing line, and so the ill results of this are just beginning to be seen and will continue for the next twenty or more years.(2) Stricture should always be thought of and prevented in every case of gonorrhea by adequate instrumental treatment.(3) Stricture and its complications are of such a serious nature that every effort should be made to ensure early diagnosis and treatment. Unfortunately, symptoms are rarely experienced before the calibre of the urethra has been reduced to about one‐third of its normal extent, Le., 15 Charrière.(4) Stricture is curable providing treatment is carried out in the right way, which consists in making it retrace its own footsteps by regular instrumentation, which gradually brings about rupture of the inner layers of fibrous tissue, which are then absorbed during the intervals of treatment.(5) Efficient local anaesthesia renders this treatment painless, a great factor in ensuring regular attendance.(6) Late diagnosis and the presence of complications call for the use of a variety of peri‐urethral instruments, which are described.(7) Neglected cases and the occurrence of certain severe complications may necessitate operations, sometimes immediate, as a life‐saving measure. The best procedure is suprapubic cystotomy, any direct operative attack on the stricture being avoided at the time, and an attempt made by instrumentation at a later date.(8) The treatment of certain pre‐ and post‐instrumental complications of stricture is summarised.