bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids to unsaturated fatty alcohols: III. Comparison of different soap catalyst systems
Authors: Richter J. D. , van den Berg P. J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractCopper oleate and cadmium oleate catalysts have been replaced by other metal compounds. Silver was the only metal which could be substituted for copper in the ratio range studied. Using nickel oleate, the degree of saturation of the double bond decreased with increasing cadmium oleate concentration. No comparable substitute was found for Cd. The composition of the final components is influenced by the use of a paraffinic solvent, which also has an effect on the saturation of the double bond. An explanation is given for the behavior of the catalyst when the reaction is not selective and is carried out in a paraffinic solvent. The catalytic system Ag/Cd soaps was also studied kinetically and analytically. The results show that the mechanism of the reaction using silver soap is identical with the one using copper soap.
Photolytic synthesis of methyl sterculate containing mixture from methyl stearolate and diazomethane
Authors: Schlosser Martin M. , Longo Angelo J. , Berry James W. , Deutschman Archie J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA method for synthesis of a mixture containing methyl sterculate is described. The presence of the cyclopropene compound was verified by Halphen Test, infrared absorption and the effect on fatty acid distribution in egg yolks produced by hens consuming the synthetic product.
Surfactant analysis by matrix‐assisted laser desorption time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Thomson Barry , Wang Zhiyu , Paine Anthony , Rudin Alfred , Lajoie Gilles 
Published: June 2007

AbstractMatrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry was used to characterize nonionic, anionic and cationic surfactants. Rapid mass analyses can be achieved with proper choice of matrix material. The technique is suitable for development as a routine analytical tool.
Measurement and interpretation of zeolite NaA builder performance
Authors: Denkewicz Raymond P. , Monino Anita G. , Russ Deborah E. , Sherry Howard S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIon exchange isotherms are commonly used to describe the distribution of ions between a solid and liquid phase under equilibrium conditions. In the detergent industry, the Ca‐Na‐zeolite A isotherm can be utilized to determine the builder performance of zeolite NaA under a specific set of experimental conditions. In this paper, we demonstrate how the Ca‐Na‐zeolite A isotherm is developed and utilized in measuring and interpreting the calcium exchange capacity score of zeolite NaA. Owing to the large number of testing parameters that affect the equilibrium distribution of calcium between the zeolite and solution phases, and hence the calcium exchange capacity score of the zeolite, a recommendation is made as to a standard set of test conditions that provide for both analytical precision and convenience. With this approach, builder performance differences between any two zeolites can then easily be measured and assessed. As an extension to the isotherm principles developed in this paper, the prediction of zeolite performance in real detergent systems is illustrated. Particular attention is given to the more efficient utilization of the ion exchange capacity of zeolite NaA by the recently developed concentrated detergent systems.
Surface tension studies on novel allylic mono‐and dihydroxy fatty compounds. A method to distinguisherythro/threo diastereomers
Authors: Knothe G. , Dunn R. O. , Bagby M. O. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe suitability of the selenium dioxide/tert.‐butyl‐hydroperoxide system for obtaining allylic mono‐ and dihydroxy fatty compounds has recently been reported. The surface tension of some selected products was determined in 1N NaOH and compared to that of some known materials, such as ricinoleic acid. The surface properties of the novel monohydroxy fatty acids are comparable or better than those of the reference materials. The critical micelle concentrations of the novel monohydroxy acids are in the range 10−4–10−3 mol/L, depending on their structure. Furthermore, the monohydroxy acids were more effective when the hydroxy group was closer to the functional group at C1. Allylic dihydroxy acids also lowered the surface tension but less so than the monohydroxy compounds. Theerythro andthreo diastereomers of the allylic dihydroxy acids can be distinguished by surface tension, with thethreo diastereomers possessing better surfactant properties. Mixtures of the novel hydroxy fatty acids are also effective, thus obviating the need for complete purification of the products. Side products such as enones, which are formed during the allylic hydroxylations, also lower the surface tension. The products may be suitable for use in microemulsions or as additives in various commercial products.
Fluorescence technique for the determination of low critical micelle concentrations
Authors: Mehreteab Ammanuel , Chen Betty 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA technique for determining low critical micelle concentrations (CMC) by means of a hydrophobic fluorescence probe has been developed. The amount of the fluorescent probe at the CMC is so small that the effect of the probe on micelle formation is negligible. The fluorescence intensity was measured at fixed dye/surfactant ratios, and it decreased with concentration. A quantity proportional to fluorescent quantum yield was calculated and found to be high for concentrations of surfactant above the CMC and almost zero below the CMC, giving a distinct break in the quantum yield vs. the concentration curve.
Preparations and reactions of alkyl ethers of some aldohexoses
Authors: Urata Kouichi , Yano Shinji , Takaishi Naotake 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAldohexose, such asd‐glucose,d‐galactose ord‐mannose, reacted with acetone to give the following O‐isopropylidene derivatives: 1,2;5,6‐di‐O‐isopropylidene‐d‐glucofuranose (IA), 1,2;3,4‐di‐O‐isopropylidene‐d‐galactopyranose (IB) or 2,3;5,6‐di‐O‐isopropylidene‐D‐mannofuranose (IC). The O‐isopropylidene derivative (IA∼IC) reacted with alkyl/alkenyl halogenide to yield aldohexose ether compounds containing di‐O‐isopropylidene group, 3‐O‐alkyl‐1,2;5,6‐di‐O‐isopropylidene‐d‐glucofuranose (II), 6‐O‐alkyl‐1,2;3,4‐di‐O‐isopropylidene‐d‐galactopyranose (III) or 1‐O‐alkyl‐2,3;5,6‐di‐O‐isopropylidene‐d‐mannofuranoside (IV), in good yields. The Williamson ether synthesis was carried out using phase‐transfer catalysis (PTC). The derived aldohexose alkyl ether containing di‐O‐isopropylidene group was hydrolyzed to give 3‐O‐alkyl‐1,2‐O‐isopropylidene‐d‐glucofuranose (V) as a partial hydrolysis product; the complete hydrolysis of I∼IV gave, as expected, 3‐O‐alkyl‐glucopyranose (VI), 6‐O‐alkyl‐galactopyranose (VII) or 1‐O‐alkyl‐mannofuranoside (VIII). Further alkylation of (V) with Mel under PTC and subsequent acid hydrolysis gave 3‐O‐alkyl‐5,6‐di‐O‐methyl‐d‐glucofuranose (X). Methanolysis of III with catalytic amounts of H2SO4 gave 1‐O‐methyl‐6‐O‐alkyl‐d‐galactofuranoside (XI). The elucidation of the galactofuranoside skeleton of (XI) was determined by means of its13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. The O‐alkyl aldohexoses, e.g., X and XI, were evaluated and found to be emulsifiers.
Synthesis and characterization of cleavable cationic surfactants with a 1,3‐dioxane ring
Authors: Wang Guan‐Wu , Yuan Xian‐You , Liu You‐Cheng , Lei Xue‐Gong , Guo Qing‐Xiang 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA series of cationic cleavable surfactants was prepared by condensation of 2‐alkyl‐1,3‐propanediols with 3‐bromopropanal, followed by reaction with triethylamine. Each surfactant is a mixture of two diastereomers, and their precursors’ stereochemical assignments were based on1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectra and melting points. The critical micelle concentrations, Krafft points and destructibility of these surfactants were determined.
Reaction of sodium perborate with a chlorinated cyclic hindered amine (N‐chloro‐4‐hydroxy‐2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine) II. Activating effects and related characteristics in practical fabric bleaching
Authors: Fujiwara Masami , Tamura Takamitsu , Nishida Shigeo , Akabane Yasuhiro 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA synergetic bleaching activation phenomenon of the chlorinated cyclic hindered amine, N‐chloro‐4‐hydroxy‐2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine (TMP‐Cl) on sodium perborate (PB) was examined under some practically applicable bleaching procedures. By combining TMP‐Cl with PB, the bleaching effect toward black tea, fruit juices and other stains was enhanced synergetically, achieving an efficiency similar to that of the well‐known tetraacetylethylenediamine/PB system. However, behavior observed in the TMP‐Cl/PB system, such as high bleaching efficiency in an alkaline range, superior durability for repeated bleaching, less discoloration of cloth that contains reactive dyes and no influence on the activity of an enzyme, was favorable for a bleaching component of heavy‐duty detergents.
A novel sample preparation for chloride analysis in bar soaps
Authors: Molever K. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA simple and rapid sample preparation technique is described for the potentiometric determination of chloride in bar soaps. Usual preparation of soap for potentiometric chloride analysis involves time‐consuming dissolution of the sample in water or heating to affect dissolution, followed by a cooling step. Also, when performing potentiometric titrations for chloride under the usual acid conditions, aqueous solutions of soap bars (unlike combination soap/detergent bars) will form insoluble semisolid fatty acids that can occlude some chloride and make clean‐up difficult. This paper describes a simple dissolution of bar soap sample in dilute H2SO4/methanol at ambient temperature that simultaneously acidifies the sample solution and produces noninterfering methyl esters from the soap fatty acids; water is then added, and the chloride is determined potentiometrically with standardized AgNO3. This procedure has been shown to work well with automatic titrators.
Lipopeptidic surfactants. II. Acidic and basic Nα‐lauroyl‐L‐arginine dipeptides from pure amino acids
Authors: Infante M. R. , Mollnero J. , Erra P. 
Published: June 2007

In this paper, the second part of a systematic study whose aim deals with the influence of the terminal amino acid side chain on the properties of Nα‐lauroyl arginyl dipeptides is reported. Nα‐lauroyl arginyl dipeptides that contain an acidic amino acid (glutamic acid) or a basic amino acid (lysine) as terminal amino acid have been prepared by peptide synthesis methods. These compounds have been synthesized as methyl esters (cationic surfactants) and free α‐carboxylic acids (amphoteric surfactants), and their fundamental surfactant properties and antimicrobial activity have been evaluated. The properties of these compounds have been compared to the properties of the cationic monomer derivative methyl ester of Nα‐lauroyl arginine and of the amphoteric monomer derivative Nα‐lauroyl arginine reported earlier.The compounds are soluble in water and show surface activity, although in the case of the amphoteric Nα‐lauroyl arginyl dipeptide containing glutamic acid these two properties depend on the solution pH. The cationic Nα‐lauroyl arginyl dipeptides are antimicrobial agents. However, only the amphoteric compound containing lysine may be considered antimicrobial.
Flow behavior of sucrose stearate/water systems
Authors: Calahorro C. , Muñoz J. , Berjano M. , Guerrero A. , Gallegos C. 
Published: June 2007

The aim of this work was to carry out a rheological study of aqueous systems containing a nonionic surfactant derived from sugar. The compositions studied ranged from the micellar region up to the occurrence of fully developed liquid crystals. This study was carried out at 50°C.Systems up to 2% (wt) sucrose stearate exhibited a power‐law decrease in the steady‐state apparent viscosity with shear rate. At higher sucrose stearate concentrations, the flow curves exhibited two well‐defined regions depending on shear rate, so that the apparent viscosities fitted the Carreau model A [Carreau, P.J., D. De Kee and M. Daroux,Can. J. Chem. Eng. 57:135 (1979)]. The existence of three composition ranges is proposed. An increasingly stronger micellar structure, as surfactant concentration rises, extends up to 10% (wt) sucrose stearate. Between 15% and 35% (wt) sucrose stearate, the results obtained are consistent with the occurrence of a lamellar liquid‐crystal dispersion in an isotropic micellar solution. The liquid crystalline content in the dispersion steadily increases with surfactant concentration up to reaching a fully developed lamellar liquid crystal at 40% (wt) sucrose stearate.
The separation of solid fatty acids from liquid fatty acids by the formation of acid soaps. I. Tallow soaps
Authors: Munns W. O. , Kairys S. , Manion Dilys A. , Meade E. M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe formation of acid soaps has been used successfully for the separation of a mixture of fatty acids into high and low iodine value fractions. The acid soaps of saturated acid can be made to crystallize from water leaving their unsaturated counter parts in solution. Acid soaps of saturated fatty acids are well characterized compounds with the formula R‐COOM.R‐COOH, where R is a straight alkyl chain, and M is sodium, potassium or ammonium.Optimum crystallization conditions involve a soap concentration of 2舑5%, pH adjustment to between 7.0 and 8.0, an initial crystallization temperature not below 25C, and a crystallization period of at least 4 hr during which time cooling to a final temperature of 5舑10C must be gradual, and agitation gentle.
The separation of solid fatty acids from liquid fatty acids by the formation of acid soaps. II. Pilot plant studies
Authors: Munns W. O. , Kairys S. , Manion Dilys A. , Meade E. M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractOn contemplating pilot plant scale‐up of the acid soap process for separating fatty acid mixtures into low and high iodine value fractions, improvements were desirable in acidifying agent used, and the method of separating the solid acid soaps. A further objective was to determine the range of applicability of the process.Studies indicated that CO2 can be replaced by mineral acids, or by the fatty acids themselves. A continuous precoat vacuum filter is suitable for the separation of the solid acid soaps. The process is applicable to refinery foots as well as to distilled and undistilled fatty acids.
New methods of analyzing industrial aliphatic lipids
Authors: Mangold Helmut K. , Kammereck Rudolf 
Published: June 2007

AbstractMethods are described for the rapid fractionation of classes of lipids containing the hetero elements N, P, and S such as primary amines, secondary amines, tertiary amines, and quaternary ammonium salts containing one, two, or three long‐chain moieties; amides, nitriles, and other nitrogenous lipids; alkyl sulfates and sulfonates; alkyl phosphates and phosphonates.Thin‐layer chromatography on silicic acid separates lipids according to classes of compounds. After isolation by thin‐layer chromatography, each lipid class is amenable to further fractionation, according to chain length and degree of unsaturation, by complementary methods, such as paper chromatography and/or gas‐liquid chromatography.These procedures permit rapid analyses of complex mixtures of industrial lipids, such as surface‐active agents, and identification of industrial compounds synthesized from fatty raw materials.
Correlation of hard surface detergency, soil, and surfactant
Authors: Mankowich A. M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn the practical detergency range between the 90% soil removal point (the CC‐1 concentration) and the point at twice the CC‐1 concentration (the CC‐2 point), hard surface (steel) detergency (D) is a linear function of micellar solubilization (S) such that D=K1S+K2, for glyceryl trioleate, oleic acid, and lauryl alcohol soils. Equations of this form were obtained for glyceryl trioleate systems using polyethenoxyethers of nonyl phenol and tridecyl alcohol, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate, sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate, and sodium oleate.It was shown that the constants K1 and K2 of the detergency equation possess more than mathematical significance. Analysis of the equations for the 15, 20, and 40 ethylene oxide mole ratio adducts of nonyl phenol with glyceryl trioleate soil revealed that K1 varied linearily with HLB of the adducts and that the K2‐log interfacial tension function (at the CC‐1 point) was linear. Examination of the equations for the 20, 50, and 100 mole ratio adducts of nonyl phenol with oleic acid soil indicated also that K1 was a function of HLB and that K2 was a function of interfacial tension (at the CC‐1 point). The detergency equations of a single surfactant (sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate) and three soils (triolein, lauryl alcohol, and oleic acid) indicated K1 was a function of soil dipole moment, and K2 was a function of soil surface tension.
Preparation of foams from vegetable oil derivatives
Authors: Thierfelder C. M. , Teeter H. M. , Cowan J. C. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDimer acid was hydroxyethylated at 110舑240C in the presence of alkaline catalysts. Products having ethylene oxide: dimer acid mole ratios of 0.8 to 1.4 were transformed into flexible urethane foams of density 2.0 to 4.4 lb/ft3. Hydrogenated 舠aldehyde oil舡 gave a rigid foam which had a density of 1.2 lb/ft3.
Effect of diet and encephalomalacia on the fatty acid composition of the brain of young and old chickens
Authors: Machlin L. J. , Marco G. J. , Gordon R. S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractEncephalomalacia was induced in chickens more than 64 days old by feeding a high linoleic acid diet with an antioxidant (ethoxyquin) for 64 days and then deleting the antioxidant.The cerebella of young chickens fed linoleic acid contained greater proportions of linoleic acid, arachidonic acid, and fatty acids with retention times corresponding to C‐22 polyunsaturated fatty acids than chickens fed low linoleic acid diets. The cerebella of chickens with encephalomalacia were higher in linoleic acid and an unknown acid than the cerebella from control chickens fed antioxidant. Other fatty acids were not significantly affected by the disease.The cerebella of hens fed a high linoleic acid diet for 12 weeks, starting from 500 days old, contained a higher proportion of linoleic acid and C‐20 triene than hens fed a low linoleic acid diet. In contrast to chicks, the % of arachidonic acid or fatty acids with retention times greater than arachidonic were not affected by diet.
Hydrogen solubility in jojoba oil
Authors: Wisniak Jaime , Stein Shoshanah 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe solubility of hydrogen in jojoba oil has been determined at temperatures of 50–250 C and pressures between 100–800 psig. The system behaves according to Henry's law with a heat of solution of 1240 cal/g mole and entropy of solution of 2.9 cal/K g mole. The partial volume of hydrogen varies between 24.6–62.9 ml/g mole in the temperature range considered.
Aqueous solution properties of a silicone surfactant and its mixed surfactant systems
Authors: Ohno Makoto , Esumi Kunio , Meguro Kenjiro 
Published: June 2007

The aqueous solution properties of a nonionic silicone surfactant of dimethylpolysiloxane and its mixed surfactant systems were studied. It was found that the silicone surfactant has a high surface activity and forms micelles in two steps: premicelles in dilute concentrations and polymolecular micelles above 3.7 × 10−7 mol dm−3.In mixed systems of the silicone surfactant with anionic hydrocarbon or fluorocarbon surfactant, weak intermicellar interactions were found. They are due to electrostatic interaction between hydrophilic groups of the respective micelles. Dye solubilization measurements showed that the solubilized amount of Yellow‐OB is greater than predicted by ideal systems. Hydrazo‐azo tautomerism is observed in fluorocarbon‐silicone surfactant systems, while Yellow‐OB is solubilized only in the azo‐form in the hydrocarbon‐silicone surfactant system.
Rapid ethanolysis procedure for jojoba wax analysis by gas liquid chromatography
Authors: Duncan C. C. , Yermanos D. M. , Kumamoto J. , Levesque C. S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA rapid ethanolysis procedure for preparing jojoba wax for gas liquid chromatographic analysis is described. The wax esters are hydrolyzed by refluxing 4 drops of jojoba wax in 5% HCl in anhydrous ethanol in a test tube. The resulting fatty acid ethyl esters and fatty alcohols are separated and quantitated by a single gas liquid chromatographic run. Analysis of duplicate samples by this procedure gives essentially the same results as a procedure which requires 10 times more sample and reagents and considerably more time.
Extraction of lipids from cottonseed tissue: VI. Ultrastructural morphology of isolated pigment glands
Authors: Yatsu L. Y. , Hensarling T. P. , Jacks T. J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractCottonseed pigment glands, isolated from the underflow fraction of the liquid cyclone process, were examined with an electron microscope. The glands were circumscribed by a layer of tangentially flattened cells. Subjacent to the flattened cells were partially lysed cells containing recognizable remnants of cell walls. Within the lumens or matrices of the glands were myriads of pigment spherules measuring 0.1–1.5 µ in diameter. These spherules remained within the glands, even though gland walls were ruptured mechanically. Since aggregates of pigment spherules devoid of gland walls were observed in the gland‐rich fraction, it was concluded that maintenance of intact pigment glands was not a requisite for successful separation of gossypol from other cottonseed components with the liquid cyclone process. Avoiding dispersion of aggregated spherules from the glandular matrix was probably just as important as maintaining intact gland walls during mechanical separation of gossypol from other cottonseed components.
Preparation and film properties of oils conjugated by dimsyl salts
Authors: Dejarlais W. J. , Gast L. E. , McManis G. E. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA study was made of the conjugation of soybean and linseed oils with dimsylsodium and dimsylpotassium as catalysts. Dimsylpotassium had markedly greater catalytic activity than dimsylsodium. The most effective cosolvent used with dimethyl sulfoxide for the conjugation at room temperature was tetrahydrofuran. Bis(2‐ethoxyethyl) ether was less effective as a cosolvent than tetrahydrofuran at room temperature but was nearly as effective at 50 C. An adduct with maleic anhydride was prepared from the conjugated linseed oil under mild conditions. Drying characteristics of the conjugated linseed oil also were investigated. Baked conjugated linseed oil films were comparable to baked dehydrated castor oil films.
Determination of oil, starch, and protein content of viable intact seeds by carbon‐13 nuclear magnetic resonance
Authors: Schaefer Jacob , Stejskal E. O. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDipolar‐decoupled natural abundance13C NMR spectra of some intact seeds have been obtained at 22.6 MHz. The spectra display reasonalby well resolved resonance lines for rigid materials, such as the starch and protein components of the seeds, in addition to well resolved lines for the mobile oil component, and, hence, should be useful in rapid nondestructive analyses of total composition.