bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Power, legitimacy and ‘democratisation’ in Africa
Authors: Schatzberg Michael G. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis article explores the cultural bases of political legitimacy in sub-Saharan Africa. It proceeds by concentrating on the language, imagery, and metaphors that Africans use to convey perceptions about politics and political life. After examining the nature of power and reflecting on the importance of political language, it presents four premises of a model called the moral matrix of legitimate governance, noting their relation to political legitimacy. In conclusion it relates the analysis of power and legitimacy to the political turmoil current throughout much of Africa, focusing specifically on the question of ‘democratisation’.
The impact of British imperialism on the landscape of female slavery in the Kano palace, northern Nigeria
Authors: Nast Heidi J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSpatial analysis of the Kano palace shows that colonial abolitionist policies enacted in northern Nigeria after the British conquest of 1903 affected the lives and places of female and male slaves differently. The differences derived from historical differences in the placement and function of slave women and men in the palace: whereas slave women lived and/or worked in a vast secluded private domain and engaged in state household reproduction on behalf of the emir, male state slaves inhabited ‘public’ places and held state-related offices. Colonial abolitionist policies, which restructured traditional ‘public’ spheres of state, accordingly forcefully altered male slave spaces while the private domain of female slavery initially went largely undisturbed. In time, as palace slave patronage was more severely undermined, domestic slave women left the palace to follow slave husbands and/or heads of households who had been exiled or who were in search of better outside opportunities, resulting in a decrease in the reserve of slave women from which concubines were chosen. The reserve declined further as slave men were permitted to marry freeborn women, resulting in a marked decrease in concubine numbers and a marked transformation of the internal organisation of the inner household. The spatial organisation of female slavery in the palace was thus affected indirectly and later than that of male slavery.The article demonstrates the utility of spatial analysis in understanding historical change and points to the need for greater sensitivity to issues of gender, ‘class’ and power in analyses of slavery and its abolition. It was the gender, wealth and power of royal patrons as well as the state-level skills and authority of male palace slaves, for example, that initially led British officials to promote state slavery for their own ends—advantages for slaves that women and/or masters of lesser means could not provide. Ironically, it was because male slaves held so much authority that British officials eventually intervened directly to erode their places and powers. The analysis establishes that the spatial organisation of slavery was constructed and eroded variably across time and place.
The failure of ethnic nationalism: land, power and the politics of clanship on the South African high veld 1860–1990
Authors: Bank Leslie 
Published: April 2006

AbstractDuring the 1980s a great deal was written about the role of missionaries, anthropologists, colonial officials and intellectuals in the ‘invention’ of ethnic and tribal categories in Africa. Today few scholars would question the complicity of colonial agents in the construction of ethnic or tribal identities. Despite these interventions, however, there is a growing realisation that processes of ethnicity formation are contingent on other factors as well. This article explores this proposition by investigating the role of the sub-ethnic politics of clanship in the north-eastern Orange Free State of South Africa over the past century and its specific contribution to thefailureof ethnic nationalism in the region. It concludes that, given the abuse of ethnicity by the South African state, there is an enormous temptation to over-determine the role of the state in ethnic formation in South Africa and to underplay the internal dynamics of ethnicity building.
Art as process and product: patronage and the problem of change in Tuareg blacksmith/artisan roles
Authors: Rasmussen Susan J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis article contributes to recent dialogues in anthropology and African humanities on the problematic translation and application of Western and non-Western aesthetic concepts—for example, ‘authentic’ ‘original’ and ‘touristic’—in the domain of artisan practices. It analyses, compares and contrasts art patronage among the Nigérien Tuareg in rural and urban social settings. The role of Tuareg ‘smiths’, a word variously translated in local conversation and ethnographic literature as ‘artisans’, ‘technicians’ and ‘jewellers’, suggests a need to revise cross-cultural perspectives on the ceremonial, aesthetic and commercial aspects of artisan activity. The article focuses upon changing roles, the materials craftsmen use and the beliefs surrounding blacksmiths. It argues that these complexes of action and belief have a bearing not solely upon art products but also on ritual and socio-economic processes to which producer, patron and audience contribute in different settings and contexts.
‘Dangerous to eat’: rethinking pollution states among the Nuer of Sudan
Authors: Hutchinson Sharon 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis article offers a novel interpretation of a highly complex and deadly form of pollution (nueer) that powerfully shapes contemporary social relations among the Nuer of Sudan. Through a careful examination of the myriad events thought to trigger off the condition nueer, the author challenges earlier attempts by Evans-Pritchard to interpret this condition via Judaeo-Christian notions of ‘sin’. It is argued that nueer is better understood as a pollution concept that distinguishes—via the notion ‘dangerous to eat’ —blood flows that are culturally denned as negative, death-ridden and anomalous from others deemed to be properly mediated, positive and life-promoting. As a powerful force governing the social circulation of blood and food, nueer helps to ground these more abstract distinctions in the immediacies of bodily experience, thereby lending them greater significance and intensity.
The politics of elections in Botswana
Authors: Charlton Roger 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBotswana's history of uninterrupted competitive elections since 1965, and the extensive literature that these contests have engendered, are re-examined in order, first, to illuminate the developing views of Batswana on the purposes and meanings of these events, second, to examine the evolution of electoral processes in that state, and third, to elucidate the effects that elections have had on the institutionalisation of a stable polity. A principal finding is that elections are increasingly widely accepted by the electorate, and that electoral outcomes are perceived as materially important to a population that apparently now judges candidates and parties very instrumentally on the basis of their observed political achievements. Electoral competition, in turn, has become an increasingly important factor in shaping some central elements in Botswana's political processes, perhaps particularly since the competition between government and opposition has emerged primarily as a contest between the ruling BDP and the aspirant BNF. Overall, the extensive data generated by earlier election studies, notably the results of recent mass opinion surveys, permit the development of a perspective on Botswana's politics that accords elections a more central role than has hitherto been conventional.
Middle Woodland Culture History in the Great Lakes Riverine Area
Authors: Struever Stuart 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThere are multiple structural and stylistic differences between local Middle Woodland expressions in the Great Lakes-Riverine area. These reflect not only different cultural systems but also in some cases different levels of cultural complexity. At present these manifestations are grouped into a single Hopewellian culture on the basis of selected artifact commonalities. Variations within Great Lakes-Riverine Middle Woodland are of several kinds: (1) complexes that include diagnostic Hopewellian culture artifacts are concentrated in the major river valleys, while apparently contemporary manifestations in neighboring localities lack Hopewellian forms; (2) if we employ artifact classes other than those used as Hopewellian diagnostics, Middle Woodland regional traditions can be defined that have distributions sharply different from those of specifically Hopewellian complexes; (3) comparison of Hopewellian manifestations in Ohio, Illinois, and elsewhere indicates that these are not local expressions of a homogeneous culture but probably representatives of more than one cultural system; and (4) structural analysis of Middle Woodland mortuary and subsistence-settlement patterns in two regions, Illinois and Ohio, indicates contrasting cultural systems. It is argued that if ceramics of the Havana tradition are classified according to criteria developed in the central Illinois Valley, then potentially significant local style variations will go unrecognized. Tentative definition of four microstyle zones within the Havana tradition illustrates the utility of a system of analysis geared to recognition of small-scale style differences.
Ambo: A New Preceramic Site in Peru
Authors: Ravines Rogger 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAt the Ambo site, chips, splinters, cores, and broken or unfinished implements were spread along a terrace of the Huallaga River near the city of Ambo, Department of Huanuco, Peru. Most of the finds are obviously rejects abandoned near the source of the material from which they were made. Projectile points are abundant and were made by the percussion method, although some were retouched by the pressure method. Many of these resemble projectile points of Lauricocha II and Canario in Peru and of Ayampitin and Intihuasi in the Argentine sierra region, which are dated between 6000 and 4000 B.C.
Rural Communities in the Black Warrior Valley, Alabama: The Role of Commoners in the Creation of the Moundville I Landscape
Authors: Maxham Mintcy D. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractMississippian sites are generally believed to fall into one of three categories: paramount political center, local political center, and farmstead. Elites lived at paramount and local centers while the rest of a polity’s population lived in scattered farmsteads. Archaeologists identify paramount and local centers by the presence of earthen mounds and usually classify all small sites without mounds as farmsteads. In this examination of rural settlement in the Moundville chiefdom, I argue that there was more variation in Mississippian landscapes than the traditional tripartite site classification scheme allows. The vessel assemblage from 1TU66, a small site in the Black Warrior Valley, does not reflect domestic activities, but rather suggests that this site was a place where neighbors gathered to share food as a community.
Response to Critique of the Claim of Cannibalism at Cowboy Wash
Authors: Lambert Patricia M. , Leonard Banks L. , Billman Brian R. , Marlar Richard A. , Newman Margaret E. , Reinhard Karl J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe original authors of Billman et al. (2000) are joined by three other analysts from the Cowboy Wash research team to respond to the critique of this article by Dongoske et al. (2000). Dongoske and his coauthors state that Billman et al. (2000) failed to test alternative hypotheses or to consider alternative explanations for the findings at 5MT10010 and similar sites. The original authors point out that alternative hypotheses were examined and rejected, leaving a violent episode of cannibalism as the most plausible explanation for the remains found at 5MT10010. Dongoske et al. also question many aspects of the osteological, archaeological, coprolite, and biochemical analyses that were presented in the 5MT10010 study. Our response addresses issues of data collection, procedure, and interpretation, and attempts to clarify some points that were not fully developed in the original text due to length restrictions.
Picosa: The Elementary Southwestern Culture
Authors: Irwin-Williams Cynthia 
Published: April 2006

AbstractPicosa is defined as a continuum of similar closely related preceramic cultures existing in the southwestern United States during the last three millennia before Christ. It is seen as representing the elementary period of the development of the Southwest as a discrete culture area and is believed to be the result of a cultural synthesis of uniform developments originating as early as 8000 B.C. Although similar to the Desert culture in a culture-typical sense, the Picosa is distinct in terms of detailed inventory and historic derivation. Its role as the progenitor of most of the ceramic period cultures of the Southwest is examined.
The Distribution and Implications of Fluted Points in Saskatchewan
Authors: Kehoe Thomas F. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractClassic Clovis, classic Folsom, and atypical fluted points from southern Saskatchewan are described. The variations in the atypical fluted points, which include three fluted Piano points, suggest that the parallel-flaked tradition was developed out of the fluted tradition in the centuries of rapid climatic shift following the retreat of the Valders ice. This development may have taken place in the region that included southern Saskatchewan.
The Postglacial “Readaptation” as Viewed from Mesoamerica
Authors: Flannery Kent V. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractFaunal analysis suggests that before the retreat of the Wisconsin glaciers from North America, the occupants of the Valley of Tehuacan, Puebla, engaged in communal drives of jackrabbit (and possibly pronghorn antelope as well). With the arrival of the present (warmer) climatic regime, antelope and jackrabbit were replaced by whitetailed deer and cottontail, and all evidence of communal drives ceased. This change, which has interesting implications from the standpoint of interband cooperation, is not reflected in either artifacts or settlement patterns as presently rscoverable by archaeologists. It also suggests that the nature of the post-Pleistocene "readaptation" in semi-tropical America differed from that postulated for the northern temperate regions.
Man in Association with Extinct
Fauna in the Great Basin
Authors: Cressman L. S. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA recently published statement by Baumhoff and Heizer that the "large herbivores disappeared in the Great Basin before man’s entry into the area" is contrary to the facts in the case. The correct data are supplied.BAUMHOFF AND HEIZER (1965: 699) in their discussion of "Climate and Archaeology in the Desert West" state:Alleged associations of man and Equus in some Nevada and Oregon cave deposits are not adequately demonstrated. In brief, if uncertain associations of man and extinct Pleistocene mammals are ignored, evidence is still lacking that man knew or hunted or ate such animals in the western desert region other than in southern Arizona (italics ours). The simplest conclusion is that the large herbivores disappeared in the Great Basin before man's entry into the area.
Notes on Projectile Points in Oaxaca, Mexico
Authors: Jewell Donald P. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA study of some projectile points collected in the region of Oaxaca, Mexico, was recently concluded. It was possible to relate most of the specimens to the typology employed at nearby Tehuacan. The earliest points date from the El Riego phase, beginning ca. 6800 B.C. Limited evidence suggests that, possibly because of pluvial conditions, the early folk of Oaxaca kept to the foothills rather than the valley floors. This may have effected cultural differences with Tehuacan. Oaxaca may also have had an important part to play in the migration of early man to South America.
The Inca Bridges in the Huánuco Region
Authors: Thompson Donald E. , Murra John V. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractEthnohistorical, archaeological, and ethnological data are combined in a discussion of Inca bridges in the Huanuco area. A colonial document provides the details of how a major bridge on the Inca highway was constructed by placing a series of logs over projecting canes. The division of labor in providing the logs was described as being divided among neighboring communities, with the river itself as a significant dividing line. The section of the Inca highway in question is still in use today and the bridge still exists, apparently much the same as it was in the Colonial Period and probably in the Inca Period. Other bridges in the area are discussed from the point of view of function and maintenance and as an example of the persistence of an ancient tradition of bridge building.
Man and Water at Pleistocene Lake Mohave
Authors: Davis Emma Lou 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAlso, Heizer questions the existence of a period of climate moister than that of today at the time when makers of the Lake Mohave lithic complex camped about high shorelines.The following article attempts to do two things:(1) Distinguish descriptively between sand-wear and wave-wear so that other archaeologists can use these criteria.(2) Show that a widespread cultural co-tradition existed in the Inter-Montane West about 7000 B.C. during a period of moister climate. Artifact inventories are submitted. This co-tradition was characterized by sparsity or lack of stone-on-stone milling, by a number of unique implements, and by a practice of frequenting the shores of now-dry water sources. This widely distributed orientation toward fossil water implies a generally wetter climate at that time.This co-tradition was characterized by sparsity or lack of stone-on-stone milling, by a number of unique implements, and by a practice of frequenting the shores of now-dry water sources. This widely distributed orientation toward fossil water implies a generally wetter climate at that time.
Perspectives in the Prehistory of Kodiak Island, Alaska
Authors: Clark Donald W. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractArchaeological material from Kodiak Island, Alaska, is described in terms of five phases which, from oldest to youngest, are Ocean Bay I, Ocean Bay II, Old Kiavak, Three Saints, and Koniag. Ocean Bay I and II, components of a single site, are characterized by flaked-stone and ground-slate industries, respectively. Old Kiavak and Three Saints appear to be developmental stages within a single tradition, possibly different from the traditions of the antecedent Ocean Bay phases and the succeeding Koniag. In Old Kiavak there is a partial return to flaking of stone artifacts, and two characteristic artifacts are small notched stones and plummet-type grooved stones. In the Three Saints phase, "plummets" went out of use, and by the beginning of the Koniag phase, which continued into the contact period, so did small notched stones. Among the new elements that characterized the Koniag phase are the steam sweat bath, the splitting adz, and, locally, pottery. A pottery-using variant of this phase has been emphasized. When compared with Three Saints material, Koniag archaeological remains usually show style changes or degeneration in workmanship. These units do not outline a complete sequence because the periods between Ocean Bay II and Old Kiavak and, locally, between Three Saints and the pottery-using Koniag variant do not appear to be represented. It is estimated that their time range is 2500 B.C. to shortly after A.D. 1800.
Corn Goddesses or Phalli?
Authors: Bullen Ripley P. 
Published: April 2006

While attending the 1941 summer field session of the University of New Mexico at Chaco Canyon, the author hired four Navahos and partially excavated a small pueblo site on the talus about one-third of a mile up the valley from Chetro Ketl and on the same side of the wash. A small unit of at least four rooms and two kivas of middle Pueblo III time was indicated.Standing upright on the bottom of the ventilator opening in one of the kivas was found a sandstone phallus measuring 9J inches in height. It was oval in cross-section and measured 8X7 inches at the base. The bottom was irregular, but the rest had been carefully carved and smoothed to represent most realistically the end of a phallus when erect. The specimen is now at the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque.
Eskimo Sites of the Dorset Culture in Newfoundland
Authors: Wintemberg W. J. 
Published: April 2006

The artifacts of rough stone consist of a crude lamp and some stone hammers, the latter unmodified by chipping or any other process.Stone lamp. A. S. Darby found at Old Port au Choix a fragment of a lamp roughly made by hollowing out an ovoid or oblong boulder of sandstone (Plate XV, Figure 2, Number 1). The cavity is about 1¼ inches deep and is rounded from end to end and side to side. There is no wick ledge. The thickest part of the base is 1⅛ inches, but the walls decrease in thickness toward the rounded edges at the top. The hollow is slightly discolored by the blubber and there is an incrustation of burnt blubber on both sides of the intact wall. There is a large natural hollow in the base.Another crudestone lampwas found by Israel Hutchings at the Cow Head site; it consisted of a hollow stone, judging from his description.
On “An Interpretation of the Prehistory of the Eastern United States”
Authors: Kroeber A. L. 
Published: April 2006

The article, “An Interpretation of the Prehistory of the Eastern United States,” by J. A. Ford and G. R. Willey in the 1941 American Anthropologist inauguratesan epoch. At last we have an interpretation of the archaeology of most of our East which is definite, evidential, and sequential.Eastern archaeology has developed its generalized findings very slowly. It is almost a century since Squier and Davis published. The cultures are undoubtedly hard to interpret. Their remains are such as to call both for quantities of finds and for fine discriminations in relatively low-quality material. Nevertheless, venture at broader but substantiated understanding has been less than the difficulties warranted. The systematic or McKern classification has been extremely valuable; but at its rate of progress, a quarter century or more might have elapsed before classification was converted into chronology.
Eighteenth Century Navaho Hogans from Canyon de Chelly National Monument
Authors: Hurt Wesley R. 
Published: April 2006

Archaeological reconnaissance during the summer of 1941 at Canyon de Chelly National Monument disclosed the location of two groups of Navaho hogans built in 1758, 1766, and 1770. The significance of these dwellings lies in the fact that they definitely establish Navaho occupation of the area west of the Chuska Mountains in the middle of the eighteenth century. In addition to the early dates and the architectural details, the sites produced a large series of Navaho painted sherds and several glass trade beads.Canyon de Chelly is located in the approximate center of the Navaho Reservation, on the West side of the Defiance Plateau, in northeastern Arizona. The first group of hogans, the Spider Rock hogans, lay at a distance of 2.7 miles from the Chinle-Defiance road, along the small spur going to the Spider Rock Overlook; the second group was situated further along this by-road at a distance of 3.3 miles from the road.
Notes on Little Pecan Island, Louisiana
Authors: Wauchope Robert 
Published: April 2006

On May 25, 1946 Mrs. Wauchope and I were the guests of Mr. and Mrs. M. L. Vincent, Jr., of Lake Charles, Louisiana, on a picnic to Little Pecan Island in southwest Louisiana. During the day, we made a small excavation to sample a ridge which had previously yielded some human bones and fragments of pottery.About five miles of marsh separate Little Pecan Island from Grand Chenier Ridge, not far from the town of Grand Chenier (Fig. 54). The waters of Little Pecan Lake wash its north and east shores. The island is about three miles long and is nowhere over 500 yards in width.