bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Erfassung der frischen und trockenen Biomasse und Schätzung der frischen Biomasse von Wintergerste in verschiedenen Regionen Europas mit einem raumgleitergetragenen Radarsensor
Authors: Steingiesser R. , Kühbauch W. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe launch of ERS‐1, the first operational radar satellite, in 1993, has led to considerable interest in images acquired at radar wavelengths (1–50 cm) as means of gathering information about agricultural crops and their condition. The main advantage of radar systems with respect to optical satellites is that they can acquire images of the earth's surface irrespective of cloud cover, since clouds are transparent at these wavelengths. This is especially important for agricultural applications, where reliably timed images are needed throughout the growing season in order to follow continously the status of the crops as they develop.Multi‐frequency polarimetric radar systems represent a convincing evolution of radar systems and their capabilities. The X‐SAR/SIR‐C radar‐instrument, which was flown twice on the space shuttle in April and October 1994, allowed many researchers access to high quality radar images aquired from a space‐borne system for the first time. Thus far, the full potential of radar has not been realized, mostly because existing radar satellites such as ERS‐1 only aquire information at a single‐wavelength and polarization. By restricting the collection of information to a single channel means such images often lack the extra information needed to characterize crops. However, recent studies using multifrequency‐radar have shown that vegetation type, structure and condition can be better characterized when data is aquired at several wavelength and polarizations.In order to obtain significant differences in growth stages for identical crop types during the first 10‐day long shuttle mission, winter barley fields were chosen along a gradient from southern Italy to southern Germany. These test fields were surveyed coincidentally with shuttle passes over them. One of the main results was that the spread in fresh biomass measured in (g m−2) between winter barley and maize fields as a function of their different growth stages, could be detected with great precision from the backscatter data. The best parameter for the measurement of winter barley and maize biomass was the ratio HH/VV at L‐band. For the extraction of dry biomass in winter barley fields, the cross‐polar polarization HV at C‐band showed the best results.
Plant Development and Stem Yield of Non‐domestic Fibre Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Cultivars in Long‐day Growth Conditions in Finland
Authors: Sankari H. S. , Mela T. J. N. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractPlant development and stem yield of mono‐ and dioecious fibre hemp cultivars (Cannabis sativa L.), introduced to Finland from regions of lower latitude, were studied in field experiments under long‐day growth conditions in 1995–96. Plant density, plant mortality rate, stem elongation and stem yield were determined. Plant densities at seedling stage were less than the targeted viable seeds sown m−2. Seedling densities differed significantly among cultivars, but had no significant effect on plant mortality rate in 1996. Plant mortality during the 1996 growing season averaged 34 plants m−2. Stem elongation was measured at one‐week intervals throughout the growing time. The elongation among cultivars was different and depended on the date of measurement. Rapid elongation began five to six weeks after sowing and elongation was most pronounced in July. Dioecious cultivars were significantly taller than monoecious ones in 1995 but not in 1996 when hemp stands were dense, nitrogen was deficient and an infection of Botrytis vinerea was present. Dioecious cultivars produced higher stem yields than monoecious ones. However, in 1996 the difference in yield was not statistically significant among most of the cultivars, Cultivar Uso 11 was early maturing and produced highest stem yield among monoecious cultivars; it also competed well with the higher yielding dioecious cultivars.
Analyse der räumlichen Korrelation des Unkrautauftretens mit der Verunkrautung des Vorjahres und mit abiotischen Standortfaktoren am Beispiel Efeublättriger Ehrenpreis (Veronica hederifolia L.) und Stickstoffgehalt
Authors: Dammer K.‐H. , Körner S. , Wittmann Ch. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSpatial correlation analysis between weed occurrence and those of the previous year and abiotic soil properties by example of ivy‐leaved speedwell (Veronica hederifolia L.) and nitrogen contentThe spatial dependence of the occurrence of Veronica hederifolia L. on the previous year and on the nitrogen content of the soil (0–30 cm) is characterized by cross correlograms. These are drawn by use of the correlation coefficient of Pearson's ρ and Kendall's τb. The results from cross correlograms are compared with the correlation coefficients at the same sampling location between the occurrence of the weed for 2 consecutive years running and also between the nitrogen content and the weed occurrence in the same year. With the help of the cross correlograms we found up to which distances the two variables correlate significantly. The correlation coefficient calculated between two variables at the same sampling point are not sufficient to characterize their spatial dependence. Kendall's τb, corrected for ties, as a nonparametric measure of correlation, leads in two cases to more significant dependencies than does Pearson's correlation coefficient.
Optimum Seed Rate and Nitrogen Fertilizer Requirement of Rice Under Semi‐deepwater Ecosystem
Authors: Sharma A. R. , Ghosh A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe effect of varying seed rates (100–1000 seeds m−2) and nitrogen fertilizer (0–60 kg N ha‐1) applied either in a single basal dose or in splits was investigated on a tall elongating, photosensitive rice variety, Nalini, under semi‐deepwater conditions (0–100cm) during 1993 and 1994 at Cuttack, India. Seedling emergence was higher in 1993 (53.9 %) than in 1994 (44.1 %) and it increased proportionately with increasing seed rate, Increase in the number of tillers and panicles m−2 at higher seed rates was associated with a corresponding decrease in panicle weight. Regression analysis indicated a decrease of 0.91–1.28g in panicle weight for an increase of 100 panicles m−2. The grain yield of rice was significantly higher at 400 seeds m−2 in 1993 and at 600 seeds m−2 in 1994 than at low seed rates but further increase in seed rate did not increase the yield. Application of N fertilizer increased the panicle number and thereby grain yield significantly. The effect of basal and split applied N at active or maximum tillering stages as well as between 30 and 60 kg N ha−1 was not significant on the grain yield. The results suggest that a basal dose of 30kg N ha−1 and seeding density of 400–600 seeds m−2, resulting in 40–50 % seedling emergence and 150–200 panicles m−2, each with 2.0–2.5 g weight, may be adequate for optimum productivity of rice under semideepwater conditions.
Seasonal Changes in the Photosynthetic Capacity of Winter Rape Plants under Different Nitrogen Regimes Measured in the Field
Authors: Kappen L. , Hammler A. , Schultz G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWinter rape (cv.‘Falcon’) grown under different nitrogen regimes (N0, N120; 0 and 120 kg.ha−1, respectively) in northern Germany was investigated over the 1996 spring–summer season. Using a CO2, H2O diffusion porometer, diurnal courses or net photosynthesis and respiration were measured in situ and were related to microclimatic conditions and leaf water relations. Photosynthesis was modelled and daily CO2 gain was calculated. In contrast to the N120 plants, plants of the low nitrogen plot (N0) grew less densely and their leaves behaved more like sun leaves. Increased nitrogen supply had little influence on photosynthetic capacity but it increased productivity through higher leaf area index and an extended period of photosynthetic activity. N120 plants also appeared to be better acclimated to hot, summer conditions. Higher nitrogen supply substantially increased seed production with the yield of the N120 plants being 16% of the N0 plants.
Polyamines as Modulators of Soybean Productivity
Authors: Sharma M. L. , Ali Mashiat 
Published: April 2008

AbstractPolyamines have been shown to be involved in several aspects of plant growth and development. In soybean, increase in number of pods per plant, 100 seed weight, seed, biological and oil yield was highest with spray of spermine and lowest (but significantly higher than control) with putrescine. The soybean seed and oil yield increased by about 12.46 and 20.94% respectively with application of 10−3m spermine at 50% flowering stage. Another spray of polyamines at pod initiation stage had little effect on different parameters.
The Effect of Planting Date and Plant Density on Potassium and Magnesium Uptake and Harvest by Brussels Sprouts
Authors: Everaarts A. P. , van Beusichem M. L. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe effects of planting date and plant density on potassium (K) and magnesium (Mg) uptake and harvest by Brussels sprouts (Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera) were studied in field experiments. Crop potassium concentration generally decreased towards harvest, but the pattern in potassium concentration during crop growth differed between planting dates. Plant density in the range of 2.7–4.4 plants m−2 had no effect on crop potassium concentration. The amount of potassium in the crop at harvest decreased with a delay in planting, but was not influenced by plant density. Mainly depending on the planting date, around 100–200 kg potassium ha−1, or approximately 40–50 % of the potassium in the crop at harvest, is removed from the field with the product. Averaged over treatments and years, potassium concentration in the (fresh) product was 5.2 kg ton−1. The amount of magnesium in the crop at harvest decreased with a delay in planting. Depending on the planting date, uptake at harvest was 10–17 kg magnesium ha−1. Plant density had no effect on this amount. On average per ton (fresh) product, 0.20 kg of magnesium was removed from the field.
Effects of Weed Removal in Clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) under Different Rainfall Situations in an Arid Region
Authors: Yadav R. S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn dry land agriculture, intensity and type of weed pressure depend upon the rainfall pattern during the crop season. A two year field study was conducted to determine the effect of time of weed removal in clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.). Treatments consisting of weed removal at 10, 20, 30,40 and 50 days after sowing were compared with clean weeded and unweeded controls. The xerophytic weeds Gisekia pharnacioides (L.) M., Mollugo cerviana (L.) Ser. and Tribulus terrestris L. dominated in the low and erratic 1993 rainfall season while grassy weeds such as Eragrostis pilosa (Beauv) were predominant in the 1994 season with well‐distributed rainfall. The number of weeds was maximum at 30 days after sowing (DAS) in 1993 and at 40 DAS in 1994. The dry weight of weeds increased up to 50 DAS in 1993 and up to harvest in 1994. Removing weeds at 20 or 30 DAS increased the number of pods per plant, water use efficiency and seed yield of clusterbean. Water consumption was higher in unweeded plots. Water use efficiency decreased with the increase in time of weed removal beyond 20 days after crop sowing.
Cell Enlargement as an Important Factor in Controlling Grain Weight in Wheat
Authors: Chanda Sumitra V. , Singh Yash Dev 
Published: April 2008

AbstractGrain dry weight, water content and changes in wall‐bound α‐galactosidase and β‐glucosidase activities were estimated in three grains (differing in their position on the spike and final dry weight) of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar Lok‐1 during the entire period of grain development. Considerable differences in the grain weight within a wheat spike are reported, but the physiological and biochemical bases of these differences are poorly understood. The experiments described here indicate that the maximum grain weight is dependent upon the rate of grain filling. A highly significant correlation (P < 0.001) between maximum grain weight and maximum water content per grain, and a close correspondence between the rate of grain filling and wall‐located α‐galactosidase activity, suggests that the process of cell enlargement may be important in determining the rate of grain filling, and thus, for maximum grain weight in wheat.
Cadmium Suppresses Phosphate Level and Inhibits the Activity of Phosphatases in Growing Rice Seedlings
Authors: Shah K. , Dubey R. S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe effect of increasing concentration of Cd in situ on the metabolic status of total phosphate and the activity of its metabolizing enzymes acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and inorganic pyrophosphatases were examined in growing rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings. Some 500 μm Cd in the medium caused 68–77% decline in phosphate content in shoots and 56–66% decline in roots in 20‐day‐old seedlings of the two rice cultivars Ratna and Jaya. In situ Cd levels of 100 μm and 500 μm led to a significant decline in the activities of the three phosphorolytic enzymes studied. Inhibition in the acid phosphatase activity was greater in roots than in shoots. With 500 μm Cd 62–88% inhibition in acid phosphatase activity was observed in roots. A similar Cd level caused 28–31% inhibition in shoots in 20‐day‐old seedlings, whereas inorganic pyrophosphatase activity was inhibited by 27–53% in roots and nearly 50% in shoots. Under in vitro conditions more than 200 μm Cd(NO3)2 in the reaction medium significantly inhibited the activities of the phosphorolytic enzymes. Alkaline phosphatase appeared to be more tolerant than acid phosphatase at lower (20–100 μm) concentrations whereas the activity of inorganic pyrophosphatase was completely lost with 2 mM Cd. Isoenzymic studies revealed three acid phosphatase isoenzymes with RF values of 0.18, 0.24 and 0.40 in both roots and shoots. The band intensities decreased under Cd treatments. The results indicate suppression of the activities of phosphatases due to Cd in growing seedlings.
Evaluation of insecticidal and genotoxic effects of imidacloprid and acetochlor in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Frantzios G. , Paptsiki K. , Sidiropoulou B. , Lazaridis I. , Theophilidis G. , Mavragani‐Tsipidou P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTwo pesticides, the insecticide imidacloprid and the herbicide acetochlor, were evaluated for their insecticidal and genotoxic effects in Drosophila melanogaster. Their insecticidal effects were assessed by calculating LC50 values after acute or chronic exposure of larvae and adults to different concentrations of the test compounds. After acute exposure, the LC50 of imidacloprid was 7.59 × 10−5 M for larvae and 1.43 × 10−4 M for adults, and after chronic exposure, it was 2.67 × 10−5 M and 6.09 × 10−5 M for larvae and adults, respectively. On the contrary, the herbicide acetochlor showed no acute or chronic insecticidal effect against either larvae or adults, even at very high concentrations (8 × 10−3 M). For the evaluation of genotoxic properties of the two pesticides, the Somatic Mutation and Recombination Test in D. melanogaster was used. Our results suggest that neither imidacloprid nor acetochlor exhibits mutagenic or recombinogenic activity at applicable concentrations.
In vitro Inoculation Studies for Estimating the Susceptibility of Ornamental Plants to Phytophthora ramorum
Authors: Kaminski K. , Wagner S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSusceptibility evaluation of plant species towards Phytophthora ramorum is essential for pest risk assessment of the pathogen in Europe. An in vitro inoculation method on detached leaves and twigs was used to estimate the susceptibility of some leading ornamental plant species in Germany. Ratings in susceptibility of plant species and cultivars were classified according to the degree of symptoms caused by P. ramorum. Buxus sp., Hedera helix, Vaccinium corymbosum and V. macrocarpon were classified as not susceptible whereas most Calluna vulgaris cultivars, Erica carnea‘Schneekuppe’, E. gracilis, Vaccinium myrtillus and Vaccinium oxycoccus ranged in the ‘highly susceptible’ category. Erica carnea ‘Rubinfeuer’ and E. cinerea were classified as moderately susceptible whereas E. x darleyensis and Rhododendron simsii were classified as slightly susceptible. Different susceptibility reactions between cultivars were only found for R. simsii and C. vulgaris. Symptom development was effected by wounding only for R. simsii, V. corymbosum and V. oxycoccus.
Effect of a Photo‐synthetic Inhibitor on Tryptamine Pathway‐mediated Sekiguchi Lesion Formation in Lesion Mimic Mutant of Rice Infected with Magnaporthe grisea
Authors: Imaoka A. , Ueno M. , Kihara J. , Kadowaki M. , Arase S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA lesion‐mimic mutant of rice (cv. Sekiguchi‐asahi) showed enhanced resistance to Magnaporthe grisea infection, thereby inducing Sekiguchi lesion (sl) formation and tryptamine accumulation under light. Both Sekiguchi lesion formation and tryptamine accumulation in leaves infected with M. grisea were inhibited by pretreatment with the photosynthetic inhibitor, 3‐(3, 4‐Dichlorophenyl)‐1,1‐dimethylurea (DCMU), which suppressed the gene expression of tryptophan decarboxylase (TDC), monoamine oxidase activity, H2O2 generation and DNA fragmentation. Catalase activity was inhibited by M. grisea infection under light, but magnitude of the inhibition was reduced in leaves pretreated with DCMU. Furthermore, tryptophan accumulated in M. grisea‐infected leaves under light but not in DCMU‐pretreated ones. Interestingly, such DCMU inhibition was reduced in the presence of tryptophan. Our studies suggest that chloroplasts function as the inhibitor of anti‐oxidant system such as catalase activity and the supplier of a precursor of tryptamine and tryptophan in the sl mutant infected with M. grisea.
Increased Susceptibility of Rice Following Insertion of Amylopullulanase Gene, to Brown Spot Caused by Bipolaris oryzae
Authors: Ting M.‐Y. , Shih H.‐D. , Lin C.‐Y. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTransgenic rice expressing an amylopullulanase (APU) from the bacterium Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus 39E produces grains which are less expensive to process for production of sugar syrup and protein‐enriched flour. During risk assessment of the transgenic line in a field test, brown spot disease caused by Bipolaris oryzae was found more severe on the transgenic line APU than on its parental line TNG67. When lines APU and TNG67 were inoculated at seedling, tillering or heading stage with B. oryzae isolated from line TNG67, the disease was more severe on line APU than on line TNG67 at heading stage, but not at the seedling or tillering stage. However, when B. oryzae isolated from line APU was used in the inoculation tests, the disease was more severe on line APU than on line TNG67 at seedling stage, but not at the tillering or heading stage. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an unintended change in a transgenic plant to become more susceptible to a disease than the non‐transgenic plant.
Different crab species influence feeding of the snail Nucella lapillus through trait‐mediated indirect interactions
Authors: Aschaffenburg Matthew D. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIndirect interactions are among the many important factors that influence the community structure of the rocky intertidal zone. Trait‐mediated indirect interactions, in which the presence of a predator or competitor can influence the relationship between two other species, have emerged as vital for understanding community dynamics. This study examined the effect of different crab species on the feeding habits of an intertidal snail, Nucella lapillus. Crab species were defined as being sympatric predatory (Carcinus maenas and Cancer irroratus), sympatric non‐predatory (Uca pugnax and Pagurus longicarpus), or allopatric predatory (Mithrax sculptus and Percnon gibbesi). Nucella lapillus were potentially exposed to risk cues from each of the crab species. Crabs were kept in perforated boxes, which allowed any chemical cues to be emitted but prevented direct contact. Nucella lapillus had significantly lower feeding rates in the presence of sympatric predatory crab species than N. lapillus exposed to either sympatric non‐predatory crabs or allopatric predatory crabs. There was no difference in feeding rate between N. lapillus exposed to the sympatric non‐predatory crabs and to the allopatric predatory crabs. Nucella lapillus in the presence of sympatric predatory crabs had a feeding rate of only 0.07 barnacles per snail per day, whereas N. lapillus housed with non‐predatory crabs and allopatric predatory crabs had rates of 0.11 and 0.12, respectively, suggesting that N. lapillus alter their behavior in response to chemical risk cues from local predators. These results suggest that the ability to detect and respond to risk cues is a selectively evolved trait.
BOTH 5‐HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE 5‐HT2A AND 5‐HT1B RECEPTORS ARE INVOLVED IN THE VASOCONSTRICTOR RESPONSE TO 5‐HT IN THE HUMAN ISOLATED INTERNAL THORACIC ARTERY
Authors: Tanaka Naoko , Nakamura Eisaku , Ohkura Masamichi , Kuwabara Masachika , Yamashita Atsushi , Onitsuka Toshio , Asada Yujiro , Hisa Hiroaki , Yamamoto Ryuichi 
Published: April 2008

SUMMARY

The 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT, serotonin) receptor subtypes that mediate vasoconstriction in the human internal thoracic artery (ITA), which is frequently used as an arterial graft, remain unclear. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the 5‐HT receptor subtypes responsible for 5‐HT‐induced contraction of the human ITA.
The contractile responses to 5‐HT of endothelium‐denuded human ITA obtained from patients undergoing coronary bypass surgery were examined. In addition, we investigated the effects of sarpogrelate and SB224289, antagonists of 5‐HT2A and 5‐HT1B receptors, respectively, on the 5‐HT‐induced vasoconstriction. Finally, 5‐HT2A and 5‐HT1B receptors in the human ITA were immunolabelled.
5‐Hydroxytryptamine (1 nmol/L–10 mmol/L) caused vasoconstriction in a concentration‐dependent manner. Both sarpogrelate (1 mmol/L) and SB224289 (1 mmol/L) significantly, but not completely, inhibited 5‐HT‐induced vasoconstriction.
Conversely, simultaneous pretreatment with supramaximum concentrations (1 mmol/L for both) of sarpogrelate and SB224289 almost completely inhibited the 5‐HT‐induced vasoconstriction.
Immunopositive staining for 5‐HT2A and 5‐HT1B receptors was detected in smooth muscle cells of the human ITA.
These results demonstrate that, in human ITA, 5‐HT‐induced vasoconstriction is mediated by activation of both 5‐HT2A and 5‐HT1B receptors. Thus, when the human ITA is used as an arterial graft, a combination of 5‐HT2A and 5‐HT1B receptor antagonists would appear to be most useful to prevent 5‐HT‐induced vasospasm.
ANTIPROLIFERATIVE ACTIVITY OF AUCUBIN IS THROUGH CELL CYCLE ARREST AND APOPTOSIS IN HUMAN NON‐SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER A549 CELLS
Authors: Hung Jen‐Yu , Yang Chih‐Jen , Tsai Ying‐Ming , Huang Hurng‐Wern , Huang Ming‐Shyan 
Published: April 2008

SUMMARY

Aucubin, an iridoid glycoside isolated from the leaves of Aucuba japonica, inhibits human non‐small cell lung cancer A549 cells by blocking cell cycle progression in the G0/G1 phase and inducing apoptosis.
An ELISA showed that the G0/G1 phase arrest is due to p53‐mediated induction of p21. Enhancement of Fas and its two ligands, membrane‐bound and soluble Fas ligand, may be responsible for the apoptotic effect induced by aucubin.
The present study shows, for the first time, that the induction of p53 and activity of the Fas/Fas ligand apoptotic system may participate in the antiproliferative activity of aucubin in A549 cells.