bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FUNDAMENTAL STUDY OF CLAY: PREPARATION OF A PURIFIED KAOLINITE SUSPENSION, I*
Authors: Johnson A. L. , Norton F. H. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA method of preparing clean clay suspensions is described. Organic matter is removed by hydrogen peroxide and sodium hydroxide digestion, followed by an electro‐dialysis treatment to remove other inorganic salts and to prepare a clay‐water suspension. After NaOH is added, viscosity and titration values are given for (a) a regular water‐washed Florida clay, (b) the same clay after electrodialysis, and (c) the same clay after a thorough cleaning according to the method described. If the sample contains lignite, a clean clay exhibits rheopexy at certain concentrations of NaOH.
THERMAL AND MOISTURE EXPANSION OF KAOLINS AND BODIES FIRED TO DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES*
Authors: Teiiemecke H. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThermal‐expansion and moisture‐expansion determinations were made on four kaolins of the Georgia, Florida, North Carolina, and English types alone and on typical semivitreous, hotel china, and electrical porcelain bodies embodying each of these kaolins after being fired at cones 6, 9, and 11. The Georgia and Florida kaolins and bodies showed surprisingly similar expansion characteristics. The general order of decreasing thermal expansion and increasing moisture expansion of the kaolins at all three firing treatments was Georgia, Florida, North Carolina, and English china. The semivitreous bodies at cones 6 and 9 showed the same order of expansion as the kaolins alone, but at cone 11 the thermal expansion of the English china clay body was the highest and the North Carolina kaolin body next in order. Moisture expansion of the bodies at cone 11 was found to be a function of the absorption, regardless of the kaolin used with no expansion obtaining at zero absorption. Mixtures of clay, flint, and feldspar, given an autoclave treatment after being fired to cones 6 and 9, showed that feldspar additions increased moisture expansion. When these mixtures were dehydrated at different temperatures, the data obtained were insufficient to confirm any theory on the nature of moisture expansion in a porous ceramic body.
THERMAL EXPANSION OF SILICATE FLUXES IN THE CRYSTALLINE AND GLASSY STATES*
Authors: Orcowski H. J. , Koenig C. J. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA general investigation was made of the thermal expansion of various silicate fluxes The fluxes considered in the crystalline (anisotropic) and glassy (isotropic) states. were ten feldspars, two nepheline syenites, anorthosite, aplite, and lepidolite.
EFFECT OF REPEATED WETTING AND DRYING ON PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF A CLAY BODY*
Authors: Morgan W. R. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractSpecimens of fine‐grained, red‐firing clay, which had been fired to temperatures corresponding to various stages of vitrification, were subjected to 200 cycles each of wetting at 100°F. and drying at 100°F. and 60% of relative humidity. This treatment, simulating weathering in mild climates, caused (1) a permanent gain in weight which was greater for the softer specimens; (2) a moisture expansion for the softer specimens but none for those near vitrification; (3) a fairly uniform decrease in modulus of elasticity for all specimens; and (4) a decrease in modulus of rupture for the softer specimens but an increase in strength for those that were completely vitrified. The data indicate that moisture expansion and a decrease in strength of soft‐fired clay bodies, caused by repeated wetting and drying, may be eliminated by proper vitrification.
FACTORS AFFECTING REFLECTANCE*
Authors: Hutchison Clark , Nelson Forrest w. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA study was made to determine the factors that should be considered to get maximum reflectance with a given enamel. The increased reflectance obtained by fine grinding varies according to the kind of frit and opacifier used, and it was found that the proper combination of frit and opacifier is essential in developing effective reflectance. The writers conclude that the efficiency of the opacifiers varies according to the amount used; the method of blending the frits is an important factor; and the kind of clay used in the mill addition affects the degree of reflectance.
X‐RAY STUDY OF LIME‐PHOSPHATE AND LIME‐BORATE GLASS*
Authors: Biscoe J. , Pincus A. G. , Smith C. S. , Warren B. E. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractX‐ray diffraction patterns have been made of two lime‐phosphate glasses with compositions of 23% and 28% of CaO by weight, and of one lime‐borate glass with 25% of CaO. Fourier analyses of these patterns were carried out, and the radial distribution curves were plotted. In the lime‐phosphate glasses, each phosphorus is tetrahedrally bonded to 4 oxygens at a distance of 1.57 A, and each oxygen is bonded to either 1 or 2 phosphorus atoms. The calcium ions, Ca++, are situated in the holes in the phosphorus‐oxygen network and have about 7 oxygen neighbors. In the lime‐borate glass, some of the borons are triangularly bonded to 3 oxygens, and the others are tetrahedrally bonded to 4 oxygens.
FACTORS AFFECTING SAGGING TESTS ON ENAMELING IRON*
Authors: Sams J. E. , McGohan William , Canfield J. J. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA method is described by which sagging tests may be made and the determinations may be duplicated with considerable accuracy. The effect of different furnaces is noted as well as such factors as furnace size, temperature and its control, width of samples, enamel coating, time of testing, size of sample, and metal composition.
COMPOSITIONS AND PROPERTIES OF SOME HIGH‐TITANIA CERAMICS*
Authors: Navias Louis 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe compositions are given for high‐titania ceramic bodies which mature at cone 10. One series contains calcium titanium silicate as an essential flux, and the other series contains alkali‐free titania glasses. Electrical measurements cover the range of 60, 1000, and 1,000,000 cycles for both power factor and dielectric constant. Detailed consideration is given to the type of electrodes used. The properties covering dielectric strength, temperature coefficient of capacity, effect of humidity, and thermal expansion are given for one composition. An X‐ray diffraction pattern of this body shows the formation of rutile crystals.
STUDY OF EUTECTIC FLUXES IN SEMIVITREOUS AND VITREOUS WHITEWARE BODIES*
Authors: Austin C. R. , Brooks S. J. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractFrits of oxides of lithium, barium, calcium, and magnesium combined with calcined alumina and pulverized flint were substituted for feldspar in a dry‐press whiteware body. Three series of bodies were studied which contained (1) about one half the normal RO content, (2) the normal RO content, and (3) about three times the normal RO content. Firing behavior and mechanical properties of the various bodies in the vitreous and semi‐vitreous range were determined, and the results are reported in this paper.
TANTALUM GLASS: K2O‐Ta2O5‐SiO2 SERIES*
Authors: Sun Kuan‐Han , Silverman Alexander 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe partial molal volume and refractivities, based on the Gladstone‐Dale and Lorentz‐Lorenz formulas of potassia‐tantala‐silica glasses, have been evaluated from experimental data of density and refractive index. Equations and constants are available for the calculation of volume and refractivities from composition, and the density and refractive index may therefore be computed. The interionic distances of Ta‐O, Si‐O, and K‐O, calculated from the refractivity data, agree favorably with known measured values. Tantala, as compared with silica and phosphorus pentoxide, is a poor “network former.” The high ratio of oxygen to tantalum and the relatively large Ta‐O distance result in the formation of new singly bonded oxygens and a glass that is loose in structure. The range of composition, which was limited by a fixed melting temperature (1400° C), extends from 21 to 38% of potassium oxide, 5 to 36% of tantala, and 39 to 71% of silica.
COLLOID CHEMISTRY IN CERAMICS*
Authors: Hauser E. A. 
Published: June 2006

IntroductionMr. Chairman, Fellows of The American Ceramic Society, Members, and guests! I consider it a great honor to have been invited to deliver before this gathering the Edward Orton, Jr., Memorial Lecture for 1941. That your choice has fallen on me, neither a ceramist by profession nor a specialized ceramic chemist or physicist, makes me even more proud, and I therefore want to thank you from the bottom of my heart.I come here not to offer you a lecture on recent developments in ceramics, a topic which undoubtedly will be handled in the course of your Meeting by more competent men, but to lay before you in simple form a few fundamental colloid chemical and physical concepts which have a direct bearing on basic problems in ceramics.This consideration of why and where colloid chemical reasoning and research have become a science indispensable for progressive developments in ceramics is the greatest tribute to the memory of Edward Orton, Jr., who pioneered in the United States in the importance of scientific research in ceramics.
SPECIFIC HEATS OF CHROME AND MAGNESIA REFRACTORIES*
Authors: Seil Gilbert E. , Heck Frank G. , Heiligman H. A. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe previous work in the field is surveyed, the method of preparing the samples is described, and chemical, petrographic, and screen analyses and photomicrographs of the samples are presented. Specific‐heat determinations were made by the method of mixtures in a calorimeter using carbon tetrachloride; the calorimeter and the auxiliary equipment are described; and the procedures for determining the heat capacity of the calorimeter system and for the specific heats of the test samples are given in detail. The results are summarized, tabulated, and compared with published data. In addition to the bibliography of the papers mentioned in the article, an additional section (Section B), which served as a background for the study, is included.
ELECTROLYTICAL REPLACEMENT OF SODIUM BY AMMONIUM IN GLASS*
Authors: Kreidl Norbert J. , Trumm Bruce F. , Scott Roger F. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA review is given of the exchange of ions (1) in glasses containing water, (2) on the hydrated surfaces of ordinary glasses, and (3) in commercial glasses with and without the application of an electrical field, and it is shown that the ammonium ion offers unique features. It may be electrolytically introduced into soda glasses without impairing their structure as much as other ions. Because of the volatility of ammonium compounds, it may be removed easily, leaving a glass of higher silica content. Such glasses could be obtained in some experiments, but the soda probably cannot be entirely removed.
AN INSTRUMENT FOR STUDYING FINE TEXTURE OF CERAMIC AND OTHER SURFACES*
Authors: Adams F. W. , Devol Lee , Letner H. R. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe fine texture of various hard surfaces can be measured easily by using a tracing point and an optical lever in a profilograph of new design. Variations in the surface of 0.000001 in. may be detected and topographic or relief maps can be prepared at magnifications up to 6000 X. The high accuracy is obtained with no more difficult machine work than the simultaneous lapping of two tapered bearings mounted on the same shaft. By supporting the tracing point and its mirror on torsion elements of special design, the instrument is rendered relatively insensitive to vibration and is given an unusually high resolving power. The kind of results obtained is illustrated by profilograms of chalkboards having varying writing and erasing characteristics and by a topography of a ground glass surface.
FACTORS INFLUENCING DRY‐BEADING DEFECTS*
Authors: Whitesell R. J. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe effect of milling and of application variables on the dry‐beading defects of two types of kitchenware enamels was determined. The tearing adjacent to the bead was influenced by the same factors that govern the usual tearing encountered in all enamels. The extent of blistering was controlled by the quantity and nature of the soluble salts deposited in the water line. Potassium carbonate was a primary cause of blistering. Under certain conditions, however, the addition of sodium nitrite or sodium thiosulfate either to the cover enamel or to the beading enamel eliminated blistering.
PHOSPHATES IN CERAMIC WARE: II, ROLE OF PHOSPHORUS IN BONE CHINA*
Authors: Weyl Woldemar A. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBased on the behavior of phosphates in silicate melts, a possible picture of the constitution of bone‐china bodies is presented. The characteristic features are the formation of fluorapatite and hydroxyapatite as the chief constituents of the rigid framework and of a glass high in lime having a higher refractive index than the glassy matrix of normal porcelain bodies. The translucency, the whiteness, and certain characteristic defects of bone china may be explained on this basis.
CAUSE OF PINHOLES AND SOME RELATED DEFECTS IN ENAMEL COATINGS ON CAST IRON*
Authors: Zapffe C. A. , Sims C. E. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe confusion in identifying hydrogen as the predominating cause of certain defects in enamel on cast iron has been due largely to the close association of carbon and hydrogen in cast iron and steel. The principal relation of carbide and graphite to enameling defects is the release of hydrogen from the carbon during enamel firing. The much‐discussed “chill layer” therefore is important chiefly because this layer often contains hydrogen that is bound to the carbon in the cementite. Experiments show that when hydrogen is absent, regardless of the depth or nature of the surface chill, no pinholing or blistering results during firing at 725°C.Sources of the hydrogen that causes the defacement are found chiefly in melting and in casting. The low oxygen pressure of molten cast iron favors hydrogen absorption. Moisture in the atmosphere, in the charge, or chemically combined in the rust on scrap provides the greatest quantities of the gas, and moisture and organic materials in the mold are also prolific sources of hydrogen for absorption by the iron. At ordinary temperatures, rusting is often harmful.Flushing the melt with a dry, hydrogen‐free gas, such as nitrogen, removes the dissolved hydrogen, and defects during subsequent enameling will not occur unless hydrogen is obtained later from other sources.Chipping phenomena probably are caused chiefly by hydrogen effusion, just as are analogous defects in sheet‐steel enameling.
SUMMARY OF WORK ON ATOMIC ARRANGEMENT IN GLASS*
Authors: Warren B. E. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe present picture of the atomic arrangement in glass has developed from four kinds of information, namely, the laws of crystal chemistry, the X‐ray diffraction study of glass, the various measured physical properties of glass, and the kinds of materials and the ranges of composition in which glassforming properties exist. X‐ray diffraction studies establish the predominant type of bonding in the glass, for example, the tetrahedral bonding in silicate glasses. Secondary structural features such as those which change with annealing or conditioning do not show up in the X‐ray pattern. Most of the proposed structures are those which are suggested and are partially substantiated by X‐ray studies, those which fit the laws of crystal chemistry, and those which seem best able to explain the physical properties of the glass.The preliminary theory of immiscibility in glass systems has been extended to include a consideration of the temperature dependence. A study of thermal expansion in terms of the number of glassforming bonds allows a simple correlation between thermal expansion coefficients in the silica‐boric oxide and the soda‐boric oxide systems. The same kind of considerations used in discussing immiscibility may be used to give a quantitative treatment of the change in the coordination number of the boron atom when boric oxide is present with soda.
CORD ANALYSIS*
Authors: Turnbull J. C. , Ghering L. G. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractResults on the separation of inhomogeneities in bottle glass by density differences have been improved by changes in technique and apparatus. The accuracy of chemical analysis has been increased by taking larger samples for analysis, although they represent smaller fractions of the glass. The new centrifuge is equipped with windows and a stroboscopic light so that the movement of the suspended particles may be observed as the separation takes place. It is thus possible to obtain a curve which gives the distribution in density of the particles of the powdered glass. This curve and the analysis of the fractions of the powder of extreme densities have shown considerable value in the interpretation of the causes of cordy glass. The density distribution curves, composition differences, and case histories of several bottle glass cords are discussed.
PLASTIC AND DRYING PROPERTIES OF CERTAIN CLAYS AS INFLUENCED BY ELECTROLYTE CONTENT*
Authors: Henry E. C. , Siefert A. C. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractElectrodialyzed samples of several clays were saturated at pH 7 with various cations, and measurements were made to determine the effect of these cations on the workability and drying behavior of the clays. Excellent correlations were noted between the influence of these ions on clays in the plastic state and their behavior in causing flocculation or denocculation of dilute suspensions of clay. The results should be valuable for such industrial forming processes as throwing, jiggering, hot pressing, and extruding.
RELATION OF THE PARTICLE SIZES OF THE FRIT AND COLOR OXIDES TO THE COLOR PROPERTIES OF PORCELAIN ENAMELS*
Authors: Andrews Andrew I. , Cook Ralph L. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe effect of variations in the particle size of typical green and blue color stains in sized fractions of a representative clear frit was studied. Microscopic examinations were made of the sized fractions, and photomicrographs of the respective fields are presented. The color characteristics of the enameled panels were determined on a continuously recording spectrophotometer. Frit particles of 45 to 75 μ, combined with color particles of less than 5μ, were found to give the optimum or most efficient color characteristics, and color particles larger than 5 μ, seriously impaired the resulting color.
SECONDARY EXPANSION OF HIGH‐ALUMINA REFRACTORIES*
Authors: Hall James L. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractSeveral mixtures of raw and calcined diaspore and bauxite with raw and calcined fire clays were prepared and fired at 2700°F. Specimens were refired at higher temperatures, and the linear changes were determined. Bodies composed of high‐alumina grog and fire clay expand in the refire, whereas specimens of fire‐clay grog that are bonded with ground raw diaspore exhibit shrinkage. The cause of the secondary expansion and shrinkage of these bodies is discussed.
EFFECT OF IRON OXIDE ON TENSILE STRENGTH OF PORCELAINENAMEL*
Authors: JOHNSEN A. M. , CANFIELD J. J. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis investigation was conducted for the purpose of determining whether iron oxide affected the tensile strength of enamel. The results indicate that ferric oxide appreciably reduces the enamel strength and ferrous oxide may have an even greater effect. The possible relation of chipping of the enamel to the iron oxide content is noted.
SURVEY OF LITERATURE ON SLAG TESTS FOR REFRACTORY MATERIALS*
Authors: Hurst T. L. , Read E. B. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA survey of the literature for the period 1932 through 1940 on the subject of slag tests for refractory materials is presented. This survey supplements similar reviews of Ferguson and of Simpson.A classified index to methods of testing and means for evaluating slag attack on refractories is also presented. This key has been prepared from references which appear in the present survey and also in the two previous articles.All of the references cited are to be found in the appended Bibliography.
EFFECT OF EXCHANGEABLE BASES ON SOME PROPERTIES OF BALL CLAYS*
Authors: Burdick M. D. , Meyer W. W. , Klinefelter T. A. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractTwo English and six American ball clays, representative of the ball clays in use in the whiteware industry, were tested to determine certain properties including plasticity, bulk specific gravity, volume shrinkage, transverse strength, and apparent porosity. The tests were conducted to observe the effect of electrodialysis and replacement of the cations which had been adsorbed by the clays in their natural state with other cations. Of the various cations substituted, Na+ and K+ were the most effective in altering certain physical properties such as plasticity and strength.
FUNDAMENTAL STUDY OF CLAY: IV, SURFACE AREA AND ITS EFFECT ON EXCHANGE CAPACITY OF KAOLINITE*
Authors: Johhson A. L. , Lawrence W. G. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractSix monodisperse fractions of kaolinite were prepared, and the exchange capacity was determined from the viscosity relations on additions of NaOH to the electrodialyzed fractions. A linear relationship is shown to exist between the surface area and the base‐exchange capacity for all of the sizes studied.
STRUCTURE OF SODIUM BORATE GLASSES AS AFFECTED BY TEMPERATURE*
Authors: Badger A. E. , Johnson H. C. , Kraehenbuehl J. O. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA series of sodium borate glasses, varying from 0 to 30% of Na2O in chemical composition and containing 0.1% of cobalt oxide as coloring agent, was prepared by melting in platinum and casting disks of proper size for measurement of spectral transmission up to the softening temperature of the glass. A General Electric automatic recording photoelectric spectrophotometer was used for the measurements. The change in color of the chromophore was correlated with the structures of the glasses, which have been deduced by Biscoe and Warren. Measurements made at higher temperatures indicated that abrupt changes in spectral transmission occurred near the transformation temperatures of the various glasses. Transmission curves of glasses at room temperature showed variations at about 15% of Na2O, which were correlated with the known breaks in physical properties of these glasses occurring near this composition. Theoretical deductions indicated that stable configurations in the glasses should exist near those compositions containing 10 and 20% of Na2O.
EFFECT OF IRON OXIDE ON PROPERTIES OF SODA‐DOLOMITE LIME‐SILICA GLASS*
Authors:   Contribution of the General Research Laboratory, Owens‐Illinois Glass Company
Published: June 2006

AbstractIn two base glasses, the first containing 16% of sodium oxide, 10% of dolomite lime, and 74% of silica, and the second with 14% of sodium oxide, 12% of dolomite lime, and 74% of silica, iron oxide was systematically substituted for (a) Na2O, (b) CaO·MgO, and (c) SiO2 in amounts of 1, 3, and 5%. The effects of these substitutions on such properties as liquidus temperature, viscosity, deformation temperature, fiber softening point, density, coefficient of expansion, and the resistance of the glasses to dilute acid and distilled water, arc presented.
DECAY OF VIBRATION PHENOMENA OF GLASS BARS*
Authors: McCann Joe G. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe purpose of this investigation was to correlate the decay of vibration of glass bars with their chemical composition. The moduli of decay of four commercial glasses were determined by a photographic method which employed an oscillograph to provide a graphic representation of the audible tone emitted by the bars when they were set in vibration.By using bars of identical cross section and different lengths, data were obtained showing the relation of length to modulus of decay. The effect of disannealing on the modulus of decay was also investigated.