bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Drying Twist in Plant Fibers
Authors: Newman Sanford B. , Riddell Helen F. 
Published: March 2008

The drying twist of a large number of commercial fibers has been determined. In addition, fibers from related plants which are not at present utilized on a large scale were studied. It was found that fibers from four of the twenty families represented by commercially im portant fibers have clockwise drying twists. These were the Linaceae, Urticaceae, Apocynaceae, and Asclepiadaceae. These observations should be useful in fiber identification and in yielding a clue to cell-wall structure.
Correlation of Yarn Strength with Fiber Strength Measured at Different Gage Lengths
Authors: Brown Hugh M. 
Published: March 2008

The fiber strengths of 105 cottons measured with the Clemson Flat Bundle Tester at 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 mm. gage length were correlated with the strength of yarns made from the same cottons. The correlation between single end yarn strength and flat bundle fiber strength was higher for all of the longer gage lengths than for so called zero gage length, being highest for 2 and 4 mm. For these gage lengths the coefficients of correlation ranged from 5% to 27% higher than for zero length for the several types and numbers of yarn. The correlations for the skein strength favored the longer gage lengths even more than in the single end breaks, the coefficients ranging from 3% to 49% higher for 2 to 4 mm. gage lengths than for zero length. The results indicate that the increase in correlation with greater gage length, up to 4 mm., is higher the finer the yarns and also higher for combed yarns than for carded yarns. From the tests it seems that the "equivalent gripping distance" on individual fibers in yarn breaks must be approximately 3 mm. and that measuring the fiber strength at the short lengths used in the Pressley test will incorrectly rank certain cottons in relation to their merit in yarns.
Degradation of Cotton Fibers and Yarns by Heat and Moisture
Authors: Orr Rollin S. , Weiss Louis C. , Humphreys Geraldine C. , Mares Trinidad , Grant James N. 
Published: March 2008

Strength and elongation measurements were made on single cotton fibers and on yarns which had been subjected to various temperatures from 110° to 162°C and various moisture conditions from 3% R.H. up to saturation for periods of heating from 2 to 128 hrs. Moisture contents and degrees of polymerization were also determined, the latter being used to calculate cellulose chain rupture. The simultaneous reduction in strength and elongation at break indicates that heat degradation weakens fibers by creating or intensifying weak points along the fiber. An equation similar to that derived by Sippel, relating fiber strength loss to time of heating and percentage of cellulose links broken, is discussed. Yarn strength, although not as readily affected by heat degradation as fiber strength, follows a similar pattern.
The Detection of Modification in Animal Fibers
Authors: Burte Harris M. 
Published: March 2008

Methods are described for measuring parameters of the tensile recovery of animal fibers. The effects of fiber crimp on these measurements, and the interpretation of the data obtained with crimpy fibers, are discussed. Data are presented on the fiber-to-fiber variation in tensile recovery and on the effects of various chemical treatments. For wool fibers from a common source there is very little fiber-to-fiber variation in tensile recovery.
The Swelling of Hair and a Viscose Rayon Monofil in Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Barnard William S. , White Howard J. 
Published: March 2008

Equipment for measuring the swelling of nearly round single fibers in a variety of solutions is described and has been used to make measurements on the swelling of human hair and a viscose rayon monofil. In particular, measurements have been made on the swelling of both types of fiber in various alkali halide solutions and of the hair in HCI solutions. Except for NaCl solutions, the solutions used in this work caused swelling beyond that caused by liquid water, indicating that the solutes were absorbed by the fibers. The results using LiCl and LiBr solutions are noteworthy in that considerably more swelling occurs in these solutions than in water. The increase in swelling over the water-swollen value is about 25% in the case of hair and 60% in the case of rayon. The high degrees of swelling of hair must be reached by successive replacement with increasingly concentrated solutions, direct immersion of a water-swollen hair into a concentrated solution causing deswelling. For the viscose rayon, either method causes similar swelling. The swelling changes in hair caused by altering the different variables common in an acid dye bath for wool have also been studied.
The Nature of the Hemicelluloses of Jute Fiber
Authors: Das Gupta P.C. , Sarkar P.B. 
Published: March 2008

Hemicellulose I from jute fiber has been subjected to periodate oxidation under different conditions. From the amount of formic acid liberated during the oxidation under optimum conditions and from its nonreducing character, it is suggested that hemicellulose I has a branched structure. Its molecular weight by the osmotic-pressure method has been found to be about 20,000. Methylaldobiuronic acid, derived from hemicellulose I, gives both formic acid (2 mols.) and formaldehyde (1 mol.) on oxidation with periodate. It appears to be 3- (3-methylglucuronosyl )- D-xylose. Based on the observations made here, a provisional structure is suggested for hemicellulose I.
A Study of the Weathering Characteristics of Cotton Fabrics Containing Inorganic Compounds
Authors: Rose G.R.F. , Bayley C.H. 
Published: March 2008

A study has been made of the effect of outdoor weathering on unbleached and bleached cotton duck treated with ( a) oxides of chromium and iron and copper carbonate, singly and in mix tures, ( b) oxides of chromium and iron aftertreated with copper-containing organic fungicides —viz., copper naphthenate, copper 8-hydroxyquinolinolate, and the copper salt of dehydroabietyl amine—and (c) chromic oxide, copper 8-hydroxyquinolinolate, and mixtures of these. A limited amount of data has been obtained with the above-mentioned inorganic treatments on lightweight cellulosic fabrics. The data have confirmed previous observations to the effect that the presence of chromium and copper, in inorganic form, confers marked protection against actinic breakdown of the cellu lose and also prevents the severe loss of copper which, in the absence of chromium, occurs during weathering. These effects were also noted, in lesser degree, with chromium-treated fabrics after treated with copper-containing organic fungicides. The lightweight fabrics treated with inor ganic chromium-copper showed resistance to actinic degradation, but underwent severe loss of copper.
Cotton Quality and Fiber Properties
Authors: Wakeham Helmut , Virgin W.P. , Spicer Nancy 
Published: March 2008

A serious problem in single-fiber testing is the preparation of a homogeneous sample from which fibers may be selected in a random manner. Mechanical blenders, of the type developed for cotton by the U. S. Department of Agriculture, greatly improve the homogeneity of a bulk fiber sample. In the present work tests were made to show what changes in single-fiber proper ties result from the mechanical action of such a blender. Relatively small changes in mechanical behavior of the cotton fibers were observed as a result of blending. With the conventional three passes through the blender a small decrease in break ing load (less than 10%) was found, with corresponding changes in breaking stress and energy to break. A reduction of fiber crimp with a slight increase in fiber length by the fiber array method was also noted.
Graphical Relationships in Cloth Geometry for Plain, Twill, and Sateen Weaves
Authors: Love Louis 
Published: March 2008

In the seventeen years since the publication of F. T. Peirce's "The Geometry of Cloth Structure" [1], many textile engineers have checked the assumptions upon which the geo metric theory is based. Their findings have reflected favorably on Peirce's physical and analytical reasoning. In many cases it was found advisable to extend the original geometric relationships to include woven structures other than those dealt with explicitly in Peirce's writings. The following paper by Mr. Louis Love serves as a useful extension of Peirce's consideration of the maximum weavability of plain weaves. Based on his own observations of fabric cross sections, Love establishes lateral compression factors for other than plain weaves. He combines these with appropriate weave factors to arrive at graphical relation ships for maximum weavability—presented here in a form of immediate use to the mill designer. Following Mr. Love's paper, Dr. John Dickson reports on numerous loom tests which serve to illustrate the validity of Love's assumptions, analyses, and computations. It is worth noting that Dickson's experimental data relate to cotton and to other fibers as well. His calculations demonstrate the direct manner of converting from one yarn count system to another, taking into consideration variations in fiber density. The need for such conver sions arises from the use of cotton system cover factors in most published studies of cloth geometry. EDITOR
The Improvement of Luster of Cotton
Authors: Fourt Lyman , Elliott H.J. 
Published: March 2008

The results of swelling treatments which go beyond mercerizing at ordinary temperature indicate that there is an upper limit to the swelling of cotton, with increased luster as the objec tive. If this is exceeded, as it is with strong sulfuric acid or zinc chloride, and probably is with mercerization with caustic below 0°C, the luster is decreased, because the surface of the indi vidual fiber is roughened. Drastic shrinkage of yarn volume, combined with film formation and disappearance of fuzz, can leave the fabric very sheer and transparent, attributes often correlated with luster. Me chanical action on the plastic cellulose, or on films of cellulose or hydroxyethyl cellulose de posited from solution, can give increased luster through flattening and mechanical stabilization in the flattened form. These cellulose-affecting treatments tend to leave the fabric stiff, if they go beyond normal mercerizing. Other additive finishes act on luster either through film formation or by stabilizing mechani cal effects and controlling fabric structure. The more flexible thermoplastic resins can, with mechanical smoothing, produce an increase in the physical measurement of luster. However, this effect is less than that of mechanically smoothing the fabric without the thermoplastic resins, so the chief advantages lie in the other effects of these finishes, such as possible greater stability of the mechanical finish with the resin present. In the higher ranges of luster, the eye can discriminate between luster arising from film formation or flattening, and the type of luster arising from yarn and fabric structure and from mercerizing.
Some Controversial Aspects of Crease Resistance of Cellulosic Fabrics
Authors: Nuessle A.C. , Fineman M.N. , Heiges E.O.J. 
Published: March 2008

The discovery that synthetic resins could be used to improve the crease recovery of cellulosic fabrics was made on a rather empirical basis more than 25 years ago. Since that time much has been learned about synthetic resins, textile fibers, and their combination in the creaseproofing process. Yet many questions remain unanswered. This paper discusses some of the aspects of the subject that are still controversial: ( A) Differences between cotton and rayon and the rea sons therefor. Factors considered include tensile strength, tear strength, abrasion resistance, permeability of the fibers, resistance to acid hydrolysis. ( B) A brief commentary on attempts to make cotton more like rayon. (C) Mechanism of crease recovery, with emphasis on the ques tion of covalent crosslinking vs. resin formation. (D) Other aspects of crease resistance, em phasizing subjective characteristics such as fabric hand. The discussion throughout is more expositional than argumentative; that is, the problems are explained, with no attempt at resolving them. A few conjectures are made where feasible.
Insolubility in Cuprammonium Hydroxide as a Means of Detecting Crosslinking in Chemically Modified Cotton
Authors: Reeves Wilson A. , Drake George L. , McMillan Oscar J. , Guthrie John D. 
Published: March 2008

Native cellulose dissolves in cuprammonium hydroxide solution, but, when it is crosslinked, it becomes a space polymer and is insoluble in this reagent. A method of detecting alkali-stable crosslinks in cotton is presented—the sample to be tested is shaken with cuprammonium hy droxide solution for 17 hr. If it dissolves completely, cellulose chains are not crosslinked, but, if it is partially insoluble, crosslinking is indicated. Partially insoluble cellulosic material appears in the cuprammonium hydroxide as granules that are easily detected visually.Cellulose was reacted with compounds which contained one or more groups that are reactive toward cellulose. In all cases the cellulosic derivatives made from cellulose and compounds that could crosslink it were partially insoluble in cuprammonium hydroxide. The compounds that were not capable of crosslinking cellulose produced derivatives soluble in cuprammonium hydroxide.Cotton was made insoluble in cuprammonium hydroxide by reacting it with formaldehyde, glyoxal, chloroethylsulfuric acid, α,γ-glycerol dichlorohydrin, a mixture of α,β- and α,γ-glycerol dichlorohydrin, tetrakis (hydroxymethyl) phosphonium chloride, compounds containing two or more N-methylol groups, 1,4-disulfato-2-butyne, and potassium (disulfatoethyl) amine. Aminized cotton, which is soluble in cuprammonium hydroxide, was made insoluble by cross linking it with either formaldehyde or tetrakis (hydroxymethyl) phosphonium chloride.
Air Permeability of Parachute Gloths
Authors: Goglia M.J. , LaVier H.W.S. , Brown C.D. 
Published: March 2008

The air permeability of 8 standard nylon parachute cloths was determined, using samples 6.05 in. in effective diameter. Fifty-nine experimental nylon cloths manu factured by the Bally Ribbon Mills were subjected to the same test procedure, as were 2 experimental fabrics of Orlon and Dacron, and 4 different samples of wire screen. Upon assuming that the pressure gradient in the flow through a parachute fabric is proportional to the arithmetic sum of an inertial (βρυ2) and the viscous contribution (αμυ), the existence of a parameter, β/α (whose measure is length), can be inferred. This length can be employed to characterize the geometry of the cloth. Experimental work to date in the case of the 8 standard nylon cloths, the Orlon and Dacron fabrics, 14 of the Bally Ribbon cloths, and the 4 wire screen samples indicates a justification of the assumption. Employing the characteristic length so determined permits writing a single relation common to all cloths between a "flow-through-drag coefficient," Cr, and a Reynolds num ber based on the characteristic length, viz., Cf = 2 + (2/ NRe). A procedure is suggested for estimating the parameters α and β from physical meas urements for plain-weave cloth; thus an indication of the permeability is predicted from construction details of the fabric.
The Reaction of Cotton with β-Propiolactone in the Presence of Alkali
Authors: Daul George C. , Reinhardt Robert M. , Reid J. David 
Published: March 2008

The reaction of cotton cellulose with β-propiolactone may be effected in the presence of strong alkalies such as sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide. Monoethanol amine and trimethylbenzyl ammonium hydroxide will also catalyze the reaction, but to a lesser degree. Di- and triethanolamine are ineffective. Byproducts of the reaction are water soluble and may be removed with a hot-water wash. Conditions of the reaction such as time, temperature, concentration of reagents, and effect of diluents were investigated and are reported. The products are mixed ethers and esters of cellulose and polyesters thereof, in fibrous form. The ether linkages are stable to saponification, while the ester linkages are broken. Therefore, saponification removes all but the carboxyethyl groups attached directly to the cellulose molecule.
The Treatment of Cotton Cellulose with Aqueous Solutions of Ethylamine
Authors: Loeb Leopold , Segal Leon 
Published: March 2008

Aqueous solutions of ethylamine from 70 to 100% amine have been investigated as to their effectiveness in reducing the crystallinity of cotton cellulose. The degree of crystallinity of cotton cellulose was found to be little affected by ethylamine solutions containing 70% of the amine. The amine solutions of slightly higher concentration were found to strongly reduce both the crystallinity and leveling off degree of polymerization. This reduction continued with further increase in amine concentration. The sharp break in effectiveness at 70% ethylamine is discussed in terms of hydrogen bonding capacity in the amine-water-cellulose system.
Experimental Study of the Viscoelastic Properties of Textile Fibers
Authors: Fujino K. , Kawai H. , Horino T. 
Published: March 2008

The viscoelastic properties of some commercial textile fibers were measured by means of several longitudinal-vibration methods over a range of frequency from 2 X 10-1 to 2 X 105 cps at 20°C, 65% R.H., under a static tension of 0.4 g/den and a dynamic strain of less than 0.1%. In the above experiments, the nonlinear characteristics of vibrational properties were negligibly small, and the experimental results were described by the complex dy namic modulus function E*(ω) on the assumption that the Boltzmann superposition principle was valid. Generally speaking, for all the textile fibers tested the real part of the complex dy namic modulus was found to be flat over this frequency range except there was some increase in the supersonic range. The imaginary part of the complex dynamic modulus, on the other hand, seemed to increase at both ends of the frequency range covered. It was concluded from our experimental results that for any textile fiber there is not so anomalous a dispersion as that of various rubberlike materials found in the same frequency range. Furthermore, according to the method of representation by a continuous distribution of relaxation times, the shape of the so-called "relaxation spectrum" of any textile fiber was found to be fairly flat over the relaxation-time range from 1 X 10-6 to 1 X 10° sec. With the exception of slight increases at both ends of this relaxation-time range the spectrum can be represented by the so-called "box distribution." This is very differ ent from the spectra of rubberlike materials over the same relaxation-time range.
The Reaction between Cellulose and Formaldehyde
Authors: Kärrholm E. Marianne 
Published: March 2008

The moduli at bending, torsion, and stretching were determined for viscose rayon fiber with different amounts of formaldehyde. A maximum value of all three moduli was obtained at about 5% fixed formaldehyde. The properties at cyclic loading were also investigated. The results indicate that the number of crosslinks are increased at increasing amounts of fixed formaldehyde up to 5%. At higher values, the length of the crosslinks is increased. Formaldehyde polymers, soluble in sodium sulfite, may cause considerable changes in the mechanical properties.
The Catalytic Degradation and Oxidation of Cellulose
Authors: Parks W. George , Antoni Michael , Petrarca Anthony E. , Pitochelli Anthony R. 
Published: March 2008

The thermal decomposition products of cellulose treated with various organophos phorus compounds were investigated. The function of a fire retardant in cellulose is to favor the production of carbon and water rather than flammable tarry products which are formed in the thermal de gradation of untreated cellulose. Furthermore, if the oxidation of the charred residue is directed toward the production of carbon monoxide rather than carbon dioxide, it is believed that the heat produced in this reaction would not be sufficient to sustain an afterglow when the flame has been removed. A comparison was made between the amounts of char and tar produced and the efficiency of the retardant used. A correlation between the carbon monoxide-carbon dioxide ratio and the afterglow exhibited by treated cotton was made. The results obtained support the theory that fire-resistant cellulose produces less flammable tars and more carbon monoxide than untreated cellulose. However, no significant differentiation as to the relative effectiveness of the various compounds in vestigated was possible. It is suggested that further studies be completed on the various types of compounds exhibiting fire retardancy to provide a more general theory of fire-resistant cellulose. A method has been described for the determination of water and nonaqueous volatile products resulting from the pyrolysis of cotton fabric. In this procedure the nonvolatile products, the char and tar, could also be determined. The pyrolysis of seven treated samples of 8.2-oz cotton khaki cloth was studied at 200, 300, 400 and 500° C. Three of these samples were treated with fire-resistant com pounds ; the remaining four were padded with nonfire-resistant compounds. A large part of the gaseous products from the pyrolysis was found to be nonaqueous. However, the data tend to support the dehydration mechanism for the action of fire- resistance compounds on cotton fabric.
Molecular Properties of Milkweed Cellulose
Authors: Timell T.E. , Snyder J.L. 
Published: March 2008

The seed hairs of the common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca, L.) have been found to contain 39.6% alpha-cellulose, 35.3% pentosan (chiefly xylan), and 15.1% lignin. The alpha-cellulose fraction was entirely composed of anhydroglucose, the hemicellulose por tion of anhydroxylose units. The original material, in addition, also contained minor amounts of arabinose and uronic acid residues. Direct nitration of the untreated fibers gave a cellulose nitrate with glucose as the only constituent sugar in a yield corresponding to a content of 29% cellulose in the original material. The average degree of polymerization of the nitrate was 5800, as determined viscometrically with corrections applied for the effects of rate of shear and nitrate substitution on the intrinsic viscosity. Fractional precipitation of the nitrate derivative was carried out with acetone water as the solvent-nonsolvent system. The chain-length distribution had only one peak and exhibited a considerable right-hand skewness. The lower D.P. limit was 2500 and the upper 8000, with the maximum located at a D.P. of 4000.
Stress Relaxation of Fibers as a Means of Interpreting Physical and Chemical Structure'
Authors: Lemiszka T. , Whitwell J.C. 
Published: March 2008

A summary of some preliminary studies on the stress-relaxation behavior of synthetic and cellulosic textile fibers in distilled water and hydrochloric acid is reported in this paper. The results are interpreted in terms of the molecular and physical structures of these materials. Identical stress-relaxation behavior of many diverse materials in dis tilled water indicates that the relaxation is caused by scission of the weaker secondary linkages. It is concluded that the drastic reduction in stress following addition of hydro chloric acid is caused by the rupture of primary bonds. Widely differing relaxation behavior of a series of synthetic fiber samples having different draw ratios is directly attributable to the degree of order of these fibers. Stress-relaxation measurements on the cellulosic fibers in hydrochloric acid are inter preted in terms of relative accessibility. The data presented show that the relative acces sibility is a function of the concentration of the acid reagent and the temperature at which measurements are made. Relative accessibility data reported in the literature are compared with values obtained from stress-relaxation measurements for a number of cellulose samples. All the samples indicate the same general ranking as a function of fiber type, but the results vary widely in reported values.