bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical significance of immunopathological mechanisms in diseases of the nervous system
Authors: RIDLEY ALAN 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe clinical applications of immunology in neurology are reviewed in relation to autoimmunity, immunosuppression, brain tumour immunity and the transplantation of peripheral nervous tissue. Evidence for considering the role of immunological factors in certain neurological diseases is considered. The clinical value of immunosuppressive therapy in these diseases is discussed. Attention is drawn to immunotherapy as a possible adjunct to present methods of treating gliomas. Finally, possible uses of transplants of peripheral nerve and muscle are mentioned.
Reversed anaphylactic reaction of leucocytes in intrinsic asthma
Authors: ASSEM E. S. K. , WARWICK M. TURNER , COLE P. , SHAW K. M. 
Published: April 2006

Summary In vitro challenge tests of leucocytes from patients with intrinsic asthma have shown increased amounts of histamine release on challenge with anti‐IgE in 60% and anti‐IgG in 30%. These results suggest that the leucocytes of patients with intrinsic asthma are coated with increased amounts of IgE and to a lesser extent IgG in the same proportion and amount as is found in patients with extrinsic asthma. However, in contrast to extrinsic asthma, total serum IgE levels were normal in nineteen out of twenty cases. There were no clinical differences detected between those groups of patients with and without excessive histamine release in the reversed leucocyte anaphylaxis, except that all of the small number of sera in which autoantibodies of various types were detected showed absence of excessive response in this test. It is suggested from this study that reaginic cell sensitization by IgE and less frequently IgG is similar in extrinsic and intrinsic asthma in the majority of patients.
In vitro and in vivo inactivation of reagins with mercaptans
Authors: KISIL F. T. , SEHON A. H. , HOLLINGER H. Z. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe ability of a series of mercaptans, i.e. 2‐mercaptoethanol, 1‐cysteine, C‐acetyl‐cysteine, N‐acetyl‐cysteine, β‐β‐dimethyl‐cysteine and cysteamine, to inactivate skin sensitizing antibodies in the serum of ragweed allergic individuals was studied. Following in vitro reductions and alkylations, 2‐mercaptoethanol was shown to be the only mercaptan capable of destroying completely reaginic activity at 0.08–0.1 M. The other mercaptans, under similar conditions, were able to reduce only partially the skin‐sensitizing activity. Some reaginic activity was restored if reoxidation of the reduced allergic serum was not prevented. However, it was shown that mixtures of allergic serum and mercaptan, when injected into monkey skin, did not regain skin sensitizing activity. Moreover, pre‐treatment of monkey skin with mercaptan did not detectably affect the ability of the skin to fix human reagins.C‐acetyl‐cysteine was used for testing its efficacy of inactivating reagins in vivo in monkeys; it was demonstrated that the PCA titres of a human allergic serum were thus decreased by a factor of 8 following administration of the mercaptan to monkeys.
‘Arthus‐type’ reactivity in the nasal airways and skin in pollen sensitive subjects
Authors: TAYLOR GEOFFREY , SHIVALKAR P.R. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryNasal and skin reactivity to grass pollens is described with peak responses 6 hr after challenge. The reactions are considered to be Type III (Arthus‐like) in nature. The Arthus‐like nasal reactivity is not induced by previous hyposensitization but is correlated with previous tonsillectomy.
Clinical significance of specific IgE to common allergens
Authors: STENIUS B. , WIDE L. , SEYMOUR W. M. , HOLFORD‐STREVENS V. , PEPYS J. 
Published: April 2006

SummarySerological measurements of specific IgE to Dermatophagoides farinae, D. pteronyssinus and grass pollen showed statistically highly significant correlations with prick test reactions, the sizes of weals elicited, nasal tests and the clinical history. In subjects with negative prick tests, intracutaneous tests gave reactions which were not associated with specific IgE or reactions to nasal tests. Highly significant correlations were also found between total IgE values and prick test reactions to the allergens tested and to 48/80 but not to histamine; there was a negative correlation with reactions to anti‐IgE serum. The reactions to prick tests identified almost all subjects with specific IgE.
The changing prevalence of asthma in school children
Authors: SMITH J. MORRISON , HARDING L. K. , CUMMING G. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryA study of the prevalence of asthma in school children in Birmingham which was first carried out in 1956–57 was repeated in 1968–69. There has been an increase in the prevalence of definitely diagnosed asthma from 1.8% to 2.3%, not including an even higher number of children (3.2%) with wheezing. A considerably higher prevalence in boys than in girls was again found both for definite asthma and for wheezing but the tendency to recovery in boys with definite asthma was slight whereas there was a marked recovery in cases of wheezing which almost certainly represented mild asthma.Negro children born in England had a similar prevalence to European children but children born outside England in the West Indies or in Asia had a significantly lower prevalence of asthma and of wheezing for reasons which are not fully understood but which might profitably be considered further. Asian children, however, appeared to retain their low prevalence of asthma even when born in England.
Antibodies in some chronic fibrosing lung diseases
Authors: WARWICK MARGARET TURNER , HASLAM PATRICIA 
Published: April 2006

SummaryAutoantibodies to nuclear and cytoplasmic constitutents and to denatured γ‐globulin have been studied in patients with different types of chronic fibrosing lung disease. The prevalence of these antibodies is increased in cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis but the incidence in extrinsic allergic alveolitis is similar to previous published reports on random populations and a control group included in this series of asbestos workers with normal chest radiographs. In asbestosis there was a lesser increase in ANF and rheumatoid factors but no significant increase in antibodies to cytoplasmic constituents. No evidence of organ‐specific autoantibodies to lung have been demonstrated in any group. The presence of non organ‐specific autoantibodies cannot necessarily be attributed to a non‐specific consequence of all types of chronic destructive pulmonary fibrosis because of their differential distribution in different lung diseases.Because ANF and RF but not precipitins to organic dust are positive in some 60% of patients with cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis, and precipitins but not autoantibodies are found in chronic extrinsic allergic alveolitis, tests for these two groups of antibodies are complementary in the investigation of patients with widespread chronic radiographic shadows. Tissue antibodies were absent in 40% of patients with cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis and a more detailed search for other types of antigen should be made in these cases.
Specificity of avian serum proteins in tests against the sera of bird fanciers
Authors: FAUX J. A. , WELLS I. D. , PEPYS J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryTests of the sera of fifty‐eight bird fanciers, comprising eighteen pigeon faticiers, thirty‐five budgerigar fanciers and five exposed to other birds, against the sera of the pigeon, budgerigar, hen, turkey, pheasant, canary and finch, showed the presence in the avian sera of antigenically related serum albumin and some β‐globulin components. Pigeon serum macro‐ and γ‐globulin components reacted specifically only with the pigeon faticiers'sera, and budgerigar γ‐globulin and a β‐globulin Bβ2G reacted specifically only with budgerigar fanciers'sera. The pigeon fanciers'sera contained the largest amounts of precipitating and haemagglutinating antibody.Avian serum proteins are present in bird droppings, so that the common antigens may cause reactions in affected subjects on exposure to the droppings dust of different birds. The patients'sera may also be useful for characterization of the avian serum proteins.
Antibodies in some chronic fibrosing lung diseases
Authors: WARWICK MARGARET TURNER , HASLAM PATRICIA , WEEKS JUDITH 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe immunofluorescent findings on sixty‐four specimens of lung obtained by biopsy or at autopsy have been reported. In thirty‐three cases of fibrosing aiveolitis, evidence of antibody formation in plasma cells or germinal follicles was found in seventeen. Occasional macrophages containing both immunoglobulin and complement were found in seven. In six instances evidence of antibody and complement deposited in alveolar capillaries was found. In all of these circulating antinuclear factor, usually in moderately high titre was found. These findings have been compared with those seen in a small number of cases with extrinsic allergic alveolitis, asbestosis and other chronic lung disease.It is suggested that immune‐complex deposition may be related to the immunopathogenesis of some, albeit a minority, cases of fibrosing alveolitis.
Late bronchial obstructive reaction to experimental inhalation of house dust extract
Authors: BOOIJ‐NOORD H. , de VRIES K. , SLUITER H. J. , ORIE N. G. M. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThis study was undertaken to confirm the high incidence of the ‘late’ bronchial reaction after house dust inhalation and to assess whether symptoms and signs of these ‘late’ reactions were comparable with the clinical features of the classic Type III (Gell and Coombs) allergic reactions in the lung as shown by extrinsic allergic alveolitis.Although the time sequence of this late reaction is in agreement with the classic Type Ml reaction (Arthus phenomenon), other features of alveolitis are absent. There were no crepitations on physical examination, no fever, no leucocytes, no decrease of the PaO2, and no abnormal radiological findings. These results were related to the protective effects of some drugs. The protective effect of disodium cromoglycate and prednisolone is probably the same in both types of late reactions. The protective effect of antihistamine drugs, which is found in this late obstructive reaction, is, according to the literature, absent in the classical Type III reaction. There seem to be no valid arguments to ascribe the ‘late’ bronchial obstructive reaction to the toxic complex syndrome.Theoretical and practical implications of the late obstructive bronchial reaction are mentioned.
Penicillin desensitization: correlation of clinical and immunological events using an in vitro model
Authors: GILLMAN SHERWIN A. , KOROTZER JOEL L. , HADDAD ZACK H. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryA patient with actinomycosis was found to have immediate hypersensitivity to penicillin by previously described skin testing methods as well as by a recently described in vitro system utilizing rat peritoneal mast cells. Desensitization to penicillin became imperative, but in using the classical route (the intracutaneous route), systemic anaphylaxis and other complications were encountered. Subsequently, successful desensitization was accomplished utilizing the intravenous route. We are able to demonstrate this patient's loss of reactivity to penicillin by the rat mast cell system as well as skin tests and to correlate the immunological state with the clinical course.
The in vitro response of peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with Wiskott‐Aldrich syndrome
Authors: MARINKOVICH VINCENT A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryA comparison of serum immunoglobulin levels in children with Wiskott‐Aldrich Syndrotne (WAS) and in children with chronic eczema demonstrated lower IgM, higher IgA and lower IgG concentrations in WAS patients. Seven patients with WAS were studied for in vitro lymphocyte function by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) stimulation and by one‐way mixed cell cultures. Lymphocytes from WAS patients were significantly depressed in their response to PHA when compared with lymphocytes from a control population of children of similar age. In contrast to this, lymphocytes from WAS patients and from their normal siblings and parents responded equally well to mitomycin‐blocked homologous cells.
Specific sensitivity to individual grass pollens in some hay fever patients
Authors: MILNER F. H. , TEES E. C. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryIt has been shown in a series of 338 hay fever sufferers that about 19% give one or more (up to nine) negative skin test reactions when tested by the prick test technique to extracts of the pollens of twelve of the most widespread British grasses.
Precipitins to Micropolyspora faeni in the adult cattle of selected herds in Scotland and north‐west England
Authors: PIRIE H. M. , DAWSON CHRISTINE O. , BREEZE R. G. , SELMAN I. E. , WISEMAN A. 
Published: April 2006

SummarySera from all housed adult cattle in twelve herds were examined for precipitating antibody to Micropolyspora faeni at the beginning of winter and approximately 5 months later in the spring; during this time they had been fed hay. Six of these herds were owned by farmers with farmer's lung. The average incidence of precipitins was 33% on the first occasion and 47% on the second occasion. After the winter there was a statistically significant increase in the number of animals with precipitins in five herds. A positive correlation was shown between the incidence of precipitins and age.None of seventy‐five animals on a farm feeding good hay and only one of fifty‐eight cattle fed silage had precipitins after the winter. Whereas, on a farm where the farmer complained of a recurrence of the symptoms of farmer's lung when feeding hay, the incidence of precipitins in his cows increased dramatically from 9% to 76%. A farm with a respiratory disease problem in the cattle, diagnosed as bovine farmer's lung, had 83% of its animals positive.The significance of precipitins and the problem of diagnosing farmer's lung in cattle are discussed.
Respiratory symptoms following brief exposure to Cedar of Lebanon (Cedra libani)dust
Authors: GREENBERG M. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryA limited study was carried out on six workers troubled by asthma and rhinitis after exposures to Cedar of Lebanon dust in a joinery works. Though five subjects were atopic they had had no major trouble working with a variety of woods hitherto. Cessation of exposure improved matters insofar as ventilatory capacity was within normal limits but some still noted wheeze and rhinitis periodically. Skin testing with wood extract was unhelpful as was serological testing (no specific precipitins were demonstrated) in elucidating the mechanism of the reaction. It is recommended that where a hazard exists in exposure to an organic dust the environmental hygiene requires attention and the atopic subject merits special monitoring.
Inhalation tests in monkeys passively sensitized with human serum
Authors: RADERMECKER M. , GEUBELLE F. , SALMON J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryRhesus monkeys were passively sensitized to grass pollen by intravenous injection of human reaginic serum. Sensitized animals, who consistently exhibited local or general anaphylactic reactions following the intradermal, intrabronchial or systemic injection of the specific allergen, tolerated the allergen perfectly well when given it by inhalation. No significant changes in pulmonary resistance, dynamic lung compliance or tidal volume were observed in unanaesthetized, passively sensitized monkeys following administration of an aerosol containing pollen. An increase in respiratory rate was noted immediately after aerosolization in sensitized and unsensitized monkeys.Inhalation of histamine in some animals exerted a bronchoconstrictor effect which was promptly relieved by administration of a sympathicomimetic bronchodilator. A positive test with histamine was characterized by symptoms of dyspnoea, auscultatory findings of wheezing rates and by a significant increase in pulmonary resistance. These results suggest that sensitization of the bronchi by reagins per se cannot explain the occurrence of bronchospasm upon inhalation of the allergen. Other local or general factors may be required to produce the clinical expression of the bronchial anaphylactic reaction.
Allergic infertility: laboratory techniques to detect antispermatozoal antibodies
Authors: JEFFERY W. , PARISH W. E. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryTwenty sera from fertile and infertile women were examined for antibodies to spermatozoa or to seminal plasma, to determine which of the five techniques tested provided reliable evidence of allergic infertility.Ten sera agglutinated seminal plasma coated tanned red cells, six agglutinated spermatozoa, ten gave mixed cell antiglobulin agglutination and fourteen gave immunofluorescent reactions for IgG or igM antispermatozoal antibodies, and three were cytotoxic to sperm.The results of tests for seminal plasma agglutinins were unrelated to those of any of the other tests, and it is believed that factors other than antibody also clump these antigen‐coated cells. There was good agreement in the results obtained by direct sperm agglutination, mixed cell antiglobulin agglutination and strong immunofluorescent staining of the sperm head. The antiglobulin and immunofluorescent techniques also detect nonagglutinating (‘incomplete’ or ‘univalent’) antibody.One of the three sera cytotoxic to sperm had no antibody detected by the other tests. The sperm may have been killed by an inflammatory substance or a systemically absorbed contraceptive. This case illustrates the necessity of combining tests for cytoxicity with at least one technique for antispermatozoal antibody in order to detect allergic infertility.
Hyposensitization with extracts of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and house dust
Authors: SMITH JOHN MORRISON , PIZARRO YVONNE A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryA clinical trial in thirty young persons with house dust asthma suggested that a house dust extract was more effective than an extract of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus when used for hyposensitization. The concentration of D. pteronyssinus extract possibly was too dilute for clinical use.
Correlation of skin, nasal and inhalation tests with the IgE in the serum, nasal fluid and sputum
Authors: HOURI M. , MAYER A. L. R. , HOUGHTON L. E. , JACOBS D. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryIn the course of developing a planned treatment by hyposensitization, still undergoing clinical trials, a system was devised which might be used in assessing respiratory allergies. The sensitivity of the patient assessed by skin, topical nasal instillation and inhalation tests was related to the appearance of IgE‐staining cells in the nasal secretion and sputum after a successful challenge test, and the correlation of IgE in the serum and nasal fluid.The presence of increased eosinophil cell content and the demonstration of IgE in the nasal secretion or sputum associated with a positive clinical response after the challenge test, confirmed the sensitivity to a particular allergen. Raised levels of IgE in the serum of allergic patients corresponded to the size of the skin test reactions but not necessarily to the quantity of IgE appearing in the nasal fluid or sputum.
Serum IgE and other in vitro tests in drug allergy
Authors: ASSEM E. S. K. , VICKERS M. R. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryA study has been carried out in order to establish the diagnostic value of serum IgE estimation and other in vitro tests in drug allergy. The comparative value of these tests in allergic asthma and rhinitis has also been assessed. Since there were fewer problems in the diagnosis of the latter conditions, serum IgE estimation was of relatively greater value in the diagnosis of drug allergy, although raised IgE was found only in twenty‐three of sixty‐two (37%) patients. The overall incidence of raised IgE in allergic asthmatics (20%) was lower than in previous reports, and like in drug allergy, the frequency was smaller in patients with a single allergy. In drug allergy, the importance of using proper material in the various tests was illustrated in penicillin allergy. Skin tests and in vitro correlates of immediate‐type allergy frequently gave false negative results with the drug itself rather than its conjugated derivatives (penicilloyl‐polylysine and penicilloyl‐human serum albumin), while in the lymphocyte stimulation (transformation) test this limitation was not as marked. The lymphocyte stimulation test was positive in the majority of patients, both in drug allergy and in allergic asthma and rhinitis, and on the whole did not seem to correlate with the type of reaction (whether immediate or delayed) to in vivo testing.
In‐vitro responses of leucocytes to food proteins in allergic and normal children: lymphocyte stimulation and histamine release
Authors: MAY C. D. , ALBERTO R. 
Published: April 2006

Summary In vitro quantitative methods for determination of antigenic release of histamine from leucocytes and stimulation of small lymphocytes to transformation into blast forms were applied to a study of immunologic responses to food proteins in allergic and non‐allergic children. The allergic group was subdivided according to positive or negative reactions to intradermal injection of the food proteins.Significant lymphocyte stimulation by proteins from foods universal in the diets, like cow's milk and eggs, occurred as frequently in non‐allergic as allergic children, with or without positive skin tests to the food proteins. Furthermore, the average stimulation among the groups was not significantly different.A soybean protein gave significantly greater stimulation of lymphocytes from allergic children, in whose diets soybean formulae are frequently substituted for cow's milk.Antigenic release of histamine from leucocytes occurs only with leucocytes from skin‐test positive persons, and in only about 25‐50% of these in the case of food proteins.Neither the procedure for lymphocyte stimulation nor for histamine release from leucocytes, as carried out in this study, will serve to determine unequivocally whether a particular food protein is causing symptoms in question.
Eosinophilia
Authors: PARISH W. E. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryIsolated human basophils sensitized in vitro by IgE antibody, and challenged by antigen in the absence of complement, release a substance that attracts eosinophils but not neutrophils. The anaphylactic release of the eosinophilotropic substance is accompanied by morphological changes in the basophils and release of histamine and presumptive SRS‐A.The anaphylactic eosinophilotropic substance differs from that formed in fresh serum by antigen‐antibody complexes. Human IgG, aggregated chemically or with antigen, induces formation of anaphylatoxin and substances attracting both eosinophils and neutrophils. IgE, similarly aggregated, does not.Damaged basophils or neutrophils incubated in serum containing complement, confer on the serum activity attracting neutrophils and eosinophils.The suspensions of the three types of polymorphonuclear leucocytes used in these tests were 92‐97% pure, prepared by the techniques of Day.
Serum IgE elevation with tropical eosinophilia
Authors: EZEOKE A. , PERERA A. B. V. , HOBBS J. R. 
Published: April 2006

SummarySera from thirteen patients with tropical eosinophilia had IgE levels of 7000–56,000 μ/ml, unrelated to the level of eosinophilia or the duration of symptoms. They are the richest source of polyclonal IgE we have encountered.
Inhibition of reagin‐mediated PCA reactions in baboons by the human IgG4 sub‐class
Authors: STANWORTH D. R. , SMITH A. K. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryIt has been shown that a human myeloma protein of the IgG4 sub‐class, in contrast to myeloma proteins representative of the other three human IgG sub‐classes, is capable of blocking PCA reactions in baboons mediated by human reaginic antibodies of the IgE class.