bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Government chief nursing officers’ perceptions of barriers to using research on staffing
Authors: Baernholdt M. , Lang N. M. 
Published: February 2007

Background:  Current global healthcare problems include nursing shortages contributing to low nurse staffing. Low nurse staffing is associated with poor patient and nurse outcomes, but research utilization using these findings especially at the policy level remains slow.Research objective:  To assess high‐ranking government nurses’ perceptions of barriers to using research on nurse staffing.Methods:  An electronic information message about the impact of nurse staffing was presented to government chief nursing officers (CNOs) from 110 countries. The CNOs’ perceptions of local barriers to utilizing these research findings were then assessed in an electronic survey. The four factors that influence the first two stages of Rogers’s five‐stage model of diffusion were examined. The factors, characteristics of the adopter, organization, innovation and communication, were measured using an adapted version of the BARRIERS scale.Results:  Barriers were present in all four characteristics. The top barrier was lack of reports and studies in one place. Other barriers were lack of cooperation within the organization and lack of awareness of the research findings. Differences according to Gross National Income were also noted.Conclusions:  The CNOs and other health policy advisors can use the findings in planning for adequate nurse staffing. Development of electronic newsletters with summaries of pertinent research for CNOs and other policy advisors is needed. Future studies on nurse staffing are warranted. They should focus on other settings and how best to share research findings with policymakers.
Psychosocial response in emergency situations – the nurse’s role
Authors: Hughes F. , Grigg M. , Fritsch K. , Calder S. 
Published: February 2007

Background:  It is critical to ensure that nurses have the skills and knowledge to respond effectively and to contribute to the psychosocial recovery of survivors of emergencies, particularly as an increasing proportion of the population is at risk of being exposed to a catastrophe. Over a decade ago it was reported that 16% of the world’s population was at risk of experiencing some kind of catastrophic event. That has now risen with a total of 16% vulnerable to flood alone worldwide (Ministry of Health 2005). In the first semester of 2005, there were 174 natural disasters affecting 86 countries, resulting in the deaths of 5967 people, affecting a total of 60 million with an estimated damage of $6.3 billion (US$) (Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters 2005).Aim:  To describe the nursing contribution to the psychosocial recovery of survivors of emergencies during the emergency preparedness and planning stage and in promoting recovery over the longer term.Methods:  Data for this article was sourced from relevant literature including World Health Organization policy and guidelines regarding mental health in emergencies.Implications for education, training and practice:  It is vital that nurses realize they are too vulnerable to the effects of an emergency situation and that steps can be taken to protect nurses from enduring psychosocial effects.
Migration of nurses: is there any other option?
Authors: Thupayagale‐Tshweneagae G. 
Published: February 2007

Background:  Migration of nurses has taken center stage as a human resource issue in global discussion. Migration of nurses is associated with shortage of manpower, HIV/AIDS and the expanded roles of nurses.Purpose:  To examine reasons behind migration and to argue that there are greater incentives for migrating than staying.Results:  There are greater incentives for migrating than staying.Conclusion:  Migration will remain an option until governments put in place professional mechanisms and incentives that will counteract various push factors.
The academization of nursing: implications for Arab enrolled nurses in Israel
Authors: Arieli D. 
Published: February 2007

Background:  The trend towards the abolition of second level (practical) nurse education, begun decades ago in Western countries, is being adopted in Israel. In 2004 practical (enrolled) nurses constituted approximately one‐third of the Israeli nursing labour force, many of whom were Arab‐Israelis. Practical nurses in Israel are now expected to upgrade their education to ﬁrst (registered) level nurse.Aim:  To understand the current situation of Arab‐Israeli practical nurses, taking into account the cultural, ethnic, socio‐economic and gender aspects of their lives.Methods:  A qualitative, ethnographic approach, using in‐depth interviews with 13 Arab‐Israeli nurses.Findings:  The women’s negative attitudes to the conversion course were not related to their otherwise positive attitudes to education in general. The conversion course was affected by adverse material conditions; cultural factors and feeling of helplessness. The threat of loss of professional nursing status as a result of the changes in nursing gave rise to a great sense of personal loss.Conclusion:  As reported in other countries, the academization of nursing in Israel is obstructing one of the major routes of social mobility for women in the weaker sections of society. This situation is experienced as particularly harsh, because of the overall oppressive situation that Arab women in Israel suffer.
Global constraints on rural fishing communities: whose resilience is it anyway?
Authors: Robards Martin D , Greenberg Joshua A 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSustaining natural resources is regarded as an important component of ecological resilience and commonly assumed to be of similar importance to social and economic vitality for resource‐dependent communities. However, communities may be prevented from benefiting from healthy local resources due to constrained economic or political opportunities. In the case of Alaskan wild salmon, the fisheries are in crisis due to declining economic revenues driven by the proliferation of reliable and increasingly high‐quality products from fish farms around the world. This stands in contrast with many of the world's wild‐capture fisheries where diminished biological abundance has led to fishery collapse. Furthermore, increasing efficiency of salmon farm production, globalization, and dynamic consumer preferences, suggests that the wild salmon industry will continue to be challenged by the adaptability, price and quality of farmed salmon. Conventional responses to reduced revenues by the wild‐capture industry have been to increase economic efficiency through implementing a range of entry entitlement and quota allocation schemes. However, while these mechanisms may improve economic efficiency at a broad scale, they may not benefit local community interests, and in Alaska have precipitated declines in local ownership of the fishery. To be viable, economic efficiency remains a relevant consideration, but in a directionally changing environment (biological, social or economic), communities unable to procure livelihoods from their local resources (through access or value) are likely to seek alternative economic opportunities. The adopted strategies, although logical for communities seeking viability through transformation in a changing world, may not be conducive to resilience of a ‘fishing community’ or the sustainability of their wild fish resources. We use a theoretically grounded systems approach and data from Alaska's Bristol Bay salmon fishery to demonstrate feedbacks between global preferences towards salmon and the trade‐offs inherent when managing for the resilience of wild salmon populations and human communities at different scales.
Fish welfare: a challenge to the feelings‐based approach, with implications for recreational fishing
Authors: Arlinghaus Robert , Cooke Steven J. , Schwab Alexander , Cowx Ian G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractFish welfare issues are increasingly appearing on social and political agendas and have recently gained prominence in fisheries literature. By focusing on examples from recreational fishing, this paper challenges some of the previous accounts of fish welfare. Issues of concern encompass: (1) the feelings‐based approach to fish welfare; (2) the artificial divide between human beings and nature; and (3) ways in which stakeholders can address fish welfare issues. The different approaches to characterizing the interaction of humans with animals are animal welfare, animal liberation and animal rights. We show that the suffering‐centred approaches to fish welfare and the extension of the moral domain to fish – characteristic of the concepts of animal liberation and animal rights – are not the cornerstone of animal welfare. This, however, does not question the need of fisheries stakeholders to consider the well‐being of fish when interacting with them. There are many ways in which recreational fishing stakeholders can modify standard practices to improve the welfare of fish, without questioning fishing as an activity per se. Examples are choice of gear and handling techniques. Previous accounts have failed to include discussions of the many efforts – voluntary or mandated – pursued by fisheries stakeholders to reduce fish stress, injury and mortality. Progress towards addressing fish welfare issues will be enhanced by avoiding the viewing of humans as ‘non‐natural’ disturbance to fishes and keeping three types of crucial question in separate compartments. The three questions cover the symptoms of good and poor welfare, the conscious experience of suffering, and the ethical attitudes towards animals. Fish biologists should focus on the first question – objective measurement of biochemical, physiological and behavioural indicators – to evaluate whether human interactions with fish impair the latters’ health or prevent them from receiving what they need, if held in captivity.
Reducing seabird bycatch in longline, trawl and gillnet fisheries
Authors: Bull Leigh S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWith an increasing number of seabird species, particularly albatross and petrels, becoming threatened, a reduction of fishery impacts on these species is essential for their future survival. Here, mitigation methods to reduce and avoid seabird bycatch are assessed in terms of their ability to reduce bycatch rates and their economic viability for longline, trawl and gillnet fisheries worldwide. Factors influencing the appropriateness and effectiveness of a mitigation device include the fishery, vessel, location, seabird assemblage present and season of year. As yet, there is no single magic solution to reduce or eliminate seabird bycatch across all fisheries: a combination of measures is required, and even within a fishery there is likely to be refinement of techniques by individual vessels in order to maximize their effectiveness at reducing seabird bycatch. In longline demersal and pelagic fisheries, a minimum requirement of line weighting that achieves hook sink rates minimizing seabird bycatch rates should be tailored with a combination of strategic offal and discard management, bird‐scaring lines (BSLs) and night‐setting, particulary in Southern Hemisphere fisheries. Urgent investigation is needed into more effective measures at reducing seabird interactions with trawl nets and gill nets. In trawl fisheries, a combination of offal and discard management, the banning of net monitoring cables, paired BSLs, and a reduction in the time the net is on or near the surface are likely to be the most effective in reducing seabird interactions with the warp cables and net. Few seabird bycatch reduction methods have been developed for gillnet fisheries, although increasing the visibility of the net has been shown to reduce seabird bycatch. Further studies are required to determine the efficacy of this technique and its influence on target species catch rates.
Nail disorders in patients with chronic renal failure and undergoing haemodialysis treatment: a case–control study
Authors: Dyachenko P , Monselise A , Shustak A , Ziv M , Rozenman D 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBackground  Few controlled studies have compared nail disorders in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) and haemodialysis (HD)‐dependent individuals with a healthy population.Objective  The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of nail disorders in patients with CRF and patients undergoing HD treatment with a healthy population, and evaluate the relationship between nail changes and various demographic, medical and laboratory parameters in these groups.Methods  In this case–control study we recruited 73 patients affected with CRF, 77 patients undergoing regular HD and 77 healthy individuals. All patients were examined for the presence of nail disorders. Various parameters [age, gender, type of kidney disease, regular medications, duration of renal failure and HD, dialysis efficacy (Kt/v), haemoglobin, neutrophil count, calcium, phosphorus, albumin, creatinine, urea, alkaline phosphatase and parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels] of the patients were determined by multivariate analysis and compared.Results  Forty‐four patients (60.3%) with CRF and 48 patients (62.3%) undergoing HD treatment had at least one type of nail pathology. The most common nail alterations found in patients with CRF and those undergoing HD were absence of lunula (AL) and half‐and‐half nails (HHN), respectively. Prevalence of nail disorders among patients with CRF was influenced significantly by PTH level (P = 0.03). In the HD group, male sex, age above 65 years and comorbidities (diabetes mellitus, hypertension and heart failure) were significantly associated with nail pathologies.Conclusion  Patients with CRF and those undergoing HD therapy have higher rates of nail disorders when compared to a healthy population. Efficient HD does not improve nail changes.
Hydrothermal dolomitization, mixing corrosion and deep burial porosity formation: numerical results from 1‐D reactive transport models
Authors: SALAS J. , TABERNER C. , ESTEBAN M. , AYORA C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMajor corrosion has been found at depth in carbonate hydrocarbon reservoirs from different geologic provinces. Fluid inclusion microthermometry and stable isotopic compositions of carbonate cements, predating major corrosion, constrain the interpretation of the evolution of parental fluids during progressive burial and prior to the major corrosion event. Post‐major corrosion mineral paragenesis includes pyrite (‐marcasite), anhydrite, kaolinite (dickite) and fluorite. Although the post‐corrosion mineral paragenesis represents minor volumes of rock, it may provide valuable insights into the post‐corrosion brine chemistry.Using reactive transport numerical models, the roles of cooling and/or mixing of brines on corrosion have been evaluated as controls for dolomitization, deep burial corrosion and precipitation of the post‐corrosion mineral paragenesis. Modelling results show that cooling of deep‐seated fluids moving upward along a fracture may cause minor calcite dissolution and porosity generation. Significant dolomitization along a fracture zone and nearby host‐rock only occurs when deep‐seated fluids have high salinities (4 mol Cl kg−1 of solution) and Darcian flow rates are relatively high (1 m3 m−2 year−1). Only minor volumes of quartz and fluorite precipitate in the newly formed porosity. Moreover, modelling results cannot reproduce the authigenic precipitation of kaolinite (dickite at high temperatures) by cooling.As an alternative to cooling as a cause of corrosion, mixing between two brines of different compositions and salinities is represented by two main cases. One case consists of the flow up along a fracture of deep‐seated fluids with higher salinities than the fluid in the wall rock. Dolomite does not precipitate at a fracture zone. Nevertheless, minor volumes of dolomite are formed away from the fracture. The post‐corrosion mineral paragenesis can be partly reproduced, and the results are comparable to those obtained from cooling calculations. Minor volumes of quartz and fluorite are formed, and kaolinite‐dickite does not precipitate. The major outputs of this scenario are calcite dissolution and slight net increase in porosity. A second case corresponds to the mixing of low salinity deep‐seated fluids, flowing up along fractures, with high salinity brines within the wall rock. Calculations predict major dissolution of calcite and precipitation of dolomite. The post‐corrosion mineral paragenesis can be reproduced. High volumes of quartz, fluorite and kaolinite‐dickite precipitate and may even completely occlude newly formed porosity.
Genetic structure and evidence for recent population decline in Eurasian otter populations in the Czech and Slovak Republics: implications for conservation
Authors: Hájková P. , Pertoldi C. , Zemanová B. , Roche K. , Hájek B. , Bryja J. , Zima J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractOver the latter part of the 20th century, Eurasian otter Lutra lutra populations suffered dramatic declines, resulting in extinction or fragmentation of populations in many western and central European countries. Part of the Czech otter population became totally isolated while the Slovak population remained partly connected to the relatively continuous central and eastern European otter distribution range. This paper examines the genetic structure and past demographic history of otters in the Czech and Slovak Republics, using microsatellite nuclear markers amplified from DNA extracted from tissue and faecal samples. A relatively high level of genetic differentiation was found between the Czech and Slovak populations (FST=0.154, P=0.0002), supported by a perfect assignment in Bayesian cluster analysis. Both the Czech and Slovak populations showed significant heterozygosity excess (assuming an infinite allele model), indicating recent population bottlenecks. A very recent population decline was also suggested by coalescent analysis, inferring a drop to c. 25% of past effective population size in both populations. The timing of the decline was in accordance with published data from otter surveys, suggesting that the strongest decline probably occurred between the 1970s and the mid‐1990s. The results of this study confirm that otter populations remain vulnerable to any violent demographic change and, despite the claims of fish‐farmers and anglers for legal culls, it is highly desirable that they remain a strongly protected species in both countries. The spreading and re‐connection of otter populations observed recently is essential for the future health of the populations, and should be supported through habitat conservation.
ARES: software to compare allelic richness between uneven samples
Authors: VAN LOON E. E. , CLEARY D. F. R. , FAUVELOT C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAllelic richness is one of the most basic measures of genetic diversity. Its calculation is, however, still problematic because estimates depend on sample size. This paper describes an r library that calculates mean allelic richness with confidence bounds for a range of sample sizes. It takes a file in genepop format as input, or alternatively a binary data matrix with columns representing different individuals and rows representing different alleles. The output is tabular as well as graphical. Unlike existing tools, ares does extrapolate beyond the sample size and provides confidence bounds for these predictions.
Characterization of 16 highly variable tetranucleotide microsatellite loci for Oregon chub (Oregonichthys crameri) and cross amplification in Umpqua chub (O. kalawatseti)
Authors: ARDREN WILLIAM R. , AMATA LARA , WHELAN JENNIFER , DEHAAN PATRICK W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe describe the isolation and development of 16 polymorphic tetranucleotide microsatellite loci for the endangered Oregon chub (Oregonichthys crameri). Two loci appear to be duplicated. For the remaining 14 loci, we observed between three and 19 alleles per locus in a sample of 42 fish. Thirteen of these loci were also polymorphic in the closely related Umpqua chub (O. kalawatseti). These loci will aid in our understanding of the molecular ecology and conservation of these two species.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci to study parthenogenesis in the citrine forktail, Ischnura hastata (Odonata: Coenagrionidae)
Authors: CARBALLA OLALLA LORENZO , GIERE SANDRA , CORDERO ADOLFO , HADRYS HEIKE 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe citrine forktail, Ischnura hastata, is an American damselfly species, widely distributed, with only‐female populations also found at the Azores islands. Here we report the development of nine microsatellite loci for this species. The number of alleles per locus ranged from six to 11, with an observed heterozygosity ranging from 0.245 to 0.737. Eight of the nine loci successfully amplified in a sample of parthenogenetic females from the Azores. The developed microsatellite system will be a useful tool to investigate population structure, as well as the number of clones, the type of parthenogenesis and the origin of the parthenogenetic populations of this species.
Effects of the State Children's Health Insurance Program on Access to Dental Care and Use of Dental Services
Authors: Wang Hua , Norton Edward C. , Rozier R. Gary 
Published: February 2007

Objective. To provide national estimates of implementation effects of the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) on dental care access and use for low‐income children.Data Source. The 1997–2002 National Health Interview Survey.Study Design. The study design is based on variation in the timing of SCHIP implementation across states and among children observed before and after implementation. Two analyses were conducted. The first estimated the total effect of SCHIP implementation on unmet need for dental care due to cost in the past year and dental services use for low‐income children (family income below state SCHIP eligibility thresholds) using county and time fixed effects models. The second analysis estimated differences in dental care access and use among low‐income children with SCHIP or Medicaid coverage and their uninsured counterparts, using instrumental variables methods to control for selection bias. Both analyses controlled for child and family characteristics.Principal Findings. When SCHIP had been implemented for more than 1 year, the probability of unmet dental care needs for low‐income children was lowered by 4 percentage points. Compared with their uninsured counterparts, those who had SCHIP or Medicaid coverage were less likely to report unmet dental need by 8 percentage points (standard error: 2.3), and more likely to have visited a dentist within 6 or 12 months by 17 (standard error: 3.7) and 23 (standard error: 3.6) percentage points, respectively. SCHIP program type had no differential effects.Conclusions. Consistent results from two analytical approaches provide evidence that SCHIP implementation significantly reduced financial barriers for dental care for low‐income children in the U.S. Low‐income children enrolled in SCHIP or Medicaid had substantially increased use of dental care than the uninsured.