bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Positive allosteric modulation of the human cannabinoid (CB1) receptor by RTI‐371, a selective inhibitor of the dopamine transporter
Authors: Navarro Hernán A. , Howard James L. , Pollard Gerald T. , Carroll F. Ivy 
Published: February 2009

Background and purpose: In our search for an indirect dopamine agonist as therapy for cocaine addiction, several selective inhibitors of the dopamine transporter (DAT), which are 3‐phenyltropane analogues, were assayed for their effect on locomotor activity in mice. Interestingly, several of the compounds showed a poor correlation between stimulation of locomotion and DAT inhibition. One of the compounds, 3β‐(4‐methylphenyl)‐2β‐[3‐(4‐chlorophenyl)isoxazol‐5‐yl]tropane (RTI‐371), was shown to cross the blood‐brain barrier, by binding studiesin vivo, and block cocaine‐induced locomotor stimulation. As poor pharmacokinetics could not explain the behavioural effects of RTI‐371, this compound was screened through our functional assays for activity at other CNS receptors. Initial screening identified RTI‐371 as a positive allosteric modulator of the human CB1(hCB1) receptor.Experimental approach: The effect of RTI‐371 and other DAT‐selective inhibitors on CP55940‐stimulated calcium mobilization was characterized in a calcium mobilization‐based functional assay for thehCB1receptor. Selected compounds were also characterized in a similar assay for human µ opioid receptor activation to assess the specificity of their effects.Key results: RTI‐371 and several other DAT‐selective inhibitors with atypical actions on locomotor behaviour increased the efficacy of CP55940 in a concentration‐dependent manner.Conclusions and implications: These results suggest that the lack of correlation between the DAT‐binding affinity and locomotor stimulation of RTI‐371 could be due at least in part to its activity as a positive modulator of thehCB1receptor.
Three‐dimensional organization of fenestrae labyrinths in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells
Authors: Braet Filip , Riches James , Geerts Willie , Jahn Kristina A. , Wisse Eddie , Frederik Peter 
Published: February 2009

AbstractBackground/Aims: Liver sinusoidal endothelial cell (LSEC) fenestrae are membrane‐bound pores that are grouped in sieve plates and act as a bidirectional guardian in regulating transendothelial liver transport. The high permeability of the endothelial lining is explained by the presence of fenestrae and by various membrane‐bound transport vesicles. The question as to whether fenestrae relate to other transport compartments remains unclear and has been debated since their discovery almost 40 years ago.Methods: In this study, novel insights concerning the three‐dimensional (3D) organization of the fenestrated cytoplasm were built on transmission electron tomographical observations on isolated and cultured whole‐mount LSECs. Classical transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy imaging was performed to accumulate cross‐correlative structural evidence.Results and Conclusions: The data presented here indicate that different arrangements of fenestrae have to be considered: i.e. open fenestrae that lack any structural obstruction mainly located in the thin peripheral cytoplasm and complexes of multifolded fenestrae organized as labyrinth‐like structures that are found in the proximity of the perinuclear area. Fenestrae in labyrinths constitute about one‐third of the total LSEC porosity. The 3D reconstructions also revealed that coated pits and small membrane‐bound vesicles are exclusively interspersed in the non‐fenestrated cytoplasmic arms.
Bond Strength and Degree of Infiltration between Acrylic Resin Denture Liner after Immersion in Effervescent Denture Cleanser
Authors: Pisani Marina Xavier , Silva‐Lovato Cláudia Helena , Malheiros‐Segundo Antônio de Luna , Macedo Ana Paula , Paranhos Helena Freitas Oliveira 
Published: February 2009

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of sodium perborate on the bond strength and degree of infiltration between acrylic resin/resilient denture liners. Materials and Methods: Three denture liners (Elite Soft, Mucopren Soft, Kooliner) were investigated. Twenty specimens (83 × 10 × 10 mm3) of each material were made by processing the denture liners against two polymerized PMMA blocks. Ten specimens for each material were stored in artificial saliva at 37°C (control group: TBS1), and the other ten specimens were stored in artificial saliva at 37°C combined with sodium perborate (experimental group: TBS2). All specimens were placed under tension until failure in a Universal Testing Machine at a crosshead speed of 5 mm/min after 7 (T7) and 60 (T60) days (n = 5). Failure strength (MPa) was recorded, and mode of failure was characterized as cohesive, adhesive, or cohesive/adhesive. For the infiltration tests, ten circular specimens (14‐mm diameter × 2‐mm thick) of each material were stored in artificial saliva and 0.5% methylene blue at 37°C (control group: I1), and ten specimens were stored in artificial saliva and 0.5% methylene blue at 37°C combined with daily immersions for 5 minutes in an effervescent solution of sodium perborate (experimental group: I2). The degree of infiltration was obtained through photographs and using Software Image Tool after 120 days. Results: For Kooliner, the statistical test did not show a significant difference in the bond strength due to the influence of the immersion period or to the use of sodium perborate. Elite Soft presented a significant increase in the average tension in T7 and in T60 in both TBS1 and TBS2. Inversely, the Mucopren suffered a significant decrease in the tension value in the same period as the TBS1 group as well as in the TBS2. The infiltration percentage was analyzed with the Kruskal–Wallis test (26.18; p < 0.05), which indicated significant differences between the compared averages for the groups. Comparing the averages of materials, the statistical test did not show significant differences between the control (I1) and experimental (I2) groups after 120 days. Conclusions: The use of sodium perborate did not promote significant alterations in the evaluated properties. Kooliner presented the best results.
Edentulism and Comorbid Factors
Authors: Felton David A. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract Introduction: Complete edentulism is the terminal outcome of a multifactorial process involving biological factors and patient‐related factors. It continues to represent a tremendous global health care burden, and will for the foreseeable future. The purpose of this review is to determine what comorbid factors exist for the completely edentulous patient. Methods: This literature review evaluated articles obtained via the National Library of Medicine's PubMed Website, using keywords of edentulism with various combinations of the terms comorbidity, incidence, health, nutrition, cancer, cardiovascular health, diabetes, osteoporosis, smoking, asthma, dementia, and rheumatoid arthritis. Abstracts were selected and screened, and selected full‐text articles were reviewed. Articles were limited to those with adequate patient cohorts and a minimum of 2‐year follow‐up data. Results: Edentulism was found to be a global issue, with estimates for an increasing demand for complete denture prostheses in the future. Completely edentulous patients were found to be at higher risk for poor nutrition, coronary artery plaque formation (odds ratio 2.32), to be smokers (odds ratio 2.42), to be asthmatic and edentulous in the maxillary arch (odds ratio 10.52), to being diabetic (odds ratio 1.82), to having rheumatoid arthritis (odds ratio 2.27), and to having certain cancers (odds ratios varying from 1.54 to 2.85, depending on the type of cancer). Chronic residual ridge resorption continues to be the primary intraoral complication of edentulation, and there appear to be few opportunities to reduce bone loss in the edentulous patient. Conclusions: While the completely edentulous patient seems to be at risk for multiple systemic disorders, whether development of these disorders is causal or casual has not been determined. To minimize the loss of residual alveolar ridges, exemplary complete denture therapy, along with the establishment of routine recall systems, should be the ultimate goal of treatment of this patient cohort.
The Social Solution—Denture Esthetics, Phonetics, and Function
Authors: Roumanas Eleni D. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractTooth loss and rehabilitation with dentures can have tremendous patient impact and social implications. In an image‐conscious society, dentures restore a sense of normalcy and allow the patient the ability to interact with others. The most frequent denture complaints include chewing discomfort and objectionable esthetics and phonetics. Determining patient expectations and their influence on patient satisfaction with treatment is critical. Current evidence on functional outcomes, patient satisfaction, and cost‐effectiveness of treatment with conventional dentures versus implants are important factors to consider during treatment planning for the edentulous patient. The purpose of this article is to review some exemplar literature for the successful treatment of the edentulous patient.
Philosophy After Hiroshima: From Power Politics to the Ethics of Nonviolence and Co‐Responsibility
Authors: Demenchonok Edward 
Published: February 2009

Philosophers from many different countries came to Hiroshima, Japan, in the summer of 2007 to discuss the problems of war and peace on the occasion of the Seventh World Congress of the International Society for Universal Dialogue (ISUD). The theme was After Hiroshima: Collective Memory, Philosophical Reflection and World Peace. The essays included in this volume were originally presented at that conference and reflect some of the aspects of these discussions.In the first three parts of this introductory essay, I will address ideas conveyed by discussions during the Hiroshima conference regarding an open history, as well as various aspects of violence‐prone globalization and its challenges to ethics and to peace. Then, within this context, the fourth part of this introduction will provide a brief review of some of the main themes arising out of the conference and elaborated in the essays of the volume.
4. Can Historical Responsibility Strengthen Contemporary Political Culture?
Authors: Tillmanns Jenny 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThis paper deals with the question of historical responsibility. It can be subdivided into whether historical responsibility exists, consequently what it is about, and then how it can be put into practice. I am raising these questions as a third‐generation German against the background of the Holocaust. In this paper I unfold various views and thus dimensions of historical responsibility, which I finally complement in the form of six models of historical responsibility. These models provide a multilayered perspective on and approach to the philosophical and practical dimensions of historical responsibility and, as a consequence, are of relevance to contemporary political culture.
6. No More Hiroshimas and Sharp Weapons
Authors: Wang Keping 
Published: February 2009

AbstractWhen it comes to rethinking the Hiroshima A‐bombing and its historical impact, there arise a number of approaches to be exercised from different perspectives related to the human condition and the current situation today. This essay presents two of them: a poetical reflection and a philosophical pondering that are characterized by either factual inquiry or empirical wisdom. The former is deplorably sentimental and unforgettable with regard to the deadliest mode of warfare that has ever occurred in human history. The philosophical pondering from a Taoist viewpoint is thought‐provoking and instructive with ongoing relevance to the problematic globe. Hence when the poet calls out “No More Hiroshimas,” we shall go ahead and appeal for “No More Wars,”“No More Sharp Weapons,” or “No More Excessive Forces.” However, what haunts the world all the time is constant warfare at varied scales here and there; and what worries us right now is the hard fact that some nations are presumably taking the risk of developing nuclear weapons on a starvation budget, for they think that they are under the threat and pressure of other countries armed with plenty of such mass‐destructive devices. They all seem to have neglected or obliterated the historical memory of Hiroshima as a symbol of the worst violence ever known to humankind.
7. Relevant Hellenic Factors Favoring Effective Dialogue and Peaceful Coexistence
Authors: Bargeliotes Leonidas 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe paper presents and analyzes the war/peace issue in the Hellenic tradition and its relevance to the contemporary world. It is focused on some of the Hellenic factors that were successfully used in antiquity to overcome conflicts and war and to achieve a harmoniously existing world. The factors that can be used as paradigmatic cases are the conceptions of divine kosmos and of polis; effective dialogue; the education of rulers and of citizens so as to be able to govern themselves and use their power in order to preserve civilization for posterity and to sustain their values, to oppose stasis and to embrace homonoia, to overcome conflicts and to preserve peace in more than two hundred city‐states. In addition, I argue that the long and rich Hellenic experience is relevant to our epoch in the sense that it is universally known for its anti‐polemic policy and its peace movements. Conceptions such as kosmos and organismic polis, the practice of laws and of homonoia, or friendship, can contribute to the solution of our local and world problems and the prevention of contemporary violence, terrorism, and wars. They can be used by future generations as a model of how to prevent the repetition of another holocaust, of any extermination of human beings by human beings (Dachau), or of any war tragedies (bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki). They show, above all, how humanity can achieve a lasting world peace.
8. The Grounding of Forgiveness: Martha Nussbaum on Compassion and Mercy
Authors: Gallagher Paul 
Published: February 2009

AbstractViolence came to define the twentieth century. We live in fear that an even more extreme violence will characterize the twenty‐first century. The city of Hiroshima was the victim of the greatest single stroke of violence in the history of humanity. Yet it managed to arise, Phoenix‐like, as a city devoted to peace in the aftermath of nuclear horror. How was this extraordinary forgiveness possible? Is it possible that it was born out of a compassion for the victims of nuclear holocaust that extended beyond its immediate borders?In several works, but most notably in Upheavals of Thought, Martha Nussbaum has analyzed the conditions for the occurrence of compassion. She has also subjected her largely Aristotelian analysis of compassion to a Stoic‐inspired critique. This paper will reconstruct Nussbaum's analysis, critique, and defense of compassion. I will then extend Nussbaum's analysis to argue how a forgiveness rooted in compassion, rather than mercy, might be possible. The city of Hiroshima's dedication to worldwide peace in the aftermath of nuclear horror is used to illustrate a compassion‐based forgiveness.
10. The Universal Concept of Human Rights as a Regulative Principle: Freedom Versus Paternalism
Authors: Demenchonok Edward 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThis essay examines the current debates regarding the politics of human rights. The universal concept of human rights is considered as a regulative principle for the possible critique of any state, including a democratic one. Moreover, the philosophical justification of the universal regulative principle for evaluating these states is vital for progressive political change and for the politics of human rights. At the heart of the analysis is Kant's concept of human rights as freedom. It is opposed to a more utilitarian interpretation of rights and political paternalism. Kant's philosophy helps us to better understand the meaning of the definition of human rights as inherent, sacred, and inalienable, as formulated by Thomas Jefferson in the Declaration of Independence. Kant makes these meanings explicit, and he elaborates on the moral‐philosophical explanations of humanitarian rights. His philosophy of law was developed in a process of a systematic criticism of political paternalism (which is the flip side of dependence). Kant developed his definition of individual freedom in opposition to authoritarian paternalism, utilitarian arbitrariness, and the “despotism of paternalistic benevolence.” The categorical imperative is threefold: the imperatives of morality, right, and peace. Thus it could be interpreted as “the categorical imperative of peace.” The analysis shows the ongoing relevance of Kant's ideas and their recent development by the theorists of “discourse ethics” and of “cosmopolitan democracy.” It affirms that the solution to the problems of securing peace and protecting human rights can only be achieved by peaceful means, based on the international rule of law.
11. Toward Lasting Peace: Kant on Law, Public Reason, and Culture
Authors: Lucht Marc 
Published: February 2009

AbstractKant helps us understand the conditions for peace by reminding us that lasting peace requires both cosmopolitan legal reform and individual moral improvement, including resistance to egoism and the cultivation of cosmopolitan attitudes. The duty to pursue peace includes the duty to promote the rule of domestic and international law and work against its unilateral subversion. The juridical cosmopolitanism of a worldwide league of free peoples enables resistance to the dangers posed by authoritarian regimes and their dangerous willingness to manipulate their subjects and ignore international law. Constraining egoism enables people to overcome the tyranny of their desires and cultivates a sense of affiliation with the larger community of humanity in general, providing the moral foundation needed to support a cosmopolitan legal order. Moral development to a great extent is fostered through the arts and humanities, and a robust cultural life therefore ought to play a central role in the pursuit of global peace.
Regeneration of bone and periodontal ligament induced by recombinant amelogenin after periodontitis
Authors: Haze Amir , Taylor Angela L. , Haegewald Stefan , Leiser Yoav , Shay Boaz , Rosenfeld Eli , Gruenbaum‐Cohen Yael , Dafni Leah , Zimmermann Bernd , Heikinheimo Kristiina , Gibson Carolyn W. , Fisher Larry W. , Young Marian F. , Blumenfeld Anat , Bernimoulin Jean P. , Deutsch Dan 
Published: February 2009

AbstractRegeneration of mineralized tissues affected by chronic diseases comprises a major scientific and clinical challenge. Periodontitis, one such prevalent disease, involves destruction of the tooth‐supporting tissues, alveolar bone, periodontal‐ligament and cementum, often leading to tooth loss. In 1997, it became clear that, in addition to their function in enamel formation, the hydrophobic ectodermal enamel matrix proteins (EMPs) play a role in the regeneration of these periodontal tissues. The epithelial EMPs are a heterogeneous mixture of polypeptides encoded by several genes. It was not clear, however, which of these many EMPs induces the regeneration and what mechanisms are involved. Here we show that a single recombinant human amelogenin protein (rHAM+), induced in vivo regeneration of all tooth‐supporting tissues after creation of experimental periodontitis in a dog model. To further understand the regeneration process, amelogenin expression was detected in normal and regenerating cells of the alveolar bone (osteocytes, osteoblasts and osteoclasts), periodontal ligament, cementum and in bone marrow stromal cells. Amelogenin expression was highest in areas of high bone turnover and activity. Further studies showed that during the first 2 weeks after application, rHAM+ induced, directly or indirectly, significant recruitment of mesenchymal progenitor cells, which later differentiated to form the regenerated periodontal tissues. The ability of a single protein to bring about regeneration of all periodontal tissues, in the correct spatio‐temporal order, through recruitment of mesenchymal progenitor cells, could pave the way for development of new therapeutic devices for treatment of periodontal, bone and ligament diseases based on rHAM+.
Novel stem/progenitor cells with neuronal differentiation potential reside in the leptomeningeal niche
Authors: Bifari Francesco , Decimo Ilaria , Chiamulera Christian , Bersan Emanuela , Malpeli Giorgio , Johansson Jan , Lisi Veronica , Bonetti Bruno , Fumagalli Guido , Pizzolo Giovanni , Krampera Mauro 
Published: February 2009

AbstractStem cells capable of generating neural differentiated cells are recognized by the expression of nestin and reside in specific regions of the brain, namely, hippocampus, subventricular zone and olfactory bulb. For other brain structures, such as leptomeninges, which contribute to the correct cortex development and functions, there is no evidence so far that they may contain stem/precursor cells. In this work, we show for the first time that nestin‐positive cells are present in rat leptomeninges during development up to adulthood. The newly identified nestin‐positive cells can be extracted and expanded in vitro both as neurospheres, displaying high similarity with subventricular zone–derived neural stem cells, and as homogeneous cell population with stem cell features. In vitro expanded stem cell population can differentiate with high efficiency into excitable cells with neuronal phenotype and morphology. Once injected into the adult brain, these cells survive and differentiate into neurons, thus showing that their neuronal differentiation potential is operational also in vivo. In conclusion, our data provide evidence that a specific population of immature cells endowed of neuronal differentiation potential is resident in the leptomeninges throughout the life. As leptomeninges cover the entire central nervous system, these findings could have relevant implications for studies on cortical development and for regenerative medicine applied to neurological disorders.
Contact dermatitis due to use of Octenisept® in wound care
Authors: Calow Trevis , Oberle Kristina , Bruckner‐Tuderman Leena , Jakob Thilo , Schumann Hauke 
Published: February 2009

Summary Background: Octenisept®, containing 0.1% octenidine/2% phenoxyethanol, is a widely used antiseptic in modern wound management. It is considered to have a very low allergenic potential. Thus far, neither allergic nor irritant contact dermatitis to the product has been described. Patients and methods: Chronic wounds in 251 patients were treated with Octenisept®; 11 developed signs of contact dermatitis. The symptoms improved after discontinuation of the antiseptic. Eight of these patients were patch tested to the antiseptic and its components. Results: The eight patients all showed a positive reaction to the product. In at least three cases a reaction to the components cocamidopropyl betaine and phenoxyethanol was found, but not to octenidine dihydrochloride. Conclusions: In this cohort, more than three percent of the treated patients developed a contact dermatitis to the antiseptic. However, the differentiation between allergic and irritant contact dermatitis towards the ingredients of the antiseptic remains problematic.