bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Historical Tales (Ibiteekerezo) and the History of Rwanda
Authors: Vansina Jan 
Published: May 2006

Historical tales are the most abundant and the sources most used to reconstruct the history of the kingdoms of the area between the Great Lakes. This is especially true for the history of the Nyiginya kingdom in Rwanda, where such tales, preserved at the court as well as by local people on the hills, are even more abundant than anywhere else. It is not surprising then that they form the bedrock on which authors have built their reconstructions on the history of that kingdom. Yet little attention has been paid to a general critical examination of these tales. Here, and elsewhere in the region, their contents have generally been accepted as credible, after the arbitrary erasure of all references to passages judged to refer to miracles, after the arbitrary dismissal of the bits and the variants that do not conform to one's preferred version, and after either the exclusion of local “provincial” narratives, or as happened after 1960, the exclusion of all those that stemmed from the court. Such practices will simply not do.Because these tales form the bedrock of the history of the kingdom the Institute for Scientific Research in Central Africa (IRSAC) under my direction instituted a large collection of such sources between 1958 and 1962, and made them available in the original and in translation first in depots at Butare and Tervuren and later in 1973 on microfilm. Surprisingly enough, this collection as well as even major editions of other sources, have been completely ignored by most scholars working after 1960.
References in the Humanities: Strategies of Being Open, Being Obscure and Being Misleading
Authors: Heintze Beatrix 
Published: May 2006

It all seems so easy: our ideas of intellectual property, and the law of copyright and associated laws of protection bound up with them, demand references in adopting the writings, and even just the contents, of the works of others. In reality, it is obvious that the conditions and scientific rules of the game are less clear than is generally assumed. While usage regarding literal quotations is laid down precisely, ‘borrowings’ regarding contents leave considerable room for interpretation. This means that one can, with good reason, discern an author's ‘fingerprint’ or ‘visiting card’ in the manner he or she deals with references.The obligation to give references is a relatively recent usage. For a long time, the use of whole passages from other authors in one's own works without mentioning the fact was usual and in no way disparaging. Only from the mid-eighteenth century “did some authors seek to discredit their rivals and predecessors through accusations of plagiarism.” Today such accusations, if they prove valid, can abruptly end a scientific career. However, the boundaries are fluid, and are becoming, if I am not deceived, more and more fluid at the present time, whether consciously or unconsciously. It may therefore be useful to pause for once and account for this technical aspect of our activities.The following, admittedly emphatically phrased, impressions result from my more than thirty years of activity as an editor, reader, and author of historical and anthropological literature.
On the Origins of the Amazons of Dahomey
Authors: Alpern Stanley B. 
Published: May 2006

Among the most intriguing unresolved historical questions concerning the women soldiers of Dahomey are the journalist's basic when, how and why (the who and where are givens). We know the amazons' terminal date precisely: the fourth of November 1892, when they fought their last battle against the French at the gates of Cana. But assertions in the literature as to when they got started range all the way from the reign of Wegbaja (ca. 1640-ca. 1680-85) to that of Glele (1858-89).Neither Wegbaja nor Glele can seriously be considered as the originator of the amazons, though the former has a far better claim than the latter. The Wegbaja thesis rests on a tradition that he created the well-known corps of elephant huntresses, the gbeto, and on speculation that they became the first amazon unit. The gbeto may even predate Wegbaja: Palau Marti cites a tradition that he organized pre-existing huntresses into a special corps. Lombard offers the plausible explanation that since women provisioned the royal palace, it was only natural that some of them furnish game for the king's table. Dunglas seems to have been the first to write down the tradition tracing the gbeto to Wegbaja; he was inclined to accept it. P.K. Glèlè says Wegbaja began employing women as personal guards. Cornevin states, without giving his source, that it was the gbeto themselves who doubled as the king's bodyguards. None of this can be proved, and in any case no one has suggested that Wegbaja ever used women as real soldiers.
Radama's Smile: Domestic Challenges to Royal Ideology in Early Nineteenth–Century Imerina
Authors: Berg Gerald M. 
Published: May 2006

In the 1820s, when Imerina expanded to control most of Madagascar, remarkably few Merina rose in organized opposition to the king's extensive plans to change basic social and political relations. Tradition conferred sacred legitimacy on innovative royal interpretations of ideology and secured public consent with little resort to force. Potential conflicts between the king and Merina elites were muted by negotiations that proceeded within the premises of traditional ideology. As the king managed to monopolize organized force, occasional acts of violence assured that royal views of ideology dominated all others.King Radama occupied the central position in the stream of blessing that ran from Imerina's collective ancestors downwards through him to all living Merina. As the ultimate living representative of all long-dead ancestors, he had the power to dispense their good will in the form of “superior”hasinain exchange for his subjects' offerings of “inferior”hasina. As mediator between heaven and earth, Radama alone determined how Imerina'shasinaideology would apply to the vicissitudes of everyday life. Merina, however, saw the reality that he created not merely as the product of human agency, but of ancestral beneficence as well. Since opposition to royal will implied the rejection of ancestral beneficence, attempts within Imerina to challenge the monarch's authority or the ideology on which it rested were rare indeed. Yet such cases of opposition did arise, and they reveal the nature of royal authority as seen from below.
A Comparison of Jacob Egharevba's Ekhere Vb Itan Edo and the Four Editions of Its English Translation, A Short History Of Benin
Authors: Usuanlele Uyilawa , Falola Toyin 
Published: May 2006

One of the most popular and most widely cited books in the study of precolonial Africa, particularly of the forest region, is Jacob U. Egharevba's A Short History of Benin. It was first published in the Edo language as Ekhere vb Itan Edo in 1933, and due to its popularity and very high demand, it quickly sold out and was reprinted in 1934. It was then translated by the author and published in English as A Short History of Benin in 1936. This English-language edition has likewise been a bestseller with four editions—the first edition in 1936, the second in 1953, the third in 1960, and the fourth one in 1968, which in turn has had reprints in Ibadan (1991) and Benin City (1994).In 1959 Leoham Adam, Curator of the Ethnographical Collection of Melbourne University in Australia, who claimed to have first read the book in the 1930s, commended Short History for its useful contributions to the study and understanding of African societies. The late R.E. Bradbury, in writing the first foreword to the book's third edition in 1960, claimed that it”…has become something of a classic, known and relied upon not only in Nigeria, but by scholars all over the world, [as]… a valuable, indeed an indispensable, pioneering work.” In a more recent critique, Adiele Afigbo asserted that the book and its thesis has “much support from many respected historians and ethnographers… and figure prominently not only in undergraduate essays but also in Masters and Doctoral dissertations.”
The African Clergy and Historical Reconstruction: The Very Reverend J.B. Olafimihan's Iwe Itan Ofa
Authors: Banwo Adeyinka O. 
Published: May 2006

One of the foremost achievements of missionary enterprise in the African region was the training of individuals, particularly clergymen, who came to play pioneering roles in the documentation of the history of their peoples. One of the reasons usually advanced by such chroniclers for taking part in this tedious attempts at historical reconstruction, is basically, to safeguard the history of their people and most especially, the need to prevent their history from being distorted, forgotten or sent into some oblivion. Examples of clergymen or missionary influenced personalities who have performed such tasks in Nigeria include Reverend Samuel Johnson, on the history of the Yoruba, J.D. Egharevba on the history of Benin, and Reverend Samuel Ojo, on the history of Ilorin and Shaki.These chronicles have their limitations. The writers often serve as public image launderers for the people they write about. As a result, a lot of bias and subjectivism is embellished in what they attempt to project. Historical facts are distorted in this process. The lack of the chroniclers' basic methods of historical research is also evident in their narrative method of historical writing. This approach does not provide any opportunity for proper historical analysis. In spite of the limitations of these chronicles, they have served as very useful sources of primary information for contemporary historians. More importantly, their writings have been able to create a sense of identity and cultural awareness among their intended audience. In other words
they have sometimes proved more relevant and acceptable to the intended audience even more than the works of contemporary historians.2 It is with this hindsight that we examine Iwe Itan Ofa by The
Very Reverend J.B. Olafimihan.
David Beach (1943–1999): A Comment on His Career and Work, His Contribution to the History of Zimbabwe and Mozambique, and on the “Local” Production of Knowledge
Authors: Liesegang Gerhard 
Published: May 2006

In the beginning of 1999 Professor David Beach died in Harare, only about three months after an unexpected illness which proved to be brain cancer had cut short his academic activities. His early death after more than thirty years of intensive research on the precolonial history of Zimbabwe and Mozambique motivated some of his friends and colleagues to plan a panel on his work in the 2000 CAAS conference in Edmonton, Canada. This paper was originally written for this Conference which I did not manage to attend. Not only his figure as historian and friend but also the context he was working in interested me, including the problem of local production of knowledge in Africa in the colonial and postcolonial environment. In this paper I shall present some biographical data on David Beach, outline the sequence of his research and writing, cover his concept and contribution to history, the reception of his work in Mozambique, ending with some comments regarding the problems of local production of scientific knowledge in African countries. The coverage is in places somewhat sketchy and some subjects like the reception of his studies in Zimbabwe have only been referenced briefly, and that in North America omitted.The sections of the paper which deal with the sequence of his research, method, etc. and focus on sociological aspects of his production are based mainly on indications in Beach's own published work. Additional information came from his correspondence, hints he gave in casual conversation during my four visits to Harare in 1971 and 1982-1995, and during his six visits to Maputo in 1987, 1989, 1990, 1992, 1994 and 1997, as well as some observations.
Efficacy of using an internal teat sealer to prevent new intramammary infections in nonlactating dairy cattle
Authors: Sanford Carolyn J. , Keefe Greg P. , Dohoo Ian R. , Leslie Ken E. , Dingwell Randy T. , DesCôteaux Luc , Barkema Herman W. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Objective—To determine whether insertion of an internal teat sealer (ITS) at the end of lactation would prevent development of new intramammary infections (IMIs) during the nonlactating period.
Design—Controlled clinical trial.
Animals—939 Holstein-Friesian dairy cows from 16 herds.
Procedures—Results of bacteriologic culture of milk samples collected 14 days prior to the end of lactation were used to assign cows to groups (group 1 = negative results for all quarters; group 2 = positive results for ≥ 1 quarter). Quarters of cows in group 1 were treated with an ITS or a single intramammary dose of cloxacillin; quarters of cows in group 2 were treated with cloxacillin in conjunction with an ITS or with cloxacillin alone. Milk samples were collected at the end of lactation and within 8 days after calving.
Results—Regardless of whether the outcome of interest was new IMIs caused by any pathogens, major pathogens, environmental pathogens, or streptococci other than Streptococcus agalactiae, quarters in group 2 treated with both cloxacillin and an ITS were less likely to develop a new IMI than were quarters treated with cloxacillin alone. For cows in group 1, no significant difference in risk of new IMIs was found between treatments.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that for dairy cattle with an IMI late in the lactation period, intramammary administration of cloxacillin at the end of lactation followed by insertion of an ITS enhanced protection against development of new IMIs, compared with use of cloxacillin alone.
Overcoming the tension between scientific and religious views in teaching anatomical dissection: The Israeli experience
Authors: Notzer Netta , Zisenwine David , Oz Libi , Rak Yoel 
Published: May 2006

AbstractMore than three thousand years of Jewish historical and scholarly writings have addressed the problematic relationship between anatomical dissection for the purpose of medical education and Judaism, which values the wholeness and sanctity of the human body. The Department of Anatomy at Tel Aviv University's Sackler Faculty of Medicine has sought to bridge the gap between science and Jewish religious–cultural values. The Department requires students to conduct laboratory dissections on cadavers in an ethical and respectful manner. Student emotions are also addressed by the Department as students are encouraged to share their apprehensions and concerns about participating in dissections in discussion groups. At the same time, the high academic standards of the medical school are strictly upheld, ensuring that each student has a thorough knowledge of human anatomy. Teaching anatomy in Israeli medical school involves reconciling two conflicting approaches to dissection: (1) The scientific–medical approach, which views the human body as inert material and anatomical dissection as a means of studying anatomy and gaining medical knowledge. (2) A Jewish religious point of view, which perceives anatomical dissection as a threat to the sanctity of a human body and leads to the defilement of those participating in the dissection. In this article, the views of major Jewish scholars regarding dissection are presented and discussed in relation to their implementation in the dissection theater. These views are examined in an anthropological light based on observations in the dissection room and interviews with students and faculty members. The findings reflect the emotions and concerns of Israeli medical students at the Sackler Faculty of Medicine in particular as well as those of the Israeli–Jewish population as a whole. In the dissection theater, medical students must gain a comprehensive understanding of human anatomy while dealing with their own personal ethical, cultural, and religious views on death and dying. Confronting these issues enhances both personal growth as individuals and professional behavior as future physicians. Clin Anat. 19:442–447, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Using gross anatomy to teach and assess professionalism in the first year of medical school
Authors: Swartz William J. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe public is uneasy about the lack of professionalism in physicians chronicled in the different news media. Since professionalism is a set of values developed over a period of time, it is imperative that the evaluation of medical students in regard to these values begins early in their medical school education. In the Gross Anatomy laboratory there are opportunities for students to display such aspects of professionalism as responsibility/accountability for actions, working with others (teamwork), respect for patients, and social responsibility. Because students spend a significant time in the Gross Anatomy laboratory with the faculty, this setting can provide the forum for faculty to assess the expression of principles of professionalism by the students. This requires faculty who are committed to evaluating the progress of students in this regard. Faculty can monitor work ethic, interpersonal relationships, and overall attitude of these students throughout the course. Thus, aspects of professionalism can be introduced, monitored, and evaluated as early as the first semester of medical school. Clin. Anat. 19:437–441, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Patient confidentiality: Implications for teaching in undergraduate medical education
Authors: Graham Helen J. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractRespect for patient confidentiality is one of the core concepts of professionalism and should have high priority in medical education. Confidentiality should be introduced early in the curriculum so that students understand their ethical, professional, and legal obligations throughout their medical studies and later professional career. Anatomists have important opportunities for teaching professional values including confidentiality and should be major contributors to a multidisciplinary teaching on professionalism. Students should make a formal commitment to and be assessed on patient confidentiality in the context of professionalism. A Faculty development program on confidentiality and data protection will inform and support teachers in delivering these objectives. It is recommended that medical schools have a policy on patient confidentiality and a disciplinary procedure for the management of students who breach patient confidentiality. Clin. Anat. 19:448–455, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Experimental and Theoretical Studies of Magnetic Exchange in Silole‐Bridged Diradicals
Authors: Roques Nans , Gerbier Philippe , Schatzschneider Ulrich , Sutter Jean‐Pascal , Guionneau Philippe , Vidal‐Gancedo José , Veciana Jaume , Rentschler Eva , Guérin Christian 
Published: May 2006

AbstractFive bis(tert‐butylnitroxide) diradicals connected by a silole (7 a–d) or a thiophene (12) ring as a coupler were studied. Compound 12 crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pna21 with a = 20.752(5), b = 5.826(5), and c = 34.309(5) Å. X‐ray crystal structure determination, electronic spectroscopy, variable‐temperature EPR spectroscopy, SQUID measurements and DFT computations (UB3LYP/6‐31+G*) were used to study the molecular conformations and electronic spin coupling in this series of molecules. Whereas compounds 7 b, 7 c, and 7 d are quite stable both in solution and in the solid state, 7 a and 12 undergo a partial electronic rearrangement to both a diamagnetic quinonoidal form and a monoradical species owing to the fact that they correspond to the open form of a π‐conjugated Kekulé structure. In the solid state, magnetic measurements indicate that the diradicals are all antiferromagnetically coupled, as expected from their topology. These interactions are best reproduced by means of a “Bleaney–Bowers” model that gives values of J = −142.0 cm−1 for 7 a, −1.8 cm−1 for 7 b, −1.3 cm−1 for 7 c, −4.2 cm−1 for 7 d, and −248.0 cm−1 for 12. The temperature dependence of the EPR half‐field transition in frozen dichloromethane solutions is consistent with singlet ground states and thermally accessible triplet states for diradicals 7 b, 7 c, and 7 d with ΔET–S values of 3.48, 2.09, and 8 cm−1, respectively. No evidence of a populated triplet state was found for diradicals 7 a and 12. Similarities between the ΔET–S and J values (ΔET–S = −2 J) clearly show the intramolecular origin of the observed antiferromagnetic interaction. Analyses of the data with a “Karplus–Conroy”‐type equation enabled us to establish that the silole ring, as a whole, allows a more efficient magnetic coupling of the two nitroxide radicals attached to its 2,5‐positions than the thiophene ring. This superiority probably originates from the nonaromaticity of the silole which thus permits a better magnetic interaction through it. DFT calculations also support the experimental results, indicating that the magnetic exchange pathway preferentially involves the carbon π system of the silole.
Toward the Complete Prediction of the 1H and 13C NMR Spectra of Complex Organic Molecules by DFT Methods: Application to Natural Substances
Authors: Bagno Alessandro , Rastrelli Federico , Saielli Giacomo 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe NMR parameters (1H and 13C chemical shifts and coupling constants) for a series of naturally occurring molecules have been calculated mostly with DFT methods, and their spectra compared with available experimental ones. The comparison includes strychnine as a test case, as well as some examples of recently isolated natural products (corianlactone, daphnipaxinin, boletunone B) featuring unusual and/or crowded structures and, in the case of boletunone B, being the subject of a recent revision. Whenever experimental spectra were obtained in polar solvents, the calculation of NMR parameters was also carried out with the Integral Equation‐Formalism Polarizable Continuum Model (IEF‐PCM) continuum method. The computed results generally show a good agreement with experiment, as judged not only by statistical parameters but also by visual comparison of line spectra. The origin of the remaining discrepancies is attributed to the incomplete modeling of conformational and specific solvent effects.
Gas‐chromatographic separation of stereoisomers of dipeptides
Authors: Pätzold Ralf , Theis Christoph , Brückner Hans 
Published: May 2006

AbstractSynthetic dipeptides comprising mixtures of enantiomers, diastereomers, or sequential isomers were converted into their N‐perfluoroacetyl dipeptide esters (perfluoroacetyl: trifluoroacetyl, pentafluoroacetyl, heptafluorobutyryl; ester: methyl, 1‐propyl, 2‐propyl, 2,2,2‐trifluoroethyl) and analyzed by GC‐MS on the chiral stationary phases Chirasil®‐L‐Val and Lipodex®‐E using helium as carrier gas. Further, dipeptides were converted into their N‐trifluoroacetyl dipeptide S‐(+)‐2‐butyl esters and separated on achiral phenylmethyl polysiloxane column (HP‐5 MS). Derivatization of dipeptides was performed at ambient temperature in order to avoid formation of the corresponding diketopiperazines. The best separation of stereoisomers was achieved with TFA and PFP methyl esters on Chirasil®‐L‐Val. Chirality 18:551–557, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.