bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CINE‐RADIOLOGY OF CONGENITAL BLADDER‐NECK OBSTRUCTION and THE MEGAURETER1
Authors: Edwards David 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYCine‐radiology with an image intensifier is a valuable aid to the study of the anatomy and physiology of the normal and abnormal urinary tract.The appearances of the normal bladder and urethra, and the physiology of normal micturition, are described. The normal bladder neck may produce a distinct impression on the lumen of the posterior urethra.The appearances of the megaureter‐megacystis are described. In the mild cases the bladder is smooth, increased in capacity, and contracts normally without vesical residue, and the bladder neck is normal. By means of double or triple micturition the urinary tract can be largely cleared of residual urine. Vesico‐ureteral reflux is the rule and the ureteric contractions are increased in frequency and amplitude, and reverse contractions are present. In the retention phase the bladder is trabeculated and ureteric contractions, although still present, are reduced in frequency and amplitude as compared with the mild cases.The simple megaureter also shows active contractions with reverse contractions. The bladder is normal. Where a narrow supravesical segment is present, reverse contractions are not seen and the movements of the lower ureter suggest that the narrowed segment produces partial obstruction of the lumen of the ureter. Vesico‐ureteral reflux was seen in only one case of simple megaureter.Congenital bladder‐neck obstruction shows a trabeculated bladder with vesical residue and ureteral reflux into atonic ureters. Diverticulum formation and hydro‐ureter do not necessarily indicate lower urinary tract obstruction.Cine‐radiography demonstrates the fallacy of attempting to assess the size of vesical diverticula on a single still radiograph.Double and triple micturition is a means of clearing the urinary tract of residual urine in cases of vesico‐ureteral reflux and vesical diverticula.
BACTEREMIA FOLLOWING RETROPUBIC PROSTATECTOMY
Authors: MARSHALL A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY

A bacteriological study of fifty patients undergoing retropubic prostatectomy is presented, with special reference to post‐operative bacteraemia.
In the presence of infected urine a positive blood culture was found in 82 per cent, of thirty‐four patients following retropubic prostatectomy, and it was found to remain positive in a number of cases for periods varying from two to five hours.
The bacteriological flora found in blood, urine, external meatus, and prostatic cavity in these cases are described.
The post‐operative courses of patients with negative and positive blood cultures are compared, as also are the post‐operative courses of a group of patients who had a bacteremia lasting less than two hours and a group with a more protracted bacterasmia.
In this series protracted bacteremia was a feature of those patients whose convalescence tended to be unduly long and complicated.
The relation of pre‐operative catheter drainage to post‐operative bacteremia is discussed.
It is suggested that bacteremia, especially when protracted, is an important factor in initiating infective complications following retropubic prostatectomy and an indication is given of further study being made to lessen its incidence.
CLEAR‐CELLED RENAL TUMOUR: REPORT WITH COMMENTARY OF AN EXAMPLE FOUND IN A BOY AGED ELEVEN YEARS
Authors: WOODWARD W. W. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY

A clear‐celled renal tumour in a boy aged 11 years is reported with a commentary.
In a limited survey in the English language the writer has found mention, made since Wilms' publication, of six clear‐celled renal tumours, regarded as adenocarcinomata, afflicting children under 11 years of age, of one at 11 years of age, and of two at the age of 14 years.
CYSTO‐URETHROGRAPHY IN PARAPLEGIA: ITS PRACTICAL APPLICATION
Authors: DAMANSKI M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYCysto‐urethrography is the most valuable urological examination in paraplegia.It helps to locate exactly the sector of the urethra responsible for retention of urine.It makes it possible to assess the effect of an operation, and in case of failure it makes it clear what should next be attacked surgically.It gives an excellent representation of the effects of infection and in many cases helps to establish indications for surgical treatment.In some cases it contributes to a radiological representation of the upper urinary tract.
SIMPLE RENAL CYST IN INFANCY
Authors: ZAIDI Z. H. , CAMPBELL J. S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYThis report presents the unusual occurrence of a simple congenital renal cyst in an infant. The patient was a 5‐month‐old male; the right kidney was involved. Bilateral cysts of this nature have not yet to our knowledge been recorded, but in our case hydronephrosis, resulting from congenital ureteral stenosis, affected the contralateral kidney.
URINARY TRACT SUBSTITUTION1
Authors: SWINNEY JOHN , TOMLINSON B. E. , WALDER D. N. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYIn three groups of dogs, portions of the urinary tract have been removed and replaced by aortic homografts and plastic materials. The three groups were those in which the upper hemisphere of the bladder was removed (Group 1), where the whole bladder and lower ureters were removed (Group 2), and where one ureter only was removed (Group 3). When aortic homografts were used the results were unsatisfactory. When plastic materials were used, some satisfactory functional results were obtained in the first two groups, but the results in the third group were poor.There is no evidence in these experiments that bladder muscle fibres regenerate or take any part in the development of the re‐formed urinary tract.
PROBLEMS IN THE TREATMENT OF Ps. PYOCYANEA INFECTIONS1
Authors: Slade Norman , Unton K. B. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYThe long‐term results in the treatment of Pseudomonas urinary infections with Colomycin have been assessed. In many patients emergence of other bacterial strains resulted. These strains were commonly present at the outset of the infection and could be demonstrated then by the use of special culture media.A high proportion of uncomplicated infections were cured, but in those where serious underlying urinary tract disease existed, failure was common and there was a high recurrence rate in the long term.In many patients emergent strains were prevented by a combination of Colomycin with Negram.We wish to thank Messrs Pharmax Ltd. for generous supplies of Colomycin, Messrs Bayer Ltd. for generous supplies of Negram, and Miss V. Brown for technical assistance in the laboratory.
THE TREATMENT OF EXPERIMENTAL CORD BLADDER BY ELECTRICAL STIMULATION1
Authors: Ellis By Frank , Parker Joan , Lale P. G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYFollowing the development of a method of emptying the normal bladder in dogs by electrical stimulation, the technique has been successfully applied to dogs with chronic paraplegia for periods of up to four weeks. A radio‐linked implantable stimulator has been developed and current tests indicate that with a square wave stimulus of 7 v.; 1–5 m.sec.; 30 p.p.s. applied for periods of one minute at intervals of six to eight hours, satisfactory emptying of the bladder can be maintained. Cineradiography has shown minimal residual urine. The daily output has been the same as that of normal dogs. The blood urea has remained normal and the urine has been sterile. No catheters have been used. Two positive and one negative stainless steel braided wire electrodes have proved to provide satisfactory stimulation when threaded through the detrusor muscle.The method appears to be feasible in the treatment of retention following paraplegia in humans, but further development is necessary in overcoming difficulties due to spread of the stimulus, pain, and mechanical failures. Successful reports in the use of electrical stimulation for human neurogenic bladder dysfunction are recorded. The use of the method may eliminate the need for catheter drainage thereby overcoming one of the most difficult problems in the treatment of paraplegia.This work was carried out with the aid of a grant from the Medical Research Council. We wish to acknowledge the kind assistance of members of the staff of the Hospital Physics Department, the Experimental Surgical Unit, the Illustration and Photographic Departments, Guy's Hospital.
PRIMARY URETERIC NEOPLASMS1
Authors: McIntyre Donald , Pyrah L. N. , Raper F. P. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYThe Leeds series of 40 cases of primary ureteric neoplasm (36 treated and 4 discovered at necropsy) is analysed and the relevant literature discussed.The diagnosis of a primary ureteric tumour is often straightforward but occasionally very difficult.A plea is made in all cases of hæmaturia for:‐1. Cystoscopy during hæmaturia if possible.2. The urologist not to be satisfied with the finding of a bladder tumour since there may be a ureteric tumour as well.3. The obtaining of complete pyelo‐ureterograms.Although nephro‐ureterectomy is the operative procedure most commonly employed in the treatment of primary ureteric neoplasms consideration should be given to the possibility of a renal conservation operation, particularly if the ureteric tumour is believed to be benign.We are indebted to many for their help in the production of this paper. We wish to thank in particular the Leeds pathologists Dr C. K. Anderson, Dr William Goldie, and Dr J. A. Dossett; Mr D. B. Feather, Surgeon to St James's Hospital, Leeds, who operated on Case C7; Mr Geoffrey Wilson, Surgeon to St James's Hospital, Leeds, for Case CI6; Mr D. S. Poole‐Wilson, Manchester, for Figures 17 and 18; Mr Herbert Honey, Salisbury, Southern Rhodesia, for Figure 15; Mr C. M. Weintraub, Urological Registrar, Salford Royal Hospital, for his most generous help with the illustrations; and the staff of the Departments of Medical Illustration in the two Leeds hospitals, Christie Hospital, Manchester, and Salford Royal Hospital.
NEPHROSTOMY: REVIEW AND PRESENTATION OF A NEW TECHNIQUE
Authors: Gonick Paul 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYNephrostomy techniques from the time of Albarran until the present are reviewed. These are divided into methods where the nephrostomy is established without the aid of a pyelotomy and those done with a pyelotomy. A new technique is described that utilises a Penrose drain to establish a tract through which the nephrostomy catheter is inserted.
CONGENITAL MULTIPLE DIVERTICULA OF THE URETER
Authors: Willfams John L. , Goodwin Willard E. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYCongenital multiple diverticulosis of the ureter is reported. It occurred in a 4‐year‐old girl who also had pyelonephritis and interstitial fibrosis. The presenting symptom was a urinary tract infection. Treatment was nephro‐ureterectomy. The patient was cured.
URETEROVESICAL JUNCTION OBSTRUCTION FOLLOWING TRANSURETHRAL RESECTION
Authors: Amar Arjan D. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYAn unusual but important complication following transurethral resection for lesions of the prostate gland, vesical neck, or base of the urinary bladder may be obstruction of the lower end of one or both ureters, either early in the post‐operative period or later, as stricture results from fibrosis or scarring. Hydroureter and hydronephrosis may result. This complication can usually be avoided. When it occurs, it must be diagnosed early and treated. Illustrative X‐rays of seven such patients are presented. Diagnosis and treatment of the complication are discussed.The writer expresses his thanks to Dr Jack Lapides, Chief of Urology at Veterans Administration Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan, for permission to include Figure 1.
XANTHOGRANULOMATOUS PYELONEPHRITIS
Authors: Seth H. N. , Kathpalia P. M. L. , Rao B. D. P. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYA case of tumefactive xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis has been reported. This obscure inflammatory process presented clinically as a neoplastic lump and had strikingly different gross and histological appearances from a classical pyelonephritis.
TORSION OF HYDATID OF MORGAGNI
Authors: Khan T. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY

Seven cases of torsion of the hydatid of Morgagni are described.
The condition is much commoner than is usually recognised.
Many children and adolescents who are regarded as having epididymo‐orchitis may, in fact, have torsion of the testicular appendix or torsion of the testis. In the absence of general disturbance and urinary infection they should be explored surgically.
OCTOCALCIUM PHOSPHATE: THE PHASE GOVERNING THE SOLUBILITY EQUILIBRIUM IN APATITIC CALCULI
Authors: Macgregor J. , Robertson W. G. , Nordin B. E. C. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY

Powdered apatitic renal calculi have been allowed to come into equilibrium with buffers in the pH range 7 to 8.
The ion products for the commoner calcium phosphate salts have been calculated and related to pH at equilibrium.
Only the pK of the ion product [Ca++]8[HPO4=]2[PO4≡]6 is independent of pH
Determination of the stoichiometry of the exchange reaction at equilibrium suggests a Ca: P of 7.9:6.
It is suggested that, quite apart from the apparent average composition of apatitic renal calculi, the phase on the crystal surfaces determining the physico‐chemical characteristics of the equilibrium is octocalcium phosphate.
It is suggested that the critical phase governing the solubility of calcium phosphate in urine in vivo may be octocalcium phosphate.
THE VALUE OF URETHROGRAPHY IN THE BOUGIE CLINIC PATIENT
Authors: Greenwell F. P. , Grieve N. W. T. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY

The technique of urethrography using high‐viscosity contrast medium is described and the radiological anatomy and pathological changes seen following disease of the anterior urethra are reviewed.
The findings resulting from the use of urethrography in a series of patients attending a bougie clinic are presented.
The value of the information provided by urethrography in the assessment and management of such patients is discussed. It is suggested that the examination provides a useful objective record of the extent of the disease.
Urethrography as a routine investigation prior to prostatectomy is suggested.
VESICO‐URETERIC REFLUX FOLLOWING OPERATIONS ON THE URETERIC ORIFICE
Authors: Roper Brian A. , Smith Joe C. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY

The incidence of ureteric reflux in fifteen patients after operations on seventeen ureteric orifices has been assessed by micturating cystography and its significances discussed.
Reflux can best be detected by micturating cystography and reports on a larger series would seem desirable. The cystoscopic appearance of the orifice is of little value in deciding whether reflux occurs.
The relative importance of reflux and infection in the production of chronic pyelonephritis is discussed.
Incision of ureteroceles with cystoscopic scissors seems to be preferable to their destruction by diathermy.
Post‐operative micturating cystography is advised for patients who have had operations on the ureteric orifice.
DOUBLE CONTRAST CYSTOGRAPHY APPLIED TO THE DIAGNOSIS OF TUMOURS IN BLADDER DIVERTICULA
Authors: Shawdon Harry H. , Doyle Frank H. , Shackman Ralph 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYFour patients with tumours in bladder diverticula are described. Relevant diagnostic procedures and their limitations are briefly discussed. Attention is drawn to the value of double‐contrast cystography as a method for demonstrating tumours in bladder diverticula.
THE RENAL LYMPHATICS AND THERAPY OF PYELONEPHRITIS1
Authors: Cockett Abraham T. K. , Moore Raymond S. , Kado Ray T. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY

Urinary levels of Furadantin exceed the drug concentrations in the renal lymph and plasma.
Renal lymph levels of Furadantin exceed plasma levels by two‐fold to three‐fold.

Antimicrobial activity is demonstrated in the renal lymph against Esch. coli.

Plasma concentrations of Chloromycetin exceed renal lymph levels by two‐fold.

Antimicrobiological activity of renal lymph containing Chloromycetin is demonstrated against Shigella sonnei.

Renal hilar lymph containing Furadantin was obtained from a patient. Renal hilar lymph concentrations exceeded plasma levels by five‐fold.
All therapeutic agents alleged to be effective in treating pyelonephritis need to be reevaluated using the renal lymph‐plasma system.
URINARY INFECTIONS: RESULTS OF TREATMENT WITH COMPOSITE LONG‐ACTING SULPHONAMIDE (DOSULFIN)
Authors: Sutherland J. W. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY

The investigation surveys the progress of 210 patients treated for urinary tract infections which were sensitive to sulphonamide, with the composite long‐acting sulphonamide Dosulfin (Geigy).
Three groups of clinical infection were recognised according to the chronicity of the infection and the presence or absence of any underlying urological condition. The numbers in the three groups were approximately equal.
Clinical details studied included age, sex, length of symptoms, urological diagnosis, radiological, cystoscopic, and bacteriological findings. The diversity of conditions encountered made the test of the therapeutic agent employed a fairly stringent one, even although the infection was sensitive to it.
Success was regarded as being the eradication of both the symptoms and the pus cells and organisms from the urine. This was achieved in over 60 per cent, of all cases treated with Dosulfin and in over 80 per cent, of Group I cases (early infections). Uncomplicated urinary infections responded therefore quite satisfactorily. Results were poorer in Groups II and III. Females seemed to respond slightly better than males.
In a smaller group of 51 patients followed for longer periods, 70 per cent, did not relapse when observed over periods ranging from four to fifteen months.
Previous investigations suggest that there is a natural cure rate, and to prove themselves of real value any new compounds must clearly produce better results than this rate.
Long‐acting composite sulphonamide fulfils fairly well most of the conditions laid down for the perfect therapeutic agent for urinary infections apart from the possession of broad‐spectrum activity. This apart, the newer sulphonamides merit more attention than they are receiving and a return to their use on a wider scale is obviously overdue.
Urinary infections are potentially dangerous as well as disturbing to patients. They are the commonest of all urological conditions and in many ways the least well understood. Nothing could be further from the truth than to say that the subject is simply a matter of determining sensitivities and carrying on mechanically from there.
SURGICAL RECONSTRUCTION OF THE EXTERNAL GENITALIA IN FEMALE PSEUDOHERMAPHRODITES
Authors: STEFAN H. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYThe author analyses his experience of reconstruction of the external genitalia in ten females and one male pseudohermaphrodite who were operated on by labioplasty and clitoridoplasty in one session.The submerged vaginal introitus is enlarged after cutting of a skin flap from the perineum. The corpora cavernosa of the hypertrophied clitoris are stitched and obliterated by mattress sutures, the glans being diminished by resection and overlapped by skin. The operation can be carried out before the age of 5 years. The advantages of this method over those previously described are discussed.
BLADDER–NECK OBSTRUCTION AND THE EHLERS–DANLOS SYNDROME
Authors: EADIE D. G. A. , WILKINS J. L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYA case is reported of the Ehlers–Danlos syndrome in which the well–known cutaneous and orthopædic manifestations were accompanied by bladder outlet obstruction and diverticulum of the bladder, which were successfully relieved by operation.We should like to thank Mr John Blandy for his kind permission to publish this case, and Mr Ruddick, from the Department of Photography, The London Hospital.
CARCINOMA OF PENIS
Authors: FREW I. D. O. , JEFFERIES J. D. , SWINNEY JOHN 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONSForty–six cases of carcinoma of the penis treated primarily by surgery were reviewed. The following conclusions were reached:

Clinical staging as determined at the initial examination was of little value.
Pathological division into “solid” or “cord” pattern was of great importance in selecting cases with a good (solid) or poor prognosis (cord). The degree of differentiation was of much less prognostic value.
Urinary troubles were rare following a partial or radical amputation.
There was little point in preserving penile length except for psychological reasons, as few cases were having regular sexual intercourse when their disease was diagnosed.

We would like to thank Mr W. Keith Yeates of the Department of Urology, Newcastle General Hospital, for permission to include a number of his cases in this series.
FULMINATING RETROPERITONEAL FIBROSIS WITH PERICYSTITIS PLASTICA
Authors: WEBB JOHN , DAWSON–EDWARDS P. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYA 36–year–old male diabetic developed a bizarre acute illness which was eventually revealed as severe retroperitoneal fibrosis and pericystitis plastica for which nephro–ureterectomy was performed. The co–existing prostato–vesiculitis and gross lymphadenopathy are discussed in relation to the ætiology of this mysterious pathological process. Cytological studies of the lymphadenopathy and retroperitoneal tissue are also presented, together with the pyelographic appearances.The cytological studies (A. J. W.) are supported by grants from the Ernest and Minnie Dawson Cancer Trust, and the University of Birmingham Cancer Research Fund. Our thanks are due to Mr T. Dee for photographic help.
ADENOCARCINOMA OF THE FEMALE URETHRA
Authors: STEYN J. , HALL M. , LOGIE N. J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYAn unusual case of adenocarcinoma of the female urethra presenting as retention of urine is described. A brief review of the literature is made. A plea is made for the use of radical surgery with the application of radium for any local recurrences.
FOREIGN BODIES AND DAMAGE TO THE FEMALE URETHRA AND BLADDER
Authors: JAMESON R. M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYThe rarity of damage to the lower urinary tract in females following introduction of a foreign body is discussed and a case of injury to the urethra and bladder following insertion of a ball–point pen is described. Attention is drawn to the motives for self–introduction of foreign bodies and the methods of treatment are discussedI am grateful to Mr J. Swinney for permission to publish details of the cases described.
CLINICAL EXPERIENCE WITH RENAL SCANNING USING Hg197CHLORMERODRIN1
Authors: GRAHAM A. G. , SCOTT J. S. , KENNEDY I. , MACK W. S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYThe technique and results of performing renal scans in 148 patients, using Hg197chlormerodrin, are described. Information regarding renal function, rather than structure, has proved the more useful. The indications for carrying out renal scanning are discussed.We should like to express our thanks to Mr Gabriel Donald and his Staff in the Department of Medical Illustration for providing the illustrations in this paper. We are also grateful to our medical colleagues in the Western Infirmary for permission to include their patients in this study.