bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
AN AUTOPSY CASE OF CHRONIC DISSEMINATED ENCEPHALOMYELITIS COMPLICATED BY BEHCET'S SYNDROME, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE DEMYELINATING DISEASES
Authors: Totsuka Shiro , Matsumoto Yutaka , Tanikawa Kyuichi 
Published: March 2008

SummaryAn autopsy case of chronic disseminated encephalomyelitis has been examined. The relevant history extended over a period of six years, and was characterized by recurrent exacerbations and remissions, primarily of the brain stem symptoms. The clinical picture resembled that of multiple sclerosis, but was accompanied by Behqet's syndrome during the later course of the illness. The differential diagnosis of this case has been discussed with special reference to the demyelinating diseases and the central nervous system complications of Behqet's syndrome.A man of 26 years of age experienced onset of his illness with intermittent twitchings of both legs, and four years later he developed double vision, dysarthria, nystagmus, blurred vision, constipation, urinary retention, and disturbed gait. Mentally, he was euphoric with occasional pathological laughing and weeping. These symptoms and signs fluctuated frequently and were accompanied by intermittent high fever of unknown origin, purulent erythematous papules, and both labial and scrotal ulcers. Terminally, he became dyspneic and expired in a comatose state.Neuropathologically, the main lesions were confined to the brain stem, but were also widespread from the diencephalon to the spinal cord, and to the optic nerve. They corresponded well with the clinical picture mentioned above. Histologically there were poorly defined perivascular foci of demyelination, especially those in the white matter being confluentially disseminated. Perivenous spaces in the lesions were remarkably dilated and laden with numerous fat granule cells, and glial fibers proliferated in varying degrees. Except for certain circumscribed areas, inflammatory cell infiltrations in demyelinated foci of long‐standing were absent. Both nerve cells and neuroaxons in the foci, on the other hand, were comparatively well‐preserved. In the severely damaged ireas swelling and fragmentation of the axons were observed. In the spinal cord, the lateral pyramidal tracts showed a marked secondary degeneration bilaterally with corresponding gliosis. In Goll's tracts, symmetrical demyelination was found, which might indicate a systemic degenerative process.The above‐mentioned pathoanatomical findings suggest that the present case may belong to the category of demyelinating encephalomyelitides in a broad sense. The central nervous system involvement in the fatal cases of Behset's syndrome have not often been reported in the literature. To the best of our knowledge the present case demonstrates some unusual clinico‐pathological features.
TWO CASES OF ATYPICAL SPINAL PROGRESSIVE MUSCULAR ATROPHY (Lumbosacral Leg‐Thigh Type) A Clinicopathological Study with the Survey Of the Relevant Literature
Authors: Okumura Nikichi , Terao Akira 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe case histories and anatomic alterations of two patients with the lumbosacral leg‐thigh type of spinal progressive muscular atrophy are presented. The course of the diseese was very rapid, and the patients died of bulbar palsy in 7 months (first case) and 18 months (second case), respectively.Cutaneous sensation was normal and pyramidal signs were not elicited in both cases. Electromyogram and biopsy specimens showed characteristic changes of lower motor neuron damage. Pathological examination revealed degeneration of the anterior horn cells with marked decrease in their numbers and demyelination of anterior roots. The giant pyramydal cells of Betz and pyramydal pathways were, nevertheless, intact. The second case generally demonstrated myasthenic syndrome clinically, and dystrophic changes of muscle fibers on pathological studies.There have been three clinical pictures simulating the lumbosacral leg‐thigh type of spinal progressive muscular atrophy. They are all atypical amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; the leg‐thigh form without spastic phenomena (Kahler, 1884), the pseudo‐polyneuritic form (Marie et Patrikios, 1918), and the peroneal form (Hemmer, 1951). Their characteristic findings were compared clinicopathologically with our two cases.
A NEW METHOD OF EEG ANALYSIS AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE STUDY OF SLEEP
Authors: Koga Einosuke , Arai) N. , Asahina) K. 
Published: March 2008

Summarya) In the course of our polygraphic study of sleep, a new method of EEG analysis was developed. As the result of a simple modification of the ordinary Walter type frequency analyser. we succeeded in obtaining a compact and easily observable record showing the long time variation of the integrated values of each band respectively.b) The application of this method to the study of sleep EEG opened a new aspect.1. The most remarkable feature of this analysis is the undulatory fluctuation of relatively long time in the low frequency component (long undulatory fluctuation), especially in 1–2 cps band. In general, one sleep cycle is composed of a few of these undulatory fluctuations repeatedly appearing and the state of slight fluctuation mainly corresponding to the paradoxical phase. This long undulatory fluctuation corresponds to successive sleep phases in certain rule. The gradual change appearing at the time of a shift from the moderate phase to the deep phase is characteristic.2. Generally the crest of the highest of these undulatory fluctuations during successive sleep cycles is highest at the first cycle and tends to decrease toward morning. The increasing slope is steepest at the first cycle and gentler toward morning.3. During the ascending stage of this undulatory fluctuation the gross body movements are very few and in the other periods are relatively many. Most of the abrupt decreases of the integrated values of the low frequency band are accompanid by gross body movement.This report is dedicated to Professor Haruo Akimoto, Director of the Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, in commemoration of his sixtieth birthday.This study was carried out with the earnest cooperation of C. Sasaki, B.A. and N. Nagamura, M.A. We are much indebted to Mr. K. Akagi of San'ei Instrument Ltd. for the technical support.
THE AGE OF ONSET OF CHILDHOOD SCHIZOPHRENIA
Authors: Makita Kiyoshi 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe aim of this article based on a pilot study of 50 schizophrenic children under the age of 15 is to point out that the onset of schizophrenic disorders tends not to occur in late childhood between ages 5 and 10. This gap of incidence pertinent to the age of onset may serve to raise two important questions, namely (1) whether or not we are dealing with the same entity and (2) why schizophrenic disorder does not manifest itself in this particular period if we assume that we are dealing with schizophrenia. Although the present knowledge does not answer those questions, it was shown that the periods of vulnerability for schizophrenic disorder are those in which massive qualitative changes occur in biological as well as in psychological and sociological equilibriums.In addition, it was suggested that the term “childhood schizophrenia” should be used to denote earlier schizophrenic manifestation with regression other than such specific types described by Kanner or Mahler, since it is likely that there is no childhood schizophrenia with an onset in late childhood that could be correctly called “schizophrenia in older children”. Prepubescent and pubescent schizophrenia may not deserve to be called “childhood schizophrenia” for it does not have any unique features and could be understood merely as an antecedant appearance of adult schizophrenia.
NARCOLEPTIC SYNDROME AND PARADOXICAL SLEEP
Authors: Suzuki Jirô 
Published: March 2008

SummaryIn order to elucidate the mechanism of the narcoleptic syndrome, the course of all‐night sleep was investigated by means of poly graphic methods or by using inducing stimuli. Further study on each symptom was performed in relation to the sleep mechanism using similar methods. Thirty‐three cases of typical narcolepsy were examined. The results from these studies are summarized as follows.1. The paradoxical phase of sleep occurs immediately after sleep onset in the natural nocturnal sleep of narcoleptics. The proportion of sleep time spent in the paradoxical phase (30%) in narcoleptics is higher than in normals, whereas that of the deep sleep stage is lower.2. In narcolepsy, hypnagogic hallucination and sleep paralysis appear mostly during the paradoxical phase. During these episodes the level of cerebral vigilance ascends temporarily but slight differences are found between these two episodes. The responses to the stimuli (auditory evoked response, the H reflex and the knee jerk) are similar to those in normals in each stage of sleep.3. Chlorpromazine, being effective against hypnagogic hallucination and sleep disturbance, stabilizes a night's sleep and prolongs the duration of deep sleep and the paradoxical phase. Imipramine with a suppressing action on cataplectic attack, inhibits the occurrence of the paradoxical phase at sleep onset and diminishes the following paradoxical phases, accompanied by a decrease of hypnagogic hallucination.4. The level of wakefulness tends to descend easily in narcoleptics. In sleep attacks, the subjects fall rapidly into the paradoxical phase from alert or drowsy state. Both sleep attacks and a tendency to fall asleep are apt to occur periodically in the daytime with lucid intervals.5. A cataplectic attack closely relates to the paradoxical phase. During the episode, a great discrepancy is found between hypofunction of the arousal system and function of the motor and autonomic systems. Cataplectic occur frequently concomitant with the sleeping‐waking rhythm.6. Fundamental disorders of narcolepsy are considered as follows: the abnormal occurrence of the paradoxical phase of sleep, the tendency to fall asleep easily, the sleep cycle through night and day and the remarkable dissociation of the arousal system from the motor or autonomic systems. Accordingly, disorders in the sleep‐wakefulness regulating mechanisms are found. Dysfunction of the brain stem reticular formation, especially in the pons, and disturbances of the interrelationship among them are discussed.
A PROPOS DE LA PHARMACOLOGIE DES ANTIDEPRESSEURS (PHARMACOLOGIE COMPAREE DU MEFEXAMIDE ET DE L'IMIPRAMINE)
Authors: Kurihara Masanao , Nakajima Hiroshi 
Published: March 2008

SummaryA battery of laboratory tests was proposed for the purpose of examining antidepres‐sive properties of various psychotropic drugs. In this paper, the pharmacodynamic action of imipramine and mefexamide, a new antidepressive derivative of aryloxyacetic acid, was studied in reference to the biogenic amines, on the following items:1. Antagonism to blephaloptosis due to reserpine (rabbit) and tetrabenazine (rat).2. Potentiation of hyperthermia evoked by LSD‐25 and noradrenaline.3. Effect on the convulsion threshold due to demegride under the influence of reserpine.4. Modification of EEG.5. Potentiation of narcosis.Pharmacodynamics of imipramine are fairly complex, and have some pharmacological similarities to the precursors of biogenic amines, such as DOPA and 5‐HTP in one aspect, and to various psychotropic drugs, such as amphetamine, cocaine, anti‐cholinergic drugs and phenothiazine derivatives, in other aspect. Although imipramine is one of the most effective antidepressive drugs, it causes some inconvenience as anxiety manic change of mood, neurological symptoms and so on.The pharmacological actions and clinical effects of mefexamide are limited compared with imipramine, but it was suggested that mefexamide can be used as an effective antidepressive drug in mild depressive patients, because of the lack of anxiety symptoms.
FOURTEEN AND SIX PER SECOND POSITIVE SPIKES —A Further Consideration of the Clinical Significance of This Pattern and Some Comments for Recording and Interpretation—
Authors: Takahashi Takeo 
Published: March 2008

SummaryFrom the analysis of 230 cases with 14 and 6 per second positive spikes, the following was found:1) Fourteen per second positive spikes were commonly found in young individuals, whereas 6 per second positive spikes were commonly found in aged individuals. Unusually fast frequency components of positive spikes (18–28 per second) were seen in 9 cases, all less than 17 years of age.2) The appearance of positive spikes was more common over the right hemisphere (84 cases) than over the left hemisphere (46 cases). Focal EEG abnormalities other than positive spikes tended to appear in the hemisphere where positive spikes were not seen. Two out of 10 cases which showed consistent lateralized positive spikes in serial records had hemiparesis and showed voltage suppression over the hemisphere where positive spikes were not seen.3) Epilepsy (93 cases), particularly autonomic epilepsy (51 cases) was most frequently found.4) The frequent occurrence of a history of head trauma (95 cases) was presumed to be the most common etiology of positive spikes.5) Mecholyl tests done in the 24 cases showed 15 S‐type, 8 N‐type and 1 P‐type. The above results were discussed. In addition, some techniques for recording positive spikes were also presented and the interpretation of positive spikes was described.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE BASIC EEG RHYTHM OF EPILEPTIC PATIENTS IN TERMS OF AUTOCOR‐RELOGRAMS, FREQUENCY SPECTRA AND FREQUENCY RESPONSES
Authors: Mochizuki Junji 
Published: March 2008

SummaryA study was done on autocorrelograms of EEGs obtained numerically by a simplified method (Sato et al. 1962), their frequency spectra and frequency response activities of two petit mal and ten grand mal patients.Autocorrelograms of the EEGs of petit mal patient in the occipital, parietal and temporal regions showed relatively regular oscillation of about 10 cps, not distinctly different from those of normal adults demonstrated by Yuzuriha (1960) and Sata (1963, 1965). The situation, of course, was the same in their frequency spectra. On the contrary, irregular fluctuations were observed in the autocorrelograms of grand mal patients and the predominant peaks were observed in their frequency spectra in the frequency range slower than 10 cps, whereas peaks at about 10 cps were not so dominant. In some instances, peaks also appeared at frequencies higher than 10 cps.Multimodal frequency response activities were induced by rhythmic flash stimulation of 1–20 or ‐30 cps in the petit and grand mal patients. These peaks were not located at the same frequency as the peak in the frequency spectra of the EEG from the same region of the same patient, but, rather, the predominant activity was enhanced in many instances at a frequency lower than that of the dominant peak in the frequency spectrum.It was verified in the grand mal patients that slow wave activity was driven in the frequency response in the occipital region and a similar tendency was also shown in the parietal and frontal regions. In addition, fast activity was also driven slightly.
FLUCTUATION OF OPTIC: EVOKED POTENTIALS DURING CONDITIONED AVOIDANCE BEHAVIOR IN CATS: EFFECTS OF ATTENTION AND DISTRACTION ON PRIMARY EVOKED POTENTIALS
Authors: Ikeda Terutika 
Published: March 2008

SummarySeven cats with chronically implanted electrodes were trained to learn conditioned avoidance behavior, and changes of the cortical evoked potentials to repetitive optic nerve stimulation during that behavior were observed in two experimental situations; (1) CS was buzzer and (2) CS was the optic nerve stimulation itself. And the changes were compared in the same animals.(1) Repetitive stimulation of the optic nerve was capable of becoming the conditioning signal which induces the cat to perform the avoidance movement. Even with 1 c/sec. stimulation, the cat was able to respond to it within 5 seconds.(2) Grouped facilitations of the evoked potentials intermittently appeared during conditioned behavior. Except for the initial augmentation of the potentials following the onset of CS, there was no distinct difference between the two experimental situations. The initial augmentations were associated with the startle or orientation reflex of the animal and, when buzzer was used as a CS, their latencies were shorter than in the case in which optic nerve stimulation was used as a CS. Whether buzzer or optic nerve stimulation was used as a CS, augmentations of the evoked potentials were highly associated with the animal's aroused behaviors; startle, looking around, intention to move, etc.(3) A comparison was made of the evoked potentials during successful and failed avoidance behaviors with optic nerve stimulation as CS. Mean amplitude of the responses in avoidance group was greater and the variability of the responses was smaller than in non‐avoidance group.On the basis of the above data, it is considered that the fluctuation of the primary cortical evoked potentials to optic nerve simulation might be related with nonspecific arousal level of the animal rather than sense‐modality‐specific attention effect.
A COMBINED TECHNIQUE OF HISTOCHEMISTRY, MICRO‐DISSECTION AND THIN‐LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY APPLICABLE TO LIPID STORAGE DISEASES
Authors: Austin James H. , Yokoi Susum 
Published: March 2008

SummaryA procedure is noted in which histochemical and microdissection techniques arc combined with thin‐layer chromatography. Representative results are illustrated for distended ganglion cells in a controlled study of human cerebral cortex. Diseases chosen as examples are Tay‐Sachs' disease, gargoylism and metachromatic leukodystrophy.Factors are discussed which aid or interfere with the application of this kind of approach to the study of cerebral cortex in some lipid deposition diseases.
SECRETION OF HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE DURING INSULIN COMA AND ELECTROSHOCK THERAPIES
Authors: Takahashi Kiyohisa , Takahashi Saburo , Honda Yutaka , Shizume Kazuo , Irie Minoru , Sakuma Maki , Tsushima Toshio 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe responses of plasma HGH during psychiatric shock therapies were investigated, and the mechanisms of HGH secretion and of shock therapies were discussed.1. The response following a sinall dose of i.v. insulin administrotion.a) The plasma HGH following 0.1 U/kg of i.v. insulin in schizophrenic patients showed marked elevation in six out of seven cases. It reached to the peak value of 30.4±9.2 mμg/ml between 60 and 90 minutes after i.v. insulin.b) This type of response was not affected by the various psychotropic drugs that were administered orally in controlling the mental symptoms of the patients.c) Intramuscular injection of chlorpromazine (30–50 mg) did not alter the pattern of the plasma HGH response.2. Insulin coma therapya) A marked elevation of plasma HGH level was observed in all cases of schizophrenia during insulin coma therapy. The peak value was 9–32 mμg/ml (average 22.6±8.1 mμg/ml).b) A tendency of delay in reaching the peak value was observed in the determination performed in the second week of coma days as compared to the initial determination in the early days of insulin coma. A tendency was observed that better therapeutic results were correlated with the absence of or decrease in the delay in reaching the peak value in the course of insulin coma therapy.c) The protracted insulin coma was associated with the marked decrease in the magnitude of the peak value of plasma HGH as compared to the initial determination, suggesting the presence of a fatigued state of the central mechanism regulating the secretion of HGH.3. Electroshock therapya) Elevation of the plasma HGH level was observed after electroshock therapy in five of six cases of schizophrenia. A non‐responsive case was found to be moderately obese. A case of depression and a case of atypical psychosis lacked HGH response after EST in the absence of obesity.b) The peak value after the electroshock therapy was lower than the one during insulin coma therapy or after administration of a small dose of i.v. insulin. The average peak value after EST was 8.1±6.8 mμg/ml.c) The responsivity of plasma HGH was found to be unrelated to the various prernedications, such as i.v. thiopental and succinylcholine chloride. It was also concluded that the presence or absence of generalized convulsion was not related to the responses of HGH following EST.d) No correlation was found between the changes of blood sugar level and the type of plasma HGH responses following the EST.It was suggested that the elevation of HGH at the time of electroshock therapy was induced by the direct electric stimulation of the hypothalamic center, but the effect of stimulating the HGH secretion was much lower than that induced by the insulin coma or i.v. insulin administration.
SWITCH‐OFF BEHAVIOR AND ELECTRICAL STIMULATION OF THE PONS IN CATS
Authors: AOKI Isao , NAKAO Hiroyuki 
Published: March 2008

Electrical stimulation of certain areas in the brain stem and limbic system induces an averting drive in animals. These areas lie in the midbrain2,6,7,8), hypothalamus1,5,9,10), thalamus8,11), and hippocampus3). Yet the pons has not been studied from a motivational standpoint.The aim of the present experiments is to investigate whether electrical stimulation of the pons induces reinforcement of the switch‐off behavior5,6), an escape learning, in cats.
Influences of Different Electrode Positions on the Human Somatosensory Evoked Response
Authors: IKUTA Takumi 
Published: March 2008

SummaryWith the human Somatosensory Evoked Response (SER) evoked by the right median nerve stimulation and recorded on the scalp by an on‐line medical data processing computer, the influences of the different bipolar electrode positions on the SER were investigated. Setting 10 bipolar electrode positions on the parasagittal line on the scalp, 7 cm contralateral to the median nerve stimulated, 10 kinds of SERs with 10 different bipolar electrode positions were recorded. The patterns of these individual SERs were converted into the series of integers representing the pattern of the SER, and were subjected to the mathematical procedures by means of digital off‐line computer according to the schedule including the programs to calculate and plot the Inter‐Individual Averaged SER Pattern (IIA‐SER Pattern), the Pattern of the Fourier Progression a and b of the IIA‐SER Pattern and other trials for some kinds of the Pattern Recognition. Results obtained were as follows:

As the distance between bipolar electrodes increased, the amplitude of IIA‐SER Pattern, represented by the amplitude between the highest positive peak P2 and the deepest negative peak N4 tended to increase, and P3 became recessive as represented by the amplitude between P3‐N3.
The potential forming P2 and N4 ranged on relatively wide areas on the contralateral cerebral cortex, and the potential forming P3 ranged in relatively restricted areas on the contralateral cerebral cortex with major potential grade in the frontal area.
Changes of other items, including latencies of the components of the SER according to the shift of the electrode position, and other trials for the Pattern Recognition were examined.
Consequently, the bipolar electrode setting on the points 4 cm anterior and 2 cm posterior to the midcoronal line, on the parasagittal line 7 cm contralateral to the median neve stimulated, is recommendable for the recording of SER.