bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HPLC‐MS/MS analysis of willow bark extracts contained in pharmaceutical preparations
Authors: Kammerer Bernd , Kahlich Rainer , Biegert Claudia , Gleiter Christoph H. , Heide Lutz 
Published: October 2005

AbstractPreparations containing willow bark extract are popular herbal remedies, but they are mostly standardised with respect to only one compound (usually salicin). RP‐HPLC using a C18‐column eluted with water:methanol: tetrahydrofuran and coupled to electrospray triple‐quadrupole MS and MS/MS was used for the characterisation of dried extracts of Salix spp. and for the identification of their constituents. Comparison with reference substances led to the identification of 13 compounds (saligenin, salicylic acid, salicin, isosalicin, picein, salidroside, triandrin, salicoylsalicin, salicortin, isosalipurposide, salipurposide, naringenin‐7‐O‐glucoside and tremulacin). Two pharmaceutical preparations containing willow bark extract, used in clinical trials and labelled Salix daphnoides and S. purpurea × daphnoides extracts, were compared using the described method and exhibited several clear differences, the most prominent of which was the possible presence of picein in the former preparation. The described method may be utilised for the characterisation of herbal medicines in order to ensure comparability of medication in further clinical trials. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fracture toughness of modified polypropylene/poly(styrene‐ran‐butadiene) blends
Authors: Hristov Velichko , Lach Ralf , Krumova Marina , Grellmann Wolfgang 
Published: October 2005

AbstractFracture toughness of polypropylene (PP)/poly(styrene‐ran‐butadiene) rubber (SBR) blends as a function of concentration of maleic anhydride (MA) in the maleated polypropylene (MAPP) compatibilizer was investigated under uniaxial static and impact loading conditions. The addition of MAPP to the unmodified PP/rubber blend enhanced the tensile modulus and yield stress as well as the Charpy impact strength. The maximum values were recorded at 1.0 wt% grafted MA in the compatibilizer. V‐shaped blunt‐notched specimens exhibited typical ductile behavior and no breakage of the specimens occurred during the impact fracture tests. Sharp‐notched specimens of uncompatibilized and low‐content MA blends broke in a semibrittle manner, supported by a rapid crack propagation process. Increasing MA content in the blends led to semibrittle‐to‐ductile transition characterized by stable crack propagation. Fracture mechanics experiments, supplemented by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), were also employed to obtain a better understanding of the fracture and deformation behavior. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Modeling the molecular weight distribution of block copolymer formation in a reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer mediated living radical polymerization
Authors: Monteiro Michael J. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractBlock copolymers have become an integral part of the preparation of complex architectures through self‐assembly. The use of reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) allows blocks ranging from functional to nonfunctional polymers to be made with predictable molecular weight distributions. This article models block formation by varying many of the kinetic parameters. The simulations provide insight into the overall polydispersities (PDIs) that will be obtained when the chain‐transfer constants in the main equilibrium steps are varied from 100 to 0.5. When the first dormant block [polymer–SC(Z)S] has a PDI of 1 and the second propagating radical has a low reactivity to the RAFT moiety, the overall PDI will be greater than 1 and dependent on the weight fraction of each block. When the first block has a PDI of 2 and the second propagating radical has a low reactivity to the RAFT moiety, the PDI will decrease to around 1.5 because of random coupling of two broad distributions. It is also shown how we can in principle use only one RAFT agent to obtain block copolymers with any desired molecular weight distribution. We can accomplish this by maintaining the monomer concentration at a constant level in the reactor over the course of the reaction. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 5643–5651, 2005
Plasma Co‐Polymerisation of Two Strongly Interacting Monomers: Acrylic Acid and Allylamine
Authors: Beck Alison J. , Whittle Jason D. , Bullett Nial A. , Eves Paula , Mac Neil Sheila , McArthur Sally L. , Shard Alexander G. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractSummary: Plasma co‐polymerisation presents an exciting opportunity to produce coatings with mixtures of functional species that are difficult to achieve from single monomer systems. Unfortunately, the complexity of reactions in the plasma environment can make it difficult to predict and characterise the coating chemistries. In this study, X‐ray photoelectron (XP) and near edge X‐ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy have been used to examine coatings prepared by the co‐polymerisation of allylamine and acrylic acid. As expected, a mixture of chemical groups including amines, nitriles, amides and acids were identified. Significantly, the copolymers showed strong evidence of protonated amine (based on the N 1s XP spectra) and carboxylate anions (based on the NEXAFS O K edge); species that were not evident in coatings produced from the individual parent monomers. The results suggest that as the two monomers mix in the gas phase, allylammonium acrylate salts form and may act as a third monomer during the plasma polymerisation. The results also indicated that the addition of acrylic acid monomer suppressed the dehydrogenation of amines to nitriles and increasing the proportion of nitrogen as amine species at the interface. We speculate that these coatings will exhibit zwitterionic characteristics in aqueous solution and that they may find utility in the isoelectric focussing and separation of proteins from solution.
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Auf der sicheren Seite – Informationssicherheitsmanagement und IT‐Governance
Authors: Böhmer Wolfgang 
Published: October 2005

AbstractTreten im Zusammenhang mit einem kritischen Geschäftsprozess infrastrukturelle IT‐Störungen auf, so sind oftmals längere Ausfallzeiten mit erheblichen Kosten die Folge. Leider werden solche Störungen und Risiken bei der Prävention immer noch kaum oder wenig ins Kalkül gezogen [KES/KPMG 2002]. Eines der wichtigen Probleme im Sicherheitsmanagement besteht darin, dass mit der Entwicklung hin zu verteilten IT‐Systemen die Einschätzung der Sicherheitslage immer schwieriger wird. Zugleich ist das Bewusstsein für IT‐Risiken allgemein unzureichend – erst langsam macht sich bei den Unternehmen die Erkenntnis breit, dass allein die Absicherung der IT‐Komponenten nicht mehr ausreicht. Auch ist die IT‐Sicherheitsorganisation weiterhin das Stiefkind der Unternehmen [KES/KPMG 2002]. Vor diesem Hintergrund gewinnt der Begriff IT‐Governance zunehmend an Bedeutung. Dabei kann IT‐Governance zurückgeführt werden auf die Führung, Organisationsstrukturen und Prozesse, die sicherstellen, dass die IT die Unternehmensstrategie und deren Ziele unterstützt. Um die heute zur Verfügung stehenden Verfahren und Modelle zur IT‐ oder Informationssicherheit hinsichtlich ihrer Unterstützung der IT‐Governance zu überprüfen, werden nachfolgend das IT‐Grundschutzmodell des Bundesamts für Sicherheit in der Informationstechnologie (BSI) dem British Standard 7799 gegenübergestellt.
It's a journey, not a project
Authors: Mestchian Payman 
Published: October 2005

AbstractDie Bedeutung des Risikomanagements für die Sicherung und Steigerung des Unternehmenswertes wird von immer mehr Unternehmen erkannt. Die hiermit verbundenen Erfolgspotenziale lassen sich am Besten mit Hilfe eines unternehmensweiten Risikomanagements (Enterprise Risk Management, ERM) ausschöpfen, das die pro‐aktive und ganzheitliche Steuerung sämtlicher Unternehmensrisiken erlaubt. Wir sprachen mit Payman Mestchain über die Herausforderungen bei der Implementierung eines solchen Ansatzes.
Sensory‐motor control mechanism for reaching movements of a redundant musculo‐skeletal arm
Authors: Tahara Kenji , Luo Zhi‐Wei , Arimoto Suguru , Kino Hitoshi 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThis paper studies the human arm's sensory‐motor control mechanism in reaching movements. First, we formulate both the kinematics and dynamics of a two‐link planar arm model with six redundant muscles. The nonlinear muscle dynamics is modeled based on several biological understandings. We then show the stability of the overall system and perform some numerical simulations. By considering the internal forces induced by the redundant muscles, we show that the damping factors in each joint can be regulated, and as the result, it can realize humanlike quasistraight line reaching movements. In addition, we also propose the gravity compensation method at the muscle input level and present the result of numerical simulation to verify the usefulness of this method. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Patterns in groundwater nitrogen concentration in the riparian zone of a large semi‐arid river (River Murray, Australia)
Authors: Lamontagne Sébastien , Leaney Fred W. , Herczeg Andrew L. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractLateral exchanges of surface water between river channels and their floodplains are important for vegetation health and aquatic food‐web productivity in semi‐arid ecosystems. However, the significance of the lateral connectivity via sub‐surface pathways in these systems is not as well understood. Patterns in nitrogen concentration in groundwater and in the unsaturated zone were used to infer the sub‐surface biogeochemistry of N in the riparian zone of a large semi‐arid floodplain (Hattah‐Kulkyne National Park) of the River Murray, Australia. The riparian zone plays a special role in this system as it is an area of transition between fresh surface waters and saline floodplain groundwater. The river was losing water to the floodplain during baseflow conditions but gradients were temporarily reversed following floods. In general, the redox conditions were sub‐oxic to anoxic in riparian groundwater and the main forms of N present were NH and dissolved organic N. There was a gradient in NH concentration from the river to the floodplain, suggesting that the main source of NH was from the decomposition of organic matter in fluvial sediments. Elevated concentrations of NO were occasionally found in shallow groundwater away from the river following floods but tended not to persist. The source of the NO appeared to be unsaturated‐zone NO displaced to the water table during floods. Assuming that denitrification was the main attenuation process, this displacement of unsaturated zone NO to anoxic groundwater could be a significant N removal process from the ecosystem (estimated at 18 kg N ha−1 for the largest flood during the study). Understanding the impact of river regulation on floodplain nutrient cycles in River Murray floodplains will be challenging because the changes in floodplain hydrology are complex and coincide with salinization of soils and groundwater. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Energietransport in Flüssigkeitsringmaschinen. Energy Flow in Liquid Ring Machines
Authors: Hebecker Dietrich , Nitzsche Thomas 
Published: October 2005

AbstractDer Energietransport vom Laufrad der Flüssigkeitsringmaschine zum zu verdichtenden Gas erfolgt mit einem flüssigen Verdränger. Dieser Weg ist aufgrund der turbulenten Strömung und der Gehäusereibung der Flüssigkeit stark verlustbehaftet. Der Fluss der Energie und Entstehung der Verluste werden betrachtet.
Mechatronische Lösungen für trockenlaufende Vakuumpumpen. Mechatronic solutions for dry vacuum pumps
Authors: Kösters Heiner 
Published: October 2005

AbstractMit den heutigen Möglichkeiten der Elektronik und Leistungselektronik und einer mechatronischen Vorgehensweise, stehen Möglichkeiten zur Verfügung, die noch vor wenigen Jahren undenkbar waren. Die modernen modularen Systeme im Ex‐Bereich ermöglichen optimierte Lösungen für den Prozess und die bestehende Gesamtanlage aus standardisierten Komponenten zusammenzustellen. Hierdurch können die modernen Möglichkeiten zur Zustandsüberwachung und Systemeinbindung genutzt und gleichzeitig die Kosten zur Systemeinbindung und der Aufwand für die Inbetriebnahme dramatisch reduziert werden.
Gezielte Manipulation von Mikropartikeln in einem Plasma. Manipulation of micro‐disperse particles in a process plasma
Authors: Basner Ralf , Fehske Holger , Kersten Holger. , Kosse Sylvio. , Schubert Gerald 
Published: October 2005

AbstractFür die Behandlung, d. h. die Oberflächenmodifizierung oder Beschichtung, von mikro‐dispersen Materialien (Pulver, Granulate, Fasern etc.) in einem Prozessplasma ist das Verständnis der Plasma‐Teilchen‐Wechselwirkung von großem Interesse. Zu diesem Zweck werden entsprechende experimentelle Untersuchungen in einer neuartigen Apparatur PULVA‐INP vorgestellt.
Strategy implementation in obsessive–compulsive disorder and trichotillomania
Authors: CHAMBERLAIN SAMUEL R. , BLACKWELL ANDREW D. , FINEBERG NAOMI A. , ROBBINS TREVOR W. , SAHAKIAN BARBARA J. 
Published: October 2005

Background. The use of strategies to aid performance when undertaking neuropsychological tasks is dependent on intact fronto-striatal circuitry, and growing evidence suggests impaired spontaneous use of strategies in patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). However, studies to date have not examined the effects of strategy training on task performance in OCD or in trichotillomania (compulsive hair-pulling, a condition that has been argued to share overlap with OCD in terms of phenomenology and co-morbidity).Method. The ability to generate novel visuospatial sequences using a computer interface was examined before and after undertaking optimal strategy training in 20 OCD patients, 17 trichotillomania patients, and 20 controls (matched for age, education, and IQ).Results. OCD patients failed to improve ability to generate novel sequences above baseline despite successfully completing strategy training to the same extent as other groups. In contrast, performance of trichotillomania patients improved significantly after training to the same extent as controls. Groups did not differ on memory span, trial-by-trial action monitoring, or ability to generate novel visuospatial sequences prior to strategy training.Conclusions. Strategy implementation deficits, suggestive of cognitive inflexibility and fronto-striatal dysfunction, appear integral to the neurocognitive profile of OCD but not trichotillomania. Future research should investigate cognitive flexibility in obsessive–compulsive spectrum disorders using a variety of paradigms, and clarify the contribution of specific neural structures and transmitter systems to deficits reported.
Point prevalence of bulimia nervosa in 1982, 1992, and 2002
Authors: KEEL PAMELA K. , HEATHERTON TODD F. , DORER DAVID J. , JOINER THOMAS E. , ZALTA ALYSON K. 
Published: October 2005

Background. Recent epidemiological data suggest a decline in bulimia nervosa (BN) incidence in primary care. We sought to examine BN point prevalence from 1982 to 2002 in a college population.Method. In 1982, 1992, and 2002, 800 women and 400 men were randomly sampled from a university for a study of health and eating patterns. Participation rates were 72% in women and 63% in men, resulting in n=2491 participants.Results. BN point prevalence decreased significantly in women over the period of observation. Eating Disorder Inventory Bulimia scores decreased across cohorts, and these decreases remained significant when male and female and Caucasian and non-Caucasian students were analyzed separately.Conclusion. These data support a decline in BN rates that cannot be attributed to changes in service utilization. Changing socio-cultural factors may explain a true decrease in BN incidence and prevalence.
Specifying race-ethnic differences in risk for psychiatric disorder in a USA national sample
Authors: BRESLAU JOSHUA , AGUILAR-GAXIOLA SERGIO , KENDLER KENNETH S. , SU MAXWELL , WILLIAMS DAVID , KESSLER RONALD C. 
Published: October 2005

Background. Epidemiological studies have found lower than expected prevalence of psychiatric disorders among disadvantaged race-ethnic minority groups in the USA. Recent research shows that this is due entirely to reduced lifetime risk of disorders, as opposed to persistence. Specification of race-ethnic differences with respect to clinical and social characteristics can help identify the protective factors that lead to lower lifetime risk among disadvantaged minority groups.Method. Data on 5424 Hispanics, non-Hispanic Blacks, and non-Hispanic Whites came from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication, a nationally representative survey conducted with the World Mental Health version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Race-ethnic differences in risk of disorders were compared across specific diagnoses, ages of onset, cohorts and levels of education.Results. Both minority groups had lower risk for common internalizing disorders: depression, generalized anxiety disorder, and social phobia. In addition, Hispanics had lower risk for dysthymia, oppositional-defiant disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; non-Hispanic Blacks had lower risk for panic disorder, substance use disorders and early-onset impulse control disorders. Lower risk among Hispanics, relative to non-Hispanic Whites, was found only among the younger cohort (age [les ]43 years). Lower risk among minorities was more pronounced at lower levels of education.Conclusion. The pattern of race-ethnic differences in risk for psychiatric disorders suggests the presence of protective factors that originate in childhood and have generalized effects on internalizing disorders. For Hispanics, but not for non-Hispanic Blacks, the influence of these protective factors has emerged only recently.
OxfordGrid: a web interface for pairwise comparative map views
Authors: Yang Hongyu , Gingle Alan R. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Summary: OxfordGrid is a web application and database schema for storing and interactively displaying genetic map data in a comparative, dot-plot, fashion. Its display is composed of a matrix of cells, each representing a pairwise comparison of mapped probe data for two linkage groups or chromosomes. These are arranged along the axes with one forming grid columns and the other grid rows with the degree and pattern of synteny/colinearity between the two linkage groups manifested in the cell's dot density and structure. A mouse click over the selected grid cell launches an image map-based display for the selected cell. Both individual and linear groups of mapped probes can be selected and displayed. Also, configurable links can be used to access other web resources for mapped probe information.
Availability: OxfordGrid is implemented in C#/ASP.NET and the package, including MySQL schema creation scripts, is available at
Contact: agingle@uga.edu
Pcons5: combining consensus, structural evaluation and fold recognition scores
Authors: Wallner Björn , Elofsson Arne 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Motivation: The success of the consensus approach to the protein structure prediction problem has led to development of several different consensus methods. Most of them only rely on a structural comparison of a number of different models. However, there are other types of information that might be useful such as the score from the server and structural evaluation.
Results: Pcons5 is a new and improved version of the consensus predictor Pcons. Pcons5 integrates information from three different sources: the consensus analysis, structural evaluation and the score from the fold recognition servers. We show that Pcons5 is better than the previous version of Pcons and that it performs better than using only the consensus analysis. In addition, we also present a version of Pmodeller based on Pcons5, which performs significantly better than Pcons5.
Availability: Pcons5 is the first Pcons version available as a standalone program from . It should be easy to implement in local meta-servers.
Contact: bjorn@sbc.su.se
Phylogenetic relationships in Dichroplus Stål (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Melanoplinae) inferred from molecular and morphological data: testing karyotype diversification
Authors: Colombo Pablo , Cigliano María M. , Sequeira Andrea S. , Lange Carlos E. , Vilardi Juan C. , Confalonieri Viviana A. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe neotropical genus Dichroplus and related genera are characterized by a relatively uniform external morphology and a remarkably divergent male genitalia and hence its taxonomy is controversial. It also shows an extreme karyotypic diversification. In this study we used molecular and morphological characters to test the monophyly of the genus and to evaluate chromosome evolution. Twenty‐seven species from Dichroplus and related genera were included in the analysis. Morphological characters refer to the general morphology, male genitalia and female structures. Molecular studies were performed, sequencing part of two mitochondrial genes, cytochrome oxidase I and II. Independent and combined phylogenetic analyses of the data were performed under maximum parsimony. The karyotypic characters (rearrangements) were either mapped onto the combined topology or combined with the other data sets. While the molecular analysis confirms some results attained with morphology, some others do not. All point towards the paraphyly of the genus. Our results show the relevance of morphological data in phylogenetic studies because morphology and molecules supply complementary evidence. The mapping of chromosome characters on the combined tree shows that the most extreme karyotype, in D. silveiraguidoi, is a derived condition, probably reached through several centric fusions, and that X‐autosome centric fusions were recurrently fixed during the evolution of the group.© The Willi Hennig Society 2005.
Nocturnal enuresis: a survey of parental coping strategies at 7½ years
Authors: Butler R. J. , Golding J. , Heron J. ,   the ALSPAC Study Team
Published: October 2005

AbstractBackground  Childhood nocturnal enuresis is a potentially distressing experience. Parents have been found to adopt many approaches designed to help their child become dry at night. This study sought to understand, through a large cohort of children at 7½ years of age, the strategies parents adopt, both during the child's development and currently, to help their child overcome bed‐wetting.Methods  A longitudinal cohort of 13 971 children with expected date of delivery between April 1991 – December 1992, in the County of Avon (Bristol) formed the population study group. At 7½ years parents were asked, as part of a regular self‐report questionnaire, what methods they had tried or were currently using to help their child stop bed‐wetting. Eleven options were supplied.Results  Of 8269 parents responding to the questionnaire, 3376 (40.8%) indicated they had tried at least one of 11 strategies, with restricting night‐time fluids and lifting being the predominant methods employed. Amongst strategies employed in the past, lifting and showing displeasure were used significantly more by parents of children with nocturnal enuresis than by those with children dry at 7½ years. However, a greater proportion of parents of dry children encouraged their offspring to toilet more regularly in the daytime than parents of those with nocturnal enuresis or infrequent wetting. In terms of treatment interventions, the enuresis alarm had been employed with 19.2% and medication with 13.1% of those with nocturnal enuresis, although only 31.9% of those with nocturnal enuresis had seen a health worker. The results are discussed in relation to preventative and clinical implications.