bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Signed‐Rank Tests in the Presence of Ties (with extended tables)
Authors: Buck W. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractWe begin with a review of the areas of application of the signed‐rank tests (SRTs) and we conclude that the results are exact only if no ties of non‐null differences exist. In order to apply the SRTs according to WILCOXON and according to PRATT also in the presence of ties, by assigning midranks, we derive their null distributions. As special cases the null distributions for the problem without ties are obtained. In order to save the practising statistician the time‐consuming calculations of the distribution functions, we compute tables of critical values (for reasons of volume they will be published as part of the reprints only). For N0 = 0 (1) 5 null differences and M = = 1(1) 10 non‐null differences the critical values of all distributions with all possible tie vectors are calculated. Instructions are provided and an example serves to illustrate the use of the table. The extension of the tables are obtained by means of counting formulas given in the text. Approximations are provided in order to make the application of tests possible for larger samples as well. It is shown that the approximation of the null distribution in the presence of ties by the null distributions under the assumption of no ties in some cases overstates and sometimes understates the exact rejection probability. For N0 = 0 (1) 10 and M = 1 (1) 10 all distributions with all possible tie vectors for the SRTs with WILCOXON and PRATT ranking are examined with respect to the lattice type of the test statistic. The result is given in table 6. It is evident that the portion of PRATT‐distributions with lattice character decreases as the number of null differences increases. Continuity corrections are obtained for the asymptotic normal distribution which take into account the lattice character of the distribution of the test statistic.
Development and Applications of Five New Water Quality Indices
Authors: Schaeffer D. J. , Janardan K. G. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractTwo indices, P1 and I, employing ranked data and following the beta distribution, are described. These indices, which are true statistical measures of water quality, can be used with any set of parameters. Further, these indices correlate highly with biological and subjective‐engineering assessments of water quality.Three indices, employing raw data and based on the chi‐square distribution, are described. Two of these, B1 and B2, do not have sufficient discrimination to serve as general measures of water quality, although they have use in specific circumstances. The index C has been found to be a measure of excessive variability (at a station), and can be used to quantitatively compare the (data) variability among stations.The five indices described here are evaluated against a set of operational criteria which a mathematically sound index should meet.
A Concise Formula to Compute General Orthogonal Contrast Coefficients
Authors: Ackermann H. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA proof is given of a general formula conjectured by ABTto calculate the values of orthogonal polynomials for the case of nonequidistant levels and unequal numbers of observations. Also, a general derivation of the contrast coefficients is given on the basis of the conditions of orthogonality only. The practicality of the formulae with regard to applications in analysis of variance and regression analysis is stressed.
A Modified MANN‐WHITNEY Test with Improved Asymptotic Relative Efficiency
Authors: Berchtold H. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA slight modification of the MANN‐WHITNEY test is introduced here. When the underlying distribution is normal the ARE of the modified test with respect to t‐test is 99.22% (MANN‐WHITNEY test: 95.45%). The lower bound of the ARE of the modified test is 92.50% for all distributions with a continuous density function and a finite variance (MANN‐WHITNEY test: 86.4%).
Sample Sizes for Testing Equality of Location Parameters of Two Exponential Distributions
Authors: Rasch D. , Schultz J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA table for determining minimal sample sizes n1 = n2 = n for testing the hypothesis of equality of location parameters a4 and a2 of two two‐parametric exponential distributions for a first kind risk α=0,01 and 0,05 are given in such a way that the second kind risk β≦β0 as long as |a1–a>2|>d.
Mathematical Models for the Spread and Control of Foot‐and‐Mouth Disease During the 1973 Epidemic in Austria
Authors: Kláring W. J. , Timischl W. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractTwo models are studied to describe the spread of foot‐and‐mouth disease during the 1973 epidemic in Austria. The models are modifications of a three‐class‐model (due to KERMACK and MCKENDRICK) taking into account the special character of the disease as well as control methods (stamping‐out‐method, vaccination programs).
Estimation of Sheet Thickness Distributions from Linear and Plane Sections
Authors: Cruz‐Orive L. M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA biological “membrane” or a “barrier” can often be modelled by a sheet, namely a portion of space comprised between two smooth, quasi‐parallel faces, such that sheet thickness is in general variable but very small in relation to face extent. Sheet thickness measurements are often of interest to the morphometrist, the physiologist and the pathologist. In the present paper, some stereological techniques are developed for estimating true sheet thickness distributions, and their moments, from the apparent thickness or intercept length measurements obtained, respectively, via random plane or linear sections. An important premise for the models to work is that of isotropic random (‘non‐preferential’) sheet orientation relative to the sectioning probe.
Nonparametric Estimation of Population Density for Line Transect Sampling Using FOURIER Series
Authors: Crain B. R. , Burnham K. P. , Anderson D. R. , Lake J. L. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA nonparametric, robust density estimation method is explored for the analysis of right‐angle distances from a transect line to the objects sighted. The method is based on the FOURIER series expansion of a probability density function over an interval. With only mild assumptions, a general population density estimator of wide applicability is obtained.
On the Construction of Balanced and Partially Balanced Ternary Design
Authors: Sinha Kishore , Saha G. M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA method of constructing balanced and partially balanced ternary designs from balanced and partially balanced incomplete block designs, respectively, and two methods of constructing partially balanced ternary designs from association schemes are obtained. Two new and efficient balanced ternary designs havingK<VandR≦ 20 are obtained by the first method.
Segmented linear regression models applied to the analysis of data from a cross‐sectional growth experiment
Authors: Monti K. L. , Koch G. G. , Sawyer J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSeveral different methods of analysis are applied to data consisting of weight measurements, taken at specified post‐treatment times, of harvested thyroids from rats given one of four treatments. Previous studies of this type of data indicated that the growth is initially rapid, and that a second phase of less rapid growth is followed by a final phase in which little additional growth occurs. The data are further characterized by increasing variance through time.The primary purpose of the analysis is to study the effect of the treatments at the end of the study period. One‐way analysis of variance tests among groups are performed on each day, but the results are not particularly helpful. However, results from two‐way analyses of variance (over subsets of days and groups) are consistent with the three phase model and accordingly indicate significant group differences during each. Finally, maximum likelihood methods are used to fit a three part segmented linear regression model.
A method for determining the statistical significance of mutation frequencies
Authors: Traut H. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA method is devised for determining the statistical significance of the difference between a mutation frequency observed after treatment with a potential mutagen and its control frequency. This procedure, however, can be used only when the respective control value is based on large and reliable material (“stable” controls), a requirement that seems to be met in at least part of the systems used for mutagenesis screening. The procedure proposed has some advantages when compared with the 2 and the KASTENBAUM‐BOWMAN test, the most important one being that it can be employed when these two tests cannot (because of expected frequencies <5 in the 2 test and limited tabulations of the N and p values in the KASTENBAUM‐BOWMAN test). After explaining the procedure, an instruction how to carry it out is presented and illustrated by two examples (recessive sex‐linked lethal mutations in Drosophila melanogaster and dicentric chromosomes in human lymphocytes).
Ein fortran‐unterprogramm zur qnadratischen optimierung von mixturen
Authors: Crecknagel R.‐D. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA FORTRAN‐Subroutine is given to solve an optimization problem connected with the quadratic canonical mixture polynomial of SCHEFFÉ (1958).Two numerical examples demonstrate the use of the procedure. Some remarks about practical experience with the program in fermentation to optimize the compound of nutrient media are added.
Model building and testing for the change‐over design
Authors: Zimmermann H. , Rahlfs W. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe two‐period cross‐over design is discussed within the framework of univariate and multivariate analysis of variance technique; the relations between both procedures are explained. It is shown that all hypotheses of interest can be tested if the design is regarded as a special case of a repeated measurement design. Some features of the n‐period change‐over design are explained by discussing the model and hypotheses of a three‐period design.
Comparing two independent binomial proportions by a modified chi square test
Authors: Schouten H. J. A. , Molenaar I. W. , Van Strik R. , Boomsma A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractWhen using the chi square test to compare the proportions of successes in two independent binomial samples, a new continuity correction is proposed, which equals half the size of the smaller sample. Exact computations of unconditional tail‐probabilities, together with a theoretical argument, show that this correction is more appropriate than the YATES correction. This version of the chi square test is still conservative, but less so, and as a consequence more powerful, than the YATES corrected test.
Note on a binomial test against sectoral preference of circular observations
Authors: Lehmacher W. , Lienert G. A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA binomial test is proposed to test the nullhypothesis of uniform distribution of circular observations against the alternative of sectoral preference where the sector in which the observations are expected to cluster must be chosen prior to sampling. This binomial test against sectoral preference is illustrated by an example from psychopharmacology. The method is modified for comparing the sectoral proportions of two independent as well as two paired samples of circular observations.
On the combination of equality and inequality restrictions on regression coefficients
Authors: Toutenburg H. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe paper gives a method for using equality and inequality restrictions simultaneously. This is done by combining the estimator for linear equality restrictions and the minimax linear estimator principle which was developed for inequality restraints.The result is a ridge‐type estimator, namely a biased so‐to‐speak minimax‐linear estimator (MMLE) which dominates the classical MMLE in the sense of smaller MSE.
A remark on a paper by misra
Authors: Kabe D. G. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractMISRA (1978) sets confidence intervals for a double linear compound of multivariate normal regression coefficients by using ROY'S maximum root test criterion. The exact test statistic to be used is STUDENT'St.Thetstatistic gives narrower confidence bounds than those given by ROY's maximum root statistic. A result given by MORRISON (1975, p. 18, equation 10) for profile analysis is also obtained by using the STUDENT'Sttest.
A confidence interval for the unknown value of the regressor with given expectation of the regressand in model I of linear regression
Authors: Kuhnert D. , Horn M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn the case of model I of linear regression there is derived a confidence interval for that xo where the “true line” will reach a given value yo. The interval can be given by the intersections between the line y = yo and the hyperbolas providing pointwise confidence intervals of the expectations of y.
Determination of tsumacide residues in vegetable samples using a flow‐injection chemiluminescence method
Authors: Liu Haiyan , Hao Yuhong , Ren Juanjuan , He Pingang , Fang Yuzhi 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA sensitive, simple and rapid flow‐injection chemiluminescence (FI–CL) method is described to determine tsumacide pesticide residue based on the CL reaction of the alkaline degradation product of tsumacide with acidic KMnO4 when rhodamine 6G was present. Under the optimum conditions, the relative CL intensity is linear with the concentration of tsumacide in the range of 2.0 × 10−3–0.20 mg/L. The detection limit is 6.6 × 10−4 mg/L (3σ) and the relative standard deviation for 2.0 × 10−2 mg/L tsumacide solution was 2.28% (intra‐day) and 4.85% (inter‐day). The proposed method has been applied to determine the residue of tsumacide in vegetable samples and the recovery test is very satisfactory. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Flow‐injection determination of carbaryl and carbofuran based on KMnO4–Na2SO3 chemiluminescence detection
Authors: Waseem Amir , Yaqoob Mohammad , Nabi Abdul 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA flow‐injection method is described for the determination of carbaryl and carbofuran. It was found that a strong chemiluminescence (CL) signal was generated when these pesticides were mixed with Na2SO3 and KMnO4 in acidic medium. Under the optimum experimental conditions, the enhanced CL intensity was linear, with the concentrations in the range 0.1–2.0 µg/mL (r2 = 0.9996 and 0.9993, n = 6) with relative standard deviation (n = 4) in the range 1.0–2.3%. The limits of detection (3σ blank) were 10 and 50 ng/mL, respectively, with a sample throughput of 180/h. The proposed method was applied to determine carbaryl and carbofuran in freshwaters with satisfactory results. Most metal and non‐metal ions and some pesticides, such as carbophenothion and aldicarb, do not interfere with the determination. Dinoseb, diazinon and malathion calibration graphs (in the range 0.2–2.0 µg/mL, r2 = 0.9966–0.9988, n = 6) were also established with relative standard deviations (n = 4) in the range 1.2–2.0% with limits of detection (3σ blank) in the range 100–300 ng/mL. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Few substitutions affect the bioluminescence spectra of Phrixotrix (Coleoptera: Phengodidae) luciferases: a site‐directed mutagenesis survey
Authors: Viviani Vadim R. , Arnoldi Frederico G. C. , Ogawa Florisbela T. , Brochetto‐Braga M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractPhrixotrix (railroad worm) luciferases produce bioluminescence in the green and red regions of the spectrum, depending on the location of the lanterns, and are the only luciferases naturally producing red bioluminescence. Comparison of the luciferase sequences showed a set of substitutions that could be involved in bioluminescence colour determination: (a) unique substitutions in the red luciferase replacing otherwise invariant residues; (b) conserved basic residues in the green–yellow emitting luciferases; and (c) an additional R353 residue in red‐emitting luciferase (Viviani et al., 1999). To investigate whether these sites have a functional role in bioluminescence colour determination, we performed a site‐directed mutagenesis. Natural substitutions in the region 220–344 and residues in the putative luciferin‐binding site were also investigated. With the exception of the previously identified substitution of R215 and T226 (Viviani et al., 2002), which display dramatic red‐shift effects on the spectrum of green–yellow‐emitting luciferases, only a few substitutions had a moderate effect on the spectrum of the green‐emitting luciferase. In contrast, no single substitution affected the spectrum of the red‐emitting luciferase. The results suggest that the identity of the active site residues is not so critical for determining red bioluminescence in PxRE luciferase. Rather, the conformation assumed during the emitting step could be critical to set up proper interactions with excited oxyluciferin. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Duplex Formation of the Simplified Nucleic Acid GNA
Authors: Schlegel Mark K. , Peritz Adam E. , Kittigowittana Krisada , Zhang Lilu , Meggers Eric 
Published: April 2007

AbstractGlycol nucleic acid (GNA) has an acyclic backbone of propylene glycol nucleosides that are connected by phosphodiester bonds. This paper characterizes the duplex‐formation properties of this simplified nucleic acid. Although single and multiple GNA nucleotides are highly destabilizing if incorporated into DNA duplexes, the two enantiomeric oligomers (S)‐GNA and (R)‐GNA form antiparallel homoduplexes that are thermally and thermodynamically significantly more stable than analogous duplexes of DNA and RNA. The salt‐dependence and Watson–Crick‐pairing fidelity of GNA duplexes are similar to those of DNA duplexes, but, apparently, the 2′‐deoxyribonucleotide and the propylene glycol backbones are not compatible with each other. This conclusion is further supported by cross‐pairing experiments. Accordingly, both (S)‐ and (R)‐GNA strands do not generally pair with DNA. However, (S)‐GNA, but not (R)‐GNA, forms stable heteroduplexes with RNA in sequences that are low in G:C content. Altogether, the high stability and fidelity of GNA duplex formation in combination with the economical accessibility of propylene glycol building blocks for oligonucleotide synthesis render GNA an attractive candidate for the design of self‐assembling materials. They further suggest that GNA could be considered as a potential candidate for a predecessor of RNA during the evolution of life on Earth.
A Fluorogenic Peptide Containing the Processing Site of Human SARS Corona Virus S‐Protein: Kinetic Evaluation and NMR Structure Elucidation
Authors: Basak Ajoy , Mitra Abhijit , Basak Sarmistha , Pasko Carolyn , Chrétien Michel , Seaton Pamela 
Published: April 2007

AbstractHuman severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (hSARS‐CoV) is the causative agent for SARS infection. Its surface glycoprotein (spike protein) is considered to be one of the prime targets for SARS therapeutics and intervention because its proteolytic maturation by a host protease is crucial for host–virus fusion. Using intramolecularly quenched fluorogenic (IQF) peptides based on hSARS‐CoV spike protein (Abz‐755Glu‐Gln‐Asp‐Arg‐Asn‐Thr‐Arg‐Glu‐Val‐Phe‐Ala‐Gln766‐Tyx‐NH2) and in vitro studies, we show that besides furin, other PCs, like PC5 and PC7, might also be involved in this cleavage event. Through kinetic measurements with recombinant PCs, we observed that the peptide was cleaved efficiently by both furin and PC5, but very poorly by PC7. The cleavage could be blocked by a PC‐inhibitor, α1‐PDX, in a dose‐dependent manner. Circular dichroism spectra indicated that this peptide possesses a high degree of sheet structure. Following cleavage by furin, the sheet content increased, possibly at the expense of turn and random structures. 1H NMR spectra from 2D COSY and ROESY experiments under physiological buffer and pH conditions indicated that this peptide possesses a structure with a turn at its C‐terminal segment, close to the cleavage site. The data suggest that the cleavable peptide bond is located within the most exposed domain; this is supported by the nearby turn structure. Several strong to weak NMR ROESY correlations were detected, and a 3D structure of the spike IQF peptide that contains the crucial cleavage site R761↓E has been proposed.
Mixed‐Metal (Platinum, Palladium), Mixed‐Pyrimidine (Uracil, Cytosine) Self‐Assembling Metallacalix[n]arenes: Dynamic Combinatorial Chemistry with Nucleobases and Metal Species
Authors: Gil Bardají Elisa , Freisinger Eva , Costisella Burkhard , Schalley Christoph A. , Brüning Wolfgang , Sabat Michal , Lippert Bernhard 
Published: April 2007

AbstractReactions between the mononuclear mixed‐nucleobase complex [Pt(en)(UH‐N1)(CH2‐N3)]+(1; en: ethylenediamine; UH‐N1: uracil monoanion bonded through the N1 atom; CH2‐N3: neutral cytosine bonded through the N3 atom) and [PdII(en)] or [PdII(2,2′‐bpy)] (2,2′‐bpy: 2,2′‐bipyridine) lead to libraries of compounds of different stoichiometries and different connectivities. In these compounds, the palladium entity binds to or cross‐links either the N3 sites of uracil and/or the N1 sites of cytosine, following deprotonation of these positions to give uracil dianions (U) and cytosine monoanions (CH). Cyclic species, which can be considered as metallacalix[n]arenes, have been detected in several cases, withnbeing 4 and 8. The complexity of the compounds formed not only results from the possibility of the two different nucleobases in building block1engaging in different connectivities with the Pd entities, but also from the potential for the formation of oligomers of different sizes and different conformations; in the case of cyclic tetranuclear Pt2Pd2species, this can, in principle, lead to the various arrangements (cone, partial cone, 1,2‐alternate, 1,3‐alternate) known from calix[4]arene chemistry. A further complication arises from the fact that, depending on the mutual orientation of the exocyclic groups of the two nucleobases (O2 and O4 of uracil, O2 and N4 of cytosine), these sites can be engaged in additional chelation of [PdII(en)] and [PdII(2,2′‐bpy)]. Thus, penta‐, hexa‐, and octanuclear complexes, Pt2Pd3, Pt2Pd4, and Pt2Pd6, derived from cyclic Pt2Pd2tetramers have been isolated and characterized.
Design and Non‐Covalent DNA Binding of Platinum(II) Metallacalix[4]arenes
Authors: Galindo Miguel A. , Olea David , Romero M. Angustias , Gómez Julio , del Castillo Pedro , Hannon Michael J. , Rodger Alison , Zamora Félix , Navarro Jorge A. R. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA set of cyclic tetranuclear complexes of the metallacalix[4]arene type with formula [{Pt(en)(L)}4]4+ (en=ethylenediamine; 2: LH=5‐chloro‐2‐hydroxypyrimidine (5‐Cl‐Hpymo); 3: LH=5‐bromo‐2‐hydroxypyrimidine (5‐Br‐Hpymo); 4: LH=5‐iodo‐2‐hydroxypyrimidine (5‐I‐Hpymo)) have been obtained from the reaction between cis‐protected square‐planar [Pt(en)(H2O)2]2+ metal entities and LH in aqueous media. Additionally, the binding properties of 2, 3, 4 and their congener [{Pt(en)(L)}4]4+ (1: LH=2‐hydroxypyrimidine (Hpymo)) with calf thymus‐DNA (ct‐DNA) have been studied by using different techniques including circular and linear dichroism (CD and LD, respectively) and UV‐visible absorbance spectroscopies, gel electrophoresis, fluorescence competitive‐binding studies and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The results are consistent with significant non‐covalent interactions taking place between the polynuclear cyclic species and ct‐DNA. Moreover, gel electrophoresis, linear dichroism titrations and AFM images of ct‐DNA with metallacalixarenes show ct‐DNA coiling at low metallacalixarene concentrations and upon subsequent increments in metallacalixarene concentration ct‐DNA can be seen to uncoil with concomitant formation of long and inflexible ct‐DNA structures.