bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
POU domain transcription factors: BRN2 as a regulator of melanocytic growth and tumourigenesis
Authors: Cook Anthony L. , Sturm Richard A. 
Published: September 2008

SummarySeveral parallels between stem cell biology and tumour behaviour have been discovered in recent times. Such commonality is apparent in the unlimited capacity for cell division together with the lack of a differentiated phenotype in embryonic and adult stem cells, traits shared with tumour cells. Differentiation is a tightly regulated process that is mediated by the actions of multiple transcription factor families. The POU domain‐containing family of transcription factors contains multiple mammalian members divided into six classes, which can be expressed broadly or in a cell‐specific manner, and which are regulators of cell fate decisions of many different lineages. Target gene regulation can occur via a POU factor acting alone, or in combination with other POU proteins, ubiquitous co‐activators or co‐repressors, or other lineage restricted transcription factors. Aberrant levels of POU proteins have been found in several malignancies, including melanoma, connecting the otherwise developmentally restricted gene regulatory functions of POU transcription factors to the critical determinants of malignant transformation. Here, we focus on the role of the BRN2 (POU3F2/N‐Oct‐3) transcription factor in the melanocytic lineage where it may co‐ordinate normal developmental cues that can be re‐activated in melanoma. Recent studies have shown BRN2 to be responsive to MAPK pathway activation and to modulate the levels of MITF so as to suppress the differentiated melanocytic phenotype and to enhance tumour metastasis.
Malignant solitary fibrous tumour of the orbit
Authors: Girnita Leonard , Sahlin Sven , Orrego Abiel , Seregard Stefan 
Published: September 2008

Abstract.Purpose:  We aimed to report a case of orbital solitary fibrous tumour (SFT) in a child and to review the relevant literature.Methods:  We describe an SFT in a 13‐year‐old boy with a 1‐month history of painless proptosis in the left eye.Results:  Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a well circumscribed mass filling most of the left intraconal orbit. The lesion was excised and histopathological examination revealed a malignant SFT. Postoperative follow‐up for 18 months was uneventful.Conclusions:  Malignant SFT of the orbit should be included in the differential diagnosis of paediatric orbital tumours. Complete surgical excision remains the preferred method of management and the longterm prognosis is guarded.
Le cadre juridique international de la sauvegarde et de la promotion des langues
Authors: Blake Janet 
Published: September 2008

RésuméIl existe un nombre appréciable de normes juridiques internationales, pour la plupart axées sur les droits, qui répondent aux besoins des communautés linguistiques concernant la sauvegarde et la promotion de leur langue. Certains des instruments de l’UNESCO relatifs au patrimoine culturel sont également utiles à cet égard. Le propos du présent article est d’analyser les lois existantes, leur efficacité et les principes qui les sous‐tendent afin de déterminer si une réglementation plus poussée est nécessaire dans ce domaine et d’évaluer l’utilité des approches non normatives.
Un Musée du langage à Londres
Authors: Crystal David 
Published: September 2008

RésuméAu milieu des années 1990, un projet de musée sur le thème du Monde du langage a vu le jour à Londres. L’auteur retrace l’origine de ce projet, en analyse le contenu et la méthodologie et explique pour quelles raisons il n’a pu aboutir. Après avoir évoqué des initiatives du même type dans différents pays, il expose les principes directeurs de la Maison des langues (Linguamón) de Barcelone, qu’il compare avec le projet londonien. Pour finir, l’auteur s’interroge sur la faisabilité d’un projet similaire au Royaume‐Uni dans les années à venir.
Occupational health and safety legislation in Ontario: an analysis of its origins and content
Authors: WALTERS VIVIENNE 
Published: September 2008

Cette étude reconnait les moyens par lesquels le conflit des classes et les contradictions structurelles dans le traitement de la main d'oeuvre ont influencé la récente législation sur la sécurité et la santé au travail en Ontario. Certains disent que le déclenchement de la procédure législative qui a abouti au projet de loi 70, répondait essentiellement au coût grimpant des blessures et maladies industrielles que devaient payer les employeurs et l'Etat. Le contenu de la législation semble avoir été formulé par les pressions des organizations ouvrières.This paper identifies ways in which class conflict and structural contradictions in the labour process have influenced recent occupational health and safety legislation in Ontario. It is argued that the initiation of the legislative process leading up to Bill 70 can be understood primarily as a response to the increasing costs of industrial illness and injury borne by employers and the state. The content of the legislation appears to have been shaped by pressures from organized labour.
Risk as a Window to Agency: A Case Study of Three Decorators
Authors: Blossom Nancy H. , Turpin John C. 
Published: September 2008

This paper explores the idea of “risk” by examining the role of three women in interior design in the twentieth century (Elsie de Wolfe, 1865–1950; Dorothy Draper, 1888–1969; and Sister Parish, 1929–1994). Women's roles as arbiters of taste were consistent with the social construction of the female gender at the turn of the century; that these roles involved risk—the perception of possible loss or injury—is, for the most part, overlooked by social historians. Our theoretical framework is built upon three keywords from the vocabularies of postmodern social history and women's history: discourse, experience, and agency. These three terms represent the important recognition that the collective understanding of history is not static, but is dependent on the social constructs of the period, as well as (1) how individuals experienced, interpreted, and acted within these constructs and (2) how historians understand and interpret the individual actions in the context of the same constructs. These concepts suggest that individual characters have agency (i.e., power or choice) in framing or reframing an event, based on their unique view of the world. It is through agency that we explore unique qualities of de Wolfe, Draper, and Parish. The stories of de Wolfe, Draper, and Parish demonstrate that risk of traditional values, risk of public persona, and risk of financial security all influenced the ways that they navigated the social and economic circumstances that surrounded them. Each risk, whether imposed on or undertaken by our protagonists, was a seed of change that ultimately affected the social and professional construct of the field of interior design.
La Maison de Verre: Negotiating a Modern Domesticity
Authors: Edwards M. Jean , Gjertson W. Geoff 
Published: September 2008

The Maison de Verre (1928–1932), built in Paris and designed by Pierre Chareau in collaboration with Dutch architect Bernard Bijvoët, metalworker Louis Dalbet, and the clients, Dr. and Mme Dalsace, does not fit easily within the canon of modern architecture and interior design. Though acknowledged at the time of its construction for the groundbreaking use of modern building materials and technological innovations, it went unacknowledged throughout much of the twentieth century as a defining modernist building until a 1969 essay by Kenneth Frampton rescued the house from critical obscurity. In his essay, Frampton asks whether the house is to be understood as a conventional building or as a piece of furniture. The possibility that the house might be better understood as a “piece of furniture” suggests two questions: (1) Is the Maison de Verre more significant for its interior design than for its architecture and (2) can its significance be located in the quality of livability that resulted from the negotiation between the ideals of early modernism and the demands of habitation? Our purpose is to propose answers to these questions by analyzing the complexities of Chareau's design in relation to the rhetoric of early modern architectural theory and its challenge to the nineteenth–century concept of domesticity. We assert that Chareau's design resolution as expressed in the interior of the Maison de Verre represents a case study in livability that warrants greater attention in the context of the history and theory of interior design distinct from architectural history and theory.
Cymbidium Ringspot Virus Harnesses RNA Silencing To Control the Accumulation of Virus Parasite Satellite RNA
Authors: Pantaleo Vitantonio , Burgyán József 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACT

Cymbidium ringspot virus
(CymRSV) satellite RNA (satRNA) is a parasitic subviral RNA replicon that replicates and accumulates at the cost of its helper virus. This 621-nucleotide (nt) satRNA species has no sequence similarity to the helper virus, except for a 51-nt-long region termed the helper-satellite homology (HSH) region, which is essential for satRNA replication. We show that the accumulation of satRNA strongly depends on temperature and on the presence of the helper virus p19 silencing suppressor protein, suggesting that RNA silencing plays a crucial role in satRNA accumulation. We also demonstrate that another member of the
Tombusvirus
genus,
Carnation Italian ringspot virus
(CIRV), supports satRNA accumulation at a higher level than CymRSV. Our results suggest that short interfering RNA (siRNA) derived from CymRSV targets satRNA more efficiently than siRNA from CIRV, possibly because of the higher sequence similarity between the HSH regions of the helper and CIRV satRNAs. RNA silencing sensor RNA carrying the putative satRNA target site in the HSH region was efficiently cleaved when transiently expressed in CymRSV-infected plants but not in CIRV-infected plants. Strikingly, replacing the CymRSV HSH box2 sequence with that of CIRV restores satRNA accumulation both at 24°C and in the absence of the p19 suppressor protein. These findings demonstrate the extraordinary adaptation of this virus to its host in terms of harnessing the antiviral silencing response of the plant to control the virus parasite satRNA.
Behavioural and social correlates of sedentary time in young people
Authors: van Sluijs E M F , Page A , Ommundsen Y , Griffin S J 
Published: September 2008

ObjectiveIn this study, behavioural and social correlates of objectively measured sedentary time in young people were identified.DesignCross-sectional analysis of data from the European Youth Heart Study (EYHS).SettingSchools in Denmark, Estonia, Portugal and Norway.ParticipantsRespondents were invited using a twostage cluster sampling procedure. Analyses include 2107 children (9–10 years old) and adolescents (14–15 years old).Assessment of independent variablesSeven behavioural and 15 social variables assessed by parental and computerised child questionnaires.Main outcome measureSedentary activity as assessed by accelerometry (10 min blocks at <200 counts/min). Analyses were stratified by country, and interactions with grade and sex were investigated.ResultsAdolescents were more sedentary than children (335.4 (90.4 min/day) vs 217.2 (75.6 min/day), p<0.001). Patterns of associations differed across countries. High computer use and no television viewing before school in Norway, and being sedentary during school breaks in Estonia were positively associated with sedentary time. No behavioural variables were associated with sedentary time in the Danish and Portuguese models. Socioeconomic position was positively associated with sedentary time in Portugal and Estonia, father's body mass index negatively in the Estonian model. Norwegian participants with a game console at home and Portuguese participants with a television in their bedroom were more sedentary.ConclusionsA single strategy aimed at reducing sedentary behaviour is unlikely to be effective across Europe as the target populations and behaviours of focus differ between countries. Targeting high socioeconomic groups in Portugal and Estonia or focusing on reducing computer use in Norway might be effective intervention strategies to reduce overall sedentary time.
The reliability measurements of lateral scapular slide test at three different degrees of shoulder joint abduction
Authors: Shadmehr A , Bagheri H , Ansari N N , Sarafraz H 
Published: September 2008

BackgroundLateral scapular slide test (LSST) quantitatively measures the distance between thoracic spine (T7) and inferior angle of scapula.ObjectiveIn this study, the intra-rater reliability, inter-rater reliability and diagnostic accuracy of LSST were measured using a caliper.MethodsThree measurements of each test position were obtained bilaterally. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) (2.1), 95% CI and 2 SEMs were calculated for intra-rater and inter-rater reliability of the absolute scapular distance. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratios were determined.Results27 people with and 30 people without shoulder pain participated. The mean age (SD) for the participant was 47.7 (11.6) years and 33.5 (11.7) years, respectively. The ICCs for intra-rater reliability were high. A range of poor to good ICCs was found for inter-rater reliability. The 2 SEMs ranged from 4.6 to 7.9 mm for intra-rater reliability and from 6.8 to 13.4 mm for inter-rater reliability for people with shoulder pain. Positive and negative likelihood ratios from 0.94 to 1.22 and from 0.21 to 2.5, respectively, were demonstrated.ConclusionSST did not show a consistent high reliability. The diagnostic accuracy of the LSST was low, which questions the clinical importance of the tests outcomes.
Treatment of osteitis pubis and osteomyelitis of the pubic symphysis in athletes: a systematic review
Authors: Choi Haemi , McCartney Michael , Best Thomas M 
Published: September 2008

ObjectivesThe authors examined the most current evidence for treatment options in athletes with osteitis pubis and osteomyelitis pubis, attempting to determine which options provide optimal pain relief with rapid return to sport and prevention of symptom reoccurrence.MethodsThree databases—MEDLINE, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and CINAHL—were searched using the OVID interface for all years between 1985 and May 2008. References were analysed from included studies, and additional relevant articles were obtained for inclusion. Inclusion criteria included (1) humans only, (2) subjects had no apparent risk factors for development of osteitis pubis or osteomyelitis of the pubic symphysis other than athletic involvement, (3) both physical exam findings and diagnostic imaging were used to confirm either diagnosis, and (4) a definitive treatment strategy was identifiable for management of osteitis pubis or osteomyelitis of the pubic symphysis. In total, 25 articles were included in the review.ResultsThere were no randomised controlled trials identified with this study's search strategy. A total of 195 athletes were diagnosed as having osteitis pubis (186 males, nine females) and treated with either conservative measures/physical therapy, local injection with corticosteroids and/or local anaesthetic, dextrose prolotherapy, surgery or antibiotic therapy. Six case reports/series described conservative treatment measures (physical therapy, rest, non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs). Four case series explored the use of corticosteroid injections in treatment. One case series described the use of dextrose prolotherapy as a treatment modality. Six case series described various surgical techniques (pubic symphysis curettage, polypropylene mesh placement and pubic bone stabilisation) in treatment. Ten case reports/series (10 subjects) outlined antibiotic treatment of osteomyelitis of the pubic symphysis.ConclusionsThe current medical literature shows only level 4 evidence of the treatment for osteitis pubis in 24 case reports/series in athletes. Without any direct comparison of treatment modalities, it is difficult to determine which individual treatment option is the most efficacious. Further study comparing the different treatment options is necessary to determine which modality provides the fastest return to sport.
Vibration therapy reduces plasma IL6 and muscle soreness after downhill running
Authors: Broadbent S , Rousseau J J , Thorp R M , Choate S L , Jackson F S , Rowlands D S 
Published: September 2008

ObjectiveIn this study, the effects of vibration therapy (VT) on delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) and associated inflammatory markers after downhill running were determined.Methods29 male recreational runners (33 (8) years; Vo2peak 57 (6) ml kg−1min−1) completed a 40-min downhill run and were randomly allocated to a VT group or Control group. For 5 days post-run, the VT group underwent once-daily sessions of VT on the upper and lower legs. DOMS was assessed pre-run and for 5 days post-run by visual analogue scale. Immune cell subsets and plasma inflammatory markers were assessed pre-run, post-run, 24 and 120 h post-run by full differential cell count, and by ELISA and enzyme immunoassay, respectively. Data were analysed as per cent change from pre-run (ANOVA) and the magnitude of the treatment effect (Cohen's effect size statistics).ResultsVT significantly reduced calf pain 96 h post-run (−50% (40%), 90% confidence limits) and gluteal pain 96 h (−50% (40%)) and 120 h post-run (−30% (30%)); decreased interleukin 6 (IL6) 24 h (−46% (31%)) and 120 h post-run (−65% (30%)); substantially decreased histamine 24 h (−40% (50%)) and 120 h post-run (−37% (48%)); substantially increased neutrophils (8.6% (8.1%)) and significantly decreased lymphocytes (−17% (12%)) 24 h post-run. There were no clear substantial effects of VT on other leukocyte subsets and inflammatory markers.ConclusionVT reduces muscle soreness and IL6. It may stimulate lymphocyte and neutrophil responses and may be a useful modality in treating muscle inflammation.
Where are the Legal Hadīth? A Study of the Musannaf of Ibn Abī Shayba
Authors: Lucas Scott 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe Musannaf of Ibn Abī Shayba provides unparalleled access into the legal thought of the "Companions of hadīth" in 2nd/8th and early 3rd/9th century Iraq. This article consists of a quantitative analysis of 3628 narrations found in the Musannaf in the books on zakāt, divorce, and hadd crimes. It demonstrates that the Prophet Muhammad was an important authority in the Musannaf, but that he appears in only 8.7% of the narrations examined. Furthermore, it shows that the "Companions of hadīth" relied upon the legal opinions of many of the same Companions and Successors whom Joseph Schacht identified as the primary authorities for the "Companions of ra'y". It also identifies a division within the "Companions of hadīth" between those who, like Ibn Abī Shayba, categorically reject the opinions of post-Successor jurists, and others who accept them.
"Fantastic Charities": The Transformation of Waqf Practice in Colonial Zanzibar
Authors: Oberauer Norbert 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe present study examines the impact of British colonial rule on waqf practice in Zanzibar. I argue that colonial policy towards waqf did not aim at the dismantlement of waqf as such. Nonetheless, it disrupted traditional patterns of waqf practice. Traditionally, waqf was controlled by wealthy patron families who used endowments to foster bonds of dependence and loyalty with manifold clientele and to maintain mosques representing the patron's social status. This practice was antithetical to British political and economic ideas, which were modern and capitalist. British officials insisted that patrons must use their wealth as a business resource and that the maintenance of mosques was a responsibility of the state. Accordingly, the British controlled waqf administration classified endowments as either "family waqf" or "mosque waqf". The first was fully exploited in favour of the founder's family, while the latter was turned into revenue for public mosque upkeep. As a result, waqf ceased to be an economic base for patron-client relationships and clients were transformed into a modern working class entirely dependent on wage labour.
Institutionalizing Sectarianism: The Lebanese Ja'fari Court and Shi'i Society under the French Mandate
Authors: Weiss Max 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe French Mandate authorities in Greater Lebanon formally recognized the Ja'fari madhhab in January 1926. As a result, state-led shari'a courts in Beirut, South Lebanon and the Bekaa Valley, the Lebanese Ja'fari court, were authorized to adjudicate matters of personal status—marriage, divorce, nafaqa, inheritance and property. As the first Lebanese Shi'i institution to enjoy communal autonomy granted by the state, the records from the Ja'fari courts provide insight into the everyday life-worlds of ordinary Shi'i Muslims in Lebanon during a period of gradual social change. Through a close reading of some unique cases—dealing with inheritance, maslaha and zinā—this article invites a consideration of how both the bureaucratization and practice of Shi'i law in these courts were central to the institutionalization of a new kind of Shi'i sectarianism in Mandate-era Lebanon.
Humiliation and the Inertia Effect: Implications for Understanding Violence and Compromise in Intractable Intergroup Conflicts
Authors: Ginges Jeremy , Atran Scott 
Published: September 2008

AbstractWe investigated the influence of humiliation on inter-group conflict in three
studies of Palestinians living in the West Bank and Gaza. We demonstrate
that experienced humiliation produces an inertia effect; a tendency towards
inaction that suppresses rebellious or violent action but which
paradoxically also suppresses support for acts of inter-group compromise. In
Study 1, Palestinians who felt more humiliated by the Israeli occupation
were less likely to support suicide attacks against Israelis. In Study 2,
priming Palestinians with a humiliating experience caused fewer expressions
of joy when subsequently hearing about suicide attacks. In Study 3,
Palestinians who felt more humiliated by peace deals were less likely to
support those deals, while Israeli symbolic compromises that decreased
feelings of humiliation increased support for the same deals. While the
experience of humiliation does not seem to contribute to political violence,
it does seem to suppress support for conflict resolution.
Descartes' Mistake: How Afterlife Beliefs Challenge the Assumption that Humans are Intuitive Cartesian Substance Dualists
Authors: Hodge K. Mitch 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis article presents arguments and evidence that run counter to the widespread assumption among scholars that humans are intuitive Cartesian substance dualists. With regard to afterlife beliefs, the hypothesis of Cartesian substance dualism as the intuitive folk position fails to have the explanatory power with which its proponents endow it. It is argued that the embedded corollary assumptions of the intuitive Cartesian substance dualist position (that the mind and body are different substances, that the mind and soul are intensionally identical, and that the mind is the sole source of identity) are not compatible with cultural representations such as mythologies, funerary rites, iconography and doctrine as well as empirical evidence concerning intuitive folk reasoning about the mind and body concerning the afterlife. Finally, the article suggests an alternative and more parsimonious explanation for understanding intuitive folk representations of the afterlife.