bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EFFEC T OF MOLYBDENUM AND OTHER OXIDES ON SURFACE TENSION OF SILICATE MELTS AND ON PROPERTIES OF REFRACTORIES AND ABRASIVES*
Authors: AMBERC C. R. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA modification of the drop‐weight method of measuring surface tension in molten silicates is used to determine the effect of small additions of MoO3, V2O6, WO3, Sb2O3, Ni3O4, CO3O3, MnO2, UO2, and As2O3 to a glaze, a glass, and an enamel composition. Molybdenum trioxide is found to be an outstanding surface‐tension reducer or wetting agent. The use of lowered surface tension in coatings and bonds has made possible oxidationresistant graphite crucibles and silicon carbide refractories; harder, long‐lived, free‐cutting abrasive wheels; and coated abrasive grain with improved adherence to glue.
UVERITE—A MILL ADDITION OPACIFIER FOR PORCELAIN ENAMEL*
Authors: Harbert C. J. , Iliff John W. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractUverite is the trade name for an antimony‐titanium opacifier, having an approximate formula of 7CaO·CaF2·6TiO2·2Sb2O5. When compared with tin oxide in a range of commercial enamels, it has proved to be equivalent in its effect on opacity, color, gloss, firing range, general workability, and durability.
HERMETICALLY SEALED STEATITE*
Authors: Hausner Henry H. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe problem of sealing metals to steatite are similar to those encountered in glass‐metal seals but it is more difficult because four different materials must be joined, namely, steatite, glaze, metal oxide, and metal. The thermal expansion coefficient of these materials must obtain in a certain relationship to guarantee a hermetic seal. The use of high‐chromium steel for sealing purposes and the properties of this steel are described. Some design criteria for hermetically sealing steatite bushings are discussed and hints on manufacturing these bushings are given.
USE OF BROMATE IN VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS: IX, DETERMINATION OF ARSENIC AND ANTIMONY BY THE GYÖRY METHOD*
Authors: Smith G. Frederick 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe determination of arsenic and of antimony by the oxidation of the hydrochloric acid solutions of their tervalent forms using standard bromate as oxidant by the Györy method has long been a preferred procedure. This method involves the use of strongly acid, hot solutions and nonreversible internal dye‐stuff indicators. Difficulties result from the instability of the indicators under the required conditions. The published improvements as applied to the Györy method are discussed and evaluated. The new study of the old procedure shows that the use of a hot solution is not required. The experimental proof of this conclusion is given, and the use of the “electron beam sectrometer” and a modified “dead stop” equivalence‐point determination has been applied to establish the concordance between the potentiometric and visual indicator applications. The performance of the various applicable internal indicators has been described and those preferred are specified.
EFFECT OF IRON ON FLUORESCENCE IN GLASS*
Authors: Thorington Luke , Russell Ralston , Silverman Alexander 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe mechanism of fluorescence as it occurs in a uranium glass when irradiated with ultraviolet light is discussed with special reference to factors affecting both the intensity and spectral distribution of the fluorescence. The destructive effect of iron on the fluorescence of the glass is discussed and is illustrated by spectral absorption curves and by recorded fluorescence spectra. Conclusions based on these data indicate that iron not only absorbs a large portion of the exciting radiation, thereby decreasing the fluorescence emission, but also re‐emits this absorbed radiation in the infrared, thus bringing about the infrared quenching of the fluorescence. Iron also causes an electrical disturbance around the fluorescing centers and is apparently capable of preventing the absorption of exciting radiation by these centers, further decreasing the intensity of fluorescence. A slight shift of the fluorescence spectrum toward shorter wave lengths is brought about by the presence of iron and is evidence of a weakening of the binding forces within the glass.
EFFECT OF CHEMICAL COMPOSITION ON REFRACTIVE INDEX AND ABBE VALUE FOR TERNARY SILICATE GLASS SYSTEMS*
Authors: Huggins Maurice L , Sun Kuan‐Han , Welch Ruth M. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA general procedure (based on previously published equations and constants) is outlined for the production of a chart showing the relationship between refractive index, Abbe value, and composition for ternary silicate glass systems. As an example, such a chart is presented for the Na2O–CaO–SiO2 system.
STIFFENING EFFECT OF PORCELAIN ENAMEL ON SHEET IRON: I–II*
Authors: Wolford Don S. , Selby Glenn E. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe stiffening effect of porcelain enamel is important in applications involving flat surfaces, such as panels, signs, tabletops, cabinets, refrigerators, and stoves. The purpose of this paper is to report on several investigations evaluating the effect.Bending tests were made on small flat specimens of 18‐ to 28‐gauge sheet iron coated on both sides with porcelain enamel ranging in thickness from 0.004 to 0.025 in. per side. Substantial increases in stiffness reaching as high as 1500% for 28‐gauge steel with 0.025 in. of enamel on each side are shown in comparisons between bare and enameled specimens. The increases in ultimate bending strength range to 500%, but the usable increase is somewhat less. Bending tests were made on porcelain‐enameled corrugated sheets, which showed somewhat smaller increases in stiffness and bending strength due to enameling. The minimum thickness of base metal and maximum thickness of enamel are, of course, governed by practical considerations, such as the resistance necessary against chipping and the ability to maintain flatness during firing, which also depend on shape and proportions of the product.A method is given for computing the bending properties of flat sheets and formed sections by means of the usual formulas of mechanics with correction factors for the porcelain enamel. Conversion curves are shown by which bare and enameled sheets may be compared.
INFLUENCE OF BATCH MIXING TIME AND BATCH GRAIN SIZE ON HOMOGENEITY OF A SODA‐LIME‐SILICA GLASS*
Authors: Tooley F. V. , Tiede R. L. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractDensity‐spread determinations were made on a series of melts of a soda‐lime‐silica glass employing batches compounded from raw materials varying in particle size from 20‐ to 60‐mesh to minus 200‐mesh, which had been mixed by tumbling for one, ten, or thirty minutes. The two melting techniques employed were (1) melting for sixteen hours in a stationary platinum crucible at 1400°C. under conditions of even temperature distribution and consequently a minimum of convection mixing and (2) melting for four hours at 1400°C. in a rotating tilted crucible; this condition was intended to simulate convection mixingUnder the experimental conditions employed, it was found that (1) batch mixing time has relatively little effect on the homogenizing rate, (2) homogenization increases rapidly with decrease in grain size, and (3) in all cases the 4‐hour melting treatment with moderate mixing gives better homogeneity than sixteen hours melting time in a stationary crucible, this effect increasing with decrease in grain size. No significant difference in glass homogeneity resulted from three different methods of mixing, namely, tumbling, ball milling, and mixing in a muller‐type mixer, although the homogenizing influence imposed probably was sufficient to mask any differences in uniformity of mixing that might have existed.
I. DELAYED THERMAL CONTRACTION AND CRAZING OF CERAMIC GLAZES
Authors: Mattyasovszky‐Zsolnay L. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractExperimental rods, glazed with sixteen different glazes, representing various possible types of earthenware glazes, were tested in the Steger stress‐measuring apparatus before and after five years of airtight storage. The original stress of all the glazes remained constant within the limit of accuracy of the method, indicating that the delayed thermal contraction of the glazes is negligible.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOME HIGH‐TEMPERATURE REFRACTORY COMPOSITIONS*
Authors: Pole Gordon R. , Beinlich Alfred W. , Gilbert Nathan 
Published: June 2006

AbstractIn the course of an investigation that involved a study of pyrochemical reactions, it was necessary to develop a refractory that could be used satisfactorily at temperatures in the range of 1800° to 2200°C. It was found that calcined magnesia (96%, MgO) or electrically fused magnesia (98% MgO) could be bonded adequately by mixing sized aggregates with 2.5%, by weight of calcined sea‐water magnesia and wetting with a 24° Bé. solution of magnesium chloride Large shapes of these compositions fired at 1450°C. were satisfactory for use in the required temperature range.A small‐scale study OF the properties of various refractory bodies showed that compositions containing relatively pure limestone or dolomite readily hydrated in water even after firing to 2100°C. and were unsuitable for refractory use. The addition of silica, alumina, zirconia, chromic oxide, or combinations of these oxides to dolomite or limestone resulted in a refractory stable against hydration.The inversion of zirconia was reduced appreciably by the addition of 5% magnesia. Bodies containing BaO·ZrO2 and CaO·ZrO2 were found to be stable after firing to 2100°C. with no inversion up to 1200°C. and with a coefficient of expansion less than that of electrically fused magnesia.Small‐ and large‐scale tests of an MgO·Cr2O3 spinel composition showed this material to be highly refractory with a low coefficient of expansion; the compound, however, dissociates and loses Cr2O3 above 1700°C. While the small‐scale tests disclosed a number of compositions which show promise as high‐temperature refractories, their full evaluation for use on a large scale was not made.
QUANTITATIVE SPECTROGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF CERAMIC MATERIALS*
Authors: Smith R. W. , Hoagbin J. E. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA rapid spectrographic method for the quantitative analysis of ceramic materials has been developed. Samples as small as 50 mg. may be analyzed completely, and the speed is sufficient for the routine control of mixing, grinding, and other processes. The special problems of sampling and mixing are discussed in detail. Procedures are given for carrying out the determinations of soda and silica in alumina, but the method is equally applicable to other elements and other matrices. Numerical data are given showing the accuracy and precision to be expected in routine work.
RELATION OF ENAMELING IRON PREPARATION AND ACCESSORY CONDITIONS TO COPPERHEAD‐TYPE DEFECTS*
Authors: Pfeiffer W. H. , Sheldon R. S. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe tendency of blue ground‐coat enamels to copperhead is shown to be related to residual iron salts formed on the surfaces of enameling iron sheets in sulfuric acid pickling. Ferrous sulfate generated in the pickling oxidizes and hydrolyzes readily into compounds which are not soluble in cyanide neutralizer. These effects may be retarded by keeping the solutions between the sulfuric acid and the neutralizer slightly acid and by minimizing the time in these solutions and the exposure to air in transferring between them. The determination of these conditions and the establishment of satisfactory procedures in the production process are described. Some accessory conditions which affect copperheading are also included.
STRESS‐STRAIN RELATIONS IN CERAMIC MATERIALS*
Authors: Lassettre Marjorie , Everhart J. O. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe electric strain gauge was used to study the deformation of several types of ceramic materials under stress. It was found that they behaved as elastic materials. The hard‐fired materials exhibit straight‐line deformation to failure while the softer‐fired have a proportional elastic limit beyond which the stress‐strain curve deviates from a straight line. Data indicate that engineering formulas based on elastic materials may be applied to ceramic materials.
DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF GLASSES AT ULTRA‐HIGH FREQUENCIES AND THEIR RELATION TO COMPOSITION *
Authors: Navias Louis , Green F. L. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe dielectric constants and dielectric losses of 104 glasses of a wide range of compositions have been measured at 10‐cm. and 3‐cm. wave lengths by the resonating cavity method (3000 and 10,000 megacycles, respectively). By correlating the power‐factor data with the compositions of these glasses, the authors propose a qualitative explanation of the mechanisms producing energy absorption and dielectric losses in the microwave range. These mechanisms are determined by the nature of the bonds joining atoms and ions in the randomly oriented atomic networks of glasses.The rigid and continuous networks of SiO2 and B2O3 glasses are relatively transparent to centimeter wave lengths. Energy absorption and dielectric losses are low. Addition of network‐modifying oxides yields glasses of greater energy absorption owing to the oscillation of the interstitial ions thus introduced. Increasing the content of any one of these ions in a glass results in higher losses while the coexistence of a variety of these ions generally results in lower losses.Alkali ions in glasses give rise to high losses, which increase as the number of ions present increases. Glasses containing a combination of alkalis show lower losses than the equivalent compositions with only one alkali. Divalent ions do not contribute as much to losses as alkalis, but high power factors are shown by glasses with high BaO or PbO contents. Using combinations of these oxides instead of only one, slight reductions in power factor are effected. Dissimilar interstitial ions interact in ultra‐high frequency fields with the result that energy absorption is reduced. The losses of high‐lead glasses are thus reduced by alkalis and, on the other hand, the presence of RO lowers the losses of glasses containing R2O. Alumina increases the dielectric losses of glasses in much the same manner as other network modifiers.
FACTORS GOVERNING ADHERENCE OF ENAMELS APPLIED TO SHEET IRON *
Authors: Johnson L. A. , Howe E. E. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA series of tests were conducted to ascertain the effect of nickel deposition and firing variations upon the adherence of enamels applied to special enameling sheets. Limits were established for securing optimum adherence of zirconium‐opacifid white, antimony‐molybdenum‐opacified white, and commercial blue ground‐coat enamels.
NOTES ON REACTION BETWEEN MgO AND VARIOUS TYPES OF REFRACTORIES *
Authors: Norton C. L. , Hooper Bradford 
Published: June 2006

AbstractSamples of high‐heat duty, superduty, 60% Al2O3, 70% Al2O3, 90% Al2O3, fused‐alumina, kaolin base, kyanite base, chrome magnesite, silicon carbide, zircon, and chrome‐magnesite compositions were tested for reaction with MgO at temperatures of 2200°, 2600°, and 2800°F. (1205°, 1425°, and 1540°C.). Silicon carbide and zircon refractories showed a slight reaction at 2800°F. and none at 2600°F. or at 2200°F. Commercial grades of firebrick containing 60% or more of Al2O3 in contact with powdered magnesia showed no reaction up to 2800°F.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE SHELLING OF CHECKER‐BRICK*
Authors: Petrie E. C. , Brown D. P. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBrick installed in glass‐tank checkers, removed, cleaned, and returned to service at higher operating temperatures showed excessive bloating and shelling; checker‐brick from open‐hearth checkers were affected in a similar manner. Chemical analyses of the several samples indicated that pickup of excessive alkalies may be responsible. The alkalies apparently were derived from either the batch, the fuel, or the ground water occurring under the checker settings.
SURFACE TENSION OF COMPOSITIONS IN THE SYSTEMS PbO‐B2O3 AND PbO‐SiO2*
Authors: Shartsis L. , Spinner S. , Smock A. W. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe surface tension of a series of compositions ranging from 0 to 100% PbO in the system PbO‐B2O3 and of compositions ranging from 0 to 35% SiO2 in the system PbO‐SiO2, was measured by a modification of the anchor ring method. The volatility and changes in composition of members of each system on heating were found to be related to the surface tension and its change with composition. Some correlation between the temperature coefficient of surface tension and expansivity was noted.
DETERMINATION OF COMPRESSIVE STRESS PRESENT IN PORCELAIN ENAMEL ON SHEET IRON*
Authors: Bryant E. E. , Ammon M. G. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA method for determining comparative compressive stress produced in porcelain enamel on sheet iron is described. The method consists of preparation of laboratory samples under carefully selected and controlled conditions and measurement of the warpage produced in the sample due to application of enamel on one side. Data obtained by the above method are compared with expansion curves. Several methods of analyzing the curves fail to produce correlation between expansion as determined on frit samples and compression in the porcelain enamel as indicated by the warp of sample plates. It is concluded that expansion curves on frit samples are not a satisfactory means of evaluating compressive stress in the porcelain enamel coating on sheet iron.
ELECTRODE FUNCTION (PH RESPONSE) OF THE SODA‐SILICA GLASSES*
Authors: Rynders Gerald F. , Grauer Oscar II. , Hubbard Donald 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA scries of Na2O‐SiO2 glasses was studied for durability, hygroscopicity, glass‐electrode function, and apparent response to [Na +]. These glasses showed three distinct regions of durability characteristics at pH 4.6: (1) below 81% of SiO2, where the glass was carried into solution; (2) between 81 and 89.5% of SiO2, where differential solution of the constituents of the glass left a swollen silica‐rich layer; and (3) a region in which greatly reduced attack was indicated. Glass electrodes of low silica content having poor chemical durability and high hygroscopicity exhibited large voltage departures approaching the values of a “punctured” mercury‐filled electrode and a calomel half cell. The apparent response to [Na+] ranged from 9 to 339 mv. per pNa for the glasses of 82.6 and 56.6% of SiO2, respectively.
OF ANALYTICAL CONTROL FOR SILICA BRICK*
Authors: Rozsa J. T. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe prevalent use of silica brick has focused attention upon the need for control and improvement in quality. A review of the methods available reveals that many laboratory tests have been developed to avert expensive trial testing. It is significant, however, that the chemical knowledge of this product has lagged owing to (1) difficulty in sampling, (2) the tedious and time‐consuming aspects of wet chemical methods, and (3) the consequent lack of knowledge of the deleterious effects of certain secondary constituents. One of the newer analytical tools is the spectrograph. A total‐energy method has been developed to permit analysis of A12O3, MgO, Fe2O3, CaO, Na2O, TiO2, K2O, ZrO2, MnO2, and Li2O. Thirty minutes are required for sample preparation and twenty‐five minutes for the spectrographic process. Present accuracy is well within production limits. This method is also suitable for the analysis of glass sand.
SONIC METHOD FOR DETERMINING YOUNG'S MODULUS OF ELASTICITY*
Authors: Baab Kenneth A. , Kranbr Hobart M. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe instrument and methods for measuring the resonant frequencies of brick and for calculating Young's modulus of elasticity are described. Charts correlate elasticity and other properties of fired brick with firing temperatures. Results indicate that the sonic method of determining the modulus of elasticity is suitable for determining the degree of firing that a series of brick has undergone.
USE OF TORSIONAL STRESSES FOR OBSERVING HIGH‐TEMPERATURE CHARACTERISTICS OF CERAMIC MATERIALS*
Authors: Decker Alfred R. , Royal Herbert F. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA method is described for testing ceramic specimens under torsional stresses at temperatures to 2500 °F. With simple apparatus and minimum time, consistent values are obtained for modulus of rigidity, Poisson's ratio (when the modulus of elasticity is known), tensile (torsion) strength, torque‐twist graph, approximate softening temperature, plastic deformation, and short‐time creep rate. The results are in satisfactory agreement with tensile test, bending test, and long‐time creep‐rate results and thus provide a quick means of making a preliminary selection of promising compositions for more extensive testing. Among the advantages of torsion testing are freedom from error caused by thermal expansion, absence of need for close dimensional tolerances, simplicity of specimen installation in grips, and the ability to make deformation measurements outside the furnace on the cool end of the specimen. Data for a sillimanite body and a beryl‐lia body illustrate the types of information given by the method. The beryllia body has more suitable high‐temperature characteristics.
FACTORS AFFECTING REPRODUCIBILITY OF FLOW‐BUTTON TEST*
Authors: Plankbnhorn W. J. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractPellets formed from dry‐milled ground‐coat frits of the conventional cobalt type were used to study the factors influencing the flow characteristics of enamel fusion buttons at temperatures above their softening points. To insure reproducible results it was necessary to control accurately (1) the materials being tested, (2) the temperature, (3) the time, and (4) the weight of the sample. Reasonable variations in the gauge of the metal holding plate and the coating applied to protect the plate did not greatly affect the dimensions of the fired buttons. Little difference in the flow of ground‐coat fusion buttons was noted for variations in either particle size, fineness distribution, forming pressures, or height of the pellets.
INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF LOW‐FIRED GROGS ON PROPERTIES OF SOFT‐MUD BRICK*
Authors: Bowman R. R. , Burdick R. B. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractSoft‐mud brick were made from various mixtures of Hudson River clay and grog prepared by calcining the clay at 500°, 700°, and 900°C., and rate of drying tests were carried out. The brick were fired to cones 012, 08, and 04, and a special fast fire to cone 08 was also run. The various properties were compared with those of regular mix brick and all‐clay brick. Brick made of a mixture of clay with 35% of 900°C. grog had particularly satisfactory properties such as to afford definite advantages as regards faster drying and accelerated firing.
APPLICATION OF REPLICA TECHNIQUES TO THE STUDY OF CERAMIC SURFACES WITH THE OPTICAL MICROSCOPE*
Authors: Allen A. W. , Friedberg A. L. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA method of preparing transparent replicas of ceramic surfaces for study with the optical microscope is described. Photomicrographs and projection prints of surface details which are difficult to analyze microscopically by direct methods of observation are presented. The surface‐replica material used will penetrate openings as small as the limit of resolving power of the ordinary light microscope and can be studied effectively by (1) direct observation by transmitted light in a microscope having the simplest available optical system, (2) used as a transparency and projected on a screen, and (3) placed in a photographic enlarger and used as a negative to produce direct projection photographic prints. The method is particularly useful when duplicate samples of the same specimen are required, when the specimen cannot be destroyed by grinding or cutting, or when reflected light from a surface destroys contrast in detail.